bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced fumigant toxicity of p‐cymene against Frankliniella occidentalis by simultaneous application of elevated levels of carbon dioxide
Authors: Janmaat Alida F , Kogel Willem Jan de , Woltering Ernst J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fumigant toxicity of the essential oil component p‐cymene was assessed against Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. F occidentalis adult females, first‐ and second‐instar larvae and eggs were exposed for 2, 24 and 48 h to combinations of three p‐cymene doses and two carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 10%). Additional experiments were conducted on F occidentalis adult females with lower carbon dioxide levels (ambient, 2%, 4%, 6%) applied in combination with p‐cymene. Combined applications of p‐cymene and carbon dioxide were found to increase significantly the fumigant toxicity of p‐cymene against both adult female and larval thrips, but not thrips eggs. An increase in exposure time also led to an increase in adult and larval mortalities in both the p‐cymene alone and combined treatments. These results indicate that by combining applications of the essential oil component, p‐cymene, with increased carbon dioxide, it may be possible to achieve toxicity levels similar to those of standard chemical fumigants.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to commercial insecticides on painted and unpainted plywood panels
Authors: Kaufman Phillip E , Rutz Donald A 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHouse flies were collected from dairies in New York state and the levels of resistance to commercially available insecticide formulations were measured on painted and unpainted plywood panels. Dimethoate was ineffective on all surfaces. The wettable powder permethrin formulation was more toxic than the emulsifiable concentrate formulation. The wettable powder cyfluthrin formulation was also more toxic than the recently developed liquid formulation. In general, the best house fly control was obtained on flat latex painted plywood panels and the poorest control on gloss latex painted panels. It is highly unlikely that producers obtain adequate control with dimethoate and permethrin.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Environmental fate of metalaxyl and chlorothalonil applied to a bentgrass putting green under southern California climatic conditions
Authors: Wu L , Liu G , Yates M V , Green R L , Pacheco P , Gan J , Yates S R 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPutting greens usually receive high inputs of fertilizers and pesticides to meet the high demand for visual quality and to overcome the stress from close mowing and traffic. In this study, two commonly used fungicides, metalaxyl (methyl N‐(methoxyacetyl)‐N‐(2,6‐xylyl)‐DL‐alaninate) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,3‐benzenedicarbonitrile), were evaluated for their partitioning and persistence in a bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) putting green under southern California climatic conditions. The putting green site was constructed according to the US Golf Association (USGA) specifications. Lysimeter assemblies installed at the center of each plot were used to monitor the leachate, flux chambers were used to measure volatilization, clippings were collected to determine the residues on grass, and soil cores were sampled to determine residues in the soil profile. Results showed that cumulative volatilization loss accounted for 0.10 and 0.02%, clipping removal 0.11 and 0.13%, and cumulative leaching 0.71 and 0.002% of the applied metalaxyl and chlorothalonil, respectively. The two fungicides were mainly found in the top 10 cm of the soil profile due to the high organic carbon content in the thatch and mat layers. The dissipation half‐life was 1.4 days for metalaxyl and 4.9 days for chlorothalonil on grass, shorter than those found in agricultural fields. This study showed that, under normal turf management practices, the offsite transport of the parent fungicides was minimal. Future research should focus on investigating the fate and mobility of the metabolites of the fungicides.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Polypeptide synthesis using an expressed peptide as a building block for condensation with a peptide thioester: Application to the synthesis of phosphorylated p21Max protein(1–101)
Authors: Kawakami Toru , Hasegawa Koki , Teruya Kenta , Akaji Kenichi , Horiuchi Masataka , Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Kurihara Yasuyuki , Uesugi Seiichi , Aimoto Saburo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn expressed peptide proved to be useful as a building block for the synthesis of a polypeptide via the thioester method. A partially protected peptide segment, for use as a C‐terminal building block, could be prepared from a recombinant protein; its N‐terminal amino acid residue was transaminated to an α‐oxoacyl group, the side‐chain amino groups were then protected with t‐butoxycarbonyl (Boc) groups, and, finally, the α‐oxoacyl group was removed. On the other hand, an O‐phosphoserine‐containing peptide thioester was synthesized via a solid‐phase method using Boc chemistry. These building blocks were then condensed in the presence of silver ions and an active ester component. During the condensation, epimerization at the condensation site could be suppressed by the use of N,N‐dimthylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. Using this strategy, a phosphorylated partial peptide of the p21Max protein, [Ser(PO3H2)2,11]‐p21Max(1–101), was successfully synthesized. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Dai‐kenchu‐to, a herbal medicine, on uterine and intestinal motility
Authors: Murata Pin , Hayakawa Terumasa , Satoh Kazuko , Kase Yoshio , Ishige Atsushi , Sasaki Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of both Dai‐kenchu‐to and PGF2α on intestinal and uterine motility were studied in anaesthetized rabbits with force transducers implanted in the jejunum, ileum and uterus. A single intraduodenal administration of Dai‐kenchu‐to (300 mg/kg) enhanced the intestinal motility but not the uterine motility. However, intravenous administration of PGF2α (20 µg/kg) enhanced both intestinal and uterine motility. The effects of Dai‐kenchu‐to on the spontaneous contraction and contractile response of the isolated rat uterine strips to oxytocin, PGF2α or ACh were also studied. Oral administration of Dai‐kenchu‐to at 300 mg/kg for one week had no effect on either the spontaneous contraction or the contractile response of the uterus. These results indicate that Dai‐kenchu‐to may exert stimulatory effects on intestinal motility, as PGF2α, but has no effect on the uterine motility, suggesting a selective effect on the gastrointestinal tract. Hence, Dai‐kenchu‐to may be safer than PGF2α in the treatment of postoperative adhesive ileus in women. However, more studies are needed to determine whether Dai‐kenchu‐to could be administered to pregnant women. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer (In)security – 2: computer system backup and recovery
Authors: McDowall R.D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the second of an occasional series of articles for the QAJ, the author discusses backup of data held on computers, the types of backup that are possible such as full, incremental and differential, and processes for recovery of the data in the event of any file corruption or hardware failure. Backup is key to any successful recovery or disaster recovery process. To mitigate the impact of failure, the use of hardware redundancy is also discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the Planck–Benzinger thermal work function: New insights into the role of molecular switches in biology
Authors: Chun Paul W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Planck‐Benzinger methodology provides a means of determining the innate temperature‐invariant enthalpy, ΔH°(T0), thermal agitation energy, or the heat capacity integrals ∫ΔCp°(T)dT, and allows precise determination of 〈TCp〉, 〈Th〉, 〈Ts〉, and 〈Tm〉. It is a method for evaluating [ΔH − ΔH°(T0)], the heat of reaction for biologic molecules at room temperature, and provides for a better understanding of cooperative thermodynamic compensation. The Planck‐Benzinger methodology demonstrates that macromolecular interactions will always exhibit a negative value of the Gibbs free energy change at a well‐defined temperature. It can be used for determination of the thermodynamic molecular switch, where there is a change of sign in ΔCp°(T)reaction which determines the behavior patterns of the Gibbs free energy change.

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All interacting biologic systems that we have thus far examined using the Planck‐Benzinger approach point to the universality of this thermodynamic switch. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Theoretical studies on the hydrolysis of phosphate diesters in the gas phase, solution, and RNase A
Authors: Lopez Xabier , York Darrin M. , Dejaegere Annick , Karplus Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDensity functional theory, polarizable continuum models and semiempirical hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations were applied to the hydrolysis of phosphate diesters in the gas phase, in solution, and in the enzyme RNase A. Neutralization of the negative charge of the pentacovalent phosphorane intermediates provides a substantial stabilization of the transition‐state structures in the gas phase. Inclusion of solvent effects on the phosphate/phosphorane species was critical to reproducing the trends in reactivity observed experimentally. Finally, the catalytic mechanism for the hydrolysis of uridine 2′,3′‐cyclic phosphate by RNase A was studied by QM/MM calculations. Our results suggest that the rate‐limiting transition state of the reaction corresponds to the approach of a water molecule to the phosphate and its activation by His119. Thus, His119 acts as a generalized base for the reaction. The water attack leads to a pentacovalent phosphorane transition state of formal charge −2; this excess of negative charge in the transition state is stabilized by a number of positively charged residues including His12 and Lys41. In the second stage of the reaction, the phosphorane is converted into products. This part of the reaction proceeds without a detectable barrier, and it is facilitated by a proton transfer from Lys41 to the departing O2′. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Hyphenation of capillary high‐performance liquid chromatography with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for nano‐scale screening of single‐bead combinatorial libraries
Authors: Keil Oliver , LeRiche Tammy , Deppe Holger , Volmer Dietrich A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper focuses on the technical aspects of chemical screening from 384‐well plate nano‐scale single‐bead combinatorial libraries. The analytical technique utilized is a combination of capillary liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. The HPLC/MALDI‐MS hyphenation is achieved by means of a micro‐fraction collector with a peak detection system that automatically collects the peaks onto the MALDI targets for subsequent characterization. Several experimental parameters such as type of 384‐well plate, well‐plate sealing foils, and a column‐switching procedure were investigated using a small test library of nine components. Additionally, the influence of different MALDI matrices, different MALDI targets and sample‐spotting techniques on the MALDI detection sensitivity as well as the ruggedness and sample throughput capacity of this technique were studied. Optimum results for the analytes investigated were obtained with 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid using on‐line mixing of HPLC effluent and matrix solution. To demonstrate the potential of this capillary HPLC/MALDI‐TOFMS method, its application to several single‐bead libraries was investigated. The instrumental method allowed for the rapid identification and purity assessment of combinatorial libraries with detection limits down to the higher femtomole level using both UV detection and MALDI mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of 13C natural abundance of amino acid enantiomers in soil: methodological considerations and first results
Authors: Glaser Bruno , Amelung Wulf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe application of a combined gas chromatography‐combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C/IRMS) method for stable carbon isotope analysis of amino acid enantiomers in soil samples is presented. Triplicate δ13C analyses of pentafluoropropionyl (PFP) isopropyl ester derivatives of 27 amino acid enantiomers revealed that discrimination of 13C during derivatization is different for different amino acid enantiomers and different amounts. Injection of increasing amounts of amino acid derivatives showed that the isotopic signal varied up to 10‰ for D‐aspartic acid. Correction for the δ13C signal of underivatized amino acid enantiomers is possible for all investigated amino acid enantiomers using logarithmic functions. Operating the GC‐C/IRMS system in the split‐mode (split ratio 1:12) is possible but resulted in a higher isotopic discrimination. The detection limit approached 3 ng for some amino acid enantiomers in the splitless mode, while the lower limit of routine determination exceeded 10 ng injection amount. The upper limit at which accurate stable isotope values were obtained was 200 ng injection amount. Compound‐specific δ13C analysis of alanine, valine, aspartic and glutamic acid showed that the D‐forms were enriched in 13C relative to the L‐forms, suggesting that microbes significantly contributed to the formation of the D‐enantiomers in soil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐board diagnosis for three‐way catalytic converters
Authors: Fiengo Giovanni , Glielmo Luigi , Santini Stefania 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOn‐board fault diagnosis is critical for the automotive industry. Recently, new on‐board diagnostic system requirements (OBD II) have been enforced on California vehicles and new legislation will become stricter and stricter; moreover such requirements have also been extended in Europe (EOBD). Government regulations will require monitoring vehicle emissions and alerting the driver if the exhaust after‐treatment system is not working properly. To meet these requirement, sophisticated diagnostic algorithms have to be developed. This paper presents a model‐based stochastic approach for fault detection with application to automotive exhaust‐gas after‐treatment systems. The algorithm, based on relatively simple control‐oriented models of the three‐way catalytic converter and the oxygen sensor, is suitable for real‐time, on‐board applications. The overall strategy has been tuned and validated on the basis of experimental data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural network approach to firm grip in the presence of small slips
Authors: Al‐Fahed Nuseirat A. M. , Abu‐Zitar R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a two stage method for constructing a firm grip that can tolerate small slips of the fingertips. The fingers are assumed to be of frictionless contact type. The first stage was to formulate the interaction in the gripper–object system as a linear complementarity problem (LCP). Then it was solved using a special neural network to find minimal fingers forces. The second stage was to use the obtained results in the first stage as a static mapping in training another neural network. The second neural network training included emulating the slips by random noise in the form of changes in the positions of the contact points relative to the reference coordinate system. This noisy training increased robustness against unexpected changes in fingers positions. Genetic algorithms were used in training the second neural network as global optimization techniques. The resulting neural network is a robust, reliable, and stable controller for rigid bodies that can be handled by a robot gripper. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phase changes in random m‐ary search trees and generalized quicksort
Authors: Chern Hua‐Huai , Hwang Hsien‐Kuei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose a uniform approach to describe the phase change of the limiting distribution of space measures in random m‐ary search trees: the space requirement, when properly normalized, is asymptotically normally distributed for m≤26 and does not have a fixed limiting distribution for m>26. Our tools are based on the method of moments and asymptotic solutions of differential equations, and are applicable to secondary cost measures of quicksort with median‐of‐(2t+1) for which the same phase change occurs at t=58. Both problems are essentially special cases of the generalized quicksort of Hennequin in which a sample of m(t+1)−1 elements are used to select m−1 equi‐spaced ranks that are used in turn to partition the input into m subfiles. A complete description of the numbers at which the phase change occurs is given. For example, when m is fixed and t varies, the phase change occurs at (m, t)={(2, 58), (3, 19), (4, 10), (5, 6), (6, 4), …}. We also indicate some applications of our approach to other problems including bucket recursive trees. A general framework on “asymptotic transfers” of the underlying recurrence is also given. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 316–358, 2001
Depolarization due to rain: the XPD–CPA relation
Authors: van de Kamp Max M. J. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is already well known that there is a correlation between XPD and CPA due to rain. The average relation between them can be used to derive depolarization statistics from attenuation statistics. The relation depends on frequency, elevation angle, polarization, and the temporal and spatial spread of the canting angles of the raindrops. Several different measurement results and models for the relation have been published since 1980. In this paper, a large group of published measurement results from different sites is used to assess the different dependencies of the model. The frequencies of the measurements range from 11 to 50 GHz, and the elevation angles from 3 to 50°. The polarization angles vary from 0 to 180°, also including measurements at circular polarization, which is effectively equal to linear polarization at an angle of 45°. Because of this large group of measurement results, it is possible to select each time, a group of measurements which are equal in all but one parameter, to study each dependency of the model separately. The different dependencies are optimized, leading to the formulation of a new general model for the relation between XPD and CPA. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The science achievement of various subgroups on alternative assessment formats
Authors: Lawrenz Frances , Huffman Douglas , Welch Wayne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the science achievement outcomes for different subgroups of students using different assessment formats. A nationally representative sample of approximately 3,500 ninth grade science students from 13 high schools throughout the United States completed a series of science assessments designed to measure their level of achievement on the national science education standards. All of the schools were using a curriculum designed to meet the standards. The assessments included a multiple‐choice test, a written open‐ended test, a hands‐on lab skills test, and a hands‐on full investigation. The results show that the student outcomes on the different assessment formats are more highly correlated for higher achieving students than for lower achieving students. Patterns for different cultural groups also vary by assessment format. There were no differences found for sex. The results support the notion that different assessment formats assess different competencies and that the achievement of students from different subgroups varies by assessment format. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:279–290, 2001.
Latex bead projection nanopatterns
Authors: Fischer U. C. , Heimel J. , Maas H.‐J. , Hartig M. , Hoeppener S. , Fuchs H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMonolayers of monodisperse latex beads of submicron size are used as a convenient mask for physical vapour deposition to produce latex bead projection patterns as nanostructures that have been used often as test structures for near‐field optical applications. Variations of the fabrication technique lead to derived nanostructures: flat surface structures are formed by embedding projection patterns consisting of one material into the surface of a different material; complementary projection patterns are formed by using a projection pattern as a mask for a nanoimprinting process; and submicron ring structures are formed in a controlled way from the debris of the latex bead mask. The application of such nanostructures as test patterns for scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM) is demonstrated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on ANOVA assumptions and robust analysis for a cross‐over study
Authors: Chen Xun , Zhao Peng‐Liang , Zhang Ji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) methods are usually applied to analyse continuous data from cross‐over studies. The analysis, however, may not have appropriate type I error when certain assumptions are violated. In this paper, we first clarify a conventionally minimum set of assumptions that validate the F‐tests of ANOVA models for cross‐over studies. We then provide a practical verification/remedy procedure based upon the theoretical developments. By applying the verification/remedy procedure, more robust analysis results can be expected from the ANOVA models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability and validity of the Occupational Stress Scale for Chinese off‐shore oil installation workers
Authors: Chen Wei‐Qing , Wong Tze‐Wai , Yu Tak‐Sun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo evaluate the validity and reliability of the Occupational Stress Scale (OSS) for Chinese off‐shore oil workers, a total of 561 subjects were interviewed using a self‐administered questionnaire developed from Cooper's. Using factor analysis, we identified nine factors, which explained 62.5 per cent of the total variance. Cronbach's alphas were 0.97 for the total scale, and 0.72 to 0.91 for subscales. Results of the split‐half reliability test for the OSS indicated that the correlation between two parts was 0.87. Significant differences in the scores of the five subscales were observed among the different job categories adjusting for confounding factors. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that the score of the OSS was significantly and positively associated with the poor mental health of the workers. In conclusion, the OSS is a valid and reliable tool for measuring occupational stress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintenance issues in the Web site development process
Authors: Taylor M. , McWilliam J. , Sheehan J. , Mulhaney A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere appears to be few actual case studies in academic or professional literature regarding the overall process of developing a company Web site and even fewer regarding the maintenance of company Web sites. In this paper, we examine the maintenance issues in the Web site development process based on detailed case studies in seven U.K. organizations from the engineering, financial services, retail, manufacturing and education sectors over a two year period. This research indicated that there are numerous issues in Web site design and construction that impact upon future Web site maintenance activities. In particular, this research examined the impact of dynamic Web site data, Web site structure, specific coding for different user groups/Internet browsers/navigators/Internet search engines, Web site documentation and Web site development and testing standards upon future Web site maintenance work. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.