bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic value of frontal functional neuroimaging in late-onset severe major depression
Authors: Navarro Víctor , Gastó Cristóbal , Lomeña Francisco , Torres Xavier , Mateos José J. , Portella María , Masana Guillem , Marcos Teodoro 
Published: March 2004

BackgroundThere is growing evidence of a relationship between frontal neuroimaging and neuropsychological abnormalities and the physiopathology and course of late-onset major depression.AimsTo assess acute antidepressant response in late-onset major depression in relation to baseline frontal perfusion ratios.MethodA 99mTc HMPAO single photon emission computed tomographic brain scan was performed in medication-free patients with late-onset major depression, who were then included in a 12-week antidepressant treatment regimen. Logistic regression was used to define a predictive model of non-remission.ResultsAtotal of 47 patients completed the study 34 of whom were classed as remitters and 13 as non-remitters. The variable left anterior fronto-cerebellar perfusion ratio had a global predictive power of 87%. Analysing this variable together with the baseline variables age of onset and duration of index episode, the predictive power of the model rose to 94%.ConclusionsOur study suggests that a specific frontal functioning could predict the acute antidepressant response in late-onset severe major depression.
Longitudinal syndromal and sub-syndromal symptoms after severe depression: 10-year follow-up study
Authors: Kennedy Noel , Abbott Rosemary , Paykel Eugene S. 
Published: March 2004

BackgroundFew follow-up studies of depression have evaluated depressive symptomatology over time at both threshold and sub-threshold levels.AimsTo evaluate long-term longitudinal symptomatic course after an episode of severe depression.MethodA total of 61 participants from a previous study cohort underwent a detailed interview covering the longitudinal course of depression and pharmacological treatment over 8–11 years of follow-up.ResultsOf the follow-up months, 52% were spent at an asymptomatic level, 15% at minor symptom level, 20% at residual symptom level and 13% at full depression level. Also, 30% of follow-up months were spent in an episode of depression, and 18% of patients never achieved asymptomatic status during follow-up. The percentage of patients at each symptom level remained relatively stable after the first 2 years, but levels in individuals fluctuated, with a mean of two changes in symptom levels per follow-up year.ConclusionsAfter severe episodes, sub-syndromal levels of depression are common and persistent, with considerable fluctuation suggesting a continuum between sub-syndromal subtypes and full depression.
Diabetes and its prevention: Pragmatic solutions for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Gough Stephen , Peveler Robert 
Published: March 2004

BackgroundPatients with schizophrenia have an increased risk of developing diabetes. However, no pragmatic pathway of care has ever been proposed in order to identify individuals at risk and manage that risk effectively.AimsTo develop practical recommendations for the screening and management of diabetes in schizophrenia.MethodStaged review of evidence for the under recognition of diabetes in people with schizophrenia and of the applicability of current screening strategies to this population. Recommendations for pragmatic pathways of care were developed.ResultsAll patients with schizophrenia should be screened and managed as a high-risk group for the development of diabetes. Psychiatrists should be responsible for screening and diabetes risk management; primary care physicians and/or diabetologists should be responsible for managing diabetes. Choice of antipsychotics should be based on achieving good control of schizophrenia, which may improve compliance with diabetes risk reduction strategies.ConclusionsEffective multi-disciplinary team working should reduce the burden of diabetes in schizophrenia.
Diagnosis, epidemiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus: An update for psychiatrists
Authors: Holt Richard I. G. 
Published: March 2004

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder characterised by persistent hyperglycaemia. The prevalence of diabetes is increased in people with schizophrenia.AimsTo provide an update of current thinking in diabetes for practising psychiatrists.MethodLiterature review.ResultsDiabetes is a costly condition in individual, social and economic terms, and the global burden of diabetes is increasing in most populations. The insidious onset and asymptomatic nature of diabetes results in many people remaining undiagnosed and at great risk of developing life-threatening vascular complications. Lifestyle and pharmacological interventions can reduce incident diabetes and delay its progression.ConclusionsPublic health policies are urgently required to encourage people to follow a healthy lifestyle. Primary prevention strategies for diabetes should target individuals at especially high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, including those with severe mental illness.
Diabetes mellitus and schizophrenia: Historical perspective
Authors: Kohen Dora 
Published: March 2004

BackgroundAlthough recent research has focused on the possible role of antipsychotic medications in the development of diabetes mellitus, studies conducted in the pre-neurolepticera suggest that schizophrenia itself might predispose individuals to diabetes.AimsTo test the hypothesis that diabetes mellitus is an integral part of schizophrenia.MethodHistorical literature review.ResultsMany people with severe mental illnesses, including dementia praecox, showed abnormal responses to insulin and diabetes-like glucose tolerance curves long before the advent of phenothiazines. Early studies with chlorpromazine suggested that a latent tendency towards diabetes in patients with schizophrenia could be unmasked by this treatment.ConclusionsDiabetes and disturbed carbohydrate metabolism maybe an integral part of schizophrenia. Further research is required to explain how metabolic factors, medications and lifestyle factors might precipitate diabetes in patients with this mental disorder.
Development of Single-Site New Olefin Polymerization Catalyst Systems Using MgCl2-Based Activators: MAO-Free MgCl2-Supported FI Catalyst Systems
Authors: Nakayama Yasushi , Bando Hideki , Sonobe Yoshiho , Fujita Terunori 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
MAO-free new single-site catalyst systems have been developed for olefin polymerization, which are comprised of bis(phenoxy-imine) Ti, Zr, or V complexes (Ti–, Zr–, or V–FI Catalysts) and MgCl2-based compounds. These new catalyst combinations are highly active single-site (Ti–FI Catalysts), exceptionally active (Zr–FI Catalysts), or highly active, thermally robust, single-site (V–FI Catalyst) catalysts for ethylene polymerization. The catalysts can display higher catalytic performance (i.e., catalytic activity, stereoselectivity, thermal stability) than those activated by the well-established MAO activators. In addition, these catalysts are supported, and thus possess a technological advantage vis-à-vis control over polymer morphology, which is essential for commercial application. Therefore, the application of MgCl2-based compounds capable of working both as an activator and a support for non-metallocene complexes provides a conceptually new strategy for the development of high-performance supported single-site catalysts.
Morphology-Control in Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Silver Particles in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsushi , Yin Hengbo , Wada Yuji , Kitamura Takayuki , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The morphologies of Ag particles can be controlled between distorted sphere and prism by employing microwave-promoted reductions of highly concentrated 0.1 M silver nitrate in aqueous solutions. We can selectively synthesize either sphere-Ag or prism-Ag particles by changing only an additive, i.e., either trisodium citrate/formaldehyde or poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). The particle sizes and size distributions of sphere-Ag particles are strongly dependent on the concentration of trisodium citrate.
Synthesis of 1-Azaazulenes from Cycloheptatrienylmethyl Ketone O-Pentafluorobenzoyloximes by Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclization and Oxidation
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke , Kitamura Mitsuru , Saku Osamu , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Various 1-azaazulenes are synthesized from cycloheptatrienylmethyl ketone O-pentafluorobenzoyloximes by treatment with a catalytic amount of Pd(dba)2–t-Bu3P (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) and triethylamine in the presence of MS 4A via alkylideneaminopalladium(II) intermediates generated by oxidative addition of the oximes to a Pd(0) complex.
Preparation and Physical Properties of EuO Nanocrystals Using Eu(II)-Exchanged Zeolite X as a Precursor
Authors: Thongchant Supitcha , Katagiri Shinya , Hasegawa Yasuchika , Wada Yuji , Watase Seiji , Nakamoto Masami , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The cation-exchange of zeolite X with divalent europium has been achieved using a methanol solution containing Eu(II) prepared by photochemical reduction of Eu(III). Emission spectra have confirmed that the valence of europium ion in the ion-exchanged zeolite X was divalent. A blue shift of emission spectra was observed after exposing Eu(II)X to air at room temperature. TEM have revealed the formation of EuO nanocrystals with average size of 4.2 nm on the outer surface of Eu(II)X. EuO nanocrystals show ferromagnetism accompanied by photo-response magnetism under UV irradiation.
Ab Initio Calculation on the Reaction Mechanism of “Radical-Controlled” Oxidative Polymerization of Phenols
Authors: Kubota Masaaki , Shiga Akinobu , Higashimura Hideyuki , Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Moro-oka Yoshihiko , Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Ab initio calculation on the reaction mechanism of “radical-controlled” oxidative polymerization (RCOP) of phenol catalyzed by μ-η2:η2-peroxo dicopper(II) complex (1) was performed. The key step is the reaction of 1 with phenol, for which two reaction routes have been postulated. One is through phenoxo copper(II) intermediate (route X), and the other is via the abstraction of hydrogen atoms from phenol (route Y). All structures of the possible intermediates in both routes were optimized, and the energy profiles of these routes were compared with each other. For the reaction of 1 with phenol, route X would be favored more than route Y based on the present calculation results and previous experimental data. In comparison, the reaction of 1 with 2,4-di-t-butylphenol, which has a bulky substituent at the o-position, was evaluated in a similar manner. Route X may also be possible in this reaction.
Crystallographic report: Bis[tris(2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropyl)tin] piperazinyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Tian Laijin , Shang Zhicai , Yu Qingsen , Li Daixi , Yang Guoming 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe centrosymmetric structure of bis[tris(2‐methyl‐2‐phenylpropyl)tin]piperazinyldithiocarbamate contains four‐coordinated tin and monodentate dithiocarbamate ligands. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological effects, biological aspects and spectral characterization of organoboron(III) complexes of sulfonamide‐imines
Authors: Nagpal Pooja , Singh R. V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe toxicological effects, biological aspects and spectral characterization of organoboron(III) complexes of sulfonamide‐imines derived by the condensation of salicylaldehyde with different sulfa‐drugs are described. The benzene‐soluble, high‐molecular‐weight complexes have been characterized using a wide range of analytical and spectroscopic techniques, viz. UV, IR, 1H and 11B NMR. On the basis of these studies, it is inferred that the imines derived from sulfa drugs and salicylaldehyde behave as dibasic tridentate ligands and thus provide a tetrahedral environment around the boron atom. Finally, all these complexes have been screened for their antimicrobial activity against a variety of fungal and bacterial strains and their toxicological effects on male albino rats examined at the dosages employed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk for congenital anomalies associated with different sporadic and daily doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy: A case–control study
Authors: Martínez‐Frías Maria Luisa , Bermejo Eva , Rodríguez‐Pinilla Elvira , Frías Jaime Luis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe classic clinical criteria for the diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) include a “characteristic” facial appearance, pre‐ and postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, mental retardation, and occasional major malformations. However, diagnostic constraints, especially in the newborn period, lead to an underestimate of their prevalence. We report an epidemiological study of the potential risk of congenital defects in the offspring of mothers who ingested different sporadic and daily amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.METHODSThe study was based on the data from the ECEMC hospital‐based case–control study and surveillance system, with a methodology aimed not only at the surveillance of congenital anomalies, but also at investigating their characteristics, clustering, and causes. For the purposes of this study, we considered as exposed those infants whose mothers reported the ingestion of any amount of alcohol during gestation (4705 mothers of cases and 4329 mothers of controls), and classified them into five groups according to their levels of alcohol consumption. Two groups consisted of mothers who consumed increasing sporadic levels and the other three consisted of mothers who consumed increasing daily levels of alcohol.RESULTSOur study showed that even low sporadic doses of alcohol consumption during pregnancy may increase the risk of congenital anomalies in the offspring and that this risk increases with increasing levels of alcohol exposure.CONCLUSIONSThe results of our study suggest that it is necessary to generalize the preventive norm and recommend complete abstinence from alcohol during gestation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The biological potency of a series of analogues of human calcitonin correlates with their interactions with phospholipids
Authors: Epand Raquel F. , Orlowski Ronald C. , Epand Richard M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe conformational and lipid binding properties of several calcitonin analogs were compared. These analogs were designed to have the central amphipathic helical region of salmon calcitonin and N‐ and C‐terminal segments similar to human calcitonin. The various analogs differed from one another either by removal of Leu19 from this hybrid analog, replacement of Leu19 with Gly19 or having a carboxyl terminus more closely related to salmon calcitonin. It had been found that replacement of Leu19 with Gly19 caused a marked reduction in the hypocalemic activity of the analog. The ability of the analogs to form helical structures in the presence of dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol as well as their ability to lower the enthalpy of the calorimetric phase transition of this phospholipid correlates well with the hypocalcemic potency of the peptide. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2004
Comparison of the chiral separation of amino‐acid derivatives by a teicoplanin and RN‐β‐CD CSPs using waterless mobile phases: Factors that enhance resolution
Authors: Chen Shushi , Ward Timothy 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA variety of compounds containing amines (i.e., amino acids, amino alcohols, etc.) were chemically derivatized with a variety of electrophilic tagging reagents to elucidate the chiral recognition sites on a teicoplanin‐bonded chiral stationary phase (CSP) and on R‐naphthylethylcarbamate‐β‐cyclodextrin (RN‐β‐CD)‐bonded CSP. Solutes were separated under optimum chromatographic conditions on teicoplanin and RN‐β‐CD CSPs for comparison using an acetonitrile‐based mobile phase. It was noted that the size of the analyte or tagging reagent exerted a greater influence on compounds separated on teicoplanin than on RN‐β‐CD when using the polar organic mode. This suggests that chiral recognition on teicoplanin CSP is more sensitive to size and indicates that the hydrophobic pocket of teicoplanin plays a significant role in chiral recognition in this mode. However, the type of functional groups had a greater impact than the size of analyte on separations obtained from RN‐β‐CD phase in the polar‐organic mode. Specifically, the π–π interaction was enhanced by derivatizing the aromatic ring of the tagging reagent with electron‐withdrawing groups and thus altered the resolution substantially. For both phases, chiral recognition is most pronounced when the stereogenic center of the analyte is near the tagging moiety and surrounded by functional groups (e.g., carboxylic, etc.) which are favorable for hydrogen bonding. Chirality 16:318–330, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spacer length effect of a chiral stationary phase based on (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid
Authors: Ho Hyun Myung , Hun Kim Do 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new chiral stationary phase (CSP) containing 11 methylene‐unit spacer was prepared by bonding (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐carboxylic acid to aminoundecylsilica gel. The new CSP was superior to the one containing three methylene‐unit spacer in the resolution of α‐amino acids, β‐amino acids, amines, and amino alcohols in terms of both the separation (α) and the resolution factors (RS). In the resolution of α‐amino acids on the new CSP containing a long spacer, the retention factors (k1) were quite small compared to those on the CSP containing a short spacer. However, in the resolution of relatively more lipophilic β‐amino acids, amines, and amino alcohols, the retention factors (k1) were generally greater on the CSP containing a long spacer than on the CSP containing a short spacer. All of these resolution behaviors have been rationalized by the effective competition of the ammonium ions (R‐NH3+) generated by the residual undecylamino groups of the new CSP under acidic condition with the ammonium ions (R‐NH3+) of analytes for the complexation inside the cavity of the crown ether ring of the CSP and the effective lipophilic interaction between the CSP and the relatively more lipophilic analytes. Chirality 16:294–301, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic enantioseparation by cycloalkylcarboxylates of cellulose and amylose
Authors: Kubota Takateru , Yamamoto Chiyo , Okamoto Yoshio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThree novel cycloalkylcarboxylates, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and 1‐adamantylcarboxylates of cellulose and amylose were prepared and their chiral recognition abilities as chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were evaluated using a methanol–water mobile phase. Among these esters, cellulose tris(cyclohexylcarboxylate) showed a relatively high chiral recognition ability. The 1‐adamantylcarboxylates of cellulose and amylose showed dissimilar chiral recognition abilities from the other two, probably due to the low degree of substitution and the high hydrophobicity of this group. Chirality 16:309–313, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrochemically Induced Retro‐Cyclopropanation Reactions
Authors: Herranz M. Ángeles , Diederich François , Echegoyen Luis 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe efficient removal of methano addends from fullerenes using reductive electrochemistry is a versatile and useful reaction, which was initially called the retro‐Bingel reaction since it was observed for the first time on bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methano adducts, commonly known as Bingel adducts. Since its initial discovery, this reaction has been successfully employed in the separation of enantiomers and constitutional isomers of fullerenes, which in some cases were otherwise not accessible. Even more interesting than the retro‐Bingel reaction was the electrochemically induced isomerization that bis‐methano adducts of C60 exhibit, and which was referred to as the “shuffle”. The combination of both reactions gave interesting results during the electrolysis of tetrakis‐, pentakis‐, and hexakis‐Bingel adducts of C60. The selective removal of Bingel‐type addends, while leaving other addends undisturbed, was also investigated. More recently, it was observed that in addition to bis(alkoxycarbonyl)methano adducts, electrochemical reduction of other methano adducts, such as spiromethanofullerenes, could also result in removal of the methano addends, thus the reaction was more generally denoted as retro‐cyclopropanation. In some of the spiromethanofullerenes investigated, and depending on the solvent used, an electrochemically induced intermolecular addend transfer was observed, which provided a regioisomeric distribution that differed significantly from that obtained by a synthetic route. We have recently shown that singly bonded dimers are formed as intermediates during retro‐cyclopropanation reactions. In this microreview, we describe the general observations that led to the initiation of these exciting electrochemical investigations, review the differences between the chemical and electrochemical methodologies in retro‐cyclopropanation reactions and explore the mechanisms involved during addend removal. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Simulation of two‐dimensional turbulent flows in a rotating annulus
Authors: Storey Brian D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRotating water tank experiments have been used to study fundamental processes of atmospheric and geophysical turbulence in a controlled laboratory setting. When these tanks are undergoing strong rotation the forced turbulent flow becomes highly two dimensional along the axis of rotation. An efficient numerical method has been developed for simulating the forced quasi‐geostrophic equations in an annular geometry to model current laboratory experiments. The algorithm employs a spectral method with Fourier series and Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions. The algorithm has been implemented on a parallel architecture to allow modelling of a wide range of spatial scales over long integration times. This paper describes the derivation of the model equations, numerical method, testing and performance of the algorithm. Results provide reasonable agreement with the experimental data, indicating that such computations can be used as a predictive tool to design future experiments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Static wetting on flexible substrates: a finite element formulation
Authors: Madasu Srinath , Cairncross Richard A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn static wetting on an elastic substrate, force exerted by the liquid–vapour surface tension on a solid surface deforms the substrate, producing a capillary ridge along the contact line. This paper presents a finite element formulation for predicting elastic deformation, close to the static wetting line (with angle of contact=90o and σSV=σSL).The substrate deformation is modelled with the Mooney–Rivlin constitutive law for incompressible rubber‐like solids. At the contact line, a stress singularity is known to arise, due to the surface tension acting on a line of infinitesimal thickness. To relive the stress singularity, either (i) the surface tension is applied over a finite contact region (of macroscopic thickness), or (ii) the solid crease angle is fixed. These two options suggest that normal component of Neumann's triangle law of forces, for the three surface tensions, is not applicable for elastic substrates (as for rigid ones). The vertical displacement of the contact line is a strong function of liquid/vapour surface tension and shear modulus of the solid. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.