bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relevance of 2D:4D Ratio as a Marker of Depression in Adolescents of a South Indian Medical College – A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Saravanakumar Jeevanandam, K. Muthu Prathibha, Raman. K  
Published: January 2024

Context
Digit ratio is a sexually dimorphic trait which is negatively correlated to prenatal testosterone exposure. 2D: 4D ratio has been associated with numerous physiological, psychological and performance traits in adulthood. The alarming rise of depression in adolescents poses a huge worldwide threat. Men with lower 2D: 4D ratios showed lower aggression scores while those with higher ratios had higher incidence of depression.
Aim
To compare the 2D: 4D ratio of the adolescents between sexes and evaluate the association between digit ratio & depression.
Settings & Design
In the present cross sectional study, 269 adolescents of 18–19 years of age were included by stratified random sampling. A single trained examiner measured the 2D: 4D ratios of the participants using digital vernier calipers. Depression scores were calculated using Beck's Depression Inventory.
Statistical analysis
Using SPSS version 17.0, comparison of digit ratios was done using unpaired Student t test.
Results
Mean 2D: 4D ratio of the study population was 0.97±0.082. There was no significant difference in mean 2D: 4D ratios (Males=Females) and mean depression scores between sexes (Males >Females). Mean 2D: 4D ratios of the depressed individuals were lower than that of the non-depressed individuals. (p=0.05)There was no significant correlation between 2D: 4D ratio and the depression scores.
Conclusion
The present study revealed borderline significance in difference in 2D: 4D ratios between the depressed and non-depressed individuals among the study population. 2D: 4D ratio could be used as a non-invasive tool to predictably forecast the proneness of child to depression in future.
Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Blood Glucose Control in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Paras Arvindbhai Parekh  
Published: January 2024

Background
Diabetes mellitus type 2 is because of resistance to insulin resulting in inability to utilize glucose. In addition to medicines and diet control, regular exercise helps in increase in utilization of glucose.
Aims & Objectives
To study efficacy of exercise especially treadmill walking on controlling blood glucose homeostasis in diabetes mellitus.
Material and Method
The study was conducted on 40 clinically confirmed cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus male patients who were divided in study group and control group with 20 patients in each group. Study was conducted for period of 8 weeks. Diet plan was formed by expert during this period and subjects were instructed to follow it strictly. Fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose was measured before and after exercise programme.
Findings
There is significant decrease in fasting blood glucose and Postprandial blood glucose level in study group as compared to control group with inter-group difference was significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion
Treadmill exercise is very useful for blood glucose control in addition to diet control and medicines.
High Sensitivity C Reactive Protein: A Surrogate Marker Appalling the Impact of Inflammation in Obese Young Adults
Authors: R.Hemavathy, S.Ramesh Kannan, M.JhansiRani, B.Adikesavan  
Published: January 2024

Introduction
Obesity is primarily considered to be a disorder of energy balance, and it has recently been suggested that some forms of obesity are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial and complex disease which poses a major public health issue increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases like, Type-2-DM, Cardiovascular disease, Hypertension etc.
Aim
The present study aims to emphasize the burden of obesity in inflammation by associating with elevated levels of hs CRP in adults.
Materials and Method
The study was a Hospital based cross sectional study including 30 obese individuals in the age group of 17–30 years, (15 males and 15 females)with BMI > 30 were included. Other systemic diseases were excluded. Assessment was done by Weight, Height, BMI by Quetelet index and measurement of hs CRP by Immunoturbidometer. The results were tabulated and analysed.
Results
Total of 30 obese subjects were included of which 15 were males and 15 were Females. In obese subjects hs-CRP was elevated significantly. The level of hs-CRP was proportionally elevated in relation to BMI in obese subjects.
Conclusion
Elevated hs-CRP levels in obese individuals indicates a proinflammatory state. This further concludes a risk for metabolic and cardiovascular manifestations in obese individuals.
The ECG Change in QRS Complex- A Tool for Evaluation of Heart Disease in Asymptomatic Type II Diabetics
Authors: Siraj Ahmed Shirbadgi, Aftab Begum  
Published: January 2024

Background
The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities are found to be predictors of silent ischemia in asymptomatic persons.
Aim and Objective of the study
The purpose of this study is, to detect & compare the electrocardiographic changes (QRS complex) in asymptomatic type II diabetics & controls.
Materials and Method
Fifty type II DM cases aged between 30–55 years and minimum of fifty age and sex matched controls for each group were selected from the general population satisfying the inclusion criteria.
Findings
There was statistically highly significant increase in QRS duration among type II Diabetics when compared to controls (p< 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in QRS axis between type II DM cases and controls (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in QRS amplitude among type II diabetics when compared to controls (p > 0.05).
Conclusion
The prolonged QRS complex can be considered as the evidence that the heart of diabetic patients is damaged by cardiomyopathy. Hence the screening of diabetics for electrocardiographic abnormalities is strongly recommended at the time of diagnosis for proper interventions & to prevent complications at the earliest.
Gender Differences in Spatial Localization of Sound in the Azimuthal Plane in Normally Sighted Young Adults
Authors: Sowmya Rajaram, Ganesh Prasanna  
Published: January 2024

Background
Research studies have shown that there are differences in the neuroanatomy of males and females. The aim of our study was to find whether there are any gender differences in the spatial localization of sound.
Method
A total of eighteen blindfolded subjects, consisting of nine males and nine age-matched females with normal hearing, were subjected to the spatial bisection task where they had to localize the second sound, whose location varied from-20° to +20° in the azimuthal plane, while the first and third sound were fixed at-20° and +20° respectively. The Minimum audible angle task was administered, where the subjects had to say whether the 2 sounds presented were from same location or from two different speakers.
Results and Conclusion
There was no significant difference between the males and females with respect to their performance of spatial bisection task and minimum audible angle task.
Spatial Localization of Sound in Early Blind During Spatial Bisection Task and Minimum Audible Angle Task
Authors: Sowmya Rajaram, Ganesh Prasanna  
Published: January 2024

Background
Research has shown that early blind have supra-normal localization abilities in the azimuthal plane while performing a minimum audible angle task which is based on egocentric paradigm. An opposing view has been proposed that the early blind have a deficit in spatial localization of sound in the horizontal plane during an allocentric based task such as spatial bisection of sound. The objective of our study was to assess spatial localization of sound in the early blind by means of minimum audible angle task and spatial bisection task.
Methods
A total of ten early blind and ten normal sighted blind folded controls were subjected to minimum audible angle task and spatial bisection task in the azimuthal plane.
Results
The early blind subjects performed significantly poorer than controls in the spatial bisection task which was based on the allocentric model. However, they performed as well as the controls in the Minimum audible angle task which was based on egocentric model.
Conclusion
The minimum audible angle task based on the egocentric paradigm does not require a metric representation of auditory space whereas allocentric paradigm based task would require the same. However the spatial bisection task which is based on the allocentric paradigm taxes the retinotopic maps. Hence the poor performance in this task
Effect of Modified Valsalva Maneuver on Heart Rate and ECG among Young Non –Athletes and Athletes
Authors: Santosh Balgote, Atul Manohar rao Deshkar  
Published: January 2024

Introduction
Valsalva maneuver (VM) is an indicator of cardiac Autonomic function as well as it is used clinically for testing patency of Eustachian tube in Ear examination. According to one Cochrane systematic review, the modified maneuver may be effective in 19–54% of cases and there is insufficient evidence to either recommend it or advise against it in supra-ventricular tachycardia.
Material and Method
The present cross sectional study was conducted in research lab, Department of Physiology, Late Shree Barat Ratana Atal Bihari Vajpeyi Memorial Medical college, Rajnandgaon (C.G) India, during study period April to october 2016. There are two study groups-young athletes engaged in endurance sports and non athletes, first year students of medical college. All the subjects had been demonstrated and practiced modified Valsalva Maneuver and after that subjects was selected for the study (30 in each group comprising of males and females). During modified Valsalva Maneuver continuous recording of Heart Rate and ECG is done. Data obtained so will be recorded and analyzed.
Observations
Heart rate was significantly higher after Modified Valsalva Maneuver in athlete, while it was significantly lower in non athlete after Modified Valsalva Maneuver. No significant difference in heart rate between athlete & non athlete group before Modified Valsalva Maneuver. But there was significant difference heart rate between both groups after Modified Valsalva Maneuver. Significantly higher no. of Athletes showed increase t wave duration & prolonged TP Segment as compared to non athletes.
Conclusion
Modified Valsalva Maneuver is good index of cardiovascular system.
Significance of Dietary Pattern in Oxidative Stress among Newly Diagnosed Essential Hypertension
Authors: Chanchal Shrivastav, Suman Sharma, G. Indra Kumar  
Published: January 2024

Background
Hypertension is a significant global public health problem and it is associated with increased oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is disequilibrium between tissue oxidants (free radicals or reactive oxygen species ROS) and antioxidants and may be an integrative mechanism in the progress of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
Aims & Objectives
To study the impact of dietary pattern on oxidative stress markers in newly diagnosed essential hypertension.
Material and Method
The study was conducted on 75 cases of essential hypertension (HT), 75 prehypertensives (preHT) and 50 control subjects for 15 months. After screening, serum uric acid (SUA) and serum malondialdehyde (S.MDA) level were investigated in both vegetarians (V) and nonvegetarians (NV) in all groups.
Findings
The difference in mean ± SD of SUA and S. MDA level between control, preHT and HT group were found to be highly significant (p<0.0001). SUA and S. MDA level was higher in NV as compared to vegetarians in all groups but significant results were found in case of SUA (p<0.001).
Conclusion
Long-term vegetarians have improved antioxidant status and coronary heart disease risk profile than do apparently healthy omnivores.
Comparison of Heart Rate Variability in Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients with and without Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Prakash SB, MD. Eajaz Ahmed Shariff  
Published: January 2024

Background
Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy is among the least recognized and understood complications of diabetes despite its significant negative impact on survival and quality of life in people with diabetes.
Objective
to analyze short term frequency domain of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in newly diagnosed diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy and compare the results with controls.
Method
The study was conducted in medical OPD of Bapuji Hospital and Chigateri General Hospital attached to J.J.M. Medical College, Davangere. 100 consecutive newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients age 35 to 50 years and 50 normal individuals formed the subjects of the study.
Results
The age of subjects ranged from 30–60 years. The resting heart rate was significantly higher in diabetics than normal. When the blood pressure response to supine to standing was evaluated there was a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure among controls and cases. The Valsalva ratio was decreased in diabetics as compared to controls. No difference was observed in E/I ratio between control and diabetics. There was increase in systolic blood pressure during test as compared to rest. Ratio of heart rate on standing (30: 15) decreased in cases as compared to controls.
Conclusion
Clinical observations should not be the sole basis for the diagnosis of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. Screening for abnormalities is infrequently done.
Menstrual Problems among Adolescent School Children at International Indian School, Buraidah
Authors: Muneeb Jehan, Syed Arif Pasha, K.Chandra Sekhar  
Published: January 2024

Background
Menstrual hygiene is an issue that is very important among adolescent females and mother is the best teacher and also school teachers play an important role in the menstrual hygiene practices and it is also important aspect of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Objectives
To identify the socio demographic profile factors and to know the menstrual problems among the study population.
Materials & Method
A cross sectional institutional based study was conducted at International Indian School, Buraidah from January 2014 to May 2014 among the school children from 5th Class to 9th class. A total of 240 children data collected and classes selected randomly from the female sections. Data was entered in MS excel and necessary statistical tests were applied.
Results
Out 240 adolescents, about 207 (86.2%) children are attained menarche. Out of 207 adolescent students, about 29% were attained menarche at 10 years of age group and 16.6% of female students at 13 years of age group. There was statistically significant association was found between literacy of the mother and menstruation in the female school children. Out of 207 adolescents, about 45.8% were having pre menstrual syndrome symptoms. about 73.4% (152/207) were having normal BMI and 26.6% were having abnormal BMI.
Conclusions
The pre-menstrual symptoms and the menstrual problems were quite commonly prevailing in this age group and as it is Indian school and students from different geographical, socioeconomic background and different cultures and ethnic. Proper awareness programme has to be implemented periodically to address for the common menstrual problems which occurs in adolescent age group.
Influence of Maternal Nutritional Status During Pregnancy on the Birth Weight of the Newborn
Authors: MD. Eajaz Ahmed Shariff, Prakash SB  
Published: January 2024

Background
The factors that affect the supply of nutrition to the fetus depend on the maternal body composition, size as assessed by the pregnancy weight and the weight gain during pregnancy
Objective
To establish correlation between maternal body mass index and of maternal nutritional status during pregnancy with the birth weight of the new born.
Method
This was a hospital based prospective study carried out at Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Medical College Hospital, and K.C. General Hospital, Bangalore during the period of Oct. 2001-Sept.2002. The subjects for the study were pregnant women delivering at full term Majority of the pregnant women participated in the study were in the age group of 20–30 years.
Results
58 female and 50 male babies were considered for the study, they had a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 2.60 + 0.28 and 3.01+ 0.41 respectively. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index with birth weight in Group I and Group II (P<0.05) However in Group III male and female babies were non significant. There was no significant correlation between maternal hemoglobin content and birth weight of male babies.
Conclusion
It was concluded that there was a significant positive correlation between the maternal nutritional status with the birth weight of the babies.
Exam Anxiety Related to Exam Preparation Time and Number of Hours of Sleep and Comparison of Exam Anxiety among Rural and Urban, Hosteller and Non-Hosteller First Year Medical Students
Authors: M.S. Kusumadevi, Sushma S  
Published: January 2024

Exam anxiety intensifies psychological distress, reduces academic motivation and lowers performance. The present study aimed to identify exam anxiety related to exam preparation time and number of hours of sleep. Additionally, the present study attempted comparison of exam anxiety among rural and urban, hosteller and non-hosteller first year medical students. Westside Text Anxiety Scale (WTAS) were administered among 151 first year undergraduate medical students attending Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. The results showed higher test anxiety scores and more studying hours among rural students with female preponderance. There was no statistically significant difference with regards to sleep hours and among hostellers, non-hostellers.
The negative emotion of test anxiety which serves to raise the distress level among medical students is a common emerging concern and thus good intervention to build positive coping skills should be incorporated in the lives of medical students.
Severity of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients : Correlation with Duration of Diabetes
Authors: Juhi Agrawal, Subodh Pandey, Sachin Chittawar, Vivek Som  
Published: January 2024

Introduction
Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) is one of the most overlooked complications of DM and is clinically important because of its life threatening consequences. CAN results from damage to the autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels.
Aims and Objectives
The aim of the present study is to assess the correlation between severity of cardiovascular autonomic functions in type 2 DM and duration of diabetes.
Method
The study included 30 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus without diabetic retinopathy and 30 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). 60 non diabetic healthy volunteers matched for age and gender were included in the study to serve as control. The study group was classified into 3 groups according to duration of diabetes. All the subjects performed five different autonomic function tests as given by Ewing's and Clarke. The score value was obtained from various tests and a scoring system was applied as recommended by Bellavere F et al (1983).4 The results obtained were analysed statistically by one-way ANOVA and intergroup comparisons were made using post hoc Tukey multiple comparison test.
Results
The observations suggest that cardiac autonomic function declines in type 2 diabetics and CAN is more in diabetic patients with associated retinopathy The observations revealed that number of patients with autonomic dysfunction was more when duration of DM was long (>7 years) (83.3% in group 1 and 81.2% in group 2). The number of patients with CAN increased with duration of DM. Correlation between disease duration and cardiovascular autonomic score indicates significant positive correlation (r=0.5920).
Conclusion
The cardiac autonomic functions were found to be altered significantly in diabetics. Diabetic patients with longer duration of diabetes showed more severe dysfunction of cardiovascular functions. Hence, Evaluation of cardiovascular reflexes should be included as a routine in the work-up of patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Prevention of Neonatal Hypoglycaemia with Early and Exclusive Breast Feeding
Authors: Tahilramani H, Somani S  
Published: January 2024

Concern about hypoglycaemia in the new born infant is a common issue. Subsequent neurologic development may be affected in children experiencing hypoglycaemia in the neonatal period. This observational study enrolled 150 healthy term neonates who did not require admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and were kept in post natal wards with mother. All neonates of mothers with complicated pregnancy such as diabetes, Hypertension and infections were excluded from the study. Glucose levels were monitored at 1, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs of life. Hypoglycaemia was defined as blood glucose levels ? 46mg/dl. 24% of the screened neonates developed hypoglycaemia in 1st hour of life, which was corrected with immediate breast feeding only. 6% of the neonate and 3% of the neonate developed hypoglycaemia in 2nd and 6th hour of life respectively which was corrected with immediate breast feeding only. No formula feed supplementation was needed at any hour of life to correct hypoglycaemia. All mothers were assisted in positioning and attaching babies to the breast and were motivated to breast feed on demand. All neonates were able to maintain blood glucose levels in normal range at 12th, 24th and 48th hour of life with exclusive breast feeding only. We therefore concluded that with early and exclusive breast feeding healthy term neonates can maintain normal glucose levels with decreased risk of hypoglycaemia. Formula feed supplementation should be avoided to correct hypoglycaemia.
Do Learning Styles Influenced by Gender: A Qualitative Study Among Physiology Undergraduate Medical Students
Authors: Kausar Afshan  
Published: January 2024

Introduction
Current and future trends in medical learning enforce huge burden of mastering a different set of competencies among medical student. Furthermore, the important task in medical education isto provide adequate and satisfactory student learning. Thus, better awareness of learning style preferences and various factors (such as gender) influencing learning styles, can help in delivery of rewarding, satisfying and pleasant learning experience to the students.
Aim
The study was planned with the aim of assessing the influence of gender on learning style preferences among Undergraduate Medical Students of Physiology.
Materials and Method
In this cross-sectional study among 100 undergraduate medical students of physiology, Visual, Aural, Read/write and Kinesthetic (VARK) questionnaire version 7.8 was used to collect information of students’ learning style preferences. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables. Chi-square test was performed to evaluate the influence of gender on learning style preferences.
Results
In the study, 82.22%Males and 68.75% females exhibited multiple sensory preferences. Furthermore only 17.77%Male, 31.25% Female, preferred a single sensory modality for receiving information. However gender differences were NOT significant.
Conclusion
Most students both male and female had preferences for multimodal learning style. Furthermore gender had no significant association with learning style preference.