bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digit distribution of proper digital nerve action potential
Authors: King John C. , Dumitru Daniel , Wertsch Jacqueline J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAntidromic sensory nerve action potential testing is well characterized and commonly used to assess the sensory component of the upper limb median and ulnar nerves. The final terminal segments of these nerves are the proper digital nerves. Ring recording electrodes are commonly used to detect the proper digital nerves' antidromic responses. Attempts to record the separate contributions of individual digital nerves along the lateral aspects of each finger, using small surface electrodes, is shown to be unreliable for determining the integrity of a single terminal digital branch. We found between 50% to 77% of the stimulated terminal branch's response amplitude when recorded at electrodes positioned over the nonstimulated branch located 180° from the activated terminal branch. Detecting a single terminal nerve response was achieved by using the fourth digit and the second digit with one of the second digit's branches neurophysiologically blocked by local anesthetic. The volume‐conducted response from the opposite side of the finger resulted in this relatively large recorded response, which remains within the range of reference values precluding the simple use of antidromic techniques to assess injury to a single proper digital nerve. Techniques are proposed to avoid such pitfalls and to assess most accurately the desired response. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1489–1495, 2001
An analytical assessment on the impact of covers on the onset of air convection in mine wastes
Authors: Lu Ning 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIf a mine waste pile is left open, an active chemical reaction of oxidation is often found due to the commonly high content of pyritic materials. The oxidation of pyrites is an exothermic process and the released heat will promote the flow of fresh oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere into the waste dump. As a result, oxidation reaction will accelerate and temperature within the dump can increase to as high as 60°C above the ambient temperature. The oxidation process also releases sulphuric acid and hydrogen ions into ground water to cause water contamination. Low‐permeability covers such as clay liners have been recently proposed to abate the oxidation process in mine wastes. The effectiveness of using low‐permeability materials to cover mine wastes in order to suppress the pyrite oxidation is examined. By conducting the theoretical analysis of the onset of convective air flow within waste rocks, the conditions under which soil gas flow is significant are identified. By comparing the results with previous field measurements and theoretical analysis for the uncovered conditions, it is shown that low‐permeability covers can effectively suppress soil gas flow and slow down the pyrite oxidation process in mine wastes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurological signs are common in patients with urodynamically verified “idiopathic” bladder overactivity
Authors: Ahlberg Jarl , Edlund Christer , Wikkelsö Carsten , Rosengren Lars , Fall Magnus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOveractive bladder dysfunction is an expression of defective neuromuscular control of the lower urinary tract. The causes and the way to classify this problem are currently under debate. In some patients the overactive bladder is one sign of a neurological disorder, in so called “idiopathic detrusor instability” the cause is less obvious. That an overactive bladder has a neurogenic cause is a reasonable hypothesis. We made a detailed neurological investigation in 45 patients with idiopathic overactive bladder. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was examined and blood tests for vitamin B12and folic acid deficiency were checked, too. In 37 of the 45 patients (82%) pathological signs were observed in the neurological tests. The most common finding was central or peripheral paresis of the legs appearing in 24 patients (53%). Of the 45 patients, eight received a neurological diagnosis, definite or possible MS or dorsal column sensation neuropathy. The results of this study give an indication of the importance of the neurological examination and suggest that neuropathy might not be uncommon in patients with so‐called idiopathic detrusor instability. This also invites to reconsideration of the current classification. It is possible that a new classification based on a functional view could provide a better fundament in the search of etiologic and pathogenetic factors and also guide in the selection of the treatment most optimal for the individual patient. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:65–70, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bayesian testing strategies for software with an operational profile
Authors: Özekici S. , Soyer R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider a software reliability model where the failure rate of each fault depends on the specific operation performed. The software is tested in a given sequence of test cases for fixed durations of time to collect data on failure times. We present a Bayesian analysis of software failure data by treating the initial number of faults as a random variable. Our analysis relies on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods and is used for developing optimal testing strategies in an adaptive manner. Two different models involving individual and common faults are analyzed. We illustrate an implementation of our approach by using some simulated failure data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48:747–763, 2001
Proton T1 and T2 relaxation times of human brain metabolites at 3 Tesla
Authors: Mlynárik Vladimír , Gruber Stephan , Moser Ewald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLongitudinal and transverse relaxation times were measured for proton MRS signals from human brain metabolites at 3 T using a short‐echo STEAM protocol and a surface coil as a transmitter/receiver. Volumes of interest containing mostly grey or mostly white matter were selected in occipital lobes of healthy subjects and relaxation times for the following resonances were obtained: N‐acetylaspartate at 2.01 ppm (T1 and T2), glutamate at 2.35 ppm (T1), creatine at 3.03 and 3.92 ppm (T1 and T2), choline‐containing substances at 3.22 ppm (T1 and T2), myo‐inositol at 3.57 and 3.65 ppm (T1) and the overlapping signals of glutamate and glutamine at 3.75 ppm (T1). The T1 relaxation times obtained range from 0.97 to 1.47 s for grey matter and from 0.87 to 1.35 s for white matter. On the other hand, T2 relaxation times range from 116 to 247 ms and from 141 to 295 ms in grey and white matter, respectively. Generally, the T1 values measured at 3 T are close to the previously published data found at 1.5, 2 and 4.1 T. Also, the T2 values confirm the previously observed decrease in transverse relaxation times with increasing static magnetic field. The proton relaxation times obtained will allow improved sequence design and spectra quantitation at 3 T, currently tested for enhanced clinical applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the traveling salesman problem restricted to inputs satisfying a relaxed triangle inequality
Authors: Andreae Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor a finite set X, let c be a mapping which assigns to every two‐element subset {u, v} of X a nonnegative real number c(u, v), the cost of {u, v}. For τ ∈ ℝ, τ ≥ 1, we say that the pair (X, c) satisfies the τ‐inequality (“relaxed triangle inequality”) if c(u, v) ≤ τ(c(u, w) + c(w, v)) for each three‐element subset {u, v, w} of X. For fixed τ ≥ 1, we denote by Δτ TSP the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) restricted to inputs (X, c) satisfying the τ‐inequality. In a paper of the present author and H.‐J. Bandelt [SIAM J Discr Math 8 (1995), 1–16], a heuristic, called the T3‐algorithm, was proposed for the TSP and it was shown that this heuristic is an approximation algorithm for Δτ TSP with performance guarantee $c_{{approx}} {\le} ({{3}\over{2}}\tau^{2} + {{1}\over{2}}{\tau}){c}_{{min}}$. In the present paper, by means of appropriately refining the T3‐algorithm, an improved performance guarantee of factor τ2 + τ (instead of ${{3}\over{2}}\tau^{2} + {{1}\over{2}}\tau$) is established (which is best possible for certain refined versions of the T3‐algorithm). This settles a conjecture of Andreae and Bandelt. Also, related results are derived and examples are given which shed light on the original (unrefined) T3‐algorithm and the improved version presented here. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparison of domain integral evaluation techniques for boundary element methods
Authors: Ingber Marc S. , Mammoli Andrea A. , Brown Mary J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn many cases, boundary integral equations contain a domain integral. This can be evaluated by discretization of the domain into domain elements. Historically, this was seen as going against the spirit of boundary element methods, and several methods were developed to avoid this discretization, notably dual and multiple reciprocity methods and particular solution methods. These involved the representation of the interior function with a set of basis functions, generally of the radial type. In this study, meshless methods (dual reciprocity and particular solution) are compared to the direct domain integration methods. The domain integrals are evaluated using traditional methods and also with multipole acceleration. It is found that the direct integration always results in better accuracy, as well as smaller computation times. In addition, the multipole method further improves on the computation times, in particular where multiple evaluations of the integral are required, as when iterative solvers are used. The additional error produced by the multipole acceleration is negligible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An objective finite element approximation of the kinematics of geometrically exact rods and its use in the formulation of an energy–momentum conserving scheme in dynamics
Authors: Romero I. , Armero F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present in this paper a new finite element formulation of geometrically exact rod models in the three‐dimensional dynamic elastic range. The proposed formulation leads to an objective (or frame‐indifferent under superposed rigid body motions) approximation of the strain measures of the rod involving finite rotations of the director frame, in contrast with some existing formulations. This goal is accomplished through a direct finite element interpolation of the director fields defining the motion of the rod's cross‐section. Furthermore, the proposed framework allows the development of time‐stepping algorithms that preserve the conservation laws of the underlying continuum Hamiltonian system. The conservation laws of linear and angular momenta are inherited by construction, leading to an improved approximation of the rod's dynamics. Several numerical simulations are presented illustrating these properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of nicotine on motor activity, passive avoidance and plus‐maze behavior in aged NMRI and C57BL mice
Authors: Redolat R. , Vicens P. , Carrasco M.C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of nicotine (0.35 and 0.175 mg/kg) on locomotor activity, passive avoidance and plus maze behavior in aged mice of two strains (C57BL and NMRI). In a first experiment, aged mice of these strains were injected with nicotine or saline and immediately afterwards were put on the actimeter. Results showed that nicotine significantly decreased locomotor activity in C57 mice. In a second experiment, nicotine was administered before training and retention sessions of a passive avoidance task. Results indicated that 0.175 mg/kg nicotine significantly increased entry latency in aged NMRI mice but had no effects on C57 mice. In the last experiment, mice were injected with nicotine and 15 min later evaluated in the plus‐maze for 5 min. It was observed that in NMRI mice no measure was significantly affected by nicotine but in C57 mice this drug significantly reduced the number of total entries, number of entries in open arms and in the central area of the maze. It is concluded that in aged mice nicotine effects depend on the baseline behaviors of the strains evaluated.
Nonnested multigrid methods for linear problems
Authors: Bittencourt Marco L. , Douglas Craig C. , Feijóo Raúl A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents an application of nonnested and unstructured multigrid methods to linear elastic problems. A variational formulation for transfer operators and some multigrid strategies, including adaptive algorithms, are presented. Expressions for the performance evaluation of multigrid strategies and its comparison with direct and preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithms are also presented. A C++ implementation of the multigrid algorithms and the quadtree and octree data structures for transfer operators are discussed. Some two‐ and three‐dimensional elasticity examples are analyzed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17:313–331, 2001
Psychometric evaluation of the personal lifestyle questionnaire for adolescents†
Authors: Mahon Noreen E. , Yarcheski Adela , Yarcheski Thomas J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to provide evidence of validity for the Personal Lifestyle Questionnaire (PLQ), a measure of positive health practices, in a sample of 222 adolescents ages 15–21. Using a priori criteria, it was found that a two‐factor solution, resulting from a principal components analysis with an orthogonal rotation, best represented the factor structure of the PLQ for adolescents. Of the two factors, only Factor I demonstrated an acceptable coefficient alpha reliability; this factor was labeled General Health Practices. Evidence of construct validity for the total PLQ was provided by two statistically significant correlations found between the scale and the theoretically relevant variables of perceived health status and symptom patterns. Contrary to expectation, dependency was not related to positive health practices. A post hoc analysis indicated that Factor I correlated significantly with perceived health status and symptom patterns. The results support the use of Factor I, consisting of 13 items, as a measure of general health practices with adolescents. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Res Nurs Health 25:68–75, 2002.
Sociospatial knowledge networks: Appraising community as place
Authors: Skelly Anne H. , Arcury Thomas A. , Gesler Wilbert M. , Cravey Altha J. , Dougherty Molly C. , Washburn Sarah A. , Nash Sally 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article introduces a new theory of geographical analysis, sociospatial knowledge networks, for examining and understanding the spatial aspects of health knowledge (i.e., exactly where health beliefs and knowledge coincide with other support in the community). We present an overview of the theory of sociospatial knowledge networks and an example of how it is being used to guide an ongoing ethnographic study of health beliefs, knowledge, and knowledge networks in a rural community of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans at high risk for, but not diagnosed with, type 2 diabetes mellitus. We believe that the geographical approach to understanding health beliefs and knowledge and how people acquire health information presented here is one that could serve other communities and community health practitioners working to improve chronic disease outcomes in diverse local environments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:159–170, 2002
Testing a model of exercise behavior in older adults
Authors: Resnick Barbara 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test a model of exercise behavior in older adults. It was hypothesized that (a) mental and physical health directly influence self‐efficacy expectations; (b) mental and physical health, age, and self‐efficacy expectations influence outcome expectations; and (c) all these variables directly and/or indirectly influence exercise behavior. The sample was composed of 175 older adults living in a continuing‐care retirement community, each of whom was interviewed once. Seven of the 10 hypothesized paths were significant. Physical health, self‐efficacy expectations, and outcome expectations directly influenced exercise behavior, and age and mental health indirectly influenced exercise through self‐efficacy expectations and outcome expectations. Combined these variables accounted for 30% of the variance in exercise behavior. To improve exercise behavior in older adults, health care providers should focus on developing interventions to strengthen self‐efficacy and outcome expectations related to exercise. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 83–92, 2001
Name that rat: molecular and morphological identification of Pacific rodent remains
Authors: Matisoo‐Smith Elizabeth , Allen John S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGenerally, species identification of rodent remains from archaeological sites in the Pacific is made based on the overall size and robusticity of those bones most commonly recovered—mandibles and femora. Molecular identifications of Pacific rat remains suggest that the current method of morphological identification may not be appropriate for species identification. It appears that there is a high degree of size variation in Rattus exulans throughout the Pacific, and an overlap in size between R. exulans and other rat species present in the region. Our results suggest not only a need to re‐examine our current methods for identification of rodent skeletal remains, but also, perhaps, our views on the distribution of various rodent species throughout the Pacific, and the implications of such for the human prehistory of the region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional pluralism in public administration and politics: applications in Bolivia and beyond
Authors: Blair Harry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn their book Administrative Decentralization: Strategies for Developing Countries, John Cohen and Steven Peterson construct a model they call ‘institutional pluralism’, which they contend is superior to more traditional modes of decentralization. It is characterized chiefly by multiple channels of service provision, thus inducing accountability into a sphere where previously there has been very little. While they restrict their analysis to the administrative realm, this article argues that the institutional pluralist model makes at least as much sense in political decentralization. Bolivia, which recently launched political reforms offering three separate structures linking citizen to state, serves as an excellent illustration of institutional pluralism in politics. This approach shows considerable promise for implementation in other settings, as can be seen in El Salvador, and a case can be made for its replication potential elsewhere as well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk, rule and reason: leadership in Africa
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhy are most African countries poorly led? This article looks at the question from the perspective of political economy, considering leaders to be individuals who respond rationally to incentives created by their environment. Critical is the level of risk, which can encourage leaders to pursue short‐term, economically destructive policies. Using a new database of national leadership transitions in Africa since 1960, the article demonstrates that the risks of office holding are very high in the region. It also finds that African countries where leaders face less risk tend to have more open economic regimes and to have lower levels of perceived political corruption, as predicted by political economy theory. Because it makes the political environment less perilous, democratization in the region holds out some hope for encouraging leaders to govern with an eye to longer‐term results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paying for grades: Impact of merit‐based financial aid on educational quality
Authors: Henry Gary T. , Rubenstein Ross 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn contrast to education reform efforts that target teachers and schools, merit‐based financial aid
for college increases the incentives for high school students and their families to directly affect the quality
of education by investing more time and effort in schoolwork. Large‐scale merit‐based aid
programs, such as Georgia's HOPE Scholarship, seek to improve education by encouraging students to meet
higher standards, in this case by obtaining a 3.0 grade point average in high school and college. Since the HOPE
program began in 1993, the number of high school graduates qualifying for the aid has steadily increased to more
than 38,000 graduates in the class of 1998, or 59.5 percent of the graduating class. At the same time, the
relationship between grades and achievement has remained consistent or, in some cases, improved since HOPE
began. In fact, African–American males and females with a 3.1 high school core course grade point average
have increased their average Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) scores by more than 20 points. This
indicates that merit‐based aid has improved the quality of K–12 education in Georgia and reduced
racial performance disparities by motivating students and their families to commit greater effort to schooling.
© 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Structural characteristics of p‐t‐Octylphenol formaldehyde resole resins using molecular simulation
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen 
Published: August 2002

Abstractp‐t‐Octylphenol formaldehyde resole resins have two linkage types of methylene‐ and dimethylene ether‐linkages and have three terminal types of hydrogen, methylol, and o‐methylene quinone. Variation of structural characteristics of the resins due to different types of linkages and terminals were studied using molecular dynamics and molecular mechanics. The structural characteristics of the methylene‐bridged resins were intramolecular hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups of the adjacent p‐t‐octylphenols. In the dimethylene ether‐bridged resin, the intramolecular hydrogen bonds between oxygen atoms of the dimethylene ether‐linkages and hydroxyl groups of the neighboring phenolic units were found. For the resins with both methylol terminals, one of both terminals of the resins was hidden at the center of the molecule when the resin size is large. The number of hydrogen bonds in the resins with the methylol terminal was larger than for the resins with the o‐methylene quinone terminal. Variation of the structural characteristics of the resins by dehydration of the terminal methylol was discussed. Using the calculated results, dissociation of the dimethylene ether linkage and crosslinking reaction of rubber chains by the resin were explained. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.