bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standards for professional monitoring of capillary blood glucose
Authors: Rodgers Jill , Wood J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter updating the blood glucose meters used in Portsmouth, variations in the amount of strips used by health professionals were reported, which appeared to be unrelated to the patients' conditions. A district standard for professional monitoring of blood glucose levels was developed, following which the monitoring carried out on 100 in‐patients and 79 patients visited by community nurses was audited against the standard. Overtesting was evident in some patients in all categories, indicating inappropriate use of resources. Undertesting was also evident, which was particularly worrying in those patients who were acutely ill. The standard has been updated, and awareness about the standards has now been raised. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baseline clinical profile and rapid progression to insulin treatment in newly diagnosed diabetic patients over 50 years of age
Authors: Kamal A.D. , Kesson C.M. , Rooney D.P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCardiovascular disease is very common among newly diagnosed middle aged and elderly diabetic patients and causes substantial morbidity. Most of these patients will have type 2 diabetes. However type 1 diabetes can occur at all ages and insulin treatment can be inappropriately deferred in older newly diagnosed patients. We examined the records of all new diabetic patients between 1994 and 1997, aged over 50 years and within 6 months of diagnosis, to determine their presenting cardiovascular profile and baseline factors which might predict rapid progression to insulin treatment. We identified 455 patients and 371 had 2 year follow‐up data. 71% had a blood pressure greater than 150 and/or 85 mm Hg, 70% had a cholesterol>5.0 mmol/L and 28% had diagnosed ischaemic heart disease. Within 2 years (8±2 months), 22 (6%) had progressed to insulin treatment. Predictive factors for insulin were presentation HbA1c (risk ratio 1.36, p<0.001), ketonuria (1.6, p<0.05) and the BMI/HbA1c ratio (0.23, p<0.0001) but not BMI alone. In conclusion, new diabetic patients aged over 50 years are at high cardiovascular risk. Progression to insulin treatment within 2 years of first clinic contact is uncommon. However, presenting HbA1c and especially the BMI/HbA1c ratio are strong predictors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurrent hypoglycaemia in a patient with brittle diabetes
Authors: Naing K. , Wijenaike N. , Green F. , Leese G.P. , Newton R.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA 27‐year‐old woman with 15 years history of ‘brittle’ type 1 diabetes presented with recent history of secondary amenorrhoea and recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia. In the past, there had been clear evidence of non‐concordance with treatment. She had had a total thyroidectomy at the age of 22 for thyrotoxicosis. Investigations confirmed Addison's disease and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome (PGA) type two.This case demonstrates the complex interaction between medical and psychological causes for erratic glycaemic control in diabetes, even within the same patient. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artefactually low glycated haemoglobin is a potential pitfall in diabetes management: consider congenital haemolytic anaemias
Authors: Baynes Kevin C.R. , McIntosh Colin , Feher Michael D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMeasurement of glycated haemoglobin is widely used as an index of glycaemic control in the out‐patient management of diabetes mellitus. The glycated haemoglobin measurement most commonly reported by laboratories being the HbA1c. Prospective clinical trials using the HbA1c as an index of glycaemia now indicate a benchmark for both the patient and clinician in assessing their efforts to improve glycaemic control. Glycated haemoglobins are formed by a non‐enzymatic reaction between carbohydrates and haemoglobin and a multiplicity of techniques to measure them exist. A number of conditions artefactually lower the HbA1c measurement, which may lead to false reassurance that glycaemic control is good. These conditions include iron deficiency anaemia, haemoglobinopathies, chronic renal failure or recent blood transfusion. A case of congenital haemolytic anaemia is described, highlighting another potential cause of artefactually low HbA1c. If the glycated haemoglobin result is spuriously low, other methods to assess glycaemic control, including self blood glucose monitoring and fructosamine assays, should be adopted. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heart disease in Asian people with diabetes
Authors: Lawrence Ian G. , McNally Paul G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractType 2 diabetes is increased up to four‐fold in middle‐aged and older Indo‐Asian people, and associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD), and premature morbidity and mortality. Seventy‐seven percent of deaths in Indo‐Asian people with diabetes were caused by cardiovascular disease compared with 46% European deaths, in the Southall Diabetes Survey. The Indo‐Asian communities have an increased inherited lipoprotein (a) level compared to white Europeans, whilst migration results in the unmasking of a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors incorporating central obesity, hyperinsulinaemia. type‐2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are important, and in India, current smoking, hypertension and overt diabetes mellitus are the strongest predictors of a first actute myocardial infarction (AMI). Hyperlipidaemia may have a less important causal role in an Indian setting, but the situation is likely to be different in a migratory Indo‐Asian population. Unfortunately there is a lamentable lack of intervention studies in Indo‐Asian diabetic people with CHD, and currently the evidence base from other populations needs to be extrapolated. The six month mortality in Indo‐Asian people post AMI is double the white European population, despite similar use of aspirin, thrombolysis and beta blockade. and is primarily due to the increase prevalence of diabetes. This stresses the importance of active treatment of all cardiovascular risk factors, including hyperglycaemia in the peri‐infarct period. Active health promotion addressing physical activity and modifying dietaary intake is crucial in the Indo‐Asian communities, and campaigns such as Project Dil in Leicestershire have incorporated both primary and secondary prevention. The extrapolated evidence base would suggest that early use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition, statin and/or fibrate therapy, and insulin therapy may all benefit Indo‐Asian diabetic people with CHD, while metformin should be the first‐line oral hypoglycaemic agent in most Indo‐Asian diabetic people without CHD. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypertension in diabetes
Authors: Feher Michael D 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHypertension appears to be critically important in diabetes mellitus, not only because of its increased prevalence, but because it accelerates both macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. The evidence from which current guidelines for hypertension management are derived are the recent prospective antihypertensive outcome trials which have shown significant reductions in cardiovascular endpoints, specifically in patients with diabetes. Current recommendations for the methods of blood pressure (BP) measurement have also been upon the methods used in these trials. In addition to maximal diabetic control, management of other cardiovascular risk factors, non‐drug treatments of weight loss for obesity‐related hypertension and dietary salt reduction confer benefit. Tailored therapy for the individual patient should include: the use of non‐thiazide/beta‐blocker regimens, optimal BP targets which are lower than for the individual without diabetes, adjunctive treatments (e.g. aspirin) and the need for combination drug therapies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial diabetes with insulin dependency in later life involving all six members of one generation of a family
Authors: Taylor K.W. , Cassell P.G. , Hitman G.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAimsThe aim of this work was to study the nature of the diabetes affecting six sibs of one generation of a family.MethodsFull clinical histories of all six members of the family were ascertained plus an assessment of beta cell reserve and insulin gene sequencing. Only one member of the family had children and these, and his grandchildren, were investigated for diabetes by glucose tolerance testing and for insulin C‐peptide and proinsulin release to detect possible abnormalities.ResultsExcept in one instance, the onset of the disease was gradual and treatment was initiated with diet or oral hypoglycaemic agents. The BMI at onset of diabetes was low. Insulin treatment was required between the ages of 69 and 74. Insulin dosage was generally small and tests on some members of the family revealed residual beta cell function. No abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism were shown in the children of one member of the family or in his grandchildren. The insulin gene investigated in two members of the family was normal. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase or tyrosine phosphatase were not detected in the propositus and her niece.ConclusionsThis case report describes familial diabetes progressing to insulin dependency in later life that affected six members of one generation of a family. It is tempting to assume that the diabetes in this family is a consequence of a shared environmental factor. However, it is equally possible that an as yet unidentified gene variant predisposing to diabetes will account for the clinical picture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visual outcome after laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Kaushal K. , New J.P. , McDowell D. , Young L.B. , Taylor R. , Young R.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAimsTo identify factors that predict visual outcome after laser treatment for sight threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) in routine care.Patients and MethodsWe studied consecutive patients from a single diabetes centre who had laser photocoagulation by a single operator (LBY) which was commenced between 1991 and 1996. Follow‐up data were obtained until the start of 1998. Potential predictors investigated were age, sex, duration and type of diabetes, HbA1C, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, lipids, initial visual acuity (VA), urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR), serum creatinine and presence of macrovascular disease (MVD).Results Complete data were available for 137 (91.3%) of the 150 patients (median age 59 years, 35% female, 258 treated eyes). 140 eyes (54.3%) had maculopathy alone, 57 (22.1%) proliferative retinopathy alone and 61 (23.6%) had mixed retinopathy. Final VA (3‐48 months post photocoagulation) was better than or equal to 6/12 in 81.4% maculopathy, 82.5% proliferative and 54.1% mixed eyes. Initial VA was the strongest predictor of final VA (maculopathy r = 0.66, p = 0.01, proliferative r = 0.44, p = 0.01, mixed r = 0.30, p = 0.05). 70% of maculopathy eyes, 61.4% of proliferative eyes and 42.6% of mixed eyes were unchanged or improved. Deterioration was additionally predicted by: maculopathy – increasing age & female sex; proliferative retinopathy – high UACR & concurrent MVD; mixed disease – type 2 DM.ConclusionsIn a routine care environment laser treatment of STDR can maintain very good vision. Initiating treatment before visual acuity drops is the most important factor in preventing blindness. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signal generation and clarification: use of case–control data
Authors: Kaufman David W. , Rosenberg Lynn , Mitchell Allen A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCase‐control surveillance systems are useful for ‘signal’ generation, i.e., signaling potential previously unidentified adverse effects of drugs. Two systems currently in operation, the Slone Epidemiology Unit's Case‐Control Surveillance and the Birth Defects Study, have monitored drug effects since 1976. With extensive information on the diagnoses and covariates, the systems have the capacity to carry out in‐depth analyses in which the outcome measure is more specifically defined and in which confounding is controlled, thus reducing the possibility of false alarms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research as a visiting doctor in Afghanistan and Cambodia
Authors: Pilsczek Florian H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes research I conducted into health care and its difficulties while working as a visiting doctor in two developing countries. The research was conducted in the Departments of Medicine, University Hospital, Jalalabad, Afghanistan, in 1994 and 1995, and Calmette Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, in 1997 and 1998. In Afghanistan I did an observational study of medical practice and case studies at the Department of Medicine, and a survey of drugs sold in pharmacies in Jalalabad. In Cambodia I surveyed hemoglobin concentrations of medical patients, and did an observational study of medical practice and case studies at Calmette Hospital. I surveyed the body weight of medical patients in relation to drug doses, and used a questionnaire to survey prescribing practices of physicians. Each project was conducted by me alone and was completed within 1–3 months. The support by the hospital was good and there where no ethics committees that had to approve the projects. Only verbal consent from the patients had to be obtained and no national laws or regulations affected the research. Small clinical research projects in developing countries are relatively easy to perform, if conducted by one researcher working in a hospital and not relying on special equipment such as a computer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data safety and drug safety in Germany: a closing gap?
Authors: Rathmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPharmacoepidemiology and drug utilization research are more and more involved in a fundamental conflict with data privacy regulations in Germany. In an attempt to close this gap, a working group of German data protection commissioners and representatives from epidemiologic research societies published guidelines on epidemiology and data protection, which are briefly reviewed. There are several data sources for drug utilization research and pharmacoepidemiology in Germany (national health surveys, routine data from hospitals, general practitioners, or statutory health insurance companies) allowing descriptive and analytic epidemiologic studies. Furthermore, since 1980 a random sample of all prescriptions of patients from statutory health insurances (GKV‐Arzneimittelindex) is analysed to produce an annual report on prescription drug use. More intensive use of health insurance data for evaluation of medical care including drug prescriptions is in discussion. The MediPlus (IMS HEALTH) database on 400 general and internal medicine practices provides an example to close the gap between the current demand for drug safety studies and data privacy issues. Finally, large provider systems with enormous data storage and data flow are emerging. Therefore, a further development of policies to guarantee ethically correct use of personally identifiable health data in the changing health care environment is urgently required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermally crosslinked polymer blends of polyurethane and chlorobutyl elastomers (sulfur cure)
Authors: Khatua B B , Das C K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBlends of polyurethane with chlorobutyl elastomer prepared by three different blending techniques have been studied in the entire composition range. The properties of the blends showed that the blending technique plays an important role in determining the blend properties. IR spectral analysis revealed that interchain crosslinking is possible in this blend system upon heat treatment. Thermal stability of blends prepared by preheating the preblend was increased and the degradation process was retarded. Extractability of the single phase, by solvent, was also limited significantly in the case of the preheated preblended sample, probably due to phase adhesion.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics and reaction mechanism of template polymerization investigated by conductimetric measurements Part 4. Radical polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol): characterization of resulting polymer blends
Authors: Ciardelli Gianluca , Barbani Niccoletta , Rainaldi Iacopo , Giusti Paolo , Cristallini Caterina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe radical polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) as a template in aqueous solution has been studied using conductimetry, which shows template influences on the reaction rate. A comparison is made between data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy for poly(acrylic acid)–poly(vinyl alcohol) blends prepared either by template polymerization or by casting of the preformed polymers. Evidence for more significant interpolymer interactions in blends prepared by template polymerization than in those obtained by simple mixing is given.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Homogeneous complex solution formed through interactions of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)/poly(acrylamide‐co‐dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) complex with Mn+ hydration metal ions in aqueous media
Authors: Dan Yi , Wang Qi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA homogeneous complex solution, formed through inter‐polyelectrolyte complexation of poly(acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) (P(AM‐AA)) with poly(acrylamide‐co‐dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (P(AM‐DMDAAC)) and interaction of the P(AM‐AA)/P(AM‐DMDAAC) complex with M
n+ hydrated metal ion, was prepared and the structure and properties of the P(AM‐AA)/P(AM‐DMDAAC)/M
n+ homogeneous complex solution were studied by UV spectrometry, dynamic light scattering and viscometry. The experimental results show that the homogeneous complex solution can be obtained by controlling the composition of the P(AM‐AA)/P(AM‐DMDAAC) complex and the M
n+ metal ion content. Compared to the constituents, ie the P(AM‐AA) solution, the P(AM‐DMDAAC) solution and the P(AM‐AA)/P(AM‐DMDAAC) complex solution, the P(AM‐AA)/P(AM‐DMDAAC)/M
n+ complex solution has a new peak at 270 nm in its UV spectrum, a larger hydrodynamic radius, and hence a higher solution viscosity, all of which indicate that there exist specific interactions between polymers and M
n+ metal ions. These interactions lead to the formation of a network structure and hence an obvious increase not only in solution viscosity but also in resistance of the polymer solution to simple salts, to temperature changes and to shearing.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of functionalized thermoplastics as reactive modifiers for bismaleimide resins
Authors: Hamerton Ian , Klewpatinond Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of a series of chemically functionalized oligosulphones (of approximate
M
n 5000–17 000 g mol−1) bearing propenyl groups substituted into the main aromatic backbone is reported. The thermal characterization of the oligomers using differential scanning calorimetry was carried out and the main features of the thermally‐initiated process are presented. Blends of the oligomers were formed with a commercial bismaleimide and their thermal characteristics are also discussed.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymer–polymer interaction, in the presence of a solvent as measured by viscometry
Authors: Gómez Clara M , Porcar Iolanda , Recalde Ileana , Campos Agustín 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDilute solution viscometry experiments have been carried out in five ternary polymer systems solvent(1)/polymer(2)/polymer(3). Values of the specific viscosity of polymer (3) in a ‘binary solvent’ formed by polymer(2) + solvent(1) have been used to determine the compatibility of the polymer blends. Krigbaum and Wall formalism has been used to predict compatibility which relies on an interaction parameter $b_{23}^{(1)}$ that depends on the concentration, weight fraction and molar mass of each polymer. To reduce the dependences and to clarify the criterion of compatibility, a parameter $b_{23}^{(2)}$ independent of polymer (3) composition and molar mass has been deduced. This parameter shows the same behaviour with polymer(2) concentration as the Stockmayer–Fixman parameter B.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Optical study of perylene dye doped poly(methyl methacrylate) as fluorescent solar collector
Authors: Mansour A F , El‐Shaarawy M G , El‐Bashir S M , El‐Mansy M K , Hammam M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe optical absorption of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), doped with perylene dye, prepared by both thermal polymerization and casting methods, has been measured before and after exposure to filtered or unfiltered light using xenon arc lamp or day light. The optical band gap of thermally polymerized PMMA was reduced by doping with perylene dye or exposure to UV radiation. Study of DSC and FTIR measurements confirmed that the samples prepared by thermal polymerization are more stable than solvent‐cast samples.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated liquid crystalline polyesters
Authors: Lin Qin , Pasatta Jeremy , Wang Zhen‐He , Ratta Varun , Wilkes Garth L , Long Timothy E 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLiquid crystalline polyesters based on hexanediol, dimethyl 4,4′‐biphenyldicarboxylate, and various levels of dimethyl 5‐sodiosulfoisophthalate (0–20 mol%) were prepared using a conventional melt polymerization process. The presence and quantification of the ionic functionality was surveyed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Solution viscosities and corresponding molecular weights decreased when the ionic monomer concentration exceeded a critical value (higher than 3 mol%). Differential scanning calorimetry indicated a maximum in the isotropic transition temperature versus ionic modification at approximately 10 mol%. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the glass transition temperature was suppressed due to ionic association at high concentrations (greater than 3 mol%) of ionic functionality. Polarized light microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction were used to identify the smectic liquid crystalline and crystalline phases.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of phosphonated styrenic copolymers and their chemical modifications
Authors: Boutevin Bernard , Hervaud Yves , Boulahna Ahmed , Hadrami El Mestafa El 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report, for the first time, the synthesis of a phosphonated styrenic monomer dimethyl vinylbenzyl phosphonate (VBP) according to the methods described in the literature for its equivalent diethyl vinylbenzyl phosphonate, and also the monodealkylation of this monomer (VBP) to the monosalt in a neutral medium and to the corresponding monoacid via a sulfonic resin. Various statistical copolymers and statistical block copolymers of styrene and VBP were prepared with different molar percentages of these comonomers. The dealkylation of statistical copolymers was carried out in the same way as for VBP. The phosphonated statistical copolymers, prepared, were characterized by various analytical methods which show good agreement with their structures.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Case study of childhood disintegrative disorder— Heller's syndrome
Authors: Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J. , Theodore Lea A. , Broudy Matthew S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe case of a 25‐year‐old male with childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), or Heller's syndrome, is discussed in terms of differential diagnosis, progression of the disorder, and suggestions for home‐ and school‐based interventions. The case documents the progressive deterioration of cognitive and social competencies. Given the paucity of research and information with respect to CDD, further clinical investigation is suggested. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.