bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic study of the salicylic acid fermentation
Authors: Hosler Peter 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe metabolic pathway of degradation of naphthalene to salicylic acid has been studied by several investigators. The rates of conversion and of cell growth are the basis for the present study. In the early phase of the fermentation, the salicylic acid accumulation followed an exponential curve, as did the bacterial cell accumulation. In the second phase, most of the salicylic acid was produced according to a linear or zero reaction, at rates of 0.3 to 0.5 g./l./hr. A linear accumulation of microbial cell weight accompanied the linear salicylic acid formation. Despite the correlation of growth and salicylic acid production, the type or amount of nitrogen supplied for growth had only a small effect on yield over broad limits. The optimum pH for salicylic acid accumulation was approximately 6.5. Below this value a slower rate of production and lower final yield was seen. Above pH 6.5, a rapid degradation of salicylic acid was observed. A temperature range from 25 to 30°C. was optimum. At 35°C., no growth occurred, while at 20°C. very slow salicylic acid accumulation resulted.
Pure culture studies of the degradation of detergent compounds
Authors: Payne W. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt has been found that a bacterium (isolant C12B) grew poorly on 6 and 8 carbon alcohols, well on 10 and 12 carbon alcohols, and slowly but well on the 14 to 18 carbon compounds. Unexpectedly, resting cells oxidized the 6 and 8 carbon compounds most readily and cell‐free extracts oxidized 6, 8, and 10 carbon alcohols. Extracts from cells adapted to sodium lauryl sulfate oxidized the 12 carbon alcohol as well, if small concentrations of substrate were used. The bacterium grew on benzene sulfonate and adapted resting cells oxidized that compound. Pure culture degradation studies revealed that isolant C12B used only 11% of tetrapropylene ABS supplied as a sole carbon source, whereas 66% of sodium lauryl sulfate was degraded. Intermediate quantities of kerosene‐based alkyl benzene sulfonate and a tallow‐derived detergent were utilized. Extracts of another bacterium, TEG‐5, grown on tetraethylene glycol, contained enzymes which oxidized polyethylene glycols up to an average molecular weight of 600, but not any larger polymers. This oxidation was visualized by coupling to reduction of ferricyanide.
Preparation of radioactive biochemicals by use of yeast
Authors: Laufer Louis , Gutcho Sidney , Castro Thomas , Grennen Ruth 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSugar molasses of high specific activity is prepared by photosynthesizing C14O2 into sugar in a leaf of the Canna plant and then extracting the sugar. When T. utilis is grown in such a medium about 45% of the radioactivity is incorporated into the yeast cell; the remaining radioactivity is carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds. The cells are now randomly labeled in all carbon compounds. Distribution of C14 in the major cell components, such as protein, polysaccharide, and nucleic acids is shown.Nucleic acid is extracted from the cells and subject to chemical and enzyme action, for the preparation of randomly labeled ribonucleotides. Proteins are isolated and hydrolyzed to yield high specific activity amino acids, up to 150 mc. per millimole. Similarly polysaccharides are also isolated and from them high specific activity glucose and mannose are obtained by acid hydrolysis.By growing T. utilis in a medium containing C14‐8‐adenine and C14‐2‐uracil, these bases are about 90% incorporated into the nucleic acids of the cell. Using the same methods described for the uniformly labeled nucleic acid only base labeled nucleosides and nucleotides are prepared.Preparative procedures for the isolation of some of these compounds are discussed. The latest biochemical techniques for their purification are described. Methods for assaying for radiochemical purity and problems concerining stability of high specific activity compounds are discussed.
Effect of pretreatment on the extraction of proteins from plant sourcees
Authors: Rastogi M. K. , Murti C. R. Krishna 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSolubilization of proteins from cereals, legumes, and oil seed cakes by alkali peptization and isoelectric precipitation is adversely affected if the source material is pretreated by ethanol or cooked under pressure. The degree of hydrolysis by trypsin of protein isolates obtained from unautoclaved materials is, however, considerably raised by heat treatment prior to enzymatic digestion.
Extracellular guanosine 5′‐monophosphate and guanosine 5′‐diphosphate in Bacillus subtilis Broths
Authors: Demain A. L. , Vitali R. A. , Wilker B. L. , Rothrock J. W. , Jacob T. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ability of Bacillus subtilis to accumulate guanosine 5′‐monophosphate (5′‐GMP) extracellularly was demonstrated by isolation of 85% pure 5′‐GMP from the broth. In addition, a compound with the properties of guanosine 5′ diphosphate was obtained from the same broth.
Preparation of amphotericin B‐14C
Authors: Perlman D. , Semar Joan B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn a study of fermentation methods of producing amphotericin B‐14C, a variety of C‐14 labeled precursors were added to cultures of the amphotericin‐B producing streptomycete growing in a glucose‐cottonseed meal medium. Acetate‐14C and propionate‐14C were efficiently incorporated into the amphotericin‐B while formate‐14C, glucose‐U‐14C and methionine‐14CH3 were not.
Erythorbic acid fermentation
Authors: Takahashi Takeshi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA brief review of the development of the research on erythorbic acid fermentation was presented. A previously proposed scheme of the acid biosynthesis has been proved to be correct. D‐glucono‐γ‐lactone dehydrogenase was purified to 50 fold and compared with other lactone dehydrogenases. For the purpose of commercial development, screening and mutagenie treatments of strains and studies on fundamental cultural conditions were carried out. Penicillium, but no other genera, was obtained as a producer. The experiments of ultraviolet irradiation and various cultural conditions were successful in elevating the yield of the acid over 40% in jar‐fermentor to glucose supplied. The continuous multibed extraction system of anion‐exchange resin was developed and a yield of 19.2% of the acid from fermentation broth was obtained.
Aromatization of 9α‐hydroxy‐19‐norandrostenedione by Arthrobacter simplex
Authors: Pan S. C. , Semar Joan , Junta Barbara , Principe P. A. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract9α‐Hydroxy‐19‐norandrostenedionc (9α‐hydroxy‐Δ4‐estrene 3, 17‐dione) (IV) was prepared by fermentation of 19‐norandroslenedione with Corynespora melanis or Norcardia restriclus. When incubated with a growing culture of Arthrobacter simplex or its acetone‐dried cells, IV was converted to 9α‐hydroxyestronc (VII) and 9‐keto‐9, 10‐secoestrone (VI). 9α‐Hydroxyestrone undergoes spontaneous as well as enzymic dehydration to form Δ9(11)‐estrone (IX). Both VI and IX have been isolated and identified as such while VII was isolated as its 3‐acetate.
L‐asparaginase synthesis by Escherichia coli B
Authors: Robison Robert S. , Berk Bernard 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe have studied the influence of strain of organism, temperature, and medium on the production of the antileukemic intracellular enzyme L‐asparaginase by E. coli B grown in shaken flasks. Five strains of E. coli B exhibited wide differences in their capacities to synthesize the EC‐2 form of L‐asparaginase active against leukemia. For the most productive strain, when grown in a casein hydrolysate medium, maximal production of L‐asparaginase occurred at 25°C. At this temperature, the organism required glycerol, glucose, or other mono‐saccharides to synthesize L‐asparaginase. Synthesis was stimulated when glycerol was used in place of glucose, but not in its presence. The effect of glycerol on L‐asparaginase synthesis was most evident when the cells were grown at 37°C, rather than at 25°C. With 0.25% glucose, cells had a specific activity of 409 I.U./g; with glycerol cells had a specific activity of 553 I.U./g. At 25°C, both cell and L‐asparaginase synthesis were increased by the use of 0.25% glycerol resulting in only a slight increase in specific activity of the cells. The addition of zinc, copper, manganese, iron, L‐asparagine, L‐glutamine, or L‐aspartic acid had no effect on L‐asparaginase synthesis in the casein hydrolysate medium. L‐aspartic acid (10−2 M) enhanced L‐asparaginase synthesis in a synthetic medium that lacked these metals or L‐asparagine, L‐glutamine, or L‐aspartic acid; cells grown under these conditions had a specific activity of 90 I.U./g.In the casein hydrolysate medium, cell morphology was correlated with temperature of incubation.
The separation of proteins with heteropolyacids
Authors: Sternberg M. Z. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe precipitation of proteins with heteropolyacids has been studied for the purpose of large scale primary purification. A precipitate will form if the pH of the reaction between purified ovalbumin, hemoglobin, trypsin, pepsin, bovine serum albumin, ovomucoid, gelatin or ribonuclease and tungstrophosphoric, tungstosilicic or molybdosilicic acid is close to the isoelectric point of the protein and does not cause the dissociation of the heteropolyacid. Below the isoelctric point, the percent precipitation depends on the conformational changes of the protein. The precipitation of ovalbumin with tungstophosphoric decreases as the ionic strength of the buffer increases and is independent, of the protein concentration. Mixtures of ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin, though having close isoelectric points, can be separated by varying the concentration of the precipitant. The electropositive groups which combine with the tungstophosphoric acid are guanidino, ε‐amino and imidazole. No precipitation is given by the α‐amino groups. Filtrates of microbial fermentations containing lactase, glucose aerode‐hydrogenase, alkaline protease, amyloglucosidase, and transglucosylase have been purified by precipitation with heteropolyacids.
Preparation and application of polymer‐entrapped enzymes and microorganisms in microbial transformation processes with special reference to steroid 11‐β‐hydroxylation and Δ1‐dehydrogenation
Authors: Mosbach Klaus , Larsson Per‐Olof 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFungal cells fromCurvularia lunatawere entrapped in a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel. The gel‐cells obtained as granules were applied in the microbial transformation of Reichstein compound S leading to cortisol through an 11‐β‐hydroxylation step. Some kinetic studies of this conversion using gel‐cells were carried out. In addition, it was shown that gel‐cell granules which had lost part of their 11‐β‐hydroxylase activity on storage could be reactivated yielding preparations with increased activity.FromCorynebacterium simplexa steroid dehydrogenase catalyzing the Δ1‐ dehydrogenation of cortisol leading to prednisolone was isolated and partially purified. The preparation was entrapped in a crosslinked polyacrylamide gel and the gel‐enzyme granules obtained used in steroid dehydrogenation processes.
The influence of high substrate concentrations on microbial kinetics
Authors: Edwards Victor H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHigh substrate concentrations inhibit growth and may distort the metabolism of microorganisms. Mechanisms causing substrate inhibition are discussed and used to derive several mathematical models representative of the entire concentration range, including stimulation of growth by low substrate concentrations. These kinetic models are tested with a variety of batch culture measurements of specific growth rate and respiration rate at widely‐ranging substrate concentrations. Using one of the kinetic models, equations are developed for batch, continuous, and exponential‐feed reactors. Comparison of results obtained in continuous culture with results from exponential‐feed culture systems is shown to offer a novel experimental method for evaluating the effect of the cell age distribution on the properties and metabolic activity of a culture.
Growth models of cultures with two liquid phases: IV. Cell adsorption, drop size distribution, and batch growth
Authors: Erickson L. E. , Fan L. T. , Shah P. S. , Chen M. S. K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this work, a mathematical model which can be used to describe butch growth in fermentations with two liquid phases present is developed for systems in which the growth limiting substrate is dissolved in the dispersed phase. The model takes into account the drop size distribution, the rate of adsorption of cells on the drop surface, the rate of desorption of cells from the drop surface, substrate transport between phases, phase equilibrium, and growth kinetics. The model also considers the effect, of coalescence and redispersion of oil drops in the system. It is assumed that the composition of the dispersed phase is such that substrate utilization from it causes little or no change in the interfacial area. A discrete uniform distribution and a discrete normal distribution which is obtained from an experimental distribution curve are used as drop size distributions. Simulation results are obtained for a wide range of parameter values using the IBM S/360 Continuous System Modeling Program.
Optimization of batch fermentation processes. II. Optimum temperature profiles for batch penicillin fermentations
Authors: Constantinides Alkis , Spencer Jordan L. , Gaden Elmer L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOptimization methods based on the continuous maximum principle and the calculus of variations were used to calculate optimum temperature profiles for batch penicillin fermentations. These methods were first applied to several general models to develop effective techniques for the numerical solution of the equations. Subsequently, these methods were applied to two particular models, derived from experimental data, and the optimum temperature profiles were determined. The results indicated that an improvement, in penicillin yield of about 15% was possible if the optimum temperature profiles were followed.
The use of methane for production of bacterial protein
Authors: Bewersdorff Margareta , Dostálek Milan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSingle cell protein production was studied in a mixed bacterial culture grown in methane using batch and continuous culture techniques. Overall productivity was found to be higher in the continuous culture which gave a maximum productivity value p = 0.15 g/l/h. Methane and oxygen were consumed in the relation 1 : 1.7. Yield coefficients for methane, oxygen, and ammonium chloride were Y = 0.90, Y = 0.26, and Y = 0.14. The crude protein content of the biomass was 71%.
Kinetics of diffusion‐coupled fermentation processes: The conversion of cellulose to protein
Authors: Ross L. W. , Updegraff D. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA combination of Fickian diffusion and Michaelis–Menten kinetics is proposed to describe the rate of diffusion‐coupled biochemical reactions. This postulate leads to a nonlinear mathematical model which is solved by a perturbation technique. The result is a relation which permits identification of zones of relative diffusion or reaction influence. The conversion of cellulose to protein by Myrothecium verrucaria is a heterogeneous process that is well‐suited to this type of analysis, although the data requirements are severe.
Growth models of cultures with two liquid phases. V. Substrate dissolved in dispersed phase—experimental observations
Authors: Prokop A. , Erickson L. E. , Paredes‐Lopez O. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effects of inoculum size, dispersed phase volume and substrate concentration on the batch growth of Candida lipolytica are investigated in a model system composed of n‐hexadecane dissolved in dewaxed gas oil. Tabular values and parameters are presented for 16 different experiments. All of the batch growth curves exhibited a linear growth region with the length of the region ranging from 1.5 to 9.5 hours. The rate of linear growth varied both with change in dispersed phase volume and initial dispersed phase substrate concentration. A qualitative analysis of the results is presented and possible explanations for the observed linear growth rates are discussed.
A chemostat study of ethanol inhibition
Authors: Zines D. O. , Rogers P. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe mode of ethanol action on both the steady‐state and the dynamic properties of K. aerogenes was investigated using a nitrogen‐limited chemostat. Reduction in the maximum growth rate (μm) suggests that noncompetitive enzyme inhibition could occur, but Lineweaver–Burk analysis showed the inhibition to be more complex. A consistent mechanism of inhibition was established for 0–3% v/v ethanol. Warburg manometric experiments indicated that inhibition occurred in pathways located in the intact cell wall. Frequency response analysis, using sinusoidal variations in the dilution rate showed that ethanol increased the time constant of the metabolic parameter, QAC. The system was stable in the presence of ethanol and showed no evidence of oscillations following a disturbance.
Preparation of a NAD(H)‐polymer matrix showing coenzymic function of the bound pyridine nucleotide
Authors: Larsson Per‐Olof , Mosbach Klaus 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTo a Sepharose gel the pyridine nucleotide NAD(H) has been bound using dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. In order to improve the steric availability of the nucleotide for added soluble enzymes such as dehydrogenases, a spacer molecule, ε‐amino caproic acid, was inserted between the carbohydrate matrix and the nucleotide. The obtained preparation contained 56 μmoles NAD+/g dry polymer. The obtained matrix‐bound NAD(H) was accepted as coenzyme by added lactate dehydrogenase. These preparations were still active after storage for several weeks at 4° C and could be used repeatedly without loss of activity. This represents the first necessary step taken in the preparation of compact closed systems consisting of “enzyme–coenzyme–coenzyme‐regenerating enzyme” bound to individual polymer beads; such systems eliminate the need for continuous coenzyme addition.
Chemical and biological aspects of a new family of phosphorus‐containing antibiotics
Authors: Slusarchyk William A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe chemical, physical, and biological properties of a group of phosphorus‐containing antibiotics are reviewed. Included in this family of antibiotics are the following compounds or mixtures of compounds: diumycin, macarbomycin, moenomycin, prasinomycin, 803GRP, 11,837RP, and 19,402RP. Among the aspects discussed are: antimicrobial activity in vitro, long duration of activity, toxicity, use in animal nutrition, cross resistance, mode of action, chemical and physical properties, and degradation studies.
Multiphase catalysis. II. Hollow fiber catalysts
Authors: Rony Peter R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA theory of diffusion control within hollow fiber catalysts is derived for three different types of coordinate geometries: Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical. Effectiveness factors are calculated and formulas for reactant conversion in both a fixed‐bed and a contimunuous‐feed stirred‐tank reactor are derived. The apparent Michaelis constant, Km′, is a measure of the amount of diffusion control within the catalysts. When Km′ is equal to Km, the true Michaelis constant, there is no diffusion control. In all other cases Km′ is greater than Km. Hollow fibers are attractive alternatives to spherical microcapsules for the encapsulation of enzymes.
Effect of pH on the growth cycle of HeLa cells in batch suspension culture without oxygen control
Authors: Barton M. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHeLa cells have been cultured at different controlled pH levels in batch suspension culture with open gas phase. Continuous monitoring of the dissolved oxygen tension throughout the culture cycle reveals a characteristic pattern of variation which correlates with various aspects of growth and carbohydrate metabolism. The effect of pH, size, and physiological state of the inoculum on this pattern have been determined, and the results are discussed in terms of a theoretical respiratory rate equation.
Influence of surface active agents on oxygen absorption to the free interface in a stirred fermentor
Authors: Bull Daniel N. , Kempe Lloyd L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLiquid phase coefficients were measured for the absorption of oxygen from air to the free interface in stirred vessels. Coefficients for absorption into soft water were independent of the instantaneous dissolved oxygen concentration. Coefficients for absorption into soft water containing a surface active agent were strongly dependent on the instantaneous dissolved oxygen level. The degree of nonlinearity of the coefficients was a function of the rate of agitation of the liquid. The coefficients were independent of the amount of surface active agent added above a very low level. Absorption coefficients for bubble aeration in the same vessels were independent of dissolved oxygen concentration even when the surface active agent was present.
Release of enzymes from bakers' yeast by disruption in an industrial homogenizer
Authors: Follows Maggie , Hetherington P. J. , Dunnill P. , Lilly M. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe rates of release of 7 enzymes from bakers' yeast have been measured. The disruption process did not cause loss of activity of these enzymes. The various operating pressures, temperatures, and initial yeast concentrations used did not affect the rates of enzyme release relative to protein release. The release of acid phosphatase and invertase was faster than the overall protein release. Alcohol, glucose‐6‐phosphate, and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenases were released slightly faster or at the same rate as the overall protein and alkaline phosphatase and fumarase were released more slowly. These observations correlate well with the reported locations of these enzymes in the yeast cell.
Oxygen mass transfer and oxygen respiration rate measurements utilizing fast response oxygen electrodes
Authors: Heineken F. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen respiration rate measurements in stirred tank reactors or fermentors have been carried out utilizing currently available dissolved oxygen electrodes. Techniques based on previously derived theory1 have been put to experimental tests and found to adequately describe the oxygen transfer phenomena observed in air–water systems and a fermenting broth.
Controlled supply of trace amounts of oxygen in laboratory scale fermentations
Authors: Haukeli Alf D. , Lie Sturla 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA detailed study of anaerobic yeast fermentations requires controlled addition of minor amounts of oxygen to the fermentor. A method for supplying small‐scale fermentations with millimolar amounts of oxygen is described. The controlled addition is accomplished by diffusion of oxygen through silicone tubing carrying nitrogen to the fermentor. Sulfite values of the fermentation system are given for different gas velocities and lengths of silicone tubing. Two experiments are outlined in which this technique is applied and the possible energy yield from oxydative phosphorylation is discussed.