bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enabling Democratic Deliberation: How Managed Care Organizations Ought to Make Decisions about Coverage for New Technologies
Authors: Daniels Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will sketch a sympathetic addition to the house that Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson build in Democratic Disagreement. Because they are fearful that democratic deliberation theory has put all of its effort into thinking about foundations, or constitutional issues, they design a structure to occupy “middle democracy,” a space where much more of the action in our political lives takes place. My addition expands that living space to include certain nonpublic, nondemocratic organizations and the role they can play in enabling a broader, if not formal, democratic deliberation. In designing the addition, I pay more attention to functional detail than the original. That is, I focus more specifically on how constraints on deliberation in these institutions might actually affect the process of deliberation. In contrast, Gutmann and Thompson pay less attention to institutional function and design and instead provide us with an instructor’s manual showing how we might reconstruct, deconstruct, and sometimes resolve controversies of the sort originally raised in their case book Ethics and Politics in light of their principles.
Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System
Authors: Mansbridge Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What I will call “everyday talk” does not meet all of the criteria implicit in the ordinary use of the word “deliberation.” It is not always self-conscious, reflective, or considered. But everyday talk, if not always deliberative, is nevertheless a crucial part of the full deliberative system that democracies need if citizens are, in any sense, to rule themselves. Through talk among formal and informal representatives in designated public forums, talk back and forth between constituents and elected representatives or other representatives in politically oriented organizations, talk in the media, talk among political activists, and everyday talk in formally private spaces about things the public ought to discuss-all adding up to what I call the deliberative system—people come to understand better what they want and need, individually as well as collectively. The full deliberative system encompasses all these strands.
Model for Estimation of Survival in Patients with Far-Advanced Cancer
Authors: Maltoni Marco , Nanni Oriana , Scarfi Emanuela , Pirovano, Marco , Amadori Dino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research aimed at identifying prognostic factors of survival in a population of far-advanced and terminal cancer patients is a very delicate and risky matter. It involves a variety of implications and consequences that we deem necessary to examine and discuss, though briefly, at the very start.
Cancer Pain as a Model for the Training of Physicians in Palliative Care
Authors: Weissman David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the standpoint of medical education, cancer pain has received far greater attention over the past 10 years than all other topics in palliative care. This is undoubtedly due to the widespread acceptance of a standardized assessment approach and well-accepted treatment algorithms, combined with the tremendous attention that cancer pain has received on a national and international basis. During this time, consensus statements, curriculum guides, and cancer pain teaching materials have been developed and published.
The Palliative Care Consultation Team as a Model for Palliative Care Education
Authors: Abrahm Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the best circumstances, dying can be a peaceful time during which important memories are shared. In Fred Chappell’s novel Farewell, I’m Bound to Leave You, a beloved grandmother is dying, and for her family, “The wind had got into the clocks and blown the hours awry.” The grandson asks his father,”‘ ... what are we going to do?’ ‘We will watch the clocks at their strange antics’, my father said. ‘We will listen to the wind whisper and weep and tell again those stories of women that your mother and grandmother needed for you to hear.”‘ When the telling is done the father explains, “Not long from now there will come an icy cold into this room.
Prophylactic Anticoagulant Therapy in the Terminally Ill Cancer Patient
Authors: Levine Mark N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thromboembolism commonly occurs in cancer patients and complicates their management. The etiology of thrombosis in malignancy is multifactorial; mechanisms include release of procoagulants by tumor cells, co-morbid predisposing factors (e.g., surgery, bed rest, infection), and anticancer drugs (chemotherapy, hormones). Acute pulmonary embolism can result in increased mortality, and the symptoms of pulmonary embolism (e.g., dyspnea) and deep vein thrombosis (pain and swelling) can have a substantial impact on the patient’s quality of life.
Intraspinal Analgesic Therapy in Palliative Care: Evolving Perspective
Authors: Du Pen Stuart L , Du Pen Anna R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-twentieth century, the hospice movement in England epitomized the “death with dignity’’ philosophy-the picture of the patient with a peaceful, rapturous countenance attended at home by a modem Florence Nightingale. Nowhere did the anesthesiologist in scrubs appear, with catheters, needles, and infusion pumps. Later, in the United States, the Diagnosis Related Groups atmosphere of the 1970s and 1980s gave way to a growing adversarial relationship between hospice enthusiasts, for whom no invasive (and costly) technologies were ever deemed appropriate, and the infant subspecialty of anesthesia pain management, for which the hospice represented a deplorable sisterhood of euthanasia activists. Thankfully, a more well-defined middle ground has taken shape over the last several years for intraspinal analgesia in palliative care.
Care of the Elderly with Advanced Diseases: Caregiver Issues
Authors: Borneman Tami , Ferrell Betty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways, family members caring for the elderly with an advanced disease experience a solitary journey. While some have been down this road before, many are not prepared for the journey. Throughout history, family members have assumed responsibility for caring for their own sick with more deaths occurring in the home rather than in the hospital setting. In the 1940s, a shift occurred with more deaths occurring in hospitals. Over the last 2 decades, there has been a shift in care back to the home setting along with an increase in deaths.
Truth-Telling and Reciprocity in the Doctor-Patient Relationship: A North American Perspective
Authors: Fins Joseph J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a visit to a bioethics program in Europe, I recognized how far North American practice has strayed from global norms. In talking about truth-telling and the importance of providing patients with diagnostic information that would allow them to make important life decisions, I was asked how information about a grave diagnosis could possibly be helpful to a dying patient. After being accused of being a proponent of a cruel and brutal North American ethic, based more on patient autonomy than physician beneficence, I was proudly told of an act of deception to spare a dying patient the truth.
Economic Outcomes and Palliative Care
Authors: Smith Thomas J , Lyckholm Laurie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cost of cancer care is rising because of increasing age, more cancer cases, increased demand for treatment, and new expensive technologies. Our limited resources must be rationed wisely so that we can provide both curative and palliative care. The ethical implications of using economic and management outcomes rather than traditional health outcomes include shifting emphasis from helping at all cost to helping at a cost society can afford, how much society is willing to pay, the value of care to the dying versus those with curable illnesses, and tolerance of suboptimal care.
Opioid Tolerance: A Clinical Perspective
Authors: Nghiemphu Leia Phioanh , Portenoy Russell K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although opioids play a central role in the treatment of chronic pain, under treatment continues to be common. In part, under treatment can be traced to persistent fears and misconceptions about opioid properties, such as tolerance. To optimize the use of these drugs, the mechanisms and clinical relevance of tolerance must be understood. The disparities between experimental research and clinical observations must be highlighted and can help inform future research.
Dose Ratios Among Different Opioids: Underlying Issues and an Update on the Use of the Equianalgesic Table
Authors: Lawlor Peter , Pereira Jose , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In patients with cancer pain, a change of opioid is recognized as a useful strategy in the management of either opioid toxicity alone or the combination of opioid toxicity and failure to achieve adequate analgesia with an existing opioid.1--J Terms such as opioid rotation, sequential opioid trials,4 or opioid substitution5·6 are used to describe this strategy. The frequency of opioid rotation varies in different centers with rates as high as 40%.
Intraspinal Pain Therapy in Palliative Care
Authors: Sjöberg Magnus , Rawal Narinder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been suggested that the guidelines for treatment of cancer pain established by the World Health Organization1 can control more than 90% of cancer-related pain syndromes. The oral and parenteral routes of opioid therapy are favored for their simplicity and lower cost. Some patients do not respond adequately to these approaches, however, and more invasive techniques are needed.
Trophic Interactions, Community Organization, and the Kluane Ecosystem
Authors: Sinclair A R E , Krebs Charles J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conservation of biodiversity depends on functioning natural ecosystems and com­ munities. There are various scientific reasons for conserving natural ecosystems. One is that we need to retain representative portions of the natural world as base line controls for human impacts elsewhere. Another is that we need to preserve species that may later be of benefit to humans. To conserve natural systems, however, we have to understand how disturbances affect natural systems and whether those effects will cause irreversible changes. Alternatively, in human-dominated systems, we need to understand how changes will affect our own livelihood through the stability of the system.
Snowshoe Hare Demography
Authors: Hodges Karen E , Krebs Charles J , Hik Davids. , Stefan Carol I , Gillis Elizabeth A , Doyle Cathy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus, exhibit continent-wide cyclic fluctuations in abundance. Peak densities occur every 8-11 years, and densities fluctuate 5 to 25-fold during a cycle. Snowshoe hares are typically the dominant herbivore in boreal forests, and their cyclic fluctuations have widespread ramifications for the shrubs and trees that they eat, for the transient and resident predators that eat them, and for the other forest herbivores that may compete with hares for food or that may serve as alternative prey for predators (Elton 1924, Finerty 1980, Keith 1990, Krebs et al. 1992, Royama 1992).
Other Herbivores and Small Predators: Arthropods, Birds, and Mammals
Authors: Smith James N M , Folkard Nicholas F G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the responses of three groups of animals in the center of the Kluane food web (figure 2.8) to the snowshoe hare cycle, to the experimental addition of NPK fertilizer, and to an unexpected natural event, a large outbreak of bark beetles. None of these animals was studied intensively every year, either because we did not expect them to be central players in the drama of the snowshoe hare cycle or because they were rare. The first group, arthropods, are usually the most diverse and abundant animals in terrestrial food webs (Daly et al. 1998), including the boreal forest (Danks and Footit 1989). Lepidopteran larvae can be dominant consumers of vegetation in temperate forests, re­ moving foliage from almost the entire forest canopy (Myers 1993), and severe defoliation can have large impacts on ecological performance of trees (Kaitaniemi et al. 1999). De­ foliating species may generate strong interactions in boreal food webs, including effects on passerine birds (Enemar et al. 1984, Neuvonen 1989). Wood-boring insects, particularly bark beetles (order Coleoptera, family Scolytidae), can kill many species of forest trees (Daly et al. 1998; see below).
Great Horned Owls
Authors: Rohner Christoph , Doyle Frank I , Smith James N M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great homed owls (Bubo virginianus Gmelin) are large, long-lived, generalist predators. Diets of great homed owls are extremely variable and include a wide variety of species (ranging in size from insects to lagomorphs; Donazar et al. 1989), although the average prey size of great horned owls is larger than for smaller owl species (Marti 1974). Great horned owls typically ambush their prey from elevated perches and may be most successful in a mix of open and forested habitat ( Johnson 1993, Rohner and Krebs 1996). Nevertheless, they are widely distributed in most landscapes across North and South America, including the whole range of boreal forest (Voous 1988, Houston et al. 1998; See figure 2.7). Great homed owls form lasting pair bonds and defend territories year­ round (Petersen 1979, Rohner 1996). Great horned owls are the largest avian predators occurring widely at high densities in the boreal forest (body mass in June: 18 female adults, 1.61 :::’:: 0.26 kg, 4 male adults, 1.23 :::’:: 0.07 kg; C. Rohner, unpublished data).
Trophic Mass Flow Models of the Kluane Boreal Forest Ecosystem
Authors: Ruesink Jennifer L , Hodges Karen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kluane ecosystem project has generated detailed demographic portraits for many species that inhabit the boreal forest. The experimental manipulations have allowed us to test the impacts of food and predation on the population densities and demography of a number of herbivorous species, as well as to compare the strength of bottom-up versus top-down interactions among trophic levels (chapter 17). At Kluane we documented cycles occurring not only in species’ abundances, but also in survival, reproduction, and diet composition. A striking general result from the Kluane studies is the huge shift in bio­ mass in the forest throughout the 10-year cycle. Not only does overall herbivore biomass change more than threefold, but also the amount of the herbivore biomass represented by snowshoe hares varies from about 65% at the peak down to about 10% during the low phase (figure 19.l; CD-ROM frame 70). Predator biomass shows a similar overall shift, although no individual predator fluctuates as much in its proportional representation (figure 19.2). The dynamics of this multispecies food web may change substantially over the snowshoe hare cycle as a result of these biomass shifts.
Rén Ҵ and L𝔦 Ѭ in the Analects
Authors: Shun Kwong-Loi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are at least two different views concerning the earlier meaning of the character “rén.” According to one view, the character originally referred to the quality that makes someone a distinctive member of an aristocratic clan.1 According to another view, it originally had the meaning of love, especially the kindness of rulers to their subjects.2 For the purpose of my discussion, it is not necessary to adjudicate between these competing views.
Shostakovich
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For this authoritative post-cold-war biography of Shostakovich's illustrious but turbulent career under Soviet rule, Laurel E. Fay has gone back to primary documents: Shostakovich's many letters, concert programs and reviews, newspaper articles, and diaries of his contemporaries. An indefatigable worker, he wrote his arresting music despite deprivations during the Nazi invasion and constant surveillance under Stalin's regime. Shostakovich's life is a fascinating example of the paradoxes of living as an artist under totalitarian rule. In August 1942, his Seventh Symphony, written as a protest against fascism, was performed in Nazi-besieged Leningrad by the city's surviving musicians, and was triumphantly broadcast to the German troops, who had been bombarded beforehand to silence them. Alone among his artistic peers, he survived successive Stalinist cultural purges and won the Stalin Prize five times, yet in 1948 he was dismissed from his conservatory teaching positions, and many of his works were banned from performance. He prudently censored himself, in one case putting aside a work based on Jewish folk poems. Under later regimes he balanced a career as a model Soviet, holding government positions and acting as an international ambassador with his unflagging artistic ambitions. In the years since his death in 1975, many have embraced a view of Shostakovich as a lifelong dissident who encoded anti-Communist messages in his music. This lucid and fascinating biography demonstrates that the reality was much more complex. Laurel Fay's book includes a detailed list of works, a glossary of names, and an extensive bibliography, making it an indispensable resource for future studies of Shostakovich.
Pioneer (1929-1932)
Authors: Fay Laurel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shostakovich’s professionalism and facility were to prove indispensable during a period of intensive, pioneering activity as composer for the dramatic theater, ballet, and film that began in late 1928. That summer, the directors of Leningrad’s Sovkino had fielded a bold new proposal: to hire a professional composer to furnish music designed expressly to complement and enhance a specific silent film. The benefits of such an enterprise were by no means self-evident; the mediocre conductors who routinely stitched together patchworks of musical clichés for their theater orchestras, together with legions of theater pianists, were almost guaranteed to fight the incursion into their domain. There were myriad practical problems to be dealt with as well. Nevertheless, Sovkino announced that directors Grigoriy Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg were already scouting for a composer to provide the musical scenario for their upcoming film, The New Babylon,a story of the Paris Commune of 1871. By late December they had picked the composer they wanted to launch the experiment. For a fee of 2,000 rubles, Shostakovich contracted to deliver the piano score for The New Babylon on 1 February 1929, and full score and parts for a normal fourteen-piece theater orchestra on 1 March 1929.
Il mestiere di musico
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circumstances of a musician’s life differed, often dramatically, from the prestige of his institution, while a professional training, from choirboy to maestro, seemed anything but systematic. The arrangements, connections, and support that musicians attempted to establish rendered them dependent on employers, patrons, and printers in the city. And the grammatical gender of these sentences underscores the initial impression that most public performers, outside the women’s religious houses and the occasional theatrical event, were indeed male. But the evidence of dedications and the practice of domestic music suggest that the distribution of music between the sexes was more complex than appears.
From Triumph to Plague, 1610–1630
Authors: Kendrick Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time of Carlo’s canonization, city music was well in place, part innovative, part retrospective and, despite Lomazzo’s best efforts, part provincial. During the next decade, the musical life of the female houses continued to grow, and the boom economy provided financing until about 1620. The concordat reached by Federigo and the governor Hinojosa, proclaimed in 1618, underscored the temporary sense of harmony and tranquility. Fresh from the dual civic triumphs of the Ambrosiana and the new patron, the city’s cultural life showed the interpenetration of sacred and secular.
Hormonally Active Agents
Authors: Wigle Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell signaling through the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems is essential for coordinating metabolic functions among all cells. Signals range from nutrient and metabolite levels in extracellular fluids to specialized systems including chemical messengers, storage and transportation mechanisms, and receptors. Specialized endocrine cells produce chemical messengers (hormones) that interact with receptors in local and distant target cells. There are intimate links between the endocrine and nervous systems such as the hypothalamic–pituitary gland complex in which specialized neurons produce hormones.
Depending on the hormone, target cells may be confined to a specific organ or may be more widespread. By binding to receptors and influencing intracellular signaling systems, hormones control many processes at the molecular level during gestation and postnatal life. Major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreatic islets, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries. When activated by a hormone, receptors on or in target cells trigger a cascade of intracellular reactions. An agonist is a hormone or chemical that binds to a receptor and induces specific biochemical effects; antagonists compete for binding to a receptor but do not induce the biochemical effects associated with the receptor.
Schumann’s Compositions Prior to 1834
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According To His Own Recollections, Schumann Began compose when he was seven or eight (not long after beginning to study the piano). None of these earliest works, which he described as dances, is known to have survived. A setting for voices and orchestra of Psalm 150 followed at the age of twelve. On an elaborate, handmade title page in childish handwriting, Breitkopf & Hartel is listed as its publisher.
Enemies of the Enlightenment
Authors: McMahon Darrin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics have long treated the most important intellectual movement of modern hstory—the Enlightenment—as if it took shape in the absence of opposition. In this ground-breaking new study, Darrin McMahon demonstrates that, on the contrary, contemporary resistance to the Enlightenment was a major cultural force, shaping and defining the Enlightenment from the moment of its inception, while giving rise to an entirely new ideological phenomenon—what we have come to think of as the “Right”. Born in France, but spread throughout Europe and the New World in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Counter-Enlightenment was neither a rarified current in the history of ideas nor an atavistic relic of the past, but an extensive, international, and thoroughly modern affair. Drawing on a range od primary sources, McMahon shows that well before the French Revolution, enemies of the Enlightenment were warning that the secular thrust of modern philosophy would give way to horrors of an unprecedented kind, Greeting 1789, in turn, as the realization of their worst fears, they fought the Revolution from its onset, profoundly affecting its subsequent course, The radicalization—and violence—of the Revolution was as much the product of militant resistance as any inherent logic. In the wake of Revolutionary upheaval, enemies of the Enligtenment assumed positions of immense cultural authority, consolidating their political vision of the Right in the first third of the nineteenth century, and spreading their construction of the Enlightenment throughout the world. In doing so they developed a critique of modernity that remains with us to the present day.