bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divorce, Supremacy, and Schism, 1530–1535
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HENRY VIII did not have much patience, and by the autumn of 1530 there was little left. He had wanted Anne Boleyn for four years, but his desires had been frustrated. He had sought a divorce since May 1527, but his cardinal, his canonists, and his diplomats had failed him. Wolsey’s strategems, the intricate arguments from the royal advisers, and the king’s own threats to Rome had made no progress against Clement VII’s fear of the emperor. The pope had not granted an annulment, and it seemed unlikely that he ever would. By September 1530, Henry thought he had found an answer in the principles of the Collectanea, and Anne and her family were advocating a unilateral solution within England. But this new hope was challenged when the October meeting of clergy and lawyers advised that parliament could not empower an archbishop to act against the pope’s prohibition. Henry was furious: he prorogued the expected parliamentary session, and began a campaign of intimidation to alter the October decision. He had been given a reason to attack the privileges and pockets of the English clergy.
Reformation Reversed, 1538–1547
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON 16 November 1538 Henry VIII stopped the Reformation dead. His personal involvement in the trial of John Lambert and the proclamation against heresy showed his mind; he would no longer let Cranmer and Cromwell have their way: they must follow his way, or pay for their disobedience. It is a measure of Henry’s determination that he threw his support behind the conservative bishops just when diplomatic calculation suggested a Lutheran alliance. Also in November, the pope had finally published his excommunication of the king, and then sent Cardinal Pole off to persuade Francis I and Charles V to mount a crusade against England. In January 1539, by the Treaty of Toledo, France and the Empire agreed not to ally with Henry, and then recalled their ambassadors. For a time at least, England was ringed by a Catholic alliance: France, the Empire, and Scotland. Frantic missions were dispatched to Saxony, Hesse, and Denmark—though by now the Lutherans were somewhat sceptical of Henry’s intentions. Thomas Cromwell floated the project of a marriage between the widowed Henry and the sister of the half-Lutheran duke of Cleves, and a treaty was eventually signed in October 1539.
Paul I of Russia 1754-1801
Authors: McGrew Roderick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first full modern biography of Paul I, son of Catherine the Great and Tsar of Russia 1796-1801. Considered by some to have been a cruel despot verging on the insane, Paul has been seen by others as a progressive if flawed ruler who was overthrown because he challenged the privileged nobility. Roderick McGrew explores the influences which shaped Paul's values and behaviour, assessing the role played by his upbringing, his relations with his mother and her court, and the powerful effect of the French Revolution. He examines Paul's insecure, unpredictable, and often violent character, and traces his gradual evolution into a committed autocrat who combined enlightened humanitarianism with a firm belief in military discipline and hierarchy. As Tsar, he aroused fear, hatred, and contempt among his nobles, resulting in a coup d'état which ended his brief reign and his life. Professor McGrew's intensively researched study not only offers a portrait of a complex ruler and his times, but also assesses the part played by Paul in establishing the deeply conservative political outlook which characterized Russia in the nineteenth century.
A Beginning in the End: The Problem of Paul I
Authors: McGrew Roderick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after midnight on 12/24 March I8oI, Paul I, then ruling tsar of all the Russias, was murdered in his bedroom in the newly finished Michael Palace in St Petersburg. His death was violent, brutal, and probably premeditated, though subsequent accounts created an illusion of passionate spontaneity. Paul was the victim of a conspiracy which was first organized in I 799 and reorganized in 1800. Its purpose was to replace him as tsar with his eldest son, the grand duke Alexander. Paul was to be given the opportunity to abdicate. If he refused, he was to be arrested and declared deposed, presumably on the ground that he was no longer competent to govern. The acquiescence of his son was essential to the plan, and after months of vacillation, Alexander was finally brought to agree on the understanding that his father would be unharmed. This was ingenuous. Just minutes before the conspirators set out on their fateful march, someone asked Count Peter von der Pahlen, the leader of the conspiracy, what would happen if the tsar resisted. Pahlen replied with that chilling cliche that to make an omelette one must be prepared to break eggs. Within two hours the eggs were broken; Paul was dead, and Alexander, the first of that name to rule in modern times, was tsar.
Cultural Patterns
Authors: Bartlett Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the Hebrew that had limited oral use among the tiny Jewish community, and the Cornish and Welsh spoken in parts of the south-west and along the ·welsh borders, there were three main languages used for oral communication in England in the period covered here: English, French, and Latin. Although there is little direct evidence about the use of spoken language, some natural assumptions can be made. There is no doubt about the character of Latin: it was a language that was learned by an educated minority and was spoken in very restricted but prestigious spheres-the Church, law and administration, education.
The Politicization of Catholic Women in Salamanca, 1931-1936
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enfranchisement of Spanish women under the Second Republic was heralded by the extraordinary spectacle of a woman parliamentary deputy arguing against female suffrage. Victoria Kent, the Radical—Socialist representative for Madrid and one of three female deputies voted into the Cortes in 1931 by an all-male electorate, argued that extending the franchise to women would endanger the Republic as so many of them followed ‘the inspiration of priests and friars’. Fortunately for the defenders of women’s rights, Kent was vehemently opposed by the Radical deputy Clara Campoamor in a parliamentary confrontation described by the Republic’s future president Manuel Azaña as ‘very amusing’. Despite the entertainment value, however, Azaña did appreciate the seriousness of the point at issue, agreeing with Campoamor that: ‘it is an atrocity to deny women the vote out of suspicion that they would not vote in favour of the Republic’.
The Eclipse of the Socialist Left: 1934-1937
Authors: Graham Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 17 May 1937 the veteran socialist trade union leader, Francisco Largo Caballero, resigned as prime minister of the Spar fish Republican government. His ‘fall’ has been interpreted as symbolizing the death of the popular revolution which had swept through much of the Republic’s territory in the first months of the Civil War. Even more crudely, the collapse of Largo’s government has been viewed purely as the result of the machinations of the Spanish Communist Party (PCE) and its allies on the national executive of the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Party). However, in order fully to appreciate the underlying reasons for a political failure which heralded the beginning of the end for the party left, a much wider perspective must be taken.
Living On Mangetti
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Haiom ‘Bushmen’ of northern Namibia are still a gathering people, living not only on mangetti [nuts] and other wild foods but also on the by-products of the cattle industry on the mangetti farms. Namibian independence in 1990 with its new options has created a dilemma which may result in a loss of autonomous modes of social organization. The personal quality of their social relations relies on a high degree of individual autonomy, cultural diversity, subsistence flexibility, social permeability, and of immediacy in religious affairs. This book describes the main strategies that the Haiom have developed to deal with independence and dependency - their ways of accessing the new economic resources, their communication skills, their storytelling practices, their sophisticated ways of creating name and kin relations across spatial and social boundaries, and their way of co-operating in the medicine dance, their main religious ritual.
Common Knowledge
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CHANGES on the physical face of Bacup are marked. Its rapid growth as an industrial centre, when houses, factories, churches, businesses, public houses, and transport systems ‘appeared overnight’, gave way to a contraction when, one after the other, factories closed down followed by other small businesses and the railway station. One unused and slightly crooked factory chimney remains standing, and gives little intimation of what, 100 years ago, was a vista dominated by factory chimneys. Residents who appropriate Bacup’s industrial history as their own talk of changes that have occurred as part of a general deterioration in ‘the quality of life’. The present is thought of as qualitatively poorer than the past (see also Cohen 1987; Macdonald 1997). In bringing the past forward to comment on the present, the poor and arduous living conditions of earlier times, which are elsewhere and for a different purpose fore-grounded, are for now screened out. It is not that they are forgotten, it is just that, in this context, they are irrelevant. Instead the image of Bacup as a thriving, densely populated place, at the centre of activity and industry, is put to work.
Qualitative Spatial Change
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a contribution to the emerging discipline of Qualitative Spatial Information Theory. The discipline has arisen from a realization that traditional quantitative techniques for the analysis of spatial phenomena must be supplemented by a wide range of qualitative methods if we are to use information technology effectively to further our capacity for handling spatio-temporal information. Such qualitative methods must be supported by a body of theory concerning the nature and organization of our spatio-temporal concepts. This theory will cover time, space, objects in space, their spatial attributes, changes in those attributes, and the temporal structure of those changes. In this book each topic is given a chapter to itself, and theory of qualitative spaces as partitions of quantitative spaces is developed in detail, and applied to numerous particular cases. The theory thus provides a uniform basis for the further development of formal and computational theories of spatial change.
Age, Marriage, and Politics in Fifteenth-Century Ragusa
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book combines the interdisciplinary insights of history, anthropology, and computing to examine the interrelationships between politics, kinship, and marriage in a late-medieval city-state. At the heart of the study is a reconsideration of `office' and the ways in which ties of kinship and marriage were mobilized to build electoral success. In fifteenth-century Ragusa (present-day Dubrovnik) membership of the Great Council, which nominated and elected office-holders, was restricted to the legitimate male offspring of patrician brides and grooms. The patrician class was highly endogamous, and the relationship between endogamy and electoral support is an important theme running through this book. A related theme concerns the age differences between spouses, which are shown to have important structural implications for the organization of the casata, kinship relations, and marriage ties. These implications are investigated using a variety of innovative methods, including cohort analysis and computer simulation.
Bureaucracy and Office
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthropological treatments of office have tended to concentrate on the last feature-the separation between offices and their holders (Gluckman 1955: 198). There have been particularly telling analyses of rituals of investiture. Accounts of divine kingship are probably the best-known example. But anthropological accounts of other aspects of bureaucracy are much less developed. This in itself may also be a legacy of Weberian influence.
Indigenous Religions of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the extreme diversity of religious ideation and practice in Papua New Guinea it is clearly difficult to provide anything resembling a ‘balanced’ overview of the indigenous religions of that country. Nevertheless, in the context of this book, one of the greatest parameters of variation is of relatively limited relevance—namely, the representational/cosmological content of different religious traditions. It need not concern us here that people in one village might distinguish eight classes of spiritual agency and the people of another village only two, or that in one region the dead are left to rot in the bush, whereas in another they might be partially decomposed, dismembered, and certain body parts worn as decorations.
Modalities of Codification and Dissemination
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores in more detail a fundamental divergence in the way religious materials are codified in Melanesia. In new religious movements modelled on the doctrinal practices of missionary Christianity, revelations are extensively codified as doctrine. In two such movements described in this chapter, conversion occurred through the power of the Word, affording opportunities for active proselytism over large areas and the establishment of centralized ecclesiastical hierarchies. In contrast, the mode of religiosity indigenous to Melanesia does not rely on doctrinal codification. In some traditional systems of initiation, for instance, there appear to be strict taboos (backed by formidable sanctions) against the verbalization of religious revelations. Moreover, in a number of more recently established cults, operating in this mode, exegetical accounts are characteristically thin, disconnected, or simply unavailable.
The Domain of Lape, Eldest of the Ga’e
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned at the beginning of Part I, Lape Ga’e was the eldest of a group of male ancestors who divided the land of western Keo, and is therefore recognized as the principal Land Mother in the entire region. Although some Keo equate Lape Ga’e with an ancestor named Lape Mere, many specify the second figure as the son, SS, or SSS of Lape Ga’e.1 Either way, Lape Mere, too, is designated as Land Mother (ine tana). Indeed, it is this name, more often than Lape Ga’e, that is given to the ancestor who first divided the territory of Lape Ga’e among several Defenders.
How Simple is the Simple Account? Comment on Peacocke
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christopher Peacocke proposes what he calls ‘the Simple Account’ of the proper relation between philosophical and psychological theories of concepts. A philosopher will characterize the possession conditions for concepts. A subpersonal psychology ought then to explain why a subject who has a concept meets the possession condition for that concept-just as a physical theory ought to explain why a particular object is a reflector.
Why Concept Learning ts a Good Idea
Authors: Thornton Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, an implementation of a concept c is any mechanism which partitions some set of possible data elements into two subsets: the subset covered by the concept and the subset not covered. Any mechanism which produces such black boxes can be construed as a concept learner. The class of all such mechanisms is large. It encompasses concept learners proper, e.g. symbolist methods such as Candidate-Elimination [1, 2], Focusing [3, 4], Classification [5], and Conceptual Clustering [6, Fisher, Learning from 7, 8, 9]. It also encompasses mechanisms which do not have concept learning as an explicit goal but which nevertheless produce the requisite black boxes, e.g. connectionist mechanisms such as Back-Propagation, Competitive Learning [10], and numerical taxonomy methods such as hierarchical clustering [II, 12].
Analogy-Making, Fluid Concepts, and Brain Mechanisms
Authors: Hofstadter Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can one best study human cognition? The assumption underlying this paper is that it is by creating a computer model. Accordingly, this paper is about such a computer model. And what is the crux of human cognition? The assumption underlying this paper is that it is human concepts. Accordingly, a rudimentary model of human concepts is found at the core of the model presented herein. And what is the crucial property of human concepts that makes them so subtle and hard to model on a computer? The assumption underlying this paper is that it is that they are fluid. What, then, is conceptual fluidity-or, more generally, mental fluidity (the collective result of the fluidity of all the concepts in a mind)? The phenomenon is complex and elusive, and therefore more easily demonstrated by example than by definition. Accordingly, the paper opens with a presentation of various examples of mental fluidity, and then explains the reasons underlying the domain selected for the model.
Does Belief Exist?
Authors: Cohen L Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are various ways in which professional philosophers can hope to assist the progress of cognitive science, and the analysis of familiar mental concepts is undoubtedly one of these. Whatever our views about the role or validity of our culture’s folk psychology, we at least need to have available a sufficiently accurate account of its conceptual resources. Indeed, if such an account is not available, we lack an essential basis for evaluating that psychology. And the object of the present paper will be to illustrate this point by showing how philosophical analysis of the difference between belief and acceptance is relevant to Stich’s claim that belief—in the folk-psychological sense of the term—is not a state or property of a person’s mind. More specifically, I aim to show that Stich’s experimentally based argument in support of that claim is undermined by the distinction that needs to be drawn between the concept of belief and the concept of acceptance. So the paper falls into two parts. The first outlines the distinction between belief and acceptance and demonstrates its importance by listing briefly some of the other issues to which it is relevant. The second summarizes Stich’s relevant argument and establishes that it is invalidated by the distinction between belief and acceptance.
The Causal Theory of Names
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a paper which provides the starting-point of this enquiry Saul Kripke opposes what he calls the Description Theory of Names and makes a counter-proposal of what I shall call the Causal Theory. To be clear about what is at stake and what should be the outcome in the debate he initiated seems to me important for our understanding of talk and thought about the world in general as well as for our understanding of the functioning of proper names. I am anxious therefore that we identify the profound bases and likely generalizations of the opposing positions and do not content ourselves with counter-examples.
Pronouns, Quantifiers, and Relative Clauses (I)
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some philosophers, notably Professors Quine and Geach, have stressed the analogies they see between pronouns of the vernacular and the bound variables of quantification theory. Geach, indeed, once maintained that ‘for a philosophical theory of reference, then, it is all one whether we consider bound variables or pronouns of the vernacular’. This slightly overstates Geach’s position since he recognizes that some pronouns of ordinary language do function differently from bound variables; he calls such pronouns ‘pronouns of laziness’.
Does Tense Logic Rest upon a Mistake?
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is a critical examination of the semantic foundations of tense logic. It belongs in a Festschrift for Donald Davidson not because the subject is one he has worked on, but quite simply because, without the benefit of his work on the theory of meaning, I should not have been able to write it. I hope that this proves the tribute I intend it to be.
Pedagogical Aspects of Vernacular Literacy
Authors: Gerbault Jeannine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the forefront of debates in European countries as well as in many Third World countries, it is pedagogy-and in particular the teachers and how they teach which has often been blamed for illiteracy. Although in this book one of the tasks has been to show that there are many other factors affecting the development of literacy, pedagogy seems to have become a serious concern, especially since the resources that many countries can afford have become scarcer.
Introduction
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papers collected in this volume were written over a period of 30 years or so. They are printed not in the chronological order of their composition but in the order suggested by their contents: papers on earlier dialogues of Plato come before those on later dialogues, while the Aristotle papers are ordered according to the traditional ordering of his works. Had the title not already been used (in a well-known and excellent set of essays in honour of Gregory Vlastos), I should have liked to entitle this volume ‘Exegesis and Argument’; nearly all the essays start from a particular text and attempt to analyse and criticize it with a view to clarifying some point or points of philosophical significance. In some of them I was lucky enough to hit on questions that provoked wide interest and generated discussion, discussion which included (of course) criticism of my treatment of them. But my purpose here is not to reopen those interesting controversies, but to say something about how the study of ancient philosophy has changed since the Fifties. This is not offered as a serious-or even a non-serious-contribution to scholarship or historiography, but as a highly personal and selective account that may (it was suggested to me) be of interest to some contemporary readers. I shall start in the Fifties, and then look back on some of the more striking changes since then.
Plato and the Copula: Sophist 251-259
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose is not to give a full interpretation of this difficult and important passage, but to discuss one particular problem, taking up some remarks made by F. M. Cornford and by Mr. R. Robinson in his paper on Plato’s Parmenides. First it may be useful to give a very brief and unargued outline of the passage. Plato seeks to prove that concepts2 are related in certain definite ways, that there is a (an interweaving of Forms) (251d-252e). Next (253) he assigns to philosophy the task of discovering what these relations are: the philosopher must try to get a clear view of the whole range of concepts and of how they are interconnected, whether in genus-species pyramids or in other ways. Plato now gives a sample of such philosophizing. Choosing some concepts highly relevant to problems already broached in the Sophist, he first (254-5) establishes that they are all different one from the other, and then (255e-258) elicits the relationships in which they stand to one another. The attempt to discover and state these relationships throws light on the puzzling notions Őv (being) and μ Őv (not being), and enables Plato to set aside with contempt certain puzzles and paradoxes propounded by superficial thinkers (259).