bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new perspective on fluctuating odontometric asymmetry in South African Negroes
Authors: Groeneveld H. T. , Kieser Julius A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present communication introduces a novel statistical method by means of which fluctuating odontometric asymmetry may be broken up into two components: shape and size. This method is then applied to the odontometric data of 106 urban South African Negroes in order to test the postulate that there might be a difference between the levels of shape and size asymmetry. The data show that both components are present. Additionally, it is shown that there are no arcadal differences in the magnitudes of size or shape asymmetry. However, size asymmetry predominates in the anterior dental segment of the maxilla while shape asymmetry predominates in the posterior segment. In contrast, shape is the dominant component of asymmetry in the anterior mandibular teeth while size asymmetry predominates in the postcanine teeth. The present analysis does not show shape to be a superior measure of environmental stress compared to size asymmetry.
The normal menopause transition
Authors: McKinlay Sonja M. , Brambilla Donald J. , Posner Jennifer G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper presents analyses from a comprehensive prospective cohort study of mid‐aged women [the Massachusetts Women's Health Study (MWHS)], with numbers sufficient to provide stable estimates of parameters in the normal menopause transition. Three questions are addressed: what are the natural menopause transitions and when do they occur; what factors affect the transitions; and what signs and/or symptoms accompany the transitions? The data were obtained primarily from 5 years of follow‐up of 2,570 women in Massachusetts who were aged 44–55 years as of January 1, 1982. Prospective study of the cohort consisted of six telephone contacts (T1–T6) at 9 month intervals with excellent retention. A subset of the full cohort was defined that consisted of women who were premenopausal (rather than perimenopausal) at baseline (To) (n = 1,178). Confirming prior reports, the age at natural menopause occurred at 51.3 years with a highly significant median difference (1.8 years) between current smokers and non‐smokers. The new analyses reported here on median age at inception of perimenopause (47.5 years) and factors affecting it are consistent with findings for age at last menstrual period. Smokers tend to have not only an earlier but also shorter perimenopause. The length of the perimenopausal transition, estimated at about 3.5 years, has not been previously reported. The relationship between menopause transitions and symptom reporting appears to be transitory, with reporting rates showing an increase in the perimenopause and a compensatory decrease in postmenopause. The implications of combined hormone replacement therapy for future research on menopause in industrial societies is discussed in relation to these findings.
Continuing bone expansion and increasing bone loss over a two‐decade period in men and women from a total community sample
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Sullivan Timothy V. , Decker Sally A. , Larkin Frances A. , Hawthorne Victor M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs shown in 744 adult men and women aged 30–49 at entry and followed for 21.4 ± 0.9 years there is continuing subperiosteal expansion in both sexes as well as continuing and increasing endosteal surface resorption. In this longitudinal study, bone loss (as shown by medullary cavity expansion) begins by the 5th decade and increases thereafter. The smaller gains at the outer bone surface are essentially independent of the larger losses at the inner (endosteal) surface and neither functionally nor causally related. Though bone loss and net bone loss is nearly as great in men as in women, absolutely speaking, two‐decade bone loss constitutes a larger percentage of the initially smaller bone mass in the female. In both sexes subperiosteal apposition (delta TA) and endosteal resorption (delta MA) are bone‐size dependent though in diametrically opposite directions. These trends in two‐decade bone change are not affected by smoking behavior, alcoholic beverage usage, antihypertensive usage, or early menopausal age. Similarly, the long‐term bone changes prove to be independent of energy and mineral intakes and to long‐term changes in calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D intake. Though dietary intakes do not predict long‐term bone changes, the amount of tissue bone present at entry is highly correlated (> 0.93) with tissue bone 21.4 years later in men and women alike. Accordingly, only a small amount of intraindividual cortical variance in the later years still remains to be explained by life‐style, dietary, medication, and error variables.
Craniofacial asymmetry in Bedouin adults
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Ring B. , Kobyliansky E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe directional and fluctuating asymmetry characteristics of the human skull with reference to demographic and genetic parameters are presented. In addition, the discriminatory ability (in sex, age, and tribal origin) of asymmetry variables was evaluated against a battery of conventional metric measures. Regarding directional asymmetry (DA), the results show that the calvarium exhibits a clear right‐sided “excess” and the basal region a left‐sided “excess.” The DA of traits of the face appears ambiguous. Age and sex evidently have no bearing on DA, whereas tribal origin does. In fluctuating asymmetry (FA), the effect of age is negligible; sex is a factor, albeit to a minor extent. The facial region manifests the highest mean FA value and the calvarium the lowest. The more a skull deviates metrically from the population mean, the higher the mean FA value. FA and DA measures show a relatively low intercorrelation (<0.20). Comparison of the discriminatory ability (F = 1, F = 4) of asymmetry vs. metric measures shows that the former are better classifiers of tribal affiliation, whereas the latter discriminate better between the sexes.
The Raymond Pearl memorial lecture, 1990: Nutrition research in human biology: Changing perspectives and interpretations
Authors: Beaton George H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper addresses emerging concepts in the interpretation of anthropometric and dietary data. In the area of anthropometry, it argues the need for conceptualizations and constructs that recognize (1) the existence of a finite age range in which failing to grow is an active process followed by conversion to a state of having failed to grow; (2) the specific and nonspecific nature of anthropometric indices depending upon what is being marked; (3) the implication of secular trends in the interpretation of anthropometry; and (4) the need to move between consideration of individuals and populations. The implications of these for interpretation are illustrated. In the area of interpretation of dietary data, the main issues addressed relate to the conceptualization of needs of individuals and the aggregate needs of a population in the definition, description, and interpretation of “requirements.” In both areas, the core issue is the need for constructs that help address and interpret variability—variability of growth, variability of environmental constraints, variability of intake, and variability of needs and responses.
Comparative variability and interval correlation in linear growth of Hong Kong and Sudanese infants
Authors: Brush G. , Harrison G. A. , Baber F. M. , Zumrawi F. Y. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth in length of children during the first 10 months of life in Hong Kong and Khartoum is compared in terms of levels of between‐child variability and length and increment correlations. In Khartoum, all measures of variability are strikingly greater, and correlational patterns differ strikingly from those in Hong Kong. Growth in Hong Kong can be explained largely in terms of a mixture of genetic determination and short‐term homeostatic cycles. Such a model does not fit the Khartoum data where there is evidence of at least one additional and different systematic force. This appears to arise from infants who are long at birth being handicapped in their subsequent increment by early weaning, but may also involve widespread catch‐up growth from birth. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictive accuracy of bioelectrical impedance equations corrected for fat‐free body size
Authors: Wilson Wendy L. , Heyward Vivian H. , Cook Kelly L. , Hicks Virginia L. , Jenkins Kathy A. , Quatrochi Joseph A. , Colville Bette C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined whether the predictive accuracy of age‐specific bioelectrical impedance (BIA) equations was improved when estimated fat‐free body (FEBBIA) was corrected for the influence of FFB size on whole body resistance (WBR) and residual errors of prediction for 152 women, ages 20–72 years. The criterion measure of FFB (FFBHD) was obtained from hydrostatic weighing at residual volume (RV). FFBBIA was predicted from age‐specific equations. Each subject's FFBBIA was then adjusted for the relationship between FFB and residual scores using the Lohman et al. (1990) correction factor (Lohman TG, Going SB, Hewitt MJ, Williams DP [1990] Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22:S109 [abstract]): FFBADJ = (mean FFB reference sample – FFBBIA) × 0.18 + FFBBIA. Sample reference means were 45.0, 45.3, and 38.8 kg, respectively, for women 20–29 years, 30–49 years, and 50–70 years of age. The predictive accuracy of the unadjusted (FFBBIA) and adjusted (FFBADJ) BIA estimates was analyzed for the total sample and each age group. For the total sample, r2, standard error of estimate (SEE), and root mean square error (RMSE) were, respectively, 0.82, 2.5 kg, and 2.5 kg for FFBBIA. Corresponding values for FFBADJ were, respectively, 0.81, 2.5 kg, and 2.6 kg. Across age groups, r2s ranged from 0.66–0.88, and the SEEs and RMSEs were between 2.0 kg–2.8 kg. The relationship between FFBHD and residual scores (ry,res) was significant (P < 0.05) for all age groups. The ry,res for FFBBIA ranged from 0.37–0.41. For FFBADJ, the ry,res was higher (0.62–0.75). Thus, the overall predictive accuracy and systematic prediction error of the age‐specific BIA equations were not improved by adjusting BIA estimates for the relationship between FFB size and residual scores. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring the dynamics of social stratification: Statural variation among polish conscripts in 1976 and 1986
Authors: Bielicki Tadeusz , Malina Robert M. , Waliszko Hanna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of three factors in the social environment on variation in stature were evaluated in two large samples of 19‐year‐old Polish conscripts, one examined in 1976 (birth cohort 1957) another in 1986 (birth cohort 1967). The factors were: A) population size of the locality of the conscript's habitation, B) occupational‐educational status (OES) of the father, and C) size of the conscript's sibship. In each cohort, stature decreased monotonically with decreasing population size, decreasing paternal OES and increasing sibship size, each factor exerting a significant influence on stature even after the influences of the other two were partialled‐out by analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures. However, the order of the strenght of the influences has changed from B > C > A in 1976 to C > B = A in 1986. The most notable change was the decline in the importance of factor B. The condition of being a peasant's son depressed stature less in 1986 than in 1976, but the stature‐depressing effect of the condition of being a rural dweller, as well as that of coming from a large family, has not diminished. Overall, secular gains in stature among groups lowest on the statural and social scale in 1976 have been more intense than among those highest on these scales, which resulted in an attenuation of some social contrasts in stature from 1976 to 1986. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PC program for comparing tracking indices in several independent groups
Authors: Schneiderman Emet D. , Willis Stephen M. , Kowalski Charles J. , Ten Have Thomas R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA method for computing a measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic for one‐sample longitudinal data sets was previously described and implemented. This paper shows how one may test the equality of several kappas, each computed from an independent longitudinal sample. Thus, it is possible to formally compare groups of individuals with regard to stability in growth (or adaptive) patterns. Relative assessments of predictability in growth outcomes in different populations can be made with this approach. Also, when a common value of kappa is not contradicted by the data, a method to estimate this value and obtain a confidence interval for it is shown. A menu‐driven GAUSS program for carrying out the procedure is described and made available. The method and program are illustrated with three samples of Guatemalan children. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PC program for obtaining orthogonal polynomial regression coefficients for use in longitudinal data analysis
Authors: Ten Have Thomas R. , Kowalski Charles J. , Schneiderman Emet D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMuch of longitudinal data analysis begins with dimensionality reduction, i.e., the replacement of the T observations x1, x2, …, xT on an individual taken at times t1, t2, …, tT (not necessarily equally spaced) by a smaller number, P, of parameters which are then used to describe and compare growth processes. We focus on the class of polynomial growth curve models for one‐sample data matrices in which the P regression coefficients are estimated by an equation of the form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \hat \tau = ({\rm W'W}) $\end{document} 1W′x and consider the choice of the design matrix W. The case in favor of using orthogonal polynomials to comprise the elements of W and provide a PC program, written in GAUSS, for obtaining them is presented. This program can be used instead of existing tables of orthogonal polynomials in the case of equally spaced time points, and to avoid laborious hand‐computation to obtain them when the time points are not equally spaced. The program also computes the corresponding orthogonal polynomial regression coefficients \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \hat \alpha = (\Phi '\Phi)^{ - 1} \Phi '{\rm x} $\end{document}, where Φ consists of orthogonal polynomials, which may then be input into other programs for subsequent analysis, e.g., to compare the growth profiles of several groups of individuals. Examples of the use of the program are given. Information on obtaining a copy of the program is provided in Appendix A. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary and nutrient intakes of 25 Ningerum (New Guinea) adult males at two times of the year
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn nutritional studies of traditional societies, it is often assumed that dietary intakes are sufficiently homogeneous for dietary studies of short duration to be adequate for accurate assessment of group nutrient intake. The present study examines this assumption by considering food and nutrient intakes of 25 adult males in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG). Five‐day weighed dietary intakes were carried out on each individual twice, with a 6‐month interval between measurements. The two measurements corresponded to the times of year when the climate was wet and wetter. Energy intakes, at 167 and 169 kJ/kg body weight, were within the range of values reported by other authors for adult males in PNG. Intakes of protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and calcium were low, while intakes of iron and vitamins A and C were above WHO (FAO/WHO, 1974) recommended daily allowances. Energy and nutrient intakes did not vary between the two times of year, with two exceptions: vitamin C and iron. Intakes of foods and food types varied between wet and wetter times, however. Within‐ and between‐subject coefficients of variation of intakes of energy and six nutrients were used to calculate sample sizes needed to obtain estimates of group intakes at different levels of reliability and number of days of dietary measurement. This varied with the nutrient under consideration and the time of year. At a given level of reliability, accurate estimates of carbohydrate intake could be obtained with smaller sample sizes and/or number of days of observation than for energy, protein, and vitamin C intakes. Longer periods or larger samples would have been needed for the estimation of group vitamin A, fat, and calcium intakes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body fat by dual photon absorptiometry: Comparisons with traditional methods in Asians, blacks, and whites
Authors: Wang Jack , Russell Mary , Mazariegos Manolo , Burastero Santiago , Thornton John , Lichtman Steven , Heymsfield Steven B. , Pierson Richard N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeasurement of body fat by dual photon absorptiometry (FatDPA) is based on the physical principles of differential attenuation of discrete photons by fat and other soft tissue components. The three traditional methods of measuring fat are indirect, in that they depend on measuring the fat free mass (FFM) based on the assumed constancy of water, potassium, and density in the FFM. Comparison of FatDPA with fat measured by each of the indirect methods discloses systematic differences which shed light on the nature of the constancy assumptions. The purpose of this report is to study the effects of sex, age, and fatness, as well as race, on the traditional methods for estimating body fat%. In Asians (99 m, 109 f), blacks (64 m, 48 f), and whites (166 m, 212 f), 18 to 94 years, with body mass indices of 16 to 36 kg/m2, body fat measured by DPA was compared with fat by three traditional methods: total body potassium (TBK; 40K counting), total body water (TBW; HTO dilution), and underwater weighing (UWW). DPA showed the highest overall correlation with TBW and the lowest with UWW, among the three traditional methods. Asians showed the lowest correlations between FatDPA and FatUWW. On average, FatTBK was higher, while FatUWW was lower than FatDPA. The differences between FatDPA and FatOTHER by the three traditional methods were correlated with age with a negative slope in all groups, the steepest slope being for FatDPA – FatTBK in blacks. Correlations with fatness showed positive slopes for FatDPA – FatTBW and – FatUWW but not for – FatTBK. FatDPA could become a criterion method for body fat, particularly in the young, old or ill, where traditional “constants” become unreliable, if calibration can be accomplished throughout the range of subject size. Ethnicity, age, sex, and fatness as well as illness are potent variables affecting the composition of the FFM; direct measurements of fat are preferable, to avoid artifacts resulting from using indirect methods. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal analysis of the sweating response of pre‐, mid‐, and late‐pubertal boys during exercise in the heat
Authors: Falk B. , Bar‐Or O. , MacDougall J. D. , Goldsmith C. H. , McGillis L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe thermoregulatory response to exercise in the heat, especially sweating pattern, differs between children and adults. This study investigated the changes with physical maturation in the thermoregulatory response to exercise (50% V̇O2max) in the heat (42°C 20% RH) among circum‐pubertal boys, using a mixed cross‐sectional, longitudinal design. Subjects were initially divided into three groups, based on Tanner (pubic hair) criteria: 16 pre‐pubertal (PP, stage I), 15 mid‐pubertal (MP, stages II, III, IV), and 5 late‐pubertal (LP, stage V). The thermoregulatory response was observed every 6 months for a period of 18 months (4 sessions). Thirty of the 36 boys completed the four sessions. During each session, the exercise task consisted of three 20‐min bouts of cycling with 10‐min rest periods. Measurements included rectal and skin temperatures and heart rate continuously, V̇O2 at the midpoint of the second bout, sweat collection during each bout, photography of sweat drops after bouts 1 and 2, and whole body sweating rate. During each session, body temperatures tended to be higher among LP relative to the other two groups; however, the rate of increase in body temperatures was similar among groups. Sweating rate per body surface area and per gland were consistently higher among LP compared to PP. This was accompanied by lower sweat lactate concentrations during the initial stages of exercise and lower activated sweat gland population density. Longitudinal observations tended to support cross‐sectional findings. It is concluded that physical maturation is characterized by enhanced sweating rate per body surface area and per gland, and that this may be associated with increased sweat gland anaerobic metabolism. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Commingling and segregation analysis of blood pressure in consanguineous and nonconsanguineous families from Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Nirmala A. , Rice Treva , Reddy P. Chengal , Krishna K. Sreerama , Ramana P. Venkata , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe hypothesis of a major gene effect for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was examined in families from Andhra Pradesh, India, where consanguinity and marriage within caste are commonly practiced. The data were examined separately by noninbred versus complete (inbred + noninbred) families, both before and after correction for residual skewness. For SBP in the noninbred sample prior to skewness transformation, evidence consistent with a relatively common major recessive gene (q = 0.31) accounted for approximately 30% of the variance. In the combined sample, although Mendelian τs were rejected, the major gene estimates were similar to those in the noninbred data, and failure to account for inbreeding in the likelihood function may have influenced the results. After transformation of the data for residual skewness only a multifactorial component resulted, which accounted for about 80% (complete sample) and 100% (noninbred sample) of the offspring variance, and less than 10% of the parental variance. Even though the major gene effect disappeared after skewness transformation, the putative recessive major gene found for SBP prior to the transformation may be genuine since the tests on the transmission probabilities supported Mendelian transmission while the equal τs hypothesis was rejected. For DBP, both a major nontransmissible effect accounting for about 20% of the variance and a multifactorial component accounting for about 55% (offspring) and about 15% (parents) was found. For the noninbred DBP data, transformation for residual skewness removed the major non‐Mendelian effect altogether. These data suggest inbreeding effects for SBP, with a pattern of smaller variances due to multifactorial sources (i.e., polygenic and/or cultural) in the sample which included consanguineous families. Adding inbred families reduced the evidence for Mendelian transmission of the major effect. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and motor performance of healthy Senegalese preschool children
Authors: Bénéfice Eric 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBody dimensions, motor performance tests, and an aerobic stress test were measured on three different occasions on a group of 88 healthy Senegalese children, 3–6 years of age. The children were divided into 3 cohorts according to year of birth: 1985, 1984, and 1983. The children displayed linear growth approaching North American reference data but had significant weight deficits. Their growth, however, proceeded favorably compared to Senegalese children of the previous generation. In the group of children born in 1983, boys were more muscular and had less arm fat than girls. Motor performances of Senegalese children were inferior to those of European children, but after normalization by body mass, differences in jumping and throwing tasks tended to diminish. Stepwise regression showed that variations in motor performances were particularly due to age, body weight, and stature. The importance of nutritional factors is stressed to explain the development of performance and cardiorespiratory fitness of these children. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.