bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Balanced transformer: efficient classification of glioblastoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma
Authors: Wang Shigang , Wu Jinyang , Chen Meimei , Huang Sa , Huang Qian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective. Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and glioblastoma (GBM) are malignant primary brain tumors with different biological characteristics. Great differences exist between the treatment strategies of PCNSL and GBM. Thus, accurately distinguishing between PCNSL and GBM before surgery is very important for guiding neurosurgery. At present, the spinal fluid of patients is commonly extracted to find tumor markers for diagnosis. However, this method not only causes secondary injury to patients, but also easily delays treatment. Although diagnosis using radiology images is non-invasive, the morphological features and texture features of the two in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are quite similar, making distinction with human eyes and image diagnosis very difficult. In order to solve the problem of insufficient number of samples and sample imbalance, we used data augmentation and balanced sample sampling methods. Conventional Transformer networks use patch segmentation operations to divide images into small patches, but the lack of communication between patches leads to unbalanced data layers. Approach. To address this problem, we propose a balanced patch embedding approach that extracts high-level semantic information by reducing the feature dimensionality and maintaining the geometric variation invariance of the features. This approach balances the interactions between the information and improves the representativeness of the data. To further address the imbalance problem, the balanced patch partition method is proposed to increase the receptive field by sampling the four corners of the sliding window and introducing a linear encoding component without increasing the computational effort, and designed a new balanced loss function. Main results. Benefiting from the overall balance design, we conducted an experiment using Balanced Transformer and obtained an accuracy of 99.89%, sensitivity of 99.74%, specificity of 99.73% and AUC of 99.19%, which is far higher than the previous results (accuracy of 89.6% ∼ 96.8%, sensitivity of 74.3% ∼ 91.3%, specificity of 88.9% ∼ 96.02% and AUC of 87.8% ∼ 94.9%). Significance. This study can accurately distinguish PCNSL and GBM before surgery. Because GBM is a common type of malignant tumor, the 1% improvement in accuracy has saved many patients and reduced treatment times considerably. Thus, it can provide doctors with a good basis for auxiliary diagnosis.
Precision assessment of bowel motion quantification using 3D cine-MRI for radiotherapy
Authors: Barten D L J , van Kesteren Z , Laan J J , Dassen M G , Westerveld G H , Pieters B R , de Jonge C S , Stoker J , Bel A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective. The bowel is an important organ at risk for toxicity during pelvic and abdominal radiotherapy. Identifying regions of high and low bowel motion with MRI during radiotherapy may help to understand the development of bowel toxicity, but the acquisition time of MRI is rather long. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the precision of bowel motion quantification and to estimate the minimum MRI acquisition time. Approach. We included 22 gynaecologic cancer patients receiving definitive radiotherapy with curative intent. The 10 min pre-treatment 3D cine-MRI scan consisted of 160 dynamics with an acquisition time of 3.7 s per volume. Deformable registration of consecutive images generated 159 deformation vector fields (DVFs). We defined two motion metrics, the 50th percentile vector lengths (VL50) of the complete set of DVFs was used to measure median bowel motion. The 95th percentile vector lengths (VL95) was used to quantify high motion of the bowel. The precision of these metrics was assessed by calculating their variation (interquartile range) in three different time frames, defined as subsets of 40, 80, and 120 consecutive images, corresponding to acquisition times of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 min, respectively. Main results. For the full 10 min scan, the minimum motion per frame of 50% of the bowel volume (M50%) ranged from 0.6–3.5 mm for the VL50 motion metric and 2.3–9.0 mm for the VL95 motion metric, across all patients. At 7.5 min scan time, the variation in M50% was less than 0.5 mm in 100% (VL50) and 95% (VL95) of the subsets. A scan time of 5.0 and 2.5 min achieved a variation within 0.5 mm in 95.2%/81% and 85.7%/57.1% of the subsets, respectively. Significance. Our 3D cine-MRI technique quantifies bowel loop motion with 95%–100% confidence with a precision of 0.5 mm variation or less, using a 7.5 min scan time.
Frequency-dependent electron power absorption mode transitions in capacitively coupled argon-oxygen plasmas
Authors: Derzsi A , Vass M , Masheyeva R , Horváth B , Donkó Z , Hartmann P 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Phase Resolved Optical Emission Spectroscopy (PROES) measurements combined with 1d3v Particle-in-Cell/Monte Carlo Collisions simulations are performed to investigate the excitation dynamics in low-pressure capacitively coupled plasmas (CCPs) in argon-oxygen mixtures. The system used for this study is a geometrically symmetric CCP reactor operated in a 70% Ar-30% O2 mixture at 120 Pa, applying a peak-to-peak voltage of 350 V, with a wide range of driving RF frequencies (2 MHz

⩽
f
⩽

15 MHz). The measured and calculated spatio-temporal distributions of the electron impact excitation rates from the Ar ground state to the Ar

2

p
1

level show good qualitative agreement. The distributions show significant frequency dependence, which is generally considered to be predictive of transitions in the dominant discharge operating mode. Three frequency ranges can be distinguished, showing distinctly different excitation characteristics: (i) in the low frequency range (

f
⩽

3 MHz), excitation is strong at the sheaths and weak in the bulk region; (ii) at intermediate frequencies (3.5 MHz

⩽
f
⩽

5 MHz), the excitation rate in the bulk region is enhanced and shows striation formation; (iii) above 6 MHz, excitation in the bulk gradually decreases with increasing frequency. Boltzmann term analysis was performed to quantify the frequency-dependent contributions of the Ohmic and ambipolar terms to the electron power absorption.
Dynamics of spin relaxation in nonequilibrium magnetic nanojunctions
Authors: Smorka Rudolf , Thoss Michael , Žonda Martin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We investigate nonequilibrium phenomena in magnetic nano-junctions using a numerical approach that combines classical spin dynamics with the hierarchical equations of motion technique for quantum dynamics of conduction electrons. Our focus lies on the spin dynamics, where we observe non-monotonic behavior in the spin relaxation rates as a function of the coupling strength between the localized spin and conduction electrons. Notably, we identify a distinct maximum at intermediate coupling strength, which we attribute to a competition that involves the increasing influence of the coupling between the classical spin and electrons, as well as the influence of decreasing local density of states at the Fermi level. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spin dynamics of a large open system can be accurately simulated by a short chain coupled to semi-infinite metallic leads. In the case of a magnetic junction subjected to an external DC voltage, we observe resonant features in the spin relaxation, reflecting the electronic spectrum of the system. The precession of classical spin gives rise to additional side energies in the electronic spectrum, which in turn leads to a broadened range of enhanced damping in the voltage.
Necessary conditions for convex-periodic, elliptic-periodic, inclined-periodic, and rogue wave-solutions to exist for the multi-dispersions Schrodinger equation
Authors: Alquran Marwan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this study, we revisit the modified Schrödinger equation, which incorporates multiple dispersion terms, including linear, nonlinear, and random dispersion. We establish the essential constraints on the model’s parameters to ensure the presence of complex-valued solutions. Subsequently, we employ effective and explicit techniques such as the extended tanh-coth expansion, rational sine-cosine functions, and rational sinh-cosh functions to derive innovative types of periodic solutions for the proposed model. These solutions demonstrate unique physical properties applicable to various complex media, such as surface water waves, optical fiber pulses, and plasma waves.
Developing computationally efficient optimal control strategies to eradicate Rubella disease
Authors: Ahmad W , Butt A I K , Akhtar N , Rafiq M , Gohar M , Idrees Z , Ahmad N 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The threat of Rubella virus disease looms large, posing significant risks to public health and emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive prevention, control, and awareness strategies. We conducted an extensive analysis of a newly developed SEITR deterministic model for the lethal Rubella virus disease. The main objective of our study is to gain deep insights into the disease dynamics and devise an optimal control strategy for the model, utilizing vaccination and treatment as preventive measures. We employed various mathematical techniques to establish the positivity and bounded nature of solutions. The value of threshold parameter is computed using the next-generation method to anticipate future dynamical behavior of the epidemic. The local and global stability of the equilibrium points was successfully assessed. Additionally, we utilized the well-known Non-Standard Finite Difference (NSFD) method to obtain numerical solutions for the Rubella model. A numerical analysis is carried out to assess the efficacy of a constant treatment strategy, and the results are presented through graphical illustrations. The developed model is subjected to sensitivity analysis and the most sensitive parameters are identified. In addition, the bifurcation nature of the model is examined. Subsequently, an optimal control problem is introduced for the model, aiming to determine the best time-dependent strategies for treatment and vaccination. The main goal is to reduce the number of individuals infected within the human population and the cost of controls. Designed optimal control problem and its corresponding optimality conditions of Pontryagin type have been derived. An important aspect of this study is the utilization of the NSFD method, implemented backward in time, to solve the optimal control problem, as opposed to other conventional methods. Numerical simulations were carried out to assess the impact of the applied controls on the dynamics of all classes, both before and after optimization.
A CV weighted method for oil-water two-phase flow of non-contact multi-frequency el7ectrical impedance tomography
Authors: Bai Meng , Wang Xiaoxin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Electrical tomography (ET) technology has attracted extensive attention in the field of scientific research on oil–water two-phase flow due to its advantages of non-intrusion, non-radiation, and simple equipment structure. Affected by Maxwell–Wagner-Sillars (MWS) effect, more imaging information can be obtained by changing the excitation frequency, especially for the mixtures with conductive phases. In this paper, a CV (coefficient of variation )-weighted method of non-contact multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (NM-EIT) system is carried out for water-oil two-phase flow imaging. Firstly, the frequency response of the measurement system is studied and the electrical impedance information of medium in the region of interest (RoI) is observed. Secondly, the measured electrical impedance information with with different excitation frequencies are weighted by CV method. Finally, combined with the classic image reconstruction algorithm, the simulation and static experiment are carried out to verify the reconstruction effect of the proposed method. The imaging accuracies under different frequencies and flow patterns are analyzed, and a measurement experimental platform is set up to verify the reconstruction effect of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the CV-based multi-frequency weighted method maintains a higher imaging accuracy than single-frequency imaging.
Taming redshift-space distortion effects in the EFTofLSS and its application to data
Authors: D'Amico Guido , Senatore Leonardo , Zhang Pierre , Nishimichi Takahiro 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Former analyses of the BOSS data using the Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure (EFTofLSS) have measured that the largest counterterms are the redshift-space distortion ones. This allows us to adjust the power-counting rules of the theory, and to explicitly identify that the leading next-order terms have a specific dependence on the cosine of the angle between the line-of-sight and the wavenumber of the observable, μ. Such a specific μ-dependence allows us to construct a linear combination of the data multipoles, P̸, where these contributions are effectively projected out, so that EFTofLSS predictions for P̸ have a much smaller theoretical error and so a much higher k-reach. The remaining data are organized in wedges in μ space, have a μ-dependent k-reach because they are not equally affected by the leading next-order contributions, and therefore can have a higher k-reach than the multipoles. Furthermore, by explicitly including the highest next-order terms, we define a `one-loop+' procedure, where the wedges have even higher k-reach. We study the effectiveness of these two procedures on several sets of simulations and on the BOSS data. The resulting analysis has identical computational cost as the multipole-based one, but leads to an improvement on the determination of some of the cosmological parameters that ranges from 10% to 100%, depending on the survey properties.
Eternal inflation and collapse theories
Authors: Lechuga R.L. , Sudarsky D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The eternal inflation problem continues to be considered one of standard's cosmology most serious shortcomings. This arises when one considers the effects of “quantum fluctuations” on the zero mode of inflaton field during a Hubble time in the inflationary epoch.
In the slow-roll regime it is quite clear that such quantum fluctuations could dwarf the classical rolling down of the inflaton, and with overwhelming probability this prevents inflation from ever ending. When one recognizes that quantum fluctuations can not be taken as synonymous of stochastic fluctuations, but rather intrinsic levels of indefiniteness in the quantities in question, one concludes that the eternal inflation problem simply does not exist. However, the same argument would serve to invalidate the account for the generation of the primordial seeds of cosmic structure as has been amply discussed elsewhere [1,2,3]. In order to do address that issue, one must explain the breaking of homogeneity and isotropy of the situation prevailing during the early inflationary epoch (at both the quantum and classical levels of the description). For that one needs to rely on some additional element, beyond those present in the traditional treatments. The so called spontaneous collapse theories offer a viable candidate for that element, namely the stochastic and spontaneous state reduction characteristic of those proposals possesses the basic features to break those symmetries. In fact, a version of the CSL theory adapted to the cosmological context has been shown to offer a satisfactory account for the origin the seeds of cosmic structure with an adequate power spectrum [2], and will serve as the basis of our analysis. However, once such stochastic collapse is introduced into the theoretical framework the eternal inflation problem has the potential reappear.
In this manuscript we explore those issues in detail and discuss an avenue that seems to allow for a satisfactory account for the generation of the primordial inhomogeneities and anisotropies while freeing the theory from the eternal inflation problem.
Minkowski Functionals in 𝖲𝖮(3) for the spin-2 CMB polarisation field
Authors: Carrón Duque J. , Carones A. , Marinucci D. , Migliaccio M. , Vittorio N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The study of the angular power spectrum of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, both in intensity and in polarisation, has led to the tightest constraints on cosmological parameters. However, this statistical quantity is not sensitive to any deviation from Gaussianity and statistical isotropy in the CMB data. Minkowski Functionals (MFs) have been adopted as one of the most powerful statistical tools to study such deviations, since they characterise the topology and geometry of the field of interest.
In this paper, we extend the application of MFs to CMB polarisation data by introducing a new formalism, where we lift the spin 2 polarisation field to a scalar function in a higher-dimensional manifold: the group of rotations of the sphere, SO(3). Such a function is defined as f = Q cos(2ζ) - U sin(2ζ). We analytically obtain the expected values for the MFs of f in the case of Gaussian isotropic polarisation maps. Furthermore, we present a new pipeline which estimates these MFs from input HEALPix polarisation maps. We apply it to CMB simulations in order to validate the theoretical results and the methodology.
The pipeline is to be included in the publicly available Python package
Pynkowski
.
Refractive neutrino masses, ultralight dark matter and cosmology
Authors: Sen Manibrata , Smirnov Alexei Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We consider in detail a possibility that the observed neutrino oscillations are due to refraction on ultralight scalar boson dark matter.
We introduce the refractive mass squared, m̃2, and study its properties: dependence on neutrino energy,
state of the background, etc. If the background is in a state of cold gas of particles, m̃2 shows a resonance dependence on energy. Above the resonance (E ≫ ER
), we find that m̃2 has the same properties as usual vacuum mass squared.
Below the resonance, m̃2 decreases with energy, which (if realised) allows to avoid the cosmological bound on the sum of neutrino masses. Also, m̃2 may depend on time. We consider the validity of the results: effects of multiple interactions with scalars, and modification of the dispersion relation. We show that for values of parameters of the system required to
reproduce the observed neutrino masses, perturbativity is broken at low energies, which border above the resonance.
If the background is in the state of coherent classical field, the refractive mass does not depend on energy explicitly but may show
time dependence. It coincides with the refractive mass in a cold gas at high energies.
Refractive nature of neutrino mass can be tested by searches of its dependence on energy and time.
12 × 2 pt combined probes: pipeline, neutrino mass, and data compression
Authors: Reeves Alexander , Nicola Andrina , Refregier Alexandre , Kacprzak Tomasz , Valle Luis Fernando Machado Poletti 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
With the rapid advance of wide-field surveys it is increasingly important to perform combined cosmological probe analyses. We present a new pipeline for simulation-based multi-probe analyses, which combines tomographic large-scale structure (LSS) probes (weak lensing and galaxy clustering) with cosmic microwave background (CMB) primary and lensing data. These are combined at the C
ℓ-level, yielding 12 distinct auto- and cross-correlations. The pipeline is based on UFalconv2, a framework to generate fast, self-consistent map-level realizations of cosmological probes from input lightcones, which is applied to the CosmoGridV1 N-body simulation suite. It includes a non-Gaussian simulation-based covariance for the LSS tracers, several data compression schemes, and a neural network emulator for accelerated theoretical predictions. We validate the pipeline by comparing the simulations to these predictions, and our derived constraints to earlier analyses. We apply our framework to a simulated 12×2 pt tomographic analysis of KiDS, BOSS, and Planck, and forecast constraints for a ΛCDM model with a variable neutrino mass. We find that, while the neutrino mass constraints are driven by the CMB data, the addition of LSS data helps to break degeneracies and improves the constraint by up to 35%. For a fiducial Mν
= 0.15 eV, a full combination of the above CMB+LSS data would enable a 3σ constraint on the neutrino mass. We explore data compression schemes and find that MOPED outperforms PCA and is made robust using the derivatives afforded by our automatically differentiable emulator. We also study the impact of an internal lensing tension in the CMB data, parametrized by AL
, on the neutrino mass constraint, finding that the addition of LSS to CMB data including all cross-correlations is able to mitigate the impact of this systematic. UFalconv2 and a MOPED compressed Planck CMB primary + CMB lensing likelihood are made publicly available.[UFalconv2: https://cosmology.ethz.ch/research/software-lab/UFalcon.html, compressed Planck CMB primary + CMB lensing likelihood: https://github.com/alexreevesy/planck_compressed.]
Elastic scattering of cosmological gravitational wave backgrounds: primordial black holes and stellar objects
Authors: Howard Marcell , König Morgane 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Primordial black holes (PBHs) are plausible dark matter candidates that formed from the gravitational collapse of primordial density fluctuations. Current observational constraints allow asteroid-mass PBHs to account for all of the cosmological dark matter. We show that elastic scattering of a cosmological gravitational wave background, these black holes generate spectral distortions on the background of 0.3% for cosmologically relevant frequencies without considering coherent scattering and 5% when the coherent enhancement is included. Scattering from stellar objects induce much smaller distortions. Detectability of this signal depends on our ultimate understanding of the unperturbed background spectrum.