bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macaca thibetana at Mt. Emei, China: III. Group composition
Authors: Zhao Qikun , Deng Ziyun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on group composition at the end of the 1986 birth season were collected from six groups of Macaca thibetana. All adult males, the members of group A, and some conspicuous animals were recognized individually. Fourhundred survey sessions were completed. The mean group size was 38.3 (SD = 13.8, range: 28–65); the number of adult females was the best correlate of total group size. The mean adult sex ratio (F:M) across groups was 3:1 (SD = 1.9, range: 1.5–6.5:1), which significantly deviated from 1:1. Sex ratios (F:M) in newborns, juveniles, and all members did not significantly deviate from 1. The ratio of immature animals to adults was 1.5 to 1 (average of groups); that is, 60% of the population was composed of immature animals, and the population was growing.
Excrement distribution and habitat use in Rhinopithecus bieti in winter
Authors: Zhao Qikun , He Shunjin , Wu Baoqi , Nash Leanne T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWinter ranging patterns of Rhinopithecus bieti were determined using feces as the ranging trace. The appearance of the feces was unique in the study habitat. The sampled habitats were a well‐forested area and a partly altered one. Analyses of excrement distribution showed: (1) monkeys tended to use the upper part of the forest belt, ranging between 3,900 and 4,100 m above sea level; (2) monkeys came to the ground and used the partly altered habitat, where only some forest remained; (3) the structure of resources had little influence on determining the ranging elevation; and (4) the animals spent more time in the local valley than on the local ridge, probably using the former as a sleeping site.
Aerial maneuvers of leaping lemurs: The physics of whole‐body rotations while airborne
Authors: Dunbar Donald C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral prosimian species begin a leap from a vertical support with their back toward the landing target. To reorient themselves from this dorsally facing, head‐first lift‐off to a ventrally facing, feet‐first landing, the animals combine an initial twist with a partial backward somersault. Cinefilms of a captive colony of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) revealed that during leaps from vertical poles to horizontal supports, the backward somersaulting rotations were often initiated while the animals were airborne. How could these prosimians initiate rotations in the absence of externally applied forces without violating angular momentum conservation? The problem was approached through vector analysis to demonstrate angular momentum (H) changes about the three principal (symmetrical) axes of rotation for a series of critical body positions that were extracted from the filmed sequences. One L. catta specimen was segmented to provide the dimensions and weights necessary for modeling the various body positions. These data were also used to calculate moments of inertia about the three principal axes in order to predict if rotations about these axes were stable or metastable. Lemurs, like any projectile, must conserve the total angular momentum (HT) established at lift‐off. HT, however, is a vector quantity that is the resultant of component vectors about the three principal axes. Thus, H about the individual axes may change as long as HT remains constant. Strategically timed tail movements tilted the body, thereby changing the H value about the head‐to‐toe (twisting) axis. To conserve HT, also aligned along the twisting axis, angular momentum transferred to the somersaulting axis. Owing to the direction of tail‐throw, the initiated rotations were partial backward somersaults that brought the hindlimbs forward for landing. This strategy for initiating specific rotations parallels that practiced by human springboard divers.
Reproduction in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Izard M. Kay , Weisenseel K. A. , Ange R. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reproductive biology of the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) is poorly documented because of infrequent captive breeding success and the absence of field studies of this species. Reproductive data were collected from a breeding colony of slow lorises held at the Duke University Primate Center for the past 10 years. Nineteen infants were born, with a sex ratio of 1:1 and a neonatal mortality rate of 15.8%. In all cases, litter size was one. Females born in the colony copulated for the first time between 18 and 24 months of age. A male that reached sexual maturity in the colony sired his first offspring at the age of 17 months. Estrous cycles ranged in duration from 29–45 days, with copulations usually occurring for 1 day of estrus. Gestation length averaged 192.2 days. Although a postpartum estrus was observed in three cases of infant death, no conceptions resulted. Lactation lasted approximately 6 months. A clear birth peak was observed, with 12 out of 19 births occurring in March, April, and May. The comparatively low basal metabolic rate of this species may account for the unusually low reproductive rate of the slow loris in comparison with other prosimian primates.
Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella) grooms her infant's wound with tools
Authors: Ritchie Bill G. , Fragaszy Dorothy M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfter an attack on her 6‐day‐old infant, a capuchin monkey manufactured, modified, and used simple tools to manipulate her infant's head wound, and applied modified plant materials to the wound. The monkey's preparation and use of plant materials were varied and skillful. Several contextual factors probably facilitated the extension of tool‐using behaviors that this female used in treating her own wounds to treating another's wound. We consider these in relation to the prehistorical development of social medicine in our own species.
Vigilance during play in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Biben Maxeen , Symmes David , Bernhards Deborah 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPlay by young squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) may put them and other troop members at risk for predation because youngsters are noisy, separated from adults, and not vigilant when at play. In a study using separated groups of adults and 1‐year‐old juveniles caged outdoors, we found that adult female squirrel monkeys become more vigilant during periods of spontaneous play among juveniles. This behavioral response could be obtained with auditory cues (play vocalizations) alone. Five times as much vigilance activity was directed toward an area from which threat or disturbance was likely to come as was directed toward the juveniles themselves. These results suggest both an adaptive, compensatory increase in adult vigilance during play and a function for play vocalizations. Additional functions for play vocalizations remain to be investigated.
Excretion of estrone, estradiol, and progesterone in the urine and feces of the female cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)
Authors: Ziegler T. E. , Sholl S. A. , Scheffler G. , Haggerty M. A. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe excretion of three gonadal steroids was studied in the urine and feces of female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Each steroid, 14C‐estrone, 14C‐estradiol, and 14C‐progesterone, was injected into a separate female cotton‐top tamarin. Urine and feces were collected at 8 hr intervals for 5 days on the three tamarins. Samples were analyzed to determine the proportion of free and conjugated steroids. Steroid excretion patterns were determined by sequential ether extraction, enzyme hydrolysis, and chromatography. Labeled estrone was excreted in a slow and continuous manner into the urine (57%) and feces (43%) with 90% of the steroid conjugated. The nonconjugated form had an elution profile identical to 3H estrone, but the conjugated portion was not completely hydrolyzed by enzyme. Labeled estradiol was excreted primarily in the urine (87%) and was released rapidly. Over 90% of the injected 14C‐estradiol was excreted in urine as a conjugate, of which 41% was converted to an estrone conjugate and the remaining 59% was excreted as a polar estradiol conjugate. Labeled progesterone was excreted primarily in the feces (95%), 61% of which was free steroid. Four to six individual peaks of radioactivity were found when using celite chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), indicating that progesterone is metabolized into several urinary and fecal metabolites. One of these peaks matched 3H‐progesterone and others may be pregnanediols, pregnanetriols, and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone. These steroidal excretion patterns help explain the atypical hormonal patterns seen during the tamarin ovarian cycle.
Morphology and relationships of the orangutan fatty cheek pads
Authors: Winkler Linda A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present paper examines the anatomical relationships as well as possible developmental and functional relationships of the fatty cheek pad characteristic of the adult male orangutan. The research involves the dissection of 11 orangutans of both sexes in a variety of age categories. All specimens possess either a fat pad or a subcutaneous connective tissue fascial compartment in the lateral face extending superiorly from slightly above the inferior border of the mandible to the temporal region. In immature specimens as well as adult females, fat deposits within the connective tissue compartment are scarce or nonexistent, whereas pubescent male specimens or older possess accumulations of fibro‐fatty tissues in this region. The extensive fat accumulations of the adult male cheek flange are related to age and sex and to modifications in related facial musculature, especially mm. platysma, zygomaticus, orbicularis oculi, and orbitotemporalis and frontalis. These muscles are clearly related to the cheek pad structures in both sexes but appear to assume a supportive role in the males. The cheek pad has no direct bony attachments, but its mass may have a significant effect on facial morphology. The development of the cheek pad is temporally variable and its function remains speculative although the presence of a fully developed flange may be related to behavioral modifications.
Styles of dominance and their endocrine correlates among wild olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M. , Ray Justina C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have studied the relationship between dominance rank and physiology among male olive baboons (Papio anubis) living freely in a national park in Africa. In stable hierarchies, dominant males consistently have lower basal concentrations than do subordinates of the adrenal glucocorticoid cortisol. Because of the known catabolic actions of glucocorticoids, dominant males may be less at risk for some of the pathogenic consequences of glucocorticoid overexposure. We find that low basal cortisol concentration is not, in fact, a marker of social dominance; instead, it is only found among dominant males with a certain style of dominance. Lower basal cortisol concentrations occurred among males with any of the following behaviors: the most marked ability to distinguish between threatening and merely neutral interactions with rivals and, if the former, the greatest likelihood of initiating a fight; the most skill at distinguishing between winning and losing a fight and, if the latter, the greatest likelihood of displacing aggression onto a third party. Collectively, these behaviors suggest high degrees of social skillfulness, control, and predictability over social contingencies, all recognized as psychological features that minimize the pathophysiological impact of stress. Dominant males lacking these behavioral features, in contrast, had as high cortisol concentrations as did subordinate males. Finally, low basal cortisol concentrations were also a feature of males with the longest tenures in the dominant cohort, suggesting that this endocrine dichotomy is meaningful in terms of life histories.
Lactation and care for unrelated infants in forest‐living ringtailed Lemurs
Authors: Pereira Michael E. , Izard M. Kay 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn adult female ringtailed lemur (Lemur catta) known not to have been pregnant showed spontaneous lactation in response to twin infants born to an unrelated female. The females had met only 7 months earlier, when they and two other unrelated adult females were released from separate locations in a forest enclosure to form a new social group. Three months after release, an adult male from an adjacent enclosure gained access to the new group for 1 day, the day of one female's estrus. No males had access to the females throughout the remainder of the breeding season. Within 2 weeks of the birth of the twins, one of the other adult females began carrying the infants frequently, typically one at a time. All three females were checked for lactation when the infants were two months old. Both their mother and the unrelated adult who had been carrying the infants were producing milk. The third adult female, who never carried either infant, had no milk. The third adult female, who never carried either infant, had no milk. This female, however, like the two maternal females, frequently attacked unfamiliar immigrating adult males when the males approached the infants. Potential implications of these observations concerning the social organization of ringtailed lemurs are discussed.
Social relationships of mountain baboons: Leadership and affiliation in a non‐female‐bonded monkey
Authors: Byrne R. W. , Whiten A. , Henzi S. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInstead of close and differentiated relationship among adult females, the accepted norm for savanna baboons, groups of Drakensberg mountain baboons (Papio ursinus) showed strong affiliation of females towards a single male. The same male was usually the decision‐making animal in controlling group movements. Lactating or pregnant females focused their grooming on this “leader” male, producing a radially patterned sociogram, as in the desert baboon (P. hamadryas); the leader male supported young animals in the group against aggression and protected them against external threats. Unlike typical savanna baboons, these mountain baboons rarely displayed approach‐retreat or triadic interactions, and entirely lacked coalitions among adult females. Both groups studied were reproductively one‐male; male‐female relationships in one were like those in a unit of hamadryas male at his peak, while the other group resembled the unit of an old hamadryas male, who still led the group, with a male follower starting to build up a new unit and already monoplizing mating. In their mountain environment, where the low population density suggests conditions as harsh for baboons as in deserts, adults in these groups kept unusually large distances apart during ranging; kin tended to range apart, and spacing of adults was greatest at the end of the dry, winter season. These facts support the hypothesis that sparse food is responsible for convergence with hamadryas social organization. It is suggested that all baboons, though matrilocal, are better categorized as “cross‐sex‐bonded” than “female bonded”.
Early embryonal culture of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Fujisaki Masami , Suzuki Michihiro , Kohno Misao , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOvaries of ten female cynologus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were superstimulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). During this treatment, follicular development was monitored by ultrasonography. After three to four injections of PMSG, ovaries began to show an increase in their size. After seven to ten injections of PMSG and a hCG injection, a total of 183 oocytes (18.3±14.1/ animal, mean±SD) were recovered from these females by laparotomy. Five nulliparous females produced 24.2±18.2 oocytes per animal, and the remaining five parous females produced 12.5±5.46 oocytes per animal. In total, 133 (72.6%) of the 183 oocytes were classified morphologically as matured, and 130 of them were inseminated with cynomolgus monkey sperm for 18 hours in vitro. The second polar body was observed in 92 (71%) of the inseminated oocytes, and 54 (59%) of the 92 oocytes showed cleavage division at least once. When these oocytes were fertilized and cultured in serum‐free media, they stopped their development at 4‐cell stage. In contrast to this condition, about a half of fertilized oocytes in serum‐free media were able to develop to morula stage 4 days after insemination by transferring them into serum‐containing media after 2‐cell stage.
Functional aspects of reconciliation among captive long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Aureli Filippo , Van Schaik Carel P. , Van Hooff Jan A. R. A. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfter an agonistic conflict between two animals, they may exchange affiliative social contacts. The function of this reconciliation behavior is thought to be the repair of the social relationship between the two opponents. We examined the hypothesis that reconciliation is socially effective because it may also lead to a reduction of the victim's acute stress. Reconciliation was studied in a well‐established captive group of long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). The behavior of the victim in a 10 min period after the end of an agonistic interaction was recorded and compared with that of a control observation made on the same animal the next day. The tendency to reconcile was elevated above control levels only during the first 3 min. Reconciliation led to a fast reduction in scratching rates and to a decrease of the reoccurrence of aggression received. Losers took the initiative to reconcile more than expected. Dominants granted reconciliation depending on their relatedness with the victims and on the quality of the relationship with them. After those interactions in which contra‐aggression and no clear submission occurred, the reconciliation rate was remarkably high. These results suggest that reconciliation can be an effective means to reduce the victim's acute stress and that its function in repairing social relationships can partly be mediated by its physiological effects. The intimate relation between the quality of the social relationship and the conciliatory tendency can be extrapolated to explain interspecific variation.
Predation on capped langurs (Presbytis pileata) by cooperatively hunting jackals (Canis aureus)
Authors: Stanford C. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPredation attempts by cooperatively hunting jackals (Canis aureus) on capped langurs (Presbytis pileata) in moist deciduous forest in north‐central Bangladesh are described. The incidents were observed during a 15‐m field study of the ecology and behavior of capped langurs. Two attacks on langurs were made cooperatively by, in one instance, a pair and in a second instance a small pack of jackals. One of these attacks was successful. Although P. pileata is a highly arboreal species, both attacks took place in rare instances of ground travel by the langurs.
Social rank and sex ratio of captive long‐tailed macaque females (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Van Schaik C. P. , Netto W. J. , Van Amerongen A. J. J. , Westland H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVariation in birth sex ratios in primates can be accounted for by two hypotheses: the local resource competition hypothesis [Silk: American Naturalist 121:56–66, 1983] and the hypothesis of Trivers & Willard [Science 179:90–92, 1973] concerning the maternal effect on the quality of a male. We examined the effects of female dominance rank on aspects of reproduction in three well‐established captive groups of long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). High‐ranking females produced a higher proportion of sons than low‐ranking females, and factors other than rank did not have significant effects on birth sex ratios. Interbirth intervals following daughters were longer than those following sons, but they were independent of the mother's rank. The sons of high‐ranking mothers had better survival prospects than sons of low‐ranking mothers in some of the groups; no such difference was found for daughters. Overall, there was no sex difference in survival up to 5 years of age. These results support the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis rather than the local resource competition hypothesis. An analysis of interbirth intervals suggested that the deviation in birth sex ratio is already established at conception.
Mother‐infant interactions in captive slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang)
Authors: Ehrlich Annette , Macbride Lynn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInformation is presented about mother‐infant interactions and infant development in a rarely studied prosimian primate, the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang). Four dyads were observed, by means of closed circuit TV, in a semi‐natural environment for 1 hour per day three times a week. Infants were inactive for the first 6–8 weeks. Although mothers carried infants, they also left them alone for substantial periods of time after the 1st week. Over the 20‐week study period, there was a significant decline in ventral contact but not in sitting within 12 inches or engaging in active social interactions. By the end of the study, infants were not yet fully independent. Three of the 4 were primarily responsible for maintaining physical closeness to the mother; they made most of the approaches and mothers made most of the departures. However, only 2 of the 4 infants had assumed responsibility for the initiation and maintenance of social interactions with the mother. By comparison with other nocturnal prosimians of similar size, the rate of development is relatively slow. Unlike many anthropoids, mothers were not strongly protective or rejecting. They did not bring infants back to a fixed location or try to prevent infants from leaving them; and the decline in ventral contact was not accompanied by fights between the pair. The 3 group‐living mothers were more protective than the single individually housed mother, and it would seem advisable to isolate mother‐infant pairs in laboratory breeding colonies.
Population structure of Hylobates concolor in Bawanglin Nature Reserve, Hainan, China
Authors: Zhenhe Liu , Yongzu Zhang , Haisheng Jiang , Southwick Charles 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Hainan gibbon continues to survive in Bawanglin Nature Reserve in four social groups totalling 21 individuals. Twelve births have occurred since 1982, and 11 of these individuals survive in 1989. Only three of these 12 births have been females, however. The total female population consists of 6 adult females, two of which are at least 19 years old, and three juvenile females born since 1985. Two of the four social groups have only one adult female each and no juvenile females. All four groups are well protected, but their survival is precarious.