bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spirurida-Filariae Of The Lungs, Brain, And Eyes
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adults of Dirofilaria immitis occur in the pulmonary arteries of dogs, their natural hosts, and ectopically in other blood vessels. The adults of Meningonema peruzzi are parasites of the brain stem of primates and humans. In addition, both immature and adult filarial worms of humans and animals can occur in the eye of humans. The filariae in these locations are the subject of this chapter. The manifestations and the lesions produced by microfilariae of lymphatic filariae in the lungs (tropical eosinophilia, Chapter 19), the brain (Loaloa, Chapter 20), and the eye (Onchocerca volvulus, Chapter 20) have already been discussed. Filariae of Lungs: Dirofilaria immitis-Pulmonary Dirofilariasis Immature filariae in pulmonary nodules resected because of a clinical diagnosis of carcinoma, mainly in the United States, were reported during the 1940s and 1950s. The review of these cases determined that D. immitis, the dog heartworm, is the agent responsible for the infection (Beaver, Orihel, 1965).
Trichinelloidea And Dioctophymatoidea
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order Enoplida, comprising aphasmid nematodes (see the introduction to Part 11), has two superfamilies, Trichinelloidea and Dioctophymatoidea. In addition to the characteristics of the order, outlined in the introduction to Part II, the females of this group have a single genital organ: one ovary, continuing with the oviduct, the uterus, and the vagina. In members of Trichinelloidea the esophagus (stichosome) consists of a capillary tube surrounded by gland-like cells, the stichocytes, and there are eggs with mucous plugs at either end. The Dioctophymatoidea have a cylindrical, muscular esophagus. Trichinelloidea has two families: Trichuridae and Trichinellidae. The former consists of the genera Trichuris, Aonchotheca, Calodium, Eucoleus (included previously in the genus Capillaria), and Anatrichosoma. The latter has one genus, Trichinella, with several species in humans. These six genera have species that are important in human and veterinary medicine. Species of Trichuris and Trichinella are well-known human parasites, while the capillariids and Anatrich soma are parasites of animals that sometimes produce zoonotic infections in humans. Most infections produced by these parasites occur sporadically, but Aonchoteca philippinensis ( = Capillaria philippinensis) sometimes results in epidemics.
Biliary And Pancreatic Trematodes
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trematodes of the biliary and pancreatic ducts of humans belong to three families: Fasciolidae, Opistorchiidae, and Dicrocoeliidae. Fasciolidae includes Fascia/a hepatica, which is endemic worldwide, producing important morbidity in certain geographic areas, and F. gigantica, with a more restricted distribution. The members of Opistorchiidae are widely distributed, producing a large number of infections but generally with low morbidity. Finally, the members of Dicrocoeliidae have species that usually occur in humans as sporadic zoonotic infections. All species in these families have two intermediate hosts. The first is a snail; the second, varying with the group, consists of either plants, fish, or arthropods (Beaver et al. 1984;Malek, 1980). The accompanying classification of these trematodes is provided only for general information. It follows Malek’s (1980) classification, showing only the genera and the species of human importance.
Intestinal, Pulmonary, Eye, And Other Trematodes
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many species of trematodes in the intestinal tract of humans have been described; pulmonary infections with several species of Paragonimus also occur in many places. Ocular and disseminated infections due to trematodes are more rare. The majority of these infections, if not all, are zoonotic and have a restricted geographic distribution, mostly because of the food preferences of the populations involved. Often these infections consist of single cases or small clusters of cases that occur with low frequency in certain areas. Because of the morphologic similarities between the eggs of many of these trematodes, the diagnosis is often made at the generic level, for example species of heterophyids and echinostomes. Specific identification requires the adult worms, which are recovered during autopsies, in surgical specimens, or after treatment of patients. The classification of trematodes provided in the introduction to Part III and according to the organ system where they occur is followed here in discussing these infections.
Echinococcus-Hydatid Disease
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genus Echinococcus has four species-E granulosus, E. multilocularis, E. vogeli, and E. oligarthrusthe adult stages of which are parasites in wild and domestic dogs and cats (Thompson, Lymbery, 1995). The larval stages, known as hydatid cysts, occur in many species of ungulates, rodents, and other animals, including humans. The infection produced by adult Echinococcus organisms in their definitive hosts is echinococcosis, and the infection produced by the larvae in animals and humans is hydatid disease or hydatid cyst. The term hydatidosis, as defined by some investigators, is the uncontrolled spread of a hydatid cyst, as in bone or as in secondary hydatidosis. However, these four terms are used interchangeably by most clinicians to refer to the human disease. The morphology and biologic behavior of the hydatid larvae are different for each of the four species of Echinococcus, resulting in different pathologic and clinical manifestations.
Introduction: Globalization from the Periphery
Authors: Mathews John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stan Shih was obsessed with his “Dragon dream”-the dream of building his tiny Taiwan-based computer firm into a global giant. Never mind that he lacked all the ingredients considered essential-a strong brand name, a network of global suppliers, and markets around the world. His company, Multitech, had only been started in 1976, and it took until 1983 to develop its first major product: an IBM-compatible PC. But by the mid-1980s, Shih was fired up to go international and was already fantasizing about global conquests.
The Acer Group: A Dragon Multinational
Authors: Mathews John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acer is the world’s largest and most successful Chinese high technology company-and it is barely 25 years old. Established in Taiwan in 1976 by entrepreneur Stan Shih, Acer has grown to become a diversified IT group and a world leader in the Personal Computer industry. It is the world’s third largest PC producer (of both branded and original equipment production) and is one of the Top 10 branded PC producers.
IT Investments with Direct Returns
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the type of IT investment where a direct return is obvious, it should be relatively easy to compute a ROI. In this chapter, we describe one such application at Merrill Lynch in some detail. Most of the other examples demonstrate cost savings or revenue enhancement, but we do not know the level of investment required to generate these returns. This chapter demonstrates that it is possible to obtain a measurable return from IT, though for most examples in the book it is not possible to provide actual ROI figures.
Introduction
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book deals with organizational learning in the context of the development of the American quality movement of the 1980s and 1990s. Paradoxically, this was also a period in which quality fads flourished. One of the major aims of this book will be to show, by studying the movement during these years, the conditions under which fads and organizational learning are compatible. The strong pejorative connotations associated with fads (and imitation) in American popular life are often quite misleading and indeed harmful to corporate competitive performance. To understand how this could be true, I begin with a brief historical perspective on our subject matter.
It Ain ‘t Rocket Science, But ...
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the last chapter was mostly about what American management did not do, this chapter describes and interprets American managers ‘ actual early responses to the quality challenge. Joseph Juran, that keen observer of the American quality movement, concluded in the mid-1990s that in retrospect the results of the quality initiatives of the 1980s were deeply disappointing (1995: 586). Surely, there were some real success stories, he argued, but, by and large, corporate efforts did not yield rapid improvements across a broad range of firms and industries. Improvements at leading companies like Ford and HP in the early 1980s were the exceptions, not the rule.
On Organizational Learning
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After this long journey through the history of the modem American quality movement, what knowledge have we gained about how organizations learn? To clarify an answer is my charge for this final chapter. First, however, I need to clarify that ubiquitous term, organizational learning. Karl Weick and Frances Westley, with tongue firmly in cheek, have suggested it is an oxymoron. After all, to learn is to disorganize and increase variety, the very antithesis of organization (Weick and Westley, 1996: 440). Yet they go on to discuss the conditions under which our images of organizations can be consistent with learning.
Directionality of Movement in Ellipsis Resolution in English and Japanese
Authors: Abe Jun , Hoshi Hiroto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To account for this difference between English gapping and Japanese gapping, we proposed that elements in a full-fledged conjunct in elliptical constructions can move either leftward or rightward to create an appropriate structure for copying and that the directionality of movement is determined by independently motivated constraints. We argued there that Saito’s (1985) constraint on adjunction sites plays an important role in determining the directionality of movement involved in ellipsis. The constraint informally states that the head-initial or head-final requirements imposed by X' Theory must be preserved even after adjunction operations.
Investigating Second Language Attrition: An Introduction
Authors: Reetz-Kurashige Lynne Hanse,Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language loss affects all of us. It occurs in every corner of the world, taking its toll among young and old alike. Only recently, however, has the forgetting of language attracted much scholarly attention. During the past three decades a new area of study examining language regression has grown out of the converging efforts of researchers from several fields. The facts they deal with are relevant to the various disciplines because they relate not only to what is being lost (the focus of linguists) but also to how it happens (the focus of psycholinguists and neurolinguists) and why it happens (the focus of sociolinguists, sociologists, and anthropologists).
Introduction: “The Judicial Usurpation of Politics”
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am about to sketch, in this introduction, a contemporary controversy about several important constitutional rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States. The rulings at issue were all handed down by the Court in the modern period of American constitutional law: the period since 1954, the year in which the Court made its historic and seminal decision in Brown v. Board of Education, striking down racially segregated public schooling.3 It bears mention, here at the outset, that controversy about one or more constitutional rulings by the Supreme Court-broad, deep, and persistent controversy-is not just a contemporary phenomenon. Such controversy, as students of American constitutional law well know, has been a perennial feature of American politics (as the date of this chapter’s epigraph, from Plessy v. Ferguson, serves to illustrate).
Ends Planning: Where to Go
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the discussion of reactive management (Chapter 2), I argued that effective management must be directed at getting what is wanted, not at getting rid of what isn’t. Ends planning is directed at making explicit exactly what is wanted. What an organization wants, its ends, is of three types: ideals, objectives, and goals. An ideal is an end that can never be attained, but that can be approached endlessly; the gap between an ideal and where we are can always be reduced.
Introduction
Authors: Fishman Joshua A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on ethnicity is already huge and is constantly being added to. It is also international and, therefore, multilingual, large parts of it being regrettably inaccessible to readers who depend on English (or any other single language) for their familiarity with this topic. Finally, it is interdisciplinary and, therefore, highly diversified as to its underlying theories and assumptions. It is the goal of this handbook to bring to the nonspecialized reader a substantial se lection that reflects the above-mentioned regional and disciplinary variations in views toward and experiences with ethnicity.
Scandinavia
Authors: Lindgren Leena Huss Anna-Riitt A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nordic countries include Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Moreover, the Faroes and Greenland belong to Denmark, and the Aland Islands to Finland, as regions with considerable self-government. Majority languages of independent states in the area are: Danish in Denmark, Finnish in Finland, Ice landic in Iceland, Norwegian in Norway, and Swedish in Sweden. The language of the Aland Islands is Swedish; the main language in the Faroes is Faroese, and, in Greenland, Inuit.
Afro-Asian Rural Border Areas
Authors: Omoniyi Tope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rural communities are often treated as completely distinct entities from urban ones. The inhabitants of both community types are presumed to have stereo typical characteristics that contrast almost perfectly. For instance, rural life is simple, whereas urban life is complex; rural environments lack the infrastructure that adorn urban spaces; rural folks lack the sophistication of urban folks; crime is a reality of urban life, but it is supposedly almost totally absent in rural areas. The contrasts can go on and on. However, in reality, some rural communities have an urban dimension to them, and the social context thus set up becomes unconventionally complex. Rural towns and villages that have international boundaries running through them exemplify such communities.
The Pacific
Authors: Lotherington Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nations of the Pacific can be divided into Pacific Rim and Island Pacific countries. The Pacific Rim includes continents bordering on the Pacific Ocean, such as Asia, Australia, and the Americas. The Island Pacific comprises a series of archipelagoes that support island states of relatively small populations and economies across a vast continent of water. Papua New Guinea is by far the largest island country in terms of both population (4 million) and area (462,840 square km.), with over 800 spoken languages. Tokelau, conversely, has a population of 1,600 people who live on three atolls which comprise 12.2 square kilometers of dry land.1 The Island Pacific, together with Australia and New Zealand, make up Oceania.
Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Verfaillie Catherine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is increasing interest in strategies to manipulate hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in vitro for clinical purposes (Table 9.1). One such clinical application is expansion of small HSC grafts either in the allogeneic or autologous setting. For instance, cord blood (CB) provides an interesting source of HSC for transplantation as the graft may be less immunocompetent (Roncarolo et al., 1996) and transplantation across partial HLA-disparity barriers may be possible (Wagner et al., 1996; Rubinstein et al., 1998).
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Bodine David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to describe the introduction of novel genetic material into hematopoietic stem cells. The animal models and human trials that have demonstrated the potential of gene transfer will be reviewed, and the problems that need to be solved before gene therapy becomes a common treatment for diseases of the hematopoietic system will be discussed. The work described in this chapter comes from many fields of study and represents the contributions of many authors and laboratories. The references cited should be considered to be representative, not complete.
Zebrafish Hematopoietic Development
Authors: Lin Shuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In-depth studies of developmental hematopoiesis often require comprehensive analyses of a single-animal model system using the tools of genetics, molecular biology, and embryology. Historically, the mouse has been the system of choice for studying the genetics of vertebrate hematopoiesis. The development of embryonic stem cell technology in the mouse has facilitated the application of techniques, such as homologous recombination, that make it possible to introduce a mutation into any gene suspected of playing a role hematopoietic development. Many genes that were first characterized biochemically by in vitro assays have now been characterized in vivo by using mouse knockouts (Orkin, 1998).
Blood Formation During Xenopus Embryogenesis
Authors: Evans Todd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologists have witnessed, in the past decade, tremendous progress in the use of genetic systems, including Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, to identify conserved components of complex vertebrate developmental pathways. This has led to a clear appreciation for the advantage of integrating results from multiple experimental systems, particularly regarding early specification and differentiation programs.
Embryonic Induction of Mammalian Hematopoiesis and Vasculogenesis
Authors: Baron Margaret H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The determination of cell fate during embryogenesis is governed by instructive and permissive signals emitted and received between different populations of cells in a phenomenon called embryonic induction. Among the first differentiated cell types to form in the developing vertebrate embryo in response to induction of mesoderm (reviewed in Conlon and Beddington, 1995; Tam and Behringer, 1997) are blood and vascular endothelial cells. Primitive hematopoiesis, the formation of embryonic blood cells, and vasculogenesis, the de novo formation of blood vessels from endothelial cells, begin during gastrulation and occur essentially concurrently during early mouse development. The first site of hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in nearly all vertebrate embryos is the yolk sac, an extraembryonic membrane that serves a placental function prior to the establishment of the embryonic circulation (Jollie, 1990).
Changes in Lymphoid Progenitor Populations During Mammalian Development
Authors: Cumano Ana , Godin Isabell , Delassus Sylvie , Dieterlen-Lievre, Françoise , Barreto Vasco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lymphocytes are continuously generated throughout life, in the bone marrow. Like all cells of the hematopoietic system, lymphocytes are derived from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (Wu et al., 1967). The developmental pathway that leads from multipotent stem cells to mature lymphocytes is characterized by a series of differentiation steps. Many of these steps can be recognized based on the appearance of proteins at the cell surface, such as growth factor receptors or lineage-specific molecules. These stages of differentiation can also be recognized based on functional assays. Two major types of assay systems have been developed: (J) in vivo repopulating assays, and (2) in vitro differentiation assays. These two systems are complementary in the analysis of lymphocyte differentiation.
Use of Embryonic Stem Cell In Vitro Differentiation in a Serum-Free Environment for Analysis of Mesoderm Formation and Hematopoietic Development
Authors: Wiles Michael V , Proetzel Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The microenvironmental influences that control the formation and development of mesoderm and the subsequent formation of hematopoietic cells are poorly defined. These stages occur during the first few days of mammalian development, where cells are few and relatively inaccessible. One approach to overcome these problems is to examine these changes using embryonic stem (ES) cell in vitro differentiation.
Involvement of Activins and TGF-βs in Hematopoiesis
Authors: Yu John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Activin acts on multiple tissues and plays a variety of roles in cellular function and proliferation (Vale et al., 1990). Originally, activin was shown to modulate the production of follicle-stimulating hormone by the anterior pituitary gland (Ling et al., 1986; Vale et al., 1986). It has subsequently been shown to be produced in large amounts by bone marrow stromal cells (Shao et al., 1992a), and to exert major effects on hematopoiesis, especially erythropoiesis (Yu et al., 1987, 1989; Broxmeyer et al., 1988).
Notch Signaling During Hematopoiesis
Authors: Moore Malcolm A S , Han Wei , Ye Qian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Notch gene was first described in Drosophila melanogaster as a locus required for development of many structures (Poulson, 1937, 1940). It encodes a 300 kDa transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain of 36 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats and an intracellular domain with ankyrin repeats and a Q/PEST sequence (Poulson 1937, 1940; Wharton et al., 1985; Kidd et al., 1986).
Chemokines
Authors: Gerard Craig , LaRosa Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Initially discovered as a family of cytokine-induced immediate early genes, the chemokines have emerged as a fundamental system governing mammalian leukocyte trafficking in both the basal and activated state. In this chapter, a brief overview of the chemokine system is presented. Importantly, EST (expressed sequence tags) sequences in the zebrafish have been identified that demonstrate that the chemokines function in these vertebrates as well. Thus, the power of zebrafish genetics will surely lead to important observations regarding the mammalian system.
Signal Transduction in Thymus Development
Authors: Sen Jyoti , Burakoff Steven J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reciprocal interaction between bone marrow-derived lymphoid precursor cells and the thymic environment leadsthrough a series of developmental events-to the generation of a repertoire of diverse and functional T cells. The thymic environment provides stage-specific signals to the lymphoid cells, resulting from cell-cell interactions, locally produced cytokines, chemokines, and hormones. An exquisite balance between cellular proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and survival signals leads to the production of the requisite numbers of well-educated self-restricted T cells. Mature T cells are exported to the peripheral lymphoid organs, the spleen and lymph nodes, where, upon encountering antigen, naive T cells develop further into effector cells that provide cytolytic or T helper ITh) functions.
Human Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Authors: Sieff Colin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several human genetic diseases are characterized by bone marrow failure during early development, and result in the decreased production of blood cells, as well as other constitutional abnormalities. These conditions have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (Alter and Young, 1998). Since many are not yet understood at a molecular level, this chapter will focus on those inherited conditions in which recent molecular advances have led to insights into either the causative genes or genes involved in the pathogenesis of complications.