bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further studies of crania from ancient Northern Africa: An analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs, using multiple discriminant functions
Authors: Keita S. O. Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis of First Dynasty crania from Abydos was undertaken using multiple discriminant functions. The results demonstrate greater affinity with Upper Nile Valley patterns, but also suggest change from earlier craniometric trends. Gene flow and movement of northern officials to the important southern city may explain the findings.
Comparative assessment of the ischial morphology of Victoriapithecus macinnesi
Authors: McCrossin Monte L. , Benefit Brenda R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn almost complete primate ischium was recovered from middle Miocene (ca. 15 ma) deposits of Maboko Island (Kenya) in 1987. The specimen shows numerous similarities to the ischial morphology of extant cercopithecids and is attributed to Victoriapithecus macinnesi (Von Koenigswald, 1969), the early Old World monkey best known from Maboko Island. The Victoriapithecus ischium provides the first evidence of early Old World monkey pelvic girdle anatomy. The ischium is characterized by an obliquely oriented and broadly flaring tuberosity, a relatively small acetabulum with little ventrally directed curvature of its caudal portion, a long ischial body and a flange‐like ischial spine positioned caudal to the rim of the acetabulum. In these features, Victoriapithecus most closely resembles the vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. The fossil specimen indicates that Victoriapithecus possessed ischial callosities, a mobile tail and adaptations for (possibly cursorial) quadrupedalism with an adducted posture of the thigh.The occurrence of ischial callosities in Victoriapithecus extends the documented antiquity of this feature in catarrhines by more than 12 million years and shows that the distinctive “sitting‐sleeping” adaptations of Old World monkeys (Washburn, 1957) originated prior to the divergence of Colobinae and Cercopithecinae. Differences of developmental sequence and tissue composition indicate that the ischial pads of cercopithecids, hylobatids, and pongids may have arisen independently, through parallel evolution. Contrary to Strasser and Delson (1987), discontinuity of ischial callosities was probably the primitive condition for male cercopithecids.
Phyletic diversity and locomotion in primitive European hominids
Authors: Begun David R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA major contribution of previous analyses of Miocene hominoid postcrania is the recognition of a great ape grade of locomotor morphology in the late Miocene. However, in the absence of a consideration of the taxonomic and phylogenetic implications of the specimens concerned, the importance of this conclusion remains unappreciated. This paper presents a revised view of the positional implications of late Miocene hominid fossils and considers some of the taxonomic and phyletic implications of these specimens. The taxonomic status of a number of large catarrhine specimens from Europe (attributed to Dryopithecus, Sivapithecus, Austriacopithecus, Paidopithex, Rudapithecus) is discussed. The functional and phyletic significance of this material reveals a complex pattern of behavioral and phyletic diversity among large‐bodied catarrhines in Europe and suggests that this diversity evolved in situ from circum‐Mediterranean middle Miocene ancestors.
Osteoarthritis, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, and osseous infection in old world primates
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M. , Woods Robert J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUncertainties as to the nature and implications of osteoar‐thritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (CPPD) in primates were subject to critical review through examination of 153 prosimians and 1,250 Old World non‐prosimian primates. Osteoarthritis, calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, and infectious arthritis/osteomyelitis were relatively rare phenomena, affecting only 1.7% and 2.5%, respectively, of free‐ranging prosimians and other Old World non‐prosimian primates. Frequency of infection in Indri and Presbytis appears to reflect a unique susceptibility or exposure. Papio may have a unique predisposition to CPPD. The dichotomy (frequency and joint distribution) between free‐ranging and artificially restrained animals suggests caution in interpretation of osteoarthritis or CPPD in non‐free‐ranging animals.
Body size and proportions in early hominids
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe discovery of several associated body parts of early hominids whose taxonomic identity is known inspires this study of body size and proportions in early hominids. The approach consists of finding the relationship between various measures of skeletal size and body mass in modern ape and human specimens of known body weight. This effort leads to 78 equations which predict body weight from 95 fossil specimens ranging in geological age between 4 and 1.4 mya. Predicted weights range from 10 kg to over 160 kg, but the partial associated skeletons provide the essential clues as to which predictions are most reliable. Measures of hindlimb joint size are the best and probably those equations based on the human samples are better than those based on all Hominoidea.Using hindlimb joint size of specimens of relatively certain taxonomy and assuming these measures were more like those of modern humans than of apes, the male and female averages are as follows: Australopithecus afarensis, 45 and 29 kg; A. africanus, 41 and 30 kg; A. robustus, 40 and 32 kg; A. boisei, 49 and 34 kg; H. habilis, 52 and 32 kg. These values appear to be consistent with the range of size variation seen in the entire postcranial samples that can be assigned to species. If hominoid (i.e., ape and human combined) proportions are assumed, the males would be 10 to 23 kg larger and the females 4 to 10 kg larger.
Male investment under changing conditions among chacma baboons at Suikerbosrand
Authors: Anderson Connie M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMale investment in infant baboons was measured by frequency of carrying from 1978 through 1985. A series of hypotheses was generated and tested with the carrying data, based on the assumptions that: male baboons have some capacity to estimate likelihood of paternity; where paternity probability is greater, males will invest more, where potential benefits to males or infants are higher, males will invest more. Carrying was affected by probability of paternity, availability of estrous females, season of conception and season of carrying, infant age, subtrooping, and predation risk. Infants were carried by probable fathers, siblings, mothers' siblings, and unrelated “suitors.” Male investment increased female reproductive fitness: carried infants were more likely to survive, and mothers of carried infants had shorter interbirth intervals. Males appeared to estimate paternity both by observed copulations by other males and by the likelihood that copulations could have occurred without being observed. Male care of infant baboons may also be affected by female choice among males, the distribution of probable infants in time, male tenure at alpha rank, the number of males per troop, the probability of infanticide, and energy demands. Subtrooping seems to be historically crucial, by initially creating a situation in which some males have high paternity certainty.
Neandertal supralaryngeal vocal tract
Authors: Houghton Philip 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInterpretations of skeletal anatomy claiming to show that Neandertals could not have had a similar supralayngeal vocal apparatus to that of humans are demonstrated to be flawed. Correction of the errors suggests that the Neandertal vocal apparatus need not have differed from that of recent humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Divergence between biochemical and cytogenetic differences in three species of the Callicebus moloch group
Authors: Schneider H. , Schneider M. P. C. , Sampaio M. I. C. , Montoya E. , Tapia J. , Encarnacion F. , Anselmo N. P. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSpecimens from three species of the Callicebus moloch group—C. Moloch (N = 80), C. brunneus (N = 166), and C. cupreus (N = 23)—were studied. Twenty genetic loci were investigated through electrophoresis, genetic distances were estimated, and the results compared with the available cytogenetic data. Low values of genetic distance were encountered, contrasting with relatively large chromosome differences. We propose that recent karyotypic rearrangements, rather than other Pleistocene events, were the major evolutionary mechanisms determining speciation in these three taxa. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periodontal health in free‐ranging baboons of Ethiopia and Kenya
Authors: Phillips‐Conroy Jane E. , Hildebolt Charles F. , Altmann Jeanne , Jolly Clifford J. , Muruthi Philip 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrontal and lateral intraoral photographs of 19 baboons from the Awash National Park, Ethiopia and 37 baboons from Amboseli National Park, Kenya, were used to assess periodontal health. The Awash baboons, and two groups (Alto's and Hook's) at Amboseli, fed entirely from natural sources, but baboons from the third Amboseli group (Lodge) fed largely on food refuse from one of the park's lodges. Juveniles and adults were evaluated separately. Intraoral photographs were seriated based on visual appraisals of periodontal health.In both age groups, the best periodontal health was seen in Awash animals; Alto's and Hook's animals were intermediate, and the poorest health was seen in the Lodge sample. The periodontal health decreased with age in adult baboons, as reported in humans. Geochemistry, genetics, age, and diet (particularly variations in bacterial flora) were considered as factors contributing to the intergroup differences. Although it is not possible at present to exclude any of these as a contributing cause, we consider that diet in the broad sense (including food, water, and contamination by oral bacteria of human origin) probably plays a major role. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linear densitometry and digital image processing of proximal femur radiographs: Implications for archaeological and forensic anthropology
Authors: Macchiarelli Roberto , Bondioli Luca 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAge‐ and sex‐related patterns of proximal femur trabecular bone loss have previously been used to establish radiographic reference standards for estimating age at death for human skeletal remains. Such standards are of interest to both anthropologists and forensic scientists. However, osteopenia as a physiological phenomenon is dependent on numerous genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. Thus, while general age‐and sex‐related trends can be clearly observed for trabecular bone loss, such patterns also demonstrate marked variation among individuals of both sexes at all ages. Moreover, clinical evidence shows that rates of bone loss are not steady but episodic, and that radiographically “normal” (i.e., young adult) patterns of trabecular bone architecture can also exist in femora of older individuals, particularly within samples of African origin. In this study, adult proximal femur radiographs were used to explore patterns of age‐ and sex‐related proximal femur cancellous bone involution among a sample of 66 African American individuals from the Terry collection (33 males and 33 females), ranging in age from 19 to 71 years. The proximal femur radiographs of these subjects were analyzed by digital image processing (DIP), and the results were compared to those obtained by laser linear densitometric analyses (LDA) previously performed on the same series (Macchiarelli et al., 1987). Results of LDA and DIP analyses indicate (a) more pronounced bone density decrease in females; (b) sex‐ and site‐specific structural patterns of proximal femur trabecular bone loss; (c) a high level of individual variability, in which predicted age deviated from real age by as much as 22.26 (males) and 30.78 years (females); (d) a moderate linear correlation with age for all the variables analyzed; and (e) an average discrepancy between known age and predicted age (measured by root mean squared residual values) of 10.34 (males) and 12.71 years (females) for the most satisfactory DIP analysis parameter (recorded at the center of the femoral neck in the equalized images). With regard to estimating adult age at death from radiographic images of proximal femora, it is argued that the amount of useful age information reported for this criterion has been overestimated. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heel contact as a function of substrate type and speed in primates
Authors: Schmitt Daniel , Larson Susan G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this report we provide detailed data on the patterns and frequency of heel contact with terrestrial and arboreal supports in primates. These data can help resolve the question of whether African apes and humans are uniquely “plantigrade” (Gebo [1992] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 89:29–58; Gebo [1993a] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 97:382–385; Gebo [1993b] Postcranial Adaptation in Nonhuman Primates), or if plantigrady is common in other primates (Meldrum [1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 91:379–381). Using biplanar and uniplanar videotapes, we recorded the frequency and timing of heel contact for a variety of primates (32 species) walking on the ground and on simulated arboreal supports at a range of natural speeds. Our results indicate that Pongo as well as the African apes exhibit a “heel‐strike” at the end of swing phase. Ateles and Hylobates make heel contact on all supports shortly after mid‐foot contact, although spider monkeys do so only at slow or moderate speeds. Data available from uniplanar videotapes suggest that this pattern occurs in Alouatta and Lagothrix as well. No other New or Old World monkey or prosimian in this study made heel contact during quadrupedalism on any substrate. Thus, heel contact occurs in all apes and atelines, but only the great apes exhibit a heel‐strike. We suggest that heel contact with the substrate is a by‐product of an active posterior weight‐shift mechanism involving highly protracted hindlimbs at touchdown. Force plate studies indicate that this mechanism is most extreme in arboreally adapted primate quadrupeds walking on arboreal supports. Although heel contact and heel‐strike may have no evolutionary link, it is possible that both patterns are the result of a similar weight shift mechanism. Therefore, the regular occurrence of heel contact in a variety of arboreal primates, and the absence of a true biomechanical link between limb elongation, heel contact, and terrestriality, calls into question the claim that hominid foot posture was necessarily derived from a quadrupedal terrestrial ancestor. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA of the Mauritian macaques (Macaca fascicularis): An example of the founder effect
Authors: Lawler Susan H. , Sussman Robert W. , Taylor Linda L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMacaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were introduced to the island of Mauritius approximately 400 years ago. This study compares the mitochondrial DNA of macaques on Mauritius with those from Indonesia and the Philippines. The goal is to measure the amount of evolutionary change that has occurred in this isolated population over 400 years, and to address questions regarding the origin of the Mauritian founders. Amplification of the control region of the mitochondrial genome via the polymerase chain reaction yielded an 1800 base pair DNA fragment which was surveyed for variation using restriction endonucleases. Fifty‐two macaques were separated into 17 haplotypes by mapping the restriction sites. No haplotypes were shared among the three populations, and only two closely related haplotypes appeared in the Mauritian sample. Nucleotide variation in the mitochondrial DNA in the Mauritian sample was 10‐fold less than the Indonesian and Filipino samples. In contrast, allozyme data estimates of genetic diversity on Mauritius are similar to populations from the ancestral range. The evidence of the more severe bottleneck as measured by mitochondrial data may be explained in part by almost exclusive male dispersal in this species, and may support models of founder events in which rapid population growth prevents substantial loss of nuclear variation. The mitochondrial evidence supports the morphologically and historically based hypothesis that the original founders came from Indonesia. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HLA‐DRB1 frequencies of non‐Austronesian‐speaking Gidra in south New Guinea and their genetic affinities with Oceanian populations
Authors: Yoshida Maki , Ohtsuka Ryutaro , Nakazawa Minato , Juji Takeo , Tokunaga Katsushi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDNA typing of HLA‐DRB1 genes was conducted for 192 samples from the Gidra who speak one of the non‐Austronesian languages and inhabit the southern lowlands of New Guinea. Comparison of the allele frequencies with those of eight other Oceanian populations reveals that the Gidra are genetically closest to the non‐Austronesian‐speaking Goroka and, next, to the Aboriginal Australian groups, but are remote from the Austronesian‐speaking groups in mainland New Guinea and the rest of Melanesia. This finding clearly supports the hypothesis that non‐Austronesians and Aboriginal Australians are descendants of the first‐stage migrants to Oceania. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ohalo II H2: A 19,000‐year‐old skeleton from a water‐logged site at the Sea of Galilee, Israel
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Speirs M. S. , Frayer D. , Nadel D. , Wish‐Baratz S. , Arensburg B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe discovery of well‐preserved human remains at the site of Ohalo II in the northern Jordan Valley substantially augments the meager fossil record of the Levantine late Upper Pleistocene. The Ohalo II H2 specimen, dated to ca. 19,000 B.P., is the most complete early Epipaleolithic hominid discovered in Israel and promises to contribute to the clarification of a number of problematic issues in the local evolution of anatomically modern humans. In addition to a description of the burial and its Kebaran context, a detailed anatomical description of the skeleton is offered and morphometric comparisons are made to other Upper Paleolithic hominids. Ohalo II H2 is shown to demonstrate affinities in the craniofacial skeleton to fossils from the early Upper Paleolithic and late Epi‐Paleolithic of the Levant. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual dimorphism in the snub‐nosed langurs (Colobinae: Rhinopithecus)
Authors: Jablonski Nina G. , Ruliang Pan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSexual dimorphism in the dentition and skeleton of the four extant species of snub‐nosed langurs, Rhinopithecus (R.) bieti, R. (R.) brelichi, R. (R.) roxellana and R. (Presbytiscus) avunculus, was studied. The species shared a similar general pattern of sexual dimorphism, but were found to differ in respects that appear to reflect the influence of disparate socioecological and environmental factors. All the species showed marked canine dimorphism, but the very high degree of canine dimorphism in R. bieti appeared to be due to the intensity of intermale competition for mates during a temporally restricted breeding season, and possibly also to the intensity of competition between males for other resources during other times of the year. Sexual dimorphism in the postcranial skeleton of Rhinopithecus species was also most pronounced in R. bieti and may be related to the relatively higher frequency of terrestrial locomotion in males of the species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern profile analysis of hominid and chimpanzee hand bones
Authors: Smith Shelley L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a study designed to complement morphological research on hominid hand bones, length and width measurements of the thumb, index, and middle rays were obtained from radiographs of modern human hands. These rays are primary in precision‐gripping postures and are therefore the ones most relevant for investigating evolutionary changes in fine manipulation. Pattern profile analysis allows individuals or samples to be plotted against a reference sample in standard deviation units, or Z‐scores. It provides an indication of how different measurements are from modern human averages, while taking into consideration the degree of variation present within modern human samples. A pattern profile for chimpanzees is clearly distinct from humans but quite similar to that of a bonobo, demonstrating the promise of pattern analysis. Partial pattern profiles of several of the more complete early hominid bones from Hadar, Swartkrans, and Olduvai (O.H. 7) are presented and compared. Hadar bones are long and wide at midshaft relative to articular widths; both body‐size effects and functional differences are likely. Thumb distal phalanges from Swartkrans and Olduvai both have relatively small base widths, but they differ in other proportions. Two first metacarpals from Swartkrans show distinct patterns. The profiles of La Ferrassie I and Shanidar IV show the characteristically large Neanderthal distal phalanges. Profiles of Skhūl IV and Předmost III are alike in some regions with reference to modern North American white males, though they are less similar overall than are those of the two Neanderthals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of carbon dioxide in industrial organic syntheses
Authors: Behr Arno 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough carbon dixoide is important as an abundant carbonaceous raw material, so far, its utilization in chemical processes has been rather limited. This review covers the reactions of CO2 employed in industry, such as the production of urea, the Kolbe‐Schmitt reaction, the synthesis of cyclic organic carbonates and the use of CO2 in methanol synthesis. Interesting recent developments in CO2 chemistry, such as the reactions catalyzed by transition metals, are also described. Apart from the synthesis of polymers and hydrocarbons, the production of oxygen‐containing substances appears to be very profitable and attractive for future industrial applications. Not only can derivatives of formic and carbonic acids be produced but also longer‐chain carboxylic acids and their derivatives by reactions of carbon dioxide with hydrocarbons such as alkynes, alkenes and 1,3‐dienes.
A new method for measuring local velocities of the continuous liquid phase in strongly aerated gas‐liquid multiphase reactors
Authors: Lübbert Andreas , Larson Bernd 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA new measurement method for determining the local liquid‐phase velocities in multiphase flows is presented. It is based on a tracer technique, using heat introduced into the flow, seemingly at random, instead of a material tracer. The input of heat pulses and measurement of temperature at an adjacent point is performed by small probes. As an intermediate result, the flow time distribution of the heat‐labelled fluid elements is calculated on‐line as a cross‐correlation function between the pseudo‐random input and the measured output signals. This calculation and the automatic control of measurements is carried out by a simple microprocessor unit. The device produced excellent results in gas‐liquid flows at high gas throughputs and high liquid‐phase velocities.
Kinetics of removal of impurities from gases by high pressure adsorption
Authors: Groninger Günter , Hedden Kurt , Ramananda Rao B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAmong other processes, adsorption is used for the removal of hydrogen sulphide from natural gases. Hereby, competitive adsorption of the different gas components plays an important role, e.g., that of carbon dioxide. Data of equilibrium loading and adsorption kinetics are required for the design of adsorbers, filled with molecular sieve. In order to obtain these data under the prevailing operating conditions, hydrogen sulphide was removed from gas mixtures H2S/CH4 and H2S/CO2/CH4, in a pilot plant, by adsorption on molecular sieve 5A. The equilibrium loading, the height of transfer zone, and the length of unused bed were determined from the measured breakthrough curves of H2S. With these data, the breakthrough time and the optimum process conditions were calculated for a practical example.