bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of cigarette smoking on musculoskeletal‐related disability
Authors: Lincoln Andrew E. , Smith Gordon S. , Amoroso Paul J. , Bell Nicole S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundThis study describes cigarette smoking's effect on development of physical disability following initial musculoskeletal‐related hospitalization.MethodsWe followed 15,140 US Army personnel hospitalized for common musculoskeletal disorders between 1989–1996 for up to 8 years (1997) to assess risk for long‐term physical disability.ResultsTrends between increased smoking level and long‐term disability were identified for persons with knee injuries, rotator cuff injuries, and intervertebral disc displacement. In proportional hazards models, disability was significantly associated with heavy smoking among all subjects (relative hazard (RH) = 1.21). Both heavy smokers (RH = 1.49) and light to moderate smokers (RH = 1.44) were at greater risk for disability following meniscal injuries. Excess fraction due to smoking among subjects with meniscal injuries who currently smoke was 38%.ConclusionsFindings suggest an association between smoking and development of disability following meniscal injury. Given the high excess fraction of disability associated with smoking, other studies are needed to confirm this association. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:337–349, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of participation as a defendant: the attorney–juvenile client relationship
Authors: Schmidt Melinda G. , Reppucci N. Dickon , Woolard Jennifer L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecent changes in the processing of juveniles in the justice system place greater significance on children's capacities to participate in legal contexts. Effective participation as a defendant encompasses abilities beyond those legally required for adjudicative competence, which may nevertheless influence the quality and nature of a defendant's participation in the trial process. Based in developmental judgment theory, the current study compares 203 juveniles and 110 adults detained pre‐trial using a hypothetical attorney–client vignette to examine how psychosocial factors are reflected in decision‐making processes and link to decision outcomes and effective participation within the attorney–client relationship. Age‐related differences in legally relevant decision‐making processes and outcomes are identified, and implications for policy are made. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic and Steric Substituent Influences on the Conformational Equilibria of Cyclohexyl Esters: The Anomeric Effect Is Not Anomalous!
Authors: Kleinpeter Erich , Taddei Ferdinando , Wacker Philipp 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe cyclohexyl esters of a series of carboxylic acids, RCO2H, spanning a range of electronegativities and quotients of steric hindrance for the R substituent (R=Me, Et, iPr, tBu, CF3, CH2Cl, CHCl2, CCl3, CH2Br, CHBr2, and CBr3) were prepared. Their conformational equilibria in CD2Cl2 were examined by low‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy to study the axial or equatorial orientation of the ester functionality with respect to the adopted chair conformation of the cyclohexane ring. The ab initio and DFT geometry‐optimized structures and relative free energies of the axial and equatorial conformers were also calculated at the HF/6‐311G**, MP2/6‐311G**, and B3LYP/6‐31G** levels of theory, both in the gas phase and in solution. In the latter case, a self‐consistent isodensity polarized continuum model was employed. Only by including electron correlation in the modeling calculations for the solvated molecules was it possible to obtain a reasonable correlation between ΔG°calcd and ΔG°exp. Both the structures and the free energy differences of the axial and equatorial conformers were evaluated with respect to the factors normally influencing conformational preference, namely, 1,3‐diaxial steric interactions in the axial conformer and hyperconjugation. It was assessed that hyperconjugative interactions, σCC/σCH and σ*CO, together with a steric effect—the destabilization of the equatorial conformer with increasing bulk of the R group—were the determinant factors for the position of the conformational equilibria. Thus, because hyperconjugation is held responsible as the mitigating factor for the anomeric effect in 2‐substituted, six‐membered saturated heterocyclic rings, and since it is also similarly responsible, at least partly, in these monosubstituted cyclohexanes for a preferential shift towards the axial conformer, the question is therefore raised: can the anomeric effect really be construed as anomalous?
A Short Total Synthesis of the Alkaloids Piperolactam C, Goniopedaline, and Stigmalactam
Authors: Rys Véronique , Couture Axel , Deniau Eric , Grandclaudon Pierre 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe total synthesis of the polyalkoxylated alkaloids piperolactam C, goniopedaline and stigmalactam by combinatorial metalation/cyclization strategies has been achieved. The synthetic route involved the preliminary construction of the polyalkoxylated isoindolinone template by Parham’s technique. Benzylic lactam deprotonation allowed connection of a hydroxybenzyl appendage, and the synthesis of the target natural products was completed by subsequent E1cB elimination, radical cyclization and final deprotection. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Function of hippocampus in “insight” of problem solving
Authors: Luo Jing , Niki Kazuhisa 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSince the work of Wolfgang Köhler, the process of “insight” in problem solving has been the subject of considerable investigation. Yet, the neural correlates of “insight” remain unknown. Theoretically, “insight” means the reorientation of one's thinking, including breaking of the unwarranted “fixation” and forming of novel, task‐related associations among the old nodes of concepts or cognitive skills. Processes closely related to these aspects have been implicated in the hippocampus. In this research, the neural correlates of “insight” were investigated using Japanese riddles, by imaging the answer presentation and comprehension events, just after participants failed to resolve them. The results of event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis demonstrated that the right hippocampus was critically highlighted and that a wide cerebral cortex was also involved in this “insight” event. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first neuroimaging study to have investigated the neural correlates of “insight” in problem solving. Hippocampus 2003;13:316–323. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins
Authors: Donato Rosario 
Published: March 2003

AbstractS100, a multigenic family of non‐ubiquitous Ca2+‐modulated proteins of the EF‐hand type expressed in vertebrates exclusively, has been implicated in intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities. Members of this protein family have been shown to interact with several effector proteins within cells thereby regulating enzyme activities, the dynamics of cytoskeleton constituents, cell growth and differentiation, and Ca2+ homeostasis. Structural information indicates that most of S100 proteins exist in the form of antiparallelly packed homodimers (in some cases heterodimers), capable of functionally crossbridging two homologous or heterologous target proteins in a Ca2+‐dependent (and, in some instances, Ca2+‐independent) manner. In addition, extracellular roles have been described for several S100 members, although secretion (via an unknown mechanism) has been documented for a few of them. Extracellular S100 proteins have been shown to exert regulatory effects on inflammatory cells, neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and endothelial and epithelial cells, and a cell surface receptor, RAGE, has been identified as a potential S100A12 and S100B receptor transducing the effects of these two proteins on inflammatory cells and neurons. Other cell surface molecules with ability to interact with S100 members have been identified, suggesting that RAGE might not be a universal S100 protein receptor and/or that a single S100 protein might interact with more than one receptor. Collectively, these data indicate that members of the S100 protein family are multifunctional proteins implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular activities. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:540–551, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased nuclear factor‐κB p65 immunoreactivity following retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Chen Yue‐guo , Zhang Cheng , Chiang Samuel K.S. , Wu Tinghuai , Tso Mark O.M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) is a universal transcription factor and has previously been demonstrated to play an important role in CNS injury. This study investigated the expression of NF‐κB in the inner layers of the retina in mice after retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Retinal ischemia was induced by elevation of intraocular pressure to 120 mmHg for 60 min. To evaluate inner retinal degeneration, the inner retinal thickness was quantified with an image‐analysis system. The inner retinal thickness increased in the initial 24 hr after retinal ischemia and was ascribed to tissue edema but was significantly decreased in the ensuing 7 days. Immunohistochemistry using NF‐κB p65 monoclonal antibody was performed on the retina and was corelated with TUNEL labeling. Six hours after retinal ischemia, nuclear p65 immunoreactivity was increased in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers and reached a peak at 24 hr. The increased NF‐κB p65 immunolabeling was parallel to the TUNEL labeling. Double labeling with p65 and TUNEL showed partial colocalization of p65 and TUNEL labeling in the scattered cells of the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. However, several p65‐positive cells were TUNEL negative, suggesting that these cells might have survived the injury. The NF‐κB p65 immunoreactivity was associated with retinal degeneration following retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microstructure and Thermal Properties of Polylactides with Different L‐ and D‐Unit Sequences: Importance of the Helical Nature of the L‐Sequenced Segments
Authors: Urayama Hiroshi , Moon Sung‐Il , Kimura Yoshiharu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA series of polylactides (PLA) with different stereo sequences are prepared by the copolymerization of L‐lactide and DL‐lactide. It is confirmed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PLA decreases with decreasing optical purity of the lactate units (%ee) according to the Fox's equation. Analysis of the FT‐IR spectra of these PLA samples reveals that the absorbance at 1 265 cm−1 (δCH + νCOC) decreases with increasing L‐content while the absorbance at 1 210 cm−1 (νasCOC + rasCH3) increases with increasing L‐content. These changes in absorbance are reasonably correlated with the randomness and helical nature of the L‐sequenced segments involved in PLA. Namely, the PLA chains with higher L‐content comprise a higher number of short helical blocks that are made of several L‐lactate units. This difference in helical nature causes the opposite dependences of Tg and density on the L‐content of PLA; i.e., the increased Tg and decreased density with increasing L‐content.FT‐IR spectra of a PDLLA film, NO‐PLLA, and BO‐PLLA.magnified imageFT‐IR spectra of a PDLLA film, NO‐PLLA, and BO‐PLLA.
Urease‐Catalyzed Carbonate Precipitation inside the Restricted Volume of Polyelectrolyte Capsules
Authors: Antipov Alexei , Shchukin Dmitry , Fedutik Yuri , Zanaveskina Irina , Klechkovskaya Vera , Sukhorukov Gleb , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA new biomimetic approach for performing CaCO3 synthesis exclusively inside micron‐sized polyelectrolyte capsules, based on the fermentative formation of a precipitative agent (CO32− anion) by urease‐catalyzed urea hydrolysis, was developed. Precipitated CaCO3 completely fills the interior capsule volume and has a metastable vaterite phase.magnified image
Structure–electrical property study of anisotropic polyaniline films
Authors: Ou Runqing , Gerhardt Rosario A. , Samuels Robert J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe relationships of the structure and electrical properties of anisotropic HCl‐doped polyaniline (PANI) films cast from N,N′‐dimethylpropylene urea (DMPU) solutions and stretched to different draw ratios were studied. The anisotropic structure of the stretched PANI films was examined by X‐ray diffraction, near‐infrared wave‐guide coupling, and polarized infrared measurements. The PANI emeraldine base (EB) films cast from DMPU solutions had a single‐phase noncrystalline structure, and stretching of the films did not cause crystallization to occur. The transition moment angles of two weakly absorbing infrared bands were determined, and the Hermans' orientation functions for the PANI EB films were calculated. The PANI films were then doped with HCl, and the electrical properties were determined by impedance spectroscopy. With a specially designed test fixture, the in‐plane and through‐plane impedance was obtained. The conductivity along the stretch direction increased with orientation. The in‐plane conductivity was significantly higher than the through‐plane conductivity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 823–841, 2003
AUTOMATIC ANALYSIS OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC VIDEO RECORDINGS
Authors: LATALA ZBIGNIEW , WOJNAR LESZEK , SZYDLOWSKI LESLAW 
Published: March 2003

Examinations of the left ventricle (LV), which is the systemic ventricle and as such of paramount importance for the function of the heart, are commonly employed in cardiology. Numerous models have been developed that allow for LV parametric representation. Thanks to that, the left ventricle is better suited for all types of modeling endeavors and the correctness of the results may be relatively easily verified. The authors present a new method for an automatic detection and evaluation of the left ventricle, which is seen as an echocardiographic image in the four-chamber projection. The method is based on computerized image analysis, and in particular, on mathematical morphology.4,6,8,9,11,12 Investigations and the preliminary verification of the method have been carried out on complete cycles registered on video in the course of examinations. It is the complete cycles only that allow us to follow the dynamics of cardiac function. As a result of long-term collaboration with cardiologists, an algorithm has been developed that allows for an automatic LV detection. A precise delineation of its borders allows for an objective description of changes in geometric parameters in the course of the entire cycle and for a quantitative analysis of the left ventricular function.
29Si and 1H NMR of Natural and Synthetic Xonotlite
Authors: Noma Hiroaki , Adachi Yoshio , Matsuda Yoshihisa , Yokoyama Takushi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This is the first report to show that the two 29Si-NMR signals (−86.3, −87.1 ppm) of Q2 of natural and synthetic xonotlites were clearly split, which is in accord with the crystal structure study of Kudoh et al.1 The 1H-NMR spectra were deconvoluted into three lines at 2.19, 1.86 and 5.26 ppm and assigned to structural Ca-OH, Si-OH and molecular water, respectively. The signal intensities are in good agreement with the thermogravimetric analysis.
Dependence of Catalytic Activity in CO Hydrogenation on Strong Basic Sites of ZrO2 Surface
Authors: Lu Lianhai , Hayakawa Tomoki , Ueda Tetsuji , Hara Michikazu , Domen Kazunari , Maruya Ken-ichi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Thermal desorption (TD) study on CO2-adsorbed ZrO2 showed that the activity of ZrO2 in isosynthesis of isobutene from CO+ H2 is closely related to the strong basic sites on its surface.
Selective Synthesis of 1-Aryl-2-ferrocenylethylene by Cross-Metathesis
Authors: Yasuda Tomohiro , Abe Jiro , Iyoda Tomokazu , Kawai Tadashi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Novel synthesis of π-conjugated molecules by cross-metathesis reaction of vinylferrocene with a series of vinylarenes was investigated with a molybdenum-based Schrock catalyst (CHCMe2Ph)Mo(N-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)[OCMe(CF3)2]2. The cross-metathesis reactions occurred successfully and the cross-metathesis product, i.e., heterodimers, were readily obtained selectively, together with only small amounts of the corresponding self-dimers.
Effective Control of Two Elimination Processes from a Hydridobis(silyl)iron(IV) Complex
Authors: Sato Takahiro , Tobita Hiromi , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
A novel hydridobis(silyl)iron(IV) complex Cp*(CO)Fe(H){SiMe2O(2-C5H4N)}2 (1) (Cp*=η5-C5Me5) was synthesized in high yield. Two elimination processes from 1 were effectively controlled by the reaction conditions: HSiMe2O(2-C5H4N) is eliminated on heating or UV-irradiation, whereas HO(2-C5H4N) is eliminated in the presence of Et3Al. The latter reaction was applied to a “silylene introduction” toward a silyl complex producing a silyl(silylene) complex.
Pulmonary function abnormality and respiratory tract irritation symptoms in epichlorohydrin‐exposed workers in Taiwan
Authors: Luo Jiin‐Chyuan , Kuo Hsen‐Wen , Cheng Tsun‐Jen , Chang Ming J.W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundEpichlorohydrin (ECH) is a strong irritant of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. The aims of this study were to examine the dose‐response relationship between observed abnormal pulmonary function tests and respiratory tract irritation symptoms among epichlorohydrin‐exposed workers in Taiwan.MethodsA total of 167 workers were randomly selected from a resin synthesis factory. Sixty‐six air samples were taken to determine ECH concentration in the workplace. Demographic data, work history, smoking status, and respiratory tract irritation symptoms were gathered by a standard self‐administered questionnaire. Pulmonary function tests were also performed.ResultsThere were 13 of 41 (31.7%) abnormal mean mid‐expiratory flow (MMEF) among the high‐ECH‐exposed workers, 11 of 38 (29%) among the low‐ECH‐exposed workers, and 4 of 59 (6.8%) among non‐ECH‐exposed workers. There was a significant linear trend between ECH exposure and the prevalence of small airway abnormalities (P = 0.007) after adjusting for other factors. There was also a significant dose‐response relationship of respiratory tract irritation symptoms (cough, phlegm, chest tightness, and dyspnea) among the ECH‐exposed workers.ConclusionsThis study suggests that obstructive lung abnormalities and small airway lung damage are associated with ECH exposure. The study also suggests that exposure to very low concentrations (<0.2 ppm) causes significant higher prevalence of respiratory tract irritation symptoms. Causal inferences from the findings cannot be made from this cross‐sectional study and further longitudinal studies are needed to better clarify the nature of the observed associations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:440–446, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary effects of welding fumes: Review of worker and experimental animal studies
Authors: Antonini James M. , Lewis Anthony B. , Roberts Jenny R. , Whaley David A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundApproximately one million workers worldwide perform welding as part of their work duties. Electric arc welding processes produce metal fumes and gases which may be harmful to exposed workers.MethodsThis review summarizes human and animals studies which have examined the effect of welding fume exposure on respiratory health. An extensive search of the scientific and occupational health literature was performed, acquiring published articles which examined the effects of welding on all aspects of worker and laboratory animal health. The databases accessed included PubMed, Ovid, NIOSHTIC, and TOXNET.ResultsPulmonary effects observed in full‐time welders have included metal fume fever, airway irritation, lung function changes, susceptibility to pulmonary infection, and a possible increase in the incidence of lung cancer. Although limited in most cases, animal studies have tended to support the findings from epidemiologic studies.ConclusionsDespite the numerous studies on welding fumes, incomplete information still exists regarding the causality and possible underlying mechanisms associated with welding fume inhalation and pulmonary disease. The use of animal models and the ability to control the welding fume exposure in toxicology studies could be utilized in an attempt to develop a better understanding of how welding fumes affect pulmonary health. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:350–360, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms in kitchen workers
Authors: Svendsen Kristin , Sjaastad Ann Kristin , Sivertsen Ingvill 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIntroductionA possible association between cooking fumes and respiratory diseases other than cancer has not been studied earlier.MethodsAll employees at 67 selected kitchens were asked to answer a personal questionnaire regarding the presence of dyspnea, serious dyspnea, cough, and respiratory symptoms in connection with work. The study group consisted of 139 women and 100 men.ResultsThe prevalence of dyspnea (RR = 4.1 (2.7–6.3)), serious dyspnea (RR = 2.9 (1.5–5.7)), and symptoms in connection with work (RR =  4.3 (2.7–6.7)) were statistically significantly higher for the female kitchen workers compared to the controls. For the men only dyspnea (RR = 1.8 (1.4–2.3)) and symptoms in connection with work (RR = 2.1 (1.6–2.7)) showed an increased prevalence. An analysis of possible predictors for respiratory symptoms in connection with work gave an odds ratio of 3.2 (P = 0.000) for “working in a restaurant kitchen.”ConclusionsThe results of the study indicate a relationship between working in kitchens and respiratory symptoms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:436–439, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphogenetic Control of Calcite Crystal Growth in Sulfonic Acid Based Hydrogels
Authors: Grassmann Olaf , Löbmann Peer 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper the mineralization of CaCO3in various hydrogel matrices is presented. Sulfonic acid based hydrogels were prepared by introduction of sulfonate‐containing monomers into a polyacrylamide network. The sulfonate content of polyacrylamide‐co‐vinylsulfonate and polyacrylamide‐co‐allylsulfonate decreases during elution of the copolymers in demineralized water, indicating insufficient linking of the sulfonate‐bearing monomers within the hydrogel. In contrast to this, acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonate (AMPS) effectively copolymerizes with acrylamide (AAm) monomers. To study the influence of spatial arrangement of ionic functional groups within hydrogel networks on the mineralization of CaCO3, AMPS copolymers with different degrees of AMPS cross‐linking were synthesized. For the mineralization experiments the copolymers were placed into a double‐diffusion arrangement. Calcite as the thermodynamically stable modification of CaCO3was obtained with a particular morphology. The pseudocubic habitus resembles aggregates obtained by mineralization in pure polyacrylamide. However, closer examination of the aggregates by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the crystal growth in the AMPS copolymers is different from that observed in polyacrylamide. Whereas the morphology of the calcite aggregates could be fine‐tuned by using copolymers with different sulfonate content, the spatial distribution of the ionic functional groups alters the course of crystallization. Calcium ions are locally accumulated due to the heterogeneous distribution of functional sulfonate groups within the copolymer network. Thereby the nucleation of calcite is triggered, resulting in enhanced mineralization.