bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approachability and contact behavior of commercial dairy calves to humans
Authors: UETAKE Katsuji , MORITA Shigeru , KOBAYASHI Yoshiko , HOSHIBA Shinji , TANAKA Toshio 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTCalves (n = 106) on four dairy farms were observed for their approachability to humans. All calves experienced similar rearing conditions: Beginning individual pen, after birth until weaning at about 2 months, where they were housed individually and fed milk and a milk replacement; Late individual pen, after weaning until grouping at about 3.5 months, where they were housed individually and fed hay, silage and concentrate feed; Beginning group pen, after grouping until 5 months, where they were housed in groups of 2–5 animals and fed hay, silage and concentrate feed; later group pen, from 5 to 7 months. The number of calves that contacted an experimenter who stood in front of their pens for 10 min was recorded on 6 separate days over 3 months. Latency to touch and time spent in activities during touching such as sucking, licking, biting and rubbing were also measured. There were no significant differences in the latency to touch and the ratio of touch to non‐touch calves between the rearing conditions and the farms. The time spent touching was significantly affected by the interaction between the rearing condition and the farm (P < 0.01). In detail, the time spent sucking (P < 0.001) and licking (P < 0.01) was different between the rearing condition × farm variables. The proportion of calves that approached and touched the experimenter tended to be higher in the farms in which a stockperson worked longer inside and outside their pens (both ρ = 0.95, P = 0.051). These results were interpreted according to the perspectives of early positive reinforcement with food and the habituation process to humans existing nearby.
The H1 and H2 regions of the activation domain of herpes simplex virion protein 16 stimulate transcription through distinct molecular mechanisms
Authors: Ikeda Keiko , Stuehler Thomas , Meisterernst Michael 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background: The Herpes Simplex Virion Protein 16 (VP16) contains a strong activation domain which can be subdivided into two regions, H1 and H2, both of which independently activate transcription in vivo. Several components of the basal transcription machinery have been shown to interact with the activation domain of VP16, mostly through the H1 region.Results: We show that the H2 region binds directly to histone acetyltransferase, CBP (CREB (cAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein) Binding Protein) both in vivo and in vitro. The sites of interaction with the H2 region were mapped to both the amino‐ and carboxy‐terminal segments of CBP. A mutation in the H2 region disrupts the interaction with CBP and abolishes the ability of VP16 to mediate in vitro transactivation from chromatin templates in an acetyl‐CoA dependent manner. In contrast, human Mediator, another co‐activator complex, binds specifically to both the H1 and H2 regions.Conclusion: The H1 and H2 regions of the VP16 activation domain activate transcription via distinct pathways. The H2 requires CBP for activation, whereas the H1 may function through Mediator and general transcription factors.
Phosphorylation and reorganization of vimentin by p21‐activated kinase (PAK)
Authors: Goto Hidemasa , Tanabe Kazushi , Manser Edward , Lim Louis , Yasui Yoshihiro , Inagaki Masaki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Intermediate filament (IF) is one of the three major cytoskeletal filaments. Vimentin is the most widely expressed IF protein component. The Rho family of small GTPases, such as Cdc42, Rac and Rho, are thought to control the organization of actin filaments as well as other cytoskeletal filaments.Results: We determined if the vimentin filaments can be regulated by p21‐activated kinase (PAK), one of targets downstream of Cdc42 or Rac. In vitro analyses revealed that vimentin served as an excellent substrate for PAK. This phosphorylated vimentin lost the potential to form 10 nm filaments. We identified Ser25, Ser38, Ser50, Ser65 and Ser72 in the amino‐terminal head domain as the major phosphorylation sites on vimentin for PAK. The ectopic expression of constitutively active PAK in COS‐7 cells induced vimentin phosphorylation. Fibre bundles or granulates of vimentin were frequent in these transfected cells. However, the kinase‐inactive mutant induced neither vimentin phosphorylation nor filament reorganization.Conclusion: Our observations suggest that PAK may regulate the reorganization of vimentin filaments through direct vimentin phosphorylation.
Applying extinction research and theory to cue‐exposure addiction treatments
Authors: Conklin Cynthia A. , Tiffany Stephen T. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAims To evaluate the efficacy of cue‐exposure addiction treatment and review modern animal learning research to generate recommendations for substantially enhancing the effectiveness of this treatment.Design Meta‐analysis of cue‐exposure addiction treatment outcome studies (N = 9), review of animal extinction research and theory, and evaluation of whether major principles from this literature are addressed adequately in cue‐exposure treatments.Findings The meta‐analytical review showed that there is no consistent evidence for the efficacy of cue‐exposure treatment as currently implemented. Moreover, procedures derived from the animal learning literature that should maximize the potential of extinction training are rarely used in cue‐exposure treatments.Conclusions Given what is known from animal extinction theory and research about extinguishing learned behavior, it is not surprising that cue‐exposure treatments so often fail. This paper reviews current animal research regarding the most salient threats to the development and maintenance of extinction, and suggests several major procedures for increasing the efficacy of cue‐exposure addiction treatment.
Respiratory mechanics in mice: strain and sex specific differences
Authors: SCHULZ H. , JOHNER C. , EDER G. , ZIESENIS A. , REITMEIER P. , HEYDER J. , BALLING R. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTTo assess the contribution of genetic background to respiratory mechanics, we developed a ventilator unit to measure lung function parameters in the mouse. We studied two commonly used inbred mice strains originating from Mus musculus domesticus (C57BL/6 and C3HeB/FeJ) and a third strain derived from Mus musculus molossinus [Japanese fancy mouse 1 (JF1)]. The ventilator allows for accurate performance of the different breathing manoeuvres required for measuring in‐ and expiratory reserve capacity, quasi‐static and dynamic compliance, and airway resistance. In combination with a mass spectrometer for monitoring gas concentrations, single‐breath manoeuvres were performed and He‐expirograms obtained, from which dead space volume and slope of phase III were determined. From each strain and each sex, 10, 2‐month old animals were studied immediately after being killed by an intraperitoneal overdose of xylazine and ketamine. C3HeB/FeJ and C57BL/6 exhibited comparable lung volumes. In male C3HeB/FeJ mice, e.g. vital capacity (VC) was 1072 ± 79 μL, inspiratory reserve capacity 782 ± 88 μL, and dead space volume at total lung inflation 216 ± 18 μL. Lung volumes of JF1 were significantly lower (e.g. VC 611 ± 53 μL, P < 0.01) even when normalized to body weight. In all three strains, specific lung volumes were significantly higher in females than in males, possibly explained by a higher oxygen demand during pregnancy and lactation, both of which fill most of their life times. Static compliance in C3HeB/FeJ was 64.3 ± 5.4 μL cmH2O–1. It was smaller in C57BL/6 and JF1 mice, even when related to the lung volume. Analysis of the degree of genetic vs. non‐genetic components of the phenotypic variation revealed that at least 80% of the total variation of lung volumes and static compliance in the mixed population is attributable to genetic differences between individuals. These differences will be verified in further studies by segregation and genetic linkage analysis.
Glucose transporter gene expression in freshly isolated and cultured rat pneumocytes
Authors: MAMCHAOUI K. , MAKHLOUFI Y. , SAUMON G. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAlveolar epithelium in situ takes up luminal glucose by cotransport with sodium. Cultured alveolar type II pneumocytes have only sodium‐independent glucose uptake. It is unclear which isoforms are responsible for glucose transport in these cells and why sodium–glucose cotransport activity disappears during culture. GLUT1, GLUT4, GLUT5 and SGLT1 mRNA were detected in freshly isolated rat alveolar type II cells by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. We show that SGLT1 mRNA was 90% lower in cells cultured in plastic wells for 2 or 4 days than in freshly isolated cells. mRNAs coding for the facilitated transporters were reduced from 40% (GLUT1) and 75% (GLUT4 and GLUT5) in cultured cells. Cells cultured at the air–liquid interface better preserved their phenotype as attested by significantly higher surfactant‐associated protein mRNA levels. However, these cells had no higher GLUT1 and SGLT1 gene expression. Thus, alveolar type II cells lose sodium–glucose cotransport activity in part because of a decrease in mRNA levels. These changes in gene expression and/or mRNA stability may be an additional consequence of the shift towards the type I cell phenotype observed in cultured type II pneumocytes.
HSP70 and HSP90 expression in leucocytes after exercise in moderately trained humans
Authors: SHASTRY S. , TOFT D. O. , JOYNER M. J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTIn this study, we examined expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) 70 and 90 in human leucocytes after moderate‐to‐heavy exercise. We also compared baseline levels of HSP70 and HSP90 in trained (TR) and untrained (UT) subjects. Eleven TR subjects ran on a treadmill for 1 h at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption. The HSP levels were measured prior to exercise and 15 and 24 h after exercise. Baseline HSP levels were also measured in eight UT controls. Fifteen hours and 24 h after exercise, TR subjects showed no significant increases in HSP70 (P > 0.05). The HSP90 levels also did not change (P > 0.05). Baseline HSP70 levels in TR subjects were lower than in UT subjects (2.04 ± 0.51 ng vs. 4.52 ± 0.95 ng, P < 0.05), while HSP90 levels were similar in TR and UT subjects. We conclude that exercise at an intensity that is within normal limits for a moderately trained individual is not a sufficient stimulus of HSP70 production in leucocytes. We also conclude that blunted levels of baseline HSP70 expression in TR subjects might be a chronic adaptation to training.
Sweating responses to a sustained static exercise is dependent on thermal load in humans
Authors: Kondo N. , Horikawa N. , Aoki K. , Shibasaki M. , Inoue Y. , Nishiyasu T. , Crandall C. G. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this project was to test the hypothesis that internal temperature modulates the sweating response to sustained handgrip exercise. Ten healthy male subjects immersed their legs in 43 °C water for 30–40 min at an ambient temperatures of 30 °C and a relative humidity of 50%. Sweating responses to 50% maximal voluntary contraction isometric handgrip exercise (IH) were measured following the onset of sweating (i.e. following slight increases in internal temperature), and after more pronounced increases in internal temperature. Oesophageal temperature (Tes) was significantly lower during the first bout of exercise (37.54 ± 0.07 °C) relative to the second bout (37.84 ± 0.12 °C; P < 0.05). However, the increase in mean sweating rate (SR) from both the chest and forearm (non‐glabrous skin) was significantly greater during the first IH bout relative to the second bout (P < 0.05). Increases in mean arterial blood pressure and palm SR (glabrous skin) did not differ significantly between exercise bouts, while heart rate and rating of perceived effort were significantly greater during the second bout of IH. As Tes and mean skin temperature did not change during either bout of exercise, the changes in SR from non‐glabrous skin between the bouts of IH were likely because of non‐thermal factors. These data suggest that sweating responses from non‐glabrous skin during IH vary depending on the magnitude of thermal input as indicated by differing internal temperatures between bouts of IH. Moreover, these data suggest that the contribution of non‐thermal factors in governing sweating from non‐glabrous skin may be greatest when internal temperature is moderate (37.54 °C), but has less of an effect after greater elevations in internal temperature (i.e. 37.84 °C).
Local perivascular application of low amounts of a plasmid encoding for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) is efficient for therapeutic angiogenesis in pigs
Authors: Nikol S. , Engelmann M. G. , Pelisek J. , Fuchs A. , Golda A. , Shimizu M. , Mekkaoui C. , Rolland P. H. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTClinical trials have demonstrated therapeutic benefit in inducing angiogenesis in chronic occlusive arterial disease. The route of application mostly used was the intramuscular injection of high dosages of plasmid. Therefore, a local perivascular application of low amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plasmid was used in an interventional occlusion model, and the effect of VEGF on coronary and peripheral occlusions compared in the same animal model. Coronary and peripheral arteries were chronically occluded in Pietrain pigs using a non‐surgical, interventional approach. Adventitial delivery of the DNA for VEGF was performed with a needle injection catheter. The DNA was applied as lipoplexes using the novel cationic liposomes DOCSPER. Optimized transfer conditions were used. Angiography, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and immunohistochemistry were undertaken within a follow‐up period of 6 months. Expression of the transfected VEGF gene was observed at 1 and 3 weeks following application. The DNA was detected up to 5 months following application. Around occluded coronary arteries, there was formation of new collaterals and arterial prolongation, whereas surrounding occluded peripheral arteries there was no collateralization but development of new arterial branches was seen. Results demonstrate that the response to VEGF is also sufficient, when minimal amounts of plasmid encoding for VEGF are applied locally into the perivasculature allowing for more safety of this therapy. Comparison of treatment of chronic coronary and peripheral arterial disease revealed differences in angiogenesis following VEGF application during a total follow‐up period of almost 6 months which may be related to their different developmental origins. This may have important implications for developing future therapeutic strategies using VEGF in different vessels.
Unaltered oxygen tension in rat pancreatic islets despite dissociation of insulin release and islet blood flow
Authors: Carlsson P.‐O. , Jansson L. , Palm F. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the importance of a tightly regulated islet blood flow for an optimal oxygenation of the islet tissue during different demands for insulin release. Glucose and/or a non‐specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (l‐NNA) were infused intravenously in non‐pretreated or vagotomized rats and the animals were subjected to measurements of islet blood flow, oxygen tension and serum insulin concentrations. Islet blood flow was measured using a non‐radioactive microsphere technique, tissue oxygen tension was recorded with Clark microelectrodes and insulin concentrations were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay technique. Administration of l‐NNA (0.3 mg kg−1 min−1) for 10 min halved basal islet blood flow, but did not affect serum insulin concentrations. Glucose administration (10 mg kg−1 min−1) induced a marked increase in islet blood flow, which could be prevented by vagotomy or l‐NNA. The serum insulin concentrations increased in all glucose‐infused animals. The islet tissue oxygen tension remained similar in all animals despite these interventions. Reasons other than oxygenation of the islet tissue must explain the normally existing tight regulation of islet blood flow.
Role of prostaglandin cyclooxygenase and cytochrome P450 pathways in the mechanism of natriuresis which follows hypertonic saline infusion in the rat
Authors: Kompanowska‐Jezierska E. , Walkowska A. , Sadowski J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Aim:  The prostaglandin cyclooxygenase (COX) and P450 cytochrome (CYP450) pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism are functionally interrelated and both engaged in control of sodium excretion; the study focused on their contribution to the natriuresis which follows hypertonic saline infusion in the rat.Methods:  In anaesthetized rats, clearance studies were conducted, supplemented with laser‐Doppler measurements of the cortical and medullary blood flow (CBF, MBF), and measurement of medullary tissue admittance (Y), an index of interstitial ion concentration.Results:  Indomethacin (Indo), 5 mg kg−1 i.v. paradoxically enhanced the natriuresis secondary to intra‐aortic suprarenal 5% saline load, further increasing sodium excretion by 385 ± 73% (P < 0.01). After acute clotrimazole, 10 mg kg−1 i.v. an inhibitor of CYP450 epoxygenase, the increase in natriuresis was smaller and did not differ from that observed after the drug's ethanol solvent. In rats pre‐treated with clotrimazole for 3 days, hypertonic saline loading increased sodium excretion (UNaV) to 0.94 ± 0.22 μmol min−1, compared with a significantly greater (P < 0.05) increase to 2.76 ± 0.48 μmol min−1 measured in untreated controls. Indo increased UNaV twofold, similarly in the clotrimazole and in the control group; in the absence or presence of clotrimazole treatment, COX blockade significantly decreased MBF and increased Y.Conclusion:  The data indicate that blockade of the CYP450 epoxygenase significantly impairs excretion of sodium in rats acutely loaded with hypertonic NaCl solution. The paradoxical post‐Indo natriuresis is preserved in clotrimazole treated rats, which speaks against the role of CYP450 pathway in the response.
Are pre‐ganglionic neurones recruited in a set order?
Authors: McAllen R. M. , Trevaks D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim:  The idea that, like somatic motor neurones, sympathetic pre‐ganglionic neurones are engaged to fire in a pre‐determined recruitment order, was investigated in chloralose‐anaesthetized cats.Method:  Ongoing pre‐ganglionic spike activity was recorded from fine filaments of otherwise intact thoracic white rami, while post‐ganglionic activity was recorded from the whole inferior cardiac nerve (ICN). Spikes of individual pre‐ganglionic fibres were extracted from few‐fibre recordings by spike shape analysis. Presumed cardiac pre‐ganglionic fibres were further selected by the spike‐triggered average of ICN activity, which showed a clear peak when triggered by their spikes.Results:  To test whether particular pre‐ganglionic neurones were recruited to fire in a set time sequence, the spontaneous spike trains of fibres in the same white ramus were compared by cross correlation. In all 24 cases the cross correlograms showed a central peak (width 163 ± 15 ms), indicating that the two neurones tended to fire together. In 23 of the 24 cases that peak spanned the zero point on the time axis, showing that each neurone could fire either first or second. To test whether pre‐ganglionic neurones were recruited in a set order with respect to burst amplitude, the firing of individual pre‐ganglionic neurones was compared with the strength of the corresponding post‐ganglionic burst discharge, on a heartbeat‐by‐heartbeat basis. Pre‐ganglionic neurone firing was probabilistic: each neurone fired with only a minority of post‐ganglionic bursts. Firing probability increased linearly with burst amplitude (30 of 30 cases). The slope of the relation varied between units, but its intercept was always close to the origin (zero pre‐ganglionic firing probability at zero post‐ganglionic burst size).Conclusion:  The data indicate that, at least under these conditions, sympathetic pre‐ganglionic neurones follow no set recruitment sequence in either their firing times or with respect to the strength of the autonomic motor output.
Diet and habitat overlap in two sympatric primate species, the Tana crested mangabey Cercocebus galeritus and yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus
Authors: WAHUNGU GEOFFREY 
Published: March 2003

Diet and habitat overlap was studied in two sympatric primate species sharing two neighbouring patches of fragmented gallery forest in Tana River, Kenya. Systematic data on feeding and ranging behaviour was collected on one group each of the Tana crested mangabey Cercocebus galeritus and yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus between August 1992 and February 1993. When rainfall was low and fruit resources scarce, yellow baboons spent most of their foraging time in the open woodlands while mangabeys foraged within the forest. At this period, diet and habitat overlaps between the two species were low. As rainfall increased, followed by a gradual rise in fruit availability, yellow baboons shifted their foraging range and both species became confined to the forest habitat. Consequently, both diet and habitat overlaps increased, peaking at the end of the rainy season. Mangabeys showed a reduced within‐group dispersal and also spent significantly less time foraging in a given forest patch when yellow baboons were also present within the same forest patch.Increased habitat and diet overlaps during the wet season need not have resulted in increased interspecific competition for food because at this period, fruits were readily available in the forest.
Growth and carapacial colour variation of the leopard tortoise, Geochelone pardalis babcocki, in northern Tanzania
Authors: Kabigumila J. 
Published: March 2003

Observations were made of growth rate and variation in colour pattern of the leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis babcocki) in northern Tanzania between October 1993 and June 1996. Growth rate differed significantly between tortoises, with immature animals (6.9 ± 1.4 mm month−1) and females (5.7 ± 1.3 mm month−1) exhibiting higher rates of growth than adult animals (2.9 ± 0.8 mm month−1) and males (3.2 ± 1.1 mm month−1), respectively. The faster growth rate in immature animals suggested that growth rate declined with age. The difference in growth rates between the sexes was ascribed to sexual dimorphism, adult females being larger and therefore growing faster than males.The carapacial colour pattern observed in the northern Tanzanian tortoises was generally similar to that described elsewhere in the species' range. The colour pattern varied between Arusha and Serengeti District tortoises. Animals at the Arusha sites tended to be sparsely coloured (55.6%) compared to the Serengeti tortoises, which had a buff colouration with radiating spots (89.3%).; The sparse colouration provides effective camouflage in the drier Arusha habitats, as does the buff colouration with black spots in the wetter, darker habitats in the Serengeti.