bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geometric Clutch model version 3: The role of the inner and outer arm dyneins in the ciliary beat
Authors: Lindemann Charles B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Geometric Clutch model of ciliary and flagellar beating uses the transverse force (t‐force) that develops between the outer doublets of the axoneme as the regulator for activating and deactivating the dynein motors and organizing the flagellar beat. The version of the model described here adds detail to the formulations used in the two previous versions as follows: (1) In place of two opposing sets of dyneins, the new model has four sets of dyneins, corresponding to two sets on each side of the axoneme acting in series. (2) The four sets of dyneins are each subdivided into two ranks representing inner and outer arm dyneins. (3) The force produced by each dynein is governed by a force‐velocity relationship that is independently specified for the inner and outer arms. Consistent with the original model, the new version of the Geometric Clutch model can simulate both the effective and recovery stroke phases of the ciliary beat using a single uniform algorithm. In addition, the new version can operate with the outer arms disabled. Under this condition, the simulation exhibits a beat pattern similar to the original but the beat frequency is reduced to approximately one third. These results are contingent on using force‐velocity relationships for the inner and outer arms similar to those described by Brokaw [1999: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 42:134–148], where the inner arms contribute most of the driving force at low shear velocities. This constitutes the first examination of the effects of the force‐velocity characteristics of dynein on a cilia‐like beat in a theoretical framework. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 52:242–254, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced expression of telomerase activity in thymoma and thymic carcinoma tissues
Authors: Watanabe Masazumi , Yu Shan‐kang , Sawafuji Makoto , Kawamura Masafumi , Horinouchi Hirohisa , Mukai Makio , Kobayashi Koichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTelomerase is a nucleoprotein complex that caps the physical termini of all eukaryotic chromosomes. Because most malignant cells and reproductive cells have telomerase activity, which elongates telomeric DNA, telomerase may play important roles in unlimited cell division acquisition of the malignant phenotype. The current study examined the relation of telomerase activity in thymoma and thymic carcinoma with the clinicopathologic features of these lesions.METHODSTissue specimens were surgically resected from patients with thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Telomerase activity was evaluated according to a modified telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. Paraffin sections of tumor were immunostained by MIC2 antibody, a marker of immature T cells.RESULTSTelomerase activity was detected in all thymic epithelial tumors. The activity (mean ± SD; unit per μg protein) in thymoma (n = 17) was significantly higher than that in thymic carcinoma (n = 7) (431.8 ± 400.1 vs. 68.8 ± 39.8; P < 0.01). Telomerase activities in thymoma and thymic carcinoma were significantly higher than that in primary lung adenocarcinoma (33.5 ± 39.2, n = 47), studied as a control (P < 0.01). In patients with thymoma, telomerase activity did not correlate with tumor stage according to Masaoka classification (P = 0.776). In patients with thymic carcinoma, however, telomerase activity positively correlated with tumor stage (P = 0.02). In thymoma, telomerase activity positively correlated with the ratio of induced lymphocytes according to Rosai's classification (P = 0.045). MIC2‐positive lymphocytes were identified in all cases of thymoma (n = 12). In contrast, lymphocytes infiltrating thymic carcinoma did not react with MIC2.CONCLUSIONSIn thymoma, telomerase activity reflects the presence of immature T‐cell lymphocytes in tumor tissue rather than tumor stage or malignant phenotype. In thymic carcinoma, telomerase activity derived directly from cancer cells may relate to tumor stage. Cancer 2002;94:240–4. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Testosterone recovery following prolonged adjuvant androgen ablation for prostate carcinoma
Authors: Pickles Tom , Agranovich Alex , Berthelet Eric , Duncan Graeme G. , Keyes Mira , Kwan Winkle , McKenzie Michael R. , Morris W. James ,   the British Columbia Cancer Agency Prostate Cohort Outcomes Initiative
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study was conducted to describe the rate and completeness of the recovery of testosterone production following prolonged temporary androgen ablative therapy in men with prostate carcinoma undergoing curative radiation therapy.METHODSTwo‐hundred and sixty‐seven men treated with between 3 months and 3 years of adjuvant androgen ablation (AA) were followed at 6‐month intervals following cessation of their androgen deprivation therapy. A comparative group of 518 men not undergoing AA were also followed.RESULTSDrugs used included low dose cyproterone/stilboestrol (CPA/DES) in combination (56%) and 1 month depot (18%) and 3 month depot (25%) leutinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist (LHRHa). Seventy‐nine percent of men in the current study recovered normal testosterone levels (10nmol/L), and 93% recovered levels of at least 5nmol/L. In comparison, men who had never received androgen ablative therapy showed a fall of testosterone, with 17% having sub‐normal levels after 3 years. Median time to testosterone recovery was 10 months. Factors associated on multivariate analysis with delayed testosterone recovery included advanced age (P = 0.008), low pre‐therapy testosterone (P = 0.04), and the use of 3 month LHRHa preparations as compared with CPA/DES (P = 0.002) or 1 month LHRHa preparations (P = 0.015). The duration of drug use was not significantly associated with time to testosterone recovery.CONCLUSIONSLong‐acting LHRHa preparations appear to have a more prolonged action than previously supposed. Most men treated for up to 2 years recover normal testosterone levels after cessation of adjuvant androgen ablation, and the limited data available in the current study on patients treated for 3 years also suggests most will recover. Cancer 2002;94:362–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
The APC/β‐catenin pathway in ulcerative colitis–related colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Aust Daniela E. , Terdiman Jonathan P. , Willenbucher Robert F. , Chang Cornell G. , Molinaro‐Clark Annette , Baretton Gustavo B. , Loehrs Udo , Waldman Frederic M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough the APC/β‐catenin pathway is known to play a crucial role in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis, its influence on ulcerative colitis (UC)–related neoplastic progression is unknown. To elucidate the role of the APC‐/β‐catenin pathway in UC‐related carcinogenesis, the authors identified APC and β‐catenin mutations in a set of UC‐related and sporadic colorectal carcinomas.METHODSThe mutational cluster region of APC (codon 1267 to 1529) and exon 3 of the β‐catenin were directly sequenced.RESULTSOnly 1 of 30 UC‐related tumors (3%) showed an APC mutation whereas 11 of the 42 sporadic carcinomas (26%) had mutations within the mutational cluster region. Within the sporadic carcinoma group, only 8% of the right‐sided carcinomas showed APC mutations whereas 50% of the left‐sided carcinomas had mutations within the mutational cluster region. None of the tumors in either group showed a β‐catenin mutation.CONCLUSIONSMutations of the APC and β‐catenin are rare in UC‐related tumors. These genes may be altered because of mutations outside the regions studied, or by epigenetic silencing. Alternatively, other proteins involved in the APC/β‐catenin signaling cascade may be altered, or this pathway may be involved infrequently in UC‐related carcinogenesis. The significant difference in frequency of APC mutations between right‐ and left‐sided sporadic tumors suggests different molecular pathways in these two tumor sites. Cancer 2002;94:1421–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10334
Detection of recurrent or persistent nasopharyngeal carcinomas after radiotherapy with technetium‐99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile single photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography
Authors: Kao Chia‐Hung , Shiau Yu‐Chien , Shen Yeh‐You , Yen Ruoh‐Fang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe diagnostic accuracy of technetium‐99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc‐MIBI) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and computed tomography (CT) of the head and neck for differentiating recurrent or residual nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPC) from benign lesions after radiotherapy was compared with positron emission tomography (PET) with 18‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose (FDG).METHODSThirty six NPC patients underwent head and neck CT, Tc‐MIBI SPECT, and FDG‐PET four months after radiotherapy to differentiate recurrent or residual NPC from benign lesions. Histopathologic examinations of nasopharyngeal biopsies were performed for all 36 patients. No patients had multiple foci of NPC.RESULTSBased on biopsy results, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT for differentiating recurrent or residual NPC from benign lesions were 73%, 88%, and 83%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of Tc‐MIBI SPECT were 73%, 96%, and 89%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FDG‐PET were 100%, 96%, and 97%, respectively. Combination CT and Tc‐MIBI SPECT for 28 NPC patients with congruent results showed the same sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 100%, 96%, and 96%, respectively, as FDG‐PET for differentiating recurrent or residual NPC from benign lesions. In eight patients with incongruent results between CT and Tc‐MIBI SPECT, FDG‐PET correctly differentiated two benign lesions and six recurrent or residual NPCs.CONCLUSIONSIn detecting recurrent or residual NPC, FDG‐PET is the best tool. However, combined use of CT and Tc‐MIBI SPECT can result in the same accuracy as FDG‐PET. Cancer 2002;94:1981–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10400
Intraoperative evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes for metastatic melanoma by imprint cytology
Authors: Creager Andrew J. , Shiver Stephen A. , Shen Perry , Geisinger Kim R. , Levine Edward A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDSentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy has revolutionized lymph node staging in patients with malignant melanoma. Intraoperative evaluation is a new addition to the SLN procedure that allows for a one‐step regional lymph node dissection to be performed when the SLN biopsy findings are positive. To date, several studies have evaluated the use of intraoperative frozen sectioning to evaluate the SLN in patients with melanoma. The literature pertaining to the use of intraoperative imprint cytology (IIC) to evaluate the SLN in melanoma patients is scant and to the authors' knowledge studies published to date are relatively small. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the utility of IIC in patients undergoing SLN for melanoma.METHODSA total of 235 SLN biopsies from 93 patients with malignant melanoma and 3 patients with atypical Spitz nevi were examined by IIC after SLN biopsy using a double indicator technique. The SLNs were bisected and a pair of imprints were made from each half. One imprint from each half was stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) whereas its counterpart was stained with Diff‐Quik. Paraffin‐embedded permanent sections were examined using multiple H & E stained sections from the SLNs in conjunction with immunohistochemical staining for S‐100 and HMB‐45 proteins.RESULTSA total of 235 SLNs were excised from 93 patients (2.5 SLNs per patient). On a per patient basis, metastases were identified in 21 patients (23%) on permanent section evaluation. Of these 21 patients, 8 were detected by IIC (sensitivity of 38%). The negative predictive value was 85%. No false‐positive results were identified (specificity of 100%). The positive predictive value was 100%. The overall accuracy of the intraoperative evaluation was 86%. Patients found to have positive SLNs by IIC went on to undergo lymphadenectomy under the same anesthetic.CONCLUSIONSThe sensitivity and specificity of IIC are similar to those of intraoperative frozen‐section evaluation. Therefore, IIC appears to be a viable alternative to frozen sectioning when intraoperative evaluation is required. IIC evaluation of SLN makes a single surgical procedure possible for patients with malignant melanoma who are undergoing SLN. Cancer 2002;94:3016–22. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10512
Racial/ethnic differences in survival rates in a population‐based series of men with breast carcinoma†
Authors: O'Malley Cynthia D. , Prehn Angela W. , Shema Sarah J. , Glaser Sally L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDA rare occurrence, about 1500 men in the United States develop breast carcinoma each year. Little is known about survival patterns at the population level, particularly about racial/ethnic variation.METHODSUsing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, we examined survival rates in 1979 men diagnosed with primary invasive breast carcinoma between 1973 and 1997. Race was defined as non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black, and other race/ethnicity (predominantly Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic). The two outcomes were all‐cause and breast carcinoma‐ specific mortality. Survival curves were drawn using Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regression was used to estimate the risk of death with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. For both outcomes, the racial/ethnic survival curves differed significantly when the log rank test was used. Therefore, separate models were run for each racial/ethnic group. Covariates included age, stage, histology, surgery, radiation therapy, and year of diagnosis. Estrogen and progesterone receptor status were available for 616 men.RESULTSSurvival rates differed significantly by race/ethnicity. Overall, 5‐year survival rates were 66% for whites, 57% for blacks, and 75% for men of other race/ethnicity. Blacks presented with more advanced disease. By stage, whites and blacks had worse survival rates compared with men of other race/ethnicity. The effects of prognostic factors such as age, surgery type, and radiation were similar, but not always significant, for all groups. Diagnosis year and estrogen receptor status did not affect survival.CONCLUSIONSSurvival following male breast carcinoma differed by race/ethnicity, whereas the prognostic factors associated with survival were similar. Cancer 2002;94:2836–43. Published 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10521
Role of retinal afferents in regulating growth and shape of the lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Williams Adrian L. , Reese Benjamin E. , Jeffery Glen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSegregated binocular maps in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) develop from a stage where they initially overlap. Sophisticated computational models have been used to describe the dynamics of three‐dimensional LGN shape changes that play a role in segregation. These models have revealed specific nuclear growth vectors associated with the process of ocular segregation in the LGN (Williams and Jeffery [2001] J Comp Neurol 430:332–342.). In this study, we use similar techniques to determine whether retinal innervation contributes to the dynamics of shape maturation in the ferret LGN. In this animal, 90% of the retinal innervation of the mature LGN comes from the contralateral eye. If one eye is removed before segregation, the projection from the remaining eye remains diffuse and nuclear growth is stunted. Here, we quantify this effect and show that removing the contralateral projection before segregation has a profound impact on LGN size but changes its ultimate shape by only 12%. The impact on shape on the other side of the brain where the ipsilateral projection is removed, which accounts for only 10% of its innervation in maturity, is less than 2%. Hence, retinal innervation plays a minor role in determining mature LGN shape. Although in both hemispheres, the ultimate shape of the nucleus is close to normal, removal of the larger projection disrupts normal growth vectors, with almost none being present in the 5 days after enucleation, when the normal nucleus expands markedly. Hence, the effect of enucleation is to delay shape maturation. Growth vectors absent after removal of the smaller projection are mainly confined to those in what would be the binocular region. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:269–277, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution localization of clathrin assembly protein AP180 in the presynaptic terminals of mammalian neurons
Authors: Yao Pamela J. , Coleman Paul D. , Calkins David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSynaptic vesicles (SVs) assemble at the presynaptic compartment through a clathrin‐dependent mechanism that involves one or more assembly proteins (APs). The assembly protein AP180 is especially efficient at facilitating clathrin cage formation, but its precise ultrastructural localization in neurons is unknown. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we demonstrate the presynaptic localization of AP180 in axon terminals of rat cerebellar neurons. In contrast, the assembly protein AP2 was associated with both the presynaptic plasma membrane and the cytosolic side of the membrane at postsynaptic and extrasynaptic sites. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of primate retina showed that AP180 immunoreactivity was preferentially and highly enriched at ribbon synapses, where glutamate is released tonically at high levels and rapid vesicle turnover is essential. To maintain functional synaptic transmission, neurotransmitter‐filled SVs must be readily available, and this requires proper reassembly of new vesicles. The expression of AP180, in addition to AP‐2, in the clathrin‐mediated endocytic pathway might add another level of control to SV reformation for efficient assembly of clathrin, effectively controlling the size of assembled vesicles and faithfully recovering SV‐specific components. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:152–162, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On counting and counting errors
Authors: Guillery R.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCounting objects in histological sections is often a necessary, sometimes an unexpected part of a research project. The recent literature shows that the subject of counting is of particular interest to readers of the Journal of Comparative Neurology but that it is also contentious and difficult. Even a brief review of past issues of the Journal shows that there are many misconceptions about counting and that there remain issues that have received little or no attention. Counts are subject to many errors. Some reports include readily recognizable errors, others fail to include all of the information that is needed for an evaluation of their accuracy. This review is above all a plea for adequate information about the methods used for counts in all publications. It serves to help those who are new to quantitative methods in histology; it considers some of the basic issues arising for anyone undertaking counts, or reviewing manuscripts that include counts. In particular, it considers recently introduced or re‐introduced counting methods that depend on accurate measures along the axis perpendicular to the plane of the sections, and looks at the difficulties inherent in these measures. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:1–7, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential localization of high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight variants of microtubule‐associated protein 2 in the developing rat telencephalon
Authors: Fujimori Kazuhiro , Takauji Rumiko , Tamamaki Nobuaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicrotubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) occurs in developing mammalian neuronal tissue as both high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight forms with temporally regulated expression. We studied the MAP2 expression in the developing rat telencephalon with monoclonal antibodies that recognized both the high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight forms of MAP2 variants or that specifically recognized high‐molecular‐weight forms of MAP2 variants. Differences in the staining patterns of these antibodies reflected differences in the distribution of the high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight MAP2s. The immunoreactive sites of high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight MAP2 had a more widespread distribution in the embryonic telencephalon than those of high‐molecular‐weight MAP2. Many bipolar cells in the ganglionic eminence (GE) and in the intermediate zone (IZ) of the neocortex showed low‐molecular‐weight MAP2 immunoreactivity, but they showed weak or no high‐molecular‐weight MAP2 immunoreactivity. Expression of mRNA containing exons common to high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight MAP2 was detected in the tangentially ellipsoidal cells in the IZ, but expression of mRNA containing an exon specific to high‐molecular‐weight MAP2 was not detected in these cells by in situ hybridization. We interpreted these observations as indicating that the bipolar cells contained MAP2c preferentially, but contained MAP2a and MAP2b (MAP2a/b) at a very low or negligible level. The cells that expressed MAP2c preferentially among the MAP2 splicing variants composed 50% of the preplate cells, most of the MAP2‐positive cells in the hippocampus and the corpus callosum. Double labeling by DiI staining and Dlx2 immunohistochemistry, or by Dlx2 and MAP2 immunohistochemistry, revealed that most of the Dlx2‐positive cells in the IZ expressed MAP2c preferentially at embryonic day 16. Another double‐labeling study revealed that most GAD‐positive cells in the preplate were MAP2a/b positive, whereas most GAD‐positive cells in the IZ expressed MAP2c preferentially, with only a negligible level of MAP2a/b immunoreactivity. We conclude that MAP2 immunoreactivity in the IZ was localized in the tangentially migrating neurons. The tangentially migrating neurons seemed to acquire MAP2a/b immunoreactivity as they entered the preplate or cortical plate and developed into mature neurons. Radially migrating neurons in the IZ were MAP2 negative. After entering to the preplate or the cortical plate, they became MAP2a/b positive as they developed into mature neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:330–342, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory protocerebral pathways processing sex pheromone and plant odor information in the male moth Agrotis segetum
Authors: Lei Hong , Anton Sylvia , Hansson Bill S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated protocerebral processing of behaviorally relevant signals in the turnip moth, Agrotis segetum. Single neurons were studied both physiologically and morphologically using intracellular recording techniques. In moth pheromone communication systems, the presence of the complete, female‐produced pheromone blend is necessary for male attraction. We predicted that more protocerebral neurons, compared with AL, would display blend interactions. However, only a few protocerebral neurons responded differently to the blend than could be deduced from the response to single components. The majority of the pheromone‐sensitive protocerebral neurons identified in this study responded to the major pheromone component. In coding time, most AL neurons can follow a 5‐Hz odor stimulus, whereas most protocerebral neurons failed at higher frequencies than 1 Hz. The majority of neurons that responded to the odorants tested innervated one or both of the protocerebral lateral accessory lobes. If only one of these was innervated, then the innervation always displayed a varicose appearance, suggesting a presynaptic function. Thus, information seems to be transferred from other protocerebral areas to the lateral accessory lobes. Into these, descending neurons sent smooth, postsynaptic branches. A majority of the neurons innervating the superior medial protocerebrum were found to display single‐component specificity. Few additional correlations between odor specificity and structural characteristics were apparent. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:356–370, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.