bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceiving the pattern of organization in a family system
Authors: McGarry Donna DeWitt 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPhysicist and writer Fritjof Capra states that the crisis of our times is a crisis of perception. I would suggest the crisis stems from our inability to perceive systemic connections. We are conditioned by the seventeenth‐century worldview of Newton and the tool of analysis devised by Descartes to perceive objects and events as separate and non‐related. The only relationship we acknowledge is linear cause and effect. Newton's worldview and Descartes' analysis are insufficient to perceive and comprehend the complex systems problems that plague our daily existence. The systems sciences offer a very different worldview that begins not with separate parts but with a whole that differentiates into parts. The parts are therefore connected through the relationships and interactions that organize the system. To effectively deal with systems you must be able to perceive the systemic connections and recognize their pattern of organization. Pattern recognition at this level requires skills in observation, abstraction and imaging. Families are systems that too often are perceived through the lens of reductionism as aggregates of individuals. Family therapists recognize that the family is a system but they are still hampered in their efforts to comprehend the systemic connections by the cognitive tool of analysis. Analysis breaks the system into its component parts and ignores the relationships and interactions that organize the system. My presentation will offer the theory and techniques of pattern recognition. This tool together with an understanding of systems principles and dynamics provides the framework needed to deal with the complex problems that emerge within family and other complex systems. Changing a system is not simply a matter of changing the individuals within the system. The characteristics of a system do not come from the characteristics of its components but from their organization. Changing systems requires changing their pattern of organization, that is, the pattern of relationships and networks of interaction that organize the system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Augmentation by zinc of NMDA receptor‐mediated synaptic responses in CA1 of rat hippocampal slices: Mediation by Src family tyrosine kinases
Authors: Kim Tae‐Youn , Hwang Jung‐Jin , Hwan Yun Sung , Whan Jung Min , Koh Jae‐Young 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNormal neuronal activity results in the release of zinc from the synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic terminals and subsequent entry into postsynaptic neurons. Although the exact physiological role of zinc translocation is currently unknown, it is very likely that intracellular zinc exerts long‐term modulatory effects upon synaptic transmission since zinc affects various molecules involved in signaling pathways. In this study we used rat hippocampal slices to examine the effect of zinc on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral‐CA1 synapses. Following a 10‐min exposure to 0.3–1 mM zinc, the magnitude of NMDA receptor‐mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSP) gradually increased over the subsequent 30–40 min. In contrast, the magnitude of AMPA/kainate receptor‐mediated fEPSPs remained unchanged. The selective potentiation of NMDA receptor‐mediated fEPSPs by zinc was unlikely to be a presynaptic event, since the degree of paired‐pulse facilitation was unaltered. Interestingly, the specific Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 completely blocked zinc‐induced potentiation of NMDA receptor‐mediated fEPSP while the inactive analog PP3 had no effect, thereby suggesting the involvement of Src family tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, zinc exposure increased levels of total and tyrosine‐phosphorylated forms of NR2A and NR2B in a PP2‐dependent manner in both hippocampal slices and cell cultures. In addition, zinc treatment of hippocampal cultures increased the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation at the two positive regulatory sites of Src family tyrosine kinases. Our results demonstrate that zinc increases NMDA receptor function via Src family tyrosine kinase‐mediated increases of NR2A and 2B tyrosine phosphorylation. We speculate that intense release of endogenous synaptic zinc may potentiate NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission in zinc‐containing glutamatergic pathways by a similar mechanism. Synapse 46:49–56, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amazonian Paleodunes Provide Evidence for Drier Climate Phases during the Late Pleistocene–Holocene
Authors: Filho Arnaldo Carneiro , Schwartz Dominique , Tatumi Sonia H. , Rosique Thierry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent studies on relict eolian dunes in the Rio Negro basin, northern Amazon, Brazil (00°35′N, 63°14′W), indicate a drier climate regime during the Late Pleistocene–Holocene transition that is different from the present humid climate. The eolian sands form long chains of linear dunes bordering the Rio Negro River and some tributaries. Here, we present thermoluminescence (TL) ages spanning the period 32,000–8000 yr B.P. The final dune stabilization took place after 8,000 yr B.P. and now the bases of the dunes are fixed by vegetation. Clustering of the TL dates suggests that the dry climate in the Amazon Basin occurred in distinct episodes and argues against current opinions that drastic ecological changes did not affect in the Amazon during the last global glaciation.
Formal education does not improve the acceptance of cesarean section among pregnant Nigerian women
Authors: Onah H.E 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the relationship between formal education, personal beliefs and the acceptance of cesarean section among pregnant Nigerians. Methods: A questionnaire survey was made of antenatal mothers seen over a 5‐month period at a tertiary hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Results: A total of 1148 subjects were interviewed. Although as a single variable, formal education was significantly related to a more favorable attitude to cesarean section among the respondents, it ceased to be related when their beliefs about the operation were corrected for. Conclusions: Pregnant Nigerians’ beliefs about cesarean section are more important than formal education in determining whether or not they accept it, hence the need to correct such false beliefs during antenatal classes.
On some periodic Hartree-type models for crystals
Authors: Le Bris C. , Lions P.-L. , Catto I. 
Published: October 2002

We continue here our study of the thermodynamic limit for various models of Quantum Chemistry. More specifically, we study the Hartree and the restricted Hartree model. For the restricted Hartree model, we prove the existence of the thermodynamic limit for the energy per unit volume. We also define a periodic problem associated to the Hartree model, and we prove that it is well-posed.

Résumé
Nous poursuivons dans cet article notre étude systématique de la limite thermodynamique de divers modèles issus de la Chimie Quantique Moléculaire. Nous étudions plus spécifiquement les modèles de Hartree et de Hartree restreint. Pour le modèle de Hartree restreint, nous prouvons l'existence de la limite thermodynamique de l'énergie par unité de volume. Nous définissons également un modèle périodique associé au modèle de Hartree, et nous démontrons qu'il est bien posé.
Effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) on late‐phase osteotomy gap healing in a canine tibial model
Authors: Inoue Nozomu , Ohnishi Isao , Chen Dongan , Deitz Luke W. , Schwardt Jeffrey D. , Chao Edmund Y. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effects of a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on late bone healing phases using an osteotomy gap model in the canine mid‐tibia were investigated. A transverse mid‐diaphyseal tibial osteotomy with a 2‐mm gap was performed unilaterally in 12 adult mixed‐breed dogs and stabilized with external fixation. Animals in the variable group (n = 6) were treated with PEMF for 1 h daily starting 4 weeks after surgery for a total of 8 weeks, whereas no stimulation signal was generated in the control group (n = 6). Functional load‐bearing and radiographic assessments were conducted time‐sequentially until euthanasia 12 weeks after surgery. Torsional tests and an analysis of undecalcified histology were performed on the retrieved mid‐tibial diaphysis containing the osteotomy site. In the PEMF group, load‐bearing of the operated limb recovered earlier when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Load‐bearing in the PEMF group at 8 weeks was greater than in the control group (p < 0.02). The periosteal callus area increased following surgery at 6 weeks (p < 0.05) and thereafter (p < 0.01) in the PEMF group, while a significant increase was observed at 8 and 10 weeks after surgery (p < 0.05) in the control group. Both the normalized maximum torque and torsional stiffness of the PEMF group were significantly greater than those of the control group (p < 0.04 and p < 0.007, respectively). Histomorphometric analyses revealed greater new‐bone formation (p < 0.05) in the osteotomy gap tissue and increased mineral apposition rate (p < 0.04) and decreased porosity in the cortex adjacent to the osteotomy line (p < 0.02) in the PEMF group. PEMF stimulation of 1 h per day for 8 weeks provided faster recovery of load‐bearing, a significant increase in new bone formation, and a higher mechanical strength of the healing mid‐tibial osteotomy. This study revealed enhancing effects of PEMF on callus formation and maturation in the late‐phase of bone healing.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molecular-assembled Complexes of Mixed-valent Ruthenium Dimer with Hexacyanoferrate(III) and Hexacyanocobaltate(III) Ions
Authors: Yoshioka Daisuke , Mikuriya Masahiro , Handa Makoto 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The three-dimensional coordination polymers, [{Ru2(piv)4}3(H2O)M(CN)6] [M=Fe (1) and Co (2), Hpiv = pivalic acid], have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography, electronic spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurement.
Novel π-Electron Donors for Magnetic Conductors Containing a PROXYL Radical
Authors: Fujiwara Hideki , Fujiwara Emiko , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Synthesis, structure and physical properties of novel π-electron donors containing a TTF moiety and a PROXYL radical within a single molecule designed for the development of magnetic conductors are reported. We also clarified the physical properties of the iodine complex of the ethylenedithio derivative.
Acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16)(p13q22): Involvement of cervical lymph nodes and tonsils is common and may be a negative prognostic sign
Authors: Billström R. , Ahlgren T. , Békássy A.N. , Malm C. , Olofsson T. , Höglund M. , Mitelman F. , Johansson B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) with inv(16)(p13q22) or the variant t(16;16)(p13;q22), is strongly associated with the FAB subtype M4Eo. A high incidence of CNS involvement was reported in the 1980s, but otherwise little is known about the pattern of extamedullary leukemia (EML) manifestations in this AML type. We have compiled clinical and cytogenetic data on 27 consecutive AML cases with inv(16)/t(16;16) from southern Sweden. In general, these AMLs displayed the clinical features that have previously been described as characteristic for this disease entity: low median age, hyperleukocytosis, M4Eo morphology, and a favorable prognosis. However, CNS leukemia was only seen in relapse in one patient diagnosed in 1980, whereas the most common EML manifestation in our series was lymphadenopathy (5/27, 19%), most often cervical with or without gross tonsillar enlargement. A review of previously published, clinically informative cases corroborates that lymphadenopathy, with preference for the cervical region, is the most common EML at diagnosis in inv(16)‐positive AML (58/175, 33%). CNS leukemia, on the other hand, has been reported in only 17% of the cases, mostly in the relapse setting, with a diminishing frequency over time, possibly due to protective effects of high‐dose cytarabine. Other reported EML sites include the scalp, ovaries, and the intestine. Cervicotonsillar EML was in our series associated with a shorter duration of first remission, (P < 0.05), and may hence prove to be an important clinical parameter when deciding treatment strategies in AML with inv(16)/t(16;16). Am. J. Hematol. 71:15–19, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous mutations in the prion protein gene causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: Dagvadorj Ayush , Petersen Robert B. , Lee Hee Suk , Cervenakova Larisa , Shatunov Alexey , Budka Herbert , Brown Paul , Gambetti Pierluigi , Goldfarb Lev G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe analyzed the prion protein gene (PRNP) region in patients with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy associated with the PRNP D178N mutation. The results suggest that the D178N chromosomes had independent origins in each affected pedigree or apparently sporadic case. A de novo spontaneous PRNP mutation was observed. We provide evidence that hereditary and apparently sporadic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy cases associated with the D178N mutation result from multiple recurrent mutational events.
Fabrication and characterization of planar and channel polymer waveguides. III. Compositional distribution and solute loss in polymer thin films
Authors: Banach Michael J. , Clarson Stephen J. , Beaucage Gregory , Benkoski Jason , Mates Tom , Kramer Edward J. , Vaia Richard A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor many microelectronic and optoelectronic applications, polymer thin films require the addition of small molecules. However, the thin‐film geometry and associated processing techniques will influence the final morphology and compositional distribution of the constituents. It is therefore important that these be examined directly rather than inferred from bulk measurements. As an example system, the concentration and distribution of Disperse Red 1 (DR1) molecules in poly(methyl methacrylate) thin films were examined. Ultraviolet visibility spectroscopy and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry indicate that the composition of the molecules decreased dramatically with thermal treatment of the film. The sublimation of the chromophore was observed to occur at temperatures well below the melting point of the small molecule and the glass transition of the pure polymer; this solute loss manifested itself in changes in the glass transition temperature of the film. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2021–2024, 2002
Morphological influence of ascorbic acid deficiency on endochondral ossification in osteogenic disorder Shionogi rat
Authors: Sakamoto Yujiro , Takano Yoshiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influences of chronic deficiency of L‐ascorbic acid (AsA) on the differentiation of osteo‐chondrogenic cells and the process of endochondral ossification were examined in the mandibular condyle and the tibial epiphysis and metaphysis by using Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats that bear an inborn deficiency of L‐gulonolactone oxidase. Weanling male rats were kept on an AsA‐free diet for up to 4 weeks, until the symptoms of scurvy became evident. The tibiae and condylar processes of scorbutic rats displayed undersized and distorted profiles with thin cortical and scanty cancellous bones. In these scorbutic bones, the osteoblasts showed characteristic expanded round profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and lay on the bone surface where the osteoid layer was missing. Trabeculae formation was deadlocked, although calcification of the cartilage matrix proceeded in both types of bone. Scorbutic condylar cartilage showed severe disorganization of cell zones, such as unusual thickening of the calcification zone, whereas the tibial cartilage showed no particular alterations (except for a moderately decreased population of chondrocytes). In condylar cartilage, hypertrophic chondrocytes were encased in a thickened calcification zone, and groups of nonhypertrophic chondrocytes occasionally formed cell nests surrounded by a metachromatic matrix in the hypertrophic cell zone. These results indicate that during endochondral ossification, chronic AsA deficiency depresses osteoblast function and disturbs the differentiation pathway of chondrocytes. The influence of scurvy on mandibular condyle cartilage is different from that on articular and epiphyseal cartilage of the tibia, suggesting that AsA plays different roles in endochondral ossification in the mandibular condyle and long bones. Anat Rec 268:93–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The power binomial distribution: a flexible (two‐parameter) finite probability distribution
Authors: Fisher N. I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis note presents a two‐parameter generalization of the Binomial distribution that provides flexibility in simulating discrete finite distributions.The two parameters may be interpreted directly as location and dispersion, making the power binomial family suitable for simulating the sorts of samples that arise in certain forms of customer satisfaction surveys. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical design of double EWMA controller
Authors: Tseng Sheng‐Tsaing , Chou Rouh‐Jane , Lee Shui‐Pin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe double exponentially weighted moving average (dEWMA) feedback controller is a popular run‐by‐run (RbR) control scheme for adjusting certain semi‐conductor manufacturing process with a linear drift. Del Castillo (IIE Trans. 1999; 31:1157) introduced an interesting state–space representation of the process output of this control scheme, and then the long‐term stability conditions of this closed‐loop system can be derived. The results; however, are very restricted to the case when the process disturbance follows a white noise series or an IMA(1, q) series. For a general process disturbance such as an ARIMA(p, d, q) model, it is not easy to obtain a state–space representation of the process output of this controller. Hence, some statistical properties (such as stability conditions and process yield) of this controller cannot be addressed by using the state–space theory. To overcome this difficulty, this paper first proposed an analytical expression for the process output of this dEWMA controller. Then the stability conditions and the optimal discount factors of this control scheme (based on the criterion of minimizing the average process fallout rate) can be obtained successfully. Finally, we also address some concluding remarks at the end of this paper. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy: An emerging tool for the study of peptide–membrane interactions
Authors: Mozsolits Henriette , Aguilar Marie‐Isabel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe interactions between peptides and membranes mediate a wide variety of biological processes, and characterization of the molecular details of these interactions is central to our understanding of cellular events such as protein trafficking, cellular signaling and ion‐channel formation. A wide variety of biophysical techniques have been combined with the use of model membrane systems to study peptide–membrane interactions, and have provided important information on the relationship between membrane‐active peptide structure and their biological function. However, what has generally not been reported is a detailed analysis of the affinity of peptide for different membrane systems, which has largely been due to the difficulty in obtaining this information. To address this issue, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy has recently been applied to the study of biomembrane‐based systems using both planar mono‐ or bilayers or liposomes. This article provides an overview of these recent applications that demonstrate the potential of SPR to enhance our molecular understanding of membrane‐mediated peptide function. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 3–18, 2002
Metabolic characterization of childhood brain tumors
Authors: Utriainen Meri , Metsähonkala Liisa , Salmi Toivo T. , Utriainen Tapio , Kalimo Hannu , Pihko Helena , Mäkipernaa Anne , Harila‐Saari Arja , Jyrkkiö Sirkku , Laine Jukka , Någren Kjell , Minn Heikki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPositron emission tomography (PET) scans of primary brain tumors were performed in pediatric patients to examine whether metabolic characteristics could be used as an index of clinical aggressiveness.METHODSTwenty‐seven pediatric patients with untreated primary central nervous system neoplasms were studied with PET scans using 2‐[18F] fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) and/or L‐[methyl‐11C] methionine (MET). Metabolic characteristics as assessed with FDG and MET standardized uptake values (SUV) and SUV‐to‐normal brain ratios were compared with histopathology and selected histochemical features such as proliferation activity (Ki‐67MIB‐1) and apoptotic, vascular, and cell density indices. The median followup time was 43 months.RESULTSThe accumulation of both FDG and MET was significantly higher in high‐grade than in low‐grade tumors, but a considerable overlap was found. The accumulation of both tracers was associated positively with age. High‐grade tumors showed higher proliferative activity and vascularity than the low‐grade tumors. In univariate analysis, FDG‐PET, MET‐PET, and apoptotic index were independent predictors of event‐free survival.CONCLUSIONWe found that both FDG and MET uptake in pediatric brain tumors are associated with malignancy grade. However, no clear limits of SUVs and SUV‐to‐normal brain ratios can be set between low‐grade and high‐grade tumors, which makes the assessment of malignancy grade using metabolic imaging with PET scan difficult in individual cases. Although FDG‐PET and MET‐PET do not compensate for histopathologic evaluation, they may give valuable additional information especially if invasive procedures to obtain histopathologic samples are not feasible. Cancer 2002;95:1376–86. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10798
Vitamin B12, folate, and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wang H.‐X. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractVitamin B12 and folate have been suspected to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) for years, as a deficiency of either vitamin may produce severe neurological consequences, including confusion and memory loss. This review briefly summarizes the major studies published in the literature concerning vitamin B12, folate, and AD. Using a number of study designs and exposure assessments, findings from studies conducted from different countries suggest that vitamin B12 deficiency/low level is more often found in AD patients than nondemented persons. The results of folate in relation to AD have been inconsistent. Generally, population‐based studies indicate that folate deficiency/low level is not only related to AD but also all types of dementia. Results from studies on the combination of the two vitamins suggest that vitamin B12 and folate may be equally important in the etiology of AD. The null findings from some of the studies may have resulted from the differences in study design, population, control selections, as well as methods of exposure assessment and cut‐offs chosen. It may be premature to reach any conclusions at the moment based on the limited studies available, especially the lack of prospective studies and randomized clinical trials. Studies conducted up to the present suggest that deficiency / low level of vitamin B12 and folate may be of etiological importance for AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:111–122, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.