bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
302 Interactive Effects of Pelleting and Particle Size Reduction of Corn on net Energy and Digestibility of Nutrients in Corn-Soybean Meal Diets Fed to Group-Housed Pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Rodriguez Diego A , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to determine the interactive effects of reducing particle size of corn and pelleting on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), fiber, fat, calcium, and phosphorus, N balance, and net energy (NE) in corn-soybean meal diets fed to pigs. Six corn-soybean meal-based diets were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and 2 diet forms (i.e., meal or pelleted). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water. Pigs (n = 24; initial body weight = 29.52 kg; SD = 1.40) were housed in indirect calorimetry chambers and allotted to the 6 diets using a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 chambers (i.e., 4 pigs/chamber) and six 15-day periods. Fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected during a 6-day period following 7 days of adaptation and O2 consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured during fed and fasting states. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and chamber and period as random effects. Contrast coefficients were used to determine effects of diet form, linear effects of particle size, and the interaction. Results indicated that reducing the particle size of corn increased the ATTD of GE and of acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) in meal diets, but not in pelleted diets (interaction, P &lt; 0.001; Table 1). The ATTD of Ca was reduced in diets containing 500 μm corn by pelleting to a greater extent than in diets containing 300 or 700 μm corn by pelleting (interaction, P = 0.004), but regardless of corn particle size, the ATTD of P was less (P = 0.037) in pelleted diets compared with meal diets. The ATTD of N increased to a greater extent in meal diets than in pelleted diets as particle size was reduced (interaction, P = 0.021). The NE of diets increased as particle size of corn was reduced from 500 to 300 μm in meal diets and from 700 to 500 μm in pelleted diets (interaction, P = 0.004). The ATTD of GE, N, and AEE, and the NE of diet were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pelleted than in meal diets, but the ATTD of Ca and P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in meal diets than in pelleted diets. The ATTD of total dietary fiber and N retention were not affected by diet form or particle size of corn. In conclusion, reducing the particle size of corn from 700 to 300 μm increases the NE of a corn-soybean meal diet due to increased ATTD of GE, N, and AEE, but the increment in NE or the ATTD of nutrients depends on diet forms.
301 Effects of Different Sources and Particle Sizes of Field Peas on Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids and Starch by Growing Pigs
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Lee Su A , Nyachoti Charles Martin , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that particle size and origin influence the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch and the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in field peas. Three sources of field peas were procured. One source was from the U.S. and 2 sources were from Canada. The U.S. source and 1 of the sources from Canada (i.e., Canada 1) were each divided into 2 batches and ground at 200 or 400 µm, whereas the other source from Canada (i.e., Canada 2) was only ground at 200 µm. Each source of field peas was included in one diet as the only source of AA. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA. Barrows (n = 6; initial body weight: 50.5 kg; SD = 3.7) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were randomly allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and six 7-d periods. Ileal digesta from pigs were collected for 2 days after 5 days of adaptation. The statistical model included source as the fixed effect and animal and period as the random effects. Contrast statements were used to analyze effects of particle size, origin, and the interaction between particle size and origin. Results indicated that the AID of starch was increased by reducing the particle size of the U.S. source, but that was not the case for the Canada 1 source (interaction; P &lt; 0.001; Table 1). No interactions were observed for the SID of CP or AA. The SID of CP and AA was not affected by particle size of field peas. The SID of CP and Trp was greater (P &lt; 0.05) and the SID of His, Ile, and Thr tended to be greater in the Canada 2 source (P &lt; 0.10) than in the U.S. source. In conclusion, a few differences in the SID of AA in field peas produced in the U.S. or Canada were observed, but there was no effect on SID of AA of reducing the particle size of field peas from 400 to 200 µm. However, the effect of particle size on the AID of starch was greater in field peas from the U.S. compared with field peas from Canada.
73 Effects of Fatty Acids Sources and Lysophospholipids on Nutrient Digestibility in Lactating Cows
Authors: Porter Noah , Park Kiyeon , Clark Kirsten , Rebelo Lucas , Kwon In Hyuk , Lee Chanhee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) are a common supplement for lactating cows to increase energy supply, potentially improving feed efficiency and milk and milk fat yields. However, different FA can cause varying responses probably because of different FA digestibility and interactions with other nutrients (e.g., fibers). Lysophospholipids (LPL) are natural emulsifiers and LPL as a feed additive have shown increases in FA digestibility and nutrient absorption in non-ruminant animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of FA sources with LPL supplementation on nutrient digestibility in lactating cows. Mid-lactation cows (n = 48) were allocated into 12 blocks, and cows in each block were randomly assigned to the following dietary treatments:1) a diet with a FA supplement [1.8% of dietary dry matter (DM)] mainly containing palmitic acid (PA); 2) the PA diet with LPL (0.003% of dietary DM); 3) a diet with a FA supplement (1.8% of dietary DM) mainly containing stearic acid (SA); and 4) the SA diet with LPL (0.003% of DM). The experiment was conducted for 6 weeks, and spot samples of feces and urine were collected over 3 days (every 3 hours within a 24-hour cycle) during the last week of the experiment to determine nutrient digestibility and utilization. Data were analyzed using the mixed model with FA source, LPL, and their interaction as fixed effects and block as a random effect. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, and crude protein were not affected by the FA source and no interaction between FA and LPL was observed. However, PA had greater neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (41.4 vs. 38.8%; P = 0.04) than SA with no interaction between the FA source and LPL. In addition, as expected, PA decreased (P &lt; 0.01) the digestibility of 16-carbon FA compared with SA due to the greater C16:0 supply, and SA decreased (P &lt; 0.01) that of 18-carbon FA compared with PA due to the greater C18:0 supply. Supplementation of LPL did not affect digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and NDF, but increased total FA digestibility (64.7 vs. 60.5%; P = 0.02) compared with no LPL. In addition, LPL increased 18-carbon FA digestibility (68.2 vs. 74.1%; P &lt; 0.01) compared with no LPL. An interaction between LPL and FA was observed for 16-carbon digestibility because LPL increased 16-carbon digestibility with SA but not with PA. In conclusion, PA supplementation improved fiber digestibility compared with SA, which could be a factor for increased productivity (e.g., milk fat). Supplementation of LPL was effective in increasing FA digestibility and may have potential to increase dietary energy supply or provide a similar energy supply with less dietary fat content in practice. However, more studies are needed to understand different interactions of LPL with FA sources.
157 Daily Versus Three Times a Week Ddgs Supplementation on Grazing Calves
Authors: Vanderhoff Sydney T , Sjostrand Rebecca L , MacDonald Jim C , Drewnoski Mary E , Norman Mitchell M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Supplemental feed may be provided to cattle in grazing systems to increase ADG, but can be labor intensive. This study evaluated the performance of steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures supplemented dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) either daily or three times per week. Crossbred steers (n = 144, initial BW 317 ± 1.25 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with 3 treatments allocated randomly to 24 paddocks in one of 6 blocks. Treatments consisted of: 1) steers supplemented daily with 0.8% of BW (DM-basis) of DDGS, 2) steers supplemented three times a week with 1.86% of BW (DM-basis) of DDGS, and 3) steers that received no supplementation (control). All steers were implanted with 40 mg trenbolone acetate and 8 mg estradiol (Rev-G; Merck Animal Health, De Soto, KS) implants. Paddocks were divided equally into three strips and rotationally grazed. Put-and-take steers were utilized to match stocking rate with forage growth. Each treatment group rotated through three 0.81-hectare strips per pasture. Pre-graze and post-graze biomass was measured at ground level from each paddock at each rotation. Pre-graze biomass samples were used to determine forage availability. Grazing was initiated in early May with cattle removed from pastures in August, for a total of 97 grazing days. Data were analyzed with MIXED procedure of SAS with paddock as experimental unit and treatment and block as fixed effects. Treatment means of ADG and ending BW differed (P &lt; 0.01) among treatments. The control calves gained 0.85 kg/d. The supplemented treatments significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01) ADG compared with the control, with daily supplementation gaining 1.25 kg/d and 3x gaining 1.11 kg/d. The ADG was decreased (P &lt; 0.01) with 3x a week compared with daily supplementation. The differences in ADG resulted in similar differences in final live BW. The control had a finial live BW of 398 kg and final live BW of both supplemented treatments was significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01) when compared with the control treatment. Final live BW of 3x supplemented steers (423 kg) was decreased (P &lt; 0.01) when compared with daily supplemented steers (436 kg). For steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures, daily supplementation of DDGS resulted in greater gains and therefore greater final BW when compared with three times a week supplementation and the non-supplemented control.
166 Influence of Source of Metabolizable Protein and Implant Status on Feedlot Performance and Feeding Behavior in Yearling Steers
Authors: Petzel Emily A , Acharya Subash , Shiba Setsabile , Bailey Eric , Brake Derek W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crossbred steers (n = 60; beginning BW 454 ± 24 kg) were used in a split-plot design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine effects of source of metabolizable AA and implant status on animal performance and feeding behavior. Calves were blocked by initial BW and assigned to 1 of 5 BW blocks. Pen (n = 2 pens, 6 steer/pen) within each BW block were fed diets formulated to meet the RDP requirement of cattle and provide 150% and 152% the metabolizable Lys and Met requirement (RP-AA), or a diet designed to meet RDP and closely match the predicted metabolizable Lys and Met requirement (RDP-ONLY; metabolizable Lys = 99.3% of required; metabolizable Met = 119% of required, NASEM, 2016). Subsequently, within pen two calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 implant strategies: no implant, moderate (100 mg trenbolone acetate and 14 mg estradiol; Synovex Choice) or potent (200 mg trenbolone acetate and 28 mg estradiol; Synovex Plus). Cattle were fed for 125 days and feed intake and feeding behavior was determined using a semi-autonomous feed monitoring system (GrowSafe System Ltd). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a tendency for an interaction of source of metabolizable AA and implant status on dry matter intake; calves with a moderate implant consumed less feed when fed RP-AA while calves with a potent implant consumed greater amounts. Dry matter intake was not affected by metabolizable AA supply (P = 0.87) or implant status (P = 0.43). There was an interaction of source of metabolizable AA and implant status on ADG; implanted calves gained similar amount regardless of source of metabolizable AA, but non-implanted calves fed RP-AA gained 25% less compared with RDP-ONLY diet. Moderate and potent implants had greater ADG (P &lt; 0.01) than non-implanted cattle. Overall, ADG was not affected by source of metabolizable AA (P=0.95). Feeding behavior was largely unaffected by source of metabolizable AA or implant status. Feed intake per meal, number of meals per day, meal duration and visit duration were not influenced by source of metabolizable AA or implant status (P ≥ 0.16). Number of visits per meal tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for RP-AA while feeding rate tended (P = 0.09) to be less. There was a significant interaction of source of metabolizable AA and implant status on feeding rate (P &lt; 0.01) as non-implanted and potently implanted calves ate feed at a lesser rate when fed RP-AA but moderately implanted calves fed RP-AA ate feed at a greater rate compared with RDP-ONLY. These data demonstrate that metabolizable AA requirements of growing cattle are dynamically related to implant status in cattle, but that implant status does not largely influence feeding behavior.
156 Winter Hardy Cereal Cover Crops for Spring Grazing in Nebraska
Authors: Sartin Abigail , Calus Kallie , Drewnoski Mary E , Redfearn Daren , Mitchell Rob 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Soybean harvest leaves little residue, potentially subjecting the soil to negative environmental impacts. Additionally, integrated livestock producers with crops and cattle identified a need to fill early spring forage deficiencies. Planting winter-hardy cereal cover crops after soybean harvest provides ground cover until the next cash crop is planted and has potential for early spring grazing before perennial pastures are ready. A 3-year study was conducted near Mead, Nebraska to evaluate the grazing potential of winter wheat, winter triticale, and cereal rye when planted after soybean harvest. A 7.3-ha field was split into nine 0.81-h paddocks and paddocks were then randomly assigned to a small cereal species (n = 3 paddocks per treatment), then divided further into 2, 0.4 ha paddocks to allow for rotational grazing within the assigned paddock. Growing steers were stratified by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to paddock with 6 steers per paddock in years 1 and 2, and 5 steers per paddock in year 3. Steers were limit-fed at 2% of BW to equalize gut fill and weighed before and at the conclusion of grazing. Grazing was initiated when a paddock reached 13 cm. The initial BW did not differ among treatments (P &gt; 0.05) with steers weighing 303, 335, and 372 kg in years 1 through 3, respectively. The final BW did not differ among treatments (P &gt; 0.05). There was a treatment by year interaction (P ≤ 0.01) for average daily gain (ADG). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in ADG among treatments in year 1 (1.9 kg/d) or year 3 (1.3 kg/d). However, in year 2, steers grazing rye gained more (P &lt; 0.01) at 1.4 kg than wheat (0.83 kg) and triticale (0.67 kg), which did not differ (P &gt; 0.05). There were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments for animal unit months (AUM) per hectare. Year 1 provided the most (P &lt; 0.01) grazing at 5.1 AUM/ha, year 2 provided the least (P &lt; 0.01) at 2.4 AUM/ha, and year 3 was intermediate at 3.1 AUM/ha. For gain per hectare (GPH), there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments. Steers in year 1 had greater (P &lt; 0.01) GPH (390 kg/ha) than subsequent years, with year 2 (93 kg/ha) being less (P &lt; 0.01) than year 3 (151 kg/ha). For all 3 years, there were no differences among treatments in pre-graze (P &gt; 0.05) or post-graze biomass (P &gt; 0.05). These data suggest that during early spring there are no major differences in the grazing potential and growing cattle performance for wheat, rye, or triticale in eastern Nebraska.
158 Effect of Weaning Strategy and Backgrounding Length on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Mrna Expression in the Longissimus Muscle of Beef Steers
Authors: Pittaluga Alejandro , Kieffer Justin , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of the weaning strategy (WS; early, at 130 ± 21 d vs normal, at 187 ± 20 d) and backgrounding length (BGL; short vs long) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and relative mRNA expression in the longissimus muscle (LM) of beef steers. Angus × SimAngus-crossbred steers [n = 120; body weight (BW) = 130 ± 11.2 kg] were used in randomized complete block design. Steer calves were blocked by age and BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (2×2 factorial arrangement). Treatments consisted of early or normal weaned steers with either a short or a long BGL. Early weaned steers were ad libitum-fed a grain-based diet for 49 d until nursing calves were normally weaned. Subsequently, steers were ad libitum-fed a hay-based diet for 214 d or a concentrates-based diet for 95 d, for the long or the short BGL, respectively. Steers were finished on a high grain diet until harvested at a common 12th rib fat thickness. Longissimus muscle biopsies were performed on days 1, 57, 112, 168, 255. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Early weaned steers were heavier (P &lt; 0.01; Table 1) at the beginning of the backgrounding and finishing period. When the finishing phase began, steers with a long BGL were heavier (P &lt; 0.01; Table 1) than steers with a short BGL. There was a WS × BGL interaction (P = 0.01; Table 1) for final BW, where normal weaned steers with a long BGL were the heaviest among treatments. In the finishing phase, steers with a long BGL had greater DMI and ADG, but lower G:F (P &lt; 0.01; Table 1) than steers with a short BGL. There was WS × BGL interaction (P = 0.03; Table 1) for days on feed (DOF) in the finishing phase, where early weaned steers with a short BGL required less days on DOF to reach harvesting target than the remaining treatments. No interactions or treatment effects (P ≥ 0.11; Table 2) were detected for marbling score (MS). For the mRNA expression of ZFP423, a WS × d interaction was detected (P &lt; 0.01; Figure 1). Day×WS interaction (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for ZFP423 mRNA expression, early weaned steers showed a greater expression at d 112 and a decreased expression at d 255. For DLK1, a BGL×d interaction occurred (P &lt; 0.01; Figure 2). In d 57 steers with a short BGL presented a greater DLK1 mRNA expression than steers with long BGL, whereas in d 255, this was inverted. Overall, data from this experiment does not support the implementation of different WS and BGL as a method to improve the MS of beef carcasses.
260 Effect of Biochar Inclusion in Finishing Beef Cattle Diets on Enteric Methane Production and Performance
Authors: Cronk Hanna K , Heil Holly A , Sjostrand Rebecca L , Norman Mitch M , Erickson Galen E , Watson Andrea K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the impacts of biochar on methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and interim performance of finishing beef cattle. This experiment used crossbred beef steers (n = 128; initial BW= 347 kg ± 9 kg) fed a biochar sourced from pistachio shells (VGrid Energy Systems). The diet contained 61% dried rolled corn, 30% Sweet Bran (Cargill Corn Milling, Blair, NE), 5% wheat straw, and 4% supplement with Tylan (Elanco Animal Health) targeted at 9.7 mg/kg of dry matter (DM) and Rumensin (Elanco Animal Health) at 33.1 mg/kg of DM in a fine ground corn carrier. Two treatments consisted of a control (CON) group fed a diet containing no biochar and a biochar (BIO) group fed a diet with 0.5% biochar replacing 0.5% dried rolled corn in the diet. Cattle were implanted on d 0 with Revalor XS (Merck Animal Health). Pen was the experimental unit with 8 steers per pen and 8 replications. Interim data were collected on d 90 of the experiment. Four pen replications were rotated twice through a two-chambered barn equipped with open-circuit indirect calorimeters using a negative air pressure system. Within replicate, each pen of cattle was monitored in both chambers. LI-COR (Biosciences, Lincoln, NE) sensors were used to capture emissions (7700 Open-Path CH4 analyzer and 7500DS Open-Path CO2/H2O analyzer). Each replicate was monitored for 5 d in the pen chamber followed by 1 d manure contribution and 1 d used for baseline corrections. Cattle performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment as the fixed effect and emissions data were analyzed as a repeated measure. Feeding biochar tended to increase emissions of CH4 in g/d (194 g/d BIO and 176 g/d CON, P = 0.09) but had no other effects on CH4 in g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI) with 16.3 g/kg DMI BIO and 14.2 g/kg DMI CON (P = 0.27). Likewise, feeding BIO had no effect on CO2 as g/day (10854 g/d BIO and 10691 g/d CON, P = 0.78) or as g/kg of DMI (904 g/kg DMI BIO and 860 g/kg DMI CON, P = 0.34). Interim cattle performance showed no differences between treatments in interim body weight (529 kg BIO and 534 kg CON, P = 0.49) and average daily gain (2.02 kg/d BIO and 2.07 kg/d CON, P = 0.50). Dry matter intake (12.3 kg/d BIO and 12.1 kg/d CON, P = 0.45) was not different between groups, which resulted in no differences in feed efficiency (0.165 BIO and 0.169 CON, P = 0.23). Supplementing biochar at 0.5% of the diet DM did not decrease eructed CH4 (slight increase) or impact respired CO2. Interim animal performance was not impacted by feeding biochar.