bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketization, Regional Economic Integration, and the Profit Criterion
Authors: Mo Pak-Hung , Tong Shiu-Pui 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two aspects of China’s industrial reforms have been of particular importance to the government’s goal of promoting economic efficiency. One is the process of partial marketization, pursued in the framework of the ‘two-track’ system of planning and investment. As long as mandatory output targets are fulfilled, the reforms have enabled state industrial enterprises to use excess capacity in order to produce for the market. The implication is that other enterprises can also turn to the market in order to secure at least part of their input requirements. Further, the marketed output has embraced not only consumer goods (as was widely the case even before the reforms), but also and most importantly-producer goods. In short, the reforms promised to confer greater investment and financial autonomy upon enterprises.
Wage Reforms and the Effectiveness of Aggregate Wage Target Control
Authors: Yang Zhongwei , Han Zhineng 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is twofold. The first objective is to take a close look at the new wage system as experimented with by our 300 sampled state-owned (industrial) enterprises (SOEs) since the comprehensive 1984/5 wage reform. With our systematic survey we attempt to examine specifically whether the various new workers’ remuneration schemes had also helped to enhance SOEs’ profitability and labour productivity, in response to the observed ‘wage drift’ as discussed briefly in the previous chapter.
Prospects for a Transition to a Market Economy without Runaway Inflation
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The major thrust of this study has been the impact of China’s industrial reforms and deregulation on productivity and inflation. This conclusion draws on the findings of the earlier chapters in order to consider future trends in inflation. It is divided into five sections. The first demonstrates the chronological sequence between the process of industrial deregulation and inflationary pressures since the early 1980s. Section 14.2 uses an integrated macroeconomic framework to show how the various inflationary episodes were related to disturbances in aggregate output and the money supply.
Trade Liberalization, Employment and Wages: A Critical Approach
Authors: FitzGerald Edmund V K , Perosino Giorgio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A keystone of modern development strategy in general, and of structural adjustment policy in particular, is trade liberalization. Derived from familiar trade theory, liberalization is intended to achieve productive efficiency and international competitiveness, enabling a more rapid rate of growth than under the previous strategy of protected industrialization. The evident welfare gains to the global economy of free trade are accompanied by increased aggregate income for those developing countries that become integrated to the world market.
New Migrations, New Theories
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like many birds, but unlike most other animals, humans are a migratory species. Indeed, migration is as old as humanity itself. Of this fact there is no better proof than the spread of human beings to all corners of the earth from their initial ecological niche in sub-Saharan Africa (Davis 1974: 53). A careful examination of virtually any historical era reveals a consistent propensity towards geographic mobility among men and women, who are driven to wander by diverse motives, but nearly always with some idea of material improvement.
Labour Migration in the Gulf System
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the post-war era, nations in both Europe and North America implemented recruitment programmes designed to facilitate the entry of foreigners as workers but to minimize their participation in society as human beings. The Bracero Program in the USA (Calavita 1992) and various guestworker programmes implemented in Germany and elsewhere (Castles and Kosack 1973; Martin 1991a) sought to extract labour from people without engaging them fully as social or political actors. In both nations, regulations sought to limit the length of stay, promote segregation in housing, tie the right of residence to employment, restrict the right of entry by family dependants, limit access to permanent resident visas, and, at least in Germany, discourage naturalization.
International Migration and National Development
Authors: Massey Douglas S , Arango Joaquín , Hugo Graeme , Kouaouci Ali , Pellegrino Adela , Taylor J Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As household, regional, and national economies in developing countries become increasingly linked to labour markets in the developed world, policy makers and researchers have sought to understand the economic effects of international migration on sending regions. The most obvious and visible contribution of migrants to economies of origin is the money they send or bring home to family and friends. Official estimates suggest the potential economic effect of these remittances is large. According to the International Monetary Fund, foreign workers annually remit around $US75 billion back to their countries of origin, a figure that is 50 per cent higher than the total of official development assistance (Russell and Teitelbaum 1992); but even this figure understates the true amount of what Durand (1988) calls ‘migradollars’, since it does not include clandestine or in-kind transfers, which field studies have shown to be substantial (see Lozano Ascencio 1993; Massey and Parrado 1994). Although remittances are the most obvious consequence of international migration, they represent only one of its potential economic effects. In addition to influencing national income directly through remittances, international migration may also affect income indirectly through the investments that migrants make in productive activities at home.
Men, Parenthood, and Divorce in the Era of the Second Demographic Transition
Authors: Goldscheider Frances K , Webster Pamela , Kaufman Gayle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There have been dramatic changes in family patterns throughout the industrialized world during the last third of the twentieth century. Whereas the previous century or so was characterized as a period of declining fertility within marriage, with little change in marital behaviour beyond a very slow, longterm increase in divorce, the recent half century has seen changes in the very fabric of the family. Male-female relationships have become much less committed, both because of the much more rapid rise in divorce (which has doubled, or even tripled, in a very short period in most industrialized countries) and because of the growth in cohabitation, which in most countries involves less commitment than marriage. The changes have been so large, and the patterns so consistent, that they have been characterized as ‘the second demographic transition’ (van de Kaa 1987).
Male Fertility as a Lifetime of Relationships: Contextualizing Men’s Biological Reproduction in Botswana
Authors: Townsend Nicholas W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Male fertility is of secondary interest to most demographers, most work on fertility having focused on women. Nevertheless, to treat male fertility as an isolated topic would be misleading, for having a baby overwhelmingly takes place within a couple, at least in Spain and, to a great extent, throughout Europe. Having a child marks what people regard as the critical social threshold between the constitution of a couple and the formation of a family.
Dealing with Negative Oil Shocks: The Venezuelan Experience in the 1980s
Authors: Hausmann Ricardo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1980s were, by all accounts, a terrible decade for Venezuelan development. GDP per capita, which increased by 234% from 1950 to 1980, or 4.0% per year, had a cumulative fall of 18.1% between 1980 and 1989. The currency, which had only been (moderately) devalued once in over a century, depreciated tenfold between 1983 and 1989. The yearly inflation rate, which had averaged 3.4% for the period 1950-80, reached 84% in 1989. The foreign debt, which was negligible in 1974, totalled 54% of GDP or more than three years of exports by 1989. Was this havoc due to particularly incompetent or irresponsible management of economic policy-i.e. stepping out of line-or to the difficulties found in keeping pace with a very unstable and unpredictable source of revenue-i.e. dancing out of step? After all, the world petroleum market, to which the country traditionally directed over 90% of its exports, passed through very unsettled waters.
An Evaluation of the 1979-85 Petroleum Boom in Malaysia
Authors: Greenaway David , Pillay Subramaniam S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The country has in general enjoyed steady economic growth with low inflation since it gained its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. Table 23.1 shows the basic macroeconomic indicators for the period 1970-90. At the time of independence, its export-oriented economy depended very much on the production and export of two primary commodities, tin and rubber. By 1980 it had successfully diversified its exports, so that although its economy was still dependent on primary commodities, the dependence was more evenly spread among petroleum, palm oil, timber, rubber and tin. In addition, the manufacturing sector has been playing an increasingly important role in terms of its share in both GDP and in total exports.
Introduction: Women, Poverty, and Demographic Change in Developing Countries
Authors: Garcia Brigida 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Global poverty is increasingly attracting the attention of the international community. Poverty has various important manifestations, including lack of income and productive resources sufficient to secure a sustainable livelihood; hunger, malnutrition, and ill-health; and lack of access to education, housing, and other basic services. Although there are many dimensions to poverty, global estimates of the world’s poor are usually based on income levels.
Economic Theory, Natural Resources, and Economic Growth
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the role of natural resources in theories of economic development and considers the degree to which scarcity of natural resources constitutes a limitation on growth. This is followed by a discussion of theories that regard primary commodity export-led growth as incompatible with broadly based and sustained development. The chapter then examines some of the conditions created by primary commodity exports that may impede sustainability, with special reference to the ‘Dutch disease’. (Chapter 3 discusses the policies that mineral-exporting countries should adopt in order to avoid the symptoms of the Dutch disease and other factors that impair sustainability.) Finally, Chapter 2 examines the finding that resource-abundant countries have lower economic growth than resource-scarce developing countries, a phenomenon which has been called the ‘resource curse’.
Internalizing Environmental Degradation Costs
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the environmental impacts of the larger private and state mines and monitors their progress in internalizing the costs of environmental damage. After an initial discussion of the principal factors at work in encouraging pollution abatement, the chapter discusses the three major pollution problems in tum: land re habilitation, water pollution abatement, and the control of air-borne emissions.
Achieving Social Sustainability
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social sustainability is a relatively new concept which has arisen out of criticism of policy implementation aimed at both the macroeconomic and the micro-( project) levels. The macro-criticism arose in large measure out of the disappointing results of the structural adjustment programmes that were executed with increasing frequency following the first oil shock (Reed 1996). The microeconomic criticism stems from allegations that grass-roots opinion has been neglected in project design and execution, at the cost of both (O’Brien 1997). The effectiveness of macroeconomic, micro and environmental policies for sustainable mineral-driven development will be seriously impaired if the socio-political constraints upon their implementation are neglected.
Policies for the Sustainable Development of Mineral Economies
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the principal findings and draws on the evidence presented throughout this study to derive lessons for other mineral economies at each stage of the mineral-led cycle. Such lessons are intended to help improve the generally disappointing economic performance of the mineral economies compared with other developing countries with different natural resource endowments. Their implications for the Central Asian mineral economies in transition such as Kazakstan, Turkmenistan, and Mongolia are still in the process of being assessed (Auty 1997c, 1997d).
Economic Governance
Authors: Gamble Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idea of governance applied to the economy raises a number of fundamental issues both about the nature of the economy and of governance. Must an economy be governed, either through the state or through other institutions external to it? Or should we conceive of economies as self governing? Is an economy best understood as a spontaneous order, a catallaxy made up of a myriad of separate individual exchanges, which does not need planning or administering from the outside, or is an economy always embedded in non-economic institutions, and to that extent governed by them?
The Health Sector: Illness, Medical Care and Mortality
Authors: Christopher Davis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Health in Russia is a topic that has attracted attention primarily because of the unanticipated large increases in illness and death rates during transition. The crude death rate rose from 11.2 deaths per 1,000 population in 1990 to a peak of 15.7 in 1994, dropped back to 13.6 in 1998, and increased again to 15.3 in 2000. The phenomena of rising mortality and falling life expectancy have stimulated numerous studies and debates over their causes.
Introduction
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Statham Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade migration and ethnic relations have emerged as contentious political issues across Europe. Manifest in public divisions between political elites over asylum, urban riots by youths of migrant descent against perceived police discrimination, and the emergence of extreme-right political parties, to name but a few examples, conflicts over such issues have left their imprint on the politics of all European nations, as well as becoming subject to the emergent transnational levels of authority such as the European Union. Previously a rather benign and marginal policy field, migration and ethnic relations politics are now seen as central problems to the working of liberal democracies by policy-makers and academics alike.
Demographic Change, Generational Accounts, and National Saving in the United States
Authors: Gokhale Jagadeesh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years the role of fiscal policy in redistributing resources across generations has been subjected to intense scrutiny. That is not surprising because fiscal policy has played an increasingly important role in transferring resources between generations, especially in developed economies.1 Until recently, however, no technique was available for measuring the extent of intergenerational wealth redistribution via the public channel. This gap has now been filled by ‘generational accounting’, a method for keeping track of prospective and lifetime resource flows towards or away from specific generations as a result of a government’s tax and spending policies (Auerbach, Gokhale, and Kotlikoff 1991, 1994; Kotlikoff 1992).
A generational account is the present value of taxes (net of transfers) per capita that members of a given generation may expect to pay to the government during their remaining lifetime if current fiscal policy is maintained. Generational accounting studies of the United States reveal a sizeable imbalance in US fiscal policy: the continuation of current policy for those now alive will entail the imposition of enormously larger fiscal burdens on generations to come. Similar conclusions emerge from generational accounting analyses for Italy, Germany, Norway, and Canada. (See Gokhale, Raffelhuschen, and Walliser 1995 for the case of Germany; Auerbach et al. 1992 for Norway; Oreopoulos 1995 for Canada; and Franco, et al. 1994 for Italy.)
Pensions and Generational Histories in a Simple Demo-economic Model: The Case of France
Authors: Blanchet Didier 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two goals. The first is to present a simple model describing the future of the French pension system. The model includes simple macroeconomic features that allow us to quantify several variables that are central in the current pension debate in France-namely the consequences of various ways of computing pensions in existing schemes and the effects of developing complementary funded schemes on top of existing schemes, which are almost entirely pay-as-you-go. (Our model also takes into consideration the effects of raising the retirement age, but space limitations preclude our discussing that feature here.) The second goal is to present the results of the model in a generational perspective-that is, to trace the implications of the hypothesized future developments of the pension system for the life courses of both existing and future generations. These two goals are not new, and therefore we start by identifying the specific attributes of the approach we have chosen.
Aspiration, Realism, and Practical Policy
Authors: Quinlan Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world’s schooldays in nuclear-weapon learning were spent in the cold war environment, with the adversarial immediacy and bilateral simplicity which in a way, salutary-it imposed. The passing of that environment naturally prompted new questioning and challenge to the tenets first evolved within it. The last decade has seen a rich stream of mingled hope, scepticism, conser vatism, perplexity, and idealism, with widely different visions of the future of nuclear weapons confidently propounded or fervently urged. Much of this stream has, however, not tried hard enough-or not succeeded well enough in first distinguishing, within the cold war acquis, between what is permanent and general reality and what is peculiar to that specific setting.
Reflections on War in the Twenty-First Century: The Context for Nuclear Abolition
Authors: McNamara Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Peace ... will require greater understanding and respect for differences within and across national boundaries. We humans do not have the luxury any longer of indulging our prejudices and ethnocentrism. They are anachronisms of our ancient past. The worldwide historical record is full of hateful and destructive behavior based on religious, racial, political, ideological, and other distinctions-holy wars of one sort or another. Will such behavior in the next century be expressed with weapons of mass destruction? If we cannot learn to accommodate each other respectfully in the twenty first century, we could destroy each other at such a rate that humanity will have little to cherish.
Gender and Rural Livelihoods
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is often said that a book like this should not have a separate chapter on gender because gender ought to be fully integrated into all the relationships under discussion. Well, this may be ideally so, but pausing every two or three paragraphs to say’and the gender implications of this are as follows’ does run the risk of representing gender as merely an accessory to other concerns.
Macro Policies and Reform Agendas
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we move from micro level aspects of rural livelihoods to the aggregate, national-level, economic and policy context that contributes to shaping over time livelihood options and decisions. As we shall see, this is not just a one way process; just as macro level trends and events alter the viability of distinct patterns of livelihood, so also livelihood strategies and patterns influence the effectiveness of macro policies in achieving their stated goals. In particular, livelihood strategies that involve diverse activities across sectors make it more difficult to predict the income distribution effects of policies that alter relative returns to different activities, than if individuals or households were engaged in single occupations (Jamal, 1995).
A Case-Study in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review, critically, the procedure and outcomes of a combined participatory and small-scale survey approach to investigating rural livelihoods, conducted in three villages in northern Tanzania in 1997. The site of the fieldwork was three villages in the highland zone of Hai District, in Kilimanjaro Region (see Map 10.1), a location typically thought of as a small farm coffee production area, where coffee might be expected to dominate household income portfolios.
Migration and Foreign Investment
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The large and growing share of the foreign-born population in industrialized countries has triggered a heated debate on the determinants and impact of immigration. In many OECD countries, foreign-born workers exceed 5 percent of the labor force and this level has been increasing (OECD, 1999). A large earnings gap between developed and developing countries, demographic factors such as low fertility and shrinking developed country population, low transportation costs and porous borders suggest that immigration pressures are likely to remain high. An enlarging European Union faces immigration from Central and Eastern European countries joining the European Union in stages. Despite the large earnings gap between developed and developing countries at all skill levels, migration has not been massive due to immigration quotas, the cost of migration and preferences for living in the source country.
Strategies and the Mode of Competition
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most cited results of strategic trade theory is that equilibrium trade policies vary with the mode of competition, that is, whether firms compete in quantities or compete in prices. Brander and Spencer ‘s (1985) demonstration that the optimal unilateral intervention policy involves export subsidization assumes Cournot competition. Competition à la Cournot means that firms compete in quantities, setting output levels as a function of the rival ‘s output. The Cournot model of quantity competition has been criticized on the grounds that firms compete by setting prices, not quantities.