bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Triacylglycerol and Morphometric Measures of Condition in Sunshine Bass Fry
Authors: Lochmann Steve E , Ludwig Gerald M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Condition measures are assessed for wild populations of fish fry to examine production and the implications for recruitment variability. These condition measures might guide management decisions, such as those in fish culture. We developed two condition measures, one based on morphometric measurements and one based on lipid class composition, for sunshine bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis) fry. Prey concentrations were varied during three tank studies. Fry were sampled periodically and analyzed morphometrically and biochemically. Discriminant function analyses of morphometrics and lipid class composition were used to classify fry into treatment groups. The most successful discriminant function, which was based on morphometrics, correctly classified 75% of the test fry. We developed a condition measure based on relative triacylglycerol (TAG) content. Well-fed fry (15–20 prey/mL) had significantly higher average relative TAG values than poorly fed fry during the third week in two of the studies. Undernourished fry had relative TAG values of approximately 0.5, whereas well-fed fry had values ranging from 1.0 to 5.0. Relative TAG and the morphometric discriminant function are indicators of feeding success and might be used to guide management decisions, such as fertilization or feeding, during phase-I fingerling production of sunshine bass.
The Toxicity of Bayluscide and TFM to Tubifex tubifex: Implications for Chemical Control of the Oligochaete Host of Myxobolus cerebralis, the Causative Agent of Whirling Disease
Authors: Kowalski Dan A , Bergersen Eric P 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Standard 24-h toxicity tests were performed to determine the acute toxicity of Bayluscide (5,2′-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide) and 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to two strains of the oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex exposed and unexposed to Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease. In addition, microcosm trials were conducted to test the effect of three treatment levels of each chemical on the density of T. tubifex in an earthen hatchery pond. In the toxicity tests, worms that were susceptible to M. cerebralis infection were more sensitive to both chemicals than worms that were resistant to the parasite. The toxicity differences of exposed and unexposed worms within a lineage were not as great as those between lineages. Among worms that were susceptible to M. cerebralis, the concentrations of TFM that were lethal to 50% of the test organisms (LC50s) were 6.3 mg/L for worms that had been exposed to M. cerebralis myxospores and 7.3 mg/L for unexposed worms; for resistant worms, the corresponding LC50s were 8.2 and 7.7 mg/L. Among susceptible worms, the LC50s of Bayluscide were 0.060 mg/L for organisms exposed to M. cerebralis myxospores and 0.062 mg/L for unexposed organisms; resistant worms had LC50s of 0.096 and 0.106 mg/L. In the microcosm trials, Bayluscide treatments reduced worm densities by 73–82%, while the TFM treatments reduced worm densities by 34–88%. Given its rapid degradation, relatively selective toxicity, lower cost, and regulatory status, Bayluscide appears to be the best candidate for further study as a chemical control of the oligochaete host of the parasite that causes whirling disease in salmonid fishes.
Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth of Juvenile Black Sea Bass, with Implications for Aquaculture
Authors: Cotton Charles F , Walker Randal L , Recicar Todd C 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The black sea bass Centropristis striata has recently gained popularity in the live seafood markets of the northeastern United States. Fish farmers need instruction on optimizing environmental parameters for the growth of black sea bass. In this study, optimal temperature and salinity were determined experimentally for the growth of juvenile black sea bass (initial mean weight, ∼9.2 g). The temperature experiment compared growth at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30°C; the salinity experiment compared growth at 10, 20, and 30‰ salinities. Both of these experiments were performed in closed aquaria. At the end of the temperature experiment (6 weeks), Tukey's Studentized range test (α = 0.05) showed that fish reared at 25°C were significantly larger than those reared at 20°C and 30°C. All of these temperatures produced significantly larger fish than did the 15°C treatment. At the end of the salinity experiment (12 weeks), Tukey's Studentized range test (α = 0.05) showed that salinities of 20‰ and 30‰ did not produce significantly different weights in fish. However, both of these salinities produced significantly larger fish than did a salinity of 10‰. Given the results of these experiments, fish farmers can manipulate the environmental parameters of their aquacultural systems to optimize growth of juvenile black sea bass, thereby reducing the time required to produce a marketable product.
Cryopreservation of Sperm from the Endangered Colorado Pikeminnow
Authors: Tiersch Terrence R , Figiel Chester R. , Wayman William R , Williamson J Holt , Gorman Owen T , Carmichael Gary J 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We developed methods for the cryopreservation of sperm of the endangered Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius. Sperm were collected from a captive broodstock population of Colorado pikeminnow reared and maintained at the Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center. Our objectives were to (1) evaluate the effects on sperm motility of 24-h storage in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS); (2) characterize sperm motility and duration; (3) examine the relationship between sperm motility and osmotic pressure; (4) examine the effect of four cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], dimethyl acetamide [DMA], glycerol, and methanol [MeOH] at two concentrations [5% and 10%]) on postthaw motility; and (5) compare the effect of two cooling rates (40°C/min and 4°C/min) on postthaw motility. The sperm samples diluted with HBSS retained higher motility (mean ± SD, 77 ± 22%; n = 9) than did undiluted samples (12 ± 30%; n = 9) after 24 h of storage. When exposed to HBSS at 274 mosmols/kg or more, few sperm became motile (∼1%). Exposure to HBSS at 265 mosmols/kg elicited threshold activation (defined as 10% motility), and maximum motility (&gt;95%) was observed at 93 mosmols/kg. The maximum motility of sperm was observed within 10 s after activation with deionized water, and sperm remained motile for 57 s. The sperm that were cooled at a rate of 40°C/min and cryopreserved with 5% MeOH retained higher postthaw motility (56 ± 13%) than did sperm cryopreserved with DMSO, DMA, or glycerol (at 5% and 10%). When the sperm samples were cooled at a rate of 4°C/min, sperm cryopreserved with MeOH (5% or 10%) or DMSO (5% or 10%) retained the highest postthaw motilities (≤14%). The use of cryopreserved sperm can assist hatchery managers in the production of fish, provide for the long-term conservation of genetic resources, and assist in the recovery of endangered species such as the Colorado pikeminnow.
An Effective Minimum Concentration of Un-ionized Ammonia Nitrogen for Controlling Prymnesium parvum
Authors: Barkoh Aaron , Smith Dennis G , Schlechte J Warren 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The minimum concentration of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen needed to kill the alga Prymnesium parvum in 24–48 h was determined from ammonium sulfate treatments. Five treatments [0, 3, 5, 10, and 15 mg (NH4)2SO4/L] were tested at pH 8 and pH 9 and temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C to generate various concentrations of total and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen; their effectiveness in killing the alga was then monitored for 48 h. There was a strong relationship between treatment success and the level of ammonium sulfate or un-ionized ammonia nitrogen. The ammonium sulfate treatments that killed the alga did so within the first 24 h, and their effectiveness at 48 h was not significantly different from that at 24 h. At pH 9, ammonium sulfate concentrations above 5 mg/L eradicated the alga approximately 90% of the time, compared with 33% for the other treatments. In terms of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen, 0.055 mg/L was similar to the control in failing to kill the alga; however, 0.17 mg/L eradicated the alga 80% of the time. We suggest 0.17 mg/L of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen as the minimum concentration for therapeutic control of P. parvum.
Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment during Egg Incubation Improves Channel Catfish Hatching Success
Authors: Small Brian C , Wolters William R 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment on the hatching success of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus when administered during egg incubation as a 15-min bath or as a flow-through treatment. In the first trial, initial treatment with 100 mg povidone iodine/L followed by daily 15-min baths of 250 mg H2O2/L yielded a 26% increase (P &lt; 0.05) in hatching success above controls. In the second trial, daily 15-min baths with H2O2 (250 mg/L) yielded a 30% increase (P &lt; 0.05) in hatching success compared with povidone-iodine-treated controls and significantly improved hatching success compared with formalin-treated (1,600 mg/L) eggs. In the third trial, hydrogen peroxide was administered in flow-through hatching troughs. Egg masses treated with 70 mg H2O2/L had significantly improved (P &lt; 0.05) hatching success compared with untreated controls (68.3% and 24.2%, respectively). The results of this research show that significant improvements in channel catfish hatching success can be obtained through the use of hydrogen peroxide as a cost-effective alternative to formalin.
The Sock-Saver: A Small Trailer for Providing Liquid Oxygen to Remote Sites on Commercial Channel Catfish Farms
Authors: Torrans Eugene L , Hogue Charles D. , Pilkinton Sam 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A small, single-axle trailer was designed and built to hold three 50-gal liquid oxygen Dewar flask tanks. The unit is small enough to be moved around a commercial channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farm with a pickup truck or small tractor. It is being used successfully to provide supplemental oxygen at remote on-farm locations to channel catfish that are being held in a sock (net cage or live car) at high density before sale. The total materials cost of the complete sock-saver with trailer, Dewar tanks, pressure/flow regulators, and diffusers was $8,333.16. It is simple to operate, durable, and virtually maintenance free. Because no electrical or mechanical power source is required, it can be set up anywhere. The small “footprint” of the trailer does not interfere with the other equipment normally used when loading fish from a sock. Individual flow regulators allow use of one, several, or all eight diffusers as needed. The diffusers and hoses are self-weighted and tangle-free and do not interfere with the normal process of crowding the fish in the sock and dipping them up in the loading basket. The unit can increase dissolved oxygen in a sock by as much as 0.9 mg/L.
Pond Fertilization Does Not Affect Nutritional Value of Zooplankton in Channel Catfish Nursery Ponds
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Li Menghe H , Zimba Paul V 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We determined the nutritional value of large zooplankton (500–1,000 μm) from fertilized and nonfertilized channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus nursery ponds. Proximate composition, amino acids, fatty acids, and assimilated algal pigments were statistically compared between pond groups. Analyses of vitamin and mineral composite samples of zooplankton from fertilized and nonfertilized ponds are presented. Treatment and control pond zooplankton were similar in nutritional value. Only two fatty acids (16:0 and 20:4[n-6]) were significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) between fertilized and nonfertilized ponds, but total n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids were not different. The zooplankton in this study met or exceeded all nutritional requirements of channel catfish fry except that zooplankton in nonfertilized ponds appeared to contain less -than the required levels of pantothenic acid and vitamin B6. However, no statistical comparison of vitamins was made between fertilized and nonfertilized ponds. Because of the high nutritional value of zooplankton present in channel catfish nursery ponds, the importance of maintaining high densities of zooplankton is confirmed. If fertilization practices maintain large numbers of zooplankton, all fry nutritional requirements can be met through the natural biota. Supplemental feeding with prepared diets may still be necessary to ensure that sufficient food sources are available to the fry for optimum growth and survival.
Growth Performance and Body Composition of Palmetto Bass Fed Five Levels of Dietary Protein at Two Energy-to-Protein Ratios
Authors: Gummadi Ramesh C , Reigh Robert C 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) level and digestible energy-to-protein (DE:P) ratio on the growth performance and body composition of palmetto bass (female striped bass Morone saxatilis × male white bass M. chrysops). Ten soybean-meal-based diets were prepared to contain 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50% CP at DE:P ratios of 33.48 or 41.85 kJ/g CP. The diets contained lyophilized palmetto bass muscle as the sole animal protein source to improve dietary amino acid composition. Wheat middlings and corn grain were the major sources of carbohydrates, and the diets were formulated to meet the known nutritional requirements of palmetto bass. Fish fed 35% or 40% CP at 33.48 or 41.85 kJ/g CP had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater weight gains and higher feed efficiency ratios than fish fed the other diets. The protein efficiency ratio (g weight gain/g CP consumed) decreased and visceral fat ([g visceral fat × 100]/g body weight) increased as the dietary protein level increased in both DE:P treatments. The hepatosomatic index ([g liver weight × 100]/g body weight) increased with the dietary protein level up to 40–45% CP. Whole-body muscle content and fillet yield did not differ significantly among fish fed any of the diets at either DE:P ratio. The lipid content of fillets was higher among fish fed 45–50% CP than among those fed up to 40% CP. Hematocrit and serum protein concentrations were not affected by the dietary CP level or the DE:P treatment. Overall, the DE:P ratio had little or no effect on most of the parameters of interest. Based on our comparisons of weight gain, diet utilization efficiency, and body composition among treatment groups, a 35% CP diet with 41.85 kJ/g CP was considered optimum for palmetto bass under the conditions of this study.
Effectiveness of the Minimally Invasive Surgical Technique (MIST) for Removal of Ovulated Eggs from First-Time and Second-Time MIST-Spawned Paddlefish
Authors: Mims Steven D , Onders Richard J , Gomelsky Boris , Shelton William L 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST) for the removal of ovulated eggs from paddlefish Polyodon spathula was tested on broodstock that had been previously spawned using MIST to determine whether repeat spawning affected fecundity or hatching rate compared with broodstock than had not previously been induced to spawn. There were no significant differences in the number of eggs removed or in the hatching rate between first- and second-time MIST spawners. The oviducts from second-time MIST spawners appeared normal and had no scarring or blockage. The MIST approach is efficient, practical, and less stressful to broodstock during artificial propagation than other reported egg collection procedures.
Mariculture of the Oyster Toadfish: Juvenile Growth and Survival
Authors: Mensinger Allen F , Price Nichole N , Richmond Hazel E , Forsythe John W , Hanlon Roger T 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Nests of oyster toadfish Opsanus tau with guardian males were transported from Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, to the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Following larval detachment from the nest, the offspring were separated from the males and placed into culture tanks with flow-through seawater. The juveniles were initially fed adult brine shrimp Artemia spp. supplemented with small pieces of frozen squid Loligo spp. During the second year of the study, the majority of the diet was squid supplemented with locally available food. Fish were maintained at different temperatures (approximately 15°C, 20°C, and ambient) and densities (2–90 fish/m2). Although the culture density did not have an appreciable effect on growth, fish maintained in warmer water grew significantly faster than fish kept at cooler temperatures. After 2 years, the fish reared in warm water averaged 10.0 cm and 40.5 g, while those reared in cold water averaged 6.5 cm and 11.0 g. Growth in weight was shown to be exponential from day 76 to day 200, with rates of 1.4% and 0.38% body weight per day at 20°C and 15°C, respectively, an almost fourfold difference. Beyond day 200, growth in weight at both temperatures was best fitted by a power function; however, there was no significant difference in the slope of the growth curve between the two temperature groups. Thus, temperature did not accelerate growth rates from day 225 onward. Survival rates were greater than 68% in four of the five treatment groups. Despite constant high temperatures and food availability throughout the winter months, oyster toadfish underwent a quiescent period during the second year of life and exhibited minimal growth during this time, indicating that shortened day length may affect growth rates.
Effect of Citric Acid, Copper Sulfate Concentration, and Temperature on a Pond Shoreline Treatment for Control of the Marsh Rams-Horn Snail Planorbella trivolvis and the Potential Toxicity of the Treatment to Channel Catfish
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J , Hobbs Melissa S 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Tests were run to determine whether any refinements were warranted in an established copper sulfate–citric acid pond shoreline treatment (Environmental Protection Agency registration number 1278–8) for aquatic marsh rams-horn snails Planorbella trivolvis. The treatments applied in these studies consisted of two levels (full and half) of copper sulfate (CuSO4; 589 and 294.5 g) with and without citric acid (CA; 58.9 and 0 g) that were delivered in a 2-m swath 10-m length of shoreline. In research ponds, shoreline treatments without CA were significantly more effective against the snails than the treatments with CA. The full CuSO4 treatment without CA was significantly more effective than the half treatment without CA at all temperatures tested below 35°C. There was a significant reduction in the effectiveness of the full treatment without CA at 17 ± 0.5°C (40% snail survival), while snail survival (average, 3.2%) in the trials run at 21.5, 23, 26, and 35°C was not significantly different from each other. When applied to the perimeter of 0.41-ha research ponds (ponds smaller than recommended for the shoreline treatment), the full CuSO4 treatment with CA was found to be significantly more toxic to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus over a 120-h period at 31°C (&lt;35% survival) than at 28°C (&gt;95% survival, which was similar to that of the control). It was also more toxic than an application of the same amount of CuSO4 without CA at 31°C. The study indicates that the most effective pond shoreline treatment (589 g of CuSO4 without CA applied in a 2-m swath over a 10-m length of shoreline) should be administered in water with a temperature of at least 21°C.
Effects of Partial Tank Covers on the Growth of Juvenile Feral Rainbow Trout during Hatchery Rearing
Authors: Barnes Michael E , Durben Dan J 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Partial tank covers were evaluated for their effects on the growth of juvenile feral McConaughy strain rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss during hatchery rearing. Trout were reared in 1999 and 2000 in circular tanks that were either completely open on top or partially (29%) covered. Trout reared in tanks with partial covers were 93 mm long at the end of 55 d of rearing in 1999, which was significantly longer than the 88-mm mean length of trout reared in uncovered tanks. Total lengths were also significantly different after 34 d of rearing in 2000: 81 mm for fish from partially covered tanks and 78 mm for fish from open tanks. The total weight gains of fish per tank were significantly greater (23.9 versus 22.7 kg) and feed conversions were significantly better (0.83 versus 0.87) in partially covered tanks in 1999. In 2000, the total weight gain of fish per tank was 15.4 kg in tanks with partial covers and 13.5 kg in uncovered tanks, and the respective feed conversions were 0.90 and 1.05. However, neither weight gain nor conversion was significantly different in 2000. No significant differences in percent mortality were observed in fish reared with or without partial covers.
Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide in Controlling Mortality Associated with External Columnaris on Walleye and Channel Catfish Fingerlings
Authors: Rach Jeff J , Schleis Susan M , Gaikowski Mark , Johnson Alan 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide in controlling mortality associated with external columnaris infections on walleye Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) and channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings was evaluated in two on-site trials. Microscopic examination of skin scrapes before treatment confirmed the presence of bacteria indicative of columnaris disease. In separate trials, walleyes (12 g) and channel catfish (2.3 g) were exposed to a total of three every-other-day hydrogen peroxide treatments of 0, 50, 75, or 100 mg/L for 60 min. Each treatment regimen was tested in triplicate, and each replicate contained 13 walleyes or 26 channel catfish. Hydrogen peroxide exposures of 50 mg/L for 60 min significantly increased walleye survival relative to that at other treatment concentrations, including the controls. Exposures of 50, 75, or 100 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide for 60 min significantly increased channel catfish survival in comparison with that of controls. These trials indicated that hydrogen peroxide treatments effectively reduce mortality in walleyes and channel catfish infected with external columnaris.
Tag Retention and Survivorship of Hatchery Rainbow Trout Marked with Large-Format Visible Implant Alphanumeric Tags
Authors: Isely J Jeffery , Trested Drew G , Grabowski Timothy B 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Large-format visible implant alphanumeric (VIalpha) tags were implanted into 15,400 rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Tag retention after 25 d was 82.6%, and survivorship was 92.8%. The results of this study compare favorably with those of similar studies on other species and suggest that large-format VIalpha tags are an appropriate choice for studies requiring the individual identification of larger rainbow trout.