bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNIZATION EXPERIMENTS WITH SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Swine influenza virus obtained from the lungs of infected ferrets or mice, when administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, immunizes swine to swine influenza.
2. Ferrets, which have received subcutaneous injections of swine influenza virus obtained from the lungs of infected ferrets, are immune to intranasal infection with this virus. Similar injections with virus from the lungs of infected mice or swine do not immunize.
3. Mice can be immunized to intranasal infection with swine influenza virus by the subcutaneous injection of virus obtained from the lungs of infected mice, but not by similar injection with virus from the lungs of infected ferrets or swine. Repeated injections induce greater immunity than a single one.
4. Intraperitoneal inoculation of both mice and ferrets with swine influenza virus immunizes them to intranasal infection and it appears to make little or no difference whether the virus used as vaccine is obtained from the lungs of infected mice, ferrets, or swine.
5. Field experiments in which swine influenza followed the intramuscular administration of virus are cited as examples of the hazard involved in the use of this means of immunization in a densely crowded susceptible population.
STUDIES ON NATURAL IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III
Authors: Enders John F. , Shaffer Morris F. 
Published: June 2004

1. A correlation appears to exist between the failure of certain strains of Pneumococcus Type III to grow at 41°C. and their lack of virulence for rabbits.
2. It is likely that the capacity to grow at 41°C.—an attribute constantly but not exclusively associated with strains of Pneumococcus Type III virulent for rabbits—is a prerequisite, but not the sole factor, in determining their virulence for these animals.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS IN WHITE MICE
Authors: Traub Erich 
Published: June 2004

In a mouse colony in which lymphocytic choriomeningitis is endemic infection takes place either in utero or shortly after birth. Virus is discharged from infected mice with the nasal secretions and urine. In some mice the infection lasts for several months, and such carriers can transmit the disease to healthy mice by contact. The portal of entry appears to be the nasal mucosa rather than the gastrointestinal tract. Mice infected by contact show no definite symptoms while those infected in utero often do. The disease has persisted in the colony for at least 15 months without change in its character. Mouse stocks differ in their susceptibility to contact infection and the findings given in the paper could be reproduced only with a very susceptible stock. Wild mice (Mus musculus) can be infected by contact, although less easily than our white mice.
The source of the infection in the colony has not been determined. The fact that the serum of the caretaker neutralizes the virus indicates that he has been infected. It seems likely that the virus went from him to the mice rather than vice versa. Other possible sources of infection are considered.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Nicholson William M. , Strauss Margaret 
Published: June 2004

1. The withdrawal of maintenance injections of the cortical hormone from the suprarenalectomized dog during balance experiments, in which a constant meat diet is given, with constant fluid and salt intake, is followed by increased urinary loss of sodium and chloride, and by retention of potassium and nitrogen.
2. Where the water intake is low, a definite diuresis usually accompanies this excretion of sodium and chloride, but where fluids are forced, no diuresis may be observed.
3. The reinjection of the cortical hormone in suprarenal insufficiency causes an active renal excretion of potassium which is greatly in excess of the probable extra accumulation of this component in the extracellular fluids during the period when insufficiency is developing. This potassium excretion is surmised to be sufficient to account for such an accumulation, if diffusible potassium is present in like concentration equally throughout all of the body water, intracellular as well as extracellular. The excretion of potassium is accompanied by a. corresponding excretion of phosphate and of nitrogen.
4. The excretion of electrolytes which is associated with withdrawal and with subsequent reinjection of suprarenal cortical hormone differs from the effects produced with various diuretic agents regarding which data are available. The effects produced by injection of the cortical hormone during suprarenal insufficiency, however, do resemble those produced with pituitrin, particularly in the greatly increased excretion of potassium relative to sodium, and in the coincidental dilution of the circulating blood. They suggest the possibility that the two similar effects may be ascribable to a common cause.
AN INCREASE IN RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS IN OUTLYING BONE MARROW CONSEQUENT UPON A LOCAL INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
Authors: Huggins Charles , Noonan W. J. 
Published: June 2004

In adult mammals and birds there is a great quantitative difference in the reticulo-endothelial system content of the bone marrow of central bones as compared with distal outlying bones.
Experimental procedures reported in the accompanying communication effecting development and increase of hemopoiesis in inactive yellow marrow also effect a reticulo-endothelial cell increase.
TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON BACTERIAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Moen Johannes K. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. A high degree of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin toxicity was demonstrated when explants from tuberculous animals were grown in media containing that substance.
2. Similar degrees of sensitivity were noted in cells derived from animals infected with either virulent or relatively lowly virulent strains of tubercle bacilli.
3. The specificity of the tuberculin cytotoxicity was proven by testing with other bacterial cytotoxic materials.
4. Tuberculin sensitive cells grown in vitro in normal media showed, when tested with tuberculin, persistence of this cellular sensitivity through several transplantations during which time many new generations of cells developed.
5. There was a depression of the initial growth energy of explants from animals during the toxic phase of the disease. During the healing stage the initial growth energy returned to normal although marked sensitivity to tuberculin persisted.
6. The degree of cellular sensitivity to tuberculin in vitro did no parallel the acuity of the infectious process but represented a more or less permanent acquired characteristic impressed on the cell as a result of the infection.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Type I antipneumococcus horse serum, in amounts exceeding a characteristic optimum, fails to protect mice against infection with the homologous type pneumococci. This failure is due to a marked inhibition of the phagocytic mechanism in the earlier stages of the infectious process. On the other hand, antipneumococcus rabbit serum in similar quantities does not inhibit phagocytosis, nor does it block the protection.
2. The experimental evidence suggests that the prozoning action of immune horse serum is due primarily to some characteristic property of the specific antibody and secondarily to an heterologous component of the serum, ineffective in itself but acting through the mediation of the antigen-antibody combination. This secondary factor may be a lipid.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATION OF THE VIRUS CAUSING RABBIT PAPILLOMAS TO THE CANCERS DERIVING THEREFROM
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beard J. W. , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

The papillomas caused by the Shope virus sometimes grow down spontaneously into the subcutaneous tissue and extend along the lymphatics in the same way as do many cancers of the human breast. They may even invade the voluntary muscle under such circumstances, taking on an aspect suggestive of squamous cell carcinomatosis, but ultimately they differentiate in the way characteristic of the papilloma. Slight operative interferences with papillomas may be followed by a development of secondary nodules in the lungs. These result from cell emboli, and the same local conditions determine their fate as are effective in the case of emboli composed of human cancer cells. The virus-induced papilloma is not only a neoplasm in its immediate aspect and habit but sometimes one that verges upon malignancy. The tumors, including the cancers, which eventually derive from it in favorable hosts, are representative of more than a mere enhancement of the activity of the growth. They develop within a relatively brief period of time but only after the papilloma has grown for a long while; and they are morphologically various whereas the parent tumor is remarkably constant in its form. Some of the new growths differ but little from the papilloma, however, even when possessed of the ability to metastasize, and many continue to be influenced by the virus.
The Shope virus is heavily conditioned in its carcinogenic activity, yet it is the nearest cause for cancer now known.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Various types of inflammatory exudates have been obtained either by the introduction into normal tissues of a chemical irritant, or by a burn, or by bacteria in either dogs or rabbits. A study has also been made on an exudate of human origin.
These exudates have all been found to contain a factor which induces prompt increase in the permeability of normal skin capillaries, demonstrable by the almost immediate accumulation from the circulation of trypan blue into areas of skin injected with the cell-free exudate.
The active factor may be carried down with the precipitate resulting from the interaction of the exudate with either saturated ammonium sulfate or 20 per cent sodium sulfate.
The active factor passes through a dialyzing membrane. It can be recovered from the dialysate as a protein-free crystalline material.
The active factor manifests no property in common with histamine or presumably with the hypothetical H substance assumed to be closed related to histamine.
This is indicated by the following considerations: (a) difference between the tissue staining pattern of the exudate or of its active fraction and that of histamine; (b) opposite effects by histamine and the active factor found in exudates on the tonicity of the isolated strip of guinea pig intestine.
The observations presented in this report do not substantiate Lewis' hypothesis of histamine or of its closely related H substance as the primary cause of increased capillary permeability in inflammation.
The present studies are being continued in an endeavor to free of its impurities and to identify the active crystalline-like material isolated from an inflammatory exudate. The details of this investigation will form the subject of a separate future communication.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES OF TYPES I, II, AND III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. , Scherp Henry W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The thermolability of the specific polysaccharides of Types I, II, and III pneumococcus has been shown by three independent methods: (a) diminution of the viscosity of solutions on heating; (b) decrease in the amount of antibody precipitated from homologous rabbit antisera; and (c) increased tendency (S III) to pass through a collodion membrane.
2. These effects may be explained most simply as a partial depolymerization under the influence of heat. In air, particularly in the presence of broth, oxidation also appears to be involved.
3. Improved and simpler methods of preparation based on these findings, are given for S I, S II, and S III. The resulting products precipitate more anti-S from homologous rabbit antisera than do the earlier preparations.
4. The methyl glycoside of methyl galacturonate has been isolated from the hydrolytic products of S I, and evidence of the ultimate structural unit obtained.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

The intradermal inoculation of Mexican typhus virus into immune guinea pigs produces a local reaction which is similar in its appearance to the lesion observed in the skin of normal animals submitted to the same treatment. The reaction in the immune animal appears earlier and fades sooner than the lesion in the normal guinea pig.
The inoculation of heat-killed or formalin-killed Rickettsiae produces no significant reactions at the site of the intradermal injection in typhus immune guinea pigs.
The virus, inoculated intradermally, has been recovered from the local lesion 72 hours after the injection into typhus immune guinea pigs.
Normal guinea pigs and persons without a history of typhus fever present a congestion and some swelling of the skin at the site of the intradermal injection of formalinized Mexican Rickettsiae. The reaction appears 24 hours after the inoculation and fades within 48 hours. Heating the formalinized Rickettsia suspensions at 70°C. for 30 minutes renders them inactive in normal men and guinea pigs.
From the experiments reported in this paper it seems that the reactions observed in typhus immune guinea pigs submitted to a second inoculation of typhus virus, belong to the group of reactions presented by tuberculous animals (Koch's phenomenon) and the accelerated takes shown by immune persons submitted to revaccination with vaccinia virus.
A heat labile substance has been demonstrated in the formalinized Rickettsia bodies, which produces a reaction in the skin of normal men and guinea pigs.
STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE PRECIPITABLE SUBSTANCES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Craigie James , Wishart F. O. 
Published: June 2004

1. Thermolabile (L) and thermostable (S) antigens occur in solution in suspensions of vaccine pulp.
2. These antigens are also present on the elementary bodies of vaccinia and participate in the agglutination of these bodies by antivaccinia serum.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET UPON THE REGENERATION OF SERUM PROTEIN
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Cowgill George R. , Burack Ethel 
Published: June 2004

1. By the technique of quantitative plasmapheresis the effects of single proteins in artificial synthetic diets were studied with respect to their value in promoting the regeneration of serum protein.
2. The ratio of (a) the amount of serum protein per week removed by bleeding above that regenerated by the dog when eating the protein-free diet, to (b) the dietary protein increment (i.e., above that required for nitrogen equilibrium) was termed the potency ratio. The results indicated that serum protein was slightly superior to casein and lactalbumin in promoting the regeneration of serum protein. However, the respective potency ratios, varying from approximately 0.51 to 0.36, were comparable and not widely divergent as those reported by others. It was concluded that, whereas in some individuals dietary proteins may be able to produce a significant increase in the serum protein concentration, the potency ratios are not sufficiently different to warrant the administration of any one protein in preference to another.
3. The inhibitory effect of the basal protein-free diet with respect to serum protein regeneration in the dog was also demonstrated by the inability of the protein concentration to attain the normal level in spite of discontinued plasmapheresis. However, a subsequent fasting period resulted in a progressive rise in the serum protein concentration until the normal value was approximated. These observations are interpreted as indicating that the products of tissue protein catabolism can be utilized in the formation of new serum protein.
4. The experimental production of what seems to be an inhibition of the serum protein regenerating mechanism was described. This observation together with the hypothetical evidence presented by Bloomfield (17) and Weech and his associates (9) suggests that the most profitable line of approach to solution of the problem of hypoproteinemia lies not so much in the evaluation of dietary factors but in finding a way for stimulating internally the serum protein regenerating mechanism, which seems to involve in some manner the capacity of the tissue to furnish protein for the needs of the plasma.
5. A hypothesis explaining the mechanisms responsible for serum protein formation was presented and the experimental support for it discussed. The rôle of tissue protein catabolism in this function was emphasized.
AN ANALYSIS OF MITOSIS IN LIVER RESTORATION
Authors: Brues Austin M. , Marble Beula B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Following partial hepatectomy in the rat, there is a latent period of 1 day during which the rapidly growing organ shows no increase in cell number. Mitosis then begins rapidly, following a brief pre-mitotic period of visible nuclear changes.
2. It can be shown that the increase in cell number during the ensuing 48 hours follows a formula of the type dN/dt = ke-kt., beyond this time it is retarded more than this simplified formula would predict. The average mitosis rate at 1, 2, and 3 day intervals after operation follows the same formula; from this the duration of each mitosis is calculated to be about 49 minutes. It is not necessary to assume that amitotic division plays an important part, and no such divisions have been seen by the writers.
3. The percentage of cells in mitosis in a single hypertrophying liver varies widely from hour to hour, so that a single mitosis count tells nothing about the growth rate. The fluctuations occur at different times in different livers. It appears that no great number of mitoses begin or end simultaneously.
4. Mitoses are evenly distributed throughout the liver and throughout each lobule; there is no preponderance near the bile duct cells.
5. The mean initial mitosis rate (at 24 hours after operation) is 2.13 per cent, and it diminishes from then on. This rate is very similar to that in early embryo heart and tissue cultures of mesenchyme. In individual specimens the rate can be over 8 per cent. This rapid rate occurs without signs of cell dedifferentiation.
THE CAPILLARY SUPPLY IN NORMAL AND HYPERTROPHIED HEARTS OF RABBITS
Authors: Shipley R. A. , Shipley Louise J. , Wearn Joseph T. 
Published: June 2004

1. During normal growth of the rabbit heart, muscle fibers enlarge, and the capillaries multiply so that a relatively constant capillary supply per unit of tissue is maintained from the time of birth to maturity.
2. In cardiac hypertrophy the muscle fibers enlarge, but the capillaries do not multiply and, as a result, the capillary supply per unit of tissue is reduced.
3. The decreased concentration of capillaries in the hypertrophied heart would constitute an impediment to the adequate exchange of metabolic substances, but the seriousness of the impediment cannot be estimated without further physiological data.
STUDIES ON THE SOMATIC C POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Abernethy Theodore J. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

A study of 46 cases of pneumococcus pneumonia has shown that a characteristic response may be elicited by the intracutaneous injection of 0.1 mg. of the somatic C polysaccharide of pneumococcus. During the acute febrile period in patients who recover, the response consists of a delayed erythema which reaches its maximum intensity in 18 to 24 hours. During convalescence the reaction is not demonstrable. In patients in whom the disease is prolonged by complications the capacity of the skin to react persists. In 7 fatal cases the skin failed to react to C polysaccharide.
Parallel studies of the reaction of the patients' serum with C have confirmed and extended the observations of Tillett and Francis on the appearance of the precipitation phenomenon during the acute stages and its disappearance in recovery.
That the cutaneous and serological reactions are not specific for pneumococcus infection is shown by the results in 29 control cases. 8 patients with infectious febrile diseases not of pneumococcus origin gave responses similar to those noted in pneumonia. 2 patients with non-infectious fevers and 18 of 19 normal individuals failed to give either skin or serum reactions.
These observations emphasize the importance of using separate components of the bacterial cell in the interpretation of cutaneous and serological reactions in pneumonia. The parallelism in results of the skin and serum tests in pneumococcus pneumonia with the somatic carbohydrate C, the significance of the reactions in relation to the clinical course and outcome of the disease, and the frequency of occurrence of both reactions in bacterial infections other than those of pneumococcal origin, are discussed.
THE PRODUCTION OF BLOOD PLATELETS IN THE LUNGS
Authors: Howell W. H. , Donahue D. D. 
Published: June 2004

1. A new fixing solution is described, which preserves the platelets and prevents contact hemolysis of the erythrocytes, so that counts of both corpuscles may be made in the same preparation.
2. Comparative counts of platelets in arteries and veins show that arterial blood contains a larger number of platelets than venous blood. This difference is accentuated under experimental conditions that cause a reduction in the number of platelets. It is concluded that new platelets are added to the blood in the capillary areas of the lungs, and that there is a corresponding destruction of platelets as the blood passes through the capillary areas of the systemic circulation.
3. Perfusion of the lungs with a platelet-preserving solution, compared with that of other organs, gives evidence of the existence of a source of platelet material in the lungs.
4. Histological examination of the lungs with a technique adequate to give a differential staining of platelet material demonstrates the presence of giant cells in the lungs, and supports the view that they are active in the production of platelets.
5. In extrauterine life giant cells are concentrated in the marrow and the lungs, with the maximum of their activity in platelet production in the lungs.
THE LYMPHATICS AND LYMPH FLOW IN THE EDEMATOUS SKIN OF HUMAN BEINGS WITH CARDIAC AND RENAL DISEASE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Local intradermal injections of dye have disclosed the fact that the skin lymphatics in regions of cardiac edema are patent, full of fluid and much widened. Intercommunication between them is ready and dye escapes from them more rapidly than from the vessels of normal skin. A retrograde distribution of dye by way of the lymphatics often occurs and it may pass unseen along the deeper channels to emerge in the skin at unexpected, distant situations. A valvular incompetence of the lymphatics consequent on dilatation would appear to be the cause of these phenomena. In regions of cardiac edema lymph stagnates, despite the fact that the channels are open.
In nephritic edema the lymphatic capillaries are wider than normal but not as wide as in cardiac edema. No sign of incompetency of the valves is to be observed. Instead lymph flow is considerably greater than normal, even when edema fluid is accumulating. It was noted to be greater in the periods of fluid equilibrium also and extraordinarily rapid in periods of diuresis.