bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐Pleistocene changes in the human dentition
Authors: Brace C. Loring , Mahler Paul E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPublished evidence indicates sharp reductions in the hominid dentition following the end of the Pleistocene. These reductions, both in size and in morphological complexity, have proceeded farthest in those areas where culture change has occurred most rapidly. The model proposed here suggests that post‐Pleistocene dental reduction may be the result of the change in selective forces consequent from the invention and use of pottery and the changes in food‐preparation techniques after the end of the Pleistocene. Models for testing this hypothesis are discussed.
Responses of Quechua Indians to coca ingestion during cold exposure
Authors: Hanna Joel M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFourteen Quechua men chewed coca leaves as they were exposed to a mild cold stress of 15.5°C for two hours. When compared to their own responses in a similar exposure without coca, they showed lower finger and toe temperatures. This was attributed to a mild vasoconstriction induced by coca leaf chewing. During the second hour of cold, coca users also showed a more gradual decline in core temperature which could represent greater heat conservation.
South‐Sinai Beduin. A preliminary report on their inherited blood factors
Authors: Bonné Batsheva , Godber Marilyn , Ashbel Sarah , Mourant Arthur E. , Tills Donald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPreliminary results of serological tests on 297 Beduin from several tribes in South‐Sinai include seven different blood‐group systems, three serum factors and eight red‐cell enzyme systems.The present tests show only slight differences between the various tribes, except for the tribe of Jebeliya, which differs very markedly not only from the other Sinai Beduin but from all other neighbouring populations.A considerable African component characterizes this “European” tribe as manifest by high frequencies of cDe(Rº), Fy, Jsa, acid phosphatase Pb and the presence of V(ces) and G6PD electrophoretic type A.
Genetic variability among peoples of Aruba and Curaçao
Authors: Rife David C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData were obtained from 252 elementary school pupils in four regions of Aruba and in the suburbs of Willemstad, Curaçao. Data included ABO and MN blood groups, ratings of skin color and hand prints. Pupils in the Noord region of Aruba differ significantly from those at other schools in both islands with respect to frequencies of MN blood group genes; mean ridge counts on fingers; and pattern frequencies in hypothenar and thenar/first interdigital palmar areas. Noord pupils have significantly darker skin color than those in other Aruban areas. No significant differences were encountered in ABO frequencies, which are more similar to those of Negroes than to American Indians and Caucasians.MN blood group frequencies and finger prints of pupils in the Noord region are similar to those of American Indians, whereas those in other regions are similar to those of Negroes and western Europeans.
Gammaglobulin allotypes of Melanesians from Malaita and Bougainville, Solomon Islands
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Damon Albert , Bloom Jerry 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData are presented on the distribution of the Gm and Inv allotypes of human IgG in samples from Melanesian populations, three from Malaita and three from Bougainville of the Solomon Islands. The Lau from Malaita are polymorphic for the phenogroup, Gm1, 2, 5, 13, 14. This phenogroup is not known to be polymorphic in any other population of the world. The Inv1 frequencies of the populations from Malaita are lower than the lowest observed in samples from Bougainville, and this may indicate an extension of the north‐south cline for Inv1 previously reported for Bougainville.Samples from Aita in the north of Bougainville and from the Nagovisi in the south confirm the existence of the north‐south cline for Inv1 in Bougainville and suggest the presence of a Gm cline.
Somatotype distribution in male college students in northern India
Authors: Berry J. N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSomatotyping of a random and representative sample of 1000 college men from northern India has been done on standard Sheldonian lines. The mean somatotype here, 2.85, 2.96, 4.56 and somatotype distribution were similar to those of a comparable sample of college men examined in central India a few years earlier showing their close identity. The only significant differences were the slightly higher proportion of those with dominant endomorphy and dominant mesomorphy respectively in the northern sample. Both the Indian samples are much lower in mesomorphy and endomorphy and much higher in ectomorphy than their colleagues in England or America. All three differ markedly from Japanese and Nilotics who are highest in mesomorphy and ectomorphy respectively.The classical Sheldon's method of somatotyping physique, which is a measure of shape and not size, has amply proved its usefulness and reliability. The modifications suggested by various workers have yet to justify themselves and stand the test of time.
Anthropometric studies in Brazilian Cayapo Indians
Authors: Darocha F. J. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResults of 16 measurements and 7 indices obtained from 130 men and 156 women belonging to three populations of Brazilian Indians are reported. For both males and females the averages for stature and head breadth are in the middle of the distribution range of values observed in other South American tribes; those for head length and nasal height are relatively low but the averages for sitting height, calf circumference and minimum frontal breadth are high. As for the indices, in both sexes the cephalic and cephalofacial are medium, the Rohrer, jugomandibularis and facial low, and the nasal high when compared with other tribes. Morphological distances between the three Cayapo populations were estimated using Mahalanobis' D2 statistic; they are smaller than those separating different tribes and are not the expected ones when the demographic variables of these groups and the geographic distances between them are considered. The amount of variability as expressed by the coefficient of variation and the prevailing pattern of sexual dimorphism are similar to those observed in other Indian populations.
Blood groups and red cell enzymes of the Ross River (Northern Tuchone), and Upper Liard (Slave) Indians
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. , Stout T. D. , Lee Melvin , Tipton Richard , Petrakis Nicholas L. , Birkbeck John 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA survey of nine blood group systems was conducted as part of a study of health and nutrition among two Athapsakan groups of the Yukon Territory, Canada. Most of the samples were also analyzed for hemoglobin patterns and G‐6‐PD variants. The only significant difference in allelic frequencies between the two populations occurred at the P locus. An apparent deficit in the observed frequency of type A1, and hence a departure from equilibrium, at Upper Laird could not be tested for significance due to insufficient degrees of freedom.
An analysis of the muscular limitation on opposability in seven species of Cercopithecinae
Authors: Burton Frances D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCercopithecinae have long been considered to have a manus capable of opposition. Observations of manipulation in seven quadrupedal species of Cercopithecinae show that three opposable grips are used, ranging from the ultimate refinement of the “precision grip,” the refined opposition, where contact is made between the distal pads of the first digit (d1) and the second digit (d2), to the cup, where the pollex is equidistant from, and presses an object against, the palmar pads of the other digits. The most frequently used hand position was the quasi‐opposition, where the distal pad of d1 contacts d2 anywhere along its lateral aspect.Dissections of the muscles of the pollex showed that in all the species studied refined opposition depends on the abductor brevis and opponens pollicis. In general the other pollical muscles, which enhance opposition in man, are limiting factors on this movement.The differences among the species, however, tend to reflect use of the hand. Thus, those species subsisting principally on a diet of seeds and grasses were found to have the highest frequency of refined opposition, and their pollical anatomy shows a muscular configuration facilitating opposition.The suggestion is made that manipulation as in procuring, conveying and preparing food may have been a more important adaptive pressure than locomotion in retention of the generalized form of the cercopithecine hand.
The Bronze‐Age Harappans: A re‐examination of the skulls in the context of the population concept
Authors: Dutta Pratap C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe biometric data on 72 usable adult skulls excavated at Harappa and dated ca. 2500‐1700 bc have been re‐examined in the light of the genetic concept of “population.” The original study of the material considered separately and independently the various samples from locally differentiated cultural deposits, Cemetery R37, Area G, Cemetery H, etc., and used the typologic concept of racial analysis, a traditional method now sterile. One of the major findings of the study, postulating hypothetical original races, was that a varying proportions of different racial “types” constituted each sample.The present analysis is designed, first, to identify the particular population responsible for the growth of the true Harappan culture and, secondly, to define some selected physical characters of the population. Fifteen variables provided statistical evidence that the pooled remains of Cemetery R37 and Area G can be considered as a sufficiently homogeneous Harappan population. Further, in the absence of statistically significant differences in separate measurements, the entire material may be regarded as representing the Bronze‐Age Harappans. Accordingly, some selected cranio‐facial features of the population have been described.
Notches in the non‐epiphyseal ends of the metacarpals and phalanges in children of four South African populations
Authors: Levine Errol 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidence of notches in the non‐epiphyseal ends of the shafts of the metacarpals and phalanges was determined from radiographs of the left hand of 1,303 Pretoria school‐children aged 6 to 11 years. The group included White, Negro, Coloured and Indian children. The notches represent vestiges of supernumerary epiphyses or pseudo‐epiphyses.Notching of one or more of the metacarpals or phalanges was found in 88.9% of White children, 77.1% of Negro children, 84.3% of Coloured children and 78.8% of Indian children. Notches were most common in metacarpal I followed in declining order of frequency by metacarpal II, metacarpal V, middle phalanx V and proximal phalanx I. Notches were rare in other sites. The mean number of notches per subject was significantly higher in males than in females in all four population groups. However, the sex differences appear to be due mainly to earlier obliteration of notches in females.The findings in White children suggest that there is no significant relationship between metacarpal and phalangeal notching and skeletal maturation rate. Notches are significantly more common in Pretoria Whites than in relatively poorly nourished Pretoria Negro children.It is concluded that the occurrence of notches is a normal phenomenon accompanying the ossification of the hand skeleton and that notching is related neither to retardation in skeletal development nor to undernutrition.
A method for aging the female Os pubis
Authors: Gilbert B. Miles , McKern Thomas W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDescriptions of the morphological components of the female os pubis, their developmental stages and age relations are presented in terms of formula scores following the method of McKern and Stewart ('57). It is noted that morphological development of females is different from that of males, and that females are subject to trauma of childbirth which may cause an individual female os pubis to appear older than it actually is. As compared to the male os pubis, that of a female of the same age may appear to be ten years younger based upon the ventral rampart, and ten years older based upon the dorsal plateau.
The in vivo development of the hamster periodontium and implications for the chin's evolution
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe anthropological problem related to the biology and evolution of the human chin was approached by examining the hypothesis that the body of the mandible consists of two bony moieties: (1) alveolar bone and (2) basal bone. The alveolar bone was assumed to be a component of the dentition, ontogenetically distinct from the basal bone on which it is superposed. Each bone moiety exhibits differences in the amount, direction and timing of growth — factors which are presumed to be partially responsible for the origin and evolution of the chin.To provide additional information on this problem, histologic sections from 45 postnatal hamster mandibles were examined with the light microscope. The results revealed that the hamster alveolar bone tissue develops from a hyalinelike precursor which is ontogenetically distinct from the processes of intramembranous bone formation. The maturation of alveolar bone appears to be associated with and highly correlated to the progressive development of the periodontal ligament and the root, a process which suggests epithelio‐mesenchymal interactions analogous to those observed during crown formation. The probable relationships between these observations on alveolar bone development and chin formation are discussed.
The problem of age estimation: A study using rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Gavan James A. , Hutchinson Thomas C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAccurate estimation of chronological age for animals of unknown birth date is important in a variety of circumstances. This is particularly true for non‐human primates and especially true for rhesus monkeys. Data, useful for this purpose, have been organized in a variety of ways. The purpose of this paper is to duplicate some of these methods and to check their accuracy.In general, three methods of organizing data were used. The parameters for each method were estimated from one group of rhesus monkeys. Accuracy of age estimation was determined from a closely related, second group which had been raised under approximately the same conditions and from a third group of unrelated monkeys raised under different conditions.Some methods provided better estimations than others, but none was absolutely accurate. The analyses indicate that the degree of inaccuracy of a method should be determined on a sample which is independent of the one from which the parameters were estimated.
Palatal growth rates in Macaca nemestrina and Papio cynocephalus
Authors: Swindler Daris R. , Sirianni Joyce E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA longitudinal study consisting of 38 unrelated Macaca nemestrina and 16 Papio cynocephalus monkeys are investigated for palatal changes during the first two and a half years of life. The central problem is to ascertain whether there are any significant differences between the two genera regarding their relative growth rates. In order to examine this question, the amount of sexual dimorphism in absolute size was determined. There was no sex difference in palatal dimensions within the species but there were marked size differences between the groups. The relative growth rates present another story. There are no significant sex or intergeneric differences in growth rates. The genera are different in absolute size but they grow at about the same relative rates. These rates represent a decelerating curve in both genera.
Hormonal control of endometrial glycogen metabolism in the Macaca arctoides
Authors: Demers Laurence M. , MacDonald Gordon J. , Greep Roy O. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEndometrial biopsies obtained throughout the menstrual cycle of the Macaca arctoides show the glycogen content paralleling the serum progesterone fluctuations which occur during the menstrual cycle. Secretory phase samples contained a three‐fold higher concentration of glycogen when compared to follicular phase tissue. Changes in the activity levels of the glycogen metabolizing enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthetase, during various stages of the menstrual cycle are in accord with the concept that the post‐ovulatory increase in endometrial metabolism is a function of progesterone influence on this tissue.Endometrial glycogen synthetase activity remains low during the early proliferative phase of the cycle and becomes significantly elevated (two‐to three‐fold) during the early secretory phase of the cycle. Glycogen phosphorylase shows a similar cyclicity later in the luteal phase, reaching maximal activity between the seventeenth to nineteenth day of the cycle and remaining elevated through the twenty‐sixth day of the cycle.The coincident nature of the rise in peripheral progesterone to increases in uterine glycogen metabolism suggest that progesterone may be the prime modulator of uterine endometrial metabolism during the post‐ovulatory phase.
Detecting ovulation in Macaca nemestrina by correlation of vaginal cytology, body temperature and perineal tumescence with laparoscopy
Authors: White Ronald J. , Blaine Calvin R. , Blakley Gerald A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVaginal cytology, basal body temperature, and perineal tumescence were correlated with laparoscopic observations during the menstrual cycles of five pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) of known fertility. Percentages of cells obtained in vaginal smears revealed systematic variation in the presence of cell types in relation to the menstrual cycle. Measuring the percentage of exfoliate vaginal epithelial cells containing pyknotic nuclei proved to be of little value for separating the menstrual cycle into its follicular and luteal phases, nor did body temperature provide an accurate index for the occurrence of ovulation. Perineal tumescence, however, measured from the first day of menses to onset of detumescence, was a reliable indicator of the lengths of the follicular and luteal phases as correlated with laparoscopic confirmation of ovulation. Maximal perineal tumescence usually occurred within 12 hours of ovulation, although on one occasion the two events were separated by 48 hours.
Sexual behaviour of group‐living adolescent chimpanzees
Authors: Tutin C. E. G. , McGrew W. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper reports a study of the heterosexual behavior of three male and four female captive adolescent chimpanzees living a semi‐natural life style in a large field enclosure. Observations made with binoculars from an over‐head deck were balanced over the daylight hours and the seven weekdays. We recorded 213 copulations in 741.25 hours of observation between February 14 and July 21, 1972. Analysis of the observations suggests that group‐living chimpanzees in a large field enclosure behave more like free‐living chimpanzees than like other captive chimpanzees paired in small cages. In this group, copulations were non‐randomly distributed throughout the day, a finding in agreement with results on wild‐living chimpanzees but not previously reported for captive chimpanzees. In this group, moreover, copulations were highly concentrated within each female's period of maximum tumescence, as are those of free‐living chimpanzees; and individual differences in sexual attractiveness among females were apparently based on a maturational threshold of swelling size, a phenomenon that has also been reported for wild chimpanzees.
Hormonal and social factors affecting evoked sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Perachio A. A. , Alexander M. , Marr L. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMale rhesus monkey sexual behavior occurring spontaneously or evoked by remotely‐controlled hypothalamic stimulation was studied in dominant and subdominant males with both dominant and subdominant, estrogen‐treated or untreated, ovariectomized females. The behavior was quantified in terms of number and duration of ejaculatory sequences, number of thrusts, and number of mounts per sequence. Little or no spontaneous sexual behavior was observed with an untreated ovariectomized female. However, evoked sexual behavior with the exception of evoked ejaculation could be obtained whether the females were treated or untreated. Spontaneous and evoked sexual behavior was directed towards both dominant and subdominant females. The female chosen by the male was in part determined by the dominance status of the female. Evoked sexual behavior differed from spontaneous behavior in terms of an increased number of thrusts per mount, an increased number of ejaculations per session, and a decrease in latency between ejaculatory sequences.
Copulatory behavior in relation to anatomical characteristics of three macaques
Authors: Kanagawa H. , Hafez E. S. E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnatomy of copulatory organs and patterns of copulatory behavior were studied in three species of Macaca. The copulatory behavior of the rhesus monkey (M. mulatta) and crab‐eating macaque (M. fascicularis) were similar. Mounting time was longer in stump‐tailed macaque (M. arctoides) (48 seconds) than in the rhesus monkey or crab‐eating macaque (8.5 seconds). Species differences were correlated with anatomical differences in the female and male reproductive organs. In the stump‐tailed macaque the male has a relatively long penis, and the female has an elaborate vestibular colliculus in the vestibule. Both rhesus and crab‐eating macaques have a short penis, and the female has no vestibular colliculus.Under scanning electron microscope, cone‐like projections (3–4 mm) were observed on the surface of the glans and corpus penis of M. arctoides. In M. fascicularis shorter projections (0.05–0.1 mm) were observed on the glans penis but not the corpus penis.
Biomechanical investigations of Limnopithecus with special reference to the influence exerted by body weight on bone thickness
Authors: Preuschoft Holger , Weinmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSome of the most significant traits of the fossil Limnopithecus parallel those of modern gibbons and large cebids. Several hypotheses have been proposed in the attempt to explain this convergence: taxonomic relationship, moderate body mass (in contrast to the great apes), and similar locomotor habits, or, more precisely, adaptations to brachiation or semibrachiation. A biomechanical analysis of the Limnopithecus remains did not, however, yield satisfying results. Changes in stress patterns caused by variations of body weight have been investigated theoretically, therefore, under the assumptions of constant body posture and constant arrangement of musculature. Compressive forces and bending moments on limb bones are linear functions of body weight. The resistance of a bone to compression usually increases with the square of the diameter. The resistance to bending (more critical than compression) increases with the third power of the bone diameter, rates of increase greater than that of body weight to limb diameter. Thus, the heavier animal may possess relatively more slender limb bones. This surprising result is supported by some empirical data taken from the literature.