bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open Innovation in Science
Authors: Poetz Marion , Beck Susanne , Grimpe Christoph , Sauermann Henry 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Openness and collaboration can foster breakthroughs in science and science-based innovation. As such, they can help address declining scientific productivity and tackle grand challenges of the present day. While the Open Science movement has helped make scientific knowledge widely available, the concept of Open Innovation in Science (OIS) more broadly encompasses inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge flows and collaborations along the entire process of generating and translating scientific research. Grounded in the logic of Open Innovation, the OIS research framework carefully considers the specifics of the science context. It integrates several different streams of research that aim to understand the antecedents, processes, effects, and boundary conditions of applying open and collaborative practices in science. Among others, such practices include involving crowds and citizens as well as open models of university-industry co-creation in different stages of scientific research.
Opening Innovation to Address Grand Challenges
Authors: Cavalli Gabriel , McGahan Anita M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The open innovation movement has evolved greatly since its inception. Originally it was the study of the outsourcing by large corporations of research and development activities, but now the movement considers the implications of principles of openness for such issues as licensing, collaboration, competition, supply-chain dynamics, platform-based business models, and other topics engaged in the study of innovation. This chapter argues that widening the lens of open innovation even further is urgently needed to advance solutions to the world’s most pressing grand challenges, including climate change, inequities, immigration, and other problems reflected in the United Nations program of Sustainable Development Goals.
Open R&D in Large Corporations
Authors: Roschek Bill , Jones Erica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Open innovation (OI) is a method that can help address the challenges in R&D that organizations face. This chapter offers insight into the evolution of strategically applied OI principles at Nestlé Purina R&D. Leaders in innovation roles have a duty to connect to and find the potential in the people they lead, the processes they adopt, and opportunities they bring forth. This creates a cycle of resilience, leading to openness and increased trust. Silos in organizations impose some limitations on the ability to connect and trust colleagues in other departments. Organizations must therefore create structures, programs, and practices to help drive these behavioral changes and manage existing and new knowledge flows that are necessary to execute on longer-term innovation objectives. The principles of OI, applied internally, can overcome these organizational hurdles.
Cloud Metadata and Interoperability
Authors: Singh Param , Spohrer Jim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges of cloud platform interoperability and makes a case for cloud platform metadata as a next frontier opportunity for open innovation and open source software (OSS) tooling. Cloud platforms that are dominant, as well as their potential disruptors, have an open innovation opportunity with respect to improved interoperability and metadata tooling, and this chapter explains why. This opportunity is huge and therefore the current dominant players may be disrupted by up-and-coming players that are leaner and nimbler. At the heart of every modern cloud application and cloud platforms are data models. These data models define the metadata (data about data) and the structure of the underlying database. The data modeling tools market is highly fragmented, making it difficult to compare models across apps and cloud platforms, so data modelers and architects are often reduced to using spreadsheets for this task, and thereby lose the richness of data modeling. This chapter looks at data models, tooling, and open data standards as a means of fostering data interoperability within and between cloud platforms.
A Practitioner’s View
Authors: Menendez Alvarez Marisol 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the challenges for organizations in their implementation process of open innovation based on the experience of the author within the sector. A framework will be introduced that will help to analyze, understand, and question the mechanisms behind the innovation implementation within an organization. This framework is constantly evolving and being improved upon in the hope that it will become a strong and useful tool for open innovation practitioners and organization strategists to own and improve their practice by asking the right questions about (1) the strategy, (2) the processes, procedures, organization, and KPIs, and (3) the collaboration partners.
The Graft and Craft of Individual-Level Open Innovation
Authors: Salter Ammon , Ter Wal Anne L. J. , Criscuolo Paola 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to map the emerging literature on the different types of roles involved in the graft and craft of open innovation, and presents a description of these roles, including the systems, knowledge, and networks required to perform open innovation practices. The focus of the chapter is not the organization and its decisions in open innovation but the individuals who compose the open innovation network, such as technology scouts, gatekeepers, assimilators, champions, shepherds, and ambassadors. The chapter then suggests future extensions to the understanding of the microfoundations of open innovation and outlines a set of future research questions and managerial challenges.
Digital Contours of the Black Church in North America and Community Online
Authors: Gault Erika 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the recurring conversations in digital Black religious communities. They center on critique of the Black Church/Black Church practices and practitioners of digital tools (usually with a specific concern), quantitative and qualitative research informed by critical race studies, and Black technology/Afro-futurism studies. It then seeks to gather these sometimes divergent concerns into a central stream of thought to understand the digital contours of the Black Church (and Black religion more broadly) and its communities online more aptly. The author argues that Digital Black Religion studies are uniquely situated for a discussion of communities online. Communities built for reasons of exclusion represent a particular ethos and are often guided by an ethic of care (for those excluded) and critique (of the Black Church). In particular, online communities perform the act of community with this ethic in mind. The study of Digital Black religion is informed by this same ethic. Even further, Digital Black Religion studies is described as one of the various online communities taken up in the chapter. A case is made for greater engagement with African American religious studies within digital religion studies, and the chapter closes with a few notes on and insights into some of the major gaps in the current study of Black communities online and future trajectories for Digital Black Religion studies.
Perspectives on Membership in the Space Club in West Asia
Authors: Paikowsky Deganit 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In contemporary world politics, the strategic importance of space as a technological, commercial, and physical domain is growing rapidly. The number of countries involved in space has also dramatically expanded over the past two decades. This chapter examines the driving forces for advancing strategies and securitizing space in West Asia, a region rarely examined in the context of space, through the theoretical lens of membership in the space club. Since the early days of the space age, membership in the space club was considered a measure of power and high standing. Over the years, global politics and technological advancement introduced significant changes in global space activity. As a result, the social construction of the space club changed, leading to its expansion. In the context of this change, the chapter provides an overview of overall space activity in West Asia. It compares the perspectives regarding membership in the space club of Israel, an established spacefaring nation, with that of the UAE, an emerging spacefaring nation.
The Discourse of Space Securitization
Authors: Blount P.J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Securitization theory holds that security threats are constructed through narratives that seek to move issues into the realm of security. This chapter argues that securitization can be used to understand how narratives surrounding the space domain have led to increasing conceptualization of space activities as securitized. Through an analysis of narratives deployed out of the United States military and diplomatic establishment, it is suggested that our understanding of space as a security issue is being heightened. Further this chapter shows how such narratives can move from the domestic context of the state and become part of the discourse within international forums. Finally, this chapter reflects on whether space this trend might result in space being treated as exceptional degrading the normative structures that currently frame space activities.
From Colonization to Increasing Social Complexity
Authors: Weisler Marshall I. , Summerhayes Glenn R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The many facets of prehistoric interaction are explored, from providing essential resources for small founding groups to maintaining social, economic, and political alliances to establishing and furthering prestige and status to island and coastal communities. The authors debunk the “myth of isolation” and provide some parameters for defining, describing, and analyzing interaction networks. They argue that the changing economic and social configurations of prehistoric interaction networks can be best addressed through multi-disciplinary pursuits involving a range of specialists, especially outside of archaeology. The pallet of technical possibilities is almost endless for defining island and coastal interaction networks, and interpreting the spatial and temporal characteristics of interaction spheres will take an equally sophisticated theoretical perspective for teasing out the importance of this “social glue.”
The Archaeology of East Polynesia
Authors: Kirch Patrick V. , Molle Guillaume 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the archaeology of East Polynesia (with the exception of Aotearoa, which is treated in a separate chapter). Whereas the island cultures of West Polynesia were settled ca. 800-900 BC, the East Polynesian islands were not discovered and settled until much later, between AD 950-1250. This final stage of Polynesian expansion included contact with South America, and introduction of the sweet potato to East Polynesia. Today, every major island in East Polynesia has seen at least some archaeological investigation and some islands have had extensive research. Major themes of current research include: continued voyaging, interaction, and exchanges between islands following initial settlement; the impact of human activities on island biota and landscapes, resulting in the development of socioecosystems; the intensification of agricultural and other means of production; and, the rise of complex socio-political systems, as evidenced in particular through household archaeology and the study of monumentality. A holistic, multidisciplinary approach that combines archaeology with natural sciences, linguistics, cultural anthropology, and oral traditions has proven critical to refining our understanding of long-term dynamics and cultural changes in East Polynesia.
Workers’ Self-Management in Yugoslavia
Authors: Uvalić Milica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the self-management system in the Socialist Federal Republic (SFR) of Yugoslavia, one of the main features that before 1989 distinguished Yugoslavia from other socialist countries in Eastern Europe. It recalls how self-management was introduced, its principal features and development over several decades, and why the outcomes diverged from their initial blueprints. Given that the Yugoslav model inspired a growing literature on self-management, the chapter also gives an overview of the theoretical and empirical literature on the labor-managed firm and recalls various forms of employee participation practiced in Western economies. After Yugoslavia’s disintegration in 1991, its successor states abandoned self-management, because the transition to a market economy implied a radical departure from the previous economic system, and in most cases have not replaced it with other forms of employee involvement in enterprise policies. This runs counter to the practice in the economies of the European Union and the United States, where forms of workers’ participation have been practiced for decades and continue to attract the attention of scholars and policymakers.
The Kurdish Medrese in Ottoman and Republican Times
Authors: van Bruinessen Martin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In Ottoman times, Kurdish medreses existed alongside the official Ottoman medreses; they were distinguished by the precedence of the Shafi‘i rather than the Hanafi school of law and the use of Kurdish as the language of instruction. After the medreses were formally closed by the Republican government in 1924, some Kurdish medreses continued operating inconspicuously. In the course of the past century, the numbers of these medreses and their students have declined and expanded in response to the political climate. In addition to religious subjects, traditional Kurdish literature was also cultivated in these vernacular schools. Medrese-trained meles (mullahs) have been influential in Kurdish rural society as organic intellectuals. In the past two decades, both the secular Kurdish movement and its Islamist competitors as well as the Justice and Development Party government have made overtures to the meles and the medrese environment to win the hearts and minds of the Kurdish population.
Technology and Economic Statecraft
Authors: Fuller Douglas B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The basic model of weaponization of interdependence (WI) has a hub (high network centrality point), latent or realized control of the hub by the weaponizer, and the institutions to enact the weaponization of the hub. This theoretical framework works well with information networks, such as the internet or SWIFT, but less well for the world of physical goods on several grounds. First, in the world of physical goods, the chokepoint is best conceived as a point at which the weaponizer has leverage over an input without which this task cannot continue. Second, the WI literature posits that network robustness relies on self-reinforcing mechanisms and relative imperviousness to strategies to undermine them, but the theory thus far is underdeveloped. Global value chain (GVC) analysis helps address these points. On self-reinforcing mechanisms, chokepoints relying on platform network effects or nodes with relational GVC characteristics will be self-reinforcing. Furthermore, platforms are hard to displace/replace so will be quite impervious to efforts to undermine them. Similarly, relational nodes make would-be rivals without such relational access very unlikely to displace them. However, using GVC linkage characteristics to predict network robustness, while an improvement over network topography, only works well in certain industry cases.
Geoeconomics and International Investment
Authors: Enderwick Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines international investment from a geoeconomic perspective, focusing on trends in FDI and the rise of geoeconomic policy in a rapidly changing global business environment. It first reviews the recent history of geoeconomic power and how it has been exercised as well as its uses in the evolving multipolar world. It discusses key emerging issues regarding international investment in an era of geoeconomic competition, highlights issues of state capitalism and FDI, host country policies toward FDI, techno-nationalism and FDI, the role of regional powers, global fracture, sanctions and FDI, and the evolving forms of international investment characteristic of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. The erosion of the liberal rules-based global economy is bringing major changes toward international investment. These include changes to specific investment rules, new coalitions with like-minded states, trade, supply-chain and investment diversification, and commitment to economic rules. The primary challenge for leading nations will be maintaining balance between the desire for openness to the world economy and security in protecting national economic interests. This challenge will necessitate more contextually based assessments of security and geoeconomic concerns as global dynamics accelerate in an era of contested hegemony.
Making Visible
Authors: Nelson Diane M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the correlation between mathematics and transitional justice. The central techniques of transitional justice call on survivors and their allies to make visible something that most testimony-takers, judges, adjudicators, and auditors did not themselves experience. Numbers and mathematics are ways of seeing and of creating, so thinking with numbers reminds people of transitional justice’s debts to others and limitations by less heroic infrastructures of future-making. Moreover, transitional justice techniques of truth and justice rely on deep Western understandings of transparency and the promise of balance. The chapter explains the importance of bookkeeping in the emerging formation of the colonial capital.
Nepal
Authors: Malagodi Mara 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins and framework of Nepal’s constitutional system in one of the few Asian jurisdictions that was never colonized. It analyzes two main trends that have dominated Nepal’s constitutional developments since the country’s initial experiment with constitutional democracy and its opening up to the world in the early 1950s. First, the historical difficulties in constitutionalizing executive power, which have resulted in a deep form of constitutional instability consisting of repeated bouts of authoritarian rule, frequent changes in government, patterns of executive dominance, and a systematic marginalization of the legislature. However, Nepal’s Supreme Court has recently established itself as a key constitutional player in a number of political controversies with regard to executive–legislative relations. Second, the increasing politicization of identity in the context of Nepal’s profound socio-cultural diversity has played a central role in the country’s constitutional politics since 1990, both at the level of constitution-making and constitutional adjudication.
Repositioning Foreign Policy Analysis in International Relations
Authors: Kaarbo Juliet , Thies Cameron G. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter for the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis argues for a repositioning of the subfield of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) to a central analytic location within the study of International Relations (IR). We take a critical perspective on the history of FPA’s relationship with the rest of the discipline and trace the origins and causes of the disconnect that has sometime existed between FPA scholars and the wider IR community. We argue that this disconnect is in need of repair, particularly given developments within IR, such as the ‘end of theories’ debate, problem-driven research, the domestic, ideational, and agency turns in IR, and methodological pluralism. We also argue that in order to play leader, bridge builder, and innovator roles, FPA research must also develop in new directions. We identify the broad trends in FPA research since the end of the Cold War. With this overview of the state of the art of FPA research, the chapter outlines how FPA can challenge some of its own weaknesses and gaps, and contribute to broad disciplinary questions. FPA research in new policy domains, on a wider variety of types of actors, and oriented to significant policy problems can, we argue, redefine FPA, and shape the study and understanding of international politics more broadly.
Leader Psychology and Foreign Policy
Authors: Dyson Stephen Benedict 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Many have argued that International Relations (IR) theory is in crisis, with its exponents seemingly having lost faith in the utility of big theory paradigm wars, potentially opening up opportunities for leader psychology scholars to build bridges with the mainstream of the discipline. This chapter suggests three routes leader psychology studies might take in response: (1) a neopositivist approach that seems most likely to lead to fruitful exchange with the IR mainstream; (2) an analyticist approach that maximizes the advantages of a focus on leaders at potential cost to easy collaboration with the mainstream; and (3) a policy approach that focuses upon real-world actors in international politics rather than dialogue with other academics. The chapter explores how each approach might be implemented and attempts a preliminary account of the costs and benefits involved.
Foreign Policy of International Organizations
Authors: Kille Kent J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores potentially valuable linkages between scholarship on Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) by drawing upon areas where this already occurs, making logical connections where the work overlaps, and considering extensions into new dimensions. The chapter is structured around four core areas. First, FPA emphasis on opening the ‘black box’ for analysis has seen analogous in-roads in research on IGOs. This discussion is related to the idea of ‘actorness’, which is reflected in related studies of IGOs. Second, an important dimension of FPA is the study of political leadership, which has important insights for assessing the decision-making of IGO leaders. Third, a broader consideration of IGOs as foreign policy actors is provided. Finally, the chapter examines the foreign policy of states in relation to international organizations. The chapter concludes by drawing implications from this discussion to look ahead for suggested avenues of FPA-IGO scholarship.
Foreign Policy and Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Berkemeier Molly , Whitlark Rachel Elizabeth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Though fifteen years have passed since the creation of the journal Foreign Policy Analysis, Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA) and International Relations (IR) scholarship have remained largely separate from one another. This is the case despite similar developments in both traditions, including a widening of the theoretical aperture to include substate actors and the micro-foundations of broader international political theorizing. We demonstrate this divide, as well as the productive contributions of both communities within the nuclear scholarship, by reviewing trends in the literature and the empirical contributions in four key arenas: arms control, extended deterrence and assurance, the role of advisors, and the role of leaders in nuclear decision-making. Examining scholarship on the Iranian nuclear pursuit, we also show how lessons from both IR and FPA can inform contemporary policy debates.