bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal expression of tachykinin‐related peptides and gene transcript during postembryonic development of Drosophila
Authors: Winther Åsa M.E. , Siviter Richard J. , Isaac R. Elwyn , Predel Reinhard , Nässel Dick R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe gene Dtk, encoding the prohormone of tachykinin‐related peptides (TRPs), has been identified from Drosophila. This gene encodes five putative tachykinin‐related peptides (DTK‐1 to 5) that share the C‐terminal sequence FXGXRamide (where X represents variable residues) as well as an extended peptide (DTK‐6) with the C‐terminus FVAVRamide). By mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS), we identified ion signals with masses identical to those of DTK‐1 to 5 in specific brain regions. We have analyzed the distribution of the Dtk transcript and peptides, by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry during postembryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila. Antiserum against a cockroach TRP that cross‐reacts with the DTKs was used for immunocytochemistry. Expression of transcript and peptides was detected from first to third instar larvae, through metamorphosis to adult flies. Throughout postembryonic development, we were able to follow the strong expression of TRPs in a pair of large descending neurons with cell bodies in the brain. The number of TRP‐expressing neuronal cell bodies in the brain and ventral nerve cord increases during larval development. In the early pupa (stage P8), the number of TRP‐expressing cell bodies is lower than in the third instar larvae. The number drastically increases during later pupal development, and in the adult fly about 200 TRP‐expressing neurons can be seen in the CNS. The continuous expression of TRPs in neurons throughout postembryonic development suggests specific functional roles in both larval and imaginal flies and possibly also in some neurons during pupal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:180–196, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pretectotectal pathway: An ultrastructural quantitative analysis in cats
Authors: Baldauf Zsolt B. , Wang Xiang‐Ping , Wang Siting , Bickford Martha E. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractBoth the pretectum (PT) and the superior colliculus (SC) play an important role in directing eye movements and in sensorimotor coupling. A reciprocal connection between the PT and the SC has been described, which suggests a strong interplay between these two structures. We injected the cat SC with retrograde tracers and examined the labeled pretectotectal (PTT) cells at the light and electron microscopic level. PTT cells were distributed mostly in the nucleus of the optic tract and 93.1% contained gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). We also observed that PTT cells are located outside of pretectal regions distinguished by dense retinal terminals and clusters of cells that contain calbindin. This suggests that the GABAergic PTT cells are distinct from the GABAergic pretectogeniculate cells that have been previously described as being distributed within these regions. Finally, to determine the synaptic targets of PTT terminals, we injected the PT with anterograde tracers and examined terminals labeled in the SC at the ultrastructural level. The labeled PTT terminals were beaded fibers that were distributed mainly within the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the SC. Using postembedding immunocytochemistry, 94.5% were found to be GABAergic. The PTT terminals were mostly small in size and primarily contacted GABA‐negative dendrites (88.1%) and in some cases somata (4.7%). The remainder terminated on GABAergic dendrites (7.2%). Our results suggest that the PTT cells constitute a separate population of GABAergic efferent cells in the PT, which may function to inhibit the activity of non‐GABAergic SC efferent cells in the SGS. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:141–158, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendritic domains of nociceptive‐responsive parabrachial neurons match terminal fields of lamina I neurons in the rat
Authors: Bourgeais Laurence , Gauriau Caroline , Monconduit Lenaïc , Villanueva Luis , Bernard Jean‐François 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis study investigates, in the anesthetized rat, the dendritic extent of parabrachial (PB) neurons whose nociceptive response to noxious stimuli has been previously recorded with an extracellular micropipette. The PB neurons were then injected with biocytin through the recording micropipette, via a juxtacellular technique. The dendritic arborization of individual PB neurons was carefully compared with the projections of medullary (trigeminal) and spinal lamina I neurons. The latter projections were labeled in separate animals that received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin restricted to the superficial layers of spinal or medullary dorsal horn. We report here that: 1) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the face have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I trigeminal projections, i.e., in the caudal portion of PB area, around the external medial and the caudal part of the external lateral subnuclei; and 2) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the paw or the tail have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I spinal projections, i.e., in PB mid‐extent, around the borderline between the external lateral and both the lateral crescent and the superior lateral subnuclei. Our results suggest the presence of an extensive excitatory axodendritic link between lamina I projections and PB nociceptive neurons around the lateral crescent and the external medial subnuclei. These findings strengthen the possibility of involvement of a subgroup of PB neurons in nociceptive processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:238–256, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial patterns of mammalian brain aging: Distribution of cathepsin D–immunoreactive cell bodies and dystrophic dendrites in aging dogs resembles that in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bi Xiaoning , Head Elizabeth , Cotman Carl W. , Lynch Gary 
Published: July 2003

AbstractElevated levels of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D are found in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and co‐occur with intraneuronal tangles. The present study tested whether increases in cathepsin D would emerge during aging in another mammalian species. Regional brain patterns of cathepsin D immunostaining were compared in dogs ages 0.35 to 16 years. Accumulations of immunopositive material were evident in neuronal cell bodies in many forebrain sites in middle‐age to old dogs (≥6 years). Three types could be distinguished: (1) dense aggregates with no particular position within the cell body; (2) crescent‐shaped “caps” that occupied one pole of the cell body; and (3) very dense “spikes” that extended from the cell body for variable distances into the apical dendrite; these spikes were found in only a few areas, most notably the subiculum and layer V of neocortex. The spikes appeared between ages 2 and 5 years and increased steadily with age thereafter. Spikes were found in the subiculum in the aged human brain but only infrequently; they were, however, present in large numbers in AD brains. These results established that brain aging in dogs is (1) well advanced by middle age, (2) varies markedly across regions, and (3) in at least some of its aspects (dystrophic dendrites) is prominent in areas known to exhibit pathology early in the course of AD. Combined with previous results for rats, these findings indicated that changes in cathepsin D observed in AD, in particular in the temporal lobe, reflect a generalized mammalian pattern of brain aging. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:371–381, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression pattern of monoamine oxidases in sensory organs and neural crest derivatives
Authors: Vitalis Tania , Alvarez Chantal , Chen Kevin , Shih Jean C. , Gaspar Patricia , Cases Olivier 
Published: July 2003

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) has been shown to act as a morphogen in craniofacial and heart development and in the migration of neural crest derivatives. Some of these structures are capable of capturing 5‐HT during development, but nothing is known about the localization of the main monoamine degradation enzymes, monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B, in these developing tissues. We generated a highly specific antibody to MAOB; immunoreactivity is entirely abolished in brain extracts or brain sections of mice lacking MAOB. From the use of this antibody and specific riboprobes, we report that MAOB is expressed early in a variety of neural crest derivatives, in facial sensory organs, and in the heart. From E11.5 to P0, MAOB was found to be strongly expressed in the following neural crest derivatives: the aorta, cranial mesenchyme (developing bones, sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia, cartilages, thyroid, and striate muscles), dental mesenchyme, several soft palate derivatives, and boundary cap cells (E11.5‐P4). Boundary cap cells contribute to the formation of nerve exit‐entry points between the central and the peripheral nervous systems. Several facial sensory organs also contained MAOB mRNA, protein, and activity. High MAOB expression was noted in the olfactory placode, the dorsal part of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory nerve layer (probably the ensheathing glia), the cochlear ganglionic cells, the taste buds, and the Merkel cells in the vibrissae follicles. Finally, we found that MAOB is massively expressed in the pharyngeal organ, heart, liver, and mast cells. In contrast, MAOA expresssion was restricted to the sympathetic ganglia and to the meningeal and capillary blood vessels. The pattern of MAOB expression generally matched the previously reported patterns of expression of the plasma 5‐HT transporter expression or of the histamine biosynthetic enzyme L‐histidine decarboxylase, suggesting a role for MAOB in fine regulation of the levels of 5‐HT and histamine in the developing embryo. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:392–403, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of output connections from the inferior colliculus to the optic tectum in barn owls
Authors: Nieder Bärbel , Wagner Hermann , Luksch Harald 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe studied the development of the projection from the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX) to the optic tectum (OT) in the barn owl. The projection was labeled by tracer application in vitro to either the OT or the ICX, or by staining ICX cells intracellularly with biocytin. The axons of ICX neurons bifurcated into an ascending branch that projected toward the OT and a descending branch that coursed caudally to an unknown target in the brainstem. Axons of the ICX were observed to grow into the OT from embryonic day 16 (E16) on. From E22 on, side branches of the axonal projections could be found within the OT. At the day of hatching (E32), the projection displayed a dorsoventral topography comparable to the adult owl; however, atopically projecting cells remained. The complexity of the axonal arborization in the adult barn owl was found to be slightly increased compared with the hatchling. The terminal area of individual ICX cells in the OT of the adult barn owl was still broad, a finding that had not been expected from the sharply defined physiological response properties of the bimodal neurons in the space map of the OT. However, the width of the termination zone was in accordance with the large dendritic tree of the adult ICX cells, because both spanned comparable angles in their respective maps. Our data suggest that a coarse projection from the ICX to the OT can develop without coherent sensory input and may, therefore, be innately determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:511–524, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling and simulation of fluid structure interaction by meshfree and FEM
Authors: Zhang Lucy T. , Wagner Gregory J. , Liu Wing K. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn this paper, the implementation of a 3‐D parallel CFD code using the meshless method. Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) is described. A novel procedure for implementing the essential boundary condition using the hierarchical enrichment method is presented. The Total Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulations using Finite Element Method are developed and implemented in the parallel code. The flow past a cylinder problem served as examples throughout the paper. Both methods have shown promising results compared with analytical solution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental method for determining the effects of strain gradients in a granular material
Authors: Kuhn Matthew R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe paper presents an algorithm for use with the discrete element method to study possible strain‐gradient effects in granular materials. The algorithm produces an intentionally non‐uniform displacement pattern by applying external (body) forces to the particles within a simulated granular assembly. The paper describes a method for adjusting the external forces to attain the intended gross displacement pattern, but while allowing individual particles to be in equilibrium among neighbouring particles. The performance of the algorithm is tested in an example of quasi‐static deformation, and the algorithm's performance is measured in three respects. The algorithm is shown to enforce the intended displacement pattern, to allow particles to equilibrate among neighbouring particles, and to produce a smooth distribution of the external forces among particles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variationally consistent framework for the design of integrator and updates of generalized single step representations for structural dynamics
Authors: Kanapady R. , Tamma K. K. , Zhou X. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA variationally consistent framework leading to the concise design of both the ‘integrator’ and the associated ‘updates’ as related to the single step representations encompassing the so‐called LMS methods for structural dynamics is described. The present paper shows for the first time, a consistent treatment involving both the ‘integrator’ and ‘updates’ that are inherent in the general context of designing the time integration process. Furthermore, the framework encompasses not only all the existing time integration algorithms that are dissipative and non‐dissipative within the scope of LMS methods but also contains new optimal algorithms useful for practical applications—in the sense of accuracy, stability, numerical dissipation and dispersion, and overshoot characteristics of computational algorithms for time dependent problems encountered in structural dynamics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new numerical approach for solving high‐order non‐linear ordinary differential equations
Authors: Zhu Songping , Phan Hung Thanh 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThere have been many numerical solution approaches to ordinary differential equations in the literature. However, very few are effective in solving non‐linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), particularly when they are of order higher than one. With modern symbolic calculation packages, such as Maple and Mathematica, being readily available to researchers, we shall present a new numerical method in this paper. Based on the repeated use of a symbolic calculation package and a second‐order finite‐difference scheme, our method is particularly suitable for solving high‐order non‐linear differential equations arising from initial‐value problems. One important feature of our approach is that if the highest‐order derivative in an ODE can be written explicitly in terms of all the other terms of lower orders, our method requires no iterations at all. On the other hand, if the highest‐order derivative in an ODE cannot be written explicitly in terms of all the other lower‐order terms, iterations are only required before the actual time marching begins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of twin‐roll strip casting processes
Authors: Cruchaga M. A. , Celentano D. J. , Lewis R. W. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn this work, a twin‐roll strip casting industrial process is analysed using a fixed‐mesh finite element formulation able to deal with unsteady incompressible thermally coupled flows including phase‐change and non‐Newtonian effects assumed to account for the flow behaviour during the whole cooling conditions. The weak form of the full Navier–Stokes equations is obtained using a generalized streamline operator in order to stabilize its numerical response while a temperature‐based algorithm is applied to describe the latent heat release. This proposed methodology is tested in a two‐dimensional analysis of a twin‐roll casting problem where an evaluation of different thermal and flow patterns is performed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal stress calculation in 2D time domain BEM for wave propagation in anisotropic media
Authors: Haixiao Liu , Chuhan Zhang 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA scheme of internal stress calculation is established in the time domain boundary element method (BEM) for wave propagation in anisotropic media. For an internal point, total stresses can be achieved by introducing the high‐precision formulas of numerical differentiation and using the displacement solutions around the internal point. This technique is tested and applied to two numerical examples. The results show that it is not only reliable but also accurate enough, and can be utilized in the stress analysis of dynamic problems, especially those of wave propagation in anisotropic media. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical solution technique of hypersingular integral equation for curved cracks
Authors: Chen Y. Z. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn this paper, a hypersingular integral equation for curved cracks in plane elasticity is formulated and presented. This paper describes a new numerical technique for solution of deep curved cracks in plane elasticity. In this method, the crack curve length is taken as the co‐ordinate in the hypersingular integral equation of the curved crack problems. The curved crack configuration maps on the real axis with interval (‐a,a), where ‘2a’ is the arc length of the crack. The original hypersingular integral equation is converted into other hypersingular integral equation which is formulated on the curve length co‐ordinate, or on (‐a,a). The hypersingular integral equation is solved numerically. Numerical examples prove that higher efficiency has been achieved in the suggested method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body images of 4–8‐year‐old girls at the outset of their first artistic gymnastics class
Authors: Poudevigne Melanie S. , O'Connor Patrick J. , Laing Emma M. , R. Wilson Alissa M. , Modlesky Christopher M. , Lewis Richard D. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe primary objective of this investigation was to compare body images of 54 girls (4–8 years old) who were beginning their first gymnastics class to 54 age‐matched (±1 year) and % body fat‐matched (±3%) girls not participating in gymnastics.MethodRatings of actual and ideal body size and a computed measure of body dissatisfaction (actual minus ideal) were obtained. Body composition was measured with dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsGirls beginning gymnastics did not differ significantly from controls on (mean ± SD) actual (2.2 ± 1.4 vs. 2.1 ± 1.4), ideal (1.8 ± 1.3 vs. 1.8 ± 1.5), or body dissatisfaction (0.39 ± 1.8 vs. 0.26 ± 1.4) scores.DiscussionBody images of 4–8‐year‐old girls beginning their first artistic gymnastics class do not differ from non‐gymnast controls matched on age and % body fat. This observation casts doubt on the idea that young girls who are dissatisfied with their body and want to be smaller are more likely to enroll in gymnastics classes than girls without this type of body dissatisfaction. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 244–250, 2003.
The role of palatable food and hunger as trigger factors in an animal model of stress induced binge eating
Authors: Hagan Mary M. , Chandler Paula C. , Wauford Pamela K. , Rybak Rachel J. , Oswald Kimberly D. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjectiveDieting and stress are etiological factors in eating disorders, and dieting strongly predicts stress‐induced overeating in the nonclinical population. We developed an animal model of binge eating in sated rats that is evoked by stress, but only in rats with a history of caloric restriction and only if highly palatable food (HPF) is available after stress. This study investigated the effect of known binge triggers, a taste of HPF and of hunger, on this type of binge eating.MethodFemale rats were cycled through the R/S protocol but this time were given just a taste of HPF with ad lib regular chow. After another R/S cycle, rats were stressed during restriction (while hungry) and were given HPF and chow.ResultsAlthough binge eating did not occur if only chow was available after stress, just a taste of HPF sufficed to increase chow intake to more than 160% (p < 0.001) of rats with a history of restriction only, stress‐only, or neither. Hunger increased the proportion of chow consumed by both restricted groups, but stress magnified this hunger‐induced overeating by increasing HPF intake to 137% of restriction‐only rats (p < 0.001).DiscussionThese effects suggest that binge eating in this model is motivated by reward, not metabolic need, and parallels observations of binge triggers described in clinical binge‐eating disorders. This strengthens the validity of using this animal model to target the physiology and treatment of eating disorders preceded by dieting and stress. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 183–197, 2003.
Anxiety and psychoactive substance use disorder comorbidity in anorexia nervosa or depression
Authors: Jordan Jennifer , Joyce Peter R. , Carter Frances A. , Horn Jacqueline , McIntosh Virginia V.W. , Luty Suzanne E. , McKenzie Janice M. , Mulder Roger T. , Bulik Cynthia M. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjectiveThis study considered whether the prevalence and type of anxiety and psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) diagnoses differ between women with spectrum anorexia nervosa (AN) (N=40) and women with major depressive disorder (N = 58) participating in outpatient clinical trials.MethodAnxiety and PSUD diagnoses (according to criteria in the 3rd Rev. ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) were assessed using structured clinical interviews. Comparisons were made between AN subtypes (restricting or binge eating/purging) and by history of depression within the AN sample.ResultsA high prevalence of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) was found in women with AN. However, social phobia, simple phobia, and PSUD were significantly elevated in both women with depression and women with AN. Prevalences were similar for anxiety and PSUD diagnoses between AN subtypes.DiscussionWomen with anorexia or depression were comparable in all respects, except for the elevated OCD prevalence in AN, emphasizing the need to use clinical comparison groups to avoid inadvertently attributing elevated prevalences of comorbid conditions to specific disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 211–219, 2003.