bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Firms In Learning Regions: Innovation, Cooperation, And Social Capital
Authors: Asheim Bjørn T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of post-Fordist regional economic growth is the operation of the ‘learning’ firm in the ‘learning’ region. The purpose of this chapter is to explore this concept of the firm and the processes that shape it in the context of the transition to post-Fordism under conditions of globalization. In a globalizing learning economy, understanding innovation as interactive learning implies that cooperation is necessary to make firms and regions competitive. Building social capital is a key strategy in promoting such cooperation—within firms, networks of firms, and regions. Social capital can arise both from civicness and from organizational and institutional innovation. But, while the latter can be built, the former can only be built on. Therefore, central to the promotion of cooperation and organizational and institutional innovation is the formation of ‘learning’ organizations. However, successful learning organizations need the strong involvement of their workers (the micro-level), horizontal cooperation between firms in networks (the meso-level), and a bottom-up, interactive regional innovation system (the macro-level). When combined with organizational and institutional innovations at different administrative levels, these relationships can create learning regions (Asheim 1996). The interlinking of cooperative partnerships, ranging from work organizations
Linguistic Justice
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Al and Bo grew up learning different mother tongues. At some later stage, Bo learns Al’s, while Al does not learn Bo’s. They can now communicate with one another. Not quite on an equal footing, of course—Al tends to have the upper hand in any argument they might have with one another and in any competition in which they might have to take part using the shared language—but nonetheless with significant benefits, both material and non-material, accruing to both.
Diversity as Paradigm, Analytical Device, and Policy Goal
Authors: Grin Françis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years, most visibly since the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, have witnessed a marked increase in scholars’ interest in minority issues, in particular minority rights and linguistic rights. One striking aspect of this interest is the fact that it has emerged, more or less simultaneously, in different quarters, and now finds expression in very different families of discourse. However, these families of discourse have remained, for the most part, quite insulated from one another, and this fragmentation, which is only just beginning to make way for a higher degree of interconnection, can seriously hamper not only analytical accuracy but also the relevance of policy proposals concerning language rights.
Global Linguistic Diversity, Public Goods, and the Principle of Fairness
Authors: Boran Idil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world’s languages are dying. We hear this lament from many anthropologists, sociologists, and linguists searching theoretical grounds for better preserving the world’s languages for a world with less injustice and more diversity. Of course, language death is not a new phenomenon. The Etruscan and Sumerian languages, for example, died centuries ago for reasons, obviously, other than the rise of modern nationalism. About half of the known languages of the world have died in the last five centuries. But what worries linguists is that, whereas language death was not uncommon in the past, the rate of extinction increased dramatically in the twentieth century, and has reached alarming levels. Scholars disagree on the reasons why small languages face the threat of extinction in such increasing numbers. For many, the massive linguistic decline around the world has been prompted by the rise of the nation-state and modern nationalism. Others argue that it was in fact the rise of the industrial society, related to the nation-state with its need for centralized economy and mobile citizenry, that brought about linguistic homogeneity, threatening many small languages.
Language Death and Liberal Politics
Authors: Blake Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The members of a given linguistic community are free to modify and supplement the syntax and vocabulary of the language they have inherited. Over generations, this change becomes quite far-reaching. In the limit case, at time t, the language has become such that it could be neither spoken nor under-stood by a fluent speaker of the original language. (We may posit rapid technological change, encounter with foreign linguistic traditions, and so on as the reasons for this transformation.) The linguistic community, however, continues to exist as a distinct entity. While the language spoken at tis not the same language spoken at the start of the tale, it is nonetheless best described as a language—rather than as a dialect of some other linguistic tradition.1
What Kind of Bilingualism?
Authors: Patten Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘bilingual’ can be applied to individuals, to societies, and to institutions. Individuals are called ‘bilingual’ if they can speak two languages with a reasonable level of proficiency. We label a society ‘bilingual’ if there are two languages spoken within the territory of that society. Finally, institutions are termed ‘bilingual’ if they recognize two languages. Under institutional bilingualism, public services are offered in two different languages and public business can be conducted in either language.
Four Great Conflicts of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final years of the twentieth century, their world looked wonderful to people living in developed nations. Employment levels were high. People seemed to be acquiring amazing wealth and they had great confidence in financial leaders. National and local governments were attacking problems, and with the support of high tax revenues, they were producing good results— lower crime, less poverty, better schools. Charismatic and successful business leaders were all around. Globalization was spreading affluence to the less developed nations, where new businesses were springing up and forming alliances with established businesses in the developed nations.
Evidentials Worldwide
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidentiality systems across the world vary in how complex they are, and in what meanings they encode. I start with some general observations about how evidential systems are organized and what labels will be used, and then discuss the kinds of systems attested, exemplifying their typical representatives. We first consider relatively simple systems with just two evidential options (§2.1). In §§2.2-3, we look at systems with three and four evidentials, and in §2.4 at larger systems. The recurrent semantic parameters in evidentiality systems are summarized in §2.5. Evidentials tend to spread across linguistic areas. A detailed discussion and a map illustrating their geographical distribution are in §9.2.1.
The Legend of Cu Chulainn: Exploring Organization Theory’s Heroic Odyssey
Authors: Kavanagh Donncha , O’Leary Majella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reland’S vernacular literature, the oldest in Western Europe, is divided into four cycles of prose sagas. One of these-the Ulster cycle-relates the stories of the heroes associated with Conchobar Mac Nessa, king of Ulaid (Ulster). These stories are mythological although they may be based partly on events that happened in Ireland around 500 BCE. The greatest hero of the Ulster Cycle is a warrior named Cu Chulainn (pronounced coo culen) and many of the stories recount his exploits.
Phaethon: Seizing the Reins of Power
Authors: Winstanley Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Phaethon is both a personal, as well as an epic tale; in this chapter, I shall first present the version of Phaethon as told in Ovid’s Metamorphoses (written c. 5 BCE), and then explore its relevance to our times. On the face of it, the story of Phaethon is about a young man goaded by his peers into trying to take hold of the reins of power. In an attempt to show everyone, not least himself, that he is the true son of the Sun God, he seeks to ride the brilliant chariot of his father across its daily, trail-blazing arc over the earth.
Industrial Relations Approaches to the Employment Relationship
Authors: Kelly John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The employment relationship can be defined, at a basic level, as an exchange in which the employer hires labor to produce goods and services in order to make a profit whilst the employee sells his or her capacity to work in order to earn income. IR is not a discipline but a field of study, comprising contributions from across the social sciences, including economics, sociology, psychology, law, and politics.
Employer-oriented Strategic Approaches to the Employee-Organization Relationship
Authors: Shore Lynn M , Porter, Lyman W , Zahra Shaker A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of the employment relationship has been the subject of considerable interest in the literature. Most prior contributions on the topic, however, have come from industrial/labor relations, human resource management, organizational behavi or, and industrial/organizational psychology scholars. Many of these researchers have focused on the individual level of analysis, while making inferences about the macro-effects of the employment relationship.
Taking Stock of Psychological Contract Research: Assessing Progress, Addressing Troublesome Issues, and Setting Research Priorities
Authors: Taylor M Susan , Tekleab Amanuel G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the individual and the organization have chosen each other ... the usually complex and often difficult adaptation period begins. The new employee and the organization must mutually learn to adjust to each other. In some instances, the “marriage” settles down into an easy comfortable relationship. In others, there is an abrupt separation that leaves scars with both parties.
Identity Regulation as Organizational Control Producing the Appropriate Individual
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Willmott Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceptualizations of organizational control have tended to emphasize its impersonal and behavioural features with scant regard for how meaning, culture or ideology are articulated by and implicated in structural configurations of control. Mintzberg’s (1983) review of control structures, for example, identifies five means of coordination, each of which is concerned principally with such configurations.
Inflected and Uninflected Adjectives in Japanese
Authors: Backhouse Anthony E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with adjectives in Japanese. Typologically, Japanese is a dependent-marking language; typical constituent order in the clause is predicate-final, and modifiers precede heads. Nouns function as the head of NPs commonly followed by case markers such as ga (NOM) and o (Ace), as modifier of nouns in NPs followed by the adnominal marker no, as complement of the copula da, and as complement of other copular verbs (such as naru ‘become’) followed by the marker ni. Verbs function as the head of intransitive and transitive predicates, and directly precede NPs in modifying structures. Unlike nouns, verbs and the copula da arc inflected, largely on an agglutinating pattern. Lexically, Japanese has dearly delineated strata. The Sino and foreign strata arc the result of borrowing from classical Chinese and (chiefly) European languages respectively; Sino words are, at least diachronically, typically bimorphemic. In addition, mimetic items form a distinct stratum within the native vocabulary.
The Russian Adjective: A Pervasive yet Elusive Category’
Authors: Corbett Greville G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian undoubtedly has a class of adjectives, and several properties converge to define the category. While adjectives are numerous, few lexical items have all the defining properties. There is considerable overlapping with noun and verb, and adjectives expand out to cover typologically unusual areas. We shall see that Russian adjectives form a category with two focal points.
Adjectives in North-East Ambae
Authors: Hyslop Catriona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
North-East Ambac i one of two languages spoken on the island of Ambac in northern Vanuatu. The language covers the northern, eastern, and southern parts of the island. The languages of Ambac are members of the Northern Vanuatu linkage, a sub-group of the Oceanic branch of Austronesian. with approximately 5,000 speakers, the language has a relatively large population of speakers compared to most Vanuatu languages. the dialect described here is that spoken in the Lolovoli district, in the south-east of the island. Throughout the chapter I shall refer to the language simply as Ambac.
The Role of the Shareholder
Authors: Ferran Eilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European corporate law policy is the focus of this paper. Europe has historically lagged behind the USA in viewing company law’s primary role as being to facilitate the operation of business in corporate form. However, the report by the High Level Group of Company Law Experts (Winter Report) to the European Commission in November 2002 marks a distinct break with the past in this respect. This chapter reviews aspect of the Winter Report concerning the role of shareholders in internal corporate governance.
American Experience and EU Perspectives
Authors: Gordon Jeffrey N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new German Takeover Act contains anti-takeover provisions that reject the ‘board neutrality/shareholder choice’ of the defeated draft of the 13th Directive. These anti-takeover provisions may have a particular (albeit temporary) justification as part of negotiating strategy to obtain a Directive with a ‘level playing field’ approach to a wide variety of control barriers in the EU. This is because assent to cross-border mergers and the transnational economic integration associated with such mergers ultimately depends upon the control of economic nationalism. Mutual vulnerability to takeover bids by both acquirors and targets, in which acquirors who engage in value-reducing home country bias would face a control threat, can play a valuable role in restraining economic nationalism.
Telecommunications Law And Regulation: An Introduction
Authors: Walden Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First things first! Whereas the first edition of this book was straightforwardly concerned with telecommunications, as a UK-based textbook, changes have occurred at a European level that have created a conundrum for the second edition. Under European Union (EU) law, telecommunications as a legal and regulatory term has disappeared, to be replaced by ‘ communications’ embracing all forms of infrastructure, services, and equipment supplied for the transmission of data and Information, whether traditionally viewed as broadcasting or voice telephony.
A Service to the Public: The Containment of Ethical and Moral Conflicts by Public Bureaucracies
Authors: Haggett Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rhetoric of pragmatism has become a defining characteristic of public service reform under Britain’s (New) Labour government. Exemplified in policies such as the Private Finance Initiative and Best Value, it construes choice between public and private as essentially a matter of efficacy-what works is what’s best, or so the rhetoric goes (on’Best Value’ see Miller, Chapter 10, this volume). This rhetoric has been subject to sustained critique from several directions. Some (Pollock, Shaoul, and Rowland 2001) have argued that it is simply a camouflage for the further penetration of global market forces into public life, a continuation of Thatcherism but in a more publicly acceptable clothing. Others have focused more upon pragmatism as the cloak beneath which a bland and homogenizing managerialism has spread its tentacles across public life (Clarke and Newman 1997).
Performing for the Public: Doubt, Desire, and the Evaluation of Public Services
Authors: Clarke John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public services have been the setting for persistent and complex arguments about bureaucracy. From the 1980s onwards, they have been criticized as bureaucratic monoliths, ill­suited to the demands of modern market societies. When broken­up into marketized or contractualized forms, others saw the rise of management as the reappearance of bureaucracy, particularly in the National Health Service. More recently the growth of evaluative processes and systems­inspection, audit, performance measurement, and so on­ has also been linked to complaints about bureaucracy. The apparatus of targets, measurement, and ‘bureaucratic tick­boxes’ is seen as a cumbersome and intrusive bureaucratization of relationships between the public, the government, and public services. This could be the basis for a bleak story about how ‘things never change’, or how bureaucracy always triumphs over reform initiatives. Such stories abound, of course, but they rely on a simplified and universalized idea of bureaucracy, and on a strange disconnection
What is Best ‘Value’? Bureaucracy, Virtualism, and Local Governance
Authors: Miller Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preparing you for reading this chapter it is perhaps worth starting with the admission that I am not a student of bureaucracy or indeed of government. Rather this chapter is a by­product of a much larger study that is concerned with the concept of value and its centrality to activities ranging from commerce and finance, to morality and government. As an anthropologist committed to using ethnography I am carrying out a series of studies that include, where possible, an element of participant observation. This chapter is based upon my first case study which took as its subject the ‘Best Value’ (from here on BV) audit of local government in England and Wales (Audit Commission 1999, 2001). My primary concern was the role of value in the transformation of public funds back into public services, but for the purpose of this chapter I will be concerned more with the issues that were encountered in the tensions between the BV inspection and the people and practices observed within local government.
The Escalation Of Commitment Steps Toward An Organizational Theory
Authors: Staw Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will describe the evolution of my research on the escalation of commitment how it began, how it changed, and where the stream of research now stands, at least from my perspective. It is my hope that some insights may be gained from the way this theory and research developed over time, moving from the test of a relatively narrow hypothesis to the broader investigation of an organizational phenomenon. With luck, this narrative will also provide some lessons, both good and bad, for future researchers seeking to explain a variety of organizational issues.
Organizational Effectiveness Its Demise And Re-Emergence Through Positive Organizational Scholarship
Authors: Cameron Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental shift has occurred over the last two decades in the organizational studies literature. Whereas the concept of organizational evocativeness was once the dominant dependent variable in organizational studies and lay at the centre of discussions about organizational success, it gradually lost favour and has largely been replaced by an emphasis on single indicators of outcomes such as share price, productivity, Wnancial ratios, error rates, or customer loyalty (Cameron and Wheaten, 1996). One well-known evocativeness scholar concluded, in fact, that organizational electiveness’ as a topic of study is dead (Wheaten, 2004). It was killed by the ‘‘validity police’’ (Hirsch and Levin, 1999), who tend to discard no useful and immeasurable concepts.
The Development Of Stakeholder Theory An Idiosyncratic Approach
Authors: Freeman R Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to trace the development of what has come to be known as ‘‘stakeholder theory.’’ I intend to accomplish this in a manner that could be called ‘‘autobiographical’’ or ‘‘idiosyncratic’’ because I want to illustrate a philosophical point about the general issue of ‘‘theory development’’ and the importance of a role for ‘‘the author.’’ To claim that ‘‘the author’’ has an important role in the development of management theory is neither to promote the selfimportance of particular individuals nor to deny the role of inter-subjective agreement that is so vital in science. Rather it is to claim that contextual factors and serendipity can be crucial in process of theory development.
Developing Evolutionary Theory For Economics And Management
Authors: Winter Sidney G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1959, chance events led me to read a 1950 paper by Armen Alchian, entitled ‘‘Uncertainty, Evolution and Economic Theory’’ (Alchian, 1950). At the time, I was trying to do a dissertation featuring an empirical analysis of the determinants of corporate spending on research and development. R&D had become quite a hot topic in applied economics after the mid-1950s. The theoretical framework that I had planned to use in this investigation was a model based on the familiar concept of the proWt-maximizing Wrm, a core theoretical commitment of mainstream economics then and now.
Merger Control in the united kingdom
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Merger control in the United Kingdom has recently entered a new phase in its development. The advent of the relevant aspects of the Enterprise Act 2002 has been welcomed as a ‘depoliticisation’ of the regime. The role of the Secretary of State has been all but excised, and the substantive criteria against which mergers are assessed have been revised to offer formally a competition-based standard. Together with guidance published subsequently, the reforms also prescribe a range of new procedural guarantees for those parties affected under the regime. In addition, the EC merger control regime and in particular the nature of its relationship with the competent authorities of the Member States has been significantly revised. It is against this backdrop that the authors—leading experts with first rate regulatory, practical and academic experience—offer a comprehensive statement of the law, architecture, and procedure of merger control in the United Kingdom; explain the factors pertinent to the economic appraisal of mergers in a manner accessible to a legal audience; and give invaluable practical guidance on managing the transactional process and regulatory risk.
Word of Mouth: The Oldest, Newest Marketing Medium
Authors: Silverman George R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to identify word of mouth in its various forms, explain why it has such a seemingly disproportionate effect on buying behavior, show why it should be approached proactively as a medium—instead of a serendipitous by product of other marketing efforts—and outline a way to think about this very different medium. This chapter describes the conditions and steps necessary for contemporary marketers to harness the power of word of mouth.