bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An end-member modelling approach to pseudo-Thellier palaeointensity data
Authors: van Grinsven Liz , van Leeuwen Tristan , de Groot Lennart V 
Published: October 2023

SUMMARY
Absolute palaeointensities are notoriously hard to obtain, because conventional thermal Thellier palaeointensity experiments often have low success rates for volcanic samples. The thermal treatments necessary for these experiments potentially induce (magnetic) alteration in the samples, preventing a reliable palaeointensity estimate. These heating steps can be avoided by pseudo-Thellier measurements, where samples are demagnetized and remagnetized with alternating fields. However, pseudo-Thellier experiments intrinsically produce relative palaeointensities. Over the past years, attempts were made to calibrate pseudo-Thellier results into absolute palaeointensities for lavas by mapping laboratory induced anhysteretic remanent magnetizations (ARMs) to the thermally acquired natural remanent magnetizations (NRMs). Naturally occurring volcanic rocks, however, are assemblages of minerals differing in grain size, shape and chemistry. These different minerals all have their own characteristic mapping between ARMs and thermal NRMs. Here, we show that it is possible to find these characteristic mappings by unmixing the NRM demagnetization and the ARM acquisition curves into end-members, with an iterative method of non-negative matrix factorization. In turn, this end-member modelling approach (EMMA) allows for the calculation of absolute palaeointensities from pseudo-Thellier measurements. We tested our EMMA using a noise-free numerical data set, yielding a perfect reconstruction of the palaeointensities. When adding noise up to levels beyond what is expected in natural samples, the end-member model still produces the known palaeointensities well. In addition, we made a synthetic data set with natural volcanic samples from different volcanic edifices that were given a magnetization by heating and cooling them in a controlled magnetic field in the lab. The applied fields ranged between 10 and 70 µT. The average absolute difference between the calculated palaeointensity and the known lab field is around 10 µT for the models with 2–4 end-members, while the palaeointensity of almost all flows can be retrieved within a deviation of ±20 µT. The deviations between the palaeointensities and the known lab fields are almost Gaussian distributed around the expected values. Although the two data sets in our study show that there is potential for using this end-member modelling technique for finding absolute palaeointensities from pseudo-Thellier data, these synthetic data sets cannot be directly related to natural samples. Therefore, it is necessary to compile a data set of known palaeointensities from different volcanic sites that recently cooled in a known magnetic field to find the universal end-members in future studies.
A New Molecular Phylogeny of Salps (Tunicata: Thalicea: Salpida) and the Evolutionary History of Their Colonial Architecture
Authors: Damian-Serrano A , Hughes M , Sutherland K R 
Published: September 2023

SynopsisSalps are marine pelagic tunicates with a complex life cycle, including a solitary and colonial stage composed of asexually budded individuals. These colonies develop into species-specific architectures with distinct zooid orientations, including transversal, oblique, linear, helical, and bipinnate chains, as well as whorls and clusters. The evolutionary history of salp colony architecture has remained obscured due to the lack of an ontology to characterize architectures, as well as a lack of phylogenetic taxon sampling and resolution of critical nodes. We (1) collected and sequenced eight species of salps that had never been sequenced before, (2) inferred the phylogenetic relationships among salps, and (3) reconstructed the evolutionary history of salp colony architecture. We collected salp specimens via offshore SCUBA diving, dissected tissue samples, extracted their DNA, amplified their 18S gene, and sequenced them using Sanger technology. We inferred the phylogeny of Salpida based on 18S using both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches. Using this phylogeny, we reconstructed the ancestral states of colony architecture using a Bayesian ordered Markov model informed by the presence and absence of specific developmental mechanisms that lead to each architecture. We find that the ancestral salp architecture is either oblique or linear, with every other state being derived. Moreover, linear chains have evolved independently at least three times. While transversal chains are developmentally basal and hypothesized to be ancestral, our phylogenetic topology and reconstructions strongly indicate that they are evolutionarily derived through the loss of zooid torsion. These traits are likely critical to multijet locomotory performance and evolving under natural selection. Our work showcases the need to study the broader diversity of salp species to gain a comprehensive understanding of their organismal biology, evolutionary history, and ecological roles in pelagic ecosystems.
Government Ownership of IMF Conditionality Programs: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Validation
Authors: Konstantinidis Nikitas , Reinsberg Bernhard 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The shifting emphasis on performance evaluation and accountability in the context of financial lending or foreign-aid arrangements sponsored by international organizations (IOs) has brought to the fore the question of government ownership of reforms. While the concept of ownership has featured highly in academic and policy debates over the effects of IO conditionality, it arguably remains theoretically elusive, ill-identified, and under-specified. In this article, we focus on International Monetary Fund (IMF) programs and define government ownership with respect to the counterfactual level of de jure structural reforms that would be achieved in the absence of IMF conditionality. We then use the synthetic control method to identify continuous levels of ownership as a function of a treatment effect on treated compliers and operationalize the concept of ownership over external- and financial-sector conditionality across a restricted sample of uninterrupted IMF arrangements (1980–2014). Furthermore, we probe the criterion and construct validity of our measure with respect to known determinants, proxies, and outcomes of ownership. We argue that ours is a reliable, replicable, valid, robust, and systematic measure of ownership that can help better identify and estimate the indirect relationship between program design and policy implementation.
Selective prediction for extracting unstructured clinical data
Authors: Swaminathan Akshay , Lopez Ivan , Wang William , Srivastava Ujwal , Tran Edward , Bhargava-Shah Aarohi , Wu Janet Y , Ren Alexander L , Caoili Kaitlin , Bui Brandon , Alkhani Layth , Lee Susan , Mohit Nathan , Seo Noel , Macedo Nicholas , Cheng Winson , Liu Charles , Thomas Reena , Chen Jonathan H , Gevaert Olivier 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveWhile there are currently approaches to handle unstructured clinical data, such as manual abstraction and structured proxy variables, these methods may be time-consuming, not scalable, and imprecise. This article aims to determine whether selective prediction, which gives a model the option to abstain from generating a prediction, can improve the accuracy and efficiency of unstructured clinical data abstraction.Materials and MethodsWe trained selective classifiers (logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine) to extract 5 variables from clinical notes: depression (n = 1563), glioblastoma (GBM, n = 659), rectal adenocarcinoma (DRA, n = 601), and abdominoperineal resection (APR, n = 601) and low anterior resection (LAR, n = 601) of adenocarcinoma. We varied the cost of false positives (FP), false negatives (FN), and abstained notes and measured total misclassification cost.ResultsThe depression selective classifiers abstained on anywhere from 0% to 97% of notes, and the change in total misclassification cost ranged from −58% to 9%. Selective classifiers abstained on 5%–43% of notes across the GBM and colorectal cancer models. The GBM selective classifier abstained on 43% of notes, which led to improvements in sensitivity (0.94 to 0.96), specificity (0.79 to 0.96), PPV (0.89 to 0.98), and NPV (0.88 to 0.91) when compared to a non-selective classifier and when compared to structured proxy variables.DiscussionWe showed that selective classifiers outperformed both non-selective classifiers and structured proxy variables for extracting data from unstructured clinical notes.ConclusionSelective prediction should be considered when abstaining is preferable to making an incorrect prediction.
Definitive radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Japan: analysis of cases in the National Head and Neck Cancer Registry from 2011 to 2014
Authors: Koide Yutaro , Kodaira Takeshi , Kitayama Megumi , Kawakita Daisuke , Kirita Tadaaki , Yoshimoto Seiichi , Nakamizo Munenaga , Nibu Ken-Ichi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to analyze the nationwide prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who underwent definitive radiotherapy in Japan, utilizing the National Head and Neck Cancer Registry data.

Methods
A total of 741 patients diagnosed with primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma were screened from 2011 to 2014. The inclusion criteria were histologically proven nasopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, receiving definitive radiotherapy, and no distant metastases. Patients with unclear prognoses or unknown staging were excluded. The primary endpoint was 5-year overall survival, and secondary endpoints were 5-year progression-free survival and survival by stage.

Results
A total of 457 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median age was 60 years, and 80% were male. The proportions of patients with performance status 0, 1, 2 and 3 were 69, 10, 1 and 1%, respectively. Chemoradiotherapy was administered to 84.7%. Radiotherapy modalities were recorded only for 29 patients (three received intensity-modulated radiotherapy and 26 received two/three-dimensional radiotherapy). Of those included, 7.4, 24.7, 35.7, 24.5 and 7.7% had Stage I, II, III, IVA and IVB disease, respectively. The 5-year overall survival was 72.5% for all patients: 82.6, 86.6, 76.0, 51.4 and 66.5% for Stage I, II, III, IVA and IVB disease, respectively. The 5-year progression-free survival was 58.6%: 75.6, 66.8, 61.5, 43.7 and 46.5% for Stage I, II, III, IVA and IVB disease, respectively.

Conclusions
This nationwide survey demonstrated favorable prognoses and provided valuable foundational data for similar future surveys to monitor the penetration of appropriate treatment and changes in clinical structures based on new evidence.
Observed decreasing trend in pan evaporation in a tropical rainforest region during 1959–2021
Authors: Jin Yan , Zhang Ying , Yang Xin , Zhang Mou , Guo Xin-Bo , Deng Yun , Hu Yue-Hua , Lu Hua-Zheng , Tan Zheng-Hong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Pan evaporation (Epan) is a critical measure of the atmospheric evaporation demand. Analyzing meteorological data from the Tropical Rainforest Comprehensive Meteorological Observation Field in the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG Meteorological Observing Station) based on physical models is helpful to improve our understanding of the state of the hydrological cycle in the Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest region. In this study, we investigated the long-term trend in Epan using the observation data from 1959 to 2021. Moreover, correlation analyses of Epan were performed, such as trend test, assessment of periodic properties and abrupt change analysis. Then, D20 Epan data and related meteorological data from 1979 to 2008 were used to drive Penman‒Monteith and PenPan models for simulating Epan. The partial derivative attribution method was used to analyze the dominant factors affecting Epan. The results showed that Epan exhibits obvious periodic changes, the 19a is the first primary period. In addition, there was a clear ‘evaporation paradox’ phenomenon in Xishuangbanna. Epan showed a decreasing trend during both 1959–2008 and 2009–2018, and the decreasing trend reached a significant level with a rate of −3.404 mm·a−2 during 1959–2008. Through comparative analysis, the PenPan model was considered more suitable for simulating Epan in Xishuangbanna. In order to identify the main meteorological factors influencing Epan, complete data from the D20 pan monitoring period, namely, 1979–2008, were selected for attribution calculations. The variations in the net radiation and saturated vapor pressure deficit are the main triggers that explain the ‘evaporation paradox’ phenomenon in Xishuangbanna.
Unanticipated Difficult Airway
Authors: Berkow Lauren C. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Difficulty with airway management in the perioperative setting remains a challenge for anesthesia providers. Prediction and recognition of risk factors for airway difficulty can allow advance planning and strategies to prevent unanticipated difficulty, but prediction remains a challenge. Once difficulty is encountered, efforts should focus on achieving and maintaining adequate oxygenation and ventilation, to allow time for alternate strategies or awakening the patient. In the emergent setting or a patient in extremis, usually awakening them is not an option, and airway access must be obtained. Supraglottic airway devices can often rescue failed mask ventilation and can also be used as a conduit for intubation after placement. The most experienced providers should perform airway maneuvers whenever possible. In the setting of failed direct laryngoscopy, videolaryngoscopy or flexible bronchoscopic intubation may be successful and should be considered if oxygenation is adequate. If ventilation and/or oxygenation are NOT adequate, it is important not to repeat airway interventions that have failed, and instead move on to another technique. A surgical airway can be lifesaving and should be performed early before hemodynamic instability or cardiac arrest occurs.
Tracheostomy Complications
Authors: Hernandez Matthew , Torres Arturo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Tracheostomy is a surgically created airway midline through the neck and into the proximal trachea. This procedure is utilized in patients with prolonged mechanical ventilation and in patients with anticipated difficult airway access. Although the procedure is relatively low risk in regards to cardiovascular status, it can have severe airway complications. When complications occur, they are mostly related to loss of the airway. The approach can be done open or percutaneously, or a combination of both. Both approaches can be done at the bedside, depending on local practices and surgical aptitude. If done in the operating room, then it is commonly performed via an open approach. The choice of approach is usually related to patient body habitus, vascular anatomy, airway anatomy, positioning, or risk of bleeding. The two most dangerous complications are bleeding and loss of the airway. Before a tracheostomy is attempted, there should be adequate advanced airway equipment and practitioners present trained in securing difficult airways. Quick recognition of the causes is essential to prevent life-threatening complications.
Venous Air Embolism
Authors: Nimma Sindhu Reddy , Seubert Christoph Nikolaus 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Venous air embolism (VAE) is a gas embolism that may quickly lead to cardiovascular collapse if unrecognized or insufficiently treated. VAE is a well-known complication of neurosurgical procedures performed in the sitting position but has also occurred during central venous access, spine surgery, liver resections, penetrating and blunt chest trauma, as well as procedures using pressurized gas sources. VAE is typically an iatrogenic complication that occurs when gas enters the venous system. Two factors that determine morbidity and mortality are the total volume of gas entrained and the rate of gas entrainment. The higher the pressure gradient between the site of air entry and right atrium, the greater the risk for VAE. The clinical presentation of a VAE may range from mild hypotension and respiratory changes to complete cardiovascular collapse. VAE can be detected by noninvasive monitoring such as EtCO2 and precordial doppler. The most sensitive but invasive monitor is transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). If VAE is diagnosed or suspected, prompt treatment should encompass three steps: preventing further air entry, providing hemodynamic support, and decreasing the volume of air already entrained. Given the risk of cardiovascular collapse associated with VAE, clinicians must act in a coordinated manner to mitigate the consequences of entrained air.
Emergent Craniotomy
Authors: Algarra Nelson N. , Brown Taylor 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Patients present for emergency craniotomy for a variety of reasons: evacuation of blood from a bleeding aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, stroke or traumatic brain injury, or treatment of malignant edema due to tumor or sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Patients pose a special challenge as they often have comorbid conditions that require special attention. One can expect them to have a full stomach, possible cervical spine injury, increased intracranial pressure, multiorgan trauma, or shock. Patients usually have exhausted the compliance in the cranial vault and the increased pressure compromises vital central nervous system (CNS) functions. Physiologic adaptations to intracranial hypertension help to maintain supplies of oxygen, substrate, and blood flow to vital areas of the CNS. Few guidelines exist to guide the intraoperative management of patients requiring an emergency craniotomy. This chapter presents an organized and cohesive approach to the preparation and intraoperative management of patients requiring emergency craniotomy that follows guidelines developed by the Brain Trauma Foundation for the care of patients in the intensive care unit.
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)
Authors: Feldheim Timothy V. , Przkora Rene 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a rare but serious complication that can occur in the setting of patients receiving or having recently received local anesthetics (LAs) for myriad reasons, but most often for nerve blockade. The symptoms of LAST can range from mild, such as drowsiness, perioral numbness, or tinnitus, to severe, involving the central nervous system (CNS) (such as seizure) and cardiovascular system (such as arrhythmia or cardiac arrest), and can even result in patient fatality. Several risk factors place a subset of patients at a higher risk of developing LAST, such as small size, acidosis, and baseline cardiac conduction abnormalities. Careful and vigilant administration can help avoid the complication altogether, such as the use of ultrasound and aspiration prior to injection of LAs. Patients should always be observed with proper monitoring equipment while receiving and after injection of LAs. The treatment for LAST includes prompt recognition of symptoms, securement of the airway, administration of intravenous 20% lipid emulsion, treatment of other symptoms such as pharmacological ablation of seizures if present, advanced cardiac life support if needed, and supportive care as clinically warranted.
The Processes, Skills, and Strategies of Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Meltzer Amelie , Faeder Morgan , Kelly Thomas M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Many healthcare-related interactions develop quickly out of circumstances that cannot be foreseen. This chapter is a guide to the processes, skills, and strategies that you can use to establish rapport with your patients. Often treatment demands rapid judgment and decision-making that includes consideration of conditions that are occurring coincidently with a “primary problem.” This chapter focuses on the importance of trainees maintaining an empathic, even-tempered approach no matter how much their patient may, or may not be “engaging.” The authors demonstrate the importance of trainees paying attention to their own verbal and nonverbal behaviors, such as smiling, making eye contact, and showing that they are paying attention to the patient throughout the visit. The central tenets of the MI process (OARS: open-ended question, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries) are discussed for bringing about “change talk,” which leads to positive outcomes. Recommendations (tips) on how to work through challenging interviews are included, as well as a two-part clinical vignette that demonstrates initial and follow-up interviews with a patient struggling with pain management.
Motivational Interviewing and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Collins Elliot , Goldstein Tina 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The spirit of Motivational Interviewing (MI) invokes a collaborative effort between practitioners and their patients to achieve meaningful behavioral change. While well known for its broad applications in the field of addiction, MI has also been implemented with a wide variety of populations for whom meaningful behavioral change may be impactful. This includes application with individuals with a range of psychiatric disorders (e.g., affective, psychotic, personality, and developmental disorders), as well as across the developmental spectrum (i.e., children, adolescents, adults, and older adults). Herein we discuss the applications and effectiveness of MI and clinical considerations when implementing MI in psychiatric care. Two clinical vignettes of patients with suicidal behavior and bipolar disorder are presented. We conclude with recommendations for incorporating core MI processes, skills, and strategies to further enhance other effective therapeutic modalities employed with these populations.
Addressing Healthcare Access and Disparities Using Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Oyefusi Vivianne , South-Paul Jeanette 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Research shows that stress on the individual, household, and even societal levels is a significant contributor to healthcare disparities and may contribute to the exacerbation of existing disease burden. This chapter focuses on accounting for the demographic factors most associated with chronic diseases, including race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, religion, education, income, geographic location, language spoken, and disability. An assessment of these factors at first contact drives the clinical encounter in a positive or negative direction. The authors review the effects of socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, gender, and religion on counseling generally, and on the practice of Motivational Interviewing (MI) specifically. Case examples are presented whereby MI is practiced while taking account of these stress factors, and how doing so improves health-related outcomes.
Integration of Motivational Interviewing into the Electronic Health Record and Electronic Communication
Authors: Post Jordon , Gannon Jessica 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Use of the electronic health record (EHR) has become standard in medical practice over the past 2 decades, with over 80% of physicians in the United States using them in outpatient practice and 96% of nonfederal acute care hospitals deploying a certified EHR according to the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology in 2019. EHR facilitates and enhances interdisciplinary collaboration and information sharing between all current and future practitioners, as well as with the patient through advanced patient health portals. In this chapter we review strategies for using a Motivational Interviewing (MI)-adherent approach during appointments where EHR is being used. Room set-up is shown to enhance the efficiency of sharing digital information with patients. Emphasis is placed on best-practice regarding documentation of the visit. A sample case vignette is presented whereby the practitioner and patient summarize an appointment and the patient is encouraged to use the patient portal for accessing the practitioner as needed.