bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacists working in residential aged care: a survey of pharmacist interest and perceived preparedness
Authors: Cross Amanda J. , Hawthorne Deborah , Kouladjian O’Donnell Lisa , Lee Kenneth , Page Amy Theresa 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Pharmacists involvement in residential aged care facilities has traditionally been limited to that of an external contractor providing medication reviews, or medication supply.

Aim
To explore Australian pharmacists’ interest and perceived preparedness to work as on-site pharmacists in residential aged care.

Method
National cross-sectional anonymous online survey open for two weeks (September 17th to October 1st 2022) consisting of Likert-type, multiple choice and multiple selection questions. Australian pharmacists were recruited using a broad advertising strategy which included social and traditional media platforms, and snowball sampling. Data were collected on pharmacist self-reported interest and perceived preparedness to work as on-site aged care pharmacists in residential aged care. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results
Responses were received from 720 participants, 643 were eligible. Most participants were female (n = 466, 73%) and mean (SD) age was 43.5 (SD 12.5) years. Over half the participants were interested or extremely interested in working as an on-site aged care pharmacist (56%, n = 360), and agreed or strongly agreed (n = 475, 76%) that they felt prepared to work as an on-site aged care pharmacist. Most pharmacists felt prepared to engage in a variety of roles within the facilities (> 73% for each role), including resident and system level roles, and the majority agreed they felt prepared to engage with stakeholders, including general practitioners (93%) and medical specialists (86%).

Conclusion
Pharmacists reported they are interested and feel prepared to work as on-site aged care pharmacists. These findings will inform the roll-out of this new model of care to enhance multidisciplinary collaboration in residential aged care.

Graphical Abstract
Effects of inpatient creatinine testing frequency on acute kidney injury identification and staging: a historical cohort study
Authors: Oliveira Catarina Luz , Duarte-Ramos Filipa , Alves da Costa Filipa , Fernandez-Llimos Fernando 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a multifactorial condition often induced by drugs commonly used in hospitals. Identifying and staging AKI necessitates frequent monitoring of renal function.

Aim
To assess the impact of real-world hospital practices regarding serum creatinine (SCr) testing on the identification and staging of AKI, and its implications for adjusting drug doses.

Method
A historical cohort study utilizing hospital records from all adult patients admitted between 01/06/2018 and 31/12/2020 was conducted. Patients with no SCr assessment during their stay or those with an SCr at admission ≥ 2 mg/dL were excluded. AKI was determined using two criteria, namely AKIN and KDIGO, considering the time intervals between two SCr tests as outlined in the criteria. Additionally, patients with SCr increases exceeding AKI limits, regardless the time interval, were also identified. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and kinetic eGFR (KeGFR) were calculated.

Results
During the study period, 17,269 hospitalizations and 62,255 SCr tests were recorded. Among the 17,032 hospitalizations with a length of stay > 48 h, 46.8% experienced periods with no SCr tests performed for more than 48 h. Any stage of AKI was identified in 7.0% of patients and in 9.1% using AKI and KDIGO criteria, respectively. Ignoring time limits in both criteria revealed potential AKI in 1942 patients (11.2%), indicating a potential underdiagnosis of AKI by 37.5% or 19.1%, depending on the criteria used. A total of 76 drugs requiring dose adjustment in patients with eGFR ≤ 50 ml/min were prescribed in 78.5% admissions. These drugs were prescribed in 87.9% of patients potentially underdiagnosed with AKIN and in 88.9% with KDIGO.

Conclusion
There is a need for changes in the established hospital procedures to ensure more frequent testing of SCr levels. Implementing an advanced scope of practice for clinical pharmacists could support these changes.
Model-averaging as an accurate approach for ex-post economic optimum nitrogen rate estimation
Authors: Matavel Custódio Efraim , Meyer-Aurich Andreas , Piepho Hans-Peter 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFinding economic optimum fertilizer rate with good accuracy is essential for optimal crop yield, efficient resource utilization, and environmental well-being. However, the prevailing incomplete understanding of input-output relationships leads to imprecise crop yield response functions, such as those for winter wheat, and potentially biased fertilizer choices. From a statistical point of view, there is uncertainity with regards to which model is most suitable to estimate the economic optimum fertilizer rate. This complexity is amplified when considering site-specific nitrogen fertilization, which factors into elements like soil attributes, topography, and crop variations within a field, as opposed to uniform application. This study undertakes a comparative analysis to evaluate biases, variance, mean squared errors and confidence intervals in Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rate (EONR) estimations across different functional forms. The goal is to uncover performance discrepancies among these forms and explore potential advantages of adopting model averaging for optimizing nitrogen use in crop cultivation. The results of simulations reveal noteworthy biases when comparing diverse yield functions with the averaged model, particularly evident in the Linear-Plateau and Mitscherlich models. Moreover, analysis of empirical data indicates that confidence intervals for the averaged model overlap with the projected ranges of all functions. This implies that the averaged model could be suitable for determining EONR and effectively address the problem of model specification without focusing on one specific functional form. The effectiveness of model averaging hinges on incorporating models that well approximate the true model. However, even if the true model is not known, the average model can provide reasonable information for determining the EONR, provided that similar model specifications are considered. This has implications for modelling of yield response for various applications and can contribute to unbiased estimations of yield response.
Strong Gravitational Lensing and Microlensing of Supernovae
Authors: Suyu Sherry H. , Goobar Ariel , Collett Thomas , More Anupreeta , Vernardos Giorgos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractStrong gravitational lensing and microlensing of supernovae (SNe) are emerging as a new probe of cosmology and astrophysics in recent years. We provide an overview of this nascent research field, starting with a summary of the first discoveries of strongly lensed SNe. We describe the use of the time delays between multiple SN images as a way to measure cosmological distances and thus constrain cosmological parameters, particularly the Hubble constant, whose value is currently under heated debates. New methods for measuring the time delays in lensed SNe have been developed, and the sample of lensed SNe from the upcoming Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) is expected to provide competitive cosmological constraints. Lensed SNe are also powerful astrophysical probes. We review the usage of lensed SNe to constrain SN progenitors, acquire high-z SN spectra through lensing magnifications, infer SN sizes via microlensing, and measure properties of dust in galaxies. The current challenge in the field is the rarity and difficulty in finding lensed SNe. We describe various methods and ongoing efforts to find these spectacular explosions, forecast the properties of the expected sample of lensed SNe from upcoming surveys particularly the LSST, and summarize the observational follow-up requirements to enable the various scientific studies. We anticipate the upcoming years to be exciting with a boom in lensed SN discoveries.
Large-scale unsupervised spatio-temporal semantic analysis of vast regions from satellite images sequences
Authors: Echegoyen Carlos , Pérez Aritz , Santafé Guzmán , Pérez-Goya Unai , Ugarte María Dolores 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTemporal sequences of satellite images constitute a highly valuable and abundant resource for analyzing regions of interest. However, the automatic acquisition of knowledge on a large scale is a challenging task due to different factors such as the lack of precise labeled data, the definition and variability of the terrain entities, or the inherent complexity of the images and their fusion. In this context, we present a fully unsupervised and general methodology to conduct spatio-temporal taxonomies of large regions from sequences of satellite images. Our approach relies on a combination of deep embeddings and time series clustering to capture the semantic properties of the ground and its evolution over time, providing a comprehensive understanding of the region of interest. The proposed method is enhanced by a novel procedure specifically devised to refine the embedding and exploit the underlying spatio-temporal patterns. We use this methodology to conduct an in-depth analysis of a 220 km$$^2$$2region in northern Spain in different settings. The results provide a broad and intuitive perspective of the land where large areas are connected in a compact and well-structured manner, mainly based on climatic, phytological, and hydrological factors.
Reflective equilibrium in logic
Authors: Martin Ben 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAmong the areas of knowledge that the method of reflective equilibrium (RE) has been applied to is that of logical validity. According to RE in logic, we come to be justified in believing a (deductive) logical theory in virtue of establishing some state of equilibrium between our initial judgements over the validity of specific (natural language) arguments and the logical principles which constitute our logical theory. Unfortunately, however, while relatively popular, RE with regards to logical theorizing is underspecified. In particular, it’s unclear what constitute: (1) the relevant logical “data”, (2) logical theories, so that they can be suitably tested, and (3) the mechanisms under which such theories are tested. Considering the various options for how to interpret the position, we argue that in order to be workable the advocate of RE about logic must embrace what we call an operationalised, wide and communal version of RE with a rich understanding of logical theories. Fortunately for the advocate of RE, there is an available account of logic’s epistemology which possesses just these properties, logical predictivism. However, equally unfortunately, logical predictivism commits the advocate of RE to certain further claims that they have historically been weary of holding. Consequently, it is unclear whether RE about logic itself is a viable proposal, or rather a similar but distinct epistemology of logic.
Quantitative assessment of cleft volume and evaluation of cleft’s impact on adjacent anatomical structures using CBCT imaging
Authors: Vicente António , Wiedel Anna-Paulina , Becker Magnus , Brogårdh-Roth Susanne , Shi Xie-Qi , Hellén-Halme Kristina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Objectives
To determine pre-operative cleft volume and evaluate cleft´s impact on surrounding anatomical structures in children and adolescents with orofacial clefts using cone bean computed tomography (CBCT) imaging.

Methods
The present retrospective study retrieved CBCT examinations of 68 patients from a previous study. The examinations had been exposed either before (n = 53) or after (n = 15) alveolar bone grafting. Pre-operative volume of cleft was determined, and type and location were evaluated. Morphological changes on the adjacent anatomical structures, including the incisive foramen, the nasal septum and floor, and the inferior turbinate, were assessed.

Results
Mean bilateral cleft volume was 0.76 cm3, while mean unilateral cleft volume was 1.08 cm3; the difference was significant (p < 0.001). Variation in cleft volume, however, was large. The incisive foramen was not visible in the majority of cases with bilateral clefts (71%); the difference was significant (p = 0.001). In cases with unilateral clefts, the nasal septum in 87% was curved towards the cleft or graft side. Also, the mean size of the widest part of the inferior turbinate was 8.8 mm on the cleft or graft side and 10.4 mm on the non-cleft side. The difference was significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
When required, CBCT is a feasible method for quantitatively illustrating alveolar clefts and their impact on the morphological development of surrounding structures. Variation in cleft volume was large.
Nutzung von Gesundheits-Apps durch Jugendliche
Authors: Tillmann Judith , Heye Anne-Lisa , Maas Michaela , Völkel Klaus , Wiesheu Paul , Weckbecker Klaus , Klassen Oxana , Münster Eva 
Published: February 2024

Zusammenfassung
Ziel
Die Nutzung von Smartphones durch Jugendliche in Deutschland ist stark gestiegen. Gleichzeitig steigt auch der App-Gebrauch. Zur Nutzung von Gesundheits-Apps und mobilen Gesundheitsanwendungen durch Jugendliche in Deutschland gibt es jedoch kaum Daten. Diese Studie befasst sich mit dieser Thematik und untersucht zudem mögliche Zusammenhänge mit soziodemografischen Angaben und Gesundheitsparametern.

Methodik
Von November 2021 bis Februar 2022 wurde eine Querschnittsstudie unter Schüler*innen der zehnten Klassen mittels schriftlicher Befragung in allen neun städtischen Sekundarschulen der Stadt Witten durchgeführt. Die Daten wurden mittels deskriptiver Analysen, Kontingenzanalysen und logistischen Regressionsanalysen ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse
98,3 % der anwesenden Schüler*innen (n = 649) nahmen an der Befragung teil. Insgesamt nutzten 80,7 % Gesundheits-Apps und -anwendungen, 54,2 % solche ohne COVID-19-Bezug. Als häufig genutzte Apps wurde der Corona-Impfpass (58,1 %) sowie die Corona-Warn-App (37,9 %), gefolgt von Bewegungsmessern (31,1 %), Online-Sportprogrammen (22,3 %) und Kalorienzählern (14,0 %) genannt. Mädchen haben eine signifikant höhere Chance Gesundheits-Apps ohne COVID-19-Bezug zu nutzen (aOR: 1,78, 95 % KI: 1,26–2,52), Hauptschüler*innen haben geringere Chancen (aOR: 0,37, 95 % KI: 0,17–0,81). Ein Zusammenhang zum allgemeinen subjektiven Gesundheitsstatus liegt nicht vor.

Schlussfolgerungen
Gesundheits-Apps spielen eine relevante Rolle für Jugendliche in Witten. Die häufige Nutzung birgt sowohl Chancen als auch Risiken; hier sollte nach Art, Zweck und Qualität der Apps differenziert werden. Unterschiede im Nutzungsverhalten und Barrieren nach Geschlecht und Bildungsstand rechtfertigen weitere Untersuchungen zur Förderung der digitalen Gesundheitskompetenz.
To reform or to replace? Succession as a mechanism of institutional change in intergovernmental organisations
Authors: Eilstrup-Sangiovanni Mette , Verdier Daniel 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGiven high costs of negotiating formal international institutions, states are widely expected to adapt, reform, and repurpose existing institutions rather than create new ones. Nevertheless, during the past century some 60 intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have been directly replaced by a legal successor. Why do states sometimes dissolve an existing IGO only to replace it with a new one that takes over the incumbent organization’s mandate and assets—a practice known as institutional succession? We offer a theory of institutional succession and illustrate with examples. Against the dominant belief that creating new IGOs is a choice of last resort, we argue that reform and succession are equally expedient tools for achieving institutional change but address different negotiating hurdles. By creating a new institution (as opposed to amending an existing one) succession bypasses veto players that may stunt reform. However, succession suffers from potential diseconomies-of-scale (since not every member of an existing IGO may join the successor) which reform does not. Depending on which negotiation hurdle prevails, reform will be preferred to succession or vice versa. Our analysis advances existing understandings of institutional contestation and change within the life cycle of an international organisation.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Prescribing of Pain Medication in US Primary Care Settings, 1999–2019: Where Are We Now?
Authors: Thompson Trevor , Stathi Sofia , Shin Jae Il , Carvalho Andre , Solmi Marco , Liang Chih-Sung 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Policy initiatives have attempted to reduce healthcare inequalities in the USA, but evidence on whether these initiatives have reduced racial and ethnic disparities in pain treatment in primary care is lacking.

Objective
To determine whether racial and ethnic disparities in medication prescribed for pain in primary care settings have diminished over a 21-year period from 1999 to 2019.

Design
An annual, representative cross-sectional probability sample of visits to US primary care physicians, taken from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

Patients
Pain-related visits to primary care physicians.

Main Measures
Prescriptions for opioid and non-opioid analgesics.

Key Results
Of 599,293 (16%) sampled visits, 94,422 were pain-related, representing a population-weighted estimate of 143 million visits made annually to primary care physicians for pain. Relative risk analysis controlling for insurance, pain type, and other potential confounds showed no difference in pain medication prescribed between Black and White patients (p = .121). However, White patients were 1.61 (95% CI 1.32–1.97) and Black patients 1.57 (95% CI 1.26–1.95) times more likely to be prescribed opioids than a more underrepresented group consisting of Asian, Native-Hawaiian/Pacific-Islander, and American-Indian/Alaska-Natives (ps < .001). Non-Hispanic/Latino patients were 1.32 (95% CI 1.18–1.45) times more likely to receive opioids for pain than Hispanic/Latino patients (p < .001). Penalized cubic spline regression found no substantive narrowing of disparities over time.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that additional intervention strategies, or better implementation of existing strategies, are needed to eliminate ethnic and racial disparities in pain treatment towards the goal of equitable healthcare.
Sozioemotionale Charakteristika und Bildung
Authors: Becker Michael 
Published: February 2024

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zum Stand der Forschung zu sozioemotionalen Charakteristika (mitunter auch als nicht-kognitive Fähigkeiten bezeichnet) und ihre Beziehung zu Bildung und die Entwicklung über den Lebensverlauf. Im Beitrag werden mehrere Punkte adressiert: Es werden aktuelle taxonomische Überlegungen vorgestellt und terminologische Probleme diskutiert. Zudem werden theoretische Ansätze und Prozessüberlegungen skizziert, warum und wie sozioemotionale Charakteristika und Bildung in Zusammenhang stehen und sich wechselseitig beeinflussen. Darüber hinaus wird ein Überblick über zentrale empirische Befunde zu diesen Zusammenhängen gegeben, wobei sowohl korrelative als auch kausale Evidenz systematisiert wird. Der Beitrag schließt mit Überlegungen zu zentralen Problemen und Aufgaben künftiger Forschung.
AI-Enhanced Healthcare: Not a new Paradigm for Informed Consent
Authors: Pruski M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWith the increasing prevalence of artificial intelligence (AI) and other digital technologies in healthcare, the ethical debate surrounding their adoption is becoming more prominent. Here I consider the issue of gaining informed patient consent to AI-enhanced care from the vantage point of the United Kingdom’s National Health Service setting. I build my discussion around two claims from the World Health Organization: that healthcare services should not be denied to individuals who refuse AI-enhanced care and that there is no precedence to seeking patient consent to AI-enhanced care. I discus U.K. law relating to patient consent and the General Data Protection Regulation to show that current standards relating to patient consent are adequate for AI-enhanced care. I then suggest that in the future it may not be possible to guarantee patient access to non-AI-enhanced healthcare, in a similar way to how we do not offer patients manual alternatives to automated healthcare processes. Throughout my discussion I focus on the issues of patient choice and veracity in the patient–clinician relationship. Finally, I suggest that the best way to protect patients from potential harms associated with the introduction of AI to patient care is not via an overly burdensome patient consent process but via evaluation and regulation of AI technologies.
Die heuristische Gefährdungsbeurteilung – ein Fortbildungsansatz zur Verbesserung der Polizeiarbeit im Umgang mit Personen in psychischen Ausnahmezuständen
Authors: Ibrahim Fabio , Kattenberg Tom 
Published: February 2024

ZusammenfassungZiel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist die Diskussion des polizeilichen Umgangs mit psychisch erkrankten Personen und Personen in psychischen Ausnahmezuständen. Die Themenrelevanz wird anhand praktischer Beispiele sowie der Darstellung aktueller Forschungsergebnisse und -kontroversen aufgezeigt. Aufbauend auf der Schlussfolgerung von Lorey und Fegert (2021) zur notwendigen Verbesserung der polizeilichen Fortbildung werden Konzeptionsinhalte einer heuristischen Gefährdungsbeurteilung im Umgang mit Personen in psychischen Ausnahmezuständen abgeleitet. Ein dienststellenübergreifendes Ausbildungskonzept, mit vereinheitlichten Begrifflichkeiten und Handlungsempfehlungen, könnte den Polizist:innen mehr Handlungssicherheit ermöglichen, das Eskalationspotenzial verringern und den Einsatzerfolg erhöhen.
Adult education in mathematics and numeracy: a scoping review of recent research
Authors: Gal Iddo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe paper responds to the need for understanding trends and gaps in extant research related to adult education in mathematics and numeracy, given changing skill demands and skill gaps regarding adults, and related policy, theorizing, and practice trends. This paper presents the results of a scoping review of recent empirical research related to adult education in mathematics and numeracy, published in 22 selected journals from 2019 to 2022, including 15 journals in adult education and seven in mathematics education. The results show that only 39 relevant empirical studies were found among over 2300 research papers reviewed, and that few of those focus on practice-related of adult education in mathematics and numeracy. The results provide quantitative evidence suggesting that the field of adult numeracy education is under-researched, and help to identify gaps in empirical research involving adult numeracy, including on emerging topics such as on modeling and critical interpretation. The results also point to research opportunities that can strengthen theorizing and practice in both mathematics education and adult numeracy education.