bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Multi‐Test II® Skin Prick Testing to Intradermal Dilutional Testing
Authors: Simons Jeffrey P. , Rubinstein Elaine N. , Kogut Valerie J. , Melfi Patricia J. , Ferguson Berrylin J. 
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESISIntradermal dilutional testing (IDT) has been considered more sensitive than prick testing for detecting low‐level allergies. Multi‐Test II® is one of the most sensitive and reproducible prick testing methods available. This study compares Multi‐Test II® prick testing with IDT.DesignRetrospective chart review and data analysis on patients who had allergy testing with both Multi‐Test II® and IDT.SETTINGOutpatient allergy clinic in the otolaryngology department of an academic tertiary care medical center.POPULATIONForty adult patients had complete allergy testing with both Multi‐Test II® and IDT for a standard panel of twelve antigens between January 2002 and April 2002.INTERVENTIONAnalysis and comparison of test results on Multi‐Test II® and IDT for each antigen separately and across all antigen tests together.RESULTSForty patients had complete testing for all antigens during the time period for the study. Six of these patients did not react to the positive control on Multi‐Test II® and were eliminated from the main analysis. Of the 34 patients included in the main analysis, all were positive for at least one antigen on IDT; one half (17/34) were negative for all antigens on Multi‐Test II®. A significantly greater number of patients were positive on IDT than Multi‐Test II® for all antigens except dog (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between IDT endpoint and Multi‐Test II® score for several antigens (P < 0.05). Of 408 total antigen tests performed, 339 (83.1%) were negative on Multi‐Test II®. Of these 339 negative Multi‐Test II® tests, 148 (43.7%) were negative on IDT and 191 (56.3%) were positive on IDT; 174/339 (51.3%) had an IDT end‐point of 2 or 3 and 17/339 (5.0%) had an IDT end‐point ≥ 4. A significantly greater number of antigen tests were positive on IDT than on Multi‐Test II® (P < 0.001). The overall Spearman correlation coefficient between IDT endpoint and Multi‐Test II® score was 0.370 (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONPatients were more likely to have a positive test on IDT than on Multi‐Test II®. IDT therefore may be a more sensitive testing technique for inhalant allergies than Multi‐Test II® prick testing. In addition, Multi‐Test II® score may not be a good predictor of IDT endpoint. Although a statistically significant correlation is demonstrated between Multi‐Test II® score and IDT endpoint, the correlation coefficient is low enough that clinical application may not always be safe or appropriate. The clinical significance of positive IDT results in the presence of negative Multi‐Test II® results is not known. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:536‐44.)
Prevalence of Allergy in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Gutman Michael , Torres Augusto , Keen Kevin J. , Houser Steven M. 
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to provide further evidence that allergic rhinitis is an important factor in chronic and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis. Specifically, this study shows that perennial allergens play a more significant role than seasonal allergens.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGCensus by chart review of patients with chronic and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis presenting to the Department of Otolaryngology at the MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH.METHODSAll participants had allergy testing done either by RAST or intradermal skin endpoint titration utilizing a battery of seasonal and perennial antigens.RESULTSOf the 48 voluntary participants analyzed in this study, 57.4% had a positive allergy test. Most patients in the study were sensitive to more than one allergen. Of the patients with a positive allergy test, 92% demonstrated sensitivity to one or more perennial allergens—most prominently, molds and dust mites.CONCLUSIONSPerennial allergy has a statistically significant association with chronic and recurrent acute rhinosinusitis.SIGNIFICANCEThe diagnosis and management of perennial allergies may be beneficial when treating chronic sinus disease. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2004;130:545‐52.)
Twentieth-Century China: New Approaches. Edited by Jeffrey Wasserstrom. [London and New York: Routledge, 2003. xv+273 pp. $25.95. ISBN 0-415-19504-7.]
Authors: Finnane Antonia 
Published: May 2004

This useful volume brings together a number of articles showing recent shifts in the English-language historiography of 20th-century China. Historians tend to talk in terms of centuries, and a book about historical approaches to the century just finished is timely. Wasserstrom's introduction establishes the grounds for thinking about China's 20th century as a discrete period of historical time, at the same time explaining the logic of the book and integrating its disparate elements.The chapters show considerable diversity. Joseph Esherick's “Ten theses on the Chinese revolution,” already well known in the field, rebuts some received wisdom about the (Communist) revolution and offers a series of alternative conclusions. Among these is “the need to break the 1949 barrier,” (p. 41) a point discussed at greater length in Paul Cohen's essay on “The 1949 divide in Chinese history.” The diminished significance of 1949 in recent studies is a natural product, as Cohen notes, of political and social change in China since the death of Mao, and he poses the problem of how to “probe the ways in which 1949 did indeed signal abrupt and important change, as well as the ways it did not” (p. 35).
From Leninist Discipline to Socialist Legalism: Peng Zhen on Law and Political Authority in the PRC. By Pitman Potter. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. xi+259 pp. £42.95. ISBN 0-8047-4500-5.]
Authors: Peerenboom Randall 
Published: May 2004

Pitman Potter has provided the first book-length treatment in English of Peng Zhen, a seminal figure in the development of the legal system in China during the Mao and Deng era. Peng began his roller coaster career by rising through the party ranks to become party secretary of Beijing and party secretary of the Political-Legal Commission. He was then purged and expelled from the Politburo for opposing Mao. After Mao's death, Peng returned to power, regaining his seat on the Politburo, and serving in a variety of high-level positions, including secretary of the Political-Legal Committee and chairman of NPC Standing Committee.As Potter notes, the complexities of Peng's career, his view that the role of law must suit the needs of the time, and his own personality traits make it difficult to draw simple conclusions about his ideas on law and political authority. At times, Peng was a brutal enforcer of party policy who emphasized the subservience of law to party dictates. At other times, he boldly opposed Mao and later Deng and insisted that the party should be subject to legal constraints and refrain from interfering in day-to-day governance. A cynical reviewer could easily conclude that Peng adopted views based on what best suited his political position and personal interests at the time. Potter is somewhat more charitable, portraying Peng as a hardnosed pragmatist, willing to take a principled stand even at great personal expense when necessary, but also keen to keep up with the times.
Beyond Late Development: Taiwan's Upgrading Policies. By Alice Amsden and Wan-wen Chu. [Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2003. 207 pp. ISBN 0-262-01198-0.]
Authors: Fields Karl J. 
Published: May 2004

Beyond Late Development offers economist Alice Amsden's most recent contribution (here with co-author Wan-wen Chu) to an already substantial body of work on East Asian political economy. Like her previous work, this book is important first because it trespasses the traditional boundaries of economics, seeking explanations to important developmental policy puzzles from institutional theories and empirical case studies more commonly the province of sociologists and area specialists; and second because it looks beyond Asia's mega-economies to the relatively smaller but still highly relevant late developers of Asia, offering important lessons for both students and practitioners of development policy.Amsden and Chu seek to explain the ability of advanced “latecomer” countries to sustain their global competitiveness in mature high-technology manufacturing and newly-liberalized service industries. They support their argument with previously unpublished data and extensive firm-level interviews from Taiwan, the most successful of these successful latecomers, which Amsden identified in an earlier book, The Rise of “The Rest”(Oxford University Press, 2001). Although Taiwan's leading national firms seldom make the Fortune 500 list, they dominate global market share for many mature, information technology (IT) manufactures. As of 1999, Taiwan produced 85 per cent of the world's scanners, nearly two-thirds of the world's keyboards, power supplies and monitors, and almost 40 per cent of all notebook computers.
Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service. By Frederic Wakeman Jr. [Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2003. xvii +650 pp. $75.00. ISBN 0-520-23407-3.]
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire 
Published: May 2004

In a brief afterword, Frederic Wakeman asks himself why he devoted “so much effort to fathoming such a morally monstruous” figure as Dai Li, the chief of Chiang Kai-shek's secret service and he confessed that he was motivated by “a real fascination” for “cobra-like Dai Li” (p. 367). A biographer needs a minimal empathy with his hero. In the present case, however, it was an unwilling empathy for which the author felt that he had to justify himself. How to dissociate understanding and exonerating? Trying to avoid any revisionism, Wakeman opted for an implicit compromise: understanding and condemnation.This book illuminates the dread world of secret police, spy and counterespionage organizations in Nationalist China. Wakeman has turned every stone and used every kind of source: Chinese, American and Old Shanghai municipal archives, memoirs of agents and observers, contemporary newspapers and magazines, as well as all available secondary literature, including some novels. Notes take up 152 pages, representing about 40% of the text's 365 pages. An exhaustive bibliography takes 38 more pages and readers will find the detailed and well-organized glossary-index very useful in navigating an enormous number of personal names and administrative and political labels.
Extinction risk in fragmented habitats
Authors: Reed David H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPopulation models incorporating demographic, environmental and genetic stochasticity were created from long‐term data on natural populations of 30 species of vertebrates. The probability of extinction for a single population in a continuous habitat was compared to that of multiple isolated, or semi‐isolated, populations occupying a fragmented landscape with an equivalent total carrying capacity. Populations occupying a fragmented landscape were modelled for a range of dispersal rates and levels of asynchrony in the effects of environmental disturbances. Dispersal among subpopulations in the fragmented landscape partially alleviates the effect of fragmentation on extinction rates, despite the models explicitly incorporating disease epidemics which spread between subpopulations through dispersal. Even moderate environmental correlations among subpopulations greatly reduces the viability of the metapopulation relative to the case where the populations are totally independent. Whether a population performed better as a single population or as a metapopulation was strongly affected by the carrying capacity assumed, the time frame examined and the initial fitness of the population. A single population always fared better when the total habitat available was capable of supporting ≤1000 adults. Thus, continued habitat fragmentation can be expected to fuel the ongoing global extinction crisis and conservation efforts should be aimed at interconnecting isolated habitat patches.
Can parks protect migratory ungulates? The case of the Serengeti wildebeest
Authors: Thirgood Simon , Mosser Anna , Tham Sebastian , Hopcraft Grant , Mwangomo Ephraim , Mlengeya Titus , Kilewo Morris , Fryxell John , Sinclair A. R. E. , Borner Markus 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe conservation of migratory species can be problematic because of their requirements for large protected areas. We investigated this issue by examining the annual movements of the migratory wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus, in the 25000 km2 Serengeti‐Mara Ecosystem of Tanzania and Kenya. We used Global Positioning System telemetry to track eight wildebeest during 1999–2000 in relation to protected area status in different parts of the ecosystem. The collared wildebeest spent 90% of their time within well‐protected core areas. However, two sections of the wildebeest migration route – the Ikoma Open Area and the Mara Group Ranches – currently receive limited protection and are threatened by poaching or agriculture. Comparison of current wildebeest migration routes to those recorded during 1971–73 indicates that the western buffer zones appear to be used more extensively than in the past. This tentative conclusion has important repercussions for management and needs further study. The current development of community‐run Wildlife Management Areas as additional buffer zones around the Serengeti represents an important step in the conservation of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. This study demonstrates that detailed knowledge of movement of migratory species is required to plan effective conservation action.
PHOTOTROPISM OF DIXIPPUS MOROSUS
Authors: Yagi N. 
Published: May 2004

1. Local differences in the effects of stimulation of parts of the eye by light are expressed in Dixippus morosus by differential circus movements.
2. The angle of inclination of the body axis toward one source of light when the animal is on a vertical plane with light from one side is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the intensity of the light.
THE SURFACE TENSION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Johlin J. M. 
Published: May 2004

1. Data are given to show that surface tension values obtained by the ring method cannot be considered reliable when absolute values are desired.
2. Data are given to show that, in the case of solutions of semicolloids, surface tension values obtained for a definite period of time following the formation of a new interface cannot always be consistently reproduced by the ring method.
3. It is shown that in the case of solutions of semicolloids, equilibrium values are not readily obtained and should generally not be assumed to have been reached after any definite period of time.
4. The general difficulty of interpreting surface tension values obtained in the case of solutions of semicolloids, by any method, is emphasized.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE EQUIVALENT WEIGHT OF PROTEINS
Authors: Stearn Allen E. 
Published: May 2004

The magnitude of the correction in the fifth column of Table III may be open to some doubt, as are all corrections of such a character, and the significance of the above experiment in the author's mind lies not so much in the actual magnitude of the values given in the last column of this table as in their comparative magnitudes. For this reason the entire experiment reported was performed in a single session using the same gelatin solution, so that, whatever the magnitude of the correction, it would be the same in all cases.
Actually the results in the case of the acid titrations are in fair agreement with those of Hitchcock (8). In the present experiment it is seen that, within the limits of experimental error, one gets the same value for the number of cc. of tenth normal acid bound by 1 gm. of gelatin whether one titrates with the acid or with the gelatin. In the case of the base there is a small difference, due probably to carbon dioxide, but this effect is in a direction opposite to that which one would expect on the assumption that it is due to appreciable adsorption.
From this it is concluded that the binding due to adsorption in the case of gelatin is not significant compared to that due to chemical neutralization. The author realizes that gelatin is a poor choice for a basis of generalizations, and similar work is at present in progress on various other proteins. He does feel, however, that the conclusions of Hoffman and Gortner from their work on the prolamines may also be too widely generalized, and that, on the whole, the acid or alkali bound by adsorption in the case of proteins will not constitute the large majority of the total amounts bound, though certainly one will expect a certain amount of such binding in all cases. It also seems that before placing undue emphasis on the conclusions of these workers the possibilities of equivocal results due to specific technique should be considered. This technique consisted in introducing weighed amounts of dry protein into a definite volume of standard acid or base at the equilibrium temperature, in general, and, "after about 15 minutes, during which time the flask was shaken several times," determining the pH of the equilibrium solution. Is it possible that the actual speed of solution of the protean is such that, even though reproducible results are obtained using identical technique, actual equilibrium conditions are approached only when comparatively high concentrations of acid or alkali are employed, in which cases the solution velocity of the protein may he expected to be greater, other factors remaining constant?
THE MECHANISM OF THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
Authors: Abramson Harold A. 
Published: May 2004

1. Quartz particles and certain other particles move cataphoretically in certain soft gelatin gels, with the same velocity as in the sol. The speed is a function of the true viscosity of the sol or gel, and it is
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apparently not altered in these soft gels by the presence of gel structure. It is proportional to the applied difference of potential.
2. This finding is compatible with the fact that certain sols undergo gelation with no increase of the true viscosity although a marked change in the apparent viscosity takes place.
3. Red cells in soft gelatin-serum gels show a distinct difference in behavior. They migrate through the sol or gel with a speed that is about twice as great as the leucocytes and quartz particles, which latter particles migrate with the same velocity. This ratio has been found to hold for serum and plasma. The absolute velocities are comparatively slightly decreased by the presence of the gel.
4. In more concentrated or stiffer gels, leucocytes, red cells and quartz particles all move at first with the same velocity. By producing mechanical softening of these gels (shearing from cataphoretic movement of the micells within the cell) the red cells presently resume their previous property of independent migration through the gel.
5. The movements of particles in gelatin gels produced by a magnetic force or the force of gravity are of a different nature than those movements produced by cataphoresis.
6. The mechanical nature of obstruction to the cataphoretic migration of leucocytes and red cells in fibrin gels is briefly described.
7. The correlation of cataphoresis of microscopic particles in gels with the order of magnitude and nature of the potential differences in the capillary wall, lends additional evidence to the theory that polymorphonuclear leucocyte emigration and migration are dependent upon these potential differences.
HEMOLYSIS BY SAPONIN AND SODIUM TAUROCHOLATE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SERIES OF RYVOSH
Authors: Yeager J. Franklin 
Published: May 2004

1. The series of Ryvosh is obtained when hemolysis of the red cells of the animals concerned occurs with saponin as the lytic agent.
2. The series of Ryvosh is not obtained when R∞ is taken as the resistance constant and sodium taurocholate is used to hemolyse the cells of the same animals.
3. The hemolysin sodium taurocholate has been found to differ from saponin in that the time-dilution curves are found to approach their respective asymptotes with different values of κ.
ON THE GEOTROPIC ORIENTATION OF YOUNG MAMMALS
Authors: Crozier W. J. , Pincus G. 
Published: May 2004

Constants in equations of curves describing the geotropic orientation of young rats are repeatedly obtainable from litters of successive generations of the same inbred strains. Different inbred strains have been obtained for which the respective constants are quite unlike.
Such findings show how necessary it is to employ biologically uniform material in experiments of this kind. And at the same time they are convenient as a starting point for genetic analysis.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDIES OF PENETRATION
Authors: Irwin Marian 
Published: May 2004

Spectrophotometric measurements show that it is chiefly the trimethyl thionin that is present in the sap extracted from the vacuoles of uninjured cells of Nitella or Valonia which have been placed in methylene blue solution at a little above pH 9. Whether these measurements were made immediately or several hours later the same results were obtained. Methylene blue is detected in the sap (1) when the cells are injured or (2) when the contamination of the sap from the stained cell wall occurs at the time of extraction.
The sap is found to be incapable of demethylating methylene blue dissolved in it even on standing for several hours.
It is somewhat uncertain as to whether the trimethyl thionin penetrated as such from the external methylene blue solution which generally contains this dye as impurity (in too small concentration for detection by spectrophotometer but detectable by extraction with chloroform), or whether it has formed from methylene blue in the protoplasm. The evidences described in the text tend to favor the former explanation.
Theory is discussed on basis of more rapid penetration of trimethyl thionin (in form of free base) than of methylene blue, or of trimethyl thionin in form of salt.
HEMOLYSIS OF CHICKEN BLOOD
Authors: Shattuck G. Edgar 
Published: May 2004

1. The time-dilution curves are given for the hemolytic action of saponin, sodium taurocholate, and sodium oleate on nucleated chicken erythrocytes.
2. Saponin and sodium taurocholate cause hemolysis but leave the nuclei and ghosts in suspension, thereby making the end-point of hemolysis more arbitrary than the clear end-point for non-nucleated cell hemolysis.
3. The curves of hemolysis by saponin and taurocholate are shown to be of the same nature as are found in the hemolysis of non-nucleated cells.
4. Sodium oleate causes first hemolysis and then, in the stronger solutions, causes karyolysis. Two pairs of values for κ and c = ∞ are thus obtainable for the same reaction, one pair for the destruction of corpuscular membrane, the other pair for the destruction of the nucleus.
5. Viscosity changes are found in the lysin-cell system with strong concentrations of sodium taurocholate and sodium oleate. Time-viscosity curves are given for these changes.
6. Microscopically, the action of these lysins on the nucleated chicken red cell appears to be similar to their action on the non-nucleated erythrocytes.
CHEMICAL ANTAGONISM OF IONS
Authors: Simms Henry S. 
Published: May 2004

Magnesium ions decrease the activity of divalent organic anions much more than the normal decrease produced by sodium ions. The effect is very large with short chain acids, particularly oxalic acid.
The addition of sodium or potassium ions produces a marked decrease in the effect of magnesium diions on the activity of oxalate diions.
Quantitative data on 0.005 molar solutions of oxalic diion over a wide range of concentrations of MgCl2 and of NaCl (or KCl) show that the following equation is obeyed:
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where A is an empirical value dependent on the concentration of oxalate diion (0x=).
This equation has been shown to hold down to zero ionic strength of Na+ and K+, and hence to be valid in the physiological range.
These observations are of biological interest since the activity of proteins should (like oxalic acid) show a similar antagonism.