bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secession and the Principle of Nationality
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter argues that the principle of nationality offers a perspective on the secession issue that avoids condoning a secessionist free‐for‐all without forcing us to defend existing state boundaries regardless. It suggests the need for a contextual approach to secession, examining the extent to which different groups have or have not evolved separate national identities, how minorities are likely to fare under various possible regimes, and whether partial autonomy regimes might be more justified than secession.
Self‐Determination: Politics, Philosophy, and Law
Authors: Horowitz Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the empirical complexities of territorially based ethnic separation (boundaries) against the growing philosophical justifications for self‐determination. Horowitz argues that ‘clean breaks’ are not likely, not least because ethnicity itself is a contextual and therefore mutable affiliation, and argues that more attention should be paid to encourage domestic measures of interethnic accommodation.
‘Orphans of Secession’: National Pluralism in Secessionist Regions and Post‐Secession States
Authors: McGarry John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the problem of national pluralism and the implications for secessionist politics and governing post‐secession states. It outlines institutional arrangements within and between states for recognizing national communities when there is likely to be disaffected national minority groups created by the act of secession.
Myths and Misconceptions in the Study of Nationalism
Authors: Brubaker Rogers 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines six pernicious myths and misconceptions about nationalism, which are prevalent in the new literature. The chapter focuses most attention on ‘groupism’, the tendency to talk and write about ethnic groups and nations as if they are real, homogenous, externally bounded entities, and ‘the architectonic illusion’, the view that the right grand architecture—the right territorial and institutional framework—would conclusively satisfy nationalist demands.
Theories of Crisis and Catastrophe, Change and Transformation
Authors: Kaase Max , Newton Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter sets out and compares two groups of theories. One the one hand, there are the pessimistic theories of ‘crisis and catastrophe’ that predict, in one way or another, the imposition of strains and stresses on Western liberal democracies that may even lead to their collapse. On the other hand, there are the more optimistic theories – such as the ‘end of ideology’ in the early 1960s, the ‘end of history’ in the early 1990s, and the theory of post‐materialism – which predict a stabilizing transformation. This sets the scene for the following three chapters, which examine these theories in greater detail.
The Growth and Decline of the State?
Authors: Kaase Max , Newton Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews the finding of the ‘Beliefs in government’ project regarding the comparative development of public attitudes towards the welfare state in the countries of Western Europe: whether the scope of government should contract, who are the main opinion‐formers, and how far their views are shared by the general public. The key question at issue is whether a new era of restricted or minimal government is on the horizon.
International Government
Authors: Kaase Max , Newton Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is divided into four sections. First, it examines attitudes of support or opposition to three agencies of international government which have the most importance for Western Europeans – the UN, NATO and the EU – and how these attitudes have changed since the early 1950s. Second, it examines the problems of mass ignorance about international affairs, and how this affects the reliability of survey data. Third, it considers the structure of public opinion: whether it is inchoate, or organized coherently around distinct themes. Fourth, it considers the extent to which public is original or derivative, simply echoing elite views.
Citizens and the State
Authors: Kaase Max , Newton Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter addresses the key issue of political sophistication of how far citizens in the countries of Western Europe regard themselves as citizens in the sense of accepting civic responsibilities and exerting influence over government. The tensions caused by the growing complexity of the modern world, and by the increasing amount of knowledge necessary to deal with it, are not easily coped with by most citizens. The problem that arises in consequence is one of representation and participation in the political process.
A Crisis of Democracy?
Authors: Kaase Max , Newton Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter summarizes and assesses the various theories which suggest that democratic government in Western Europe is increasingly coming under strain, first, from an increasing complexity of political issues and interactions, and second, from a growing individualism and self‐centredness on the part of a public opinion that is increasingly well‐informed and politically active. The evidence collected by the ‘Beliefs in government’ project indicates that a new transnational public awareness may be emerging so that public policy issues (for example, environmental protection) can no longer be adequately addressed at the national level.
Electoral Participation
Authors: Topf Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines trends in electoral turnout across Western Europe during the post‐war period. It first tests the hypothesis that a strengthening of individualist values is taking place at the expense of collectivist values, and that this predicts a general trend towards lower levels of turnout. It then proceeds to examine the relationship between changes in turnout levels and demographic changes. Its main findings raise serious doubts about the declining turnout hypothesis, concluding that such changes in turnout levels, as there have been, can be primarily accounted for by demographic changes.
Political Parties in Decline?
Authors: Schmitt Hermann , Holmberg Sören 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses the theory and concepts of partisanship. Using indicators of the strength of party identification—or party attachment—as its main analytical tool, it traces the development of partisanship in some 15 party systems in post‐war Western Europe, noting changes across time and between countries. While some countries show partisanships to be in steady and steep decline, in others the trend is cyclical, and in the newer democracies (such as Spain) it is even on the increase.
Relationships Between Citizens and Political Parties
Authors: Biorcio Roberto , Mannheimer Renato 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAims to analyse the relationship between citizens and political parties in the five most populated countries in the European Community (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK), and to specify its dynamic processes. It proposes a typology combining the affective orientation (party identification) and the instrumental orientation (interest representation) voters, yielding four types of relationship: integrated, pragmatic, identifying, and de‐aligned. It examines the empirical distribution of these relationships across these five countries, and finds the de‐aligned relationship to be the dominant form, particularly in Spain and Italy, and particularly among the younger generation.
Intermediate Organizations and Interest Representation
Authors: Aarts Kees 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPolitical and social linkages are widely regarded as indispensable for the stability of political regimes. If such linkages deteriorate, stability can suffer. This chapter investigates some indicators of linkage health, considering first the development of organizational membership in a general sense, and then turning to the development of trade union membership, which is the most widespread traditional form of linkage. The final section deals with new social movements creating new types of linkage.
The Dynamics of Trust in Politicians
Authors: Listhaug Ola 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe literature, both scholarly and non‐scholarly, abounds with allegations that mass public is losing confidence in politicians and in many aspects of the political system. This chapter investigates such concerns. It first reviews some of the arguments for the decline of trust, and discusses where trust should be placed within the hierarchy of political support. It then discusses general characteristics of the data used, emphasizing issues of dimensionality and comparability across country and over time. It then describes the main trends in support from the late 1960s and early 1970s, focusing on sociological as well as political explanations. It concludes that the empirical evidence provides no firm guidance as to which factors are crucial in explaining variations in trust levels.
Confidence in Political and Private Institutions
Authors: Listhaug Ola , Wiberg Matti 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines patterns in public confidence in the major institutions of Western Europe during the decade of the 1980s. It first addresses some conceptual and theoretical issues about the measurement of confidence in institutions, and reviews the European Values Surveys used as data sources. It then presents evidence for the period 1981–90, and explores the factors that can account for the observed variations in the levels of confidence in various institutions, notably in respect of government and major companies. The finding that not all confidence levels move in tandem should direct attention to the possibility that inter‐institutional linkages might be important for determining overall confidence in the political order.
Political Support in East–Central Europe
Authors: Tóka Gábor 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the relevance for the new democracies of Eastern Europe of arguments about challenges to representative democracy in Western Europe, focusing on mass attitudes conventionally thought to affect the stability of political regimes. The analysis focuses on four countries (Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia), and suggests that their levels of public support for government are lower than in Western Europe, with economic dissatisfaction having particular salience. However, these democracies are still too young for firm conclusions to emerge from the available evidence.
Introduction: The Broader View
Authors: Olson Mancur , Kähkönen Satu 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This introduction to the book discusses the reasons for the expansion of economic thinking into the other social sciences, and argues that an integrated concept of economics and social sciences is not only possible but is indispensable. This is because there is no other way to do justice to the integrated lives of individuals and their choices in trading off objectives in the traditional domains of different disciplines, and no other way to understand all the options for (and implications of) human ambition. Thomas Carlyle's attitude to economics as the ‘dismal science’ is then outlined. The chapter goes on to discuss the content of each of the ten succeeding chapters in detail, under five main headings: broader theories of the firm and the state; the structure of incentives in the modern welfare state; ethnic conflict, discrimination, and coordination in social groups; the state versus the market; and theory, ideology, and cumulative research.
Innovation and Its Enemies: The Economic and Political Roots of Technological Inertia
Authors: Mokyr Joel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides additional reasons (other than those advanced in the last chapter) for concluding that the rate at which a country grows is not predetermined by its endowments, but depends much more on the extent to which it adopts superior technologies. The economic and political reasons for purposeful resistance to innovation adoption are discussed, and two basic propositions are established—that technological inertia is usually (1) a characteristic widely observed in complex systems that follow an evolutionary dynamic, and (2) the outcome of rational behaviour by utility‐maximizing individuals. Thus, it is not necessary to fall back on differences in preferences to explain why some societies are more amenable to technological change than others.
Economic Institutions and Development: A View from the Bottom
Authors: Williamson Oliver E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The transaction‐cost economics approach to governance is outlined, and it is explained how this helps to inform the study of the institutional environment at the level of the firm, and especially the corporate hierarchy. Three core governance concepts—credible commitment, bureaucracy/bureaucratization, and remediableness—are then described. The lessons of each, for understanding the institutional environment (mainly the polity) and economic development and reform are then developed.
The Swedish Model: A Comment on Mancur Olson's Analysis
Authors: Moberg Erik 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sweden is a famous example of the modern democratic welfare state. This chapter discusses the rise and fall of the ‘Swedish model’ and disputes Olson's analysis (in two separate publications) of the successful pre‐crisis period and the subsequent crisis. Olson's analysis emphasizes the important long‐run effect of encompassing interest organizations in the decline of the Swedish model. In contrast, Moberg, emphasizes the importance of the country's particular constitutional structure, and discusses the role of this structure in the emergence of encompassing organizations. He also points out the lack of flexibility in Swedish society, and in particular, in the labour market, which has increased the country's vulnerability to price shocks, and its subsequent dependence on the welfare state.
Communities and Development: Autarkic Social Groups and the Economy
Authors: Hardin Russell 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Issues of social group autarky are addressed, with particular reference to their economic costs. The different sections of the chapter address the social interests of such groups, give some American examples (the Lubavitch Jewish community of Brooklyn, and American farmers—the need for which has declined as agricultural productivity has risen dramatically), individual versus group economic benefits, special status for social groups, conflict between special‐status social groups (exemplified by professional, religious, status, linguistic, and ethnic groups), and conflict within special‐status groups.
Law from Order: Economic Development and the Jurisprudence of Social Norms
Authors: Cooter Robert D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers how social norms affect the respective roles of private and public sectors. It is shown how private‐market interaction can sometimes give rise to social norms that are better than those that would arise through an initiative from a local government, so that the government at its best, sometimes codifies, strengthens, and enforces a social norm emerging from a private sector that shares in the task of enforcing this norm.
The Nature of Institutional Impediments to Economic Development
Authors: Bardhan Pranab 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Consideration is given to the impediments to economic development and the social dysfunctions that market mechanisms cannot cure because the large number of collective actions required cannot emerge spontaneously. The focus of the chapter is to a large extent on differing emphases on (1) institutional impediments as outcomes of distributive conflicts, (2) the collective action problems these impediments exacerbate, and (3) in view of the critical need for coordination, a more complex and nuanced role of the state, which many (but not all) states fail to adopt. Recent Indian economic history provides the context of the discussion.
Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book is one of the series Oxford Studies in Democratization, and examines electoral systems and democratization in southern Africa. The design of electoral systems and executive types is increasingly being recognized as the key lever of constitutional engineering to be applied in the interests of political accommodation and stability in ethnically divided societies. In this comparative study of democratic design in southern Africa, Andrew Reynolds finds that the decisions about how to constitute representative parliaments have wide-ranging effects on the type of parties and the party system that develops, the nature of executive–legislative relations, and the inclusiveness of both majority and minority interests in the process of governance. While electoral system design is the primary focus of the book, the related constitutional issues of whether to choose a presidential or parliamentary system, and whether to entrench consensual, consociational, or majoritarian government are also discussed. In analysing the experiences of Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, the author presents conclusions that help shed light on the success or failure of democratic design in other fledgling democracies, in both Africa and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis work deals with the region of southern Africa in relation to democratic consolidation, dynamic modes of representation, and the mitigation of ethnic (and regional) conflict. It starts with the premise that all three objectives are desirable, and poses the question: which institutional arrangements will best facilitate effective representation, political stability, and interethnic accommodation in the emerging democracies of southern Africa? The answer to this question is sought through a comparative analysis of the effect of institutional structures in five case study countries – Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe – chosen because all have made the transition from non-democratic government to multiparty competition with varying degrees of success, and they represent at least half of the southern African region, so they comprise a useful cross section of democratic types, societal dynamics, and institutional arrangements. The study uses a hybrid methodology drawn from both new institutionalist and cultural, ‘rich descriptive’, traditions, hence, it utilizes comparative electoral systems methodology; at the same time, the discussions of the case studies are based on detailed social and politically historical descriptions. The Introduction is arranged in five main parts which: address the relevance of question of the best institutional arrangements for democratization; define the dependent (object of study), intervening, and independent (macro-institutional explanatory) variables used in the study; explain why the focus of the study is on political institutions, and discuss various alternative approaches that could have been taken; and give an outline of the contents of the chapters that follow.
Defining and Measuring the Trajectory of Democratization
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the first of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book. It qualitatively and quantitatively assesses the trajectory of the five case studies along the lines of their political stability, ethnic accommodation, and the long-term prospects for democratic accommodation. In attempting to find useful indicators of the trajectory of democratization in each of the five country case studies, six possible approaches are considered: political violence (the measurement of politically related deaths), economic indicators, political and societal indicators (political rights and civil liberties; media freedom and influence), electoral indicators (turnout; spoilt ballots), and ethnic accommodation (worsening ethnic and interregional relations, as exemplified by Zambia and Malawi; improving ethnic relations, as exemplified by Namibia and South Africa; and ethnic relations with an uncertain trajectory, as exemplified by Zimbabwe). Eight institutional indices of democratization are chosen from these: ethnic accommodation, political violence, economic performance, civil liberties, political rights, free media, electoral turnout, and spoilt ballots. The findings on these indicators for each case study are summarised in a table.
Defining the Intervening and Explanatory Variables
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as providing qualitative discussions of democracy in the five country case studies used: Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It first defines the intervening variable of ‘inclusion’, which is described as key to the explanation of how conflicts are best managed within divided societies, and discusses its relationship to the macro-institutional explanatory (independent) variables used in the study. It then defines and describes how to measure each of the explanatory variables used: electoral system type; democratic type (coalitions and grand coalitions – consensual– versus concentrations of executive power; fusion – majoritarian – or separation of executive and legislative powers; unicameralism or bicameralism; type of party system; issues dimensions of partisan conflict; unitary versus federal government; constitutions, minority vetoes, and judicial review); and executive type (presidential or parliamentary). The data obtained for each country are discussed, compared, and summarised in tables.
Plurality Case Study Election Results: Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe1
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter and the next describe the political histories of the case studies presented in the book, paying particular attention to their democratic transitions, institutional choices, and experience of multiparty elections. Together with Ch. 7, they form the historical, empirical, and quantitative heart of the book, providing the foundational evidence against which earlier postulated theories are gauged (Chs 1 and 2), and upon which subsequent comparisons, recommendations, and conclusions are based. Chapter 5 deals with the plurality single-member districts (SMD) case studies undertaken in Malawi and Zambia, and the proportional representation (PR) and plurality SMD case studies in Zimbabwe (which used PR for its first two elections and plurality SMD for the next three). For each case study, full numerical results are given, along with an explanation of the electoral system formula and how that system came to be used; also included are summaries of the implications, for both parties and government, of election results, defining aspects of each newly elected parliament, and the election campaign that preceded it; the question of the validity and legitimacy of each published result is also addressed. A re-running exercise is carried out in Ch. 7 that uses the results presented here, and is based on the alternative vote in single-member districts (AV-SMD), the alternative vote in multi-member districts (AV-MMD), list PR in regionally defined multi-member districts, and list PR in one national multi-member districts; the list PR elections held in Zimbabwe are also re-run in Ch. 7 under plurality SMD, AV-SMD, and AV-SMD, together with the list PR method not utilized in the actual elections.