bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling
Authors: Jacobsen P L 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To examine the relationship between the numbers of people walking or bicycling and the frequency of collisions between motorists and walkers or bicyclists. The common wisdom holds that the number of collisions varies directly with the amount of walking and bicycling. However, three published analyses of collision rates at specific intersections found a non-linear relationship, such that collisions rates declined with increases in the numbers of people walking or bicycling.Data:This paper uses five additional data sets (three population level and two time series) to compare the amount of walking or bicycling and the injuries incurring in collisions with motor vehicles.Results:The likelihood that a given person walking or bicycling will be struck by a motorist varies inversely with the amount of walking or bicycling. This pattern is consistent across communities of varying size, from specific intersections to cities and countries, and across time periods.Discussion:This result is unexpected. Since it is unlikely that the people walking and bicycling become more cautious if their numbers are larger, it indicates that the behavior of motorists controls the likelihood of collisions with people walking and bicycling. It appears that motorists adjust their behavior in the presence of people walking and bicycling. There is an urgent need for further exploration of the human factors controlling motorist behavior in the presence of people walking and bicycling.Conclusion:A motorist is less likely to collide with a person walking and bicycling if more people walk or bicycle. Policies that increase the numbers of people walking and bicycling appear to be an effective route to improving the safety of people walking and bicycling.
Trends in hospitalization after injury: older women are displacing young men
Authors: Shinoda-Tagawa T , Clark D E 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To evaluate trends in hospitalization after injuries in the USA.Design:National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1979 to 2000 were evaluated annually by age group, sex, injury severity score (ISS), length of stay, and discharge destination.Setting and subjects:National probability sample of hospitalized patients.Interventions:None.Main outcome measures:Incidence, duration, outcome, and population based rates of hospital admission after injuries.Results:The number of young males admitted to hospitals after injuries has decreased dramatically; older females are now the group most frequently admitted. Total days in the hospital have decreased in all age groups, but have declined less in the older population than in the younger population; furthermore, most patients aged 65 and over were formerly discharged home, but now most are discharged to long term care facilities. Overall hospitalization rates after injury have decreased in all age groups, but have declined less in the older population; furthermore, male and female hospitalization rates for serious injury (ISS at least 9, excluding isolated hip fracture) are decreasing in younger age groups while increasing in older age groups.Conclusions:Older patients comprise a growing proportion of injuries requiring hospitalization. Trauma systems must address this change, and preventing injuries in older people is increasingly important.
Injuries among disabled children: a study from Greece
Authors: Petridou E , Kedikoglou S , Andrie E , Farmakakis T , Tsiga A , Angelopoulos M , Dessypris N , Trichopoulos D 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To compare the differential implications of sociodemographic and situational factors on the risk of injury among disabled and non-disabled children.Design:Data from the Emergency Department Injury Surveillance System (EDISS) were used to compare, in a quasi case-control approach, injured children with or without disability with respect to sociodemographic, event and injury variables, and to estimate adjusted odds ratios for the injury in a disabled rather than a non-disabled child.Setting:Two teaching hospitals in Athens and two district hospitals in the countryside that participate in the EDISS.Patients:In the five year period 1996–2000, 110 066 children were recorded with injuries; 251 among them were identified as having a motor/psychomotor or sensory disability before the injury event.Interventions:None.Main outcome measures:Mechanism of injury, type of injury, risk-predisposing socioeconomic and environmental variables, odds ratio for injury occurrence.Results:Falls and brain concussion are proportionally more common among disabled children, whereas upper limb and overexertion injuries are less common among them. Urban environment, migrant status, and cold months are also associated with increased odds for injuries to occur among disabled rather than non-disabled children. The odds ratio for the occurrence of an injury among disabled children increases with increasing age.Conclusions:The results of the study provide the information for the targeting of trials of preventive measure in disabled children at increased risk of severe injuries.
Community based program to improve firearm storage practices in rural Alaska
Authors: Horn A , Grossman D C , Jones W , Berger L R 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To develop and evaluate a pilot program to reduce unauthorized access to firearms by youth by distributing gun safes and trigger locks to households.Design:Pilot intervention with pre/post-evaluation design.Setting:Two Alaska Native villages in the Bristol Bay Health Corporation region of southwest Alaska.Subjects:Forty randomly selected households with two or more guns in the home.Intervention:Initially, a focus group of community members who owned guns was convened to receive input regarding the acceptability of the distribution procedure for the gun storage devices. One gun safe and one trigger lock were distributed to each of the selected households during December 2000. Village public safety officers assisted with the distribution of the safes and provided gun storage education to participants.Main outcome measures:Baseline data were collected regarding household gun storage conditions at the time of device distribution. Three months after distribution, unannounced onsite home visits were conducted to identify if residents were using the gun safes and/or trigger locks.Results:All selected households had at least two guns and 28 (70%) of the 40 households owned more than two guns. At baseline, 85% of homes were found to have unlocked guns in the home and were most often found in the breezeway, bedroom, storage room, or throughout the residence. During the follow up visits, 32 (86%) of the 37 gun safes were found locked with guns inside. In contrast, only 11 (30%) of the 37 trigger locks were found to be in use.Conclusions:This community based program demonstrated that Alaska Native gun owners accepted and used gun safes when they were installed in their homes, leading to substantial improvements in gun storage practices. Trigger locks were much less likely to be used.
Farm work practices and farm injuries in Colorado
Authors: Stallones L , Beseler C 
Published: September 2003

Study objectives:To describe the farm work patterns and the relationship between hours spent working on specific farm tasks and task specific work related injuries among women and men.Design:A cross sectional survey of farm operators and their spouses in an eight county area of Colorado was conducted. Personal interviews were conducted between 1993 and 1997. Interviews took between 45 minutes to two hours to complete, depending on the complexity of individuals’ personal histories. Farms were selected using stratified random sampling technique.Setting:Eight counties in Northeastern Colorado representing 47% of agricultural production in the state.Participants:A total of 301 women and 459 men who were farm residents and involved in farm work were recruited.Outcome measure:Self reported injuries resulting in medical attention or treatment other than first aid, or inability to do normal work activities, or loss of consciousness, or transfer to another job were assessed in relationship to the specific job task being performed at the time of the injury.Results:Women were at higher risk for injury than men when involved with other farm chores (rate ratio 8.18). For all other task related injuries, men and women were at similar risk when compared using hours of exposure to the farm tasks.Conclusion:Farm safety training and injury prevention programs need to include women working on farms.
Nighttime driving, passenger transport, and injury crash rates of young drivers
Authors: Rice T M , Peek-Asa C , Kraus J F 
Published: September 2003

Objective:This study examines the association of nighttime driving and the carrying of passengers with the rate of motor vehicle crashes that resulted in severe or fatal injury to young drivers in California before the implementation of a graduated licensing system.Method:Passenger vehicle drivers aged 16 or 17 involved in injury crashes in California from 1 January 1993 to 30 June 1998 were identified through a police crash database. An induced exposure method was used to estimate driving exposure. Odds ratios for driver injury crashes were estimated with logistic regression.Results:Driving at night, driving without adult supervision, driving with passengers, using alcohol, being 16, and being male were associated with high rates of driver injury crash.Conclusions:The injury crash rate for drivers aged 16 or 17 increases during nighttime hours and in the absence of adult supervision, with or without other passengers. Driving between 10 pm and midnight is particularly dangerous for young drivers. Nighttime driving restrictions that begin at 10 pm or earlier and restrictions on carrying passengers at any hour may increase the effectiveness of graduated licensing systems.
Motor vehicle crash fatalities by race/ethnicity in Arizona, 1990–96
Authors: Campos-Outcalt D , Bay C , Dellapena A , Cota M K 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To compare rates of motor vehicle crash (MVC) fatalities among different race/ethnic groups in urban and rural Arizona.Method:Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death file, MVC fatalities in Arizona from 1990–96 inclusive were classified by gender, race/ethnicity, and urban or rural residence. Age adjusted rates of total, occupant, pedestrian, and alcohol related fatalities were calculated. The total MVC fatality rate for each race/ethnic group was then adjusted for proportion of rural residence.Results:Compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHWs), American Indians had raised relative risks for MVC fatality in all gender and residence subgroups. Hispanic females and rural Hispanic males had lower relative risks, as did rural African-American men.Raised relative risks for American Indian men and women included all subgroups: total, occupant, pedestrian, and alcohol related. Hispanic and African-American men both had raised relative risks of pedestrian related fatalities, and Hispanic men had a slightly higher relative risk while Hispanic women had a lower relative risks, for alcohol related fatality. Hispanic men and women and African-American men had lower occupant fatality rates. Close to half (45%) of the excess MVC fatality among American Indians can be attributed to residence in rural areas, where MVC fatality rates are higher. There were 1.85 occupants in crashes involving NHW deaths compared with 2.51 for Hispanics and 2.71 for American Indians (p<0.001). The proportion of occupants not using a seatbelt was higher in Hispanics and American Indians in both urban and rural areas.Conclusion:The major disparity in MVC fatality in Arizona is among American Indians. The higher MVC fatality rates among American Indians occur in all age groups, in both urban and rural areas, and among occupants and pedestrians. Rural residence, lower rates of seatbelt use, higher rates of alcohol related crashes, a greater number of occupants, and higher rates of pedestrian deaths all contribute to the American Indian MVC fatality disparity.High rates of pedestrian fatality occur in men in all three race/ethnic minorities in Arizona and among American Indian women. In contrast to other studies, African-Americans and Hispanics did not have raised total MVC fatality rates and compared to NHWs actually had lower rates in the rural areas of the state.
Effect of Italy’s motorcycle helmet law on traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Servadei F , Begliomini C , Gardini E , Giustini M , Taggi F , Kraus J 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:To evaluate the impact of a revised Italian motorcycle-moped-scooter helmet law on crash brain injuries.Design:A pre-post law evaluation of helmet use and traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurrence from 1999 to 2001.Setting:Romagna region, northeastern Italy, with a 2000 resident population of 983 534 persons.Participants:Motorcycle-moped rider survey for helmet use compliance and all residents in the region admitted to the Division of Neurosurgery of the Maurizio Bufalini Hospital in Cesena, Italy for TBI.Outcome measures:Helmet use compliance and change in TBI admissions and type(s) of brain lesions.Results:Helmet use increased from an average of less than 20% to over 96%. A comparison of TBI incidence in the Romagna region shows that there was no significant variation before and after introduction of the revised helmet law, except for TBI admissions for motorcycle-moped crashes where a 66% decrease was observed. In the same area TBI admissions by age group showed that motorcycle mopeds riders aged 14–60 years sustained significantly fewer TBIs. The rate of TBI admissions to neurosurgery decreased by over 31% and epidural hematomas almost completely disappeared in crash injured moped riders.Conclusions:The revised Italian mandatory helmet law, with police enforcement, is an effective measure for TBI prevention at all ages.
Home delivery of an injury prevention kit for children in four French cities: a controlled randomized trial
Authors: Sznajder M , Leduc S , Janvrin M P , Bonnin M H , Aegerter P , Baudier F , Chevallier B 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:Home delivery of counselling and safety devices to prevent child injuries could help parents to adopt safe behaviour. The aim of this study was to test a safety kit designed and used in Quebec (Canada).Design and subjects:One hundred families from four towns in the Paris suburbs were visited at home by nurses or doctors when their child reached 6–9 months. Selection criteria were: primipara, medical problem, psychological, and/or socioeconomic difficulties.Interventions:During the first visit, 50 families (group 1) received counselling and a kit including preventive devices and pamphlets about indoor injuries and ways to avoid them. The other 50 families (group 2) received counselling but not the kit. A second home visit was made 6–8 weeks later.Main outcome measures:The number of safety improvements was calculated 6–8 weeks after a first home visit. Perceived usefulness of the kit was collected from families and from interviewers.Results:Between the first and the second visits, safety improvement was significantly higher in the group with the kit. This was mainly related to the risk of fall (p<0.02), fire and burns (p<0.001), poisoning (p<0.01), and suffocation (p<0.001). For improvement related to devices provided in the kit, the difference between the groups was significant: 64.4% improvement in group 1 versus 41.2% in group 2 (p<0.01). The relative risk (RR) of safety improvement between groups was 1.56 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35 to 1.80). Even for improvements not related to the kit the difference remained significant: 31.2% in group 1 versus 20.2% in group 2 (p<0.05); RR = 1.54 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.93).Conclusion:Routine home visits by social services offer a good opportunity to tackle child injury prevention. Free delivery of prevention kits and counselling allow families to modify their behaviour and homes so as to reduce risks.
Lessons for increasing awareness and use of booster seats in a Latino community
Authors: Lee J W , Fitzgerald K , Ebel B E 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:Latino children are more likely to be unrestrained passengers in motor vehicles than non-Latino children, but little is known about the use of booster seats in Latino families. This study investigates Latino parents’ knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about booster seats, barriers to booster seat use, and effective strategies for message delivery in the Latino community.Methods:Two focus groups were conducted with Spanish speaking parents. Information was obtained through a written survey and moderated discussions.Results:Parents were widely misinformed about recommended guidelines for booster seat use, and the majority of participants did not own a booster seat. Parents identified a lack of information, the cost of booster seats, resistance to use by the child or the father, limited space in the vehicle, and unavailability of shoulder belts as barriers to booster seat use. Participants felt that learning more about the new Washington state booster seat law and its consequences would increase booster seat use. Public health messages felt to be effective were those in Spanish, delivered by credible spokespeople such as physicians and teachers, and utilizing the Spanish media.Conclusions:Campaigns to promote booster seats in the Latino community should be culturally specific, and clear guidelines for booster seat use should be given in Spanish. Legislation may be an important incentive for using booster seats, though reducing their cost and providing strategies to address child resistance and physical constraints of some vehicles are also important.
Immediate care of school sport injury
Authors: Abernethy L , MacAuley D , McNally O , McCann S 
Published: September 2003

School sport is a major cause of injury in the post-primary age group. The importance of primary prevention in sport has been identified; however secondary prevention of school related sport injury has not been described in Ireland.A random sample of 450 schools in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland was studied using a postal questionnaire. Current management of sport injury, with particular interest in the expertise and training of teachers and coaches, was explored.Replies were received from 333 (74%) schools. There was no physical education teacher with up to date first aid training in 37% schools. Immediate care in terms of mechanisms and equipment to deal with injury was available in 35%–81% of schools responding. Correct response ranged from 65%–90% to four scenarios: commonly presenting yet potentially serious management problems. This study demonstrated deficiencies in sport injury care. In addition to concern about current training, a need for basic life support training is highlighted. These findings have implications for the prevention of school sports injuries.
Design and implementation of injury prevention curricula for elementary schools: lessons learned
Authors: Azeredo R , Stephens-Stidham S 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:Project objectives were to: (1) design and produce an easy-to-use, replicable comprehensive injury prevention curriculum for elementary schools; (2) pilot the program to determine instructors’ ease in teaching the material and its usefulness in enhancing student knowledge and behavior change; (3) present material in subject-integrated, grade-specific lessons that would meet state and national student learning objectives; and (4) submit and obtain adoption of the curriculum by the State Department of Education.Methods:A pilot program was developed, implemented, and evaluated in six intervention and six control schools. The curriculum was revised and implemented in five other schools and finalized according to evaluation results and teachers’ and parents’ suggestions. Community resources such as police, fire, and county health departments participated in program implementation.Results:The program showed a significant increase from 21% to 36% in seatbelt use during the school year in program schools compared with a 1% decrease in control schools. Bicycle helmet use increased from 0% to 10% in the program schools. Pre-test and post-test results showed significant differences in student knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors within the program schools, and in comparing the program and control schools. On a Likert scale of 1 (poor) to 7 (excellent), teachers rated lesson content, exercises, and the usefulness of materials and resources as 5.8, 5.5, and 5.4, respectively. Evaluations for the revised curricula ranged from 5.7 to 6.2.Conclusions:The favorable evaluation results resulted in the adoption of the curriculum as a state textbook, and widespread teaching of the curriculum. The product is appropriate and efficacious in these elementary schools and their communities.
Intracoronary β2 receptor activation induces dynamic local t-PA release in the pig
Authors: Jern Christina , Seeman-Lodding Helene , Johansson Göran , Häggmark Sören , Broomé Michael , Biber Björn , Österlund Barbro 
Published: September 2003

SummaryTo investigate β2-adrenergic agonist-mediated effects on coronary fluxes of local fibrinolytic factors, healthy anaesthetised and instrumented pigs (n=10) were studied during infusion of isoprenaline (IPR) into the left main coronary artery. Coronary net fluxes of total t-PA antigen, active t-PA and total PAI-1 antigen were determined at baseline and at 3, 5, 7 and 10 minutes of IPR infusion. During IPR, net release of total t-PA increased in a biphasic pattern with transiently high levels at 3 (+440 %) and 7 minutes (+620%) and returned towards baseline at 10 minutes. Net coronary release of active t-PA increased with maximum levels at 3 minutes (+50%). Baseline coronary net flux of total PAI –1 showed a decrease which was most pronounced at 10 minutes. To conclude, a fast β2agonist-mediated local release of t-PA into the coronary vasculature was demonstrated. For total t-PA, this response was characterised by a biphasic release profile.