bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valuing the Option to Purchase an Asset at a Proportional Discount
Authors: Gu Anthony Yanxiang 
Published: March 2003

AbstractI analyze the value of a nonstandard call option that allows the holder to purchase an underlying asset at a discount proportional to the asset's market price. Several applications for this type of option exist, including its use in employee compensation contracts. I derive the value of this option for a dividend‐paying asset and for an option whose exercise price reflects a time‐varying discount factor. The derived value incorporates the optimal time at which the option should be exercised. One application of this option relates to a residential real estate program in China.
Regulation And The Rise In Asset‐Based Mutual Fund Management Fees
Authors: Golec Joseph 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this article I explain why asset‐based fees are common for mutual fund management companies and why the average fee has increased recently. I argue that Securities and Exchange Commission fee regulations make alternative fee types illegal or unattractive. Management companies can maintain higher fees because regulations and brand‐name capital partly insulate them from competition and because investors cannot easily distinguish between performance‐oriented and marketing‐oriented fund companies. Index funds and unit investment trusts may offer competition to mutual funds in the future because they are designed to minimize management fees.
Sex/Gender: Which Is Which? A Rejoinder to Mary Riege Laner
Authors: Cresswell Mark 
Published: March 2003

This article is a challenge to Mary Riege Laner's exhortation to “Let sex be sex and let gender be gender” as expressed recently in the pages of Sociological Inquiry (Laner 2000, p. 471). I examine the theoretical and linguistic underpinnings of such a view, critique the sex/gender distinction on which it is based, and endorse the maneuvers of a number of poststructuralist thinkers who have sought to problematize that very distinction. I argue instead that the classic sex/gender distinction of second‐wave feminism goes wrong on (at least) three counts: (1) it is ahistorical in an area where historical specificity matters; (2) it rests on a simplistic and untenable account of language; (3) the conceptual dichotomy it posits—demarcating gender from sex—is not sustainable and cannot withstand close scrutiny. Finally, I question whether the import of the poststructuralist critique necessitates a move to epistemological and ethical relativism in the field of sex/gender studies.When language games change then there is a change of concepts, and with the concepts the meanings of words change. (Wittgenstein 1969, § 65)
On the Possibility of a Private Crop Insurance Market: A Spatial Statistics Approach
Authors: Holly Wang H. , Zhang Hao 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRisk theory tells us if an insurer can effectively pool a large number of individuals to reduce total risk, the insurer can then provide insurance by charging a premium close to the actuarially fair rate. However, a common belief exists that risk can be effectively pooled only when random loss is independent. Therefore crop insurance markets cannot survive without government subsidy because crop yields are not independent among growers. In this article, we take a spatial statistics approach to examine the effectiveness of risk pooling for crop insurance under correlation. We develop a method for evaluating the effectiveness of risk pooling under correlation and apply the method to three major crops in the United States: wheat, soybeans, and corn. The empirical study shows that yields for the three crops present zero or negative correlation when two counties are far apart, which complies with a weaker condition than independence, finite‐range positive dependency. The results show that effective risk pooling is possible and reveal a high possibility of a private crop insurance market in the United States.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: Liskin–Gasparro Judith E. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:James E. Alatis, and Ai–Hui Tan (eds.), Language in Our Time: Bilingual Education and Official English, Ebonics and Standard English, Immigration and the Unz Initiative. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, 1999Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees–Miller (eds.), The Handbook of LinguisticsKathleen M. Bailey, Andy Curtis, and David Nunan, Pursuing Professional Development: The Self as SourceEllen Bialystok, Bilingualism in Development: Language, Literacy and CognitionJasone Cenoz, Britta Hufeisen, and Ulrike Jessner (eds.), Cross–Linguistic Influence in Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic PerspectivesVivian Cook, Second Language Learning and Language TeachingDavid Corson, Language Diversity and EducationSusanne E. Döpke (ed.), Cross–Linguistic Structures in Simultaneous Bilingualism.Robert Davis, and Maria Losado, Tertulia: Advanced Oral Skills in SpanishAnnie Delaveau, Syntaxe: La phrase et la subordinationJulian Edge (ed.), Action ResearchJoseph Farrell, Latin Language and Latin Culture from Ancient to Modern TimesJames S. Holton, Roger L. Hadlich, and Norhma Gómez–Estrada, Spanish Grammar in ReviewKimberly Jansma, and Margaret Ann Kassen, Motifs: An Introduction to FrenchKimberly Jansma, Student Activities ManualAna Jarvis, Raquel Lebredo, and Francisco Mena–Ayllón, ¡Hola, Amigos!Viljo Kohonen, Riita Jaatinen, Pauli Kaikkonen, and Jorma Lehtovaara, Experiential Learning in Foreign Language EducationStephen May, Language and Minority Rights: Ethnicity, Nationalism and the Politics of LanguageMalcolm Offord, Nicki Hatchcott, Sam Haigh, Laila Ibnlfassi, and Rosemary Chapman (eds.), Francophone Literatures: A Literary and Linguistic CompanionSusana Pastor Cesteros, and Ventura Salazar García (eds.), Tendencias y líneas de investigación en adquisición de segundas lenguasJack C. Richards, Curriculum Development in Language TeachingJack C. Richards, and Theodore S. Rodgers, Approaches and Methods in Language TeachingDorothy Robbins, Vygotsky's Psychology–Philosophy. A Metaphor for Language Theory and LearningCynthia Schmidt–Cruz, and Frank Sedwick, Conversation in Spanish: Points of DepartureEmily Spinelli, and Marta Rosso–O’Laughlin, EncuentrosGuadalupe Valdés, Learning and Not Learning English: Latino Students in American SchoolsMasayo Yamamoto, Language Use in Interlingual Families: A Japanese–English Sociolinguistic Study
Leaning for the Tape: Evidence of Gaming Behavior in Equity Mutual Funds
Authors: Carhart Mark M. , Kaniel Ron , Musto David K. , Reed Adam V. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe present evidence that fund managers inflate quarter‐end portfolio prices with last‐minute purchases of stocks already held. The magnitude of price inflation ranges from 0.5 percent per year for large‐cap funds to well over 2 percent for small‐cap funds. We find that the cross section of inflation matches the cross section of incentives from the flow/performance relation, that a surge of trading in the quarter's last minutes coincides with a surge in equity prices, and that the inflation is greatest for the stocks held by funds with the most incentive to inflate, controlling for the stocks' size and performance.
Where Does State Street Lead? A First Look at Finance Patents, 1971 to 2000
Authors: Lerner Josh 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper empirically examines patents for financial formulas and methods, whose patentability was recently confirmed in the litigation between State Street Bank and Trust and Signature Financial Group. The number of such filings and awards has been accelerating. Patent filings by academics have been very infrequent, which appears to be a consequence of a lack of awareness or interest on the part of faculty members, rather than any fundamental unsuitability of their research for patenting. The failure to cite academic research in this area appears to be problematic and may reflect patent examiners' limited exposure to finance research and patents.
An Analysis of the Determinants and Shareholder Wealth Effects of Mutual Fund Mergers
Authors: Jayaraman Narayanan , Khorana Ajay , Nelling Edward 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis study examines the determinants of mutual fund mergers and their subsequent wealth impact on shareholders of target and acquiring funds. Results indicate significant improvements in postmerger performance and a reduction in expense ratios for target fund shareholders. In contrast, acquiring fund shareholders experience a significant deterioration in postmerger performance. The net asset flows continue to remain negative for the combined fund in the year following the merger. The likelihood of a fund merger is inversely related to fund size for both within‐and across‐family mutual fund mergers. However, poor past performance is a significant determinant for only within‐family mergers.
A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing, and Allocations
Authors: Ritter Jay R. , Welch Ivo 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe review the theory and evidence on IPO activity: why firms go public, why they reward first‐day investors with considerable underpricing, and how IPOs perform in the long run. Our perspective is threefold: First, we believe that many IPO phenomena are not stationary. Second, we believe research into share allocation issues is the most promising area of research in IPOs at the moment. Third, we argue that asymmetric information is not the primary driver of many IPO phenomena. Instead, we believe future progress in the literature will come from nonrational and agency conflict explanations. We describe some promising such alternatives.
Unexpected Absence of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) lyLMP-1 Open Reading Frame in Tumor Virus Isolates: Lack of Correlation between Met129 Status and EBV Strain Identity
Authors: Erickson Kimberly D. , Berger Christoph , Coffin William F. , Schiff Edwin , Walling Dennis M. , Martin Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
The lytic cycle-associated lytic latent membrane protein-1 (lyLMP-1) of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an amino-terminally truncated form of the oncogenic LMP-1. Although lyLMP-1 shares none of LMP-1's transforming and signal transducing activities, we recently reported that lyLMP-1 can negatively regulate LMP-1-stimulated NF-κB activation. The lyLMP-1 protein encoded by the B95-8 strain of EBV initiates from methionine 129 (Met129) of the LMP-1 open reading frame (ORF). The recent report that Met129 in the B95-8 LMP-1 ORF is not conserved in the Akata strain of EBV prompted us to screen a panel of EBV-positive cell lines for conservation of Met129 and lyLMP-1 expression. We found that 15 out of 16 tumor-associated virus isolates sequenced encoded an ATT or ACC codon in place of ATG in the LMP-1 ORF at position 129, and tumor cell lines harboring isolates lacking an ATG at codon 129 did not express the lyLMP-1 protein. In contrast, we found that EBV DNA from 22 out of 37 healthy seropositive donors retained the Met129 codon. Finally, the lyLMP-1 initiator occurs variably within distinct EBV strains and its presence cannot be predicted by EBV strain identity. Thus, Met129 is not peculiar to the B95-8 strain of EBV, but rather can be found in the background of several evolutionarily distinct EBV strains. Its absence from EBV isolates from tumors raises the possibility of selective pressure on Met129 in EBV-dependent tumors.
Hippocampal cell genesis does not correlate with spatial learning ability in aged rats
Authors: Merrill David A. , Karim Rajiv , Darraq Michael , Chiba Andrea A. , Tuszynski Mark H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAging in rodents is known to lead to deficits in spatial learning and memory, including decreased performance on the Morris water maze. Recent attention has focused on the possible role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in regulating spatial learning and memory. Therefore, in this study, we have examined levels of hippocampal cell proliferation in relation to water maze performance in aged and young male Fischer 344 rats. Aged rats (24 months old) were divided into aged‐unimpaired and aged‐impaired groups based on comparison with performance of young animals. Animals received five daily injections of the thymidine‐analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and were killed 1 week later. Total numbers of BrdU‐labeled cells were quantified in the hippocampal dentate gyrus and hilus and were related to behavioral performance. Whereas aging was associated with a significant reduction in the number of BrdU‐labeled cells, behavioral impairment with aging was not associated with a further reduction in BrdU labeling. In the context of aging, these finding do not support a direct relationship of adult hippocampal neurogenesis with learning and memory capability. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:201–207, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Queueing performance estimation for general multifractal traffic
Authors: Dang Trang Dinh , Molnár Sándor , Maricza István 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present an approximation for the tail asymptotics in an infinite capacity single server queue serviced at a constant rate driven by generalmultifractalinput process. We show that in the special and important case of themonofractalfractional Brownian motion input traffic our result gives the well‐known Weibullian tail. We prove that the class of Gaussian processes with scaling properties is in the class of monofractal processes and we derive the related characterization functions. Our formula in the case of Gaussian input processes also gives a queueing result which is in good agreement with the theory of Gaussian processes. Applying the approximation we provide a new practical method for queueing performance estimation of general multifractal traffic. The validation of the method based on both analysis of simulations and measured network traffic have also been presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance issues of bandwidth management in ATM networks
Authors: Bouras Christos , Chantzi Chryssi , Kapoulas Vaggelis , Panagopoulos Alexandros , Sampraku Ioanna , Sevasti Afrodite 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn our days, efficient management of the available network resources becomes a critical issue, both from a functional point of view (so that users can be provided with the bandwidth they need), and an economical point of view (so that carriers can satisfactorily and efficiently serve as many customers as possible and at the same time increase their revenue). In this paper we consider a bandwidth control scheme (i.e. managed bandwidth service) for an ATM network infrastructure which is applied to the Greek research and technology network (GRNET). We present some methods that we have tested (in a simulation setting) in order to increase the efficiency of the system and the utilization of the available bandwidth. More specifically, we consider a bandwidth‐resizing algorithm for virtual paths, in order to keep the allocated bandwidth very close to the bandwidth actually used. This leads to an increased number of accepted requests and better network utilization. We, also, use the simulation results in order to get an estimation of the effective bandwidth for VBR paths that can be used in call admission. Finally, we consider a semi‐offline scheme where requests are gathered and considered for acceptance in regular intervals. Simulation results show an increase in the utilization of resources. As a further improvement, we allow connections to be allocated a little before or after the time initially requested. This leads to further improvement in network utilization. All the improvement schemes were tested with the ATM‐TN simulator and the results look promising. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Packet level acknowledgement and Go‐Back‐N protocol performance in infrared wireless LANs
Authors: Vitsas V. , Boucouvalas A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInfrared wireless LANs may employ repetition rate (RR) coding to increase the symbol capture probability at the receiver. This paper examines the effectiveness of RR coding to utilization for infrared LANs using the physical and link layer parameter values proposed in the Advanced Infrared (AIr) protocol standard, which is developed by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA). Infrared LANs employ a Go‐Back‐N (GBN) automatic repeat request (ARQ) retransmission scheme at the Link Control (LC) layer to ensure reliable information transfer. To efficiently implement RR coding, the receiver may return after every DATA packet a suggestion for the suitable RR value to be used by the transmitter and implement a Stop‐and‐Wait (SW) ARQ scheme at the medium access control (MAC) layer. The effectiveness of employing this optional SW ARQ scheme at the MAC layer is discussed. Analytical models for the ARQ retransmission schemes are developed and employed to compare protocol utilization for different link parameter values such as window size, packet length and LC time out periods. This analysis identifies the ARQ protocol that maximizes performance for the specific link quality and the implemented link layer parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed RR coding to LAN utilization for different ARQ scheme implementation is finally explored. This analysis identifies the link quality level at which RR should be adjusted for maximum performance. It is concluded that if the packet error rate is higher than 0.1–0.4 (depending on the implemented ARQ protocol), the receiver should advise the transmitter to double the implemented RR for maximum performance. These error rate values are high and can be effectively estimated by the transmitter based on packet retransmissions. Thus, the usefulness of the receiver indicating to the transmitter to adjust RR is questionable, as the transmitter can effectively implement the suitable RR value based on packet retransmissions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovery of human postures using robust dynamic calibration
Authors: Hayashi Kentaro , Kuno Yoshinori , Shimada Nobutaka , Shirai Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIt has been difficult to calibrate dynamically the movement of the human body by using a conventional method such as the 8‐point algorithm, since images have fewer feature points, and errors in the positions of corresponding points of images are large.This paper proposes a method of robust and accurate reconstruction of postures of the human body by using sequential images taken with a camera (dynamic calibration). It is based on arbitrary corresponding points in a set of two images with simple knowledge of the human body. In this method, motion parameters (generally inaccurate due to noise) are estimated by one‐dimensional search with size data on the human body. This paper also proposes an additional method which obtains a robust dynamic calibration even during movement of the camera (assuming that the camera movement is linear in a short period). The method has been confirmed experimentally. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(4): 52–61, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10143
Statistical methods for the evaluation of health effects of prenatal mercury exposure
Authors: Budtz‐Jørgensen Esben , Keiding Niels , Grandjean Philippe , Weihe Pal , White Roberta F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEnvironmental risk assessment based on epidemiological data puts stringent demands on the statistical procedures. First, convincing evidence has to be established that there is a risk at all. In practice this endeavor requires prudent use of the observational epidemiological information with delicate balancing between utilizing the information optimally but not over‐interpreting it. If a case for an environmental risk has been made, the second challenge is to provide useful input that regulatory authorities can use to set standards. This article surveys some of these issues in the concrete case of neurobehavioral effects in Faroese children prenatally exposed to methylmercury. A selection of modern, appropriate methods has been applied in the analysis of this material that may be considered typical of environmental epidemiology today. In particular we emphasize the potential of structural equation models for improving standard multiple regression analysis of complex environmental epidemiology data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure–activity relationship information incorporation in health related environmental risk assessment
Authors: Sen Pranab K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn the bioinformatics and environmetrics evolution, virology, molecular biology and toxicology, along with biostochastics, play the key role; the complex task is invaded by some statistical methodologic challenges. We need to identify the multitude of (often disguised) toxicants and virus working in synergism and slow progression, assess their absorption mode, as well as,in vivobiological activity and reaction, and then to formulate suitable stochastic models for statistical analysis. Lack of experimental control, difficulties with standard dose–response regression analysis, as well as limitations of usual dosimetric studies create impasses. Basically, chemical or viral structure andin vivobiological activity relationship information needs to be incorporated adequately to depict the causal cum stochastic relationship between environmental exposures (of toxins and virus) and specific health hazards. Limitations of conventional statistical analysis in health related environmental risk assessment are appraised; some Bayesian perspectives are also examined. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic integration and strategic change: the role of managers' mental models
Authors: Adamides E. D. , Stamboulis Y. , Kanellopoulos V. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Firms in emerging economies face new realities as far as markets and competition are concerned when their domestic economy joins an area of economic integration.
The management of these companies may choose to respond by either reinforcing their domestically successful strategic paradigm or by adopting a new one.
By considering the views of a sample of large Greek manufacturing companies with respect to the European integrated market (EMU), we discuss the role of managers belief systems in selecting incremental strategies within their successful domestic strategic paradigm.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a novel allele, B*15012, by polymerase chain reaction using sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) and sequence‐based typing
Authors: Day S. , Van Dam M. , Buckland E. , Dunn P.P.J. , Ross J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:We report here a new allele, B*15012, identified by polymerase chain reaction using sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) and sequence‐based typing (SBT). B*15012 differs to B*15011 (previously named B*1501) by a single nucleotide, at position 435 of codon 120. B*15011 encodes AAG and B*15012 encodes AAA at codon 120, this difference does not result in an amino acid change( Note).
An unusual insertion in intron 2 of apparently functional MHC class I alleles in rhesus macaques
Authors: Urvater J.A. , Steffen S.R. , Rehrauer, W. , Watkins D.I. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Here we describe a nucleotide insertion in intron 2 of two rhesus major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles, Mamu‐A*05 and Mamu‐A*07 . This resulted in an intron 2 that was nearly twice the length of any other intron 2 of primate MHC class I genes sequenced to date. This insertion was most similar (93% identity) to the beginning of intron 3 of HLA‐A alleles. It was also similar to intron 3 of several human MHC class I pseudogenes and MHC class I pseduogenes from cotton top tamarin and cat. The finding of this insertion in two rhesus MHC class I genes is surprising given the uniformity in length and sequence of introns of functional HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C genes.