bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MATURATION OF HEMOLYSIN-PRODUCING CELL CLONES
Authors: Saunders George C. 
Published: June 2004

Investigations of the induction period of an in vitro hemolysin response to sheep erythrocyte antigen revealed the following:
1. After antigen stimulation precursors of plaque-forming cells rapidly maturate to the point of hemolysin production.
2. Initial maturation probably occurs in the absence of cell division.
3. After initial maturation, a latent period of about 12 hr occurs before the first doubling of PFC.
4. At least the first three cell doublings are synchronous, with a generation time of 7–8 hr.
5. Synchronous cell division implies that all precursor cells are at the same point in the cell cyde when they are initially stimulated.
IDIOTYPY OF RABBIT ANTIBODIES
Authors: Oudin Jacques , Michel Mauricette 
Published: June 2004

The idiotypic patterns detected in the anti-Salmonella typhi serum of one given bleeding have been sought in other bleedings of the same rabbit. Idiotypic patterns carried by antibodies of the second bleeding are not always found in those of the first bleeding. Bifurcated precipitation zones in gels (double diffusion in cells) have been observed in the reaction of several anti-idiotypic sera with the sera of the first and second bleedings of three rabbits, and apparently indicate that idiotypic patterns which were carried by the same molecule in the first bleeding were carried by two separate molecules in the second bleeding. In a comparison of idiotypy of two anti-S. typhi serum samples of one rabbit, the collection of which had been separated by a very long interruption of the immunization, all the idiotypes detected in the early bleeding were also detected in the late bleeding; several idiotypes were detected in the serum of the late bleeding and not in that of the early bleeding.
Idiotypy has been observed and compared in IgM and in IgG antibodies. There are, in each of these two classes, antibodies that are not distinguished from antibodies of the other class by anti-idiotypic sera, and consequently that carry the same idiotypic patterns.
A comparison has been made between the idiotypy of the two kinds of antibodies which, in anti-S. typhi sera, are precipitated and not precipitated by the polysaccharide. Certain idiotypic patterns are carried only by the antibodies of the first kind. There are also idiotypic patterns which are carried by antibodies of these two kinds, among which certain anti-idiotypic antibodies do not discriminate.
Possible cellular implications of observations made on idiotypy at different stages of the immunization of one individual have been discussed.
INDUCTION AND RECALL IN CONTACT SENSITIVITY
Authors: de Sousa Maria A. B. , Parrott Delphine M. V. 
Published: June 2004

The cellular events in the ear skin and draining lymph node during the induction of contact sensitivity to 2-ethoxy methylene-5-oxazolone (oxazolone) have been studied in three strains of mice.
The principal findings in the skin during the first 24 hr were invasion of polymorphs and destruction of pilosebaceous units, in both intact and thymectomized mice. Subsequently, the dermal cellular infiltrate increased and there was acanthosis of the epidermis. No lymphocytes were seen in the dermis or penetrating the epidermal basal cell layer in thymectomized mice.
During the first 24 hr in the draining node, polymorphs and macrophages bearing a pigment with staining properties similar to melanin were seen in the marginal and medullary sinuses, in intact and thymectomized mice. Major differences, however, were revealed during 2–4 days when massive proliferation of large pyroninophilic blast cells occurred in the thymus-dependent area of the nodes from intact mice only.
On testing, there was a prompt, measurable increase in ear thickness only in intact mice. This increase reached a peak at 24 hr — typical of a delayed type reaction. At testing, the ears from intact mice showed epidermal vesiculation and a considerable dermal cellular infiltrate with a substantial number of lymphocytes. This was in contrast with the completely quiescent appearance of the ear skin of thymectomized mice.
Finally, we have discussed the use of the mouse as an experimental tool for studying contact sensitivity and have analyzed the role of the thymus-derived lymphocyte and the site where it becomes sensitized, in the light of current theory on the origin of cells and site where sensitization takes place in cell-mediated reactions.
THE REQUIREMENT OF SERINE ESTERASE FUNCTION IN COMPLEMENT-DEPENDENT ERYTHROPHAGOCYTOSIS
Authors: Pearlman David S. , Ward Peter A. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: June 2004

The p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonate esters have been shown to inhibit complement-dependent erythrophagocytosis when exposed to guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes prior to the initiation of phagocytosis. Inhibition of phagocytosis occurred in a manner characteristic of the well-defined capacity of phosphonate esters to inactivate serine esterases: inhibition was irreversible, dependent upon the temperature of reaction and pH of the reaction medium, and proportional to the concentration of inhibitor used and the duration of exposure between leukocytes and inhibitor. Phosphonate inhibition was further shown to be independent of any general cell damaging effects of the compounds used. The phagocytic enzyme inhibited by phosphonate esters apparently exists in or on leukocytes in an already activated state prior to the initiation of the phagocytic process.
The inhibitory profile of the activated phagocytic esterase was found to be essentially identical to the profile of inhibition previously obtained for the activated chemotactic esterase of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting that the same enzyme may function in both chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Various substrates including acetate esters reported to protect the activated chemotactic esterase from inhibition by phosphonate esters did not exhibit a clear protective effect in the phagocytic system and attempts to define the relationship between the two enzymes were unsuccessful.
Suggestive evidence was also obtained for the requirement of the function of a second, activatable esterase in the phagocytic process.
IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF SPLEEN CELLS FROM NEONATALLY THYMECTOMIZED MICE CONFERRED IN VITRO BY A SYNGENEIC THYMUS EXTRACT
Authors: Trainin Nathan , Small Myra , Globerson Amiela 
Published: June 2004

Impaired immunological competence of spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized C57B1/6 young adult mice was apparent when these cells were tested in an in vitro graft-versus-host assay. Spleen cell inocula prepared from thymectomized mice did not induce enlargement of (C3H/eb x C57BI/6)F1 newborn spleen explants, whereas the same number of cells from intact donors consistently initiated splenomegaly. Spleen enlargement was observed, however, when the explants were challenged by cells from thymectomized donors in the presence of syngeneic thymus extract, indicating that the spleen cells in suspension attained immunological competence under the influence of a non-cellular component of the thymus. Immunocompetence was also evident when the cells from thymectomized donors were first incubated with thymus extract for 1 hr and subsequently tested for reactivity. Cells from the same thymectomized donor mice exposed in parallel to extracts from syngeneic spleen or mesenteric lymph node at an equivalent protein concentration did not initiate a graft-versus-host response.
These experiments demonstrate that immune reactivity in the graft-versus-host response involves activation of lymphoid cells by a humoral factor of the thymus acting directly upon these cells.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDIES OF WATER-SOLUBLE HUMAN AMYLOID FIBRILS
Authors: Franklin Edward C. , Pras Mordechai 
Published: June 2004

Eight preparations of soluble amyloid and degraded amyloid (DAM) were compared immunologically. Unlike amyloid fibrils, six of eight preparations of DAM proved to be relatively strong immunogens. Antisera to DAM reacted weakly or not at all with normal human serum or extracts of normal tissues, but were specifically reactive with amyloid fibrils or DAM.
Comparative studies of DAM'S from eight different subjects showed some degree of cross-reactivity among them, yet demonstrated that they were not identical. Similar conclusions were obtained by quantitative precipitin and complement fixation analyses.
Comparison of the amyloid fibrils with the homologous DAM by complement fixation and absorption studies demonstrated the existence in DAM of antigenic determinants that were lacking or inaccessible in the native fibrils.
A search for amyloid precursors and antibodies to amyloid in the sera of 12 patients proved unsuccessful.
COLICIN K
Authors: Tsao Shuang-Shine , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

Partially purified colicin K (mCol K) has been obtained from cultures of Escherichia coli K235 induced with mitomycin C. Unlike colicin K (Col K) derived from noninduced cultures of E. coli K235, mitomycin-induced colicin K (mCol K) is not associated with the type O-specific antigen of the colicinogenic bacillus.
mCol K elicits in rabbits specific antibodies which precipitate and neutralize the homologous bacteriocin. These colicin-specific antibodies are not precipitated by the colicin-O antigen complex derived from noninduced bacteria.
Colicin-neutralizing antibodies can be separated by zone electrophoresis into fractions having different electrophoretic mobilities. The antibodies with lower mobility strongly precipitate the homologous antigen mCol K; those with higher mobility neutralize the bacteriocin and form soluble antigen-antibody complexes.
PHYLOGENY OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Clem L. W. 
Published: June 2004

Chicken 7.1S immunoglobulin was purified from whole chicken serum by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. The macroglobulin was purified by a combination of salt precipitation and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. Both immunoglobulin molecules yielded 75% heavy (H) chains and 25% light (L) chains when subjected to extensive reduction and alkylation followed by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine-HCl. Antigenically reactive H and L chains were obtained by partial reduction and alkylation followed by gel filtration in 5 M guanidine-HCl. The 7.1S and 16.7S immunoglobulin H chains were antigenically unrelated to each other, whereas the L chains were antigenically indistinguishable from one another. The 16.7S H chains were found to have a mass of ∼70,000, and the 7.1S H chains had a mass of 67,500. The mass of the L chains was ∼22,000.
Sedimentation equilibrium studies of the 7.1S immunoglobulin molecule gave a mol wt of ∼170,000 which is in good agreement with the 179,000 predicted on the basis of 2 H and 2 L polypeptide chains. The 16.7S molecule was shown to have a mol wt of ∼890,000. A reductive subunit that has a mol wt of ∼174,000 has been isolated from the 16.7S molecule. These values are consistent with the chicken macroglobulin having five subunits, each of which has 2 H and 2 L chains. The hexose contents of the chicken 7.1S and 16.7S immunoglobulins are 2.2% and 2.6%, respectively. The extinction coefficients of the 7.1S and 16.7S immunoglobulins were 13.18 ± 0.04 and 12.72 ± 0.77, respectively, when measured in 0.3 M KCl.
Based upon physical-chemical and antigenic characteristics, the 16.7S immunoglobulin most closely resembles IgM of mammals. The 7.1S immunoglobulin definitely belongs to a different class than the 16,7S immunoglobulin, but it does not align itself very well with any of the mammalian immunoglobulins. We propose that this molecule be designated as IgY. Furthermore, this designation would be useful for the immunoglobulins of other species for which there is insufficient correlation with any of the known human immunoglobulins.
QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATIONS OF IDIOTYPIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Hopper John E. , MacDonald A. Bruce , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: June 2004

Idiotypic antibodies were investigated quantitatively by a method of indirect precipitation, which utilizes labeled F(ab')2 fragments of specifically purified antibenzoate antibody from the donor, anti-antibody, and an antiglobulin reagent. The contribution of allotypic and hidden determinants to these reactions was excluded.
Greater fractions of an idiotypic antibody population are precipitated by this method, as compared to direct precipitation, and in two instances large proportions of idiotypic antibodies were detected in populations which failed to form precipitates by double diffusion in agar gel. The greater sensitivity of the indirect method was attributed to its capacity to detect molecules bearing a small number of antigenic determinants.
Extensive studies of cross-reactions, carried out by an inhibition technique, failed to reveal any strong reactions of anti-idiotypic antibodies with heterologous antibenzoate antibody preparations, heterologous sera, or IgG, although a few weak cross-reactions were noted. One definite cross-reaction was observed by a direct binding measurement with heterologous antiserum.
Antisera prepared in more than one recipient against a single donor preparation reacted with identical or overlapping subpopulations of the donor molecules. Instances in which two recipient antisera reacted with different proportions of the molecules of a single donor provided evidence for the existence of more than one idiotypic antibody population in the antibenzoate antibody of an individual rabbit.
THE EFFECT OF GLUCOCORTICOSTEROIDS ON THE KINETICS OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES
Authors: Thompson Jan , van Furth Ralph 
Published: June 2004

The effect of glucocorticosteroids on the kinetics of mononuclear phagocytes, i.e., peripheral blood monocytes and peritoneal macrophages, was studied in normal mice, as well as in mice in which an inflammatory reaction was evoked in the peritoneal cavity.
The administration of glucocorticosteroids resulted in a rapid decrease (within 3–6 hr) in the number of circulating monocytes, the duration being dependent on the nature and dose of the compound. The water-soluble dexamethasone sodium phosphate is only briefly active (less than 12 hr), but hydrocortisone acetate, which forms a subcutaneous depot, reduced the number of monocytes for more than 2 wk.
In normal mice, hydrocortisone did not affect the number of macrophages already present in the peritoneal cavity, but the transit of mononuclear phagocytes from the circulation into the peritoneal cavity was arrested.
During an inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity, hydrocortisone suppresses both the increase in the number of monocytes in the peripheral blood and the increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages. This reduction of the inflammatory exudate appeared to be due to a diminished influx of mononuclear phagocytes from the peripheral blood. No lytic action of glucocorticosteroids on the mononuclear phagocytes could be demonstrated.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: Hahn Helmut H. , Cheuk S. Fai , Elfenbein C. Dianne S. , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Only intact exudate granulocytes from rabbits generated large amounts of endogenous pyrogen when incubated in 0.15 M NaCl. No matter how whole-cell lysates or combinations of subcellular fractions were incubated, their yields of pyrogen never approached those of whole cells; at most, only minimal amounts of pyrogen were formed, once the integrity of the cells had been destroyed.
Some pyrogen could be extracted from disrupted cells, but never more than a fraction (&lt;25%) of that released from incubated whole cells. The yield could be slightly improved by lowering the pH (to 3.5) and by increasing the volume of extraction fluid.
Virtually all of the preformed pyrogen that could be extracted from sucroselysed cells was found in their cytoplasmic fraction. Contrary to the results of Herion et al. (3), none could be detected in the granular (or lysosomal) fraction. Likewise, all efforts to recover pyrogen from the membrane-nuclear fraction were unsuccessful.
In keeping with the finding that preformed pyrogen is contained in the cytoplasmic fraction were the observations that practically all of the aldolase, a cytoplasmic enzyme, and very little of the acid phosphatase, a granular enzyme, were lost from the cells during the release of pyrogen. Lysozyme, an enzyme stored in both the granules and the cytoplasm, was partially released from the cells under the same circumstances.
Neither the release of pyrogen nor its slight intracellular buildup that precedes release (4) were affected by concentrations of puromycin that block protein synthesis in the cells and prevent their activation. Hence, it is concluded that the release process, which also involves the formation of active pyrogen (4), does not require protein synthesis, whereas activation of the cells, which may involve the synthesis of an inactive precursor (2), does.
THE TOXICITY OF STREPTOLYSIN O FOR BEATING MAMMALIAN HEART CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Thompson A. , Halbert S. P. , Smith U. 
Published: June 2004

Pulsating mammalian myocardial cells were found to be highly susceptible in tissue culture to rapid destruction by streptolysin O. Cessation of beating occurred almost immediately, followed within minutes by multiple cell membrane bleb formation. Parallel with these changes, the cytoplasm became intensely granular and the nuclear membrane apparently thickened when viewed by phase microscopy. At the ultrastructural level, the cell membrane blebs were found to contain relatively small numbers of granular fragments. The endoplasmic reticulum of damaged heart cells was quite swollen, and its contents were considerably condensed. The myofibers were not strikingly altered, but cytoplasmic and mitochondria vacuoles were rather abundant.
Cardiac endothelial, kidney epithelial, and fibroblast cells were also susceptible to lysis by this toxin, but the reactions occurred more slowly or bleb formation was less evident. An antiserotonin drug known to be protective against streptolysin-O in vivo (UML-491), did not protect against killing of cardiac cells at the tissue culture level. Serotonin could not be detected in the culture fluid after lysis of cardiac cells by streptolysin O.
INDIRECT VISUALIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS PROTEIN A
Authors: Nickerson D. Scott , White James G. , Kronvall Göran , Williams Ralph C. , Quie Paul G. 
Published: June 2004

Specific but nonimmunologic reaction between staphylococcal protein A and the Fc portion of gamma globulin provided the basis for ultrastructural studies to determine the localization of protein A, using intact staphylococci and labeled myeloma gamma G-globulin.
Protein A appeared to be part of the outermost layer of the staphylococcal cell wall. Strains with protein A demonstrated a coating of myeloma globulin over the entire bacterial surface. There was no coating of strains without protein A.
Identification of protein A on the surface of the staphylococcal cell wall provides evidence that this may be the first material in contact with host environment. It probably accounts for apparent cross-reactions of staphylococci with antibodies to many antigens. More importantly, even in the nonimmune host protein A immunoglobulin reactivity may initiate complement activation and inflammatory reactions including chemotaxis and pus formation.
IN VITRO STIMULATION OF ANTIBODY FORMATION BY PERITONEAL CELLS
Authors: Nossal G. J. V. , Bussard A. E. , Lewis H. , Mazie J. C. 
Published: June 2004

An improved method for the short-term culture of mouse peritoneal cells in a medium containing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), and guinea pig complement is described. It involves preparation of microcultures, of thickness 12–15 µ and volume 3.6 µl, under paraffin oil. With such cultures, peritoneal cells from normal, unimmunized young male CBA mice give about 3000 hemolytic plaques per million cells cultured, this figure being attained within 24 hr. The plaque detection method is about four times as sensitive as the Jerne technique.
A method is described whereby such plaque-forming cells (PFC) can be transferred, by micromanipulation, to fresh monolayer cultures containing SRBC, CMC, and complement. In this fashion, the secretory capacity and susceptibility to inhibitors of peritoneal PFC can be tested in detail. Using this technique, evidence is presented that the hemolytic substance responsible for plaque formation is actually secreted by the cell at the center of the plaque, and is not a complement component but probably an antibody. Studies on the time of plaque appearance after cell transfer, and the subsequent growth rate of the zone of hemolysis, have been performed. They speak against the idea that the PFC is either a reservoir of cytophilic antibody or a "background" PFC. Rather they suggest that active antibody secretion is induced in the cell at some defined time point in culture.
Detailed kinetics of the rate of appearance of plaques in peritoneal cell cultures revealed an exponential phase lasting from about 3 to about 13 hr with a doubling time of 2 hr. The reasons for this are not known.
A greatly heightened reactivity was shown in peritoneal cells of mice that had been pregnant several times. Cultures of such cells showed more rapid plaque appearance and a peak activity about 20 times higher than with cells from young male mice. Cultures in which 1 cell in 10 formed a plaque were not infrequent. A series of experiments on germ-free mice showed reactivity similar to that of conventional mice from the same strain and source.
The significance of the findings for cellular immunology are discussed.
CELLULAR RECOGNITION BY MOUSE LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Adler W. H. , Takiguchi T. , Marsh B. , Smith R. T. 
Published: June 2004

The media and culture conditions required for in vitro stimulation of mouse lymphoid cells are described. The medium was arginine-rich and contained heat-inactivated human serum. A component of the human sera necessary for stimulation of the cells was a natural mouse cell agglutinin, which affected both background stimulation and the degree of induced stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Absorption of the agglutinin from the human serum rendered the medium incapable of sustaining DNA synthesis in the presence of PHA.
The response to PHA of mouse spleen and thymus cells was age-dependent and, although this response was not present at birth, it rapidly rose to adult levels. Spleen cells from mice immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) showed increased in vitro reactivity to added purified protein derivative (PPD) or SRBC stroma, dependent on the time of immunization.
The dose response curve for the SRBC stroma stimulated, immune spleen cells is compatible with a theory of cell to cell interaction being necessary for an in vitro reaction to antigen.
The possible role of the mouse cell agglutinin (AMLG) is discussed.
MATURATION OF HEMOLYSIN-PRODUCING CELL CLONES
Authors: Saunders George C. , Swartzendruber Douglas 
Published: June 2004

Cells capable of reacting with sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antigen to maturate and produce hemolysin appear simultaneously in the bone marrow and spleen of 1-day old Swiss-Webster mice. However, hemolysin-producing cell clones (HPCC) do not result.
Complete functional precursor units generally appear in the spleens of mice older than 3 days. In vivo and in vitro data correlate well in this regard. Complete precursor units are not seen in the bone marrow and only very rarely in the thymus.
The efficiency of precursor units of neonatal mice when they become functional approximates that of the mature animal when based on the doubling time of plaque-forming cells (PFC).
Possible explanations of the initial appearance of incomplete precursor units have been discussed.