bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managers' Commitment to the Goals Contained in a Strategic Performance Measurement System*
Authors: WEBB R. ALAN 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA strategic performance measurement system (SPMS) is a set of causally linked nonfinancial and financial objectives, performance measures, and goals designed to align managers' actions with an organization's strategy. This study identifies and tests features unique to the cause‐effect structure of an SPMS likely to affect an important antecedent to managerial performance: goal commitment. Companies often set difficult goals for the multiple performance measures contained in an SPMS, but research shows difficult goals are significantly more likely to lead to performance gains if individuals are committed to achieving them. Two features central to the SPMS approach are predicted to affect goal commitment: (1) the strength of the cause‐effect links among the nonfinancial and financial performance measures contained in an SPMS and (2) managers' beliefs in their ability to achieve the SPMS nonfinancial goals. Results from an experiment conducted with experienced managers show both SPMS features have a positive effect on goal commitment.
The Riskiness of Large Audit Firm Client Portfolios and Changes in Audit Liability Regimes: Evidence from the U.S. Audit Market*
Authors: CHOI JONG‐HAG , DOOGAR RAJIB K. , GANGULY ANANDA R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe investigate whether the financial riskiness of large U.S. audit firm clienteles varied with the changing audit litigation liability environment during the period 1975‐99. Partitioning the period of study into four distinct periods (a benchmark period (1975‐84), a period of increasing concerns about litigation liability (1985‐89), a period of lobbying for reform (1990‐94), and a post‐relief period (1995‐99)), we find some evidence of risk decreases during 1985‐89, strong evidence of risk decreases during 1990‐94, and strong evidence of risk increases during 1995‐99. However, we also find that over the period of our study, a time during which Big 6 market shares grew appreciably, the proportion of litigious‐industry clients in Big 6 client portfolios grew at about the same rate as the proportion of such clients in the population. Moreover, the Big 6 share of the financially riskiest clients in the economy did not grow as fast as the overall Big 6 market share. In sum, although our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the riskiness of Big 6 client portfolios responded to changes in the audit litigation liability environment, we find no systematic evidence of a "race to the bottom" or "bottom fishing" by these firms in a bid to increase their market shares.
Synthesis of 1,3‐Dienes from Alkynes and Ethylene: Acetic Acid 2‐Methylene‐3‐phenethylbut‐3‐enyl Ester
Authors: Mori Miwako , Tonogaki Keisuke , Kinoshita Atsushi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

(4, 4‐Dibromobut‐3‐enyl)benzene

5‐Phenylpent‐2‐yl‐1‐ol

Acetic acid 5‐phenylpent‐2‐ynyl ester

Acetic acid 2‐methylene‐3‐phenethylbut‐3‐enyl ester

Butyllithium
Platinum Catalyzed Hydrosilylation and Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling: One‐Pot Hydroarylation of 1‐Heptyne to (
E
)‐1‐(1‐Heptenyl)‐4‐methoxybenzene
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Wang Zhigang 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

1‐Heptyne

(
E)
‐1‐Heptenyl‐4‐methoxybenzene

Platinum(0)‐1,3‐divinyl‐1,1,3,3,‐tetramethyldisiloxane complex

Palladium chloride
Preparation of 2,4‐Disubstituted Imidazoles: 4‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazole
Authors: Li Bryan , Chiu Charles K‐F , Hank Richard F. , Murry Jerry , Roth Joshua , Tobiassen Harry 
Published: December 2004

Abstract4‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐imidazoleBenzamidine hydrochloride4‐Methoxyphenacyl bromide
Preparation of

N

‐Aryl‐5
R
‐Hydroxymethyl‐2‐Oxazolidinones from
N
‐Aryl Carbamates:
N
‐Phenyl‐(5
R
)‐Hydroxymethyl‐ 2‐Oxazolidinone
Authors: Manninen Peter R. , Brickner Steven J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

N
‐Phenyl‐5
R‐
hydroxymethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone

N‐Phenylcarbamic acid methyl ester

n
‐Butyllithium

Glycidyl butyrate
Synthesis of Ortho Substituted Arylboronic Esters by in situ Trapping of Unstable Lithio Intermediates: 2‐(5,5‐Dimethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborinan‐2‐yl)benzoic Acid Ethyl Ester
Authors: Langgaard Kristensen Jesper , Lysén Morten , Vedsø Per , Begtrup Mikael 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

2‐(5, 5‐Dimethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborinan‐2‐yl)benzoic acid ethyl ester

2, 2, 6, 6‐Tetramethylpiperdine

n‐
Butyllithium

Trisiopropyl borate
Synthesis of 9‐Spiroepoxy‐

endo

‐tricyclo[5.2.2.0
2,6
]undeca‐4,10‐dien‐8‐one
Authors: Singh* Vishwakarma , Porinchu Mini , Vedantham Punitha , Sahu Pramod K. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

9‐Spiroepoxy‐endo‐tricyclo[5.2.2.0 2.6]undeca‐4,10‐dien‐8‐one

Sodium metaperiodate
Indium/Ammonium Chloride‐Mediated Selective Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds: Ethyl 4‐aminobenzoate
Authors: Banik Bimal K. , Banik Indrani , Becker Frederick F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Ethyl‐4‐aminobenzoate

Ethyl‐4‐nitrobenzoate

Ammonium chloride

Indium
Methyltrioxorhenium Catalyzed Oxidation of Secondary Amines to Nitrones:

N

‐Benzylidene‐benzylamine

N

‐Oxide
Authors: Goti Andrea , Cardona Francesca , Soldaini Gianluca 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

N‐
Benzylidene‐benzylamine N‐oxide

Methyltrioxorhenium

Urea hydrogen peroxide

Dibenzylamine
Synthesis and Use of Glycosyl Phosphates as Glycosyl Donors
Authors: Love Kerry R. , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Dibutyl 3, 4, 6‐tri‐
O
‐benzyl‐2‐
O‐
pivaloyl‐D‐glucopyranosyl phosphate

3,4,6‐Tri‐
O
‐benzyl‐D‐glucal

3,4,6‐Tri‐
O‐
benzyl‐2‐
O‐
pivaloyl‐beta‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐1,2:3,4‐di‐
O‐
isopropylidiene‐alpha‐D‐galactopyranoside

1,2:3,4‐Di‐
O‐
isopropylylidene‐alpha‐D‐galactopyranose
CC and CXC chemokine receptors mediate migration, proliferation, and matrix metalloproteinase production by fibroblast‐like synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: García‐Vicuña Rosario , Gómez‐Gaviro Maria Victoria , Domínguez‐Luis Maria Jesús , Pec Martina K. , González‐Alvaro Isidoro , Alvaro‐Gracia Jose María , Díaz‐González Federico 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the potential involvement of the chemokine system in synoviocyte‐mediated tissue destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we studied the expression profile of chemokine receptors and their function in the migration, proliferation, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production of cultured fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA patients.MethodsThe presence of CC and CXC chemokine receptors on cultured FLS was studied at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and at the cell surface expression level by flow cytometry. Variations in cytosolic calcium influx induced by chemokine stimulation were assessed by flow cytometry on Fura Red–preloaded FLS. Two‐compartment transwell chambers were used for FLS chemotaxis assays. Cell growth was measured by a fluorescence‐based proliferation assay. Gelatinase and collagenase activities were determined by a fibril degradation assay and zymography.ResultsFLS constitutively expressed the receptors CCR2, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4, both at the cell surface and mRNA levels, but failed to express CCR3 and CCR6. Significant intracytosolic calcium influx was observed on FLS challenged with monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), stromal cell–derived factor 1α (SDF‐1α), and interferon‐inducible protein 10 (IP‐10). Stimulation with MCP‐1, SDF‐1α, IP‐10, and monokine induced by interferon‐γ enhanced the migration and proliferation of FLS. These chemokines, in addition to RANTES, increased in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner the gelatinase and collagenase activities in cell‐free supernatants of cultured FLS. Interestingly, the chemokine‐mediated up‐regulation of MMP activities was significantly abrogated by the presence of anti–interleukin‐1β, but not anti–tumor necrosis factor α, blocking antibodies.ConclusionThese data suggest that through modulation of the migration, proliferation, and MMP production by FLS, the chemokine system may play a more direct role in the destructive phase of RA than is currently suspected, and thus emphasize the relevance of chemokines and their receptors as potential therapeutic targets in this disease.
Systemic lupus erythematosus in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA): XXIII. Baseline predictors of vascular events
Authors: Toloza Sergio M. A. , Uribe América G. , McGwin Gerald , Alarcón Graciela S. , Fessler Barri J. , Bastian Holly M. , Vilá Luis M. , Wu Ruihua , Shoenfeld Yehuda , Roseman Jeffrey M. , Reveille John D. ,   for the LUMINA Study Group
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the baseline (time 0) risk factors associated with the subsequent occurrence of vascular events in a multiethnic US cohort (LUMINA [LUpus in MInorities: NAture versus nurture]) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsFive hundred forty‐six LUMINA patients were assessed at time 0 for traditional and nontraditional (disease‐related) risk factors for vascular events. These were defined as 1) cardiovascular (myocardial infarction and/or definite or classic angina and/or the undergoing of a vascular procedure for myocardial infarction [coronary artery bypass graft]), 2) cerebrovascular (stroke), and 3) peripheral vascular (arterial claudication and/or gangrene or significant tissue loss and/or arterial thrombosis in peripheral arteries). The observation time (followup time in the cohort) was the interval between time 0 and the last visit. The unit of analysis was the patient and not each vascular event. Variables at time 0 and vascular events were examined by univariable and multivariable (logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression) analyses. Age, sex, ethnicity, followup time, and all known risk factors for the occurrence of vascular events were included in the model.ResultsThirty‐four patients (6.2%) developed one or more vascular event after time 0. The overall median duration of followup in the cohort was 73.8 months (range 10.8–111.3 months). Vascular events (13 cardiovascular, 18 cerebrovascular, 5 peripheral vascular) occurred in 7 Hispanics from Texas (6.5%), 1 Hispanic from Puerto Rico (1.2%), 15 African Americans (7.5%), and 11 Caucasians (7.1%). The mean total number of traditional risk factors was significantly higher in patients who developed vascular events than in those who did not (7.1 versus 5.6). Independent predictors of vascular events were older age, current smoking status, longer followup time, elevated serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), and the presence of any antiphospholipid antibody. The same variables were identified when time‐dependent analyses were performed, although azathioprine use was also found to be a contributing factor.ConclusionSmoking, previously not reported in SLE, emerged as a predictor of vascular events and should be strongly discouraged. Antiphospholipid antibodies and CRP support the role of inflammation and autoimmunity in the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in SLE. Ethnicity was not associated with vascular events in our patients.
Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: Prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist
Authors: Korn J. H. , Mayes M. , Matucci Cerinic M. , Rainisio M. , Pope J. , Hachulla E. , Rich E. , Carpentier P. , Molitor J. , Seibold J. R. , Hsu V. , Guillevin L. , Chatterjee S. , Peter H. H. , Coppock J. , Herrick A. , Merkel P. A. , Simms R. , Denton C. P. , Furst D. , Nguyen N. , Gaitonde M. , Black Carol ,   RAPIDS‐1 Study Group
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveRecurrent digital ulcers are a manifestation of vascular disease in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) and lead to pain, impaired function, and tissue loss. We investigated whether treatment with the endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, decreased the development of new digital ulcers in patients with SSc.MethodsThis was a randomized, prospective, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study of 122 patients at 17 centers in Europe and North America, evaluating the effect of treatment on prevention of digital ulcers. The primary outcome variable was the number of new digital ulcers developing during the 16‐week study period. Secondary assessments included healing of existing digital ulcers and evaluation of hand function using the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire.ResultsPatients receiving bosentan had a 48% reduction in the mean number of new ulcers during the treatment period (1.4 versus 2.7 new ulcers; P = 0.0083). Patients who had digital ulcers at the time of entry in the study were at higher risk for the development of new ulcers; in this subgroup the mean number of new ulcers was reduced from 3.6 to 1.8 (P = 0.0075). In patients receiving bosentan, a statistically significant improvement in hand function was observed. There was no difference between treatment groups in the healing of existing ulcers. Serum transaminase levels were elevated to >3‐fold the upper limit of normal in bosentan‐treated patients; this elevation is comparable with that observed in previous studies of this agent. Other side effects were similar in the 2 treatment groups.ConclusionEndothelins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease in patients with SSc. Treatment with the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan may be effective in preventing new digital ulcers and improving hand function in patients with SSc.
Expression of Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4 in rheumatoid synovial tissue and regulation by proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐12 and interleukin‐18 via interferon‐γ
Authors: Radstake Timothy R. D. J. , Roelofs Mieke F. , Jenniskens Yvonne M. , Oppers‐Walgreen Birgitte , van Riel Piet L. C. M. , Barrera Pilar , Joosten Leo A. B. , van den Berg Wim B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo study the expression of Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR‐2) and TLR‐4 and its association with proinflammatory cytokines in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and healthy individuals.MethodsSynovial tissue specimens from 29 RA patients were stained for TLR‐2, TLR‐4, and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐1β [IL‐1β], IL‐12, IL‐17, IL‐18, and tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα]). The expression of TLR‐2, TLR‐4, and cytokines as well as the degree of inflammation in synovial tissue were compared between patients with RA, patients with OA (n = 5), and healthy individuals (n = 3). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were incubated with IL‐12 and IL‐18, and TLR expression was assessed using fluorescence‐activated cell sorter analysis. Production of TNFα and IL‐6 was measured using Luminex bead array technology.ResultsIn RA synovial tissue, the expression of TLR‐2 was slightly higher than that of TLR‐4. Interestingly, both TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 were expressed at higher levels in moderately inflamed synovium, as compared with synovial tissue with no or severe inflammation. TLR expression in both the lining and the sublining was associated with the presence of IL‐12 and IL‐18, but no other cytokines, in the lining. The expression of both TLRs was low in synovial tissue from OA patients and healthy donors. Stimulation of PBMCs with IL‐12 and IL‐18 resulted in increased expression of both TLR‐2 and TLR‐4; this could be blocked with anti–interferon‐γ (anti‐IFNγ) antibodies, suggesting a role for IFNγ. Lipopolysaccharide‐ or lipoteichoic acid–mediated triggering of PBMCs incubated with IL‐12/IL‐18 or IFNγ led to an increased production of both TNFα and IL‐6, indicating the functionality of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4.ConclusionTLR‐2 and TLR‐4 are expressed in synovial tissue of patients with clinically active disease and are associated with the levels of both IL‐12 and IL‐18. The synergistic effect of IL‐12 and IL‐18 on T cell IFNγ production seems to regulate expression of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 in the synovial tissue of RA patients.
The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependent on alignment
Authors: Felson David T. , Goggins Joyce , Niu Jingbo , Zhang Yuqing , Hunter David J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveWhereas obesity increases overall loading of the knee, limb malalignment concentrates that loading on a focal area, to the level at which cartilage damage may occur. This study evaluated whether the effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) differs depending on the degree of limb malalignment.MethodsThe study population comprised 228 veterans and community recruits with symptomatic knee OA (pain on most days and radiographic disease) who volunteered to participate in a natural history study and from whom baseline radiographs were obtained to assess alignment; 227 (99.6%) completed a 30‐month followup. Of 403 knees assessed at baseline, 394 (97.8%) were followed up. Participants' body mass index (BMI) was assessed at each examination. The main outcome measure was progression of knee OA, defined as narrowing of the tibiofemoral joint space by 1 grade (semiquantitative scale 0–3) on radiographs of the fluoroscopically positioned knee. The association between BMI and the risk of knee OA progression was assessed after adjusting for age, sex, and limb alignment, using logistic regression and generalized estimating equations.ResultsOf 394 knees, 90 (22.8%) showed disease progression, and limb alignment was strongly associated with progression risk. The risk of progression increased with increasing weight (for each 2‐unit increase in BMI, odds ratio [OR] for progression 1.08, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.00–1.16). However, among those knees with neutral alignment (0–2°), increases in BMI had no effect on risk of progression (OR 1.00), and in those with severe malalignment (≥7°), the effect was similarly null (OR 0.93). The effect of BMI on progression was limited to knees in which there was moderate malalignment (OR per 2‐unit increase in BMI 1.23, 95% CI 1.05–1.45).ConclusionAlthough elevated BMI increases the risk of knee OA progression, the effect of BMI is limited to knees in which moderate malalignment exists, presumably because of the combined focus of load from malalignment and the excess load from increased weight. This has implications for clinical recommendations and for trials testing weight loss in those with knee OA.
Determinants of discharge destination following elective total hip replacement
Authors: Pablo Paola de , Losina Elena , Phillips Charlotte B. , Fossel Anne H. , Mahomed Nizar , Lingard Elizabeth A. , N. Katz Jeffrey 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the factors associated with discharge to an inpatient rehabilitation facility versus discharge directly to home after elective total hip replacement (THR).MethodsData were obtained from a medical record review and a cross‐sectional survey of a population‐based cohort of patients who received elective primary or revision THR in 1995. Postoperative functional status was measured as the ability to walk independently prior to discharge. A multivariate regression model was developed with discharge to an inpatient rehabilitation facility versus directly to home as the dependent variable. The model adjusted for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic features, and several preoperative and postoperative clinical factors.ResultsWe included 1,276 patients age 65–94 years in the analysis. Of these, 58% were discharged from the acute care hospital to a rehabilitation facility. The cohort had mean age of 73 years; 96% were white; 62% were female; 32% were living alone; 38% had an annual income less than $20,000; and 78% were unable to walk independently in the hospital before discharge. For primary THR patients, multivariate analysis showed a significant association between being discharged to a rehabilitation facility and being unable to walk at discharge, older age, obesity, and living alone. For revision THR patients, multivariate analysis also showed a significant association between being discharged to a rehabilitation facility and being unable to walk at discharge.ConclusionIn a large population‐based sample, postoperative functional status, age, obesity, and social support all influenced the discharge destination following elective THR.
Eligibility, utilization, and costs in a California Medicaid lupus population
Authors: Nichol Michael B. , Shi Sheng , Knight Tara K. , Wallace Daniel J. , Weisman Michael H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether ethnicity was associated with differences in Medicaid eligibility, health care utilization, and direct medical costs in a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) population.MethodsA retrospective analysis of California Medicaid claims data was conducted on patients with SLE. Patient eligibility and month‐by‐month utilization and costs were computed and compared across ethnic groups. Descriptive statistics are presented. A mixed regression model on patient‐level data was used to verify the trends of the aggregate data, controlling for covariates. A survival regression model on time to ineligibility was used to show eligibility patterns adjusted for covariates.ResultsHispanic patients were less likely to have a lengthy eligibility period as compared with other cohorts (∼50% versus 70% eligible at month 36, respectively). As treatment progressed, Hispanics generated lower total costs than other cohorts. Results for inpatient frequency, prescription costs, and outpatient/physician/supply (Part B) costs followed similar patterns. Mixed regression model findings revealed that when adjusted for age, sex, and aid program, total costs for Hispanic patients decreased as the length of care increased, in contrast to other ethnic groups. The interaction between ethnicity and treatment progression measured by quarter was significant (P < 0.0001), but ethnicity as a main effect was not (P = 0.091). This suggests that differences in total costs are small initially, but as the followup period extends, Hispanic patients experience lower total costs as compared with other ethnic groups.ConclusionThese California Medicaid program data reinforce the importance of investigating treatment differences in ethnic groups with SLE.
Pregnancy, cytokines, and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Doria Andrea , Ghirardello Anna , Iaccarino Luca , Zampieri Sandra , Punzi Leonardo , Tarricone Elena , Ruffatti Amelia , Sulli Alberto , Sarzi‐Puttini Pier Carlo , Gambari Pier Franca , Cutolo Maurizio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate levels of selected cytokines and soluble receptors involved in the humoral immune response during pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.MethodsSeventeen consecutive SLE patients and 8 matched healthy controls were prospectively studied during pregnancy. Sera were obtained within the last 3 months prior to pregnancy; at 9, 17, and 29 weeks of pregnancy; and at 1 month after delivery. Serum levels of interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 (sTNFR I) and p75 (sTNFR II) were evaluated. SLE activity was measured by the European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement score modified for pregnancy.ResultsIL‐10 serum levels were found to be higher (P < 0.0001) in patients than in controls before conception, and still higher (P < 0.0001) in SLE patients during gestation, without intertrimester changes. In SLE patients, IL‐6 serum levels did not increase in the third trimester of pregnancy, as was observed in controls (P = 0.011). No significant differences between SLE patients and controls were found in either sTNFR I or II levels or profiles before and during pregnancy. IL‐10 and sTNFR I levels were significantly higher during pregnancy and postpartum in SLE patients with active disease (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively).ConclusionThe levels of some cytokines involved in the humoral immune response seem to be modified in the peripheral circulation of pregnant SLE patients. The most relevant modifications are the lower than expected increase of IL‐6 in the third trimester of gestation and persistently high levels of IL‐10 during pregnancy.