bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alterations in mRNA levels of D2 receptors and neuropeptides in striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons of rats with neuroleptic‐induced dyskinesias
Authors: Egan Michael F. , Hurd Yasmin , Hyde Thomas M. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Wyatt Richard Jed , Kleinman Joel E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChronic neuroleptic treatment in rat produces vacuous chewing movements (VCMs), analogous to TD in humans. We hypothesized that these hyperkinetic movements were due to alterations in striatonigral and striatopallidal GABAergic spiny II neurons. Rats were treated for 36 weeks with haloperidol decanoate and withdrawn for 28 weeks. Striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons were assessed using in situ hybridization histochemistry for mRNA levels of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, preproenkephalin (ENK), prodynorphin (DYN), protachykinin (substance P), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in the dorsolateral and ventromedial striatum as well as the nucleus accumbens. Rats that did not develop VCMs (‐ VCM) had increased D2 receptor and DYN mRNA, and reduced substance P mRNA in the dorsolateral striatum. Rats with persistent VCMs (+VCM,) had increased D2 receptor, ENK, and DYN mRNA in both striatal regions, and increased ENK and DYN mRNA in the nucleus accumbens, compared with controls. Relative to ‐VCM rats, however, +VCM rats only had increased ENK mRNA in the nucleus accumbens. Considering the overall pattern of mRNA changes, the data suggest that alterations in both the D1‐mediated striatonigral and the D2‐mediated striatopallidal pathways play a role in the expression of the VCM syndrome. To the extent that gene expression parallels changes in neuronal activity, this implies that the VCM syndrome is associated with increased activity in both pathways. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, IncThis article is a US Government work and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Three‐dimensional quantification of mossy‐fiber. Presynaptic boutons in living hippocampal slices using confocal microscopy
Authors: Yu Tzu‐Ping , Brown Thomas H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConfocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to visualize presynaptic elements of mossy‐fiber synapses in living rat hippocampal slices. Mossy fiber (mf) axons and their boutons were labeled in transverse hippocampal slices by injecting one of three fluorescent dyes (diI, diA, or fast diI) into stratum granulosum of the dentate gyrus and/or stratum lucidum of CA3. Three‐dimensional (3D) images of the mf boutons were obtained from serial optical sections in stratum lucidum. The 3D data were used to quantify and characterize the size and shape of the boutons based on their volumes (V) and surface areas (A), and the latter were compared with conventional 2D analyses. Various geometric models were fitted to the V‐A relationship, one of which provided a reasonable approximation to the data. The results demonstrate that this approach is useful for quantifying and characterizing the size and shape of mf expansions and raise the possibility of detecting and analyzing in real time activity‐dependent modifications in presynaptic structure. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release of [3H]5‐hydroxytryptamine from the intermediate area of rat thoracic spinal cord is modulated by presynaptic autoreceptors
Authors: Yang Ling , Jacocks Henry M. , Helke Cinda J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) nerve terminals innervate sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the intermediolateral cell column (IML); however, neither the depolarization‐induced release of 5‐HT nor the presence of presynaptic modulatory autoreceptors have been directly studied in this system. We used in vitro superfusion of the microdissected intermediate area (including the intermediolateral cell column, intercalated nucleus, and central autonomic nucleus) of the rat thoracic spinal cord to measure basal and stimulated release of preloaded [3H]5‐HT. Elevated K+ evoked a concentration‐ and Ca2+ dependent release of [3H]5‐HT. Exogenous 5‐HT and the 5‐HT1B agonist, CGS‐12066B, both decreased the K+‐stimulated release of [3H]5‐HT. A 5‐HT1B antagonist (methiothepin) blocked the 5‐HT‐ and the CGS‐12066B‐induced inhibition of K+‐evoked release of [3H]5‐HT. A 5‐HT1A antagonist (NAN‐190) did not alter the inhibitory actions of exogenous 5‐HT. Moreover, a 5‐HT1A agonist (8‐OH‐DPAT), a 5‐HT2A/2C agonist [(+/‐)‐DOI hydrochloride], and a 5‐HT3 agonist (2‐methyl‐5‐HT) did not alter the K+ evoked release of [3H]5‐HT. These data demonstrate that 5‐HT is released from the intermediate area of the rat thoracic spinal cord. The 5‐HT receptor subtype involved in the inhibition of the evoked release of [3H]5‐HT is of the 5‐HT1B subtype. These findings may help clarify the complex role of 5‐HT in spinal regulation of the sympathetic nervous system. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, IncThis article is US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Amphetamine‐ and cocaine‐induced fos in the rat striatum depends on D2 dopamine receptor activation
Authors: Ruskin David N. , Marshall John F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAmphetamine or cocaine injection causes expression of the immediateearly gene c‐fos in the striatum. Previous studies have shown that dopamine D1 receptor activation is necessary for this effect, but have not established a consistent role for D2 receptors. We have investigated the involvement of D2 receptors in indirect dopamine agonist‐induced striatal Fos‐like immunoreactivity using the selective D2 antagonist eticlopride. Eticlopride treatment (0.5 mg/kg) caused Fos expression by itself, but also decreased Fos expression in the central striatum due to amphetamine (5.0 mg/kg) or cocaine (40 mg/kg) by 90% and 85%, respectively. In striatonigral neurons, identified by labeling with the retrograde tracer Fluorogold iontophoresed into the substantia nigra pars reticulata, the blockade of stimulant‐induced Fos‐like immunofluorescence by eticlopride was nearly complete, with decreases of 98% for amphetamine and 94% for cocaine. In striatonigral neurons, the D2 antagonist alone had minimal effect. We conclude that activation of both D1 and D2 receptor classes by dopamine agonists is necessary for induction of Fos in the striatonigral cells of normal rats. These results provide an important parallel to behavioral and electrophysiological work that also demonstrates D1/D2 interdependence in the control of normal basal ganglia functions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1α induces corticotropin‐releasing factor secretion and synthesis from NPLC‐KC cells through various second messenger pathways
Authors: Kasckow John W. , Mulcahey Jeffrey J. , Han Jin‐Hee , Owens Michael J. , Stipetic Mark D. , Breitman Danielle , Nemeroff Charles B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInterleukin‐1 (IL1) is a key messenger implicated in endocrine and immune systems that interact to mediate the stress response. Corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) secretion and synthesis in the NPLC‐KC human hepatoma cell line has been shown to respond to IL1 stimulation. We have studied how various inhibitors of second messenger pathways alter this IL1 effect. NPLC‐KC cells were grown in six‐well Costar plates and treated for 12 or 24 h with or without 500 pM IL1 (α form) in the presence of various inhibitors of second messenger pathways. Inhibitors included the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, H‐7; the protein kinase A inhibitor, IP20; or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (IND). Both cell extracts and secretion media were assayed for CRF‐like immunoreactivity by radioimmunoassay. IP20, H‐7, and IND all reduced basal CRF secretion at 24 h but not at 12 h. No effects were seen on basal CRF synthesis with these inhibitors. The three inhibitors also reduced ILl effects on CRF secretion at 12 and 24 h. The reduction seen with all three inhibitors was statistically significant (P < 0.05) at 12 h. Although a reduction was seen with all three inhibitors at 24 h, a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05) was demonstrable only for H‐7. IL1 stimulated CRF synthesis in the NPLC‐KC cells appears to only involve PKC pathways. Only the PKC inhibitor H‐7 reduced the augmentation that IL1 produces on CRF synthesis. This effect was statistically significant at 12 and 24 h (P< 0.05). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haloperidol blocks the uptake of [18F]N‐methylspiroperidol by extrastriatal dopamine receptors in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Yousef Khalil A. , Volkow Nora D. , Schlyer David J. , Fowler Joanna S. , Wolf Alfred P. , Wang Gene‐Jack , Smith Michael R. , Brodie Jonathan D. , Warner Donald 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe had previously demonstrated extrastriatal uptake of [18F]N‐methyl‐spiroperidol (18F‐NMS) in the human brain. This study evaluates the effect of haloperidol on 18F‐NMS binding in extrastriatal brain regions. Six schizophrenic patients on haloperidol underwent two PET scans with 18F‐NMS at 12 h and at 6 days after haloperidol withdrawal. There was a significant increase in 18F‐NMS uptake in striatal, thalamic, and temporal regions but not in frontal, occipital, or cerebellar regions, following drug withdrawal. Haloperidol's ability to block the uptake of 18F‐NMS is an indication of the specificity of the radioligand's binding in these regions and supports the postmortem data demonstrating the presence of dopamine D2 receptors in the thalamus and temporal cortex of the human brain. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cocaine and d‐amphetamine increase c‐fos expression in the rat cerebellum
Authors: Klitenick Mark A. , Tham Chui‐Se , Fibiger Hans C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPsychostimulant drugs have been reported to increase the expression of some immediate‐early genes in the cerebellum. In the present study, immunohistochemical techniques were used to assess the pattern of c fos expression in the cerebellum produced by d‐amphetamine or cocaine. Systemic administration of d‐amphetamine (1.5, 6 mg/kg) or cocaine (10, 20 mg/kg) increased locomotor activity, which at low doses was blocked by pretreatment with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (1 mg/ kg). Within the cerebellum, basal levels of c fos expression were abolished by SCH 23390, with the exception of lobule VI. Dose‐dependent increases in Fos‐like immunoreactivity were elicited by d‐amphetamine and cocaine. Pretreatment with SCH 23390 greatly reduced the extent to which either stimulant increased c‐fos expression. Psychostimulant‐induced Fos‐like immunoreactive nuclei were generally restricted to the granule cell layer within each of the midvermal cerebellar lobules (I‐X), although occasional nuclei were found in the Purkinje cell layer. In addition, a homogeneous pattern of Fos‐like immunoreactive nuclei, of sparse density, was also found near the pial surface of the molecular layer following d‐amphetamine but not cocaine. Within the granule cell layer dense clusters of Fos‐like immunoreactive neurons extended from the molecular layer to the Purkinje cell layer and were found at both the pial surface as well as in the deep portions of individual folia. These data add to a growing body of evidence indicating that the induction of regionally specific alterations in c‐fos expression by psychostimulants is mediated via a D1 receptor mechanism. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outward potassium currents activated by depolarization in rat globus pallidus
Authors: Stefani Alessandro , Pisani Antonio , Bonci Antoneuo , Stratta Francesca , Bernardi Giorgio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVoltage‐dependent potassium currents play a key role in shaping the firing pattern of central neurons. Their pharmacological and physiological identification is rather important in the structures which are involved in the filtering of inputloutput messages. In this regard, globus pallidus external segment (GPe) is indicated as a crucial station in the well‐known indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Among the potassium conductances which have been indicated to condition the firing behavior and the neuronal integrative properties in many central neurons, we analysed the depolarization‐activated ones by means of patchclamp recordings in the whole‐cell configuration. Two main families of calcium‐independent outward potassium currents are activated by depolarization in GPe neurons acutely isolated from the adult rat. From depolarized holding potentials (−50/−45 mV), a slowly‐activating, sustained current is evoked; it manifests very little inactivation and it is available at rather depolarized potentials (−30 mV/−20 mV). This current is relatively resistant to 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP)but it is blocked by tetraethilammonium ions (TEA) and consequently it resembles delayed rectifier current (Ik). From negative holding potentials (−8O/−lOO mV), on the other hand, A‐like conductances are activated. Together with a fast‐inactivating transient current, another component is observed in a significant proportion of recordings (45%). This current shows half‐inactivation voltage around −90 mV, peculiar sensitivity to micromolar doses of 4‐AF' and a slow rate of recovery from inactivation. The presence and the modulation of these A‐like currents may be a very critical aspect in the membrane physiology of pallidal neurons. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of L‐dopa and 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioning on [11C]raclopride binding in rat striatum, quantified using PET
Authors: Hume Susan P. , Opacka‐Juffry Jolanta , Myers Ralph , Ahier Randall G. , Ashworth Sharon , Brooks David J. , Lammertsma Adriaan A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA positron emission tomograph (PET) was used to image D2 dopamine receptor function in rat striata and to obtain regional time‐radioactivity curves from individual rat brains following i.v. injection of carbon‐11‐labelled raclopride. Despite the limited resolution of the camera, together with associated spillover and partial volume effects, the kinetic data obtained from striata were such that specific binding of the radioligand could be quantified unilaterally, using a reference tissue compartmental model, with cerebellum data as an indirect input function. With the exception that the rat is anaesthetised, the experimental system is analogous to the acquisition and collection of clinical PET data and, by using animal models of disease, can be used to aid the interpretation of clinical studies. Using 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesioning of the substantia nigra pars compacta to produce a rat hemiparkinsonian model, the present results confirm that deafferentation causes a supersensitivity of post‐synaptic D, dopamine receptors. Saturation studies indicated that the measured 23% increase in [11C]raclopride binding potential reflected a change in receptor affinity. Modulation of extracellular dopamine concentration, monitored by in vivo microdialysis, demonstrated that the increased binding was unlikely to be due to a reduction in receptor occupancy by endogenous dopamine. Acute administration of L‐3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐dopa) also caused an increase in [11C]raclopride binding potential, confirming the suggestion that L‐dopa plays a more complex role than that of dopamine precursor in the nigrostriatal pathway. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligand selectivity of cloned human and rat opioid mu receptors
Authors: Rothman Richard B. , Xu Heng , Wang Jia Bei , Partilla John S. , Kayakiri Hiroshi , Rice Kenner C. , Uhl George R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOpiate receptors play major roles in analgesic and euphoric effects of opiate drugs. Recent cloning of cDNAs encoding the rodent and human μ receptor revealed high homology between the predicted receptors but also some sequence differ‐ ences. To determine if these sequence differences produced significant changes in ligand‐selectivity profiles, we assessed these profiles in expressing COS and CHO cell lines using the agonist ligand [125I]IOXY‐AG0 (6β‐[125Iodo]‐3,14‐dihydroxy‐17‐methyl‐4,5α‐epoxymorphinan). This ligand's high specific activity (2, 200 Ci/mmol) and high affinity for μ opioid receptors generated high signal‐to‐noise ratio binding. The resulting ligand‐ selectivity profiles of the human and rat mu; receptors reveal modest differences in affinities for morphine and naloxone in COS cells but not CHO cells. Ligand‐selectivity profiles of the rat and human mu; receptors were otherwise similar. Interesting differences between these data and data previously obtained with the peptide agonist [3H]DAMGO suggest that the peptide and alkaloid agonists may label different domains of the μ receptor. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.1This article is a US Government work and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Effects of electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala on the in vivo electrophysiological activity of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Rouillard Claude , Freeman Arthur S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) receives a dopaminergic (DA) innervation from the midbrain. Among its many efferent projections, the CeA innervates the substantia nigra. The possibility that the CeA influences the activity of nigral DA neurons was evaluated. The effects of electrical stimulation of the CeA on the firing rate and pattern of nigral DA neurons were investigated in anesthetized rats. Poststimulus time histograms revealed that nigral DA cells were either inhibited (N = 15), excited (N = 13), or unresponsive (N = 17) to CeA stimulation (250 stimuli a t 0.5 Hz). The mean (±SEM) latency to inhibition (24 ± 9 msec) was significantly shorter than that for excitation (65 ± 10 msec); the duration of inhibition (200 ± 29 msec) was also significantly greater than the duration of excitation (86 ± 11 msec) (P < 0.01 for both). DA cells that were excited had basal firing rates significantly lower than those of the inhibited or unresponsive cells (P < 0.05). Preliminary data suggest that DA cell burst‐firing increases or decreases, respectively, in association with stimulation‐evoked increases or decreases in firing rate. The relatively long latencies for stimulation‐evoked responses suggest that CeA projection neurons indirectly affect nigral DA neurons via polysynaptic pathways. These results demonstrate that the CeA has the ability to influence the activity of nigral DA neurons, consistent with the putative role of the CeA as an interface between the limbic and extrapyramidal systems. Given the crucial role of the amygdala in anxiety states, these findings suggest that DA cell function may also be affected in such disorders. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Participation of presynaptic noradrenergic fibers in the suppression of α2‐adrenoceptor activity by substance P at the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis of the rat
Authors: Len Wen‐Bin , Tsou Mei‐Yung , Chan Samuel H. H. , Chan Julie Y. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe applied reverse microdialysis and high performance liquid chroma‐ tography (HPLC) analysis to evaluate the participation of presynaptic noradrenergic neurotransmission in the suppression by substance P (SP) of a,‐adrenoceptor activity a t the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NRGC) in Sprague‐Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Microinfusion of SP (600 μM/min) into the NRGC through a stereotaxically positioned microdialysis probe attenuated the hypotensive and brady cardiac actions of the α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, guanabenz (100 μgkg, i.v.). This inhibitory effect correlated positively with the time course of elevation in the estimated extracellular concentrations of SP and norepinephrine (NE) in the NRGC. Direct microinfusion of NE (50 μmin) into the NRGC also lessened the cardiosuppressant effects of guanabenz. These circulatory and NE responses to SP were, however, significantly blunted in rats in which the noradrenergic innervation in the NRGC was depleted with N‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐ N‐ethyl‐2‐bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP4) pretreatment. Microinfusion of NE into the NRGC of DSP4‐pretreated animals restored the attenuation of guanabenz‐ induced cardiovascular suppression. These results suggest that SP may depress the activity of α2‐adrenoceptor a t the NRGC that are involved in circulatory regulation by increasing the extracellular concentration of NE via a presynaptic modulation of noradrenergic neurotransmission. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preoperative sonographic features of borderline ovarian tumors
Authors: Exacoustos C. , Romanini M. E. , Rinaldo D. , Amoroso C. , Szabolcs B. , Zupi E. , Arduini D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the sonographic findings that distinguish borderline ovarian tumors (BOT) from both benign and invasive malignant tumors, thus allowing conservative treatment and laparoscopic management of these tumors.MethodsWe reviewed retrospectively transvaginal sonograms of 33 women who, when evaluated further by surgery and histology, were found to have BOT. Twenty‐three were premenopausal and 10 were postmenopausal (mean age ± SD, 45.8 ± 15.7 years). For each mass, size and morphological features and power Doppler characteristics were evaluated. We compared these findings with those of 337 patients with benign ovarian tumors and those of 82 patients with invasive malignant ovarian tumors. Patients with dermoid cysts were not included in the study.ResultsOf the 33 BOT, 15 were mucinous and 18 were serous cystadenomas. The presence of papillae, defined as a small number of solid tissue projections, 1–15 mm in height and 1–10 mm in width (base) and length (base), into the cyst cavity from the cyst wall, was significantly more frequent in BOT (48%) than it was in benign (4%) and invasive (4%) malignant tumors. Intracystic solid tissue (> 15 mm in height or > 10 mm in width or length) was observed in 48% of invasive malignant masses but in only 18% of BOT and in 7% of benign tumors (P < 0.001). No sonographically unilocular, hypoechoic, smooth‐walled adnexal cysts were invasively malignant but three unilocular cysts with a diameter of > 6 cm were serous BOT. Although close attention was paid to the cyst wall at ultrasound examination we did not observe in these three cysts the very small papillae which were found at histological analysis.ConclusionsThe most frequent diagnostic feature on imaging BOT is the presence of papillae within the cyst. However, neither papillae nor other sonographic features constituted highly sensitive sonographic markers of BOT. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über Reduktion von Metalloxyden im Wasserstoffstrom
Authors: Glaser Ferdinand 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBei der Untersuchung über die Reduktion von Metalloxyden im Wasserstoffstrom haben sich folgende Resultate ergeben:1. Die Reduktion eines jeden Metalloxydes beginnt bei einer ziemlich bestimmten Temperatur, der Reduktionstemperatur.2. Bei verschiedenen Oxydationsstufen desselben Metalls wid erst die höchste, dann bei einer höheren Temperatur die nächst tiefere Stufe reduziert, und so fort (vgl. nachstehende Tabelle). magnified image3. Die Reduktionstemperaturen der Oxyde des Silbers, Quecksilbers, Kupfers, Bleis, Kadmiums, Nickels, Kobalts, Eisens, Mangans und Zinks wurden bestimmt und der Verlauf der Reduktion nachgewiesen.