bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasion of one insect species, Adalia bipunctata, by two different male‐killing bacteria
Authors: Hurst G. D. D. , von der Schulenburg J. H. Graf , Majerus T. M. O. , Bertrand D. , Zakharov I. A. , Baungaard J. , Völkl W. , Stouthamer R. , Majerus M. E. N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMale‐killing bacteria, which are inherited through the female line and kill male progeny only, are known from five different orders of insect. Our knowledge of the incidence of these elements has stemmed from discovery of their phenotype in different species. Our estimate of the frequency with which insects have been invaded by these elements therefore depends on each observation of the male‐killing phenotype within a species being associated with a single micro‐organism. We here record an example of a single insect species being infected with two taxonomically distinct male‐killing bacteria. Western European populations of the two‐spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, have previously been shown to bear a male‐killing Rickettsia. However, we here show that the majority of the male‐killing lines tested from Central and Eastern Europe do not bear this bacterium. Rather, 16S rDNA sequence analysis suggests male‐killing is associated with a member of the genus Spiroplasma. We discuss this conclusion in relation to the evolutionary genetics of male‐killing bacteria, and the evolution of male‐killing behaviour in the eubacteria.
Phylogenetic relationships among Muscoidea (Diptera: Calyptratae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: Bernasconi M. V. , Valsangiacomo C. , Piffaretti J.‐C. , Ward P. I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe utility of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragment of about 1100 bp (including partial COI and COII sequences and tRNALeu) for evolutionary studies in Muscoidea is discussed. The species investigated are Scathophaga stercoraria, Microprosopa pallidicauda and Trichopalpus fraterna (family Scathophagidae), Musca domestica (Muscidae), Lasiomma seminitidum (Anthomyiidae) and Fannia armata (Fanniidae). Comparisons were made with published mtDNA sequences of Drosophila, Anopheles and three Calliphoridae species. The molecular phylogeny obtained here matches the classical morphological taxonomy reasonably well. This varies considerably, however, at different taxonomical levels. At a high taxonomic level, there is a clear separation between the Nematocera and the Brachycera, but the Calyptratae–Acalyptratae division is not always supported. At a lower taxonomic level, all species belonging to the same family are well grouped, but at an intermediate level, within the Calyptratae, it is impossible to clearly separate the Muscoidea and Calliphoridae, preventing a firm conclusion on the phylogenetic relationships among Muscoidea families. The entire COI sequence of S. stercoraria, as well as other mtDNA sequences (including the proximal portions of the COI gene, tRNATrp, tRNACys and tRNATyr genes) in Muscoidea species, are also presented and discussed.
Molecular identification and phylogeny of East African Simulium damnosum s.l. and their relationship with West African species of the complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Krüger A. , Gelhaus A. , Garms R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe phylogenetic relationships of East and West African members of the Simulium damnosum complex were studied by sequence analyses of the mitochondrial 16s ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Results suggest that: (i) the S. damnosum complex is divided into an East and a West African clade, and (ii) S. pandanophilum and the cytoform ‘Kiwira’ form an East African subbranch distinct from the ‘Sanje’ group. In contrast to former assumptions from cytogenetic analyses, our molecular data do not support a direct relationship between the East African S. kilibanum and the West African S. squamosum. Length differences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS‐1) turned out to be useful to distinguish between cytoforms.
Evidence for mitochondrial introgression between Anopheles bwambae and Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Thelwell N. J. , Huisman R. A. , Harbach R. E. , Butlin R. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThere is evidence for introgression between the malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis, which belong to the Anopheles gambiae complex. Here we consider their relationship to another member of the complex, Anopheles bwambae. Species identifications were made using rDNA‐PCR and revealed one An. bwambae/gambiae hybrid among 459 wild‐caught mosquitoes. A 237‐nucleotide region of the mitochondrial ND5 gene was sequenced in sixty‐nine individuals. The results suggest that there is an An. bwambae specific group of haplotypes. However, two An. bwambae individuals carried haplotypes typical of An. gambiae and An. arabiensis. This is the first evidence for introgression between An. bwambae and other species of the An. gambiae complex and suggests that introgression may be more widespread, also occurring between other members of the complex.
Comparison of esterase gene amplification, gene expression and esterase activity in insecticide susceptible and resistant strains of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)
Authors: Vontas J. G. , Small G. J. , Hemingway J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOrganophosphorus and carbamate insecticide resistance in Nilaparvata lugens is based on amplification of a carboxylesterase gene, Nl‐EST1. An identical gene occurs in susceptible insects. Quantitative real‐time PCR was used to demonstrate that Nl‐EST1 is amplified 3–7‐fold in the genome of resistant compared to susceptible planthoppers. Expression levels were similar to amplification levels, with 1–15‐fold more Nl‐EST1 mRNA in individual insects and 5–11‐fold more Nl‐EST1 mRNA in mass whole body homogenates of resistant females compared to susceptibles. These values corresponded to an 8–10‐fold increase in esterase activity in the head and thorax of individual resistant insects. Although amplification, expression and activity levels of Nl‐EST1 in resistant N. lugens were similar, the correlation between esterase activity and Nl‐EST1 mRNA levels in resistant individuals was not linear.
Attempts to molecularly distinguish cryptic taxa in Anopheles gambiae s.s.
Authors: Gentile G. , Slotman M. , Ketmaier V. , Powell J. R. , Caccone A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAnalyses of inversions in polytene chromosomes indicate that, in West Africa, Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) may be a complex of more than a single taxonomic unit, and these units have been called chromosomal forms. In order to determine whether this genetic discontinuity extends to the rest of the genome, as would be expected if reproductive isolation exists, we have sequenced several regions of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. With one exception, we were unable to identify any nucleotide sites that differentiate the chromosomal forms. The exception was the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Three sites in this region distinguish Mopti chromosomal form from Savanna and Bamako in Mali and Burkina Faso. However, outside these two countries, the association between chromosomal form and rDNA type does not always hold. Together with the variants in the rDNA intergenic spacer (IGS) described in the accompanying papers (della Torre et al., 2001; Favia et al., 2001), we can recognize two major types of rDNA, Type I and Type II (corresponding to molecular forms S and M in della Torre et al., 2001). Type I is widespread in West Africa and is the only type found outside of West Africa (i.e. Tanzania and Madagascar). Type II is confined to West Africa. We were unable to detect any heterozygosity for the ITS types even in five collections containing both types. A sample from the island of São Tomé could not be classified into either Type I or Type II as the rDNA had characteristics of both. In general, our results confirm that An. gambiae is not a single pan‐mictic unit, but exactly how to define any new taxa remains problematic. Finally, we have found minor variants of the major rDNA types fixed in local populations; contrary to most previous studies, this suggests restricted gene flow among populations of this species.
Elongation Factor 1 α resolves the monophyly of the haplodiploid ambrosia beetles Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Jordal B. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractElongation Factor 1‐α was used to test the monophyly of the wood boring beetle tribe Xyleborini, where all species are haplodiploid and perform regular inbreeding by brother–sister mating. Due to their feeding requirements, being highly dependent on ophiostomatoid fungi which they cultivate in wood tunnels, monophyly may be expected due to nutritional constraints. During the course of analyses, two copies of EF‐1α were amplified in these beetles, differing in intron structure. The high similarity between paralogous amino acid sequences (93–94%) indicates a rather recent duplication in beetles, but phylogenetic analyses of different copies in insects rejected this hypothesis. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of eighty orthologous sequences from Xyleborini and allied taxa, using the single‐intron bearing copy, were greatly improved in resolution and node support by including the intron sequences (c. 60 bp). Most analyses resulted in a monophyletic Xyleborini, implying one origin of fungus feeding in this tribe. However, clear evidence for a polyphyletic Xyleborus and three more xyleborine genera calls for further revision of xyleborine classification.
Genomic organization and regulation of three Cecropin genes in Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Zheng X.‐L. , Zheng And L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThree cecropin genes (AgCecA‐C) were identified from Anopheles gambiae, a major vector for malaria in sub‐Saharan Africa. These genes form a cluster with AgCecA and AgCecB positioned in opposite orientation, while AgCecC is downstream of AgCecA in the same direction. One intron is present in each of these three genes. Motif searches of promoter regions revealed elements that could be regulated by the NF‐κB family of transcriptional regulators. The divergent promoter (1186 nucleotides in length) between CecA and CecB and the promoter for CecC were analysed by transfection in An. gambiae cell lines. Results showed that these promoters were up‐regulated by lipopolysaccharide. The activity was further elevated when heat‐inactivated microbes were used to challenge the cell line. At least one NF‐κB site was required for inducible expression of both CecA and CecB.
Step‐by‐step description of a rotary root canal preparation technique
Authors: Schrader C. , Ackermann M. , Barbakow F. 
Published: March 2003

Clinical technique Since the introduction of nickel‐titanium in endodontics, several canal preparation techniques involving the use of rotary instruments have become popular. Such engine‐driven rotary instruments rotate between 150 and 2000 r.p.m. and may be high or low torque orientated. This paper describes one such engine‐driven system called the ProFile technique. The instruments are of a different specification to that used for conventional endodontic files and reamers. This paper describes a technique employed by the Division of Endodontology,Zurich Dental School, in a step‐by‐step procedure using primarily photographs of radiographs. The intention is to give any interested clinician a better idea of the technique using radiographs taken from both the buccolingual (clinical) perspective and the mesiodistal projection. Basically, the technique involves preparing the coronal portion of the root canal using Gates‐Glidden burs and the ProFile instruments. Only when any constricting coronal parts of the canals have been removed is the working length established using conventional files. Finally, the apical part of the canal is prepared using only the ProFile instruments. Three clinical cases are also briefly described, in order to illustrate the potential of the technique in cases treated generally by clinicians.
Prognosis in periradicular surgery: a clinical prospective study
Authors: Zuolo M. L. , Ferreira M. O. F. , Gutmann J. L. 
Published: March 2003

Zuolo ML, Ferreira MOF, Gutmann JL. Prognosis in periradicular surgery: a clinical prospective study. International Endodontic Journal, 33, 91–98, 2000.Aim  The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the prognosis of periradicular surgery using well‐defined case selection and a rigorous surgical protocol.Methodology Teeth to be treated surgically demonstrated a periradicular lesion of strictly endodontic origin with or without clinical signs and symptoms of inflammation. A total of 114 teeth were treated. Following the reflection of a full mucoperiosteal tissue flap, residual soft tissues were curetted, root ends were resected with a fine high‐speed diamond bur, root‐end cavities were prepared ultrasonically with diamond tips, and IRM root‐end fillings were placed. Cases werefollowed clinically and radiographically for a period ranging from 1 to 4 years.Results  The results of this study showed 91.2% success out of a total of 102 teeth available for follow‐up, based on accepted parameters of evaluation. Cases were considered successful if there were no clinical signs or symptoms present and there was radiographic evidence of complete or incomplete healing (scar tissue). Factors related to case selection, parameters of healing and surgical technique are discussed in relation to the success rate identified in this prospective study.Conclusions  Adherence to a strict endodontic surgical protocol and the use of contemporary techniques and materials will result in a predictably successful outcome in a wide range of teeth.
A laboratory study evaluating the release of hydroxyl ions from various calcium hydroxide products in narrow root canal‐like tubes
Authors: Larsen M. J. , Hörsted‐Bindslev P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to describe pH changes in a variety of buffering solutions within a narrow test tube containing either a gutta‐percha point with incorporated calcium hydroxide, a commercial calcium hydroxide paste (Calcicur®) or a freshly mixed paste of calcium hydroxide in distilled water.MethodologyThe test material was placed centrally in a test tube of 2 mm inner diameter. Saline (1%) was placed at one end, whilst the buffering solutions were introduced at the other. The pH of the buffering solutions was monitored using electrodes placed at each end of the test tube.ResultsIt was found that the pH 4.01 buffer strongly resisted pH changes at levels below 6.0, whilst saliva and bovine serum was buffered less and more evenly in the whole range up to pH 11.5. The calcium hydroxide containing gutta‐percha points caused the pH to increase quickly in the sodium chloride solution to levels above 11.5. However, in bovine serum, in saliva and in the pH 4.01 buffer the pH remained below 8.5, 8.0 and 6.0, respectively, 1 mm from the point. In contrast, the release of hydroxyl ions from the two calcium hydroxide pastes brought pH above pH 11.5 irrespective of the buffering of the solutions 5 mm from the paste.ConclusionIt is concluded that Calcicur® and the calcium hydroxide‐water mixture contained substantially more available calcium hydroxide than did the calcium hydroxide containing gutta‐percha points, with the result that the release of hydroxyl ions from the points was limited in comparison to that from the pastes.
TGF‐β1 alone and in combination with calcium hydroxide is synergistic to TGF‐β1 production by osteoblasts in vitro
Authors: Jaunberzins A. , Gutmann J. L. , Witherspoon D. E. , Harper R. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimTo examine the effects of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β1), and Ca(OH)2/TGF‐β1 coadministration on TGF‐β1 and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) synthesis by early (subculture 1) and late (subculture 5) osteoblast cultures.MethodologyEarly and late cultures were established using bone cells harvested from 21‐day‐old fetal rat calvaria. Cell cultures of both early and late osteoblasts were divided into four groups: group 1, control; group 2, cells challenged with Ca(OH)2; group 3, cells challenged with TGF‐β1; and group 4, cells challenged with Ca(OH)2 and TGF‐β1 in combination. TGF‐β1 and IL‐6 levels for all groups were determined using ELISA methodology.Resultsanova and Tukey HS analyses revealed that osteoblasts of groups 3 and 4 significantly increased (P < 0.001) TGF‐β1 synthesis in both early and late cultures of osteoblasts. IL‐6 was not detected in any of the groups considered in this study.ConclusionsExogenous TGF‐β1 has an autocrine effect on cell cultures of osteoblasts. Administration of TGF‐β1 alone or in combination with Ca(OH)2 increases the synthesis of TGF‐β1 in osteoblast cultures. Ca(OH)2 and TGF‐β1 are compatible when placed in a culture of osteoblasts. Ca(OH)2 provides a favourable environment for the anabolic effects of TGF‐β1.
Root canal treatment in mandibular canines with two roots: a report of two cases
Authors: D'Arcangelo C. , Varvara G. , De Fazio P. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Aim To highlight anatomical variation in the mandibular canine. Summary Two clinical case reports are presented to illustrate anatomical variation in the human mandibular canine. Endodontic treatment may sometimes fail because morphological features of the tooth adversely affect the treatment procedures. Many investigators have reported the anatomical variations associated with mandibular canines. Mandibular canines are recognized as usually having one root and one root canal in most cases, although approximately 15% may have two canals or sometimes two roots. This paper describes two clinical cases of mandibular canines with two roots and two canals. Key learning points

Failure to control infection in the root canal system has an adverse impact on outcome.
Clinicians should be aware of anatomical variations in the teeth they are managing, and should never assume that canal systems are simple.
The majority of mandibular canines have one root and root canal, but 15% may have two canals, and a smaller number may have two distinct roots.
Clinical and radiographic evaluation of pulpotomies performed under intrapulpal injection of anaesthetic solution
Authors: Teixeira L. S. , Demarco F. F. , Coppola M. C. , Bonow M. L. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically pulpotomies carried out under intrapulpal injection of anaesthetic solution.MethodologyForty‐one permanent mandibular molar teeth presenting with deep carious lesions and/or exposed pulps, with or without periapical changes on radiographic examination, were treated with pulpotomy and dressed with calcium hydroxide. The teeth were divided into three groups. Group A consisted of 15 teeth, where intrapulpal anaesthesia was administered by a slow injection of lidocaine hydrochloride 2%. Group B, with 14 teeth, where intrapulpal anaesthesia was obtained with lidocaine hydrochloride 2% with adrenaline 1 : 100 000. Group C consisted of 12 teeth in which anaesthesia was performed with a mandibular block using prilocaine hydrochloride 3% with felypressin 1 : 100 000. Healing was evaluated using clinical and radiographic criteria: dentine barrier formation, absence of clinical symptoms and resolution of periapical involvement.ResultsAfter an observation time of 6–8 weeks (postoperative control) and 24–32 weeks (intermediate control), healing occurred in 13 teeth from group A (87%), in 11 teeth from group B (79%) and in 10 teeth from group C (83%). No statistical difference was demonstrated between the three groups (Fisher’s exact test).ConclusionsBased on the methodology adopted, intrapulpal injection of anaesthetic solution did not impair healing in pulpotomized teeth.
The mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in DMBA‐induced hamster buccal‐pouch carcinomas: an in situ RT‐PCR study
Authors: Yuk‐Kwan Chen , Shui‐Sang Hsue , Li‐Min Lin 
Published: March 2003

Summary.Three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) have been identified: endothelial NOS, neuronal NOS, and inducible NOS (iNOS). The enhanced expression of iNOS at the protein level using immunohistochemical technique has been reported previously in chemically induced oral carcinomas in hamster buccal‐pouch mucosa. However, the corresponding expression of iNOS at the mRNA level has not yet been demonstrated using in situ reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (IS RT‐PCR). The purpose of the present study is to assess the iNOS mRNA expression level in 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐induced hamster buccal‐pouch carcinomas using IS RT‐PCR. Thirty outbred, young (6‐weeks old), male, Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricatus auratus) were randomly divided into one experimental group (10 animals), and two control groups (10 animals each). The pouches of a group of 10 animals of the experimental group were painted bilaterally with a 0.5% DMBA solution three times a week for 15 weeks. Each animal of one of the control groups was similarly treated with only mineral oil. Another control group of 10 animals remained untreated throughout the experiment. Invasive squamous‐cell carcinomas with a 100% tumour incidence developed in all of the DMBA‐treated buccal pouches. The mineral oil‐treated and untreated pouches revealed no obvious changes. Inducible NOS mRNA was demonstrated amongst all the 15‐week DMBA‐treated hamster buccal‐pouch mucosa animals, but not in the untreated animals and not in the animals for which the buccal‐pouch was treated with mineral oil. Further study is necessary to evaluate the mechanism(s) which contribute to the increased iNOS mRNA expression for experimentally induced oral carcinogenesis.
Pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning sugar‐free medicines
Authors: McVeigh N. , Kinirons M.J. 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To examine the attitudes of pharmacists to sugar in medicine and sugar‐free preparations and their levels of knowledge concerning sugar‐free preparations and the implications for dental health. Design. A questionnaire was designed with a mixture of closed and open‐ended questions. Setting. Pharmacists practising in the Greater Belfast area of Northern Ireland. Method. Seventy pharmacists were randomly chosen from the list of pharmacists practising in the area and were asked to participate in the study. Results. Responses were obtained from 52 of the 70 selected pharmacists, representing a response rate of 74%. Seventy‐five per cent of the pharmacists stated that they had not received formal education concerning sugar in medication and it’s effect on dental health. Their main source of information on the subject was dental health literature. Eighty‐seven per cent felt that all medication should be available in sugar‐free form. Forty‐six per cent stated that sugar in medication was definitely an important cause of dental caries in children and 44% felt that it was a possible factor. The major factors influencing the provision of sugar‐free medicines were parental request, health promotion literature, reports and media advertising. Thirty‐nine per cent of the pharmacists always offered a sugar‐free preparation for over‐the‐counter medication (provided that a sugar‐free alternative was available), and 56% sometimes did so. Fifty per cent always offered a sugar‐free form for prescribed items wherever possible, the remainder depended on it being specified by the prescriber. Conclusion. There is a high level of interest in this issue among pharmacists, but there is a need for an increased educational input on a continuous basis.