bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayes Factors and the Effect of Individual Observations on the Box-Cox Transformation
Authors: Pettit L I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we consider the influence of individual observations on inferences about the Box and Cox (1964) power transformation parameter λ. Firstly we look at the effect of omitting observations on the posterior distribution of. λusing the Kullback-Leibler divergence to measure the distance between the posterior conditional on all the data or on a reduced data set. Secondly we consider the effect of observations on the Bayes factors comparing particular choices of λ using the kd approach of Pettit and Young (1990). We illustrate the methods using both regression data and designed experiments. We show that problems of masking that affect some classical diagnostics are not so serious. Finally we consider the value of the constant in a Bayes factor to test for additivity.
Hybrids, mothers, and clades: who right?
Authors: Cann Rebecca L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been asked to provide an overview of human population subdivision that will help set the stage for later discussions of migration, geography, and local adaptation. My biases are known to some of you already. I advocate a model of recent human ancestry which places the root of our species’ shared genetic pool among Africans, with the subsequent spread out of Africa and replacement of resident maternal genetic lineages on other continents by these African disper salists. Some paleontologists and population geneticists think they have placed a silver spike through the heart of that model in the last year, but I believe that the rumors of its death have been greatly exaggerated. In fact, the recent descrip tion of a set of Chinese fossils, hailed by the popular and scientific press as the primary reason to dismiss the African origin hypothesis, provides some of the strongest evidence for this model as a tool to organize our thoughts about genes, populations, and geography.
Multiregional evolution or ‘out of Africa’? The linguistic evidence
Authors: Ruhlen Merritt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are at present two competing theories on the origin of the human species. Molecular biologists, human geneticists, and some paleoanthropologists have argued that modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, emerged in Africa 100 000-200 000 years ago and then spread to the remainder of the earth some time after 100 000 BP (Cann et al. 1987; Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1988, 1992; Stringer 1989, 1990; Cavalli-Sforza 1991; Wilson and Cann 1992). The competing theory of multiregional evolution, advocated by other paleoanthropologists (Wolpoff 1989; Thorne and Wolpoff 1992), maintains rather that modern humans emerged almost simultaneously in different parts of the world over 500 000 years ago perhaps as early as one million years ago when Homo erectus first spread out of Africa and ultimately occupied much of Eurasia (e.g. Neanderthal man, Peking man, Java man). Since able proponents of both camps have just presented their views, I need not summarize the arguments on both sides. Rather I will try to assess the linguistic evidence that bears on this ongoing controversy.
What can be learned from hair? A hair record from the Mammoth Meadow locus, southwestern Montana
Authors: Bonnichsen Robson , T. Beatty Marvin , Turner Mort D , Stoneking Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can be learned from hair? This is a question that archaeologists usually do not ask, yet much can be learned about the past through the study of human and animal hair that is preserved in archaeological and paleontological records. Small numbers of hairs have occasionally been found at archaeological sites. These include dry cave deposits at Smith Creek Cave and Hand Print Cave of Nevada (A. L. Bryan, personal communication 1992), and Bechan Cave of south ern Utah (Davis et al. 1984); a wet cave site, False Cougar Cave (Bolen 1983; Bonnichsen eta/. 1986); peat deposits (Sawtelle 1991), and in permafrost (R. D. Guthrie, personal communication 1992). The hair record at Mammoth Meadow locus of the South Fork of Everson Creek site (24CB559) in southwestern Mon tana appears to be the first reported from an open-air site. Apparently hair occurs in different depositional contexts and may occur more frequently in archaeologi cal deposits than has been commonly recognized. Work reported here suggests that appropriate methodology has potential to increase hair recovery from archaeological sites by several orders of magnitude.
Quaternary geology of the ice-free corridor: glacial controls on the peopling of the New World
Authors: Jackson Lionel E , Duk-Rodkin Alejandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion that an ice-free zone may have existed between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets at the height of the last (late Wisconsinan) glaciation originated in the last century (Chamberlin 1895; Jackson and Clague 1991) with out reference to the peopling of the New World. The discovery of artifacts with extinct Ice Age megafauna at Folsom, New Mexico, in 1927 led to the suggestion that people may have entered the New World via a passage between ice sheets (Johnston 1933; Antevs 1937).
The genetic prehistory of Australia and Oceania: new insights from DNA analyses
Authors: Serjeantson Susan W , Gao X 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of the Polynesians remain a matter for debate. Some conclude Polynesians evolved out of Melanesia (e.g. Allen and White 1989; Houghton 1991), mainly because the Bismarck Archipelago region near Rabaul (Fig. 21.1) has been suggested as a source of Lapita or Polynesian culture (Spriggs 1985). Others suggest a substantial Melanesian contribution on the basis of the high fre quency (15%) of a Melanesian-specific alpha-globin deletion in eastern Polynesia (Hill et al. 1985). HLA class I genetic analyses have shown that the Polynesian repertoire can be derived from the east Asian gene pool, except that Polynesians and Amerindians share uniquely high frequencies of HLA-B48 (Serjeantson 1989) that may reflect common Mongoloid ancestry rather than direct contact. Linguistic reconstructions of Austronesian languages suggest that proto Austronesian expansion from Taiwan and southern China some 6000 years ago led to coastal settlements in the Philippines, northern Borneo, and Sulawesi, with later dispersal to Java and Oceania (Blust 1988). By 3000 years ago, pre Polynesians had carried Lapita-style pottery as far east as Samoa, via island Melanesia (Spriggs 1989).
Trend tests for clustered data
Authors: Lefkopoulou Myrto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tests for trend are often applied to toxicological data in order to assess dose effects. In this chapter, we consider the problem of testing for trend in the context of clustered binary data. Here, traditional trend tests, such as the Cochran-Armitage test, will tend to have inflated type I error probabilities, because they do not account for the extra-binomial variation induced by clustering. Our work is motivated by the analysis of developmental toxicity studies, in which the offspring of exposed and control rodents are examined for defects. The clustering of offspring is responsible for the well-known litter effect that has been widely discussed by Williams (1975, 1982, 1987) and many others.
Efficient Metropolis Jumping Rules
Authors: Gelman* A , Roberts** G O , Gilks*** W R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The algorithm of Metropolis et al. (1953) and its generalizations have been increasingly popular in computational physics and, more recently, statistics, for sampling from intractable multivariate distributions. Much recent research has been devoted to increasing the efficiency of simulation algorithms by altering the jumping rules for Metropolis-like algorithms. We study a very specific question: What are the most efficient symmetric jumping kernels for simulating a normal target distribution using the Metropolis algorithmã We provide a general theoretical result as the dimension of a class of canonical problems goes to ∞ and numerical approximations and simulations for low-dimensional Gaussian target distributions that show that the limiting results provide extremely accurate approximations in six and higher dimensions.
Prior Beliefs About Fit
Authors: Poirier D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study investigates the implicit prior distribution on population measures of fit in a linear regression model with fixed regressors corresponding to common prior distributions on the regression coefficients and precision. Such implicit priors on fit can serve as diagnostic checks in prior elicitation. The crucial role of prior beliefs concerning fit of reduced form equations in simultaneous equations models is also discussed. To aid in prior elicitation, this study draws on an often untapped source of information: beliefs regarding the anticipated goodness-of-fit of the model. Given a fully specified prior, or given a prior specified up to a small number of hyperparameters, such interogation can aid in refining a candidate prior or in determinating unspecified hyperparameters. Focusing on linear regression and simultaneous equations models, marginal priors for parametric measures of fit implied by commonly employed priors are discussed herein.
A bibliographical guide to self-similar traffic and performance modeling for modern high-speed networks
Authors: Willinger Walter , Taqqu Murad S , Erramilli Ashok 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper provides a bibliographical guide to researchers and traffic engineers who are interested in self-similar traffic modeling and analysis. It lists some of the most recent network traffic studies and includes surveys and research papers in the areas of data analysis, statistical inference, mathematical modeling, queueing and performance analysis. It also contains references to other areas of applications (e.g., hydrology, economics, geophysics, biology and biophysics) where similar developments have taken place and where numerous results have been obtained that can often be directly applied in the network traffic context. Heavy-tailed distributions, their relation to self-similar modeling, and corresponding estimation techniques are also covered in this guide.
Variance component models
Authors: Aitkin Murray , Francis Brain , Hinde John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider GLMs with shared random effectsarising through variance component or repeated measures structure, for example, in two-stage sample designs, or longitudinal data. As we will see, the analysis of these models closely parallels that for overdispersion models, with slightly greater complexity in the EM algorithm. It is therefore quite straightforward to extend the GLIM modelling facilities to deal with multi-level models (two-level in our development). This possibility is some what surprising, since GLIM was never designed to fit multi-level models. The range of possible models in this category is also surprising.
Place cells, navigational accuracy, and the human hippocampus
Authors: O’Keefe John , Burgess Neil , Donnett James G , Jeffery Kathryn J , Maguire Eleanor A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hippocampal formation in both rats and humans is involved in spatial navigation. In the rat, cells coding for places, directions, and speed of movement have been recorded from the hippocampus proper and/or the neighbouring subicular complex. Place fields of a group of the hippocampal pyramidal cells cover the surface of an environment but do not appear to do so in any systematic fashion. That is, there is no topographical relation between the anatomical location of the cells within the hippocampus and the place fields of these cells in an environment. Recent work shows that place cells are responding to the summation of two or more of gaussian curves, each of which is fixed at a given distance to two or more walls in the environment. The walls themselves are probably identified by their allocentric direction relative to the rat and this information may be provided by the head direction cells. The right human hippocampus retains its role in spatial mapping as demonstrated by its activation during accurate navigation in imaginary and virtual reality environments. In addition, it may have taken on wider memory functions, perhaps by the incorporation of a linear time tag which allows for the storage of the times of visits to particular locations. This extended system would serve as the basis for a spatio-temporal event or episodic memory system.
Prefrontal cortex and the neural basis of executive functions
Authors: Miller Earl K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex, intelligent behaviour depends on both ‘executive’ functions that plan and control behaviour and ‘slave’ functions that maintain relevant information ‘on line’ and available for processing. Most neurophysiological studies of the prefrontal (PF) cortex have focused on maintenance functions. Here, I review recent work in monkeys that demonstrates that PF neurons also have properties consistent with executive functions. They can select behaviourally relevant information from sensory inputs and from long-term memory, integrate diverse information to serve common behavioural goals, and represent information about behavioural context. The latter property may reflect the role of the PF cortex in representing the abstract rules that guide complex thoughts and actions.
Glial Tumors of the CNS
Authors: Nistér M , Uhrbom L , Hesselager G , Westermark B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glial tumors are classified into certain major types (Kleihues and Cavenee, 1997; D.D.Bigner et al.,1998). They have their peak incidences at different ages and show different degrees of differentiation. According to the WHO classification (Kleihues et al.,1993, 1995) they are graded from I to IV, where grade I comprises virtually benign tumors and grade IV highly malignant ones (Table 21.1). We have chosen here to focus on the most frequent types, such as low-grade diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II), anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III), glioblastoma (WHO grade IV), pilocytic astrocytoma (WHO grade I), oligo-dendroglioma (WHO grade II), mixed tumors (oligo-astrocytoma; WHO grade II) and ependymoma (WHO grade II). We will also address some aspects of embryonal tumors; although they are not by definition of glial origin, they can contain areas of glial differentiation, and some characteristics of embryonal tumors are intriguing with respect to cells of origin.
Exploring longitudinal data
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Longitudinal data analysis, like other statistical methods, has two components which operate side by side: exploratory and confirmatory analysis. Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is detective work. It comprises techniques to visualize patterns in data. Confirmatory analysis is judicial work, weighing evidence in data for, or against hypotheses. This chapter discusses methods for exploring longitudinal data.
Missing values in longitudinal data
Authors: Diggle Peter J , Heagerty Patrick J , Liang Kung-yee. , Zeger Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Missing values arise in the analysis of longitudinal data whenever one or more of the sequences of measurements from units within the study are incomplete, in the sense that intended measurements are not taken, are lost, or are otherwise unavailable. The emphasis is important: if we choose in advance to take measurements every hour on one-half of the subjects and every two hours on the other half, the resulting data could also be described as incomplete but there are no missing values in the sense that we use the term; we call such data unbalanced. This is not just playing with words. Unbalanced data may raise technical difficulties – we have seen that some methods of analysis can only cope with data for which measurements are made at a common set of times on all units. Missing values raise the same technical difficulties, since of necessity they result in unbalanced data, but also deeper conceptual issues, since we have to ask why the values are missing, and more specifically whether their being missing has any bearing on the practical questions posed by the data.
Geometry in the complex plane
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces various curves and regions in the complex plane which occur repeatedly later on, and presents a variety of ways of describing these. One reason that such descriptions are important is that they assist in finding well—behaved mappings of one region of the complex plane onto another—a key technique in the application of complex variable methods to physical problems. We study mappings in Chapter 8 and also in Chapter 23, where we hint at applications. Here we investigate some particular mappings-the Mobius transformations—and their effect on lines and circles. Throughout this chapter we use geometrical ideas wherever possible rather than taking refuge in decompositions into real and imaginary parts.
Cauchy’s theorem: advanced track
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We approached Cauchy’s theorem in a topologically unsophisticated way in Chapter 11. The various versions of the theorem we have presented so far are adequate for applications, but none of these is a definitive formulation. To treat Cauchy’s theorem only in a utilitarian way would be demeaning to complex analysis. So we now delve a little deeper, hinting at the notions which lie at the heart of Cauchy’s theorem.
We introduced polygonal connectedness as a means of distinguishing topologically between a single open disc and the disjoint union of more than one open disc. We now seek to employ paths to distinguish an open disc D from an open annulus A. Informally, of course, the essential difference is that A has a hole in it but D does not. This means that a closed path in A whose image encircles the hole cannot be shrunk, within A, to a point, while every closed path in D can be deformed to a point. We now make precise what we mean by deformation of closed paths.
A technical toolkit for contour integration
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cauchy’s residue theorem is a powerful tool, as the applications in later chapters will amply demonstrate. The theorem relates the integral of a meromorphic function f round a positively oriented contour γ to the residues at the poles of f inside γ. We already have good techniques for calculating residues, but before we can exploit the residue theorem to the full we need further information about integrals along paths.
Harmonic functions and conformal mapping
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter first explores the connections between the theory of holomorphic functions and that of harmonic functions. The latter are functions which arise, locally, as the real parts of holomorphic functions. Because harmonic functions satisfy Laplace’s equation in two dimensions, they occur widely in applied mathe-matics. We cannot in the space available give more than a few hints as to why this is so. We aim principally to provide links to applications-oriented texts, and in particular to show that techniques from complex analysis are of relevance. One such technique is conformal mapping and we conclude the chapter with a brief discussion of some mappings which arise out of problems in fluid dynamics.
Readers interested primarily in applications may wish to skip over the proofs of the theoretical results.
Insect Plant Biology
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Half of all insect species are dependent on living plant tissues, consuming about 10% of plant annual production in natural habitats and an even greater percentage in agricultural systems, despite sophisticated control measures. Plants are generally remarkably well-protected against insect attack, with the result that most insects are highly specialized feeders. The mechanisms underlying plant resistance to invading herbivores on the one side, and insect food specialization on the other, are the main subjects of this book. For insects these include food-plant selection and the complex sensory processes involved, with their implications for learning and nutritional physiology, as well as the endocrinological aspects of life cycle synchronization with host plant phenology. In the case of plants exposed to insect herbivores, they include the activation of defence systems in order to minimize damage, as well as the emission of chemical signals that may attract natural enemies of the invading herbivores and may be exploited by neighbouring plants that mount defences as well.
Insects and plants: how to apply our knowledge
Authors: Schoonhoven Louis M , Loon Joop J A van , Dicke Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human interest in the insect-plant relationship is by no means impartial. We wish to redress balances that are intrinsic to the system irrespective of whether the system is left to itself or, as is more often actually the case, is deranged by our actions. The basic problem is that we wish to perpetuate a stable imbalance in favour of certain plants (our crops) in a biological environment that is not static but in fluctuation.
Event related potentials
Authors: Niznikiewicz Margaret A , Spencer Kevin M , Salisbury Dean F , McCarley Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a historical perspective, the realization that schizophrenia is a brain disorder has been fairly recent (Kraepelin, 1899); even more recent has been the development of the tools and methodologies that have allowed investigations into the nature of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia. In this review, we are going to focus on event related potential (ERP) methodology as a way of characterizing functional abnormality in schizophrenia, and the progress that has occurred in this area in both methodological and theoretical approaches to the study of this disease.
A Hierarchical Model for Estimating the Reliability of Complex Systems
Authors: Johnson Valene.E , Hamada Todd L Graves Michaels. , Reese C Shane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper addresses the integration of component, subsystem and system data, and prior expert opinion to assess system reliability as it changes over time. Two problems in reliability which separately have received much attention in the literature are thus combined: (a) the integration of available information at various levels to assess system reliability and (b) estimating reliability growth or degradation. Methodology for integrating available information in a consistent fashion has proven problematic, and this paper describes a Bayesian hierarchical model that resolves this difficulty. For simplicity, we restrict discussion to systems in which components or subcomponents may be regarded as either functional or not.
Rasch Models with Exchangeable Rows and Columns
Authors: Lauritzen Steffen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The article studies distributions of doubly infinite binary matrices with exchangeable rows and columns which satisfy the further property that the probability of any m x n submatrix is a function of the row and column sums of that matrix. We show that any such distribution is a (unique) mixture of random Rasch distributions. The non-degenerate elements of these distributions were introduced by Rasch (1960). We investigate the relationship between these random Rasch distributions and a problem in visual perception, the characters of a certain Abelian semigroup, and the problem of existence of measures with given marginals.