bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of optical defocus on visual acuity in dogs
Authors: Murphy Christopher J. , Mutti Donald O. , Zadnik Karla , Ver Hoeve James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of optical defocus (such as what develops in spontaneous myopia and subsequent to cataract extraction) on visual acuity in dogs.

Animals
3 young adult male Beagles.

Procedure
The effect of optical defocus on visual acuity was determined by sweep visual evoked potential, using a within-subjects/repeated measures design in which each dog served as its own control. Dogs were positioned so that the eye being tested was 60 cm in front of the video display, and the target was centered on the area centralis. To create ametropia relative to the video screen, a series of concave and convex spherical lenses were placed 1 cm in front of the eye, and sweep visual evoked potential acuities were obtained.

Results
Maximal acuity was 7.0 to 9.5 cycles/degree. Defocusing by 2.0 diopters reduces Beagle grating acuity approximately 1 octave. Mimicking aphakia resulted in a marked depression of acuity to 0.7 cycles/degree or less.

Conclusions
Even mild degrees of ametropia have appreciable impact on the resolving power of the canine visual system.

Clinical Relevance
Spontaneous myopia is encountered in dogs and may be associated with impaired visual performance attributable to a reduction in visual acuity. Previous reports indicate the possibility of myopia in dogs to have a heritable component. On the basis of our results, refractive correction of aphakia is advisable, and refractive screening of dogs with demanding visual tasks (eg, service dogs, field-trial Labrador Retrievers) is recommended. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:414–418)
Relapsing bacteremia after blood transmission of Bartonella henselae to cats
Authors: Kordick Dorsey L. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine persistence of bacteremia, pathogenicity, and immunoglobulin kinetics after blood transmission of Bartonella henselae in cats.

Animals
18 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) cats (16 weeks old) received blood or urine from 4 adult cats (2 SPF, 2 naturally infected with B henselae).

Procedure
SPF cats were inoculated with blood IV (n = 4), blood IM (n = 4), or urine sediment IM (n = 4) from 2 bacteremic cats (donors A and B). Control cats (2/route) received inoculum from culture-negative, seronegative SPF cats (donors C and D).

Results
6 cats (5 blood, 1 urine) were transiently febrile during the 213-day observation period. Two bacteremic cats developed CNS abnormalities. Transient anemia was the only hematologic abnormality. Bacteremia was induced in 7 of 8 blood recipients by postinoculation day (PID) 11. Urine recipients (n = 6) did not become bacteremic or seroconvert by PID 108, but when challenge exposed IV with blood, 4 of 6 became infected. All infected cats developed relapsing bacteremia. Initially, colony counts for donor-A recipients were 103 greater than those for donor-B recipients; however, during relapses, counts were similar. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rRNA gene and the intergenic spacer region revealed no differences among isolates derived from recipient cats. Bartonella henselae-specific antibodies were detected between PID 15 and 18 in donor-A, compared with PID 46 and 181 in donor-B recipients. The peak geometric mean titer of donor-A recipients was 1,448, versus 406 for donor-B recipients.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Blood transmission of B henselae induced subtle clinical abnormalities; the biological behavior of the 2 donor strains differed; and relapsing bacteremia can persist in conjunction with variably high antibody titers. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:492–497)
Effect of intra-abdominally induced pressure on the urethral pressure profiles of healthy and incontinent bitches
Authors: Theus R. , Arnold S. , Hubler M. , Wiestner T. , Binder H. , Ruesch P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether reduced pressure transmission is of importance in the pathophysiologic mechanism of urinary incontinence in bitches.

Animals
20 sexually intact, continent bitches and 21 spayed, incontinent bitches.

Procedure
Urethral pressure profiles before (resting) and after (stressed) insufflation of gas in the abdominal cavity were recorded in bitches under general anesthesia. Differences (stressed minus resting) were calculated for all variables. On the basis of these values, the pressure transmission ratio was determined.

Results
Resting pressure profiles of incontinent bitches indicated significantly (P < 0.05) lower maximal closure pressure (4.5 ± 3.0 cm of H2O) than did those of continent bitches (11.2 ± 7.2 cm of H2O).The intra-abdominal pressure increase lead to a shortening of total profile length, which was equal in both groups and caused an increase in maximal urethral pressure. The change in maximal urethral pressure was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in incontinent bitches (12.4 ± 4.1 cm of H2O) than in continent bitches (8.8 ± 4.5 cm of H2O). The profile areas and the pressure transmission ratios did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between the 2 groups.

Conclusion
The effect of decreased pressure transmission on the urethra is not a factor in the pathophysiologic mechanism of urinary incontinence attributable to urethral incompetence in bitches. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:555–559)
Immunohistochemical localization of α1-acid glycoprotein in liver tissues of bovine fetuses, newborn calves, and sick or healthy adult cattle
Authors: Itoh Hiroshi , Motoi Yoshiko , Haritani Makoto , Kobayashi Masaru , Tamura Keiji , Takase Katsuaki , Oikawa Shin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To detect localization of α1-acid glycoprotein (α1,-AG) antigens in the liver tissue of cattle by use of immunoperoxidase technique.

Sample Population
Liver specimens from 6 bovine fetuses, 2 healthy bovine neonates, 2 healthy adult cattle, 3 cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses, and 2 cattle with enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL).

Procedure
3 cattle (with hepatic abscesses) were inoculated with a suspension of Fusobacterium necrophorum in the ruminal vein. Serum α1-AG concentration was determined by use of the single radial immunodiffusion method. Livers from fetuses, newborn calves, and adult or sick cattle were fixed in buffered 10% formalin, dehydrated in alcohol, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained by use of the avidin-biotin complex/immunoperoxidase technique.

Results
Sites of localization of the α1-AG antigen positive reaction (AGPR) in the liver obtained from bovine fetuses, neonates, or sick cattle were different. In fetal and newborn calves, the AGPR was detected in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Intensity of the reaction varied in direct proportion to α1-AG serum concentration. In adult cattle, the AGPR was particularly intense in hepatocytes adjacent to abscesses or EBL-induced tumors.

Conclusions
The pattern of distribution of cells with AGPR in the liver varied, depending on severity of inflammation. In the cattle with EBL, whether the AGPR was attributable to inflammation could not be clarified, although suppression of immunologic response to tumors may have been a cause of the observed reaction. This association suggests that the glycoprotein may be synthesized, mainly in hepatocytes. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:725–728)
Effects of valacyclovir in cats infected with feline herpesvirus 1
Authors: Nasisse Mark P. , Dorman David C. , Jamison Keith C. , Weigler Benjamin J. , Hawkins Eleanor C. , Stevens Jerry B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether orally administered valacyclovir can be used safely and effectively to treat cats with primary, feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) infection.

Animals
14 specific-pathogen-free adult cats.

Procedure
Cats were infected with FHV-1 strain 87-727 (300 μl, 107 plaque-forming units/ml) by ocular and nasal inoculations, and were treated every 6 hours with dextrose (controls) or valacyclovir (60 mg/kg of body weight, PO). Virus shedding from both eyes and the oropharynx was monitored every 2 days by virus isolation, and subjective clinical scores were assigned daily for ocular and nasal discharge and conjunctival hyperemia. Urinalysis, CBC, and serum biochemical analysis were done prior to inoculation, and on days 2, 5, 7, 9, and 12 of infection. Differences in CBC and serum biochemical indices between groups were compared, as were differences between preinfection values and maximal postinfection values, rectal temperature, and scores for disease severity.

Results
All cats developed acute conjunctivitis and rhinitis typical of FHV-1 infection. Beginning between days 6 and 9, valacyclovir-treated cats became noticeably more lethargic and dehydrated than did cats of the control group. Total WBC and neutrophil counts were significantly lower in cats of the valacyclovir group. The experiment was terminated on day 12 for humane reasons. Histologic changes attributable to FHV-1 infection were similar in all cats. Additional histologic abnormalities seen only in the valacyclovir-treated cats were coagulative necrosis of the renal tubular epithelium, centrilobular atrophy and hepatic necrosis, and severe bone marrow depression.

Conclusions
Cats appear to be uniquely sensitive to the toxic effects of valacyclovir, and even high doses appear not to suppress FHV-1 replication in acutely infected cats.

Clinical Relevance
Use of valacyclovir is of questionable value in cats with acute FHV-1 infection and, at high doses, the drug may be toxic. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1141–1144)
Development of an automated turbidimetric immunoassay for quantification of bovine serum immunoglobulin G
Authors: Etzel L. R. , Strohbehn R. E. , McVicker J. K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To develop an automated turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) for measurement of bovine IgG.

Sample Population
24 bovine serum samples.

Procedure
IgG concentration was determined by use of the TIA, and results were compared with those of the radial immunodiffusion (RID) method. Variables were determined, using commercially available reagents and a clinical biochemical analyzer. For the TIA, polyclonal goat anti-bovine IgG (Fc specific) serum, bovine IgG calibrator serum, and polyethylene glycol reaction buffer were used. Sample concentrations were determined by the instrument, using the linear regression method of least squares. The accuracy of this assay was validated by referencing to a purified bovine IgG standard and by recovery of control standards. Parallelism was documented by assay linearity and serial sample dilution linearity. Interference resulting from hemolyzed samples was examined.

Results
The TIA method correlated positively (r = 0.9957) and significantly (P < 0.05) with the RID method, yielding a regression equation with slope of 0.78708 and y-intercept of 1.02102. Bias attributable to hemolysis was not observed.

Conclusions
The TIA method is automated, accurate, and precise for bovine serum IgG quantification.

Clinical Relevance
This assay provides sample results in approximately 10 minutes and may be used as an alternative to the manual RID method. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1201–1205)
Plasma von Willebrand factor changes during various reproductive cycle stages in mixed-breed dogs with normal von Willebrand factor and in Doberman Pinschers with type-I von Willebrand's disease
Authors: Moser Janet , Meyers Kenneth M. , Russon Robert H. , Reeves Jerry J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine whether plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) concentration changes during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in Doberman Pinschers with type-I von Willebrand's disease (vWd) and in mixed-breed dogs with normal vWf, and if so, whether alterations in vWf concentration are associated with changes in serum concentrations of reproductive hormones.

Animals
5 sexually intact female Doberman Pinschers with type-I vWd and 8 sexually intact female mixed-breed dogs with normal vWf.

Procedure
Concentrations of plasma vWf and serum progesterone and estradiol-17β were measured during the estrous cycle of nonpregnant dogs and during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation. Serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine, total thyroxin, and free thyroxin were measured during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation.

Results
Von Willebrand factor concentration did not change during the estrous cycle, but during pregnancy, vWf concentration gradually increased. Peak concentrations were obtained at parturition and were 103 and 92% higher in mixed-breed dogs and dogs with type-I vWd, respectively, than were mean prepregnancy (anestrus) values. At parturition, total triiodothyronine concentration decreased from the prepregnancy value. The increase in vWf concentration during pregnancy was positively associated with changes in concentration of estradiol-17β and was negatively associated with changes in concentration of progesterone.

Conclusions
The increase in vWf concentration in pregnant bitches may be associated with changes in concentrations of reproductive hormones. However, the increase in vWf concentration during pregnancy may involve other factors because vWf concentration did not change during the estrous cycle of nonpregnant dogs despite increases in concentrations of estradiol-17β and progesterone. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:111–118)
Effect of pin hole size and number on in vitro bone strength in the equine radius loaded in torsion
Authors: Hopper Scott A. , Schneider Robert K. , Ratzlaff Marc H. , White Karl K. , Johnson Craig H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the effect of pin hole size and number on the breaking strength of the adult equine radius when loaded in torsion to failure.

Sample Population
54 pairs of equine radii from adult horses.

Procedure
For test one, 12 pairs of radii were used to determine the effect of pin hole size on torsional breaking strength. A 6.35-mm hole was drilled in 1 radius, and a 9.5-mm hole was drilled in the contralateral radius. For test two, 36 pairs of radii were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (n = 12) to determine the effect of pin hole number on the torsional breaking strength of the equine radius. One radius of each pair served as a control, and one, three, or six 6.35-mm transcortical holes were drilled in the contralateral radius. For test three, 6 pairs of radii had torsional forces applied directly to the transfixation pins, as opposed to the bone itself. One radius of a pair served as a control, and three 6.35-mm smooth Steinman pins were placed in the contralateral radius. All radii were loaded in torsion to failure, and the breaking strengths were recorded.

Results
Compared with the 6.35-mm hole, the 9.5-mm hole significantly decreased torsional strength of the radius. There was no significant difference in mean torsional strength between the control radii and the radii with 1, 3, or 6 transcortical holes or when the transfixation pins were loaded.

Conclusion
Use of up to three 6.35-mm transfixation pins can be used in a full-limb transfixation pin cast to optimize stiffness without a significant decrease (12%) in bone strength. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:201–204)
Effect of stimulus intensity on spine recorded somatosensory evoked potential in dogs
Authors: Cozzi Francesca , Poncelet Luc , Michaux Charles , Balligand Marc 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To investigate the effect of stimulus intensity on the characteristics of the spine recorded somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in dogs.

Animals
11 healthy Beagles, 1 to 2 years old.

Design and Procedure
In 10 dogs, square-wave stimuli (0.1-ms duration, 4 Hz) were delivered through needle electrodes inserted close to the right tibial nerve at the tibiotarsal joint. A standard stimulus strength (reference effective stimulus [RS]) was established for each dog by determining the stimulus necessary to induce a maximal M wave (muscle evoked potential) in the plantar interosseus muscles. The polarity of the stimulating electrodes was then reversed, and an SEP was recorded at the level of the T13-L1 interarcuate ligament. Subsequently, stimuli at fractions (¼X, ½X) and multiples (2X, 4X) of RS were delivered. Recordings, using 10X RS stimuli, also were obtained in 2 dogs; in 1 of them, the recordings were obtained before and after curarization. In each instance, the latencies and the amplitudes of the first 3 reproducible deflections were measured and evaluated.

Results
The SEP waveform recorded at the T13-L1 level using RS was similar in all dogs; at least 3 deflections were recognized. Altering stimulus intensity did not significantly change latency of the first 3 peaks; conversely, amplitudes of the first 3 peaks increased (P < 0.01) when the stimulus intensity was increased from ¼X RS to 1X RS. Stimulation at 10X RS induced the recording of a large potential, which was suppressed by the curarization.

Conclusion
Only slight variations affect latency data through a wide range of stimulus intensities; latency measurement can be considered a robust tool in the vicinity of RS. Slight variations in the electrode position during an SEP session should not invalidate the results. Differences in the definition of the stimulus intensity among laboratories should not preclude the comparison of the results. (Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:217–220)
Oral malodor measurements on a tooth surface of dogs with gingivitis
Authors: Hennet Philippe R. , Delille Béatrice , Davot Jean Louis 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) responsible for halitosis on the crown surface of the maxillary fourth premolar of dogs with gingivitis.

Animals
28 dogs owned by veterinary students who complained that their dogs had halitosis.

Procedure
Clinical dental indices (plaque index, calculus index, and gingival index) were measured on the most diseased maxillary fourth premolar tooth. Production of VSC from the crown surface of the tooth was recorded by use of a portable sulfide monitor. Measurements were performed several times on each dog over a 2-month period, resulting in 98 series of measurements.

Results
Dogs with heavy amounts of plaque or calculus (plaque and calculus indices of 2 or 3) had significantly higher VSC readings than did dogs with no visible plaque and calculus accumulation. Significant (P = 0.0008) correlation was found between VSC measurements and plaque index, and significant correlations were found between VSC measurements and calculus index (P = 0.00118) and gingival index (P = 0.00475).

Conclusion
VSC production recorded on the crown of maxillary fourth premolar teeth of dogs with gingivitis is significantly correlated with the amount of plaque and calculus accumulation and with severity of gingivitis.

Clinical Relevance
VSC measurements on tooth surfaces could be used as a site-specific method to assess, in conjunction with clinical dental variables, effectiveness of dental hygiene products. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:255–257)
Stereospecific pharmacokinetics of free and proteinbound ketoprofen in serum and synovial fluid of horses after intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: Brink Palle , DeGraves Fred , Ravis William R. , Johansen Dorte , Campbell Jennifer D. , Duran Sue H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine intravascular and intrasynovial pharmacokinetics of the R and S enantiomers of ketoprofen after IV and IM administration to horses.

Animals
6 healthy adult mares.

Procedure
Horses were weighed and ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg of body weight) was administered IV. Blood and synovial fluid samples were obtained and analyzed for concentrations of the R and S enantiomers by means of a modified reverse-phase stereospecific high-pressure liquid chromatographic method. Three weeks later, the procedure was repeated, except that ketoprofen was given IM. Protein binding of ketoprofen enantiomers was determined by means of ultrafiltration. Nonlinear least squares methods were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results
Data obtained after IV administration best fit an open, two-compartment model. Mean ± SD S-to-R serum concentration ratios after IV and IM administration were 1.36 ± 0.214 and 1.34 ± 0.245, respectively. Intrasynovial concentrations of the R and S enantiomers of ketoprofen could be measured for only the first 3 hours after IV administration; concentrations were less than the limit of quantification by 4 hours after IV administration and at all times after IM administration. Extent of protein binding of the R enantiomer was not significantly different from extent of protein binding of the S enantiomer; extent of protein binding did not appear to be concentration dependent. Mean free S-to-free R serum concentration ratios, adjusted for protein binding, after IV and IM administration were 1.58 and 1.56, respectively.

Conclusions
The R and S enantiomers of ketoprofen are rapidly absorbed and eliminated, have low volumes of distribution, and are highly protein bound. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:739-743)
Analysis of the electroencephalogram in growing calves by use of power spectrum and cross correlation
Authors: Takeuchi Takashi , Sitizyo Kiitiro , Harada Etsumori 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine postnatal maturation of findings in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of calves and estimate the degree of electrophysiologic activity, using power spectrum and cross-correlation analyses of the EEG.

Animals
10 clinically normal Japanese Black calves ranging in age from 1 to 10 weeks.

Procedure
EEG were recorded at various stages of consciousness. Power spectrum and cross-correlation analyses were applied to a relaxed state EEG.

Results
After the second week of age, rhythmic waves with frequencies of 6 to 9 Hz (alpha rhythm-like pattern) appeared in the EEG during the relaxed state, and were recorded in the occipital and vertex areas; duration of appearance was < 30 seconds. By use of power spectrum analysis, power distribution of the 7.5-to 10-Hz frequency band in the occipital area significantly increased after the sixth week. The highest frequency (18 to 30 Hz) band increased in the frontal and occipital areas after the seventh week. Normalized cross-correlation coefficients at 0 time shift were > 0.6 throughout the experimental period. The normalized cross-correlation coefficients obtained from caudal interhemispheric sites increased after the second week, and were significantly greater than those in rostral sites.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Developmental changes in the EEG of calves during the first 10 weeks could be characterized by appearance of the alpha rhythm-like pattern and increase of the power distributions of the 7.5- to 10-Hz and 18- to 30-Hz frequency bands, which might be a useful indicator for estimating brain activity in young calves and as standard data for evaluating abnormal brain activity in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:777-781)