bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bullfighters
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The corrida quickly became a star-driven spectacle with the bullfighter at its center. Fighting bulls offered the possibility of wealth and an unprecedented popularity. Successful bullfighters became celebrities, public figures of a new sort. The possibility of vast earnings and intense adulation lured thousands of young men, most of them from the lower classes, into the ring. But the profession was never a stable one; not only did individual figures rise and fall in public esteem, the relationship among the varying categories of bullfighter changed over time. Nor was their status as popular idols uncontested. At times, and especially after about 1890, they were criticized for no longer living up to the expectations the public had invested in them.
The Exultet in Southern Italy
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Exultet rolls of southern Italy are parchment scrolls containing text and music for the blessing of the great Easter candle; they contain magnificent illustrations, often turned upside down with respect to the text so that they can be seen by observers. The Exultet in Southern Italy provides a broad perspective on this phenomenon that has long attracted the interest of those interested in medieval art, liturgy, and music. This book considers these documents in the cultural and liturgical context in which they were made, and provides a perspective on all aspects of this particularly southern Italian practice. While previous art-historical studies have concentrated on the illustrations in these rolls, Kelly's book also looks at the particular place of the Exultet in changing ceremonial practices, provides background on the texts and music used in southern Italy, and inquires into the manufacture and purpose of the Exultets--why they were made, who owned them, and how they were used.
The Liturgy
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of the Exultet in the ceremonies of the Easter vigil can be judged from the value of the manuscripts prepared especially for this one moment in the year, much as the luxury of many gospel books is a measure, at least in part, of the importance of the Gospel in the ceremonies of the Mass. The vigil services of Holy Saturday consist of a series of lections and prayers.1 The rite of Baptism, with the accompanying blessing of baptismal water, is a feature of the vigil in most churches, though often not in monasteries, where there was often no font and no one to baptize. The vigil concludes with the first Mass of Easter. In this context, the Exultet has a solemn and picturesque place. The blessing of new fire, the lighting of a great candle that is blessed with a prayer of particular solemnity, and sometimes a procession with the announcement Lumen Christi are found in many but not all liturgies; the ceremony is not used in the papal liturgy at all, for example, until relatively late.
When Fathers and Children No Longer Visit
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do fathers lose contact with their children after a divorce? What do they say is the reason for their seeming abandonment of their sons and daughters? Whereas the first chapter set the groundwork for understanding the situations of noncustodial parents, and cites studies that report that fathers are absent in between 30 percent and 66 percent of separated families, in these next two chapters I pursue 11 fathers’ stories and examine them in light of the survey of 109 fathers who were out of contact. I have chosen to divide the fathers into two chapters. This chapter focuses on the less acrimonious instances of how fathers come to be noncustodial, situations in which the father seems to be the root cause of the loss of contact or in which the child is viewed as rejecting the father. In the next chapter, where the level of rancor is much higher, the mother is blamed for lack of contact or allegations of abuse have been leveled against the father.
Mental Illness and Psychiatric Services
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past several decades have seen a sizable investment-of capital, research, and programs-in problems of health and health care throughout the world. Nevertheless, although infectious diseases, family planning, and the health of infants have been the focus of active programs in the international health community, mental illnesses have not received attention proportionate to the suffering they produce. Several factors account for this. First, much of the burden of mental illness is relatively invisible to current forms of accounting. Because mental illnesses do not produce a large increase in the death rate, mortality rates (the most frequently cited public health statistic) fail to record the suffering they actually cause. For societies with high infant and maternal mortality rates, the apparent contrast between infectious diseases and mental illnesses is therefore deceiving.
Substance Abuse
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance abuse is a pervasive problem that is taking an increasing toll on the world’s population. The 1993 World Development Report finds that alcohol-related diseases affect 5% to 10% of the world’s population each year, and accounted for approximately 2% of the global burden of disease in 1990.1 Although it is difficult to draw conclusions about the burden of other substances, such as heroin and cocaine, the social consequences of abuse are apparent in an increasing number of countries. Social factors (including the speed of social change, rapid urbanization, and growing disparity between social groups) relate to, if not directly cause, drug use.
An Agenda for Research
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research requires the commitment of substantial human and financial resources. During a worldwide recession that has left many low-income societies heavily in debt and high-income countries struggling to maintain their economic growth and prosperity, why should research be done? The answer is that ignorance is more costly than knowledge. The cost is economic; but it is also a cost in the burden of social misery and in the abridgment of human potential. Sound research enables countries to spend their health care funds more efficiently. For example, research tools now exist to analyze the cost-effectiveness of specific clinical interventions. A study in mainland China found that innovative family- and community-based rehabilitation programs for people with chronic mental illness decreased symptoms, improved functioning, and reduced the rate of rehospitalization; such approaches carried out on a national scale could save tens of millions of dollars while also improving care and reducing suffering.1 Studies examining the quality of existing care can identify sources of substandard care that are also very costly. For example, studies of physician practices and patient compliance reveal that doctors often prescribe antidepressant medication in suboptimal amounts and that patients do not take medication as prescribed2; medication is wasted; depression often continues unabated; the result is further work and social disability.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke I:Childhood Diseases
Authors: Etzel Ruth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is ubiquitous. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III) provided data on levels of serum cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, in a representative sample of approximately 12,000 nonsmokers from the U.S. population in the late 1980s. Using a more sensitive assay than previous studies, the investigators found that 88% of U.S. nonsmokers had detectable levels of serum cotinine. Forty-three percent of children under age 12 lived in a home with at least one smoker.
The Use of Epidemiologic Methods in Disasters
Authors: Noji Erick. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology, as classically defined, is the quantitative study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in human populations (I). It is less concerned with events affecting a single individual than it is with the patterns of events in populations. The fundamental axiom of epidemiology is that adverse health outcomes do not occur randomly within a population but rather occur in somewhat predictable patterns. Such patterns may be manifested as clusters of disease, injuries, or other health outcomes in time, space, or certain groups of people.
Floods
Authors: Alilay Josephine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all natural hazards, floods occur most often and are the most widespread in scope and severity (1, 2). Among all natural disasters in the United States, floods are the main cause of death (3). Floods are defined as the overflow of areas that are not normally submerged with water or a stream that has broken its normal confines or has accumulated due to lack of drainage (4). When water levels rise above normal stages and overflow to the extent that surrounding communities become vulnerable to rapidly moving or rising water, flood events become hazardous.
Introduction: Myths and Realities Regarding Battered Women
Authors: Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rachel, age thirty-four, described her abusive partner’s self-destructive patterns and his death threats against her:
He had been doing drugs, and he started getting paranoid and accused me of making signals out to someone in the hall—and there was no one out there. He asked me to go downstairs to get something and he locked himself in the room, and I knew that he was upset and I heard the click of a gun being dry fired, and I could hear him spinning the barrel and I started getting scared. Finally I convinced him to open the door. He acted like he was gonna shoot himself. I begged him not to. The kids were down the hall [sleeping]. I got angry with him and said, “Go ahead, do it”; then I said, “Give it to me—I’ll do it.” He gave me the gun. I put it down and went downstairs. He came after me and held the gun to my head and said, “Ifl can’t have you, no one can!” He cocked it [the gun]. We were there for a long time. I was crying and told him I never cheated on him, and finally through talking, I convinced him not to do it. For a long time I thought I was gonna die that night.
Battered Women, Homicide, and the Legal System
Authors: Mechanic Mindy B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome, or BWS, (Walker, 1979, 1984b) has been offered to support self-defense claims made by battered women charged with the homicide of their abusers (Blackman, 1986; Ewing, 1987; Kinports, 1988; Walker, 1984b; Schneider, 1986). The aim of expert testimony in battered women’s homicide cases is to provide the jury with information about the nature of violent relationships and the psychological consequences resulting from repeated abuse. Specifically, expert testimony on battered woman syndrome is used to explain to the judge or jury how the experience of repeated abuse shaped a battered woman’s perceptions and judgments, leading to her belief that she was at risk of imminent death or bodily injury (one of the requirements for self-defense), even though she might have committed the homicide at a time other than in the midst of a battering incident. The general purpose of expert testimony is to give jurors a cognitive schema or social framework (Walker & Monahan, 1987) within which complex and unfamiliar information can be organized, thereby placing the defendant’s case within a larger theoretical framework (Blackman & Brickman, 1984).
Supertasks
Authors: Earman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it possible to perform a supertask, that is, to carry out an infinite number of operations in a finite span of time? In one sense the answer is obviously yes since, for example, an ordinary walk from point a to point b involves crossing an infinite number of finite (but rapidly shrinking) spatial intervals in a finite time. Providing a criterion to separate such uninteresting supertasks from the more interesting but controversial forms is in itself no easy task,1 but there is no difficulty in providing exemplars of what philosophers have in mind by the latter. There is, for instance, the Thomson lamp (Thomson 1954-55). At t = 0 the lamp is on. Between t = 0 and t = 1/2 the switch at the base of the lamp is pressed, turning the lamp off. Between t = 1/2 and t = 3/4 the switch is pressed again, turning the lamp on. Etcetera.
Lee Dissected
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1961 Alan Nolan Published A Superb Book About The Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac. Nolan will need the same tough hide possessed by the Union veterans he described in that book to endure the attacks on his book about Robert E. Lee from spiritual descendants of the legions who marched with Lee. For Lee Considered is nothing less than a wholesale revision of the heroic image of the white South’s favourite icon. Nolan calls his study Lee Considered rather than Reconsidered because he believes that the image of the legendary Lee has blocked genuine consideration of the historical Lee—apart from Thomas L. Connelly’s 1977 book, The Marble Man, which was primarily an account of the construction of the Lee myth.
Installing And Selecting Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can use any digital fonts with LATEX or TEX. Most of these fonts were not designed with TEX in mind, so they need some preparation. Font installation refers to the process by which we reorganize the characters in the font and perform additional bookkeeping to make it usable by TEX. Font selection refers to the instructions we apply in a TEX document to select a certain font for typesetting.
New Math Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Typesetting math has always been a problem. Math fonts have to contain many odd and special-purpose characters, including extensible characters that come in pieces and out of which a typesetter must construct the right sizes to surround tall formulas. Decisions on the proper sizing of the fonts are always needed because the correct size depends on context. Finally, the spacing within math mode is completely different from nonmath spacing, and the metric files accompanying an aspiring math font have to reflect this spacing.
Pstricks
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postprocessors like dvips translate each. dvi command into a PostScript equivalent. Might it not be possible to anticipate that activity and embed PostScript commands directly into a TEX document? After all, the special command is a mechanism that exists precisely for purposes like this. The advantage of placing direct PostScript commands into a source file is that a clever macro package can use the LATEX and TEX input language familiar to so many LATEX and TEX users-to generate useful graphic constructs in the PostScript language, which is familiar to relatively few users.
From Wytham Woods to Baker Lake, 1959–1962
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all previous field work, my last study at Oxford was a test of conclusions from the study before. The idea that voles are nonviable during a cyclic decline had been the guiding light since before the war; but the preceding study with Janet had thrown doubt on that and suggested that, after all, the environment must also be where the trouble lay. The environmental factor that Ellen Phipps and I now set out to study was different, however, from the factors usually classed as environmental. This time it was the environment created by the behavior of the voles themselves.
Synchrony, 1924–1961
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No studies of cyclic populations deal experimentally with the tendency for weather to keep them in phase. There are good reasons for this tearing apart of the seamless coat of learning. First is the practical difficulty of finding out of-phase populations within easy working distance of each other; at present they crop up by luck only, and harassed field workers may be unprepared to take advantage of them. Alternatively, when they do turn up, such popula tions may frustrate him or her by slipping unexpectedly back into phase. It may some day be possible to manipulate populations into different phases, wait in hopes of their coming back into line, and meanwhile guess which variables to measure. The main difficulty, however, is theoretical. For while there is no winter in the bounty of explanations for the biological changes, there are no good explanations for their synchrony. I once suggested that predators play a part in producing regional synchrony,2 but there is no evi dence that they are everywhere abundant enough to affect the length of a cycle or change the behavior of the animals—as they may under some circum stances. Weather therefore seems the agent most likely to explain the ten dency for populations to go up and down at the same time.
Entrepreneurial Spirit in French Canada
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Petite-Nation was a poor seigneury located on the Ottawa River, mid way between Ottawa and Montreal. Much of the land was given over to timber; only a third of the soil was suitable for farming. Louis Joseph Papineau, the fiercely nationalist leader of the Patriote party, purchased the seigneury from his father in 1817. For Papineau, Petite Nation was to be more than a source of revenue-it was to be an example of a French-Canadian path of rural development. Papineau wanted French Canadians, not English speakers, to oversee all activi ties in Petite-Nation. He disliked interference from the office of sheriff, which he condemned as a “maudite invention anglais comme tant d’autres” (“another damned innovation of the English”). He favored his younger brother, Denis-Benjamin, or at least another French Canadian as the principal merchant for the farmers. And Papineau did not want Americans or the British taking up his land. “Foreign squatters,” he commented, arc “infinitely less satisfactory than our Canadians.”
Water On Mars
Authors: Carr Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mars has always held a special interest because of the possibility that life may have existed there, and its water history is crucial to understanding its geology, climatology, and biology. Moreover, recent studies in molecular phylogeny suggest that volcanic hot springs, which may have been common in early Mars, are also the most likely point of origin for life on Earth. In this book, Dr. Carr explores the history of water on Mars, including evidence that liquid water was once abundant at the planet’s surface; ways in which the climate might have changed to accommodate liquid water; and what an abundance of water implies for the formation of Mars and other planets, including Earth. The book’s argument rests on interpretation of data acquired on Viking missions, and on information from meteorites, found on Earth, that almost certainly originated on Mars. Because liquid water is universally regarded as essential for life, the water story has particular biological significance, with important implications for the future exploration of the planet, and should be a valuable study for geologists and planetary scientists.
Counterpoints in Perception and Mental Imagery: Introduction
Authors: Cornoldi Cesare , Logie Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationships among perception, representation, and mental imagery have given rise to one of the most vigorously debated areas of psychology. Research in this area has generated an abundance of theory, together with contrasting positions and heated discussion. However, the vis polemica present in many studies in the field apparently tends to address detailed aspects of individual studies rather than general philosophical questions or psychological theories that have their roots in the history of human thinking.
When Imagery Fails: Effects of Verbal Recoding on Accessibility of Visual Memories
Authors: Brandimonte Maria A , Gerbino Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two decades, the relationship between imagery and memory has varied from being an essential element of imagery theories to being incidental and of little importance. Much of the research and theory developed in the 1970s viewed imagery as a mediator of memory performance. Such research has usually focused on the usefulness of imagery as a mnemonic technique (Bower, 1972; Paivio, 1971, 1975) and on the effects of imagery quality (e.g., vividness) on memory performance (Marks, 1972).
“joanie” Get Angry
Authors: Burns Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joanie Sommers’s 1962 hit single “Johnny Get Angry” positions women within a patriarchal society. Defining her role in terms of male dominance, the singer invites her male partner to demonstrate his authority, saying “Johnny get angry, Johnny get mad/ Give me the biggest lecture I ever had … show me that you care, really care for me:’ Contemporary singer k. d. lang takes this incitation to anger to its logical conclusion: physical abuse. Her 1985 performance (recorded on videotape2) casts a feminist eye upon the earlier song and the social values that it represents. Indeed, lang’s interpretation is intended to problematize the issue of violence against women. She manipulates the original song setting to emphasize the inherent imbalance of power between the female and male roles. This chapter analyzes text/music relations in the original song in order to consider how the “feminine” and the “masculine” are constructed within the musical discourse of the song. It then explores how lang develops the original material to reflect the social tension it contains.
Finland Child Abuse as a Family Problem
Authors: Tarja Pösö 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate about child abuse is relatively new in Finland. Prompted by discussions of child abuse in the United States and Great Britain, in the 1970s and early 1980s opinion polls were taken and predictions were made, following estimates and models borrowed from abroad, about the extent of child abuse in Finland. Child Abuse, by Ruth S. Kempe and C. Henry Kempe (1981) was translated into Finnish in 1981. In Finland, too, it was mostly medical professionals and researchers who initially published articles and expressed their worries about child abuse (Korpilahti, 1981, p. 62).
Counseling, Testing, and Risk Reduction
Authors: Goldbaum Gary M , Chaffee Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HIV testing should be made widely available. Concerns about false-positive tests among low-risk individuals should not discourage HIV testing, a highly sensitive and specific two-stage process. The initial screening test, the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), has sensitivity and specificity greater than 99 percent. Appropriate follow-up of indeterminate Western blot tests will exclude or make the diagnosis of HIV infection in virtually all cases. Details of the the laboratory tests used to diagnose HIV are provided in Chapter 4.
Primary HIV Infection
Authors: Schacker Timothy W , Corey Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary (or acute) HIV infection refers to the initial infection with HIV. Symptoms range from none or mild sore throat to a severe mononucleosis-like syndrome or aseptic meningitis. In the 1987 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (COC) classification system, primary HIV infection was classified as stage 1 infection. In the current COC classification, primary HIV infection is classified under the “A” category.