bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐cycle cost analysis based on a renewal model of earthquake occurrences
Authors: Takahashi Yuji , Kiureghian Armen Der , Ang Alfredo H‐S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA decision methodology for the management of seismic risk of a single building is presented. The decision criterion aims at minimizing the expected life‐cycle cost, including the initial cost of the design and the expected cost of damage due to future earthquakes. The expected life‐cycle cost of each design alternative is formulated using a renewal model for the occurrence of earthquakes in a seismic source, which accounts for the temporal dependence between the occurrence of ‘characteristic’ earthquakes. The formulation involves the expected damage cost from an earthquake of specified magnitude in a given source. This term is estimated by simulating the processes of fault rupture, elastic wave propagation, surface soil amplification, dynamic structural response and generation of damage costs. As an example, the methodology is applied to an actual office building in Tokyo. A simple decision problem between two design alternatives is set: a bare steel moment frame, and the same frame equipped with oil dampers. Through this case study, the installation of the oil dampers is demonstrated to be effective in reducing the life‐cycle cost of the building under consideration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The seismic shear of ductile cantilever wall systems in multistorey structures
Authors: Rutenberg Avigdor 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe distribution of seismic base shear demand among ductile flexural cantilever walls, comprising the lateral load resisting system of a multistorey building, is studied. It is shown that the base shear force demand depends on the sequence of hinge formation at the wall bases, and this in turn depends on the relative wall lengths. Hence, the routine elastic approach in which the shear forces are allocated per relative flexural rigidity or (when some consideration is given to plastic hinge formation) to moment capacity at the wall base, may appreciably underestimate the shear force demand on the walls, particularly the shorter (usually the more flexible) ones.A simple procedure yielding the results of ‘cyclic’ pushover analysis is proposed to predict the peak seismic wall forces for a given total base shear when plastification is confined to the wall base. The effects of plastic hinges developing at higher floors on (1) shear distribution among the walls and (2) the in‐plane floor forces are also considered. Two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the main points made. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Army, readiness, and sustainability
Authors: Flannery Mike 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEmerging as a principal theme of the new millennium, sustainability is based in collaboration for problem solving—as opposed to confrontation and intransigence. Sustainability concerns the environment, the economy, and social equity. Each April 22 (the anniversary of the first Earth Day in 1970—as well as the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency) provides a symbolic context as we move beyond compliance and link America's environmental performance to our future needs. Sustainability is inspired by our appreciation for the goodness of nature and God's gifts to us all. It is amplified by the freedom with which we have been blessed as a nation. It is a journey—a path forward—through which we can demonstrate responsibility for future generations. And securing our nation's freedom implies a non‐negotiable demand on our Army to be ready for the task. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating bias due to population stratification in case‐control association studies of admixed populations
Authors: Wang Yiting , Localio Russell , Rebbeck Timothy R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe potential for bias from population stratification (PS) has raised concerns about case‐control studies involving admixed ethnicities. We evaluated the potential bias due to PS in relating a binary outcome with a candidate gene under simulated settings where study populations consist of multiple ethnicities. Disease risks were assigned within the range of prostate cancer rates of African Americans reported in SEER registries assuming k=2, 5, or 10 admixed ethnicities. Genotype frequencies were considered in the range of 5–95%. Under a model assuming no genotype effect on disease (odds ratio (OR)=1), the range of observed OR estimates ignoring ethnicity was 0.64–1.55 for k=2, 0.72–1.33 for k=5, and 0.81–1.22 for k=10. When genotype effect on disease was modeled to be OR=2, the ranges of observed OR estimates were 1.28–3.09, 1.43–2.65, and 1.62–2.42 for k=2, 5, and 10 ethnicities, respectively. Our results indicate that the magnitude of bias is small unless extreme differences exist in genotype frequency. Bias due to PS decreases as the number of admixed ethnicities increases. The biases are bounded by the minimum and maximum of all pairwise baseline disease odds ratios across ethnicities. Therefore, bias due to PS alone may be small when baseline risk differences are small within major categories of admixed ethnicity, such as African Americans. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoosmotic swelling increases protein tyrosine nitration in cultured rat astrocytes
Authors: Schliess Freimut , Foster Natalie , Görg Boris , Reinehr Roland , Häussinger Dieter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAstrocyte swelling is observed in different types of brain injury. We studied a potential contribution of swelling to protein tyrosine nitration (PTN) by using cultured rat astrocytes exposed to hypoosmotic (205 mosmol/L) medium. Hypoosmolarity (2 h) increases total PTN by about 2‐fold in 2 h. The hypoosmotic PTN is significantly inhibited by the NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L‐NMMA, the extracellular Ca2+ chelator EGTA and the calmodulin antagonist W13, suggesting the involvement of NMDA receptor activation, influx of extracellular Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent NO synthesis. Further, superoxide dismutase plus catalase and uric acid strongly inhibit hypoosmotic PTN, suggesting the involvement of the toxic metabolite peroxynitrite (ONOO−) as a nitrating agent. Hypoosmotic astrocyte swelling rapidly stimulates generation of reactive oxygen intermediates; this process is prevented by MK‐801 and EGTA. In addition, MK‐801 inhibits the hypoosmotic elevation of [Ca2+]i. The findings support the view that astrocyte swelling as induced, for example, by toxins relevant for hepatic encephalopathy is sufficient to produce oxidative stress and PTN and thus contributes to altered astroglial and neuronal function. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zn and Cu alteration in connection with astrocyte metallothionein I/II overexpression in the mouse brain upon physical stress
Authors: Beltramini Mariano , Di Pisa Cristina , Zambenedetti Pamela , Wittkowski Werner , Mocchegiani Eugenio , Musicco Massimo , Zatta Paolo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe distribution of metallothioneins I/II in the mouse brain and their specific area distribution upon physical stress were studied. To induce physical stress, groups of mice were subjected to total darkness for different periods (2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months). The concentration of metallothioneins, evaluated by immunohistochemistry, as well as area‐specific protein expression, were found in the following quantitative order: corpus striatum, cerebellum, mesencephalon, hippocampus with fornix, parts of thalamus, and pons. All other brain areas were marginally affected, or even unaffected, in terms of immunopositive metallothionein reaction. Metallothionein I/II expression was compared with the immunopositivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). It is noteworthy that metallothioneins and GFAP are expressed in different types of astrocytes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial pathway is involved in hydrogen‐peroxide‐induced apoptotic cell death of oligodendrocytes
Authors: Mronga Thomas , Stahnke Thomas , Goldbaum Olaf , Richter‐Landsberg Christiane 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOligodendrocytes, the myelin‐forming cells of the CNS, are specifically sensitive to oxidative stress and respond by the onset of programmed cell death (PCD). To further unravel the molecular events underlying their enhanced susceptibility, we have investigated whether mitochondrial damage occurs during oxidative stress‐induced PCD in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes. Mitochondria are considered as a central control point of apoptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to neurodegenerative disease. Upon a number of stimuli through the release of cytochrome c, they coordinate caspase activation, causing morphological and biochemical changes associated with PCD. Oxidative stress was exerted by the application of hydrogen peroxide. The data show that hydrogen peroxide‐induced apoptosis in oligodendrocytes involves mitochondrial damage and cytochrome c release and is accompanied by the activation of the death‐related caspases 3 and 9. Concomitantly, the activation and nuclear translocation of extracellular signal regulated kinases ERK1,2 are observed, which have been implicated to participate in the regulation of cell death and survival. DNA fragmentation could not be attenuated by the ERK1,2 inhibitor PD 98059, indicating that the ERK1,2‐ pathway in oligodendrocytes may be involved in the initial survival response after exposure to stressful stimuli. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential subcellular localization of Ror tyrosine kinase receptors in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Paganoni Sabrina , Anderson Kelsi L. , Ferreira Adriana 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRor1 and Ror2 belong to a family of tyrosine kinase receptors that are highly conserved among species. They are expressed throughout the organism, including the central nervous system. In the present study, we analyzed the expression and subcellular localization of Ror1 and Ror2 in astrocytes by means of reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. Our results indicated that both Ror1 and Ror2 are readily detectable in cultured astrocytes. They also showed that Ror1 and Ror2 are associated with different components of the cytoskeleton. While Ror1 co‐localized with F‐actin along stress fibers, Ror2 partially co‐localized with microtubules. In addition, our results suggest that Ror1 and Ror2 undergo different posttranslational modifications in cultured astrocytes. Ror1 is highly glycosylated in these cells. In contrast, no glycosylation was detected in Ror2. Taken together, these results suggest distinct roles for these tyrosine kinase receptors in astrocytes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression in dementia: a comparative and validation study of four brief scales in the elderly Chinese
Authors: Lam Chee Kum , Joy Lim P'ing Ping , Low Bee Lee , Ng Li‐Ling , Chiam Peak Chiang , Sahadevan Suresh 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAimThe study aimed to determine: (i) the diagnostic accuracy of four brief depression scales, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Even Briefer Assessment Scale for Depression (EBAS DEP), Single Question and Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (Cornell) in an elderly Chinese population with varying dementia severity; and (ii) which scale had the best diagnostic performance.MethodAll four scales were administered to 88 elderly outpatients with dementia: 66 without and 22 with depression. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to establish the optimal cut‐off scores of the GDS, EBAS DEP and Cornell scales. The patients' dementia‐severity was dichotomously categorized into mild and moderate‐severe dementia, and the above analysis was repeated in both these groups to look at changes in the scales' diagnostic performance as dementia advances.ResultsThe best diagnostic scale for detecting depression in dementia was the Cornell scale. Its optimal cut‐off score was 6/7 (sensitivity 91.7%, specificity 80.0%) in the mild dementia group and 12/13 (sensitivity 70.0%, specificity 87.0%) in the more advanced dementia group. The optimal cut‐off scores of the GDS and EBAS DEP also shifted to higher values when moving from the mild to the more advanced dementia groups, indicating the increasing difficulty on all these scales to detect depression with worsening cognitive impairment. The Single Question, however, was more robust with much less changes in its diagnostic parameters in both dementia cohorts: sensitivity 58.3%, specificity 90.0% for mild dementia, and 60.0 and 84.8%, respectively, for more advanced dementia.ConclusionAn efficient strategy to diagnose depression in dementia amongst elderly Chinese patients is to administer the Single Question followed by, when necessary, the Cornell scale. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring the health of populations: the veil of ignorance approach
Authors: Pinto‐Prades José‐Luis , Abellán‐Perpiñán José‐María 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe report the results from two surveys designed to explore whether an application of Harsanyi's principle of choice form behind a veil of ignorance (VEI) can be used in order to measure the health of populations. This approach was tentatively recommended by Murray et al. (Bull. World Health Organ 2000; 78: 981–994; Summary Measures of population health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, 2002.) as an appropriate way of constructing summary measures of population health (SMPH) for comparative purposes. The operationalization of the VEI approach used in this paper was suggested by Nord (Summary Measures of Population Health: Concepts, Ethics, Measurement and Applications, WHO, 2002.). We test if VEI and person trade‐off (PTO) methods generate similar quality‐of‐life weights. In addition, we compare VEI and PTO weights with individual utilities estimated by means of the conventional standard gamble (SG) and a variation of it we call double gamble. Finally, psychometric properties like feasibility, reliability, and consistency are examined. Our main findings are next: (1) VEI and PTO approaches generate very different weights; (2) it seems that differences between PTO and VEI are not due to the ‘rule of rescue’; (3) the VEI resembled more a DG than a classical SG; (4) PTO, VEI, and DG exhibited good feasibility, reliability and consistency. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘You be the big sister’: Maternal‐preschooler internal state discourse, perspective‐taking, and sibling caretaking
Authors: Howe Nina , Rinaldi Christina M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMaternal–preschooler internal state discourse, preschooler perspective‐taking, and sibling caretaking for 32 dyads (preschooler M age=46.4 months, toddlers=14 months) was examined across three contexts varying in emotional demands: (a) naturalistic home observations, (b) mother–preschooler book reading (Parent–Child Affect Communication Task; Zahn‐Waxler, Ridgeway, Denham, Usher and Cole, 1993), and (c) a laboratory maternal separation session. Preschooler perspective‐taking was positively associated with emotional understanding during book reading. However, mothers did not adjust their internal state discourse in any of the three contexts to reflect preschoolers' perspective‐taking skills. Both preschooler internal state language during sibling conflict and maternal leave‐taking discourse were associated with sibling caretaking. Findings are discussed in light of the role of family discourse and dynamics in the development of children's social understanding. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high proportion of founder BRCA1 mutations in Polish breast cancer families
Authors: Górski Bohdan , Jakubowska Anna , Huzarski Tomasz , Byrski Tomasz , Gronwald Jacek , Grzybowska Ewa , Mackiewicz Andrzej , Stawicka Malgorzata , Bębenek Marek , Sorokin Dagmara , Fiszer‐Maliszewska Łucja , Haus Olga , Janiszewska Hanna , Niepsuj Stanisław , Góźdź Stanisław , Zaremba Lech , Posmyk Michał , Płużańska Maria , Kilar Ewa , Czudowska Dorota , Waśko Bernard , Miturski Roman , Kowalczyk Jerzy R. , Urbański Krzysztof , Szwiec Marek , Koc Jan , Dębniak Bogusław , Rozmiarek Andrzej , Dębniak Tadeusz , Cybulski Cezary , Kowalska Elzbieta , Tołoczko‐Grabarek Aleksandra , Zajączek Stanisław , Menkiszak Janusz , Mędrek Krzysztof , Masojć Bartłomiej , Mierzejewski Marek , Narod Steven Alexander , Lubiński Jan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThree mutations in BRCA1 (5382insC, C61G and 4153delA) are common in Poland and account for the majority of mutations identified to date in Polish breast and breast–ovarian cancer families. It is not known, however, to what extent these 3 founder mutations account for all of the BRCA mutations distributed throughout the country. This question has important implications for health policy and the design of epidemiologic studies. To establish the relative contributions of founder and nonfounder BRCA mutations, we established the entire spectrum of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a large set of breast–ovarian cancer families with origins in all regions of Poland. We sequenced the entire coding regions of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in 100 Polish families with 3 or more cases of breast cancer and in 100 families with cases of both breast and ovarian cancer. A mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 was detected in 66% of breast cancer families and in 63% of breast–ovarian cancer families. Of 129 mutations, 122 (94.6%) were in BRCA1 and 7 (5.4%) were in BRCA2. Of the 122 families with BRCA1 mutations, 119 (97.5%) had a recurrent mutation (i.e., one that was seen in at least 2 families). In particular, 111 families (91.0%) carried one of the 3 common founder mutations. The mutation spectrum was not different between families with and without ovarian cancer. These findings suggest that a rapid and inexpensive assay directed at identifying the 3 common founder mutations will have a sensitivity of 86% compared to a much more costly and labor‐intensive full‐sequence analysis of both genes. This rapid test will facilitate large‐scale national epidemiologic and clinical studies of hereditary breast cancer, potentially including studies of chemoprevention. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline mutation and large deletion analysis of the CDKN2A and ARF genes in families with multiple melanoma or an aggregation of malignant melanoma and breast cancer
Authors: Dębniak Tadeusz , Górski Bohdan , Scott Rodney J. , Cybulski Cezary , Mędrek Krzysztof , Zowocka Elzbieta , Kurzawski Grzegorz , Dębniak Boguslaw , Kadny Józef , Bielecka‐Grzela Stanislawa , Maleszka Romuald , Lubiński Jan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe CDKN2A/ARF genes have been associated with increased risk of malignant melanoma (MM) in families with multiple members affected by disease and in families characterized by the constellation of breast cancer and MM. The exact contribution of CDKN2A/ARF to disease risk remains poorly characterized, especially in diverse populations. In this report, the contribution of CDKN2A/ARF germline mutations and large rearrangements to disease in Polish familial MM (FMM) and aggregations of breast cancer and MM were assessed using a strategy that included genomic sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. We examined 16 FMM cases (group 1), 44 MM probands with a cancer family aggregation (CFA) that included at least one breast cancer (group 2) and 22 breast cancer probands with CFA and MM (group 3). The results revealed a paucity of mutations in CDKN2A/ARF, suggesting that in the Polish population this gene does not contribute significantly to either FMM or MM within the context of CFA. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of cdk4/cyclin D1, a possible mediator of apoptosis and an indicator of prognosis in human primary lung carcinoma
Authors: Dobashi Yoh , Goto Akiteru , Fukayama Masashi , Abe Akihisa , Ooi Akishi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe relation between expression of cell cycle–regulator molecules and apoptosis was examined in surgical specimens and cultured human lung carcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis for 133 cases revealed 2 types of staining pattern. The first group consisted of 95 cases (71.4%) characterized by apoptotic cells showing intensely positive staining for cdk4 and cyclin D1 but negative for other proteins (type A). In the second group (type B), comprising 38 cases (28.6%), apoptotic cells exhibited intense positive staining for any cyclins and cdks. Most of the latter cases had lost expression of Rb protein. When tumor cells retrieved from paraffin‐embedded tissue were examined by flow cytometry, higher proportions of cells expressing only cdk4 or cyclin D1 in type A cases and of cells expressing any cyclin or cdk in type B cases showed a subdiploid DNA content. In survival analysis using the LI of apoptotic cells and cyclin/cdk‐positive cells, the high‐apoptosis/high‐cyclin D1 group showed the poorest prognosis. Furthermore, forced overexpression of only cdk4 or cyclin D1 induced apoptosis in cultured cells with normal Rb protein, whereas overexpression of any cyclin or cdk induced apoptosis in cells defective for Rb protein. In conclusion, upregulation of cdk4/cyclin D1 may be a primary and critical factor in induction of apoptosis in human lung carcinomas in vivo. Moreover, inactivation of Rb protein renders cells more prone to apoptosis by abnormal expression of any cell‐cycle protein. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profiling and functional annotation of mRNA gene expression in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma
Authors: Baer Claudia , Nees Mattias , Breit Stephen , Selle Barbara , Kulozik Andreas E. , Schaefer Karl‐Ludwig , Braun Yvonne , Wai Daniel , Poremba Christopher 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUsing Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays, we analyzed mRNA gene expression patterns of 12 primary pediatric rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) and 11 Ewing's sarcomas (EWS), which belong to the small round blue cell tumors (SRBCTs). Diagnostic classification of these cancers is frequently complicated by the highly similar appearance in routine histology, and additional molecular markers could significantly improve tumor classification. A combination of three independent statistical approaches (t‐test, SAM, k‐nearest neighborhood analysis) resulted in 101 highly significant probe sets that clearly discriminate between EWS and RMS. We identified novel marker transcripts that have not been previously associated with either RMS or EWS yet, including CITED2, glypican 3 (GPC3), and cyclin D1 (CCND1). Expression levels for selected candidate genes were validated by quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR. Furthermore, to identify biologically meaningful trends, functional annotations were assigned to 946 genes differentially expressed between EWS and RMS (t‐test). Genes involved in protein biosynthesis (n = 28) and complex assembly (n = 9), lipid metabolism (n = 23), energy generation (n = 22), and mRNA processing (n = 11) were expressed significantly higher in EWS. Thus, functional annotation of tumor‐specific genes reveals detailed insights into tumor biology and differentiation‐specific expression patterns and gives important clues related to the possible cellular origin of these pediatric tumors. Supplementary material for this article is available at the International Journal of Cancer website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0020‐7136/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.