bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfracture patterns of abrasive wear striations on teeth indicate directionality
Authors: Gordon Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA method is described that will indicate the direction that an abrasive particle was traveling as it scored the surface of a brittle material. Light and scanning electron micrographs of glass, dentine, and enamel abraded by loose sand, steel carbide, and diamond indicate that partial Hertzian fracture cones are formed at the margins of wear striations during abrasion. The bases of these fracture cones face in the direction of travel of the abrasive particle and, therefore, indicate directionality. Because this method is based only on the consistent geometry of fracturing of brittle materials, it is independent of the loading of the abrasive particle. The only other method available to determine directionality of striations is unreliable since it uses the width of striations, and, hence, is dependent upon a consistent loading regime of the abrasive particle. This new method has direct application for determining the direction of movement of the jaws during mastication in living or fossil animals.
Estimation of body fat in female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Walker Margaret L. , Schwartz Susan M. , Wilson Mark E. , Musey Paul I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurement of height (crown–rump length), body weight, and abdominal subcutaneous fat depth, based on skinfold thickness taken from 13 female rhesus monkeys comprising two age groups were correlated with body fat values derived from tritiated water determinations of total body water. The manner with which each measure was related to percent body fat differed as a function of age of the animal. In the young, nulliparous females, crown–rump length was the single best predictor of body fat, whereas in the older, multiparous females, skinfold thickness correlated most highly with body fat. When all measurements, including the Quetelet index [(wt/ht)2 × 1,000], were combined statistically and regressed against percent body fat, a significant increase in predictive ability was obtained. When each age group was considered separately, the resulting equations again reflected the agegroup biases. In addition, as an internal check on the validity of the regression equations, an additional regression analysis was performed using morphometric data from selected animals in each age group. These equations yielded accurate estimates of body fat when compared to determinations made from total body water. These analyses indicate that the predictive accuracy of morphometric data is greatly enhanced by using these measurements in concert. Furthermore, the utility of such predictions is influenced by the specific physical characteristics of the subject population.
GM allotypes in Native Americans: Evidence for three distinct migrations across the Bering land bridge
Authors: Williams Robert C. , Steinberg Arthur G. , Gershowitz Henry , Bennett Peter H. , Knowler William C. , Pettitt David J. , Butler William , Baird Robert , Dowda‐Rea Laidler , Burch Thomas A. , Morse Harold G. , Smith Charline G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report the results of typings, for immunoglobulin G allotypes, of 5392 Native Americans from ten samples, the typings having been performed over the last 20 years. Four cultural groups are represented: the Pimans—Pima and Papago; the Puebloans—Zuni and Hopi; the Pai—Walapai; and the Athabascans—Apache and Navajo. The haplotype Gm1;21 has the highest frequency in each population while Gm1,2;21 is polymorphic in all except the Hopi. The Mongoloid marker Gm1;11,13 is found primarily in the Athabascans. The Caucasian haplotype Gm3;5,11,13 is found at polymorphic frequencies in several of the populations but its frequency is very low or absent among nonadmixed individuals. Although Nei's standard genetic distance analysis demonstrates genetic similarity at the Gm and Km loci, the heterogeneity that does exist is consistent both with what is known about the prehistory of Native Americans and traditional cultural categories. When the current Gm distributions are analyzed with respect to the three‐migration hypothesis, there are three distinct Gm distributions for the postulated migrants: Gm1;21 and Gm1,2;21 for the Paleo‐Indians 16,000 to 40,000 years ago; Gm1;21, Gm1,2;21, and Gm1;11,13 for the second wave of Na‐Dene hunters 12,000 to 14,000 years ago; and Gm1;21 and Gm1;11,13 for the Eskimo‐Aleut migration 9,000 years ago. The Pimans, Puebloans, and the Pai are descendents of the Paleo‐Indians while the Apache and Navajo are the contemporary populations related to the Na‐Dene. Finally, the Gm distribution in Amerindians is found to be consistent with a hypothesis of one migration of Paleo‐Indians to South America, while the most likely homeland for the three ancestral populations is found to be in northeastern Asia.
Patterns of dental wear in the Lengua Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Kieser J. A. , Groeneveld H. T. , Preston C. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWear patterns were examined on dental casts of 202 living Lengua Indians from the Chaco area of Paraguay. Consideration was given to the development of the molar helicoidal plane, age‐related changes in occlusal attrition, coalescence of dentine exposures, interproximal attrition, and erupted crown height. This study lends support to Osborn's theory of the helicoidal plane development by showing that attrition enhances rather than modifies posteruption molar occlusal planes. The rate of interproximal attrition was found to slow down with the eruption and functional initiation of the third molars. Sinuous and cavo‐convex interproximal contact areas that are generated with age, however, appeared to be less abrasion resistant than straight surfaces, hence leading to an increase in interproximal attrition rates with advanced age. Maximum crown height reduction occurred between the ages of 20 and 40 years in central incisors, canines, and first molars. Kruskal‐Wallis tests and log linear models failed to demonstrate significant sexually dimorphic or antimeric differences in wear patterns of Lengua teeth.
Functional morphology of the asterionic region in extant hominoids and fossil hominids
Authors: Kimbel William H. , Rak Yoel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAsterionic sutural patterns in Plio‐Pleistocene hominid crania have never been examined in detail. We present an analysis of this anatomical region in Australopithecus and Homo and relate different sutural patterns to functional changes in the masticatory apparatus.The great apes and A. afarensis share the common adult higher primate sutural pattern referred to as the “asterionic notch,” which develops in response to the hypertrophy of posterior temporalis muscle fibers and the consequent formation of compound temporal/nuchal crests. This sutural configuration also appears to be present on the early Homo cranium KNM‐ER 1805. In contrast, adult male A. boisei crania exhibit a unique pattern where the temporal squama overlaps the parietal which, in turn, overlaps the par mastoidea and the upper scale of the occipital bone. We relate this arrangement to the need to reinforce the rear of a thin‐walled braincase against the net tensile forces exerted by the temporalis and nuchal muscles. The common juvenile hominoid edge‐to‐edge asterionic articulation is maintained in adult A. africanus, A. robustus, female A. boisei, and most Homo crania. We discuss the latter pattern in regard to anterior temporalis hypertrophy in A. africanus, A. robustus, and A. boisei and to craniofacial paedomorphosis in Homo.
The skeleton of early Eocene Cantius, oldest lemuriform primate
Authors: Rose Kenneth D. , Walker Alan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA recently discovered partial skeleton of the adapid Cantius trigonodus from the early Eocene Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, documents substantial new information about the anatomy of the oldest lemuriform primates. It is very similar in all features to its descendant, middle Eocene Notharctus, and both exhibit numerous resemblances to certain extant Malagasy lemurs, particularly Lepilemur, Propithecus, Lemur, and Hapalemur griseus. Like these forms, Cantius had relatively long hind limbs and short forelimbs. Forelimb traits (prominent brachialis flange of the humerus, well‐developed olecranon process of the ulna, and strong shafts of the ulna and radius) suggest active use of the forelimbs in progression. Specializations in the hind limb (e.g., expanded articular surface of the femoral head, narrow and elevated patellar trochlea and prominent lateral trochlear ridge, posteriorly oriented femoral and tibial condyles, narrow and elongate talus, and hallucal metatarsal with prominent peroneal tubercle) indicate capabilities for leaping and for powerful grasping with an opposable hallux. Cantius was presumably primitive in having a relatively long ischium and much more distal inferior tibial tuberosity than most extant lemurs—traits suggesting that powerful extension of the thigh and flexion at the knee were important in its locomotion and posture. We interpret Cantius as an active arboreal quadruped with a propensity for leaping. The existence of this skeletal structure in one of the oldest primates of modern aspect suggests that it represents the primitive lemuriform morphology.
The design of a parallax‐correcting anthropometer for replication in nonspecialized machine shops
Authors: Ross William D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA fixed‐rod, slider with a window, a double‐scribed line for viewing a measuring tape affixed to the rod, and a sturdy footpiece are design features of an anthropometer for measuring projected lengths. The new instrument is designed to replace contemporary models which may be inaccessible to investigators with limited budgets or currency restrictions.None of the design features are beyond the ingenuity of local machinists to modify, find alternate materials, and use different machine procedures. The same principles of construction can be applied in making sliding calipers with straight and recurved branches. While there is some loss in portability of the fixed‐length anthropometer, the improved stability and superior visual scale more than compensate for the disdvantages and make the new anthropometer a candidate for the instrument of choice in obtaining projected length measurements.
Porotic hyperostosis: Representative of a childhood condition
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam Patty 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPorotic hyperostosis is currently considered to be one of several stress markers available for assessing the health and nutritional status of past human populations. The present study questions one of the basic assumptions underlying its use; that is, that the occurrence of porotic hyperostosis in an individual represents an episode of anemia that was current or had occurred within a relatively short period prior to death. A synthesis of data from a Romano‐British site Poundbury Camp, anthropological and clinical studies, and information on bone physiology suggests that lesions of porotic hyperostosis seen in adults are most probably representative of a childhood episode of anemia. Lesions seen in adults are the result of bone changes occurring in the growth period that have not undergone complete remodelling. This viewpoint has implications for future interpretation of data on porotic hyperostosis obtained from skeletal collections.
Cranial variation in the terminal Late Archaic of Ohio
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Schneider Kim N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCranial and mandibular discrete traits and cranial metric traits were collected from 99–125 individuals in eight terminal Late Archaic sites. The analysis of ten metric traits in six samples showed that the samples shared the same generalized variance and that sexual dimorphism in the means of the metric traits was greater than inter‐site differences. Since these samples share the same size and shape expression of a complex set of polygenic traits, we hypothesize a historical relationship among these samples.Discrete trait analysis showed a pattern of differentiation among the eight samples. This pattern of differentiation is related directly to the geographical separation between samples, and, as with metric traits, cultural differences do not contribute to the pattern of biological differences. The overall pattern of osteological variation in these samples can be summarized parsimoniously by paraphrasing the first law of geography: All of the terminal Late Archaic populations of Ohio were related to each other, but closer ones were more related than distant ones.
Body weights of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Uehara Shigeo , Nishida Toshisada 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTen male and nine female habituated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kasoje area of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were weighed intermittently between December 1973 and March 1980 by luring them up a rope hung on a spring balance: six adult males averaged 42.0 kg and eight adult females 35.2 kg. Seasonal change in body weight was recognized at least partially; body weights tended to decrease in the later part of the wet season presumably because of food shortage in the middle of the wet season. Comparison of body weight among three populations of the same subspecies suggests that adult female chimpanzees of Mahale appear to be heavier than those of the Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and that they seem to be similar to the forest‐living counterparts of eastern Zaire. On the other hand, body weights of adult male chimpanzees from the three populations do not show significant differences. Perhaps feeding competition among adult females in a small, isolated habitat is more severe than that among adult males, which may result in the body weight reduction among adult female chimpanzees at Gombe.
Studies on orthocephalization: Growth behavior of the rat skull in the period 13–49 days as described by the finite element method
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Vilmann Henning , Moss‐Salentijn Letty , Sen Kasturi , Pucciarelli Hector M. , Skalak Richard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRat cranial skeletal growth was studied, using a cross‐sectional data set, for the period 13–49 days by the application of the concepts of continuum mechanics and the numerical techniques of the finite element method (FEM). In contrast to the methods of conventional craniometry (CM) and roentgenographic cephalometry (RCM) the FEM permits fine scale, reference frame invariant descriptions and analysis of growth behavior. This advantage was demonstrated by a numerical example of the use of FEM.The skull was discretized into a number of two‐dimensional, triangular elements, whose enclosed areas corresponded closely to both specific skeletal structures and to related functional matrices. Since it was assumed presently that the growth behavior of all of the points enclosed within a given element was similar, the application of the functional matrix hypothesis permitted an integrated description of the growth of the skeletal structure and functional matrix related to each element. The principal locus of rotation of the facial skull, relative to the cranial base, is the inferior frontoethmoidal articulation, a motion that includes a rigid body rotation. Other active and passive skeletal and visceral growth events associated with orthocephalization were located and described. Finally it was shown that the morphogenetically important growth behavior of other portions of the rat head were not directly involved in orthocephalization.
On the eruption pattern of the permanent incisors and first permanent molars in Paranthropus
Authors: Grine Frederick E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been claimed recently that Australopithecus exhibited a pattern of permanent tooth eruption like that of extant great apes, whereas a significantly different pattern was shared by Paranthropus and Homo (Dean, 1985). More particularly, each of the four Paranthropus specimens examined in that study was held to show advanced development and eruption of the permanent incisors relative to the first molar. It is demonstrated here that the eruption sequence that was posited for at least one of these four Paranthropus specimens (SK 61) is clearly erroneous, while the developmental/eruption sequences manifested by the other three specimens would appear to be more ambiguous than was claimed. Another juvenile specimen of Paranthropus (KNM‐ER 1820) that was not included in Dean's study also does not necessarily support the eruption pattern that was said to characterize that taxon.
Frequencies of attached and free ear lobes in Lagos (Nigeria)
Authors: Williams G. O. , Hughes A. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA sample of 1,600 unrelated individuals in Lagos (Nigeria) were examined for attached or free ear lobes. Pedigree data were obtained for 11 families by questionnaire. The corrected proportion of attached among the progency of free × free was 0.27 compared to an expected value of 0.25. The observed frequencies of the three types of marriages were not significantly different from the expected values derived from the frequencies of the traits in the population. Males and females in the population were equally affected by the traits. Thus, the population frequency of attached is 25.37%, a value within the range for Caucasoids but lower than for Mongoloids.
New notharctine primate fossils from the early Eocene of New Mexico and southern Wyoming and the phylogeny of Notharctinae
Authors: Beard K. Christopher 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPreviously undescribed notharctine primate fossils are reported from the early Eocene San Jose Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and the early Eocene Wasatch Formation, southern Wyoming. These collections include the most complete specimens yet discovered of the poorly known species Copelemur tutus and Copelemur praetutus; the first upper dentitions of Cantius angulatus and Cantius frugivorus from the type area of these taxa; and fossils attributable to two new notharctine species, Copelemur australotutus and Smilodectes gingerichi. These new fossils reveal that current ideas concerning notharctine phylogeny are incorrect. Two major, monophyletic clades are apparent within the subfamily: the tribe Copelemurini, consisting of the genera Copelemur and Smilodectes, and the tribe Notharctini, comprising the genera Cantius, Pelycodus, and Notharctus.Analysis of the paleobiogeographic distribution of the Copelemurini indicates that this clade was limited to more southerly regions of western North America during early Eocene time. Northward migration of more tropical habitats during the late Wasatchian and early Bridgerian in western North America, associated with an overall climatic warming trend through the early and middle Eocene, appears to have allowed several mammalian taxa, including Smilodectes, to extend their ranges northward during this time interval. Such taxa thus possess diachronous distributions and have been partly responsible for the long‐standing confusion regarding the biostratigraphic correlation of early Eocene faunas from New Mexico with those from Wyoming. Based on several taxa which are also known from the Wasatchian of Wyoming, the age of the San Jose Formation appears to be middle Wasatchian.
Alleged synapomorphy of the M1/I1 eruption pattern in robust australopithecines and Homo: Evidence from high‐resolution computed tomography
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEver since Broom and Robinson (1951) published their claim that the eruption pattern of permanent incisors in robust australopithecines was most similar to that of modern man and different from that of gracile australopithecines and apes, the accuracy of this observation has been the subject of periodic debate (e.g., Wallace: Ph.D. thesis, 1972; Dean: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67:251–257, 1985; Grine: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 72:353–359, 1987). Part of the problem is that the developing incisors in one of the specimens most crucial to this argument (SK61) are difficult to visualize clearly by conventional radiographic techniques because of the heavy mineralization in the fossil. This study reanalyzes SK 61 by high‐resolution computed tomography in order to contribute to the final resolution of its incisor development. Grine's (op. cit.) assessment of the incisors as the deciduous ones, not the permanent ones, is fully confirmed. This fact, in conjunction with the observation that permanent incisor root formation had only just commenced in this specimen, further weakens the argument of M1/I1 eruption pattern synapomorphy between Homo and robust australopithecines.
General body growth in children with cleft palate and related disorders: Age differences
Authors: Bowers Evelyn J. , Mayro Rosario F. , Whitaker Linton A. , Pasquariello Patrick S. , Larossa Donato , Randall Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractClefts of the lip and palate, separately or in combination, are among the most frequent congenital defects seen today. Their etiology is heterogeneous and may include hormonal factors, which suggest the possibility of growth effects. Whether affected children are smaller than others has not been determined. We recently showed that growth status is associated with type of cleft. We hypothesized genetic alterations in metabolic pathways that alter prenatal growth, producing clefts; some of these alterations also alter postnatal growth. Since the levels of growth‐regulating hormones change during ontogeny, we expected age differences in the degree of growth deficit seen. To test this hypothesis, we examine here the cross‐sectional means and distributions of standard deviation (z) scores for height and body mass indices (BMIs) for 144 children with the diagnoses unilateral cleft lip and palate (uCLP) and isolated cleft palate (iCP). We find that alteration in growth status is associated with age group as well as sex and diagnosis.
Nasal morphology and the emergence of Homo erectus
Authors: Franciscus Robert G. , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: August 2005

AbstractModern humans, among extant hominoids, possess a unique projecting, external nose whose basic structure is reflected in a series of skeletal features including nasal bone convexity, an internasal angle, lateral nasal aperture eversion, prominence and anterior positioning of the anterior nasal spine, an acute angle of the subnasal alveolar clivus, and an expansion of the breadth of the nasal bones relative to that of the piriform aperture. This anatomy appears with the emergence of Homo erectus ca. 1.6 million years ago. Although it undoubtedly evolved in the context of craniofacial and dental reduction during hominid evolution, it appears to have been primarily a response to the need for moisture conservation in an arid environment via turbulence enhancement and ambient cooling of expired air. Its appearance at this time in hominid evolution, in conjunction with the presence of a fatigue‐resistant locomotor anatomy characteristic of archaic members of the genus Homo, indicates a shift to increasingly prolonged bouts of activity in open and arid environments.