bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of bioelectrical resistance with estimates of fat‐free mass determined by densitometry and hydrometry
Authors: Van Loan M. D. , Boileau R. A. , Slaughter M. H. , Stillman R. J. , Lohman T. G. , Going S. B. , Carswell C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship of whole‐body electrical resistance (WBR) to fat‐free mass, derived from densitometry (FFMDb), hydrometry (FFMTBW), and densitometric fat‐free mass corrected for hydration (FFMD+W) was investigated in three independent samples (AZ, IL, CA). Subjects included 75 males and 75 females ranging in age from 18 to 32 years. Whole‐body resistive index (WBRI) computed as height2/resistance was highly correlated to FFMDb, FFMTBW, and FFMD+W (r = 0.97, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively). Multiple regression analysis was employed to develop prediction equations for FFMDb, FFMTBW, and FFMD+W. In each prediction equation, WBRI was the single best predictor. Accounting for sex and variation in body weight significantly improved the prediction equations, by increasing the R2s to 0.95, 0.94, and 0.96 and decreasing the SEEs to 2.6, 3.2, and 2.5 kg, for FFMDb, FFMTBW, and FFMD+W, respectively. Similarity of the SEEs between methods (less than 1.0 kg difference) suggests consistency in the precision of WBRI estimates for body composition.
Blood lead levels and growth status of children
Authors: Little B. B. , Snell L. M. , Johnston W. L. , Knoll K. A. , Buschang P. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that elevated blood lead (Pb) levels in children are associated with decreased growth. Among 139 children aged 1 to 10 years (66 male, 73 female) who attended a Pb clinic in Dallas, Texas, growth was decreased by 1.6 cm in height, 1.4 kg in weight, and 0.6 cm in head circumference for each 10 μg/dl increase in blood Pb. Consistent with previously reported effects of Pb, several clinical symptoms (hearing deficit, dental problems, hyperactivity) were increased in frequency among children with high blood Pb levels (X̄Pb = 34.6 μg/dl ± 5.6) compared to the children in the low Pb level group (X̄Pb = 11.9 μg/dl ± 3.3). Interestingly, pica was significantly increased in frequency among children in the high Pb group, indicating oral consumption of non‐food matter was a major source of Pb intoxication. These results suggest that increased Pb level is an important risk factor for growth deficits in children.
Basal metabolism of obese adolescents: Evidence for energy conservation compared to normal and lean adolescents
Authors: Katch Victor L. , Marks Charles C. , Becque M. Daniel , Moorehead Catherine , Rocchini Albert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo test if obese adolescents systematically conserve energy, comparisons of basal metabolic rate (BMR) of obese, normal, and lean male and female adolescents were made. Obese had eleevated values by as much as 23% (P ≤ 0.05) expressed as kJ · 24 hr−1 compared to the normal and lean. When indexed to body mass (kJ · kg‐BM−1 · hr−1), the BMR for the obese was depressed by as much as −53% (P ≤ 0.01), and when indexed to fat free mass (kJ · kg‐FFM−1 · hr−1) it was depressed by −33% compared to normal and lean adolescents. A “theoretical metabolic rate” (TMR), based on the observed fat free mass, fat mass, and their thermal equivalents, was proposed as a theoretical way to properly index basal metabolism, referenced to body composition. Comparisons of the TMR between the obese, normal, and lean revealed that the obese values were depressed by an average −22% (P ≤ 0.05). In comparison, differences in TMR between the normal and lean males and females were no larger than 8% (ns). It was concluded that since both the observed BMR (expressed relative to body composition), and the derived TMR values were depressed for the obese compared to the normal and lean adolescent, the data suggest an energy saving hypothesis for obese adolescents.
Developmental responses to high‐altitude hypoxia in Bolivian children of European ancestry: A test of the developmental adaptation hypothesis
Authors: Greksa Lawrence P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe developmental adaptation hypothesis (DAH) proposes that highlanders adapt to their hypobaric hypoxic environment during growth and development. This report utilizes data on children (9.0–19.9 yr) of European ancestry residing in Santa Cruz and La Paz, Bolivia, to test selected aspects of the DAH. Previous tests of this hypothesis have been hampered by difficulties in controlling for socioeconomic and genetic influences. However, due to their high socioeconomic status and their relatively short history of residence at high altitudes, these factors can be reasonably well controlled in studies of European children. The data on European children are consistent with some but not all aspects of the DAH. First, examination of the available data on V̇O2max (ml/kg/min) in European boys suggests that chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia results in an enhancement of the overall functional capacity of the oxygen transport system during adolescence, as predicted by the DAH. Second, chronic exposure to hypobaric hypoxia results in a delay in linear growth and maturation in European children, as well as in an enhancement of their lung volumes, also as predicted by the DAH. However, the effects of chronic hypoxia on linear growth, after controlling for health and nutritional status, are not as large as previously believed and, contrary to the expectations of the DAH, they need not be acquired through a distinctive pattern of growth during late childhood and adolescence. Instead, it appears that these patterns are established in European highlanders prior to 9 years of age and are then maintained, rather than accentuated, during later developmental periods.
Birth order effects on dermatoglyphs on fingers, palms, toes, and soles
Authors: Mukherjee D. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCoefficients of correlation of 47 dermatoglyphic traits with birth order vary widely in a sample of 145 sibships of a Bengali speaking population. In general, ridge‐counts and pattern intensities tend to decrease with birth order. Linear effects of birth order are, however, significant in samples of two sexes only for ridge‐counts on the ab regions of palms and on toes, and in males only for triradial number on toes, D‐line exit, hallucal ridge‐count and triradial number on soles, and ridge‐count on index fingers. Their relative intensities do not follow the order of appearance or of heritabilites of the traits. The maximal atd angle, which has a negligible correlation with birth order, shows no consistent trend of a linear or non‐linear change with birth order in the two sexes even within sibships.
Differentially delayed development in the hand–wrist skeletons of children with cystic fibrosis: Round versus tubular bones
Authors: Mahaney Michael C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom a sample of 50 cystic fibrosis patients in whom a previous study had demosntrated a lack of statistical interdependence between disease severity and significant TW2–20 bone age delays, hand–wrist radiographs for a preadolescent subsample of 30 (14 females and 16 males, 7.4 to 13.0 years of age) are reassessed using the TW2 method to (1) elucidate any significant differences in maturational delays exhibited by the carpals and the tubular bones (radius, ulna, and short bones [RUS]) of the hand–wrist complex and (2) assess the relationships between the clinically derived measure of pulmonary disease severity, anthropometric indices of nutritional status, and the bone age delays in these two regions. Female and male carpal bone age delays, pulmonary disease severity scores, and weight/height2 differ significantly. However, both sexes exhibit significant mean TW2–carpal bone age delays, while mean TW2‐RUS ages are either non‐significantly delayed or advanced with respect to normative standards. Correlation and all‐subsets multiple linear regression analyses reveal no significant interdependence or predictive relationships between clinically derived measures of pulmonary disease severity and anthropometric measures of nutritional complications and delayed skeletal maturation in either the carpals or tubular bones of the hand–wrist complex.
Estimation of total body water by bioelectrical impedance analysis in blacks
Authors: Zillikens M. Carola , Conway Joan M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral differences exist between the body composition of blacks and whites. This study was designed to investigate the applicability of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in blacks, using prediction equations developed in whites. A multiple regression equation developed on 79 white adults, using deuterium oxide dilution space total body water (D2O‐TBW) as the reference method, was prospectively applied to 88 blacks aged 19–50 years. Although the regression line of D2O‐TBW on BIA‐TBW was not significantly different from the line of identity (r = 0.98, SEE = 1.71 liters), mean TBW was significantly underestimated by 0.84 liter. Other BIA equations from the literature also underestimated D2O‐TBW in blacks, except for an equation developed on a mixed black and white population. Multiple regression analysis on the data of the black and white subjects combined showed that race, offered as a separate independent variable, improved the correlation with D2O‐TBW slightly but significantly (P < 0.01). It was concluded that BIA may be valuable in the assessment of body composition in blacks as well as in whites. In this study a small underestimation of TBW occurred in blacks, using (BIA) equations from whites. This may be due to racial differences in body composition or to factors unrelated to ethnicity.
Model fitting to early childhood length and weight data from the fels longitudinal study of growth
Authors: Byard Pamela J. , Guo Shumei , Roche Alex F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLength and weight data from 3 months to 6 years of age from 466 participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study of Growth were used to fit the Jenss non‐linear growth curve. Six (1%) of the Fels participants had extremely outlying values for length parameters, and 20 (4%) had outlying values for weight parameters. The general pattern in the outliers is for average or below average size in infancy, followed by unusually rapid growth or weight gain in childhood. This outlier pattern is associated with significantly higher mean stature or weight at 18 years of age. The results for the majority of the participants are similar to those found in 229 children from the Harvard Growth Study, except for the non‐linear intercept for length and the linear intercept for weight. Significant sex differences have not previously been reported for Jenss parameters, perhaps because previous applications have used much smaller sample sizes.
Skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue weights in older Japanese determined by cadaver dissection
Authors: Satake Takashi , Ozaki Tadashi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractForty‐six embalmed cadavers of elderly Japanese 48 to 95 years of age, 35 males and 10 females, were completely dissected, and the weights of skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue were determined. Absolute and relative skin weight in males (2.68 kg, 5.7%) were similar to those in females (2.73 kg, 6.1%). However, females had more dissectible subcutaneous adipose tissue (5.82 kg, 12.3%) than males (3.18 kg, 6.3%). These figures are comparable to dissection data obtained from embalmed cadavers in Belgium which covered a similar age range. There were statistically significant differences between Japanese and Belgians for body weight and skin weight. However, there was no difference in relative skin weight. Similar sex differences were apparent in the Japanese and Belgians. Skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue weights were significantly correlated with body weight in both sexes. Prediction equations for skin weight (SW) and subcutaneous adipose tissue weight (SATW) from body weight in Japanese are SW (g) = 0.04357 Body weight + 638.3 (r = 0.70; SEE = 386.7 g) (for males and females); SATW (g) = 0.18902 Body weight − 5837.4 (r = 0.78; SEE = 1,328.3 g) (for males); and SATW (g) = 0.36497 Body weight − 10581.5 (r = 0.79; SEE = 2,560.1 g) (for females).
Infertility in Herero pastoralists of southern Africa
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTransition from low to high rates of fertility among Herero pastoralists of the northern Kalahari of Botswana is examined. Total fertility rates have increased from 2.65 in the first half of this century to 7.02 in the last decade, while postreproductive women report having had only 3.47 births. We use an indirect estimator of the fertility of mothers to show that the Herero have been afflicted with abnormally low fertility since early in this century. Although the several possible causes of subfertility in this population, including disease, maternal health, and child care practices are examined, it is concluded that the effects of venereal diseases are most likely responsible for abnormally low fertility. The dramatic increase in fertility following treatment of a major cause of infertility underscores the potential impact diseases may have on human reproductive patterns. This study is the first to document subfertility in an ethnic group of southern Africa.
Longitudinal principal components analysis of patterns and predictors of growth in Guatemalan children
Authors: Kaplowitz Haley J. , Cronk Christine E. , Martorell Reynaldo , Rivera Juan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLongitudinal principal components (LPC) analysis was used to assess growth patterns in children from rural Guatemala in order to determine if this methodology could provide additional information regarding correlates of growth compared to more traditionally used methods based on attained size and increments. LPC analysis reduces measures at many points in time into a few parameters. However, LPC analysis requires complete data, and many cases may be lost due to missing values. Thus the potentially greater sensitivity of LPC analysis should be weighed against the reduced power resulting from smaller sample sizes. Component indices representing centile level and centile shift, attained size, and 3 to 36 month increments of growth in length and weight were used as the dependent variables in multiple regression models in order to examine the effects of environmental variables, such as home dietary intake, supplementation, and prevalence of diarrhea on growth. Regardless of which growth index, i.e., attained size, incremental change, or principal component, was used, regression results were similar; higher nutritional intakes were generally associated with greater and more rapid growth from birth to age 3 years. The possible advantages of LPC analysis over more traditional methods were not great; therefore, LPC analysis is not recommended as the method of choice in this population.
The effect of height on family income
Authors: Ekwo Edem , Gosselink Carol , Roizen Nancy , Brazdziunas Dana 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of height on earnings of adult males sampled in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976–1980, was examined. Data were collected using the multistage probability sampling method. Information was available on medical history, physical examination, anthropometric dimensions, diet, and sociodemographic characteristics. Complete information was available on 4,563 males, aged 20–65 years. The correlation between family income and height was low (r = 0.13, P = 0.001). There was a secular trend for increasing mean height over time, so that younger individuals were taller than older ones even after correction for the decrease in stature caused by aging. After stratifying by age and race, education and marital status, but not height, were significantly associated with total family income. The weight‐height ratio was significantly related to income of Whites but not of nonwhites. White males in the highest income category were significantly taller, heavier, more adipose, had higher levels of education, and were more often married than were their lowest income white counterparts. Among nonwhites, marital status and education alone differentiated highest from lowest income nonwhite males. Thus, at least for White males, appearance, that is, adiposity, together with education and marital status, are major factors relating to income.
Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status among highland Kashmiri children: Reevaluating the assumption of female nutritional disadvantage
Authors: Himmelgreen David A. , Dannenhoffer Raymond , Baht Imtiaz , Lee Richard V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs part of a larger project investigating the health of rural villagers in Kashmir, India anthropometric data were collected from 132 residents of the highland village of Basmina. Here data for 70 children (53% of the total sample) less than 10 years old are examined and compared to United States reference data and presented as a percentage of the median and Z‐scores to describe nutritional status differences by age and sex. Overall, these children maintain indices of weight/age, stature/age, and arm circumference (AC)/age at almost −2.0 Z‐scores or more below reference medians. Weight/height and triceps skinfold/age approximate −1.4 and −1.3 Z‐scores below the median, respectively. These data along with clinical observations suggest that the Basmina sample is low normal to mildly malnourished. However, preschool children show evidence of moderate and severe malnutrition. The entire child sample shows a higher prevalence of malnutrition when compared to other populations living under similar conditions. The results are contrary to the belief that Indian girls are at a nutritional disadvantage when compared to boys. In fact, preschool girls maintain higher, though not significant, percentages of weight/age, weight/height, and AC/age. Girls between 5 and 10 years old also maintain a higher triceps/age index. On the other hand, boys between 5 and 10 years old maintain a higher stature/age index, but the difference is not statistically significant.
Comparative genetic variance and heritability of head and facial traits in northwest Indian and Belgian twins
Authors: Sharma Krishan , Susanne Charles 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGenetic variance analysis of 13 head and facial traits is considered in samples of Northwest, Indian and Belgian twins. Modified t tests, based on the nested structure of twin data, indicate differences between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) mean values of bigonial diameter in Indian females and in Belgian males, i.e., for only two of 52 instances. Heterogeneity of variance is observed in about 30% of the craniofacial traits in both samples, invalidating conventional within‐pair genetic variance estimates for these traits. Patterns of environmental bias on zygosities differ between sexes within the same population and also between the two samples. Revised average genetic variance ratios are higher in Indian than in Belgian twins. Male twins manifest, on average, higher genetic variance ratios than female twins in both the samples. There is stronger evidence of enviornmental covariance in MZ than in DZ twins for both Indian and Belgian twins. The pattern of intraclass corrlations, based on average values, is as follows: ♂rMZ > ♀rMZ > ♂rDZ ≥ ♀rDZ in the Indian twins and ♂rMZ > ♀rMZ > ♀rDZ > ♂rDZ in the Belgian twins.
Sociogeographic variation in the physical fitness of a cross‐sectional sample of Flemish girls 13 to 18 years of age
Authors: Taks Marijke , Renson Roland , Beunen Gaston , Claessens Albrecht , Colla Maggy , Lefevre Johan , Ostyn Michel , Schueremans Chris , Simons Jan , Van Gerven Dirk , Vanreusel Bart 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree aspects of physical fitness—somatic characteristics, motor fitness, and sport participation—of girls from different sociogeographic origins of Belgium were contrasted. The sample consisted of a cross‐sectional sample of 4,528 Flemish girls 13 to 18 years of age, who were classified by dwelling area as rural, semi‐urban, and urban. Somatic characteristics included 16 anthropometric dimensions, skeletal maturity, and somatotype. Motor fitness was assessed by 10 tests. Sociocultural background information and the level of sport participation were investigated by questionnaire and interview. Data were analysed via one‐way analyses of variance and growth curves were plotted to compare the sociogeographic differentiation patterns in physical fitness variables. The results show small motor and somatic differences between rural and urban youngsters, which is explained by the process of conurbation. However, urban girls were significantly more involved in sports than their rural counterparts. This is most probably due to greater sport involvement of parents from urban girls and/or the differences in available sport facilities.
Postnatal growth in two species of macaques
Authors: Gavan James A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing weight as a measure of growth, a comparison is made between Macaca nemestrina, the pigtailed macaque, and Macaca mulatta, the rhesus monkey. As these are closely related species, there should be resemblances and differences in the postnatal growth process. The analysis indicates little, if any, difference in growth rate. The data may not be adequate to indicate the average duration of growth. The rhesus, however, does become the larger adult. The methodology used in the analysis was that used for the published pigtailed data. The question is raised as to its appropriateness for the current problem.
Skeletal material associated with the Lindbergh kidnap case
Authors: Bass William M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the late 1970s and early 1980s an attempt was made to reopen the Lindbergh kidnap case. On May 25, 1977 Dr. Krogman x‐rayed and examined the twelve (12) bones associated with the Lindbergh case which were supplied to him by the New Jersey State Police. On June 14, 1982 I made an examination of the same twelve (12) bones and took anthropometric measurements and photographs. I had been asked to look at the material by the lawyer representing Mrs. Hauptmann, widow of the convicted kidnapper, Bruno Hauptmann. Of the twelve (12) bones, ten (10) are human and two (2) are animal. Each bone is identified and a description and anthropometric measurements are given. The bones examined are from the hands and feet and are consistent with the skeletal development of a 20‐month‐old male.
Menarcheal age and spontaneous abortion: Further evidence for a connection
Authors: Madrigal Lorena 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the association between menarcheal age and risk of spontaneous abortion with a data set collected in Limon, Costa Rica. The Limonense sample differs from those previously reported in terms of age, socioeconomic and ethnic background. Thus, the sample is excellent to test whether menarcheal age and risk of miscarriage are associated in a nonindustrialized group as they appear to be in industrialized samples. Females who experienced one or more miscarriages have a significantly earlier age at first menses than those who did not. The results also indicate that a possible reason for this association is that early maturers tend to experience first pregnancy at an earlier age than do late maturers.
Age‐related changes in root transparency of teeth in males and females
Authors: Drusini Andrea G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe correlation between root transparency and chronological age was examined in a sample of 366 intact teeth from 295 individuals of known sex and age. Correlations, especially for anterior teeth (incisors and canines), were slightly higher in females than males, but neither the slopes nor the Y intercepts of the regression lines were significantly different. Linear regression analysis to predict age separately for males, females, and the total sample resulted in standard errors of estimate ranging from 8.88 to 11.46 years.