bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutathione production by glutathione‐degrading enzymes displayed on proteoliposomes reconstituted from bovine kidney brush border membranes
Authors: Gotoh Takeshi , Watanabe Mitsuhiro , Iguchi Hisashi , Kikuchi Ken‐Ichi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGlutathione (L‐γ‐glutamyl‐L‐cysteinylglycine) is physiologically synthesized through two ATP‐dependent reactions catalyzed by γ‐glutamylcysteine synthase and glutathione synthase. The present study was designed to produce glutathione without the aid of ATP by using glutathione‐degrading enzymes, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase M, in reverse: intrinsically the former enzyme catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione to give L‐cysteinylglycine and a γ‐glutamyl moiety and the latter hydrolyzes the peptide linkage of L‐cysteinylglycine. Both enzymes were simultaneously displayed on proteoliposomes, which were reconstituted from bovine kidney brush border membranes by a cholate dialysis method. The kinetic analysis using artificial substrates, L‐γ‐glutamyl‐p‐nitroanilide for γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and L‐leucine‐p‐nitroanilide for aminopeptidase M, revealed that the proteoliposome reconstitution significantly increased the enzyme activities: for both the enzymes the maximum reaction rates were increased and Michaelis constants with the respective substrates were decreased. When the proteoliposomes were incubated with the amino acids glycine, L‐cysteine, and L‐glutamate (or L‐glutamine) at 37 °C, a new product was determined on HPLC analyses using ODS and cation‐exchange columns, coinciding in retention time with authentic glutathione. This product was identified to be glutathione by LC–MS and 1H‐NMR, after being purified by gel filtration using Sephadex G10 and HSKgel Toyopearl HW‐40F in succession. When the incubation mixture contained acivicin and bestatin, specific inhibitors for γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and aminopeptidase M, respectively, glutathione was not produced at all. These results indicated that glutathione was produced by two‐step reversible reactions of aminopeptidase M and γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase from its constituent amino acids. The equilibrium glutathione concentration obtained with L‐glutamine as a glutamyl donor substrate was about 3.5 times higher than that obtained with L‐glutamate. The maximum pH for the glutathione production was 7.0–7.5, reflecting pH dependence of the activities of the enzymes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Regeneration of adult rat spinal cord is promoted by the soluble KDI domain of γ1 laminin
Authors: Wiksten Markus , Väänänen Antti J. , Liebkind Ron , Liesi Päivi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRegeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals is hampered by formation of a glial scar and by proteins released from the myelin sheaths of injured neuronal pathways. Our recent data indicate that the KDI (Lys‐Asp‐Ile) domain of γ1 laminin neutralizes both glial‐ and myelin‐derived inhibitory signals and promotes survival and neurite outgrowth of cultured human spinal cord neurons. We show that after complete transection of the adult rat spinal cord, animals receiving onsite infusion of the KDI domain via osmotic mini‐pumps recover and are able to sustain their body weights and walk with their hindlimbs. Animals treated with placebo suffer from irreversible hindlimb paralysis. Microscopic and molecular analyses of the spinal cords indicate that the KDI domain reduces tissue damage at the lesion site and enables neurite outgrowth through the injured area to effect functional recovery of the initially paralyzed animals. That the KDI domain enhances regeneration of acute spinal cord injuries in the adult rat suggests that it may be used to promote regeneration of spinal cord injuries in humans. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ageing‐related decline in adenosine A1 receptor binding in the rat brain: An autoradiographic study
Authors: Meerlo Peter , Roman Viktor , Farkas Eszter , Keijser Jan N. , Nyakas Csaba , Luiten Paul G.M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe adenosine system has important neuromodulatory and neuroprotective functions in the brain. Several lines of evidence suggest that ageing is associated with major alterations in the adenosine system, which may be partially responsible for changes in sleep, mood, and cognition. In the present study, we examined adenosine A1 receptor density in the rat brain by means of quantitative autoradiography to obtain a detailed anatomical overview of the changes during ageing. A1 receptor binding was assessed in young, old, and senescent animals of 3, 24, and 30 months old, respectively. There was a clear age‐dependent reduction in adenosine A1 receptors in most of the brain areas examined, but the magnitude of this reduction varied greatly among regions. Also, whereas some regions displayed a gradual decline in A1 binding sites across the three age classes, other regions showed a particularly strong decrease between the ages of 24 and 30 months. For example, whereas the hippocampus and thalamus showed a gradual decline in A1 binding, some cortical and septal regions showed a more abrupt decline after the age of 24 months. Since particularly in rats many studies have used animals at the age of 24 months or even less, the ageing‐related decline in adenosine A1 signaling might have been underestimated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.An Erratum has been published for this article in J Neurosci Res 79: 724, 2005.
Immobilized betulinic acid column and its interactions with phospholipase A2 and snake venom proteins
Authors: Tseng Hsiao‐Chun , Liu Yin‐Chang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBetulinic acid (BA) is a plant‐derived pentacyclic triterpenoid. Although BA has been found to have diverse pharmacological effects, including anti‐tumor and anti‐inflammatory actions and potential as inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), its cellular targets remain unclear. In this study, BA was immobilized onto an acrylamide matrix. The immobilized‐BA column could retain the purified PLA2 of bovine pancreas or the PLA2 of snake venom from Naja nigricollis. The bound PLA2 were not eluted by high salt concentrations but were eluted by either acid or calcium free buffer. Besides the PLA2, a group of basic proteins of snake venom with molecular weights of about 7 kDa were also strongly bound by immobilized BA. One of these proteins was identified as γ‐cardiotoxin. The usefulness of immobilized BA for exploring the cellular targets of BA is discussed.
The numerical solution of an inverse periodic transmission problem
Authors: Bruckner Gottfried , Elschner Johannes 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe consider the inverse problem of recovering a 2D periodic structure from scattered waves measured above and below the structure. We discuss convergence and implementation of an optimization method for solving the inverse TE transmission problem, following an approach first developed by Kirsch and Kress for acoustic obstacle scattering. The convergence analysis includes the case of Lipschitz grating profiles and relies on variational methods and solvability properties of periodic boundary integral equations. Numerical results for exact and noisy data demonstrate the practicability of the inversion algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of prednisone in canine muscular dystrophy
Authors: Liu Jocelyn M. K. , Okamura Carol S. , Bogan Daniel J. , Bogan Janet R. , Childers Martin K. , Kornegay Joe N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGlucocorticoid use may provide short‐term functional improvement in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We report functional and histopathologic changes following a 4‐month course of daily oral prednisone in a canine model of DMD, termed golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD). Muscle extension forces in GRMD dogs treated daily with 1 and 2 mg/kg prednisone measured 2.349 ± 0.92 and 3.486 ± 0.67 N/kg, respectively, compared to 1.927 ± 0.63 N/kg in untreated GRMD controls (p< 0.05 for 2mg/kg group); GRMD muscle flexion forces measured 0.435 ± 0.13 and 0.303 ± 0.08 N/kg, respectively, compared to 0.527 ± 0.01 N/kg in untreated GRMD controls (p< 0.05 for both groups). Although cranial sartorius hypertrophy and tibiotarsal joint angles also tended to improve, myofiber calcification increased and fetal myosin expression decreased following prednisone. Thus, functional data indicate benefit but histopathologic changes following prednisone treatment in GRMD suggest possible deleterious consequences. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Schwann cell is a target in ischemia–reperfusion injury to peripheral nerve
Authors: Iida Haruyasu , Schmeichel Ann M. , Wang Yanping , Schmelzer James D. , Low Phillip A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIschemia–reperfusion (IR) causes oxidative injury and ischemic fiber degeneration due to injury of the neuron and axon. In this study, we explore the effect of oxidative stress on Schwann cells, as a specific peripheral nerve target, using our established rat model for IR injury. Fifty‐six rats were used. Six groups (N = 8 each) underwent complete hindlimb ischemia for 4 h, followed by reperfusion durations of 0 h, 3 h, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days, and 42 days. One group underwent sham operation (N = 8). We evaluated immunohistochemical labeling for oxidative injury using anti‐8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG). To identify cells committed to apoptosis, we studied immunolabeling to caspase‐3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity. Only minimal positivity was seen in the sham, 0‐h, and 3‐h groups. Positivity to 8‐OHdG, caspase‐3, and TUNEL increased significantly in groups undergoing longer reperfusion (8‐OHdG, 7–28 days; caspase‐3, 14–42 days; TUNEL, 14–42 days). The positive cells surrounding axons were identified as being Schwann cells by their configuration and colabeling with S‐100. We conclude that apoptosis of Schwann cells occurs during reperfusion and continues even when axons regenerate. Schwann cell apoptosis could contribute to impairment of axonal function and efficiency of fiber regeneration. Both these abnormalities are known to occur in experimental and human diabetic nerves. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Quadriceps fatigue caused by catchlike‐inducing trains is not altered in old age
Authors: Allman Brian L. , Cheng Arthur J. , Rice Charles L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe relative loss of peak force from electrical stimulation protocols has provided inconsistent results when used to compare muscle fatigability between young and old adults. In addition to the effect of task on these comparisons, age‐related alterations in the development and relaxation of force are possible factors that have not been considered. The purposes of this study were to compare the fatigability of the quadriceps of young (26.7 ± 1.0 years) and old men (78.3 ± 1.3 years), as assessed by changes in peak force, force time integral (FTI), and half‐relaxation time (HRT), during intermittent electrical stimulation protocols, and to determine whether manipulation of the activation frequency affected the comparisons. Fatigue was caused by constant‐frequency (CF), and catchlike‐inducing (CI) train protocols, both of which consisted of intermittent trains (6 pulses on: 650 ms off) of stimulation. After each protocol, the force‐generating capacity of the fatigued muscle was assessed with three trains of stimuli: a CF train, a CI train and a 1‐s 50‐HZ train. There was no effect of age on the loss of peak force or the development of low‐frequency fatigue induced by either protocol. Conversely, irrespective of the protocol, the FTI was better maintained by ∼9% in the old than young men. Because peak force did not differ between groups during fatigue, it is likely that the FTI was preserved by the exacerbated slowing of HRT in the quadriceps of the old men. The results confirm an apparent paradox between muscle fatigue and stimulation with CI trains: a single CI train produces greater force than a CF train in a fatigued muscle, but there is greater fatigue induced by repetitive CI than CF train stimulation. Old age did not affect this fatigue paradox. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Functional assessment of Aδ and C fibers in patients with Fabry's disease
Authors: Valeriani Massimiliano , Mariotti Paolo , Le Pera Domenica , Restuccia Domenico , De Armas Liala , Maiese Toni , Vigevano Federico , Antuzzi Daniela , Zampino Giuseppe , Ricci Roberta , Tonali Pietro 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe pathophysiology of neuropathic pain in Fabry's disease (FD) is still largely unknown. Seven FD patients were studied by laser evoked potentials (LEPs) to assess the function of the Aδ and C fibers. Laser pulses were delivered on the skin of the hand and perioral region at painful intensity to record LEPs related to Aδ‐fiber inputs and at nonpainful intensity to obtain LEPs related to C‐fiber inputs. When the perioral region was stimulated, a vertex positive component was recorded with a mean latency of 260.3 ms and 376 ms after Aδ‐ and C‐fiber stimulation, respectively. The mean Aδ‐LEP amplitude was significantly lower in FD patients (N1/P1 mean values were 2.8 μV and 4.5 μV after hand and face stimulation, respectively, compared to 4 μV and 8.9 μV for controls; N2/P2 mean values were 8.2 μV and 11.1 μV after hand and face stimulation, respectively, and 16.7 μV and 22.3 μV in controls). Unlike the healthy subjects, 6 FD patients, suffering from neuropathic pain, showed a late positive potential related to C‐fiber function (mean latency, 377.1 ms) also after facial stimulation at painful intensity, suggesting a relative overflow of C‐fiber input, which may be relevant in the pathophysiology of pain in this disease. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Differentiation of emotional disturbance and social maladjustment: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Hughes Tammy L. , Bray Melissa A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe provide an overview of this special issue of Psychology in the Schools, which focuses on the current status of the debate about the definition of emotional disturbance (ED) provided in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997) and the exclusionary clause regarding social maladjustment (SM). The debate centers on three areas: special education classification, which is ultimately a fiscal matter for law makers; differential diagnosis of clinical or educational disorders, which is ultimately a question about the worth of diagnostic taxonomies; and use of the terms emotional disturbance and social maladjustment, which have not been scientifically established. In this introduction we argue that Congress has already decided the issue of special education eligibility for those with social maladjustment. Rather, the core issue is the evaluation of the scientific merit of ED and SM differentiation as it relates to treatment planning. This is addressed in this special issue by a number of authors outlining the steps necessary for schools to move forward from this debate toward a focus on empirically‐based treatment for children whose emotions and/or behaviors interfere with their learning or the learning of others. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 819–821, 2004.
Developmental pathways to conduct disorder: Implications for serving youth who show severe aggressive and antisocial behavior
Authors: Frick Paul J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractResearch has uncovered a large number of risk factors that can place a child at risk for showing severe antisocial and aggressive behavior and to be diagnosed with conduct disorder. In this paper, recent research is outlined that has organized these risk factors into distinct pathways, each involving somewhat distinct causal processes, through which children develop this disorder. This body of research has been important for advancing our understanding of the causes of conduct disorder. In addition, it has some important implications for service delivery. The comprehensive and individualized approach to intervention that seems most indicated based on this research is consistent with the way most educators are trained to view service delivery. As a result, this body of research could be very helpful in guiding school personnel in the development of individualized educational plans that meet the needs of children with conduct disorder. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 823–834, 2004.
Social maladjustment and students with behavioral and emotional disorders: Revisiting basic assumptions and assessment issues
Authors: Olympia Daniel , Farley Megan , Christiansen Elizabeth , Pettersson Hollie , Jenson William , Clark Elaine 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWhile much of the current focus in special education remains on reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1997, disparities in the identification of children with serious emotional disorders continue to plague special educators and school psychologists. Several years after the issue of social maladjustment and its relationship to serious emotional disturbance was discussed and debated, little appears to have changed. Children, adolescents, and families are subjected to widely varying philosophies, assessment procedures, and services based on questionable criteria used to determine whether a student “qualifies” for services under the Serious Emotional Disturbance (SED) designation. In this paper, we address how this issue has significantly affected access to services for students with serious emotional disturbances. Faulty assumptions regarding the relationship of social maladjustment to emotional disturbance in children/adolescents are identified and the implications of these assumptions for children are described. The lack of research supporting specific tools developed to assess social maladjustment in the context of a serious emotional disorder and the impact of this current practice on children is addressed from a practical and ethical standpoint. The role of the school psychologist as gatekeeper is contrasted to that of the more positive role as facilitator. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 835–847, 2004.
Differentiating emotional disturbance from social maladjustment: Assessing psychopathy in aggressive youth
Authors: Gacono Carl B. , Hughes Tammy L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1997) requires identification of emotional disturbance by special education criteria. It also requires that emotional disturbance be distinguished from social maladjustment. In some cases, a thorough evaluation of the child's character pathology can aid in this determination. While methods such as the Rorschach, BASC, and MMPI‐A are useful in understanding behavior and personality, psychopathy assessment may be particularly useful for organizing opinions in this matter. In this article we discuss the relevance of psychopathy's two‐factor structure in formulating a schema for making the differentiation between emotional disturbance and social maladjustment and review methods for gathering information about this troublesome aspect of character pathology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 849–860, 2004.
Emotional disturbance/social maladjustment: Why is the incidence increasing?
Authors: Kehle Thomas J. , Bray Melissa A. , Theodore Lea A. , Zhou Zheng , McCoach D. Betsy 
Published: October 2004

AbstractNumerous arguments have addressed the controversies surrounding the category of emotional disturbance (ED) and the exclusion, or proposed inclusion, of students with social maladjustment (SM). In this article we address the consensually agreed upon characteristics of ED that are in common with SM, in addition to examining characteristics that supposedly also differentiate students who are ED from those who are SM. Given that SM has not been clearly defined and therefore it has proven to be an exceedingly difficult task for practitioners to differentiate children who are ED from SM suggests that they should be considered as a single condition termed ED/SM. Characteristics of ED and SM have substantial overlap, but apparently enough difference is noted to argue that they are distinguishable disorders requiring differential diagnoses and treatment, resulting in one that warrants special education services, and one that does not. We argue that whether these children are classified as ED, SM, or ED/SM, they all should qualify for special education services based primarily on the inescapable fact that they need professional assistance if their condition militates against optimal educational attainment. Furthermore, there exists little, if any, differentiation of effective and enduring treatment on the basis of whether a child is classified as either ED or SM. Finally, an alternative nonenvironmental explanation is offered for the apparent increase in incidence of characteristics associated with ED/SM. The alternative explanation is based on the genetic phenomenon heterosis that provides a plausible argument that secular changes in several cognitive, physical, and psychological characteristics may have the same nonenvironmental etiology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 861–865, 2004.
Using multimodal functional behavioral assessment to inform treatment selection for children with either emotional disturbance or social maladjustment
Authors: Miller Jeffrey A. , Williams Shelagh J. , McCoy Erika L.B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFunctional behavioral assessment (FBA) is an assessment procedure used to identify the reasons for children's misbehavior. In this article we provide an overview of one approach to FBA known as multimodal functional behavioral assessment (MFBA) that provides a comprehensive examination of the causes of children's disruptive behavior. The literature for the causes (functions) of behavior identified in MFBA is reviewed as applied to children with the educational classifications of emotional disturbance and social maladjustment. Differences between educational classifications for each function are highlighted with the purpose of informing treatment selection in school settings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 867–877, 2004.
Evaluating the differential treatment of emotional disturbance and social maladjustment
Authors: Theodore Lea A. , Akin‐Little Angeleque , Little Steven G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe vague and incomplete federal definition of emotional disturbance has caused a great deal of controversy and debate since the inception of Public Law 94–142. The lack of resolution among professionals attempting to elucidate the distinction between emotional disturbance and social maladjustment has resulted in continued conflict. Included in this debate are (a) whether students who are socially maladjusted should be included in the federal definition of emotional disturbance; (b) whether students identified as socially maladjusted should receive services; and (c) whether differential treatment for the two groups is warranted. In this article we provide a rationale for differential treatment between these two disorders as well as pertinent interventions tailored to meet the needs of individuals identified with emotional disturbance (ED) and social maladjustment (SM). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 879–886, 2004.
Bullying: Considerations for defining and intervening in school settings
Authors: Elinoff Mahri J. , Chafouleas Sandra M. , Sassu Kari A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBullying has been described as one of the most common and potentially serious forms of school violence. It is a pervasive problem affecting many students with serious adverse consequences for some. Given the prevalence of and consequences associated with bullying, we investigated the concept of bullying as applied to school settings. In this article, we discuss the need for an expanded definition of bullying, including particular considerations for differential behaviors between genders. Best practices for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of bullying behaviors in schools, and implications for school psychologists are also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 887–897, 2004.