bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anopheles gambiae feeding and survival on honeydew and extra‐floral nectar of peridomestic plants
Authors: Gary R. E. , Foster W. A. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract.  It is widely believed that the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) rarely or never feeds on sugar in nature. If so, the need for supplemental blood‐feeding may be increased and this would help to explain why it is such an efficient malaria vector. Nonetheless, both sexes of this mosquito species readily imbibe and digest sugar solutions, and sugar is a staple of laboratory colonies. In this study, we investigated whether An. gambiae will feed on the extra‐floral nectar of three common peridomestic plants in Africa, and on honeydew of the mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni‐Tozetti) (Hemiptera: Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), and how this affects survivorship.We found that both males and females of An. gambiae provided with vegetative parts of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) survived as well (x̄ = 26.3 and 19.2 days, respectively) as they did on 50% sucrose solution (x̄ = 29.7 and 24.3 days, respectively) and much longer than they did on water alone (x̄ = 1.8 days, both sexes). Females provided with mealybug honeydew also lived substantially longer (x̄ = 16.5 days) than those on water alone. Males and females provided with vegetative parts of castorbean (Ricinus communis L.) also survived much longer (x̄ = 12.7 and 7.8 days, respectively) than on water, but those provided with flowering lantana (Lantana camara L.) did not. Anthrone tests of females after one night of exposure to these potential energy sources confirmed that they obtained fructose from cassava, from mealybug honeydew, and from non‐flowering castorbean, but not from lantana or from castorbean lacking its petiolar nectaries. Previous laboratory studies had shown that sugar availability affects the survival and biting frequency of An. gambiae. It now appears that this mosquito can locate natural sources of plant sugar readily and utilize them effectively. Nectar‐producing plants in the domestic environment may play a significant role in this mosquito's energy budget and malaria vectorial capacity.
Circulating Cytokines in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Determined by a Multiplex Cytokine Array System
Authors: Szodoray P. , Alex P. , Brun J. G. , Centola M. , Jonsson R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPlasma cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) by initiating and perpetuating various cellular and humoural autoimmune processes. The aim of the present study was to describe a broad spectrum of T‐cell and B‐cell cytokines, growth factors, chemokines and molecules that could contribute to cell death in SS. A novel protein array system was utilized to measure simultaneously the levels of 25 plasma cytokines of patients with primary SS and healthy individuals. Furthermore, we correlated these plasma cytokine levels with potential laboratory and clinical parameters related to disease activity in SS. A subset of plasma cytokines [e.g. interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, CXCL8 (IL‐8), IL‐12 p40, IL‐15, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), epidermal growth factor, CCL4 (MIP‐1β), CCL2 (MCP‐1), CCL11 (Eotaxin), CCL5 (RANTES), TNF‐RI and TNF‐RII] was found to significantly differ between patients and controls. Also, distinct populations of cytokines were found to differentiate between patients with normal versus elevated ESR or IgG levels and patients with the presence or absence of extra‐glandular manifestations (EGMs). Our results support the assumption that the multiplex cytokine array system can be successfully utilized in the diagnosis and disease management of SS. Furthermore, it may provide a powerful tool in the design of individualized anticytokine therapies.
Anti‐Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance in Human Monocytes Without Modifying Toll‐Like Receptor 4 Membrane Expression
Authors: Moreno C. , Merino J. , Vázquez B. , Ramírez N. , Echeverría A. , Pastor F. , Sánchez‐Ibarrola A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractToll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) participates in innate immunity by detecting lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram‐negative bacterial cell walls. TLR4 macrophage expression in mice is modulated by LPS. This fact constitutes, at least partially, the molecular basis for LPS tolerance. Very recently, the effect of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, has been described on TLR4 membrane expression of human monocytes. IFN‐γ up‐regulates TLR4 expression and antagonizes the LPS‐induced TLR4 down‐regulation. These data prompted us to study the expression of membrane TLR4 in human mono‐ cytes in which LPS tolerance was induced by LPS and by anti‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)]. Data concerning this latter model, and more specifically, the effect of anti‐inflammatory cytokines over TLR4 expression, are not available at present. We show here that membrane TLR4 expression in human monocytes falls after LPS exposure. The effect was prolonged for 12 h, but then expression returned to normal levels. The incubation of human monocytes with IL‐10, TGFβ1 or a mixture of both induces no alterations in membrane TLR4 expression. However, these cytokines are able to substitute the tolerizing LPS exposure in order to induce LPS tolerance. Our data help to achieve a better understanding of the way cytokines control the cellular expression of TLR.
Towards Inclusion? Models of Behaviour Support in Secondary Schools in One Education Authority in Scotland
Authors: Kane Jean , Head George , Cogan Nicola 
Published: May 2004

This article draws on data emerging from an evaluation of behaviour support strategies in secondary schools in an education authority in Scotland. The authors all work at the University of Glasgow. Jean Kane has research and teaching interests in the area of special educational needs; she offers consultancy to local authorities in the development of inclusive policies and practices in schools. Dr George Head has research and teaching interests in the area of social, emotional and behavioural difficulties and social inclusion; he is also an experienced teacher. Both Jean Kane and George Head are lecturers in the Faculty of Education. Nicola Cogan is a researcher at the Strathclyde Centre for Disability Research and has a background as a research psychologist in the health sector.In Scotland, the growth of behaviour support provision is closely related to broader policy on social inclusion. It is argued in this article that new models of behaviour support can be developed in the light of previous and related experience in the development of inclusive support systems in schools. The authors present a typology of behaviour support, drawing upon their evaluation of provision, and discuss the characteristics of the types of support that emerge. Using data from exclusion statistics, pupil case studies and interviews with teachers, managers, pupils and parents, Jean Kane, George Head and Nicola Cogan explore the implications of their work for future developments in support for pupils who present difficult behaviours.
‘Celebrating Families’: an Inclusive Model of Family‐Centred Training
Authors: Carpenter Barry , Addenbrooke Mandy , Attfield Elizabeth , Conway Sally 
Published: May 2004

This article describes an innovative week of training days, entitled ‘Celebrating Families’, which took place at Sunfield, Worcestershire, in July 2002. The week, for and around families of children with special needs, arose from a shared vision and philosophy held by three host organisations. Representatives of all three organisations have contributed to this article. Barry Carpenter is chief executive of Sunfield, an independent school which provides education and care for children with severe and complex learning needs, and Sally Conway is the school's co‐ordinator of family services. Mandy Addenbrooke is currently working as an independent consultant in communication and autistic spectrum disorders, and, at the time of the training week described here, was regional development officer for Contact a Family in the West Midlands. Elizabeth Attfield is children's services training and advisory officer for Autism West Midlands.The week of events was underpinned by the notion of the self‐defined, extended family. T he format and content of the week were designed to highlight and celebrate the vital roles that extended family members play in supporting one another, and in educating professionals. Workshops and a conference were planned to explore common themes and illuminate unique contributions, and family members were actively involved as ‘trainers’ as well as delegates. Outcomes were highly positive. Evaluations from participants not only validated the inclusive training model, but also inspired a series of further events for families at Sunfield during 2003 and 2004. ‘Celebrating Families’ week delivered a clear message: families of children with special needs must be recognised, involved and celebrated.
Getting in Touch with our Feminine Sides? Men's Difficulties and Concerns with Doing Intensive Interaction
Authors: Culham Andrew 
Published: May 2004

Andrew Culham has been a lecturer in further education for seven years. During this time he has worked primarily with students with learning difficulties. He now works for Oxford and Chen/veil College as a coordinator of provision for students with profound and multiple learning difficulties within the supported learning curriculum unit. In this article, Andrew Culham addresses a number of concerns expressed by male practitioners using Intensive Interaction.The issues raised in this article are based on the outcomes of a research project that used a mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results indicate that men who use Intensive Interaction are concerned about issues of touch, especially when working with female clients, and about the potential for their interactions with learners to be misinterpreted and misrepresented. Respondents suggest that targeted professional development opportunities are required to support men in delivering programmes of Intensive Interaction and to provide practical responses to their difficulties. Intensive Interaction has been demonstrated to be of benefit to people with learning difficulties. Andrew Culham proposes that professionals, colleagues and managers can support male practitioners more effectively through policy creation, staff development and professional dialogue. He argues that an ‘inclusive’ support structure should be established to provide all staff with practice‐focused advice and guidance.
Brain virus burden and indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase expression during lentiviral infection of rhesus monkey are concomitantly lowered by 6‐chloro‐2′,3′‐dideoxyguanosine
Authors: Depboylu Candan , Reinhart Todd A. , Takikawa Osamu , Imai Yoshinori , Maeda Hitomi , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Rausch Dianne , Eiden Lee E. , Weihe Eberhard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIncreased kynurenine pathway metabolism has been implicated in the aetiology of lentiviral encephalopathy. Indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) initiates the increased production of kynurenine pathway metabolites like quinolinic acid (QUIN). QUIN itself is elevated in AIDS‐diseased monkey and human brain parenchyma and cerebrospinal fluid at levels excitotoxic for neurons in vitro. This study investigates the cellular origin of IDO biosynthesis in the brain of rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and explores the effects of CNS‐permeant antiretroviral treatment. IDO transcript and protein were absent from the brain of non‐infected and SIV‐infected asymptomatic monkeys. IDO biosynthesis was induced in the brain of monkeys exhibiting AIDS. Nodule and multinucleated giant cell‐forming macrophages were the main sources of IDO synthesis. Treatment with the lipophilic 6‐chloro‐2′,3′‐dideoxyguanosine suppressed IDO expression in the brain of AIDS‐diseased monkeys. The effectiveness of this treatment was confirmed by the reduction of virus burden and SIV‐induced perivascular infiltrates, mononuclear nodules and multinucleated giant cells. Our data demonstrate that brain IDO biosynthesis is induced in a subset of monocyte‐derived cells, depends on viral burden and is susceptible to antiretroviral treatment. Thus, IDO induction is associated with reversible overt inflammatory events localized to areas of active viral replication in the SIV‐infected brain.
Tonic regulation of satiety by 5‐HT1B receptors in the mouse: converging evidence from behavioural and c‐fos immunoreactivity studies?
Authors: Lee Michelle D. , Somerville Elizabeth M. , Kennett Guy A. , Dourish Colin T. , Clifton Peter G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractActivation of 5‐HT1B receptors is thought to play an important role in the inhibitory influence of serotonin on feeding behaviour and body weight in mammals. Earlier studies have shown that 5‐HT1B‐knockout (KO) mice eat more and are heavier than wild‐type (WT) controls and that the selective 5‐HT1B receptor agonist CP‐94,253 reduces food intake in food‐deprived mice. Here we characterize the behavioural effects of both CP‐94,253 and the selective 5‐HT1B receptor antagonist SB224289 on feeding and other behaviours within the behavioural satiety sequence, and also report a c‐fos mapping study using CP‐94,253. CP‐94,253 produced a dose‐dependent suppression of food intake with a profile consistent with a selective effect on feeding behaviour. These effects were absent or reduced in 5‐HT1B‐KO mice and in WT mice pretreated with SB224289. SB224289 administered alone enhanced food intake consistent with impaired satiation; a similar effect was apparent in 5‐HT1B‐KO mice compared to WT. CP‐94,253 induced c‐fos in a range of structures previously implicated in the expression of feeding behaviour. These results suggest that the activation of 5‐HT1B receptors is an important component of endogenous satiation mechanisms in the mouse.
Reminder effects: the molecular cascade following a reminder in young chicks does not recapitulate that following training on a passive avoidance task
Authors: Salinska Elzbieta , Bourne Rachel C. , Rose Steven P. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMemory traces, once established, are no longer sensitive to disruption by metabolic inhibitors. However, memories reactivated by reminder are once again vulnerable, in a time‐dependent manner, to amnestic treatment. To determine whether the metabolic events following a reminder recapitulate those following initial training we examined the temporal dynamics of amnesia induced by the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin and the glycosylation inhibitor 2‐deoxygalactose. The effects of both were transient and dependent on time of reminder post‐training and time of injection relative to reminder, and differed from those following initial training. 2‐[14C]‐deoxyglucose uptake increased in two brain regions, the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) and lobus parolfactorius (LPO) following reminder as it did following training, but the increase was bilateral rather than confined to the left hemisphere and was more marked in LPO than IMHV. C‐fos expression after reminder was increased only in the LPO, the chick brain region associated with a late phase of memory processing and recall. Thus although, like initial consolidation, memory processing after reminder is sensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis and glycosylation, the temporal and pharmacological dynamics indicate differences between these two processes.
Intracortical inhibition and facilitation upon awakening from different sleep stages: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: De Gennaro Luigi , Bertini Mario , Ferrara Michele , Curcio Giuseppe , Cristiani Riccardo , Romei Vincenzo , Fratello Fabiana , Pauri Flavia , Rossini Paolo Maria 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIntracortical facilitation and inhibition, as assessed by the paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation technique with a subthreshold conditioning pulse followed by a suprathreshold test pulse, was studied upon awakening from REM and slow‐wave sleep (SWS). Ten normal subjects were studied for four consecutive nights. Intracortical facilitation and inhibition were assessed upon awakening from SWS and REM sleep, and during a presleep baseline. Independently of sleep stage at awakening, intracortical inhibition was found at 1–3‐ms interstimulus intervals and facilitation at 7–15‐ms interstimulus intervals. Motor thresholds were higher in SWS awakenings, with no differences between REM awakenings and wakefulness, while motor evoked potential amplitude to unconditioned stimuli decreased upon REM awakening as compared to the other conditions. REM sleep awakenings showed a significant increase of intracortical facilitation at 10 and 15 ms, while intracortical inhibition was not affected by sleep stage at awakening. While the dissociation between motor thresholds and motor evoked potential amplitudes could be explained by the different excitability of the corticospinal system during SWS and REM sleep, the heightened cortical facilitation upon awakening from REM sleep points to a cortical motor activation during this stage.
Interaction between the neuromagnetic responses to sound energy onset and pitch onset suggests common generators
Authors: Seither‐Preisler A. , Krumbholz K. , Patterson R. , Seither S. , Lütkenhöner B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe pitch‐onset response (POR) is a negative component of the auditory evoked field which is elicited when the temporal fine structure of a continuous noise is regularized to produce a pitch perception without altering the gross spectral characteristics of the sound. Previously, we showed that the latency of the POR is inversely related to the pitch value and its amplitude is correlated with the salience of the pitch, suggesting that the underlying generators are part of a pitch‐processing network [Krumbholz, K., Patterson, R.D., Seither‐Preisler, A., Lammertmann, C. & Lütkenhöner, B. (2003) Cereb. Cortex,13, 765–772]. The source of the POR was located near the medial part of Heschl's gyrus. The present study was designed to determine whether the POR originates from the same generators as the energy‐onset response (EOR) represented by the N100m/P200m complex. The EOR to the onset of a noise, and the POR to a subsequent transition from noise to pitch, were recorded as the time interval between the noise onset and the transition varied from 500 to 4000 ms. The mean amplitude of the POR increased by ≈ 5.9 nA.m with each doubling of the time between noise onset and transition. This suggests an interaction between the POR and the EOR, which may be based on common neural generators.
Prefrontal‐subcortical dissociations underlying inhibitory control revealed by event‐related fMRI
Authors: Kelly A. M. Clare , Hester Robert , Murphy Kevin , Javitt Daniel C. , Foxe John J. , Garavan Hugh 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUsing event‐related fMRI, this study investigated the neural dynamics of response inhibition under fluctuating task demands. Fourteen participants performed a GO/NOGO task requiring inhibition of a prepotent motor response to NOGO events that occurred as part of either a Fast or Slow presentation stream of GO stimuli. We compared functional activations associated with correct withholds (Stops) required during the Fast presentation stream of stimuli to Stops required during the Slow presentation stream. A predominantly right hemispheric network was activated across conditions, consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, a functional dissociation of activations between conditions was observed. Slow Stops elicited additional activation in anterior dorsal and polar prefrontal cortex and left inferior parietal cortex. Fast Stops showed additional activation in a network that included right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula and dorsal striatum. These results are discussed in terms of our understanding of the impact of preparation on the distributed network underlying response inhibition and the contribution of subcortical areas, such as the basal ganglia, to executive control processes.
Morphological changes in rat hindlimb muscle fibres during recovery from disuse atrophy
Authors: Itai Y. , Kariya Y. , Hoshino Y. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAim:  The present study attempted to use HE staining to clarify morphological changes in muscle fibres during recovery from disuse muscle atrophy.Methods:  Disuse muscle atrophy was induced by suspending 7‐week‐old male Wistar rats by their tails for 5 weeks (hindlimb unloading or HU group). Histological changes in the soleus muscle (SOL) during the recovery process were examined and compared with those in control rats who were raised freely without unloading (C group).Results:  Wet muscle mass and muscle cross‐sectional area per fibre of SOL in the HU group were 52 ± 5 and 22 ± 5% of those in the C group, respectively. Muscle atrophy was largely attributable to decreases in the size of muscle fibres, rather than to muscle fibre damage or loss. Muscle mass in the HU group increased quickly after reloading, but recovery of cross‐sectional area per fibre was slow, with mean area in the HU group measuring 69 ± 10% of that in the C group even after 5 weeks of reloading. After 1, 2 and 5 weeks of reloading, incidences of muscle fibres displaying central nuclei (regenerated muscle fibres) were 7.4 ± 2.4, 7.2 ± 6.3 and 19.2 ± 14.5%, respectively.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that recovery of muscle fibres atrophied by disuse involves not only growth of atrophied muscle fibres, but also regeneration of muscle fibres. Cross‐sectional areas recovery of atrophied muscle fibres thus continues after increases of muscle mass.
Analysis of ET‐A and ET‐B receptors using an isolated perfused rat lung preparation
Authors: Granström B. , Nilsson E. , Hultkvist‐Bengtsson U. , Edvinsson L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAims and Methods:
The pulmonary and vascular effects of endothelin‐1 receptor activation were studied in isolated perfused and ventilated lung preparations from rat. The responses to endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and the endothelin B (ETB) receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) were characterized using the endothelin A (ETA)‐receptor antagonist FR 139317, the ETB‐receptor antagonist BQ 788 and the combined ETA/ETB‐receptor antagonist Bosentan. The respiratory parameter airway conductance (Gaw) and the vascular parameter perfusion flow were analysed simultaneously.Results:  Concentration–response curves for ET‐1 administered intra‐arterially revealed that its most potent effect was on the vascular side while S6c had a more potent effect on airway conductance. ET‐1, given as a bolus dose intra‐arterially (100 μL of 0.2 nm), induced a strong‐ and long‐lasting contraction of the vasculature while only a less pronounced contraction was seen in the airways. Neither of the antagonists had a significant effect per se on Gaw or perfusion flow. FR 139317 reduced the effect of ET‐1 on perfusion flow by about 50%, while airway conductance was augmented. BQ 788 enhanced the decrease in perfusion flow by ET‐1 while Gaw was not influenced. The combined ETA/ETB antagonist Bosentan powerfully prevented the ET‐1‐induced decrease in Gaw but did not alter its reduction in perfusion flow.Conclusions:  The potent effect of ET‐1 on the vascular side of the lung is mediated mainly through ETA receptors, whereas both ETA and ETB receptors are involved in Gaw in the rat lung.