bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Analysis of Total Sialic Acid and Sialoglycoconjugate Contents of Bovine Milk‐Based Infant Formulas
Authors: Sánchez‐Díaz Alberto , Ruano María‐José , Lorente Felix , Hueso Pablo 
Published: February 2024

Background:Several infant formulas are bovine milk‐based products. Mature bovine milk has a very low sialoglycoconjugate content compared with human milk from the first phases of lactation.Methods:The present study was undertaken to determine total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid contents of bovine milk‐based formulas.Results:Starter formulas, designed for the first days/weeks after birth, have very similar sialic acid contents (233‐266 mg/L fresh milk). We found more oligosaccharide‐bound sialic acids (167‐174 mg/L fresh milk) than those bound to proteins (53‐84 mg/L fresh milk) in these formulas. The ganglioside sialic acid contents of starter formulas (952‐1135 μg/L fresh milk) vary slightly from formula to formula. However, all the above‐mentioned contents are lower than in human colostrum or transitional milk.Conclusions:Infants fed starter formulas have total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid intakes of 36, 28, 50, and 20%, respectively, of those fed human colostrum or transitional milk. By contrast, follow‐on formulas, used from 4 to 5 months of age, provide total sialic acid and oligosaccharide, glycoprotein, and ganglioside sialic acid contents similar to those furnished by mature human milk. Since the reference standard for optimal nutrition in the early months of infancy is human milk, a supplementation with sialic acid‐containing glycoconjugates of infant formulas recomended for the first daysafter delivery could be advisable when breast‐feeding is not possible.
Insulin Resistance with Altered Secretory Kinetics and Reduced Proinsulin in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Holl R. W. , Wolf A. , Thon A. , Bernhard M. , Buck C. , Missel M. , Heinze E. , von der Hardt H. , Teller W. M. 
Published: February 2024

BackgroundImpaired glucose tolerance and secondary diabetes are frequent in older patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), associated with increased frequency of infections and reduced life expectancy. Studies on the pathophysiology of islet cell secretion in CF are a prerequisite for a scientifically based therapeutic approach.MethodsOral glucose tolerance tests were performed in 71 patients (14.2 ± 0.5 years; mean ± SE) and 56 control subjects (16.5 ± 0.9 years). Glucose, insulin, C‐peptide, and proinsulin were measured every 30 min.ResultsGlucose tolerance in CF patients was classified as normal (NGT, n = 48), impaired (IGT, n = 14), or diabetic (DM, n = 9). Even in CF patients with NGT, blood glucose was significantly elevated at 30, 60, and 90 min of the test. Surprisingly, the secretory responses of insulin and C‐peptide were not reduced in CF patients with IGT or DM compared with both healthy controls or CF patients with normal glucose tolerance. However, peak insulin concentration was reached at 90 min in CF‐IGT or CF‐DM patients compared with 30 min in controls. The ratio of glucose to insulin, an indicator of insulin resistance, increased in CF patients with progression of carbohydrate intolerance. Proinsulin was significantly reduced in all CF patients compared with controls (p < 0.001; Wilcoxon's rank sum test).ConclusionsIn CF patients with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, integrated insulin release is not diminished, indicating that insulin resistance is likely to contribute to hyperglycemia in CF patients with IGT or DM. Reduced proinsulin levels in CF patients are compatible either with enhanced conversion of proinsulin to insulin in compensation for reduced β‐cell mass, or enhanced clearance of proinsulin.
Use of Cisapride in Treatment of Constipation in Children
Authors: Odeka E. B. , Sagher F. , Miller V. , Doig C. 
Published: February 2024

BackgroundChronic constipation is a common problem in children. We observed the effects of cisapride in the management of idiopathic constipation in children.MethodsThirty‐seven children with a history of constipation (i.e.. pain and difficulty or delay in defecation for >3 months) were recruited and randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with either cisapride, 0.2 mg/kg three times daily, or matching placebo after a 2‐week run‐in period in a double‐blind, parallel‐group study design. In phase 1 (2 weeks), patients had plain abdominal radiographs to assess degree of faecal load, and those with impaction were given laxatives. After satisfactory clearance of faeces, total gastrointestinal transit time and orocaecal transit time were measured. In phase 2, after 8 weeks of treatment with either cisapride or placebo (0.2 mg/kg t.d.s.), the transit studies were repeated.ResultsCompared with placebo, cisapride did not improve either stool frequency or transit time in this study population.ConclusionThis study did not demonstrate a clinical role for the use of cisapride in the treatment of idiopathic constipation in children.
Digestive Enzymes in Human Milk: Stability at Suboptimal Storage Temperatures
Authors: Hamosh Margit , Henderson Theresa R. , Ellis Lorie A. , Mao Jee‐In , Hamosh Paul 
Published: February 2024

Background:Women who return to work outside of the home while still breastfeeding must often store the expressed milk at less than optimal temperatures. Human milk provides digestive enzymes (amylase and lipase) that compensate in the newborn for immature pancreatic function.Methods:We have assessed the stability of amylase and bile salt‐dependent lipase after storage for 1‐24 h at 15, 25, and 38°C.Results:Both enzymes were stable at 15 and 25°C for 24 h, whereas at 38°C there was a 15 and 20% decrease in lipase and amylase activity, respectively. The stability of milk lipoprotein lipase was also tested. This very labile enzyme was more stable in milk than previously reported for blood and tissues, i.e., 20 and 50% decrease in activity after storage at 15 or 25°C for 24 h, respectively. A two‐unit drop in milk pH by 24 h of storage would not affect the activity of digestive enzymes, which are stable at pH >3.5.Conclusions:We conclude that milk provides the same compensatory digestive activity after short‐term storage, even at relatively high temperature, as when fed fresh to the infant.
Sensitivity and Specificity of Quantitative Determination of Pancreatic Elastase 1 in Feces of Children
Authors: Soldan W. , Henker J. , Sprössig Christa 
Published: February 2024

Background:The secretin‐pancreozymin test has been accepted as the gold standard for testing exocrine pancreatic function. However, this test is invasive, time‐consuming, and expensive. Therefore, in daily practice, more simple, indirect methods are proposed.Methods:The fecal concentration of human pancreatic elastase (E1) has been assessed for diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. For sensitivity, fecal E1 determination in 23 healthy children were studied.Results:Sensitivity to detect pancreatic insufficiency was 100% and specificity 96%.Conclusions:Fecal E1 concentration appears to be a more sensitive and specific test of pancreatic function than other tests.
Superior Mesenteric Artery Blood Flow in Children with Celiac Disease
Authors: Ertem Deniz , Tüney Davut , Baloglu Hüseyin , Pehlivanoglu Ender 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Knowledge of splanchinic hemodynamics in celiac disease is scarce. The hemodynamic parameters of the superior mesenteric artery were evaluated by duplex Doppler ultrasonography in children with celiac disease to show whether histomorphologic changes in small bowel mucosa led to any alteration in splanchinic blood flow.Methods:The hemodynamic parameters of the superior mesenteric artery were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography in 23 children with celiac disease. Ten patients were studied at the time of diagnosis. The remaining 13 children were studied after complete clinical and histologic recovery induced by gluten‐free diet. Additionally, 9 patients out of 13 who were on a gluten‐free diet for about 2 years were given gluten challenge, and superior mesenteric artery blood flow was measured after the challenge. The results were compared with those of healthy children.Results:Peak systolic velocity of the superior mesenteric artery was higher in untreated celiac patients than in healthy controls and treated celiac patients. Peak systolic velocity of the superior mesenteric artery in the treated group of children was close to that of control subjects, implying that successful treatment with gluten‐free diet improves hemodynamic changes. The comparison of Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of the challenge group before and after the gluten challenge revealed that the peak systolic velocity, resistive index, and blood flow of the superior mesenteric artery were changed significantly.Conclusions:The pathophysiologic events in small bowel mucosa during the active phase of celiac disease induce some hemodynamic changes that can be detected noninvasively by duplex Doppler ultrasonography.
Growth of Prepubertal Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Saha Marja‐Terttu , Ruuska Tarja , Laippala Pekka , Lenko Hanna Liisa 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Growth retardation has been reported in children with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, especially in those with Crohn's disease. Most of these studies concern adolescent patients.Methods:The growth of 47 prepubertal children (20 boys and 27 girls, mean age at diagnosis 7 years) with inflammatory bowel disease was studied at Tampere University Hospital, Department of Paediatrics. The mean height and height velocity standard deviation scores were calculated at diagnosis and, after that, yearly. The cumulative doses of oral and rectal prednisone per year were calculated. The severity of the disease was scored. The statistical analysis was carried out using the analysis of variance for repeated measurements.Results:During the year preceding the diagnosis, children with inflammatory bowel disease had grown more slowly than their healthy peers. At diagnosis, they were slightly shorter as a group than are healthy children. During treatment and follow‐up the mean height velocity of children with inflammatory bowel disease increased (change in the mean height velocity standard deviation scores from ‐0.84 to +1.08), normalizing the mean heights of these children compared with those of their healthy peers (change in the mean height standard deviation scores from ‐0.32 to +0.05). In the analysis of covariance, the poorest growth was seen in children with Crohn's disease, scored as severe, and the best growth in children with mild ulcerative colitis. No difference was seen in groups with or without prednisone treatment.Conclusions:Growth retardation is an important sign of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in prepubertal as well as adolescent children. During treatment, increasing growth velocity brings these children as a group to normal heights for age and sex.
In Vitro Digestion of Proteins in Human Milk Fortifiers and in Preterm Formula
Authors: Lindberg Tor , Engberg Staffan , Sjöberg Lars Börje , Lönnerdal Bo 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Knowledge about the digestibility of the proteins in new products designed for feeding preterm infants is limited. The purpose of this study was to observe in vitro the hydrolysis of the bovine and human whey proteins in such products.Methods:Proteins in human milk, in human milk fortifiers (Presemp [Semper AB, Stockholm, Sweden] and Enfamil [Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN, U.S.A.] human milk fortifiers), in preterm formulas (Similac Special Care [Ross, Columbus, OH, U.S.A.] and Enfalac [Mead Johnson]), and whey protein concentrates with varying degrees of denaturation were digested by duodenal juice from healthy preterm infants, from a 3‐year‐old child, and from adults. Digestion was studied in vitro using polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, electroimmunoassay, and nonprotein nitrogen analysis.Results:Casein was the protein most rapidly degraded in all products. Human and bovine whey proteins were more slowly digested; as much as 68% of human lactoferrin was still immunoreactive after 40 minutes of digestion. The corresponding figure for bovine serum albumin was 24‐69%; for B‐lactoglobulin, 20‐40%; for bovine α‐lactalbumin, 20‐51%; and for humanα‐lactalbumin, 41%. Contrary to common belief, digestibility of bovine whey proteins decreased with a high degree of denaturation of the proteins.Conclusions:Bovine whey proteins in human milk fortifiers and in preterm formulas are relatively slowly digested in vitro by normal duodenal juice. The results may have implications for the design of products for feeding preterm infants.
Classifying Complex Pediatric Feeding Disorders
Authors: Burklow Kathleen A. , Phelps Anne N. , Schultz Janet R. , McConnell Keith , Rudolph Colin 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:This study defines the multiple characteristics associated with complex pediatric feeding problems and determines the relative frequency of each classification in a population referred to an interdisciplinary feeding team.Methods:The written reports from team evaluations on 103 children (64 males, 39 females; age range 4 months to 17 years) were reviewed. Prematurity and/or presence of developmental delay was coded. Identified factors related to current feeding problems were coded according to five categories: structural abnormalities, neurological conditions, behavioral issues, cardiorespiratory problems, metabolic dysfunction.Results:Interrater reliability for the classification coding was 88%. Thirty‐eight percent of the children had a history of prematurity and 74% were reported to have evidence of developmental delay. The following five categories or combinations were coded most frequently: structural‐neurological‐behavioral(30%), neurological‐behavioral (27%), behavioral (12%), structural‐behavioral(9%), and structural‐neurological (8%). Overall, behavioral issues were coded more often (85%) than neurological conditions (73%), structural abnormalities(57%), cardiorespiratory problems (7%), or metabolic dysfunction (5%).Conclusions:Data analysis using this classification system revealed that the majority of children in this sample had a behavioral component to their complex feeding problem, regardless of concurrent physical factors. These findings suggest that complex pediatric feeding problems are biobehavioral conditions in which biological and behavioral aspects mutually interact, and both need to be addressed to achieve normal feeding.
Differences in testing for drugs of abuse amongst racial and ethnic groups at children's hospitals
Authors: Herrera Adriana , Hall Matt , Alex Ahearn Marshall , Ahuja Arshiya , Bradford Kathleen K. , Campbell Robert A. , Chatterjee Ashmita , Coletti Hannah Y. , Crowder Virginia L. , Dancel Ria , Diaz Melissa , Fuchs Jennifer , Guidici Jessica , Lewis Emilee , Stephens John R. , Sutton Ashley G. , Sweeney Alison , Ward Kelley M. , Weinberg Steven , Zwemer Eric K. , Harrison Wade N. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectivesRacial and ethnic differences in drug testing have been described among adults and newborns. Less is known regarding testing patterns among children and adolescents. We sought to describe the association between race and ethnicity and drug testing at US children's hospitals. We hypothesized that non‐Hispanic White children undergo drug testing less often than children from other groups.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of emergency department (ED)‐only encounters and hospitalizations for children diagnosed with a condition for which drug testing may be indicated (abuse or neglect, burns, malnutrition, head injury, vomiting, altered mental status or syncope, psychiatric, self‐harm, and seizure) at 41 children's hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System during 2018 and 2021. We compared drug testing rates among (non‐Hispanic) Asian, (non‐Hispanic) Black, Hispanic, and (non‐Hispanic) White children overall, by condition and patient cohort (ED‐only vs. hospitalized) and across hospitals.ResultsAmong 920,755 encounters, 13.6% underwent drug testing. Black children were tested at significantly higher rates overall (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.18; 1.05–1.33) than White children. Black–White testing differences were observed in the hospitalized cohort (aOR: 1.42; 1.18–1.69) but not among ED‐only encounters (aOR: 1.07; 0.92–1.26). Asian, Hispanic, and White children underwent testing at similar rates. Testing varied by diagnosis and across hospitals.ConclusionsHospitalized Black children were more likely than White children to undergo drug testing at US children's hospitals, though this varied by diagnosis and hospital. Our results support efforts to better understand and address healthcare disparities, including the contributions of implicit bias and structural racism.
Quantum Capacitance of Mo2N MXene for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Beniwal Bharti , Kumar Yogesh , Gupta Meenal , Sharma Shatendra 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMXenes for supercapacitor (SC) electrodes is a very promising area of research. Supercapacitors are still behind batteries when to be used as primary energy source due to their low energy densities. Hence, additional research is vital to explore materials like MXenes for SC electrodes. The electronic properties of molybdenum nitride Mo2N are studied and its quantum capacitance (QC) is calculated to explore its potential for SC electrodes. The MXene is found to be metallic in nature. The QC values for Mo2N MXene are extremely high around Fermi level. Maximum value of 746.69 µF cm−2 is achieved which is way higher than that of graphene. The value remains high for the negative bias voltage as well.
Effect of Various Methods of Curing on Concrete Using Crusher Dust as Replacement to Natural Sand
Authors: Kumar Amit , Saxena Shekhar , Rawat Vijendra Singh 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe present paper highlight upon research work is that curing is one of most important aspect of construction. The life of concrete and its serviceability depends heavily on curing. The method of curing applied on concrete will affect its final strength and durability. Owing to this fact this paper contains the research done on concrete under various curing methods. The standard method of curing concrete is done by water and results wastage of a lot of water. With the increase in the deficiency of availability of water, curing becomes a problem. Hence this research aims at providing better methods of curing which will not only improve the strength and durability of concrete but will also save water. The various methods that have been researched upon are plastic covered curing, addition of sodium silicate to curing water, and addition of curing compounds to curing water. The tests are carried on concrete with desirable strengths of M15 and M20. In this research the fine aggregate used in making of M15 and M20 concrete consists of a mixture of sand and crusher dust. Two mixes of ratio 50:50 and 60:40, sand to crusher dust have been taken and the effects of curing on these mixes are considered. Plastic curing is done by covering the concrete with plastic soon after demolding. Hence minimum water is required. The curing done by sodium silicate is done by adding 2% by weight of sodium silicate to curing water. Concrete is submerged in water containing sodium silicate. Once the concrete is cured, this water mix can be reused to cure freshly cast concrete, thereby saving more water. Curing by curing compounds is done in a similar way as that of curing with sodium silicate, only that instead of sodium silicate, curing compounds are used. The effect of these three methods on concrete is studied and discussions are made.
Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance of rGO Modulated β‐Ga2O3 for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Das Brahami , Das Nirmalya S. , Chattopadhyay Kalyan K. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRapid urbanization has inevitably raised challenges by indirectly adding industry waste to the environment. This problem becomes even more severe when contamination of consumable water is considered. As a leading sector in semiconductor‐related research to face such challenges, gallium oxide and its derivatives have shown remarkable performance by exhibiting controlled, recyclable photocatalytic activities. This work demonstrates the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance of β‐Ga2O3, which is related to the structural and morphological variation induced by rGO wrapping. Firstly, the Ga2O3 nanostructures are obtained by calcinating gallium oxide hydroxide (GaOOH), which is synthesized via a simple chemical route. On the other hand, rGO wrapped β‐Ga2O3 is synthesized using in‐situ hydrothermal treatment. In addition to traditional characterizations such as X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectroscopy, etc., the photocatalytic performance of both pristine and composite systems is studied by time‐dependent UV–Vis absorption spectrum for the degradation of different organic toxic pollutants. It is observed that the composite sample exhibited a larger effective surface area and enhanced optical absorption in the UV–Vis range as compared to the pristine gallium oxide sample. Under UV light irradiation, the rGO wrapped β‐Ga2O3 nanobars can degrade rhodamine B dye entirely within 25 min and exhibit a higher photodegradation rate of 0.1598 min−1 which became 3.5 times higher as compared to that of pure gallium oxide.
Evaluating Properties of Green Concrete Produced Using Waste Marble Powder, Quarry Dust, and Paper Pulp
Authors: Disale Anil , Nayak Chittaranjan , Suryawanshi Nagesh , Jadhav Nitin , Jagdale Umesh , Kate Gunwant , Thakare Sunil , Pandey Shri Prakash , Sharma Prakhakar , Saxena Amit 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIndustrial waste locks are used as raw materials to reduce harmful effects on the environment and improve environmental performance. Marble clay powder can be used as a filling aid and can fill voids in concrete structures. This article will show you how to use a maximum natural sand alternative in concrete with marble powder and quarry dust. The challenge of the 21st century is to change to a new form that can support the natural system. This necessitates a radical rethinking of how to give the community infrastructure and housing. Making a concerted effort to develop novel, innovative, and alternative construction materials may be necessary. Jungles of concrete around cause's impact on the Environment and it would result in climate change. Mankind must avoid the use of things that are detrimental to the environment. So in this paper, it is decided to address the issue by adopting the use of the green concrete concept which is environmentally friendly. Green concrete is concrete made up using industrial wastes such as marble powder, quarry dust, wood ash, paper pulp, etc. Green concrete, which is capable of sustainable development, helps to reduce the consumption of natural resources, energy use, and environmental pollution. Green concrete is more cost‐effective than ordinary concrete and reduces the cost of resultant concrete by 14%–20%. It is also observed that the alkali‐aggregate reaction and sulfate attack resistance of concrete are both significantly improved. Green concrete is a useful tool for lowering environmental pollution and enhancing concrete's resistance to harsh conditions. All stages of infrastructure construction and rehabilitation will follow this trend of using new cement and techniques. Green concrete's adaptability and its performance derivatives will meet a variety of future needs.