bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cotton and Other Textile Dusts
Authors: Tefera Yifokire 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Byssinosis is an acute and chronic respiratory disease caused by occupational exposure to textile and vegetable dust. Characterized by chest tightness, it can occur after an absence from regular exposure to dust. Cotton production commonly leads to contamination with organic matter, and the endotoxin found in cotton dust is associated with an increased risk of byssinosis. Symptoms of chest tightness have also been observed with exposure to a variety of other organic dust, but this is not referred to as byssinosis outside of textile processing settings. To assess exposure to cotton dust, a standard air sampling of the inhalable or respirable dust fraction should be performed in the worker's breathing zone. Studies have also shown that exposure to vegetable dust can lead to an increased prevalence of nonspecific airway symptoms, modest cross‐shift declines in spirometry, and progressive declines in lung function among those with long exposure. Linear dose–response relationships have been observed between byssinosis prevalence, cross‐shift declines in FEV
1
, and concentration of inhalable cotton dust and endotoxin. Byssinosis is not a curable disease, and so far treatment interventions aim to reduce symptoms. Occupational exposure limit values for cotton dust have been continuously improved in several countries as a result of updated knowledge of the disease. Dust control is an important aspect of preventing lung disease among textile workers, but an integrated program including regulations, exposure risk assessment, health surveillance, and workplace health promotion activities are needed to protect workers' respiratory health.
Aluminum Industrial Health and Safety
Authors: Willhite Calvin C. , Karyakina Nataliya A. , Yenugadhati Nagarajkumar , Momoli Franco , Wisniewski Thomas , Krewski Daniel 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDue to its versatility and unique properties, aluminum finds use in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications. Occupational exposure to aluminum‐containing particulates or fumes at high levels can lead to potential occupational health risks.The inhalation toxicity of low soluble aluminum oxide is determined in most by particulate effects, including particle overload. Long‐term inhalation can cause pulmonary irritation, fibrosis, and occupational asthma. Accumulation of low soluble aluminum particles can overwhelm alveolar clearance and play a dominant role in lung irritation.The role of aluminum in the etiology of “potroom asthma” is uncertain due to the presence of co‐pollutants such as fluorides and sulfur dioxide. At present, there remains no convincing evidence that exposure to aluminum contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease. Aluminum smelter workers have been shown to be at increased risk of lung and bladder cancer, but this is ascribed to pitch smoke and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. No epidemiologic studies have examined pulmonary response after long‐term inhalation of aluminum oxide or hydroxide‐engineered nanomaterials.The European Chemicals Agency has developed new guidance on the development of health‐based occupational exposure limits in order to align REACH guidance with occupational health and safety legislation.
Chromium
Authors: Kerger Brent D. , Loccisano Anne E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide information on hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] human exposures and a weight of evidence analysis on the carcinogenicity of Cr(VI). The available scientific information demonstrates the importance of the chemistry of hexavalent chromium species in determining exposures, absorbed doses, and health risks via all routes of exposure.

Cr(VI) is the second most stable oxidation state of chromium; however, it rarely occurs naturally. Most Cr(VI) compounds are manufactured as either products or produced as by‐products. General population exposures to Cr(VI) occur via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and water, and nondietary ingestion of dust and dirt. Most human exposures to total Cr are from dietary intake of Cr(III) that is naturally present. Occupational exposures to Cr(VI) occur largely via inhalation and dermal contact and exceed general population exposures. The inhalation and oral toxicology of Cr(VI) have been evaluated by several agencies and groups. Most recently, the U.S. EPA released a draft risk assessment of Cr(VI) in October 2022 and stated that Cr(VI) is
likely to be carcinogenic
to the human GI tract. In this draft, the Agency derived an oral slope for Cr(VI), which was an update to the Agency's previous assessment, which contained only an inhalation slope factor.

We present a summary of production and use, human exposures, chemistry, pharmacokinetics, oral and inhalation toxicology, mode of action research, and a comprehensive reference list. Chromium III [Cr(III)] was not discussed in detail in this chapter as it is essentially nontoxic and there are many review papers.
Occupational Health and Toxicological Aspects of Nanomaterials
Authors: Xia Li , Shannahan Jonathan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractNanotechnology is a broad and rapidly developing field resulting in the inclusion of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into a number of products, applications, and processes. Due to the increased usage and production of ENMs, they represent an emerging exposure of toxicological concern among workers during ENM manufacturing and handling. The major routes of ENM exposure in occupational settings include inhalation, dermal contact, and potential ingestion. To date, a limited number of exposure assessments have been performed in industrial settings and few specific regulatory guidelines have been established. An increasing number of toxicology evaluations have suggested the potential for various adverse effects following ENM exposure. For example, in industrial settings, workers with longer exposures to ENMs have higher incidences of lung diseases, gastrointestinal tract alteration, hepatic injuries, reproductive failure, and neurological disorders. This chapter specifically focuses on ENMs that are currently or projected to be highly utilized in industrial settings including carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, zinc oxide, silver, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, gold, and iron oxide. For each of these ENMs current suggested regulatory standards are provided. Further, findings from exposure assessment studies are described to determine exposure risks related to distinct ENMs and specific duties in the workplace. Toxicity data from human and animal studies are included to identify biological responses and adverse health effects potentially related to distinct ENM exposures. Throughout the chapter, critical gaps in our knowledge in regard to workplace ENM exposures and risk are highlighted.
Evolution of the Use of Toxicological Data for Evaluating Chemical Safety and Occupational Exposure Limits
Authors: Tyshenko Michael G. , Willhite Calvin , Levy Len , Deveau Michelle , Andersen Melvin E. , Karyakina Nataliya , Maier Andrew , Momoli Franco , Barton‐Maclaren Tara S. , Krewski Daniel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Conventional approaches to setting occupational exposure limits (OELs) by regulatory agencies are reviewed. Example OEL derivations show how guidance values are developed in practice. OEL values from various agencies may differ. We present a framework to help select the most appropriate OELs in practice. Use of the framework is demonstrated by OELs for
n
‐hexane, a data‐rich chemical and methamphetamine, a data‐poor chemical. Looking forward, “New Approach Methodologies” (NAMs) continue to develop generating chemical toxicological data via high‐throughput
in vitro
screening assays, computational toxicology, and other methods. NAMs for chemical risk assessment have received support from organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which has validated a number of alternative test methods. Seven NAMs case studies for chemical screening and priority‐setting are presented. Future applications of NAMs in toxicological risk assessment and occupational environments are reviewed using a four‐level tiered testing framework previously proposed by Andersen and colleagues. The use of NAMs provides increased throughput, improved mechanistic understanding in toxicological testing and reduced costs compared to traditional mammalian toxicity testing. The formal application of NAMs in setting OELs is an area of ongoing development, and more widespread application of NAMs in deriving OELs is expected in the future.
Toxicology of Cosmetics
Authors: Santamaria Annette B. , Hirani Rachel N. , Kozal Jordan S. , Alexander‐White Camilla K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cosmetics are personal care products that are designed to be applied to the body for the purpose of cleaning, protecting, beautifying, and producing a healthy appearance or altering appearance without changing the body's physiology. The seven categories of cosmetics include oral, skin, sun, hair, and body care products, as well as decorative cosmetics and perfumes. There are millions of cosmetic products in the marketplace, and new products are constantly introduced. Cosmetic products are not subjected to premarket evaluation and approval like food or drug products by the federal government in the United States (US). However, some states are implementing laws and regulations that are specific to cosmetic products. For example, California is the first state to ban specific ingredients from being included in any cosmetic product manufactured or sold in the state. Further, unlike in the US, preregistration of cosmetics is required in the European Union (EU). Specifically, before cosmetic products are placed or made available on the EU market, responsible persons must submit specific product information to the Cosmetic Product Notification Portal (CPNP), which then makes this information available to EU authorities and poison control centers. This chapter reviews the history of cosmetics, types of cosmetics and ingredients, contaminants in cosmetics, cosmetic ingredients of concern and prohibited ingredients, exposure assessment approaches, regulation of cosmetics in the US and in the EU, global approaches to nonanimal testing for cosmetic products, and the development and application of new approach methods (NAMs) for next generation risk assessment (NGRA) of cosmetic ingredients.
Bilingual and Immersion Teacher Education
Authors: Tedick Diane J. , Cammarata Laurent 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of issues and research on teacher education for bilingual/immersion contexts. Bilingual education encompasses a wide range of program models involving use of at least two languages for academic instruction, one being the majority language of the geographic area where the program is offered and the other a second, foreign, heritage, or Indigenous language. The entry begins with a definition of bilingual/immersion education, identifying the four overarching program models (foreign/second language immersion, two‐way bilingual immersion, developmental bilingual education, and Indigenous language immersion) and their associated goals. It continues with a discussion of the knowledge base that underlies bilingual/immersion teaching, emphasizing that the crux of effective bilingual/immersion teaching is the integration of content, language, and literacy. This discussion is followed by a description of approaches to both preservice teacher education and in‐service professional development for bilingual/immersion contexts that includes program examples. Next, research on bilingual/immersion teacher education is reviewed. Finally, the entry reflects on the challenges facing the field and concludes with a brief description of future directions.
A Biomimetic Upconversion Nanobait‐Based Near Infrared Light Guided Photodynamic Therapy Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease by Inhibiting β‐Amyloid Aggregation
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhang Wenjing , Hou Lili , Geng Wei , Wang Jingwen , Kong Yu , Liu Chang , Zeng Xianshun , Kong Dexin 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAberrant β‐amyloid (Aβ) fibrillation is the key event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the inhibition and degradation of which are recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate the nerve damage of AD. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds great potential for modulation of Aβ self‐assembly, which is nevertheless limited by the inefficient utilization of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, an erythrocyte membrane (EM)‐modified core–shell upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP/Cur@EM) is designed and fabricated as a biomimetic nanobait to improve the PDT efficiency in AD. The UCNP with the outlayer of mesoporous silica is synthesized to load a high amount of the photosensitizer (curcumin), the unique optical feature of which can trigger curcumin to generate ROS upon near‐infrared light (NIR) irradiation. Integration of EM enables the biomimetic nanobait to attract Aβ peptides trapped in the phospholipid bilayer, restraining the growth of Aβ monomers to form aggregates and improving the utilization rate of ROS to degrade the preformed Aβ aggregates. In vivo studies demonstrate that UCNP/Cur@EM irradiated by NIR enables to decrease Aβ deposits, ameliorates memory deficits, and rescues cognitive functions in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model. A biocompatible and controllable way is provided here to inhibit the amyloid protein‐associated pathological process of AD.
Antimicrobial Personal Protection Clothing: Development of Visible Light Activated Antimicrobial Coatings for Nonwoven Polypropylene Fibers
Authors: Merkes Jean Michél , Mukherjee Tarushyam , Chiera Silvia , Laukkanen Olli‐Ville , Bruenke Joerg , Brust Tim , Tessarolo Francesco , Kiessling Fabian , Rueping Magnus , Banala Srinivas 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, the use of polypropylene fleece‐based personal protection equipment (PPE) increased significantly to over ten million tons. Typically, most PPEs are discarded after a single use, to prevent self‐infection of users and spread of infectious agents. However, in order to minimize plastic waste without compromising the protective properties of PPE, it is crucial to explore new reusable or longer‐lived materials. Here, a visible light‐activatable antimicrobial photodynamic dye coating for PPEs is presented. In this context, coating with thiomorpholino‐methylene blue (TMB), derived from methylene blue by introducing two thiomorpholine units, is found to show high antibacterial activity. TMB is integrated into rotary printing suspension, a commercial nitrocellulose‐based printing matrix. The concentration of TMB in adhesive is optimized, and found that 5% TMB is suitable for coating PPE, for reducing the number of Gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria by 99.99% after 6 h of white light irradiation. Bacterial filtration efficiency and breathability tested according to EN 14683, confirmed that TMB coating does not affect the filter performance. Thus, this antimicrobial photodynamic dye coating technique offers a promising solution for a safer and extended use of PPE, and reduction of plastic waste generated by PPEs.
Does crop insurance ensure food security for Indian farmers? Evidence from a nationally representative survey
Authors: Akber Nusrat , Paltasingh Kirtti Ranjan , Mishra Ashok K. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis study examines the impact of farm households' decision to adopt crop insurance and its effect on food security. Using the National Sample Survey Office's 77th round of data (2019–2020) from Indian farming households, the endogenous switching regression results confirm that insuring crops against production risks increases food security (as measured by higher consumption expenditures and net farm income). Specifically, findings show that farming households would decrease consumption expenditures by 15% and net farm income by 26% if they had not adopted crop insurance. Similarly, the noninsured families would have 23% higher consumption expenditures and 31% higher net farm income if they had insured crops. However, we find heterogeneity in welfare impacts because large farmers reap more benefits than smallholders. Policy implications from this study call for increased awareness of insurance programs, educating farmers about crop insurance schemes, and an effective institutional framework to reduce heterogeneity in insurance benefits. [EconLit Citations: Q13, Q18, O53].
Neighborhood effect, virtual social networks, and farmers' social e‐commerce participation behavior
Authors: Wang Chan , Wu Xiao , Chen Tinggui 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe development of social e‐commerce can integrate the production, circulation, and sales of agricultural products; realize the digitalization of the agricultural production process; and promote farmers' savings and profits. On the basis of the stimulus–organism–response theory and the embedding theories, microsurvey data of 302 farmers regarding the winter jujube production area of the Dali facility in the Shaanxi Province were used to empirically test the impact of neighborhood effect (NE) and virtual social networks on farmers' participation in social e‐commerce, and the interaction effect of the two aspects. Additionally, we analyzed its mechanism under the framework of “social networks‐farmers' cognition‐social e‐commerce participation behavior (SEPB).” The research results are as follows. First, neighborhood participation, social software friends, and information release have a significant positive impact on farmers' SEPB, whereas information reception has a negative impact. Second, the empirical results considering the comprehensive effects of various variables show that NE, network communication, and network participation (NP) can all promote farmers' participation in social e‐commerce, and NP is complementary to NE. Third, mechanism analysis shows that NE and NP produce partial mediating effect and complete mediating effect, respectively, through self‐competence recognition (SR), which in turn positively impacts the SEPB. In the heterogeneity analysis, for farmers with a plantation area of less than or equal to 0.447 ha, SR has a partial mediating effect on the process of NE affecting SEPB, whereas the motivating factor is NP. In terms of labor force structure, only the percentage of nonagricultural workers exceeds 0.253, NE and NP affect SEPB through SR. This study can provide a reference for farmers to rationally use their social networks, and guide the formulation of social e‐commerce support policies at the national level.
Simple procedure for assessing diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage successfully created using filament perforation method in mice
Authors: Mutoh Tatsushi , Tochinai Ryota , Aono Hiroaki , Kuwahara Masayoshi , Taki Yasuyuki , Ishikawa Tatsuya 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe murine model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a valuable experimental tool for investigating molecular and cellular mechanisms, and the endovascular filament perforation technique can be used to simulate prominent pathophysiological features observed after human SAH; however, current validation methods for assessing an appropriate SAH model are limited. Here, we introduce a simple procedure for selecting a mouse model of diffuse SAH. SAH was induced in 24 mice using a standard filament perforation method. After confirming survival at 24 h, SAH was scored 0–1 based on T2*‐weighted images on whole‐brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and visual surveillance of the cisterna magna (CM) through the dura mater. The CM‐based SAH grading correlated well with a reference parameter defined by extracted brain (r2 = 0.53, p < 0.0001). The receiver operating characteristic curve revealed a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 91% for detecting diffuse SAH, with a similar area under the curve (0.89 ± 0.06 [standard error of the mean]) as the MRI‐based grading (0.72 ± 0.10, p = 0.12). Our data suggest that confirming an SAH clot in the CM is a valuable way to select a clinically relevant diffuse SAH model that can be used in future experimental studies.
Supercharging green chemistry: Unleashing 1, 4‐NADH regeneration and unprecedented C(sp3)‐F bond activation via NiS‐NiO/S‐g‐C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst under solar light
Authors: Kumari Sanjana , Singh Atul P. , Yadav Rajesh K. , Singh Satyam , Shahin Rehana , Kumari Indra , Yadav Aditya Nath , Yadav Abhishek K. , Sharma Kavita , Dwivedi Dilip K. , Darwish Hany W. , Choi Jeong Ryeol 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFluorinated and enzymatic chemicals are widely used in society due to their chemical, physical, and biological qualities. Nevertheless, despite their vital importance, present approaches to adding fluorine to molecules and regenerating enzyme cofactors have serious flaws. For instance, numerous approaches are photocatalytic and employ stoichiometric counterparts of heavy metals. Prevailing photocatalytic approaches, on the other hand, show very poor activity, and selectivity has not been attained by heterogeneous photocatalysis, despite the several benefits such a method would provide. Here, we show how heterogeneous photocatalysis may be used to selectively create C(sp3)‐F bonds and 1,4‐NADH regeneration cofactor. Employing NiS‐NiO/S‐g‐C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst as a photocatalyst, NAD+ and Selectfluor as an acceptor and mild fluorine donor, effective 1,4‐NADH regeneration, and decarboxylative fluorination of carboxylic acids can be attained in very short reaction times. Furthermore, NiS‐NiO/S‐g‐C3N4 nanocomposite photocatalyst exhibits outstanding levels of robustness and photo‐catching capacity. These aspects, attached to the mild environment of the reaction scheme, exhibit a breakthrough toward the sustainable cofactor of 1,4‐NADH regeneration and synthesis of fluorinated compounds.
Disclosing the fatigue deformation mechanisms of different types of poly (ethylene terephthalate) industrial fibers on the base of the multiscale structural evolutions
Authors: Chen Kang , Song Minggen , Jiang Quan , Ji Hong , Zhang Yumei , Wang Huaping 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe fatigue behavior of poly (ethylene terephthalate) industrial fibers is a key issue in their long‐term service for engineering applications. To have a comprehensive understanding of the fatigue behavior, the high‐tenacity (HT) and low‐shrinkage (LS) PET fibers were selected to analyze the room temperature dynamic fatigue properties with different stress. Various techniques such as WAXD/SAXS and FTIR were employed to study the multiscale structure changes to disclose the fatigue mechanisms. Although the crystalline structure including orientation and crystallinity did not change, the amorphous structures varied with fatigue stress. The HT fiber exhibited a higher fatigue recovery ratio. The slight increase in amorphous orientation, and amorphous thickness was attributed to the oriented coiled molecular chains during tensile fatigue stress. In contrast, the LS fiber experienced plastic fatigue deformation with a lower recovery ratio. The molecular chains in the large amorphous domain are easily extended and oriented under tensile loading, increasing amorphous orientation and lamellar thickness. The fatigue mechanism for the LS fiber involved the conformation transition from gauche to trans conformers and a higher proportion of irreversible amorphous regions were formed. It is indicated that developing industrial filaments with small amorphous orientation and content is crucial to improving their fatigue resistance.