bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocational training schemes
Authors: Havelock Peter , Hasler John , Flew Richard , Mcintyre Donald , Schofield Theo , Toby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal of activity is organized outside the training practice to provide education, support, and administration for both the trainer and the trainee. This activity can be very varied, depending on whether the trainee is on a three-year fully integrat d scheme or a one-off trainee year: the frequency and length of course activities will also be relevant. In this chapter we examine all the important aspects of vocational training schemes, with the exception of the hospital posts which are the subject of Chapter 10.
Evaluating the teaching
Authors: Havelock Peter , Hasler John , Flew Richard , Mcintyre Donald , Schofield Theo , Toby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his review of training for general practice, published in 1982, Pereira Gray asked the question ‘Does vocational training work?’ and concluded, on the basis of available evidence, that no study satisfactorily demonstrated that vocationally trained general practitioners provided a better standard of care than untrained practitioners. The same remains true today, and indeed some evidence, such as that of Cartwright and Anderson (1981), indicates that there was no significant difference between trained and untrained general practitioners in the way they viewed their patients or the satisfaction they obtained from their work.
Quality control of megavoltage therapy units
Authors: Johansson K -A , Sernbo G , Dam J Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every radiotherapy department must have a quality assurance (QA) programme, including all the different steps in the radiotherapy process, in order to ensure safety and quality of treatments. One of the elements of such a general programme is devoted to the equipment used for radiotherapy. Components in a QA programme for therapy equipment include planning for installation, acceptance tests, commissioning, training, quality control (QC), and preventative maintenance. This chapter deals with a QC protocol for megavoltage equipment (i.e. electron accelerators and cobalt units).
Unsealed-source therapy
Authors: Flower M A , Chittenden S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of unsealed sources of radioactivity for therapy is a small but growing branch of nuclear medicine and a unique form of radiotherapy. Techniques used in the diagnostic applications of nuclear medicine have already been described in a companion volume in this series (Sharp et al. 1998). Only those aspects that are specific to therapy applications of unsealed sources will be considered here.
Heart disease
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paediatric heart disease is a particularly common topic for examiners to focus on. It is common (about 1/50 individuals will have an identifiable lesion at some point in their childhood) and it is important in terms of morbidity, mortality, hospital attendances, and resources. Fortunately, it is also easy to understand at a simple level once the anatomy and a few bits of physiology are assimilated.
Paediatric surgery
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
False. Circumcision remains a common operation. Most circumcisions are performed for religious reasons (Jews and Muslims), and this is usually done by a religious representative. Another common reason is for ‘hygiene’, although there is little scientific support for this indication. The foreskin should be left intact unless it is a site of recurrent infection or it is obstructing the flow of urine.
The Aetiology of Cancer
Authors: Russell Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now accepted that cancer arises within a single cell as a result of an accumulation of abnormalities (mutations) within the DNA of that cell. When these mutations occur within key genes, e.g. those involved in control of the cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, etc., it can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and eventually, perhaps, to a cell type that has acquired the ability to metastasize. A large number of aetiological agents have been recognized that cause genetic damage and lead to neoplastic transformation.
The principles of radiotherapy
Authors: Sullivan Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiation therapy is a clinical speciality dealing with the use of ionizing radiation on the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasia (and occasionally benign conditions). The aim of radiation therapy is to deliver a precisely measured dose of radiation to a defined tumour volume with as minimal damage as possible to surrounding healthy tissue, resulting in eradication of the tumour, a high quality of life, and prolongation of survival at reasonable cost.
Bone tumours and soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Harmon Angus J Patterson ,David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commonest malignant primary bone tumours are the matrix-producing tumours, osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Less frequently seen is the small round cell tumour, Ewing’s sarcoma. Malignant fibrous histiocytomas, primary bone lymphomas, and malignant giant cell tumours are rare but well recognized.
Paediatric Solid Tumours
Authors: Adamson Peter C , Widemann Brigitte C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remarkable progress in the treatment of childhood cancer has been made over the past 40 years, such that today more than 70% of children diagnosed with cancer can be expected to be cured of their disease. Cancer remains, however, the second leading cause of death in children younger than 15 years, and the leading cause of death from disease (Fig. 21.1).
Endocrine tumours
Authors: Bell Patrick M , Atkinson A Brew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pituitary tumours are common, accounting for about 10% of brain tumours coming to surgery. They are almost invariably benign, and present with symptoms either of a mass lesion or hormonal dysfunction (Table 24.1). Annual clinical incidence rates are about 2 per 100 000 population but recently, sophisticated imaging techniques suggest that 20% of the pituitary glands of ‘normal’ individuals harbour an incidental pituitary abnormality.
Multifactorial methods
Authors: Bland Martin , Peacock Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple regression is a method of investigating the relationship of a continuous variable with two or more other variables. A regression equation is calculated which predicts the mean value of the outcome variable for subjects with any given values of the predictor variables. We can test for interaction, where the effects of one predictor variable on the outcome variable depend on the level of another. We can fit non-linear relationships using polynomial regression, including several powers of a predictor variable in the equation. We can include qualitative predictor variables, such as tumour stage or social class, by using dummy variables, one for each level of the predictor variable except for a base category, to which the others are compared.
Acute management
Authors: Ebrahim Shah , Harwood Rowan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first decision at the onset of a stroke is whether the patient requires hospital admission. The main reasons for admission are diagnostic (is it really a stroke?), to avoid or treat complications, to start rehabilitation early, to give treatment to prevent further strokes, and because of needs for nursing care that cannot be given at home. At present there is no established acute treatment for the neurological damage resulting from a stroke, but this is an area of intense research activity. If convincing and consistent benefits are shown for thrombolytic or neuroprotective drugs, not only will there be an additional reason for seeking hospital admission, but administering therapy will likely require very rapid access.
Blots, dots, amplification, and sequencing
Authors: O’Leary John J , Martin, Cara , Sheils Orla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restriction enzymes (REs) are bacterial proteins that cut long, linear DNA molecules into smaller fragments. Restriction endonucleases are a major tool in recombinant DNA technology. A RE recognizes a specific sequence in DNA such as AGCT and cuts DNA wherever this combination of bases occurs in the genome. The enzymes are isolated from bacteria and are named with a three or four letter sequence, usually followed by a roman numeral (eg. EcoRI). The prime function of REs is to destroy bacteriophages or other viruses that invade bacteria. Bacteria have developed these enzyme systems to cut the invading DNA sequences of viruses, etc., thereby rendering the virus harmless.
Leukemia
Authors: Weitzman Sheila , Squire Jeremy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leukemia is the commonest cancer in children, comprising 25-30% of malignant disease in this population. From being universally fatal, today the cure rate of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has reached approximately 75% and that of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) approximately 40%. The improvement in survival has occurred as a result of improvements in methods of diagnosis and classification, a better understanding of leukemia cell biology and of the various clinical and biological prognostic factors, which dictate therapy. Further significant improvements in survival however, will require new approaches to therapy. Better understanding of the leukemic cell at the molecular level will ultimately allow therapy to be selectively directed at specific molecular targets on the malignant cell.
Lymphoma
Authors: Gresik Mary V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lymphomas are malignancies of the immune system and may derive from any of a number of stages in lymphocyte differentiation, accounting for their heterogeneous histologic appearance and the inordinate number of complex classification systems that continue to proliferate. Despite the large number of lymphoma subtypes seen in adults, only three types are seen commonly in children-Burkitt, lymphoblastic, and large cell lymphoma. The low grade B lymphomas, so common in adults, are not seen in the pediatric age group with very rare exceptions. The types of lymphoma seen in children are all of high grade, but paradoxically may be more amenable to conventional chemotherapy than those disorders seen in adults.
Tumors of the central nervous system and eye
Authors: Squire Venita Jay Jeremy A , Zielenska Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary brain tumors represent the most common solid neoplasms in children (1). They contrast significantly in location, type, and natural history from brain tumors occurring in adults. While the mainstay of morphologic diagnosis rests on recognition of cytologic characteristics using conventional light microscopic and ultrastructural techniques, recent advances in immunohistochemistry, tumor kinetics, and molecular genetics have widened the spectrum of diagnostic modalities. This monograph is intended merely as a brief overview of how different laboratory techniques of today have enabled us to recognize common tumors, their important variants, and new tumor entities. The need for brevity precludes an exhaustive review of pediatric brain and eye tumors, which may be found in several excellent texts (2-7).
The neuropathology of the Rett disorder
Authors: Armstrong Dawna D , Kinney Hannah C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rett syndrome is a disorder which affects between l/10000-1/23,000 infant girls throughout the world (Hagberg et al. 1983; Burd et al. 1990; Kozinetz et al. 1993). It is associated with profound intellectual and motor disability and is diagnosed in typical cases by a unique phenotype (Chapter l).The disorder is sporadic but rarely occurs in families and there is one example of vertical transmission from mother to daughter (Chapters 1, 2.) The infants ‘seem’ almost normal at birth (Chapter l; Kerr 1995) and develop slowly, but into the second year offline the dis order becomes apparent, and the classic phenotype unfolds. A period of extreme agitation, suggesting an encephalopathy, heralds the appearance of the severe deficits: loss of hand use, loss of speech, sometimes loss of the ability to walk, growth delay, hand stereotypies, breathing irregularities, feeding problems and other subtle symptoms of autonomic dysfunction (Hagberg et al. 1983). There are frequently seizures, scoliosis, and Parkinsonian symptoms (FitzGerald et al. 1990).
Genetic susceptibility and lacunar stroke
Authors: Elbaz A , Amarenco P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of lacunar stroke (LacS) may help understand the aetiology and pathogenesis of this particular ischaemic stroke (IS) subtype (ISType); this, in turn, may have consequences in terms of treatment or prevention. Two main questions are to be answered. First, does genetic susceptibility play a role in the aetiology of LacS? In other words, does LacS aggregate in families and, if so, do genetic factors account for part of this aggregation, or is it only the consequence of the familial aggregation of other cardiovascular risk factors? Secondly, if genetic susceptibility does play a role in the aetiology of LacS, which specific genetic factors increase its risk? What is the importance of their attributable risk? Do they interact with environmental risk factors?
Anterior choroidal artery territory infarcts
Authors: Caplan L R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Foix and his colleagues Chavany, Hillemand, and Schiff-Wertheimer (Foix et al. 1925) are usually given credit for describing the first case of anterior choroidal artery (AChA) territory infarction. The patient that they described developed the sudden onset of a severe right hemiplegia accompanied by severe sensory loss in the right limbs to all sensory modalities, and a right hemianopia. There was no decrease in alertness, no aphasia, and no cognitive or behavioural abnormality.
Research Methods and Audit for General Practice
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the third edition of a highly successful book in the Oxford General Practice Series. The aim is to provide practical guidance to get you to the point where you will be able to complete and publish a research project of your own. In this respect the book is intended as a basic research primer. The book is organised to follow the research process, from the initial formulation of a researchable question, through the process of deciding on a plan (the design), choosing a sample, and devising appropriate measurement 'instruments, to the data analysis and final writing up of the project. The book is appropriate for individuals planning research and groups. The text has been extensively revised, in part as a response to the increasingly important part palyed by computers in research. But also research techniques are in a contant state of development so it was opportune to update sections on research design and statistics. The last chapter on audit has now been placed in the context of clinical governance. From reviews from first edition: Practical, comprehensive, readable...better than the competition; well worth getting (like the rest of the series). Postgraduate Education for General Practice The text is comprehensible and guides the reader in a structured way through the research process. It will make a valuable contribution to improving research in general practice. Family Practice
The pharmacokinetic process: Is the drug getting to its site of action?
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this Chapter, we shall deal with the principles that underlie the ways in which drugs are handled by the body. In Chapter 6, we shall illustrate how these principles can be used in the development of dosage regimens. After oral administration, a drug will reach the systemic arterial circulation only if it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and if it escapes metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, and the lungs. However, in practice it can be difficult to characterize the separate contributions of absorption and presystemic metabolism to the changes in plasma drug concentrations with time after an oral dose. The concept of systemic availability, or bioavailability, has therefore been developed (see Fig. 2.1).
Practical applications of the analysis of drug therapy
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A drug dosage regimen is a recipe for the administration of a drug so as to produce the desired therapeutic effect with the minimum of unwanted effects. A regimen can be described in terms of the dose of drug to be used, the frequency with which it is administered, the route of administration, and the formulation used. The simplest way of determining a drug dosage regimen for an individual patient is to base it on the published recommended dosage. Recommended dosages can be found in the Pharmacopoeia of this book, or in standard reference texts, such as the British National Formulary, the Physician’s Desk Reference, or manufacturers’ summaries of product characteristics (erstwhile data sheets). These recommendations generally have been derived from the results of studies of the pharmacokinetics of the drug and of dose–effect relationships, although in some cases they may have been derived empirically from simple clinical observations of the dosage that produces therapeutic benefit while minimizing unwanted effects.
Sources of information on drugs
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is as well to become familiar with a handful of reference texts in which you will be able to find information for most problems (see the bibliography below), going only to the more detailed texts when studying a particular topic in greater depth. In addition, you will be able to find out information about drugs from your local community pharmacy, from your hospital pharmacy, from your Regional Drug Information service (in the UK, see the British National Formulary for telephone numbers), or from your University’s Department of Clinical Pharmacology. The medical information departments of pharmaceutical companies can also be useful sources of information, although some pieces of information will be confidential.
The drug therapy of neurological disorders
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main organisms that cause meningitis are listed in Table 30.1, along with the drugs used in their treatment. The principles of treating infections are outlined in Chapter 22, but there are some additional points worth emphasizing in relation to meningitis. Initial treatment Start treatment as soon as blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens have been obtained. Try to identify the infecting organism by microscopic examination of a Gram-stained sample of centrifuged CSF, so that the appropriate antibiotic may be given. However, if menigococcal meninigtis or septicaemia is suspected, give a single dose of benzylpenicillin or cefotaxime immediately. In children under the age of 6 years, in whom meningitis is likely to be due to Haemophilus influenzae, or in neonates, in whom it is likely to be due to Escherichia coli, start with ampicillin and chloramphenicol or cefotaxime.
The management of poisoning
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vigour with which you treat a case of poisoning will vary from simple observation only to large-scale intensive action to maintain vital body functions. Almost all poisoned patients will survive, if necessary with intensive supportive treatment. Although many patients will be given an emetic and perhaps activated charcoal (see below), only a few patients will need either an antidote specific to the drug they have taken or special treatment to hasten elimination of the poison from the body.
Synaesthesia
Authors: Harrison John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synaesthesia is a confusion of the senses, whereby stimulation of one sense triggers stimulation in a completely different sensory modality. A synaesthete might claim to be able to hear colours, taste shapes, describe the colour, shape, and flavour of someone's voice, or music, the sound of which looks like 'shards of glass'. Throughout history, many notable artists and writers have claimed to suffer from synaesthesia, including, Arthur Rimbaud, Wassily Kandinsky, Vladimir Nabakov, and David Hockney. The condition remains as controversial now as when first brought to the public eye many years ago - one notable scientist dismissing it as mere 'romantic neurology.' In Synaesthesia: the strangest thing, a world authority on synaesthesia takes us on a fascinating tour of this mysterious condition, looking at historical incidences of synaesthesia, unraveling the theories for the condition, and additionally, examining the claims to synaesthesia of the likes of Rimbaud, Baudelaire, and others. The result is an exciting, yet scientific account of an incredible condition - one that will tell us of a world rich with the most unbelievable sensory experiences. From the foreword by Simon Baron-Cohen, University of Cambridge '...Aside from inspiring fellow researchers, this book will do much to educate the general public about the important but often overlooked point that we do not all experience this universe in the same way. For the most part, synaesthetes would not wish to be free of their synaesthesia and if anything feel somewhat sorry for the rest of us as we go about our unisensual existence. My guess is that John Harrison's valuable book will ring a colourful bell for many people who until now did not realize that their experience had a name, and who will now be able to identify themselves with like-minded others. For all these reasons, this is quite a book.'
Experimental models in whole organ pancreatic transplantation
Authors: Papalois Vassilios E , Hakim Nadey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first successful pancreas transplant in humans was performed by Kelly and Lillehei on 17 December 1966 in the Department of Surgery at the University of Minnesota [1]. It was a combined transplant of the tail of the pancreas and the kidney to a female diabetic recipient with endstage renal failure. Since then, the results of pancreatic transplantation have dramatically improved. There is a constant effort for improvement of results in all centers that perform pancreatic transplantation worldwide. The improvements include refinement of surgical technique, to minimize the changes of postoperative surgical complications such as graft pancreatitis and thrombosis, methods of drainage of the exocrine portion of the pancreas, the early detection of rejection, and the effect of pancreas transplantation in establishing an insulin-independent status, as well as in preventing or reversing the secondary complications of diabetes. To address these issues, many experimental models in small and large animals have been developed over the years.
Indications for kidney and pancreas transplantation and patient selection
Authors: Haritopoulos Konstantinos N , Hakim Nadey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) afflicts 6 per cent of the general population and is currently the third most common disease and the fourth leading cause of death by disease in the United States [1,2]. Of the estimated 16 million diabetic patients in the United States, 4 million take insulin and 1 million have IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) (type I), juvenile onset. Nearly 30 000 new cases of IDDM are diagnosed each year, and the incidence is increasing [2]. The syndrome of IDDM includes not only abnormal glucose metabolism but also specific long-term complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy [3].