bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Research Strategy
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand a business such as the John Lewis Partnership requires a broader methodological approach than that of neo-classical economics. In this chapter we lay out a research strategy that takes into account a wider range of data. We first consider the range of data available in principle to the researcher and then place this data in the context of an ideal research strategy for fully mapping out the complex range of determinants of organizational success. Next we detail the difficulties in practice of obtaining the data. A more modest and tractable approach (the research strategy adopted for this study) is then outlined. Conclusions follow.
The Post-war Retailing Environment
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retailing was affected during the Second World War by the imposition of rationing and of course by the disruption from war damage itself, but some of the effects of the 1939–45 conflict continued well into the late 1940s. Many foodstuffs were still rationed to the end of the period we are considering, even if less severely than before. Cloth rationing formally ended in 1949 but the Utility scheme, which included controls over margins and prices, persisted until 1952. As Evely (1959) shows, manufacturers continued to allocate goods in short supply along the same supply lines as had existed pre-war. Further, outside the severely damaged cities, the building of shops was restricted. Licences were required for the modernization of existing shops where the expenditure exceeded £100: in 1952 this was raised to £500, (see e.g. Jeffreys 1955). The period was one of high rentals and inflated property prices, on top of which commercial buildings, unlike industrial property, did not qualify for taxation allowances in respect of depreciation.
A Comparative Business Analysis: 1970–1989
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have described the distinctive features which make the John Lewis Partnership unusual. We have examined the workings of the Partnership and analysed the genesis of its business philosophy. Further, we have used the literature on business performance to understand what an orthodox analyst might expect of such an unusual firm in a commercial market environment. We concluded that because of the absence of capital market discipline on managers, the John Lewis Partnership would be expected to be relatively inefficient, with little incentive to do more than survive. Immediately after the war, we saw the company was not very profitable and appeared to be in poor commercial shape relative to its high street competitors. We now focus on the period since 1970 and analyse the comparative performance of the John Lewis Partnership and its wholly owned subsidiary Waitrose. Using accounting data and standard measures of performance, we construct indices relating to the capital structure, liquidity, profitability, and productivity of the firms as compared to their main competitors in the retail sector. These indices will show whether the 1949–53 period was unrepresentative and, more crucially, allow us to answer the important questions raised by the literature analysis.
Crossing Over into the Human Dimension
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the scale of retail concerns grows larger, and the systems and the business decisions of the sector become more sophisticated, the importance of management increases. Graduate recruitment is rising (from very low levels), and retention of key management staff is as much an issue in retailing as in other areas of business. The traditional type of manager in retailing has been something of a generalist, reflecting a wider range of necessary basic skills than in some other businesses. It is a very unforgiving business thinks Richard Weir, Chairman of the Retail Consortium: ‘You cannot be brilliant in one area and be a failure in another. You have to maintain a certain minimum threshold of competence in all areas.’ Such at least is the ideal, but there is a general recognition that the management factor in the business was not always taken very seriously. A change seems to have started in the early 1980s as the expansion and restructuring of a previous rather sleepy sector demanded a higher quality of decision-making. Richard Weir sees a higher quality of management in the last eight years, and notes that the sector has had to develop its own education almost from scratch. That said, management practices before 1980s were clearly not uniform, and Weir stresses the longer established systems used in the more progressive parts of the sector.
Conclusion
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major theme of this study has been that corporate performance cannot be adequately understood solely in terms of the conventional framework based on neo-classical economics and its derivatives, such as the theory of finance. This chapter takes a closer look at the conventional framework and its limitations. Economics has long been methodologically separated from the other social sciences, a disjunction that has had considerable influence on the orthodox views of business practitioners. Because of the domination of neo-classical economics and its methodological precepts, a very restricted and rigid view of human agency and motivation has prevailed. Thinking in terms of rational actors significantly limits one’s ability to explain human behaviour. The range of human interaction and experience in the sociology of organizations is largely ignored in the economics literature, or treated as a minor issue.
The Prophetic Literature
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary form in which the prophets’ words have come down to us has been the subject of much debate. At one time it was thought that the identification of distinctive types (Gattungen) of prophetic utterance might assist us in determining what such and such a prophet actually said. This historical optimism was soon found to be misplaced, however (as in the case of the sayings of Jesus), since an individual, to say what he wants to say, may or may not choose to employ a conventional type (priestly oracle, hymn, parable), and he may or may not change it with varying degrees of creativity and originality. Moreover, the authors of our texts or the disciples or the community responsible for transmitting the original words to us may do the same. Whatever the literary form, and however many parallels to it can be quoted from elsewhere in the Bible or the ancient world, there is no way that form criticism on its own can lead us to the actual words of the prophets.
The Message of the Prophets
Authors: Sawyer John F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the bewildering variety of material attributed to the prophets, it may seem misguided to attempt any comprehensive or systematic survey of their teaching. Yet it is not hard to identify common themes, particularly when we take into account the final shaping of the prophetic corpus. As we saw, the original words of the prophets, from different times and places in the ancient Near East, have been built up into the literary structures now before us, so that, as well as tracing the development of an idea from, let us say, eighth-century BC Samaria down to the time of Ezra and Nehemiah, it is also possible, and indeed desirable, to discuss the ‘Prophets’ as a whole. They are both a culmination of centuries of social and theological debate, and a part of the heritage from which Jewish and Christian communities have drawn their inspiration ever since. In the four short sections that follow we shall examine what seems to constitute the distinctive teaching attributable to this unique religious phenomenon. Where origins can be traced, these will be discussed, but our chief aim is to present each idea in its most developed form—the adult rather than the embryo.
The Apologetic Tradition
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The City of God is arguably the culmination of the Latin Christian apologetic tradition in antiquity, and Augustine’s work concludes a series of writings that begins in the late second and early third centuries with Tertullian and Minucius Felix.2 Augustine’s apologetic addresses other questions and problems than Tertullian’s. The post Constantinian Christianization of the Roman empire had altered the context of apologetic. Rome had a new public religion, and the question of its efficacy in protecting Rome called for new arguments.
Final Destinations: Books 19-22
Authors: O’Daly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the general aim of discussing the ‘ends’ (‘fines’) of the two cities, these books deal with four discrete but related topics. Book 19 is, in part at least, a critique of the teleological views of ancient philosophy and the provision of a Christian teleology. Book 20 deals with the last judgment and the final separation of the two cities. In Books 21 and 22 two consequences of God’s final judgment are discussed, the punishment of the damned (21), and the eternal bliss of the saved humans, whose predestined salvation will fill the places of the fallen angels in the heavenly city (22). There is, inevitably, some thematic overlap between the books.
Old Life and New
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If for Paul Christ represents the shift of the ages and makes a new beginning for the human race, how does he see the two alternative possibilities of life, and how do people move from one to the other?
According to Rom. 1: 16 the gospel is ‘the power of salvation to everyone who has faith’. If we ask what salvation is, the answer is not always clear nor always the same, but is generally to do with life and freedom: life, because the goal is life under God now and in the future; freedom, because powers which oppress and harm humanity are now overcome. People can live with and for God, free from the penalties which follow life in opposition to him (e.g. l Thess. 5: 8-10; Rom. 5: 9). Most of the instances of ‘save’ words, however, have no specific reference, but as hopes for salvation were common enough at the time, Paul probably had no need to spell out what he meant.
Pauline Christianity in the New Testament and Beyond
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul was no isolated figure, but the centre of a way of understanding Christianity that was widespread and influential, at least for a time. We turn now to writings, whether or not by Paul himself (and all that we discuss are either definitely not by him, or frequently thought not to be by him), which represent a second wave of Paulinism. We begin, however, with a letter which if it is genuine, is early.
Conclusion
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul’s version of Christianity faced opposition in the early church, and has done so sporadically ever since. There have always been those who see him as corrupting the simple message of Jesus and complicating it, by turning it into a religion of redemption or by subverting its Jewishness. We must now, therefore, look briefly at the relation of Paul’s gospel to the teaching of Jesus and to some other early versions of Christianity. For an account of the Variety and Unity in New Testament Thought readers should consult the volume in this series with that title and for the question of how Pauline Christianity can be interpreted in modern times, the volume on Biblical Interpretation. Pauline theology certainly has a different look and feel from the accounts of the life and teaching of Jesus in the Synoptic Gospels, both in overall impression and in detail. This is partly because letters tackling pastoral, theological, and ethical problems are bound to be more complex than works composed mostly of narrative and pithy sayings. The genre is different, but there is more to it than that. It would be as foolish to argue for no development from Jesus of Nazareth to Paul as to suppose that Paul betrays the simple gospel of Jesus.
Introduction: A New Conception of Arabic Literature
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern Arabic literature is the literature, written in Arabic, of the modern Arab world and this is generally assumed to begin with the French campaign in Egypt in 1798. The date is significant, for it marks the dramatic opening of the Arab world, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire, to the West, ultimately with momentous consequences in its political, economic, social, and cultural development. Out of the fruitful meeting of the indigenous Arabic literary tradition and the cultural forces of the West modern Arabic literature was born. It was a slow and gradual process, hedged round with doubts and uncertainties, and characterized by as much conservative opposition and reluctance as pioneering enthusiasm and radical fervour. For various reasons it began to make itself felt in Egypt and Syria (which then included Lebanon) from which it spread slowly to the rest of the Arab world.
The Modernists
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modernity of Romantic Arabic poetry was not regarded as sufficient by the generation that emerged after the Second World War. There were several reasons for this apart from the obvious one relating to the generation gap. By the 1940s Arab Romanticism had developed its own conventional vocabulary, imagery, motifs, and attitudes, and had acquired its own poetic diction, which was regarded as no less of an obstacle to genuine self-expression than the poetic diction of neo-classicism. Romanticism was thought too vague, too escapist and too full of beauty and daydreams, too sugary and sentimental to express the social and political reality of the Arab world, which was growing increasingly harsh during and immediately after the Second World War. Whatever the truth of these accusations, not surprisingly the centre of interest of Romantic Arabic poetry was, on the whole, the individual rather than society, and its vision of society tended to be expressed in some-what idealized terms, in a language more suited to the communication of subtle subjective feelings and moods rather than conveying the shock and immediacy of external reality.
Najīb Mahfūz (Naguib Mahfouz) and Other Egyptians
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second World War proved to be as important a landmark in the history of Arabic literature in general as it was a turning point in much of the social and political life of the Middle East. It signalled the waning of Romanticism in poetry and prose alike (see Chapter 2). For various reasons it was during the war that young Egyptian intellectuals became increasingly interested in Marxist philosophy and writers became more keenly aware of their social and political message. This was a reflection of their realization of the pressing need for political action, which came as a result of their disillusionment with political parties, their horror at the corruption at court and in public life, at the abysmal poverty of the masses due to the inflation created by the war, the profiteering which widened the gap between the rich and the poor, and the alarming growth of the lumpenproletariat as a result of the migration of the destitute from the countryside in desperate search of a livelihood in Cairo and Alexandria. Some turned to communism or socialism for a possible solution, while others found the answer in the teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood, both parties using the novel, amongst other genres, as a means of expressing their social and political commitment.
Episodes 1n Poetry l: Poems from the War of Zāri’ al-Huzayyil (1875-1887)
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On joining the Tiyahā again, these villagers—known collectively as the Gaysiyya, descendants of Gays, the patronymic ancestor of the northern Arabian tribesmen who had settled in this area during the early years of Islam—dispatched their own poem of warning to the enemy in the apparent hope of intimidating them.
Episodes 1n Poetry II: Poems Sent from and to the Sinai Smuggler-Poet ‘Anēzabu Salim during a Prison Term (1962-1970)
Authors: Bailey Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the nineteenth century intertribal wars in Sinai and the Negev had become a thing of the past, and even camel-raids between groups had ceased by 1925 as a result of effective governmental control in those areas
Butler on Self-Love and Benevolence
Authors: Frey R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I do not accept what I shall below refer to as the usual interpretation of Butler on human nature. The moral psychology that l find in Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel (1726) and the later Preface (1729) to that work leans more in the direction of Hobbes than previous commentators on the whole have allowed, a matter I have discussed in my Past Master Joseph Butler, but which I hope to deal with at length in Virtue and Interest, a work on the moral psychology/philosophy of Shaftes-bury, Butler, and Hume that I have under way.
Butler on God and Human Nature
Authors: Millar Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The whole of Butler’s Fifteen Sermons is ’an attempt of shewing men to themselves, of shewing them what course of life and behaviour their real nature points out and would lead them to’ (S. 2. 1). In carrying through this project Butler seeks to clarify and defend the claim that virtue consists in following our nature and vice in deviating from it (SP 13). The enterprise raises a number of questions. Obviously, there is the problem of how to interpret this claim. How must we conceive of our nature if we are to make sense of either following or deviating from it? In what sense is the life of virtue natural and the life of vice unnatural? And assuming that these notions are intelligible how far are they plausible? Other questions arise from the fact that the Fifteen Sermons are the work of a moralist with the very definite aim of encouraging people to the practice of virtue. It is not clear how a review of our nature of the sort envisaged is supposed to achieve this. It is on this matter that Butler may be thought to be morally suspect.
Butler and Immortality
Authors: Roberts T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to execute his strategy in the Analogy, Butler has to establish an analogy between the ’known course of nature’ and Christian claims concerning the nature and character of a ’future life’. This strategy would obviously come unstuck if it could be shown that the Christian claim concerning a future life is to be rejected simply because it is false to believe there exists life after death. Not unnaturally, Butler devotes the first chapter of the Analogy to establishing the reasonableness of the belief that each person continues to enjoy life after death. The truth, or the high probability of the truth, of this claim is crucial to his whole enterprise.
Gregory of Nyssa’s Treatise on the Inscriptions of the Psalms
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gregory of Nyssa (c.330-395) made important contributions to both theological thought and the understanding of the spiritual life. He was especially significant in adapting the thought of Origen to fourth century orthodoxy. The early treatise on the inscriptions of the Psalms shows the early stages of the development of Gregory's thought. This book presents the first translation of the treatise in a modern language. The annotations show Gregory's indebtedness to the thought of classical antiquity as well as to the Bible. The Introduction sets forth the structure of Gregory's treatise, and places it in the context of earlier Christian commentaries on the Psalms. It shows how his hermeneutical approach was influenced by both Iamblichus the Neo-Platonist and Origen. Finally, Dr Heine compares Gregory's understanding of the stages of the spiritual life in the treatise with that in his later and more widely known writings on the life of Moses and the Song of Songs.
The Occasion and Date of the Treatise
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The precise chronology of most of the works of Gregory of Nyssa is very tenuous. The treatises usually lack references to external events which could give indications of the date of their composition. J. Danielou has presented the most extensive argument for dating the treatise on the psalms, which he places among Gregory’s earlier works produced before the death of Basil. The De virginitate can, rather confidently, be placed in 371. From this starting point, Danielou associates the De mortuis with the period of the De virginitate on the basis of certain shared viewpoints.
Gregory’s Exegetical Method in the Treatise and the Influence of the Hermeneutics of Origen and Iamblichus
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a second article Rondeau returns to Gregory's exegetical method in the treatise and attempts to locate it in terms of his cultural context, both profane and Christian. She isolates three presuppositions behind Gregory's work: (1) that there is a single aim in the Psalter; (2) that the material sequence of its parts constitutes a meaningful sequence; and (3) that the initial psalm of each of the five sections determines the sense of the whole section. She connects the first presupposition with the approach taken to Plato by Iamblichus and his followers, about which I shall have more to say later.
Part II
Authors: Heine Ronald E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since, then, we have elucidated these matters in this way, it would be appropriate now also to examine closely the subject matter’ concerning the inscriptions. For these too make a significant contribution to us in respect to the way of virtue, as can be learned from the meaning itself of the words which have been inscribed. But it would be necessary first briefly to submit a systematic approach to the inscriptions before our investigation of the psalms, so that it might become especially clear to us through these inscriptions too that the entire aim3 of this inspired teaching is to lead the understanding up to that which is truly blessed.
Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study is in its broadest sense an inquiry into the intellectual origins of the Reformed branch of Protestantism generally, but inaccurately, designated Calvinism. More specifically, it concerns one of the early theologians who gave formative shape to Reformed theology, Peter Martyr Vermigli (1499-1562), and focuses on his adoption of the soteriological doctrine of gemina praedestinatio, double predestination: divine election and divine reprobation. One of the most erudite men of his age, Vermigli was also one of the most remarkable, for his religious career spanned the ecclesiastical horizon from prominence as a Roman Catholic theologian to one of the formative theologians of sixteenth century Reformed Protestantism. No other theologian of the early sixteenth century was so distinguished in both camps. James argues that Vermigli derived the doctrine of gemina praedestinatio from the writings of Gregory of Rimini and that it was fully formed before he allied himself with the Protestant cause, thus illustrating an important aspect of soteriological continuity between late medieval and reformation thought.
Vermigli’s Mature Doctrine of Predestination: Oxford to Zurich, 1547–1558
Authors: James Frank A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vermigli’s most extensive treatment of predestination occurs in the locus de praedestinatione following his exegesis of chapter 9 of Romans. Although the commentary on Romans was actually published in 1558, the lectures on which it was directly based were given in Oxford 1550–2. One presumes that these Oxford lectures bear some relationship to previous lectures on Romans that he gave in Lucca and Strasbourg.