bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Shield of Achilles
Authors: Alden Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thefunction of para-narratives as a commentary on the events of the main plot of the Iliad is seen particularly clearly in the poet’s description of the scenes depicted by Hephaestus on the shield he makes for Achilles at the request of Thetis. The poet is perfectly free to describe any decoration he wishes his audience to imagine on the shield. He could have followed the pattern of some of his other descriptions of armour and weapons, which concentrate simply on ornament and luxury. For example, the bands of gold and the dark blue snakes decorating Agamemnon’s breastplate are lovingly described, and so is his shield emblazoned with Panic and Fear and a three-headed snake (II. II. I 9-28, 32-40). The scenes depicted on the shield are quite different: nowhere else does the poet of the Iliad extrapolate into narrative static motifs such as those represented on the shield.
The Paradigm of Meleager: Application and Implication
Authors: Alden Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iliad’s version of the story of Meleager presents that hero as the recipient of a number of requests from a succession of persons. Each of these requests is for the same thing: the hero should abandon his wrath and fight in defence of the town. This version of the story displays correspondences with the situation of Achilles: like Meleager, Achilles receives requests from a series of ambassadors, and each of these ambassadors corresponds to a figure in the succession of persons approaching Meleager. The ambassadors, like those who approached Meleager, all ask Achilles to lay aside his anger and fight in their defence. Meleager neglected the early requests put to him, despite the accompanying offer of a handsome present (a wealthy estate): he did not fight until requested to do so by his wife, but by the time of his wife’s request, the emergency of his city had escalated to a crisis, the offer of the handsome present was past, and Meleager returned to the fighting empty-handed. The story of Meleager appears to be offered to Achilles as an example of a hero who was angry, but who laid aside his anger, as Achilles is being urged to do. It is presented as a dissuasive pattern, an example to be avoided: Achilles is being asked to return to battle in exchange for the handsome presents offered in the early stages of the sequence of approaches: he is being advised not to delay until he is requested to return to the fighting by someone he cannot refuse. Nothing suggests that the Calydonian elders or the priests they send to offer gifts to Meleager have close ties of affection with Meleager, but they are rapidly followed by members of Meleager’s family, his dearest friends, and finally his wife, who persuades him to go out and fight.
The Domestic Consumption of Olive Oil
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The domestic consumption needs of rich households in ancient Athens for olive oil falls into three basic categories: food, lighting, and personal cleansing and adornment. This last category includes the use of oil in the gymnasium as well as the use of oil for perfume (Raftopoulos 1995; 1996; Brun 2000). This chapter attempts to quantify these demands roughly, and the results are summarized in Table 4.1. Obviously, even a very crude estimate must depend heavily on the judicious use of comparative and ‘proxy’ data, and the resulting figures are inevitably very approximate. Nonetheless, the exercise is useful for the purpose of making a guess at the levels of production for which such households aimed, and thus for building the understanding of the economic, cultural, and nutritional significance of the olive in ancient Athens and Attica, and perhaps more widely in the Greek world, although there are bound to have been significant regional differences in consumption patterns.
Arboriculture and Ornamental Gardens in Ancient Greece
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems very odd that the Greeks are not better known for their ornamental horticulture in all its many forms; indeed it has been suggested that the Greeks never made gardens for pleasure (e.g. Burford 1993: 137; cf. Osborne 1992b; Carroll-Spillecke 1989). On the contrary, there is a considerable of documentary, archaeological, and iconographic evidence to suggest that they did. Greek gardens were not, of course, herbaceous borders behind the house designed in the style of temperate-zone English or American gardens. It is hardly surprising, given ecological parameters of southern Greece, that they share much more in common with the gardens of southern California. Moreover, the word ‘garden’ itself is misleading: most scholars have tried to translate that back into ancient Greek as kepos, which demonstrably does not mean ornamental garden most of the time (Osborne 1992b).
Conclusions
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central theme of this work has been the ways in which the cultivation of the olive fits into both the cultural and the agricultural systems of the Mediterranean region of ancient Greece, as part of ‘the economy’. Agriculture is one kind of cultural appropriation of the natural world (Bourdieu 1977; 1993: 214–25). In the case of complex societies like those of ancient Greece and Rome, such appropriation is via economic and political, as well as social, institutions (cf. Thomas 1983: 254–6 for the phenomenon in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England). Hence, the study of farming and farming techniques, as I have shown, is as inseparable from the study of these wider realms as it is indispensable to the understanding and reconstruction of them.
The Andromache and Euripidean Tragedy
Authors: Allan William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Andromache has long been disparaged despite being a brilliant piece of theatre. In this book Dr Allan draws attention to the neglected artistry of this very impressive and intriguing text. Through careful analysis the Andromache emerges as a play that poses fundamental questions, especially about the polarity of Greek and barbarian, and the morality of the gods. Dr Allan shows how the play also challenges revenge as a motive for action, and explores the role of women as wives, mothers, and victims of war, be they Greek or Trojan, victorious or defeated. These are among the central concerns that make the Andromache a moving and thought-provoking tragedy, full of suffering, suspense, and moral interest. This book contributes both to an appreciation of the Andromache in its own right, and to a wider understanding of the variety and quality of Euripides' oeuvre.
Characterization
Authors: Allan William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Goethe’s praise of the dramatic art of Shakespeare appeals to a standard of characterization which once influenced many readers of Euripidean tragedy. We are now aware that to demand that the tragic poet should create people with a past, with a depth and textured reality, is to show the influence of an alien aesthetic, one embodied most strikingly in the nineteenth-century novel, which is eminently interested in the development of character in terms of moral progress and decline.
Philo of Larissa
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book-length study of Philo of Larissa. Philo (159-84 BC) was the leader of the Platonic Academy in its final period as an Athenian institution, and also the principal philosophical teacher of Cicero. Dr Brittain charts Philo's gradual rejection of the radical scepticism of Carneades (concluding with his notorious 'Roman Books' of 89 BC), and offers philosophical justifications for his initial position of modified scepticism and final advocacy of a fallibilist empiricism. Philo's controversial epistemological views are constructed through their historical context in the late Hellenistic Academy, his wider thought on the history of philosophy, ethics and rhetoric, and his controversies with his pupils Antiochus and Aenesidemus. The appendix contains full testimonia and 'fragments' of Philo.
Ethics
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stobaeus, Eclogue 2. 7 (pp. 39-41 Wachsmuth) contains a lengthy passage presented as a ‘division of philosophical doctrine’ by Philo:Philo was a Larissan by birth, an Academic philosopher, a student of Clitomachus, and someone who made reasonable progress † in his ⟨works ⟩ †. Philo showed acuity in his other writings as well as his division of philosophical doctrine,1 2 3 which I append [since it is relevant to my work]. He says that the philosopher is like a doctor.
And Tell Sad Stories of the Deaths of Kings’: Greek Tragic Drama as Narrative
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone acquainted with the critical literature of ‘Narratology’ is likely already to have raised an eyebrow at my title, since for the doyen of narratologists, Gerard Genette, as for Aristotle, drama is by definition a non-narrative mode of representation, tout court. Genette indeed has recently written of the ‘truly insurmountable opposition between dramatic representation and narrative’ .1 For the time being, my reply to this fairly comprehensive objection to what I am about to argue here must be a ‘commonsense’ one-and thus, no doubt, naive.
Herodotus and Religion
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Herodotus and religion’ is a big subject and one that has provoked much discussion.1 That is hardly surprising: religion bulks large in Herodotus, both in what he records of other cultures and in his narrative of the events that concern him. In his accounts of each of the major cultures that fall within his chosen historical horizon (those of the Persians, the Egyptians, the Scythians, and the Thracians) he offers an extended and comprehensive description of their religious traditions and practices and even in his cultural references to populations of more fleeting importance to his narrative, peoples such as the Taurians, the Libyans, the Babylonians, the Geloni, or the Issedones, there are, more often than not, passing references at least to matters of religion. Furthermore, in his primary narrative, from first to last, there are very frequent discussions of divine or supernatural strands in the causation or the prefiguring of the events narrated. Religion, it would appear beyond doubt, was important in Herodotus’ perception of things.
Roman Constructions
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman Constructions collects together twelve published and unpublished papers on Latin literature and literary theory from the decade 1989 to 1999. The papers share a common 'postmodern' emphasis on the role of the modern scholar and critic in the construction, rather than recreation, of meaning, and attempt to show how this approach works in detailed readings of a number of Latin authors, above all Vergil. The papers deal with such topics as point of view and focalization, intertextuality, historical contextualization, and closure, and each section is introduced by reflections on recent work in these areas subsequent to the original papers. The work makes a plea for classical scholars to accept their historical situatedness and to give up the pretence of scientific objectivity so that they can play a fuller part in the cultural dialogues of the present.
Even Better than the Real Thing: A Tale of Two Cities
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Words and images seem inevitably to become implicated in a ‘war of signs’ (what Leonardo called a paragone) in which the stakes are things like nature, truth, reality, and the human spirit. Each art, each type of sign or medium, lays claim to certain things that it is best equipped to mediate, and each grounds its claim in a certain characterisation of its ‘self’, its own proper essence.
Pyramus, Thisbe, King Kong: Ovid and the Presence of Poetry
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Pyramus and This be as told by the Minyeides in book 4 of Ovid’s Metamorphoses (4. 55-166) is one of his most famous tales, above all perhaps because of its performance by the rustics in Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream. Shakespeare produced a more tragic version of the underlying story in Romeo and Juliet, and its reception in European literature, art, and music has inspired more than one book-length study.
Opening the Gates of War: Aeneid 7. 601-640
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘VERGIL and the monuments’ has become as popular a rubric for contemporary Vergilian scholarship as ‘Homer and the monuments’ was for an earlier generation of Homerists. Art historians are as varied as literary scholars, as can be seen from the very different ways that a monument like the Ara Pacis has been handled by Jaś Elsner and Karl Galinsky.
Italian Futurist Theatre 1909-1944
Authors: Berghaus Günter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italian Futurist Theatre provides an overview of the theatrical activities of the Italian Futurist movement, headed by F. T. Marinetti. It analyses the theory and practice of Futurist performance, covers the theatre work of all leading artists and writers of the movement, and discusses the principal aims and achievements of their theatrical experiments. The main focus of the study is directed towards reconstructing the performance history of Futurist theatre. But it also incorporates aspects of dramatic writing, stage and costume design and theatre architecture, and is heavily illustrated. Although the significance of Futurism for the art and culture of this century is universally acknowledged today, relatively little research has been undertaken with regard to the form of expression that was dearest to the Futurists: theatre. No other art could better demonstrate the movement's concept of 'art as action', propagate its anti-traditionalist stance and demonstrate its modernist aims and aesthetics. Yet the myriads of Futurist experiments in the performing arts have been neglected by scholars, partly because documentation is not easily available, partly because of the inherent problems of reconstructing performances of the past. This volume is the first comprehensive study of Italian Futurist theatre in the English language. It is the result of a major research project, supported by the British Academy, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage. This highly original book is predominantly based on documents discovered in the course of ten years of extensive investigations in Italian archives, libraries, and private collections.
Tonal Organization in the Opera Buffa of Mozart’s Time
Authors: Platoff John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Tonal organization’, ‘tonal planning’, and ‘high-level tonal structure’ are terms referring to the relationships between the tonic keys of the separate musical numbers of a work. Underlying the use of these terms, which are prevalent in many recent analyses of Mozart opera, is the assumption that these relationships contribute significantly to the structure and meaning of Mozart’s operatic works. Yet neither the extent nor the importance of such high-level tonal relationships has ever been systematically examined. Claims abound that, for instance, an act or an entire opera is ‘in’ a key, or that the relationships between the tonic keys of successive numbers constitute a ‘progression’; but neither the perceptual status nor the fundamental value of such claims are assessed. Frequently cited, for example, is the fact that in each of Mozart’s mature operas the overture and final number share the same key. Or, to take a specific example from Le nozze di Figaro, critics point out that Figaro’s aria ‘Non più andrai’, the final number of Act I, is in C, a fifth lower than the preceding musical number, and thus the act is supposedly closed by a V-I progression.
The ‘Candy-Colored Clown’: Reading Early Modern Dreams
Authors: Mcluskie Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As every devotee of Sixties retro knows, the ‘candy-colored clown’ is the sandman who, in Roy Orbison’s song ‘In Dreams’, ‘comes to my window every night’. He brings the dreams which compensate for romantic loss but which are sadly insubstantial: The song gets its sentimental effect partly from the throb of the music and the powerful range of Orbison’s wailing voice; it also plays on a familiar opposition between the worlds of dreams and reality which is a standard metaphor for emotional loss, the leitmotif of the genre.
Jonson’s Magic Houses
Authors: Donaldson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ben Jonson was commonly regarded during his lifetime and the century following his death as a writer whose powers were equal, if not superior, to those of Shakespeare. By the middle of the eighteenth century, however, his reputation had sharply declined: while Shakespeare was increasingly venerated as a type of original genius, Jonson was contrastingly seen as a writer of patchy and derivative talents, excessively devoted to the authors of antiquity and to the social minutiae of his age, anxiously resentful of his great and 'gentle' rival. This popular, formalized contrast of the two men's characters and abilities profoundly affected the subsequent reputations of both Shakespeare and Jonson. In this new collection of biographical, critical and historical essays, Ian Donaldson challenges many long-held and recent assumptions about the nature of Jonson's personality and creative achievement, offering fresh readings of his life and art.
Metonymy, Montage, and Death in Franfois Villons Testament
Authors: Taylor Jane H M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mo Dern readers who have appreciated, say, the Ballade des pendus or the Ballade des dames du temps jadis, and who are imbued with the romantic notion that poetry should pack every line, every symagm, every lexeme with the maximum lyric charge, are taken aback when they meet Villon’s major work, the Testament, and are confronted with inconsequential, random, confused jottings which seem not only deeply In the year of my thirtieth age, when I had drunk down all my shame, neither entirely foolish nor entirely wise, in spite of so many torments endured ...
Maytime in Late Medieval Courts
Authors: Crane Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Maytimes of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century England and France, courtiers dressed up in plants, celebrated women for being daisies, and allied themselves with the parties of Leaf and Flower. Their behaviour, which has left few traces in chronicles and wardrobe ac counts but quite a bit of poetry in its wake, raises intriguing questions in relation to ritual. How are courtiers who wear garlands of flowers or leaves modifying their self-presentation and what do they think to accomplish by doing so? What relation with nature are they asserting? I will argue that, as ritual, elite Maying works to shape participants’ sexuality. This transformation of sexuality contributes in turn to the ritual’s enactment of privileged social status.
In the Begining Was Cock: Animal Farms and the Plain Sense of Things
Authors: Boitani Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animal farms, pace Orwell, are very ancient literary inventions. There may be none in the Hebrew Bible, which postulates man’s likeness to God, but they abound in Greek and Latin literature, where the names of Aesop, Babrius, and Phaedrus, the greatest writers of animal fables, are enough to conjure up a whole world of lions, wolves, foxes, lambs, cocks, and asses.
Joyce’s Revenge
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ireland of Ulysses was still a part of Britain. This book is the first comprehensive, historical study of Joyce's great novel in the context of Anglo-Irish political and cultural relations in the period 1880-1920. The first forty years of Joyce's life also witnessed the emergence of what historians now call English cultural nationalism. This formation was perceptible in a wide range of different discourses. Ulysses engages with many of them. In doing so, it resists, transforms and works to transcend the effects of British rule in Ireland. The novel was written in the years leading up to Irish independence. It is powered by both a will to freedom and a will to justice. But the two do not always coincide, and Joyce does not place his art in the service of any extant political cause. His struggle for independence has its own distinctive mode. The result is a unique work of liberation - and revenge. This eminently learned but lucidly written book transforms our understanding of Joyce's Ulysses. It does so by placing the novel firmly in the historical context of Anglo-Irish political and cultural relations in the period 1880-1920. Gibson argues that Ulysses is a great work of liberation that also takes a complex form of revenge on the colonizer's culture.
The Rape of the Lock: From Miscellany Endpiece to Illustrated Independence
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rape of the Lock was Pope’s first major experiment in textual revision and showed his power to utilize the resources of print to transform his materials. The poem was published in 1712 and 1714 in two quite different forms. In 1712 it appeared at the end of Miscellaneous Poems and Translations, a collection of pieces by Pope and his friends, as a twenty-four-page semi-independent afterthought; in 1714, expanded to forty-eight pages, it was issued as a separate octavo volume with six engraved plates, and engraved headpieces and initials, partly as a trial run for the subscription Iliad.
The Works of 1735–1736: Pope’s Notes
Authors: McLaverty James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pope always liked notes, and he used them even in the early manuscripts that have come down to us, but in 1735 and 1736 they started to assume a much greater importance. They became an expression of his direct engagement for the first time with the general public, in an edition that was cheap, elegant, and readily available. They conveyed Pope’s evaluation of his poetry, related it to his own life and the work of his predecessors, and invited the public to read him as a historical figure in a historical context. Pope became not just a classic but a popular classic, and he laid down lines of interpretation that have persisted to the present day.
Schooldays: 1860-1867
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT nine-and-a-half, Mary Arnold was transferred to a more serious boarding establishment: the Rock Terrace School for Young Ladies at Shifnal, Shrop¬shire. It was now an understood thing that she was not to return home for eight years. Understood, but not welcomed. In March 1861 she wrote to her mother, ‘Oh! how I wish I was seventeen that I might go home and stay.’1 Why she was thus exiled—unlike her three sisters—is mysterious.
Soldier in Skirts: 1916-1917
Authors: Sutherland John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NOT surprisingly, the Wards who did most to help Britain win the war were Mary and her eldest daughter. The ever-willing Dorothy buckled to, and organized a force of land girls for the Hertfordshire Agricultural Committee. They pulled on trousers and tilled the land at Stocks. The Wards’ work in London was no less vital to their country.