bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Angola's Independence Transition: The Alvor Accords
Authors: Khadiagala Gilbert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe decolonization process that led to Angola's independence in November 1975 is instructive in the annals of colonial bargains for African independence. The coincidence of domestic turmoil in Portugal following the collapse of the dictatorship in April 1974 and the fragmentation of the Angolan nationalist movements created a context that precluded an orderly transition. Weak and indecisive leadership in Lisbon contributed to the crafting and implementation of the equally weak Alvor Accords. Lessons from Angola's decolonization, however, continue to inform international efforts to build effective mechanisms for implementing peace agreements.
Laboratory Experiments on Negotiation and Social Conflict
Authors: De Dreu Carsten , Carnevale Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article describes how laboratory experiments are used by social psychologists and those in related fields to study conflict, negotiation, and mediation. In a laboratory experiment, the researcher experimentally controls one or more variables in controlled, artificial settings that induce processes likely to occur naturally. Laboratory experiments are the primary method used to establish cause-and-effect relationships among variables and to reduce alternative explanations; thus they are primarily concerned with validity of explanation. In this article, we describe several basic design features including conceptual replication, precise manipulation, and the use of a moderator variable, which all help assess the processes underlying a research finding. These design features foster conceptual internal validity, which describes the impact of one variable on another and the quality of such an explanation. Conceptual internal validity provides a basis for generalization of findings and thus new research. It also fosters strong inference, which helps build cumulative knowledge. Laboratory experiments are not well suited to answer all questions and problems – for example, they may not produce deep understanding of a particular historical event and must be supplemented by other methods, such as surveys and case studies.
Discourse Analysis: Mucking Around with Negotiation Data
Authors: Putnam Linda 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis article focuses on qualitative research methods in negotiations, particular textual and discourse analyses. It defines discourse analysis and reviews the ways that researchers have used conversational, pragmatics, and rhetorical analyses to study negotiations. It discusses types of texts available for discourse analysis and the role of research questions in guiding the selection of texts and discourse units in bargaining. Discourse analysis helps researchers unpack the developmental and contextual features of negotiation; link micro patterns of talk to political, legal, and organizational processes; and uncover new concepts that extend the knowledge of negotiation. The final section of the article provides helpful hints for conducting discourse analysis and for interpreting the bargaining context.
African Studies in China in the Twentieth Century: A Historiographical Survey
Authors: Anshan Li 
Published: August 2005

Abstract:This article surveys African studies in China during the twentieth century. It is divided into five parts: “Sensing Africa” (1900–1949), “Supporting Africa” (1949–65), “Understanding Africa” (1966–76), and “Studying Africa” (1977–2000). From a Chinese perspective, the author tells how, when, and why Chinese scholars have conducted their research on Africa according to paradigms that evolved during the last century. In conclusion, the author points out the achievements as well as the problems in African studies in China today.
Citizens and Foreigners: Democratization and the Politics of Exclusion in Africa
Authors: Whitaker Beth Elise 
Published: August 2005

Abstract:In the ongoing context of political liberalization, many African leaders have adopted the rhetoric of democracy while at the same time devising ways to limit political competition. This article focuses on one such strategy: the effort to disqualify or discredit political opponents based on challenges to their citizenship. In recent years, several African leaders have initiated court cases and produced evidence to question the right of opposition candidates and other critics to participate in the political process. By examining specific examples in Côte d'Ivoire, Zambia, and elsewhere, the article explores the implications of this strategy. While citizenship rights are clearly important in any democracy, their explicit manipulation for the ruling party's political purposes is a risky approach that threatens to slow or even reverse the process of democratization. In the end, a tactic initially designed to exclude specific individuals from the political process has the potential of fueling broader xenophobic sentiments and legitimizing exclusionary nation-building strategies. At best, the resulting widening of social cleavages reduces the likelihood of democratic consolidation. At worst, it plants the seeds for future political conflict and possibly even war.
Parental divorce and subsequent disadvantage: A cross-cohort comparison
Authors: Sigle-Rushton Wendy , Hobcraft John , Kiernan Kathleen 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Although many studies have examined the link between parental divorce and subsequent wellbeing, some theories of the effects of divorce suggest that the negative associations should have declined over time. However, few studies have examined the extent to which the associations have remained stable over time. Using data from two British cohorts, we analyzed both shorter- and longer-term outcomes of children who experienced parental divorce and the extent to which the associations have changed over time. Estimating similar models for both cohorts, we found little evidence of any change in the size of the relationship as divorce became more commonplace.
Wives who outearn their husbands: A transitory or persistent phenomenon for couples?
Authors: Winkler Anne E. , McBride Timothy D. , Andrews Courtney 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In what percentage of married couples do wives outearn their husbands, and, moreover, how persistent are these patterns? This study systematically examined variation in point-in-time estimates across alternative measures of earnings, definitions of types of couples, and data sources and gauged the persistence of these patterns for a period of three calendar years using data from the 2000 Current Population Survey and the 1996–2000 Survey of Income and Program Participation. Among the findings are that in 19% to 30% of all married couples, wives have higher earnings than their husbands. In 60% of such couples, this arrangement persists over the three-year period; for the rest, this arrangement is transitory.
Does Loading Time Affect Implant Survival? A Meta‐Analysis of 1,266 Implants
Authors: Ioannidou Effie , Doufexi Aikaterini 
Published: August 2005

Background: Considerable controversy exists as to whether immediate or early implant loading is associated with a higher failure rate compared to conventional loading. Numerous trials conducted have yielded inconsistent results, partly due to low statistical power. Thus, we sought to determine whether combining results from all published trials would provide a better estimate of the impact of implant loading time on survival.Methods: We carried out a meta‐analysis of all previously published prospective trials comparing conventional with early or immediate implant loading. The outcome of interest was implant failure rate. The Q statistics test was used to assess the presence of heterogeneity. We identified relevant studies through a search of the MEDLINE database and the Cochrane Registry of Controlled Trials.Results: We found 13 prospective trials (1,266 implants) in which early or immediate implant loading was compared to conventional loading. Overall there was no difference in implant failure rate between loading techniques (odds ratio [OR] 0.91; 95% CI: 0.41 to 2.03; P = 0.41). Implant failure occurred slightly, although not statistically significant, less often with early implant loading (OR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.22 to 1.24; P = 0.07). Immediate implant loading was associated with slightly, although not statistically significant, worse outcomes (OR 1.26; 95% CI: 0.38 to 4.13; P = 0.35). Pooling of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) con‐ firmed these results.Conclusions: In a meta‐analysis of 13 prospective trials, early implant loading was not associated with worse outcomes compared to conventional loading. Further evaluations in adequately powered large prospective trials are needed to confirm these findings. J Periodontol 2005;76:1252‐1258.
Cyclosporin‐Induced Gingival Overgrowth: A Clinical–Epidemiological Evaluation of 121 Italian Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Vescovi Paolo , Meleti Marco , Manfredi Maddalena , Merigo Elisabetta , Pedrazzi Giuseppe 
Published: August 2005

Background: Although other immunosuppressive agents have been recently introduced (e.g., tacrolimus), it has been calculated that in the next decade about 1 million people will still be taking cyclosporin (CsA). The association between gingival overgrowth (GO) and the use of CsA is still not clear. In the present study we evaluated the prevalence and the degree of GO in a group of Italian renal transplant patients and the possible relationship between gingival lesions and demographic, oral, systemic, and pharmacological variables.Methods: One hundred twenty‐one renal transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy with CsA were evaluated in this study. Patients were classified in two groups. In the first (screening group), we included all those patients referred by the Parma University Renal Transplant Center for a general oral checkup, with no specific indications for GO. The second group (non‐screening group) included all those patients who specifically had been referred to the Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine Unit because of GO. We considered the following variables: gender, daily CsA dose, duration of immunosuppressive treatment, CsA plasma concentration, concomitant use of another immunosuppressive agent (azathioprine), use of other GO inducers (calcium channel blockers, anti‐epileptic drugs), oral hygiene scores, and other drugs taken at the time of oral examination.Results: Fisher's exact test and chi square test demonstrated that in the screening group, duration of immunosuppressive treatment and oral hygiene scores were associated both with the prevalence and the high GO scores (P 1 DIT <0.0001; P 2 DIT = 0.0023; P 1 hyg = 0.0084; P 2 hyg = 0.0068). In the screening group, concomitant use of CsA and azathioprine is related to a low development degree of GO (P = 0.0088). In the non‐screening group, we found a significant association between poor oral hygiene and high degree of GO (P = 0.0349).Conclusion: In addition to a probable genetic predisposition, duration of immunosuppressive treatment and oral hygiene status are the most important variables related to development and degree of GO during the use of CsA in this study. J Periodontol 2005;76: 1259‐1264.
Inhibition of Growth of Human Gingival Fibroblasts by Chimeric DNA‐RNA Hammerhead Ribozyme Targeting Transforming Growth Factor‐β1
Authors: Yusa Junko , Fukuda Noboru , Sato Soh , Matsmoto Koichi , Mugishima Hideo , Kamoi Kyuichi 
Published: August 2005

Background: Transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 is involved in the pathogenesis of both drug‐induced gingival overgrowth and hereditary gingival fibromatosis. Ribozymes enzymatically cleave target mRNAs and are expected to be utilized as the basis of novel nucleic acid‐based therapies. We designed a chimeric DNA‐RNA ribozyme targeting TGF‐β1 mRNA and examined its effect on growth of gingival fibroblasts in culture.Methods: Chimeric DNA‐RNA hammerhead ribozyme with sequence complementary to the loop structure of human TGF‐β1 mRNA was used. We evaluated transfer of the chimeric ribozyme by hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)‐envelope into cultured human gingival fibroblasts in vitro and rat gingival tissues in vivo. We then examined effects of the chimeric ribozyme to TGF‐β1 on proliferation and DNA synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts. We also examined effects of the chimeric ribozyme to TGF‐β1 on expression of TGF‐β1, type IV collagens, and fibronectin mRNAs and expression of TGF‐β1 protein in human gingival fibroblasts.Results: Chimeric ribozyme was sufficiently distributed into human fibroblasts in vitro and rat gingivae in vivo. Chimeric ribozyme to TGF‐β1 significantly inhibited expression of TGF‐β1, type IV collagen, and fibronectin mRNAs and TGF‐β1 protein in human gingival fibroblasts. Mismatch ribozyme had no effect on expression of these molecules. Chimeric ribozyme to TGF‐β1 also significantly inhibited proliferation and DNA synthesis in gingival fibroblasts.Conclusion: Chimeric DNA‐RNA ribozyme targeting TGF‐β1 may be a useful gene therapy agent for treatment of gingival hyperplasia. J Periodontol 2005;76:1265‐1274.
Differential Induction of Human Beta‐Defensin Expression by Periodontal Commensals and Pathogens in Periodontal Pocket Epithelial Cells
Authors: Vankeerberghen Anne , Nuytten Hilde , Dierickx Kurt , Quirynen Marc , Cassiman Jean‐Jacques , Cuppens Harry 
Published: August 2005

Background: To investigate the possible role of beta‐defensins in gingival health and periodontal disease, we examined the effect of several stimuli on the expression of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), human β‐defensin‐1, ‐2, ‐3, and ‐4 (hBD) in primary human diseased gingival epithelial (HGE) cell cultures from periodontitis patients by quantitative TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).Methods: Several strains of the periodontopathogens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis were added to the cells, as well as the oral commensal bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum and Escherichia coli. The induction by the proinflammatory stimuli phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) was also tested.Results: In addition to the published observations (PMA induces hBD‐2 and ‐4; TNF‐α induces hBD‐2 and ‐3), it was found that PMA can upregulate hBD‐1 and hBD‐3, whereas TNF‐α can induce hBD‐4. The commensal bacteria were significant inducers of hBD‐2, hBD‐3, and IL‐8. The pathogen P. gingivalis induced hBD‐1 and hBD‐3 at different time points than the commensals, but no induction of IL‐8 and hBD‐2 could be observed. These data fit with the chemokine paralysis theory. A correlation was found between the pathogenicity of different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans and the induction profiles of defensins and IL‐8.Conclusion: The results suggest that a correlation can be found in diseased oral epithelium between the defensin profiles that are induced and the pathogenicity of the oral bacterial strains. J Periodontol 2005;76:1293‐1303.
The Influence of Surgical Treatment of Periodontal Disease on Selected Lymphocyte Subpopulations Important for Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses
Authors: Górska Renata , Laskus‐Perendyk Agnieszka , Gregorek Hanna , Kowalski Jan 
Published: August 2005

Background: Periodontal disease is a complex pathological process involving a wide spectrum of immunological reactions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of surgical periodontal treatments on peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations.Methods: The study was performed in 40 generally healthy individuals diagnosed with generalized chronic periodontitis and a control group of 36 persons without periodontitis. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were examined in both groups. Periodontal treatment was performed, using four different surgical procedures, in the study group. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations were re‐evaluated again after 6 months.Results: Periodontal treatment resulted in a significant improvement of all measured clinical parameters, regardless of the surgical procedure. When evaluated in the study group as a whole, percentages of all but CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulations were significantly different from the control group at baseline. Values in both groups after treatment were similar. Correlation analysis suggests a connection between the presence of CD25+ cells and selected clinical parameters of periodontal disease (probing depth and clinical attachment loss).Conclusions: Statistically significant differences in the percentages of selected lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients and healthy controls were found. The results suggest a correlation between selected clinical periodontal parameters and percentage of activated cells expressing the interleukin (IL)‐2 receptor. Periodontal treatment resulted in significant improvement in the measured clinical and immunological parameters. It seems that the type of surgical treatment has little effect on the normalization of quantitative disturbances of the examined peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1304‐1310.
A 2‐Year Follow‐Up of Root Coverage Using Subpedicle Acellular Dermal Matrix Allografts and Subepithelial Connective Tissue Autografts
Authors: Hirsch A. , Goldstein M. , Goultschin J. , Boyan B.D. , Schwartz Z. 
Published: August 2005

Background: Coverage of roots exposed by gingival recession is one of the main objectives of periodontal reconstructive surgery. A large variety of mucogingival grafting procedures are available. However, the long‐term effectiveness of this procedure is still not clear. This study compared the effectiveness of subpedicle acellular dermal matrix allografts with subepithelial connective tissue autografts in achieving root coverage 2 years postoperatively.Methods: One hundred one (101) patients were treated with dermal matrix allografts (mean age, 28.4 ± 0.7 years; mean recession, 4.2 mm) and 65 patients treated with connective tissue graft (mean age, 30.1 ± 1.4 years; mean recession, 4.9 mm). All patients underwent full periodontal evaluation and presurgical preparation, including oral hygiene instruction and scaling and root planing. The exposed roots were thoroughly planed and covered by a graft without any further root treatment or conditioning. There were no differences in the average age, time of follow‐up, or gender between the two groups. Patients were evaluated periodically between 1 and 2 years. Residual recession and defect coverage were assessed.Results: Mean residual root recession after root coverage with acellular dermal matrix allograft was 0.2 ± 0.04 mm, with defect coverage of 95.9% ± 0.9%. Frequency of defect coverage was 82.2%. Root coverage was 98.8% ± 0.2%, resulting in a frequency of root coverage of 100%. Gain in keratinized gingiva was 2.2 ± 0.04 mm and attachment gain was 4.5 ± 0.1 mm per patient. Connective tissue autografts resulted in mean residual root recession of 0.1 ± 0.04 mm, with percent defect coverage of 97.8% ± 0.6% and frequency of defect coverage of 95.4%. Root coverage was 99.1% ± 0.2%, and frequency of root coverage was 100%. Gain in keratinized gingiva was 3.0 ± 0.1 mm and attachment gain was 5.3 ± 0.2 mm per patient. No significant differences in final recession and root coverage between the two treatment methods were found. However, autografts resulted in significant increases in defect coverage, keratinized gingival gain, attachment gain, and residual probing depth. The clinical results were stable for the 2‐year follow‐up period.Conclusions: These results indicate that coverage of root by subpedicle acellular dermal matrix allografts or subepithelial connective tissue autografts is a very predictable procedure which is stable for 2 years postoperatively. However, subepithelial connective tissue autografts resulted in significant increases in defect coverage, keratinized gingival gain, attachment gain, and residual probing depth. J Periodontol 2005;76:1323‐1328.
Periodontitis and Three Health‐Enhancing Behaviors: Maintaining Normal Weight, Engaging in Recommended Level of Exercise, and Consuming a High‐Quality Diet
Authors: Al‐Zahrani Mohammad S. , Borawski Elaine A. , Bissada Nabil F. 
Published: August 2005

Background: Maintaining normal weight, engaging in the recommended level of exercise, and eating healthy food are known to improve general health. The impact of these behaviors on periodontal health is not well documented. This study is aimed at examining whether the increased number of these behaviors is associated with a decrease in the prevalence of periodontitis in a United States population.Methods: This study utilized data on 12,110 individuals who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between the number of health‐enhancing behaviors and periodontitis prevalence. Healthenhancing behaviors included maintaining normal weight (body mass index [BMI], 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), engaging in the recommended level of exercises (≥5 episodes of moderate or ≥3 episodes of vigorous‐intensity physical activity per week), and having a high‐quality diet (healthy eating index >80).Results: After controlling for age, gender, race\ethnicity, cigarette smoking, other tobacco products, education, diabetes, poverty index, census region, acculturation, vitamin use, time since the last dental visit, dental calculus, and gingival bleeding, a 1‐unit increase in the number of the three health‐enhancing behaviors was associated with a 16% reduction in the prevalence of periodontitis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77 to 0.93). Individuals who maintained normal weight, engaged in the recommended level of exercise, and had a high‐quality diet were 40% less likely to have periodontitis compared to individuals who maintained none of these health‐enhancing behaviors.Conclusion: An increased number of health‐enhancing behaviors is associated with a lower periodontitis prevalence. J Periodontol 2005;76:1362‐1366.
Effect of Er:YAG Laser on Diseased Root Surfaces: An In Vivo Study
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Barone Antonio , Covani Ugo 
Published: August 2005

Background: The aim of the present study was to observe in vivo the effects of two different power settings of an Er:YAG laser on pockets of periodontally involved root surfaces using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).Methods: Thirty‐two teeth with severe periodontal disease scheduled for extraction were divided into three groups: group A was irradiated with an energy of 140 mJ, 10 Hz; group B with 160 mJ 10 Hz; group C was used as controls. Morphological changes on the treated root surfaces were evaluated using SEM observations to assess laser‐induced ultrastructural changes.Results: All surfaces treated in both groups showed a homogeneous and smooth root surface morphology. The surface alterations were very similar with both energy values used.Conclusion: Er:YAG laser irradiation performed with two different power settings of root surfaces in vivo showed at the SEM observation a complete absence of debris and smooth root surfaces. J Periodontol 2005;76:1386‐1390.