bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of interfacial depth on depth resolution during GDOES depth profiling analysis of thin alumina films
Authors: Shimizu K. , Habazaki H. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. , Marcus R. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFactors controlling the depth resolution in radio frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf‐GDOES) depth profiling analysis of thin films have been investigated using anodic alumina films of varying thicknesses with delta function marker layers of ∼2 nm width located at various depths from the oxide surface. In rf‐GDOES depth profiling analysis, where a relatively large area of ∼4 mm in diameter is analysed, it was found that the depth resolution is determined mainly by the large‐scale variation of sputtering rate across the crater. Despite the relatively large area analysed, the uniformity of sputtering rate across the crater was constant to within 1% under the optimum Ar pressure except for near‐edge regions of ∼0.4 mm width, where the sputtering rate was ∼6% higher than in the central crater region. Owing to this relatively minor non‐uniformity of sputtering rate, the depth resolution degrades approximately linearly with depth. A depth resolution of ∼1.3 nm was realized to depths of ∼25 nm, where the degradation of depth resolution due to the non‐uniformity in sputtering rate is insignificant. The depth resolution is close to the ultimate depth resolution in sputter depth profiling, claimed to be 0.7– 1.0 nm, and arises from the minimal atomic mixing associated with film sputtering with Ar+ions of very low energy, ∼50 eV, in rf‐GDOES analysis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the infection system of human T‐cell leukaemia virus type I based on a mathematical epidemic model
Authors: Eshima Nobuoki , Tabata Minoru , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Karukaya Shigeru , Taguchi Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman T‐cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV‐I) is a retrovirus that causes adult T‐cell leukaemia (ATL). HTLV‐I has existed in Japanese people for thousands of years. In order to prevent an epidemic of HTLV‐I, it is important to explain the infection system by a mathematical approach. By considering the main infection routes in Japan, that is: (i) mother‐to‐child transmission; (ii) male (husband)‐to‐female (wife) transmission; and (iii) female (wife)‐to‐male (husband) transmission, a mathematical model for describing the time‐dependent change of the infection proportion can be constructed. An upper bound of the present infection rate per year in male‐to‐female transmission and that in female‐to‐male transmission is given by the model, and theoretical results related to HTLV‐I infection are also deduced from the mathematical model. A simulation study based on the present model demonstrates the theoretical results relating to the HTLV‐I infection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correcting for measurement error in binary and continuous variables using replicates
Authors: White Ian , Frost Chris , Tokunaga Shoji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMeasurement error in exposures and confounders leads to bias in regression coefficients. It is possible to adjust for this bias if true values or independent replicates are observed on a subsample. We extend a method suitable for quantitative variables to the situation where both binary and quantitative variables are present. Binary variables with independent replicates introduce two extra problems: (i) the error is correlated with the true value, and (ii) the measurement error probabilities are unidentified if only two replicates are available. We show that – under plausible assumptions – adjustment for error in binary confounders does not need to address these problems. The regression coefficient for a binary exposure is overadjusted if methods for continuous variables are used. Correct adjustment is possible either if three replicates are available, or if further assumptions can be made; otherwise, bounds can be put on the correctly adjusted value, and these bounds are reasonably close together if the exposure has prevalence near 0.5. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementing software process improvement: an empirical study
Authors: Hall Tracy , Rainer Austen , Baddoo Nathan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we present survey data characterizing the implementation of SPI in 85 UK companies. We aim to provide SPI managers with more understanding of the critical success factors of implementing SPI. We present an analysis of the critical implementation factors identified in published case studies. We use a questionnaire to measure the use of these factors in ‘typical’ software companies. We found that many companies use SPI but the effectiveness of SPI implementation is variable. Many companies inadequately resource SPI and fail to evaluate the impact of SPI. On the other hand, companies show a good appreciation of the human factors associated with implementing SPI. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systems hierarchies and management
Authors: Martinelli Dante P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, 18 systems taxonomies/hierarchies are presented and commented upon, from Boulding's ‘system of systems’ (1956) to Glasl and Lievegoed's ‘seven essential elements of any organization’ (1993). A 19th is proposed, which aims at displaying a number of clear‐cut levels sufficient to correspond to the succeeding levels of an enterprise problematique, each new type of interactions defining a new level. The 19 schemes are classified into two groups, ‘General’ and ‘Managerial’, mainly according to their immediate applicability to management. Each group was split into two subgroups, respectively stressing complexity, system–milieu interactions, decision levels and, finally, intrasystem and system environment interactions. A comparative analysis of the whole set is summarized, converging towards three hierarchies seen as more adequate: Beer's, Jantsch's and the one proposed in this paper. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal residual disease in soft‐tissue sarcomas
Authors: Willeke Frank , Sturm Joerg W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSoft‐tissue sarcomas are characterized by the development of disease recurrence in a distinct subgroup of patients. Despite intense efforts in applying multimodal treatment, the risk of local recurrence or distant metastases remains a considerable threat to patients with soft‐tissue sarcoma. This review focuses on the efforts aimed at defining local and systemic tumor extent at the level of minimal residual disease (MRD) tumor cell detection. Examination of MRD in soft‐tissue sarcomas has experienced a significant boost from the definition of fusion transcripts resulting from stable chromosomal translocations. The sensitivity and exclusive specificity of the reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) protocols have given insights into tumor cell residues in nearly all body compartments. The accumulated data demonstrates that even after oncologic resections most patients will still harbor a significant tumor burden. Clinical concepts arising out of these new data are under way. One of these concepts is the targeting of the fusion transcript for therapy. However, this approach is still restricted to the experimental setting. The development of clinical applications remains a challenging task, requiring the treatment of as many patients as possible in centers specializing in all of the affected disciplines. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:294–303, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells and micrometastases in prostatic, urothelial, and renal cell carcinomas
Authors: Ghossein Ronald A. , Bhattacharya Satyajit 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe detection and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and micrometastases in urinary tract and prostatic tumors may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications. In the last decade, numerous groups have attempted the detection of occult tumor cells in renal, prostatic, and urothelial carcinomas using the highly sensitive reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). In prostatic carcinoma (PC), tissue‐specific transcripts were detected with high specificity in the blood of patients with localized and advanced disease. PCR assays for PC detection were shown to be strong predictors of poorer outcome in some reports, while a lack of prognostic significance was found in other studies. There was a vast difference in the PCR positivity rates between various groups studying PC. This discrepancy could be due to variations in PCR methodology. In urothelial and renal cell carcinoma, the amount of research on the subject is still too limited. Currently, these assays for occult tumor cells are promising but are not yet ready to use in PC and urinary tract tumors. Because of the many limitations of PCR (e.g., false positives), many groups are developing new approaches for the detection of occult tumor cells. The most attractive technique involves immunomagnetic isolation of intact CTC and micrometastases prior to downstream analysis. The tumor‐rich magnetic fraction can be subjected to RT‐PCR, immunocytochemistry, and in situ hybridization. This will lead to better quantification and molecular characterization of these tumor cells. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:304–311, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preservation of rectal function after low anterior resection with formation of a neorectum
Authors: Brown Steven R. , Seow‐Choen Francis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent advances in surgery have enabled low rectal cancers to be resected, while at the same time restoring bowel continuity and preserving the anal sphincter. Although a permanent stoma is avoided and the operation is oncologically sound, function may be compromised. Many patients with a straight coloanal anstomosis suffer from urgency, incontinence, and bowel frequency—the so‐called anterior resection syndrome. Over the last 15 years, surgical developments have aimed at improving function after restoration of bowel continuity, essentially by creating a neorectum. The best known and most widely practiced operation involves formation of a colonic J‐pouch. The physiological and functional outcomes of the colonic J‐pouch are discussed, along with controversies surrounding construction. Although a J‐pouch improves some aspects of function, the results are not perfect. Alternatives to the colonic J‐pouch are appraised, indicating future areas of development. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:376–385, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ATGen: automatic test data generation using constraint logic programming and symbolic execution†
Authors: Meudec Christophe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe verification and validation of software through dynamic testing is an area of software engineering where progress towards automation has been slow. In particular the automatic design and generation of test data remains, by and large, a manual activity. This is despite the high promises that the symbolic execution technique engendered when it was first proposed as a method for automatic test data generation. This paper presents an automatic test data generator based on constraint logic programming and symbolic execution. After reviewing the symbolic execution technique, approaches for the resolution of the technical difficulties that have so far prevented symbolic execution from reaching its full potential in the area of automatic test data generation are presented. ATGen, an automatic test data generator, based on symbolic execution and that uses constraint logic programming, is then discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Striatal dopamine output is compromised within +/− BDNF mice
Authors: Dluzen Dean E. , Anderson Linda I. , McDermott Janet L. , Kucera Jan , Walro Jon M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe reported previously that mice lacking one brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) allele demonstrate elevated striatal dopamine (DA) concentrations but impaired behavioral responses involving the nigrostriatal dopaminergic (NSDA) system. To test the hypothesis that these elevated striatal DA concentrations are associated with perturbed NSDA functioning, we compared striatal DA output between heterozygous mutant (+/−) and wild‐type littermate control (+/+) BDNF mice under conditions of an intact NSDA system, as well as following methamphetamine (MA)‐induced neurotoxicity. Basal DA output from superfused CS tissue fragments did not differ between +/+ and +/− BDNF mice. Potassium (K+) stimulated DA outputs from intact striatal fragments of +/+ mice were significantly greater than that of +/− BDNF mice. Following MA treatment, K+ stimulated DA output of +/+ mice was statistically equivalent to +/− BDNF mice. Striatal DA concentrations of +/− BDNF mice were elevated, albeit not significantly, in both intact and MA‐treated mice relative to +/+ mice. Following MA treatment, striatal DA concentrations were significantly decreased for both genotypes; however, the degree of DA depletion was significantly greater in +/+ mice. Analyzed collectively, these data show the differential effects exerted by a BDNF mutation upon striatal DA concentrations and output. Notably, lower striatal DA concentrations of +/+ vs. +/− BDNF mice can be contrasted with the significantly greater K+ stimulated DA output from the former. This difference was abolished following MA treatment. These results suggest that processes involved with the dynamics of DA release within the NSDA system may be compromised in +/− BDNF mutant mice. Synapse 43:112–117, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bacterial photosynthesis begins with quantum‐mechanical coherence
Authors: Sumi Hitoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the antenna system of photosynthetic bacteria, pigments form circular aggregates whose excitations are excitons with quantum‐mechanical coherence extending over many pigments. These excitons play crucial roles in light harvesting, storage, and excitation‐energy transfer (EET). EET takes place rapidly to and/or from optically forbidden exciton states, without total transition dipole, within the antenna system and to the reaction center. Such EETs cannot be rationalized by Förster’s formula, the traditional theory on EET, because it allows EET only between optically allowed states. The coherence in the excitons seems to prohibit rapid EET on this formula. The bacteria overcome this difficulty by circumventing the coherence, using the effects of the physical size of an aggregate that is larger than the shortest distance between pigments in the donor and pigments in the acceptor. The shortest‐distance pair therein cannot detect whether the aggregate has a nonvanishing total transition dipole or not, since the pair see effectively only the transition dipole on the other pigment in themselves. The transition dipole facilitates rapid EET even to and/or from optically forbidden exciton states. Such EETs have enabled us to develop a general formula for the rate constant of EET. This is a formula in the weak‐interaction limit, and so is Förster’s formula, but it correctly takes into account the above size effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:480–493, 2001
Erratum: Release of enzyme strain during catalysis reduces the activation energy barrier
Authors: Kagamiyama Hiroyuki , Hayashi Hideyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the aforementioned article, the wrong version of the first paragraph in the section entitled “Quantitative Analysis of the Relationship between the Torsion and pKa of the PLP‐Lys258 Aldimine” was printed. Please find the correct version printed below. We apologize to our readership and the authors for this regrettable error.
Lessons on and from the dihybrid cross: An activity–theoretical study of learning in coteaching
Authors: Roth Wolff‐Michael , Tobin Kenneth , Zimmermann Andrea , Bryant Natasia , Davis Charles 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring their training, future teachers usually learn the subject matter of science. However, they are largely left on their own when it comes to figuring out how to teach this subject matter, that is, how to find appropriate pedagogical forms. In this article we present a model of collective teaching and learning, which we term coteaching/cogenerative dialoguing, as a way to build deep learning of science concepts while learning about alternative ways to teach the same subject matter. As praxis, coteaching brings about a unity between teaching and learning to teach; cogenerative dialoguing brings about a unity between teaching and researching. Both are potential sites for deep learning. We articulate coteaching/cogenerative dialoguing in terms of activity theory and the associated first‐person research methodology that has been developed by critical psychologists as a method of choice for dealing with the theory–praxis gap. Our detailed case study highlights opportunities of learning subject matter and pedagogy by university professors who participate in coteaching/cogenerative dialoguing in an urban high school. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 253–282, 2002
A modeling approach to teaching evolutionary biology in high schools*
Authors: Passmore Cynthia , Stewart Jim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere are numerous empirical reports in the science education literature documenting the difficulty students have in understanding evolution, in particular natural selection. Unfortunately, because of the nature of empirical reports, much detail about the instruction that students in these studies received is seldom provided. In this article we describe the commitments and research that went into the design of a 9‐week high school course in evolutionary biology. This course was designed to bring students to an understanding of the practice of evolutionary biology by engaging them in developing, elaborating, and using one of the discipline's most important explanatory models—Darwin's model of natural selection. This article is not an empirical report on student understanding but is instead a description of our view of what constitutes understanding in evolution and of a curriculum designed from this perspective. Examples of student work are used to add richness to the description of the course as well as to illustrate the potential for sophisticated reasoning that exists when students are given the opportunity and conceptual tools to engage in realistic inquiry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 185–204, 2002
Underprivileged urban mothers' perspectives on science
Authors: Barton Angela Calabrese , Hindin Toby J. , Contento Isobel R. , Trudeau Michelle , Yang Kimberley , Hagiwara Sumi , Koch Pamela D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to report our findings from a qualitative study intended to develop our understandings of how inner‐city mothers perceive science. Using qualitative methodologies, our analysis reveals that the mothers' perceptions can be grouped into four categories: perceptions of science as (a) schoolwork/knowledge, (b) fun projects, (c) a tool for maintaining the home and family, and (d) an untouchable domain. After we present these categories we compare our findings across categories to argue that those mothers who had spent time doing science with their children were more likely to have a more personal, dynamic, and inquiry‐based view of science. We also argue that mothers' perceptions of science were more dynamic when they spoke about situations and contexts that were familiar to them, such as food, nutrition, and child care. We conclude the article with a discussion of the implications our findings have for science education reform. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 688–711, 2001
The GDI1 genes from Kluyveromyces lactis and Pichia pastoris: cloning and functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Brummer Mirko H. , Richard Peter , Sundqvist Lena , Väänänen Ritva , Keränen Sirkka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nucleotide sequences of 2.8 kb and 2.9 kb fragments containing the Kluyveromyces lactis and Pichia pastoris GDI1 genes, respectively, were determined. K. lactis GDI1 was found during sequencing of a genomic library clone, whereas the P. pastoris GDI1 was obtained from a genomic library by complementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae sec19‐1 mutant strain. The sequenced DNA fragments contain open reading frames of 1338 bp (K.lactis) and 1344 bp (P. pastoris), coding for polypeptides of 445 and 447 residues, respectively. Both sequences fully complement the S. cerevisiae sec19‐1 mutation. They have high degrees of homology with known GDP dissociation inhibitors from yeast species and other eukaryotes. The GenBank Accession Nos of the sequences are AF255332 (K.lactis GDI1) and AY007574 (P. pastoris GDI1). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Malo‐ethanolic fermentation in grape must by recombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Volschenk H. , Viljoen‐Bloom M. , Subden R. E. , van Vuuren H. J. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecombinant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the ability to reduce wine acidity could have a significant influence on the future production of quality wines, especially in cool climate regions. L‐Malic acid and L‐tartaric acid contribute largely to the acid content of grapes and wine. The wine yeast S. cerevisiae is unable to effectively degrade L‐malic acid, whereas the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe efficiently degrades high concentrations of L‐malic acid by means of a malo‐ethanolic fermentation. However, strains of Sz. pombe are not suitable for vinification due to the production of undesirable off‐flavours. Heterologous expression of the Sz. pombe malate permease (mae1) and malic enzyme (mae2) genes on plasmids in S. cerevisiae resulted in a recombinant strain of S. cerevisiae that efficiently degraded up to 8 g/l L‐malic acid in synthetic grape must and 6.75 g/l L‐malic acid in Chardonnay grape must. Furthermore, a strain of S. cerevisiae containing the mae1 and mae2 genes integrated in the genome efficiently degraded 5 g/l of L‐malic acid in synthetic and Chenin Blanc grape musts. Furthermore, the malo‐alcoholic strains produced higher levels of ethanol during fermentation, which is important for the production of distilled beverages. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a YAP1 overexpression cassette conferring specific resistance to cerulenin and cycloheximide as an efficient selectable marker in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Akada Rinji , Shimizu Yoshirou , Matsushita Yuji , Kawahata Miho , Hoshida Hisashi , Nishizawa Yoshinori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDrug‐resistance markers for yeast transformation are useful because they can be applied to strains without auxotrophic mutations. However, they are susceptible to technical difficulties, namely lower transformation efficiency and the appearance of drug‐resistant mutants without the marker. To avoid these problems, we have constructed a phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter‐driven YAP1 expression cassette, called PGKp–YAP1. Yeast cells containing PGKp–YAP1 were resistant to cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and also to cerulenin, a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, but not to other drugs tested. The transformation efficiency of PGKp–YAP1 using cerulenin selection was comparable to that using a URA3 auxotrophic marker when low concentrations of cerulenin were used. Non‐transformed drug‐resistant colonies did appear on the low‐concentration cerulenin plates. However, these non‐transformed colonies could easily be identified, based on their cycloheximide sensitivity and/or their resistance to aureobasidin A to which the transformants were sensitive. Therefore, the dual drug resistance of PGKp–YAP1 could be used as an effective selection for PGKp–YAP1 recipient cells. The PGKp–YAP1 marker was used to disrupt the LYS2 gene and to transform an industrial yeast strain, indicating that this marker can be used for efficient and reliable gene manipulations in any Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.