bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of the mobile phase pH and the stationary phase type on the selectivity tuning in high performance liquid chromatography nucleosides separation
Authors: Kowalska Sylwia , Krupczyńska Katarzyna , Buszewski Bogusław 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnalysis of the modified nucleosides is particularly important in the medical area because of a possibility of cancerogenic processes studies. The aim of this work was to study the selectivity tuning of modified nucleosides through the investigations of interactions analyte (modified nucleoside) ⇔ stationary phase ⇔ mobile phase. A series of homemade stationary phases with different surface properties has been utilized. All of them contain various interaction sites such as: cholesterol (SG‐CHOL); n‐acylamide (SG‐CHOL, SG‐AP); aminopropyl (SG‐CHOL, SG‐AP, SG‐NH2, SG‐MIX); cyanopropyl, phenyl, octyl (SG‐MIX), octadecyl (SG‐MIX, SG‐C18) and silanols localized on the silica gel surface of all packings. The attempt to predict the main interactions responsible for the retention between nucleosides and stationary phase ligands was done on the basis of the elemental analysis, and proportional part of an individual ligand bonded to silica surface results. In order to study the influence of different packing types on the analyzed nucleosides retention, the relationship between pH of the mobile phase buffer and the selectivity of a stationary phase was investigated.
Pharmaceutical analysis beyond compendial requirements
Authors: Sautel Magali , Krstulović Ante M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent ICH recommendations on test procedures and acceptance criteria for new drug substances of synthetic chemical origin and new drug products produced from them (Q6A) sets the frame for registration of new chemical entities. These requirements are automatically applied by all pharmaceutical companies to products in late developmental phases. Furthermore, and justifiably so, they do not provide any guideline for setting specifications other than those for residual solvents and residues of heavy metal catalysts. During development of new chemical entities, ICH requirements represent a minimum beyond which additional testing has to be carried out in order to accumulate a body of scientific data which may ultimately permit simplified testing. This information is furthermore needed for drafting of registration files. This presentation will provide information on salt and polymorph selection, as well as morphology of particles. The need for more sophisticated techniques for assay of trace impurities by LC/MS will be illustrated with examples of alkylating agents. Complementary information from techniques such as CE, orthogonal to HPLC, is often needed to ensure absence of additional impurities. Finally, beyond compendial characterisation of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, a commonly used excipient, by size exclusion chromatography with triple detection will be described.
Comparison of perfusion MRI by flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery and dynamic susceptibility contrast in rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Hofmeijer J. , Schepers J. , van der Worp H. B. , Kappelle L. J. , Nicolay K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe compared cerebral blood flow (CBF) parameters obtained by dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC‐MRI) with those obtained by flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) in brain regions with different perfusion levels in rats with permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. MCA occlusion was performed in 19 rats. T2‐weighted MRI, FAIR and DSC‐MRI were performed within 48 h after occlusion. CBF parameters were analyzed in regions of interest with either prolonged or less prolonged mean transit time (MTT). Ratios of ipsi‐ vs contralateral CBF values were calculated and tested for correlation and differences between FAIR and DSC‐MRI. FAIR–aCBF ratios correlated significantly with DSC–rCBF ratios. The mean FAIR–aCBF ratio was significantly lower than mean DSC–rCBF ratio in the area with prolonged MTT. In the area with less prolonged MTT, the mean FAIR–aCBF ratio and mean DSC–rCBF values did not differ significantly. We conclude that FAIR correlates with DSC‐MRI if perfusion is preserved. FAIR provides lower CBF values than DSC‐MRI if perfusion is reduced and MTT is prolonged. This probable underestimation of perfusion may be caused by transit delays. Care should be taken when quantifying CBF with FAIR and when comparing the results of FAIR– and DSC‐MRI in areas with hypoperfusion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetraamine‐modified octreotide and octreotate: labeling with 99mTc and preclinical comparison in AR4‐2J cells and AR4‐2J tumor‐bearing mice
Authors: Nikolopoulou Anastasia , Maina Theodosia , Sotiriou Petros , Cordopatis Paul , Nock Berthold A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo somatostatin analogues, [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4, were compared with [99mTc]Demotate 1, a previously reported somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (sst2) targeting tracer. Conjugates were prepared by coupling an open‐chain tetraamine chelator to D‐Phe1 of [Tyr3]‐octreotide or [Tyr3]‐octreotate, respectively, via a p‐benzylaminodiglycolic acid spacer adopting solid‐phase peptide synthesis techniques. Peptide conjugates were collected in a highly pure form after chromatographic purification. Eventually, [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4 were obtained in ∼1 Ci/µmol specific activity and >96% purity after labeling under alkaline conditions. Demotide and Demotate 4 exhibited similar high binding affinities for the sst2 expressed in AR4‐2J cells with IC50 values 0.16 and 0.10 nM, respectively. The (radio)metallated analogues [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4 showed equally high affinities to the sst2 during saturation binding assays in AR4‐2J cell membranes (Kds 0.08 and 0.07 nM, respectively). During incubation at 37 °C with AR4‐2J cells, the radiopeptides internalized effectively via a receptor‐mediated process, with [99mTc]Demotate 4 exhibiting a faster internalization rate than [99mTc]Demotide. After injection in athymic mice bearing sst2‐expressing AR4‐2J tumors, the radiotracers showed high and specific uptake in the tumor (>25%ID/g at 1 h) and in the sst2–positive organs. However, both [99mTc]Demotide and [99mTc]Demotate 4 showed unfavorably higher background activity, especially in the abdomen, in comparison to [99mTc]Demotate 1 and are, therefore, less suited than [99mTc]Demotate 1 for sst2‐targeted tumor imaging in man. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WILLIAM JAMES: “PESSIMISM OF THE INTELLECT, OPTIMISM OF THE WILL”
Authors: STROUT CUSHING 
Published: August 2005

William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature, centenary edition, foreword Micky James, intro. Eugene Taylor and Jeremy Carrette (Routledge, 2002)Charles Taylor, Varieties of Religion Today: William James Revisited (Harvard University Press, 2002)William James and a Science of Religions, ed. Wayne Proudfoot (Columbia University Press, 2004)William James has a secure reputation as a pioneer psychologist and as a founding father of the philosophy of pragmatism. In his own time, however, he was best known and most popular among the laity for “The Will to Believe” (1895) and for The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (1902), which were defenses erected on behalf of religion in an increasingly secular world. Religious liberals treated the Bible as one human document among others and Christian faith as one tradition among many, but they “sought to salvage what they could of traditional belief, piety, and ethic.” James was part of this movement that took science, empiricism, and modern philosophy as a point of departure, but his contribution to it was distinctive, original, and (in his own idiom) unusually “tough-minded.”
INTELLECTUALS AND POWER, OR, WHAT'S LOVE GOT TO DO WITH IT?
Authors: JAY MARTIN 
Published: August 2005

Mark Lilla, The Reckless Mind: Intellectuals in Politics (New York: New York Review of Books, 2001)Eric Hobsbawm, Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life (New York: Pantheon, 2002)“Great writers are either husbands or lovers,” Susan Sontag explained in a 1963 essay on Camus. “Some writers supply the solid virtues of a husband: reliability, intelligibility, generosity, decency. There are other writers in whom one prizes the gifts of a lover, gifts of temperament rather than of moral goodness. Notoriously, women tolerate qualities in a lover—moodiness, selfishness, unreliability, brutality—that they never countenance in a husband, in return for excitement, an infusion of intense feeling. In the same way, readers put up with unintelligibility, obsessiveness, painful truths, lies, bad grammar—if, in compensation, the writer allows them to savor rare emotions, and dangerous sensations.” Camus was “the ideal husband of contemporary letters,” she opined, but “as in life, so in art both are necessary, husband and lovers. It's a great pity when one is forced to choose between them.”
The influence of ambient and elevated ozone concentrations on photosynthesis in Populus nigra
Authors: REICHENAUER T. , BOLHÀR‐NORDENKAMPF H. R. , EHRLICH U. , SOJA G. , POSTL W. F. , HALBWACHS F. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTLight‐saturated net leaf photosynthesis (Asat), CO2 response curves (A/Ci), current photochemical capacity (Fv/Fm) and pigment contents were measured in leaves of Populus nigra (Clone T107) which had been exposed to ozone stress in open‐top chambers for the entire growth period. Surprisingly, not only elevated (ao+, i.e. ambient air + 50 mm3 m−3 ozone) but also ambient (aa) ozone concentrations led to a reduction in Asat, in comparison with leaves exposed to air containing almost no ozone (cf−, i.e. charcoal filtered ambient air). The very small change in leaf conductance (g1) indicated that the decrease in Asat was not due to stomatal limitation. This finding was supported by the fact that, a decrease in carboxylation efficiency (CE) correlated with a loss in Asat. In comparison to cf− leaves, aa leaves showed no change in current photochemical capacity (Fv/Fm) throughout the whole experiment. However, a marked decline in Fv/Fm in ao+ leaves was observed at a time when Asat and CE were already decreased by about 45% and 60% respectively.As the chlorophyll b content of leaves is known to correlate with the amount of LHC and PSII centres, it was used to normalize fluorescence parameters in relation to PSII centres present. The normalized values for Fm and F0 increased with the dosage of ozone in ao+ leaves but not in aa leaves, indicating a change of the pigment content of PSII in the former, but not in the latter.These data led to the conclusion that ozone interacts primarily with components of the Calvin cycle, which results in a decrease in Asat, with subsequent feedback on the current photochemical capacity of PSII centres.
Exposure to pets, and the association with hay fever, asthma, and atopic sensitization in rural children
Authors: Waser M. , Von Mutius E. , Riedler J. , Nowak D. , Maisch S. , Carr D. , Eder W. , Tebow G. , Schierl R. , Schreuer M. , Braun‐Fahrländer C. ,   The ALEX Study team
Published: August 2005

Background:  An increasing number of studies report pet exposure to be associated with lower risk of asthma and allergies. This ‘protective pet effect’ has been suggested to result from a modified T‐helper (Th)2‐cell response, or because of increased microbial load in homes where pets are kept. We examined the associations between pet contact and the occurrence of asthma and allergies in children of the rural Allergy and Endotoxin (ALEX) population, taking farm animal contact, endotoxin and cat allergen levels in mattress dust into account.Methods:  Information about contact with pets and farm animals, asthma and allergy were collected for 812 children by a standardized parents’ questionnaire and an interview. Mattress dust endotoxin and cat allergen levels as well as specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies to Fel d1 were determined.Results:  Current contact with dogs was inversely associated with diagnosed hay fever (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11–0.57), diagnosed asthma (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.71), sensitization to cat allergen (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23–0.99) and to grass pollen (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.33–0.94), but not with increased IgG4 levels. Early and current contact with cats were associated with reduced risk of wheezing (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.23–1.00, and OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.26–0.92, respectively) and grass pollen sensitization. Adjustment for farm animal contact but not for endotoxin and cat allergen exposure attenuated these associations and the effect of pet was stronger among farmers’ children.Conclusion:  Although pet exposure was very frequent in this rural population, the inverse relation between current dog contact, asthma and allergy was mostly explained by simultaneously occurring exposure to stable animals or was restricted to farm children. In addition, a subtle form of pet avoidance may contribute to the protective effect of pet.
A genome‐wide screen on the genetics of atopy in a multiethnic European population reveals a major atopy locus on chromosome 3q21.3
Authors: Kurz T. , Altmueller J. , Strauch K. , Rüschendorf F. , Heinzmann A. , Moffatt M. F. , Cookson W. O. C. M. , Inacio F. , Nürnberg P. , Stassen H. H. , Deichmann K. A. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Dissecting complex diseases in underlying distinct traits and studying these for their genetic basis might enhance the power as well as the specificity, of detection of disease genes. These phenoypes are known as intermediate phenotypes.Objective:  We were interested in the atopic basis of asthma, and used the sensitization to mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergens as a pathophysiologically important intermediate phenotype.Methods:  This time we performed a genome‐wide scan based on the same already used multiethnic European population consisting of 82 nuclear families with at least two affected siblings. We carried out nonparametric as well as parametric MOD‐score analyses based on the genotypes of 603 microsatellite markers.Results:  In comparison with our first genome‐wide candidate region search three novel regions additionally appeared to be significant. We obtained significant results for the region 2p12 with a MOD score of 3.35 and for the region 16q21 with a MOD score of 4.18. The most significant result was found for the region 3q21.3 with the same microsatellite marker, which showed significant linkage to atopic dermatitis (AD) in another study with a MOD score of 4.51 and an nonparametric linkage analysis (NPL) of 4.00.Conclusion:  Our findings indicate that atopy, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and AD on the one hand are distinct traits on both the clinical and genetic basis, but on the other hand, our results also underline that these traits are closely related diseases concerning the atopic basis of the traits.
The autologous serum skin test in the follow‐up of patients with chronic urticaria
Authors: Fusari A. , Colangelo C. , Bonifazi F. , Antonicelli L. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  The presence of anti‐FcεRI and anti‐IgE autoantibodies in a subset of patients with chronic urticaria suggests their aetiopathogenetic role. In clinical practice, the presence of these antibodies is usually considered when the autologous serum skin test (ASST) is positive.Aims:  To evaluate if the positive ASST follows up the activity of chronic urticaria.Methods:  Autologous serum skin test and thyroid autoantibody detection were performed in 82 patients with chronic urticaria and repeated 1 year later, when the vast majority of patients were symptom‐free. Twenty patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), who had never suffered from urticaria, represented the control group.Results:  At the start of the study, the prevalence of positive ASST was 46.6%. The association of HT–urticaria was 29.3%. ASST was positive in 62 and 39% of patients with and without HT, respectively (P > 0.05 ns). One year later, 28 of 34 patients with a positive ASST were symptom‐free, but 50% of them were positive for ASST. The ASST was positive in 86.7 and 8% of patients with and without HT, respectively (P < 0.001). In the control group, ASST was always negative.Conclusions:  The co‐existence of autoimmune thyroiditis with chronic urticaria seems to induce a significant difference in the persistence of a positive ASST. Consistent with previous reports, a positive ASST correlates with disease exacerbation in chronic urticaria patients without thyroiditis. In patients with thyroiditis and urticaria, positive ASST persists even after the urticaria has disappeared, thus questioning whether a positive ASST to be a surrogate marker of the functional role of anti‐FcεRI and anti‐IgE autoantibodies.
Prevalence of nasal polyposis in France: a cross‐sectional, case–control study
Authors: Klossek JM. , Neukirch F. , Pribil C. , Jankowski R. , Serrano E. , Chanal I. , El Hasnaoui A. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  The prevalence of nasal polyposis (NP) has never been established in France due to the lack of diagnostic tools for population‐based studies.Methods:  Using a recently validated questionnaire/algorithm (90% specificity and sensitivity) in a population‐based random sample, the present cross‐sectional, case–control study allowed to determine NP prevalence and describe the principal aspects of NP epidemiology. A total of 10 033 subjects (≥18 years) were screened. After identification of subjects with NP and those without, another questionnaire was submitted to NP patients only for further data collection. Controls were individuals without NP, matched by gender and age to NP patients.Results:  Nasal polyposis prevalence was 2.11% (95% CI 1.83–2.39). NP patients (n = 212, 45% males) were aged 49.4 ± 17.6 years. No gender preponderance was observed, but NP tended to increase with age. Mean duration of nasal symptoms was 22.4 ± 15.7 years. Among the 145 patients having already seen a doctor for their symptoms, 77.2% have been referred to a specialist, and 18.6% had a diagnosis of NP. Rhinorrhoea was reported by 39.9% of NP patients, blocked nose by 30.8%, and anosmia by 28.9%. Only 6.9% reported facial discomfort while 24.6% complained about general discomfort. Most NP patients (61.3%) had a pharmacological treatment, a nasal spray for the major part (76.9%).Conclusion:  The present study provides valuable and reliable information on NP epidemiology in France; the collected information are in accordance with most published international data.
Maximum circumferential stress criterion applied to orthotropic materials
Authors: CARLONI C. , NOBILE L. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe topic of the paper is the extension of the Maximum Circumferential Tensile Stress Criterion to orthotropic materials, to obtain the crack initiation angle and the fracture loci. It includes the effects of orthotropy, load biaxiality and non‐singular terms. It requires the solution of the elastostatic problem of an orthotropic plate having a central inclined crack and subjected at infinity to a uniform biaxial load. It is assumed that the crack line does not coincide with an axis of elastic symmetry of the body. The original problem has been transformed by rotation into a system of coordinates with one axis along the crack. The effects of the rotation of the reference system on the stress–strain equations as well as on the equilibrium equations have been considered. The stress field is represented in terms of two potential functions and the crack problem is solved by means of the superposition principle.
Predictive Clinical Factors for the Differential Diagnosis of Childhood Extratemporal Seizures
Authors: Fogarasi András , Tuxhorn Ingrid , Hegyi Márta , Janszky József 
Published: August 2005

Summary:  Purpose: To describe predictive clinical factors for the differentiation between childhood frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) and posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE). Methods: Two independent, blinded investigators analyzed 177 seizures from 35 children (aged 11 months to 12 years) with extratemporal epilepsy selected by postoperative seizure‐free outcome. Semiologic seizure components and different periictal signs were observed. Age at onset, auras, seizure frequency, and nocturnal dominance, as well as surgical and histopathologic data, were collected from medical charts. Results: Twenty patients had FLE, and 15 had PCE. Patients from both groups had daily seizures without significant differences in frequency but with higher nocturnal dominance in children with FLE (p < 0.05). Visual aura, nystagmus, and versive seizure were observed exclusively in the PCE group, whereas somatosensory aura and hypermotor seizures appeared only in FLE. Tonic seizures were significantly more frequent in FLE (p < 0.01), whereas the presence of clonic seizure (FLE; p = 0.07) and postictal nose‐wiping (PCE; p = 0.05) showed only a trend to localize the seizure‐onset zone. Myoclonic seizures, epileptic spasms, psychomotor seizures, atonic seizures, oral and manual automatisms, as well as vocalization and eye deviation appeared in both groups without significant differences in their frequency. Conclusions: Characteristic features described in adults' extratemporal epilepsies were frequently missing during childhood seizures, especially in infants and preschool children. Ictal features help only a little in differentiating childhood FLE from PCE. Nocturnal appearance and the type of aura have high localizing value; therefore an accurate history taking is still an essential element of pediatric presurgical evaluation.