bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteon pullout in the equine third metacarpal bone: Effects of ex vivo fatigue
Authors: Hiller L. P. , Stover S. M. , Gibson V. A. , Gibeling J. C. , Prater C. S. , Hazelwood S. J. , Yeh O. C. , Martin R. B. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAn important concept in bone mechanics is that osteons influence mechanical properties in several ways, including contributing to toughness and fatigue strength by debonding from the interstitial matrix so as to „bridge”︁ developing cracks. Observations of „pulled out„ osteons on fracture surfaces are thought to be indicative of such behavior. We tested the hypothesis that osteon pullout varies with mode of loading (fatigue vs. monotonic), cortical region, elastic modulus, and fatigue life. Mid‐diaphseal beams from the dorsal, medial, and lateral regions of the equine third metacarpal bone were fractured in four point bending by monotonic loading to failure under deflection control, with or without 105cycles of previous fatigue loading producing 5000 microstrain (15–20% of the expected failure strain) on the first cycle; or sinusoidal fatigue loading to failure, under load or deflection control, with the initial cycle producing 10,000 microstrain (30–40% of the expected failure strain). Using scanning electron microscopy, percent fracture surface area exhibiting osteon pullout (%OP.Ar) was measured. Monotonically loaded specimens and the compression side of fatigue fracture surfaces exhibited no osteon pullout. In load‐controlled fatigue, pullout was present on the tension side of fracture surfaces, was regionally dependent (occurring to a greater amount dorsally), and was correlated negatively with elastic modulus and positively with fatigue life. Regional variation in %OP.Ar was also significant for the pooled (load and deflection controlled) fatigue specimens. %OP.Ar was nearly significantly greater in deflection controlled fatigue specimens than in load‐controlled specimens (p< 0.059). The data suggest that tensile fatigue loading of cortical bone eventually introduces damage that results in osteonal debonding and pullout, which is also associated with increased fatigue life via mechanisms that are not yet clear.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Development of a motion‐controlled in vitro elbow testing system
Authors: Dunning Cynthia E. , Gordon Karen D. , King Graham J. W. , Johnson James A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractJoint simulators can be used to study motion pathways of a human joint, to investigate changes in joint stability following injury, and to formulate improved reconstructive and rehabilitative procedures. Our objectives were: to develop a laboratory‐based, motion‐controlled elbow testing apparatus capable of simulating tendon (muscle) loading and displacement in a cadaveric specimen; to describe its performance while testing stable and unstable elbows; and to compare its operation to that of a previously designed load‐controlled device. Velocity control of a pneumatic actuator was achieved using a custom‐written, closed‐loop feedback controller. This actuator was incorporated into an elbow testing system that used additional pneumatic actuators and a combination of motion‐ and load‐control to achieve desired motions. Simulations achieved with this apparatus demonstrated small magnitudes of error in actuator position and highly repeatable flexion pathways with the specimens positioned in vertical, varus, and valgus orientations. The repeatability in motion pathways generated in both a stable and unstable elbow model was equivalent to or better than for similar tests performed using the load‐controlled system, and the velocity of the resulting elbow motion was more reproducible.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Biochemical markers of bone turnover and development of heterotopic ossification after total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Wilkinson J. Mark , Stockley Ian , Hamer Andrew J. , Barrington N. Ann , Eastell Richard 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe studied biochemical markers of bone turnover markers in 20 men and women over 26 weeks after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in order to characterize the changes in bone metabolism associated with developing heterotopic ossification (HO). Transient increases in biochemical markers of both osteoclast and osteoblast activity occurred after surgery. Subjects developing HO (n = 9) had greater rises in the osteoclast marker C‐telopeptide of type‐I collagen (CTX‐I; ANOVA P = 0.004), and the osteoblast markers N‐terminal propeptide of type‐I procollagen (PINP; ANOVA P − 0.01) and osteocalcin (OC; ANOVA P − 0.02) than those who did not develop HO. A rise of > 42% in CTX‐I at one week after surgery had a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 82% for predicting HO development at week 26 (P < 0.05). Rises of > 57% in PINP and > 13% in OC at week 6 had sensitivities of 89% and 56%, and specificities of 82% and 91%, respectively for development of HO. Transient increases in osteoblast and osteoclast activity occur after THA. These changes are greater in patients developing HO than in those who do not develop HO. The potential applications of these markers are as a non‐invasive, radiation‐free tool for investigating the pathogenesis of HO, and as an early surrogate outcome marker for HO development in clinical trials of novel prophylaxis regimes for its prevention.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The healing medial collateral ligament following a combined anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament injury—a biomechanical study in a goat model
Authors: Abramowitch Steven D. , Yagi Masayoshi , Tsuda Eiichi , Woo Savio L.‐Y. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe ideal treatment of a combined anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury to the knee is still debated. In particular, the question of whether reconstruction of the ACL can provide the knee with sufficient multidirectional stability to allow for effective MCL healing needs to be better elucidated. Therefore, the first objective of this study was to quantify the changes in the function of goat knees between time‐zero and 6 weeks following a combined ACL/MCL injury treated with ACL reconstruction. Using a robotic/universal force–moment sensor testing system, the kinematics of the knee and in situ forces in the ACL/ACL graft as well as in the sham‐operated and healing MCL were evaluated in response to (1) a 67 N anterior–posterior (A–P) tibial load and (2) a 5 N m varus–valgus (V–V) moment. The second objective was to evaluate the structural properties of the healing femur–MCL–tibia complex (FMTC) and the mechanical properties of the healing MCL at 6 weeks under uniaxial tension.In response to the 67 N A–P tibial load, the A–P translations for the experimental knee increased by as much as 4.5 times from time‐zero to 6 weeks (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, the in situ forces in the ACL graft decreased by as much as 45% (p < 0.05). There was no measurable changes of the in situ force in the healing MCL. In response to a 5 N m V–V moment, V–V rotations were twice as much as controls, but similar for both time periods. From time‐zero to 6 weeks, the in situ forces in the ACL graft dropped by over 71% (p < 0.05), while the in situ force in the healing MCL was as much as 35 ± 19 N.In terms of the structural properties of the healing FMTC, the stiffness and ultimate load values at 6 weeks reached 53% and 29% of sham‐operated contralateral controls, respectively (p < 0.05). For the mechanical properties of the healing MCL substance, the values for tangent modulus and tensile strength were only 13% and 10% of sham‐operated controls, respectively (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the ACL graft stabilized the knee initially, but became loose over time. As a result, the healing MCL may have been required to take on excessive loads and was unable to heal sufficiently as compared to an isolated MCL injury. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The wealth effects from a subordinated debt policy: evidence from passage of the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
Authors: Chen Andrew H , Robinson Kenneth J , Siems Thomas F 
Published: May 2003

AbstractUsing an event study methodology which assumes that returns follow a GARCH (1,1) process, we estimate the wealth effects of a possible subordinated debt policy by examining the stock market reaction to the passage of the Gramm–Leach–Bliley (GLB) Act. A portfolio of banks with relatively high amounts of subordinated debt experienced positive and significant wealth effects associated with passage of the GLB. Portfolios made up of all banks, and those with no subordinated debt experience statistically insignificant wealth effects. We argue that these results suggest that policymakers should consider the use of subordinated debt as a way to enhance market discipline on banks.
“Be Up and Doing”: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Poetic Labor
Authors: ANDERSON JILL 
Published: May 2003

In the summer of 1838, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, then the Smith Professor of Modern Languages at Harvard, opened his public lectures on “Literature and Literary Life” by stating that he would be considering “Authors as Artists.” Asking that his auditors “Think not that thus I degrade the Poet's high vocation into a base handicraft,” Longfellow explained:It was with no sarcastic meaning that the Icelanders of old called the Poet a Rhyme-Smith. He is God's workman; and amid the smoke and sparks about him, on his sound anvil forges the broad shield of Truth and weapons of her warfare.Longfellow offered an analogy between poet and smith which hinged on conscious effort and on the service provided by the tangible products of that labor. Poems were “forged” objects, artifacts consciously produced by “God's workman.” Two years later, in autumn 1840, Longfellow composed “The Village Blacksmith”; the poem concluded:Thus at the flaming forge of lifeOur fortunes must be wrought;Thus on its sounding anvil shapedEach burning deed and thought.By 1840, Longfellow no longer explicitly identified the poet's labor with the active work of the blacksmith. Having witnessed or imagined a blacksmith at work, Longfellow organized his impressions into “The Village Blacksmith,” which presented a particular interpretation of those perceptions – the moral of the poem – for the instruction of its readers.
The analogy between the poet and smith turned only on the lesson that the fact of each man's labor could provide to others. The poet was no longer a Rhyme-Smith; instead, he was an instructor who created abstract moral imperatives rather than tangible products.
Lack of association between depressive symptoms and markers of immune and vascular inflammation in middle-aged men and women
Authors: STEPTOE A. , KUNZ-EBRECHT S. R. , OWEN N. 
Published: May 2003

Background. Disturbed immune activity and vascular inflammation are associated both with clinical depression and coronary atherogenesis, and may constitute a mechanism through which depression contributes to coronary heart disease. If this is the case, then non-clinical depressive symptoms and psychological distress should be associated with immune activation and vascular inflammation. We tested this hypothesis in a healthy middle-aged sample.Method. Measures of depressive symptoms and hopelessness were obtained from 226 volunteers (122 men, 104 women) aged 47–59 years, drawn from the Whitehall II epidemiological cohort. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, plasma interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, and T- and B-lymphocyte, and natural killer cells numbers and percentages were assessed.Results. There were no associations between measures of depressive symptoms or hopelessness and markers of immune activation or inflammatory response.Conclusions. Factors such as the measures of depressive symptoms, the choice of inflammatory and immune indices, and sample size, are unlikely to be responsible for these null effects. Associations may be confined to clinically depressed or older age populations, but there are problems of confounding by co-morbidity and health compromising behaviours in this literature. We conclude that disturbances of immune function and inflammatory processes are unlikely to be primarily responsible for the associations between depressive symptoms and coronary heart disease described in the literature, and that other pathways are involved.
Psychoendocrine antecedents of persistent first-episode major depression in adolescents: a community-based longitudinal enquiry
Authors: GOODYER I. M. , HERBERT J. , TAMPLIN A. 
Published: May 2003

Background. This longitudinal study investigated whether patterns of cortisol and DHEA that precede the onset of an episode of major depression influence time to recovery in a community ascertained sample of adolescents meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depression.Method. Sixty adolescents aged 12 to 16 at high risk for psychiatric disorders were followed for 24 months. At 12 months, 30 had experienced an episode of major depression and 30 had not. The second follow-up repeated the psychiatric evaluations with all participants completing the Kiddie-SADS Schedule for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders. Hormone characteristics and self-reports completed at entry (the Mood and Feelings questionnaire and the Ruminations scale) together with intervening undesirable life events in the 12 months prior to onset, were used to determine the best pattern of psychosocial and endocrine features to predict persistent major depression.Results. Compared to the never depressed (N=30) and remitted adolescents (N=19), persistently depressed cases (N=11) had a raised morning cortisol/DHEA ratio at entry. Only persistent cases had higher levels of self-reported depressive symptoms and ruminations at entry compared to never depressed. There was no difference in exposure to undesirable life events before onset of disorder between remitted and persistent groups. Logistic regression techniques showed that only the cortisol/DHEA ratio predicted persistence.Conclusions. In community adolescents at high risk for psychiatric disorder persistent major depression may be distinguished from sporadic forms by the 08.00 h salivary cortisol/DHEA ratio prior to onset.
The perception of emotional chimeric faces in patients with depression, mania and unilateral brain damage
Authors: KUCHARSKA-PIETURA KATARZYNA , DAVID ANTHONY S. 
Published: May 2003

Background. Judgements made on chimeric faces elicit reliably a perceptual bias to the left hemispace, presumed to be due to right hemisphere dominance for emotional processes. Major depressive illness has been shown to attenuate this bias. The aim of this work was to examine lateral perceptual bias in bipolar I and II patients in a hypomanic state and unipolar depressed patients and those with unilateral hemisphere damage following stroke.Method. Sixty patients with DSM-IV affective disorder (30 bipolar I or II, currently hypomanic, 30 unipolar depressives), 30 right brain-damaged patients, 30 left brain-damaged patients and 30 healthy controls were given the Happy–Sad Chimeric Faces Test.Results. Right hemisphere damaged and unipolar depressed patients both showed a significantly reduced left hemispatial bias (LHB) compared to controls, bipolars and left brain-damaged patients. No significant difference in mean LHB between controls and both hypomanics and left brain-damaged patients was found. There was no significant association between LHB and clinical variables.Conclusions. The results suggest a physiological distinction between bipolar and unipolar depression. The significantly diminished left hemifacial bias in depressed patients suggests right hemisphere dysfunction.
Slow binocular rivalry in bipolar disorder
Authors: MILLER S. M. , GYNTHER B. D. , HESLOP K. R. , LIU G. B. , MITCHELL P. B. , NGO T. T. , PETTIGREW J. D. , GEFFEN L. B. 
Published: May 2003

Background. The rate of binocular rivalry has been reported to be slower in subjects with bipolar disorder than in controls when tested with drifting, vertical and horizontal gratings of high spatial frequency.Method. Here we assess the rate of binocular rivalry with stationary, vertical and horizontal gratings of low spatial frequency in 30 subjects with bipolar disorder, 30 age- and sex-matched controls, 18 subjects with schizophrenia and 18 subjects with major depression. Along with rivalry rate, the predominance of each of the rivaling images was assessed, as was the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals.Results. The bipolar group demonstrated significantly slower rivalry than the control, schizophrenia and major depression groups. The schizophrenia and major depression groups did not differ significantly from the control group. Predominance values did not differ according to diagnosis and the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals was well described by a gamma function in all groups.Conclusions. The results provide further evidence that binocular rivalry is slow in bipolar disorder and demonstrate that rivalry predominance and the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals are not abnormal in bipolar disorder. It is also shown by comparison with previous work, that high strength stimuli more effectively distinguish bipolar from control subjects than low strength stimuli. The data on schizophrenia and major depression suggest the need for large-scale specificity trials. Further study is also required to assess genetic and pathophysiological factors as well as the potential effects of state, medication, and clinical and biological subtypes.
Family study of co-morbidity between major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders
Authors: KLEIN D. N. , LEWINSOHN P. M. , ROHDE P. , SEELEY J. R. , SHANKMAN S. A. 
Published: May 2003

Background. Numerous studies have documented high rates of co-morbidity between major depressive disorder (MDD) and the anxiety disorders (ANX). However, the reason for this is unclear. Family studies provide one potentially useful approach for addressing this issue.Method. We explored six explanations of the co-morbidity between MDD and ANX using a family study of a large community sample of young adults and their first-degree relatives. Participants included 112 probands with a lifetime history of both MDD and one or more ANX, 290 probands with a history of MDD but no ANX, 43 probands with a history of one or more ANX but no MDD, 352 probands with no lifetime history of either MDD or ANX, and the probands' 2608 first-degree relatives. Probands were assessed using semi-structured diagnostic interviews on two occasions in adolescence and a third time at age 24. Diagnostic data on relatives were collected using both direct and family history interviews.Results. Compared with controls, MDD aggregated in the families of probands with MDD, whether or not they had co-morbid ANX; ANX aggregated in the families of probands with ANX, regardless of whether they had co-morbid MDD; and co-morbid MDD/ANX aggregated only in the families of probands with both MDD and ANX. The relatives of probands with ANX alone had a significantly higher rate of ANX than the relatives of probands with MDD alone, although none of the other comparisons between the depressed and anxious groups were significant.Conclusions. This pattern of findings is largely, although not completely, consistent with the view that MDD and ANX are transmitted independently within families, and suggests that the co-morbidity between MDD and ANX is caused by non-familial aetiological factors.
Patient's therapeutic skill acquisition and response to psychotherapy, alone or in combination with medication
Authors: MANBER R. , ARNOW B. , BLASEY C. , VIVIAN D. , McCULLOUGH J. P. , BLALOCK J. A. , KLEIN D. N. , MARKOWITZ J. C. , RISO L. P. , ROTHBAUM B. , RUSH A. J. , THASE M. E. , KELLER M. B. 
Published: May 2003

Background. We tested the hypotheses that the addition of medication to psychotherapy enhances participation in the latter by: (1) speeding the acquisition of the psychotherapy's targeted skill; and (2) facilitating higher skill level acquisition.Method. Participants were 431 chronically depressed patients who received Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), alone (N=214) or in combination with nefazodone (N=217), as part of a randomized chronic depression study (Keller et al. 2000). CBASP, developed specifically to treat chronic depression, uses a specific procedure, ‘situational analysis’ to help patients engage in more effective goal-oriented interpersonal behaviours. At the end of each session, therapists rated patients on their performance of situational analysis. Outcome on depressive symptoms was assessed with the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression.Results. Although reductions in depression were significantly greater in combined treatment compared to CBASP alone, there were no between-group differences in either the rate of skill acquisition or overall skill level at the end of treatment. Proficiency in the use of the main skill taught in psychotherapy at treatment midpoint predicted outcome independently of medication status and of baseline depressive severity.Conclusions. Effective participation in CBASP, as reflected by proficiency in the compensatory skill taught in psychotherapy, is not enhanced by the addition of medication and does not mediate the between-group difference in depression outcome.
‘Eruptive syringoma’: a misnomer for a reactive eccrine gland ductal proliferation?
Authors: Guitart J. , Rosenbaum M. M. , Requena L. 
Published: May 2003

Background:  Syringomas have traditionally been categorized as benign neoplasms of the eccrine gland ductal epithelium. However, the variety of clinical presentations reported in the literature and some cases recently observed by the authors cast doubt upon the neoplastic nature of eruptive syringomas. Our goal is to challenge the traditional notion that eruptive syringomas are neoplastic lesions.Results:  We observed two patients who presented with an eczematous process, which resolved leaving residual lesions. Biopsies of the late lesions showed features of eccrine syringoma. Yet a biopsy obtained from an incipient lesion in one of the cases showed a lymphocytic inflammatory reaction of the superficial portion of the eccrine duct resulting in tortuous hyperplastic changes.Conclusion:  Based on our observations, some of the so‐called ‘eruptive syringoma’ may represent a hyperplastic response of the eccrine duct to an inflammatory reaction rather than a true adnexal neoplasm. We proposed the term ‘syringomatous dermatitis’ for such cases.