bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A practically implementable reinforcement learning‐based process controller design
Authors: Hassanpour Hesam , Wang Xiaonian , Corbett Brandon , Mhaskar Prashant 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe present article enables reinforcement learning (RL)‐based controllers for process control applications. Existing instances of RL‐based solutions have significant challenges for online implementation since the training process of an RL agent (controller) presently requires practically impossible number of online interactions between the agent and the environment (process). To address this challenge, we propose an implementable model‐free RL method developed by leveraging industrially implemented model predictive control (MPC) calculations (often designed using a simple linear model identified via step tests). In the first step, MPC calculations are used to pretrain an RL agent that can mimic the MPC performance. Specifically, the MPC calculations are used to pretrain the actor, and the objective function is used to pretrain the critic(s). The pretrained RL agent is then employed within a model‐free RL framework to control the process in a way that initially imitates MPC behavior (thus not compromising process performance and safety), but also continuously learns and improve its performance over the nominal linear MPC. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated through simulations on a chemical reactor example.
Intensification of diethyl methylphosphite synthesis based on kinetics study and CFD modeling
Authors: Li Banghao , Lan Xiaocheng , Wang Tiefeng 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA “pre‐dissolving ammonia” intensification method for continuous production of diethyl methylphosphite (DEMP) was proposed based on kinetics study of methyl dichlorophosphine (MDP) substitution and DEMP acidolysis. The method was verified in a continuous synthesis system consisting of a small jet reactor. Compared with the selectivity of ~80% obtained in a stirred flask, the selectivity reached 98% by the intensification method. Eliminating the resistance of gas–liquid mass transfer and enhancement of mixing enabled rapid removal of the produced HCl, thus, the DEMP selectivity was greatly increased. The high DEMP selectivity obtained was insensitive to reaction temperature, reactor size and ammonia to chlorine ratio in the studied range. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was proposed for this liquid turbulent reactive flow. Numerical simulations revealed that HCl could be removed rapidly by the neutralization reaction, which was limited by micromixing efficiency. The CFD simulation further indicates the feasibility of “pre‐dissolving ammonia” for industrial production.
Striving for safety, impact, and equity: A critical consideration of AJCP publications on formal youth mentoring programs
Authors: Hagler Matthew A. , Jones Kristian V. , Anderson Amy J. , McQuillin Samuel D. , Weiler Lindsey M. , Sánchez Bernadette 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this virtual special issue (VSI) we curate and reflect upon 22 articles on formal youth mentoring previously published in the American Journal of Community Psychology (AJCP). First, we provide historical context and highlight AJCP's 2002 special issue on mentoring, which played an important role in establishing youth mentoring as a vibrant area of research. Next, we review and discuss findings from subsequent AJCP studies in three interrelated lines of inquiry: (1) the importance of facilitating high‐quality mentoring relationships; (2) associations among youth's presenting needs, relationship quality, and outcomes; and (3) program practices leading to stronger, more impactful relationships. Throughout, we highlight and expand upon critical commentary from AJCP contributors, calling on the field to move away from paternalistic models that overly localize risk with youth and families without interrogating structural oppression. Our recommendations include: (1) centering critical consciousness, racial equity, and social justice in program curricula and mentor trainings; (2) respectfully engaging grassroots programs developed for and by communities of color that are underrepresented in research; (3) making meaningful efforts to recruit mentors from marginalized communities and removing barriers to their participation; and (4) examining youth's racial, ethnic, and other areas of identity development processes during mentoring.
Dried blood spot based biomarkers in the Health and Retirement Study: 2006 to 2016
Authors: Kim Jung Ki , Faul Jessica , Weir David R. , Crimmins Eileen M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe Health and Retirement Study (HRS) has collected biomarker data over multiple waves. Such data can help improve our understanding of health changes in individuals and the causal pathways related to health. There are, however, technical challenges to using the HRS dried blood spots (DBS) biomarker data due to changes over time in assay protocols, platforms, and laboratories. We provide technical and summary information on biological indicators collected as part of the HRS from 2006 to 2016 that should be helpful to users of the data.MethodsWe describe the opportunities and challenges provided by the HRS DBS data as well as insights provided by the data. The HRS collected DBS from its nationally representative sample of respondents 51 years of age or older from 2006 to 2016. DBS‐based biomarkers were collected from half the sample in 2006, 2010, and 2014, and from the other half of the sample in 2008, 2012, and 2016. These DBS specimens were used to assay total and HDL cholesterol, glycosylated hemoglobin, C‐reactive protein, and cystatin C from 2006 to 2016, and Interleukin 6 was added in 2014/2016. Samples included approximately 6000 individuals at each wave, and completion rates ranged from 81% to 90%. HRS transformed DBS values into venous blood equivalents to make them more comparable to those of the whole blood‐based assays collected in most other studies and to facilitate longitudinal analysis.ResultsDistribution of changes over time by age shows that total cholesterol levels decreased for each age, while HbA1c levels increased. Cystatin C shows a clear age gradient, but a number of other markers do not. Non‐Hispanic Black persons and Hispanic respondents have a higher incidence of risk levels of each biomarker except for CRP among non‐Hispanic Black older persons.ConclusionThese public‐use DBS data provide analysis opportunities that can be used to improve our understanding of health change with age in both populations and among individuals.
Contact with caregivers is associated with composition of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome in the first 6 months of life
Authors: Wiley Kyle S. , Gregg Andrew M. , Fox Molly M. , Lagishetty Venu , Sandman Curt A. , Jacobs Jonathan P. , Glynn Laura M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractObjectivesLittle is known about how physical contact at birth and early caregiving environments influence the colonization of the infant gastrointestinal microbiome. We investigated how infant contact with caregivers at birth and within the first 2 weeks of life relates to the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome in a sample of U.S. infants (n = 60).MethodsSkin‐to‐skin and physical contact with caregivers at birth and early caregiving environments were surveyed at 2 weeks postpartum. Stool samples were collected from infants at 2 weeks, 2, 6, and 12 months of age and underwent 16S rRNA sequencing as a proxy for the gastrointestinal microbiome. Associations between early caregiving environments and alpha and beta diversity, and differential abundance of bacteria at the genus level were assessed using PERMANOVA, and negative binomial mixed models in DEseq2.ResultsTime in physical contact with caregivers explained 10% of variation in beta diversity at 2 weeks' age. The number of caregivers in the first few weeks of life explained 9% of variation in beta diversity at 2 weeks and the number of individuals in physical contact at birth explained 11% of variation in beta diversity at 6 months. Skin‐to‐skin contact on the day of birth was positively associated with the abundance of eight genera. Infants held for by more individuals had greater abundance of eight genera.DiscussionResults reveal a potential mechanism (skin‐to‐skin and physical contact) by which caregivers influence the infant gastrointestinal microbiome. Our findings contribute to work exploring the social transmission of microbes.
Chinese adaptation and validation of the chronic rhinosinusitis‐patient‐reported outcome: Assessment of health‐related quality‐of‐life
Authors: Chen Jiani , Hu Li , Zhang Chen , Shi Le , Zhang Qianqian , Zhou Yumin , Cheng Fuying , Gao Yingqi , Li Houyong , Wang Dehui , Wang Huan , Sun Xicai 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe chronic rhinosinusitis patient‐reported outcome (CRS‐PRO) is a recently published disease‐specific questionnaire designed for CRS patients, with fewer entries and ease of completion. This study aimed to translate the CRS‐PRO questionnaire into Chinese and assess its reliability, validity, and responsiveness to provide Chinese patients with a more concise and efficient subjective assessment instrument.MethodsThe Chinese version of the CRS‐PRO was created through forward‐backward translations and cultural adaptation. Here, 168 CRS patients (118 patients CRS with nasal polyps [CRSwNP] and 50 patients with CRS without nasal polyps [CRSsNP]) and 43 healthy individuals were enrolled. All participants completed the CRS‐PRO, 22‐item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22), and EuroQol five dimensions questionnaire (EQ‐5D) questionnaires preoperatively as well as 3 and 6 months after surgery.ResultsThe Chinese version of the CRS‐PRO demonstrated good internal consistency, with a Cronbach's α of 0.813. It also exhibited a higher criterion validity (r = 0.65, p < 0.05) than the SNOT‐22. A moderate association was found between the CRS‐PRO and objective indicators such as the Lund–Mackay and endoscopic scores. Furthermore, the CRS‐PRO, like the SNOT‐22, could clearly distinguish CRS patients from healthy subjects (p < 0.01), as well as between the CRSwNP and CRSsNP subtypes (p < 0.01). Additionally, changes in the CRS‐PRO exhibited a larger effect size compared to changes in the SNOT‐22 (Cohen's d = 1.05 and 0.93 vs. 0.71 and 0.90 for 3 and 6 months, respectively, all p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the CRS‐PRO is a concise, reliable, and responsive instrument that can be utilized as a novel subjective evaluation tool for future clinical practice.
Race, community disadvantage, and cognitive decline: Findings from KHANDLE and STAR
Authors: Peterson Rachel L. , Pejak Rebecca , George Kristen M. , Gilsanz Paola , Ko Michelle , Meyer Oanh L. , Mayeda Elizabeth Rose , Kind Amy , Whitmer Rachel A. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractINTRODUCTIONCommunity disadvantage is associated with late‐life cognition. Few studies examine its contribution to racial disparities in cognition/cognitive change.METHODSInverse probability weighted models estimated expected mean differences in cognition/cognitive change attributed to residing in less advantaged communities, defined as cohort top quintile of Area Deprivation Indices (ADI): childhood 66–100; adulthood ADI 5‐99). Interactions by race tested.RESULTSMore Black participants resided in less advantaged communities. Semantic memory would be lower if all participants had resided in less advantaged childhood (b = ‐0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = ‐0.30, ‐0.03) or adulthood (b = ‐0.14, 95% CI = ‐0.22, ‐0.04) communities. Race interactions indicated that, among Black participants, less advantaged childhood communities were associated with higher verbal episodic memory (interaction p‐value = 0.007) and less advantaged adulthood communities were associated with lower semantic memory (interaction p‐value = 0.002).DISCUSSIONExamining racial differences in levels of community advantage and late‐life cognitive decline is a critical step toward unpacking community effects on cognitive disparities.
Rotational Doppler Effect: A Review
Authors: Emile Olivier , Emile Janine 
Published: October 2023

AbstractGenerally, the linear motion between the source of a wave and an observer leads to a linear Doppler effect. It is associated with the linear momentum of the wave. For electromagnetic beams having a circular polarization or an azimuthal phase distribution, the rotation between the source and the observer results in a less well‐known rotational Doppler effect. It is associated with the angular momentum of the wave. This is particularly the case for vortex beams. Here, the various physical insights that are given to explain the origin of the rotational Doppler effect is reviewed. The focus is on different cases where such an effect gives information on the rotational nature of the probed systems, and also on cases where the rotational Doppler effect is useless. Still debated issues and possible applications are then presented.
Ex vivo antiacetylcholinesterase studies on silver nanoparticles synthesized using green approach
Authors: Sher Naila , Ahmed Mushtaq , Mushtaq Nadia , Khan Rahmat Ali 
Published: October 2023

For the green fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), scientists are favoring herbal sources to avoid the toxic effects of synthetic sources. Thus, in this study, the AgNPs were generated using the herbal extract of the whole plant Hippeastrum hybridum L. (HH) and 1 mM AgNO3 aqueous solution. These HH‐AgNPs were characterized via UV–Vis Spectroscopy, which showed a maximum absorbance of 1.61 at a 432 nm sharp peak; FT‐R analysis, which confirmed the functional groups in HH extract and their AgNPs; XRD analysis, which gives 4‐Bragg's reflections at 2θ and confirmed the HH‐AgNPs crystal structure with 13.3 nm average size; SEM analysis, which confirmed the irregular‐shaped morphology with 40 nm mean size; and EDX analysis, which confirmed the elemental composition and reported that Ag was present in 22.75%. After characterization, these AgNPs were tested as anti‐Alzheimer agents against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in ex vivo activity using rat brain homogenate as a source of AChE enzyme. AChE showed 48 ± 0.03 and 42 ± 0.05% activity at 150 μg concentration of HH plant and HH‐AgNPs, respectively, with 145 ± 0.24 and 124.2 ± 0.14 μg IC50 concentration. According to enzyme kinetics results, the plant extract inhibits AChE in competitive mode (Km increased from 166.2% to 1,379.2% and Vmax not affected), while HH‐AgNPs showed the mixed mode of inhibition (Km increased from 0.029 to 0.048, and Vmax decreased from 9 to 5.4). KIapp and Vmaxiapp were also calculated (KIapp increased from 39 to 95.1 μg, and Vmaxiapp remained constant for the plant), while for HH‐AgNPs, both Kmaxipp and Vmaxiapp increased from 122.32 to 325 μg and 8.15 to 9.8 μg, respectively. The Km, Ki, and KI were also calculated and were found to be 0.017 mM (HH‐plant) and 0.2 mM (HH‐AgNPs); 98 μg (HH‐plant); and 129 μg (HH‐AgNPs), 53 μg (HH‐plant), and 179 μg (HH‐AgNPs), respectively. γKm (18 mM) was calculated for HH‐AgNPs, while for HH‐plant, it is not applicable. In conclusion, it could be said that HH‐plant plays a significant role in the generation of small‐size HH‐AgNPs. These AgNPs exhibited significant anti‐AChE potential as compared to HH‐plant extract and proved to be an herbal source for the treatment of AD.
Synthesis of novel zwitterionic polymers and their properties as filtrate reducer for water‐based drilling fluid
Authors: Bai Xiaodong , Wu Lianci , Zhang Yuru , Wang Moubo , Chen Yu , Luo Yumei 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe development of high‐temperature and salt‐resistant filtrate reducer is of great significance to the exploitation of deep and ultra‐deep wells. In this study, Zwitterionic copolymer PANDS was synthesized by free radical polymerization using acrylamide (AM), N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), methacryloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) and sodium p‐styrene sulfonate (SSS) as monomers. Through orthogonal test, the optimum synthesis conditions were determined as follows: n (AM): n (NVP): n (SSS): n (DMC) = 3.5:2:0.5:0.5, the reaction temperature is 50°C, the initiator concentration is 0.4 wt%. The structure and thermal stability of the copolymers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR) and thermogravimetry (TG). In addition, the filtration reduction performance of PANDS was evaluated according to the American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. The mechanism of reducing filtration loss was studied by laser particle size analysis, Zeta potential and scanning electron microscope analysis of mud cake. The results show that PANDS has good temperature resistance and good filtrate loss reduction. With the addition of 1.5%PANDS, the filtrate loss of drilling fluid is 8.7 mL after aging at 160°C for 16 h, and can resist 6 wt% NaCl and 1 wt% CaCl2.
Histological and immunohistochemical studies of the fungiform and the circumvallate papillae through the life stages from 6‐ to 72‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley male rats
Authors: Abdel‐maksoud Fatma M. , Inui‐Yamamoto Chizuko , Kawano Akiyo , Honma Shiho , Saeki Naoya , Abe Makoto , Kuraki Moe , Ohba Shinsuke , Wakisaka Satoshi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTaste sensitivity decreases with age. Therefore, we investigated the histological and immunohistochemical changes in the receptive fields circumvallate papilla (CvP) and fungiform papilla (FfP) to explore the mechanism underlying age‐related changes in taste sensitivity in 6‐ to 72‐week‐old rats. We analyzed papilla size, the thickness of the keratin layer of the papilla and stratified squamous epithelium, taste bud size, the keratin layer around the taste pores in the CvP and FfP, and the number and distribution of taste buds in the CvP coronal section. We further assessed the expression of marker proteins for Type II and III cells, phospholipase C subtype beta 2 (PLCβ2), and synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 (SNAP‐25). The cellular activity of these taste cells was examined through co‐localization with the senescence cell marker protein‐30 (SMP30). There were no differences in the number of taste bud sections in the CvP among the age groups. However, the size of the CvP increased and the density of the taste bud area in the CvP area decreased with increasing age. In contrast, the number of cells with co‐expression of SMP30, PLCβ2, and SNAP‐25 decreased with age. Furthermore, the morphological structures of the CvP, FfP, and taste buds in these regions changed with age, but not the overall taste bud number in the CvP coronal section. The decrease in cell count with co‐expression of SMP30 and PLCβ2, or SNAP‐25 may indicate reduced cellular functions of taste cells with aging.
First patient project: Engaging pathology through the donor dissection experience and its role in professionalism
Authors: Robertson Kyle A. , Organ Jason M. , Yard Michael , Byram Jessica N. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe peer‐reviewed anatomical education literature thoroughly describes the benefits and drawbacks of donor dissection. Gross anatomy laboratory environments utilizing donor dissection are generally considered to be a premier environment where students foster non‐traditional discipline‐independent skills (NTDIS), including the acquisition of professionalism, empathy, resilience, emotional intelligence, and situational awareness. Therefore, this IRB‐approved study explored the impact of a formal humanism and pathology thread, the first patient project (FPP), on the personal and professional development of pre‐professional undergraduate students in a gross anatomy dissection‐based course. Five reflections from each student were collected across four cohorts (n = 74 students, 370 reflections). A post‐course questionnaire collected data on student perceptions of the project. The framework method was used to analyze reflection and free response data and descriptive statistics were performed on Likert‐style items using Excel. Three themes were identified to encompass the impacts of the FPP on professional development and include: Socialization (through collective dissection experience and pathology), Humanistic Qualities (respect for the donor and their history, and introspection), and Content and Skills (technical and NTDIS, anatomical knowledge). The end of course FPP survey was completed by 29 students across three cohorts (65%) and their perspectives were generally favorable regarding the promotion of respect, empathy, and humanization of their donors. This study underscores the value of incorporating humanism, pathology, and reflection, facilitated through formal curriculum for pre‐professional undergraduate students. It provides evidence of the positive impact on their personal and professional development, supporting the integration of NTDIS in curricula across various disciplines.
Validating instructional design and predicting student performance in histology education: Using machine learning via virtual microscopy
Authors: Fries Allyson , Pirotte Marie , Vanhee Laurent , Bonnet Pierre , Quatresooz Pascale , Debruyne Christophe , Marée Raphaël , Defaweux Valérie 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAs a part of modern technological environments, virtual microscopy enriches histological learning, with support from large institutional investments. However, existing literature does not supply empirical evidence of its role in improving pedagogy. Virtual microscopy provides fresh opportunities for investigating user behavior during the histology learning process, through digitized histological slides. This study establishes how students' perceptions and user behavior data can be processed and analyzed using machine learning algorithms. These also provide predictive data called learning analytics that enable predicting students' performance and behavior favorable for academic success. This information can be interpreted and used for validating instructional designs. Data on the perceptions, performances, and user behavior of 552 students enrolled in a histology course were collected from the virtual microscope, Cytomine®. These data were analyzed using an ensemble of machine learning algorithms, the extra‐tree regression method, and predictive statistics. The predictive algorithms identified the most pertinent histological slides and descriptive tags, alongside 10 types of student behavior conducive to academic success. We used these data to validate our instructional design, and align the educational purpose, learning outcomes, and evaluation methods of digitized histological slides on Cytomine®. This model also predicts students' examination scores, with an error margin of <0.5 out of 20 points. The results empirically demonstrate the value of a digital learning environment for both students and teachers of histology.
Die Wirkung des Säureradikals auf die Färbungsstärke von Kupfersalzen
Authors: Gnrvstt Sc Charles Scott B. , Stöckl K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract1. Bei der Verdünnung einer Salzlösung hat man eine kontinuierliche Durchdringung des Molekülsystems des Salzes durch Moleküle des Lösungsmittels bis zum Grenzfalle der Absonderung des Ions. Die mittlere Anzahl der Moleküle des Lösungsmittels, deren Kraftlinien die Systeme von jedem Salzmolekül durchdringen, bedingen den Zustand des Lösungsprozesses bei irgend einer Verdünnung. Dieser stellt nicht das Gleichgewicht zwischen zwei bestimmten Solvaten dar.2. Jene Schwingung des Kupferatoms im undissoziierten Molekül, welche die Farbe ab‐sorbiert, wird beeinflußt durch die nicht gebrauchte Wertigkeit der Felder des typischen Atoms im Säureradikal, und zwar tritt eine Verstärkung bei Gegenwart von negativen Feldern ein.3. Eine besondere Wirkung auf die Schwingung wurde nicht beobachtet, wenn das Säureradikal in der Verbindung ebenfalls gefärbt war.Zum Schlusse danke ich herzlich Professor E. C. C. Baly, der die Durchführung dieser Untersuchung sehr förderte und die Fortschritte mit großem Interesse verfolgte.Research Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry. The University of Liverpool.