bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular gerontology
Authors: Kirkwood T. B. L. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEvolutionary theory and empirical evidence from many lines of research suggest that ageing is a process of gradual accumulation of damage in cells and tissues of the body, leading eventually to frailty and increased risk from a spectrum of age‐associated diseases. There are multiple kinds of damage that affect cells, ranging from mutations in DNA to oxidative attack on proteins by chemical by‐products of normal cellular metabolism. In some ways the surprising thing is not that we age, but that we live as long as we do. The key to understanding longevity lies in the network of cell maintenance systems that cooperate to slow the accumulation of damage. Research has shown that long‐lived species carry out cellular maintenance better than short‐lived species, suggesting that enhancement of the body's natural maintenance systems may postpone aspects of ageing. Recognition that ageing results from accumulation of damage also points to a role for lifestyle interventions (e.g. nutrition and exercise) to help prevent damage or promote repair.
Ideology and Community Social Psychology: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implications
Authors: Montenegro Marisela 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper addresses the importance of the concept of ideology in community work. The implications of a Marxist approach to ideology in community practice are analyzed in terms of the concepts of problematization (P. Freire, 1979) and consciousness‐raising (J. Barreiro, 1976), illustrating the point with some examples. The traditional Marxist perspective is also examined in relation to the perspectives of social constructionism (I. Ibáñez, 1996), cultural studies (A. McRobbie, 1992), post‐Marxism (E. Laclau & C. Mouffe, 1985), and feminism (D. Haraway, 1991). It is argued that the concepts of hegemony and habitus (P. Bourdieu, 1985) can be useful to community social psychology theory and practice. A “situated perspective”—in which it is possible to dialogue from different “subject positions,” and articulate transformation and political action—is argued. The implications of this shifting in the concept of ideology by means of theoretical developments outside social community psychology can help to define the external (outside) agent's position in community practice.
On the Construction of Reality and Truth. Towards an Epistemology of Community Social Psychology
Authors: Montero Maritza 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAn expression of community social psychology based on the need to transform social reality, and to consider people as the constructors of that reality, is examined from an epistemological point of view. Dualism, the position considering that object and subject are separate entities, and monism, the perspective stating that there is only one substance, are discussed. The consequences of both conceptions for community social psychology, and their incompatibility, as well as the notions of reality and truth are analyzed. That analysis deals with the problems of defining reality, of separating subject and object of knowledge, of language's role, and of relativism and truth. Finally, a constructionist view of monism based on relatedness, and action, is proposed, stating the mutually influencing union of subject and object in the construction of reality.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Sepsis: Evidence from Bacteraemic Baboons and Endotoxaemic Rabbits
Authors: Gellerich Frank Norbert , Trumbeckaite Sonata , Opalka Jens Rüdiger , Gellerich Johannes Frank , Chen Ying , Zierz Stephan , Werdan Karl , Neuhof Christiane , Redl Heinz 
Published: December 2002

Mitochondria, that provide most of the ATP needed for cell work, and that play numerous specific functions in biosyntheses and degradations, as well as contributing to Ca2+; signaling, also play a key role in the pathway to cell death. Impairment of mitochondrial functions caused by mutations of mt-genome, and by acute processes, are responsible for numerous diseases.
The involvement of impaired mitochondria in the pathogenesis of sepsis is discussed. By means of the skinned fiber technique and high resolution respirometry, we have detected significantly reduced rates of mitochondrial respiration in heart and skeletal muscle of endotoxaemic rabbits. Mitochondria from heart were more affected than those from skeletal muscle. Decreased respiration rates were accompanied by reduced activities of complex I+III of the respiratory chain. Endotoxin-caused impairment was also detectable at the level of the Langendorff perfused heart, where the coronary vascular resistance was significantly increased.
For an investigation of the influence of bacteraemia on the mitochondrial respiratory chain, baboons were made septic by infusion of high and low amounts of E. coli. For complex I+III and II+III, a clear dose-dependent decrease was detectable and in animals which died in septic shock, a further decrease of enzyme activities in comparison to the controls were found.
These results are discussed in the light of current knowledge on the role of mitochondria in cell pathology in respect to sepsis.
In conclusion, we present evidence that mitochondrial function is disturbed during sepsis. Besides ischaemic and poison-induced disturbances of mitochondrial function, sepsis is a further example of an acute disease where impaired mitochondria have to be taken into account.
An evaluation of patient satisfaction with an information leaflet for trauma survivors
Authors: Robertson Carol , Klein Susan , Bullen Heather , Alexander David A. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA new leaflet that provided information about posttraumatic reactions and how to deal with them was distributed within 14 days of attendance at the Accident and Emergency Department (ED), Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, to a heterogeneous sample of trauma patients (N = 222). An evaluation form to assess satisfaction with the leaflet was also mailed with the leaflet. A sample of 98 (44%) of the initial patient group responded, and 96% of them reported the leaflet as either very helpful or helpful. Satisfaction with the leaflet was not affected by age, by gender, or by the type of trauma encountered. Overall, the findings confirmed that such a leaflet is well received by trauma patients attending an ED.
Acculturation and Adaptation of Soviet Jewish Refugee Adolescents: Predictors of Adjustment Across Life Domains
Authors: Birman Dina , Trickett Edison J. , Vinokurov Andrey 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study explores how acculturation is related to adaptation across different life spheres for 162 Soviet Jewish refugee adolescents in a suburban community in Maryland. Because the different contexts of refugee adolescents' lives vary in acculturative demands, different patterns of acculturation should be related to adaptation in different life spheres. The study uses a multidimensional measure of acculturation and assesses acculturation to both American and Russian cultures as it relates to psychological adaptation, peer relations, and school and family outcomes. Findings support the general ecological thesis that acculturation to different cultures is differentially related to adaptation across life domains. Acculturation to American culture predicted better grades and perceived support from American peers. Acculturation to Russian culture predicted perceived support from Russian peers. Both American acculturation and Russian acculturation predicted reduced loneliness and perceived support from parents. Further, different dimensions of acculturation, such as language and identity, were differentially related to adaptation. Implications for acculturation theory and measurement are drawn, and cautions are offered about the interpretation of acculturation studies using single proxies such as language use or preference.
“People Say It's a Little Uncomfortable”: Prenatal Genetic Counselors' Use of Constructed Dialogue to Reference Procedural Pain
Authors: Gordon Cynthia , Prince Michele B. , Benkendorf Judith L. , Hamilton Heidi E. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractPrenatal genetic counseling involves an exchange of information between counselors and clients, including verbal descriptions of the potential pain of invasive prenatal diagnosis procedures such as amniocentesis. This paper describes the use of one linguistic feature in one context. It considers how two counselors describe procedural pain in 17 prenatal genetic counseling sessions, audiotaped as part of a larger data‐driven study using sociolinguistic methodologies to characterize the discourse of genetic counseling. Analysis reveals that “constructed dialogue,” or reporting something another person said, is a strategy used frequently by the counselors for describing procedural pain. Examination of the content and form of the constructed dialogue uncovered three recurring patterns that relate to its functions in the sessions: (1) inclusion of colloquial vocabulary; (2) references to common experiences through similes; and (3) explicit downplaying of pain. This analysis suggests that the naturally occurring phenomenon of quoting the words of others can be used in genetic counseling to impart information while simultaneously reassuring the client and creating counselor–client rapport. The complex relationship between the use of constructed dialogue and the enactment of genetic counseling principles through talk is also discussed.
A Multiple Case Study of Rape Victim Advocates' Self‐Care Routines: The Influence of Organizational Context
Authors: Wasco Sharon M. , Campbell Rebecca , Clark Marcia 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study assumes that rape victim advocates who provide community outreach services to victimized women must adjust to a heightened awareness of sexual violence to do their jobs. Using qualitative methodology, this multiple case study explored rape victim advocates' strategies for incorporating repeated exposure to sexual assault into their daily lives as well as ways that organizations can support such endeavors. Findings suggest that advocates' self‐care routines draw upon various personal resources (i.e., cognitive, physical, social, spiritual, verbal), and serve 2 roles for coping with rape‐related pain: (a) cathartic releasing of traumatic material, and (b) improving capacity to integrate the traumatic material into one's life. Additionally, over 20 organizational characteristics that workers perceive to be supportive (e.g., weekly meetings, flexible hours) were identified. Nonparametric and categorical statistical analyses were used to analyze the relationship between organizational support and self‐care routines, finding that advocates working in organizations with higher levels of support utilize more strategies that are integrative in nature. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Reproductive fitness in maternal homocystinuria due to cystathionine β‐synthase deficiency
Authors: Levy H. L. , Vargas J. E. , Waisbren S. E. , Kurczynski T. W. , Roeder E. R. , Schwartz R. S. , Rosengren S. , Prasad C. , Greenberg C. R. , Gilfix B. M. , MacGregor D. , Shih V. E. , Bao L. , Kraus J. P. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEarly diagnosis and improved treatment are leading to the potential for increased reproductive capability in homocystinuria due to cystathionine β‐synthase (CβS) deficiency, but information about reproductive outcome and risk of thromboembolism in pregnancy is limited. To provide further information, clinical and biochemical information was obtained on women with maternal homocystinuria, on their pregnancies and on the offspring. This information included blood sulphur amino acids and total homocysteine, CβS gene mutations and developmental and cognitive scores in the offspring. The study involved 15 pregnancies in 11 women, of whom 5 were pyridoxine‐nonresponsive and 6 were pyridoxine‐responsive. Complications of pregnancy included pre‐eclampsia at term in two pregnancies and superficial venous thrombosis of the leg in a third pregnancy. One pregnancy was terminated and two pregnancies resulted in first‐trimester spontaneous abortions. The remaining 12 pregnancies produced live‐born infants with normal or above‐normal birth measurements. One offspring has multiple congenital anomalies that include colobomas of the iris and choroid, neural tube defect and undescended testes. He is also mentally retarded and autistic. A second offspring has Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. The remaining 10 offspring were normal at birth and have remained normal. There was no relationship between the severity of the biochemical abnormalities or the therapies during pregnancy to either the pregnancy complications or the offspring outcomes. The infrequent occurrences of pregnancy complications, offspring abnormalities and maternal thromboembolic events in this series suggest that pregnancy and outcome in maternal homocystinuria are usually normal. Nevertheless, a cautious approach would include careful monitoring of these pregnancies with attention to metabolic therapy and possibly anticoagulation.
Two new mutations in children affected by partial biotinidase deficiency ascertained by newborn screening
Authors: Funghini S. , Donati M.A. , Pasquini E. , Gasperini S. , Ciani F. , Morrone A. , Zammarchi E. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMutation analysis performed on DNA from 6 Italian patients with partial biotinidase deficiency ascertained by newborn screening allowed the identification of two new mutations, c1211C>T (T404I) and a single base deletion c594delC. All patients were compound heterozygous for the D444H amino acid substitution showing that this mutation is also common in Italian patients affected by partial biotinidase deficiency.
A molecular, enzymatic and clinical study in a family with hereditary coproporphyria
Authors: Gross U. , Puy H. , Meissauer U. , Lamoril J. , Deybach J. C. , Doss M. , Nordmann Y. , Doss M. O. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA 30‐year‐old woman suffered from acute crises with abdominal, neurological and psychiatric complaints. Urinary haem precursors and faecal porphyrins were excessively elevated compared to the upper level of the normal range. Urinary coproporphyrin isomer III was increased and faecal copro‐porphyrin isomers I and III showed a complete inversion of the normal ratio. Thus, hereditary coproporphyria was diagnosed in this woman. The father, one brother and a sister were shown to be gene carriers of hereditary copro‐ porphyria by their urinary and faecal excretory constellations. The excretory patterns of the mother and a second brother were normal. Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity was decreased to 49% and 58% in the patient and her father, respectively. The mother's enzyme activity was normal (98%). Copro‐porphyrinogen oxidase concentration was enhanced 1.8‐fold and 2.7‐fold in the patient and her father, respectively. Mutation analysis revealed the insertion of an adenine at position 857 in exon 4 of the coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene. The gene defect was confirmed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in the patient and her father. The patient was treated by intravenous interval therapy with haem arginate for 10 months, with good clinical and metabolic response.
Across the Spectrum: Case Studies in Genetic Counseling for Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Authors: DeMarco Tiffani A. , Peshkin Beth N. , Brogan Barbara M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe present three vignettes based on participants counseled as part of a clinical research program. These include a young unaffected woman at risk for a familial mutation, a newly diagnosed breast cancer patient, and a woman with recurrent ovarian cancer. Through the use of detailed vignettes, multifaceted issues that arise in cancer genetic counseling are highlighted.
Growing older: The adult metabolic clinic
Authors: Lee P. J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractImprovements in screening programmes, diagnostic tests and therapeutic interventions have all led to increasing numbers of children with inherited metabolic diseases surviving through childhood into adolescence and adulthood. These individuals are often able to integrate into society, but many have complex, multisystem problems that require ongoing care. Understanding of the long‐term outcome of these disorders is scanty. Awareness of these conditions within the adult medical community is sadly limited and much of the good work of the paediatricians potentially could go to waste. This is often prevented by paediatricians remaining involved in patient care into the third decade and beyond. Appropriate resources to deal with the transition from the children's services to the adult sector are necessary, and appropriately trained medical and dietetic personnel are required to run these services. An adult inborn errors service needs to have close links with a feeding paediatric unit, as well as to integrate with other adult medical and surgical specialties, and to be supported by metabolic biochemical and molecular laboratories. This paper discusses the issues around this growing problem based upon experience gained working within a single centre dedicated to the care of adults and adolescents with inborn errors of metabolism.
Human gene mutation in pathology and evolution
Authors: Cooper D. N. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractMutations in human gene pathology and evolution represent two sides of the same coin in that the same mechanisms that have frequently been implicated in disease‐associated mutagenesis appear also to have been involved in potentiating evolutionary change. Indeed, the mutational spectra of germline mutations responsible for inherited disease, somatic mutations underlying tumorigenesis, polymorphisms (either neutral or functionally significant) and differences between orthologous gene sequences exhibit remarkable similarities, implying that they may have causal mechanisms in common. Since these different categories of mutation share multiple unifying characteristics, they should no longer be viewed as distinct entities but rather as portions of a continuum of genetic change that links population genetics and molecular medicine with molecular evolution.
Tyrosinaemia type I and apoptosis of hepatocytes and renal tubular cells
Authors: Endo F. , Sun M.‐S. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHereditary tyrosinaemia type I (HT I) (McKusick 276700) is caused by a deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) activity, the last enzyme in the tyrosine catabolic pathway. Homozygous disruption of the gene encoding FAH in mice (Fah) causes neonatal lethality (i.e. lethal Albino deletion c14CoS mice), which limits the use of this animal as a model for HT I. We developed a new mouse model that carries two genetic defects, Fah and 4‐hydroxyphenyl‐pyruvate dioxygenase (Hpd). The double mutant Fah−/−Hpd−/− mice grew normally without evidence of liver and renal disease, showing a phenotype similar to Hpd−/− mice. Complete blockage of the tyrosine catabolic pathway at the, step of HPD prevents development of clinical phenotypes. Administration of homogentisate resulted in rapid apoptosis of hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells, a central feature of visceral injury in patients with HT I. Simultaneously, renal tubular function was impaired, resulting in Fanconi syndrome. Apoptosis of hepatocyte and renal tubular cells is prevented by the caspase inhibitors YVAD or DEVD. However, these inhibitors do not prevent the release of cytochrome c or the development of renal tubular dysfunction. Apoptosis of hepatocytes and of renal tubular epithelial cells are characteristic features of this disease and the apoptotic signal in this disease seems to be initiated by fumarylacetoacetate.
Does hereditary metabolic disease modulate senescence and ageing?
Authors: Scriver C. R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHereditary metabolic diseases in the context of evolutionary biology elicit interesting questions about ageing and senescence: Will persons successfully treated for inborn errors of metabolism, age and die prematurely because of compromised longevity? Because some unhealthy longevity has its origins in germline and somatic mutational processes, and in an inability to withstand metabolic stress, are there lessons to be learned about senescence from hereditary metabolic disease? Why are ageing, senescence and death necessary forHomo sapiensand how do they happen?These questions form the theme upon which several variations are played during the course of this essay. The theory of the disposable soma recognizes genomic and environmental events, well‐seasoned by Chance, as determinants of ageing and senescence. Together, they cause the somatic damage that results in death. Genomics will reveal genes involved in longevity, both healthy and unhealthy. There will be schedules of gene expression behind our life‐history traits. As in the field of hereditary metabolic disease, analogous genetic enquiries about ageing can be formulated. For example, how will heterozygotes age? Will association studies in centenarians reveal ‘longevity genes’? Will disparate longevity in sib pairs reveal genetic factors? If there are ‘ageing’ mutations, of what types and with what effects? Will these initiatives lead to healthier longevity? A deeper question yet remains: why has human biology invested so greatly in grandparenthood?
Concepts of Social Justice in Community Psychology: Toward a Social Ecological Epistemology
Authors: Fondacaro Mark R. , Weinberg Darin 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this paper we address the pervasive tendency in community psychology to treat values like social justice only as general objectives rather than contested theoretical concepts possessing identifiable empirical content. First we discuss how distinctive concepts of social justice have figured in three major intellectual traditions within community psychology: (1) the prevention and health promotion tradition, (2) the empowerment tradition, and most recently, (3) the critical tradition. We point out the epistemological gains and limitations of these respective concepts and argue for greater sensitivity to the context dependency of normative concepts like social justice. More specifically, we point to a pressing need in community psychology for an epistemology that: (1) subsumes both descriptive and evaluative concepts, and (2) acknowledges its own embeddedness in history and culture without thereby reducing all knowledge claims to the status of ideology. Finally, we describe and demonstrate the promise of what we are calling a social ecological epistemology for fulfilling this need.
Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey
Authors: Başoǧlu Metin , Şalcioǧlu Ebru , Livanou Maria 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study examined the rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression and associated risk factors in earthquake survivors in Turkey. A group of 1,000 people from 3 camps and 2 prefabricated housing sites in the epicenter region was assessed using the Screening Instrument for Traumatic Stress in Earthquake Survivors. The estimated rates of PTSD and major depression were 43 and 31%, respectively. Traumatic stress symptoms related to more intense fear during the earthquake, female gender, having been trapped under rubble, death of a family member, past psychiatric illness, having participated in rescue work, and lower education. Avoidance of trauma reminders was the most common symptom and needs special attention in survivor care because of it mental health, social, and economic implications.