bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of irreversibilities in competitive interaction: behavioral considerations from organization theory
Authors: Chen Ming‐Jer , Venkataraman S. , Sloan Black Sylvia , MacMillan Ian C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing behavioral insights from organization theory, this paper examines the significance of the irreversibility of an attacker's competitive move in interfirm competitive interaction. The study suggested that irreversibility is a multifaceted construct that is broadly composed of two dimensions: internal commitment (which is based on organizational inertia) and public commitment (which is based on the degree of publicity or public exposure received). It hypothesized that these two irreversibilities would have opposite effects on competitors' responses. The hypotheses were tested with data on competitive moves and countermoves exchanged by major US airlines. As predicted, the results reveal that internal commitment tended to reduce the likelihood of response, increased the response delay, and decreased the probability that the initial move will be matched; on the contrary, the impacts of public commitment were exactly the opposite. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in the discovery of flavonoids and analogs with high‐affinity binding to P‐glycoprotein responsible for cancer cell multidrug resistance
Authors: Boumendjel Ahcène , Di Pietro Attilio , Dumontet Charles , Barron Denis 
Published: October 2002

AbstractP‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is a plasma membrane glycoprotein that confers multidrug resistance on cells by virtue of its ability to exclude cytotoxic drugs in an ATP‐dependent manner. The most commonly considered hypothesis is that P‐gp acts as an ATP‐driven drug‐export pump, the mechanism of which is not understood in detail. Therefore, a tremendous effort is being made to find out modulator molecules to inhibit P‐gp. We have been developing flavonoid derivatives as a new class of promising modulators using a new in vitro rational‐screening assay based on measurements of the binding‐affinity toward the C‐terminal nucleotide‐binding domain (NBD2) of P‐gp. This review is focused on our results obtained with a variety of flavonoids. Structure–activity relationships of flavonoids as potential MDR modulators are reported. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 5, 512–529, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/med.10015
Analysis and design of an adaptive polynomial predistorter with the loop delay estimator
Authors: Kim Donghyun , Lee Sangseol 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost adaptive linearization circuits for the nonlinear amplifier have a feedback loop that returns the output signal of the amplifier to the linearizer. The loop delay of the linearizer must be controlled precisely so that the convergence of the linearizer should be assured. In this Letter a delay control circuit is presented. It is a delay lock loop (DLL) with a modified early–late gate and can be easily applied to a DSP implementation. The proposed DLL circuit is applied to an adaptive linearizer with the use of a polynomial predistorter, and the simulation for a 16‐QAM signal is performed. The simulation results show that the proposed DLL eliminates the delay between the reference input signal and the delayed feedback signal of the linearizing circuit perfectly, so that the predistorter polynomial coefficients converge into the optimum value and a high degree of linearization is achieved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 117–121, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10391
Path‐loss model of the 60‐GHz indoor radio channel
Authors: Fryziel M. , Loyez C. , Clavier L. , Rolland N. , Rolland P. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis work deals with path‐loss modeling of the indoor 60‐GHz multipath channel. Measurement campaigns show that radio waves are confined inside rooms and allow fadings to be investigated. To identify the distributions describing both small‐ and large‐scale fadings, goodness‐of‐fit tests are used and show they can be modeled by a log‐normal distribution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 158–162, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10402
Wideband measurements for Multimedia Wireless System radio links
Authors: García Sánchez Manuel , Vázquez Alejos Ana , Cuiñas Iñigo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe results of a measurement campaign conducted to determine the wideband behavior of the radio channel assigned to Multimedia Wireless Systems (MWS) are described in this Letter. It has been found that small multipath components are present in the impulsive response of radio channels operating at 40 GHz with 80‐MHz bandwidths. Multipath and delay spread are limited by the spatial filtering of directive antennas used in MWS and the low reflection coefficient of building materials at these frequencies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 224–227, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10423
The block‐Toeplitz‐matrix based CG‐FFT algorithm with an inexact sparse preconditioner for analysis of microstrip circuits
Authors: Chen R. S. , Yung Edward K. N. , Tsang K. F. , Mo L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this Letter, the inexact preconditioned conjugate‐gradient (CG) algorithm with inner–outer iteration and the block‐Toeplitz‐matrix–based fast–Fourier‐ transform (FFT) technique are applied to dense matrix equations from the mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) to enhance the computational efficiency of the CG‐FFT algorithm. Numerical calculations show that the preconditioned CG‐FFT algorithm with this preconditioner converges nearly 30 times as fast as the conventional one for the analysis of microstrip. Some typical microstrip discontinuities are analyzed and the good results demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 347–351, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10459
Accurate model of E‐plane waveguide junction with loaded rectangular coupling cavity
Authors: Chumachenko Vitaliy P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn accurate model of a loaded E‐plane right‐angle bend in the rectangular waveguide is presented. The development is obtained with the use of the domain‐product technique, with the edge effects taken into account. The approach can be also applied to the T junction and the cross junction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 351–354, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10460
Experimental estimation of wide‐band radio channel parameters with the use of a spectrum analyzer and the Hilbert transform
Authors: Páez Ingrid , Loredo Susana , Valle Luis , Torres Rafael P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this Letter a method is presented for measuring the main parameters required to estimate the capacity of the radio channel for wide‐band communications as the root‐mean‐square time delay and the coherence bandwidth. This method is based on the possibility of estimating the power‐delay profile from the knowledge of only the module of the transfer function of the channel in conjunction with the Hilbert transform. The major advantages of the method are first, the possibility to experimentally characterize the wide‐band channel performance by employing widely used and low‐cost instrumentation, and second, the possibility to extend the technique to outdoor radio channels. The error associated with the approximated method is quantified, so that it can be used from an engineering point of view in the planning and development of wide‐band wireless communications systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 393–397, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10472
Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion scanning using hyperpolarized helium‐3 MRI and arterial spin tagging in healthy normal subjects and in pulmonary embolism and orthotopic lung transplant patients
Authors: Lipson David A. , Roberts David A. , Hansen‐Flaschen John , Gentile Thomas R. , Jones Gordon , Thompson Alan , Dimitrov Ivan E. , Palevsky Harold I. , Leigh John S. , Schnall Mitchell , Rizi Rahim R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractConventional nuclear ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scanning is limited in spatial resolution and requires exposure to radioactivity. The acquisition of pulmonary V/Q images using MRI overcomes these difficulties. When inhaled, hyperpolarized helium‐3 (3He) permits MRI of gas distribution. Magnetic labeling of blood (arterial spin‐tagging (AST)) provides images of pulmonary perfusion. Three normal subjects, two patients who had undergone single lung transplantation for emphysema, and one subject with pulmonary embolism (PE), were imaged. 3He distribution and blood perfusion appeared uniform in the normal subjects and throughout the lung allografts. Gas distribution and perfusion in the emphysematous lungs were non‐uniform and paralleled radiographic abnormalities. AST imaging alone revealed a lower‐lobe wedge‐shaped perfusion defect in the patient with PE that corresponded to computed tomography (CT) imaging. Hyperpolarized 3He gas is demonstrated to provide ventilation images of the lung. Blood perfusion information may be obtained during the same examination using the AST technique. The sequential application of these imaging methods provides a novel tool for studying V/Q relationships. Magn Reson Med 47:1073–1076, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuromuscular fatigue and aging: Central and peripheral factors
Authors: Allman Brian L. , Rice Charles L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA limited number of studies have investigated the effect of old age on neuromuscular fatigue, yet a variety of protocols have been used to compare the fatigability of old and young humans. These include voluntary isometric and isokinetic contraction protocols at maximal and submaximal intensities, and electrical stimulation protocols of continuous or intermittent stimulation at a variety of stimulation frequencies. The results of these studies are summarized in this review. Although it seems reasonable to suggest that age‐related changes in muscle morphology and motor unit remodeling, as well as the associated loss of strength and slowed contractile properties, may improve the resistance to neuromuscular fatigue in old humans, the collective results suggest that it is not possible to make this generalization. In fact, it cannot be generalized that the muscles of old humans are either more or less fatigable than young adults because the extent of the difference in fatigability relies strongly on the fatigue task performed (task‐dependency). Age‐related changes that occur within the neuromuscular system may result in some candidate fatigue sites increasing or decreasing their susceptibility to failure under specific task conditions. These candidate fatigue sites include central drive, muscle membrane excitability, excitation–contraction coupling mechanisms, and metabolic capacities. The effect of old age on these various central and peripheral sites is discussed with respect to their relative contribution during different fatigue tasks. Moreover, the impact of the possible confounding effects of subject habituation, physical activity status, and sex on the fatigability comparison is addressed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000
Influence of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) on nerve autografts and tissue‐engineered nerve grafts
Authors: Fansa Hisham , Schneider Wolfgang , Wolf Gerald , Keilhoff Gerburg 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo overcome the problems of limited donor nerves for nerve reconstruction, we established nerve grafts made from cultured Schwann cells and basal lamina from acellular muscle and used them to bridge a 2‐cm defect of the rat sciatic nerve. Due to their basal lamina and to viable Schwann cells, these grafts allow regeneration that is comparable to autologous nerve grafts. In order to enhance regeneration, insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐I) was locally applied via osmotic pumps. Autologous nerve grafts with and without IGF‐I served as controls. Muscle weight ratio was significantly increased in the autograft group treated with IGF‐I compared to the group with no treatment; no effect was evident in the tissue‐engineered grafts. Autografts with IGF‐I application revealed a significantly increased axon count and an improved g‐ratio as indicator for “maturity” of axons compared to autografts without IGF‐I. IGF‐I application to the engineered grafts resulted in a decreased axon count compared to grafts without IGF‐I. The g‐ratio, however, revealed no significant difference between the groups. Local administration of IGF‐I improves axonal regeneration in regular nerve grafts, but not in tissue‐engineered grafts. Seemingly, in these grafts the interactive feedback mechanisms of neuron, glial cell, and extracellular matrix are not established, and IGF‐I cannot exert its action as a pleiotrophic signal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 87‐93, 2002
Warranty reserves for nonstationary sales processes
Authors: Ja Shau‐Shiang , Kulkarni Vidyadhar G. , Mitra Amitava , Patankar Jayprakash G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEstimation of warranty costs, in the event of product failure within the warranty period, is of importance to the manufacturer. Costs associated with replacement or repair of the product are usually drawn from a warranty reserve fund created by the manufacturer. Considering a stochastic sales process, first and second moments (and thereby the variance) are derived for the manufacturer's total discounted warranty cost of a single sale for single‐component items under four different warranty policies from a manufacturer's point of view. These servicing strategies represent a renewable free‐replacement, nonrenewable free‐replacement, renewable pro‐rata, and a nonrenewable minimal‐repair warranty plans. The results are extended to determine the mean and variance of total discounted warranty costs for the total sales over the life cycle of the product. Furthermore, using a normal approximation, warranty reserves necessary for a certain protection level, so that reserves are not completely depleted, are found. Results and their managerial implications are studied through an extensive example. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 49: 499–513, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/nav.10023
A quadtree data structure for the coupled finite‐element/element‐free Galerkin method
Authors: Karutz H. , Kraetzig W. B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the present paper, we derive an efficient data structure for the organization of the nodes in the coupled finite element/element‐free Galerkin method. With respect to its implementation, we compare various approaches of recursive spatial discretizations that facilitate most flexible handling of the nodes. The goal of the paper is to refine the implementation issues of the data structure which is fundamental to the element‐free Galerkin method and thus to speed‐up this otherwise computationally rather expensive meshfree method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An energy and momentum conserving method for rigid–flexible body dynamics
Authors: Puso Michael Anthony 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this work, an energy and momentum conserving method is developed for doing coupled flexible and rigid body dynamics. The main focus is on the bilateral connection of flexible finite elements to rigid bodies. The coupling of rigid bodies at joints is also introduced. Existing conserving algorithms for individual (un‐coupled) rigid and flexible bodies are exploited and modified for the coupled system. By using the appropriate rigid body rotational update and generalized force definitions, the resulting rigid–flexible and rigid–rigid systems are unconditionally stable and conserve linear and angular momentum. The conservation and stability properties are demonstrated in numerical simulation. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A point interpolation meshless method based on radial basis functions
Authors: Wang J. G. , Liu G. R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA point interpolation meshless method is proposed based on combining radial and polynomial basis functions. Involvement of radial basis functions overcomes possible singularity associated with the meshless methods based on only the polynomial basis. This non‐singularity is useful in constructing well‐performed shape functions. Furthermore, the interpolation function obtained passes through all scattered points in an influence domain and thus shape functions are of delta function property. This makes the implementation of essential boundary conditions much easier than the meshless methods based on the moving least‐squares approximation. In addition, the partial derivatives of shape functions are easily obtained, thus improving computational efficiency. Examples on curve/surface fittings and solid mechanics problems show that the accuracy and convergence rate of the present method is high. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An orthotropic damage model for masonry structures
Authors: Berto Luisa , Saetta Anna , Scotta Roberto , Vitaliani Renato 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn orthotropic damage model specifically developed for the analysis of brittle masonry subjected to in‐plane loading is described. Four independent internal damage parameters, one in compression and one in tension for each of the two natural axes of the masonry, are defined allowing the stiffness recovery at crack closure as well as the different inelastic behaviour along each natural axis to be considered. The damage field of the material is defined in terms of four equivalent stresses and results, in the space of the in‐plane effective stresses, in a double pyramid with a rectangular base where the slopes of the faces correspond to the internal friction angle of the material. The equivalent stresses also control the growth of the damage parameters. The returning path from the effective to the damaged stresses is given by multiplication by a fourth‐rank damage effect tensor, which is a function of the damage parameters and of the effective stress state. Mesh size regularization is achieved by means of an enhanced local method taking into account the finite element size. Good agreement has been found in the comparison between numerical results and experimental data both for masonry shear panels and for a large‐scale masonry holed wall. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mature dendritic cells make clusters with T cells in the invasive margin of colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Suzuki Akitake , Masuda Akihiro , Nagata Hitoshi , Kameoka Shingo , Kikawada Yayoi , Yamakawa Mitsunori , Kasajima Takeshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) take up tumour‐specific antigen and migrate to regional lymph nodes to generate anti‐tumour immunity. Although DC infiltration within human tumour tissue has been reported, the subset distribution has not been fully investigated. This study used immunohistochemistry to investigate DC subset distribution in colorectal adenocarcinoma. DCs expressing CD83, which are considered to be mature DCs, were present mainly in the invasive margin of cancer stroma. CD83+ DCs in the invasive margin formed clusters with lymphocytes, the majority of which were CD45RO+ T cells. The number of CD4+ T cells was greater than that of CD8+ T cells in these DC–lymphocyte clusters. The elongated cytoplasmic processes of CD83+ DCs engulfed CD4+ T cells. DCs that express CD1a were located throughout tumour tissue. Although the number of CD1a+ DCs was almost the same as that of CD83+ DCs in the invasive margin of cancer stroma, CD1a+ DCs were mostly scattered and rarely formed clusters with lymphocytes. DCs that expressed both CD1a and CD83 were rare. Moreover, about 20% of lymphocytes in DC–lymphocyte clusters were positive for Ki‐67, and CD83+ DCs were attached to Ki‐67+ cells. CD83+ DCs were also present in T‐cell areas that had a distinctive structure involving the presence of B‐cell lymphoid follicles. These results suggest that in the invasive margin of the colorectal cancer stroma, mature CD83+ DCs form clusters with T cells to promote T‐cell activation for the generation of tumour‐specific immunity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apoptosis in B‐cell lymphomas and reactive lymphoid tissues always involves activation of caspase 3 as determined by a new in situ detection method
Authors: Dukers Danny F. , Oudejans Joost J. , Vos Wim , ten Berge Rosita L. , Meijer Chris J. L. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn vitro studies indicate that in lymphomas, execution of apoptosis involves activation of effector caspases. To investigate activation of effector caspases in vivo in biopsy specimens of lymphomas, a new assay was developed using antibodies against active caspase 3 and p89, a protein fragment generated by caspase‐specific cleavage of poly‐ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Using this assay, it was found that in B‐cell lymphomas, levels of active caspase 3/p89‐positive cells correlate strongly with morphologically recognizable apoptotic cells. The number of active caspase 3/p89‐positive cells was low in follicular lymphomas and usually high in diffuse large cell lymphomas. Highest numbers were found in Burkitt lymphomas and in two biopsies of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLCLs) obtained several days after initiation of therapy. It is concluded that apoptosis in reactive lymphoid tissues and in B‐cell lymphomas always involves activation of effector caspase 3 and cleavage of one of the major effector caspase substrates, PARP‐1. Moreover, levels of effector caspase activation are constantly low in low‐grade follicular lymphomas and vary considerably in DLCL and Burkitt lymphoma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.