bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-11 Phyllanthus Urinaria Water Extract Ameliorates Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress in Primary Chicken Hepatocytes
Authors: Lai Hsiao-Yin , Ding Shih-Torng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatty liver syndrome is a common metabolic disease that causes decrease in egg production and sudden death of laying hens. Phyllanthus urinaria (PU), a traditional herbal medicine, is widely used as anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective medicine in Asia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PU water extract on lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in an in vitro fatty liver syndrome model. Primary hepatocytes were isolated from 18 days of Lohmann embryonic chicks. Hepatocytes were cultured in medium with oleic acid (OA, 500 μM) or palmitic acid (PA, 200 μM) to induce lipid accumulation and oxidative stress respectively. Both experiments were treated with different concentration of PU water extract (0, 2, 10, 50 μg/mL) for 24 h. Metformin hydrochloride (1 mM) was used as a positive control. Cell viability, total triglycerides, TBARS, Oil red O staining, and mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes were determined. The results indicated that PU water extract significantly decreased total triglycerides level (P &lt; 0.05) in OA induced lipid accumulation. Moreover, treatment of PU water extract could down-regulate the mRNA abundance of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1c), up-regulate the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) in lipid accumulated hepatocytes. In oxidative stress experiment, PU water extract at the doses above 10 μg/mL of attenuated increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) abundance induced by PA (P &lt; 0.05). We speculated that PU water extract effectively ameliorate lipid accumulation in primary chicken hepatocytes through decreasing of lipogenesis and increasing of beta-oxidation. PU water extract reduced lipid peroxidase, showing antioxidant effects. These results provide preliminary evidence for supporting PU water extract as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent and treat fatty liver syndrome in chickens.
PSI-15 In-Situ Ruminal Dry Matter Degradability of Three Hydroponic Fodders and Corn Silage in Lactating Holstein Cows
Authors: Salas-Solis Gerald K , Arce-Cordero Jose A , Silva-Vicente Ana C , Vinyard James R , Siregar Martha U , Johnson Mikayla L , Sarmikasoglou Efstathios , Katz Lana M , Ranathunga Sanjeewa , Harding Rob , Blackett Brady , Faciola Antonio P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climate change may have an adverse effect on feed production. Hydroponic fodders produced in controlled environments are alternative feeds that may be used for dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate in-situ dry matter ruminal degradability of hydroponic fodders and corn silage. Two rumen-canulated lactating Holstein cows were used in a complete randomized block design with four treatments and 9 times (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 240 h). Treatments were corn silage (CS), hydroponic sprouts of barley, wheat, and triticale. Quadruplicate samples were placed in Dacron bags (10 x 20 cm, 50 μm porosity) and incubated in the rumen. After incubation, samples were washed and dried in an air-forced oven set at 60°C for 48 h and DM recovery was weighted. Ingredients nutrient composition were CS (32.3% NDF, 8.4% CP, and 41.6% starch, 1.3% WSC; % of DM), barley (34.3% NDF, 17.1% CP, and 4.2% starch, 32.9% WSC; % of DM), wheat (23.7% NDF, 23.3% CP, and 8.5% starch, 32.7% WSC; % of DM), triticale (20.0% NDF, 16.2% CP, and 21.7% starch, 33.2% WSC; % of DM). Model included fixed effects of treatment and random effects of cow and replicate(cow). Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Degradation fractions were calculated based on DM disappearance. There were treatment effects (P &lt; 0.01) on fraction A (degradable), fraction B (potentially degradable), fraction C (undegradable), effective ruminal degradability (ERD), and rate of degradation (kd: %/h). Fraction A was greater for triticale (74.1%) compared with wheat (70.2%), CS (63.1%), and barley (55.0%). Fraction B was greater for barley (28.5%) compared with CS (23.2%), wheat (19.1%), and triticale (13.9%). Fraction C was less for wheat (10.6%) than triticale (12.0%), CS (13.7%), and barley (16.4%). The ERD was greater for wheat (90.8%) compared with triticale (89.0%), CS (88.0%), and barley (85.6%). The kd for barley (2.4%) was less than triticale (4.9%). The kd for CS (1.8%) was less than triticale (4.9%). Overall, triticale had the greatest fraction A, barley had the greatest fraction B, and wheat had the least fraction C and the greatest ERD and kd.
PSIII-13 Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Feed Intake on Total and Liquid Water Intake in Beef Bulls
Authors: Kovarna Madison , Gonda Michael , Djira Gemechis , Smith Zachary K , Wright Cody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research conducted in the 1950s to determine water requirements used cattle that vary greatly from the animals being raised today. Changes in lean composition and growth rate in young cattle and milk production and mature size in cows have likely altered water requirements. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted on animals being fed for slaughter, rather than bulls or reproductive females. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of weather variables, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight (BW) on total daily water intake (TDWI) in growing beef bulls. Angus (n = 15) and Simmental x Angus bulls (n = 29) with an average initial BW of 362.5 ± 27.0 kg were housed in an open front, monoslope building at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF) from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. Bulls were provided with ad libitum access to feed (1.15 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter, 14% crude protein, 52.2% dry matter) and water using the Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands). Feed and water disappearance were assumed to be caused by intake. Water intake was measured in kg; however, the data were converted to L based on a correction factor determined by weighing a known amount of water. Body weights were taken every 28 d to determine ADG and predict daily BW during the duration of the study. Daily weather variables were collected from the South Dakota Mesonet station located 3.86 km from the CCERF. Weather variables analyzed included: average windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and wind speed (km/h); and minimum, maximum, and average relative humidity (%) and average temperature (°C). R-studio (R-4.1.2.pkg) was used to develop a linear mixed effects model with random intercept and slope used to account for the within subject correlations. Total daily water intake increased with increasing DMI (1.921 L TDWI per kg DMI; P &lt; 0.0001), BW (0.025 L TDWI per kg BW; P = 0.0055), and maximum daily temperature (0.171 L TDWI per 1°C; P = 0.0023). For every 1% increase in the minimum relative humidity, TDWI tended to increase by 0.041 L (P = 0.0616). Warmer wind chill also tended to increase TDWI (0.463 L per 1°C; P = 0.0707). The effects of DMI, BW, maximum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, and wind chill were predictive of TDWI in growing beef bulls fed during the winter months in South Dakota. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI in growing beef bulls that are raised in areas that experience similar winter weather conditions.
PSIII-3 Effects of Milk Replacer Composition on Beef X Dairy Calf Growth and Muscle Fiber Cross-Sectional Area
Authors: Carter Rachel , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E , Emenheiser Joe , Felix Tara L , Reed Sarah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increased availability of female-sexed semen for the generation of replacement heifers within the dairy industry has expanded the opportunity for production of crossbred beef x dairy (BxD) calves. However, data evaluating feeding strategies for BxD calves are limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two different milk replacers on muscle growth of BxD calves compared with dam-reared Angus calves. We hypothesized that both male and female BxD calves fed added fat and protein through milk replacer would have muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) similar to that of purebred Angus calves. SimAngus x Holstein calves (n = 40) were assigned to one of two treatments: a) additional 32.0% crude protein (CP), 30% crude fat (CF) milk replacer (ADD, n = 10 males, 10 females), or b) control 22% CP, 20% CF milk replacer (CON, n = 10 males, 10 females). BxD calves were fed milk replacer 3 times daily from 0 to week 8 of age. BxD calves received starter grain and hay ad libitum at ±3 days of age. Twenty Angus calves (n=10 males, 10 females) were group housed in cow-calf pairs with ad libitum access to maternal milk. Calves were weighed within 24 h of birth. Longissimus muscle biopsies were performed on week 2 and 8. Samples were cryosectioned, stained with wheat germ agglutinin, and analyzed for muscle fiber CSA. Body weight and CSA were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS with animal as the subject and fixed effects of treatment, breed, age, sex, and their interactions. Repeated measures analysis was used for CSA. At birth, Angus calves were 24% lighter than BxD (P &lt; 0.0001). Females were 8% lighter than males for both breeds (P ≤ 0.02). At week 2 of age, CSA of ADD BxD calves was 16% smaller than Angus or CON BxD calves (P ≤ 0.07). At week 8 of age, relative to CON, Angus calves had 22% larger CSA (P = 0.02) and ADD BxD calves had 17 % larger CSA (P = 0.07). There was no difference detected in CSA between Angus and ADD calves (P = 0.54). In conclusion, feeding milk replacer with additional CF and CP may increase muscle growth in BxD calves.
PSIII-1 Effect of Cannabidiol Extraction on the Cell Wall Carbohydrate Composition of Hemp Inflorescences
Authors: Agbana Miranda R , Schoch Anna , Altman Alexander , Harmon David L , McLeod Kyle R , Vanzant Eric , Schendel Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 2018 Farm Bill, US growers have been allowed to cultivate hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), prompting interest in exploring the use of hemp products in ruminant diets. Extraction of cannabidiol (CBD) oil from hemp biomass generates spent inflorescent material that could be upcycled as a feedstuff, yet little is known about its fiber composition. A recent study measured in vitro true digestibility and fermentation parameters of multiple hemp cultivars, some intact and some CBD-extracted (Altman et al., 2022). Both categories of hemp inflorescence material had similar or greater total digestible nutrients (TDN) than an alfalfa cube control, supporting hemp’s potential as a feedstuff. However, comparisons between non-extracted and CBD-extracted samples could not be made, and the fiber content was only described as neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Fiber composition can significantly impact ruminal digestibility, and in-depth characterizations of cell wall carbohydrate composition can provide further insight into the digestibility of a specific plant-based feed. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of CBD oil extraction on the cell wall carbohydrate composition of the inflorescent material of two hemp cultivars. Intact (Biomass) and CBD-extracted (Spent) inflorescent material from two hemp cultivars, Mary and Zelios, were analyzed. The scell wall monosaccharides of the samples were released via two complementary acid hydrolyses, methanolysis and Saeman (sulfuric acid) hydrolysis, and separated and quantified using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Additionally, the carbohydrate linkage patterns were assessed by generating partially methylated alditol acetates (PMAAs). Student’s unpaired t-tests were run in GraphPad Prism, and no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in monosaccharide concentrations based upon treatment (CBD extraction) or cultivar were found with either hydrolysis method except for the methanolysis glucose concentration between the biomass forms of the two cultivars where Mary Biomass possessed more glucose than Zelios Biomass (P &lt;b0.001). In the Saeman hydrolysates, glucose was the dominant monosaccharide (38.75 ± 1.44 molar %), indicating a large amount of cellulose, supported by the presence of 1,4-Glcp in the linkage analysis. Linkage analysis also revealed the presence of xyloglucans and rhamnogalacturonan Type 1 pectins in all materials. The data showed no effect of CBD oil extraction on the monosaccharide composition, suggesting that the extraction process leaves the fiber components mostly intact, but there may be differences in glucose concentration (and consequently cellulose content) between cultivars of hemp. Future studies may benefit more from investigating the impact of hemp cultivar on fiber digestibility rather than impact of the CBD extraction process.
PSIII-4 Effect of Photobiomodulation Treatment on Atp Concentrations in Bovine Oocytes During Maturation
Authors: Richey Kendall D , Hannah Culler , Hersom Matt J , Bridges William C , Checura Celina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oocyte cytoplasmic maturation is critical in determining the success of subsequent embryo development. It has been proposed that light in the red-to-near infrared optical region (~600–1000 nm) enhances cellular metabolic activity through activation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, increasing intracellular ATP concentrations, and has the potential to modify the oocyte metabolome. Previous research indicated a greater cleavage rate and similar blastocyst rates for bovine oocytes treated with photobiomodulation at hours 16 and 20 from the start of maturation compared with control. For the present study, two separate experiments were conducted to determine ATP concentration in oocytes during maturation after photobiomodulation treatment. A standardized in vitro maturation (IVM) protocol and commercial media (IVF Bioscience) were used. Briefly, bovine ovaries were obtained at a local slaughterhouse, cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected by aspiration of small (2 to 6 mm) follicles. For experiment 1, compact COCs were cultured in in vitro maturation media (n = 30/well) and treated with no light (control); light (660-665nm) for 10 minutes at hour 16 from start of maturation (L-16) and light for 10 minutes at hour 20 from the start of maturation (L-20). At hour 24 of in vitro maturation, COCs were vortexed to remove cumulus, stained with BioTracker ATP-Red Live Cell Dye (Sigma-Aldrich SCT045), imaged with Cytation-1 (Agilent Technologies Inc.) in 6 replicates. For experiment 2, COCs were cultured in in vitro maturation media (n = 40/well) and treated with no light (control) and light (660-665nm) for 10 minutes at hour 16 from start of maturation (L-16). At hours 18, 20, 22 and 24 of in vitro maturation, COCs were vortexed to remove cumulus, stained with BioTracker ATP-Red Live Cell Dye, and imaged with Cytation-1 in 4 replicates. For experiment 1, one-way ANOVA and Student’s T-Test were performed (JMP software 16.0); in experiment 2, each well was considered as an experimental unit in a model of repeated measures, main effects of time and treatment, blocked by replicate (Mixed procedure, SAS Institute Inc.). In experiment 1, there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) effect of treatment; ATP concentrations were greater in L-16 than control, and L-20 was intermediate. ATP concentrations were 19,579.3a ± 596.5, 21,652.0b ± 602.7 and 19,710.9ab ± 570.6 relative fluorescence units (RFU) for control, L-16, and L-20 respectively. In experiment 2, there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) effect of treatment and no significant effect of time. Overall ATP concentrations were 25,668 ± 894.6 and 28,332 ± 894.6 RFU for control and L-16 respectively. In conclusion, photobiomodulation treatment with LED 660-665nm for 10 minutes at hour 16 from start of oocyte maturation increases intracellular ATP concentrations from hour 18 to 24 of maturation.
PSIII-12 The Effects of PGF2 and PGF2 Plus Gnrh on Estrous Behavior and Pregnancy Outcomes in Dairy Goats
Authors: Kolikapongu Ramya Sri , Namani Sharath Chandra , Shaik Arshad , Neha Ayesha , Chelkapally Sai Chandan , Perry Courtney , Woodard Joshua , Schauston Miller , Whitley Niki C , Kouakou Brou , Moawad Adel R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial insemination protocols depend on efficient behavioral estrus detection and insemination time in dairy goats. Here we examined the effects of two synchronization protocols, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α; protocol 1) and PGF2 plus gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; protocol 2) on estrus behavior, body temperature, pulse frequency, pregnancy protein B (PPB) concentrations, and pregnancy rates in Alpine and Saanen goats. Forty does (3.9 ± 0.28 year) were divided into two groups (20 each) with 10 Alpine and 10 Saanen females in each group. In protocol 1 goats were injected with 10 mg/goat PGF2α on day 0 and 11. In protocol 2, each goat was injected with 10 mg PGF2α on day 0, and 43 µg GnRH on day 9 and then 10 mg PGF2 α on day 11. Estrus signs were detected 24 to 36 hours after the second dose of PGF2α. Body temperature and pulse frequency were recorded on days 11, 12, 13, and 14 after the second dose of PGF2α. Goats that showed estrus signs were naturally bred with the same breed mature buck. Blood samples were collected on days 28, 35, and 42 post-breeding (PB) to assess PPB concentrations, and ultrasonography was performed on day 50 (PB) to confirm pregnancy. The percentage of female showed estrous was higher in protocol 1 than in 2 (70% vs. 60%). Irrespective of the breed, rectal and vulval temperature was higher in the protocol 2 than 1 at day 11 after PGF2 α injection; however, it was the opposite at days 12, 13, and 14. However, the pulse frequency was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in protocol 2 at all the time point. Pregnancy rates were 71.4% and 75.0% for protocols 1 and 2, respectively. Irrespective to the synchronization protocols, the pregnancy rates were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in Alpine than Saanen goats. In conclusion, both PGF2 and PGF2-GnRH protocols were effective in synchronizing estrus in Alpine and Saanen goats, with minor differences in estrus response rates and pregnancy outcomes. Breed-specific variations were observed within the protocols, indicating a potential influence of breed on the efficacy of estrous synchronization. This study contributes valuable insights to goat breeding programs and promotes more efficient and sustainable livestock management practices.
PSIII-7 Effect of Time of Estrus on Conception Rate for a Sexed Semen Artificial Insemination Protocol in Multiparous Beef Cows
Authors: Efird Emily E , Lawrence Ty E , Richeson John T , Weber Wyatt E , Looney Charles R , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexed semen artificial insemination is a breeding technique that allows producers to shorten breeding seasons, optimize genetics through use of superior semen, create calves based on sex preference, and increase profitability. Sexed semen is a technology that sorts semen by differences in DNA content between X (female) and Y (male) bearing sperm. However, sexed semen practices have yet to be widely used in beef cows due to reduced sperm numbers, low conception rates, and increased costs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time of estrus upon fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) of sex-sorted semen on conception rate using two different estrous synchronization protocols. Multiparous commercial beef cows (n = 73) were randomized by age, body condition score (BCS), and days post-partum at the University of Arkansas Livestock and Forestry Research Station in Batesville. Both synchronization treatments (TRT) used a controlled internal drug releasing device (Eazi-breed CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) inserted intravaginally on d -14 of the protocol simultaneous to administration of prostaglandin F2α (PGF; 500µg cloprostenol sodium; Estrumate). In the first treatment (TRT 1; 7&7 Synch), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 86µg gonadorelin; Fertagyl) was administered on d -7. In the second treatment (TRT 2; 8&6 Synch), GnRH was administered on d -6. Both treatments were then administered PGF simultaneous to CIDR removal on d 0, 66 ± 2h before FTAI and administration of GnRH. Standing heat (estrus) was visually detected every 3 h for 30 min intervals between CIDR removal and FTAI. Heat detection patches were used in conjunction with visual detection of estrus. Time of estrus was signified as time of standing immobile when mounted in combination with presenting a patch score of 4 (&gt;75% color removed). Time of estrus (TD) was deviated from time of FTAI and categorized into three equal time groups (Grp 1 = 0 to 11.0 h; Grp 2 = 11.01 to 22.0 h; and Grp 3 = 22.01 to 33.0 h). Conception rate (CR) was determined via ultrasound 37 ± 2 d after FTAI. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. CR did not differ by age of dam (P = 0.58), BCS (P = 0.48), or TRT (P = 0.83). However, TD had an effect on CR (P = 0.002); and resulted in CR of 45% (Grp 1), 87% (Grp 2), and 42% (Grp 3). In conclusion, these results indicate artificially inseminating cows with sexed semen between 11.01 and 22.0 h after time of standing estrus will increase pregnancy rates for multiparous commercial beef cattle.