bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Organizational Obstacles to Open Innovation Success
Authors: Vanhaverbeke Wim , Chesbrough Henry , West Joel , Radziwon Agnieszka 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Open innovation is a powerful organizational concept that has been used extensively to explain various phenomena within the area of innovation management. There are, however, different organizational obstacles that have the potential to limit firms’ ability to apply the principles of open innovation successfully, for example, the link with corporate and business-level strategies might be unclear or missing, and different capabilities and management competencies are needed to efficiently implement the principles of open innovation compared to closed innovation. Therefore, this chapter will further explore internal—organizational-level obstacles––which tend to support or hinder the successful implementation of open innovation practices.
Failure Cases in Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Open Innovation is not a panacea, and it doesn’t always produce positive results in every situation. The study of Open Innovation arguably suffers from too little attention being paid to situations where Open Innovation fails, and the reasons for the failure are not investigated by scholars of organizations. As a result, both scholars and managers are not learning as much about Open Innovation from these failures as they otherwise might. And the failures themselves challenge certain claims about Open Innovation, causing organization analysts to be more careful in asserting its efficacy in organizing and managing innovation. This chapter presents three case studies of failures of Open Innovation.
Complementarities and Tensions Between Appropriability and Open Innovation
Authors: Laursen Keld , Salter Ammon , Somaya Deepak 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The concept of open innovation (OI) has been in operation since the early 2000s but tensions still exist between appropriability and open innovation. This chapter establishes the state of the art regarding knowledge of the intricate and complex interplay between appropriability and open innovation. To understand this important strategic relationship, the potential complementarities between open innovation and appropriability are explained. The chapter also examines some key tensions between open innovation and firms’ appropriation efforts, and illuminates what firms can do in their attempt to resolve these tensions. The chapter provides an overview of the prior literature and highlights a range of future research avenues to enrich organizational scholars’ understanding of this relationship.
Open Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Radziwon Agnieszka , Vanhaverbeke Wim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Open Innovation (OI) has proven to be important for the survival and growth not only of large corporations and multinationals but also of small firms and medium-sized enterprises. The way small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have to organize and manage OI is also different from that of large companies. This chapter will provide an overview of the current literature highlighting the main OI practices in SMEs and describe their benefits, challenges, and risks. Moreover, the chapter also elaborates on the good practices of OI management and the transition from a closed to an open innovation model, along with the corresponding policy implications.
Open Innovation and the Creation of High-Growth Ventures
Authors: Weissenböck Eva , Gruber Marc 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The concept of open innovation has predominantly been used in the innovation management field rather than in the entrepreneurship field. The aim of this chapter is to review the entrepreneurship literature related to cross-boundary knowledge flows, and in doing so bridge the important gap between entrepreneurship research and research on open innovation. This chapter distinguishes between the enablers of cross-boundary knowledge flows in new ventures and how such knowledge flows unfold throughout the venture creation process, as well as showing how they are linked to the creation of high-growth ventures. Future research can examine how open innovation supports new ventures in not only achieving financial returns but also in scaling their social and environmental impact. In effect, by innovating openly, new ventures may achieve economic growth and, in parallel, tackle grand societal challenges.
How Do the Tannaim Read the Torah?
Authors: Shanks Alexander Elizabeth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Scholars typically rely on the cues of genre to illuminate tannaitic practices of reading the legal portions of biblical scripture. Midrash, which adopts the format of scriptural commentary, is regarded as a privileged site for excavating tannaitic reading practices. Mishnah, which collects independent legal traditions into a compendium, is generally disregarded. This chapter argues that these generic conventions are unreliable indicators of the presence (or absence) of scriptural interpretation. The tannaitic framing of the biblical legal heritage, which Tannaim regard as innate to the biblical text, offers a different kind of evidence of interpretation, one that is rhetorically unmarked and attested in both midrash and Mishnah. This chapter documents a gap between the terms and concepts that the Tannaim impute to the biblical text and those native to biblical sources and reconstructs the jurisprudential concerns that drive the interpretative process that leads from one to the other.
Feticide in Halakhah
Authors: Fischer Elli 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed survey of Jewish legal sources, from ancient times until today, concerning the permissibility of terminating a pregnancy under specific circumstances. It surveys the basis for negative attitude and prohibitive approach to abortion that characterizes traditional Jewish law, while also demonstrating that according to the dominant view, abortion is not defined as homicide or murder according to halakhah. This allows for a degree of permissiveness when the value of preserving fetal life confronts other values, like the overall health of the mother. It concludes with a discussion of the value of maintaining a distinction between “wholesale” and “retail” when the broader message of the halakhah is in tension with its application to real-life cases.
Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality, and Religion
Authors: Chaudhari Mohammad Yaqub 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the religious significance of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) as digital technologies that make the digital salient to human perceptual capacities and accessible to a wide range of interactions. The chapter first discusses the conceptual background necessary to understand these novel technologies and differentiate them from other forms of digital media. The chapter then proceeds to address conceptual issues that are relevant to the study of these technologies in the field of digital religion, especially on the issue of the challenging term “reality.” The chapter discusses occult, gnostic, Christian, Islamic, and other concepts that have influenced or are expressed in the form and function of these technologies and considers the implications of these technologies for different religions. The chapter closes with a discussion of the close association between AR and artificial intelligence, which together signal an encompassing form of enchantment.
Structural Transformation and Economic and Social Rights
Authors: Gore Charles 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The literature on structural transformation is largely disconnected from the literature on economic and social rights. This chapter suggests how to interrelate them and reviews usages of the concept of structural transformation historically, particularly in structuralist approaches to economic development, including contributions from the Global South. It shows that structural transformation refers both to a process of structural change, which unfolds over time as an economy grows and average incomes rise, and to an intentional project which seeks to promote human flourishing and national autonomy through increasing individual and collective productivity. The chapter argues that it is time to connect the emancipatory social project of structural transformation with the project of protecting and promoting economic and social rights. It proposes a rights-sensitive approach to structural transformation, in which the social capability of a national society to transform its economy structurally is enhanced through the progressive realization of economic and social rights.
Maria Stewart’s Biblical Theology of African American Exceptionalism
Authors: Cooper Valerie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A Black woman who was born free in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1803, Maria Stewart is widely believed to be the first American woman of any race to have given a political speech to an audience including both men and women and to have left copies of her texts to posterity. Stewart wrote and delivered a series of five political and theological speeches in Boston and New York between 1831 and 1833. Collected with additional meditations and prayers, these speeches were published in 1835 as Productions of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart and again in 1879--the year of Stewart’s death--as Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart. A student of the radical abolitionist David Walker, Stewart taught a similar brand of African American exceptionalism after Walker’s death and used the Bible extensively to argue for Blacks’ rights, for women’s rights, and for the end of chattel slavery in the United States. This essay examines the biblical use and hermeneutics in Stewart’s published texts: although she takes a fairly literal approach to the Bible, she derives from it fairly progressive theological viewpoints: that God would free enslaved blacks and judge America for having enslaved them, and that God wanted to empower and promote both Blacks and women.
Identifying and Characterizing Artificial Cranial Modifications in Western Mesoamerican Populations
Authors: Natahi Sélim 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Artificial cranial modifications are the practices of transforming the skull of a newborn via daily massages or the implementation of a cephalic device independent of or associated with a cradle. The resulting shapes as well as the intentions underlying these cultural performances are manifold. Appreciating their meanings in past populations primarily requires reliably identifying and characterizing these practices. For biological anthropologists and bioarchaeologists, this might be substantially difficult owing to the archaeological context itself (e.g. certain soils being detrimental to bone preservation, the identification of artificial cranial modifications is based on partial cranial remains only). Moreover, some techniques result in subtle modifications that are challenging to identify and describe. This chapter reviews 3D imaging methods (e.g., geometric morphometrics) and shows how they can be used to circumvent these problems and how suitable these tools are for identifying and differentiating artificial cranial modifications among past West Mesoamerican populations.
UK Space Policy
Authors: Hilborne Mark 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
UK space policy seeks to at once address concerns over the security of its own space assets and critical national infrastructure that depends on space, and its role within its principal alliances, while also serving the growing economic and societal benefits that derive from space. Simultaneously the United Kingdom (UK) is seeking a greater voice in the international governance of space as a means to enhance its diplomatic leverage. To accomplish this, the UK government has sought a cross-sector approach to space policy in which these divergent aims are reconciled. The UK government will not be able to replicate the full spectrum of space capabilities upon which it relies, yet it is able to contribute in specific ways to existing systems. It must therefore target key areas that will deliver the maximum military, scientific, and commercial return on investment.
Space Resources and Prospects for Contested Governance
Authors: Krolikowski Alanna , Elvis Martin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As natural resources found on celestial bodies, such as lunar regolith and asteroidal water, become important to upcoming space missions, states are developing contending institutions to govern their exploitation. This chapter begins with a definition and typology of space resources and discusses their prospects for exploitation. It then considers the state of existing governance structures for space resources, identifying a need for institutional development. It goes on to analyze states’ different interests in governance to explain the international community’s bifurcation into two emerging camps, each advocating a distinct approach to regime building. The first camp, led by the United States, is creating permissive and voluntary institutions to facilitate near-term commercial exploitation. The second, loosely coalescing around Russia and many other states, aims to gradually develop a more restrictive and binding regime. This cleavage portends a contested and fragmented international order governing space resource exploitation.
Enabling National Security through Space
Authors: Hays Peter L. , Wirtz James J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers space systems, which today provide support for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance activities that are vital to national security. Nevertheless, exploiting space to enable terrestrial military operations entails more than just placing systems into orbit, these systems must be integrated into existing force structures, military doctrines, operations, and even logistical procedures before they can reach their full potential. This chapter reviews various types of space assets and how these systems shape military tactics, operations, strategies, and national security policies. It also identifies ongoing space developments that might affect the future impact of space-based assets on national security before concluding with a few recommendations and considerations for future research.
NewSpace and New Risks in Space Security
Authors: Klein John J. , Boensch Nickolas J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
NewSpace—the emerging commercial space ecosystem resulting from private investments and companies opening new or expanding existing markets—is playing a key role in the changing, global security landscape. As this chapter shows, many security professionals anticipate that entrepreneurial interest and investment in space companies will lead to significant changes in civil, military, and commercial use of and access to space. Also, commercial space innovation is considered critical for developing emerging technologies and capabilities that can result in novel ways of operating and protecting national security interests extending into space. For these reasons, many security professionals view NewSpace as essential for achieving a competitive advantage among rival states. While NewSpace companies are a source of innovation and benefit, some analysts and international relations scholars have highlighted potential security risks associated with these new capabilities and services. Ultimately, the multitude of benefits coming from NewSpace outweigh any associated risks to security.
The Future of Global Space Governance
Authors: Archinard Natália 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter suggests ways forward in the global governance of space activities. It presents the major international initiatives in this area in the last two decades and describes the corresponding positions of different states or groups of states. While highlighting the different priorities, it seeks to explain why finding consensus on international agreements in the areas of space security, safety, and sustainability proves to be challenging. After providing an overview of recent trends in the space sector, the chapter suggests areas in which small steps could be taken with a view to advancing the governance of space activities at global level.
Political Economy of Illiberalism
Authors: Snegovaya Maria 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of economic factors in the rise of illiberal politics in today’s world. Unlike similar studies on this topic, it expands the focus beyond the “usual suspects,” such as populist, nativist, or far-right parties to also include the illiberal ideas, movements, and thought collectives in the conceptualization of illiberal actors driving this wave of democratic backsliding. Such an approach is arguably more instrumental in tracing how and when the ongoing backlash originated before illiberal parties and politicians had a chance to come to power. This chapter seeks to explore today’s illiberal wave by analyzing the role of economic factors such as accumulated frustration with the effects of neoliberalism, financial crises, and globalization. It also analyzes the economic policies embraced by incumbent illiberal parties and leaders. While focusing primary attention on Europe, it also traces parallels across countries’ trajectories in different regional contexts, including Asia and Latin America.
Transnational Illiberal Networks
Authors: Stoeckl Kristina , Ayoub Phillip 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes both the emergence and the global diffusion of transnational actor networks that pursue illiberal political goals, such as the restriction of women’s and LGBTI rights. The timeline for analysis starts around 1995, when the inclusion of women’s and other gender-related issues on the United Nations’ human-rights agenda caused an international conservative religious reaction. The chapter gives an overview of relevant actors in transnational illiberal networks, homing in on the World Congress of Families as an example, and it analyzes the claims and strategies that make the collaboration between illiberal, conservative, and oft-nationalist actors possible. Our central claims are that transnational illiberal networks have global reach and bring together unusual suspects among far-right politicians, religious leaders, business sponsors, and civil-society activists. These strange bedfellows have been galvanized through vilifying rival networks—those representing liberal and progressive norm mobilization, such as the women’s and LGBTI rights movements—as threats.
Media and Illiberalism
Authors: Štětka Václav , Mihelj Sabina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical overview of existing work on media and illiberalism, alongside research that examines issues of media and illiberalism under other headings (principally, populism, democratic deconsolidation, and conservatism). It starts by discussing present uses of “illiberalism” in the study of media and communication and draws on those uses—together with existing definitions of illiberalism in other disciplines—to propose a working definition of the term for media and communication scholarship. We define media illiberalism as a set of ideas and practices that undermine the ideological and institutional underpinnings of liberal democracy, and that either are enabled by media and communication technologies or affect the way they are used. With these conceptual considerations in mind, we then map three different scenarios of interaction between media and illiberalism: media as aids of illiberalism, media as victims of illiberalism, and media as channels of resistance to illiberalism. We conclude the chapter by pointing to some of the possible avenues for future research.
Three Faces of Postliberalism
Authors: Pabst Adrian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Postliberalism is a multifaceted current of ideas that aims to correct the errors and excesses of liberalism. It encompasses a number of shared ideas, including society as a covenant rather than a contract, liberty as freedom of care for oneself and others, and individual fulfillment combined with mutual flourishing. This chapter explores three faces of postliberalism: National Conservatism, Catholic integralism, and communitarian pluralism, arguing that the first is both antiliberal and ultraliberal rather than postliberal, while the second combines a postliberal political economy with a cultural vision that privileges the nation-state and confessional religion. The third face is more truly postliberal in offering constructive alternatives to contemporary liberalism anchored in a personalist outlook. A postliberal politics needs to build a pluralist democracy, decentralize the state, and promote mutualist markets. Only a postliberalism fusing economic justice with social solidarity and ecological balance can overcome deep divisions and avert an authoritarian backlash.
International and Constitutional Law in the Americas
Authors: Herrera Juan Camilo , Acosta-Alvarado Paola Andrea 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the interrelations between constitutional and international law with special emphasis on the sources or clauses of international projection in the Constitutions of the Americas and the Caribbean. Through the description and analysis of the normative taxonomies of each of the 36 Constitutions in force in the region, we offer a big picture of the internationalization of constitutional law and at the same time of the elements that make up the constitutionalization of international law in the region. The connections are demonstrated through practical examples of the impact on domestic legal systems in the areas of human rights, regional integration, and investment law. The main contribution of this study lies in subsuming in a few pages the identification of the intersections of international and constitutional law in the Americas with a view to the relations between the local, national, regional, and international.
Humanism and Republicanism
Authors: Kirste Stephan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Since the time of Cicero in ancient Rome to the Renaissance, the Age of Enlightenment and into the era of modern and contemporary theories, many republican philosophers were or are also humanists. Given the vagueness of the term ‘humanism’ and the fact that we can barely discern a coherent ‘humanist movement’, this chapter addresses the question of what humanism can contribute to republicanism not by tracing out a full historical account but rather by exploring the lasting impressions that humanism can make on republican thought. This approach has the effect of reintroducing positive freedom into the theory of republicanism. The contribution of humanism to republicanism consists in demonstrating that republican freedom is not only negative freedom and that positive freedom is not only the freedom of the old. By giving clear contours to the concept of human dignity, humanists can establish it as the basis of an individual positive freedom to participate in the shaping of the republic. Despite this grounding of republican freedom on human dignity, the contribution of freedom to the common good and the rule of law is not neglected, but made compatible with modern individualism in the first place. At the same time, in humanism, the ancient, Renaissance, continental, and English traditions of republicanism are brought together again more closely.