bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Murphy James B. , Taylor Herbert D. 
Published: June 2004

Mice artificially immunized against a transplantable carcinoma, inoculated, and proved immune, may be again rendered susceptible to the same tumor by exposure to the x-rays.
The immune animals which have not been treated with the x-rays preserve, to a large degree, their resistance to a second inoculation of the tumor in question.
THE PASSAGE OF NEUTRALIZING SUBSTANCE FROM THE BLOOD INTO THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED MONKEYS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

For the neutralization of the virus of poliomyelitis by antibodies, active complement is not required.
In carrying out immunity tests it is imperative to choose a virus of established grade of virulence and to make adequate control observations.
The neutralizing substances pass from the blood of actively immune monkeys into the cerebrospinal fluid when the permeability of the meningeal-choroidal complex is increased by an aseptic inflammation such as that induced by an intraspinal injection of horse serum.
The immunity bodies in effective neutralizing quantities can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid as early as 12 hours and as late as 48 hours after the intraspinal injection of horse serum. Doubtless the passage continues as long as the inflammation persists.
This ability of the neutralizing substances to pass from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid under conditions of inflammation doubtless plays an important part in arresting the multiplication of the virus on which the cessation and restoration of the poliomyelitic processes depend. The widespread involvement in the inflammatory conditions of the meninges, choroid plexus, and substance of the nervous organs, accompanied by severe lesions of the blood vessels in the last structures especially, opens the way widely for the passage of antibodies into the cerebrospinal fluid, whence all parts of the nervous tissues are reached, and also, probably, for direct transudation into the affected parts of the spinal cord and brain. The neutralization of the virus on which the continuance of the active pathological process depends is thus readily accomplished.
Under these circumstances the use of an alien specific immune serum to anticipate the action of the individual's own immunity products appears logical, while the employment of normal serum has no basis in experiment and would seem not to offer any therapeutic advantage whatever.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Kinsella Ralph A. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The hemolytic variety of streptococcus is homogeneous, consisting of members that are nearly identical.
2. This homogeneity is most strikingly displayed in the behavior of these streptococci in the complement fixation reaction, all the strains studied reacting in a nearly identical way with all the antisera.
RENAL FUNCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
Authors: Johnson Reuben A. 
Published: June 2004

Complete obstruction of the ureter causes atrophy of the renal parenchyma, especially marked in the portions lateral to the renal sinus. The longer the duration of the obstruction, the greater is the degree of atrophy.
If the obstruction is removed within 2 weeks the kidney may regain its normal structure except for a varying amount of atrophy in the lateral portions.
Kidneys obstructed for 2 weeks or less may regain their normal function, as measured by the phthalein test.
The longer the period of obstruction, the slower is the rate of recovery. A hydronephrosis of 7 days' duration required 40 days, and one of 14 days' duration required 152 days to recover normal function.
PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN
Authors: Cooke J. V. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Sterile abscess formation in the dog is accompanied by a large increase in output of urinary nitrogen and also by a small but definite increase in the blood non-protein nitrogen. All this nitrogenous material of course is derived from body protein injury and autolysis.
Septic inflammation in the dog (pleurisy, pneumonia, peritonitis, etc.) likewise shows a distinct rise in the blood non-protein nitrogen. This rise is not often so great as that frequently observed in the intoxication of intestinal obstruction.
Many acute infections in man (septicemia, peritonitis, pneumonia, etc.) show a definite rise in the non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood; some cases show a very great rise above normal (over 100 mg. of non-protein nitrogen per 100 cc. of blood). There may be no anatomical change in the kidney beyond the familiar picture of cloudy swelling. This does not exclude the possibility of some transient functional derangement of the kidney epithelium.
Certain obscure intoxications in man may show a considerable rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood, indicating a large amount of protein disintegration.
These findings must be taken into account in any clinical analysis and interpretation of high non-protein nitrogen of the blood in pathological conditions.
A NOTE ON THE PRODUCTION OF ACID BY PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Cullen Glenn E. , Chesney Alan M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Actively growing pneumococci produce acid at such a rate that change in the pH of the medium parallels change in rate of growth.
2. The death of the pneumococci is not followed by change in the reaction.
3. Acidification during growth in beef infusion media proceeds until a pH of about 7 is reached. At this point growth stops. The increase in hydrogen ion concentration is not the only origin of the injury to the cell that causes lag in a subsequent culture.
4. The increase in hydrogen ion concentration of the medium is not the sole cause of cessation of growth.
STUDIES OF UROBILIN ELIMINATION IN THE NORMAL AND ANEMIC DOG
Authors: Dubin Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. The output of urobilin is increased in experimental trypanosome anemia presumably as a result of the increased blood destruction.
2. The administration of salvarsan (arsenobenzol) during the anemic period, if it checks the blood destruction, reduces the urobilin elimination, but this result does not follow unless the blood picture improves.
3. Following splenectomy in the normal dog an increase in the urobilin elimination of varying degree occurs, the significance of which is doubtful.
4. Splenectomy during the period of anemia does not cause a decrease in urobilin elimination.
The experiments support the view that the elimination of urobilin may be considered as an index of blood destruction, but they do not explain the decrease in the elimination occurring in man in certain forms of hemolytic anemia following splenectomy.
THE ENCYSTMENT OF DYSENTERY AMEBÆ IN VITRO
Authors: Yoshida Kazuyoshi 
Published: June 2004

Dysentery amebæ may live for 72 hours in vitro.
The transition of the large vegetative forms into the cyst may be observed in vitro.
The large vegetative ameba always passes into an intermediate stage before assuming the small vegetative form.
The atypical forms are dysentery amebas with abnormal nuclei and cytoplasm. When circumstances are unfavorable encystment takes place. Under favorable conditions, on the other hand, they may again change into typical forms. The majority of the "degenerative" forms of Hartmann cannot be so classed. According to our observation, they represent forms which have been described here.
Hartmann's Entamœba histolytica is really a typical transitional form of Entamœba tetragena.
The origin and significance of the central vacuole have been elucidated.
Nuclear division of the dysentery ameba proceeds in three ways. The typical forms divide on the whole mitotically, and the atypical a mitotically or in a primitively mitotic manner.
A REPORT ON ANTIMENINGITIS VACCINATION AND OBSERVATIONS ON AGGLUTININS IN THE BLOOD OF CHRONIC MENINGOCOCCUS CARRIERS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A meningococcus vaccine suspended in salt solution has been given subcutaneously as a prophylactic to about 3,700 volunteers in three injections of 2,000 million, 4,000 million, and 4,000 or 8,000 million cocci at weekly intervals.
2. These doses rarely caused more than the mildest local and general reactions. Exceptionally a more severe reaction emphasized the presence of an unusual individual susceptibility to the vaccine. In such instances the symptoms were in part those of meningeal irritation and sometimes simulated the onset of meningitis.
3. Specific meningococcus agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of vaccinated men as compared with normal controls.
4. Moreover, agglutinins have been demonstrated in the blood serum of chronic carriers of the meningococcus. Evidence is thus brought forward that the relative immunity of chronic carriers to epidemic meningitis may be due to the presence of specific antibodies in the blood stream.
EFFECTS OF LARGE DOSES OF X-RAYS ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MONKEY TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Taylor Herbert D. , Witherbee William D. 
Published: June 2004

In two series of the experiments here recorded the monkey which had been repeatedly exposed to x-rays responded with typical acute poliomyelitis to an intracerebral inoculation of poliomyelitic virus filtrate, whereas the normal control receiving the same dose showed no symptoms. In another series the x-rayed animal came down with typical poliomyelitis after inoculation with three-fourths of the dose which was not infective for the control. It has been demonstrated that the x-rays diminished both the number of circulating lymphocytes and the resistance of the animal to the weak poliomyelitic virus. Whether the lowered resistance of the animals as the result of the treatment with x-rays is due to the reduction of circulating lymphocytes in each of the x-rayed monkeys is not determined in these experiments.
However, the great reduction in lymphocytes in human cases and in monkeys during the acute stage of experimental poliomyelitis and the gradual return of the cells to their former numbers during recovery strongly suggest a definite relation between these cells and one factor of resistance in poliomyelitis.
On the other hand, the reduction in resistance by x-rays, while definite, is not sufficiently great to warrant the conclusion that we are dealing with major factors governing infection or non-infection.
Another experiment in this paper deals with the survival of a subinfective dose of the virus in the normal monkey brain. A monkey receiving the subinfective dose of the virus was exposed to x-rays at 28 days, another at 15 days after injection, but neither animal showed symptoms of poliomyelitis. It is concluded that within this period the virus did not remain unchanged in the normal monkey brain.
An attempt to reduce the immunity in a monkey acquired by an attack of experimental poliomyelitis was unsuccessful.
EFFECT OF EXPOSURE TO THE SUN ON THE CIRCULATING LYMPHOCYTES IN MAN
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. 
Published: June 2004

Chronic solar dermatitis was accompanied, in 25 of the 38 individuals studied, by an appreciable increase, percentage and absolute, in the number of circulating lymphocytes.
In eight there was a definite decrease and in five no appreciable change after prolonged exposure to the rays of the summer sun.
Of the thirteen subjects with no increase in blood lymphocytes, six failed to tan, three were so dark originally that to determine an increase was impossible, and five had an extremely high lymphocyte count at the first count.
Blood counts on white persons living in the Philippines indicate that the blood lymphocytes are likewise increased after a prolonged period of residence in the tropical zone.
Because of the parallelism between the tanning and the blood changes it seems probable that the lymphocytosis observed in the majority of instances, which is similar to the response of the blood of animals to small doses of the x-rays, is due to the effects of the ultra-violet rays contained in the solar spectrum.
BLOOD COUNTS IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Taylor Herbert D. 
Published: June 2004

Blood counts were made on six series of monkeys before and at various intervals after the injection of active poliomyelitic virus. From the data thus obtained the variations in the circulating white cells have been followed in the several stages of the disease (a) before injection, (b) during the incubation period, (c) during the acute stage, including the stage of prostration, and (d) during recovery. On account of experimental conditions not all the monkeys were observed during the four periods, so that averages of counts in several monkeys are used for comparison.
Averages of 121 counts on 40 normal monkeys are recorded.
Immediately following the injection of the virus the relative and actual numbers of lymphocytes are slightly diminished. In many cases the curve continues sharply downward. In others from the 4th to the 6th day there is an actual increase for a brief period to a point somewhat in excess of the original count. With the onset of symptoms a lymphocytic crisis takes place. The curve then continues slightly downward, while the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes are relatively and actually increased at approximately the same time. During the stage of prostration the curve of the polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes returns to almost normal, while the lymphocytic curve continues slightly downward. With recovery the lymphocytes slowly return to normal after several weeks. There is no evidence of lymphocytic stimulation after recovery.
Eosinophilic, basophilic, large mononuclear, and transitional leucocytes follow the depressions and stimulations exhibited by the neutrophilic cells of the same series.
The results here recorded are consistent with the observations of Peabody, Draper, and Dochez on human cases.
The increase in the total number of circulating lymphocytes after the lymphocytic crisis is coincident with the passing of the acute stage.
Additional evidence is presented to indicate that Smillie produced atypical but definite poliomyelitis in the monkey with cultivated virus.
THE TEMPERATURE OF ACUTELY INFLAMED PERIPHERAL TISSUE
Authors: Segàle Mario 
Published: June 2004

The experiments set forth here establish the fact that the heat of the inflamed part has its origin primarily in the local biochemical activity of the cellular elements which participate in the inflammatory process. The inflammatory hyperemia, instead of being the necessary and constant source of the inflammation must be considered a natural physiological compensation for the abnormal local calorification.
The rapid circulation of the blood in the inflamed part tends to moderate the increase in local temperature and to equalize the temperature with that of other parts of the body.
THE OCCURRENCE OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ IN THROATS AND SALIVA
Authors: Pritchett Ida W. , Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Oleate hemoglobin agar is a good selective culture medium for Bacillus influenzæ.
2. Bacillus influenzæ has been cultivated from the mouth of 93 per cent of cases of influenza and bronchopneumonia.
3. Bacillus influenzæ was present at the time of this study in the mouths of 43 per cent of normal individuals.
4. The types of pneumococci found associated with the complicating bronchopneumonias of influenza are the types which are usually found in normal mouths.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA FOR INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE
Authors: Rous Peyton , Robertson Oswald H. , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

Attempts to produce antisera in animals to combat specific infections are usually deferred until the cause of the infection has been isolated and grown in pure culture to furnish antigen. It has seemed to us that the fulfillment of these conditions might in some cases be rendered unnecessary through the use of infected tissue itself as an antigen, combined with selective absorption of the antiserum to rid it of elements injurious to the species furnishing the tissue. In order to test this possibility type experiments have been carried out with immune sera effective against known antigens of three different sorts:
1. Sera resulting from the injection of rabbits and a goat with normal guinea pig tissues and a bacterial hemotoxin, the megatheriolysin described by Todd, which hemolyzes guinea pig cells. The sera possessed strong antitoxins for the megatheriolysin but were fatal to guinea pigs. By the method of selective absorption they were rendered innocuous to these animals and were successfully used to protect them from lethal doses of the megatheriolysin.
2. Anti-rabbit dog sera containing antibodies protective against pneumococcus infection. Such sera, subjected to repeated absorption with rabbit red cells, proved capable of protecting mice from pneumococcus infection in exactly the same degree as the unexhausted serum; that is to say, they protected against 100 times the dose of pneurnococci that was fatal with normal dog serum.
3. The serum of a monkey recovered from poliomyelitis and repeatedly injected with human red cells and extract of placental tissue. This serum, after selective absorption with human red cells, protected a monkey against an intracerebral dose of poliomyelitic virus fatal to eight other monkeys given it with normal monkey or human serum.
The results in these instances, purposely chosen for their simplicity, would seem to indicate for the absorption method some usefulness in the study of immunity to infections of unknown cause. In Part II of our paper the method is applied to one such infection; namely, a sarcoma of the fowl engendered by a filterable agent. A general discussion will be found in connection with this portion of the work.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE CULTIVATION OF THE MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

The meningococcus is not a "microaerophile." It grows equally well in atmospheres containing from 15 to 40 per cent oxygen.
If small amounts of carbon dioxide affect the growth of the meningococcus on an artificial medium it is by changing the reaction of the medium, not by slightly reducing the oxygen tension of the surrounding air.
The fallibility of titrating the total acidity of a medium is again clearly demonstrated. A reaction favorable to the meningococcus cannot be determined from the total titratable acidity but depends solely upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium. The optimum for the meningococcus is approximately at pH 7.4.
The value of a moist chamber in the cultivation of the meningococcus is shown by unusually luxuriant growth when other conditions are also favorable.
MIGRATION OF PARASITES AS THE CAUSE OF ANEMIA IN ÆSTIVO-AUTUMNAL MALARIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Lawson Mary R. 
Published: June 2004

The anemia in malarial infections is explained by the fact that each parasite destroys several red corpuscles.
Reduction of hemoglobin out of proportion to the loss of red corpuscles is explained by the fact that there is always a partial loss of hemoglobin in certain of the surviving corpuscles due to parasitic action.
Migration of parasites occurs in all æstivo-autumnal infections. If one wishes to observe, migrations, it will save time to study the heavy infections.
Free parasites have been frequently noted by many observers, who have failed to interpret properly their presence in the blood.
THE FUNCTIONAL VALUE OF NEWLY FORMED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Newcomer H. S. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been revived which enables the connective tissue factor in wound healing to be studied quantitatively.
2. It has been found that the functional value of connective tissue formed in response to traumatism as represented by its tensile strength varies widely in different animals.
3. It is suggested that the method may find application in the study of extraneous influences which may affect wound healing either through local or systemic application.
4. It has been determined that there is no parallelism between an active connective tissue response to traumatism and natural resistance to inoculation tuberculosis in the rabbit.
PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE NASOPHARYNX
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

The virus of poliomyelitis occurs in the nasopharynx of man and monkeys.
In man it has been detected by the inoculation test in washings from acute cases, rarely in similar washings from healthy contacts, in the nasopharyngeal tissues obtained from fatal cases in the 1st week of infection, but rarely, if ever, from nasopharyngeal tissues removed surgically at later periods in the course of the disease.
In monkeys, also, the virus has been detected in the secretions from acute experimental infections, in the nasopharyngeal tissues derived from early cases, and rarely from cases several weeks or months after recovery from the acute symptoms.
The inoculation of tonsils and adenoids obtained from cases of undoubted poliomyelitis either yielded definite results in the form of typical paralysis and histological lesions in the central nervous organs of the monkeys injected, or no symptoms or lesions which could be confounded with poliomyelitis. The indefinite symptoms and atypical lesions described in a certain class of inoculated animals by Kling, Pettersson, and Wernstedt were not encountered in our experiments.
The deduction from the experiments reported is to the effect that the virus is regularly present in the nasopharynx in cases of poliomyelitis in the first days of illness, and especially in fatal cases; that it diminishes relatively quickly as the disease progresses, except in rare instances; and that it is unusual for a carrier state to be developed. Hence the period of greatest infectivity of patients would appear to be early in the disease, which is probably the time at which communication of the virus from person to person takes place.
Available evidence proves that healthy carriers of the virus occur. We do not, however, possess data which indicate the frequency with which carriage arises. The fact that even after a severe and wide epidemic, such as occurred in the United States in 1916, the disease may virtually disappear within 2 or 3 years, points to the probability that enduring carriers of the active virus, whether healthy or chronic, are of exceptional occurrence.
EFFECT OF BILE ON THE CLOTTING TIME OF BLOOD
Authors: Haessler Herbert , Stebbins Marianne G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Within certain limits the clotting time of blood, of blood plasma, and of solutions of fibrin to which bile salts have been added, is proportional to the quantity of bile present.
2. The bile interferes with the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin and not with the formation of thrombin.
THE ACTION OF STROPHANTHIN ON THE LIVING CAT'S HEART
Authors: Levine Samuel A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Cats vary considerably in their susceptibility to strophanthin and in the extent of the difference between the minimum lethal dose and the minimum toxic dose.
2. The amount of strophanthin necessary to produce a toxic effect in a given cat is independent of the speed of administration to a period of 4 hours. An improvement in the clinical administration of the drug is thereby indicated.
3. A theory of the action of strophanthin is formulated which reconciles the results which point to the importance of the total amount taken up by the heart with those inidicate that the concentration of the drug is the determining factor.