bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Metabiology of Life Extension
Authors: Rose Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite hysteria on both sides, extending human life now seems about as difficult as building an atomic bomb in 1935. But unlike the atomic physicists of that time, who were motivated by the threat of Hitler, biologists generally are not inclined to develop the tools appropriate to the problem of extending human life. A few biologists have set about developing the tools required for such life extension, and they may yet triumph over the hostility of the National Institutes of Health, the medical establishment generally, and many of their religiously or politically biased allies. On the other hand, this lonely band of biologists could succumb to the Alice-in¬ Wonderland illusions of the anti-aging movement, with its dubious nostrums and raging optimism. What would be surprising is the suc¬ cess of any effort to extend human life substantially on this darkling plain, where benighted armies clash over biological ideologies. Surprising, but perhaps not impossible.
Anti-Aging Research and the Limits of Medicine
Authors: Juengst Eric T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the AMA News, 2500 physicians have established specialty practices devoted to longevity medicine in the past de¬ cade, and an American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) already boasts 11,000 members. The goal of this clinical com¬ munity is to extend the time its patients can live without the morbidities of the aging process: “memory loss, muscle loss, visual impairment, slowed gait and speech, wrinkling of the skin, hardening of the arteries and all the other maladies we call aging” (Shelton, 2000, p. 25). At the moment, there is little the practitioners of anti¬ aging medicine can prescribe that has any scientific validation (Butler et al., 2002; Olshansky et al., 2002).
Modeling experimental error
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of regression is to find best-fit values for the parameters of the model (e.g., slope and intercept for linear regression, other parameters, such as rate constants, for nonlinear regression). More precisely, the goal is to find values for the parameters that are most likely to be correct. It turns out that you can’t decide which parameter values are most likely to be correct without making an assumption about how the data are scattered around the line or curve.
How nonlinear regression minimizes the sum-of-squares
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear regression is more complicated than linear regression. You can’t compute the best-fit values of the parameters directly from the X and Yvalues of the data points. Instead, nonlinear regression requires an iterative approach. You won’t be able to understand the mathematical details of nonlinear regression unless you first master matrix algebra. But the basic idea is pretty easy to understand. Every nonlinear regression method follows these steps: We wish to fit this to an exponential decay model, fixing the top to 100 and the bottom plateau too, leaving only one parameter, the rate constant (k), to fit to this model: Since we are only finding the best-fit value of one parameter, we can do so in a brute-force manner. By looking at the data, and knowing the meaning of the rate constant, we can be quite sure the best-fit value is between 0.2 and 0.7. From the goals of the experiment, we can say that we only need to know the best-fit value to two decimal places. So there are only 50 possible values of k (0.20, 0.21, 0.22, ..., 0.69, o.70). For each of these values, construct a curve, and compute the sum-of-squares of the distances of the points from the curve. Below is a graph of sum-of-squares as a function of k. Note that this graph was constructed specifically for this example. With different data, the graph would look different.
Asymptotic standard errors and confidence intervals
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most situations, the whole point of regression is to find the best-fit values of the parameters. Your goal is to understand your system, or perhaps to look at how a parameter changes with a treatment. If this is your goal, then you will certainly care about how precisely you know the best-fit values of the parameters. It isn’t enough to know, for example, that the best fit value of a rate constant is 0.10 min-1• Your conclusion will be very crisp if the program tells you that you can be 95% sure the true rate constant lies between 0.09 and 0.11 min-1• On the other hand, you’ll know the results are pretty sloppy if the program tells you that you can be 95% sure the true rate constant lies between o.o and 0.5 min-1• This tells you very little except that you need to redesign your experiment. Your entire interpretation of the results, and your decision on what to do in future experiments, depends on knowing the confidence intervals (or standard errors) of the parameters.
Comparing the three methods for creating confidence intervals
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last three chapters presented three distinct methods for obtaining confidence intervals from our sample data. The three methods gave similar, but not identical, results as shown in this graph. The simple method always gives a confidence interval that is symmetrical and tends to be a bit optimistic (too narrow). Monte Carlo simulations also tend to be a bit optimistic-the interval is too narrow. The model comparison method (via F test) is probably the most accurate method, but is also most cumbersome.
Using global fitting to test a treatment effect in one experiment
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The logic underlying model comparisons described in the previous two chapters can also be extended to instances where you might want to compare one or more parameters of the same model applied to different data sets. Some examples are shown below. Below is a graph of a dose-response curve in control and treated conditions. We want to know if the treatment changes the EC50. Are the two best-fit logEC50 values statistically different? One hypothesis is that both data sets have the same EC50. We fit that model by doing a global fit of both data sets. We fit two dose-response curves, while sharing the best-fit value of the logEC50. Fitting this model requires a program that can do global fits with shared parameters.
Using two-way ANOVA to compare curves
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The graph below shows a typical situation. You’ve measured a response at four time points, and compared control and treated conditions. You could fit to a simple model, say fit a straight line, but the response may not be linear with time. You’d need some theory to help pick a model, but may not have any theoretical reasons to pick a model. Even if you can pick a sensible model, you may have too few data points for nonlinear regression to work.
Analyzing kinetic binding data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dissociation binding experiment measures the “off rate” for radioligand dissociating from the receptor. Initially ligand and receptor are allowed to bind, perhaps to equilibrium. At that point, you need to block further binding of radioligand to receptor so you can measure the rate of dissociation. There are several ways to do this: •If the tissue is attached to a surface, you can remove the buffer containing radioligand and replace with fresh buffer without radioligand.
Constraining and sharing parameters
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Constraints tab of the nonlinear regression dialog is very versatile. For each parameter, you can choose to fix it to a constant value, constrain it to a range of values, or share its value between data sets. In many cases, it makes sense to constrain one (or more) of the parameters to a constant value. For example, even though a dose-response curve is defined by four parameters (bottom, top, logEC5o and Hill slope), you don’t have to ask Prism to find best-fit values for all the parameters. If the data represent a “specific” signal (with any background or nonspecific signal subtracted), it can make sense for you to constrain the bottom of the dose-response curve to equal zero. In some situations, it can make sense to constrain the Hill slope to equal a standard value of 1.0.
Prism’s nonlinear regression dialog
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Choose whether you want to fit your model with nonlinear regression. The alternative is to plot the curve defined by the initial values. This is a very useful choice, as it lets you be sure that the initial values are sensible and generate a curve that comes near your data. Use the Comparison tab of the Nonlinear Regression Parameters dialog to specify one of three kinds of comparisons.
Understanding Hope: A Review of Measurement and Construct Validity Research
Authors: Edwards Lisa M , Rand Kevin L , Lopez, Shane]. , Snyder C R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hope has been discussed by philosophers, theologians, educators, and scientists, to name but a few groups of people, over the preceding two millennia. During the last 15 years, C. R. Snyder and his colleagues at the University of Kansas have developed a theory and associated measures of the hope construct that have received extensive, detailed attention both within and outside the field of psychology. In this chapter, we describe Snyder’s hope model and some of the research findings that have supported the validity of this construct. Beginning with a conceptual definition of hope, we move to relevant findings about the usefulness of hope in the lives of individuals in various life arenas. We describe measures developed for assessing hope in children and adults, as well as current issues associated with the validity of hope measurement. Finally, we discuss future directions for further investigation of hope.
Some Measurement Issues in the Study of Affect
Authors: Isen Alice M , Erez Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume addresses methods in the field of positive psychology. Within that topic, this chapter focuses on methodological issues associated with induced positive affect. In this context, we focus especially on the assessment of induced affect and its impact on other processes and behavior. In the course of this, we discuss several problems that are associated with the traditional self-report measures of affect, describe some conceptual alternatives to self-report measures, and consider some empirical alternative indicators of positive affect. We also consider some theoretical implications of the use of different methods of assessing affect. And we pay some attention to the requirements and limitations, from a measurement perspective, inherent in some of the methods of inducing positive affect that are used in the literature.
Structure and Properties of Water
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Water moves in response to forces acting on it, and its physical properties determine the qualitative and quantitative relations between those forces and the resulting motion. Thus, it is important for the student of hydraulics to have an understanding of these properties. This chapter begins with a description of the atomic and molecular structure of water that give rise to its unique properties, including the fact that it occurs in the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases at the earth’s surface. The nature of water in its three phases and the phenomena that accompany phase transitions in nature are briefly described. The last portion of the chapter uses a series of thought experiments to elucidate the properties of liquid water that are crucial to understanding its behavior in open-channel flows. This section emphasizes the dimensional nature of the various properties, and you may want to refresh your understanding of physical dimensions by reviewing appendix A.
The Typical Course of Aging
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of aging cannot be divorced from the rest of life, because growing old merges gradually with one’ s beginnings in childhood. Most diseases of old age can also be found in the young, though not nearly as frequently. In other words, diseases that are life-threatening or that create serious handicaps are not infrequent even in the very young and represent heartrending tragedies. A child’ s struggle with cancer is even more poignant than the same struggle in an aging person.
The Emotions and Research Problems
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are about to embark on a series of chapters dealing with changes over the life course, the role of family and friends, issues of health and illness, the function of work in later life, treatment of emotional disturbances, and principles of successful aging. Looking at this list, the reader might expect us to make pronouncements in each of the next chapters about what aging is like that are based strictly on reviews of the findings of aging research. But no! We shall, indeed, make statements about aging, but most of them do not deserve to be treated as the appropriate conclusions of formal research. In this I am at variance with a high percentage of my colleagues, how many I cannot say—in any case, what is usually called “the establishment.” There is, believe it or not, a poor research base for describing much of what old age is like. I explain why in this chapter, which addresses the most serious problems of the most commonly employed methodologies of psychology in general and aging research in particular.
The Environment
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we are concerned with environmental change, and we address the physical and social environmental changes over the lives of people in general and especially those who are aging. What has changed or stayed the same in the environment during our lifetime remains one of the most confusing and important issues of psychology. It has not been much explored, which suggests it is not easy to do with good sense. It must be evident that those who are growing up now—that is, the children of today—do not think of environmental change as anything special because they are learning now about what currently exists. However, being old means that we grew up under circumstances that have greatly changed during our lifetime, and so it will be for the young when they begin to experience change. The world that exists now is very different from the one that existed when we were children. Expectations that were created then are no longer appropriate. This aspect of social change increases the discrepancy between the outlooks of the elderly, their children, and their grandchildren, thus promoting the generation gap and producing the cohort problem, as discussed in chapter 2.
The Personality
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having dealt with environmental change, we now come to the important question of whether the personality of an individual changes over a lifetime and, if so, in what ways. If we consider personality development from birth, it should be obvious that early childhood psychological and physical changes are rapid and dramatic. Until a personality has been thoroughly established, the way an individual looks at things, beliefs about the self and the world, skills, and whatever that individual desires in life are still forming and changing. That individual will ultimately develop into a more or less stable and distinctive person.
Principles of Successful Aging
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who among us wants to grow old? Because it is natural to cling to life short of deep despair and suicide, the answer is, no doubt, all or most of us. After all, we have to consider the alternative. As a result of our advanced brain and mind, it is probable that only humans, and maybe to a lesser extent a few other primates, are able to recognize clearly that we have a past, present, and future. This makes it possible both to anticipate and to dread death. Still, even more than death, most of us dread being demented, helpless, utterly dependent, in constant pain, and unable to function with reasonable adequacy.
Children without Language From Dysphasia to Autism
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication and language disorders are often considered from one particular point of view - either psychological or neurological. Danon-Boileau argues that this is a serious mistake. He emphasizes that a child’s trouble can stem from a variety of causes: neurological problems similar to those of aphasia, cognitive impairments, and psychological disorders, and, thus, the interaction of these elements needs to be taken into account. In precise case studies, Danon-Boileau describes the situations he has confronted and traces the causes of changes in the child when they happen. Combining linguistic, cognitive, and psycholanalytic approaches, Children without Language provides a unique perspective on speech and communication disorders in children and will be an essential volume for speech therapists, developmental psychologists, linguistics scholars and anyone wishing to reflect seriously on why we speak and how communication occurs.
Communication Disorder and Its Signs
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While there is broad scientific and medical agreement about the particular symptoms that indicate a disorder of communication in a young child, there are also, as I have said, large divergences of view about how to classify the nosographical entities that they can be said to identify. For instance, no one disputes that pointing is an essential marker of good nonverbal communication or that evasion of eye contact is a bad sign, but the nosographies based upon these symptoms do not coincide. I have already touched upon the nosographical repercussions of having or not having a category of “psychosis” and how its use or nonuse alters the meaning given to terms used to define the remaining categories, in particular the ubiquitous “autism.” This makes for a large problem, though that is not actually the main thing, there being two further problems of greater importance. The first of these is that certain essential features are ignored in the standard nosographical descriptions. None of these (not excluding DSM-IV) canvasses the child’s history. They describe how the child presents and not what has happened to him. Yet there is a bothersome incidence of children who present with autistic features and to whom something else has happened. Many families, for example, report that their child’s early development was normal and that it was not until the age of twelve or eighteen months, after an event that was relatively minor, albeit traumatic for the child (a brief separation, often caused by a stay in hospital, though for a comparatively benign purpose, or by the birth of a younger sibling) that the child started to regress and lose some of the skills that he or she had already acquired.
Joint Attention
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generally speaking, the question of what it is that prevents a child from speaking and communicating has different meanings, depending on whether it is asked by an aphasiologist, a neuropsychologist, a psychiatrist, a pediatrician, a speech therapist, a psychoanalyst, or a specialist in occupational therapy, psycholinguistics, linguistics, or education. Each of these diverse approaches gives a different meaning to the terms “speaking” and “communicating” and also to the idea of what “prevents.” Notably, there are some practitioners for whom the key factor is a breakdown of the neurological mechanism, while others suspect a farther-reaching disorder that bears on a child’s whole personality and ways of relating to others. There are always two ways of thinking: on the one hand, some focus on the neuron; on the other, some focus on the psychic process. The first school of thought speaks of deficiencies, the second of defense mechanisms. According to the first school, there is something missing in the child, who must therefore be coached and reeducated; the second school insists that there is nothing to be taught, and especially nothing to be asked of the child, that the way to proceed is to wait for the appearance of a spontaneous urge to communicate and the emergence of speech, however rudimentary and fragmentary these may be. Such assumptions lead to professional mindsets that are very familiar to anyone working with children in difficulty. Though I mention these fixed assumptions, I have at least two reasons for not sharing them. The first is that in any reeducative practice there is bound to be a measure of psychotherapeutic effect (by the nature of the thing, I mean, and not because the reeducator turns into a psychoanalyst).
Simon and the Magic Dictation
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, it was commonly held that children’s inner life and language were products of the richness of their exchanges within the family circle and that there could be nothing in a child’s monologue with self that had not first emerged in dialogue with others. In an analogous way, it was taken for granted that oral language always came before writing and that only those children who were proficient in the spoken language could ever hope to become good readers. Though such common-sense principles may well be valid in the great majority of cases, there are notable exceptions that radically contradict some of our assumptions about the sequence of stages that have to be gone through by the notional baby we all have in mind when we try to understand and judge our everyday observation and treatment of children’s speech disorders. In the story of Simon we see one such exception. Over the first four years of his treatment, I had to rethink some of my ideas about the necessary sequence of semiotic abilities crucial to the emergence of language. As will be seen, here was a little boy who was capable of spelling and reading before he could speak distinctly enough to be understood. Today, at almost eight years old, he speaks, though he has not fully developed expertise in verbal exchanges or a mode of speech that enables him to communicate easily with all interlocutors. If verbal exchange is to be possible with him, he needs to be treated with some considerateness by an interlocutor, as he is given to changes of subject and tone that can be very disturbing. Nevertheless, despite his agitation and the difficulty he has in abiding by rules within a group, he can be a part-time member of an ordinary class, and this enables him to make significant progress, though he does of course require teachers with a degree of tolerance.
Cognitive Implications
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A person’s way of experiencing the outside world has a bearing on his or her communication and language. This may in turn affect the ways in which the objects of thought to be deployed are separated from one another and constructed. It may also have an effect not only on the signs (whether linguistic or nonlinguistic) that a speaker can construct during an exchange but on the representation he or she may have of an interlocutor.