bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Morning of Molecular Phylogenetics
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That molecules would be indicators of evolutionary history was an old idea. In 1892 Ernst Haeckel supposed that phylogenetic lineages among mineral could be known only by the study of the atomic composition of their albumen (protein). In 1927, Francis Bather wrote of the gene as “the ultimate element of classification’ (chapter 5). In 1948, Ernst Pringsheim suggested that “specfic proteins and other compounds of high molecular weight’ might eventually afford the clue to bacterial phylogeny.1 At that time it was widely believed that the gene acts through protein enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in the cell.
Roots in the Genetic Code
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new approach to microbial classification emerged in the 1970s, far removed from the many-characters method of numerical taxonomy and from the molecular methods of the 1960s based on amino acid sequence, GC values, and nucleic acid hybridization. The research program was based on comparing short sequences within one molecule of ribosomal RNA. It was led by Carl Woes (b. 1928) and collaborators at the University of Illinois, whose methods and concepts revitalized microbial phylogenetic and challenged fundamental assumptions about the primary course of evolution. The methods and concepts they developed revitalized microbial evolutionary biology and microbial taxonomy; they also challenged core assumptions about the course of evolution. Within the theoretical framework Wise’s group constructed, prokaryotes were not a genealogically coherent group that gave rise to eukaryotes. Instead, there were three fundamental forms of life, each representing a distinct primeval lineage and possessing a unique cellular organization.
A Kingdom on a Molecule
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1977, Carl Woese took the archaebacteria to the world outside of science. Publicity for the new form of life began when the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) released a joint public statement on November 3, 1977, a few days before the papers in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) appeared. Wise’s research had been funded by both. He had met Richard Young, “a very enlightened administrator’ from NASA, four years earlier at a roundtable conference on the “Origin of Life’ held in Paris.1 After hearing Wise’s presentation, Young encouraged him to apply to NASA’s exobiology program. Founded in 1958, a year after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, NASA broadened its mission to search for extraterrestrial life, developing a new branch in “exobiology,’ the term Lederberg had coined in 1961.2 To search for life elsewhere, one needed to know what kinds of things to search for.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
molecular phylogenetic has brought about a profound revolution in biology—in making taxonomy an experimental, quantitative, evolutionary science; in distinguishing the primary lineages of life; and in bringing microbes to the fore. Concepts of domains and microbial kingdoms are now at biology’s center. And investigations of microbial diversity and relationships have led to a fundamentally new understanding of the evolutionary process.
Justice And Health care
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this volume Allen Buchanan collects ten of his most influential essays on justice and healthcare and connects the concerns of bioethicists with those of political philosophers, focusing not just on the question of which principles of justice in healthcare ought to be implemented, but also on the question of the legitimacy of institutions through which they are implemented. With an emphasis on the institutional implementation of justice in healthcare, Buchanan pays special attention to the relationship between moral commitments and incentives. The volume begins with an exploration of the difficulties of specifying the content of the right to healthcare and of identifying those agents and institutions that are obligated to help ensure that the right thus specified is realized, and then progresses to an examination of the problems that arise in attempts to implement the right through appropriate institutions. In the last two essays Buchanan pursues the central issues of justice in healthcare at the global level, exploring the idea of healthcare as a human right and the problem of assigning responsibilities for ameliorating global health disparities. Taken together, the essays provide a unique and consistent position on a wide range of issues, including conflicts of interest in clinical practice and the claims of medical professionalism, the nature and justification for the right to health care, the relationship between responsibility for healthcare and the nature of the healthcare system, and the problem of global health disparities. The result is an approach to justice in healthcare that will facilitate more productive interaction between the normative analysis of philosophers and the policy work of economists, lawyers, and political scientists.
Health-Care Delivery And Resource Allocation
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, medical ethics involves decisions concerning the allocation of healthcare resources and the institutional arrangements for making those decisions. The key concepts of health-care resource allocation and cost need to be defined because they shape the moral and policy discussion. This chapter considers different criteria for evaluating allocation of health-care resources. Two types of models of allocation are examined: efficiency models and ethical models.
Why Is There Anything?
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question “Why is there something rather than nothing?” provoked one of Sidney Morgenbesser’s memorable comebacks: “If there was nothing, you’d still be complaining!” Bede Rundle’s response in Why There Is Something Rather Than Nothing is somewhat longer but just as uncompromising. He argues that the question is ill-formed because there could not have been nothing. He offers general reflections on causality, eternity, God, mind, matter, and agency in order to evaluate the idea that the existence of anything at all, while it cannot be explained by science, might be explained by theology. His strategy is to argue in detail that the question, and the attempts to answer it, consistently take language beyond the bounds of meaningfulness, detaching familiar words from their usual conditions of application so that they no longer express intelligible possibilities. He is following the method of Wittgenstein, as he conceives it, though with results more destructive to religious language than Wittgenstein’s own view.
The Limits of International Law
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jeremy Rabkin’s book, Law without Nations? is a forceful defense of the virtues of national sovereignty and of the claim that American constitutional government places strict limits on the reach and authority of international law. In part, Rabkin is responding to critics of the unilateralism of the Bush administration—its rejection of the Kyoto Treaty, its refusal to join the International Criminal Court, its invasion of Iraq without explicit Security Council authorization—but the interest of the book is much broader than that. It takes up one of the most important questions we face about the direction of the world, and it compares the merits of the internationalist answer to that question embodied in the ideals of the European Union, and the more nationalist answer represented by the conduct of the United States and (according to Rabkin) by its entire historical and constitutional tradition.
Framing Terri Schiavo: Gender, Disability, and Fetal Protection
Authors: Fiore Robin N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than a decade, Theresa Marie Schiavo’s family members fought to control her care, involving not only state and federal courts, but also Florida’s Legislature and chief executive, and, ultimately, the Congress and the President of United States. While the blogosphere hyperventilated, ethicists, health care providers, and legal professionals issued calls for universal advance care planning. Meanwhile, the Roman Catholic Church and legislators in a number of states sought to limit the kinds of medical interventions to which such advance directives could apply.
Dryden’s Prize-Song
Authors: Hill Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dryden’s lofty contempt for ‘common Libellers’ (605), his depiction of the ‘just’ satirist as one ‘arm’d with the power of Verse, to Punish and make Examples of the bad’ (606), might fairly attract the epithet ‘magisterial’, compounding as it does the idea of authority and mastery, if it were not for the fact that the poet in his own use of the word hedged it about with various caveats. The ‘sublime and daring Genius’ of Lucretius, which he likened to that of Hobbes, seemed to him ‘Magisterial’ in its ‘positive assertion’ of ‘Opinions’, its ‘disdain’ for ‘all manner of Replies’ (395). He protested that Sir Robert Howard, in his hasty retort upon the essay Of Dramatick Poesie, had overlooked the fact that the piece was ‘a Dialogue sustain’d by Persons of several Opinions’ and had been ‘pleased to charge me with being Magisterial’ (9: 15). Dryden was concerned that the judicious author, for all his care to establish right meanings, is fated to be misconstrued. ‘Many men’, he wrote, ‘are shock’d at the name of Rules, as if they were a kinde of Magisterial prescription upon Poets’ (13: 248). That sentence itself is a confrontation between the hasty ‘prejudicate Opinions’ (658) of ‘many men’, those whose ‘.judgment is a meer Lottery’ (IT 73), and his own resolute opinion. Our obligation as informed readers is to take into account both the special pleading and the circumstantial facts, a task made all the more necessary and difficult since Dryden himself draws circumstance (‘many men’) not only into his critical strategy but also into the timbre of his writing. ‘I will first see how this will relish with the Age’ (13: 247): he marks down in a word the fickleness of public taste and adds a relish to his own controversial style.
Introduction
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Her hesitancy apparently yielded to the incandescent delight of the first quotation. In the image of Sackville-West ‘stalking’ above her, legs like trees, Woolf recalls the unexpected angles from which the body of a lover is viewed. Her final phrases seem a kind of sexual tongue-twisting, rolling the words in the mouth: ‘pink glowing, grape clustered, pearl hung’. Woolf’s letters were sometimes even more explicit: you only be a care ful dolphin in your gambolling, or you’ll find Virginia’s soft crevices lined with hooks!’ (Woolf to Sackville-West, L, iii. 395, 4 July 1927). Sexual and linguistic play were intertwined.
Flappers and Flaming Youth
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Jazz Age belonged to the flapper, a smoking, drinking, kneecappowdering, red-hot mama who caused preachers to predict the collapse of American civilization and her parents to throw up their hands in despair. She flung away her corset and rolled her stockings below the knee. She dolled up with plenty of makeup and short skirts that showed off her gams. She ran around with men and smoked ciggies in public. And she could look forward to voting when she reached the age of 21. The quintessential flapper was actress Clara Bow, the It Girl.
The Varieties of Serious Drama
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The serious plays suffer less than do the comedies from a bewildering welter of violent critical disagreements. In attempting to convey the nature of the plays, and in particular to insist upon the considerable spread of possibilities in form and effect open to the playwright, I should perhaps beg indulgence for again thumping the tub of diversity. To a distressing number of specialists, however, as to most of those less informed, late seventeenth-century drama has seemed ‘positively schizophrenic’, hopelessly split between two ‘implacably opposed forms, Restoration comedy and tragedy’. But just as The Way of the World is no essence for all comedy, The Conquest of Granada is no essence for all heroic drama, and certainly not for the majority of serious plays. Some illustration of the most common types is then in order: they range from the straight heroic and villain tragedy, to high tragedy, the pathetic, the various sorts of ‘tragicomedy’, the operatic spectacular, and the plays which turn on history and politics. Fairly short accounts of single plays should suffice. Interpretative disagreements here are straightforward; some, however, are basic and unresolved—largely those concerning the heroic plays. Are the best of these works frivolous and empty, or are they profound intellectual disquisitions? Are they escapist fantasy or important social and political commentary? Are they self-satiric by design, or serious assertions of what they avowedly preach?
The Legacy of the Church Fathers
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although they were succeeded by many notable theologians, the Church Fathers remained monumentally important, and of course their ‘legacy’ is ubiquitous among medieval authors, including many who are assigned to later chapters in this volume. The rationale of the present chapter is to review a diversity of essentially non-satirical contexts, within which there reappeared emphases from the Fathers which were hostile to women.
Reynolds and ‘The Genius of Life’
Authors: Wendorf Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boswell’s response to the Life of Savage was highly ambivalent, as we have seen. He had difficulties, on the one hand, understanding how such a consummate biographer could be taken in by such a roguish subject; on the other hand, he dutifully laboured to extract the ‘useful lesson’ to be learned from Johnson’s text, which was that the book would ‘guard men of warm passions from a too free indulgence of them’ (a dictum Boswell had often applied to himself in his journals). But beyond this rather dry, didactic response, Boswell was also able to sense the fascinating hold the text had on its readers: ‘the various incidents are related in so clear and animated a manner, and illuminated throughout with so much philosophy, that it is one of the most interesting narratives in the English language.’ To support this claim, Boswell inserted an anecdote that has long been cherished as one of the most vivid examples of a contemporary reader’s response to an eighteenth-century text.
Antony and Cleopatra
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
106 Algero, Augusto in collaboration with John Scott. See 227. 107 Amram, David. [—]. MS [ 19=;8 (composer)]. Incidental music for dramatic reading: bsn, tpt, perc, via. First performed New York Shakespeare Festival, Heckscher Theatre, 13 January 1959 (George C. Scott, Antony; Colleen Dewhurst, Cleopatra; John McLiam, Enobarbus; Joseph Papp, director). [Musically unrelated to the following work.]
As You Like It
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
386 Alifantis, Nicu. [Cum vă place = As You Like It]. MS [circa 1979). Incidental music. First performed Teatrul ‘George Bacovia’, Bacŭu, Romania, 1 February 1979 (Livius Rus, Orlando; Anca Alecsandra, Rosalind; Romeo Mus eteanu, Amiens; Mircea Cretu, Jaques; Cristian Pepino, director), in Virgil Teodorescu’s translation. 387 Allan, Cameron. —. MS [circa 1975). Incidental music: [t solo); instr ensemble (cornetti, perc [including 3 glass gongs, music box interiors, river stones, mortar and pestle, silver champagne goblets, bamboo chimes, aluminium chimes, Chinese cym, crotales, small bells, kalimba), clavichord, t viol, lute; 4-track elec tape. First performed Playhouse Festival Centre, Adelaide, 3 April 1975 (South Australian Theatre Company: John Walton, Orlando; Julie Hamilton, Rosalind; John McKenzie, Amiens; Shaun Gurton, Jaques; George Ogilvie, director).
Cymbeline
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
2432 Alpaerts, Flor. — MS 1938 (CeBeDeM [B 173/16u]). Incidental music: bar solo, fl, ob, cl, bsn, 2 hn, 2 tpt, perc (I player for dr, cym, trg), stgs. The MS also contains a pf reduction. 2433 Applebaum, Louis. —. MS [1986). Incidental music. First performed Stratford Shakespearean Festival, Festival Theatre, Stratford, ON, r August 1986 (Eric Donkin, Cymbeline; Martha Burns, Imogen; Benedict Campbell, Cloten; Keith Thomas, Guiderius; Brent Stait, Arviragus; Robin Phillips, director).
I Henry VI
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
4845 Carpi, Fiorenzo. II gioco dei potenti. MS 196 5 (Piccolo Teatro di Milano). Incidental music: male solo voice, [accompanied by keyboard]; pie, 2 hn, 3 tpt, trbn, b tuba, timp, perc. First performed Teatro Lirico, Milan, 18 and 19 January 1965 (Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Renato De Carmine, Henry VI; Valentina Cortese, Margaret; Giorgio Strehler, director), in Strehler’s adaptation of Cesare Vico Lodovici’s translation. Combines all three parts of Henry VI. Musically unrelated to the following work. See also 2 Henry VI 4887, 3 Henry VI 4930.
Phoenicia Britannica
Authors: Parry Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the Royal Society was begjnning to encourage a critical, comparative approach to antiquities, and Aubrey was drawing, measuring, and speculating about remains in the field, the old stories of exotic origins for the British still found their adherents. The most remarkable of these recidivists was Aylett Sammes (1636?-79?), an Essex gentleman who had attended Christ ‘s College, Cambridge, between 1655 and 1657, and then moved to study law at the Inner Temple. His life remains undocumented and obscure, but we know that he spent several years ‘wholly employed ‘ in reading the works of ancient history that contributed to form his highly opinionated volume Britannia Antiqua Illustrata. This handsome folio was printed for the author in 1676 (a fact which suggests a reluctance on the part of the booksellers to underwrite it) and dedicated to the Lord Chancellor, Heneage Finch, whose family had connections with Christ ‘s, and whom Sammes may have come to know as a young lawyer.
Textual Notes on Sophocles‘ Philoctetes
Authors: Stokes Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Offering these notes gratefully but nervously to Kenneth Dover, I begin with 104 and 112. Each line has a postponed τl /τi: Neoptolemus asks each of these structurally similar questions. Editors print the first τi (104) as indefinite, the second (112) as interrogative. I have found none to question or argue for this distribution of accents; Jebb said simply ‘in 104 we cannot well change n to τi’. Here is a case for assimilation by printing τi (interrogative) in both lines: 1.Accentuation is a matter for editorial decision since the Byzantine practice reflected in the paradosis has no authority in the case of individual words. It is the system which derives from Alexandrian scholarship.
An Unpublished Papyrus of Aristophanes from Oxyrhynchus
Authors: Cockle Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three fragments survive of this roll, written in a Biblical Uncial. The late Sir Eric Turner dated it to around AD 200, and noted that it was in the same hand as P. Mich. inv. 6035 (Ar. Eq. 1127-41), published by A. Henrichs in ZPE 4 (1969), 216-18 + plate. The script is akin to that of P. Oxy. iv. 661 (Call. Iambus 7) and of P. Ryl. i. 16 (comedy). The papyrus was excavated in February-March 1902. There are twenty-five lines to the column. The top margin of fr. 1 is 5.7 cm high, the bottom margin is 6.o cm high. The letters are 3 mm in height. The surface is very rubbed, particularly on fr. 2.
Homericϕ iλoc Love of Life and Limbs, and Friendship with One‘s θuμóc
Authors: Robinson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Shall first argue that Homeric ϕiλoc is never possessive; second, that ϕiλov η τoρ, κ η ρ, and ϕiλoc θ υ μ óc, and ϕiλ α γ υiα, κ τ λ., are ‘beloved‘ life and limbs precisely when they are threatened; thirdly that ϕiλo ν η τ oρ , κ η ρ and ϕiλoc θ υ μ óc are on other occasions one‘s sympathetic ‘friends‘, one‘s heart and mind.
Pausanias
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next major figure to be studied is the periegete or ‘guide’, Pausanias, the author of the Periegesis Hellados or Guide to Greece The work is famous in modern times, but it is not known whether it was much read by contemporaries. Certainly, it is not mentioned by surviving ancient authors until the sixth century, when it was used by the Byzantine geographer Stephanus, who found it a serviceable source for his own Ethnica. Stephanus gives us both the title of the work and the name of its writer. The Guide to Greece thus shows familiar symptoms of the death of the author. The work, in ten books, was written over a long time. It was certainly commenced before 160 (or shortly after) and seems to have been published not much earlier than 180.2 Extensive cross-referencing between books guarantees that it was planned and written as a whole.
Canons and Papyri
Authors: Elm Susanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in the year 270 a young Egyptian, then ‘eighteen or even twenty years old’, ‘considered, while he walked home, how the apostles, forsaking everything, followed the Saviour’. This day not only changed the young man’s life, but it made him, through the work of Athanasius, into the pater eremitorum, the archetypal Desert Father, whose sufferings and labours kindled the imagination for generations to comc. However, at this fateful moment Antony was not yet the solitary hermit. Though recently orphaned, he had ‘one quite young sister’. Faced with the dilemma of having to abandon either his sister or his desire to ‘forsake everything’, Antony found an interesting solution.
‘Reading’ Greek Death
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a series of in-depth studies of some aspects of the beliefs, attitudes, and rituals surrounding death in ancient Greece from the Minoan and Mycenean period to the end of the classical age. Drawing on every kind of available evidence—from literary texts to burial customs, inscriptions, and images in art-the author sheds new light on many key, still essentially problematic, aspects of Greek life, myth, and literature, including the world of the dead in Homer; the perceptions associated with grave monuments and articulated in their images and epigrams; the myths of Charon, Hermes, and the journey of death; and the shifting attitudes towards death in a changing society. The book is also a sophisticated critique of the methodologies appropriate for interpreting the various kinds of evidence for ancient beliefs, and there is discussion of these in the light of insights from antropology and other disciplines that can help us recontruct the ancient Greek discourse of death, while minimizing the intrusion of our own culturally determined assumptions which reflect modern thinking rather that ancient realities.