bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Line Broadening
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The width of spectral lines emitted from astrophysical and laboratory plasmas is an extremely valuable diagnostic tool for the study of the plasma conditions surrounding the emitting ion. The line width is a parameter that is very sensitive to the local microfield around the emitting ions, and can be used, therefore, to provide information about the local temperature and density conditions that cannot be obtained by other diagnostic means.
Applications
Authors: Salzmann David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter is devoted to a short review of the potential applications of radiation from hot plasmas for commercial purposes. X-rays emitted from hot plasmas have remarkable advantages over the use of visible light in several applications. In particular, the short wavelength, which is capable of providing orders of magnitude better spatial resolution than visible rays, is of paramount importance in several industrial and high-tech applications. The conversion efficiency of visible into x-ray intensity in laser-produced plasmas may attain several tens percent, thereby providing an x-ray source in the range of 109-1010 watts, which is equivalent to a few joules in ∼ 10-9 s. This is a very high radiant intensity that may have industrial or high-tech applications.
Philosophical Preconceptions
Authors: Savage-Rumbaugh Sue , Shanker Stuart G , Taylor Talbot J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, Savage-Rumbaugh makes a strong case for the claim that Kanzi’ s communicational skills are not observably different from that of the two- and-a-half-year-old human child named Alia. This claim-like virtually all those attributing a linguistic skill to a nonhuman primate-has not been generally accepted in the scientific community. Indeed, it has been derisively rejected by some of the leading linguists and cognitive scientists of the day (see New York Times, June 1995). Critics of Ape Language Research (ALR), including Pinker (1994) and Wallman (1992), insist that no ape has ever developed truly linguistic skills, and that even the skills that Kanzi has manifested are more accurately termed “performative” and “effective,” but certainly not “linguistic.”
Benefits and Burdens
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most national politics is about fairness in distributing benefits and burdens. Who should be rich? Who poor? How poor should we allow the poor to be? Who should be punished for what? How much? Who should be compensated, by who, for what injuries? More specifically, is medical care a right? If so, how much care? Should we compensate people who become sick from pollution? Who should pay for the compensation? Should we compensate people when their property loses value because it is declared a protected wetland? Should we punish people for crimes when they themselves were the victims of criminal abuse? These issues may seem disparate, but they are all related.
Risk
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk makes decisions difficult just because, by the nature of risk, the outcome is uncertain. When patients decide whether to have risky surgery, for example, they like to think that there is a right answer to whether they should have it or not. But, in a sense, the real answer will come after the surgery is performed and we know whether it succeeded or failed. The same with investments, or, more to the point here, governmental decisions about permitting new technologies or regulating old ones. When a spaceship blows up or a new wonder drug turns out to have awful side effects, it is easy to say that someone made a mistake. If, however, we knew what the decision maker knew, we might agree with the decision.
What is to Be Done?
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People often make decisions about public issues on the basis of their intuitions rather than on the basis of expected future effects, and they are often overconfident in the correctness of these intuitions. These problems distort public policy so that, in the end, we have less good and more harm than the limits of nature would otherwise allow. These problems are greatest in the case of our moral intuitions. When we act on these, we typically affect other people more than ourselves. Because of this, we do not have the same opportunity to learn from experience as we do when we make more self-interested decisions. We do not experience the effects of participating in a demonstration or writing our representative in the same way that we experience the effects of buying a box of breakfast cereal or a bottle of beer. Our moral intuitions are thus less attached to reality than are our intuitions about most other things.
Concrete Corridors
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having finally begun to understand something about rhinos, we debated the merits and pitfalls of making management suggestions. Actually Joel mulled it over. I was his sounding board. We now were sure there was sentiment against us and our project. One ministry officer had accused us of shooting guns indiscriminately, even though the only shots ever fired had been when I was charged and treed by a rhino the year before. JB had never even carried a gun in the desert. Still, the accusation echoed through the ministry. Rumors grew. Because we weren’t seen often, people claimed we rarely worked, or that we sat in chic cafes in Swakopmund on the coast. We couldn’t answer the gossip, short of sending out a weekly newsletter, so we tried to ignore it, focusing instead on logistics and rhino biology. We had thought that although dehorning was controversial, Malan had welcomed our proposal, and we had support. But now we inched toward thorny political ground.
Rhino Rhetoric
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
January snow blanketed northern Nevada as we prepared for a fourth field season. Despite sunny blue skies, high temperatures hovered near 20°F. We visited physicians, dentists, and accountants, and each day stacked supplies in our living room. We also bought last-minute items for Namibian friends-gun parts, a camera, a day pack and tent for Archie, a book on elephant lore for Malan. But there was still no one to housesit or care for the dogs. Airlines in the United States, Europe, and South Africa had yet to decide on charges for our excess baggage. Even getting to Los Angeles International Airport would be difficult because of the massive freeway destruction from the devastating earthquake only a week earlier. One thing kept worrying us-the six-month silence from Namibian officials.
Genetics Of Maternal And Paternal Effects
Authors: Byers Ruth G Shaw & Diane L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of any adaptation depends primarily on additive genetic variation in the traits involved and on selection (Falconer and Mackay 1996). Thus, the adaptive nature of effects of maternal and paternal parents on their progeny involves the genetic determination of parental effects. It has long been recognized that maternal effects, in particular, may be genetically variable and hence may evolve and contribute to selection response (e.g., Eisen 1967; Van Vleck 1970, 1976). Yet consideration of maternal effects has often emphasized two possible consequences in relation to selection. (1) Environmentally induced maternal effects are typically confounded with genetic effects and may lead to overestimates of direct additive genetic variance (1/4; i.e., additive genetic variance attributable to variation in genotype of the individuals expressing the trait), and thus to erroneous prediction of rapid selection response (e.g., Mitchell Olds and Rutledge 1986). (2) Maternal effects arising from environmental variation may impede response to selection by obscuring additive genetic effects (e.g., Stratton 1989). Kirkpatrick and Lande (1989, 1992; see also Lande and Kirkpatrick 1990) presented an approach to account for maternal effects in predicting selection responses, but this work treated as fixed the relationship between offspring traits and maternal traits and therefore does not account for evolutionary change in a maternal effect.
Maternal Effects As Adaptations For Transgenerational Phenotypic Plasticity In Insects
Authors: Mousseau Charles W Fox & Timothy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In nature, organisms live in spatially and temporally variable environments, environments that vary in abiotic conditions, resource availability, resource quality, social interactions, and numerous other characteristics across both time and space. Variation in selection resulting from this environmental variation generally results in the maintenance of genetic variation within populations, the evolution of polymorphisms, and possibly even speciation. Flexibility of ecologically important behavioral, morphological, and life history traits (phenotypic plasticity), induced by environmental cues, also frequently evolves in response to a variable environment (Via 1993). Examples of phenotypic plasticity abound in nature, and there is general agreement that many of these examples are adaptive.
A
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abdera Important Greek city on the north Aegean coast in the non-Greek region known as THRACE. Located on a coastal plain near the mouth of the River Nestos, Abdera served as a depot for TRADE with local Thracian tribesmen and as an anchorage on the shipping route between mainland Greece and the HELLESPONT. After a failed beginning in the 600s s.c. due to Thracian attacks, Abdera was reestablished by Greek colonists circa 544 B.c. These settlers came from Teos-a city in the Greek region of western ASIA MINOR called IONIA-which they had abandoned to the conquering Persians under King CYRUS (1). Among the Tean settlers was a young man, ANACREON, destined to become the most famous lyric poet of his day.
O
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oceanus In MYTH, Okeanos was a river that encircles the world and serves as the underground source for all earthly rivers. The poet HESIOD described the river god Oceanus as one of the primeval offspring of Uranus (Greek: Ouranos, “Sky”) and GAEA (Mother Earth). Oceanus and his wife, Tethys, produced the 3,000 Oceanids, the “daughters of Oceanus.” These Oceanids were NYMPHS inhabiting bodies of water and other wilderness sites. In HOMER’S Iliad and Odyssey, Oceanus was associated with the far West; there he flowed past shores inhabited by such fabulous creatures as MEDUSA, Geryon, and the Hesperides.
X
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xanthippus Athenian soldier and politician who lived circa 525-475 B.C. and was active in the PERSIAN WARS.
Xanthippus (Yellow Horse) was born to an aristocratic fainily at ATHENS. In the days after CLEISTHENEs’ (1) democratic reforms (508 B.c.), Xanthippus began his political career by marrying Cleisthenes’ niece Agariste. Uncle and niece both belonged to the noble and ambitious Alcmaeonid clan. Agariste and Xanthippus had three children, the youngest of whom was the future left-wing leader PERICLES, born in 494 B.C.
A Catalog of Business Virtues
Authors: Solomon Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chinese philosophy, the word for “virtue” (Chinese: Te) is sometimes translated as “potency.” It is an apt image because a virtue is a kind of power. It is one’s potential. It is that which enables us to become who we really are. But who we are depends upon the roles we play in life, and the virtues that count the most are those that help us along our way (Chinese: Tao). In business, “the way’’ involves such activities as exchanging goods and services, making money, and dealing with other people’s needs and demands. Consequently, business has built into it such notions as mutual agreement and the expectation of honest dealing and fair exchange. Thus we might identify the three most basic business virtues: honesty, fairness, and trustworthiness. These are the virtues that empower, that make business possible. There can be no business arrangement, no business society, that does not presuppose these. Peter Drucker, in his classic tome Management, says that the one essential feature of a good manager is integrity. But integrity, as we have seen, is not a single feature nor a single virtue but an encapsulation, the unity of virtues. And of those virtues, we would do well to highlight honesty, fairness, and trustworthiness.
Affect, Memory, and Social Cognition
Authors: Bower Gordon H , Forgas Joseph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since time immemorial, philosophers, writers, and artists have sought to under stand how and why our feelings and emotions come to influence our memories, thoughts, and judgments. Indeed, clarifying the relationship between such basic mental faculties as affect, cognition, and conation remains a perennial goal in psychology (Hilgard, 1980). Surprisingly, most psychological research in this century proceeded on the implicit assumption that affect, cognition, and conation can be studied as separate, independent features of the human mind. Of the two paradigms that have dominated our discipline so far, neither behaviorism nor cognitivism have traditionally paid much attention to the study of affect.
Early work exploring the links between affect and cognition relied either on psychoanalytic principles such as projection (Feshbach & Singer, 1957) or on conditioning theories (Clore & Byrne, 1974; Griffitt, 1970) to account for the apparent infusion of affectively valenced material into our memories, thoughts, and judgments. During the past decade or so, interest in the role of affect in cognition and behavior has increased dramatically. Contemporary theories are predominantly based on cognitive principles to explain affect infusion (Bower, 1981, 1991; Clore, Schwarz, & Conway, 1994; Fiedler, 1990,1991; Forgas, 1992b, 1995a, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c, Kruglanski, 1989). In this chapter, we discuss some of the influences of affective states on cognitive processes, especially those involved in memory and judgment.
Progressives
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transition from agriculture to industry, and from small-scale commercial enterprise to large-scale, corporate capitalism transformed the West in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Everywhere, reform movements emerged demanding that government tame these new social and economic forces. In the United States, Progressive reformers called for a variety of new institutions and policies. But class and state combined to erect insurmountable barriers to European-style welfare-state building in the United States.
Backlash
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as they have constrained reformers who have wanted to build a more generous welfare state, class, state, and race have shaped efforts to roll back what liberals accomplished in the 1930s and 1960s. To date, conservatives have launched three major campaigns to cut public provision: the first was led by President Richard Nixon in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the second by President Ronald Reagan in the early 1980s, and the third by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich after the 1994 midterm elections. In each case, the same political and institutional factors that determined the trajectory taken by reform influenced the politics of retrenchment.
Introduction: Enter the Internet
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 17, 1996, an explosion rocked TWA’s Flight 800 shortly after it departed from JFK airport. The plane plummeted to the earth in pieces. Months later, after extensive search operations and testing by various governmental organizations, the mystery of what downed the Paris-bound flight remained. Nearly four months later, Pierre Salinger, former Kennedy White House press secretary and ABC News reporter, announced that he had solved the puzzle. Using a document he had obtained from a French intelligence source, Salinger announced that the U.S. government had covered up an accidental shooting down of the plane by a Navy ship in training exercises.
Surfing for News
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine sitting in front of your wall-screen television in 2001 and seeing a news story about a fire swept out of control by the Santa Ana winds in southern California. Using your voice recognition TV response system, you ask for more video about the fires, which instantly comes up. But, acting as an assignment editor, you ask for information about the estimated cost of battling the fire, the communities affected, and the number of similar fires in the area in the past twenty years Your response is processed in a central news bureau, which receives similar questions from more than two thousand viewers. The bureau assigns a reporter to the story you have re­ quested, and the next day that story is transmitted to your digital video recorder for later viewing.1
Electronic Lobbying
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 26, 1997, police officers found 39 bodies in a rented southern California mansion, the remains of a joint suicide by a strange religious organization, the Heaven’s Gate group. Their mass suicide prompted saturation media coverage of the group’s doctrine and practices. However, when the group’s Internet site was found, public concern deepened. Not only were group members bent on killing themselves, but they sought to use the Web to justify their actions and even recruit others. Though the Web has been linked to the wake of other gruesome events-the Oklahoma City bombing, the TWA 800 explosion, the death of Princess Diana-that discovery symbolized the Net’s communication potential for new or nontraditional groups.
www.gov
Authors: Davis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Direct democracy has no place for mediating institutions. The ancient Athenians gathered to listen, debate, and decide policy for the city-state. In a more modern setting, New England town meetings feature common residents of small communities gathering in town halls, fire stations, or school auditoriums to vote directly on town policies and expenditures. Yet, this kind of democracy has faced insurmountable obstacles when applied to large communities. How can the citizens of a major metropolitan area, much less the United States as a whole, gather together to discuss and vote on policy? That was considered impossible, apparently, until now.
Belowground Biology and Processes
Authors: Rice Charles W , Todd Timothy C , Blair John M , Seastedt Timothy R , Ramundo Rosemary A , Wilson Gail W T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large proportion of the net primary productivity in grassland ecosystems is allocated belowground, and much of the C fixed by plants is processed by heterotrophic soil organisms (Elliott et al. 1988). This pattern of C allocation and processing by the soil biota leads to the accumulation of the large stores of soil organic matter and nutrients characteristic of the grasslands of the central United States. Soils of tallgrass prairie, in particular, are characterized by high belowground productivity and biomass, large accumulations of organic matter and nutrients, and a large and diverse assemblage of soil biota (Chapters 1, 4, this volume). Although soil processes involved in the cycling of nutrients are discussed in Chapter 13 (this volume), this chapter focuses on belowground productivity, soil biota, and the processing and storage of soil C, with emphasis on some key factors influencing belowground populations and processes. A conceptual model oftallgrass prairie ecosystem function (Fig. 14.1) illustrates the interconnectedness of above- and belowground processes in these ecosystems, as well as the importance of the soil biota in affecting the flow of energy (C) and nutrients through soil.
Climate Change, Elevated CO2, and Predictive Modeling Past and Future Climate Change Scenarios for the Tai/grass Prairie
Authors: Seastedt Timothy R , Hayden Bruce P , Owensby Clenton E , Knapp Alan K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the response of tallgrass prairie to natural and anthropogenic changes in climate requires the same hierarchical perspective used to study prairie responses to fire and grazing. Changes in the physical and chemical environment are expressed at the physiological level of the organism. However, these physiological responses may not be expressed at the community level because they can be masked or obscured by biotic interactions such as competition and predation. These community interactions are themselves constrained by soil characteristics and natural variation in climate, storms, and other events, as described earlier (Chapter 1, this volume). Therefore, extrapolations of responses of the tallgrass biota observed from microcosm, greenhouse, or small plot studies must be treated with some healthy skepticism. In similar fashion, extrapolations from validated simulation models also must be viewed with caution. At most these products are testable predictions of complex hypotheses, and failures of such models (rather than successes, which may be spurious) are likely to provide the greatest potential for insights into key processes controlling the structure and function of the grassland.
Assessment of Spatial Uncertainty
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multiGaussian and indicator-based algorithms introduced in Chapter 7 provide only models of local uncertainty in that each conditional cdf is specific to one single location. Most applications require a measure of the joint uncertainty about attribute values at several locations taken together, for example, the probability of occurrence of a string of large or small values. Such spatial uncertainty is modeled by generating multiple realizations of the joint distribution of attribute values in space, a process ltnown as stochastic simulation. Then, transfer functions, such as flow simulators, can be applied to the set of alternative representations, yielding a distribution of response values, such as the time for a fluid to travel from one location to another, used in subsequent risk analysis.
The Origins of Different Committee Styles
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jane Maroney and Liane Sorenson were once seatmates in the Delaware House of Representatives, and they now chair important legislative committees. But their legislative careers are hardly carbon copies. For one thing, Jane Maroney was first elected in 1978 and Liane Sorenson won her first election in 1992. Much like bookends, the careers of Jane Maroney and Liane Sorenson mark how much and how little things have changed over three decades for women in legislatures. They do share the characteristics of older age when first elected, family background, and community commitments that define the legislative careers of women committee chairs generally and are associated with integrative leadership styles. These characteristics also represent the differences that distinguish the careers of women and men committee chairs and create social distance among presumed equals.