bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Symptoms, Social Disability, Low Wellbeing and Need for Treatment: Data from a Population-Based Study
Authors: Forsell Yvonne 
Published: September 2004

Background: Identifying need for treatment due to mental problems is necessary for rational health care planning. The aim of this study was to study reports of psychiatric symptoms, social disability and low wellbeing as indicators of meetable need of care. Methods: An extensive questionnaire was sent out to a representative adult population in Stockholm, Sweden. Psychiatric symptom scales, social disabilities due to psychological distress and wellbeing were included. Of the 10,442 persons that answered 1093 were interviewed by psychiatrists. Meetable need of care was assessed and psychiatric diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV. Results: Reports of psychiatric symptoms, social disabilities and low wellbeing were all associated with being female, younger, single, manual work and unemployed. Somatic disorders, a lower degree of social network and more negative life events were also associated. Of the interviewees persons with low well-being had the highest risk for being regarded as having meetable need of care. Additionally they were more likely to fulfil the criteria for a psychiatric disorder accordingtoDSM-IV. Conclusion: Persons with low wellbeing had a higher risk of having meetable need of care than persons with psychiatric symptoms and/or social disabilities had.
Quality of Life of Schizophrenic Psychiatric Outpatients as a Criterion for Treatment Planning in Psychiatric Institutions
Authors: Schmidt Kai , Staupendahl Anika , Vollmoeller Wolfgang 
Published: September 2004

Background: Subjective quality of life (QoL) is an indispensable part of the current concept of health. Therefore it should serve as a criterion for treatment planning in social psychiatric institutions. Aim: We looked at the QoL of our outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia in order to identify possible areas of life that might need further attention in treatment planning. Methods: We used the short German version of the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile (BLEP-KF) to evaluate the QoL of 164 schizophrenic outpatients. All patients were diagnosed with the International Diagnostic Checklists (IDCL) for ICD-10. Demographic and treatment data are analysed cross-sectionally in relation to their QoL. Results: The majority of patients was moderately happy with their general QoL. They were least satisfied in the domains of job and financial situation, mental health and sexuality. Psychopathology and especially the quality of individual care had a significant influence on the evaluation of QoL. Conclusion: This result supports an argument in favour of more individual patient-centred forms of case management to reduce the burden of severe psychopathological symptoms experienced in everyday activities by patients suffering from schizophrenia.
Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties of Bone Cements Prepared with Functionalized Methacrylates
Authors: Sabino Marco A. , Ajami Diana , Salih Vehid , Nazhat Showan N. , Vargas-Coronado Rossana , Cauich-Rodríguez Juan V. , Ginebra Ma Pau 
Published: September 2004

Bone cements prepared with methyl methacrylate (MMA) as a base monomer and either methacrylic acid (MAA) or diethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) as comonomers were characterized in terms of curing behavior, mechanical properties, and their in vitro biocompatibility. The curing time and setting temperature were found to be composition dependent while the residual monomer was not greatly affected by the presence of either acidic or alkaline comonomers in the bone cements. For samples with MAA comonomer, a faster curing time and higher setting temperature were observed when compared to the cement with DEAEMA comonomer. In terms of mechanical properties, the highest compressive strength was exhibited by formulations containing MAA, while the highest impact strength was shown by the formulations prepared with DEAEMA. There were no differences observed between the two formulations for tensile, shear, and bending strength values. Similarly, fatigue crack propagation studies did not reveal differences with the addition of either DEAEMA or MAA. No differences were observed in the initial number of attached primary rat femur osteoblasts on the different bone cements and positive controls. However, after 48 h there was a reduced proliferation in the cells grown on bone cements containing MAA.
Aspergillus antigen induces robust Th2 cytokine production, inflammation, airway hyperreactivity and fibrosis in the absence of MCP-1 or CCR2
Authors: Koth Laura L , Rodriguez Madeleine W , Bernstein Liu Xin , Chan Salina , Huang Xiaozhu , Charo Israel F , Rollins Barrett J , Erle David J 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Asthma is characterized by type 2 T-helper cell (Th2) inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, and airway fibrosis. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCL2) and its receptor, CCR2, have been shown to play important roles in the development of Th2 inflammation. CCR2-deficient mice have been found to have altered inflammatory and physiologic responses in some models of experimental allergic asthma, but the role of CCR2 in contributing to inflammation and airway hyperreactivity appears to vary considerably between models. Furthermore, MCP-1-deficient mice have not previously been studied in models of experimental allergic asthma.

Methods
To test whether MCP-1 and CCR2 are each required for the development of experimental allergic asthma, we applied an Aspergillus antigen-induced model of Th2 cytokine-driven allergic asthma associated with airway fibrosis to mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2. Previous studies with live Aspergillus conidia instilled into the lung revealed that MCP-1 and CCR2 play a role in anti-fungal responses; in contrast, we used a non-viable Aspergillus antigen preparation known to induce a robust eosinophilic inflammatory response.

Results
We found that wild-type C57BL/6 mice developed eosinophilic airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway hyperreactivity, elevations in serum IgE, and airway fibrosis in response to airway challenge with Aspergillus antigen. Surprisingly, mice deficient in either MCP-1 or CCR2 had responses to Aspergillus antigen similar to those seen in wild-type mice, including production of Th2 cytokines.

Conclusion
We conclude that robust Th2-mediated lung pathology can occur even in the complete absence of MCP-1 or CCR2.
Safety assessment of inhaled xylitol in mice and healthy volunteers
Authors: Durairaj Lakshmi , Launspach Janice , Watt Janet L , Businga Thomas R , Kline Joel N , Thorne Peter S , Zabner Joseph 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Xylitol is a 5-carbon sugar that can lower the airway surface salt concentration, thus enhancing innate immunity. We tested the safety and tolerability of aerosolized iso-osmotic xylitol in mice and human volunteers.

Methods
This was a prospective cohort study of C57Bl/6 mice in an animal laboratory and healthy human volunteers at the clinical research center of a university hospital. Mice underwent a baseline methacholine challenge, exposure to either aerosolized saline or xylitol (5% solution) for 150 minutes and then a follow-up methacholine challenge. The saline and xylitol exposures were repeated after eosinophilic airway inflammation was induced by sensitization and inhalational challenge to ovalbumin. Normal human volunteers underwent exposures to aerosolized saline (10 ml) and xylitol, with spirometry performed at baseline and after inhalation of 1, 5, and 10 ml. Serum osmolarity and electrolytes were measured at baseline and after the last exposure. A respiratory symptom questionnaire was administered at baseline, after the last exposure, and five days after exposure. In another group of normal volunteers, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done 20 minutes and 3 hours after aerosolized xylitol exposure for levels of inflammatory markers.

Results
In naïve mice, methacholine responsiveness was unchanged after exposures to xylitol compared to inhaled saline (p = 0.49). There was no significant increase in Penh in antigen-challenged mice after xylitol exposure (p = 0.38). There was no change in airway cellular response after xylitol exposure in naïve and antigen-challenged mice. In normal volunteers, there was no change in FEV1 after xylitol exposures compared with baseline as well as normal saline exposure (p = 0.19). Safety laboratory values were also unchanged. The only adverse effect reported was stuffy nose by half of the subjects during the 10 ml xylitol exposure, which promptly resolved after exposure completion. BAL cytokine levels were below the detection limits after xylitol exposure in normal volunteers.

Conclusions
Inhalation of aerosolized iso-osmotic xylitol was well-tolerated by naïve and atopic mice, and by healthy human volunteers.
Allermatch™, a webtool for the prediction of potential allergenicity according to current FAO/WHO Codex alimentarius guidelines
Authors: Fiers Mark WEJ , Kleter Gijs A , Nijland Herman , Peijnenburg Ad ACM , Nap Jan Peter , van Ham Roeland CHJ 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Novel proteins entering the food chain, for example by genetic modification of plants, have to be tested for allergenicity. Allermatch™ http://allermatch.org is a webtool for the efficient and standardized prediction of potential allergenicity of proteins and peptides according to the current recommendations of the FAO/WHO Expert Consultation, as outlined in the Codex alimentarius.

Description
A query amino acid sequence is compared with all known allergenic proteins retrieved from the protein databases using a sliding window approach. This identifies stretches of 80 amino acids with more than 35% similarity or small identical stretches of at least six amino acids. The outcome of the analysis is presented in a concise format. The predictive performance of the FAO/WHO criteria is evaluated by screening sets of allergens and non-allergens against the Allermatch databases. Besides correct predictions, both methods are shown to generate false positive and false negative hits and the outcomes should therefore be combined with other methods of allergenicity assessment, as advised by the FAO/WHO.

Conclusions
Allermatch™ provides an accessible, efficient, and useful webtool for analysis of potential allergenicity of proteins introduced in genetically modified food prior to market release that complies with current FAO/WHO guidelines.
Heme oxygenase-2 gene deletion attenuates oxidative stress in neurons exposed to extracellular hemin
Authors: Regan Raymond F , Chen Jing , Benvenisti-Zarom Luna 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Hemin, the oxidized form of heme, accumulates in intracranial hematomas and is a potent oxidant. Growing evidence suggests that it contributes to delayed injury to surrounding tissue, and that this process is affected by the heme oxygenase enzymes. In a prior study, heme oxygenase-2 gene deletion increased the vulnerability of cultured cortical astrocytes to hemin. The present study tested the effect of HO-2 gene deletion on protein oxidation, reactive oxygen species formation, and cell viability after mixed cortical neuron/astrocyte cultures were incubated with neurotoxic concentrations of hemin.

Results
Continuous exposure of wild-type cultures to 1–10 μM hemin for 14 h produced concentration-dependent neuronal death, as detected by both LDH release and fluorescence intensity after propidium iodide staining, with an EC50 of 1–2 μM; astrocytes were not injured by these low hemin concentrations. Cell death was consistently reduced by at least 60% in knockout cultures. Exposure to hemin for 4 hours, a time point that preceded cell lysis, increased protein oxidation in wild-type cultures, as detected by staining of immunoblots for protein carbonyl groups. At 10 μM hemin, carbonylation was increased 2.3-fold compared with control sister cultures subjected to medium exchanges only; this effect was reduced by about two-thirds in knockout cultures. Cellular reactive oxygen species, detected by fluorescence intensity after dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) staining, was markedly increased by hemin in wild-type cultures and was localized to neuronal cell bodies and processes. In contrast, DHR fluorescence intensity in knockout cultures did not differ from that of sham-washed controls. Neuronal death in wild-type cultures was almost completely prevented by the lipid-soluble iron chelator phenanthroline; deferoxamine had a weaker but significant effect.

Conclusions
These results suggest that HO-2 gene deletion protects neurons in mixed neuron-astrocyte cultures from heme-mediated oxidative injury. Selective inhibition of neuronal HO-2 may have a beneficial effect after CNS hemorrhage.
A systematic review of the content of critical appraisal tools
Authors: Katrak Persis , Bialocerkowski Andrea E , Massy-Westropp Nicola , Kumar VS Saravana , Grimmer Karen A 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Consumers of research (researchers, administrators, educators and clinicians) frequently use standard critical appraisal tools to evaluate the quality of published research reports. However, there is no consensus regarding the most appropriate critical appraisal tool for allied health research. We summarized the content, intent, construction and psychometric properties of published, currently available critical appraisal tools to identify common elements and their relevance to allied health research.

Methods
A systematic review was undertaken of 121 published critical appraisal tools sourced from 108 papers located on electronic databases and the Internet. The tools were classified according to the study design for which they were intended. Their items were then classified into one of 12 criteria based on their intent. Commonly occurring items were identified. The empirical basis for construction of the tool, the method by which overall quality of the study was established, the psychometric properties of the critical appraisal tools and whether guidelines were provided for their use were also recorded.

Results
Eighty-seven percent of critical appraisal tools were specific to a research design, with most tools having been developed for experimental studies. There was considerable variability in items contained in the critical appraisal tools. Twelve percent of available tools were developed using specified empirical research. Forty-nine percent of the critical appraisal tools summarized the quality appraisal into a numeric summary score. Few critical appraisal tools had documented evidence of validity of their items, or reliability of use. Guidelines regarding administration of the tools were provided in 43% of cases.

Conclusions
There was considerable variability in intent, components, construction and psychometric properties of published critical appraisal tools for research reports. There is no "gold standard' critical appraisal tool for any study design, nor is there any widely accepted generic tool that can be applied equally well across study types. No tool was specific to allied health research requirements. Thus interpretation of critical appraisal of research reports currently needs to be considered in light of the properties and intent of the critical appraisal tool chosen for the task.
Tissue Doppler echocardiography and biventricular pacing in heart failure: Patient selection, procedural guidance, follow-up, quantification of success
Authors: Knebel Fabian , Katharina Reibis Rona , Bondke Hans-Jürgen , Witte Joachim , Walde Torsten , Eddicks Stephan , Baumann Gert , Borges Adrian Constantin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAsynchronous myocardial contraction in heart failure is associated with poor prognosis. Resynchronization can be achieved by biventricular pacing (BVP), which leads to clinical improvement and reverse remodeling. However, there is a substantial subset of patients with wide QRS complexes in the electrocardiogram that does not improve despite BVP. QRS width does not predict benefit of BVP and only correlates weakly with echocardiographically determined myocardial asynchrony. Determination of asynchrony by Tissue Doppler echocardiography seems to be the best predictor for improvement after BVP, although no consensus on the optimal method to assess asynchrony has been achieved yet. Our own preliminary results show the usefulness of Tissue Doppler Imaging and Tissue Synchronization Imaging to document acute and sustained improvement after BVP. To date, all studies evaluating Tissue Doppler in BVP were performed retrospectively and no prospective studies with patient selection for BVP according to echocardiographic criteria of asynchrony were published yet. We believe that these new echocardiographic tools will help to prospectively select patients for BVP, help to guide implantation and to optimize device programming.
Planned neck dissection following chemo-radiotherapy in advanced HNSCC
Authors: Gupta Tejpal , Agarwal Jai Prakash 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
Neck dissection has traditionally played an important role in the management of patients with regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with radical radiotherapy alone. However, with the incorporation of chemotherapy in the therapeutic strategy for advanced HNSCC and resultant improvement in outcome the routine use of post chemo-radiotherapy neck dissection is being questioned.

Methods
Published data for this review was identified by systematically searching MEDLINE, CANCERLIT & EMBASE databases from 1995 until date with restriction to the English language.

Results
There is lack of high quality evidence on the role of planned neck dissection in advanced HNSCC treated with chemo-radiotherapy. A systematic literature search could identify only one small randomized controlled trial (Level I evidence) addressing this issue, albeit with major limitations. Upfront neck dissection followed by chemo-radiotherapy resulted in better disease-specific survival as compared to chemoradiation only. Several single arm prospective and retrospective reports were also identified with significant heterogeneity and often-contradictory conclusions.

Conclusions
Planned neck dissection after radical chemo-radiotherapy achieves a high level of regional control, but its ultimate benefit is limited to a small subset of patients only. Unless there are better non-invasive ways to identify residual viable disease, the role of such neck dissection shall remain debatable. A large randomized controlled trial addressing this issue is needed to clarify its role and provide evidence-based answers.
Production of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 does not require depletion of APOBEC3G from virus-producing cells
Authors: Kao Sandra , Miyagi Eri , Khan Mohammad A , Takeuchi Hiroaki , Opi Sandrine , Goila-Gaur Ritu , Strebel Klaus 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background
The human immunodeficiency virus Vif protein overcomes the inhibitory activity of the APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase by prohibiting its packaging into virions. Inhibition of APOBEC3G encapsidation is paralleled by a reduction of its intracellular level presumably caused by the Vif-induced proteasome-dependent degradation of APOBEC3G.

Results
In this report we employed confocal microscopy to study the effects of Vif on the expression of APOBEC3G on a single cell level. HeLa cells dually transfected with Vif and APOBEC3G expression vectors revealed efficient co-expression of the two proteins. Under optimal staining conditions approximately 80% of the transfected cells scored double-positive for Vif and APOBEC3G. However, the proportion of double-positive cells observed in identical cultures varied dependent on the fixation protocol and on the choice of antibodies used ranging from as low as 40% to as high as 80% of transfected cells. Importantly, single-positive cells expressing either Vif or APOBEC3G were observed both with wild type Vif and a biologically inactive Vif variant. Thus, the lack of APOBEC3G in some Vif-expressing cells cannot be attributed to Vif-induced degradation of APOBEC3G. These findings are consistent with our results from immunoblot analyses that revealed only moderate effects of Vif on the APOBEC3G steady state levels. Of note, viruses produced under such conditions were fully infectious demonstrating that the Vif protein used in our analyses was both functional and expressed at saturating levels.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that Vif and APOBEC3G can be efficiently co-expressed. Thus, depletion of APOBEC3G from Vif expressing cells as suggested previously is not a universal property of Vif and thus is not imperative for the production of infectious virions.
Novel Families of Hole-Transporting Monomers and Polymers
Authors: Getautis Vytautas , Grazulevicius Juozas Vidas , Malinauskas Tadas , Jankauskas Vygintas , Tokarski Zbig , Jubran Nusrallah 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The novel families of hole transporting monomers and polymers containing hydrazone moieties are reported. The polymers were prepared in polyaddition reaction of hydrazone-containing diepoxides with 4,4′-thiobisbenzenethiol. The hole drift mobilities in the newly synthesized polymers exceed 10−4 cm2 V−1s−1 and in the compositions of the monomers with polymeric binder exceed 10−6 cm2 V−1s−1 at an electric field of 106 V cm−1 as characterized by the xerographic time of flight technique.
Simple Route for Synthesis of PbS Dendritic Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Huang Qing , Gao Lian 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Novel PbS dendritic nanostructured materials are synthesized using 2-aminoethanethiol (AET) via simple hydrothermal approach. The morphology evolution of PbS from zero-dimensional nanodots, one-dimensional rod-shaped structure to three-dimensional dendritic nanostructure is well illustrated and explained in terms of the adsorption of AET molecule on the crystal surface.
Preparation Method Allowing Self-isolation of CdS Nanocrystals Emitting Intense Band-gap Luminescence
Authors: Kuwabata Susumu , Ueda-Sarson Keiko , Torimoto Tsukasa 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Isolated CdS nanocrystals exhibiting intense luminescence can be prepared in aqueous solution, and combination of this new method with the previously developed size-selective photoetching method produces fluorescent markers emitting desired wavelengths.
Large Scale Synthesis of Carbon Hollow Spheres from Metal Zinc Powder and Ethanol
Authors: Zhang Wu , Liu Jianwei , Huang Zhen , Ma Dekun , Liang Jianbo , Qian Yitai 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A simple method was used to prepare carbon hollow spheres with average size of about 400 nm in diameter from metal zinc powder and ethanol. The FE-SEM and TEM images show that these carbon spheres have a ball-like and vessel-like morphology, all of which have smooth surfaces and a quite uniform diameter.
Preparation of ε-Caprolactam via Beckmann Rearrangement of Cyclohexanone Oxime: A Mild and Recyclable Process
Authors: Qiao Kun , Deng Youquan , Yokoyama Chiaki , Sato Hikaru , Yamashina Miki 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A recyclable liquid phase process for preparation of ε-caprolactam via the Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime is developed by utilizing Lewis acidic ionic liquid as catalyst and a mixture of supercritical CO2 and chloroform as extractant.
A New Class of Substrates for the Nucleophilic 5-endo-trig Cyclization, 1-Trifluoromethylvinyl Compounds: Syntheses of Indoline and Pyrrolidine Derivatives
Authors: Ichikawa Junji , Mori Takashi , Iwai Yu 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Disfavored 5-endo-trig cyclizations were achieved in 1-trifluoromethylvinyl compounds with a sulfonamido group via (i) intramolecular SN2′ reaction with loss of a fluoride ion or (ii) intramolecular addition to the vinylic group. These reactions provided indoline and pyrrolidine derivatives bearing fluorinated one-carbon units such as difluoromethylene and trifluoromethyl groups.