bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Omitting axillary lymph node dissection in sentinel node negative breast cancer patients is safe: A long term follow‐up analysis
Authors: Torrenga Hans , Fabry Hans , van der Sijp Joost R.M. , van Diest Paul J. , Pijpers Rik , Meijer Sybren 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the rate of axillary recurrences in sentinel node (SN) negative breast cancer patients without further axillary lymph node dissection (ALND).Patients and MethodsBetween October 1994 and November 1999, all SN negative breast cancer patients who did not underwent complete ALND were enrolled in this prospective study. SN biopsy was performed by using the triple technique which combines preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative use of blue dye, and a handheld gamma probe to visualize and localize the SN. SNs were examined by standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). During the first year after surgery all patients underwent clinical examination at 3 monthly intervals. This follow‐up interval was prolonged to 6 month after the first year.ResultsFrom the 104 patients, 93 (89%) underwent breast‐conserving therapy; all remaining patients were treated by modified radical mastectomy. In 91 cases a ductal carcinoma and in 13 cases a lobular carcinoma was diagnosed. One SN was removed in 80, two SNs in 18, and three SNs in 2 patients. Twenty patients received systemic therapy based on age and primary tumor characteristics. After a median follow‐up of 57 month only one axillary recurrence was observed. During follow‐up three patients developed distant metastases. One of these patient with metastases to the bone is alive with evidence of disease. The remaining two patients died 9 and 19 month after surgery.ConclusionsOur long term follow‐up results indicate that survival is excellent (98%) and local axillary control is adequate (99%) after omitting ALND in a group of 104 SN negative breast cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:4–7. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of long‐term survival in pN3 gastric cancer patients
Authors: Kim Junuk , Cheong Jae Ho , Hyung Woo Jin , Shen Jianguo , Choi Seung Ho , Noh Sung Hoon 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPatients with pN3 gastric cancer are classified as having a stage IV disease just by virtue of having more than 15 metastatic lymph nodes according to the 5th UICC cancer staging criteria. We tried to verify whether the pN3 gastric cancer patients truly constitute a homogeneous group with the same poor prognosis by looking for predictors of long‐term survival within the group.MethodsMedical records of 347 patients who had gastrectomy with D2/D3 lymph node dissection for gastric cancer and diagnosed with pN3 disease by pathology, between January 1987 and December 1997 were reviewed. Clinicopathologic prognostic variables were evaluated as predictors of long‐term survival by univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsThe overall 5‐year survival rate was 13.0% (95% CI, 9.3–16.6%). The extent of gastric resection and metastatic lymph node ratio were significant independent predictors of long‐term survival on multivariate analysis. The 5‐year survival rates for the subtotal and total gastrectomy groups were 18.2 and 8.8%, respectively. The 5‐year survival rate according to the metastatic lymph node ratio was 20.2, 8.9, and 1.9% when the ratio was <0.33, 0.33–0.67, and > 0.67, respectively.ConclusionsPatients with pN3 gastric cancer appear to be a heterogeneous group with clinicopathologic predictors that identify subgroups with significantly different long‐term prognoses. The metastatic lymph node ratio may serve as a valuable tool to predict the long‐term prognosis of these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:9–13. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life after colon interposition by necessity for esophageal cancer replacement
Authors: Cense Huib A. , Visser Mechteld R.M. , van Sandick Johanna W. , de Boer Angela G.E.M. , Lamme Bas , Obertop Huug , van Lanschot J. Jan B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundAfter esophagectomy for cancer, the first choice for reconstruction of the gastrointestinal continuity is by gastric tube. When this is not feasible, a reconstruction by colon interposition can be performed. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life in patients at least 6 months after esophageal cancer resection and colon interposition without signs of recurrent disease. The results were compared with previously published data of patients after esophageal cancer resection and gastric tube reconstruction.Patients and MethodsBetween January 1993 and January 2002, 36 patients underwent esophageal cancer resection and gastrointestinal reconstruction by colon interposition. A one‐time Quality of Life assessment was carried out in 14 patients who were still disease free after a median follow‐up of 21 months (mean 35, range 7–97). The patients were visited at home and asked to fill in questionnaires which consisted of the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) Health Survey to assess general quality of life, an adapted Rotterdam Symptom Checklist to assess disease‐specific quality of life, a visual analogue scale, and an additional questionnaire concerning other specific effects of the operation.ResultsAll 14 patients returned the completed set of questionnaires. Compared to the previously published results of patients after gastric tube reconstruction patients with a colon interposition scored significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in five of the eight subscales of the SF‐36 questionnaire (i.e. general health, physical role, vitality, social functioning, and mental health). The most frequent symptoms measured by the Rotterdam Symptom Checklist were early satiety after a meal, dysphagia, diarrhea, loss of sexual interest, and fatigue. Six patients could not independently run their housekeeping and four patients still needed artificial enteral nutrition.ConclusionBased on the SF‐36 questionnaire, patients after colon interposition by necessity have a poor general quality of life. Even long after the operation they have a broad spectrum of persisting symptoms. Prior to surgery, patients should be informed about the disabling long‐term functional outcome of a colon interposition. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:32–38. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of fear in the case of genetically modified food
Authors: Laros Fleur J. M. , Steenkamp Jan‐Benedict E. M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFear appeals concerning genetically modified food (GMF) frequently appear in the mass media. They have played a crucial role in creating widespread fear of GMF (also known as “Frankenstein food” among the fearful) in a large part of the world. The present study validates a scale to measure consumers' fear of GMF and shows that Dutch consumers feel significantly more fearful of GMF than of other new food types. There are no strong relations between consumers' sociodemographic makeup and fear of GMF, indicating that fear of this technologically new type of food is an emotion that cuts across society. Fear of GMF is positively influenced by consumers' concern for the environment and negatively affected by their faith in technology in food production. Consumers who are more fearful of GMF have a more negative attitude toward genetically modified food and toward genetic modification of animals, and exhibit a greater interest in information related to food production. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personality traits and fear response to print advertisements: Theory and an empirical study
Authors: Mowen John C. , Harris Eric G. , Bone Sterling A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis study investigates the hypothesis that different personality traits influence fear responses to advertising appeals for two types of driver safety behavior. An experiment was conducted in which personality traits taken from the 3M model of motivation and personality (Mowen, 2000) were employed to predict fear responses to advertisements that targeted either aggressive driving or inattentive driving. For the aggressive‐driving ad, introversion and need to protect and enhance body resources positively predicted fear response. For the inattentive‐driving ad, introversion and need to protect and enhance body resources were again positive predictors of fear, but so also were emotional instability and agreeableness, whereas competitiveness, need for arousal, and the need for material resources were negative predictors. It is not clear why more traits predicted fear for inattentive driving than for aggressive driving. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of fear in persuasion
Authors: Dillard James Price , Anderson Jason W. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPrevious research on fear/threat appeals has correlated fear intensity with persuasion. However, fear might influence persuasion in at least four conceptually distinct ways: (a) the proclivity to experience fear, (b) the rise from baseline to peak, (c) peak intensity, and (d) the decline from peak to postmessage fear. A study was conducted in which 361 participants read a message that first described the dangers of influenza, then advocated obtaining a free vaccination. Significant positive correlations were observed between tonic, that is, traitlike, activation of the behavioral‐inhibition system (BIS) and various indices of fear arousal. Nonsignificant correlations were observed between the behavioral‐activation system (BAS) and the same indices. Both rise and peak measures of fear predicted persuasion, but decline in fear had no discernible impact on persuasion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Issues of spectral quality in clinical 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a gallery of artifacts
Authors: Kreis Roland 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn spite of the facts that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is applied as clinical tool in non‐specialized institutions and that semi‐automatic acquisition and processing tools can be used to produce quantitative information from MRS exams without expert information, issues of spectral quality and quality assessment are neglected in the literature of MR spectroscopy. Even worse, there is no consensus among experts on concepts or detailed criteria of quality assessment for MR spectra. Furthermore, artifacts are not at all conspicuous in MRS and can easily be taken for true, interpretable features. This article aims to increase interest in issues of spectral quality and quality assessment, to start a larger debate on generally accepted criteria that spectra must fulfil to be clinically and scientifically acceptable, and to provide a sample gallery of artifacts, which can be used to raise awareness for potential pitfalls in MRS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BOLD MRI mapping of transient hyperemia in skeletal muscle after single contractions
Authors: Meyer Ronald A. , Towse Theodore F. , Reid Robert W. , Jayaraman Roop C. , Wiseman Robert W. , McCully Kevin K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTransient increases in signal intensity (ΔSI, peak 2.6 ± 0.6 %, mean ± SE, n = 14) were observed in axial, gradient‐echo, echo‐planar magnetic resonance images acquired at 1.5 T from human anterior tibialis muscle following single, 1 s duration, isometric ankle dorsiflexion contractions. The magnitude of the MRI‐measured ΔSI was not significantly different using TR of 2000 vs 500 ms, or using spin‐echo vs gradient‐echo echo‐planar pulse sequences. However, ΔSI measured by gradient‐echo sequences was significantly greater at 3 vs 1.5 T (3.8 ± 0.8 vs 1.6 ± 0.2 %, n = 5). The time course of the transient ΔSI (peak at 7.9 ± 0.4 s after each contraction, decay with half‐time of 4.6 ± 0.6 s) was comparable to the time course of the transient increase in relative heme saturation (13 ± 2 %, n = 5) measured after single contractions in another group of subjects by near‐infrared spectroscopy (peak at 9.3 ± 0.5 s, decay with half‐time 6.2 ± 0.8 s, n = 8). Simulations of intravascular and extravascular blood‐oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) effects in muscle suggested that intravascular BOLD makes a major contribution to the transient changes, although other factors such as increased vascular volume or increased muscle cell T2 may also contribute. The transients can be exploited for muscle functional imaging analogous to BOLD‐based brain functional imaging, and might provide an index of peripheral vascular function. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic profile of the hippocampus of Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats assessed by in vivo1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: van der Graaf Marinette , Janssen Susan W. J. , van Asten Jack J. A. , Hermus Ad R. M. M. , (Fred) Sweep C. G. J. , Pikkemaat Jeroen A. , Martens Gerard J. M. , Heerschap Arend 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLocalized in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to investigate metabolite levels in the brain of adult Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, an animal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study focussed on the hippocampus, assumed to be one of the main brain areas affected by this disease. Together with an almost 5‐fold increase in blood glucose concentration measured by glucose oxidation, significant increases were found in the hippocampal concentrations of glucose (4.93 vs 1.66 mM p < 0.001), myo‐inositol (6.52 vs 4.30 mM; p < 0.05), and total creatine (12.71 vs 10.50 mM; p < 0.05) in ZDF rats (n = 5) compared with littermates (n = 5). Although no obvious alterations were detected in the hippocampal levels of other metabolites, including NAA+NAAG and choline‐containing compounds in the ZDF rats, the increase in Glc and Ins levels is in line with elevated brain tissue contents of these metabolites in patients with diabetes mellitus. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital diasporas and international development: Afghan‐Americans and the reconstruction of Afghanistan
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDigital diasporas, diasporas organised on the Internet, offer potential to contribute relevance, representativeness and responsiveness in meeting development needs. Following a brief overview of thorny dilemmas faced by the changing international development industry, the article discusses diasporas and their current role in international development, and examines the potential mobilisation and communication benefits afforded by the Internet. Three organisations of the Afghan‐American digital diaspora are described, representing a range of development activities and intentions. Two sets of propositions are presented: those for digital diasporas seeking to promote effective development contributions and those for actors in the traditional international development industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the mechanism of thermal decomposition of carbonate esters in the gas phase
Authors: Notario Rafael , Quijano Jairo , Sánchez Claudia , Vélez Ederley 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTheoretical studies on the thermolysis in the gas phase of ethyl methyl and diethyl carbonates were carried out using ab initio theoretical methods at the MP2/6–31G(d) and MP2/6–311++G(2d,p) levels of theory. Two possible pathways were studied, one of them via a six‐membered cyclic transition state and the other one in two steps, via a six‐ and a four‐membered cyclic transition state, respectively, with the formation of an alcohol, ethylene and carbon dioxide. The nucleophilic substitution to give ethers was also studied. The results indicate that the reactions occur via a mechanism in two steps. The progress of the reactions was followed by means of the Wiberg bond indices. The kinetic parameters calculated for the studied reactions agree well with the available experimental results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and non‐linear optical properties of new ionic species: tolan and diphenylbutadiyne with trimethylammonio and dimethylamino groups
Authors: Umezawa Hirohito , Okada Shuji , Oikawa Hidetoshi , Matsuda Hiro , Nakanishi Hachiro 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAs new ionic organic species for second‐order non‐linear optical (NLO) materials, 4‐{[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethynyl}phenyltrimethylammonium iodide (1a), 4‐{[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]butadiynyl}phenyltrimethylammonium iodide (2a) and their derivatives with 4‐substituted benzensulfonate instead of iodide were successfully synthesized. The transparent wavelength region of 1a is wider than that of a typical NLO molecule, p‐nitroaniline (pNA), whereas 2a and pNA have similar transparent regions. The experimental and calculated first hyperpolarizabilities (β) of 1a and 2a were found to be about 7 and 11 times, respectively, larger than those of pNA. Even when the volume factor was taken into account, the cationic part of 1a was found to be a better second‐order NLO material than pNA derivatives. Four second‐order NLO‐active crystals were found out of 12 salts synthesized. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of new aromatic polyimides based on 2,5‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐tert‐butylbenzene and various aromatic dianhydrides
Authors: Yang Chin‐Ping , Su Yu‐Yang , Wu Kuen‐Lin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA novel, fluorinated diamine monomer, 2,5‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐ trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐tert‐butylbenzene (II) was synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of tert‐butylhydroquinone (t‐BHQ) and 2‐chloro‐5‐nitrobenzotrifluoride in the presence of potassium carbonate to yield the intermediate dinitro compound I, followed by catalytic reduction with hydrazine and Pd/C to afford diamine II. A series of fluorinated polyimides V were prepared from II with various aromatic dianhydrides (IIIa–f) via the thermal imidization of poly(amic acid). Most of Va–f could be soluble in amide‐type solvents and even in less polar solvents. These polyimide films showed tensile strengths up to 106 MPa, elongation at break up to 21%, and initial modulus up to 2.1 GPa. The glass‐transition temperature of V was recorded at 245–304 °C, the 10% weight loss temperatures were above 488 °C, and left more than 41% residue even at 800 °C in nitrogen. Low dielectric constants, low moisture absorptions, and higher and light‐colored transmittances were also observed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5424–5438, 2004
Thiol–enes: Chemistry of the past with promise for the future
Authors: Hoyle Charles E. , Lee Tai Yeon , Roper Todd 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe photopolymerization of mixtures of multifunctional thiols and enes is an efficient method for the rapid production of films and thermoset plastics with unprecedented physical and mechanical properties. One of the major obstacles in traditional free‐radical photopolymerization is essentially eliminated in thiol–ene polymerizations because the polymerization occurs in air almost as rapidly as in an inert atmosphere. Virtually any type of ene will participate in a free‐radical polymerization process with a multifunctional thiol. Hence, it is possible to tailor materials with virtually any combination of properties required for a particular application. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5301–5338, 2004
The impact of time separation on coordination in global software teams: a conceptual foundation
Authors: Espinosa J. Alberto , Carmel Erran 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWhile there has been much research on the study of global virtual teams and global software teams, there has been practically no research on the nuances of time separation. We present three converging perspectives on this topic: (a) a view from practices and tactics of global teams; (b) a theoretical view from coordination theories; and (c) a view from our prior research in which we modeled coordination costs for time‐separated dyads. Practice suggests that time separation arises not only from time‐zone differences but also from factors such as nonoverlapping weekend days and holidays, shifts, and different working schedules. It also suggests that teams employ various coping tactics when faced with time separation—synchronous, asynchronous, and education. Theory suggests that communication is necessary to coordinate and that effectiveness of communication is hampered, both in quality and timeliness, when teams are separated by time. Our model, based on coordination theory, suggests that coordination costs contain four main components—communication, clarification, delay, and rework—and that the various aspects of time‐separated work have different effects on each of these components. Our convergent view from these three perspectives shows that distance separation is symmetric—i.e. distance (A, B) = distance (B,A)—while time separation is asymmetric, which affects the planning of team interactions; that the timing of activities matters in time‐separated contexts but not in contexts with only distance separation; and thatvulnerability costs(i.e. resolving misunderstandings and rework) increase with time separation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collaboration practices in global inter‐organizational software development projects
Authors: Paasivaara Maria , Lassenius Casper 
Published: September 2004

AbstractGlobal interorganizational software development projects are becoming common, but their management and the creation of practices and processes to support collaboration seem to be harder than what the companies expect. In this article, we present successful collaboration practices collected in an interview study of eight globally distributed interorganizational software development projects.On the basis of 34 semistructured interviews, we were able to identify several practices that the interviewees subjectively deemed successful. The identified collaboration practices include: milestone synchronization, frequent deliveries, and the establishment of peer‐to‐peer links. The need to plan for problem‐solving communication was often neglected in the beginning of the project, despite its paramount importance. We identified several ways to ease related problems, such as having a dedicated person solve problems, using bulletin boards and e‐mail lists or dedicated mailboxes. Successful projects had learned the value of two‐way communication regarding project progress monitoring. Finally, practices helping in building and maintaining a working relationship included face‐to‐face meetings, distribution of organization charts, and having people travel to give all sites faces. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GNOME project: a case study of open source, global software development
Authors: German Daniel M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMany successful free/open source software (FOSS) projects start with the premise that their contributors are rarely colocated, and as a consequence, these projects are cases of global software development (GSD). This article describes how the GNOME Project, a large FOSS project, has tried to overcome the disadvantages of GSD. The main goal of GNOME is to create a GUI desktop for Unix systems, and encompasses close to two million lines of code. More than 500 individuals (distributed across the world) have contributed to the project. This article also describes the software development methods and practices used by the members of the project, and its organizational structure. The article ends by proposing a list of practices that could benefit other global software development projects, both FOSS and commercial. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.