bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical Perspectives
Authors: Hall Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French sociologist Emile Durkheim was one of the first modem theorists to address the ethical aspects of organizations. In a series of lectures given in 1898 but not published until long after his death, Durkheim developed the concept of a professional ethic as a set of rules that govern the activities of people in any given occupation (Durkheim, 1957). He believed that the rules governing professional behavior are generated by the groups that dominate the profession, and that these eventually become normative standards that, in many cases, are enacted into law. Both as legal rules and as professional standards, these norms are accompanied by sanctions. Professional ethics, according to Durkheim, is a matter of following the rules because there will be a price to pay (legally or professionally) if one does not.
Durkheim was criticized by his contemporaries for limiting ethics to rules with legal or professional sanctions and later revised his conception to take account of the motivational or ideal aspect of ethics (Hall, 1987). This other side of ethics, he told the French Philosophical Society in 1906, is the ideal we hold of what society should be like and how we ought to live. It is a goal to strive for, not just a rule to follow. Morality, then, is both stick and carrot: obligatory conduct but also a social ideal to which we are enthusiastically com­ mitted (Durkheim, 1953, 1993).
The Sorrows of the Colon: Pharmaceutical Treatment
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 1917, Walter Alvarez, a San Francisco physician respected as America’s leading gastroenterologist, was visited by a businessman desper ate for help. The gentleman had always enjoyed adequate health, it seems, until the day 6 years earlier when his morning look in the mirror revealed a receding hairline. Rushing to a dermatologist, he was informed that baldness was being brought on by autointoxication, and, never mind that the patient had never thought himself constipated, that it was necessary to effect more thorough emp tying of his bowels if he hoped to retain his hair.
Washing Out the Inner Person: The Water Cure
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York City resident Andrew Vena was in sound health. Even so, “it would not be a bad idea,” he decided in December of 1930, “to take a little percuation [precaution] to keep healthy.” From what he had read, as well as heard from “public health lectures” delivered by laxative salesmen along Sixth Avenue, there was now “stamped in [his] mind” the belief that virtually all disease originated from constipation. It followed that preservation of health required “keeping the bowl clean … cleaning the collen and keeping it clean,” practicing “internal bathing.” To that end, he purchased a J. B. L. Cascade, a popular brand of enema equipment pervasively advertised as the most effective provider of the “Internal Bath,” and began to use it weekly as a “safety measure.” Ten months later, still vigorous and free of illness, he was convinced the Cascade had been money well spent.
The Culture of the Abdomen: Physical Therapies
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
San Franciscan S. F. Loughborough was yet another of the early twentieth century’s martyrs to constipation. In the space of just 20 months in 1903-4, he paid out $95 to doctors for their advice and evacuant drugs, and spent another $110 for patent medicine cathartics—to no avail. He was “robbed,” he complained, “by ignorant pill prescribers” whose medications left him “worse off than when I began using them.” Not only was he now more constipated than ever, all the straining at stool he had done in the interim had given him a severe case of hemorrhoids. But as is so often the case at the nadir of a person’s existence, serendipity waited just around the corner. On his next foray to the Owl Drug Store, he came upon a set of Dr. Young’s Rectal Dilators, a product advertised specifically for constipation and hemorrhoids. With nothing to lose but a few more dollars, Loughborough bought the set and commenced a course of dilation that very evening.
Achieving Excellence in China: Key Success Factors in the Land of Dragons
Authors: Schlevogt Kai-Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in China increased steadily in the 1990s, and there is no sign of an imminent dramatic change in this trend. Despite occasional declines in capital inflows, worldwide investors remain very interested in the long-term prospects of the market. However, looking back at the experience in their China operations, company executives often find that they did not live up to their performance targets. To turn the disappointing performance around and start running a profitable business in China, managers need to know the key success factors in the market.
General Semantics
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not my plan to make any strong empirical claim about language. To the contrary: I want to propose a convenient format for semantics general enough to work for a great variety of logically possible languages. This paper therefore belongs not to empirical linguistic theory but to the philosophy thereof. My proposals regarding the nature of meanings will not conform to the expectations of those linguists who conceive of semantic interpretation as the assignment to sentences and their constituents of compounds of ‘semantic markers’ or the like. (Katz and Postal 1964, for instance.) Semantic markers are symbols: items in the vocabulary of an artificial language we may call Semantic Markerese.
A Theory of Truth and Semantic Representation
Authors: Kamp Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two conceptions of meaning have dominated formal semantics of natural language. The first of these sees meaning principally as that which determines conditions of truth. This notion, whose advocates are found mostly among philosophers and logicians, has inspired the disciplines of truth-theoretic and model-theoretic semantics. According to the second conception meaning is, first and foremost, that which a language user grasps when he understands the words he hears or reads. This second conception is implicit in many studies by computer scientists (especially those involved with artificial intelligence), psychologists and linguists—studies which have been concerned to articulate the structure of the representations which speakers construct in response to verbal inputs.
Pronouns and Bound Variables
Authors: Higginbotham James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that S is a surface structure, A is an occurrence of a quantificational NP in S, and B is an occurrence of a pronoun in S. Under what circumstances can the pronoun be interpreted as a variable, bound to the quantificational NP? Our analysis has for its target sentences such as (1): In (1) and in the other examples given in this article, the bound interpretation of the pronoun is optional. We exclude, for reasons given below, the case in which B is reflexive or reciprocal.
The Tenses of Verbs
Authors: Reichenbach Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A particularly important form of token-reflexive symbol is found in the tenses of verbs. The tenses determine time with reference to the time point of the act of speech—that is, of the token uttered. A closer analysis reveals that the time indication given by the tenses is of a rather complex structure. Let us call the time point of the token the point of speech. Then the three indications—”before the point of speech,” “simultaneous with the point of speech,” and “after the point of speech”—furnish only three tenses; since the number of verb tenses is obviously greater, we need a more complex interpretation. From a sentence like ‘Peter had gone’ we see that the time order expressed in the tense does not concern one event, but two events, whose positions are determined with respect to the point of speech.
Prepositions and Points of View
Authors: Cresswell Max J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many words in our language whose meaning seems to make reference to a point of view or an hypothetical observer of the scene. I have in mind particularly such words as come, go, left, right, behind, and others, all of which seem to depend for their meaning of looking at things from a certain point of view. Charles Fillmore (1975) has recently shown how pervasive the use of points of view is in discourse. Indeed, his work makes the task of formalizing it look well-nigh impossible. The aim of this present paper is therefore very much more restricted, and in two ways. First I have in mind semantics conceived in the narrow sense of the contribution a word or expression makes to the truth conditions of sentences in which it occurs. Second I shall be restricting myself solely to the formal semantics of the points of view involved in some spatial senses of English prepositions.
A Semantic Theory of Adverbs
Authors: Thomason Richmond H , Stalnaker Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years adverbial constructions have attracted the attention of many logicians, philoso-phers of language, and linguists. Most of this work is relevant to the content of the present ar-ticle, but that of Richard Montague and his associates deserves special discussion since our formal semantic theory can be regarded as a special case of Montague’s.1 Also, though we accept the main features of Montague’s semiotic program, we have not adopted its methodology here, but instead have followed a more conservative approach emerging from recent work in intensional logic. According to this approach, artificial logical languages are used as the objects of formal semantic theory and are linked to natural languages by an informal procedure of formalization.3 The application of semantic theories to English is therefore indirect, rather than direct as in Montague’s approach, since it is mediated by formalization.
Truth and Demonstratives
Authors: Weinstein Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, various philosophers have argued that there is a close connection between a theory of truth for a language and a theory of meaning for that language (e.g., Davidson 1967: chapter 12 in this volume). Even if we do not wish to equate the two, I believe we must agree that a necessary component of an adequate theory of meaning is a theory of truth. We might require a complete semantical theory of a language to do many things, but it should at least give us a systematic account of the conditions under which the sentences of that language are true.
“The Subordination of the Different Parts and Voices”: Popularizing ‘‘America” through Grassroots Activism, 1826-1850
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DESPlTE the regional differences she observed during her travels through the United States in 1827, Frances Trollope wrote in Domestic Manners ef the Americans that there were some points certainly on which all agree-namely, that the American government is the best in the world. That America has produced the greatest men that ever existed. That all the nations of the earth look upon them with a mixture of wonder and envy and that in time they will all follow their great example and have a president. This, or something like it, I heard everywhere.
Developing a Knowledge Strategy
Authors: Zack Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business organizations are coming to view knowledge as their most valuable and strategic resource. They are realizing that to remain competitive they must explicitly manage their intellectual resources and capabilities. To this end, many organizations have initiated a range of knowledge management projects and programs. The primary focus of these efforts has been on developing new applications of information technology to support the digital capture, storage, retrieval, and distribution of an organization’s explicitly documented knowledge (e.g., Davenport et al. 1996, Goodman and Darr, 1996). A smaller number of organizations, on the other hand, believe that the most valuable knowledge is the tacit knowledge existing within peoples’ heads, augmented or shared via interpersonal interaction and social relationships. To build their intellectual capital, those organizations are utilizing the “social capital” that develops from people interacting repeatedly over time (Nahapiet and Ghoshal 1998). Many are experimenting with new organizational cultures, forms, and reward systems to enhance those social relationships (Quinn et al. 1996).
The Role of Tacit Knowledge in Group Innovation
Authors: Leonard Dorothy , Sensiper Sylvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation, the source of sustained advantage for most companies, depends upon the individual and collective expertise of employees. Some of this expertise is captured and codified in software, hardware, and processes. Yet tacit knowledge also underlies many competitive capabilities-a fact driven home to some companies in the wake of aggressive downsizing, when undervalued knowledge walked out the door. The marvelous capacity of the human mind to make sense of a lifetime’s collection of experience and to connect patterns from the past to the present and future is, by its very nature, hard to capture. However, it is essential to the innovation process. The management of tacit knowledge is relatively unexplored-particularly when compared to the work on explicit knowledge. Moreover, while individual creativity is important, exciting, and even crucial to business, the creativity of groups is equally important. The creation of today’s complex systems of products and services requires the merging of knowledge from diverse national, disciplinary, and personal skill-based perspectives. Innovation-whether it be revealed in new products and services, new processes, or new organizational forms-is rarely an individual undertaking. Creative cooperation is critical.
Association Studies
Authors: Marazita Mary L , Neiswanger Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Association methods are used as an adjunct to linkage approaches for gene mapping, especially for complex traits. In association analysis, one compares the allele frequencies of a genetic marker or candidate gene between groups of affected individuals vs. controls. If allele frequencies differ significantly between the two groups, then a specific allele at the marker or candidate locus is said to be associated with the disease at the population level. Genetic linkage between a marker and a disease gene implies that alleles at the marker locus co-segregate with the disease allele within families. With linkage, different marker alleles may co-segregate with the disease allele in different families and the overall frequencies of the marker alleles, as calculated from population-based samples, need not vary between affected and control groups. For the purposes of this discussion, two loci are in linkage equilibrium when they are linked but not associated. Linkage disequilibrium occurs when two genes are both linked within families and associated in the population. The procedures for mapping, cloning, and characterizing genes for rare, Mendelian diseases are now well established. Consequently, progress in mapping Mendelian traits has been dramatic over the past several years. In contrast, genes contributing to common, complex diseases such as oral-facial clefting have been much more difficult to isolate.
Role of the Orthodontist in the Management of Patients with Cleft Lip and/or Palate
Authors: Lidral Andrew C , Vig Katherine W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the orthodontist on a cleft palate team was defined when the cleft palate team approach was recognized as the most appropriate method to manage the care of patients with facial clefts. In the past, individuals with clefts and craniofacial anomalies underwent a succession of evaluations and hospitalizations by their independent caregivers. This individualized delivery of care was considered in the best interest of the patients in spite of additional hospital admissions and general anesthetics. However, this led to the fragmentation of care and higher costs and risks. A team approach for providing care has been developed and is the contemporary standard endorsed by the American Cleft Palate Association, which was established in 1943. In 1972, craniofacial teams became established as an extension to the cleft palate team, and the organization was renamed the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. This was a natural development to the cleft palate team as clinical geneticists and dysmorphologists became increasingly aware that facial clefts were part of a phenotypic spectrum of craniofacial anomalies (Shprintzen et al., 1985). The team approach to comprehensive care requires the orthodontist to work in a collaborative way to determine the timing and sequencing of treatment interventions. This patient-centered care by an interactive and evidence-based team of caregivers provides the basis for a rational approach to diagnosis and treatment planning and delivery. Because there are multiple methods and alternative treatment interventions available, the team approach to management requires that patients and their parents be aware of the choices with a risk/cost/benefit appraisal so that they can make an informed decision, understanding the consequences of the different options available, especially in light of emerging technologies and treatment modalities for which long-term outcomes are not available.
Translating Research Findings into Public Health Action and Policy
Authors: Olney Richards. , Moore Cynthia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft lip and cleft palate are important to public health in terms of birth prevalence, associated disabilities, costs of care, and psychosocial impact. Scientific studies relating to these issues are outlined in other chapters of this book. In this chapter, we focus on the practical application of scientific knowledge by public health providers to prevent and ameliorate birth defects at the community level. Some of the examples in this chapter do not necessarily apply directly to orofacial clefts. However, since these examples of birth defect programs include other malformations of similar public health importance such as neural tube defects, or are programs directed at exposures and outcomes that may also be related to orofacial clefts, they represent model approaches to public health aspects of birth defects that may also apply to cleft lip and cleft palate. One public health program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Diabetes Translation, 2001) has defined its role in translating research findings into widespread clinical and public health practice in the following ways: This conceptual framework will be used here to discuss areas of public health policy and action that may apply to emerging epidemiologic, genetic, and clinical research findings related to cleft lip and cleft palate.
“Texas Will Be Annexed”
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The First Fruits Of James K. Polk’s victory was, not unexpectedly, the annexation of Texas. The fervent annexationists of the previous spring were still in office and, like many others, chose to read the presidential election as a statement of the voters’ positive attitude about the issue. (Considering the fifty-fifty division of the vote, that seems something of a stretch.) They therefore proceeded to accomplish what they wanted to do all along. The annexationists’ leader, John Tyler, urged on by Secretary of State Calhoun, made one more intervention on the issue, again significantly roiling the political waters as he did so. Polk would not take office until early March, four months after his victory. The newly elected Twenty ninth Congress would not convene in its first session until December 1845, thirteen months after the national election (unless called earlier to Washington by the president). However, the existing Congress, the Twenty-eighth, whose upper house had refused to ratify the annexation treaty the previous spring, would meet one last time in a short so-called lame-duck session one month after Polk’s victory.
The Process of Public Policy innovation
Authors: Roberts Nancy C , King Paula J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analyses of public policy innovation span a wide-ranging set of policy issues, and identify multiple antecedents and consequences of those innovative policies (Polsby 1984; Kingdon 1984: Schon 1971). Despite the range and diversity of the studies, however, there seems to be a fundamental point on which researchers agree. Central to their research is the acknowledgment of a group of individuals who, as Schon (1971: 55-56) described them, Research for this chapter was supported from 1983 to 1985 from a grant to the Minnesota Research Program from the Organizational Effectiveness Research Program, office of Naval Research (Code 4420E), under Contract No. N00014-84-K-0016. From 1986 through 1987 the research was supported by a grant from the Research Foundation, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. We would like to extend our thanks to andy Van de Ven, Scott Poole, and Ray Bradley for their invaluable help on earlier versions of this chapter, and to all of those who so generously gave their time and insights to make this study a reality.
Vestibular Function: An Overview
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vestibular system interacts with other sensory systems—particularly the visual and somatosensory systems—to perceive the relative motion between self and objects in space and to maintain equilibrium. The ensuing sensory and motor interactions contribute to orientation, a phenomenon that is different from that of all of the elements acting individually.
Trauma
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fractures of the temporal bone most commonly result from direct lateral blunt trauma to the skull in the parietal region of the head.1 Because the otic capsule surrounding the inner ear is very dense bone, the fracture usually courses around it to involve the major foramina in the skull base, the most common being that of the carotid artery and the jugular bulb.2 Fractures commonly occur near the root of the external auditory canal and run parallel along the petrous apex, extending anteriorly to the foramen lacerum and the carotid artery. They may also extend into the temporal mandibular joint region.
Toxic/Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Auditory and vestibular symptoms and signs are common in patients with diabetes mellitus, but convincing evidence does not exist for a specific lesion of the inner ear or eighth nerve.1–4 In those diabetic patients with audiovestibular dysfunction whose temporal bones and nervous systems have been studied at necropsy, pathologic changes can be explained on the basis of associated vascular disease.5–7
Developmental and Genetic Disorders
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Permanent hearing loss occurs in about 1 to 3 out of every 1000 live births.1,2 In high-risk neonates, the prevalence is much higher, in the range of 1 in 50 live births. Although &lt;10% of infants are treated in neonatal intensive care units, these newborns account for more than half of all cases of early-onset sensorineural hearing loss.