bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in articular eminence morphology with dental function
Authors: Hinton Robert J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements of mandibular fossa depth and slope of the articular eminence were obtained for human skeletal samples chosen to represent a wide spectrum of subsistence strategies and oral function: hunter‐gatherers (Eskimos, Australians), American Indians dependent to a variable extent on maize agriculture, and early twentieth century American whites and blacks. In the Eskimo and Australian samples, a generalized and steady increase in fossa depth and slope was observed with increasing functional age (tooth wear) through wear level 5 (of 8), followed by a levelling off or slight decrease in fossa depth in later wear levels on the anterior teeth and a sharp decrease in fossa depth in later wear levels on the molars. Although much less consistent due in part to extensive and early molar loss, patterns of variation in the remaining samples were characterized overall by a decrease in fossa depth and slope with increasing wear, especially on the molars. Further, in those samples with high incidences of posterior tooth loss, fossa depth was routinely less and the eminence more gently sloped in subsamples having experienced molar loss than in subsamples retaining all their molars. These data provide evidence that the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) undergoes continuous morphological alteration throughout adult life, and that these alterations are probably mediated by dental function. Moreover, they suggest that differences in patterning of such alterations may exist among human groups with contrasting patterns of tooth use.
The estimation of age at death and ages of formation of transverse lines from measurements of human long bones
Authors: Hunt Edward E. , Hatch James W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA radiographic method is presented which estimates the age at death from the diaphyseal length of a child's long bone or bones. Mean lengths are calculated from adult males and females separately in the skeletal population under study, and the child's age derived from the proportion of adult length attained at his or her death. The calculations come from double logistic curves originally derived from a sample of Colorado children (McCammon, 1970). In radiographs of immature or adult long bones, similar equations are based on the location of the center of ossification, from which distances to transverse lines yield estimated ages when these lines were formed. In a population, ages at death, ages of attainment of transverse lines, and ages when anomalous enamel is laid down in teeth are all contributions to paleopathology and paleodemography. These equations can predict when spaced transverse lines were annually formed. If such spaced lines can be seen in radiographs of early fossil hominids, their spacing can distinguish between short childhood, as in apes, and the longer immature developmental span found in modern children.
The functional morphometrics of the hip and thigh in leaping prosimians
Authors: Oxnard Charles E. , German Rebecca , McArdle John E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamination of the form of the hip and thigh through discriminant function analysis of a series of 15 osteometric indices taken upon 289 specimens of 20 sets of leaping prosimians distinguishes four groups.Around a centrally located group of the various species of Lemur are three separate rays: one containing the three indriid genera (Propithecus, Indri, and Avahi), a second including the galagines and Tarsius, and a third comprising the two species of Cheirogaleus and the genus Microcebus. The lemurine genus Lepilemur lies intermediately between the central group of lemurs and the indriids. The lemurine genus Hapalemur lies intermediately between, on the one hand, the centrally located group of lemurs, and on the other, each of the two groups, cheirogaleines and galagines‐plus‐tarsiers. The arrangements of the particular species within each of these last two groups separately is from those that leap least to those that leap most.Given that the structure of the hip and thigh is related to the biomechanical demands of leaping, the existence of these separate morphological groups implies the existence of different biomechanical modes of leaping. Such meager taxonomic and behavioral information as is available seems to support this idea, although it is not impossible that other aspects of the behaviors of the animals may also be associated.This information sets up a series of new behavioral hypotheses that might be tested by better field and laboratory studies aimed more precisely at locomotion. And this information may be useful in helping to make assessments of particular fossils and in helping determine how various prosimian locomotor modes may have evolved.
Upper pleistocene human remains from Vindija cave, Croatia, Yugoslavia
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H. , Smith Fred H. , Malez Mirko , Radovčić Jakov , Rukavina Darko 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHuman remains excavated from Vindija cave include a large although fragmentary sample of late Mousterian‐associated specimens and a few additional individuals from the overlying early Upper Paleolithic levels. The Mousterian‐associated sample is similar to European Neandertals from other regions. Compared with earlier Neandertals from south central Europe, this sample evinces evolutionary trends in the direction of Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Compared with the western European Neandertals, the same trends can be demonstrated, although the magnitude of difference is less, and there is a potential for confusing temporal with regional sources of variation. The early Upper Paleolithic‐associated sample cannot be distinguished from the Mousterian‐associated hominids. We believe that this site provides support for Hrdlička's “Neandertal phase” of human evolution, as it was originally applied in Europe.
A nonparametric distance analysis of biochemical genetic data from the Åland Islands, Finland
Authors: Carmelli Dorit , Jorde L. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBiochemical genetic data from 3272 individuals from the Åland Islands, Finland, are analyzed using a recently developed set of nonparametric genetic distance measures. These measures are more robust than the traditional methods used in previous studies of this population. While there was general agreement in the results of the traditional and nonparametric approaches, some important differences were seen. In these cases, the nonparametric methods gave results more congruent with population history, geographic propinquity, and migration patterns. Heterozygosity measures were also calculated for the Åland Islands population and compared to values obtained for Jewish populations. The total heterozygosity values were very similar.
Morphology of the Pliocene partial hominid skeleton (A.L. 288‐1) from the Hadar formation, Ethiopia
Authors: Johanson Donald C. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Kimbel William H. , White Tim D. , Ward Steven C. , Bush Michael E. , Latimer Bruce M. , Coppens Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe upper part of the Pliocene Hadar Formation, central Afar, Ethiopia, has yielded a 40% complete fossil hominid skeleton (A.L. 288‐1, “Lucy”). This specimen is described in detail and selected measurements and illustrations are provided.
Hominid tarsal, metatarsal, and phalangeal bones recovered from the Hadar formation: 1974–1977 collections
Authors: Latimer Bruce M. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Johanson Donald C. , Coppens Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnatomical descriptions are presented for the foot bones recovered from the Hadar Formation during the 1974–1977 field seasons inclusive.
Genetic basis of hair histomorphological variables
Authors: Das‐Chaudhuri A. B. , Chopra V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe genetic basis of scalp hair histomorphological variables, such as incidence of medulla, diameter, area of cross‐section, cross‐sectional index, and weight has been examined in a Bengalee hair sample (India) by family study. The results of correlation analysis between different combinations of parents and offspring together with sibs indicate the involvement of a significant genetic component in variability. The estimates of heritability based on regression coefficients of parent–child are 0.725 (incidence of medullation), 0.534 (diameter), 0.466 (area of cross‐section), 0.673 (cross‐sectional index), and 0.369 (weight). Moreover, there is little evidence of X‐linkage involved in the hair variables.
The morphology and wear of the lingual notch in macaques and langurs
Authors: Teaford Mark F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough interspecific differences in the relative development of molar occlusal features have been documented for most primate species, wear‐related changes in these features are only beginning to be understood. In the present study, the notch between the metaconid and entoconid of M2 was examined in a skeletal sample of Macaca fascicularis, Presbytis cristatus, and Presbytis rubicunda from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. Photogrammetric analyses yielded X, Y, and Z coordinates that were used to compute three angular measurements and two length measurements at the lingual notch. Statistical analyses of measurements from unworn dentitions indicated that the mesial slope of the entoconid is steeper than the distal slope of the metaconid in all three species. In addition, interspecific comparisons demonstrated that P. cristatus has the steepest lingual notch bordered by the largest molar shearing crests, while P. rubicunda and M. fascicularis have molar shearing crests of similar size, with P. rubicunda merely having higher cusps that are closer together than those of M. fascicularis. Fanally, P. cristatus shows a smaller decrease in lingual cusp relief with wear than M. fascicularis, while P. cristatus and P. rubicunda probably show similar decreases in lingual cusp relief with wear. The differences in wear‐related changes in lingual cusp relief between M. fascicularis and P. cristatus may well be related to the frugivorous/folivorous dietary differences between these species.
Cortical bone formation and diet among protohistoric iroquoians
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan , King Patricia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo samples of protohistoric Iroquoians are found to show low values for bone formation indicators. Two southern Ontario ossuary samples, Kleinburg (1600 AD, N = 561) and Uxbridge (1490 ± 80 AD, N = 457) are examined. Mean values for the cortical index (Barnett and Nordin, 1960) and percent cortical area (Garn, 1970) are consistently below expected normal values. Some of the lowest values may reflect the presence of a disease state. Nevertheless, it is argued that the results may indicate chronic dietary insufficiencies. Both absolute calcium intake and the calcium to phosphorous ratio are discussed as possible causative factors.
On the variability of “flexion creases” in the distal plantar areas of newborns
Authors: Hauser G. , Bartl W. , Wytek R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe plantae of 83 male and 95 female healthy, full‐term Caucasian newborns from Austria (gestational age 235–301 days) were photographed and the flexion creases in the distal part were examined. Analysis of the creases was done under four different aspects, the main evaluation based on a scheme of nine creases introduced by Schenk and Patzer (1959). Two transversal (No. 1 and No. 9) and three longitudinal (Nos. 3, 6, and 7) creases are always or predominantly present, a finding corresponding with the data of Schenk on 52 male and 48 female newborns from Germany. In addition, the nine plantar creases were evaluated according to six degrees of expression, and some typical crease combinations are shown. Bilateral and bisexual similarity prevails. The results of this study might serve investigations of different populations and of medical disorders.
An anthropobiological study in Basse Kotto (Central Africa). I. Erythrocyte and sero‐genetic markers: An analysis of the genetic differentiation
Authors: Spedini Gabriella , Walter Hubert , Capucci Enrico , Fuciarelli Maria , Rickards Olga , Aebischer Maria Luisa , Crosti Nicoletta 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPhenotype and allele frequencies for hemoglobin types (Hbβ), acid phosphatase (AcP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1 and PGM2), esterase D (EsD), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD), glyoxalase I (GLO), superoxide dismutase (SOD A), and adenylate kinase (AK) as well as for haptoglobins (Hp), group‐specific component (Gc), transferrin (Tf), Gm, and Inv groups and albumin, are reported in the Mbugu, Sango, Yakpa, and Baya Mandja ethnic groups in the Basse Kotto district of the Central African Republic. The total sample size amounts to 133 males and 128 females aged from 16 to 60, unrelated and healthy. A new albumin variant (albumin Mbugu) is described and discussed. The average heterozygosity is high in each group because of a high degree of exogamy. The FST average standardized value among the four groups indicates that the genetic differentiation in Basse Kotto is at level of about 2%. This indicates that the four examined groups might be considered genetically homogeneous, in spite of their different ethnic origins. The genetic distances among the four groups show that only the Baya Mandja are less closely related to the other three groups because of their foreign origin.
A comparison of dermatoglyphic methodologies in population studies
Authors: Jantz R. L. , Chopra V. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUse of dermatoglyphics in population studies has been marked by a great deal of methodological variation among investigators. We compare various dermatoglyphic approaches using data derived from four groups in the Kumaon region of India. Dermatoglyphic data included ridge‐counts and other quantitative variables, and the classification systems of Cummins and Midlo and Penrose and Loesch. Results were evaluated against anthropometric and serological relationships. No clearly superior approach emerges, although it is generally true that palmar variables exhibit more intergroup heterogeneity than digital variables and produce more reasonable results than the other approaches. The conventional method of treating ridge‐counts, that of choosing the larger of the two counts, was the most unsatisfactory of the quantitative approaches, leading to the recommendation that both radial and ulnar counts be retained. We conclude that environmental variation may contribute substantially to intergroup variation.
Osteological evidence for smallpox: A possible case from seventeenth century Ontario
Authors: Jackes M. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIdentification of possible osteomyelitis variolosa in a Neutral Indian cemetery dated to just before A.D. 1650 provides the first recognition of smallpox in an archaeological context. The radiological literature is reviewed to support the identification. The ethnohistorical literature is at odds with the evidence presented and the historical background is briefly discussed, together with the ambiguities and contradictions in both primary and secondary sources.
Tale of tails: Parallelism and prehensility
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe occurrence of prehensile tails among only five platyrrhine genera–Cebus, Alouatta, Lagothrix, Ateles, and Brachyteles–might be interpreted as evidence that these are a closely related, possibly monophyletic group. In the absence of behavioral data, it is impossible to test whether all possess equivalent biological roles; such would lend credence to the idea that their tails evolved from an homologous, derived character complex. Contrariwise, the tendency for species of Cebus to have “averagely” proportioned or relatively short tails, in contrast to the relatively elongate tails of howlers and other atelines; osteological differences in caudal and sacral morphology; and a lack of atelinelike tail/neocortex correlates in Cebus, all imply that prehensility has evolved twice in parallel: once (homologously) in atelines and again in capuchins.
The body build and composition of Samoan children: Relationships to infant feeding patterns and infant weight‐for‐length status
Authors: Bindon James R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe relationships between infant feeding patterns, infant weight status, and subsequent growth are not yet firmly established. This study attempts to address these topics among Samoan children. The study population consists of 1,186 children born between October 1974 and September 1976 who were subsequently seen in the Well Baby Clinic in American Samoa. On the basis of the clinic records the children were categorized into feeding groups (breast vs. bottle) and weight‐for‐length groups (<25th percentile or >75th percentile of National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards). A survey of 74 of these children was conducted in 1982. The average age of the children was 6.6 years. Twenty anthropometric measurements were taken and divided into three groups: skeletal, adipose, and mixed. Multiple analysis of variance was used on each of the groups of measurements to assess effects of infant feeding and weight‐for‐length. This analysis demonstrated significant relationships between infant weight‐for‐length and childhood skeletal size (heavy infants are larger children); between infant feeding patterns and childhood adiposity (bottle‐fed children are fatter); and between both infant patterns and the mixed measurements (heavy and bottle‐fed infants are heavier children with larger circumferences). The relationship between infant weight‐for‐length and skeletal size may be a continuation of infant patterns of high musculoskeletal weight in heavy infants. The relationship between infant feeding and childhood fatness was not affected by family income.
Comparison of body composition in middle‐aged and elderly males using computed tomography
Authors: Borkan Gary A. , Hults David E. , Gerzof Stephen G. , Robbins Alan H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComputed tomography (CT) scans were taken of 21 middle‐aged men (mean age 46.3 years) and 20 older men (mean age 69.4 years) to measure differences in body composition with age. Overall, the older men weighed 8.2 kg less than the middle‐aged men, and this difference was primarily the result of their having less lean tissue. Although fat mass (by whole body potassium counting) was only slightly less in older men, there were distributional differences in fat between the age groups. Total abdomen adipose tissue area (from CT) was similar in both groups, although the subcutaneous portion of the abdomen adipose tissue was less in the older men, and they had correspondingly more adipose tissue within the abdominal cavity. Muscle areas of the leg and arm were significantly less in the older men, as were all lean tissues of the abdomen and chest. When these data were corrected for differences in body weight with age, the results were still significant, suggesting a centripetalization and internalization of fat with age. Causes of this apparent fat redistribution and decrease of lean tissue with age were not revealed by this study and are presently unknown.
Gene flow across tribal barriers and its effect among the Amazonian Içana river Indians
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Gershowitz H. , Mohrenweiser H. , Neel J. V. , Smouse P. E. , Mestriner M. A. , Weimer T. A. , Franco M. H. L. P. , Simões A. L. , Constans J. , Oliveira A. E. , de Melo E Freitas M. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDemographic information was obtained from 622 individuals of five communities of primarily Baniwa Amerindians living near the Içana river in Brazil. Four of these populations, plus another from the same area, were also studied genetically. The latter investigation included the blood and, in some cases, saliva of 531 subjects, variously tested in relation to 40 genetic systems. Demographically these groups are characterized by young age, high intertribal admixture, low non‐Indian admixture, high exogamy but low marital distance and high inbreeding, high fertility but low variance in offspring number, and relatively low mortality. Their gene pool shows a peptidase B variant (PEPB2BAN1) and “private” polymorphism of carbonic anhydrase2 (CA2BAN1) until now observed only among them. Other distinctive characteristics are the low frequencies of LNS (0.08), LNs (0.09), Rz (0.01), RO or r (0.02), ACPA (0.08), GALTD (0.01), and the relatively high prevalences of Gm1;11,13,16 (0.05) and Gc1 (0.82). TfDehi occurs with a low prevalence (0.01). Genetic distance analysis reveals that the one Baniwa sample by history comprised of minimally admixed individuals is quite similar genetically to the Wapishana, another Arawak‐speaking tribe some 900 km to the east, and that the genetic distances between the Baniwa communities reflect the amount of historical admixture in a way that indicates which should be excluded from considerations of intertribal genetic distances. Finally, the genetic relation of the Baniwa to the nearby tribes is examined.
A population study of the jugular foramen bridging of the human cranium
Authors: Dodo Yukio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe author previously proposed a simple standard for diagnosing the jugular foramen bridging in man. The incidence of this bridging trait was investigated according to that standard in nine cranial series of East Indians, Micronesians, Japanese, Ainu, Mongols, Aleuts, Alaskan Eskimos, Canadian Eskimos, and Ontario Iroquois. No sex difference in incidence of the trait was recognized. Side difference in trait incidence was also slight but was statistically significant in the combined series of all the population samples examined. The bridging trait occurred more frequently on the right side than on the left side. Occurrences of the bridging trait were definitely associated between sides. Incidence of the trait was less in East Indians, Ontario Iroquois, and Micronesians, but greater in Alaskan Eskimos and Canadian Eskimos, the incidences in Japanese, Ainu, Aleuts, and Mongols being intermediate. The differences in trait incidence among the nine population samples were considered to reflect the differences in genetic compositions of these specific populations.
Quantitative genetics of cranial nonmetric traits in randombred mice: Heritability and etiology
Authors: Richtsmeier Joan T. , McGrath Janet W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCheverud and Buikstra (1981) demonstrated a tendency for nonmetric traits representing the number of foramina to have lower heritabilities than those representing hyperstotic or hypostotic traits in a sample of rhesus macaques. Based on this observation, Cheverud and Buikstra hypothesize that differences in the heritability of the two sets of traits may be due to differences in trait etiology. This study addresses the proposed relationship between trait heritability and etiology. Heritability values are calculated for 35 cranial nonmetric traits in a sample of 320 randombred mice using analysis of variance. The results are minimally consistent with the etiological hypothesis, but only 4 of the 35 traits showed statistically significant heritability values. These results are discussed with reference to the assumption that nonmetric traits have a strong genetic component. It is concluded that the developmental pathways that genetic variation traverses before being expressed in the form of nonmetric traits must be understood before variation in nonmetric traits can be used to its fullest potential.