bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pseudodynamic tests on rubber base isolators with numerical substructuring of the superstructure and strain‐rate effect compensation
Authors: Molina F. J. , Verzeletti G. , Magonette G. , Buchet Ph. , Renda V. , Geradin M. , Parducci A. , Mezzi M. , Pacchiarotti A. , Federici L. , Mascelloni S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA pseudodynamic testing procedure has been applied by which the seismic response of a base‐isolated building is obtained by using as specimen the isolators, while the superstructure is numerically simulated. The procedure also takes advantage of the continuous pseudodynamic testing capabilities of the ELSA laboratory, which increase the accuracy of the results and reduce the strain‐rate effect of the rubber bearings. A simple proportional correction of the measured forces compensates the remaining strain‐rate effect due to the unrealistic speed of the test. The correction factor is obtained by means of a characterizing test on the specific rubber isolators.The developed method has been successfully applied to the prediction of the seismic response of a base‐isolated four‐storey building submitted to several specified accelerograms. The results for those earthquakes as well as the effects of some changes of the parameters of the system are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in anorexia nervosa in Ireland: A register study
Authors: Shinkwin Rosemary , Standen P. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe assumption that anorexia nervosa has increased in incidence over this century in western societies, mainly in the young female population, has been questioned by recent studies. This paper examines trends in anorexia nervosa in Ireland between 1977 and 1985 using national registers of psychiatric and general hospital admissions. The findings broadly concur with international studies vis‐à‐vis the magnitude of the average annual registered incidence rate and profile of patients with anorexia nervosa. A significant decrease in registered incidence rate of hospitalized cases of anorexia nervosa was found over the time period. The majority of admissions appeared to be under non‐psychiatrists. This study highlights the limitations of nationwide registers in epidemiological research. There is a need for purpose designed registers at the primary care level for prospective studies of the epidemiology of eating disorders (and other psychiatric disorders), especially since the advent of community psychiatric care and multicentre collaborative studies for comparison within and between countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Calcium loading of quartz sandstones during construction: implications for future decay
Authors: Smith B. J. , Turkington A. V. , Curran J. M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDamage to quartz sandstones in polluted urban environments is frequently associated with the presence of calcium salts, especially gypsum. For this association to occur it is necessary to identify external sources of calcium. This paper describes an experiment in which the demolition of two sandstone test walls (Dumfries and Dunhouse sandstones) built with a lime mortar demonstrates the loading of the outer 1–2 cm of blocks with calcium. Although this calcium may eventually be mobilized into the interior of blocks, a significant initial effect is a marked reduction in permeability (identified by before and after measurement using a gas permeameter). It is suggested that this sealing effect helps to constrain moisture and possibly salt cycling through the outer, exposed surface of blocks. Eventually this may contribute to the rapid, catastrophic decay of individual blocks, and is a factor that must be built into any future modelling of this decay process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping decay: integrating scales of weathering within a GIS
Authors: Inkpen R. J. , Fontana D. , Collier P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt is possible to develop a stone weathering/degradation database with wide applicability using a geographic information system (GIS) framework to integrate spatially and non‐spatially referenced data. Two case studies are provided illustrating the manner in which photographic information relevant to assessing stone degradation may be used within a GIS. A time sequence of old photographs of the Judges Lodgings, Oxford, is located within a relative reference framework and classification of weathering forms undertaken. A single photograph of a wall of the School of Geography in Oxford is located within an absolute spatial reference framework and weathering forms classified. In the latter example, the problems of scale‐dependent definitions of weathering forms are examined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume estimation of the 1998 flank collapse at Casita volcano, Nicaragua: a comparison of photogrammetric and conventional techniques
Authors: Kerle Norman 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn October 1998 a precipitation‐triggered flank collapse occurred at Casita volcano, Nicaragua, leading to a devastating lahar. In this paper the failure volume was calculated using a range of methods. Several pre‐ and post‐failure digital elevation models (DEMs) were created, based on photogrammetric, cartometric and surveying data. The wide range in resulting volumes prompted an assessment of the accuracies and potential problems associated with each of the datasets and techniques used. The best estimate for the failure volume is 1·6 × 106 m3. It is based on a vegetation‐corrected pre‐failure DEM, generated using automated digital photogrammetry, and a post‐failure surface based on a field survey carried out with a Total Station. The volume figure is approximately an order of magnitude higher than values reported in previous publications, all of which are based solely on field estimates. This demonstrates that values reported in the literature, if they are not based on rigorous quantitative analysis, must be regarded with caution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open‐path FTIR air monitoring of phosphine around large fumigated structures
Authors: Thorn Tommy G. , Marshall Timothy L. , Chaffin Charles T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractStorage structures (silos, warehouses, and similar structures) are routinely fumigated for disinfestation of pests. This process includes sealing the structure, adding a fumigant (phosphine, methyl bromide, and other fumigants), maintaining a certain concentration of the fumigant, and aerating the structure after all fumigant has been removed or has dissipated. Phosphine concentrations in the air surrounding large fumigated structures at a tobacco storage facility were measured using an open‐path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer system. These measurements provided more comprehensive data than could be obtained with multiple single‐point detection devices. Specifically, this novel application of open‐path FTIR was investigated to more completely characterize phosphine concentrations over long path lengths using a single FTIR. Phosphine levels were below the detection limit [<0.07 parts per million (ppm)] approximately 20 meters (m) east of a warehouse. Phosphine was detected at approximately 4 ppm inside a warehouse at the end of fumigation and just prior to aeration. Levels of phosphine directly in front of the doors of another fumigated warehouse, immediately after aeration, ranged from <0.07 to 8.3 ppm. Six different sampling paths were also used to investigate the levels of phosphine in various areas of the facility. Average phosphine levels in air around sealed warehouses under active fumigation were found to be the below detection limit. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 116–120, 2001
In‐water field analytical technology: Underwater mass spectrometry, mobile robots, and remote intelligence for wide and local area chemical profiling
Authors: Fries D. P. , Short R. T. , Langebrake L. L. , Patten J. T. , Kerr M. L. , Kibelka G. , Burwell D. C. , Jalbert J. C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn automated field analysis strategy for aqueous environments is proposed with the use of a mobile robot equipped with an underwater mass spectrometer aided by linked remote numerical models or natural intelligence. Intelligent search strategies were made possible through the use of numerical models, and natural intelligence was in the form of a man in the loop. The field‐analysis strategy is useful for local‐ and wide‐area in situ chemical surveying for environmental and economical tasks. The operation of chemoreceptive field underwater robots is demonstrated during two field trials, one using numerical models to aid in characterization of chemical dispersion, and the other discriminating a chemical gradient in the field. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 121–130, 2001
Kinetic evaluation method for SPME‐NIR measurements of analytes with long equilibration time
Authors: Bürck J. , Schlagenhof M. , Roth S. , Mathieu H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn recent years, it has been demonstrated that SPME in polymer‐clad optical fibers can be efficiently combined with NIR evanescent‐wave spectroscopy for on‐site monitoring of apolar hydrocarbons (HCs) in aqueous samples. Typically, the time to reach analyte partition equilibrium between sample matrix and fiber cladding for well‐agitated solutions and low‐molecular‐weight HC species is in the range of 2–20 min. Thus, spectral absorbance data measured in extraction equilibrium are used for calibration and evaluation. However, for samples with no or only low agitation (e.g., in situ measurement in a monitoring well) and even for well‐stirred samples containing HCs with higher molecular weight (>C8–C10), it may take several hours to reach equilibrium, which is by far too long for applications in field analysis. In this context, a calibration and evaluation algorithm based on HC extraction kinetics has been developed, which allows performing quantitative measurements of such samples within 20 min. This method uses the initial gradient of the response curve of a given HC compound or mixture recorded by the SPME‐NIR instrument, which is linearly dependent on analyte concentration. The algorithm has been implemented in the control and evaluation software of an SPME‐NIR photometer system and tested with different aqueous HC samples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 131–142, 2001
Field reflectance spectrometry for detection of swelling clays at construction sites
Authors: Goetz A. F. H. , Chabrillat S. , Lu Z. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe have developed techniques to map the distribution and composition of clay‐rich soils with portable field spectrometers on the ground. Spectral reflectance measurements in the 1800–2400‐nm region with 10‐nm resolution can distinguish smectites, which cause swelling, from illites and kaolinite that do not swell significantly. Illites and smectites are often mixed in the soil and result in varying swell potential. Standard engineering soil tests are too time consuming and costly to be used in areas where there is highly varying swell potential. Therefore, in many instances in regions of steeply dipping sedimentary layers, beds of swelling clay go undetected. We show that it is possible to determine smectite content with a standard cross‐validation error of 10% based on partial least‐squares analysis of second‐derivative reflectance spectra. Loadings show that the 1800–2000‐ and 2150–2250‐nm regions contain the most relevant information for the detection and quantification of smectite content and these correspond to the bound water in the clay lattice interlayer and the Al–OH combination band, respectively. Correlations as high as 87% were obtained with the Seed swell‐potential index. The correlations are higher when the samples were dried rather than measured in their moist condition shortly after collection in the field, as in an earlier study. Correlation with other swell indices shows that reflectance spectroscopy would be a reliable indicator that could divide samples into low, medium, and high swell potential. The effect of sample moisture was studied and the results show that the surface of the field samples must first be dried before measurement, in order to obtain a reliable swell potential value from the model. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 143–155, 2001
Assessing the fire performance of electric cables (FIPEC)
Authors: Grayson S.J. , Van Hees P. , Green A.M. , Breulet H. , Vercellotti U. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe FIPEC project is a research project funded by DG XII of the European Commission and co‐financed by several European cable manufacturers, compounders, cable users and governmental research bodies. The FIPEC project has developed different levels of testing ranging from a small‐scale, cone calorimeter test procedure developed for cables and materials, a full‐scale test procedure based on the IEC 60332‐3, but utilising HRR and SPR measurements, to a real‐scale test. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the combustion products in large‐scale fire tests: comparison of three experimental configurations
Authors: Blomqvist Per , Lönnermark Anders 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe storage of large amounts of polymers and other bulk chemicals is a potential hazard in the case of fire. There is at present a lack of knowledge about the implications of such fires. In particular the role of the ventilation conditions on fire chemistry has warranted investigation. A set of indoor, large‐scale combustion experiments, conducted on five different materials is described in this article. The main test series was conducted using the ISO 9705 room, where both well‐ventilated and under‐ventilated conditions were attained by restricting the opening of the room. The degree of ventilation was determined using a phi meter. Furthermore, in addition to measuring the traditional fire‐related parameters, extensive chemical characterization of the combustion products was made.Two additional series of experiments were also performed. In one series of tests the size of the enclosure was increased and the fuel was placed in a storage configuration to simulate a real storage situation. In the other test series, three of the materials were tested as large‐scale open pool fires.The results from the three configurations are compared regarding yields of combustion products as a function of the degree of ventilation. For a number of toxic combustion products a clear dependence of the production on the equivalence ratio was found. Further, placing the fuel in a storage configuration did not significantly change the outcome of the combustion. Thus, the ISO 9705 room is of a size and scale that can be taken as a model for representing real‐scale fires. Additionally it has been demonstrated that an advantage of the ISO 9705 room is the ability to alter the ventilation conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volatile constituents of Artemisia marschaliana Sprengel and its secretory elements
Authors: Ahmadi L. , Mirza M. , Shahmir F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe structure of the glandular hairs and secretory canals and the essential oil of the aerial parts of Artemisia marschaliana growing in Iran were studied. The leaves of this plant had glandular hairs and the other kind of secretory tissues are canals which are seen in the stems and leaves and act in the conduction of volatile oils. The volatile constituents, isolated by hydrodistillation, were analysed by GC–MS. The oil was found to contain 20 components. The oil sample consisted mainly of sesquiterpene (62.7%), germacrene‐D (23.7%), bicyclogermacrene (14.9%) and spathulenol (9.9%) as the main components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical examination of the leaf essential oil of Curcuma longa L. from the North Indian plains
Authors: Garg S. N. , Mengi N. , Patra N. K. , Charles Reena , Kumar Sushil 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the fresh leaves of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), growing in the Research farm of the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants field station Pant Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, was investigated by GC and GC–MS. Twenty compounds were identified, accounting for 72% of the contents. The oil of C. longa consisted mainly of monoterpenoids; monoterpene hydrocarbons (57%), oxygenated monoterpenes (10%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3.3%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.1%). The major constituents of the oil were p‐cymene (25.4%) and 1,8‐cineole (18%), followed by cis‐sabinol (7.4%) and β‐pinene (6.3%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Tagetes maxima Kuntze from Bolivia
Authors: Lorenzo Daniel , Loayza Ingrid , Dellacassa Eduardo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe essential oil of leaves and stems of Tagetes maxima Kuntze growing wild in Bolivia was analysed by HRGC and HRGC–MS (quadrupole). Twenty‐four components (93% of the total composition) were identified and the enantiomeric distribution of α‐pinene, sabinene, β‐pinene and limonene was studied by multidimensional HRGC–HRGC. The major components were found to be (Z)‐tagetone (19%), (Z)‐tagetenone (14%), (Z)‐β‐ocimene (13%), (E)‐tagetenone (18%), dihydrotagetone (8%) and piperitenone (6%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linalool‐rich essential oil quality variants obtained from irradiated stem nodes in Lippia alba
Authors: Bahl J. R. , Sinha Shweta , Naqvi A. A. , Bansal R. P. , Gupta A. K. , Kumar Sushil 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLippia alba cv. Kavach is a cultivar that grows perennially as a shrub for use on slopes to control soil erosion. Plants of this genotype yield several crops of leaves annually in the sub‐tropical environment, containing essential oil in about 0.2% yield. The oil contains linalool, citral and 1,8‐cineole, 64.9%, 4.8%, 1.9%, respectively. A 40 Gy and 50 Gy dose of γ‐rays caused 80% and 90% killing of single node cuttings of L. alba cv. Kavach. The 1027 regenerants obtained from 1695 irradiated cuttings demonstrated enormous variability in terpenoid profiles. They fell into 50 of 64 classes formed on the basis of concentrations of 1,8‐cineole, neral, geranial and linalool. Testing of the clone L‐601 over four cycles of vegetative multiplication showed stability of the mutated highly linalool‐rich (>80%) essential oil profile. γ‐Rays somatic mutagenesis has been found to be an effective tool for generating new essential oil profiles in L. alba cv. Kavach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germacradienols in the essential oils of the Myrtaceae
Authors: Cornwell Charles P. , Reddy Narsimha , Leach David N. , Wyllie S. Grant 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwo germacradienols, 4‐β‐hydroxygermacra‐1(10),5‐diene (β‐germacrenol) and 6‐α‐hydroxygermacra‐1(10), 4‐diene (kunzeaol) were identified in the solvent extracts of members of the family Myrtaceae. Acid solvolysis associated with steam distillation or leaf ageing causes these germacradienols to rearrange to a mixture of (+)‐δ‐cadinene, α‐cadinol, τ‐cadinol, α‐muurolol, τ‐muurolol and associated sesquiterpenoids. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils of different cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. and their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Novak Johannes , Zitterl‐Eglseer Karin , Deans Stanley G. , Franz Chlodwig M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe essential oils of five different cultivars of Cannabis sativa contained as main compounds α‐pinene, myrcene, trans‐β‐ocimene, α‐terpinolene, trans‐caryophyllene and α‐humulene. The content of α‐terpinolene divided the cultivars in two distinct groups, an Eastern European group of cultivars of approximately 8% and a French group of cultivars of around 16%. Therefore, this compound might be suitable as a genetic marker for the two breeding centres for the fibre types of Cannabis sativa. The content of trans‐caryophyllene was up to 19%. However, the content of caryophyllene oxide did not exceed 2%. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa can be regarded as modest. Nevertheless, cultivar differences were visible. Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could not be detected in any of the essential oils and the amount of other cannabinoids was very poor. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new multi‐domain/multi‐resolution method for large‐eddy simulation
Authors: Quéméré Patrick , Sagaut Pierre , Couailler Vincent 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new multi‐domain/multi‐resolution method is presented in the framework of the large‐eddy simulation (LES). The proposed treatment at the interfaces is conceived to deal with the problem of discontinuities on the characteristic length scales met in the case of two domains having different resolutions. It gives rise to an original approach taking into account not only the discontinuous aspect on the flow fields values but also, consequently, the non‐conservative aspect of transfer of fluxes through the interfaces. This new treatment at the interfaces has been assessed successfully in the case of a subsonic compressible channel flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stabilized incremental projection scheme for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Minev P. D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt is well known that any spatial discretization of the saddle‐point Stokes problem should satisfy the Ladyzhenskaya–Brezzi–Babuska (LBB) stability condition in order to prevent the appearance of spurious pressure modes. Particularly, if an equal‐order approximation is applied, the Schur complement (or, as called some times, the Uzawa matrix) of the pressure system has a non‐trivial null space that gives rise to such modes. An idea in the past was that all the schemes that solve a Poisson equation for the pressure rather than the Uzawa pressure equation (splitting/projection methods) should overcome this difficulty; this idea was wrong. There is numerical evidence that at least the so‐called incremental projection scheme still suffers from spurious pressure oscillations if an equal‐order approximation is applied. The present paper tries to distinguish which projection requires LBB‐compliant approximation and which does not. Moreover, a stabilized version of the incremental projection scheme is derived. Proper bounds for the stabilization parameter are also given. The numerical results show that the stabilized scheme does indeed achieve second‐order accuracy and does not produce spurious (node to node) pressure oscillations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiblock/multilevel mesh refinement procedure for CFD computations
Authors: Teigland Rune , Eliassen Inge K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA multiblock/multilevel algorithm with local refinement for general two‐ and three‐dimensional fluid flow is presented. The patched‐based local refinement procedure is presented in detail and algorithmic implementations are also presented. The multiblock implementation is essentially block‐unstructured, i.e. each block having its own local curvilinear co‐ordinate system. Refined grid patches can be put anywhere in the computational domain and can extend across block boundaries. To simplify the implementation, while still maintaining sufficient generality, the refinement is restricted to a refinement of the grid successively halving the grid size within a selected patch. The multiblock approach is implemented within the framework of the well‐known SIMPLE solution strategy. Computational experiments showing the effect of using the multilevel solution procedure are presented for a sample elliptic problem and a few benchmark problems of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.