bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC NECROTIC SKIN LESIONS IN THE RABBIT BY MEANS OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE AND HEMOPHILUS PERTUSSIS
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Salm Heinz 
Published: June 2004

1. The intradermal injection of H. influenzae in the abdominal wall of rabbits induces inflammation, frequently combined with a central pustule. The corresponding injection of H. pertussis causes a bluish violet discoloration of the skin area involved which undergoes slight hemorrhagic necrotic changes within a few days.
2. The intravenous injection of living H. influenzae, 24 hours after the intradermal inoculation with living H. influenzae, is able to transform the respective skin areas into severe hemorrhagic necrotic lesions within 3 to 5 hours.
3. Heat-killed H. influenzae, if injected intravenously, may produce hemorrhagic-necrotic lesions in areas previously prepared with living or heat-killed H. influenzae.
4. H. pertussis, if injected intravenously, may cause, perhaps to a lesser extent, hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in skin areas 24 hours previously injected with H. influenzae.
5. The normal course of the infection of rabbit skin with H. pertussis is not, or not essentially, influenced by intravenous reinjection of living or killed H. influenzae or H. pertussis.
6. The agar washing filtrate of B. typhosus, if injected intravenously, can produce hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in rabbit skin prepared intracutaneously with living as well as with heat-killed H. influenzae. The intravenous injection of B. typhosus agar washing filtrate has no influence on areas prepared with H. pertussis.
7. Conversely, H. influenzae as well as H. pertussis, if injected intravenously, are able to produce hemorrhagic necrotic lesions in rabbit skin prepared 24 hours previously with B. typhosus agar washing filtrate.
8. The effectiveness of suspensions of H. influenzae apparently is confined to the bacteria themselves rather than to the supernatant fluids. This does not exclude the possibility of producing effective exotoxins under special experimental conditions.
THE RAPID INVASION OF THE BODY THROUGH THE OLFACTORY MUCOSA
Authors: Rake Geoffrey 
Published: June 2004

1. Prussian blue particles pass rapidly from the surface of the olfactory mucosa and within 2 minutes are found in the tissue spaces, in blood and lymph vessels, in the perineural spaces of the olfactory nerve fibers and in the subarachnoid space and pia-arachnoid membrane.
2. There is great affinity of pigment particles for the olfactory sensory cells.
3. Preliminary treatment of the olfactory mucosa with tannic acid does not alter the speed with which this absorption occurs. It does, however, cause an inflammation of the mucosa and appears to prevent the pigment from entering the olfactory sensory cells.
4. Both pneumococci and S. enteritidis pass through the olfactory mucosa and reach the tissue spaces, the vessels and the subarachnoid space with the same rapidity as the pigment. This can be demonstrated both microscopically and by distribution tests. They invade by passage between the cells of the mucosa and there is no apparent affinity of the organisms for the olfactory sensory cells.
5. Tannic acid treatment of the olfactory mucosa in no way alters this invasion of organisms through the mucosa.
6. The pantropic virus, equine encephalomyelitis, was detected in the forebrain as promptly as were pigment and bacteria; neurotropic viruses, however,—those of St. Louis encephalitis, rabies and louping ill,—were not demonstrated in less than 24 hours.
CHANGES IN THE CUTANEOUS LYMPHATICS OF HUMAN BEINGS AND IN THE LYMPH FLOW UNDER NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Vital dyes injected intradermally enter lymphatic capillaries directly, rendering them visible, and appear later in the draining lymphatic trunks as colored streamers. The method enables one to perceive the state of the lymphatic channels and the rate of lymph flow within them. It yields consistent results when tested under physiological conditions known to increase or decrease lymph flow.
In the horizontally placed normal limb at rest there is slight lymph flow. In a normal leg or arm hanging downward lymph flow ceases although fluid in the limb increases. When a previously dependent arm is raised above the head, or when the foot of a seated subject is propped on a table, lymph flow in the raised limb becomes active. It ceases in the skin of an arm subjected to partial obstruction of the veins by pressure from without, but very active lymph flow appears during the reactive hyperemia which follows upon the release of venous obstruction. It is still greater following release of total circulatory obstruction, and seems to be the same whether or not the limb has previously been engorged with blood. In the ischemic patches which appear in the skin of a limb during total circulatory obstruction (Bier's spots) the lymphatic capillaries are definitely and considerably constricted, whereas they are slightly dilated in the purple, congested regions of the skin round about. On release of obstruction there occurs a strikingly rapid, equal lymphatic drainage from both regions.
The significance of all the findings is discussed.
When dye is injected intradermally and the skin sucked, much of the foreign material is driven into the lymphatics draining the injected area.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION AS INFLUENCED BY INFECTION, DIGESTIVE DISTURBANCES, THYROID, AND FOOD PROTEINS
Authors: Madden S. C. , Winslow P. M. , Rowland J. W. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis), it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of low plasma protein in the circulation and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. Such dogs become test subjects by which the effect of various factors on plasma protein regeneration can be measured.
Dogs previously the subjects of plasmapheresis, during long rest periods appear to increase their stores of plasma protein building materials and their blood plasma protein concentrations above former normal levels.
A sterile abscess (turpentine) induces a marked reduction in plasma protein regeneration in these test dogs consuming an ample basal diet. The sharp reduction during the initial 24 hours may in part reflect an extravasation of plasma protein into the injured tissue but there also appears to develop a true disturbance of the mechanism which produces plasma proteins.
Digestive disturbances interfere seriously with plasma protein production. Whereas large quantities of live yeast upset digestion and form no plasma protein, autoclaved yeast is well utilized, having a potency ratio of 4.4.
Amino acids have been tested inadequately. A mixture of cystine, glutamic acid, and glycine does seem to have a definite effect upon protein metabolism and plasma protein production.
Iron, under the conditions of these experiments, does not influence the output of plasma proteins. Liver extract (parenteral) is also inert.
The proteins of red blood cells when added to the diet are poorly utilized for plasma protein formation and show a potency ratio of only 10.1.
Kidney protein added to the kidney basal diet shows a potency ratio of about 5 as compared with 4.6 for that basal diet.
A digest of beef stomach and rice polishings shows a potency ratio of about 7.9. Dried powdered serum shows a potency ratio of 3.5, which is much less than fresh serum (2.6).
Powdered thyroid fed in doses sufficient to accelerate body metabolism shows no distinct effect upon plasma protein production not attributable to the protein in the thyroid powder itself.
Long periods (25 to 30 weeks) of plasma depletion and basal diet intake remove much protein from body fluids and tissues. Associated with this protein depletion the dog loses its appetite and may vomit some food. There is loss of hair, a tendency to skin ulceration, and a distinct lowering of resistance to infection. The plasma protein output may fall to fasting levels in spite of food intake sufficient to maintain weight. We believe this condition to be a deficiency state related to severe depletion of the essential protein matrix of the body cells.
THE AUTOLYTIC SYSTEM OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Living pneumococcus cells contain a group of enzymes, the bacteriolytic system, capable of causing the lysis of heat-killed pneumococci (R and S variants irrespective of type derivation). This lysis expresses itself by a loss of the Gram staining reaction, a disintegration of the cell body, and a clearing of the bacterial suspension.
2. Under certain conditions of treatment with the bacteriolytic complex, it is possible to render the cocci Gram-negative without changing their characteristic morphology, or causing any appreciable clearing of the cell suspension.
3. The enzyme responsible for this change has been partially purified, and some of its properties described.
4. The cellular structure which is responsible for the Gram-positive reaction of pneumococci is resistant to proteolytic enzymes, and is still present when tryptic digestion has reduced the heat-killed cell to a body which has lost 75 per cent of its original weight, and contains only 8 per cent nitrogen.
5. The same enzyme preparation which attacks pneumococci is also capable of liberating reducing sugars from some acetyl amino glucose glucuronides of animal and bacterial origin. The possibility is considered, and discussed, that one and the same enzyme in the autolytic complex is capable of attacking both types of substrates.
MECHANISM OF THE LYSIS OF PNEUMOCOCCI BY FREEZING AND THAWING, BILE, AND OTHER AGENTS
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Pneumococci, living or dead, are soluble in bile when: (a) the autolytic enzymes are still present in a potentially active form; (b) conditions are favorable for enzymatic action.
Bile solubility of pneumococci involves as a necessary step one, or a few, of the many stages of the autolytic complex.
These observations hold true for the disruption of pneumococci by freezing and thawing, by previous desiccation with cold acetone, and by dilute solutions of antiseptics.
A possible mechanism is discussed to account for these forms of lysis.
PROPAGATION OF RABIES VIRUS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Clow Anna D. 
Published: June 2004

Rabies virus has been propagated in serum-Tyrode solution containing either embryo mouse brain or embryo chick brain.
The culture virus reached a titre of 3 x 10–5 cc. after 4 days' incubation at 37°C., and survived at least 2 months at 5°C. in the liquid or dry state.
IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH A MODIFIED STRAIN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS
Authors: Traub Erich 
Published: June 2004

A strain of choriomeningitis virus which was highly virulent for guinea pigs, as isolated from a naturally infected white mouse, has been markedly attenuated for guinea pigs by serial intracerebral passage through white mice. The change of virulence occurred before the 8th serial passage. The modified virus as a rule produces fever in guinea pigs but no other symptoms, and the infection is followed by a very solid immunity. Parallel passages of the same strain through guinea pigs have maintained its high virulence for this species but slightly reduced its pathogenicity for mice. These observations indicate that the differences in virulence for guinea pigs noted before (1, 2) with different strains of choriomeningitis virus obtained from infected stock mice may be due not only to differences in the susceptibility of guinea pigs but also to variations in the virulence of the virus.
A marked degree of resistance was demonstrable in several guinea pigs on the 4th, 8th, and 10th day after injection with modified virus, when antivirus could not yet be detected in the serum. Circulating antivirus appears therefore to play a secondary part in their immunity, which seems to be closely associated with the tissues as in mice.
PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE SPECIFIC PROTEINS OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERA
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

The generally held view has been that in any immune serum only a single antibody would be induced by and react with a single antigen. Were this true the various manifestations of antibody activity should show a quantitative parallelism. It has already been shown (1), however, that with antipneumococcus horse serum the mouse protective potency does not parallel the maximum amount of specifically precipitable protein except within certain well defined groups of antisera. The simplest explanation of this situation is that different horses form antibodies differing in specific protective capacity, but from our studies it seems probable that in any immune serum there may occur a mixture of antibodies which, while directed against the same antigen, possess different protective capacities, different avidities, etc. It would now appear that this latter hypothesis is the more tenable since the experiments here reported indicate the existence of antibodies of various protective potencies in horse antisera. It would not be unreasonable to hold that the antibodies of a single serum represent a series of substances with varying properties. On the basis of the present immunological fractionation experiments, the following deductions seem permissible.
1. Antipneumococcus horse sera must contain at least three, possibly many, antibody substances which react with the capsular polysaccharide. These are: (a) A substance which precipitates upon the addition of a relatively small amount of polysaccharide. This antibody possesses a low protective potency. (b) A substance which is precipitated with intermediate amounts of polysaccharide and which possesses an extremely high protective value. (c) A third substance which is precipitated only with the addition of relatively large amounts of polysaccharide. The protective value of this antibody is very low It may represent a degraded form.
2. With antipneumococcus rabbit serum the situation is somewhat simpler. This is in accord with the fact that with Type I antipneumococcus sera from this species there is a direct proportionality between the amount of specifically precipitable protein and the protective potency of the serum (1). The results with antipneumococcus rabbit serum indicate the existence of at least two antibody substances: (a) An antibody with high protective value which makes up the greater proportion of the total content. (b) A second substance which is precipitated only upon the addition of relatively large amounts of capsular polysaccharide. The existence of this second antibody is not clearly demonstrated by the present findings but the lower protective ratios obtained as greater amounts of antibody are removed probably indicate its existence. This may also represent degraded material.
The observations on the antibodies of both horse and rabbit antisera will be supported by experiments with immunochemical fractionation which will be reported in a subsequent paper.
PANMYELOPHTHISIS WITH HEMORRHAGIC MANIFESTATIONS IN RATS ON A NUTRITIONAL BASIS
Authors: György Paul , Goldblatt Harry , Miller Franklin R. , Fulton Robert P. 
Published: June 2004

During the 12 months ending May, 1937, 72 rats were observed that manifested typical symptoms of panmyelophthisis. The disease may start as agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia or pure red cell anemia, leading progressively, often rapidly, to aleukia hemorrhagica with its typical manifestations (epistaxis, melena, hematuria, purpura).
Blood examinations revealed correspondingly low white cell, red cell and platelet counts with very pronounced granulocytopenia (0 to 4 per cent). Bone marrow smears and histological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of panmyelophthisis.
Suprarenal hemorrhage was a frequent postmortem finding.
The pathogenesis of this experimental panmyelophthisis and this hemorrhagic diathesis is confined to special nutritional conditions. These diseases have been observed by us in rats kept on a diet deficient in vitamin B6, containing cane sugar and supplemented with vitamin B1 and crystalline natural or synthetic lactoflavin. Lack of vitamin B6, however, is not a necessary condition, since the disease was encountered in the majority of the animals after the specific deficiency disease which became apparent in rats kept on the B6 free diet was successfully treated with purified B6 preparations. Even in the untreated animals kept on the B6 deficient diet acrodynia was, as a rule, in distinct remission before symptoms of panmyelophthisis and hemorrhagic diathesis became manifest.
By means of the addition of Peters' eluate to the basal diet, panmyelophthisis could be prevented and, in animals where it was recognized in an early stage, cured. In view of these facts it is suggested that Peters' eluate contains a specific maturation factor for the primary blood-producing tissue, the reticulo-endothelium, a factor which, being different from lactoflavin, vitamin B6 and probably also from the so called filtrate factor, constitutes another distinct component of the vitamin B2 group.
Bacteriological studies brought forward no conclusive positive evidence for the infectious etiology of the experimental panmyelophthisis in our rats.
The possible relation of this new disease in rats to aleukia hemorrhagica and its partial manifestations in man, as well as to the so called Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, is discussed.
Administration of amidopyrine, at least under the conditions chosen, failed to provoke panmyelophthisis in rats kept on the same diet as that given to rats in which the disease spontaneously developed.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN A TYPE OF HUMAN ALLERGY (HAY FEVER): SEROLOGIC RESPONSE OF NON-SENSITIVE INDIVIDUALS TO POLLEN INJECTIONS
Authors: Cooke Robert A. , Loveless Mary , Stull Arthur 
Published: June 2004

Large injections of ragweed pollen extract into normal non-sensitive volunteers did not produce a sensitization to ragweed.
Group 1 volunteers in whose skin many reactions were induced by injections of ragweed extract mixed with ragweed sensitive serum failed to show any serological changes. The theory that the immune substance found in the serum of treated ragweed sensitive cases was due to the reaction or to some substance created by it and not to the ragweed per se was not upheld.
On the contrary in group 2, volunteers who received larger amounts of ragweed but no sensitive serum, serological changes were induced resembling those previously observed to occur in ragweed sensitive patients after treatment. They were demonstrable by an inhibition of the immediate reaction and by interference with the neutralization of sensitive serum by its antigen. These serological changes are therefore independent of the specific reaction characteristic of this type of allergy.
The inhibiting factor was found to be related to the pseudoglobulin fraction of the serum and was shown to be specific.
INFLUENCE OF HOST FACTORS ON NEUROINVASIVENESS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

Peripheral inoculation of vesicular stomatitis virus is constantly followed by myelitis or encephalitis in young mice, but not in young (or old) guinea pigs. The cause of this variation was elucidated by investigating the fate of the virus after inoculation by a number of different routes.
Direct intracerebral injection of minimally infective amounts of virus was found to be equally fatal for young mice and young guinea pigs, indicating that the central nervous system as a whole was as easily injured by the virus in one species as in the other.
The events following nasal instillation of the virus varied in young and old guinea pigs. While there appeared to be a transitory multiplication of virus in the nasal mucosa of both young and old, the central nervous system was regularly invaded only in the young. In these, virus was first found only in the anterior rhinencephalon; later it spread to the piriform and hippocampal (olfactory regions) but not to the neopallial portions of the cortex, and the only other area to exhibit virus was the diencephalon (including the pars optica hypothalami), where its further progression was apparently arrested.
Absence of central nervous system disease following inoculation into sites supplied by spinal nerves (e.g. sciatic) was found to be due to inability of the virus to invade the nerves.
Since direct intrasciatic inoculation frequently led to a fatal ascending myelitis, it was evident that the central nervous system could be invaded along the spinal nerves, and that they did not constitute the main barrier. Furthermore, since multiplication of virus was demonstrated in tissues supplied by the spinal nerves, a process of elimination made it seem possible that the specialized, terminal nerve endings might be the structures which prevent the progression of the virus from the infected tissues to the axons and hence also to the central nervous system.
7 day old guinea pigs (or guinea pigs as a species) were thus found to possess much the same type of barriers to the progression of peripherally inoculated vesicular stomatitis virus as are acquired by mice at a considerably later age.
In a discussion of the present data, they have been correlated with known variations in neuroinvasiveness of other viruses and their bearing on the nature of inapparent or subclinical infections of the central nervous system has been considered.
RESULTS OF THE INTRATRACHEAL INJECTION OF THE BORDET-GENGOU BACILLUS IN THE MONKEY AND RABBIT
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. , Martin Donald S. , McDearman Sara 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported which show that the virulent Bordet-Gengou bacillus can produce a significant lymphocytosis and an interstitial mononuclear pneumonia in both the monkey and the rabbit. Both of these reactions occur apparently as the result of a toxic material formed in vivo from the Bordet-Gengou bacillus and are not dependent on the multiplication of the organism itself.
It was also shown that the strictly avirulent form could also cause an interstitial mononuclear pneumonia but no lymphocytosis. This interstitial mononuclear pneumonia was thought to be the result of the foreign substance produced by the organism when it was in this stage. This was substantiated by the fact that this lesion could be produced both by living and dead organisms.