bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Background, early life, and marriage
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Shakespeare (1564–1616), playwright and poet, was baptized, probably by the parish priest, John Bretchgirdle, in Holy Trinity, the parish church of Stratford upon Avon, on 26 April 1564, the third child of John Shakespeare (d . 1601) and Mary Arden (d . 1608). It seems appropriate that the first of many gaps in the records of Shakespeare’s life should be the exact date of his birth, though that is a common problem for the period. He was probably born on 21, 22, or 23 April 1564, given the 1559 prayer book’s instructions to parents on the subject of baptisms.
Plays, poems, and profits
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the meantime, Shakespeare was developing new forms for his drama. Pericles marked a new departure, a drama whose narrative spreads to and fro across the Mediterranean, with a chorus, the poet John Gower whose poem Confessio amantis is one of the play’s sources, returned from the grave to tell the tale. From the finality of losing the beloved daughter at the end of King Lear to the possibility of a family being reunited at the end of Pericles is an enormous distance. Pericles was the only play largely written by Shakespeare not to be included in the 1623 first folio but it appeared in a quarto edition in 1608.
The universal author
Authors: Holland Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many of the world’s educational systems Shakespeare remains at the core of literary study, compulsory in the English national curriculum at secondary school and all but compulsory in many other countries. At universities his plays are central to the study of literature and drama and, though political battles in the United States to revise the canon of literary study led to Shakespeare no longer being compulsory at many universities, more students than ever take Shakespeare courses there.
I
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared to the extreme interest in the concept of identity and its different dimensions (self, narrative, organizational, ethnic, gender, and so forth), the concept of identification has received slightly less attention. And yet in a curious way, identification was established as an important psychological concept before identity was introduced into the human sciences by philosopher George Herbert Mead, psychologist Erik Erikson, and others. Already in the 1920s Freud was using the concept of identification extensively to describe a process whereby an individual assimilates a quality of an object and incorporates it in his or her own constitution. Thus, a child may identify with a parent or a follower may identify with a leader, imagining themselves to have some of the qualities of the person they identify with. What was important for Freud was that identification fundamentally transforms the subject who forges a new sense of identity by assimilating the perceived (and often idealized) attributes of the other person. Identification was seen by Freud as one of the two core processes of forming relations with others (the other being love for another person). He viewed the development of our mental personality as occurring through successive identifications with different people we admire. The view that identification with the parent of the same sex forms one of the commonest and firmest foundations of identity is also to be found in Erikson, who, however, argued that one must eventually ‘disidentify’ from such parent figures or risk lapsing into an identity crisis.
K
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge is the object of learning and the subject matter of epistemology. Knowledge is a fundamental characteristic of human beings and a distinctive feature of many of today’s organizations and societies. A knowledge organization (such as a university, a consulting firm, a publisher, or an insurance company) is one much of whose essential business consists of generating, trading, and processing knowledge; a large part of the capital value of such an organization lies in its members’ ability to exploit knowledge, turning it into competitive advantage. Where many organizations carry out this kind of work they are seen asa knowledge economy.
L
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labour is predominantly an economic category for work, the ability of human beings to generate value by using their creative capacities to mould nature to their needs. Marx argued that labour is what makes humans distinctly human, and that people’s intellectual, spiritual, and technical capacities develop through labour. Capitalist production impoverishes labour, alienating men and women from their products, from their creative activities, and from their fellow humans. Instead of marking the proud and joyful deployment of people’s creative powers, labour comes to be equated with oppression, exploitation, and dehumanization. In such labour, man becomes like an animal, and only in leisure can he obtain a taste of freedom and fulfilment. Marx’s uncompromising equation of labour with what makes man distinctly human has been criticized, or at least complemented by other uniquely human qualities, notably symbolic communication and desire. Nevertheless, Marx’s contention that the social organization of labour has profound repercussions on every society’s cultural, religious, legal, and family institutions has found substantial support in the work of anthropologists. In the last twenty years, many sociologists have been moving away from work towards leisure and consumption activities as the area of life where identities are shaped.
V
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Value is a fundamental concept of economics where it is used to signify the worth of commodities. Marx distinguished between use values and exchange values; use value refers to the value of a service or a product to a user, whereas exchange value represents its value relative to other services and products. According to the labour theory of value, the value of a commodity reflects the amount of labour involved in its production. This also applies to labour power itself when it is traded as a commodity—thus the labour power of a doctor has greater value than that of a labourer, inasmuch as it requires more time and other resources to train and sustain a doctor than a labourer. In neoclassical economics, this approach is dismissed in favour of a view that equates value to the price of a commodity in a free, open, and competitive market. Thus an object has value simply because people are prepared to pay a high price for it. Post- modern theory has added the concept of ‘sign value’—an object may be wanted not because of its uses or the possibility of exchanging it but because of the meanings it carries. Brands are strong carriers of sign value—a branded product commands greater value than an identical unbranded one, because of the prestige and status that it brings to its owner.
Europe in Search of Political Order
Authors: Olsen Johan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals with ongoing processes of European cooperation and integration, processes that may have a potential to change the political organization of Europe. Based on ideas from ‘the new institutionalism’ the book offers a systematic perspective on institutional change and in particular the role of institutions in relation to four central and durable issues in the study of political life. These are: (1) the mediation between unity and diversity: what ties a society together and what keeps it apart. (2) The relations between citizens and their helpers: why the democratic deficit in the European Union can not be eliminated solely by making mechanisms of direct citizens participation and representation more efficient. Needed are also institutions that make direct participation redundant because they routinely work with integrity, generating expected and desired outcomes. (3) The relation between democratic design and historical drift: To what degree democracies are able to design and reform key institutions of governance so that their structures reflect popular will, understanding and control. (4) The co-existence of old and new political orders: How elements of a new order may supplement rather than replace elements of the old order, generating a ‘mixed order’ based on partly inconsistent principles and rules.
A contested legacy
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In popular folklore William is supposed to have died after his horse tripped over a molehill. The incident for years after allowed Jacobites to toast the vanquishing creature as ‘the little gentleman in black velvet’. Sadly for romance, the story is only partly true. Certainly William’s horse stumbled on 21 February 1702 and the king broke a collarbone in the fall. However, he made a steady recovery from his injuries in the next couple of weeks, and was soon back conducting business, if not appearing in public. It was only on 5 March that the true cause of death—a pulmonary fever—became evident.
Religion and revolution
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of Charles II’s death in February 1685 Mary and her husband were entertaining the king’s illegitimate son, the duke of Monmouth, at The Hague. Monmouth relieved the tedium of Mary’s life in the Netherlands, attending magnificent balls and skating with the princess on the ice. One of the first communications from her father, now James II, which Mary received was a polite request to dismiss Mon- mouth from court.
Mary’s legacy
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary’s achievement was to have reconciled the bulk of the tories to the revolution of 1688. Had William been sole ruler from the start he would have been king mainly of the whigs. Jacobitism would have had more appeal without her. It was significant that the most serious Jacobite plots against the regime took place after the queen’s death. By that time, however, thanks to her most tories remained loyal to William. They accepted her as next in line to the throne after her father, conveniently dismissing her half-brother as a supposititious child.
Introduction Experiential Learning and Management Education: Key Themes and Future Directions
Authors: Vince Russ , Reynolds Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiential learning is having a revival. We have been aware for some time of a new interest in the potential of experiential learning, particularly as a way of developing the practice of critical management education. In building this Hand-book, we set out to illustrate some of the ways in which the social and political complexities of organizing can be raised and reflected on, both by managers and by management educators. In addition, we wanted to demonstrate the depth and creativity that experiential methods and approaches can bring to management learning.
Aesthetics in Teaching Organization Studies
Authors: Strati Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of the Chapter is to illustrate how aesthetics activated experiential learning while I was teaching organizational subjects. The experiences recounted relate to undergraduate and master courses at an Italian university. The linking theme of the Chapter is a module on organizational aesthetics which formed the final part of the Sociology of Organizations course on a specialist degree programme in Work, Organization, and Information Systems.
Making a Drama out of a Crisis? ‘Performative Learning’ in the Police Service
Authors: Colquhoun Ruth , Cornelius Nelarine , Elliot Meretta , Mistry Amar , Smith Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Police station custody suites are subject to intense scrutiny, particularly through the UK Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE). Custody decisions are governed by myriad mandatory and discretionary regulations. Custody Sergeants must be conversant and comfortable with these regulations. They also need the nous to handle the emotions and the multiple dangers entailed by detention.
Experiential Learning in the On-Line Environment Enhancing On-Line Teaching and Learning
Authors: Champoux Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pedagogical and education research dating to John Dewey’s (1916) foundation work has emphasized student interaction as a key part of an engaging studentcentred learning environment. A focus on interaction has continued as a primary concern of contemporary on-line instructional researchers. They see it as a key way of reducing the emphasis on course content or the instructor (for example, Draves 2000; Kearsley 2000).
Tales of Ordinary Leadership A Feminist Approach to Experiential Learning
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Poggio Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminist practice and theory have always conferred value on narrative knowledge produced through storytelling, mainly because of its ability to stimulate reflexive thought. In our contribution we intend to present and discuss a training methodology founded on memory work and designed to stimulate an individual and group reworking of the leadership dimension, and of the gender and leadership relationship.
Breast reduction
Authors: Waterhouse Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Candidates for breast reduction must accept the inevitability of scars on the breasts.
Breast reduction is one of the most popular and successful procedures in the field of cosmetic surgery.
A mammogram should be performed on all women over the age of 45 before surgery.
It is ironic that a desire for bigger breasts is one of the commonest requests for cosmetic surgery and yet, for many women, large breasts can be a source of misery. Heavy large pendulous breasts can be the source of many physical and practical problems. They are heavy and may cause postural problems, including back and shoulder pain. Even the strain on a bra strap produces grooves in the shoulders. Exercise such as running or swimming is often impossible, which may predispose to general weight gain.
Botox and fillers
Authors: Waterhouse Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Treatment should only be given by properly trained medical staff.
Understand the difference between permanent and temporary fillers.
Be aware of the potential complications or problems that may occur.
The use of Botox to improve appearance has become the most popular ‘non-surgical’ cosmetic procedure, with about two million patients treated each year in the USA. The word ‘Botox’ is actually a company trade name for a product containing botulinum toxin. There are currently three other such products with market authorization called Vistabel, Neurobloc, and Dysport.
Designing Variance Studies
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews basic steps and decisions in designing a variance research model. At its core, a variance research model consists of a causal conditional proposition. The basic structure of a causal conditional proposition consists of an ‘if–then’ statement of the relationship between one or more causes and effects. As introduced in Chapter 4, these ‘if–then’ statements are called propositions when the causes and effects are stated in abstract theoretical terms, and they are called hypotheses when these ‘if–then’ causes and effects are stated in concrete observable terms. Empirical study of a theoretical proposition requires that it be translated into hypotheses among observable terms. A central task of research design is transforming a theory into an operational research model.
Poverty as a Violation of Human Rights: Inhumanity or Injustice?
Authors: Campbell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proposal that poverty be regarded as a violation of human rights and therefore abolished is presented as a new paradigm in the fight against poverty that has the potential to galvanize an eﬀective strategy for ending poverty through an international human rights framework. In the words of Pierre Sané, Assistant Director-General Social and Human Sciences Sector UNESCO: If . . . poverty were declared to be abolished, as it should with regard to its status as a massive, systematic and continuous violation of human rights, its persistence would no longer be a regrettable feature of the nature of things. It would become a denial of justice. The burden of proof would shift. The poor, once recognized as the injured party, would acquire a right to reparation for which governments, the international community and, ultimately, each citizen would be jointly liable.
The resurrection of western Europe and the transformation of the Americas
Authors: Maddison Angus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past millennium, world population rose nearly 24-fold, per capita income 14-fold, GDP 338-fold. This contrasts sharply with the preceding millennium, when world population grew by only a sixth, and per capita income fell. From the year 1000 to 1820, growth was predominantly extensive. Most of the GDP increase went to accommodate a four-fold increase in population. The advance in per capita income was a slow crawl—the world average increased only by half over a period of eight centuries.
Modern macro-measurement: How far have we come?
Authors: Maddison Angus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Macro-measurement started in the seventeenth century, but did not emerge as a basic analytical tool for policy analysts and economic historians until the 1940s. In the past 60 years there has been an explosion in the sophistication of policy analysis and the interpretation of history. The explosion started in 1940 with two seminal works: Keynes’ How to Pay for the War, which demonstrated its usefulness as a tool of macroeconomic management, and Colin Clark’s Conditions of Economic Progress, which demonstrated its value in interpreting economic history.
1951: Watershed Year
Authors: Fletcher Winston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1951 was a watershed year for Britain, and for British advertising. It was the year which marked the beginning of the transition from the trough of the Second World War, and post-war restrictions and privations, to the sunny uplands of economic affluence. Prime Minister Attlee ’s Labour government had always intended the year to be a watershed. On 3 May 1951, a century after the Victorians ‘ Great Exhibition of 1851, large crowds congregated on the South Bank of the Thames to see the King and Queen open the Festival of Britain, which was designed to celebrate British post-war achievements—to advertise to the world that Britain had said goodbye to austerity and shabbiness, and was well on the way to recovery and prosperity. Deputy Prime Minister Herbert Morrison called the Festival ‘the people giving themselves a pat on the back ’.
Introduction
Authors: Scarbrough Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an overview of the findings from an ESRC and DTI-funded research programme investigating the ‘Evolution of Business Knowledge’ (EBK). The EBK programme brought together research teams from a number of UK universities in search of a better understanding of the role that knowledge and learning play in the evolution of business firms. In setting out on this research, EBK researchers were not claiming that the importance of knowledge and learning to business is a brand new discovery.
What Knowledge or Knowledge for What? Reforming/Reinventing the Business School
Authors: Knights David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although knowledge is clearly a key management resource, until the recent fashion for ‘knowledge management’ (Harvard Business Review 1998; Little, Quintas, and Ray 2002) little research has been conducted on how management knowledge is produced, developed, and disseminated (Suddaby and Greenwood 2001). In reporting on some of the deliberations and findings of our research, this chapter provides a limited correction to this dearth of research on the conditions and consequences, and the contexts and content of management knowledge and the relationships surrounding it within business schools.
The Evolution of Biomedical Knowledge: Interactive Innovation in the United Kingdom and United States
Authors: Swan Jacky , Bresnen Mike , Newell Sue , Robertson Maxine , Goussevskaia Anna , Obembe Ademola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biomedical innovation, particularly radical innovation, typically relies on diverse sources of knowledge (scientific, business, commercial, clinical, and regulatory) being brought together through collaborative work arrangements across many different types of organizations (e.g. public research organizations, commercial firms, clinical research organizations, hospitals, regulatory agencies, and patient groups). Tissue engineering, for example, encompasses disciplines as diverse as molecular biology, chemistry, informatics, and engineering, and it has a wide range of medical applications (e.g. bone and organ growth, wound and cartilage repair).
Evaluation Practices in the Commercialization of Early Stage Technology: The Role of Trust
Authors: Scarbrough Harry , Amaeshi Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The drive for innovation is a crucial part of the evolution of business knowledge. Innovation is seen as an imperative for successful businesses, and there are many useful accounts of the way in which innovation processes can be best designed and managed (e.g. Tidd, Bessant, and Pavitt 2007). As with previous chapters, however, the distinctive contribution of the EBK perspective is to view innovation not as a discrete activity in its own right but as a process that emerges from, and is constrained by, the embedding and disembedding of knowledge within and between firms. This perspective leads us to emphasize two important features of the innovation process.
Screenworlds: Information Technology and the Performance of Business Knowledge
Authors: Knox Hannah , O’Doherty Damian , Vurdubakis Theo , Westrup Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in the Introduction to this volume, the problematic of ‘business knowledge’ tends to be articulated in terms of two contrasting perspectives: that of knowledge conceived as a (more or less) manageable, biddable resource versus that of knowledge conceived as the generation of meaning as (ultimately unmanageable) sense-making. We argue in this chapter that to understand how these two dimensions of business knowledge have come to have prominence in contemporary business organization, we must pay attention to how they are mutually created, enacted, and codified in business settings. In practice, this means that we must turn our focus from narrations and abstractions of knowledge and its effects, to look at its instantiation in concrete forms of action and specifically, we suggest, in the creation and use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs).
The Nuremberg and the Tokyo Trials in Retrospect
Authors: Röling Bert V A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To see things and their real significance one needs the correct distance. Too close, and one is struck only by the details, one does not see the forest for the trees. Too far away, and one may have a good view on the whole, but one misses the particulars and their impact on the direct surroundings; that impact has often more to do with details than with the general structure