bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Basic Mouse Handling Techniques
Authors: Donovan John , Brown Patricia , Reeves J.P. , Reeves P.A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPurification of DNA from fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue (PET) requires the removal of paraffin, proteins, and, in some cases, heavy metal ions. The resulting DNA is not generally suitable for Southern blot analysis. However, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to amplify short regions of this DNA. In this appendix, the basic protocol can be performed rapidly and involves only a small number of manipulations, thus minimizing the possibility of contamination. An alternate protocol involves additional steps including extractions with xylenes and phenol/chloroform. This procedure is recommended as the primary approach when tissue has not been fixed in an optimal manner or as a secondary approach when the basic protocol has failed to produce satisfactory DNA.
Karyotyping
Authors: Schreck Rhona R. , Distèche Christine 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRelevant portions of the new International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN 1995) have been reproduced in this appendix (with permission from Karger, the original publisher). The new rules supersede all previous rules and include guidelines for cancer cytogenetics as well as new recommendations for nomenclature when in situ hybridization techniques are used in the analysis of chromosomes.
Human‐Mouse Comparative Maps
Authors: Seldin Michael F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHomology relationships between human and mouse genomes are very useful for identifying human or mouse homologs of disease traits that have been mapped in the other species. Conservation of genomic organization in human and mouse has long been recognized; however, detailed systematic examination of these relationships on a genome‐wide scale has only recently become possible. This appendix presents tables of comparative genetic maps with homology groups for human and mouse chromosomes, sorted by human position. The map locations of 1416 loci (many of which are genes) have been determined, and at least 181 different conserved linkage groups have been defined. Human loci are arranged from the most telomeric marker on the long (q) arm to the most telomeric marker on the short (p) arm of the human chromosome.
Oxidation of N,N‐Disubstituted Hydroxylamines to Nitrones with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Polymer‐Supported Methylrhenium Trioxide Systems
Authors: Saladino Raffaele , Neri Veronica , Cardona Francesca , Goti Andrea 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPoly(4‐vinylpyridine)/methylrhenium trioxide (MTO) compounds IIII and microencapsulated polystyrene/MTO systems IVV are efficient catalysts for the oxidation of secondary hydroxylamines to the corresponding nitrones with H2O2. Complete conversions of substrates and quantitative yields of products are obtained under environmentally friendly experimental conditions and with the use of simple work‐up procedures. Symmetrically substituted hydroxylamines, and non‐symmetrical 3‐substituted and 2‐substituted hydroxypyrrolidines, precursors of nitrones applied in the synthesis of alkaloids and biologically active congeners, have been considered as substrates. The heterogeneous catalysts are stable under the reaction conditions and can be recovered and recycled for at least five times without any appreciable loss in efficiency.
On the Use of Non‐Symmetrical Mixed PCN and SCN Pincer Palladacycles as Catalyst Precursors for the Heck Reaction
Authors: Consorti Crestina S. , Ebeling Gunter , Flores Fabricio R. , Rominger Frank , Dupont Jairton 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe mixed pincer palladacycles (Me2NCH2(Cl)CCCH2CH2Y‐κN,κC,κY)PdCl (1, Y=PPh2; 2, OPPh2) and (t‐BuSCH2CH2CC(Cl)(o‐NC5H4)‐κS,κC,κN)PdCl 3 have been obtained in high yields by chloropalladation of heterosusbstituted alkynes Me2NCH2CCCH2CH2PPh2, Me2NCH2CCCH2CH2OPPh2 and t‐BuSCH2CH2CC(o‐NC5H4), respectively. The molecular structures of 1 and 3 have been ascertained by means of X‐ray diffraction analysis. The catalytic properties of these mixed donor group pincer‐type palladacycles have been evaluated in the arylation of olefins (Heck reaction). The pincer palladacycle 1 is highly active for the coupling of aryl iodides and aryl bromides with n‐butyl acrylate. In contrast it is only moderately active for the coupling of aryl chlorides substituted with electron‐withdrawing groups and inactive for the coupling of electron neutral and electron deactivated aryl chlorides.
Antimony(V) Chloride‐Benzyltriethylammonium Chloride Complex as an Efficient Catalyst for Friedel−Crafts Acylation Reactions
Authors: Huang An‐ping , Liu Xue‐yuan , Li Lian‐hua , Wu Xiao‐li , Liu Wei‐min , Liang Yong‐min 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA novel catalytic system, the complex of antimony(V) chloride (SbCl5) and benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBA), C6H5CH2NEt3(SbCl5)2Cl complex, is described for Friedel–Crafts acylation reactions of aromatics with acyl and sulfonyl chlorides. The catalyst has a number of useful characteristics, such as ready access, minimal toxicity, reusability, insensitivity to atmosphere and moisture, rapid acylation with high yield, and ease of operation.
The First Highly Enantioselective Alkynylation of Chloral: A Practical and Efficient Pathway to Chiral Trichloromethyl Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Jiang Biao , Si Yu‐Gui 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new, inexpensive chiral amino alcohol‐based ligand, (1S,2S)‐2‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐3‐(tert‐butyloxy)propan‐1‐ol, was developed for the asymmetric alkynylation of chloral in high yield with up to 98% ee. The resulting chiral adduct (S)‐1‐trichloromethyl‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propyn‐1‐ol was hydrogenated over 10% Pd/C to give the useful intermediate chiral trichloromethyl carbinol in quantitative yield, which was efficiently transformed into the pharmaceutically important building blocks 2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutanoate and homophenylalanine in high yield with excellent enantiomeric excess.
Palladium/Proazaphosphatrane‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides Possessing a Phenol, Alcohol, Acetanilide, Amide or an Enolizable Ketone Functional Group: Efficacy of Lithium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide as the Base
Authors: Urgaonkar Sameer , Verkade John G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA commercially available catalyst system comprising Pd(OAc)2 or Pd2(dba)3 and the proazaphosphatrane ancillary ligand P(i‐BuNCH2CH2)3N (1) for the amination of aryl halides substituted with a phenol, alcohol, acetanilide, amide or ketone group containing an enolizable hydrogen is described. The reaction is performed in the presence of LiN(SiMe3)2 as the base. Other bases tested were either less effective or completely non‐functional.
Highly Efficient Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Catalyzed by Palladium/Phosphine‐Imidazolium Carbene System
Authors: Wang Ai‐E , Zhong Jun , Xie Jian‐Hua , Li Kai , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNovel phosphine‐imidazolium salts 2 have been synthesized and successfully used in palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling. A combination of 0.05 mol % of [Pd(η‐C3H5)Cl]2 and 0.1 mol % of 2b in the presence of 2 equivs. of K3PO4 as base provided coupling products in excellent yields in the reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides with aryl boronic acids.
Iodinated Biaryls Synthesized by the Direct Dehydrodimerization of Iodoarenes Using Phenyliodine(III) Bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA)
Authors: Mirk Daniela , Willner Alexander , Fröhlich Roland , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMultiply iodinated biaryls can be prepared in yields up to 75% by direct oxidative coupling reaction of the iodinated arenes. The PIFA‐mediated dehydrodimerization is superior to all other known methods. The developed protocol is reliable and easy to perform.
Geometry effects on ignition in catalytic monoliths
Authors: Ramanathan Karthik , Balakotaiah Vemuri , West David H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe convection–diffusion equations with wall reaction are solved for the case of fully developed laminar flow in monoliths having smooth (circular or flat plate) as well as geometries with sharp corners (triangular, rectangular, square, or sinusoidal). The circumferentially averaged Nusselt/Sherwood numbers along the channel length are calculated and their dependency on the local Damköhler number (ϕ), solid to fluid conductivity ratio (κ = ks/kf), and monolith aspect ratio (dh/L) is studied. As these parameters are varied, the asymptotic Sherwood/Nusselt numbers are bounded by the constant flux (Sh/Nu), the axially constant flux (Sh/Nu), and the constant wall temperature (ShT/NuT) asymptotes. For asymmetric geometries, the difference between Nu and Nu is a measure of the nonuniformity of ignition in the circumferential direction for κ = 0. When wall conduction is significant (κ ≥ 10), ignition can be predicted accurately by using Nu value in a one‐dimensional model, whereas conversion in the mass transfer controlled regime is determined by ShT. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1493–1509, 2004
Effect of temperature and microwave power on the hydrolysis of phenyl acetate
Authors: Carta Renzo , Loddo Laura 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA study of the influence of microwave radiation, at a frequency of 2.45 GHz on the evolution rate of the hydrolytic decomposition of phenyl acetate evolving in a radiated environment, is presented. The experimental data refer to temperatures of 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45°C at radiating powers of 500 and 1000 mW and to 35°C at the radiating powers of 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mW. Experimental data were obtained using the initial rate method and are correlated with a differential procedure. A comparison with the previously obtained results in a nonradiated environment is presented. From this comparison, the catalytic effect of microwave radiation with the reaction evolving in a nonradiated environment is proposed, replacing that running in a solution with catalytic acetate ions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1523–1529, 2004
Monitoring flames in an industrial boiler using multivariate image analysis
Authors: Yu Honglu , MacGregor John F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn on‐line digital imaging system is developed for monitoring flames in an industrial boiler system. The information extracted from the RGB flame images is used to predict the performance of the boiler system. A practical method based on multivariate image analysis techniques and partial least squares is developed to efficiently extract information from the rapidly time varying flame images, and to predict boiler performance, NOx and SO2 concentration in the off‐gas, and the energy content of an incoming waste fuel stream. The approach is very general and can be applied to a wide range of combustion processes. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1474–1483, 2004
Diet and nutrition in wild mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz) and their implications for the evolution of female dominance and small group size in lemurs
Authors: Curtis Deborah J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractData collected on the feeding behavior, food intake, and chemical analyses of plant foods were used to document seasonal variation in diet and nutrition in Eulemur mongoz in northwestern Madagascar. E. mongoz conforms to the general Eulemur dietary pattern, with a predominantly frugivorous diet supplemented mainly by leaves, flowers, and nectar. Phytochemical analysis revealed high water contents in all the main plant foods; mature fruit and flowers contained the most water‐soluble carbohydrates; immature leaves were richest in protein and essential amino acids; the limiting amino acids in all plant foods were methionine and cystine; ash (mineral) content was highest in petioles and mature leaves; crude lipid content was highest in seeds; and crude fiber content was indistinguishable between immature and mature fruit and leaves. High‐fiber foods were eaten during both seasons; the wet season diet was dominated by high‐energy foods (mature fruit, nectar, and seeds), while the dry season diet contained foods high in energy (mature fruit and flowers) and high in protein (immature leaves) and minerals (mature leaves and petioles). However, nutrient intake did not vary between seasons, implying that nutrient requirements are met throughout the year. These results suggest we draw more conservative conclusions when interpreting dietary variability in the absence of chemical analysis, and also draw into question the idea that nutritional stress is a factor in the timing of reproduction in lemurs and, by extension, is linked to the prevalence of female dominance and small group size in lemurs. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Composition of the founding population of Iceland: Biological distance and morphological variation in early historic Atlantic Europe
Authors: Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Ó Donnabháin Barra , Walters G. Bragi , Cooper David M.L. , Guđbjartsson Daníel , Stefánsson Kari 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe examined the composition of the founding population of Iceland through the study of morphological traits in skeletons from Iceland, Ireland, Norway, and Greenland. This is the first study to address this issue from the Settlement Period of Iceland and contemporary samples from Ireland. We pose the following questions: 1) Was the founding population of Iceland of mixed or homogeneous origin? 2) Is there evidence for a significant Irish cohort in the founding population, as suggested in medieval Icelandic literature? Analysis of biodistance revealed that both Settlement Age and later samples from Iceland showed a greater degree of phenetic similarity to contemporary Viking Age Norwegians than to samples obtained from early medieval Ireland. Analysis of among‐individual morphological variation showed that the Settlement Age population of Iceland did not exhibit an increase in variation in comparison to other populations in the sample, suggesting a relatively homogenous origin. However, estimation of admixture between the Irish and Norwegian populations indicated that 66% of the Icelandic settlers were of Norwegian origin. Comparison of the Icelandic samples to hybrid samples produced by resampling the Viking Age Norwegian and early medieval Irish samples revealed that the Icelandic samples are much closer to the Norwegian samples than expected, based on a 66:34 mixture of Norwegian and Irish settlers. We conclude that the Settlement Age population of Iceland was predominantly (60–90%) of Norwegian origin. Although this population was relatively homogenous, our results do not preclude significant contributions from Ireland as well as other sources not represented in our analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of ponds: implications for biodiversity conservation
Authors: Angélibert S. , Marty P. , Céréghino R. , Giani N. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The natural evolution of ponds leads to the filling up of these small ecosystems, and human intervention may sometimes be necessary to ensure their continued nature conservation interest.
In the arid karstic region of the ‘Causses du Quercy’ (France), there are numerous ponds bored into parts of the calcareous rock where water cannot percolate. Without human management they are destined to disappear, although they constitute the only available surface water resource on this limestone plateau.
Little information is available about the physical and chemical changes occurring as ponds go through different successional stages. A comparative study of three ponds at various stages of succession allowed an analysis to be made of the seasonal changes in a number of abiotic variables.
There was evidence that the temporal and spatial variability of abiotic factors (such as temperature, water level and dissolved oxygen concentrations) increased as ponds progressed through successional stages.
This study indicated that ponds varied in terms of plant and animal species richness and rarity, temperature, and oxygen concentration at different successional stages. Each pond supported a distinctive fauna. The results suggest that biotic diversity is, in part, driven by local‐scale physical and chemical heterogeneity. Management plans should be drawn at a scale that maintains the heterogeneity of such pond networks.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave fields on liposomes entrapping glycoenzyme ascorbate oxidase: Evidence for oligosaccharide side chain involvement
Authors: Ramundo‐Orlando Alfonsina , Liberti Micaela , Mossa Giuseppe , d'Inzeo Guglielmo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPrevious observations reported by our group indicate that 2.45 GHz microwave fields at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 5.6 W/kg reduce the enzyme activity rate of ascorbate oxidase (AO) trapped in liposomes. In this study, we report dose‐response studies on these AO containing liposomes irradiated at different SAR values (1.4, 2.8, 4.2, and 5.6 W/kg). No response was observed for SAR below 5.6 W/kg. Liposomes entrapping functional AO in its deglycated form (AO‐D) were also used. In this case, no MW related enzyme activity changes were observed, demonstrating a direct involvement of oligosaccharide chains of AO. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of both AO and AO‐D were not impaired by MW irradiation, neither in homogeneous solution nor loaded in liposomes, excluding possible changes in the conformation of enzyme as a mechanism. Our results suggest that the oligosaccharide chains of AO are critical to elicit the microwave observed effects on lipid membrane. Bioelectromagnetics 25:338–345, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro study of the electromagnetic interaction between wireless phones and an implantable neural stimulator
Authors: Grant Hank , Heirman Donald , Kuriger Glenn , Ravindran Murali Manohar 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeveral clinical and laboratory studies have demonstrated electromagnetic interaction between implantable medical devices like pacemakers and cell phones being operated in close proximity. Those devices are largely now immune to phone interaction or procedures have been established to limit their interaction. The use of cell phones near people with implanted neural stimulators has not been studied. This research was initiated to investigate electromagnetic interaction between current cell phone technology and specific models of Cyberonics neural stimulators. Out of 1080 test runs conducted for this study, no interactions were observed, and it was concluded that the phone technologies examined in this study did not adversely affect the Cyberonics NeuroStar (Model 102) NeuroCybernetic Prosthesis (NCP) System. This article provides details on the experimental procedure that was used, which can also be used to test other neural stimulators and test technologies, and the results obtained. Bioelectromagnetics 25:356–361, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A portable meter for measuring low frequency currents in the human body
Authors: Niple J.C. , Daigle J.P. , Zaffanella L.E. , Sullivan T. , Kavet R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA portable meter has been developed for measuring low frequency currents that flow in the human body. Although the present version of the meter was specifically designed to measure 50/60 Hz “contact currents,” the principles involved can be used with other low frequency body currents. Contact currents flow when the human body provides a conductive path between objects in the environment with different electrical potentials. The range of currents the meter detects is approximately 0.4–800 μA. This provides measurements of currents from the threshold of human perception (∼500 μARMS) down to single microampere levels. The meter has a unique design, which utilizes the human subject's body impedance as the sensing element. Some of the advantages of this approach are high sensitivity, the ability to measure current flow in the majority of the body, and relative insensitivity to the current path connection points. Current measurement accuracy varies with the accuracy of the body impedance (resistance) measurement and different techniques can be used to obtain a desired level of accuracy. Techniques are available to achieve an estimated ±20% accuracy. Bioelectromagnetics 25:369–373, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electric discharge plasmas influence attachment of cultured CHO K1 cells
Authors: Kieft I.E. , Broers J.L.V. , Caubet‐Hilloutou V. , Slaaf D.W. , Ramaekers F.C.S. , Stoffels E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNon‐thermal plasmas can be generated by electric discharges in gases. These plasmas are reactive media, capable of superficial treatment of various materials. A novel non‐thermal atmospheric plasma source (plasma needle) has been developed and tested. Plasma appears at the end of a metal pin as a submillimetre glow. We investigate the possibility of applying the plasma needle directly to living tissues; the final goal is controlled cell treatment in microsurgery. To resolve plasma effects on cells, we study cultured Chinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO‐K1) as a model system. When these are exposed to the plasma, instantaneous detachment of cells from the surface and loss of cell–cell interaction is observed. This occurs in the power range 0.1–0.2 W. Cell viability is assessed using propidium iodide (PI) and cell tracker green (CTG) fluorescent staining utilizing confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Detached cells remain alive. Use of higher doses (plasma power >0.2 W) results in cell necrosis. In all cases, plasma‐influenced cells are strictly localized in submillimetre areas, while no reaction in surrounding cells is observed. Due to its extreme precision, plasma treatment may be applicable in refined tissue modification. Bioelectromagnetics 25:362–368, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Betontechnologie und Dauerhaftigkeit von glasfaserbewehrten Bauteilen
Authors: Schorn Harald , Raupach Michael , Brameshuber Wolfgang , Höcker Hartwig , Mäder Edith , Arnold B. J. Alexa , Brockmann Tanja , Hempel Rainer , Orlowsky Jeanette , Plonka Rosemarie 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Dauerhaftigkeit glasfaserbewehrter Betonbauteile wird wesentlich durch die Zusammensetzung der Zementsteinmatrix, die Art des Glases und dessen Oberflächenbeschaffenheit einschließlich erforderlicher Beschichtungen bestimmt. Im Beitrag wird anhand experimenteller Ergebnisse eine Übersicht zu den einzelnen Einflüssen und deren Zusammenwirken im Materialverbund gegeben.
Verstärken mit textilbewehrtem Beton
Authors: Möller Bernd , Brückner Anett , Ortlepp Regine , Steinigen Frank 
Published: June 2004

AbstractZur Verbesserung der Tragfähigkeit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit können Stahlbetontragwerke mit textilbewehrten Feinbetonschichten nachträglich verstärkt werden. Im Beitrag wird der Nachweis anhand experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen erbracht.
Vom Werkstoff zum Produkt dank innovativer Produktionstechnologie
Authors: Friedrich Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDer Bedarf an filigranen Produkten aus textilbewehrtem Beton ist unübersehbar. Als eigenständiges Produkt oder als Ergänzung zu üblichen Betonelementen ergibt sich ein weites Anwendungsgebiet. Der Erfolg dieser Produkte wird von der guten Funktionalität und den Kosten für die Herstellung bestimmt. Beim Entwurf für ein Produkt muß es gelingen, bei minimalstem Materialeinsatz ein Maximum an Wirkung zu erzielen. Diese Optimierung ist jedoch nur in Kombination mit der entsprechenden Fertigungstechnik zu gewährleisten. Wenn die Fertigungstechnik ausreichend flexibel ist, den gestellten Anforderungen an die Herstellung des Produkts zu genügen, lassen sich immer wieder aufs neue leistungsfähige Produkte entwickeln und marktreif machen.