bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE VASELINE TUBE AND SYRINGE METHOD OF MICRO GAS ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL CULTURES
Authors: Brown J. Howard 
Published: June 2004

There has been described the use of the vaseline tube and the tuberculin syringe for the study of gas production by bacteria.
A comparison is made of some of the results obtained by the use of the method here described, the Smith fermentation tube, and the tube of Eldredge and Rogers.
The reports of CO2 production by certain streptococci by Ayers, Rupp, and Mudge and by Bacterium typhosus by Nichols have been confirmed by the author's method.
The data presented serve to illustrate the accuracy and technical possibilities of the method.
In addition to economy of glassware, medium, and labor, the vaseline tube and syringe method of micro gas analysis possesses the following advantages. (1) Gas produced above either liquid or solid media may be measured and analyzed. (2) The gas produced may be measured in terms of a definite and constant quantity of medium used. (3) The vaseline tube provides a closed system from which gases do not escape into the air. (4) Separate determinations of the CO2 produced in and above fluid media may be made. (5) Determinations may be made from very small samples of material. (6) Numerous gas analyses of the same culture may be made at various times during the growth of the culture without contaminating or destroying it. (7) Gas production may be observed under both anaerobic and controlled aerobic conditions.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N. 
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of living pneumococci in approximately isotonic standard solutions and in approximately isotonic bouillon with pH varying from about 4.0 to 8.0 after incubation show dissolution of organisms in those solutions having a pH higher than about 5.0. Dissolution is most marked at a critical range of about pH 5.0 to 7.0. Some dissolution also takes place toward the more alkaline end of the scale. No dissolution occurs at the most acid end of the scale.
Dissolution in the standard solutions occurs at incubator, room, and ice box temperature. It is less marked at ice box temperature. Dissolution takes place in standard pH solutions with pneumococci allowed to grow and die out in glucose bouillon but unlike dissolution with living organisms is progressive from the acid toward the alkaline end of the scale. Pneumococci killed by heat for I hour undergo less dissolution than living organisms, the general character of the curve being similar to that with living organisms. Pneumococci killed by heat at 100°C. for 5 minutes do not undergo dissolution. The addition of fresh human serum to the suspensions of pneumococci at varying pH prevents dissolution. Dissolution of pneumococci takes place more rapidly at pH 6.1 in standard solutions in which large numbers of pneumococci have been previously dissolved than in fresh standard solutions at the same pH.
The dissolution of pneumococci under the conditions of the experiments may be ascribed to an enzyme derived from the bacteria themselves.
Other organisms such as Streptococcus viridans and hœmolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus do not undergo dissolution under conditions similar to those to which the pneumococcus was exposed.
PATHOLOGY OF THE DERMATITIS CAUSED BY MEGALOPYGE OPERCULARIS, A TEXAN CATERPILLAR
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler 
Published: June 2004

1. The dermatitis caused by contact with the larva of Megalopyge opercularis is produced by a poison introduced by the hollow, specialized setæ of its cuticular tubercles. It is not produced by the ornamental hairs, or by the tissue juices of the animal.
2. The poison appears to be of the nature of a venom, combined with protein vehicles, and may be itself a protein.
3. It is rendered inert by boiling, or by heating to 55°C. for a considerable period of time.
4. It is apparently stored in sacs at the base of the setæ, but whether secreted there, or by hypodermal glands, remains to be determined.
5. It diminishes in virulence after the larva has spun its cocoon, and is no longer active after the caterpillar is dead.
6. The poisonous spines cause localized necrosis of the human epidermis, followed by the formation of small vesicles. The cellular reaction to the poison is chiefly lymphocytic.
A FURTHER INQUIRY INTO THE SOURCE OF THE VIRUS IN BLACKHEAD OF TURKEYS, TOGETHER WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF IPECAC AND OF SULFUR
Authors: Tyzzer Ernest Edward , Fabyan Marshal 
Published: June 2004

That the ovum of Heterakis papillosa is an important source of the virus in the natural transmission of blackhead in turkeys is suggested by experimental evidence obtained in the present investigation. Confirmatory morphological evidence has not thus far been obtained to establish definitely that this worm serves as the invertebrate host of Histomonas meleagridis.
It is possible occasionally to produce blackhead in turkeys by feeding large amounts of the virus alone, as obtained in liver lesions. This artificial procedure is, however, not duplicated in nature since the lesions of the disease are not eaten by young turkeys.
The intentional contamination of the food of young turkeys with dirt taken from hen yards has in the present experiments invariably produced blackhead. The conditions provided are essentially those that prevail in many farmyards.
The identity of blackhead infection in common fowls with that of turkeys is indicated by the production of the typical disease in a turkey by the inoculation of liver lesions obtained from a diseased chicken.
It is not known whether variation in the period between the ingestion of Heterakis ova and the onset of the disease is dependent on the absence of the virus for a time or on the absence of the conditions necessary for invasion.
Under experimental conditions a large proportion of the Heterakis ova fail, at least when fed by hand, to hatch out in the intestine, but, passing through, may later be taken up with contaminated food. This is shown by the occurrence in the ceca of larvæ in various stages of development long after the Heterakis material is fed.
Ipecac, like other drugs previously tested, is found to be of no practical value in the control of blackhead. It has no deleterious effect on Histomonas in the tissues and does not prevent the development of Heterakis. Its daily administration to the limit of tolerance fails to prevent infection or a fatal outcome in the naturally acquired disease.
The fact that ipecac may delay the onset of the infection may perhaps be due to some physiological property of this drug. Sulfur administered daily in large amount likewise, possibly on account of its evacuant action, tends to delay infection.
Recovery from inoculated blackhead is associated with a degree of immunity. That this is not permanent is indicated by the appearance of symptoms of blackhead several months after recovery from the inoculated disease. The fact that blackhead sometimes appears in mature turkeys that have been kept constantly on infested ground suggests that these birds may suffer from repeated attacks.
Observations made during the course of the present investigations confirm previous conclusions as to the flagellate character of Histomonas meleagridis.
THE PEPTASE, LIPASE, AND INVERTASE OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Stevens Franklin A. , West Randolph 
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been outlined by which the enzymes of hemolytic streptococcus may be extracted with comparative ease.
2. The peptolytic enzyme is active between pH 4.4 and 8.7 with an optimum action at pH 7.2. It is destroyed in neutral phosphate solution at a temperature of 57°C. continued for 10 minutes and at pH 5.0 deteriorates slowly at 37°C. Concentration experiments with solutions of the enzyme have shown that it resembles other enzymes. It is exceedingly susceptible to chloroform and its action is inhibited by dilutions of gentian violet. Casein is attacked but serum albumin is not digested after 3 days at 37°C.
3. The invertase is active between approximately pH 5.0 and 8.0 with an optimum of pH 7.0. It is destroyed by a temperature of 52°C. continued 10 minutes at an acid concentration of pH 7.0, or after 6 hours at 37°C. at pH 5.0. At this acidity it is more susceptible to heat than the peptase.
4. The lipase is active above pH 5.6. The greatest activity was observed at pH 7.9. It is completely destroyed after heating to temperatures over 55°C. for 10 minutes and resembles the invertase in its susceptibility to acid.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

1. The equilibrium of the serum corresponding to its normal minimal surface tension is as stable and difficult to break, under ordinary conditions, as the osmotic tension equilibrium. The addition of a strong surface-active substance (sodium oleate, glycocholate, or taurocholate), will not lower it definitely, unless the substance is present in large amounts and in solution. After the first rapid drop has occurred, a process of recovery takes place, which brings back the normal surface tension in a short time (from 2 to 6 minutes in the case of pure serum). As a drop in the surface tension of the serum of animals may be very injurious to the red cells, this process of recovery is a normal one of defense in all cases in which surface-active substances (bile) are set free in the blood.
2. When diluted, the serum shows the same phenomenon to a smaller extent; the time of recovery is very much longer and the final surface tension is always lower than the original value. At a dilution of 1/10,000, no recovery takes place, the dilution being too high to overcome the lowering action of 1/10,000 of sodium oleate.
3. The recovery is stronger when the surface-active substance is added powdered or in a highly concentrated solution, and not stirred.
4. The recovery does not seem to be inversely proportional to the concentration of sodium oleate, when added superficially. Doubling the concentration at 1/2,000, for example, gives the same curve of recovery. This happens under certain conditions; namely, when the liquid is not stirred after the addition of sodium oleate.
5. This recovery is due to a purely physical phenomenon, namely adsorption, and is not specific for the serum. Other colloidal solutions, such as gum arabic, egg albumin, gelatin, and silver and gold sols, show it, only to a smaller degree. The process of recovery follows a logarithmic law in all cases, expressed by an equation of the form
See PDF for Equation
6. Temperature affects this phenomenon. At first it enhances it, but finally decreases it. This would seem to connect the loss of the property of the serum known as complement in a serum with a modification of the physical properties of this serum. This phenomenon is being investigated further.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

In this paper we have described the first part of an experimental study of the epidemiology of mouse typhoid. One set of data has been presented on the basis of which little or no analysis has been attempted. The immediate object has been rather to collect materials than to undertake to account for the phenomena encountered. It is obvious that the factors involved in the inquiry are intricate, but it is believed that they are not necessarily or all beyond disentanglement. About 500 mice in all have been studied in an experimental village, brought together in increments among a population in which mouse typhoid experimentally induced was prevailing.
The results have been presented according to two phenomena; namely, mortality or death rate, and bacillus carriage rate. The material does not lend itself to consideration according to morbidity rates. If it were established that every instance of attack, when not fatal, was attended by carrier production for the bacillus of mouse typhoid, reliable morbidity tables could be constructed. In the absence of this certain criterion, the materials here presented can be dealt with only as mortality data. This fact is attended with obvious disadvantages in respect to the epidemiological material assembled regarding infectious disease in man. In spite, however, of the drawbacks, it is already evident that the results obtained by the sort of inquiry here described may come to throw no inconsiderable light on moot problems on the origin, mode of spread, and manner of decline of epidemic diseases in general.
The analysis of the strains by selecting single cells and thus establishing substrains has yielded results which may eventually have value in explaining fluctuations in virulence. Among the positive data arising from the experiments with such cultures are, first, that there have been obtained by mechanical means from the ordinary bacteriologically pure culture, single cell strains exhibiting slightly different pathogenic activity, whether administered by mouth or parenterally, and second, that more regular results are obtained with intraperitoneal injections of these strains than with the parent strain. Among the negative results to be recorded are the failures of two single cell strains to incite an epidemic among mice under conditions known to be suitable when the parent strain is used.
IDENTIFICATION OF A PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS STRAIN ASSOCIATED WITH EPIZOOTICS OF MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

A bacillus of the paratypnoid-enteritidis group associated with epizootics among laboratory mice has been identified with Bacillus festis caviæ Smith which produces similar affections in guinea pigs and has been very closely related to the type "mutton" aertrycke strain of Schütze.
This identification is based upon the cultural reactions of the organism, direct and cross-agglutinations, and similar absorptive capacities of the unknown and type strains.
THE LOSS OF HEMOLYTIC CAPACITY BY A FRACTION OF A CULTURE OF A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS WITHOUT CHANGE IN AGGLUTINATION CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Valentine Eugenia , Krumwiede Charles 
Published: June 2004

A culture of hemolytic streptococcus developed a non-hemolytic fraction which as determined by its agglutinogenic, agglutination, and agglutinin absorotion characters was identical with the hemolytic fraction, the only variation being one of function, or physiological action. This functional variation has proved permanent, as long as observed, for both fractions have continued to breed true.
This study is offered as additional evidence in favor of the hypothesis that functional changes among bacteria are, at most, only very infrequently associated with changes in the antigenic matrix of bacteria.
INFLUENCE OF GLANDS WITH INTERNAL SECRETION ON THE RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE
Authors: Scott W. J. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Severe and sufficient non-fatal injury to the suprarenal cortex by freezing or by ligation in cats causes a significant and prolonged increase in heat production.
2. Lethal injury to the suprarenals by freezing, ligation, or partial excision in cats causes a fall in heat production.
3. Insufficient injury to the suprarenals by freezing, ligation, or partial excision in cats produces no significant alteration in heat production.
4. Further evidence of a dose thyroid-suprarenal cortex interrelationship is indicated by the rapidity of thyroid hyperplasia and by the effects of KI after suprarenal crippling.
STUDIES UPON EXPERIMENTAL MEASLES
Authors: Duval Charles W. , D'Aunoy Rigney 
Published: June 2004

1. There is present as a causal agent in the nasopharyngeal secretions of measles cases a filter-passing virus.
2. The rabbit and the guinea pig react specifically to the intratracheal and intracirculatory injections of filtered nasopharyngeal secretions secured from cases of human measles.
3. Enanthem, exanthem, and pyrexial disturbances characterize this specific reaction in the rabbit; in the guinea pig the reaction manifests itself by pyrexia, marked leucopenia, and grave nephritis in the fatal cases.
RABBIT SEPTICEMIA BACILLUS, TYPES D AND G, IN NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: De Kruif Paul H. 
Published: June 2004

Microbe G, rabbit septicemia bacillus, hitherto found only as a mutant in cultures of the rabbit septicemia bacillus, Type D, has been demonstrated to exist on the nasal mucous membranes of normal rabbits. This organism corresponds in lack of virulence, character of growth, acid agglutination optimum, and immune agglutination reaction, to the mutant G form described in previous papers.
Microbe D has been found to be present on the nasal mucous membranes of normal rabbits. These animals have survived for months with no evidence of infection other than the presence of the organism. These Type D organisms, despite their failure to cause fatal damage in their own host, are shown to possess the typical high virulence characteristic of this type, when injected intrapleurally into young rabbits.
Rabbits which are carriers of Type D or G possess a definite amount of immune agglutinins, as evidenced by test of their serum against Microbe G at pH 7.1.
Rabbits free from infection with these organisms invariably have yielded a serum which fails to agglutinate Type G completely in 1:10 or higher dilutions.
ETIOLOGY OF YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Analysis of the records of instances in which non-immune persons contracted yellow fever notwithstanding vaccination shows that the onset of disease occurs soon after vaccination, the longest period being 13 days. Since the average incubation period in yellow fever is 6 days, it seems that infection must have taken place in some instances during the period while protection was developing. These instances led to a study of the possibility of immediate protection by means of the anti-icteroides serum. It had already been shown that the immune serum protects at once against experimental Leptospira icteroides infection, but it remained to determine how long the protection would last.
Guinea pigs were given different quantities of the immune serum and subsequently injected, at various intervals, with a virulent strain of Leptospira icteroides. Complete protection enduring 5 days was obtained with as minute a quantity of serum as 0.002 cc. per 1,000 gm. of body weight. After 5 days, however, the immune substance rapidly diminished, and to keep the animal protected for as long as 10 days it was necessary to give 100 times as much, or 0.2 cc. For a man weighing 80 kilos, 0.16 cc. (0.002 x 80) would theoretically be sufficient to protect for at least 5 days, 1.6 cc. for 7 days, and 16 cc. for 10 days. This temporary protection may be a valuable antecedent to that furnished by vaccination, since the final effect of the latter cannot be expected until at least 9 to 10 days have passed.
PURE CULTURES OF LARGE MONONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pure strains of mononuclear leucocytes were isolated from the blood of adult chickens and keptin active condition for nearly 3 months.
2. The cultures were composed of large mononuclear leucocytes which migrated and proliferated in vitro at a slower rate than fibroblasts. The cells had no tendency to form a tissue, as do fibroblasts and epithelial cells. They were much less resistant than fibroblasts.
3. Differentiation of the large mononuclears into cells assuming the appearance of fibroblasts took place under certain conditions.
4. The activity of the large mononuclears was increased by embryonic tissue juice and inhibited by homologous serum.
A PURE STRAIN OF CARTILAGE CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

1. A strain of cartilage cells, obtained from the pars cartilago scleræ of the eye of chick embryos, has been cultivated for more than 3 months in vitro.
2. The initial growth of the cartilage was possible only on the free surface of the coagulum.
3. The hyaline substance disappeared during cultivation in vitro. The succeeding stages of a transformation from small, lymphocyte-like cells into large, spindle-shaped cells were observed. The cartilage cells were spindle-shaped and grew in close contact, forming thin membranes. In surface-grown cartilage cells, the nucleus, usually containing one large nucleolus, stained less deeply than the cytoplasm.
4. The rate of growth of cartilage was slower than that of fibroblasts and epithelium. After cultivation on the surface of the coagulum, the cartilage cells could multiply even when embedded in the coagulum. But their growth was less extensive and uniform.
THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF JOINT EXUDATES IN RHEUMATIC FEVER AND OTHER FORMS OF ARTHRITIS
Authors: Boots Ralph H. , Cullen Glenn E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The hydrogen ion concentration of joint exudates aspirated from patients ill with acute rheumatic fever, arthritis of undetermined origin, and bacterial arthritis was determined. The hydrogen ion concentrations of the joint exudates from patients with acute rheumatic fever approximated the normal reaction of blood, varying from pH 7.27 to 7.42. Exudates from patients with arthritis of undetermined origin varied in pH from 7.33 to 7.47. The pH of a joint effusion occurring in a patient with myocardial insufficiency was 7.34. Bacteriologically, all of these fluids were sterile by ordinary means of cultivation. An exudate aspirated from a knee infected with Staphylococcus aureus had a pH of 6.69, while that from a patient having an arthritis due to Streptococcus hœmolyticus was also acid, having a pH of 6.19.
2. Since a definitely acid medium is necessary for the liberation of free salicylic acid and since all of the joint fluids from patients with acute rheumatic fever were slightly alkaline, no free salicylic acid could possibly exist in such joint fluids following the administration of salicylates.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Hess Alfred F. , Unger Lester J. , Pappenheimer Alwin M. 
Published: June 2004

Young rats on a diet low in phosphorus can be protected from rickets by irradiations with sunlight for about 15 minutes daily. In the winter months, however, this degree of light was found insufficient. The effective rays of the sun, in the intensities studied, did not penetrate window glass. They manifested some protective value after reflection from a smooth white surface.
Irradiation of a few minutes with the rays of the mercury vapor lamp suffices to protect rats against rickets. This is true likewise of the rays from the carbon arc lamp. A standard protective dose of radiation can be formulated for rats on a standard diet.
Light is able to prevent the occurrence of rickets in rats fed a rickets-producing diet characterized either by a low phosphorus and high calcium content, or a high phosphorus and low calcium content.
Moderate variations in temperature do not alter the effective action of light rays. Pigmentation of the skin markedly lessens their effect, as demonstrated by the failure of a standard dose to protect black rats.
COW SERUM AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR COLOSTRUM IN NEW-BORN CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

The serum of a normal lactating cow when injected into calves a few hours after birth saved only two out of five calves so treated. Serum added to the milk of the first two meals saved three out of five. When the two methods were combined and the serum was both injected and fed all five calves so treated survived as normal calves. These figures to be significant should be compared with the controls of both series. Since the beginning of this investigation twelve out of thirteen colostrum-fed calves have survived and only four out of fifteen from which colostrum has been withheld.
In those that died the serum whether fed or injected protected the internal organs against the invasion and multiplication of Bacillus coli and other intestinal types and in this respect its protective action is equivalent to that of colostrum in those calves which die of spontaneous scours.