bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and Dynamics of Aquatic Communities
Authors: Gray Lawrence J , Dodds Walter K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
North American prairie streams are characterized by variable flow regimes (Jewell 1927; Matthews 1988). Low-order streams alternate between stable flows during spring and early summer and intermittent flow to completely dry during late summer and winter. At any time, conditions may be interrupted by scouring floods (Chapter 10, this volume). Thus, the biotic communities occurring in prairie streams constantly are adjusting to a patchy environment created by the temporal and spatial variations in streamflow. The biota of the prairie is influenced heavily by high variation in abiotic factors. Perhaps stream communities experience the most variable conditions of all the prairie ecosystems.
Geostatistics for Natural Resources Evaluation
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text fulfils a need for an advanced-level work covering both the theory and application of geostatistics. It covers the most important areas of geostatistical methodology, introducing tools for description, quantitative modelling of spatial continuity, spatial prediction, and assessment of local uncertainty and stochastic simulation. It also details the theoretical background underlying most GSLIB programs. The tools are applied to an environmental data set, but the book includes a general presentation of algorithms intended for students and practitioners in such diverse fields as soil science, mining, petroleum, remote sensing, hydrogeology, and the environmental sciences.
Assessment of Local Uncertainty
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike in Chapters 5 and 6, which focused on deriving an optimal estimate and the associated error variance, in this chapter priority is given to modeling the uncertainty about the unknown. Such a model of local uncertainty allows one to evaluate the risk involved in any decision-making process, such as delineation of contaminated areas where remedial measures should be taken. From the model of uncertainty, one can also derive different estimates optimal for different criteria, each customized to the specific problem at hand, instead of retaining the somewhat arbitrary least-squares error estimate.
What Is the Meaning of a Memory-Systems Approach 7 Comments on Engelkamp
Authors: Nilsson Lars-Goran , Kormi-Nouri Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that memory can be divided into different systems is relatively new. When Tulving (1972) made the distinction between episodic and semantic memory he paved the way for a more elaborate conceptualization, in which memory systems was a key term (Tulving, 1983, 1984, 1985). Tulving’s view of memory and the use of this key term has later been refined and developed in many steps (e.g., Tulving, 1993), and the term has been discussed and adopted by many others (e.g., Weinberger, McGaugh, & Lynch, 1985).
Emergent Complexities and Complex Emergencies in Folktales
Authors: Seitel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examples in the last chapter showed that compositional finalization of quoted proverbs creates the logical dimension of that genre. The proverbs’ concise elegance established the simple shape and transformational capabilities of this logic and allowed readers to observe its functional relationships with the other two dimensions of generic creativity, style and theme, in a nonnarrative world. In folktales, I enter a narrative world of logic, aesthetics, and ethics to find a much wider range of simple and complex works.
Baby Hunger and Sexual Pathology The Abductions of Robert Marcus and Stephanie Bryan
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time the United States entered World War II, Americans had witnessed a full range of kidnap horrors. The loss of a child, his or her possible death and mutilation defined the terror of kidnapping. The issue of extortion, which had initially alarmed Christian Ross and his nineteenth century contemporaries, had receded in the context of the even greater threat to a child’s life and well-being contained in the newer twentieth century stories. Indeed, while ransom abductions had been the initial focus of publicity and had formalized the threat, kidnappings for ransom became, after the surge in the 1930s, increasingly less common as the source of concern. Because of the new federal laws and beefed-up local statutes, it had also become a very dangerous way to raise money.
The Moment of Proof
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Archimedes, while bathing, suddenly hit upon the principle of buoyancy, he ran wildly through the streets of Syracuse, stark naked, crying "eureka!" In The Moment of Proof, Donald Benson attempts to convey to general readers the feeling of eureka--the joy of discovery--that mathematicians feel when they first encounter an elegant proof. This is not an introduction to mathematics so much as an introduction to the pleasures of mathematical thinking. And indeed the delights of this book are many and varied. The book is packed with intriguing conundrums--Loyd's Fifteen Puzzle, the Petersburg Paradox, the Chaos Game, the Monty Hall Problem, the Prisoners' Dilemma--as well as many mathematical curiosities. We learn how to perform the arithmetical proof called "casting out nines" and are introduced to Russian peasant multiplication, a bizarre way to multiply numbers that actually works. The book shows us how to calculate the number of ways a chef can combine ten or fewer spices to flavor his soup (1,024) and how many people we would have to gather in a room to have a 50-50 chance of two having the same birthday (23 people). But most important, Benson takes us step by step through these many mathematical wonders, so that we arrive at the solution much the way a working scientist would--and with much the same feeling of surprise. Every fan of mathematical puzzles will be enthralled by The Moment of Proof. Indeed, anyone interested in mathematics or in scientific discovery in general will want to own this book.
An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential nature of learning is primarily thought of as a verbal process or function, but this notion conveys that pre-linguistic infants do not learn. Far from being “blank slates” that passively absorb environmental stimuli, infants are active learners who perceptually engage their environments and extract information from them before language is available. The ecological approach to perceiving--defined as “a theory about perceiving by active creatures who look and listen and move around”--was spearheaded by Eleanor and James Gibson in the 1950s and culminated in James Gibson’s last book in 1979. Until now, no comprehensive theoretical statement of ecological development has been published since Eleanor Gibson’s Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development (1969). In An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Learning and Development, distinguished experimental psychologists Eleanor J. Gibson and Anne D. Pick provide a unique theoretical framework for the ecological approach to understanding perceptual learning and development. Perception, in accordance with James Gibson’s views, entails a reciprocal relationship between a person and his or her environment: The environment provides resources and opportunities for the person, and the person gets information from and acts on the environment. The concept of affordance is central to this idea; the person acts on what the environment affords, as it is appropriate. This extraordinary volume covers the development of perception in detail from birth through toddlerhood, beginning with the development of communication, going on to perceiving and acting on objects, and then to locomotion. It is more than a presentation of facts about perception as it develops. It outlines the ecological approach and shows how it underlies “higher” cognitive processes, such as concept formation, as well as discovery of the basic affordances of the environment. This impressive work should serve as the capstone for Eleanor J. Gibson’s distinguished career as a developmental and experimental psychologist.
An Ecological Approach to Perceptual Development
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ecological approach to visual perception (J.J. Gibson, 1966, 1979) provides the framework for the view of perceptual development we present here. It is a theory about perceiving by active creatures who look and listen and move around. It is a theory about everyday perceiving in the world, and it differs greatly from theories that begin with a motionless creature haplessly bombarded by stimuli. Perceiving creatures are part of a world from which they seek information and in which they use it. Perceiving begins at least as soon as an animal is born and well it should, for its function is to keep an animal in touch with the environment around it.
The ecological approach takes as its unit of study the animal in its environment, considered as an interactive system. The relations within this system are reciprocal, with the reciprocity including a species evolving in an environment to which it becomes adapted, and an individual acting in its own niche, developing and learning.
Hallmarks of Human Behavior
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavior has distinctive properties observable in neither physiological pro cesses nor in any ultimate reduction to a lower level. Because behavior has such properties, we need a science of psychology that studies behavior in its own right. These properties are not just elements of action. They become apparent only when we have observed enough behavior to detect the persistent properties that reappear over time, in many guises and exemplars. We shall refer to these properties as “hallmarks of human behavior,” recognizing that they apply to the behavior of all of humankind, and perhaps of other animals as well. They make behavior special. It would take far more knowledge than psychologists now possess to program them in robots (if that could be done at all). They become ap parent in the behavior of very young infants, and they develop over the years as tasks differentiate and become lengthier, and exposure to new and different en vironments brings opportunities for wider experience and generalization.
The Representation of Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tone model that I will propose makes use of the two binary features of Halle and Stevens (1971), [stiff] and [slack]. As I have pointed out in section 2.6, the advantage of the Halle-Stevens feature system is its ability to express the pitch of vowels and voicing of consonants as featurally the same phenomenon. Thus, [+stiff] specifies voicelessness in consonants and relatively high pitch in vowels, and [-stiff] specifies voicing in consonants and relatively low pitch in vowels. This captures directly the well-known correlation between tone registers (the yin yang registers in traditional Chinese philology) and the voice qualities of consonants. Under the interpretation of Halle and Stevens (1971), the feature [stiff] provides the articulatory instruction to raise the degree of stiffuess of the vocal cords, while the feature [slack] gives the opposite instruction. The two features combine to determine three states of vocal cord tension, which produces three distinct pitches: This view holds that [+stiff] and [+slack] are mutually exclusive on logical grounds.
Tone in Phonological Representation
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between tone and other elements of phonological representation was a controversial issue in early generative study of the topic. Although it has proved successful in segmental phonology, the SPE conception of feature bundles has its problems in dealing with familiar tonological phenomena. The controversy has centered around the representation of tone. On one hand, the segmentalists maintain that tones are a property of vowels, or other tone-bearing sonorants, while on the other, the suprasegmentalists claim that tones are a property of suprasegmental entities such as syllables. Regarding the relationship between tonal features and segmental features, W. S.-Y. Wang writes,
Epilogue
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been observed that tone languages fall into two general types, the contour system and the level system, or using Pike’s (1948) term, the register system. The theory of tone proposed in this study vindicates the typological divide between the level systems characteristic of African languages, and the contour systems characteristic of Asian languages. In this section, I will explore the typological differences in light of the theory of tone proposed in this study.
Unconscious Emotion: Evolutionary Perspectives, Psychophysiological Data and Neuropsychological Mechanisms
Authors: Öhman Arne , Flykt Anders , Lundqvist Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions can be understood as action sets (e.g., Frijda, 1986; Lang, 1984) preparing the organism to act in some ways rather than in others. From this perspective, there is no clear boundary between emotion and motivation. Traditionally, motivation has been more related to action tendencies induced from internal states such as hunger, whereas emotion most often has been related to states elicited by external stimuli. A fundamental dimension in both emotion and motivation is that of approach—avoidance, ranging from a readiness to stay in a situation and engage in its potentialities to abandoning it because of the threats and dangers it implies (Lang et al., 1990). The functional advantage of these processes is that they allow for flexibility in the interaction between organism and environment. In effect, a primary function of emotion has been described as the decoupling of stimuli and responses (Scherer, 1994). Rather than the rigid stimulus—response relationship of signal stimuli and fixed action patterns described by ethologists (e.g., Tinbergen, 1951), emotions in many contexts allow flexible use of environmental support to achieve desired outcomes (e.g., Archer, 1979; Damasio, 1994). For example, when distressed, children seek the support and comfort of their parents whether by their own locomotion (crawling, walking, or running) or by vocal behavior prompting parental approach. However, the decoupling of stimulus and response is by no means absolute, because time for deliberation is not always an advantage. A predator, for example, strikes fast and hard, and the quicker defensive maneuvers are initiated by the potential prey, the better its chances to survive the encounter. Particularly in defensive circumstances, therefore, time is a critical issue, and then emotional activation and reflexive escape action may be virtually instantaneous.
A Semantic Basis For Navajo Syntactic Typology
Authors: Faltz Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended as an exploration of the approach found in Faltz (1995) as applied to a number of typological features of the Navajo language. The intent is to show that a significant collection of such features, including features discussed in Faltz (1995) and Speas (1995), as well as some additional ones, form a coherent collection that can be understood by examining the way semantic interpretation is related to syntactic structure.
Monadic Verbs And Argument Structure In Aiitna, Slave, And Navajo
Authors: Rice Keren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monadic verbs have been an important topic of research, both in linguistic theory in general (e.g., Perlmutter 1978; Rosen 1984; Grimshaw 1987, 1990; Van Valin 1990; Tenny 1994; Levin and Hovav Rappaport 1995) and in Athabaskan languages in paiticular (Hale and Platero 1996, Rice 1991). In this essay I focus on lexically monadic verbs in three Athabaskan languages, Ahtna, Slave, and Navajo. I concentrate in particular on how the syntactic position of nondiscourse participant subjects in these languages is dete1mined. I make the following claims:
Iconicity And Word Order in Koyukonathabaskan
Authors: Thompson Chad L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Koyukon and other Athabaskan languages are often described as being SOY languages. However, it is also well understood that Athabaskan languages some times allow deviations from this word order. Subject Object Inversion (SOI) in Navajo and other Athabaskan languages is a famous example of such deviation. Koyukon, an Athabaskan language spoken in the interior of Alaska, does not generally allow SOI, but it is not unusual for one to find postverbal constituents or adjuncts in texts. The present paper looks at such constituents, discusses the problems they pose for theories of iconicity, and, with support from a quantified analysis and from psycholinguistic evidence, suggests explanations for their usage.
Navajo as a Discourse Configurational Language
Authors: Willie MaryAnn , Jelinek Eloise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baker (1996) defines “polysynthetic” languages as requiring registration of argument structure in the verbal morphology. The goal of this paper is to define the semantic features that underlie this typological propery, as manifested in Navajo. We argue that Navajo is a discourse configurational language, where nominals are adjuncts ordered according to the topic/focus articulation of the clause, while incorporated pronominal arguments in the verb-sentence carry the grammatical relations. We show that some properties of anaphora and focus in Navajo provide crucial evidence on argument structure in the language.
Biological Factors in the Development of Sexual Orientation
Authors: Hershberger Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review evidence on the role of biological factors in the development of sexual orientation from sources as diverse as studies of lateral preference, cognitive abilities, and anthropometry. Homosexuality is a sexual attraction to someone of the same anatomical sex; heterosexuality is a sexual attraction to someone of the opposite sex. Closely allied to sexual attraction is fantasy. If someone has sexual fantasies about others of the same sex, then the fantasies are homosexual; if someone has sexual fantasies about others of the opposite sex, then the fantasies are heterosexual. If a person’s sexual attractions and fantasies are primarily homosexual, then that person may be labeled “lesbian” or” gay.” Conversely, if a person’s sexual attractions and fantasies are primarily heterosexual, then that person may be labeled “heterosexual.” When attraction and fantasy are directed to members of both sexes, a person may be labeled “bisexual.” Attraction and fantasy are not the only dimensions that could be used to define a person as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or heterosexual, but they are typically the most reliable. Physiological responses to erotic stimuli are one alternative, but men and women respond differently to stimuli of different sensory modalities (Laan & Everaerd, 1995), thereby rendering difficult unambiguous comparisons between men and women. Same-sex sexual behavior or opposite-sex sexual behavior could serve as another criterion for sexual orientation, but personal and environmental constraints on sexual activity restrict its usefulness. Asking individuals whether they would self-identify lesbian, gay, or bisexual is another possibility, but this has the limitation that responses to this question are often based on social and political aspects of homosexuality and not sexual desire. Nonetheless, attraction/ fantasy, physiological responses, behavior, and self-identity are significantly, but not perfectly, positively correlated.
Louis Armstrong, in His Own Words
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louis Armstrong has been the subject of countless biographies and music histories. Yet scant attention has been paid to the remarkable array of writings he left behind. Louis Armstrong: In His Own Words introduces readers to a little-known facet of this master trumpeter, band leader, and entertainer. Based on extensive research through the Armstrong archives, this important volume includes some of his earliest letters, personal correspondence with one of his first biographers in 1943-44, autobiographical writings, magazine articles, and essays. Here are Armstrong’s own thoughts on his life and career--from poverty in New Orleans to playing in the famous cafes, cabarets, and saloons of Storyville, from his big break in 1922 with the King Oliver band to his storming of New York, from his breaking of color barriers in Hollywood to the infamous King of the Zulus incident in 1949, and finally, to his last days in Queens, New York. Along the way Armstrong recorded touching portraits of his times and offered candid, often controversial, opinions about racism, marijuana, bebop, and other jazz artists such as Jelly Roll Morton and Coleman Hawkins. Indeed, these writings provide a balanced portrait of his life as a musician, entertainer, civil rights activist, and cultural icon. Armstrong’s idiosyncratic use of language and punctuation have been preserved to give the reader an unvarnished portrayal of this compelling artist. This volume also includes introductions to the writings, as well as an annotated index of names and places significant to Armstrong’s life.
Cognitive Rehabilitation In Old Age
Authors: Hill Robert D , Bäckman Lars , Neely Anna Stigsdotter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive deficits are part of the normal ageing process and are exacerbated by various diseases that affect adults in old age, such as dementia, depression, and stroke. A significant scientific and social effort has been expended to evaluate whether cognitive deficits can be remedied through systematic interventions. The editors, as well as the chapter authors, represent a variety of viewpoints that span theory as well as practice. Overall, they aim to address concepts in cognitive rehabilitation that are useful in intervention research—research which examines problems and issues in normal and pathological aging—and focusing on the application of cognitive training strategies in natural settings. Thus, the book is grounded in contemporary theory in cognitive ageing and is applicable to both the practicing clinician as well as the researcher. It is organized into four sections. The first highlights prominent theoretical principles; the second looks at cognitive rehabilitation strategies in normal ageing; the third examines the interplay between lifestyle patterns and cognitive function through applying a broad definition of lifestyle choices; and the fourth focuses on rehabilitation strategies that address issues in pathological (or diseased) ageing.