bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of intra-articular administration of dimethylsulfoxide on chemically induced synovitis in immature horses
Authors: Welch R. D. , Watkins J. P. , DeBowes R. M. , Leipold H. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of intra-articular administration of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso) on chemically induced synovitis in the middle carpal joint of 6 weanling horses were evaluated. Following aseptic collection of synovial fluid, the middle carpal joint of each forelimb was injected with 50 mg of Namonoiodoacetate to induce synovitis. Eight days after injection, synovial fluid was obtained and the right middle carpal joints were injected with 2 ml of 40% dmso in lactated Ringer solution. The corresponding joints of the left limb (control) were injected with 2 ml of lactated Ringer solution. Sampling and treatments were repeated on postinjection days 11 and 14, for a total of 3 treatments. Horses were visually evaluated daily for lameness and joint effusion. Synovial fluid was evaluated for color and clarity, differential and total WBC count, total protein content, and hyaluronic acid concentration. The Kaegi gait analysis system provided an objective assessment of lameness prior to inducing synovitis, again on day 7, and on day 17. At necropsy (day 17), synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage specimens were collected.
Joint effusion was evident 12 hours after injection of Namonoiodoacetate in all joints. Mild lameness was evident at 24 hours; however, the lameness resolved by 72 hours. Objective assessment of lameness did not reveal significant differences between treatment or control limbs. Hyaluronic acid concentrations increased significantly (P = 0.023) above baseline values in most joints over the study period. Synovial fluid wbc counts increased significantly (P = 0.002) following Na-monoiodoacetate injection and remained significantly (P = 0.002) above baseline values throughout the study. There was a significantly greater decrease (P = 0.04) in total wbc counts between the pretreatment and final sampling period in the dmso-treated joints, compared with the controls. Histologic evaluation of synovial membrane samples revealed a significantly less inflammatory response in 4 of 6 dmso-treated joints, compared with that in the controls. Histochemical staining of articular cartilage did not reveal any observable difference between treated or control specimens.
Clinical, clinicopathologic, and parasitologic observations of trypanosomiasis in dogs infected with North American Trypanosoma cruzi isolates
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Gossett Kent A. , Klei Thomas R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Nineteen purebred Beagles of various ages (4, 5, 13, and 47 weeks) were inoculated with North American Trypanosoma cruzi isolates obtained from an opossum (Tc-O), an armadillo (Tc-A), or a dog (Tc-D). Dogs were grouped on the basis of clinical outcome of infection. During the acute stage of disease, dogs of group 1 (n = 7 inoculated with Tc-O or Tc-A) died or were euthanatized because of the severity of disease. Dogs of group 2 (n = 5 inoculated with Tc-O or Tc-A) developed acute disease, but survived to develop chronic disease. Dogs of group 3 (n = 7 Tc-Dinoculated dogs) developed neither acute nor chronic disease. Dogs of group 4 (n = 4—2 dogs 13 weeks old and 2 dogs 47 weeks old) served as noninoculated controls.
Clinical signs associated with severe acute myocarditis developed in dogs of groups 1 and 2 between postinoculation day (pid) 15 and 28. Generalized lymphadenopathy and lymphocytosis were observed in all dogs of groups 1, 2, and 3 between pid 14 and 17. Serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities and urea nitrogen concentration were high, and glucose concentration was low prior to death of dogs in group 1. Serum activities of isoenzymes of creatine kinase were significantly (P < 0.05) high in only 1 dog (group 1), whereas serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme activities were not significantly high in any dog. Parasitemia was detected by examination of thick blood smears as early as pid 3, peaked by pid 17 in most dogs, and was not detected by pid 33 in dogs of groups 1 and 2. Parasitemia was documented by blood culture results in dogs of groups 2 and 3 at various times throughout the study. Dogs infected at an older age generally had lesser degree of parasitemia and higher survival rate than did dogs infected at a younger age.
Dogs of group 2 did not manifest clinical signs of disease for 27 to 120 days prior to onset of chronic disease. Ventricular-based arrhythmias and exercise intolerance developed in all dogs of group 2 at various times by pid 120. Two dogs developed signs of biventricular heart failure.
Effects of conditioning and maximal incremental exercise on oxygen consumption in sheep
Authors: Mundie Thomas G. , Januszkiewicz Adolph J. , Rayburn Daniel B. , Martin Dale G. , Ripple Gary R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To assess the suitability of sheep for exercise studies, the effect of incremental exercise and conditioning on oxygen consumption (Vo2) was studied. Six sheep were adapted to a treadmill and subsequently trained 8 weeks. The sheep were then studied, in random order, using 3 incremental exercise protocols (ex-1, ex-2, and ex-3). The protocols were chosen to approximate high (ex-1), moderate (ex-2), and low (ex-3) intensity exercise by varying treadmill speed and incline. The sheep were then conditioned for an additional 12 weeks and retested on the ex- 2 protocol. During exercise, Vo2, gas exchange ratio (R), and rectal temperatures (Tb) were recorded. All 3 protocols resulted in significant increases in Vo2, R, and Tb (P < 0.05). Maximum Vo2 for ex-1, 49.9 ± 5.0 ml/min/kg of body weight, was significantly greater than maximum Vo2 for ex-2 and ex-3, 37.8 ± 6.5 and 42.3 ± 6.0 ml/min/kg, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas maximum R and maximum Tb were similar. After the additional 12-week conditioning, time on the treadmill increased 40% from 9.58 ± 0.87 to 13.4 ± 0.44 minutes, and maximum V02 increased 27% to 48.1 ± 9.1 ml/min/kg. These data indicated that maximum Vo2 varied with intensity of the exercise, 12 weeks of maximal exercise conditioning was sufficient to produce a measurable training effect (ie, increase endurance and maximum oxygen consumption) and sheep are suitable for maximal exercise studies where Vo2 measurements are desired.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens
Authors: Kim C. J. , Nagaraja K. V. , Pomeroy B. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An elisa was developed and tested for its ability to detect antibodies against Salmonella enteritidis in chickens. Various features of the elisa were evaluated and optimized. The outer membrane protein antigens selected by use of the protein immunoblotting method made the assay specific and sensitive. The assay was evaluated in chickens experimentally infected with S enteritidis. Blood samples collected at weekly intervals after experimental infection with S enteritidis were analyzed by elisa. Results of the elisa were compared with those of conventional serum plate and microagglutination tests. The elisa was more sensitive and specific in the detection of S enteritidis infection than the other 2 conventional tests.
Evaluation of carbohydrate malassimilation and intestinal transit time in cats by measurement of breath hydrogen excretion
Authors: Muir P. , Papassouliotis K. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Cripps P. J. , Harbour D. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Techniques for the measurement of breath hydrogen excretion have been evaluated in dogs and the breath hydrogen test has been shown to be useful for clinical diagnosis and as a research tool. A simple method was developed for collection of expired air and measurement of breath hydrogen concentrations in cats, which enabled demonstration of carbohydrate malassimilation. Breath hydrogen concentrations were measured in healthy cats after food was withheld and after xylose and lactulose administration. Breath samples were collected by use of an open flow system with the cat confined in an acrylic plastic chamber. Breath hydrogen excretion did not exceed 0.53 ml of hydrogen/h in cats not fed. Breath hydrogen concentrations after the ingestion of xylose, a pentose sugar given orally at 0.75 g/kg of body weight, were not significantly higher from those of cats not fed. After ingestion of 3.35 g of lactulose, a nonabsorbable disaccharide, breath hydrogen excretion increased and breath hydrogen concentrations were significantly higher by 45 minutes (P < 0.05) and 60 minutes (P < 0.01) from breath hydrogen concentrations measured in cats not fed and after xylose administration. Administration of lactulose at an increased dosage resulted in further significant (P < 0.01) increases in breath hydrogen excretion. In this study, mouth-to-cecum transit times were variable. A mean ± sem- mouth-to-cecum transit time of 86 ± 6 minutes was calculated from measurement of breath hydrogen excretion after oral administration of 3.35 g of lactulose.
Measurements of breath hydrogen concentrations after breath collection by open-flow and closed-flow sampling systems were highly correlated and both variables followed log-normal distributions. The dilution of expired air by the open flow sampling system was not excessive and the results of this correlation study suggested that differences in the assimilation of xylose in healthy cats and dogs may well exist.
Effects of xylazine butorphanol on cecal arterial blood flow, cecal mechanical activity, and systemic hemodynamics in horses
Authors: Rutkowski Judith A. , Eades Susan C. , Moore James N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A chronic model with an ultrasonic transit time blood flow probe and strain gauge force transducers implanted on the cecum was used to evaluate cecal mechanical activity and cecal arterial blood flow in 4 conscious adult horses. Intravenous administration of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight) significantly decreased heart rate and cardiac output, but significantly increased diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, carotid arterial pressure, and central venous pressure. Lateral cecal arterial blood flow after xylazine administration was decreased substantially more than was cardiac output, suggesting that xylazine caused constriction of the cecal vasculature. This effect of xylazine may have resulted from either a direct effect of xylazine on the cecal vasculature or from reflex vasoconstriction attributable to reduced cardiac output. Intravenous administration of butorphanol tartrate (0.1 mg/kg) did not significantly alter the hemodynamic responses to xylazine. Cecal mechanical activity, as measured by the motility index, was decreased for 120 minutes after administration of xylazine and for 150 minutes after administration of xylazine/butorphanol.
Serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay responses of calves vaccinated with a killed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccine
Authors: Spangler E. , Heider Lawrence E. , Beck-Nielsen Steen , Dorn C. Richard 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The purpose of this study was to document the effect of calfhood vaccination for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis on a serologic elisa. Fifteen calves vaccinated with a killed paratuherculosis vaccine and 5 unvaccinated control calves were tested from the first through the fifteenth month of life. Age of vaccination ranged from 5 to 40 days. Blood samples were collected prior to vaccination and periodically thereafter. Serum antibody was analyzed by use of the elisa. All calves were elisa-negative prior to vaccination. Thirteen of 15 vaccinated calves became elisapositive between 2 and 6 months after vaccination. The unvaccinated cohort remained elisa-negative. Widespread use of vaccine may interfere with diagnosis of paratuberculosis and with control programs that are based 0n serologic tests that measure humoral antibody.
Use of corticosterone and ampicillin for treatment of Streptococcus faecalis infection in chickens
Authors: Gross W. B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Chickens were selectively bred for either high-antibody (ha) or low-antibody (la) response to sheep erythrocytes. From 6 to 31 days after Streptococcus faecalis challenge exposure, la-line chickens maintained a greater percentage of the prechallenge-exposure body weight and had lower heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio than did ha-line chickens. The optimal dose of corticosterone (30 mg/kg of feed) was effective in maintaining postchallenge-exposure body weight greater than that of controls. Ampicillin (20 mg/d) alone was ineffective in almost all experiments. Treatment with 30 mg of corticosterone/kg of feed plus ampicillin resulted in increased body weight response to S faecalis infection when treatment was initiated 1 day before or 2 days after challenge exposure. Treatment with corticosterone was more effective in ha- than in la-line chickens. Treatment before challenge exposure was more effective than treatment 2 days after challenge exposure.
Effects of amnion and live yeast cell derivative on second-intention healing in horses
Authors: Bigbie R. B. , Schumacher J. , Swaim S. F. , Purohit R. C. , Wright J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Equine amnion and live yeast cell derivative were evaluated as a biological dressing and as a topical wound medicament respectively, in the treatment of granulating wounds of the distal portion of the limbs of horses. Wounds measuring 2.5 × 2.5 cm were created on the dorsomedial aspect of the metacarpal and metatarsal region of all 4 limbs of 9 horses. Each wound was assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatment groups: group C, treated with a nonadherent bandage as a control; group A, treated with amnion beneath a nonadherent bandage; and group L, treated with live yeast cell derivative beneath a nonadherent bandage. Rates of contraction and epithelialization were not significantly different among groups. Percentage of epithelialization for group A was significantly greater throughout the study than for the other groups. Number of days to complete healing was significantly less in group A and significantly greater in group L than in group C. Incidence and severity of exuberant granulation tissue were significantly less in group A than in the other 2 groups. Group L had more frequent and severe cases of exuberant granulation tissue than the other 2 groups.
Comparison of flunixin meglumine and flurbiprofen for control of ocular irritative response in dogs
Authors: Millichamp Nicholas J. , Dziezyc Joan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Dogs were treated with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors flunixin meglumine iv or flurbiprofen topically. Acute inflammation was induced in the eyes by disruption of the anterior lens capsule, using a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Pupil diameter and intraocular pressure were measured before and after inducing ocular inflammation. Both drugs maintained mydriasis and increased intraocular pressure in the inflamed eyes, compared with untreated controls.
Multiplanar quantitative computed tomography for bone mineral analysis in dogs
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Morin Richard L. , Wikenheiser Mark A. , Robb Richard A. , Chao Edmund Y. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The purpose of this study was to determine the precision and accuracy of quantitative computed tomography bone mineral analysis in dogs in coronally reconstructed images. Nonhomogeneous tissues, such as bones with fractures or deformities, may be better analyzed if multiplanar reconstruction of the transaxial data could be performed without degradation of information. Our analysis demonstrated that coronal reconstruction of quantitative-computed tomography data was precise (1.2 to 4.7%) and accurate (1.3 to 7.5%) in vitro. The technique displays high-quality images, which can be analyzed at any location within the volume scanned. Quantitative computed tomography of canine osteotomy healing in vivo accurately determined bone mineral density of selected regions of interest. Bone mineral density correlated highly with calcium content of the tissue (R2 = 0.76, P < 0.0001).
Functional deficiency of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Cheung Anthony T. W. , Gardner Murray B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The functional characteristics of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn), considered to be the first line of host defense against infections, from rhesus macaques confirmed to have simian retrovirus (srv)-induced simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (saids), were evaluated. The pmn from srv antibody-positive macaques without clinical signs were chemotactically responsive. Their phagocytic and killing capabilities were normal, and their cell membranes were highly deformable. However, pmn from srv antibody-positive macaques and with persistent lymphadenopathy, as well as having at least 3 of the 11 common clinical signs of saids, were chemotactically nonresponsive. Their phagocytic and killing capabilities were compromised, and their cell membranes were rigid and nondeformable. In general, pmn from macaques with clinically confirmed saids were functionally deficient. The results are similar to those obtained in other retroviral infections and can be clinically significant, because the host defense deficiency may be responsible for the recurrent and opportunistic infections in saids.
Evaluation of urine and serum metabolites in Miniature Schnauzers with calcium oxalate urolithiasis
Authors: Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Nagode Larry A. , Polzin David J. , Parke Mary Lou 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To evaluate underlying causes of calcium oxalate urolithiasis, 24-hour excretion of urine metabolites was measured in 6 Miniature Schnauzers that formed calcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths during periods when they were fed a standard diet and during periods when food was withheld. Serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D also were evaluated. Serum calcium concentrations were normal in all 6 affected Miniature Schnauzers; however, during diet consumption, mean 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium was significantly (P = 0.025) higher than calcium excretion when food was withheld. In 1 dog, urinary calcium excretion was lower during the period of food consumption, compared with the period when food was withheld. Compared with clinically normal Beagles, Miniature Schnauzers that formed CaOx uroliths excreted significantly greater quantities of calcium when food was consumed (P = 0.0004) and when food was withheld (P = 0.001).
Miniature Schnauzers that formed CaOx uroliths excreted significantly less oxalate than clinically normal Beagles during fed (P = 0.028) and nonfed (P = 0.004) conditions. Affected Miniature Schnauzers also excreted abnormally high quantities of uric acid. Excretion of citrate was not different between Miniature Schnauzers with CaOx urolithiasis and clinically normal Beagles.
In 5 of 6 Miniature Schnauzers with CaOx urolithiasis, concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone were similar to values from age- and gender-matched Miniature Schnauzers without uroliths. The concentration of serum parathyroid hormone in 1 dog was > 4 times the mean concentration of clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers. Mean serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in Miniature Schnauzers with calcium oxalate urolithiasis were similar to concentrations of clinically normal Miniature Schnauzers.
Pharmacokinetics of rifampin in adult sheep
Authors: Jernigan Antoinette D. , St. Jean Guy D. , Rings D. Michael , Sams Richard A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of rifampin in adult sheep were investigated by use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of serum concentrations. Eight adult ewes were given rifampin po at the rate of 50 mg of rifampin/kg of body weight. Three weeks after the first experiment, the sheep were given rifampin po and iv at the rate of 20 mg/kg in a cross-over design, with 1 week between treatments. Serum obtained over a 36-hour period was analyzed for rifampin and a potential metabolite, 25-desacetyl-rifampin, using reverse-phase chromatography with uv detection at 254 nm. Data were analyzed by compartmental and noncompartmental models. Analysis by the noncompartmental model of rifampin serum concentrations after iv administration yielded a mean ± sd total body clearance of 1.16 ± 0.21 ml/min/kg, apparent volume of distribution at steady state of 0.45 ± 0.06 L/kg, and terminal elimination rate constant of 0.15 ± 0.04 hour−1. The harmonic mean of the elimination half-life was 4.56 hours. Because of incomplete and continuing absorption, bioavailability was extremely variable after oral administration. Desacetylrifampin was not detected. On the basis of pharmacokinetic values, serum concentrations measured in this study, and published minimal inhibitory concentrations, the dosage of 20 mg of rifampin/kg, po, every 24 hours should provide adequate serum concentrations for treatment of rifampin-susceptible bacterial infections in sheep.
Preclinical evaluation of l-asparaginase and methotrexate administered at intermediate doses in dogs
Authors: Bortnowski Hattie B. , Rosenthal Robert C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The role of l-asparaginase (l-asp) in limiting signs of methotrexate (mtx) toxicosis was studied. Eight dogs were randomly allotted to 2 groups of 4 dogs. All dogs were given 400 iu of l-asp/kg of body weight im, on day 1. On day 10, group-1 dogs were given 3 mg of mtx/kg, iv, and group-2 dogs were given 6 mg of mtx/kg, iv. All dogs were given 400 iu of l-asp/kg, im, 24 hours later (on day 11). One group-2 dog was euthanatized on day 16 because of severe gastrointestinal signs that were unresponsive to treatment. A second dose of mtx, identical to that given on day 10, was given on day 20 to each surviving dog, followed by l-asp on day 21. On day 67, the 7 surviving dogs were given 3 mg of mtx/kg, iv. Adverse reactions observed were vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. Gastrointestinal side effects of mtx were not attenuated with l-asp and would be a serious limitation to use of mtx administered at an intermediate dose in the treatment of lymphoma in dogs.
Effect of vaccination with a monovalent Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis vaccine on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle
Authors: Bolin Carole A. , Cassells James A. , Zuerner Richard L. , Trueba Gabriel 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effectiveness of 2 concentrations of a monovalent vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis was evaluated for protection of heifers from infection with type hardjo-bovis. Nine heifers were given 2 doses of low-dose vaccine (8.32 × 108 cells/dose); 9 heifers were given 2 doses of high-dose vaccine (8.32 × 109 cells/dose); and 1 steer and 1 heifer were maintained as nonvaccinated controls. Groups of vaccinated cattle were challenge-exposed with serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis at 7 (n = 6), 11 (n = 6), or 15 (n = 6) weeks after completion of vaccination. All cattle were challenge-exposed by conjunctival instillation of 1 × 105 hardjo-bovis cells on 3 consecutive days. Both control and all vaccinated cattle became infected and shed serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in their urine. Leptospires were detected in 15 of 16 (94%) urine samples from control cattle and in 124 of 143 (87%) samples from vaccinated cattle. Leptospires were detected in kidneys of 17 of 18 vaccinated cattle and 2 of 2 control cattle and in the uterus or oviducts of 13 of 18 vaccinates and the 1 control heifer.