bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Polarization Begets Polarization
Authors: Merrill III Samuel , Grofman Bernard , Brunell Thomas L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Extreme polarization in American politics—and especially in the US Congress—is perhaps the most confounding political phenomenon of our time. This book connects polarization in Congress and polarization in the electorate within an ever-intensifying feedback loop. The loop is powered by the discipline exerted by the respective political parties on their Congressional members and district candidates, and maintained by the voters in each Congressional district who must choose between the alternatives offered. These alternatives are today just as extreme in competitive districts as in lopsided ones. Tight national party discipline produces party delegations in Congress that are each ideologically narrowly distributed but are widely separated from one another. As district constituencies become more polarized, with each side egged on by activists, parties are further motivated to move past a threshold and appeal to their respective bases rather than to voters in the political center. Parties with clearly differentiated platforms—once thought to be a desirable goal—have indeed become a reality, but these parties are now feuding camps. What resolution might there be? Could a new reform effort eventually emerge from the current altercation, just as the Progressive Era slowly emerged from the Gilded Age? Could an asymmetry develop in the partisan constraints, which would lead to ascendancy of the center? Or might a new and overriding issue generate a cross-cutting dimension that could open the door to a new politics? Only the future will tell.
Disembodied Brains
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Society has long been fascinated with mixes of humans and animals, and scientists have recently developed human-animal neuro-chimeras, animals with some component of a human brain. Society has also been fascinated by the “brain in the vat,” and now scientists have developed human brain organoids, small parts of a human brain in a dish grown from cells from a person’s body. The typical reaction to these technologies is shock or disgust, responses which this book closely examines. The public tends to believe in a foundational distinction between humans and animals, and the neuro-chimera violates this distinction, resulting in public opposition. Similarly, the public tends to believe that disembodied human parts are not totally separate from the human from whom they were taken, and therefore that a brain organoid in a dish retains the “essence” of its human source. This too results in greater concern about such organoids. The book also examines more general attitudes toward biotechnology that affect the public’s views of neuro-chimeras and organoids. It concludes with a discussion of how to set a public policy so that limits on these technologies are possible—allowing the development of the technologies for medical research but preventing them from achieving the public’s dystopian vision of the very human animal or the organoid that is perceived as actually a part of another human.
What We Know about the Public’s Views of Humans
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to what social-science and humanistic scholarship tells us about the public that can be useful for structuring our inquiry into people’s intuitions about organoids and chimeras. Comparing the public’s views with those of scientists and bioethicists, it examines the public’s notion of what a human is and the foundational distinction between humans and animals. It then turns to examination of the public’s belief in ephemeral connections to disembodied human parts. Using what we know about the public’s intuitions regarding the nature of the human, we can structure our investigation of organoids and chimeras.
Nationalism in the British Empire
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter situates M. P. T. Acharya in Indian nationalist politics of the early twentieth century, exploring his involvement with the nationalist paper India in Madras and Pondicherry, sedition, colonial policing, and surveillance, and his escape from India and into exile in London. The chapter traces his involvement with militant nationalists such as Shyamaji Krishnavarma, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, V. V. S. Aiyar, Lala Har Dayal, Madan Lal Dhingra, and Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, and activities at India House in London, including the assassination of Sir William Hutt Curzon-Wyllie and the aftermath. As the chapter argues, Acharya’s activities in India and London reveal a great deal about militant nationalism in the British empire and about how Britain, paradoxically, as the chapter illuminates, afforded more liberties to anticolonial nationalists than India.
The Ghadar Period
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
With a focus on surveillance, immigration, and labor, Chapter Three starts with M. P. T. Acharya’s hasty escape from Europe. As Acharya appeared in New York City and spent the next two years in North America, applying for citizenship in 1913, he became involved in the Ghadar Party and the Hindusthan Association of America (HAA). The chapter provides context to those organizations and to Acharya’s engagement with radical anticolonialism that lead him to brief encounters with prominent anarchists Alexander Berkman and Hippolyte Havel. Ultimately, as the chapter highlights, those global anticolonial networks that Acharya was part of in Europe extended to North America and, in this case, were interweaved with the radical politics of anarchism.
War against the British Empire
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
When global imperialisms clashed in the First World War, the scales of anti-imperialism also changed. This chapter examines what the war meant for Indian anticolonialists such as Acharya, explored through his involvement with the Indian Independence Committee (IIC) in Berlin and across the Ottoman empire and the Middle East. The chapter provides a detailed account of the Indian-German conspiracy through Acharya’s experiences across the Middle East, a daring sabotage mission to the Suez Canal, and internal disagreements within the IIC, centered on disagreements between Hindus and Muslims. As the chapter suggests, while posing a concerted threat to British rule in India, the creed of “the enemy of my enemy is my friend” eventually failed for the Indians. The chapter unveils an anti-imperial history of the First World War that opens new ways of understanding the global scale of the war.
Revolution in Russia
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on M. P. T. Acharya’s fateful journey to Moscow to meet Lenin in July 1919 and subsequent mission to Kabul with Mahendra Pratap and Abdur Rabb. Abandoning the bourgeois nationalism of Pratap, Acharya and Rabb set up the Indian Revolutionary Association (IRA) to agitate among the Muhajirs in the Afghani-Indian borderland. As a representative of the IRA, Acharya attended the Second Congress of the Communist International in July and August 1920 and here met Abani Mukherji, M. N. Roy and his wife, Evelyn Trent, and Mohamed Shafique, all representing different strands of Indian revolutionary groups. As the chapter illuminates, Acharya’s presence at this event has been overlooked, but the chapter seeks to reinstate him into the early history of communism’s relation to anti-imperialism.
Anticolonialism and Anarchism in Weimar Berlin
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores M. P. T. Acharya’s ventures into anarchism, trying to bring the political philosophy into India’s independence struggle from afar, and to place India’s freedom on the agenda of global anarchism. In the mid-1920s, he was involved in a deportation case against Indians in Berlin, which was eventually abandoned, and in challenging the racism of German cultural politics in the Hagenbeck affair. In addition to translating for and frequently contributing to anarchist papers, his articulation of anarchism in Indian papers such as Forward and the People was unique and, eventually, evolved into a heated debate with Jawaharlal Nehru over the brutality of Bolshevik prisons. Acharya’s different approach to the question of freedom, the chapter illustrates, brought together anticolonialism, anarchism, and utopianism in ways that open new ways of understanding the radical landscape of 1920s Berlin as a hub for the entangled world of anti-imperialism and anarchism.
Anti-Imperialism and Anti-Militarism
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines M. P. T. Acharya’s involvement with the League Against Imperialism (LAI) and the anti-militarist organizations the International Anti-Militarist Bureau and the International Antimilitarist Commission. Despite being an early member of the LAI, set up by his old friend Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, Acharya had serious misgivings about the Moscow-backed organization. Instead, his involvement in the anarchist movement brought him into the orbit of pacifism and anti-militarism and, by extension, the radical politics of Gandhi. The chapter elucidates some of the major tensions within the broader, left-wing anti-imperialist movement: how did anarchists view anti-imperial struggles? How did anarchists work with communist-backed organizations? How did anarchists connect anti-militarism and anti-imperialism? Acharya dealt with all these questions, as the chapter illustrates, by embracing Gandhism without Gandhi.
Violent Independence
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to the question of Indian independence and Partition, the assassination of Gandhi, and the rise of Hindu nationalism. As an avowed anarchist, independence and self-government for India did not equate with any meaningful sense of freedom. While Indian leaders negotiated their place in Cold War politics, Acharya’s ideas gained more currency. His central article ‘Les Trusts et la Démocratie’ was reprinted in pamphlet form as Principles of Non-Violent Economics (1947), and he contributed an essay on ‘What is Anarchism?’ to Iqbal Singh and Raja Rao’s stock-taking collection Whither India? (1948). At the same time, he had to face two old interlocutors: Gandhi and Savarkar. The assassination of Gandhi by Nathuram Godse, a follower of Savarkar’s Hindutva ideology, shook India. Acharya despised the mythological status of Gandhi, even immediately following the assassination, but admired Gandhian tactics; at the same time, he had admired Savarkar’s revolutionary fervor but rejected the ethnic fascism of Hindutva. Post-colonial India, as the chapter elucidates, saw Acharya reconnect with old comrades from the early twentieth-century nationalist movement, testifying to the longevity of revolutionary camaraderie and the role of these revolutionaries in the freedom struggle.
Protecting Heritage
Authors: Weiss Thomas G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Some observers claim that it is necessary to prioritize either the protection of vulnerable populations or the tangible cultural heritage that sustains them; but there is no need because the two are inseparable. The moment is propitious because the international political disputes about when and where to intervene in specific crises to protect tangible heritage are less fraught than those to protect people. Moreover, protecting heritage is visible on the international public policy agenda; it is no longer a “niche topic,” the exclusive domain of cultural specialists. This chapter begins with the relevance of responsibility to protect (R2P) for the protection of cultural heritage. It continues with the value of inserting politics into what has been largely a legal conversation for over a century. The third section explores the possible “force multiplier” resulting from the use of heritage protection as a routine part of the peaceful resolution of disputes and of the mandates for outside military forces.
De-idealization, mind, and language
Authors: Engelhardt Jeff 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The first chapter of Nonideal Theory and Content Externalism (1) introduces de-idealizations as a kind of philosophical project, (2) makes a case for de-idealizations in philosophy of mind and language, and (3) responds to objections, including a recent argument that ideal/nonideal theory is useless in philosophy of language. To de-idealize a theory is to replace its model of society as free of oppression with a model that represents systemic oppression and its effects. The use of de-idealizations in mind/language is motivated in this chapter through the argument that (a) oppression systematically influences the parts of society that many theories of mind/language appeal to in their descriptions, explanations, and predictions, but (b) oppression has also made it so that most Western philosophers are ignorant of systemic oppression; consequently, (c) most theories of mind/language adopt systematically inaccurate social models and thus generate systematically inaccurate descriptions, explanations, and predictions. These theories should be de-idealized.
How Business Elite Dominance Engenders Creative Insecurity
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 6, the chapter argues that for the GCC economies to implement key reform in order to successfully achieve creative security, those reforms must be state-led, assuming the state is a rational actor interested in its national security and long-term stability. The chapter demonstrates how different levels of business elite dominance, and the perpetuation of business elite dominance by private sector institutions, undermine youth employment and integration in the private sector. The chapter also assesses how wealth accumulation does not generate innovation, with an emphasis on industries dominated by the business elites. The second part of the chapter addresses an underlying informal institutional environment that perpetrates business elite dominance and hierarchy in the Gulf private sectors.
Violence, Displacement and Social Transformation in Sabha
Authors: Stocker Valerie , al-Fallani Reema 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Libya’s post-revolutionary struggles have played out in singular ways in the Fezzan, a region historically tied into the Sahelo-Saharan space. Centuries of mobility account for the region’s diverse demography. Since 2011, coexistence has been challenged by violent upheaval, the contest for power, and instability at the borders. A sequence of local conflicts fuelled ethnic and tribal divisions, prompting episodes of mass displacement. This chapter zooms in on Sebha, the Fezzan’s largest city, where regional dynamics converge. It retraces the city’s formation through colonial and Qadhafi-era social engineering, and analyzes its violent transformation post-2011. Over the decade from 2011, parochial identities became more salient and politicized amidst contentious questions of indigeneity and citizenship. Repeated waves of fighting and displacement intensified spatial and social fragmentation. With Sebha’s urban fabric cementing communitarian divides, its inhabitants navigating constraints and facing bitter sacrifices, the consequences of this social transformation may well prove durable.
The Revenge of the Defeated? The Re-emergence of the JamahiriYa Networks after 2011
Authors: Collombier Virginie , Omar Misbah 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The killing of Muammar al-Qadhafi in October 2011 marked the definitive end of the Libyan Jamahiriya and the division of the society into two camps: the victors, who had supported the revolution, and the defeated, who had sided with Qadhafi. For the latter, military defeat translated into years of social stigma and political marginalization that proved difficult to reverse. This chapter focuses on the consequences of the regime’s collapse on the groups and communities who chose to back Qadhafi in 2011. It details how institutional divisions and renewed episodes of violent conflict over more than a decade changed the perception of former regime constituencies by the new elites competing for power, and paved the way for the re-emergence of certain individuals and networks who had been associated with the former regime. Despite the prominent political role now played by a number of former regime associates, political competition, fragmentation, and the lack of a collective leadership to represent those defeated in 2011 mean that there is no such thing as a “former regime” constituency any longer.
The Post-revolutionary Struggle for Economic and Financial Institutions
Authors: Eaton Tim 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter’s analysis of three critical economic and financial state institutions--the Central Bank of Libya (CBL), the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) and the Organisation for the Development of Administrative Centres (ODAC)—reveals that Libyan state institutions have had a direct and material impact on the evolution of Libya’s conflict since 2011. The highly centralized nature of the Libyan economy and its dominant public sector mean that control of these institutions connotes control of Libya’s economy and ongoing access to funds inside and outside of Libya. This has placed these institutions at the heart of conflict, both violent—as a source of funding to armed actors—and non-violent, as part of the legal contestation among rivals for control. A study of the battle for control of Libya’s economic and financial institutions reveals two connected findings: first, the fragmentation of political authority in the post-revolutionary era has led to the economic and financial institutions of the Libyan state developing an unprecedented significance as power centers in their own right, albeit to varying degrees. Second, the networks benefiting from control of these institutions have proven resilient and adapted where necessary.
Public Sector without State
Authors: Lacher Wolfram 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the changes Libya’s public sector has undergone amidst civil war and weakening state authority since 2011. It analyzes how the devolution of the means of violence from the central government to local actors has transformed both the functions and the functioning of the public sector. Examining the paradox of a massive increase in state employment amidst waning state authority, it finds that bureaucrats followed similar practices in hiring employees after 2011 as they did under Qadhafi. The difference was that the expansion of patronage networks faced fewer limits in the absence of an ultimate arbiter. Weakening central authority also created a demand for the regulation of conflicts over self-enrichment, opening the door to the increasing influence of armed groups within the public sector. Over time, increasingly blatant corruption broadened the acceptance of conceptions of state assets as prey. Credible allegations of corruption by senior officials were increasingly met with apathy rather than outrage.
Reality Bites Back Violence, Power and International Mediation in Libya
Authors: Thornton Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Mediators are often fond of presenting themselves as realists, who are simply reflecting the current balance of power in the peace processes they shepherd. However, based on detailed analysis of successive efforts to resolve the Libyan crisis from 2014 onwards, this chapter suggests that mediation processes interact and fundamentally alter the societies in which they are conducted. As the Libyan case demonstrates, mediation processes elevate certain individuals and constituencies, transform intra- and inter-group relations, and seek to marginalize and sideline elements of the society they deem to be “spoilers.” However, the failure of certain processes to stop the violence in Libya also shows us the limits of such efforts at “social engineering” by mediators and the international community, providing a salutary lesson for other contexts.
A Catalytic Role Untold
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter Five unearths the hidden role Coca-Cola played in helping to end apartheid in South Africa, providing a rare glimpse into the company’s political work and setting the stage for its involvement in fully post-colonial Africa. This chapter begins in the 1970s in America, where activism helped to compel the company to change its stance on South Africa. It tells the story of Carl Ware, who played a key role in Coca-Cola’s particular form of divestment. It explores how this unique form of divestment entailed working closely with ANC operatives in South Africa and in exile. Coca-Cola’s form of divestment meant that there was never a time that you could not buy a Coke product in South Africa. Still, this chapter shows how this form gained the praise of such stalwarts as Desmond Tutu and Nelson Mandela, though it remains controversial to this day.
Conclusion
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The book’s Conclusion weighs the balance of Coca-Cola’s history in Africa against the two biggest threats facing this company--and, arguably, the world--today: those relating to the human body and the environment. The conclusion explores the global turn against sugar, and liquid sugar in particular, as well as how Coca-Cola responded to this threat. It then explores how humans--and, in particular, a drink business--abut what scholars call the planetary boundaries for continued life on earth. Without passing judgement, it suggests how Coca-Cola in Africa is navigating this particular moment.
Making Meaning of Being Bad
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
What do we mean when we say that a leader—or a follower—is “bad”? The word is vague or even ambiguous. Moreover, discussions of bad leadership are saddled with three major problems. The first problem is that humans are not widgets. They are flesh and blood, hearts, and minds. This makes them not simple things but complex beings. The second problem is that “bad” can be used in two different ways: bad as in ineffective, and bad as in unethical. The third problem relates to differences of opinion, or to the different values we hold. What I consider “bad” might not be what you consider “bad,” and vice versa. The chapter argues that while these admittedly major concerns have previously precluded us—even experts in leadership and management—from tackling “bad” in the past, they should not deter us in the future.
Martin Winterkorn, CEO of Volkswagen
Authors: Kellerman Barbara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter is about Martin Winterkorn, who was CEO of Volkswagen from 2007 to 2015 and who presided over “Emissionsgate” or “Dieselgate,” one of the worst scandals in corporate history. During the entire time that Winterkorn was chief executive, Volkswagen was installing a defeat device with the deliberate intention of misleading everyone from regulators to the buying public about the level of its vehicles’ emissions—the degree to which its products were polluting the air. Most of the chapter is divided into four sections each of which discusses one of the four previously mentioned phases. Each illustrates the process that begins with the leader promising the moon and the stars and ends in misfortune or even disaster. Winterkorn’s case was no exception. In the end, his career was over, and his company paid dearly for allowing its leader, and some of his followers, to cheat egregiously for almost a decade.