bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting the Scene: The Highland Environment of Ancient Israel
Authors: Meyers Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the biases interfering with an evaluation of any aspect of life in antiquity stem from our temporal distance from that life. Time alone is the symbol but not the substance of the problem. We live today in a postindustrial and highly technological society. The weather may be a recurrent item of news and conversation, but for the majority of people the ecological milieu rarely impinges directly and regularly on the central aspects of daily life.
The Genesis Paradigms for Female Roles, Part I: Genesis 2-3
Authors: Meyers Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early chapters of Genesis challenge our ability to be open-minded in dealing with biblical texts relevant to gender. Perhaps more than any other part of the Bible, those chapters have influenced western notions of gender identity and roles. But we must remember that Genesis 2-3 antedate by a millennium or more the religious traditions that have appropriated those texts as normative statements about human nature. That is, the earliest Jewish and Christian communities used the Genesis stories, as they used many other parts of the already ancient and sacred literature of Israel, to help them deal with their own sociological and theological concerns.
Reconstructing Gender Relationships
Authors: Meyers Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become fashionable among educated western women to want to “have it all.” Life is seen as consisting of three compartmentalized are nas: career, marriage, and motherhood. Many women struggle to com bine all three, when only one alone might be construed as a full-time occupation for at least part of a woman’s life. What a different reality existed for Everywoman Eve, whose life intrinsically encompassed all aspects (although one would hardly characterize her work load as a “career”) and who might have willingly relinquished some of her broad responsibilities.
Confrontation and Direct Action
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1970, the women’s liberation movement was a national phenomenon. Feminists were attracting media and public attention by staging demonstrations and raising controversial demands. Abortion was a central feminist issue that was dramatized through direct action: In New York in 1969 the feminist Redstockings held “counter-hearings” to protest the biased state legislative hearings on abortion reform. In Detroit in 1970 a “funeral march” was held by women’s liberation activists to protest the deaths of women killed by back-alley abortionists while the legislature debated abortion reform. In Chicago, feminists disrupted the convention of the American Medical Association to protest the AMA’s lack of support for abortion law repeal.
The Webster Ruling and Its Aftermath
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1989 a Supreme Court reconstituted with Reagan appointees upheld important provisions of a Missouri anti-abortion statute in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. Although the Court did not overturn Roe v. Wade, it allowed the states significant leeway in limiting abortion rights and seemed to invite other challenges that might further dismantle the 1973 Court ruling.’ The Webster decision was a critical event marking the beginning of a new round of intense conflict over abortion in which the state legislative and political arenas would become the primary battlefields.
Stationary State Methods and Phase Methods
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss a number of methods for handling stationary state problems in quaternionic quantum mechanics and then consider more generally methods in which the phase of the wave function plays a primary role. We first describe exact methods for reducing the anti Hermitian quaternionic Hamiltonian H to a complex Hermitian Hamiltonian H for an equivalent complex quantum mechanics problem. We then develop stationary state perturbation theory, and as an application compute the leading approximation to the Hamiltonian phase operator I H. We also give a quaternionic analog of the Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle. We proceed next to an extended discussion of the geometric phase in quaternionic quantum mechanics, in both the adiabatic and the nonadiabatic cases. Finally, we give the quaternionic generalization of the eikonal or WKB approximation.
Methods for Time Development
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we develop methods, both exact and approximate, for timedependent problems (Adler, 1988), which complement the methods for stationary state problems given in Chapter 5 and their application to scattering theory in Chapter 6. We begin by giving the general equations for time-dependent perturbation theory in quaternionic quantum mechanics. By making an appropriate choice of initial conditions, these equations are applied successively to the problems of scattering theory and of decaying state theory. We next discuss the use of the interaction and Heisenberg pictures, particularly in the context of the quaternionic forced harmonic oscillator. We conclude by briefly discussing the use of quaternionic quantum mechanics as a model for time reversal violation in elementary particle physics (Adler, l 986a,b).
The Predatory Society
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who knows more about a business's shady practices than the people who work there? In this pioneering study, Paul Blumberg examines a wide variety of evidence, including over 600 accounts written by workers who disclose in elaborate detail the deceptions their employers practiced on the public. Employed in a wide variety of business enterprises--supermarkets, restaurants, fish markets, department stores, gas stations, drug stores, pet stores, and many more--these workers pull back the curtain and reveal the hidden recesses of the American marketplace. Blumberg documents these deceptions in numerous vivid stories, providing readers with a trenchant handbook on survival in America. He tells of stores that routinely mark prices up before a sale; gas stations that sell regular gas as high test; auto mechanics who spray-paint customers' old car parts and then charge them for new parts (in one gas stations, the workers claimed that the mechanic's best tool was his paint can); and pharmacists who sell generic drugs and charge name-brand prices. But equally important, he provides an insightful analysis of why deception pervades the American marketplace. Though at times amusing, The Predatory Society is also frequently disturbing for what it says about private capitalism: how dishonesty is all but built into the American marketplace, and how this dishonesty has potentially disastrous effects on trust and community in our society.
Ignorance: Dumb Customers and Distracted Customers
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some firms are honest, some are not. Of those that are not, some are more dishonest than others. What explains the wide variations in deceptive behavior in the marketplace? The most obvious generalization one can make about the propensity to deceive is that, broadly speaking, the more ignorant the customer, the more likely he is to be cheated, just as in the wild, the weaker and more vulnerable the prey, the more likely it is to be set upon. In a sense, ignorance is a pre condition of every successful swindle, for if the victim were not ignorant, the ruse could not be carried off. Ignorance, however, as Caesar said of Gaul, can be divided into three parts.
Helpless Customers and Potemkin Villages
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the marketplace, the strong subdue the weak. As we ‘ve seen, one form of weakness is ignorance. Another form of weakness is ... weakness itself. Especially victimized are those persons who are not so much ignorant of their exploitation as helpless to do anything about it. Inmates of mental hospitals, prisons, nursing homes, and schools for retarded and handicapped children all have two things in common: their essential helplessness vis-a-vis the institution, and their susceptibility to abuse by the personnel because of it.
Scarcity
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even the most casual observer of social behavior knows that when the good and necessary things of life are scarce, people rarely behave in a commendable manner. When things are abundant, people can afford to be generous; when things are scarce, watch out. True, scarcity may occasionally bring out the best and most unselfish in people, especially during a temporary crisis as they share and help others, but over the long haul it usually brings out the worst.
Perishability
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain businesses trade in perishable commodities. I am not referring here simply to such obviously perishable goods as food. Photographic film ages and is thus perishable. Clothing styles are not eternally fashionable. In establishments that sell perishable products, there is always the danger that goods will spoil, rot, go sour, go stale, go out of date or out of style, or become obsolete. In such firms, depending on how perishable the goods are, there is a constant undercurrent of urgency to sell the product, for if the goods cannot be passed off on the customer quickly enough, they will perish, and large economic losses will ensue.
Filth
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the violations of public trust found in these essays, one of the most widespread is the pervasiveness of filth in establishments where food is either sold or served. In one account after another, workers employed in restaurants, cafeterias, catering establishments, ice-cream stores, fast food outlets, large supermarkets, small groceries, bakeries, fruit and vegetable stores, delis, nursing homes, and bottling plants report a level of filth that would give pause to even the least fastidious customer.
The Maculate Muse
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1971, when I began the dissertation that would become The Maculate Muse, scorn of the old taboos about human sexuality and its social expressions had become socially fashionable among many members of my generation, even a badge of cultural liberation. For me, an academic who had never thought that human sexuality should be a shameful secret and who had always been amused and fascinated by erotic art and literature, that era of “sexual revolution” seemed an opportune time to explore the sexual dimensions of my favorite classical artform.
Women’s Devotion to the Egyptian Goddess Isis in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the worship of many foreign divinities spread from their native lands as commerce and military maneuvers moved multitudes back and forth across the Mediterranean. The Phrygian goddess Cybele, the Persian god Mithras, the Syrian goddess, and numerous others established cult centers across the Greco-Roman world, and with the singular exception of the cult of Mithras, all were known (and often mocked by establishment Greek and Latin male authors) for their strong attraction for women. Principal among these was the religion of Isis, which many scholars identify as the primary contender against Christianity for sovereignty in the Roman Empire.
Jewish Women’s Religious Lives in Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strikingly different portraits both of Jewish women and women’s Judaism emerge from ancient rabbinic sources on the one hand, and inscriptional, archaeological, and neglected Greek literary sources from the Greco-Roman period on the other. Rabbinic writings have led many scholars to conclude that Jewish women led restricted, secluded lives and were excluded from much of the rich ritual life of Jewish men, especially from the study of Torah. Evidence from the Greco-Roman Diaspora suggests, however, that at least some Jewish women played active religious, social, economic, and even political roles in the public lives of Jewish communities.
The Ideology of Sacrifice in Mythmaking
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rituals are formal actions performed according to rules and customs validated by the passage of time. Primarily social actions, they define the identity of the participating group as an entity distinct from all others, while within the group they demarcate the relative status among members. For the Greeks, rituals encouraged the fertility of fields, domestic animals, and women; they appeased an angry god or daimon; they brought about the sacrifice of an animal victim; they effected passage from one status to another.
Patriarchal Mythmaking on Marriage
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word “marriage” denotes beliefs, customs, and kinship ties that differ from culture to culture, although we all too easily fall into the trap of assuming that the word has the same associations for everyone. To Americans today, “marriage” generally means a condition culminating a period of dating, courtship, and engagement. After the wedding, the couple constitutes a legal entity and often shares a state of holy matrimony.
Myths and Citizenship
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The myths studied in this and the following chapters were told by Athenians seeking political ends. By political, we mean having to do with the relations of a citizen with other citizens and of the poliswith other poleis. Mythic discourse is political in that a group of people identify themselves as related to one another and distinct from other groups by telling the same myths; even more important is the difference between how they tell them to those within and without the group.
Funeral Orations in Mythmaking Athens
Authors: Tyrrell WM Blake , Brown Frieda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas Greeks generally believed a proper funeral necessary for a psyche (soul) to enter Hades, the dispensation of the body concerned the living. Restrictions throughout Greece on the luxury and extravagance that could be lavished on a funeral testify to how readily even grief was drawn into the nobles’ fierce competition for honor. In the 460s, against the background of the aristocrats’ funeral rites, the demos developed a peculiarly Athenian institution, the burial of the city’s war dead in a public cemetery.
Law
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I complement the emancipatory focus of the preceding chapter by attending to that other narrative pole in the book of Exodus: law. The advent of law in a people’s history—the historical moment when a culture first establishes its identifying tradition of law—often coincides with a “wilderness” experience: a transition from relative anarchy to relative order. Thus the figure of Wilderness arises as a prominent feature in the biblical narrative of ancient Israel. Indeed the law-wilderness connection can become a pronounced feature for postbiblical cultures that identify with ancient Israel. Before turning to such instances I will state the case first for biblical narrative. Recall that the book of Exodus features not only the miraculous liberation from Egypt but also the promulgation of the first Mosaic law code—the ten commandments delivered by the prophet at Mount Sinai. Moses-the-lawgiver, and the divine origination of his law at Sinai, are narrative elements just as central to the book of Exodus as the character of Moses-the-liberator and his miraculous deliverance of the people at the Red Sea.
Bruges and Ghent: Commercial and Industrial Cities of Flanders
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
France was not the only economy that revived between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, nor was it the only site of fairs. In the low lands of Flanders (now western Belgium), after the Viking incursions had finally eased off, there was an efflorescence of urban growth, as populations that had earlier fled from the coast spread out and as more secure land and sea routes once again permitted traders to travel.
Restructuring the Thirteenth-Century World System
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this concluding chapter is not only to synthesize our findings from the thirteenth century but to address a question of far wider significance, namely, why world systems fail. Since we believe that many of the same variables operate, albeit in reverse ways, in both the organizing and disorganizing phases of a cycle, the explanation for why world systems fail will be drawn, at least in part, from an understanding of how they are forged.
Political Agitation and the Mobilization of Religion
Authors: Bayat Mangol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All Iranian sources agree that the olama’s involvement in the Constitutional movement began no differently from clerical participation in other political cabals, siding with or against the sadr-e a’zam of the day. In 1903 Amin al-Soltan, who was then the bete noire of the liberals, fell from power as a result of the concerted effort of the olama of Tehran (Behbahani, the Imam Jom’a, Mohammad Tabataba’i, Fazlollah Nuri, Ali Akbar Tafrashi), the court and government officials, the secret societies, and lay dissidents. As soon as Ain al-Daula assumed the premiership, new coalitions were forged, involving major shifts in alignments. Nuri, closely associated with the new sadr-e a’zam, emerged as the most powerful cleric in the capital, acquiring and distributing favors, expanding his influence in both government and religious circles. The Imam Jom’a and Abu Taleb Zanjani were his allies in the capital.
Beginnings
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wallace Swanson was born in 1927 in a modest two-story frame house in Minneapolis, the fifth of Clara and Arvid Swanson’s eight children. A decade earlier Arvid had set sail for France to fight in the Great War, leaving his immigrant parents and older brother tending the family farm up north. Then he had returned—doughboy helmet intact and some change in his pocket—to marry Clara Mattson from neighboring Isanti and to seek his for tune with her in the city. Eventually, Arvid had found steady work as a deliveryman at the Franklin Creamery. At age twenty-four, he had paid five thousand dollars for a three bedroom house at 817 East 22nd Street, in which he and Clara would spend the next sixty years of married life.
Themes in the Early Lives of Missionaries
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study draws upon two sources of primary data: self-administered questionnaires completed by 129 Mission members and open-ended interviews conducted with 107 Mission members. These offer complementary ways of looking at the origins of evangelical missionaries. The questionnaire survey, on the one hand, provides uniform background information including sociodemographic characteristics, the occurrence of “separating” events in childhood (such as migration, going away to boarding school, parental death), and religious milestone experiences (such as conversion and calling). Responses were given by 75 women and 54 men between the ages of 24 and 64 who began working as HCJB missionaries in Ecuador between the years 1941 and 1983. When summarized statistically, they yield one sort of answer to the question of where the people that I studied “came from.”
Introduction
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arguments and evidence presented in this book challenge what many consider the current orthodoxy with respect to the causes of old-age security policy development. We call into question the conventional view that policy developments in this sphere inevitably reflect the outcome of conflict between labor and capital.1 Various class theorists differ in their views as to the relative influence of labor and capital, and they disagree in their assessments of the redistributive impact of various old-age security programs, but they generally share the assumption that capital and labor are the major actors driving these policy developments. We do not deny the relevance of class actors, rather we specify the contexts in which these actors are important, and we introduce evidence that a number of other actors defined by such ascriptive attributes as age, ethnicity, language, religion, and region are also very important.
Sweden
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1913 Sweden became the first nation to enact a universalistic contributory public pension program. It was the first of many Swedish public pension policy innovations introduced over the years. Sweden’s position as a leader with respect to welfare state development makes its public pension policies of particular interest. Today it has one of the world’s most generous and highly developed pension programs.
United States
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States was the last major Western industrial nation to enact old-age social security legislation-the Social Security Act was passed in 1935, and the first old-age pensions provided for under this act were paid in 1940.1 At the time when this legislation was enacted the United States was one of the world’s leading monopoly capitalist nations and it had highly developed democratic institutions that were strongly influenced by interest group politics. For these reasons the United States is a particularly crucial case for assessing the utility of both the neo-pluralist and the neo-Marxist perspectives.
Brazil
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1923 Brazil introduced a public pension program, becoming one of the first Third World nations to do so. Today Brazil has one of the most comprehensive public pension systems in the Third World; while the benefits for many are moest, a high proportion of the population is covered. Brazil is one of a very few Third World nations that have found a way to extend public pension coverage to the rural population. In some respects public pension policy developments in Brazil are similar to those in other Latin American countries; in other respects the Brazilian case is quite distinctive. For both reasons, where appropriate comparisons will be made with other Latin American countries.
India
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
India with a total population in excess of 850 million has the second largest elderly population in the world.1 The nation has been a pioneer with respect to social security policy development in South Asia. Its provident fund approach to old-age social security provision has had an impact on policy in such nations as Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Nepal, all of which have adopted provident fund schemes (Thompson 1979, pp. 123-128).2 But not all nations in the region followed the Indian example, some such as Pakistan and the Philippines adopted social insurance schemes while others such as Bangladesh, Burma, and Thailand have yet to adopt national programs to deal with the economic needs of the elderly.
The Content and Workings of Roman Sexual Humor
Authors: Richlin Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The same sort of skewing that was noted for erotic poetry at Rome applies to Roman sexual humor: it is entirely the product of male humorists. Whatever jokes were made on sexual subjects by women at Rome are lost; we can assume that at least some women enjoyed sexual humor from Sulpicia’s seemingly satirical account of her own marriage.’