bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for the disproportionate mapping of olfactory airspace onto the main olfactory bulb of the hamster
Authors: Schoenfeld Thomas A. , Knott Thomas K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOlfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) project to the rodent main olfactory bulb (MOB) from spatially distinct air channels in the olfactory recesses of the nose. The relatively smooth central channels of the dorsal meatus map onto the dorsal MOB, whereas the highly convoluted peripheral channels of the ethmoid turbinates project to the ventral MOB. Medial and lateral components of each projection stream innervate the medial and lateral MOB, respectively. To ascertain whether such topography entails the disproportionate representation seen in other sensory maps, we used disector‐based stereological techniques in hamsters to estimate the number of ORNs associated with each channel in the nose and the number of their targets (glomeruli and mitral and tufted cells) in corresponding divisions of the MOB. Each circumferential half of the MOB (dorsal/ventral, medial/lateral) contained about 50% of the 3,100 glomeruli and about 50% of the 160,000 mitral and tufted cells per bulb. We found equivalent numbers of ORNs with dendritic knobs in the medial and lateral channels (4.5 million each). However, the central channels had only 2 million knobbed ORNs, whereas the peripheral channels had 7 million. Thus, there is a disproportionate mapping of the central‐peripheral axis of olfactory airspace onto the dorsal‐ventral axis of the MOB, encompassing a greater than threefold variation in the average convergence of ORNs onto MOB secondary neurons. We hypothesize that the disproportionate projections help to optimize chemospecific processing by compensating, with differing sensitivity, for significant variation in the distribution and concentration of odorant molecules along the olfactory air channels during sniffing. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:186–201, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Active caspase‐3 expression during postnatal development of rat cerebellum is not systematically or consistently associated with apoptosis
Authors: Oomman Sowmini , Finckbone Velvetlee , Dertien Janet , Attridge Jennifer , Henne William , Medina Margarita , Mansouri Bobbak , Singh Hema , Strahlendorf Howard , Strahlendorf Jean 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDevelopment is a dynamic process that includes an intricate balance between an increase in cell mass and an elimination of excess or defective cells. Although caspases have been intimately linked to apoptotic events, there are a few reports suggesting that these cysteine proteases can influence the differentiation and proliferation of cells. Specifically, the active form of caspase‐3, which has been classified as an executor of apoptosis, recently has been implicated in a nonapoptotic role in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. This study investigated the nonapoptotic function and phenotypic expression of active caspase‐3‐positive cells in the external granule cell layer (EGL) of the postnatal rat cerebellum by using biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses, respectively. Evidence that negates an apoptotic function for the caspase‐3‐positive EGL cells includes a failure to exhibit chromatin condensation (assessed with TOPRO), phosphatidyl serine externalization (Annexin V labeling), or DNA fragmentation (TUNEL labeling). Proliferative (Ki67‐positive) and differentiated (TUJ1‐positive) cells within the EGL exhibited a cytosolic expression of caspase‐3, whereas terminally differentiated granule cells (NeuN‐positive) in the internal granular layer and the migrating granule cells did not express active caspase‐3. Thus, this study supports a nonapoptotic role for active caspase‐3 in cells residing in the EGL and suggests a possible involvement in EGL proliferation and differentiation. J. Comp. Neurol. 476:154–173, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the bounded rationality of gender stereotyping in fame judgments
Authors: Steffens Melanie C. , Mecklenbräuker Silvia , Buchner Axel , Mehl Bettina 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe false‐fame effect is the phenomenon that familiar names are falsely judged famous more often than unfamiliar names. M.R. Banaji and A.G. Greenwald (1995) demonstrated a gender bias in the false‐fame effect: In line with existing gender stereotypes, the false‐fame effect was larger for male than for female names. A more general explanation for gender biasing in fame judgments is based on cognitive availability. Name gender could be used as an ecologically valid cue when making fame judgments. If the relevant universe of famous names contained more male than female names, a gender bias in fame judgments should be observed, if it contained more female names, the gender bias should be reversed. Indeed, this pattern could be demonstrated experimentally, and we argue that it is not compatible with an account that draws on gender stereotyping but with one based on cognitive availability. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counterfactual thinking and stereotypes: The nonconformity effect
Authors: Catellani Patrizia , Alberici Augusta I. , Milesi Patrizia 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPast research has shown that counterfactual thinking (‘if only…’) is related to judgements of responsibility for negative events. It has also shown that behaviours deviating from the target's own behavioural standard (intrapersonal norm) are likely to trigger counterfactuals—the so‐called exceptional‐routine effect. In the present research, we demonstrate that behaviours deviating from a social category's behavioural standard (social norm) are also likely to trigger counterfactuals—what may be called the nonconformity effect. Two studies investigated counterfactual thinking regarding a rape case, classifying counterfactuals according to their conformity versus nonconformity to relevant social norms, and their focus on actions versus inactions. In Study 1, participants with higher endorsement of the rape victim stereotype generated more counterfactuals on the victim's non‐conforming inactions than did participants with lower stereotype endorsement. The presence of a nonconformity effect was confirmed in Study 2, where participants rated their agreement with externally generated counterfactuals. Moreover, in Study 2, counterfactuals focused on the victim's non‐conforming inactions predicted responsibility attribution to the victim through the mediating role of perceived avoidability of the event. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When prototypicality makes ‘maybes’ look more certain: Another look at targets' vigilance towards prejudice cues
Authors: Morera Maria D. , Dupont Emmanuelle , Leyens Jacques‐Philippe , Désert Michel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn previous research, targets' sensitivity to prejudice cues has been assessed on the basis of two types of information. Prototypical information renders the situation representative of discrimination encountered by the ingroup. Diagnostic information is a direct indication that prejudice possibly is operating in a given situation. We hypothesize that, when available and processed at the onset of an evaluation situation, prototypical information shapes targets' understanding of subsequent diagnostic information. In three experiments, participants were informed that they were to be evaluated by relevant outgroup members either before or after having performed a task. Diagnostic information was always provided at the same moment, i.e. after the task was completed, and was either uncertain (prejudice may bias the evaluation) or certain (prejudice certainly biases the evaluation). In the before condition, attributions to prejudice were as elevated whatever participants were told that prejudice might, or certainly did, bias the evaluation. Furthermore, in the case of uncertain diagnostic information, those who were readily informed of the evaluator(s)' identity attributed their failure to prejudice to a greater extent than those who received this information later. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive adaptation and mental health: A motivational analysis
Authors: Ratelle Catherine F. , Vallerand Robert J. , Chantal Yves , Provencher Pierre 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe present study tested a motivational model where the beneficial impact that processes of cognitive adaptation have on mental health takes place through self‐determined motivation. The model proposes that the components of cognitive adaptation theory (positive self‐perceptions, perceptions of control, and optimism) foster a self‐determined motivation. In turn, self‐determined motivation predicts positive indices of mental health. In addition, the model posits that the beneficial role of cognitive adaptation on mental health is mediated by motivational processes. The model was tested using a 1‐year prospective design with a random sample from the general population. Results from structural equation modelling analysis provided empirical support for the proposed model. Results are discussed with regards to Taylor's (1983) cognitive adaptation theory, self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1991), and the Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation (Vallerand, 1997). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The liberating role of conflict in group creativity: A study in two countries
Authors: Nemeth Charlan J. , Personnaz Bernard , Personnaz Marie , Goncalo Jack A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractResearchers of group creativity have noted problems such as social loafing, production blocking, and especially, evaluation apprehension. Thus, brainstorming techniques have specifically admonished people ‘not to criticize’ their own and others' ideas, a tenet that has gone unexamined. In contrast, there is research showing that dissent, debate and competing views have positive value, stimulating divergent and creative thought. Perhaps more importantly, we suggest that the permission to criticize and debate may encourage an atmosphere conducive to idea generation. In this experimental study, traditional brainstorming instructions, including the advice of not criticizing, were compared with instructions encouraging people to debate—even criticize. A third condition served as a control. This study was conducted both in the United States and in France. Results show the value of both types of instruction, but, in general, debate instructions were superior to traditional brainstorming instructions. Further, these findings hold across both cultures. Results are discussed in terms of the potential positive value of encouraging debate and controversy for idea generation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In case of death, cling to the ingroup
Authors: Castano Emanuele 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn experiment investigated whether the enhanced importance of the ingroup as a consequence of the salience of death thoughts is a unconscious defense mechanism. Scottish participants were subliminally primed with either the word death or field. Subsequently, they were asked to classify a series of pictures as either English or Scottish, and to state whether a series of negative traits applied to the English or not. Results showed that participants primed with the word death were more likely to exclude targets that looked more like outgroup than ingroup members, than participants in the field (control) prime condition. The pattern observed on the categorization‐latency also supported the claim that death‐prime participants are more careful in classifying targets. Finally, death‐prime participants also conveyed more negative, stereotypical judgments of the English in a trait attribution task. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to terror management theory and social identification phenomena. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Question/statement judgments: An fMRI study of intonation processing
Authors: Doherty Colin P. , West W. Caroline , Dilley Laura C. , Shattuck‐Hufnagel Stefanie , Caplan David 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe examined changes in fMRI BOLD signal associated with question/statement judgments in an event‐related paradigm to investigate the neural basis of processing one aspect of intonation. Subjects made judgments about digitized recordings of three types of utterances: questions with rising intonation (RQ; e.g., “She was talking to her father?”), statements with a falling intonation (FS; e.g., “She was talking to her father.”), and questions with a falling intonation and a word order change (FQ; e.g., “Was she talking to her father?”). Functional echo planar imaging (EPI) scans were collected from 11 normal subjects. There was increased BOLD activity in bilateral inferior frontal and temporal regions for RQ over either FQ or FS stimuli. The study provides data relevant to the location of regions responsive to intonationally marked illocutionary differences between questions and statements. Hum Brain Mapping 23:85–98, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cartilage tissue engineering on the surface of a novel gelatin–calcium‐phosphate biphasic scaffold in a double‐chamber bioreactor
Authors: Chang Chih‐Hung , Lin Feng‐Huei , Lin Chien‐Cheng , Chou Cheng‐Hung , Liu Hwa‐Chang 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTissue engineering is a new approach to articular cartilage repair; however, the integration of the engineered cartilage into the host subchondral bone is a major problem in osteochondral injury. The aim of the present work, therefore, was to make a tissue‐engineered osteochondral construct from a novel biphasic scaffold in a newly designed double‐chamber bioreactor. This bioreactor was designed to coculture chondrocytes and osteoblasts simultaneously. The aim of this study was to prove that engineered cartilage could be formed with the use of this biphasic scaffold. The scaffold was constructed from gelatin and a calcium‐phosphate block made from calcined bovine bone. The cartilage part of the scaffold had a uniform pore size of about 180 μm and approximate porosity of 75%, with the trabecular pattern preserved in the bony part of the scaffold. The biphasic scaffolds were seeded with porcine chondrocytes and cultured in a double‐chamber bioreactor for 2 or 4 weeks. The chondrocytes were homogeneously distributed in the gelatin part of the scaffold, and secretion of the extracellular matrix was demonstrated histologically. The chondrocytes retained their phenotype after 4 weeks of culture, as proven immunohistochemically. After 4 weeks of culture, hyaline‐like cartilage with lacuna formation could be clearly seen in the gelatin scaffold on the surface of the calcium phosphate. The results show that this biphasic scaffold can support cartilage formation on a calcium‐phosphate surface in a double‐chamber bioreactor, and it seems reasonable to suggest that there is potential for further application in osteochondral tissue engineering. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 313–321, 2004
Physicochemical factors influencing bacterial transfer from contact lenses to surfaces with different roughness and wettability
Authors: Vermeltfoort Pit B. J. , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J. , Hooymans Johanna M. M. , Bruinsma Gerda M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the transfer of Pseudomonas aeruginosa No. 3 and Staphylococcus aureus 835 from contact lenses to surfaces with different hydrophobicity and roughness. Bacteria were allowed to adhere to contact lenses (Surevue, PureVision, or Focus Night & Day) by incubating the lenses in a bacterial suspension for 30 min. The contaminated lenses were put on a glass, poly(methylmethacrylate), or silicone rubber substratum, shaped to mimic the eye. After 2 and 16 h, lenses were separated from the substrata and bacteria were swabbed off from the respective surfaces and resuspended in saline. Appropriate serial dilutions of these suspensions were made, from which aliquots were plated on agar for enumeration. Bacterial transfer varied between 4 and 60%, depending on the combination of strain, contact time, contact lens, and substratum surface. For P. aeruginosa No. 3, transfer was significantly higher after 16 h than after 2 h, whereas less increase with time was seen for S. aureus 835. Bacterial transfer from all tested contact lenses was least to silicone rubber, the most hydrophobic and roughest substratum surface included. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 71B: 336–342, 2004
Classical force field parameters for the heme prosthetic group of cytochrome c
Authors: Autenrieth Felix , Tajkhorshid Emad , Baudry Jerome , Luthey‐Schulten Zaida 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAccurate force fields are essential for describing biological systems in a molecular dynamics simulation. To analyze the docking of the small redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c) requires simulation parameters for the heme in both the reduced and oxidized states. This work presents parameters for the partial charges and geometries for the heme in both redox states with ligands appropriate to cyt c. The parameters are based on both protein X‐ray structures and ab initio density functional theory (DFT) geometry optimizations at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level. The simulations with the new parameter set reproduce the geometries of the X‐ray structures and the interaction energies between water and heme prosthetic group obtained from B3LYP/6‐31G* calculations. The parameter set developed here will provide new insights into docking processes of heme containing redox proteins. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1613–1622, 2004
The Perugino's palette: integration of an extended in situ XRF study by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Ricci C. , Borgia I. , Brunetti B. G. , Miliani C. , Sgamellotti A. , Seccaroni C. , Passalacqua P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThroughout the years, a large number of paintings by Perugino have been investigated using the in situ non‐destructive x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) technique. Three anomalous characteristics were frequently identified, concerning a brown earth pigment containing zinc, the presence of manganese in some red lakes and the association of the presence of copper and tin with grey–blue regions. In an effort to understand these anomalies better, five micro‐samples, taken from selected easel paintings by Perugino at the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria and a fresco at the Monastero di Sant'Agnese in Perugia, were studied by micro‐Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Micro‐Raman spectroscopy was a useful tool to investigate the molecular nature of such uncommon pigments and SEM provided useful information on the stratigraphy of the paint layers. The brown earth pigments, used by the master in the last period of his production, were definitely confirmed to be characterized by zinc impurities. The manganese contained in red lakes was shown to be due to ground alkaline glass, with a small quantity of manganese and iron, probably added to the oil binder in an attempt to speed up drying. Finally, in the sampled paintings, the grey–blue colour characterized by copper and tin was not present. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Raman spectroscopic study of pollution‐induced glass deterioration
Authors: Robinet Laurianne , Eremin Katherine , Cobo del Arco Belén , Gibson Lorraine T. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWhite crystalline deposits were present on a large number of 19th and 20th century British glass artefacts in the National Museums of Scotland collections. Analysis of these deposits by ion chromatography showed that sodium and formate were the dominant ions. Raman spectroscopy identified sodium formate anhydrate phase II as the main phase, with sodium formate phase I′, sodium sulfate decahydrate and possibly potassium formate present at minor levels. Minor levels of sodium, chloride and potassium were detected by scanning electron microscopy, suggesting the presence of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Elemental analysis of the glass artefacts by x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and electron microprobe analysis revealed that most artefacts had high levels of sodium or (more rarely) potassium and low levels of calcium. Measurements and simulation experiments showed that the degradation was caused by the combination of high levels of formic acid, and possibly formaldehyde, generated inside the display cases and storage cupboards and high relative humidity. This study shows that the combination of micro‐Raman spectroscopy, ion chromatography and scanning electron microscopy is ideal for the analysis of glass corrosion products induced by pollutant gases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of parchment and vellum. II—Effect of biodeterioration and chemical deterioration on spectral interpretation
Authors: Edwards Howell G. M. , Perez Fernando Rull 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRaman spectra of ancient parchment and vellum were recorded and used to characterize materials used in early mediaeval (10th century) and later works. These studies support work on the characterization of pigments used on historiated manuscripts and provide the basis for future studies of the interaction between pigments, binders and parchment or vellum. Examination of the undecorated parts of manuscripts or books has been undertaken to ascertain if there are traces remaining of the procedures used to prepare the materials; in several cases, there is spectroscopic evidence for the presence of sulfates and slaked lime, which were used in the preparation of vellums for scriptoria. The deterioration of vellums and parchments has been related to spectroscopic observation of changes in the protein CONH structures and to the chemical destruction of the CSSC bonds of cysteine. Band broadening resulting from the chemical reactions at these sites was analysed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigments and binders in the wall paintings of Santa Maria della Steccata in Parma (Italy): the ultimate technique of Parmigianino
Authors: Bersani Danilo , Paolo Lottici Pier , Antonioli Gianni , Campani Elisa , Casoli Antonella , Violante Carla 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were employed to investigate the materials used in the wall paintings by the older Parmigianino (Francesco Mazzola, 1503–1540) on the arch over the main altar in the church of Santa Maria della Steccata in Parma, Italy. The pigments used by the artist and those added by later restorations are characterized by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. GC–MS identified the organic binding media in the paint samples and revealed the presence of polysaccharides in the plaster. These investigations may be useful for a comparison with the technique of the young Parmigianino, author of wall paintings in the church of S. Giovanni Evangelista in Parma in the 1520s. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.