bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐term microscale topographic changes of coastal bedrock on shore platforms
Authors: Stephenson Wayne J. , Taylor Anna J. , Hemmingsen Maree A. , Tsujimoto Hidekazu , Kirk Robert M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report a series of short‐term (diurnal) rock surface monitoring studies on inter‐ and supra‐tidal shore platforms using a traversing micro‐erosion meter at two sites, Kaikoura Peninsula, New Zealand, and Apollo Bay, Victoria, Australia. Statistically signiﬁcant day‐to‐day changes were measured. Surface rise and lowering occurred at rates above instrument error, with a maximum range of 3·378 mm between 1·697 mm (lowering) and ‐1·681 mm (rise). Individual measurements showed rises greater than 2 mm. These daily variations reveal that surface lowering and rise occur at a much shorter time scale than previously reported from other studies. The patterns observed suggest wetting and drying is the most likely process causing surface changes at these temporal scales. We argue that traversing micro‐erosion meter studies operating at a short‐term time scale of day‐to‐day provide meaningful results that open new opportunities for studying rock weathering and erosion in a coastal environment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoreline development, longshore transport and surface wave dynamics, Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, Utah
Authors: Schofield Ian , Jewell Paul , Chan Marjorie , Currey Don , Gregory Matt 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPoint of the Mountain spit and Fingerpoint spit are two of the largest geomorphic features of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville of the western Great Basin, USA. The spits and their associated shorelines show distinctly different geomorphic expression and genesis; this is a function of their positions within the lake and the dynamics of the waves and storms that formed them. Mapping of geomorphic features, geometry of erosional features, and detailed lithologic analysis of shoreline deposits are used to determine dominant modes of sediment erosion and deposition. The Point of the Mountain spit, located in the eastern portion of the basin, was formed as a result of highly fractured bedrock in a salient of the Wasatch Front being exposed to wave trains that approached from the north‐northwest causing north‐to‐south longshore sediment transport. Shoreline development and sediment transport on the southern portion of the spit were minimal. The Fingerpoint spit, located on an island in the northwest portion of the basin, was formed by bidirectional longshore sediment transport as the result of waves that approached from both the north‐northeast and the south‐southwest. Spit development is a function of surface wave energy and direction which in turn is the integrated result of wind direction, wind intensity, and fetch. Wave transport direction determined from ﬁeld measurements at Point of the Mountain spit corresponds very well to the direction of maximum fetch (c. 200 km). For the Fingerpoint spit, the hypothesized wave transport direction from the south corresponds with the direction of maximum fetch (c. 350 km). However, wave energy transport from the north had limited fetch (c. 100 km), implying that wind intensity from the north was relatively large. The geometry of the two large Bonneville spits suggests the predominant wind direction from storms during the Pleistocene was from the north and points the way for future studies that can aid in further understanding the nature of Pleistocene wind ﬁelds in the Great Basin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistance to overland flow due to bed‐load transport on plane mobile beds
Authors: Hu Shixiong , Abrahams Athol D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDuring bed‐load transport by overland ﬂow, momentum is transferred from the ﬂow to the bed via grain collisions, resulting in a decrease in ﬂow velocity and an increase in ﬂow resistance, herein termed bed‐load transport resistance. In overland ﬂow on mobile plane beds, total ﬂow resistance f consists of grain resistance fg and bed‐load transport resistance fbt. In order to identify and evaluate the relative importance of the factors controlling fbt, 38 ﬂume experiments were performed on slopes of 2·7 and 5·5° using sediment with median diameters of 0·74 and 1·16 mm. All ﬂows were supercritical and turbulent.This study is an extension of a recent study by Gao and Abrahams (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2004, vol. 29, pp. 423–435). These authors found that fbt is controlled by three factors: sediment concentration C, dimensionless sediment diameter D*, and relative submergence h/D, where h is ﬂow depth, D is median sediment diameter. However, a new dimensional analysis identiﬁes two additional factors: Froude number F and slope S. Multiple regression analyses reveal (1) that these ﬁve factors together explain 97 per cent of the variance of fbt, and (2) that S controls fbt entirely through C. The variable C is therefore redundant, and a new functional equation relating fbt to D*, h/D, S and F is developed. This equation may be used to predict fbt. An advantage of this equation is that it may be used to predict fbt without measuring bed‐load transport rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluid–structure interaction modelling of parachute soft‐landing dynamics
Authors: Stein Keith , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sathe Sunil , Benney Richard , Charles Richard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSoft landing of a payload with the aid of a retraction device is an important aspect in cargo parachute operations. Accurate simulation of this class of parachute operations with a computer model that takes into account the fluid–structure interactions involved would complement drop tests and support the design of cargo parachute systems. We describe the computational methods developed for this purpose, demonstrate how the computational model works in investigation of different soft‐landing conditions, and show a good correlation between the data from our simulations and drop tests. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study and mathematical modelling of flashover on extra‐high voltage insulators covered with ice
Authors: Farzaneh‐Dehkordi J. , Zhang J. , Farzaneh M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUsing a test method developed at the high‐voltage laboratory of the NSERC/Hydro‐Quebec/UQAC Industrial Chair on Atmospheric Icing of Power Network Equipment (CIGELE), the relation between the minimum flashover voltage VMF and the insulator dry arcing distance for standard porcelain station post insulators, as typically used in Hydro‐Quebec substations, was investigated under icing conditions. The experimental results show that, under wet‐grown ice, known as the most dangerous type of ice for power transmission systems, the VMF increases nonlinearly with an increase in insulator length. Based on these results, an improved mathematical model for predicting the critical flashover voltage versus length of ice‐covered insulators is presented. This model is helpful for understanding the flashover phenomenon on ice‐covered insulators and presents a powerful tool for choosing the proper length of outdoor insulators in cold climate regions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NAT2 slow acetylator genotype as an important modifier of breast cancer risk
Authors: Sillanpää Pia , Hirvonen Ari , Kataja Vesa , Eskelinen Matti , Kosma Veli‐Matti , Uusitupa Matti , Vainio Harri , Mitrunen Katja 
Published: December 2004

AbstractN‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a polymorphic enzyme participating in the metabolism of numerous pharmaceutical drugs and carcinogens found in tobacco smoke and diet. The NAT2 gene is highly polymorphic and several different allelic variants exist that determine the acetylator phenotype. In the course of our case–control study, we developed a new method based on fluorogenic allele‐specific probes for analyzing the C282T and T341C polymorphisms of the NAT2 gene in 483 Finnish breast cancer patients and 482 healthy population controls. The slow NAT2 acetylation capacity–associated genotypes posed a somewhat increased overall breast cancer risk (odds ratio [OR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.73). This association was found to be confined to the advanced (stage III or IV) breast cancer (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.29–5.24). When stratified by smoking habits, women who had smoked <5 pack‐years and carried a NAT2 slow acetylator genotype were at a 2.6‐fold (OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.01–6.48) risk of breast cancer. Moreover, women with the NAT2 slow acetylator genotype and low body mass index (BMI) (<25.4 kg/m2) were at somewhat increased risk of this malignancy (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.07–2.39). Our results therefore suggest that NAT2 slow acetylator genotype may be an important modifier of environmentally induced breast cancer risk in Finnish women. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antitumor and neurotoxic effects of novel harmine derivatives and structure‐activity relationship analysis
Authors: Chen Qi , Chao Rihui , Chen Hongsheng , Hou Xuerui , Yan Huifang , Zhou Shufeng , Peng Wenlie , Xu Anlong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBeta‐carboline alkaloids such as harmine are present in medicinal plants such as Peganum harmala that have been used as folk medicine in anticancer therapy. In our study, 9 harmine derivatives (including harmine) were investigated for their antitumor effects and acute toxicities in mice, and the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) was also analyzed. Administration of these compounds resulted in tumor inhibition rates of 15.3–49.5% in mice bearing Lewis Lung Cancer, sarcoma180 or HepA tumor, with the highest value of 49.5% from compound 6. Acute toxicity studies showed that all these compounds except compounds 2 and 5 caused remarkable acute neurotoxicities manifested by tremble, twitch and jumping. SAR analysis indicated that the formate substitution at R3 of the tricyclic skeleton reduced their neurotoxicity, while the short alkyl or aryl substitution at R9 increased the antitumor activity. The harmine and its derivatives resulted in in vitro cytotoxicity (IC50) values of 0.011–0.021 μmol/ml in HepG2 cells, with compound 8 being the most potent among all agents tested. Compounds 1, 6, 7 and 8 induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells, with the highest apoptotic rate (55.34%) from compound 6. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that compound 6 completely inhibited the expression of Bcl‐2 gene, and compounds 1 and 8 produced a significant inhibition by 40 and 60%, respectively, compared to the control, while compound 7 did not alter the level of Bcl‐2. Compounds 1, 6, 7 and 8 upregulated the expression of death receptor Fas by approximately 50–120%. All these findings indicate that compounds with both substitutions at R3 and R9 (such as compound 5) have high antitumor activity and low toxicity, which might be chosen as lead molecules for further development. Further studies on the effects of harmine derivatives on key regulators for tumor cell apoptosis are needed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of multiple biomarkers for a molecular diagnosis of prostate cancer
Authors: Landers Kelly A. , Burger Michelle J. , Tebay Michelle A. , Purdie David M. , Scells Betty , Samaratunga Hemamali , Lavin Martin F. , Gardiner Robert A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe identification of biomarkers capable of providing a reliable molecular diagnostic test for prostate cancer (PCa) is highly desirable clinically. We describe here 4 biomarkers, UDP‐N‐Acetyl‐α‐D‐galactosamine transferase (GalNAc‐T3; not previously associated with PCa), PSMA, Hepsin and DD3/PCA3, which, in combination, distinguish prostate cancer from benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). GalNAc‐T3 was identified as overexpressed in PCa tissues by microarray analysis, confirmed by quantitative real‐time PCR and shown immunohistochemically to be localised to prostate epithelial cells with higher expression in malignant cells. Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis across 21 PCa and 34 BPH tissues showed 4.6‐fold overexpression of GalNAc‐T3 (p = 0.005). The noncoding mRNA (DD3/PCA3) was overexpressed 140‐fold (p = 0.007) in the cancer samples compared to BPH tissues. Hepsin was overexpressed 21‐fold (p = 0.049, whereas the overexpression for PSMA was 66‐fold (p = 0.047). When the gene expression data for these 4 biomarkers was combined in a logistic regression model, a predictive index was obtained that distinguished 100% of the PCa samples from all of the BPH samples. Therefore, combining these genes in a real‐time PCR assay represents a powerful new approach to diagnosing PCa by molecular profiling. (Supplemental material for this article can be found on the International Journal of Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0020‐7136/suppmat/index.html.) © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmigration of human ovarian adenocarcinoma cells through endothelial extracellular matrix involves αv integrins and the participation of MMP2
Authors: Leroy‐Dudal Johanne , Demeilliers Christine , Gallet Olivier , Pauthe Emmanuel , Dutoit Soizic , Agniel Rémy , Gauduchon Pascal , Carreiras Franck 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe growth of ovarian carcinoma is dependent upon their vascularistion, but the interaction of ovarian cancer cells with the endothelium and their invasion through an endothelial environment remain poorly understood at the molecular level. To investigate adhesive events underlying this process with focusing on the role of αv integrins and MT1MMP‐MMP2 proteinases, we used in vitro models of cocultures of human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines (IGROV1 and SKOV3) with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Immunostaining of HUVECs revealed the network organisation of fibrillar fibronectin (Fn) and pericellular vitronectin (Vn). During coculture, IGROV1 and SKOV3 cells gain access to subendothelial basement membrane of HUVECs and dislocated endothelial Fn without affecting endothelial Vn. Transmigration assays revealed that tumour cells invade Vn and, with an higher efficiency, Fn. Our data also highlighted that ovarian carcinoma cells migrated through the Fn‐rich HUVEC‐ECM. The expression of MMP2 and MT1‐MMP was revealed in tumour cells within an endothelial environment. Furthermore, we found that cell migration through the endothelial ECM was almost totally dependent on αv integrin function, whereas β1 integrins were not solicited. In addition, inhibitors of MMP2 activity (alone or combined with anti‐αv integrin MAb) or TSRI265 (which blocks MMP2‐αvβ3 association) were found to impede this process. Finally, αv integrins, MT1‐MMP and MMP2 were found in ovarian carcinoma cells within the 3‐dimensional architecture of intraperitoneal tumour nodes collected from nude mice xenografted with IGROV1 or SKOV3 cell lines or within human tumour tissues. αv integrins therefore appear as essential to the migration properties of human ovarian carcinoma cells, especially in an endothelial environment, with MMP2 participating to this process. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lifetime physical activity and prostate cancer risk
Authors: Pierotti Barbara , Altieri Andrea , Talamini Renato , Montella Maurizio , Tavani Alessandra , Negri Eva , Franceschi Silvia , Vecchia Carlo La 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of our study was to investigate the relation in between physical activity in different periods of life at work and in leisure‐time and prostate cancer risk. We conducted a case‐control study on prostate cancer in Italy between 1991 and 2002, which included 1,294 incident cases of histologically confirmed prostate cancer below 75 years of age and 1,451 controls, who were admitted to hospital for acute nonneoplastic conditions. Odds ratios (OR) of prostate cancer according to physical activity in different periods of life were obtained by unconditional multiple logistic regression models, including terms for age, study centre, education, social class, body mass index, energy intake, family history and other selected covariates. Compared to the lowest level of occupational physical activity, the multivariate ORs for prostate cancer for the highest level were 0.94 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.75–1.17) at age 15–19, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63–0.97) at age 30–39 and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.61–0.93) at age 50–59. A significant inverse trend in risk was found for activity at work at ages 30–39 and 50–59. The inverse associations were consistent in strata of age at diagnosis, body mass index, education and social class. No significant association was found for leisure‐time physical activity. The inverse association between occupational physical activity and prostate cancer risk may reflect favorable hormonal correlates of physical activity, but residual confounding by socioeconomic covariates cannot be excluded. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered expression and deletion of RMO1 in osteosarcoma
Authors: Eppert Kolja , Wunder Jay S. , Aneliunas Vicky , Tsui Lap‐Chee , Scherer Stephen W. , Andrulis Irene L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn order to increase our understanding of the molecular events underlying osteosarcoma progression, the expression of approximately 950 genes was examined in 24 primary and metastatic osteosarcoma tumor specimens. A gene, RMO1, was isolated with decreased expression in metastatic samples. Real‐Time PCR corroborated this pattern, revealing lower expression in the primary sample in 6 of 7 cases for which both primary and metastatic osteosarcoma samples were available from the same patient (p = 0.034). RMO1 is located at 2q33, a region of frequent loss of heterozygosity in cancer, and exhibited loss of heterozygosity in 6 out of 9 primary osteosarcoma tumor samples (67%). Loss of heterozygosity is evident in primary tumors while the decrease in gene expression is seen in the metastatic samples, indicating that these 2 events are separately implicated in cancer progression. Cloning of RMO1 revealed an open reading frame with multiple splice forms with significant homology to GRB7, 10 and 14 and MIG10 in the region containing a Pleckstrin homology domain and a Ras association domain, suggestive of a role in cell signaling and migration. Northern blot analysis indicated that RMO1 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in tissues except for peripheral blood leukocytes. These data suggest that RMO1 may be a candidate for a protein involved in inhibiting tumor progression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene expression profiling identifies IL‐13 receptor α2 chain as a therapeutic target in prostate tumor cells overexpressing adrenomedullin
Authors: Gonzalez‐Moreno Oscar , Calvo Alfonso , Joshi Bharat H. , Abasolo Ibane , Leland Pamela , Wang Zhou , Montuenga Luis , Puri Raj K. , Green Jeffrey E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHuman adrenomedullin (AM) is a 52 amino acid peptide, which shares homology with the calcitonin gene‐related peptide. Overexpression of AM in the prostate carcinoma cell line PC‐3 results in growth inhibition with a 20% (for human AM) and 35% (for rat AM) increase in doubling time compared to parental or mock‐transfected cells. We demonstrate by gene expression profiling that AM overexpression results in the dysregulation of approximately 100 genes. Examples of such genes include many involved in the formation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and the extracellular matrix, as well as regulators of the cell cycle and apoptosis, cytokines and transcription factors. Several genes related to cell growth arrest, such as GADD45, IGF‐BP6 and RUNX‐3, are upregulated by AM. Interestingly, interleukin‐13 receptor α2 (IL‐13Rα2) transcripts were significantly increased in clones overexpressing AM, which was confirmed by semiquantitative RT‐PCR analysis. In addition, PC‐3 cells treated with AM showed an overexpression of IL‐13Rα2, which was abolished when cells were preincubated with an anti‐AM blocking antibody. When PC‐3 cells overexpressing AM and the IL‐13Rα2 were treated with the highly specific IL13‐PE38 cytotoxin, which binds to this receptor, a concentration‐dependent inhibition of protein synthesis was observed. The IC50 (concentration of cytotoxin inhibiting protein synthesis by 50%) ranged from 1 to 4 ng/ml. This cytotoxicity was specific as it was neutralized by the excess of IL‐13 and confirmed by clonogenic assays. This study describes a novel AM‐induced mechanism of tumor sensitization through the upregulation of functional IL‐13Rα2 chain, an ideal target for the highly specific recombinant chimeric cytotoxin IL13‐PE38. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL‐37 is highly expressed in breast cancer and is a putative growth factor for epithelial cells
Authors: Heilborn Johan D. , Nilsson Margareta Frohm , Jimenez Clara I. Chamorro , Sandstedt Bengt , Borregaard Niels , Tham Emma , Sørensen Ole E. , Weber Günther , Ståhle Mona 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHuman cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hCAP18/LL‐37 is an effector molecule of the nonspecific innate immune system. hCAP18/LL‐37 is present in leukocytes and is expressed in skin and other epithelia, where it is upregulated in association with inflammation and injury. In addition, antimicrobial proteins including cathelicidins have been proposed to play a role in the nonspecific defense against tumors. To assess its potential role in tumor host defense, we investigated the expression of hCAP18/LL‐37 in a series of breast carcinomas. Unexpectedly, we found that hCAP18/LL‐37 was strongly expressed in the tumor cells and not in the adjacent stroma. To test the hypothesis that hCAP18/LL‐37 may provide a growth advantage for the tumor cells, we treated human epithelial cell lines with synthetic biologically active LL‐37 peptide and found a significant increase in cell proliferation. In addition, transgenic expression of hCAP18 in 2 different human epithelial cell lines resulted in increased proliferation of both cell types. These findings do not support the hypothesis that LL‐37 has an antitumor effect, but rather suggest that hCAP18/LL‐37 may promote tumor cell growth in breast cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary carbohydrates and breast cancer risk: A prospective study of the roles of overall glycemic index and glycemic load
Authors: Silvera Stephanie A. Navarro , Jain Meera , Howe Geoffrey R. , Miller Anthony B. , Rohan Thomas E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe examined breast cancer risk in association with overall glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and dietary carbohydrate and sugar intake in a prospective cohort of 49,613 Canadian women enrolled in the National Breast Screening Study who completed a self‐administered food frequency questionnaire between 1980 and 1985. Linkages to national mortality and cancer databases yielded data on deaths and cancer incidence, with follow‐up ending between 1998 and 2000. During a mean follow‐up of 16.6 years, we observed 1,461 incident breast cancer cases. GI, GL, total carbohydrate and total sugar intake were not associated with breast cancer risk in the total cohort. However, there was evidence of effect modification of the association between GI and breast cancer risk by menopausal status (p = 0.01), the hazard ratio for the highest versus the lowest quintile level of GI being 0.78 (95% CI = 0.52–1.16; ptrend = 0.12) in premenopausal women and 1.87 (95% CI = 1.18–2.97; ptrend = 0.01) in postmenopausal women. The associations between GI and GL were not modified by body mass index (BMI) or by vigorous physical activity among pre‐ or postmenopausal women. Similarly, the associations between GI/GL and risk in postmenopausal women were not modified by BMI, vigorous physical activity, or ever use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), although the associations were slightly stronger among those who reported no vigorous physical activity (ptrend = 0.02), among those who reported ever using HRT (ptrend = 0.02) and among normal‐weight women (BMI < 25 kg/m2; ptrend = 0.03). Our data suggest that consumption of diets with high GI values may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women, possibly more so among subgroups defined by participation in vigorous physical activity, ever use of HRT and those who are not overweight. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.