bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized, Double-Blind, Dose-Finding Study of Dexamethasone in Preventing Acute Emesis Induced by Anthracyclines, Carboplatin, or Cyclophosphamide:
Authors:   The Italian Group for Antiemetic Research
Published: February 2004

Purpose Different doses and schedules of dexamethasone, combined with a 5-HT3 antagonist, are used to prevent acute emesis induced by anthracyclines, carboplatin, or cyclophosphamide. Therefore, we planned a randomized, double-blind, dose finding study aimed to identify the preferred dose and schedule of dexamethasone. Patients and Methods All consecutive chemotherapy-naive patients enrolled onto study were randomly assigned to receive for the prevention of acute emesis, during the first 24 hours, one of the following dexamethasone regimens, in combination with ondansetron 8 mg intravenously (IV): for arm A, 8 mg IV before chemotherapy plus 4 mg orally every 6 hours for four doses, starting at the same time of the chemotherapy; for arm B, 24 mg IV single dose before chemotherapy; and for arm C, 8 mg IV single dose before chemotherapy. All patients received from day 2 to 5 oral dexamethasone 4 mg bid. Results A total of 587 patients were enrolled, and 585 were assessed according to the intention-to-treat principle (195 patients in each arm). The rate of complete protection from acute vomiting and nausea, respectively, was not significantly different among the three groups (arm A, 84.6% and 66.7%; arm B, 83.6% and 56.9%; arm C, 89.2% and 61.0%), nor was the rate of complete protection from delayed vomiting and nausea, respectively (arm A, 81.0% and 46.7%; arm B, 81.3% and 45.1%; arm C, 79.8% and 46.1%). The incidence of delayed vomiting and nausea was strictly dependent on the presence of acute vomiting and nausea. Adverse events were mild and not significantly different among the three groups. Conclusion Dexamethasone 8 mg single dose IV before chemotherapy, in combination with a 5-HT3 antagonist, should be considered the preferred dose to prevent acute emesis induced by anthracyclines, carboplatin, or cyclophosphamide.
Individualized Patient Dosing in Phase I Clinical Trials: The Role of Escalation With Overdose Control in PNU-214936
Authors: Cheng Jonathan D. , Babb James S. , Langer Corey , Aamdal Steinar , Robert Francisco , Engelhardt Lars Rupert , Fernberg Olov , Schiller Joan , Forsberg Goran , Alpaugh R. Katherine , Weiner Louis M. , Rogatko André 
Published: February 2004

PurposeA patient-specific dose-escalation scheme using a Bayesian model of Escalation with Overdose Control (EWOC) was conducted to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PNU-214936 in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PNU-214936 is a murine Fab fragment of the monoclonal antibody 5T4 fused to a mutated superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA).Patients and MethodsSeventy-eight patients with NSCLC were treated with an individualized dose of PNU-214936 calculated using EWOC, based on their anti-SEA antibody level, and given as a 3-hour infusion on 4 consecutive days.ResultsFever (82%; grade 3 to 4, 2.6%) and hypotension (57%; grade 3 to 4, 9%) were the most common toxicities. Eight dose-limiting toxicities occurred, as defined as any grade 4 toxicity occurring within the first 5 days. The MTD was defined as a function of pretreatment anti-SEA antibody level. MTD ranged from 103 ng/kg for patients with anti-SEA concentrations ≤ 10 pmol/mL, to 601 ng/kg for patients with anti-SEA concentrations of 91 to 150 pmol/mL. A minor tumor response was demonstrated in five of 66 assessable patients.ConclusionEWOC determined phase I doses of PNU-214936 that were adjusted for patient anti-SEA antibody level, while safeguarding against overdose. Furthermore, the method permitted the construction of a dosing algorithm that would allow patients in subsequent clinical investigations to be treated with a dose of PNU-214936 that is tailored to their specific tolerance for the agent, as reflected by their pretreatment anti-SEA.
Zena Werb
Authors: Watt Fiona M. 
Published: February 2004

Zena Werb was born in Bergenbelsen, Germany to Polish Jewish parents. As a post-war refugee, with her family she moved from Wroclaw, Poland to Milan, Italy. From there they immigrated to Canada, first to Saskatchewan and then to southern Ontario, where Zena grew up on a farm. She went to the University of Toronto, where she read Honours Biochemistry, receiving a BSc in 1966. Studying with the late Professor Zanvil A. Cohn, Zena received her PhD in cell biology from The Rockefeller University, New York. Her post-doctoral work was at the Strangeways Research Laboratory in Cambridge, UK. After one year on the faculty of Dartmouth Medical School in Hanover, New Hampshire, she joined the University of California, San Francisco, as an Assistant Professor in the Laboratory of Radiobiology. She is currently Professor and Vice-Chair of Anatomy and a member of the Program in Biological Sciences and Biomedical Sciences Program at the University of California, San Francisco.
Zena's research is on the roles of matrix metalloproteinases in normal and pathological tissues, concentrating on mouse models of bone and mammary gland development. She has demonstrated the importance of proteolysis as a mechanism of altering extracellular signaling. She has shown that remodeling of the extracellular matrix and the cellular microenvironment by stromal and inflammatory cells contributes to development of tumors as aberrant organs.
Sexual offenders discharged from prison in England and Wales: A 21‐year reconviction study
Authors: Cann Jenny , Falshaw Louise , Friendship Caroline 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. This study examined the reconviction rates of a cohort of sexual offenders released from prison in England and Wales during 1979. A 21‐year follow‐up period was used and sexual, violent and general reconvictions assessed.Method. The sample consisted of all adult male sexual offenders discharged from prison in England and Wales during 1979 (N = 419). Criminal conviction histories were obtained for the sample from the Offenders Index and sexual, violent and general reconvictions were calculated, over a period of 21 years (1979‐2000).Results. A quarter (24.6%) of the sample received a reconviction for a sexual offence over the 21‐year follow‐up period, 21.7% received a violent reconviction and 61.8% received a general reconviction. A proportion of the sample received their first sexual reconviction 5, 10 or 15 years after being discharged from custody, thus remaining at risk of reconviction for many years.Conclusions. The findings from this study give a unique insight into the long‐term offending of discharged sexual offenders in England and Wales and have implications for the supervision of such offenders.
Management of violent behaviour in the correctional system using qualified risk assessments
Authors: Belfrage Henrik , Fransson Göran , Strand Susanne 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. This study focused on whether institutional violence in a maximum‐security correctional institution could be prevented using comprehensive risk assessments followed by adequate risk management. And, could this be shown by a decrease in risk factors for violence according to the HCR‐20 Risk Assessment Scheme in the study group?Methods. Offenders with a history of violent criminality were subject to real‐life assessments using the HCR‐20 Risk Assessment Scheme. The assessments were followed by discussions with members of staff, in which risk management strategies were designed. Thus, the members of staff were fully aware of every inmate's personality characteristics (e.g. psychiatric diagnoses), what risk factors for violence they displayed, and how best to manage those risk factors. With the aim of evaluating the possible effects of our interventions, approximately one third of the study group was reassessed after a mean of 12 months.Results. The follow‐up showed no significant decrease in important risk factors for violence in the study group. However, the number of violent incidents showed a remarkable decrease during the study period.Conclusions. Not being able to reduce important risk factors for violence does not necessarily mean that one cannot decrease the risk for, or the incidence of, violence. This study indicates that proper and adequate risk management, using the best protective factors available, can reduce violence even though important risk factors cannot be decreased. The study also supports the theoretical assumption that changes in risk factors are more possible in some populations (e.g. general psychiatric) than in others (e.g. correctional) depending on the nature of the study group and the risk factors that are at hand (e.g. dynamic vs. static). This seems to be important to bear in mind when performing evaluation research using risk assessment instruments.
Witnesses with intellectual disabilities in court: What questions are asked and what influence do they have?
Authors: Kebbell Mark R. , Hatton Christopher , Johnson Shane D. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. To identify the ways in which witnesses with and without intellectual disabilities are examined in court. Specifically to identify what questions are asked and what influence they have.Methods. Court transcripts were obtained for 16 rape, sexual assault or assault trials involving witnesses with intellectual disabilities and 16 matched cases involving witnesses from the general population. The cases were assessed systematically concerning the questioning strategies of lawyers and the influence of those strategies on witness responses.Results. Questioning of witnesses with intellectual disabilities was almost identical to that of witnesses from the general population indicating that lawyers are not altering their questioning behaviour for witnesses with intellectual disabilities, either positively or negatively. Cross‐examination is particularly poor for eliciting accurate memory reports, especially for witnesses with intellectual disabilities. The accounts of witnesses with intellectual disabilities are shorter and more likely to agree with a leading question than are accounts from the general population.Conclusion. The way in which witnesses are examined does little to ensure that their memories are as accurate as possible. People with intellectual disabilities should be questioned in such a way that their ability to give accurate evidence in court is maximized.
The application of a ‘story‐telling’ framework to investigative interviews for suspected child sexual abuse
Authors: Westcott Helen L. , Kynan Sally 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. This study investigated the usefulness of a ‘story‐telling’ approach to understanding investigative interviews with children suspected of being sexually abused.Method. An innovative framework for understanding children's allegations of sexual abuse was devised from the ‘story‐telling’ literature, which examined the degree to which essential elements of a story, as well as order or disorder of narrative, were present in accounts of alleged abuse. Other features of the interview, such as the presence of free narrative, reliance on specific questions to elicit an account and bizarre or ‘off‐topic’ responses from the child, were also recorded. Transcripts of 70 interviews with children aged up to 12 years, from England and Wales, were coded using a scheme devised specifically for the purpose of the study.Results. The results suggest that although, superficially, the accounts adhered to a story structure, they were often incomplete, ambiguous and disordered to a degree which would impact on understanding. Reliance on specific questions, and other digressionary or non verbal responses from the child also compounded difficulties. Age differences in responding were noted, with the youngest children responding differently from their older peers.Conclusions. Implications for practice include the importance of careful questioning and the value of a second interviewer monitoring the interview. The story‐telling framework was a useful tool in suggesting where difficulties may arise for the child in presenting his/her account, and for an observer (e.g. juror) in making sense of the child's experience as elicited in the interview.
Predicting reconviction using the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles with English prisoners
Authors: Palmer Emma J. , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) in predicting reconviction in a sample of male prisoners.Method. The PICTS was administered to 174 incarcerated male offenders at the point of their release from prison. Reconviction data were collected at a 2‐year follow‐up.Results. Of the eight PICTS scales, only superoptimism differed significantly between reconvicted and non‐reconvicted prisoners, even when age and number of previous convictions were controlled for. Reconvicted offenders scored significantly higher on superoptimism, indicating a more criminal attitude. This finding was supported by a sequential logistic regression, where superoptimism contributed significant predictive power to predicting reconviction beyond a model containing age and number of previous convictions.Conclusions. The results are compared with previous research using the PICTS to predict release outcome. The utility of the PICTS as a predictor for release outcome is discussed.
Motivation for offending and personality
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Sigurdsson Jon Fridrik 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. The main aim of the study was to examine the relationship between motivation for offending and personality.Method. A specially constructed Offending Motivation Questionnaire (OMQ) was developed along the lines of Farrington's (1986, 1993) theoretical framework. The OMQ, the Mak Self‐Reported Delinquency Scale, the Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the Gough Socialisation Scale, the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale, and the Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory (BAI‐R) were administered to two groups of students: college students and university students.Results. Factor analysis of the OMQ revealed four motivational factors for offending (Compliance, Provocation, Financial, Excitement) and one further factor associated with the failure to appreciate the consequences of the criminal act. As predicted, the GCS correlated significantly with a compliance motive (i.e. being coerced, manipulated, or tricked into crime by a peer, or eagerness to please a peer), whereas the remaining four factors were associated with a low score on the Gough Socialisation Scale. External and Mental Element attributions were mainly found to be associated with provocation and consequences factors.Conclusions. The findings support the view that there is a relationship between the motivation for offending, failure to appreciate the consequences of one's actions and personality. Further research should focus on studying this relationship among criminal populations.
The influence of courtroom questioning style on actual and perceived eyewitness confidence and accuracy
Authors: Wheatcroft Jacqueline M. , Wagstaff Graham F. , Kebbell Mark R. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. Little research has been conducted on the effects of courtroom examination/questioning styles on witness confidence and accuracy. Two studies were therefore conducted, one investigating the effects of examination style on witness confidence and accuracy, the other investigating observers/jurors perceptions of witness confidence and accuracy.Method. In Study 1, after observing a video event, 60 witnesses were individually interviewed about the event according to one of three conditions: (1) simple questioning style, (2) lawyerese questioning style (containing leading and suppositional phrases), and (3) lawyerese with negative feedback style. In study 2, 60 observers/ jurors observed a good and a poor witness under examination by one of the three questioning styles. Measures of the perceived fairness of the examination were also taken in study 2.Results. In the main, significant results were found only for question items classed as difficult to remember. The lawyerese style appeared to have an adverse affect on confidence‐accuracy relationships. Adding subtle negative feedback reduced the problem, but at the price of reduced overall accuracy. Observers (jurors) also seemed to be most affected by observing the negative feedback style; judging the witness overall to be less accurate. An unexpected result was that, regardless of questioning style, presenting the testimony of the least confident witness first appeared to spuriously boost confidence and thereby perceived accuracy, in that witness's testimony. No significant effects were found for perceived fairness.Conclusions. In general, these results lend some support to those who have asserted that the lawyerese style of questioning may be unwise.
Imprisoned knowledge: Criminals' beliefs about deception
Authors: Granhag Pär Anders , Andersson Lars O. , Strömwall Leif A. , Hartwig Maria 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. This paper is a survey examining beliefs about cues to deception held by prison inmates, prison personnel and students. In line with the ideas about more beneficial learning structures in the environment of criminals and findings from previous studies, we predicted that the beliefs held by prison inmates would be most consistent with the general pattern found in studies examining objective cues to deception.Method. A total of 326 participants filled out a questionnaire containing questions about cues to deception. The sample consisted of 107 prison inmates from high‐security prisons, 103 prison personnel and 116 students. Both between‐group and within‐group analyses were conducted.Results. In line with previous surveys, students and prison personnel held stereotypical and wrongful beliefs about cues to deception. Prison inmates' beliefs about deception were less stereotypical than the beliefs of prison personnel and students.Conclusions. The results indicate that prison inmates have relatively more insight into the psychology of deception. A reasonable explanation for these findings is that the environment of criminals is beneficial in the sense that they receive more adequate outcome feedback than the other two groups. The results indicate that studying this group may generate useful knowledge about the dynamics of deception.
Confessions and denials and the relationship with personality
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Sigurdsson Jon Fridrik , Bragason Olafur O. , Einarsson Emil , Valdimarsdottir Eva B. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. The main aim of the study was to examine the reasons and personality factors associated with confessions and denials. It was hypothesized that antisocial personality traits and active involvement in criminal behaviour would distinguish true confessors and true deniers from false confessors and false deniers.Method. The participants were 1,080 students in further education in Iceland. Each was asked about false admissions made to teachers and parents in the past, as well as about confessions or denials (true and false) made to the police during questioning, and the reasons for having responded in the way they did. The participants also completed questionnaires relating to offending, personality and self‐esteem.Results. One‐quarter (25%) of the participants stated that they had in the past been interrogated by the police in relation to a suspected offence, of whom 59% said they had confessed. A small minority of those interrogated (3.7%; 1% of the total sample) claimed to have made false confessions to the police, whereas 10% claimed to have made false confessions to teachers or parents. Males were significantly more likely to report false confessions than females. False confessions and false denials were significantly associated with antisocial personality traits, with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Psychoticism being the single best predictor. Those participants who made true confessions and true denials were most normal in their personality.Conclusions. Personality is a significant predictor of who makes false confessions and false denials.
Eysenck's theory of crime revisited: Factors or primary scales?
Authors: Levine Stephen Z. , Jackson Chris J. 
Published: February 2004

Purpose. This study aims to advance the original formulation of Eysenck's theory of criminality from the factorial level to suggest that primary scales of personality best determine reports of delinquency.Method. Two self‐report studies were conducted. The first consisted of 101 students and the second used an additional 101 students. The first study used measures of Self‐Reported Delinquency (SRD) and Socialisation (Gough & Peterson, 1952) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised Edition (EPQ‐R; H.J. Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991). The second study complemented the first study to utilize the EPQ‐R and SRD only.Results. A series of exploratory hierarchical multiple entry regressions of the factors in the first study demonstrate that high Psychoticism predicts SRD, whereas high Psychoticism and Neuroticism predict Under‐socialization. The primary scales of Disrespect for Rules, Depressed and Need for Stimulation significantly predict both criteria. The second study extends the first study through structural equation modelling to provide acceptable evidence of the concurrent validity of these primary scales with SRD.Conclusions. We propose that the significant primary scales of personality provide a clear reformulation of Eysenck's original theory of criminality as they explain the variance in delinquency and socialization in a systematic manner. Furthermore, primary scales provide a theoretical framework for behavioural interventions, as required by Blackburn (2000).
Towards Complete and Accurate Reporting of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: The STARD Initiative
Authors: Bossuyt Patrick M , Reitsma Johannes B , Bruns David E , Gatsonis Constantine A , Glasziou Paul P , Irwig Les M , Lijmer Jeroen G , Moher David , Rennie Drummond , de Vet Henrica C W ,   for the STARD Group
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Background: To comprehend the results of diagnostic accuracy studies, readers must understand the design, conduct, analysis, and results of such studies. That goal can be achieved only through complete transparency from authors.
Objective: To improve the accuracy and completeness of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy to allow readers to assess the potential for bias in the study and to evaluate its generalisability.
Methods: The Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) steering committee searched the literature to identify publications on the appropriate conduct and reporting of diagnostic studies and extracted potential items into an extensive list. Researchers, editors, and members of professional organisations shortened this list during a two-day consensus meeting with the goal of developing a checklist and a generic flow diagram for studies of diagnostic accuracy.
Results: The search for published guidelines on diagnostic research yielded 33 previously published checklists, from which we extracted a list of 75 potential items. The consensus meeting shortened the list to 25 items, using evidence on bias whenever available. A prototypical flow diagram provides information about the method of patient recruitment, the order of test execution and the numbers of patients undergoing the test under evaluation, the reference standard or both.
Conclusions: Evaluation of research depends on complete and accurate reporting. If medical journals adopt the checklist and the flow diagram, the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy should improve to the advantage of clinicians, researchers, reviewers, journals, and the public.