bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of step-stress data among multiple groups
Authors: Craft Jeremy L. , Bailer A. John 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Ecotoxicological studies may use organism fitness (e.g., time until exhaustion in a swim test experiment) as an indicator of the impact of some toxic chemical. Failure time studies can use constant stress or may use a protocol in which the stress level is increased at specific times. In these step-stress tests, the units are tested at a given stress level for a predetermined amount of time. At the end of that time, if there are units surviving, the stress level is increased and held constant for another amount of time. This process is repeated until all of the test units fail or the predetermined test time has expired. The purpose of this study is to suggest a method for analyzing responses from step-stress studies. A likelihood-ratio test is developed for comparing the failure times in multiple groups based on a piecewise constant hazard assumption. This likelihood-ratio test can be extended to other piecewise distributions. A small simulation study compares this analysis procedure to other methods currently used to compare multiple groups with regard to type 1 error rate and power.
Assessment of zinc phytoavailability by diffusive gradients in thin films
Authors: Sonmez Osman , Pierzynski Gary M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Asessment of Zn phytoavailability can be predicted with routine soil extractants, but these methods generally do not perform well across a wide range of soils. The newly developed technique of diffuse gradients in thin films (DGT) has been employed to determine phytoavailable Cu concentrations, but its suitability for determining plant available Zn concentrations has not been evaluated. A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity thresholds and the phytoavailability of Zn to sorghum-sudan (Sorghum vulgare var. sudanese) grass by DGT, compared with CaCl2 extraction. A range of phytoavailable Zn concentrations was created by amending sand with ZnSO4 or with two different Zn mine wastes. Plant nutrients were added as Hoagland solution. In general, increasing Zn concentrations in the sand mixtures increased Zn adsorption by DGT and decreased the sorghum-sudan yield. A critical value for 90% of the control yield was chosen as an indicator of Zn toxicity. Critical values of DGT Zn, CaCl2-extractable Zn, and plant tissue Zn were similar statistically across the three Zn sources. The performances of DGT and CaCl2 extraction for assessing Zn phytoavailability were similar. Shoot and root Zn concentrations of sorghum-sudan grass exceeded 500 mg kg−1 for many treatments. Calcium-to-Zn ratios for shoots were &lt;32, suggesting Zn phytotoxicity. The data suggested that Zn phytotoxicity can be induced with mine wastes, although further evaluation is needed to establish a link between mine waste and Zn phytotoxicity.
Effect of byproducts from the ozonation of pyrene: Biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde and biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid on gap junction intercellular communication and neutrophil function
Authors: Luster-Teasley Stephanie L. , Ganey Patricia E. , DiOrio Mary , Ward Joseph S. , Maleczka Robert E. , Trosko James E. , Masten Susan J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In this study, biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde, an initial by product formed from the ozonation of pyrene, and biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid, a subsequent pyrene ozonation byproduct, were evaluated using two toxicology assays to compare the toxicity of ozonation byproducts with that of the parent compound. The first assay measured the potential for the compounds to block gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) using the scrape loading/dye transfer technique in normal WB-344 rat liver epithelial cells. The second assay evaluated the ability of the compounds to affect neutrophil function by measuring the production of superoxide in a human cell line (HL-60). Pyrene significantly blocked intercellular communication (f= 0.2–0.5) at 40 μM and complete inhibition of communication (f &lt; 0.2) occurred at 50 μM. Gap junctional intercellular communication in cells exposed to biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde reached f &lt; 0.5 at a concentration of 15 μM. At concentrations greater than 20 μM, biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde was cytotoxic and the inhibition of GJIC was caused by cell death. Biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid was neither cytotoxic nor inhibitory to GJIC at the concentrations tested (10–500 μM). Exposure to biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate–stimulated O12 production. Neither exposure to pyrene nor biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid caused a significant toxic effect on neutrophil function.
Enamel Matrix Derivative Stimulates Core Binding Factor α1/Runt‐Related Transcription Factor‐2 Expression via Activation of Smad1 in C2C12 Cells
Authors: Takayama Tadahiro , Suzuki Naoto , Narukawa Masataka , Tokunaga Tsuyoshi , Otsuka Kichibee , Ito Koichi 
Published: March 2005

Background: Although enamel matrix derivative (EMD) can promote osteogenic differentiation of the pluripotent mesenchymal precursor cell line, C2C12, the molecular mechanism that underlies this phenomenon is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine which molecules in EMD stimulate osteogenic differentiation.Methods: C2C12 cells were cultured in 5% serum‐containing medium to induce differentiation, either with or without the addition of EMD. The expression of core binding factor α1/runtrelated transcription factor‐2 (Cbfa1/Runx2) was measured using Northern blot, Western blot, and/or real‐time polymerase chain reaction (R‐PCR) analysis. Phosphorylation of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1 (Smad1) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐like molecules in EMD was determined by Western blot.Results: EMD increased Cbfa1/Runx2 mRNA and protein expression substantially. EMD also induced phosphorylation of Smad1. Noggin inhibited the EMD‐induced phosphorylation of Smad1 markedly, and also partially blocked EMD‐induced Cbfa1/ Runx2 mRNA expression. In the Western blot analysis, single bands that corresponded to ∼15 and ∼17.5 kDa proteins were recognized in EMD by anti‐BMP‐2/4 and anti‐BMP‐7 antibodies, respectively.Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that EMD stimulates Cbfa1/Runx2 expression and the phosphorylation of Smad1, and that both of these processes can be blocked by noggin. Therefore, the osteogenic activity of EMD may be mediated by BMPlike molecules in EMD. J Periodontol 2005;76:244‐249.
Prevalence of Periodontopathic Bacteria in Aggressive Periodontitis Patients in a Chilean Population
Authors: Gajardo Marta , Silva Nora , Gómez Leyla , León Rubén , Parra Beatriz , Contreras Adolfo , Gamonal Jorge 
Published: March 2005

Background:Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is considered a major etiologic agent of aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Other periodontopathic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis are also suspected of participating in aggressive periodontitis although the evidence to support this is controversial. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of eight periodontopathic bacteria in Chilean patients with AgP.Methods: Subgingival plaque samples were collected from 36 aggressive, 30 localized, and six generalized periodontitis patients. Samples from 17 advanced chronic periodontitis (CP) patients were taken as controls. Samples collected from the four deepest periodontal pockets in each patient were pooled in prereduced transport fluid (RTF) and cultured. Periodontal bacteria were primarily identified by colony morphology under stereoscopic microscope and rapid biochemical tests. The identity of some bacterial isolates was confirmed by colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: AgP showed a significatively higher prevalence of C. rectus than CP (P = 0.036). The only statistical difference found was for C. rectus. Patients with AgP showed a higher, but not statistically significant, prevalence of P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, P. micros, and Capnocytophaga sp. A similar prevalence in both groups of patients was observed for F. nucleatum and P. intermedia/nigrescens, and A. actinomycetemcomitans was less prevalent in AgP than CP patients. In localized AgP, P. intermedia/nigrescens, E. corrodens, F. nucleatum, and P. micros were the more prevalent pathogens in contrast to generalized AgP patients who harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga sp. as the most prevalent bacteria.Conclusions:C. rectus, P. gingivalis, E. corrodens, P. micros, and Capnocytophaga sp. were the most predominant periodontopathic bacteria of AgP in this Chilean population, but the only statistical difference found here between AgP and CP was for C. rectus, suggesting that the differences in clinical appearance may be caused by factors other than the microbiological composition of the subgingival plaque of these patients. In this study, the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was much lower than that of P. gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005;76:289‐294.
Driven equilibrium magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage: Initial clinical experience
Authors: Gold Garry E. , Fuller Samuel E. , Hargreaves Brian A. , Stevens Kathryn J. , Beaulieu Christopher F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate three‐dimensional driven equilibrium Fourier transform (3D‐DEFT) for image quality and detection of articular cartilage lesions in the knee.Materials and MethodsWe imaged 104 consecutive patients with knee pain with 3D‐DEFT and proton density (PD‐FSE) and T2‐weighted (T2‐FSE) fast spin echo. Twenty‐four went on to arthroscopy. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) efficiency were measured. Subjective image quality, fat suppression, and cartilage thickness visibility were assessed. Cartilage lesions on 3D‐DEFT and T2‐FSE were compared with findings outlined in operative reports.ResultsSNR efficiency was higher for 3D‐DEFT and PD‐FSE than for T2‐FSE (P< 0.02). 3D‐DEFT and PD‐FSE showed superior cartilage thickness visibility compared with T2‐FSE (P< 0.02). T2‐FSE showed better fat suppression and fewer image artifacts than 3D‐DEFT (P< 0.04). 3D‐DEFT had similar sensitivity and similar specificity for cartilage lesions compared with PD‐FSE and T2‐FSE.Conclusion3D‐DEFT provides excellent synovial fluid‐to‐cartilage contrast while preserving signal from cartilage, giving this method a high cartilage SNR. 3D‐DEFT shows the full cartilage thickness better than T2‐FSE. T2‐FSE had superior fat saturation and fewer artifacts than 3D‐DEFT. Overall, 3D‐DEFT requires further technical development, but is a promising method for imaging articular cartilage. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:476–481. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined helium‐3/proton magnetic resonance imaging measurement of ventilated lung volumes in smokers compared to never‐smokers
Authors: Woodhouse Neil , Wild Jim M. , Paley Martyn N.J. , Fichele Stanislao , Said Zead , Swift Andrew J. , van Beek Edwin J.R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo use a combination of helium‐3 (3‐He) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton single‐shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) to compare ventilated lung volumes in groups of “healthy” smokers, smokers diagnosed with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and never‐smokers.Materials and MethodsAll study participants were assessed with spirometry prior to imaging. 3‐He images were collected during an arrested breath hold, after inhaling a mixture of 200 mL of hyperpolarized 3‐He/800 mL of N2. Proton SSFSE images were acquired after inhaling 1 liter of room air. The ventilated volume for each study participant was calculated from the 3‐He images, and a ratio was calculated to give a percentage ventilated lung volume.ResultsNever‐smokers exhibited a 90% mean ventilated volume. The mean ventilated lung volumes for healthy smokers and smokers diagnosed with COPD were 75.2% and 67.6%, respectively. No correlation with spirometry was demonstrated for either of the smoking groups.ConclusionCombined 3‐He/Proton SSFSE MRI of the lungs is a noninvasive method, using nonionizing radiation, which demonstrates ventilated airspaces and enables the calculation of ventilated lung volumes. This method appears to be sensitive to early obstructive changes in the lungs of smokers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:365–369. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TSH receptor protein is selectively expressed in normal human extraocular muscle
Authors: Kloprogge Steven J. , Busuttil Bridget E. , Frauman Albert G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy is a common manifestation of Graves' disease. Its pathophysiology is not well understood but an antigen shared between the thyroid and orbit is thought to play a role. Using immunohistochemistry, we have demonstrated the presence of the autoantigenic target of Graves' disease, the thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor, in normal human extraocular muscle. These results support previous findings of the full length and splice variant thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor cDNA in extraocular muscle. The observation of the autoimmune target—the thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor protein—being shared between the thyroid and extraocular muscle lends greater support to the notion that an extraocular muscle thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor is also a likely target autoantigen in thyroid‐associated ophthalmopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Maintaining your focus in focus groups: Avoiding common mistakes
Authors: Côté‐Arsenault Denise , Morrison‐Beedy Dianne 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFocus groups are used frequently in nursing research as a method for collecting qualitative data. However, due to inadequate planning or execution, the results can be of poor quality or even worthless. A well‐defined purpose, carefully planned environment, and well trained personnel are discussed as the cornerstones to focus group success. This article sets the stage with a description of a well conducted focus group, then provides examples and a critique of less‐than‐effective groups. Focus groups can be powerful and effective when their use is appropriate to the study purpose, the environment is non‐judgmental and welcoming, and the personnel are skilled. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:172–179, 2005
Without Benefit of Clergy
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
By examining a wide variety of public and private primary sources from northeastern, mid-Atlantic, and midwestern states, Gedge challenges an assumption prevalent in nineteenth-century culture as well as twentieth-century historiography: women and clergy formed a natural alliance, exercised a particular influence over each other, and enjoyed a close, even perilously intimate, relationship. Part I locates the perception of a dangerous pastoral relationship in the published accounts of European travelers and in pamphlets describing dozens of criminal, civil, and ecclesiastical trials of clergy accused of sexual misconduct. Part II identifies both benign and malignant representations of the relationship in the imagination—the diverse literary genres that featured women and clergy as central characters, reinforcing and subverting the perception of a peculiar attraction between the two. The dangerous liaison so ubiquitous in popular culture, however, actually worked to alienate clergy and women. In Part III, pastoral manuals and seminary lectures, as part of the “professionalization” of the Protestant clergy, articulated an ideal relationship that effectively distanced ministers from their female parishioners. In Part IV, Gedge argues that the experience of ordinary pastors and female parishioners, as revealed in journals, diaries, and correspondence, also tells a tale of estrangement. Clergy resisted “feminization,” recording frustration, disdain, and avoidance in their relationships with women while women reported neglect, disappointment, and disillusionment in their relationships with pastors. The paradigm of “feminization” that historians have applied to the nineteenth-century clergy and the Protestant church is a distorted representation of the pastoral relationship. The gender ideology of separate spheres imposed enormous restrictions upon and tensions within that relationship, anxieties that reverberated in the culture at large.
Introduction
Authors: Wirzba Norman 
Published: March 2005

AbstractContemporary culture reflects widespread isolation from and ignorance about our interdependence with the earth and wider cosmos. This loss has led to an impoverished sense of community as membership within a created whole. By marking our inter-relatedness with the soil and then noting the significance of the doctrine of creation in terms of its moral and spiritual significance, the possibility exists for a revisioning of salvation in terms of the health and wholeness of all creation.
The Character of Creation
Authors: Wirzba Norman 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe moral and spiritual character of creation is developed through a reading of five different biblical motifs: (1) the Yahwist account of creation in Genesis, (2) the Sabbath code, (3) Job’s experience of suffering in a sublime universe, (4) new creation in Christ, and (5) the New Heaven and the New Earth in John’s Apocalypse. This chapter shows scripture to be of considerable ecological significance while not addressing specific contemporary environmental problems.
Culture as the Denial of Creation
Authors: Wirzba Norman 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe new science, as well as modern developments in culture such as urbanization, industrialization, technology, consumerism, and the philosophical “turn to the self,” have made it much more difficult for us to appreciate and live out the moral significance of creaturely life. The result is an imbalanced society and an abstract culture in which human ambitions are paramount and the existence of God, though not necessarily denied, is irrelevant.
Theological Incorrectness
Authors: Slone D. Jason 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis book analyzes the concept of theological incorrectness, namely, why people believe what they shouldn’t? It takes off from Justin Barrett’s notion of “theological correctness”, which contends that while religious believers produce theologically correct ideas in situations that allow them the time and space to reflect symmetrically on their beliefs, the same people can stray from those ideological beliefs in situations that require them to solve problems rapidly. It also puts forward a cognitive approach to studying religion.
i'd rather be lucky than good
Authors: Slone D. Jason 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPeople believe in luck and even perform rituals to improve their luck. The belief in luck results from cognitive strategies that people use in their daily lives. This belief differs from religious belief only by degree, because both involve the presumption of agency at work in the world. The essential difference is that the agents of religious traditions are less ambiguously represented than the “agents” of luck.
Is It Irrational to Be Amoral?
Authors: Nichols Shaun 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMoral rationalism provides one prominent way of securing moral objectivism. If morality derives from reason, then morality might enjoy an objective basis. In this chapter, two rationalist claims are distinguished: a conceptual claim and an empirical claim. The conceptual claim is that it is a conceptual truth that moral requirements are rational requirements; the empirical claim is that human moral judgment is produced by rational cognitive mechanisms. This chapter argues that both claims are problematic. The conceptual claim is threatened by the conceptual possibility of a rational amoralist. The empirical claim is insulated from such worries but it is undermined by evidence that psychopaths apparently do have a seriously disturbed capacity for moral judgment.The most plausible explanation of this deficit does not fit with an Empirical Rationalist account.
Moral Evolution
Authors: Nichols Shaun 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter turns to the genealogy of “harm norms,” norms against causing pain and suffering to others. The chapter sets out a range of historical and anthropological facts that need to be captured by a genealogy of harm norms. In particular, an adequate genealogy needs to explain the broad similarities and differences in harm norms across cultures and the characteristic evolution of harm norms. One prominent explanation for these facts appeals to moral progress. This chapter proposes an alternative account of the genealogy of norms that draws on the central thesis of chapter 6, that norms which resonate with our emotions will be more likely to survive.
Political Choice in Britain
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPolitical Choice in Britain uses data from the 1964 to 2001 British election studies (BES), 1992 to 2002 monthly Gallup polls, and numerous other national surveys conducted over the past four decades to test the explanatory power of rival sociological and individual rationality models of electoral turnout and party choice. Analyses endorse a valence politics model that challenges the long-dominant social class model. British voters make their choices by evaluating the performance of parties and party leaders in economic and other important policy areas. Although these evaluations may be largely products of events that occur long before an election campaign officially begins, parties’ national and local campaign activities are also influential. Consistent with the valence politics model, partisan attachments display individual- and aggregate-level dynamics that reflect ongoing judgements about the managerial abilities of parties and their leaders. A general incentives model provides the best explanation of turnout. Calculations of the costs and influence-discounted benefits of voting and sense of civic duty are key variables in this model. Significantly, the decline in turnout in recent elections does not reflect more general negative trends in public attitudes about the political system. Voters judge the performance of British democracy in much the same way as they evaluate its parties and politicians. Support at all levels of the political system is a renewable resource, but one that must be renewed.
Political Choice in Britain
Authors: Clarke Harold D. , Sanders David , Stewart Marianne C. , Whiteley Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIntroduces the principal questions–why British citizens vote, why they make the party choices that they do, to what extent do they engage with the political process beyond participation in elections, and what does the pattern of engagement over the last four decades tell us about the health of contemporary British democracy–that structure the analyses in various chapters. Chapter 1 also presents an overview of the two major competing theoretical frameworks, the sociological and individual-rationality frameworks, and various specific models located in these frameworks, which are used to answer these questions. The 2001 BES data set and various other data sets employed in the analyses are described, and the content of the several chapters that follow is summarized.