bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mother ‐ infant interactions: Effects of early handling of offspring on rat mothers' open‐field behavior
Authors: Hudgens Gerald A. , Chilgren John D. , Palardy Deborah D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo experiments studied the open‐field behaviors of rat mothers as a function of offspring manipulation. In the first experiment mothers whose offspring were “handled” were compared with mothers whose offspring were not handled. Mothers of handled offspring were found to be less emotional in the open field than control mothers. In the second experiment control litters and litters handled during their first week were fostered to mothers of nonhandled litters. The foster mothers and their new litters were not disturbed again until weaning 2 weeks later. Again, mothers which reared handled litters were less emotional than those which reared nonhandled litters. It was concluded that mothers are affected by early handling of their offspring, that the direction of influence can be from infant to mother, and that the effects of mother‐infant interactions are likely to be extremely complex.
The influence of nutrition on neural and behavioral development. IV. Effects of infantile undernutrition on the growth of the cerebellum
Authors: Altman Joseph , McCrady Barbara 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphological development of the cerebellum was examined with quantitative histological techniques in rats which were nursed from birth by mothers that had free access to food during lactation or were fed during that period 40 or 20% of the average ad lib diet. Little or no retardation was observed in the development of the cerebellum except in its germinal matrix (the external granular layer) at 11 days. At 17–21 days there was a substantial reduction in the migratory cells (precursors of granule neurons) and stationary cells (precursors of basket and stellate neurons) of the molecular layer, and in the differentiating granule cells of the internal granular layer. Associated with these reductions in cerebellar microneurons there was a significant decrease in the area occupied by the molecular and internal granular layers, the magnitude of which was a function of the severity of undernutrition. Between 30–60 days a total areal recovery was observed in the molecular and internal granular layers in the mildly undernourished rats and substantial compensation in the severely undernourished rats. This areal recovery was not due to a replacement of the lost cells but to an apparent compensatory increase of the “neuropil”.
Prenatal exposure to an extremely low frequency‐low intensity rotating magnetic field and increases in thyroid and testicle weight in rats
Authors: Ossenkopp Klaus‐Peter , Koltek W. Terrance , Persinger Michael A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExtremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields and waves (.1–40 Hz) Which occur daily in the environment, are associated with lightning discharges, atmospheric lability, solar eruptions, and geomagnetic micropulsations. In 3 experiments, adult rats that had been exposed to a .5–3 or 3–15 gauss ELF (.5 Hz) rotating magnetic field (RMF) during various periods of gestation, had significantly heavier thyroid and testicle weights than controls. The difference in these measures was a function of the field intensity and duration of exposure. Rats exposed prenatally to a sham‐RMF (no magnets) did not differ from controls in the above measures. No significant differences were found between the thymus weights, adrenal weights, blood sugar, or circulating blood eosinophil levels of RMF‐exposed and control rats. The implications of the thyroid and testicle changes are discussed in terms of the physiological and physicochemical effects of ELF electromagnetic phenomena.
Responsiveness of protein deficient monkeys to manipulative stimuli
Authors: Strobel David A. , Zimmermann Robert R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjects never experienced before by 4 groups of monkeys were introduced into a free operant chain manipulation situation. The presence of the objects disrupted the manipulation response rates of 2 groups of animals differing in age and onset of a diet restricted in protein. Age controls receiving higher concentrations of protein in diets isocaloric with respect to the protein restricted diet, showed increased performance to these stimuli. The reinstatement of the chains alone condition resulted in a partial, but temporary recovery, of the manipulation response by low protein animals. This disruption in chain pulling behavior by malnourished monkeys may be similar to neophobic avoidance reactions previously observed in protein deprived monkeys.
Sensitization for audiogenic seizures in two strains of mice and their F1 hybrids
Authors: Chen Chia‐Shong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAcoustic sensitization or priming for audiogenic seizures was studied in 304 “seizure‐resistant” mice of C57BL, BALB/c and their F1 hybirds. The effect of priming was found to be a function of strain, age of the first auditory exposure, and duration of exposure. In BALB/c mice priming at ages 21–28 days induced very high incidence of seizures; in this stran 2‐min exposure was more effective than both 60 sec or 30 sec. The same parameters of priming induced very low seizure incidence in C57BL mice. A behavior‐genetic analysis indicated that the genotype of each parental strain might contribute equally to the priming induced seizure risk of their F1 hybrids, but C57BL mice appeared to be dominant to the BALB/c for some components of audiogenic seizures.
The development of cannibalism in male Rockland‐Swiss mice and the influence of olfactory bulb removal
Authors: Gandelman Ronald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractApproximately 50% of adult male mice killed 1‐day old mouse pups. Pup killing was usually accompanied by eating of one or both pups. Pup killing was not exhibited by normal 22‐day old male mice or by 22‐day olds that were administered testosterone propionate for 11 days prior to testing, but was exhibited by 22‐day olds that were subject to bilateral olfactory bulb removal.
Tactile and visual sense system interactions: A developmental study using reaction time models
Authors: Kaufman Judith , Belmont Ira , Birch Herbert G. , Zach Lillian J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInterrelations of the visual and somatosensory systems were explored through the use of 2 reaction time (RT) models in the age range of 3‐9 years. In the 1st model we examined the effects upon RT to light and to touch of a 3 min period of intervening stimulation in the modality other that that of the signal for response. In the 2nd model we examined the effects of prestimulation in one sense system upon RT to a subsequent stimulus in the other sense system. The evidence deriving from both models indicated clear developmental changes in the ways in the ways in which stimulation in one sense system affects RT to a signal presented in another system. The most general finding was a change from proximoceptive (somatosensory) to teloreceptive (visual) prepotency with increasing age.
The development of Na+‐dependent binding of γ‐aminobutyric acid to particles of rat brain
Authors: Defeudis F. V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Na+‐dependent binding of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in rat cerebral hemispheres was studied by subcellular fractionation and double‐labelling procedures. The distributions of tracer amounts of [2,3‐3H] GABA and [U‐14C] surcrose acquired by P1 (crude nuclear) and P2 (synaptosomal, mitochondrial) particles during homogenization at O° C were compared in the presence of 40 mM Na+ and in the absence of added Na+. Results indicated that addition of Na+ to the homogenizing fluid promotes extra binding of GABA to both P1 and P2 particles and that these processes are age‐dependent, but different. GABA binding to P1 particles increased with age until 21‐22 days after which it remained rather constant. On the other hand, a more dramatic developmental change occurred in the binding of GABA to P2 fractions (which contain the majority of the nerve endings) which was maximal in the brains of rats 11 and 15 days old and which declined in older rats.
Effects of preweaning stimulation on the GABA production in rat cortex
Authors: Fulker D. W. , Rick J. T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of infantile Stimulation × Genotype interaction on GABA production in rat cortex were investigated using an 8 × 8 diallel cross. Stimulation reversed the direction of dominance and epistasis typical of unstimulated controls, suggesting that a homeostatic genetic system has evolved in the rat ensuring an intermediate, optimal level of GABA production.
The development of visual flicker rate preference in the newly hatched chick
Authors: Simner Marvin L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe approach‐generating properties associated with intermittent white light favoring 4 flashes/sec over adjacent rates of flicker, become evident between 512 and 530 hr after the onset of incubation independent of hatch time. The appearance of these properties can be attributed largely to the decline in approach elicited by nonflashing white light during this period rather than to a change in attractiveness associated with the 4 flash/sec rate itself.
Protein deficiency and performance of pigeons on a multiple schedule of reinforcement
Authors: Brown William G. , Mostofsky David I. , Warren Sue Allen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPigeons reared from 2 pairs of healthy pigeons were fed on diets of either adequate (18%), medium (11%), or low (8%) protein for the first 30 days of life. The subjects were then placed on the 18% diet from 30 days of age until training and testing which was begun at 60 ± 3 days of age. Performance on a MULT FR30 FI60 was evaluated and the differences in the time necessary for the medium and low groups to stabilize were found to be statistically significant. Massed extinction trials to the FI were then begun followed by a schedule of MULT FR EXT. Differences between the adequate and inadequate protein groups were again found in both conditions. Other qualitative differences were found among the goups which suggested an analog of emotional lability and retardation.
Ultrasounds in small rodents: Arousal‐produced and arousal‐producing
Authors: Bell Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent interpretations of ultrasonic signaling by infant and adult rodents have emphasized the quality of the eliciting stimuli and acoustical parameters of the vocalizations. Infant calls have been hypothesized as being of 2 types: coldelicited and tactually elicited. Adult calls have been hypothesized as reflecting 2 distinct messages: aggressiveness and submission. These interpretations lack an adequate empirical foundation. Further, they suppose a capability of encoding and decoding vocal information by rodents for which no empirically established basis exists. An alternative explanation of both infantile and adult ultrasounds is offered. The proposed model hypothesizes that these vocalizations reflect a state of arousal and that they produce a similar state in nearby animals.
Developmental changes in tonic immobility in young chicks (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Rovee Carolyn Kent , Kleinman Joel M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTonic immobility (TI) was induced by means of ventral restraint in White Leghorn chicks within 12‐hr posthatch (Day 0) and, in independent groups, on succeeding days through Day 10. Durations of immobility and eye closure increased and incidence of immobility termination and vocalization decreased significantly with age. Marked qualitative changes in immobility reactions were also apparent over the first few posthatch days.
Effects of early handling on avoidance performance of Maudsley MR and MNR strains
Authors: Powell Barbara J. , North‐Jones Margaret 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of infantile handling on the emotionality and avoidance performance of the Maudsley reactive (MR) and nonreactive (MNR) strains of rats. The expected difference in emotionality was found (MR's had higher defecation scores than MNR's); however, this difference was unaffected by early handling. The avoidance behavior of the 2 strains was different in that MR's had shorter escape latencies; however, they did not differ with respect to CAR's. Handling had a significant effect on avoidance behavior, but this was not greater in one strain than another. The interaction of genetic differences and infantile stimulation on avoidance performance does not appear to be supported in females from these 2 strains.
Sexual maturation of female house mice: Social inhibition
Authors: Drickamer Lee C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractYoung female laboratory mice reared in the presence of an adult male mouse or male bedding containing a pheromone reach sexual maturity earlier than control females. A pheromone produced by grouped female mice leads to long, irregular estrous cycles or anestrus. The present study demonstrated that a female‐produced pheromone delays sexual maturation when females are grouped and that free social interaction and tactile contact among the grouped females are necessary for the production of this inhibitory pheromone. Both young and adult females caged in groups produced the inhibitory pheromone. This study provided additional support for the hypothesis that in female mice morphological and sexual development are under separate control mechanisms. Two pheromones may be active in reproductive processes of female mice: one exhibiting inhibitory effects and the other acceleratory effects.
Protein deprivation in primates. II. Effects of fondling on feeding behavior of discomforted infant rhesus monkeys
Authors: Hillman Nancy M. , Fuselier Penelope H. , Riopelle Arthur J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfant rhesus monkeys whose mothers were fed diets providing 1, 2, or 4 g protein/kg body weight/day during pregnancy were fondled for 5 min before their noon and 1600 hour feedings on 2‐3 weekdays weekly. Fourteen were caressed between 10 and 30 days of age; 18 between 41 and 95 days of age. The intake at meals following handling was compared to that for meals when handling was not given. The younger animals' intake was specific to the diet group and treatment. The older animals ate more at the 1600 hour meal than at the noon meal and more at weekday, nonhandled feedings than at weekday, handled or weekend feedings. Differences due to maternal nutritional history were not significant. Infant monkeys subjected to a variety of laboratory anxiety‐producing tests during weekdays drank more formula on test days than on tranquil weekends. This effect was ameliorated by preprandial comforting.
Development of adult‐young identification in Richardson's ground squirrel
Authors: Michener Gail R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdult female Richardson's ground squirrels were paired in an observation box with their own young and with unrelated young aged 20‐24 days through 40‐44 days. Social discrimination was characterized by a predominance of cohesive over agonistic contacts between related pairs, and a predominance of agonistic over cohesive contacts between unrelated pairs. Both adults and young were capable of identifying the other animal as familiar or unfamiliar. Adults did not pick up or carry young aged over 29 days. Young that were not carried could identify adults at 20‐24 days of age when the eyes were still closed. They responded cohesively with the mother and submissively with the unrelated adult. This pattern of behavior was maintained after the eyes opened. Adults initiated fewer contacts than young; the majority of their responses involved nasal investigation of the young.
The effects of neonatal tactile stimulation on adult emotional reactivity in BALB/c mice
Authors: LaBarba Richard C. , Fernandez Betty , White Jerry L. , Stewart Allan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe authors attempted to isolate tactile stimulation as a major independent variable treatment and to investigate the effects of 2 levels of neonatal tactile stimulation on the ontogenesis of emotional reactivity in BALB/c mice. The findings of this study strongly indicate differential reactivity as a function of intensity of tactile stimulation, with moderate levels of intensity producing the lowest levels of emotionality and the highest levels producing the highest emotionality.
Prepartum suckling reduces survival of newborn in the rat
Authors: Sachs Benjamin D. , Rosenblatt Jay S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant female rats were induced to show maternal behavior by continuous exposure to 5‐10 day old pups. Prepartum suckling continuing into the immediate postpartum period (when the new litter was present) resulted in a high rate of mortality among the newborn. Preventing suckling by the older pups by sealing their mouths with collodion or removing them within 17 hr before parturition restored the normal low rate of pup mortality. Examination showed that pre‐ and early postpartum suckling by the older pups had damaged the mother's nipples preventing the delivery of milk to the newborn. Presumably, the mother's nipples are hormonally conditioned to respond to the sucking of newborn at parturition and become gradually adapted to the increased suckling strength of older pups as nursing proceeds.
Spatial and tactile discrimination learning in infant rats motivated by homing
Authors: Bulut Fatma G. , Altman Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats 6, 10, and 15 days of age were tested on acquisition and reversal of position and tactile discrimination tasks in a 2‐choice situation using access to the home cage as reinforcement. In the early trials the 6‐day group often failed to respond due to locomotor immaturity. But, despite the missed opportunities, they mastered the position habit in about the same number of choice trials as the 10‐day group. However, the 15‐day group was superior to the 2 younger groups. In tactile discrimination these subgroups differed significantly in learning to select the rough or smooth surfaces both in acquisition and reversal. On both the spatial and the tactile discrimination tasks the animals older than 2 weeks showed improvement in learning ability.
EEG's of prematures: 3–8 year follow‐up study
Authors: Ellingson Robert J. , Dutch Stephen J. , McIntire Matilda S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA classification of apparently normal neonatal EEG's into 4 classes (A‐D) on the basis of progressive maturity was devised and applied to 273 EEG's of 117 apparently normal newborns recorded between 24 and 50 weeks conceptional age (CA). Both the order in which the 4 classes of EEG's occurred for subjects upon whom more than 1 EEG was obtained, and the distributions of the ages over which the 4 classes were observed confirmed that the classes do indeed represent a maturational sequence of EEG pattern changes. Of the 81 original premature subjects, 46 underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation between 3 yr 9 months and 8 yr 7 months of age. Various features of their neonatal EEG's were evaluated in the light of clinical outcome. The results do not demonstrate the usefulness of the routine EEG as a prognostic indicator in neonates not displaying specific pathology at birth. They do offer some evidence of a relationship between immaturity of the EEG relative to CA in the neonatal period and the later manifestation of congenital disorders involving the brain, but the tendency, even if confirmed, may not prove strong enough to warrant prognostic decisions in individuals.
Protein composition in developing human brain myelin
Authors: Banik N. L. , Davison A. N. , Ramsey R. B. , Scott T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAccumulation of protein and adenosine 2',3'‐cyclic phosphohydrolase activity have been found to increase with age in myelin isolated from human subjects. Notable alterations in the quantitative distribution of myelin proteins separated by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were seen in development. Proteolipid protein was found in myelin before the appearance of basic encephalitogenic protein. A myelin‐like fraction was also isolated from developing human brain. These chemical observations were correlated with ultrastructural changes in the isolated myelin during development.
Long term changes in nest condition and pup grouping following handling of rat litters
Authors: Lee M. H. S. , Williams D. I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObservation of rat litters over the entire preweaning period revealed long term changes to result from handling pups. Handled litters had fewer good nests and were less likely to be found in a single group than control litters. These differences are not attributable to the disturbance per se, as litters where the mother was removed did not differ significantly from undisturbed controls. The differences occurred predominantly in the daytime when maternal activity was at its lowest.
Discrepancy from rearing conditions affects chicks' behavior in a novel situation
Authors: Brown Robert T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChicks raised in small or large cages were exposed to a relatively large novel situation at 12 or 24 hr of age. At both ages, chicks from small cages had longer latencies to begin moving and lower activity scores. Age itself had no effect. Apparently, chicks learn the characteristics of their home cage shortly after hatching, and discrepancy from the home affects their response to novel situations.
Effects of maternal mobility on the development of rocking and other behaviors in rhesus monkeys: A study with artificial mothers
Authors: Mason William A. , Berkson Gershon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMechanically driven mobile artificial mothers effectively prevented the development of stereotyped body‐rocking in rhesus monkeys. Monkeys were maternally separated at birth and assigned to 2 groups. Both groups were placed with surrogates, identical in construction except that for 1 group the surrogate was in motion 50% of the time from 0500 hours to 2400 hours each day, and for the other group the surrogate was stationary. All but 1 of the 10 monkeys raised with stationary artificial mothers developed rocking as an habitual pattern whereas none of the 9 monkeys raised with mobile mothers did so. The data also suggest that emotional responsiveness was reduced in monkeys raised with mobile mothers, compared to monkeys raised with stationary devices.
Neonatal locomotor and long‐term behavioral effects of d‐amphetamine in the rat
Authors: Sobrian Sonya K. , Weltman Mardi , Pappas Bruce A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLocomotor activity in the neonatal rat was found to increase from birth until the beginning of the 3rd week of life, at which time it peaked and then subsequently declined. Subcutaneous injections of both .25 and 2.0 mg/kg of d‐amphetamine increased activity in rats 1–21 days of age, with the maximum effect observed at 4 days of age. No tolerance to d‐amphetamine was observed after 6 daily injections beginning at 1, 7, or 14 days of age. The decline in the excitatory effects of the drug thus reflected maturational changes in response to it. Consistent with other observations from this laboratory, no persisting effects of the neonatal drug treatment was observed on adult 2‐way avoidance learning.
Responses of human‐reared monkeys to strange simian calls
Authors: Waldrop Marjorie K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe responses of 16 young (10–12 month and 19–20 month) hand‐reared rhesus monkeys to rhesus vocalizations heard for the first time were recorded. The vocal stimuli were: (1) a “clear call” of a noncolony adult; (2) a “bark” of a noncolony adult; (3) a “bark” of a noncolony juvenile; and (4) a “bark” of a colony juvenile. Behavior was video‐tape recorded for 5‐min periods preceding and following the calls and scored according to standard categories. The characteristic response to the stimuli was a sharp reduction in overt behavior. Reaction to the adult sounds was greater than to the juvenile sounds.