bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of chromosome arm 9p as the most frequent target of homozygous deletions in lung cancer
Authors: Sato Masamitsu , Takahashi Kenji , Nagayama Kazuhiro , Arai Yasuhito , Ito Nobue , Okada Mitsumasa , Minna John D. , Yokota Jun , Kohno Takashi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGenome scanning at a 1‐Mb resolution was undertaken in 29 lung cancer cell lines to clarify the distribution of homozygous (i.e., both allele) deletions along lung cancer genomes, using a high‐resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array. Eighteen regions, including two known tumor suppressor loci, CDKN2A at 9p21 and FHIT at 3p14, were found homozygously deleted. Frequencies of deletions at the 18 regions were evaluated by genomic polymerase chain reaction in 78 lung cancer cell lines. Seven regions, 2q24, 3p14, 5q11, 9p21, 9p23, 11q14, and 21q21, were homozygously deleted in two or more cell lines. The CDKN2A locus at 9p21 was most frequently deleted (20/78, 26%), and the deletions were detected exclusively in non‐small‐cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). The PTPRD (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D) locus at 9p23 was the second‐most frequently deleted (8/78, 10%), and the deletions were detected in both small‐cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) and NSCLC. In addition, the 9p24 region was deleted in a NSCLC. In total, 24 (31%) cell lines carried at least one deletion on chromosome arm 9p, while deletions on the remaining chromosome arms were observed at most in four (5%) cell lines. Deletions at 9p24, 9p23, and 9p21 were not contiguous with one another, and preferential co‐occurrence or mutual exclusiveness for the deletions at these three loci was not observed. Thus, it was indicated that 9p is the most frequent target of homozygous deletions in lung cancer, suggesting that the arm contains multiple lung tumor suppressor genes and/or genomic features fragile during lung carcinogenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent effects in the polymerization of propylene catalyzed by octahedral complexes
Authors: Volkis Victoria , Smolensky Elena , Lisovskii Anatoli , Eisen Moris S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effect of solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, and hexane) was studied on the polymerization of propylene with the octahedral complexes bis(trimethylsilyl)benzamidinate titanium dichloride(a), bis(acetylacetonate) titanium dichloride(b), and bis(diethylamino) titanium di‐2‐(diphenylphosphanylamino)pyridine as catalytic precursors and methylalumoxane as the cocatalyst. For comparison, the polymerization was also performed in plain liquid propylene without the addition of any solvent. The obtained polymers were fractionated by refluxing hexane. The activity of the complexes and the molecular weights and tacticities of the whole polymers and their different fractions were the studied parameters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4505–4516, 2005
Polyglutamine homopolymers having 8–45 residues form slablike β‐crystallite assemblies
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Shinchuk Leonid M. , Inouye Hideyo , Wetzel Ronald , Kirschner Daniel A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAt least nine inherited neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's, are caused by poly(L‐glutamine) (polyGln, polyQ) expansions > 35–40 repeats in widely or ubiquitously expressed proteins. Except for their expansions, these proteins have no sequence homologies, and their functions mostly remain unknown. Although each disease is characterized by a distinct pathology specific to a subset of neuronal cells, the formation of neuronal intranuclear aggregates containing protein with an expanded polyQ is the hallmark and common feature to most polyQ disorders. The neurodegeneration is thought to be caused by a toxic gain of function that occurs at the protein level and depends on the length of the expansion: Longer repeats cause earlier age of onset and more severe symptoms. To address whether there is a structural difference between polyQ having < 40 versus > 40 residues, we undertook an X‐ray fiber diffraction study of synthetic polyQ peptides having varying numbers of residues: Ac‐Q8‐NH2, D2Q15K2, K2Q28K2, and K2Q45K2. These particular lengths bracket both the range of normalcy (9–36 repeats) and the pathological (45 repeats), and therefore could be indicative of the structural changes expected in expanded polyQ domains. Contrary to expectations of different length‐dependent morphologies, we accounted for all the X‐ray patterns by slablike, β‐sheet structures, ∼20 Å thick in the β‐chain direction, all having similar monoclinic lattices. Moreover, the slab thickness indicates that K2Q45K2, rather than forming a water‐filled nanotube, must form multiple reverse turns. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lyapunov functions for positive linear evolution problems
Authors: Stephan H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe rigorously investigate the time monotonicity of Lyapunov functions for general positive linear evolution problems, including degenerate problems. This can be done by considering the problem in the convex set of probability measures and finding a general inequality for such Radon measures and Markov operators. For linear evolution problems (with discrete or continuous time), the existence of time monotone Lyapunov functions is not a consequence of any physical properties, but of the positivity and norm conservation of the equation. In some special cases the structure of such equations is given. Moreover, we describe completely the case of time constant Lyapunov functions – a property of deterministic dynamical systems.
Stationary energy models for semiconductor devices with incompletely ionized impurities
Authors: Glitzky A. , Hünlich R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDedicated to Professor Herbert Gajewski on his 65th birthday
The paper deals with two‐dimensional stationary energy models for semiconductor devices, which contain incompletely ionized impurities. We reduce the problem to a strongly coupled nonlinear system of four equations, which is elliptic in nondegenerated states. Heterostructures as well as mixed boundary conditions have to be taken into account. For boundary data which are compatible with thermodynamic equilibrium there exists a thermodynamic equilibrium. Using regularity results for systems of strongly coupled linear elliptic differential equations with mixed boundary conditions and nonsmooth data and applying the Implicit Function Theorem we prove that in a suitable neighbourhood of such a thermodynamic equilibrium there exists a unique stationary solution, too.
Discrete transparent boundary conditions for transient kp‐Schrödinger equations with application to quantum heterostructures
Authors: Zisowsky A. , Arnold A. , Ehrhardt M. , Koprucki Th. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis work is concerned with transparent boundary conditions (TBCs) for systems of Schrödinger‐type equations, namely the time‐dependent kp‐Schrödinger equations. These TBCs are constructed for the fully discrete scheme (Crank‐Nicolson, finite differences), in order to maintain unconditional stability of the scheme and to avoid numerical reflections. The discrete transparent boundary conditions (DTBCs) are discrete convolutions in time and are constructed using the 𝒵‐transformed solution of the exterior problem. We will analyse the numerical error of these convolution coefficients caused by the inverse 𝒵‐transformation. Since the DTBCs are non‐local in time and thus very costly to evaluate, we present approximate DTBCs of a sum‐of‐exponentials form that allow for a fast calculation of the boundary terms.
A dissipative discretization scheme for a nonlocal phase segregation model
Authors: Gajewski H. , Gärtner K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractI want to thank H. Gajewski for many years of fruitful collaboration and his continuous encouragement, K. GärtnerWe are interested in finite volume discretization schemes and numerical solutions for a nonlocal phase segregation model, suitable for large times and interacting forces. Our main result is a scheme with definite discrete dissipation rate proportional to the square of the driving force for the evolution, i. e., the discrete antigradient of the chemical potentialv. Steady states are characterized by constantvand satisfy a nonlocal stationary equation. A numerical bifurcation analysis of that stationary equation explains the observed global behavior of numerically computed trajectories of the evolution equation. For strong interaction forces the model shows steady states distinguished by small deformations of the 'mushy region' or 'interface states'. One essential open question in the discrete case is the global boundedness ofv.
hUNC‐93B1, a novel gene mainly expressed in the heart, is related to left ventricular diastolic function, heart failure morbidity and mortality in elderly men
Authors: Ärnlöv Johan , Sundström Johan , Lind Lars , Andrén Bertil , Andersson Maria , Reneland Richard , Berglund Lars , Kashuba Vladimir , Protopopov Alexei , Zabarovsky Eugene , Lithell Hans 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims:The hUNC‐93B1 gene has the highest expression in the heart. We aimed to explore relationships between the hUNC‐93B1 gene and cardiac function, morbidity and mortality in elderly men.Methods and results:Two sub‐samples of the population‐based ULSAM‐cohort (n=330, mean age 71 years and n=152, mean age 75 years, respectively) were used to explore and validate relationships between genotypes of the hUNC‐93B1 gene and cardiac phenotypes (ejection fraction, E/A‐ratio, left ventricular mass index and relative wall thickness). In the two samples, subjects homozygous for haplotype H3 had 34% and 35% higher level of E/A‐ratio compared to non‐carriers (p=0.0002 and 0.017, respectively) independent of cardiovascular disease and medication. Using national cause‐of‐death and hospital‐discharge register data with 29 years of follow‐up, no heart failure patients homozygous for haplotype H3 were hospitalised for heart failure before the age of 75 years, compared to 25% for heterozygous and 55% for non‐carriers (p<0.03). No homozygous subjects died during follow‐up while 17% of the heterozygous and 15% of the non‐carriers died (p=0.01).Conclusion:Haplotype H3 of the hUNC‐93B1 gene seems related to E/A‐ratio in elderly men. The relationship between the hUNC‐93B1 gene and the age at onset of heart failure and mortality support a view of a clinically relevant impact of the gene.
Rituals of Reconciliation
Authors: Cooke Bernard , Macy Gary 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
An important part of Jesus’ ministry was his forgiveness of sin with an accompanying offer of reconciliation. Christians continued that ministry through rituals of reconciliation for those members of the Christian community who had failed to live the life to which they had pledged themselves. Over the centuries, Christians practiced both public and private forms of confession and of penance. This chapter explores the theology behind these practices, and offers an overview of the history and present practice of Christian reconciliation.
Issues in Church Architecture
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Beginning in the years after World War II, church building in much of the Christian world experienced a reaction against various perceived abuses: extravagance, use of revival styles, use of distinctively ecclesiastical forms, a spirit of withdrawal from the world, ornamentalism, and monumentalism. But toward the end of the twentieth century a traditionalist countermovement arose, insisting that traditional forms were important in design of churches to inspire a sense of the sacred, to maintain linkage with the heritage of particular religious communities, and as a hedge against banality. Voices for reform of church design appealed also for fuller congregational participation in worship (a theme in the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council), but traditionalists have questioned whether the reforms carried out have actually led to greater participation. The rise of the multi-use or multi-purpose church also sparked a controversy over sacrality: use of a church for purposes other than worship seemed to many a violation of sacred space, although reformers had shown that segregation of sacred space from secular use is a relatively recent phenomenon. On all these points, the book argues against dogmatic positions and suggests a distinction between dogmatism and orthodoxy (which it takes to be opposites).
Witness to the Apocalypse
Authors: Frykholm Amy Johnson 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The primary work that readers ascribe to Left Behind is evangelistic. This chapter describes how readers speak of that evangelistic work and the urgency that they believe the rapture narrative gives it. Then the chapter examines the possibility of conversion through the reading of fiction. Looking at the publishers’ and authors’ accounts of these conversions, how conversion is depicted in the narrative, and how readers describe their own religious conversions, this chapter suggests that religious conversion through reading Left Behind is a very rare event indeed and one that only comes about in a particular kind of supportive social environment.
Extracting Epistemic Lessons from Ameliorative Psychology
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter introduces the three central features of the epistemological framework that guides the prescriptions of Ameliorative Psychology (robust reliability, a cost-benefit approach to reasoning, and the importance of significance). It is argued that this framework offers a new way to think about applied epistemology. In particular, it suggests that there are four and only four ways for people to improve their reasoning.
Strategic Reliabilism: The Costs and Benefits of Excellent Judgment
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStrategic Reliabilism addresses resource allocation considerations within a cost-benefit framework. However, there are serious reasons to worry about the feasibility of a cost-benefit approach to epistemology. First, there are serious general objections to cost-benefit analyses; and second, it is not clear how we can identify the costs and benefits of reasoning. This chapter addresses these two concerns. It is argued that although many of the deep general concerns about cost-benefit analysis are legitimate, flawed cost-benefit analyses can be very useful, especially if we are clear about the ways in which such analyses are flawed. It is further argued that there are measurable proxies for the costs and benefits of reasoning we can employ in a cost-benefit approach to epistemology.
The Troubles with Standard Analytic Epistemology
Authors: Bishop Michael A , Trout J. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter compares the authors' naturalistic approach to epistemology to that of SAE. It is argued that the theories of SAE are structurally analogous to the naturalistic approach — they have at their core a descriptive theory, and from that descriptive theory, proponents of SAE draw normative, epistemological prescriptions. The prospects for the theories of SAE overcoming the is-ought gap are not good. The chapter also argues for the superiority of Strategic Reliabilism over any extant theory of Standard Analytic Epistemology.
Labor Market Institutions and Unemployment: Assessment of the Cross‐Country Evidence
Authors: Baker Dean , Glyn Andrew , Howell David R. , Schmitt John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractChapter 3 takes up the question of the robustness of the cross-country evidence for the orthodox claim that labor market institutions explain the pattern of unemployment across the affluent countries. A detailed survey of the most influential cross-country statistical studies finds a wide range of results that are highly sensitive to the nature of the variables, the time period, and the econometric method employed. Simple scatter plots of unemployment against six standard measures of labor market institutions for five-year periods between 1980 and 1999 show no significant relationships. In their multivariate tests, which follow standard approaches, the authors find weak and even perverse effects of the standard institutional variables. They conclude that “the empirical case has not been made that could justify the sweeping and unconditional prescriptions for labor market deregulation which pervade much of the policy discussion.”
Labor Market Success and Labor Market Reform: Lessons from Ireland and New Zealand
Authors: Glyn Andrew 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIreland and New Zealand are often acclaimed as 1990s labor market success stories. Andrew Glyn shows that Ireland achieved this extraordinary improvement in labor market performance without adopting the OECD’s neo-liberal labor market policy prescription. Irish employment took off and unemployment collapsed without an increase in wage inequality at the bottom, without significant changes in employment protection regulations, and without major changes in the unemployment benefit system. He attributes Ireland’s success not to deregulation, but to cooperative and regulated wage bargaining. In contrast, New Zealand’s policy makers were early and enthusiastic converts to the OECD’s labor market deregulation prescription, and the effects, particularly on labor unions, were substantial. But New Zealand’s unemployment performance was quite mediocre in the 1990s, fluctuating between 7.8 and 10.3% between 1990 and 1994, and from 6.3 and 7.5% between 1995 and 1999. The lesson Glyn draws from this Ireland-New Zealand comparison is that “extensive labor market deregulation is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for a radical improvement in employment.”
Establishing Pension Investment Policy
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the key elements of investment policy as they relate to asset pools of pension plans and the goals of funding pension liabilities in a cost-efficient manner for defined benefit plans, and of accumulation of wealth and providing retirement income for defined contribution plans. Pension investment policies should be put in writing to serve as guidelines for prudent decision-making. The most important policy that must be determined is the plan’s (or portfolio’s) tolerance for risk.
Accounting for Defined Benefit Plans
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter outlines the basics of accounting to help pension fund decision makers understand the accounting data typically provided in financial statements. The first section reviews the basics of pension fund accounting and illustrates the key components of pension fund accounting data. The second section examines some of the critical assumptions that are made in pension accounting and how those assumptions may differ from economic reality. Finally, the chapter examines the investment and pension fund management implications of pension fund accounting and shows how accounting-based decisions can be suboptimal for sponsors, plans, and beneficiaries.
Managing Costs
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effective management of a pension plan requires managing the costs of asset management. This means understanding and controlling investment costs such as the costs of trading, custody, and so forth. Transaction costs erode portfolio value. Thus, a trade must be motivated by an investment idea that adds more value than is destroyed or by a constraint such as liquidity that overrides the cost of the trade. Pension boards and senior management must understand the costs incurred in trading and how they may be controlled to ensure that more value is added than destroyed.
People and the Psychology of Pension Fund Decisions
Authors: Baker August , Logue Dennis E. , Rader Jack S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPension fund decision makers must make complex decisions — decisions that are made in a such way that maximizes a sound objective function (such as maximizing the probability that promised benefits will materialize), and which should be based on information that is as complete as possible and processed correctly. This chapter discusses what the field of behavioral finance says about the decision-making process, the potential pitfalls in that process, and the potential systematic mistakes and methods for avoiding them. Decision makers who are aware of the psychology of investing should be able to improve performance by avoiding mistakes and exploiting the mistakes of others.
The Age of Electricity
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNo other technical innovation had such a far-reaching impact on modern civilization as the creation of an admirably reliable system of electricity generation, transmission, and conversion. Thomas A. Edison was its bold initiator but soon came improvements and extensions, most notably the steam turbine of Charles A. Parsons and electric motor of Nikola Tesla. The system became technically mature within a generation after its introduction and it continues to provide the most versatile, as well as the most convenient form of energy whose conversions range from increasingly efficient lighting to every kind of manufacturing, mass transportation and the vast realm of electronic devices.
Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInvention and commercialization of automotive internal combustion engines was a multistranded process that began during the 1880s in Germany with design by Benz, Daimler and Maybach, and then received critical contributions from France, the UK, and the United States. Otto-cycle gasoline engines became the dominant prime movers in passenger cars as well as in the first airplanes, while diesel engines were initially limited to heavy-duty maritime and railroad applications. Line assembly introduced by Henry Ford provided a long-lasting solution to the mass manufacturing. The car industry eventually became the leading sector of modern economies and car culture has had a profound effect on many facets of modern life.
New Materials and New Syntheses
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSteel became a ubiquitous and inexpensive material thanks to the introduction of basic Siemens-Martin open-hearth furnaces and high-performance specialty alloys. Invention of the Hall-Héroult process of aluminum production introduced a new lightweight metal whose massive use subsequently revolutionized transportation and many areas of manufacturing. Powerful new explosives, starting with Nobel’s dynamite, and Haber-Bosch synthesis of ammonia from its elements (without which it would be impossible to feed the 20th-century population) were the key revolutionary advances in chemical syntheses.
Public Reason and Democracy
Authors: DeLue Steven M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the difficulties associated with deriving a consensus — through a public discussion — about the moral issues associated with scientific investigations in the modern enlightened world, where traditional views remain strong, and where, as a result of the Enlightenment idea of respect for persons, these views must be carefully considered. To address this concern, this essay is framed around the quest for consensus on moral controversies arising from science in the context of a liberal democratic state, particularly in terms of Rawls’s view of public reason. The latter is seen as the foundation for public discussion among people who hold diverse moral views, but who nonetheless adhere to the shared tenets of a liberal democracy that is open to science, and thus open to the freedoms and moral values — termed civic virtues — needed to make science possible.