bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Neurology
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peripheral Neurology was the first book to make innovative use of case presentations as a vehicle for teaching peripheral neurology. In fact, it was the first to categorize the field of peripheral neurology, as most other neurology texts concentrated on diseases of the central nervous system. This case approach has since been emulated in many other texts and on various web sitexs. Emphasizing the clinical conditoin rather than the electrodiagnostic technique, each topic is thoroughly addressed, first in the Fundamental Concepts of Part I, and then in multiple Case Studies presented in Part II. The reader is able to simulate a true clinical environment where a diagnosis has to be arrived at with no organizational clues from the text. Formulating conclusions by analysing the history, physical, and laboratory data, and linking from case to related case, this is the only text which allows this type of “interactive” reading. The book addresses many rare entities that the author is able to present based on his 30-years of experience.
Shoulder Dislocation and Hand Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One month previously, during a school activity, a 17-year-old girl dislocated her shoulder while spiking a volleyball. Her arm became painful and anesthetic distal to the mid-humerus. A closed reduction was performed within the next 2 hours with resolution of almost all symptoms. What remained was a slight decrease in sensation over the entire palm, with patchy involvement of the elbow region. She had no previous episodes of shoulder dislocation and no other medical problems.
Facial Weakness and Repair
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three months earlier, a 57-year-old woman awoke with right facial paralysis. This was accompanied by retroauricular pain and decreased sensation over the right side of her tongue. She denied problems with tearing, taste, and hearing (including tinnitus and hyperacusis). There were no contralateral or peripheral symptoms. Medical history was negative. Physical Examination. On the right, eye closure was slightly decreased, with severe decrease in forehead wrinkling, facial expression, and platysma movement. Hearing was normal, as was taste and corneal sensation. Other cranial nerve function was intact. Cerebellar, motor, sensory, and reflex examination was normal.
Proximal Weakness and Diplopia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 49-year-old man noted walking difficulty progressing over a period of 5 months. There was some difficulty standing from a squatting position. In addition, there was drooping of his left lid and some double vision. Symptoms became more severe with fatigue and partially resolved after a period of rest. There was no pain or sensory symptoms. Medical history revealed anemia due to thalassemia.
Multiple Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eleven months previously, a 41-year-old motorcyclist was hit by a car, sustaining multiple fractures of his right hip and pelvis. He was placed in a cast from his pelvis to his knee. A region of numbness included his right buttock, posterior thigh, lateral leg, and dorsum of his foot. He was unable to dorsiflex his ankle. There was no effect with Valsalva’s maneuver, and bladder function remained intact. Medical history was negative.
Crutches and a Wrist Drop
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three months previously, a 31-year-old man fell, striking his right elbow and spraining his ankle. After using axillary crutches for 3 weeks, he developed diffuse weakness and numbness of his right upper extremity. Physical Examination. Weakness was present in his right triceps, brachioradialis, wrist and finger extensors, flexor carpi ulnaris, and intrinsic hand muscles, sparing the thenar muscles. He had hypalgesia and hyperpathia over the entire hand. DTRs were active and symmetric except for a decreased right triceps jerk Plantar responses were flexor.
Handcuffs and Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five months previously, the police arrested a 61-year-old driver. His wrists were handcuffed behind him, leaving pressure marks and cuts around his right wrist. He subsequently complained of soreness of his right arm plus numbness of the dorsolateral surface of the hand, especially between the first interspace. None of this was exacerbated during sleep or by Valsalva’s maneuver. He denied neck pain and weakness. Medical history was negative except for mild hypertension. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function were normal. Strength was intact. Touch sensation was diminished with a Tinel’s sign in the dorsolateral hand on radial nerve percussion proximal to the right styloid process. DTRs were active and symmetric with no pathologic reflexes. There was no Homer’s sign.
Difficulty Standing in a Thirty-Month-Old Girl
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 30-month-old girl was referred for neurologic evaluation because of difficulty standing. Motor milestones were normal until 18 months, when her motor development slowed and there was a generalized decrease in her muscle mass. Her perinatal history and infancy were uneventful and all other developmental spheres were normal (adaptive, language, and personal-social). There was no family history of significant diseases; the patient’s younger sister was developing normally.
Progressive Ann Weakness with Old Polio
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 35-year-old man noted increasing weakness and fatigability of his left arm over a 4-week period. He had difficulty maintaining the position of his shoulder and elbow. He would occasionally experience a “cracking” sensation on neck movement. Valsalva’s maneuver had no effect. His medical history revealed poliomyelitis at the age of 4, with diffuse atrophy of his right upper extremity and proximal atrophy of his left upper extremity. Physical Examination. Cranial nerves were intact. No abnormalities of sensation were noted. The entire right arm was atrophic, but on the left there was select weakness of the deltoid, biceps, and triceps. All DTRs were absent. Plantar responses were flexor.
Transient Dysphagia
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three weeks ago, a 41-year-old woman was treated with oral antibiotics for severe streptococcal pharyngitis. Her speech changed and she developed difficulty swallowing liquids. There were no other symptoms and no previous medical history. Physical Examination. Patient’s speech was nasal. She had bilaterally decreased palatal movement and absence of gag reflexes. Other cranial nerves were intact. Motor and sensory function was normal. DTRs were active and symmetric, with no pathologic reflexes. No exanthem or enanthem was evident.
Slowly Progressive Fourth Decade Proximal Weakness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 35-year-old man developed lower extremity weakness progressing slowly from the age of 13. It started with difficulty climbing stairs, eventually affecting his ability to stand from a chair. His physicians told him that his arms were slightly weak. Developmental milestones were otherwise normal, and he had above average intellect. Family history was negative except for cerebral palsy in a maternal second cousin and clumsiness in a niece.
Knee Osteotomy with Foot Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two and a half years previously, a 30-year-old man had an osteotomy to correct a right genu valgus. Postoperatively, he complained of paresthesias distal to the right knee extending to his foot. He described a sensory loss in his plantar and heel regions, with questionable involvement of the dorsum. There was some loss of balance. Patient denied low back pain or exacerbation by Valsalva’s maneuver. Medical history was negative.
Posttraumatic Male Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient is a 46-year-old man who noted progression of numbness in his penis that began at the time of a back injury several years ago. Originally, the numbness involved only the head of the penis, but since a fall 2 weeks before, it now included the entire penile shaft. He also had some difficulty moving his bowels and maintaining an erection. Pain progressed from the right buttock to the lateral leg and foot, with numbness of the inguinal region and big toe. A burning sensation developed in his scrotum with “electric shock” sensations from the rectum to the end of the penis. Medical history was negative.
Lateral Thigh Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paresthesia developed for a period of 6 weeks over the right lateral thigh of a 61-year-old man. Medical history consisted of hyperthyroidism and left above knee amputation several years before because of a ruptured aneurysm. Physical Examination. Cranial nerve, motor, and cerebellar function were normal. There was a patch of hypesthesia involving the lateral right thigh ending well above the knee. No Lasègue’s sign was found. DTRs were active and symmetric in the arms with no pathologic reflexes on the right.
Multiple Joint Replacements
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 78-year-old man underwent multiple joint replacements over the previous 2 years because of right hip and bilateral shoulder pathology. After all symptoms referred to these joints disappeared, he noticed diffuse leg pains exacerbated on walking, especially up stairs. They were not relieved by standing or bending forward, but abated after sitting. He was told that he had “spinal stenosis.” Medical history was of bilateral ulnar nerve release at the elbows, prostatectomy and radiotherapy 8 years previously for cancer; gall bladder was removed 7 years previously.
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome Unresponsive to Surgery
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 77-year-old woman was referred preoperatively to confirm a right posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome. She had developed burning pain on her right sole which had worsened during the previous 2 months. Surgery had been performed on the left ankle for similar symptoms 10 years before with no resolution of her symptoms. One toe was amputated. She denied numbness, back pain, and hand symptoms. Her pain was relieved somewhat on walking. Medical history included hypertension and a mild cerebrovascular accident. Family history was of diabetes mellitus.
Facial and Hearing Deficit After Biking Accident
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three weeks previously, a 21-year-old cyclist was thrown from his bicycle while mountain biking in Italy. He awoke in the emergency room after 10 hours of coma noting only a left clavicular fracture and stitches in his left elbow. There were signs of contusion on the left side of his head and a slight decrease in this hearing on the left. He was told of a fractured left temporal bone and inner ear. Over the next 2 weeks there was a progression of ringing in his ear, deterioration of hearing, and left facial paralysis. The last was accompanied by a metallic taste and increase in tearing. The function started to return for the previous few days. He never lost strength, sensation, or balance. Medical history included pancreatitis last year.
A Theory of Information and Misinformation
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to explicate the phenomenon of representation naturalistically, say, in terms of causal connection, often founder on the problem of explaining the possibility of error. Suppose, for example, that we attempt to explain representation along these lines: fact (s, a) represents fact (s’, 7) iff (s’, 7) is a causally necessary condition of (s, a). Such an account, of course, leaves no room for the possibility of misrepresentation, if ‘necessary condition’ is interpreted strictly.
Teleology as Higher-Order Causation
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last forty years, the theory of teleology and biological function has experienced a surprising renaissance in analytic philosophy. Charles Taylor was a pioneer in this field through his 1964 The Explanation of Behavior (Taylor (1964)). Taylor’s lead has been followed by Larry Wright, Andrew Wood field, and Ruth Garrett Millikan.
The Quarrel Between Philosophy And Poetry: A Reexamination of Poetry’s Role in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Levin Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s opposition to poetry in his treatment of human character in Republic 2–3 and 10 has prompted extensive scholarly debate. Prominent topics of inquiry have included the link between the dialogue’s early and late reflections, discussions of which often center on the concept of mimesis, and the question of what function Plato ultimately reserves for poetry. Commentators have also treated the connections between Plato’s account of poetry in the Republic and views of it expressed in other dialogues, particularly the Apology, Ion, Meno, Symposium, Phaedrus, and Laws. What has received far less attention, however, is the role played by the Cratylus in Plato’s critique of the literary tradition, and hence the relation between his handling of poets there and in the Republic.
Extravehicular Activity: Performing EVA Safely
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his historic first extravehicular activity (EVA), Alexi Leonov faced almost every medical risk an EVA can present. Leonov left his Voskhod 2 capsule in March 1965 to begin the first spacewalk ever performed. All went well until he tried to get back into the capsule. His suit was pressurized to 5.9 psi (40.5 kPa), and he had difficulty maneuvering. He reduced the suit pressure to 3.7 psi (25.5 kPa), helping his mobility, but also greatly increasing his risk for decompression sickness. His efforts to get back inside his capsule generated more heat than his suit could remove, causing his body temperature to increase, his heart rate to rise, and his visor to fog. Even though his spacewalk lasted only 12 minutes, by the end Leonov was dehydrated and physically exhausted.
Natural Law and Laws of Nature
Authors: Fort Timothy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My instinct is to entitle this chapter “Natural Law (Sort Of).” This is because what I present in this chapter is a limited version of natural law. It certainly does not pretend to be a full rendering of the natural law tradition. The spokesperson on whose work I mostly rely, legal scholar John Finnis, is not often applied to corporate theory. Moreover, in addition to this selective use of normative natural law categories, I plan to begin to introduce some notions from biology and anthropology. Natural law is no stranger for such integration with science: Aristotle was, after all, also a biologist. But it seems that normative versions of natural law are often less reliant on such sciences, with some important exceptions that will be noted. Thus, this chapter will be a version of natural law a bit different from what a philosopher, theologian, or academic lawyer might typically expect when seeing the term.
Phenotypic Consequences of Chromosome Doubling
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to uncouple the effects of chromosome doubling from those of hybridization or genome coexistence, because only then can we understand the manifold effects of polyploidy alone (autopolyploid) within individuals, populations, and species. The effects of chromosome doubling per se generally have been viewed as maladaptive. Levin (1945) argued that chromosome doubling radically alters the balance of multiple factors acting on a single character and that only through hybridization and selection may this imbalance be restored. Stebbins (1971, p. 126) suggested that chromosome doubling alone would hinder the evolutionary success of higher plants. I take a contrary position. In this chapter I contend that autopolyploid may generate novel types of plants and in tum may facilitate character evolution and speciation. In many species autopolyploid may significantly alter the cytological, biochemical, physiological, and developmental attributes of organisms. Autopolyploid thus may have unique or transgressed tolerances and traits that may allow the exploitation of habitats beyond the limits of their diploid progenitors. Chromosome doubling occurs in existing polyploidy, but it is more likely to produce a positive effect from a diploid base (Gottschalk, 1976). Thus, most comparisons that follow involve diploids.
Stit: Introductory theory, semantics, and applications
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1 we followed and extended the idea, going back at least to Anselm, of treating agency as a modality-a modality that represents through an intensional operator the agency, or action, of some individual in bringing about a particular state of affairs.* We proposed that using the stit construction as a normal form, when we are confused, is a happy way to clarify some aspects of action and agency. In this chapter we sharpen our understanding of stit-and thereby, if we are right, of agency. The central idea is that the concept of action must be understood in relation to an open future, and we formulate a rigorous theory that tries to understand how action is compatible with and indeed requires indeterminism. In this way we essay a contribution to what Kane 1998 calls “the intelligibility question” (p. 105).
Small yet important differences from earlier proposals
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1 we introduced [a stit: Q], the stit sentence, solely to represent agentive sentences.* We stated some theses about stit and agency, and we presented a “mini-history,” going back to St. Anselm, of earlier proposals to treat agency through a modal construction. Then in chapter 2 we provided a theory of branching alternative histories as a foundation for two semantic accounts of [a stit: Q]-the achievement and deliberative stits-and we explored some applications of the achievement stit. Here we propose to deal in more detail with some earlier discussions to which we alluded in our “mini-history.”
Could have done otherwise
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complexity of the connections among actions, moral responsibility, and the alternatives open to an agent have long tormented philosophers.* Hume, for example, the most famous of all compatibilists, claims that universal determinism is not only consistent with human freedom but necessary for morality (An Enquiry Concerning Human Knowledge, section 8, part 1). His view is that while agents are able to choose among alternatives, there is the liberty of voluntary action. We think that is right. On the other hand, Hume asserts, morality is without foundation if actions are not fully determined. We think that is wrong. Our intent, however, is neither to joust with Hume nor directly to engage more modern entrants in the “free will “ tourneys. Instead we recount a tale that begins with the following proposition, one that might have puzzled even such as Don Quixote of La Mancha and his squire, Sancho Panza.
Marcus and the problem of nested deontic modalities
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marcus 1966, “Iterated deontic modalities,” is re-readable, and re-compelling.* Marcus argues that standard deontic logic makes too little sense of putting one deontic modality inside another. Even now deontic logicians shy away from nesting their modalities one within the scope of another. One of the reasons apparent from her argument is this: Direct iteration is of little use.
Deontic kinematics and austere strategics
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deontic concepts are naturally linked with strategic concepts.* Surely any obligation can be viewed as an obligation to follow a certain strategy in the austere sense of chapter 13, always making such choices, depending on circumstances, as conduce to satisfying the obligation. Conversely, to follow a strategy can be viewed as very like living up to a set of deontic requirements, “doing what the strategy requires.” We do not here directly discuss such common-speech linkages. Instead we report a specific and detailed theoretical linkage that allows reciprocal illumination between certain deontic concepts and certain strategic concepts. An unexpected result is the connection between the no choice between undivided histories condition from the austere theory of strategies, and a new deontic kinematic condition adduced by Thomason to help describe how oughts fit into branching time.
Neurologic Complications of Acute Environmental Injuries
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forces of nature or hostile outdoor enrivonments may create treacherous conditions. Any of these geographical hazards may seriously endanger lives. Environmental injuries may occur in several persons at the same time, and reconstruction of the event may be difficult because of panic-stricken bystanders. Such an event often triggers a disaster plan. Other situations are more foreseeable, subtle, and closer to home. In children and young adults, accidental injuries are one of the leading causes of death and disability.
Populations of and Threats to Rare Plants of the Herb Layer: More Challenges and Opportunities for Conservation Biologists
Authors: Jolls Claudia L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1982, Paulette Bierzychudek presented a seminal review on population biology of shade-tolerant herbs of temperate deciduous forests. Her focus was largely on life histories, demography, and processes occurring at the population level,inspired,in part,by Harper’s (1977) treatise. In her opinion, our knowledge of herbs of particular forests was incomplete, particularly for coniferous forests, floodplains, rocky ledges, forested dunes, savannahs, and subtropical forests. Particular taxa were underrepresented in the literature as well. For example, at the time, no life-history study had yet been done on many shade-tolerant herbs that flower in later summer (Newell and Tramer 1978; Bierzychudek 1982a). Bierzychudek concluded that inadequate information existed for making generalizations about life histories of deciduous forest herbs, particularly their population growth rates or the temporal stability of their population sizes or structures.
Response of the Herbaceous Layer to Disturbance in Eastern Forests
Authors: Roberts Mark R , Gilliam Frank S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various definitions of disturbance have been proposed, some restricted to discrete events (White and Pickett 1985) and others including long-term environmental influations (Ryan 1991). We restrict our discussion to relatively discrete events because these are more readily tractable, and most types of direct management interventions (e.g., forest harvesting) are discrete in time and space. Accordingly, we adopt the definitions of White and Pickett (1985) as our working definitions of disturbance: “any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community, or population structure and changes resources, substrate availability, or the physical environment” (p. 7). We recognize the admonition of Pickett et al. (1989) that disturbance affects all levels of organization differently, from individuals to ecosystems and landscapes, and that most empirical work focuses on effects of disturbance on community structure rather than on ecological processes.