bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origins, Growth, and Decline of Greek Civilization
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crete has been inhabited since at least the seventh millennium B.C.E., with the earliest settlements, probably of farmers, appearing at Knossos. Already at this early date, sea trade is evident from the presence of obsidian on Crete, indicating contacts with either Melos in the Cyclades or western Anatolia (Turkey), the two Aegean sources for this material. The household evidence from this Neolithic period (seventh–fourth millennia B.C.E.) suggests small, nuclear families living together in clan-like villages (Dickinson 1994, 31–34).
Metal-working in Crete began around 2800 B.C.E. Copper is an easily malleable metal with a low melting point. As time went on, the Minoans realized that adding certain other elements, especially tin, to copper made it stronger when cooled and easier to pour when molten. A combination of 90 percent copper plus 10 percent tin yields bronze, a strong metal with a low enough melting point to allow the ancients to make mould-cast objects with it.
Social Organization and Social Structure
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The long-enduring, highly regionalist Greeks did not have a single society, but several, each unique for its own time and place. The Minoans were different from their Mycenaean neighbors, just as the Spartans were viewed as the antithesis of the Athenians (who were seen as the “radical left” of the Classical Greek poleis). Therefore, this chapter is not about “Greek society” per se, but rather about the cultural constructs and institutions that the Greeks shared, each with its own distinctive variations and regional flavors. The chapter is divided thematically into issues of division and unification. The divisions are the categories the Greeks used to organize their society, such as age, gender, and class. Unifications concern how the Greeks joined together as friends, families, and institutions.
One of the most important differences between the Minoans and Mycenaeans is that they spoke completely different languages. As discussed in chapter 3, the Mycenaeans who wrote in Linear B used an early form of Greek. If ethnicity is determined by language, the Mycenaeans were Greeks. The Minoans, by contrast, spoke an as-of-yet-unknown language, written in Linear A. The close connections among these peoples, especially after 1450 B.C.E., make it inevitable that at least some people were bilingual.
Politics
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Aristotle, in his Ethics (VIII), claimed that there are three types of political rule, each with good and bad manifestations. Rule by one individual is, at best, a monarchy (mono = one, arkhos = rule) and at worst a tyranny. Rule by a few is an aristocracy (aristos = best, kratos = power); if gone bad, an oligarchy (oligos = few). Rule by many is a democracy, or mob rule. Variations of the rule of one individual existed throughout Greek history, from the kings and queens of the Bronze Age through the Archaic tyrants to the Hellenistic monarchies. In between, most Greek poleis had some manner of constitutional government, usually incorporating aspects of at least two of these aforementioned forms of government.
The presence of palaces on Crete since the Middle Bronze Age has led to the belief that some manner of ruler must have been present at least since the First Palace period. Sir Arthur Evans, inspired by the semidivine kings of the Near East, suggested that a “priest-king” ruled Crete, who reigned over the island from his palace at Knossos. However, Minoan iconography contains no pictures of recognizable kings. Evans originally identified such a monarch in a reconstructed fresco from Knossos known as the Lily Prince Fresco, which shows a striding male with an elaborate floral headdress (perhaps a crown) an jewelry. Since the original publication, though, it has been shown that the Lily Prince Fresco is actually an amalgam of three different frescos. The head with its fancy cap is actually the head of a sphinx.
Material Culture
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first of the Aegean peoples to construct fortifications were the early residents of the Cyclades. At Khalandriani on the island of Syros, residents built a double fortification wall measuring approximately 70 meters long and strengthened it with five horseshoe-shaped towers. Similar structures were also uncovered on the island of Naxos (see chapter 6) (Vermeule 1972, 32–33).
Houses were generally made of local stones, with roofs of branches and clay supported by wooden posts. Domestic structures had no consistent layout in the Early Bronze Age—houses were rectangular, circular, or any irregular shape in between, as dictated by the lay of the land. This changed considerably in the Middle Bronze Age, possibly due to influences from Crete and Greece. A house at Aghia Irini on the island of Kea shows a typical Cycladic organization, consisting of a long series of rooms, each accessible to the rest through a series of doors running down the center of the structure. Staircases on the sides of some rooms give evidence of upper stories.
The Romans
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Romans provides an accessible introduction to the history, society, and scholarship of one of the most captivating and enduring civilizations in human history. From the establishment of the monarchy and the Republican era to the decline of the Empire, this comprehensive volume examines every aspect of Roman culture from both historical and archaeological perspectives. In addition to surveying the well-estbalished subjects of Roman history, author Kevin McGeough discusses the latest events in the archaeological investigation of Rome, such as the recent excavations at the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum and the controversial identification of an ossuary thought by some to hold the body of James, the brother of Jesus. The text is accompanied by carefully chosen illustrations, maps, a glossary, and chronology. Throughout, general readers and students will gain a vivid understanding of Roman civilization and of why it still captures our imagination today.
The Battle of Ole Miss
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On Friday, September 28, 1962, the Ole Miss campus was a tranquil setting for a student body abuzz with excitement and anticipation. Situated on almost a thousand acres of rolling hills and dotted with hardwood groves, the picturesque campus in north Mississippi, dormant over the hot summer, was now alive with all the activities of a new academic year. Students had completed registration for the fall semester and were attending their first classes. Hundreds of pledges had joined fraternities and sororities during rush week, an annual ritual at Ole Miss with its rich Greek tradition. The nationally ranked football team had won its first game against Memphis State and was traveling to Jackson to play the University of Kentucky on Saturday. Indeed, about half of the roughly 4,500 students would make the 175-mile trip down to the state capital for a weekend of revelry and football.
Difficult asthma
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most patients with asthma respond to standard doses of inhaled corticosteroids with or without additional therapies such as long-acting beta2-agonists, theophyllines, or leukotriene receptor antagonists. For example, the Gaining Optimal Asthma Control (GOAL) study found that around 80% of patients would have well-controlled asthma when treated with a combination of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists. Effective treatment, along with asthma action plans, should mean that the substantial majority of patients can expect minimal breakthrough symptoms on standard doses of inhaled regimens. However, a few patients have persistent symptoms despite effective therapy; this is often referred to as “difficult-to-control asthma.”
Winding the Golden String into a Ball
Authors: Otto Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first lines of the preface to the fourth chapter the cries of the Spectre Sons, and the voices of Vala, Rahab, Los, and Hand, are replaced by a simple, almost childlike voice offering the reader ⌘the end of a golden string⌘. All that we need to do, this voice affirms, is to ⌘wind it into a ball⌘ and it will lead us ⌘in at Heavens gate, Built in Jerusalems wall⌘ [77, E231). As if to confirm that such a course of action is possible a small figure is drawn at the top of this plate who is rolling a string into a ball.
From Anglo-Saxon to Early Middle English
Authors: Stanley E G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From Anglo-Saxon to Early Middle English brings together eleven papers on aspects of English language and literature from the eighth to the thirteenth century, written in honour of E.G. Stanley, the recently retired Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. The papers, written by eminent scholars from Britain, North America, New Zealand, and Germany, reflect the range of E.G. Stanley's work, examining philology, metre, and literary style. However, the focus of the volume is on the period of rapid change from late Anglo-Saxon to early medieval England, and the contributors consider in detail the ways in which both language and literary forms developed during this time. The volume contains a comprehensive Bibliography of E.G. Stanley's publications, together with an account of his distinguished career.
Theaters of War: Caesar and the Vandals
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Soviet Gains in Armor/Antiarmor Shape US Master Plan”; “Services Adapt Airborne EW to Cope with Missile Threats”-these are titles of feature articles in the February 1989 issue of Armed Forces Journal International. In this context the armaments executive who wants his “news ahead of the pack” (the journal’s target reader in its promotion) must have been surprised to see on page 73 a full-page picture purporting to represent the “Globe Theatre.” It looks sepia, old, misty, low-tech (engraved), romantic, even sentimental; possibly the kind of print the executive might put on his office wall to show off his culture; a contrast with the business rather than a part of it. However, the legend proclaims a connection: “We helped protect the Globe in 1588.” Turning the page, the executive finds a more reassuring scene: a double spread showing a feast of modern weaponry, all very much in action.
History and Ideology, Masculinity and Miscegenation: The Instance of Henry V
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objections are familiar enough: the “Elizabethan World Picture” simplifies the Elizabethans and, still more, Shakespeare. Yet if we look again at what Tillyard was opposing, his historicism seems less objectionable—assertions, for example, that Shakespeare does not “seem to call for explanations beyond those which a whole heart and a free mind abundantly supply”; that “he betrays no bias in affairs of church or state”; that “no period of English literature has less to do with politics than that during which English letters reached their zenith.”2 All these quotations are taken by Lily B. Campbell from critics influential between the wars.
Early Comedy
Authors: Hunter G K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thepreceding chapter argues that Elizabethan drama was directed away from shapeless ‘mongrel’ mixtures of rustic humour and tyrannical violence by the revolutionary examples of Tamburlaine and The Spanish Tragedy with their ‘stately’ modes of poetry, coherent structures, and ‘astonishing’ emotions, but that the natural mongrelism of a popular theatre gradually absorbed the innovations. It would be wrong, however, to think of this absorption as simply a relapse; self-consciousness about the genres being drawn on provided some degree of control over the mixture, so that the mixing became in the end the measure of a sophisticated and novel art form in which comedy and tragedy not only contrasted with one another but collaborated as variant aspects of a unified and realistic vision. This was not (as in Italy) a matter of theoretical debate but of practical necessity. The generic demands of tragedy and comedy had no simple or necessary affinity to the kinds of stories that audiences liked to hear and dramatists therefore had to tell. No such symmetry was available as appears, for example, between the forms and the restricted subject matter of Aeschylus and Sophocles. The popular ‘romantic’ stories of love and fortune cut completely across the boundaries of genre as traditionally conceived (tragedy as ‘the falls of princes’, for example) and were thus equally open to comic, tragic, or historical treatment. Nearly all the authors we have to deal with wrote in more than one genre.
Christine Brooke-Rose and Contemporary Fiction
Authors: Birch Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first full-length study of the fiction of Christine Brooke-Rose, one of the most innovative and yet critically neglected of contemporary British writers. Setting her work firmly in the context of English and French writing and literary and feminist theory, Sarah Birch examines the full range of Brooke-Rose's fiction: the early realist novels published between 1957-1961; the strongly anti-realist period beginning with Out (1964), when Brooke-Rose's work was seen to be heavily influenced by French experimental fiction; and the third phase of her development which began with Xorandor (1986) and which marks a questioning return to the traditional techniques of the novel. Sarah Brich asks why a novelist who has been so highly praised by critics is nevertheless excluded from the contemporary canon, and argues that Brooke-Rose's position on the borders of European and British cultures raises key questions concenring the notion of a `national' tradition and of literary post-modernism. For Birch, Brooke-Rose's work is best understood as a poetic and playful questioning of categories in general, be they discursive or cultural. Drawing on a detailed knowledge of literary theory, this is a major study of an important but critically neglected novelist and a perceptive analysis of the position of contemporary experimental writers.
Chaucer, Boccaccio, and the Debate of Love
Authors: Thompson N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
AlthoughThe Decameron and The Canterbury Tales have often been linked, this is the first ever major study of the two most popular collections of medieval framed narratives to examine them both beyond shared general similarities and also to look at the search for individual analogue or source material, which has proved so inconclusive. Thus, the present study examines the texts and their internal dynamics primarily as a whole and reveals many surprising similarities which have hitherto remained unnoticed. The two collections are examined in the light of their literary diversity, their shape as a form of quodlibet debate, their discussion of literature and its autonomy using the oppositions of utile diletto and 'sentence' 'solaas', and the specific way that individual narratives are treated so as to create a labyrinthine web for the reader to both negotiate and enjoy.
French Fiction in the Mitterrand Years
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s and 1990s French Fiction has emerged from the towering shadow of the formalist literary debates of the fifties and sixties and has reclaimed the ground of history, or narrative, of the individual self which has been the thrust of artistic endeavour for much of European history. The Author has returned from the dead to entertain and tell stories, as well as to negotiate a path through traumatic experiences such as the legacy of Frances colonial and wartime past, the Holocaust, the spectre of Aids, the labyrinths of desire and personal identity. Colin Davis and Elizabeth Fallaize examine some of the most popular and some of the most challenging of texts which emerged during François Mitterrand's presidency of France (1981-1995) and relate them to the dominant literary and cultural trends of the period. The book will appeal to students at all levels who are engaged in courses in twentieth-century fiction and to readers with an interest in contemporary French culture.
Film at the Crossroads: Les Roseaux sauvages (T échin é, I 994)
Authors: Everett Wendy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dealing with themes of memory, identity, and personal choice, offering perspectives which are simultaneously retrospective and prospective, and structured by a dialectic in which the spectator is directly and actively implicated, Les Roseaux sauvages emerges as a key film for the turn of the century. Directed by Andre Techine in 1994, the film provides a vivid and convincing autobiographical account of adolescence in France in the early 1960s. Set in and around the small town of Villeneuve-sur-Lot, in south-west France, its narrative traces the complex and shifting relationships between four teenagers: three boys (Fran ois, Techine’s serious and intellectual alter ego; Serge, the son of an illiterate peasant family; and Henri, a pied-noir, that is to say, a French colonial, born in Algeria), and one girl (Mai:te, the daughter of one of the teachers at the local lycee), following them through their final year at school leading up to their baccalaureate examination. The narrative ends as they set off together to find out the results which will shape their futures.
Ethics and Dialogue in the Works of Levinas, Bakhtin, Mandel’shtam, and Celan
Authors: Eskin Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ethics and Dialogue engages with four of the most complex authors of the twentieth century-Levinas, Bakhtin, Mandel'shtam, and Celan-in a hermeneutically and methodologically innovative manner. Construing Levinas's ethical philosophy in conjunction with Bakhtin's philosophy of the act and metalinguistics, as an interpretative framework for making sense of Celan's dialogue with Mandel'shtam, the author develops a highly sophisticated mode of reading poetry-poethics-which takes into account both the ethical significance of poetry and the poetic significance of ethical philosophy. While documenting the viability of Levinas's and Bakhtin's philosophies, Eskin's analyses of Celan's and Mandel'shtam's poetry in the light of its philosophical underpinnings open hitherto unseen vistas on to the workings of twentieth-century poetry in general and on to European modernist and post-World War II poetry in particular.
Emmanuel Levinas: The Ethics of Dialogue
Authors: Eskin Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before embarking upon a detailed analysis of Levinas’s ethical philosophy, I would like to situate it in the context of ‘Western’ ethics, thereby setting the stage for the elucidation of its specificities and idiosyncrasies. Insofar as ethics, according to Levinas, is not based on ‘reason as the faculty of the universal’ ( 228) it is neither normative (material) nor formal.
Controversialists and Scholars
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While enthusiasts and dissidents were writing commentaries on parts, or the whole, of 2 Esdras, we can perceive the gradual development of a more scholarly and objective judgement of the book which points to the critical approaches of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. And, though much of the scholarly debate was to be directed against them, some of the book’s supporters themselves contributed to this development. Above all, they drew attention to 2 Esdras. And then they put the same questions which later scholars would ask. Who, for example, was the author of the book? When and where did he write it, and in what language? Some of their answers, even if scorned at the time, have since been regarded as correct, however erroneous their premises. Most of them believed 2 Esdras to have been written in a Semitic language, probably Hebrew. They were wrong about its antiquity, but they were probably right about this. They also proved perceptive when they posited the existence of more than one writer called Ezra in order to differentiate between the authors of the canonical Ezra and the apocryphal books of Esdras.
A Ricardian ‘I’: The Narrator of ‘Troilus and Criseyde’
Authors: Spearing A C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It seems scarcely believable that Troilus and Criseyde could once have been discussed without reference to ‘the narrator’, yet this now indispensable figure was invented less than fifty years ago. In 1915 Kittredge, identifying in The Book of the Duchess a fictional narrator who ‘is not Geoffrey Chaucer’, nevertheless continued to refer to the ‘I’ of Troilus simply as ‘Chaucer’. That practice was followed in other standard studies.
Mess and Modernity
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have suggested that if the habit of mind whose history I am attempting to reconstruct can be said to have had a beginning, it was Ruskin’s ‘discovery’, in the fifth and final volume of Modern Painters, of the way things have of lying about in Turner’s foregrounds. For the 1860s was the decade in which litter began to appear, in increasingly toxic doses, in the work of European writers and painters who thought of themselves as modern. The aim of the chapters which follow is to do for those writers and painters what Ruskin did, in relation to mess, for Turner. The second part of this chapter will define the idea of mess as it emerged within the literary modes usually taken to characterize modern writing at its most strenuous (irony) and at its most marketable (sensation).
The University’s Contribution to the Modern Physical Sciences
Authors: Hoch Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the occasional presence of many interesting and creative characters, Oxford was scarcely to be reckoned a major centre in the physical sciences until well into the present century. In the 1800s it could hardly be mentioned in the same breath as the main German and Scottish universities, Paris, or even Dublin; and in the last third of the nineteenth century it could not bear comparison with Cambridge, Manchester, Vienna, or the Zurich polytechnic. The medieval and early modern beginnings of the subject in the collegiate University were well and truly noted by the first Curator of the Oxford Museum of the History of Science, R. T. Gunther (1869-1940), in his fourteen-volume Early Science in O;eford. Important figures in the early traditions include the thirteenth-century monk Roger Bacon (1220?-92), the sixteenth-century alchemist/magus and student of St John’s, Robert Fludd (1574-1637), and the seventeenth-century sceptical chemist Robert Boyle (1627-91) and his assistant Robert Hooke (1635-1703). The latter was a Christ Church graduate and afterwards Professor of Geometry at Gresham College in London and Secretary of the Royal Society. While he was at Oxford he built a ‘pneumatical engine’ and helped Boyle to develop the new ‘mechanical philosophy’.
Attitudes and actions
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the crippling burdens which plague imposed on some of them, Englishmen as a whole did not react passively to it in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They sought to understand it and to fight against it. They found some slight reassurance in the face of mortality and disease when they could account for them in recognisable terms, when they could interpret them as part of the natural order of the universe as they saw it. They also drew from that interpretation various prescriptions which they used, with more or less confidence, in an attempt to avoid the disease or to mitigate its effects. The explanatory system within which plague was set had been handed down from the past. In essentials it had been established at the time of the Black Death.