bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Biology of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginning of a new era in the search into the origin of life is generally connected to the classical experiments of Francesco Redi. But in order to better evaluate the historical context of these experiments, it is first necessary to understand the worldpicture of the scholars of that period. At that time, nobody, including Redi himself, could have imagined that his experiment, based on covering chunks of meat with a piece of fine cloth, would have such far-reaching consequences.
Does anybody Have any Faith out there tonight?
Authors: Cavicchi Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Fan” is a confusing word. Although it is regularly classified as slang, it has been used in English for almost three hundred years and has appeared in a variety of historical and social contexts.1 Most scholars trace the origin of “fan” to late- seventeenth-century England, where it was used as a colloquial abbreviation for “fanatic.” “Fanatic” connoted religious zealotry and was widely used at the time to refer to those who were mad, frenzied, or possessed (Oxford English Dictionary 1989, pp. 711, 712—713). “Fan,” however, became obsolete and did not reappear until the late 1800s in the United States, when sports journalists used the term to refer to early baseball spectators. It then quickly spread to other kinds of commercial hobbies and amusements. In 1907, “fan” was used in print to refer to spectators at a boxing match (Partridge 1956, p. 265) and to those attending a racetrack (Thornton 1962, p. 301). In 1913, it was first used in print in England to describe the audience of a soccer match (Oxford English Dictionary 1989, p. 711) and also to describe film viewers in the United States (Random House 1994, p. 725). By 1930, “fan” had become a widely accepted American colloquialism, used in reference to sports, film, theater, and even politics.
Introduction
Authors: Tate Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My mother-Mary Elizabeth Haggerty-smoked her first cigarette in 1936. She was 14. It was a Kool, with a filter tip made of cork. In more than fifty years as a smoker, she never forgot that cigarette. The occasion was her first formal dance, on the roof of a hotel in Dallas, Texas, some 400 miles from her home in the small town of Dumas. She remembered the feel and the rustle of the apple-green taffeta dress she was wearing, how the city lights looked from the roof of the hotel, the promise of adventure that seemed to hang in the night air.
The Little White Slaver Goes to War
Authors: Tate Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cigarettes began to move into the mainstream of American culture U’ l ring World War I. By 1920, they accounted for 20 percent of the total tobacco consumption in the United States, compared to less than 7 percent in I9 I 4. The war did not initiate this change, but it accelerated it, Millions of American soldiers smoked cigarettes given to them during the war as a gesture of support by their government, by civic organizations, and by ordinary citizens, This helped transform what was once a manifestation of moral weakness into a jaunty emblem of freedom and democracy. By wrapping cigarettes in the protective cloak of patriotism, the war undercut the campaign against their use. The opposition briefly revived in the postwar years, in response to increased smoking by women, but the milieu had changed and the cigarette was no longer the easy target it had once been.
The “Triumph” of the Cigarette
Authors: Tate Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1925, a tobacco trade journalist named Carl Avery Werner wrote an article for the American mercury celebrating “The Triumph of the Cigarette.·· Werner reminded his readers that cigarettes had once been called “coffin nails;· that many states had prohibited their sale, and that medico-ethical opinion at the highest levels had held them to be forerunners of disease and sin. This was all in the past. he concluded. largely because “the agitators had agitated not wisely. but too well.” The more violently they had attacked the cigarette. the more popular it had become. The net effect of nearly half a centu1y of crusading was that no fewer than 90 percent of American men over age twenty-one were smoking cigarettes “as regularly as they brush their teeth,”‘ as were at least 5 percent of all American women.
The Evolution of the Book
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distinguished scholar and library systems innovator Frederick Kilgour tells a five-thousand-year story in this exciting work, a tale beginning with the invention of writing and concluding with the emerging electronic book. Calling on a lifetime of interest in the growth of information technology, Kilgour brings a fresh approach to the history of the book, emphasizing in rich, authoritative detail the successive technological advances that allowed the book to keep pace with ever-increasing needs for information. Borrowing a concept from evolutionary theory--the notion of punctuated equilibria--to structure his account, Kilgour investigates the book's three discrete historical forms--the clay tablet, papyrus roll, and codex--before turning to a fourth, still evolving form, the cyber book, a version promising swift electronic delivery of information in text, sound, and motion to anyone at any time. The clay tablet, initially employed as a content descriptor for sacks of grain, proved inadequate to the growing need for commercial and administrative records. Its successor the papyrus roll was itself succeeded by the codex, a format whose superior utility and information capacity led to sweeping changes in the management of accumulated knowledge, the pursuit of learning, and the promulgation of religion. Kilgour throughout considers closely both technological change and the role this change played in cultural transformation. His fascinating account of the modern book, from Gutenberg's invention of cast-type printing five hundred years ago to the arrival of books displayed on a computer screen, spotlights the inventors, engineers, and entrepreneurs who in creating the machinery of production and dissemination enabled the book to maintain its unique cultural power over time. Deft, provocative, and accessibly written, The Evolution of the Book will captivate book lovers as well as those interested in bibliographic history, the history of writing, and the history of technology.
Dynamics of the Book
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE LAST THIRD of the twentieth century, the book in the shape of a long-familiar object composed of inked sheets folded, cut, and bound began to metamorphose into the book as a screen display on an electronic machine; the transformation, in materials, shape, and structure, of the device for carrying written and graphic information was more extreme than any since the original creations on clay and papyrus in the third millennium B.c. Through historical analysis of the societal needs that have invoked the transformations of the book, and the technologies that have shaped them, The Evolution of the Book aims to shed light on the present emergence of the electronic book. This work treats a “book” as a storehouse of human knowledge intended for dissemination in the form of an artifact that is portable-or at least transportable and that contains arrangements of signs that convey information. The information may comprise stories, myths, songs, and reality; the signs may be representations of human speech or graphic presentations of such things as maps, musical notes, or pictures.
The Codex 100-700
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE THIRD MAJOR PUNCTUATION of equilibria in the history of the book was the second-century invention of the codex, the modern form of the book. The clay-tablet book had become extinct in the previous century, having been almost nonexistent for several centuries preceding, and the papyrus roll, still in its two thousand-year era of stability, was still as awkward to use as it had been in 2000B.c. The codex, once introduced, came to stay for at least two thousand years. Today the codex-form book, of which the printed version of The Evolution of the Book is one example, occupies most of the space on our shelves, desks, and work tables. It has been praised as the most efficient technique in existence for storing and retrieving information, and until the 1980s that statement was unequivocally accurate. The need for readily available information, which had been steadily rising, was accelerated by the advent of Christianity. The establishment of congregations generated preaching, which in turn required searching out new information between meetings. Soon the priestly office of reader, a person who read aloud from Scripture, came into being, and readers were so proud of the title that they had it inscribed on their tombstones.
Power Revolution 1800-1840
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EXCEPT FOR THE COMPOSITION of type metal and the way type was set, all of printing technology changed dramatically in the first four decades of the nineteenth century, following three and a half centuries of no significant changes-a clear example of the concept of punctuated equilibria. What were some of the reasons that major innovations occurred so rapidly and at this time? New requirements for information sprang from the Industrial Revolution, evangelicalism, and the Napoleonic Wars that spread across Europe. The invention of the semaphore telegraph in France (1793), and its adoption in Britain (1795) provided high-speed transmission of political, military, and commercial intelligence. The invention of electromagnetic telegraphy in the late 1830s and its wide-spread, immediate use in the United States provide striking evidence of the desire for instant information. In England William F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, having first demonstrated an electromagnetic telegraph in 1837, established a telegraph line 7.5 miles long in 1839 and by 1843 had extended it to 18.5 miles. In the United States Samuel F. B. Morse formally demonstrated his telegraph line between Baltimore and Washington on May 24, 1844.
Climax of Books Printed from Cast Type 1840-1940
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE LAST THIRD of the nineteenth century saw four important inventions in the area of book production, one of which, mechanized typesetting (1890),was as important as the inventions of the first four decades of the century and in a sense completed the revolution described in the preceding chapter. The other three were the rotary press fed by continuous paper coming off a roll (1865), the typewriter (1873), and photomechanical illustrations (1880). Otherwise, with respect to the improvement of printing from cast type, the years from 1840 to the Second World War were occupied mostly with maturing the advances of the early part of the nineteenth century. The first half of the twentieth century was the apex of relief printing, even though it would still predominate past midcentury. The slow development of off set printing from 1904 on did not seriously challenge relief printing until after the Second World War, when, following the development of efficient techniques for producing offset plates, offset printing rocketed past relief printing and sent it into a steep decline after five hundred years of uncontested predominance.
Should the tail wag the dog?
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Plonka bred a litter of 11 boxer puppies in March 1994, and telephoned his local veterinarian to arrange for them to be docked, as he had done with his last litter some years previously. Imagine his surprise when the veterinarian declined to do so. What was he to do? If he didn’t have their tails removed he might not be able to sell the puppies, and, anyway, who had ever heard of a boxer with a long tail? He must do it himself-but how? He reasoned that cutting off the tails with a knife or scissors might cause excessive bleeding and also make a mess, so instead he tied each tail at its base with cord to cut off the blood supply, anticipating that the tails would drop off in time. This did occur, and Plonka felt he had done a good job.
A few weeks later, an inspector from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) called and asked him who had docked the puppies, at what age, and how they had been docked? Plonka subsequently found himself in court, emerging with a fine of 350 pounds (550 dollars) and having to pay legal costs of 50 pounds.1 He was found guilty of contravening the UK Veterinary Surgeons Act, 1966 (amended 1991), by carrying out an act of veteinary surgery without being appropriately qualified.
Injury Prevention: An International Perspective, Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Policy
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan. Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the world, injuries are the leading cause of death during more than half of the average life span. This book documents the nature and magnitude of the problem and provides basic approaches to injury prevention. Injury statistics are given for many developing countries and indigenous populations as well as industrialized nations. Important differences among countries and cultures in types and circumstances of injury are illustrated in a tables and figures that enhance the book's usefulness. The many types of injuries covered in detail include those related to traffic, occupation, disasters, drowning, falls, burns, suicide, and homicide. The cost and health impacts of injury are discussed as well as the role of health services. The authors describe surveillance methods and effective preventive measures that are applicable even in countries with limited resources. This book has been written for public health practitioners and researchers as well as policy makers. Reflecting the author's many years of injury prevention experience in a variety of countries, the book will help readers understand this major health problem, the changes that could reduce it, and the means of influencing crucial public policies.
Unintentional Injuries: Poisonings, Bites, and Other Injuries
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers acute poisonings, wounds and envenomations from land and marine animals and insects, cutting and penetrating wounds, eye injuries, and various other injuries. Acute poisonings are classified with injuries as external causes of death or illness. Chronic poisonings by substances such as lead are also an important public health problem in developing and developed countries (Guthrie, 1988). Chronic diseases, including cancers, caused by drugs such as tobacco/nicotine and alcohol are the leading cause of premature death among adults in many countries. However, in spite of their obvious importance, it is beyond the scope of this publication to consider such chronic poisonings. This section will discuss the major groups of agents of acute unintentional poisonings. Agents that are frequently used for suicide are noted, but this topic is discussed in greater detail in a later chapter.
Occupational Injuries
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injuries at work represent a substantial proportion of all injuries. The tremendous variety of occupations and working environments in many countries provides a challenge for the surveillance and prevention of occupational injuries. In other countries or regions, most occupational injuries occur during subsistence activities, but few are ever reported or investigated. Although the study of occupational in juries can be a somewhat complex and specialized undertaking, the general principles of surveillance of mortality and morbidity, as discussed in the introductory chapters, also apply to occupational injuries. The specific occupation, tasks and activities, working environment, equipment, and personal factors must be considered when implementing injury surveillance and prevention.
The Latin Tinge
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second edition of this comprehensive hsitory of the influence of Latin american Music on the United States will include important aspects of the relationship over the last 20 years. Roberts will discuss the major events in Latin jazz. He will update the careers of Tito Puente, ruben Blades and Willie Colon and other legendary musicians, as well as the emergence of newere bands. Roberts will add the merengue wave of the 1980s, latino rap and house music, the salsa romantica wave and the revival of the tango. he will discuss the Latin impact on mainstream popular music such as the rise of Selena. The new edition includes a new introductions, new chapter, updated bibliography, discography and glossary of terms.
The Foundations
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the second half of the 19th century, U.S. music was already coming under significant Latin influences. During the 1850s and 1860s, Louisiana composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk made extensive use of Cuban elements. Latin music was part of the cultural mix in New Orleans, and one of the ingredients in black music very early on. It was also beginning to have an effect on Tin Pan Alley and Broadway.
The Tango Rage
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tango reached the U.S. from Buenos Aires by way of Paris and Broadway. Paul Reuben’s musical comedy The Sunshine Girl, which opened at the Knickerbocker Theatre on February 3, 1913, introduced a new singing star, Julia Sanderson; a new husbandand-wife dancing team, Vernon and Irene Castle; and the first massive nationwide Latin fad. In the words of the Variety Music Cavalcade, the Castles’ dancing of the turkey trot and Vernon’s tango with Julia Sanderson “eliminated the waltz from the musical comedy stage and substituted a vogue for dances of Western origin.” The Castles were, on the face of it, unlikely vehicles for this kind of revolution. An Englishman whose real name was Vernon Blyth, Castle had begun his stage career virtually by accident, as a boy in Lew Fields’s Girl Behind the Counter. Irene, who came from New Rochelle, had been rejected as a stage dancer for being “awkward.” Stranded on tour in Paris, the couple nearly starved before catching on at the Cafe de Paris and returning to New York at ten times their previous U.S. salary, bearing the tango with them.
Theories of Causation
Authors: Loomis Dana , Wing Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does scientific work, including epidemiology, relate to knowing the causes of events, why things happen? How do we decide on the cause of a person’s disease was it the germ, un boiled water, inadequate knowledge about health behaviors, poor nutrition, lack of water purification, poverty, economic inequality, or a legacy of racist colonial development? And how do we make judgments not only about a particular case of disease but about the cause of disease in general? These questions are critically important because the scientific answers play a role in public health action and policy, both in justifying continuation of accepted practices and in promoting different approaches. This chapter reviews the topic of causal thinking in epidemiology, with a focus on infectious diseases.
Overview of Study Design
Authors: Halloran M Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concepts of study design in infectious disease epidemiology have much in common with those in noninfectious disease epidemiology. However, the presence of the infectious agent, separate from but interacting with the human host population, introduces further complexities. Whether a person becomes infected depends on who else in the population is already infected and infectious. Alternatively it may depend on environmental sources of infection. Sir Ronald Ross (Ross 1916) coined the term “dependent happenings” to describe the characteristic of contagious diseases that the number of people becoming newly infected depends on how many are already infected. The transmission of the infectious agent and dependent happenings produce the special aspects of study designs in infectious diseases.
Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Fletcher Robert H , Halstead Scott B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central attributes of infectious diseases are the enormous number of potential diseasecausing organisms, the limited repertoire of acute human responses to invasion of tissues by these organisms, and the wide diversity of late effects that may occur. During the acute phase of infection, many· different agents can cause a similar host response syndrome. Diagnostic tests are needed to determine which specific organism is responsible. To complicate matters, some syndromes, such as abdominal abscesses, may be caused not by a single but by a combination of organisms.
Respiratory Transmission
Authors: Gwaltney Jack M , Hendley J Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Riley, a pioneer aerobiologist of the twentieth century, traced concern over respiratory spread of disease back to the time of the ancient Egyptian dynasties (Riley 1980). In fact, early theories of contagion tended to focus on respiratory spread of disease more than subsequent work has shown to be warranted. The nineteenth century discovery of important water and foodborne transmission routes shifted attention away from respiratory mechanisms of spread. Interest in the respiratory area was renewed in the twentieth century by the work of William Wells who proposed the concept of droplet nuclei, small (&lt;10µ) infectious particles that remain suspended in air (Wells 1934). This mode of transmission was subsequently shown to be important in some respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and measles. The route by which common cold viruses spread remained speculative. More recent work has implicated virus contaminated fingers in the transmission of rhinovirus colds (Hendley et al. 1973). This discovery has shifted attention to direct contact as a method of transmission for some respiratory viruses.
Human Factors
Authors: Robertson Leon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people who are injured are doing something at the time—driving, riding in a vehicle, walking, working, or playing. So are people who are infected by microorganisms, but those who study injury place more emphasis on behavior than do those who study most infectious diseases. Notable exceptions are infectious diseases transmitted by sex. Ironically, sexual behavior in moving vehicles has been neglected as a topic for research.
Natural History of Cerebral Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Gómez Manuel Rodríguez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Histopathologically, cerebral TSC is a disorder of cellular migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The central nervous system (CNS) lesions of TSC patients, and in particular the cortical tubers, are very characteristic. Cells found in the cerebral lesions of TSC patients differ from those of normal cell lineage, and it is difficult to know from what cell type they derive. Patients with TSC usually have other lesions, generally hamartomas in one or more organs. The descriptive term originally used for the cerebral lesions, tuberous sclerosis, is also used for other manifestations of this in heritable disorder.