bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of extraction conditions for the maximum recovery of L‐theanine from tea leaves: Comparison of black, green, and white tea
Authors: Allameh Mina , Orsat Valérie 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe caffeine content of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) can counteract the anti‐anxiety effects of L‐theanine. This study aims to find out the extraction method of L‐theanine and caffeine from tea leaves to obtain the highest L‐theanine and the lowest caffeine content. For this purpose, L‐theanine and caffeine contents from three tea types (white, black and green) were extracted under different time and temperature conditions and their levels were determined in a single high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Also, this study is the first to attempt to optimize the tea extraction conditions by maximizing the ratio of L‐theanine to caffeine concentration.ResultsThe results show that white tea extracted for 5 min at high temperatures (90–100°C) had the highest L‐theanine level (21.52 mg/mL). Whereas, white tea, extracted for 5 min at low temperatures (10–11°C), had negligible caffeine (0.006 mg/mL). The caffeine content was relatively high in the extracts prepared from all types of tea under high temperatures (90–100°C). Whereas, caffeine level was low in tea extracted at low temperatures. The L‐theanine‐to‐caffeine ratio was largest for white tea extracted at 10–11°C for 5 min (L‐theanine/caffeine ratio > 200), and this ratio was lowest (0.96) for black tea extracted at 90–100°C for 30 min.ConclusionAccording to these data, the temperature and time of extraction have significant effects on the amount of L‐theanine and caffeine extracted from Camellia sinensis (tea). In addition, white tea drinks prepared for 5 min at 10–11°C, could be recommended to people intolerant of caffeine side effects.
Trends in Head and Neck Injuries Related to Electric Versus Pedal Bicycle Use in the United States
Authors: Williams Lauren C. , Kafle Samipya , Lee Yan H. 
Published: December 2023

ObjectivesTo describe the incidence of head and neck trauma related to electric bicycles and to characterize head and neck injury patterns seen in electric bicycle (eBike) users versus pedal bicyclists in the United States.MethodsThe National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried from 2009 to 2020 for patients with head and neck injuries related to electric and pedal bicycles. Extracted data included patient demographics, injury patterns, hospital admission, and helmet use. Univariate chi‐squared analyses were performed to compare demographics and injury patterns between bicycle groups. Effect sizes were reported with Cramer V values (V).ResultsThe incidence of eBike‐related head and neck injuries increased from 2993 in 2009 to 9916 in 2020. Compared to pedal bicycle users, eBike users were more likely to have head injuries (60.4% vs. 52.0%) and fractures (10.9% vs. 6.0%), and were more likely to require hospitalization (20.6% vs. 10.4%). The effect size of helmet use was significantly greater in eBike users compared to pedal bicyclists when examining distributions of age group (V = 0.203 vs. V = 0.079), injury location (V = 0.220 vs. V = 0.082), and injury type (V = 0.162 vs. V = 0.059). Helmeted injuries in eBike users more commonly involved neck injuries and sprains, rather than head injuries and fractures.ConclusionHead and neck trauma related to eBike use is increasing in the United States. Injury patterns and admission rates reflect greater injury severity in eBike users compared to pedal bicyclists. Helmet use may be particularly beneficial in mitigating head and neck injury in eBike users.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 134:2734–2740, 2024
Enhancing properties and sustainability: Surface modified Cymbopogon flexuosus stem fiber for green composite materials
Authors: Somasundaram Raja , Somasundaram Meena , Ananchaperumal Premkumar , Suyambulingam Indran , Siengchin Suchart 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe lignocellulosic fiber has distinct capacities and properties from diverse perspectives. As there is a crucial need for the development of green products, many industries are racing to identify potential fibers for their products. This work focuses first on the property enhancement using chemical modification techniques for Cymbopogon flexuosus stem fiber (CFS), which is extracted from the waste residue of an oil industry. The chemically treated fibers resulted in higher cellulose (77.35%) and lower hemicellulose‐lignin contents (8.36% and 14.5%), which favors composite manufacturing. Morphological analysis on the fiber surface through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) evidenced the surface was rough, and a single fiber tensile test reveals an average tensile strength of 635 ± 4.5 MPa. Further x‐ray diffraction examination verified the existence of semi‐crystalline cellulose with a size of 14.32 nm and a higher crystallinity index of 55.17%. Secondly, to explore fiber prospective qualities against the commercially available bio‐composite, epoxy resin‐based composites were prepared by varying the weight and length of fiber reinforced. The surface‐modified CFS epoxy composite has the highest tensile strength (77.71 MPa), tensile modulus (5.26 Gpa), flexural strength (87.4 MPa), flexural modulus (1.85 GPa), hardness (64 HRRW), and impact strength (9.31 J/cm2). The thermogravimetric analyses were evaluated to assess their weight loss under heat influence. Tensile fractography was also investigated to establish the structure–property relationship between the composite and fiber. Thus, unique fiber was identified as an ecologically benign and economically viable raw material to build lightweight green materials for industrial applications.Highlights
Studies explores the potential of CFSF, which is typically an industrial waste.
Chemical modification reveals the enhancement of properties.
Identifies optimum parameters that enhance composite properties.
This aligns with the broader trend of sustainable and green manufacturing.
The effect of adhesively bonded external hybrid patches on the residual strength of repaired glass/epoxy‐curved laminates
Authors: Venkatesan Dinesh Babu , Vellayaraj Arumugam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractComposite materials are increasingly used in aircraft structural components with complex structures like L, C, or T shapes, which can cause delamination failure in the thickness direction under complex loading. This research focuses on the experimental investigation of the effect of different adhesive reinforcement phases with an adhesively bonded external patch to examine the residual strength and delamination resistance of repaired glass/epoxy curved samples. The damaged region in curved samples was repaired using adhesive reinforcement phases like neat epoxy, chopped glass fiber, and particulate glass fiber, along with adhesively bonded external patches like hybrid patches of glass/Kevlar (HP G/K), glass/carbon (HP G/C), and intraply patch carbon/Kevlar (IP C/K). The findings show that chopped glass fiber HP G/C patch‐repaired curved samples had a curved beam strength (CBS) and interlaminar tensile strength (ILTS) recovery of 222.87% and 149.54%, respectively, as compared to damage area removed samples. In addition, it exhibited higher peak force, residual strength, and less elongation when compared to HP G/K and IP C/K patch‐repaired curved samples. According to the findings of this research, composite angle brackets in aircraft structural components can be repaired utilizing an adhesively bonded HP G/C patch filled with chopped glass fiber at the dressed site.Highlights
The effect of patch hybridization on repaired curved laminates was studied.
Four‐point bending test was conducted on indented and repaired samples.
Residual strength and delamination behavior were studied.
Chopped glass fiber HP G/C patch repaired samples had higher CBS and ILTS.
Delamination onset and propagation were assessed using Photographic images.
Efficient screening of pancreatic lipase inhibitors from Rheum palmatum by affinity ultrafiltration–high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with high‐resolution inhibition profiling
Authors: Quan Sihua , Wen Mengyi , Xu Ping , Chu Chu , Zhang Hui , Yang Kai , Tong Shengqiang 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIntroductionPancreatic lipase is one of the most important key targets in the treatment of obesity. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase can effectively reduce lipid absorption and treat obesity and other related metabolic disorders.ObjectivesThe goal of this study is the efficient screening of pancreatic lipase inhibitors in the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum using affinity ultrafiltration–high‐performance liquid chromatography (AUF‐HPLC) combined with high‐resolution inhibition profiling (HRIP).MethodsPotential pancreatic lipase ligands and pancreatic lipase inhibitors in ethyl acetate fraction of R. palmatum were screened using AUF‐HPLC and HRIP, respectively. All screened compounds were identified by HPLC– quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF)/MS. Eight compounds were screened out by both AUF‐HPLC and HRIP, and six compounds were screened out by either AUF‐HPLC or HRIP alone. The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of all screened compounds were verified by enzyme inhibition assay and molecular docking.ResultsFive new potent pancreatic lipase inhibitors were discovered, namely procyanidin B5 3,3′‐di‐O‐gallate (IC50 = 0.06 ± 0.01 μM), 1,6‐di‐O‐galloyl‐2‐O‐cinnamoyl‐β‐D‐glucoside (IC50 = 12.83 ± 0.67 μM), 1‐O‐(1,3,5‐trihydroxy)phenyl‐2‐O‐galloyl‐6‐O‐cinnamoyl‐β‐D‐glucoside (IC50 = 17.84 ± 1.33 μM), 1,2‐di‐O‐galloyl‐6‐O‐cinnamoyl‐β‐D‐glucoside (IC50 = 18.39 ± 1.52 μM), and 4‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐butanone‐4’‐O‐β‐D‐(2”‐O‐galloyl‐6”‐O‐cinnamoyl)‐glucoside (IC50 = 2.91 ± 0.40 μM). It was found that procyanidin B5 3,3′‐di‐O‐gallate showed higher pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity than the positive control orlistat (IC50 = 0.12 ± 0.02 μM).ConclusionThe combination of affinity ultrafiltration–high‐performance liquid chromatography (AUF‐HPLC) and high‐resolution inhibition profiling (HRIP) could reduce the risk of false‐negative screening and missed screening and could achieve more efficient screening of bioactive compounds in complex natural products.
Atomic Pyridinic Nitrogen as Highly Active Metal‐Free Coordination Sites at the Biotic‐Abiotic Interface for Bio‐Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Xia Rongxin , Cheng Jun , Chen Zhuo , Zhang Ze , Zhou Xinyi , Zhou Junhu , Zhang Meng 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBio‐electrochemical conversion of anthropogenic CO2 into value‐added products using cost‐effective metal‐free catalysts represents a promising strategy for sustainable fuel production. Herein, N‐doped carbon nanosheets synthesized via pyrolysis of the zeolitic‐imidazolate framework (ZIF) are developed for constructing efficient biohybrids to facilitate CO2‐to‐CH4 conversion. The microbial enrichment and bio‐interfacial charge transfer are significantly affected by the proportion of the co‐existed graphitic‐N, pyridinic‐N, and pyrrolic‐N in the defective carbon nanosheets. It is unfolded that pyridinic‐N and pyrrolic‐N with the doped N atoms near the edge can significantly enhance the adsorption of their adjacent C atoms toward O, leading to improved microbe enrichment. Especially, pyridinic‐N which can provide one p electron to the aromatic π system, greatly enhances the electron‐donating capability of the carbon nanosheets to the microorganisms. Correspondingly, due to its largest amount of pyridinic‐N doping, the N‐doped carbon nanosheets derived from ZIF pyrolysis at 900 °C (denoted 900‐NC) achieve the highest methane production of ≈215.7 mmol m−2 day−1 with a high selectivity (Faradaic efficiency = ≈94.2%) at −0.9 V versus Ag/AgCl. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of N‐doped carbon catalysts for bio‐electrochemical CO2 fixation and contributes to the understanding of N functionalities toward microbiome response and biotic‐abiotic charge transfer in various bio‐electrochemical systems.
PVDF‐HFP via Localized Iodization as Interface Layer for All‐Solid–State Lithium Batteries with Li6PS5Cl Films
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhang Lin , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Xinran , Zhao Guoqing , Zhang Shengnan , Ma Yunfei , Lai Kangrong , Li Jianwei , Ci Lijie 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAll‐solid lithium (Li) metal batteries (ASSLBs) with sulfide‐based solid electrolyte (SEs) films exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, rendering them capable of satisfying the growing demand for energy storage systems. However, challenges persist in the application of SEs film owing to their reactivity with Li metal and uncontrolled formation of lithium dendrites. In this study, iodine‐doped poly(vinylidenefluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) as an interlayer (PHI) to establish a stable interphase between Li metal and Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) films is investigated. The release of I ions and PVDF‐HFP produces LiI and LiF, effectively suppressing lithium dendrite growth. Density functional theory calculations show that the synthesized interlayer layer exhibits high interfacial energy. Results show that the PHI@Li/LPSCl film/PHI@Li symmetrical cells can cycle for more than 650 h at 0.1 mA cm−2. The PHI@Li/LPSCl film/NCM622 cell exhibits a distinct enhancement in capacity retention of ≈26% when using LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NCM622) as the cathode, compared to pristine Li metal as the anode. This study presents a feasible method for producing next‐generation dendrite‐free SEs films, promoting their practical use in ASSLBs.
In Situ Constructing Robust and Highly Conductive Solid Electrolyte with Tailored Interfacial Chemistry for Durable Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Jin Yingmin , Li Yumeng , Lin Ruifan , Zhang Xuebai , Shuai Yong , Xiong Yueping 
Published: December 2023

AbstractEmploying nanofiber framework for in situ polymerized solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) is impeded by the insufficient Li+ transport properties and severe dendritic Li growth. Both critical issues originate from the shortage of Li+ conduction highways and nonuniform Li+ flux, as randomly‐scattered nanofiber backbone is highly prone to slippage during battery assembly. Herein, a robust fabric of Li0.33La0.56Ce0.06Ti0.94O3‐δ/polyacrylonitrile framework (p‐LLCTO/PAN) with inbuilt Li+ transport channels and high interfacial Li+ flux is reported to manipulate the critical current density of SSLMBs. Upon the merits of defective LLCTO fillers, TFSI− confinement and linear alignment of Li+ conduction pathways are realized inside 1D p‐LLCTO/PAN tunnels, enabling remarkable ionic conductivity of 1.21 mS cm−1 (26 °C) and tLi+ of 0.93 for in situ polymerized polyvinylene carbonate (PVC) electrolyte. Specifically, molecular reinforcement protocol on PAN framework further rearranges the Li+ highway distribution on Li metal and alters Li dendrite nucleation pattern, boosting a homogeneous Li deposition behavior with favorable SEI interface chemistry. Accordingly, excellent capacity retention of 76.7% over 1000 cycles at 2 C for Li||LiFePO4 battery and 76.2% over 500 cycles at 1 C for Li||LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 battery are delivered by p‐LLCTO/PAN/PVC electrolyte, presenting feasible route in overcoming the bottleneck of dendrite penetration in in situ polymerized SSLMBs.
Cu Tailoring Pt Enables Branched‐Structured Electrocatalysts with High Concave Surface Curvature Toward Efficient Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Sun Yidan , Zhang Shukang , Sun Shangqing , Wu Liang , Tian Jie , Wu Yuping , Chen Yuhui , Liu Xiaojing 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSurface engineering offers opportunities for the design and synthesis of Pt‐based alloyed electrocatalysts with high mass activity and resistance to CO poisoning, which is of great significance for methanol electrooxidation. Surface curvature regulation may endow electrocatalysts with enhanced atomic utilization and abundance of unsaturated atoms; however, a reliable synthetic route for controlled construction of tailorable curved surface is still lacking. Here, a colloidal‐chemical method to synthesize two types of PtCu branched‐structured electrocatalysts, where the concave curvature can be customized is reported. These studies show that, among various synthesis parameters, the concentration of CuCl2·2H2O precursor is the key factor in manipulating the reaction kinetics and determining the concave surface curvature. Significantly, PtCu branched nanocrystals with long and sharp arms (PtCu BNCs‐L), featuring a high concave surface curvature, exhibit remarkable activity and stability toward MOR, which is mainly attributed to advanced features of a highly concave surface and the synergistically bifunctional effect from introduced oxophilic Cu metal. In situ Raman spectroscopy and CO stripping test demonstrates weakened CO adsorption and accelerated CO removal on PtCu BNCs‐L. This work highlights the importance of surface curvature, opening up an appealing route for the design and synthesis of advanced electrocatalysts with well‐defined surface configurations.
Molten‐Salt Electrochemical Preparation of Co2B/MoB2 Heterostructured Nanoclusters for Boosted pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Liu Xianglin , Yao Yuanpeng , Li Wenting , Zhang Yu , Liu Ze , Yin Huayi , Wang Dihua 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBoosting the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of α‐MoB2 at large current densities and in pH‐universal medium is significant for efficient hydrogen production. In this work, Co2B/MoB2 heterostructured nanoclusters are prepared by molten‐salt electrolysis (MSE) and then used as a HER catalyst. The composition, structure, and morphology of Co2B/MoB2 can be modulated by altering the stoichiometries of raw materials and synthesis temperatures. Impressively, the obtained Co2B/MoB2 at optimized conditions exhibits a low overpotential of 297 and 304 mV at 500 mA cm−2 in 0.5 m H2SO4 and 1 m KOH, respectively. Moreover, the Co2B/MoB2 catalyst possesses a long‐term catalytic stability of over 190 h in both acidic and alkaline medium. The excellent HER performance is due to the modified electronic structure at the Co2B/MoB2 heterointerface where electrons are accumulated at the Mo sites to strengthen the H adsorption. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the formation of the Co2B/MoB2 heterointerface decreases the H adsorption and H2O dissociation free energies, contributing to the boosted HER intrinsic catalytic activity of Co2B/MoB2. Overall, this work provides an experimental and theoretical paradigm for the design of efficient pH‐universal boride heterostructure electrocatalysts.
Anthropogenic Influence on Decadal Changes in Concurrent Hot and Dry Events over China around the Mid-1990s
Authors: Su Qin , Dong Buwen , Tian Fangxing , Klingaman Nicholas P. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe frequency and duration of observed concurrent hot and dry events (HDEs) over China during the growing season (April–September) exhibit significant decadal changes across the mid-1990s. These changes are characterized by increases in HDE frequency and duration over most of China, with relatively large increases over southeastern China (SEC), northern China (NC), and northeastern China (NEC). The frequency of HDEs averaged over China in the present day (PD, 1994–2011) is double that in the early period (EP, 1964–81); the duration of HDEs increases by 60%. Climate experiments with the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM-GOML2) are used to estimate the contributions of anthropogenic forcing to HDE decadal changes over China. Anthropogenic forcing changes can explain 60%–70% of the observed decadal changes, suggesting an important anthropogenic influence on HDE changes over China across the mid-1990s. Single-forcing experiments indicate that the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations dominates the simulated decadal changes, increasing the frequency and duration of HDEs throughout China. The change in anthropogenic aerosol (AA) emissions significantly decreases the frequency and duration of HDEs over SEC and NC, but the magnitude of the decrease is much smaller than the increase induced by GHGs. The changes in HDEs in response to anthropogenic forcing are mainly due to the response of climatological mean surface air temperatures. The contributions from changes in variability and changes in climatological mean soil moisture and evapotranspiration are relatively small. The physical processes associated with the response of HDEs to GHG and AA changes are also revealed.
Well-Posedness for the Extended Schrödinger–Benjamin–Ono System
Authors: Linares Felipe , Mendez Argenis J. , Pilod Didier 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this work we prove that the initial value problem associated to the Schrödinger–Benjamin–Ono type system $$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \textrm{i}\partial _{t}u+ \partial _{x}^{2} u= uv+ \beta u|u|^{2}, \\ \partial _{t}v-\mathcal {H}_{x}\partial _{x}^{2}v+ \rho v\partial _{x}v=\partial _{x}(|u|^{2})\\ u(x,0)=u_{0}(x), \quad v(x,0)=v_{0}(x), \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

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Mutation analysis for evaluating code translation
Authors: Guizzo Giovani , Zhang Jie M. , Sarro Federica , Treude Christoph , Harman Mark 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSource-to-source code translation automatically translates a program from one programming language to another. The existing research on code translation evaluates the effectiveness of their approaches by using either syntactic similarities (e.g., BLEU score), or test execution results. The former does not consider semantics, the latter considers semantics but falls short on the problem of insufficient data and tests. In this paper, we propose MBTA (Mutation-based Code Translation Analysis), a novel application of mutation analysis for code translation assessment. We also introduce MTS (Mutation-based Translation Score), a measure to compute the level of trustworthiness of a translator. If a mutant of an input program shows different test execution results from its translated version, the mutant is killed and a translation bug is revealed. Fewer killed mutants indicate better code translation. MBTA is novel in the sense that mutants are compared to their translated counterparts, and not to their original program’s translation. We conduct a proof-of-concept case study with 612 Java-Python program pairs and 75,082 mutants on the code translators TransCoder and j2py to evaluate the feasibility of MBTA. The results reveal that TransCoder and j2py fail to translate 70.44% and 70.64% of the mutants, respectively, i.e., more than two-thirds of all mutants are incorrectly translated by these translators. By analysing the MTS results more closely, we were able to reveal translation bugs not captured by the conventional comparison between the original and translated programs.