bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mould extracts increase the allergic response to ovalbumin in mice
Authors: Instanes C. , Ormstad H. , Rydjord B. , Wiker H. G. , Hetland G. 
Published: October 2004

SummaryBackground
Exposure to moulds in indoor air is thought to induce asthma in susceptible persons. Moulds may contain several potent allergens. However, more importantly, moulds may increase the allergic response to other allergens (adjuvant effect). Previously, we have found that a β‐1,3‐glucan from the cell wall of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum increases the allergic response to the model allergen ovalbumin (OVA) in a mouse model.Objective
In the present study, we wanted to confirm the adjuvant effect of another β‐1,3‐glucan, MacroGard® (MG) from baker's yeast in this model. More importantly, we wished to explore the putative effects of extracts from the moulds Cladosporium herbarum (CH) and Penicillium chrysogenum (PC) using the very same model as used to explore effects of β‐glucans.Methods
Groups of eight Balb/c mice were injected with OVA alone, OVA+extract or OVA+MG, into one footpad. On day 21, all mice were reinjected with OVA, before exsanguination on day 26. The levels of OVA‐specific IgE, IgG1 and IgG2a in serum were measured by ELISA.Results
Compared with OVA alone, OVA+MG, OVA+CH extract and OVA+PC extract increased OVA‐specific IgE and IgG1 levels significantly. For all groups, the levels of IgG2a anti‐OVA remained similar to those of the OVA‐alone group.Conclusions
Our results show that extracts from CH and PC, and the β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan from baker's yeast have adjuvant effects on the allergic response in mice.
Effect of temperature on development and growth of the raptorial cladoceran Leptodora kindtii under laboratory conditions
Authors: Vijverberg Jacobus , Koelewijn Hans Peter 
Published: October 2004

Summary1. Leptodora is a key species in many temperate freshwater systems, but so far its role in the food web could not be properly evaluated because detailed information about its secondary production was lacking. As we wanted to estimate the secondary production of Leptodora, we measured its development and growth rates in the laboratory.2. Employing improved methods to estimate growth and instar durations, we cultured Leptodora kindtii in the laboratory at four constant temperatures (15, 17.5, 20 and 25 °C). Growth in length and development times of eggs and instar stages were assessed.3. Growth rates at 15, 17.5 and 20 °C were similar, but at 25 °C growth was distinctly faster. At 17.5 °C we observed seven juvenile instar stages before the first adult instar stage was reached.
Relating larval distributions to patterns of oviposition: evidence from lotic hydrobiosid caddisflies
Authors: Reich Paul , Downes Barbara J. 
Published: October 2004

Summary1. To assess the influence of oviposition patterns on distributions of hydrobiosid caddisfly larvae, abundances of three hydrobiosid caddisfly species were estimated in whole reaches with and without suitable oviposition substrata along an upland temperate Australian stream. In addition, within‐reach spatial patterns were examined in relation to known oviposition locations as well as flow characteristics that corresponded to oviposition preferences.2. Larval abundances in all samples were low relative to previous estimates of egg inputs into reaches. The presence of suitable oviposition substrata at a reach did not influence the abundances of larvae. For one species, benthic samples taken proximate to oviposition substrata revealed a sharp decline in abundance between first and later instars. Larvae of two taxa exhibited flow‐specific habitat preferences mirroring those described as important as cues for oviposition site selection. Previous estimates of egg mass aggregation were also reflected in similarly high levels of larval clumping; however, larval aggregation did not differ between reaches with and without oviposition sites.3. Collectively, our results suggest that a large difference in the supply of potential recruits does not translate into marked differences in larval abundances of hydrobiosids at the reach level but may account for some variation in larval distribution within a reach and between instars. This evidence is consistent with the notion that (i) posthatching dispersal between reaches is substantial and (ii) mortality of larvae, particularly early instars, is high and (iii) within reach habitat preferences change with larval growth.4. If adults are unable to lay eggs at reaches without suitable oviposition substrata, then reaches with oviposition substrata may be crucial as a source of recruits elsewhere. Furthermore, high mortality and/or dispersal among first instars signal this as an important part of the life history. Further data on the mortality and dispersal rates of newly hatched larvae would greatly benefit our understanding of the importance of local births in structuring patterns of abundance in stream invertebrates.
Diurnal patterns of denitrification, oxygen consumption and nitrous oxide production in rivers measured at the whole‐reach scale
Authors: Laursen Andrew E. , Seitzinger Sybil P. 
Published: October 2004

Summary1. Denitrification, net oxygen consumption and net nitrous oxide flux to the atmosphere were measured in three small rivers (discharge approximately 2–27 m3 s−1) at the whole reach scale during Spring and Summer, 2002. Two of these rivers (Iroquois River and Sugar Creek in north‐west Indiana – north‐east Illinois, U.S.A.) drained agricultural catchments and the other (Millstone River in central New Jersey, U.S.A.) drained a mixed suburban–agricultural catchment.2. Denitrification, oxygen consumption and N2O flux were measured based on net changes in dissolved gas concentrations (N2, O2, and N2O) during riverine transport, correcting for atmospheric exchange. On each date, measurements were made during both light and dark periods.3. Denitrification rates in these rivers ranged from 0.31 to 15.91 mmol N m−2 h−1, and rates within each river reach were consistently higher during the day than during the night. This diurnal pattern could be related to cyclic patterns of nitrification driven by diurnal variations in water column pH and temperature.4. Oxygen consumption ranged from 2.56 to 241 mmol O2 m−2 h−1. In contrast to denitrification, net oxygen consumption was generally higher during the night than during the day.5. River water was consistently supersaturated with N2O, ranging from 102 to 209% saturated. Net flux of N2O to the atmosphere ranged from 0.4 to 60 μmol N m−2 h−1. Net flux of N2O was generally higher at night than during the day. The high flux of N2O from these rivers strengthens the argument that rivers are an important contributor to anthropogenic emissions of this greenhouse gas.
Spatial responses of hyporheic invertebrates to seasonal changes in environmental parameters
Authors: Storey Richard G. , Dudley Williams D. 
Published: October 2004

Summary1. Spatial relationships between hyporheic invertebrates and subsurface water flow patterns, sediment characteristics, water physicochemical parameters and several possible food sources were compared over three seasons at one site beneath a riffle. Measures of food sources included particulate organic matter (POM), bacterial activity (aerobic respiration, nitrate respiration and mineralisation of organic nitrogen) and microbial abundance.2. Patterns of water flow changed significantly over the 9‐month study period, from predominantly upwelling beneath the entire riffle in spring, to distinct differentiation between downwelling and upwelling zones in summer and autumn. Water physicochemical parameters changed accordingly, showing gradually weaker correlations with depth and stronger correlations with zone between spring and autumn.3. Despite these changes, depth remained the strongest predictor of invertebrate richness, density and taxon composition throughout the study period. However, invertebrate distributions were secondarily correlated with water physicochemical parameters, and a minor gradient in invertebrate distributions between downwelling and upwelling zones became stronger from spring to summer.4. The correlations between invertebrates and physicochemical parameters changed in both magnitude and direction with season. In spring, invertebrates showed a negative correlation with surface water infiltration, whereas in summer and autumn, the correlation was positive. Correlations were strongest in summer, when interstitial dissolved oxygen concentrations were lowest.5. No relationships were found between hyporheic invertebrates and POM, microbial abundance or activity. This suggests that at this site, proximity to the streambed surface and physicochemical variables are more important than the abundance of food in controlling invertebrate distributions.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of the genetic structure of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in the Mississippi River
Authors: Elderkin Curt L. , Perkins Edward J. , Leberg Paul L. , Klerks Paul L. , Lance Richard F. 
Published: October 2004

Summary1. We predicted that zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), genetic structure in the Mississippi River would follow a model of invasive species genetics, which predicts low genetic structure among populations of recently established species. This prediction was upheld in our previous genetic study using allozymes, however, one locus yielded anomalous results.2. We employed amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis as a neutral marker to assess the amount of genetic structure within and among populations, and as a test of expected population structure from both invasion genetic theory, and the results from our previous study.3. There was greater spatial differentiation, as measured by Fst, observed using AFLP's than for allozymes (P < 0.001). There was no evidence that AFLP variation conformed to an isolation by distance model, and genetic relationships of populations, as measured by AFLP markers, were not similar to those detected in our allozyme survey.4. The lack of concordance between these two genetic marker systems probably reflects their differential responses to drift, migration, and selection occurring during this rapid invasion. Strong population structure is counter to predictions that populations of invasive species will not be differentiated, as with observations based on allozyme markers. Therefore, newly established species may require genetic surveys using multiple marker systems to evaluate population structure.
Does vicariance shape biotas? Biogeographical tests of the vicariance model in the north‐west European land snail fauna
Authors: Hausdorf Bernhard , Hennig Christian 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim To investigate the importance of vicariance in shaping the north‐west European land snail fauna.Location North‐west Europe.Methods We tested whether there is a non‐random congruence, i.e. a clustering of species ranges, using a Monte Carlo procedure with a null model that generates range data sets such that their range size distribution, the species richness distribution of the geographic cells and the spatial autocorrelation of the occurrences of a taxon approach the parameters in the real data set. Biotic elements, groups of species with similar ranges, were delimited with Model based Gaussian clustering. The prediction that closely related species belong to different biotic elements, has been tested with a chi‐square test.Results The distribution areas of the north‐west European land snail species are significantly clustered as predicted by the vicariance model. One widespread and seven regional biotic elements were identified. Contrary to the predictions of the vicariance model, closely related north‐west European land snail species belong significantly more often to the same biotic element than should be expected by chance.Main conclusions The clustering of closely related north‐west European land snail species within the same biotic element indicates that speciation modes other than vicariance were frequent or that the imprint of vicariance on the ranges was obscured by extensive post‐speciational dispersal. Extensive dispersal may have been caused by Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. The core areas of the regionally restricted biotic elements might indicate the positions of glacial refugia of land snails.
Predators in natural fragments: foraging ecology of wolves in British Columbia's central and north coast archipelago
Authors: Darimont C. T. , Price M. H. H. , Winchester N. N. , Gordon‐Walker J. , Paquet P. C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim Predator–prey dynamics in fragmented areas may be influenced by spatial features of the landscape. Although little is known about these processes, an increasingly fragmented planet underscores the urgency to predict its consequences. Accordingly, our aim was to examine foraging behaviour of an apex mammalian predator, the wolf (Canis lupus), in an archipelago environment.Location Mainland and adjacent archipelago of British Columbia, Canada; a largely pristine and naturally fragmented landscape with islands of variable size and isolation.Methods We sampled 30 mainland watersheds and 29 islands for wolf faeces in summers 2000 and 2001 and identified prey remains. We examined broad geographical patterns and detailed biogeographical variables (area and isolation metrics) as they relate to prey consumed. For island data, we used Akaike Information Criteria to guide generalized linear regression model selection to predict probability of black‐tailed deer (main prey;Odocoileus hemionus) in faeces.Results Black‐tailed deer was the most common item in occurrence per faeces (63%) and occurrence per item (53%) indices, representing about 63% of mammalian biomass. Wolves consumed more deer on islands near the mainland (65% occurrence per item) than on the mainland (39%) and outer islands (45%), where other ungulates (mainland only) and small mammals replaced deer. On islands, the probability of detecting deer was influenced primarily by island distance to mainland (not by area or inter‐landmass distance), suggesting limited recolonization by deer from source populations as a causal mechanism.Main conclusions Although sampling was limited in time, consistent patterns among islands suggest that population dynamics in isolated fragments are less stable and can result in depletion of prey. This may have important implications in understanding predator–prey communities in isolation, debate regarding wolf–deer systems and logging in temperate rain forests, and reserve design.
Avifaunal responses to habitat fragmentation in the threatened littoral forests of south‐eastern Madagascar
Authors: Watson James E. M. , Whittaker Robert J. , Dawson Terence P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAim Madagascar's lowland forests are both rich in endemic taxa and considered to be seriously threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation. However, very little is known about how these processes affect biodiversity on the island. Herein, we examine how forest bird communities and functional groups have been affected by fragmentation at both patch and landscape scales, by determining relationships between species richness and individual species abundance and patch and landscape mosaic metrics.Location Littoral forest remnants within south‐eastern Madagascar.Methods We sampled 30 littoral forest remnants in south‐eastern Madagascar, within a landscape mosaic dominated byEricaspp. heathland. We quantified bird community composition within remnants of differing size, shape and isolation, by conducting point counts in November–December in 2001 and October–November 2002. Each remnant was characterized by measures of remnant area, remnant shape, isolation, and surrounding landscape complexity. We used step‐wise regression to test the relationship between bird species richness and landscape structural elements, after correcting for sampling effort. Relationships between bird species abundances and the landscape variables were investigated with Canonical Correspondence Analysis and binomial logistic regression modelling.Results Bird species richness and forest‐dependent bird species richness were significantly (P < 0.01) explained by remnant area but not by any measure of isolation or landscape complexity. The majority of forest‐dependent species had significant relationships with remnant area. Minimum area requirements for area‐sensitive species ranged from 15 to 150 ha, with the majority of species having area requirements > 30 ha. Surprisingly, there was no relationship between bird body size and minimum area requirement. Forest‐dependent canopy insectivorous species and large canopy frugivorous species were the most sensitive functional groups, with > 90% species sensitivity within each group. The distribution of four forest‐dependent species also appeared to be related to remnant shape where remnant area was < 100 ha.Main conclusions The majority of forest‐dependent species, including many that are considered widespread and common, were found to have significant relationships with fragment size, indicating that they are sensitive to processes associated with habitat loss and fragmentation. As deforestation and habitat fragmentation remain serious problems on the island, it follows that many forest‐dependent bird species will decline in abundance and become locally extinct. At the regional scale, we urge that large (> 200 ha) blocks of littoral forest are awarded protected status to preserve their unique bird community.
Environmental risk factors associated with amoebic gill disease in cultured salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts in Ireland
Authors: Bermingham M L , Mulcahy M F 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA 2‐year study was carried out on amoebic gill disease (AGD) involving monthly samples of 1+ Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts, histological assessment of the gills and analysis of environmental data. Gill pathology was seen before amoebae could be detected microscopically. These changes in gill integrity were associated with marine environmental conditions, particularly elevated ammonium, nitrite and chlorophyll levels. The results suggest that the environmental changes predispose salmon to colonization by amoebae and ciliates. High densities of histophagous scuticociliates were observed in the gills during periods of advanced gill pathology. A number of different amoebae were observed in close association with gill pathology. Neoparamoeba was not seen in high densities, nor was it associated with gill pathology, indicating that Neoparamoeba may not be the primary agent of the AGD in Irish salmonid culture.
Detection of koi herpesvirus in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Gunimaladevi I , Kono T , Venugopal M N , Sakai M 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLoop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel method that amplifies DNA with high specificity and rapidity under isothermal conditions. In this study, using the LAMP method, a protocol for koi herpes virus (KHV) detection in common carp was designed. A set of four primers, two inner and two outer, were designed based on the sequence of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of KHV. Time and temperature conditions for detection of KHV were optimized for 60 min at 65 °C. The detection limit using LAMP was found to be similar to that by polymerase chain reaction. In this study, we have developed a highly sensitive and rapid diagnostic procedure for detection of KHV infection in common carp.
Morphological characterization and notes on the life cycle of a newly discovered variant of Loma salmonae (Putz, Hoffman & Dunbar) from a natural infection of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)
Authors: Lovy J , Wadowska D W , Wright G M , Speare D J 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTwo variants of Loma salmonae occur in net‐pen reared chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. The typical variant (OA) has a host specificity for salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus whereas the atypical variant (SV) has a host specificity for brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, and in this study, the ultrastructure of the two are compared. In fish at 8 weeks post‐exposure xenomas of the SV variant have a very high proportion of mature spores compared with other developmental stages, while in xenomas of the OA variant there are fewer spores and many other developmental stages. Spores of the SV variant had up to 20 turns of their polar tube whereas those of the OA variant only had 17. Furthermore, the spores of the SV variant were significantly larger than those of the OA variant. The sporophorous vesicle for both variants appears to form around a sporogonial plasmodia, which results in many spores developing within the vesicle.
Urethral condyloma acuminata following urethral instrumentation in an elderly man
Authors: SUMINO YASUHIRO , MIMATA HIROMITSU , NOMURA YOSHIO 
Published: October 2004

Abstract  A 70‐year‐old man had undergone urethral dilatation with bougie for 8 months following transurethral resection of the prostate and complained papillary masses at the urethral meatus. Physical and endoscopic examination revealed multiple tumors from the urethral meatus to the bulbous urethra. These tumors were resected transurethrally and 5‐FU cream was instilled into urethra. Microscopic examination revealed urethral condyloma acuminata. Human papillomavirus types 6/11 were detected in the condylomas.As high prevalence rate of genital human papillomavirus was reported in penile skin of healthy men, urethral instrumentation including transurethral surgery might cause dissemination of penile skin human papillomavirus into the urethral lumen.
CD14‐positive hepatic monocytes/macrophages increase in hereditary hemochromatosis
Authors: Leicester Katherine L. , Olynyk John K. , Brunt Elizabeth M. , Britton Robert S. , Bacon Bruce R. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract: Background/Aims: Iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) may result in hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis, primarily due to collagen production by hepatic stellate cells that become activated to myofibroblasts. Endotoxin‐responsive monocytes/macrophages (CD14‐positive) are potential sources of profibrogenic factors. The aims of this study were to determine (1) whether CD14‐positive monocytes/macrophages are present in the livers of patients with HH and (2) the potential relationship between CD14‐positive cells and hepatic fibrosis in HH.Methods: HH was diagnosed using standard clinical, biochemical and genotypic parameters. Liver specimens from HH patients and control subjects were immunostained for CD14, CD68 and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and the number of cells expressing these antigens was determined. Fibrosis was assessed by routine histological methods.Results: The total number of hepatic CD68‐positive monocytes/macrophages was similar in HH patients and control subjects; however, there was a nine‐fold increase in the number of CD14‐positive monocytes/macrophages in HH patients. Control subjects had very low levels of hepatic CD14 expression. In HH livers with advanced fibrosis, CD14‐positive monocytes/macrophages were often associated with fibrous septa containing myofibroblasts expressing α‐SMA.Conclusions: There was a substantial increase in hepatic CD14‐positive monocytes/macrophages in HH and, in livers with advanced fibrosis, these cells were often associated with fibrous septa and septal myofibroblasts. The total number of monocytes/macrophages was similar in HH and control livers. In control human liver, Kupffer cells had a very low expression of CD14. These findings suggest that CD14‐positive monocytes/macrophages may contribute to the process of hepatic fibrogenesis in HH.