bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A SYNTHETIC ACYL POLYSACCHARIDE AND THE HEMAGGLUTINATION ACTIVITY
Authors: Tsumita Toru , Ohashi Masako 
Published: June 2004

From Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a serologically specific polysaccharide was purified. It contained mannose, arabinose, and a trace of glucose. It was not active in hemagglutination (HA) reaction.
Partial acylation of the polysaccharide was carried out with palmitoylchloride, and the synthetic lipopolysaccharide contained 15.1 per cent of esterified palmitic acid.
The synthetic lipopolysaccharide had hemagglutination activity and 0.5 µg was able to sensitize 1 ml of 2 per cent erythrocyte suspension; it had the same activity as the natural antigenic lipopolysaccharide.
The same antibody in the antiserum was involved in the hemagglutination reaction with both the synthetic and natural lipopolysaccharides.
The sensitizing activity of the synthetic lipopolysaccharide was completely neutralized by cholesterol.
Model experiments showed that the lipid moiety of hemagglutination antigen was essential for the sensitization of erythrocytes. The mechanism of the hemagglutination reaction is discussed.
INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MAMMALIAN CELL-FREE SYSTEMS BY CHLORAMPHENICOL
Authors: Weisberger Austin S. , Wolfe Sidney , Armentrout Steven 
Published: June 2004

Chloramphenicol can inhibit protein synthesis in mammalian cell-free systems as effectively as it inhibits protein synthesis in analogous microbial systems. Significant inhibition in mammalian systems was obtained only when protein synthesis was stimulated by the addition of template RNA to the system, there being comparatively little inhibition of protein synthesis by ribosomes in the absence of stimulatory RNA. It is postulated that chloramphenicol may inhibit the function of messenger or template RNA by successfully competing for ribosomal binding sites, thereby preventing the attachment of RNA to ribosomes.
The apparent discrepancy in the sensitivity of mammalian and microbial cells to chloramphenicol may be related to differences in turnover or stability of ribosomal template RNA rather than to intrinsic differences in mechanism of protein synthesis.
These observations are in accord with the suggestion that protein synthesis in intact mammalian cells may be susceptible to chloramphenicol inhibition only at the time that new messenger or template RNA is being deposited on ribosomes and that more mature cells may be resistant because informative RNA already deposited on ribosomes is not accessible to chloramphenicol inhibition. The inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol on protein synthesis in proliferating cells may be an important factor in hematologic toxicity attributable to chloramphenicol.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON THE CAUSE OF SEQUENTIAL NEOPLASTIC CHANGES
Authors: Henderson James S. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

When crystalline 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) and the cells of tar-induced mouse papillomas (paps.) are injected together into the thigh muscles of mice the carcinogen exerts a marked promoting and chemotactic influence upon the cells while it is dissolving in the tissue fluid. Under such circumstances it strongly stimulates and attracts them, with result they surround and include the scattered crystals in small cysts that later coalesce to form a larger one from which the MC only very gradually escapes.
Because of these findings intramuscular tests were made to learn whether MC would hasten the occurrence or increase the number of cancers that now and again derive from paps.; but the tests were repeatedly marred by the extraordinary behavior of such cancerous cells as happened to be already present in the implanted material. They responded far more actively to MC than did the pap. cells and soon took over the growths. Some carcinomas which failed to grow when transplanted alone, or only gradually formed small, regressing nodules, gave rise rapidly to huge growths of similar sort when exposed to MC.
To exclude cancerous cells so far as possible from the later tests small grafts of pap. tissue with MC crystals adhering to them were implanted subcutaneously. The pap. cells promptly lined the graft pockets, encysting the crystals incidentally, and formed tumors that enlarged progressively by keratinizing inwards. While they did this their living layer of pap. tissue was continually bathed in dissolved MC throughout many weeks. Despite these apparently favorable conditions the carcinogen neither hastened the occurrence nor increased the number of visible epidermal cancers deriving from the paps. It also failed to bring about sequential malignant changes in the carcinomas.
These negative results accord with those already obtained through long exposure of the benign pulmonary adenomas of mice to urethane or methylcholanthrene, agents which rapidly induce these benign tumors yet which were found to be incapable of furthering the cancerous changes to which such growths are prone. They accord also with another previous finding, namely that MC fails to bring on the malignant changes of discontinuous, sequential sort that mammary mouse carcinomas often undergo "spontaneously."
Taken together these facts indicate that the change or changes whereby normal cells are converted into benign tumor cells differ in nature from those taking place when they become cancer cells, as also from those occurring when cancer cells undergo further, step-like, malignant changes.
A study has been begun to learn whether the widely various carcinomas deriving from benign papillomas differ from these latter and from one and other in their chromosomal content.
CORYNEBACTERIAL PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS IN MICE
Authors: Pierce-Chase Cynthia H. , Fauve Robert M. , Dubos Rene 
Published: June 2004

The susceptibility of mice to experimental infection with Corynebacterium kutscheri was studied by comparing the host response to this organism of mice obtained from 31 different colonies, representing 15 different genetic types.
A standardized infective dose, administered intravenously, made it possible to separate the animals into two sharply differentiated groups. All the animals of the following colonies died: Swiss Lynch, Swiss R/J, A/Jax, Princeton, RFVL, and CF1 (SPF). All the animals of the following colonies survived: CFW, ICR, Balb/C, BSVS, BRVR, RIII, YBR/He, DBA/2 (from 3 different colonies), and C57B1/6 (from 12 different colonies).
The two highly inbred strains, Swiss Lynch and C57Bl/6, were selected as prototypes of susceptible and resistant animals respectively, for more detailed studies.
Following injection of an infective dose of 0.2 x 10–4 ml of culture of C. kutscheri, all Swiss Lynch animals died within 3 to 11 days (the majority within 4 to 7 days); whereas all C57Bl/6 animals survived. The outcome of the infection in each strain was independent of age and sex of the animals.
In Swiss Lynch animals, the corynebacteria multiplied rapidly in lungs, liver, kidneys, and to some extent in the spleen. In C57Bl/6 mice, there was no increase of the corynebacterial population in the lungs, liver, or spleen, but multiplication occurred in the kidneys during the early phase of the infectious process with resultant abscess formation. However, the renal infection soon subsided leaving no residual pathology. C. kutscheri could not be recovered from any organs of C57Bl/6 mice sacrificed 16 days after infection.
Homogenates of organs from Swiss Lynch mice obtained while the infection was progressing contained only typical C. kutscheri. In contrast, the lungs and livers of similarly infected C57Bl/6 animals occasionally yielded large numbers of small translucent colonies distinctly different from those of typical corynebacteria.
The use of mouse strains differing markedly in response to experimental infection with C. kutscheri is presented as a biologic model lending itself to further studies concerning factors which condition resistance to corynebacterial pseudotuberculosis, a disease of practical importance for investigators conducting experiments with murine species.
EXPERIMENTAL RUNT DISEASE IN MICE CAUSED BY SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM, VAR. COPENHAGEN
Authors: Brooke Marcus S. 
Published: June 2004

The strain of Salmonella typhimurium isolated from the subcutaneous abscess of a runted mouse and used in this study was somewhat unusual, but not unique, in that it had a high virulence for young mice, yet low infectivity. This strain could mimic many of the features, signs, and symptoms of immunological runting when injected into neonates, either in pure culture, or when mixed with spleen cells, or when present in infected isologous or F1 hybrid spleen cells. Thus, the incidence of Salmonella runting was dose-dependent and related to the age of the neonate. Runts failed to gain weight, were sickly, and usually died within 30 days. They had a marked splenomegaly and hepatomegaly associated with areas of necrosis. However, in marked contrast to immunological runts they did not have lymphoid atrophy.
The incidence of runting was diminished when frozen-thawed spleen cell suspensions were used, but not with sonicated or heated suspensions or spleen cells from lethally irradiated mice. Runting could be prevented by immunizing breeders with S. typhimurium, and serum from mice immunized against S. typhimurium protected neonates injected with this organism. Isologous adult spleen cells did not protect against Salmonella runting.
It is suggested that in studies on runting only the intravenous route be used and that heated cells serve as a control. More rigid criteria should be applied to runting than those frequently accepted and mice should be autopsied whenever possible.
THE ANTICOAGULANT AND ANTILYMPHOMA PROPERTIES OF ARSENIC AZOPROTEINS
Authors: Broome J. D. , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments here given show that 4-arsonophenylazoproteins form complexes with fibrinogen which are resistant to the enzymic action of thrombin, coagulation being thus inhibited; also that arsenic azoproteins combine strongly with polymerizing fibrin, the reaction leading uniquely to acceleration of the process. Ordinary arsenicals have little or no effect on the proliferation of Lymphoma 6C3HED cells in vivo. 4-Arsonophenylazoproteins, by contrast, are strongly inhibitory, and they arrest the process of mitosis in metaphase, as does colchicine.
Considered together with the observations of the preceding paper, the findings suggest that 4-arsonophenylazoproteins may exert their anticoagulant and antilymphoma effects by similar or related means: in the former instance, by combining in vitro with fibrinogen and polymerizing fibrin, thus altering the clotting process as mentioned above; and in the latter instance by combining, perhaps in a similar way, with polymerizing proteins in the mitotic spindle of proliferating Lymphoma 6C3HED cells, thus arresting mitosis.
Further implications of the findings are discussed.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC ENTEROTOXIN ENTERITIS
Authors: Warren Sherwyn E. , Jacobson Myron , Mirany Jafar , Van Prohaska John 
Published: June 2004

1. Dogs develop severe gastrointestinal symptoms in response to intraintestinal administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin. These symptoms are salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea.
2. Staphylococcal enterotoxin induces acute enteritis marked by edema, hyperemia, round cell infiltration, mucosal exudation, and destruction of intestinal villi.
3. Prolonged administration of enterotoxin into the lumen of the intestine produced thickening of the entire bowel wall, edema, dilatation of the lymphatics, and exaggeration of submucous lymphoid nodules. The hypertrophy of the lymphoid nodules is visible, in the gross, as enlarged longitudinal mucosal ridges. This abnormality is arranged in skip areas, not dissimilar to those observed in human regional enteritis.
4. Chronic enterotoxin enteritis is associated with mesenteric lymph node hypertrophy.
5. The intestinal mucosa shows minute ulcerations, loss of villi, submucous fibrosis, and evidence of chronic inflammation.
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF HUMAN 7S γ-GLOBULIN (G IMMUNOGLOBULIN)
Authors: Franklin E. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Detailed physical, chemical, and immunologic studies of a protein closely related to the Fc fragment and heavy chain of G immunoglobulin (IgG), and elaborated by a subject with a lymphoproliferative disorder are presented.
2. The protein, which has a molecular weight of 51,000, was cleaved into two half molecules by reduction and alkylation.
3. The protein has few if any of the antigenic determinants of the antigen-binding (Fab) papain fragment of IgG, and has a striking similarity in its antigenic properties to the Fc fragment.
4. Fingerprint patterns resemble those of the crystallizable (Fc) fragment, and lack several peptides found in the heavy chain.
5. These findings suggest that the Fc fragment may be a real structural unit of IgG, and raise the possibility of the existence of three different types of polypeptide chains in G immunoglobulin.
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON METABOLISM
Authors: Berry L. Joe , Smythe Dorothy S. 
Published: June 2004

Cortisone acetate administered to mice at the same time as either the LD50 or 2 x LD50 of endotoxin significantly protected against lethality. Delaying the injection of cortisone to 1, 2, or 4 hours after that of endotoxin resulted in loss of protection with the possible exception of a 1 hour delay with the LD50 of endotoxin. Associated with this loss of protection was the failure of the hormone to induce liver tryptophan pyrrolase. Normal mice given only cortisone showed an increase in enzyme activity nearly three times that of control values when assays were carried out either 4 or 17 hours after the hormone was given. Endotoxin-poisoned mice showed normal levels of enzyme activity with concurrent injection of cortisone but depressed levels of enzyme when the cortisone injection was delayed for only 1 hour or more. Apparently, therefore, enzyme induction (or maintenance) is related to survival in endotoxin poisoning.
In line with this hypothesis was the observation that inhibitors of enzyme (protein) synthesis were found to potentiate the lethal action of endotoxin and to prevent the protective effect of cortisone. The inhibitors employed were actinomycin D, ethionine, 2-thiouracil, and 8-azaguanine. Activity of liver tryptophan pyrrolase was lowered by endotoxin and elevated by cortisone. When the two were given concurrently, normal enzyme activity was maintained. Chloramphenicol, an active inhibitor of protein synthesis in microorganisms but with limited effect in mammals, was without observable influence in these respects.
Mice 18 hours postinfection with Salmonella typhimurium, strain SR-11, given at a level that caused first deaths on the 3rd day, had a lower than normal activity of liver tryptophan pyrrolase and responded to cortisone induction with a smaller increase in enzyme level than that found in control mice. Each is characteristic of endotoxin poisoning. Animals 42 hours postinfection were free of these signs of endointoxication, an observation in agreement with earlier experiments where other measures of endotoxin were employed.
PRODUCTION OF INFLAMMATORY CHANGES IN THE MICROCIRCULATION BY CATIONIC PROTEINS EXTRACTED FROM LYSOSOMES
Authors: Janoff Aaron , Zweifach Benjamin W. 
Published: June 2004

Lysosomal granules of rabbit exudate polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes were isolated and then lysed by freezing-thawing. Topical application of this material to rat and rabbit mesentery produced sticking and emigration of leucocytes, stasis of blood flow, and petechial hemorrhage. The granule-free, supernatant fraction of the homogenized leucocytes failed to produce any of these reactions.
Cationic proteins extracted from these granules by weak acid and precipitated by ethanol at concentrations of 20 and 45 per cent, were also tested on heterologous, homologous, and autologous mesenteric vessels. The 20 per cent ethanol-precipitated fraction produced all of the aforementioned injury reactions, whereas the 45 per cent fraction was inactive. The intensity of inflammatory changes produced by the active cationic protein fraction was greater than that produced by lysed whole granules.
Both the 20 per cent and 45 per cent ethanol fractions of cationic protein induced clumping of rabbit platelets, in vitro.
The 20 per cent ethanol fraction also caused a slight acceleration in rate of swelling of isolated rabbit liver mitochondria.
The active material proved to be non-pyrogenic in rabbits.
This material exhibited no kinin-like effects when tested on isolated smooth muscle preparations (rabbit aorta and guinea pig ileum). In the rat, the protein produced a transient vasodepression which was inhibited by pretreatment of the animal with an antihistamine.
Ultraviolet absorption data and ribose assays showed that the 20 per cent ethanol fraction contained only 4 per cent or less of ribonucleic acid. Upon electrophoresis in starch gel, using acid buffer, this fraction separated into at least three major components which migrated towards the cathode.
Precipitation of one of the slowly migrating components by titration of the fraction to pH 10.5 greatly increased the inflammatory activity of the material.
The inflammatory basic protein fraction was essentially devoid of acid phosphatase, beta glucuronidase, acid ribonuclease, lysozyme, and catalase activity. The non-inflammatory basic protein fraction contained appreciable quantities of acid ribonuclease and lysozyme.
The foregoing data demonstrate that certain of the cationic proteins present in lysosomes of rabbit exudate PMN leucocytes can reproduce one of the cardinal features of the inflammatory response; namely, adhesion and emigration of leucocytes in the microcirculation. These findings offer fresh support for the role of lysosomes in the pathogenesis of tissue injury, and may help to account for the propagation of leucocyte emigration to peak numbers during inflammatory reactions.
STUDIES ON ANTIGENICITY
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

The enzymatic degradation of fluorescein conjugates of poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, and exhaustively succinylated poly-L-lysine by aqueous extracts of spleens from "responder" (guinea pigs which can develop immune responses to hapten-poly-L-lysine conjugates) and "non-responder" guinea pigs was investigated.
The in vivo degradation of H3-tagged dinitrophenyl conjugates of these synthetic polyamino acids was also studied by measuring urinary excretion of radioactive low molecular weight degradation products of these conjugates after their intraperitoneal injection.
It was found that both responder and non-responder guinea pigs can degrade succinylated and unsuccinylated poly-L-lysine conjugates into small molecular fragments, but they cannot degrade hapten-poly-D-lysine conjugates.
These studies demonstrate that in addition to the known requirements for antigenicity of macromolecules, i.e. the presence of antigenic determinants, and their capacity to be degraded by immunological tissues, the resulting degradation products must undergo certain additional, as yet unidentified, specific metabolic steps in order to induce an immune response.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Butler William T. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of drugs upon the primary and the secondary antibody response to diphtheria toxoid in mice was studied using an experimental system previously described.
Triethylenethiophosphoramide (thio-TEPA), chloramphenicol, 6-mercaptopurine, 8-azaguanine, and versenate were found to inhibit, partially or completely,"priming" for the secondary response.
Thio-TEPA, chloramphenicol, and 6-mercaptopurine, in doses exceeding those effective in inhibiting priming, did not cause alteration of the secondary response when given only during the secondary response. However, when chloramphenicol and amethopterin were given for 5 days prior to and at least 5 days after the second antigen injection, slight suppression of peak secondary titers occurred.
Therefore, drug dosages effective in suppressing priming had less effect on the secondary response. It thus appears that there is a real difference between "priming" and the induction of antibody synthesis.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Cruchaud Andre , Coons Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

Young adult mice were primed with 20 Lf (56 µg) of diphtheria toxoid and given a second injection of the same size 40 days later. This procedure produces a reproducible secondary response which can be used as a standard. Chloramphenicol in maximum dosage prevents the unknown process by which the animal is primed for the second response. To be fully inhibitory, the drug must be given from the hour of the first antigen injection in maximum dosage for 2 weeks. A delay of 48 hours in starting the drug allows completion of the priming process, and shorter delays produce partial inhibition. Hence the initiation of priming is a rapid process sensitive to chloramphenicol. Subsequent changes in the cell population necessary for the full development of priming are not sensitive to chloramphenicol.
The secondary antibody response is not inhibited in mice by chloramphenicol at the doses employed.
THE INHERITANCE OF THE PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID CHARACTERISTICS OF T2 AND T6 BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Jesaitis Margeris A. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the immunological properties of phage strains derived from T2 x T6 crosses revealed that the majority of the progeny differ serologically from the parental viruses. Some hybrids were found to contain head membranes having the serological specificity of both T2 and T6 phages, while others contained tail sheaths of the former and the tail fibers of the latter. Since the immunological properties of all hybrids were heritable, it has been concluded that the serological specificity of the head proteins of T2 and T6 is controlled by at least two genetic determinants, and that the specificities of the fiber and sheath proteins may be governed by single genes.
Furthermore it was found that nucleic acids of hybrids had similar proportions of unsubstituted, mono- and diglucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine nucleotides to the nucleic acid of either T2 or T6 phage. Since the parental and hybrid viruses having chemically similar nucleic acids contained in some instances serologically different proteins, it has also been concluded that the extent of glucosylation of the hydroxymethylcytosine component of viral nucleic acids and the immunological properties of viral proteins are independently heritable traits of T2 and T6 bacteriophages.
A STUDY OF THE CROSS-REACTIVITY OF ANTIPURIN-6-OYL SERUM WITH DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Authors: Butler Vincent P. , Tanenbaum Stuart W. , Beiser Sam M. 
Published: June 2004

The specificity of the reaction of antipurin-6-oyl sera with thermally denatured DNA has been studied by means of hapten inhibition techniques. The relative order of effectiveness of various haptens as inhibitors of the complement fixation reaction between DNA and antipurin-6-oyl serum was found to be comparable to their relative order of effectiveness as inhibitors of the precipitin reaction between purin-6-oyl-protein conjugates and antipurin-6-oyl serum. Antipurin-6-oyl antibody has been purified and has been shown to be capable of reacting with thermally denatured DNA. It is concluded that the reactivity of these purine-specific antisera with DNA is a property of antibody with specificity for the purin-6-oyl moiety.
In addition, the reaction between antipurinoyl sera and DNA has been demonstrated by the techniques of radioimmunoelectrophoresis and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.