bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early history of the discovery of the paraganglia and the chromaffin system and their relation to the peripheral arterial chemoreceptorsisdiscussed. This isfollowed by an account of the location and structural organization of peripheral arterial chemoreceptor tissue with particular emphasis on the carotid body which contains two principal cell types. A feature of the chemoreceptors is their rich vascularity and high specific blood flow. In contrast to the carotid bodies, the distribution of thoracic chemoreceptors is diffuse and varies enormously not only between species but also between animals of the same species. These chemoreceptorsare classified into four main groups, based on their precise anatomical location, innervation, and blood supply. Aggregations of ‘glomus’ tissue with a chemoreceptor function at other sites, for example, along the course of the abdominal vagus nerves, referred to as abdominal chemoreceptors, are also described.
Reflex effects on the cardiovascular system: role of changes in respiration
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spontaneously breathing animal, selective stimulation of the carotid bodies causes hyperventilation but often has variable effects on heart rate and systemic vascular resistance. The evidence indicates that the variable cardiovascular responses are due, at least in part, to mechanisms initiated by this hyperventilation and that when these are controlled, bradycardia and vasoconstriction in most vascular beds invariably occur. These latter responses have been designated the primary cardiac and vascular responses of carotid body stimulation. Hyperventilation modulates these responses through various mechanisms and may completely override them, although there are species differences in the extent to which this occurs. Stimulation of the aortic bodies also causes hyperventilation but the size of the response is much smaller than that resulting from the same excitatory stimulus applied to the carotid bodies.
Carotid bodies: ‘primary’ cardiovascular responses
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under experimental conditions in which respiration is maintained constant, stimulation of the carotid bodies elicits a number of primary reflex cardiovascular responses. These include a bradycardia, largely of vagal origin, an increase in total peripheral vascular resistance due to a predominance of vasoconstriction, a constriction of most capacitance vessels, and an increased secretion of suprarenal catecholamines. Changes in resistance in the various vascular beds are described in detail. Evidence is presented that there are differential reflex responses in various parts of the sympathetic outflow on stimulation of the carotid bodies.
Aortic bodies: ‘primary’ cardiovascular responses
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stimulation of the aortic bodies causes bradycardia or tachycardia, an increase in left ventricular dP/dt max, hypertension, an increase in total systemic vascular resistance, vasoconstriction in the limbs and abdominal circulation, and a reduction in capacitance in the abdominal circulation. However, some variable results have been reported. This is due partly to the species variations in the distribution of the thoracic chemoreceptor tissue and partly to the use of several different chemical agents to excite the chemoreceptors. Many of these experimental agents are not selective in their action and have other effects such as on autonomic ganglia. Secondary effects of changes in blood pressure have not always been adequately controlled. Some advantages are gained by the technique of vascularly isolating the aortic arch and its major intrathoracic branches and perfusing the region with blood under controlled conditions incorporating left-, and sometimes right-, heart bypass. This enables a natural stimulus, hypoxic blood, to be used.
Primary reflex effects on the pulmonary and bronchial circulations
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence is presented that under rigidly controlled experimental conditions, stimulation of the carotid chemoreceptors causes an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance due to constriction of the pulmonary vessels. The efferent pathway is via the sympathetic supply to the lungs. Studies of the nervous control of the pulmonary vessels are complicated by the need to control a number of variables which can affect pulmonary vascular resistance passively. These are reviewed in detail with special reference to the bronchial circulation, changes in which, through anastomotic channels between the bronchial and pulmonary vascular systems, can result in passive changes in pulmonary vascular resistance. The bronchial vascular system is also under reflex control from the carotid bodies, their excitation causing vasodilatation, probably through activation of vagal efferent fibres.
Clinical implications of chemoreceptor reflexes
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possible involvement of peripheral arterial chemoreceptor reflexes in various clinical conditions is discussed. Any condition of asphyxia which involves excitation of the carotid bodies and which is accompanied by depression of breathing or apnoea, evoked centrally or reflexly, will enhance the chemoreceptor bradycardia and possibly put the patient’s life at risk. The paradox of this situation is that intense carotid body excitation in the presence of a powerful inhibitory input to the inspiratory neurones, while causing bradycardia or even cardiac arrest, will not usually restart breathing. Such conditions include attempts at prolonging the period of underwater swimming by prior voluntary hyperventilation, various sleep hypopnoea-apnoea syndromes, sudden infant death syndrome, and inhalation of irritant gases or vapours.
Major events in cephalopod evolution
Authors: Engeser T S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous classifications of the major groups of cephalopods are based mainly on features of the shell and the siphuncle and are phenotypic. In a new approach, the classification is reinvestigated by means of cladistic analysis. The Cephalopoda are a monophyletic group of molluscs. Despite obvious differences between, for example, Nautilus and the Coleoidea, there are some unique synapomorphies that are exclusively shared by these two distinct evolutionary lines. The latest common ancestor of the cephalopods will be considered.
Evolutionary radiations In the Trilobita
Authors: Fortey R A , Owens R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiations have been understood in several ways; the trilobites have a good fossil record which can be used to examine these different usages. Supposed radiations in the sense of accelerated cladogenesis (especially involving higher taxa) are discussed at two important times: the basal Cambrian radiation; and the basal Ordovician radiation at the inception of the ‘Palaeozoic evolutionary fauna’. At the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary a cladistic analysis of trilobite relationships shows that the fossil record inadequately represents the early history of the Trilobita, both with regard to the relationships of the group to other arthropods, and with regard to early vicariant or migration events resulting in fauna) provinces.
Sporogenesis 1n simple land plants
Authors: Brown R C , Lemmon B E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quadripartitioning of the sporocyte into a tetrad of spores during meiosis is one of the most distinct examples of precise geometrical division in the plant kingdom. The cytoskeleton is of fundamental importance in the establishment and maintenance of quadripolarity. The microtubule systems associated with establishment of polarity in sporocytes are quite different from those in mitosis of vegetative tissue where the future division plane is marked by a component of the cytoskeleton known as the preprophase band of microtubules (PPB). PP Bs do not occur in meiocytes. Instead, quadripolarity in simple land plants is marked in a variety of ways. Cytoplasmic lobing of the spore mother cells ofbryophytes dramatically predicts future cytokinetic planes. Quadripolarity is most elegantly marked in monoplastidic meiosis of mosses, hornworts, and the vascular cryptogams Isoetes and Selaginella by plastid polarity manifested in plastid migration and the development of a unique quadripolar microtubule system (QM S). The QM S, which develops in meiotic prophase, contributes to predictive quadripositioning of plastids and participates directly in spindle ontogeny.
Plant-animal trophic relationships In the Posidonia oceanica ecosystem of the Mediterranean Sea: a review
Authors: Mazzella L , Buia M C , Gambi M C , Lorenti M , Russo G F , Scipione, M B , Zupo V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Mediterranean Sea, beds of the endemic phanerogam Posidonia oceanica, characterized by both high subsurface and high photosynthetic biomass, form one of the most productive systems of the basin. The biomass values can exceed those of other phanerogams and the plant shows distinct partitioning, often mainly directed into the lignified rhizomes, which can account for up to 90 per cent of total biomass. Leafborne algal flora can at times contribute up to 30 per cent of overall production. Part of the energy produced by the plant is exported to adjacent systems through leaf detritus, but the major part is stored by the plant and recycled within the system. Because of some intrinsic features of P. oceanica living tissue few direct herbivores, apparently relatively unselective or generalist feeders (such as echinoids, isopods or the fish Sarpa salpa), have been found. Yet ‘herbivores’ and ‘herbivores-deposit feeders’ constitute the dominant feeding categories among the animal communities of the leaf stratum.
Mesoherbivores
Authors: Brawley Susan H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthropod mesoherbivores affect the species composition and stability of marine communities. Many mesograzers attain densities of thousands of animals m-2, but their nocturnal activity has hindered recognition of their abundance and importance. The difference between the potential and realized diets of mesoherbivores is discussed in the context of factors (e.g., predation, short life-spans) that may limit overgrazing of macroalgae.
Evidence that hypolocomotion induced by peripheral or central injection of CCK in the mouse is mediated by peripherally located CCKA receptors
Authors: O’Neill Michael F , Dourish Colin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK reduces locomotor activity in rodents when given peripherally or centrally (Crawley et al. 1981; Van Ree et al. 1983). The receptor mechanism by which CCK exerts its influence on activity and the anatomical location of these receptors is as yet unclear. Initially, two subtypes of receptor were proposed on the basis of differential affinities of CCK fragments for binding to membranes from brain and peripheral tissues. Subsequent studies by Moran et al. (1986) showed that both peripheral type (CCKA) and brain type (CCKB) CCK receptors were present in brain tissue.
Satiation in humans induced by the dipeptide L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester (aspartame): possible involvement of CCK
Authors: Rogers Peter J , Blundell John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of studies we have used intense sweeteners, such as saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame-K, as experimental tools to separate the influences of sweetness and caloric dilution on appetite control (e.g. Rogers and Blundell, 1989b). However, in addition to their sweet taste, there is the possibility that at least some of these substances may have biologically significant postingestive effects (Rogers and Blundell 1989a). This was confirmed by studies which showed that oral administration of capsulated aspartame suppresses food intake in humans (Rogers et al. 1990). Since the aspartame was ingested without being tasted, the effect must be due to post-ingestive action. Moreover, this anorexic effect of aspartame is both robust and potent. We have replicated the result in six separate experiments to date in which, for example, 200 mg of aspartame produced an acute 10-15 per cent reduction in food intake (Rogers et al. 1990 and unpublished data).
Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of the coexistence of CCK and dopamine in mesencephalic neurons
Authors: Hökfelt T , Schalling M , Seroogy K , Frey P , Walsh J , Goldstein M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK was originally isolated by Mutt and Jorpes (1968) from porcine intestine. Vanderhaeghen et al. (1975) described CCK/gastrin-like material in the rat brain, and it was then shown to represent mainly the C-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8) (Dockray 1976, 1980; Muller et al. 1977; Dockray et al. 1978; Rehfeld 1978a, b; Beinfeld et al. 1980). In fact, in several brain regions CCK-8 is the most abundant neuropeptide (Crawley 1985). In addition to these radioimmunoassay studies, numerous immunohistochemical investigations showing extensive CCK immunoreactive neuron systems in the brain and spinal cord have been published (Innis et al. 1979; Larsson and Rehfeld 1979; Lorén et al. 1979; Vanderhaeghenetal. 1980, 1982; Kiyamaetal. 1983; Kubota et al. 1983; Fuji et al. 1985; Hökfelt et al. 1985, 1988; Vanderhaeghen 1985). More recently, in situ hybridization with radio-labelled probes complementary to CCK messenger RNA (mRNA) has been employed and not only confirmed most results from immunohistochemical studies but also provided interesting new findings (Siegel and Young 1985; Burgunder and Young 1988, 1990; Savasta et al. 1988, 1989; Voigt and Uhl 1988; Ingram et al. 1989; Lanaud et al. 1989; Seroogy et al. 1989b, 1990; Cortés et al. 1991a, b; Jayaraman et al. 1990; Sutin and Jakobowitz 1990).
Involvement of central dopamine and CCKA receptors in the apomorphine-induced hypotensive response in the anaesthetized rat
Authors: Sturman Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apomorphine has been shown to relieve parkinsonian rigidity in humans, and this is thought to be due to direct stimulation of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia (Anden et al. 1967). After intravenous (i.v.) administration of apomorphine, there is a transient fall in blood pressure. Whether this effect is due to the involvement of the central or peripheral dopamine receptors is under debate (Finch and Haeusler 1973; Mugabo et al. 1983). Hökfelt et al. (1980) have reported that dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain contain CCK. This peptide has been shown to facilitate dopamine-induced hyperlocomotion and apomorphine-induced stereotypy in the rat (Crawley et al. 1984), suggesting that it increases the neuronal responsiveness to dopamine agonists. With the development of devazepide, a highly potent CCKA receptor antagonist (Chapter 2 of this volume), and L-365,260, a selective CCK8 receptor antagonist (Lotti and Chang 1989; Chapter 2 of this volume), the possible involvement of CCK and its receptors in the apomorphine-induced hypotensive response in the anaesthetized rat can be investigated.Male Wistar rats (250-350 g) anaesthetized with urethane (1.0-1.25 g/kg i.p,) were used in the tests. The systemic blood pressure was measured via a cannulated carotid or femoral artery using a Bell & Howell physiological pressure transducer and a Lectromed two-channel pen recorder. All su,bstances used were dissolved in isotonic saline, in volumes not greater than’ l ml/kg, and injected into either a jugular or a femoral vein at a rate of 0.1 ml/s, with a subsequent 0.1 ml saline injection. Apomorphine (10-30 nmol/kg), sulphated CCK octapeptide (CCK-8S) (0.5-5 nmol/kg), and dopamine (0.1-30 µmol/kg) produced immediate dose-dependent alterations in blood pressure. After establishing standard dose-response curves in each rat, the antagonists were injected intravenously (i.v.) at least 10 min before apomorphine, CCK, and dopamine administration was repeated. Each antagonist was tested in a minimum of 10 rats. In some anaesthetized rats, bilateral vagotomy or pithing was performed instead of antagonist administration.
Opioid control of CCK release from the rat spinal cord-interaction between µ, o, and K receptors
Authors: Benoliel J J , Bourgoin S , Mauborgne A , Hamon M , Cesselin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous data in the literature suggest that CCK interacts with opioids in pain mechanisms. Thus large doses of CCK have been shown to induce a naloxonereversible analgesia, whereas small doses of this peptide can prevent the antinociceptive action of opioids (Chapters 43 and 44 of this volume). The latter pharmacological observation is in line with a hypothetical opioid antagonist property of CCK under physiological conditions. Indeed, the blockade of CCK receptors by proglumide or selective CCKA and CCKB antagonists results in a marked enhancement in morphine- or β-endorphin-induced analgesia (Chapters 43 and 44 of this volume). Furthermore, tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine is markedly delayed when CCK receptors are blocked, which suggests that chronic stimulation of opioid receptors by morphine may trigger a progressive compensatory increase in the activity of CCK-containing neurons in the CNS (Baber et al. 1989; Dourish et al. 1990; Chapters 43 and 44 of this volume).
In vivo release of CCK-8 from the dorsal horn of the rat: modulation by selective opioid agonists
Authors: Rodriguez Raquel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The octapeptide form of CCK (CCK-8) predominates in the CNS of mammalian species, including man Beinfeld 1983). Many of the physiological roles of CCK-8 in the CNS are unknown, and the physiological actions attributed to this peptide are as diverse as its distribution. CCK-8 shows an excitatory action in the gastro-intestinal tract, and it is a potent activator of digestion, pancreatic secretion, and gall bladder contraction. In the CNS, the physiological actions attributed to CCK-8 include regulation of satiation, modulation of catecolaminergic activity, and regulation of hypothalamic peptides. A variety of effects have been observed after central administration of CCK-8. These include hypothermia (Katsuura et al. 1981), hyperglycemia (Morley and Levine 1980), and sometimes analgesia (Pittaway et al. 1987). Also, electrophysiological data have shown both excitatory and inhibitory actions of CCK-8 in the CNS (Salt and Hill 1982 There is supporting evidence that CCK-8 may interact with opioid systems. CCK-8 increases respiration physiologically (Gillis et al. 1983), whereas a wellknown side-effect of morphine is respiratory depression. Probably the most important point is that many of the CCK-8-containing loci are areas observed to contain high concentrations of endogenous opioids, many of which are implicated in pain modulation (Baber et al. 1989). Also, the distributions of enkephalins and CCK are very similar, and a functional relationship may exist between them. It should be noted, however, that sulphated CCK-8 does not bind to opioid receptors in the brain (Stengaard-Pedersen et al. 1981). In antinociceptive tests CCK has been shown to block opioid analgesia, whereas CCK antagonists produce the opposite effect (Baber et al. 1989; Chapters 43 and 44 of this volume
Seeking a role for CCK in control of spinal reflexes
Authors: Clarke Robert W , Harris John , Ford Timothy W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endogenous opioid peptides are inhibitory modulators of spinal reflex function. Work from many laboratories, including our own, has demonstrated that opioid antagonists such as naloxone increase reflex responses in dog (McClane and Martin 1967), cat (Goldfarb and Hu 1975; Bell and Martin 1977; Duggan et al. 1984), man (Boureau et al. 1978), and rabbit (Catley et al. 1983; Clarke and Ford 1987; Clarke et al. 1989a). These findings indicate that there is a tonic release of opioid peptides in the spinal cord which results in suppression of reflex responses. Further, intense electrical stimulation of the high threshold afferents of peripheral nerves has been shown to evoke prolonged (15-40 min) naloxone-reversible inhibition of reflexes in cat (Chung et al. 1983) and rabbit (Catley et al. 1984; Clarke et al. 1989b), suggesting that intense afferent barrage augments activity in spinal opioidergic neurons.
Blockade of CCKB receptors by L-365,260 induces analgesia in the squirrel monkey
Authors: O’ Michael F , Spencer Tye Neill , Dourish Colin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK receptors are found in high concentrations in the CNS in areas that are associated with nociception such as the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and periaqueductal grey (PAG) (Baber et al. 1989). Two subtypes of CCK receptor have been identified, CCKA and CCKB, which have greater preponderance in alimentary and brain tissues respectively (Moran et al. 1986). Recently a series of non-peptide CCK antagonists have been described which differ in their relative affinities for these subtypes of CCK receptor. L-365,031 and devazepide (Chang and Lotti 1986; Evans et al. 1986) have nanomolar affinity for CCKA receptors, whereas L-365,260 has nanomolar affinity for CCKB receptors (Bock et al. 1989; Lotti and Chang 1989). Thus the functional roles of CCKA and CCKB receptor subtypes in mediating the effects of CCK can be studied.
Exploiting behaviourally active phytochemicals in crop protection
Authors: Pickett John A , Wadhams lester J , Woodcock christine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid and efficient destruction of invertebrate pests can be achieved by using synthetic pesticides that selectively disrupt the nervous system. Alternatives to these agents are urgently sought, partly because of real problems such as pesticide resistance but also because of misconceptions concerning the toxicity and synthetic nature of the compounds involved. Although some early organochlorine compounds persisted to an un acceptable extent in the environment and accumulated in predators at the top of the food chain, these have now been replaced by the much less persistent organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides. Certainly, with the pyrethroids, the likelihood of environmental pollution or human hazard is extremely slight when correctly used in agriculture. None the less, non-target invertebrates can be at risk, and, much more importantly, there are serious problems of control failure through the selection of populations of pests resistant to these agents.
The lichen thallus: a symbiotic phenotype of nutritionally specialized fungi and its response to gall producers
Authors: Hawksworth* David L , Honegger† Rosmarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The view that lichen thalli should be regarded as analagous to insect and fungal galls produced on plants is critically analysed. Ten similarities and 13 differences are recognized and discussed. In view of the fundamental differences identified, the analogy cannot be upheld. Lichen thalli are regarded as a particular biological phenomenon with no exact analogue. An expanded definition of ‘lichen’ is provided. Coevolutionary and systematic aspects of the lichen mutualism are considered, stressing the need to emphasize non-coevolved structures in supraspecific taxonomies. Attention is also drawn to the galls produced on established lichen thalli by invasive fungi and other organisms, including nematodes and arthropods.
A breadfruit amongst the dipterocarps: galls and atavism
Authors: Jenkins R M , Mabberley D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For nearly three centuries the spinose gall of the Indian tree, Hopea ponga (Dennst.) Mabberley (Dipterocarpaceae) was mistaken for a fruit, especially one of a species of Artocarpus Forster & Forster f. (Moraceae). The history of the taxonomic confusion is related and the significance of the superficial resemblance of the gall to a fruit is discussed. Fieldwork in Malabar has led to an understanding of the development and ecology of the gall and these are considered in relation to the life cycle of the cecidozoan, an undescribed species in the Beesonia-Gallacoccus complex (Homoptera: Coccoidea).