bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Demography of Small Populations
Authors: Smith James N M , Keller Lukas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Populations are collections of individuals of the same species that occupy a defined place (Krebs 2001). In sexually reproducing species, they can vary in size from a single pair of breeders on an island to billions of migratory locusts. Some populations, like locusts, are highly mobile and extend over vast areas. Others live discontinuously in patchy habitats, on mountaintops, or on island archipelagoes. Collections of subpopulations are sometimes termed metapopul.ations (Hanski 1999), where movements of individuals link the dynamics of adjacent subpopulations. All populations fluctuate, growing when reproduction and immigration exceed mortality and emigration, and declining when the reverse conditions apply. When numbers fluctuate in a large population, local extinction (hereafter extirpation) is unlikely, because it is likely that some individuals will survive even the harshest conditions. However, fluctuations can cause small populations to disappear or decline to a size where genetic decay or random loss become likely. If only one population of the species remains, global extinction can follow. The behavior of small and isolated populations is thus of central interest to conservation biologists whose aim is to save rare and declining populations. In this book, we examine how small size influences the genetic structure and ecological performance of populations. In particular, we use a 28-year study of a small songbird, the song sparrow, on a tiny island in western Canada to illustrate the effects of chance processes on the ecology and genetic composition of the population.
The Song Sparrow and the Brown-Headed Cowbird
Authors: Smith James N M , Marr Amy B , Arcese Peter , Keller Lukas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Life History of the Cowbird and Other Brood Parasites The brown-headed cowbird is one of 100 species of obligate brood parasitic birds worldwide (Davies 2000; Lowther 1993). These birds lay all their eggs in the nests of other “host” species, which then incubate the parasite eggs and rear the resulting young (Rothstein and Robinson 1998a). In one-third of brood parasitic species, including the cowbird, the parasite nestlings are reared together with the host chicks. In the other species, the parasite nestling kills the host nestlings or evicts all host eggs and chicks from the nest (Davies 2000). Brood parasites are often highly mobile and often have distinct feeding, breeding, and roosting areas several kilometers apart (Davies 2000; Curson et al. 2000). In contrast, songbirds with parental care must stay near one place to perform their parental duties and defend their nests and mates.
The Genetic Consequences of Small Population Size: Inbreeding and Loss of Genetic Variation
Authors: Keller Lukas F , Marr Amy B , Reid Jane M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When agriculturalists breed domestic animals and plants to favor desired traits, they almost always work with small populations. Therefore, the genetic consequences of small population size have been of interest for a long time. Inbreeding depression, the reduced performance of individuals with related parents, has been studied for more than 200 years. Inbreeding occurs most frequently within small populations, since options to mate with nonrelatives are limited. Pioneering experiments on inbreeding by Kolreuter (1766), Knight (1799), and others were followed by Charles Darwin’s book on the consequences of inbreeding and crossbreeding in plants (Darwin 1876). Darwin reported experiments with no less than 57 plant species! However, Darwin was unaware of Mendel’s recent discovery, in 1866, that the amount of heterozygosity halves in each generation of self-fertilization. Darwin’s interpretations of the causes of inbreeding depression therefore remained vague.
Complementizer Deletion in Italian
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to shed light on a phenomenon of Italian, which seems to have several interesting connections with issues in morphology, morph syntax and semantics-namely, Complementizer Deletion. Our main tenet is that so-called Complementizer “Deletion” is no deletion at all, nor is it movement of the verb to a complementizer position; it is simply an instance of the familiar V-to-Agr of Italian. More precisely, when CD is available Agr has peculiar properties due to the morph syntactic environment in which it is realized, which license a structure with no overt complementizer.
Honduras: Remaking an “Armed Rabble”
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We’ve all been brawlers and the brawls haven’t gotten us anywhere. —Gen. Abraham Williams Calderón, vice president of Honduras, 1933–48, speaking as a delegate to the constitutional convention of 22 October 1957 Following the German invasion of France in the summer of 1940, the United States appealed to the Honduran government for information: How many German, Italian, and Japanese nationals were living in Honduras? How many of them were born in Honduras? Where were they living? Washington also needed the permission of Honduras for U.S. armed forces planes to regularly fly over its territory and to land if necessary, to become “better acquainted with military men, particularly air men,” as well as to expose U.S. pilots to Central American weather and flying conditions.
Nicaragua: “Ready to Receive Orders from Uncle Sam”
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are here, I personally and the army of Nicaragua, ready to receive orders from Uncle Sam. We are together now and will be forever. —Pres. Anastasio Somoza García, in a speech at a U.S.-Nicaraguan military staff meeting, Managua, 28 May 1945 Ever on the lookout to strengthen his Guardia, President Somoza responded with his usual ebullience to Washington’s proposal, in May 1940, to all the Latin American governments for secret military collaboration negotiations to coordinate the defense of the hemisphere. He offered to recruit an army of forty thousand Nicaraguans, who would of course require far more weapons than his government actually possessed.”He suggested,” the U.S. minister in Nicaragua reported without comment, “that it might be advisable to construct a small arsenal on the Gulf of Fonseca to store enough arms for his proposed army. He was quick to add that naturally such an arsenal would be under the protection of American troops,” and that it could also be used to store arms for the other Central American governments. Nicaragua became the first isthmian country to sign a Lend-Lease agreement on 16 October 1941, under which the United States obligated itself to transfer “armaments and munitions of war” worth about $1.3 million. Managua had the only Central American airfield outside of Guatemala that was substantially improved at U.S. government expense and made available to U.S. military forces for defense of the hemisphere.
Costa Rica: An Army Renamed
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Guardia Civil could become the main nucleus of an Army with a view toward wider objectives than those directed purely at keeping internal public order. —Fernando Lara, foreign minister of Costa Rica, to U.S. ambassador, 11 March 1952 In 1940, Pres. Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia worried that fifth columns of both fascists and communists might undertake operations against his government—or so he told the U.S. minister in San José. On 5 June, with France on the verge of collapse, and perhaps out of a genuine fear that his country would be defenseless were the United States drawn into the war in Europe, Calderón Guardia begged the U.S. envoy for arms and ammunition, and a week later, when pressed for his “actual needs,” mentioned four thousand rifles and forty-five submachine guns for the 324man Army of Costa Rica.
Escaping Salem
Authors: Godbeer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few events in American history are as well remembered as the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. But there was another witch hunt that year, in Stamford, Connecticut, that has never been examined in depth. Now Richard Godbeer describes this "other witch hunt" in a concise, fascinating narrative that illuminates the colonial world and shatters the stereotype of early New Englanders as quick to accuse and condemn. That stereotype originates with Salem, which was in many ways unlike other outbreaks of witch-hunting in the region. Drawing on eye-witness testimony, Godbeer tells the story of Kate Branch, a seventeen-year-old afflicted by strange visions and given to blood-chilling wails of pain and fright. Branch accused several women of bewitching her, two of whom were put on trial for witchcraft. The book takes us inside the courtroom--and inside the minds of the surprisingly skeptical Stamford townfolk. Was the pain and screaming due to natural causes, or to supernatural causes? Was Branch simply faking the symptoms? And if she was telling the truth, why believe the demonic sources of the information, who might well be lying? For the judges, Godbeer shows, the trial was a legal thicket. All agreed that witches posed a real and serious threat, but proving witchcraft (an invisible crime) in court was another matter. The court in Salem had become mired in controversy over its use of dubious evidence. In an intriguing passage, Godbeer examines Magistrate Jonathan Selleck's notes on how to determine the guilt of someone accused of witchcraft--an illuminating look at what constituted proof of witchcraft at the time. The stakes were high--if found guilty, the two accused women would be hanged. In the afterword, Godbeer explains how he used the trial evidence to build his narrative, an inside look at the historian's craft that enhances this wonderful account of life in colonial New England.
Pioneers Of Jazz
Authors: Gushee Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thanks to the pioneering tours of the Creole Band, jazz began to be heard nationwide on the vaudeville stages of America from 1914 to 1918. This seven-piece band toured the country, exporting for the first time the authentic jazz strains that had developed in New Orleans at the start of the 20th century. The band’s vaudeville routines were deeply rooted in the minstrel shows and plantation cliches of American show business in the late 19th century, but its instrumental music was central to its performance and distinctive and entrancing to audiences and reviewers. Pioneers of Jazz reveals at long last the link between New Orleans music and the jazz phenomenon that swept America in the 1920s. While they were the first important band from New Orleans to attain national exposure, The Creole Band has not heretofore been recognized for its unique importance. But in his monumental, careful research, jazz scholar Lawrence Gushee firmly establishes the group’s central role in jazz history. Gushee traces the troupe’s activities and quotes the reaction of critics and audiences to their first encounters with this new musical phenomenon. While audiences often expected (and got) a kind of minstrel show, the group transcended expectations, taking pride in their music and facing down the theatrical establishment with courage. Although they played the West Coast and Canada, most of their touring centered in the heartland. Most towns of any size in Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana heard them, often repeatedly, and virtually all of their appearances were received with wild enthusiasm. After four years of nearly incessant traveling, members of the band founded or joined groups in Chicago’s South Side cabaret scene, igniting the craze for hot New Orleans music for which the Windy City was renowned in the early 1920s. The best-known musicians in the group—cornetist Freddie Keppard, clarinetist Jimmy Noone and string bassist Bill Johnson—would play a significant role in jazz, becoming famous for recordings in the 1920s. Gushee effectively brings to life each member of the band and discusses their individual contributions, while analyzing the music with precision, skillful and exacting documentation. Including many never before published photos and interviews, the book also provides an invaluable and colorful look at show business, especially vaudeville, in the 1910s. While some of the first jazz historians were aware of the band’s importance, attempts to locate and interview surviving members (three died before 1935) were sporadic and did little or nothing to correct the mostly erroneous accounts of the band’s career. The jazz world has long known about Gushee’s original work on this previously neglected subject, and the book represents an important event in jazz scholarship. Pioneers of Jazz brilliantly places this group’s unique importance into a broad cultural and historical context, and provides the crucial link between jazz’s origins in New Orleans and the beginning of its dissemination across the country.
Churchill: A Study in Greatness
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the glorious triumvirate of World War II and founder of the strong Anglo-American friendship that is still apparent today, Winston Churchill stands out in history as a man who led his country through one of its most difficult times, with all of the steadfastness of a fierce and loyal bulldog. Churchill was already recognized as the most diversely gifted man in British politics before, at the ripe old age of 66, he suddenly emerged as a figure of world importance. Becoming Prime Minister on the very day in 1940 that Hitler invaded France and the Low Countries, he braced the British people to continue fighting and even to counterattack the, up to that point, all-victorious Germans. A clever and confident statesman, with an obvious love for the people he served, for years Churchill's character went unchallenged and his inspiring leadership left him above criticism. Recently, however, his record has come under attack. In Churchill: A Study in Greatness, one of Britain's most distinguished historians makes sense of this extraordinary man, and his long, controversial, colorful, contradictory and heroic career. Geoffrey Best illuminates both his strengths and his weaknesses, looking past the many received versions of Churchill, in a biography that balances the private and the public man and offers a clear insight into what made him truly great.
Eastern Questions
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any attempt to understand Winston Churchill is faced with a need to locate his deep-down principles and passions—indeed his principles-cum-passions which alone explain or help to explain the sometimes contradictory attitudes and actions which appear on the surface. On the one hand, he was held up by some as unreliable, unpredictable and unprincipled. On the other, he could boldly present himself as ‘more truly consistent than almost any other public man’, and he closed a 1927 essay on ‘Consistency in Politics’ with these ‘charitable lines of Crabbe’: Minutely trace man’s life; year after year, Through all his days let all his deeds appear, And then, though some may in that life be strange, Yet there appears no vast nor sudden change; The links that bind those various deeds are seen, And no mysterious void is left between. He certainly did not feel mysterious to himself. Two of his deep-down passions and principles were, first, the rule of law as protector of civil and religious liberty, and of the standards of civilisation; and, secondly, the place and prestige in the world of Great Britain and its Empire, as necessary both for the security of the English-speaking people and for the welfare of its other subjects. In the gap which sometimes opened between them may be glimpsed, not at all surprisingly, prejudices and assumptions which he shared with other men of his age, race, nation and class.
‘Action This Day’
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several veterans of Churchillian service recorded descriptions of what a normal working day was like. Apart from the fact that no day was normal when he was around (an entry in a secretary’s diary begins, ‘The PM being away, an unnatural calm reigns’), some regular items and features can be discerned.I He had to be awake by eight because that was when the daily report from the Map Room arrived. He stayed in bed and worked from there, attended by secretaries and assistants, unless or until he had to get up for the War Cabinet, which met daily or even more often through the early perilous months, usually twice a week thereafter, or for any other unavoidable committee. (Neville Chamberlain to begin with, then Sir John Anderson, and finally Clement Attlee chaired the Lord President’s Committee which relieved him of much routine work and almost everything to do with the Home Front.) Ismay would always be there, walking his tightrope between the Prime Minister and the Chiefs of Staff; also one or more of his Private Secretaries, and often the Secretary to the Cabinet would look in. After a hot bath the great man himself would get up for lunch, an interlude regularly used for discussion of war business with persons he wanted to talk to. After lunch, there might be a Cabinet meeting or one of the ad hoc committees which brought together all interested parties for consideration of specially important business, perhaps the ‘Tank Parliament’ (which never succeeded in doing much good) or the Anti-U-Boat Committee (which did). ‘But whatever his arrangements, he invariably got between the sheets [in the afternoon or early evening] for an hour or so.
France and de Gaulle
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major difficulties dumped on Churchill in the early summer weeks of 1940, a difficulty destined to run on until the very end of the war, was how to handle the self-appointed representative of the Free French people based in London, General de Brigade Charles de Gaulle. By the middle of June 1940 the mainland French government was asking for an armistice, and Hitler’s armies were on their way to controlling the French coast from Dunkirk to Biarritz. What else could be done in London, it might be asked, but to give up France for lost; to hope its purported neutrality would not turn into German vassalage; to incorporate such armed forces as de Gaulle might gather to himself within the Allied war effort; and (in terms of the political cartoons of the period) to wait until John Bull and, hopefully, Uncle Sam could liberate Marianne from the dragon’s chains? It was not as simple as that. Churchill flew five times to France between 16 May and 13 June, striving by this device or that to keep up the spirits of the Prime Minister, his friend Paul Reynaud, and, once the government had left Paris for the south, to urge it not to give up the fight but to carry it on from across the Mediterranean, where its immense African territories sheltered most of its navy and over 400,000 of its soldiers. His encouragement was unavailing, not least because the French leaders believed that Britain had let them down by not bringing all its fighter aircraft across the Channel to help defend France (in which Churchill thought them unreasonable: British losses in May and June 1940 amounted to a thousand aircraft and four hundred pilots and invasion was looming) and by sending an Expeditionary Force inadequate in size, equipment and training (in which Churchill had to acknowledge they were right, though this military feebleness was not of his doing).
Informed Consent
Authors: Youngner Stuart J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Informed consent is perhaps the ethical issue that most concerns critics inside and outside the tissue transplant industry. This is partly because it is often seen as a “solution” to other problems that have caused controversy in the field. Why has informed consent caused such a fuss in tissue transplantation when it did not cause much of a stir in organ transplantation? What concern there was in organ transplantation came primarily from the trans plant community itself-not from outsiders as with tissue-and stemmed from the shortage of organs and the fact that often people were either not asked to donate or declined when asked. In response, the passage of so-called required request laws attempted to ensure that family members of every potential donor were approached about donation.Required request failed.More recently, routine referral laws have attempted to improve the quality of informed consent by having experienced, motivated persons make the request and requiring that every single hospital death be reported to the local organ procurement organization (OP0).While the transplant indus-try has emphasized informed consent as a way to “offer the donation option” to families, the driving motivation has been the organ shortage.
Systematic Reviews Of Evidence-Based Studies And Practice-Based Research: How To Search For, Develop, And Use Them
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in a scientific age in which new medical and social science advances are reported almost daily, and the pace of change is breathtaking. In the midst of this, health and social services consumers are bombarded with information about medications, surgeries, alternative health care approaches, and psychosocial interventions that are “guaranteed” to ease their burden and enhance their lives each time they open their e-mail, turn on the TV, or go to the mailbox. Individuals are faced with choices of herbal remedies, gadgets, intrusive physical interventions, and intriguingly named psychological treatments, for example, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), to manage everything from life-threatening illness to unappealing aspects of their appearance. While some view this as the age of the educated consumer, few individuals have the ability to sift through the available data and make informed decisions. Rather, many of those seeking and requiring treatment turn to health care and mental health professionals with the expectation that these professionals will have the knowledge base to determine which treatment methodology is going to result in the most positive outcome with the least cost in terms of suffering, time, and money.
Informing Health Choices: Reflections on Knowledge Integration Strategies for Electronic Health Records
Authors: Hayward Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the informational requirements of informed decision making, illustrates how changes in information tools can affect health care practice, and highlights possible implications for a new culture of knowledge integration. The chapter begins with a brief examination of how information systems can support the kinds of health care choices most likely to improve patient safety, satisfaction, and outcomes. The next section explores the information needs of health care decision makers, defines evidencebased practice and policy making, and considers information behaviors implicit in evidence-based decision making. Evidence-based informatics is described as an approach to highlighting the validity, importance, and applicability of information supporting decisions within day-to-day health care practice. Third is a discussion and classification of information tools now proliferating in the health care workplace. The importance of information convenience, discrimination, and integration is highlighted. The fourth section considers how improving information technology and methods can affect the information culture of health care organizations. Each section suggests implications for future health care management and education and the potential impact on the quality of future medical care.