bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serial sonographic findings in a fetus with congenital hiatal hernia
Authors: Ogunyemi D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA continuum of prenatal findings in a case of hiatal hernia is described. Second‐trimester scans showed absence of fetal stomach and polyhydramnios suggestive of esophageal atresia. Third‐trimester scans revealed a dilated tubular structure in the thoracic cavity with intermittent visualization of an intra‐abdominal small stomach. A diagnosis of hiatal hernia was entertained. After birth, the diagnosis of a dilated esophagus with the stomach herniated into the thoracic cavity through a very lax esophageal hiatus was confirmed and the baby underwent corrective surgery. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Isolated hyperechogenic foci in the fetal thalamus in early pregnancy
Authors: Bronshtein M. , Zimmer E. Z. , Auslander R. , Blazer S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the sonographic features and outcome of fetuses with isolated hyperechogenic foci in the thalamic region.MethodsA detailed sonographic survey was performed in 46 244 consecutive pregnancies. Both low‐ and high‐risk pregnancies were included. Transvaginal examinations were performed at 14–16 weeks' gestation, while transabdominal examinations were performed after 18 weeks' gestation.ResultsIsolated hyperechogenic foci in the thalamic region were observed in seven fetuses. All cases were diagnosed at 14–16 weeks' gestation. Six fetuses had one hyperechogenic focus, and one fetus had two foci. The size of these foci ranged from 2–4 mm. A serologic work‐up was negative in all these fetuses and their karyotype was normal. The hyperechogenic foci disappeared in mid‐pregnancy in all cases, and fetuses were normal at delivery and on follow up to the age of 9 years.ConclusionsIsolated hyperechogenic foci in the thalamic region in early pregnancy are probably benign in nature. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
A new guidance system for freehand, obstetric ultrasound‐guided procedures
Authors: Paltieli Y. , Degani S. , Zrayek A. , Gonen R. , Lewinski M. R. , Zamberg Y. , Ohel G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the performance of the UltraGuide 1000™ system, and to compare ultrasound‐guided freehand mid‐trimester amniocentesis with and without the new guidance system.MethodsOne hundred and sixty‐nine women referred for mid‐trimester genetic amniocentesis were divided into two groups: a control group of 99 women who underwent the procedure by the freehand technique with scored needles and 70 patients who had the procedure carried out with the aid of a guidance system (UltraGuide 1000) with non‐scored needles. The procedures were compared for duration, number of punctures and repositionings of the needle, the visibility of the needle during the puncture and the number of bloody taps.ResultsThe study group had significantly lower rates of reinsertion (none vs. 7.1%), repositioning (7.1% vs. 17.7%), bloody taps (none vs. 6.1%), touching the fetus (5.7% vs. 22.2%) and prolonged duration of the procedure (4.3% vs. 14.4%) compared with the control group. There was one fetal loss in the control group. Non‐visibility of the needle before reaching the amniotic sac occurred in 18.6% of cases in the study group and in 38.4% of cases in the control group.ConclusionsThe new guidance system combines the benefits of an attached guide with the flexibility of the ‘freehand’ technique. Use of the new guidance system for mid‐trimester genetic amniocentesis increases needle visibility and lowers the incidence of common complications. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Accuracy in estimating fetal urinary bladder volume using a modified ultrasound technique
Authors: Fägerquist M. , Fägerquist U. , Steyskal H. , Odén A. , Blomberg S. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveFetal urine production at different gestational ages has been evaluated using ultrasound in several previous studies. In a recent study, we investigated the accuracy when estimating the bladder volume using the conventional ultrasound technique and found a total variability of 17.3–10.9% for bladder volumes of 5–40 mL. The variability is mainly caused by: (i) inappropriate image selection (the ‘freezing error’) and (ii) limitations when measuring on the frozen image (the ‘frozen error’). The aim of this study was to reduce the total error by reducing the ‘freezing’ and the ‘frozen error’. To this end, we used a modified manual ultrasound technique (adding a ‘rocking’ motion to the conventional method) and digitized the selected image.MethodsTwo patients for each gestational week from 24 to 40 weeks were selected. The fetal urinary bladder was examined with ultrasound three times within 1 min and documented on videotape. The volume, as assessed by the longitudinal section of the recorded bladder images, stored in digitized form, was evaluated on three occasions with >24 h in between. The mean and variability (standard deviation, SD) were estimated.ResultsFor fetal bladder volumes between 5 and 40 mL, the ‘freezing error’ (SD), the ‘frozen error’ and the ‘total error’ were 11.7–5.1%, 8.0–3.0% and 14.2–5.9%, respectively. Comparing the present with a previous study, when selecting images and assessing bladder volumes repeatedly within 1 min, SD was 12.9–5.5% vs. 17.3–10.9%.ConclusionsUsing a modified ultrasound technique, the variability in fetal bladder volume estimation can be reduced. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Prenatal diagnosis of intrapulmonary arteriovenous malformation: sonographic and pathomorphological findings
Authors: Heling K.‐S. , Tennstedt C. , Göldner B. , Bollmann R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractVessel malformations, which are very rare, can be diagnosed prenatally using color Doppler sonography. We present a case of a fetus which, at first prenatal presentation at 27 weeks, was diagnosed as having an intrapulmonary arteriovenous malformation. On the basis of the gray‐scale sonographic findings of cardiomegaly and dilatation of the right pulmonary vein and right pulmonary artery, color Doppler sonography was performed which identified an arteriovenous malformation of the right lung. By means of pulsed Doppler sonography it was possible to determine the hyperdynamic blood circulation in the incoming and outgoing vessels of the vascular malformation: right pulmonary artery peak systolic velocity = 90 cm/s and end‐diastolic velocity = 30 cm/s; right pulmonary vein peak systolic velocity = 60 cm/s and end‐diastolic velocity = 30 cm/s. The fetus went on to develop hydrops as the result of an arteriovenous valve insufficiency. At 30 weeks' gestation a Cesarean section was performed and the neonate died due to respiratory and hemodynamic problems during catheter insertion. The autopsy provided pathoanatomical confirmation of the prenatal diagnosis of an arteriovenous malformation of the right lung. There was no evidence of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Determination of gestational age after the 24th week of gestation from fetal kidney length measurements
Authors: Konje J. C. , Abrams K. R. , Bell S. C. , Taylor D. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the application of kidney length measurement to the determination of gestational age between the 24th and 38th weeks and to compare its accuracy with that of other fetal biometric indices.Study designSeventy‐three women with singleton uncomplicated pregnancies underwent standard ultrasound fetal biometry and kidney length measurement every 2 weeks between 24 and 38 weeks' gestation. These measurements were used to date the pregnancies relative to crown–rump length dating between 8 and 10 weeks' gestation. Linear regression models for estimation of gestational age were derived from the biometric indices and kidney length. In addition, stepwise regression models were constructed to determine the best model for determining gestational age between 24 and 38 weeks. Comparisons were then made between the accuracy of these models in the determination of gestational age.ResultsThe best model for estimating gestational age in late pregnancy included the variables kidney length, biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference. This model accurately predicted gestational age with a standard error of ±8.48 days. A model including kidney length, biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length accurately predicted gestational age with a standard error of ±8.57 days. These models were slightly more accurate than models derived from the biometric indices of biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length (±9.87 days), biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference (±9.45 days) and biparietal diameter and femur length (±9.9 days). Kidney length and femur length were the most accurate single parameters for predicting gestational age using simple linear regression models (±10.29 and 10.96 days, respectively); the abdominal circumference was the least accurate (±14.54 days).ConclusionKidney length is a more accurate method of determining gestational age than the fetal biometric indices of biparietal diameter, head circumference, femur length and abdominal circumference between 24 and 38 weeks' gestation. When combined with biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length, the precision of dating is improved by 2 days. This measurement is easy to make and could therefore be easily incorporated into the model for dating pregnancies after 24 weeks of gestation, in particular when measurements of the biparietal diameter and head circumference are difficult. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Fetal ovarian cysts: prenatal diagnosis, management and postnatal outcome
Authors: Heling K.‐S. , Chaoui R. , Kirchmair F. , Stadie S. , Bollmann R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveIn female fetuses ovarian cysts represent the most important differential diagnosis for intra‐abdominal masses. Analyzing our own patient population we investigated whether there was a connection between sonographic parameters and postnatal course, especially with regard to the need for surgical intervention.Patients and methodsThis was a retrospective analysis of cases from the years 1986–1999. The pre‐ and postnatal data of 64 fetuses who were suspected prenatally to have an ovarian cyst were analyzed. The postnatal outcome was known for all the children.ResultsThe diagnosis was made in all cases in the third trimester (median, 35; range, 26–40 weeks' gestation). In 34 of the 64 (53%) cases, resolution of the cyst occurred either prenatally (n = 18, 53%) or postnatally (n = 16, 47%). The cystic structure in the cases with resolution was isolated, smooth‐walled (n = 29) or heterogeneous (n = 5). Postnatal surgery was performed in 30 of the 64 (47%) children. In 18 of the 30 children a fenestration of the ovary was performed (60%). In this group there were 13 children with an isolated, smooth‐walled ovarian cyst and five children with a heterogeneous cyst. Twelve of the 30 (40%) children underwent an ovariectomy. Among these 12 children there were eight cases with a heterogeneous cystic structure and four cases with an isolated, smooth‐walled cystic structure. Of the 30 cases that underwent surgery, 29 had a follicular cyst and one had an ovarian teratoma (with a heterogeneous internal structure). In three fetuses aspiration of cyst fluid was undertaken and subsequent resolution occurred in one case. The other two cases had to undergo postnatal fenestration.ConclusionsWhen an ovarian cyst is suspected prenatally, serial ultrasound monitoring should follow and delivery should take place in a perinatal center. The prenatal findings should also be checked postnatally by ultrasound. Prenatal aspiration of the cyst seems to be of no advantage and should be carried out only in special individual cases. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Ultrasound detection and perinatal outcome of fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 in the absence of a routine fetal anomaly scan or biochemical screening
Authors: Moran C. J. , Tay J. B. , Morrison J. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prenatal detection rate of abnormality (fetal anomaly or growth restriction) in pregnancies complicated by fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 in an obstetric population managed without routine biochemical or sonographic screening tests and to assess the perinatal outcome of these pregnancies.Subjects and methodsThis was a retrospective analysis of obstetric and neonatal data pertaining to infants born with trisomy 21, 18 or 13 (n = 82) diagnosed between 1989 and 1997 (23 762 deliveries).ResultsAntenatal suspicion of aneuploidy, based on the detection of growth restriction or fetal anomaly, was present in 18.3% (11 of 60) of fetuses with trisomy 21, in 81.2% (13 of 16) of fetuses with trisomy 18, and in 83.3% (five of six) of fetuses with trisomy 13. The antenatal detection rates for growth restriction were accurate whereas the antenatal detection rates for fetal anomalies were poor. Intrauterine fetal death occurred in 18.8% of fetuses with trisomy 18 (three of 16) and in 50% (three of six) of cases of trisomy 13. For babies born alive with trisomy 18 or 13 the neonatal mortality was 93.8% (15 of 16). All cases of trisomy 21 fetuses survived beyond the perinatal period and the antepartum and intrapartum details of these pregnancies were unremarkable.ConclusionIn obstetric practice without routine biochemical or sonographic screening tests the detection of findings suggestive of aneuploidy is low for trisomy 21, but is high for trisomies 18 and 13. These findings provide information for counseling about the antenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal course of these trisomies. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Second‐trimester ultrasonographic assessment of the umbilical coiling index
Authors: Qin Y. , Lau T.K. , Rogers M.S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relationship between gestational age and the ultrasonic measurement of umbilical coiling index (UCI), and to assess the ability of second‐trimester ultrasonic measurements of UCI to predict the true UCI, determined at birth.Subjects/methodsFive hundred and thirty‐one consecutive women with uncomplicated pregnancies, booking for delivery with a singleton pregnancy, were recruited during a routine second‐trimester fetal morphology scan. Multiple ultrasonographic measurements of the intercoil distance were performed between two to three coils of the umbilical cord, along its entire visible length. Three hundred and seventy‐four patients (70%) were followed until delivery when the true UCI was measured.ResultsAn adequate portion of umbilical cord for assessment of coiling was visualized in 99% of cases. Adequate ultrasonographic visibility rates for the fetal, middle and placental regions of the cord were different. All three regions of the umbilical cord could only be visualized adequately in 10% of cases, and two regions were visible in 75%.The UCI progressively decreased along the cord from the fetal insertion to the placental insertion. The mean decrease in UCI with increasing gestational age was similar in all parts of the cord before the 23rd week (160 days) of pregnancy, and plateaued off after this point, except in measurements performed near the fetal insertion. The sensitivity of second‐trimester ultrasound examination for predicting hypercoiling at birth was 17.3% and for predicting hypocoiling was 9.1%.DiscussionWhilst UCI can be measured easily and reliably in the second trimester these estimates do not accurately reflect the UCI at term. Our original assumption that umbilical coiling does not alter after the initial formation of coils in the first trimester is incorrect; mixed patterns occurred in about 25% of cases. These patterns develop during the second and third trimesters, presumably due to snarls in the cord, and influence the final coiling number and therefore the relationship between the two measurements of UCI. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Symposium on neurobiology of the basal ganglia
Authors: ARBUTHNOTT GORDON , CROSSMAN ALAN , PAYNE TONY 
Published: March 2003

The basal ganglia occupy a commanding place in neuroscience research, in clinical neurology and in biomedical education. The paucity of our understanding of the role of the basal ganglia in normal everyday life combined with our more extensive knowledge of their deficiencies in a variety of clinical syndromes is a potent spur to continuing investigation. That some of these neurodegenerative syndromes—such as Parkinson's disease—are already common only heightens the need for insight in the face of a population with increasing expectations of longevity. About a decade ago an explosion of information on the connectivity and immunocytochemistry of forebrain structures gave rise to concepts which have shaped the fabric of basal ganglia theory—‘patch and matrix’, ‘disinhibition’, ‘parallel circuits’. Some of these ideas seemed to facilitate an understanding of the basal ganglia, others to render them more complex and impenetrable. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the work of the last decade has tended towards consolidation and refinement. However, several new developments are receiving attention, many of them related to disorders of the basal ganglia. The realisation that some forms of Parkinson's disease have a genetic determinant is gaining strength. The molecular biology of the dopaminergic synapse on the one hand and of the production of insoluble proteins on the other will clearly influence future research into therapeutic options and neuroprotection. The importance of apoptosis, neural plasticity and free radical formation remains unresolved but these are potential areas of promise. Meanwhile, scanning techniques for brain imaging are allowing real time investigation of the working striatum in normal and disordered humans and animals.We believe that the time is opportune for a broad review of current thinking on the basal ganglia in health and disease. The following articles are based on presentations given at a Symposium on the Neurobiology of the Basal Ganglia held at Glasgow University in July 1999 as part of the Summer Meeting of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. The invited speakers were chosen to be wide ranging and contributions encompassed evolution, circuitry and receptors of the basal ganglia, striatal remodelling after dopamine loss, striatal functioning in humans with Huntington's disease and in primate models after midbrain fetal transplants, and the genetics of basal ganglia disorders. Short presentations and posters of current results supplemented the main presentations and some are also included amongst these reviews.
Symposium on Mechanisms of Ageing and Longevity
Authors: COWEN T. 
Published: March 2003

The Symposium on ‘Mechanisms of Ageing and Longevity’ was held at the Royal Free Campus, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, on 17 September 1999. It was organised and sponsored by the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with generous contributions from BBSRC, AgeNet and Research into Ageing.The Symposium was organised as a result of recent discoveries in two principal areas: the genetics of longevity regulation in the nematode worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, and the cell biology of ageing in mammalian cells. Papers were presented covering the role of insulin‐like signalling, free radical damage and caloric restriction in ageing of invertebrate and mammalian systems. One of the principal aims was to examine the idea that a genetically conserved signalling pathway might regulate ageing processes at both a cellular and an organismal level.
Investigation of a cyclopic, human, term fetus by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Authors: Situ D. , Reifel C. W. , Smith R. , Lyons G. W. , Temkin R. , Harper‐Little C. , Pang S. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUsing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the internal neural and craniofacial malformations of a cyclopic fetus are described. External facial features were characterized by a tubular proboscis situated above a single eye slit. The brain was recognized as ‘pancake’ type alobar holoprosencephaly (a condition where the undifferentiated telencephalon partially surrounds a monoventricle). Displacement of some bones that normally contribute to the orbit could be clearly discerned. Absence of neural structures (e.g. falx cerebri, corpus callosum) and missing components of the ethmoid bone indicated a midline deficit. This correlates with proposed theories of cyclopic embryopathy, which suggest that the prechordal plate and the neural crest cells are affected during the third week of gestation in cyclopia.
Anatomical relationship between specialized astrocytes and leptin‐sensitive neurones
Authors: Young John K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe have previously reported that a specialized subpopulation of astrocytes in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus show an unusually intense immunoreactivity for brain fatty acid binding protein (bFABP). Since bFABP has been shown to regulate the activity of an enzyme, fatty acid synthase, that has a potent influence upon the regulation of feeding by the hypothalamus, it was of interest to determine if bFABP + astrocytes are positioned to potentially influence the activity of feeding‐regulating neurones. In this study, we examined the anatomical relationship between specialized arcuate astrocytes immunoreactive for bFABP and feeding‐regulating neurones that are responsive to leptin and which are immunoreactive for the transcription factor STAT3. The results show that both cell types are abundant in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and are frequently closely adjacent to each other. This study provides an anatomical basis for the possibility that specialized arcuate astrocytes regulate the function of leptin‐sensitive, feeding‐regulating neurones of the arcuate nucleus.
Immunohistochemistry of the lymphoid tissues of the tammar wallaby,Macropus eugenii
Authors: Old Julie M. , Deane Elizabeth M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe lymphoid tissues of the metatherian mammal, the adult tammar wallaby,Macropus eugenii, were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. Five cross‐reactive antibodies previously shown to recognize surface markers in marsupial tissues and five previously untested antibodies were used. The distribution of T‐cells in the tissue beds of spleen, lymph node, thymus, gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) was documented using antibodies to CD3 and CD5. Similarly, B‐cells were identified in the same tissues using anti‐CD79b. Antibodies to CD8, CD31, CD79a and CD68 failed to recognize cells in these tissue beds. In general the pattern of cellular distribution identified using these antibodies was similar to that observed in other marsupial and eutherian lymphoid tissues. This study provides further information on the commonality of lymphoid tissue structure in the two major groups of extant mammals, metatherians and eutherians.
Why study human limb malformations?
Authors: Wilkie Andrew O. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCongenital limb malformations occur in 1 in 500 to 1 in 1000 human live births and include both gross reduction defects and more subtle alterations in the number, length and anatomy of the digits. The major causes of limb malformations are abnormal genetic programming and intra‐uterine disruption to development. The identification of causative gene mutations is important for genetic counselling and also provides insights into the mechanisms controlling limb development. This article illustrates some of the lessons learnt from the study of human limb malformation, organized into seven categories. These are: (1) identification of novel genes, (2) allelic mutation series, (3) pleiotropy, (4) qualitative or (5) quantitative differences between mouse and human development, (6) physical and teratogenic disruption, and (7) unusual biological phenomena.