bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of sex chromosome aneuploidy on height, weight, and body mass index in human childhood and adolescence
Authors: Hanson Claire , Blumenthal Jonathan , Clasen Liv , Guma Elisa , Raznahan Armin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) are collectively common conditions caused by carriage of a sex chromosome dosage other than XX for females and XY for males. Increases in sex chromosome dosage (SCD) have been shown to have an inverted‐U association with height, but we lack combined studies of SCA effects on height and weight, and it is not known if any such effects vary with age. Here, we study norm‐derived height and weight z‐scores in 177 youth spanning 8 SCA karyotypes (XXX, XXY, XYY, XXXX, XXXY, XXYY, XXXXX, and XXXXY). We replicate a previously described inverted‐U association between mounting SCD and height, and further show that there is also a muted version of this effect for weight: both phenotypes are elevated until SCD reaches 4 for females and 5 for males but decrease thereafter. We next use 266 longitudinal measures available from a subset of karyotypes (XXX, XXY, XYY, and XXYY) to show that mean height in these SCAs diverges further from norms with increasing age. As weight does not diverge from norms with increasing age, BMI decreases with increasing age. These findings extend our understanding of growth as an important clinical outcome in SCA, and as a key context for known effects of SCA on diverse organ systems that scale with body size.
Diet‐related factors strongly shaped the gut microbiota of Japanese macaques
Authors: Lee Wanyi , Hayakawa Takashi , Kiyono Mieko , Yamabata Naoto , Enari Hiroto , Enari Haruka S. , Fujita Shiho , Kawazoe Tatsuro , Asai Takayuki , Oi Toru , Kondo Takashi , Uno Takeharu , Seki Kentaro , Shimada Masaki , Tsuji Yamato , Langgeng Abdullah , MacIntosh Andrew , Suzuki Katsuya , Yamada Kazunori , Onishi Kenji , Ueno Masataka , Kubo Kentaro , Hanya Goro 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAlthough knowledge of the functions of the gut microbiome has increased greatly over the past few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms governing its ecology and evolution remains obscure. While host genetic distance is a strong predictor of the gut microbiome in large‐scale studies and captive settings, its influence has not always been evident at finer taxonomic scales, especially when considering among the recently diverged animals in natural settings. Comparing the gut microbiome of 19 populations of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata across the Japanese archipelago, we assessed the relative roles of host genetic distance, geographic distance and dietary factors in influencing the macaque gut microbiome. Our results suggested that the macaques may maintain a core gut microbiome, while each population may have acquired some microbes from its specific habitat/diet. Diet‐related factors such as season, forest, and reliance on anthropogenic foods played a stronger role in shaping the macaque gut microbiome. Among closely related mammalian hosts, host genetics may have limited effects on the gut microbiome since the hosts generally have smaller physiological differences. This study contributes to our understanding of the relative roles of host phylogeography and dietary factors in shaping the gut microbiome of closely related mammalian hosts.
CT‐based volumetric measures obtained through deep learning: Association with biomarkers of neurodegeneration
Authors: Srikrishna Meera , Ashton Nicholas J. , Moscoso Alexis , Pereira Joana B. , Heckemann Rolf A. , van Westen Danielle , Volpe Giovanni , Simrén Joel , Zettergren Anna , Kern Silke , Wahlund Lars‐Olof , Gyanwali Bibek , Hilal Saima , Ruifen Joyce Chong , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Westman Eric , Chen Christopher , Skoog Ingmar , Schöll Michael 
Published: September 2023

AbstractINTRODUCTIONCranial computed tomography (CT) is an affordable and widely available imaging modality that is used to assess structural abnormalities, but not to quantify neurodegeneration. Previously we developed a deep‐learning–based model that produced accurate and robust cranial CT tissue classification.MATERIALS AND METHODSWe analyzed 917 CT and 744 magnetic resonance (MR) scans from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort, and 204 CT and 241 MR scans from participants of the Memory Clinic Cohort, Singapore. We tested associations between six CT‐based volumetric measures (CTVMs) and existing clinical diagnoses, fluid and imaging biomarkers, and measures of cognition.RESULTSCTVMs differentiated cognitively healthy individuals from dementia and prodromal dementia patients with high accuracy levels comparable to MR‐based measures. CTVMs were significantly associated with measures of cognition and biochemical markers of neurodegeneration.DISCUSSIONThese findings suggest the potential future use of CT‐based volumetric measures as an informative first‐line examination tool for neurodegenerative disease diagnostics after further validation.Highlights
Computed tomography (CT)–based volumetric measures can distinguish between patients with neurodegenerative disease and healthy controls, as well as between patients with prodromal dementia and controls.
CT‐based volumetric measures associate well with relevant cognitive, biochemical, and neuroimaging markers of neurodegenerative diseases.
Model performance, in terms of brain tissue classification, was consistent across two cohorts of diverse nature.
Intermodality agreement between our automated CT‐based and established magnetic resonance (MR)–based image segmentations was stronger than the agreement between visual CT and MR imaging assessment.
Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality due to a fall while using an abdominal roller: A report of two cases
Authors: Yamane Kenjiro , Matsumura Tomohiro , Sugita Manaho , Fujiya Shoma , Takanosu Tomotaka , Watanabe Nobutaka , Shinjo Takafumi , Izawa Yoshimitsu , Yonekawa Chikara , Mato Takashi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, various home‐use health devices have gained popularity. The abdominal roller is one of these. Spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality is known to occur even with relatively minor injuries, but there are few reports of such injuries caused by a roller.Case PresentationTwo cases of spinal cord injuries caused by a roller are reported. In both cases, injuries occurred during the standing rollout by a patient in an inebriated state, and the patients were rushed to an emergency department.ConclusionBecause the use of abdominal rollers may result in extremely serious disabilities, it is necessary to emphasize the appropriate use of such equipment.
A Two‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite With Heat Switching Birefringence
Authors: Wang Ziyi , Chen Xu , Song Yipeng , Du Zhipeng , Zhou Yang , Li Minjuan , Huang Weiqi , Xu Qianting , Li Yanqiang , Zhao Sangen , Luo Junhua 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBirefringent crystals that can switch light polarization have important applications in optoelectronics. In the last decades, birefringence is mostly optimized by chemical strategies. Recently, switching birefringence by physical means has attracted much attention. Here, this work reports the observation of heat switching birefringence in a 2D layered hybrid halide perovskite (C2N3H4)2PbCl4 ((C2N3H4)+=1,2,4‐triazolium). This heat switching birefringence leads to a significant change in the interference color for the crystal plate under the illumination of orthogonal polarized light. Structure analyses reveal a heat dependent structure transition in (C2N3H4)2PbCl4, whose birefringence is switched by the change in the distortion degree of PbCl6 octahedron. This discovery may be beneficial to the further development of stimuli‐responsive polarization optical devices.
Bacterial Cytochrome P450 Catalyzed Post‐translational Macrocyclization of Ribosomal Peptides**
Authors: He Bei‐Bei , Liu Jing , Cheng Zhuo , Liu Runze , Zhong Zheng , Gao Ying , Liu Hongyan , Song Zhi‐Man , Tian Yongqi , Li Yong‐Xin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRibosomally synthesized and post‐translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a fascinating group of natural products that exhibit diverse structural features and bioactivities. P450‐catalyzed RiPPs stand out as a unique but underexplored family. Herein, we introduce a rule‐based genome mining strategy that harnesses the intrinsic biosynthetic principles of RiPPs, including the co‐occurrence and co‐conservation of precursors and P450s and interactions between them, successfully facilitating the identification of diverse P450‐catalyzed RiPPs. Intensive BGC characterization revealed four new P450s, KstB, ScnB, MciB, and SgrB, that can catalyze the formation of Trp‐Trp‐Tyr (one C−C and two C−N bonds), Tyr‐Trp (C−C bond), Trp‐Trp (C−N bond), and His‐His (ether bond) crosslinks, respectively, within three or four residues. KstB, ScnB, and MciB could accept non‐native precursors, suggesting they could be promising starting templates for bioengineering to construct macrocycles. Our study highlights the potential of P450s to expand the chemical diversity of strained macrocyclic peptides and the range of biocatalytic tools available for peptide macrocyclization.
A Journey from Benzoborirene to Benzoborole‐Supported 1,2‐Diimine and Antiaromatic Borolediide
Authors: Liu Xiaocui , Heinz Myron , Wang Junyi , Tan Leibo , Holthausen Max C. , Ye Qing 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe reaction of benzoborirene with one equivalent of isocyanides leads to benzene‐fused boretes bearing one imine function, while the reaction with two equivalents of isocyanide affords 2,3‐dihydro‐2,3‐diiminoboroles with perfect regioselectivity. The isocyanide double insertion products represent a novel type of 1,2‐diimine with a benzoborole backbone. The reduction chemistry of the benzoborole‐supported 1,2‐diimine was investigated. Single‐ and two‐electron reduction allow for the isolation and full characterization of a radical anion and a dianion, respectively. In stark contrast to the ordinary boroles, which should turn aromatic by accepting two electrons, the antiaromatic character of the benzoborole backbone is highlighted upon reduction, thus presenting a rare example of antiaromatic borole dianion. Detailed quantum chemical calculations provide a rationale for the observed regioselectivity and the electronic structure of the reduced borole diimine species.
The Dipole Moment and Nature of the Chemisorption Bond
Authors: Culver R. , Pritchard J. , Tompkins F. C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractExperimental results are given for the change of work function of three sp metals, copper, silver, gold, and of three transition metals, iron, cobalt, nickel when hydrogen and carbon monoxide are separately chemisorbed at — 192 °C on these metals in the form of an evaporated film, using the space‐charge limited diode method. With the sp metals a predominantly electrostatic bond is formed, the dipole moment of which is largely controlled by the first ionization potential of the adsorbate and that of the atom of the adsorbent. This bonding is additional to the normal dispersion forces which usually are the most significant contribution to the forces operative in the ordinary van der Waals or physical adsorption. With the transition metals, definite covalent bonding involving empty d‐atomic orbitals takes place ‐ these are hybrid bonds, the character of which changes with increasing coverage of the adsorbent surface; these conclusions are consistent with those drawn from infra‐red spectrometric studies of other authors. The contribution of the dipole component to the heat of adsorption and to the variation of this heat with coverage is not large for the transition metals but is a substantial one with the sp metals.
Über die Oxydation metallischer Hartstoffe
Authors: Münster A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe oxidation of TiN, TiC and TiB2 has been investigated between 600 and 1100°C. In the case of TiN. the rate of oxidation can be described by a linear‐parabolic law. The only oxidation product is TiO2 (rutile which is formed at the inner phase boundary. The nitrogen escapes almost completely to the gas phase. The activation energy of the diffusion through the oxide layer as calculated from the isothermes agrees fairly well with the value obtained for the oxidation of titanium metal. It is concluded that the kinetics of the oxidation is not influenced to a considerable extent by the diffusion of the nitrogen.The oxidation of TiC is governed by a purely parabolic law yielding almost the same activation energie as obtained for Ti and TiN. The oxide layer is rutile containing 0,1–0,2 weight % of carbon. The rutile is formed at the inner phase boundary. Oxygen diffuses through the oxide layer to the inner phase boundary whereas carbon diffuses outwards, being oxidized to CO and CO2 at the outer surface.The oxidation of TiB2 follows a parabolic law below 850 and above 950°C. The activation energies are different in both cases. The 900°C isotherme can be described by a cubic law. At 700°C the oxide layer is a fine‐grained mixture of TiO2 and B2O3. At higher temperatures we have phase separation on the macroscopic scale. Three zones may be distinguished: Glassy B2O3, TiO2 and the fine‐grained mixture. Above 1000°C the B2O3 begins to evaporate more and more. At 1100°C it is not found by X‐ray diffraction. Both oxides are formed at the inner phase boundary.
The role of ionic migration in electrolytic mass transport; Diffusivities of [Fe(CN)6]3− and [Fe(CN)6]4− in KOH and NaOH solutions
Authors: Gordon Stanley L. , Newman John S. , Tobias Charles W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe role of migration in ionic mass transport is discussed, and a rigorous method is presented for the evaluation of the contribution of migration when a constant potential gradient can be assumed to exist in the mass transfer boundary layer.The influence of supporting electrolytes is shown to depend on the relative mobilities of all ionic species present in the solution.Theoretical results are applied to the Ks[Fe(CN)6] ‐ K4[Fe(CN)6] ‐ KOH or NaOH systems. Limiting currents were measured by a rotating disk electrode, and the apparent diffusivities calculated from these measurements were corrected taking into account the influence of the presence of nonreacting ionic species. It is shown that the corrected product, Dμ, shows only a slight dependence on ionic strength over a large range of concentrationsmagnified imagewhere Γ is the ionic strength of the solution.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung der Reaktion des hydratisierten Elektrons mit Nitromethan
Authors: Asmus K.‐D. , Henglein A. , Beck G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDas hydratisierte Elektron bildet mit Nitromethan das Ion CH3NO (k = 2,1 · 1010 mol−1 sec−1). Dieses Ion absorbiert maximal bei 2700 Å (ϵ = 2800 mol−1 cm−1). Es wird auch erzeugt, wenn das Elektron mit dem Anion CH2NO des Nitromethans in alkalischer Lösung reagiert (k = 6,6 · 109). OH‐Radikale reagieren mit Nitromethan in nicht nachweisbarem Maße (k < 5 · 106). Die Reaktion des H‐Atoms mit Nitromethan ist ebenfalls relativ langsam. CH3NO steht im Gleichgewicht mit der Radikalsäure CH3NO2H (pk = 4,4), die maximal bei 2500 Å (ϵ = 2000 mol−1 cm−1) absorbiert. Sowohl CH3NO als auch CH3NO2H übertragen ein Elektron an Tetranitromethan (k = 1,2 · 109 bzw. 1,1 · 108). Die Lebensdauer dieser beiden Teilchen, die nach einer Reaktion zweiter Ordnung verschwinden, wächst mit steigendem pH und beträgt einige 1000 μsec in stark alkalischem Medium. N2O wirkt als Elektronenfänger und inhibiert in neutraler Lösung die Bildung von CH3NO. In alkalischer Lösung ist N2O in dieser Hinsicht unwirksam, was auf die Ladungsübertragung von N2O− auf Nitromethan zurückgeführt wird (k = 4,7 · 109). Die Stabilität des N2O−‐Ions in alkalischer Lösung und seine oxydierenden und reduzierenden Wirkungen werden kurz diskutiert.
The effect of solvent, concentration and temperature on the spectra of a highly polar merocyanine
Authors: Lohr J. E. , Kortüm G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSpectroscopic studies of a polar merocyanine dye subjected to a variety of conditions have been made. Extensive evidence is presented to substantiate the conclusion that in protonic solvents, the acid‐base reaction dye + solvent ⇄ protonated dye + solvent anion is dominant in determining the state of the dye molecule. Conversely, in non‐protonic solvents, the reaction n dye ⇄ (dye)n (n = 2.3…) leading to the formation of dimers and eventually higher aggregates dominates. The temperature effect on the aggregation reaction is illustrated and evidence is given that indicates aggregation may also be possible in alcohols, especially at low temperatures. An unusual temperature effect, whereby all visible absorption maxima decrease in intensity with increasing temperature, is observed in benzene and other aromatic solvents of low polarity. It is possible that at higher temperature these solvents are less able to solvate the polar dye. As a result, the reaction merocyanine ⇄ spiropyrane shifts to the right with increasing temperature rather than to the left as is the normal behavior.
Zur Bildung oxidischer Deckschichten auf Germaniumanoden in alkalischen Elektrolyten
Authors: Beckmann K. H. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMittels polarisationsoptischer Methoden wurde ein stark potentialabhängiges Wachstum von Deckschichten auf Germaniumelektroden in alkalischen Elektrolyten festgestellt. Bestimmungen des Brechungsindex und Messung der Ultrarotabsorption dieser Schichten nach der Methode der inneren Totalreflexion ergaben, daß sie im wesentlichen aus saurem Alkaligermanat bestehen Die Ermittlung der räumlichen Änderung des pH‐Wertes vor der Probenoberfläche mit Hilfe einer Mikro‐Antimonelektrode zeigt starke Änderungen dieser Größe auch in Abhängigkeit vom Potential. Die Potentialabhängigkeit des Schichtwachstums läßt sich durch die Änderung des pH‐Wertes an der Elektrodenoberfläche erklären
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung einiger Elementarprozesse der Nitrobenzolreduktion
Authors: Asmus K.‐D. , Wigger A. , Henglein A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDas hydratisierte Elektron reagiert mit Nitrobenzol zum Anion C6H5NO. Das optische Absorptions‐spektrum dieses Teilchens wurde bestimmt (ϵmax bei 2850 Å = 1,4 · 104 mol−1 liter cm−1). In saurer Lösung existiert vorwiegend das C6H5NO2H‐Teilchen (ϵmax bei 2750 Å = 9250 mol−1 liter cm−1). Der pK‐Wert des Gleichgewichtsmagnified imagebeträgt 3,2. C6H5NO ist in alkalischer Lösung recht beständig (Lebensdauer: mehrere Sekunden). C6H5NO2H verschwindet aus saurer Lösung mit 2k = 6 · 108 mol−1 liter sec−1, indem es mit seinesgleichen disproportioniert. Das hierbei gebildete Teilchen C6H6N(OH)2 zerfällt unter Abspaltung von Wasser zu Nitroso‐benzol. Die monomolekulare Geschwindigkeitskonstante dieses Zerfalls hängt nach k = a ·√[H+] + b von der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration ab (a und b: Konstanten). Das C6H5NOIon vermag sein Elektron an Nitrosobenzol zu übertragen mit k = 4,1 · 107 mol−1 liter sec−1. Das freie H‐Atom reagiert nicht mit der Nitrogruppe des Nitrobenzols, sondern lagert sich an den aromatischen Ring unter Bildung des Nitro‐zyklohexadienyl‐Radikals an.C6H5NO wird auch gebildet, wenn α‐Alkohol‐Radikale mit Nitrobenzol reagieren. Die basische Form der α‐Alkohol‐Radikale reagiert mit k = 3 · 109 mol−1 liter sec−1, unabhängig von der Struktur des Alkohols. Die saure Form reagiert langsamer mit Nitrobenzol; die Geschwindigkeit der Elektronenübertragung ist hier um so größer je größer der Taftsche σ*‐Wert für den induktiven Effekt der R1R2CH‐Gruppe im Alkohol R1R2CHOH ist.
Röntgenkleinwinkeluntersuchungen unter Verwendung der absoluten Streuintensität an Lösungen des Azofarbstoffes Chlorantinlichtviolett 2 RLL
Authors: Kratky O. , Ledwinka H. , Pilz I. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDas Assoziationsverhalten des Azofarbstoffes Chlorantinlichtviolett 2 RLL (Molekulargewicht 1116) wurde nach der Röntgenkleinwinkelmethode in wäßrigen Lösungen ohne und mit NaCI‐Zusatz bei 21 und 50°C untersucht. Obwohl die Teilchengewichte eine Größenordnung unter der Grenze liegen, bis zu welcher dieses Verfahren bisher angewendet werden konnte, ist es durch eine beträchtliche Steigerung der Meßgenauigkeit gelungen, ausreichend präzise Aussagen über Form (aus der Kurvengestalt) und Masse (aus der absoluten Streuintensität) der Assoziate zu machen. Bei 50 °C in wäßriger Lösung liegt der Farbstoff monomer vor, ein Zusatz von Salz hebt den mittleren Assoziationsgrad auf 1·30–1·50. Stärker assoziiert der Farbstoff bei 21 °C, hier wieder am schwächsten in Wasser und zunehmend mit der Menge an NaCl. Bei festem Salzgehalt nimmt der Assoziationsgrad linear mit der Farbstoffkonzentration zu. Aus Form und Masse der Teilchen ist zu schließen, daß sich die Moleküle mit ihrer großen Fläche aufeinanderstapeln.
Development, optimization, and scale‐up of suspension Vero cell culture process for high titer production of oncolytic herpes simplex virus‐1
Authors: Shen Chun Fang , Burney Elodie , Gilbert Rénald , Elahi S. Mehdy , Parato Kelley , Loignon Martin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractOncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a novel cancer treatment modality, and four OVs have been approved for cancer immunotherapy. However, high‐yield and cost‐effective production processes remain to be developed for most OVs. Here suspension‐adapted Vero cell culture processes were developed for high titer production of an OV model, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1). Our study showed the HSV‐1 productivity was significantly affected by multiplicity of infection, cell density, and nutritional supplies. Cell culture conditions were first optimized in shake flask experiments and then scaled up to 3 L bioreactors for virus production under batch and perfusion modes. A titer of 2.7 × 108 TCID50 mL−1 was obtained in 3 L batch culture infected at a cell density of 1.4 × 106 cells mL−1, and was further improved to 1.1 × 109 TCID50 mL−1 in perfusion culture infected at 4.6 × 106 cells mL−1. These titers are similar to or better than the previously reported best titer of 8.6 × 107 TCID50 mL−1 and 8.1 × 108 TCID50 mL−1 respectively obtained in labor‐intensive adherent Vero batch and perfusion cultures. HSV‐1 production in batch culture was successfully scaled up to 60 L pilot‐scale bioreactor to demonstrate the scalability. The work reported here is the first study demonstrating high titer production of HSV‐1 in suspension Vero cell culture under different bioreactor operating modes.
Microbial P450 repertoire (P450ome) and its application feasibility in pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry, and environmental protection
Authors: Wang Yongfa , Pan Hao , Wang Fuhao , Shen Chen 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCytochrome P450s (CYPs) are heme‐thiolated enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of C‐H bonds in a regio‐ and stereo‐selective manner. CYPs are widely present in the biological world. With the completion of more biological genome sequencing, the number and types of P450 enzymes have increased rapidly. P450 in microorganisms is easy to clone and express, rich in catalytic types, and strong in substrate adaptability, which has good application potential. Although the number of P450 enzymes found in microorganisms is huge, the function of most of the microorganism P450s has not been studied, and it contains a large number of excellent biocatalysts to be developed. This review is based on the P450 groups in microorganisms. First, it reviews the distribution of P450 groups in different microbial species, and then studies the application of microbial P450 enzymes in the pharmaceutical industry, chemical industry and environmental pollutant treatment in recent years. And focused on the application fields of P450 enzymes of different families to guide the selection of suitable P450s from the huge P450 library. In view of the current shortcomings of microbial P450 in the application process, the final solution is the most likely to assist the application of P450 enzymes in large‐scale, that is, whole cell transformation combined with engineering, fusion P450 combined with immobilization technology.