bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical pharmacology of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Roskos Lorin K. , Davis C. Geoffrey , Schwab Gisela M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSeventeen monoclonal antibodies are currently approved in the United States for therapeutic use in organ transplantation, percutaneous coronary intervention, prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, asthma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer. All approved antibodies are of the IgG class. Thirteen are unconjugated intact antibodies, three are intact immunoconjugates, and one is a Fab fragment. Three of the antibodies are murine, five are chimeric, eight are humanized, and one is a fully human antibody generated by phage display technology. The antigen target and the structural and binding characteristics of the antibody determine the antibody's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety, and immunogenicity. Antibodies act through multiple mechanisms that include functional modulation of the antigen, recruitment of ADCC and CDC, and delivery of radionuclide or toxin payloads to target cells. Antibody half‐life is usually governed by interaction with the FcRn receptor. In some cases, the antigen may act as a sink for antibody elimination. Safety profiles are determined by the pharmacology and tissue distribution of the target antigen, antibody isotype, the antibody payload, cytokine release, hypersensitivity reactions to xenogeneic protein, and immunogenicity. Fully human antibody technology may allow development of antibodies that have reduced risks of hypersensitivity reactions and immunogenicity, thereby enhancing safety and efficacy. The exquisite target specificity of antibodies, improvements in antibody engineering technology, and the wide availability of novel and validated therapeutic targets provide many current and future opportunities for the clinical development of therapeutic antibodies. Drug Dev. Res. 61:108–120, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design and engineering human forms of monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Penichet Manuel L. , Morrison Sherie L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe antibody molecule has multiple properties that make it a key component of the immune response. These include its ability to recognize a vast array of different foreign substrates and to interact with and activate the host effector systems. Antibodies with defined specificities may serve as “magic bullets” for the diagnosis and therapy of multiple diseases. With the development of the hybridoma technology, it was possible to produce rodent (mouse or rat) monoclonal antibodies that are the product of a single clone of antibody producing cells and have only one antigen binding specificity. However, the therapeutic use of rodent monoclonals antibodies in humans is limited by their immunogenicity, short circulating half‐life, and inability to efficiently trigger human effector mechanisms. However, it proved difficult to produce human monoclonal antibodies using the same methods. To address these problems genetic engineering and expression systems have instead been used to produce chimeric, humanized, and totally human antibodies as well as antibodies with novel structures and functional properties. In addition, the use of yeast and human artificial chromosome vectors for animal transgenesis has allowed the development of animal models that produce antigen specific antibodies that are totally human. As a consequence, recombinant antibody‐based therapies are now used to treat a variety of clinical conditions including infectious diseases, inflammatory disorders, and cancer. This article summarizes and compares different strategies for designing and engineering human antibodies and their derivatives. Drug Dev. Res. 61:121–136, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum‐information detection from optical memory using photonic crystals
Authors: Nihei Hiroyuki , Okamoto Atsushi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThere is now great interest in optical memory using a three‐level atom embedded in photonic crystals, which can be used for quantum computing; however, quantum‐information detection from the optical memory has not been demonstrated. In this paper, first, considering the relative position of the photonic band gap (PBG) and two atomic levels split from the upper level of the atom used for the optical memory, we demonstrate that one of the split levels must be outside the PBG for quantum‐information detection. In this case, the quantum state of the atom can be changed by moving the other split level, where the quantum information is maintained or emitted for the cases in which the split level is inside or outside the PBG, respectively. The emitted quantum information can be measured as spontaneous emissions by a photon detector. Next, we propose two methods of moving the split level: one is realized by applying a direct current (DC) field to the atom and the other is realized by changing the intensity of the control laser field. Furthermore, by evaluating the intensities of the DC and the control laser fields, we find that the quantum information can be measured using the fields on the millielectronvolt order. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(8): 10–19, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10205
A subgridding technique for the complex nonstandard FDTD method
Authors: Ohtani Tadao , Taguchi Kenji , Kashiwa Tatsuya 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a subgridding method is proposed for the two‐dimensional Complex Nonstandard FDTD (CNS‐FDTD) method. Taking into account the characteristics of the CNS‐FDTD method, new spatial interpolation, difference operator interpolation, and time interpolation are introduced. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed subgridding method, it is compared with the cases in which linear interpolation and quadratic interpolation of the conventional method are used for the main grids and local grids. It is found that the present subgridding method is superior to the conventional method in terms of stability and accuracy. Further, in the scattering analysis of a large rectangular cavity loaded with a lossy medium, the present subgridding method demonstrated substantial improvement in computation time and number of grids over CNS‐FDTD calculations with the local grid width over the entire space. As a subgridding method, a connection method is explained in a general case where the spatial division ratio of the main grids and local grids is 1:3. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(8): 1–9, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20078
Automatic calibration method of adaptive array with linear array utilizing signal circulation among antennas (ACT‐FL)
Authors: Nishimori Kentaro , Cho Keizo , Hori Toshikazu 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn adaptive array for a frequency division duplex (FDD) system requires calibration among the antennas, the cables, and the transmitters and receivers to form the desired transmission directivity. In this paper, we propose the Automatic Calibration method of adaptive array using Transmitting signals for FDD systems with Linear array (ACT‐FL) by using the signal circulation among the antennas and not using any additional elements or external information for calibrating the antennas and cables. By studying the calibration accuracy of the ACT‐FL through analysis and tests including the mutual coupling of the antennas, we explain the applicable element spacing and the beam width in ACT‐FL. We also evaluate the signal‐to‐interference power ratio (SIR) at the interference arrival time from radiation pattern measurements by using a testbed implementing ACT‐FL and demonstrate the effectiveness of ACT‐FL. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(8): 20–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20105
Computational error in FDTD analysis of short dipole antenna and its reduction technique
Authors: Pongpaibool Pornanong , Uno Toru , Sato Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFinite difference time domain (FDTD) methods have been applied to complex models mixing dielectrics and conductors because model development is simple and a practical level of accuracy is easily obtained. However, to correctly determine the impedance of a linear antenna, the cell size must be extremely small regardless of the structure's simplicity. The reason is believed to be the inability to model the rapidly fluctuating electromagnetic field near the antenna conductor electrode. In this paper, we explain the causes of several errors of FDTD methods, and propose a method that reduces the errors in the FDTD calculation by incorporating the spatial distribution of the quasi‐static approximation of the electromagnetic field into the FDTD cells and improves the accuracy without using an extremely small cell size. In addition, we compare the proposed method to the results of the Galerkin moment method and demonstrate its effectiveness. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(8): 32–40, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20106
Autocorrelation associative memory using refractory period of neurons
Authors: Oda Mikio , Miyajima Hiromi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn autocorrelation associative memory, a monotonic activation function is used from the viewpoint of network stability. The problems arise that the memory capacity is reduced and false memory can be generated, although the structure is simplified. This paper proposes a new memory model in which the associative ability is improved, while the conventional monotonic activation function is used in the autocorrelation associative memory model. In the proposed model, the refractory period is defined in the neuron, and the same convergence of the network as in the Hopfield model is always guaranteed. In the case of the discrete‐time model, the proposed model with the refractory period T = 1 is equivalent to the case of a ternary nonmonotonic activation function. In other words, the proposed model can be regarded as a model including the nonmonotonic activation function model. The following results are shown by numerical experiment. As a discrete‐time discrete‐value model, the proposed model has a higher associative ability than the Hopfield model. As a continuous‐time continuous‐value model, when the refractory period is long, the associative ability is greater than that of the Hopfield model guaranteeing the same convergence. When the refractory period is short, the associative ability is further improved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(8): 41–52, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20107
A two‐level ALife system with predator
Authors: Satoh Taiji , Mizukami Yoshiki , Tanaka Kanya , Nara Koichi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper proposes a method of deriving a global solution for a nonlinear optimization problem with a multipeak function as the objective function. When the objective function in the nonlinear optimization problem is differentiable, a gradient method such as the quasi‐Newton method can be used to derive the solution with high speed. When the function is multipeaked, however, there is a high probability that the procedure may fall in a local solution. Methods that can derive a global solution for a multipeaked function without using a gradient include simulated annealing (SA) and tree annealing (TA), in which the probability of arriving at a global solution is increased by including probabilistic operations in the mechanism of search for the solution. A problem in these methods, however, is that considerable computation time is required. In this study, artificial life (ALife) is implemented on a computer in order to realize global optimization by a distributed optimization technique. Nonlinear optimization is considered, the ALife technique is extended to a multidimensional continuous system, and an evaluation function is proposed so that emergent colonization is generated in a promising area including the global solution. In this study, a predator is introduced in order to reduce the time until the emergent colonization is generated. This situation is supported by a rapid decrease in the variation of the Artorg, which is a form of ALife. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(8): 53–60, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20108
Robust simultaneous registration of multiple range images comprising a large number of points
Authors: Nishino Ko , Ikeuchi Katsushi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAs part of a project for the electronic preservation of cultural objects, this paper proposes a new technique for position alignment of multiple range images. In particular, the study focuses on accuracy of alignment and robustness to noise in the input data. Using the conjugate gradient method based on the M‐estimator, simultaneous alignment is performed by minimization of an error function that handles all range images at the same time. Furthermore, for more efficient and more accurate search for matching points, the KD‐tree data structure is utilized, and additional attributes such as the laser reflection brightness and the brightness of the three‐dimensional point itself are introduced into the error measure. This paper proposes such a method and presents the results of experiments with real data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(8): 61–74, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20109
A continuous‐flow instrument for the determination of linear polyacrylamide stability
Authors: Klepárník Karel , Mikuška Pavel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAlkaline hydrolysis of high‐molecular‐mass (10 MDa) linear polyacrylamide, a widely used replaceable sieving medium for the capillary electrophoresis of DNA fragments and proteins, was investigated. The release rate of ammonia, a product of amide group hydrolysis, was monitored by a high‐sensitivity continuous‐flow system. The experimental results show a rapid onset of hydrolysis at a temperature of 70°C. While the degree of 1 h hydrolysis was evaluated to reach about 16% at 70°C and pH 13, it drops to 5% at 50°C and pH 12.5.
Simulation of the seismic performance of the Bolu Viaduct subjected to near‐fault ground motions
Authors: Park S. W. , Ghasemi H. , Shen J. , Somerville P. G. , Yen W. P. , Yashinsky M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe seismic performance of the Bolu Viaduct in the Duzce, Turkey, earthquake of November 1999 was studied via a non‐linear, time‐history analysis of a multi‐degree of freedom model. The viaduct had a seismic isolation system consisting of yielding‐steel energy dissipation units and sliding pot bearings. The Duzce earthquake caused a surface rupture across the viaduct, which resulted in excessive superstructure movement and widespread failure of the seismic isolation system. The effect of the rupture was modeled by a static, differential ground displacement in the fault‐parallel direction across the rupture. The ground motions used in the analysis contain common near‐fault features including a directivity pulse in the fault‐normal direction and a fling step in the fault‐parallel direction. The analysis used a finite element package capable of modeling the mechanical behavior of the seismic isolation system and focused on the structural response of a 10‐span module of the viaduct. This analysis showed that the displacement of the superstructure relative to the piers exceeded the capacity of the bearings at an early stage of the earthquake, causing damage to the bearings as well as to the energy dissipation units. The analysis also indicated that shear keys, both longitudinal and transverse, played a critical role in preventing collapse of the deck spans. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of a double‐wedge base‐isolation device
Authors: Enrique Luco J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA novel base‐isolation device is described and its performance is compared with that of a friction pendulum bearing. In its simplest form, the device consists of two wedges sliding on a horizontal plane in opposite directions and constrained from retreating by ratchets or bilinear dampers. The superstructure rests at the intersection of the two wedges. For a sufficiently large horizontal acceleration of the base, the structure starts to move up the inclined plane of one of the wedges, which remains fixed while the second wedge is slaved to follow the structure. As the direction of the base acceleration reverses, the process is reversed and the structure starts to climb on the second inclined plane while the first wedge follows. The overall result is that the horizontal acceleration of the structure is reduced with respect to that of the base and that kinetic energy associated with horizontal velocities is systematically transformed into potential energy. In the case of motion in a vertical plane, the device has the following advantages over a friction pendulum: (i) the sliding surface is linear instead of curved, (ii) kinetic energy is systematically transformed into potential energy during the strong ground motion, and (iii) the device is slowly self‐centering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐empirical model for site effects on acceleration time histories at soft‐soil sites. Part 2: calibration
Authors: Bárcena Armando , Esteva Luis 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA previously developed simplified model of ground motion amplification is applied to the simulation of acceleration time histories at several soft‐soil sites in the Valley of Mexico, on the basis of the corresponding records on firm ground. The main objective is to assess the ability of the model to reproduce characteristics such as effective duration, frequency content and instantaneous intensity. The model is based on the identification of a number of parameters that characterize the complex firm‐ground to soft‐soil transfer function, and on the adjustment of these parameters in order to account for non‐linear soil behavior. Once the adjusted model parameters are introduced, the statistical properties of the simulated and the recorded ground motions agree reasonably well. For the sites and for the seismic events considered in this study, it is concluded that non‐linear soil behavior may have a significant effect on the amplification of ground motion. The non‐linear soil behavior significantly affects the effective ground motion duration for the components with the higher intensities, but it does not have any noticeable influence on the lengthening of the dominant ground period. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The successful use of maggots in necrotizing fasciitis of the neck: A case report
Authors: Preuss Simon F. , Stenzel Mark J. , Esriti Anwar 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBackground.The use of maggots to digest necrotic tissue as a form of wound debridement has a long history in medicine. Necrotizing fasciitis of the neck has a high mortality rate despite aggressive surgical and medical intervention. The use of maggots in this disease has been reported only once before.Methods.We report the case of a 73‐year‐old woman, who underwent neck dissection and had necrotizing fasciitis of the neck develop shortly after. After initial surgical wound debridement, we used maggots as a biosurgical method for further debridement. A net containing 100 maggots (Biobag; BioMonde, Germany) was used.Results.Daily wound dressing showed rapid improvement of the wound; 4 days after beginning treatment, the wound was free of necroses.Conclusion.In this case, we could avoid repeated surgical wound debridement with the use of sterile maggots. The frequently rapid progression of necrotizing fasciitis could be well controlled. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 26: 747–750, 2004
Immunotherapy using autologous monocyte‐derived dendritic cells pulsed with leukemic cell lysates for acute myeloid leukemia relapse after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
Authors: Lee Je‐Jung , Kook Hoon , Park Myong‐Suk , Nam Jong‐Hee , Choi Bo‐Hwa , Song Won‐Hyun , Park Kyeong‐Soo , Lee Il‐Kwon , Chung Ik‐Joo , Hwang Tai‐Ju , Kim Hyeoung‐Joon 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAlthough a second stem cell transplantation (SCT) can be used as salvage therapy in patients with relapsing leukemia after SCT, most of these patients have a poor outcome. We tried clinical vaccination using monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with leukemic lysates to treat relapsing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after autologous SCT. To generate DCs, CD14+ cells isolated from peripheral blood stem cell products were cultured in AIM‐V in the presence of GM‐CSF and IL‐4. Adding TNF‐α on day 6 induced maturation of the DCs, which were harvested on day 8 or 9. The DCs were incubated with tumor lysate and KLH for 2 hr at 37°C. After certifying the absence of microorganisms and endotoxins, the patients received four DC vaccinations at two‐ to three‐week intervals. Two patients received four DC vaccinations with means of 7.8 × 106 and 9 × 106 DCs at two‐ to three‐week intervals. The DC vaccinations were well tolerated with no apparent side effects. After the vaccinations, the patients showed immunological responses with positive delayed‐type hypersensitivity skin reaction and increasing autologous T cells stimulatory capacity to the DCs; however, the BM blast percentage of the patients did not improve. The results suggest that DCs are a feasible cellular therapy for relapsing AML after autologous SCT. J Clin Apheresis 19:66–70, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.