bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trachoma risk factors in Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Shafi Abdurahman Oumer , Last Anna , Macleod David , Habtamu Esmael , Versteeg Bart , Dumessa Gebeyehu , Guye Meseret , Nure Rufia , Adugna Dereje , Miecha Hirpha , Greenland Katie , Burton Matthew J. 
Published: November 2023

Background
Trachoma, the leading infectious cause of blindness, is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). Despite enormous disease control efforts and encouraging progress, trachoma remains a significant public health problem in 44 countries. Ethiopia has the greatest burden of trachoma worldwide, however, robust data exploring transmission risk factors and the association between socio-economic status is lacking from some regions. This is the first study to investigate these factors in this South-Eastern region of Oromia, Ethiopia.

Methodology/Principal findings
A total of 1211 individuals were enrolled from 247 households in Shashemene Rural district in Oromia Region between 11th April and 25th June 2018, of whom 628 (51.9%) were female and 526 (43.4%) were children aged 1–9 years. Three standardised ophthalmic nurses examined each participant for the presence of active trachoma using the WHO simplified trachoma grading system. Conjunctival swab samples were collected from the upper tarsal conjunctiva of the left eye of each participant. Ct was detected using quantitative PCR. Risk factor data were collected through structured interviews and direct observations. Clinical signs of trachomatous inflammation-follicular among children aged 1–9 (TF1-9) were observed in at least one eye of 106/526 (20.2%) and trachomatous inflammation-intense among children aged 1–9 (TI1-9) were observed in at least one eye of 10/526 (1.9%). We detected Ct by PCR in 23 individuals, of whom 18 (78.3%) were in children aged 1–9 years. Among the 106 children aged 1–9 years with TF, 12 (11.3%) were Ct PCR positive and among 20 children aged 1–9 years with TI, 4 (20.0%) were Ct PCR positive. In a multivariable model, adjusting for household clustering, active trachoma was associated with younger age, the poorest households (aOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.21–5.51), presence of flies on the face (aOR = 2.87, 95% CI 1.69–6.46), and ocular discharge (aOR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.03–3.24). Pre-school children face washing more than once a day had lower odds of having active trachoma (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.19–0.84). The same was true for washing children’s clothing at least once per week (aOR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.33–1.02).

Conclusion/Significance
Younger age, personal hygiene in this age group (presence of ocular and nasal discharges, infrequent washing of faces and clothing) and fly-eye contacts are potential risk factors for trachoma in this setting, suggesting that hygiene interventions and environmental improvements are required to suppress transmission to ensure sustained reduction in disease burden Further studies are needed to evaluate these interventions for trachoma control and elimination. Trachoma remains a disease associated with lower socio-economic status, emphasising the need for continued implementation of control measures in addition to poverty reduction interventions in this region.
Better safe than sorry?—On the influence of learned safety on pain perception
Authors: Zillig Anna-Lena , Pauli Paul , Wieser Matthias , Reicherts Philipp 
Published: November 2023

The experience of threat was found to result—mostly—in increased pain, however it is still unclear whether the exact opposite, namely the feeling of safety may lead to a reduction of pain. To test this hypothesis, we conducted two between-subject experiments (N = 94; N = 87), investigating whether learned safety relative to a neutral control condition can reduce pain, while threat should lead to increased pain compared to a neutral condition. Therefore, participants first underwent either threat or safety conditioning, before entering an identical test phase, where the previously conditioned threat or safety cue and a newly introduced visual cue were presented simultaneously with heat pain stimuli. Methodological changes were performed in experiment 2 to prevent safety extinction and to facilitate conditioning in the first place: We included additional verbal instructions, increased the maximum length of the ISI and raised CS-US contingency in the threat group from 50% to 75%. In addition to pain ratings and ratings of the visual cues (threat, safety, arousal, valence, and contingency), in both experiments, we collected heart rate and skin conductance. Analysis of the cue ratings during acquisition indicate successful threat and safety induction, however results of the test phase, when also heat pain was administered, demonstrate rapid safety extinction in both experiments. Results suggest rather small modulation of subjective and physiological pain responses following threat or safety cues relative to the neutral condition. However, exploratory analysis revealed reduced pain ratings in later trials of the experiment in the safety group compared to the threat group in both studies, suggesting different temporal dynamics for threat and safety learning and extinction, respectively.Perspective: The present results demonstrate the challenge to maintain safety in the presence of acute pain and suggest more research on the interaction of affective learning mechanism and pain processing.
Gut acquisition of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in preterm neonates: Critical role of enteral feeding, and endotracheal tubes in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)
Authors: Moussa Benboubker , Oumokhtar Bouchra , Arhoune Btissam , Massik Abdelhamid , Elfakir Samira , Khalis Mohamed , Soudi Hammad , Hmami Fouzia 
Published: November 2023

Background
Klebsiella spp. can colonize the intestine of preterm neonates, and over-growth has been associated with necrotizing enterocolitis, hospital-acquired infections, and late-onset sepsis. This could lead us to suggest that the clinical pertinence of intestinal colonization with ESBL in preterm neonates appears to be important. We conducted this study to characterize the genetic proprieties of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) under clinical isolates and to describe the risk factors for the intestinal tract acquisition event during hospitalization.

Methods
One hundred and thirteen premature infants were recruited from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). All newborns are issued from the birth suites of the pregnancy department. Two rectal swabs were planned to define K. Pneumoniae intestinal carriage status. ESBL-KP was confirmed by Brilliance ESBL selective chromogenic Agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing including phenotypic testing and genotypic detection of the most commonly described ESBL genes was done. Logistic regression models were performed to find the variables associated with the acquisition event of ESBL-KP.

Results
A total of 62 (54.86%) premature neonates were colonized with ESBL-KP. The rate of blaSHV, blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M2, blaCTX-M9, and blaOXA-48 genes among the isolates was 82, 48, 93.5, 4.8, 11.2 and 3.22%, respectively. We found that ESBLs K. Pneumoniae isolates were 100% resistant to amoxicillin, clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and gentamicin. The regression model is for a given significant association between the tract intestinal of ESBL-KP acquisition events and the use of enteral tube feeding (OR = 38.46, 95% CI: 7.86–188.20, p-Value: 0.001), and endotracheal tubes (OR = 4.86, 95% CI: 1.37–17.19, p-Value 0.014).

Conclusion
Our finding supposes that the enteral feeding tube and endotracheal tube might have a critical role in colonizing the intestinal tract of preterm infants. This highlights the current status of both practices that will require updated procedures in the NICU.
Once Upon a Time in Iraq: History of a Modern Tragedy, James Bluemel and Renad Mansour (2021)
Authors: Terry Janice J. 
Published: November 2023

Review of: Once Upon a Time in Iraq: History of a Modern Tragedy, James Bluemel and Renad Mansour (2021)
London: BBC Books, 390 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-78594-457-4, p/bk, £12.99
The Sassoons: The Great Global Merchants and the Making of an Empire, Joseph Sassoon (2022)
Authors: Abdullah Thabit A. J. 
Published: November 2023

Review of: The Sassoons: The Great Global Merchants and the Making of an Empire, Joseph Sassoon (2022)
New York: Pantheon Books, 412 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-59331-659-7, h/bk, $35.00
A Case of Refractory Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Successfully Treated With Dupilumab
Authors: Arnold Casey , Johnson Jeptha , Harris Nieka , Sadowski Brett , Banks Taylor , Bush Allison 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract beyond the esophagus is a rare condition in adults with limited data on treatment. Current treatments with steroids and diet modifications have shown benefit, but when these treatments fall short, there is little research-driven guidance for further recommendations. We present a case of eosinophilic GI disease with extensive involvement of the GI tract successfully treated with dupilumab after failure of traditional treatment occurred.
Dual Biologic Therapy for Refractory Crohn's Disease With Perforation in a Patient Declining Surgical Intervention
Authors: Le Puo-Hsien , Chen Chien-Ming , Kuo Chia-Jung , Su Ming-Yao , Chiu Cheng-Tang , Tsou Yung-Kuan 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Dual biologic therapy can improve clinical, biomarker, and endoscopic outcomes in selected patients with refractory Crohn's disease in whom multiple biologics had failed. We presented a patient with refractory Crohn's disease who was admitted for terminal ileal perforation, massive bloody stool, shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. He refused further surgical resection because of the fear of short bowel syndrome. He was successfully treated with dual biologic therapy, antimicrobial agents, and percutaneous needle decompressions. Dual biologic treatment could be a viable option for patients with refractory Crohn's disease with complications in selected critical conditions who refuse surgery.
Managing patients with positional vertigo: diagnostic pitfalls and treatment
Authors: Lavrik S. Yu. , Borisov A. S. , Shprakh V. V. , Mikhalevich I. M. 
Published: November 2023

The spectrum of diseases manifested by positional vertigo includes benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular migraine, brain tumors, demyelinating and some other diseases.Objective: to study the common practice of managing patients with positional vertigo.Material and methods. 64 patients with complaints of positional vertigo were examined. Clinical and neurological examination, otoneurological examination, including positional diagnostic tests, assessment of spontaneous nystagmus in Frenzel video glasses, tests of smooth tracking, saccades, head shaking, Fukuda test were carried out.Results. In the majority (70%) of cases, the referral diagnoses for vertigo were chronic cerebral ischemia, vertebral artery syndrome, and vegetative-vascular dystonia. However, none of these diagnoses was confirmed as the leading cause of vertigo. The most common mistake (62.5%) was making a diagnosis only on the basis of complaints, without an otoneurological examination and positional tests. The most common causes of vertigo were BPPV (64.6%), vestibular migraine (20.3%) and vestibular neuronitis (12.5%).Conclusion. In the diagnosis of positional vertigo, the evaluation of clinical manifestations, otoneurological tests and characteristics of positional nystagmus plays a leading role.
Identifikasi Genus Chaetoceros di Perairan Laut Desa Padelegan Pamekasan
Authors: Indriyawati Novi , Dewi Kartika , Asmarani Agil Silva , Lestari Dewi Ayu , Safitri Seliya Fuji 
Published: November 2023

Chaetoceros sp. merupakan fitoplankton yang banyak ditemukan di perairan laut. Chaetoceros termasuk dalam kelompok Diatom dengan kelas Bacillariophyceae. Di laut spesies ini merupakan makanan alami dari Copepoda, salah satu spesies zooplankton. Sedangkan pada budidaya perikanan digunakan sebagai pakan alami Rotifer dan larva udang. Selain itu, spesies chaetoceros termasuk dalam kelompok saprobe yang berperan sebagai indikator biologis perairan yang tercemar sehingga keberadaannya di laut cukup penting. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis fitoplankton dari genus chaetoceros yang mempunyai fungsi penting dalam budidaya perikanan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel air laut dan fitoplankton pada permukaan badan air (0-50 cm) di perairan laut Desa Padelegan Pamekasan. Waktu pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada pagi, siang dan sore hari dengan dua kali pengulangan. Menggunakan jaring plankton dengan ukuran mesh 10 mikron. Identifikasi fitoplankton menggunakan mikroskop Olympz BX41 dengan perbesaran 10x. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, telah ditemukan 12 spesies Chaetoceros dengan kelimpahan 700–9100 ind/L. Pada malam hari tidak ditemukan spesies chaetoceros karena faktor pembatas pertumbuhan mikroalga adalah sinar matahari. Semakin banyak sinar matahari yang masuk ke perairan, maka semakin banyak pula fitoplankton yang tersebar. Chaetoceros sp is a phytoplankton commonly found in marine waters. Chaetoceros belongs to the Diatom group with the class of Bacillariophyceae. In the sea this species is a natural food of copepod, one of species of zooplankton. While in aquaculture, it is used as natural feed for Rotifers and shrimp larvae. In addition, chaetoceros species are included in the saprobes group, which acts as a biological indicator of polluted waters, so their presence in the sea is quite important. The purpose of this study was to identify phytoplankton species from the genus of chaetoceros which has an important function in aquaculture. The research was carried out by taking samples of seawater and phytoplankton on the surface of the water body (0-50 cm) in the sea waters of Padelegan Pamekasan Village. Sampling time was carried out in the morning, afternoon and evening with two repetitions.using a plankton net with a mesh size of 10 microns. Identification of phytoplankton using an Olympz BX41 microscope with 10x magnification. Based on result, 12 species of Chaetoceros have been found with an abundance of 700–9100 ind/L. At night, no chaetoceros species were found because the limiting factor for microalgae growth was sunlight. The more sunlight that enters the waters, the more phytoplankton are scattered.
Pola Distribusi Dan Kepadatan Populasi Bulu Babi (Tripneustes gratilla Linnaeus, 1758) di Ekosistem Intertidal Pantai Bilik Taman Nasional Baluran
Authors: Setiawan Rendy , Siddiq Arif Mohammad , Pratiwi Arif , Pratiwi Arif , Dwi Susanto Miftha Amilia 
Published: November 2023

Spesies Tripneustes gratilla merupakan bulu babi yang termasuk anggota dari kelas Echinoidea. Hewan ini dapat ditemukan di ekosistem intertidal dan tergolong sebagai biota bentik yang sering ditemukan di ekosistem terumbu karang dan padang lamun. Spesies T. gratilla memiliki nilai ekologis yang penting dalam menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem laut, yaitu sebagai herbivor dan juga sebagai spesies kunci yang mampu mengendalikan pertumbuhan makroalga yang hidup di ekosistem terumbu karang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan pola distribusi dan kepadatan populasi T. gratilla di ekosistem intertidal Pantai Bilik Taman Nasional (TN) Baluran. Metode menentukan pola distribusi dilakukan metode transek plot sistematis dengan cara meletakkan plot paralon berukuran 1x1 m di sepanjang transek garis. Pola distribusi T. gratilla di ekosistem intertidal Pantai Bilik TN Baluran tergolong mengelompok berdasarkan hasil analisis menggunakan Indeks Morisita dengan nilai Id sebesar 4.8. Kepadatan T. gratilla di ekosistem intertidal Pantai Bilik TN Baluran tergolong rendah dengan nilai kepadatan 0.2 Ind/m2 atau apabila dikonversikan maka hanya ada 2 individu dalam area plot seluas 10 m2. Tripneustes gratilla is a sea urchin that belongs to the class Echinoidea. These animals can be found in intertidal ecosystems and are classified as benthic biota which are often found in coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. The species T. gratilla has an important ecological value in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems, namely as a herbivore and also as a key species capable of controlling the growth of macroalgae that live in coral reef ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of distribution and population density of T. gratilla in the intertidal ecosystem of Bilik Beach, Baluran National Park. The method of determining the distribution pattern is carried out using the systematic plot transect method by placing 1x1 m paralon plots along the line transects. The distribution pattern of T. gratilla in the intertidal ecosystem of Bilik Beach, Baluran National Park, is classified as clustered based on the results of an analysis using the Morisita Index with an Id value of 4.8. The density of T. gratilla in the intertidal ecosystem of Bilik Beach, Baluran National Park, is low, with a density value of 0.2 Ind/m2 or when converted, there are only 2 individuals in a plot area of 10 m2.
Komposisi Jenis dan Kelimpahan Perifiton Pada Daun Lamun Oceana serrulata di Perairan Pulau Panjang dan Pantai Prawean Bandengan, Jepara
Authors: Islam Anastasya Devi Septanovia , Suryono Suryono , Riniatsih Ita 
Published: November 2023

Padang lamun merupakan ekosistem pesisir berfungsi sebagai tempat mencari makanan, berlindung, serta berkembang biak. Perifiton ditemukan melekat pada permukaan daun lamun, dapat menjadi faktor pendukung produktivitas primer tetapi dapat juga mengurangi cahaya yang masuk untuk fotosintesis, sehingga dapat mengurangi komposisi padang lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis perifiton dan kelimpahan perifiton pada lamun Oceana serrulata di Pulau Panjang dan Pantai Prawean Bandengan, Jepara. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survei. Penentuan lokasi sampling dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling. Pendataan data kerapatan lamun dilakukan menggunakan metode line transek kuadran. Preparasi sampel daun lamun dilakukan guna mengetahui komposisi perifiton menggunakan metode pengerikan menggunakan kuas dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop. Jenis perifiton yang ditemukan pada daun lamun Oceana serrulata terdiri dari 2 genus (Cyanophyceae) dan 11 genus (Bacillariophyceae). Nilai kelimpahan perifiton pada daun lamun Oceana serrulata di Pulau Panjang dan Pantai Prawean Bandengan adalah 5349,98 ind/cm2 dan 8357,37 ind/cm2. Keberadaan perifiton di Pulau Panjang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan Pantai Prawean Bandengan. The seagras ecosystem are coastal ecosystems that function as places to find food, shelter, and breed. Periphyton was found attached to the surface of seagrass leaves, which can be supporting factor for primary productivity but can also reduce incoming light for photosynthesis, thereby reducing the composition of seagrass beds. This study aims to determine the composition of periphyton species and the abundance of periphyton in seagrass Oceana serrulata on Panjang Island and Prawean Bandengan Beach, Jepara. The research method was carried out using a survey method. Determination of sampling locations was determined using a purposive sampling method. Data collection on seagrass density was carried out using the quadrant transect method. Seagrass leaf sample preparation was carried out to determine the composition of periphyton using the scraping method using a brush and observed using a microscope. The types of periphyton found on the leaves of seagrass Oceana serrulata consist of 2 genera (Cyanophyceae) and 11 genera (Bacillariophyceae). Periphyton abundance values in leaves of seagrass Oceana serrulata on Panjang Island and Bandengan Prawean Beach were 5349.98 ind/cm2 and 8357.37 ind/cm2. The presence of periphyton on Panjang Island is less than on Prawean Bandengan Beach.
Perubahan Lahan Mangrove di Pesisir Utara Teluk Banten
Authors: Saleha Amalia Narya , Cahyadi Ferry Dwi , Sasongko Agung Setyo 
Published: November 2023

Kawasan pesisir utara Teluk Banten Secara geografis mencakup 6 kecamatan yang mengalami peningkatan kegiatan industri sehingga mengancam ekosistem mangrove serta biota yang berasosiasi di dalam kawasan pesisir tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui luas lahan yang berubah dan genus mangrove yang beradaptasi di kawasan pesisir utara Teluk Banten. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan dalam kajian ini adalah kuantitatif deksriptif menggunakan analisis NDVI yang meliputi pengolahan data citra tahun 2017 dan 2022 menggunakan perangkat lunak ArcGIS kemudian dilakukan observasi lapangan untuk mengetahui genus mangrove yang beradaptasi di kawasan tersebut. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini bahwa dari 6 kecamatan hanya ditemukan 3 kecamatan yang masih memiliki kawasan ekostem mangrove yaitu Kecamatan Kasemen, Pontang dan Tirtayasa. Sedangkan Kecamatan Pulo Ampel, Bojonegara dan Kramatwatu hampir didominasi oleh kawasan industri. Dalam waktu 5 tahun telah terjadi pengurangan luas lahan mangrove sebesar 1,027 ha dari total awal pada tahun 2017 seluas 39,794 ha. Kemudian, ditemukan 3 genus di ketiga kecamatan tersebut yang mana genus Rhizopora mendominasi di Kecamatan Kasemen, Pontang dan Tirtayasa. Setiap wilayah mempunyai potensi dan manfaat tertentu bagi biota dan manusianya demikian hal tersebut akan terus meningkatkan kesejahteraan apabila adanya semangat berkolaborasi antar sesama elemen masyrakat untuk terus menjaga ekosistem. The coastal region of Banten Bay's northern area encompasses six sub-districts that are currently experiencing an increase in industrial activity. Unfortunately, this uptick poses a severe threat to the mangrove ecosystem and associated biota in the area. The aim of this research was to assess the extent of the land that has undergone changes and the mangrove genera that have adapted to the region. To achieve this, a descriptive quantitative method and NDVI analysis were utilized. Image data from 2017 and 2022 was processed using ArcGIS software, followed by field observations to identify the mangrove genus that is adapted to the area. The research findings indicate that only three of the six sub-districts (Kasemen, Pontang, and Tirtayasa) still have mangrove ecosystem areas, while the others (Pulo Ampel, Bojonegara, and Kramatwatu) are almost entirely dominated by industrial areas. The research also revealed that the area of mangrove land decreased by 1,027 ha over the past five years from the initial total of 39,794 ha in 2017. Furthermore, the study identified three genera in the three sub-districts, with the Rhizopora genus being the most dominant in Kasemen, Pontang, and Tirtayasa. Each region has unique potential and benefits for its biota and humans, making it crucial to continue collaborating and protecting the ecosystem to ensure the area's continued prosperity.
On weak Fano manifolds with small contractions obtained by blow-ups of a product of projective spaces
Authors: Tsukioka Toru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider weak Fano manifolds with small contractions obtained by blowing up successively curves and subvarieties of codimension 2 in the product of a projective space and a projective line. We give a classification result for a special case. We determine the nef cones and describe the extremal contractions for related smooth projective varieties.
A geographical study ofM‾2P2,4main
$\overline{\mathcal{M}}_2\left(\mathbb{P}^2, 4\right)^{\text {main }}$
Authors: Battistella Luca , Carocci Francesca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discuss criteria for a stable map of genus two and degree 4 to the projective plane to be smoothable, as an application of our modular desingularisation of via logarithmic geometry and Gorenstein singularities.