bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PROGRESSION TO CARCINOMA OF VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS (SHOPE)
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beard J. W. 
Published: June 2004

The papillomas induced in domestic rabbits with virus procured from cottontails undergo progressive changes in the direction of malignancy when they grow vigorously. From the beginning they exhibit the traits whereby tumors are characterized, and they have malignant potentialities. In seven animals of a group of ten carrying papillomas for more than 200 days, cancer has developed, and in an eighth a tumor of problematic malignancy has arisen. One of the remaining two rabbits died early in the cancer period, and the papillomas of the other eventually retrogressed. Ten cottontails with induced growths of much longer duration have not developed cancer.
The malignant tumors have all been acanthomatous in type, and have arisen directly from the papillomas by graded, continuous alterations. These have often gone further after malignancy has been attained, and have eventuated in great anaplasia. Metastasis has been frequent, and transplantation to another host has proved successful. Individual growths have occurred expressive of each stage of the transformation to cancer, as if through a stabilization at this stage; yet despite the variety thus afforded, the tumors must all be looked upon as the consequence of alterations in cells of a single sort, namely epidermal cells affected by the virus, and the alterations themselves have taken a single direction. In the morphology of many of the cancers the influence of the virus is still manifest.
The better the papilloma grew, the more likely was cancer to occur, and the greater was the tendency to multiple tumors. In the most favorable rabbits malignant changes took place at numerous locations in the papillomatous tissue, and were imminent at many others. Intercurrent factors had much to do with determining frank carcinosis; and when the tendency to it was not marked their influence sometimes seemed crucial.
Analogous instances of a graded alteration from papilloma to cancer are frequent in human pathology. The virus that gives rise to the rabbit papillomas must be looked upon as the primary cause of the cancers developing therefrom. Whether it is their proximate cause has yet to be determined.
JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS BY MEANS OF INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF CULTURE VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M. 
Published: June 2004

The second revived strain of culture vaccine virus has been propagated through 130 culture passages during a period of 3 years. It seems to be adapted to in vitro cultivation and still has an intradermal titer (rabbits) of 1 to 100,000 or 1 to 1,000,000.
Intradermal inoculations in human beings of 0.1 cc. amounts of culture virus diluted from 2.5 to 10 times result in primary takes in unvaccinated people and immune reactions or accelerated takes in individuals previously successfully vaccinated. Primary takes produce an immunity to standard strains of calf lymph.
Culture virus mixed with purified gum acacia (2.5 per cent), frozen, desiccated, and sealed in vacuo retains its activity for a month at 37°C., and when the dried virus is resuspended in saline solution it is suitable for intradermal vaccination of human beings.
BILE FISTULAS AND RELATED ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Hawkins W. B. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

A clearer understanding of the various abnormalities which may develop in relation to the experimental or clinical bile fistula will be of value to the laboratory worker as well as to the physician and surgeon.
A better comprehension of these diseased conditions will make for a saner analysis of the great mass of experimental data relating to the various types of bile fistula. Too frequently in the literature the bile fistula material is used to debate a physiological state whereas in reality the animal is in a pathological condition.
It is possible but not easy to keep a bile fistula dog in a normal state for months or years if proper attention is given to the diet and physical state.
The most significant abnormalities are—intestinal disturbances, spontaneous bleeding, osteoporosis, cholelithiasis and duodenal ulcer.
Three types of bile fistula were used in our experiments and each one has its advantages and disadvantages.
Intestinal intoxication is best controlled by diet, by whole bile or bile salts or combinations of dog and ox bile.
Spontaneous bleeding seems to be due to the loss of something by way of the bile and this can be prevented by bile feeding. The blood deficiency appears to be a lack of prothrombin.
Osteoporosis appears inevitably after many months if bile is excluded from the intestine. This state is related to the lack of absorption of vitamin D. It is of some interest that liver feeding will prevent it.
Duodenal ulcers and cholelithiasis are common in bile fistula dogs and absolute control or prevention is not easy.
It may be restated that bile secretion into the intestine is necessary for normal health and even for actual continuation of life beyond a few months' period. Some of these experimental data should be of value to physicians and surgeons in the care and study of human fistula cases and should emphasize the necessity of prompt dietary control.
THE COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR OF MAMMALIAN EGGS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Pincus Gregory , Enzmann E. V. 
Published: June 2004

1. A definite chronological sequence of events occurs in the eggs and follicles of rabbits after mating or after the injection of ovulation-inducing substances. The follicle secretes secondary liquor folliculi, and there occurs a separation of the corona radiata from strands connecting it to the follicle cells. The ovum goes through nuclear maturation with as climax the production of the first polar body by the 8th hour after copulation.
2. Thyroxin injections cause indirectly the same effects as mating or pituitary injections but no ovulation occurs. The thyroxin effect occurs later than the pituitary effect and is due to an initiation of atresia in the follicles.
3. Explantation of ova results in typical maturation phenomena which are apparently unaffected by the presence of pituitary hormones or of thyroxin in the culture medium.
4. It is concluded that maturation of the ovum can be obtained simply by isolating it from the normal follicular environment.
5. Normal fertilization can be secured with eggs removed from the follicles.
A QUANTITATIVE THEORY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative theory of the precipitin reaction based on the laws of classical chemistry has now been found applicable to the crystalline egg albumin-antibody system. Equations derived from the theory permit the calculation of the behavior of an anti-egg albumin serum over most of the reaction range after a few quantitative analyses have been made for the nitrogen precipitated. Data of other workers also conform to the proposed equations.
2. The empirical relation, shown to have advantages in the dye antidye system, may also be used for the Ea-A reaction.
3. Serum from the same animal after successive courses exhibits progressive changes which have been described graphically and quantitatively. These changes are believed to consist in the formation of more and more antibody capable of reacting with a larger number of chemically different groupings in the antigen molecule.
4. Evidence is presented that anti-egg albumin is not homogeneous, and that even after prolonged immunization the antiserum contains much low-grade antibody, incapable of forming precipitates unless more reactive precipitin is present.
5. Factors affecting the equivalence point ratio are discussed.
SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF IMMUNITY WITH COEXISTING SENSITIZATION IN A TYPE OF HUMAN ALLERGY (HAY FEVER)
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Barnard James H. , Hebald Selian , Stull Arthur 
Published: June 2004

Using ragweed hay fever as the representative of a certain type of allergy we have made studies to determine if possible the mechanism of the protection afforded by specific injections thus far established only by clinical observation.
1. Blood transfusions and serum injections from clinically immune, treated patients stopped the clinical reaction in untreated patients, thus indicating a transferable immunity.
2. The amount of skin sensitizing antibody in the serum was found to be practically unchanged by specific injections.
3. Injection of allergen-antibody mixtures into normal skin showed an immediate (1 hour) reaction when sites were made if serum of untreated cases (Serum A) was used but none or slight reaction if serum of treated cases (Serum P) was used.
4. When sites made with allergen-antibody mixtures were tested after 48 hours, reactions were absent with Serum A mixtures if enough allergen had been used, but were positive with mixtures of Serum P even though a much stronger allergen was contained in the mixture.
5. The primary inhibition of reactions with mixtures including Serum P was not due to antihistamine effect nor to binding of skin sensitizing antibody nor to binding or lysis of allergen.
6. The inhibiting antibody appears to be specific.
7. These serological studies supported by transfusion experiments have been interpreted by us as showing the development under treatment of a peculiar blocking or inhibiting type of immune antibody that prevented the action of allergen on the sensitizing antibody and hence showed in the type of human allergy under consideration (hay fever) the coexistence of sensitization and immunity.
CELLULAR REACTIONS TO WAX-LIKE MATERIALS FROM ACID-FAST BACTERIA
Authors: Sabin F. R. , Smithburn K. C. , Thomas R. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The unsaponifiable fractions of the Mycobacteria, though insoluble in water and extremely stable chemical compounds, are nevertheless remarkable stimulants of cells.
2. They give rise to new monocytes which surround these waxes and then fuse into giant cells which engulf them.
3. The property of acid-fastness of the waxes makes it possible to identify them within the giant cells which have phagocytized them.
4. Within the foreign body giant cells the waxes are slowly disintegrated. They appear not to damage the cells which engulf them, and hence one may infer that they take no part in caseation.
5. They have no effect on the resistance of the host.
CELLULAR REACTIONS TO WAXES FROM MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
Authors: Sabin F. R. , Smithburn K. C. , Thomas R. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The waxes from the B. leprae, like those from tubercle bacilli, are remarkable stimulants of cells.
2. The crude wax separated from the B. leprae is a mixture of lipoids and other materials, and gives reactions that include the types of cells characteristic of the response to the tuberculo-polysaccharide, phosphatide, and wax.
3. The wax obtained from the purification of the lepra phosphatide shows similar cellular reactions but with a greater proportion of foreign body giant cells.
4. Leprosin, though a glyceride, corresponds in its physical properties to the unsaponifiable material from the tubercle bacillus. It stimulates two strains of cells, fibroblasts and monocytes. The monocytes fuse into foreign body giant cells to engulf the wax.
5. The cellular reaction to the leprosinic acid and to the crystalline alcohols is of one type only, represented by the foreign body giant cell.
THE EMIGRATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI TYPE III FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE THORACIC DUCT LYMPH OF RABBITS, AND THE SURVIVAL OF THESE ORGANISMS IN THE LYMPH FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERUM
Authors: Drinker Cecil K. , Enders John F. , Shaffer Morris F. , Leigh Octa C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits injected intravenously with a large dose of a virulent Type III Pneumococcus develop a bacteremia, and within an hour organisms may be cultivated from the thoracic duct lymph. The rapidity with which entrance into the lymph occurs appears to be correlated with the size of the dose injected.
2. The organisms may become more numerous in the lymph than in the blood.
3. If homologous or heterologous antisera are injected, the blood may be sterilized, but though the organisms may be lessened in the lymph, sterilization at least within 4 hours is not secured, and in the intact animal living organisms must continue to enter the blood with the thoracic duct lymph.
4. In infected rabbits after intravenous injection of considerable quantities of antisera containing moderate amounts of agglutinin, no antibody appears in the thoracic duct lymph although the presence of horse serum may be detected.
The injection of a very large quantity of antiserum containing a high titre of agglutinin is followed by the penetration of antibody into the lymph. This, however, has failed to sterilize the lymph or to permanently affect the rate of multiplication of the pneumococci.
Plastidial α-Glucan Phosphorylase Is Not Required for Starch Degradation in Arabidopsis Leaves But Has a Role in the Tolerance of Abiotic Stress
Authors: Zeeman Samuel C. , Thorneycroft David , Schupp Nicole , Chapple Andrew , Weck Melanie , Dunstan Hannah , Haldimann Pierre , Bechtold Nicole , Smith Alison M. , Smith Steven M. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
To study the role of the plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase in starch metabolism in the leaves of Arabidopsis, two independent mutant lines containing T-DNA insertions within the phosphorylase gene were identified. Both insertions eliminate the activity of the plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase. Measurement of other enzymes of starch metabolism reveals only minor changes compared with the wild type. The loss of plastidial α-glucan phosphorylase does not cause a significant change in the total accumulation of starch during the day or its remobilization at night. Starch structure and composition are unaltered. However, mutant plants display lesions on their leaves that are not seen on wild-type plants, and mesophyll cells bordering the lesions accumulate high levels of starch. Lesion formation is abolished by growing plants under 100% humidity in still air, but subsequent transfer to circulating air with lower humidity causes extensive wilting in the mutant leaves. Wilted sectors die, causing large lesions that are bordered by starch-accumulating cells. Similar lesions are caused by the application of acute salt stress to mature plants. We conclude that plastidial phosphorylase is not required for the degradation of starch, but that it plays a role in the capacity of the leaf lamina to endure a transient water deficit.
Homology Modeling of Representative Subfamilies of Arabidopsis Major Intrinsic Proteins. Classification Based on the Aromatic/Arginine Selectivity Filter
Authors: Wallace Ian S. , Roberts Daniel M. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) are a family of membrane channels that facilitate the bidirectional transport of water and small uncharged solutes such as glycerol. The 35 full-length members of the MIP family in Arabidopsis are segregated into four structurally homologous subfamilies: plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs), nodulin 26-like intrinsic membrane proteins (NIPs), and small basic intrinsic proteins (SIPs). Computational methods were used to construct structural models of the putative pore regions of various plant MIPs based on homology modeling with the atomic resolution crystal structures of mammalian aquaporin 1 and the bacterial glycerol permease GlpF. Based on comparisons of the narrow selectivity filter regions (the aromatic/Arg [ar/R] filter), the members of the four phylogenetic subfamilies of Arabidopsis MIPs can be classified into eight groups. PIPs possess a uniform ar/R signature characteristic of high water transport aquaporins, whereas TIPs are highly diverse with three separate conserved ar/R regions. NIPs possess two separate conserved ar/R regions, one that is similar to the archetype, soybean (Glycine max) nodulin 26, and another that is characteristic of Arabidopsis NIP6;1. The SIP subfamily possesses two ar/R subgroups, characteristic of either SIP1 or SIP2. Both SIP ar/R residues are divergent from all other MIPs in plants and other kingdoms. Overall, these findings suggest that higher plant MIPs have a common fold but show distinct differences in proposed pore apertures, potential to form hydrogen bonds with transported molecules, and amphiphilicity that likely results in divergent transport selectivities.
Specification of the Peroxisome Targeting Signals Type 1 and Type 2 of Plant Peroxisomes by Bioinformatics Analyses
Authors: Reumann Sigrun 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
To specify the C-terminal peroxisome targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) and the N-terminal PTS2 for higher plants, a maximum number of plant cDNAs and expressed sequence tags that are homologous to PTS1- and PTS2-targeted plant proteins was retrieved from the public databases and the primary structure of their targeting domains was analyzed for conserved properties. According to their high overall frequency in the homologs and their widespread occurence in different orthologous groups, nine major PTS1 tripeptides ([SA][RK][LM]&gt; without AKM&gt; plus SRI&gt; and PRL&gt;) and two major PTS2 nonapeptides (R[LI]x5HL) were defined that are considered good indicators for peroxisomal localization if present in unknown proteins. A lower but significant number of homologs contained 1 of 11 minor PTS1 tripeptides or of 9 minor PTS2 nonapeptides, many of which have not been identified before in plant peroxisomal proteins. The region adjacent to the PTS peptides was characterized by specific conserved properties as well, such as a pronounced incidence of basic and Pro residues and a high positive net charge, which probably play an auxiliary role in peroxisomal targeting. By contrast, several peptides with assumed peroxisomal targeting properties were not found in any of the 550 homologs and hence play—if at all—only a minor role in peroxisomal targeting. Based on the definition of these major and minor PTS and on the recognition of additional conserved properties, the accuracy of predicting peroxisomal proteins can be raised and plant genomes can be screened for novel proteins of peroxisomes more successfully.
The Transcriptional Innate Immune Response to flg22. Interplay and Overlap with Avr Gene-Dependent Defense Responses and Bacterial Pathogenesis
Authors: Navarro Lionel , Zipfel Cyril , Rowland Owen , Keller Ingo , Robatzek Silke , Boller Thomas , Jones Jonathan D.G. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Animals and plants carry recognition systems to sense bacterial flagellin. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis involves FLS2, a Leu-rich-repeat receptor kinase. We surveyed the early transcriptional response of Arabidopsis cell cultures and seedlings within 60 min of treatment with flg22, a peptide corresponding to the most conserved domain of flagellin. Using Affymetrix microarrays, approximately 3.0% of 8,200 genes displayed transcript level changes in flg22 elicited suspension cultures and seedlings. FLARE (Flagellin Rapidly Elicited) genes mostly encode signaling components, such as transcription factors, protein kinases/phosphatases, and proteins that regulate protein turnover. Approximately 80% of flg22-induced genes were also up-regulated in Arabidopsis seedlings treated with cycloheximide. This suggests that many FLARE genes are negatively regulated by rapidly turned-over repressor proteins. Twenty-one tobacco Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited (ACRE) cDNA full-length sequences were used to search for their Arabidopsis orthologs (AtACRE). We identified either single or multiple putative orthologs for 17 ACRE genes. For 13 of these ACRE genes, at least one Arabidopsis ortholog was induced in flg22-elicited Arabidopsis suspension cells and seedlings. This result revealed a substantial overlap between the Arabidopsis flg22 response and the tobacco Avr9 race-specific defense response. We also compared FLARE gene sets and genes induced in basal or gene-for-gene interactions upon different Pseudomonas syringae treatments, and infer that Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato represses the flagellin-initiated defense response.
The Peroxisome Deficient Arabidopsis Mutant sse1 Exhibits Impaired Fatty Acid Synthesis
Authors: Lin Yun , Cluette-Brown Joanne E. , Goodman Howard M. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The Arabidopsis Shrunken Seed 1 (SSE1) gene encodes a homolog of the peroxisome biogenesis factor Pex16p, and a loss-of-function mutation in this gene alters seed storage composition. Two lines of evidence support a function for SSE1 in peroxisome biogenesis: the peroxisomal localization of a green fluorescent protein-SSE1 fusion protein and the lack of normal peroxisomes in sse1 mutant embryos. The green fluorescent protein-SSE1 colocalizes with the red fluorescent protein (RFP)-labeled peroxisomal markers RFP-peroxisome targeting signal 1 and peroxisome targeting signal 2-RFP in transgenic Arabidopsis. Each peroxisomal marker exhibits a normal punctate peroxisomal distribution in the wild type but not the sse1 mutant embryos. Further studies reported here were designed toward understanding carbon metabolism in the sse1 mutant. A time course study of dissected embryos revealed a dramatic rate decrease in oil accumulation and an increase in starch accumulation. Introduction of starch synthesis mutations into the sse1 background did not restore oil biosynthesis. This finding demonstrated that reduction in oil content in sse1 is not caused by increased carbon flow to starch. To identify the blocked steps in the sse1 oil deposition pathway, developing sse1 seeds were supplied radiolabeled oil synthesis precursors. The ability of sse1 to incorporate oleic acid, but not pyruvate or acetate, into triacylglycerol indicated a defect in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway in this mutant. Taken together, the results point to a possible role for peroxisomes in the net synthesis of fatty acids in addition to their established function in lipid catabolism. Other possible interpretations of the results are discussed.
A Novel Family of Cys-Rich Membrane Proteins Mediates Cadmium Resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Song Won-Yong , Martinoia Enrico , Lee Joohyun , Kim Dongwoo , Kim Do-Young , Vogt Esther , Shim Donghwan , Choi Kwan Sam , Hwang Inhwan , Lee Youngsook 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread pollutant that is toxic to plant growth. However, only a few genes that contribute to Cd resistance in plants have been identified. To identify additional Cd(II) resistance genes, we screened an Arabidopsis cDNA library using a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expression system employing the Cd(II)-sensitive yeast mutant ycf1. This screening process yielded a small Cys-rich membrane protein (Arabidopsis plant cadmium resistance, AtPcrs). Database searches revealed that there are nine close homologs in Arabidopsis. Homologs were also found in other plants. Four of the five homologs that were tested also increased resistance to Cd(II) when expressed in ycf1. AtPcr1 localizes at the plasma membrane in both yeast and Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtPcr1 exhibited increased Cd(II) resistance, whereas antisense plants that showed reduced AtPcr1 expression were more sensitive to Cd(II). AtPcr1 overexpression reduced Cd uptake by yeast cells and also reduced the Cd contents of both yeast and Arabidopsis protoplasts treated with Cd. Thus, it appears that the Pcr family members may play an important role in the Cd resistance of plants.