bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Any other comments?" Open questions on questionnaires – a bane or a bonus to research?
Authors: O'Cathain Alicia , Thomas Kate J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
The habitual "any other comments" general open question at the end of structured questionnaires has the potential to increase response rates, elaborate responses to closed questions, and allow respondents to identify new issues not captured in the closed questions. However, we believe that many researchers have collected such data and failed to analyse or present it.

Discussion
General open questions at the end of structured questionnaires can present a problem because of their uncomfortable status of being strictly neither qualitative nor quantitative data, the consequent lack of clarity around how to analyse and report them, and the time and expertise needed to do so. We suggest that the value of these questions can be optimised if researchers start with a clear understanding of the type of data they wish to generate from such a question, and employ an appropriate strategy when designing the study. The intention can be to generate depth data or 'stories' from purposively defined groups of respondents for qualitative analysis, or to produce quantifiable data, representative of the population sampled, as a 'safety net' to identify issues which might complement the closed questions.

Summary
We encourage researchers to consider developing a more strategic use of general open questions at the end of structured questionnaires. This may optimise the quality of the data and the analysis, reduce dilemmas regarding whether and how to analyse such data, and result in a more ethical approach to making best use of the data which respondents kindly provide.
A model of inflammatory arthritis highlights a role for oncostatin M in pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced bone destruction via RANK/RANKL
Authors: Hui Wang , Cawston Tim E , Richards Carl D , Rowan Andrew D 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOncostatin M is a pro-inflammatory cytokine previously shown to promote marked cartilage destruction both in vitro and in vivo when in combination with IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor alpha. However, the in vivo effects of these potent cytokine combinations on bone catabolism are unknown. Using adenoviral gene transfer, we have overexpressed oncostatin M in combination with either IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor alpha intra-articularly in the knees of C57BL/6 mice. Both of these combinations induced marked bone damage and markedly increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleate cell staining in the synovium and at the front of bone erosions. Furthermore, there was increased expression of RANK and its ligand RANKL in the inflammatory cells, in inflamed synovium and in articular cartilage of knee joints treated with the cytokine combinations compared with expression in joints treated with the cytokines alone or the control. This model of inflammatory arthritis demonstrates that, in vivo, oncostatin M in combination with either IL-1 or tumour necrosis factor alpha represents cytokine combinations that promote bone destruction. The model also provides further evidence that increased osteoclast-like, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive staining multinucleate cells and upregulation of RANK/RANKL in joint tissues are key factors in pathological bone destruction.
Aspects of the Electron Transfer Reaction Rate for Systems Accompanying a Chemical Equilibrium Change
Authors: Yago Tomoaki , Kobori Yasuhiro , Akiyama Kimio , Tero-Kubota Shozo 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
In photoinduced electron-transfer systems accompanying chemical equilibrium changes, such as the formation/dissociation of a noncovalent-bonded complex, the calculation method of the charge separation and recombination reaction rates have been derived based on a simple model, in which the formation/dissociation of noncovalent bonding during the electron-transfer reaction is treated as a change of the chemical equilibrium. The effects of the formation/dissociation of noncovalent bonding on the driving forces and the reorganization energies were calculated using the chemical equilibrium constants for the reactant and product states. It has been demonstrated that the formation/dissociation of noncovalent bonding affects the electron-transfer reaction rates not only by stabilizing the charge-separated state, but also by increasing the reorganization energy.
Kekulénoid Addition Patterns for Fullerenes and Some Lower Homologs
Authors: Babic Darko , Došlic Tomislav , Klein Douglas J , Misra Anirban 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The challenging problem of the enumeration and generation of addition patterns for fullerenes such that the remnant π-network has a Kekulé structure (i.e., a nearest neighbor pairing pattern) is studied. A methodology to generate (and thence also to enumerate) these Kekulénoid addition patterns is described, and applied to several fullerenes of up to 36 carbons. Pólya-theoretic (coloring) pattern counts which ignore Kekulé structures are found to be much larger than the Kekulénoid-restricted counts. Evidence is marshaled for simple yet general approximate “asymptotic-flavored” formulas for the various counts. As a consequence, the number of Kekulénoid addition patterns CNH2m for buckminsterfullerene C60 is estimated. Overall, this is but ≈0.1% of the Pólya-theoretic addition pattern counts for all numbers of addition sites.
Synthesis of Novel Chemically Amplified Materials Based on Calix[4]arene Derivatives with Acetal Moieties
Authors: Kudo Hiroto , Mitani Kouji , Koyama Syuhei , Nishikubo Tadatomi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The synthesis and photoinduced deprotection reaction of calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives with pendant acetal moieties were examined. C-methyl[(methoxymethylcarbonyl)oxy]calix[4]resorcinarene (CRA-Acetal) and C-4-hydroxyphenyl[(methoxymethylcarbonyl)oxy]calix[4]resorcinarene (CRAph-Acetal) were prepared from C-methylcalix[4]resorcinarene (CRA) and C-4-hydroxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene (CRAph). The synthesized CRA-Acetal and CRAph-Acetal had good solubilities, good film-forming properties, and high thermal stabilities. The photoinduced deprotection reaction of CRA-Acetal and CRAph-Acetal was examined in the presence of bis[4-(diphenylsulfonio)phenyl]sulfide (DPSP) as a photo-acid generator in the film state upon UV irradiation. It was found that the deprotection reaction of acetal groups of CRA-Acetal and CRAph-Acetal proceeded smoothly without further heating to produce the corresponding calixarene derivatives, CRA-COOH and CRAph-COOH with carboxylic acid groups.
Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Polymer Hybrids from Ammoniumpropyl-Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
Authors: Adachi Kaoru , Tamaki Ryo , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Organic–inorganic polymer hybrids were prepared from ammoniumpropyl-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, octa(3-chloroammoniumpropyl)octasilsesquioxane (OCAPS), and several organic polymers such as poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAAm), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The polymer hybrids obtained were optically transparent and soluble in methanol or water. The results of IR spectra of the organic polymers and the polymer hybrids indicate an interaction between the organic component and the inorganic one in the homogeneous polymer hybrids.
Stabilizing Queueing Networks with Setups
Authors: Dai J. G. , Jennings O. B. 
Published: November 2004

For multiclass queueing networks, dispatch policies govern the assignment of servers to the jobs they process. Production policies perform the analogous task for queueing networks whose servers are subject to switch-over delays or setups, a model we refer to as setup networks. It is well known that a poorly chosen dispatch policy may lead to instability of a multiclass queueing network, even when the traffic intensity at each station is less than one and the policy is nonidling. Not surprisingly, setup networks and production policies inherit these instability concerns. With this in mind, we define a family of “sensible” production policies that are adaptations of dispatch policies and restrict the frequency of setup performance. We provide a framework for proving the stability of a setup network operating under a sensible production policy. Central to this framework is the artificial fluid model of a setup network. The artificial fluid models presented are generalizations of standard fluid models of multiclass queueing networks; see, for example, Dai (1995). Unlike their standard fluid model counterparts, artificial fluid models do not arise directly from a limiting procedure on some discrete network process; hence the “artificial” qualifier. Nevertheless, stability of the artificial fluid model implies stability of the associated setup network, a connection paralleling the main result of Dai (1995). As an exercise in using the artificial fluid model framework for proving stability of setup networks, we investigate several production policies adapted from dispatch policies. One production policy of particular interest involves a modification of the first-in-first-out dispatch policy.
Infrared Signatures of Proton Transfer in Guanine·Cytosine and Adenine·Thymine Base Pairs: DFT Study
Authors: Hayashi Tomoyuki , Mukamel Shaul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe structures of all stable tautomers of guanine·cytosine and adenine·thymine Watson‐Crick base pairs produced by single and double proton transfers from the most stable structures are optimized using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6–31G(d,p) level. The zwitterionic tautomer of guanine·cyosine is stable in a high‐dielectric medium (water), but not in the gas phase. Normal mode calculations show that the infrared peak positions and intensities of the carbonyl, N‐H, and O‐H stretching modes are sensitive to the tautomer geometries.
Tight‐Binding Description of the STM Image of Molecular Chains
Authors: Calev Yoel , Cohen Hezy , Cuniberti Gianaurelio , Nitzan Abraham , Porath Danny 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA tight‐binding model for scanning tunneling microscopy images of a molecule adsorbed on a metal surface is described. The model is similar in spirit to that used to analyze conduction along molecular wires connecting two metal leads and makes it possible to relate these two measurements to each other. In particular, the dependence of molecular conduction properties along and across a molecular chain on the chain length, intersite electronic coupling strength, and on thermal and disorder effects are discussed and contrasted. It is noted that structural or chemical defects that may affect drastically the conduction along a molecular chain have a relatively modest influence on conduction across the molecular wire in the transverse direction.
Unique proximal tibial morphology in strepsirrhine primates
Authors: White Jessica L. , Gebo Daniel L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAlthough the morphology of the tibial plateau in primates has received very little attention in the literature, it does exhibit features of phylogenetic and functional interest. This paper describes the morphology of the tibial plateau (particularly the intercondylar region) in extant and fossil primates, and in three mammalian outgroups: the pen‐tailed tree shrew (Ptilocercus), tree shrew (Tupaia), and flying lemur or dermopteran (Cynocephalus). Extant and fossil strepsirrhine primates exhibit an eminence with a single spine, which contrasts with the intercondylar morphology of haplorhine primates. Most extant platyrrhines, all catarrhine primates (including humans), and some fossil haplorhines possess an eminence with two spines (medial and lateral) connected by a ridge of bone that intersects the intercondylar groove. Tarsius and callitrichines possess an eminence with a reduced medial spine that superficially resembles that of strepsirrhine primates. Dermopterans also exhibit a morphology similar to that of strepsirrhines. In Scandentia, the intercondylar morphology of Tupaia is similar to that of rodents, whereas Ptilocercus resembles tarsiers and callitrichines. We hypothesize that proximal tibiae with either a single spine or reduced medial spine morphology facilitate a greater degree of knee rotation about the eminence relative to the double‐spine condition, and are likely associated with more frequent adoption of vertical body positions. In contrast, a double‐spine eminence limits knee rotation and is probably associated with greater use of horizontal supports. Although the polarity is complicated by the unknown phylogenetic status of likely sister taxa, it seems most probable that the single‐spine morphology is a derived feature of strepsirrhines. Am. J. Primatol. 64:293–308, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved Reaction and Activation Energies of [4+2] Cycloadditions, [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangements and Electrocyclizations with the Spin‐Component‐Scaled MP2 Method
Authors: Goumans T. P. M. , Ehlers Andreas W. , Lammertsma Koop , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich , Grimme Stefan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA new quantum mechanical scheme to calculate electronic correlation energies, spin‐component‐scaled MP2, was tested as a tool to predict reaction energies and barriers in computational organic chemistry. Three common pericyclic reactions with known unsatisfactory MP2 descriptions were reinvestigated with the modified MP2 approach, in which the parallel and anti‐parallel spin components of the correlation energy are scaled separately. The SCS‐MP2 calculated reaction and activation energies of nine Diels–Alder reactions, four [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangements, and ten electrocyclization reactions are compared to those of the MP2, B3 LYP, QCISD(T), and G3 methods. For each, the SCS‐MP2 results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data and compare far more favorably to G3 than both MP2 and B3 LYP. Careful evaluation of the effect of the size of the atomic orbital (AO) basis set shows that the larger expansions improve the agreement with experiment for the SCS‐MP2 method, while they get worse for both MP2 and B3 LYP.
Self‐Assembly of Folic Acid Derivatives: Induction of Supramolecular Chirality by Hierarchical Chiral Structures
Authors: Kamikawa Yuko , Nishii Masayuki , Kato Takashi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHierarchical chiral structures made up of dendritic oligo(L‐ or D‐glutamic acid) moieties of folic acid derivatives induce supramolecular chirality in the self‐assembled columnar structures of the folic acids. These folic acids self‐assemble through the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of the pterin rings to form disklike tetramers. In the neat states, the stacked tetramers form thermotropic hexagonal columnar phases over wide temperature ranges, including room temperature. Addition of alkali metal salts induces chirality in the columnar phases. In dilute solution states in a relatively polar solvent (chloroform), the folic acid derivatives form non‐chiral, self‐assembled structures. In the presence of sodium triflate, the folic acid forms chiral columnar assemblies through the oligo(L‐glutamic acid) moiety, similar to those formed in the liquid‐crystalline (LC) states. The enantiomer of the folic acid induces columnar assemblies with reversed helicity. In the case of the diastereomer, no induced helicity is observed. Application of an apolar solvent (dodecane) drives the folic acid derivatives to form chiral assemblies in the absence of ions. In this case, lipophilic interactions promote nanophase segregation, which enhances the formation of chiral columns. Interestingly, the chiral supramolecular structure of the diastereomer induces the most intense circular dichroism. In both cases, the molecular chirality in the oligo(glutamate) moieties yields supramolecular chirality of the folic acids that self‐assemble through cooperative molecular interactions.
Intramolecular Rearrangement for Regioselective Complexation by Intramolecular CH/π Interaction in a Hydrophobic Cavity of a Ruthenium Coordination Sphere
Authors: Kojima Takahiko , Miyazaki Soushi , Hayashi Ken‐ichi , Shimazaki Yuichi , Tani Fumito , Naruta Yoshinori , Matsuda Yoshihisa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA RuII complex with a hydrophobic cavity formed from two 1‐naphthoylamide groups was prepared. Its reactions with β‐diketones gave β‐diketonato complexes in which hydrophobic π–π or CH/π interactions were confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. In the case of the asymmetric β‐diketone benzoylacetone, an isomer with a CH/π interaction was afforded as the sole product owing to thermodynamic control. The reaction was found to involve a novel intramolecular rearrangement from the phenyl‐included isomer to the methyl‐included one without rupture of Ruβ‐diketonato coordination bonds (activation energy 52 kJ mol−1). This indicates that CH/π interactions can be more favored thermodynamically than π–π interactions in a suitable hydrophobic environment.
Thromboembolic events with estramustine phosphate‐based chemotherapy in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma
Authors: Lubiniecki Gregory M. , Berlin Jesse A. , Weinstein Rachel B. , Vaughn David J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDCombinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy with estramustine phosphate (EMP), a nornitrogen mustard‐estrogen conjugate, are used to treat patients with hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC). However, thromboembolic events (TE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, and arterial thrombosis, are significant toxicities of these regimens. The current study sought to establish the rate of TE and to determine risk factors for TE.METHODSA MEDLINE‐based search identified EMP‐based clinical trials published in the English‐language peer‐reviewed literature after 1990 in which ≥ 20 patients with HRPC were enrolled and TE were clearly documented. Patient characteristics and the dose of EMP given were analyzed to determine their association with the rate of TE.RESULTSTwenty‐three studies, enrolling a total of 896 patients, were included in the analysis. The overall risk of TE was 0.07 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.05–0.11). The risk of DVT was 0.06 (95% CI, 0.04–0.09). The risks of all other types of TE were < 0.01. Using univariate logistic regression analysis, the dose of EMP administered, baseline patient age, and baseline prostate‐specific antigen level were not found to be associated with the total risk of TE. The rates of total TE and DVT may be inflated because one of the analyzed studies initially had a very high rate of DVT (25%) when compared with the others.CONCLUSIONSThe rate of TE in men with HRPC who are treated with EMP‐based regimens is significant, but it does not appear to be related to the dose of EMP. Whether TE can be prevented with anticoagulant prophylaxis remains to be determined. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Impact of functional support on health‐related quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Sultan Shahnaz , Fisher Deborah A. , Voils Corrine I. , Kinney Anita Y. , Sandler Robert S. , Provenzale Dawn 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt has been shown that social integration and the availability of social support influence quality of life. However, little is known about the relation between social support and mental and physical health in patients with colorectal cancer. In the current study, the authors examined the effects of social network size, as well as emotional and instrumental support, on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with colorectal cancer.METHODSSix hundred thirty‐six veterans with colorectal cancer were asked to complete a telephone interview, which included a measure of social support (the Berkman–Syme Index) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 12‐Item Survey. Mean physical composite scale (PCS) and mental composite scale (MCS) scores were compared across groups.RESULTSNo difference in mean PCS or MCS scores was found between patients who had larger social networks and patients who had smaller social networks. The availability of emotional and instrumental support was associated with higher MCS scores, whereas the availability of instrumental support was associated with lower PCS scores.CONCLUSIONSIrrespective of network size, the availability of emotional support and instrumental support had an impact on HRQOL in patients with colorectal cancer. More emphasis needs to be placed on understanding how various types of social support, individually and collectively, influence physical and mental health in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Wenn die biologische Pumpe gestört wird
Authors: Eickhoff Susanne , Ittekkot Venugopalan , Jennerjahn Tim 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWeltweit unterbrechen rund 45 000 Staudämme den natürlichen Abfluss des Wassers in die Ozeane. Dadurch wird der Siliziumkreislauf empfindlich beeinträchtigt, das ökologische Gleichgewicht gerät in Gefahr
UV‐crosslinking of E1 small nucleolar RNA to proteins in frog oocytes
Authors: Smith James L. , Walton Andrew H. , Eliceiri George L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractE1/U17 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) is a box H/ACA snoRNA. To detect protein bands that UV‐crosslink to E1 RNA primarily at uridines, frog oocytes were injected with [α‐32P]UTP‐labeled E1 RNA and incubated, isolated nuclei were UV irradiated, and nuclear contents were digested with RNase A. Wild‐type E1 RNA specifically UV‐crosslinked to several protein bands. To identify E1 RNA sites involved in these interactions, we tested 21 E1 RNA mutants, each consisting of substitutions in a conserved sequence or structure. UV‐crosslinking of different protein bands to E1 RNA depended on one of the following sets of conserved E1 RNA segments: two 5′ end RNA sites; five 5′ half RNA sites; two 3′ half RNA sites; or 14 sites located throughout E1 RNA. Of these conserved E1 RNA sites, UV‐crosslinking apparently depended on sequences at 11 sites, and structures at 2 sites. Gel electrophoresis with and without RNA competition detected protein bands that are not common to all of the box H/ACA snoRNAs. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and characterization of a cell line for large‐scale, serum‐free production of recombinant adeno‐associated viral vectors
Authors: Farson Deborah , Harding Thomas C. , Tao Lucy , Liu Jun , Powell Sandra , Vimal Vishalini , Yendluri Satyasri , Koprivnikar Kathryn , Ho Kenneth , Twitty Christopher , Husak Paul , Lin Andy , Snyder Richard O. , Donahue Brian A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundOne of the major limitations to the use of adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors for gene therapy has been the difficulty in producing enough vector to supply a clinical trial. More than 20 000 roller bottles may be required to generate AAV by the traditional transient transfection process to treat 50 patients. A scalable AAV producer cell line grown in serum‐free media will meet the needs for the manufacture of AAV gene therapeutics.MethodsA packaging cell line was generated by introducing the AAV rep and cap genes into A549 cells. From this packaging cell line, a number of producer cell lines were generated by infecting the packaging cell with the appropriate AAV vector. Producer cell lines were then adapted to serum‐free suspension conditions for growth in bioreactors.ResultsWe report here the development of six AAV producer cell lines that generate > 104 particles/cell. The rAAV vector preparations from these cell lines have physical and functional characteristics similar to rAAV vectors prepared by transient transfection. To enable large‐scale production, producer cell lines were adapted to serum‐free suspension and we demonstrate production of AAV at the 15 L scale. In addition, vector preparations from these cell lines were shown to be free of wild‐type AAV.ConclusionsAAV producer cell lines can be readily scaled to meet the needs of clinical trials. One 500 L bioreactor of these producer cells can produce the equivalent of 2500 high capacity roller bottles or 25 000 T‐175 tissue culture flasks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.