bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Make it or draw it? Investigating the communicative trade-offs between sketches and prototypes
Authors: Krishnakumar Sandeep , Letting Cynthia , Johnson Erin , Soria Zurita Nicolas F. , Menold Jessica 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Design representations play a crucial role in facilitating communication between individuals in design. Sketches and physical prototypes are frequently used to communicate design concepts in early-stage design. However, we lack an understanding of the communicative benefits each representation provides and how these benefits relate to the effort and resources required to create each representation. A mixed-methods study was conducted with 44 participants to identify whether sketches and physical prototypes led to different levels of cognitive load perceived by a communicator and listener and the characteristics that shape their cognitive load during communication. Results showed that listeners perceived higher levels of mental and physical demands when understanding ideas as low-fidelity physical prototypes, as compared to sketches. No significant differences were found in the cognitive load levels of communicators between the two conditions. Qualitative analyses of post-task semi-structured interviews identified five themes relating to verbal explanations and visual representations that shape designers’ cognitive load when understanding and communicating ideas through design representations. Results indicate that designers should be aware of the specific objectives they seek to accomplish when selecting the design representation used to communicate. This work contributes to the knowledge base needed for designers to use design representations more effectively as tools for communication.
Archives of Military Courts in Colonial Congo: New Sources for the History of Violence and Agency in Central Africa
Authors: Henriet Benoît , Lauro Amandine , Juste Renaud 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis article offers an overview of the recently rediscovered archives of the Conseils de Guerre—the military court—of colonial Congo (1885–1960). As a long-considered lost collection of court records encompassing seventy years of testimonies of colonial military crimes, these archives offer unparalleled insights on the complex relation between law, impunity, and armed violence in colonial Central Africa. The article first sheds light on the history of those records and on their ongoing digitization in the context of debates about the contested heritage of Belgian “displaced” colonial public archives. It then sketches out several promising avenues for academic research and public history projects that they could help document, notably on the controversial history of violence in the Belgian empire and on the multifaceted nature of African agency under colonial rule.
Environmental distribution of Echinococcus- and Taenia spp.-contaminated dog feces in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Abdykerimov Kubanychbek K. , Kronenberg Philipp A. , Isaev Myktybek , Paternoster Giulia , Deplazes Peter , Torgerson Paul R. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractRecently, there have been epidemics of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in Kyrgyzstan. This study investigated 2 districts for the presence of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. and Echinococcus multilocularis eggs; species identity was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in dog feces and the level of environmental contamination with parasite eggs in 2017–2018 was also investigated. In the Alay district 5 villages with a high reported annual incidence of AE of 162 cases per 100 000 and 5 villages in the Kochkor district which had a much lower incidence of 21 cases per 100 000 were investigated. However, the proportion of dog feces containing E. granulosus s.l. eggs was ~4.2 and ~3.5% in Alay and Kochkor respectively. For E. multilocularis, the corresponding proportions were 2.8 and 3.2%. Environmental contamination of Echinococcus spp. eggs was estimated using the McMaster technique for fecal egg counts, weight and density of canine feces. The level of environmental contamination with E. multilocularis eggs was similar at 4.4 and 5.0 eggs per m2 in Alay and Kochkor respectively. The corresponding values for E. granulosus s.l. were 8.3 and 7.5 eggs per m2. There was no association between village or district level incidence of human AE or CE and the proportion of dog feces containing eggs of Echinococcus spp. or the level of environmental contamination. Increased contamination of taeniid eggs occured in the autumn, after the return of farmers with dogs from summer mountain pastures.
Childhood abuse v. neglect and risk for major psychiatric disorders
Authors: Alkema Anne , Marchi Mattia , van der Zaag Jeroen A. J. , van der Sluis Daniëlle , Warrier Varun ,   Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators, Ophoff Roel A. , Kahn René S. , Cahn Wiepke , Hovens Jacqueline G. F. M. , Riese Harriëtte , Scheepers Floortje , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , Cecil Charlotte , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Vinkers Christiaan H. , Boks Marco P. M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundChildhood maltreatment (CM) is a strong risk factor for psychiatric disorders but serves in its current definitions as an umbrella for various fundamentally different childhood experiences. As first step toward a more refined analysis of the impact of CM, our objective is to revisit the relation of abuse and neglect, major subtypes of CM, with symptoms across disorders.MethodsThree longitudinal studies of major depressive disorder (MDD, N = 1240), bipolar disorder (BD, N = 1339), and schizophrenia (SCZ, N = 577), each including controls (N = 881), were analyzed. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the relation between exposure to abuse, neglect, or their combination to the odds for MDD, BD, SCZ, and symptoms across disorders. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to probe causality, using genetic instruments of abuse and neglect derived from UK Biobank data (N = 143 473).ResultsAbuse was the stronger risk factor for SCZ (OR 3.51, 95% CI 2.17–5.67) and neglect for BD (OR 2.69, 95% CI 2.09–3.46). Combined CM was related to increased risk exceeding additive effects of abuse and neglect for MDD (RERI = 1.4) and BD (RERI = 1.1). Across disorders, abuse was associated with hallucinations (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.55–3.01) and suicide attempts (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.55–3.01) whereas neglect was associated with agitation (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.02–1.51) and reduced need for sleep (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.08–2.48). MR analyses were consistent with a bidirectional causal effect of abuse with SCZ (IVWforward = 0.13, 95% CI 0.01–0.24).ConclusionsChildhood abuse and neglect are associated with different risks to psychiatric symptoms and disorders. Unraveling the origin of these differences may advance understanding of disease etiology and ultimately facilitate development of improved personalized treatment strategies.
Childhood maltreatment and internalizing/externalizing disorders in trauma-exposed adolescents: Does posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity have a mediating role?
Authors: van den Heuvel Leigh Luella , Assim Ayesha , Koning Milo , Nöthling Jani , Seedat Soraya 
Published: November 2023

AbstractChildhood maltreatment is associated with wide-ranging psychopathology at all stages of life. In the current study, we investigated whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity mediated the association between childhood maltreatment and internalizing and externalizing disorders among 262 South African trauma-exposed adolescents (aged 12–18 years). Childhood maltreatment and PTSD symptom severity were assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Child PTSD Checklist, respectively. Psychiatric disorders were assessed utilizing the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime version and were grouped into internalizing or externalizing disorders. Hierarchal logistic regression was used to assess the association of childhood maltreatment subtype with internalizing and externalizing disorders, controlling for age and gender, with PTSD symptom severity added to the final model. We found that sexual abuse was significantly associated with internalizing disorders, although this effect was no longer significant when PTSD was added to the model demonstrating that PTSD mediated the association between sexual abuse and internalizing disorders. Physical abuse, but not PTSD, was associated with externalizing disorders. Physical abuse, emotional neglect, and PTSD were associated with comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorders. These findings have implications for intervention and prevention strategies targeted at trauma-exposed adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment.
Conceptual Dissonance in Peacebuilding Research: Lessons from a Somali Diaspora
Authors: Carver Stephanie , Zech Steven T. , Tohow Ahmed 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTScholars recognize the important role that diasporas play in conflict dynamics, including efforts to build peace in conflict-affected communities. Broader academic research emphasizes a focus on local conditions and actors, as well as site-specific understandings of peace and peacebuilding practices. This focus on specific communities and contexts often draws on qualitative, narrative-driven data, predominantly collected through interviewing. This article identifies some of the core challenges related to data collection encountered during semi-structured interviews in a study of Somali diaspora members in Melbourne, Australia. We emphasize how issues associated with cross-cultural and gendered understandings of concepts related to peacebuilding can affect each stage of a research project, from the preliminary collection of data to the analysis and discussion of research implications. Specifically, we address challenges related to instances of conceptual dissonance that occur when researchers employ cross-cultural and gendered concepts—in this case, peace, peacebuilding, and leadership. The findings will benefit conflict researchers who work with socially distant groups and ethnically divided populations more broadly, along with those who employ interpretivist methodologies that focus on how meaning making might ultimately influence peacebuilding practices and outcomes.
Nocebo Hypothesis Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (NH-CBT) for non-epileptic seizures: a consecutive case series
Authors: Richardson Matt , Cathro Michael , Kleinstäuber Maria 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackground:Research has demonstrated that implementation of Nocebo Hypothesis Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (NH-CBT) achieved full symptom remission in 93% of people with Functional Neurological Symptoms Disorder (FNSD), most of them exhibiting motor symptoms. The basis for NH-CBT is consistent with a predictive coding aetiological model of FNSD. This idea is transparently shared with people with FNSD in the form of telling them that their symptoms are caused by a nocebo effect, usually followed by some physical activity that aims to change the person’s belief about their body.Aims:To demonstrate that a version of NH-CBT can also be effective in eliminating or reducing non-epileptic seizures (assumed to be a sub-type of FNSD).Method:A consecutive case series design was employed. Participants were treated with NH-CBT over a 12-week period. The primary outcome measure was seizure frequency. Numerous secondary measures were employed, as well as a brief qualitative interview to explore participants’ subjective experience of treatment.Results:Seven out of the 10 participants became seizure free at least 2 weeks before their post-treatment assessment, and all stayed seizure-free for at least 5 months. Six of those seven remained seizure free at 6-month follow-up. There were large positive effect sizes for the majority of secondary measures assessed.Conclusions:This case series provides evidence of feasibility and likely utility of NH-CBT in reducing the frequency of non-epileptic seizures.
Natural and Anthropogenic Climate Variability Signals in a 237‐Year‐Long Coral Record From the Philippines
Authors: Inoue M. , Fukushima A. , Chihara M. , Genda A. , Ikehara M. , Okai T. , Kawahata H. , Siringan F. P. , Suzuki A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBoth proxy and model studies conducted to understand anthropogenic warming have revealed historical variations in sea‐surface temperature (SST) since the industrial revolution. However, because of discrepancies between observations and models in the late nineteenth century, the timing and degree of anthropogenic warming remain unclear. In this study, we reconstructed a 237‐year‐long record of SST and salinity using a coral core collected from Bicol, southern Luzon, Philippines, which is located at the northern edge of the western Pacific warm pool. The SST record showed volcanic cooling after several volcanic eruptions, including the 1815 Tambora eruption, but the pattern of change differed. Decadal SST variations at Bicol are connected to Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV). Therefore, it is suggested that the PDV conditions at the time of the eruption may have influenced marine conditions, such as the degree and duration of cooling and/or salinity, after the eruptions. Although there were discrepancies in SST variations among the modeled, observed, and proxy SST data from the late nineteenth to early twentieth centuries, SST data from the late twentieth century showed globally coherent anthropogenic warming, especially after 1976. In particular, summer SST in the northwestern Pacific has become more sensitive to anthropogenic forcing since 1976.
A Novel Method to Determine Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Using a Physics‐Based Synthetic Earthquake Catalog: A New Zealand Case Study
Authors: Hughes Laura , Power William , Lane Emily M. , Savage Martha K. , Arnold Richard , Howell Andrew , Shaw Bruce , Fry Bill , Nicol Andrew 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTsunamis can have devastating consequences for coastal communities. Yet hazards from future tsunamis are difficult to quantify due to their rarity in the instrumental record. Statistical earthquake catalogs have previously been used to quantify tsunami hazards. For the first time, we use a physics‐based synthetic earthquake catalog to assess probabilistic tsunami hazard in a local region. We analyze a 30,000‐year catalog to capture a wide range of the source complexity evident in tsunamigenic earthquakes. We produce models of land‐surface displacements and subsequent tsunamis from 2,585 earthquakes with magnitude > MW 7.0. Modeled slip of the Hikurangi and Tonga‐Kermadec subduction thrusts generated maximum wave heights at the coast of up to 28 m and these earthquakes pose the greatest tsunami hazard along New Zealand's coastline. The results provide a “proof of concept” for using earthquake simulators for probabilistic tsunami hazard models. They further present a platform upon which next‐generation probabilistic tsunami inundation models may be constructed.
Associative pyridinium electrolytes for air-tolerant redox flow batteries
Authors: Carrington Mark E. , Sokołowski Kamil , Jónsson Erlendur , Zhao Evan Wenbo , Graf Anton M. , Temprano Israel , McCune Jade A. , Grey Clare P. , Scherman Oren A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPyridinium electrolytes are promising candidates for flow-battery-based energy storage1–4. However, the mechanisms underlying both their charge–discharge processes and overall cycling stability remain poorly understood. Here we probe the redox behaviour of pyridinium electrolytes under representative flow battery conditions, offering insights into air tolerance of batteries containing these electrolytes while providing a universal physico-chemical descriptor of their reversibility. Leveraging a synthetic library of extended bispyridinium compounds, we track their performance over a wide range of potentials and identify the singlet–triplet free energy gap as a descriptor that successfully predicts the onset of previously unidentified capacity fade mechanisms. Using coupled operando nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies5,6, we explain the redox behaviour of these electrolytes and determine the presence of two distinct regimes (narrow and wide energy gaps) of electrochemical performance. In both regimes, we tie capacity fade to the formation of free radical species, and further show that π-dimerization plays a decisive role in suppressing reactivity between these radicals and trace impurities such as dissolved oxygen. Our findings stand in direct contrast to prevailing views surrounding the role of π-dimers in redox flow batteries1,4,7–11 and enable us to efficiently mitigate capacity fade from oxygen even on prolonged (days) exposure to air. These insights pave the way to new electrolyte systems, in which reactivity of reduced species is controlled by their propensity for intra- and intermolecular pairing of free radicals, enabling operation in air.
Scaling deep learning for materials discovery
Authors: Merchant Amil , Batzner Simon , Schoenholz Samuel S. , Aykol Muratahan , Cheon Gowoon , Cubuk Ekin Dogus 
Published: November 2023

AbstractNovel functional materials enable fundamental breakthroughs across technological applications from clean energy to information processing1–11. From microchips to batteries and photovoltaics, discovery of inorganic crystals has been bottlenecked by expensive trial-and-error approaches. Concurrently, deep-learning models for language, vision and biology have showcased emergent predictive capabilities with increasing data and computation12–14. Here we show that graph networks trained at scale can reach unprecedented levels of generalization, improving the efficiency of materials discovery by an order of magnitude. Building on 48,000 stable crystals identified in continuing studies15–17, improved efficiency enables the discovery of 2.2 million structures below the current convex hull, many of which escaped previous human chemical intuition. Our work represents an order-of-magnitude expansion in stable materials known to humanity. Stable discoveries that are on the final convex hull will be made available to screen for technological applications, as we demonstrate for layered materials and solid-electrolyte candidates. Of the stable structures, 736 have already been independently experimentally realized. The scale and diversity of hundreds of millions of first-principles calculations also unlock modelling capabilities for downstream applications, leading in particular to highly accurate and robust learned interatomic potentials that can be used in condensed-phase molecular-dynamics simulations and high-fidelity zero-shot prediction of ionic conductivity.
Human mobility networks reveal increased segregation in large cities
Authors: Nilforoshan Hamed , Looi Wenli , Pierson Emma , Villanueva Blanca , Fishman Nic , Chen Yiling , Sholar John , Redbird Beth , Grusky David , Leskovec Jure 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA long-standing expectation is that large, dense and cosmopolitan areas support socioeconomic mixing and exposure among diverse individuals1–6. Assessing this hypothesis has been difficult because previous measures of socioeconomic mixing have relied on static residential housing data rather than real-life exposures among people at work, in places of leisure and in home neighbourhoods7,8. Here we develop a measure of exposure segregation that captures the socioeconomic diversity of these everyday encounters. Using mobile phone mobility data to represent 1.6 billion real-world exposures among 9.6 million people in the United States, we measure exposure segregation across 382 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and 2,829 counties. We find that exposure segregation is 67% higher in the ten largest MSAs than in small MSAs with fewer than 100,000 residents. This means that, contrary to expectations, residents of large cosmopolitan areas have less exposure to a socioeconomically diverse range of individuals. Second, we find that the increased socioeconomic segregation in large cities arises because they offer a greater choice of differentiated spaces targeted to specific socioeconomic groups. Third, we find that this segregation-increasing effect is countered when a city’s hubs (such as shopping centres) are positioned to bridge diverse neighbourhoods and therefore attract people of all socioeconomic statuses. Our findings challenge a long-standing conjecture in human geography and highlight how urban design can both prevent and facilitate encounters among diverse individuals.
Cellular development and evolution of the mammalian cerebellum
Authors: Sepp Mari , Leiss Kevin , Murat Florent , Okonechnikov Konstantin , Joshi Piyush , Leushkin Evgeny , Spänig Lisa , Mbengue Noe , Schneider Céline , Schmidt Julia , Trost Nils , Schauer Maria , Khaitovich Philipp , Lisgo Steven , Palkovits Miklós , Giere Peter , Kutscher Lena M. , Anders Simon , Cardoso-Moreira Margarida , Sarropoulos Ioannis , Pfister Stefan M. , Kaessmann Henrik 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe expansion of the neocortex, a hallmark of mammalian evolution1,2, was accompanied by an increase in cerebellar neuron numbers3. However, little is known about the evolution of the cellular programmes underlying the development of the cerebellum in mammals. In this study we generated single-nucleus RNA-sequencing data for around 400,000 cells to trace the development of the cerebellum from early neurogenesis to adulthood in human, mouse and the marsupial opossum. We established a consensus classification of the cellular diversity in the developing mammalian cerebellum and validated it by spatial mapping in the fetal human cerebellum. Our cross-species analyses revealed largely conserved developmental dynamics of cell-type generation, except for Purkinje cells, for which we observed an expansion of early-born subtypes in the human lineage. Global transcriptome profiles, conserved cell-state markers and gene-expression trajectories across neuronal differentiation show that cerebellar cell-type-defining programmes have been overall preserved for at least 160 million years. However, we also identified many orthologous genes that gained or lost expression in cerebellar neural cell types in one of the species or evolved new expression trajectories during neuronal differentiation, indicating widespread gene repurposing at the cell-type level. In sum, our study unveils shared and lineage-specific gene-expression programmes governing the development of cerebellar cells and expands our understanding of mammalian brain evolution.