bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MoSe 2 layer formation at Cu(In,Ga)Se 2/Mo Interfaces in High Efficiency Cu(In1- xGa x)Se 2 Solar Cells
Authors: Shiro Nishiwaki Shiro Nishiwaki , Naoki Kohara Naoki Kohara , Takayuki Negami Takayuki Negami , Takahiro Wada Takahiro Wada 
Published: October 2002

MoSe2 layers formed at the interface between Cu-In-Ga-Se and Mo layers were studied by X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Various composition Cu-In-Ga-Se films such as Se, Cu-Se, In-Ga-Se and Cu-rich Cu-In-Ga-Se were deposited on Mo coated glass substrates by physical vapor deposition. For the case of the Se/Mo interface, a MoSe2 layer of about 100 Å thickness was observed. The c-axis of the MoSe2 grains were found to be oriented normal to the surface of Mo layer. For the Cu-Se/Mo and Cu-rich Cu-In-Ga-Se/Mo structures, the thickness of the MoSe2 layers found at the interface was thin. For the case of the In-Ga-Se/Mo structure, a 0.1 µm thick interfacial MoSe2 layer was observed whose c-axis was oriented parallel to the Mo surface. The microstructure of the In-Ga-Se/Mo film was similar to that of the device quality CIGS/Mo structure deposited by the “3-stage” process. A formation mechanism for the MoSe2 layers occurring during the “3-stage” process is proposed.
Polymer Electroluminescent Diodes with Ring Microcavity Structure
Authors: Akihiko Fujii Akihiko Fujii , Sergey V. Frolov Sergey V. Frolov , Z. Valy Vardeny Z. Valy Vardeny , Katsumi Yoshino Katsumi Yoshino 
Published: October 2002

Cylindrical microcavity structures, such as microrings of π-conjugated conducting polymers, poly(2, 5-dialkoxy- p-phenylene vinylene) (ROPPV), on optical fibers, were fabricated for an optically pumped laser and a light emitting diode (LED). Extremely low excitation threshold for lasing has been demonstrated with the microring structure. Microring LEDs with cylindrical geometry of Al/π-conjugated conducting polymers, ROPPV, /ITO on optical fibers of 125 µm external diameter have been fabricated for the first time and orange electroluminescence has been observed upon application of an electric field. These results suggest the future possibility of electrically pumped conducting polymer laser diodes.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ultrahigh Vacuum Contactless Capacitance-Voltage Characterization of Novel Oxide-Free InP Passivation Process Using a Silicon Surface Quantum Well
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Hashizume Tamotsu , Hasegawa Hideki 
Published: October 2002

In order to understand and optimize a novel oxide-free InP passivation process using a silicon surface quantum well, a detailed in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) contactless capacitance-voltage (C-V) study of the interface was carried out. Calculation of quantum levels in the silicon quantum well was performed on the basis of the band lineup of the strained Si3N4/Si/InP interface and the result indicated that the interface should become free of gap states when the silicon layer thickness is below 5 Å. Experimentally, such a delicate Si3N4/Si/InP structure was realized by partial nitridation of a molecular beam epitaxially (MBE) grown pseudomorphic silicon layer using an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) N2 plasma. The progress of nitridation was investigated in detail by angle-resolved XPS. A newly developed UHV contactless C-V method realized in situ characterization of surface electronic properties of InP at each processing step for passivation. It was found that the interface state density decreased substantially into the 1010 cm-2 eV-1 range by optimizing the nitridation process of the silicon layer. It was concluded that both the surface bond termination and state removal by quantum confinement are responsible for the N
SS reduction.
Plasma Diagnostics of CH4/O2/H2 Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma with Permanent Magnets and Deposition of Amorphous Carbon
Authors: Yasui Toshiaki , Kodera Hidekazu , Oya Izumi , Tahara Hirokazu , Yoshikawa Takao 
Published: October 2002

An electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma source with permanent magnets was investigated for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of amorphous carbon. By using a mixture of CH4, O2 and H2 gases, this plasma source was used to successfully deposit amorphous carbon at a low pressure (2.7 Pa) and a low substrate temperature (500–600°C). At a 7.7 vol% CH4 concentration and 0.6 vol% O2 concentration, microcrystalline amorphous carbon with crystallites about 0.6 µm in diameter was deposited. Raman spectroscopic analysis showed that this deposit was diamond-like carbon. On increasing the O2 concentration slightly, the size of the deposit decreased. On the other hand, a slight decrease of O2 concentration changed the deposit to graphitic carbon. These deposition characteristics were explained by plasma diagnoses using optical emission spectroscopy and actinometry.
High Power Characteristics of Piezoelectric Ceramics in Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3–PbZrO3 System
Authors: Ise Osamu , Satoh Kaoru , Mamiya Yoichi 
Published: October 2002

As one of high power characteristics of the piezoelectric
ceramics in Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3–PbZrO3
system, the limit vibration velocity (v
max
), is defined as the
vibration velocity that generate the fixed temperature rise was
evaluated. From this system, a new material with a higher
v
max
of 0.79 m/s which is 1.7 times larger than conventional
Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3–PbTiO3–PbZrO3 system was
found. By using this new material, piezoelectric transformers were
made and the output electric power (P) of the transformers were
measured at R
L=(ω·C
d2)-1 [load resistance (R
L), resonant angular frequency (ω), output damping capacitance (C
d2)] and at other fixed resistances. The P of the piezoelectric transformer was measured on this condition, however, measured values of P were smaller than that of the conventional material. In order to clarify this phenomenon, an equivalent circuit including stray capacitance (C
f) of the load circuit was proposed.
Simulation results by using this equivalent circuit showed that;

1. The load resistance giving the maximum output power decreases, as C
f increases.
2. The maximum output power decreases, as C
f increases.
3. When C
d2 of the piezoelectric transformer is small, the effect of C
f on the piezoelectric transformer becomes large.
Therefore, a high dielectric constant (ε) is a required characteristic
of the piezoelectric ceramic materials for use in the piezoelectric
transformer, except for the usually high v
max
and high
electromechanical coupling coefficient (K).
Time-of-Flight Measurement of Hole Mobility in Aluminum (III) Complexes
Authors: Shigeki Naka Shigeki Naka , Hiroyuki Okada Hiroyuki Okada , Hiroyoshi Onnagawa Hiroyoshi Onnagawa , Junji Kido Junji Kido , Tetsuo Tsutsui Tetsuo Tsutsui 
Published: October 2002

We measured hole drift mobility in vacuum-deposited films of aluminum (III) complexes,
tris (8-quinolinolato) aluminum (III) (Alq3),
tris (8-phenanthridinolato) aluminum (III) (Alph3) and
tris (4-methyl-8-quinolinolato) aluminum (III) (Almq3),
using a time-of-flight technique.
Hole transport was nondispersive for Alq3 and
dispersive for Alph3 and Almq3.
The hole mobilities of these aluminum complexes
were of the order of 10-10–10-8 cm2/V·s and
were largely dependent on the electric field.
Ion Energy Distribution in Alternating-Current Plasma Display Panel Cell
Authors: Young Kyo Shin Young Kyo Shin , Jae Koo Lee Jae Koo Lee , Chae Hwa Shon Chae Hwa Shon , Woong Kim Woong Kim 
Published: October 2002

In an alternating-current plasma display panel cell,
elastic collisions between the neutral gas and ions
keep most ion energies much lower than the applied voltage.
Two-dimensional kinetic simulation reveals that
the majority (90%) of the plasma ions impinging on the dielectric layer
have energy at or below 10% of the applied voltage of 250 V calling for
the need for measurement of the secondary electron emission-coefficient
below 50 eV.
The kinetic potential and density profiles compare well with
those of a two-dimensional fluid simulation.
HF and Hydrazine Monohydrate Solution Treatment for Suppressing Oxidation of ZrN Film Surface
Authors: Sadayoshi Horii Sadayoshi Horii , Takeo Toda Takeo Toda , Susumu Horita Susumu Horita 
Published: October 2002

Because the surface of a ZrN film was easily oxidized even immediately after the deposition, we did not obtain heteroepitaxial Ir film on the epitaxial ZrN film. In order to remove the oxidized layer from the ZrN film and suppress the oxidation, we propose a novel wet chemical treatment using HF and hydrazine (N2H4) monohydrate solution before the Ir film deposition. From the treated ZrN film surface, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectrum showed the decrease of the oxide signal of the Zr3d spectrum. Moreover, on the treated epitaxial (100)ZrN film on the (100)Si substrate, we obtained the (100) epitaxial Ir film.
Changes in the Spatial Distribution of Visual Attention after Early Deafness
Authors: Proksch Jason , Bavelier Daphne 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
There is much anecdotal suggestion of improved visual skills in congenitally deaf individuals. However, this claim has only been met by mixed results from careful investigations of visual skills in deaf individuals. Psychophysical assessments of visual functions have failed, for the most part, to validate the view of enhanced visual skills after deafness. Only a few studies have shown an advantage for deaf individuals in visual tasks. Interestingly, all of these studies share the requirement that participants process visual information in their peripheral visual field under demanding conditions of attention. This work has led us to propose that congenital auditory deprivation alters the gradient of visual attention from central to peripheral field by enhancing peripheral processing. This hypothesis was tested by adapting a search task from Lavie and colleagues in which the interference from distracting information on the search task provides a measure of attentional resources. These authors have established that during an easy central search for a target, any surplus attention remaining will involuntarily process a peripheral distractor that the subject has been instructed to ignore. Attentional resources can be measured by adjusting the difficulty of the search task to the point at which no surplus resources are available for the distractor. Through modification of this paradigm, central and peripheral attentional resources were compared in deaf and hearing individuals. Deaf individuals possessed greater attentional resources in the periphery but less in the center when compared to hearing individuals. Furthermore, based on results from native hearing signers, it was shown that sign language alone could not be responsible for these changes. We conclude that auditory deprivation from birth leads to compensatory changes within the visual system that enhance attentional processing of the peripheral visual field.
Auditory Cortical Responses to Speech-Like Stimuli in Dyslexic Adults
Authors: Renvall Hanna , Hari Riitta 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Auditory cortical processing of speech-like sounds was studied in 9 dyslexic and 11 normal-reading adults. Noise/ square-wave sequences, mimicking transitions from a fricative consonant to a vowel, were presented binaurally once every 1.1 sec and the cortical responses were recorded with a whole-scalp neuromagnetometer. The auditory cortices of both hemispheres were less reactive to acoustical changes in dyslexics than in controls, as was evident from the weaker responses to the noise/square-wave transitions. The results demonstrate that dyslexic adults are deficient in processing acoustic changes presented in rapid succession within tens to hundreds of milliseconds. The observed differences could be related to insufficient triggering of automatic auditory attention, resulting, for instance, from a general deficiency of the magnocellular system.
Neural Substrates of Action Event Knowledge
Authors: Kable Joseph W. , Lease-Spellmeyer Jessica , Chatterjee Anjan 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Human concepts can be roughly divided into entities (prototypically referred to in language by nouns) and events (prototypically referred to in language by verbs). While much work in cognitive neuroscience has investigated how the brain represents different categories of entities, less attention has been given to the more basic distinction between entities and events. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity while subjects performed a conceptual matching task that required them to access knowledge of objects and actions, using either pictures or words. Since action events involve movement through space, we hypothesized that accessing knowledge of actions would cause greater activation in brain regions involved in motion or spatial processing. In comparison to objects, accessing knowledge of actions through pictures was accompanied by increased activity bilaterally in the human MT/MST and nearby regions of the lateral temporal cortex. Accessing knowledge of actions through words activated areas just anterior and dorsal to area MT/MST on the left, within the posterior aspect of the middle and superior temporal gyri. We propose that the lateral occipital temporal cortex contains a mosaic of neural regions that processes different kinds of motion, ranging from the perception of objects moving in the world to the conception of movement implied in action verbs. The lateral occipital temporal cortex mediates the perceptual and conceptual features of action events, similar to the way that the ventral occipital temporal cortex processes the perceptual and conceptual features of entities.
Chaebol and Catastrophe: A New View of the Korean Business Groups and Their Role in the Financial Crisis
Authors: Feenstra Robert C. , Hamilton Gary G. , Lim Eun Mie 
Published: October 2002

We present a model of industrial organization that has multiple stable equilibria and argue that the high-concentration equilibrium describes Korea's economy and the low-concentration equilibrium describes Taiwan's economy. Past industrial policy of the state may have put Korea's economy in the high-concentration equilibrium, but discontinuation of the policy did not cause the industrial organization to change because this is an economically viable equilibrium. The high-concentration equilibrium produces a narrower range of final goods than the low-concentration equilibrium, which explains why the 1996 collapse in semiconductor prices caused the less diversified Korean economy to contract more than the more diversified Taiwanese economy. More importantly, this collapse in demand caused Korea's economy to move to a new equilibrium that has a smaller number of business groups, as evidenced by the collapse of the second-tier chaebol and their absorption into the first-tier chaebol. This wave of bankruptcies, combined with the financially precarious state of the merchant banks, created an investor panic that precipitated the crisis, which began with the 17 November 1997 devaluation of the won. This is why economic fundamentals could explain the chaebol bankruptcies before that date and not those after that date. The logic of our model suggests that public policy should focus on reducing the vertical linkages within business groups and not on reducing their horizontal linkages as the current “Big Deal” program of the government is doing.
What Would Have Happened in Indonesia if Different Economic Policies Had Been Implemented When the Crisis Started?
Authors: Azis Iwan J. 
Published: October 2002

Many models of the Indonesian economy cannot generate the large collapses in output and exchange rate experienced in 1997–98. The model in this paper was able to replicate the actual events by adding several new links. One new link is between the depreciation of the exchange rate and the deterioration of the balance sheets of firms, which are in turn linked to decline in investment. Another new link is between decline in output and decline in business confidence, leading to possible increased capital outflow and exchange rate collapse. The IMF's high interest rate policy did not succeed in strengthening the rupiah because it inflicted such severe damage on the net worth of Indonesian firms that it caused capital flight to accelerate, turning what was originally just a financial crisis into a major recession. Two alternative counterfactual policy packages are examined: (1) a lower interest rate policy and (2) a lower interest rate policy combined with a partial write-down of the external debt. The model indicates that the country's macroeconomic conditions would have fared better if the prolonged high interest rate policy had been avoided. The results suggest that early actions should have been undertaken to address the mounting private foreign debts. The delayed handling of private debts had prevented other policies from working effectively. The two counterfactual policies also would have resulted in a more favorable outcome for income distribution and poverty incidence. The model revealed a close correlation between worsening (improving) income distribution and increasing (declining) interest rates.
Ludic History in the Book of Judith: The Reinvention of Israelite Identity?
Authors: Esler Philip 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe book of Judith bristles with issues of power, gender and ethnic identity. In this article the text is analysed using recent anthropolgical perspectives relating to the 'production of history' and an 'ethnography of the past'. It is argued that the text presents a ludic, even carnivalesque reworking of key themes in Israelite history. Judith equals or surpasses the achievements of great heroes in her people's past, such as David or Judas Maccabaeus, in a manner unknown to Graeco-Roman or Israelite traditions. All this is achieved through the agency of a decidedly liminal character in the form of a beautiful and wealthy Israelite widow, the full impact of whose achievements can only be assessed in the context of the honour-obsessed Mediterranean culture within which she functions. Finally, it is suggested that the text succeeds in re-imagining and reinventing Israelite identity. By regendering central themes of Israelite history, the text re-engenders Israel.
HERONDAS 8.66-79: GENERIC SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS AND ARTISTIC CLAIMS IN HERONDAS' MIMIAMBS
Authors: Fountoulakis Andreas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn Herondas' mimiamb 8, a poem particularly concerned with questions of generic identity and reception, the poet defends his work and puts forward his literary program by means of a dream dominated by images related to Dionysiac myth and cult. The interpretation of the dream at ll. 66-79 is seen in terms of the generic affinities between Herondas' mimiambs, the iambographic tradition of Hipponax and the mime. In this paper the Dionysiac character of those images is not considered as an indication of a hypothetically dramatic nature of Herondas' work. It is argued, by contrast, that the poem's Dionysiac imagery and its subsequent interpretation are linked with the associations of Herondas' work with the mime and, more specifically, with the non-literary mime. Mimiamb 8 is considered as part of a long process through which the latter was eventually regarded as a dramatic genre. Herondas seems to be conscious of the disreputable character of that part of his sources, but attempts by means of a masterful use of images pertaining to Dionysiac myth and ritual to persuade his critics of the dramatic nature of the mimic origins of his work so as to invest his poetry with the authority and prestige of dramatic poetry.
KING OR PRIVATE CITIZEN: FIFTH-CENTURY SICILIAN TYRANTS AT OLYMPIA AND DELPHI
Authors: Harrell Sarah 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe possess an array of contemporary evidence relating to the fifth-century Deinomenid tyrants of Sicily. Epinician poetry and physical monuments that the tyrants themselves commissioned still survive. The poems and dedications celebrate the tyrants at roughly the same time, sometimes in response to the same events. These documents do not demonstrate the constitutional or legal position of the historical tyrants. Instead they allow us a view into how the tyrants represented themselves as political actors in different contexts and before different audiences. Whether occasioned by an athletic or martial victory, both poetry and monuments depicted the tyrants as panhellenic figures who benefited their city and their subjects. Yet when placed side by side, the poetry and monuments reveal a striking disconnect between the representation of political power within their respective genres. The poets tackled the problem of tyranny head on. Before a local audience, epinician poetry portrayed the tyrant Hieron as a benevolent epic king. The monuments erected at Olympia and Delphi took a less direct approach. While celebrating the Deinomenids as private benefactors of the panhellenic sanctuaries, the dedicatory inscriptions avoided explicit articulation of the tyrants' political status at home.
THE USE OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME BIBLICAL TOPONYMS
Authors: Lee S. Noah 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBiblical Hebrew like other languages exhibits diachronic linguistic changes. One such linguistic change observable in the Hebrew Bible is the use of the definite article in the development of some biblical toponyms. What is behind the different forms of the same place-name, such as 'the Mount Gilboa' ( ) in 1 Sam. xxxi 1 vs. 'Mount Gilboa' ( ) in 1 Ch. x 1? It is observed that the use or absence of the article is by no means an accident but the result of a semantic change over a long period of use by the linguistic community. Furthermore, the use of the article in the development of toponyms shows the relative dates of writing of biblical books. The outcome of the study indicates the archaic character of the books of the Pentateuch and Joshua, and relative late dates of writing of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah.
NIMROD THE MIGHTY, KING OF KISH, KING OF SUMER AND AKKAD
Authors: Levin Yigal 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe intent of this paper is to examine the story of Nimrod in Genesis x 8-12, offering fresh insight on both the historical background and the literary development of the passage. The article deals first with the passage's literal meaning, syntax and the extant text. The geographic context of the passage is shown to be distinctly Mesopotamian-Nimrod being the "builder" of Babylon, Erech, Accad and other southern Mesopotamian cities and then moving north to Assyria. After surveying previous attempts to identify an "historical" Nimrod, the author then suggests that the biblical figure is modeled after the combined traditions about Sargon of Akkad and his grandson, Naram-Sin. Nimrod is the son of "Cush"; Sargon began his royal career at Kish right after the flood. The Sargon-Naram-Sin traditions reached the Levant during the second millennium BCE, being combined by time and distance into a composite personality. The tradition reached its final form during the reign of Sargon II of Assyria, who added such themes as hunting to the story. The later editors of the Book of Genesis dropped much of the story and the Nimrod tradition was thus lost to later generations, save five remaining verses in the tenth chapter of Genesis.