bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalized mixed mode reflective liquid crystal displays for three‐panel color projection applications
Authors: Chen J. , Cheng P. W. , Kwok S. K. , Li C. S. , Young Steve , Huang H. C. , Kwok H. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe general parameter space was introduced for generalized mixed mode reflective liquid crystal displays (RLCDs). A contrast ratio parameter space was also derived to provide a better picture of both the voltage‐off and voltage‐on states. A guideline for the optimization of RLCD modes in terms of high light efficiency and high contrast at low operating voltage is given. Such features are important for reflective displays, particularly for crystalline silicon based RLCDs. As a result, we find a number of new RLCD modes with high contrast and high brightness, which are quite suitable for the three‐panel color projection system.
34.1: High‐Luminance and High‐Efficacy Electric‐Field‐Coupled Discharge Lamp for 18‐in. Diagonal LCD Backlighting
Authors: Hashimoto K. , Ikeda Y. , Shiga T. , Igarashi K. , Mikoshiba S. , Takaku S. , Nishiyama S. , Namura Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA flat lamp is developed for an 18‐in.‐diagonal LCD backlighting, using 8 electric‐field‐coupled discharge tubes. All the tubes can be driven with a single inverter circuit. Luminance, efficacy, and input power are 3500cd/m2, 34 lm/W, and 35W when the lamp is driven at 5.24MHz and 790V.
34.3: A Novel Backlighting Unit with Ultra‐High Luminance for Monitor Applications
Authors: Sasaki H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA backlighting unit for a monitor application, which provides ultra‐high luminance with uniform luminance distribution, has been developed. Design parameters of the backlighting unit such as the diameter of CFLS, the pitch of CFLS, and the distance between diffusing plate and a bottom reflector, the distance between the CFL and the bottom reflector, are optimized in order to obtain ultra‐high luminance without any light shielding curtain.
Comprehensive Intraplant and Interplant Correlation of Photometric Measurements for Avionics LCDs
Authors: Torrington Geoffrey K. , Cull Brian D. , Haim Victoria , Wiggs John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHoneywell has developed and implemented a comprehensive intraplant and interplant colorimeter certification method with traceability to NIST standards for inspection of avionics LCDs. To perform effective interplant correlation of optical measurements, special‐purpose hardware was specified, designed, and built. Since the implementation of these procedures, increases in interplant correlation have helped to dramatically reduce the cycle time for LCD glass; and intraplant correlation has improved to the level where grouping in CIELuv space by colorimeters is no longer apparent.
White Electroluminescent Lamps and Their Applications in Portable Products
Authors: Zovko Charles I. , Nerz Tuck C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractElectroluminescent (EL) lamps have come a long way from the concept of general room lighting to their use as backlights in portable products. Their use as backlights for Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) is increasing as the demand increases in wireless portable products (phones, pagers and PDA/palm tops). Many of these products require a backlight for low light conditions and/or night viewing. There are many different backlight solutions available on the market and EL lamps provide many advantages over any other solution. These advantages include high quality lighting, power efficiency, low cost, flexibility, durability and reliability. Many products currently on the market have EL backlights that satisfy the consumer's needs. However, new and better backlights are necessary to meet the requirements as new technologies arise within the LCD industry.
Image Quality of CRTs Under Ambient Glare: Assessing the ISO 9241‐7 Ergonomic Standard
Authors: Olacsi Gary , Beaton Robert J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of five illumination conditions (dark, 200 lux diffuse, 500 lux diffuse, 800 lux diffuse, and 2000 cd/m2 specular) and two screen contrast polarities on reading times and perceived image quality judgments were assessed for seven CRT/anti‐reflection filter configurations. Judgments and times were compared to ISO classifications and metrics. The findings show that specular reflections degrade image quality more than diffuse reflections. Therefore, the ISO procedure underemphasizes the contribution of the specular reflection luminance ratio' and overemphasizes the contribution of the screen image luminance ratio to compliance classification calculations.
35.4: NIST Calorimetric Calibration Facility for Displays
Authors: Brown S. W. , Ohno Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA facility has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to calibrate color‐measuring instruments for displays. The instruments will be calibrated for measurements of cathode‐ray tube (CRT) and flat panel displays (FPD) using a reference spectroradiometer developed at NIST. To evaluate the overall performance of the system, several commercial instruments ‐ spectroradiometers and tristimulus calorimeters ‐ were calibrated for both a CRT and an FPD and compared for their measurement accuracy. Details of the NIST calibration facility and results of the comparison measurements are presented.
Sensing and Discrimination of Vapors by an Array of Conducting Carbon Black‐Polymer Composites
Authors: Vaid Thomas , Severin Erik , Doleman Brett , Lewis Nathan S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe describe herein the construction of a simple, low‐power, broadly responsive vapor sensor. Carbon black‐organic polymer composites have been shown to swell reversibly upon exposure to vapors. Thin films of carbon black‐organic polymer composites have been deposited across two metallic leads, with swelling‐induced resistance changes of the films signaling the presence of vapors. To identify and classify vapors, arrays of such vapor‐sensing elements have been constructed, with each element containing a different organic polymer as the insulating phase. The differing gas‐solid partition coefficients for the various polymers of the sensor array produce a pattern of resistance changes that can be used to classify vapors and vapor mixtures. This type of sensor array has been shown to resolve all organic vapors that have been analyzed, and can even resolve H2O from D2O.
36.2: Mobile HMD Terminal for Cyber Communications
Authors: Shimada Y. , Kobayashi M. , Shiwa S. , Kitagawa A. , Ichinose S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a 3‐D virtual world system for mobile terminal that displays a real‐time panoramic image of the user's real‐world location in the 3‐D virtual world. By being able to see the panoramic image displayed around their avatars, users can recognize other user's real world situation. An operational test of the system showed that with the mobile terminal, a user can move about freely and access the virtual 3‐D world at anytime.
Improved Gray‐Shade Performance on Miniature Active Matrix EL Displays
Authors: Petlig K. , Aitchison B. , Larsson T. , Nguyen T. , Tuenge D. , Wald S. , Arbuthnot L. , King C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn active matrix EL VGA display is reported with full grayscale using temporal voltage modulation of the phosphor. The exceptional brightness and dynamic range of the ZnS:Mn EL phosphor permits a new gray scale scheme. Digital gamma correction and an extended range of levels achieve 128 to 256 monotonic shades.
38.2: Deposition of Highly Conductive ITO Thin Films for Display Applications with the rf/dc Process
Authors: Bender M. , Trube J. , Stollenwerk J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWith the ARISTO 500S inline sputtering system highly conductive ITO‐films with specific resistivities of less than 150 μΩcm were deposited at substrate temperatures of 200 °C using an RF‐superimposed DC‐magnetron process. Hall effect measurements and investigations of the film structure gave an deeper insight into the conduction mechanism.
39.1: A Field‐Sequential‐Color Matrix Display Using Polymer‐Stabilized FLCD Cells
Authors: Takahashi T. , Furue H. , Shikada M. , Matsuda N. , Miyama T. , Kobayashi S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing a side‐chain mesogenic polymer stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal display (PS‐FLCD) cell together with a two dimensional array of red, green and blue light emitting diodes (LEDs) as a modulated back light unit, we constructed a field sequential fullcolor (FSC) LCD. The PS‐FLCD used in this research exhibits high contrast ratio (230:1) with thresholdless monostability, grayscale capability, and fast response speed (τ=40 μ sec). In the present research it is taken the advantages of the favorable characteristics of the PS‐FLCD for implementing an FSC‐LCD that has an 8×8 matrix format. The fabricated FSC‐LCD, which is operated at the frame rate of 330Hz, is shown to exhibit an excellent color gamut, color grayscale, and smearless moving color bars.
39.2: Characterization of a Bistable TN‐LCD for Matrix‐ Addressed Operation
Authors: Lee G‐D. , Kim G‐H. , Park K‐H. , Chang K‐C. , Yoon T‐H. , Kim J. C. , Lee E.‐S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this work, we studied the effect of d/p ratio, cell gap, and the temperature on the matrix‐addressed operation of a bistable TN LCD. By characterizing a unit cell, we can optimize cell parameters for matrix addressing. We also found that IX material with small temperature dependence is required for high‐speed operation of a high‐resolution bistable TN LCD.
10.1: 18.0‐in.‐Diagonal Super‐TFTs with a Fast Response Speed of 25 msec
Authors: Ohta M. , Oh‐e M. , Matsuyama S. , Konishi N. , Kagawa H. , Kondo K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMaterials and components available for the mass production of Super‐TFTs IPS‐TFT‐LCDS were optimized and redesigned on the basis of a fundamental analysis of the IPS mode. As a result, we developed 18.0‐inch diagonal Super‐TFTs with a fast response speed of 25 msec., which is the total on +off response time between white and black levels. Moreover, we found that the IPS mode has a relatively higher potential for displaying a moving gray level image compared with that of the conventional TN‐mode.
Displays for Hand‐Held Portable Electronic Products
Authors: Akins R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe hand‐held electronic product field includes most telecommunication, palm computing and navigation products, making this a large market for smaller displays (typically from 1″ to 4″ diagonal). Historically, this market has demanded displays with low power and cost, rather than high image quality, as evidenced by the historical dominance of monochrome TN and STN displays. However, within these constraints there is a strong trend toward larger displays capable of higher information content, including a migration toward low power color solutions.
40.3: Flexible Display s Prepared Using Phase‐Separated Composite Organic Films of Liquid Crystals
Authors: Kim J.‐H. , Vorflusev V. , Kumar S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVery flexible nematic LCDS have been built with plastic substrates using phase separated composite organic method. A study of electro‐optical properties of these displays shows a low voltage operation, high contrast, and a high degree of mechanical flexibility.
Novel Electron Beam Profile and Convergence Measurement Method
Authors: Bukal B. , Nemeth K. (C.) , Safaee‐Rad R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new test method (patent pending) measures the dimensions of electron beam cross sections in a CDT or CPT at specified relative intensity levels between 5% and 75% of the peak intensity for objective evaluation of Focus quality. Test update time is under 0.2 seconds. The same beam reconstruction method is used to improve Convergence measurement accuracy.
Design of In‐Plane‐Compensation Foils for Viewing Angle Enhancement
Authors: Heinmüller Christina , Haas Gunther , Knoll Peter M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTN‐LCDs in normally white mode are the most frequently used displays but they suffer from a quite narrow viewing angle. Compared to the inclined discotic compensation foils, in biaxial compensation foils two optical axes are oriented in the plane of the foil. They are, therefore, cheaper to produce. However, some distinct retardations are difficult to realize in mass production, e.g. foils with a very small retardation or particular values of nz. Therefore, our aim was to find a good and cheap alternative. In the paper we will show, how such in‐plane compensation foils are properly designed for a significant enhancement of the viewing angle.
Novel High Efficiency Polarizing Backlighting System with a Polarizing Beam Splitter
Authors: Pang Zhengda , Li Li 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel high efficiency polarizing backlight system is proposed that is based on novel broadband and wide‐angle polarizing beam‐splitters (PBS). The principle of the backlight system, the performance of the two PBSs and the computer‐simulated results will be presented.
Molybdenum Field Emitters with Integrated Focusing Electrode
Authors: Dvorson L. , Akinwande A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractArrays of molybdenum field emission cones with integrated focusing electrode (IFE‐FEA) were studied as a potential device structure for Field Emission Displays (FED) that achieve high brightness, high luminous efficiency, and longer lifetime, without loss of resolution. First, an analytical model for the double‐gated conical field emitter was developed and was used for device design. Devices were fabricated and subjected to extensive electrical and some optical testing. The desired focusing effect was observed.
CRT‐Based Display Systems in Radiology
Authors: Blume Hartwig 
Published: January 2005

AbstractApplication and performance of high‐resolution monochrome CRT display systems in radiology are reviewed. Current CRT monitors with addressable matrices of four to five million pixels exhibit a relatively wide quality range. Good samples provide performance adequate for the primary diagnosis task when allowing the user to interact with the display system. Viewing without user interaction appears to require automatic implementation of application‐dependent display functions and display‐device‐specific MTF restoration.The market for high‐resolution display systems is relatively small. Over the next years, only several thousand high‐resolution monochrome CRT monitors will be purchased annually for radiology in the USA.
CRT‐FPD Transitional Challenge for Medical Imaging Systems
Authors: Connell W. , Spekowius G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe acceptance of the Flat Panel Display (FPD) for medical imaging applications will be based on quantitative and subjective performance. This paper discusses the challenges and obstacles to the eventual transition from CRT to FPD. Understanding these issues will help facilitate a successful and timely acceptance of the FPD.
Solid‐State Laser‐Based Displays
Authors: Hargis David E. , Takeuchi Eric B. , Bergstedt Robert , Flint Graham , Nelte Sven , Pessot Maurice 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent advances in compact visible microlasers have enabled the development of portable laser display systems. The benefits of large color gamut, invariant color accuracy, image uniformity, high contrast, large depth of focus and reliability inherent in the microlaser design make them attractive for display applications. Lasers are under development for both “backlit” and “direct‐write” displays. Advantages of the microlaser technology will enable applications such as command/control centers, simulators, HMDs/HUDs, CAD workstations, and electronic cinema.
A large high‐resolution electroluminescent display
Authors: Hatton Terry , Thomas John 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A new high‐resolution electroluminescent display with a luminance of 100 cd/m2 (30 fL) and 6‐bit gray scale to support real‐time video up to a bandwidth of 45 MHz has been developed under the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Technology Reinvestment Project. Production units are now installed in the M1A2 Abrams Main Battle Tank upgrade program and are used to display the tank commander's new infrared “second‐generation FLIR” imagery.
Studies on a LaF3‐coated MgO protecting layer in AC‐plasma‐display panels
Authors: Lee Won Tae , Lee Jae Wook , Jang Hyeon Yong , Im Seoung Jae , Yu SeGi , Kim Jong Min 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A new protecting layer, a LaF3‐coated MgO layer, in color AC‐plasma‐display panels (PDPs) was studied in order to overcome the weakness of the conventional single MgO protecting layer. The material characteristics of the new layer were examined by using variations in the deposition process. The display characteristics were also examined by implementing their processes to actual PDPs. It was demonstrated that this method is effective in lowering the firing and sustaining voltages of PDPs and enhancing the brightness of the panel as well.
Recent developments in large‐area photomasks for display applications
Authors: Åman Johan , Ekberg Peter , Leonardsson Lars , Edgren Klas , Sandström Torbjörn , Stiblert Lars 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—One of the most critical areas in the manufacturing process for FPD panels or shadow masks for CRTs is lithography. Most existing lithography technologies require high‐quality large‐area photomasks. The requirements on these photomasks include positioning accuracy (registration) and repeatability (overlay), systematic image quality errors (“mura” or display quality), and resolution (minimum feature size). The general trend toward higher resolution and improved performance, e.g., for TFT desktop monitors, has put a strong focus on the specifications for large‐area‐display photomasks. This article intends to give an overview of the dominant issues for large‐area‐display photomasks, and illustrates differences compared with other applications. The article will also present state‐of‐the‐art methods and trends. In particular, the aspects of positioning accuracy over large areas and systematic image‐quality errors will be described. New qualitative and objective methods have been developed as means to capture systematic image‐quality errors. Results indicating that errors below 25 nm can be found early in the manufacturing process is presented, thus allowing inspection for visual effects before the actual display is completed. Positioning accuracy below 400 nm (3 sigma) over 720 × 560 mm have been achieved. These results will in the future be extended up toward 1 × 1 m for generation 4 in TFT‐LCD production.
CRT and LCD monitor and process materials evaluated for environmental improvement
Authors: Socolof Maria Leet , Kincaid Lori , Mizuki Colleen , Schuldt Gloria , Hart Katherine , Singh Dipti 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Decision rules have been developed and applied to the bills of materials of a color cathode‐ray tube (CRT) and a liquid‐crystal‐display (LCD) desktop monitor to determine which product and process materials will be evaluated in an environmental life‐cycle assessment. Materials of significant mass, of technological importance, and of potential environmental impact are targeted. The list of materials identified are those for which life‐cycle inventory data will be obtained for the materials extraction and materials processing life‐cycle stages of a CRT and an LCD. Additionally, materials identified will also be used to represent life‐cycle impact in terms of resource consumption, as well as surrogates for occupational health impacts.
Low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT data drivers for an SVGA a‐Si TFT‐LCD panel
Authors: Suzuki A. , Hashido R. , Urakabe T. , Iwata A. , Inoue M. , Nagata H. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT data drivers for an SVGA a‐Si TFT‐LCD panel have been developed. The data drivers include shift registers, sample‐and‐hold circuits, and operational amplifiers, and drive LCD panels using a line‐at‐a‐time addressing method. To reduce the power consumption of the shift register, a dot‐clock control circuit has been developed. Using this circuit, the power consumption of the shift register has been reduced to 36% of that of conventional circuits. To cancel the offset voltage generated by the operational amplifier, an offset cancellation circuit for low‐temperature poly‐Si TFTs has been developed. This circuit is also able to avoid any unstable operation of the operational amplifier. Using this circuit, the offset voltage has been reduced to one‐third of the value without using the offset cancellation circuit. These data drivers have been connected to an LCD panel and have realized an SVGA display on a 12.1‐in. a‐Si TFT‐LCD panel.
PECVD films for low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD applications
Authors: Takehara T. , Harshbarger W. R. , Tsai C. C. , Toet D. , Sigmon T. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract—Low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon (poly‐Si) thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) processes, based on PECVD amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si:H) precursor films and excimer‐laser crystallization, have been developed for application in the fabrication of active‐matrix liquid‐crystal‐displays (AMLCDs). The optimum process for depositing the precursor films has been identified. The relationship between excimer‐laser crystallization and poly‐Si film morphology has also been studied. Using these techniques, poly‐Si TFTs with a mobility of 275 cm2/V‐sec and on/off ratios of 1 × 107 have been fabricated.
Heterogeneity in the likelihood of market advisory service use by U.S. crop producers
Authors: Pennings Joost M.E. , Irwin Scott H. , Good Darrel L. , Isengildina Olga 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnalysis of a unique data set of 1,400 U.S. crop producers using a mixture‐modeling framework shows that the likelihood of Marketing Advisory Services (MAS) use is, among others, driven by the perceived performance of MAS in terms of return and risk reduction, the match between the MAS and the crop producer's marketing philosophy, and the interaction between them. The influence of these factors on crop producers' MAS usage is not homogeneous across crop producers. The heterogeneity is played out in different MAS choices and appears to be driven by crop producers' risk attitudes. [EconLit citations: D210, D400, L100, L200, M310, Q120, Q130.] © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 21: 109–128, 2005.
GRIN1 locus may modify the susceptibility to seizures during alcohol withdrawal
Authors: Rujescu D. , Soyka M. , Dahmen N. , Preuß U. , Hartmann A.M. , Giegling I. , Koller G. , Bondy B. , Möller H.‐J. , Szegedi A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractN‐Methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily, are generally inhibited by alcohol. The expression and alternative splicing of the obligatory NR1 subunit is altered by alcohol exposure, emphasizing the involvement of the NR1 subunit, which is coded by the GRIN1 gene, in alcohol‐mediated effects. We performed an association study in patients with alcohol dependence with the GRIN1 locus. Two independent case control samples consisting of a total of 442 alcohol‐dependent patients and 442 unrelated controls were included. There was no overall difference in allele or genotype frequency between patients and controls. However, the 2108A allele and A‐containing genotypes were over‐represented in the patients with a history of withdrawal‐induced seizures when compared to healthy volunteers (allele: χ2 = 5.412, df = 1, P = 0.020) or an independent sample of patients without a history of seizures (allele: χ2 = 4.185, df = 1, P = 0.041). Age at onset, years of alcohol dependence, and a history of delirium tremens did not differ between genotype or allele groups. These findings support the hypothesis that the GRIN1 locus may modify the susceptibility to seizures during alcohol withdrawal. This novel finding warrants replication. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.