bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SENSORY PROFILING AND POSITIONING OF JILEBI SAMPLES BY MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
Authors: PRAKASH MAYA , RAVI RAMASAMY , DATTATREYA ANUPAMA , BHAT KODANGALA KESHAVA 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT Sensory profilograms based on the quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of jilebi using 12 attributes were drawn for nine market samples. The instrumental texture measurement of shear values and CIE color measurement for L*, a* and b* were determined for all the samples. Further, canonical discriminant analysis was run to position the samples. The results indicated that samples 9, 4 and 5 were grouped together in the same quadrant, which represented desirable attributes of jilebi viz, crispness, sweetness, glossy appearance and overall quality (OQ). Samples 6, 8 and 2 have taken a different quadrant with attributes like juicy and porous; while sample 3 was away in a separate quadrant with undesirable attribute namely heated oil. Crispness of jilebi had high positive correlation with OQ and texture (shear value).
Problems in Adapting the K/DOQI Guidelines for Japanese Patients with End Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Yokoyama Keitaro 
Published: February 2005

Abstract:  The National Kidney Foundation published The K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Bone Metabolism and Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease. We should also consider differences in clinical features of management for renal osteodystrophy between Japan and the USA. The first problem is related to a difference in the method of Ca correction. The second problem is related to a difference in the timing of measurement. In the USA the timing of measurement varies with each institution. Briefly, it is performed at midweek (2 days after the last dialysis) in some of institutions, while at the beginning of next week (3 days after the last dialysis) in some others.In addition, differences in the dose and type of the calcium‐containing phosphorus adsorbent and active vitamin D used should also be taken into consideration.
Influence of Transcriptional Activator RamA on Expression of Multidrug Efflux Pump AcrAB and Tigecycline Susceptibility in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Ruzin Alexey , Visalli Melissa A. , Keeney David , Bradford Patricia A. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Tigecycline is an expanded broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is active against many clinically relevant species of bacterial pathogens, including
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. The majority of
K. pneumoniae
isolates are fully susceptible to tigecycline; however, a few strains that have decreased susceptibility have been isolated. One isolate, G340 (for which the tigecycline MIC is 4 μg/ml and which displays a multidrug resistance [MDR] phenotype), was selected for analysis of the mechanism for this decreased susceptibility by use of transposon mutagenesis with IS
903
φ
kan
. A tigecycline-susceptible mutant of G340, GC7535, was obtained (tigecycline MIC, 0.25 μg/ml). Analysis of the transposon insertion mapped it to
ramA
, a gene that was previously identified to be involved in MDR in
K. pneumoniae.
For GC7535, the disruption of
ramA
led to a 16-fold decrease in the MIC of tigecycline and also a suppression of MDR.
Trans
-complementation with plasmid-borne
ramA
restored the original parental phenotype of decreased susceptibility to tigecycline. Northern blot analysis revealed a constitutive overexpression of
ramA
that correlated with an increased expression of the AcrAB transporter in G340 compared to that in tigecycline-susceptible strains. Laboratory mutants of
K. pneumoniae
with decreased susceptibility to tigecycline could be selected at a frequency of approximately 4 × 10
−8
. These results suggest that
ramA
is associated with decreased tigecycline susceptibility in
K. pneumoniae
due to its role in the expression of the AcrAB multidrug efflux pump.
Differential Bidirectional Transfer of Indinavir in the Isolated Perfused Human Placenta
Authors: Sudhakaran Sreeja , Ghabrial Hany , Nation Roger L. , Kong David C. M. , Gude Neil M. , Angus Peter W. , Rayner Craig R. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

The protease inhibitor (PI) indinavir may be used in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection during pregnancy. Poor maternal-to-fetal transfer of indinavir has been reported previously, but the mechanisms of transfer remain unknown. The bidirectional transfer of indinavir was assessed in dually perfused, isolated human placentae. Term placentae (
n
= 5) were obtained from non-HIV-infected pregnant women. To investigate transport mechanisms, the steady-state transfer of indinavir was compared to those of antipyrine (a marker of passive diffusion) and [
3
H]vinblastine (a marker of P-glycoprotein [P-gp] transport) in the maternal-to-fetal and fetal-to-maternal directions in each placenta. Indinavir and antipyrine perfusate concentrations were determined by using reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography; [
3
H]vinblastine concentrations were measured by liquid scintillation. The antipyrine transfer clearance in each direction did not differ (
P
= 0.76), a finding consistent with passive diffusion. However, the maternal-to-fetal transfer clearance of vinblastine, normalized to that of antipyrine (clearance index) (0.31 ± 0.05), was significantly lower than the fetal-to-maternal clearance index of vinblastine (0.67 ± 0.17;
P
= 0.017), suggesting the involvement of placental P-gp. Similarly, the maternal-to-fetal clearance index of indinavir (0.39 ± 0.09) was significantly lower than its fetal-to-maternal clearance index (0.97 ± 0.12;
P
< 0.001). These results represent the first evidence for differential transfer of a xenobiotic in the intact human placenta. The use of transport modulators to increase the maternal-to-fetal transfer of PIs as a possible strategy to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV warrants investigation.
In Vitro Activity and Mechanism of Action of Methylenecyclopropane Analogs of Nucleosides against Herpesvirus Replication
Authors: Kern Earl R. , Kushner Nicole L. , Hartline Caroll B. , Williams-Aziz Stephanie L. , Harden Emma A. , Zhou Shaoman , Zemlicka Jiri , Prichard Mark N. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

We have reported previously that methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides have excellent activity against certain members of the herpesvirus family. A second generation, the 2,2-bis-hydroxymethyl derivatives, were synthesized, and 18 compounds were tested for activity in vitro against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV and MCMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Selected analogs were also evaluated against human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-8. None of the 18 compounds had activity against HSV-1 or HSV-2, but four were active against VZV by plaque reduction (PR) assay at 50% effective concentration (EC
50
) levels of ≤50 μM. Six of the 18 compounds were active against HCMV by cytopathic effect or PR assays with EC
50
s of 0.5 to 44 μM, and all were active against MCMV by PR (0.3 to 54 μM). Four of the compounds were active against EBV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (<0.3 to 4.4 μM). Four compounds with CMV activity were also active against HHV-6A and HHV-6B (0.7 to 28 μM), and three compounds were active against HHV-8 (5.5 to 16 μM). One of these, ZSM-I-62, had particularly good activity against CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-8, with EC
50
s of 0.7 to 8 μM. Toxicity was evaluated in adherent and nonadherent cells, and minimal cytotoxicity was observed. Mechanism of action studies with HCMV suggested that these compounds are phosphorylated by the ppUL97 phosphotransferase and are potent inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis. These results indicate that at least one of these compounds may have potential for use in treating CMV and other herpesvirus infections in humans.
Susceptibilities of Several Clinical Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Isolates and Drug-Resistant VZV Strains to Bicyclic Furano Pyrimidine Nucleosides
Authors: Andrei Graciela , Sienaert Rebecca , McGuigan Chris , Clercq Erik De , Balzarini Jan , Snoeck Robert 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is responsible for primary infections as well as reactivations after latency in the dorsal root ganglia. The treatment of such infections is mandatory for immunocompromised patients and highly recommended for elderly patients with herpes zoster infections (also called zona or shingles). The treatment of choice is presently based on four molecules, acyclovir (ACV), valaciclovir, famciclovir, and (in Europe) brivudine (BVDU). We present here our data on the antiviral activity of a new class of potent and selective anti-VZV compounds, bicylic pyrimidine nucleoside analogues (BCNAs), against a broad variety of clinical isolates and different drug-resistant virus strains. The results show that the BCNAs are far more potent inhibitors than ACV and BVDU against clinical VZV isolates as well as the VZV reference strains Oka and YS. The BCNAs were not active against ACV- and BVDU-resistant VZV strains bearing mutations in the viral thymidine kinase gene but kept their inhibitory potential against virus strains with mutations in the VZV DNA polymerase gene. Mutant virus strains selected in the presence of the BCNAs were solely cross-resistant to drugs, such as ACV and BVDU, that depend for their antiviral action on metabolic activation by the viral thymidine kinase.
High Prevalence of Markers for Sulfadoxine and Pyrimethamine Resistance in
Plasmodium falciparum
in the Absence of Drug Pressure in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
Authors: Marks Florian , Evans Jennifer , Meyer Christian G. , Browne Edmund N. , Flessner Christa , von Kalckreuth Vera , Eggelte Teunis A. , Horstmann Rolf D. , May Jürgen 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Markers of
Plasmodium falciparum
resistance to chloroquine (CQ) and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (PYR-SDX) are widespread in areas where malaria is endemic. In an area where the use PYR-SDX is negligible, the Ashanti Region of Ghana, West Africa, adult individuals were enrolled in an analysis of CQ- and PYR-SDX-associated molecular resistance markers in 2001 (
n
= 177) and 2003 (
n
= 180). Parasite prevalence, as assessed by PCR assays, were 56.5 and 48.8% in 2001 and 2003, respectively. A high frequency of CQ, PYR, and SDX resistance markers was observed, whereby, as a weak trend, the frequency was higher in 2003. The quintuple combination of three
pfdhfr
mutations and two
pfdhps
mutations has previously been recognized to be the most important determinant of PYR-SDX resistance. Approximately 60% of parasite carriers harbored fourfold mutated parasites, indicative of a considerable risk for a switch to high-level PYR-SDX resistance in an area where the rate of PYR-SDX use is low. Among the factors contributing to the high frequency of PYR-SDX resistance-associated mutations are background use of PYR-SDX, past use of PYR for malaria prophylaxis, cross-resistance of trimethoprim with PYR, and the sufficient biological fitness of resistant parasites in the absence of drug pressure.
In Vitro Activity of Ramoplanin against
Clostridium difficile
, Including Strains with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin or with Resistance to Metronidazole
Authors: Peláez T. , Alcalá L. , Alonso R. , Martín-López A. , García-Arias V. , Marín M. , Bouza E. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the in vitro activity of ramoplanin, an antimicrobial compound that inhibits cell wall synthesis by acting at the level of lipid intermediate formation, against
Clostridium difficile.
We included strains with reduced susceptibilities to vancomycin (vancomycin-intermediate [Van
i
] strains) or with resistance to metronidazole (Mtz
r
), in order to assess the potential utility of ramoplanin for the treatment of
C. difficile
-associated diarrhea. We tested the activity of ramoplanin against a total of 105 nonduplicate clinical isolates of toxigenic
C. difficile
, including 8 Van
i
isolates and 6 Mtz
r
isolates, obtained from our laboratory. Ramoplanin was active against all strains tested at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.5 μg/ml (MICs at which 50 and 90% of isolates were inhibited, 0.25 μg/ml; geometric mean MIC, 0.22 μg/ml). All isolates, independently of their levels of susceptibility to vancomycin or metronidazole, were considered susceptible to ramoplanin (MICs, ≤0.5 μg/ml).
Efficacy and Toxicity of Zinc Salts as Candidate Topical Microbicides against Vaginal Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection
Authors: Bourne Nigel , Stegall Rachael , Montano Raquel , Meador Michael , Stanberry Lawrence R. , Milligan Gregg N. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT
Zinc salt solutions administered as topical microbicides provided significant protection against herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in a mouse vaginal challenge model. However, at the therapeutic concentration, the salt solutions caused sloughing of sheets of vaginal epithelial cells. These observations limit the utility of zinc salts as microbicides and suggest that the application of zinc solutions to mucosal surfaces has the potential to cause damage that might increase susceptibility to secondary infections at a later time.
In Vitro Development of Resistance to Six and Four Fluoroquinolones in
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
and
Mycoplasma hominis
, Respectively
Authors: Gruson D. , Pereyre S. , Renaudin H. , Charron A. , Bébéar C. , Bébéar C. M. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Selection of resistant mutants in sequential subcultures with increasing concentrations of six and four different fluoroquinolones was studied for one reference strain each of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
and
Mycoplasma hominis
, respectively. All fluoroquinolones tested selected for resistance, with alterations affecting the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the four target topoisomerase genes.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of
Shigella sonnei
Isolates in Japan and Molecular Analysis of
S. sonnei
Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones
Authors: Hirose Kenji , Terajima Jun , Izumiya Hidemasa , Tamura Kazumichi , Arakawa Eiji , Takai Nobuko , Watanabe Haruo 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

We performed susceptibility testing with
Shigella sonnei
isolates from imported and domestic cases of infection in Japan during 2001 and 2002. Some
S. sonnei
isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Most of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains showed reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones but did not show fluoroquinolone resistance.
Efg1 Involved in Drug Resistance by Regulating the Expression of
ERG3
in
Candida albicans
Authors: Lo Hsiu-Jung , Wang Jang-Shiun , Lin Chih-Yang , Chen Chia-Geun , Hsiao Ting-Yin , Hsu Chia-Tung , Su Chia-Li , Fann Ming-Ji , Ching Yu-Tai , Yang Yun-Liang 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

The
ERG3
gene in
Candida
albicans
was identified as a gene whose mRNA level was higher in the
cph1
/
cph1 efg1
/
efg1
double mutant than in the wild-type cells. Further study showed that Efg1, but not Cph1, negatively regulated
ERG3
. Mutations in
EFG1
consistently increased the susceptibility of the cells to antifungal agents.
Potential Clindamycin Resistance in Clindamycin-Susceptible, Erythromycin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
: Report of a Clinical Failure
Authors: Levin Todd P. , Suh Byungse , Axelrod Peter , Truant Allan L. , Fekete Thomas 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

The
erm
gene product confers clindamycin resistance on
Staphylococcus aureus
. We report a clindamycin clinical failure where resistance developed on therapy in a D-test-positive strain. D tests of 91 clindamycin-susceptible, erythromycin-resistant
S
.
aureus
isolates showed that 68% of methicillin-susceptible and 12.3% of methicillin-resistant
S
.
aureus
strains were D-test positive.
Disequilibrium in Distribution of Resistance Mutations among
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Beijing and Non-Beijing Strains Isolated from Patients in Germany
Authors: Hillemann Doris , Kubica Tanja , Rüsch-Gerdes Sabine , Niemann Stefan 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Genotypic analysis of 103 multidrug-resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
strains isolated in Germany in 2001 revealed that mutations in codon 531 (75.7%) of the
rpoB
gene and codon 315 (88.4%) of the
katG
gene are most frequent. Beijing genotype strains (60.2% of all isolates) displayed a different distribution of resistance mutations than non-Beijing strains.
Mutational Analysis of Metronidazole Resistance in
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Moore Jill M. , Salama Nina R. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Metronidazole is one of a few antibiotics effective in eliminating
Helicobacter pylori
infection of the human stomach. Several chromosomal loci have been implicated in resistance to this drug. Saturation transposon mutagenesis of the
H. pylori
genome revealed inactivation of the
rdxA
gene as uniquely able to confer metronidazole resistance.
Experimental Prediction of the Evolution of Ceftazidime Resistance in the CTX-M-2 Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase
Authors: Welsh Kerry J. , Barlow Miriam , Tenover Fred C. , Biddle James W. , Rasheed J. Kamile , Clark Leigh Ann , McGowan John E. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

We applied in vitro evolution to an
Escherichia coli
strain containing
bla
CTX-M-2
and obtained 10 independent mutant
bla
CTX-M-2
alleles that confer elevated resistance to ceftazidime (MIC ≥ 32 μg/ml) but lost the ability to confer resistance to cefepime. All alleles had a Pro-to-Ser substitution at position 167.
Susceptibility of
Streptococcus
mutans
and
Actinobacillus
actinomycetemcomitans
to Bactericidal Activity of Human β-Defensin 3 in Biological Fluids
Authors: Maisetta Giuseppantonio , Batoni Giovanna , Esin Semih , Raco Giorgio , Bottai Daria , Favilli Flavia , Florio Walter , Campa Mario 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Bactericidal activity of human β-defensin 3 (hBD-3) against
Streptococcus
mutans
and
Actinobacillus
actinomycetemcomitans
was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the presence of saliva and/or serum. Increasing the concentration of hBD-3 partially overcame this inhibition. A fast bactericidal effect was observed against both bacterial strains, suggesting a potential therapeutic use for hBD-3 in the local treatment of oral infections.
In Vitro Activity of Tebipenem, a New Oral Carbapenem Antibiotic, against Penicillin-Nonsusceptible
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Kobayashi Reiko , Konomi Mami , Hasegawa Keiko , Morozumi Miyuki , Sunakawa Keisuke , Ubukata Kimiko 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activity of tebipenem (TBM), a new oral carbapenem antibiotic, against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
clinical isolates (
n
= 202) was compared with those of 15 reference agents. The isolates were classified into five genotypic classes after PCR identification of abnormal
pbp1a
,
pbp2x
, and
pbp2b
genes: (i) penicillin-susceptible
S. pneumoniae
(PSSP) isolates with no abnormal
pbp
genes (
n
= 34; 16.8%), (ii) genotypic penicillin-intermediate
S. pneumoniae
(gPISP) isolates with only an abnormal
pbp2x
gene [gPISP (
2x
)] (
n
= 48; 23.8%), (iii) gPISP isolates with abnormal
pbp1a
and
pbp2x
genes (
n
= 32; 15.8%), (iv) gPISP isolates with abnormal
pbp2x
and
pbp2b
genes (
n
= 16; 7.9%), and (v) genotypic penicillin-resistant
S. pneumoniae
(gPRSP) isolates with three abnormal
pbp
genes (
n
= 72; 35.6%). The majority of the strains tested had
mefA
(
n
= 59; 29.2%) or
ermB
(
n
= 91; 45%) gene-mediating macrolide resistance. For these isolates the MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited was significantly lower for TBM than for the reference oral antibiotics, as follows: 0.002 μg/ml for PSSP, 0.004 μg/ml for gPISP (
2x
), 0.016 μg/ml for gPISP (isolates with abnormal
pbp1a
and
pbp2x
genes and isolates with abnormal
pbp2x
and
pbp2b
genes), and 0.063 μg/ml for gPRSP. In addition, TBM showed excellent bactericidal activity against gPRSP isolates, which exhibited a 3-log
10
decrease within 2 h when they were incubated with a concentration greater than or equal to the MIC. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis toward the long axis and subsequent cell lysis were observed by scanning electron microscopy after a short-term exposure to TBM, unlike the effects seen with cephalosporins. These data suggest that TBM has potent activity against multidrug-resistant
S. pneumoniae
, the causative pathogen of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Comparative Bacteriological Efficacy of Pharmacokinetically Enhanced Amoxicillin-Clavulanate against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
with Elevated Amoxicillin MICs and
Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Berry Valerie , Hoover Jennifer , Singley Christine , Woodnutt Gary 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

A new pharmacokinetically enhanced formulation of amoxicillin-clavulanate (2,000 mg of amoxicillin/125 mg of clavulanate twice a day; ratio 16:1) has been designed, with sustained-release technology, to allow coverage of bacterial strains with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid MICs of at least 4/2 μg/ml. The bacteriological efficacy of amoxicillin-clavulanate, 2,000/125 mg twice a day, ratio 16:1, was compared in a rat model of respiratory tract infection versus four other amoxicillin-clavulanate formulations: 8:1 three times a day (1,000/125 mg), 7:1 three times a day (875/125 mg), 7:1 twice a day (875/125 mg), and 4:1 three times a day (500/125 mg); levofloxacin (500 mg once a day); and azithromycin (1,000 mg on day 1 followed thereafter by 500 mg once a day). Bacterial strains included
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid MICs of 2/1 (one strain), 4/2, or 8/4 μg/ml (three strains each), and
Haemophilus influenzae
, one β-lactamase-positive strain and one β-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant strain. Animals were infected by intrabronchial instillation. Antibacterial treatment commenced 24 h postinfection, with doses delivered by computer-controlled intravenous infusion to approximate the concentrations achieved in human plasma following oral administration. Plasma concentrations in the rat corresponded closely with target human concentrations for all antimicrobials tested. Amoxicillin-clavulanate, 2,000/125 mg twice a day, ratio 16:1, was effective against all
S. pneumoniae
strains tested, including those with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid MICs of up to 8/4 μg/ml and against β-lactamase-producing and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant
H. influenzae
. These results demonstrate the bacteriological efficacy of pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin-clavulanate 2,000/125 mg twice a day (ratio 16:1) against
S. pneumoniae
with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid MICs of at least 4/2 μg/ml and support clavulanate 125 mg twice a day as sufficient to protect against β-lactamase in this rat model.