bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model of cell salvage compared and combined with normovolemic hemodilution
Authors: Waters Jonathan H. , Lee Julia Shin Jung , Karafa Matthew T. 
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND:  Mathematical models have been used to describe the factors that affect cell salvage (CS) and normovolemic hemodilution (ANH). Here, the CS and ANH models were used to compare these two techniques alone or in combination with each other.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Variables used for a hypothetical patient included an estimated blood volume of 5000 mL, a presurgery hematocrit (Hct) of 45 percent, and a transfusion trigger of 21 percent. The model accounts for both the effect of decreasing the Hct due to blood loss and the effect of increasing Hct due to the readministration of blood in an isovolemic patient. The efficacy of CS and ANH is defined to be the maximum allowable blood loss for a fixed blood volume and a fixed transfusion trigger.RESULTS:  Comparison of CS with ANH showed that 3 units of ANH was comparable to CS when CS recovery rates ranged from 19 to 24 percent. For a patient with a blood volume of 5000 mL and a starting Hct of 40 percent, 3 units of ANH would allow for 3972 mL of blood to be lost before crossing a 21‐percent transfusion trigger, whereas CS with a 125‐mL bowl would allow for 7611 mL.CONCLUSION:  When comparing ANH to CS, this mathematical model would suggest that CS has the potential to offer significantly greater red blood cell avoidance than does ANH; however, the combination of ANH with CS may offer allogeneic avoidance superior to either technique alone.
Acute lung injury after blood transfusion in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: Gajic Ognjen , Rana Rimki , Mendez Jose L. , Rickman Otis B. , Lymp James F. , Hubmayr Rolf D. , Moore S. Breanndan 
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND:  Liberal transfusion strategy increases the risk of acute lung injury (ALI), but specific transfusion‐related factors have not been characterized. We tested the hypotheses that storage age and specific type of blood products are associated with increased risk of ALI in mechanically ventilated patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  From a database of mechanically ventilated patients, we identified those who received blood products during the first 48 hours of intensive care. We extracted information about underlying ALI risk factors as well as the type, amount, and shelf age of administered blood products. Outcome was assessed by an independent, blind review of chest radiographs and clinical findings.RESULTS:  Of 181 patients transfused during the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation, 60 (33%) developed ALI. There was no difference in average duration of red blood cells storage between patients who did and did not develop ALI (median, 18.5 vs. 17.5 days; p = 0.22). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, important risk factors associated with the development of ALI were thrombocytopenia (odds ratio, 5.9; p = 0.004) and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma (odds ratio, 3.2; p = 0.023).CONCLUSION:  Thrombocytopenia and transfusion of fresh frozen plasma, but not storage age of red blood cells, were associated with the development of ALI in this cohort of mechanically ventilated patients.
Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors in northern Thailand
Authors: Thaikruea Lakkana , Thongsawat Satawat , Maneekarn Niwat , Netski Dale , Thomas David L. , Nelson Kenrad E. 
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology, virology, and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among blood donors in northern Thailand have not been extensively evaluated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We did a prospective matched case‐control study of blood donors who tested positive for HCV and were confirmed by recombinant immunoblot assay or nucleic acid testing. Infected donors were matched with one to four HCV‐uninfected donors for sex, age ± 5 years, and donation at the same site within 15 days of the HCV‐positive donor. Married donors were invited to bring their spouse for HCV testing.RESULTS: Among 166 matched sets, a history of intravenous drug use (IDU), reported by 58 HCV infected donors (35.5%) and 2 HCV‐negative donors, was strongly associated with HCV infection (odds ratio [OR], 107.6; 95% confidence interval, 14.8‐780.7). In multivariate analysis among donors without a history of IDU, significant risk factors included a history of a blood transfusion (OR, 28.8), immediate family with a history of hepatitis/jaundice (OR, 4.4), six or more lifetime sexual partners (OR, 2.7), and increased frequency of blood donation (OR, 0.9). Six of 45 spouses of HCV‐infected donors, and none of 44 spouses of uninfected donors, were HCV positive (p = 0.005).CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that illicit IDU and a history of transfusion are important risk factors for HCV infection in Thailand. Also, our data suggest there may be some risk of transmission by sex or other close contact between spouses.
Daily doses of 20 mg of elemental iron compensate for iron loss in regular blood donors: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Radtke Hartmut , Tegtmeier Joanna , Röcker Lothar , Salama Abdulgabar , Kiesewetter Holger 
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND: A considerable number of regular blood donors develops an iron deficiency, and the exact amount of iron required to compensate for the iron loss from whole‐blood donation in males and females is still unknown.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 526 regular blood donors (289 male and 237 female) were randomly assigned to treatment with either 40 mg, 20 mg, or 0 mg per day of elemental iron as ferrous gluconate for a period of 6 months, during which one unit of whole blood was collected on four occasions (males) or three occasions (females). Hemoglobin level, serum ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor levels were measured before each donation.RESULTS: Daily doses of either 40 mg or 20 mg of elemental iron adequately compensated for iron loss in males, who gave blood at 2‐month intervals, but did not result in a positive iron balance or an increase in storage iron as reflected by the logarithm of the ratio of transferrin receptor to ferritin concentration. In females, who donated at 3‐month intervals, the same daily doses not only restored the iron balance but also led to an increase in storage iron. The number of gastrointestinal side effects due to iron supplementation (12%) was only slightly higher in both iron groups than in the placebo group.CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that 20 mg of elemental iron per day can adequately compensate for iron loss in males and females who donate whole blood up to four (females) or six times per year (males).
Toxicities of hemoglobin solutions: in search of in‐vitro and in‐vivo model systems
Authors: Buehler Paul W. , Alayash Abdu I. 
Published: September 2004

Several hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have been developed with a rationale focused on exploiting one or more physicochemical properties (e.g., oxygen affinity, molecular weight, viscosity, and colloid osmotic pressure) resulting from the chemical or recombinant modification of hemoglobin (Hb). Several chemically modified Hbs have reached late stages of clinical evaluation in the United States and Canada. These Hbs, in general, demonstrated mixed preclinical safety and efficacy, and reasonable safety in Phase I trials. However, as clinical development shifted into later stages, an undesirable safety and efficacy profile became clear in patient populations studied, and as a result some products were withdrawn from further clinical pursuit. Several questions still remain unanswered regarding the safety of Hb products for their proposed clinical indication(s). For example, 1) were preclinical studies predictive of clinical outcome? And, 2) were the most appropriate preclinical studies performed to predict clinical outcome?The primary objectives of this analysis are to explore prelinical safety issues associated with HBOCs and provide an overview of the in‐vitro and in‐vivo models employed. The methods for obtaining data to serve as a basis for discussion are compiled from a literature‐based survey of safety and efficacy derived from biochemical, cellular, and whole animal assessment of HBOCs. Results from this overview of a vast body of published data may provide a means for identifying critical preclinical safety issues, which may ultimately lead to identification of potential limitations in the effective clinical use of certain HBOCs.
Patients with pertrochanteric hip fracture may benefit from preoperative intravenous iron therapy: a pilot study
Authors: Cuenca Jorge , García‐Erce José A. , Muñoz Manuel , Izuel Mónica , Martínez Angel A. , Herrera Antorio 
Published: September 2004

BACKGROUND:  Patients undergoing pertrochanteric hip fracture (PHF) repair surgery often receive perioperative allogeneic blood transfusions (ABTs) to avoid the deleterious effects of anemia. Nevertheless, concerns about adverse effects of ABTs have prompted the review of transfusion practice and the search for a safer treatment of perioperative anemia.MATERIAL AND METHODS:  The effect of preoperative 200 to 300 mg of intravenous (IV; Group 2; n = 55) iron sucrose administration on transfusion requirements and postoperative morbidity‐mortality in patients with PHF has been prospectively investigated. A previous series of 102 PHF patients served as the control group (Group 1). All patients were older than 65 years and were operated on at the third day after admission to the hospital, by the same medical team and with the same implant.RESULTS:  Iron sucrose was well tolerated and reduced the transfusion rate in patients with admission hemoglobin levels of greater than 120 g per L (p < 0.05) who also received fewer units of red blood cells (p < 0.05). In addition, iron sucrose reduced postoperative infection rate (p < 0.05), but not 30‐day mortality rate or mean length of hospital stay.CONCLUSION:  The administration of IV iron sucrose seems to reduce ABT requirements in patients with PHF and is associated to lower postoperative morbidity. The possible mechanisms involved in these effects are discussed.
A Comparison of Arbitration Procedures for Risk‐Averse Disputants*
Authors: Armstrong Michael J. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTWe propose an arbitration model framework that generalizes many previous quantitative models of final offer arbitration, conventional arbitration, and some proposed alternatives to them. Our model allows the two disputants to be risk averse and assumes that the issue(s) in dispute can be summarized by a single quantifiable value. We compare the performance of the different arbitration procedures by analyzing the gap between the disputants' equilibrium offers and the width of the contract zone that these offers imply. Our results suggest that final offer arbitration should give results superior to those of conventional arbitration.
Linking Perceived Quality and Customer Satisfaction to Store Traffic and Revenue Growth*
Authors: Babakus Emin , Bienstock Carol C. , Van Scotter James R. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTEffects of perceived merchandise and service quality, relative to competition, on retail store performance are investigated using store traffic and revenue growth as outcome variables. A model is proposed and tested using aggregate customer data and store performance outcomes from a group of stores owned by a national retail organization. Results suggest that both service and merchandise quality exert significant influence on store performance, measured by sales growth and customer growth, and their impact is mediated by customer satisfaction. Implications of the results and future research directions are discussed.
Functional Analysis of the Tsh Autotransporter from an Avian Pathogenic
Escherichia coli
Strain
Authors: Kostakioti Maria , Stathopoulos Christos 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

The temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin (Tsh) is an autotransporter protein secreted by avian-pathogenic
Escherichia coli
strains that colonize the respiratory tract and lead to airsacculitis, pericarditis, and colisepticemia. It is synthesized as a 140-kDa precursor protein, whose processing results in a 106-kDa passenger domain (Tsh
s
) and a 33-kDa β-domain (Tsh
β
). The presence of a conserved 7-amino-acid serine protease motif within Tsh
s
classifies the protein in a subfamily of autotransporters, known as serine protease autotransporters of the
Enterobacteriaceae
. In this study, we report that purified Tsh
s
is capable of adhering to red blood cells, hemoglobin, and the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen IV. We also demonstrate that Tsh
s
exerts proteolytic activity against casein, and we provide experimental evidence demonstrating that serine 259 is essential for the protease function. However, this residue is not required for adherence to substrates, and its replacement by an alanine does not abolish binding activity. In summary, our results demonstrate that Tsh is a bifunctional protein with both adhesive and proteolytic properties.
Polymorphism and Transcription at the
p44
-
1/p44
-
18
Genomic Locus in
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Strains from Diverse Geographic Regions
Authors: Lin Quan , Rikihisa Yasuko , Massung Robert F. , Woldehiwet Zerai , Falco Richard C. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

A polymorphic multigene family (
p44
) of
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
encodes the immunodominant 44-kDa major outer membrane proteins. With
p44
-specific PCR and gene-specific probes,
p44
-
1
was found in all human isolates from New York State but not in isolates from Minnesota, whereas
p44
-
18
and two other
p44
species were found in isolates from both regions. We therefore sequenced the genomic locus corresponding to the
p44
-
1/p44
-
18
tandem locus of
A. phagocytophilum
HZ in 14 other geographically divergent strains from various hosts. The locus was found in all 14 strains, and
p44
-
18
was conserved among all 13 United States isolates studied. In all nine northeastern strains,
p44
-
1
was conserved. However, in three of the Minnesota strains and in one California strain,
p44
-
1
was replaced at this genomic locus by the novel gene
p44
-
61
(
p44
-
61/18
), whose hypervariable region (hv) was a chimera of
p44
-
20
hv and
p44
-
23
hv. The conserved base sequence within the hv region linked the two segments. In contrast, in the Old Sourhope strain isolated from sheep in the United Kingdom, only a single and distinct
p44
,
p44
-
OS
, was found in this locus. This suggests different rates of evolution of
p44
-
1
and
p44
-
18
at this locus and conservation of the locus within strains isolated from the same geographic region. Locus-specific reverse transcription-PCR revealed expression of
p44
-
1
by New York and
p44
-
61
by Minnesota strains at this locus. These
p44
loci provide insight into the molecular evolution and functional divergence of
p44
paralogs and may serve as markers for typing strains from different geographic regions.
Protection againstPlasmodium chabaudiMalaria Induced by Immunization with Apical Membrane Antigen 1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in the Absence of Gamma Interferon or Interleukin-4
Authors: Burns James M. , Flaherty Patrick R. , Nanavati Payal , Weidanz William P. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTStrategies to optimize formulations of multisubunit malaria vaccines require a basic knowledge of underlying protective immune mechanisms induced by each vaccine component. In the present study, we evaluated the contribution of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune mechanisms to the protection induced by immunization with two blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate antigens, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1). Immunologically intact or selected immunologic knockout mice were immunized with purified recombinantPlasmodium chabaudiAMA-1 (PcAMA-1) and/or the 42-kDa C-terminal processing fragment ofP. chabaudiMSP-1 (MSP-142). The efficacy of immunization in each animal model was measured as protection against blood-stageP. chabaudimalaria. Immunization of B-cell-deficient JH−/−mice indicated that PcAMA-1 vaccine-induced immunity is largely antibody dependent. In contrast, JH−/−mice immunized with PcMSP-142were partially protected againstP. chabaudimalaria, indicating a role for protective antibody-dependent and antibody-independent mechanisms of immunity. The involvement of γδ T cells in vaccine-induced PcAMA-1 and/or PcMSP-142protection was minor. Analysis of the isotypic profile of antigen-specific antibodies induced by immunization of immunologically intact mice revealed a dominant IgG1 response. However, neither interleukin-4 and the production of IgG1 antibodies nor gamma interferon and the production of IgG2a/c antibodies were essential for PcAMA-1 and/or PcMSP-142vaccine-induced protection. Therefore, for protective antibody-mediated immunity, vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems for AMA-1- and MSP-1-based vaccines can be selected for their ability to maximize responses irrespective of IgG isotype or any Th1 versus Th2 bias in the CD4+-T-cell response.
Growth, Virulence, and Immunogenicity ofListeria monocytogenes aroMutants
Authors: Stritzker Jochen , Janda Jozef , Schoen Christoph , Taupp Marcus , Pilgrim Sabine , Gentschev Ivaylo , Schreier Peter , Geginat Gernot , Goebel Werner 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTMutants ofListeria monocytogeneswith deletions in genes of the common branch of the biosynthesis pathway leading to aromatic compounds were constructed as possible virulence-attenuated carrier strains for protein antigens or vaccine DNA.aroA,aroB, and in particulararoEmutants showed strongly reduced growth rates in epithelial cells and even in rich culture media. The metabolism of thearomutants under these conditions was predominantly anaerobic. Aerobic metabolism and a wild-type growth rate were, however, regained upon the addition of vitamin K2, suggesting that thearomutants are deficient in oxidative respiration due to the lack of menaquinone. Replication of thearomutants in the host cell's cytosol and cell-to-cell spread were drastically slowed down, and allaromutants showed high virulence attenuation in mice, i.e., the 50% lethal dose in BALB/c mice was increased at least 104-fold for thearoA,aroB, andaroA/Bmutants and >105-fold for thearoEmutant compared to the parent strain. Nevertheless, mice preimmunized witharomutant bacteria elicited good T-cell response and full protection against a subsequent challenge with the virulent wild-type strain. A total of 5 × 106aroA,aroB, andaroA/Bmutant bacteria were sufficient to obtain a protective T-cell response, while 5 × 108aroEoraroA/Emutants were necessary to achieve comparable numbers of antigen-specific T cells. These numbers were well tolerated without causing any signs of disease, indicating thatListeriastrains with deletions in genes of the basic branch of the aromatic amino acid pathway could be useful vaccine carriers for inducing T-cell immunity.
Serum Levels of the Proinflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, and IL-12(p70) in Malian Children with SeverePlasmodium falciparumMalaria and Matched Uncomplicated Malaria or Healthy Controls
Authors: Lyke K. E. , Burges R. , Cissoko Y. , Sangare L. , Dao M. , Diarra I. , Kone A. , Harley R. , Plowe C. V. , Doumbo O. K. , Sztein M. B. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTInflammatory cytokines play an important role in human immune responses to malarial disease. However, the role of these mediators in disease pathogenesis, and the relationship between host protection and injury remains unclear. A total of 248 cases of severePlasmodium falciparummalaria among children aged 3 months to 14 years residing in Bandiagara, Mali, were matched to cases of uncomplicated malaria and healthy controls. Using modified World Health Organization criteria for defining severe malaria, we identified 100 cases of cerebral malaria (coma, seizure, and obtundation), 17 cases of severe anemia (hemoglobin, <5 g/dl), 18 cases combined cerebral malaria with severe anemia, and 92 cases with hyperparasitemia (asexual trophozoites, >500,000/mm3). Significantly elevated levels (given as geometric mean concentrations in picograms/milliliter) of interleukin-6 (IL-6; 485.2 versus 54.1;P= <0.001), IL-10 (1,099.3 versus 14.1;P= <0.001), tumor necrosis factor alpha (10.1 versus 7.7;P= <0.001), and IL-12(p70) (48.9 versus 31.3;P= 0.004) in serum were found in severe cases versus healthy controls. Significantly elevated levels of IL-6 (485.2 versus 141.0;P= <0.001) and IL-10 (1,099.3 versus 133.9;P= <0.001) were seen in severe malaria cases versus uncomplicated malaria controls. Cerebral malaria was associated with significantly elevated levels of IL-6 (754.5 versus 311.4;P= <0.001) and IL-10 (1,405.6 versus 868.6;P= 0.006) compared to severe malaria cases without cerebral manifestations. Conversely, lower levels of IL-6 (199.2 versus 487.6;P= 0.03) and IL-10 (391.1 versus 1,160.9;P= 0.002) were noted in children with severe anemia compared to severe malaria cases with hemoglobin at >5 g/dl. Hyperparasitemia was associated with significantly lower levels of IL-6 (336.6 versus 602.1;P= 0.002). These results illustrate the complex relationships between inflammatory cytokines and disease inP. falciparummalaria.
Immunization withLeishmania majorExogenous Antigens Protects Susceptible BALB/c Mice against Challenge Infection withL. major
Authors: Tonui Willy K. , Mejia J. Santiago , Hochberg Lisa , Mbow M. Lamine , Ryan Jeffrey R. , Chan Adeline S. T. , Martin Samuel K. , Titus Richard G. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTThe potential ofLeishmania majorculture-derived soluble exogenous antigens (SEAgs) to induce a protective response in susceptible BALB/c mice challenged withL. majorpromastigotes was investigated. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized withL. majorSEAgs alone,L. majorSEAgs coadministered with either alum (aluminum hydroxide gel) or recombinant murine interleukin-12 (rmIL-12),L. majorSEAgs coadministered with both alum and rmIL-12, andL. majorSEAgs coadministered with Montanide ISA 720. Importantly and surprisingly, the greatest and most consistent protection against challenge withL. majorwas seen in mice immunized withL. majorSEAgs alone, in the absence of any adjuvant. Mice immunized withL. majorSEAgs had significantly smaller lesions that at times contained more than 100-fold fewer parasites. When lymphoid cells fromL. majorSEAg-immunized mice were stimulated with leishmanial antigen in vitro, they proliferated and secreted a mixed profile of type 1 and type 2 cytokines. Finally, analyses with Western blot analyses and antibodies against three surface-expressed and secreted molecules ofL. major(lipophosphoglycan, gp46/M2/PSA-2, and gp63) revealed that two of these molecules are present inL. majorSEAgs, lipophosphoglycan and the molecules that associate with it and gp46/M2/PSA-2.