bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF ANTIGENIC COMPETITION ON VARIOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF HUMORAL ANTIBODY FORMATION AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Authors: Eidinger David , Khan Salahuddin A. , Millar Kenneth G. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of antigenic competition on various parameters of humoral antibody formation and cellular immunity was studied in mice.
Several pairs of antigens were employed in the investigation of the competitive aspects of induction of humoral antibody formation. Induction of a primary immune response to hemocyanin in Swiss white female mice moderately suppressed the induction of both 19S and 7S antibody formation to goose or rat erythrocytes. Suppression of 7S antibody formation was maximal when a time interval of 1–3 days separated the sequence of injections, although suppression was noted for intervals of up to 14 days. The induction of a primary immune response to rat RBC, the second of the two antigens in sequence, also suppressed The induction of both 19S and 7S antibody formation to goose RBC when appropriate intervals of 1–3 days were employed between injections.
The induction of a secondary immune response to rat RBC totally suppressed the primary induction of both 19S and 7S antibody formation to goose RBC administered in the appropriate time sequence. Subsequently, it was shown that the secondary immune response to the suppressed antigen (goose RBC) elicited 30 days after induction of a primary immune response (5 days after secondary immunization with rat RBC) was characterized by deficient 19S and 7S antibody production. These levels were suppressed even in comparison with a normal primary immune response to this antigen. The results were interpreted in part on the basis of a deficiency of formation of primed cells associated with immunological memory. Alternatively, evidence was obtained for the development of a split type of immunological tolerance in 6 of 10 animals studied, since a total suppression of 7S antibody production was obtained in association with deficient 19S antibody synthesis (titers &lt; 1/10).
The induction of a primary immune response to several antigens in A/J female mice suppressed the processes of cellular immunity as manifested by prolonged survival of skin grafts from C57 BL/6J female donors.
These results were interpreted as evidence for the existence and utilization of processing cells by the initial immune stimulus yielding a deficiency of cells available for processing the second antigen administered in sequence.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS
Authors: Tannenberg Walter J. K. , Malaviya Anand N. 
Published: June 2004

The generation, time of cells synthesizing 19S antibody was measured during the exponential phase of the primary and secondary immune responses. Using a plaque-forming cell assay together with a double label isotope method, the duration of the generation time was found to be about 13 hr, that of the S period was about 8 hr, and that of G-1 and G-2 were about 3 and 2 hr, respectively, in both immune responses.
Previous work was confirmed showing that all plaque-forming cells observed during the exponential phase of the immune responses incorporate labeled thymidine, and therefore take part in proliferation.
These results were obtained at points during both responses when the doubling time of the PFC was observed to be 6–7 hr. This finding makes untenable the hypothesis that the rate of appearance of PFC equals the rate of proliferation of these cells.
A hypothesis is presented to account for these findings and to serve as a basis for further experiments.
THE THYMUS AND RECOVERY OF THE SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE RESPONSE IN IRRADIATED MICE
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. , Davis Caroline 
Published: June 2004

The role of the thymus in the recovery of the sheep erythrocyte response after lethal irradiation has been studied in adult CBA mice with the hemolytic plaque technique of Jerne. This immunological parameter is markedly thymus-dependent. 10 wk after irradiation and after antigenic challenge the thymectomized animal has only one-twentieth to one-fortieth the number of plaque-forming cells as does the irradiated animal with intact thymus. The thymus continues to function into the 7th and 8th month of life in this strain. Unlike the drug-tolerant animal, the incompetent irradiated thymectomized mouse retains base line plaques (plaques without antigenic stimulation).
Thymectomy 18 days after irradiation is as effective as prior thymectomy in preventing recovery of the sheep cell response. Thymectomized animals receiving grafts of isogenic neonatal thymus (placed beneath the kidney capsule) 1 day, 1 wk, or 2 wk after irradiation are somewhat more responsive at 10 wk than intact animals. Grafts in place for 1 or 2 wk after irradiation and then removed result in one-fifth the recovery of grafts in place the entire time, while only slight restoration is obtained from grafts in place for the final 3 wk of the experiment. The results indicate that the thymus is not required for the 18 days after irradiation, that a period of at least 3 wk residence is required for complete restoration, and that the thymus itself is somewhat radiation-sensitive.
Allogeneic thymus grafts failed to restore the hemolysin response of irradiated thymectomized animals.
CAPSULATION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS WITH SOLUBLE C-LIKE (Cs) POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Bornstein Donald L. , Schiffman Gerald , Bernheimer Harriet P. , Austrian Robert 
Published: June 2004

Capsulated mutants of pneumococcus producing a capsule of soluble polysaccharide related immunologically to the C or cell wall polysaccharide of pneumococcus have been isolated from several noncapsulated variants of this organism. The capsular material of these strains reacts with antisera both to homologous strains and to noncapsulated strains of pneumococcus and with human C-reactive protein. C-reactive protein has been shown to give a positive capsular precipitin or Quellung reaction with Cs pneumococcal variants and to agglutinate them.
The genetic locus which determines the production of Cs polysaccharide is situated in a region of the pneumococcal chromosome distinct from that controlling normal capsular polysaccharide synthesis. Binary and ternary capsulated pneumococci, one of the capsular components of which is Cs polysaccharide, have been isolated following DNA-mediated transformation.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE SPECIFICITY OF CELLULAR HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: David John R. , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: June 2004

The immunochemical specificity of antigen-induced inhibition of peritoneal exudate cell migration was studied in animals sensitized to chemically defined α,DNP(Lys)18 peptides. It was shown that sensitized peritoneal exudate cells could discriminate between various DNP-oligolysines. Only immunogenic members of the homologous series of α,DNP-L-lysines equal to or larger in size than the heptamer inhibited the migration of specifically sensitized peritoneal exudate cells. In contrast, nonimmunogenic α,DNP-L-lysines, a D-lysine containing stereoisomer of α,DNP L(Lys)9 (α,DNP-L4DL4) and (Lys)9ϵ, DNP were not inhibitory to the migration of peritoneal exudate cells derived from animals immunized to α,DNP(Lys)18.
The exquisite specificity of the in vitro reaction of sensitized cells with antigen contrasts with the previously observed in vivo or in vitro specificity of anti-α,-DNP(Lys)n antibody, but parallels the specificity of the in vivo delayed or anamnestic response. These results suggest the presence of a still undefined but highly specific binding site, which functions as the cellular receptor for antigen on the sensitized lymphoid cell or on some "processing" cell.
USE OF HYBRID ANTIBODY WITH ANTI-γG AND ANTI-FERRITIN SPECIFICITIES IN LOCATING CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Hämmerling Ulrich , Aoki Tadao , de Harven Etienne , Boyse Edward A. , Old Lloyd J. 
Published: June 2004

Hybrid antibody [F(ab')2] with dual specificity for mouse γG and ferritin was prepared from the corresponding rabbit antisera, providing a precise reagent for locating mouse γG on cell surfaces. Viable cells were exposed successively to (a) mouse antibody to a cell surface antigen, (b) the rabbit hybrid antibody, and (c) ferritin, before preparation for electron microscopy. This method of
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labeling is sensitive and specific and clearly lends itself to the introduction of visual markers other than ferritin. Other advantages are uniformity of labeling, ease of purification of the reagent, and circumvention of the many drawbacks arising from coupling ferritin to antibody chemically.
CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE
Authors: Shearer G. M. , Cudkowicz G. , Priore R. L. 
Published: June 2004

Spleen cell suspensions of primed donor mice containing precursors of immunocytes have been transplanted into X-irradiated recipient mice 122–138 days after immunization. Following secondary stimulation with antigen (sheep erythrocytes), these precursors, called antigen-sensitive units (ASU), gave rise to progeny cells secreting specific antibody in the spleens of recipients. Single cells releasing IgM hemolysins (direct plaque-forming cells or PFC), IgG hemolysins (indirect PFC), and hemagglutinins (cluster-forming cells or CFC) were enumerated.
By transplanting graded and limiting numbers of primed spleen cells, inocula were found which contained one or a few ASU reaching the recipient spleens. We estimated, thereby, the frequency of ASU detectable by our procedures in donor cell suspensions. The values obtained from direct and in-indirect plaque assays, and from cluster assays were 1 in ∼8.0 x 105, 1 in ∼4.4 x 105, and 1 in ∼5.9 x 105 nucleated spleen cells, respectively. The number of splenic ASU for direct PFC was not greater than that of unimmunized mice; however, immunization greatly increased the number of splenic ASU for indirect PFC and for CFC.
By applying to each recipient spleen direct and indirect plaque tests and cluster tests, we found that positivity for each type of immunocyte was independent from that of the other two types. These results confirm the unipotent nature of splenic ASU in general, and document the commitment of ASU primed with SRBC to generate progeny cells secreting antibody of a single molecular (IgM or IgG) or functional (lysin or agglutinin) class.
We concluded that splenic ASU are composed of relatively differentiated cells of the immune system of mice. With respect to specificity and class differentiation, ASU appear to be as specialized as antibody-producing cells themselves. Our results did not support the view that ASU-derived clonal populations shift from IgM to IgG antibody production.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE STIMULATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN LYMPH NODE CELL CULTURES BY ANTI-LYMPHOCYTE SERUM, ANTI-GAMMA GLOBULIN SERUM, SPECIFIC ANTIGEN, AND PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Foerster John , Lamelin Jean-Pierre , Green Ira , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit anti-guinea pig lymphocyte serum is an efficient stimulus of the synthesis of DNA by guinea pig lymph node cells in vitro. The ability of ALS to stimulate lymphocytes is characterized by its lack of dependence on prior sensitization, the magnitude of the response it elicits, and the stimulation of all sensitive lymph node cells simultaneously within a very narrow range of ALS concentrations. In contrast to this homogeneous response to ALS, the stimulation of lymph node cells by antigen proceeds in graded fashion over a wide range of concentrations, thus reflecting the heterogeneity of the response of sensitized cells to antigen. PHA gives a response which is intermediate between that of ALS and antigen.
ALS appears to have specificity for membrane determinants shared by lymphocytes but not found on other tissues. This specificity does not involve cell-bound gamma globulin. The serum activity mediating lymphocyte stimulation as well as cytotoxicity is readily removed by absorption with lymph node cells.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CELLULAR INFILTRATE ON THE EVOLUTION AND INTENSITY OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Authors: Hill William C. 
Published: June 2004

When a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction is elicted in a sensitive animal at a skin site in which an accumulation of mononuclear cells has been induced by a prior injection of a nonspecific stimulus, those properties characteristic of a DTH reaction, i.e. erythema, edema, and induration, become evident much more rapidly and intensely than a reaction in an unprepared skin site. This rapid, intense reaction has the histology of a classical delayed reaction and persists as long or longer than a classical DTH reaction in the same animal.
Two facts are evident from these observations. Firstly, early in the development of a delayed reaction, the slow accumulation of mononuclear cells may be completely independent of the presence of specific antigen. Secondly, there is a reaction between specific antigen and an antibody-like substance which may or may not be attached to cells. The reaction develops so rapidly at a prepared site that the pharmacological mediators which are responsible for edema must be presumed to be released abruptly. A classical delayed reaction is attributable to the time needed for the accumulation of cells in sufficient numbers. It follows that the rate-limiting step in a classical delayed reaction is the process of cell accumulation. The present observations indicate that this process is independent of the presence of specific antigen.
GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RENAL HYPERTENSION IN PARABIOTIC RATS
Authors: Iwai J. , Knudsen K. D. , Dahl L. K. , Heine M. , Leitl G. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of several renal manipulations including uninephrectomy, unilateral renal artery constriction, and a combination of these two (Goldblatt procedure) were studied in two strains of rats with opposite constitutional predispositions to experimental hypertension. The protective value of intact renal tissue to protect against hypertension was shown to be genetically determined.
The Goldblatt procedure carried out on only one member of a parabiotic pair induced hypertension in this operated rat but significant hypertension developed in the intact partner only when the operated animal belonged to the strain predisposed to hypertension.
It was speculated that there were qualitative differences in the pressor signals of the two strains of rats. In the strain genetically predisposed to hypertension there are at least two pressor principles: (a) one which is common to both strains, not transmittable via the parabiosis junction and presumably related to the renin-angiotensin system; and (b) a second which is specific for the hypertension-prone strain and can be transmitted through the parabiosis junction. This transmittable agent is probably identical with the factor that produces salt hypertension and is associated with the salt-excreting mechanism.
THE OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES OF LEUKOCYTOSIS AND LYMPHOCYTOSIS-STIMULATING MATERIAL IN THE SUPERNATANT FLUIDS OF BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS CULTURES
Authors: Morse Stephen I. , Bray Karen K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Leukocytosis- and lymphocytosis-stimulating activity was present in fluid cultures of B. pertussis. The activity was found primarily in the culture supernatant fluid.
2. The sequential changes in the leukocyte response were similar to those previously observed following injection of intact bacteria into mice.
3. Activity was destroyed by heat and was diminished, but not abolished, by prolonged treatment with proteolytic enzymes.
4. A water-insoluble fraction of the culture supernatant fluid was isolated which contained virtually all of the activity. The specific activity was more than 100-fold greater than that of the intact bacteria, and injection of microgram quantities produced a response.
5. The distribution of histamine-sensitizing factor followed that of leukocytosis-stimulating activity. In contrast, mouse protective antigen was localized to the bacterial pellet.
INHIBITION OF RELEASE OF VACCINIA VIRUS BY N1-ISONICOTINOYL-N2-3-METHYL-4-CHLOROBENZOYLHYDRAZINE
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Eggers Hans J. , Rolly Heinrich 
Published: June 2004

N1-isonicotinoyl-N2-3-methyl-4-chlorobenzoylhydrazine (IMCBH) is a selective inhibitor of vaccinia virus multiplication. In concentrations up to 50 µg/ml, IMCBH causes neither toxic morphologic changes, nor does it inhibit the multiplication of cells. Viruses other than vaccinia are not affected by IMCBH. The virus-inhibitory effect of IMCBH is dependent on the type of host cell used, i.e., the compound is effective in chick embryo fibroblasts and monkey kidney cells but not in L cells. IMCBH does not exhibit any protecting effect on vaccinia virus-infected mice or rabbits.
IMCBH interferes with virus release: in single cycle experiments in chick embryo fibroblasts, IMCBH strongly blocks the release of vaccinia virus at concentrations as low as 3 µg/ml, while intracellular virus synthesis is hardly affected. Viral cytopathic changes are completely suppressed by IMCBH within the span of a single cycle infection, although extensive changes eventually occur. By inhibiting virus release from initially infected cells, IMCBH markedly inhibits the multiplication of vaccinia virus in cell cultures infected at low virus/ cell multiplicities.
IMCBH does not inhibit the early toxic cytopathic changes induced by large inocula of vaccinia virus in BHK21 cells.
RABBIT ANTIBODIES TO STREPTOCOCCAL CARBOHYDRATES
Authors: Braun Dietmar G. , Eichmann Klaus , Krause Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

In a search for possible genetic factors which may influence the immune response to the streptococcal carbohydrates, over 100 rabbits have been immunized with streptococcal vaccines, and representative examples of high and low response pairs mated. The concentration of precipitins to the group—specific carbohydrates has been measured in the antisera following primary intravenous immunization with heat-killed streptococcal vaccines, Group A, Group A-variant, and Group C. For the majority of rabbits, the concentration of precipitins varied between 1 and 10 mg/ml of antiserum; while in the minority, it was between 11 and 32 mg/ml. The offspring of rabbits with high antibody levels had a significantly higher concentration of antibody than was seen in the offspring of rabbits of low response parents. Such data suggest that the magnitude of the immune response to these carbohydrate antigens is under some form of genetic control.
Not uncommonly in rabbits with hyper-γ-globulinemia following primary immunization, the group-specific precipitins are the predominant component of the γ-globulin. An unusual feature of such components is that they are electrophoretically monodisperse, and possess individual antigenic specificity. In this respect they resemble the myeloma proteins. When a response of this sort is not seen after primary immunization, it may occur after secondary immunization. Therefore, prior exposure to the same or closely related antigen may also have an influence on the occurrence of high concentrations of such uniform antibodies.
GENE CONTROL OF HEMATOPOIESIS
Authors: Mintz Beatrice , Palm Joy 
Published: June 2004

Erythropoietic cells of two unrelated strains, C3H (or C3Hf) and C57BL/6, can coexist throughout hematopoiesis in allophenic mice experimentally produced from aggregated, undifferentiated blastomeres of separate genotypes. The presence of two red cell genotypes in these circumstances signifies that the erythroid population must normally be multiclonal, i.e., derived mitotically from at least two genetically determined cells. The two strains were detected by hemagglutination and absorption tests of erythrocytes for the specific histocompatibility antigens dictated by the H-2k and H-2b alleles.
Of 34 C3H(f) ↔ C57BL/6 allophenics tested, 16 had both red cell types; the remaining 18 showed only C3H or C57 red cells and included 12 mice with both cell strains present in some other tissues. All animals with evidence of two H-2 phenotypes among circulating erythrocytes were permanently immunologically tolerant of both antigenic types and remained free of runt disease. They lived a full lifespan, up to 2 yr 7½ months of age.
The data suggest a possible specific selective advantage of C57BL/6 over C3H erythropoietic tissue. There is considerable individual variability, not only in proportions of antigenically distinct erythrocytes, but also in strain composition of other tissues in the same animals. A broad spectrum of distinctive situations is found, in which parameters are varied within or outside of the circulatory system. Allophenic mice can therefore serve as investigative tools for entirely new kinds of experimental studies of gene control mechanisms and blood physiology in normal hematopoiesis and in a number of hereditary blood diseases.
HETEROGENEITY OF ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS
Authors: Bosman Cesare , Feldman Joseph D. , Pick Edgar 
Published: June 2004

Cell suspensions from draining lymph nodes of immune and nonimmune rats were reacted in vitro with 125I-labeled antigens. In light microscopic radioautographs of smears, 17% of the immunized cells were tagged by specific antigen; 2.0% of control cells were positive. In electron microscopic radioautographs, 90% of the labeled elements from immune donors were lymphocytes, blast and plasma cells; 10% were monocytes-macrophages or other elements, including naked nuclei. 15% of the labeled cells from control materials were lymphocytes and plasma cells, while 85% were monocytes-macrophages and naked nuclei.
Within cell suspensions derived from immunized animals there were almost twice as many lymphocytes marked by isotope as plasma cells, and the lymphocytes ranged in morphology from mature monoribosomal elements to immature polyribosomal cells. Antibody-forming cells fixed labeled antigen at their surfaces. The monocyte-macrophage class was distinguished by a high mean grain count and by distribution of grains within cytoplasmic vacuoles and lysosomes.
THE HOST RESPONSE TO CALMETTE-GUÉRIN BACILLUS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Blanden R. V. , Lefford M. J. , Mackaness G. B. 
Published: June 2004

Heterologous organisms (L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium) were used to study the rate of development, magnitude, and persistence of the antimicrobial resistance engendered in mice by vaccination with BCG. These same methods were used to investigate the influence of prior vaccination on the host response to reinfection.
The rate of onset and magnitude of the resistance produced by BCG varied with the vaccinating dose. Increased resistance was detected within 48 hr of injecting large numbers of BCG (approximately 108 viable units), but concurrent treatment with isoniazid interrupted its further development. An equal number of heat-killed organisms failed to influence host resistance significantly. The development of tuberculin sensitivity was also dependent upon the continued survival of the immunizing population of BCG.
When vaccinated mice were reinfected with BCG, host resistance in spleen and liver was rapidly augmented to the accompaniment of striking changes in the morphology and microbicidal activity of the peritoneal macrophages. These changes occurred most rapidly in mice with a high level of delayed hypersensitivity at the time of reinfection.