bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The James-Stein Estimator as an Empirical Bayes Estimator for an Arbitrary Location Family
Authors: Strawderman William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A well known intuitive justification for the James-Stein estimator of the mean vector of a multivariate normal distribution is that it is an empirical Bayes estimator. The prior distribution is multivariate normal with the mean vector O and covariance matrix equal to σ2 I where σ2 is unknown and is estimated from the data. Here, we derive a version of the James-Stein estimator of the location vector for an essentially arbitrary location family.
Bayesian Hierarchical Nonparametric Inference for Change-Point Problems
Authors: Mira A , Petrone S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bayesian nonparametric inference for a nonsequential change-point problem is studied. We use a mixture of products of Dirichlet processes as our prior distribution. This allows the data before and after the change-point to be dependent, even when the change point is known. A Gibbs sampler algorithm is also proposed in order to overcome analytic difficulties in computing the posterior distributions of interest, some of which have support on the space of all distribution functions.
Complex Hyperbolic Geometry
Authors: Goldman William m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex hyperbolic geometry is a particularly rich area of study, enhanced by the confluence of several areas of research including Riemannian geometry, complex analysis, symplectic and contact geometry, Lie group theory, and harmonic analysis. The boundary of complex hyperbolic geometry, known as spherical CR or Heisenberg geometry, is equally rich, and although there exist accounts of analysis in such spaces there is currently no account of their geometry. This book redresses the balance and provides an overview of the geometry of both the complex hyperbolic space and its boundary. Motivated by applications of the theory to geometric structures, moduli spaces and discrete groups, it is designed to provide an introduction to this fascinating and important area and invite further research and development.
Computational logic and integer programming
Authors: Paul Williams H , Brailsford Sally C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enormous increase in the availability and speed of computers in the past few decades has led to a parallel increase in the number of applications. As with other advances in technology, as many problems are created as are solved. Although computers create a potential for solving many hitherto impossible problems the implementation is often much more difficult than might appear from cursory examination. However fast computer hardware becomes there will always be many problems whose computation takes a prohibitive amount of time. Many of these problems are of a “logical” nature. They arise in problems such as efficient computer circuit design, database retrieval systems, expert systems and artificial intelligence.
Foraging of brood predators restricted by territoriality of substrate-brooders in a cichlid fish assemblage
Authors: Nakai Katsuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interspecific relationships, particularly predation and interspecific competition, have been one of the greatest concerns in community ecology, ever since Elton (1927) proposed the concepts of food chain and ecological niche. Many studies have revealed that predation and interspecific competition actually function to shape communities (reviewed by Connell 1983; Schoener 1983; et al. 1985). In many cases these interactions have been studied or described on the grounds of being relationships between populations of two species, while assuming that each population is composed of homogeneous individuals. On the other hand, the necessity to regard the ecological community as an integration of the relationships between components of the community has been stressed in order to understand the community more realistically (Kawanabe 1960; Templeton and Gilbert 1985; Thompson 1988), and a kind of reductionism has been proposed, in which a relationship between populations can be better understood by analysing the underlying mechanism between individuals constituting the community (i.e. mechanistic approach: Schoener 1986; see also Iwasaki, Chapter 2 this volume).
Indirect effects arising from optimal foraging
Authors: Abrams Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When an ecologist views a natural community, the interactions occurring between species are often invisible, especially those between mobile animal species. When he or she decides to carry out studies to try to understand the community, the interactions studied are therefore not necessarily the most obvious or the ones that are most important in determining community structure. Instead, they are usually interactions that have been studied by other ecologists recently, or are commonly discussed in textbooks or journals. The type of indirect interactions generated by behaviour have thus far received little attention, and their importance in natural communities is still largely unknown. If such behavioural indirect interactions are common and large in magnitude, this lack of knowledge may have something to do with ecologists’ conspicuous inability to predict the effects of perturbations on natural communities. Most previous discussions of indirect interactions have focused on interactions between species which occur because of changes in the population density of a third species, caused by direct interactions with the third species (Bender et al. 1984; Yodzis I 988; Schoener, Chapter 23 this volume).
Annelids
Authors: Knight-Jones E W , Knight-Jones, P , Nelson-Smith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These, the ‘true’ worms (in Phylum Annelida), typically have a slender cylindrical body characteristically made up of a series of ring-like segments, seen externally as annular constrictions, with an anterior subterminal mouth and a posterior terminal anus. In less specialized forms, the segments between those of the head and the last one more or less resemble each other, each containing a similar set of organs. This may be apparent externally as a segmental series of similar pores or protruding structures, particularly those used in locomotion. Worms normally move using peristaltic waves of contraction or sigmoid rippling of the body. In polychaetes, which are entirely aquatic, a typical segment carries, on each side, well-developed fleshy lobes bearing a large number of chitinous bristles. These function like short legs, and may aid swimming as the body flexes more vigorously in a horizontal plane. In the oligochaetes, fleshy outgrowths are lacking and the bristles are fewer; they are almost invisible in the familiar earthworms, although quite long in some aquatic species. Leeches lack them altogether; using terminal suckers, they may ‘loop’ along a solid surface and, when swimming, the dorso-ventrally flattened body flexes in a vertical plane.
Snares, commuting hyaenas and migratory herbivores: humans as predators in the Serengeti
Authors: Hofer Heribert , East Marion L , Campbell Kenneth L I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta, is the most numerous large predator in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. In the Serengeti, spotted hyaenas live in large, stable clans consisting of matrilines, their offspring and immigrant males. Clan members combine a residential life in a defended territory with frequent long distance (40-80 km) foraging (commuting) trips to the nearest herds of migratory herbivores. Between January and May, spotted hyaenas commute to the short-grass plains in the south-east, the wet-season range of the migratory herbivores and an area where wildlife suffers little human-induced mortality. However, at the onset of the dry season, the migratory herds start their trek to their dry-season refuges in the north and west of the Park, approaching and often transgressing the Park boundary. Both inside and outside the Park boundary, migratory herbivores are intensively exploited as a source of meat by people throughout the dry season Uune-December). The predominant method of killing animals is snaring, an unselective method that results in non-target species also being killed or maimed. Owing to their commuting system, spotted hyaenas from clans throughout the Serengeti regularly hunt in areas with snare lines during the dry season, and thus the entire spotted hyaena population is potentially at risk from snares.
Studying the behaviour and movements of high Arctic elugas with satellite telemetry
Authors: Martin1 A R , Smith T G , Cox O P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eighteen belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) of the Canadian High Arctic/Baffin Bay stock were captured around Somerset Island, N.W.T., Canada, in July of the years 1988-92 and released with satellite-monitored radio transmitters. Signals from the radio packs permitted calculation of the animals’ location up to 26 times per day and also carried detailed information on diving and surfacing behaviour. Whales were followed for up to 75 days and for distances of up to 3250 km, throughout the time spent in the Arctic archipelago and the subsequent eastward migration at the end of the summer. The general pattern of behaviour of this stock is a westwards movement from Lancaster Sound and Prince Regent Inlet through Barrow Strait in late July, occupation of Peel Sound and Franklin Strait in August, followed by a usually rapid transit to Baffin Bay via southern Devon Island in early/mid September. Although much time is spent in coastal shallows, especially freshwater outlets, all the belugas followed in this study spent considerable time offshore, and often in the deepest water available.
The caudate nucleus: head ganglion of the habit system
Authors: Saint-Cyr Jean A , Taylor Ann E , Trépanier Lisa L , Lang Anthony E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Derek Denny-Brown (1962) referred to the globus pallidus as the ‘head ganglion’ of the motor system since he saw it as the chief mediating structure between environmentally based stimuli and lower reflex centres. According to recent proposals by Mishkin and his colleagues (Mishkin et al. 1984, 1987), and following the lead of Denny-Brown, we should now perhaps refer to the neostriatum, and to the caudate in particular, as the ‘head ganglion’ of the habit system. In this context, the term ‘habit’ refers to nonconsciously directed learned behavioural routines, and is’ … founded not on knowledge or even on memories (in the sense of independent mental entities) but on automatic connections between a stimulus and a response’ (Mishkin and Appenzeller 1987). In our view, the caudate would be the ‘head ganglion’ of this so-called habit system, and therefore it would be involved in the establishment or learning of complex behavioural sets, while recognizing that habits could generically also include low-level stimulusresponse associations depending on neural circuits below the level of the forebrain.
Mate fidelity in penguins
Authors: Williams Tony d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Penguins (family Spheniscidae) are a distinctive group of flightless, pelagic seabirds, widely distributed in the cooler waters of the Southern Hemisphere and occupying a wide variety of breeding habitats, ranging from the snow and ice of the Antarctic Continent to the desert-like lava flows of the equatorial Galapagos Islands. The family comprises 17 species in six distinct genera and is most closely related to the petrels, albatrosses, and divers (Procellaridae and Gavidae). All penguins have a very similar body form, which is highly specialized and adapted primar-· ily for swimming and diving underwater. However, they vary considerably in size from the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor, which weighs 1.1 kg and stands about 40 cm tall, to the Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri, which weighs over 30 kg and reaches a height of 115 cm. Plumages are generally similar in all species, being characterized by dark, blackish upper parts and white under parts. The major differences between species are largely restricted to the coloured patches and crests on the head (e.g. in Aptenodytes and Eudyptes spp.) or banding on the head and chest (Spheniscus spp.). The sexes are outwardly similar in all species, though males are usually slightly, but significantly, heavier and larger than females.
The peppered moth story
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One species of moth, the peppered moth, has dominated the study of melanic polymorphism. The reasons for this are easy to appreciate. First, the change in some populations of the peppered moth was rapid and visually dramatic. Arela
environmental factor, the darkening of tree bark due to air pollution. Third, a single and easily understood selective factor appeared to be sufficient to explain the evolutionary change in the peppered moth. Finally, the change had occurred recently, within the living memory of some of those that unravelled the causes of the change.
Determination of accurate molecular structure by vibration−rotation spectroscopy
Authors: Graner Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a purely quantum mechanical point of view, the concept of molecular structure is by no means a trivial concept. Several scientists have been discussing this point and try to reconcile this classical picture, born in the last century, with a rigorous quantum theory (Claverie and Diner 1980 and refer-ence therein). Nevertheless, most chemist and physical chemist agree on a quantum mechanical definition of molecular structure within the frame-work of the Born-oppenheimer approximation. Wilson (1979) explains this point of view and points out that, in spite of some drawbacks and difficulties, the equilibrium structure of a molecule can be satisfactorily defined in the overwhelming majority of cases.
Carotenoids
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term carotenoid refers to a group of organic lipophilic pigments which range in colour from yellow to red. They are chemically related to -carotene as C40 polyenes or as C20 polyenes such as vitamin A (retinol). Frequently the C20 polyenes are called retinoids. The basic skeleton structure of the C40 carotenoids is symmetrical, based on two C20 halves and all are derived from tetraterpenes consisting of eight C5 isoprene units.
Decision making and emotion
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A theory of decision making cannot assume that subjects evolve in an indifferent world. The human brain, like that of animals, has different relationships with external objects depending on whether they are likely to aid or destroy it, whether they promise reward or punishment, satisfaction or pain. The world contains living creatures—prey and predators, partners and competitors—that can cause either happiness or misery. A physiology of perception must take emotions into account.
It is thus necessary to understand how the brain, in the enormous complexity of the material world, selects objects, guides action, directs attention, and specifies goals; and especially how it manages to choose among several behaviours to achieve a single objective, a process animal behaviourists call ‘vicariance’.
Alzheimer‘s Disease: A Hundred Years Of Investigation
Authors: Allen Shelley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) is a condition with three major defining indicators: the symptoms of dementia and the occurrence of two neuropathological markers (in abundance), extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (referred to generally here as ‘tangles ‘). We now know that a large number of influences, both genetic and environmental, are able to affect the likelihood and/or severity of AD. However, although the situation with regard to the molecular pathogenesis of AD appears extremely complex, this overview attempts to simplify matters and to present an introduction to the major ideas and arguments in the field. Different aspects are then considered in depth in the subsequent chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part 1, we presented various examples of very schematic models that provided fairly abstract and simplified descriptions of several types of phenomenology. These descriptions ranged from the simplest approximation, the linear case, to less drastic assumptions, that enabled us to perceive more sophisticated behaviour. In Part 2, we discussed several aspects of the dynamics of unstable systems, which, in certain circumstances, can give rise to chaotic behaviour. In particular, we examined one of the simplest nonlinear models, the logistic map, which evolves, depending on the growth parameter, towards a final stable state, or towards a series of final states that repeat periodically, or that demonstrate chaotic instability.
Learning how to be flexible with words
Authors: Plunkett Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eight-month-old infants are able to recognize words, whether they hear them in isolation or in fluent speech (Jusczyk and Aslin, 1995). Yet, they fail to attach meaning to words until around their first birthday (Benedict, 1979; Stager and Werker, 1997; Bates, 1979; Huttenlocher, 1974). It is shown that 17-month-old children still have difficulty in recognizing words in continuous speech in the service of identifying a referent. They fare better if the word is presented in isolation. In contrast, 24-month-olds have no such difficulty in recognizing words. They identify the referent of a word equally well if it is presented in isolation or in continuous speech.
A brand new ball game: Bayes net and neural net learning mechanisms in young children
Authors: Gopnik Alison , Glymour Clark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We outline a new computational account of learning in children using the causal Bayes net formalism. We also present evidence that children as young as 2 years old use something like causal Bayes net learning mechanisms to infer the causal structure of the world around them. This kind of learning may play an important role in the development of intuitive theories. Finally, we contrast causal Bayes net and neural net learning mechanisms.
Species comparisons in development: The case of the geometric ‘module’
Authors: Nadel Lynn , Hupbach Almut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence from studies of reorientation in both animals and developing children has been taken to suggest the presence of an encapsulated ‘geometric’ module, which cannot interact with landmark information until language becomes available as a bridge between these two domains (Hermer and Spelke 1996). We review more recent work in animals and several studies in children that challenge this view. When larger experimental spaces are used, even toddlers can integrate geometric and landmark information in reacting to disorientation.
Central integration of respiratory and autonomic functions
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tissue respiration depends on the maintenance of appropriate diffusion gradients for oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood, controlled by the respiratory system, and between arterial blood and the tissues, which is dependent on cardiovascular adjustments. Integration between the two systems through neural networks within the brain stem and spinal cord is therefore essential for proper function of the tissues. This chapter outlines the distribution of respiratory neurones, the distribution of cardiac vagal preganglionic motoneurones in the nucleus ambiguus and dorsal vagal motor nucleus, and the various nuclei in the brainstem and hypothalamus. These contribute descending pathways onto sympathetic preganglionic neurones that represent their final common pathway.
Heterospory: cul-de-sac or pathway to the seed?
Authors: Chaloner William G , Hemsley Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three types of life cycle seen in vascular plants-homospory, heterospory, and the ‘seed habit’ -appear in that order within the Devonian period. It is widely believed that this sequence represents an evolutionary series, with each succeeding step derived from its predecessor. It is clear from the fossil evidence that this series was repeated separately and in parallel in several vascular plant lineages. However, some authors have suggested that the seed might have arisen directly from homospory, without an intermediate heterosporous phase. The ultrastructure of the megaspore exines of four Palaeozoic plants relevant to this controversy (the Devonian genera Archaeopteris and Archaeosperma, and the Lower Carboniferous Bensonites and cf. Stamnostoma) is described, and their bearing on this possibility is discussed. We see no support for the derivation of early seeds directly from homosporous stock in the fossil evidence available to us.
NO3 assimilation in root systems: with special reference to Zea mays (cv. W64A x W182E)
Authors: Oaks Ann , Long Deborah M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitrate reductase (N R, EC 1.6.6.1), the first enzyme in the sequence of reactions involved in the assimilation of , was described initially by Evans and Nason (1953). It was shown to require reduced pyridine nucleotides, NADH or NADPH (Evans and Nason 1953), and to be substrate inducible (Tang and Wu 1957). Early results from Hageman’ s laboratory showed that light was also required for the induction (Hageman and Flesher 1960). When was removed from the medium (Schrader et al. 1968), or when the lights were turned off (Travis et al. 1969), nitrate reductase activity disappeared. More recently this regulation with respect to or light has been demonstrated to occur at the protein and mRNA levels (Melzer et al. 1989; Somers et al. 1983, Remmler and Campbell 1986; Oaks et al. 1988; Bowsher et al. 1991; Deng et al. 1990). End products of assimilation, or amino acids, have been shown to inhibit the induction of N R in Neurospora crassa (Marzluf 1981). In higher plants, similar inhibitions with low levels of or amino acids have not been so clearly defined (Oaks et al. 1977, 1979; Oaks 1979). Although in tissue culture systems, amino acids clearly inhibit the induction of N R (Filner 1966), a closer investigation indicated that it was the uptake of and not its conversion to that was the phase of metabolism most sensitive to amino acid additions (Heimer and Filner 1970). Of the amino acids tested, glutamine appears to hold the key in the Neurospora system (reviewed by Marzluf 1981; Hurlburt and Garrett 1988) and perhaps in plants as well (Oaks 1974).
Bioelectromagnetic resonance interactions: endogenous field and noise
Authors: Chiabrera A , Bianco B , Kaufman J J , Pilla A A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Low-frequency, low-amplitude electromagnetic fields can affect many bioelectrochemical processes: a comprehensive list of references on this subject can be found in Blackman et al. (1989). The available experimental data allow the following scheme of the interaction mechanism to be proposed (see, for example, Pilla etal. 1985; Chiabrera and Bianco 1987; Pilla etal. 1987; Chiabrera et al. 1989).
Body size and the ecology of hummingbirds
Authors: Cotton Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hummingbirds (family Trochilidae) are among the smallest endothermic organisms and represent a physiological extreme of avian evolution. A foraging hummingbird has a metabolic rate, heart rate, and wing beat frequency unparalleled among birds and matched by few other endotherms. Hummingbirds meet their energy requirements by feeding almost exclusively on floral nectar, and show many morphological and behavioral adaptations for this mode of life. Indeed their body size itself appears in part to be determined by co-evolution with flowering plants and competition with other nectar feeders. In spite of their high metabolism and narrow resource base, hummingbirds are an extremely successful group. The Trochilidae is the largest family of non-passerine birds and hummingbirds are found throughout the Americas in all habitats from sea-level to the snow-line.