bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interaction of Chaoborus size and vertical distribution determines predation effects on Daphnia
Authors: YOUNG JOELLE D. , RIESSEN HOWARD P. 
Published: May 2005

Summary1. Larvae of Chaoborus, the phantom midge, are important pelagic planktivores in many freshwater lakes and ponds. The effect of Chaoborus on its prey depends on its size, especially mouth gape diameter, and vertical migration pattern, which affects predator–prey spatial overlap. These two features vary considerably in different Chaoborus species and instars. In this study, the interacting effects of both Chaoborus size and vertical distribution on population growth of Daphnia pulex was analysed with a field enclosure experiment and a matrix population model.2. In the field experiment, Daphnia were grown in four replicated treatments that included a control (no Chaoborus) and three combinations of instar III and IV Chaoborus of two species (C. trivittatus and C. americanus). Parameters of the matrix model were based on differences between Chaoborus species and instars in capture and ingestion of Daphnia of differing sizes (prey vulnerability) and in vertical overlap with Daphnia in each treatment (density risk).3. In comparison with the control, the two treatments containing the smaller, migratory C. americanus showed a significant effect on Daphnia population growth rate, while the treatment containing only the larger, non‐migratory C. trivittatus did not. The model accurately simulated these effects.4. A Daphnia predation risk model, which uses prey vulnerability and density risk parameters, illustrated the individual and combined effect of the different Chaoborus types on Daphnia. Daphnia have a high prey vulnerability to the large C. trivittatus, but overall predation risk was low because of very little overlap. On the contrary, the smaller C. americanus affects only a small range of Daphnia instars, each with a low vulnerability, yet those instars that were vulnerable had a very high density risk because of an increased overlap.5. This analysis of Daphnia predation risk parameters with coexisting Chaoborus species strongly supports an integrated approach using both size and vertical distribution to determine the ultimate predation effect on Daphnia.
Effects of the gill monogenean Zeuxapta seriolae (Meserve, 1938) and treatment with hydrogen peroxide on pathophysiology of kingfish, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833
Authors: Mansell B , Powell M D , Ernst I , Nowak B F 
Published: May 2005

AbstractInfections by the gill fluke Zeuxapta seriolae are a serious concern for sea cage aquaculture of kingfish, Seriola lalandi. The present study aimed to determine the pathophysiological effects of a progressive infection with Z. seriolae and the effects of treatment with hydrogen peroxide. For the progression of infection study, infected fish were taken from a sea cage farm, treated to remove parasites and then infected by cohabitation with heavily infected fish. Samples were taken at 2‐week intervals for 8 weeks. Infection intensity peaked at 4 weeks post‐infection (mean intensity 565.9) and the number of mature worms (2 mm fixed length or larger) peaked at 6 weeks post‐infection. Attachment of Z. seriolae appeared to cause little localized pathology; however, the occurrence of hyperplastic lamellae increased as the infection progressed. Haemoglobin concentrations were negatively correlated with Z. seriolae intensity and were lower than controls at 4 weeks (35.8% decrease) and 6 weeks (57.4% decrease) post‐infection. Blood lactate concentration and plasma osmolality increased throughout the course of infection. For the effect of treatment experiment, groups of infected and non‐infected fish were sampled either before or after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Treated fish from both infected and uninfected groups had increased plasma lactate, osmolality and pH compared with pre‐treatment groups. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide appeared to have acute effects on fish health but the magnitude (e.g. lactate, osmolality) and extent of the effects (e.g. haemoglobin) was much less than that caused by chronic infection with Z. seriolae.
Evaluation of an experimental Aeromonas salmonicida epidemic in chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)
Authors: Ogut H , Reno P W 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTo determine the dynamics of the transmission of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida infection, chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were exposed to bacteria by cohabitation. The latent period (time between exposure and infectivity) was determined by exposing a group of chinook salmonid fingerlings to A. salmonicida by bath, then, at daily intervals, by holding five exposed (donor) fish with approximately 50 naïve fish for 24 h. The latent period was 3 days post‐infection and the time period between the initial exposure to bacteria and the beginning of bacterial shedding was 4.5 days for the same animals. The prevalence and intensity of infection in the donor fish, to which recipient fish were exposed, i.e. the level of exposure, was highly correlated with the development of disease in recipient (susceptible) chinook salmon (r2 = 0.57). An experiment was conducted to determine the daily progress of infection and development of a furunculosis epidemic among recipient fish by cohabiting a single exposed fish with 43 unexposed salmon. At daily intervals, all fish (in seven treatment tanks and one control tank daily) were sacrificed and tested for the presence of A. salmonicida in the kidney (n = 3520). Over 10 days, mean prevalence among recipient fish reached 75% and disease related mortality exceeded 50%. Bacterial concentrations in the water continued to increase over the duration of the experiment in concert with the number of infected animals present in the population.
A parasite survey of farmed Southern bluefin tuna, Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau)
Authors: Deveney M R , Bayly T J , Johnston C J , Nowak B F 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFarmed Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) were examined for parasites. Samples of harvest fish, mortalities and some fish showing clinical signs of disease were investigated. Targeted screening was conducted for a scuticociliate, Uronema nigricans, the myxosporean Kudoa sp. and a sanguinicolid digenean, Cardicola forsteri. General parasitological investigation revealed a diverse parasite community of didymozoid digeneans, two species of copepods, a polyopisthocotylean monogenean and larval cestodes. Targeted screening for U. nigricans exposed a low prevalence, most probably due to a lack of sensitivity in the test method. Few of the parasites examined pose a risk to the health of farmed SBT.
Influence of rearing conditions on Flavobacterium columnare infection of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Suomalainen L‐R , Tiirola M A , Valtonen E T 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe influence of rearing conditions on Flavobacterium columnare infection of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), was studied experimentally in the laboratory and at a fish farm. In experiment I, the effect of parasitic infection on columnaris disease was studied using F. columnare carrier fish. The fish were exposed to Diplostomum spathaceum cercariae and a set of other stressors in order to induce clinical columnaris infection. Parasitic infection and other stressors failed to induce the disease. Disease occurred when the fish were challenged with F. columnare, but D. spathaceum infection did not enhance the severity of the infection. In experiment II, the influence of rearing density and water temperature was studied. Overall mortality was highest in fish at normal rearing density with high temperature (+23 °C). At low temperature (+18 °C) mortality was not affected by rearing density, but the transmission of columnaris disease was faster at normal rearing density at both temperatures. This supports the view that reduction of fish density could be used in prevention of columnaris disease especially if water temperature is high. Because the lower rearing density can also decrease the transmission of ectoparasites and penetrating endoparasites, it could be an efficient tool in ecological disease management.
Changes in the innate immune response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., exposed to experimental infection with Neoparamoeba sp.
Authors: Gross K A , Powell M D , Butler R , Morrison R N , Nowak B F 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Neoparamoeba sp. infection on the innate immune responses of Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon were experimentally infected with Neoparamoeba sp. and serially sampled 0, 1, 4, 6, 8 and 11 days post‐exposure (dpe). Histological analysis of infected fish gill arches identified the presence of characteristic amoebic gill disease lesions as early as 1 dpe with a steady increase in the number of affected gill filaments over time. Immune parameters investigated were anterior kidney phagocyte function (respiratory burst, chemotaxis and phagocytosis) and total plasma protein and lysozyme. In comparison with non‐exposed control fish basal respiratory burst responses were suppressed at 8 and 11 dpe, while phorbol myristate acetate‐stimulated activity was significantly suppressed at 11 dpe. Variable differences in phagocytic activity and phagocytic rate following infection were identified. There was an increase in the chemotactic response of anterior kidney macrophages isolated from exposed fish relative to control fish at 8 dpe. Total protein and lysozyme levels were not affected by Neoparamoeba sp. exposure.
Identification of Cauliflower Cultivars that Differ in Susceptibility to Verticillium longisporum using Different Inoculation Methods
Authors: Debode J. , Declercq B. , Höfte M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe response of 13 European cauliflower cultivars to Verticillium longisporum was evaluated using two greenhouse tests and one in vitro inoculation test. The greenhouse tests involved dipping roots of 3‐week‐old seedlings in a conidial suspension or inoculating the soil of 3‐week‐old seedlings with Verticillium microsclerotia. The in vitro test involved the inoculation of 9‐day‐old seedlings with Verticillium conidia. Useful disease parameters were the area under disease progress curve and plant growth reduction for the greenhouse tests and fresh weight reduction for the in vitro test. Significant correlations were found among the three inoculation methods. Irrespective of the inoculation method used, cultivar ‘Sernio’ was most resistant to V. longisporum, while ‘Minaret’ was the most susceptible cultivar. The pathogen could be re‐isolated from the hypocotyls and from the stem of ‘Minaret’ 4 and 49 days after inoculation respectively, whereas V. longisporum could never be re‐isolated from ‘Sernio’. These results suggest that the more resistant cauliflower cultivar ‘Sernio’ can suppress the ascent and the proliferation of V. longisporum into the plant.
Molecular Characterization of a Distinct Begomovirus and its Associated Satellite DNA Molecule Infecting Sida acuta in China*
Authors: Xiong Q. , Guo X. J. , Che H. Y. , Zhou X. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThree viral isolates Hn8, Hn40 and Hn41 were obtained from Sida acuta showing yellow mosaic symptom in the Hainan province, China. Comparison of partial DNA‐A sequences amplified with degenerate primers confirmed the existence of single type of Begomovirus. The complete nucleotide sequence of the DNA‐A‐like molecule of Hn8 was determined to be 2749 nucleotides, having a typical genetic organization of a Begomovirus. Hn8 DNA‐A had the highest sequence identity (78%) with that of Ageratum yellow vein China virus‐[G13] (AJ558120), and had less sequence identity with other begomoviruses. Based on the above molecular data, Hn8 was thus considered as a new Begomovirus species, for which the name Sida yellow mosaic China virus (SiYMCNV) is proposed. Satellite DNA‐β molecules (Hn8‐β, Hn40‐β and Hn41‐β) were found to be associated with Hn8, Hn40 and Hn41 and their complete nucleotide sequences were determined. Sequence analysis showed that Hn8‐β, Hn40‐β and Hn41‐β shared more than 84% nucleotide sequence identity, and they were different from other characterized DNA‐β, sharing the highest nucleotide sequence identity (47.8%) with DNA‐β of Ageratum yellow vein virus.
Mycoparasitism of Rhizoctonia solani by Endophytic Chaetomium spirale ND35: Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of the Interaction
Authors: Gao K. , Liu X. , Kang Z. , Mendgen K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe interaction between endophytic biocontrol agent Chaetomium spirale ND35 and the soil‐borne plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as further investigated by gold cytochemistry to assess the potential role of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during the mycoparasitic process. Macroscopic observations of fungal growth in dual cultures revealed that pathogen growth inhibition occurred soon after contact with the antagonist, followed by the overgrowth of C. spirale on the colony of R. solani. The coiling of C. spirale around R. solani and intracellular growth of the antagonist in its host occurred frequently. Moreover, in advanced stage of interaction between the antagonist and the pathogen, The growth and development of C. spirale were associated with highly morphological changes of the host fungal cell, characterized by retraction of plasma membrane and cytoplasm disorganization. Further, TEM investigations through localization by gold immunocytochemistry showed that contact between the two fungi was mediated by an amorphous β‐1,3‐glucan‐enriched matrix originating from cell wall of the antagonist C. spirale and sticking to its host surface. At the same time, the hemispherical wall appositions which were intensely labeled by the antibodies of β‐1, 3‐glucan in cell wall of R. solani were induced to form at sites of potential antagonist entry. However, the antagonist was capable of penetrating this barrier, indicating that β‐1,3‐glucanases were produced during the mycoparasitic process. Localization of N‐acetylglucosamine residues (chitin) with the gold‐labelled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) implicated that chitinases might be involved in the CWD of R. solani in this antagonistic process as well. This report is the first evidence about mechanisms of the interactions between C. spirale and R. solani in ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects.
Detection of Tilletia caries, Causal Agent of Common Bunt of Wheat, by ELISA and PCR
Authors: Eibel P. , Wolf G. A. , Koch E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe paper reports about the development and evaluation of two methods, a PCR‐based assay and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for the detection of the common bunt fungus Tilletia caries (syn. T. tritici) in young wheat plants. Using the published primer pair Tcar2A/Tcar2B for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with DNA from axenic cultures of T. caries or from T. caries‐infected plants, we obtained a single band after electrophoresis of the amplification products. By PCR the bunt pathogen could be detected in shoots (EC 12) as well as in leaves (EC 13–14) of infected plants. Immunological detection was performed using a double antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAS‐ELISA) with biotinylated detection antibodies. The antibodies were obtained after injection of mycelial homogenates of axenic cultures of T. caries into rabbits. The detection limit was 16 pg DNA per 100 mg plant fresh weight for the PCR and 7 ng/ml fungal protein for the ELISA, respectively. Except for the closely related T. controversa, no cross‐reactions with other fungi were observed with both methods. While it was possible to detect teliospores of T. caries by PCR, the ELISA did not react with spore extracts. Analysis by ELISA of shoots of individual plants grown from inoculated seeds revealed that at EC 10 all plants were infected. There was, however, a large variability in the amount of T. caries present in the plants. This observation and reports in the literature indicate quantitative differences in the degree of colonization of the tissue between individual plants even in a given variety. Regarding the use of modern diagnostics to assist in the development of resistant varieties we therefore suggest that for the wheat –T. caries pathosystem the non‐quantitative PCR‐assay employed here is less suited than the ELISA that allows precise quantification of the amount of fungal antigen present in the plant. However, to routinely employ the ELISA in resistance breeding further development work is needed.
Transmission of Cassava brown streak virus by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
Authors: Maruthi M. N. , Hillocks R. J. , Mtunda K. , Raya M. D. , Muhanna M. , Kiozia H. , Rekha A. R. , Colvin J. , Thresh J. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwo whitefly species, Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny) and B. tabaci (Gennadius) were used in transmission experiments with Cassava brown streak virus (CBSV) (Ipomovirus; Potyviridae). Adults of whiteflies were given access to CBSV by containing them in clip cages on CBSV‐infected cassava plants. Whiteflies were then transferred, together or separately, to CBSD‐susceptible cassava plants of var. ‘Albert’ in a controlled environment. In glasshouse experiments, whiteflies were caged with CBSV‐infected and virus‐free cassava plants. Transmission of CBSV was sporadic and occurred in three of seven experiments when inoculated by B. afer and B. tabaci or B. tabaci alone, but not by B. afer alone. However, rate of transmission was low (maximum 22%) even when using high whitefly numbers of up to 120 per target plant. Successful transmission was confirmed by the detection of CBSV by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Spread of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in the field in Tanzania coincided with increases in whitefly numbers; further supporting the evidence that B. tabaci is a vector of CBSV. The results of this study establish for the first time that B. tabaci is the vector of CBSV, similar to other ipomoviruses.
Analysis and overview of the guidelines for assessing fitness to drive for commercial and private vehicle drivers
Authors: Beran R. G. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract Guidelines on fitness to drive were released by AUSTROADS and the National Road Transport Commission in September 2003. No recognised legal medical authority was cited. There are three parts in the document: (i) background information, (ii) specific medical conditions and (iii) appendices of relevant documents and contacts. This paper analyses the relevance of the guidelines for physicians and notes that the disclaimer exonerates its authors from potential repercussions. Guidelines for both private and commercial drivers are combined in the document and the basis for such delineation is defined. A lack of universal Australian standards with no State indicating the driver's responsibility to report changes in health standards on the issued licences is confirmed by the guidelines. Not all States indemnify physicians for reporting contrary to patients’ wishes, while South Australia and the Northern Territory mandate reporting those at risk. Much of the language is patronizing, expecting ‘... conciliatory and supportive ...’ behaviour even with recalcitrant patients. No allowance is made for patients who may not fulfil the guidelines but whom the doctor may consider fit to drive. Ambiguity regarding responsibility to report, as identified in the background section, may leave the doctor vulnerable for not reporting a patient who subsequently may cause injury. Attempt is made to differentiate the role of the specialist from the family general practitioner (GP), advocating specialists for commercial drivers, although this is largely left to the discretion of the GP. There is an implied onus on doctors to report all patients with the conditions under review. Some diagnoses, such as syncope, are discussed in different sections with application of conflicting limitations. Inappropriate language, such as reference to a seizure being ‘... an isolated non‐epileptiform event ...’, or withdrawal of medications failing to be restricted to anti‐epileptic medications confounds interpretation. Some sections, such as that on sleep and epilepsy, are effectively analysed, while illnesses such as dementia are considered superficially. The guidelines are an attempt to assess fitness to drive, but contain serious flaws and provide limited information upon which to base decisions. Ambiguous language complicates application of the guidelines and places the health care professional at risk, despite a disclaimer protecting its authors. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 364–368)
Substance abuse in young patients with type 1 diabetes: easily neglected in complex medical management
Authors: Lee P. , Nicoll A. J. , McDonough M. , Colman P. G. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract The use of recreational drugs has become increasingly popular among young people. As a centre caring for a large group of young patients with type 1 diabetes, we have become concerned about the number of patients presenting with drug‐related metabolic problems. We present a case series highlighting the issues of substance abuse in young patients with type 1 diabetes. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 359–361)
Quality of care for women presenting with benign breast conditions
Authors: Livingston P. , Hirst S. , Pitcher M. , Mann G. B. , Collins J. , Hayman J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the management of women with benign breast problems. A consecutive sample of women (n = 194) was assessed who presented to public or private sector providers. The main reasons for referral were breast lumps (62%); 56% of women who attended the public sector did not receive any recommendation compared to 40% who attended the private sector and clinical/general practitioner reviews were recommended to more women in the private sector (54%). Reasons for the discrepancy between public and private patients require further investigation. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 357–358)
Cannula‐associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: outcome in relation to treatment
Authors: Thomas M. G. , Morris A. J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract Background: Despite the frequency of cannula‐associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (CASAB) there is uncertainty regarding the duration of treatment required.Aim: To determine the relationship between the duration and type of treatment for CASAB and subsequent relapse with deep‐seated S. aureus infection.Methods: We prospectively studied 276 patients with CASAB. Patients were followed for at least 8 weeks after completion of antibiotic treatment. Initial and subsequent isolates of S. aureus were compared using molecular methods to determine strain similarity.Results: Initial mortality was 9% (26 of 276) and a complicating focus of infection presented during initial treatment in 6% (15 of 250) of the survivors. There were nine relapses of deep‐seated infection from the strain causing the original infection. Relapses were equally common following peripheral CASAB and central CASAB. There was no relationship between the duration of treatment and the rate of relapse of deep‐seated infection (P = 0.24). This observation held true regardless of whether the duration of treatment was analysed as ≤7 versus ≥8, ≤10 versus ≥11, or ≤14 versus ≥15 days (P = 0.62, 0.87 and 0.16, respectively).Conclusion: Episodes of peripheral CASAB pose an equal risk of relapse to central cannula‐related episodes. Although further studies are needed to determine the optimal treatment of CASAB, our study strongly suggests that more than 14 days treatment is excessive for most patients who respond promptly to cannula removal and antibiotic treatment. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 319–330)