bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Shadows
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was still dark the morning of April 12, 1861, when Confederate shells started to burst over Fort Sumter. The assault was the culmination of a three-and-a-half-month standoff between the federal government and the Confederates, who regarded the Union presence in the mouth of Charleston Harbor to be an affront to them and their recently declared independence. President Abraham Lincoln, who had inherited the situation from his predecessor James Buchanan, was determined not to give up the island fortress. Neither would he be the first to open fire on Americans, seceded though they might be. But by April the newly inaugurated president had to make a decision. The men at Fort Sumter were running short on food and supplies. Having informed the rebels of his plan, Lincoln ordered ships bearing supplies to sail to Charleston. This humanitarian mission, as Lincoln called it, sparked the bloodiest war in American history. The rebels opened fire before the supply ships ever arrived. The 4:30 A.M. attack was a spectacle that drew Charlestonians out of their beds and up to their rooftops or to the Battery to watch. After holding off the Southerners for thirty-three hours, the commander of the garrison, Major Robert Anderson, surrendered. The Civil War, which claimed at least 620,000 lives, began with a battle in which neither side lost a single man.
The Gathering Storm
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Success did not last for the Union armies, and with failure came demoralization. For the first time, Northerners were confronted in the late spring and summer of 1862 with the notion that this could be a long, bloody war. Military losses blunted the patriotic fervor that had characterized 1861, and the government had an increasingly difficult time meeting its need for soldiers. Officials turned to a proto-conscription, which also gave them a bureaucracy with which to pursue opponents of the war more effectively. Arrests rose dramatically as a result, giving the Peace Democrats their first truly substantive issue to exploit. More were soon to come. Around the same time that the draft was established, Lincoln was crafting his Emancipation Proclamation as a way to strike at slavery, the soft belly of the Confederacy. As far as the Copperheads were concerned, this act confirmed everything they had been saying since the beginning of the conflict about emancipation being the true objective of the Republicans in this war. The failures of armies in the summer of 1862 gave Copperheads a new strength, but it was the Emancipation Proclamation that gave them their voice.
The Battle Behind the Lines
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enrollment act changed the nature of dissent in the North. Until the law passed, armed opposition to the war was scattered and generally weak. Earlier objections to government power most often took the form of speech targeting such abstract ideals as liberty, rights, and the meaning of republicanism. Emancipation was a more direct threat, but protest tended to be limited to the working classes, who feared for their jobs, and to people who had never had moral qualms about slavery. Conscription, with its potential to touch every white male citizen between twenty and forty five, was different. The states had been responsible for all the earlier efforts to raise men, including figuring out how to meet the quotas that the Militia Act had laid out. Under the Enrollment Act, the draft was a national effort operated by the federal government, which was willing to bring its resources to bear to enforce it. As a result, the year following the adoption of the Enrollment Act was the most chaotic of the war, at least on the home front. The year broke down into three phases. The first was the most deadly, when resistance to the draft resulted in insurrection in some Northern communities, including the Union’s largest metropolis, New York City. In the second phase, resistance moved from the streets to the political arena. Here the Copperheads were turned back, but despite their trouncing at the polls, Lincoln continued to experience political problems—mostly from within his own party. By the time strife took hold of the upper levels of the Republican Party, the rest of the country had entered a third phase. Having had time to reflect on the previous summer’s victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg, many Northerners were confident that the spring of 1864 would be the last of the war.
Defeated
Authors: Weber Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The election results made it clear that Northerners were in a fighting mood, and peace men responded by falling silent. Some of the most extreme continued to berate the administration loudly, and several editors who had been deeply critical did little more than tone down their rhetoric. But most of the nation’s leading Copperhead politicians simply faded into the background. The silence of the peace wing fell even more deeply when William Tecumseh Sherman marched through Georgia and then the Carolinas, endeavors that more than ever indicated the war was nearly over. The most obvious change took place at the community level, where the Peace Democrats who had so frightened their neighbors over the previous three and a half years suddenly went mute on the subject of politics. The Copperheads had nearly disappeared from the scene by the time Lincoln was assassinated, when suspicions about their involvement in the plot briefly rose. Despite their relative quiet in the months since the election, the Copperheads had been neither forgotten nor forgiven for their actions.
The Clinical Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rachel was referred to me after the birth of her third son. She had received a narcotic for pain during the delivery, and after the delivery she seemed odd. Although she could handle the baby just fine, she was emotionally guarded with the nurses to the point that they became worried about her mental status, and she told her obstetrician that she was feeling very anxious in the hospital. She was 28 years old and had not had any previous history of psychiatric difficulty. Her obstetrician called me to say that she thought Rachel “might be getting squirrelly.” We agreed that I would see her the next morning.
The Neurobiology of Sensory Gating Deficits
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of sensory gating that we introduced in the last chapter is well suited to bridge basic neurobiology and the human mental dysfunction that results in schizophrenia. This chapter assumes that you have no background in how the nervous system is organized or how it functions, but that you are curious about how schizophrenia might arise from the dysfunction of nerve cells. Brain biology is not simple, and therefore a somewhat lengthy description follows with the goal of allowing you to learn enough about nerve cells and their circuits to then understand how psychosis might arise from their dysfunction.
Paranoid Conviction
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychosis is more than the jumble of sensory experience created by sensory gating deficits. Psychotic thoughts and experiences become a mantra of conviction by which persons with schizophrenia lead their life. Human beings have an innate ability and desire to create a story when faced with terrifying or even potentially terrifying information. In the case of schizophrenia, the story is generally paranoid—that is, it makes the terror part of a larger, not a smaller evil. The creation of the story is not comforting in the usual sense, because it makes the situation worse, not better. This aspect of creative ability would therefore appear to have evolved as part of our brain’s function for defensive purposes.
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One might suppose that the treatment of schizophrenia arises from a fundamental understanding of its neurobiology and its psychology. However, the treatments, both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic, were not developed in this way. For many illnesses, treatments were discovered by observation of unintended therapeutic effects of medications given to patients for entirely different purposes. These medications themselves then become insights into the pathophysiology of the illness. We learned in the first chapter that such serendipitous observation of the effects of chlorpromazine led to its introduction into clinical practice and to the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
Developmental Course of Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatments discussed up to this point, both those in current use and those in experimental investigation, have been directed at the neurobiology and psychology of schizophrenia in adulthood, when the illness most commonly appears. The results have transformed the lives of people like Rachel and Paul, but these effects lead to rehabilitation, rather than prevention or cure. Although everyone’s life has limitless possibilities, including the lives of Rachel and Paul, there do seem to be aspects of their disability for which they can compensate, but never fully overcome. The abnormalities in the brains of people with schizophrenia, although subtle, are likely the result of developmental effects of genetic variants, including those in CHRNA7, that had many of their most profound effects when the nerve cells of the brain and their connections developed much earlier in life, long before the onset of illness.
Seize The Dance!
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pygmy music has captivated students and scholars of anthropology and music for decades if not centuries, but until now this aspect of their culture has never been described in a work that is at once vividly engaging, intellectually rigorous, and self-consciously aware of the ironies of representation. Seize the Dance! is an ethnomusical study focused on the music and dance of BaAka forest people, who live in the Lobaye region of the Central African Republic. Based on ethnographic research that Michelle Kisliuk conducted from 1986 through 1995, this book describes BaAka songs, drum rhythms, and dance movements--along with their contexts of social interaction--in an elegant narrative that is enhanced by many photographs, musical illustrations, and field recordings on a companion website.
Yodeling For Alternatives An Introduction
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of the singing, dancing, and everyday lives of BaAka pygmies in southwestern Centrafrique-and a narrative carved from the circumstances of my research time. At the heart of my initial interest in this topic was the incomparable sound of pygmy singing. Before ever going to Centrafrique I heard recordings and read descriptions like this one by Simha Arom:
Part of what attracted me to study among African pygmies was the very suggestion that the structure and performance style of pygmy singing might be consistent with an overall egalitarian lifestyle. But as I read about pygmies and their music, I wondered to what extent real people embody the images that scholars, artists, and journalists enthusiastically claim they do. The idea that African pygmies represent the “noble savage”-but also the “primitive” and usually the “disappearing”-is remarkably tenacious, and an issue I address within this book (chapters 7 and 8 especially). A seductive vision of pygmy song as an emblem for utopian human potentials as well as for quintessential origins surfaces repeatedly in both popular and scholarly literature. The brilliant aesthetician Robert Farris Thompson, for example, maintains that the sound of pygmy yodeling carries into African American aesthetics, and he grasps that notion as an evocative device:
Washington Allston: An American Romantic Tradition
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1859, in his preface to The Marble Faun, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote: “No author without a trial can conceive of the difficulty of writing a romance about a country where there is no shadow, no antiquity, no mystery, no picturesque and gloomy wrong, nor anything but a commonplace prosperity, in broad and simple daylight, as is happily the case with my dear native land.” Years later, the nineteenth-century critic Sarah Tytler wrote of Washington Allston (1779–1843) that he “shared with the writers, Hawthorne and Wendell Holmes, not merely the love of the supernatural, but the predilection for what is abnormal and weird, which strikes us dwellers in the mother country as something in itself abnormal, when it springs up in the sons of a fresh young world, but which is notably the reaction from the very fresh materialism of their surroundings.”
George Caleb Bingham: Missouri Classicism
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had myself called with the four-o’clock watch, mornings, for one cannot see too many summer sunrises on the Mississippi. They are enchanting. First, there is the eloquence of silence; for a deep hush broods everywhere. Next, there is the haunting sense of loneliness, isolation, remoteness from worry and bustle of the world. The dawn creeps in stealthily; the solid walls of black forest soften to gray, and vast stretches of the river open up and reveal them- selves; the water is glass-smooth, gives off spectral little wreaths of white mist, there is not the faintest breath of wind, nor stir of leaf; the tranquillity is profound and infinitely satisfying. When the light has become a little stronger, you have one of the fairest and softest pictures imaginable. You have the intense green of the massed and crowded foliage near by; you see it paling shade by shade in front of you; upon the next projecting cape, a mile off or more, the tint has lightened to the tender young green of spring; the cape beyond that one has almost lost color, and the furthest one, miles away under the horizon, sleeps upon the water a mere dim vapor, and hardly separable from the sky above it and about it. And all this stretch of river is a mirror, and you have the shadowy reflections of the leafage and the curving shores and the receding capes pictured in it.
Winslow Homer: Concept And Percept
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr. Homer goes in, as the phrase is, for perfect realism, and cares not a jot for such fantastic hairsplitting as the distinction between beauty and ugliness. He is a genuine painter; that is, to see, and to reproduce what he sees, is his only care He not only has no imagination, but he contrives to elevate this rather blighting negative into a blooming and honorable positive. He is al- most barbarously simple, and to our eye, he is horribly ugly; but there is nevertheless something one likes about him. What is it? For ourselves, it is not his subjects. We frankly confess that we detest his subjects—his barren plank fences, his glaring, bold, blue skies, his big, dreary, vacant lots of meadows, his freckled, straight-haired Yankee urchins, his flat-breasted maidens, suggestive of a dish of rural doughnuts and pie. He has chosen the least pictorial features of the least pictorial range of scenery and civilization; he has resolutely treated them as if they were pictorial, as if they were every inch as good as Capri or Tangiers; and to reward his audacity, he has incontestably succeeded.
Epilogue: The Twentieth Century
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems obvious from the foregoing chapters that America brought into the twentieth century an art that exhibited specific tendencies and continuities. From the limners on, American artists had held, in one way or another, to the adamant control of idea. Enlisting measure, mechanics, and technology as aids toward a certainty that was often as ideal as it was real, American artists guarded the unbroken integrity of the objects or things of this world, which became, very often, vessels or carriers of metaphysical meaning. Tempered by the dual planar inclinations of a continuing folk tradition and a classic mensuration, matter, in American nineteenth-century art, was often stable, fixed, weighted, the pictorial parallel of an age still dominated by Newtonian physics. Dissolution of matter, when it occurred, was rarely scientific or analytical, but emotive and lyrical, becoming part of a quietistic tradition and reaching through memory to another area of Mind. Through it all, the thing dominated, amounting, in fact, to a preoccupation with things, amplified by concerns with light, space, weather, and time that were often additional routes to the character of an environment shaped by things, as well as extensions from the world at large to the thing.
Killer Apes, Cannibals, and Coprolites: Projecting Mayhem onto the Past
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my youth, I heard my father tell a story that my grandfather had related to him about the leading nineteenth-century pathologist Rudolf Virchow. I later discovered that my grandfather had written the story down: [Robert] Koch wanted to demonstrate the tubercle bacillus to Virchow and invited him to his laboratory. When Virchow refused to go, Uulius] Cohnheim urged him to do so, telling him it was his duty to see the demonstration. Finally, he succeeded in gaining Virchow’s consent. Consent it was, too, for Virchow felt it was real condescension on his part to honor one of whose work he did not approve, one whom in derision he called “the boy from the country.”
The Earliest Evidence of War
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Demonic Males, Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson attempt to convince their readers that human and chimpanzee violence stem directly from an ancestral ape common to both species. They propose that human males are violent by temperament and that modern humans are “the dazed survivors of a continuous, 5-million year habit of lethal aggression.” Later they suggest, “This notion of the violent male seems reasonable to anyone familiar with crime statistics, and explains why we can’t find paradise on earth.” Wrangham and Peterson are linking two propositions. The first proposition, that human males engage in severe physical aggression on the average more than do human females, is supported by much evidence, including crime statistics from diverse countries.
Seeking Justice: The Quest for Fairness
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflict is an inevitable feature of social life, but clearly violence is not the only option for dealing with conflict. Disputants can simply avoid each other, tolerate difficult situations, or negotiate mutually acceptable solutions. Other people very often become involved as mediators and arbitrators, judges and juries, or advisors and therapists. Although the violence of homicide, feud, and war grab our attention, an examination of cross-cultural data reveals that people usually deal with conflicts without using any violence at all. Humans have a tremendous capacity for getting along with each other peacefully, preventing physical aggression, limiting the scope and spread of violence when it does break out, and restoring peace following violence.
Man the Warrior: Fact or Fantasy?
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do the following descriptions of hunter-gatherer aggression have in common? In the Handbook of South American Indians under the heading “Warfare/’ Junius Bird writes of the Alacaluf: Crude spears, arrows, and clubs painted red were stuck into the ground around a roughly carved figure of wood as a declaration of war or as a warning of attack. A man once stole another man’s wife. The husband tried to get her back by force, but was beaten off by his competitor.
Setting the Record Straight
Authors: Fry Douglas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do variations of the “man the warrior” perspective pop up faster than mushrooms after a good rain? Today, of course, we humans live in largely closed, socially bounded, territorial groups called countries. We all know that territorial integrity is paramount in our current world. We also know that relations between countries are sometimes hostile and that wars are always raging somewhere. With hardly an exception, nations have armaments, a military, and “prudently” prepare for the “next war.” We identify ourselves as Mexicans, Finns, Americans, and so on. We wave literal and figurative flags, we are proud, and we set ourselves apart from people of other nations. Furthermore, many of us come to suspect.
“No Affront to the British Flag”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On November 9, 1861, while Du Pont was writing Fox that his success at Port Royal was “more complete and more brilliant than I ever could have believed,” the twelve-gun sloop-of-war San Jacinto was cruising slowly in the Old Bahama Channel, off the north coast of Cuba, where the deep water south of the Great Bahama Bank narrowed to a width of less than fifteen miles. Named for the battle that had secured the independence of Texas in 1836, the San Jacinto was a fifteen-year-old screw steamer that had been ordered to take part in Du Pont’s attack on Port Royal.
“It Strikes Me There’s Something in It”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Fall of 1861, long before the capture of New Orleans or Memphis, and even before the resolution of the Trent affair, a visitor named Cornelius Bushnell showed up at the White House bearing a letter of introduction from Seward. In those simpler times, it was possible for visitors simply to present themselves and have a reasonable expectation that they would get in to see the president. A note from Seward, however, was a golden ticket, and Bushnell was immediately ushered into Lincoln’s office.
“We Cannot Escape History”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lincoln Returned To Washington on May 13. The New York Times reporter observed that the president was “in high spirits, and greatly refreshed and invigorated by his sojourn to the seat of war.” That same reporter also noted that “in the new character of General and Commander he has added immensely to his popularity.” Lincoln’s high spirits were soon depressed by news that in his absence Major General David Hunter, commanding the Department of the South, had declared martial law in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida—the three states within his command—and, further, that Hunter had announced that all persons “heretofore held as slaves” in those states were now “forever free.”
“Thank God That I Have Lived to See This”
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stanton Was Wrong about the navy having no more work to do. To be sure, the Alabama had been sunk and the Florida taken, but the Shenandoah was still at sea, burning its destructive way through America’s Pacific whaling fleet. In fact, the Shenandoah never would be caught, and turned up eventually in Liverpool seven months after the war ended. As for the blockade, with the fall of the Wilmington forts, all the major rebel ports were now closed, but a score or more of enemy gunboats remained in commission, none of them more important than the eleven ships—including three ironclads—of the James River Squadron near Richmond.