bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leading with a Health Equity Lens
Authors: Mullen Jewel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite their intent and commitment to advance health equity, there are still barriers that leaders must overcome before they can be leaders who drive health equity. This chapter examines the barriers and biases that exist in leaders that are then absorbed throughout an organization. The barriers begin with personal factors that inform the health equity perspective. The chapter provides a framework for advancing health equity and what steps leaders must take to implement it. The chapter also describes the challenges leaders must be prepared to face as they make decisions informed by an equity lens. It also outlines how society benefits when action is taken to advance health equity and to promote diversity and inclusion as well as cultural competency beyond the organization.
Managing and Leading in a Public Health 3.0 Era
Authors: Fraser Michael R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how leadership and management are often discussed as two entirely separate roles. Traditionally, leadership is defined as the role that provides strategy, vision, alignment of organizational direction, resources to advance organizational strategy, and inspiring others to move an organization’s strategy forward. Management is task-oriented, is operational, and is focused on near-term outcome or administrative work in an organization. This chapter differentiates leadership from management. It explores their common definitions and applies this understanding to show how in the realm of public health, managers need to develop leadership skills to adapt to the rapidly changing environment and unique challenges. The roles and skills involved with “managing” and “leading” must be combined to create both managers and leaders capable of addressing the multitude of complex issues facing public health.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The introduction opens with three thought experiments illustrating problems in food ethics. An overview of philosophical approaches is presented. Brief overviews of subsequent chapters complete the introduction. Chapters 1 and 2 discuss the relationship between philosophical inquiry and other ways to understand food ethics. Chapters 2 through 5 discuss specific topics in food ethics, including food aid, local food, food labeling policy, and pollution. The remaining chapters discuss more general and theoretical question, beginning with the theoretical foundations of sustainability then moving on to consider a pragmatist understanding of agrarianism and the relationship between food ethics and the philosophy of race.
Food Ethics Arrives (or Does It?)
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A food movement reflecting a more critical look at food production, as well as injustices and harmful outcomes from its processing and marketing, took shape in the first decade of the 21st century. It grew in part from the average person’s disconnection from the food system, but also from cultural and aesthetic developments that led people to take a closer look at their food. The upshot was an ethos that encourages consumers to use their buying power to harness market forces, incentivizing ethically motivated change in the food system. But the food movement has not encouraged a more critical examination into attitudes and assumed truths about the production of food. In contrast, a form of ethics emphasizing inquiry requires one to hold activist goals in abeyance, at least temporarily, in order to surface unexamined assumptions about food as well as its production and consumption.
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Presidents are often dismissed as mere rhetoricians with little real influence on the nation’s economy, especially during the Gilded Age. This book contradicts such descriptions. In doing so, it also delivers valuable insights into leadership in the 21st century. In fact, the Gilded Age is important to us today precisely because its presidents seem so powerless. This book shows that, even in this unlikely period, presidents did affect national economic performance and that their success came from surprising sources. They could not control the economy directly, but decisive leadership could shape the environment in which the economy thrived or languished. Thus, this book also makes a larger argument about presidential leadership. It is an examination not of economic governance alone but of leadership quality overall. Its point is that we can learn a lot about the evolution of the modern presidency and the exercise of presidential power from the Gilded Age.
Prelude
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What sort of economy, and political system, did US presidents inherit at the start of the Gilded Age? Technological change and globalization were the primary driving forces throughout the period. Over the years, they generated battles over tariffs, monopolies, labor, immigration, industrialization, and inequality, which dominated American politics and created pivotal moments for its presidents. But as the US economy headed into the Gilded Age, it was developments left over from the Civil War (1861–1865) that challenged Americans and their leaders most. This chapter describes the human destruction and economic costs of the war. It also explains the myriad federal policy responses and the transformation of American life that resulted, including changes in the presidency itself.
Ulysses S. Grant, First Term
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The American economy under Ulysses S. Grant was unusually volatile. Amid years of rapid growth, there occurred two financial panics followed by two severe recessions. Together, they devastated Reconstruction in the South and severely damaged the Republican Party. Most historians either fault Grant or dismiss him as having been powerless or irrelevant. However, considerable evidence suggests otherwise. This chapter shows that Grant’s presidency was almost entirely dedicated to settling issues left unresolved from the Civil War. In many ways, it had been his war, and he sought to finish it on terms that he understood. These terms included the readmission of rebel states into the Union, the expansion of civil rights and liberties to African Americans, and the settlement of wartime disagreements with the United Kingdom. For the presidency, Grant sought a reversion to prewar traditions of a more restrained, less public-facing chief executive. On the economic side, his main goal was the reduction of wartime debt, and hence taxes, and the return of the US greenback to parity with gold. Few doubted that the United States could pay its debts. But a firestorm had erupted over how it would pay, and therefore whether it would repay its debts in full. Grant insisted on full repayment. In doing so, he dedicated the country to a strict deflationary monetary policy that may have handicapped the economy and contributed to the financial crises and recessions. But these were deliberate policy choices, not accidents committed by a disinterested, incompetent, inexperienced political amateur.
Rutherford B. Hayes and the Great Economic Boom, 1877–1881
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rutherford B. Hayes inherited a political-economic disaster from his predecessor. The long-promised return to the gold standard remained unfulfilled, while a new threat to this promise had arisen: silver. Out west, intermittent warfare had erupted with Native Americans, frightening settlers and investors alike. The House remained in Democratic hands, while Republicans maintained only a slight majority in the Senate. Few expected Hayes to lead. He was a political nonentity, with no political machine of his own nor anywhere near the national gravitas of General Grant. Hayes had been chosen to win an election, not to govern. The Republican Party was already splintering underneath him. Yet the economy under President Rutherford B. Hayes was extraordinary according to almost every measure available. All told, during and soon after the Hayes administration, the United States enjoyed one of the strongest, most balanced periods of economic performance in its entire history.
Interlude: Into the 1890s
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The breathtaking pace of globalization, industrialization, and urbanization only quickened going into the 1890s, taking the US economy and the presidency to new heights of power. This time, however, manufacturing surpassed the railroads as the driving force. And the growing management and financial demands of modern manufacturing changed the very conduct of American business. Cities became the centers of both mass production and mass consumption. Technological advances in transportation, communication, automation, and electricity created new possibilities for politics and economics, while continuing to knit the country into a national market, bringing competition, threats, and opportunities where previously there had been none. As national issues compounded, political power slipped from local control. Political machines gradually gave way to national party organizations, with the president and his men at the top. These final years of the Gilded Age would therefore see a desperate struggle between two very different conceptions of the presidency and government, from the rudimentary prototype of a national party boss leading an explicitly interventionist government (Harrison), back to a more traditional small-government, small-presidency conservatism (Cleveland), and then leaping forward to a masterful national politician at the head of a full-fledged developmental state with global ambitions (McKinley).
Benjamin Harrison, Patriot and Partisan
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Benjamin Harrison was, by most measures, supremely equipped to deliver a booming economy. He was college educated and, for his time, exceedingly well-versed in political economy. He was also a devoted public servant, with decades of leadership experience and considerable background in public policy and legislative affairs. In fact, Harrison was one of the most competent administrators ever to enter the White House. He mastered every major aspect of domestic and foreign policy, even running several federal departments himself. In politics, he was a formidable campaigner and a paragon of decency in an indecent era. He was also a keen strategist who understood issue framing, campaigning, and political messaging. He was reportedly an amazing public speaker. And, unlike most executives of the Gilded Age, he had a positive vision for the presidency, the federal government, and what both could do for the American economy. Working with Harrison, Congress passed more major legislation than it had in twenty years. However, instead of prosperity, Harrison created the conditions for a devastating financial crisis and a deep recession. For Harrison had few consistent policy preferences; rather, he tended to support whatever policies were necessary to unify the Republican Party or to reward Union army veterans. The result was a haphazard mixture of fiscal, trade, and monetary policies that spiked deficits and scared investors. Conditions then gradually snowballed into a financial panic and the Great Depression of 1893–1897 that commenced soon after he left office.
Grover Cleveland Returns
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his second administration, Grover Cleveland presided over one of the greatest economic disasters in US history. It began with an 1893 financial crisis that shook markets for months. Then came an economic downturn so deep and prolonged that, prior to the 1930s, Americans referred to it as the “Great Depression.” Cleveland had ample warning that the crisis was brewing and good ideas about how to stop it, but his insistence on conservative governance and a passive presidency idled him for months while the economy toppled over. Only after a domestic currency famine, followed by a crash in international silver markets, did Cleveland finally step in. He drove Congress to shift the United States back to the gold standard. But he then fumbled badly in his leadership on tariff reform, leaving the US financial system bleeding specie. Thus the depression continued. Cleveland’s refusal to lead, or to compromise on his strict constitutionalism, seemed to doom the economy as well as his presidency. He generally lost the support of the American people, who found him cold, detached, and unreliable, and he never tried to win them back. When the economy swooned again during late 1895, he turned to Wall Street for loans to keep the US Treasury afloat. This further alienated Americans, even in his own Democratic Party. The Cleveland debacle was so severe that it ended the era of small-government liberalism that had dominated the American presidency and the federal government for much of the country’s first century.
Top-Down Influences on Perception and Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mental imagery can be, and often is, triggered and modified in a top-down manner by higher-level mental processes. The same goes for perception. And mental imagery is often the mediator in these top-down influences on perception. Various debates about top-down influences on perception are distinguished, but in the most important and most empirically tractable ones, mental imagery plays a key role.
Sensory Substitution and Echolocation
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sensory substitution is a complicated technique that helps blind people gain real-time information about the layout of the scene in front of them. Echolocation is an equally complicated technique of emitting sounds to map the terrain of one’s surroundings. Both count as forms of mental imagery (as does Braille reading and cane use) and they highlight the importance of mental imagery as a crucial mental process in the navigation of blind people.
The Action for Damages
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the action for damages against the Union, which seeks to have the Union held non-contractually liable to make good damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties. It considers the role of this action in the system of judicial protection and its relationship to other actions brought before the Union Courts, such as the action for annulment, along with the principle of State liability. It also evaluates the basic elements of this action, such as the jurisdiction of the Union Courts, the main substantive requirements relating to unlawfulness (i.e. a sufficiently serious breach of a rule of Union law which is intended to confer rights on individuals), damage, and causation which must be satisfied, and certain additional requirements generally bearing on its admissibility, such as compliance with the limitation period.
Jurisdiction of the Union Courts to Give Judgment pursuant to an Arbitration Clause or a Special Agreement
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the jurisdiction of the Union Courts to give judgment under an arbitration clause or a special agreement. It discusses the extent of such jurisdiction and the relationship to other types of proceedings set down in the Treaties.
Introduction
Authors: Ahnert Ruth , Ahnert Sebastian E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter places the preparation of the data for this book within the long history of the State Papers archive, shifting attention from the scholarly users of these papers to the caretakers who have expended labour on organising them and making them navigable at different stages in their afterlife. These include the clerks and secretaries working in the office of the Principal Secretary, the early modern keepers of the State Papers, the archivists and editors that ‘calendared’ the papers beginning in the Victorian period, and the workers who in recent years turned these calendar entries into metadata fields that could be queried for the online resource State Papers Online (SPO). The final stage of caretaking described is the authors’ own process of transforming the XML data from SPO into network data, a major feat of data curation. The contention of this chapter is that early modern filing processes, editing, metadata entry, and data cleaning are all acts of curation which are part of a continuous history. Each process also enacts a radical remix of the archive’s contents that not only transforms the way the letters can be found and accessed, but also the very system of knowledge within which they are framed.
Dogs That Didn’t Bark
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter identifies and discusses seven persistent or recurring distinctive features of the UK’s fiscal constitution over the period covered by the book. Those features are: a limitedly codified parliamentary process for allocating expenditure; a ‘strong/weak’ profile of committee oversight in parliament, with heavy emphasis on ex post control of public spending but little on ex ante control; a large gap between amounts spent and revenue raised by lower levels of elected government, with long-lasting formula-funding arrangements for allocations to subnational governments; periodic spending reviews extending across the whole public sector; a top-down, fixed-envelope approach to allocating ‘controllable’ spending to department; pre-parliamentary review of departmental spending bids by the department responsible for levying taxes; and review and control of spending at the centre largely organized on the ‘porthole principle’, with official review teams mirroring spending departments, together with an overall central coordinating unit.
Publicizing science
Authors: Korenjak Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Part II ends with a chapter discussing four kinds of texts which were used to publicize natural science among the learned in general. The genres either presented scientific content in an easy, enjoyable form or extolled scientists, scientific achievements, and science as an activity. Following the lead of ancient poets such as Lucretius, didactic epics explained topics from all scientific disciplines in a poetic language familiar to an educated readership. Panegyrical poems were routinely prefixed to scientific works as a means of promoting them, while exceptional figures such as Brahe or Newton were also praised as heroes of science in self-contained publications. In the realm of prose, biographies of scientists came in various long and short forms such as self-contained books, obituaries, and authors’ biographies introducing collected works. Orations celebrating the natural sciences and men of science enhanced numerous academic festivities; there were also some subgenres, such as funeral speeches, which addressed a broader, non-academic audience.
Philosophizing the Indefensible
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book asks what distinctive contributions political philosophers might make when reflecting on obvious moral failures in public policy. The book argues that political philosophers can and should craft “strategic” arguments for public policy reforms, showing how morally urgent reforms can be grounded, for the sake of discussion, even in problematic premises associated with their opponents. The book develops the general contours of this approach, and then applies strategic theorizing to a set of diverse of policy issues. These range from the abortion debate and financial regulation in the United States, through controversies surrounding the participation of Arab parties in Israel’s political process, to global issues, such as commercial ties with oil-rich dictatorships, and the bearing of such ties on global climate change.
Who’s the Republic’s Enemy?
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the first extended illustration of strategic theorizing. This illustration focuses on Israeli politics, and, more specifically, on the indefensible boycott of Israel’s anti-Zionist political parties by certain Jewish hawks in the Israeli parliament (Knesset). This boycott is discussed in the context of recurrent efforts by Binyamin Netanyahu, Israel’s longest-serving prime minister, to secure immunity from criminal prosecution for multiple corruption charges. Netanyahu’s persistence has united politicians of the Israeli left, right, and center in an effort to end his increasingly authoritarian rule. Yet the anti-Netanyahu alliance has been fatally hamstrung by the fact that some of its key hawkish members have refused to rely on anti-Zionist votes in parliament to actually form an anti-Netanyahu government. This hawkish refusal, in turn, combined with Netanyahu’s obstinacy, has been a key cause of Israel’s unprecedented political crisis. Two strategic arguments are offered in response to this hawkish obstinacy. First, even if (arguendo) one adopts the hawks’ views regarding the supposed dangers of anti-Zionist sway in the Israeli parliament, their own repeated warnings regarding the dangers of Netanyahu’s continued rule must take precedence. Second, contrary to the hawks’ rhetoric, their professed commitment to the equal “civic” rights of Palestinian-Israelis does not align with their boycott of the main parties through which Palestinian-Israelis act in the country’s politics.
Too Big to Fail and Too Big to Jail?
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by arguing that spiraling inequality continuously cements the ability of the economically powerful—particularly, of global corporations—to shape core premises underlying policy debates. The remainder of the book accordingly seeks to justify important policy reforms going against corporate interests, even while using, arguendo, corporate-friendly premises. The chapter’s latter part advances this effort by examining the American legal system’s lenience with regard to severe wrongdoing by major banks, constructing the most plausible justification that might be offered for this lenience. This justification appeals to fears of drastic negative consequences following criminal prosecution of major banks, while also appealing to the constraints of criminal law and the complexity of large corporations to shield individual executives from criminal sanctions. The chapter suggests that the best way of combining these two appeals is to argue that it is much worse for public authorities themselves to infringe upon the constraints of criminal law when prosecuting individual executives, than it is for public authorities to allow major banks as private actors to seriously wrong other private actors in their pursuit of profits. However, the myriad forms of significant public support currently accorded to the major banks blur this private/public distinction. Accordingly, the largest banks have to relinquish such support as a necessary condition for justifying the legal system’s current lenience towards them and their executives.