bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jesus ‘ Parents
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter marks a step backwards chronologically as it includes stories about Mary and Joseph which precede Jesus ‘ birth. However, as it also contains accounts of the parents ‘ deaths, the chapter is out of the chronological sequence of the section by jumping forward! The chapter is divided into two parts: (a) Mary, (b) Joseph. The earliest of the four New Testament Gospels, Mark, refers only once to Jesus ‘ mother by name. She is not an active participant in any of Mark ‘s stories. It is only when the other canonical Gospels were written a decade or more later than Mark that we find Mary ‘s role enhanced. The birth stories in Matthew and Luke obviously make her the most prominent character apart from Jesus himself. A summary of those nativity accounts prefaces our introductory notes in Chapter 1. The Annunciation scene (Luke 1: 26-38), in which Mary is addressed by the angelic visitor with the words ‘Blessed are you among women ‘, both reflects and itself encouraged Mariology and Mariolatry. It is in Luke also that Mary delivers the hymn known as the Magnificat. Outside the birth stories, Matthew and Luke, like Mark, have no further active part for Mary to play. In the Fourth Gospel, however, she is present at the wedding in Cana (John 2: 1-10) and she appears at her son ‘s crucifixion. Later (according to Acts 1: 14), she seems to have been a prominent member of the Jerusalem church.
Jesus in the Underworld
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Christian affirmation of belief in Jesus ‘ descent to Hades is in the Apostles ‘ Creed and in the so-called Athanasian Creed, as well as being article III in the Anglican Thirty-Nine Articles. The Biblical origin for this belief, which is a major and normative part of Christian tradition, seems to be based on a particular interpretation of I Peter 3: 19 ( ‘In the spirit he (Christ) went and preached to the imprisoned spirits ‘). Not that statement encouraged later generations of Christians to elaborate what was meant by Jesus ‘ appearance before imprisoned spirits. The apocryphal stories of Jesus ‘ descent to the underworld reflect those elaborations. The main text describing these events is the fifth-sixthcentury Descensus ad Inferos (the Descent of Jesus to Hades), found in several manuscripts as the second half of the Gospel of Nicodemus, the first half being the Acts of Pilate. Extracts from this text are printed under (1) below. In this tradition Jesus ‘ arrival in Hades after his death by crucifixion spells the end of death as a permanent state. ‘Hades ‘ by transference is the domain of the character, Hades (known elsewhere in mythology as Pluto). He rules over the world of departed spirits. This realm seems close to the idea of the Hebrew Sheol. (In the creeds the word ‘hell ‘ is erroneous and confusing.) Hades is not hell or Tartarus-those are names for the place of eternal punishment, and the opposite of heaven, the place of the eternally blessed. We read of heaven and hell in Chapter 15.
Introduction
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no one proper starting-point in theology, since every question leads on to every other. I have chosen to begin with an attempt to say what sort of discipline theology is, and what the proper methods of theological investigation are. Only when the study is complete will one be able to check back to see if such a preliminary analysis was correct. Theology is in fact a well-established intellectual discipline, which the most ancient universities in Europe, including my own, were founded to teach. So rather than beginning completely anew, it seems appropriate to start by examining the definition of one of the greatest of classical theologians, Thomas Aquinas. Accepting a modified version of Thomas’s account of theology as the rational elucidation of revealed truth, it is natural to proceed to a study of what revelation is. The main body of this volume is concerned with an investigation into the nature, sources, and limits of revelation.
Towards a Comparative Theology
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Christian theology should be pronounced to be a science.’ So declares Thomas Aquinas in article 2 of question I of the Summa Theologiae. The pronouncement seems alien to an age which recognizes physics, chemistry, and biology as sciences, but which is apt to regard theology as a rationalization of personal opinions. Scientific knowledge, since the seventeenth century, has been seen primarily as knowledge of the physical world obtained by observation and experiment. It may issue in universal and mathematically formulable laws, as in Newtonian mechanics, or it may be more a matter of classification based on careful and, where possible, repeated observations, as in some parts of botany. In either sense, there is an emphasis on observation which is repeatable in principle by any competent observer, and on the formulation of general principles of classification and regularity which clarify or explain very complex data.
Four Scriptural Traditions
Authors: Ward Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have suggested that the primal religions which exist in the world today contain and are in large part dependent upon ideas of revelation. They provide living examples of traditions which contain many similar features to those from which the major world faiths sprang. Thus they provide insights into the development of notions of revelation which antedate those formulated by the world faiths. Such notions depend very much on unwritten tribal traditions, which are accepted as purely local, even when given a cosmic significance. It is characteristic of what are often called the ‘world faiths’ that they claim to possess a universal and definitive revelation, usually enshrined in a written canonical Scripture.
The Working Definition of Compliance
Authors: Hutter Bridget M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inherent in the legal and administrative definitions of compliance is the assumption that no one definition is necessarily sufficient to cover all situations. Some discretion will inevitably be available to field-level officials, since full enforcement of the law is an impossibility: judgements always have to be made about both the meaning of the legal rule and its applicability to the problems encountered by officials. The resulting working definition of compliance is therefore not static, but is a fluid concept which comprises a variety of dimensions.
Some Aspects of Service out of the Jurisdiction in English Law
Authors: Collins Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When this article was written in 1972, it was widely accepted that English law did not have a general rule that the court could decline to exercise its jurisdiction on the ground that another court was the more appropriate forum. Shortly before it was published the Court of Appeal had reaffirmed that, where the court had jurisdiction as a result of the defendant having been sued in England, mere balance of convenience was not a sufficient ground for depriving a plaintiff of the advantage of prosecuting his action in an English court: to justify an application for a stay of the proceedings, the defendant had to prove that continuance of the proceedings would be oppressive or an abuse of the process: Maharanee of Baroda v. Wildenstein [1972] 2 QB 283 (CA).
Error, Sin, and Defective Action
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practical intellect differs from the theoretic in the way it relates to reality. Because practical reason relates to action appetite is involved, and reality is considered under the aspect of a good, as the purpose of action. Practical intellect qua intellect, however, seeks not good (as that is formally the object of the will) but truth—truth related to action. Thus the general operation of the intellect involves relation to truth, with the possibility of good and bad understanding. The explanation of the origin of error in the intellect in general forms the basis for a preliminary account of error and sin in action as well.
Double Criminality
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general principles of extradition law, like those of international customary law, are founded on ‘the constant and uniform usage practised by States’. When States have a clear and continuous habit of acting in a certain way under the conviction that those actions are obligatory under international law, a firm and binding principle is established. In this sense, some common features of extradition arrangements between States may be said to have the authority of general principles whether or not they are expressed in treaties or endorsed by other sources of law.
Inward Extradition from the Irish Republic
Authors: Stanbrook Ivor , Qc Clive Stanbrook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extradition arrangements between the Irish Republic and the United Kingdom are unique. Whereas the domestic law governing extradition between the United Kingdom and all other States is provided by the Extradition Act 1989, between the United Kingdom and the Republic the process is subject to separate legislation, enacted reciprocally. The British component of the process is the Backing of Warrants (Republic of Ireland) Act 1965 together with the Criminal Jurisdiction Act 1975. The Irish component is contained in Part III of the Republic’s Extradition Act 1965 as amended by the Extradition (European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism) Act 1987 and the Extradition (Amendment) Act 1987 together with the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Act 1976.
Introduction
Authors: Prechal Sacha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firstly, there is the impossibility of ‘ capturing’ the directive in terms of legal acts existing in national and international law. Although it was very quickly recognized that directives have no equivalent under either national or international law, this realization in no way facilitated legal analysis. Some authors attempted to overcome this difficulty somewhat by drawing parallels with framework legislation but this also failed to elucidate the matter. Secondly, the deficient definition given in Article 249(3) provoked a whole series of questions, leading some authors to propose the abolition of this instrument, which they believed to be rather a failure. The Commission itself even described.
Educating Oneself in Public
Authors: Moore Michal S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eleven essays in Educating Oneself in Public: Critical Essays in Jurisprudence constitute an education in the Anglo-American jurisprudence of the second half of the twentieth century. The book examines both the thought of major figures such as H. L. A. Hart, Joseph Raz, Ronald Dworkin, Lon Fuller, and Richard Rorty, and the general themes of major movements such as legal realism, post-modernism, and pragmatism. Despite this focus on the thoughts of others the book is not a survey but is a critical probing of particular ideas often attributed to such figures. Detailed depth of understanding is sought about: Hart’s conception of a ‘general jurisprudence’ that describes law in general; Dworkin’s conception of an ‘internal jurisprudence’ that interprets the concept of law of our legal culture; Fuller’s ideal of a ‘functional jurisprudence’ that seeks the essence of law in the values it serves; the place of rules in legal and moral reasoning; Raz’s idea that laws give ‘exclusionary reasons’ to legal actors subject to such laws; how judges should reason, according to the legal realists; whether there are right answers to all disputed law cases; whether behind the obvious law of legal rules there can exist an unobvious law of legal principles; Finnis’s conception of the common good as the function law uniquely serves; in what sense law practice and legal theory are interpretive activities; whether all knowledge, or some discrete realm of knowledge, is peculiarly interpretive in character. Michael Moore’s views on each of these topics are detailed and original, even if the springboards for each discussion are the writings of those who introduced such topics into modern discussions. The introductory chapter includes responses by many of the figures examined in the other essays, together with the author’s rejoinders.
Agricultural support: the international context
Authors: Usher J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agriculture is an area where the trade of developed countries appears to be conducted on a highly artificial basis reflecting the system of support used in their internal markets. The reality is that agricultural trade is an area where developed countries have not been willing to allow free reign to market forces. Using OECD figures which compare agricultural support in terms of producer subsidy equivalent, whether it takes the form of price support or the form of a subsidy as such, the average level of support in the OECD member countries in 1999 was the equivalent of a producer subsidy of 40 per cent—which makes the Community figure of 49 per cent seem not far out of line.
Structural and guidance measures
Authors: Usher J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The references in art 33 of the EC Treaty on the one hand to increasing agricultural productivity and on the other to the need to take account of the structural and natural disparities between the various agricultural regions themselves have indicated from the outset that the common agricultural policy must do more than simply offer a system of price or producer support. This view is further evidenced by the reference in art 34(3) to an agricultural guidance fund as well as to an agricultural guarantee fund. Indeed, the problems caused by large numbers of small farms were well recognized even when Community agricultural legislation was first discussed, and the Commission did propose the establishment of a separate European Fund for Structural Improvement. However, the Council decided to add structural measures to the Guidance Section of the general European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), when that was split into two sections in Council Regulation 17/64.
The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tomb of Christ at Jerusalem was a vital influence in the making of Western Europe. Pilgrimage there influenced the development of society and its structures. The desire to ‘bring the Sepulchre to the West’ in copies or memorials shaped art and religion, while the ambition to control Christ’s tomb was a central objective of the crusades. Western Europe responded to the loss of Jerusalem by creating a new pilgrimage to the East, by making kingdoms ‘holy lands’ for their subjects, and by creating new pilgrim centres at home. This book brings together social, political, and religious themes often considered in isolation.
Christendom Refashioned
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars have doubted whether the crusades contributed much to the new Christendom: ‘probably the apricot was the only benefit brought back from the crusades by the Christians’. Even this negative judgement pales in the light of the onslaught upon the crusades delivered in the closing pages of Steven Runciman’s monumental history, where he argues that ‘seen in the perspective of history the whole crusading movement was a vast flasco’. These perceptions were formed from the distant landscape of the twentieth century; indeed, Runciman’s judgement seems to be delivered in the light of eternity.
Demystifying the role of sanctity in Western Christendom
Authors: Hayward Paul Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Stenton and Haskell Lectures, delivered in 1976 and 1978, Peter Brown completed the project he began with the publication of the ‘Holy Man’ article in 1971. Whereas the earlier paper examined the rise and function of the cult of saints in the Roman Empire’s eastern half, these lectures addressed the cult’s rise and function in its western half, where the veneration of the dead saint bulked larger in the sources than the activities of the living holy man. Here, apparently, the cult was centred upon the bodily remains of past heroes of the Church, who continued to preside over everyday life, directing good fortune to those who had attended to their requirements and bad fortune to those who had not. The aim of this essay is to discuss some strengths and weaknesses of Brown’s analysis and to identify insights upon which scholars might continue to build. It is useful to begin by elucidating the intellectual origins of Brown’s position.
The missionary Life
Authors: Wood Ian N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great tale of the evangelization of pagan peoples, which encompasses Europe east of the Rhine from the late seventh century, is usually seen as a succession of saintly histories. This is scarcely surprising for the tale itself has to be reconstructed in large measure from saints’ Vitae. These and a handful of related texts provide us with the vast majority of our narrative information for mission, at least from 750 until the eleventh century; and even if Adam of Bremen marks a change in the second half of that century, his account of the missions to Scandinavia before 900 is essentially a paraphrase of Rimbert’s Life of Anskar and the anonymous Life of Rimbert.
Origins of the Thecla Cult
Authors: Davis Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Christians living in the late Roman Empire, holiness was by no means simply a private matter. Not only were holy virtues preached to the laity from public pulpits, but ‘holy persons’ —especially heroic monks and martyrs—were understood by many to be conduits of both spiritual and social power. In the eyes of the faithful, such figures played important civic roles as healers, exorcists, patrons, counsellors, and arbiters of disputes. During life, their personal sanctity attracted cadres of adher- ents and onlookers; after death, their exploits were retold (and multiplied) in hagiographical narratives.
The Environment and Constitutional Change
Authors: Macrory Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers one sector of policy, the environment, and its relationship to constitutional change in this country. The last twenty-five years have seen an extraordinary development in the politics of the environment. Major international environmental treaties have been negotiated, the national legal framework has changed beyond recognition, and there have been significant developments to the structures of UK administration responsible for the regulation and delivery of environmental policy. Membership of environmental organizations in the early 1990s exceeded the total membership of political parties. A number of the themes discussed in previous chapters, such as the development of legal rights to information and participation, and the principle of subsidiarity, were first played out on the environmental stage. Elements of constitutional changes now under way, including devolution, an enlarged European Union, and the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights can be expected to influence profoundly the context in which environmental policies are negotiated and developed in the future.
Government Formation from Hung Parliament
Authors: Brazier Rodney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The election of a hung Parliament1presents a broad range of possible procedures and resulting government structures: there are precedents this century which provide a dazzling array of choice. So a Prime Minister, having failed to secure a majority at the general election, might resign immediately, or stay in office to negotiate a coalition, or wait to meet Parliament to have his fate decided on the motion on the loyal address in reply to the Queen’s Speech. The Sovereign might take some part in the resolution of the crisis, or none. There could be a protracted succession, or a resolution almost as speedy as if the electorate had returned a majority government.
Exclusive rights and state Monopolies under Ec law
Authors: Sierra Jose Luis Buendia , Read Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of Article 86 (formerly Article 90) of the EC Treaty is vital to any competition lawyer working in Europe. Writing with first-hand experience of dealing with Article 86 cases at DG IV, the author provides the first such detailed examination of this Article and the law concerning exclusive rights and State monopolies. Clearly written, with penetrating analysis of the relevant case-law, this study pays attention to all the key areas including: the definition of 'exclusive rights' and 'economic activities', the remedial possibilities offered by the often neglected Article 31(formerly Article 37), the application of Article 86(1) in conjunction with the competition rules (Article 82 (formerly Article 86)), proportionality in the context of Article 86(2) and decisions and directives under Article 86(3) and their relationship with harmonization directives. With practical insights and intelligent solutions to many of the problems posed by the applications of these rules, Exclusive Rights and State Monopolies under EC Law will become an indispensible work for all practitioners in this field.
The Exception Contained In Article 86(2) (Formerly Article 90(2)) Of The Ec Treaty
Authors: Buendia Sierra Jose Luis , Read Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have analysed the extent to which Articles 31 and 86(1) (formerly Articles 37 and 90(1)) in conjunction with other Treaty provisions prohibit Member States from granting or maintaining exclusive rights in favour of certain undertakings. From these chapters it is clear that to the extent that the activity in question is an economic activity and trade between Member States may be affected, the majority of exclusive rights infringe one of the prohibitions contained in the Treaty. However, this does not mean that all these exclusive rights are incompatible with the Treaty. To reach such a conclusion it is not enough simply to show that a Treaty provision has been infringed: it is also necessary to check to see whether the exceptions provided by the Treaty apply or not.
Institutional And Procedural Questions-Article 86(3) (Formerly Article 90(3)) Of The Ec Treaty
Authors: Buendia Sierra Jose Luis , Read Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of the application procedures of the Community rules regardingexclusive rights is much more complicated and of greater scope than may first appear. In fact, Article 86(3) (formerly Article 90(3)) provides a special procedure intended not only to bring an end to infringements of Article 86( 1) committed by Member States, but also to adopt general measures designed to define the scope of the obligations under Article 86(1) and/or to prevent future infringements.
A Plan For The Future Of Music Performance Rights Organizations In The Digital Age
Authors: Lincoff* Bennett m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collective management of music performance rights has been the standard practice since 1851 when SACEM,1 the French rights society, was estab lished. Today, a worldwide network of affiliated performance rights organi zations (PROs) is in operation. Each functions within its own territory as a clearinghouse, making markets between those who own copyrighted music and those whose public performance of it requires the owner’s authorization.
A Public-Regarding Approach To Contracting Over Copyrights
Authors: elkin-koren* Niva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long ago, book publishers and record companies, movie producers and software publishing-houses, perceived cyberspace as the biggest threat ever to their hegemony over the market for content. Many pages of law review arti cles and committee reports were devoted to the challenges created by digital technology to the interests protected by copyright law. Cheap and easy copy ing, we were warned, would bring about the death of copyright and signal the end of the content industries.