bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Photosensitization of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films by a New Class of Sensitizer: cis-Dithiocyanato bis(4,7-dicarboxy-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)
Authors: Sugihara Hideki , Singh Lok Pratap , Sayama Kazuhiro , Arakawa Hironori , Nazeeruddin Md K , Grätzel Michael 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A new class of ruthenium(II) complexes containing carboxylated 1,10-phenanthroline were synthesized. Photosensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode by bis(tetrabutylammonium)dihydronium cis-dithiocyanato bis(4,7-dicarboxy-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) showed a high incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE: 70% at 540 nm). The overall solar-to-electric power conversion efficincy of 6.1% was obtained at AM-1.5 (100 mW/cm2).
Conformational and Orientational Switching of Uridine Derivatives by Borates
Authors: Wada Takehiko , Minamimoto Narutoshi , Inaki Yoshiaki , Inoue Yoshihisa 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
We have demonstrated for the first time that the syn-anti orientation of 5′-amino-5′-deoxyuridine (1b) can readily be switched by adding borate as an extermal controlling factor. In borate added phosphate buffer, the syn/anti ratio of 1b dramatically increased with increasing borate concentration. This unique syn preference is most probably driven by the cooperative action of cyclic esterification of the 1b’s 2′,3′-cis-diol with borate and of hydrogen-bonding formation between 2-carbonyl oxygen and 5′-amino proton.
Preparation and Characterization of a Polyrotaxane with Non-enzymatically Hydrolyzable Stoppers
Authors: Watanabe Junji , Ooya Tooru , Yui Nobuhiko 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A degradable polyrotaxane, in which many α-cyclodextrins are threaded onto the poly (ethylene glycol) capped with L-phenylalanine via ester linkages, was synthesized and characterized for use as new implantable materials.
Synthesis and Structure of Cyclotrigermenium Salt of the Tetrakis{3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}borate Anion. A Stable Free Germyl Cation in the Condensed Phase
Authors: Ichinohe Masaaki , Fukaya Norihisa , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The reaction of tetrakis(tri-t-butylsilyl)cyclotrigermene with Ph3C+·[3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]B− (TFPB) and Ph3C+·(C6F5)4B− (TPFPB) in benzene produced the stable free tris(tri-t-butylsilyl)cyclotrigermenium ion (2a) with the corresponding tetraarylborate as a counter anion. The crystal structure of 2a·TFPB reveals a free germyl cation with a 2π-electron system.
New Protocol for the Siteselective Alkylation and Vinylation of Aromatic Compounds. Catalyst-Specific Reactions
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Sato Taisuke , Tsujimoto Takuya , Yamauchi Masakazu , Chatani Naoto , Murai Shinji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Catalyst-specific C-H/olefin as well as C-H/acetylene coupling has been accomplished for aromatics which contain both keto and imino substituents by simply changing the catalyst. By using Ru(H)2(CO)(PPh3)3 as the catalyst, the C-H bond at the position ortho to the carbonyl group reacted to add across an olefin. When Ru3(CO)12 is used as the catalyst, the C-H bond at the position ortho to the imino group reacted with the olefin.
Mechanistic and IR Spectroelectrochemical Studies for Alkali Metal Ion Catalyzed Multiple Bond Metathesis Reactions of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Kim Woo Young , Chang Jong-San , Park Sang-Eon , Ferrence Gregory , Kubiak Clifford P 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The reaction of the tetrakis(alkyl or aryl isocyanide) complex, Ni(CNR)4 (R = 2,6-Me2C6H3, Me), with carbon dioxide in the presence of Li+ leads to the formation of Ni(CO)2(CNR)2 and the alkyl- or arylisocyanate, RN=C=O. 13C-labeling studies indicate that the carbonyl ligands of Ni(CO)2(CNR)2 are produced by multiple bond metatheses between CO2 and CNR (R = 2,6-Me2C6H3, Me) not by deoxygenation of CO2.
First Artificial Energy Conversion from Proton Gradient to Electricity
Authors: Tsuge Kiyoshi , Tanaka Koji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The proton gradient is catalytically converted to electricity by ruthenium aqua complex [Ru(trpy)(3,5-di-tert-butylquinone)(H2O)]2+ (trpy = 2,2′:6,2″-terpyridine). The first successful energy conversion from proton gradient to electricity is based on the redox reactions of this ruthenium complex coupled with acid-base reaction.
Design, Development and Utility of Glycosyl Donors Bearing an Acetoxymethoxy Leaving Group
Authors: Mereyala Hari Babu , Gurrala Srinivas Reddy 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Novel glycosyl donors 2d, 4d and 6d bearing an ‘acetoxy methoxy’ leaving group have been prepared and their utility is shown by coupling them with alcohols A-G to obtain di- and trisaccharides by use of BF3-Et2O as a promoter.
New Organic Gelalors Bearing a Porphyrin Group: A New Strategy to Create Ordered Porphyrin Assemblies
Authors: Tian Hong Jian , Inoue Kazuhiko , Yoza Kenji , Ishi-i Tsutomu , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Cholesterol-based gelators 1 bearing a porphyrin moiety were synthesized. (S)-1 with a natural C-3 configuration could gelatinize a few solvents whereas (R)-1 with an inverted C-3 configuration could not gelatinize any solvent. The absorption and CD spectra for less cohesive (R)-1 were changed only to a smaller extent at 10−5∼10−2mol dm−3 whereas more cohesive (S)-1 gave a new λmax at 444 nm and its corresponding CD band only in the gel phase. The results indicate that “gelation” is a new strategy to create ordered porphyrin assemblies.
Decomposition and Regeneration of Methane by Hydrogen Absorbing Alloys
Authors: Otsuka Kiyoshi , Nakajima Naoto , Yamanaka Ichiro 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
CaNi5, a hydrogen absorbing alloy, has been applied for the complete decomposition and regerneration of methane. The complete decomposition of methane was realized at 773∼873K over CaNi5 when the amount of methane introduced had been less than 800 μmol·g-CaNi5−1. The complete recovery of methane was observed by adding excess hydrogen at 773K if the amount of carbon deposit had been controlled less than 100 μmol·g-CaNi5−1.
Novel Dimers of 2,2′-(m-Phenylene)bis(4,5-diphenyl-1-imidazolyl) Diradical
Authors: Okada Keiji , Imamura Kunihiko , Oda Masaji , Kozaki Masatoshi , Morimoto Yoshiki , Ishino Kiyotaka , Tashiro Kohji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The oxidation of 2,2′-(m-phenylene)bis(4,5-diphenylimidazole) 1 with potassium ferricyanide in benzene-aqueous KOH heterogeneous solution gave the diradical dimers 2 and 3. The dimer 2 showed photochromic and piezochromic properties, whereas the dimer 3 has only photochromic property. The structure of the dimers was deduced by NMR analyses. The X-ray structural analysis revealed that the dimer 3 has a novel syn-[3.3]metacyclophane structure.
Synthesis and Molecular Structure of Tetranuclear Tungsten-Gallium Complexes with Bridging Dinitrogen Ligands
Authors: Takagahara Kaoru , Ishino Hiroshige , Ishii Youichi , Hidai Masanobu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The dinitrogen complex cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4] reacted with Ga2Cl4 or GaX3 (X = Cl, Br) to form tetranuclear tungsten-gallium complexes with μ3-η1:η1:η1-N2 ligands, trans, trans-[{WX(PMe2Ph)4(μ3-N2)}2(GaX2)2] (3). The molecular structure of complex 3a (X = Cl) has been determined by X-ray diffraction study.
Reactions of Alkenylruthenium(II) Complexes with Hydrosilane: C-Si vs C-H Bond Formation
Authors: Maruyama Yooichiroh , Yamamura Kunihiro , Ozawa Fumiyuki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Alkenylruthenium complexes, Ru{C(R1)=CH(R2)}Cl(CO)(PPh3)2 (R1 = H, R2 = Ph; R1 = H, R2 = t-Bu; R1 = Ph, R2 = Ph; R1 = CH=CH(SiMe3), R2 = SiMe2Ph), react with HSiMe2Ph via two reaction courses (path A and path B), leading to C–Si and C–H bond formation, respectively. Relative ratio of the two courses is strongly dependent upon steric bulkiness of substituent(s) on the alkenyl ligands.
The Unusual Fluorescence Strengthened by Steric Hindrance
Authors: Song Aimin , Wu Tao , Zhang Manhua , Shen Tao 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
In four dyads of fluorescein and carbazole, photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer occurred in polar solvents and was negligible in nonpolar solvents. However, unprecedented fluorescence strengthening in the dyad linked with a semi-rigid bridge (-CH2-Ph-CH2-) at the carboxyl of fluorescein (as 3.2 and 10 times as the model dibutyl derivative of fluorescein in toluene and cyclohexane, respectively) was observed. Experimental data showed it could result from steric hindrance.
Theoretical Studies on Cyclopropanation Reaction with Lithium and Zinc Carbenoids
Authors: Hirai Atsushi , Nakamura Masaharu , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Theoretical studies on cyclopropanation of ethylene with lithium carbenoid and zinc carbenoid (Simmons-Smith reagent) revealed two competing pathways, methylene transfer and carbometalation. Both processes are fast for the lithium carbenioid, while only the former is fast enough to be experimentally observable for the zinc carbenoid.
Syntheses of Ruthenium Chlorohydroborato Complexes Cp*RU(PMe3)(η2-BH3Cl) and CP*Ru(PMe3)(η2-BH2Cl2): Unexpected Chloride Transfer from Ruthenium to Boron
Authors: Kawano Yasuro , Shimoi Mamoru 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Trimethylphosphineborane (1) reacted with [Cp*RuCl]4 to lead the unexpected chloride transfer from ruthenium to boron affording a chlorotrihydroborato ruthenium complex [Cp*Ru(PMe3)(η2-BH3Cl)] (2) in 44% yield. The structure of 2 was elucidated by X-ray crystallography. Reaction of 1 with [Cp*RUCl2]2 produced a dichlorodihydroborato complex [Cp*Ru(PMe3)(η2-BH2Cl2)] (3) besides 2.
Surface Functionalization of Doped CVD Diamond via Covalent Bond. An XPS Study on the Formation of Surface-bound Quaternary Pyridinium Salt
Authors: Ohtani Bunsho , Kim Young-ho , Yano Takashi , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Fujishima Akira , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Lightly boron-doped polycrystalline diamond thin films prepared on single crystal silicon wafers via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were treated with chlorine (Cl2) under ultraviolet (&gt; 200 nm) photoirradiation and then heated in boiling pyridine. Ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements suggested the plausible formation of surface-bound chloride species and quaternary pyridinium salt by these chemical processes.
Evidence for Spontaneous Cycloaromatization of Nine-Membered Monocyclic Enediyne
Authors: Mita Takashi , Kawata Shinji , Hirama Masahiro 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Treatment of 2,2-dimethyl-6-nonene-4,8-diynal (2) with CeCl3/LiN(TMS)2 at −5∼25°C gave 2,2-dimethyl-1-indanol (3) in a moderate yield. In the present study, acyclic (Z)-enediyne aldehyde (2) was cyclized to afford a nine-membered monocyclic enediyne (7), which cycloaromatized spontaneously at room temperature.
Detection of Molecular-Shape Recognition for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by α-Helical Poly(L-Alanine) on Silica
Authors: Ihara Hirotaka , Nakanishi Noritada , Sagawa Takashi , Hirayama Chuichi , Sakurai Toshihiko , Kinoshita Takatoshi , Tsujita Yoshiharu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
α-Helical poly(L-alanine) grafted onto porous silica particles with a reactive terminal trimethoxysilyl group showed a specific shape-selective retention for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, recognizing their molecular linearities and slenderness. This selectivity is derived from the carbonyl groups on the rigid secondary structure and thus the poly(L-leucine) derivative having bulky residual groups showed almost no similar selectivity.
Characterization of an Intramolecular Nonbonded Interaction between Selenium and Fluorine in Solution
Authors: Iwaoka Michio , Komatsu Hiroto , Tomoda Shuji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
NMR measurements of JSe···F coupling constants (22.7–84.2 Hz) of o-selenobenzyl fluoride derivatives in solution provided strong evidence for weak intramolecular selenium-fluorine nonbonded interaction, in which fluorine donates electrons to selenium.
Novel Thiolato-Bridged Tetranuclear Manganese(II) and Iron(II) Complexes with Adamantane-like Cores
Authors: Mikuriya Masahiro , Kotera Takanori 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Thiolato-bridged tetranuclear manganese(II) and iron(II) complexes, [M4Lb3Cl]Cl (M = Mn and Fe; H2Lb = 2-[bis(2-mercaptoethyl)aminomethyl]pyridine), have been isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography, which reveals an adamantane-like M4S6 core. Magnetic susceptibility data show an overall antiferromagnetic interaction.
Redox Active Artificial Ferrocenyl Ellagitannins. Simple Synthesis and Their Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Shirakami Shohei , Nakao Yasuo , Yoshida Takashi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Synthesis of three types of novel redox active artificial ferrocenyl ellagitannins has been accomplished in just three steps, and their electrochemical properties have been investigated.
Stereospecific Double Aldol Reaction of Phenylacetaldehyde Catalyzed by Group 4 Metallocene
Authors: Yun Sock-Sung , Suh IL-Hwan , Choi Sung-San , Lee Samkeun 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Reaction of phenylacetaldehyde with catalytic amount of “Cp2M” (M = Ti, Zr) produces spectroscopically pure 5-benzyl-1, 3-dihydroxy-2, 4-diphenyl pyran as single isomer in good yield, which could be assumed formal trimerization of phenylacetaldehyde.
Fluxional Behavior of Alkoxy-Bridged Bis(silylene)ruthenium Complexes Cp*(Me3P)Ru{SiMe2···O(R)···SiMe2}(R = Me,tBu) Caused by Rotation of the Silylene Ligands
Authors: Wada Hiroaki , Tobita Hiromi , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The exchange of Si-Me groups caused by silylene ligand rotation in alkoxy-bridged bis(silylene)complexes Cp*(Me3P)Ru{SiMe2···O(R)···SiMe2}(R = Me,tBu) is observed by the variable temperature 1H NMR (VT 1H NMR) spectroscopy. This fluxionality is considered to be due to the weakened Si···O partial bonds caused by the strong electron-releasing effect of Cp* and PMe3 ligands.
Color Vision
Authors: Knoblauch Kenneth 
Published: November 2003

AbstractColor vision is a multistage process which can be studied at various levels, if not yet all the way from physics to perception.Trichromacyand linearity (Grassmann's Laws) of human color matching permit the coding oflightsin a three‐dimensional vector space. These principles are well accounted for by three independent channels, beginning with the absorption oflightin three classes of cone photopigments and encoding information between the retina and the cortex. The basic notions for constructing and usingcolor spacesare reviewed.Trichromacy, however, does not account for the appearance of colors. Analyses of the perceptual organization of color suggest that six psychologically elementary hues are organized in three opponent‐processes: red‐green, yellow‐blue, and white‐black. Hue cancellation experiments indicate that the channels underlying these perceptual processes are nonlinearly related to the signals emanating from the cones.
Decision Making
Authors: Markman Arthur B. , Medin Douglas L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFor much of the 20th century, decision making research was strongly influenced by theories in economics. Economic models predict that people strive to make optimal decisions. True optimality is impossible to achieve given limitations in processing ability, and so much research examined the heuristics that people use to make good decisions in most natural situations. We begin by reviewing this work. However, there has been growing interest in the relationship between decision making and other aspects of psychological processing. The core areas of this emerging research are discussed in the second half of this chapter. First, we present research relating goals, motivation, and emotion to decision making. Then, we consider the role of expertise, analogical comparison and problem solving strategies in choice. Finally, we explore the types of choices people make and how those choices are influenced by culture. In this way, we examine the ways that decision making research has gone beyond its roots in economic models of choice.
The Role of Learning in the Operation of Motivational Systems
Authors: Dickinson Anthony , Balleine Bernard 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAcquired behavior is motivated by two forms of incentive learning. Pavlovian incentive learning reflects the acquisition of motivational properties by conditioned stimuli (CSs) through their association with appetitive and aversive reinforcers. Although the influence of appetitive CSs is modulated by primary motivational states, they exert a general motivation influence on appetitive behavior. By contrast, aversive CSs inhibit appetitive behavior. The second process, instrumental incentive learning, determines the incentive value assigned to outcomes of goal‐directed, instrumental action. This incentive value, and its control by primary motivational states, has to be learned through experience of the hedonic reactions elicited by the outcome. The two incentive learning processes function in parallel to motivate instrumental behavior.
Hunger and Energy Homeostasis
Authors: Woods Stephen C. , Seeley Randy J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFood intake is a complex behavior so integral to our everyday experience that its complex and redundant biological underpinnings are often ignored or misunderstood. The biological control of ingestive behavior is multifold. First, there are a number of biological systems that operate within a single meal to bring that individual bout of ingestion to an end. While the initiation of meals appears to be influenced primarily by learned environmental cues, satiety signals, including those from the stomach, the intestine, and the liver, provide information to the CNS concerning the number of calories that have been consumed to terminate ingestion. Second, adult mammals also maintain relatively constant levels of stored calories in the form of adipose tissue. This is accomplished via a number of circulating adiposity signals that provide information to the CNS about changes in the amount of adipose in the body. Changes in these adiposity signals that reflect depletions of stored calories result in a complex neuroendocrine response that acts to conserve ongoing calorie usage and push the organism to ingest additional calories. Ultimately these adiposity signals act to alter food intake by adjusting the efficacy of satiety signals to influence food intake within a single bout of ingestion.
Reproductive Motivation
Authors: Pfaff Donald W. , Ågmo Anders 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBecause of tremendous progress in unravelling the neural, hormonal, and genetic mechanisms for simple sex behaviors, it is now possible to launch investigations of their underlying motivational and arousal states. Assays of sexual motivation are compared, for both male and female animals. In turn, “arousal” of brain and behavior requires an operational definition and a quantitative approach. Mechanistic understanding of arousal will benefit not only the total analysis of sexual behaviors but also a variety of normal and pathological behavioral states.
Addiction
Authors: Wise Roy A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhile addiction is a familiar term, it lacks a precise technical definition. Theories of addiction differ as to whether addiction is seen as a uniqueformof habit or only as a habit that is particularlystrong. Traditionally, habit has been associated with the concept of reinforcement, and most drugs that are claimed to be addictive for humans have been shown to be reinforcers in animal models. The primary theoretical disagreements have to do with the issue of physical dependence; classical dependence theories hold that a drug‐taking habit only becomes an addiction when the frequency of use establishes autonomic and metabolic adaptations such that drug intake becomes required for normal homeostatic function. In this view drug intake becomes compulsive because the addict needs the drug to self‐medicate withdrawal distress. Physical dependence, readily demonstrated in the case of opiates and other depressant drugs, is associated with drug tolerance such that increasing doses are required to “self‐medicate” the autonomic distress that results from drug detoxification. However, classic dependence signs are absent in the case of the psychomotor stimulants cocaine, amphetamine, and nicotine; indeed, withdrawal from these drugs has effects generally opposite to opiate and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Nonetheless, self‐administration of these substances can be as compulsive as—and more physiologically harmful than—self‐administration of opiates. Thus alternatives to dependence theory have stressed the role of drugs as powerful reinforcers, reinforcers that can elevate mood state above normal levels and can establish or reinstate compulsive drug‐seeking habits even in nondependent subjects. The brain mechanisms involved in foraging for and ingesting addictive drugs are much the same as those involved in more natural motivated behaviors such as foraging for and engaging food or sexual partners. Thus such habits such as compulsive eating, compulsive sexual behavior, and compulsive gambling are increasingly labeled addictions. Recent brain imaging studies support the view that drug addiction shares common mechanisms with these other compulsive behaviors.
Psychophysical Scaling
Authors: Marks Lawrence E. , Gescheider George A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPsychophysical scaling refers to the process of quantifying psychological events, especially sensations and perceptions. Scaling requires both a set of empirical operations and a theoretical framework to derive the quantitative values or representations. The chapter treats scaling as it is accomplished through discrimination, partition, and magnitude methods, in each case considering how the relevant data are obtained, how the scales depend on the particular theoretical assumptions, and the extent to which findings are compatible with those assumptions. With partition and magnitude methods in particular, it is important to consider the ways that nonlinear response transformations may intervene between underlying perceptual scales and overt responses; within this framework, the chapter reviews the experimental and methodological variables that affect overt psychophysical responses, as well as theories that seek to validate various approaches to scaling. Detailed examples are given of the design and analysis of two experiments, one of which used a partition method (graphic rating) and the other a magnitude method (magnitude estimation), to study binaural summation of loudness, thereby illuminating many of the important experimental and theoretical issues while at the same time revealing the pragmatic value of using scaling methodology to study sensory and perceptual processes.