bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microcharacterization of heavy‐duty diesel engine piston deposits
Authors: Smith G. C. , Hopwood A. B. , Titchener K. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe composition and structure of heavy‐duty diesel engine piston deposits generated in a Caterpillar 1Y540 single‐cylinder bench test engine according to the Caterpillar 1N test procedure have been investigated using infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction (XRD), x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), XPS depth profiling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The test engine piston was modified to allow deposits to be examined without removal from their original surface, allowing the structure of the deposit/substrate interface to be studied for the first time. Detailed microcharacterization of specimens generated under typical conditions has shown that deposit formation is initiated by adsorption of a thin lubricant layer on the piston surface during start‐up. Oil‐soluble additive degradation products within this thin lubricant layer react with surface oxides to form a phosphate‐rich layer. With increasing engine run time, degraded lubricant additive species react with fuel combustion acids to form inorganic sulphates and phosphates that become embedded in a gum‐like matrix of non‐volatile hydrocarbon residues and partial oxidation products. Extended running times result in the build‐up of a concentration of crystalline species near the deposit/substrate interface as a result of agglomeration and annealing. The layer structure is completed by deposition of further lubricant additive material during over‐run on completion of the engine test. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface physicochemistry of corona‐discharge‐treated polypropylene film
Authors: O'Hare Lesley‐Ann , Leadley Stuart , Parbhoo Bhukan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCorona discharge treatment (CDT) is a surface modification technique commonly used to treat plastic films prior to adhesive bonding, printing with inks, lamination to other films and other coating applications. In this study, the treatment conditions are, in energy terms, representative of those used in industrial and laboratory coating applications.The physicochemistry of the surface of untreated and corona‐discharge‐treated biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film was investigated using a number of complementary surface analytical techniques: contact angle analysis; x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); atomic force microscopy (AFM). This report describes the surface energetics, chemical functionality and morphology of polypropylene film before and after CDT. Both AFM and XPS were utilized, along with washing experiments, to investigate the presence of a weak boundary layer.The surface energy was found, as expected, to increase with increasing energy of the corona. The functional groups incorporated onto the surface have been identified as hydroxyl [C–OH], peroxy [C–O–O], carbonyl [CO], ester [C–O–CO], carboxylic acid [HOCO] and carbonate [OC(O)O]. These groups are present in varying relative concentrations, depending on the energy of the corona utilized.The morphology of the film changed after CDT. Initially, a fibrillar crystalline structure was observed, whereas after CDT a globular morphology became apparent. These globular features were attributed to low‐molecular‐weight oxidized material (LMWOM) created by CDT. The roughness of the film was not found to increase under the corona conditions employed.Formation of LMWOM was found to be independent of treatment energy. However, two mechanisms have been suggested for its formation, dependent on the energy of treatment: below a threshold energy of ∼4 kJ m−2, oxidation and scission of the inherent low‐molecular‐weight boundary layer present on polyolefin films is the dominant means for the formation of LMWOM; above 4 kJ m−2, oxidation and scission of the polymer backbone is the main process.This work provides a comprehensive reference around CDT of polypropylene film for industrial applications, while also informing how the optimal level of treatment can be determined. In the case of adhesion of silicones, it would be expected that optimal adhesion would be obtained where the maximum amount of oxygen incorporated was in a water‐insoluble form. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of La1−xSrx‐based perovskite‐type oxides
Authors: van der Heide P. A. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to analyse systematically a group of La1−xSrx‐based mixed‐metal perovskite‐type oxides of interest in the development of oxygen separation membranes. Angle‐ and temperature‐resolved studies reveal compositional variations that correlate with the segregation of various elements during annealing. The complex O 1s, Sr 3d5/2 and La 3d5/2 spectra could be curve‐fitted systematically with two La 3d5/2, three Sr 3d5/2 and five O 1s contributions, respectively, using fixed binding energies and full widths at half‐maximum. The trends are discussed and assignments are made on the basis of peak intensity and composition variations noted during the angle‐ and temperature‐resolved studies, literature data and nearest‐neighbor electronegativities. In all cases, elements present at the outermost surface revealed higher binding energies than their bulk‐bound counterparts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of sub‐2‐nm SiO2 interlayer thickness using secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Jones Clive M. , Zhao Jin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) methodology for the determination of sub‐2‐nm SiO2 interlayer thickness is reported here. The SiO2 interlayer to be evaluated is within the structure of polycrystalline Si SiO2 Si substrate. The polycrystalline Si layer can be up to a few hundred nanometers thick. The sample is analyzed by SIMS and a concentration–depth profile of oxygen is acquired. High‐energy Cs+ primary ion bombardment is used, so that the thin SiO2 layer is diluted by ion beam mixing. A 14.5 keV net impact energy provides sufficient mixing to change the composition of the interface from that of stoichiometric SiO2 to Si with a high dose of oxygen. The areal density of the interfacial oxygen peak is calibrated against a SIMS oxygen ion implant standard with a precision of better than 3%. The SiO2 thickness then is calculated with equal precision using the formula derived. In the present work, the differentiation among interfacial oxide thicknesses of 5–10 Å with a step width of 1 Å is demonstrated by this SIMS method with good precision and accuracy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a non‐organofunctional silane film deposited on Al, Zn and Al–43.4Zn–1.6Si alloy‐coated steel
Authors: Bexell Ulf , Olsson Mikael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) has been used to analyse the interface between a non‐organofunctional silane and three different metal substrates (aluminium, zinc and an aluminium–zinc alloy). Ion etching using Ga+ ions was used to expose the interfacial region. Ion fragments from the samples were examined carefully where supposed metal–oxygen–silicon ion fragments should appear in the mass spectra. From high mass resolution spectra it was concluded that there exists an AlOSi+ ion fragment at nominal mass m/z = 71 amu on the aluminium and aluminium–zinc alloy substrates and a ZnOSi+ ion fragment at nominal mass m/z = 108 amu on the zinc and aluminium–zinc alloy substrates. These results are further enhanced by the fact that the characteristic ion pattern of ZnOSi+‐type ion fragments, composed of different naturally stable zinc and silicon isotopes, in the mass range m/z = 108–112 amu showed the expected relative peak height relations.The presence of these metal–oxygen–silicon ion fragments is a strong indication that chemical interaction between the silane and the metal substrates exists and that the nature of this interaction is due to the formation of a covalent bond between the silane and the metal substrate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mirror star‐tracing performance in HIV‐1 infection: an assessment of visuoconstructive skills?
Authors: Waldrop Drenna , Kumar Mahendra , Kumar Adarsh M. , Wilkie Francis L. , Eisdorfer Carl 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines the visuoconstructive skills of HIV‐1+ individuals using an alpha‐adrenergic challenge, mirror star‐tracing. Participants were HIV‐1+ and HIV‐1− non‐drug injecting men and women involved in a study examining endocrine functioning in relation to HIV infection under challenge conditions. Performance on the star‐tracing task was based on the amount of errors committed when outlining a double‐lined star with a pencil while looking only at its reflection in a mirror. Chi‐square analysis indicated that significantly more HIV‐1+ participants were in the high error group on the mirror star‐tracing task than HIV‐1− participants. This finding provides a potential novel approach for examining visuoconstructive skills in HIV‐1+ individuals and warrants further research to better understand the meaning of such findings. Preliminary data from mirror star‐tracing performances of HIV‐1− injecting drug users (IDUs) a trend toward significantly more HIV‐1− IDUs in the high error group. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entry barriers and new venture performance: a comparison of universal and contingency approaches
Authors: Robinson Kenneth C. , Phillips McDougall Patricia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study utilized universal and contingency approaches to empirically investigate the effects of entry barriers on new venture performance. Consistent with prior research utilizing the universal approach, this study found only limited support for the direct independent effects of entry barriers on performance. Conversely, this study provides strong support for utilizing the contingency approach to examine the complex effects of entry barriers on divergent performance measures. Overall, contingency models incorporating the theoretically justified moderating effects of industry life cycle stage and venture strategy explained 31, 61, and 45 percent of the variance in profitability, shareholder wealth creation, and sales growth respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absolute and relative resources as determinants of international acquisitions
Authors: Anand Jaideep , Delios Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough it is established that firms sometimes expand abroad to augment their capabilities, previous studies have generally focused on technological determinants of foreign expansion. We analyze capability‐seeking aspects of foreign direct investment by examining the relationship between upstream (technological) and downstream (marketing) capabilities and the choice between acquisition and greenfield modes of international entry. In analyzing 2175 entries by British, German, and Japanese investors into the United States, we find that for downstream capabilities, which tend not to be geographically fungible, the absolute level of capabilities in the entered industry explains the mode choice. However, for upstream capabilities, which tend to be geographically fungible, the acquisition motive stems from a relative capability differential between host and home country firms. These results have implications for the concept of fungibility in the resource‐based view of the firm as well as for the literature on sourcing of resident assets by foreign firms, which has thus far ignored issues of entry mode and downstream assets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acquisitions versus greenfield investments: international strategy and management of entry modes
Authors: Harzing Anne‐Wil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper adds an important explanatory variable to the well‐established list of factors shown to influence the choice between foreign acquisitions and greenfield investments: the international strategy followed by the multinational company (MNC) in question. The MNC's international strategy is subsequently linked to the management of the two different entry modes by showing that differences in strategy are reflected in different headquarters—subsidiary relationships for acquisitions and greenfields. Some aspects of this relationship are also shown to change over time, a process that is mediated by the MNC's strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Firm capabilities and technology ladders: sequential foreign direct investments of Japanese electronics firms in East Asia
Authors: Song Jaeyong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper investigates how investments in capabilities offer platforms for the upgrading or downgrading of overseas subsidiaries' activities along a ‘technology ladder’ in response to macroeconomic changes. By analyzing panel data on Japanese electronic firms in East Asia from 1988 to 1994, the empirical results confirm the importance of capabilities at host country, parent company, and local subsidiary levels in sequential foreign investment decisions. The results show that subsidiary capabilities offset macroeconomic factors influencing location decisions of multinational corporations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MANTOOL: a tool for supporting the software maintenance process
Authors: Usaola Macario Polo , Velthuis Mario Piattini , González Francisco Ruiz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we present MANTOOL, an automatic tool for managing the software maintenance process according to MANTEMA, a rigorous methodology for maintenance. After explaining briefly the MANTEMA structure, the article explains how MANTOOL allows users to manage modification requests following the different stages of the methodology, showing it with some examples. The data saved in MANTOOL can be used to extract different kinds of reports and to do estimations of future maintenance interventions. The paper also includes some experience reports about the construction and application of MANTEMA and MANTOOL, and some reflections on the benefits of its use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Java based replicated server objects and their remote method invocations in a distributed environment
Authors: Viswanathan Iyer K. , Harinath M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA distributed system is said to be fault‐tolerant if it is able to provide important services despite partial failures of the computers or software objects in the system. These systems are needed to support applications such as remote access and control, virtual mobile offices and wide area collaborative systems where there are chances of failures in the network and software objects. Fault‐tolerance is usually achieved by replicating the objects in the system. Traditional distributed applications constructed using Java RMI (remote method invocation) are not fault‐tolerant because of the lack of support of object replication. The objective of the present work is to design a remote method invocation that supports server object replication. To provide a fault‐tolerant service to the remote client objects, server objects are actively replicated. The problems associated with the method invocation in the context of active server object replication are presented and solutions are discussed and implemented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving the business logic tier to the client. Cost‐effective distributed computing for the WWW
Authors: Anido Luis , Santos Juan , Caeiro Manuel , Rodríguez Judith , Fernández Manuel J. , Llamas Martín 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Internet and the WWW have encouraged the adoption of a three‐tiered architectural style as the general framework for distributed computing. The thin client concept associated with this model is the most suitable for the WWW, because it can be easily mapped to the browser concept. Additionally, the separation of business logic (middle tier) and back‐end services enable further flexibility for the design of this kind of service. Nevertheless, the advent of platform‐independent software models like Java and the availability of common off‐the‐shelf services, like FTP or HTTP, offer new opportunities to more classical distributed computing models. In this paper we revisit the two‐tiered model for Internet environments, and show that the fat client (user interface plus business logic) may still be valid, at least in some environments. We propose two solutions to provide full FTP access from a Java applet. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practitioner roles in software process improvement: an analysis using grid technique
Authors: Baddoo Nathan , Hall Tracy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we present empirical findings from our study of software practitioners. We used the repertory grid technique to collect data from nearly 200 developers, project managers and senior managers in 13 companies. The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions that different staff groups have regarding their role in SPI. Our results allow improved understanding of the SPI concerns and needs that different staff groups have. We suggest that this improved understanding will enable SPI managers to develop multi‐strand SPI implementation strategies which deliver benefit to all staff groups. Delivering SPI benefit to all staff groups increases buy‐in at all levels and means that SPI can be more successful in the long term. Our main findings are that all staff groups are in close agreement about their roles in SPI. However software developers often have a limited view of SPI and are unable to perceive themselves in some of the roles that successful case studies on SPI recommend. For example, developers do not see themselves assuming ownership of processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Certain similarities between the evolution of cooperation and phase transitions in physics
Authors: Theodorakis Stavros 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe theory of evolution of cooperation presents a number of striking similarities to the theory of phase transitions in physics. A system that is in a higher energy phase P+ will make a transition to a lower energy phase P−, given enough time, as long as the intervening energy barrier is not too high. The phase transition is realized through the nucleation of a sufficiently large bubble of the energetically preferred phase P− within the higher energy phase P+. Similarly, if we think of the strategies of Defection and of Tit for Tat as the phases P+ and P− respectively, a population using the ‘energetically unfavourable’ Defection strategy will switch over to the ‘energetically favourable’ Tit for Tat strategy, provided the players interact continuously and substantially. The presence of a large enough Tit for Tat concentration is necessary for the onset of this change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Effective governance’ through complexity thinking and management science
Authors: White Leroy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, many claims have been made that new models of organization are emerging in the public and voluntary sector. These are partnerships, alliances, fora and consortia, to mention but a few, and they encompass both active participation of their members and/or users and the governance of their activities. The patterns of governance emerging, in my view, offer a different set of problems for the management sciences. Policy, strategy and accountability are now being developed within a complex network of different organizations drawn from the public and voluntary sector, aiming to govern or regulate the public sphere. This paper will explore how management scientists can address these patterns of governance.It will be argued that, if governance has supplanted management as an issue for the management sciences in this context, a new or different language is needed to ‘re‐present’ the problems. In particular, it will be shown that management science can be employed to find a clear balance between good governance and effective management. This paper will also propose a framework that may be used to help the new organizational arrangements achieve effective governance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tetrahedron of knowledge acquisition: a meta‐model of the relations among observation, conceptualization, evaluation and action in the research on socio‐ecological systems
Authors: Nijland Geert O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a meta‐model which integrates different approaches in the research on socio‐ecological systems. The relations between hypothetical‐deductive, empirical‐inductive and interpretive‐phenomenological holistic research approaches are visualized schematically together with their interrelations with the ‘real system’. All the relations shown are described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cybernetics and the social sciences
Authors: Scott Bernard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCybernetics was formulated by its founders as a metadiscipline with the aim not only of fostering collaboration between disciplines (interdisciplinarity), but also of sharing knowledge across disciplines (transdisciplinarity). In this paper the relationship between cybernetics and the social sciences is reviewed. The distinction between first and second (in general, higher) order forms of cybernetics is introduced to characterize three approaches to the study of social systems. The three approaches are described as ideal types; it is acknowledged that in practice investigators may draw on more than one of the approaches and that there are contexts in which the distinctions between them become fuzzy. The three approaches are:

studies of social systems and social behaviour that adopt classical scientific modes of investigation;

studies that investigate the interactions of social actors;

approaches that attempt to characterise social systems as distinct forms of autonomous whole.

Pask's conversation theory, with its concept of the ‘psychological individual’, is introduced as a theory that is explicitly designed to build a bridge between the second and third approaches. Copyright © 2001 International Society for the Systems Sciences.
Major coexpression of κ‐opioid receptors and the dopamine transporter in nucleus accumbens axonal profiles
Authors: Svingos Adena L. , Chavkin Charles , Colago Eric E.O. , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe behavioral effects of psychostimulants, which are produced at least in part through inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT), are modulated by κ‐opioid receptors (KOR) in the nucleus accumbens (Acb). Using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, we reveal that in the Acb KOR labeling is mainly, and DAT immunoreactivity is exclusively, presynaptic. From 400 KOR‐labeled presynaptic structures, including axon terminals, intervaricosities, and small axons, 51% expressed DAT and 29% contacted another population of terminals exclusively labeled for DAT. Within axonal profiles that contained both antigens, DAT and KOR were prominently localized to plasma membrane segments that showed overlapping distributions of the respective immunogold‐silver and immunoperoxidase markers. KOR labeling was also localized to membranes of small synaptic vesicles in terminals with or without DAT immunoreactivity. In addition, from 24 KOR‐immunoreactive dendritic spines 42% received convergent input from DAT‐containing varicosities and unlabeled terminals forming asymmetric, excitatory‐type synapses. Our results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that in the Acb, KOR is localized to strategic sites for involvement in the direct presynaptic release and/or reuptake of dopamine. These data also suggest a role for KOR in the presynaptic modulation of other neurotransmitters and in the postsynaptic excitatory responses of single spiny neurons in the Acb. Dual actions on dopamine terminals and their targets in the Acb may account for KOR‐mediated attenuation of drug reinforcement and sensitization. Synapse 42:185–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.