bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secrecy, Trust, and Dangerous Leisure: Generating Group Cohesion in Voluntary Organizations
Authors: Fine Gary Alan , Holyfield Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As communitarians assert, participation in a voluntary organization encourages—perhaps demands—a sense of belonging (Bellah et al. 1992; Wolfe 1989, 1991). Within small-group research this ‘belongingness’ or ‘we-ness’ is labeled group cohesion. Although cohesion has numerous definitions, the standard views suggest that cohesion constitutes those forces which cause members to remain within a group (Festinger, Schachter, and Back 1950:164: Piper et al. 1983) and/or to resist centrifugal forces (Brawley, Carron and Widmeyer 1988; Gross and Martin 1952:553). Cohesion is a variable intervening between characteristics of group life and outcome variables, notably the success of the group (e.g., survival of the group or stability of membership). Cohesion is a property of social systems rather than individuals (Frank 1957), even though it is individuals who experience feelings of commitment on which this solidarity is based (Evans and Jarvis 1980; Kanter 1972: 72–73).
Organizations and Their Environments
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is symbolized by Jonah trying to swallow the whale. Several weeks of preparatory reading demonstrated how extensive and heterogeneous is the literature on organization–environment relations. Not only has there been no comprehensive summary of relevant knowledge, but some of the most interesting and relevant studies have appeared in journals that organization theorists ordinarily ignore. Therefore, a thorough review and synthesis would bring genuine benefits. Moreover, the literature includes many intriguing and potentially fruitful, but partially developed, notions that cry out for elaboration and theoretical cultivation, and more than a few conceptual vestibules open onto whole vistas of unexplored research terrain. It was not difficult to outline a chapter that promised to be socially useful without boring anyone.
To Avoid Organizational Crises, Unlearn
Authors: Nystrom Paul C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizations learn. Then they encase their learning in programs and standard operating procedures that members execute routinely. These programs and procedures generate inertia, and the inertia increases when organizations socialize new members and reward conformity to prescribed roles. As their successes accumulate, organizations emphasize efficiency, grow complacent, and learn too little. To survive, organizations must also unlearn. Top managers ‘ ideas dominate organizational learning, but they also prevent unlearning. Encased learning produces blindness and rigidity that may breed full-blown crises. Our studies of organizations facing crises show that past learning inhibits new learning: Before organizations will try new ideas, they must unlearn old ones by discovering their inadequacies and then discarding them. Organizations in serious crises often remove their top managers as a way to erase the dominating ideas, to disconfirm past programs, to become receptive to new ideas, and to symbolize change.
How Organizations Channel Creativity
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following story shows how contrasting value systems and different skills interacted to produce two important inventions (Hounshell and Smith 1988). In December 1926, Charles Stine, the Director of Du Pont ‘s Chemical Department, wrote a memorandum advocating that his company should undertake ‘pure science work ‘. He listed four reasons, the last and least important of which was practical applications. Three months later, after Stine had relabeled his proposal ‘fundamental research ‘, Du Pont ‘s Executive Committee gave him money for a new building and a budget for twenty-five scientists. By the beginning of 1928, Stine had hired only nine scientists, including just one organic chemist.
Displacing Remedies from Environmental to Planning Law: The Enforcement of Contaminated Land Legislation in Britain
Authors: Pontin Ben , Willmore Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines issues relating to the enforcement of Part IIA, Environmental Protection Act 1990, which represents one of a number of regulatory regimes established in Europe and North America since the 1980s, aimed at protecting health and the environment from land pollution. Much of the extensive literature relating to the British regime contained in Part IIA has focused on the regime’s ‘strict and retroactive’ rules for apportioning liability among ‘appropriate persons’. Liability within this framework is clearly of considerable interest in theory, yet it is dependent in practice on effective administration by local environmental health authorities (the principal enforcing agents), who are responsible for inspecting land in their area, identifying land falling within Part IIA and issuing remediation documentation by which liability for remedying contaminated land is apportioned. As the regime enters its fifth year in force, it is timely to reflect on how these pivotal aspects of what is a public law approach to environmental remedies are being enforced in practice. The historical emphasis placed by the British Legislature on controlling pollution to air and water has bequeathed a substantial legacy of land contamination in need of attention today. Part IIA tackles this legacy through the obligations that are imposed on local authorities to identify and secure the remediation of the sites which present the most immediate and pressing risks to health and the environment. Reports emerging from the environmental consultancy sector suggest that this legacy is being addressed on a potentially major scale. What is in need of closer analysis, however, is the contribution to this clean-up effort that is being made by regulatory law and Part IIA in particular. Is land being remediated in spite of, rather than because of, the enactment of a specialist regime?
Biotechnology
Authors: Etty Thijs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the epic year 2003, which brought an imposing wave of legislation and policy breakthroughs in the area of biotechnology regulation, one might have expected but small ripples during 2004. However, though perhaps not as eventful as its preceding annum, this survey year once again saw vital developments in this still emerging area of European Community (EC) law. In the face of mounting international pressure—or perhaps most importantly, the prospect of multi-billion Euro trade damage retaliation measures—the Commission finally managed to lift the EC’s oft-discussed de facto moratorium on approvals of new genetically modified organisms (GMOs). By way of the recently adopted new regulatory procedures for GMO authorizations, the Commission was able to push through its longstanding affirmative stance on the products of ‘green’ biotechnology, in spite of continued deadlock among the Member States. Whilst it remains to be seen whether the ‘floodgates’ of Europe have now been opened to a stream of new genetically modified (GM) import commodities from the world’s leading GMO producers, the United States of America (US), Canada, and Argentina, a vital precedent has been set. Adding to this, in a related move, the Commission made the debut inscriptions in the European Union (EU) Common Catalogue of Agricultural Plant Species, enabling the cultivation of 17 varieties of US-made GM maize lines on European farming fields. Two (closely related) major outstanding dossiers are the EC’s policy for coexistence of GM, conventional, and organic agriculture, and the pending rules for purity of conventional seeds, and labelling thresholds for adventitious admixture of those seeds with GM varieties.
Waste
Authors: Van Calster Geert , Vandenberghe Wim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The one noteworthy development in the survey year 2004 was the publication of Directive 2004/12/EC amending Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and Packaging Waste. The Directive amends the minimum and maximum targets which Member States have to achieve for reuse generally, and for recycling of packaging waste in particular. It furthermore clarifies the definition of ‘waste’ and ‘packaging’, and includes provisions for current and future Member States which are allowed to achieve less ambitious targets for a limited period. The current targets have to be reviewed by the end of 2007. The European Commission (Commission) has adopted an amended Proposal concerning transboundary shipments of waste. The amended Proposal rejects the most controversial parts of the proposed amendments adopted by the European Parliament (EP). The Commission, for instance, rejects the suggestion to apply the principles of self-sufficiency and proximity to shipments destined for recovery, as well as the suggestion of the EP that Member States be allowed to object to export and import of waste on the basis of national waste management plans. The Commission calls this latter suggestion incompatible with the EC Treaty. The Council of Ministers (Council) has already examined the amended Proposal. The reader will be familiar with the fact that the Commission already made its initial Proposal in 2003. The Commission’s Proposal is intented to, on the one hand, adapt the European rules to international Treaties, in particular in the framework of the OECD and the Basel Convention. The Commission wishes, on the other hand, to achieve a more extensive codification in the administrative practices of the Member States, which after all increasingly apply the exception clauses.
Water
Authors: Stallworthy Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The survey year 2004 was one of limited legislative change. Nonetheless, interesting preparatory developments were taking place with respect to, inter alia, the protection of bathing water and marine conservation generally. Considerable European Commission (Commission) efforts during 2004 were directed towards securing improved implementation and enforcement. This was notable especially in the context of, once again, Directive 91/271/EEC concerning Urban Waste-Water Treatment (Urban Waste-Water Directive) and now also Directive 2000/60/EC establishing a Framework for Community Action in the Field of Water Policy (Water Framework Directive). On a policy level, the Commision focused its energy on the issues of flood control and coastal erosion, both of which constitute important parts of the Community’s overarching strategy on climate change. In the area of water pollution, legislative activity in 2004 primarily took place at the national, rather than the European level. The end of 2004 marked the expiry of one of the early deadlines under the Framework Directive. By this time, the Member States are required to have completed summary characterization reports, to detail pressures and impacts on waters in light of environmental objectives. As will be discussed further in section D, non-compliance with the initial transposition deadline (end 2003) has already led to a rush of enforcement activity on the part of the Commission.
Horizontal Instruments
Authors: Richardson Benjamin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horizontal instruments are policy mechanisms that can be applied across a wide range of economic sectors and ecological problems. They are generic policy instruments that can be adapted to numerous contexts, ranging from nature conservation, pollution control, natural resource management, and so on. Up to now, the four main horizontal instruments used in European Community (EC) environmental law were environmental impact assessment, public participation in environmental decision-making, eco-management and auditing systems, and environmental labelling. In recent years, there have been significant reforms to expand the use of these mechanisms in EC environmental law. Most importantly however, 2004 marks the adoption of a seminal new horizontal instrument, the long-awaited EC Directive on environmental liability, which is the focus of the following section. The prevention and remedying of environmental damage are among the most pressing environmental policy issues confronting industrial societies. Environmental liability is a foundational horizontal policy tool that enables responsibility for environmental damage to be assigned in a variety of contexts including water pollution, contamination of soil, and damage to wildlife. Environmental liability standards serve to specify the conduct or situations that incur responsibility and the means of remedying that damage. Thereby, liability standards may also deter future environmentally risk activities.
Introduction: From Tangled Knots To Virtuous Circles
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about how governments think and act. Governments can be brutal and stupid. But the best have helped their citizens to live longer, safer, richer, and freer lives. They have achieved their successes by being strategic—knowing where they want to go and how to get there.
Being strategic is neither natural nor easy for governments. Most opt for mediocrity and the lines of least resistance. Some trust in intuition (with all the virtues and vices it’s known to bring). Some—like Indira Gandhi and Ronald Reagan—rely on astrologers. And more than a few just use ideology to guide them.
What Is Public Strategy?
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s start with definitions. Public strategy is the systematic use of public resources and powers, by public agencies, to achieve public goals. The word ‘public’ means concerning the people as well as referring to the formal authority of states. Strategy comes from the Greek ‘strategos’, a general, a word which brought together ‘stratos’, the idea of something which is spread out (an army or multitude), with ‘agos’ the idea of leadership. So what we’re concerned with here is how the sprawling mass of public agencies, laws, services, embassies, armies, and laboratories that make up a modern state can be led in the same direction and serve a public interest that lies well beyond the state.
Public Action: The Dynamics of Supply and Demand
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate purpose of strategy in a democracy is to meet public wants and needs, refracted through politicians’ more immediate need to win elections. All governments have to navigate the relationship between their limited ability to provide or act, and the demands of their citizens. Their best policy may be to do less and cut taxes (like Estonia’s Mart Laar who introduced a 26 per cent flat tax for both income and business).
Locating Strategy: Structures, Processes, and Cultures
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategy can be run from prime ministers’ offices, from Cabinet Offices, or distributed across departments. It can be delegated to arm’s length bodies charged with thinking about the long term or controlled by tight, but informal, circles around a strong leader. There is no one right place to run strategy in a government: much depends on the balance of roles between politicians and officials, and the balance of power between different politicians.
Negative Risks: Strategies for Resilience
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 2007 David Walker, the head of the US Government’s Accountability Office, warned of a future that could include ‘dramatic’ tax rises, an explosion of debt, slashed government services, and the large-scale dumping by foreign governments of holdings of US debt. He talked of ‘declining moral values and political civility at home, an over-confident and over-extended military in foreign lands and fiscal irresponsibility by the central government’. He claimed to have warned about these in the past but now wanted to ‘turn up the volume’ on problems, some of which were too sensitive for others in government to ‘have their name associated with’.
Changing Minds and Behaviour
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of government is about changing people’s minds. Even more of it is about changing their behaviour—cutting water use or drink driving, or cultivating a sense of national identity. The UK health regulator NICE determines which treatments are cost effective and measures them in terms of costs per QALY (‘quality adjusted life year’). The available research shows that smoking cessation programmes cost around £500–1,000 per QALY, compared to over £20,000 for Tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention and anything up to £800,000 for beta interferon for multiple sclerosis.
Winning (and Losing) Public Trust
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent survey put it starkly: ‘except for the Netherlands . . . from the 1970s until the mid-1990s all of the other advanced industrialized democracies recorded a decline in the level of trust their respective governments have enjoyed.’ The USA is typical: trust in government peaked in the 1960s, and since then, although it’s bounced up repeatedly (in the mid- 1980s and again in the early 2000s after 9/II), on each occasion it rose to a lower level, and then fell further than before.
Metrics: Measuring Social and Public Value
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All public strategies aim to turn the public’s hard-earned money and freedoms into something more valuable: for example, security, better health, or more education. Over the last decade much work has gone into trying to make sense of this value, with metrics and targets that have shifted attention onto outcomes rather than outputs or activities. Until the 1990s international accounting conventions assumed that public sector productivity never improved.
Persistent Leadership
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of the Monty Python films King Arthur addresses a group of peasants as their king. But it turns out that they are members of an anarcho-syndicalist commune. One says: ‘I didn’t vote for you.’ Another complains that ‘strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government.’ In the end the angry Arthur has to leave.
Ruling depends on complicity. Leaders can only lead if followers are willing to follow and strategies can only become real if people are willing to abide by them.
Patterns of Open Innovation in Open Source Software
Authors: Gallagher Joel West,Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models of Open Innovation offer the promise that firms can achieve a greater return on their innovative activities and their resulting intellectual property (IP). Open Innovation models stress the importance of using a broad range of sources for a firm ‘s innovation and invention activities, including customers, rivals, academics, and firms in unrelated industries while simultaneously using creative methods to exploit a firm ‘s resulting IP (Chesbrough 2003a). While the use of external sources of innovation is nothing new, recently some of the most successful high-tech firms have been those that utilized Open Innovation rather than more traditional ‘vertically integrated ‘ innovation approaches.
Scepticism and Scandinavian Legal Realists
Authors: Bjarup* Jes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was my good fortune to get a British Council Fellowship to study jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh. During my stay in Edinburgh, from 1978 to 1980, I also had the good fortune to meet Jim Harris and we became friends, sharing a common interest in jurisprudential questions as well as smoking a pipe and sipping a whisky whilst exchanging views on life in general. It was with great sorrow that I heard of his illness, followed by his premature death. Sadly, Jim is no longer among us, but he is still present in his book, Legal Philosophies.
Judges’ Use of Moral Arguments in Interpreting Statutes
Authors: Horder* Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My focus in this Chapter will be the judicial use of merit-based and, in particular, moral argument to determine the legal scope or effect of a statute. Can such argument appropriately be used to this end, even if substantially unsupported by argument that is (as we shall see) more properly called ‘legal’? If merit-based and, in particular, moral argument can be so deployed, what restrictions, if any, are there on the way in which it ought to be deployed? My argument will be that it can be legitimate for judges to rely on moral arguments to determine the legal scope or effect of statutes.
The Limits of Comparative Politics: International Relations in the European Union
Authors: Menon Anand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As political scientists have become aware of the potential gains involved in comparing the EU with other political systems, more of them have come to use approaches employed to study domestic politics to examine its workings. Recent years have witnessed a particularly marked increase in the application of approaches utilized in the study of American politics to the Union. In part at least, this is explicable at an empirical level, a function both of the many similarities between the two systems, and (as is argued) largely misplaced assumptions concerning the similarity of their developmental trajectories.
Financial Change and European Employment Relations
Authors: Grahl John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the changing consequences of flnancialization in liberal market economies, the effects of its gradual penetration into cooperative market economies, and the possibilities for new forms of institutional hybridity. In doing so, it suggests, flrst, that the flnancial changes taking place in many countries have been widely misunderstood and, second, that the consequences of these changes for employment relations, although often adverse, are not necessarily so. What is sometimes referred to as the ‘flnancialization’ (for one analysis see Froud, Johal, and Williams 2002) of socioeconomic systems involves a number of phenomena. Three economic aspects of flnancial change are frequently referred to; it is important to distinguish between them. (There are also important cultural and linguistic aspects—such as the widespread perception that flnancial institutions and flnancial markets are central locations in society today.)
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Matson Eric , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claim that we live and work in a ‘knowledge economy’ or ‘knowledge society’ has been made so frequently in recent years that it almost seems a cliche. Repetition has not made it less true. How-ever, or guaranteed that the implications of those phrases are fully understood. Not so many years ago, we talked more about the ‘post-industrial’ or ‘information’ society, but over the past decade knowledge and learning (or variations on those terms) have emerged as the hallmarks of the twenty first century society and economy as the keys to economic success and perhaps social health, and as a focus of thinking about organizational effectiveness and innovation.
Knowledge-in-the-Making: The ‘Construction’ of Fiat’s Melfi Factory
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter, the first part of a double length case study, is to analyse the action-based processes of knowing and organizing surrounding the coming into existence of one of the most advanced car manufacturing plants in the world: Fiat’s Melfi assembly plant. This new ‘green field’ factory features a lean production organization, work flow based on assembly lines and teams, advanced applications of IT (Information Technology) to production management and control, and extensive reliance on total quality management (Ciborra, Patriotta, and Erlicher 1996). Beyond technical specifications, how ever, the most interesting feature of the plant is that it has been built with the active involvement of the workforce.