bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Sesquiterpenoids from Siegesbeckia orientalis
Authors: Xiang Ying , Fan Cheng‐Qi , Yue Jian‐Min 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive new sesquiterpenoids, namely, 8β‐(angeloyloxy)‐4β,6α,15‐trihydroxy‐14‐oxoguaia‐9,11(13)‐dien‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (1), 4β,6α,15‐trihydroxy‐8β‐(isobutyryloxy)‐14‐oxoguaia‐9,11(13)‐dien‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (2), 11,12,13‐trinorguai‐6‐ene‐4β,10β‐diol (3), (1(10)E,4E,8Z)‐8‐(angeloyloxy)‐6α,15‐dihydroxy‐14‐oxogermacra‐(1(10),4,8,11(13)‐tetraen‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (9), and (1(10)E,4β)‐8β‐(angeloyloxy)‐6α,14,15‐trihydroxygermacra‐1(10),11(13)‐dien‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (11), and three new artifacts, (1(10)E,4Z)‐8β‐(angeloyloxy)‐9α‐ethoxy‐6α,15‐dihydroxy‐14‐oxogermacra‐1(10),4,11(13)‐trien‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (6), (1(10)E,4Z)‐8β‐(angeloyloxy)‐9α,13‐diethoxy‐6α,15‐dihydroxy‐14‐oxogermacra‐1(10),4‐dien‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (7), and (1(10)E,4Z)‐8β‐(angeloyloxy)‐9α‐ethoxy‐6α,15‐dihydroxy‐13‐methoxy‐14‐oxogermacra‐1(10),4‐dien‐12‐oic acid 12,6‐lactone (8), together with the three known sesquiterpenoids 4, 5, and 10, were isolated from the aerial parts of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Their structures were established by spectral methods, especially 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectral methods.
Noncovalent Attachment of Nucleotides by FluorousFluorous Interactions: Application to a Simple Purification Principle for Synthetic DNA Fragments
Authors: Beller Christian , Bannwarth Willi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report a highly efficient noncovalent immobilization of DNA fragments on surfaces by fluorous fluorous interactions. The principle was applied to a simple and straightforward purification protocol for synthetic DNA. The method is completely compatible with standard solid‐phase synthesis of DNA.
Photochemistry of N‐(2‐Acylphenyl)‐2‐methylprop‐2‐enamides: Competition between Photocyclization and Long‐Range Hydrogen Abstraction
Authors: Nishio Takehiko , Tabata Megumi , Koyama Hiroyuki , Sakamoto Masami 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe photochemical reactions of various ‘N‐methacryloyl acylanilides’ (=N‐(acylphenyl)‐2‐methylprop‐2‐enamides) have been investigated. Under irradiation, the acyl‐substituted anilides 1a–1c and 1o afforded exclusively the corresponding quinoline‐based cyclization products of type 2 (Table 1). In contrast, irradiation of the benzoyl (Bz)‐substituted anilides 1e–1h afforded a mixture of the open‐chain amides 4e–4h and the cyclization products 2e–2h. Irradiation of the para‐acyl‐substituted anilides 6a–6e and 6h afforded the corresponding quinoline‐based cyclization products of type 5 as the sole products (Table 2). The formation of the cyclization products 2a–2c and 2o can be rationalized in terms of 6π‐electron cyclization, followed by thermal [1,5] acyl migration, and that of compounds 3p, 5a–5e, and 5h can be explained by a 6π‐electron cyclization only. The formation of the open‐chain amides 4e–4h probably follows a mechanism involving a 1,7‐diradical, C and a spirolactam of type D (Scheme). Long‐range ζ‐H abstraction by the excited carbonyl O‐atom of the benzoyl group on the aniline ring is expected to proceed via a nine‐membered cyclic transition state, as proposed on the basis of X‐ray crystallographic analyses (Fig. 2).
Modular Microreaction Systems for Homogeneously and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Snyder Daniel A. , Noti Christian , Seeberger Peter H. , Schael Frank , Bieber Thomas , Rimmel Guido , Ehrfeld Wolfgang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUntil now, microreaction devices designed for a specific type of reaction were used mainly for highly exothermic, very fast reactions. Described is a modular microreaction system and its application to representative homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions important in organic synthesis. The modular microreaction system allows continuous flow processes to be optimized and employed effectively in the chemical laboratory. The modular microreaction systems proved also versatile for syntheses requiring moderate reaction times, thus extending their application to a large fraction of organic reactions. The use of the modular and cleanable microreaction systems to rapidly develop optimized reaction conditions provides an excellent basis for the development of many chemical transformations scalable from milligram to ton production quantities.
The Reed–Sternberg cell in classical Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Chan Wing C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere has been substantial advances in our understanding of the nature of the Hodgkin/Reed–Sternberg (H/RS) cell in recent years. There is now compelling evidence that the H/RS cells in the vast majority of cases of classical Hodgkin's disease (CHD) are derived from the B‐cell lineage and a major clonal population is present. The immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene generally has a high load of somatic mutations suggesting that the H/RS cells are derived from germinal center (GC) (GC) or post‐GC cells. The cellular milieu in the tumour is largely determined by the cytokines and chemokines secreted by the H/RS cells and the surrounding reactive elements. The pattern of secretion is partially determined by signals transduced through direct surface interactions between H/RS cells and infiltrating T‐cells. Immunosuppressive cytokines and cytokines that preferentially induce a TH2 type of immune response may be partially responsible for the escape of the H/RS cells from immune surveillance. Multiple genes that have been shown to be involved in neoplastic transformation have been studied in HD. The significance of the data generated has been difficult to interpret. Efforts have been made to study the global gene expression pattern of the H/RS cells. There are many difficulties inherent in this approach, but new insight into the pathogenesis and evolution of HD would be expected from the studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of normal and leukemic stem cell biology in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: JØrgensen Heather G. , Holyoake Tessa L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative disease of stem cell origin, is characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome and the bcr‐abl oncogene. The BCR‐ABL fusion gene product, thought to be causative in CML, has multiple effects on diverse cell functions such as growth, differentiation and turnover as well as adhesion and apoptosis. Persistent Ph‐negative progenitors co‐exist with leukemic cells, both in the marrow and blood of patients, in the early chronic phase of the disease. Despite accumulating knowledge of hemopoiesis and the disease process, CML remains incurable with conventional chemotherapy. Nonetheless, with the efficacy of the ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI‐571 (signal transduction inhibitor 571) as a novel therapy in CML recently being realized in clinical trials, it is therefore timely to review our current understanding of the cell biology of this fascinating disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence based primary care? A multi‐tier, multiple stakeholder perspective from Chile
Authors: Bedregal Paula , Ferlie Ewan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA new challenge in health policy is the implementation of evidence‐based practice. It is useful to look at international experiences which go beyond the conventional USA and UK examples. Health sector restructuring in Chile has as its goals: using evidence‐based decision‐making to reduce variations of practice, contain costs and increase the effectiveness of clinical practice. A key area of change is within primary health care. But how does the implementation of evidence‐based health care proceed in reality? In order to understand this, it was decided to assess the policy environment using stakeholder analysis.MethodsFifteen stakeholders from the public health sector were interviewed in depth using a snowball strategy for sampling. Material relating to perceptions, thoughts and aspirations about evidence‐based innovations in primary health care was collected. Content analysis of the material produced a matrix of criteria and indicators of operational power.ResultsConcepts of evidence and effectiveness are different according to the role of each stakeholder in the health system. Most innovations proposed by government are related to management and stakeholders considered them as not being evidence‐based. Informal mechanisms of decision‐making predominated over the formal. Political issues are more important than formal evidence. All stakeholders felt they had power to define policy criteria but not to implement them. Implementation difficulties are related to how the system is organized and the culture within each organization. Most stakeholders indicated the need for human resources with appropriate knowledge and personal skills in order to implement these changes. These findings reveal again the importance of human factors within organizations. Policy‐making should consider such processual aspects in order to implement changes in practices in Chilean health care system more effectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossing the public–private sector divide with reproductive health in Cambodia: out‐patient services in a local NGO and the national MCH clinic
Authors: Huff‐Rousselle Maggie , Pickering Helen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSet within the context of recent literature on the private–public divide in the health sector of developing countries generally and Asia specifically, this study considers the major government and the major indigenous non‐government clinics offering out‐patient reproductive health services in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Reproductive health is of critical importance in Cambodia, which has one of the highest levels of unmet need for family planning in the developing world and suffers from what is arguably the most severe STD and HIV/AIDS problem in Asia. The study is unusual in that it examines and compares aspects of service delivery and pricing along with the socio‐economic profile and health‐seeking behaviour of clients self‐selecting services in the two settings. The socio‐economic status of clients was much higher than the norm in Cambodia but did not differ significantly between the two clinics. A few service indicators suggested that the quality of care was better in the NGO clinic. Underlying variables—such as the broader mandate of the public sector institution and the significant discrepancy between public and private sector salaries—offer an obvious explanation for these differences. The Ministry of Health in Cambodia has been developing policies related to the NGO sector, which has expanded rapidly in Cambodia during the 1990s, and it is struggling to increase staff remuneration within the public sector. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralization and human resource management in the health sector: a case study (1996–1998) from Nampula province, Mozambique
Authors: Saide Mouzinho A. O. , Stewart Donald E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDespite political, cultural and geographical diversity, health care reforms implemented in many developing countries share a number of common features regarding management and structural issues. Decentralization of decision‐making from the central authority to local and provincial levels is generally regarded in the literature to be an important way of achieving a more equitable distribution of health care and better management practices, aligned with local priorities and needs. However, in the absence of clear guidelines, continuous monitoring and an adequate supply of financial and human resources, decentralization processes are more likely to have a low impact on the process of health care reform and can, to a certain extent, provoke inequalities between regions in the same country. This qualitative study in Nampula province, Mozambique, was conducted to assess the impact of decentralization, through an analysis of the viewpoints of provincial health managers regarding their perceptions of the process, particularly with regard to the management of basic and elementary nurses. Secondary data from Nampula provincial reports and documents from the Mozambican Health Ministry were also reviewed and comparisons made with the experiences of other developing countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying and explaining changes in geographical inequality of infant mortality in England and Wales since the 1890s
Authors: Congdon P. , Campos R. M. , Curtis S. E. , Southall H. R. , Gregory I. N. , Jones I. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper considers the changing spatial pattern of infant mortality in England and Wales over the last century for a constant area definition. The analysis proceeds at the level of registration districts as defined in the 1890s, generated using the British Isles Historical Geographical Information System. Infant mortality at this spatial definition is followed over four points in time, the most recent being the early 1990s. Using a variety of inequality measures, the analysis demonstrates a decline in relative small‐area differentials in the chances of infant deaths up to 1958, but some resurgence since then. Regression methods are then used to evaluate the effect of available social variables, such as population density and housing conditions. The analysis incorporates adjustments for the sampling variability in what are often small counts of infant deaths by adopting ‘pooling strength’ techniques. Urban–rural differentiation has followed the same evolution: it was most marked in the 1890s and reappears by the 1990s, after being reduced somewhat in the earliest years of the UK National Health Service. Differentials in infant mortality according to the housing quality and economic status of different registration districts also gain in importance in the twentieth century compared with the 1890s. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemistry and toxicology of building timbers pressure‐treated with chromated copper arsenate: a review
Authors: Katz Sidney A. , Salem Harry 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA recent agreement between the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the wood‐treating industry will result in a phase‐out of building timbers preserved with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). This agreement was motivated by a desire to reduce exposure to arsenic in the production, utilization and disposal of such material. The leaching of chromium, copper and arsenic from CCA‐treated building timbers into water and soil and the subsequent environmental effects have been reviewed, as have the laboratory and epidemiological studies on the toxicology of CCA‐treated building timbers. The beneﬁts of the phase‐out agreement are questionable because much arsenic will remain in the environment, and the alternatives to wood preservation with CCA are not without environmental consequences. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental toxicity assessment of the new ﬂuoroquinolone antibacterial DW‐116 in rabbits
Authors: Kim J. C. , Kim S. H. , Shin D. H. , Bae C. S. , Oh K. S. , Kim J. H. , Yun H. I. , Lim J. H. , Chung M. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDW‐116 is a newly developed ﬂuoroquinolone antibacterial with a broad spectrum against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. We have reported recently that DW‐116 is embryotoxic and teratogenic in rats. The present study was conducted to investigate the teratogenicity of DW‐116, together with maternal toxicity and developmental toxicity using New Zealand White rabbits. The test chemical was administered by gavage to pregnant rabbits from gestational day (GD) 6 through to GD 18 at dose levels of 0, 5, 19.5 and 76.1 mg kg−1 day−1. All does were subjected to caesarean section on day 28 of gestation and their foetuses were examined for external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities. In the 76.1 mg kg−1 group, a minimal maternal toxicity, as evidenced by decreased body weight gain during treatment period, was observed in pregnant rabbits. Signiﬁcant embryo‐foetal toxicity, including increased number of foetal deaths and delayed foetal ossiﬁcation, was seen. However, no treatment‐related morphological changes were detected in foetal external, visceral and skeletal examinations. There were no adverse effects on either pregnant dams or embryo‐foetal development at 19.5 and 5 mg kg−1. It was concluded that administration of DW‐116 during the major organogenetic period in rabbits produced decreased maternal body weight gain, increased number of foetal deaths and foetal developmental delay but no evidence of teratogenicity. The no‐observed‐adverse‐effect levels (NOAELs) of DW‐116 are considered to be 19.5 mg kg−1 day−1 for does and embryo‐foetuses, respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis(4,7‐dimethyl and 5‐dinitro‐1,10‐phenanthroline) sulfato‐oxovanadium(IV)‐mediated in vivo male germ cell apoptosis
Authors: D'Cruz Osmond J. , Uckun Fatih M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOxovanadium(IV) [VO] complexes of 1,10‐phenanthroline are a new class of potent apoptosis‐inducing cytotoxic agents against human testicular cancer cells in vitro. The present study investigated the in vivo ability of four(bis)‐chelated 1,10‐phenanthroline [phen] complexes of sulfato‐oxovanadium(IV)—VO(phen)2, VO(Cl−phen)2, VO(Me2−phen)2 and VO(NO2−phen)2—with and without substitutions, to induce testicular germ cell apoptosis. Male germ cell loss in mice was measured by determining the epididymal sperm count, testicular weight and histological evaluation of the testes. Repetitive intratesticular injection (7.5 mg kg−1 testis−1) of bis‐chelated 1,10‐phenanthroline complexes of oxovanadium(IV) with 4,7‐dimethyl [VO(Me2−phen)2] and 5‐dinitro [VO(NO2−phen)2] substitution led to decreased sperm counts and reduced testicular weights. Histopathological examination of testicular sections from VO(Me2−phen)2‐ and VO(NO2−phen)2‐treated mice revealed a marked inhibition of spermatogenesis and preferential loss of maturing, as well as elongated spermatids. In situ evaluation of seminiferous tubule cross‐sections by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated FITC‐deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) and laser scanning confocal microscopy showed characteristic apoptotic germ cells delineating the periphery of the seminiferous tubules. The ability of bis‐chelated 4,7‐dimethyl‐ and 5‐dinitro‐substituted 1,10‐phenanthroline complexes of oxovanadium(IV) to induce germ cell apoptosis in vivo may have potential utility in the treatment of human testicular germ cell tumors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of pyridostigmine and physical stress on antioxidant defense system in skeletal muscle of mice
Authors: Jagannathan R. , Husain K. , Somani S. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPyridostigmine bromide (PB), a reversible anticholinesterase drug, had been used against possible nerve gas exposure during the Persian Gulf War. The Gulf War veterans used PB and they were under physical stress. This study investigated the delayed and interactive effects of pyridostigmine and physical stress on the antioxidant defense system in triceps muscle of mice. Male NIH Swiss mice were divided into four groups and treated as follows: sedentary control; pyridostigmine (1.2 mg kg−1 p.o.); exercise; and PB plus exercise. Mice were exercised for 10 weeks, but PB was administered daily during the 5th and 6th weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatments and the triceps muscle was isolated and analyzed. There was a significant increase in total superoxide dismutase (CuZn‐SOD + Mn‐SOD) activity (141% of control) with PB plus exercise, suggesting that any influx of superoxide anions was scavenged efficiently. The Mn‐SOD enzyme protein levels were reduced significantly (63% of control) by PB plus exercise. Catalase enzyme protein levels were increased significantly by exercise (132% of control) as well as by PB plus exercise (139% of control). Glutathione levels were increased significantly by exercise alone (123% of control). Pyridostigmine bromide plus exercise significantly increased the malondialdehyde concentration (124% of control) in the triceps muscle, indicating an oxidative stress response of the combination. The data indicate that a combination of PB ingestion and exercise training significantly altered the antioxidant enzyme activities, enzyme protein levels and lipid peroxidation, leading to oxidative injury. Physical stress amplified the delayed effects of PB in the skeletal muscle of mice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomarkers as biological indicators of xenobiotic exposure
Authors: Gil Fernando , Pla Antonio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe presence of a xenobiotic in the environment always represents a risk for living organisms. However, to talk about impregnation there is a need to detect toxicity in the organism, and the concept of intoxication is related to specific organ alterations and clinical symptoms. Moreover, the relationship between the toxic levels within the organism and the toxic response is rather complex and has a difficult forecast because it depends on several factors, namely toxicokinetic and genetic factors. One of the methods to quantify the interaction with xenobiotics and its potential impact on living organisms, including the human being, is monitoring by the use of the so‐called biomarkers. They can provide measures of the exposure, toxic effect and individual susceptibility to environmental chemical compounds and may be very useful to assess and control the risk of long‐term outcomes associated with exposure to xenobiotic (i.e. heavy metals, halogenated hydrocarbons, pesticides). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Teeth and blood lead levels in egyptian schoolchildren: relationship to health effects
Authors: Omar Magdy , Ibrahim Mohamed , Hala Assem , Yehia Moustafa , Battah Fathi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe objective of this work was to study teeth and blood lead levels in Egyptian schoolchildren and to relate lead levels to sociodemographic and environmental factors, the degree of urbanization and suspected manifestations of possible lead exposure.The study was conducted on 60 children aged 6–12 years: 30 children living in an urban area at Alexandria City and 30 children living in a rural area at Kafr El‐Sheikh Province. Both groups are matched for age and gender. Every child was subjected to history taking, clinical examination and IQ measurements. Laboratory investigations included measuring teeth and blood lead levels, haemoglobin, serum iron and total iron binding capacity. The results showed that the mean blood lead level of children in Alexandria was significantly higher than that of the children in Kafr El‐Sheikh; also 56.7% and 6.7% of children from Alexandria and Kafr El‐Sheikh had a blood lead level of >20 µg dl−1, with the most frequent symptoms of headache, arthralgia and lack of school interest. The children in Alexandria had significantly lower mean teeth lead and haemoglobin levels than those of the Kafr El‐Sheikh group. A history of wrapping sandwiches in newspapers, age and distance between the home and school were significant predictors of lead exposure.These findings support the concept that teeth lead concentration may be a valid addition to the indicators used for assessment of the body burden of environmental lead. In addition, children living in urban areas such as Alexandria need special consideration regarding protection from lead exposure, as well as teeth and blood lead evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.