bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elements
Authors: Fernie Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
East Arms, Chancels, and Presbyteries The east arm is the most important part of a church because, apart from a brief period in the fourth century, churches were normally oriented. Thus, according to the fifth-century Testamentum Domini, a church should be laid out on an east-west axis with the sanctuary to”“4!lrds the east, to indicate the direction of Christ’s second coming, while the contemporary Apostolic Constitutions says ‘let the church be elongated (in as much as it resembles a ship), turned to the east, and let it have pastophoria [sacristies] on either side, towards the east.’ The direction of Christ’s return (as in Ezekiel, chapter 43, who has the Prince coming from the east) means that the priest, like the congrtgation, faced east.
The Accoppiatori
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE Accoppiatori had some reason for being apprehensive. Before they had closed the bags for the last time, in 1449, it had been pointed out in the pratica that the bags were being ‘kept open’ maxima odio copulatorum. Not only were the functions and the duration of the office itself, as they had developed since 1434, contrary to the letter and the spirit of the Florentine constitution; but also the length of the terms of office of its personnel constituted a radical departure from normal constitutional practice. Rapid rotation of office was a fundamental feature of Florentine government and administration. The length of appointments ranged from two months to one year, office holders being normally allowed to be reappointed only after intervals of up to three years. Even the members of an ex traordinary magistracy like the Dieci di Balza, created with special powers (balia) in times of war, normally had their terms limited to six months, and were not re-eligible for three years, although in exceptional cases this could be waived. Between 1434 and 1455, the Dieci in office were reelected only on two occasions, once for two and the other time for six months. The extensions granted to the Accoppiatori between 1434 and 1438 radically broke with that practice, concerning as they did not only the office, but also its personnel.
Medicean Councils
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IT was customary in Florence to grant special powers (balza) to magistracies or councils for limited periods and specific purposes. The most important of such magistracies with special powers was, at the time of the establishment of the Medici regime, that of the Dieci di Balia; from 1384 onwards it was appointed in times of war, or danger of war, to conduct mili tary operations and diplomatic business. In internal affairs, the Captain of the People could be granted special judicial powers or balza for reasons of security, as happened in 1433 and 1434. Less extensive were the powers granted from time to time, or by statute, to the Signoria to dispatch some spe cific business. Finally, the councils could delegate authority to impose taxes to special councils, and they often granted balza for this purpose to a council which consisted of eighty one official and sixty-four specially appointed members.
The Parlamento of 1458 and the Consolidation of the Regime
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
AFTER the abolition of the Balza and the closing of the horse in 1454 and 1455, Florence returned to her traditional form of government. Once again, the councils of the People and the Commune were fully in charge of legislation and financial policy, and the Signoria was appointed by lot. But this restoration of the pre-Medicean form of government was mar red by a number of unfavourable circumstances. Moreover, it was not as complete as might be expected at first sight. To begin with, the horse from which the names for the Signoria were drawn after June 1455 were those prepared by the Accoppiatori on the basis of the scrutiny that had been carried out by the Balia in 1453. If this gave the regime a considerable security margin, it also limited the extent to which electoral liberties were actually restored. It is there fore not surprising that, two years later, an attempt should have been made to abolish the scrutiny of 1453 before a new one was due; but this attempt was unsuccessful.
Catholic Responses
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Catholic reactions to the Tridentine decisions on 2 Esdras varied. Admirers of the book had a number of paths open to them. They could, as the archpresbyter of Cracow, Hieronymus Povodovius, did in 1610, express their wonder at the fact that so pious a book should be excluded from the canon and continue to regard it as prophetic.1 They could treat it as prophetic without actually examining its credentials. They could say that it was apocryphal according to the decisions of Trent and then, by arguing for its antiquity or the authorship of Ezra the scribe, actually give it the same dignity as the books in the canon. Or, as we shall see in Chapter 9, they could admit that it was apocryphal but refer to the authority of Ambrose and continue to quote it. Although Catholics made less use of 2 Esdras than Protestants, they were no less imaginative in circumventing its condemnation.
England and the Arabic Version
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The final part of this book brings us to England. It was there that the first great philological discovery was made which was to revolutionize scholarly treatment of 2 Esdras, but it was also in England that there arose one of the last waves of enthusiasm for 2 Esdras. This is all the more remarkable since, in contrast to other European countries, there seems to have been relatively little interest in the book in England until the late seventeenth century.
Authors
Authors: Howard-Hill T H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
3212 Rogers, J. Pat W. Addison’s official correspondence; a supplement to Graham. [W. Graham, Letters of Joseph Addison, 1941). Mod Philol 69no4:328-9 My ‘72. table. 3213 Rogal, Samuel J. Joseph Addison, 1672-1719; a checklist of works and major scholarship. N.Y. Pub Lib Bull 77no2:236-50 ‘74. port., facsim. 3214 Alston, Robin C. A checklist of the works of Joseph Addison. [London], Ptd. by the compiler. .. for private circulation only, 1976. [2]91. 30cm.
Women’s Piety and Women’s Power: Chaucer’s Prioress Reconsidered
Authors: Meale Carol M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Readings of the persona of Chaucer’s Prioress, as she is described in the General Prologue, have long been influential in generating opposing interpretations of the Tale which is assigned to her in the Canterbury sequence. The Tale itself, as a consequence of the divergence of critical opinion concerning the virtues and short comings of the teller, has become the site of conflicting ideological discourses, which have ranged from defences of her religious practices and sensibility and her Mariolatry, to condemnations of the crude anti-Semitism embodied in the miracle which she recounts.
Muses and Blacksmiths: Italian Trecento Poetics and the Reception of Dante in ‘The House of Fame’
Authors: Havely N R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chaucer’s House of Fame is the first known work in English to mention and appropriate Dante, and the seriousness with which it does so has, over the last ten years or so, been subject to varying degrees of emphasis. One critic finds the poem taking from the Commedia ‘nothing less than an assurance that the “art poetical” was its own justification’; another sees Chaucer here recognizing ‘full well his limitations as a poet because he has grasped what Dante is doing with his poetry and his “art poetical’”; whilst another more cautiously concedes that the two poets do ‘have several interests in common and that Chaucer does [in The House of Fame] sustain an ironic counterpoint to Dante’s poem’.
Ricardian Romance? Critiques and Vindications
Authors: Jacobs Nicolas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In proposing the concept of ‘Ricardian poetry’, John Burrow made what was probably the first attempt to see the poetry of the last quarter of the fourteenth century-perhaps the first period of English literature in which a number of major poets can be demonstrated to have been composing more or less contemporaneously as a coherent whole. After twenty years the time may have come to consider how the concept of a characteristic Ricardian manner has stood up. Rather than attempting to reconsider the work of Bur row’s four authors in its entirety, it may be useful to focus attention on particular kinds of literature and the attitudes towards them evinced in the poetry.
The English Heritage Film in the 1980s and 1990s: Mapping the Field
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is one thing to gather together a group of films and give them a collective name. It is another thing to justify that process of grouping and naming. I’ve deliberately used a variety of terms for the films this book is about: heritage films, costume dramas, period films. We might add others, some facetious (white flannel films, frock flicks, Brit-Lit movies), some focused on particular cycles (post heritage films, the Edwardian genre), some ideologically grounded (nostalgic screen fictions). Some of these films have also been discussed under the more general rubrics of the woman’s picture, the art-house film, and the quality film. The proliferation of labels is an indication of the diversity and richness of the films they identify, the range of interpretations generated around them, and the hybridity and interconnectedness of genre categories. This should no’t worry us unduly. They are just labels after all. On the other hand, academic film studies has invested much in the analysis of genre and of particular genres, establishing conventions and compiling taxonomies.
Conclusion
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the time of writing, a new English heritage film is doing excellent business at the box office in both the USA and the UK. The film is Gosford Park (2001), about an elaborate weekend party at a grand country house in the early 1930s, but also about the last of aristocratic England. We see as much of the enormous army of servants as we see of the hosts and guests, allowing the film to focus on relations between the different classes. If we are looking for an engrossing story, then we should surely concentrate on the narrative that emerges around Sir William McCordle, owner of the country estate and host of the house party. It turns out that he had several affairs with working-class girls who worked in his factories, two of whom are now on the staff at his estate. One of these affairs produced a son, who turns up at the house party as valet to one of the guests. The son apparently murders the father, although in fact his mother, now Sir William’s house keeper, has already poisoned him.
Mary Mollineux (née Southworth) (1651-95)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Her cousin Frances Owen, who provides a brief biography in her book Fruits of Retirement, notes that Mary was an only child, and her weak eyesight decided her faTher to educate her in Latin, Greek, arithmetic, ‘Physick and Chyrurgy’ raTher than conventional feminine skills.
Mary english (1652?-1694)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mary English was an American, and an indirect victim of The famous Salem witch trials. She was The daughter of William and Elinor Hollingsworth, and married a well-to-do Salem merchant, Philip English, in 1675. He was an Episcopalian. She joined The Congregational church in 1681. Both were accused of witchcraft in 1692, and escaped to New York, but she died There, affected by The strain of imprisonment.
Marey Waller, Later More (Fl-1674)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marey More was a lady, who I believe painted for her amusement, [and] was The grandmoTher of Mr Pitfield; in The family are her and her husband’s portraits by herself. In The Bodleian Library in Oxford is a picture by her that she gave to it, which by a strange mistake is called Sir Thomas More, though it is evidently a copy of Cromwell, Earl of Essex. Nay, Robert Whitehall, a poetaster, wrote verses to her in 1674 on her sending this supposed picture of Sir Thomas More.
Ephelia (Before 1678-After 1681)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ephelia stands as The name on The title-page of an important collection, Female Poems on Several Occasions (first published in 1679), and also appears as The signature of a number of minor works; two broadsheets on political Themes, a manuscript poem now in The University of Nottingham’s Portland collection, and a play, The Pair-Royal of Coxcombs, of which only The prologue, epilogue, and songs survive, printed in Female Poems.
Anonymous Irishwoman
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Irish poem dates from The seventeenth century, and it is in a popular, raTher than a bardic metre, so is apparently one of The relatively few sets of amateur verses to survive from so early. Ireland had maintained a class of professional poets and guardians of culture, The filid, since before The birth of Christ, who passed knowledge from one generation to The next via a highly efficient system of oral teaching.
Mary, Lady Chudleigh (née lee) (1656-1710)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The future Lady Chudleigh was The daughter of Richard Lee of Winslade in Devon. In February 1674, at The age of 17, she married George Chudleigh, thirteen years her senior, The eldest son of Sir George Chudleigh of Ashton, Devon, to whose baronetcy he succeeded in 1691.
Anne Finch (née Kingsmill), Countess of Winchilsea (1661-1720)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anne Kingsmill was born at Sydmonton, Hampshire in April 1661, The month of King Charles H’s Coronation. Her parents, Sir William Kingsmill and Anne Haslewood, were both members of old and respected Royalist gentry families. They had married in 1654, and Sir William, unlike many of his contemporaries, was able to keep most of his land intact during The Interregnum.
Modern Writers II: English Nausea
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like most recent critics of Daniel Deronda, I have stressed the novelty of Eliot’s conception of Grand court as an embodiment of pure malevolence. But it has to be admitted that he is in some respects ancient. For he bears, in status, manner, and sexual conduct, the mark of that tried-and-tested formula for pure malevolence, the ignobly noble rake of Gothic fiction. Eliot, indeed, goes so far as to reinforce his sempiternal qualities with a whiff of prehistoric swamp. To Gwendolen, Grandcourt seems ‘a handsome lizard of a hitherto unknown species, not of the lively, darting kind’ (DD 137). He gives his associate, Mr Lush, a look ‘as neutral as an alligator’: ‘there was no telling what might turn up in the slow-churning chances of his mind’ ( 157).
Summer in the Country( 1823—1825)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Claire’s plan for travelling to Russia was bold enough to provoke Mary Shelley to rare amusement. ‘I hope she will … persuade her Count to bring her to Italy,’ she said. By March 1824 Mary’s habitual melancholy had returned: ‘hopeless-spiritless-I cannot write-I can hardly read ... I never prayed so heartily for death as now’. In this illness, anxiety and resentment fastened upon her stepsister. ‘No one has heard from Claire since last July,’ she wrote to Trelawny, ‘this is very cruel of her since she must be aware that we must all be very anxious about her. I strive to think that her silence is occasioned only by her love of mystery or some other caprice.’ Trelawny also had no news. Claire wrote no surviving letters during the year she lived as governess in Count Zotoff’s house in St Petersburg. Some critics have assumed disasters, which from obstinate pride she concealed.
A Galley Life ( 1836—1841)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Godwin’s death presented an immediate problem, described by Trelawny to Claire as ‘keeping your mother afloat’. After thirty-five years of marriage, of copying manuscripts, and attempting to publish books, of unpaid rent and household bills, of bankruptcies and loans spent before they were received, Godwin’s widow was left with less than a hundred pounds. She proposed that Claire should keep house for her and her son’s widow Emily ‘in some village about town’, but Trelawny knew his old flame too well for this. It would be ‘a galley life’. The widow was ‘crony, rheumy-rheumatic and phtisicy … that will never do. Claire had better be housekeeper to my houseless self.’
The Shelley Papers( 1872—1879)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In October 1872, a weatherbeaten man in his 40s called at Palazzo Cruciato and introduced himself in a New England accent as Edward Silsbee, sea captain, of Massachusetts. He had been a seafaring man since boyhood, at home with trade winds and distant ports. He spoke of himself as ‘an ardent Shelleyite’, though many acquaintances called him ‘Shelley mad’. Alone in night watches he had learnt Shelley’s poems by heart, and on the New England coast or in the drawing-rooms of the Florence expatriates would quote his favourites ‘with a trumpet-like twang, without reference to the conversation’. Richard Garnett, however, considered this maritime eccentric the best critic of Shelley he had heard.
Preamble
Authors: Havenstein Daniela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Responses to Browne’s first work were both immediate and strong. The texture of Religio Medici invited condemnation and praise alike. Francis Cheynell’s warning, quoted above, is part of his at­tack on Archbishop Laud in 1645. He was not alone in associating Browne with Laudian politics.
Introduction
Authors: Whitworth Michael H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of literature and science raises an ontological problem: faced with two terms which are commonly understood as antithetical, we must explain in what sense we are comparing like with like; the problem appears particularly acute when we are examining the relation of literature to a mathematical science such as physics. As regards the present study, the short answer is that we are not so much examining relativity and modernism as examining certain metaphors in their textual and historical context; that these metaphors may be found both in scientific theories and in descriptions of modernist literary form is particularly convenient.
An Entente Cordiale? The New Relations of Literature and Science
Authors: Whitworth Michael H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Literary responses to new scientific theories and methods are framed by the literary culture’s construction of ‘science’ in general. Even when particular scientific innovations are warmly received within the literary culture, the warmth is tempered by an underlying belief that science is antipathetic to literature: that science prefers quantities to qualities, length and mass to colour and scent, mechanism to organicism, reason to imagination.
The University’s Contribution to the Life Sciences and Medicine
Authors: Weindling Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In all ancient universities each age has tended to pursue the types of science and medicine most appropriate to its culture and social characteristics. Yet distinctive and developing continuities can be discerned which link Oxford’s medieval origins with our modern scientific age. The endeavours of late-medieval classical scholars, known as humanists, to establish the original texts of philosophers like Aristotle, Galen, and Hippocrates stimulated studies of the natural world and the human body. Such scholarship has sustained values linking medieval and modern medicine, medicine being one of the four essential branches of medieval learning. From the fourteenth century, when two Doctors of Medicine were included among the fellows of New College, to the early twentieth, when William Osler (1849-1919) consciously promoted the ideal of the humanist physician, Oxford medicine is best understood in the context of the tradition of classical scholarship and the Christian sense of duty to relieve suffering. The medical sciences and kindred disciplines like biology, anthropology, and psychology have been shaped partly by philosophical ideals deriving from classical studies and partly by new philosophies based on experiments, field studies, and physical and mathematical models.
The Growth of an International University
Authors: Darwin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the middle of the nineteenth century Oxford was a very different university in almost all respects from what it had become by the middle of the twentieth: in its size, in the scope of its studies, and in the kind of students it attracted. First and foremost, Oxford then existed as an academy for the English ruling elite and for those who aspired to join it. It offered formal instruction, primarily in the classics, of a kind designed to complete the classical education provided in the major public schools. Its students, if assiduous, were steeped in the major texts of ancient history and philosophy and equipped for life with an inexhaustible fund of classical tags.
The Impact of plague in Tudor and Stuart England
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a classic study of a disease which had a profound impact on the history of Tudor and Stuart England. Plague was both a personal affliction and a social calamity, regularly decimating urban populations. Paul Slack vividly describes the stresses which plague imposed on individuals, families, and whole communities, and the ways in which people tried to explain, control, and come to terms with it.
The Spoils of War
Authors: Kent Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive account of the dispute over who should `pay' for the First World War - a dispute which poisoned international relations, destabilized the world's financial system, and encouraged the rise of the Nazis in the 1920s and 1930s. Dr Kent's systematic analysis of the origins and persistence of the financial demands made upon Germany after the war sheds new light on the `beggar-thy-neighbour' tendencies of liberal democracies in times of financial crisis. He argues that the victors had no coherent policy of eliminating Germany as a commercial or strategic threat. The indemnity illusion was fostered by British, French, and American statesmen to conceal the financial implications of the war and to defuse radical agitation for heavy taxation.
Introduction
Authors: Kent Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Cornerstone assumption of this study is that Germany was incapable of fulfilling the reparation demands of the victors in the conditions which prevailed after the war of 1914-18. Strictly speaking, any effort to make a belligerent pay subsequently for the cost of a-major war is ill conceived, since all wars, in so far as they are not financed by foreign loans, are paid for immediately by the diversion of human and material resources to the business of destruction. The nations which emerged victorious in 1918 could have made Germany defray the cost of their war effort to a meaningful extent only if they· had conquered an economically significant part of her territory soon after the outbreak of hostilities and forced its inhabitants to advance credits or donate goods and services to them for the remainder of the conflict. This method of shifting the economic burden of warfare, which. was used with such devastating effect by Nazi Germany at the expense of France and other European countries during the war of 1939—45, was not available to the Entente powers because they never succeeded in carrying the war onto German soil.1