bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and analgesic effect of ropivacaine following ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block in children
Authors: Dalens Bernard , Ecoffey Claude , Joly Agnes , Giaufré Elisabeth , Gustafsson Urban , Huledal Gunilla , Larsson Lars E. 
Published: March 2003

Background: The aim was to investigate the efficacy, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of ropivavcaine when administered for ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric block in children. Methods: We examined the pharmacokinetics and analgesic efficacy after ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block with 3 mg·kg−1 ropivacaine 5 mg·ml−1 in 22 children, aged 1–12 years, who were scheduled for inguinal surgery. Sixteen of 22 patients had a postoperative pain score < 4 (Objective Pain Scale). Nine children were given supplementary analgesics during the first six postoperative hours. Results: The peak plasma concentration of total ropivacaine was 1.50 ± 0.93 mg·l−1 (mean ± SD) (range 0.64–4.77 mg·l−1) 15–64 min after the injection. The peak plasma concentration of free ropivacaine was 0.05 ± 0.03 mg·l−1 (0.02–0.14 mg·l−1), which is well below the threshold for toxicity in adults. The terminal half‐life was 2.0 ± 0.7 h. No safety concerns or symptoms suggestive of systemic toxicity were observed. Conclusions: A dose of 3 mg·kg−1 of ropivacaine given as a single ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block in 1–12‐year‐old children provides satisfactory postoperative pain relief, and is well tolerated.
Bispectral index monitoring during infant cardiac surgery: relationship of BIS to the stress response and plasma fentanyl levels
Authors: Kussman Barry D. , Gruber Eva M. , Zurakowski David , Hansen Dolly D. , Sullivan Lorna J. , Laussen Peter C. 
Published: March 2003

Background: We evaluated the relationship of the bispectral index (BIS) to commonly used indices of depth of anaesthesia in 19 infants enrolled in a prospective study of the stress response to hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Group 1 (n=8) received high‐dose fentanyl by bolus technique; group 2 (n=6) received high‐dose fentanyl by continuous infusion; and group 3 (n=5) received a fentanyl–midazolam infusion. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, ACTH, glucose, lactate and fentanyl were analysed 15 min postinduction, 15 min poststernotomy, 15 min on CPB during cooling and during skin closure. Results: Mean BIS (SD) values for all 19 patients were 45.3 (12.3), 40.4 (14.5), 24.4 (12.4) and 47.9 (13.9), at the successive time points. No significant differences were observed in changes in BIS over time between the groups. A significant correlation was found 15 min postinduction between BIS and BP (systolic r=0.51, mean r=0.56) in all groups, but not between BIS and HR. BIS did not correlate with BP or HR at any other time point. There was no significant correlation between BIS and hormonal, biochemical or plasma fentanyl levels for any group at any time point. Conclusions: We were unable to demonstrate a relationship between the BIS and haemodynamic, metabolic or hormonal indices of anaesthetic depth. Further evaluation of the BIS algorithm is required in neonates and infants.
Management of postdural puncture headache with epidural blood patch in children
Authors: Ylönen Paula , Kokki Hannu 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: Until the last decade, it was believed that postdural puncture headache (PDPH) was an uncommon complaint in children, but recent studies indicate that young children may develop PDPH after spinal puncture. When the symptoms are severe and are not relieved within a few days with analgesics, forced hydration and bed rest, then epidural blood patch (EBP) might be performed. Methods: In this retrospective survey, we analysed EBP performed in Kuopio University Hospital between the years 1995 and 2000. Results: During the 6‐year period, seven EBP were performed in children aged 12 years or younger. Four out of the seven children had undergone a diagnostic spinal puncture, two had spinal anaesthesia and one child had spinal puncture for treatment of postoperative hygroma. Five children had a typical PDPH, one child had a cerebrospinal fluid fistula headache and one child had a headache similar to his migraine. EBP was performed 2–19 days after spinal puncture with 0.3 ml·kg–1 (mean) of autologous blood injected into the epidural space. Conclusions: EBP gave some relief of symptoms in all children. No complications related to EBP were noticed.
Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain
Authors: HAYASHI HIDEAKI , DIKKES PIETER , SORIANO SULPICIO G. 
Published: March 2003

Background: This study was conducted to investigate, in vivo, the dose and duration effects of ketamine administration on neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain. Methods: Seven‐day‐old (P7) Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated with intraperitoneal injections of ketamine, a noncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist. Degenerating neurones were identified by the cupric‐silver stain from 10 brain regions using the stereological disector method. Results: A single dose of ketamine (25, 50 and 75 mg·kg–1) did not increase neuronal degeneration compared with the saline‐treated control. However, repeated doses of ketamine (25 mg·kg–1) at 90‐min intervals over 9 h increased degenerating neurones in seven out of 10 brain regions. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the duration of ketamine exposure correlates with increased neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain.
Propofol or midazolam do not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Cohen Ira Todd , Drewsen Suzanne , Hannallah Raafat S. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: The aim of the study was to determine if concurrent use of short‐acting sedatives would decrease the incidence of emergence agitation associated with desflurane while preserving rapid recovery. Methods: Sixty‐nine children, aged 2–9 years, who were undergoing adenotonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to three groups: (i) intravenous midazolam 0.1 mg·kg–1; (ii) propofol 2 mg·kg–1; and (iii) control. An observer blind to anaesthetic technique assessed emergence times and behaviour. Data were compared using chi‐squared and ANOVA. Results: Midazolam initially decreased the incidence of emergence agitation but, in the postanaesthesia care unit, significant agitation was seen in all three groups. Emergence and complete recovery were delayed in groups 1 and 2. Conlusions: The concurrent use of midazolam or propofol did not reduce the incidence of emergence agitation but did delay emergence and recovery. These agents are not recommended for reducing emergence agitation in children receiving desflurane.
Accuracy of visual estimation of body height and weight in supine paediatric patients
Authors: Uesugi Takanobu , Okada Naoko , Sakai Keiichi , Nishina Kahoru , Mikawa Katsuya , Shiga Makoto 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: When it is impossible to measure the weight and height of paediatric patients, these are usually estimated. We undertook this study to see how accurate these estimates are in practice. Methods: Five observers estimated body height and weight, and subsequently calculated body surface area, in 48 paediatric inpatients who were lying on surgical ward trolleys. Results: Regression analysis of the data revealed that good correlations existed between estimated and actual body size in all the investigators. However, we found large percentage errors in estimation for infants and younger children with small physical size, and a variation in scatter distribution of estimation errors among the five investigators. Conclusions: These findings suggest the necessity to titrate drug doses for administration in this small paediatric population.
Effect of single‐ and multiple‐dose 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in female horses
Authors: van der Woerdt Alexandra , Wilkie David A. , Gilger Brian C. , Strauch Stephen M. , Orczeck Shawn M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effect of single and multiple‐dose 0.5% timolol maleate on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size between 8amand 8pm.AnimalsNine female horses with normotensive eyes.ProcedureIOP, horizontal and vertical pupil size were measured on a single day, between 8amand 8pmat hours 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. A single dose of 0.5% timolol maleate was applied to both eyes immediately after the first measurement at 8am. IOP and pupil size were measured at 8amand 4pmin a 5‐day experiment of twice‐daily application of 0.5% timolol maleate.ResultsA significant decrease in IOP from 24.9 ± 4.2 mmHg prior to application of timolol maleate to 20.7 ± 3.1 mmHg (4.2 mmHg = 17%) was observed 8 h after single‐dose application. A significant decrease in horizontal pupil size (2.0 mm = 11%) was present 6 h after single‐dose application. In the multiple‐dose experiment, a significant decrease in IOP was present on days 4 and 5 as compared to IOP measured prior to application of timolol maleate. A significant decrease in horizontal and vertical pupil size was present throughout the 5‐day study as compared to the values obtained prior to treatment.Conclusions0.5% timolol maleate significantly decreased IOP and pupil size in normo‐tensive eyes of this group of female horses in both single and multiple twice daily applications.
Vasculature of the ophthalmic rete in night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax): scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts
Authors: Ninomiya Hiroyoshi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractVasculature of the ophthalmic rete (rete ophthalmicum) in the night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) was studied using scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts and light microscopy on tissue sections. Most blood to the eyeball and a lesser volume of blood to the brain passed through the ophthalmic rete via the external ophthalmic artery. The collateral retial arterioles originated from the external ophthalmic artery forming a flat and fusiform‐shaped arterial network at the ventrotemporal region of the eyeball. The arterial network was intermixed with a similar complex of the veins from the eye. The ophthalmotemporal artery, which supplied the eyeball posteriorly, and supraorbital and infraorbital arteries, which supplied the eyeball anteriorly, originated from the rete. Blood from the eye, which is a site of potential heat loss, drained into the ophthalmic rete via the ophthalmotemporal vein. On the casts of retial arterioles, slit‐like cleavages at branching sites representing flap valves, which might play a role as sluice valves, were seen. In addition, marks of circularly running grooves, which might represent tufts of smooth muscle cells and might contribute to a sphincter activity, were observed. These anatomical specializations of the avian ophthalmic rete, involving parallel arrangement of arteries and veins, may function to facilitate counter‐current heat exchange and to regulate blood pressure and volume to the eye and the brain.
Characterization of a developmentally regulated amino acid transporter (AAT1p) of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae
Authors: Struck Christine , Ernst Michael , Hahn Matthias 
Published: March 2003

summaryIn the rust fungus Uromyces fabae, invasion of the host plant and haustorium formation are accompanied by the activation of many genes (PIGs =in planta induced genes). In addition to the previously described AAT2 (PIG2), AAT1 (PIG27) was found to encode a protein with a high similarity to fungal amino acid permeases. AAT1 transcripts are present in germinated hyphae and throughout the mycelium later in the infection process, but occur at the highest levels in haustoria. Expression of AAT1p in a histidine uptake‐defective yeast mutant revealed energy‐dependent transport of 14C‐histidine, with a KM value of 25.8 µm. In addition, complementation analysis revealed AAT1‐dependent transport for lysine. Using Xenopus oocytes as expression system, AAT1p‐dependent symport of protons with a broad spectrum of amino acids was observed, with the highest activities obtained with histidine and lysine. These results confirm that in rust fungi, the expression of amino acid transporters is developmentally regulated and occurs preferentially in the parasitic phase of development.
Culture‐derived strategies of a paediatric home‐care nursing specialty team*
Authors: Byrne M. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis is an ethnographic study of one paediatric home‐care nursing specialty team that cares for children and their families affected by perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Observations made by the investigator as part of a larger study suggested that the intricacy and breadth of nursing knowledge and actions that were actually used far exceeded what the standard documentation recorded. Spradley's Developmental Research Sequence, combining methods of participant observation and interviewing, was used to answer the question: What nursing strategies are used in managing the health needs of HIV‐exposed infants in a home‐care programme? Thematic analyses revealed that the visit process had four essential elements, as perceived and lived by the nurses: the pursuit; the connection; the work; and the disengagement. This full scope of nursing strategies for assisting and empowering these families remains largely invisible, limited to verbal transmission to family caregivers and among nurses. It needs to be documented, claimed and further studied by nursing.
Self‐rated performance of quality specialists in Korea
Authors: Hwang J.‐I. , Kim C.‐Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study was conducted to explore the self‐rated performance level of quality specialists in Korea in order to provide information to direct the future needs for education and role orientation. The formal identification and appointment of quality specialists in health‐care organizations in Korea began in the mid‐1990s. The majority of quality specialists, appointed by their hospital, assumed positions without undergoing the prerequisite training or education. Extensive variation in performance has been recognized. The sample (n = 29) in this study included all quality specialists at hospitals in Seoul and Kyung‐Gi province. Their performance was rated using a postal questionnaire consisting of a set of activities in five domains (policy development, data collection and analysis, communication and report, education and support, and administration). The response rate was 100%. The respondents had an average of 25.5 months of experience as quality specialists. Self‐rated performance of quality‐related activities demonstrated wide variation, independent of personal, departmental, or hospital‐specific characteristics. The respondents rated their performance highly in the area of communication and reporting. The performance of administrative activities was rated lowest. Perceived differences between desired and actual performance were statistically significant in all activities of each domain, and were largest in policy development, and next in education and support. Self‐rated performance among the five domains demonstrated positive, significant correlations. Hence, the findings imply the necessity of a formal education for quality specialists to accelerate balanced growth in all domains of quality activities.
Empowerment in nursing: the role of philosophical and psychological factors
Authors: Nyatanga Lovemore , Dann Katie L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the concept of empowerment and how it relates to nursing. It notes that empowerment is a concept used to describe most human activities. The fact that empowerment applies to almost any activity denotes its ambiguity rather than its parsimony. To clarify the concept a definition is offered together with some suggestions for its origin. Some examples of empowerment programmes are given, including the Freirian empowerment philosophy that has had a profound effect in Brazil. The paper then focuses on nursing and discusses whether or not nursing can empower patients. It is argued that nursing cannot empower patients, at least at the present time. Two specific problems are identified as the main reasons why nursing cannot empower patients. It is argued that the first problem or reason is a philosophical one explored using the philosophy of existentialism. The second problem is the nurse–patient interaction and the psychological dynamics involved within such interaction. For example, the continued use of the term ‘patient’ by nurses and other healthcare professionals is seen as militating against empowerment. This is because of the traditional conception of a patient, which invariably assumes not only the patient's sick role but also the passivity associated with being a patient. Furthermore, the hierarchical nature of the profession makes it difficult to empower others. The paper examines some research studies related to patient empowerment. The findings suggest there are problems and some of them stem from the hierarchical and authoritarian nature of nursing. The paper concludes by suggesting ways by which the ideals of patient empowerment may be turned into reality.
Lipoprotein Creams: Utilization of Multifunctional Ingredients for the Preparation of Cosmetic Emulsions with Excellent Skin Compatibility
Authors: Förster TH. , Waldmann‐Laue M. , Both W. , Jassoy C. 
Published: March 2003

Lipoproteins are plant‐derived surface‐active biopolymers, which act as emulsifying as well as viscosity‐enhancing agents in oil‐in‐water emulsions. Depending on the degree of hydrolization, lipoproteins are dispersible or even soluble in water. In the presence of low to medium polar oils, lipoproteins are adsorbed and align at the oil‐water interface, whereas in mixtures with high polar oils the lipoproteins are repelled from the oil‐water interface. The water‐dispersible lipoproteins show higher interfacial activity than the hydrolysates.Lipoproteins bear a negative electric charge in aqueous dispersions at pH 6.5, which is probably the reason for the stabilization of oil droplets against coalescence. Lipoprotein creams were characterized in terms of particle size, rheology, and emulsion stability against sedimentation, which was evaluated by a near‐infrared sedimentometer.After topical application, emulsion stability breaks down and an emulsion film is formed on the skin surface. Lipoprotein creams cause a distinct increase in skin pliability and skin moisture and show excellent skin compatibility. In a home use test the panelists appreciated the cosmetic and caring properties of the lipoprotein cream.
A very stable W/O/W multiple emulsion
Authors: De Luca  , Grossiord  , Seiller  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis The comparison of the results of microscopic, conductimetric and rheologic analyses carried out on the same triple W/O/W emulsion, immediately following its manufacture and 10 years later, indicates the remarkable stability of such system. This stability illustrates the great potential of this formula in the protection of unstable ingredients, with regard to external stress, when encapsulated with a high yield. Résumé La comparison des résultats des analyses microscopiques effectuées sur une même fomule d’émulsion multiple H/L/H, juste après sa fabrication et après 10 ans de conservation, ont permis de mettre en évidence la remarquable stabilité de ce système. Cette stabilité démontre les grandes possibilités de cette formule dans la protection, vis à vis des milieux extérieurs, des substances fragiles incorporés avec un haut rendement d’encapsulation.
Stability of octyl methoxycinnamate and identification of its photo‐degradation product
Authors: Pattanaargson S. , Limphong P. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisA stability study of octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) using C‐18 HPLC indicated that OMC degraded into a new product when exposed to sunlight. When kept in the dark at 4, 20, 32 and 60 °C for one month, no degradation of OMC was detected. Online HPLC‐APCI‐MS revealed similar APCI mass spectra for OMC and its degradation product. Isolation of the photo‐degradation product was done using semi‐preparative HPLC. NMR spectra of OMC and the isolated photo‐degradation product indicated the change from an E‐octyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate into a Z‐octyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate. NMR spectra of the unfractionated‐light‐exposed‐OMC showed that the Z‐OMC was the only product generated.
Surface characterization of human hair by atomic force microscopy in the imaging and F‐d modes
Authors: Blach J. , Loughlin W. , Watson G. , Myhra S. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisSurface structure and surface mechanical properties of human hair have been characterized by atomic force microscopy in the imaging mode and by force vs. distance, F‐d, analysis. The effects of treatment by commercial conditioner/shampoo or by aqueous exposure have been investigated. The cuticular structure has been imaged at medium resolution; longitudinal striations with lateral spacings of 150–350 nm and vertical corrugations in the range 2–8 nm were observed at higher resolution. The features are similar to those observed for untreated wool fibre. Both adventitious debris/contamination and residues from cosmetic treatment can be imaged with resolution in the low‐nanometre range. Removal of the cuticular surface layer from treatment with alkali solution, and subsequent imaging, revealed a fibrous substructure. F‐d analysis of the surface is a rich source of spatially resolved mechanical and chemical information. Surface stiffness, and an equivalent Young's Modulus, E, can be inferred from the shape of the ‘approach’ tip‐to‐surface contact curve. A value of E of ≈ 10 MPa was obtained for untreated hair. During aqueous exposure for 1 h the stiffness and modulus decreased by approximately a factor of 10. The discontinuity seen at ‘lift‐off’ during the retract half‐cycle of F‐d analysis represents a measure of tip‐to‐surface adhesion. Adhesion decreased during aqueous exposure and was below the level of detectability after 1 h. Likewise, treatment by conditioner had the effect of lowering adhesion. High resolution F‐d data revealed features that are consistent with the presence of a thin and readily compressible surface layer, probably analogous to the surface lipid layer on untreated wool fibre.
UV protection of artificially coloured hair using a leave‐on formulation
Authors: Maillan Ph. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe present article describes the use of a polymeric organosiloxane sunscreen (SLX), to protect the artificial colour of human hair upon simulated solar radiation. The cosmetic vehicle used to treat the coloured hair is a leave‐on formula. It has been found that the semi‐permanent and permanent colours can both be degraded when exposed to simulated sunlight. The efficacy of SLX to protect the artificial colours was compared to ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), the most often used UV filter in marketed sun sprays. SLX (1–5%) was more effective than EHMC (1–5%) to protect the artificially coloured hair, especially by protecting the lightness of the hair.