bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Truth and Meaning
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is conceded by most philosophers of language, and recently even by some linguists, that a satisfactory theory of meaning must give an account of how the meanings of sentences depend upon the meanings of words. Unless such an account could be supplied for a particular language, it is argued, there would be no explaining the fact that we can learn the language: no explaining the fact that, on mastering a finite vocabulary and a finitely stated set of rules, we are prepared to produce and to understand any of a potential infinitude of sentences. I do not dispute these vague claims, in which I sense more than a kernel of truth.1 Instead I want to ask what it is for a theory to give an account of the kind adumbrated.
What Is a Concept, That a Person May Grasp It?
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asking a psychologist, philosopher, or a linguist what a concept is much like asking a physicist what mass is. An answer cannot be given in isolation. Rather, the term plays a certain role in a larger worldview that includes the nature of language, of meaning, and of mind. Hence, the notion of a concept cannot be explicated without at the same time sketching the background against which it is set, and the “correctness” of a particular notion of concept cannot be evaluated without at the same time evaluating the worldview in which it plays a role.
Mental Spaces, Language Modalities, and Conceptual Integration
Authors: Fauconnier Gilles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In working on matters related to language over the years, my greatest surprise has been to find out how little of the rich meanings we construct is explicitly contained in the forms of language itself. I had taken it for granted, at first, that languages were essentially coding systems for semantic relations, and that sentences, when appropriately associated with “natural” pragmatic specifications, would yield full meanings. Quite interestingly, this is not the way language works, nor is it the way that meaning is constructed. Rather, language, along with other aspects of expres-sion and contextual framing, serves as a powerful means of prompting dynamic on-line construc-tions of meaning that go far beyond anything explicitly provided by the lexical and grammatical forms.
Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language
Authors: Barwise Jon , Cooper Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work on generalized quantifiers referred to above has led to new insights into the nature of quantifiers, insights which permit logical syntax to correspond more closely to natural language syntax. These insights, we argue, may also make a significant contribution to linguistic theory. Section 1 discusses the nature of generalized quantifiers and their relationship to the syntax of English in general terms. Section 2 develops a logic containing generalized quantifiers. Section 3 shows how this logic may be formally related to a fragment of a syntax for English. Section 4 is the main section of the paper. In it we discuss some of the general implications of the notion of generalized quantifier for a theory of natural language of the kind that is interesting to linguists.
On Semantic and Distributional Properties of Sentential Adverbs
Authors: Bellert Irena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent linguistic literature, mention is often made of some logical forms1 that are supposed to represent the meanings of sentences, but rarely can we find explicit statements as to what kind of logical language is presupposed. Montague’s grammar is evidently one of the exceptions in this respect, but it covers only a small part of English and adverbs are not given much attention.2 Thomason and Stalnaker (1973) have presented a semantic theory of adverbs, but they have distinguished only two classes of adverbs: sentence adverbs and predicate adverbs. Their semantics is based on intensional logic; hence, propositions are conceived of as intensions of sentences, and singulary propositional functions as intensions of predicates. All sentence adverbs denote functions taking propositions into propositions, and all predicate adverbs denote functions taking singulary propositional functions into singulary propositional functions.
Adverbs of Quantification
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may seem plausible, especially if we stop with the first word on each list, that these adverbs function as quantifiers over times. That is to say that always, for instance, is a modifier that combines with a sentence F to make a sentence Always F that is true iff the modified sentence F is true at all times. Likewise, we might guess that Sometimes F, Never F, Usually F, Often F, and Seldom F are true, respectively, iff F is true at some times, none, most, many, or few. But it is easy to find various reasons why this first guess is too simple.
Semantics and Pragmatics of Sentence Connectives in Natural Language
Authors: Posner Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One need be neither a diplomat nor a lady to use the word perhaps to mean ‘yes’ one time and ‘no’ another. But what is the meaning of a word like perhaps if everyone can make it mean either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ as he pleases? Can one in any sense talk about a fixed word meaning here? But if not, what is it Voltaire is telling us when he maintains that the diplomat’s uttering “yes” as well as the lady’s uttering “no” means ‘perhaps’? What is said and what is meant, coded information and its use in communication, do not seem to coincide in all cases.
The Meaning of Connectives
Authors: E. (RAY) Jennings R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every act of speech and every inscription is a physical intervention with physical consequences. If during a lecture I emit the stream of sounds «will-someone-please-open-a-window», that emission is a physical event. If I repeat the emission sufficiently many times, it will cause at least one medium-sized mammal to raise itself to something approaching erect stature, shuffle to the side of the room and struggle with a latch. Again, since only organisms produce language, anything that counts as language belongs to the phenomenology of biology. And even the linguistic activities of speech-generating machines, seen in the proper descriptive scale, are biological phenomena, as are the machines that generate them.
The Logical Form of Action Sentences
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present paper is devoted to trying to get the logical form of simple sentences about ac-tions straight. I would like to give an account of the logical or grammatical role of the parts or words of such sentences that is consistent with the entailment relations between such sentences and with what is known of the role of those same parts or words in other (non-action) sentences. I take this enterprise to be the same as showing how the meanings of action sentences depend on their structure. I am not concerned with the meaning analysis of logically simple expressions insofar as this goes beyond the question of logical form. Applied to the case at hand, for example, I am not concerned with the meaning of “deliberately” as opposed, perhaps, to “voluntarily”; but I am interested in the logical role of both these words.
“Bombast, Fraud, Deception, Impiety, and Hypocrisy” in the “Dark Land of Slavery,” 1830-1859
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then Smith’s song first proclaimed America a “sweet land of liberty” and 1 \i a “land of the noble free” at Boston’s Park Street Church on 4July 1831, ‘over two million Americans were in bondage. In fact, a majority of the nation’s residents, including Native Americans, slaves, and women, were denied the franchise and other legal rights. Then-president Andrew Jackson was a slaveholder who wagered his human property on horse races and championed the removal of all Native Americans from lands east of the Mississippi. In 1831, Ohio disqualified African Americans from jury duty, Indiana required all African Americans entering the state to post bond, Mississippi made it illegal for free African Americans to remain in the state, and the white citizens of New Haven, Connecticut, voted seven hundred to four to prevent the construction of a college for African Americans.1Thus, despite Smith’s nationalist and evangelical fervor, not all (or even most) Americans could embrace ‘‘America”‘s promises without raising serious questions about the state of the union. Even in Boston, where ‘‘America” premiered and Smith’s fellow reformers held positions of high privilege, public transportation, schools, lecture halls, housing, churches, and public entertainment were divided along the color line. When an African American came to own a pew on the “whites only” lower floor of Boston’s Park Street Church one year before ‘‘America” was first performed there, he was prevented from occupying it. The Liberator reported that at the Sabbath school singers’ premiere performance of ‘‘America,” “the colored boys were permitted to occupy pews one-fourth the way up the side aisle;’ while “the colored girls took their seats by the door, as usual.”2 For many Americans, then, singing of a “sweet land of liberty” meant denying the reality of their own experience.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Endocrine Disorders
Authors: Reardon William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classifying genetic hearing loss syndromes associated with endocrine disorders in a logical and comprehensible way is probably not achievable by current approaches. This chapter summarizes conditions in which hearing loss is associated with diabetes mellitus, and thyroid, parathyroid, and gonadal dysfunction. Many other conditions addressed elsewhere in this book also have an endocrine element, and the distinction between those conditions and the ones discussed in this chapter may not always be entirely clear, or even totally logical. For the most part, however, the syndromes included here have a recognized endocrine abnormality as a fundamental and consistent feature.
Genetic Hearing Loss Associated with Chromosome Disorders
Authors: Giersch Anne B S , Morton Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and the disorders associated with rearrangements, duplications, or deletions of their parts or of complete chromosomes. For example, one of the most commonly occurring genetic syndromes in humans, Down syndrome, is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome number 21. The recent completion of the human genome sequence has illustrated the density of genes on human chromosomes and has revealed that even submicroscopic regions of chromosomes can encode dozens of genes. As might be expected, gene dosages are tightly regulated. Too many or two few genes can have lethal consequences to a developing organism, especially one as complex as Homo sapiens. Approximately a third of all human conceptions end in miscarriage, and half of these are due to chromosome aberrations, either numerical or structural (6). As illustrated in the sections below, a human born with a chromosome imbalance or rearrangement can have a host of clinical features, from subtle to severe, depending on the size of the imbalance or the particular gene(s) disrupted.
“Was I, perhaps, castrato/a?”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, I examined the effects produced by the creation of non gendered characters in the French novel Sphinx, noting that the devices used to avoid betraying the gender of the two protagonists caused certain disruptions to the text. A***, in particular, described in the third person, seems distant, fragmented, and static. In this chapter, I turn to an investigation of a corpus of novels written in English that feature characters whose gender identity is not given by the usual grammatical and lexical means. An analysis of the workings of these novels, particularly with regard to the features examined in Sphinx—repetition of the proper name, lexical substitution, and ellipsis—will tell us much about the construction of a gender identity in English and why the omission of formal gender markers is not sufficient to erase gender from a text.
“Na sat astride Three, na hands on nan throat”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the question of pronouns has been a recurring theme for feminist novelists working in both English and French (as well as a number of other languages). In chapters 2 and 3, I looked at novels that avoid pro nominal reference, creating genderless characters whose sex is not revealed by the usual grammatical means. In chapter 4, I examined the lexical innovations Monique Wittig employs in three of her novels to subvert the gen der binary, while in chapter 5, I investigated her use of epiccne on and the effects this has on the surrounding text. From this investigation, a cultural division emerges among the different novelists and the methods they have chosen to expose or replace the masculine bias. While the British novelists discussed in chapter 3—Brigid Brophy, Maureen Duffy, Sarah Caudwell, and Jeanette Winterson—pick the solution adopted by Anne Garrcta, that of avoiding pronominal reference, the American novelists discussed in this chapter—Ursula K. Le Guin, Dorothy Bryant, June Arnold, and Marge Piercy—have invented their own pronouns or used the traditional pronominal paradigm in unusual ways, in the manner of Monique Wittig.
Replication of Organizational Routines: Conceptualizing the Exploitation of Knowledge Assets
Authors: Winter Sidney G , Szulanski Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental problem of improving knowledge utilization in organizational settings continues to attract considerable attention. This interest manifests itself under such rubrics as organizational learning (Argote 1999, Garvin and Oliver 2000), knowledge sharing (Hansen 1999, Dixon 2000), internal transfer of knowledge and best practices (O’Dell et al. 1998), and closing the knowing-doing gap (Pfeffer and Sutton 2000). It would appear that interest in leveraging knowledge assets outstrips the ability to achieve results in that domain. For example, a recent survey of 431 U.S. and European organizations conducted by Ernst & Young shows that only 14% of the respondents judged satisfactory the performance of their organization in transferring existing knowledge internally (Ruggles 1998). There seems to be ample room for improvement. Organizations can learn from experience how to exploit knowledge assets. Such learning is generally more effective when selected key aspects of the exploitation effort are varied while the rest is kept constant or comparable. This way, causal explanations of success or failure in explaiting organizational knowledge can be rigorously assessed. For such quasi-experimental conditions to occur in a real-life setting, there must be numerous attempts to exploit knowledge, for example, to transfer best practices, attempts that are comparable in all but those aspects that are being manipulated, which means that such efforts must be simultaneous or adjacent in time if they are to remain comparable. Such conditions are rare, especially when each attempt is in and of itself a large-scale effort.
Knowledge and the Internet: Lessons from Cultural Industries
Authors: Choi Chong Ju , Karamanos Anastasios 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional resource-based theory of the firm posits that firms outperform competition when they enjoy rents arising from the possession of unique albeit mobile valuable assets (Amit and Schoemaker 1993). Because assets are treated by the traditional resource-based theory as perfectly mobile, firms are thought to have unlimited exchange opportunities as long as they can locate these assets. Firms enter interfirm exchanges in order to acquire mobile assets that deliver value. Thus, exchanges are defined as relationships between parties that involve the clear and obvious transfer of goods or services from the party that values them less to the party that values them more (Podolny and Phillips 1996). In line with Barney (1996) and Grant (1996), we define the value of interfirm exchanges as the usefulness of the asset exchanged to the recipient, who can either be the end user or use it as an input to subsequent value-adding processes. Accordingly, exchanges are the unit of analysis regardless of the position of the exchange partners along the value chain. In this chapter we seek the underlying fundamental premises that guide exchanges regardless of their position allong the value chain.
Managing Organizational Knowledge by Diagnosing Intellectual Capital: Framing and Advancing the State of the Field
Authors: Bontis Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management academics strive to conduct rigorous research from which knowledge can be transferred to future generations of managers. Thus, their role is twofold: that of theorist as well as educator. This logic has some inherent implications. First, rigorous research is required to clear the publication hurdle. This generally leads to newer academics pursuing the path of least resistance. Typically, these paths are described as having voluminous amounts of researchers and even more voluminous amounts of past research to draw on. The second implication lies in the notion that something out there exists to be to examined. The debate of whether academics lead or lag the real world has been argued for centuries. The answer, of course, rests with which group you associate with. Finally, academics must teach relevant conceptualizations in the classroom. With rising tuition costs and increasing alternatives, students are in a pos1t10n to carefully scrutinize where their hard-earned money will go. Within the context of the aforementioned implications, this chapter’s objective is to frame and advance the field of intellectual capital. In attempting to conceptualize the phenomenon from a variety of perspectives and for different audiences, the intellectual capital field can take stock of where it has been and where it is going. This is necessary in order for it to continue its trajectory.
Maternal Nutrition and Oral Clefts
Authors: Munger Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inadequate maternal nutnt10n during pregnancy has been suspected as a possible cause of oral clefts in humans since at least the early 1900s (Strauss, 1914). Evidence for this view has accumulated from several areas of research, including animal experiments, observational studies of human populations, and in some limited cases human experimental studies, yet many gaps remain in our understanding of the etiology of oral clefts. Each of these areas of research will be reviewed in this chapter. Oral clefts comprise one of the most common groups of birth defects in the world (World Health Organization, 1998), and there is considerable geographic variation in occurrence. Asian populations in Asia and Native Americans (of Asian genetic ancestry) have higher rates of oral clefts than other major groups (Chung and Kau, 1985; Croen et al., 1998). The burden of oral cleft birth defects is great because affected children require substantial medical care and speech training. In areas of the developing world where corrective surgery is not available, affected children face having a serious disability for their entire lives and are often shunned by others. Hence, there is a strong public health imperative for a better understanding of the causes and prevention of oral clefts in all populations, and these insights may provide clues to the etiology of other birth defects.
Evaluation and Management of Speech, Language, and Articulation Disorders
Authors: Riski John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is the most common cause of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). Hypernasality, nasal air emission, and other forms of aberrant speech mark the failed primary management of the patient with CP. Despite the best attempts, primary palatal management is successful in only 70% to 80% of individuals with CP (Morris, 1973; Riski, 1979). Significant efforts have been devoted to better understand, evaluate, and manage the problem, as well as to achieve the goal of velopharyngeal competence. However, many challenges and issues remain concerning evaluation of the velopharyngeal mechanism, physical management, and speech therapy. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss these challenges and issues by reviewing our current understanding of this area. Specialists who routinely deal with oral clefts face several challenges that impact labeling and identification of some disorders. We must meet these challenges with education, to improve the quality of care and outcomes. Although oral clefts are among the most common birth defects, they remain a low-incidence disorder in pediatric practice. The prevalence is approximately 1/750 to 1/1000 newborns in the Caucasian population and even higher in other populations. It is estimated that there are 4000 new cleft lip with or without palate (CLIP) cases in the United States annually.
The Third Wave of Tobacco Tort Litigation
Authors: Rabin Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a quiet way, tobacco tort litigation emerged as a challenge to the tobacco industry in the mid-1950s at the height of the popularity of smoking—long before a more pervasive regulatory attack on the industry was envisioned by even the most ardent of antitobacco activists. At the time, roughly half the adult population in the United States smoked. There were no limitations on advertising; indeed, tobacco was among the leading industry advertisers on television and radio and in the print media. Similarly, there were no limitations on where smoking might take place, no enforcement of bans on sales to minors, minimal excise taxes, and no public health reports on the risks of smoking. Against this backdrop the initial cancer scare based on scientific data triggered the first wave of lawsuits against tobacco manufacturers (Rabin 1993).
By now, the consequent total lack of success in the courthouse over the course of almost forty years, involving two waves of litigation, is a familiar story.
The Retreat
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thousands of Union men streamed toward Bull Run. Burnside’s, Porter’s, Howard’s, Willcox’s, and Franklin’s brigades recrossed at Sudley Ford. Many units were completely disorganized and some frightened individuals ran frantically. Private Bicknell, 5th Maine, candidly stated, “How we traveled! Nobody tired now. Every one for himself, and having a due regard for individuality, each gave a special attention to the rapid momentum of his legs.”2
“Goin’ To Texas”:Texas in the American Imagination and Politics, 1821-1841
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stephen Ausnn, Originally From Virginia, came to Texas in late 1821, his mind filled with optimistic and expansive plans. His father, a longtime entrepreneur and promoter, had persuaded the Spanish government to grant him land there in order to establish a colony of North Americans in the province. Moses Austin died before the project got under way, and his son took over the scheme with the same lofty ambition. He was welcomed by the new reigning authorities in Texas. At the conclusion of their successful revolution against Spain, the newly established Mexican government followed the lead of its predecessor in encouraging Americans to come to Texas and settle there. They granted Austin, and a number of others, large blocks of territory. By the late twenties, Austin had bought many of the others out and amassed a personal holding of one hundred thousand acres of arable land. While doing so he advertised widely in American journals, promoting the attractiveness of his holdings and inviting settlers to come and buy up the fertile land he had to offer.