bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Elements and Their Influence on Creative Work: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Mejía-Londoño Valentina , Rendon-Velez Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creative spaces have been the subject of study in recent years. Multiple research studies have demonstrated the positive impact that an accurate workspace design has on increasing worker productivity and well-being. However, there are still many questions about the influence of workspace design on creativity and creative work. This paper aims to provide a review of the state-of-the-art about spatial elements (e.g., tables, chairs, whiteboards, etc.) that influence creative work which is carried out in creative spaces such as offices or learning environments. We conducted a literature search within the Scopus database, and we screened and filtered the returned 2214 sources based on their title and abstract. After that, we identified 34 relevant articles, with which we carry a full-text analysis. From selected articles, we extracted: (i) spatial elements present in creative environments and (ii) how these elements influence creative work. We found that most of the spatial elements provide visual stimuli and inspiration, allow people to build things and capture spontaneous ideas easily, and contribute to the flexible use of the space, encouraging collaboration, privacy, or social encounters. The results provide an overview of the current state of the art of creative spaces topic that can be used by researchers, practitioners, and educators to conduct further research in this field and to take better decisions about spatial element choice.
Influence of Fixed Ring Gear Structural Compliance on the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Response of Epicyclic Gear Sets
Authors: Ryali Lokaditya , Talbot David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structural compliance of annular ring gear can significantly influence the quasi-static and dynamic performance of an epicyclic gear set. As powertrain components are continually being optimized to their design limits, this influence becomes prominent and can no longer be ignored. The current paper will study the impact of ring gear compliance on the dynamic response of epicyclic gear sets, in fixed ring gear configuration. To achieve this objective the current study will incorporate a finite element (FE) based ring gear formulation into the three-dimensional planetary load distribution model of Ryali and Talbot [1]. The updated model is used to conduct parametric studies involving different planetary gear designs, ring gear fixtures (bolted vs. splined), and operating conditions (quasistatic, dynamic). In the case of a splined ring gear fixture, an external splined tooth contact model is developed, which will be used to validate the model against the quasi-static experiments of Ligata et al. [2]. The discussed results demonstrate the fidelity of the developed model, thus making it an excellent tool for the design and analysis of planetary gears with thin annular ring gears.
Kinematics of an Adjustable Cam-Linkage Mechanism for a Variable Displacement Hydraulic Motor
Authors: Pozo-Palacios Jonatan , Voth John A. F. , Van de Ven James Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Displacement adjustment is a key method for controlling hydraulic circuits in practical applications that use pumps and motors. However, the currently available low-speed high-torque (LSHT) motor designs do not provide continuous variable displacement capability. For this reason, this research work introduces a novel kinematic formulation of an adjustable cam-linkage mechanism, which is used to design a variable displacement linkage motor (VDLM). This paper presents a general description of the cam-linkage mechanism formulated with a system of kinematic equations. Next, the process to calculate the linkage limits of motion for different displacements is described, followed by the procedure to adjust the linkage mechanism. Subsequently, the synthesis process of the cam-linkage mechanism applied in a variable displacement hydraulic motor is presented. A physical prototype is designed and built using the selected mechanism and is used for validation purposes. Finally, the paper discusses the model development results, the experimental validation of the linkage mechanism, and draws conclusions. The experimental results show that the linkage kinematics model is accurate, with only minor differences found in experimental piston trajectories which are thoroughly analyzed. The models and concepts presented here have the potential to be used for the design and synthesis of adjustable cam-linkage mechanisms with various topologies.
A Visual Representation of Engineering Catalogs Using Variational Autoencoders
Authors: Sridhara Saketh , Suresh Krishnan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catalogs have been used for over a century for designing engineering systems. While catalogs are excellent repositories of engineering information, they are difficult to navigate, specifically to spot clusters, gaps, substitutes, and outliers. Inspired by Ashby charts for material selection, we propose here, a visual representation of engineering catalogs using neural networks. In particular, we employ variational autoencoders (VAEs) to project catalog data onto a lower-dimensional latent space. The latent space can then be visualized to explore the underlying structure of the catalog. Specifically, creators can use this visual representation to identify gaps and outliers in their data, while end users can benefit from this representation to compare catalogs from competitors, and to find substitutes. Contours can be super-imposed on the charts to enable selection based on user-defined attributes; these contours are generalization of design indices associated with Ashby charts. Various examples of catalogs across engineering disciplines, ranging from materials and bearings to motors and batteries are illustrated using the proposed method. Using these examples, we (1) study the impact of the latent space dimension on the representational error, (2) illustrate how designers can easily choose alternate configurations based on their design requirements, and (3) gaps in catalog offerings can be clearly identified, providing a stimulus for new product development.
A Force- and Stress-Deflection Model of Serpentine Flexures for Use in a Compliant Bone Plate
Authors: Huxman Connor , Butler Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serpentine flexures offer several advantages for use in linear motion mechanisms, including distributed compliance to reduce stress and increase range of motion and manufacturability. In this work, we develop a model for predicting the moment, vertical deflection, and maximum stress experienced in both uniform and extended serpentine flexures in response to an input vertical force. Finite element validation demonstrates the model’s ability to capture these three metrics across several flexure topologies with a mean error of 0.86%, while maintaining fixed-guided boundary conditions for flexures with any number of horizontal segments. Finally, the model’s utility is demonstrated in the design of a novel single-piece compliant fracture fixation plate that leverages serpentine flexures to deliver controlled axial motion for long bone healing. Model-derived stress-equivalent flexures are compared in their transverse and torsional rigidity. The proposed model and specific findings can be leveraged to design linear motion mechanisms that incorporate serpentine flexures across a wide range of applications.
Identifying a Relationship Between Design Concept Representation Style and Consumer Product Preference
Authors: Echerd Jonathan , Sylcott Brian , Lemken Russell , Weckesser Gerald , Lee Jinkun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Product designers are constantly seeking insight into the mind of the consumer in efforts to get a better idea as to what the market demands. Feedback from consumers informs designers on changes that need to be made to a product and can provide information about what end-users expect. To explore possible improvements to the design process, a study was conducted on concept representation style and its effects on consumer preferences. The study employed statistical testing to identify a relationship between representation style and consumer preference consistency, lending insight into the best practices for conveying critical information throughout the design process. The study described consists of conducting a series of surveys, introducing hand drawings, solid models, and realistic renderings as representations of eyeglass frames to participants, eliciting preference data from those participants, and comparing their preference ratings to those of physical models of the same frames. This study was supplemented with an eye-tracking system to establish a connection of where the effective details lie in the design representations, as well as suggest some decision-making strategies at play. Results indicate that a significant difference in consistency between representation styles does exist, and that CAD solid models are inconsistent with preferences of physical models. When only participants with an engineering background were evaluated however, this relationship did not exist, suggesting that a familiarity with a particular design practice may impact how individuals judge a particular representation style. It is also suggested by eye-tracking analysis that participants were more likely to give semantic responses when observing physical models.
Design of Reprogrammable, Rotary, Single-Actuator Mechanical Logic Valves for Fluid Diversion
Authors: Bessette Jonathan T. , Burcat Steven , Slocum Alexander H. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluid systems often require complex and plentiful valving which route a variety of input and output streams according to a system state. Many valves and actuators can create additional points of failure, maintenance, and cost. Multi-port selector valves are one solution which simplify complex configurations but are designed for a specific application. This custom design can create inflexibility and increased manufacturing cost when the user wishes to consider architectural changes or alternative applications. Modular, reconfigurable systems exist in fluid power systems (hydraulics, pneumatics), but few exist for larger, bulk flow applications. To address the issue of reconfigurability and simplicity within complex fluid valve architectures, we consider how one would design a single-actuator, reprogrammable, mechanical logic valve. We consider design requirements for such a system, various strategies and concepts, and converge on exploring the design of a multiport, rotary valve. Geometric layout and performance models are proposed and parametrically analyzed to understand the design space, trends, and tradeoffs. This work lays initial foundation and exploration of modular, mechanically reconfigurable, rotary valves. We envision this design and architectural toolbox to be metaphorically similar to common, easy-to-assemble and reconfigure, standardized materials such as 80/20, push-to-connect fittings, and even Legos - but instead, with application to valve geometries.
Robust Topology Optimization of Synchronous Reluctance Motors Using Cardinal Basis Function Based Level Set Method
Authors: Tian Jiawei , Torrey David , Luo Fang , Longtin Jon , Chen Shikui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synchronous reluctance motors (SynRMs) have gained considerable attention in the field of electric vehicles as they reduce the need for permanent magnets in the rotor, resulting in less material and manufacturing costs. However, their lower average torque and torque ripple vibrations have been identified as key issues that require resolution. In this study, we present a SynRM design framework employing the cardinal basis functions (CBF)-based parametric level set method. The SynRms design problem is recast as a variational problem constrained by Maxwell’s equations which describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields in the SynRM. A continuum shape sensitivity analysis is carried out using the material derivative and adjoint method. A distance regularization energy function is employed to maintain the level set function as a signed distance function during the optimization. The parametric topology optimization problem is computationally solved using the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA). To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we present a numerical example that compares the torque characteristics of the optimal design with those of a reference design. Preliminary results show that the optimized SynRM has a 30.30% increase in average torque, along with a slight increase in torque ripple, compared to the reference model.
Analytically Determined Frequency Shifts for a Continuous Model 3D Printed Metal Beam With Square Void Defect
Authors: Howell Quin I. , Davis Joshua I. , Folden Trevor , Lamon Stewart , O’Connor Dennis M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metal 3D printing techniques are now at the forefront of the additive manufacturing industry. These innovative methods permit the use of new and novel methods of fabrication that allow for more intricacy, resolution, and detail than possible with traditional methods. However, despite the advancements in research of crack and defect propagation of conventional manufacturing methods, less attention has been paid to the dynamic attributes of metal 3D printed parts. This study investigates the vibration phenomenon of an additively manufactured, metal, cantilever, beam with an intentionally placed square void using analytical and finite element methods. By considering a segmented continuous beam, the frequency response of higher modes are analytically determined and compared to non-void responses. Relative frequency shifts were realized to indicate the presence of internal defects. Furthermore, this approach is validated using finite element methods (FEM).
Co-Design in the Himalaya: Embracing Local Knowledge and User Innovation to Address Household Energy Challenges
Authors: Richmond Robyn C. , Sweeney Daniel J. , Frey Daniel D. , Baliga Sucheta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around the world, 2.4 billion people use biomass fuels, coal, and kerosene for cooking and heating, and in 2020, 3.2 million deaths worldwide were linked to household air pollution (HAP) from unsafe use of these fuels [1]. Many organizations have been working to address the complex challenges related to traditional cooking and space heating practices in low-resource communities; however, these challenges remain pervasive, and are exacerbated in regions like the Himalaya due to a lack of access to improved technologies and additional barriers experienced by high-elevation communities. Increased engagement of users has shown to result in higher quality solutions that better meet user needs [2, 3]. Practicing participatory design is increasing in stove development, but few examples demonstrate the engagement of users as peers in the design process.
The authors traveled to five villages in the Himalayan region, engaging community members in the design process in order to better understand cooking practices and user priorities. This paper describes the process of co-designing with a traditional stove user in a rural Himalayan community in India. As a result of this process, a deeper understanding of complex patterns of stove usage and preferences was gained. In addition, the user’s participation in the process resulted in a higher quality design that reduced HAP while preserving important features of the traditional stove. This case study contributes to growing research on and practice of participatory design to improve outcomes in household energy initiatives in low-resource communities.
Calculation of Partial Transmission Ratios of Two-Stage Gearboxes by Volume Minimization
Authors: Abraham Tom , Fuentes-Aznar Alfonso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary design parameter of gearboxes is the transmission ratio. A transmission ratio dictates the ratio of input to output speed and, when it is great enough, is commonly split into several partial transmission ratios via multiple gear stages. The method of splitting up a total transmission ratio is often left to best judgment. This study presents an optimization algorithm for selecting the partial transmission ratios of two-stage non-reverted spur/helical gearboxes. The optimization is accomplished by minimizing the volume of the gears within the transmission while ensuring that each gear maintains a minimum bending and contact safety factor. Results of the optimization performed over a range of total transmission ratios showed a strongly linear model that will allow powertrain designers to quickly select partial transmission ratios by only considering the total transmission ratio. It was additionally shown that, despite the many parameters involved in gearbox design, the most significant factor in this optimization model is the total transmission ratio.
Torque Characteristics of a Planetary Gear Train During Gear Shifting Under Two Inputs and One Output Tandem Driving Conditions
Authors: Shimura Daiki , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Nakagawa Masao , Yuba Shinnosuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Planetary gear trains (PGTs) are widely used in many machines and are one of the most important mechanisms in hybrid vehicles. In recent years, the automotive industry has been undergoing a once-in-a-century transformation and the shift from gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) is accelerating. To respond to the shift to EVs, the possibility of a tandem drive system for EVs consisting of two input motors, and a PGT is attracted attention to achieve it as one of suitable solutions. However, it is necessary to clarify the torque characteristics of the output shaft of the PGT during the gear shifting phase to take advantage of the feature of changing the drive state based on the driving condition. In this study, we proposed a method to elucidate the torque characteristics of a PGT during gear shifting using a block diagram designed from the equations of motion of each element under tandem driving conditions. By comparing the torque fluctuation of a PGT measured in a drive experiment during gear shifting with the results of a simulation using the block diagram, we discussed the effect of the moment of inertia on the torque fluctuation. The results indicate that by reducing the moment of inertia of the ring gear shaft, the maximum amplitude of the torque fluctuation could be reduced, while the convergence time of the torque fluctuation does not change significantly.
A Hybrid Continuation Framework for Analyzing Nonlinear Normal Modes of Piecewise-Linear Systems
Authors: Huang Shih-Chun , Tien Meng-Hsuan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prediction of the modal properties of non-smooth mechanical systems with clearances and prestress presents a computational challenge, since the nonlinearity induced by piecewise-linear stiffness eliminates the use of efficient linear modal analysis techniques. For obtaining nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) of structural systems through modal analysis, a numerical framework that combines numerical integration, the shooting method, and the arc-length continuation scheme is the most widely used approach. This numerical continuation framework computes NNMs through iterative numerical calculations; thus, the computational cost of nonlinear modal analysis of complex nonlinear systems, or non-smooth systems in particular, becomes prohibitively expensive as the model size increases. In this work, a new hybrid continuation framework combining analytic and numerical methods is proposed to efficiently compute the NNMs of non-smooth systems. This new hybrid framework uses a semi-analytic method to conduct the iterative shooting procedure; thus, the computational burden of the numerical continuation can be significantly reduced. The proposed method is demonstrated on a spring-mass oscillator with contact elements, and the NNMs obtained using the new method are validated by those computed using the traditional numerical continuation framework. The modal properties of the system can be computed using the proposed framework with significant computational savings.
A Novel Ultrasonic Fully Reversible Bending Fatigue Test Specimen for Simulated Gear Tooth Bending Fatigue
Authors: Cameron Zachary A. , Tallerico Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gears in vertical lift applications will typically experience greater than 107 bending fatigue cycles over their design lifetime. Currently, fatigue life prediction of gears exceeding 107 cycles are based on empirical correlations, since collection of fatigue data beyond 107 cycles is impractical with traditional fatigue testing methods. Ultrasonic fatigue testing enables fatigue testing in excess of 109 cycles in as few as 14 hours. In this paper, a novel specimen design for ultrasonic fatigue testing to accurately represent the geometry, stress profile, and residual stress of gear teeth in reversible bending fatigue is presented. The specimen design is discussed in detail, testing is performed to validate operating principles, and an initial fatigue data set of 8 specimens is presented.
Consideration of Autonomous Decentralized Coordination of Electric Balancer and Robotic Arm With Inertia Compensation for Larger Payload Manipulation
Authors: Hanai Hiroaki , Ozawa Mikio , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study proposes an autonomous decentralized coordination of a robotic arm with an electric balancer to achieve larger payload manipulation. The characteristic feature of this research is that the robotic arm performs only position control, while the electric balancer performs only weight compensation in a decentralized manner. The electric balancer is a device that assists a person’s gravity-directional transfer operation. It detects the weight of the object to be transported and generates a torque that balances the weight. Accordingly, the person performs the conveyance manipulation. When a person manipulates the electric balancer, the person learns the characteristics of the balancer to achieve the manipulation. In this study, this is presented using a learning curve. However, the robotic arm manipulates the balancer according to position control; therefore, control interference may occur. Previous studies have focused on viscosity and friction in impedance control of electric balancers. The electric balancer used in this research can modify the magnitude of inertia compensation. Consequently, the influence of the inertia compensation on the coordination assist provided to the robotic arm is discussed.