bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advance Care Planning in the Outpatient and ICU Setting
Authors: Teno Joan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowing when to stop, or when to implement treatment wishes in an advance directive, is an important and difficult decision that health care providers are faced with on a daily basis in caring for seriously ill patients in an ICU. These are rightfully difficult and thought-provoking decisions. In the past three decades, Americans have successfully grappled with the morality of withdrawal or foregoing of life-sustaining treatment. Through court cases and guidelines from the Presidential Commission on Biomedical Ethics, a broad-based consensus has developed that it is ethical to withhold or with draw life-sustaining treatment.
Pain and Symptom Control in the Dying ICU Patient
Authors: Foley Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The care of the critically ill dying patient requires the knowledge, skills, compassion, and resources of a multidisciplinary team. To manage the common symptoms in this patient population, assessment and treatment strategies must be integrated with the needs of the individual patient. The goal of symptom management varies with the specific goals of care for each individual patient. For the dying patient, the goals of care are to provide adequate control of major physical and psychological symptoms to al low the patient to die in comfort and to enhance their quality of living during their last days of life. Some patients may remain conscious during the dying process; others may be obtunded or comatose secondary to central nervous system disease or dysfunction or from pharmacologic agents administered for symptom control.
Helping the Clinician Cope with Death in the ICU
Authors: Block Susan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intensive care unit clinicians confront the challenge of simultaneously preparing for both survival and death as possible outcomes for their patients. While they are striving to rescue their patients from an acute illness or exacerbation of a chronic disease, ICU clinicians also recognize that a substantial proportion will die in the ICU or during this hospitalization. Practically every death in the ICU now involves some degree of withholding or withdrawing potentially life-prolonging treatment.
A New Look at Competitive Forces
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government regulation was one of the hallmarks of the first three quarters of the twentieth century in the United States. Whether to improve social or environmental conditions, ensure that those who create negative competitive externalities pay for them, assure fair business practices, or control prices, regulations have become a familiar part of the American economic landscape. Anyone who uses electricity, drives a car, talks on the telephone, or pays taxes is familiar with government regulation. Since the Ten Commandments, regulations have reached into every area of our social and economic relationships.
The Road from Institutional to Market Regulation
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1950s academics and practitioners, including trucking industry management and the people who once handled cases before the Interstate Commerce Commission, have debated the relative costs and benefits of transportation regulation. Some economists argue that economic regulation benefits regulated industries at the expense of consumers, while others contend that regulation benefits consumers by ensuring stable, high-quality distribution. Some maintain that regulation stifles industry competition and thereby innovation, encouraging inefficiency. Others argue that it prevents transportation industries from engaging in destructive competitive practices that would undermine the industry’s ability to make “normal profits”—the minimum amount of profit a firm must earn in order to induce reinvestment. Still others argue that transportation is a utility that benefits everyone, and the government interest in preventing monopolistic practices, including rate gouging and restricted service output, as well as in preventing discrimination in service and price, justifies the cost of somewhat inefficient allocation. These supporters of economic regulation claim it provides a framework within which to base competitive business strategies that promote investment in new service capability.
Labor Market Failure and the Role of Institutions
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the late 1970s trucking was an occupation with above-average wages and reasonable working conditions, lucrative enough to produce a stable and relatively skilled workforce. But the labor market institutions that once sufficed to ensure some measure of equity and efficiency have proved inadequate. While the steady erosion of Teamsters’ real wages presents a problem for policymakers who want to retain a broad middle class, the concomitant and more severe decline in non-union wages has created a problem for the industry as well.
Is Balkan Comparative Syntax Possible?
Authors: Joseph Brian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question asked in the title to this paper might seem to have a self-evident answer, especially in the context of the other papers in this volume, all of which deal with some aspect of the syntax of two or more languages of the Balkans. However, it is not as irrelevant or trivial a question as it might at first seem, for despite the successes of these studies and others to be cited below with regard to taking a comparative perspective on the various languages in the Balkans, the logically prior question of whether it is in fact possible or even enlightening to do comparative Balkan syntax needs to be explored.
Developing a Positive Ethical Climate in the Healthcare Organization
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 7 we concluded that market-based approaches in which health care is viewed as an economic good (Carson, Carson & Roe, 1995, p. 33) have been left, by default, to determine cost, access, and quality. These market-based approaches have resulted in a ferociously competitive environment in which HCOs are struggling for identity as well as survival. The unwillingness oflarge payers of healthcare benefits to continue to fund increases in the cost of those benefits, combined with ERISA laws and the legal identification of managed care organizations as insurance organizations (which exempts them from antitrust regulations), have given thirdparty payers and managed care organizations significant negotiating power in their contractual relationships with providers, including HCOs.
Why Women Menstruate
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biological cause of the menstrual cycle is the changing cascade of hormones produced by the brain, pituitary gland, and ovary of a woman who has achieved the age of puberty, or the menarche. These chemical messengers are the product of evolutionary adaptations that have produced a system to restrict the reproductive rate to a single offspring, nurtured and protected in the woman’s uterus, and nursed and cared for after birth. The result is a method of reproducing that is physiologically efficient for the individual and effective to assure continuity of the species. In more primitive vertebrates, fish or frogs for example, survival of the species is based not on nurturing, but on the production and fertilization of huge numbers of eggs, only a few of which will survive to reach sexual maturity and maintain the reproductive cycle.
The human female body, from the time of sexual maturation, prepares each lunar month for the possible occurrence of a pregnancy; two different sequences of events are repeated. From among the tens of thousands of immature eggs in the ovaries, several will start to develop, each within its own compartment of the ovary called the follicle. After about ten days, usually only one will continue to flourish and become fully mature, ready to be released from its follicle at about mid-cycle on the fourteenth day.
Menstrual Cycle-Related Disorders
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several disruptive diseases or conditions can occur during menstruation for many women. These are known as catamenial diseases to indicate their monthly recurrence. They are caused by immunological, hemodynamic, hormonal, and metabolic changes that occur during menstruation. Pre-existing chronic illnesses can flare up; some during the pre-menstrual phase, others during menstruation itself. The most common of these menstrual cycle-related disorders is dysmenorrhea, or menstrual cramps. For many women, this can be an incapacitating affliction. For others, while tolerable, it is a monthly problem they dread. Migraine is the next most frequent catamenial condition and this complex syndrome can also be life-limiting. Endometriosis, a serious chronic disease, is actually caused by menstruation. Uterine lining cells sloughed off at the time of a woman’s period are discharged through the fallopian tubes into the pelvic cavity where they attach themselves to pelvic organs. Each month, these endometrial implants grow in response to hormonal changes of the cycle. Endometriosis affects about one in ten women and can be extremely painful. Frequently, it is the reason for pelvic pain and painful sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) and is a major cause of difficult to treat infertility. Additional conditions that can take on a catamenial character include asthma, insomnia, arthritis, epilepsy, and others that are exacerbated by menstruation. This chapter will discuss these disorders and their relation to a woman’s menstrual cycle.
Medical Suppression of Menstruation
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substantial health benefits can be derived from adopting menstruation suppression as standard practice. The most radical way to end menstruation irreversibly is to surgically remove a woman’s ovaries (oophorectomy or ovariectomy) and/or uterus (hysterectomy). Obviously, this is not an option for women who wish to preserve their fertility. However, modern medicine can now achieve the same result without drastic surgery and with the assurance of reversibility that allows a woman to be confident that she can maintain her reproductive potential.
This therapy began with the advent of the oral contraceptive pill in the early 1960s. When this ovulation inhibiting medication was developed and introduced for use in birth control, it was less widely publicized that with this drug it was possible for women to control their own menstruation. Understandably, doctors may have been reluctant to advise normal, healthy women to continuously take a drug with which they had little experience. But as its use has grown, it is has been found that the health benefits outweigh the risks. Women should have the information to consider the use of ovulation-suppressing hormone pills without cyclical interruption in order to prevent menstruation. The strategy to market “the pill” to mimic menstruation was primarily a marketing decision. There was no scientific or medical basis to assume that intermittent use of the new product would be better or safer than continuous use.
Absence of Menstruation and Disease
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age is considered a sign of disease and should be treated as an abnormality if the woman is neither pregnant nor breastfeeding. Menstruation will not occur, for example, in the case of congenital absence of the uterus, an anomaly that occurs in one in five thousand women. This defect is generally noticed when a woman reaches sixteen or seventeen years of age without menstruating. Resulting from a defect in fetal development of the reproductive system, absence of the uterus is generally accompanied by absence of the vagina. Since the ovaries function normally, ovulating and cyclically producing hormones, these women are otherwise normal in all respects. Surgical intervention to create an artificial vagina resolves the sexual problem. Assisted reproduction procedures now make it possible for these women to have children, using their own eggs and a surrogate mother’s uterus to gestate the externally inseminated egg.
Other defects of the uterus can result in a lack of menstruation. Very small uteri have an insufficiently developed endometrium. Because of the absence of essential hormone receptors, this type of hypoplastic or infantile uterus does not respond adequately to the stimulating action of sexual hormones. Another condition is the syndrome of testicular feminization, a genetic abnormality causing the absence of uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. In fact, the individual with this genetic abnormality has undescended testes either in the abdominal cavity or the inguinal canal.
The Project of Sentencing Reform
Authors: Hirsch Andrew Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contributors to this volume, whatever their disagreements over the particulars of sentencing policy, seem united in their support of what might be called the “project of sentencing reform.” An agenda for such a project was set forth over two-and-a-half decades ago and continues to influence our own thinking today.1 It has, to my mind, the following three main elements: a principled approach to sentencing, parsimony, and fairness.
Shukko (Employee Transfers) and Tacit Knowledge Exchange in Japanese Supply Networks: The Electronics Industry Case
Authors: Lincoln James R , Ahmadjian Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How Japanese companies manage purchase-supply relations has drawn consider- able attention from scholars and practitioners. Indeed, the Japanese approach to supply chain management is now worldwide “best practice” in the automobile industry and in other strategic industrial sectors (Mitchener and Steinmetz, 1998). Close and long-term relations; high trust and mutual disclosure of information; and cospecialized investment in knowledge and other assets together comprise a supply management regime that has been much admired and copied (Womack, Jones, and Roos, 1990). In its ideal form, the Japanese model averts the Scylla of low-trust contracting and the Charybdis of full vertical integration under a corporate chain of command. Outcomes include: more and earlier supplier participation in customer designs; higher quality components; higher reliability of deliveries; and so on.
Catharine Brown: Cherokee Convert to Christianity
Authors: Perdue Theda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1817 Catharine Brown, a seventeen- or eighteen-year-old Cherokee woman, enrolled in the Brainerd Mission School. The daughter of a relatively prosperous but uneducated Cherokee couple, she had no previous formal education, and the missionaries harbored strong doubts about her ability to adjust to the regimen of the mission school. In the six years before her untimely death in 1823, however, she achieved everything missionaries sought in converts: she was pious and chaste, industrious and humble, absolutely committed to the conversion of her people to Christianity. Catharine Brown’s brief life illustrates the goals of Protestant missions among Native peoples—and the limitations imposed on their efforts.
Lozen: An Apache Woman Warrior
Authors: Moore Laura Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the waning days of the nineteenth-century Indian wars, five thousand American soldiers pursued a band of thirty-six Apache men, women, and children. Led by the chief Naiche and the shaman Geronimo, the group had holed up in the Sierra Madre mountains in northern Mexico. These Apaches never suffered a decisive defeat, but by the summer of 1886 they were tired of running and wanted to be reunited with their families back on the reservation. Two women assumed the dangerous mission of approaching United States troops in order to begin negotiations. While the American soldiers proudly recorded the names of the Apache men whom they met during these military campaigns, only Apache oral traditions identify Lozen and Dahteste as the “squaws” who played such an important role. Well suited to their task, the women were fighting members of the band, able to defend themselves and speak for their people. Each no doubt carried a knife, rifle, and cartridge belt, but since they were women, the soldiers did not assume that they posed much threat.
Delfina Cuero: A Native Woman’s Life in the Borderlands
Authors: Round Phillip H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Borders—artificial political divides separating land, peoples, and cultures—create special challenges for those who live alongside them. The international border between Mexico and the United States, a militarized strip known as la frontera, or la liña to many who live along its two-thousand-mile length, requires of its residents complex coping strategies that extend beyond bilingual phrases and bicultural gestures. Border patrols survey the land through night vision binoculars, and barbed wire and guard posts punctuate the terrain. The border itself becomes almost a living presence in the lives of people living on either side, a psychological shadow that consigns them to what Chicana theorist Gloria Anzaldúa has called that “vague and undetermined place created by the emotional residue of an unnatural boundary.”1
Ada Deer: Champion of Tribal Sovereignty
Authors: Lurie Nancy Oestreich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1953, Congress adopted House Concurrent Resolution 108, which called for the “termination” of Indian reservations and federal jurisdiction over the tribes as quickly as possible. Termination was designed to dissolve reservations and, in combination with the euphemistically named Voluntary Relocation Program, disperse Indian people irrevocably into the nation’s urban centers.1 The government and general public always had expected Indians to simply vanish as a people, and though their numbers dwindled steadily throughout the nineteenth century, tribal remnants seemed unable to fulfill their supposedly inevitable destiny of becoming one with the dominant society.
Decision Analysis
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most managers spend more of their time dealing with situations in the area of future change-”What functions should be handled in a regional office?” or “Identify potential problems in the packaging area”-than with situations in the area of past change-”Excessive rejects of Product A.” Also, the future-change thinking processes are easier to learn and more forgiving than the past-change process. Within future change, managers tend to be more concerned with the planned than the unplanned (although whether this is prudent is a valid question that we will discuss later). For these reasons, it seems appropriate to start our excursion into the realm of structured thinking with the tools of Planned Future Change-that is, the tools of Decision Analysis (Figure 5.1).
Introduction to Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ischemic stroke) is a leading public health problem. Every 53 seconds, someone in the United States has a stroke. Annually, approximately 750,000 Americans have an initial or recurrent ischemic stroke. Stroke incidence is even higher in most other countries. Rates are particularly high in Asia and Eastern Europe. Changes in the rates of stroke vary considerably among regions; for example, the incidence of stroke is declining in Western Europe and North America while it is rising in Eastern Europe. Although definitive data from many thirdworld countries are not available, stroke likely is a major health care problem in these nations. Poungvarin recently reported that stroke is a rising problem in the developing world. With the advancing life expectancy of people in developing countries, the importance of ischemic stroke likely will grow as a worldwide problem.
Non-Atherosclerotic Vasculopathies
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several non-atherosclerotic vascular diseases can cause ischemic stroke. When compared with atherosclerosis and cardioembolism, the number of persons with stroke secondary to non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies is relatively small. In one clinical trial, stroke attributed to nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies accounted for less than 5% of cases. Although these disorders can occur in any age group, the impact of non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies is most prominent in young adults and children because atherosclerosis is relatively uncommon in this population. Non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies can be categorized as non-inflammatory, infectious, and inflammatory but non-infectious (Table 7-1).
Management of Hospitalized Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A patient with a mild stroke that occurred more than 24 hours before being seen by a physician probably does not need hospitalization. In this situation, the risks of neurological worsening or serious complications are relatively small. The patient likely will not need extensive rehabilitation, and the primary priority in treatment will be the initiation of therapies to prevent recurrent stroke. In addition, a patient with a mild stroke that is several days old likely will decline admission to the hospital—and for good reason: the illness is no longer acute. Admission to the hospital also is not justified if a physician’s primary activity is evaluating to determine the cause of stroke. All of the necessary tests can be obtained quickly on an out-patient basis. Hospitalization should be reserved for a situation such as performance of a carotid endarterectomy.
Electrodiagnostic Evaluation of the Peripheral Neuropathy Patient
Authors: Cornblath David R , Chaudhry Vinay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrodiagnostic studies are a physiological extension of the neurological examination. They are used to answer specific questions arising from clinical problems. The plan of the examination is as important as interpretation of the results. The significant issues are understanding the clinical problem, knowing what the available electrodiagnostic techniques and their limitations are, and applying those techniques and interpreting their results in the context of the patient.
The Role of Autoantibody Testing
Authors: Kissel John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A relatively recent development to assess patients with peripheral neuropathy has been the identification of serum autoantibodies directed against various components of peripheral nerve. Table 6-1 lists the main types o neuropathy in which antibodies have been identified, the antigen against which the antibodies are directed, and the approximate prevalence of the antibody in each condition. The presence of such antibodies obviously raises the possibility that these conditions are at least partially immune-mediated, suggesting that immunosuppressive therapy for these entities might prove to be effective. In practice, however, many of the antibodies described are associated with clinical syndromes that are not unique to patients with the antibody; in other words, the antibody does not define a clinical syndrome. In addition, the pathogenic role for the antibody in causing the clinical disease is uncertain, and the value of treatment for many of the conditions is also unclear. The appropriate use of these antibodies in the clinical diagnosis and management of patients is the focus of this chapter.