bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seedling development and biomass as affected by seed size and morphology in durum wheat
Authors: APARICIO N. , VILLEGAS D. , ARAUS J. L. , BLANCO R. , ROYO C. 
Published: February 2003

This work evaluated the effect of seed size and morphology on the development and biomass of durum wheat seedlings. Three different seed-grading sizes selected by sieving were used in glasshouse experiments, and a set of three developmental and 23 biomass-related indices were measured on eight genotypes, at two moisture levels. The influence of seed size on seedling development was studied at high and low temperatures (22/12 °C, and 15/5 °C day/night temperatures, respectively), in growth chambers.The area of the seed and the area of the embryo were the seed morphological traits most affected by seed size. Seed size was strongly associated with seedling development and seedling biomass until the complete extension of the first two leaves, at the fourth leaf stage. The rate of first-leaf growth and the area of the first leaf were the developmental and biomass traits, respectively, most sensitive to seed-grading size.
Effects of long-term straw management and fertilizer nitrogen additions on soil nitrogen supply and crop yields at two sites in eastern England
Authors: SILGRAM MARTYN , CHAMBERS BRIAN J. 
Published: February 2003

The effects of straw incorporation (early and late cultivation) and straw burning were contrasted in a split-plot study examining the impact of long-term straw residue management, and six fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates on soil mineral nitrogen, crop fertilizer N requirements and nitrate leaching losses. The experiments ran from 1984 to 1997 on light-textured soils at ADAS Gleadthorpe (Nottinghamshire, UK) and Morley Research Centre (Norfolk, UK).Soil incorporation of the straw residues returned an estimated 633 kg N/ha at Gleadthorpe and 429 kg N/ha at Morley on the treatment receiving 150 kg/ha per year fertilizer N since 1984. Straw disposal method had no consistent effect on grain and straw yields, crop N uptake, or optimal fertilizer N rates. In every year there was a positive response (P<0·001) to fertilizer N in straw/grain yields, N contents and crop N offtakes at both sites. Nitrate leaching losses were slightly reduced by less than 10 kg N/ha where straw residues had been incorporated, while fertilizer N additions increased nitrate leached at both sites.At both sites there was a consistent effect (P<0·001) of straw disposal method on autumn soil mineral N, with values following the pattern burn>early incorporate>late plough. The incorporation of straw residues induced temporary N immobilization compared with the treatment where straw was burnt, while the earlier timing of tillage on the incorporate treatment resulted in slightly more mineral N compared with the later ploughed treatment. Fertilizer N rate increased (P<0·001) soil mineral nitrogen at both sites. At Morley, there was more organic carbon in the plough layer where straw had been incorporated (mean 1·09 g/100 g) rather than burnt (mean 0·89 g/100 g), and a strong positive relationship between organic carbon and fertilizer N rate (r2=93·2%, P<0·01). There was a detectable effect of fertilizer N on readily mineralizable N in the plough layer at both Gleadthorpe (P<0·001) and Morley (P<0·05). At Morley, there was a consistent trend (P=0·06) for readily mineralizable N to be higher where straw had been incorporated rather than burnt, indicating that ploughing-in residues may contribute to soil nitrogen supply over the longer term.
Genotypic and phenotypic variability in Vernonia galamensis germplasm collected from eastern Ethiopia
Authors: BAYE TESFAYE 
Published: February 2003

Ethiopia is the centre of origin and diversity of Vernonia galamensis, which is a new potential industrial oilseed crop. Seeds of Vernonia are rich in vernolic acid, a naturally epoxidized fatty acid with unique chemical (epoxy) and physical (low viscosity) properties. Vernolic acid is a useful raw material for manufacturing paints and coatings. No effort has been made so far in Ethiopia or elsewhere to improve this plant. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in three contrasting agroclimatic zones (Alemaya, Harar and Babile) using eight accessions to assess the genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation, to estimate broad sense heritability (h2B) and genetic advance (GA) as a per cent of the mean for 17 pheno-morphic and agronomic traits.Considering GCV, h2B and GA (as per cent of the mean) simultaneously as the best estimators of the amount of advance expected from selection, secondary head number (28·90, 0·90 and 56·60), secondary branch number (13·90, 0·67 and 51·97), and seed number per head (15·97, 0·72 and 27·92) gave the highest values at Alemaya, Harar and Babile, respectively. This shows that a satisfactory selection program for improvement of these characters is possible in V. galamensis var. ethiopica at each specific location.
The influence of feeding strategy on growth and rejection of herbage around dung pats and their decomposition
Authors: BOSKER T. , HOEKSTRA N. J. , LANTINGA E. A. 
Published: February 2003

Fresh cattle dung from four farms with different feeding strategies was used to create artificial dung pats in a continuously grazed pasture in order to compare the rejection of herbage growing around the pats, the effect on undisturbed herbage growth under cages and pat decomposition. The first farm was an extensive organic farm (ORGE) with young steers grazing on a biodiverse sward. The second was an intensive organic farm (ORGI) with dairy cattle grazing on a grass/clover sward during the day and fed low-protein forages indoors. The third dung used was from an integrated farm (INT), where the feeding strategy was aiming for high dung quality by including straw in the diet. The fourth examined dung was from a conventional farm (CONV) aiming for a high milk production per cow, where fertilized grazed grass was the main component of the diet. A human smell test was performed to rank the odour of the four dungs.After 6 weeks of continuous grazing with dairy cattle, herbage yield around INT pats tended to be lowest, whilst undisturbed herbage yield in and around caged INT pats was highest (P<0·05). Therefore, it could be concluded that rejection was lowest for INT. The CONV pats gave highest rejection (P<0·05). However, herbage yield around the dung pats under grazing showed no significant correlation with both the human smell test and the contents of total-N and sugar in the rejected herbage.The feeding strategy had a significant effect on the decomposition of dung pats under the cages. After 6 weeks, the most liquid and least fibrous dung (CONV) showed highest decomposition (P<0·05), whilst decomposition of the most solid and fibrous dung (ORGE) tended to be lowest. However, no relationship was found between the decomposition of dung and the rejection of herbage around the dung pats.When combining a number of parameters determined in the experiment and comparing them using index figures for dung quality in terms of rejection, herbage growth and decomposition, the index figures of ORGI (102) and especially INT (113) were above average (100), while those of ORGE (94) and CONV (90) were below average. The difference between ORGI and INT might be explained by the addition of straw to the diet in the latter. The study showed that there are possibilities to improve dung quality by altering feeding strategy.
The effects of cultivation method and timing, previous sward and fertilizer level on subsequent crop yields and nitrate leaching following cultivation of long-term grazed grass and grass-clover swards
Authors: VINTEN A. J. A. , BALL B. C. , O'SULLIVAN M. F. , HENSHALL J. K. , HOWARD R. , WRIGHT F. , RITCHIE R. 
Published: February 2003

A 3-year field experiment was conducted in 1996–98 near Penicuik, Scotland, to investigate the fate of N released after cultivation of previously long-term grass and grass-clover swards. The effects of timing of cultivations (autumn and spring), tillage methods (no tillage, ploughing to 200 mm and ploughing to 300 mm) and fertilizer N for spring (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha) and winter barley (0, 60, 120, 180 kg N/ha) on yield, N uptake and nitrate leaching were measured.In 1996, after spring cultivation, on plots previously in grass, spring barley grain yield and N uptake did not respond to N fertilizer, but on plots previously in grass-clover there was a nearly linear response to N. In 1997, the spring barley responded to N fertilizer at all levels. Yields of 1997 winter barley after grass did not show a response above 60 kg N/ha, but increased with fertilizer N up to at least 120 kg N/ha after grass-clover. In 1998, there were strong effects of N fertilizer and cultivation method on grain yield and N uptake of both spring barley and winter barley. Winter barley grain yield was significantly higher in plots previously in grass than in plots previously in grass-clover in 1998, though not in 1997. Winter barley yields were higher than spring barley at the same fertilizer N level.Throughout the 3 years, the no-tillage plots had consistently lower yields than the ploughed plots, but there was no consistent difference between the ploughed and deep ploughed treatments. There were strong interactive effects between tillage and previous sward in 1997. No-tillage under spring barley generally yielded lower than ploughing due to difficulties in weed control and the frequent anaerobic conditions in the soil.Annual leaching losses were relatively small (6·4–19·6 kg N/ha). In 1996–97, more N was leached from the plots left in stubble following spring barley than from those planted with winter barley after either spring barley or grass in 1996, but in 1997–98 more N was leached from plots in winter barley than from those in over-winter stubble. Nitrate leaching was least under no-tillage, though the effect was not significant.
Canopy morphology and nutritional quality traits as potential grazing value indicators for Lolium perenne varieties
Authors: GILLILAND T. J. , BARRETT P. D. , MANN R. L. , AGNEW R. E. , FEARON A. M. 
Published: February 2003

Twelve perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) varieties of different ploidy and maturity classifications were compared under a frequent cutting management in their second harvest year, equivalent to the simulated rotational grazing system employed in UK testing protocols. Varietal differences in canopy structure (proportion of lamina, green leaf mass, sward surface height, extended tiller height, bulk density) and in herbage nutritive value factors (water-soluble carbohydrate content and proportion of linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acids) were assessed and their importance evaluated with reference to total herbage production. Significant variety variation (P<0·001) was recorded in the annual means of all the canopy structure characteristics. Significant differences associated with ploidy were also recorded, with tetraploid varieties having significantly higher values than diploids in most plant characters, indicating better intake characteristics for these grasses. Temporal patterns of variation associated with maturity were also observed in several characters, thus making it impossible to designate a single assessment that would be representative of the annual ranking of varieties. Water-soluble carbohydrate concentration differed significantly (P<0·001) between varieties and although the tetraploids tended to have high contents, the highest value of all was recorded in a diploid variety, which had been selectively bred for this trait. The varieties did not differ in total lipid content but there were significant differences in the proportion of linoleic acid between varieties (P<0·001) while the proportion of α-linolenic acid differed between varieties (P<0·001), ploidy (P<0·001) and maturity (P<0·05) classes.Overall evaluation of the extensive variety variation highlighted the need for better quantification of animal responses to differences of these magnitudes, before the high workload of including them in routine variety testing protocols could be justified. Potential for breeding improvement in these factors was also indicated and the future prospects for their use in farmer decision support systems was considered.
The Nightmare and the Dream: Edward Bellamy and the Travails of Socialist Thought
Authors: HABER SAMUEL 
Published: February 2003

In the light of recent events, the once widely accepted Marxist distinction between “scientific” and “utopian” socialism is fading rapidly. For it has become increasingly difficult to believe that any form of socialism is inherent in the workings of history, as the Marxists had claimed for their “scientific” variety. Today Marxism, in its own terms, turns out to be “utopian.” One can now more readily recognize the kinship of the many different socialisms as well as the significance of their link to the social ideals of the past. What had previously been a somewhat antiquarian literature on “precursors,” “forerunners,” and “schismatics” of socialism suddenly appears as especially pertinent and perhaps even central. Today, without difficulty, one turns away from the various contradistinctions developed in this scholarship and toward the interconnections implicit in it.1Surveying this literature, we can recognize three preeminent social ideals that went into the making of the various socialisms – the call for social justice, the aspiration toward a society of brotherly love, and the belief that one could rid society of poverty. It was the eighth-century prophets of the Hebrew Bible who advanced the audacious demand for justice in society. They urged an end to oppression, cruelty, abuse, and more generally that people be given what was rightfully theirs. This demand recurs in almost all the socialist programs. In the Marxist scheme, it takes the form of the theory of surplus value which describes capitalist profit as a surplus product stolen (“entwandt”) from the worker who creates it.
“Mr. Roosevelt is Guilty”: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for Constitutionalism, 1910–1912
Authors: MURPHY GARY 
Published: February 2003

In February 1912 Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination for president on a radical platform of reform that had a devotion to the Constitution as its central plank. Such an analysis differs from the standard historical explanation for Roosevelt's challenge to the incumbent Republican president, William Howard Taft, which argues that, bored with private life after his return from big game hunting in Africa in 1910 and consumed by an obsessive pursuit of presidential power, he ran to seek revenge on the successor who had failed to live up to the mentor's hopes. By initiating anti-trust suits against US Steel and International Harvester, which Roosevelt had examined when president but had not filed suit against, and by letting the Republican Party be dominated by regulars rather than Progressives, Taft had earned Roosevelt's unyielding enmity; Roosevelt's response was to seek the presidency.1 This article argues that far more important than any personal motivation, however, was Roosevelt's conviction that the issue at stake in 1912 was in essence a crusade for constitutionalism.Throughout Roosevelt's long career constitutional issues played a primary role in formulating his political views. This was particularly true of the period after he left the presidency in 1909 when his interpretation of the Constitution was used as a means to advance various political ends. The debate about the Constitution, one which had become deep rooted in the national psyche by the close of the first decade of the twentieth century, and the judiciary's role in its interpretation was central to Roosevelt's political philosophy.
“I have not had One Fact Disproven”: Elizabeth Dilling's Crusade Against Communism in the 1930s
Authors: ERICKSON CHRISTINE K. 
Published: February 2003

Who, then, is Mrs. Dilling? Upon what strange meat has she been fed that she hath grown so great: And what inspired her, she who might have taken up knitting or petunia-growing, to adopt as her hobby the deliberate and sometimes hasty criticism of men and women she has never even seen.1To see the lady in action, screaming and leaping and ripping along at breakneck speed, is to see certain symptoms of simple hysteria on the loose.2May God strengthen and uphold you, [Mrs. Dilling] … May your wonderful work grow and help save our Republic, … a time is coming when you will be blessed … You deserve a place in history comparable to Washington and Lincoln.3Hysterical and demented, saintly and just, these were just some of the characterizations of the most prominent female activist on the right during the Great Depression. Elizabeth Dilling embraced them all. For Dilling and her supporters, service in the cause of Christianity and Americanism demanded vigilance and determination, as well as a tough skin.Dilling's story is a fascinating one and deserves telling, if only because of the passion she provoked in her audiences. Yet her story has larger historical significance. Dilling created her own unique style of politics – distinctly gendered and explicitly personal, a feminine counterpunch to her male colleagues on the far-right who were relatively more aloof from their constituents. For Dilling, involvement in the politics of anti-communism was not only a personal source of strength and satisfaction but also a ticket to what she hoped would be a long and respectable career as an authority on subversive movements.
Good For and Good About
Authors: Teichman Jenny 
Published: February 2003

Ethical relativists and subjectivists hold that fact must be distinguished from
value, ‘is’ from ‘ought’ and reason from emotion. Their distinctions have
been called into question, notably by Philippa Foot (Natural Goodness 2001), also by
Alasdair Macintyre (Dependent Rational Animals 1999).Reason in the form of the
life sciences—ethology, biology—indicates that what is good or bad for an individual
animal and its species are matters of objective fact. There is nothing relativistic about the idea
that fresh meat is good for wolves and it is a fact, a paradigm fact, that polluted water is bad
for dolphins. Moreover what is good for an animal is often something that is
good about it. Sharp ears and great speed are good for deer and are also what makes a
deer a good specimen of its kind.These general remarks apply to the human animal as well
as to ‘ordinary’ animals. The good and bad discussed by moral philosophers cannot be
radically different from the good and bad known through reason. But if it were it would normally
be a remarkably indigent field of study.
Understanding protein folding with energy landscape theory Part II: Quantitative aspects
Authors: Plotkin Steven S. , Onuchic José N. 
Published: February 2003

1. Introduction 2062. Quantifying the notions behind the energy landscape 2062.1 Basic concepts of the Random Energy Model (REM) 2062.2 Replica-symmetric partition functions and densities of states 2092.3 The RHP phase diagram and avoided phase transitions 2102.4 Basic concepts of the entropy of topologically constrained polymers 2123. Beyond the Random Energy Model 2193.1 The GREM and the glass transition in a finite RHP 2224. Basics of configurational diffusion for RHPs and proteins 2274.1 Kinetics on a correlated energy landscape 2315. Thermodynamics and kinetics of protein folding 2345.1 A protein Hamiltonian with cooperative interactions 2345.2 Variance of native contact energies 2355.3 Thermodynamics of protein folding 2365.4 Free-energy surfaces and dynamics for a Hamiltonian with pair-wise interactions 2405.5 The effects of cooperativity on folding 2425.6 Transition-state drift 2425.7 Phase diagram for a model protein 2455.8 A non-Arrhenius folding-rate curve for proteins 2466. Non-Markovian configurational diffusion and reaction coordinates in protein folding 2476.1 An illustrative example 2506.2 Non-Markovian rate theory and reaction surfaces 2516.3 Application of non-Markovian rate theory to simulation data 2577. Structural and energetic heterogeneity in the folding mechanism 2597.1 The general strategy 2617.2 An illustrative example 2637.3 Free-energy functional 2647.4 Dependence of the barrier height on mean loop length (contact order) and structural variance 2687.5 Illustrations using lattice model proteins and functional theory 2697.6 Connections of functional theory with experiments 2718. Conclusions and future prospects 2739. Acknowledgments 27410. AppendicesA. Table of common symbols 275B. GREM construction for the glass transition 276C. Effect of a Q-dependent diffusion coefficient 279D. A frequency-dependent Einstein relation 27911. References 281We have seen in Part I of this review that the energy landscape theory of protein folding is
a statistical description of a protein's complex potential energy surface, where individual
folding events are sampled from an ensemble of possible routes on the landscape. We found
that the most likely global structure for the landscape of a protein can be described as that
of a partially random heteropolymer with a rugged, yet funneled landscape towards the native
structure. Here we develop some quantitative aspects of folding using tools from the
statistical mechanics of disordered systems, polymers, and phase transitions in finite-sized
systems. Throughout the text we will refer to concepts and equations developed in Part I of
the review, and the reader is advised to at least survey its contents before proceeding here.
Sections, figures or equations from Part I are often prefixed with I- [e.g. Section I-1.1, Fig. I-1,
Eq. (I-1.1)].
Mechanisms of metalloenzymes studied by quantum chemical methods
Authors: Siegbahn Per E. M. 
Published: February 2003

1. Introduction 922. Methods and models 932.1 Density Functional Theory 932.2 Chemical models 983. Examples of mechanisms studied 1043.1 Photosystem II 1053.2 Cytochrome c oxidase 1083.3 Manganese catalase 1123.4 Ribonucleotide reductase 1143.5 Methane mono-oxygenase 1193.6 Methyl coenzyme M reductase 1223.7 Intra- and extradiol dioxygenases 1243.8 Tyrosinase and catechol oxidase 1263.9 Amino-acid hydroxylases 1303.10 Isopenicillin N synthase 1323.11 Cytochrome c peroxidase 1343.12 Copper-dependent amine oxidase 1363.13 Galactose oxidase 1384. Summary and conclusions 1385. Acknowledgements 1406. References 140The study of metalloenzymes using quantum chemical methods of high accuracy is a relatively new field. During the past five years a quite good understanding has been reached concerning the methods and models to be used for these systems. For systems containing transition metals hybrid density functional methods have proven both accurate and computationally efficient. A background on these methods and the accuracy achieved in benchmark tests are given first in this review. The rest of the review describes examples of studies on different metalloenzymes. Most of these examples describe mechanisms where dioxygen is either formed, as in photosystem II, or cleaved as in many other enzymes life cytochrome c oxidase, ribonucleotide reductase, methane mono-oxygenase and tyrosinase. In the descriptions below high emphasis is put on the actual determination of the transition states, which are the key points determining the mechanisms.