bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review
Authors: Freedland Eric S 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere are likely many scenarios and pathways that can lead to metabolic syndrome. This paper reviews mechanisms by which the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may contribute to the metabolic syndrome, and explores the paradigm of a critical VAT threshold (CVATT). Exceeding the CVATT may result in a number of metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance to glucose uptake by cells. Metabolic profiles of patients with visceral obesity may substantially improve after only modest weight loss. This could reflect a significant reduction in the amount of VAT relative to peripheral or subcutaneous fat depots, thereby maintaining VAT below the CVATT. The CVATT may be unique for each individual. This may help explain the phenomena of apparently lean individuals with metabolic syndrome, the so-called metabolically normal weight (MONW), as well as the obese with normal metabolic profiles, i.e., metabolically normal obese (MNO), and those who are "fit and fat." The concept of CVATT may have implications for prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome, which may include controlling dietary carbohydrates. The identification of the CVATT is admittedly difficult and its anatomical boundaries are not well-defined. Thus, the CVATT will continue to be a work in progress.
Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women
Authors: Volek JS , Sharman MJ , Gómez AL , Judelson DA , Rubin MR , Watson G , Sokmen B , Silvestre R , French DN , Kraemer WJ 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Objective
To compare the effects of isocaloric, energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) and low-fat (LF) diets on weight loss, body composition, trunk fat mass, and resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight/obese men and women.

Design
Randomized, balanced, two diet period clinical intervention study. Subjects were prescribed two energy-restricted (-500 kcal/day) diets: a VLCK diet with a goal to decrease carbohydrate levels below 10% of energy and induce ketosis and a LF diet with a goal similar to national recommendations (%carbohydrate:fat:protein = ~60:25:15%).

Subjects
15 healthy, overweight/obese men (mean ± s.e.m.: age 33.2 ± 2.9 y, body mass 109.1 ± 4.6 kg, body mass index 34.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2) and 13 premenopausal women (age 34.0 ± 2.4 y, body mass 76.3 ± 3.6 kg, body mass index 29.6 ± 1.1 kg/m2).

Measurements
Weight loss, body composition, trunk fat (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were determined at baseline and after each diet intervention. Data were analyzed for between group differences considering the first diet phase only and within group differences considering the response to both diets within each person.

Results
Actual nutrient intakes from food records during the VLCK (%carbohydrate:fat:protein = ~9:63:28%) and the LF (~58:22:20%) were significantly different. Dietary energy was restricted, but was slightly higher during the VLCK (1855 kcal/day) compared to the LF (1562 kcal/day) diet for men. Both between and within group comparisons revealed a distinct advantage of a VLCK over a LF diet for weight loss, total fat loss, and trunk fat loss for men (despite significantly greater energy intake). The majority of women also responded more favorably to the VLCK diet, especially in terms of trunk fat loss. The greater reduction in trunk fat was not merely due to the greater total fat loss, because the ratio of trunk fat/total fat was also significantly reduced during the VLCK diet in men and women. Absolute REE (kcal/day) was decreased with both diets as expected, but REE expressed relative to body mass (kcal/kg), was better maintained on the VLCK diet for men only. Individual responses clearly show the majority of men and women experience greater weight and fat loss on a VLCK than a LF diet.

Conclusion
This study shows a clear benefit of a VLCK over LF diet for short-term body weight and fat loss, especially in men. A preferential loss of fat in the trunk region with a VLCK diet is novel and potentially clinically significant but requires further validation. These data provide additional support for the concept of metabolic advantage with diets representing extremes in macronutrient distribution.
Serum cathepsin K levels of patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis: correlation with radiological destruction
Authors: Skoumal Martin , Haberhauer Günther , Kolarz Gernot , Hawa Gerhard , Woloszczuk Wolfgang , Klingler Anton 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCathepsin K is a cysteine protease that plays an essential role in osteoclast function and in the degradation of protein components of the bone matrix by cleaving proteins such as collagen type I, collagen type II and osteonectin. Cathepsin K therefore plays a role in bone remodelling and resorption in diseases such as osteoporosis, osteolytic bone metastasis and rheumatoid arthritis. We examined cathepsin K in the serum of 100 patients with active longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. We found increased levels of cathepsin K compared with a healthy control group and found a significant correlation with radiological destruction, measured by the Larsen score. Inhibition of cathepsin K may therefore be a new target for preventing bone erosion and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. However, further studies have to be performed to prove that cathepsin K is a valuable parameter for bone metabolism in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.
Quantitation of DNA from Flow Cytometry Analysis Using Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Higuchi Akon , Murayama Yukiyo , Tsukamoto Yasuhisa , Kojima Toshinori , Kitamura Hanako 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A reproducible method to quantify DNA in DNA and protein solutions at ppb levels using flow cytometry analysis is reported herein. After DNA and protein solutions were dyed with fluorescent probe (PicoGreenTM) intercalating, flow cytometric scattergrams of DNA at fluorescent intensities of 525 nm and 575 nm showed a higher intensity of emission at 525 nm than those of proteins. DNA quantitation was performed using calf thymus DNA with two standard curves. The high standard curve showed a semi-logarithmic plot from 1 to 50 ppb with a correlation coefficient of 0.993, whereas the low standard curve described the second-power equation from 0.1 to 5 ppb DNA with a correlation coefficient of 0.998. A flow cytometry analysis of the DNA concentration was powerful for estimating the DNA concentration in a protein solution containing salts, such as saline, because the present flow cytometry analysis showed less than a 37% decline when the DNA solution contained 0.15 mol/L NaCl. The DNA content in albumin, cellulase, γ-globulin, and pepsin was estimated to be 0.078 ± 0.006, 0.26 ± 0.04, 3.0 ± 0.4, and 1.2 ± 0.1 μg-DNA/g-protein (n = 4), respectively, based on flow cytometry analysis of the protein solutions.
Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of 1-Alkynes into 2-Alkynoates with Molecular Oxygen as Oxidant
Authors: Izawa Yusuke , Shimizu Isao , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A new preparative method to produce alkyl 2-alkynoates from 1-alkynes in alcohol under atmospheric pressure of CO at room temperature was developed with palladium–phosphine catalysts, using molecular oxygen as an oxidant. On the basis of the behavior of model complexes such as methoxycarbonylpalladium and alkynylpalladium complexes, we propose a mechanism accounting for the catalytic carbonylation of alkynes through an intermediate having the both methoxycarbonyl and alkynyl ligands that liberates methyl 2-alkynoates and a Pd(0) species on reductive elimination. The oxidation of Pd(0) to Pd(II) species in the presence of a halide ion was confirmed to proceed cleanly with molecular oxygen as the oxidant. On the basis of the findings on homogeneous catalysts, a heterogeneous catalytic system using Pd/C has also been developed.
γ-Cyclodextrin-Bicapped C60-Mediated Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones with NaBH4
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Nakajima Mitsuru , Maeda Yasunari , Uemura Sakae , Takekuma Shin-ichi , Takekuma Hideko , Yoshida Zen-ichi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A supramolecular γ-cyclodextrin-bicapped C60-mediated asymmetric reduction of prochiral alkyl aryl ketones using NaBH4 as a reducing reagent affords chiral sec-alcohols with moderate enantioselectivity.
One-Pot Synthesis of 12-Hydroxy-12H-benzo[b]thioxanthene-6,11-diones from 1,4-Naphthoquinone and o-Acylbenzenethiols
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Umakoshi Hironobu , Matsunaga Akihiro , Tanmatsu Miyuki , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The title benzo[b]thioxanthenequinone derivatives could be prepared in one-pot via a sequential conjugate addition and an aldol-type reaction between 1,4-naphthoquinone and o-acylbenzenethiols, followed by oxidation with 1,4-naphthoquinone or air.
Filiations between the Electronic Spectra of C60 and Its Adduct Derivatives: A Rationalization
Authors: Leach Sydney 
Published: November 2004

AbstractConsiderable similarities are observed between the absorption spectra in the 200–800‐nm region of C60 and its n‐adduct derivatives (n = 1 − 6), in spite of the fact that two π‐electrons are lost for each adduct. The persistence in the adduct derivatives of the main energy and transition strength characteristics of the allowed and forbidden electronic transitions of C60 is rationalized with a relatively simple model. The filial relation between these spectra is discussed on three levels of increasing physical refinement: (i) the electronic states and transitions resulting from a free‐electron, spherical shell model of C60; (ii) the effects of an icosahedral potential on such a model; and (iii) the effects of π‐electron loss and symmetry lowering due to the addends. The results show that similar, and related, orbital transitions are involved in the absorption spectra in the 200–800‐nm region of C60 and its adduct derivatives, albeit mildly affected by changes in molecular symmetry and in the size of the π‐conjugation region.
Energy Landscape Analysis of Protein Dimers
Authors: Levy Yaakov , Papoian Garegin A. , Onuchic José N. , Wolynes Peter G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMany cellular functions are carried out by proteins that are bound together in multiprotein complexes. The binding between two highly flexible proteins to form homodimers is studied here using energy landscape theory and simulations based on a perfectly funneled energy landscape. With the aim to survey the range of binding mechanisms, two sets of homodimers were selected based on the experimental knowledge of whether stable monomers are needed for binding to take place. We find that the binding mechanism can be predicted based on the structure of the complex subunits alone. On average, the theory predicts a lower stability for subunits that are less compact and less hydrophobic, indicating, in agreement with their experimental classification, that their folding will be coupled to their binding. On the other hand, when a monomeric intermediate is experimentally found, the predicted stability of the monomers is comparable to that of known folded proteins. Furthermore, when dimerization is coupled to monomer folding, the interface is more hydrophobic.
A theoretical study of membrane constraint in polymer‐electrolyte fuel cells
Authors: Weber Adam Z. , Newman John 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA mathematical model is developed that examines the effect of having a constrained membrane in a fuel cell. During operation, a polymer‐electrolyte fuel‐cell membrane is prone to swell but is unable to do so by system design. This builds up a stress that affects transport in, and the properties of, the membrane. This report is the first to incorporate such effects into a macrohomogeneous model. Both the physical and mathematical effects are described. Results include the magnitude of constraint, the change in water content of the membrane attributed to constraint, and one‐dimensional simulations showing the effect of constraint on the water balance of the fuel cell. The paper demonstrates the need for considering membrane constraint both in modeling and experimental studies of fuel cells. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3215–3226, 2004
Modeling the steady flow of yield‐stress fluids in packed beds
Authors: Balhoff Matthew T. , Thompson Karsten E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNetwork modeling has been performed to obtain quantitative and predictive results of the flow of yield‐stress fluids in packed beds. Physically representative networks were used as the basis for the modeling, which have a one‐to‐one correspondence to computer‐generated packed beds of spheres. The networks are able to account for the interconnectivity, heterogeneity, and converging/diverging geometry that are inherent in porous media. The approach can be used to model a wide range of non‐Newtonian fluids, but the emphasis is for yield‐stress fluids that can be represented using a Bingham model. For these fluids, a threshold pressure gradient is required to initiate flow, and flow at low pressure gradients is characterized by critical percolation behavior. Quantitative results of superficial velocity vs. pressure gradient are presented, and are compared to traditional bundle‐of‐tubes models, as well as limited experimental data available in the literature. Important differences are observed between the network model and the constitutive models. These are attributed mainly to heterogeneity and converging/diverging geometry, which are not accounted for in the semiempirical models. Comparison to experimental data is good for certain fluids. In other cases, the modeling suggests that effects other than fluid rheology may also have affected flow, such as adsorption or filtration. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3034–3048, 2004
Urquhart and probability: The transition from librarianship to library and information science
Authors: Bensman Stephen J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this article, I analyze the role of Donald J. Urquhart in the creation of modern library and information science. Urquhart was one of the chief architects of information science in Britain and founder of the National Lending Library for Science and Technology (NLL), which evolved into the present‐day British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC). In particular, I focus on the part played by Urquhart in the development of that branch of information science termed bibliometrics, the application of mathematical and statistical techniques to information phenomena, pursuing both historical and practical aims. The article is intended not only to trace the history of the probability distributions applicable to library use and other facets of human knowledge but also to demonstrate how these distributions can be used in the evaluation and management of scientific journal collections. For these purposes, the paper is divided into three parts of equal importance. The first part is statistical and establishes the theoretical framework, within which Urquhart's work is considered. It traces the historical development of the applicable probability distributions, discussing their origins on the European continent and how Continental principles became incorporated in the biometric statistics that arose in Britain as a result of the Darwinian revolution. This part analyzes the binomial and Poisson processes, laying out the reasons why the Poisson process is more suitable for modeling information phenomena. In doing so, it describes key distributions arising from these processes as well as the various tests for these distributions, citing the literature that shows how to conduct these tests. Throughout the discussion, the relationship of these distributions to library use and the laws of information science is emphasized. The second part of the article analyzes the pioneering role of Urquhart as a conduit for the entry of these probability distributions into librarianship, converting it into library and information science. He was the first librarian to apply probability to library use, utilizing it not only to establish and manage the scientific journal collections of the NLL but also to evolve his Law of Supralibrary Use. Urquhart's work is portrayed within the context of a general trend to adopt probabilistic methods for analytical purposes, and a major premise of this article is that his law and the probabilistic breakthrough, on which it was based, were most likely in Britain, which was one of the few countries not only to develop but also maintain the necessary scientific preconditions. The third—and concluding section—discusses how Urquhart's Law forces a probabilistic reconceptualization of the functioning of the scientific journal system as well as the law's practical implications for journal sales, collection evaluation and management, resource sharing, and the transition from the paper to the electronic format.
Polycomb homologs are involved in teratogenicity of valproic acid in mice
Authors: Okada Akinobu , Aoki Yoshinobu , Kushima Kiyoshi , Kurihara Hiroshi , Bialer Meir , Fujiwara Michio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDValproic acid (VPA) is widely used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and is also a potent teratogen, but its teratogenic mechanisms are unknown. We have attempted to describe a fundamental role of the Polycomb group (Pc‐G) in VPA‐induced transformations of the axial skeleton.METHODSPregnant NMRI mice were given a single subcutaneous injection of vehicle or VPA (800 mg/kg) on gestation day (GD) 8. The expression of genes encoding Polycomb and trithorax groups was measured by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR using total RNA isolated from the embryos exposed to vehicle or VPA for 1, 3, and 6 hr. In addition, the use of two less teratogenic antiepileptic chemicals valpromide (VPD) and valnoctamide (VCD) provide reliable evidence to support the relationship between VPA teratogenicity and the Polycomb group.RESULTSAt a teratogenic level, VPA inhibits the expression of the Polycomb group genes, including Eed, Ezh2, Zfp144, Bmi1, Cbx2, Rnf2, and YY1 in the mouse embryos. In contrast, neither VPD nor VCD have significant effects on the expression of those genes affected by VPA. The trithorax group (trx‐G) gene MLL, which is known to be required to maintain homeobox gene expression such as the Polycomb gene, is not affected by a teratogenic dose of VPA.CONCLUSIONSWe propose that, during embryonic development, VPA may affect the gene silencing pathway mediated by the Polycomb group complex. The epigenetic mechanism of VPA teratogenicity on anteroposterior patterning is suspected. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hungarian cohort‐controlled trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation shows a reduction in certain congenital abnormalities
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E. , Dobó Márta , Vargha Péter 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe 1984–1991 Hungarian randomized controlled trial (RCT) of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation containing folic acid (0.8 mg) showed a significant reduction in the first occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs), and of urinary tract and cardiovascular abnormalities, but no reduction in orofacial clefts. A controlled cohort trial was designed to confirm or deny these results.METHODSSupplemented women were recruited from the Hungarian Periconceptional Service using the same multivitamin as the Hungarian RCT. Unsupplemented pregnant women were recruited in the standard regional antenatal care clinics and were matched to each supplemented pregnant woman on the basis of age, socioeconomic status, place of residence, and year of pregnancy.RESULTSA total of 3056 informative offspring were evaluated in each cohort. The occurrence of congenital cardiovascular malformations (31 vs. 50) was reduced (odds ratio [OR], 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38–0.96) in the supplemented cohort, accounted for mainly by ventricular septal defects (5 vs. 19; OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.09–0.72). There was no significant difference (14 vs. 19) in the occurrence of urinary tract defects between the two cohorts, but stenosis/atresia of pelvicureteric junction (2 vs. 13) showed a significant reduction (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04–0.86). The protective effect of the folic acid–containing multivitamin for NTDs (one offspring in the supplemented vs. nine in the unsupplemented cohort) was confirmed (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01–0.91). There was, however, no protective effect on orofacial clefts or on multiple congenital abnormalities.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this cohort‐controlled trial support the findings of the previous Hungarian RCT. The primary prevention of some major structural birth defects by multivitamins containing folic acid or by folic acid has great public health importance. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Noncomplexed cellulase systems
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Heng Percival , Lynd Lee R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInformation pertaining to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by noncomplexed cellulase enzyme systems is reviewed with a particular emphasis on development of aggregated understanding incorporating substrate features in addition to concentration and multiple cellulase components. Topics considered include properties of cellulose, adsorption, cellulose hydrolysis, and quantitative models. A classification scheme is proposed for quantitative models for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose based on the number of solubilizing activities and substrate state variables included. We suggest that it is timely to revisit and reinvigorate functional modeling of cellulose hydrolysis, and that this would be highly beneficial if not necessary in order to bring to bear the large volume of information available on cellulase components on the primary applications that motivate interest in the subject. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protonation Behaviour of Chiral Tetradentate Polypyridines Derived from α‐Pinene
Authors: Düggeli Mathias , Christen Tobias , von Zelewsky Alexander 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDetailed protonation experiments of the [5,6]‐pinenebipyridine molecule and the unsubstituted [4,5]‐ and [5,6]‐CHIRAGEN[0] ligands in various solvents indicate a variety of structures of the protonated species. UV‐visible and NMR measurements (including 15N chemical shifts) show the transition from trans to cis conformation of [5,6]‐pinenebipyridine upon protonation. The [4,5]‐CHIRAGEN[0] ligand, in which the protonation sites of the nitrogen atom donors are at opposite sides of the molecule, behave essentially like two independent bipyridine moieties; this behaviour was monitored by UV‐visible, CD and NMR spectroscopy (including 15N data). In the case of the [5,6]‐CHIRAGEN[0], a pocket of donor atoms provides a chiral environment for two protons per ligand.