bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Other History” Motherhood
Authors: Ross Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceptions of motherhood are at the center of acrimonious public controversies raging today around such issues as abortion, surrogate motherhood, child custody, maternity and paternity leave, foster care, and the rights of divorced fathers. These disputes are seldom openly acknowledged as debates over the imperatives of proper mothering; everyone “knows” what a mother is. As a practical achievement for a woman, a job in the material world, a set of relationships, motherhood continues to be hidden behind veils of desire and fantasy. What is needed to penetrate these veils is public recognition and a discussion of motherhood as a varying series of specific practices (carried out today by women, men, biological and fictive parents, heterosexuals and homo sexuals, couples and single people) that are both demanding and socially important. Inserting into public discourse what it really is, concretely, to be a mother to children can clarify some of the hotly contested issues which come up routinely in households, courtrooms, and legislatures.
“She Fought for Me like a Tigress” Sickness and Health
Authors: Ross Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A child’s illness, no matter how minor, was a cause of dread and worry. An innocent-seeming cold might mark the first stage of a lethal case of bronchitis or pneumonia, or a baby’s poor appetite might indicate the onset of the deadly summer diarrhea that carried off so many babies in the years we are describing.1 After the vital topics of food and money, the women talked most about illnesses, healers, and remedies. As guardians of children’s bodies, mothers in working-class London drew for advice and help on an enormous range of very different, and often mutually hostile, resources and cures. They looked to such neighborhood figures as pharmacists and spiritualists, other mothers, and also local medical doctors and nurses and a rapidly expanding network of public and private medical institutions as the allopathic framework gradually began to dominate the other theories of disease. This chapter considers health care both as an issue in the social history of medicine and as a form of nurture, an aspect of maternal duty and love.
The Officers in the Great War
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical memory has drawn two profoundly different portraits of the Habsburg army setting off to war in 1914. The first one is of a dedicated band of soldiers, marching away with flags flying and rifles decorated with flowers, confident of the imminent fall of Belgrade and the humiliation of “Dog Serbia.” Bidding them farewell is a populace awash in enthusiasm and suddenly appreciative of the blessings of the monarchy. The second portrait is of a gloomy and disgruntled citizenry— Czechs, Serbs, Ruthenes, Magyar peasants, and Vienna factory workers—reluctantly donning the hated uniform of an unpopular monarch to fight an unwanted war.
Patterns of Peril: Joining Tshe Cold Warriors
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It Is Absolutely Unthinkable that We Should Fight Russia” The relationship between President Truman and Dean Acheson was significant because of how both men acted early in the cold war’s history. Eventually the president trusted Acheson and often followed his counsel to the letter. More than anyone else at the time, Acheson translated viewpoints into actions based on large strategies. With a formidable penchant for generalization and synthesis, his intellectual and persuasive powers usually outmatched those of others in the administration. Truman, however, would become a dedicated cold warrior before Acheson, who for a year or so after World War II remained less worried about Soviet machinations than the state of war-broken societies. He was not among those crowding around the new president to urge an end to kid-gloves treatment of Moscow. Through his two stints as under secretary, however, his view underwent a fundamental shift. From believing conventional diplomacy capable of handling friction with the Soviet Union, he came to oppose virtually any communication with it. Once convinced the Soviets posed a serious and unconventional threat, he acted tirelessly to apply countermeasures against it. His shift formed an important dividing line in the early cold war and helped turn it into a deep freeze, so its timing is significant.
Rome and carthage: The truman doctrine
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marshall at the Helm Taking Acheson into the early months of 1947 leaps ahead of his state department story. The department remained a mess in 1946 and would stay that way until Truman put George Marshall in charge. Though serving only seven months under Marshall, Acheson had far greater influence and power than before and played a central role in forming the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, two of the most revolutionary acts in the history of American foreign policy.
Strategy in europe: backing the west, probing the east
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategy: Pulling Our Socks Up Since Acheson’s viewpoint would change little after the 1949 conference in Paris, the beginning of this chapter, which concerns both western and eastern Europe, is a fitting place to refresh the picture of his view of America’s place in the “vast external realm” of international affairs.
Job’s comforter and the mad satrap
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British Are Coming The last two months of 1950 were “a dreadful passage for Truman,” writes biographer David McCullough, in General Omar Bradley’s view worse than the snow, mud, and blood of the Battle of the Bulge. They were awful for Dean Acheson, too. If having both enemies and “friends” crying for his head was not enough, now came the unwelcome visit of what Acheson called “a Job’s comforter,” Clement Attlee, ostensibly prompted by Truman’s inept remarks about using atomic bombs in Korea. Coming just “as all our forces were going to pieces,” this little summit might force inopportune peace talks and tear holes in the western alliance.
Command in japan
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan: A Preview and Overview Dean Acheson was in his element when engaged in European affairs, with the Soviet Union as his target. By his own accounting, the Japanese peace treaty of 1951 was his single triumph in Asia. Washington held all the high cards in Japan; otherwise, creating situations of strength in Asia was a daunting task. The treaty capped a long-term goal of linking this latent powerhouse to the western coalition. Japan stood strategically off the Asian land mass, heavily populated with an educated and industrious people. A historically proven power in war, Japan could now become invaluable in hosting U.S. military bases. Unlike MacArthur’s Formosa, it was a truly unsinkable aircraft carrier. In Theodore Roosevelt’s time, it was the first Asian nation to garner the real respect of American statesmen. In Acheson’s time, he was among the first U.S. officials to fasten on its importance, but George Marshall and especially George Kennan paved the way toward restoring Japan for the western, anti-Soviet coalition in Truman’s first term. Acheson’s sponsorship for the next steps was essential, but to keep the issue out of conservatives’ line of fire, John Foster Dulles received the job to make the treaty itself.
Failure in indochina and china
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Slouching Toward the Big Muddy1 Well before the start of the Korean War, the American commitment in Southeast Asia grew apace. As already described in Chapter 16, a string of diplomatic junkets marked signs of things to come. Following Philip Jessup’s 1949 –50 sweep through Asia came Allen Griffin touring on the issue of economic aid, David Bell on Philippine reform, and John Melby on military aid. Melby returned warning against deeper involvement. But belief that Japanese economic recovery depended on stability in Southeast Asia further prodded Washington toward intervention in Indochina. Acheson like most of his colleagues was convinced the United States could improve on France’s performance. Second thoughts came when Ho Chi Minh’s forces smacked French armies about in the fall of 1950, but instead of giving up, the Americans looked for new solutions. At first, Washington just wrote larger checks to Paris. Acheson claimed to believe the “Associated States” established by France, with Vietnam headed by Emperor Bao Dai, were virtually sovereign, but the Asian states he sought to enlist to the same view were unpersuaded.
Picking up sticks in egypt and iran
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction It is virtually impossible to change one part of the world without causing dangerous shifts in others, and in this, actors in world politics are sometimes like wallpaper hangers. As soon as they get one corner of the roll to stick, another unrolls, and they have to start over. Hanging new wallpaper—trying to make something close to what the world formerly looked like—while trying to get into the swing of new rhythms is especially hard, if not impossible. This is what American officials tried to do in the colonial and ex-colonial world of the 1940s and 1950s.
Lisbon to letdown: the fate of the edc
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forward Power in Europe On European matters, Acheson greeted 1952 with a mixture of hope and unease. In February, NATO Council and Big Three meetings would gather in Portugal’s capital, where he hoped the allies could complete work on the European Defense Community. He also expected to finish its necessary twin, the “contractuals” that would virtually reinstate the sovereignty of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and were the equivalent of a peace treaty between the FRG and the western occupying powers. He expected the two tasks to take another thirty to sixty days. France still insisted on sewing Germany into the pan-European fabric of the EDC before actually allowing it to rearm. In Bonn, Konrad Adenauer would not give the European Defense Community a single soldier until the occupation ended. Satisfying both would allow the west to establish enough forward-based forces to worry if not defeat the Red Army. But even as a climactic settlement seemed imminent, France, Germany, and Britain were all throwing sand into the gears of this vital position of strength.
The Escape
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edward Gorsuch Was A Good Farmer, and 1849 was a good year for his farm. by november, bacon, potatoes, and cider filled the basement for the winter. his slaves had put up jelly, preserves, and pickles in the pantry, where they also stored sweet potatoes and a keg of molasses. gorsuch’s forty or so cows (including the bull and several calves), fifty pigs (counting the shoats), thirty sheep, and uncounted ducks and chickens mooed, snorted, bleated, quacked, cackled, and crowed the prosperity of the farm. the dozen horses and six plows had done their season’s work, and the corn house full of wheat (figure 1. 1) was a testament to the hard and successful labors of the animals and slaves who worked them. Well, the granary had been full, but Gorsuch noticed that some wheat was missing and unaccounted for. It was not enough to be a serious financial loss or to affect the diet of the humans and animals for which Gorsuch was responsible as the patriarch of Retreat Farm in rural Baltimore County, Maryland, but as a careful husbandman, he made a mental note of the mystery. The lost grain could be a symptom of what might become a larger problem. The bin was about five bushels low, too much to be the quick work of rodents, and there was no evidence of a break-in by larger creatures. So the perpetrator or perpetrators of the robbery must have been human.1
Prologue: The Ambiguity of New Deal Economics
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the years, economists have developed several definitions of economic growth. Usually they use the term to mean either an absolute or per capita increase in an aggregate measure of national income, such as the well-known gross national product (or its more recent variation, the gross domestic product). Refining the matter even further, economists often take care to distinguish between economic expansion, which entails increasing the use of existing capacity, and economic growth, which involves increasing the economy’s productive capacity itself. Few Americans, however, have used the term with such precision. Rather, they have generally construed growth to mean a significant increase in something: more economic activity, more production, more consumption. In this century, growth has also assumed unmistakable connotations of technology, industrialism, materialism, and consumerism—forces often as disorienting as they are rewarding. It was precisely this broader, richer, popular understanding of economic growth that drove some Americans to question its desirability even as the events that heralded the Great Depression were making growth, however defined, increasingly problematic.
The Emergence of Economic Growthmanship
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although focused and articulated most clearly by the new Council of Economic Advisers, the postwar interest in economic growth per se was not the Council’s unique discovery or intellectual property. Talk of abundance, hopes of abundance, plans for abundance were all in the air as the war drew to a close. Even before the war’s end, an informal committee that included Alvin Hansen and Gerhard Colm of the Bureau of the Budget’s Fiscal Division had noted that “after the war, the volume of demand and production … will have to increase steadily from year to year in order to sustain full employment as the productive power of our country expands.”1 But in such thinking, growth remained more the by-product of sustained full employment than a primary end in itself. In a similar fashion, the Committee for Economic Development, a prominent business organization, recognized when developing its suggestive and influential “stabilizing budget policy” in 1947 that “reasonable stability of total demand at an adequate level … means a steadily rising level of demand as our productive capacity grows.”2 Here too, however, growth remained subordinate to economic stability as the focus of policy.
Honor and Male Identity in the Old Regime
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I discuss the formation and maintanance of male codes of honor in the Old Regime. I believe this will not only provide us with an understanding of the ways upper-class male identity was constructed in that era, but also with a model for the way this process worked after 1789, which is the primary focus of this book. I hope to show here how the concept of honor originated in an ideology of noble military service and became associated, on account of strategies of inheritance, reproduction, and power with the idea of noble race.
The Culture of the Sword: Manliness and Fencing in the Third Republic
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most popular novel of the early Third Republic was Georges Ohnet’s Le Maître des forges (The Ironmaster), first published in 1882, and in its 181st edition in 1884. Though not a writer of the first rank, Ohnet achieved a considerable following for his works by treating subjects of contemporary interest and employing the formulas for literary success of his day.
Down & out, on the Road
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Covering the entire period from the colonial era to the late twentieth century, this book is the first scholarly history of the homeless in America. Drawing on sources that include records of charitable organizations, sociological studies, and numerous memoirs of formerly homeless persons, Kusmer demonstrates that the homeless have been a significant presence on the American scene for over two hundred years. He probes the history of homelessness from a variety of angles, showing why people become homeless; how charities and public authorities dealt with this social problem; and the diverse ways in which different class, ethnic, and racial groups perceived and responded to homelessness. Kusmer demonstrates that, despite the common perception of the homeless as a deviant group, they have always had much in common with the average American. Focusing on the millions who suffered downward mobility, Down and Out, On the Road provides a unique view of the evolution of American society and raises disturbing questions about the repeated failure to face and solve the problem of homelessness.
Who Were the Homeless?
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who Were the Tramps and Beggars whose presence created such apprehension among charity workers and municipal officials? Limitations inherent in the available sources make it infeasible to calculate the size of the homeless population with any exactitude. It is possible, however, to trace relative changes in the number of homeless persons and to learn a good deal about their background and characteristics. At the state and local level, statistics on arrests and incarcerations for vagrancy, lodgings in police stations and way- farers’ lodges, and relief of vagrants in almshouses all provide insights into the nature of homelessness in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
On the Road
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enforced Idleness Made Men Take to the Road; depressions doubled and trebled the number of homeless; industrial accidents could turn workers into street beggars. During the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, many middle-class commentators failed to under- stand these facts of economic life. “The labor union ‘recognizes’ the tramp as ‘the victim of our present economical [sic] system,’” the New York Times proclaimed pompously in 1886, “instead of recognizing in him, as other people do, the victim of a violent dislike to [ sic] labor and a violent thirst for rum.”
To those who viewed the new homelessness of the post–Civil War decades in this manner, the issue was simple: there were some people who simply did not want to work. By the 1890s some critics were beginning to acknowledge a relationship between depressions and the increase in the number of vagrants. The main point, however, John J. McCook argued, was that tramps were drunkards and poor workmen—that was why they were the first to be let go during a depression.
Outcome in Adoption: Lessons from Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Bohman Michael , Sigvardsson Soren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a legal measure to protect abandoned and socially deprived children, adoption has rather recent traditions in Europe and Great Britain. While legislation on adoption for the benefit of the child was first introduced in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, such laws were not enacted on the European continent or in Great Britain until some hundred years later. For instance, the first Swedish Adoption Act came into force in 1917, but not until 1959 did adopted children become full legal members of their new families. In the German Federal Republic modem adoption laws were not implemented until 1977. This reluctance to recognize the legal rights of the adopted child may reflect the fundamental importance of biological family relationships in Roman-European legal tradition, which still prevails in most European countries.
Adjustment in Interracial Adoptees: An Overview
Authors: Silverman Arnold R , Feigelman William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into four parts. In the first part we offer a historical overview of transracial adoption; the second part examines how laws and social agencies presently encourage or impede this practice. Next, we summarize the social science research on the outcomes associated with transracial adoption. Last, we speculate on the future of this new pattern of adoptive relationships.
Controlling Dissent
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost from the start of hostilities in Europe, President Wilson had been concerned about what would happen to American liberties if the United States ever entered the Great War. He knew from his study of history how patriots had persecuted loyalists in the American Revolution, about the “odious” Sedition Act of 1798 that cut, he wrote, “perilously close to the root of freedom of speech and of the press,” and of Lincoln’s harsh measures against dissenters in the Civil War. He believed that because of the way human nature operated, war would inevitably lead to “moral exhaustion” and a loosening of the principles of just and temperate government.
A Family of Great Price
Authors: Levy Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever its advantages locally over the Puritans’ reform program, northwestern British Quaker domesticity was still politically and economically implausible. Neither the Royalist nor Puritan state had use for a system which created conscience to the exclusion and disdain of a morally authoritative upper class or the profession of university-trained ministers of the Word of God. Not counting jail time or tithe destraints, the Anglican authorities squeezed Cheshire and Welsh Quakers between 1660 and 1685 for at least £1,500 in persecutorial fines. Quaker domesticity was also too expensive for a pre-industrial society of limited wealth, especially in one of that society’s poorest regions. The Quakers’ plain infrastructure of un paid, spiritually educated ministers and modest meeting houses hid their households’ need for more wealth than northwestern England could supply.
Palaces on Monday
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This was an age of utopianism. Political leaders had utopian visions, and so did many citizens, especially the younger generation. The spirit is hard to capture in an age of skepticism, since utopianism, like revolution, is so unreasonable. How could anyone have seriously believed in a radiant future, totally different from the miserable past and the chaotic present/ The problem of understanding is all the greater because of the distance between the utopian vision and Soviet reality. It is tempting to dismiss the vision as simply deception and camouflage, especially since the utopian rhetoric actually did serve those purposes, among others, for the Soviet regime. But the vision cannot be dismissed in a study of everyday Stalinism. Not only was it a part of Stalinism, and an important one at that, but it was also a part of everyone’s everyday experience in the 1930s. A Soviet citizen might believe or disbelieve in a radiant future, but could not be ignorant that one was promised.
A Demographic Portrait of America’s Oldest Old
Authors: Taeuber Cynthia M , Rosenwaike Ira , Willis David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oldest old are a small but rapidly growing group. In 1900, there were 252,000 persons aged 80 to 84 years and only 122,000 persons aged 85 years and over (Figure 2-1). In 1990 there were 3.9 million and 3.0 million, respectively.
The Clinician’s Experience: Power Versus Magic in Medicine
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TRADITIONALLY, THE PRACTICE of medicine has been divided into its science, concerned with disease, and its art, associated with the actual care of patients. As in many a tense marriage, arguments have been advanced about the differences, similarities, and mutual need of each of these aspects for the other. In these discussions, when the concern is that the needs of the sick are being overlooked in modern scientific medicine, the importance of empathy, compassion, communication, and other humane qualities of physicians are stressed.