bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinematics of hovering hummingbird flight along simulated and natural elevational gradients
Authors: Altshuler Douglas L. , Dudley Robert 
Published: August 2003

SUMMARYHovering flight is one of the most energetically demanding forms of animal locomotion. Despite the cost, hummingbirds regularly hover at high elevations,where flight is doubly challenging because of reduced air density and oxygen availability. We performed three laboratory experiments to examine how air density and oxygen partial pressure influence wingbeat kinematics. In the first study, we experimentally lowered air density but maintained constant oxygen partial pressure. Under these hypodense but normoxic conditions,hummingbirds increased stroke amplitude substantially and increased wingbeat frequency slightly. In the second experiment, we maintained constant air density but decreased oxygen partial pressure. Under these normodense but hypoxic conditions, hummingbirds did not alter stroke amplitude but instead reduced wingbeat frequency until they could no longer generate enough vertical force to offset body weight. In a final combined experiment, we decreased air density but increased oxygen availability, and found that the wingbeat kinematics were unaffected by supplemental oxygen.We also studied hovering and maximally loaded flight performance for 43 hummingbird species distributed along a natural elevational gradient in Peru. During free hovering flight, hummingbirds showed increased stroke amplitude interspecifically at higher elevations, mirroring the intra-individual responses in our first laboratory experiment. During loaded flight,hummingbirds increased both wingbeat frequency and wing stroke amplitude by 19% relative to free-flight values at any given elevation. We conclude that modulation of wing stroke amplitude is a major compensatory mechanism for flight in hypodense or hypobaric environments. By contrast, increases in wingbeat frequency impose substantial metabolic demands, are only elicited transiently and anaerobically, and cannot be used to generate additional sustained lift at high elevations.
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in adult sockeye(Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon following critical speed swimming
Authors: Lee C. G. , Farrell A. P. , Lotto A. , Hinch S. G. , Healey M. C. 
Published: August 2003

SUMMARYThe present study measured the excess post-exercise oxygen cost (EPOC)following tests at critical swimming speed (Ucrit) in three stocks of adult, wild, Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) and used EPOC to estimate the time required to return to their routine level of oxygen consumption (recovery time) and the total oxygen cost of swimming to Ucrit. Following exhaustion at Ucrit,recovery time was 42–78 min, depending upon the fish stock. The recovery times are several-fold shorter than previously reported for juvenile,hatchery-raised salmonids. EPOC varied fivefold among the fish stocks, being greatest for Gates Creek sockeye salmon (O. nerka), which was the salmon stock that had the longest in-river migration, experienced the warmest temperature and achieved the highest maximum oxygen consumption compared with the other salmon stocks that were studied. EPOC was related to Ucrit, which in turn was directly influenced by ambient test temperature. The non-aerobic cost of swimming to Ucrit was estimated to add an additional 21.4–50.5%to the oxygen consumption measured at Ucrit. While these non-aerobic contributions to swimming did not affect the minimum cost of transport, they were up to three times higher than the value used previously for an energetic model of salmon migration in the Fraser River, BC, Canada. As such, the underestimate of non-aerobic swimming costs may require a reevaluation of the importance of how in-river barriers like rapids and bypass facilities at dams, and year-to-year changes in river flows and temperatures,affect energy use and hence migration success.
Clinical Pharmacology of Flavopiridol following a 72-Hour Continuous Infusion
Authors: Rudek Michelle A , Bauer Kenneth S , Lush Richard M , Stinson Sherman F , Senderowicz Adrian M , Headlee Donna J , Arbuck Susan G , Cox Michael C , Murgo Anthony J , Sausville Edward A , Figg William D 
Published: August 2003

Background Flavopiridol, a novel flavone derivative, inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase-1. We initiated a Phase I trial in patients with refractory solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose and characterize the adverse effect profile. Objective To characterize the clinical pharmacology of flavopiridol. Methods Serial plasma samples were collected and analyzed by HPLC using electrochemical detection. The pharmacokinetics were analyzed by noncompartmental analysis. Enterohepatic recirculation was studied by analyzing fecal samples, with an attempt to correlate cholecystokinin and post-infusional peak concentrations. The plasma protein binding was studied using equilibrium dialysis. Results Seventy-six patients were treated with flavopiridol at 13 dose levels for a total of 504 cycles of treatment. The average steady-state concentration was 26.5 and 253 nM at 4 and 122.5 mg/m2, respectively. The clearance ranged from 49.9 to 2943 mL/min, with nonlinearity at doses >50 mg/m2/d. A post-infusional increase in plasma flavopiridol concentrations was noted in a subset of patients and generally occurred between 3 and 24 hours after the end of infusion. Flavopiridol was found in fecal matter, suggesting enterohepatic recirculation. There was nonsaturable plasma protein binding of flavopiridol (fu = 6%). Conclusions The dose-limiting toxicity for the Phase I trial of flavopiridol was secretory diarrhea. We failed to identify a clear relationship between dose or concentration and diarrhea. At 50 and 78 mg/m2/d, the mean steady-state plasma concentrations were 278 and 390 nM. These concentrations were well above those noted for in vitro antiproliferative activity. Nonlinear elimination was observed at doses above 50 mg/m2/d, and postinfusional peaks appear to be related to enterohepatic recirculation.
Locked‐in syndrome after central pontine myelinolysis, an outstanding outcome of two patients
Authors: Chabert Maïlys , Dauleac Corentin , Beaudoin‐Gobert Maude , De‐Quelen Mélaine , Ciancia Sophie , Jacquesson Timothée , Bertrand Simon , Vivier Emmanuel , De‐Marignan Donatien , Jung Julien , Andre‐Obadia Nathalie , Gobert Florent , Cotton François , Luauté Jacques 
Published: January 2024

AbstractObjectiveCentral pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a rare demyelinating disease that affects the pons and which can cause extreme disabilities such as locked‐in syndrome (LIS) in the initial phase. The aim of the study was to describe the evolution over a 12‐month period of two patients with CPM causing an initial LIS.MethodWe retrospectively report the unexpected clinical outcome of these two patients in relation with the anatomical damages documented by brain MRI, associated with diffusion tensor imaging and reconstruction of corticospinal tracts in tractography. The following clinical parameters systematically assessed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months: muscle testing on 12 key muscles (Medical Research Council), prehension metrics (box and block test and purdue pegboard), and independence for acts of daily living (functional independence measure).ResultsBoth patients showed a progressive recovery beginning between 2 and 3 months after the onset of symptoms, leading to almost complete autonomy at 12 months (FIM > 110), with motor strength greater than 4/5 in all joint segments (MRC > 50/60). On brain MRI with tractography, CST appeared partially preserved at pons level.InterpretationThe possibility of a near‐complete functional recovery at 12 months is important to consider given the ethical issues at stake and the discussions about limiting care that may take place initially. It seems to be the consequence of reversible myelin damage combined with partially preserved neurons. Development of collateral pathways or resolution of conduction block may explain this recovery. MRI comprising DTI and tractography could play a key role in the prognosis of motor recovery.
An adaptive trajectory tracking control scheme for a novel fully actuated multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle without using velocity signals
Authors: Shu Panfeng , Xie Xiaomin , Li Feng , Jia Lijuan , Xu Wenjia , Oya Masahiro 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThis paper introduces a novel fully actuated multirotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and develops an adaptive control scheme for it without relying on velocity signals. Conventional multirotors are limited by their strong coupling between translation and rotation motion, which makes it difficult to operate one motion without affecting the other. However, this novel multirotor's fully actuated design allows for independent translation and rotation motion, leading to better operational performance and expanded application scope. Additionally, velocity measurement signals can be prone to noise pollution and signal drift, making them unreliable for control purposes. Therefore, this proposed control scheme is developed without using velocity signals. The study utilizes a control performance improving method and guarantees stability of the closed‐loop system using the direct Lyapunov method. Finally, numerical simulations are employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Electrically Programmed Doping Gradients Optimize the Thermoelectric Power Factor of a Conjugated Polymer
Authors: Liu Jian , Craighero Mariavittoria , Gupta Vandna K. , Scheunemann Dorothea , Paleti Sri Harish Kumar , Järsvall Emmy , Kim Youngseok , Xu Kai , Reparaz Juan Sebastián , Koster L. Jan Anton , Campoy‐Quiles Mariano , Kemerink Martijn , Martinelli Anna , Müller Christian 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFunctionally graded materials (FGMs) are widely explored in the context of inorganic thermoelectrics, but not yet in organic thermoelectrics. Here, the impact of doping gradients on the thermoelectric properties of a chemically doped conjugated polymer is studied. The in‐plane drift of counterions in moderate electric fields is used to create lateral doping gradients in films composed of a polythiophene with oligoether side chains, doped with 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ). Raman microscopy reveals that a bias voltage of as little as 5 V across a 50 µm wide channel is sufficient to trigger counterion drift, resulting in doping gradients. The effective electrical conductivity of the graded channel decreases with bias voltage, while an overall increase in Seebeck coefficient is observed, yielding an up to eight‐fold enhancement in power factor. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of graded films explain the increase in power factor in terms of a roll‐off of the Seebeck coefficient at high electrical conductivities in combination with a mobility decay due to increased Coulomb scattering at high dopant concentrations. Therefore, the FGM concept is found to be a way to improve the thermoelectric performance of not yet optimally doped organic semiconductors, which may ease the screening of new materials as well as the fabrication of devices.
Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors
Authors: Lee Jeng‐Hun , Cho Kilwon , Kim Jang‐Kyo 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWith the commercialization of first‐generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next‐generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast‐emerging technology.
Engineered Surfaces That Promote Capture of Latent Proteins to Facilitate Integrin‐Mediated Mechanical Activation of Growth Factors
Authors: Dhawan Udesh , Williams Jonathan A. , Windmill James F. C. , Childs Peter , Gonzalez‐Garcia Cristina , Dalby Matthew J. , Salmeron‐Sanchez Manuel 
Published: January 2024

AbstractConventional osteogenic platforms utilize active growth factors to repair bone defects that are extensive in size, but they can adversely affect patient health. Here, an unconventional osteogenic platform is reported that functions by promoting capture of inactive osteogenic growth factor molecules to the site of cell growth for subsequent integrin‐mediated activation, using a recombinant fragment of latent transforming growth factor beta‐binding protein‐1 (rLTBP1). It is shown that rLTBP1 binds to the growth‐factor‐ and integrin‐binding domains of fibronectin on poly(ethyl acrylate) surfaces, which immobilizes rLTBP1 and promotes the binding of latency associated peptide (LAP), within which inactive transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1) is bound. rLTBP1 facilitates the interaction of LAP with integrin β1 and the subsequent mechanically driven release of TGF‐β1 to stimulate canonical TGF‐β1 signaling, activating osteogenic marker expression in vitro and complete regeneration of a critical‐sized bone defect in vivo.
ML‐Augmented Bayesian Optimization of Pain Induced by Microneedles
Authors: Abdullah Ahmed Choukri , Tasoglu Savas 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMicroneedles (MNs) have emerged as a promising solution for drug delivery and extraction of body fluids. Pain is an important physiological attribute to be examined when designing MNs. There is no known representation of pain with geometric features of a MN despite the focus on experimental work. This study focuses on optimizing MN designs with the aim of minimizing pain through means of machine learning, finite element analysis, and optimization tools. Three distinct approaches are proposed. The first approach involves training multiple regression models on data obtained through finite element analysis in COMSOL. The second approach uses COMSOL's built‐in nonlinear optimization solver. Finally, the third approach utilizes the LiveLink interface between COMSOL and MATLAB, combined with Bayesian optimization. Each approach presents unique strengths and challenges, with the third approach demonstrating significant promise due to its efficiency, practicality, and time‐saving.
Mapping racial and ethnic healthcare disparities for persons living with dementia: A scoping review
Authors: Hinton Ladson , Tran Duyen , Peak Kate , Meyer Oanh L. , Quiñones Ana R. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractINTRODUCTIONWe set out to map evidence of disparities in Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease related dementias healthcare, including issues of access, quality, and outcomes for racial/ethnic minoritized persons living with dementia (PLWD) and family caregivers.METHODSWe conducted a scoping review of the literature published from 2000 to 2022 in PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. The inclusion criteria were: (1) focused on PLWD and/or family caregivers, (2) examined disparities or differences in healthcare, (3) were conducted in the United States, (4) compared two or more racial/ethnic groups, and (5) reported quantitative or qualitative findings.RESULTSKey findings include accumulating evidence that minoritized populations are less likely to receive an accurate and timely diagnosis, be prescribed anti‐dementia medications, and use hospice care, and more likely to have a higher risk of hospitalization and receive more aggressive life‐sustaining treatment at the end‐of‐life.DISCUSSIONFuture studies need to examine underlying processes and develop interventions to reduce disparities while also being more broadly inclusive of diverse populations.
Comparison of plasma biomarkers and amyloid PET for predicting memory decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals
Authors: Jack Clifford R. , Wiste Heather J. , Algeciras‐Schimnich Alicia , Weigand Stephen D. , Figdore Dan J. , Lowe Val J. , Vemuri Prashanthi , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Ramanan Vijay K. , Knopman David S. , Mielke Michelle M. , Machulda Mary M. , Fields Julie , Schwarz Christopher G. , Cogswell Petrice M. , Senjem Matthew L. , Therneau Terry M. , Petersen Ronald C. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe compared the ability of several plasma biomarkers versus amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) to predict rates of memory decline among cognitively unimpaired individuals.METHODSWe studied 645 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants. Predictor variables were age, sex, education, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype, amyloid PET, and plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40, phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)181, neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and p‐tau217. The outcome was a change in a memory composite measure.RESULTSAll plasma biomarkers, except NfL, were associated with mean memory decline in models with individual biomarkers. However, amyloid PET and plasma p‐tau217, along with age, were key variables independently associated with mean memory decline in models combining all predictors. Confidence intervals were narrow for estimates of population mean prediction, but person‐level prediction intervals were wide.DISCUSSIONPlasma p‐tau217 and amyloid PET provide useful information about predicting rates of future cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals at the population mean level, but not at the individual person level.
Photo‐Induced Disproportionation‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy: Simultaneous Oxidation of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Generation of Superoxide Radicals
Authors: Teng Kun‐Xu , Zhang Dongsheng , Liu Bin‐Kai , Liu Zheng‐Fei , Niu Li‐Ya , Yang Qing‐Zheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe herein present an approach of photo‐induced disproportionation for preparation of Type‐I photodynamic agents. As a proof of concept, BODIPY‐based photosensitizers were rationally designed and prepared. The photo‐induced intermolecular electron transfer between homotypic chromophores leads to the disproportionation reaction, resulting in the formation of charged intermediates, cationic and anionic radicals. The cationic radicals efficiently oxidize the cellularimportant coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), and the anionic radicals transfer electrons to oxygen to produce superoxide radicals (O2−⋅). One of our Type‐I photodynamic agents not only self‐assembles in water but also effectively targets the endoplasmic reticulum. It displayed excellent photocytotoxicity even in highly hypoxic environments (2 % O2), with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.96 μM, and demonstrated outstanding antitumor efficacy in murine models bearing HeLa tumors.
Nucleophilic Reaction‐Enabled Chloride Modification on CsPbI3 Quantum Dots for Pure Red Light‐Emitting Diodes with Efficiency Exceeding 26 %
Authors: Feng Yifeng , Li Hongjin , Zhu Meiyi , Gao Yun , Cai Qiuting , Lu Guochao , Dai Xingliang , Ye Zhizhen , He Haiping 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHigh‐performance pure red perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with an emission wavelength shorter than 650 nm are ideal for wide‐color‐gamut displays, yet remain an unprecedented challenge to progress. Mixed‐halide CsPb(Br/I)3 emitter‐based PeLEDs suffer spectral stability induced by halide phase segregation and CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) suffer from a compromise between emission wavelength and electroluminescence efficiency. Here, we demonstrate efficient pure red PeLEDs with an emission centered at 638 nm based on PbClx‐modified CsPbI3 QDs. A nucleophilic reaction that releases chloride ions and manipulates the ligand equilibrium of the colloidal system is developed to synthesize the pure red emission QDs. The comprehensive structural and spectroscopic characterizations evidence the formation of PbClx outside the CsPbI3 QDs, which regulates exciton recombination and prevents the exciton from dissociation induced by surface defects. In consequence, PeLEDs based on PbClx‐modified CsPbI3 QDs with superior optoelectronic properties demonstrate stable electroluminescence spectra at high driving voltages, a record external quantum efficiency of 26.1 %, optimal efficiency roll‐off of 16.0 % at 1000 cd m−2, and a half lifetime of 7.5 hours at 100 cd m−2, representing the state‐of‐the‐art pure red PeLEDs. This work provides new insight into constructing the carrier‐confined structure on perovskite QDs for high‐performance PeLEDs.
Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala and colocalization with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Authors: Salamanca G. , Tagliavia C. , Grandis A. , Graïc J. M. , Cozzi B. , Bombardi C. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe amygdaloid complex, also known as the amygdala, is a heterogeneous group of distinct nuclear and cortical pallial and subpallial structures. The amygdala plays an important role in several complex functions including emotional behavior and learning. The expression of calcium‐binding proteins and peptides in GABAergic neurons located in the pallial and subpallial amygdala is not uniform and is sometimes restricted to specific groups of cells. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is present in specific subpopulations of GABAergic cells in the amygdala. VIP immunoreactivity has been observed in somatodendritic and axonal profiles of the rat basolateral and central amygdala. However, a comprehensive analysis of the distribution of VIP immunoreactivity in the various pallial and subpallial structures is currently lacking. The present study used immunohistochemical and morphometric techniques to analyze the distribution and the neuronal localization of VIP immunoreactivity in the rat pallial and subpallial amygdala. In the pallial amygdala, VIP‐IR neurons are local inhibitory interneurons that presumably directly and indirectly regulate the activity of excitatory pyramidal neurons. In the subpallial amygdala, VIP immunoreactivity is expressed in several inhibitory cell types, presumably acting as projection or local interneurons. The distribution of VIP immunoreactivity is non‐homogeneous throughout the different areas of the amygdaloid complex, suggesting a distinct influence of this neuropeptide on local neuronal circuits and, consequently, on the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and endocrine activities mediated by the amygdala.