bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging, bone loss, and the body mass index in Arizona retirees
Authors: Stini WA , Chen Zhao , Stein P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to identify relationships between changes in the body mass index (BMI) and those occurring in bone density with age, data from a sample of 2,075 Arizona retirees aged 60–90 years were compared by age and sex. Remodeling of the diaphysis of the radius follows a pattern that results in an increased diameter of the cortex and medullary cavity in both sexes. However, the resultant decrease in percentage cortical area (PCA) was greater in women than in men. The positive relationship between BMI and PCA is more pronounced in women, who begin to lose bone density earlier than men, and also lose it more rapidly. Despite the fact that average age at menopause is about 50 years and it is generally believed that bone loss slows within 5–10 years after menopause, average PCA values decline from 44% in 60–70 year old women to 37% in 80–90 year old Sun City women and to 36% in Tucson women. The decline in average PCA ranges from 45% in Sun City men and 46% in Tucson for 60–70 year old men to 43% and 42%, respectively, in 80–90 year olds. When the PCA values of women in four BMI categories are compared, cortical area increases with BMI, while medullary cavity values are similar across BMI categories. This relationship between BMI and PCA is much weaker in men. This pattern suggests more vigorous subperiosteal apposition in women with higher BMIs. Endosteal resorption does not seem to be as much affected by the BMI. An additional observation is that the BMIs of Sun City women are lower than those of Tucson women, although the decline in average values with age is very similar in the two populations, with a sharper decline from the 70–80 year group to the 80–90 year group than seen between the 60–70 year group and the 70–80 year group. Average BMIs of males are consistently higher than those of females in all age groups in the Sun City sample, but means for the sexes are very similar in the Tucsonans beyond 70 years. Sun City males of more advanced age are heavier than Tucson males, but the situation is reversed when women are similarly compared. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variation of growth in body weight of Japanese children and its relationship to physique
Authors: Tobe Hideyuki , Arai Kazuko , Togo Masami 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present study examined the pattern and amplitude of seasonality of growth in body weight of Japanese children living in Tokyo, and analyzed the relationship between physique and seasonal variation. The body weights of 125 school children were measured monthly for 6 years (excluding August). The data were analyzed by time‐series analysis. Significant seasonal variations were observed in about 80% of the children. Although individual seasonal patterns and amplitudes varied among children, minimum seasonal factors generally appeared in the Summer. Seasonal variations of group means of body weight were significant in both sexes. The seasonal pattern in boys was low in the Summer and high in the Fall and Winter. Deceleration of weight growth in the Summer was observed in both sexes, even though there were no major stresses in the Summer. The amplitudes of seasonal variation were 1.2% for body weight in boys and 0.7% in girls. In addition, children who were high on the BMI or Rohrer's index had larger amplitudes of seasonal variation, even when body weight of each child was taken into consideration. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlates of dietary intake of lactating women in South Turkana
Authors: Gray Sandra J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious studies of nutrition among nomadic pastoralists in South Turkana, Kenya, have suggested that social mechanisms may be used to buffer vulnerable members of the group from acute nutritional stress. During 1989–1990, 24‐hour dietary recall data were collected from 101 lactating women in Ngisonyoka, Turkana. Multivariate regression was then used to quantify the effects of environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic variables on dietary intake. The location of individual herding camps had the greatest impact on maternal diet. After the site of camps, rainfall patterns, the socioeconomic ranking of the herding unit, and the age and rank of wives were the most significant predictors of maternal food consumption. The results suggest that some women in the study were buffered from moderate seasonal nutritional stress by the practice of food‐sharing among members of their social network, as well as by voluntary reduction in dietary intake by other women. Maternal dietary intake differed both qualitatively and quantitatively between herding camps of higher and lower socioeconomic ranking. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in body weight in Basotho women: Seasonal coping in households with different socioeconomic conditions
Authors: Himmelgreen David A. , Romero‐Daza Nancy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ability of populations to cope biologically with seasonal stress may depend upon socioeconomic conditions at the household level. In this study seasonal weight change (i.e., absolute weight change, weight change as a percentage of total body weight, and weight loss episodes) was examined in the context of household socioeconomic status (SES) for women from 195 households in highland Lesotho over a period of three seasons. Households were divided into close (CHHs) vs. distant households (DHHs), according to the distance from the district headquarters, and into female‐managed (FMHs) vs. multiple‐parent households (MPHs). There are no significant differences in SES between FMHs and MPHs. Conversely, CHHs have significantly higher SES, are more involved in the wage economy, and are less dependent upon subsistence agriculture than DHHs. For the total sample there is a significant difference in body weight between seasons (P = 0.005). There are no significant differences in body weight across seasons between FMH and MPH women. However, DHH women have significantly lower body weight throughout the three seasons (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001), and a greater change in body weight as a percentage of total body weight between seasons (P = 0.001) than do CHH women. In addition, more DHH women lose weight seasonally (P < 0.001) than do CHH women. These results suggest that seasonal fluctuations in body weight are greater in women from households that depend upon subsistance agriculture than in women from households more involved in the wage economy. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood polymorphisms and morphological variability in Brazilian Indians
Authors: Rodriguez‐Delfin Luis A. , Salzano Francisco M. , Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Neel James V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA total of 1,025 adults belonging to four Brazilian tribes were simulataneously studied for 12–16 anthropometric characteristics and 7–11 blood polymorphic loci. Several comparisons using both univariate and multivariate statistical techniques failed to show the negative correlation between these two sets of variables found by other workers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stunting and delayed motor development in rural West Java
Authors: Pollitt Ernesto , Husaini Mahdin A. , Harahap Hervudarini , Halati Siti , Nugraheni Anita , Sherlock Anna Otto 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe association between physical growth and gross motor development, particularly self‐produced locomotion, was considered in 557 children 3–18 months of age. Gross motor development was assessed with nine preselected milestones representing the major landmarks in self‐produced bipedal locomotion. Motor development is presented by age and by milestone, and is compared to developmental ranges of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. Consistent with other studies of undernutrition and motor development, length‐for‐age, but not weight‐for‐length, was a significant predictor of gross motor development (i.e., delayed or not delayed). The effect of weight‐for‐age on motor development was not statistically significant after accounting for length‐for‐age. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age at menarche at sea level and high altitude in Peruvian women of different ethnic background
Authors: Gonzales Gustavo F. , Ortiz Ivan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine recalled age at menarche in women of Quechua and non‐Quechua ancestry living in the cities of Lima (altitude 150 m), Cusco (altitude 3,400 m), and Cerro de Pasco (altitude 4,340 m), Perú. The sample included 296 Mestizo urban women, 20–30 years, who were natives of Lima (n = 72), Cusco (n = 81), and Cerro de Pasco (n = 143). Ethnic composition was determined by two parental surnames, and women were classified as Quechua when one or both surnames were of Quechua origin and non‐Quechua when both surnames were of Spanish origin. Age at menarche was obtained by recall to nearest year. In Quechua as in non‐Quechua women, age at menarche occurred later as residence altitude increased. Mean ages at menarche for the combined Quechua and non‐Quechua samples were 13.1 ± 1.4 years in Lima, 13.9 ± 1.9 years in Cusco, and 14.6 ± 1.69 years in Cerro de Pasco. Thus age at menarche occurs later at high altitude independent of ethnic influence. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histomorphological and geometric properties of human femoral cortex in individuals over 50: Implications for histomorphological determination of age‐at‐death
Authors: Walker Robert A. , Lovejoy C. Owen , Meindl Richard S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCortical area, area moment of inertia, and polar moment of inertia were determined from the midshafts of a series of 62 femurs (34 female and 28 male) from a U. S. white population, ages 51–95. The density of osteons and osteon fragments (per mm2) was also determined. Neither osteon nor osteon fragment density was significantly correlated with age. These variables were correlated, however, with normalized cortical and endosteal areas, normalized area moment of inertia, and polar moment of inertia. Osteon fragment numbers alone are not highly correlated with cross‐sectional properties. This research suggests that osteon density and osteon fragment density are significantly related to cortical mass and distribution in older people, but are not a direct function of age in persons over 50 years of age. Histological age estimates in older individuals must, therefore, be used with extreme caution. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicted maximal oxygen consumption of indigenous Siberians
Authors: Katzmarzyk PT , Leonard WR , Crawford MH , Sukernik RI 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study presents physical fitness data on two indigenous Siberian populations, the Evenki and Keto. The Canadian Aerobic Test of Fitness (CATF) was utilized to provide estimates of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2 max) for a sample of 44 subjects (30 males, 14 females) as baseline data for further studies on changing fitness levels and the health problems associated with acculturation. Estimates of V̇O2 max average 46.2 ml kg−1 min−1 for males and 33.9 ml kg−1 min−1 for females. These values are comparable to those previously reported for other semisubsistence, cold adapted populations. The Siberian groups are below the Canadian norms in the 15–19 year age range, and thereafter track at about the 50th percentile throughout adulthood. This suggests that the cardiorespiratory systems of adult Evenki and Keto are functionally comparable to the average adult Canadian. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do type B women have more offspring?: An instance of asymmetrical selection at the ABO blood group locus
Authors: Kelso A. J. , Siffert Tobi , Thieman Angela 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThough several studies have examined the relationship between parental ABO blood types and reproductive success, results have been inconsistent. In this paper, the relationship is considered using the data collected by Newton Morton and colleagues from a sample of 1,068 nuclear families of migrant workers in Brazil. Morton et al., using segregation analysis, compared parental and offspring generations and found evidence of selection acting through the mechanisms of maternal/fetal incompatibility in the ABO blood group system (Morton et al. [1966] Am J Hum Genet 18:153–171). Further analysis of the same sample yields results which favor the conclusions that: (1) type B mothers have, on average, more offspring than mothers of other ABO blood types; (2) selection as expressed in reproductive differences affects females and not males; and (3) the ABO polymorphism in this sample is maintained by favoring reproductive success in heterozygous mothers. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal versus proximal electrode placement in the prediction of total body water and extracellular water from multifrequency bioelectrical impedance
Authors: Deurenberg P. , van Malkenhorst E. , Schoen T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn 48 normal weight subjects, 25 females and 23 males, body impedance was measured at multiple frequencies. Two different electrode placements were used, one the commonly used distal electrode placement, in which the source electrodes are on the dorsal sides of the hand and foot and the sensor electrodes are on ankle and wrist, and a second placement, in which the sensor electrodes are placed more proximally, at the knee and elbow. Theoretically a proximal electrode placement could result in more precise estimates of body water compartments. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were determined using deuterium oxide dilution and bromide dilution, respectively. The aim of the study was to investigate whether proximal electrode placement results in a more precise estimation of TBW and ECW using multifrequency impedance analysis. Correlation coefficients of impedance and the impedance index stature2/impedance) with TBW and ECW were not or were only slightly higher using proximal impedance values, resulting in slight improvement of the estimation error for TBW (0.13 kg) and ECW (0.04 kg). The differences between measured and predicted values (residuals) of TBW and ECW were not correlated with TBW and ECW, but they were correlated with body fat and body water distribution (ECW/TBW). These correlations did not differ between distal and proximal impedance measurements. It is concluded that proximal impedance measurements do not substantially improve the prediction of body water compartments. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of sex, age, weight, and heredity on blood pressure in baboons
Authors: Kammerer Candace M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing data on a population of 498 pedigreed baboons, the effects of several covariates, including sex, age, weight, and subspecies, on arterial blood pressures were studied. Females had significantly higher systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure than males. Both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures increased significantly with increasing weight, and for diastolic pressure, the increase was significantly greater in females than in males. Systolic arterial blood pressure significantly decreased with increasing age and the decrease was larger in males. There were significant differences in arterial blood pressures that corresponded with degree of subspecies admixture. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body fat and fat distribution in relation to sex differences in blood pressure
Authors: Gerber Linda M. , Schwartz Joseph E. , Schnall Peter L. , Pickering Thomas G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe extent to which the relationship between body fat and blood pressure either differs by sex or explains sex differences in blood pressure is examined. Estimates of the relationship of blood pressure to several measures of adiposity in men and women were obtained from a systematic review of the literature and tests of whether these relationships differ by sex were performed. Analysis of covariance (controlling for age and race) was used for both casual and ambulatory blood pressure in the Cornell Worksite Blood Pressure Study (N = 276). In general, most adiposity measures were significantly related to casual and ambulatory blood pressure in men and women. Subscapular skinfold thickness and body mass index exhibited the strongest associations. The vast majority of adiposity/blood pressure associations were not significantly different for men and women. Finally, sex differences in adiposity did not account for much of the sex difference observed in blood pressure. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High altitude and hypertension during pregnancy
Authors: Zamudio Stacy , Plamer Susan K. , Regensteiner Judith G. , Moore Lorna Grindlay 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHypertensive complications of pregnancy are more common at high than low altitudes. Hypertension in pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality; thus natural selection may be operating against women who develop the disorder and their infants. It has long been hypothesized that chronic hypoxia due to residence at high altitude predisposes women to develop hypertension during pregnancy. Prior studies indicate that maternal adaptation to pregnancy is altered by residence at high altitude such that some physiological characteristics of women pregnant at high altitude resemble those of women who develop hypertension during pregnancy at low altitude. This paper reviews data from studies, conducted over the past decade, which support a relationship between chronic hypoxia and hypertension during pregnancy. The results suggest that both the requirements for successful adaptation to high altitude, as well as the effect of lowered PO2 during pregnancy, may contribute to the development of hypertension during pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thoughts on gender‐related research: Models, myths, and medicine
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGender‐related research directed to hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) is discussed in terms of the one‐sex and two‐sex models. Gender “blind” research on the two conditions has resulted in questionable treatment regimes for women. In addition, the biomedical myth of CAD as a male disease has also perpetuated less‐than‐optimal treatment. Finally, the role of amount and distribution of body fat in the development of hypertension and CAD should be considered within an evolutionary framework. Body fatness in women has been of evolutionary survival value and current standards for ideal weight and risk for disease have to take this into account. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in several institutions for the mentally handicapped in the autonomous community of Madrid
Authors: Carrascosa Diana , De La Vega Ramírez Ma , Casado Angela , Torre Ma Roserio Je La , Lópezfernández Ma Encarnación , Sáez Julia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers, 400 patients were studied: 134 residents of an institution (RI) for the mentally retarded and 266 under non‐residential care (NRC). In the residential institutions, all markers were absent in 69 (65.7%) of 105 patients with Down syndrome and 20 (69.0%) of 29 clients without Down syndrome. In the NRC clients, 167 (85.6%) of 195 patients with Down syndrome and 65 (91.5%) of 71 clients with other mental defects (psychologically and physically handicapped, autism) had negative tests for HBV markers. The prevalence of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was higher in institutionalized mentally retarded (RI) and older patients (21+ years). Examination of 195 Down patients revealed a higher frequency (1.4 times) of surface antigen carriers as strictly matched non‐Down syndrome cases (point prevalences 14.2% and 10.3%, respectively). The higher prevalence in affected cases appears to be primarily associated with a longer persistence of antigenemia. Results related to the sex of the patients were less clear. Neither affected nor non‐affected patients showed significant differences in prevalence among males and females. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservative scoring and exclusion of the phenomenon of interest in linear enamel hypoplasia studies
Authors: Berti P. R. , Mahaney M. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConservative criteria are generally employed to select only “sufficiently large” linear enamel defects to be scored as linear enamel hypopasias (LEHs), a practice that excludes enamel defects below arbitrarily selected size thresholds. A question arising is, are such practices likely to exclude small, yet authentic(i.e., physiological stress induced) LEH? The permanent maxillary and mandibular first and second incisors, canines, and first premolars on dental casts (n = 532) form a contemporary Canadian farming commune were scored for LEH, with linear defects being categorized by both breadth and width to yeild the scores A (smallest), B, C, and D (largest). Relative frequencies were calculated as the percent prevalence of each score per tooth divided by the highest percent prevalence exhibited by any tooth in the same dental arch. The intertooth patters of the relative frequencies were tested for concordance. Secondly, assuming that different researchers employ different scoring criteria, tests for concordance of mean n of LEHs/tooth were conducted using data from four different reports as a second test for intertooth concordance of various‐sized defects. Substantial concordance was obseved between A, B, C, and D (Kandall's coefficient of concordance, W = .65, P <.005) and in the interstudy comparison (W = .67, P <.01). Because it is unlikely that defects of varying sizes would have similar intertooth distributions if they did not have similar etiologies, it may be inferred that all of the defects observed, even the very small defects, A, are variants of the same phenomenon, LEH. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonality and child morbidity in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Rousham E. K. , Mascie‐Taylor C. G. N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined seasonal variation in the impact of infection on child nutritional status. Maternal reports of child illness were examined in relation to monthly changes in weight, weight‐for‐age, and midupper arm circumference (MUAC) of children aged 2–6 years of age. The greatest deterioration in short‐term nutritional status was associated with episodes of fever, followed by episodes of diarrhea and respiratory infections. The monsoon season was associated with the highest prevalence of fever, respiratory infection, and diarrheal diseases. Irrespective of the prevalence of infection, the relationship between infection and nutritional status varied across seasons. Weight loss and decreases in MUAC associated with infection in the dry and monsoon seasons were statistically significantly greater than those in the winter months. The observed seasonal variation in morbidity is an important consideration for studies of infection and malnutrition in children. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex ratio of livebirths in Micronesia
Authors: Underwood Jane H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA growing body of data extends Hunt's earlier findings from Yap to suggest a characteristic Micronesian pattern of highly masculinized secondary sex ratios. Using materials from an extensive family record register for pre–World War II Guam, it is now possible to examine parental age and birth order effects in a Micronesian population in which the overall sex ratio of livebirths to 3,406 formally wed and fertile couples was 109.6. In contrast to the results of most studies among Euroamerican groups, secondary sex ratios on Guam were significantly higher for higher order births and for paternal age at last recorded birth to older couples. This apparent anomaly is resolved, however, and James' hypothesis of human sex ratio determination is supported when universalistic assumptions of declinin coital frequencies with spousal age and marital duration are replaced by more appropriate and population‐specific ethnodemographic information. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.