bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Egg temperature modifies predator avoidance and the effects of the insecticide endosulfan on tadpoles of an Australian frog
Authors: Broomhall Sara D. 
Published: February 2004

Summary

Attention is shifting from simplistic explanations of global amphibian declines that posit a single cause (such as climate change, pesticide contamination or disease) to more complex scenarios that involve interactive effects. Temperature is a pervasive influence on frog development, particularly during the egg and larval stages. However, the effect of temperatures experienced early in ontogeny on later larval behaviour or response to agrochemicals is little known.
Eggs of the Australian frog Limnodynastes peronii were reared at two temperatures that simulate naturally occurring cool and warm temperature regimes (14 ± 3 °C and 20 ± 3 °C). Tadpoles were then exposed to sublethal concentrations of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan, at a common temperature. Endosulfan often contaminates aquatic environments, yet its effects on Australian frogs are unknown. Tadpoles reduced feeding after 48 h of exposure to endosulfan concentrations that occur in the field (both 0·03 µg l−1 and 1·3 µg l−1). Feeding remained depressed at 1·3 µg l−1 endosulfan up to 9 days after tadpoles were transferred to endosulfan‐free water.
Egg‐rearing temperature and endosulfan interacted to affect tadpole length. Further, tadpoles exposed to endosulfan were significantly shorter than control tadpoles. They were also more vulnerable to capture by an invertebrate (odonate) predator than controls of the same size when tested 9 days after transfer to clean water. While warm egg‐rearing temperatures significantly decreased vulnerability to capture, tadpoles were proportionally more adversely affected by endosulfan. Thus, egg‐rearing temperature altered predator avoidance and changed the way in which endosulfan affected growth. Moreover, endosulfan significantly decreased feeding, growth and predator avoidance.
Synthesis and applications. Not only can short‐term exposure to endosulfan at levels within regulatory guidelines and frequently reported in natural waterbodies influence tadpole viability, but the sensitivity of the tadpoles to this effect depends upon the thermal regimes that they encounter over their first few days of life. These data therefore suggest that existing water quality prescriptions may not provide adequate protection, while also illustrating how aspects of climate and thermal regimes might interact with pesticides to have cumulative effects on amphibian fitness.
Interactive signalling by phytochromes and cryptochromes generates de‐etiolation homeostasis inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Mazzella M. A. , Casal J. J. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTSingle, double, triple and quadruple mutants ofphyA,phyB,cry1andcry2were exposed to different sunlight irradiances and photoperiods to investigate the roll played by phytochrome A, phytochrome B, cryptochrome 1 and cryptochrome 2 during de‐etiolation ofArabidopsis thalianaseedlings under natural radiation. Even the quadruple mutant retained some hypocotyl‐growth inhibition by sunlight. Hypocotyl length was strongly affected by interactions among photoreceptors. DoublephyA phyB,phyA cry1, andcry1 cry2mutants were taller than expected from the additive action of single mutations. Some of these redundant interactions required the presence of phytochromes A and/or B. Interactions among photoreceptors resulted in a 44% reduction of the response to irradiance and a 70% reduction of the response to photoperiod. The complex network of interactions among photoreceptors is proposed to buffer de‐etiolation against changes in irradiance and photoperiod, i.e light fluctuations not related to the positions of the shoot above or below soil level
A role for mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase in limiting CO2 leakage from low CO2‐grown cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Raven J. A. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTA model is presented which quantifies a possible role for the carbonic anhydrase in the mitochondrial matrix of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii which incorporates the observation that the expression of this enzyme is increased under growth conditions in which the expression of the carbon dioxide‐concentrating mechanism is increased. It is assumed that the inorganic carbon enters the cytosol from the medium, and leaves the cytosol to the plastids, as HCO3− and that there is negligible carbonic anhydrase activity in the cytosol. The role of the mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase is suggested to be the conversion to HCO3– of the CO2 produced in the mitochondria in the light from tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and from decarboxylation of glycine in any photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle activity which is not suppressed by the carbon concentrating mechanism. If there is a HCO3− channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane then almost all of the inorganic carbon leaves the mitochondria as HCO3−, thus limiting the potential for CO2 leakage through the plasmalemma. This mechanism could increase inorganic C supply to ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase‐oxygenase by some 10% at the energetic expense of less than 1% of the total ATP generation by plastids plus mitochondria.
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the skin: History, presentation, biology and treatment
Authors: Arlette John P , Trotter Martin J 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYSquamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS) of the skin is a problem commonly dealt with by dermatologists. The classic presentation, originally described by Bowen, is easily recognized, but presentation on some anatomical surfaces may be associated with less than typical features. Major aetiological factors for this disease are UV light, human papillomavirus infection and immunosuppression. The natural course of SCCIS is usually prolonged, with treatment being appropriate, but not urgent. The choice of therapy requires consideration of the location of the lesion, and a desire for a high cure rate without causing loss of form, function or cosmesis. The immunomodulatory agent imiquimod has offered a significant advance for the topical treatment of SCCIS. Our improved understanding of the underlying biology of SCCIS permits us to make rational choices of treatment. In the future we may be able to determine which of these lesions may progress to invasive disease, and help us select the most effective therapy.
Generalized essential telangiectasia
Authors: Long Dorota , Marshman Gillian 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYA 43‐year‐old woman presented with a 1‐year history of telangiectatic lesions on her lower legs. The lesions progressively spread to involve her thighs and left arm. She had no family or personal history of recurrent haemorrhage or telangiectases. Her general health was unaffected. The diagnosis of generalized essential telangiectasia was made on the basis of clinical presentation and investigations. Generalized essential telangiectasia is a rare condition that can only be diagnosed if other primary and secondary telangiectasias are excluded. It is probably under‐reported, with patients mistakenly diagnosed with atypical hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Effect of periprostatic nerve blockade before transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy on patient comfort: A randomized placebo controlled study
Authors: INAL GURDAL , YAZICI SERTAC , ADSAN OZTUG , OZTURK BULENT , KOSAN MURAT , CETINKAYA MESUT 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground: In the present study, we assessed the efficacy and morbidity of periprostatic local anesthesia before transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)‐guided biopsy of the prostate.Methods: From August 2001 to February 2002, 98 patients underwent TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy at the Department of 2nd Urology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Ninety patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomized into three groups of 30 patients each. Group 1 received no local anesthesia, while group 2 received a periprostatic saline injection 5 min before the biopsy and group 3 received periprostatic local anesthesia with 1% lidocaine. Pain‐scale responses were analyzed for each aspect of the biopsy procedure using a visual analog scale.Results: There were no differences in pain scores between the three groups during digital rectal examination, intramuscular injection and probe insertion. Mean pain scores during needle insertion in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 5.65 ± 2.35, 6.25 ± 2.04 and 3.16 ± 2.14, respectively. There was no significant difference between the pain scores of groups 1 and 2, whereas pain scores decreased significantly in group 3.Conclusion: Periprostatic local anesthesia before prostate biopsy is a safe and easy method to increase patient comfort during the procedure.
The Limits of Mercy
Authors: Bennett Christopher 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOur characters are formed, at least in part, by forces beyond our control. Should this lead us to mitigate the responsibility of those who turn out badly? Martha Nussbaum argues that we ought to be merciful to wrongdoers on these grounds. Against Nussbaum, I argue that we have important moral reasons to treat people as responsible for character and hence to eschew mercy. Treating someone as responsible is required if we are to treat them as a moral agent, to treat them as having a moral point of view that is worth hearing. However my point is not that there are no reasons for mercy, but simply that there are other reasons, to do with respect, that pull in the opposite direction. The result is not a decision procedure for all cases but a better understanding of the complex moral geography.
A Non‐retributive Kantian Approach to Punishment
Authors: Clark Michael 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTraditionally Kant's theory of punishment has been seen as wholly retributive. Recent Kantian scholarship has interpreted the theory as more moderately retributive: punishment is deterrent in aim, and retributive only in so far as the amount and type of penalty is to be determined by retributive considerations (the ius talionis). But it is arguable that a more coherent Kantian theory of punishment can be developed which makes no appeal to retribution at all: hypothetical contractors would have no good reason to endorse punishment distributed retributively. This position is first sketched behind Rawls's neo‐Kantian ‘veil of ignorance’, and it is suggested that the same theory will emerge from Scanlon's more relaxed neo‐Kantian position.
Paradise Lost and the Question of Legitimacy
Authors: Hamblet Wendy C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper reconstructs the deficiencies of formal democracies to explain the internal injustices of the modern state, the self‐righteous swaggering foreign policy of Western powers, and the dangerously over‐simplified, polar logic characterizing the war rhetoric of the modern era. In a brief tour through the non‐liberal tradition of democratic thought, drawing connections between the tragic mythological origins of Western understandings of self and world, the paper attempts to demonstrate that a failure to find alternate, healthier means of value‐creation has caused Westerners, in their constructive identity work, to adhere themselves to their systems with a ritualized, ‘religious’ fervour. Legitimacy in the world becomes, in the final analysis, a simple matter of might. The possession of firearms and bread render self‐sanctifying myths legitimating aggressions on the argument of ‘good’ powers fighting the battle against ‘evil’ contaminants.
Tarski's Hidden Assumption
Authors: Slater Hartley 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIt is clear that Tarski's T‐scheme, ‘T”p” if and only if p’, does not hold universally. It is not expected to hold, for instance, with ambiguous sentences, or with indexical sentences. Making explicit the circumstances where it does hold, however, is not just logical housekeeping: it turns out to have more radical consequences for the whole approach to Semantics associated with Tarski than has previously been envisaged.
Emotional Disorder
Authors: Whiting Demian 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper I aim to provide a characterisation of emotional disorder. I begin by criticising the thought that an agent can be judged to be experiencing an emotional disorder if his emotion causes him some type of harm. This then leads me to develop the claim that emotional disorder relates to sufficiently inappropriate emotion, where (sufficiently) inappropriate emotion relates to emotion that fails to be (sufficiently) responsive to the agent's beliefs and/or desires. Finally, I conclude the paper by suggesting that if an essentially non‐cognitivist conception of emotion is accepted then – on the characterisation of emotional disorder that I defend – there may exist strong grounds for thinking that cognitive therapy will be an inappropriate form of treatment in cases of emotional disorder.1
Risk management behaviour by the Northern Ireland food consumer
Authors: Nelson Roy 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe main criteria that consumers use during the decision‐making process when purchasing food have traditionally been a combination of prices, incomes, taste and social attitudes, with price being seen as the main determinant. However, in the past 10 years risk has become a ‘new’ criterion that can affect the consumer's decision whether or not to purchase a particular food item. The effect of the perception of risk has been observed during the numerous food scares in the last decade and in trends for the demand for foods that connote a health image. This research, carried out in Northern Ireland, looked at how consumers quantified and managed risk. The research involved 202 primary food consumers and identified the factors that were perceived to be important from both a societal and a personal perspective. Using principal component analysis techniques, societal food risks were seen as either processing or dietary, and personal food risks were seen as either extrinsic or intrinsic. Further investigation into the attributes of the personal risk using the same techniques revealed a three‐factor solution described as fear, involvement and newness. Although these factors cannot be used as predictors of the risk associated with a particular food, they help to describe and explain how the risk may be managed. The relationship between two of the factors, involvement and fear, provide a framework for understanding the way consumers manage their perception of the risk, particularly of high‐risk items. Consumer and scientific knowledge of the risk in question, and the degree of control over the risk were seen as important in the management of the risk in question. The conceptualization of the mechanism by which risks are processed and acted upon provides information regarding risk management and communication strategies that should be employed by educators, food retailers and government policy makers.
Consumer value conflicts surrounding ethical food purchase decisions: a focus on animal welfare
Authors: Schröder Monika J.A. , McEachern Morven G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEthical attitudes in relation to meat purchases were studied among urban and rural consumers in Scotland. All subjects perceived at least some ethical issues in relation to animal production systems, in particular, systems keeping animals in close confinement. Welfare‐friendly production systems were viewed as adding value to a food, but this value was not necessarily realizable to producers if purchases occurred only when foods were on special offer. Statements made by individuals were often contradictory, revealing ambivalence, unresolved value conflicts and a general lack of involvement in the nature of meat production. A number of barriers to the establishment of stable attitudes and behaviours in relation to the ethical treatment of food animals were also identified. A key finding of the study is that individuals can hold two views on animal welfare. On the one hand, they may think as citizens influencing societal standards, and on the other, as consumers at the point of purchase. As citizens, they support the notion of animals being entitled to a good life; as meat consumers, they avoid the cognitive connection with the live animal. This paper explores both the citizen–consumer relationship and purchase strategies used by consumers to resolve value conflicts. Lessons for public and commercial policy are highlighted in the context of the Curry Report (2002) which advocates more effective market segmentation where markets are finely attuned to their customers, with the development of a number of assurance schemes discussed in the article.
Consumer education in the UK: new developments in policy, strategy and implementation
Authors: Brennan Carol , Ritters Katrina 
Published: February 2004

AbstractConsumer education is an integral part of the European Community's consumer policy. It plays a key role in consumer empowerment, helping consumers gain the skills, attitudes and knowledge they need to be able to gear the choices they make as consumers to their economic interests and to protect their health and safety. In its policy statement, the Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection states that the European Community is aware that joint measures at national and Community levels should be more structured, in order to achieve maximum effectiveness. This paper aims to set out the current policy and strategic context for consumer education and empowerment in the UK; review the role of UK government bodies and other agencies concerned with developments; review recent literature; present  the  results  of  interviews  with  an  extensive  range of key stakeholders and the results of a survey of service heads for trading standards throughout the UK. It will consider implementation, partnership, resources, ideas and opportunities. The research found that the agenda for consumer education in the UK is at an interesting stage of development. The Enterprise Act 2002 gives the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) a statutory power to carry out educational activities. Consumer education is also moving up the agenda in the trading standards service. In addition, the teaching of citizenship in English schools is already stimulating new developments in consumer education. The paper will consider the need for organizations like these to work together to build on these policy developments and ensure that consumer education gains the profile it needs to influence consumer attitudes and behaviour.
Can we learn to live differently? Lessons from Going for Green: a case study of Merthyr Tydfil (South Wales)
Authors: Collins Andrea J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractParticipation at the local level is an important factor in determining the success of programmes developed to achieve sustainable development. This paper is concerned with debates over the role of the individual citizen in relation to that participatory process. In particular, it focuses on the UK Governments’ citizens environmental initiative ‘Going for Green’ (GFG). Through this initiative a five‐point Green Code was developed to assist in the delivery of its sustainable development message to the general public. The initiative's overall approach to participation was based on an assumption that the primary barrier to translating environmental concern into local action was a lack of information, and that individuals would respond to messages in a similar way. As a research strategy, the case study was used to evaluate how the initiatives’ pilot Sustainable Communities Project was implemented in two comparative geographical communities in Merthyr Tydfil (South Wales). Research findings from this study have demonstrated that the case study was invaluable in terms of understanding the participatory process and experiences of broad a range of community stakeholders. Promoting a single model of participation, GFG was found to restrict the participatory process in terms of who was encouraged to participate, the scope of their participation, and those outcomes that could be achieved. This paper concludes that if significant progress is to be made in relation to achieving sustainable development, the role of the individual citizen needs to be extended beyond that of a consumer of the environment, and involve active participation in a process that is based on collective action.
Liquid compositions from low‐pressure experimental melting of pelitic rock from Morton Pass, Wyoming, USA
Authors: Grant J. A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractLow‐pressure crystal‐liquid equilibria in pelitic compositions are important in the formation of low‐pressure, high‐temperature migmatites and in the crystallization of peraluminous leucogranites and S‐type granites and their volcanic equivalents. This paper provides data from vapour‐present melting of cordierite‐bearing pelitic assemblages and augments published data from vapour‐present and vapour‐absent melting of peraluminous compositions, much of which is at higher pressures. Starting material for the experiments was a pelitic rock from Morton Pass, Wyoming, with the major assemblage quartz‐K feldspar‐biotite‐cordierite, approximately in the system KFMASH. A greater range in starting materials was obtained by addition of quartz and sillimanite to aliquots of this rock. Sixty‐one experiments were carried out in cold‐seal apparatus at pressures of 1–3.5 kbar (particularly 2 kbar) and temperatures from 700 to 840 °C, with and without the addition of water. In the vapour‐present liquidus relations at 2 kbar near the beginning of melting, the sequence of reactions with increasing temperature is: Qtz + Kfs + Crd + Sil + Spl + V = L; Qtz + Kfs + Crd + Spl + Ilm + V = Bt + L; and Qtz + Bt + V = Crd + Opx + Ilm + L. Vapour‐absent melting starts at about 800 °C with a reaction of the form Qtz + Bt = Kfs + Crd + Opx + Ilm + L. Between approximately 1–3 kbar the congruent melting reaction is biotite‐absent, and biotite is produced by incongruent melting, in contrast to higher‐pressure equilibria. Low pressure melts from pelitic compositions are dominated by Qtz‐Kfs‐Crd. Glasses at 820–840 °C have calculated modes of approximately Qtz42Kfs46Crd12. Granites or granitic leucosomes with more than 10–15% cordierite should be suspected of containing residual cordierite. The low‐pressure glasses are quite similar to the higher‐pressure glasses from the literature. However, XMg increases from about 0.1–0.3 with increasing pressure from 1 to 10 kbar, and the low‐temperature low‐pressure glasses are the most Fe‐rich of all the experimental glasses from pelitic compositions.