bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medieval Medicine: Fifth to Fourteenth Centuries CE
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The second great sweep of medical history begins at the end of the fourth century, with the founding of the first Christian hospital at Caesarea in Cappadocia, and concludes at the end of the fourteenth century, with medicine well ensconced in the universities and in the public life of the emerging nations of Europe. After Galen’ s magisterial summation and revision of Hippocratic medicine, literate medicine went stale for some five centuries, suffering the same fate as literature, the arts, and government in the general decay of the Western Roman Empire.
Ethics in American Medicine
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
British medicine came to North America with the early colonists, who brought its pharmacopoeia but little of its learning. American doctors in the eighteenth century were mostly self-taught or apprenticeship-trained. Any doctor could take on apprentices, and no system, either of regulation or education, imposed any pattern. A few books on the doctor’ s shelf, most of them of ancient vintage, provided the only references for theory and practice. The rough, haphazard medical world of the early colonies distressed those Americans who were familiar with the more sophisticated and learned world of British medicine.
Author’s Rights and Neighboring Rights
Authors: Hansen Peter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The UAE Constitution gives the Federation exclusive jurisdiction to legislate in relation to the protection of “literary, artistic and industrial property and the rights of authors—printed matter and publishing. . . .”
Although the UAE issued its first author’s rights law in 1992, the 1980 law in relation to printed matter and publishing extensively regulated the matter in which author’s rights might have subsisted. The main areas dealt with by the 1980 publishing law are the licensing and regulation of various forms of media, including printing presses, newspaper publishers, and cinemas, and of publications and films, their circulation, import, and export. It also sets out a number of prohibitions against the publication of certain material, including criticism of the head of state and the rulers of the emirates, as well as insults against Islam, the system of government, unjust imputations of blame against Arabs, or misrepresentation of Arabic culture or heritage. It establishes the Film Censorship Committee and empowers it to remove parts of films containing unacceptable content. Several provisions relate more directly to intellectual property. Its definition section includes a definition of a “work,” just as the ARL 2002 does.
Introduction
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a book defending judicial review: the power of courts to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. Judicial review was an American invention, but it has spread to most democracies around the world. Courts in countries as diverse as Canada, India, Israel, Germany, and South Africa now exercise the power to enforce their constitutions. Ironically, American judicial review has seemingly suffered a kind of crisis of legitimacy at home just when it has attained acceptance abroad. Some critics denounce judicial rulings as politics disguised in legal jargon. Other critics seemingly believe that judicial review can be salvaged, but only by adopting some rigid method for deciding cases, such as strict adherence to the original understanding of the Constitution at the time of its adoption. Both sets of critics agree that constitutional law, as it has actually been practiced, allows a few justices to impose their political preferences on the population at large. Their solutions may vary, then, but their diagnosis of the problem is the same: When it comes to judicial discretion, it is either the heavens or the abyss.
Waking Up and Hitting the Road Extubation, Post-Op, and Giving Report
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anesthesia has been likened to flying an airplane, with induction as our version of takeoff and maintenance of anesthesia replacing level flight. Just as landing a plane safely and smoothly is one of a pilot’s hardest jobs, a gentle emergence is one of ours: a combination of art and science. There are multiple reasons that a smooth emergence is challenging. Emergence in itself depends on unpredictable physiological factors, chief among them a patient’s place on the bell curve of responsiveness to volatile anesthetics. When sedatives are given for premedication, patients may not fully metabolize these during a short surgery; these too affect emergence. Even when there is no surgical stimulation, the presence of an endotracheal tube is intensely unpleasant and patients often gag on the tube as soon as they “come to.”Let’s first look at the various demands placed upon us at the end of the case, and then consider how we can balance them.
Sharp Objects, Part I IVs, Arterial Lines, and Central Lines
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A side from intubation, most procedures in anesthesia involve some sort of needle. Proper technique is important both for a successful procedure and for the safety of the anesthesia team. In this chapter, we’re going to see how to do three basic procedures safely and effectively: IVs, arterial lines, and central lines.
privacy’s second home: Building a New Home for Privacy Under Section 15 of the Charter
Authors: Gilbert Daphne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Canada, any constitutional “right”1 to privacy has been housed in section 7 or section 8 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Located as such, privacy is grounded and protected within the Legal Rights portion of the Charter, the provisions of which set out the rights of people in dealing with the justice system and law enforcement. Although sections 7 and 8 of the Charter guard recognized “zones” of privacy in certain, primarily criminal contexts, the positioning of privacy in the Legal Rights section alone neglects privacy’s relevance to other Charter guarantees. This is an impoverished interpretation of what privacy could offer to human rights protections in Canada. Privacy can be viewed as more than simply a legal interest, and finding a home for it, outside of the Legal Rights section of the Charter, opens new possibilities for expanding its constitutional protection and its utility as a tool in advancing other Charter rights.
Reclaiming the Social Value of Privacy
Authors: Steeves* Valerie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The protection of privacy has been on the policy agenda since Alan Westin first published his seminal work, Privacy and Freedom, in 1967. The book was followed swiftly by a series of governmental studies in France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, and the United States, and each of these countries subsequently passed data protection laws based on Westin’s definition of privacy as informational control. By 2000, over forty countries around the world had passed similar legislation as part of an ongoing international effort to harmonize the legal regime governing privacy. However, critics argue that the legislative activity of the past forty years has done little to constrain the collection of massive amounts of personal information on the part of governments and corporations. Sociologists have been particularly critical of Westin’s conceptualization of privacy, arguing that as “appealing and seemingly intuitive as this concept is, it plainly doesn’t work.” Their argument is supported by the fact that data protection has been unable to stop the rollout of technologies like closed-circuit television cameras in public places, remote-activated location devices in cell phones, iris scans in school cafeteria lunch lines, and security cameras in bathrooms, hotel rooms, and school buses, in spite of concerns that the surveillance these technologies enable may have deleterious effects on our social and political relationships. The conceptualization of privacy as informational control has also arguably displaced broader—and potentially more empowering—discourses rooted in a human rights model that seeks to protect human dignity and democratic freedoms in the surveillance society.
Dignity and Selective Self-Presentation
Authors: Matheson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human dignity can be a puzzling phenomenon upon first consideration. often we ascribe it in full measure to all individuals at all times, thus treating it as an inseparable aspect of human personhood—something that can no more be lost or diminished than the most basic of human rights. The United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights1 provides a prominent example of this approach to dignity when it begins with its recognition of the inherency and equality of dignity among all members of the human family. Yet our ascriptions of dignity are, at other times, moderated in the light of individuals’ circumstance, condition, or behavior. When characters in Jonathan Larson’s Rent sing “Will I lose my dignity:” the question they pose is presumably not to be settled by a reminder of the truth that the UN Declaration is driving at in its opening lines. A laborer might justifiably complain that her working environment is degrading, and petition for a more dignity-friendly state of affairs. I might seek to preserve my dignity by avoiding the public expression of my feelings for certain others. In such cases, dignity seems both gradational and alienable: it’s the sort of thing that people can lose as well as retain, have more or less of. In the next section, I will propose a solution to this puzzle—an explanation of why human dignity seems both nongradational and inalienable, on the one hand, and gradational and alienable, on the other. According to my solution, our ascriptions of dignity sometimes pertain to a basic capacity, at other times to a disposition, and at other times yet to a kind of behavior.
Exit Node Repudiation For Anonymity Networks
Authors: Clark Jeremy , Gauvin, Philippe , Adams Carlisle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recruiting volunteers to act as node operators in anonymity networks can be a daunting task. Although setting up a network node is becoming a simpler task, there remains the serious question of liability for the forwarding of unlawful communications such as terrorist threats, child pornography, or hate speech. In cryptography, repudiation means disclaiming responsibility for an action. Cryptographers have proposed anonymity network protocols that would allow network node operators to avoid undue liability for illegal communications that have been anonymized by the network. However, current research only allows the owner of a node to prove that he or she is not the originator of the message if asked. Given the ease with which digital evidence can be destroyed, it is unlikely that investigators would ask a suspect node operator for his or her cooperation. It is much more probable that a warrant for the search, and possibly the seizure, of the node will be acquired without the knowledge of the node operator. It is therefore imperative that network designers understand the circumstances under which a warrant will be issued and how networks could be designed to avoid the disincentive of seized servers.
Anonymity and the Law in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lloyd Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The wartime British Prime Minister Winston Churchill famously described the government of the Soviet Union as a “mystery wrapped inside a riddle inside an enigma.” Attempts to tease legal meaning from the concept of anonymity arouse similar sentiments, and hypothesizing any answers tends merely to give rise to further questions. Like its conjoined sibling privacy, anonymity very seldom enjoys the luxury of dealing in absolutes, and a balancing act has constantly to be struck between competing interests. Trends in social and political thinking also fluctuate over time with greater or lesser stress being placed upon the rights of individuals as opposed to broader claims such as those relating to national security and the prevention and detection of crime.”My right to swing a stick,” it is suggested, “stops at the point where it hits your head!” In a similar vein, my right to act under conditions of anonymity becomes at least qualified when my conduct impacts upon other people. Anonymity—or at least the ability to operate under a range of false identities—is frequently used by those who wish to make multiple and false claims for social benefits. Data sharing and identity management techniques may be effective in reducing fraud but at the cost of requiring everyone involved to surrender a considerable degree of anonymity. Increasingly, issues of national security have come to dominate discussion in the field of anonymity in communications. There is no denying the challenges that modern communications technologies pose for law enforcement agencies.
Introduction
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While working in the Civil Rights and Race Relations Collection located on the third floor of the University of Mississippi Library early in 2008, I happened to look out the window onto a scene unimaginable 45 years earlier when the events that inspired this book transpired. An African American student was conducting a campus tour for a small group of prospective students and their parents, all of whom were white. I watched the group listening attentively to the guide, asking questions, and following his gestures as he pointed to various buildings. Then he opened the doors to the white-columned Lyceum Building, which houses the university’s administrative offices, and ushered his guests inside. What made the scene not only noteworthy, but poignant for me was the memory of what had happened at that very spot when I was a second-year undergraduate at Ole Miss. The Lyceum was ground zero in a bloody battle that took place on the night of September 30, 1962, between perhaps a couple thousand staunch segregationists, mainly nonstudents, and federal marshals and federalized Mississippi National Guardsmen, who were on campus to ensure the safety of James Meredith, a black Mississippian who was seeking admission.
James Meredith Puts Ole Miss on Trial
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On June 25, 1962, James Meredith got a major break in his lawsuit against Ole Miss. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth District in New Orleans found that he had been rejected by the university solely because of race, thereby overturning the lower court’s decision. Four months earlier, Federal District Court Judge Sidney C. Mize, a graduate of the University of Mississippi Law School and a staunch segregationist, had found that Meredith had failed to prove that Ole Miss had a policy of denying admission to Negro applicants. Now the appellate court reversed Mize’s decision. Writing the opinion for the three-judge panel, Judge John Minor Wisdom wrote that “a full review of the record leads inescapably to the conclusion that from the moment the defendants discovered that Meredith was a Negro they engaged in a carefully calculated campaign of delay, harassment, and masterful inactivity . . . a defense designed to discourage and defeat by evasive tactics.” The court ordered the university to admit Meredith and to take all measures to accelerate his admission.
Mission Accomplished
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As James Meredith walked to class, the security detail assigned to him swung into action. Two federal marshals preceded him, two flanked him, and two walked behind. On the street oppo-site the sidewalk where he walked, a convoy of four Army jeeps crept alongside carrying a dozen soldiers in full battle regalia with fixed bayonets; they scanned both sides of the street on the alert for any threat. Out of sight were thousands of additional troops camped all over the campus. Indeed, in fall 1962 Ole Miss looked more like an army base than a university. At a peak strength of 20,000, soldiers outnumbered students by about five to one. Troops were everywhere, bivouacked on any plot of ground not covered by a building, including varsity and intramural playing fields. Crack outfits like the 101st Airborne Division ran through the campus doing their daily physical training, shouting out their cadence: “Up the hill, Down the hill, Through the hill. Airborne!” Troop carriers rumbled through the campus, transporting squads of soldiers while helicopters buzzed overhead.
The Modeling Framework
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If we are to analyze projects properly, we need to know how managers will exploit the flexibility embedded in those projects. To do this we need to understand managers’ objective functions. Section 2.1 explains why the manager of any firm should seek to maximize the market value of existing shareholders’ stake in the firm. The manager’s job is made more difficult by the uncertainty about the future consequences of any action. Modeling this uncertainty is a crucial part of real options analysis. Section 2.2 introduces the structure (called a binomial tree) that we use to model the risk associated with future cash flows. We use this structure in Section 2.3 to highlight the importance of dynamic decision making—that is, of using all available information to make future decisions.
Overstating the Effects
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ever since Hiroshima there has been a tendency to overstate the likely impact of a single atomic explosion, and then, in further amplification, the impact of a single, smaller explosion has often been casually equated (or conflated) with the impact of a much larger one—or even with that of a series of larger ones. As historian Spencer Weart describes the process, “You say ‘nuclear bomb’ and everybody immediately thinks of the end of the world.” Imagery can lead to obsession and, although nuclear weapons are certainly exceptionally destructive, the common tendency to inflate their effects, sometimes to an absurd degree, can have undesirable intellectual and policy consequences.
Controlling Proliferation Modest Success
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the last few decades, there have been extensive persuasive and dissuasive efforts to prevent horizontal proliferation—the dispersion of nuclear weapons and, to a lesser degree, other “weapons of mass destruction” to states that do not already have them. The idea has been to halt or at least to slow the spread of nuclear weapons by establishing a worldwide nonproliferation “regime.”
Task
Authors: Mueller John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 9/11 Commission attributed the fact that the United States was surprised on 9/11 to a “failure of imagination.” That defect was substantially reversed in the aftermath. Notes one commentator, “no one” in the American national security community considered (or imagined) that disaster to be an “isolated occurrence,” and it was apparently inconceivable that the country would go over eight years (and counting) without some sort of repetition. Or even three: it was in 2004 that another characterized the post-9/11 period as one in which, “contrary to every expectation and prediction,” the second shoe never dropped. As Rudy Giuliani, New York’s mayor on 9/11, reflected in 2005, “Anybody—any one of these security experts, including myself—would have told you on September 11, 2001, we’re looking at dozens and dozens and multiyears of attacks like this. It hasn’t been quite that bad.” No, not nearly. Precisely what Giuliani’s “security experts” were basing their expert opinion on is not entirely clear, but there certainly was no failure—or at any rate, lack—of imagination.1
Epidemiology, pathology, and pathophysiology
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although asthma has been described in the literature since antiquity, the condition effectively remains undefined since no clear-cut criteria have been established to decide whether an individual has asthma or not. However, a 1992 International Consensus Report described asthma as: a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells play a role, in particular mast cells and eosinophils. In susceptible individuals, this inflammation causes symptoms which are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment and causes an associated increase in airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli.
Occupational asthma
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Occupational asthma—asthma caused by exposure to agents in the workplace—is more common than is usually appreciated and accounts for 10% to 15% of new cases of asthma arising in working-age people. The two main types of occupational asthma are:
• Classic sensitizing occupational asthma
• Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS), which is most often due to a single large exposure to a chemical (such as a chemical spill at work)
Both types of occupational asthma need to be differentiated from asthma aggravated by work, which is observed in those with pre-existing asthma.
Patients with classic occupational asthma report symptoms with a work-related pattern; improvements are observed during weekends or vacations, although this sort of clear association may not be immediately obvious. Clinicians should maintain a high level of suspicion that exposure to agents in the workplace could be a significant factor in any adult newly diagnosed with asthma. In individuals who work in a potentially high-exposure occupation, such as bakers and paint sprayers, the diagnosis should be positively sought.
Cultural Considerations and the Price of Religious Liberty
Authors: Guiora Amos N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a price for religious liberty. In the desire to protect the individu-als’ rights to pursue separate opinions and beliefs, we accept the possibil-ity that some of those opinions and beliefs will result in harm to others and society at large. Prime Minister Rabin paid this price with his life; similarly, underage girls in the FLDS Church were violated, and will most likely continue to be abused. These are perhaps some of the most dramatic examples of the harmful effects of religious extremism.
The Well of Lycopolis
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bunting to Morton Dauwen Zabel at Poetry, from Rapallo, 24 March 1933:
If anyone would leave me a fortune or give me a Guggenheim Fellowship I would send in my subscription, but as it is that’s impossible. I had no trousers of my own for several months this year and the only pair I could borrow didn’t fit. Now I have a fine new pair of trousers, but my typewriter is visibly busting: und so weiter.
Home
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bunting had gathered assets: a great deal of experience. His risks had paid off. He had what many poets did not have: a knowledge based, not on books only, but on doing things. He had shown that one could still be a Raleigh, both poet and man of action, and the underlying aim of this was to make himself a better poet: one who knew the grain of things as they functioned.
Music
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All but one of Bunting’s longer poems are classed as ‘sonatas’; and Bunting wrote that his contribution to the art of poetry had been to introduce sonata form to it. He made the shaping of verse according to the analogy of music a more absolute requirement than had, overtly, any writer before him. He felt that he had been the first to conceive the idea of ‘imitating the form of the sonata’, and that he had ‘carried it to further lengths than any of the others’. He drew from the sonata certain principles - chiefly, I think, contrast, conflict, transformation, and marriage - which seem peculiarly suited to the creating of large forms in poetry, as others (those of the fugue, the symphony) may not be.