bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality
Authors: Lacey James V. , Devesa Susan S. , Brinton Louise A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBreast cancer accounts for one‐third of cancer diagnoses and 15% of cancer deaths in U.S. women. Its 192,000 cases and 40,000 deaths in 2001 make it the most common incident cancer (excluding superficial skin cancers) and second leading cause of cancer death. Over one‐half of the 300,000 breast cancer deaths worldwide in 1990 (the latest year with such data) occurred in developed countries, but annual mortality rates ranged from 27/100,000 women in northern Europe to 4/100,000 women in Asia. Incidence data are less complete, although 1988–1992 rates varied threefold: low in Asia, intermediate in South America and Eastern Europe, and high in North America and Western Europe. Migrant studies suggest that lifestyle factors largely explain these international differences. U.S. incidence rates are generally 20%−40% higher in white women than in non‐white women, but are higher in young (under age 40) black women than in young white women. Incidence rates rose in the 1970s, leveled off in the 1990s, and are declining for young women. Women in some areas of the northeast U.S. have twofold higher mortality than that of other U.S. women, but reproductive and socioeconomic characteristics explain much of that difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, mortality rates held steady in developed countries but rose in developing countries. Since 1987 mortality rates fell by 25% as a result of earlier detection and improved treatment. Age–period–cohort analyses indicate that changes in recognized risk factors may affect mortality patterns. Continued analysis of international and intranational trends may reveal targets for multidisciplinary intervention and prevention efforts. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:82–88, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SCAN‐UK — a network approach to environmental best practice in the aviation industry
Authors: Maughan Janet , Raper David , Thomas Callum , Gillingwater David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ability of cities to play a full part in and achieve maximum social and economic benefit from the global economy is often considered dependent to a significant extent upon the development of the airports that serve them. Many such airports however are at risk of reaching their environmental capacity before they are able to fulfill the demand for air travel.A lack of communication between key sectors such as industry, government, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) and academia is often considered the limiting factor in the production of quality research to address issues of such environmental capacity constraints within the aviation industry from an unbiased platform. The UK Sustainable Cities and Aviation Network (SCAN‐UK) has been created in order to generate a network of experts and provide a forum designed to encourage debate between the key players. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Assessing sources of variability in measurement of ambient particulate matter
Authors: Daniels Michael J. , Lee Yoon‐dong , Kaiser Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractParticulate matter (PM), a component of ambient air pollution, has been the subject of United States Environmental Protection Agency regulation in part due to many epidemiological studies examining its connection with health. Better understanding the PM measurement process and its dependence on location, time, and other factors is important for both modifying regulations and better understanding its effects on health. In light of this, in this paper, we will explore sources of variability in measuring PM including spatial, temporal and meteorological effects. In addition, we will assess the degree to which there is heterogeneity in the variability of the micro‐scale processes, which may suggest important unmeasured processes, and the degree to which there is unexplained heterogeneity in space and time. We use Bayesian hierarchical models and restrict attention to the greater Pittsburgh (USA) area in 1996. The analyses indicated no spatial dependence after accounting for other sources of variability and also indicated heterogeneity in the variability of the micro‐scale processes over time and space. Weather and temporal effects were very important and there was substantial heterogeneity in these effects across sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active tendon control of cable‐stayed bridges: a large‐scale demonstration
Authors: Bossens Frédéric , Preumont André 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a strategy for active damping of cable structures, using active tendons. The first part of the paper summarizes the theoretical background: the control law is briefly presented together with the main results of an approximate linear theory which allows the prediction of closed‐loop poles with a root locus technique. The second part of the paper reports on experimental results obtained with two test structures: the first one is a small size mock‐up representative of a cable‐stayed bridge during the construction phase. The control of the parametric vibration of passive cables due to deck vibration is demonstrated. The second one is a 30 m long mock‐up built on the reaction wall of the ELSA test facility at the JRC Ispra (Italy); this test structure is used to demonstrate the practical implementation of the control strategy with hydraulic actuators. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isoductile strengths and strength reduction factors of elasto‐plastic SDOF systems subjected to simple waveforms
Authors: Cuesta Isabel , Aschheim Mark A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe inelastic response of elasto‐plastic SDOF oscillators subjected to 24 simple waveforms was studied. The waveforms contain linear, quadratic, sinusoidal, and triangular acceleration components that repeat for not more than several cycles. Similarities and differences in oscillator response characteristics are presented, organized by a characteristic period. The strengths and corresponding strength reduction factors required for constant ductility responses are discussed. Response data are compared with expectations based on the concepts of equal energy, equal displacement, and preservation of force. Limitations on the applicability of the equal energy concept are identified. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of combination rules for maximum response calculation in multicomponent seismic analysis
Authors: López Oscar A. , Chopra Anil K. , Hernández Julio J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe existing rules for combining peak response to individual components of ground motion are evaluated. The response values re to two horizontal components of ground motion estimated by four multicomponent combination rules—SRSS‐, 30%‐, 40%‐ and simplified‐SRSS‐rules—are compared with the critical response, rcr, obtained by the CQC3‐rule, which takes into account the direction of the principal ground components with respect to the structural axes and provides the largest response over all possible seismic incident angles. The following results are obtained in the first part of the paper and are valid for any elastic structure and any earthquake design response spectrum: For realistic values of the ratio γ of the design spectra for the two principal components of ground motion the SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 0.79rcr and 1.00rcr, the Simplified‐SRSS‐rule estimate lies between 1.00rcr and 1.26rcr, the 40%‐rule estimate lies between 0.99rcr and 1.25rcr, and the 30%‐rule estimate lies between 0.92rcr and 1.16rcr. None of the multicomponent combination rules account for the increase in response of systems if the vibration periods of the two modes that contribute most to the response to the x‐ and y‐components of ground motion are close to each other.Evaluated in the second part of the paper is the accuracy of the multicomponent combination rules in estimating the response of a range of one‐storey systems with (a) symmetrical plan and (b) unsymmetrical plan, and of two multistorey buildings. The SRSS‐rule underestimates the response by up to 16% and the other three rules overestimate it by up to 18%. Although these errors appear to be smaller than the many approximations inherent in structural design, they can be eliminated with very little additional computation by using an explicit formula for the critical response based on the CQC3 rule. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinician stance in the treatment of chronic eating disorders
Authors: Geller Josie , Williams Kim D. , Srikameswaran Suja 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLong‐term outcome studies of anorexia nervosa have shown that a significant number of individuals do not fully recover from their eating disorder symptoms. Individuals who develop chronic eating disorders may express either strong ambivalence about symptom reduction or a complete lack of interest in change. As a result, clinicians can find this group particularly challenging. This report expands upon a treatment stance based on principles of Motivational Interviewing that addresses difficulties typically encountered in working with this population. The stance outlines a mission statement and specific clinician behaviours that promote engagement and alliance with this group, including the communication of beliefs that foster client self‐acceptance, not making assumptions, being curious, active, and on the same side, and maximizing client responsibility for change. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The factors influencing the abrasion efficiency of saltating grains on a clay‐crusted playa
Authors: Houser Christopher A. , Nickling William G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe entrainment and subsequent transport of PM10 (particulate matter <10 µm) has become an important and challenging focus of research for both scientific and practical applications. Arid and semi‐arid environments are important sources for the atmospheric loading of PM10, although the emission of this material is often limited by surface crusts. It has been suggested that the primary mechanisms through which PM10 is released from a crusted surface are abrasion by saltating grains or disturbance by agricultural and recreational activities. To examine the importance of saltation abrasion in the emission of PM10, a series of field wind tunnel tests were conducted on a clay‐crusted surface near Desert Wells, Arizona. In a previous part of this study it was found that the emission rate varies linearly with the saltation transport rate, although there can be considerable variation in this relationship. This paper more closely examines the source of the variability in the abrasion efficiency, the amount of PM10 emitted by a given quantity of saltating grains. The abrasion efficiency was found to vary with the susceptibility of the surface to abrasion, the ability of the sand to abrade that surface and the availability of material with a caliper size <10 µm within the crust. Specifically, the results of the study show that the abrasion efficiency is related to the crust strength, the amount of surface disturbance and the velocity of the saltating grains. It is concluded that the spatial and temporal variability of these controls on the abrasion efficiency imposes severe contextual limitations on experimentally derived models, and can make theoretical models too complex and impractical to be of use. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of surface water storage by soil roughness on overland‐flow generation
Authors: Darboux F. , Gascuel‐Odoux C. , Davy P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOverland‐flow generation is affected by surface roughness. This study analysed effects of surface roughness on overland‐flow by means of a model simulating depression filling, flow pathways and runoff generation. It examined the relevant characteristics of surface roughness using numerically generated surfaces.At first, horizontal surfaces with random roughness of different correlation distances were considered. This showed that overland‐flow is sensitive to the random‐roughness correlation only if the correlation distance is similar to the surface size. Because this correlation distance is limited in natural soil surfaces, correlation properties are unlikely to modify overland‐flow triggering. This allowed simplification of the description of random roughness.Then a general slope was added and different amplitude ratios between general slope and random roughness were simulated. Slope modified the development of overland‐flow. While runoff was only sensitive to steep slopes, water transfer by overland‐flow inside the surface was affected by low slopes too. The ratio between general slope and random roughness is a major parameter that controls transfers both inside the surface and to the outlet. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel incision and flow increase of the upper Wisłoka River, southern Poland, subsequent to the reafforestation of its catchment
Authors: Lach Jan , Wyżga Bartłomiej 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChanges in channel geometry and flows following catchment afforestation are demonstrated for the upper Wisłoka River, southern Poland. The montane part of its catchment was dramatically depopulated in the mid‐1940s, resulting in considerable reduction of agricultural activity in the area. As a consequence, forest cover increased from 30 per cent in 1938 to 67 per cent in 1995, mainly due to natural expansion of forest on hillslopes. Reafforestation and the decrease of human activity have significantly limited sediment delivery to the stream channel. Stabilization of the river course by valley slopes in the montane reach, and due to channelization works in the foothill reach, has prevented the upper Wisłoka from adjusting its transporting ability through an increase in channel sinuosity. Under such conditions, the excess stream power has been dissipated by bed scouring and more than 2 m of channel incision occurred by 1995. River incision has resulted in increased concentration of flood flows in a river cross‐section, the increased velocity of the channel and floodplain flows, and the reduced potential for sediment storage in the floodplain area. Results from this study indicate that successful channel management decisions must take into account changes in river regime resulting from alterations in catchment management.A considerable increase in mean annual discharge of the upper Wisłoka, only partly explained by an increase in precipitation, has been recorded in the last few decades. The ‘excessive’ increase in streamflow does not reflect increased water runoff from the catchment. Rather, water that was transferred downvalley within the valley floor gravels prior to channel incision, and was not included in the gauged record, now forms a part of river flows. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stake's responsive evaluation: Core ideas and evolution
Authors: Abma Tineke A. , Stake Robert E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResponsive evaluation, as a doctrine extending and disciplining common sense, has an intellectual history, some of it passing through Robert Stake's work in the late sixties. That is where this article begins. It is meant to set the context for this special issue, Responsive Evaluation, by presenting Stake's work. The text is a mosaic of fragments from extensive conversations with Bob Stake in the summer of 1994 and quotes from his older and more recent work. The chapter thus offers a story about Stake's original ideas and their evolution over a period of thirty‐five years.
Time to ignition, heat release rate and fire endurance time of wood in cone calorimeter test
Authors: Harada Toshiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe combustibility of wood specimens was tested by cone calorimeter. A total of nine wood species (four softwood and five hardwood) were used. The thicknesses of the specimens were 10, 20 and 40 mm. The heated surfaces were radial, tangential, and cross‐sections of wood. The irradiance levels were 20, 25, 30, 40 and 50 kWm−2. The effects of wood species, density, specimen thickness, heated surface (radial, tangential or cross‐section), and irradiance level on time to ignition, mass loss rate, heat release rate and fire endurance time were studied. Simple formulae were proposed to forecast those indices and their validity was examined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Odoriferous sesquiterpenoids from the liverwort Gackstroemia decipiens
Authors: Geis Wolfgang , Becker Hans 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo new β‐santalanes, 9‐hydroxy‐santala‐2(14),11‐diene and 11‐hydroxy‐santala‐2(14),8‐diene, along with the known β‐photosantalol A and β‐photosantalol B, have been isolated from the liverwort Gackstroemia decipiens (Lepidolaenaceae). Furthermore, a recently reported bergamotane derivative, (−)‐13‐hydroxy‐bergamota‐2,11‐diene, could be identified. The structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and the scents were characterized by olfactory evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of amplified and expressed genes in breast cancer by comparative hybridization onto microarrays of randomly selected cDNA clones
Authors: Clark Jeremy , Edwards Sandra , John Megan , Flohr Penny , Gordon Tony , Maillard Karine , Giddings Ian , Brown Carolanne , Bagherzadeh Azadeh , Campbell Colin , Shipley Janet , Wooster Richard , Cooper Colin S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicroarray analysis using sets of known human genes provides a powerful platform for identifying candidate oncogenes involved in DNA amplification events but suffers from the disadvantage that information can be gained only on genes that have been preselected for inclusion on the array. To address this issue, we have performed comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and expression analyses on microarrays of clones, randomly selected from a cDNA library, prepared from a cancer containing the DNA amplicon under investigation. Application of this approach to the BT474 breast carcinoma cell line, which contains amplicons at 20q13, 17q11–21, and 17q22–23, identified 50 amplified and expressed genes, including genes from these regions previously proposed as candidate oncogenes. When considered together with data from microarray expression profiles and Northern analyses, we were able to propose five genes as new candidate oncogenes where amplification in breast cancer cell lines was consistently associated with higher levels of RNA expression. These included the HB01 histone acetyl transferase gene at 17q22–23 and the TRAP100 gene, which encodes a thyroid hormone receptor‐associated protein coactivator, at 17q11–21. The results demonstrate the utility of this microarray‐based CGH approach in hunting for candidate oncogenes within DNA amplicons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smallest region of overlapping deletion in 1p36 in human neuroblastoma: A 1 Mbp cosmid and PAC contig
Authors: Bauer Anja , Savelyeva Larissa , Claas Andreas , Praml Christian , Berthold Frank , Schwab Manfred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn human neuroblastomas, the distal portion of 1p is frequently deleted, as if one or more tumor suppressor genes from this region were involved in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Earlier studies had identified a smallest region of overlapping deletion (SRO) spanning approximately 23 cM between the most distally retained D1S80 and by the proximally retained D1S244. In pursuit of generating a refined delineation of the minimally deleted region, we have analyzed 49 neuroblastomas of different stages for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) from 1pter to 1p35 by employing 26 simple sequence length polymorphisms. Fifteen of the 49 tumors (31%) had LOH; homozygous deletion was not detected. Seven tumors had LOH at all informative loci analyzed, and eight tumors showed a terminal or an interstitial allelic loss of 1p. One small terminal and one interstitial deletion defined a new 1.7 cM SRO, approximately 1 Mbp in physical length, deleted in all tumors between the retained D1S2731 (distal) and D1S2666 (proximal). To determine the genomic complexity of the deleted region shared among tumors, we assembled a physical map of the 1 Mbp SRO consisting predominantly of bacteriophage P1‐derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones. A total of 55 sequence‐tagged site (STS) markers (23 published STSs and short tandem repeats and 32 newly identified STSs from the insert ends of PACs and cosmids) were assembled in a contig, resulting in a sequence‐ready physical map with approximately one STS per 20 Kbp. Twelve genes (41BB, CD30, DFFA, DJ1, DR3, FRAP, HKR3, MASP2, MTHFR, RIZ, TNR2, TP73) previously mapped to 1p36 are localized outside this SRO. On the basis of this study, they would be excluded as candidate genes for neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Ten expressed sequence tags were integrated in the contig, of which five are located outside the SRO. The other five from within the SRO may provide an entrance point for the cloning of candidate genes for neuroblastoma. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FxJj43: A window into a 1.5‐million‐year‐old palaeolandscape in the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation, northern Kenya
Authors: Stern Nicola , Porch Nicholas , McDougall Ian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFxJj43 differs from most other archaeological sites preserved in the Okote Member of the Koobi Fora Formation in ways that make it especially suited to the problem of clarifying the behavioral information encapsulated in fine time‐lines. At this site in northern Kenya, a continuous strip of outcrops, preserving a set of interlocking landforms, can be traced around the modern erosion front for more than half a kilometer. The characteristics and three‐dimensional geometries of the beds making up these outcrops show that they have preserved the southern bank, levee, and floodplain of a westerly flowing sandy channel. Both stone tools and animal bones are strewn across the eroding surfaces of these outcrops, and excavations show that they are derived from a narrow stratigraphic horizon immediately overlying the volcanic ash at the base of the sequence. The blue tuff, and the archaeological horizon that overlies it, have been dated using the 40Ar‐39Ar method on single crystals of alkali feldspar. Although there is no direct measure of how long it took the archaeological horizon to accumulate, it probably accumulated over a time span of 102–103 years. Thus the locality may be used to test the proposition that the analysis of archaeological debris from fine‐time lines will help to resolve ambiguities in the interpretation of early Pleistocene archaeological assemblages. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) and thermal ionization mass spectrometric (TIMS) 230Th/234U dating of teeth in Middle Paleolithic layers at Amud Cave, Israel
Authors: Rink W. Jack , Schwarcz H.P. , Lee H.K. , Rees‐Jones J. , Rabinovich R. , Hovers E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElectron spin resonance (ESR) dating and thermal ionization mass spectrometric 230Th/234U dating was conducted on six teeth from the prehistoric site of Amud Cave. By combining the ESR and 230Th/234U analyses, we obtained burial ages for teeth in various layers of the site. Layer B1/6–7, from which the Amud I Neanderthal skeleton was recovered, is dated to 53 ± 8 ka. Layer B2/8, which yielded other important human remains including the Amud 7 skeleton, gives a mean burial age of 61 ± 9 ka. One tooth from the lowest layer (B4) yielded a date of 70 ± 11 ka, but another tooth from this layer gave an 113 ± 18 ka. Despite this discrepancy, these ages agree with previously published TL ages on heated flints for the corresponding layers. This agreement between ESR on tooth enamel and TL on burned flint is also seen at all other sites studied with both methods in Israel. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.