bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO REACTING FACTORS
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

It has proved possible to elicit passive immunity to B. typhosus reacting factors by means of normal and immune homologous neutralizing antibodies. The in vivo serum protection against these factors followed the law of multiple proportions.
There was observed a considerable loss of antibodies from the blood stream.
Passive immunity was best obtained when the immune serum was injected intravenously ½ hour before the intravenous injection of the reacting factors.
It was possible to prevent the occurrence of the local skin reaction by an intravenous injection of serum after the intravenous injection of the reacting factors, provided the serum dose was very large and provided the serum injection was made immediately after the filtrate injection.
A number of experiments clearly demonstrated the interesting fact that the greater the amount of antiserum injected intravenously, the more efficient was the in vivo neutralization, in a ratio distinctly greater than the quantitative increase of serum. It is suggested that there may be a practical value of the observation in relation to serum therapy.
The results also demonstrated passive serum protection against the lethal effect of B. typhosus "agar washings" filtrates, in a ratio which seemed to suggest the law of multiple proportions.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P. 
Published: June 2004

The work presented in this communication concerning psittacosis in mice confirms Krumwiede's observations that mice inoculated intraperitoneally with emulsified livers and spleens containing the virus develop the disease and that the malady can in this way be passed serially through a number of mice. Furthermore, it has been shown that mice are susceptible to the virus administered intracerebrally and that the active agent can be propagated indefinitely by means of brain to brain inoculations. Moreover, by the use of mice, the presence of the virus of psittacosis in the sputum of a patient with the disease has for the first time been demonstrated. It follows that the mouse is available for diagnostic purposes.
The pathological findings in infected mice consist of enlarged fatty livers that frequently show areas of necrosis infiltrated with polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells; enlarged spleens with areas of necrosis and cellular infiltrations involving the pulp and lymphoid follicles; and, finally, in intracerebrally infected animals, a meningoencephalitis. The "minute bodies" described by other observers were not found in all animals, but they were seen with sufficient frequency in smears of peritoneal and meningeal exudates and in smears and sections of livers and spleens to demand serious consideration as the possible etiological agent of the disease.
Neutralizing and protective antibodies were not found in convalescent human sera when the mouse was used as the test animal.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

Mexican typhus virus can be passed through ticks by the method of rectal injection.
The virus will remain alive in the ticks for at least 12 days. These studies, together with one of our preceding publications and the work of Dyer, demonstrate that there are at least three insects—bedbugs, fleas and ticks—which must be considered as possibilities in conveying typhus fever from an animal reservoir to man. Our work will be continued by a study of rats and mice caught in typhus regions such as Mexico City and its immediate vicinity, with a search for the virus in these rodents as well as an analysis of the insects found upon them or in the localities in which they are concentrated.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits and guinea pigs are susceptible to psittacosis virus introduced intracerebrally. By means of brain to brain passages in these animals the active agent is capable of propagation indefinitely.
2. Serial passages of the virus through rabbits and guinea pigs do not cause the active agent to lose its pathogenicity for parrots and mice.
3. The chief clinical evidences of infection in rabbits and guinea pigs following intracranial inoculation of the virus are fever and loss of weight. The pathological changes are characterized by a mild meningo-encephalitis, and fatty degeneration, focal necrosis, and infarction of the liver.
4. Rabbits upon recovery from an attack of psittacosis are actively immune.
5. Two strains of virus, human and parrot, were found to be immunologically similar.
6. No evidence was obtained to show that human convalescent serum possesses an appreciable amount of neutralizing substances.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P. 
Published: June 2004

The virus of psittacosis inoculated intratracheally or intranasally in monkeys produces a pneumonia similar to that caused by the same active agent in man.
Intracerebral inoculation of the virus induces a meningo-encephalitis characterized principally by a mononuclear reaction in the meninges.
Indirect evidence has been adduced to show that the portal of entry of the virus in man is the upper respiratory tract.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM AND ITS EFFECT UPON THE MYOCARDIUM IN GUINEA PIGS AND RABBITS
Authors: Rake Geoffrey , McEachern Donald 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the pathological changes in the hearts and other tissues of animals rendered hyperthyroid with thyroxine. Forty-four rabbits and seventeen guinea pigs were given intramuscular injections of thyroxine every other day and sacrificed at varying intervals. Tissues from a series of normal animals (twenty guinea pigs and forty-three rabbits) were examined as a control. The changes in the heart and other tissues of hyperthyroid animals were insignificant and varied but little from changes seen in normal control animals. Of eight thyrotoxic guinea pigs that developed coincidental infection (bronchisepticus) all showed myocardial lesions. Of nine thyrotoxic guinea pigs, free of infection, only one gave evidence of myocardial change. It is pointed out that hyperthyroidism, per se, cannot be held responsible for these lesions, which would appear to have been associated with the infection.
It was noted that rigor mortis of the skeletal muscles occurred much sooner in the bodies of hyperthyroid animals than in normal animals.
TRANSMISSION AND CULTIVATION EXPERIMENTS WITH HUMAN TRACHOMA AND THE EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE IN MONKEYS
Authors: Olitsky P. K. , Knutti R. E. , Tyler J. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Conjunctival tissue derived from alien and native American white persons in New York City, having trachoma in an advanced stage, has been used successfully to induce in Macacus rhesus monkeys characteristic granular conjunctivitis. The transfer of infection was effected either by a single subconjunctival injection, or by repeated swabbing with conjunctival secretions.
2. Pathogenic strains of Bacterium granulosis have been recovered from the trachomatous tissues of six out of eleven patients. In addition, the organisms have been isolated from the monkeys infected with human material.
3. Repeated swabbing with secretions obtained from monkeys having experimental trachoma has given rise to characteristic granular conjunctivitis in normal animals. In addition, repeated instillations of suspensions of conjunctival tissue fragments derived from affected monkeys have led to characteristic infection of the conjunctivae of normal monkeys.
4. Contact infection occurs in monkeys, as it has long been known to occur in human beings; animals with smooth conjunctivae developing the experimental disease when merely caged with infected monkeys.
5. Repeated instillation of cultures followed by rubbing the eyelids will lead to the disease in monkeys, a method of transfer which indicates one manner in which the affection may be transmitted from man to man. Yet another manner of producing the experimental condition is by repeated swabbing with cultures of Bacterium granulosis. Noguchi has already reported the successful outcome of the subconjunctival inoculation of cultures and the spread of the disease from an infected conjunctiva to the other eye of the same animal.
6. Tissues derived from cases of human trachoma or from monkeys having the experimental disease induce, on conjunctival inoculation of Macacus rhesus monkeys, the same clinical and pathological effects as do cultures of Bacterium granulosis. The conjunctival lesions closely resemble, in clinical appearance and in microscopic changes, those of the follicular stages of trachoma in man.
THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL DERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Goodner Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

1. The pathology of the experimental dermal pneumococcic infection in the rabbit is described in detail and the findings are compared with the histological alterations seen in the human pneumonic lung. There would appear to be a basic similarity of the lesions in both tissues.
2. A copious production of edema fluid is the outstanding characteristic of the early lesion. It occurs prior to any significant cellular change. In the spreading lesion an infiltration of the tissues with fluid precedes any other sign of reaction between tissue and microorganism. It seems likely that the advancing fluid carries with it the infecting organisms and inoculates all tissues which it reaches. The resulting infection seems not to take place by an active invasion of microorganisms but by a progressive inoculation from an infected fluid.
DECOMPOSITION OF THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III BY A BACTERIAL ENZYME
Authors: Dubos René , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. An organism has been isolated from peat soil which decomposes the specific capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus.
2. The isolation has been made possible by the use of a synthetic mineral medium containing the specific polysaccharide as sole source of carbon. By repeated transfers in this medium the potential capacity of the organism to decompose the specific substance has been progressively increased.
3. The organism is a pleomorphic bacillus, motile and spore-bearing, exhibiting metachromatic granules; its reaction to the Gram stain varies according to the medium on which it is grown. It is strictly aerobic and grows well in plain broth and peptone solutions; it does not produce gas in any media and it forms small amounts of acid only on dextrin, galactose, lactose, salicin, and trehalose; its growth is inhibited by glucose.
4. The organism decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus aerobically, between pH 6.2 and 7.8, at room temperature and at 37.5°C., but not at 54°C. The decomposition of the specific substance is inhibited by the presence in the medium of other nutrients, such as peptones, which act as a more readily available source of energy. The action of the organism is specific; it does not attack the soluble specific substance of Type I or Type II Pneumococcus, nor any of the other bacterial polysaccharides thus far tested.
5. The organism possesses an endocellular enzyme. This enzyme has been extracted by autolysis of the bacterial cells; in sterile solution it exhibits the same specific action as do the organisms from which it is derived, decomposing only the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus.
6. This enzyme decomposes the Type III specific polysaccharide under anaerobic as well as under aerobic conditions; it is inactivated at 60–65°C.; the rate of decomposition of the specific substance is not affected by the presence of normal serum.
7. There exists a quantitative relationship between the total amount of specific substance decomposed and the amount of enzyme preparation used; the existence of this relation makes it possible to express the activity of a given enzyme preparation in terms of the minimal amount required for the complete decomposition of a given amount of specific substance.
8. The specific decomposition of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus, by the organism as well as by the enzyme it produces, illustrates once more the specificity of the types of Pneumococcus and confirms the fact that the capsular polysaccharides, and not some impurities carried along with them, are responsible for type specificity.
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Berry G. P. , Sprunt D. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of psittacosis is present in the nasal secretions, feces, blood, spleen, and liver of an infected parrot.
2. Parrots are susceptible to intraoral, intranasal, or intramuscular inoculations of the virus.
3. The most constant pathological changes produced by psittacosis in parrots occur in the spleen and liver. The lesions exhibited in the latter organ consist of areas of necrotic liver cells and damage to bile ducts. In no instance, in our experience, were lesions observed in a parrot's lungs comparable to those found in the lungs of men.
4. "Minute bodies" similar to those described by Levinthal and others were found in many, but not in all of the infected birds.
5. Parrots that have recovered from one attack of psittacosis exhibit an active immunity against reinfection.
REACTION OF YOUNG AND ADULT RABBITS TO PNEUMOCOCCI INJECTED INTO THE SKIN
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: June 2004

1. Young and adult rabbits react differently to intracutaneous injection of virulent pneumococci. In adult rabbits a very extensive inflammation develops at the site of infection and bacteriemia and death occur only in a relatively few rabbits. Young rabbits fail to develop extensive inflammation and die with bacteriemia.
2. It is probable that the fate of the animals is influenced by the capacity to develop inflammation at the site of injection of pneumococci.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

1. A satisfactory method is described for the topographical study of Rickettsia prowazeki in sections of the scrotal sac of typhus-infected guinea pigs.
2. In such sections Rickettsiae are always intracellular.
3. Typhus Rickettsiae multiply luxuriantly in the serosal cells and produce great distention of these cells.
4. Rickettsiae may be found in small numbers in the endothelial cells lining the underlying capillaries in the testes and scrotum, but are not seen in perivascular macrophages, connective tissue cells, fat cells, smooth or striated muscle fibres or epithelial cells.
5. Rickettsiae are rarely phagocytosed in small numbers by polymorphonuclears but are never seen in lymphocytes, plasma cells or eosinophiles.
6. When infected mesothelial cells proliferate and desquamate, they rapidly lose their content of Rickettsiae.
7. The large mononuclear cells seen in smears of the scrotal sac exudate may be separated into two groups: (1) the serosal (mesothelial) cells which become heavily infected with Rickettsiae but which are not phagocytic for graphite ink and (2) the macrophages (phagocytic cells) which do not contain Rickettsiae.
THE EFFECT OF TESTICLE EXTRACT ON RED BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Favilli Giovanni 
Published: June 2004

Testicle extract possesses a notable power to increase red cell fragility. Testicle extracts of the rat, rabbit and guinea pig all exhibit this property, which is most pronounced with the extract from the rat and least so with that from the guinea pig.
Splenic extract does not possess the property, or possesses it only to a very slight degree.
These results support the hypothesis that the factor in testicle extract which enhances infections (the Reynals factor) does so by altering the permeability of the host tissue.
PYOCYANINE, AN ACCESSORY RESPIRATORY ENZYME
Authors: Friedheim Ernst A. H. 
Published: June 2004

Pyocyanine, the blue pigment of B. pyocyaneus, can increase the respiration of living cells to a great degree (maximum observed increase 24-fold). The reversibility of its oxidation and reduction is responsible for this. The effect is non-species-specific and has been observed in varying degrees with B. pyocyaneus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumococcus Type III, and the red blood corpuscles of rabbits.
The effect of pyocyanine is dependent on the presence of another respiratory ferment sensitive to potassium cyanide and carbon monoxide.
The increase of respiration induced by pyocyanine is paralleled by an increase in the respiratory quotient. The pyocyanine catalysis is not indiscriminately effective in all oxidations, but only in the oxidation of certain substances closely associated with the bacterial body.
BLOOD CHEMICAL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOCOCCUS SEPTICEMIA
Authors: Linton Richard W. 
Published: June 2004

The following changes have been found to occur in rabbits given fatal intravenous doses of Streptococcus hemolyticus:
The blood sugar concentration drops at a constant rate throughout the disease, but does not reach a condition of hypoglycemia.
Glycogen is present in the liver at death.
The CO2 capacity is lowered markedly at first, then returns to a somewhat higher level, at which it continues until the terminal stage of the disease, when the acidosis becomes very marked.
Inorganic phosphorus is markedly increased in concentration at the terminus of the disease. This increase is greater in animals showing an acute course than in those in which the disease is of the fulminating type.
Calcium also shows terminal changes, decreases occurring in both groups. In the acutely infected rabbits the decrease is less than in the fulminating group, although in both a pathological level is reached. Non-protein nitrogen and creatinine are greatly increased in the terminal stages, in both groups of animals.
It is suggested that these observations can be explained on the assumption of a large amount of acid production by the streptococcus in vivo.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF "MAD ITCH" WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PSEUDORABIES
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

The clinical picture and gross pathology of spontaneous and experimental "mad itch" have been described and the inciting agent has been shown to be a filtrable virus. It has been possible to prepare virucidal serum capable of neutralizing the virus. Fatal infections are regularly produced in rabbits when the virus is administered subcutaneously, intracerebrally, intravenously, intratesticularly, intraperitoneally, intranasally, or when it is dropped on a scarified area of skin. Its infectivity for other species by various routes is reported upon. The rabbit, guinea pig, white rat, white mouse, gray field mouse, cow, cat, duck, chicken, and hog are susceptible to experimental infection. The disease is not contagious under laboratory conditions and the virus is restricted in the animal body largely to the region of inoculation and the lung. The virus can be stored for relatively long periods in 50 per cent glycerol or in the dried state.
A comparison of "mad itch" with pseudorabies leads to the tentative conclusion that the inciting agents of both are the same, although the strains of the two viruses that are under study possess readily demonstrable differences
LOCAL ORGAN HYPERSENSITIVENESS
Authors: Seegal David , Seegal Beatrice Carrier 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbit eyes sensitized with guinea pig red blood cells or fresh egg white respond with an inflammatory reaction following the intravenous injection of the homologous antigen, but not the heterologous.
2. Two-tenths of 1.0 cc. of a multiple antigen containing ten separate ingredients, or in other words, 0.02 cc. of each foreign protein, when introduced into the rabbit's anterior chamber, is sufficient to produce an altered ocular reactivity such that when 1 cc. of one of the ten antigens is introduced intravenously the eye shows hyperemia of the iris and conjunctiva with more or less edema and lacrimation during the next 24 hours.
3. For as long as 8 months after sensitization eyes will respond with an inflammatory reaction following the intravenous injection of fractions of the total antigen.
4. Repeated daily intravenous injections of a single antigen usually produce no reaction in the sensitized eye after the first few days. Injection of different antigens intravenously on succeeding days produces a continued sterile inflammatory process in the sensitized eye. After the total number of single antigens has been injected, repetition of these injections now fails to produce a similar response. Instead, the eye reaction is at a much lower level and the inflammatory response is manifested only to a few of the antigens injected intravenously.
5. Unless massive doses of antigen are used to desensitize, permanent desensitization of the eye has not occurred in animals which have been followed for at least 8 months. Animals may develop maximal eye responses following repeated intravenous injections of the same antigen, if sufficient time has elapsed between injections. Nevertheless, the eye reactions which can be elicited 6 or 7 months after sensitization are less intense than the initial responses.
6. The ability of the eye inflammation to light up following the intravenous injection of homologous antigen is not due to an initial tissue injury as proven by the fact that the reaction is specific and anterior chambers injured with typhoid vaccine, iodine, saline, glycerine, or albolene will not respond subsequently when the various proteins used for sensitization of the other eyes are injected intravenously.
7. It has been impossible to demonstrate sensitivity in the eye by the intravenous shocking route until at least the 5th day following introduction of the antigen into the anterior chamber.
8. The eye reaction can be produced by the subcutaneous as well as the intravenous injection of antigen.
9. Rabbits vary considerably in the intensity of the eye reaction which can be elicited in them, but only rarely was an animal found which failed completely to give a reaction.
ON THE SPECIFICITY OF SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS (INHIBITION REACTIONS)
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which confirm the result that the specificity of inhibitory reactions involving substituted aromatic acids is decidedly influenced by the position of the substituent.
When antigens with specific groups of very simple constitution are used for the tests, inhibiting effects are obtained also with substances distantly related to those determining the reactivity of the antigens. On the other hand, if antigens are built up from protein and chemical compounds of somewhat higher complexity, the specificity of the inhibition reactions with synthetic crystallized substances is of the same order as that of the usual serum reactions; in other words, it is possible to distinguish such compounds by serological tests as readily as proteins can be differentiated with the aid of precipitating sera.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Hass G. M. 
Published: June 2004

Typhus Rickettsiae are found in large numbers in sections of tissue cultures of scrotal sac exudate.
Extensive multiplication of the organisms occurs, and new cells become infected. Organisms are seen in cells undergoing mitotic division.
The organisms usually become less numerous after the 6th day in vitro, but in one instance organisms were extremely numerous on the 16th and 21st days.
Rickettsiae in tissue cultures retain their intracellular location, even when infection is very heavy.
They multiply exclusively in non-phagocytic cells which are believed to be of mesothelial origin.
Pleomorphism is much more pronounced in tissue cultures than in guinea pig tissues and is entirely comparable to that seen in the louse.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN CERTAIN TOXIC PROPERTIES OF FILTRATES OF HEMOLYTIC STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Weld Julia T. Parker , Gunther Anne 
Published: June 2004

1. Sterile filtrates from certain hemotoxic strains of Staphylococcus aureus have several toxic properties, of which the most important are the hemotoxic, the necrotoxic, the leucocidic and the property of killing rapidly.
2. The necrotoxic action appears to be caused by a constituent in the filtrates different from either the hemotoxic or the leucocidic one.