bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysing Studies With Missing Data
Authors: Fairclough Diane L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Missing data are inevitable in any longitudinal study; over an extended period of time patients will potentially experience morbidity or mortality due to disease or its treatment. As described in Revicki ‘s chapter (3.2), missing data may be unrelated to the patient ‘s quality of life (QoL) and result from administrative problems such as staff forgetting to give the forms to the patient during a very busy time. Other reasons are directly related to the patient ‘s quality of life, such as the patient being unable to complete the questionnaire because of severe toxicity or death. Because QoL is assessed based on patient report, generally in the form of a multiitem questionnaire, there are two main types of missing data.
Meaningful Differences
Authors: Osoba David , King Madeleine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate goal of health care is to improve, restore or preserve functioning and well-being related to health, that is, health-related quality of life (HRQoL). All health care endeavors, regardless of setting, are aimed directly or indirectly at achieving this goal. Whether immunizing against infectious diseases, screening for cancer, setting a broken bone, rehabilitating muscle strength after surgery, providing curative chemotherapy, or treating pain and dehydration in a palliative care setting, the intention is to restore an individual ‘s previous level of functioning or preserve wellbeing, if restoration to the former level is not possible.
Evaluation of service delivery
Authors: Macdonald Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will question the nature of service evaluation in general, review two other approaches to evaluation of service delivery- clinical audit and routine clinical outcomes measurement (RCOM) then describe the latter in detail as it applies to old age psychiatry services. The lessons learnt from the literature and 6 years of RCOM in an old age psychiatry service are described. In every professional group and every specialty there is a minority who do research. Most observers have some idea of what this entails from the bland descriptions in papers. There is a much smaller minority who claim to be able to evaluate services sometimes from outside the specialty.
Oxygen, the breath of life or oxygen, the first toxic oxidizing air pollutant
Authors: Gutteridge John M C , Halliwell Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The element oxygen (chemical symbol 0) exists in air as a ‘ double’ molecule, two atoms being joined together to give O2 (dioxygen). Oxygen was first isolated and characterized between 1772 and 1774 by the individual skills of three great European scientists— Scheele, Priestley, and Lavoisier. Oxygen appeared in significant amounts in the Earth’s atmosphere some 2.5 × 109 years ago, and geological evidence suggests that this was due to the photosynthetic activity of certain microorganisms, the blue-green algae. As they split water to obtain their essential requirement for hydrogen atoms, blue-greens released tonnes of oxygen into the atmosphere, creating perhaps the worst case of environmental pollution ever recorded on this planet.
Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Eckert Thomas , Zgaljardic Dennis , Eidelberg David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a relatively common neurological disorder with a prevalence rate of 1–3% in people over the age of 65 years. Given the increasing age of our population, it is expected that the prevalence of PD in the general population will rise steadily over time. The clinical syndrome of parkinsonism is characterized by the existence of at least two of the following symptoms: bradykinesia, rigidity, or tremor. Although clinical signs of parkinsonism can be observed in conditions such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as well as medication-induced syndromes, it is most commonly observed in patients with classical PD. Neuropathologically, PD is characterized by neurodegeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). However, the onset of parkinsonian symptoms manifests only after histopathologically advanced stages have been reached. In addition to SNc neurodegeneration, another hallmark of postmortem diagnosis in presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of PD is the development of specific eosinophilic inclusion bodies (i.e. Lewy bodies). Lewy bodies contain an aggregated form of the normal presynaptic protein, a-synuclein. The occurrence of Lewy bodies in postmortem investigation is not solely confined to PD, as they are present in other syndromes such as MSA and Hallervorden–Spatz disease. However, the pattern and distribution of Lewy bodies in such syndromes differ from PD.
Cancer biotherapy
Authors: Young Annie , Rowett Lewis , Kerr David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in biology and immunology have opened up new horizons in both our understanding of cancer as a disease, and the potential for cancer therapy. These major developments mean that chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are no longer the only options. Biotherapy, or biological therapy, is now regarded as the fourth treatment modality for patients with cancer. It utilises the great increase in our knowledge of molecular biology, cell biology and immunology to achieve tumour control. New biological agents are currently being used to treat cancer, such as monoclonal antibodies and vaccine therapies to stimulate the body's immune system to attack cancer cells. Biotherapy may be targeted to act specifically on cancer cells. Drugs such as monoclonal antibodies can be designed to recognize and find a particular type of cancer cell, attach itself to them, and destroy them. Naturally occuring biological molecules such as cytokines are also used, and the manipulation of normal biological mechanisms to control or inhibit tumour growth is another key feature of biotherapy. Edited by a team with perspectives in pharmacology, oncology and nursing, and with contributions from experts in the various areas of biotherapy, this book serves as an introduction to the subject. It includes the principles behind biological therapy, with discussion of the impact on the future of the fight against cancer. It has a strong clinical focus, describing the relevant biology and immunology while highlighting clinical relevance and treatment issues.
Wealth and Welfare
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin Daunton provides a clear and balanced view of the continuities and changes that occurred in the economic history of Britain from the Great Exhibition of 1851 to the Festival of Britain in 1951. In 1851, Britain was the dominant economic power in an increasingly global economy. The First World War marked a turning point, as globalisation went into reverse and Britain shifted to ‘insular capitalism’. Rather than emphasizing the decline of the British economy, this book stresses modernity and the growth of new patterns of consumption in areas such as the service sector and the leisure industry.
From Welfare to Work? Social Security and Unemployment
Authors: Lundy Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a dilemma which is as old as welfare itself-how to ensure that the provision of relief by the state docs not remove the incentive for the recipient of assistance to find or retain employment. The New Poor Law provides an illustration of what is perhaps the crudest weapon in the arsenal of measures which might be employed to achieve this objective, that is to make the relief conditional upon institutionalised work.
British Airways: A Turn-Around Anticipating Privatization
Authors: Green Richard , Vogelsang Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Privatization has often been advocated as a means of improving the efficiency of state-owned companies. Government ownership is alleged to provide few incentives towards efficiency, compared to the disciplines which private ownership will impose. The large number of profitable privatized companies which had made significant losses under state ownership provides prima-facie evidence for this view. Almost all of them became profitable while they were still in the public sector, however, which makes the link between privatization and efficiency harder to discern. Did the companies become profitable under state ownership independently of the prospect of privatization, which only became possible once they were profitable, or did the prospect of privatization at last give the companies the incentives they needed? British Airways (BA) provides a good example of this puzzle-in 1980/1, the state-owned carrier made an operating loss of £95 million, and was widely regarded as badly overmanned and inefficient.
Competitive Tendering and Efficiency: The Case of Refuse Collection
Authors: Domberger S , Meadowcroft S A , Thompson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to promote efficiency in the provision of local authority services through competitive tendering are viewed as a significant element of the Government’s privatization policy. Not surprisingly, those who are opposed to the principle of privatization have been vociferous in their criticisms of the policy, claiming to have uncovered evidence of widespread failure and falling standards among private contractors (TUC 1984).
Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation
Authors: Engle Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional econometric models assume a constant one-period forecast variance. To generalize this implausible assumption, a new class of stochastic processes called autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (ARCH) processes are introduced in this paper. These are mean zero, serially uncorrelated processes with nonconstant variances conditional on the past, but constant unconditional variances. For such processes, the recent past gives information about the one-period fore cast variance. A regression model is then introduced with disturbances following an ARCH process. Maximum likelihood estimators are described and a simple scoring iteration formulated. Ordinary least squares maintains its optimality properties in this set-up, but maximum likelihood is more efficient. The relative efficiency is calculated and can be infinite. To test whether the disturbances follow an ARCH process, the Lagrange multiplier procedure is employed. The test is based simply on the autocorrelation of the squared OLS residuals.
Measuring and Testing the Impact of News on Volatility
Authors: Engle Robert F , Ng Victor K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper defines the news impact curve which measures how new information is incorporated into volatility estimates. Various new and existing ARCH models including a partially nonparametric one are compared and estimated with daily Japanese stock return data. New diagnostic tests are presented which emphasize the asymmetry of the volatility response to news. Our results suggest that the model by Glosten, Jagannathan, and Runkle is the best parametric model. The EGARCH also can capture most of the asymmetry; however, there is evidence that the variability of the conditional variance implied by the EGARCH is too high.
Stationarity and Persistence in the GARCH(l,1) Model
Authors: Nelson Daniel B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper establishes necessary and sufficient conditions for the stationarity and ergodicity of the GARCH (l,l) process. As a special case, it is shown that the IGARCH(l,1) process with no drift converges almost surely to zero, while IGARCH(l,1) with a positive drift is strictly stationary and ergodic. We examine the persistence of shocks to conditional variance in the GARCH(l,l) model, and show that whether these shocks ‘persist’ or not depends crucially on the definition of persistence. We also develop necessary and sufficient conditions for the finiteness of absolute moments of any (including fractional) order.
ARCH Models as Diffusion Approximations
Authors: Nelson Daniel B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates the convergence of stochastic difference equations (e.g. ARCH) to stochastic differential equations as the length of the discrete time intervals between observations goes to zero. These results are applied to the GARCH(l,1) model of Bollerslev (1986) and to the AR(l) Exponential ARCH model of Nelson (1989). In their continuous time limits, the conditional variance processes in these models have stationary distributions that are inverted gamma and lognormal, respectively. In addition, a class of diffusion approximations based on the Exponential ARCH model is developed.
Asset Pricing with a FACTOR-ARCH Covariance Structure: Empirical Estimates for Treasury Bills
Authors: Engle Robert F , Ng, Victor K , Rothschild Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we suggest using the FACTOR-ARCH model as a parsimonious structure for the conditional covariance matrix of asset excess returns. This structure allows us to study the dynamic relationship between asset risk premia and volatilities in a multivariate system. One and two FACTOR-ARCH models are successfully applied to pricing of Treasury bills. The results show stability over time, pass a variety of diagnostic tests, and compare favorably with previous empirical findings.
Forecasting Volatility and Option Prices of the S&P 500 Index
Authors: Noh Jaesun , Engle, Robert F , Kane Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models using implied volatility derived from observed option prices are commonly employed to forecast future option prices. The ARCH model proposed by Engle, however, models the dynamic behavior in volatility, forecasting future volatility using only an asset’s return series. We assess the performance of these two volatility prediction models for S&P 500 index options over the April 1986 to December 1991 period.
Implied ARCH Models from Options Prices
Authors: Engle Robert F , Mustafa Chowdhury 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper estimates the implied stochastic process of the volatility of an asset from the prices of options written on the asset. The Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model is used to parameterize the process. Then the GARCH model implied by the option market is estimated by a generalized simulation minimization method from option price data. The persistence of volatility shocks implied by options on the Standard & Poor’s 500 is found to be similar to that estimated from historical data on the index itself. However, the implied persistence after the meltdown in 19 October 1987 was much weaker. We use post 19 October 1987 data on the cash-market prices to verify the correctness of the option-markets’ use of the less persistent model. The measurement, ex ante, of volatility of financial asset returns is extremely important to almost all participants in the market. There are two commonly used methods of measurement. The first, or direct, method is to compute from the data on market returns some statistic, such as the standard deviation, and from it make inferences about the future volatility. The second, or indirect, method is to use the market prices of contingent claims to back out the implied volatility. Here the task is to use the theoretical pricing function, relating the price of a contingent claim to the volatility of the underlying asset, and solve it for the implied volatility given by the market price of the derivative asset.
Innovation in Public Service Delivery
Authors: Taylor John , Bellamy Christine , Raab Charles , Dutton William H , Peltu Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public sector led many private enterprises during the 1960s in the use of computers for supporting basic administrative functions, including management information systems, payroll processing, and accounting applications. Subsequently, governments have tended to fall behind private industry, particularly in Electronic Service Delivery (ESD) systems that give direct access to information and services—a situation captured in a comment from the US Vice President Al Gore (1993d): ‘When it comes to information technology, horror stories abound in both the public and private sectors. In some cases, the federal government is woefully behind the times, unable to use even the most basic technology to conduct its business.
Researching MIS
Authors: Lee Allen s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An answer to the question, ‘What constitutes “researching MIS”?,’ depends on what we mean by ‘MIS’ in the first place. And what we mean by ‘MIS’ is, in turn, a non-trivial matter because its empirical referent is itself always in a state of change. MIS begins where computer science ends (Lee, 1991a). Computer scientists deserve accolades for developing and delivering ever more advanced forms of information technology: hardware technology; software techno logy; and network technology.
Research on Information Systems Development in Scandinavia Unity in Plurality
Authors: Checkland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scandinavia has had disproportionate significance in the evolution of in formation systems (IS) as an academic discipline. One characteristic of the ‘Scandinavian’ IS development (ISD) approaches is a surprising plurality in theories, research approaches, topics, and outcomes which is unparalleled by any area of similar size and population. This chapter reviews and compares eight ISD approaches, which in one way or another can be regarded as ‘Scandinavian’ due to their origin, approach, or scope, and summarises their major contributions.
Strategy-Making in the Information Age
Authors: Earl Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most scholars might agree that we are by now well on our way through the transition from an industrial economy to an information economy. The convergence of computing, telecommunications, and software is not only enabling new forms of competition and organisation to evolve, but the digital convergence of various states of information-data, text, voice, graphics, audio, and video-is also spawning new business opportunities and new ways of communicating. Only the most reclusive Luddite could argue that business and economic activity today is untouched by information technology.
The Cultural Context of Information Management
Authors: Tricker Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider some of the diverse fields and alternative perceptual viewpoints that are embraced by the notion of MIS and add the cultural dimension. Three principal arguments are advanced. First, that what is needed is not so much a unifying theory or framework for MIS, but answers to some fundamental questions. This is not the time for testable hypotheses and a pervasive scientific paradigm, it is argued, but for perceptual pluralism which can offer relevant insights, knowledge, and experience. Second, the study of management information systems has become the study of information management. The successful application of IT is less of a challenge than the effective use of information.
The Management of Technological Innovation
Authors: Dodgson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Management of Technological Innovation (MTI) is one of the most important challenges facing contemporary businesses. With technological innovation becoming the fundamental driver of competitiveness for firms in a variety of business sectors, it is essential that the tools and techniques, and the strategies of MTI are well understood. This book analyses the management of technological innovation by focusing both on the specific and general tasks that managers need to perform. It examines the specific issues of managing new product development, and operations and production management. It also considers the general issues of managing the complexity and systemic nature of technology, and the knowledge and learning needed in innovative firms. It argues that detailed attention needs to be paid to the broad contextual changes occurring in industry, management, and the innovation process, and to the continuing and profound changes brought about by globalization. Mark Dodgson uses a variety of forms of analysis ranging from simple tools and techniques to theoretical models. Throughout the book a number of case studies are used to illustrate key themes, and a series of 'brief notes' are used to analyse particular issues. This very contemporary text will be an important resource for academics, students, and managers throughout the world.
A Resource-Based View of the Firm
Authors: Wernerfelt Birger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the firm, resources and products are two sides of the same coin. Most products require the services of several resources and most resources can be used in several products. By specifying the size of the firm’s activity in different product markets, it is possible to infer the minimum necessary resource commitments. Conversely, by specifying a resource profile for a firm, it is possible to find the optimal product-market activities.
Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy
Authors: Barney Jay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on corporate growth through acquisitions and mergers suggests the existence of markets for buying and selling companies (Porter 1980, p. 350; Schall 1972; Mossin 1973; Copeland and Weston 1979). Most empirical evidence seems to suggest that these markets are reasonably competitive. That is, the price an acquiring firm will generally have to pay to acquire a firm in these markets is approximately equal to the discounted present value of the acquired firm (Mandelkar 1974; Halpern 1973; Ellert 1976). Indeed, if above normal returns accrue to anyone in markets for companies, research seems to suggest that they will most likely go to the stockholders of the acquired, rather than the acquiring firms (Porter 1980, p. 352; Ellert 1976).
The Core Competence of the Corporation
Authors: Prahalad C K , Hamel Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most powerful way to prevail in global competition is still invisible to many companies. During the 1980s, top executives were judged on their ability to restructure, declutter and delayer their corporations. In the 1990s, they’ll be judged on their ability to identify; cultivate, and exploit the core competencies that make growth possible-indeed, they’ll have to rethink the concept of the corporation itself.
Resources and Strategy: Problems, Open Issues, and Ways Ahead
Authors: Foss Nicolai J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introductory chapter to this Reader, I claimed-following Montgomery (1995)-that the emergence of the resource-based perspective (RBP) warrants optimism on behalf of the strategy field in both the practical as well as the academic dimension. This claim may be supported by pointing to a number of circumstances.