bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting which invasive cancers at mammographic screening saves lives?
Authors: Evans A.J. , Pinder S.E. , Burrell H.C. , Ellis I.O. , Wilson A.R.M. 
Published: October 2002

Objectives Assessment of the features of primary operable breast carcinomas arising in women known to subsequently develop metastatic disease, to show for which invasive breast cancers earlier detection by mammographic screening is potentially beneficial. These data were applied to a separate series of screen detected cancers. Methods Features associated with the development of metastatic disease after a previous operable breast cancer were ascertained from examination of histological sections of the initial primary carcinoma and in particular the incidence of nodal positivity and definite vascular invasion. Trends in the frequency of nodal involvement and vascular invasion according to histological grade, invasive size, and tumour type were then examined in a further group of 573 screen detected invasive cancers to predict the likelihood of development of systemic disease in these women. Results Of 173 women who developed metastatic disease after a previous operable breast cancer, 79 (72%) had nodal metastases and 62 (59%) had definite vascular invasion. A high proportion (84%) had either lymph node metastases or vascular invasion or both. The absence of vascular invasion and nodal involvement in invasive breast cancer indicated a low risk of subsequent development of metastatic disease. In the screen detected group, grade 1 invasive cancers <20 mm in size and grade 2 and 3 cancers <10 mm in size had low rates of nodal involvement and vascular invasion. There was a gradual trend to small size, lymph node negativity, and less vascular invasion when comparing screen detected ductal carcinoma of no special type, tubular mixed carcinoma, and tubular carcinoma. Cancers with a lobular component tended to be larger and more often lymph node positive than ductal and no specific type carcinomas. Conclusions These data suggest that identification of grade 1 cancers less than 20 mm in size and grade 2 and 3 cancers less than 10 mm in size at screening is likely to be beneficial, with a lower likelihood of developing metastatic disease from these lesions. The detection of tubular mixed carcinomas and ductal carcinomas of no specific type also appears beneficial. However the detection of tumours with lobular features at breast screening does not seem to significantly benefit the patient.
Do mental disorders matter? A study of absenteeism among care seeking Gulf War veterans with ill defined conditions and musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Dremsa T L , Engel C C , Liu X , Johantgen M , Smith S 
Published: October 2002

Aims:To investigate the extent that common psychological conditions contribute to lost work among individuals with musculoskeletal and ill defined conditions.Methods:Cross sectional health and work related survey evaluating Gulf War veterans seeking Department of Defense health care for Gulf War related health concerns. Ordered probit models were used to study whether a provider diagnosed musculoskeletal condition (ICD-9 codes 710–739) or “signs, symptoms, and ill defined conditions” (ICD-9 codes 780–799) have an effect on recent lost work over the previous 90 days in the presence of one or more psychological conditions (ICD-9 codes 290–320) after controlling for sociodemographic variables.Results:Bivariate analyses revealed that musculoskeletal conditions, ill defined conditions, and psychological conditions were positively associated with lost work. Multivariate analyses showed an independent effect of both psychological conditions and musculoskeletal conditions. A significant interaction existed between psychological conditions and musculoskeletal conditions: the presence of a coexisting psychological condition considerably increased the likelihood that a musculoskeletal disorder resulted in lost work, or vice versa.Conclusions:Psychological conditions appear to be an important contributor to absenteeism among individuals with musculoskeletal and ill defined conditions. A limitation of the cross sectional design was the inability to sequence the onset of conditions.
Prevention of work related skin problems: an intervention study in wet work employees
Authors: Held E , Mygind K , Wolff C , Gyntelberg F , Agner T 
Published: October 2002

Aims:To evaluate the effect of implementation of an evidence based skin care programme for wet work employees as part of an occupational health and safety management system.Methods:375 wet work employees were included in a prospective randomised controlled trial, allocated to either intervention (n = 207) or control (n = 168). The intervention group was exposed to a skin care programme during the five month study period. The intervention included an educational programme for a group of frontline employees, who underwent formalised training, and subsequently introduced the information to their colleagues. As part of the intervention a skin care policy including written instructions was established at each workplace. Both groups answered a test quiz, completed questionnaires on behaviour and symptoms, and underwent clinical examination of their hands before and after the five month period.Results:No difference between the intervention and the control group was found at baseline with respect to clinical symptoms or behaviour. Evaluation after the five months of intervention revealed a significantly higher information level on skin care in the intervention group compared to the control group, a significant change in behaviour in the intervention group but not in the control group, and significantly less skin symptoms as evaluated clinically in the intervention group but not in the control group. No significant difference was found for self reported skin problems.Conclusions:The intervention was successful with respect to information level (knowledge), behaviour, and clinical symptoms. Implementation of a skin care programme as part of an occupational health and safety management system is recommended as a prophylactic measure for employees in wet occupations.
Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of Ultrapure Copper at Low Temperatures
Authors: Norio Yamamoto Gang Ke 
Published: October 2002

Ultrapure copper with purity of 99.99999% (7N) was prepared and its thermal conductivity was measured by a steady-state method, from 4.2 K to 90 K. The apparatus for ultrapure copper measurement is introduced and the measured data are presented in this paper. As a result, the peak of thermal conductivity is measured to be 45200 W/m·K when the temperature is 6.51 K. The measured data are compared with data in literature and with the value calculated by theory.
Tunable 397 nm Light Source for Laser Cooling of Ca Ions Based on Frequency Doubling of Diode Laser
Authors: Kazuhiro Hayasaka Kazuhiro Hayasaka , Masayoshi Watanabe Masayoshi Watanabe , Hidetsuka Imajo Hidetsuka Imajo , Ryuzo Ohmukai Ryuzo Ohmukai , Shinji Urabe Shinji Urabe 
Published: October 2002

We have fabricated an rf ion trap and laser-cooling light sources to observe shelving transition in a single calcium ion. All the radiation required for laser cooling and observation of the transition can be prepared with diode lasers in this system. Continuous-wave radiation at 397 nm for laser cooling was generated by frequency doubling of a GaAlAs laser in an external enhancement cavity. As a preliminary experiment for observing the shelving transition, laser cooling of one hundred calcium ions was demonstrated using this radiation and another diode laser.
A Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopic Study of the Aluminum Antimonide Oxidation Process in Air
Authors: Shibata Tomohiro , Nakata Jyoji , Yasushi Nanishi Yasushi Nanishi , Masatomo Fujimoto Masatomo Fujimoto 
Published: October 2002

The oxidation process of aluminum antimonide (AlSb) in air is investigated in detail using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). It is verified that AlSb is extremely liable to be oxidized by slight exposure to air. The oxidation is found to be a two-step process: an initial fast step and a subsequent slower one. In the initial step, a surface oxide with a thickness of about 150 Å is formed after AlSb is exposed to air for only a matter of minutes. This oxide gradually thickens in the subsequent step, reaching the AlSb/GaSb interface after exposure for about eighty hours. It is also clarified that the oxidized AlSb layer is amorphous and that a partly oxidized region is formed under the amorphous oxidized AlSb layer in a precursory state.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Studies of Defects in CdIn2S4 Single Crystals
Authors: Takeo Takizawa Takeo Takizawa , Eric Christoffel Eric Christoffel , Alfred Goltzené Alfred Goltzené , Claude Schwab Claude Schwab 
Published: October 2002

Defect centers in CdIn2S4 single crystals have been investigated using 9 GHz electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Experiments have been performed over the 4.2 to 100 K temperature range on both as-grown and electron-irradiated samples in the dark and under illumination with band-gap energy light ( λ= 530 nm). Before illumination, most as-grown samples show only weak signals. During illumination, two symmetric, isotropic lines are observed: S1 at g = 2.019±0.003 and S2 at g = 1.660±0.003 each with a linewidth (ΔH) of about 300 G. From the similar thermal decay and photoquenching characteristics, S1 and S2 are considered to arise from an acceptor and a shallow donor, respectively. Electron irradiation (1.8 MeV) induces two new lines in the dark. At low doses S3 with g = 1.766±0.001 and ΔH = 75 G is observed, while SF2 with g = 1.665±0.001 and ΔH = 15 is observed at high doses. The broad S2 disappears and the narrow SF2 appears with increasing electron doses. SF2 is then associated with Fermi-level modification by irradiation-induced donors.
Ultrasonic Micromanipulation of Small Particles in Liquid
Authors: Masao Takeuchi Masao Takeuchi , Kazuhiko Yamanouchi Kazuhiko Yamanouchi 
Published: October 2002

New ultrasonic micromanipulation techniques for small particles in liquid based on the forces due to radiation pressure of high-frequency ultrasound are proposed, using VHF-range leaky wave transducers. The proposed manipulator has the advantages of the efficient generation of high-frequency ultrasonic waves into very small quantities of liquid containing small particles such as biomaterials, and the isolation of electrodes of the transducer from the liquid. Transportation and trapping of 100-µm-diameter small glass spheres in water are confirmed by preliminary experiments at a frequency of 49 MHz and acoustic intensity of about 8 mW/mm2.
New Application of Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors to Identifying Fruit Juices
Authors: Jun Kondoh Jun Kondoh , Showko Shiokawa Showko Shiokawa 
Published: October 2002

The objective of this paper is to present a new application of shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) devices on 36° rotated Y-cut X-propagating LiTaO3 for a sensing system that can identify liquid samples, such as fruit juices. Theoretical sensor sensitivity for acoustoelectric interaction with a liquid loaded on the SAW propagation surface was derived and confirmed with experimental results. The results strongly suggested that by employing SH-SAW devices with different center frequencies the sensor can recognize many liquid samples without a film coated on the substrate surface. In the experiment, the sensing system which identifies fruit juices was fabricated using three SH-SAW devices with center frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 MHz. Identification of samples, eleven kinds of fruit juices, was achieved by classification in principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. Since the SH-SAW sensor without a coating film has intrinsically good reproducibility and stability, it is effective for identification and quality control of liquid samples.
Power Difference in Spectrum of Sound Radiation before and after Break of Phantom by Piezoelectric Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotriptor
Authors: Hiroshi Kanai Hiroshi Kanai , Yun-Seok Jang Yun-Seok Jang , Noriyoshi Chubachi Noriyoshi Chubachi , Yoshikatsu Tanahashi Yoshikatsu Tanahashi 
Published: October 2002

This paper investigates the difference in the spectrum of sound radiated before and after the break of a phantom at a focal point of the piezoelectric extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor (ESWL) in order to identify the break time or to examine whether a calculus exists exactly at the focal point or not. From the preliminary experiments using a piece of chalk as a phantom of a calculus to measure the sound radiated when impact is applied to the chalk by an impact hammer, it is found that the bending vibration component of the vibration is exhibited in the spectrum of sound. However, for small-sized chalk shorter than 3 cm, the peak frequency of the bending vibration is higher than 20 kHz. From the experiments using a piezoeletric ESWL, it is found that there is clear difference in the power spectra among the sound radiated before the break, that radiated just after the break in the breaking process, and that radiated when the chalk does not exist at the focal point of the ESWL. These characteristics will be effective for the examination of the existence of the calculus at the focal point.
Emission Energy Shift in GaInAs/GaInAsP Strained Quantum-Box Structures Due to 0-Dimensional Quantum-Box Effect
Authors: Hideki Hirayama Hideki Hirayama , Kazuhisa Matsunaga Kazuhisa Matsunaga , Masahiro Asada Masahiro Asada , Tsukasa Kakinuma Tsukasa Kakinuma , Machiya Kumazawa Machiya Kumazawa 
Published: October 2002

We report, for the first time, the emission energy shift in GaInAs/GaInAsP quantum-box (QB) structures due to an obvious 0-dimensional quantum-box size effect. Ga1-xInxAs QBs withx=0.33 (tensile), 0.53 (unstrained), and 0.70 (compressive) were embedded in a GaInAsP (band-gap wavelength of 1.1 µm) optical absorption layer. These QB samples were fabricated by 2-step organometallic vapor-phase-epitaxy (OMVPE) growth, cross line lithography with electron-beam-exposure (EBX) direct writing, and the wet chemical etching process. The pitch of the QB array was 100 nm. The size of the boxes was controlled by changing the EB line dose, and measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to be 152–402nm2. Photoluminescence spectra at liquid helium temperature were measured. The emission peak of unstrained (US)-QB samples shifted from that of the reference quantum-film (QF) sample due to an obvious 0-dimensional quantum-size effect. This QB effect was investigated for US-, tensile (T)- and compressive-strained (CS)-QB structures systematically. Energy shift obtained for the CS-QB sample (ΔE=45–63 meV) is much larger than those for US-QB (9–19 meV) and TS-QB (19–23 meV) samples with the same box size (S=252nm2) by factors of 3–4 and 2–3 times, respectively. This is because of the reduction of the lateral hole effective mass in the compressive-strained case. From these results, we found that compressive-strained structure is expected to be more advantageous for low-threshold QB lasers.
Plasma Generation and Beam Extraction on Reentrant-Cavity-Type Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source
Authors: Toshiaki Yasui Toshiaki Yasui , Hirokazu Tahara Hirokazu Tahara , Takao Yoshikawa Takao Yoshikawa 
Published: October 2002

An electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source 8 cm in diameter using a reentrant coaxial cavity and a ring cusp magnetic field was developed to improve plasma uniformity and operational reliability. The reentrant coaxial cavity is utilized to achieve electrical breakdown easily, to tune in variable electromagnetic fields and to introduce microwaves into plasma from an annular window of a discharge chamber sidewall. Microwaves are resonantly absorbed by the ECR magnetic field. Above 10 sccm flow rate for Ar, uniform and overdense plasmas were obtained in an area 4 cm in diameter from the center axis. The maximum plasma density of 1.26×1011 cm-3 was achieved on the center axis at 20 sccm. However, plasma densities for N2 and O2 were lower than the cutoff density. The maximum ion beam current density of 1.26 mA/cm2 was obtained at a forward power of 304 W for Ar.
Influence of Preparation Conditions on Decay of Second-Harmonic Generation in Polyurea Thin Films Prepared by Vapor Deposition Polymerization
Authors: Segi Takeshi , Hikita Masayuki , Yasuo Suzuoki Yasuo Suzuoki , Teruyoshi Mizutani Teruyoshi Mizutani 
Published: October 2002

Aromatic polyurea (PU) films were fabricated by vapor deposition polymerization using 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane. To investigate the influence of preparation conditions upon decay of optical second harmonic generation (SHG) after poling, two kinds of films were deposited: PU(No. 1) involving less residual isocyanate groups and PU(No. 2) with a smaller molecular weight and more residual isocyanate groups. PU(No. 2) showed significant decay, while PU(No. 1) did not. The results of IR spectrometry and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the formation of urea bonds during poling of as-deposited films was due to reaction of the isocyanate groups with amino groups in PU(No. 1) and with water in PU(No. 2). We ascribed the SHG decay in PU(No. 2) to free volume formation by elimination of or plasticizing by CO2 generated during the above reaction, and/or to the smaller molecular weight.
Physics and Electronic Model of Deformed Helix Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Jürg Fünfschilling Jürg Fünfschilling , Martin Schadt Martin Schadt 
Published: October 2002

An electronic equivalent circuit is shown to completely describe both the electrical as well as the electrooptical properties of deformed helix ferroelectric (DHF) liquid crystal displays (LCDs). The static and the dynamic performance of DHF-LCDs are modeled using an equivalent circuit. The agreement between modeled gray-scale performance of DHF-LCDs and experiments is excellent. Several driving schemes derived from the equivalent circuit provide the full gray scale and render DHF-LCDs video-compatible at voltages below 13 V. Moreover, dc-free and thus ghost-image-free operation of DHF-LCDs is shown to be feasible with minimal loss of brightness. Capacitive coupling is shown to decrease the switching time of DHF-LCDs from 30 µs to 6 µs.
Multiplate Microwave Launcher for Producing High-Density Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasmas
Authors: Masayoshi Tanaka Masayoshi Tanaka , Keisuke Nagao Keisuke Nagao , Hiroaki Shoyama Hiroaki Shoyama , Masaya Sugimoto Masaya Sugimoto , Yoshinobu Kawai Yoshinobu Kawai 
Published: October 2002

A multiplate microwave launcher is developed to produce high-density electron cyclotron resonance plasmas. An electron cyclotron wave is successfully excited in the plasma, and the plasma production performance of the new launcher is comparable to that without shielding plates. This launcher allows high-power operations, and a density of 0.9 ×1013 cm-3 is obtained with a 2.45 GHz microwave at 5 kW input.
Stability of an Intense Pulsed Ion Beam during Successive Operation
Authors: Yoshiyuki Hashimoto Yoshiyuki Hashimoto , Mitsuyasu Yatsuzuka Mitsuyasu Yatsuzuka , Sadao Nobuhara Sadao Nobuhara 
Published: October 2002

Stability of an intense pulsed ion beam during successive operation was studied experimentally with an inverse pinch ion diode. When an anode of metals or plastics is used for an ion source, the diode impedance and ion beam current were changed with every shot of operation. In the case of a copper anode, the ion current at 10 shots was reduced to one-half or one-third that at the first shot. Using a soda-lime glass ( Na2O·CaO·5SiO2), on the surface of which vacuum oil or Aquadag was coated as the ion source, the diode impedance and the ion current remained constant for 20–30 shots. With the vacuum oil ion source, the most dominant species of the ion beam was C3+, which has energy in the range of 150–200 keV. The current density of the ion beam at 120 mm behind the anode was about 100 A/cm2.
Uniform Ultra-Thin Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Films Formed by Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition and Their Electrical Characteristics
Authors: Hiroshi Miki Hiroshi Miki , Yuzuru Ohji Yuzuru Ohji 
Published: October 2002

Lead zirconate titanate ( Pb(Zr,Ti)O3) thin films were deposited on Pt films sputtered on thermally oxidized silicon wafers by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The films were less than 100 nm thick (typically 80 nm), thin enough for use in LSI semiconductor memories. The films were characterized by inductive coupling plasma mass spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Electrical measurements revealed that the films had good ferroelectric characteristics, with a low coercive voltage of 0.7 V. In addition, the non-switching dielectric characteristics for application to dynamic random access memory (DRAM) were equivalent to those of 0.4 nm of SiO2 with small leakage current.
Preparation of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Films by Sol-Gel Technique
Authors: Tomoyasu Takusagawa Tomoyasu Takusagawa , Noriaki Yamada Noriaki Yamada , Terumasa Kato Terumasa Kato , Hajime Hattori Hajime Hattori , Teruyuki Matsui Teruyuki Matsui 
Published: October 2002

In the preparation of P
b(Z
r,T
i)O
3 thin films by the sol-gel technique, the following procedures are involved: evaporation of solvents, thermal decomposition of organometallic compounds and crystallization. In this study, a thermodynamic approach was employed for the sol-gel technique, and the processing conditions were determined. For the processes of evaporation and thermal decomposition, the processing conditions were determined by applying Ozawa's method [Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 38 (1965) 1881]. By means of both the X-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscope technique, crystal structure and surface morphology were evaluated. It was observed that the perovskite phase began to form at 500° C and was completed at 600° C. Moreover, a dense Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin film was also formed by annealing at 700° C for 120 min.
Dielectric Property of Epitaxial Films of BaTiO3 Synthesized by Laser Ablation
Authors: Takashi Nose Takashi Nose , Hyun-Tak Kim Hyun-Tak Kim , Hiromoto Uwe Hiromoto Uwe 
Published: October 2002

Epitaxial BaTiO3 films have been synthesized on (100)SrTiO3 at the substrate temperature of 700° C and 100 mTorr of oxygen by the method of laser ablation. The surface of the film is found to be flat with a surface roughness of about 7 nm. For the film with the thickness of 2000 Å, the relative dielectric constant, ε r, exhibits a broad peak at about 150° C; on the other hand, the ε r exhibits a sharp peak at the tetragonal to orthorhombic transition.
Crystallizing Process of Amorphous Thick Films of Ferroelectric Lead Germanate Family
Authors: Jun Hatano Jun Hatano , Tomonori Mukaigawa Tomonori Mukaigawa , Hiroyuki Uehara Hiroyuki Uehara , Alexei Gruverman Alexei Gruverman , Koichiro Takahashi Koichiro Takahashi , Ken Yukino Ken Yukino 
Published: October 2002

Real-time investigation of crystallizing processes of amorphous thick films of ferroelectric lead germanate (PGO) and silicon-doped PGO (PGSO) is carried out using a high-temperature X-ray diffraction system. Two irreversible phase transitions took place near 370° C and 530° C on heating: the first is the crystallization from the amorphous to a metastable crystal state, and the second is from the metastable to a ferroelectric stable state of Pb5Ge3O11. Both transitions were completed very quickly, i.e., within approximately 7 and 58 min, respectively. The optimum heat-treatment conditions for fabricating well-oriented polycrystalline films were discussed together with the results of quick heating and quenching experiments.