bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nietzsche’s Use and Abuse of Schopenhauer’s Moral Philosophy for Life
Authors: Cartwrlght Davide. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Friedrich Nietzsche’s youthful enthusiasm for Arthur Schopenhauer’s philosophy and his more mature disgust is a well-known story, one that Nietzsche tells us himself. Yet Nietzsche’s account of his relationship to his ‘only educator, the great Arthur Schopenhauer’ almost betrays one of the attitudes he esteemed the most about Schopenhauer, his honesty, when Nietzsche classifies both Wagner and Schopenhauer as his ‘antipodes’.
Plato. S Semantics And Plato.S Cave
Authors: Bestor Thomas Wheaton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The allegory of the Cave is not as straightforward as it seems. Plato supposes his Prisoners to have a common language and to communicate with one another in the ordinary way, even though they are unable to do anything else. This is more than a little strange. And it tells us a lot about Plato’s own theory of language and communication.
Epictetus On How The Stoic Sage Loves
Authors: Stephens William O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While much excellent work has been done on the Stoic doctrine of the emotions in general, and some work on the Stoic concept of friendship, there has been little systematic study of the Stoic account of that spectrum of emotional dispositions covered by our term .love𣀙 What kind of love is the Stoic Sage (¢,poviµ.os) capable of? Cicero’ Cato declares that . Even the passion of love when pure is not thought incompatible with the character of the Stoic Sage𣀙 Seneca reports: I think Panaetius gave a charming answer to the youth who asked whether the wise man would fall in love: .As to the wise man, we shall see. What concerns you and me, who are still a great distance from the wise man, is to ensure that we do not fall into a state of affairs which is disturbed, powerless, subservient to another and worthless to oneself.’ (Ep. 116. 5, trans. Long and Sedley).
On the Stoic Conception of the Good
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the Socratic tradition, the Stoics assume that, in order to achieve true well-being, in order to have a good life, one needs a certain competence which we may call virtue. One must be good at taking care of oneself, at dealing with the kinds of situations and problems one encounters in life. Following Socrates, the Stoics think that this competence is a real art, the art of living, and that wisdom, perfect rationality, the perfection of reason, consists in having mastered this art.Reasonably enough, the Stoics assume that virtue is not something we are born with, which in this sense we have by nature. It is something which we, by our own efforts, have to toil to acquire. But the Stoics also believe that there is another sense in which we are by nature virtuous. They believe that nature has constructed human beings in such a way that, if nothing went wrong, we would, in the course of our natural development, become virtuous.
Aristotelian Accidents
Authors: Ebert Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many concepts launched successfully by Aristotle, the notion of accident (σνμβϵβηκóς,) stands out prominently. it has found its way not only into the technical language of the philosophical tradition, but also into common parlance. The OED defines ‘accident’ as ‘a property or quality not essential to our conception of a substance’. And Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, states that an accident is ‘that which may change in the existence of a substance’ (A 187 B 230).
On Kant s Response to Hume: The Second Analogy as Transcendental Argument
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst it was once held that transcendental arguments could provide a direct and straightforward refutation of scepticism, this view now seems over-optimistic. It has proved remarkably difficult to formulate a transcendental argument convincingly, that puts us in a position to make some sort of knowledge-claim regarding how things are, and so see off the spectre of widespread error in our view of reality. My approach in this paper is to accept that this way of using transcendental arguments is unworkable.
The Goal of Transcendental Arguments
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest use of the phrase ‘transcendental argument’ that I am familiar with is by J. L. Austin in a I939 Joint Session symposium on ‘Are There A Priori Concepts?’ (I96I: I-22).I As far as I know, Kant never used the corresponding German expression, although he spoke of many different things as ‘transcendental’, including ‘transcendental philosophy’. I have not seen the expression ‘transcendental argument’ used anywhere in the nineteenth century, or in this century before Austin. I cannot say I have searched.
Modest Transcendental Arguments and Sceptical Doubts: A Reply to Stroud
Authors: Hookway Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a number of papers published since the 1960s, Barry Stroud has challenged the philosophical use of transcendental arguments when seen as a response to Cartesian scepticism. Such arguments explored the necessary conditions of thought or experience through an a priori inquiry which revealed that (for example) facts about the existence, nature, and causal structure of the external world are themselves presuppositions of thought and experience. For example: unless we inhabited a world of spatially located substances standing in causal relations, we could not be self conscious subjects of thought about such a world.
Truth and the Divine Intellect
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the death of Jesus, a vigorous Jewish intellectual suddenly switched from being a persecutor of the new Christians to become their most effective publicist. St Paul’s activities precipitated a number of disputes amongst them; in particular he clashed with the ‘.Judaizers’ over whether Christian converts from paganism should be circumcised. This question focused the larger, more ill-defined issue of whether the followers of the Way, as they first called themselves, were to become another sect within Judaism, or something quite new: a universal Church. Paul’s was the view which won out. Christianity broke out of the institutions and patterns of thinking which characterized Palestinian Judaism and be came committed to penetrating the Hellenistic world and to finding ways of presenting its Gospel to people whose thought-forms were very different from those expressed in the Hebrew Scriptures.
Philippa Foot on Double Effect
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Thomas Aquinas, in discussing killing in self-defence, remarks that one and the same action may have two effects, one of them intended, and the other beside the intention. Later Catholic theologians developed from this a doctrine of double effect, stated as follows by John of St Thomas. If an act, not evil in itself, has both good and bad effects, then it may be permissible if (1) the evil effect is not intended; (2) the good effect is not produced by means of the bad; (3) on balance, the good done outweighs the harm.
Tragedy and Self-Sufficiency: Plato and Aristotle On Fear and Pity
Authors: Nussbaum Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Honour then the gods, Achilleus, and take pity on me remembering your father, yet I am still more pitiful; I have gone through what no other mortal on earth has gone through; I put my lips to the hands of the man who killed my children.’ So he spoke, and stirred in the other a passion of grieving for his own father. He took the old man’s hand and pushed him gently away, and the two remembered, as Priam sat huddled at the feet of Achilleus and wept close for manslaughtering Hektor and Achilleus wept now for his own father, now again for Patroklos. The sound of their mourning moved in the house.
Aristotle on Identity
Authors: Charlton William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the section of the Treatise entitled ‘Of scepticism with regard to the senses’ Hume distinguishes identity and non-identity from unity and plurality: ‘One single object conveys the idea of unity, not of identity. On the other hand a multiplicity of objects can never convey this idea, however resembling they may be supposed ... Since, then, both number and unity arc incompatible with the relation of identity, it must lie in something that is neither of them.’ But alas, he goes on, ‘at first sight this seems utterly impossible. Betwixt unity and number there can be no medium.’ Luckily the Humean imagination thrives on impossibilities. By means of a ‘fiction’ concerning time it is able to cobble together ‘an idea which is a medium betwixt unity and number, or more properly speaking is either of them according to the view in which we take it: And this idea we call that of identity’ (1888: 200-1).
Free Action and the Swerve
Authors: Asmis Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether free will is compatible with determinism has been much debated in modern ethics. It is often overlooked that this debate may be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy. There has been some question whether Aristotle and earlier philosophers confronted the issue.2 But clearly the Epicureans, Stoics, and other Hellenistic philosophers tackled the problem and proposed answers. Epicurus believed that free will is not compatible with determinism. In order to save free will, he introduced a physical indeterminacy, the swerve, to account for it.
Between Rationalism and Romanticism: Whewell’s Historiography of the Inductive Sciences
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing to Richard Jones in the summer of 1834, Whewell outlined his planned series of three books, the first of which would deal with the ‘History of Inductive Science ... historiographized in a new and philosophical manner’. Three years later this first stage of Whewell’s project reached fruition with the publication of three volumes entitled History of the Inductive Sciences (1837a). This work ranks among the most impressive nineteenth-century contributions to the genre, containing not just the history of one science, but of a range of sciences stretching from astronomy to mineralogy and covering the period from the ancients to Whewell’s own day. However, the significance of the History for the history of science does not lie either in its scope or in Whewell’s interpretation of specific events, but in the ‘new and philosophical’ historiography he brought to the subject.
What is a Theory of Meaning? (II)*
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unnecessary to labour the observation that an affirmative answer to these questions represents by far the most popular approach, among those philosophers who would not jettison the concept of meaning altogether, to an account of that concept, and that it has been explicitly contended for by Frege, by the Wittgenstein of the Tractatus, and by Davidson. I am far from being certain that an affirmative answer is wrong. I am quite certain, however, that such an answer faces formidable difficulties, and that we have no right to assume it correct until we have shown how it is possible to overcome them.
Platonic Pessimism And Moral Education
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Socrates, the purpose of philosophical argument was the moral improvement of himself and his interlocutors. Optimistically, perhaps, he was prepared to debate with anyone, ‘young or old, foreigner or fellow citizen’; no one was beyond hope of salvation by rational argument. Plato inherited his concern with moral education but, in the Republic, is more pessimistic about the ability of reason and argument to change our ways. True, the educational programme for the rulers of the state includes a formidable intellectual component. They wiU have to spend ten years on mathematical studies to equip themselves for their five-year stint of philosophical dialectic. Yet it is well known that in this work philosophical argument is something for which one has to be prepared very carefully indeed. Mathematics and dialectic form only a part of moral education. Trainee guardians wiU not be let near philosophy before they have had a thorough training in gymnastics and the arts. Without such preparation, a philosophical training would be of no avail.
Aristotle, Objectivity, and Perception
Authors: Broackes Justin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle has a scientific image and a manifest image of the world, and it would be easy to suppose that they coincide. In a sense they do: things really are pretty much as we perceive them to be, not only when we see a cat on the mat, but also when we see its colour, or hear a sound from it. Aristotle, as we are often told, believes in the straightforward reality of the secondary qualities later impugned by Descartes and Locke. What is more, the terms of his science, like hot, cold, wet, and dry (unlike charm and charge today), pick out ordinary perceptible qualities. But that leaves a further question. What is the position of sensible qualities like colour and smell in Aristotle’s world? Are they fundamental, like hot, cold, wet, and dry, or in some way derivative? The question is difficult. Sarah Broadie has argued that colours are fundamental, since sentience itself is fundamental in Aristotle’s world.
Retrospective and Prospective Timing: Memory, Attention, and Consciousness
Authors: Block Richard A , Zakay Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For millions of years, organisms have been products of evolution, gradually becoming increasingly adapted to their changing environments. Plants regulate their metabolism according to seasons, daily rhythms, and weather. Animals regulate their behaviour according to temporal constraints as well. Their nervous systems, down to at least planarians if not more simple organisms, have evolved to time events. However, only in the last several hundred years have humans consciously developed various external timing mechanisms, including four different kinds of chronometers (Roberts, 1998). This reflects the needs of humans for accurate timing that is not provided by natural mechanisms.
Memory Demonstratives
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perceptual demonstratives-terms such as ‘this man’ or ‘that building’, used to refer to currently perceived o jects-seem to be fundamental to our understanding of concepts and language. There are two ways in which they display this fundamental character. First, they are used in the explanation of observational concepts like ‘red’ or ‘square’. These terms are learnt in the context of propositions like, ‘that chair is red’, or ‘that box is square’, where the demonstrative refers to a currently perceived object. Secondly, other types of reference to concrete objects, such as our use of proper names, seem to depend, directly or indirectly, on our use of perceptual demonstratives. The use of a name like ‘Sigmund Freud’ is ultimately dependent on it having been possible to introduce and use the name in contexts such as ‘this man is Sigmund Freud’. And even a singular term such as “the Big Bang’ which does not refer to a perceptible event at all, can refer only because we understand how its referent is causally connected to o jects which we can perceptually demonstrate.
Memories, Traces and the Significance of the Past
Authors: Cockburn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A certain, fairly widespread, pair of assumptions are, perhaps, implicit in the project which the present volume represents. It is assumed, first, that the notion of consciousness’ should have a fundamental place in our attempts to understand the phenomenon of human memory; and, secondly, that that understanding will be enhanced by an attempt at dialogue between philosophy and psychology. Now it is perhaps worth saying at the start that this chapter is, in part, an attempt to raise certain worries about these assumptions. I say this at the start partly in order to stress that, perhaps contrary to appearances, my scepticism is far from total. I take it to be obvious that there is an important place for inter-disciplinary dialogue here; and that no discussion of the memory of experienced events can be complete without a consideration of, for example, the idea of a conscious reliving of past events. Still, I believe that there are dangers here: that we may end up setting an agenda for the discussion that skews it in quite the wrong direction, leading to a seriously distorted account of this phenomenon of human life.
Real Robots and the Missing Thought-Experiment in the Chinese Room Dialectic
Authors: Bringsjord Selmer , Noel Ron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument (CRA, see Searle 1980,11984) is arguably the twentieth century’s greatest philosophical polarizer. On the one hand, as the years pass, it looks more and more as if his argument is headed for philosophical immortality. (Consider the book you’re holding, published a full two decades after the argument’s debut.) On the other hand, a common attitude among Strong Alniks is that CRA is not only unsound, but silly, based as it is on a fanciful story (CR) far removed from the practice of AI, practice which is year by year moving ineluctably toward sophisticated robots that will once and for all silence CRA and its proponents.
Searle’s Misunderstandings of Functionalism and Strong AI
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to expand here on some objections I’ve made elsewhere (Rey 1986, 1990, 1997) to arguments that John Searle (1980a,b/91, 1984, 1990a, 1992) has raised against computational theories of mind. For reasons of space, I will confine my remarks to issues surrounding intelligence and intentionality, and not take on the (to my mind) much more special issues surrounding qualia and consciousness that Searle also sometimes raises.1 I will presume the reader is familiar with Searle’s (1980a) statement of the example of the man in a room, who, ignorant of Chinese, is responding to Chinese sentences with appropriate Chinese responses by following a computer program for Chinese conversation.
Post-Biblical Features of Biblical Hebrew Vocalization
Authors: Hughes Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his important and influential book Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament James Barr has argued persuasively for the antiquity and essential reliability of the Masoretic vocalization tradition. The Masoretes did not invent the vocalization of the Hebrew Bible; they recorded a tradition that had originated at an earlier stage of the Hebrew language. This tradition, Barr argued, is linguistically reliable, in that it is related to earlier forms of Hebrew by natural processes of linguistic change. It is not infallible, of course, but it is not substantially less reliable than the consonantal transmission of the text of the Bible.
Die Ubersetzung der Septuaginta im Licht ihr vorgegebener und auf ihr grilndender Tradition
Authors: Hanhart Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Septuagint and its relations to the Dead Sea scrolls and other writings’: Das Thema der Tagung kiindigte das Problem an, das immer im Mittelpunkt der Septuagintaforschung stand und das durch die neueren Funde hebraischer und griechischer Texte, die in allernachster zeitlicher Nahe zu dem Ereignis stehen, das wir zusammenfassend als ‘die griechische Ubersetzung der “Heiligen Schriften” des Alten Testamentes’ und als die ‘Entstehung des alexandrinischen Kanons der Septuaginta’ bezeichnen, in ein neues Licht geriickt ist.
The Centre of the Psalms
Authors: Mays James l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the psalms are read as the components of a book of the Old Testament, the question can arise about their common relationship. What holds them together as religious texts? What makes it possible to read them, as they have been read for centuries, all together? Is there anything in the text of the Psalms themselves that furnishes common ground to the reading and use of the book? It is generally agreed that the book of Psalms is the outcome of a long and complex history of composition, revision, and collection.
Isaiah 35 in Recent Research and Translation
Authors: Harrelson Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advent texts understandably stress those promises that the early Christian community found coming to consummation in God’s work through Jesus the Christ. The New Testament shows the process under way, and that process continued and continues to the present day. But these Advent texts are also important documents of faith for the community of Israel, a fact not always adequately recognized and heeded in Christian usage. Recent efforts to provide a better sampling of readings from the Hebrew Scriptures have made some real improvements. There is, for example, a much larger collection of continuous readings from the Hebrew Bible, so that something of the sweep of Israelite history and thought gets laid out.
Ancient Judaism: Contours And Complexity
Authors: Scott Green W M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rabbi Nehemiah used to say, ‘Always assemble the words of Torah into general rules. You might think that just as you assemble them into general rules, so you should dispense them as general rules. Therefore the verse says, My doctrine shall drop as rain ... Assemble the words of Torah into general rules, but then break them up and dispense them like drops of dew—not like drops of rain, which are large, but like drops of dew, which are small.
Luis de Leon and the Song of Songs
Authors: Barr Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Barr, in making contributions to volumes such as this, has always given a great deal of thought to the appropriateness of the topic, endeavouring to find some subject or theme which would reflect the various academic interests of the recipient, and give pleasure to him or her as well. It seemed to me particularly appropriate to write about Fray Luis de Le6n, Latinist, Hebrew scholar, student of the Vulgate, biblical translator, and lover of the Spanish language and countryside. (Spain, its people, culture, language, and landscape have brought James great delight, in recent years, through the marriage of our son Allan to Maria Donapetry.)
Audit, Accountability and Government
Authors: White Fidelma , Hollingsworth Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explains, from a public law perspective, the constitutional purpose and significance of audit, a topic which has been largely neglected, and casts light on important aspects of accountability in the British system of government. The book suggests that audit, as an accountability mechanism, has been underplayed to date and that greater significance should be attributed to its role in delivering both democratic accountability and, within government, managerial accountability. The focus of the book is central government audit in Britain, but the constitutional role of audit at a local level and at a European Union level is also considered. The book begins by explaining, in a non -technical way, the basic concepts of accounting and audit, and sets audit in its historical context. The different types of audit and the institutional framework within which audit is conducted are then analysed. Any shortcomings in each area are identified and suggestions for change are explored. The constitutional significance of the changes to the role of audit that are currently taking place are analysed, as are the effects of developments, such as the creation of agencies, contracting-out, and more recently, resource accounting and budgeting and devolution, on the constitutional role of audit. The fundamental principles, both institutional and substantive, of public sector audit are identified and new tasks that audit could fulfil at central government level are proposed.