bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Starch‐filled ternary polymer composites. II: Room temperature tensile properties
Authors: Lawrence S. St. , Walia P. S. , Felker F. , Willett J. L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe room temperature tensile properties of granular starch‐filled low‐density polyethylene (PE) and starch‐filled blends of PE and poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) are presented. At low filler contents (ϕf), the filled PE:PHEE blend has a higher yield stress and tensile strength than either the starch/PE composites or the unfilled matrix. The increase in the yield stress indicates that matrix yielding occurs before debonding. At high filler contents, the tensile strength of the filled blend is again greater than the strength of the starch/PE composites. This increase in strength is the result of higher debonding stresses in the ternary composite. In both materials there is a change in the deformation process at a critical filler content, ϕcr. Below ϕcr, deformation involves the growth of debonded regions; above ϕcr, deformation is confined to narrow damaged zones. There is a reduction in the strain at failure when this change in the deformation process occurs. Although the PHEE surface coating affects the debonding stress and the tensile strength, it does not affect the strain at failure or the tensile modulus. For both composite materials, the increase in modulus with ϕf can be adequately described using a simplified form of the Kerner equation. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1839–1847, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Preparation and characterization of hyperbranched polyaspartimides from bismaleimides and triamines
Authors: Liu Ying‐Ling , Tsai Shr‐Hau , Wu Chuan‐Shao , Jeng Ru‐Jong 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHyperbranched polyaspartimides were successfully prepared from bismaleimides (A2) and triamines (B3) through the Michael addition reaction. Two bismaleimides of 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (BMDM) and bis(3‐ethyl‐5‐methyl‐4‐ maleimidophenyl)methane (BEMM) and two triamines of tris(3‐aminophenyl)phosphine oxide (TAPPO) and tris(4‐aminophenyl)amine (TAPA) were employed in the preparation of these hyperbranched polyaspartimides. The chemical structures of the polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H and 31P NMR, and elemental analysis. Degrees of branching ranging from 0.51 to 0.69 were found with the polyaspartimides, ensuring their hyperbranched structure. The polymers also showed good solubility in common solvents, high glass‐transition temperatures of 256 °C, and excellent thermal stability above 370 °C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5921–5928, 2004
Polymerizations of epoxides with microwave energy
Authors: Zhang Dong , Crivello James V. , Stoffer James O. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe polymerization of the bisaliphatic epoxy resin, 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl, 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate initiated by diaryliodonium or triarylsulfonium salts under both microwave energy and conventional thermal heating, was investigated. DSC and FTIR methods to determine the extent of polymerization were established. Some polymerization phenomena such as polymerization selectivity, polymerization temperature shift, and polymerization temperature shift by microwave power setting in microwave fields compared to thermal fields were investigated. To explain the phenomena, a theory that a new partition function existed in microwave fields was proposed with statistical thermodynamics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4230–4246, 2004
Treating the polyelectrolytes as polymers with a draining effect. I. The statistical segment length
Authors: Dondos Anastasios 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe statistical segment length of polyelectrolytes, A, in aqueous salt solutions is derived from the unperturbed dimensions parameter, Kθ, that is obtained from the graphical representations based on the Stockmayer–Fixman–Burchard and Dondos–Benoît equations. In order to obtain A from Kθ we use values of the Flory's parameter, Φ, which are given from an empirical equation established for the polymers presenting a draining effect, such as the wormlike polymers. With these values of Φ, the obtained values of A for different polyelectrolytes in aqueous salt solutions of different ionic strength are found very close to the values obtained from other more complicated methods. This result shows that the polyelectrolytes can be considered as polymers presenting a draining effect. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4225–4229, 2004
Early demonstrations (1952–64) of the usefulness of high pressure in semiconductor research
Authors: Paul William 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe usefulness of experiments at high pressure done in the period 1952–64, on the establishment of semiconductor band structures and the explanation of semiconductor properties at atmospheric pressure is reviewed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin dependent momentum density and Fermi surface of ferromagnetic Ni obtained by positron annihilation experiments
Authors: Hamid A. S. , Uedono A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe cover picture of this issue, taken from [1], shows a cross section of the Fermi surface in the basal plane of nickel. The measurements were carried out using 2D angular correlation of annihilation radiation (ACAR) experiments. The intersecting plane is normal to the c‐axis, passing through the Γ and X points. The light regions correspond to a high electron momentum density. The Fermi surface is presented as two hole surfaces around the Γ point and two electron surfaces around the X point.
Calculation of the ground‐state energy and studies of other properties of exotic helium atoms with the use of boundary conditions of wave function
Authors: Eskandari M. R. , Rezaie B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe minimum energy and average distance between particles of doubly muonic helium atoms Heμμ (He2+ + 2μ), are calculated with the use of a wave function that satisfies boundary conditions such as the behavior of the wave function when two particles are close to each other or far away from each other. In this wave function, the muon–muon correlation in doubly muonic helium atoms is described to arrive at the correct behavior for r12 tending to zero and infinity. It is shown that the obtained results are very close to the values calculated by others. Finally, to confirm the method and results, calculated values are compared with a similar electronic system, and it is shown that the small differences in the energies of Heμμ and He are due to the reduced masses, as expected. In addition to being very simple, the proposed wave function provides relatively accurate values for the energy and expectation values of r2n, emphasizing the importance of the local properties of the wave functions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Self‐consistent shielding in atoms and molecules
Authors: Pearson Ralph G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe orbital exponents of trial wave functions for simple systems can be found from the potential energy terms alone. Shielding of the nuclear charge by one electron on another is determined by the relative values of the nuclear–electron attraction and the electron–electron repulsion. For two electrons in the same orbital, the shielding is divided equally. For different orbitals, only the inner electron shields the outer. The systems tested are first‐row atoms, using Slater orbitals. It appears that if this approach can be generalized, it may not be necessary to calculate kinetic energies in chemical systems, since they will be determined by the orbital exponents. This would be useful if trial wave functions were not available, but trial electron density functions were. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
A new 6‐DOF parallel robotic structure actuated by wires: The WiRo‐6.3
Authors: Ferraresi Carlo , Paoloni Marco , Pastorelli Stefano , Pescarmona Francesco 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a novel parallel robotic structure with six degrees of freedom, whose end effector is driven by nine wires operated by motors: the WiRo‐6.3. The ideas that led to the conception of the robot are thoroughly discussed and analyzed. The workspace of WiRo‐6.3 has been numerically analyzed, and it is significantly larger than the one of other analogous seven‐wire structures. The forward and inverse kinematics are both solved in closed form. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling and control for a Gough‐Stewart platform CNC machine
Authors: Ting Yung , Chen Yu‐Shin , Jar Ho‐Chin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a complete dynamic model on task space for a 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) Gough‐Stewart platform‐type computer numerical control (CNC) machine is derived. The rotation terms of the legs are included for those inertia effects cannot be negligible in the machine tool applications. The formulation derived by means of the Euler‐Lagrange method is convenient for designing the adaptive control law. Also, the average‐type force model for end milling process is derived and included in the dynamic model and control. A composite adaptive control scheme is developed by use of filtering dynamics technique. An appropriate estimator gain is designed in the parameter adaptation law that is useful for estimating the selected important cutting parameters. Experimental results verify the proposed adaptive control scheme can achieve good tracking performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of ZnO(0001) surface termination by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy at photoemission angles of 0° and 70°
Authors: Zhang L. , Wett D. , Szargan R. , Chassé T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe present an XPS method to determine the termination of the ZnO(0001) surface. By measuring O 1s and Zn 2p3/2 core‐level x‐ray photoelectron spectra at photoemission angles of 0° and 70° and comparing the intensity ratio (IO1s/IZn2p3)θ=0/(IO1s/IZn2p3)θ=70, the Zn and O termination can be distinguished. Calculations show that these two terminations have intensity ratios differing by ∼17%. This difference is not affected by a contamination layer provided that the contamination layer thickness is the same for these two differently terminated surfaces. Although this determination method prefers a clean ZnO(0001) surface (in situ measurement), it seems also feasible for surfaces with known contamination layer thickness (ex situ measurement). We have measured ex situ ZnO(0001)‐Zn, ZnO(000&#38;1macr;)‐O single crystals and an epitaxial ZnO film deposited on Al2O3(0001). The measured intensity ratios of the first two samples agree with the calculated values for a 0.2 and 0.26 nm contamination layer, respectively. The intensity ratio and the O 1s contamination component intensity of the epitaxial ZnO film are close to those of the ZnO(0001)‐Zn single crystal thus pointing at Zn termination of the film. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of within‐industry diversification on firm performance: synergy creation, multi‐market contact and market structuration
Authors: Li Stan Xiao , Greenwood Royston 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of diversification upon intra‐industry performance. We propose that intra‐industry diversification promises three sets of benefits, which, separately and in combination, provide firms with a competitive advantage: synergies arising from economies of scope; premiums from mutual forbearance enabled by multi‐market competition; and efficiencies derived from market structuration. The additive and integrative effects of the first two have not been explored. The benefits of market structuration remain untheorized and thus untested. The test of our theoretical model in the Canadian general insurance industry indicates that mutual forbearance provides advantage under specified conditions, that market structuration also provides advantages, but that diversification per se does not. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are more resources always better for growth? Resource stickiness in market and product expansion
Authors: Mishina Yuri , Pollock Timothy G. , Porac Joseph F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe examine how managerial growth logics combine with financial and human resource slack to influence the short‐term revenue growth of a sample of 112 manufacturing firms drawn from a unique database provided by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Our results provide evidence that firms pursuing product expansion logics generally grow more slowly than firms that are not expanding their product base, but that financial slack positively moderates this relationship. We also find that human resource slack enhances short‐term market expansion, but slows down short‐term product expansion. We discuss the implications of these results for resource‐based views of growth. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanowires for Integrated Multicolor Nanophotonics
Authors: Huang Yu , Duan Xiangfeng , Lieber Charles M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractNanoscale light‐emitting diodes (nanoLEDs) with colors spanning from the ultraviolet to near‐infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum were prepared using a solution‐based approach in which emissive electron‐doped semiconductor nanowires were assembled with nonemissive hole‐doped silicon nanowires in a crossed nanowire architecture. Single‐ and multicolor nanoLED devices and arrays were made with colors specified in a predictable way by the bandgaps of the III–V and II–VI nanowire building blocks. The approach was extended to combine nanoscale electronic and photonic devices into integrated structures, where a nanoscale transistor was used to switch the nanoLED on and off. In addition, this approach was generalized to hybrid devices consisting of nanowire emitters assembled on lithographically patterned planar silicon structures, which could provide a route for integrating photonic devices with conventional silicon microelectronics. Lastly, nanoLEDs were used to optically excite emissive molecules and nanoclusters, and hence could enable a range of integrated sensor/detection “chips” with multiplexed analysis capabilities.
Dynamic accumulation of neutrophils in lungs and visceral organs during early abdominal sepsis in the pig
Authors: Malmros Christer , Holst Elisabeth , Hansson Lars , Mårtensson Lena , Thörne Johan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractActivation and accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, neutrophils) in the lungs is considered an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of pulmonary dysfunction in association with sepsis. It probably constitutes only part of a general cellular response; and a corresponding reaction has been implicated in other organs during sepsis (e.g., the liver). In this experiment a model was developed that allows study of the dynamic PMN reaction in the lungs and visceral organs during early abdominal sepsis. The animals were divided into two groups. In the septic group (n=8) a bacterial challenge was attempted through the intraperitoneal administration of Escherichia coli (1 x 1011/kg). Five animals served as controls. All animals in the septic group developed bacteremia, leukopenia, and a hypodynamic circulatory response. PMNs were selectively labeled with 111In‐oxine. The activity over the organs was followed dynamically with a gamma camera. The animals subjected to peritonitis exhibited a significant increase in 111In‐oxine activity (i.e., neutrophil trapping) in the lungs, compared to the controls at 40 minutes and onward during the observation period. A similar picture was seen over the liver and abdomen, with significance after 70 minutes. The findings in this study indicate that accumulation of PMNs is an early phenomenon not only in the lungs but also in the liver during the development of sepsis. The present model offers possibilities for further studies of the cellular reactions during sepsis.
Simple method of hyperthermo‐chemo‐hypoxic isolated liver perfusion for hepatic metastases
Authors: Horikawa Masato , Nakajima Yoshiyuki , Kido Kiyoshi , Ko Saiho , Ohashi Kazuo , Nakano Hiroshige 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAs a regional therapy for hepatic malignancy, we developed a simple method of isolated liver perfusion (hyperthermo‐chemo‐hypoxic). In the present study, the influence of this method on the hepatic tissue and other organs was experimentally evaluated and applied it to seven patients. Experimentally, all dogs survived without hepatic insufficiency and systemic toxicity. Clinically, one patient died on postoperative day 14 of hepatic failure. The reason was that liver temperature reached 43°C, which seemed to be the maximum limit for thermal toxic effect to the human liver. The other six patients well tolerated the perfusion with mild increases of serum aminotransferase and total bilirubin levels and decreases of hepaprastin levels. Serum aminotransferase and total bilirubin and hepaprastin levels returned to normal levels by postoperative day 14. There were no significant differences between the isolated liver perfusion group (n=7) and hepatectomy‐only group (n=27). Six patients were discase‐free during the observation period after the perfusion. This system is a simple, useful method for treating patients with metastatic cancer limited to the liver.
Early stage gastric lymphoma: Is operation essential?
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhiro , Takao Tetsuto , Watanabe Hirotoshi , Kido Tetsuo , Ogawa Noritsugu , Iwase Kazuhiro , Sunada Shouji , Sando Kinya , Kawamoto Seiichi , Koto Kiyoshi , Satani Minoru , Ono Norio 
Published: October 2004

Abstractto assess the efficacy of primary chemotherapy for treatment of early stage patients with gastric lymphoma, multiple agent chemotherapy was given to patients prior to surgery. Five patients with stages IE and IIE of primary gastric lymphoma (54–65 years of age; three men, two women) were treated with multiple agent chemotherapy prior to gastric resection. In all patients the diagnosis was established by endoscopic biopsy. Two patients had stage IE disease, and three had stage IIE. Histopathologically, there was one diffuse large cell lesion and four diffuse medium cell tesions. All patients received two cycles of VEPA every 4 weeks. On the 16th to 44th day after completion of chemotherapy, total gastrectomy, systematic dissection of regional lymph nodes with resection of the caudal pancreas, and splenectomy were performed. Swelling of the regional lymph nodes was noted in four cases. In all five cases, histologic findings revealed no residual cells of malignant lymphoma in the resected specimen. None of the patients had no evidence of recurrence at 12 to 40 months after surgery. Primary chemotherapy alone thus resulted in the disappearance of malignant cells in stage IE/IIE gastric lymphoma. Our reatment of early stage gastric lymphoma.
Local versus general anesthesia for Shouldice repair of the inguinal hernia
Authors: Peiper Christian , Töns Christian , Schippers Ekkehard , Busch Frank , Schumpelick Volker 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSince February 1992 local anesthesia (LA) has been used routinely for repair of inguinal hernias at our surgical department. All patients undergoing Shouldice repair of primary uncomplicated inguinal hernia between January 1990 and March 1993 were analyzed retrospectively concerning the need for analgesics, length of stay in hospital, and rate of complications. In addition 50 patients after LA and 50 patients after general anesthesia underwent prospective pain analysis using a visual analogous score and spirometric tests (FEV1 and peak flow). After LA we found less need of analgesics, shorter hospital stays, and fewer complications. The pain level was lower, and ventilatory function was less affected. Repair of the inguinal hernia using LA is a safe method to lower the risk of the operation and to improve the patient's comfort without increasing complications.
Results of mandatory exploration for penetrating neck trauma
Authors: Apffelstaedt Justus P. , Med M. , Müller Richard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractManagement of penetrating wounds to the neck remains controversial despite decades of discussion in the literature. We assessed 393 consecutive stab wounds penetrating the platysma operated at our trauma service between January 14, 1991 and September 30, 1992 to evaluate our policy of mandatory neck exploration (NE). Injury to the common (n=19 cases), external (n=7), internal carotid (n=5), innominate (n=2), subclavian (n=20), vertebral (n=12), facial (n=2), and intercostal (n=2) arteries; the external (n=36), internal (n=65), subclavian (n=20), and innominate (n=4) veins; the pharynx/esophagus (n=21); and the trachea (n=28) was considered a positive NE (n=167). 226 NEs were negative. Except for hemiparesis and bruit, the presence of clinical signs (shock, active hemorrhage, hematoma, surgical emphysema, dysphagia, blowing wound) did not predict a positive NE. Clinical signs were absent in 30% of positive NEs and in 58% of negative NEs. Complications of positive NE included wound infection (n=7 cases), chyle drainage (n=6), cerebellar stroke (n=1), pneumonitis (n=8), reoperation for recurrent hemorrhage (n=1), subclavian artery graft occlusion (n=1), bronchopleural fistula (n=1), and cerebrospinal fluid leak (n=1). Negative NEs were complicated by a wound infection in four cases and pneumonitis in one case. The mean hospital stay was 4.3 days for those with a positive NE and 1.5 days for those with a negative NE. Clinical signs are of no help in determining whether a stab wound to the neck has led to potentially life‐threatening injury. Mandatory NE saves unnecessary invasive diagnostic studies, is associated with negligible morbidity, and incurs only a short hospital stay.
Intraluminal shunt for the thoracic aorta: Spinal cord and visceral blood flow in acute studies
Authors: Van Voorst Steven J. , Rustom Samir , Pate James W. , Maijub Amado G. , Leffler Charles W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAortic cross‐clamping during surgery of the thoracic aorta may result in paraplegia or kidney failure. Difficulties associated with external shunts and bypasses have limited their use. Therefore we compared intraluminal shunting to the nonshunting method of repair in neonatal pigs. Blood flow to the spinal cord and viscera was measured with radiolabeled microspheres before, during, and after thoracic aortic cross‐clamping or shunting. Two no‐shunt groups were studied: One group was clamped distal to the left subclavian artery for 30 minutes and the other for 1 hour. In the intraluminal shunt group, a shunt was placed in the aorta just below the ligamentum arteriosum for 1 hour; it was then removed and the aorta repaired. In the no‐shunt groups, there was virtually no blood flow to the lower cord and viscera during the cross‐clamp period. Hyperemia of the lower thoracic and lumbar cord occurred in the no‐shunt 30‐minute group 15 minutes after clamp removal. In the no‐shunt 60‐minute group, flow initially returned to the lumbar cord but then declined; and after 1 hour of reperfusion it was significantly lower than baseline. Renal blood flow was even more severely affected in the no‐shunt 60‐minute group, with minimal recovery during the reperfusion period. In the intraluminal shunt group baseline spinal cord and visceral blood flow were maintained during thoracic aortic cross‐clamping, without the problems associated with extracorporeal circulation.