bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor agonists limit oligodendrocyte injury caused by glutamate oxidative stress and oxygen/glucose deprivation
Authors: Rosin Claudia , Colombo Sergio , Calver Andrew A. , Bates Timothy E. , Skaper Stephen D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDopamine receptor activation is thought to contribute adversely to several neuropathological disorders, including Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. In addition, dopamine may have a neuroprotective role: dopamine receptor agonists are reported to protect nerve cells by virtue of their antioxidant properties as well as by receptor‐mediated mechanisms. White matter injury can also be a significant factor in neurological disorders. Using real‐time RT‐PCR, we show that differentiated rat cortical oligodendrocytes express dopamine D2 receptor and D3 receptor mRNA. Oligodendrocytes were vulnerable to oxidative glutamate toxicity and to oxygen/glucose deprivation injury. Agonists for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors provided significant protection of oligodendrocytes against these two forms of injury, and the protective effect was diminished by D2 and D3 antagonists. Levels of oligodendrocyte D2 receptor and D3 receptor protein, as measured by Western blotting, appeared to increase following combined oxygen and glucose deprivation. Our results suggest that dopamine D2 and D3 receptor activation may play an important role in oligodendrocyte protection against oxidative glutamate toxicity and oxygen‐glucose deprivation injury. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remote sensing and GIS‐based flood vulnerability assessment of human settlements: a case study of Gangetic West Bengal, India
Authors: Sanyal Joy , Lu X. X. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFlooding due to excessive rainfall in a short period of time is a frequent hazard in the flood plains of monsoon Asia. In late September 2000, a devastating flood stuck Gangetic West Bengal, India. This particular event has been selected for this study. Instead of following the conventional approach of flooded area delineation and overall damage estimation, this paper seeks to identify the rural settlements that are vulnerable to floods of a given magnitude. Vulnerability of a rural settlement is perceived as a function of two factors: the presence of deep flood water in and around the settlement and its proximity to an elevated area for temporary shelter during an extreme hydrological event. Landsat ETM+ images acquired on 30 September 2000 have been used to identify the non‐flooded areas within the flooded zone. Particular effort has been made to differentiate land from water under cloud shadow. ASTER digital elevation data have been used to assess accuracy and rectify the classified image. The presence of large numbers of trees around rural settlements made it particularly difficult to extract the flooded areas from their spectral signatures in the visible and infrared bands. ERS‐1 synthetic aperture radar data are found particularly useful for extracting the settlement areas surrounded by trees. Finally, all information extracted from satellite imageries are imported into ArcGIS, and spatial analysis is carried out to identify the settlements vulnerable to river inundation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of seven models for estimation of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge using lysimeter measurement data in Germany
Authors: Xu C.‐Y. , Chen D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study evaluates seven evapotranspiration models and their performance in water balance studies by using lysimeter measurement data at the Mönchengladbach hydrological and meteorological station in Germany. Of the seven evapotranspiration models evaluated, three models calculate actual evapotranspiration directly using the complementary relationship approach, i.e. the CRAE model of Morton, the advection–aridity (AA) model of Brutsaert and Stricker, and the GG model of Granger and Gray, and four models calculate first potential evapotranspiration and then actual evapotranspiration by considering the soil moisture condition. Two of the four potential evapotranspiration models belong to the temperature‐based category, i.e. the Thornthwaite model and the Hargreaves model, and the other two belong to the radiation‐based category, i.e. the Makkink model and the Priestley–Taylor model. The evapotranspiration calculated by the above seven models, together with precipitation, is used in the water balance model to calculate other water balance components. The results show that, for the calculation of actual evapotranspiration, the GG model and the Makkink model performed better than the other models; for the calculation of groundwater recharge using the water balance approach, the GG model and the AA models performed better; for the simulation of soil moisture content using the water balance approach, four models (GG, Thornthwaite, Makkink and Priestley–Taylor) out of the seven give equally good results. It can be concluded that the lysimeter‐measured water balance components, i.e. actual evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, soil moisture, etc., can be predicted by the GG model and the Makkink model with good accuracy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of hydrodynamic simulation results for eco‐hydraulic and eco‐hydrological applications: a spatial semivariance approach
Authors: Clifford Nicholas J. , Soar Philip J. , Harmar Oliver P. , Gurnell Angela M. , Petts Geoffrey E. , Emery Joanne C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOutput from a three‐dimensional numerical flow model (SSIIM) is used in conjunction with high‐resolution topographic and velocity data to assess such models for eco‐hydraulic applications in river channel design and habitat appraisal. A new methodology for the comparison between field measurement and model output is detailed. This involves a comparison between conventional goodness‐of‐fit approaches applied to a spatially structured (riffle and pool) sample of model and field data, and a ‘relaxation’ method based upon the spatial semivariance of model/field departures. Conventional assessment indicates that the model predicts point‐by‐point velocity characteristics on a 0·45 m mesh to within ±0·1 m s−1 over 80% of the channel area at low flow, and 50% of the area at high in‐bank flow. When a relative criterion of model fit is used, however, the model appears to perform less well: 60–70% of channel area has predicted velocities that depart from observed velocities by more than 10%. Regression analysis of observed and predicted velocities gives more cause for optimism, but all of these conventional indicators of goodness of fit neglect important spatial characteristics of model performance. Spatial semivariance is a means of supplementing model appraisal in this respect. In particular, using the relaxation approach, results are greatly improved: at a high in‐bank flow, the model results match field measurements to within 0·1 m s−1 for more than 95% of the total channel area, provided that model and field comparisons are allowed within a radius of approximately 1 m from the original point of measurement. It is suggested that this revised form of model assessment is of particular relevance to eco‐hydraulic applications, where some degree of spatial and temporal dynamism (or uncertainty) is a characteristic. The approach may also be generalized to other environmental science modelling applications where the spatial attributes of model fits are of interest. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decadal‐scale change of infiltration characteristics of a tephra‐mantled hillslope at Mount St Helens, Washington
Authors: Major Jon J. , Yamakoshi Takao 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe cataclysmic 1980 eruption of Mount St Helens radically reduced the infiltration characteristics of ∼60 000 ha of rugged terrain and dramatically altered landscape hydrology. Two decades of erosional, biogenic, cryogenic, and anthropogenic activity have modified the infiltration characteristics of much of that devastated landscape and modulated the hydrological impact of the eruption. We assessed infiltration and runoff characteristics of a segment of hillslope thickly mantled with tephra, but now revegetated primarily with grasses and other plants, to evaluate hydrological modifications due to erosion and natural turbation. Eruptive disturbance reduced infiltration capacity of the hillslope by as much as 50‐fold. Between 1980 and 2000, apparent infiltration capacities of plots on the hillslope increased as much as ten fold, but remain approximately three to five times less than the probable pre‐eruption capacities. Common regional rainfall intensities and snowmelt rates presently produce little surface runoff; however, high‐magnitude, low‐frequency storms and unusually rapid snowmelt can still induce broad infiltration‐excess overland flow. After 20 years, erosion and natural mechanical turbation have modulated, but not effaced, the hydrological perturbation caused by the cataclysmic eruption. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling hydrological management for the restoration of acidified floating fens
Authors: Dekker Stefan C. , Barendregt Aat , Bootsma Margien C. , Schot Paul P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWetlands show a large decline in biodiversity. To protect and restore this biodiversity, many restoration projects are carried out. Hydrology in wetlands controls the chemical and biological processes and may be the most important factor regulating wetland function and development. Hydrological models may be used to simulate these processes and to evaluate management scenarios for restoration. HYDRUS2D, a combined saturated–unsaturated groundwater flow and transport model, is presented. This simulates near‐surface hydrological processes in an acidified floating fen, with the aim to evaluate the effect of hydrological restoration in terms of conditions for biodiversity. In the acidified floating fen in the nature reserve Ilperveld (The Netherlands), a trench system was dug for the purpose of creating a runoff channel for acid rainwater in wet periods and to enable circum‐neutral surface water to enter the fen in dry periods. The model is calibrated against measured conductivity values for a 5 year period. From the model simulations, it was found that lateral flow in the floating raft is limited. Furthermore, the model shows that the best management option is a combination of trenches and inundation, which gave the best soil water quality in the root zone. It is concluded that hydrological models can be used for the calculation of management scenarios in restoration projects. The combined saturated–unsaturated model concept used in this paper is able to incorporate the governing hydrological processes in the wetland root zones. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of land‐use changes on the hydrological behaviour of Histic Andosols in south Ecuador
Authors: Buytaert W. , Wyseure G. , De Bièvre B. , Deckers J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe south Ecuadorian Andean mountain belt between 3500 and 4500 m altitude is covered by a highly endemic and fragile ecosystem called páramo. The Histic Andosols covering this region have highly developed hydric properties and exert a key function in the hydrological regulation of the páramo ecosystem. Unlike most Andosols, their extreme water retention capacity is not due to the presence of typical minerals such as allophane or imogolite. Although these minerals are virtually absent, the large organic carbon content, due to organometallic complexation, gives rise to similar properties. The water content at 1500 kPa can exceed 2000 g kg−1, and the high hydraulic conductivity at saturation (about 15 mm h−1) drops sharply when low suction is applied. The three methods applied, i.e. the inverted auger hole, the tension infiltrometer and the constant‐head permeameter method, give very similar results. The páramo is characterized by a slow hydrological response and a good water regulation, caused by the combination of a high water storage capacity and high conductivity. The wide pore size distribution of the organometallic complexes results in a water retention curve that differs significantly from the classic Mualem–Van Genuchten description, but can better be described with a simple linear or semilogarithmic model. The soils investigated are very prone to irreversible structural changes caused by land‐use changes. The conversion of natural land for cultivation has a large impact on the hydrological function of the region. The water storage capacity increases by 5 to 30%, and the hydraulic conductivity is 31% higher in cultivated catchments. These changes are related to a larger peak flow, a smaller base flow and generally a smaller discharge buffering capacity, despite the higher storage capacity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow and glacier cover assessment in the high mountains of Sikkim Himalaya
Authors: Krishna Akhouri Pramod 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study highlights the assessment of snow and glacier cover for possible inferences of global climate change impacts in high mountains like the Himalaya. The test catchment of the River Tista lies in the Sikkim state of the Indian Himalayan region, with steep mountains crossing nearly all ecozones, from subtropical to glacial. River flows are highly fluctuating, especially during the peak rainy season and snowmelt periods. Annual rainfall patterns are non‐uniform and can cause large floods. Runoff and discharge downstream are highly dependent upon snow and glacier extent. The temporary storage of frozen water brings about a delay in seasonal runoff. Snow cover built up in the higher regions during the winter months melts in the spring–summer–autumn cycles and contributes to groundwater recharge. A spatial baseline inventory of snow cover/glacier, the permanent snowline and its short‐term temporal changes in the remote high‐mountain areas have been analysed using multidate Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data of 1992 to 1997. A geographic information system‐based overlay has led to inferences on snow cover characteristics and the alignment, dimension, slope disposition, heights of the snout and associated features of each of the glaciers. Snow and glacier recession are to be monitored in future on a long‐term basis to derive correlations with climate‐change parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fusion of NOAA‐AVHRR imagery and geographical information system techniques to derive subscale land cover information for the upper Danube watershed
Authors: Probeck Markus , Ludwig Ralf , Mauser Wolfram 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRemote‐sensing data have proved to be a valuable source of land cover information, especially when looking at larger areas. In this study, multi‐temporal NOAA‐AVHRR data are used together with a spectral unmixing approach in order to overcome the restrictions of low spatial resolution and to derive subscale land cover of the upper Danube watershed. New data‐processing techniques account for topography‐dependent distortions and hence allow the inclusion of mountainous subwatersheds, such as the River Inn. To increase the number of separable land cover classes, geographical information system and fuzzy logic methodologies are applied to preselect possible endmembers according to their possibility. The results of spectral unmixing were validated against a LANDSAT‐TM classification and the CORINE land cover database, which both showed acceptable results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation analysis and agricultural water availability in the Southern Highlands of Yemen
Authors: Rappold Gerhard D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRain‐fed agriculture with supplementary irrigation, usually referred to as ‘water harvesting on terraced fields’ is the traditional irrigation technique in the Ta'izz area, located in the southern uplands of the Yemen Mountain Massif. The non‐traditional method of groundwater irrigation has recently led to overuse and depletion of aquifers. A new orientation towards the traditional agricultural irrigation techniques is necessary for the purpose of sustainability. This requires a better scientific understanding of these irrigation systems. In order to understand the design and management of water harvesting schemes, rainfall analysis and the identification of prevailing rainfall patterns is required. A statistical rainfall analysis was conducted to detect the probability of rainfall exceedance during the vegetation period from May until October. Rainfall supply was then measured against water requirements of the prevailing crop Sorghum bicolore. To explore the beneficial effect of the local runoff irrigation schemes, also referred to as water harvesting schemes, water‐harvesting factors were introduced. The rainfall is supplemented by a water‐harvesting factor to show the amplifying effect of those water‐harvesting measures.Analysis results show that a lack of rainfall during the end of the first rainy season and an intermediate dry period under pure rain‐fed conditions can be mitigated by the local runoff irrigation schemes. A fairly reliable and sufficient rainfall characterizes the second rainy season. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion resistance, surface mechanical properties, and cytocompatibility of plasma immersion ion implantation–treated nickel‐titanium shape memory alloys
Authors: Yeung K. W. K. , Poon R. W. Y. , Liu X. Y. , Ho J. P. Y. , Chung C. Y. , Chu P. K. , Lu W. W. , Chan D. , Cheung K. M. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNickel‐titanium shape memory alloys are promising materials in orthopedic applications because of their unique properties. However, for prolonged use in a human body, deterioration of the corrosion resistance of the materials becomes a critical issue because of the increasing possibility of deleterious ions released from the substrate to living tissues. We have investigated the use of nitrogen, acetylene, and oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to improve the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of the materials. Our results reveal that the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties such as hardness and elastic modulus are significantly enhanced after surface treatment. The release of nickel is drastically reduced as compared with the untreated control. In addition, our in vitro tests show that the plasma‐treated surfaces are well tolerated by osteoblasts. Among the three types of samples, the best biological effects are observed on the nitrogen PIII samples. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Implant surface roughness influences osteoclast proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Marchisio Marco , Di Carmine Maristella , Pagone Rita , Piattelli Adriano , Miscia Sebastiano 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe osteoclast is a hematopoietic cell derived from CFU‐GM and branches from the monocyte‐macrophage lineage during the differentiation process. Biological environment appears to be crucial for osteoclast formation and activity. It has been reported that bone remodeling following implant placement requires a coordinated activity by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. The response of such cells at the bone–implant interface has been suggested to be affected by the structural and morphological features of the biomaterial surface. To shed more light on this topic we performed a multiparametric analysis of murine monocytes response to different titanium surfaces. These cells, RAW 264.7 type TIB‐71, represent a very useful system because they differentiate into osteoclasts following treatment of definite doses of the osteoclast‐differentiation factor RANKL and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF). Cells, cultured on glass (control), on grade 3 machined and on titanium pull‐spray superficial‐TPSS surfaces disclosed profound different responses in terms of morphological rearrangements, adhesion, and differentiation abilities. Indeed, after 14 days, cells cultured on glass and machined surfaces were uniformly distributed, while, on the TPSS surface cells strictly aggregated into small isolated clusters were observed. In addition, cells cultured on the machined surface displayed a higher adhesion ability, while cells cultured on the rougher surface disclosed a more evident capability to differentiate. These results could explain the higher bone–implant contact percentage found around implants with rougher surfaces and suggest that osteoclasts may play an important role in the initial period after implant placement to prime or prepare the implant surface for the osteoblast activity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
ROS formation and glutathione levels in human oral fibroblasts exposed to TEGDMA and camphorquinone
Authors: Engelmann J. , Volk J. , Leyhausen G. , Geurtsen W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGlutathione (GSH) is important for the self‐protection of cells against oxidative stress and toxic xenobiotics, whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS) at elevated concentrations may cause detrimental alterations of cell membranes, DNA, and other cellular structures. The present investigation addressed the effects of triethylene‐glycoldimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and camphorquinone (CQ) on glutathione metabolism and the formation of ROS in oral cells. Primary human pulp fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of TEGDMA and CQ (0.1–5 mM). Subsequently, GSH concentration and ROS formation were analyzed with the use of the monobromobimane assay (GSH) and 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) (ROS). The endogenous ROS hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as a positive control (0.02–2 mM). TEGDMA significantly decreased GSH at concentrations between 0.5 and 5 mM (p < 0.05), but did not elevate ROS levels. Contrary, CQ increased ROS formation at concentrations ≥ 1 mM, but had only a moderate effect on GSH at the highest test concentration. Hydrogen peroxide increased ROS and simultaneously decreased GSH at concentrations of ≥ 0.2 mM. These data show that the investigated substances may cause cell damage due to various mechanisms, GSH decrease and/or ROS increase. As a consequence, TEGDMA and CQ released into an aqueous environment from resinous materials might interact, thus generating significant cytotoxic effects even at low concentrations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Metal corrosion in bones implanted with Zinalco—A SAXS and NMR study
Authors: Lima E. , Bosch P. , Lara V. , Villarreal E. , Piña C. , Torres G. , Martín S. , León B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe composition and morphology of bones implanted with stainless steel (316L‐SS) and a metal alloy made of zinc, aluminum, and copper (Zinalco) are compared. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results show that with time Zinalco is corroded and zinc, aluminum, and copper diffuse into the osseous tissue, promoting nonhomogeneous bone. Instead, 316L‐SS does not incorporate into bone, and the bone recovers homogeneously at a lower speed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006