bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La codification en Allemagne, instrument de construction de l’État -Du Reich à l’État fédéral
Authors: Püttner Günter 
Published: January 2024

Codification in Germany : an Instrument of Construction of State From the Reich to the Federal State.
In Germany, a distinction is made between simple codification, which corresponds to the production of written law, and large-scale codification which concerns the drafting and adoption of codes. If, historically, codification was instrumental in the reconstruction of a central German State, the contemporary interest in codification lies in the desire to make law more uniform. Yet codification in Germany remains influenced by two key characteristics : the specificity of governmental structures and federalism.
La nouvelle région marocaine : un espace de développement économique et politique
Authors: Rousset Michel 
Published: January 2024

The Creation of New Regions in Morocco : a Space for Economic and Political Development.
Regional organisation carried out in 1971 made the region a space for economic development. A new stage introduced by the law of 2 April 1997 must bring a fresh dimension to this, by making the region a space for political development as well. This involves a redistribution of power in order to reverse the tradition of centralisation. In future the region will be a decentralised area with its own legal, administrative and financial status thereby guaranteeing its autonomy. For this purpose significant means have been allocated to the region. Relations between regions and state are developing at two levels : that of classic means of administrative control, and that of state adaptation to this new space. With regard to this latter point, it is important that all State services think of the regional platform as providing an essential level upon which state might pursue its activities.
Le retour de l’État sur le marché des financements locaux
Authors: Dalbera Jean-Louis 
Published: January 2024

State Returns to Local Financing Market.
State has not given up intervening in the market of local financing, which is nonetheless deregulated, in order to prevent local authorities from getting excessively into debt. Via its particular relations with certain credit establishments state implicitly influences market mechanisms. A real liberalisation of this sector is brought about through the possibility for local authorities to manage their own funds.
Les EDI et la nouvelle relation État-Entreprise
Authors: Brousse Pascal 
Published: January 2024

Computerised Data Exchange and the New Relationship Between State and Business.
The exchange of computerised data is a new means of communication which holds numerous advantages for businesses, both at a strategic and economic level. Hence computerised data exchange may be seen to accelerate and facilitate the transfer of information between the administration and businesses providing that State, for its part, guarantees the security of communication networks. For this reason, in the context of its relationship with business, the administration will have to take up the challenge posed by computerised data exchange in order that the new information System functions to its fullest effect.
Le rôle des finances publiques dans la mise en place de la nouvelle démocratie
Authors: Douat Étienne 
Published: January 2024

The Role of Public Finances in the Establishment of the New Democracy.
With the new Constitution of 1996 giving a new direction to South-African society, it is perfectly natural that public finances should be called upon to play a major role in achieving national reconciliation. In order to reinforce democracy and equality, budgetary and financial powers have been modified in two key ways : the distribution of resources between the centre and the periphery, and financing the cost incurred by the introduction of new rights into the Constitution. Of course powers in the area of the budget and financial control must be exercised in a continuous manner in order to assure the transition necessary until revision of the Exchequer Act, which is the fundamental text in the area of public finances, takes place.
Politique, fonctionnaires et légitimité administrative en Allemagne
Authors: Goetz Klaus H. 
Published: January 2024

Politics, Civil Servants and Administrative Legitimacy in Germany.
Civil servants, as guarantors of the public interest, are supposed to act as a counterweight to changing and unstable political powers. However, civil servants' autonomy with respect to political power permits collaboration at the federal level between civil servants and political actors. The extent of politicisation ranges from patronage to political professionalism and is on the increase due to the nature of decision-making procedures and to European integration.
La fin de l’État administratif au Portugal
Authors: Oliveira Rocha José A. 
Published: January 2024

Bureaucracy and Politics in Portugal.
The Portuguese political System, because of its history, particularly its colonial background, has developed along the lines of an administrative state. The dictatorial regime of 1926-1974 enhanced the rationalisation of this system where political action was carried out at the heart of the administration. For reasons of political instability the period following the 1974 revolution did not change things. It is only when the government was able to secure a majority and undertook administrative reforms that the political powers carved out a sphere of action beyond the administration. Since 1985 the power of bureaucracy has consequently diminished, however, as is shown by the Socialist Party's victory in 1995, civil servants exert a key influence in electoral and trade union matters.
La politisation de l’administration en Belgique : vers une nouvelle culture ?
Authors: Hondeghem Annie 
Published: January 2024

Politicisation of Bureaucracy in Belgium : Towards a New Culture ?
In Belgium, the depoliticisation of bureaucracy, while still desired, has yet to be realised. Civil servants, despite displaying a degree of reticence towards engagement with the world of politics, are nonetheless required to involve themselves by necessity, particularly as regards questions of promotion and appointment. Their political role remains small however. Budgetary reforms and reforms aimed at halting the decline in confidence in the Belgian political system are modifying these relations. Interaction between the two parties is on the increase. Civil servants' engagement in politics ought to diminish as their role in adopting public policies increases. The depoliticisation of appointments is an essential condition for restoring citizens' confidence in the political system.
Politisation ou pratiques politiques habituelles ? Les Pays-Bas
Authors: van der Meer Frits M. , Raadschelders Jozef Cornelis Nicolaas 
Published: January 2024

Politicisation or Politics as Usual : the Netherlands.
The 'pillar' structure of Dutch society favours the practice of compromise and the search for consensus. These characteristics are to be found in the relations between politics and administration. The expansion of public activities has forced politicians to abandon a proportion of their powers in favour of high level civil servants who have woken up to the political dimension of their function. Although the political, administrative and social elite acts as a single entity, these three branches retain their distinctive positions ; the differentiation between political and administrative competence is still utilised.
La non-fatalité de l’échec
Authors: Trosa Sylvie 
Published: January 2024

Failure is not a Fatality.
This article tries to analyze the means to make a reform fail and by doing that make it succeed. The first cause of a setback is a negative attitude and when ideological positions freeze. It is recommended to adopt a positive modernization discourse, to avoid following the fashion of changing management methods. Other cases of failure are : a denial to delegate and to make strategic alliances, a mismanagement of time, an absence of concrete action plans, and a refusal to learn from the mistakes of the past. One must also have a vision of the future and establish a link between these strategic choices.
Évaluation des politiques de décentralisation en Afrique dans les années quatre-vingt-dix
Authors: Olowu Dele 
Published: January 2024

Evaluating African Decentralisation Policies and Programmes of the 1990s
The onsets of liberalisation and democratisation have necessitated a third wave of decentralisation reforms in many African countries in the decade of the 1990s. The article discusses the extent to which the current decentralisation efforts have effectively tackled the problems, which bedevilled past efforts. It is shown that some countries in the region are indeed breaking new grounds. The paper concludes by suggesting areas that deserve greater scrutiny and assistance by African governments and development partners.
La décentralisation à Taiwan : un problème de capacité financière
Authors: Liao Kung-Jung 
Published: January 2024

Decentralisation in Taiwan : the Question of Financial Capacities
Taiwan's economic development has been followed by a surge in demands made by citizens at the local level. The decentralisation movement linked to the democratisation process has led to a delegation of competence from the centre in favour of local authorities. This decentralisation, however, remains largely theoretical because of the marked centralisation of financial resources. Financial decentralisation must, therefore, be the next step.
Réflexions sur les relations entre politique et administration en Afrique
Authors: Adamolekun Ladipo 
Published: January 2024

Reflection on the Politics and Administration Nexus in Africa
This paper reviews the problems posed at the interface between politicians and higher civil servants in Sub-Saharan African countries since independence. It argues that there has been more continuity than change in the patterns of relationships. Although the attempts to promote "unified" politico-administrative elites minimised conflicts in some countries during the single party era, it was at the expense of adequate development and utilisation of technical competence. In the other countries where separate domains of "political judgement" and "technical expertise" were recognised, neither was adequately developed in most cases, and the phenomenon of collusion in corrupt practices was widespread. Some of these problems have persisted while some changes are beginning to take root because of the emphasis on sound economic policies, political pluralism, and citizen empowerment.
La responsabilité des institutions supérieures de contrôle. Qui contrôle les contrôleurs ?
Authors: Wojciechowski Janusz 
Published: January 2024

The Accountability of Supreme Audit Institutions - Who Controls the Controllers ?
Most institutions have recognised the need to establish specific units in order to carry out internal audits. Whatever their organisation and their competencies, the existence of these units improves the quality of work. Evaluations are generally extremely thorough. External checks are carried out usually by Parliament and the president of the institution is responsible for the budget. Administrative management is generally not subjected to external checks. The publication by most supreme audit institutions of reports of their activities and their budget allows for public debate.
L'inflexion des missions de l'Inspection générale de la police nationale : l'audit
Authors: Renaudin Frédéric 
Published: January 2024

The Shift in Tasks of the General Inspection of the National Police : the Audit.
In recent years the traditional tasks of scrutiny carried out by the General Inspection of the National Police have shifted towards complementary tasks such as undertaking studies, evaluations and audits. The latter have a preventative dimension, although scrutiny of activities is often a necessary preliminary measure and this means that audits are often badly received by the service targeted. In constructing a detailed methodology for the audit and in putting it into practice, the General Inspection has seen its competencies enlarged and its tasks increased.
La réforme de la police en Belgique : un compromis à huit tentacules
Authors: Ponsaers Paul 
Published: January 2024

The Reform of the Police in Belgium : a Compromise with Eight Tentacles.
Reflection upon reform of the police in Belgium began in the middle of the 1980s, following a large number of highly publicised ‘affairs’. The First stage of the reform process has been the demilitarisation of the police and the development of a strategy of inter-communal co-operation. This has been followed by more radical reform projects. A consensus among the different Belgian political forces has allowed an agreement to be found which constitutes one of the most important reforms ever known in Belgium.
La fonction publique de carrière
Authors: Haro Bélchez Guillermo 
Published: January 2024

The Career Civil Service.
The establishment of a career civil service remains an important objective for public administration in Mexico. An improvement in the quality of public service and the possibility of long-term planning are the principal desired effects. An examination of experiments undertaken since the 1920s shows the difficulties associated with the introduction of a career public service even one which is sectorial. While some progress has been made in the last few years there remains a lot left to do.
La chute de la Commission Santer
Authors: Stevens Anne 
Published: January 2024

The Fall of the Santer Commission.
Analysis of the circumstances surrounding the resignation of the Santer Commission sheds light on a number of problems encountered by the Commission over several years. While some of these are in the process of resolution thanks to the new reform programme, the Commission’s legitimacy crisis runs the risk of having long-term effects on the functioning of Community institutions.
Mythes et réalités de la fonction publique communautaire
Authors: Féral Pierre-Alexis 
Published: January 2024

Myths and Reality of the Community’s Civil Service.
In order to construct a satisfactory European order, it has been necessary to establish a Community civil service whose members are independent of their original national administration and who are dedicated to the defence of Community interests and not those of their respective nations. The Community civil service is a recent phenomenon ; but it is one which, from now on, must adapt to the new challenges of the European order. Through an appreciation of the number and status of European civil servants, it is possible to measure the influence of each of the Community institutions, and challenges to the special status of civil servants seem to be the best way to achieve the Community itself. Debate on the future status of Community civil servants is not without difficulties, but the adaptation of the service is a sine qua non of the quest to construct the European Union.
L’administration du Parlement européen au service des députés
Authors: Priestley Julian 
Published: January 2024

The Administration of the European Parliament Serving its Members.
The administration of the European Parliament has evolved alongside the Parliament itself, which has seen a series of significant transformations and a progressive increase in its powers. The list of categories of personnel and the organisation of the General Secretariat reveal the many tasks with which it is charged. The functioning of the European Parliament over three geographical sites and its particular linguistic requirements profoundly affect the modes of organisation of the General Secretariat. The prospect of enlargement exacerbates the problems of space and translation.
Les organisations sportives et l’Union européenne : entre dérégulation et recherche de nouvelles règles
Authors: Miège Colin 
Published: January 2024

Sporting Organisations and the European Union : Between Deregulation and the Quest for New Rules.
Sport has grown up as an autonomous activity with its own rules, defined by the International Sports Federation and recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). There is no reference made to sport anywhere in the European Community Treaties. Consequently, the appearance of the European Union at the centre of the regulation of sport may seem surprising. While, since 1974, the European Court of Justice has intervened in sport to the extent that it ‘constitutes an economic activity’, it was not until 1995 and the Bosman decision, that minds have really turned towards the development in recent years of the economic and commercial aspects of sport when practised at the highest levels. Moreover, the by-products of this development (violence, drug-taking, the unstoppable domination of the richest clubs) have revealed the insufficiency of the rules laid out by sporting federations and the IOC. It is against this background that a Declaration was signed by the member states of the European Union at the Nice summit in December 2000 concerning the specific characteristics of sport.
Le financement public du sport en France et en Europe. Justification et éléments de comparaison
Authors: Halba Bénédicte 
Published: January 2024

The Public Financing of Sport in France and in Europe. Justification and Points of Comparison.
The amount of public money which is dedicated to sport certainly relates to the wealth of a country, but it represents above all a political choice which, moreover, depends upon the standing of the sporting community. Public powers, therefore, intervene in two respects : they finance sport, on the one hand, as part of the education system and, on the other, as a leisure activity for sportsmen and women in general. While initiated by States, policies relating to sporting infrastructures are presently organised at the local level.
L’intervention publique en matière de dopage
Authors: Lapouble Jean-Christophe 
Published: January 2024

Public Intervention in the Area of Drug Taking.
Public intervention in the area of drug taking is just one aspect of a wider movement towards public involvement in the field of sports. This intervention has, first of all taken the form of random initiatives. Some States, including France, have adopted legislation with a variety of not necessarily compatible solutions, while the Council of Europe’s efforts have, for a long time, been largely marginalised. The European Convention of 16 November 1989 has opened up a phase of coordination, with the intervention of the European Union and the setting up of the World Anti-Doping Agency.
Existencialismo e Neuropsicologia: a angústia e a consciência no pensamento neuropsicológico
Authors: Batista Ana Helena Magalhães , Brito Edson de Sousa 
Published: January 2024

O tema deste artigo é o ‘Existencialismo e neuropsicologia: a angústia e a consciência no pensamento neuropsicológico’. O objetivo é fazer breve comparativo entre filosofia, neurociência e neuropsicologia verificando as contribuições para a análise do conceito de consciência e angústia. A Problemática central está em entender como o pensamento científico e a neuropsicologia se posiciona frente às concepções e conceitos do eu, da consciência e da angústia. A metodologia utilizada foi a bibliográfica. Por fim chegou-se ao entendimento que as neurociências buscam gerar um conhecimento racional, objetivo e científico, enquanto as filosofias buscam respostas subjetivas e abstratas; o motivo de estudos em ambas as áreas continuarem crescendo é que nenhuma das duas resoluções é o suficiente, mas são complementares.
La búsqueda de justicia ambiental en América Latina y su relación con el Acuerdo de Escazú
Authors: Terrones Cernaqué Leslie E. 
Published: January 2024

Los impactos de nuestras actividades, sobre todo en los últimos años, han venido causando graves estragos en todos los seres vivos, los ecosistemas y en los modos de vida de múltiples comunidades, muchos de ellos irreversibles. En ese sentido, nuestro deber como seres humanos es impulsar la adopción de soluciones que no solo busquen proteger, conservar y restaurar los elementos naturales, sino que garanticen el goce del derecho a un ambiente saludable de manera equitativa por parte de todas las personas por igual.
Esto último es precisamente el objetivo principal del movimiento de Justicia Ambiental, el cual busca que se tomen decisiones más inclusivas y participativas en materia ambiental. En ese sentido, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo ahondar en los orígenes y las principales premisas de este movimiento (que abarca conceptos como derechos de acceso en materia ambiental, así como diversas luchas sociales), y cómo este, pese a haber nacido en Estados Unidos, ha sido traducido en América Latina, en especial con su concretización a través del Acuerdo de Escazú.
Para pensar otra epistemología:
Authors: Beckmann Erika 
Published: January 2024

El artículo se propone reconstruir las críticas que Immanuel Wallerstein y Boaventura de Sousa Santos realizan al modo en que se han construido y los supuestos sobre los que se asientan las Ciencias Sociales modernas. Retomando algunos aspectos de las críticas al paradigma epistemológico hegemónico que muchos autores iniciaron a mediados del siglo XX, proponen nuevas aristas y desafíos para pensar la reconstrucción de las Ciencias Sociales desde parámetros vinculados a sus procesos históricos de conformación, los sujetos sociales que los protagonizan (con sus intereses y disputas de poder) y su pluralidad filosófica y metodológica. Ambos conciben a la ciencia no como un saber de jerarquía superior al resto, sino como una forma particular de conocimiento ─cuya importancia no podemos soslayar─, pero que convive con otras formas de saber que podemos y debemos respetar, y que engendran prácticas sociales, conforman culturas y producen conocimiento. Lo cual no implica la negación ni la relegación de las Ciencias Sociales, sino su apertura a nuevas concepciones y metodologías por un lado, y a un diálogo democrático con otras formas de saber y de producir conocimiento, por el otro.
desafíos del cambio climático en la teoría de la guerra justa
Authors: Paradela López Miguel 
Published: January 2024

Los nuevos cambios medioambientales que se vienen sucediendo en las últimas décadas (el aumento de la temperatura, el incremento exponencial de la población y la escasez de recursos alimentarios) determinan de manera innegable las relaciones internacionales sobre las que se sustenta la teoría de la guerra justa clásica e incluso la contemporánea. En el presente artículo se abordan las principales cuestiones que cada una de las corrientes de la teoría de la guerra justa afrontan actualmente en el terreno medioambiental, así como una aproximación a futuros desafíos que afectan a sus bases estructurales. Con ese objetivo, se estudian las principales cuestiones de la teoría de la guerra justa que tendrán que ser replanteadas en función de los probables cambios medioambientales sobre el desarrollo de medidas de resolución de conflictos pacíficos, de métodos internacionales de coordinación, solidaridad económica y política entre Estados, la propuesta y análisis de sistemas de explotación compartida de recursos alimentarios, la actualización de la teoría de la intervención militar y la adaptación del ius post bellum ante conflictos por recursos escasos. El artículo concluye constatando la importancia de los cambios medioambientales, suponiendo un reto real para la actual teoría de la guerra justa y obligando a un replanteamiento de parte fundamental de su pensamiento.