bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consolidation Test at Constant Rate of Strain for Radial Drainage
Authors: Yune C-Y , Chung C-K 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A consolidometer for radial drainage under constant rate of strain (CRS) loading was developed. Theoretical solutions for determining the consolidation parameters, such as the coefficient of consolidation, compression index, recompression index, and preconsolidation pressure, from the test results were also proposed. Comparative experiments with CRS loading and incremental loading (IL) were carried out in radial drainage and also in vertical drainage. The results obtained from the developed CRS loading test agreed well with those of the conventional incremental loading test for radial drainage. They also showed that the CRS test enables the whole consolidation test to be completed in 2–6 h for commonly encountered fine grained soils.
A Non-Resonance Method for Measuring Dynamic Soil Properties
Authors: Rix GJ , Meng J 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A non-resonance (NR) test method is introduced to determine dynamic soil properties at low strain amplitudes over a broad frequency range using a conventional resonant column/torsional shear (RC/TS) apparatus. The theoretical background of the NR method is presented and it is shown that the shear modulus and material damping ratio can be obtained from frequency response measurements between the applied torque and resulting rotational displacement of the specimen. By properly accounting for inertia effects, the NR method allows measurements at frequencies (e.g., 2–30 Hz) that fill the gap between conventional RC and TS tests. Experimental results are presented for aluminum alloy, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and soil specimens over the frequency range of 0.01–30 Hz. Values for aluminum alloy and PMMA, used as calibration materials, obtained with the NR method agree well with reference values from the literature and help validate the approach. Tests on two soil specimens indicate that the NR method permits continuous measurements of shear modulus and material damping ratio of soils over a broad frequency range, which has the potential to yield improved understanding of viscoelastic soil behavior and provide dynamic soil properties over a range of frequencies appropriate for a variety of natural and man-made vibration sources.
The Shrink Swell Test
Authors: Fityus SG , Cameron DA , Walsh PF 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough the assessment of the expansive potential of clay soils has been the subject of active research for the past 40 years, its treatment in routine geotechnical practice around the world remains inconsistent. This paper describes the shrink swell test, which is used routinely in Australian geotechnical practice as the principal method for the experimental assessment of the expansive potential of clay soils. The test procedure and its underlying assumptions are described and discussed in the context of the historical development of the test and its routine application. It is shown that the shrink swell test is a simple and economical means of assessing soil expansiveness, which is achieved largely through the adoption of several simplifying assumptions that effectively circumvent the measurement of soil suction. The significance of these assumptions is discussed, and it is concluded that the shrink swell test can be conveniently and reliably employed to guide the routine design of foundations in expansive soils.
Filtration Performance of Two-Layer Geotextile Systems
Authors: Emin Kutay M , Aydilek AH 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Nonwoven geotextiles are commonly used in filtration applications. For some applications, however, a nonwoven geotextile filter may not have the required mechanical properties to withstand deformations, and an additional woven geotextile is usually employed in design. While reinforcement is an important function expected from these two-layer geotextile systems, filtration is another function that is critical for the long-term performance. Recent observations in geotextile filter design suggested that the filtration characteristics of these systems can be highly different than those of single-layer systems. A laboratory test program was undertaken to evaluate the filtration performance of four different woven/nonwoven geotextile combinations with fly ash and bottom-sea dredged sediments. For comparison, these geomaterials were also tested with two single-woven geotextiles. The results indicated that both fly ash and dredged sediments could be successfully filtered by a variety of woven geotextiles and nonwoven/woven combinations. Results also showed that use of a two-layer geotextile system, rather than a single-woven geotextile, significantly increased the filtration capacity. Higher amounts of fines accumulated at the sediment-geotextile interface than the fly ash-geotextile interfaces, indicating that geotextiles are more prone to clogging during filtering dredged sediments.
Contrast Enhancing Filters in Ski Sports
Authors: Lingelbach B , Jendrusch G 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The need to visually recognize irregularities in the terrain, such as hummocks or hollows, is necessary for the skier to react appropriately. The state of the art is to use blue attenuator filters or grey filters as sunglasses. But without knowledge of the spectra, e.g., the surface of the slope, it is impossible to choose or develop an optimal filter. We measured the spectra of snow under various conditions. These data served as a base to develop a new kind of filter suitable for skiing. Some physiological evidence is given why this new kind of filter is optimal for skiing. The filters are already used by the German Ski Federation World Cup team (women) in both training and competition.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of ASTM A 890 Gr6A Super Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Martins M , Casteletti LC 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Duplex stainless steels were initially developed for the manufacture of thermomechanically formed products. However, the increasing demand for casting components of these materials has led to the application of a widely developed technology for this forming process. After undergoing a solution annealing heat treatment, these materials become thermodynamically metastable systems, since the concentration of solute atoms in solid solution is so high that they become saturated, causing them to seek a lower free energy state when exposed to different temperatures. These systems reach a more stable thermodynamic condition by the precipitation of various intermetallic phases, depending on the temperatures to which they are exposed. Thermal energy serves as a catalyst to “overcome” the energy barrier that separates the metastable and stable phases. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of several heat treatment temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an ASTM A 890/A 890M Gr6A super duplex stainless steel. The increase in hardness and the decrease in impact toughness of these materials in impact tests were found to be directly correlated with the increase in sigma phase concentration in their microstructure, which tended to precipitate into ferrite/austenite interfaces. When the sigma phase was completely dissolved by the heat treatment, the material's hardness was determined by the volumetric concentration of ferrite and austenite in the microstructure, and the energy absorbed in the impact test reached approximately 220 J at room temperature.
A Study to Investigate the Influence of Soil Properties on Suction
Authors: Sreedeep S , Singh DN 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Various models that incorporate the influence of soil suction on different engineering properties of unsaturated soils have been developed. However, a systematic study of various physical parameters of the soil mass such as type of soil, particle size distribution, and the state of compaction (i.e., water content, dry unit weight, and saturation) is required to understand the influence of these parameters on soil suction, directly or indirectly. This would be of great help in understanding the unsaturated properties of the soil mass. With this in view, an effort has been made in this technical note to measure the suction of locally available silty soil and commercially available white clay, compacted at different water contents and dry unit weights, using an insertion tensiometer. Efforts have been made to determine the influence of various parameters, as stated earlier, on the soil suction. Details of the test setup used for these studies are also presented.
Second update on compounds with kröhnkite-type chains
Authors: Kolitsch Uwe , Fleck Michel 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The crystal structures of five new synthetic double salt dihydrates have been determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The following three selenate(VI), sulphate(VI) and chromate(VI) compounds all contain kröhnkite-[Na2Cu(SO4)2 · 2 H2O]-type infinite tetrahedral-octahedral chains: K2Zn(SeO4)2 · 2 H2O (a = 5.571(1), b = 6.586(1), c = 7.458(2) Å, α = 111.14(3), β = 96.35(3), γ = 106.15(3)°, V = 238.26(8) Å3, R(F) = 0.037, space group P-1, no. 2, Z = 1), K2Co(SO4)2 · 2 H2O (a = 5.327(1), b = 6.566(1), c = 7.256(2) Å, α = 110.74(3), β = 95.00(3), γ = 107.02(3)°, V = 221.72(8) Å3, R(F) = 0.037, space group P-1, no. 2, Z = 1), Rb2Cd(CrO4)2 · 2 H2O (a = 6.852(1), b = 7.706(2), c = 11.362(2) Å, α = 73.07(3), β = 75.11(3), γ = 69.63(3)°, V = 529.88(18) Å3, R(F) = 0.026, space group P-1, no. 2, Z = 2). The crystal structures of the two remaining compounds, the isotypic dichromates K2Co(Cr2O7)2 · 2 H2O and Cs2Cd(Cr2O7)2 · 2 H2O (a = 6.801(1)/7.368(1), b = 7.723(1)/8.051(2), c = 7.814(1) /8.047(2) Å, α = 89.23(3)/88.68(3), β = 81.05(3)/81.12(3), γ = 64.39(3)/63.81(3)°, V = 364.93(14)/422.66(16) Å3, R(F) = 0.022/0.025, space group P-1, no. 2, Z = 1) are closely related to those of kröhnkite-type compounds; the structure contains Cr2O7 groups assuming the same bridging role that XO4 groups have in kröhnkite-type oxysalts. Both dichromates are isotypic with their K—Zn- and K—Cd-analogues although the hydrogen bonding scheme in Cs2Cd(Cr2O7)2 · 2 H2O is completely different. The atomic arrangements of the five new compounds are described and unusual features are pointed out. Structural relations with other kröhnkite-type and -like minerals and compounds are discussed with respect to our previously proposed classification (Fleck et al., 2002; Fleck and Kolitsch, 2003). The compound Rb2Cd(CrO4)2 · 2 H2O represents both the first kröhnkite-type rubidium compound and the first chromate with structure type D. Cs2Cd(Cr2O7)2 · 2 H2O is the first caesium compound known to contain kröhnkite-like chains.
On the solid state conformation of azithromycin monohydrate and dihydrate pseudopolymorphs
Authors: Montejo-Bernardo José Manuel , Garcia-Granda Santiago , Bayod-Jasanada Miguel Santos , Llavona-Díaz Lujan , Llorente Isidro 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
This paper describes the crystal structure of the azithromycin monohydrate pseudopolymorph (pseudopolymorphic forms, different solvates of the same chemical compound, azithromycin in our case) crystallised from isopropanol, solved by X-ray single crystal, and called isopropanol clathrate monohydrate (Apotex, US 6,245,903). The powder diffraction patterns for this compound show a structure very similar to the azithromycin monohydrate crystallised from ethanol, called stable monohydrate (Biochemie, WO 0100640), and the X-ray single crystal confirms the fact that this new pseudopolymorph is isostructural to the previously reported, the referred stable monohydrate.
Comparing the monohydrate and the dihydrate crystalline forms, we try to explain the role played by the solvent in the final results, and find a relation between the conformation in solution and in the crystal state conformation for the antibiotic.
The crystal obtained using t-butanol as solvent, differs from the expected and certainly more factors have to be considered in addition to the solvent polarity (dipole moment
μ) to determine the final crystal form of azithromycin, contrary to that indicated in the literature. The concept of polarity itself is analyzed.
The Interaction of Highly Helical Structural Mutants with the NOP Receptor Discloses the Role of the Address Domain of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ
Authors: Tancredi Teodorico , Carrà Giacomo , Guerrini Remo , Arduin Marika , Calò Girolamo , Regoli Domenico , Salvadori Severo , Temussi Piero Andrea 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNociceptin is a heptadecapeptide whose sequence is similar to that of Dynorphin A, sharing a message domain characterized by two glycines and two aromatic residues, and a highly basic C‐terminal address domain but, in spite of these similarities, displays no opioid activity. Establishing the relative importance of the message and address domains of nociceptin has so far been hampered by its extreme conformational flexibility. Here we show that mutants of this peptide, designed to increase the helical content in the address domain, can be employed to explain the mode of interaction with the NOP receptor. Nociceptin analogues in which Ala residues are substituted with aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) show a substantial increment of activity in their interaction with the NOP receptor. The increment of biological activity was attributed to the well‐documented ability of Aib to induce helicity. Here we have verified this working hypothesis by a conformational investigation extended to new analogues in which the role of Aib is taken up by Leu. The NMR conformational analysis confirms that all Ala/Aib peptides as well as [Leu7,11]‐N/OFQ‐amide and [Leu11,15]‐N/OFQ‐amide mutants (N/OFQ=nociceptin/orphanin FQ) have comparable helix content in helix‐promoting media. We show that the helical address domain of nociceptin can place key basic residues at an optimal distance from complementary acidic groups of the EL2 loop of the receptor. Our structural data are used to rationalize pharmacological data which show that although [Leu11,15]‐N/OFQ‐amide has an activity comparable to those of Ala/Aib peptides, [Leu7,11]‐N/OFQ‐amide is less active than N/OFQ‐amide. We hypothesize that bulky residues cannot be hosted in or near the hinge region (Thr5‐Gly6‐Ala7) without severe steric clash with the receptor. This hypothesis is also consistent with previous data on this hinge region obtained by systematic substitution of Thr, Gly, and Ala with Pro.
A Comparative Electrochemical Study of Diffusion in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Solvents versus Acetonitrile
Authors: Evans Russell G. , Klymenko Oleksiy V. , Price Paul D. , Davies Stephen G. , Hardacre Christopher , Compton Richard G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMeasurements on the diffusion coefficient of the neutral molecule N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl‐para‐phenylenediamine and the radical cation and dication generated by its one‐ and two‐electron oxidation, respectively, are reported over the range 298–348 K in both acetonitrile and four room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs). Data were collected using single and double potential step chronoamperometry at a gold disk electrode of micrometer dimension, and analysed via fitting to the appropriate analytical expression or, where necessary, to simulation. The variation of diffusion coefficient with temperature was found to occur in an Arrhenius‐type manner for all combinations of solute and solvent. For a given ionic liquid, the diffusional activation energies of each species were not only closely equivalent to each other, but also to the RTIL's activation energy of viscous flow. In acetonitrile supported with 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, the ratio in diffusion coefficients of the radical cation and dication to the neutral molecule were calculated as 0.89±0.05 and 0.51±0.03, respectively. In contrast, amongst the ionic liquids the same ratios were determined to be on average 0.53±0.04 and 0.33±0.03. The consequences of this dissimilarity are considered in terms of the modelling of voltammetric data gathered within ionic liquid solvents.
Visual, auditory and cross‐modal processing of linguistic and nonlinguistic temporal patterns among adult dyslexic readers
Authors: Meyler Ann , Breznitz Zvia 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study examined visual, auditory, and cross‐modal temporal pattern processing at the nonlinguistic and sublexical linguistic levels, and the relationships between these abilities and decoding skill. The central question addressed whether dyslexic readers are impaired in their perception of timing, as assessed by sensitivity to rhythm. Participants were college‐level adult dyslexic and normal readers. The dyslexic adults evidenced generalized impairment in temporal processing: they were less accurate and slower than normal readers when required to detect the temporal gap that differentiated pairs of patterns. Impairment was greatest when processing visual syllables. Temporal pattern processing correlated to decoding ability only among normal readers. It is suggested that high‐functioning dyslexics may cope with temporal processing problems by adopting a predominantly holistic, orthographic strategy when decoding. It is proposed that there may be cumulative effects of processing demands from different sources including modality, stimulus complexity, and linguistic demands, and that combinations of these may interact to impact temporal processing ability. Moreover, there may be fundamentally distinct and dissociable temporal processing abilities, each of which may be differently linked developmental dyslexia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling catchment‐scale erosion patterns in the East African Highlands
Authors: Vigiak Olga , Okoba Barrack O. , Sterk Geert , Groenenberg Sander 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrompt location of areas exposed to high erosion is of the utmost importance for soil and water conservation planning. Erosion models can be useful tools to locate sources of sediment and areas of deposition within a catchment, but the reliability of model predictions of spatial patterns of erosion at catchment scale has seldom been validated against observations. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a simple empirical model (Morgan, Morgan and Finney model, MMF) in predicting spatial patterns of erosion at two small catchments in the East African Highlands: Kwalei (Tanzania) and Gikuuri (Kenya). Erosion maps predicted by the MMF model were compared with erosion maps obtained by direct survey. In Kwalei, erosion features were especially frequent in fields of annual crops. In Gikuuri, slope was the critical erosion factor, with estimated erosion rates >10 kg m−2 a−1 on slopes >18 per cent. Predicted erosion rates were mainly transport‐limited and ranged from <0·01 to 13·50 kg m−2 a−1 in Kwalei and 9·29 kg m−2 a−1 in Gikuuri. The performance of the MMF model in predicting the spatial patterns of erosion was acceptable in Kwalei, but poor in Gikuuri. However, by excluding the elements at the valley bottoms in Gikuuri Catchment, the performance of the model improved dramatically. The spatial pattern of erosion predicted by the MMF model was driven by the accumulation of surface runoff, which did not consider the possibility of re‐infiltration along the slope. As a result, the MMF erosion patterns predicted by the model increased invariably from the ridges to the valley bottoms, hampering the model suitability for locating areas subjected to high and very high erosion. It is concluded that the model predictions could be substantially improved by introducing a more realistic hydrological component for the prediction of surface runoff along the hill‐slope. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of both process descriptions and runoff patterns on predictions from a spatially distributed soil erosion model
Authors: Takken Ingrid , Govers Gerard , Jetten Victor , Nachtergaele Jeroen , Steegen An , Poesen Jean 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSpatially distributed, process‐based erosion models have been built to predict both erosion and deposition rates and patterns. However, predictions by these models often do not meet our expectations. There are several possible reasons for this, which can be subdivided into three groups: (i) process descriptions within the models may be incomplete or incorrect, leading to structural errors (model error); (ii) parameterization is difficult leading to a high degree of uncertainty regarding model inputs (input error); and (iii) the spatial implementation of the model (the spatial discretization and the routing methods used) may be inadequate. Hitherto, most studies of erosion model performance have focused on input parameter uncertainty: the effects of process description and spatial implementation of the model have often been neglected. In this study an attempt is made to compare some aspects of the effects of process description, parameter uncertainty and model implementation on model performance. A series of model runs was carried out to evaluate to what extent the predictions of the spatially distributed erosion model LISEM are affected by the description of the hydraulic resistance, the parameter values used to characterize hydraulic resistance as well as the routing algorithm used to generate the runoff pattern.The process description used for overland flow resistance and velocity has a clear effect on the erosion and deposition rates predicted by the model. However, relatively minor variations in a single parameter value (hydraulic roughness) appear to affect model output more strongly than variations in the process description itself. The use of different routing algorithms leads to notably different erosion and deposition patterns, but total erosion and deposition rates are much less affected. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sand detachment by wind‐driven raindrops
Authors: Erpul G. , Gabriels D. , Norton L. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWind movement and velocity can have a profound effect on some aspects of the soil erosion process. In the case of wind‐driven rain, differences in raindrop trajectory are expected: wind‐driven raindrops achieve some degree of horizontal velocity, which increases their resultant impact velocity and they strike the soil surface at an angle deviated from the vertical under the effects of both gravitational and drag forces. However, not much is known about the physical impact of raindrops on a soil in situations where this impact is at an angle, and it is also not precise known if oblique raindrops have stronger erosive effects than vertical ones. A series of tests was conducted to assess the effect of wind velocities on sand detachment from splash cups in a wind tunnel facility equipped with a rainfall simulator. Splash cups packed with standard sand were exposed to windless rains and to rains driven by horizontal wind velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m s−1 to evaluate the sand detachment by wind‐driven raindrops. The average angle of rain inclination from vertical was calculated from the direct intensity measurements implemented with windward and leeward‐facing raingauges placed at different slopes. A kinetic energy sensor measured energy of windless and wind‐driven rains. Results showed that the kinetic energy flux calculated by the resultant impact velocity of drops adequately described the sand detachment from the splash cups by wind‐driven raindrops. However, an additional analysis of Pearson correlation coefficients using the velocity components rather than the resultant velocity of wind‐driven raindrops indicated that the energy flux related to the horizontal component of wind‐driven raindrops had a greater correlation with sand detachment than that related to the normal component. This finding contradicted the general assumption that the component of velocity normal to the surface is related to the detachment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.