bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military Strategy
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From his experience under Truman as Army chief of staff, as ad hoc chairman of the JCS, and finally as SACEUR, Eisenhower had formed firm convictions regarding defense strategy, force structure, and budgeting. He had been dismayed by Truman’s inadequate defense spending before Korea, by the interservice feuding, and by the frenetic across-the-board buildup after the Korean invasion that resulted in a huge budget deficit and national security spending amounting to 13.8 percent of the GNP in FY 1953. In revising Truman’s FY 1954 budget, already discussed, Eisenhower applied several of his basic convictions. The pace of the buildup, he insisted, should be designed not to react to a fixed date of peak danger, but for an orderly development of defense forces capable of being maintained for an indefinite period of cold warthe long haul. Moreover, the level of defense spending should be sufficient to provide adequate security without damaging the economy, which was an essential component of long-term security. On the FY 1954 budget he satisfied these criteria (over the conflicting objections of Humphrey and the JCS) by savings in administration and support forces and deferring advance procurement, without cutting combat forces. Thus reform of the military strategy was not addressed. That would be done only during the second half of 1953 in conjunction with the drafting of the broad national security strategy.
Simple Liquids
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the molecular distribution of a liquid differs from that of a gas or a crystal, its study is important. This study can be performed effectively using two experimental methods: X-ray or electromagnetic wave diffraction and neutron scattering. The former method probes a static distribution that is quite different from those of gases and crystals. The latter provides information on the dynamic correlation of molecules, which is also distinctive. We shall discuss the former in this section and the latter in the next section.
Approach To Electron Systems
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At low temperatures and high densities, electrons are gaseous and mobile, as in the case of metals. As their density is increased, their Coulombic correlations become stronger relative to the kinetic energy so that they enter a liquid or crystal phase. In reality, electrons are confined in a finite volume only in the presence of opposite charges, which are usually positive ions. Hence, their properties and descriptions depend on the status of the latter. In what follows, we shall introduce some basic approaches that do not require explicit treatments of the host ions.
Electron Correlations
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most properties of metals and semiconductors are due to free charge carriers. However, the carriers do have various interactions. Mutual interaction of electrons through the Coulomb potential is fundamentally important in understanding metallic binding. Electron-phonon interaction, indirect electron interaction via phonons, electron-hole interaction, interaction between conduction electrons and localized impurities, and so on, cause interesting phenomena. In this chapter we discuss only some aspects of electron correlations via the Coulomb potential based on the jellium and other models. Some other interaction effects will be addressed in later.
Hopping And Localization
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When an electron is placed in a periodic potential with wells so far apart that the overlap between the atomic wavefunctions on adjacent wells is small, the tight-binding approximation is good, and electron energy e(k) oscillates sinusoidally. The amplitude of this oscillation, that is, the width of electron’s energy band, is determined by the overlap integral between the nearest neighbors. If the electron is subject to a potential that varies randomly in space or in well-depth, its wavefunction will be modulated randomly. However, the wavefunction will have large amplitudes at low-energy areas.
Magnetism
Authors: Isihara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a magnetic field, free electrons show paramagnetism due to spin and diamagnetism due to orbital motion. At low temperatures and fields, the corresponding susceptibilities are constant. However, in 1930 de Haas and van Alphen discovered that the magnetic susceptibility of bismuth was not constant but oscillatory as a function of magnetic field. Subsequently, as the same oscillatory behavior was found in many other metals, the name de Hass-van Alphen effect emerged.
Curiouser and Curiouser
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thousands of years ago curi ous human beings asked why lodestone attracted pieces of iron. Until the nineteenth century the answers were very slow in coming. Then a rush of experi mental and conceptual breakthroughs culminated in the devel opment of the theory of electromagnetism, which showed that magnetism, electricity, and light were intimately related. The quest for an explanation of the fascinating force exhibited by the lodestone culminated in the discovery that current electric ity created magnetic fields. It was a logical step to consider that circular currents might be responsible for magnetism in the molecular realm in order to explain the properties of lodestone and permanent magnets, and in the earth’s molten core to ex plain geomagnetism.
Magnetic Fields in Space
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That mysterious and elusive property of matter known as magnetism is fundamental to our understanding of astronomi cal phenomena. Magnetism exists in planets and stars, galaxies and quasars. Magnetic fields permeate and power the shattered remnants of stars that died violently thousands of years ago. Magnetic fields thread their way through space between the stars in the Milky Way. How do astronomers know this? And why is magnetism barely discussed, even at scientific meetings?The answer to the second question is that in astrophysics magnetic fields are difficult to measure and even more difficult to take into account in theoretical models. As Professor van de Hulst suggested, in most situations astronomers prefer not to talk about magnetism, yet, like sex, its pervasive influence is felt every where. The answer to the question about how astronomers de tect magnetic fields in space involves another saga of discovery, the subject of this chapter.
The Acasta Gneisses: Remnant Of Earth’s Early Crust
Authors: Bowring S A , Housh, T B , Isachsen C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 3.96-Ga Acasta gneisses from the Slave craton of northwestern Canada are the oldest rocks yet recognized on Earth. Uranium-lead ion-microprobe analyses of zircons separated from two samples, a banded tonalitic orthogneiss and a granitic orthogneiss, yield the same crystallization age of 3.96 Ga. The U-Pb zircon data from both samples define complex arrays on a concordia diagram and may be interpreted in terms of zircon crystallization at 3.96 Ga followed by an early Pb-loss event and crystallization of new zircon at ca. 3.6 Ga, followed by a Proterozoic or younger Pb-loss event. Neodymium and lead isotopic data suggest that crust older than 3.96 Ga was involved in the generation of these rocks. The tonalitic orthogneiss has a chondritic Nd model age of ca 4.1 Ga and an fNct(3.96 Ga) of -1.7. A mafic layer from the tonalitic orthogneiss and the granitic orthogneiss have fNct(3.96 Ga) of +0.7 and +0.8, respectively. The least radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions of feldspars from the orthogneisses are very radiogenic relative to early Archean model mantle compositions and have model ages considerably younger than their age. The feldspar Pb isotopic data indicate that these rocks were derived from a source region that had experienced a complex multistage history prior to 3.96 Ga and had a high U:Pb ratio during some or all of its evolution. Thus, the Acasta gneisses are the first example of an early Archean isotopically enriched reservoir. The U-Pb geochronology, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions, and geochemistry of the Acasta gneisses are consistent with the involvement of older crust in their formation. By implication, available Nd and Pb isotopic data from other Archean cratons worldwide may be interpreted as reflecting mixtures of older crust and mantle, rather than mantle heterogeneity alone. The 3.96-Ga Acasta gneisses are evidence that early, enriched, sialic crust was preserved, although isotopic and geochemical arguments suggest that it is not the sole enriched complement to the depleted mantle.
Portuguese to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Other challenges and anomalies
Authors: Williams George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my view the various examples of stasis, some discussed in Chapter 9, form the most serious set of difficulties facing evolutionary theory today. In this chapter I try to continue in the spirit of Darwin’s Chapters 6 and 7, and my own Chapters 8 and 9, and discuss various other theoretical challenges. Other investigators can undoubtedly identify major anomalies that I have overlooked. To these might be added an enormous list of single investigations that yielded results somewhat different from what had been expected. Some of these might well be of enormous importance, given the proper interpretation. The finding of mitotic irregularities and unexpected pigment patterns in maize leaves and kernels might have been shrugged off by many geneticists as a minor technical annoyance. Happily McClintock (1965, 1987) did more than shrug. She took the trouble to keep detailed records of the annoyances through successive generations and thereby discovered the previously unsuspected transpos­ able elements.
Exploiting the Missing Link
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If There exists a Mental Ladder that separates animal forms in terms of their abilities to think, remember, feel, solve problems, and the like, might there not be like separations to be found within species? Indeed, might not the individual members of a species be separable in terms of their mental capacities? If such distinctions can be made reliably, might they not be correlated with some other factors, especially genetic ones, for, after all, are not such capacities determined or at least limited by genes? Just as Itard set out to test theories of the intellect current during his times with Victor and Singh to worry about the education of the soul during his times, so Witmer’s Psychological Clinic was testing a nascent theory to be found at the turn of this century in the United States-namely, that U.S.-style democracy, when appropriately arranged and applied, was capable of giving each human being the degree and kind of education suitable to that child’s talent and ability. It was an audacious and a daring idea, for it argued tacitly that the effect of genetic variation was unrelated to class. Or, to press the point, that class status was unrelated to ability. Witmer did not develop the intellectual and political ran1ifications of this view, at least not in the journal he founded and edited, The Psychological Clinic. By his actions, however, he did demonstrate his view that mental ability could be measured in such a way that each human being could be offered an educational process that utilized her or his abilities, regardless of the wealth and social background of the parents. Hear Witmer make the point:
Raising Human Babies with Chimps: Donald, Gua, and Viki
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then OTI ON that we human beings ought to be able to communicate with the apes, and they with us, is recorded at least since Samuel Pepys described in his diary his visit to the docks of London to see an ape freshly arrived. In our own times, as we have already observed, the wish to communicate with the apes is illustrated by Garner’s recording primate sounds on the then newly invented phonograph in order to observe how the animals responded to the played-back sounds. Later, in West Africa, he had the idea of training chimpanzees to “talk” by forming, with his hands, their mouth into words in four languages. Witmer noted the chimpanzee Peter’s inability to talk and accepted the anthropological view of the day that the inability was due to a cerebral lack of the motor ability needed to produce sounds. The notion that animals might communicate with human beings was also popular in a certain genre of English literature-for example, in the stories regarding Tarzan’s ability to communicate with animals and by the animal companions of Dr.Dolittle, whose language he could understand.
What Feral Children and Clever Animals Tell Us
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each Of Our minds knows it is alone in a universe it creates; yet in our attempts to communicate, among ourselves and other species, we reveal a struggle to know other minds, to overcome the isolation of our own mind. This book is a chronicle of some attempts to grasp the workings of other minds. If the concept of death and the ability to make tools are not what distinguishes human beings from other beings, perhaps what does is the quest to understand the minds of others. It is a human belief that, through language, we can both transfer the contents of our mind to another and come to experience the contents of the minds of others. The exan1ples reported in this book are among the more elaborate attempts to do so. Each attempt is prompted by a wish common to all of us, by our everyday concern to discover what goes on in the mind of another. The question is not whether we communicate. Of course, we do: your signs and gestures tell me much about your feelings, emotions, and intentions. But they do not tell me as much as I would like to know, so I find myself constantly searching for ways to discover the nature of your intentions and your meanings. I guess these only through my own private world, as has been documented by the accounts contained in this book. I can understand your mind only through the filters of my mind, for my mind is both the coder and decoder of your communications.
Chemical Equilibrium And Kinetics
Authors: Sposito Garrison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soils are multicomponent, multiphase, open systems that sustain a myriad of interconnected chemical reactions, including those involving the soil biota. The multiphase nature of soil derives from its being a porous material whose void spaces contain air and aqueous solution. The solid matrix (which itself is multiphase), soil air, and soil solution-each is a mixture of reactive chemical compounds-hence the multicomponent nature of soil. Transformations among these compounds can be driven by flows of matter and energy to and from the vicinal atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. These external flows, as well as the chemical composition of soil, vary in both space and time over a broad range of scales.
The complexity of soil notwithstanding, the principal features of its chemical behavior can be understood on the basis of well-established principles and methods for the description of reactions in aqueous systems. Reactions that occur exclusively in the gaseous phase or the solid matrix of soil less often control its chemical behavior than reactions involving the aqueous phase. The basic terminology associated with the latter chemical reactions will be reviewed in the present chapter to provide an initial context for the discussion of equilibria and kinetics to follow.
Do Older Children and Adults Create Imaginary Companions?
Authors: Taylor Marjorie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jimmy Stewart’s portrayal of a gentle adult who had an imaginary rabbit friend in the movie Harvey is the sort of example that comes to mind when we consider the possibility of adults having imaginary companions. But Elwood Dowd was not a run-of-the-mill adult. He would have been unusual even if he had refrained from talking to a giant invisible rabbit while walking down the main street of his town. Despite his age, Elwood’s naive personality and sheltered existence (unmarried, unemployed, living with his sister) made him more like a child than a grownup. Harvey was a source of concern and embarrassment for Elwood’s family and led others to gossip about him behind his back.
Fantasy in the Lives of Children and Adults
Authors: Taylor Marjorie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normally developing children start to show clear evidence of their growing imaginations when they begin to pretend in the second year of life. For some, pretend play quickly becomes one of the dominant activities of their waking hours. How wonderful that this capacity is available so early on to help children process life events, achieve mastery of their emotions, enrich their social understanding, and develop their communication abilities.
The Military Budget and the Management of Defense Resources
Authors: Blechman Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the first fifteen to twenty years following World War II, only a few members of Congress had any serious impact on the nation's defense posture. The chairman of the House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee in particular, along with the few others charged with responsibility for defense appropriations, was able to influence the distribution of defense resources in significant ways. According to contemporary accounts, Congressman George H. Mahon, a Democrat from the 19th District in Texas, was the critical figure. He chaired the House subcommittee for nearly thirty years (1949-1978), during which time he scrubbed the budget vigorously, not only seeking to uncover in-efficiencies in the management of defense resources, but also questioning the basic rationale and justification for a variety of weapon programs.
War Powers
Authors: Blechman Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pattern, by now, should be clear. In each of the four dimensions of defense policy examined thus far-defense budget making, arms control, arms sales, and covert operations-the balance between the branches has shifted toward the Congress. The Reagan revolution (counterrevolution, really) failed; the procedures and institutions created by the Congress in the 1970s not only held but were reinforced. In the 1980s even more than the 1970s, the Congress has been a primary participant in the defense policymaking process, acting to curb and sometimes to reverse administration initiatives, and, on occasion, to initiate the general direction as well as the specific detail of U.S. policy.
Reappraising the Congressional Role in Defense Policy
Authors: Blechman Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical executive branch view of the congressional role in defense policy is epitomized by a story told about the 1968 Pueblo crisis by John P. Roche, who served in the LBJ White House as special consultant to President Johnson. The Pueblo was a U.S. Navy “environmental research“ ship that was attacked by gunboats and aircraft while carrying out an electronic espionage mission in international waters off the coast of North Korea. Virtually unarmed, the ship surrendered after a very brief exchange and was taken to a North Korean port, where its crew was held for nearly a year. International humiliation compounded the other serious negative effects for the United States, specifically that highly sensitive, secret cryptographic equipment and procedures had been compromised. The Pueblo incident, coming just before the Tet Offensive-the turning point in the Vietnam War contributed significantly to the nation’s increasing malaise and subsequently to President Johnson’s decision not to seek reelection.
Building Network Learning Algorithms from Hebbian Synapses
Authors: Sejnowski Terrence J , Tesauro Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1949 Donald Hebb published The Organization of Behavior, in which he introduced several hypotheses about the neural substrate of learning and memory, including the Hebb learning rule, or Hebb synapse. We now have solid physiological evidence, verified in several laboratories, that long-term potentiation (LTP) in some parts of the mammalian hippocampus follows the Hebb rule (Brown, Ganong, Kariss, Keenan, & Kelso, 1989; Kelso, Ganong, & Brown, 1986; Levy, Brassel, & Moore, 1983; McNaughton, Douglas, & Goddard, 1978; McNaughton & Morris, 1987; Wigstrom and Gustafsson, 1985). The Hebb rule and variations on it have also served as the starting point for the study of information storage in simplified “neural network” models (Hopfield & Tank, 1986; Kohonen, 1984; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986; Sejnowski, 1981). Many types of networks have been studied-networks with random connectivity, networks with layers, networks with feedback between layers, and a wide variety of local patterns of connectivity. Even the simplest network model has complexities that are difficult to analyze.
Neopatriarchy: Concept and Reality
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with all interpretive key-concepts, the category of neopatriarchy runs the risk of reductionism: whether or not I shall succeed in escaping this risk, partially or fully, will soon be come evident. It would be helpful at the outset to make clear what I intend by the term neopatriarchy. As I shall use the term in this essay, I have in mind a concept with several aspects and several uses, each determined by its context: an analytical category, an ideal type or model, an interpretive principle, a formal theory. The concept refers equally to macrostructures (society, the state, the economy) and to microstructures (the family or the individual personality).
What Is To Be Done?
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is true, liberation can never be a fix. This is the hard lesson the last Arab generation has, over the past thirty years, learned and suffered. Fundamentalists now invoke the same cataclysmic vision of redemption as did the defeated secular nationalist and leftist ideologists. Earlier I held out the hope that a fundamentalist revolution might, by bringing down the structure of neopatriarchy, contribute to radical change. Such a possibility can have no basis in reality. For even if fundamentalism were to gain the upper hand in some Arab country or countries, what guarantee is there that it would bring about any basic change in the existing neopatriarchal structure? The likelihood rather is that with a fundamentalist victory, the essence of neopatriarchal society would survive.
Phonology, Semantics, and Lexical Semantics
Authors: Nadeau Stephen E , Kendall Diane L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonology involves the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in language (Akmajian et al., 1984; Nadeau, 2001). Semantics involves the representation of meaning. The linkage of meaning to phonology (“lexical semantics”) instantiates words. In this chapter, we will rely heavily on evidence from the study of acquired language disorders, but also from studies of slip-of-the-tongue data (“spoonerisms”) in normal subjects, and investigations in experimental and computational psychology to elucidate the neurology of phonology, semantics, and lexical semantics.