bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular anatomy of the spleen: The basis for organ‐preserving surgery
Authors: Treutner Karl H. , Klosterhalfen Bernd , Winkeltau Gerd , Moench Sylvia , Schumpelick Volker 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe increased susceptibility to infection following splenectomy calls for a partial organ‐preserving operative procedure. The basis for this conservative surgery depends on a thorough knowledge of the vascular anatomy of the organ. With this in mind 32 spleens were studied by angiographies and corrosion casts. The organs were classified into four groups according to their vascular pattern with special emphasis on the blood supply of the polar segments. Two, three, and four segments were found in 3.1%, 15.6%, and 81.3%, respectively. A bifurcation of the splenic artery was noted in 93.8%, and a trifurcation in 6.2%. A Y‐type of branching of the hilar vessels with easier access for surgical procedures was noticed in 84.4%, and a T‐type in 9.4%; in 6.2% a classification was not possible. Intersegmentary anastomoses, as a potential hazard for operations on the spleen, were present in 15.6%. Arteries and veins coincided. The exact diagnosis of the specific individual vascular anatomy and segmental organization of the spleen are necessary presuppositions for a successful partial spleen‐preserving technique. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber orientation of anterior cruciate ligament: An experimental morphological and functional study, part I
Authors: Inderster A. , Benedetto K. P. , Künzel K. H. , Gaber O. , Balyk R. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is divided morphologically as well as functionally into anteromedial and posterolateral bundles.The changes in distance between femoral and tibial attachment sites of both bundles were measured throughout the full range of motion in ten formalin‐carbol preserved cadaveric knees.The femoro‐tibial distance (and thus the length) of the anteromedial bundle remains nearly the same throughout the full range of motion. The femoro‐tibial distance for the posterolateral bundle decreases with flexion; thus it becomes increasingly slack from 0° to 90° of flexion.For a truly functional replacement of the ACL, in which the roll‐glide motion of the knee joint is regained, isometric reconstruction of the anteromedial bundle is necessary. By utilizing the described method of intraoperative measurement, isometric positioning of the graft may be achieved. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A morphologic study of interthalamic adhesions in Korean brains
Authors: Park Kyung Ah , Lee Hye Yun , Chung In Hyuk , Han Yong Pyo , Shin Tai Sun 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe incidence, size and, configuration of interthalamic adhesions were investigated in 146 Korean human brains. The incidence of adhesions was 88.4% and they were located mainly in the center of the third ventricle and posterior‐superiorly in quadrant I. Average size was 6.7 ± 2.19 mm × 5.1 ± 1.89 mm, and the most common shape was oval. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison bilaterally of lingual and facial arterial rami in the mandibulo‐perimandibular complex: Arterioradiographic models for surgical consideration
Authors: Maher William P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnatomic illustrations and arterioradiograms of the facial, submental, lingual and sublingual arteries, and their primary branches in the mandibulo‐perimandibular complex are routinely demonstrated unilaterally; illustration and comparison bilaterally have not been documented. The unilateral illustration mode erroneously implies arterioanatomic similarity contralaterally. Mandibulo‐perimandibular arteries in 50 stillborn human fetuses and 50 human adult cadavera were assessed. Head and neck arteries of fetal subjects were perfused with a radiopaque perfusant via the ascending thoracic aorta. Then the entire mandibular complex and tongue of each fetus was excised en bloc and radiographed from above the tongue. The radiograms showed 1) that sublingual and submental arteries and their primary rami differ in size, number, arrangement, and distribution unilaterally, as well as bilaterally and 2) that the entire mandibular body complex (including periosteum, cortex, spongiosa, and dentoparadontal structures) receives substantial sources of supply via the facial, submental, and sublingual arteries (extrinsic sources). The facial and lingual arteries and their ramifications in the adult mandibular complex were demonstrated by gross dissection. Comparison between fetal and adult mandibular arterial anatomies showed remarkable similarity. Furthermore, the results of this arterio‐anatomic assessment and the results of concurrent, independent, experimental bone surgical studies (Hadidi, Doctoral dissertation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 1985) favor a growing opinion that rami from the facial, submental, and sublingual arteries (extrinsic sources) to the mandibular body are more essential to its need than is commonly believed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristic features of the ultrastructure of choroid plexus capillaries of fetal lateral ventricles and their clinical significance for intraventricular hemorrhage
Authors: Wei Wang , Zhi‐Ming Qui , Ning‐Sheng Zhou , Ping Lian 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe capillaries within the lateral ventricular choroid plexuses from 14 normal fetal brains and one 5‐year‐old child were studied with electron microscopy. Endothelial pores and simple tight junctions were not observed until a fetal age of 24 weeks. From 24 weeks through 30 weeks of fetal age, the protein particles of the tight junctions became progressively aligned into a continuous row. Only an intermittent basement‐membranelike material was found in the fetal tissues; however, a continuous basement membrane was found in tissues from a 5‐year‐old child. We suggest fluid in capillary lumina may enter the tissue space through “very leaky” endothelial tight junctions due to the fixed osmotic gradient, while the macromolecular substances pass into the tissue space by pinocytosis of the endothelial cells. The macromolecular substances may in turn be transferred into the ventricular cavities by epithelial cells. Although the pathogeny of fetal interventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is unclear, we suspect that the simple tight junctions found early in development may break down under certain abnormal vascular conditions and allow blood to leak out. Normal deficiencies in the fetal basement membrane and its weak extensibility are also factors which could contribute to fetal IVH. No relationship was demonstrated between the types and numbers of cell organelles present and fetal age. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphatico‐venous anastomosis after obstruction of abdominal lymphatics and lymphatic drainage of the prostate in canines
Authors: Suzuki Takanori , Kurokawa Kohei , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Jimbo Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe communication between abdominal lymphatics and the vertebral venous system in canines was observed under conditions of lymphatic obstruction. After obstructing lymphatics of the lumbar trunks, lipiodol was injected into the pedal lymphatics and visualized to enter the inferior vena cava 10 days later, and the vertebral venous system 12 days later by fluoroscopy. Radiographs of the transverse sectioned vertebrae showed that the contrast medium flowed from the para‐aortic lymph nodes into the vertebral venous system and entered the vessels around the vertebrae and in the spinal canal, and the vertebral body at the ventral surface of lumbar vertebra. Histologically, the contrast medium was identified in the Haversian canal and peripheral region of the bone marrow. These results suggest that prostate cancer may metastasize the vertebral bone through the lymphatico‐venous anastomosis and vertebral venous system. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The medial femoral circumflex artery: Its clinical anatomy and nomenclature
Authors: Clarke S. M. , Colborn G. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe medial femoral circumflex artery (MFC) is important in its supply to the head and neck of the femur and to the adductor and hamstring muscles, several of which, notably the gracilis and biceps femoris, are used commonly in reconstructive surgical procedures. Considering the clinical significance of this artery, it is somewhat surprising to note the present lack of clarity of description and inconsistency of the nomenclature for this vessel and its branches, as seen in respected sources. This project was undertaken 1) to reexamine the origin, course, and distribution of the MFC and 2) to reevaluate the nomenclature in the anatomic and clinical literature for this artery and its branches. In 30 cadaveric specimens the MFC arose most commonly from the deep femoral artery (53%) or the femoral artery (40%). The MFC typically gave origin to two major ventral muscular branches and a small trochanteric branch before passing from the adductor compartment into the flexor compartment of the thigh. Thereafter, the MFC divided into an ascending branch to the hip and a descending branch to the hamstrings and sciatic nerve. We recommend the use of the terms “ascending” and “descending,” which are listed in the 6th Edition of the Nomina Anatomica, and the deletion of “transverse,” “superficial,” and “deep” as named branches of the MFC. We question the description of the “crucial” or “cruciate anastomosis,” as usually taught to medical students. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age changes in the human laryngeal cartilages
Authors: Turk L. Munir , Hogg D. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractVarious changes in the human laryngeal cartilages have been studied by the naked eye, radiology, and histology in 28 dissecting room and 20 autopsy specimens (21 male and 27 female) ranging from 14 to 101 years. Except for one 14‐ and one 20‐year‐old specimen, radiographic signs of calcification occurred in all and were found in hyaline cartilaginous tissue of the thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, and the variably occurring triticiate cartilages. A series of stages has been established indicating the pattern of spread of the process in the thyroid cricoid and arytenoid cartilages. Minor differences between the sexes were found in the thyroid and the cricoid, and some correlation was noted between sites of calcification with sites of muscle attachment and sites of greatest mass. The degree of involvement was not, however, found to be a reliable index of age, with wide variations occurring between individuals. Histology showed various degenerative processes, including calcification, but also revealed the occurrence of actual ossification even in some younger specimens. However, some foci of cartilage always persisted even when ossification was well advanced. Naked eye examination detected regions within the cartilages where ossification was well established, dark areas being produced by the presence of marrow. The remaining tissue was found histologically to be composed of cartilage, which might be calcified or might even contain small foci of bone. Radiology was an accurate method for detection of calcification and ossification, which were sometimes distinguishable, larger masses of calcified cartilage having a dense uniform radiographic appearance unlike the trabecular pattern of bone. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segment length and root orientation in normal and sacrally attached spinal cords: A morphometric study
Authors: Hynes P. J. , Fraher J. P. , O'Sullivan V. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study compares human spinal cord segment length and spinal nerve root orientation in normal and sacrally attached cords. The proportion of the total length of the mature normal spinal cord made up by individual segments varies little between C1 and T1. Between T2 and T6 it increases gradually to a maximum and decreases steadily from T7 to the caudal termination of the cord. The C1 and C2 roots run superolaterally from the cord to their intervertebral foramina. C3 runs almost horizontally. From C4 to T2 roots run progressively more caudally. At T3 and lower levels each root runs caudally in contact with the lateral cord margin before turning laterally to its intervertebral foramen. The pattern of variation in segment length of a sacrally attached cord resembles that in normal cords between upper cervical and lower thoracic levels. In the sacrally attached cord, segment length remains relatively unchanged between mid‐thoracic and mid‐lumbar levels and decreases rapidly caudal to L3. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative morphology of the normal human tricuspid valve: Autopsy study of 24 cases
Authors: Seccombe John F. , Cahill Donald R. , Edwards William D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractObjective: To describe thoroughly and quantitatively the morphologic features of the human tricuspid valve, to define and classify classify certain prominent normal variations, and to offer a clear and concise terminology for describing its morphology. Background. In recent years there has been growing interest in the tricuspid valve. Noninvasive imaging is now commonplace and remarkably detailed. Surgical interventions involving the tricuspid valve have become increasingly common. These factors underscore the need variations. Methods. Quantitative and anatomic features of the tricuspid valve were studied in 24 normal hearts at autopsy from subject evenly distributed by age and sex. Leaflet length, surface area, chordal number, and leaflet morphology were recorded. Results. Valves demonstrated some degree of leaflet subdivision in 92% of cases. Mean tricuspid valve length was 11.3 ± 0.1 cm and the surface area was 21.0 ± 1.1 cm2. Mean lengths and surface areas were similar for the anterior, posterior, and septal leaflets (38–42 mm and 5.9–7.8 cm2, respectively). However, for a given valve, the longest leaflet could be twice the length and three times the area of the smallest. Calculated valvular diameter was 2.13 ± 0.03 cm/m2. The tricuspid valve was served by and average of 170 ± 36 chordae tendineae, 49% inserted on the free edge of the valve, 44% on the undersurface, and 7% on the basal regions. Chordal density (number of chordae/cm2) was greater in women than men (9.9 ± 0.5 vs. 7.3 ± 0.7 chordae/cm2, P < 0.02). The septal leaflet had the greatest chordal density and the anterior leaflet the lowest (12.7 ± 0.9 vs. 5.9 ± chordae/cm2). Conclusions. The concept of chordal density for the tricuspid valve has not been previously described and may be clinically relevant in the pathogensis of valvular prolapse. Modifications of existing tricuspid valve nomenclature are suggested. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of the arterial system of the human pancreas
Authors: Fiedor Piotr , Kaminski Pawel , Rowinski Wojciech , Nowak Mieczyslaw 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe basic feature related to survival and the ultimate functioning of a transplanted segment or whole pancreas is the preservation and continuation of an adequate blood flow. The current study examined the anatomical variability of the arterial vascularization in 126 pancreases following their removal form cadavers by the technique routinely used for transplantation. Arteriography was conducted initially by the injection of either 75% uropolin or barium sulfate in 70 specimens following removal of the specimen. All 126 specimens were injected with latex, and corrosion casts were prepared through maceration with either sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. The dorsal pancreatic artery showed the greatest variability with respect to the mode of origin and division into branches. Also 42.1% of the cases were found to have poor anastomoses between the body and tail segments. These observations suggest that it is necessary to carefully assess the origins of the vascular supply of the donor organ 1) as resection at the celiac rather than the splenic artery can increase preservation of the dorsal pancreatic artery; 2) whole organ transplantation may be indicated to ensure adequate vascularization; and 3) the presence of a separate arterial supply to the caudal segment in 42.1 % of the cases allows the consideration of its use as an independent transplant from a live donor. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microvasculature of the human esophagus: A study on 25 autopsy specimens
Authors: Treutner Karl H. , Ophoff Kerstin , Klosterhalfen Bernd , Winkeltau Gerd , Schumpelick Volker 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe increasing number of esophagectomies coupled with the importance of microvasculature for anastomotic healing and a paucity of published data have prompted this study. Human esophagi were harvested from 12 male and 13 female cadavers with a mean age of 57.7 years (21–84) and an average length of 30.7 cm (22–40). Transverse sections (31) of each esophagus were made at equidistant intervals and prepared for microscopy. The number of intramural capillaries was counted in each section, the mean being 51.8 (45.4–61.3). Vascularization of the esophagus was best at the level of the cricoid cartilage (57. 12), proximal to the clavicles (57.44), and in its distal thoracic part (61.28), and worst cranial to the aortic arch (47.64) and above the diaphragm (45.36). The differences were significant (p < 0.05). The parts with the least number of capillaries correspond to the zones between the different origins of the main arterial sources. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variations of the middle meningeal artery: Significance for surgery and practice
Authors: Klisović Dino , Šikić Eleonora , Krmpotić‐Nemanić Jelena 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe origin and branching of the middle meningeal artery (MMA), as well as the length and development of its three main branches, were analyzed by following the arterial sulci on skull bones. We examined 186 macerated skulls (128 male and 58 female). Variations were classified into nine types. Some of the previously ignored communications of the branches of MMA with other arteries of the external carotid systems such as the deep temporal a., deep auricular a., occipital a., and anterior tympanic a. are described. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral costal branch of the internal thoracic artery
Authors: Henriquez Jorge Aaron , Mandiola Eduardo Armando , Prates Jose Carlos 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe lateral costal branch (LCB) of the internal thoracic artery (ITA) was studied because its presence sometimes may reduce the blood flow of the ITA when it is used for myocardial revascularization (Singh and Sosa, 1981). The ITA of 90 cadavers of adults of both sexes, whose ages ranged from 20 to 84 years, was studied after neoprene latex injection to determine its incidence, its relation to the phrenic nerve and first rib, its diameter, and the distance between the origin of the ITA and the origin of the LCB. We found the LCB in 16.6% of the cases, with bilateral presence in 5.5%. Unilateral rightside incidence was 11.1%, and left unilateral incidence was not observed. The LCB originated from the ITA in all cases, with a distance of origin along the ITA of 23.7 + 6.7 mm on the right side and 29.5 ± 6.4 mm on the left side. The mean diameter of the LCB was 1.7% ± 0.8 mm. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axillary‐femoral bypass graft: A problem‐based learning model in applied gross anatomy
Authors: Jones Kenneth H. , Senft James A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractExtra‐anatomic arterial bypass grafts provide an exciting opportunity to teach gross anatomy. We describe a study of axillobifemoral bypass grafts and how a simulation of this procedure can be used in a modified problem‐based learning exercise for first‐year medical students. The axillobifemoral bypass exercise adds a new clinical perspective to the traditional approach to review the gross anatomy of the axillary region, the anterolateral thoracoabdominal wall, and the anterior thigh and femoral triangle. This clinically relevant problem challenges students to devise a surgical approach to the axillary and femoral arteries. Students become active participants because they must discover the anatomical details of the axilla, femoral triangle, and thoracoabdominal wall, from shoulder to groin. Important nerves and blood vessels have to be identified in relation to anatomical landmarks. In addition, students must decide which structures can be cut and/or ligated, keeping in mind the functional consequences of these actions. Finally, the exercise provides an opportunity to integrate functional concepts of collateral circulation, hemodynamics, and relevant biomechanics with anatomical structures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural study of the gubernacular‐scrotal interface during testicular descent in the newborn rat
Authors: Fallat Mary E. , Oskin Terri A. , Mitchell Kristin A. , Tyson R. Weslie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe gubernaculum has been described as the “rudder” that guides the testis into the scrotum. Prior to inguinoscrotal testicular descent, the gubernaculum rests in the groin and does not attach to the scrotum. Subsequently, it migrates and attaches to the scrotum under control of the genitofemoral nerve. This study evaluates, with electron microscopy, the relationship of the gubernaculum with the developing scrotum during normal testicular descent.Male rats were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, and 18 days (n = 2 for each group) and sagittal sections through the gubernacular‐scrotal interface evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. We observed the following with increasing animal age: (1) gubernacular cremaster muscle matured and nuclei shifted to the periphery of cells as connective tissue surrounding myofibers decreased, (2) scrotal fibroblasts initially showed high activity with dilated endoplasmic reticulum, but activity and number subsequently decreased, (3) scrotal collagen increased and organized into defined fibers and bundles, (4) a well‐delineated band of collagen developed along the gubernaculum and advanced towards the inferior scrotum, and (5) nerve fibers appeared between the layers of cremaster muscle, increased in number with increasing age, and became myelinated at age 14 days. Gubernacular migration is intimately associated with scrotal development and testicular descent. Knowledge of cellular and intracellular differentiation during migration in the normal animal can further understanding of abnormal development and lead to improvements in treatment for common surgical problems such as cryptorchidism. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy, the writing of a textbook
Authors: O'rahilly Ronan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe history of the production of a textbook of human anatomy is recounted. The objective was to compose a volume that would (1) be regional rather than systemic in organization, (2) be a concise guide for both medical and dental students, and stress points of clinical importance, (3) be clearly illustrated but not be a substitute for an atlas, (4) include excellent radiographs and examples of other methods of imaging, (5) use the (then new) internationally accepted nomenclature, but provide a glossary of eponymous terms, and (6) treat the subject as a university discipline with its own history and encompassing an appropriate literature, including both strictly anatomical and clinically applied references. It should be remembered that at that time, more than 30 years ago, these notions were not nearly as frequently encountered in practice as they might be today, although even now it would be difficult to find a textbook in which all of the above features are combined. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the valve of the coronary sinus (thebesian valve)
Authors: Felle P. , Bannigan J. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe valve of the coronary sinus was studied in 50 hearts from dissection room cadavers. It varied from a flap that covered up to 70% of the ostium of the coronary sinus, to a few small strands of tissue. In 3 cases no valve was present. In most cases (35 out of 50), the valve covered <50% of the ostium of the coronary sinus, so it is unlikely to play an important role in preventing reflux into the coronary sinus. Microscopically, the valve was found to contain layers of myocardium, most of which disappeared in the less well formed valves, but some myocardium was persistent even in the most rudimentary valves studied. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.