bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Hoock Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Royal Academy of Arts has remained a national institution, though the scope and power of that notion have perhaps never been greater than they were in its formative period. By1820 the Academy had educated some 1,200 students free of charge: the very best rose to international fame; those lacking sufficient talent for the higher branches worked as drawing masters and in the applied arts and manufacturing design across the country. The income generated by the national showcase for British art had allowed the Academy to dispense more money in relief of artists than any other society. At least for the short period between the 1790s and 18rns, the Academy, Reynolds, his concept of art, and his followers were widely recognized as pivotal to an emerging native artistic tradition. Art institutions in England’s provincial towns, her sister kingdoms, and her former North American colonies had benefited from Academicians’ resources, advice, and prestige. As the national pool of artistic and aesthetic expertise with a genteel residence at Somerset House, the Academy had raised the prestige of the fine arts and its professors at home and abroad. Drawing on its royal connections and lobbying government and Parliament with consider able success, it had helped shape the professional identity of artists, spread the notion of the arts as a national resource, and made substantial contributions to the creation of the St Paul’s pantheon, the acquisition of the Elgin Marbles, and the movement towards a National Gallery.
Displaying the Phallus: Masculinity and the Performance of Sexuality on the Internet
Authors: Kibby Marjorie , Costello Brigid 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The structure of the look defines visual pleasure, as the relationship between the subject of the gaze and its object is based in the pleasure of control and consumption. The directing and direction of the look controls the desire, and hence the fulfillment, of the desire. Film theorists in the 1970s saw the look of the cinema as structured around the male gaze (Mulvey 1975), and Berger (1972) asserts that ‘men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’ (p. 47), but later writers suggested that both male and female subject positions have access to a controlling gaze (Rodowick 1982; Neale 1986). Until the late 1970s, the male body was infrequently available as the object of the female gaze.
Introduction: ‘Turning Readers into Spectators’
Authors: Calè Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN one of his many forays into the archaeology of film, the Russian film director Sergei Eisenstein tried to recover ‘the montage culture that so many have lost’. Where other film directors explored the coordination of music and action in opera or ballet, Eisenstein turned to literature and found a school of montage in Paradise Lost.1 In an essay on the Soviet historical film Milton’s battle scenes are singled out as a model which Eisenstein wished he had known when he shot Alexander Nevsky.
Conclusion
Authors: Calè Luisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THIS book locates the act of reading within the vibrant experience of exhibitions which characterized public culture in late eighteenth-century London. After the new copyright laws of the 1770s offered authors to the public domain, an increasing number of texts circulated in the shape of cheap editions, anthologies, and abridgements. This wider market in turn identified in readers a constituency of viewers, and in subscriptions for literary prints and texts a way of funding historical and epic painting. The cultural practices emerging from this new culture of exhibitions and anthologies energized spectators and readers. Both exhibitions and anthologies excerpted literary texts, transforming them into a series of discontinuous turns which it was for readers and spectators to re-create into continuous wholes.
Women in the Street: Prostitutes and Market Vendors
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I would ask a man of feeling to survey the lobby at the theatres or look at the courtesans in the streets of London. Then let him say what stronger proof can be required of the wretched debasement of society … Sin is artificial& is the monstrous offspring of government and property. Of the several thousand satirical prints of women published in England during the late eighteenth century, prints of women as men’ s sexual partners form by far the largest category. While this includes wives and courtesans, most of the women depicted are prostitutes. Although prints of prostitutes vary considerably in tone, execution, and price, and depict a wide range of women, two main themes dominate.
Women in Male Roles Literary Ladies and Masculine Politicians
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Literary ladies will, I am afraid, be losers in love as well as in friendship, by their superiority. — Cupid is a timid, playful child, and is frightened at the helmet of Minerva. It has been observed, that gentlemen are not apt to admire a prodigious quantity of learning and masculine acquirements in the fair sex— we usually consider a certain degree of weakness, both of mind and body, as friendly to female grace. While late eighteenth-century satirical prints devoted considerable attention to prostitutes, courtesans, and actresses, they also discussed other prominent women. Of particular importance were women who engaged in artistic, scholarly, and politicalactivities—activities that were traditionally associated with men.
The Rise and Fall of the European New Markets: On the Short- and Long-run Performance of High-tech Initial Public Offerings
Authors: Goergen Marc , Khurshed Arif , McCahery, Joseph A , Renneboog Luc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As recently as a decade ago, primary equity markets in continental Europe provided investors with low levels of transparency and corporate governance standards (La Porta et al. 1997).
Reading, Reciting, Acting
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is at issue in distinguishing between the experience of reading a novel silently to oneself and the experience of having it read aloud, between the solitary consumption of fiction and the recitation to someone else or to larger groups, between reading from a script and reciting from memory? Where can the line be drawn between acting and dramatic public recitation? Like many people, the newspaper reviewers quoted above were puzzled as to how to classify the Readings.
Impersonation
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Mr Dickens has invented a new medium for amusing an English audience.’ Thus The Illustrated London News welcomed Dickens at the start of his professional career as a public Reader in 1858. Public Readings per se, as we saw in the last chapter, were not such a ‘new medium’ of entertainment: what was new was the inclusion in such recitations of virtuoso impersonation. The Illustrated London News was itself recording a range of such shows in London through the summer and autumn of this same year in its column devoted to theatrical events. For instance, its July 17 issue contained a notice of a Mr. Douglas Thompson lecturing in the Hanover Square Rooms ‘on the present state of oratory and elocution in the different spheres of the Pulpit, the Bar, the Platform, and the Stage’.
Performance
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Reading is due to begin at 8 p.m. At about 6.30 Dickens arrives at the hall. In the room set aside as his dressing room, his valet Scott has laid out his evening clothes to air. Everything is arranged neatly in its allotted place. The slightest irregularity at this stage would upset Dickens’s studied composure. Within a quarter of an hour, with Scott’s help, he is dressed. Scott then goes softly away, and sits outside the door.
Local Communities and Water Investments
Authors: Cullet Philippe , Gowlland-Gualtieri Alix 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Water investments in developing countries have until recently been undertaken primarily by governments themselves. Thus, most projects relating to hydropower, irrigation and drainage, water supply and sanitation, fisheries, and water services have been financed either by governments, or by outside funding agencies through governments. In recent times, there has been a rapid shift towards the involvement of national and international private sector actors to make up for declining public sectors resources. This ongoing shift is of tremendous importance in that individuals and communities often bear the negative consequences of major water investments. This chapter focuses on the procedural rights in international law of local communities that are adversely affected by water investments.1 It examines in particular issues concerning the extent to which local communities have rights to be informed and consulted in the context of proposed legislative changes, pro grammes, and specific projects before they are adopted and implemented. It also looks at the extent to which local communities have been given rights to participate in, and ultimately accept or refuse, specific water investments affecting them. In practice, there has been relatively little by way of international and regional decisions focusing expressly on water investments. As a result, wherever water related practice is not available, this chapter looks at decisions and standards that concern the broader field of natural resources as a proxy. 2
Introduction
Authors: Anand Sudhir , Peter Fabienne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Impressive gains in average life expectancy have been achieved worldwide in the second half of the twentieth century. These gains have been attributed to a variety of socio-economic factors and public policies, and—to a lesser extent—to improved medical care. The changes in life expectancy, however, have not been distributed equally either among or within countries. Among countries, there have been advances in many, but some countries—especially in sub-Saharan Africa and the former Soviet Union—have seen reversals in life expectancy (United Nations Development Programme 2003: 262–5). Within countries, some social groups have benefited significantly but the health status of others has stagnated or worsened. Very large disparities in life expectancy are found within countries across different social groups and regions. Thus, although average life expectancy worldwide has increased significantly, inequalities in health remain a matter of deep concern.
Outcasts, Dropouts, and Provocateurs: Nonconformists Prepare the Terrain
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was the very beginning of September 1956. The setting? A provincial town in Piedmont, Italy, located 35 kilometres south-east of Turin: Alba. The administrative centre of the bucolic, wine-growing Langhe region, Alba ‘s most famous son is Beppe Fenoglio, a partisan in the Second World War, author of Johnny the Partisan, a semi-autobiographical account of antifascist guerrilla warfare in the Langhe, including the temporary liberation of his native Alba in October 1944.
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Kyoto Mechanisms
Authors: Freestone David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Climate change has been described as a defining issue for the twenty-first century.1 On the one hand it poses an unprecedented and as yet still not fully understood threat to the global climate system upon which mankind depends; on the other hand remedial action requires an extensive, and expensive, overhaul of northern industrial economies which are still heavily dependent on non-renewable carbon-based fossil fuels. For decades scientists have understood the chemical processes by which emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases might warm the planet through the so-called ‘greenhouse effect‘, nevertheless it was not until the 1980s that inter-national concern about anthropogenic impacts on the atmosphere through such emissions came to a head, and it was only in the last two decades of the twentieth century that the United Nations took the first, somewhat faltering, steps towards recognizing and addressing the issue.
Can Companies or Entities from a Non-Party to the Kyoto Protocol Participate in the Flexible Mechanisms?
Authors: Wilder* Martijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (the Clean Development Mechanism (COM), Joint Implementation QI), and International Emissions Trading(IET)) are intended to provide a cost-effective means to reduce greenhouse gas (GH G) emissions on a global level, by enabling Annex I Parties to meet their Protocol targets by investing in emission reduction projects in other countries or by purchasing Kyoto Protocol credits on an international trading market. It is clear from the terms of the Kyoto Protocol and the Marrakesh Accords (which flesh out the practical rules of participation in emission reduction projects and emissions trading) that it was generally envisioned that only Kyoto Protocol Parties and the entities they have authorized to participate in projects and emissions trading would be able to participate in the flexible mechanisms.
The Bismarck Myth
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few statesmen in history have inspired the imagination of generations of Germans more than the founder of the Kaiserreich, Otto von Bismarck. The archetype of charismatic leadership, the Iron Chancellor maintained his pre-eminent position in the pantheon of Germany's political iconography for much of the twentieth century. Based on a large selection of primary sources, this book provides an insightful analysis of the Bismarck myth's profound impact on Germany's political culture. In particular, it investigates the ways in which that myth was used to undermine parliamentary democracy in Germany after the Great War, paving the way for its replacement by authoritarian rule under an allegedly 'Bismarckian' charismatic leader, Adolf Hitler. As one of the most powerful weapons of nationalist agitation against the Weimar Republic, the Bismarck myth was never contested. The nationalists' ideologically charged interpretation of Bismarck as the father of the German nation-state and model for future political decision-making clashed with rivalling - and thoroughly critical - democratic and communist perceptions of the Iron Chancellor. The quarrel over Bismarck's legacy demonstrates how the clash of ideologies, particularly between 1918 and 1933, resulted in a highly political fight for the 'correct' and universal interpretation of the German past. Essential reading for anyone interested in modern German history, this book sheds new light on the Weimar Republic's struggle for survival and the reasons for its failure.
Bismarck as an Election Campaigner
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Reichstag elections of 4 May 1924 ended ignominiously for the ‘Weimar coalition’ parties. The Republican powers suffered their worst result prior to the disastrous elections of 1932; together they received merely 36.9 per cent of the valid vote. Only the Centre Party was able to consolidate its result of June 1920. The DDP, on the other hand, fell from 8.3 per cent to 5.3 per cent. The worst blow was struck against the Social Democrats, reunited with the USPD’s ‘right’ wing since 1922, whose share of the Reichstag mandates went down from 171 to 100 seats.1
Conclusion
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1918 and 1933, Germany witnessed an uncompromising clash of ideologies and invented historical traditions. Ideological conflict translated into a fierce pseudo-historical and highly political fight for the ‘correct’ and universal interpretation of the German past. In the course of this battle over the past, the Bismarck myth proved to be one of the most powerful weapons employed by right-wing circles in their struggle against Weimar. The myth suggested that the Republic had been founded against the ‘spirit of Bismarck’ by those political groups which the Iron Chancellor himself had characterized as the ‘internal enemies of the Empire’. One of the prime intentions of the myth-makers was to associate the Weimar Republic with the odium of treason.
Europe and the League of Nations
Authors: Clavin Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘For days and weeks they have been crossing the oceans, and have covered hundreds and thousands of miles of the railways of Europe. The ports of the open seas and of the Mediterranean, the capitals of Western and Central Europe were their first gathering points. And now they are hastening towards Switzerland.’ Published in 1932, these words from Max Beer’s dramatic A Journey to Geneva , an account of the work of the League of Nations, demonstrates how the League provided the opportunity for its members to get to know the landscape of Europe as well as its people and the social, political, and economic challenges before it. The League of Nations was an international organization created after the First World War, intended ‘to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security’, and was intimately associated with the foreign policy of US President Woodrow Wilson. It has been studied primarily within the context of international or global history.
An Ancient Church
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The legends surrounding the foundation and the early years of Egyptian Christianity have been a source of both contention and fascination for the Christians of the West. The Church of Alexandria was allegedly established by Mark the Evangelist on one of his visits to the Roman province of Egypt. St Mark thus became the first patriarch in an uninterrupted line of apostolic succession proudly recorded by the Coptic chronologists. Based largely on the authority of Eusebius of Caesarea in the early fourth century, and of the slightly later apocryphal Acts of Mark, the legend of the founder-evangelist became a hallowed part of Coptic tradition.1
The First Jesuit Mission
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was on the occasion of the first major mission to Egypt that the relatively young Society of Jesus started to play a leading part in the papal policy towards the Copts. Approved by the papacy in 1540, it was a society of clerks regular who took vows of poverty and chastity. Obedient to the papacy, they devoted themselves to works of charity, to education, and to the propagation of Catholicism throughout the world. The founder of the Society, Ignatius Loyola, had first wished to settle in Jerusalem and to dedicate himself to the service of the Church in the Holy Land.
Jansenists and Jesuits
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thanks to the manuscripts Wansleben collected, from the 1670s onwards France, of all countries north of the Alps, was at a unique advantage for research into the Church of Alexandria. When one of the greatest French orientalists of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Euse`be Renaudot, produced by far the most important work on the early history of the Egyptian Church, an invaluable supplement to Wansleben’s study of Coptic practices, he denied any debt to Wansleben’s study, but admitted depending on the manuscripts which Wansleben sent back to France and which he consulted as soon as they arrived in Paris.1
Biblical Studies
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were the time of the triumph of the polyglot Bible. What had become the current Latin translation of the Bible sanctioned by the Church of Rome, the Vulgate attributed to Jerome, had come under increasing criticism as the humanists discovered Greek versions of the New Testament which differed substantially from the accepted Latin rendering.1 As the study of Eastern languages started to spread in scholarly circles the whole of the Bible was subjected to a closer inspection, which raised doubts about the reliability of the Vulgate.
Consilience, Crime Control, and Community Safety
Authors: Hawley Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an Australian perspective on effective intelligence through the development of consilient relationships. It examines the relationship between criminal-intelligence units and their most significant clients: policing, executive, and operational units. It also examines the reasons behind what can often be a fractured relationship, the harm that this can cause to effective crime control and community safety, and how the Australian Federal Police (AFP) is attempting to build a consilient relationship with its most significant clients through an initiative known as the Leadership in Criminal Intelligence Program (LCIP).
Market failures in payment and settlement systems
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Given the importance of payments and financial market infrastructure for the real economy, it is unsurprising that public authorities have taken a close interest in their development. This chapter briefly reviews the market failures that have led to close public-sector involvement in the provision of financial market infrastrucure, some of which have been examined already in Part II of this book. The various forms of public-sector intervention are then described in more detail in Chapter 8. We defined systemic risk in Part II as ‘the risk that the failure of one participant in a transfer system, or in financial markets generally, to meet its obligations will cause other participants or financial institutions to be unable to meet their obligations (including settlement obligations in a transfer system) when due’ (CPSS, 2003c).
Banks providing infrastructure services
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A bank may choose not to participate directly in all of the large-value payment systems for currencies in which it needs to make and receive payments. In some cases, even if it has a domestic presence, a bank may choose to access a payment system indirectly via another bank. The ratio of indirect to total participation in a payment system is often referred to as the degree of ‘tiering’. When a settlement bank becomes sufficiently large it becomes, in essence, a system itself, performing the same functions for its customer banks as a payment system provides for its direct members. Thus, the services provided by settlement banks can generate similar risks to those discussed in previous chapters in relation to dedicated systems.
The evolving infrastructure landscape and challenges for central banks
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the time of writing, financial innovation, globalization and regulatory change are transforming the structure of trading and post-trade services (see Jenkinson, 2007). Stresses in the financial system during 2007 and 2008 have also presented challenges for infrastructure providers and their participants, which may shape the evolution. Section 11.1 traces out how the trading landscape has responded to the challenges of financial globalization and regulatory change. We then consider how developments at this level might in turn influence the evolution of payment and settlement systems. Sections 11.2 and 11.3 consider the implications for financial and monetary stability, and how central banks might respond.