bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropisetron: Optimal dosage for children in prevention of chemotherapy‐induced vomiting
Authors: Cappelli Carlo , Ragni Giuseppina , De Pasquale Maria Debora , Gonfiantini Michaela , Russo Daria , Clerico Anna 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe antiemetic efficacy and tolerability of Tropisetron (Navoban®, Novartis Pharma Switzerland AG, Bern), a selective 5‐hydroxytriptamine receptor antagonist, has been assessed in the prevention of acute vomiting in children receiving chemotherapy for solid tumors. Tropisetron iv was given 30 min before administration of chemotherapy at a dose of 5 mg in children <20 kg body weight and at a dose of 10 mg in those >20 kg. A total of 50 children were studied in 189 courses of chemotherapy. Control of emesis was defined as total in absence of acute vomiting, as major if 1 or 2 events of acute vomiting occurred, and as not controlled if >2 events of acute vomiting occurred. Response was studied, taking into account Tropisetron dosage, degree of emetogenicity of the chemotherapeutic agents in pretreated and non‐pretreated patients, and according to age groups. Tropisetron, administered in a single daily dose of 8–12 mg/m2, was found to be very effective in completely controlling acute emesis in 92% of the courses of moderately and highly emetogenic chemotherapy administered to pediatric patients with solid tumors. Moreover, Tropisetron, at this dosage, did not lead to any adverse effects. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 45:48–53. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transition structures and reaction barriers in the styrene–acrylonitrile copolymerization system according to quantum mechanical calculations
Authors: Kaim Andrzej , Megiel Elżbieta 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe geometries and electronic properties of substrates, transition structures (TS), and product radicals in modeled elementary propagation reactions were studied for the styrene–acrylonitrile monomer system by use of quantum‐mechanical calculations: (DFT/B3‐LYP/6–31G(d), ROMP2/6–311+G(3df,2p)//DFT/B3‐LYP/6–31G(d), and DFT/B3‐LYP/6–311+G(3df,2p)//DFT/B3‐LYP/6–31G(d)) and for some parameters, the high‐level composite method G3 (Gaussian‐3, G3/MP2). Activation enthalpies (ΔHact) and reaction enthalpies (ΔHr) for modeled propagation reactions at 298.15 K were evaluated. The enthalpy of activation energy (ΔHact, kJ/mol) for the investigated elementary reactions rises for the B3‐LYP calculation in the following order: (CH3A•+S) < (CH3A•+A) < (CH3S•+A) < (CH3S•+S). For three propagation reactions, (CH3A•+A), (CH3A•+S), and (CH3S•+A), correlation between reaction enthalpy and enthalpy of activation suggests weak or negligible polar effects reflecting the Evans–Polanyi relation. However, from the electron affinities and ionization energies values data, it is not excluded that at least for [CH3A•+S[b]] and [CH3S•+A[b]] reactions, nucleophilic and electrophilic polar effects, respectively, can also be expected. The dependencies between TS geometries, electronic parameters, and enthalpic effects suggest the presence of a steric factor in all TS, including its exceptionally high contribution to the activation enthalpy for the CH3S•+S addition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1827–1844, 2005
Toughness mechanism of polypropylene/elastomer/filler composites
Authors: Zhang Ling , Li Chunzhong , Huang Rui 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe toughening mechanisms of polypropylene filled with elastomer and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles were studied. Polypropylene/elastomer/CaCO3 composites were prepared on a twin‐screw extruder with a particle concentration of 0–32 vol %. The experiments included tensile tests, notched Izod impact tests, scanning electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the elastomer and CaCO3 particles dispersed separately in the matrix. The modulus of the composites increased, whereas the yield stress decreased with the filler concentration. The impact resistance showed a large improvement with the CaCO3 concentration. At the same composition (80/10/10 w/w/w), three types of CaCO3 particles with average diameters of 0.05, 0.6, and 1.0 μm improved the impact fracture energies comparatively. The encapsulation structure of the filler by the grafting elastomer had a detrimental effect on the impact properties because of the strong adhesion between the elastomer and filler and the increasing ligament thickness. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1113–1123, 2005
Recent advances in luminescence dating of Late Pleistocene (cold‐climate) aeolian sand and loess deposits in western Europe
Authors: Koster Eduard A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAeolian dune and sand sheet deposits, as well as sandy loess and loess deposits, cover extensive areas in the northwest and central European Lowlands. These sediments have received a great deal of attention during recent decades, leading to a variety of litho‐ and chronostratigraphic classifications. Although the aeolian stratigraphic record is known in great detail in most European countries, there is still discussion about the exact timing of phases of aeolian deposition, due to the fact that dates usually relate to materials reflecting phases of non‐deposition. This paper presents an overview of recent advances in luminescence dating of cold‐climate, predominantly Last Glacial (Weichselian), aeolian sand and loess deposits. These dates are compared with the results of conventional radiocarbon and AMS‐dating of palaeosols and other stratigraphic marker horizons. Although optical luminescence dating techniques, especially of the quartz fraction, appears to provide reliable ages for aeolian sediments in western Europe ranging in age from a few decades to at least 150 ka BP, there still are various uncertainties in the interpretation of luminescence ages due to methodological problems, difficulties in field extrapolation of stratigraphic relationships, and limited independent chronological control. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and distribution of protein families in 120 completed genomes using Gene3D
Authors: Lee David , Grant Alastair , Marsden Russell L. , Orengo Christine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractUsing a new protocol, PFscape, we undertake a systematic identification of protein families and domain architectures in 120 complete genomes. PFscape clusters sequences into protein families using a Markov clustering algorithm (Enright et al., Nucleic Acids Res 2002;30:1575–1584) followed by complete linkage clustering according to sequence identity. Within each protein family, domains are recognized using a library of hidden Markov models comprising CATH structural and Pfam functional domains. Domain architectures are then determined using DomainFinder (Pearl et al., Protein Sci 2002;11:233–244) and the protein family and domain architecture data are amalgamated in the Gene3D database (Buchan et al., Genome Res 2002;12:503–514). Using Gene3D, we have investigated protein sequence space, the extent of structural annotation, and the distribution of different domain architectures in completed genomes from all kingdoms of life. As with earlier studies by other researchers, the distribution of domain families shows power‐law behavior such that the largest 2,000 domain families can be mapped to ∼70% of nonsingleton genome sequences; the remaining sequences are assigned to much smaller families. While ∼50% of domain annotations within a genome are assigned to 219 universal domain families, a much smaller proportion (< 10%) of protein sequences are assigned to universal protein families. This supports the mosaic theory of evolution whereby domain duplication followed by domain shuffling gives rise to novel domain architectures that can expand the protein functional repertoire of an organism. Functional data (e.g. COG/KEGG/GO) integrated within Gene3D result in a comprehensive resource that is currently being used in structure genomics initiatives and can be accessed via http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/cath/Gene3D/. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and electrical properties of metal impurities at dislocations in silicon
Authors: Seibt M. , Kveder V. , Schröter W. , Voß O. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe electrical properties of silicon materials containing dislocations are strongly affected by deep levels at or close to the dislocation core. Such deep levels are frequently thought to be due to metal impurities that are chemically bound to the dislocation core, segregated in the long‐range strain field or precipitated at the dislocation. This paper summarizes recent experimental studies of the interaction of metal impurities with dislocations in silicon. Transmission electron microscopy and deep level transient spectroscopy are the main techniques to study precipitation at dislocations and binding or segregation of metal impurity atoms, respectively. Focus is drawn to precipitation of fast diffusing 3d transition metals where dislocations not only serve as nucleation sites but also establish fast growth kinetics. In addition, gold impurities in the strain field of dislocations give rise to an acceptor level with the capture kinetics of extended localized defects while the emission characteristics are hardly distinguished from those of the acceptor level of gold atoms in the undisturbed bulk. The results will be discussed in terms of possible response of the deep impurity level and the silicon bands to the dislocation strain field. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoreflectance on wide bandgap nitride semiconductors
Authors: Bru‐Chevallier C. , Fanget S. , Philippe A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExtensive research has been reported on the wide band gap nitride materials system in the past few years. Despite the development of many well‐working GaN based opto‐ and electronic devices, theoretical and experimental understanding of many fundamental properties remains still incomplete.In this paper, we show the unique benefits that can be drawn from optical modulation spectroscopy as applied to nitride materials, despite the difficulties in working in the UV spectral range, that is required for the photoreflectance measurements of wide band gap semiconductors.By performing PR spectroscopy at low temperature in cubic phase GaN layers grown on c‐SiC pseudo‐substrates, the different valence band excitons are measured and compared with theoretical calculations, allowing the determination of residual strain inside the epitaxial layer. The second part of the paper is devoted to emphasize the unique interest of PR spectroscopy in the Franz Keldysh oscillations regime, especially in the case of wurtzite phase GaN/AlGaN quantum structures, in order to extract the piezoelectric field in a non‐destructive all‐optical experiment. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polarity determination of InN by wet etching
Authors: Muto Daisuke , Araki Tsutomu , Naoi Hiroyuki , Matsuda Fumie , Nanishi Yasushi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe have succeeded in distinguishing the polarities of InN by wet etching using KOH solution for the first time. We found N‐polar InN was etched roughly, and hexagonal pyramids surrounded by {10$\bar 1 \bar 1$} facets appeared after etching for 60 min. On the other hand, In‐polar InN was etched smoothly in shorter term of etching. These features observed are very similar to those reported for GaN. After longer term of exposure to the KOH solution over 60 min, however, hexagonal and dot type etch pits appeared on the surface of In‐polar InN. The densities of hexagonal and dot type etch pits were 3 ∼ 5 × 109 cm–2 and 1 ∼ 3 × 1010 cm–2, respectively. Since the densities of these etch pits almost correspond to the dislocation densities of InN, it is considered that the etch pit formation is related to the threading dislocations. In this study, it was also found for the first time that InN layers grown on (0001) sapphire substrates using a low‐temperature GaN buffer layer had In‐polarity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High Body Mass Index as a Possible Risk Factor for Pilonidal Sinus Disease in Adolescents
Authors: Arda İrfan Serdar , Güney L. Hakan , Sevmiş Şinasi , Hiçsönmez Akgün 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is common in adults, but it may also develop in adolescents. The intergluteal groove is a deep moist area in which broken hairs and foreign bodies can collect, often leading to infection. Only a few papers have been published considering PSD in children. For the present study, we retrospectively examined the data of operated patients with PSD. From that review, it appears that high body mass index (BMI) might be a risk factor for the development of PSD and its complications in older children. Fourteen young patients (12 males, 2 females, 12–18 years of age) underwent surgery for PSD. According to the BMI‐for‐age, eight of these patients (57, 1%) were overweight or obese. Five of them (35.8%) developed mild to moderate postoperative complications. Symptoms recurred in one patient (7.1%) whose BMI was considered as overweight. In patients with normal weight no early or late complications developed. Our findings suggest that high BMI in adolescents is a significant risk factor in the development of both symptoms and complications of PSD after surgical treatment.
Application of a sequential regime shift detection method to the Bering Sea ecosystem
Authors: Rodionov Sergei , Overland James E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A common problem of existing methods for regime shift detection is their poor performance at the ends of time-series. Consequently, shifts in environmental and biological indices are usually detected long after their actual appearance. A recently introduced method based on sequential t-test analysis of regime shifts (STARS) treats all incoming data in real time, signals the possibility of a regime shift as soon as possible, then monitors how perception of the magnitude of the shift changes over time. Results of a STARS application to the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem show how the 1989 and 1998 regime shifts manifest themselves in biotic and abiotic indices in comparison with the 1977 shift.
Investigation into the relationship between tool‐wear and cutting environments when milling an austenitic stainless steel and En32 low carbon steel
Authors: Stanford M. , Lister P.M. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeCutting fluids despite playing an important role in metal cutting have considerable environmental impact. Inert gaseous metal cutting environments were investigated with the aim of removing soluble oil cutting fluids from metal cutting operations.Design/methodology/approach– Industrially reproducible cutting tests were devised, where an austenitic stainless steel and En32 low carbon steel material was milled in a range of different cutting environments. Tool life was measured for tests carried out in a number of gaseous environments and results were then compared with test results from conventional flood cutting environments.Findings– Low oxygen gaseous environments were compared with conventional cutting environments and a considerable flank wear reduction has been recorded using CVD coated tooling. Additionally flood coolant environments have been seen to promote chemical wear after the initial breakdown of coatings leading to rapid flank wear during milling of both En32 and austenitic stainless steel.Research limitations/implications– Only a limited number of work/tool material combinations have been investigated. A more detailed and exhaustive investigation is required to ascertain the scope of the improvements for a range of tool work combinations. This will assist in understanding the underlying reasoning for the tool life enhancement reported.Practical implications– All experimentation carried out is industrially reproducible. This work, therefore, proposes an environmentally clean alternative to the use of emulsified oils in metal cutting operations in order to exploit cost savings and improved operator working environments.Originality/value– Distinct operational performance improvements have been demonstrated in the form of extended tool life for metal cutting operations performed in a non‐polluting cutting environment. These findings could herald widespread advantages within the metal cutting community.
The application research on series of ashless P‐containing EP and AW additives
Authors: Fu Xisheng , Liu Weimin , Xue Qunji 
Published: March 2005

PurposeIn order to formulate ashless GL‐5 gear oils and high‐pressure antiwear hydraulic oils, the performances of extreme‐pressure (EP) and antiwear (AW), and the thermal and hydrolytic stability of series ashless P‐containing additives with different chemical structures are investigated by four‐ball EP test, high‐temperature oxidation test and hydrolytic stability test.Design/methodology/approach – Series ashless P‐containing EP and AW additives with different chemical structures were designed and selected, their EP and AW performances, high‐temperature oxidation, hydrolytic stability compared with the traditional zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) additive were investigated according to relative testing standards, and their applied performances compared with the traditional ZDDP additive were investigated using the CRC L‐37 gear oil rear axle test, Deniso T‐5D Vane Pump test and Deniso P‐46 Piston Pump test.Findings – The results indicate that two ashless neutral thiophosphate esters exhibit excellent EP and AW performances, high‐temperature oxidation and hydrolytic stability. The application performance of these P‐containing additives is also examined by CRC L‐37 rear axle test. The results show that only the oil samples with the addition of neutral thiophosphate esters correspondingly to API GL‐5 automotive gear oil can pass the CRC L‐37 gear oil rear axle test successfully. The results of further Deniso T‐5D Vane Pump and Deniso P‐46 Piston Pump tests prove that the ashless neutral thiophosphate ester is a very effective EP/AW additive for high‐pressure antiwear hydraulic oil. In one sentence, the neutral thiophosphate ester is the excellent ashless EP/AW additive and the useful substitute for ZDDP.Research limitations/implications – From the results, the neutral thiophosphate ester is the excellent ashless EP/AW additive and the useful substitute for ZDDP, however, their tribological mechanicsm and their synergic effect with the other additives used in the test base oil for the applied performance tests may be done in the future works.Practical implications – These results may be useful for the researchers to formulate some ashless high EP/AW industrial oils.Originality/value – This paper proves that the two ashless neutral thiophosphate esters exhibit excellent EP and AW performances, high‐temperature oxidation and hydrolytic stability, and is the useful substitute for ZDDP for formulating ashless GL‐5 gear oils and high‐pressure AW hydraulic oils.
Sustainability: the elusive element of process improvement
Authors: Bateman Nicola 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis paper identifies ten “enablers” for sustaining process improvement (PI) activities.Design/methodology/approachThe enablers are derived from analysing 40 activities and identifying the significant enablers from the more successful activities.FindingsFive enablers associated with activities that fully realise the PI activity are identified and a further five enablers associated with those activities that go on to achieve continuous improvement are identified.Practical implicationsThe enablers are designed to assist people who conduct PI activities, cell leaders whose areas are involved in PI activities and change agents and change champions who are co‐ordinating PI programmes. The practical nature of the enablers means that they are based on processes that cell leaders, change agents and change champions can affect.Originality/valuePI activities are a crucial tool for companies undergoing a lean transformation and removing waste from their processes. PI activities have been conducted widely throughout many industries and countries, but little analytical work has been done into what sustains the improvements made by these activities.
An overview of electronic books: a bibliography
Authors: Ramaiah Chennupati K. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe purpose is to bring together all bibliographic references of the published literature on electronic books (e‐books) and related technologies in one source so that it will save time for others in conducting literature searches and reviewing the developments.Design/methodology/approachThe information included in this bibliography is collected systematically from all the published sources in the world such as journal articles, conference papers, conference proceedings, books, reports and PhD theses on e‐books until the last quarter of 2004. Mainly it covers e‐books, e‐books publishing, the impact of e‐books on different types of users, e‐book publishing techniques and trends, e‐book user interfaces and other technologies related to e‐publications.FindingsAs computer usage continues to grow exponentially, the desire of users to use electronic publications (e‐publications) has also increased tremendously. This has led to the publication of materials in electronic form as e‐publications on both CD‐ROMs and web. The e‐book is one of the several forms of e‐publications and its popularity has been growing steadily for the past decade.Originality/valueThis bibliography will be useful to all researchers conducting research in any areas related to e‐books and e‐book publishing.
The e‐book industry today: a bumpy road becomes an evolutionary path to market maturity
Authors: Herther Nancy K. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo provide a snapshot picture of the current e‐book industry from the perspectives of various key individuals in the industry.Design/methodology/approachOver 20 interviews were conducted following an extensive review of the published literature and examination of product/technical information.FindingsThe interviews revealed varying opinions on the current state of the industry and even on the definition of the e‐book industry itself. Key issues identified include: standards, digital rights management, content availability, pricing, device/reader technology, integration and market development.Research limitations/implicationsThis industry is still relatively young, generally marking its beginnings in 2000; however, its early years have been marked by market hype, investor fallout and slow market development. Today's industry is at a pivotal point: can obstacles to maturity be overcome or will the industry be either subsumed by the larger consumer electronics or web‐based industries?Practical implicationsInformation professionals may find these perspectives useful in framing their own applications of e‐book technology in their planning for future technology, collections and services.Originality/valueThe interviews, generally conducted with the understanding that comments and other key competitive information would remain unattributed, provide an insider's look at a technology and industry developing in a larger arena of rapid technological and market change.