bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic sample rate acquisition system based on time-to-digital converter technology
Authors: Wei Shuaimin , Han Xingcheng , Pang Cunsuo , Wang Liming 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel acquisition system, which can flexibly adjust the sampling rate according to different sampling requirements. First, we propose a sampling model and conduct feasibility verification experiments on it. The experimental results show that the sampling principle has excellent sampling function. Subsequently, we successfully implemented the system. The system combines the differential comparator of Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with the characteristics of Time-to-digital converter (TDC), which makes full use of the hardware resources of FPGA to realize efficient digital sampling and reconstruction of unknown signals. Among them, the TDC we designed has a time error of less than 100 ps at sampling rates lower than 50 MSps the sampled signal is transmitted via Ethernet, and the measured on-chip data link throughput rate reaches 600 Mbps the sampled information is decoded, fitted and reconstructed in the host computer. In addition, we have thoroughly studied the factors affecting the sampling quality in this acquisition method and summarized the sampling laws after acquiring multiple signals. To ensure the minimum distortion rate, we choose the threshold signal amplitude as 0–5 times of the highest amplitude of the sampled signal, and select the frequency as 10–30 times. Regarding the system resource consumption, the LUT utilization rate is 12.22%, the Slice utilization rate is 23.37%, and the overall design power consumption is 2.094 W. After a comprehensive evaluation of the performance and comparison with the literature (Kalisz et al 1997 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.
46 51–55), it can be concluded that the system has the advantages of small error, high accuracy, and dynamic sampling function. Summarizing this paper, the system shows good engineering practicability and feasibility in the measurement field.
Off-axis bifocal metalens for displacement measurement
Authors: Cao Danlin , Li Dan , Hu Jianyang , Li Chang , Chen Chen , Wang Yiqun , Lin Jie , Jin Peng 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Metasurface is a new type of micro-optical element developed in recent years. It can intelligently modulate electromagnetic waves by adjusting the geometrical parameters and arrangement of dielectric structures. In this paper, a bifocal metalens based on modulation of propagation phase was designed for the potential application in displacement measurement. The phase of the bifocal lens is designed by the optical holography-like method, which is verified by the scalar diffraction theory. We designed a square aperture lens with a side length of 200 μm to realize two focal spots with focal lengths of 900 and 1100 μm. The two focal spots aren’t on one optical axis. The polarization insensitive TiO2 cylinders are chosen as structure units. Four structures with different radius were selected to achieve the four phase steps. We fabricated the designed bifocal metalens using electron beam lithography and atomic layer deposition techniques, and measured the light intensity in the areas near the two foci in the direction of the longitudinal axis. The differential signal was calculated, from which we obtained a linear interval. It demonstrates the ability of bifocal differential measurement to be applied to displacement measurement. Because the metasurfaces production process is semiconductor compatible, the bifocal lens is easy to integrate and can be used for miniaturized displacement measurements, micro-resonators, acceleration measurements, and so on.
Exfoliated MXene–AuNPs hybrid in sensing and multiple catalytic hydrogenation reactions
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Thomas Tijin , Pérez-Tijerina E , Bogireddy N K R , Agarwal V 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer products is expected to lead to environmental contamination sometime soon. As water pollution is a pressing issue that threatens human survival and impedes the promotion of human health, the search for adsorbents for removing newly identified contaminants from water has become a topic of intensive research. The challenges in the recyclability of contaminated water continue to campaign the development of highly reusable catalysts. Although exfoliated 2D MXene sheets have demonstrated the capability towards water purification, a significant challenge for removing some toxic organic molecules remains a challenge due to a need for metal-based catalytic properties owing to their rapid response. In the present study, we demonstrate the formation of hybrid structure AuNPs@MXene (Mo2CT
x
) during the sensitive detection of Au nanoparticle through MXene sheets without any surface modification, and subsequently its applications as an efficient catalyst for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), methyl orange (MO), and methylene blue (MB). The hybrid structure (AuNPs@MXene) reveals remarkable reusability for up to eight consecutive cycles, with minimal reduction in catalytic efficiency and comparable apparent reaction rate constant (K
app) values for 4-NP, MB, and MO, compared to other catalysts reported in the literature.
MAPbI3 perovskite photodetectors for high-performance optical wireless communication
Authors: Zheng Aosheng , Zhang Haijian , Zhang Yating , Wang Silei , Ding Guanchu , Song Chunyu , Li Mengyao , Yang Fan , Liu Yanyan , Yao Jianquan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
High-sensitivity and fast-response photodetectors (PDs) are vital part of optical wireless communication (OWC) system. In this work, we develop an organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite material (MAPbI3) based p–i–n structured PD. By optimizing the precursor solution concertation, the PD showed a high responsivity of 0.98 A W−1, a fast response time t
rise/t
fall of 12/12.5 μs, a specific detectivity of 2.62 × 1013 Jones, and the f−3dB of 24 kHz under the 532 nm laser and −0.2 V bias voltage. Furthermore, we designed an OWC system based on the prepared PD. With the baud rate of 19200 bps, the system exhibits a bit error rate less than 10−6, and it can realize 9.63 m long-distance communication and quick transmission applications such as strings, texts, photos, and audios. Our work demonstrates the great application potential of perovskite PDs in the field of optical communication.
Quasi-periodic waves to the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Zhang Ying-Nan , Hu Xing-Biao , Sun Jian-Qing 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A direct approach for the quasi-periodic wave solutions to the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation is proposed based on the theta functions and Hirota’s bilinear method. We transform the problem into a system of algebraic equations, which can be formulated into a least squares problem and then solved by using numerical iterative methods. A rigorous asymptotic analysis demonstrates that these solutions can be classified into two categories: quasi-periodic oscillatory waves and quasi-periodic dark solitons. Singular behaviors may arise in the former case. The numerical results obtained for both the

(
1
+
1
)

-dimensional and

(
2
+
1
)

-dimensional equations are consistent with the theoretical results. Additionaly, the system of algebraic equations can be further extended to address the Riemann–Schottky problem for hyperelliptic curves with 2 infinite points.
Visualising relativity: assessing high school students’ understanding of complex physics concepts through AI-generated images
Authors: de Souza Maira Giovana , Won Mihye , Treagust David , Serrano Agostinho 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study investigates how students utilized artificial intelligence (AI)-generated images to represent their understanding of general relativity concepts. Ten high school students participated in an extracurricular course on relativity theory. Using AI chatbot, these students created visual representations of ‘relativity’ before and after the course. The produced images, the accompanying prompts, student interviews, and their test scores were analysed to examine students’ conceptual understanding and interactions with AI. Students with a clearer understanding of relativity tended to focus their prompts on more central concepts like spacetime deformation. In contrast, those with a weaker understanding leaned towards more tangential ideas. The clarity of their prompts was directly linked to more effective AI interactions, leading to more meaningful image generation. Despite this, some students faced challenges in crafting coherent prompts, resulting in less relevant images, indicating that understanding the concept does not always translate into successful AI engagement. The study underscores the potential of AI-generated images as a tool to illuminate student conceptualisation and interaction skills with AI in the context of complex physics concepts, offering a novel approach to evaluating understanding in advanced scientific topics.
Rapid patient-specific FEM meshes from 3D smart-phone based scans
Authors: Murphy Ethan K , Smith Joel , Kokko Michael A , Rutkove Seward B , Halter Ryan J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective. The objective of this study was to describe and evaluate a smart-phone based method to rapidly generate subject-specific finite element method (FEM) meshes. More accurate FEM meshes should lead to more accurate thoracic electrical impedance tomography (EIT) images. Approach. The method was evaluated on an iPhone® that utilized an app called Heges, to obtain 3D scans (colored, surface triangulations), a custom belt, and custom open-source software developed to produce the subject-specific meshes. The approach was quantitatively validated via mannequin and volunteer tests using an infrared tracker as the gold standard, and qualitatively assessed in a series of tidal-breathing EIT images recorded from 9 subjects. Main results. The subject-specific meshes can be generated in as little as 6.3 min, which requires on average 3.4 min of user interaction. The mannequin tests yielded high levels of precision and accuracy at 3.2 ± 0.4 mm and 4.0 ± 0.3 mm root mean square error (RMSE), respectively. Errors on volunteers were only slightly larger (5.2 ± 2.1 mm RMSE precision and 7.7 ± 2.9 mm RMSE accuracy), illustrating the practical RMSE of the method. Significance. Easy-to-generate, subject-specific meshes could be utilized in the thoracic EIT community, potentially reducing geometric-based artifacts and improving the clinical utility of EIT.
A new FILDSIM model for improved velocity-space sensitivity modelling and reconstructions
Authors: Schmidt Bo S , Poley-Sanjuán Jesús , Rueda-Rueda José , Galdon-Quíroga Joaquín , Baquero-Ruiz Marcelo , Järleblad Henrik , Reman Bernard C G , Rud Mads , Valentini Andrea , García-Muñoz Manuel , Salewski Mirko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We present a new version of the FILDSIM code (Galdon-Quíroga et al 2018 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
60 105005), which significantly refines the modelling of the fast-ion loss detector (FILD) signal. We demonstrate that the FILD weight functions computed using this new version of FILDSIM are more accurate relative to synthetic benchmarks than those computed using the previous version. Thus, the new version enables higher-quality velocity-space sensitivity modelling and reconstructions. We validate the improvements on experimental data from discharge #75620 at TCV. Additionally, we present a novel approach for characterizing FILDs through a gross FILD measurement and a gross weight function based on the calculations from the new version of FILDSIM. We use them to characterize the TCV FILD.
Quantification of losses in bent waveguides within DBR-RW laser diodes emitting at 785 nm
Authors: Theurer Lara Sophie , Koester Jan-Philipp , Müller André , Maiwald Martin , Knigge Andrea , Sumpf Bernd , Tränkle Günther 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An experimental study of straight and bent distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) ridge waveguide (RW) lasers and Fabry–Pérot (FP) RW lasers emitting at 785 nm is presented. To determine the losses introduced by the bent waveguides within DBR-RW lasers, different laser designs were manufactured and characterized. The bent waveguides investigated here within DBR-RW laser diodes are sine-shaped S-bends. S-bends with three different lateral offsets are manufactured. The experimental characterization of FP lasers and the straight DBR-RW lasers with different coatings at the rear facet enables a rough estimation of the losses caused by the DBR grating and the determination of the DBR reflectivity. Furthermore, additional losses in the bent DBR-RW lasers caused by the S-bend (i.e. radiation and scattering losses) are quantified by comparing them to the straight DBR-RW lasers. Within the active resonator, the S-bend losses amount to α
Bend = 0.6 cm−1 (α
Bend = 0.5 dB) for the smallest manufactured lateral S-bend offset H = 40 μm. For both straight and bent DBR-RW lasers spectrally narrow single-mode emission is obtained. A lateral beam width of 3.8 μm (using second moments) and a lateral far-field angle of about 18° and 19.5° (using second moments) for the straight and S-bend DBR-RW are measured, respectively. This gives a lateral beam propagation ratio of 1.2 and 1.3 (using second moments) for straight and S-bend DBR-RW, respectively. The radiation loss in dependency of the lateral S-bend offset is simulated and compared to experimentally estimated S-bend losses for bent DBR-RW lasers (H = 40 μm, H = 60 μm and H = 70 μm).
Sensory adaptation in a continuum model of bacterial chemotaxis—working range, cost-accuracy relation, and coupled systems
Authors: Kharbanda Vansh , Sabass Benedikt 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Sensory adaptation enables organisms to adjust their perception in a changing environment. A paradigm is bacterial chemotaxis, where the output activity of chemoreceptors is adapted to different baseline concentrations via receptor methylation. The range of internal receptor states limits the stimulus magnitude to which these systems can adapt. Here, we employ a highly idealized, Langevin-equation based model to study how the finite range of state variables affects the adaptation accuracy and the energy dissipation in individual and coupled systems. Maintaining an adaptive state requires constant energy dissipation. We show that the steady-state dissipation rate increases approximately linearly with the adaptation accuracy for varying stimulus magnitudes in the so-called perfect adaptation limit. This result complements the well-known logarithmic cost-accuracy relationship for varying chemical driving. Next, we study linearly coupled pairs of sensory units. We find that the interaction reduces the dissipation rate per unit and affects the overall cost-accuracy relationship. A coupling of the slow methylation variables results in a better accuracy than a coupling of activities. Overall, the findings highlight the significance of both the working range and collective operation mode as crucial design factors that impact the accuracy and energy expenditure of molecular adaptation networks.
The suppression of finite size effect within a few lattice sites
Authors: Liu Tao , Bai Kai , Zhang Yicheng , Wan Duanduan , Lai Yun , Chan C T , Xiao Meng 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Boundary modes localized on the boundaries of a finite-size lattice experience a finite size effect (FSE) that could result in unwanted couplings, crosstalks and formation of gaps even in topological boundary modes. It is commonly believed that the FSE decays exponentially with the size of the system and thus requires many lattice sites before eventually becoming negligibly small. Here we consider a two-dimensional strip geometry that is periodic along one direction and truncated along the other direction, in which we identify a special type of FSE of some boundary modes that apparently vanishes at some particular wave vectors along the periodic direction. Meanwhile, the number of wave vectors where the FSE vanishes equals the number of lattice sites across the strip. We analytically prove this type of FSE in a simple model and prove this peculiar feature. We also provide a physical system consisting of a plasmonic sphere array where this FSE is present. Our work points to the possibility of almost arbitrarily tunning of the FSE, which facilitates unprecedented manipulation of the coupling strength between modes or channels such as the integration of multiple waveguides and photonic non-abelian braiding.
Ambipolar Diffusion with a Polytropic Equation of State
Authors: Bottesi Blake J. , Fatuzzo Marco , Holden Lisa , Herweck Kendra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ambipolar diffusion is the mechanism believed to be responsible for the loss of magnetic support in dense molecular cloud cores, and is therefore likely to play a key role in the star formation process. As such, this mechanism has been studied extensively both semianalytically and numerically. We build upon this existing body of work by considering a one-dimensional self-gravitating gas with a polytropic equation of state (P ∝ ρ

ϵ
), and consider cases that range from softer (ϵ < 1) to stiffer (ϵ > 1) than isothermal. Our results indicate that the diffusion time is not very sensitive to the polytropic exponent ϵ when stiffer than isothermal, but is sensitive to the exponent when softer than isothermal. Additionally, the presence of magnetic and density fluctuations causes the ambipolar diffusion process to speed up, with the shortest diffusion times obtained for gases with large initial magnetic to gas pressure ratios and fairly soft equations of state. However, the diffusion time starts to increase significantly for ϵ ≲ 0.5, indicating that such soft equations of state are inconsistent with observations.
All-sky Guide Star Catalog for CSST
Authors: Feng Hui-Mei , Cao Zi-Huang , Lam Man I , Li Ran , Tian Hao , Yin Da-Yi , Yang Yuan-Yu , Zhang Xin , Fan Dong-Wei , Dong Yi-Qiao , Li Xin-Feng , Wang Wei , Li Long , Jones Hugh R. A. , Tao Yi-Han , Nie Jia-Lu , Wang Pei-Pei , Liu Mao-Yuan , Yang He-jun , Liu Chao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The China Space Station Telescope (CSST) is a two-meter space telescope with multiple back-end instruments. The Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) is an essential subsystem of the CSST Precision Image Stability System to ensure the required absolute pointing accuracy and line-of-sight stabilization. In this study, we construct the Main Guide Star Catalog for FGS. To accomplish this, we utilize the information about the FGS and object information from the Gaia Data Release 3. We provide an FGS instrument magnitude and exclude variables, binaries, and high proper motion stars from the catalog to ensure uniform FGS guidance capabilities. Subsequently, we generate a HEALPix index, which provides a hierarchical tessellation of the celestial sphere, and employ the Voronoi algorithm to achieve a homogeneous distribution of stars across the catalog. This distribution ensures adequate coverage and sampling of the sky. The performance of the CSST guide star catalog was assessed by simulating the field of view of the FGS according to the CSST mock survey strategy catalog. The analysis of the results indicates that this catalog provides adequate coverage and accuracy. The catalog's performance meets the FGS requirements, ensuring the functioning of the FGS and its guidance capabilities.
The model validation for trip assignment using all or nothing and user’s equilibrium method
Authors: Mahmudah Amirotul M. H. , Hartono W , Lestari R , Rachmawati S , Septiasworo D V 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In transportation planning, an accurate transportation model is crucial. The trip-based approach is widely used, which relies on the four-step model (FSM) for transportation modeling. The model generates an origin-destination (O-D) Matrix as the starting point, which is then used to determine traffic flow on the road network through a trip assignment. This approach is superior because the (O-D) Matrix is a result of the interaction between land use and accessibility. In Boyolali Regency, research was conducted using traffic volume data that reflected the conditions at the beginning of 2023. The gravity model was used to determine trip distribution for this study, and the Least Squares method and negative exponential function calibrated the model. The study aim is to compare the performance of All or Nothing and User’s Equilibrium assignment methods using the EMME/3 software. The results showed that All or Nothing had a higher R2 value of 0.913 compared to User’s Equilibrium’s 0.911, suggesting that the All or Nothing assignment method is more suitable for Boyolali Regency. The research predicted that the total movement of Boyolali Regency in 2023 would be 12,354 pcu/hour, with most of the movement being external-external. As Boyolali Regency is a transit area, vehicles only pass through it.
Assessing the impact of Medan-Stabat toll road on carbon monoxide pollutant in arterial roads
Authors: Anas Ridwan , Nasution Zaid Perdana , Hasnan Adam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Carbon monoxide is the result of the combustion of motorized vehicles which can pollute the air and will cause negative impacts to the health of human beings. The development of a toll road is initiated in the routes of an arterial road which have been causing congestion or terrible traffic jams, and is expected directly to reduce the amount of traffic jams and to increase the speed of travel, and indirectly to reduce air pollution in the arterial roads. The objective of this paper is to predict the effects of the Medan-Stabat Toll Road operation to the CO pollutant contents in the arterial roads. The results indicate that the level of pollution is reduced up to 10 % and 25% due to traffic shifting on the arterial roads to the toll road.
Addressing Indonesia’s biggest road safety challenge: Reducing motorcycle deaths
Authors: Ayuningtyas Kardina N.S , Grzebieta Raphael , Olivier Jake , Caponecchia Carlo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Motorcyclists are the largest contributor to road fatalities in Indonesia, with the main causal factors found to be speeding and not wearing a helmet. One of the most efficient ways to reduce road deaths in Indonesia would be to reduce speeding behaviour and increase helmet wearing by strengthening speed and helmet wearing enforcement combined with education. Stronger enforcement combined with education have been shown to be highly effective in reducing fatalities in other countries. This study assesses the benefits of stronger enforcement on speed limit and helmet wearing. It also explores what are the most effective strategies to strengthen enforcement using fixed and mobile speed cameras, point to point speed cameras and AI technology that can be used to enforce helmet wearing rates. The paper concludes with an estimation of the potential benefits if such stronger enforcement were implemented in Indonesia.