bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of chemotherapy‐induced DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients using the alkaline comet assay
Authors: Kopjar Nevenka , Garaj‐Vrhovac Vera , Milas Ivan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe alkaline comet assay was employed to assess the pre‐ and post‐treatment levels of in vivo DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients. During the study all patients were given antineoplastic drugs, mainly as polychemotherapy. To quantify the DNA damage, two different comet parameters were evaluated: the tail length and the tail moment. Our results indicate marked interindividual variations between baseline DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes recorded among cancer patients prior to the chemotherapy. After intravenous administration of various antineoplastic drugs, a significantly increased level of DNA damage in all cancer patients compared to their pre‐treatment values was recorded The highest level of DNA damage was seen following administration of 5‐fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cisplatin (FAP protocol). The results indicate that administration of antineoplastic drugs in standard protocols is accompanied by significant DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes. In order to diminish the potential risks of developing second neoplasms, a continuous biomonitoring of cancer patients after the ending of chemotherapy becomes important. Despite their limitations, present results confirm the usefulness of the alkaline comet assay as a sensitive biomarker of exposure that enables rapid and simple detection of primary DNA damage in peripheral blood leukocytes of cancer patients. Together with standard cytogenetic endpoints, the comet assay provides a powerful technique for the routine detection of critical DNA lesions produced after administration of antineoplastic drugs in the clinical settings. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:13–30, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consecutive carbon‐carbon bond formation approach in tandem cyclization reactions
Authors: Kim Sunggak 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe conventional tandem cyclization reactions involve the formation of alternating carbon‐carbon bonds, whereas the newly developed cyclization reactions involve the formation of consecutive carbon‐carbon bonds, in which N‐aziridinylimines have been utilized as geminal radical acceptor and donor equivalents in a single operation. This unprecedented tandem cyclization approach becomes feasible by the successful generation of 5‐ and 6‐membered ring radicals by radical cyclizations of N‐aziridinylimines. The same notion can be applied to the anionic cyclizations of N‐aziridinylimines, thereby allowing anionic consecutive carbon‐carbon bond formation. This approach has great synthetic potential, particularly for the construction of quaternary carbon centers, and it provides highly efficient routes for the synthesis of natural products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:415–421, 2001
Influence of different dietary calcium levels on the digestibility of Ca, Mg, and P in captive‐born juvenile Galapagos giant tortoises (Geochelone nigra)
Authors: Liesegang A. , Hatt J.‐M. , Nijboer J. , Forrer R. , Wanner M. , Isenbügel E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCalcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are very important minerals in reptile nutrition, but many diets still are not balanced. To achieve optimal growth, including a healthy skeleton and a strong shell, a well‐balanced supply with these minerals is prerequisite. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the digestibility of diets with different calcium levels, with special emphasis on the digestibility of minerals. Fourteen captive‐born juvenile Galapagos giant tortoises of the Zurich and Rotterdam Zoos were used. The animals were housed indoors at a mean temperature of 23°C and 25°C, and at 65% and 60% humidity, respectively. The animals from the same zoo were fed the same diet, which consisted of vegetables, herbs, and a mixture of different Ca sources. Daily mixed fecal samples of all tortoises were collected from day 8 to day 18. A Weender analysis was performed and the HCl‐insoluble ash was used as an indigestible indicator (marker) for the determination of the apparent digestibility. The Ca content of the mixed feedstuffs of diet I was 1.43% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 3.9:1. In diet II, the Ca content was 2.06% on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 4.8:1. Diet III contained 7.33% of Ca on a dry matter basis, and the Ca:P ratio in the food was 6.7:1. The digestibility of Ca in diet I was 42%. The other examined minerals, Mg and P, had a digestibility of 54% and 84%, respectively. In diet II, the digestibility of Ca was 63%, of Mg 76%, and of P 88%, and in diet III the digestibility of Ca was 82%, of Mg 92%, and of P 91%. The results of this study indicated that higher Ca concentrations in the diet led to an increased apparent digestibility of Ca, Mg, and P. The influence of an increased fat and decreased fiber content in diet III concerning digestibility is discussed. Zoo Biol 20:367–374, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggression control in a bachelor herd of fringe‐eared oryx (Oryx gazella callotis), with melengestrol acetate: Behavioral and endocrine observations
Authors: Patton M.L. , White A.M. , Swaisgood R.R. , Sproul R.L. , Fetter G.A. , Kennedy J. , Edwards M.S. , Rieches R.G. , Lance V.A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAggression control is becoming an important component in the management of animals in captivity, but rigorous quantification of aggressive behavior has heretofore been lacking. This study was done to assess the ability of melengestrol acetate (MGA) given with feed (1.54 mg/kg) to control aggression in a bachelor group of fringe‐eared oryx (Oryx gazella callotis). Systematic behavioral observations were conducted and fecal androgen content was measured for 42 and 90 days, respectively, before treatment, and during the 42 days of treatment. There was a significant reduction in concentrations of fecal androgen from 153 ± 6.0 to 95 ± 4.5 ng/g (T66 = 7, P < 0.0001). This reduction in androgen excretion was apparent after the first week of treatment. There was measurable MGA excreted in the feces during treatment. Although treatment did not arrest all aggressive behaviors among animals, the decline in androgens and increase in MGA was accompanied by a significant reduction in several measures of agonistic behavior. Posturing, aggressive contact, pursuit, and submission occurred significantly less frequently after treatment, and there was also a reduction in fighting‐intention movements. Thus, both ritualized and nonritualized aspects of aggression were affected. Reductions in hormones and aggressive behaviors coincided temporally, suggestive of a potential causal relationship. Consistent with this hypothesis is a strong positive correlation between fecal androgen and total aggressive acts. This effect was not the result of a single behavioral element but occurred across several categories of agonistic behavior. Zoo Biol 20:375–388, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist RP 67580 reduces the sensitization of primary afferents by substance P in the rat
Authors: Pawlak Matthias , Schmidt Robert F. , Heppelmann Bernd , Hanesch Ulrike 
Published: September 2002

The inflammatory mediator substance P (SP) produces a variety of biological effects in several tissues by binding to the tachykinin receptor neurokinin 1 (NK1) and, to a lesser extent, by binding to the neurokinin 2 receptor (NK2). To assess the sensitizing effect of SP on articular afferent fibres the NK1receptor antagonist RP 67580 was applied in normal and acutely inflamed rat knee joints.Altogether 38 fine afferent nerve fibres from the rat knee with conduction velocities of 0.71–13.5 m/s were recorded as single units, during non‐noxious and noxious joint rotations. SP, injected i.a. as a bolus close to the knee joint, was able to sensitize 45.5% (10 of 22) of the units recorded from normal joints and 33.3% (five of 15) of afferents from inflamed joints. The following i.a. application of RP 67580 in a range of 20–200 nmol antagonized in a dose‐dependent manner the sensitizing effect of SP in a large proportion of slowly conducting articular afferents from normal (66.7%) and inflamed (46.2%) knee joints. Subsequent SP application enhanced the afferent sensitivity further. The electrophysiological results presented here further support the suggestion that the sensitization of afferents by SP in the rat knee joint is mediated mainly by the NK1receptor, which is probably located on the primary afferents.
Smart Gods, Dumb Gods, and the Role of Social Cognition in Structuring Ritual Intuitions
Authors: Barrett Justin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractReligious activities of the Pomio Kivung people of Melanesia challenges a specific claim of Lawson & McCauley's (1990) theory of religious ritual, but does it challenge the general claim that religious rituals are underpinned by ordinary cognitive capacities? To further test the hypothesis that ordinary social cognition informs judgments of religious ritual efficacy, 64 American Protestant college students rated the likelihood of success of a number of fictitious rituals. The within-subjects manipulation was the manner in which a successful ritual was modified, either by negating the intentions of the ritual actor or by altering the ritual action. The between-subjects manipulation was the sort of religious system in which the rituals were to be performed: one with an all-knowing god ("Smart god") versus one with a fallible god ("Dumb god"). Participants judged performing the correct action as significantly more important for the success of rituals in the Dumb god condition than in the Smart god condition. In the Smart god condition, performing the correct action was rated significantly less important for the success of the rituals than having appropriate intentions while performing the ritual.
Update on selected inherited venous thrombotic disorders
Authors: Robetorye Ryan S. , Rodgers George M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe inherited thrombophilias are a group of inherited conditions that predispose to thrombotic events. Most of the inherited thrombotic disorders are associated with venous thromboembolism rather than arterial thrombosis. Frequently, one or more predisposing genetic factors and/or environmental risk factor are identified in thrombosis patients. Significant advances in the identification of etiologies of inherited thrombosis have recently been reported. The most common inherited thrombotic disorders include activated protein C (APC) resistance (factor V Leiden), hyperhomocysteinemia, the prothrombin gene variant G20210A, elevated factor VIII levels, and deficiencies of thrombomodulin, protein C, protein S, and antithrombin. Less well characterized disorders include elevated factor IX, X, and XI levels. Recognition of these disorders now permits a laboratory diagnosis in approximately 70% of patients being evaluated for inherited thrombosis. This review focuses on the clinical and laboratory aspects of some of the most common inherited venous thrombotic disorders, including APC resistance, hyperhomocysteinemia, the prothrombin G20210A mutation, and elevated coagulation factor levels. Am. J. Hematol. 68:256–268, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of positional behavior in mixed‐species troops ofCallimico goeldii,Saguinus labiatus, andSaguinus fuscicollisin northwestern Brazil
Authors: Garber P.A. , Leigh S.R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe present the results of a 4‐month field investigation of positional behavior, vertical ranging, and species differences in limb proportions and body mass in a mixed‐species troop ofSaguinus fuscicollis,Saguinus labiatus, andCallimico goeldiiin northwestern Brazil. Despite certain similarities in overall positional repertoire, patterns of positional behavior varied significantly between species. Travel inCallimicooccurred principally in the lowest levels of the canopy, and was characterized by an exaggerated form of hindlimb‐dominated bounding (bounding‐hop), and leaping to and from vertical trunks (55.1% of leaps). In contrast, saddle‐back tamarins traveled in the lower and middle levels of the canopy, and engaged in a range of leaping behaviors, including stationary leaps (37.3%), acrobatic leaps (31.3%), and trunk‐to‐trunk leaps (20%). Red‐bellied tamarins exploited the highest levels of the arboreal canopy. Travel in this species was dominated by quadrupedal bounding and acrobatic leaps (67% of leaps) that began and ended on thin, flexible supports. Species differences in positional behavior correlated with species differences in limb proportions and locomotor anatomy, and provide a framework for understanding niche partitioning in mixed‐species troops ofSaguinusandCallimico. Am. J. Primatol. 54:17–31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing the taxonomic integrity of Paranthropus boisei sensu stricto
Authors: Silverman Nicole , Richmond Brian , Wood Bernard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe craniodental hypodigm of Paranthropus boisei sensu stricto is morphologically distinctive, but it has been suggested that the substantial variation in mandibular and dental size in that hypodigm may exceed that which is reasonable to subsume within a single hominin species. In this study, Fligner and Killeen, coefficient of variation (CV)‐based and average taxonomic distance (ATD)‐based bootstrap tests, were used to compare variation in size and shape of the mandibular corpus remains attributed to P. boisei s.s. with the variation observed in samples of great apes and modern humans. The degree of size variation in the P. boisei s.s. mandibular hypodigm is never observed in human and chimpanzee samples, is rare in gorillas, but is not uncommon in orangutans. However, the shape variation in the fossil group is comparable to the variation in the extant reference groups. Although the size variation in P. boisei s.s. is substantial, it is exaggerated by the effects of taphonomy. The small mandibles are more often abraded, whereas the large mandibles are more likely to have been infiltrated with matrix. On the basis of the results of this investigation of the mandibular corpus, there are no grounds for rejecting the “single‐species” hypothesis for P. boisei s.s. When Sokal and Braumann's adjusted CV values were used to predict the index of sexual dimorphism (ISD) for the P. boisei s.s., despite the substantial geological time embraced by the mandibular corpus hypodigm, the predicted value of lnISD, when corrected for taphonomic factors, is comparable to the sexual dimorphism observed within Gorilla. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:167–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical and genetic analysis of 4 Mexican families with spinocerebellar ataxia type 10
Authors: Rasmussen Astrid , Matsuura Tohru , Ruano Luis , Yescas Petra , Ochoa Adriana , Ashizawa Tetsuo , Alonso Elisa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by expansion of an unstable ATTCT repeat. SCA10 has been described as a pure cerebellar syndrome accompanied by seizures and has been recognized only in families of Mexican origin. We describe clinical and molecular findings of 18 patients in four Mexican families with SCA10. Affected individuals had an average age at onset of 26.7 years (range 14–44 years) and ATTCT repeats ranging from 920 to 4,140 repeats. We could not detect significant anticipation or correlation between repeat size and age at onset, probably due to the small sample size. In addition to pure cerebellar ataxia and seizures, patients often showed soft pyramidal signs, ocular dyskinesia, cognitive impairment, and/or behavioral disturbances. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed predominant cerebellar atrophy, and nerve conduction studies indicated polyneuropathy in 66% of patients. One family showed hepatic, cardiac, and hematological abnormalities in affected members. These findings suggest that a wide range of tissues may be affected in SCA10, including those outside of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
Clinical, histologic, and electron microscopy study of skin exposed to low‐frequency ultrasound
Authors: Boucaud Alain , Montharu Jérôme , Machet Laurent , Arbeille Brigitte , Machet Marie Christine , Patat Frédéric , Vaillant Loïc 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe use of low‐frequency ultrasound has been proposed to enhance the transdermal transport of various drugs, a technique referred to as sonophoresis. The aim of the present study was to determine the safety of low‐frequency sonophoresis on human and rat skin by evaluating their structural modifications after ultrasound exposure. Human skin samples and hairless rats were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Ultrasound was used with average intensities ranging from 0.25 to 7 W/cm2in pulsed or continuous mode. Hairless rats were also exposed to a heat source mimicking the temperature versus time profile during sonication. Skin samples were observed under optical and electron microscopy to detect any structural changes. Human skin samples exposed to intensities lower than 2.5 W/cm2showed no modification. For hairless rats, slight and transient erythema was observed after 2.5 W/cm2exposure, whereas deep lesions (dermal and muscle necrosis) were observed 24 hr later. These lesions were also observed when a plastic film was placed between the coupling medium and the animals' skin during sonication. In contrast, no histologic lesion could be seen when a heat source was applied to animal skin. Low‐frequency ultrasound induces delayed and deep lesions in hairless rat skin at 2.5 W/cm2which are not only attributable to the increase in temperature at the skin surface during ultrasound exposure. By using the same ultrasound conditions, human skin seems to be less sensitive in vitro. Anat Rec 264:114–119, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TMOF‐like factor controls the biosynthesis of serine proteases in the larval gut of Heliothis virescens
Authors: Nauen Ralf , Sorge Dorian , Sterner Andreas , Borovsky Dov 
Published: September 2002

AbstractProteolytic enzyme biosynthesis in the midgut of the 4th instar larva of Heliothis virescens is cyclical. Protease activity increases immediately after the molt from the 3rd to the 4th instar larvae and declines just before the molt into the 5th instar. Characterization of the midgut proteases using soybean tryspin inhibitor (SBTI) Bowman Birk Inhibitor (BBI) 4‐(2‐aminoethyl)benzensulfonylfluoride (AEBSF) and N‐tosyl‐L‐phenylalanine chloromethylketone (TPCK) indicate that protease activity is mostly trypsinlike (80%) with a small amount of chymotrypsinlike activity (20%). Injections of late 3rd and 4th instar larval hemolymph into H. virescens larvae inhibited tryspin biosynthesis in the larval midgut. Similar results were obtained when highly purified 4th instar larval hemolymph that crossreacted with Aea‐TMOF antisurm using ELISA was injected into 2nd instar larvae. Injections of Aea‐TMOF and its analogues into 2nd instar, and Aea‐TMOF alone into 4th instar larvae stopped trypsin biosynthesis 24 and 48 h after the injections, respectively. Injections of 4th instar H. virescens larval hemolymph into female Aedes aegypti that took a blood meal stopped trypsin biosynthesis and egg development. These results show that the biosynthesis of trypsin‐like enzymes in the midgut of a lepidoptera is modulated with a hemolymph circulating TMOF‐like factor that is closely related to Aea‐TMOF. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:169–180, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dose staggering as a strategy to reduce drug–drug interactions due to reversible enzyme inhibition between orally administered drugs with high first pass effect: a computer simulation study
Authors: Fang J. , Mckay G. , Hubbard J. W. , Hawes E. M. , Midha K. K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA physiological computer model was designed to simulate the metabolic drug–drug interactions between two orally co‐administered drugs due to reversible enzyme inhibition using drug concentrations in the portal vein. The extent of interactions was compared at steady‐state for the effects of a delay in time between the administration of the substrate and the inhibitor. It was demonstrated that the extent of the interactions can be strongly affected by a time interval between the two drug administrations. By delaying the administration of the inhibitor until after the absorption phase of the substrate, one can significantly reduce the extent of the drug–drug interactions. This is because drug concentrations in the portal vein and the liver are much higher than that in the systemic circulation during the absorption phase. The model also showed that interactions involving substrates with a high extraction ratio (EH), i.e., drugs with higher first‐pass effect, can be more strongly affected by dose staggering. Substrates with a low absorption rate constant (ka) require a longer interval with the inhibitor in order to reduce the extent of the interactions. This observation suggests dose staggering as a simple and cost‐effective way to reduce the extent of unwanted drug–drug interactions in clinical practice. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous microbatch screening of enantiorecognition on solid chiral selectors using selected mixtures of test‐racemates: a case study on cellulose tris(α‐phenylpropionate) with configurational diversity
Authors: Roussel C. , Bonnet B. , De Riggi I. , Suteu C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn improved methodology for microbatch screening in the liquid–solid enantioselective adsorption of racemates by solid chiral selector is presented and illustrated by the evaluation of a series of six cellulose tris(α‐phenylpropionate) presenting a configurational diversity and cellulose tris (4‐methylbenzoate). Analyses were performed on 5 mg scale of chiral selector and 150 µL of supernatant containing a mixture of three test‐racemates. Fifteen test‐racemates were chosen according to their molecular diversity using a hierarchical clustering approach for seven selected three‐dimensional molecular properties. The 15 racemates were sorted in five test mixtures composed of three racemates each according to the following constraints: each triplet of test‐racemates can be analyzed without peak overlap on a commercially available chiral stationary phase (CSP). The designed five groups of three racemates may be used for the evaluation of other chiral selectors in view of the preparation of CSPs. This methodology improves the throughput of the evaluation and could be automated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalyzed asymmetric dialkylzinc addition to benzaldehyde in the presence of new chiral ligands — δ‐(1‐phenethyl)aminoalcohols
Authors: Demyanovich V.M. , Shishkina I.N. , Zefirov N.S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA series of δ‐aminoalcohols prepared from (S)‐ and (R)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐1‐phenethylamines was found to catalyze the enantioselective addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde to yield optically active 1‐phenylpropanol with enantiomeric excess 60–85%. Chirality 13:507–509, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.