bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is it Currently Like Being a Trainee Psychiatrist in Australia?
Authors: Walter Garry , Rey Joseph M. , Giuffrida Michael 
Published: November 2003

Objective: To ascertain the views of Australian trainee psychiatrists about their training, levels of stress and work satisfaction. Methods: A survey was constructed by the authors and mailed in December 2002 to all trainees of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists residing in Australia. Results: A total of 317 out of 666 trainees (48%) returned completed questionnaires. The findings were consistent across Australia with few State or Territory differences. The most common reasons for choosing a career in psychiatry were an interest in psychological issues and the promise of intellectual stimulation. The majority of respondents regarded favourably the quality of training in their training programme, clinical placements and supervision. Although approximately three-quarters (73%) were satisfied with their clinical work, a similar proportion (72%) considered their work in the previous 12 months to have been stressful. Formal complaints, threats of legal action, verbal or physical abuse, and the suicide of patients under their care were not uncommonly reported by trainees. Conclusions: Changing mental health services, a revised training programme and the perennial demands of acquiring knowledge and skills in one's chosen specialty pose challenges for psychiatry trainees. Although the majority of trainees seem satisfied with their work and training, addressing their concerns and adverse experiences is essential for the training climate to be optimal and the psychiatry workforce to be content and productive. Particular issues (e.g. the growing proportion of women entering the profession, the ageing trainee workforce) warrant careful attention by those responsible for training and workforce planning.
Who Owns Callan Park? A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Rosen Alan , Manns Leonie 
Published: November 2003

Objective: To investigate circumstances in which there was: (i) an attempt by the New South Wales (NSW) government to sell a psychiatric hospital site, Callan Park, for private development, without realistic compensation for services for people with mental illnesses; and (ii) a public campaign to pressure that government to give the site to the local community, also without regard to the best interests of people with mental illnesses. Conclusions: On the surface it appears that the debate over Callan Park is over. In the face of a noisy ‘Save Callan Park’ campaign, the NSW government relented and subsequently passed legislation to protect this site from development ‘forever’ (Sydney Morning Herald 21.10.2002) amended by the Upper House to prevent long-term leaseholds (December 2002). Both sides of this debate have been misguided, obscuring three important issues: (i) that the site is not ‘terra nullius’ and does not, as has been often claimed, belong ‘to the people of NSW’ but ‘to the people in NSW with mental illnesses’; (ii) that most people with mental illness are better off being cared for in the community than in psychiatric hospitals; and (iii) that providing such alternative care requires much more government investment, equivalent to the value of such sites. Either selling or giving away psychiatric hospital sites without proper recompense to people with mental illnesses is unjust.
Rural Psychiatry Training: Perspectives from New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Cleworth Sally , Andrews Doug 
Published: November 2003

Objective: To discuss the challenges and rewards of training in psychiatry while living and working in a rural area. The authors draw on their experiences as registrars on the mid-north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Conclusions: Rural psychiatrists and mental health workers meet with various challenges and rewards while practising and living in places of relative isolation; these have been described by practitioners in Australia, New Zealand and the USA. Psychiatry trainees often share these experiences but can also feel the impact of the disadvantages shared by most rural communities, particularly the lack of mental health services and maldistribution of mental health professionals. There are also unique difficulties and rewards to do with the process of training.
Only Martyrs Need Apply: Why People Should Avoid Isolated Psychiatry
Authors: McLaren N. 
Published: November 2003

Objective: To describe a model of remote area service provision in Australia. Methods: Figures from the author's practice are compared with national figures provided by the Health Insurance Commission (HIC). Costs are compared with other practitioners providing similar services. Results: An economic and efficient model of practice is readily available. Conclusion: It is argued that without dramatically higher levels of support from the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists and the Health Department, isolated practice is non-viable.
Overview on SARS in Asia and the World
Authors: LAM WK , ZHONG NS , TAN WC 
Published: November 2003

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is the first major novel infectious disease to hit the international community in the 21st century. It originated in southern China in November 2002, reached Hong Kong in February 2003 and spread rapidly thereafter to 29 countries/regions on five continents. At the end of the epidemic, the global cumulative total was 8098 with 774 deaths. Seven Asian countries/regions were among the top ten on the list. Mainland China and Hong Kong, SAR, accounted for 87% of all cases and 84% of all deaths. Severe acute respiratory syndrome is caused by a novel coronavirus. It has alarmed the world with its infectivity and significant morbidity and mortality, its lack of a rapid, reliable diagnostic test and lack of effective specific treatment and vaccination. The adverse impact on travel and business around the world, particularly in Asia, has been enormous.Some lessons learnt from this epidemic included: (1) any outbreak of infectious disease can rapidly spread around the world by air travel; (2) early reporting of the outbreak to neighbouring countries/regions and the World Health Organization is essential to prevent international spread; and (3) infection control, tracing and quarantine of contacts are essential to control the epidemic. Many questions remain unanswered, including the origin and pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus, the natural history and the best specific treatment of the disease. The SARS‐CoV has probably jumped from an animal host to humans. There is an urgent need to evaluate the human–animal habitat in southern China and to remove animal reservoirs if found.
SARS: radiological features
Authors: OOI Gaik Cheng , DAQING Ma 
Published: November 2003

Air‐space disease is typical in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and may be indistinguishable from pneumonia of other causes. In the majority of patients, ground glass opacities on chest radiographs progress rapidly to focal, multifocal or diffuse consolidation. Unilateral involvement is common in the early acute phase, becoming bilateral at maximal lung involvement. Generally, radiographic opacities peak between 8 and 10 days after onset of illness, with radiographic scores reflecting temporal changes in clinical and laboratory parameters such as oxygen saturation (SaO2) and liver transaminases. Pleural effusions, cavitating consolidation and mediastinal lymphadenopathy are not typical radiographic features. Pneumomediastinum and pneumothoraces are complications that are associated with extensive disease, with or without assisted ventilation.The utility of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and CT scans lies in the confirmation of airspace opacities in cases with normal initial chest radiographs that have strong contact history and signs and symptoms highly suspicious of SARS during the outbreak, allowing early treatment and prompt isolation. The characteristic HRCT feature in the acute phase is ground‐glass opacities with smooth interlobular septal thickening, sometimes with consolidation in a subpleural location, which progress rapidly to involve other areas of the lungs. Temporal lung changes documented on HRCT suggest that some residual opacities found may not be reversible.
Banal Geopolitics Resumed
Authors: Sidaway James D 
Published: November 2003

Jazira. Arabic for “island and “peninsula”. The conventional word for the Arabian Peninsula, or what in English, but not in Arabic, is termed “Arabia”. Used as a name for the pan‐Arab satellite TV station based in Qatar since 1996. Also used by Osama bin Laden for Saudi Arabia, a name he rejects, jazirat Muhammad, “the peninsula of [the Prophet] Muhammad”. The use of this inclusive term by the al‐Qa'ida leader would seem to imply, (i) that all of the Arabian Peninsula is one territory, with no distinction between Saudi Arabia, which is four‐fifths of the territory, and the other six states, Yemen, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, the Emirates; and (ii) that the whole of this territory, not just the holy cities of Mecca and Medina and their environs are sacred territory (see Mecca). The former assumption is seen by non‐Saudis as an expression of expansionism, the latter has no legal or scriptural foundation. (Halliday 2002:15) Usual: accustomed … traditional; in character, natural, household, familiar … banal, commonplace, common, ordinary (Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases 1984:258)
The Politics of Social Pacts
Authors: Hassel Anke 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe paper develops an analytical framework for the politics of negotiated voluntary wage restraint in the context of social pacts. It argues that, in contrast to earlier political exchanges, tripartite negotiations on wage restraint under restrictive economic policies are not based on a political exchange whereby governments had to compensate trade unions for wage restraint. Rather, governments can threaten trade unions with tight monetary policy and trade unions can either engage in negotiated adjustment or suffer restrictions. Social pacts are therefore an instrument of adjustment by governments to a new economic environment, and not a tool of economic policy.
The Political Representation of the Labour Interest in Britain
Authors: Ludlam Steve , Taylor Andrew 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article analyses the condition of the labour alliance of the Labour Party and its affiliated unions in the light of a recent typology of union–party links, and of Lewis Minkin's seminal study of the British union–party link. We conclude that, while the link appeared to have stabilized before the general election in 2001, it has become much more volatile since, although the new group of more left‐wing leaders of major unions remains determined to reassert the union position inside the party rather than radically change the union–Labour relationship.
Fos expression in serotonergic neurons in the rat brainstem following noxious stimuli: an immunohistochemical double‐labelling study
Authors: Chen Tao , Dong Yuan‐Xiang , Li Yun‐Qing 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn order to detect whether there were different expression patterns of Fos protein induced by somatic or visceral noxious stimulation in the serotonergic neurons in the rat brainstem, an immunohistochemical double‐labelling technique for serotonin (5‐HT) and Fos was employed after subcutaneous or stomach injection of formalin. The two stimuli were matched in pilot experiments to produce maximum Fos expression. The expression of Fos protein in 5‐HT‐containing neurons (5‐HT/Fos co‐localized neurons) could be observed in the ventrolateral subdivision of the midbrain periaqueductal grey, interpeduncular nucleus, paramedian raphe nucleus, all of the brainstem raphe nuclei, the alpha part of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus. The locations of the 5‐HT/Fos co‐localized neurons in the brainstem of animals subjected to somatic noxious stimulation were similar to those subjected to visceral noxious stimulation. However, the number and proportion of the 5‐HT/Fos co‐localized neurons in the median raphe nucleus and nucleus raphe obscurus of the rat subjected to visceral noxious stimulation were statistically greater than those in rats subjected to somatic noxious stimulation. These results suggest that serotonergic neurons in median raphe nucleus and nucleus raphe obscurus have a tendency to higher neuronal activity after visceral noxious stimulation.
Human intervertebral disc cell morphology and cytoskeletal composition: a preliminary study of regional variations in health and disease
Authors: Johnson W. E. B. , Roberts S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractClassically, intervertebral disc cells have been described as fibrocytic in the anulus fibrosus and chondrocytic in the nucleus pulposus. Recent animal studies, however, have suggested that disc cell morphology may be more complex than previously considered. Here, by utilizing labelling of components of the cytoskeleton in combination with confocal microscopy, we have examined the detailed morphology of human intervertebral disc cells in pathological and non‐pathological tissue. Filamentous‐actin‐ and vimentin‐positive cells that appeared either fibrocytic or chondrocytic were observed in all intervertebral discs. However, in localized areas of the disc, stellate cells that extended multiple, branching cytoplasmic processes into their surrounding matrix were also seen. This stellate appearance formed a marked feature of disc cells regionally in certain pathologies, i.e. in cells of the outer anulus fibrosus in scoliotic discs and in inner anulus/nucleus pulposus cells in one spondylolisthetic disc. We conclude that the phenotypic variation of human intervertebral disc cells should be extended to include cells with a stellate appearance, which may be more prevalent in tissue that has been subjected to abnormal load or tension.
Co‐activation of PKA and PKC in cerebrocortical nerve terminals synergistically facilitates glutamate release
Authors: Millán Carmelo , Torres Magdalena , Sánchez‐Prieto José 
Published: November 2003

AbstractProtein kinase A and protein kinase C are involved in processes that enhance glutamate release at glutamatergic nerve terminals. However, it is not known whether these two kinases co‐exist within the same nerve terminal, nor is it clear what impact their simultaneous activation may have on neurotransmitter release. In cerebrocortical nerve terminals, co‐application of forskolin, which increases cAMP levels and activates protein kinase A, and 4β‐phorbol dibutyrate, a direct activator of protein kinase C, synergistically enhanced the spontaneous release of glutamate. This enhancement exhibited both tetrodotoxin‐sensitive and tetrodotoxin‐resistant components. Interestingly, the tetrodotoxin‐resistant component of release was not observed when cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) and calcium‐ and phospholipid‐dependent protein kinase (PKC) were activated separately, but developed slowly after the co‐activation of the two kinases, accounting for 50% of the facilitated release. This release component was dependent on voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels that opened spontaneously after PKA and PKC activation and occurred in the absence of Na+ channel firing. These data provide functional evidence for the co‐existence of PKA‐ and PKC‐signalling pathways in a subpopulation of glutamatergic nerve terminals.
Differential distribution of CREB in the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway
Authors: Walters Carrie L. , Kuo Yuo‐Chen , Blendy Julie A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) has been implicated in the long‐term neuronal plasticity associated with addiction. While CREB is expressed in many cells throughout the brain, very little is known about the relative concentrations of CREB protein in various brain regions. Studies in which CREB levels have been altered, either constitutively throughout the brain via gene targeting or transiently in specific brain regions, demonstrate variable roles for this protein in mediating reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse. To investigate the complex nature of CREB function in addiction, we examined the distribution of CREB protein in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), two brain regions that are part of the well‐defined mesolimbic dopamine pathway involved in reward processing. Our data demonstrate significantly more CRE binding activity and CREB protein in the NAc compared to levels present in the VTA of wild‐type mice. Phospho‐CREB levels are increased in the NAc of both wild‐type and CREBαΔ mutant animals after cocaine. However, morphine‐induced increases of phospho‐CREB levels are seen in the VTA of wild‐type mice but not CREBαΔ mutant mice. Consequently, the 90% reduction of CREB in CREBαΔ mutant mice differentially affects CREB phosphorylation and induction of downstream targets of CREB in the NAc and VTA.
A point mutation uncouples transducin‐α from the photoreceptor RGS and effector proteins
Authors: Natochin Michael , Artemyev Nikolai O. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA novel gain‐of‐function mutation, R243Q, has been recently identified in the Candida elegans Gqα protein EGL‐30. The position corresponding to Arg243 in EGL‐30 is absolutely conserved among heterotrimeric G proteins. This mutation appears to be the first gain‐of‐function mutation in the switch III region of Gα subunits. To investigate consequences of the R→Q mutation we introduced the corresponding R238Q mutation into transducin‐like Gtα* subunit. The mutant retained intact interactions with Gtβγ and rhodopsin but exhibited a twofold reduction in the kcat value for guanosine 5'‐triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis. The GTPase activity of R238Q was not accelerated by the RGS domain of the visual GTPase‐activating protein, RGS9‐1. In addition, R238Q displayed a significant impairment in the effector function. Our data and the crystal structures of transducin suggest that the major reason for the reduced intrinsic GTPase activity of R238Q and the lack of RGS9 function is the break of the conserved ionic contact between Arg238 and Glu39, which apparently stabilizes the transitional state for GTP hydrolysis. We hypothesize that the R243Q mutation in EGL‐30 severs the ionic interaction of Arg243 with Glu43, leading to a defective inactivation of the mutant by the C. elegans RGS protein EAT‐16.
Real‐time decoding of dopamine concentration changes in the caudate–putamen during tonic and phasic firing
Authors: Venton B. Jill , Zhang Hui , Garris Paul A. , Phillips Paul E. M. , Sulzer David , Wightman R. Mark 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe fundamental process that underlies volume transmission in the brain is the extracellular diffusion of neurotransmitters from release sites to distal target cells. Dopaminergic neurons display a range of activity states, from low‐frequency tonic firing to bursts of high‐frequency action potentials (phasic firing). However, it is not clear how this activity affects volume transmission on a subsecond time scale. To evaluate this, we developed a finite‐difference model that predicts the lifetime and diffusion of dopamine in brain tissue. We first used this model to decode in vivo amperometric measurements of electrically evoked dopamine, and obtained rate constants for release and uptake as well as the extent of diffusion. Accurate predictions were made under a variety of conditions including different regions, different stimulation parameters and with uptake inhibited. Second, we used the decoded rate constants to predict how heterogeneity of dopamine release and uptake sites would affect dopamine concentration fluctuations during different activity states in the absence of an electrode. These simulations show that synchronous phasic firing can produce spatially and temporally heterogeneous concentration profiles whereas asynchronous tonic firing elicits uniform, steady‐state dopamine concentrations.
Characterization of Cln3p, the gene product responsible for juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, as a lysosomal integral membrane glycoprotein
Authors: Ezaki Junji , Takeda‐Ezaki Mitsue , Koike Masato , Ohsawa Yoshiyuki , Taka Hikari , Mineki Reiko , Murayama Kimie , Uchiyama Yasuo , Ueno Takashi , Kominami Eiki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractJuvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL) is an autosomal recessively inherited lysosomal storage disease involving a mutation in the CLN3 gene. The sequence of CLN3 was determined in 1995; however, the localization of the CLN3 gene product (Cln3p) was not confirmed. In this study, we investigated endogenous Cln3p using two peptide antibodies raised against two distinct epitopes of murine Cln3p. Identification of the liver 60 kDa protein as Cln3p was ascertained by amino acid sequence analysis using tandem mass spectrometry. Liver Cln3p was predominantly localized in the lysosomal membranes, not in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus. As the tissue concentration of brain Cln3p was much lower than that of liver Cln3p, it could be detected only after purification from brain extract using anti‐Cln3p IgG Sepharose. The apparent molecular masses of liver Cln3p and brain Cln3p were determined to be about 60 kDa and 55 kDa, respectively. Both brain and liver Cln3p were deglycosylated by PNGase F treatment to form polypeptides with almost the same molecular mass (45 kDa). However, they were not affected by Endo h treatment. In addition, it was also elucidated that the amino terminal region of Cln3p faces the cytosol.
Characterization of microsatellite loci for Reissita simonyi (Rebel, 1899) (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae)
Authors: Klütsch C. F. C. , Misof B. , Naumann C. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe newly developed microsatellite set for Reissita simonyi (Rebel 1899) (Lepidoptera, Zyganidae) is presented. In total, 14 loci turned out to be highly polymorphic. The microsatellite set will be used for a population genetic analysis of this endemic species in Southern Arabia. In the focus of this study stands the genetic differentiation and variability of isolated populations, which are assumed to be based on habitat fragmentation due to natural processes and human impact. Moreover, this new microsatellite set showed accurate band patterns in the Palaearctic genus Zygaena which seems to be promising for further studies.
Microsatellite loci for paternity analysis in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: Bessert Michael L. , Ortí Guillermo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMany recent studies have employed molecular markers to uncover important aspects of mating systems in teleost fishes. The fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) is a nest‐building North American cyprinid that spawns multiply and exhibits exclusive male parental care. A battery of microsatellite markers was developed to analyse paternity in this species. The seven characterized loci possess four to 31 alleles and expected heterozygosities of 0.455–0.974. In combination, they elicit an exclusion probability of 0.999, a desirable level for paternity analysis. In addition, cross‐amplifications were conducted to test primer efficacy in 13 other taxa, including two congeners.