bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Death of Benito Cereno: A Reading of Herman Melville on Slavery
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A kindly American captain named Delano, commanding a large sealer off the coast of Chile on a gray morning, spotted a vessel without colors and apparently in distress. The captain ordered the whale boat of his Bachelor’s Delight stocked with provisions for those on the vessel in the distance. As the sealer approached the San Dominick, Delano noted that its true character “was plain-a Spanish merchantman of the first class, carrying negro slaves.” He also noted that the San Dominick seemed launched “from Ezekiel’s valley of dry bones.”
“Follow Your Leader”: The Theme of Cannibalism in Melville’s Benito Cereno
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The solution to the problem of cannibalism in Benito Cereno involves concerns that are at the heart of the novella. Since that problem, represented by Alexandro Aranda’s skeleton, shadows the work as a whole, it is not surprising that its solution has implications for aspects of the work that have received little or no critical attention to date. In other words, aspects of the novella that once seemed essential to the brilliance of its crafting but with little or no relation to Melville criticism will be shown to be deeply related to that criticism.
Skepticism
Authors: Foley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way of motivating skeptical doubts is by invoking skeptical hypotheses. By ‘skeptical hypothesis’ I mean a hypothesis that implies that most of our ordinary beliefs are false. For example, if we are under the control of a deceiving demon or if we are brains in a vat being programmed to have misleading perceptual experiences, then much of what we believe is mistaken, and mistaken not just in detail but overwhelmingly.
Enlightenment and Awakening in Edwards and Franklin
Authors: Aldridge A Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contrary perspectives of the religious movement known in America as the Great Awakening and the intellectual movement embracing most of Europe and America known as the Enlightenment may be seen in the attitudes of a representative of each movement, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin, respectively. Illustrating basic attitudes toward life, Edwards reflected that “Christ recommended rising early in the morning, by his rising from the grave very early,”1 and Franklin in the guise of Poor Richard assured his readers that activity in the prime of the morning makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Here spiritual and secular values and motives are clearly separate but, nevertheless, not completely opposed. Likewise the Awakening and the Enlightenment seem by definition to be antithetical, but they are not necessarily incompatible. In historical terms, the Great Awakening was a religious revival that swept the American colonies from New England to Georgia, according to some scholars between 1739 and 1744, and, according to others, between 1734 and 1749. In theological terms, the Great Awakening was the process by which God was presumably establishing Christ’s kingdom in America.
Franklin, Edwards, and the Problem of Human Nature
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Reason should govern Passion, but instead of that, you see, it is often subservient to it.” So ran the conventional wisdom of the eighteenth century, in this case stated by Sir Richard Steele in The Spectator. Throughout the eighteenth century, the Western world typically thought of human nature in terms of a model of faculties or powers. There were two kinds of powers, “intellectual” and “active,” which made up the “understanding” and the “will,” respectively. The understanding encompassed the powers of perception; the will, those of action. It is with the latter that we shall primarily concern ourselves. The most common version of eighteenth-century faculty psychology arranged the “active powers” in a hierarchical sequence. First in order of precedence came the rational faculties of the will: conscience (or the moral sense) and prudence (or self-interest). Below them were the emotional springs of action, called either by the approving term “affections” or the more derogatory word “passions,” as the context might dictate. Still farther down were mechanical impulses like reflexes, not subject to conscious control at all. The hierarchical structure of human nature, a later number of The Spectator explained, corresponded to humanity’s intermediate position in the great chain of being, partly divine, partly animal.1
The Two Cultures in Eighteenth-Century America
Authors: Kuklick Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the cultural significance of Franklin and Edwards is a timehonored, not to say old-fashioned, academic enterprise. For generations scholars have explored the ways in which the two men contribute to our understanding of American national character.1 In relentlessly juxtaposing the personalities and careers of the two-in what might be called The Compare and Contrast Model-students hope to illuminate not just the colonial world but topics as diverse as twentieth-century corporate mores and the evangelistic revivalism of Billy Graham and his successors. This essay treats those conventions with respect but ultimately moves away from them to make a historiographical point about our understanding of the eighteenth century. It is possible to view suspiciously the whole project of comparing the two men. Any attempt to point up similarities between them can be practically countered by narrowing the area of comparison and displaying instead a contrast. Franklin and Edwards were both conversant with Newtonianism. Yet within the camp of knowledgeable adherents of the New Learning, Edwards was concerned with the a priori dimensions of the Principia. Franklin was exclusively (and more deeply) interested in the experimentalism-the raw empiricism-of natural philosophy.
The Selling of the Self: From Franklin to Barnum
Authors: Zuckerman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each of them straddled his century like a colossus. Each was born near its beginning-one in 1706, the other in 1810-and each lived almost to its end-one to 1790, the other to 1891. Each of them began in obscurity, each had half a century of celebrity, and each died acclaimed as the representative American of his age. Benjamin Franklin was the embodiment of the Enlightenment. David Hume declared him “the first philosopher and indeed the first great man of letters for whom we are beholden to America.” The Parisians lionized him while he lived among them and lamented him when he died far from them; his fame in France was so extraordinary that the National Assembly proclaimed a period of national mourning when word of his death reached the Continent. Even caustic John Adams conceded enviously that, in Europe, “his reputation was more universal than that of Leibniz or Newton, Frederick or Voltaire, and his character more beloved or esteemed than any or all of them.”1
Introduction
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his last years in office, an embattled President George Washington yearned for a time when his nation would “possess the strength of a Giant and there will be none who can make us afraid.” More than two hundred years later, at the dawn of the twenty-first century, the United States had achieved a position of world power Washington could not have dreamed of. Pundits hailed a “unipolar moment.” Comparisons were drawn with ancient Rome, the only historical example that seemed adequately to describe America’s global preeminence.
The Great Transformation: Depression, Isolationism, and War, 1931–1941
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our international trade relations, though vastly important, are in point of time and necessity secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy,” Franklin Delano Roosevelt proclaimed in his March 4, 1933, inaugural address. “I favour as a practical policy the putting of first things first.” Indeed, in this speech to a nation laid low by economic catastrophe, FDR focused exclusively on domestic programs and appealed to Americans’ self-reliance. He devoted but one long, and notably vague, sentence to foreign policy—less than Grover Cleveland in 1885. A clear sign of the times, these observations about national priorities also distinguish the 1930s from the preceding decade. During the 1920s, the United States actively participated in resolving international problems. After 1931, involvement without commitment gave way to a pervasive and deeply emotional unilateralism along with congressional safeguards against intervention in war.
“Five Continents and Seven Seas”: World War II and the Rise of American Globalism, 1941–1945
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems which we face are so vast and so interrelated,” Franklin Roosevelt explained to Ambassador Joseph Grew on January 21, 1941, “that any attempt even to state them compels one to think in terms of five continents and seven seas.”1 Thus, almost a year before Pearl Harbor, FDR came to appreciate the enormously transformative impact of World War II on U.S. foreign relations. Even prior to December 7, 1941, Americans had begun to reassess long-standing assumptions about the sources of their national security (a phrase just coming into use). While often obscuring the intent and significance of his actions, the president had taken major steps toward intervention in the European and Asian wars. What the fall of France did not accomplish in terms of reshaping American attitudes and institutions, Pearl Harbor did.
“The Strength of a Giant”: America as Hyperpower, 1992–2007
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the end of the Cold War, the United States enjoyed a degree of world hegemony beyond George Washington’s most extravagant dreams. Despite gloomy talk of decline in the 1970s and 1980s, America in the last years of the twentieth century boasted a seemingly invincible high-tech military machine, a robust computer-driven economy, and an array of “soft power” that gave it nearly incalculable influence over the planet’s affairs. Not since Rome, it was argued, had any nation enjoyed such preeminence. The French, so often critical of the United States, coined a new word—hyperpower—to describe America’s unprecedented status.
Dynamics and Quantum Tunneling of Vortices
Authors: Šimánek Eugen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the past decade there has been a resurgence of interest in the dynamics of superfluid and superconducting vortices. One source of motivation for this topic may be attributed to the discovery of the quantum Hall effect (von Klitzing et al., 1980), which led to the suggestion that elementary excitations in 2D systems may obey nonstandard statistics (Wilczek, 1982; Halperin, 1984). Haldane and Wu (1985) pointed out a powerful analogy between the dynamics of a vortex in a 2D superfluid film and the electron motion in a cyclotron orbit. critical value.
The Mhd Equilibrium Of A Toroidal Plasma In Three-Dimensional Geometry
Authors: Wakatani Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to confine a plasma in a finite volume with a donut shape, macroscopic plasma motion must be suppressed and a local force balance between the expansion force due to the pressure gradient VP and the electromagnetic force J x B must be satisfied. As shown in chapter 2, a vacuum magnetic system with nested toroidal magnetic surfaces is appropriate for plasma confinement. Thus, the next question concerns the existence of nested magnetic surfaces satisfying the MHD equilibrium equations It is well-known that, when the system has a geometrical symmetry, such as axisymmetry or helical symmetry, the existence of nested magnetic surfaces can be proved. The tokamak, the Reversed Field Pinch (RFP), and the Spheromak are axisymmetric toroidal systems. In order to produce the rotational transform in these devices, a plasma current in the toroidal direction is required. The helically symmetric straight plasma satisfying the MHD equilibrium equations (4.1)-( 4.3) also has nested magnetic surfaces. However, in order to eliminate end-loss of the straight plasma column, the bending of the helically symmetric straight system into a toroidal stellarator or heliotron is a natural development from the point of view of high-temperature plasma confinement. Then, the resultant toroidal stellarator or heliotron loses helical symmetry. One significant characteristic of the toroidal heliotron is the possibility of plasma confinement without a net toroidal current as in tokamaks.
Banquets and Brawls: Aspects of Ceremonial Meals
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it was once fashionable to differentiate the communicative from the technical-instrumental dimension of human activity and to view ritual as more a mode of speech than one of action, such formulations, like other attempts to treat ritual as mere symbolism, have been rendered obsolete by more recent, subtle, and sophisticated studies of the interrelations between discourse and practice.1 For over the course of the last two decades, it has gradually become clear that ritual, etiquette, and other strongly habituated forms of practical discourse and discursive practice do not just encode and transmit messages, but they play an active and important role in the construction, maintenance, and modification of the borders, structures, and hierarchic relations that characterize and constitute society itself.
Festivals and Massacres: Reflections on St. Bartholomew’s Day
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been long recognized, any society, even the smallest, is a complex amalgam of multiple subunits-clans, lineages, socioeconomic classes, political factions, age groups, genders, and so on that are only imperfectly bonded together to form the total social unit. Such integration, which is necessary for the smooth and harmonious functioning of society, is regularly sought and accomplished through numerous overlapping systems and mechanisms among them law, pedagogy, etiquette, aesthetics, and ideology, particularly religious ideology. It is, in fact, the particular competence of religion for achieving broad social integration that led Durkheim to consecrate his masterwork, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, to the study of religion, and the Durkheimian tradition—which has been so influential in sociological, anthropological, and historical scholarship—has enriched our understanding of the means whereby religion powerfully promotes social cohesion and sentiments of common belonging.
Abandoning the American Dream
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The right to choose one’s place of residence is a basic civil right that is inextricably linked to the right to work without coercion. This concept was established in a British judgment in 1705 when a chief justice proclaimed: “All people are at liberty to live in Winchester, and how can they be restrained from using the lawful means of living there.” Decades of forced residential segregation had denied that right to African Americans and thus also the right to freely choose employment, obtain an education, and achieve a standard of living compatible with the prevailing living standard for white Americans.
Rebuilding the Welfare State
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In less than a decade Johnson’s War on Poverty was over. Its nucleus, the Office of Economic Opportunity, was abolished and its programs either transferred to other agencies or directed toward other goals. The Job Corps went to the Department of Labor; literacy training and Headstart to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare; job training was steered away from the poor; a program to help the poor buy their own homes was halted; and community action was eliminated altogether.
Conscientious Objectors and the American State from
Authors: Present Colonial Times to the 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Whiteclay Chambers II Modem conscientious objection first emerged in America. It did so because of the importance of pacifist religious faiths in the settlement of the British North American colonies and because of the significance of ideas of individualism, freedom of conscience, and religious toleration. Except for some compulsory militia training and occasional temporary drafts in wartime, Americans have mainly had a volunteer military tradition. Whenever American governments have resorted to compulsory military training or service, however, they have also faced dissenters who refused to accept the military obligation that the state sought to impose. Religious pacifists, such as the Quakers, were first known as “nonresisters” (for their refusal to use violent means to resist or defend against violence). In the twentieth century they and others who refused on principled grounds to bear arms were called “conscientious objectors” or COs.
Britain: From Individual Conscience to Social Movement
Authors: Harries-Jenkins Gwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain has relied upon a volunteer army more often than upon compulsory military training and service, but in its experiences with conscription—particularly during the two world wars and the first dozen years of the Cold War—it witnessed a progressive liberalization of conscientious objection. Britain’s experience also had a significant influence upon conscription and conscientious objection in the United States. In essence, conscientious objection is the articulation by an individual of a set of highly internalized attitudes in response to a particular stimulus. Expressions of conscience theoretically can reflect a wide range of stimuli: environmental pollution, gender inequalities, racism, penal policy, and so on. The term “conscientious objection,” however, is more limited in its scope. Conceptually it can be identified with a continuum of war resistance, the characteristics of which can be equated, in the words of one scholar, “with anti-militarist and anti-conscriptionist movements in peace time, with pacifist conscientious objection, with nationalist and socialist resistance and ethical and religious withdrawal from a given state and indeed with revolutionary opposition.”
Socialist Countries of Eastern Europe: The Old Orders Crumble
Authors: Bebler Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the phenomena of conscientious objection in states that called themselves “socialist” and that were ruled by communist parties. The focus is on the socialist countries of Eastern Europe during the period of communist rule, but the chapter concludes with some brief observations on the postcommunist era. Even before the communist era social conditions worked against the acceptance of conscientious objection in Eastern Europe. Most of the states in this region had long-standing traditions of conscription. Excepting a few interludes between the two world wars, the countries of Eastern Europe had low levels of political tolerance, weak political parties, and scarely independent judiciaries. The strength of pacifist denominations, moreover, was much lower than in most Western countries. In brief, and with some oversimplification, the societal context of Eastern Europe has been inhospitable to the recognition of conscientious objection. These conditions became even more pronounced during the later socialist era.
The Coupling Convention
Authors: duCille Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ann duCille’s probing new study spanning the period from 1853 to 1948 explores the nascence of literary activity among black women in the 1890s and goes on to investigate the cultural climate which led some of the most prominent to use the marriage convention as a means of exploring wider questions of human social relations, sexuality, and female subjectivity. The Coupling Convention goes beyond the period study to offer a new paradigm for reading black women’s fiction.
The Minor Daughter
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sexuality factor exerts a profound influence on the personhood of women in mishnaic law. By sexuality factor I mean the presence or absence of a relationship in which some man owns the exclusive right to the woman’s biological function (using this term to include both the man’s right to intercourse with her and his ownership of her reproductive capability).26 If such a relationship exists, the woman is legally dependent on the man in question; if no such relationship exists, the system grants her autonomy. A woman’s status of dependency or autonomy makes a consider able difference to the level of her personhood because it affects the scope of her legal rights and powers and hence the degree to which she controls her own life. We shall explore here (and in chaps. 3 through 5) the relationship between a woman’s sexuality and her legal status of dependency or autonomy.
Kingpins, Kingmakers, and Would-be Kings
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The weeks following Abdullah’s murder were among the most pivotal in the kingdom’s short history. Tawfiq Abu’l Huda’s victory in the battle for the premiership resolved only one of four pressing political issues. Royal succession, parliamentary elections, and the trial of Abdullah’s assassins remained ahead. What is perhaps most remarkable about Abdullah’s death is that each one of those hurdles was surmounted by the end of the first week of September. The kingdom did not, as was widely feared, collapse with the demise of its founder. As the New York Times correspondent in Jerusalem noted: “What apparently has astounded the colony of diplomatic observers here, as well as a good many Jordanian subjects, has been the degree of stability that the little kingdom has shown under extraordinary circumstances.”1 After the roundup of suspects on July 20, hundreds were remanded into custody for questioning, observation, and, in some cases, intimidation. The police even checked the bona ftdes of Jerusalem’s most prominent citizens, including Anwar al-Khatib and Anwar Nusaybah.2 Although no one was above suspicion, the Arab Legionnaires did not, as legend would have it, exact revenge on the Palestinians. After an initial outburst, their patrols through the streets of Jerusalem were strict, though not spiteful. Within ten days, the number detained was down to less than one hundred, and the curfew was progressively lifted.3
Abu’l Huda in Command
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early weeks of Talal’s rule, Abu’l Huda’s strategy was to deal with parliament on its terms, not his. When some particularly prickly matter roused the opposition’s ire, he would spend long hours, often in secret session, talking with parliament as though it were an equal partner in the affairs of state. He reportedly struck a “friendly pact” with the more outspoken deputies so that they would be free to attack the government on domestic policy but would hold their collective tongues on foreign affairs.1 This “honeymoon” lasted only about three months. Emboldened by the stunning (and serendipitous) arrest of virtually the entire leadership of the Jordanian Communist party in December 1951, Abu’l Huda began to put his authoritarian stamp on the constitution’s liberal ideals.