bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct determination of endogenous melatonin in human saliva by column‐switching semi‐microcolumn liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with on‐line analyte enrichment
Authors: Motoyama Akira , Kanda Taketoshi , Namba Ryujiro 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAn analytical method that enables direct and sensitive determination of endogenous melatonin (MLT) in human saliva was developed by means of column‐switching semi‐microcolumn liquid chromatography (i.d.: 1–2 mm)/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The system allows direct injection analysis of a 400‐μL aliquot of saliva with minimal sample pretreatment (internal standard (IS) addition and vortex mixing) and a relatively short run‐time (10 min). The system consists of three columns to attain large volume injection and on‐line analyte enrichment. A pre‐column packed with a silica‐based mixed‐functional C8 (4.0 mm i.d. × 20 mm) was used for on‐line sample cleanup. MLT and an IS, the d7 isomer of MLT (d7‐MLT), were heart‐cut by valve switching and enriched at the top of the intermediate trapping column packed with a silica‐based C18 (4.0 mm i.d. × 10 mm). Subsequently, the analytes were backflushed into a semi‐micro C18 silica column (2.0 mm i.d. × 150 mm) for the final separation. MLT and IS were ascertained by positive electrospray ionization and selected ion monitoring (SIM). MLT was monitored based on its fragment ion at m/z 174.1 by in‐source collision‐induced dissociation (CID). The validation of this method revealed a detection limit of 2.5 pg mL−1 at a signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio of 5. The linearity of the method was established in the ranges 5–250 and 100–2500 pg mL−1 with a coefficient of determination of greater than 0.998. Accuracies, evaluated at five levels in the range 5–1000 pg mL−1, were between 81 and 108% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) ranging from 1.3–20%. The method was successfully applied for the endogenous saliva MLT monitoring of two healthy subjects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrahydrogestrinone: discovery, synthesis, and detection in urine
Authors: Catlin Don H. , Sekera Michael H. , Ahrens Brian D. , Starcevic Borislav , Chang Yu‐Chen , Hatton Caroline K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTetrahydrogestrinone (18a‐homo‐pregna‐4,9,11‐trien‐17β‐ol‐3‐one or THG) was identified in the residue of a spent syringe that had allegedly contained an anabolic steroid undetectable by sport doping control urine tests. THG was synthesized by hydrogenation of gestrinone and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. We developed and evaluated sensitive and specific methods for rapid screening of urine samples by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) of underivatized THG (using transitions m/z 313 to 241 and 313 to 159) and gas chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS) analysis of the combination trimethylsilyl ether‐oxime derivative of THG (using fragments m/z 240.14, 254.15, 267.16, and 294.19). A baboon administration study showed that THG is excreted in urine. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taxonomic versus trophic structure of mesozooplankton: a seasonal study of species succession and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in a coastal upwelling ecosystem
Authors: Bode Antonio , Alvarez-Ossorio Maria Teresa 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Seasonal variations in mesozooplankton (>200 μm) stable carbon and nitrogen isotope abundances were compared with the seasonal species succession pattern off A Coruña (Galicia, NW Spain). Mesozooplankton biomass, numerical abundance, species composition, and natural abundance of stable isotopes, along with water column temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a and dissolved nitrate concentrations, were studied in monthly samples during the years 2000 and 2001 at a coastal station (80-m depth). Biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton followed the annual cycle with maxima in spring and summer (year 2000) and occasionally also in autumn (year 2001). The succession pattern shown by the taxonomic assemblages was recognized in both years of study, despite differences in the timing of upwelling and the large input of continental water during most of 2000. Variations in neither carbon nor nitrogen isotopes were correlated with either abundance or biomass at annual time scales, but heavy isotopes significantly accumulated during periods of zooplankton increase (spring and early summer). The consumption of nitrate during the spring can explain in part the progressive accumulation of heavy nitrogen isotopes during this period. In addition, the abundance of carnivorous zooplankton (mainly carnivorous copepods, siphonophores, and chaetognaths) was linearly related to the increase in heavy isotopes during the spring and, in the case of nitrogen, also during the whole study period. The computed linear relationships between isotope abundances and plankton species composition provided a way to further analyse the pelagic foodweb through the estimation of isotope reference values for primary consumers.
Consumer‐food systems: why type I functional responses are exclusive to filter feeders
Authors: Jeschke Jonathan M. , Kopp Michael , Tollrian Ralph 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTThe functional response of a consumer is the relationship between its consumption rate and the abundance of its food. A functional response is said to be of type I if consumption rate increases linearly with food abundance up to a threshold level at which it remains constant. According to conventional wisdom, such type I responses are more frequent among filter feeders than among other consumers. However, the validity of this claim has never been tested. We review 814 functional responses from 235 studies, thereby showing that type I responses are not only exceptionally frequent among filter feeders but that they have only been reported from these consumers.These findings can be understood by considering the conditions that a consumer must fulfil in order to show a type I response. First, the handling condition: the consumer must have a negligibly small handling time (i.e. the time needed for capturing and eating a food item), or it must be able to search for and to capture food while handling other food. Second, the satiation condition: unless its gut is completely filled and gut passage time is minimal, the consumer must search for food at a maximal rate with maximal effort. It thus has to spend much time on foraging (i.e. searching for food and handling it).Our functional response review suggests that only filter feeders sometimes meet both of these conditions. This suggestion is reasonable because filter feeders typically fulfil the handling condition and can meet the satiation condition without losing time, for they are, by contrast to non‐filter feeders, able simultaneously to perform foraging and non‐foraging activities, such as migration or reproduction.
A Return Potential Measure of Setting Norms for Aggression
Authors: Henry David B. , Cartland Jennifer , Ruchross Holly , Monahan Kathleen 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study tested a classroom‐level measure of norms based on J. Jackson's (1966) Return Potential Model. “Return potential” refers to the probability of approval of aggression in a given setting or group, and the return potential model allows quantification of different aspects of a setting's norms. Return potential measures were computed for unprovoked and provoked aggression. A pilot sample of 236 students in 11 classrooms and a main sample of 3,304 students in 158 classrooms completed this measure and a self‐report measure of aggression. Results from hierarchical linear models showed that all measures of classroom return potential for aggression were significantly clustered by classrooms. Four return potential measures had main effects on aggression, and four measures showed variation in effects by grade or urban residence. Differences in clustering and effects by grade suggested age differences in the importance of different normative characteristics.
Religious Activity and Risk Behavior Among African American Adolescents: Concurrent and Developmental Effects
Authors: Steinman Kenneth J. , Zimmerman Marc A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study examines how religious activity is associated with risk behaviors, concurrently and developmentally among urban African American adolescents. Seven hundred and five African American youths were interviewed annually during high school. Retention rates for the study exceeded 90%. Frequency of religious activity, sexual intercourse, and alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use were assessed at each wave. Growth curve analyses found negative concurrent associations between religious activity and each of the four risk behaviors. The developmental effects of religious activity varied by gender. Higher levels of religious activity in 9th grade predicted smaller increases in marijuana use among males and cigarette use among females. In addition, larger decreases in religious activity during high school were associated with greater increases in alcohol use among males and sexual intercourse among females. During high school, religious activity limits the development of certain types of risk behavior among African American youth, even after controlling for reciprocal effects.
Readiness, Functioning, and Perceived Effectiveness in Community Prevention Coalitions: A Study of Communities That Care
Authors: Feinberg Mark E. , Greenberg Mark T. , Osgood D. Wayne 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper examined whether community readiness, prevention knowledge, coalition functioning, and barriers are linked to perceived effectiveness of community prevention coalitions. Interviews were conducted with 203 key leaders in Communities That Care (CTC) prevention boards in 21 Pennsylvania communities. Community‐level means for the reliable self‐report measures were utilized separately and in combination with research staff ratings, state technical assistant staff ratings, and other data. The results indicated that the strong link between readiness and perceived effectiveness was mediated by internal coalition functioning. The extent of CTC linkage with outside community entities was not linked to perceived effectiveness. The study concludes that community readiness is an important condition for success of a prevention coalition, and exerts effects mainly through the quality of the coalition's internal functioning. Member turnover and infighting appear to be important factors related to internal functioning. Linkage with outside entities may be more important for coalition models where the coalition is more dependent on local institutions for resources.
When One Plus One Equals Three: The Role of Relationships and Context in Community Research
Authors: Brodsky Anne E. , Senuta Kathleen Rogers , Weiss Catharine L. A. , Marx Christine M. , Loomis Colleen , Arteaga S. Sonia , Moore Heidi , Benhorin Rona , Castagnera-Fletcher Alisha 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the role of relationships within and between the community of the researchers and the community of the research participants, as they relate to qualitative, community psychology research. Although relationships are salient to all research, their role is particularly prominent in qualitative research, in which a closer rapport is established between researcher and research participant than in quantitative research, and the impact of both sides of this interaction on the research process is acknowledged. Instead of merely looking at the community and relationships of the participants, the usual focus of research, this paper also explores the often‐overlooked community and relationships of the researchers and then goes on to look at the impact on the research process of the interaction of these two separate communities. This inside story, while seldom explicitly explored or articulated, has implications for community research in general and particularly for applied research.
The Need for Action When Conducting Intervention Research: The Multiple Roles of Community Psychologists
Authors: Balcazar Fabricio E. , Garate-Serafini Teresa J. , Keys Christopher B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn choosing to implement empowering interventions with marginalized populations, community psychologists often have to merge research and action. We present three case stories that exemplify empowerment efforts in the context of a multi‐year school intervention designed to develop the advocacy skills of ethnic minority students' with disabilities and promote attainment of transition‐related goals. In the process of implementing the intervention, our research team had to instigate change, advocate, and/or mediate in multiple conflictual interactions between the various stakeholders in the schools. We faced both positive and negative consequences for our actions. We discuss the responsibilities of community psychologists in the process of empowering others and the implications for the practice of community research.
Doing Community Research Without a Community: Creating Safe Space for Rape Survivors
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Sefl Tracy , Wasco Sharon M. , Ahrens Courtney E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper describes how the values of a feminist research team influenced methodological decisions in a study of rape survivors. Building upon concepts from community psychology and urban sociology, the authors created a community‐based research design that respected the emotional needs of rape survivors without sacrificing methodological rigor. We developed relationships with community members in diverse settings, such as nail and hair salons, child care centers, churches, and bookstores, to advertise the study and recruit participants. Consistent with feminist approaches to interviewing, our goal was to create a safe setting for survivors to tell their stories. Although the purpose of this study was research rather than intervention, most survivors reported that participating in these interviews was healing. Our experiences in this project suggest that allowing values to influence the process of research may have beneficial outcomes for both researchers and participants.
Unheard Alaska: Culturally Anchored Participatory Action Research on Sobriety with Alaska Natives
Authors: Mohatt Gerald V. , Hazel Kelly L. , Allen James , Stachelrodt Mary , Hensel Chase , Fath Robert 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAlcohol research in Alaska Native communities has a contentious history. This project has attempted to address a critical need for research to guide alcohol abuse prevention and treatment with Alaska Natives using culturally anchored participatory action research. The process of grounding the research methodology in the culture and community is described, along with its contribution to community psychology's understanding of the importance of cultural factors. Tensions between indigenous values and ways of knowing, and Western research methodologies are delineated, along with how these tensions were resolved. Important issues that arose in doing culturally anchored participatory action research are described. These included the development of a community of inquiry, key methodological decisions, the empowerment of participants as coresearchers, and flexibility in research implementation.
Risk and panic in late modernity: implications of the converging sites of social anxiety
Authors: Hier Sean P. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTComparing moral panic with the potential catastrophes of the risk society, Sheldon Ungar contends that new sites of social anxiety emerging around nuclear, medical, environmental and chemical threats have thrown into relief many of the questions motivating moral panic research agendas. He argues that shifting sites of social anxiety necessitate a rethinking of theoretical, methodological and conceptual issues related to processes of social control, claims making and general perceptions of public safety. This paper charts an alternative trajectory, asserting that analytic priority rests not with an understanding of the implications of changing but converging sites of social anxiety. Concentrating on the converging sites of social anxiety in late modernity, the analysis forecasts a proliferation of moral panics as an exaggerated symptom of the heightened sense of uncertainty purported to accompany the ascendency of the risk society.
Neutralization theory and the denial of risk: some evidence from cannabis use among French adolescents*
Authors: Peretti‐Watel Patrick 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTIn contemporary societies, risk culture and risk profiling lead to the stigmatization of unhealthy behaviours as ‘risky’. Risk denial theory refers to a cognitive way to deal with risky behaviours and can be considered as an updated variant of Sykes and Matza's neutralization theory. People neutralize the ‘risky’ label using specific techniques that must be added to those previously enlisted by Sykes and Matza. This paper introduces and discusses three techniques of risk denial: scapegoating, self‐confidence and comparison between risks. As it is usually defined and studied as a ‘risky behaviour’, cannabis use provides a relevant example to illustrate these types of risk denial, thanks to various ethnographic studies (including Becker's seminal work on marijuana smokers) and quantitative French data from the 1999 European School Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). In order to deny the ‘risky’ label, cannabis users scapegoat ‘hard drugs’ users, they emphasize their own ability to control their consumption personally, or they compare cannabis and alcohol risks. The paper concludes with suggestions for further analyses of risk denial.
The revival of death: expression, expertise and governmentality
Authors: Árnason Arnar , Hafsteinsson Sigurjón Baldur 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses Walter's (1994) assertion that death in the West has recently undergone a revival. In particular it focuses on his claim that this revival is composed of two different strands: a late modern strand and a postmodern strand. The former, according to Walter, is driven by experts who seek to control death, the latter by ordinary people who seek to express their emotions freely. Describing the history and work of Cruse Bereavement Care, the largest bereavement counselling organization in the UK, we question Walter's distinction. We then problematize Walter's suggestion that the revival of death is caused by general social transformations. In contrast we evoke Rose's (1996) work on ‘subjectification’ and seek to link recent changes in the management of death and grief to permutations in governmental rationality.
Mythscapes: memory, mythology, and national identity
Authors: Bell Duncan S. A. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTIn this paper I seek to challenge the dominant modes of conceiving the relationship between memory and national identity, and in so doing offer analysts of nationalism an improved understanding of the dynamics of national identity formation. The concept of collective memory is invoked regularly in attempts to explain the pervasiveness and power of nationalism. I argue that the concept is misused routinely in this context, and instead I employ a ‘social agency’ approach to theorizing, whereby memory is conceived in a more limited and cogent manner. I argue that it is important to distinguish clearly between memory and mythology, both of which are essential to understanding national identity, for not only are the two concepts distinct, they can also act in opposition to each other. Following from this I introduce the notion of a ‘mythscape’, the temporally and spatially extended discursive realm in which the myths of the nation are forged, transmitted, negotiated, and reconstructed constantly. Through employing the idea of a mythscape we can relate memory and mythology to each other in a theoretically profitable way.
Intermarriage and the demography of secularization
Authors: Voas David 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTOne way of measuring religious affiliation is to look at rites of initiation such as baptism. English statistics show that for the first time since the Church of England was founded, less than half the nation is Anglican on this criterion. The pattern of formal religious transmission changed during the Second World War. Previously christening was quasi‐universal, and the Church of England was the preferred provider. By the end of the war baptism was evidently optional, and chosen principally by parents whose religious identities matched. Further analysis suggests that affiliation now tends to be lost following marriage to someone from a different religious background, though the USA differs from Europe in this respect. A demographic theory of advanced secularization is outlined that specifies a proximal cause for declining religious affiliation, and provides tools for predicting the changes to be expected over future decades. The theory also helps to explain why affiliation may fall most quickly where there is most religious diversity.
A life‐course perspective on social exclusion and poverty
Authors: Dewilde Caroline 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTThis article assesses whether it is possible to reconceptualize the traditional research approaches to the relationship between poverty and the life cycle on the basis of different sociological perspectives on the life course found in the literature. While the family‐cycle approach, which was originally formulated by Seebohm Rowntree (1902), is criticized for being static, descriptive, normative and inflexible, dynamic poverty research is mostly confined to the quantitative analysis of income trajectories, and thus offers only a partial solution to our problem. However, the life‐course perspective allows us to combine the best elements of these traditional approaches and to reconceptualize them into a general framework for the study of social exclusion and poverty. To this end, three sociological perspectives on the life course are considered: the traditional North‐American life‐course perspective formulated by Elder (1974), the Continental institutional approach, and a combined approach which we label the ‘political economy of the life course’. Drawing from these three perspectives, we propose a general framework of analysis and formulate hypotheses regarding the phenomena of social exclusion and poverty over the life course which can subsequently be empirically validated.
Microcirculatory Heterogeneity in the Rat Small Intestine During Compromised Flow Conditions
Authors: VAJDA KORNÉL , SZABÓ ANDREA , KUCSA KATALIN , SUKI BÉLA , BOROS MIHÁLY 
Published: May 2004

Objective: To characterize and compare microcirculatory changes in the rat small intestinal tissue layers when temporal or spatial microvascular perfusion heterogeneity is present.Methods: Intravital videomicroscopy with an orthogonal polarization spectral imaging technique was used to visualize the microcirculation of the intestinal mucosa and the longitudinal muscle during systemic (hemorrhagic shock, endotoxemia, and nitric oxide synthesis inhibition) and local (ischemia–reperfusion) circulatory disorders. The average capillary red blood cell velocity (A‐RBCV) was calculated from the relative durations of the observed velocity or as a function of the perfused area, respectively.Results: During hemorrhagic hypotension/resuscitation, timewise (flowmotion) and spatial heterogeneity were found to evolve in the mucosal villi and muscle layer. During resuscitation, the A‐RBCV decreased by 40% in the villi and by 60% in the muscle. Reperfusion after a 30‐min period of mesenteric ischemia caused a 20% reduction in A‐RBCV in both layers, while endotoxin infusion caused a temporary 20% decrease in the mucosa, and a persistent, > 25% decrease in the muscle. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibition resulted in spatial heterogeneity within the villi and in a 40% decrease in A‐RBCV in both structures.Conclusions: Calculations of timewise variability and of heterogeneity within and between layers can be used for the comparison of distinct intramural microcirculatory changes.