bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost a century and a half ago W. Kirby and W. Spence described in their legendary book on entomology3 the flight of a large white butterfly in pursuit of a suitable plant to lay eggs on: ‘she is in search of some plant of the cabbage tribe. Led by an instinct far more unerring than the practised eye of the botanist, she recognizes the desired plant the moment she approaches it; and upon this she places her precious burden.
Herbivorous insects: something for everyone
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insects have the most species of any class of organisms on earth and green plants make up the greatest part in all biomass on land. Nearly half of all existing insect species feed on living plants. Thus, more than 400 000 herbivorous (synonymous with phytophagous) insect species live on roughly 300 000 vascular plant species (Fig. 2.1).
Host-plant selection: when to accept a plant
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variation is a basic characteristic of life. Obvious levels of variability are between species, families, orders, phyla, kingdoms, etc., but a surprisingly large variability also exists within species. This applies not least to host-plant choices in herbivores. The host-plant range of an insect species is not a fixed and unchangeable property. Meticulous studies have shown that some individuals or even whole populations of an insect species may reject plants, although they belong to the ‘normal’ host plant range of the species.
Assessing the Risk of Disclosure of Confidential Categorical Data
Authors: Dobra Adrian , Fienberg Stephen E , Trottini Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maintaining the confidentiality of statistical data is essential if government agencies are to collect and publish high-quality census and survey data. Typically, agencies promise respondents that their data will be kept confidential and used for statistical purposes only. For example, Title 13, Section 9 of the United States Code prohibits the US Census Bureau from publishing results in which an individual’s or business’s data can be identified. How can an agency comply with such legal strictures while at the same time provide public access to as much data as possible? This paper addresses this issue in the context of categorical data in the form of a cross-classification of counts.
Markov chain Monte Carlo-based approaches for inference in computationally intensive inverse problems
Authors: Higdon Dave , Lee Herbie , Holloman Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A typical setup for many inverse problems is that one wishes to update beliefs about a spatially dependent set of inputs x given rather indirect observations y. Here, the inputs and observed outputs are related by the complex physical relationship y = Cfx) + ϵ Applications include medical and geological tomography, hydrology, and the modelling of physical and biological systems. We consider applications where the physical relationship C(x) can be well approximated by detailed simulation code y(x).
The Markov Modulated Poisson Process and Markov Poisson Cascade with Applications to Web Traffic Modeling
Authors: Scott Steven L , Smyth Padhraic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Markov modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) is a Poisson process whose rate varies according to a Markov process. The nonhomogeneous MMPP developed in this article is a natural model for point processes whose events combine irregular bursts of activity with predictable (e.g. daily and hourly) patterns. We show how the MMPP may be viewed as a superposition of unobserved Poisson processes that are activated and deactivated by an unobserved Markov process. The MMPP is a continuous time model which may also be viewed as a discretely indexed nonstationary hidden Markov model by viewing intervals between events as a sequence of dependent random variables. The HMM representation allows one to probabilistically reconstruct the latent Markov and Poisson processes using a set of forward-backward recursions. The recursions allow MMPP parameters to be estimated either by an EM algorithm or by a rapidly mixing Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm which uses the recursions for data augmentation. The Markov-Poisson cascade (MPC) is an MMPP whose underlying Markov process obeys certain restrictions which uniquely order the event rates for the observed process. The ordering avoids a possible label switching issue without slowing down the rapidly mixing algorithms we use to implement the model. We apply the MPC to a data set containing click rate data for individual computer users browsing through the World Wide Web. Because the complete data posterior distribution for the MPC is a product of exponential family distributions we are able to incorporate data from multiple users into a hierarchical model using existing methods from hierarchical Poisson regression.
General Theory of Small Fluctuations
Authors: Weinberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most of the work described in the previous chapters, the universe has been treated as isotropic and homogeneous, with a gravitational field described by the Robertson–Walker metric. This is of course just an approximation, which ignores many of the most interesting things in the universe: galaxy clusters, galaxies, stars, us. We now turn to an analysis of these departures from homogeneity and isotropy.
Psychopathology and the ‘Methodenstreit’
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the second of two chapters concerned with the philosoph- ical basis of the work of Karl Jaspers. In Chapter 9 we consid- ered the influence of Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology, and concluded that there were aspects of Jaspers’ approach to psy- chopathology that were not ‘phenomenological’ in Husserl’s sense. These included the notions of ‘empathy’ and ‘imaginative re-living’, as parts of the psychopathologist’s methodology, and ‘understanding’ (as opposed to ‘explanation’) as a key aim of the psychopathologist’s investigations.
Tools of the trade: an introduction to psychiatric ethics
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the use-before-definition approach of Austin’s ‘philo- sophical fieldwork’, as developed in Part I, this chapter starts more or less straight in with practical case examples. We ask you to think about real situations, either from your general knowledge of mental health, or from your own experiences if you are a user or provider of services, and then to review the story of Mr AB, the man with depression treated on an involuntary basis introduced in Chapter 2.
Personal identity and schizophrenia
Authors: Fulford K W M , Thornton Tim , Graham George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at another central concept drawn from the philosophy of mind, which can both inform and be informed by psychopathology. The concept of personal identity is central to the subject matter of psychiatry. However, it also exemplifies the relationship between empirical and conceptual work that has run throughout this book. While psychopathology can teach us a great deal about what is involved in the nature of persons and our identity through time—and thus what can threaten that—there is no simple experiment available to answer the question: What is a person? Instead empirical evidence and conceptual exploration go hand in hand.
The visible universe
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that it is a clear moonless night in the country. The sky is ablaze with thousands of stars. The light from some of the faintest ones set out thousands years ago. In a great arc across the sky we see that familiar band of light, the Milky Way, which Galileo showed to be composed of myriads of faint stars. This is our own Galaxy, a discus-shaped metropolis of a hundred thousand million (1011) stars with ourselves far out towards the suburbs (see Fig. 1.1).
Our Galaxy and other galaxies
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main constituents of galaxies are stars and interstellar gas and dust, and the main evolution of an isolated galaxy consists of stars condensing out of clouds of gas and dust, undergoing thermonuclear reactions, losing mass in winds from their surface, and finally either cooling down or dispersing much of their material in spectacular explosions. By tracing out the distribution of populations of stars of different ages in our Galaxy, we can get a good idea of the way that the Galaxy has evolved with time and what the last stages of its formation were like. Other types of galaxy can be explained as similar in structure to our own, and of the same age, but with differing star formation histories. Interactions and mergers between pairs of galaxies also play a significant part in the evolution of some, perhaps most, galaxies.
Other cosmological theories
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firstly, we look at some of the problems of the General Relativistic Hot Big Bang models and the solution of these problems offered by the inflationary scenario. Then, for historical reasons we give an account of the steady state theory. We look at some theories of gravity in which the gravitational ‘constant’ G varies with time, and at anisotropic and inhomogeneous models within general relativity. We mention the cosmological implications of ‘grand unified’ theories, which attempt to unify the strong, electromagnetic, and weak forces of physics, and we discuss models which dispense with a hot big bang altogether.
Approaches to Visual Recognition
Authors: Ullman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Visual recognition is a task that the human brain performs effortlessly and efficiently, in a manner that far surpasses the ability of any artificial system or computational model proposed to date. Recognition can be performed at different levels of specificity, ranging from general classification to the identification of individual objects. For humans, classification is generally easier and more natural than individual identification. In contrast, current artificial systems typically cope significantly better with identification compared with general classification. In this chapter I review and compare leading theoretical approaches to visual recognition, focusing on visual classification. The chapter also discusses some of the main unsolved problems, as well as promising future directions.
Towards a Neural Basis of Human Visual Attention: Evidence from Functional Brain Imaging
Authors: Kastner Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attentional mechanisms are needed to select relevant, and to filter out irrelevant, information from cluttered visual scenes. Evidence from single- cell physiology studies in monkeys and functional brain mapping studies in humans indicates that selective attention modulates neural activity in the visual system. Attentional modulation is not confined to cortical processing, but occurs already in the lateral geniculate nucleus, which may serve as an early gatekeeper in attentional gain control. Atcortical processing stages, selective attention appears to operate by biasing interactions among multiple stimuli that compete for neural representation, thereby effectively filtering out irrelevant information from nearby distracters. Evidence in support of an attentional-load-dependent push–pull mechanism is reported that operates by facilitating responses evoked by attended stimuli and by suppressing responses evoked by unattended stimuli over large portions of the visual field.
The Role of Competitive Circuits in Extrastriate Cortex in selecting Spatially Superimposed stimuli
Authors: Reynolds John H , Fallah Mazyar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extracellular recording studies of attention in monkeys trained to perform visual tasks find that changes in neuronal responses differ qualitatively depending on whether one or more stimuli appear within the neuron’s receptive field (RF). Attention to a single excitatory stimulus typically results in an increase in firing rate, regardless of whether the stimulus is a preferred or poor stimulus for the neuron. In contrast, attention to one of multiple stimuli within the RF can result either in increases or decreases in firing rate, depending on the neuron’s relative preference for the stimuli in the RF. These findings can be interpreted within the context of a psychological theory that relates them to psychophysical and functional imaging studies of attention in humans. This interpretation leads to specific predictions about changes in neuronal responses in an object-based attention paradigm.
Neural Selection and Control of Action
Authors: Schall Jeffrey D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with how perception guides action and with how actions are chosen and controlled to achieve goals. Human performance seems unexplainable without referring to unobservable processes such as encoding, categorizing, deciding, selecting, preparing, and monitoring. Neural correlates of each of these processes have been identified through both non-invasive and invasive monitoring methods. Indeed, single neurons can convey signals apparently sufficient to mediate these cognitive processes. A description of neural properties though, does not explain how the behavior and intermediate processes are produced. A complete explanation requires computational theories implemented in mathematical models.
Finite Elements and Fast Iterative Solvers: with Applications in Incompressible Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Elman Howard C , Silvester David J , Wathen Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this book is the efficient solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) that arise when modelling incompressible fluid flow. The material is organized into four groups of two chapters each, covering the Poisson equation (chapters 1 2); the convection-diffucion equation (chapters 3 4); the Stokes equations (chapters 5 6); and the Navier-Stokes equations (chapters 7 8). These equations represent important models within the domain of computational fluid dynamics, but they also arise in many other settings. For each PDE model, there is a chapter concerned with finite element discretization. For each problem and associated solvers there is a description of how to compute along with theoretical analysis which guides the choice of approaches. Illustrative numerical results occur throughout the book, which have been computed with the freely downloadable IFISS software. All numerical results should be reproducible by readers who have access to MATLAB and there is considerable scope for experimentation in the 'computational laboratory' provided by the software. This book provides an excellent introduction to finite elements, iterative linear solvers and scientific computing aimed at graduates in engineering, numerical analysis, applied mathematics and interdisciplinary scientific computing. Including theoretical problems and practical exercises closely tied with freely downloadable MATLAB software, this book is an ideal teaching and learning resource.
Solution of Discrete Convection-Diffusion Problems
Authors: Elman Howard C , Silvester David J , Wathen Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As shown in Chapter 3, the coefficient matrix arising from discretization of the convection-diffusion equation is nonsymmetric. To develop iterative solution algorithms for these problems, as well as those arising in other settings such as the Navier-Stokes equations, the algorithms discussed in Chapter 2 must be adapted to handle nonsymmetric systems of linear equations. In this chapter, we outline the strategies and issues associated with Krylov subspace iteration for general nonsymmetric systems, together with specific details for convection-diffusion systems associated with preconditioning and multigrid methods.
Basic concepts
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of scientists is not simply to try to describe phenomena, but rather to explain them. From available knowledge, they develop scientific theories of why something happens and then make appropriate observations to check them. In turn, these observations can lead to modifications of the theory, which must also be checked, and so on. Scientific research involves a continual interaction between theory and empirical observation. Thus, a theory is constantly being checked, corrected, and improved in the light of new data; when this is no longer possible, it is replaced, but only if a better one is available.
Why is joint attention a pivotal skill in autism?
Authors: Charman Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joint attention abilities play a crucial role in the development of autism. Impairments in joint attention are among the earliest signs of the disorder and joint attention skills relate to outcome, both in the ‘natural course’ of autism and through being targeted in early intervention programmes. In the current study, concurrent and longitudinal associations between joint attention and other social communication abilities measured in a sample of infants with autism and related pervasive developmental disorders at age 20 months, and language and symptom severity at age 42 months, were examined. Extending the findings from previous studies, joint attention ability was positively associated with language gains and (lower) social and communication symptoms, and imitation ability was also positively associated with later language.
A quick overview on the theory of integration
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Tilli Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter we make a brief excursus on the theory of integration, following a particularly elegant and original approach adopted by De Giorgi in 1983, in a series of unpublished lectures given in the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa see also De Giorgi and Letta 16] .
Why plantations?
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in plantations and tree-planting in the tropics continues to increase rapidly. The area of plantation increased over thirteen times between 1965 and 2000, and the rate of planting in the 1990s was double that of the 1980s (Table 3.2). Why should this be so? Why should small countries such as Fiji, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe undertake plantation programmes covering tens of thousands of hectares, and why have millions of hectares being planted in China, India, and Brazil? In India, for example, not only are government and parastatal bodies involved but some 10 000 non-government organizations (NGOs) are concerned to promote tree-planting of one kind or another.
Social and economic factors in tree-planting and plantation development
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development cannot bypass the lives of the people concerned whether they are directly involved as future employees on a plantation project or are those living nearby who see their familiar environment changed and new goods and services becoming available as a result of social forestry programmes. All development costs money, most developing countries are short of funds, and money raised from harvesting natural forests is frequently used to develop other sectors of higher national priority. This shortage often results in heavy reliance on official development assistance (ODA). Grayson (2000) notes that globally the flow of funds from rich to poor countries has been more than US$180 billion annually, of which ODA has been one-third and the balance has come from private sources. Of the US$60 billion of ODA only US$20 billion has come from multilateral agencies, the rest being from bilateral aid and national governments.
Plantation establishment
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trees and forests are planted on many kinds of sites and this chapter is concerned primarily with three main ones: grassland, savanna, and recently cleared woodland or forest. Silvicultural techniques for where agroforestry is practised and on difficult sites, such as in arid and/or eroded lands, mining waste, and are considered elsewhere (Chapters 20 and 23). Nevertheless, a number of principles are common to all and much of this chapter is relevant to any plantation establishment regardless of site conditions.
High pruning
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In tropical tree plantations pruning is mainly carried out in two very different situations: to improve stem and wood quality in some industrial crops and as a tool in agroforestry and social forestry plantings, both to manipulate the trees to favour food crops, for example, in alley cropping, and to provide fodder, leaf mulch, fuel wood, smooth, snag-free poles, etc. Note that pruning in arboriculture and horticulture is to improve crown shape, stimulate flowering and fruiting, train branches, and sometimes simply for aesthetic purposes. This chapter primarily concerns high pruning in industrial plantations; Chapters 18, 20–21, and 23 make further reference to pruning practices in agroforestry and rural development forestry including pollarding.
Afforestation of inhospitable sites
Authors: Evans Julian , Turnbull John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is very difficult to grow trees on some sites, but only in a few environments with extreme cold or no soil is it completely impossible. Apart from these environments, with careful treatment of the site and correct choice of species, trees can be established on many very unpromising sites. Although some species are remarkably tolerant of poor growing conditions, establishing trees on naturally inhospitable sites usually requires special techniques. This chapter outlines the reasons which make sites inhospitable and considers the silvicultural techniques for afforesting five examples: arid-zone areas; steep and eroding slopes; man-made, industrial waste ground; saline and sodic soils; and mangroves.
A journey from neocortex to hippocampus
Authors: Bliss T V P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1960s, it was generally agreed that the engram, the neural trace of previously experienced events, must be encoded by Hebb-like neurons in which synaptic efficacy could be modified by activity. Here, I describe my attempts as a PhD student at McGill University, Montreal, to find rules governing cortical plasticity in the neocortex, and having failed, why the hippocampus seemed to offer a far better prospect. Sometime in the autumn of 1963 I went to see Ben Delisl Burns, then a professor in the Physiology Department at McGill University, Montreal, where I had taken my undergraduate degree, to talk about doing a PhD with him.
Active dendrites, potassium channels and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Johnston Daniel , Christie Brian R , Frick Andreas , Gray Richard , Hoffman D A , Schexnayder Lalania K , Watanabe Shigeo , Yuan Li-Lian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dendrites of CAI pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus express numerous types of voltage-gated ion channels, but the distributions or densities of many of these channels are very non-uniform. Sodium channels in the dendrites are responsible for action potential (AP) propagation from the axon into the dendrites (back-propagation); calcium channels are responsible for local changes in dendritic calcium concentrations following back-propagating APs and synaptic potentials; and potassium channels help regulate overall dendritic excitability.