bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social groups and cultural practices
Authors: Dewald Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘One faith, one king, one law’: the lawyers’ proverb circulated widely in sixteenth-century France and expressed important aspirations. Men and women wanted to see their society as a community, bound together by a common history and shared loyalty to their kings. They understood themselves to differ from other Europeans, to whom they attached cliched ideas of national character. Yet they knew also that they spent only part of their lives in a national culture. Much more of their time passed within smaller groupings, which they defined according to a series of overlapping criteria, distinguishing urbanite from peasant, noble from commoner, learned from ignorant, rich from poor, male from female. Within each of these categories, geography created further divisions. Residents of each region of France saw themselves as profoundly different from outsiders, whatever their apparent similarities of social position. They might even speak different languages.
Introduction: Europe since 1945
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early summer of 1945 the centre of Berlin was in ruins. Around Bahnhof Friedrichstrasse, one of the overground S-Bahn stations dose to Berlin’s central avenue Unter den Linden, women worked in human chains, handing rubble from one to the next to dear the bombed-out buildings. Like others all across the city, clearing the ruins and trying to reconstruct a semblance of normal life, these women and their children also spent much of their time bartering on the black market to sustain some form of physical existence. Many had to sleep in cellars and ruins, and, although no longer woken nightly by bombing raids, often lay awake with worry about the return of maimed and wounded menfolk from prisoner-of-war camps, or agonized about the possible fate of those from whom they had had no word. Filled with a combination of self-pity and exhaustion in the struggle for survival, the majority of them gave little, if any, thought to the fates of the millions who had been murdered by the Nazi policies of expansion, conquest, and genocide.
Conclusion
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 2000 (like the accompanying millennium celebrations) is but a figment of an artificially imposed convention for counting the passage of time. Unlike 1945 or 1989–90, it is not a key turning-point in European history. But, given the human propensity to impose periods on history, the close of the twentieth century–and with it the close of two millennia of our dating system, inspired by European Christianity but now an intellectual convention accepted across faiths, across civilizations, and indeed across the globe–is a point at which to register and take stock of the wider course of historical change.
Rural economy and society
Authors: Bouchard Constance B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An appreciation of the French rural society of this period requires a discussion of both aristocrats and peasants, both of whom under went major transformations in position and status during the eleventh and twelfth centuries-changes that were linked. In addition, monasteries were very much part of the society and economy of the countryside at the time, serving as landlords and, especially in the case of houses of Cistercian monks, as innovators in the economic sphere. The current scholarly understanding of these topics has been developed in a series of regional monographs over the last generation or two. Curiously, most of these monographs concluded that their particular region was somehow ‘different ‘ from the rest of France. In fact, the various regions (at least those north of the Mediterranean and even the Mediterranean basin is now understood to be less different than once thought) have all turned out to be remarkably similar. Older paradigms and timetables have had to be modified, but the consensus now emerging is of a highly dynamic period of economic growth and social opportunity.
Aquinas
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Founders of Modern Political and Social Thought Series Editor: Dr Mark Philp, Oriel College, University of Oxford Founders of Modern Political and Social Thought present critical examinations of the work of major political philosophers and social theorists, assessing both their initial contribution and continuing relevance to politics and society. Each volume provides a clear, accessible, historically-informed account of each thinker's work, focusing on a re-assessment of their central ideas and arguments. Founders encourage scholars and students to link their study of classic texts to current debates in political philosophy and social theory. This launch volume in the Founders of Modern Political and Social Thought series presents a critical examination of Aquinas' thought, combining an accessible, historically-informed account of his work with a re-assessment of his central ideas and arguments. John Finnis presents a richly-documented review of Aquinas's ideas on morality, politics, law, and method in social science, using the philosopher's own long-neglected distinctions between types of order and types of theory. Unique in his coverage of Aquinas' primary and secondary texts and his own vigorous argumentation on many themes, the author focuses on the Aquinas' philosophy while also demonstrating how this interconnects with the theological elements. In his fresh, far-reaching re-reading of Aquinas, John Finnis argues out such questions as: Is egoism rational? Why is Aristotle's paternalism wrong? Has sexual morality any reasonable principle? What's wrong with lying and usury? Why are democracy and the rule of law aspects of the best polity? Drawing on over 60 of Aquinas's works, the author shows how, despite some medieval limitations, Aquinas makes profound, powerful contributions to present debates.
Other Sonatas
Authors: Rowland-Jones Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of considering ten further recorder sonatas, inevitably superficially, is twofold. First, these sonatas are drawn from different periods, countries, and styles, thereby providing an opportunity to refer more generally to the range of accompanied solo sonatas and some other related music for the recorder in each period. Secondly, some of the ten sonatas chosen raise interesting points of interpretation and technique that are not fully exemplified by the sonatas considered in Chs. 2-7. The sonatas in this chapter are presented in roughly chronological order.
How Music Matters: Poetic Content Revisited
Authors: Burnham Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that music is graced with poetic content is as old as the mythical history of music itself. Orpheus, after all, was the ultimate poet, and it was not simply the words he sang, but rather his musical skills as singer and player that could move even the inorganic world to sympathy. The choruses of ancient Greek drama brought music, words, and dance together (or, rather, chose not to separate them) in order to represent something like the concerted mores of contemporaneous society when faced with the action on the stage. But if the Greeks thus felt that music, in conjunction with poetry, communed with and about nature, as well as human nature, it is only at the outset of the nineteenth century, the threshold of our modern aesthetic values, that artists and thinkers began to seek in instrumental music itself something higher than poetry, something to which poetry might now aspire.
The Importance of Good Diction
Authors: Hemsley Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music and poetry, have ever been acknowledged Sisters, which walking hand in hand, support each other: As poetry is the harmony of words, so music is that of notes: and as poetry is a rise above prose and oratory, so is Music the exaltation of poetry. Both of them may excel a part, but sure they are most excellent when they are joind; because nothing is then wanting to either of their perfections: for thus they appear like wit & beauty in the same person. (Dryden) A Master that disregards Recitative, probably does not understand Words, and then how can he ever instruct a Scholar in Expression, which is the Soul of vocal Performance, and without which it is impossible to sing well? (Tosi)
Breath
Authors: Hemsley Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is essential, of course, for the singer ‘s breathing apparatus to be in good working order. It is necessary, particularly at a time when bad postural and breathing habits are so widespread, to have exercises at our disposal which can help to ensure that this is so; but it is also important to realize that the sort of breathing designed specifically for exercising and developing the breathing apparatus is not the same as that needed for singing. There are many ways of breathing, appropriate to different human activities; and it is important that the breathing should adjust spontaneously to the activity in question. In ordinary quiet respiration, which can be observed in, say, a sleeping child, the breathing is predominantly what is called ‘abdominal ‘ (although of course it is nothing of the sort-the term ‘abdominal breathing ‘ indicates diaphragm breathing with minimal expansion of the ribs), whereas in vigorous, voluntary activities, such as singing, public speaking, athletic pursuits, or in a howling infant, intercostal and clavicular breathing also come into play. That means expanding and raising the chest.
Betsy Jolas Monami (female/child)
Authors: Jolas Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An intriguing and wistfully charming one-woman showpiece, from this distinguished French composer, who spent some of her early life in the USA and whose work combines intellectual rigour with musical sensitivity. To sing and play at the same time is not at all easy, as singing teachers and others will know. The composer Michael Head regularly gave one-man recitals of his own songs, and many of today’s singers are good pianists well able to accompany themselves informally. However, I recall only one other example of a ‘modernist’ work to be played and sung by the same person: a piece by the American composer Roger Reynolds, ‘Sketch Book’, in which, fortunately for myself, the piano part was not too arduous, consisting of gentle chords in between more florid vocal lines. The emphasis was on the voice part; here the roles are reversed.
Beside the Depths of A River
Authors: Avni Tzvi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first came across the work of the distinguished Israeli composer Tzvi Avni in the seventies, when I had the opportunity of singing his delightful piece for voice and clarinet ‘Leda and the Swan’. It featured many of the special effects associated with post-sixties’ experimentalism: chords on the clarinet, extremes of register, aleatoric sections, and so on. This song cycle is somewhat less radical in style, and easily accessible to all performers, and as expected, the composer’s excellent ear is evident. The voice part is rewardingly comfortable and there is nothing of great technical or musical difficulty.
Five Songs for Children
Authors: Farrell Eibhlis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks to the work of the excellent Contemporary Music Centre in Dublin, music from Ireland is now much easier to obtain. This is a delightful discovery from one of the younger generation of Irish composers, a set of miniatures with a direct appeal to performer and audience, immensely practicable yet by no means simplistic. It will make a charming effect in a recital.
Six Songs
Authors: N0rgard Per 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These brief but charming songs by the leading Danish composer of today are examples of modern Lieder stemming from the German tradition, yet with echoes of Grieg. The delicacy and precise detail recall Wolf’s vocal writing in particular and the accompaniments are especially well integrated. Trickier than they might at first appear, they are well suited to a young singer with a light flexible voice and tone neatly placed. The idiom is fresh and clear and the voice flows naturally in gently articulated rhythmic fragments: staccato is used frequently in the first three songs and so there is every chance for the singer to perfect the art of placing each note precisely and lifting it without taking unnecessary breaths.
Three Japanese Lyrics
Authors: O’Leary Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ireland has produced so many of the world’s great literary figures that other aspects of her rich cultural life have perhaps tended to be overlooked. Thanks to the excellent work of the Contemporary Music Centre in Dublin, information and material on Irish composers is now readily available. It is all immaculately presented and co-ordinated, performing a most valuable service to all concerned, especially to performers seeking fresh repertoire. Formerly, just a few leading figures had attained international recognition, but this sterling project reveals a wide variety of gifted composers. As would be expected, a sensitivity to language, atmosphere, and imagery is a common feature, and singers and teachers are exhorted to investigate further.
Five Songs
Authors: Seeger Ruth Crawford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance and exceptional quality of the work of the American pioneer composer Ruth Crawford Seeger is at last beginning to be recognized after years of neglect. These fine settings of poems by Sandburg, who was a personal friend of hers, have recently become available in a new printed edition prepared from material in the Library of Congress. The songs were not originally conceived as a cycle, but were performed in this order at their premiere. There is a shortage of true contralto repertoire, and these songs are especially welcome. They exploit the deep range particularly well.
Epigrams
Authors: Archer Violet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Canada’s most distinguished and prolific senior figures, Violet Archer has written a good quantity of solo songs. Her music is not as widely known as it should be, and this short and extremely witty cycle is a gift for a performer: a most delightful addition to the male voice repertoire of lighthearted fare so often needed for recitals. A great deal of musical skill and variety is contained within its brief length, and the stylistic idiom is immediately attractive. Texts are taken from The Pocket Book of Humorous Verse by David McCord. The composer displays a fondness for bitonality and ‘wrong-note’ harmony, always used skilfully and to the point, never sounding ugly.
Altra Risposta
Authors: Kruse Bj ørn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A vibrant and haunting one-movement dramatic scena which exploits the natural glowing colours of the female voice, this is an especially happy discovery, and thoroughly deserves to be taken up by young performers. Bj0rn Kruse, one of the middle generation of Norwegian composers (he was actually born in England), is extraordinarily versatile, with first-hand experience of jazz and popular music, and the widest possible range of musical sympathies. His awareness of practicalities and of the desirability of performer-satisfaction is always evident, and there is meticulous attention to detail, informed by innate musicianship, in an attractively presented score.
A Little Snow
Authors: Marsh Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This magical little piece is sure to appeal at all levels. It has a delicate quality that is truly fascinating, even on a first read-through. Roger Marsh has written a number of vocal pieces, and, though his work shows the strong influence of Berio and his followers, the special lightness of touch is all his own. The combination of unpretentious musicality and a permanently youthful freshness is very winning. The music is presented in a clear, uncluttered way, immediately attractive to the eye.
Our Lady’s Hours
Authors: Milner Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The choice of texts for this beautifully conceived cycle by a major, yet unaccountably neglected, composer, proclaim the deep religous faith which pervades all his works, and contributes so strongly to their conviction and integrity. Stylistically the songs are assured and vigorous, with shades of neo-classicism combined with English Romanticism. The appearance of the score is conventional, especially in its notation, with traditional key and time signatures, but the personality of the composer comes through strikingly and the music is by no means simple with its wide-ranging lines often highly decorated.
Love Songs
Authors: Singer Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malcolm Singer is a composer whose works always give pleasure to performers and audience alike. Clearly imagined, precise, and beautifully wrought, they linger in the memory as models of unpretentious style and charm. He belongs to no particular movement but has often employed the techniques of minimalism with ingenuity and wit, to delightful and innately musical effect. The material is always meticulously organized and presented. The musical idiom is fresh, uncluttered, and accessible, yet not at all derivative.
Pines Songs
Authors: Asia Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first came across these magnificent and strongly individual songs in a version with chamber ensemble, but the richness and colour of the harmonic and textural detail is equally well suited to the medium of voice and piano. They are warmly recommended to singers and pianists of some proficiency, who are seeking something strikingly different for their repertoire. The five settings can be sung as a complete cycle or performed separately. Each is satisfying in its own right; the composer, however, states that the final number ‘I walk out to the end’ should not appear alone.
Two Sonnets of Sir Philip Sidney
Authors: Haladyna Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This powerful cycle shows his dramatic flair, sense of colour, and musical vitality. The musical idiom, though modernist and atonal, skilfully incorporates a taste of Olde England in response to the historical setting of the poems. Subtle references to the music and dance of Elizabethan times are most deftly worked into the writing, yet the general effect is not obviously English, but rather an intriguing fusion of New and Old Worlds that is strongly individual.
Dives and Lazarus
Authors: King Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is a most impressive and original short cantata by a gifted and exceptionally versatile composer whose work I have known well since his student days. His Christian faith is the consistent focus of his musical vision. As a fine keyboard-player he has created a most fascinating part for the pianist, in which he acknowledges a homage to Elizabethan models such as Byrd. The vocal gestures are intended to evoke the lute songs of Dowland and his contemporaries. It is a tribute to this composer’s skill that he brings off this considerable feat of technique and imagination in combining these styles in updated form, yet retaining his individuality.
Three Sonnets to Orpheus
Authors: Ward David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A welcome new cycle from this composer, who is now resident in Shetland, and continues to write steadily. Frequently influenced by High German Romanticism, he has produced several carefully crafted vocal chamber works, including some for music theatre. A small output of high quality pieces reveals a strong and individual voice, rigorous in finely honed detail, and uncompromisingly committed to his own high standards, irrespective of popularity. He does admit, however, to adapting his vocal style to suit the language, and his settings of English texts, which clearly reflect his heritage and present environment, are palpably different from these Rilke songs.
Third-level Dominants—and beyond
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The driving force of dominants reaches beyond V (7)( → I) and ii(7)/II(7)(→ V). The submediant, vi/VI, similarly has a dominant thrust towards the chord a perfect fifth below or fourth above, namely the supertonic. As V is the dominant, and ii/I is the dominant’s dominant, so vi/VI is the dominant of the dominant’s dominant—the third-level dominant.
Once again, the addition of a seventh increases the thrust still more.
Again, too, the major version of the chord has more forward drive than the minor because the third becomes a temporary leading note; it has a powerful gravitational pull towards the supertonic.
Further Exploration
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have been designed to develop various skills and clarify various concepts. Your ability to read silently, to conceptualise the sounds implied by the symbols, should be greater, though you should not expect to pick up a score and read it fluently and up to speed unless you have an aural imagination granted to few.
Part of this skill will stem from an awareness of what is most likely to be happening in the music you read. Indeed, a familiarity with the style of both a period of music and a particular composer within it helps this reading ability enormously: as with reading prose, the less each letter, each word, needs to be consciously absorbed, assessed and interpreted, the more will speed and fluency increase.
Thyroid overactivity caused by Graves’ disease
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overactivity of the thyroid gland, also known as hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis, is a disease in which increased amounts of thyroid hormones are present in the bloodstream. Usually the levels of both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are increased above normal; however, in some people with thyroid overactivity only the T3 level is raised but the symptoms and the findings are just the same in this so-called T3-toxicosis as when both T4 and T3 levels are raised.
Thyroid problems during and after pregnancy
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in the thyroid gland and in thyroid hormone secretion occur during pregnancy in parallel with the other major hormone adjustments that occur at this time. In a normal thyroid gland these changes are of no clinical importance, although family doctors and obstetricians will be aware that the levels of thyroid hormones and of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) change during pregnancy.
Miscellaneous disorders of the thyroid gland
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of miscellaneous disorders of the thyroid gland, not adequately dealt with elsewhere in this book or in need of further consideration, are discussed in this chapter. Although the relationship between the pituitary gland, its secretion of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH), and the thyroid gland has been discussed in Chapter 1, little mention has been made of the thyroid disorders that may develop as a consequence of pituitary disease.
Other diseases associated with thyroid disorders
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain people and certain families are more prone to autoimmune diseases than others, hence other autoimmune diseases are associated with thyroid autoimmune disorders. For example, if a person develops Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, they may find that their grandmother had Graves’ hyperthyroidism. In other words, two different types of autoimmune thyroid disease are occurring in the same family but skipping a generation, as often happens. Autoimmune thyroid diseases certainly run in families, as do other autoimmune diseases, although not all members of a family are so affected. There are several other autoimmune diseases that may rarely occur in the person or a relative of a person with autoimmune thyroid disease.