bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Exploitation of Monolingual Data for Low-Resource
Neural Machine Translation
Authors: Pang Jianhui , Yang* Baosong , Wong* Derek Fai , Wan Yu , Liu Dayiheng , Chao Lidia Sam , Xie Jun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The utilization of monolingual data has been shown to be a promising strategy for addressing low-resource machine translation problems. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of techniques such as back-translation and self-supervised objectives, including masked language modeling, causal language modeling, and denoise autoencoding, in improving the performance of machine translation models. However, the manner in which these methods contribute to the success of machine translation tasks and how they can be effectively combined remains an under-researched area. In this study, we carry out a systematic investigation of the effects of these techniques on linguistic properties through the use of probing tasks, including source language comprehension, bilingual word alignment, and translation fluency. We further evaluate the impact of pre-training, back-translation, and multi-task learning on bitexts of varying sizes. Our findings inform the design of more effective pipelines for leveraging monolingual data in extremely low-resource and low-resource machine translation tasks. Experiment results show consistent performance gains in seven translation directions, which provide further support for our conclusions and understanding of the role of monolingual data in machine translation.
In the Doghouse? An Exploration of Online Discussions Around the Challenges of Human-Dog Relationships
Authors: Furtado Tamzin , Casey Rachel , Upjohn Melissa , Christley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though many prospective dog guardians have an optimistic view of dog-human relationships, the realities can be challenging. This paper discusses carer-reported emotional impacts of dealing with more problematic relationships with dogs. This study used a Grounded Theory method to qualitatively analyze 35 discussion threads about dog behavior, from two UK-based online discussion forums between June–October 2019. The study found a close link between the carers’ perceptions of their relationships with their dogs, and whether the dogs behaved in ways that the owners considered acceptable. Puppy owners experienced substantial emotional disruption when they perceived the behaviors of their puppies to be outside of their expected boundaries. This paper highlights the importance of helping carers to manage their expectations of dog guardianship, and underlines the importance of emotional support when carers struggle to cope.
Symbolic Cretanness: Descendants of Cretan Muslims in Present-Day Turkey
Authors: Nerantzaki Efpraxia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article investigates the relationship between second- and third-generation descendants of Cretan Muslims in Turkey and their Cretanness. It takes the public manifestations of and heightened involvement with Cretanness that have recently been taking place in Turkey as a starting point and develops a framework to elucidate the contemporary dynamics of Cretanness. Through in-depth interviews and participant observation, this study reveals that Cretanness has undergone transformation for the current generations. It is characterized by the fading of certain cultural aspects, but by a parallel vocal identification with Cretanness. This dual pattern is unified under the concept “symbolic Cretanness,” inspired by Herbert Gans’ notion of “symbolic ethnicity.” The article argues that this current form of Cretanness encompasses the pursuit of visibility, an intermittent involvement with origins, and the precedence of symbols, the most significant of which is food.
Equity, Justice, and Drought: Lessons for Climate Services from the U.S. Southwest
Authors: Greene Christina , Ferguson Daniel B. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drought is a complex hazard, with many interconnected impacts on environment and society. Droughts are difficult to monitor as they are slow-moving events with impacts that are not always visible. There is an increasing call to study and monitor droughts as a human–environment process and to provide climate services that can inform proactive decision-making on drought. While climate services strive to make droughts visible and therefore manageable for society, many of the equity issues that arise during periods of drought remain largely invisible. In this article we explore inequity in drought impacts in the U.S. Southwest, focusing on agriculture, household water security, and wildfires. Drawing from lessons in the literature on equity, environmental justice, and climate services as well as our experience researching drought impacts in the Southwest, we recommend that climate services can support drought decision-making that addresses equity issues by 1) integrating both physical and social dimensions of drought in climate services, 2) investing in engagement and trust building with diverse communities, and 3) better integrating place-based knowledge to reconcile scaling challenges. With the acceleration of the warming and drying of many parts of the world, there is an ever-increasing need to focus on reducing inequities in drought preparedness and response, which we propose starts with production of drought information that is more reflective of how droughts are experienced across all parts of society.
Influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on the Rapid Intensification Magnitude of Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Song Kexin , Zhan Ruifen , Wang Yuqing , Zhao Jiuwei , Tao Li 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs), which refers to an explosive increase of TC intensity exceeding a certain threshold [e.g., 30 kt (1 kt ≈ 0.51 m s−1) in 24 h] within a short time period, poses a great challenge to both forecasting and disaster prevention efforts. Recent studies have documented a significant increase in the magnitude of TC RI (RIM; measured as the mean intensification rate of all TC RI records in a TC season) over the western North Pacific (WNP) since 1979, and have attributed it to the impacts of global warming. In this study, results from statistical analyses show that the TC RIM over the WNP during 1951–2021 exhibits significant interdecadal variability, which is found to be closely related to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). Further analyses indicate that the response of the local thermodynamic conditions to the AMO plays a dominant role in shaping this relationship. The positive AMO phase fosters a high TC RIM over the WNP by producing significant warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, which in turn enhances TC heat potential and the midtropospheric relative humidity in the main region of TC RI occurrence. Results from both data analyses and numerical model experiments demonstrate that the AMO modulates thermodynamic conditions over the WNP, such as SST and ocean heat content, by affecting local heat fluxes and the Ekman heat transport in the WNP via the modulation of Walker circulation from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
American Perceptions and Attitudes about Domestic Climate Migrants and Migration
Authors: Harris Brittany S. , Brunson Mark , Howe Peter D. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Domestic climate migration is likely to increase in the future, but we know little about public perceptions and attitudes about climate migrants and migration. Understanding how perceptions and attitudes are formed is a critical task in assessing public support for assistance policies and developing effective messaging campaigns. In this paper, we aim to better understand how the U.S. public perceives domestic climate migrants. We use novel survey data to identify the relationship between climate change risk perceptions and awareness of “climate migrants,” belief that domestic climate migration is currently happening in the United States, perceived voluntariness of domestic climate migrant relocation, and support for the development of assistance programs for domestic climate migrants. We utilize a large, nationally representative panel of U.S. adults (N = 4074) collected over three waves in 2022. We find that climate change risk perceptions and perceptions of whether migration is voluntary are key drivers of perceptions and attitudes toward domestic climate migrants. We provide key suggestions to policy makers and decision-makers to improve outcomes for host and migrant communities.

Significance Statement
This study illuminates factors that influence the how the public forms perceptions and attitudes about domestic climate migrants in the United States. For the first time, we offer insight into the drivers of public opinion toward domestic climate migrants and migration. Our results indicate that the various perceptions of climate migrants are largely driven by preexisting climate change risk perceptions and respondent characteristics. Our findings create a new connection with the existing literature on climate change risk perceptions and offer an opportunity for decision-makers and policy makers to create effective messaging campaigns on topics related to domestic climate migration in the United States.
Anti-ablation properties of ZrB2 modified carbon/phenolic composites in plasma wind tunnel
Authors: Lin Andi , Huang Haiming , Wang Shuang , Tian Ye , Huang Jie , Wang Xinmeng 
Published: November 2023

Improving the ablative resistance of carbon/phenolic (C/Ph) composites is an urgent need in the field of thermal protection of hypersonic vehicles. In this paper, novel C/Ph composites are fabricated by introducing different contents of ZrB2 ceramic particles, and the anti-ablation properties of the composites are tested in plasma wind tunnel. Under mainstream conditions with enthalpy of 21.84 MJ/kg, heat flux of 1.6 MW/m2, and pressure of 1.6 kPa, the effects of ZrB2 ceramic content on the thermal stability, linear ablation rate and surface temperature of C/Ph composites are further analyzed. The maximum ablative surface temperature is positively correlated with the content of ZrB2. As the ZrB2 content increases, the back face temperature of the materials decreases gradually, while the linear ablation rate increases slightly after a significant decrease. When the ablation time is 50 s, The linear ablation rate of the sample with 7% ZrB2 content is the lowest (0.0184 mm/s). These dates of the plasma wind tunnel test could provide a reference for applications of C/Ph composites. The oxidation of ZrB2 in the materials contributes significantly to improving its anti-ablation properties in severe environments. Accordingly, optimizing the ZrB2 content enables the development of high-performance C/Ph composites with enhanced thermal properties, and reduced ablation rates, making them well-suited for thermal protection applications.
Redosing of long acting cardioplegic solutions in adult cardiac surgery: A comparative study
Authors: Gunaydin Serdar , McCusker Kevin , Nicotra William 
Published: November 2023

Introduction Despite promising results regarding using long-acting cardioplegia in the adult population, little data exists specifically for operations requiring prolonged aortic cross-clamp needing additional doses. In this pilot study, we evaluated the outcomes of patients undergoing surgery with prolonged cross-clamp time based on four different redosing compositions. Methods During the period from January 2019 until June 2022, 288 patients undergoing cardiac surgery with an expected cross-clamp time over 60 min were prospectively randomized regarding the type of the cardioplegia used: Group 1 ( N = 150)- single-dose del Nido antegrade cardioplegia and Group 2 ( N = 138)- single-dose Histidine-Tryptophane-Ketoglutarate (HTK) antegrade cardioplegia. In patients with ischemic time over 60 min, needing a redosing were further analyzed separately in four subgroups: (A) Cold whole blood (CWB) (4:1) ( N = 95); (A1: DN-CWB; A2: HTK-CWB) and (B) St Thomas Solution ( N = 92) (B1: DN-St Thomas; B2: HTK-St Thomas. Control groups were C1 (DN redosed by DN) and C2 (HTK by HTK). Results Troponin levels in A1 and B1 groups were significantly lower than in DN-control. Respiratory support time and incidence of atrial fibrillation were significantly lower in Group A1 versus DN-control. Conclusions Long-acting cardioplegic techniques are becoming widely utilized in the adult population, with minimal data on redosing methods/compositions for prolonged cases. Due to the small patient population, further investigation is needed to delineate optimal redosing methods, but this report brings to attention the initial success of multiple strategies.
Patient Reasoning: Patients’ and Care Partners’ Perceptions of Diagnostic Accuracy in Emergency Care
Authors: Dukhanin Vadim , McDonald Kathryn M. , Gonzalez Natalia , Gleason Kelly T. 
Published: November 2023

Objectives In the context of validating a measure of patient report specific to diagnostic accuracy in emergency department or urgent care, this study investigates patients’ and care partners’ perceptions of diagnoses as accurate and explores variations in how they reason while they assess accuracy. Methods In February 2022, we surveyed a national panel of adults who had an emergency department or urgent care visit in the past month to test a patient-reported measure. As part of the survey validation, we asked for free-text responses about why the respondents indicated their (dis)agreement with 2 statements comprising patient-reported diagnostic accuracy: 1) the explanation they received of the health problem was true and 2) the explanation described what to expect of the health problem. Those paired free-text responses were qualitatively analyzed according to themes created inductively. Results A total of 1,116 patients and care partners provided 982 responses coded into 10 themes, which were further grouped into 3 reasoning types. Almost one-third (32%) of respondents used only corroborative reasoning in assessing the accuracy of the health problem explanation (alignment of the explanation with either test results, patients’ subsequent health trajectory, their medical knowledge, symptoms, or another doctor’s opinion), 26% used only perception-based reasoning (perceptions of diagnostic process, uncertainty around the explanation received, or clinical team’s attitudes), and 27% used both types of reasoning. The remaining 15% used general beliefs or nonexplicated logic (used only about accurate diagnoses) and combinations of general reasoning with perception-based and corroborative. Conclusions Patients and care partners used multifaceted reasoning in their assessment of diagnostic accuracy. Implications As health care shifts toward meaningful diagnostic co-production and shared decision making, in-depth understanding of variations in patient reasoning and mental models informs use in clinical practice. Highlights An analysis of 982 responses examined how patients and care partners reason about the accuracy of diagnoses they received in emergency or urgent care. In reasoning, people used their perception of the process and whether the diagnosis matched other factual information they have. We introduce “patient reasoning” in the diagnostic measurement context as an area of further research to inform diagnostic shared decision making and co-production of health.
Changes in renal volume post Percutaneous nephrolithotomy based on ultrasonography and its correlation with glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Authors: Dey Pankaj Kanti , Mondal Soumya , Pal Dilip Kumar 
Published: November 2023

Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is considered to be the gold standard management for renal calculi. The purpose of this study is to comprehend the overall alterations in renal volume occurring after PCNL. The changes in the kidney’s total volume in individual patients will be examined by ultrasonography pre and postoperatively, and it will be correlated with GFR. Materials and methods: It was a prospective observational study performed over 70 participants, conducted at the department of Urology of a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Each patients were evaluated with pre and post PCNL USG for kidney volume and GFR. The data was statistically evaluated by SPSS software. Results: The preoperative and post operative calculated mean GFR was 96.030 ± 18.922 ml and 86.681 ± 16.938 ml,volume was 127.258 ± 25.705 and 123,678 ± 26.357 respectively . There was statistically significant decrease in GFR and volume following PCNL. It also shows that patients who underwent single puncture PCNL had significantly less decrease in GFR and kidney volume compared to multiple puncture PCNL. Moreover, the calculated mean change in GFR and volume were significantly less seen in single puncture—one step dilatation and single puncture—serial dilatation as compared to multiple puncture—one step dilatation and multiple puncture—serial dilatation. Conclusion: Our study showed that there was significant changes in the renal volume and GFR following PCNL . So, a sonographic estimation of renal dimensions and GFR calculation after PCNL will help in the prognosis and further follow up of patients. A Single puncture had a better operative outcome and less adverse consequences with respect to GFR, volume change and for renal function as compared to multiple puncture.
Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for Acute Kidney Injury in Sepsis Patients Based on Recursive Partition Analysis
Authors: Lai Kunmei , Lin Guo , Chen Caiming , Xu Yanfang 
Published: November 2023

Background Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (SA-AKI) is a critical condition with significant clinical implications, yet there is a need for a predictive model that can reliably assess the risk of its development. This study is undertaken to bridge a gap in healthcare by creating a predictive model for SA-AKI with the goal of empowering healthcare providers with a tool that can revolutionize patient care and ultimately lead to improved outcomes. Methods A cohort of 615 patients afflicted with sepsis, who were admitted to the intensive care unit, underwent random stratification into 2 groups: a training set (n = 435) and a validation set (n = 180). Subsequently, a multivariate logistic regression model, imbued with nonzero coefficients via LASSO regression, was meticulously devised for the prognostication of SA-AKI. This model was thoughtfully rendered in the form of a nomogram. The salience of individual risk factors was assessed and ranked employing Shapley Additive Interpretation (SHAP). Recursive partition analysis was performed to stratify the risk of patients with sepsis. Results Among the panoply of clinical variables examined, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin (PCT), activated partial thromboplastin time, and platelet count emerged as robust and independent determinants of SA-AKI. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for SA-AKI risk discrimination in both the training set and validation set yielded an area under the curve estimates of 0.843 (95% CI: 0.805 to 0.882) and 0.834 (95% CI: 0.775 to 0.893), respectively. Notably, PCT exhibited the most conspicuous influence on the model's predictive capacity. Furthermore, statistically significant disparities were observed in the incidence of SA-AKI and the 28-day survival rate across high-risk, medium-risk, and low-risk cohorts ( P < .05). Conclusion The composite predictive model, amalgamating the quintet of SA-AKI predictors, holds significant promise in facilitating the identification of high-risk patient subsets.
Factors associated with discussing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among Jamaican medical providers
Authors: Walcott Melonie M , Tieu Hong-Van , Tipre Meghan , Nandi Vijay , Davis Alissa , Wu Elwin , Wheatle Marceleen , Frye Victoria , Figueroa J Peter 
Published: November 2023

Background The Ministry of Health and Wellness of Jamaica has endorsed the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as an HIV prevention strategy; however, PrEP was not included in the national HIV prevention program in 2021. Methods A cross-sectional online study involving physicians in Jamaica was conducted in 2021 to describe PrEP awareness, beliefs, attitudes, and practices. The study also assessed individual and social factors associated with discussing PrEP with patients and willingness to prescribe PrEP. Findings The mean age and standard deviation (SD) of the 69 physicians who completed the survey were 45.5 ± 13.6 years. Most of the participants (80%) reported that they were somewhat familiar with PrEP. PrEP attitude and perceived comfort in prescribing PrEP were moderate among participating physicians, with a mean and SD of 3.9 ± 0.8 and 3.6 ± 0.9 respectively. Six percent of physicians reported that they had prescribed PrEP and 17% had discussed PrEP with their patients in the past year. However, most (90%) reported that they were willing to prescribe PrEP after being informed about it. In the unadjusted model, identifying as Christian (compared to non-Christian) and reporting stronger homophobic beliefs were associated with reduced odds of discussing PrEP with patients. In the multivariable model, only homophobia remained statistically significant (OR, 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07–0.63). Conclusion The findings suggest that physicians in Jamacia may be willing to prescribe PrEP; however, homophobia is a barrier to discussions, underscoring the need for the Ministry of Health and Wellness to recognize the role that homophobia plays in the national HIV program to further reduce HIV incidence in Jamaica.
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in colorectal cancer screening in a large organization with universal insurance before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Levi Zohar , Abu-Frecha Naim , Comanesther Doron , Backenstein Tania , Cohen Arnon D , Eizenstein Sapir , Flugelman Anath , Weinstein Orly 
Published: November 2023

Objectives Israel is regarded as a country with a developed economy and a moderate income inequality index. In this population-based study, we aimed to measure the inequalities in colorectal cancer screening within Clalit Health, an organization with universal insurance, before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Setting Retrospective analysis within Clalit Health Services, Israel. Methods We evaluated the rate of being up to date with screening (having a colonoscopy within 10 years or a fecal occult blood test within 1 year) and the colonoscopy completion rate (having a colonoscopy within 6 months of a positive fecal occult blood test) among subjects aged 50–75 in 2019–2021. Results In 2019, out of 918,135 subjects, 61.3% were up to date with screening; high socioeconomic status: 65.9% (referent), medium-socioeconomic status: 60.1% (odds ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.80–0.82), low-socioeconomic status: 59.0% (odds ratio 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.74–0.75); Jews: 61.9% (referent), Arabs: 59.7% (odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.90–0.92), Ultraorthodox-Jews: 51.7% (odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.75–0.78). Out of 21,308 with a positive fecal occult blood test, the colonoscopy completion rate was 51.8%; high-socioeconomic status: 59.8% (referent), medium-socioeconomic status: 54.1% (odds ratio 0.79, 95% confidence interval 0.73–0.86), low-socioeconomic status: 45.5% (odds ratio 0.60, 95% confidence interval 0.56–0.65); Jews: 54.7% (referent), Ultraorthodox-Jews: 51.4% (odds ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.90–0.92), Arabs: 44.7% (odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.75–0.78). In 2020–2021, there was a slight drop in the rate of being up to date with screening, while most of the discrepancies were kept or slightly increased with time. Conclusions We report significant inequalities in colorectal cancer screening before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Israel, despite a declared policy of equality and universal insurance.