bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF SPINA BIFIDA
Authors: Connon Aileen F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA method of definitive antenatal diagnosis for spina bifida is described. Preliminary amniocentesis is performed at 12 to 14 weeks' gestation for alpha1‐fetoprotein. If this result is normal, an amniogram carried out at 18 to 20 weeks' gestation gives a good outline of the fetal back and a view of the fetal spine so that a confident diagnosis of a baby without a neural canal defect is possible, thus avoiding termination of pregnancy.
AMNIOTIC FLUID ALPHA‐FETOPROTEIN IN THE ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
Authors: Nevin N. C. , Thompson W. , Nesbitt S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAlpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) has been estimated in 358 specimens of amniotic fluid from 221 pregnancies terminating in the delivery of a normal infant and in the amniotic fluid from 21 pregnancies in which the fetus turned out to have a neural tube defect. When the fetus had a neural tube defect, AFP levels before 36 weeks were raised above the 95th centile of normal controls with the exception of one patient in whom the fetus had a closed neural tube defect.
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MATERNAL HL‐A ANTIBODY FORMATION AND FETAL SEX EVIDENCE FOR A SEX‐LINKED HISTOCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM IN MAN
Authors: Johansen Karl , Festenstein Hilliard , Burke Jeanne 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe correlation between HL‐A antibodies in pregnancy and fetal sex was studied in 960 women. Significantly more male infants than expected were born to women who developed HL‐A antibodies during their first full pregnancy. It is concluded that the male fetus evokes a stronger response than the female. With increasing parity the preponderance of male births decreased in women with HL‐A antibodies. By contrast, in women who did not develop antibodies the proportion of male births increased progressively. It is suggested that these findings may be attributed to the presence of a sex chromosome‐linked histocompatibility system in man, which interacts with the HL‐A system.
THE USE OF OESTROGEN/PROGESTOGEN PREPARATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF HIRSUTISM IN THE FEMALE
Authors: Hancock K. W. , Levell M. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effects of long‐term treatment with oestrogen/progestogen preparations were assessed in 16 patients presenting with hirsutism but without virilism; these comprised 12 patients with “idiopathic” hirsutism, one of whom had amenorrhoea due to pituitary gonadotrophin deficiency, and four patients with the Stein‐Leventhal syndrome. Regression of hair growth was observed only in those with normal ovaries and elevated urinary excretion of 17‐oxosteroids. Patients who responded favourably to a preparation with a high oestrogen content failed to do so when a low oestrogen preparation was substituted.
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF DUODENAL ATRESIA
Authors: Houlton M. C. C. , Sutton M. , Aitken J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA primigravida presenting with hydramnios at 34 weeks' gestation was found to have distended fluid‐filled spaces inside the fetal abdomen on ultrasonic B scan. Amniography showed a normal fetal soft‐tissue outline and normal scalp thickss with the absence of contrast medium in the fetal gastro‐intestinal tract at two‐and‐a‐half hours. It is suggested that this combination of findings is, if not diagnostic, at least highly suggestive of duodenal atresia and that the intrauterine diagnosis of this condition may enable corrective surgery to be carried out early before neonatal electrolyte disturbances affect the prognosis.
ORCADIAN ASPECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α‐NDUCED TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Smith Ian D. , Shearman Rodney P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA series of 240 patients admitted for termination of middle trimester pregnancy received prostaglandin F2α by intra‐amniotic injection at various times of the day. It was shown that the response (in terms of induction‐abortion interval, total dose of PGF2α required and duration of hospitalization) was significantly influenced by the time of injection and that for each of these parameters there was a statistically significant circadian or 24‐hour rhythm. The optimal response was obtained following infusion of PGF2α at 1800 hours. Observations on additional groups of patients indicated that this response rhythm was disturbed by bed rest during the day prior to PGF2α administration. The induction‐abortion interval was also prolonged by concomitant use of d‐propoxyphene for analgesia and by twin pregnancies. In addition to the circadian rhythm of response related to the time of administration of PGF2α there was a circadian rhythm in the hourly incidence of abortion, the peak incidence being recorded at about 0800 hours. The temporal relationship of the observed periodicity in response to the intra‐amniotic administration of PGF2α to circadian fluctuations in plasma steroid levels is discussed. It is suggested that a chronotherapeutic approach to the induction of abortion or labour with prostaglandins may be advantageous.
A SURVEY OF THE USE OF OESTROGENS DURING PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND OF THE GENITO‐URINARY CANCER MORTALITY AND INCIDENCE RATES IN YOUNG PEOPLE IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: Kinlen L. J. , Badaracco M. A. , Moffett J. , Vessey M. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryEvidence for an association between oestrogen therapy during pregnancy and adenocarcinoma of the genital tract in female offspring has come mainly from the United States where such therapy appears to have been popular. To try to obtain some estimate of the frequency of this practice in the United Kingdom, a postal questionnaire was sent in early 1973 to all Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists who were resident in this country at that time. A response rate of 83 per cent was obtained. From the information provided, it was estimated that about 7,500 women were treated with stilboestrol during pregnancy in the interval 1940 to 1971, mostly during the 1950s. Other oestrogens or unspecified oestrogens were given to approximately a further 4,500 patients, mainly during the 1960s.In addition, genito‐urinary cancer mortality and incidence rates in young people in England and Wales were examined to try1 to detect any increases which might be attributable to the administration of oestrogens to pregnant women. Among females, a rise in the incidence of cancer of the cervix was noted, and among males, a rise in both the incidence of and mortality from cancer of the testis. However, there is little reason to suspect a connection between these trends and the use of oestrogens. It should also be noted that no case of adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix occurring in a young woman exposed to oestrogens in utero has yet been reported in the United Kingdom. However, the present study indicates that the number of women so exposed is considerable; it is, therefore, possible that such tumours will begin to appear within the next few years.
AN APPRAISAL OF LUMBAR EPIDURAL BLOCKADE IN PATIENTS WITH A SINGLETON FETUS PRESENTING BY THE BREECH
Authors: Selwyn Crawford J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA consecutive series of 247 patients with a singleton fetus presenting by the breech (exclusive of instances of macerated stillbirth and of lethal congenital abnormality) is presented. The series includes 162 patients who had a vaginal delivery, lumbar epidural block analgesia having been provided for 56 of those. Examination of the “Apgar‐minus‐colour” scores and of the postnatal course of these infants strongly suggests that the provision of an epidural block reduces the incidence of Severe and of prolonged neonatal depression irrespective of the birthweight. The incidence of breech extraction was not increased by the provision of an epidural block, although the second stage was significantly (but not markedly) lengthened. It is suggested that a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with vaginal breech delivery could be attained by the provision of a regional block (epidural or spinal) which will obtund the bearing‐down reflex and relax the perineum.
DIURNAL VARIATION IN HAEMATOCRIT VALUE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Agboola A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA statistically significant diurnal variation in haematocrit has been observed in pregnant Nigerian women. Under conditions of rest, the haematocrit at 1500 hours averages 0.7 per cent less than at 0900 hours, with some individuals as much as 5 per cent lower.
CLINICAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Brown Robert 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA prospective survey of 25 patients with endometrial carcinoma was undertaken and the findings were compared with those of 50 patients in each of two control groups. This paper presents only the clinical aspects of the survey. Contrary to the general belief, women with endometrial carcinoma are no more obese or hypertensive than comparable controls; nor is there any evidence of a genetic predisposition. But they are notably less fertile and appear to menstruate to a later age.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE AETIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Brown Robert 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAnterior pituitary function was tested in patients with endometrial carcinoma and was compared with results from suitable controls. HGH, TSH and LH have been measured directly and ACTH indirectly. The only statistically significant difference was that LH secretion was diminished in the Carcinoma Group. The significance of this finding is discussed and related to the clinical and carbohydrate status of the same patients. A new theory of the aetiology of endometrial carcinoma is proposed.
FETAL PLASMA STEROIDS IN RELATION TO PARTURITION III. THE EFFECT OF PARITY AND METHOD OF DELIVERY UPON UMBILICAL PLASMA OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL LEVELS
Authors: Shutt Donald A. , Smith Ian D. , Shearman Rodney P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryUnconjugated oestrone and oestradiol levels were measured in human umbilical venous plasma at delivery after 38 to 40 weeks' gestation. A significant effect of parity (P<0.05) upon oestrogen levels was observed following spontaneous vaginal delivery. In eight primiparous patients the mean (±S.E.) oestrone and oestradiol levels were 25.0 ± 5.3 ng./ml. and 6.6 ± l.2 ng./ml. respectively whilst in eight multiparous patients they were 10.4 ± 3.4 ng./ml. and 3.6 ± l.0 ng./ml. respectively. The two groups showed no significant difference in the duration of labour. No effect of parity upon oestrogen levels was observed following elective Caesarean section or emergency Caesarean section when the patients were in early labour. The mean ratio for oestrone to oestradiol levels in umbilical venous plasma following spontaneous delivery (3.3 to 3.7: 1) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the mean ratio in patients delivered by Caesarean section (0.6 to 1.1: 1). It is concluded that in spontaneous vaginal delivery at term the changes in placental metabolism associated with established labour are typified by an alteration in oestrone to oestradiol ratios with an elevation of the oestrone levels in umbilical venous plasma. The highest umbilical venous oestrone levels were found in primiparous patients after spontaneous vaginal delivery and this may reflect on increased metabolic activity associated with labour in those patients.
THE TECHNIQUE, RESULTS AND RISKS OF AMNIOCENTESIS FOR GENETIC REASONS
Authors: Bartsch F. K. , Lundberg J. , Wahlström J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAmniocenteses for cytogenetic investigations were performed in 219 patients during a period of three years. The amniocenteses were done between the 15th and 21st week of gestation. Significant fetomaternal bleeds were detected in 11 out of 213 suitably tested patients. There was a clear relationship between the site of the placenta (determined by ultrasound) and the occurrence of fetomaternal haemorrhage. In only seven patients did cell culture fail to produce information about the fetal karyotype. Four abnormal karyotypes were found, one a balanced translocation; the three others led to legal terminations. Five spontaneous abortions occurred after amniocentesis. In a further patient the fetus was dead at time of the amniocentesis. A total of 210 pregnancies thus went to term. There was no perinatal death nor any major congenital abnormality.
THE OXYTOCIN STRESS TEST AND THE ISOXSUPRINE PLACENTAL TRANSFER TEST IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Boyd I. E. , CHAMBERLAIN G. V. P. , Fergusson I. L. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryForty‐one patients had an oxytocin stress test and of the five in whom late decelerations of the fetal heart were noted, one baby was born depressed and another died in the neonatal period of multiple congenital anomalies. Two infants died following a negative test; the first died in utero one week after the test, the second within hours of birth after profound fetal distress in the second stage of labour. Twenty‐two patients had an isoxsuprine placental transfer test but the results did not correlate with the oxytocin stress test, birthweight for gestational age, or Apgar score of the infant.
INDUCTION OF LABOUR WITH ORAL PROSTAGLANDIN E2
Authors: Murnaghan George A. , Lamki Harith , Rashid Sakina , Pinkerton J. H. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAfter amniotomy for induction of labour prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was administered orally to two similar groups of 25 patients. Intrauterine pressure recording was begun in all patients prior to the administration of the prostaglandin and continued throughout labour. Labour was successfully induced in all the patients in both groups and, in the second group, the induction‐delivery interval and the duration of labour were reduced by one‐third by varying the prostaglandin dosage according to the uterine response. The incidence of maternal side effects was high in both groups but none was severe. No fetal complications occurred.
AMNIOTIC FLUID PROTEIN IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY ANENCEPHALY
Authors: Brock D. J. H. , Nelson M. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAlbumin, group‐specific component (Gc), α‐fetoprotein (AFP) and total soluble protein have been measured in amniotic fluids from 32 pregnancies complicated by an anencephalic fetus and in 32 matched controls. The concentrations of total protein and the three individual proteins were significantly increased in the abnormal pregnancies, though only AFP was sufficiently elevated to have diagnostic potential.
PERINATAL MORTALITY AND BIRTHWEIGHT IN MAKASSAR, INDONESIA
Authors: Barron S. L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryBy the use of birth registers the clinico‐pathological cause of perinatal mortality has been examined for 1333 perinatal deaths out of 48 582 infants delivered in two hospitals in Makassar, Indonesia between 1951 and 1969. When compared with the cause of mortality in the British Perinatal Mortality Survey, the Makassar hospitals had a lower incidence of congenital abnormality and rhesus isoimmunization but a high incidence of “premature unknown” and “mechanical” causes.A separate study of birthweight was carried out on 1060 consecutive maternities during 1969 and this demonstrated that Chinese Indonesian infants had a higher mean birthweight than non‐Chinese Indonesian infants and that the difference could not be accounted for by differences of social class, maternal stature or birth rank.
GLUCOSE‐INSULIN INTERACTION AND THE MODULATION OF HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN (HPL) SECRETION DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Gaspard U. , Sandront H. , Luyckx A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn order to define metabolic factors which control human placental lactogen (HPL) secretion two types of experiment have been conducted: (a) hypoglycaemia was induced by intravenously‐injected insulin in 21 normal women in late pregnancy; and (b) a sustained hyperglycaemia was obtained by glucose infusion in six normal women in late pregnancy. Serum HPL was determined using an immunosorbent antibody radioimmunoassay procedure. Blood glucose was estimated in both experiments and plasma immunoreactive insulin in the second. The results show an inverse relationship between blood glucose and serum HPL concentrations. Hyperglycaemia caused the HPL level to fall and conversely insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia caused it to rise. Moreover, declining blood glucose levels after the cessation of a glucose infusion were accompanied by an increase in HPL comparable to that seen during frank hypoglycaemia.
RELATION OF CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN WOMEN WITH GENITAL TRACT CANCER TO ORIGIN, HISTOLOGY, CLINICAL STAGE AND SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIOUR OF NEOPLASM
Authors: Khoo S. K. , Mackay E. V. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA quantitative study of cell‐mediated immunological reactivity was made in patients with female genital tract cancer. Prinary reactivity was measured by contact sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and secondary reactivity by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to skin test antigens (STA). In general, there was an increased incidence of anergic and impaired reactivity in patients with cancer of the cervix, corpus uteri or ovary, compared with age‐matched controls; however, differences between patient‐groups, regarding organ or origin or histological type, were small and insignificant. There was a progressive increase in incidence of anergic and impaired reactivity with worsening of clinical staging of the tumour. Significant differences in reactivity were noted between patients who had remained free of disease and those who had progressive disease after 12 months of follow‐up. It is considered that impairment of cell‐mediated immunity is an unfavourable factor in host‐tumour interactions, and the possibility of augmenting immunological reactivity should be considered in management.
CORRELATION OF SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, COLPOSCOPY AND HISTOLOGY IN 50 PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ABNORMAL CERVICAL CYTOLOGY
Authors: Murphy John F. , Jordan Joseph A. , Allen Josephine M. , Williams Anthony E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA comparison was made between colposcopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histology in 50 asymptomatic patients presenting with abnormal cervical cytology. Colposcopy was very accurate in predicting epithelial abnormalities. Using already established criteria, the SEM changes of carcinoma in situ were found to be reliable and reproducible and it was also found possible to predict whether or not invasion of the basement membrane had taken place.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
Authors: Fisher Peter M. , Hamilton Pamela M. , Sutherland Hamish W. , Stowers John M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryEleven normal pregnant women selected specifically to avoid the stigmata of potential diabetes, had serial, rapid 25 g. intravenous glucose tolerance tests done at 11 to 13, 25 to 27, and 37 to 39 week's gestation. The results expressed as increment indices and k values showed a significant decrease in glucose tolerance between the second and third trimesters. The difference in the increment indices, between the first and second trimesters was also significant There was no significant difference in the mean fasting venous plasma glucose levels between the three stages of pregnancy studied. It is concluded that intravenous glucose tolerance decreases with advancing gestation.
A STUDY OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM AND DEEP LEG VEIN THROMBOSIS AFTER MAJOR GYNAECOLOGICAL SURGERY USING LABELLED FIBRINOGEN‐PHLEBOGRAPHY AND LUNG SCANNING
Authors: Walsh J. J. , Bonnar John , Wright F. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe frequency of thrombo‐embolic complications as assessed by objective diagnostic techniques was investigated in 262 patients having major pelvic surgery. The lowest incidence of leg vein thrombosis (7 per cent) was found in patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. After abdominal hysterectomy for benign pathology the incidence was 13 per cent and after Wertheim's hysterectomy for carcinoma of the cervix 25 per cent. After operation, the highest incidence of leg vein thrombosis (45 per cent) was in patients having surgery for gynaecological carcinoma other than that of the cervix. Fatal pulmonary embolism occurred in two patients (0.7 per cent), one with advanced ovarian carcinoma and the other after surgery for carcinoma of the corpus uteri; non‐fatal pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in six patients (2.2 per cent).
THE LIMITATIONS OF LAPAROSCOPIC OVARIAN BIOPSY
Authors: Sutton Christopher 
Published: August 2005

SummarySeventy‐five consecutive patients had a laparoscopic ovarian biopsy and were examined critically in order to evaluate this procedure in the investigation and treatment of infertility and amenorrhoea. It was concluded that the tissue removed by biopsy was not necessarily representative of the histological structure of the whole ovary; that the laparoscopic appearance of the ovaries offered equally valuable information; that the procedure was not free from hazards which outweighed its diagnostic usefulness except in certain clearly defined conditions such as primary amenorrhoea; and that it may have had some therapeutic effect in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome.
PREGNANCY COMPLICATED BY ACUTE IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Authors: Jones W. R. , Storey B. , Norton G. , Neische F. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwo patients are described who had acute severe idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) presenting in late pregnancy. In both there was little or no response to corticosteroid therapy and elective Caesarean section and splenectomy were performed. The babies had marked thrombocytopenia which disappeared spontaneously. It is suggested that in acute ITP Caesarean section is indicated on paediatric grounds and poses no untoward maternal risk when combined with splenectomy and platelet transfusion.
CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NORMAL HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL CELL
Authors: More Ian A. R. , Armstrong Ernest M. , Carty Matthew , McSeveney David 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA survey of the ultrastructure of the stromal cell in histological normal endometrial biopsies from 41 women at various stages of the menstrual cycle was made. The nucleus and nucleolus showed structural changes which could be correlated with the metabolic activity of the cell at various stages of the cycle. The latter stages of the cycle were characterized by the differentiation of the stromal cells into two distinct cell lines; the predecidual cell and the endometrial granulocyte. The cyclical changes were compared with those occurring in the endometrial glandular cell and the autonomy of the stromal cell is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCREASING BIRTHWEIGHT AND CEPHALOPELVIC DISPROPORTION IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA
Authors: Mtimavalye L. A. R. , van der Does C. D. , Maathuis J. B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA one in ten sample was taken from the records of all singleton term deliveries which took place from 1956 to 1959, and in 1969, at Ocean Road Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The birthweights from the sampled records, 1748 and 1833 respectively, were divided as follows: less than 2260 g., 2260 to 2700 g., and more than 2700 g. From this division it was found that in the ten year interval a statisti‐ cally significant increase in birthweight had taken place. The indications for Caesarean section were analyzed and this showed that disproportion as the indication had increased from 42 per cent in the period 1956 to 1959 to 52 per cent in 1969. It is suggested that this finding may be causally related to the increase in birthweight.