bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gambling in Ancient Jewish Society and in the Graeco-Roman World
Authors: Schwartz Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace among historians, and particularly historians of games and gambling, that games of chance have existed in most societies, from ancient to modern and from primitive to complex.1 The study of Jewish society has shown that the Jews were not immune to the attractions of gambling. It is the purpose of our present study to examine this phenomenon in Jewish society during the Second Temple, mishnaic, and talmudic periods and to try and determine whether the common view cited above indeed reflects this ancient Jewish society.
Officials
Authors: Lendon J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The attractions of holding a high post in the Roman imperial government were manifold. Who would not be overjoyed to ruin, flog, or execute his more irritating acquaintances? ‘Comandare e meglio di fottere’, as the Sicilians say. An armed guard and the colour of authority could advance almost any end. ‘I can have whomever I want clubbed to death!’ an imagined governor gloats.1 One of the roads the rods of an official cleared most frequently was that to fortune. Offices were remunerative because of the large salaries they came to carry, the gifts that were their holders’ everyday expectation, the opportunities to convert public money into one’s own, and the vantage they afforded for bribes and extortion.It was worthy of remark when an official returned home no richer than when he left.More and more, offices were also valued because of the delightful immunities from costly civic burdens they offered. Indeed, in late antiquity men can be seen seeking official posts solely to enjoy this last benefit, serving briefly or holding their posts in sinecure, and then getting on with their lives.
Collected Essays
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colin Macleod died in December 1981 at the age of 38. Many regarded him as already one of the most profound interpreters in our times of Greek and Latin literature and ideas; and it was widely felt that his essays should be collected together in a single volume. There are twenty longer essays, including two previously unpublished, on Homer's poetics and on Thucydides' tragic vision, and some dozen shorter pieces. The three most prominent authors are Thucydides, Horace, and Gregory of Nyssa; but Macleod's extraordinary range included Aeschylus, Catullus, Propertius, and Origen, among many others. He left marginal notes towards any second edition, and these have been collected as an appendix. There is also a list of his many book reviews. This volume has a powerful coherence which comes from Macleod's fusion of scrupulous scholarship with a passionately intense search for wisdom in the creations of the past. He sees great writers, of prose and verse, as using myth, history, theology, and rhetoric as access to some understanding of the human condition. Careful readers will find that these essays have within them deeply-felt insights into society, love, suffering, and death.
Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1285-1289, Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus 1403-8
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After these words begins Cassandra’s long, halting movement into the house and towards her death
Line 1289, untouched in most of the older texts, has not fared well at the hands of the chief modern editors.
Euripides ‘ Rags , Euripides’ Rags Again
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These questions can be answered by one hypothesis: that the rags and cap are taken to represent copies of the Telephus and the other Euripidean plays. It is as if Dicaeopolis were taking away a text (or part of one) of the Telephus; and the other heroes are visible in so far as their names are also the titles of tragedies. This symbolism could easily have been supported by the staging, if the rags and cap were wound up to look like scrolls.
Propertius 4,1
Authors: Macleod C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unity and coherence of Propertius 4,1 are still debated. It also poses the reader another and larger question: what an Augustan poet may mean when he considers the different possibilities open to him as a writer, when he states a programme .and refuses alternatives, and in particular when he indicates his relation to Callimachus ‘ aesthetic. That question in its turn leads us to ask how the writer ‘s character as more or less a Callimachean is connected with his character as the poet of love and as the poet of Rome, the vates. The claim of this paper is that Propertius 4,1 is a well-knit whole, and thus represents these three personae as significantly related aspects of one person. In what follows I go through the poem bit by bit in an attempt to illustrate this thesis.
Horace And His Lyric Models: A Note On Epode 9 And Odes 1, 37
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epode 9 has its dramatic setting immediately after the battle of Actium, on board ship, or at least close to the scene of the conflict; and it celebrates the victory with Maecenas, whom, as Epode I indicates, Horace has accompanied on the campaign 1• Now it is natural in a book of Parii iambi to look for models in Archilochus, and for these features of Epode 9 there is one of a sort:
1 Cf. C. BARTELS, Hermes IOI (1973), 307. This article discusses admirably, and with ample bibliography, most of the questions commonly raised about this poem; I have therefore dealt with them quite summarily here. For a briefer, also excellent, account in English, see M. J. MCGANN, Latin Poetry in Augustan Rome and Quattrocento Italy (Belfast 1977), 15 - 21.
Allegory And Mysticism In Origen And Gregory Of Nyssa
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historian of religion who cares for his subject will always want to get beneath the tangle of cults and dogmas to discover their roots in the heart; and the study of mysticism has the peculiar attraction that it cannot but be concerned with religious experience: for however diverse its forms may be, nearly all imply either a contact with God or at least a search for him. But one of the greatest students of mysticism in antiquity concludes his four-volume masterpiece with these words: ‘L ‘historien ne saitquece qu ‘on Juidit. II nepenetre pas le secret descceurs ‘ (Festugiere, La Revelation d ‘Hermes Trismigiste, iv, Paris, 1954, p. 267). Such words from such an authority should give us pause. At least it seems worth reflecting on what the conditions for our study of mysticism are; the historian will have not only to assemble and exploit his evidence, but consider what sort of setting it comes from and how this affects its Yaluc as a testimony of experience. The remarks which follow are intended as a very small exercise in this branch of history.
The Preface To Gregory Of Nyssa ‘s Life Of Moses
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spiritual teaching of Gregory of Nyssa has justly attracted more and more attention in recent years; not so much has been done for the study of the writings which embody it. If there is one place in which Gregory gives the essence of that teaching, it is the preface to the Life of Moses; it is also something of a rhetorical tour de force. In this paper, then, I briefly examine its argumentation and its expression, trying to bring out their character and coherence, and to situate Gregory ‘s thought in its tradition.
Philosophy, Politics, and Politicians at Rome
Authors: Griffin* Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Disscussion of the relation between philosophy and politics may appropriately begin with the famous dictum of Plato in the Republic:Unless either philosophers become kings in our states or those whom we now call kings and rulers take to the pursuit of philosophy seiously and adequately, and there is a conjunction of these two things, political power and philosophical intelligence, there can be no end of troubles for our states or, I think, for the human race. (473 D)
Cardinal Manning
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book follows the intellectual formation and development of Cardinal Henry Edward Manning (1808-92), from the early years of his Anglican ministry, to his conversion to Rome and his subsequent involvement with Vatican Council I, an area of research which has hitherto attracted little attention. This neglect is all the more surprising when taking into account the significant role that Manning played in many of the most important ecclesiastical events of his time. This present study aims at setting Manning's ideas against their historical background, the events in which he was involved and those which influenced his thought or upon which he exerted his influence, but it also examines the deep personal crisis, both ideological and emotional, that he experienced. It is based on a thorough research into Manning's published works and manuscript sources, many of them previously unused.
Introduction
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry Edward Manning ( 1 808–92), sometime Anglican Archdeacon of Chi Chester and later second Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, was one of the most influential figures in the history of the Catholic Church and in English social lilt during the nineteenth century. His role was not confined to the boundaries of his country, or even of the British Empire. He reached much further to play an important part in the life of the Church Universal, particularly during the First Vatican Council, and to work for the cause of the oppressed in continental Europe and in the United States of America. It may therefore come as a surprise to discover the neglect into which his life and work have fallen, a neglect which fails to do justice to his historical stature.
The Preparation of the Council
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pius IX’s decision to convoke an Ecumenical Council had a long period of gestation. It seems that Cardinal Lambruschini had mentioned this possibility as early as 181-9, as a response to the extraordinary needs of the times. Still, it was not until December 1864 that Pius IX informed the Curial cardinals of his intention of calling a General Council, an idea, he said, which had been in his mind for a long time. The cardinals expressed their favorable opinion, and the wheels of the machinery to prepare the Council were soon set in motion. In March 1865 the newly set up ‘Congregation for the Future Council’ started acting on its own suggestion of preparing, in draft form, the schemata to be discussed. The first step was to consult bishops all over the World about the matters that they con¬ side red should be addressed by the forthcoming Council, and in the following months, letters were sent to the bishops selected for the purpose. The original list did not include any English-speaking bishop among those to be consulted.
Hypereides
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Athenian lawyer-politician Hypereides (390/89-322 BC) - a central figure in Athenian political life, patriot, bon viveur, contemporary of Demosthenes, and one of the canonical Ten Attic Orators - was credited in antiquity with more than seventy speeches. All were lost until the second half of the nineteenth century, when papyrus finds in Egypt recovered (in whole or part) six, five of them forensic. David Whitehead has for the first time provided a complete commentary on all five of the surviving forensic speeches. This book includes a general introduction, a new and accurate translation, and lavish historical and literary commentary.
Antiochos III and the Cities of Wes tern Asia Minor
Authors: Ma John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work examines a test case for the relationship between the polis and the Hellenistic empire focusing specifically on the interaction between Antiochos III and the cities of Western Asia Minor (226-188 BC). Such a study is possible thanks to a rich epigraphical documentation which has been reproduced extensively and translated in an appendix to this book. Dr Ma approaches this material from a variety of angles: narrative history, structural analyses of imperial power, and analyses of the functions played by language and stereotype in the interaction between rulers and ruled. The result is to further a nuanced appreciation of the relation between the Hellenistic king and the Hellenistic polis by drawing attention to the power of the Hellenistic empires, to the capacity of political language to modify power relations, and to the efforts of the Hellenistic polis to preserve its sense of identity and civic pride, if not its political independence.
Introduction
Authors: Richard Buxton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has often been maintained, and it is still widely held, that the civilization of ancient Greece underwent a development from myth to reason, or—to adopt the Greek-derived terms which have sometimes assumed talismanic status in relation to the debate—from Mythos to Logos.1 Such a progress, embracing, among other areas, philosophy, historiography, medicine, technology, and various sciences, has frequently been presented as a triumphal one. That may be why, at the beginning of volume 2 of the otherwise unillustrated Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker by Diels—Kranz, we find an Ephesian coin on which the philosopher Heraclitus, one of Ephesus’ most famous sons, is depicted, in the manner of Herades, brandishing a club.
Rationalizing Myth: Methods and Motives in Palaephatus
Authors: Stern Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crude commercialism of America, its materialising spirit, its indifference to the poetical side of things, and its lack of imagination ... are entirely due to that country having adopted for its national hero a man who, according to his own confession, was incapable of telling a lie. A Rationalizer of myths, a student of Aristotle who debunks the implausible tales of an earlier age by providing logoi for muthoi-surely such a figure must be thought to cooperate with the familiar thesis under examination in this book: that the Greek world witnessed a development from muthos to logos. But the truth is not so simple. For the writings of Palaephatus will illustrate a variation on the theme: that although Greek society may have advanced in the direction of logos it did not simultaneously lose its obsession with its own muthoi. Though Palaephatus may debunk myth, he argues ultimately that myths are not to be discarded, but that rather, stripped of their most fantastical elements, they are all the more to be accepted and believed. Palaephatus finally is a corrector not a rejecter of the myths he inherits. His writings demonstrate that the application of reason to myth may have as its primary purpose the strengthening rather than the weakening of belief in those very myths and that the appearance of logos does not of necessity require the disappearance of muthos.
Demythologizing the Past, Mythicizing the Present: Myth, History, and the Supernatural at the Dawn of the Hellenistic Period
Authors: Henrichs Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Myth’ And ‘History’ may derive from Greek words, but they are thoroughly modern concepts that together comprise but one aspect of the myth/logos relationship. For more than 125 years, these terms have been perceived as virtual opposites, as contradictory ways of looking at the world. We consider ‘history’ to represent objective truth, and myth to signify the collective product of a culture’s imagination distilled into paradigmatic narrative scenarios. Historians of ancient Greece have tended to keep myth at arm’s length, and students of Greek mythology have often treated myth as though the Greeks had lived in a historical vacuum. Fortunately, perceptions are changing, albeit gradually. Over the past quarter century, awareness has grown that ‘myth’ and ‘history’ are inseparably interwoven and must be seen as complementary and interdependent aspects of Greek culture. It is generally recognized that, at least for the Archaic period, self--proclaimed myths are to a large extent synonymous with history. If I were to produce examples for this revalidation of myth and, indeed, of religion as fundamental vehicles for historical enquiry, I would not only mention the names of Jean-Pierre Vernant, Pierre Vidal-Naquet, and Nicole Loraux, but I would also emphasize the renewed interest in oral traditions, in foundation myths, and in Herodotus as a cultural historian, as well as the recent appointment of Robert Parker-a historian of Greek religion-as the Wykeham Professor of Ancient History at the University of Oxford.
Myth and Logos in Aristotle
Authors: Johansen Thomas K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me start with a familiar picture of Aristotle. Aristotle invented logic, the art of valid reasoning. He also invented the notion of empirical science, being the first to insist that theories of nature should be based on systematic observation. Aristotle brought together his two inventions, empirical science and logic, in his theory of demonstrative understanding (epistémé). According to this theory, we have understanding when, through a process of induction from sense-perception, we come to grasp definitions that are intelligible, necessarily true, explanatory, and unambiguous, and when we are able to use these definitions as premisses in syllogisms that demonstrate their conclusions. In this way Aristotelian science combines observation with logic so as to represent a paradigm of empirical and rational knowledge.
The Use of Purple in Cooking, Medicine, and Magic: An Example of Interference by the Imaginary in Rational Discourse
Authors: Bélis Mireille 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In antiquity, purple was the only luxury product which could be used to adorn clothing and yet be eaten like any other foodstuff. It occupied a position at the top of the hierarchy of dyes: ancient sources unanimously acclaimed its splendour, brilliance, and fastness. It fell naturally into the category of social markers, expressing distinction in all fields of public life as well as in the situations of private life. It was worn by deities, heroes, priests, and potentates; it was flaunted by parvenus. Pliny the Elder quite reasonably queried the coexistence of the double practice which led his contemporaries to subvert the natural order: What connection is there [he asked] between the sea and our clothing, between the waves and waters and woollen fabric? We only enter that element in a proper manner when we are naked! Granted that there is so close an alliance between it and our stomach, but what has it to do with our backs?
Myth, History, and Dialectic in Plato’s Republic and Timaeus-Critias
Authors: Rowe Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the dichotomies which the dichotomic theme of this volume inevitably generates is the opposition–all too easily posited–between the rational and the irrational. For the present paper I have taken a theme, the mythology of technology, which seems to bridge that opposition. Whatever Plato might have thought and said about it, technélars was, for most of antiquity, a procedure about which rational discourse was the rule. It is not surprising that in the late nineteenth century the development of technology in Greece was inscribed into the paradigm ‘From Mythos to Logos’: together with science, technology was seen as being emancipated from religion to constitute a new and independent field. In more recent times the process has been described by Jean-Pierre Vernant as a ‘laïcisation des techniques’: Vernant did not himself completely reject the older, ‘From Mythos to Logos’ view, but rather modified it, differentiating between the theoreticians with whom full rationality set in during, at the latest, the age of Aristotle, and the practitioners who worked by trial and error and were thus always exposed to a trace of irrationality and unpredictability.1 In this article I shall not argue about Vernant’s assessment (his concept of rationality is Platonic and might therefore not do full justice to all the facts). What I intend to do is more limited in scope: I shall concern myself with the intersection of myth and technology, more precisely that of myth and metallurgy.
The Significance of the Speech of Praetextatus
Authors: Liebeschuetz Wolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is agreed that the speech of Praetextatus in the Saturnalia of Macrobius, written about AD 430, is one of the principal sources for the last stage of Roman paganism, more precisely for the interpretation of their traditional religion by the last generation of pagan senators. Modern interpretations differ in detail. But on essentials something like consensus has been reached: Praetextatus ‘ speech shows that the paganism of the late fourth-century Roman senatorial aristocracy was approaching monotheism. ‘ Praetextatus ‘ view of the gods is much closer to Christianity than the classical paganism we know from the authors of the Latin golden age, in that it involved belief that the world was in fact ruled by a single deity and that the traditional gods were in reality aspects of the one god.
Tacitus’ Obituary of Tiberius
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard interpretation of the obituary’s final paragraph, where Tacitus divides the emperor’s life into five tempora diuersa, is that provided by F. R. D. Goodyear,which may be summarized as follows. During the last period of his life Tiberius, now free from anyone who might act as a restraining influence, revealed his own true, real, or innate character (ingenium) of unmitigated evil.
The Dying Gasp and the Journey to Hades
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that for Homer mental life is the inhalation of breath and its mingling with blood and kindred fluids in the breast, and hence that no part of the living man can be separated off as a mind imprisoned in the body. If man lives and has consciousness as an indivisible unity, what happens when he dies? Here we return to . There are many allusions to the loss of something of this name at the moment of death, and in a few passages it is described as going to the Underworld.
Conclusion: The Dynamics of Mythical Image-Making
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the of the deaths of Patroclus and Hector a tangible phenomenon of mortal experience is translated into something that belongs in the unseen world of the afterlife. In the last chapter we saw that this ambiguity or shift is not unique to the problem of that particular word. If we make the personal identity of Death or Sleep parallel to the mythical form of the which flies to Hades and lives there as a wraith, and if we make the rendering of sleep or death as mist falling on the eyes parallel to the simple identification of as the dying man’s last breath, then the words and will each prompt the same question: within the range of possibilities for image-making represented by a single noun, where does the mythical identity belong in the poet’s view of the world?
The Authority of Plato and Primitive Wisdom
Authors: Coys-Stones G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of Platonism as a historical phenomenon has been a very controversial area of discussion: the where and the when of it cannot be neatly pinned down, because, as far as we know, Platonism had no single founder. (Platonism in any case did not begin as a ‘school’ in the institutional sense familiar from Hellenistic philosophy.) Its origins have been located in the increasingly Dogmatic stance taken by the later Academics—notably by the two last heads of the Academy, Philo of Larissa1 and Antiochus of Ascalon;1 2 they have been traced to the Stoa, a school which had always set the standards of Dogmatism, and which in its later periods (especially in the philosophy of Panaetius and Posidonius) looked back to Plato and remodelled itself to some extent in the light of his beliefs.