bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blunted γδ T-lymphocyte response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Pons J. , Sauleda J. , Ferrer J. M. , Barceló B. , Fuster A. , Regueiro V. , Julià M. R. , Agustí A. G. N. 
Published: February 2005

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by an excessive inflammatory response to inhaled particles, mostly tobacco smoking. Although inflammation is present in all smokers, only a percentage of them develop COPD. T-lymphocytes are important effector and regulatory cells that participate actively in the inflammatory response of COPD. They comprise the T-cell receptor (TCR)-αβ (CD4+ and CD8+) and TCR-γδ T-lymphocytes. The latter represent a small percentage of the total T-cell population, but play a key role in tissue repair and mucosal homeostasis.To investigate TCR-αβ (CD4+ and CD8+) and TCR-γδ T-lymphocytes in COPD, the present authors determined, by flow cytometry, the distribution of both subpopulations in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples obtained from patients with COPD, smokers with normal lung function and never-smokers.The present study found that: 1) the distribution of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in blood and BAL was similar in all three groups; 2) compared with nonsmokers, γδ T-lymphocytes were significantly increased in smokers with preserved lung function; and 3) this response was blunted in patients with COPD.These results highlight a novel, potentially relevant, pathogenic mechanism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Cyclophosphamide and low-dose prednisolone in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and fibrosing nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Kondoh Y. , Taniguchi H. , Yokoi T. , Nishiyama O. , Ohishi T. , Kato T. , Suzuki K. , Suzuki R. 
Published: February 2005

The present study compared the efficacy of cyclophosphamide combined with low-dose prednisolone in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) with efficacy in idiopathic fibrosing nonspecific interstitial pneumonia fibrosing (NSIP).A total of 27 patients with IPF and 12 patients with fibrosing NSIP were included in this study. All patients had undergone surgical lung biopsy. The diagnoses were made based on clinical, radiological and pathological findings. All patients were treated with intermittent pulse therapy with methylprednisolone for 4 weeks, followed by cyclophosphamide with low-dose prednisolone.According to pulmonary function tests, four of 27 patients with IPF had improved, 22 remained unchanged, and one had worsened at the completion of pulse therapy. After 1 yr of combination therapy, four of 27 patients had improved, 14 remained unchanged, and nine had worsened. After pulse therapy, four of 12 patients with fibrosing NSIP had improved, and eight remained unchanged. After 1 yr of combination therapy, eight of 12 patients had improved, four remained unchanged, and none had worsened. Median survival of IPF patients was 4.1 yrs, which is significantly worse than that of fibrosing NSIP patients.In conclusion, patients with fibrosing nonspecific interstitial pneumonia had a more favourable response to combination therapy and a better survival than those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Increased airway epithelial and T-cell apoptosis in COPD remains despite smoking cessation
Authors: Hodge S. , Hodge G. , Holmes M. , Reynolds P. N. 
Published: February 2005

There is heterogeneity in the propensity of smokers to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and improved treatment strategies are hindered by limited understanding of COPD pathogenesis, especially as distinct from the effects of smokingper se. Although apoptosis is essential for tissue homeostasis, increased apoptosis may cause tissue damage and inflammation.This study addressed whether airway T-lymphocytes and airway epithelial cells (AEC) show an increased likelihood of undergoing apoptosis in COPD and if this was related to smoking.Apoptosis (7-amino-actinomycin D, Annexin, single-stranded DNA and caspase), Bcl-2, Bax and p53 were assessed in cells obtained from bronchial bushing and bronchoalveolar lavage from ex- and continuing smokers with COPD, and nonsmoking controls, using flow cytometry.A mean 87% increase in apoptosis of AEC and a 103% increase in T-lymphocyte apoptosis were found in COPD. There were no significant differences in apoptosis of AEC between current and ex-smokers with COPD.Apoptosis may contribute to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis, and continued excess apoptosis after smoking cessation may offer a new target for therapeutic interventions. Whether the persistence of increased apoptosis after smoking cessation results from changes in the pulmonary milleau after years of noxious insult, or whether some individuals have a natural predisposition toward increased apoptosis and possible development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains to be determined.
Bosentan therapy for portopulmonary hypertension
Authors: Hoeper M. M. , Halank M. , Marx C. , Hoeffken G. , Seyfarth H. J. , Schauer J. , Niedermeyer J. , Winkler J. 
Published: February 2005

The dual endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan has been approved in several countries for pulmonary arterial hypertension, and patients with portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) have not specifically been excluded. However, no data have been published on the efficacy and safety of bosentan in this patient population. Here, the first clinical experiences with bosentan in patients with Child A cirrhosis and severe PPHTN are reported.In total, 11 consecutive patients with cirrhosis and severe PPHTN in New York Heart Association Functional Classes III and IV were treated for >1 yr with bosentan.After 1 yr of treatment with bosentan, all patients showed improved symptoms and exercise capacity. The 6-min walking distance increased from 310±102 m at baseline to 388±81 m at 1 yr. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing disclosed a significant increase in peak oxygen uptake, from 12.6±3.5 to 16.6±2.8 mL·min−1·kg−1. Pulmonary vascular resistance fell from 944±519 to 635±321 dynes·s·L−1. The medication was well tolerated by all patients, and there was no evidence of drug-related liver injury.In conclusion, bosentan proved to be efficacious and safe in a small number of patients with portopulmonary hypertension.
The accuracy of EUS-FNA in assessing mediastinal lymphadenopathy and staging patients with NSCLC
Authors: Caddy G. , Conron M. , Wright G. , Desmond P. , Hart D. , Chen R. Y. 
Published: February 2005

Optimal management of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) depends on tissue diagnosis and accurate staging. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is minimally invasive and provides cytological confirmation of malignant mediastinal disease. The aim was to assess the accuracy of EUS-FNA in cases of enlarged mediastinal lymphadenopathy (LN) of unknown aetiology and in the staging of NSCLC.A total of 52 consecutive patients with stage I–IIIb NSCLC or enlarged mediastinal LN of unknown aetiology underwent EUS-FNA. Negative results were confirmed with a surgical procedure: mediastinoscopy, video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) or lobectomy with systematic mediastinal lymph node dissection.In total, 34 patients had EUS-FNA performed for diagnosis, whilst the remaining 18 had EUS-FNA for staging. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy (95% confidence interval) were 93% (77–99), 100% (78–100), 100% (87–100), 88% (63–99) and 95% (84–99), respectively. When EUS-FNA was used in patients with NSCLC, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy were 92% (73–99), 100% (69–100), 100% (85–100), 83% (51–98) and 94% (80–99), respectively. For mediastinal LN of unknown aetiology, no malignant disease was missed.Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration is an accurate tool for assessing mediastinal lymph node involvement in nonsmall cell lung cancer and in the diagnosis of unexplained mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration is a minimally invasive procedure that can be used as an adjunct or alternative to mediastinoscopy.
N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a haemodynamic marker in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Souza R. , Bogossian H. B. , Humbert M. , Jardim C. , Rabelo R. , Amato M. B. P. , Carvalho C. R. R. 
Published: February 2005

Patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension usually undergo acute vasodilator tests with nitric oxide (NO) for haemodynamic evaluation and therapeutical planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the link between the variation of N-terminal (NT)-pro-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and haemodynamic parameters during the acute vasodilator test.A total of 22 idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients who underwent acute vasodilator tests were studied. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 30 and 60 min of NO inhalation. NT-pro-BNP levels were measured in each sample.A receiver-operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the capability of the NT-pro-BNP level variation during NO inhalation in recognising nonresponders. To distinguish responders from nonresponders, the increase of the NT-pro-BNP (0% as cut-off value) determined a 50% specificity and 100% sensitivity (positive predictive value of 38% and a negative predictive value of 100%).These results suggest that N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide was able to distinguish nonresponder patients with the acute vasodilator test. N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide may be an interesting additional biological tool in the evaluation of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension patients.
Prone position reduces lung stress and strain in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Mentzelopoulos S. D. , Roussos C. , Zakynthinos S. G. 
Published: February 2005

The present authors hypothesised that in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pronation may reduce ventilator-induced overall stress (i.e.transpulmonary pressure (PL)) and strain of lung parenchyma (i.e.tidal volume (VT)/end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) ratio), which constitute major ventilator-induced lung injury determinants. The authors sought to determine whether potential pronation benefits are maintained in post-prone semirecumbent (SRPP) posture under pressure-volume curve-dependent optimisation of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP).A total of 10 anesthetised/paralysed, mechanically ventilated (VT = 9.0±0.9 mL·kg−1predicted body weight; flow = 0.91±0.04 L·s−1; PEEP = 9.4±1.3 cmH2O) patients with early/severe ARDS were studied in pre-prone semirecumbent (SRBAS), prone, and SRPPpositions. Partitioned respiratory mechanics were determined during iso-flow (0.91 L·s−1) experiments (VTvaried within 0.2–1.0 L), along with haemodynamics, gas exchange, and EELV.Compared with SRBAS, pronation/SRPPresulted in reduced peak/plateauPLatVTs≥0.6 L; static lung elastance and additional lung resistance decreased and chest wall elastance (in prone position) increased; EELV increased (23–33%);VT/EELV decreased (27–33%); arterial oxygen tension/inspiratory oxygen fraction and arterial carbon dioxide tension improved (21–43/10–14%, respectively), and shunt fraction/physiological dead space decreased (21–50/20–47%, respectively).In early/severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, pronation under positive end-expiratory pressure optimisation may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury risk. Pronation benefits may be maintained in post-prone semirecumbent position.
Histone acetylation and deacetylation: importance in inflammatory lung diseases
Authors: Barnes P. J. , Adcock I. M. , Ito K. 
Published: February 2005

Inflammatory lung diseases are characterised by increased expression of multiple inflammatory genes that are regulated by proinflammatory transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB. Gene expression is regulated by acetylation of core histones through the action of coactivators, such as CREB-binding protein, with intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity.Conversely, gene repression is mediatedviahistone deacetylases (HDACs) and other corepressors. In asthma, there is an increase in HAT activity and some reduction in HDAC activity, which is restored by corticosteroid therapy. Corticosteroids switch off inflammatory genes in asthma through the inhibition of HAT activity and by the recruitment of HDAC2 to the activated inflammatory gene complex. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, there is a reduction in HDAC2 activity and expression, which may account for the amplified inflammation and resistance to the actions of corticosteroids. The reduction in HDAC2 may be secondary to oxidative and nitrative stress as a result of cigarette smoking and severe inflammation, and may also occur in severe asthma, smoking asthmatic patients and cystic fibrosis.Similar mechanisms may also account for the steroid resistance seen with latent adenovirus infections. The reduction in histone deacetylase activity can be restored by theophylline, which may be able to reverse steroid resistance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other inflammatory diseases.
Evolution of previous sarcoidosis under type 1 interferons given for severe associated disease: Table. 1—
Authors: Charlier C. , Nunes H. , Trinchet J-C. , Roullet E. , Mouthon L. , Beaugrand M. , Valeyre D. 
Published: February 2005

Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder with a well-known T helper (Th) type 1 cell commitment and a key pathogenic role of interferon (IFN)-γ. However, little is known about the influence of type 1 IFNs, such as IFN-α and IFN-β, on the course of previous sarcoidosis.The aim of this study was to determine whether type 1 IFNs can safely be used in patients with sarcoidosis for severe associated disease.The present study examined a series of four patients with sarcoidosis, treated by IFN-α or IFN-β for viral hepatitis (three cases) or multiple sclerosis (one case).IFN was initiated soon after apparent recovery (three cases) or during a worsening phase of sarcoidosis (one case). Hydroxychloroquine was added in the case with active disease. Patients received interferon for 6–24 months and had close monitoring during and after IFN therapy. Interestingly, no recurrence or exacerbation of sarcoidosis had occurred at 4 yrs of follow up. Two patients were cured from viral hepatitis, whilst treatment for another failed. No neurological progression was observed in the remaining patient.This series suggests that, despite the T helper type 1 phenotype of sarcoid granulomatous reaction, type 1 interferons do not exacerbate sarcoidosis in remission and this makes their use possible if indicated. However, their effect in persistent forms of the disease needs further evaluation.
Information Sources for Noun Learning
Authors: Kako Edward 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWhy are some words easier to learn than others? And what enables the eventual learning of the more difficult words? These questions were addressed for nouns using a paradigm in which adults were exposed to naturalistic maternal input that was manipulated to simulate access to several different information sources, both alone and in combination: observation of the extralinguistic contexts in which the target word was used, the words that co‐occurred with the target word, and the target word's syntactic context. Words that were not accurately identified from observation alone were both abstract (e.g., music) and concrete (e.g., tail). Whether a noun could be learned from observation depended on whether it labeled a basic‐level object category (BLOC). However, the difference between BLOC labels and non‐BLOC labels was eliminated when observation was supplemented with linguistic context. Thus, although BLOC labels can be learned from observation alone, non‐BLOC labels require richer linguistic context. These findings support a model of vocabulary growth in which an important role is played by changes in the information to which learners have access.
A Memory‐Based Theory of Verbal Cognition
Authors: Dennis Simon 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe syntagmatic paradigmatic model is a distributed, memory‐based account of verbal processing. Built on a Bayesian interpretation of string edit theory, it characterizes the control of verbal cognition as the retrieval of sets of syntagmatic and paradigmatic constraints from sequential and relational long‐term memory and the resolution of these constraints in working memory. Lexical information is extracted directly from text using a version of the expectation maximization algorithm. In this article, the model is described and then illustrated on a number of phenomena, including sentence processing, semantic categorization and rating, short‐term serial recall, and analogical and logical inference. Subsequently, the model is used to answer questions about a corpus of tennis news articles taken from the Internet. The model's success demonstrates that it is possible to extract propositional information from naturally occurring text without employing a grammar, defining a set of heuristics, or specifying a priori a set of semantic roles.
Research and development of an advanced combustion system for the direct injection diesel engine
Authors: Su W H , Lin T J , Zhao H , Pei Y Q 
Published: February 2005

In order to obtain a simultaneous reduction in both NOx and particulate emissions from a direct injection (DI) diesel engine, an advanced combustion system has been researched and developed in the authors' laboratory. The new combustion system comprises homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion at low load by early and multiple injections, combined HCCI, and lean diffusion burning at medium and higher load conditions by means of a novel combustion chamber design and multiple injections. In this paper, the research and development of the enhanced mixing by means of a raised round object (referred to in this paper as BUMP) and its application to a diesel combustion chamber design is described. Then the experimental results from a DI diesel engine equipped with a multiple injection common rail (CR) fuel injection system and the new combustion chamber design will be presented and discussed. Engine testing has shown that the BUMP combustion chamber was very effective in reducing both NOx and smoke emissions. HCCI combustion by means of multiple injections leads to extremely low NOx emissions under low load operations. At medium and higher load operation conditions, quasi HCCI combustion combined with the BUMP combustion chamber could signficantly reduce NOx emissions without sacrificing particulate emission and fuel consumption.
Selective Extraction of Endohedral Metallofullerenes Using a Mixed Solvent of Triethylamine and Acetone
Authors: Kodama Takeshi , Higashi Korenari , Ichikawa Takafumi , Suzuki Shinzo , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Ikemoto Isao , Kikuchi Koichi , Achiba Yohji 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
We have developed a single-step method for selectively extracting endohedral metallofullerenes. In this new method, a mixed solvent of triethylamine and acetone is used to extract endohedral metallofullerenes from raw soot. The efficiency of extraction was investigated by extracting Ce-containing metallofullerenes, Ce@C82 and Ce2@C80, from raw soot obtained by an arc discharge technique. The resultant extract contained little or no empty fullerenes such as C60 or C70, that is, the Ce-metallofullerenes were selectively extracted.
Synthesis of Box-shaped Pentaporphyrin with Cobalt(II) Porphyrin in the Center; Reversible O2 Binding in the Box
Authors: Uruma Keirei , Tsuge Kiyoshi , Sasaki Yoichi , Imamura Taira 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Aiming at construction of robust molecular architectures having an active center surrounded by stable walls, a box-shaped cobalt(II)–rhodium(III) pentaporphyrin [Co(tpyp)][Rh(tpp)Cl]4 (2) (tpyp = 5,10,15,20-tetrapyridylporphyrinato dianion, tpp = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion) was newly synthesized via coordination bonds. The cobalt(II) center of the complex 2 reacts reversibly with O2 to give a corresponding dioxygen complex of [Co(tpyp)(py)(O2)][Rh(tpp)Cl]4 (2-(py)(O2)) at low temperatures in dichloromethane-containing pyridine.
Reaction of (4-Nitorophenyl)nitrene with Molecular Oxygen in Low-temperature Matrices: First IR Detection and Photochemistry of Aryl Nitroso Oxide
Authors: Inui Hiroshi , Irisawa Masatoshi , Oishi Shigero 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The thermal reaction of (4-nitrophenyl)nitrene with oxygen in low-temperature matrices produced a new molecular species, which was identified as 4-nitrophenylnitroso oxide on the basis of its IR spectrum in combination with isotopic labeling with 18O2 and vibration analyses by the DFT method. This is the first report for the infrared detection of an aryl nitroso oxide. We could monitor also the wavelength-dependent N–O and O–O bond cleavage of the nitroso oxide.
Stilbene-extended Trithienylmethanophanes: A Novel C3-Symmetric Cage Molecule Capable of Accommodating an Organic Molecule As Well As Three Silver(I) Ions
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Haruki Kenji , Oda Masaji 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A combination of the Suzuki and the McMurry coupling on tris(5-bromo-2-thienyl)methanes leads to the title compounds which accommodate one n-hexane molecule or three silver(I) ions in the cavity.
Degradation of p-Chlorophenol by γ-Radiolysis: Radiolytic Intermediates and Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Liu Shao-Yang , Chen You-Peng , Yu Han-Qing , Li Qian-Rong 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Radiolysis of p-chlorophenol (p-CP) was investigated through experiments and theoretical calculations. Its radiolytic intermediate products, i.e., phenol, hydroquinone, 4-chlororesorcinol, and 4-chloropyrocatechol, were identified using their mass spectra through a GC/MS system. Three transition states and a prereaction complex of the reaction between hydroxyl radical and p-CP were found from the density functional theory (DFT) study. Both the experimental and calculation results demonstrate that the main p-CP degradation pathway was the formation of 4-chloropyrocatechol.
Synthesis of Kaolinite with a High Level of Fe3+ for Al Substitution
Authors: Iriarte Iñaki , Petit Sabine , Javier Huertas F. , Fiore Saverio , Grauby Olivier , Decarreau Alain , Linares José 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFe-rich kaolinites were synthesized at 225°C in distilled water from gels with different Fe/Al ratios (0.15, 0.25, 0.35) and with Si/(Al + Fe) = 2. X-ray diffraction patterns of the reaction products showed that kaolinite was the only long-range crystalline phase synthesized. Analytical electron microscopy analyses of individual particles and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that Fe3+ was isomorphously incorporated into the kaolinite octahedral sheet and that tetrahedral substitution did not occur. The Fe content hosted in the synthetic kaolinites was similar to that incorporated into its corresponding starting gel. The highest Fe content in the particles reached 30 mol.% of the octahedral occupancy. Increases in the b parameter are proportional to increases in Fe for Al substitution. The extent of isomorphic substitution of Al by Fe is the highest ever reported for both natural and synthetic samples. At the nano-scale, there is no evidence of discontinuity in the solid-solution between the Si2Al2O7 and Si2Al1.4Fe0.6O7 end-members, such as short-range disorder or clustering of Fe and Al in domains.