bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MMSE adaptive array suppressing only multipath waves with delay times beyond the guard interval for fixed reception in OFDM systems
Authors: Hori Satoshi , Kikuma Nobuyoshi , Inagaki Naoki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt is known that OFDM transmission systems give better performance than single‐carrier systems in a multipath environment. However, the communication quality degrades rapidly when the delayed wave arrives beyond the guard interval. In order to solve this problem, various systems that try to suppress the undesired wave by using an adaptive array have been proposed. This paper considers fixed reception and investigates an MMSE adaptive array for OFDM that does not suppress waves arriving within the guard interval, only waves arriving beyond the guard interval. More precisely, the SMI optimization method is proposed in which a window function is used to extract only the wave components beyond the guard interval. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system, an evaluation is made by computer simulation. It is shown that the system operates well as an MMSE adaptive array in a fixed reception environment, exhibiting high suppression power for delayed waves beyond the guard interval. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(9): 1–8, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10221
The Reaction of Diazocyclopentadienyl Compounds with Cyclomanganated Arenes as a Route to Ligand‐Appended Cymantrenes
Authors: Djukic Jean‐Pierre , Michon Christophe , Heiser Dirk , Kyritsakas‐Gruber Nathalie , de Cian André , Dötz Karl Heinz , Pfeffer Michel 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe thermolysis of various cyclomanganated arenes in the presence of 5‐diazocyclopentadiene, 7‐diazoindene or 9‐diazofluorene afforded the corresponding arenes tethered with cymantrenyl, benzocymantrenyl or dibenzocymantrenyl groups in fair to good yields. This reaction implies a multi‐facetted mechanism that consists of three steps: the insertion of an alkylidene moiety into a C−Mn bond, a CAr−C bond formation and several haptotropic ring‐slippages. The coupling reaction has proven to be particularly efficient with Mn(CO)4 chelates derived from acetylarenes and nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. In one case of a 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline complex, the coupling with 9‐diazofluorene yields a new η1‐dibenzocymantrene complex in which the Mn(CO)4 moiety is chelated and is part of a six‐membered metallacycle. The results of this study are mainly supported by the molecular structures of nine new complexes obtained by X‐ray diffraction analyses. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), Copper(II), and Zinc(II) Complexes with a p‐tert‐Butylcalix[4]arene Fitted with Phosphinoyl Pendant Arms
Authors: Videva Vladimira , Chauvin Anne‐Sophie , Varbanov Sabi , Baux Christophe , Scopelliti Rosario , Mitewa Mariana , Bünzli Jean‐Claude G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA series of complexes of MIIX2 transition metal salts (X = ClO4, M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; X = Cl, M = Cu, Zn) with a calix[4]arene substituted at the lower rim {L = 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,26,27,28‐tetrakis[(dimethylphosphinoyl)methoxy]calix[4]arene} are isolated and characterized. Two different stoichiometries are evidenced, 1:1 for the CoII, NiII, and CuII complexes, independently of the anion (Cl− or ClO4−), as well as for the Zn(ClO4)2 complex, while a 2:1 metal/ligand ratio is found for the complex with ZnCl2. The coordination mode and structure of the complexes are investigated by several spectroscopic and magnetochemical methods, both in the solid state and in solution. Coordination through the phosphoryl groups of the ligand is ascertained by X‐ray diffraction and IR and NMR spectroscopic data. The crystal structure of the 2:1 Zn compound (triclinic, P$\bar 1$
, Z = 2) shows the presence of the tetrametallic species Zn4L2 with three different tetrahedral Zn environments, ZnCl2O2, ZnCl3O, and ZnClO3, the latter bridging two ligand molecules. Magnetic susceptibility, EPR data, and electronic spectra are indicative of a tetrahedral arrangement of the ligands in the CoII (high‐spin d7) 1:1 complex, which is also most probably the ligand geometry in the NiII and CuII 1:1 complexes. In solution, the extent of the interaction between L and the MII ions has been determined by UV/Vis spectrophotometric titrations. The resulting stability constants for 1:1 complexes are in the range log K1 = 4.8−5.4. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
New Types of Homochiral Helical Coordination Polymers Constructed by exo‐Bidentate Binaphthol Derivatives
Authors: Wang Ruihu , Xu Lijin , Li Xingshu , Li Yueming , Shi Qian , Zhou Zhongyuan , Hong Maochun , Chan Albert S. C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAssembly of axially chiral (S)‐2,2′‐bis(3‐pyridylmethyleneoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene [(S)‐L1] and (S)‐2,2′‐bis(4‐pyridylmethyleneoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene [(S)‐L2] with AgNO3 resulted in a double‐stranded helical coordination polymer encapsulating guest water molecules and a helix‐like complex with inter‐immersion clefts, respectively, in which helical chirality is due to axial chirality of the 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol scaffold. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Analysis of the impact of prawn trawling on benthic species in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Authors: Toscas P. J. , Faddy M. J. , Burridge C. Y. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPrawn trawling is a major fishing activity in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, generating millions of dollars for the Australian economy. It is important that appropriate management decisions are made to ensure the sustainability of the industry. An experimental study was conducted to quantify the recovery of seabed fauna after repeated trawling. Data from the study were composed of counts of observed benthic organisms on the seabed. The data were analysed using models based on a generalization of the simple Poisson process, which allows for over‐dispersion and under‐dispersion relative to the Poisson distribution. It was found that these models more faithfully described the data than more standard models such as the Poisson or negative binomial. It is argued that the use of inappropriate models can result in unreliable inferences, which in turn could lead to poor management decisions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and synthesis of a new natural lactone in apple juice (Malus × domestica var. Orin)
Authors: Kitaura Taro , Endo Hirokatsu , Nakamoto Hideki , Ishihara Masakazu , Kawai Tetsuo , Nokami Junzo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new lactone having a characteristic sweet and fruity aroma was isolated as a trace component from the juice of Malus × domestica var. Orin. The structure of the lactone was elucidated as 4,8‐dimethylnon‐7‐en‐4‐olide (1) by the spectroscopic evidences and synthesis. The chiral GC analyses of the natural and the synthesized lactones revealed that the R/S ratio of the lactone in the apple juice is 23/77. The odoriferous properties of the both enantiomers are also described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum L. from China
Authors: Li Rong , Jiang Zi‐Tao 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe essential oil of the seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. from China was isolated by hydrodistillation in a yield of 3.8%. The chemical composition of the essential oil was examined by GC and GC–MS; 37 components, representing 97.97% of the oil, were identiﬁed. Cuminal (36.31%), cuminic alcohol (16.92%), γ‐terpinene (11.14%), safranal (10.87%), p‐cymene (9.85%) and β‐pinene (7.75%) were the major components. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils of Galeopsis pubescens and G. tetrahit from Tuscany (Italy)
Authors: Flamini Guido , Cioni Pier Luigi , Morelli Ivano 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe essential oils obtained from the ﬂowering aerial parts of Galeopsis pubescens and G. tetrahit growing on Monte Amiata (Italy) have been studied. Sesquiterpenes were the main constituents of both essential oils (88.9% and 90.4%, respectively); the major compounds were germacrene D and bicyclogermacrene (about 60% and 6%, respectively). The differences between the two essential oils were mostly quantitative and were referred mainly to β‐caryophyllene (5.7% and 2.1%, respectively) and (E)‐β‐farnesene (1.1% and 5.6%). This is the ﬁrst report about the composition of essential oils from this genus. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of Stachys sylvatica L. from Italy
Authors: Tirillini Bruno , Pellegrino Roberto , Bini Laura Maleci 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe oil composition of inﬂorescences and leaves of Stachys sylvatica L. from Italy was analysed by GC–MS. The most abundant compounds in the oil from the inﬂorescences were germacrene D (55.2%), (E)‐β‐farnesene (9.1%) and n‐tetracosane (6.9%), whilst germacrene D (31.7%), n‐tetracosane (7.8%) and mint sulphide (6.4%) were the main compounds in the oil from the leaves. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromorphology of trichomes and composition of essential oil of Teucrium capitatum
Authors: Antunes Teresa , Sevinate‐Pinto Isabel , Barroso José G. , Cavaleiro Carlos , Salgueiro Lígia R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe morphology and distribution of the glandular trichomes of Teucrium capitatum L., as well as the chemical composition of the essential oils, were studied. Important differences were found with regard to the major constituents of the essential oils of ﬁve populations of T. capitatum grown in Portugal. The oil isolated from one population was characterized by a high content of oxygenated monoterpenes (33.0%), isomenthone (7.7%) being the major constituent. Another oil from a population collected from the same region was dominated by monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (43.9% and 23.2%, respectively), α‐pinene (7.7%), sabinene (11.2%) and β‐pinene (10.3%) being the main compounds. The oils from the other three populations were characterized by a high content of both sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (23.0%, 32.2% and 33.2%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (39.7%, 23.4% and 20.4%). T‐cadinol (24.1%) and α‐cadinol (9.8%) were the major compounds in the oil from one population, whereas δ‐cadinene (7.5% and 9.8%) and E‐caryophyllene (5.4%) or α‐muurolol (6.0%) were the major constituents in the other samples. The indumentum of the vegetative and reproductive ograns from the ﬁve populations of T. capitatum, observed under scanning electron microscopy, showed the same type and distribution of glandular and non‐glandular trichomes. Since the ecological and edaphic features of the collecting sites were quite similar, the chemical polymorphism observed seems to be due to genetic factors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil composition of ‘kewda’ (Pandanus odoratissimus) from India
Authors: Raina V. K. , Kumar Ajai , Srivastava S. K. , Syamsundar K. V. , Kahol A. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of staminate inﬂorescences of kewda (Pandanus odoratissimus L.) has been compared with the kewda oil from the local market. Both the oils were subjected to high‐resolution GC and GC–MS, which resulted in the identiﬁcation and quantiﬁcation of 85 and 59 components, amounting to 98.7% and 98.6% of the total oils, respectively. The major components of the hydrodistilled kewda oil were 2‐phenyl ethyl methyl ether (37.7%), terpinen‐4‐ol (18.6%), α‐terpineol (8.3%) and 2‐phenyl ethyl alcohol (7.5%), whereas the major constituents of kewda oil from the local market were 2‐phenyl ethyl alcohol (33.2%), 2‐phenyl ethyl methyl ether (16.1%), benzyl benzoate (11.0%), viridine (8.8%) and germacrene B (8.3%). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of the volatile oil from the pericarp (husk) of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.)
Authors: Pura Naik J. , Jagan Mohan Rao L. , Mohan Kumar T. M. , Sampathu S. R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe large cardamom pericarp (husk) yielded 0.18% volatile oil by Clevenger hydrodistillation method. This oil was analysed for physical parameters viz. speciﬁc gravity (0.9148), refractive index (1.4733) and optical rotation (−7.700). The volatile oil was subjected to GC–MS analysis and 37 compounds were identiﬁed, constituting > 98% of the total oil. The major compounds characterized were 1,8‐cineole (38.7%), β‐pinene (13.6%), α‐terpineol (12.6%), spathulenol (8.3%), 4‐terpineol (4.5%), germacrene‐D (3.0%), α‐pinene (2.8%) and β‐selinene (2.7%). GC and GC–MS data revealed that the 1,8‐cineol content was less than 50% when compared with the seed oil. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convenient syntheses of iso‐methyl‐branched long‐chain aliphatic aldehydes, known to contribute signiﬁcantly to meat ﬂavour
Authors: Yuasa Yoshifumi , Tsuruta Haruki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractConvenient syntheses of iso‐methyl‐branched long‐chain aliphatic aldehydes, which are common meat ﬂavour compounds, are described. The Grignard reaction of isoamyl or isobutylmagnesium bromide and ω‐bromo‐α‐alkanols in the presence of a catalytic amount of dilithium tetrachlorocuprate gave iso‐methylalkanols. The oxidation of the alkanols using sodium hypochlorite in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4‐benzoyloxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide (BzOTEMPO) gave the corresponding iso‐methylalkanals in high yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomy of option features in convertible bonds
Authors: Lau Ka Wo , Kwok Yue Kuen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSeveral earlier theoretical studies on the optimal issuer's calling policy of a convertible bond suggest that the issuer should call the bond as soon as the conversion value exceeds the call price. However, empirical studies on actual cases of calling by convertible bond issuers reveal that firms “delayed” calling their convertible bonds until the conversion value well exceeded the call price. In this paper, we construct valuation algorithms that price risky convertible bonds with embedded option features. In particular, we examine the impact of the soft call and hard call constraints, notice period requirement and other factors on the optimal issuer's calling policy. Our results show that the critical stock price at which the issuer should optimally call the convertible bond depends quite sensibly on these constraints and requirements. The so‐called “delayed call phenomena” may be largely attributed to the underestimation of the critical call price due to inaccurate modeling of the contractual provisions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:513–532, 2004
Contract modifications and the basis behavior of live cattle futures
Authors: Newsome James E. , Wang George H. K. , Boyd M. E. , Fuller Marty J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the basis behavior of the Live Cattle Futures contract at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) before and after the 1995 contract changes. Additionally, an alternative method of basis calculation utilizing weighted mean futures prices versus settlement futures prices was compared to determine which method provides a better representation of the basis level.Within a regression model with heteroskedascity error framework, we found that the level of nearby basis in the period after June 1995 has shifted lower and the average monthly open interest of net commercial long positions has substantially increased after the contract modifications. These empirical results are consistent with the notion that more long activity entered the market in response to the contract modifications. Additionally, an alternative (new) measure of basis calculation (cash price minus weighted mean futures price) produced similar results to two other commonly used measures. In conclusion, the 1995 contract changes have neither increased nor decreased the volatility of live cattle basis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:557–590, 2004
The antiapoptotic effect of guanosine is mediated by the activation of the PI 3‐kinase/AKT/PKB pathway in cultured rat astrocytes
Authors: Di Iorio Patrizia , Ballerini Patrizia , Traversa Ugo , Nicoletti Ferdinando , D'Alimonte Iolanda , Kleywegt Sonya , Werstiuk Eva S. , Rathbone Michel P. , Caciagli Francesco , Ciccarelli Renata 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGuanosine has many trophic effects in the CNS, including the stimulation of neurotrophic factor synthesis and release by astrocytes, which protect neurons against excitotoxic death. Therefore, we questioned whether guanosine protected astrocytes against apoptosis induced by staurosporine. We evaluated apoptosis in cultured rat brain astrocytes, following exposure (3 h) to 100 nM staurosporine by acridine orange staining or by oligonucleosome, or caspase‐3 ELISA assays. Staurosporine promoted apoptosis rapidly, reaching its maximal effect (∼ 10‐fold over basal apoptotic values) in 18–24 h after its administration to astrocytes. Guanosine, added to the culture medium for 4 h, starting from 1 h prior to staurosporine, reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. The IC50 value for the inhibitory effect of guanosine is 7.5 × 10−5 M. The protective effect of guanosine was not affected by inhibiting the nucleoside transporters by propentophylline, or by the selective antagonists of the adenosine A1 or A2 receptors (DPCPX or DMPX), or by an antagonist of the P2X and P2Y purine receptors (suramin). In contrast, pretreatment of astrocytes with pertussis toxin, which uncouples Gi‐proteins from their receptors, abolished the antiapoptotic effect of guanosine. The protective effect of guanosine was also reduced by pretreatment of astrocytes with inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K; LY294002, 30 μM) or the MAPK pathway (PD98059, 10 μM). Addition of guanosine caused a rapid phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, and glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) and induced an upregulation of Bcl‐2 mRNA and protein expression. These data demonstrate that guanosine protects astrocytes against staurosporine‐induced apoptosis by activating multiple pathways, and these are mediated by a Gi‐protein‐coupled putative guanosine receptor. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New oligodendrocytes are generated after neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury in rodents
Authors: Zaidi Aliya U. , Bessert Denise A. , Ong Jennifer E. , Xu Haiyan , Barks John D.E. , Silverstein Faye S. , Skoff Robert P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNeonatal hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) white matter injury is a major contributor to chronic neurological dysfunction. Immature oligodendrocytes (OLGs) are highly vulnerable to HI injury. As little is known about in vivo OLG repair mechanisms in neonates, we studied whether new OLGs are generated after HI injury in P7 rats. Rats received daily BrdU injections at P12–14 or P21–22 and sacrificed at P14 to study the level of cell proliferation or at P35 to permit dividing OLG precursors to differentiate. In P14 HI‐injured animals, the number of BrdU+ cells in the injured hemisphere is consistently greater than controls. At P35, sections were double‐labeled for BrdU and markers for OLGs, astrocytes, and microglia. Double‐labeled BrdU+/myelin basic protein+ and BrdU+/carbonic anhydrase+ OLGs are abundant in the injured striatum, corpus callosum, and the infarct core. Quantitative studies show four times as many OLGs are generated from P21–35 in HI corpora callosa than controls. Surprisingly, the infarct core contains many newly generated OLGs in addition to hypertrophied astrocytes and activated microglia. These glia and non‐CNS cells may stimulate OLG progenitor proliferation or induce their migration. At P35, astrogliosis and microgliosis are dramatic ipsilaterally but only a few microglia and some astrocytes are BrdU+. This finding indicates microglial and astrocytic hyperplasia occurs shortly after HI but before the P21 BrdU injections. Although the neonatal brain undergoes massive cell death and atrophy the first week after injury, it retains the potential to generate new OLGs up to 4 weeks after injury within and surrounding the infarct. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Volume‐regulated anion conductance in cultured rat cerebral astrocytes requires calmodulin activity
Authors: Olson James E. , Li Guang‐Ze , Wang Ling , Lu Luo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe examined the calmodulin dependence of anion channel activation during hypo‐osmotic swelling in rat cerebral astrocytes. Control cells bathed in iso‐osmotic (290 mOsm) phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and recorded using a patch electrode containing 140 mM KCl increased membrane conductance threefold over basal levels after 12 min in hypo‐osmotic (200 mOsm) PBS. Cells injected with monoclonal anticalmodulin antibody demonstrated no increase in membrane conductance during a subsequent exposure to hypo‐osmotic PBS. In contrast, cells iontophoretically injected with monoclonal antiglial fibrillary acidic protein antibody or with anticalmodulin antibody absorbed with an excess of free calmodulin demonstrated an increase in conductance during hypo‐osmotic exposure similar to that of control cells. Conductance in iso‐osmotic conditions was unchanged by antibody injection. Similar results were obtained when using patch electrode and bath solutions containing chloride as the only cell permeant ion, indicating a calmodulin‐dependent anion current is activated with this degree of hypo‐osmotic treatment. Western blots confirmed the specificity of the anticalmodulin and antiglial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies used in this study for proteins of 17 and 51 kD, respectively. In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated inhibition of the calmodulin‐dependent activation of phosphodiesterase by the anticalmodulin antibody. Thus, binding of this antibody to calmodulin causes functional inhibition of calmodulin activity. No change in the intensity or cellular distribution of calmodulin immunostaining was observed during 30 min of hypo‐osmotic exposure. However, increased immunostaining for activated calmodulin kinase IIα was observed after 10 min of hypo‐osmotic exposure, suggesting initiation of calmodulin‐dependent processes by cell swelling. The data indicate calmodulin activity is critical for activation of volume‐regulated anion channels in rat cerebral astrocytes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenosine A3 receptor‐induced CCL2 synthesis in cultured mouse astrocytes
Authors: Wittendorp Maria C. , Boddeke Hendrikus W.G.M. , Biber Knut 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDuring neuropathological conditions, high concentrations of adenosine are released, stimulating adenosine receptors in neurons and glial cells. It has recently been shown that stimulation of adenosine receptors in glial cells induces the release of neuroprotective substances such as NGF, S‐100β, and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). It has therefore been suggested that glial adenosine receptors are involved in neuroprotection. Since recently neuroprotective effects of the chemokine CCL2 (formerly known as MCP‐1) have been reported, we investigated the possible effect of adenosine receptor stimulation on glial CCL2 synthesis. Here we show that stimulation of cultured murine astrocytes with the selective adenosine A3 receptor agonist 2‐chloro‐N6‐(3‐iodobenzyl)‐N‐methyl‐5′‐carbamoyladenosine (CL‐IB‐MECA) induced the release of CCL2. Specific ligands for adenosine A1 or A2 receptors did not affect CCL2 release. Furthermore, CL‐IB‐MECA‐induced CCL2 synthesis was inhibited by adenosine A3 receptor antagonists. These results show that stimulation of adenosine A3 receptors in astrocytes induced the release of CCL2, thus supporting the assumption that adenosine receptors in glial cells regulate the synthesis of neuroprotective substances. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.