bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple categorization and implicit intergroup bias: differential category dominance and the positive–negative asymmetry effect
Authors: Crisp Richard J. , Hewstone Miles 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwo experiments explored the differential information processing that occurs when perceivers encounter multiple categorizable individuals. Participants were required to recall specific information from previously encountered bogus newspaper stories. Across two experiments it emerged that participants differentially recalled target attributes as a function of positive versus negative story context and multiple dimensions of group membership. Specifically, different dimensions of categorization were dominant for positive and negative evaluative domains. These findings provide an important qualification to the positive–negative asymmetry effect in intergroup discrimination when multiple dimensions of categorization are available. In addition, comparison of the observed effects in different cultural settings suggests the need to consider contextual influences when considering intergroup phenomena with real social group memberships. Finally, in line with previous work, a dissociation was observed between explicit and implicit measures of intergroup bias. The findings are considered within the wider context of work into social categorization and intergroup relations.. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transverse response of underground cavities and pipes to incident SV waves
Authors: Davis C. A. , Lee V. W. , Bardet J. P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe transverse response of underground cylindrical cavities to incident SV waves is investigated. Analytical solutions are derived for unlined cavities embedded within an elastic half‐space using Fourier–Bessel series and a convex approximation of the half‐space free surface. The computed displacements at the half‐space free surface and the tangential stresses on the cavity are compared with the results of previous investigations. The analytical solutions are extended to formulate approximate solutions for assessing hoop stresses within cavity liners impinged by low‐frequency waves having wavelengths much longer than the cavity diameter. The approximate solutions are compared to existing numerical solutions, and used to evaluate the dynamic response of a flexible buried pipe shaken by the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The proposed approximate model for cavity liners is useful for the seismic analysis of underground pipes and small‐diameter tunnels. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A response‐based decoupling criterion for multiply‐supported secondary systems
Authors: Chaudhuri Samit Ray , Gupta Vinay K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt is often infeasible to carry out coupled analyses of multiply‐supported secondary systems for earthquake excitations. ‘Approximate’ decoupled analyses are then resorted to, unless the response errors due to those are significantly high. This study proposes a decoupling criterion to identify such cases where these errors are likely to be larger than an acceptable level. The proposed criterion is based on the errors in the primary system response due to decoupling and has been obtained by assuming (i) the input excitation to be an ideal white noise process, (ii) cross‐modal correlation to be negligible, and (iii) the combined system to be classically damped. It uses the modal properties of the undamped combined system, and therefore, a perturbation approach has been formulated to determine the combined system properties in case of light to moderately heavy secondary systems. A numerical study has been carried out to illustrate the accuracy achieved with the proposed perturbation formulation. The proposed decoupling criterion has been validated with the help of two example primary‐secondary systems and four example excitation processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How effective is outpatient care compared to inpatient care for the treatment of anorexia nervosa? a systematic review
Authors: Meads Catherine , Gold Lisa , Burls Amanda 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjective:To review systematically inpatient compared to outpatient care for the treatment of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders.Method:Search of electronic databases, references and contact with experts to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs), case–control studies and case series. Study quality was assessed and data extracted by two independent researchers.Results:Two RCTs and seven case series were identified. Unpublished 5‐year follow‐up data from one RCT showed a (non‐statistically significant) improvement in percentage well in the outpatient compared to the inpatient group, but no difference in mortality. Case series were difficult to interpret because of the inherent biases – follow‐up varied from 1.5 to 11.7 years and showed wide variations in outcome.Discussion:There is no evidence that inpatient treatment is more (or less) effective than outpatient treatment for people with anorexia nervosa in the long term. Short‐term emergency inpatient treatment of the consequences of eating disorders may still be necessary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The history of eating disorders in Norway
Authors: Skårderud Finn , Rosenvinge Jan H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe history of eating disorders in Norway is described in four phases: (1) early case histories of eating disorder symptoms in the late 19th century Norwegian medical literature, (2) the pioneers of the post‐World War 2 decades, (3) the 1980s when eating disorders became visible to the public and a focus of interest among professionals, and (4) the consolidation of professional networks and the emergence of a national policy for treatment. In contrast to many other countries, the official Norwegian policy is to improve clinical competence and knowledge about eating disorders at all levels of health care rather than establishing special clinics. Beside arguing for such a policy, we suggest that discussing the balance between general and specialist services is an important future issue. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Formation of weathering rinds on andesite
Authors: Oguchi Chiaki T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo explore the mechanisms of weathering‐rind formation, rock properties of an andesite cobble were investigated. The andesite cobble studied in this paper was taken from a fluvial terrace which formed around 290 ka BP in the Nasuno‐ga‐hara area, central Japan. The sampled cobble has a double weathering rind comprising an outer brown zone (brown band) and an inner pale grey zone (white band) with thicknesses of 3 mm and 7 mm, respectively. The boundary between the outer brown band and the inner white band is clearly defined, whereas the boundary between the white band and the grey fresh‐looking interior of the rock is not so clearly defined.Mineralogical, chemical, chromatic and mechanical properties of the cobble were investigated in the laboratory. The outer zone, the brown band, is characterized by high brittleness, high FeO+Fe2O3 content, and low contents of CaO, MgO, Na2O and K2O. The oxidation of iron accounts for the brown colour of the rind. This outer zone is considered to have experienced both oxidation and dissolution. The inner zone, the white band, is characterized by hardness reduction and the dissolution of alkali/alkaline earth metals towards the surface of the cobble. This inner band is considered to have experienced only dissolution.The formation of the weathering rinds can be explained by changes in water‐movement directions in terrace deposits. Alkali/alkaline earth metals dissolve when water is supplied to a cobble from the surrounding matrix. Subsequently, the dissolved metals move out of the cobble accompanied by outward water movement when the subsurface water table is low. The concentrations of CaO, MgO, Na2O,K2O and Al2O3, therefore, decrease in both weathering bands, but iron tends to remain as ferric hydroxides in the outer brown band. Processes of dissolution and oxidation have produced the brown band. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fungal weathering of basaltic rocks in a cold oceanic environment (Iceland): comparison between experimental and field observations
Authors: Etienne Samuel , Dupont Joëlle 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper presents evidence for strong biochemical weathering of basaltic outcrops induced by fungal communities in a cold environment. Weathering rind formation is considered to be a consequence of the biological activity. Comparisons between in vitro experiments and in situ observations allow a characterization of fungal effects on rocks and help to define the place of these micro‐organisms in the cold environment weathering chain. It is concluded that biological weathering is chronologically the first process of weathering, probably leading to the subsequent expression of cryogenic processes. Information presented here suggests the need for reconsideration of the traditional frost‐driven morphogenetic system normally considered for subpolar areas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complex behaviour of natural sediment‐carrying streamflows and the geomorphological implications
Authors: Xu Jiongxin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBased on the data from alluvial rivers in China, the complex mechanical behaviour of sediment‐carrying streamflow of natural rivers has been observed. Channel geometry also exhibits complex behaviour in response to variation in suspended concentration. With the increase in suspended concentration, channel width : depth ratio increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases. The inverse is true for channel sinuosity. When suspended concentration is low, a meandering pattern is dominant. The increase in suspended concentration leads to a transformation from a meandering to a braided pattern. But when the suspended concentration increases further and enters the range of hyperconcentrated flows, the meandering pattern appears. The complex behaviour of channel pattern change may be regarded as a reflection of the complex behaviour of sediment‐carrying streamflows at the river reach scale. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrolyzer‐operated gas‐cylinder‐free GC‐FID
Authors: Frishman Gad , Tzanani Nitzan , Amirav Aviv 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new gas chromatography system, based on the use of a water electrolyzer as its only source of gases, was designed, built, and tested. An electrolyzer‐powered flame ionization detector (EFID) served as the GC detector for the sensitive, carbon‐selective detection of a broad range of volatile organic compounds. The concept of electrolyzer‐operated GC‐EFID is based on the use of the electrolyzer‐produced oxygen and hydrogen gas mixture for sample desorption and sweeping in a purge‐and‐trap sampling system, as the analytical column carrier gas and as the only required EFID combustible gas mixture. It was found, as it has been found previously, that standard columns with dimethyl polysiloxane adsorption film could be operated with oxygen up to 200 °C. A styrene‐divinylbenzene–based PoraBOND porous‐layer open tubular column was used for the GC separation, and it was found that the system could be operated up to 140 °C with the electrolyzer‐produced hydrogen and oxygen gas mixture. Thus, the use of a water electrolyzer enabled the creation of a gas‐cylinder‐free GC‐FID system with enhanced transportability and ease of use and with lower cost of operation. The gas‐cylinder‐free system operation was demonstrated with fast chromatography separation (under 1‐min total analysis time) of acetone, ethanol, benzene, toluene, and xylene with an estimated detection limit below 1 ppb. The capability of exhaled human breath analysis for industrial hygiene and medical diagnostic applications is demonstrated. An additional capability of total hydrocarbon content in air analysis is shown and the required minor modifications are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 107–115, 2001
An update to what's burning in home fires
Authors: Rohr Kimberly D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis article is an update on the items that are first ignited in home fires and it examines the extent of their involvement in associated deaths, injuries and property loss. It will be limited to forms of material that are considered products. Trash, for example, is involved in a large portion of home fires, but is not a product in the home and therefore is not included. Also excluded are building materials such as structural components and exterior wall coverings. This exclusion is important, because many building items rank high in the overall list of materials first ignited, but are not considered consumer products. Further detail will be given to the top ten leading products associated with home fires and home fire deaths. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of temperature and pressure on the performance of Carboxen/PDMS fibres during solid phase microextraction (SPME) of headspace volatiles from cooked and raw turkey breast
Authors: Brunton N. P. , Cronin D. A. , Monahan F. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe strongly adsorptive SPME fibre Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) was evaluated for its performance in the recovery of aroma‐contributing compounds from the headspace of heated and raw homogenates of turkey breast muscle. In heated samples, variables such as fibre and sample temperatures, sample volume, headspace: sample ratio, and the presence or absence of internal headspace pressure significantly influenced the total amounts of aroma components recovered, as well as the proportions of headspace fractions, which differed in volatility. The versatile nature of the fibre permitted the selection of operating parameters that substantially increased the sensitivity of detection for minor components of both high and low volatility. Headspace sampling of weakly aromatic raw turkey breast homogenates and of aqueous standards at ambient temperature and a pressure of approximately 5 × 10−2 bar resulted in a 4–70‐fold increase in the recovery of aldehyde and alcohol headspace components, compared to the levels detected at atmospheric pressure. At reduced pressure the trapping ability of the CAR/PDMS fibre was found to be much superior to that of porous polymer materials such as PDMS/DVB, and the fibre has excellent potential as a simple and effective means of concentrating volatile components from raw foods and other matrices where the application of heat is not desired. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of essential oil as natural antifungal against nail‐infective fungi
Authors: Patra Mamta , Shahi Sushil K. , Midgely Gillian , Dikshit Anupam 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDuring antifungal screening of some essential oils, Foeniculum vulgare exhibited the strongest activity, completely inhibiting the mycelial growth of the nail‐infective fungi, Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes and Scytalidium dimidiatum. The essential oil was found to be fungicidal at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.5 µl/ml concentrations. The oil was efficiently active against heavy doses of inoculum at minimum fungicidal concentrations. The fungicidal activity of the oil was found to be thermostable up to 80 °C, with no descramble decrease in activity after 48 months of storage. The oil also showed a broad fungitoxic spectrum, inhibiting the mycelial growth of other nail‐infective fungi, viz. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. ustus, Candida albicans, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microporum audouinii, M. canis, M. gypseum, M. nanum, Rhizopus nigricans, Trichophyton tonsurans and T. violaceum. Moreover, it did not exhibit any adverse effects on mammalian skin and nails up to 5% concentration. As such, the oil has a potential use as an effective herbal chemotherapeutic after undergoing successful clinical trials. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the volatile oils isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba from Turkey
Authors: Duru Mehmet Emin , Cakir Ahmet , Harmandar Mansur 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe volatile oils isolated by three different methods (hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction–steam distillation) from the aerial parts of Liquidambar orientalis var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba were analysed by GC and GC–MS. This study allowed the identification of 41, 35 and 36 constituents in the oils obtained from var. orientalis and 43, 41 and 40 constituents in the oils obtained from var. integriloba by hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction–steam distillation, respectively. They were characterized by the presence of a high proportion of oxygen‐containing monoterpenes, amounting to 39% in the hydrodistillation oil, 54% in the steam distillation oil and 50% in the extraction–steam distillation oil of var. orientalis; 50% in the hydrodistillation oil, 64% in the steam distillation oil and 37% in the extraction–steam distillation oil of var. integriloba. Two varieties of L. orientalis provided volatile oils with a high content of terpinen‐4‐ol, α‐terpineol, sabinene, α‐pinene, viridiflorene and germacrene D and a lower percentage of other components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile constituents from Adenocalymma alliaceum Miers and Petiveria alliacea L., two medicinal herbs of the Amazon
Authors: Zoghbi Maria das Graças B. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , Maia José Guilherme S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe volatile constituents from the leaves and flowers of Adenocalymma alliaceum and the inflorescences of Petiveria alliacea were analysed by capillary GC–MS. The major components identified from A. alliaceum were diallyl disulphide (leaves: 34.0%; flowers: 49.7%) and diallyl trisulphide (leaves: 58.2%; flowers: 32.7%). The main compounds found in the inflorescences of P. alliacea were benzaldehyde (54.8%), benzyl thiol (20.3%) and dibenzyl disulphide (18.0%). These types of sulphur containing compounds are very common in both species of garlic and onion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Viola etrusca from Monte Labbro (South Tuscany, Italy) and in vivo analysis of flower volatiles using SPME
Authors: Flamini Guido , Cioni P. L. , Morelli I. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe composition of the essential oil of the endemic Viola etrusca Erben from Monte Labbro (Italy) has been studied for the first time. It was made up almost exclusively of methyl salicylate (96%), together with many other mono‐ and sesquiterpenes and non‐terpenic alcohols and aldehydes. In addition, the SPME technique has been used to evaluate the volatiles emitted in vivo by different‐coloured flowers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berth. grown on Madeira
Authors: Cavaleiro Carlos , Salgueiro Lígia , Barroso José G. , Figueiredo A. Cristina , Pedro Luis G. , Fontinha Susana S. , Bighelli Ange , Casanova Joseph , Looman Anja , Scheffer Johannes J. C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe essential oils isolated from twigs of Juniperus cedrus Webb & Berth. grown on Madeira were analysed by GC, GC–MS and 13C‐NMR. The oils consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (53.1–87.8%), the main ones being α‐pinene (19.6–55.3%), limonene (17.3–32.7%) and Δ‐3‐carene (5.5–15.7%). The sesquiterpenoid fraction (4.1–22.3%) was dominated by E‐caryophyllene (1.6–7.4%), while sandaracopimaradiene (0.1–6.1%), isoabienol (0.5–1.3%) and trans‐totarol (0.4–2.2%) were the main diterpenoids (2.2–11.9%). Oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol (1.0–2.2%) was the major constituent of the non‐terpenic fraction (1.3–2.7%). The composition of our oil samples differed to some extent from that reported for J. cedrus oil grown on the Canary Islands. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile components from Cephalotaxus griffithii growing in northern Thailand
Authors: Phutdhawong Weerachai , Korth John , Buddhasukh Duang , Pyne Stephen G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCapillary gas chromatography (GC–FID) and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to analyse the chemical composition of the essential oil of Cephalotaxus griffithii, collected in remote northern Thailand. GC–MS data and retention indices were used to identify 22 components in the hydrodistillation oil, with α‐pinene (58.50%), caryophyllene (11.67%), β‐pinene (4.19%), myrcene (3.46%) and limonene (3.10%) as the major components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Needle volatiles from five Pinus species growing in Greece
Authors: Petrakis Panos V. , Tsitsimpikou Christina , Tzakou Olga , Couladis Maria , Vagias Constantinos , Roussis Vassilios 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe chemical composition of the volatile metabolites from needles of Pinus attenuata Lemmon, P. heldreichii Christ, P. peuce Griseb., P. pinaster Ait. and P. radiata D. Don, growing in natural habitats of Greece, was analysed. By means of GC–MS and comparison with authentic reference standards and Kováts indices, 43 compounds were identified. The chemical variability of the terpenoid constituents is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odour‐active compounds of banana passa identified by aroma extract dilution analysis
Authors: Miranda Eduardo J. F. , Nogueira Regina I. , Pontes Sérgio M. , Rezende Claudia M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBanana (Musa cavendishii cv. nanica) (Musaceae) was dehydrated at 50 °C with forced ventilation to give banana passa. Banana passa volatiles were captured by static cryogenic headspace. The extract was investigated on a GC‐O‐multidimensional–MS system and application of aroma extract dilution analysis indicated 4‐hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (sweet, caramel) as the most odour‐active compound, followed by ethyl cinnamate (banana passa‐like). Other impact compounds identified with FD factors of 32–512 were isovaleric acid, ethyl butanoate, 2‐methylpropan‐1‐ol, 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol, heptan‐2‐ol, (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, 3‐nonen‐2‐ol (tentatively identified) and eugenol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil of Baccharis uncinella DC. from Southern Brazil
Authors: Frizzo C. D. , Serafini L. A. , Dellacassa E. , Lorenzo D. , Moyna P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe essential oil from aerial parts of Baccharis uncinella DC. was analysed using a combination of GC and GC–MS. Kováts retention indices were also calculated to complete the identification. The main components identified were α‐pinene (16%), β‐pinene (15%), limonene (13%), spathulenol (10%), globulol (5%), (E)‐nerolidol (4%), bicyclogermacrene (3%) and terpinen‐4‐ol (2%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier analysis of several finite difference schemes for the one‐dimensional unsteady convection–diffusion equation
Authors: Pereira J. M. C. , Pereira J. C. F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper reports a comparative study on the stability limits of nine finite difference schemes to discretize the one‐dimensional unsteady convection–diffusion equation. The tested schemes are: (i) fourth‐order compact; (ii) fifth‐order upwind; (iii) fourth‐order central differences; (iv) third‐order upwind; (v) second‐order central differences; and (vi) first‐order upwind. These schemes were used together with Runge–Kutta temporal discretizations up to order six. The remaining schemes are the (vii) Adams–Bashforth central differences, (viii) the Quickest and (ix) the Leapfrog central differences. In addition, the dispersive and dissipative characteristics of the schemes were compared with the exact solution for the pure advection equation, or simple first or second derivatives, and numerical experiments confirm the Fourier analysis. The results show that fourth‐order Runge–Kutta, together with central schemes, show good conditional stability limits and good dispersive and dissipative spectral resolution. Overall the fourth‐order compact is the recommended scheme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.