bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hand shape estimation using sequence of multiple viewpoint images based on transition network
Authors: Hamada Yasushi , Shimada Nobutaka , Shirai Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper, the authors use gesture images obtained from multiple cameras to estimate hand shapes. First, for the entered multiple viewpoint images, they use the outline in each separate image to extract features, create feature vectors, and calculate the difference between the image and each model image in the database. Next, they calculate the shape complexity as a value indicating the degree to which the image of each viewpoint is distinctive and use these values to integrate the individual differences to obtain the overall difference. They select the model image having the minimum integrated difference and let it be the estimation result. The authors also use a transition network to reduce the amount of searching during hand shape estimation. During the training stage, the authors used training image sequences to automatically register model images and possible transitions between model images to create a transition network. During the estimation stage, they used the transition network to perform matching more efficiently by limiting the candidates to only model images that can transition from the corresponding model image in the preceding frame. The authors performed experiments using binocular images to estimate hand shapes and showed the results of matching using the transition network. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(8): 33–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20089
Bed sediment sources and mixing in the glacierized upper Fraser River watershed, east‐central British Columbia
Authors: Dirszowsky Randy W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe geochemical, mineralogical and lithological composition of modern stream bed material is examined in order to characterize sources and evaluate downstream mixing of sediments in the upper Fraser River drainage basin, British Columbia. The <63 µm fraction is emphasized for its relative mobility and ease of analysis using instrumental neutron activation. Overall, the composition of the stream sediments closely reﬂects bedrock distribution. Samples dominated by limestone and dolostone, calcite and dolomite, and related elements (Ca, Mg, Sr etc.) correspond to Lower and Middle Cambrian carbonate bedrock largely conﬁned to the Moose River sub‐basin. Clastic and non‐quartzite metamorphic lithologies, primary and secondary aluminosilicate minerals and related elements (Al, Cs, Rb etc.) are largely derived from Miette Group bedrock and associated with the uppermost Fraser River sub‐basin. Except in the case of the Moose River/Fraser River junction, the determination of proportional tributary contributions is complicated by variable or delayed mixing, localized ﬂoodplain or valley side sources, and limited contrast between source areas. At present the Moose River sub‐basin contributes a greater proportion of the total and ﬁne‐grained sediment loads of the combined Fraser River than would be expected from drainage basin area alone. The imbalance is related to greater relief, precipitation and runoff in the Moose River sub‐basin; however, the spatial association of carbonate‐rich stream sediments, ice cover and carbonate bedrock exposure indicates that glaciers play a particularly important roll in generating ﬁne‐grained ﬂuvial sediment. Since differences in glacier cover and glacier potential in the two major sub‐basins are likely to be persistent, and since relative sediment yields from the sub‐basins can be determined from sediment composition, a potential indicator of glacier variation and climate change during the Holocene is therein available. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of hydraulic geometry between sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers in relation to channel pattern discrimination
Authors: Xu Jiongxin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA comparison has been made between the hydraulic geometry of sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers, based on data from alluvial rivers around the world. The results indicate a signiﬁcant difference in hydraulic geometry among sand‐ and gravel‐bed rivers with different channel patterns. On this basis, some diagrams for discrimination of meandering and braided channel patterns have been established. The relationships between channel width and water discharge, between channel depth and water discharge, between width–depth ratio and water discharge and between channel slope and water discharge can all be used for channel pattern discrimination. The relationship between channel width and channel depth can also be used for channel pattern discrimination. However, the accuracy of these relationships for channel pattern discrimination varies, and the depth–discharge relationship is a better discriminator of pattern type than the classic slope–discharge function. The cause for this difference has been explained qualitatively. To predict the development of channel patterns under different natural conditions, the pattern discriminator should be searched on the basis of independent or at least semi‐independent variables. The relationship between stream power and bed material grain size can be used to discriminate channel patterns, which shows a better result than the discriminator using the slope–discharge relationship. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cavernous weathering, dynamical instability and self‐organization
Authors: Turkington Alice V. , Phillips Jonathan D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCavernous weathering may be conceptualized as a self‐reinforcing process, characterized by positive feedback within the weathering system. A morphometric study of caverns in the Valley of Fire State Park, Nevada, USA, demonstrates the applicability of a dynamically unstable, or conditionally unstable, model of cavernous weathering systems. Outcrop surfaces displaying caverns tend to show increasing fragmentation of the surface in the early stages of cavernous weathering, succeeded by convergent evolution of the surface in which caverns tend to grow and coalesce. A paradoxical relationship exists between the weathering system output at the scale of individual forms and the outcrop scale: caverns tend toward minimum interior surface area by developing a spheroidal form, yet the outcrop surface tends toward maximum exposed surface area by increasing the degree of fragmentation of the surface. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionists and creationists at the dinner table
Authors: Armelagos George 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe evolutionist and creationist debate about human origins has contested the content of textbooks, what is taught in classrooms, and what is discussed on the Internet. The controversy has spawned public‐interest groups that continue to frame the debate. The National Center for Science Education monitors attempts to incorporate creationism into the classroom and textbooks. The Institute for Creation Research and the Discovery Institute have invested heavily in pushing for changes in the curriculum by teaching creationism as an alternative to evolution. While this dispute usually focuses on the reality of the fossil evidence for human evolution, a less formal battle is now being waged at the proverbial dinner table.
Complementary approaches of cytogenetics and molecular biology to the taxonomy and study of speciation processes in lemurs
Authors: Rumpler Yves 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe lemurs, prosimian primates of Madagascar, constitute a zoological group containing numerous species and subspecies. Their taxonomy remains controversial. Depending on the authors and the techniques they have used, the number of species varies between 39 and 52. In addition, although a monophyletic origin of the settlement of Madagascar is the most commonly held opinion, recent studies based on molecular biology do not exclude two independent colonization events, one involving Daubentonia and a second giving rise to the other lemurs.1.
Stability and accuracy of a semi‐implicit Godunov scheme for mass transport
Authors: Bradford Scott F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSemi‐implicit, Godunov‐type models are adapted for solving the two‐dimensional, time‐dependent, mass transport equation on a geophysical scale. The method uses Van Leer's MUSCL reconstruction in conjunction with an explicit, predictor–corrector method to discretize and integrate the advection and lateral diffusion portions of the governing equation to second‐order spatial and temporal accuracy. Three classical schemes are investigated for computing advection: Lax‐Wendroff, Warming‐Beam, and Fromm. The proposed method uses second order, centred finite differences to spatially discretize the diffusion terms. In order to improve model stability and efficiency, vertical diffusion is implicitly integrated with the Crank–Nicolson method and implicit treatment of vertical diffusion in the predictor is also examined. Semi‐discrete and Von Neumann analyses are utilized to compare the stability as well as the amplitude and phase accuracy of the proposed method with other explicit and semi‐implicit schemes. Some linear, two‐dimensional examples are solved and predictions are compared with the analytical solutions. Computational effort is also examined to illustrate the improved efficiency of the proposed model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of inertia, topography and gravity on transient axisymmetric thin‐film flow
Authors: Khayat Roger E. , Kim Kyu‐Tae , Delosquer Steven 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study examines theoretically the development of early transients for axisymmetric flow of a thin film over a stationary cylindrical substrate of arbitrary shape. The fluid is assumed to emerge from an annular tube as it is driven by a pressure gradient maintained inside the annulus, and/or by gravity in the axial direction. The interplay between inertia, annulus aspect ratio, substrate topography and gravity is particularly emphasized. Initial conditions are found to have a drastic effect on the ensuing flow. The flow is governed by the thin‐film equations of the ‘boundary‐layer’ type, which are solved by expanding the flow field in terms of orthonormal modes in the radial direction. The formulation is validated upon comparison with the similarity solution of Watson (J. Fluid Mech 1964; 20:481) leading to an excellent agreement when only 2–3 modes are included. The wave and flow structure are examined for high and low inertia. It is found that low‐inertia fluids tend to accumulate near the annulus exit, exhibiting a standing wave that grows with time. This behaviour clearly illustrates the difficulty faced with coating high‐viscosity fluids. The annulus aspect is found to be influential only when inertia is significant; there is less flow resistance for a film over a cylinder of smaller diameter. For high inertia, the free surface evolves similarly to two‐dimensional flow. The substrate topography is found to have a significant effect on transient behaviour, but this effect depends strongly on inertia. It is observed that the flow of a high‐inertia fluid over a step‐down exhibits the formation of a secondary wave that moves upstream of the primary wave. Gravity is found to help the film (coating) flow by halting or prohibiting the wave growth. The initial film profile and velocity distribution dictate whether the fluid will flow downstream or accumulate near the annulus exit. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A triangular spectral/hp discontinuous Galerkin method for modelling 2D shallow water equations
Authors: Eskilsson C. , Sherwin S. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe present a spectral/hp element discontinuous Galerkin model for simulating shallow water flows on unstructured triangular meshes. The model uses an orthogonal modal expansion basis of arbitrary order for the spatial discretization and a third‐order Runge–Kutta scheme to advance in time. The local elements are coupled together by numerical fluxes, evaluated using the HLLC Riemann solver. We apply the model to test cases involving smooth flows and demonstrate the exponentially fast convergence with regard to polynomial order. We also illustrate that even for results of ‘engineering accuracy’ the computational efficiency increases with increasing order of the model and time of integration. The model is found to be robust in the presence of shocks where Gibbs oscillations can be suppressed by slope limiting. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A compact numerical algorithm for solving the time‐dependent mild slope equation
Authors: Lin Pengzhi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe mild slope equation has been widely used to describe combined wave refraction and diffraction. In this study, a new numerical algorithm is developed to solve the time‐dependent mild slope equation in a second‐order hyperbolic form. The numerical algorithm is based on a compact and explicit finite difference method that is second‐order accurate in both time and space. The algorithm has the similar structure to the leap‐frog method but is constructed on three time levels for the second‐order time derivative term. The numerical model has the capability of simulating transient wave motion by correctly predicting the speed of wave energy propagation, which is important for the real‐time forecast of the arrival time of storm waves generated in the far field. The model is validated against analytical solution for wave shoaling and experimental data for combined wave refraction and diffraction over a submerged elliptic shoal on a slope (Coastal Eng. 1982; 6:255). Lastly, the realistic scale Homma's island (Geophys. Mag. 1950; 21:199) is studied with the use of various wave periods of T = 720s, T = 120 s, and T = 24 s. These wave periods correspond to long, intermediate, and short waves for the given topography, respectively. Comparisons are made between numerical results and existing analytical solutions in terms of the wave amplification around the island, which serves as the indicator for the potential wave runup. Excellent agreements are obtained. The model runs on a PC (Pentium IV 1.8GHz) and the computer capacity allows the computation of a mesh system up to 3000 × 3000, which is equivalent to about 150 × 150 waves or a large area of 540km × 540km for a wave train with the period of T = 60 s. Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The robustness issue on multigrid schemes applied to the Navier–Stokes equations for laminar and turbulent, incompressible and compressible flows
Authors: Vázquez M. , Ravachol M. , Chalot F. , Mallet M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe paper's leitmotiv is condensed in one word: robustness. This is a real hindrance for the successful implementation of any multigrid scheme for solving the Navier–Stokes set of equations. In this paper, many hints are given to improve this issue. Instead of looking for the best possible speed‐up rate for a particular set of problems, at a given regime and in a given condition, the authors propose some ideas pursuing reasonable speed‐up rates in any situation. In a previous paper, the authors presented a multigrid method for solving the incompressible turbulent RANS equations, with particular care in the robustness and flexibility of the solution scheme. Here, these concepts are further developed and extended to compressible laminar and turbulent flows. This goal is achieved by introducing a non‐linear multigrid scheme for compressible laminar (NS equations) and turbulent flow (RANS equations), taking benefit of a convenient master–slave implementation strategy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ordered subset analysis in genetic linkage mapping of complex traits
Authors: Hauser Elizabeth R. , Watanabe Richard M. , Duren William L. , Bass Meredyth P. , Langefeld Carl D. , Boehnke Michael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEtiologic heterogeneity is a fundamental feature of complex disease etiology; genetic linkage analysis methods to map genes for complex traits that acknowledge the presence of genetic heterogeneity are likely to have greater power to identify subtle changes in complex biologic systems. We investigate the use of trait‐related covariates to examine evidence for linkage in the presence of heterogeneity. Ordered‐subset analysis (OSA) identifies subsets of families defined by the level of a trait‐related covariate that provide maximal evidence for linkage, without requiring a priori specification of the subset. We propose that examining evidence for linkage in the subset directly may result in a more etiologically homogeneous sample. In turn, the reduced impact of heterogeneity will result in increased overall evidence for linkage to a specific region and a more distinct lod score peak. In addition, identification of a subset defined by a specific trait‐related covariate showing increased evidence for linkage may help refine the list of candidate genes in a given region and suggest a useful sample in which to begin searching for trait‐associated polymorphisms. This method provides a means to begin to bridge the gap between initial identification of linkage and identification of the disease predisposing variant(s) within a region when mapping genes for complex diseases. We illustrate this method by analyzing data on breast cancer age of onset and chromosome 17q [Hall et al., 1990, Science 250:1684–1689]. We evaluate OSA using simulation studies under a variety of genetic models. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate linkage analysis of blood pressure and body mass index
Authors: Turner Stephen T. , Kardia Sharon L.R. , Boerwinkle Eric , Andrade Mariza de 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMultivariate linkage analyses of correlated traits provide greater statistical power to identify genetic loci with effects too small to be detected in single trait analyses. We conducted genomewide multivariate analyses of systolic BP, diastolic BP, and body mass index (BMI) in 1,848 non‐Hispanic white subjects (968 females, 880 males) from 279 multigenerational pedigrees from Rochester, Minnesota. Blood pressure was measured by random zero sphygmomanometer; body mass index was calculated from measurements of height and weight; and genotypes were measured at 520 microsatellite marker loci distributed across the 22 autosomes. Univariate linkage analyses demonstrated tentative evidence of linkage (defined by univariate LOD scores of 1.30–1.99) for diastolic BP on chromosome 18 and for BMI on chromosomes 3, 10, and 18. Bivariate linkage analyses showed tentative evidence of linkage (defined by bivariate LOD scores of 2.06–2.86) for systolic and diastolic BP on chromosome 14 and for either measure of BP and BMI on chromosomes 2, 3, 10, and 18; and suggestive evidence of linkage (defined by bivariate LOD scores of 2.87–3.99) for either measure of BP and BMI on chromosomes 10 and chromosome 15. Trivariate linkage analyses of systolic and diastolic BP and BMI provided evidence of a region influencing all three traits on chromosome 10, where the trivariate LOD score rose to a maximum value of 4.09 (at 144 cM, P=0.0007), and possibly on chromosome 2, where it rose to a maximum value of 2.80 (at 77 cM, P=0.0075). For genomewide linkage analyses to succeed in localizing genes influencing BP, it may be advantageous to exploit the greater statistical power of multivariate linkage analyses to identify loci with pleiotropic effects on correlated traits. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of a vacuum freezing cool‐thermal storage coupled with wastewater treatment process
Authors: Chang Cheng‐Liang , Chen Yu‐Zhi , Chang Chih‐Ming 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPurification of wastewater by freezing under vacuum in a cool‐thermal storage process is investigated. Mathematical models of heat transfer and mass transfer in this system are developed to describe the thickness and the solute distribution of ice as the cool‐thermal storage process proceeds. A mathematical treatment for determining the optimum solidification thickness and operating time to remove the maximum amount of solute is presented. For the system of constant volumetric rate of vacuum, the suction rate is an important factor in determining the efficiency of the process. The suction rate should be kept within the range of 10,000 to 20,000 m3/m2hr when the solute distribution coefficient is less than 1. When the coefficient is greater than 1, the suction rate should be run within 5000 to 10,000 m3/m2hr. Over the proper range of operation, the optimal operating time is a weak function of suction rate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 189–200, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10134
Advanced bioceramic composite for bone tissue engineering: Design principles and structure–bioactivity relationship
Authors: El‐Ghannam Ahmed R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of a new resorbable porous bioactive silica‐calcium phosphate composite (SCPC) that can be used as a tissue‐engineering scaffold for bone regeneration is described. The effects of chemical composition and thermal treatment on crystallization and the mechanism of phase transformation in SCPC were evaluated. In the silica‐rich samples, β‐rhenanite (β‐NaCaPO4) and α‐cristobalite (SiO2) were the dominant phases after treatment at 800°C. On the other hand, in the calcium phosphate‐rich samples, calcium pyrophosphate (Ca2P2O7) was formed in addition to β‐rhenanite and α‐cristobalaite. X‐ray diffraction analyses showed a shift in the 2θ value of the main peak(s) of all phases indicating the formation of solid solutions. Phase transformation reactions were accompanied by a loss of water molecules that contributed to the formation of pores in the size range 10–300 μm. All SCPC samples adsorbed a significantly higher quantity of serum protein than bioactive glass (p < 0.0001). In addition, the silica‐rich SCPC adsorbed a significantly higher amount of serum protein than the calcium phosphate‐rich samples (p < 0.003). While the crystallization of amorphous silica into L‐quartz significantly inhibited serum protein adsorption, the transformation of L‐quartz into α‐cristobalite solid solution (ss) significantly enhanced protein adsorption. On the other hand, in conjunction with the transformation of brushite (CaHPO4) into pyro‐ and tri‐calcium phosphates, there was a significant decrease in protein adsorption. However, as pyro‐ and tri‐calcium phosphates transformed into β‐rhenanite, by thermal treatment, protein adsorption increased markedly. Critical‐size bone defects grafted with silica‐rich SCPC were filled with new bone and contained minimal residues of the graft material. Bone defects grafted with bioactive glass enhanced new bone formation, however, with very limited resorption. The enhanced resorption of SCPC in vivo correlates well with the higher rate of silica dissolution from SCPC than bioactive glass. The facilitated Si dissolution was associated with rapid bone regeneration in defects grafted with SCPC. The enhanced bioactivity properties of the SCPC are due to its chemical composition, modified crystalline structure, and high porosity. The new SCPC may be used for a wide variety of applications in the field of bone reconstruction including tissue‐engineering scaffolds for cell and drug delivery. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 490–501, 2004