bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity, justice, and animals
Authors: Armstrong Chris 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by showing why biodiversity conservation raises very important questions of global justice: because global inequality drives biodiversity loss, because biodiversity loss causes global injustice, and because responses to biodiversity loss will produce further global injustice unless formulated carefully and with clear normative guidance. For all of those reasons, the biodiversity crisis should play a much more central role within debates on global justice than it has to date. The chapter then goes on to sketch several prominent views on justice towards non-human animals. Rather than choosing between them, the aim is to show that, on any of these views, we have further reasons for caring about the biodiversity crisis. For the crisis threatens not only human interests, but those of the many other animals with whom we share the planet.
Theorizing biodiversity conservation
Authors: Armstrong Chris 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter clarifies the concepts of conservation and biodiversity as they are employed in this book. It then offers a pluralist account of our (justice-based) reasons for biodiversity conservation and explains how this is grounded in the interests of both humans and non-human animals, as well as in the intrinsic value of biodiversity. The chapter goes on to clarify the relationship between biodiversity conservation and some other environmentalist goals with which it is sometimes conflated. It shows that biodiversity conservation is not the same as conserving the wild, or nature, or abundance.
Sharing the burdens
Authors: Armstrong Chris 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates how the various burdens of biodiversity conservation ought to be shared among people. It begins by illustrating the heterogeneity of conservation burdens, and describes the wide variety of levels and actors to which they could be assigned. It then shows how these burdens could in principle be allocated. It defends an account that foregrounds the ‘contribution to the problem’ and ‘ability to pay’ principles. At the same time, it also shows how patterns of benefitting can be relevant when we come to appraise people’s failure to meet their conservation-related duties.
Justice and biodiversity offsetting
Authors: Armstrong Chris 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the role that offsetting can play in biodiversity conservation. It begins by defining how offsetting works and discusses how it is a form of trading. The chapter continues by outlining the moral case for biodiversity offsetting. It then shows that offsetting can serve to give legitimacy to serious harms that affect both human and non-human animals. Further, it then explores the worry that it can undermine commitment to more robust measures to preserve biodiversity. Finally, it explains how, in light of these dangers, the remarkable proliferation of biodiversity offsetting schemes in conservation practice should be of serious concern.
Half Earth and beyond
Authors: Armstrong Chris 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing perhaps the most notable attempt to provide a large-scale, coordinated ‘solution’ to the biodiversity crisis: the Half Earth proposal. It offers an analysis of the moral costs that are likely to accompany any attempt to implement Half Earth, and suggests that the proposal, if enacted, would cause significant global injustice unless accompanied by robust side policies at the very least. This justifies a search for alternative policies that might deliver similar conservation outcomes, but with lower moral costs. The chapter provides an alternative package of policies which holds considerable promise and involves substantial legal protection for the land claims of indigenous and other marginalized peoples. It also includes a set of structural reforms in the global economy—including debt forgiveness and the removal of harmful subsidies among other policies—which, taken together, could make significant progress in tackling the biodiversity crisis while helping, rather than hindering, wider projects of global justice.
Second Debate
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This debate—set in an ending world where humanity faces unavoidable extinction in two hundred years—asks how imminent extinction would impact familiar debates between theism and atheism. The debate pits the Theist who believes in the God of traditional Western monotheism against two atheist opponents who reject all gods, supernatural beings, and supernatural explanations: the Post-Cataclysm Pessimist insists that imminent extinction strengthens the case for atheism; while the Presentist argues that we have never needed God to make our lives meaningful. The Theist argues that imminent human extinction breathes new life into Kantian, moral, pragmatic, or practical arguments for belief in God and personal immortality. Without an indefinite human future, we can only live meaningful lives by positing God, objective value, and personal immortality. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe in God, objective value, and immortality. By contrast, the Post-Cataclysm Pessimist argues that the Cataclysm supports atheist arguments from evil and scale and weakens theist cosmological and teleological arguments. Unavoidable extinction is simply not the kind of thing that an omnipotent benevolent God would permit. The debate also explores connections between cosmic purpose and objective value, and the significance of extra-terrestrial life. The final section explores alternatives to atheism and theism, including ananthropocentric purposivism (where the universe has a purpose, but human beings are irrelevant or incidental to that purpose).
Lecture One
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This lecture—delivered in an ending world where humanity faces unavoidable extinction in two hundred years—introduces the multigenerationalist claim that, in a slowly ending world, the present generation should devote themselves to initiating terminal intergenerational projects, especially those that aim to reorient current future-dependent traditions and practices in ways that enable those traditions and practices to still provide meaning even in the last generation. While multigenerationalism is a thesis in normative ethics—a claim about what people ought to do in a particular situation—it is related to claims about meaningfulness, value, obligations, and reasons. This lecture explores a range of arguments for multigenerationalism based on meaningfulness, intergenerational obligations, rectification for historical injustice, and procreative permissibility. It argues that multigenerational projects and reorientations are necessary for anyone to enjoy a meaningful life, and that procreation is only permissible if such projects succeed. Multigenerational projects are also something that we owe to other people—and especially to past and future people—because intergenerational cooperation is necessary for anyone’s life to be meaningful. While these arguments are explored in the context of imminent human extinction, they also apply to any situation where human beings seek meaning in a world facing an uncertain future.
Lecture Three
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This lecture—delivered in an ending world where humanity faces unavoidable extinction in two hundred years—explores Rivka Weinberg’s contractualist procreative ethical principles, and applies them to a slowly ending world. Weinberg’s approach is outlined in detail, and compared to John Rawls’s original contractualism and to the approaches of Elizabeth Harman and Melinda Roberts addressed in Lecture Two. To apply Weinberg’s procreative principles in a slowly ending world, the lecture first asks what Weinberg would say about voluntary imminent extinction, and whether multigenerationalist motivations could supplement Weinberg’s original focus on parent–child relationships. It then considers two related objections to Weinberg’s view: that it either forbids procreation altogether or collapses into incoherence. The latter objection leads to questions about the relationship between Weinberg’s contractualism and the multigenerationalist approach defended elsewhere in this book, and about Weinberg’s underlying Rawlsian contractualist framework. Finally, the lecture asks whether Weinberg can meet challenges from anti-natalists and multigenerationalists. A theme of this lecture is that permissible procreation in an ending world requires active cooperation with future people—and not merely passive promotion of their well-being.
Lecture Four
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This lecture—delivered in an ending world where humanity faces unavoidable extinction in two hundred years—explores Tim Mulgan’s collective consequentialist future ethics, and applies it to a slowly ending world. Mulgan’s approach is outlined in detail, and compared to the approaches of Elizabeth Harman, Melinda Roberts, and Rivka Weinberg addressed in Lectures Two and Three. The lecture outlines the collective consequentialist approach, drawing on work by Brad Hooker. It argues that moderate, liberal Collective Consequentialism copes with imminent extinction better than demanding act consequentialism. The lecture explores overlaps between contractualism and consequentialism and non-consequentialism in procreative ethics. It argues that the Multigenerationalist approach defended elsewhere in the book is consistent with, and supported by, both consequentialism and contractualism. When applying collective consequentialism to the slowly ending world, the lecture concentrates on the relationship between the penultimate and last generations. It argues that collective consequentialism must be re-imagined before it can apply to the last generation, and that collective consequentialism offers plausible advice to the penultimate generation from a distinctive moderate consequentialist perspective. The lecture ends by arguing that collective consequentialism and multigenerationalism are mutually supporting.
Lecture Six
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This lecture—delivered in an ending world where humanity faces unavoidable extinction in two hundred years—begins with a typology of possible utopias in a slowly ending world. It then explores a diverse range of utopian projects designed for a world facing imminent human extinction. These include ambitious final generation utopias based on John Rawls’s liberal egalitarianism and Robert Nozick’s libertarianism; ecological utopias designed to give non-human nature a good ending; and pluralist religious utopias encompassing a wide range of religious experiments. These utopias are all inspired, in part, by the difficulties of imagining a coherent intergenerational utopia. If a perfectly just society can only last a single generation, then perhaps the true utopia can only exist at humanity’s end. The lecture argues that earlier generations can find life meaningful by working together to pave the way for these final generation utopias.
Third Debate
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This debate—set in an ending world where humanity faces unavoidable extinction in two hundred years—explores experience machines, virtual reality, and the value of connections to reality, freedom, and other people. It asks whether the last humans should abandon the real world altogether and spend their entire lives plugged into Nozickean experience machines that perfectly simulate any possible human experience. The Presentist argues that hedonist defenses of virtuality remain powerful, while familiar objections lose their force in the face of imminent extinction. The Post-Cataclysm Pessimist replies that the deficiencies of virtual worlds are more apparent in an ending world where people are more aware of the importance of connections to reality, other people, and the future. The Theist argues that virtual worlds are the best place to connect to divine reality—especially given Idealist, Neoplatonist, and other transcendent metaphysical views where empirical ‘reality’ is itself a pale reflection of true reality. The Escapist argues that digital futures offer humanity’s only hope for a truly meaningful life. Finally, the Multigenerationalist argues that people living at the start of a slowly ending world should launch an open-ended multigenerational project designed to enable the last humans to construct whatever world (virtual, non-virtual, digital, or whatever) is best for them.
Comparative Exceptionalism? Strategy and Ideology in the High Court of Australia
Authors: Jacobi Tonja , Robinson Zoë , Leslie Patrick 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This Article provides a rare comprehensive empirical assessment of oral argument outside of the United States. Drawing on a novel dataset over twenty-six years (1995–2019), comprising nearly one million speech episodes at oral argument in Australia’s apex court, the High Court of Australia, we are able to compare patterns of judicial behavior found in the U.S. Supreme Court to a comparable Western liberal democracy with a long tradition of judicial independence. There are a number of highly significant institutional differences between the Australian context and the U.S. Supreme Court, including a Chief Justice with additional power at oral argument, unlimited time for the length of argument, and variable panel sizes. Nevertheless, the Article finds evidence of similar patterns between Australian High Court and U.S. Supreme Court Justices. Importantly, this includes engaging in judicial advocacy on behalf of the side of the case that they ultimately support, contradicting the jurisprudential orthodoxy that the Australian judiciary is apolitical. In addition, numerous other factors that have been shown to be highly influential in the American context are also shown to be powerful in the Australian context, most notably judicial ideology, gender, and experience. This suggests that while striking institutional differences can impact oral argument and make arguments look very different, we can nonetheless discern similar underlying patterns of judicial behavior that can be recognized as strategic advocacy. All this suggests that neither system is “exceptional”—judicial advocacy may simply be part and parcel of having a strong independent judiciary.
AmpFire HPV and ScreenFire RS HPV validation trial
Authors: Hou Jun , Belinson Jerome L , Du Hui , Li Changzhong , Zhang Wei , Zhang Lijie , Zhang Yi , Qu Xinfeng , Wu Ruifang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The human papillomavirus (HPV) screening assays from Atila Biosystems, including the new AmpFire (14 type) and ScreenFire RS (13 type), were subjected to a series of validation tests.

Methods
We used a set of samples from the Chinese Multi-Site Screening Trial (previously tested with cobas 4800 and the next-generation SeqHPV) to satisfy Meijer’s criteria for clinical end-point validation. We selected 556 self-collected specimens composed of 273 high-risk HPV (hrHPV) positives and 283 hrHPV negatives on the cobas 4800 and SeqHPV. Of the 273 hrHPV-positive cases, 108 had a disease end point of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or higher, including 47 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3+) or higher. We simulated the VALGENT framework for inter- and intralaboratory validation and evaluated the new 4-channel risk-stratified ScreenFire assay in a hierarchal fashion.

Results
Both AmpFire and ScreenFire detected 106 (98.1%) of 108 cases with CIN2 or higher, with specificities of 56.7% and 58.1%, respectively. Intralaboratory concordance for 2 runs of AmpFire and ScreenFire was 95.13% and 96.03%, respectively, for overall hrHPV types and 99.10% and 99.46%, respectively, for HPV 16. The interlaboratory concordance of AmpFire and ScreenFire was 93.68% and 94.04% for overall hrHPV and 98.92% and 99.28%, respectively, for HPV 16. Other genotype correlation percentages were similarly high, with κs ranging from 0.86 to 0.94. The ScreenFire RS assay demonstrated excellent “genotype-specific concordance” when evaluated for “clinical guidance” in a hierarchal fashion (noting only the highest risk channel) with both the cobas 4800 and SeqHPV for less than CIN2, CIN2, and CIN3 or higher.

Conclusions
The excellent intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility and the established clinical performance, together with the platforms’ simplicity, make these assays particularly applicable to low-resource settings.
Adolescent social isolation increases binge-like alcohol drinking in male but not female high-alcohol-preferring mice
Authors: Cullins Eva C , Chester Julia A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Aims
This study examined how adolescent social isolation affects adult binge-like alcohol drinking and stress–axis function, via basal levels of circulating corticosterone (CORT), in male and female mice with a genetic predisposition toward high alcohol preference (HAP).

Methods
Male and female HAP2 mice were randomly assigned to a group-housed or social isolation (ISO) group. Social isolation began at postnatal Days 40–42 and lasted for 21 days prior to assessment of binge-like alcohol drinking using a 4-day drinking-in-the-dark (DID) procedure. Blood samples to assess basal CORT were taken 6 days after social isolation ended and 24 h before DID started, and again 60 h after DID ended, during the light portion of the light cycle.

Results
Adolescent social isolation increased adult binge-like alcohol drinking in male but not female mice. All groups showed significantly lower CORT after DID compared to before DID. Pearson bivariate correlation coefficients between the first 2 h of grams-per-kilogram alcohol intake on Day 4 and CORT levels indicated a significant positive correlation in ISO males only after DID and negative correlations in ISO females before and after DID.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that adolescent social isolation increased binge-like alcohol drinking in male but not female adult HAP2 mice. Stress–axis adaptations in male HAP2 mice may be associated with the social-isolation-induced increase in binge-like alcohol drinking.
Unpublished Counterpublics: H. T. Tsiang’s Ellis Island Poems
Authors: Noh Jeff 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The proletarian writer H. T. Tsiang worked and lived in the US under the constant threat of deportation since arriving in the country under the Johnson-Reed Act. This article examines a cache of poetry that Tsiang wrote in the Ellis Island detention center from 1940–1941 and mailed to the painter, book illustrator, and author Rockwell Kent. These poems, which are preserved among Kent’s papers in the form of a toilet paper manuscript, a make-shift chapbook, and typescript sheafs, were roundly rejected by publishers in Tsiang’s time. Yet they speak to his precarious immigration status and his long-term project of constituting proletarian readerships outside US publishing. Tsiang’s unpublished poems, I argue, composed a counterpublic of early Chinese American writing that grew from, and responded to, the conditions of exclusion.Having been detained on both Angel Island and Ellis Island, Tsiang was willing to take the “crooked path” into US cultural memory.
Unpublished Saints: Making Mexican Martyrs in American Archives
Authors: Huízar-Hernández Anita 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the early 1940s US–Mexico borderlands, two siblings named Carlos and María de la Torre dedicated years of their lives to drafting, revising, and completing, but not publishing, a 32-page biographical profile of their close friend Fidel Muro, who had been executed by the Mexican government for his participation in the Cristero War (1926–1929). The completed semblanza, which the De la Torres titled “Fidel Muro, Mexican Martyr,” follows Muro from his childhood to his days as a Cristero fighter and, ultimately, to his death as a Cristero martyr. In telling Muro’s story, the De la Torres also memorialize the broader Cristero movement, which sought to overthrow the postrevolutionary Mexican government and replace its secularizing policies with a religious nationalism that insisted on the synonymity of Catholicism and Mexican identity. Though the Cristeros were unsuccessful, exiles like the De la Torres kept the ideals of the movement alive through writing, much of it produced in the US. Cristero writing has garnered far less attention within Mexican and Latinx literary criticism than writing depicting the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), yet I argue that both early twentieth-century conflicts have played a fundamental role in shaping the uneven terrain of US and Mexican modernities.Placing the [De la Torres’] unpublished semblanza at the center of Latina/o/x literary history begins to reveal the multiplicity of conceptualizations of Latina/o/x identity, from the fully realized to the barely imagined.
Missing and All Too Present: The Limits of the Unpublished
Authors: Rounce Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay examines two peculiar examples of the unpublished from two eccentric authors: Joe Gould’s fragmentary Oral History (probably commenced in the 1910s) and Arthur Inman’s Diary (the 17 million words of which run from the 1920s to Inman’s death in 1963). Neither of these works can be fully published in any conventional way, and the essay examines the reasons why, looking at the history and myths surrounding Gould’s supposedly multimillion-word narrative, the paucity of extant parts of it, and how its nature and nonappearance have been interpreted by Joseph Mitchell and Jill Lepore, amongst others. This contrasts with the all-too-abundant size of the Diary of Inman, a wealthy valetudinarian whose voluminous writings describe in minute detail his prejudices and absurdities, as well as the stories of the many people he paid to be part of his dysfunctional household and to entertain him. The difficulties raised by trying to publish this strange, vast document are discussed through the example of the substantial selection of it, edited by Daniel Aaron (1985). Concluding considerations include the wider questions raised by these sui generis works, particularly the ways in which they resist traditional critical and editorial categorization.Both texts are impossible to publish in full . . . and possess an odd, fragmentary, but delusive allure as a result: the larger idea of their unpublished works is more interesting than the reality of reading them.
Trilling Unfinished
Authors: Kalisch Michael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay offers a close reading of Lionel Trilling’s unfinished second novel, The Journey Abandoned (2008). Drawing on Trilling’s essays and private journals, it considers how The Journey Abandoned’s unfinishedness speaks not only to some of the thematic preoccupations of the novel itself—a story of thwarted literary ambition and wasted creative talent—but also to some of the broader currents in Trilling’s thinking about his own literary ambition, the fate of the novel, and the institutionalization of literary studies at midcentury. If we think of the unfinishedness of The Journey Abandoned as integral rather than accidental to its form, we can begin to see how the text captures something of Trilling’s ambivalence about his relation to literature, an ambivalence that animated his criticism but seems to have ultimately forestalled his fiction.Whether he wished it to or not, unfinishedness became Trilling’s way of dramatizing the tensions and contradictions underwriting his conception of literary value and his sense of himself as a writer.