bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MANAGING IN NETWORK SETTINGS
Authors: Agranoff Robert , McGuire Michael 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe focus of this article is on managing networks. A network knowledge base is developed from the authors' studies of city government involvement in economic development, management within rural enterprises and the evaluation of a rural strategic planning project. Other public management network analyses are also incorporated. Management in network settings is not based on central authority and cannot be guided by a single organizational goal as is the case in the classical management approach. Management involves managing flexible structures toward collective efficiency. The ability to manage is related to the internal condition of the manager's primary organization. It involves technical, legal, political and cost dimensions. It requires different capacities, skills and knowledge from that of single organization management. The next steps in the research would include the development of the skills needed, an analysis of the role of organizational power and the operational variables of networks, the issue of network cohesion, and the question of loss of control or difficulty in assessing network accountability.
COMMUNITY COLLABORATIONS:
Authors: Mandell Myrna P. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTMany communities are now involved in collaborations in order to solve problems which no one group or organization can deal with by themselves. They find they must organize in a unique way that allows them to try to solve these problems on equal terms with the public, non‐profit and private sectors. These unique collaborations are referred to in this article as network structures. Network structures require the use of different management styles and policy instruments than are used in more typical bureaucratic efforts. This article is based on a study of four community groups in the Los Angeles area which organized in such a way to try to improve conditions of families and children. Each of these collaborations highlights the impact of network structures on the ability to sustain effective collaborative efforts. In addition they point to new roles and changing relationships among government at all levels and those participants outside the government. They also highlight what participants, both inside and outside the public sector, will need to understand about how to organize and mange in these unique settings.
NETWORKING TO ACHIEVE ALTERNATIVE REGULATION:
Authors: Khutor Renu 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTTwo national estuary programs in Florida, the Sarasota Bay Estuary Program (SBNEP) and the Tampa Bay National Estuary Program (TBNEP) are used to study the intricacies of implementation networks. Both programs are forms of alternative regulation and share similar attributes: an absence of a regulatory authority, exchange relationships based on equitable partnerships and an expected net aggregate benefit. Yet they arrive at two very different solutions. The results raise questions regarding the nature, scope and functioning of implementation networks. They also indicate that building networks is shaped by members' expectations and perceptions, and the degree of congruency they share with each other and the role of champions.
PRE‐CONDITIONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF MULTICOMMUNITY COLLABORATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1
Authors: Cigler Beverly A. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article looks at collaborative actions in small, rural communities. Collaborative actions involve strong linkages among a stable membership in specific and often complex purposes and usually are long term. They involve formal processes and structural patterns of collaboration. They emerge from disaster occurrences which trigger fiscal stress or perceived stress to form collaborative action. Since there is often no push by public opinion to maintain them, there is a need for public incentives to support capacity building. These incentives are instrumental in the formation and maintenance of these collaborative actions. Organizational formation is also tied to an identifiable policy entrepreneur or several entrepreneurs. Their maintenance relies on an early focus on visible, effective strategies and an emphasis on collaborative skills building.
HONG KONG: A NETWORKING PERSPECTIVE ON CHINA'S NEWSAR
Authors: Gage Robert W. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article looks at the impact of the changes that occurred on new and existing networks when Hong Kong was returned to China. The article discusses the utility of the networking perspective for understanding the changes, particularly as they relate to regionalism and the dynamics of regional networks. Some changes created a foundation for new networks and signaled the presence of new network members. Other changes occurred in older relationships among network actors such as those in the Senior Civil Service. The central role of Beijing has become an effective means of assimilation and is also influential regarding the reassertion of Chinese values. It has had a major impact on the cohesiveness and alignments of networks. These changes have also begun to reduce the strong international regional position of Hong Kong.
STATE‐CIVIL SOCIETY NETWORKS FOR POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe emphasis in this article is on the trends which speak of governance rather than government. Governance refers to the role of citizens in the policy process and how groups within a society organize to make and implement decisions on matters of great concern. The focus is on democratic governance as taking place through networks in developing countries. These networks are referred to as state‐civil society networks and are defined as cross‐sectoral collaborations in which the view is not of individuals, per se, but rather of individual actors who are seen as a connected and interdependent whole. Three case studies of such state‐civil society networks provide some preliminary lessons which suggest four situational variables for the emergence and success of these networks. These include: regime type, level of trust, legal framework and regulations, and the nature of the policy to be implemented. They also suggest some effective mechanisms and processes based on ad hoc vs formalizedmechanisms, initiation of the network and coordinating linkages.
BETWEEN POSITIVISM AND POSTMODERNISM:
Authors: Hammer Dean , Lileiman Jessica , Park Kenneth 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTA growing body of scholarship has pointed to the problems of positivist assumptions that underlie policy analysis. Scholars have noted that neither the ends nor the methods by which judgments are derived are unambiguous or value‐free. In the place of a positivist epistemology, some scholars have argued for a view of policy analysis as a rhetorical activity. In this view, the analyst becomes a participant in strategies of persuasion in‐which the reasons for decisions are rhetorically constructed. Neither view, though, provides an adequate basis upon which the analyst is to form judgments that can claim public validity. In this essay, we draw on the work of Hannah Arendt whochallenges the distinction between “subjectivity” and “objectivity” upon which much of the contemporary debate hinges. Arendt argues for a notion of “impartiality” that arises from the imagining of other perspectives. In this way, the validity of judgments depends on a broadened perspective gained through a grasping of particulars. It is within this context that we can understand the importance of narratives in policy evaluation and judgment.
STRATEGIES AND LESSONS OF CHINA'S POST‐MAO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Liou Kuotsai Tom 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines major strategies and lessons of China's post‐Mao economic development. The article first reviews the process and achievement of China's economic development. It then analyzes major strategies emphasized in the development years, including: the contract responsibility system, the dual price system, the special economic zones, and administrative reform. The article further discusses important lessons that are associated with the Chinese development experience, which consist of a reform‐oriented development; an incremental and practical approach; a two‐way development; a government‐guided development; an uneven development strategy; a kindred development model; and a peace and stable environment. The implications of the Chinese development experience are also discussed.
THE POLICY TERMINATION PROCESS
Authors: Kirkpatrick Susan E. , Lester James P. , Peterson Mark R. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this article are twofold. First, from a review of the extant literature on termination of policies, programs, and organizations, we identify the “crucial variables” that are believed to affect termination. In doing so, we develop a descriptive model of program termination. Then, we utilize this model as a hueristic device to examine the termination of federal revenue‐sharing programs in 1986. After reviewing the available literature on this topic and analyzing the case of revenue‐sharing, the article concludes that program termination is affected by three categories of variables: 1) inherent characteristics of the program in question; 2) the political environment within which termination takes place; and 3)
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS, ISSUES, AND THE NATIONAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Liou Kuotsai Tom 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis symposium examines issues related to the links between administrative reform policy and economic development policy. The symposium introduction paper consists of two parts. First, it offers an overview of the background of theoretical and conceptual issues that are important to the connection between administrative reform and economic development. The issues reviewed include the role of government in economic development, the importance of public policy and management to economic development, the contribution of development administration, and the need of administrative reform to remove bureaucratic problems and promote efficiency. Next, the introduction paper provides a brief summary of the research arguments and findings addressed in the following six articles. They include an evaluation of administrative reform in Arab world economic growth, an examination of administrative reform and economic development in Latin America and the Caribbean, a political economy analysis of policy reform in Korea, a study of the implementation of privatization strategies in India's public sector reform, a discussion of the concerns between efficiency and ethics in China's economic development, and the study of administrative and economic development in Mongolia. The implications of the research findings and the need for further study of the linkage between administrative reform and economic development are emphasized in the conclusion.
MODELING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DECISION‐MAKING: THE CASE OF TAX ABATEMENTS
Authors: Reese Laura A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis research note examines two models of economic development policymaking. The literature on economic development and urban politics provides one image of reality regarding the factors associated with economic development policy in cities. When tested empirically, however, this model is found wanting. An alternative model is presented, identifying the complex set of factors associated with a single governmental policy, in this case, tax abatements.
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH CARE REFORM: THE NEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE MICRO‐COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , Woller Gary M. , Neubauer Günther , Rothaermel Frank T. , Zelle Barbara 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTMicrocomparison, or single‐component analysis, of health care systems offers a potentially better basis for reform than traditional macrocomparison analysis of aggregate elements. Using macroanalysis, available evidence shows that Germany provides cheaper but more effective hospital care than the United States. To find the causes for this outcome, we developed a microanalytic model of hospital administrators’ perceptions, financial ratios, medical outcomes, and pharmaceutical costs. However, only data on pharmaceutical costs were available and similar in both countries. Our significant outcome was development of a microcomparative model that gives world medical care providers new criteria for analyzing and improving cost to care rafios.
THE EFFECT OF THE CHILD‐CARE CREDIT ON LOW‐AND MIDDLE‐INCOME TAXPAYERS’ PURCHASES OF CHILD CARE
Authors: Maloy Theo Edwin 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe child‐ and dependent‐care credit in the Internal Revenue Code is intended to encourage the consumption of commercial day‐care services. This research finds, through econometric analysis of tax returns from 1983 and 1987, that reducing child care's after‐tax price increases child‐care consumption by low‐ and middle‐income taxpayers who purchase commercial child‐care services.
DEVOLUTION and RECENTRALIZATION OF WELFARE ADMINISTRATION: Implications for “New Federalism”
Authors: Adkisson Richard V. , Peach James T. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTWhen the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program was created, participating states were made responsible for the administration of the program. States could choose between administering the program themselves or allowing local administration under state supervision. Initially, 32 of the 50 states (64%) opted for the state‐supervised, locally‐administered structure. By 1990, only 15 states (30%) were operating under state‐supervised systems. Amid decades of talk about federal‐to‐state decentralization, seventeen states have chosen to centralize their welfare administration systems. This choice is an important one as there is substantial evidence indicating that administrative structure is an important determinant of program delivery costs and equity. This article uses a logit model to identify the characteristics that have influenced state choice of administrative model. The results suggest that decisions to centralize welfare administration have been systematic choices, driven by geographic, demographic, economic, and political considerations unique to each state.
ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE GROUPS: Grass‐roots Movement or NGO Networks? Some Policy Implications
Authors: Rios Jo Marie 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe literature on environmental justice indicates that there is a strong presence of grass‐roots activity. This research uses the political process model to investigate whether the environmental justice groups are a social movement or a network of nongovernmental organizations. The results indicate that the majority of these groups do not track the theoretical tenets. There are two groups operating under the penumbra of the environmental justice movement: a social movement and a nongovernmental organization (NGO s) network. There is a modest degree of insurgent action, i.e., blocking the siting of landfills. The NGO's predominate and are the driving force behind this movement through the use of orthodox strategies, formal organizations, ample institutional capacity, lack of protest politics and a strong perception of injustice. These groups do not perceive success in their efforts. This research contributes to the scarcity of literature on the role of minority NGO's in domestic policy‐making.
THE EVOLUTION OF AN ISSUE: The Rise and Decline of Affairmative action
Authors: Elliott Euel , Ewoh Andrew I.E. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines the development of the affirmative action issue since its inception, and compares its dynamics and evolution with the broader civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. It identifies and discusses three periods or phases of the affirmative action regime. This vein of research helps provide at least a partial explanation for why policies in related areas of civil rights may produce different outcomes, and explicates the broad resistance to key elements of the anti‐discrimination effort of the last three decades. A tentative model based on the congruence of the policy stance of political institutions to public opinion is suggested. We conclude that while issues such as affirmative action may be susceptible to long‐run institutional counter pressures, voluntary programs to increase diversity will certainly continue.
THE HEALTH CARE FINANCIAL CRISIS: REORGANIZATION AND EVIDENCE‐BASED MEDICINE AS A RESPONSE TO AN “UNHOLY TRINITY”
Authors: Clark Cal , McEldowney Rene 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe key issues of the health care system are often conceptualized as involving three basic dimensions: 1) the quality of health care provided, 2) access to the health care system, and 3) the cost of health care. Following two decades of rapidly escalating health costs throughout advanced industrial societies, the relationships among these three dimensions now constitute what has been called an “unholy trinity” in that improvements along one dimension will almost inevitably provoke problems in terms of one or both of the others. This symposium examines two distinct types of reform that have been developed in response to the crisis in health care costs. The first focuses upon attempts to reorganize existing institutions in order to make them more effective and cost‐efficient. The second considers the move toward “evidence‐based medicine,” that is, more critically evaluating health care outcomes to make sure that treatments are effective and cost‐efficient.
IDENTIFYING HEALTH CARE COST CRISES IN OECD NATIONS
Authors: Shaw Thomas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study develops an empirical model for determining whether a nation's health care expenditures are experiencing a crisis based on the trend over time of the ratio of total health spending to total domestic expenditures. A dynamic regression model is applied to 22 OECD nations for the 1960–1994 period to estimate whether or not levels of health spending are converging towards a stable equilibrium and, if they are, what this equilibrium is and how long it will take to reach it. Crisis is defined as an empirically divergent process. The principal findings from this analysis are that: 1) three nations (France, Greece, and the United States) are experiencing a crisis according to this definition; 2) although the crisis potential is relatively high in all the OECD nations, there appears to be a critical region or threshold where the tendency towards crisis increases dramatically; 3) the time to reach equilibrium is generally quite long, indicating the opportunity for substantial policy intervention; and 4) Denmark stands out as a successful case where health costs have been contained.
SCIENTIFIC‐BUREAUCRATIC MEDICINE AND UK HEALTH POLICY1
Authors: Harrison Stephen , Wood Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne prominent method for controlling health costs is to find measures for the management of demand. Various options exist for this; and many of them have been tried during the fifty years of the UK's National Health Service. Current policy now focuses on what may be called “scientific‐bureaucratic medicine.” This policy is based on the assumptions that valid medical knowledge is derived from accumulated research evidence and that such knowledge should be implemented through clinical guidelines which are enforced to some extent. This UK development has parallels with the US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research whose experience, therefore, raises some policy issues for the UK.
THE WORST OF BOTH WORLDS: NURSING HOME REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Hovey William 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe current system of nursing home regulation, focused on prescriptive regulations and a punitive approach to compliance, can be described as “the worst of all worlds.” The approach is both burdensome to the industry and ineffective in protecting consumers. This article proposes an alternative model for nursing home regulation, focused on co‐regulation (the use of private accreditation agencies) and deregulation (the repeal of state certification of need laws).
MANAGED COMPETITION IN FLORIDA HEALTH CARE: ITS STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES
Authors: Feldheim Mary Ann 
Published: June 2005

AbstractManaged competition in health care is a model for reform that has been adopted by several states and considered as a model for national health care reform. This article assesses the strengths and weaknesses of managed competition in Florida based on the responses of essential participants in the managed competition network and data from network documents. Results of the analysis reveal that the strength of the reform has been in offering small employers and their employees a wide choice of health care insurance and in providing them with information to make informed health insurance choices. In addition to increasing choice and information, the managed competition network has become the small group insurance industry watchdog, applying pressure to keep the market fair and functioning. However, cost control difficulties and a continued limited access to health insurance demonstrate the weaknesses of the Florida reform. The article concludes by discussing the politicization of health care reform in Florida and the future of this reform effort in a changing political climate.
MENTAL HEALTH CARE FOR OLDER PERSONS: NETWORKING AS A RESPONSE TO ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES1
Authors: Jenkins Carol L. , Laditka Sarah B. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTWe use case study methodology to examine the degree of cooperation and coordination among organizations providing mental health care to older persons. Mail surveys and in‐depth interviews were employed to gather data from human service organizations in one relatively rural county of Upstate New York. We find that organizations that are older and provide larger numbers of services tend to have a higher degree of integration with other organizations. There is little evidence of formal coordination of services. Informal cooperation, at least on an ad hoc basis, is common, though. Older persons with chronic mental health problems are relatively well served by the system. Older persons whose mental health problems are associated with the aging process are not well served by the system. The growth of mental health managed care has increased competition among many organizations, further fragmenting a weakly integrated system.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN MEDICAL OUTCOMES RESEARCH: THE VIEW FROM HARVARD
Authors: Larson James S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study evaluates the emerging field of medical outcomes research based on interviews at Harvard Medical School. Medical outcomes research at Harvard is multifaceted, but may be summarized as involving certain key components. The emphasis at Harvard is on “quality of care,” viewed as a combination of outcomes evaluation and process evaluation, delivery of the service and its result. In a time of shrinking budgets, outcomes and process research can be justified economically because of the relatively low cost of patient self‐reports and because of their usefulness. Physicians may be motivated to measure quality of care by emphasizing the positive effects of research on the process of care and outcomes. Medical outcomes research is a field that is undergoing change and is becoming increasingly oriented toward the practical needs of patients and physicians.