bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ERP Study of Second Language Learning after Childhood: Effects of Proficiency
Authors: Ojima Shiro , Nakata Hiroki , Kakigi Ryusuke 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Whether there is an absolute critical period for acquiring language is a matter of continuous debate. One approach to address this issue is to compare the processes of second language (L2) learning after childhood and those of first language (L1) learning during childhood. To study the cortical process of postchildhood L2 learning, we compared event-related brain potentials recorded from two groups of adult Japanese speakers who attained either high or intermediate proficiency in English after childhood (J-High and J-Low), and adult native English speakers (ENG). Semantic anomalies embedded in English sentences evoked a clear N400 component in all three groups, with only the time course of the brain activation varying among the groups. Syntactic violations elicited a left-lateralized negativity similar to the left anterior negativity in ENG and J-High, but not in J-Low. In ENG, a P600 component was additionally found. These results suggest that semantic processing is robust from early on in L2 learning, whereas the development of syntactic processing is more dependent on proficiency as evidenced by the lack of the left-lateralized negativity in J-Low. Because early maturation and stability of semantic processing as opposed to syntactic processing are also a feature of L1 processing, postchildhood L2 learning may be governed by the same brain properties as those which govern childhood L1 learning. We argue that these processes are qualitatively similar in many respects, with only restricted domains of language processing being subject to absolute critical period effects.
Automatic Versus Contingent Mechanisms of Sensory-Driven Neural Biasing and Reflexive Attention
Authors: Hopfinger Joseph B. , Ries Anthony J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Recent studies have generated debate regarding whether reflexive attention mechanisms are triggered in a purely automatic stimulus-driven manner. Behavioral studies have found that a nonpredictive “cue” stimulus will speed manual responses to subsequent targets at the same location, but only if that cue is congruent with actively maintained top-down settings for target detection. When a cue is incongruent with top-down settings, response times are unaffected, and this has been taken as evidence that reflexive attention mechanisms were never engaged in those conditions. However, manual response times may mask effects on earlier stages of processing. Here, we used event-related potentials to investigate the interaction of bottom-up sensory-driven mechanisms and top-down control settings at multiple stages of processing in the brain. Our results dissociate sensory-driven mechanisms that automatically bias early stages of visual processing from later mechanisms that are contingent on top-down control. An early enhancement of target processing in the extrastriate visual cortex (i.e., the P1 component) was triggered by the appearance of a unique bright cue, regardless of top-down settings. The enhancement of visual processing was prolonged, however, when the cue was congruent with top-down settings. Later processing in posterior temporal-parietal regions (i.e., the ipsilateral invalid negativity) was triggered automatically when the cue consisted of the abrupt appearance of a single new object. However, in cases where more than a single object appeared during the cue display, this stage of processing was contingent on top-down control. These findings provide evidence that visual information processing is biased at multiple levels in the brain, and the results distinguish automatically triggered sensory-driven mechanisms from those that are contingent on top-down control settings.
Biases in Attentional Orientation and Magnitude Estimation Explain Crossover: Neglect is a Disorder of Both
Authors: Mennemeier Mark , Pierce Christopher A. , Chatterjee Anjan , Anderson Britt , Jewell George , Dowler Rachael , Woods Adam J. , Glenn Tannahill , Mark Victor W. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Crossover refers to a pattern of performance on the line bisection test in which short lines are bisected on the side opposite the true center of long lines. Although most patients with spatial neglect demonstrate crossover, contemporary theories of neglect cannot explain it. In contrast, we show that blending the psychophysical construct of magnitude estimation with neglect theory not only explains crossover, but also addresses a quantitative feature of neglect that is independent of spatial deficits. We report a prospective validation study of the orientation/estimation hypothesis of crossover. Forty subjects (17 patients with and without neglect following unilateral brain injury and 23 normal controls) completed four experiments that examined crossover using line bisection, line bisection with cueing, and reproducing line lengths from both memory and a standard. Replicating earlier findings, all except one subject group exhibited crossover on the standard line bisection test, all groups showed a spontaneous preference to orient attention to one end of the lines, and all groups overestimated the length of short lines and underestimated long lines. Biases in attentional orientation and magnitude estimation are exaggerated in patients with neglect. The truly novel finding of this study occurred when, after removing the line from the bisection task, the direction of crossover was completely reversed in all subject groups depending on where attention was oriented. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis of crossover: (1) crossover is a normal component of performance on line bisection; (2) crossover results from the interplay of biases in attentional orientation and magnitude estimation; and (3) attentional orientation predicts the direction of crossover, whereas a disorder of magnitude estimation, not previously emphasized in neglect, accounts for the quantitative changes in length estimation that make crossover more obvious in neglect subjects. Paradoxically, we observed that the traditional line bisection test is suboptimal for exploring crossover because lines elicit spontaneous orientation responses from subjects that confound experimental manipulations of attention. We conclude that attentional orientation and magnitude estimation are necessary and sufficient to explain crossover and that bias in magnitude estimation is a core component of neglect.
Structural Encoding of Body and Face in Human Infants and Adults
Authors: Gliga Teodora , Dehaene-Lambertz Ghislaine 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Most studies on visual perception of human beings have focused on perception of faces. However, bodies are another important visual element, which help us to identify a member of our species in the visual scene. In order to study whether similar configural information processing is used in body and face perception, we recorded high-density even-related potentials (ERPs) to normal and distorted faces and bodies in adults and 3-month-old infants. In adults, the N1 responses evoked by bodies and faces were similar in amplitude but differed slightly in latency. The voltage topography of N1 also differed in concordance with fMRI data showing that two distinct areas are involved in face and body perception. Distortion affected ERPs to faces and bodies similarly from N1 on, although the effect was significant earlier for bodies than for faces. These results suggest that fast processing of configural information is not specific to faces but it also occurs for bodies. In 3-month-old infants, distortion decreased the amplitude of P400 around 450 msec, showing no interaction with image category. This result demonstrates that infants are not only able to recognize the normal configuration of faces, but also that of bodies. This could either be related to an innate knowledge of this particular type of biological object, or to fast learning through intense exposure during the first months of life.
Naming the Same Entities from Visual or from Auditory Stimulation Engages Similar Regions of Left Inferotemporal Cortices
Authors: Tranel Daniel , Grabowski Thomas J. , Lyon Jill , Damasio Hanna 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We have proposed that the left inferotemporal (IT) region contains structures that mediate between conceptual knowledge retrieval and word-form retrieval, and we have hypothesized that these structures are utilized for word retrieval irrespective of the sensory modality through which an entity is apprehended, thus being “modality neutral.” We tested this idea in two sensory modalities, visual and auditory, and for two categories of concrete entities, tools and animals. In a PET experiment, 10 normal participants named tools and animals either from pictures or from characteristic sounds (e.g., “scissors” from a picture of a scissors or from the sound of a scissors cutting; “rooster” from a picture of a rooster or from the sound of a rooster crowing). Visual and auditory naming of tools activated the left posterior/lateral IT; visual and auditory naming of animals activated the left anterior/ ventral IT. For both tools and animals, the left IT activations were similar in location and magnitude regardless of whether participants were naming entities from pictures or from sounds. The results provide novel evidence to support the notion that left IT structures contain “modality-neutral” systems for mediating between conceptual knowledge and word retrieval.
Electrophysiological Dissociation of Picture Versus Word Encoding: The Distinctiveness Heuristic as a Retrieval Orientation
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , Droller Daniel B. J. , Dodson Chad S. , Schacter Daniel L. , Rugg Michael D. , Holcomb Philip J. , Daffner Kirk R. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the neural processes underlying the distinctiveness heuristic— a response mode in which participants expect to remember vivid details of an experience and make recognition decisions based on this metacognitive expectation. One group of participants studied pictures and auditory words; another group studied visual and auditory words. Studied and novel items were presented at test as words only, with all novel items repeating after varying lags. ERP differences were seen between the word and picture groups for both studied and novel items. For the novel items, ERP differences were largest in frontal and central midline electrodes. In separate analyses, the picture group showed the greatest ERP differences between item types in a parietally based component from 550 to 1000 msec, whereas the word group showed the greatest differences in a frontally based component from 1000 to 2000 msec. The authors suggest that the distinctiveness heuristic is a retrieval orientation that facilitates reliance upon recollection to differentiate between item types. Although the picture group can use this heuristic and its retrieval orientation on the basis of recollection, the word group must engage additional postretrieval processes to distinguish between item types, reflecting the use of a different retrieval orientation.
Imru' al-Qays and Byzantium
Authors: Mumayiz Ibrahim 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis article presents four reasons that were instrumental in bringing Imru' al-Qays to the Byzantine emperor Justinian's notice. The poet, seeking vengeance for his father's homicide, approached the poet al-Samawa'al who contacted Arethas the Ghassinid who, in turn, interceded for the poet with Justinian, Arethas' overlord and close ally. Second, the article traces the poet's trip to Constantinople to meet Justinian and refutes assorted legendary and fictitious accounts that have been associated with the trip, viz., the poisoned robe, the affair with Justinian's daughter, the poet's appointment as Phylarch of Palestine, and the Caliph al-Ma'mūn's seeing a statue of the poet. The poet, it is shown, died of the plague on his way back from Constantinople in 542.
The Transverse Humeral Ligament
Authors: Gleason Paul D. , Beall Douglas P. , Sanders Timothy G. , Bond James L. , Ly Justin Q. , Holland Lorne L. , Pasque Charles B. 
Published: September 2005

Background No study to date has isolated the anatomical nature of the transverse humeral ligament and its relationship to the biceps tendon and the anterosuperior portion of the rotator cuff. Hypothesis There is no separate identifiable transverse humeral ligament, but rather the fibers covering the intertubercular groove are composed of a sling formed by fibers from the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendons. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods A total of 14 shoulder examinations were performed on 7 matched pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were performed, followed by gross and microscopic anatomical dissection. Results In the location of the transverse humeral ligament, magnetic resonance imaging and gross dissection revealed the continuation of superficial fibers of the subscapularis tendon from the tendon body across the intertubercular groove to attach to the greater tuberosity, whereas deeper fibers of the subscapularis tendon inserted on the lesser tuberosity. Longitudinal fibers of the supraspinatus tendon and the coracohumeral ligament were also noted to travel the length of the groove, deep to the other interdigitating fibers but superficial to the biceps tendon. Histologic studies confirmed these gross dissection patterns of fiber attachment and also revealed the absence of elastin fibers, which are more commonly seen in ligamentous structures and are typically absent from tendinous structures. Conclusion There is no identifiable transverse humeral ligament, but rather the fibers covering the intertubercular groove are composed of a sling formed mainly by the fibers of the subscapularis tendon, with contributions from the supraspinatus tendon and the coracohumeral ligament. Clinical Relevance According to our findings, dislocations of the long head of the biceps must disrupt at least the deep fibers of the annular sling created mainly by the subscapularis tendon insertion. This finding provides anatomical support for the findings of a positive biceps tendon subluxation or dislocation and subscapularis tear during glenohumeral arthroscopy with a normal-appearing subscapularis during open surgery or subacromial arthroscopy.
Predictors of Stress Fracture Susceptibility in Young Female Recruits
Authors: Shaffer Richard A. , Rauh Mitchell J. , Brodine Stephanie K. , Trone Daniel W. , Macera Caroline A. 
Published: September 2005

Background Stress fractures account for substantial morbidity for young women undergoing U.S. Marine Corps basic training. Hypothesis Certain pretraining characteristics identify women at increased risk of stress fractures during boot camp. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Data collected included baseline performance on a timed run (a measure of aerobic fitness), anthropometric measurements, and a baseline questionnaire highlighting exercise and menstrual status among 2962 women undergoing basic training at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, in 1995 and 1996. Results One hundred fifty-two recruits (5.1%) had 181 confirmed lower extremity stress fractures, with the most common sites being the tibia (25%), metatarsals (22%), pelvis (22%), and femur (20%). Logistic regression models revealed that having low aerobic fitness (a slower time on the timed run) and no menses during the past year were significantly associated with the occurrence of any stress fracture and with pelvic or femoral stress fracture during boot camp. Conclusion These findings suggest that stress fractures may be reduced if women entering Marine Corps Recruit Depot training participated in pretraining activities designed to improve aerobic fitness. Furthermore, women reporting no menses during the previous year may need additional observation during training. Clinical Relevance Consistent with previous studies, we found that low aerobic fitness was the only modifiable risk factor associated with stress fractures during boot camp.
Structural Properties of Lateral Collateral Ligament Reconstruction at the Fibular Head
Authors: Ciccone William J. , Bratton Derek R. , Weinstein David M. , Walden David L. , Elias John J. 
Published: September 2005

Background Anatomical reconstruction of a ruptured lateral collateral ligament using allograft tissue secured within the fibular head with an interference screw has been described. Hypothesis Interference fixation at the fibular head does not reproduce the strength of the intact ligament. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten intact lateral collateral ligaments were tested to failure. The distal fixation of 11 ligaments reconstructed with a graft including a bone plug and 11 ligaments reconstructed with a graft without a bone plug were also tested. Results The reconstructed ligaments consistently failed at the fibular head. The intact specimens predominately failed through ligament rupture. The mean strength and stiffness values were 460 ± 163 N and 82 ± 25 N/mm, respectively, for the intact ligaments, 113 ± 40 N and 36 ± 10 N/mm, respectively, for reconstruction with a bone plug, and 135 ± 81 N and 34 ± 14 N/mm, respectively, for reconstruction without a bone plug. The strength and stiffness were significantly (P <. 05) greater for the intact ligaments than for either reconstruction group. The variation in strength was significantly larger for reconstruction without a bone plug than for reconstruction with a bone plug. Conclusion Tension applied to lateral collateral ligaments reconstructed using fibular interference fixation should be limited immediately after surgery. Soft tissue fixation should be employed with care because of the inconsistency in the failure strength. Clinical Relevance Although fibular interference fixation is increasingly being described in the literature, the properties of reconstructed lateral collateral ligaments have not previously been quantified.
Tolerance to bronchodilation during treatment with long-acting beta-agonists, a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Haney Sarah , Hancox Robert J 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
Regular use of beta-agonists leads to tolerance to their bronchodilator effects. This can be demonstrated by measuring the response to beta-agonist following bronchoconstriction using methacholine. However most studies have demonstrated tolerance after a period of beta-agonist withdrawal, which is not typical of their use in clinical practice. This study assessed tolerance to the bronchodilator action of salbutamol during ongoing treatment with long-acting beta-agonist.

Methods
Random-order, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. After 1 week without beta-agonists, 13 asthmatic subjects inhaled formoterol 12 μg twice daily or matching placebo for 1 week. Eight hours after the first and last doses subjects inhaled methacholine to produce a 20% fall in FEV1. Salbutamol 100, 200 and 400 μg (cumulative dose) was then given at 5-minute intervals and FEV1 was measured 5 minutes after each dose. After a 1 week washout subjects crossed over to the other treatment. Unscheduled use of beta-agonists was not allowed during the study. The main outcome variable was the area under the salbutamol response curve.

Results
The analysis showed a significant time by treatment interaction indicating that the response to salbutamol fell during formoterol therapy compared to placebo. After 1 week of formoterol the area under the salbutamol response curve was 48% (95% confidence interval 28 to 68%) lower than placebo. This reduction in response remained significant when the analyses were adjusted for changes in the pre-challenge FEV1 and dose of methacholine given (p = 0.001).

Conclusion
The bronchodilator response to salbutamol is significantly reduced in patients taking formoterol. Clinically relevant tolerance to rescue beta-agonist treatment is likely to occur in patients treated with long-acting beta-agonists.
No Advantage of Dexamethasone Over Prednisolone for the Outcome of Standard- and Intermediate-Risk Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the Tokyo Children's Cancer Study Group L95-14 Protocol
Authors: Igarashi Shunji , Manabe Atsushi , Ohara Akira , Kumagai Masaaki , Saito Tomohiro , Okimoto Yuri , Kamijo Takehiko , Isoyama Keiichi , Kajiwara Michiko , Sotomatsu Manabu , Sugita Ken-ichi , Sugita Kanji , Maeda Miho , Yabe Hiromasa , Kinoshita Akitoshi , Kaneko Takashi , Hayashi Yasuhide , Ikuta Kouichiro , Hanada Ryohji , Tsuchida Masahiro 
Published: September 2005

Purpose To evaluate whether dexamethasone (DEXA) yields a better outcome than prednisolone (PRED) in a prospective, randomized, controlled trial for the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Patients and Methods Two hundred thirty-one standard-risk (SR) patients and 128 intermediate-risk (IR) non–B-cell ALL patients were registered from March 1995 to March 1999. After random assignment in each group, the PRED arm patients received PRED 60 mg/m2 during induction followed by PRED 40 mg/m2 over four intensifications in the SR group and three intensifications in the IR group. DEXA arm patients received DEXA 8 mg/m2 during induction and DEXA 6 mg/m2 during the intensifications. The maintenance phase was continued until week 104. Results Event-free survival rates at 8 years in the DEXA and PRED arms were 81.1% ± 3.9% (n = 117) and 84.4% ± 5.2% (n = 114), respectively, in the SR group (P = .217) and 84.9% ± 4.6% (n = 62) and 80.4% ± 5.1% (n = 66), respectively, in the IR group (P = .625). The primary reason for treatment failure was marrow relapse. Only two extramedullary relapses occurred in the DEXA arm compared with seven relapses in the PRED arm. Although complications were more prevalent in the DEXA arm than in the PRED arm, fatal toxicity was rare both groups. Conclusion DEXA administered at 8 mg/m2 during induction and 6 mg/m2 during intensification showed no advantage over PRED administered at 60 mg/m2 during induction and 40 mg/m2 during intensification in both the SR and IR groups.