bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Describing, explaining or predicting mental health care costs: a guide to regression models
Authors: Dunn Graham , Mirandola Massimo , Amaddeo Francesco , Tansella Michele 
Published: November 2003

BackgroundAnalysis of the patterns of variation in health care costs and the determinants of these costs (including treatment differences) is an increasingly important aspect of research into the performance of mental health services.AimsTo encourage both investigators of the variation in health care costs and the consumers of their investigations to think more critically about the precise aims of these investigations and the choice of statistical methods appropriate to achieve them.MethodWe briefly describe examples of regression models that might be of use in the prediction of mental health costs and how one might choose which one to use for a particular research project.ConclusionsIf the investigators are primarily interested in explanatory mechanisms then they should seriously consider generalised linear models (but with careful attention being paid to the appropriate error distribution). Further insight is likely to be gained through the use of two-part models. For prediction we recommend regression on raw costs using ordinary least-square methods. Whatever method is used, investigators should consider how robust their methods might be to incorrect distributional assumptions (particularly in small samples) and they should not automatically assume that methods such as bootstrapping will allow them to ignore these problems.
Chromosome 22q11 deletions, velo-cardio-facial syndrome and early-onset psychosis
Authors: Ivanov D. , Kirov G. , Norton N. , Williams H. J. , Williams N. M. , Nikolov I. , Tzwetkova R. , Stambolova S. M. , Murphy K. C. , Toncheva D. , Thapar A. , O'Donovan M. C. , Owen M. J. 
Published: November 2003

BackgroundVelo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS) is associated with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22q11. About 30% of patients with VCFS have psychosis, and the rate of these deletions in schizophrenia has been reported to be about 1%. Even higher rates of VCFS deletions have been reported for childhood-onset schizophrenia.AimsTo test the hypothesis that there is an increased rate of VCFS among patients with early-onset psychosis (age at onset < 18 years). We screened 192 early-onset patients and 329 patients with adult-onset schizophrenia.MethodWe genotyped the patients and 444 healthy controls for hemizygosity of five microsatellite markers and one single nucleotide polymorphism that map to the 22q11-deleted region.ResultsOne patient had a VCFS deletion, confirmed with semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. None of the controls showed a pattern of genotypes consistent with hemizygosity.ConclusionsVCFS may be less frequent among patients with psychosis than previously suggested; this rate is not increased among early-onset patients.
Size of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in schizophrenia
Authors: Highley J. R. , Walker M. A. , McDonald B. , Crow T. J. , Esiri M. M. 
Published: November 2003

BackgroundMeta-analyses of hippocampal size have indicated that this structure is smaller in schizophrenia. This could reflect a reduction in the size of constituent neurons or a reduced number of neurons.AimsTo measure the size of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the brains of people with and without schizophrenia.MethodPyramidal neuron size in hippocampal subfields was estimated stereologically from sections taken at 5 mm intervals throughout the whole length of right and left hippocampi from the brains of 13 people with schizophrenia and 16 controls. Results were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of covariance looking for a main effect of diagnosis and gender, and interactions of these with side.ResultsWe were unable to detect significant differences related to diagnosis, gender or side for any hippocampal subfield for this series of cases.ConclusionsFor this series of brains, hippocampal cell size is unchanged in schizophrenia.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy and motivational intervention for schizophrenia and substance misuse
Authors: Haddock Gillian , Barrowclough Christine , Tarrier Nicholas , Moring Jan , O'Brien Robert , Schofield Nichola , Quinn Joanne , Palmer Steven , Davies Linda , Lowens Ian , McGovern John , Lewis Shôn 
Published: November 2003

BackgroundComorbid substance misuse in people with schizophrenia is associated with poor clinical and social outcomes. There are few studies of psychological treatments for this population and little long-term follow-up of their benefits.AimsTo investigate symptom, substance use, functioning and health economy outcomes for patients with schizophrenia and their carers 18 months after a cognitive–behavioural treatment (CBT) programme.MethodPatients with dual diagnosis from a randomised controlled trial of motivational intervention, individual CBT and family intervention were assessed on multiple outcomes at 18-month follow-up. Carers were assessed on symptom, functioning and needs over 12 months. Health economy data were collected over 18 months.ResultsThere were significant improvements in patient functioning compared with routine care over 18 months. No significant differences between treatment groups were found in carer or cost outcomes.ConclusionsThe treatment programme was superior to routine care on outcomes relating to illness and service use, and the cost was comparable to the control treatment.
Assessing the value of assertive outreach
Authors: Weaver Tim , Tyrer Peter , Ritchie Jane , Renton Adrian 
Published: November 2003

BackgroundIt is unclear why intensive case management (ICM) failed to reduce hospitalisation in the UK700 trial.AimsTo investigate outcome generation in the UK700 trial.MethodA qualitative investigation was undertaken in one UK700 centre.ResultsBoth intensive and standard case management practised individual casework, employed assertive outreach with comparable frequency, and performed similarly in the out-patient management of emergencies and inpatient discharge. However, ICM was advantaged in managing some noncompliance and undertaking casework that prevented psychiatric emergencies. Absence of team-based management and bureaucratised access to social care limited the impact of these differences on outcomes and the effective practice of assertive outreach, although this was relevant to only a sub-population of patients.ConclusionsThe impact of ICM was undermined by organisational factors. Sensitive anticipatory casework, which prevents psychiatric emergencies, may make ICM more effective than an exclusive focus on assertive outreach. Our findings demonstrate the value of qualitative research in evaluating complex interventions.
Reasons for consultation in the psychiatric out-patient clinic of a university teaching hospital in Nigeria: is this optimal use of psychiatrists' time and expertise?
Authors: Omigbodun Olayinka , Esan Oluyomi 
Published: November 2003

Aims and MethodTo identify activities that can be modified in the psychiatry out-patient clinic in order to improve the quality of services rendered. Consulting doctors obtained information on the reason for consultation and time spent by each patient over a one-month period.ResultsHalf of all the patients (50.5%) came for a repeat prescription, and 19.3% came for a repeat prescription and counselling. The mean times spent on these two activities were 5.13 (s.d.=2.5) and 7.81 (s.d.=7.51) minutes, respectively. The time spent on these activities by doctors was 47% of the total clinic time.Clinical ImplicationsClinic services should be reorganised so that doctors can use their skills in more efficient and creative ways.
A survey of monitoring of weight and blood glucose in in-patients
Authors: Boilson Marie , Hamilton Ross J. 
Published: November 2003

Aims and MethodThe aim of this survey was to look at current practice in monitoring weight and glucose control in in-patients being prescribed antipsychotic medications. Records for 51 patients admitted with psychotic illnesses to a large teaching hospital during a 3-month interval were surveyed.ResultsFifty-five per cent of patients had no record of weight taken on admission to hospital. Only one patient had their weight repeated during the admission. Forty-nine per cent of patients had random blood glucose checked on admission. No fasting levels were performed.Clinical ImplicationsWeight gain and hyperglycaemia associated with antipsychotic prescription are well-recognised side-effects. These results suggest that standardisation of weight measurement and blood glucose monitoring is required.
Rockets, Ion Propulsion
Authors: Molitor Jerome H. , Beattie J.R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractElectric propulsion, the propelling of space vehicles by streams of electrically charged and electrically accelerated particles, is one of the most exciting concepts of the space adventure. It represents a fascinating area of applied science and technology, and it also provides the only feasible means of exploring the farthest reaches of our solar system by economically transporting large manned expeditions and heavy payloads to neighboring planets and probing the solar system away from the ecliptic plane.The concept of the ion rocket engine (the most useful form of electric propulsion for space missions) has existed for some time. However, the concept had to remain of only academic interest until the advent of the space age, and, particularly, until generating large amounts of electric power in space became a physical possibility. When solar–electric power source technology was established, the latter requirements, of course, became fulfilled.In general, an electric propulsion system has a power plant that consists of an energy source and a means of converting this energy into electrical energy and a propulsion device that converts the electrical energy into directed kinetic energy of its propellant. The two major problem areas of electric propulsion are (1) the development of sources of electrical energy that are sufficiently lightweight and (2) the transfer of this energy to the propellant to provide high exhaust velocities efficiently. The first problem, along with the general need for power in space, has given strong impetus to fundamental and applied work in developing lightweight solar panels. These areas of research and development have been vital to the future of electric propulsion and obviously have impacted many other important satellite and spacecraft applications. A solution to the second problem, an efficient propulsion device, is the subject of this article. Generic types are discussed. The electron‐bombardment ion thruster is the most mature and the most tested and is a major focus of this article. A sampling of results from space missions are reviewed.
Science from Sounding Rockets
Authors: Gursky Herbert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis article plots the history of the use of sounding rockets for scientific purposes. Science and rockets came together in the twentieth century. Major discoveries were made at the beginning of the century relating to high‐altitude phenomena; specifically, the stratosphere, which demonstrated that the atmosphere was structured; cosmic rays, which were energetic radiation originating high in the atmosphere; and the long range transmission of radio waves that revealed the existence of a conducting layer in the atmosphere at high altitude. These and other advances led to pressure from the science community to perfect the means for increasingly sophisticated experiments at high altitude. Meanwhile, three extraordinarily talented physicists—Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Russia, Hermann Oberth in German, and Robert Goddard in the United States—established the theoretical and technical basis for rockets. Unfortunately, it took a war and the search for an ultimate weapon by the Nazis to bring this all together in the development of the V‐2 rocket by Dornberger and his team at Peenemunde. After World War II, scientists in the United States capitalized on the captured inventory of German rockets to conduct a variety of scientific observations and to develop rockets of their own, which formed the basis for the space science program in the United States and elsewhere. These events and current use are discribed.
Space Programs Related to National Security
Authors: Naka F. Robert 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe use of observation payloads on Earth‐circling spacecraft, or satellites, was considered by U.S. military services as early as 1946. An early report suggested that communications could be relayed from a low‐altitude Earth‐orbiting satellite. This was a decade before the launch of Sputnik.The use of spacecraft for reconnaissance would be a useful adjunct and, in many instances, a replacement for the use of aircraft that had been employed since World War I. More importantly, spacecraft payloads would provide a less intrusive way to make observations over “denied” territory.Today, military services use spacecraft for communications, navigation, and meteorology for military operations, in a manner similar to their civilian counterparts support to the military forces are detected. In addition, military forces use spacecraft for detecting explosions and launching of rockets and aircraft and for earth observations through imagery and signals intelligence collection. Imagery can provide information on a target before a military strike and bomb damage assessment afterward. Electromagnetic intelligence (ELINT) provides the location and type of radar that indicates whether the radar should be targeted or should be avoided during a mission. The technical details of military spacecraft and their operations are kept secret. This is in contrast to civil and commercial spacecraft and their operations for which information is available to the public on request. The purpose of secrecy is obvious: military movements and information on which they are based should be hidden from enemy, or potential enemy, forces. In addition, the details of these spacecraft and the operations that collect “intelligence” information are also classified.After World War II, both the Navy and the Air Force began to conduct research and development on space programs. This describes these space programs roughly in the order in which full scale development was authorized.
Sputunik 1: The First Artificial Earth Satellite
Authors: Chertok Boris 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Humanity's leap into space was one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century. However, one of the ironies of history is that this great scientific and engineering achievement was largely facilitated by the Cold War between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union.
In the late 1950s, the United States held a significant advantage over the Soviet Union in number of nuclear warheads and capability to eliminate the most important strategic facilities on its enemy's territory. Although the Soviet Union already had nuclear weapons, it did not have second‐strike capability because it did not have any delivery vehicles capable of delivering warheads to U.S. territory. The senior political leadership of the Soviet Union assigned its missile science and industry a task of “special governmental importance”–development of a ballistic missile that could render the United States vulnerable.
The early experimental intercontinental ballistic missiles developed by Soviet scientists and engineers were used to place the first artificial Earth satellites into orbit. Thus, the history behind the development and launching of the first satellite into orbit is primarily the story of a missile that became a launch vehicle for a satellite rather than a missile carrying a weapon of mass destruction.
This article describes in detail the first Sputunik project from design, testing, and launch in Oct. 1957.
Jupiter
Authors: Dowling Timothy E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Jupiter is instantly recognizable by its bands of clouds and its large, ruddy eye, the Great Red Spot.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and has more mass than all of the other planets combined, raging storms that last for decades and longer, 16 moons, the largest bigger than Mercury, and a magnetosphere so vast it would appear as big as the full Moon in the sky—Saturn routinely passes through Jupiter's magnetotail. It is an extremely common planet type. For example, it is likely that many solar systems have a dominant gas giant planet whose orbital radius is in the neighborhood of the “snow line,” the approximately 5 AU distance from a protosun where the temperature in the protoplanetary nebula drops to the point that ice becomes stable. Its position makes Jupiter the protector of the inner solar system. Because Jupiter contains most of the solar system's planetary mass, accurate observations of its composition, in particular, the hydrogen‐to‐helium ratio and the precise abundances of elements heavier than helium, are crucial to the success of solar‐system formation models and serve as a springboard for cosmochemistry. Jupiter is the case study for all gas giants, including Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and the nearly 100 extrasolar gas giants discovered to date. The meteorology that shapes the planet's appearance is more predictable than Earth's weather. Studying the differences and similarities has led to a better understanding of atmospheric dynamics and chemistry in general. Jupiter's magnetosphere is second only to the Sun's; it has an active aurora and strong interactions with its satellites and the solar wind. It is expected that someday a high‐order spherical harmonic mapping of the magnetosphere will be used to probe the planet's interior structure. Finally, because Jupiter is the closest gas giant to Earth, it is the easiest to observe, and because every probe headed for the outer solar system uses Jupiter for a gravity assist, it has had the largest number of close encounters with spacecraft, such that every investigation of the Jovian system is leveraged by its many predecessors. Details from the Galileo probe are given as well as results of other observations of Jupiter. The satellites are discussed (so, Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa in detail). The rings and dust are studied.
Spacecraft Guidance, Navigation and Control Systems
Authors: Brown Jon H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe difficulties in maneuvering a vehicle through space are not intuitively obvious to someone who has not been involved in the field.The finite limits of electrical energy, thrust, and propellant on a vehicle are the driving forces that demand efficient and accurate equipment to perform the functions of steering and navigation and keep the vehicle attitude stabilized. Added to these restrictions are the needs for minimum volume and mass. An intricate system results that is extremely difficult to design, construct, and test and usually is one of the most expensive on the vehicle.Guidanceis the actual steering of the vehicle as it travels through space. Guidance commands may originate from a crew onboard, from an onboard computer, or from external sources via radio commands. In addition, if the thrust of a space vehicle is variable and controllable, the command for modulating the thrust is usually a guidance function.Navigationis the measurement of the location of the vehicle in space and plotting the course of the vehicle. Navigational fixes may come from onboard human sightings using telescopes and sextants, from automatic onboard star or horizon sensors, or from radio/radar tracking equipment on the ground.Controlrefers to the spatial alignment and stabilization of the vehicle while the guidance and navigation functions are being performed, and includes onboard processing and routing of commands to the devices (typically thrusters, reaction wheels, control moment gyroscopes, or aerodynamic surfaces), termedeffectors, that produce reactive forces on the vehicle.The combination of these three functions into one system results in theintegrated guidance, navigation, and control system, or simply the GN&C system. This article discusses each of these systems. It also gives information on permutation, integration verification, and the flight computer.
Evolution ofU.S.Expendable Launch Vehicles
Authors: Yarymovych Michael I. , Mark Hans 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRobert H. Goddard was a Professor of Physics at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts from 1919 to 1945. During this time he performed his classic experiments in liquid‐fueled rocketry. This article gives the history of Goddard's discoveries and the rising interest at in rockets in Germany at that time. Details are given on the V‐2 Rocket team that Wernher von Braun developed in Germany and what happened to this team after World War II.In 1946 the U.S. embarked on a vigorous program to develop large liquid‐fuled rockets for military reasons. Von Braun joined the U.S. Army rocket development program in 1950. Later the U.S. Air Force became involved in rocket development. The Air Force established the Western Development Division, which was given the job of developing three missile systems: two intercontinental ballistic missiles (Atlas and Titan); and one intermediate range ballistic missile (Thor). Development of these missiles is discussed. The Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle Program (EELV) concept is detailed. The EELV was developed to reduce the cost of access to space. The Delta IV launch vehicle was developed under EELV, as was the Atlas V.
Vega Project
Authors: Sagdeev Roald 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Vega was the last successful deep space mission of the Soviet space program. It was built on the legacy of the Venera‐9 to Venera‐16 series of spacecraft launched, starting in 1975, to study Venus. In its last encounter (1986), Halley's comet's perihelion was much closer to Venus than to Earth. That created a unique opportunity to launch Vega during the astronomical window for Venus (December 1984) and to use that planet's gravity assist for redirecting the craft to the comet. Using such a choice of spacecraft trajectory, it was decided to combine a scenario to explore Venus with a Halley's comet encounter by employing a two‐element space vehicle: a planetary reentry module, carrying the Venus Lander and balloon, and a Halley flyby probe. The integrated mission was called Vega, a contraction of the Russian words “Venera” (Venus) and “Gallei” (Halley) and was conducted by the Soviet Union and a number of other countries within the framework of an Intercosmos program.
The Vega mission comprised two identical spacecraft, Vega 1 and Vega 2. This was a standard approach in the Soviet Union, aimed primarily at increasing the overall reliability of the mission. In addition, if both flybys were successful, there would be a significant increase in the scientific return, which was particularly valuable considering the expected variability of the comet's activity.
The Vega project was truly international. The spacecraft production and launch operation were controlled by the Soviet aerospace agency (at that time called the Ministry of General Machine Building), but the scientific program and its payload were coordinated by the International Science and Technical Committee (ISTC), representing scientific institutions and space agencies from nine countries. The ISTC designed the Vega mission program to optimize international efforts related to the Halley's comet campaign, which included the European Giotto and the Japanese Suisei and Sakigake space missions.
This article discusses the launch of the two spacecraft and these encounters with Halley's comet: The mission was scientifically highly successful.