bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Historicism
Authors: Johnston Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A method of literary interpretation called ‘New Historicism’ is, at the present moment, the dominant procedure for studying British Romantic literature in the Anglo-American academy. Indeed, its practice is so pervasive that its hegemony is being protested by scholars who feel they might be penalized if they write in any other way. The present volume itself is a product of the impetus given to Romantic studies by the New Historicism, especially in its representation of authors who would not have appeared in such a volume a generation ago, most of whom have been rediscovered by New Historicist imperatives.
Formalism
Authors: Cronin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formalism is more often a tendency in literary criticism than a theory. It is characterized by a refusal to explain a work of literature by reference to the historical circumstances, whether biographical, political, economic, or social, out of which it was produced. Rather, the literary work is to be understood as it is ‘in itself’, which may mean that it is to be understood as a unique object, or, more often, that it is to be understood only in its relation to other literary works. Formalist critics deny that works of literature are either referential or practical; that is, literature does not represent the world, and it does not act upon the world, by, for example, prompting the reader to give to the poor or foment a political revolution
The novel
Authors: Russell Corinna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I hate to read new books’, announced William Hazlitt in 1826. With this, the opening line of his essay ‘On Reading Old Books’, the foremost commentator on his age begins an exercise in subjective canon-formation. Looking back, four years before his death, over a reading career spanning most of the Romantic period, the essayist makes a wry boast of his ‘scanty library’, comprising ‘twenty or thirty volumes that I have read over and over again, . . . the only ones that I have any desire ever to read at all’.
Romance
Authors: Kucich Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Keats pronounced the need to write ‘a tale of chivalry’ near the outset of his poetic career, he was responding to a recent surge in the historical development of the literary genre of romance (see Keats’s ‘Specimen of an Induction to a Poem’). In heavy demand from its medieval point of origin and throughout its many post-Romantic formulations—such as science fiction; the Western; potboiler supermarket novels of love and lust—during the Romantic age romance soared to an unprecedented high point and outstripped all other literary genres in popularity.
Forgeries
Authors: Lee Debbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘There are upwards of 10,000 practising scoundrels in London, whose manoeuvres are daily directed against its unsuspecting inhabitant’, wrote William Kidd in his 1832 book London and All Its Dangers, Frauds, Iniquities, Deceptions, &tc. Kidd was not the only one warning Britons to beware of impostors and forgers. On any day, a person in Romantic England could open one of the newspapers to find headlines like: ‘Infamous Impostor’, ‘Singular Case’, ‘Fabrication’, ‘Celebrated Hoax!’ Impostors and forgers were important figures not only in London street culture, but also in Romantic literature and history.
Non-fictional prose
Authors: Whale John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prose writings of the Romantic period form a rich and varied body of work which is only now beginning to receive the kind of attention it deserves from critics and scholars. The dominance of the idea of the ‘Romantic’ in the past has meant that only a selection of this variety has received its due. Because of the foregrounding of the self and the dominance of a poetic aesthetic, the kind of prose writings which have figured most prominently in literary histories have been literary reviews, autobiographies, and essays.
Modernism and postmodernity
Authors: Larrissy Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modernism is a movement which, while it had various different tendencies, often prized a concentration on the essential, the avoidance of extraneous comment, and an analytic approach to form such as one can find in Cubism. Many canonical modernist writers define their work in opposition to Romanticism, or to nineteenth-century writing in general. In the latter case, it is clear that they are opposed to tendencies which they believe originated in the Romantic period, and it is easy to show that late nineteenth-century writers still found models there. Oscar Wilde, for instance, when he visited Rome, went to the Protestant cemetery to pay respects at Keats’s grave, which he did by prostrating himself upon it.
Politics
Authors: Kitson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What was the political legacy bequeathed to us by the Romantics and how positive is it? At first it might seem odd or even perverse to want to view the Romantic poets and writers as political thinkers rather than as creative artists and visionaries; yet, even in their own day, the leading Romantics were perceived as very political animals and their works were seen as contributing to the current debates of the times. The period coincided with the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars; with the most intense agitation against the transatlantic slave trade and the institution of slavery (formally ended by Britain and its colonies in 1807 and 1833 respectively); with the development of colonial and imperial ambitions around the globe, but especially in India and the Near East; and with the rise and professionalization of new sciences, such as anthropology and ethnology.
Environmentalism
Authors: Morton Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmentalism is a set of cultural and political responses to a crisis in humans’
relationships with their surroundings. Those responses could be scientific, activist, or artistic, or a mixture of all three. Environmentalists try to preserve areas of wilderness or ‘outstanding natural beauty’. They struggle against pollution, including the risks of nuclear technologies and weaponry. They fight for animal rights and vegetarianism in campaigns against hunting and scientific or commercial experimentation on animals. They oppose globalization and the patenting of life forms.
Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Seamus Heaney’s, and Some Other Recent Half-Rhymes
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995 the United States had a President who believed that poetry might be important enough to quote in public. That December, Bill Clinton visited Derry in Northern Ireland, and made a speech which culminated with a full quotation of what have become some of the best-known lines of later twentieth-century poetry in English:
Greek Tragedy in the Opera House and Concert Hall of the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Brown Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About a hundred new musical versions of Greek tragedy have been performed in the last thirty-five years. Many of them will suffer the usual fate of operas and never be performed again, and even their composers are for the most part not household names. But they are among the leading composers of their generation(s), and they have been inspired by ancient drama in a remarkable variety of ways. Some have shown a sustained engagement with Greek tragedy in a succession of works, and it is also noticeable that several (such as Gavin Bryars and John Buller among English composers) have turned to Greek tragedy for their first venture into operatic composition.
Demographic issues
Authors: Rebhun Uzi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jews are variously defined as a community, a religious or ethnic group, a nation, or a people. Each of these definitions reflects an important, but incomplete, aspect of Jewish historical existence. A more comprehensive approach might see the most appropriate way of understanding the maintenance of Jewish continuity, despite periods of devastation, exile, and return, and in the light of fundamental changes in lifestyles and religious orientations, in terms of ‘civilization’. Jewish identity may be differently conceived by people from outside the group (objective identity) and by the consciousness of the members of the group from within (subjective identity).
Modernist movements
Authors: Freud-Kandel Miri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The age of Enlightenment raised questions that undermined the central tenets of religion in general and created a particular crisis for Judaism and Jewish identity. Enlightenment thought was predicated on the perception that all human beings shared an innate capacity to engage in rational thought. Ultimately this led to emancipation, as the notion of discriminating against people for their religion came to appear inappropriate. This notion of rationalism also inculcated the principle of individual autonomy, the idea that every person was empowered to use their rational capacities to choose and determine how to act for themselves.
French Jewry
Authors: Hyman Paula E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of France and its Jews is complex. On the one hand, France was the first nation in Europe to accord full civic equality to its Jewish population. On the other hand, with the Dreyfus Affair, France experienced the single most significant outbreak of antisemitism in nineteenth-century Europe. During the Second World War the Vichy regime decreed its own antisemitic laws and collaborated with the Nazis in the murder of more than 75,000 Jews. At the turn of the twenty-first century a new form of antisemitism has emerged in France.
British Jewry
Authors: Freud-Kandel Miri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern history of Jews in Britain, their experiences of tolerance, persecution, and emancipation, differs markedly from that of Jews in continental Europe, although continental European Jewry itself was not subject to uniform processes of emancipation. Anglo-Jewry, as the predominantly London-based community is popularly known despite small contingents from elsewhere in the United Kingdom, was influenced by a number of crucial factors. Upon resettling in Britain in 1656 the developing Jewish community was greatly affected by the presence of an established church. This served to influence both the discrimination directed against Jews and Anglo-Jewry’s construction of communal and specifically religious institutions.
Fundamentalism
Authors: Stadler Nurit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its penetration into popular modern discourse, the term ‘fundamentalism’ has given new meaning to concepts such as religious zealotry, martyrdom, suicidebomber, and holy war. In common parlance, the term conjures up a type of behaviour associated with violence justified on religious grounds. Even though it has a significant impact in the political sphere, the term continues to be misused and has thus been subject to endless reinterpretation. In contrast, the vast academic literature has emphasized the need to define the term and has developed various theoretical frameworks to analyse and discuss fundamentalist issues, several of which are Jewish. Nonetheless, this literature has also produced confusion, since it has been applied to a wide range of phenomena.
Print Culture and the Medieval Author
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Print Culture and the Medieval Author is a book about books. Examining hundreds of early printed books and their late medieval analogues, Alexandra Gillespie writes a bibliographical history of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer and his follower John Lydgate in the century after the arrival of printing in England. Her study is an important new contribution to the emerging 'sociology of the text' in English literary and historical studies. At the centre of this study is a familiar question: what is an author? The idea of the vernacular writer was already contested and unstable in medieval England; Gillespie demonstrates that in the late Middle Ages it was also a way for book producers and readers to mediate the risks - commercial, political, religious, and imaginative - involved in the publication of literary texts. Gillespie's discussion focuses on the changes associated with the shift to print, scribal precedents for these changes, and contemporary understanding of them. The treatment of texts associated with Chaucer and Lydgate is an index to the sometimes flexible, sometimes resistant responses of book printers, copyists, decorators, distributors, patrons, censors, owners, and readers to a gradual but profoundly influential bibliographical transition. The research is conducted across somewhat intractable boundaries. Gillespie writes about medieval and modern history; about manuscript and print; about canonical and marginal authors; about literary works and books as objects. In the process, she finds new meanings for some medieval vernacular texts and a new place for some old books in a history of English culture.
Translation or Transubstantiation
Authors: Walton J Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last thirty years have seen a great deal of theoretical and speculative writing associated with the nature of reception in theatre and in film. Not everyone would agree with Brook’ s instinctive analysis of the difference between the media, but he does point to the intangible and unpredictable nature of theatre in a way that is enlightening for some of the more neglected aspects of Greek plays as immediate performance pieces. Drama is almost always, and certainly was in the theatre of the fifth and fourth centuries bc, a collaborative art. That collaboration includes the audience at the point of impact, bringing to their perception their own historical, political and cultural experience. What sticks in the memory may so diver from the experience of one person to that of another, that the ‘ reality’ of the performance is no more than an agglomeration of all the partial recollections of everyone involved as creators and as audience.
Virtue, Nature, and Providence
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had better begin by declaring that there is one sense of ‘virtue ethics’ in which I am definitely not an advocate of that position: I would not argue that the concept of virtue should be credited with a foundational role in moral thought or theory, or that moral thinking couched in terms of rules, rights, preferences, practices, or any of our other current concepts should be seen as reducible to a single, virtue-centred form. This is by no means to identify myself with some other, putatively competing foundationalist view such as ‘deontology’ or ‘consequentialism’, but simply to locate what I have to say within ‘virtue ethics’ in the minimal sense of reflection on the virtues (as distinct from any other bunch of ethical notions). That project implies no hostility either to the ‘deontological’ view that actions prompted by respect for morality are good in themselves, or to the ‘teleological’ view that living well means engaging in an intelligent pursuit of happiness—each of which, after all, represents one part of the moral philosophy of that well-known ‘virtue theorist’, Aristotle.
Practical Mediterraneanism: Excuses for Everything, from Epistemology to Eating
Authors: Herzfeld Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of a new century, I confess to a feeling of astonishment that we are still talking about the utility, or otherwise, of the concept of ‘the’ Mediterranean. I do not mean that I am astonished to find that the Mediterranean Sea is still there, although the ecological mess we seem to be making of the planet might give one pause before accepting even this apparently simple certainty (and certainly the fish that were once a defining feature of the diet to which it has given its name appear to be getting ever scarcer and more expensive). Indeed, if Horden and Purcell are right to see a nexus of ‘environmental opportunism’ and ‘frequency of change’ as what constitutes the basis for acknowledging some degree of systemic and chronologically deep distinctiveness in the region, these latest vicissitudes would seem to offer a magnificent test from which their thesis may well emerge in good order even if the place itself does not.
Egypt and the Concept of the Mediterranean
Authors: Bagnall Roger S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These remarks began as a response to a pair of papers in the Columbia colloquium, those of Herzfeld and Armstrong, and they retain that character even as they take up ideas raised in other papers in this volume and reflect on the place of Egypt in The Corrupting Sea itself. Those two original papers have in common that they step back from the Mediterranean itself to those who create and represent it as a category, a concept, or a political fact. Although in neither case were scholars and teachers the group under consideration, it is evident that we ourselves are engaged in just this work of creation and representation. A number of other papers printed as chapters in this volume do raise related issues of inclusion and exclusion in the constituting of the Mediterranean as a subject of academic study and public perception, and already as I listened to them it became obvious to me that collectively they bore on an issue of perennial concern to me as an historian of Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, namely, the place of that society in the contemporary Mediterranean world. It was, however, equally striking how slight a place in the conversation of the colloquium Egypt occupied, and this near-omission only reinforced that concern over Egypt’s place in the larger Mediterranean conversation. This invisibility takes on an additional irony when one considers that if one thinks of a work other than Braudel’s before Horden and Purcell for which the Mediterranean was the programmatic theme, it is unavoidably Goitein’s great work, A Mediterranean Society. That study, as Abulafia’s chapter points out, centres on a community in Egypt.
Shakespeare’s Late Work
Authors: Lyne Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare’s Late Work is a detailed reading of the plays written at the end of Shakespeare’s career, centring on Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Unlike many previous studies it considers all the late work, including Henry VIII, The Two Noble Kinsmen, the revised Folio version of King Lear, and even what can be ascertained about the lost Cardenio. From this broadened canon emerge signs of a distinct identity for the late work. Lyne explores how Shakespeare sets great store in grand principles-faith in God, love of family, reverence for monarchs, and belief in theatrical representations of truth. However, there is also a ubiquitous and structuring irony whereby such principles are questioned and doubted. Audiences and readers are left with a difficult but empowering decision whether to believe, or to question, or to accommodate both faith and scepticism. Alongside this interest in the new and characteristically ‘late’ qualities of this phase in Shakespeare’s career. Shakespeare’s Late Work puts it in a wider cultural context. A chapter on the collaborations and broader dramatic relationships with John Fletcher and Thomas Middleton illuminates how Shakespeare’s canon interacts with other writing of its time. A chapter on how the late work revisits and reconsiders themes from earlier plays shows that continuity needs to be remembered alongside novelty. Overall this is an introduction to the key works of this period which advances a new reading of them. They emerge as fascinating and dazzling explorations of their potential and their limitations.
Seeing is Believing
Authors: Lyne Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When considering romance in general, it is not always a good idea to start at the end. Extended adventures, digressions, and encounters are vital: it is often better to focus on the process than on the goal. However, in Shakespearian romance— perhaps in dramatic romance overall— endings have special importance. The unfolding of time is a rich feature of the theatrical experience, and the ingenuity expended in testing the endurance of characters and audience never escapes the need for time to reveal all. In another sense, as has already been established, one should not be too end-obsessed in dealing with Shakespearian romance. However in this chapter The Tempest, that perennial pseudo-finale, is indeed the culmination of a key theme, and a new direction too.
Faith and Revelation
Authors: Lyne Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Shakespeare’s late work characters find things that are terribly important to them; in this chapter broader ramifications of the theme of finding and discovery will be examined. In these works it often seems as if grand, powerful ideas are being put forward, ideas that promise rejuvenation and new security. However, these new directions are not proposed without being questioned, and a rich ironic texture results. One of these sets of ideas is a religious and spiritual one, and this version of discovery has a particular intensity in Pericles, not least because the play itself also seems to enact and indeed to be a kind of discovery.
Sounds of the City: Virginia Woolf and Modern Noise
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1880 and 1937-the calendar span of The Years-the sounds of the city changed. The human and animal cacophony of the streets gave way to a mechanical roar and hum, the product, above all, of the internal combustion engine on the ground, and-more intermittently-the drone and throb of the aeroplane in the sky above. The shift was between the acoustic ambience of the streets where ‘musicians doled out their frail and for the most part melancholy pipe of sound’,’ and the ‘deafening’ noise of London, the persistent hooting of car horns, ‘the dull background of traffic noises, of wheels turning and brakes squeaking’, that greets North on his return to London from Africa in the present day.
‘Claiming Him as Her Son ‘: William Stukeley, Isaac Newton, and the Archaeology of the Trinity
Authors: Haycock David Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1730 the recently ordained clergyman Dr William Stukeley (1687-1765) declared in a letter to his fellow antiquary Roger Gale that his ‘main motive ‘ in pursuing his antiquarian studies into the ancient religion and remains of Celtic Britain was to ‘combat the deists from an unexpected quarter ‘. It was this same motivation that had led him to seek ordination the previous year, when he had told another friend, William Wake, numismatist and Archbishop of Canterbury, that he had ‘ever been studious in divinity, especially in the most abstruse & sublime parts of it ‘, and that his ‘disquisitions into the history of our Celtic ancestors, & their religion, have ... given me the opportunity of discovering some notions about the Doctrine of the Trinity which I think are not common ‘. Indeed, Stukeley told the Archbishop that he believed he could ‘prove ‘ the Trinity ‘to be so far from contrary to, or above, human reason, that ‘tis deducible from reason its self.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Rebecca L , Ivanhoe Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contemporary society, talk about virtue and vice may sound hopelessly old- fashioned. To some, an exhortation to ‘be virtuous’ is on par with ‘just saying no’ to sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Yet when the discussion turns serious and focuses on the virtues themselves, these initial impressions fade quickly. Everyone who cares about being a good person can see that this involves being courageous and generous. Adults with children of their own hope that those children will grow into young adults with a strong sense of kindness and justice.