bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Objective‐led’ SEA in a Scottish local authority
Authors: Esson Graham , Reekie Bruce , Jackson Tony 
Published: May 2004

AbstractScottish planners have expanded environmental effect assessment of development plans into the policy appraisal of their sustainability impacts. The application of this methodology is demonstrated in our review of the appraisal of the Perth and Kinross structure plan, which demonstrates the strengths and limitations of this objective‐led approach to strategic environmental assessment when compared with a baseline‐led one. Scottish Executive interim planning guidance for the European Union directive on strategic environmental assessment integrates the two approaches. This requires the local baseline to be clearly established and plan‐induced movements in it to be predicted, monitored and evaluated. It also requires the use of techniques capable of assessing all forms of impact, and better engagement with the public and environmental authorities. Implementation of the directive will tax the capacity of Scottish planning authorities to meet these requirements whilst retaining their preference for an objective‐led policy‐based approach to assessment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Implementing the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) Directive in the South West of England
Authors: Brooke Clare , James Emma , Jones Rhian , Therivel Riki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe South West of England is famous as being an area rich in environmental features and heritage. The tools available to local authorities and other organizations to protect this valued environment are being expanded to include strategic environmental assessment (SEA). SEA is being introduced under a European Community directive, which will be incorporated into UK law in 2004. The directive will require national, regional and local authorities to carry out environmental assessment on certain plans and programmes that they promote.To ensure that the effectiveness of SEA in the South West is maximized, the South West Regional Assembly is working with local authorities and regional partners to consider the implications of the directive, and help the region prepare for its implementation. The aim of the project is to more clearly define the potential for SEA within the South West, examine the barriers that organizations may face when implementing the directive and establish good practice within the region.Work has been carried out to examine specific requirements of the SEA Directive, including the baseline data requirements for undertaking SEAs, and methodological differences between SEA and sustainability appraisals. Existing practice was examined to consider how current planning processes can be adapted to fulfil the requirements of the directive. Case studies were also undertaken to examine the issues around implementing the directive for non‐land‐use plans, including transport, economic development, waste management, renewable energy and flood management. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Implementing the SEA Directive in Italy: opportunities and barriers
Authors: Gazzola Paola , Caramaschi Maristella , Fischer Thomas B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractStrategic environmental assessment is emerging in Italy. At the same time, the ‘traditional’ Italian planning system is evolving, introducing new concepts, competences, tools and practices at the regional level. A reorganization of the environmental normative framework takes place as well, with direct consequences for existing environmental assessment procedures. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art of SEA in Italy. Opportunities and barriers for an effective implementation of the SEA Directive in this country are highlighted. It is concluded that the successful implementation of SEA in Italy will largely depend on a changing political context. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Strategic environmental impact assessment in Slovenia
Authors: Koblar Jasna 
Published: May 2004

AbstractEnvironmental considerations have been a part of the decision‐making system in Slovenia for more than 30 years. Throughout this time, assessments of environmental aspects of plans and programmes have been produced in various forms. In the period of the ‘integrated approach’ (pre‐1990), environmental protection was an equal part of the social planning system. In the transitional period (1990–1997), the manner and scope of including strategic environmental assessments were strongly marked by the Spatial Planning Act, the Environmental Protection Act and the National Programme for Motorway Construction. During the preparation period for EU membership, Slovenia undertook to transpose Directive 2001/42/EC into its legal system, by means of the new Environmental Protection Act and implementing regulations. The paper discusses past experiences with the different environmental assessment approaches and recent activities for the implementation of Directive 2001/42/EC in Slovenia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
CXCR1‐binding chemokines in inflammatory bowel diseases: down‐regulated IL‐8/CXCL8 production by leukocytes in Crohn's disease and selective GCP‐2/CXCL6 expression in inflamed intestinal tissue
Authors: Gijsbers Klara , Van Assche Gert , Joossens Sofie , Struyf Sofie , Proost Paul , Rutgeerts Paul , Geboes Karel , Van Damme Jo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCrohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation and a constant influx of leukocytes mediated by pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The intestinal expression of the CXCR1‐binding chemokines IL‐8/CXCL8 and GCP‐2/CXCL6 and the participation of immunocompetent cells in IBD were evaluated. IL‐8 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from IBD patients, stimulated with endotoxin, plant lectin or double‐stranded RNA, was significantly lowered in patients with CD, but not in UC patients or healthy subjects. The reduced chemokine production by PBMC from IBD patients was both IL‐8 and CD specific, but not inducer dependent. In serum, most chemokines remained undetectable, while the levels of those that were measurable remained unaltered in IBD patients. GCP‐2, but not ENA‐78/CXCL5, nor IL‐8, were highly expressed by endothelial cells in inflamed intestinaltissue of IBD patients. In contrast, stimulated endothelial cell cultures produced more IL‐8 than GCP‐2. The selective GCP‐2 staining of endothelial cells at sites of ulcerations suggests that GCP‐2, despite its low production capacity in vitro, plays a role in IBD that is different from that of structurally (ENA‐78) and functionally (IL‐8) related ELR+ CXC chemokines. Thus, the chemokine network shows complementarity rather than redundancy.
Depending on their maturation state, splenic dendritic cells induce the differentiation of CD4+ T lymphocytes into memory and/or effector cells in vivo
Authors: de Heusch Magali , Oldenhove Guillaume , Urbain Jacques , Thielemans Kris , Maliszewski Charlie , Leo Oberdan , Moser Muriel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that dendritic cells (DC) display opposite functions in the immune system, as they may induce immunity or tolerance depending on intrinsic and environmental factors. In mice, adoptive transfer of mature DC pulsed extracorporeally with antigen induces the development of antigen‐specific Th1‐ and Th2‐type CD4+ cells. In this work, we compared the adjuvant properties of immature (freshly isolated) and mature (cultured) splenic DC in vivo. Our data show that injection of either cell population induces the clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells but that only mature DC trigger their differentiation into effector cells producing IFN‐γ. In contrast, transfer of immature DC provokes the development of intermediates in the differentiation process, similar to the central memory cells. These observations, together with data in the literature, suggest that DC may induce tolerance, memory, or immunity depending on their maturationstate.
Evolution of thermograph parameters during the oxidation of extra virgin olive oil
Authors: Kanavouras Antonis , Selke Susan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe modulated differential scanning calorimetry (M‐DSC) was used as a rapid and effective method to characterize the olive oil at different levels of oxidation. Thermograph parameters have been related to oxidative degradation of the triglycerides. In this study, their relation to the characteristic off‐flavor compounds, correlated to the oxidative degradation of the oil, was also investigated.Extra virgin olive oil samples were subjected to the following oxidation treatments: a) purged with air using glass washing bottles at two flow rate values, b) heated in a conventional oven at two area/oil mass ratios, and c) heated in a microwave oven also at two area/oil mass ratios. Samples were withdrawn and analyzed at predetermined intervals. Flavor and off‐flavor compounds were isolated using a dynamic thermal stripping apparatus and transferred into a gas chromatograph by using a thermal desorption unit. All oil samples were analyzed by M‐DSC during cooling from 25 °C to −60 °C at 7 °C/min, and heating back to 40 °C at 10 °C/min. High correlation values were obtained between various M‐DSC thermograph parameters and certain volatile compounds. Results showed that M‐DSC could be used as a simple method to indicate compositional changes in olive oil during oxidation.
The impact of antioxidants on biodiesel oxidation stability
Authors: Schober Sigurd , Mittelbach Martin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe potential of 11 different synthetic phenolic antioxidants to improve the oxidation stability of biodiesel prepared from different feedstocks was investigated. Measurements of oxidation stability were carried out according to the European biodiesel specifications with a Rancimat instrument at 110 °C. At antioxidant concentrations of 1000 mg/kg, an improvement in oxidation stability could be achieved with all antioxidants tested. Especially the antioxidants DTBHQ, IONOX 220, Vulkanox ZKF, Vulkanox BKF, and Baynox were able to significantly improve the oxidation stability, leading to stabilization factors between 1.89 and 13.07. Variation of antioxidant concentrations between 100 and 1000 mg/kg showed that the efficiency of the antioxidants varied depending on the different types of biodiesel. When used as additives, Baynox showed good effects on rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) stability, DBHQ on recycled cooking oil methyl ester (RCOME) stability, Vulkanox BKF on distilled RCOME (DRCOME) stability, and IONOX 220 on tallow methyl ester (TME) stability. Evaluation of the influence of the antioxidants on critical biodiesel fuel parameters showed no negative impacts on viscosities, densities, carbon residues, CFPP, and sulphated ash contents of the different biodiesel samples. However, in terms of acid values, a noticeable increase could be observed at antioxidant levels of 1000 mg/kg. At lower antioxidant concentrations, this increase was much lower and the values remained within the required limits.
Comparison of two kinds of pumpkin seed oils obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction
Authors: Wenli Yu , Yaping Zhao , Jingjing Chen , Bo Shu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe oils from two kinds of pumpkin seeds, black and white ones, were extracted by supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2). The technological variables for SC‐CO2 extraction were optimized and the resulting oils were analyzed by GC‐MS. As a result, the optimal conditions for SC‐CO2 extraction were as follows: 25∼30 MPa, 45 °C, SC‐CO2 flow rate of 30∼40 kg/h. The main compounds in the resulting oils were 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid, 9‐octadecenoic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid for both types of pumpkin seeds, however, the black seed oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) than the white seed oil. On the other hand, some compounds including heptadecanoic acid (0.27%), tetracosanic acid (0.1%), 9‐dodecaenoic acid (0.45%) and pentadecenoic acid (0.05%) were found in white seed oil but not in black seed oil; while eicosanic acid (0.05%), 11,14‐eicosadienoic acid (0.2%), 11‐octadecenoic acid (0.06%), 7‐hexadecenoic acid (0.02%) and 1,12‐tridecadiene (0.02%) were only found in black seed oil.
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 6 in HPV‐16 positive cervical carcinomas carrying the DRB1*1501‐DQB1*0602 haplotype
Authors: Arias‐Pulido Hugo , Joste Nancy , Wheeler Cosette M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHigh‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), specifically HPV‐16 and ‐18, have been associated with the development of carcinoma in situ (CIS) and of invasive cervical cancer (CC). However, only a small fraction of HPV‐infected women will show signs of disease progression, suggesting that other factors in the carcinogenic pathway are needed. We previously demonstrated that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*1501‐DQB1*0602 (high risk) was associated with the development of CIS and CC tumors in HPV‐16‐positive patients. To characterize the molecular changes that could be relevant to tumor progression, we compared the extent of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 6 in HPV‐16‐positive CIS patients who were carriers of high‐risk and neutral HLA haplotypes. CIS and CC cases demonstrated similar LOH patterns. A wide range of LOH frequencies was found at 6p (10–53%) and 6q (5–28%) in CIS cases, suggesting that LOH is an early event in the carcinogenic process. A comparative analysis of LOH frequencies in the high‐risk versus the neutral HLA haplotypes showed a statistically significant difference in the extent of LOH at 6p24–p25 (58.6% versus 25.8%; P = 0.018) and at 6p21.3 (79.3% versus 35.5%; P = 0.001), a region that contains the HLA complex. LOH at this region could affect genes encoding HLA class I–II molecules, as well as factors responsible for the assembly, transport, and stable expression of HLA molecules. These losses may be a reflection of both an abnormal immune response and a general genome‐wide instability resulting from virus persistence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: Genome‐wide appraisal of a controversial entity
Authors: Wreesmann Volkert B. , Ghossein Ronald A. , Hezel Michael , Banerjee Debenranrath , Shaha Ashok R. , Tuttle R. Michael , Shah Jatin P. , Rao Pulivarthi H. , Singh Bhuvanesh 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe majority of thyroid tumors are classified as papillary (papillary thyroid carcinomas; PTCs) or follicular neoplasms (follicular thyroid adenomas and carcinomas; FTA/FTC) based on nuclear features and the cellular growth pattern. However, classification of the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) remains an issue of debate. These tumors contain a predominantly follicular growth pattern but display nuclear features and overall clinical behavior consistent with PTC. In this study, we used comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to compare the global chromosomal aberrations in FVPTC to the PTC of classical variant (classical PTC) and FTA/FTC. In addition, we assessed the presence of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPARG) alteration, a genetic event specific to FTA/FTC, using Southern blot and immunohistochemistry analyses. In sharp contrast to the findings in classical PTC (4% of cases), CGH analysis demonstrated that both FVPTC (59% of cases) and FTA/FTC (36% of cases) were commonly characterized by aneuploidy (P = 0.0002). Moreover, the pattern of chromosomal aberrations (gains at chromosome arms 2q, 4q, 5q, 6q, 8q, and 13q and deletions at 1p, 9q, 16q, 17q, 19q, and 22q) in the follicular variant of PTC closely resembled that of FTA/FTC. Aberrations in PPARG were uniquely detected in FVPTC and FTA/FTC. Our findings suggest a stronger relationship between the FVPTC and FTA/FTC than previously appreciated and support further consideration of the current classification of thyroid neoplasms. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphorus heterocycles from 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole
Authors: Hernández‐Díaz Julio , Flores‐Parra Angelina , Contreras Rosalinda 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe report the syntheses of unsaturated six‐membered heterocycles bearing tri‐, tetra‐, and pentacoordinated phosphorus atoms derived from 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazol (1). The presence of three different N–H protons allowed to prepare different compounds by selective substitution. Molecules with two (endo and exocyclic) phosphorus atoms were prepared. The free anilinic proton is the most reactive to substitution reactions, followed by the benzimidazolic, and then the anilinic proton involved in the hydrogen bond. Substitution of the exo‐anilinic proton of 1 by Ph2PCl leads a precursor with a hydrogen bond forming a six‐membered ring, which could be substituted by other groups giving more complex molecules. A pentacoordinated phosphorus compound was obtained after oxidative addition of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐benzoquinone to P(III) heterocycle. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:321–332, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20022
Evolutional background for humanizing technology
Authors: Tytyk Edwin 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe main aim of the article is to show the evolution of the human approach to work and technology in various developmental periods of technological civilization, and hence to stress the need to initiate conscious and purposeful actions targeted at humanizing technology in modern days. An integral part of engineering knowledge must also be knowledge about humans as users of technological products. Ignoring this part will definitely incur economic and cultural losses. To this effect, a new human‐centered paradigm of evaluating technology was developed. As a relatively young and interdisciplinary branch of science, ergonomics offers both methodological and scientific support for humanization of engineering actions in the field of theory and practice of design, performance, and management. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 307–319, 2004.
Development of safety engineering curricula in the Gulf cooperative countries to meet local manufacturing needs
Authors: Alhemood Ali 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article documents the need to establish a safety engineering management program in the Arabian Gulf Region, particularly in the Gulf Cooperative Countries (GCCs)—Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. Freidman's nonparametric statistical analysis of variance was used to analyze ranks of preferences for safety engineering graduate degrees and programs in the 6 GCCs. On the basis of the findings, manufacturing companies in different countries prefer distinctive safety engineering systems (χ2 = 31.72, df = 5, p = < .05). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 321–326, 2004.
ERP—Enterprise Resource Planning: A cost‐based business case and implementation assessment
Authors: Han S. W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article provides the key factors that are critical to the successful implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP). It reports the results of a study carried out to assess a number of different ERP implementations in different organizations. A case study method of investigation was used, and the experiences of five manufacturing companies were documented. Also, this study explores and proposes an ERP system selection process and a cost‐based business case approach. The critical factors in the adoption of ERP are identified as learning from the experiences of others, appointing a process innovator, establishing committees and project teams, training and providing technical support for the users, and implementing appropriate changes to the organizational structure and managerial responsibilities. For more effective ERP implementations, we advise building a supportive culture and environment with a strong emphasis on human and organizational aspects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 14: 239–256, 2004.
Immunocytochemically defined interneuron populations in the hippocampus of mouse strains used in transgenic technology
Authors: Mátyás Ferenc , Freund Tamás F. , Gulyás Attila I. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTransgenic mice are overtaking the role of model animals in neuroscience. They are used in developmental, anatomical, and physiological as well as experimental neurology. However, most results on the organization of the nervous system derive from the rat. The rat hippocampus and its neuronal elements have been thoroughly investigated, revealing remarkable functional and morphological diversity and specificity among hippocampal interneurons. Our aim was to examine the properties of distinct hippocampal interneuron populations, i.e., those immunoreactive for calcium‐binding proteins (parvalbumin, calbindin, and calretinin), neuropeptides (cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide), and certain receptors (metabotropic glutamate receptor 1α, cannabinoid receptor type 1) in four strains of mice widely used in transgenic technology, and to compare their properties to those in the rat. Our data indicate that the distribution as well as the dendritic and axonal arborization of mouse interneurons immunoreactive for the different markers was identical in the examined mouse strains, and in most respects are similar to the features found in the rat. The postsynaptic targets of neurons terminating in the perisomatic (parvalbumin), proximal (calbindin), and distal (somatostatin) dendritic region, as well as on other interneurons (calretinin), also matched those found in the rat. However, a few significant differences could also be observed between the two species in addition to the already described immunoreactivity of mossy cells for calretinin: the absence of spiny calretinin‐immunoreactive interneurons in the CA3 region, sparse contacts between calretinin‐immunoreactive interneurons, and the axon staining for somatostatin and neuropil labeling for cholecystokinin. We can conclude that the morphofunctional classification of interneurons established in the rat is largely valid for mouse strains used in transgenic procedures. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic fields in the human hippocampal area evoked by a somatosensory oddball task
Authors: Hamada Yasukazu , Sugino Kimihiko , Kado Hisashi , Suzuki Ryoji 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe recorded neuromagnetic fields evoked by a somatosensory oddball task requiring subjects to discriminate target stimuli from nontarget stimuli, which are different in stimulation intensity, with a mental count of the target stimuli. A whole head type 80‐channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) system with a 50‐mm baseline gradiometer array was used. Targets and nontargets were somatosensory stimuli with an electrical current intensity of twice and three times the sensory threshold, respectively. The source current locations of the evoked magnetic fields in three dimensions and the equivalent current dipole (ECD) moments were calculated by using a single dipole model, assuming the brain as a sphere. In 28 of 63 recording sessions for 7 subjects, the loci of neuronal activities were observed in the left and/or right hippocampal areas. The latency of left hippocampal activity (293 ± 49 ms) was significantly shorter than that of the right (333 ± 45 ms) (P = 0.027, non‐paired t‐test). In view of previous studies that have shown the time window of sensory integration as ∼200–300 ms, sensory information may be transferred to hippocampal areas following sensory integration. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.