bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semantic representation of time: A preamble
Authors: Jaszczolt K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is reasonable to begin this discussion with the assumption that the semantic representation of temporal expressions requires a perspective that reflects the cognitive reality of the human conceptualization of time and at the same time offers a formal account of meaning. We shall also assume, following the well- tested and successful tradition of contextualism in semantics and pragmatics,1 that this formal theory of meaning should apply the tool of truth conditions not to abstract objects such as sentences or propositions physically expressed in speech or writing but instead to utterances, intended meanings, or thoughts that were intended by some model speaker and subsequently expressed, and at the same time thoughts that are recovered by a model addressee in the process of communication.
Herbert Spencer and a Musical Dispute
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Herbert Spencer, the English philosopher of evolution, seems to have entertained a hearty contempt for criticism and disputation. He once wrote of a critic, “so far as I have observed, he has throughout followed the course which generally characterizes controversy—that of setting up men of straw and knocking them down.”1 One might expect, on the evidence of such a statement, that Spencer would have eschewed controversy. On the contrary, he relentlessly pursued the critics of his writings, defending every proposition as a mother hen her brood. Wrote Ernest Newman, “he is well known to have had an almost invincible repugnance of changing any of his opinions …”.2 Nothing characterizes this aspect of Spencer’s intellectual life more fully than does the dispute which followed the publication, in 1857, of his essay “The Origin and Function of Music”.3 This “musical dispute” is the subject of the present essay.
Handel’s Operas: The Form of Feeling and the Problem of Appreciation
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serious artworks of the past, as well as those of the present, may pose a problem of appreciation for even sympathetic and receptive audiences. In one sense it is the same problem: the problem of the unfamiliar. But in another, obvious sense it is a different problem. For in the case of contemporary artworks it is the unfamiliarity of the new and the shocking that is the problem; whereas in the case of those problematic artworks of bygone ages, it is the unfamiliarity of the old, the forgotten, the unfashionable. In other words, the problem of appreciating artworks of the past is the problem of lost traditions, the problem of appreciating contemporary artworks, particularly those of the avant-garde, is the problem of no tradition at all: a tradition yet to be or in the making.
Music, Language, and Cognition: Which Doesn’t Belong?
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the topic of “Music, Language, and Cognition” was first proposed to me by the organizers of this Colloquium, I was at once reminded of the game in which a child is shown, for example, pictures of an apple, a banana, and a trumpet and asked “Which one doesn’t belong?” I assume you all know the answer.
The initial consultation: what is covered in your first clinic visit?
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of your first visit to the fertility clinic is a medical assessment of you and your partner in order to plan your initial investigation and treatment. Most clinics prefer both partners to attend at least one visit together, and if this is difficult, it is probably most useful if it can be this first one. Don’t be put off if your appointments are only addressed to one of you; most clinics traditionally keep fertility records under the name of the woman. Rest assured that your partner will be most welcome at all times! It is important that the clinic can contact you, and the clinic receptionist will check your personal details (address, telephone numbers, and GP details) at each visit. It is in your best interests to keep the clinic informed of any changes to these details.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional medicine examines the disease process and treats disease. Practitioners of CAM view the body and mind as a whole and believe that stress plays a major role in contributing to health problems, including difficulty in getting pregnant. Patients may seek out CAM clinicians to provide explanations for the cause of symptoms, often when conventional medicine has been unable to do so.
Gynaecological problems and fertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endometriosis is commonly found at laparoscopy in women who have had children as well as in women who are infertile. It is not a cancer and rarely changes into a cancer. It can cause pain: painful periods, pain for several days before a period, and pain on intercourse. It can also be found without symptoms.
Coping with infertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have been told that there are fertility problems, although you have probably suspected that already. You now realize that you are going to need assisted reproductive technology if you are going to have a child and your world is suddenly changed; your relationships with your partner and family may be altered, your sense of yourself can feel damaged, your competent working self might feel like a failure, your future might not be what you had thought it would be, and you are looking at a life that feels completely different from anything you had hoped for or wanted. You are dealing with one of the hardest things anyone has to face.
Cognitivism, Expressivism, and Agreement in Response
Authors: Gert Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume believed that value claims were distinct from claims about, for example, the sizes and shapes of objects, in that the latter were the deliverances of reason, while the former had their source in the passions. Considering this, Hume held what might appear to be surprisingly dogmatic views as to which traits count as virtues and which as vices, and he often used quite vehement language against those who denied the existence of the moral distinctions that he was trying to explain. The reconciliation of these two aspects of Hume can be found in his belief, which many would now reject, that the constitution of human nature is so uniform that the appropriate sentiments are guaranteed to be present in virtually any representative of the species. But if human nature really guaranteed the same affective responses to the same actions, objects, and characters, then a case could be made that the terms that seem, on the basis of surface grammar, to refer to properties of those actions, objects, and characters, really do refer to them.
Treatment and recovery after head injury
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every head injury is different and so each family’s experience after the head injury occurs will also be unique. As a result there are many possible outcomes and pathways that an individual (and their family) may take following a head injury (Figure 3.1). Despite this variation, there are national guidelines in the UK on the type and standards of hospital care that people with head injuries should receive (at the time of writing the most recent of these are the NICE guidelines 2007). In this chapter we outline the most common routes through head injury treatment and recovery, detailing what to expect and the key issues that occur at each stage. However, it is important to acknowledge that as the services available to assess, treat, and support people after head injury in the UK vary enormously, your relative may not be able to access (or need) everything that is described here.
Changes in thinking skills
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will look at the most common cognitive (thinking) problems that can occur after head injury, the causes of these, and what can be done about them. The key to coping with your relative’s cognitive difficulties is to become knowledgeable about the problems that can occur, use simple strategies and aids, alter your relative’s home and work environment, and learn to look after yourself and know what forms of emotional and practical support are available to you. Cognition (or cognitive functioning) refers to the whole range of thinking processes that we all engage in.
Changes in sexual functioning
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual activity is complex. It involves physical, psychological, emotional, and social factors and head injury can affect it at each of these levels. Sexual problems are common in the general population with one in 10 men reporting erectile problems. In a recent UK national survey, 15 per cent of women reported at least one ‘persistent’ sexual problem. In both sexes problems become more common with increasing age. Sexual problems are also very common after a head injury, with approximately 50 per cent of people reporting some difficulty.
Worlds, Pluriverses, and Minds
Authors: Heller Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last few years I have been developing an ontology of ersatz possible worlds based on some suggestions made by W. V. O. Quine. The proposed account identifies worlds with complicated sets that represent distributions of fundamental properties across a manifold. I will henceforth call this view ‘‘Representationalism’’. The purpose of the present chapter is twofold. First, I want to consider how this picture of worlds must be developed in order to accommodate the possibility of manifolds that are not connected with one another or only partially connected with one another. Secondly, I want to consider how this picture of worlds must be developed in order to accommodate the possibility of non-physical minds. The relation between these two projects is that I will propose that non-physical minds can be treated as collections of mental properties distributed in separate manifolds each of which is partially connected to the manifold within which the physical properties are distributed.
Class features as probes
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis , Müller Gereon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we address (i) the form and (ii) the function of inflection class features in a minimalist grammar. The empirical evidence comes from noun inflection systems involving fusional markers in German, Greek, and Russian. As for (i), we argue (based on instances of transparadigmatic syncretism) that class features are not privative; rather, class information must be decomposed into more abstract, binary features. Concerning (ii), we propose that class features qualify as the very device that brings about fusional inflection: They are uninterpretable in syntax and act as probes on stems, with matching inflection markers as goals, and thus trigger morphological Agree operations that merge stem and inflection marker before syntax is reached.
Design of Animals and Robots
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that we are going to design a robot, not a toy robot, but an ‘intelligent’ robot that stands a chance of surviving in the real world. Toy robots include those developed by scientists for research purposes, and those sold on the open market for entertainment. To survive in the real world in the long term, a robot would have to do something useful, so that people would want to buy it. In this chapter we will explore principles of design that apply to both animals and robots, and demonstrate that fairly complex, animal-like, behaviour can be achieved by a robot that has no mental capabilities whatsoever. In other words we are looking for a design that is the most basic design capable of doing the job. Our design is an imaginative fantasy that will help us to understand the parallels between robot design and animal evolution.
Beyond Automata
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter ended with a realist supposition. The supposition is this. My dog Border comes into the kitchen because she is hungry and believes that there will be food available. What would be necessary for this supposition to be true? For most philosophers, it would be necessary for Border to have a desire for food, to believe that food is available in the kitchen, and to be able to connect these two mental states to form the intention to go into the kitchen. (e.g. I am hungry, I believe that there will be food in the kitchen, therefore I should go to the kitchen). Traditionally, philosophers regard a belief as a mental state, representational in character, taking a proposition (either true or false) as its content. So the content of Border’s belief would be ‘there is food in the kitchen.’
Mental Possibilities
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it possible for a non-human alien, an animal, or robot, to have a mind? Some scientists and philosophers think that some animals have some mental abilities, others disagree. Some scientists and philosophers think that, one day, some robots will have minds of their own, other disagree. Why do we want to know anyway? We want to know about animal minds because animals are important in our lives. We hunt them, we husband them, and we eat them. Some people think that animals are given to us by nature (or by god) to treat as we like and do with as we will. Other people worry about animal welfare to the extent that their opinions dictate their diet, their lifestyle, and sometimes their hostilities. There is no question that our prejudices about animal minds influence the lives we lead, our laws, and our politics.
Nominal Restriction
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extra-linguistic context appears to have aprofound effect on the determination of what is expressed by the use of linguistic expressions. For a bewildering range of very different linguistic constructions, adhering to relatively straightforward linguistic intuition about what is expressed leads us to the conclusion that facts about the non-linguistic context play many different roles in determining what is said. Furthermore, that so many different constructions betray this sort of sensitivity to extra-linguistic context understandably leads to pessimism about rescuing the straightforward intuitions while preserving any sort of systematicity in the theory of meaning.
Aristotle On The Necessity Of Opposites In Posterior Analytics 1.4
Authors: Tierney Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am grateful for helpful suggestions from David Sedley, and for earlier guidance from Wolfgang Mann. A version of the paper was presented at the Marquette Summer Seminar in Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, and I have benefited from comments from the seminar participants, especially those of Robert Bolton and Owen Goldin. Work on the paper in its later stages was supported, in part, by a Graduate School Research Committee Award from the University of WisconsinMilwaukee.
Enquiry And Discovery
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Plato’s Meno is a beautifully written, sensitive, and elegant book that at the same time manages to be clear, analytical, and sensible: a rare combination. Dominic Scott pays careful attention not only to the dramatic setting and the nature of the interlocutors but also to the details of arguments, and he manages to illuminate both: another rare combination. This will surely be the standard book on the Meno for years to come, one that will be read with pleasure and profit by a variety of people ranging from undergraduates to professional philosophers. It serves as an excellent introduction to the dialogue; but it will also challenge and interest those who have worked intensively on it. Like the Meno itself, the book is a gem.
The Reality of Qualia
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am a qualia realist. I believe that specifically phenomenal qualia are present in perception. Thus, when we see a yellow lemon in good light, we typically see that it is yellow by experiencing a yellow quale. We can experience (an instance of) the same yellow quale in the absence of the lemon, or of any yellow object. In my view, not only is the experience of the lemon’s quality real — something many will grant — but the experienced quale is real, in the sense that it exists as perceiver-dependent phenomenal content.
The cognitive basis of mathematical knowledge
Authors: Cappelletti Marinella , Giardino Valeria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1988 Nicolas Slonimsky, aged 94, the world-renowned lexicographer of music and a conductor, created a new composition by identifying each note in Beethoven’s 5th Symphony with a number and then playing the square root of each note. (Slonimsky and Bonotto 2002) What is involved in our understanding of numbers such as those contained in the above sentences? Are we born with this ability or do we learn it in life? Can we lose our capacity to understand and use numbers following a brain injury?
Scientific Platonism
Authors: Paseau Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ask a typical mathematician whether the truth of mathematical statements and the metaphysics of mathematics are settled by natural science, and the answer is likely to be that they are not. He or she might add that many questions of mathematical interest are connected to or originally arose from applications in science, but that the applications of mathematics to science are derivative and that they do not settle its truth or metaphysics.
Before you start
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Informed consent is required before any operation and the operating surgeon should be the one to obtain this, for several reasons. First, it ensures that the surgeon and patient have met and have established some form of relationship. While this is important in its own right, it also makes things easier in the post-operative period when the outcome of the operation is being discussed. Secondly, the discussion between surgeon and patient ensures that both parties have realistic expectations about what can be achieved during the operation and may make the surgeon tailor the procedure to some extent. By informing the patient about what to expect, the post-operative course may be smoother. Finally, it allows the patient to vent any anxieties about their operation by asking questions. It is therefore vital that the person obtaining consent be familiar with all aspects of the operation and the recovery process.
Manoeuvres in laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Tulloh Bruce , Lee David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laparoscopy is no more than an alternative approach to an operation that could otherwise be done open. A decision should be made for each case as to which approach is better, as both have their pros and cons. If laparoscopy is chosen, the possibility of conversion to open must be discussed as part of the consent process. Furthermore, since conversion to open is the ultimate way to get out of trouble, you should be capable of performing the operation open before you attempt it laparoscopically—or at least have rapid access to someone who can help you if necessary.
Phrasal Categories
Authors: Culicover Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we saw in our discussion of the structure of the simple S, phrases such as VP are built around heads. In such case, we say that the phrase is a projection of the head. In the case of the VP, the head is V. Examination of other phrasal categories suggests that they too are projections of heads. For example, an NP typically contains an N as its head, an AP contains an A as its head, an AdvP contains an Adv as its head, and a PP contains a P as its head. A phrase that contains a head of the same type is called endocentric. A phrase that does not contain a head of the same type is called exocentric. An open question in syntactic theory is whether all phrases are endocentric.
Predication
Authors: Culicover Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predication is the relation that holds between the subject NP of a sentence and the main VP – the VP is called the predicate and is said to “predicate” a property of the subject. A predication relation may also involve other constituents of a sentence besides the subject and the VP. In these cases, the question arises as to the syntactic relationship between the predicate and the NP. We look at some of the main phenomena bearing on this question in this chapter.
Narratives of Change
Authors: Machan Tim William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his discussion of the formal content and moralizing impulses of historical narrative, Hayden White observes that the events of daily life, whether intimate social interaction or epic international struggle, do not transpire in the well-motivated, balanced, and thematized plot of a story. These kinds of coherence are imposed by the historian, who selects events, arranges them in a linear order, and necessarily provides cause-and-effect explanations. As the matter of narrative, such coherence is also the product of imagination. For White, in fact, it is historical narration that renders the phenomena of the world real and desirable by positing in these phenomena the form and coherence characteristic of imaginative acts: ‘These events are real not because they occurred but because, first, they were remembered and, second, they are capable of finding a place in a chronologically ordered sequence.’1 As an act of imagination, historical narration must also posit its own closure, and the need for such closure—for comprehensible completion, purpose, and meaning in historical events—is ultimately moralizing: ‘The demand for closure in the historical story is a demand, I suggest, for moral meaning, a demand that sequences of real events be assessed as to their significance as elements of a moral drama.’2 But the moralizing and authenticating powers of the historian can be evoked only when the imaginative narrative form assigned to human experience is contested, only when the reality to be made desirable is contested.
Policy and Politics
Authors: Machan Tim William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter, when discussing theories of language change, I quoted Roger Lass’s characteristically witty and insightful observation that linguistic change ‘occurs over ‘‘geological’’ time, beyond the capacity of humans to act, since no actor can see the consequences of his actions. A speaker engaged in a change is not an agent, but a victim.’1 Lass’s perspective is that of a historical linguist interested in structural changes like consonant shifts and syntactic elaboration, and from this perspective ‘geological time’ is indeed an apt metaphor. Including the exceptions accounted for in Verner’s Law, for example, the consonantal changes designated as the First Consonant Shift probably required at least half a millennium for completion, while the expansion of English periphrastic verb phrases, whereby modals like should came to create progressive structures like should have been going, took place over several centuries. Any one speaker at any one moment in either change might well be aware of the existence of variation, with certain eighteenth-century speakers already saying something like the house is being built, even as others retained the historical the house is building or the house is on building. Speakers might associate variants with particular social groups, or know that they are socially stigmatized, or suspect, like H. G. Wells and many of the verbal hygienists described by Deborah Cameron, that they can extrapolate the linguistic future, whether utopian or dystopian, from what they hear around them.