bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purges and the Failure of Collective Security
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term totalitarianism is held in disfavor by many social scientists, who view it as just a Cold War epithet signifying Western disapprobation of the Soviet Union. Its usefulness as a category in the study of political regime types (to be contrasted, say, with democracy, oligarchy, or tyranny) has been confounded further by conflicting definitions. Hannah Arendt, Carl Friedrich, Zbigniew Brzezinski, J. L. Talmon, William Kornhauser, and Leonard Schapiro are among the scholars who have tried but with only partial success to impart analytical rigor to the word since it first gained currency in the 1920s. Still, it has a peculiar staying power in the vulgate lexicon; historians and political scientists still use it in their references to Mao’s China, Hitler’s Germany, and Stalin’s USSR. However imprecise this usage, it indicates a certain wisdom. The quality that distinguished these states and set them apart from others was their ability to succeed in dominating people by asserting their utter superfluity.1 Assuming that the term is meaningful, one can next agree that between Bullitt’s residence in Moscow and the time Americans and Russians found themselves on the same side in another war, the USSR had undergone a change of drastic dimension (in political science parlance, a transformation of regime). Stalin’s dic-tatorship, entrenched by 1933, had flared into full-blown totalitarianism by the time Ambassador Laurence Steinhardt left his post in November 1941. The purge trials of the 1930s, the anonymous denunciations and mass arrests, and the deification of Stalin in the civic religion were symbol and substance of the totalitarian polity. The problem for U.S. policy and diplomats centered on the management of affairs with this totalitarian state while coping with the ambitions of another similarly constructed regime, Nazi Germany.
Hybrids and Hybrid Zones: Historical Perspective
Authors: Harrison Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most groups of animals, diversification over time is portrayed as a series of dichotomous branching events, suggesting that reticulate evolution (hybridization) occurs rarely. This view has been espoused by most evolutionary biologists. According to Mayr (1963), “the evolutionary importance of hybridization seems small in the better known groups of animals.”
Reinforcement: Origin, Dynamics, and Fate of an Evolutionary Hypothesis
Authors: Howard Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species concepts and definitions have provided fertile ground for disagreements among biologists for more than 100 years (Darwin, 1859; Jordan, 1905; Du Rietz, 1930; Dobzhansky, 1937; Mayr, 1942, 1963, Burma, 1954; Mecham, 1961; Paterson, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982; Donoghue, 1985; Coyne et al., 1988; Cracraft, 1989; Templeton, 1989). Yet most biologists would agree that in sexually reproducing organisms barriers to gene exchange exist between distinct species, and these barriers can be bro ken down into two classes: prezygotic and postzygotic. Included among prezygotic barriers are seasonal and habitat differences, long-distance signaling and courtship differences, and differences in genitalic structures. Included among postzygotic barriers are embryo inviability, hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown (for a more complete description of reproductive barriers see Mayr, 1963, and Dobzhan sky, 1970). Prezygotic barriers prevent individuals from wasting their gametes in the for mation of unfit hybrid individuals; hence such barriers are susceptible to enhancement by natural selection (Dobzhansky, 1940; Mayr, 1963). On the other hand, it is difficult to envision how natural selection could operate to strengthen postzygotic barriers such as hybrid inviability or sterility (Darwin, 1859; Mayr, 1963), except under fairly restrictive circumstances (Coyne, 1974). The potential involvement of natural selection in the formation of prezygotic barriers to gene exchange is what sets this group of barriers apart from postzygotic barriers. The process by which prezygotic barriers to gene exchange are improved by natural selection is known as reinforcement.
Genomic and Environmental Determinants of a Narrow Hybrid Zone: Cause or Coincidence?
Authors: Shaw David D , Marchant Adam D , Contreras Nelida , Arnold Michael L , Groeters, Fran , Kohlmann Bert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of molecular and biochemical analytical techniques to evolutionary problems has revealed that, in most cases, speciation or cladogenesis is associated with cumulative changes to many components of both the nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes. These components include allelic frequencies at single gene loci, multigene families and polygenic systems, the structure, abundance, and distribution of various classes of nontranscribed DNA, and major genomic reorganization by chromosomal rearrangement. The changes are also frequently correlated with varying levels of both premating and postmating reproductive isolation, although any causal relations have yet to be definitively established.
The recognition of numerous examples of taxa that form hybrid zones in nature has provided evolutionary biologists with a unique opportunity to examine in situ the mechanics and dynamics of phyletic divergence and, in particular, to define the genetic determinants of species formation. Thus the principal models of speciation, as put for ward by Mayr (1963), Dobzhansky (1970), Carson (1971); and others could now be quantified and appraised for their evolutionary relevance.
Chromosomal Hybrid Zones in Eutherian Mammals
Authors: Searle Jeremy b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been realized that many closely related species of eutherian mammals differ in karyotype, sometimes to an extreme degree (e.g., Bush et al., 1977; White, 1978a; Bengtsson, 1980). Furthermore, these species may themselves be subdivided into two or more “karyotypic races,” each of which typically occupies a geographically continuous area and is characterized by particular fixed chromosomal variants. This review examines the “hybrid zones” that occur where such races overlap and hybridize. Several well-studied eutherian chromosomal hybrid zones are described, but to aid interpretation various properties of chromosomal variants must first be considered.
Insights into Processes of Visual Perception from Studies in the Olfactory System
Authors: Freeman Walter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The certainty of ideas is not the foundation of the certainty of perception but is, rather, based on it-in that it is perceptual experience which gives us the passage from one moment to the next and thus realizes the unity of time. In this sense all consciousness is perceptual, even the consciousness of ourselves.
Alterations of the Functional Organization of Primary Somatosensory Cortex Following Intracortical Microstimulation or Behavioral Training
Authors: Merzenich Gregg H Recanzone Michael M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of different electrophysiological strategies have been employed to elucidate the governing principles of neocortical function. One useful approach has been to record from cortical neurons in awake or anesthetized animals, parametrically defining the specific stimuli that best activate the sampled neurons. These studies have led to an understanding of the functionally effective projections to the cortex at that time in the life of an adult animal.
Localization of Primal Long-Term Memory in the Primate Temporal Cortex
Authors: Miyashita Yasushi , Sakai Kuniyoshi , Higuchi Sei-Ichi , Masui Naohiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memory has stages. The distinction between short- and long-term memory has been supported not only by their capacity, optimal code, and time parameters but also by the double dissociation of neuropsychological deficits (Milner, Corkin, & Teuber, 1968; Warrington, 1982). Long-term memory itself has been claimed to have at least two components: one is the recently acquired, labile memory that can be readily disrupted by head injury, as retrograde amnesia demonstrates clinically (Russell, 1971). The other is the remote, fully consolidated memory (Squire, Slater, & Chace, 1975). Drug applications selectively depress or facilitate the labile component (McGaugh & Herz, 1972).
What the Chick Can Tell Us About the Process and Structure of Memory
Authors: Rose Steven P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being the final chapter in this book has some advantages; the pos1t10n enables one to try to extract some common themes and to set one’s own interests in the context of, or even in contention with, ideas and issues that have been raised earlier. I will try to identify some of these issues and to show how experiments from my own lab, using the young chick as a model for the study of memory mechanisms, may perhaps cast light on them. The overarching problem seems to be whether it is possible to build a general theory that can unify-or at least put into a common context-the disparate approaches and findings concerning the cellular processes of memory formation. As earlier chapters have perhaps inadvertently revealed, we are still far from that point. We do not even yet know how many different theories of memory might be required by the multiplicity of phenomena embraced within that term. Let me try to tease apart some of the paradoxes and dichotomies that, depending on one’s viewpoint, either enrich or impede our progress.
Issues of Causality
Authors: Lazarus Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There follows a difficult set of issues concerning causality in the emotion process. Three main issues stand out: The first has to do with causality itself and I deal with it very briefly; the second, on which there is vigorous debate, has to do with whether and how cognition plays a causal role in emotion, and I deal with it at greater length in conjunction with appraisal My position is that appraisal is a necessary and sufficient condition but that the knowledge on which appraisal rests is necessary but not sufficient; this needs further clarification and defending. The third concerns how to reconcile biological universals with learned sociocultural, develop mental sources of variability in the emotion process.
Liberal Community and Civic Virtue: An Analysis
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among James Madison’s more frequently quoted remarks was offered on the floor of the Virginia ratification convention: “Is there no virtue among us? If there be not, we are in a wretched situation. No theoretical checks-no form of government can render us secure. To suppose that any form of government will secure liberty or happiness without any virtue in the people is a chimerical idea.”1
The Psychology of Citizenship: The Scottish Connection
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antiquity always begets the opinion of right; and whatever disadvantageous sentiments we may entertain of mankind, they are always found to be prodigal both of blood and treasure in the maintenance of public justice. Davm Hume, “Of the First Principles of Government” Perhaps no phrase of David Hume’s better displays his remarkable capacity to mix wit with a dose of cynicism to yield a rather profound insight.1 However much we may think ill of our fellows we at least have to credit them with a prodigal willingness to spill each other’s blood (for, of course, a good cause). Contained in this gibe is the observation that stable government rests on its ability to engage both the interests and the affections of its subjects. How it comes about that government does this is Hume’s question. How it can be made to come about, given strict limits on appeals to antiquity, is a question addressed by the authors of The Federalist and their Anti-Federalist rivals.
The Soil Biotron: An Underground Research Laboratory
Authors: Teeri James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a special-purpose research facility that provides many investigators with a unique observational ability is well established. In earlier centuries deep ocean sailing ships provided natural scientists with the means to collect and inventory the plants, animals, and geology of the earth. Today submersible vessels continue to make this process of discovery possible in environments that were previously inaccessible. The discovery of the undersea thermal vents and their associated unanticipated biota is a recent example of the new information gained from such facilities. Satellites for observations of deep space, particle accelerators in the physical sciences, special-purpose aircraft, and large-scale controlled environment growth chambers are additional examples.
The Genesis of the Antiparasitic Drug lvermectin
Authors: Campbell William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was not a neat event; it is not a “gee whiz” story. No cerebral light bulb flashed the form and function of ivermectin on anybody’s mental screen. Nor was the discovery of this new drug the result of an industrial research team’s deciding to take existing scientific knowledge at point A and develop it to point B, where it would yield a product to be sold. Nor, yet again, was it a matter of chance, in which some industrial Princes of Serendipe sailed to an antiparasitic landing while bound for other therapeutic territory. No, it was a complicated and unglamorous mixture of all of these. That is not as trite as it may seem, for all of those kinds of discovery do happen in the context of modern industrial research. I have been asked to tell the story, despite my warnings about its intrinsically untidy nature, and am emboldened by assurances that an examination of any such real-life situation would be, if not pleasing, at least edifying. My excuse for accepting the invitation to tell the story myself is that I was, in Dean Acheson’s sense of the phrase, “present at the creation.” I speak as a parasitologist; and the parasitology effort, after all, provided as good a vantage point as any from which to observe the emergence of what was to become a major antiparasitic drug.
The Topography of Invention
Authors: Perkins David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-fifteenth century, books, and especially the Bible, were not widely avail able for lack of an efficient technology of printing. It was then that the metalworker Johann Gutenberg began his systematic search for an approach to mass printing of the Bible. In Gutenberg’s day, a handcraft of printing already existed: Wooden plates were carved and used to print a number of copies of a page. However, the plates were laborious to prepare and printing a page took some time, because it involved placing the paper against the inked wooden plate and rubbing it until a good impression resulted.
Technology on the Move: The Role of Patents
Authors: Quigg Donald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well occasionally to examine the trends in inventive activity that are likely to change the way we live-and perhaps how long we live. The rate of patenting is generally accepted as an indicator of national and inter national technological trends. A look at patenting activity in the U.S. patent system tells us a lot. It’s clear that microelectronics, telecommunications, computers, robotics, and biotechnology continue to be among the fastest growing areas. Deep within the research labs of companies, both big and small, and in private labs and workshops throughout the land, is the real creative resource-the inventor. We still depend heavily on the lone inventor and on the patent attorney who helps to bring inventions to the marketplace. Many large companies sprang from an inventor’s single creative thought.
The Social World of Adolescents: Family, Peers, Schools, and the Community
Authors: Perry Cheryl L , Kelder Steven H , Komro Kelli A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines broad changes in the social world of American adolescents that occurred in the 1980s, the implications of these changes for the social health of youth, and promising educational and intervention strategies that appear to promote healthy socialization and may ameliorate some of the health-compromising trends. In the first section, we review Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems model of development and then highlight its usefulness for understanding health promotion among family, peers, schools, and mass media. The primary concern of this review is the quality of the changes that occurred in the 1980s, particularly as they impacted healthy adolescent socialization. The second section offers potential approaches, solutions, and strategies that also emerged in the past decade and provides, by design, optimism for the 1990s.
‘‘Sex Is a Gamble, Kissing Is a Game’’: Adolescent Sexuality and Health Promotion
Authors: Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Paikoff Roberta L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by a series of developmental tasks that need to be mastered. In the realm of sexual development, such tasks include learning to manage feelings of sexual arousal, developing new forms of intimacy and autonomy, experiencing interpersonal relationships with the opposite sex, and developing skills to control the consequences of sexual behavior. The conceptual framework in which we study sexuality, or what we term sexual well-being, employs the constructs of vulnerability and resilience from developmental psychopathology. Vulnerability implies that a particular child or group of children who are at risk in a probabilistic sense for manifesting a certain behavior or set of behaviors are also susceptible to decrements in well-being. Risk factors are those biological, psychosocial, and environmental conditions, broadly defined, known to be associated with negative outcomes or decrements in well-being. The opposite of vulnerability and risk factors are resilience and protective factors. Protective factors and their links to resiliency have not been studied as extensively as risk factors and their links to vulnerability, yet they are critical to the promotion of well-being (Furstenberg, Brooks-Gunn, & Morgan, 1987; Garmezy & Rutter, 1988; Werner & Smith, 1982).
Power Trans1nission Pollution
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone agrees that electric transmission lines are appallingly ugly, but suggesting that they may also be sources of audible and electrical pollution is as surprising as saying that the homely freckle-faced boy next door is guilty of rape and sodomy. Most electric transmission lines look innocent enough. No Bickering fires play along the wires. No smoke pours off them. The air in their vicinity appears unaffected by their presence, and when we pass under them there is no sound or sensation of the millions of kilowatts that are passing directly over our heads.
A Bend in the line
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aunt Kiz had spent a long afternoon in town. She had gone to the bank and visited the butcher shop. She had left her gardening shoes to be half-soled and had gone to three stores before finding a good serviceable cotton dress for summer. Finally, on her way out of town, she had stopped at the Cryder farm where she had arranged to buy a pair of Muscovy ducks. They were ensconced now on the back seat of her car, Hopping wildly in a perforated cardboard box.
Trees or Tow-ers
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The state forest known as Tar Hollow covers 16,000 acres. This land was purchased by the state of Ohio around 1930 and developed during the depression years, largely by WP A labor. Many miles of bridle trails and footpaths were opened up. Log shelters were built with stone fireplaces for cookouts. Several small streams were dammed to make little lakes for boating and fishing. These facilities are scattered thinly and very unobtrusively over the many acres of forest, and it is possible to spend hours in the park enjoying its beauty without encountering other people. There are protected sunny banks where trillium makes a dense carpet in the springtime and paw-paw trees drop their soft, redolent fruit in the fall.
Abuse of Discretion
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The environmental impact of the generation and transmission of electricity has become an increasingly important factor in determining the quality of life throughout the United States. Power plants and transmission lines add destructive chemicals to the air, waste heat to air and water, and radioactive elements to air, water, and iand. Because of the discretionary powers vested in the electric companies by the law of eminent domain, all the decisions which affect the extent and distribution of these pollutants are made by the utilities.
The Letter and the Reading Public
Authors: Zboray Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Credit for turning the United States into a “nation of readers” usually goes to the wide array of antebellum institutions discussed in the previous two chapters. The family, the church, the Sunday school, the common school, the academy, young men’s associations, maternal associations, mechanics’ institutes, private and public libraries, and the lyceum all either offered rudimentary literacy instruction or, in some way, promoted reading. Yet that so many institutions can be listed suggests the fragmented nature of literary socialization in antebellum America. Only after the Civil War with the enactment of compulsory attendance laws, would the common school come to dominate the other institutions of literacy instruction and reinforcement. Until that time, individuals had to find their own way through the complex matrix of institutions teaching or encouraging literacy.
Time, Space, and Chaos
Authors: Zboray Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The enormous geographical expanse of the United States, the relatively dispersed pattern of population and its diversity, and the continuing force of economic development have made the concepts of time and space a mainstay of the culture. Historians have not been unaware of the importance of these two dimensions, as these familiar formulations make plain: “the frontier thesis,” “the hero lost in time and space,” “people of plenty,” “virgin land,” “machine in the garden,” and, more recently, “the culture of time and space.”2 Political rhetoric has often added a note of futurity, from “city upon the hill” to “Manifest Destiny” to “the New Frontier.” While some of these views of historians and politicians acknowledge the impact of rapid economic development upon the concepts, none adequately accounts for the role played by print culture, as traced in these pages, in changing spatial and temporal perceptions and the location of American identity within these dimensions. There was, as will be discussed, a dynamic quality to the varying dispositions of time, space, identity, and the printed word in each of the four major historical periods before the Civil War: the colonial era, the period of the American Revolution and early republic, the early nineteenth century, and the antebellum years.