bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics an Unnatural Practice: Political Science Looks at Female Participation
Authors: Bourque Susan , Grossholtz Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That politics is a man’s world is a familiar adage; that political science as a discipline tends to keep it that way is less well accepted, but perhaps closer to the truth. This paper addresses itself to both concerns: the sexual definition accorded to politics and the manner in which the discipline of political science perpetuates this definition. We argue that in the choice of data to be analysed and in the interpretation of that data, the discipline insists upon a narrow and exclusive definition of politics which limits political activity to a set of roles which are in this society, and many others, stereotyped as male. Since society assigns roles by sex, this differentiation is carried over into political roles.
Gender, the Public, and the Private
Authors: Okin Susan Moller 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concepts of public and private spheres of life have been central to Western political thought at least since the seventeenth century. In some respects, they have origins in classical Greek thought.1 In much of mainstream (as contrasted with feminist) political theory today, these concepts continue to be used as if relatively un problematical. Important arguments in contemporary debates depend upon the assumption that public concerns can with relative ease be distinguished from private ones, that we have a solid basis for separating out the personal from the political. Sometimes explicitly, but more often implicitly, the idea is perpetuated that these spheres are sufficiently separate, and sufficiently different, that the public or political can be discussed in isolation from the private or personal. As I shall argue in this chapter, such assumptions can be sustained only if very persuasive arguments of feminist scholars are ignored.
Feminism and Democracy
Authors: Mansbridge Jane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For centuries, while men ran governments and wrote political philosophy, the experience of women had little influence on democratic practice or thought. Recently, however, feminist ideas have been at the centre of an emerging debate about the nature of democratic politics. The dominant tradition in political science sees democracy primarily as a method of summing up individual desires rooted in self-interest. The tradition’s critics emphasize that any workable democracy requires that its citizens and representatives think not only as ‘I’, but also as ‘we: Democracy involves public discussion of common problems, not just a silent counting of individual hands. And when people talk together, the discussion can sometimes lead the participants to see their own stake in the broader interests of the community. Indeed, at its best, the democratic process resolves conflict not only by majority will, but by discovering answers that integrate the interests of minorities. Thus a ‘deliberative democracy’ does not simply register preferences that individuals already have; it encourages citizens to think about their interests differently.
Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An ideal of universal citizenship has driven the emancipatory momentum of modern political life. Ever since the bourgeoisie challenged aristocratic privileges by claiming equal political rights for citizens as such, women, workers, Jews, blacks, and others have pressed for inclusion in that citizenship status. Modern political theory asserted the equal moral worth of all persons, and social movements of the oppressed took this seriously as implying the inclusion of all persons in full citizenship status under the equal protection of the law.
Black (W)holes and the Geometry of Black Female Sexuality
Authors: Hammonds Evelynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When asked to write for the second special issue of differences on queer theory I must admit I was at first hesitant even to entertain the idea. Though much of what is now called queer theory I find engaging and intellectually stimulating, I still found the idea of writing about it disturbing. When I am asked if I am queer I usually answer yes even though the ways in which I am queer have never been articulated in the body of work that is now called queer theory.
Mujerista Theology
Authors: lsasi-Diaz Ada Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In her explanation of the origins and aspirations of mujerista theology, Ada Maria lsasi Diaz sees naming oneself as ‘one of the most powerful human acts’. Her framework is liberation feminist theology. Mujerismo derives its particularity from the lives of Hispanic women, especially in the United States, and their struggle for survival. In this excerpt, lsasi-Diaz expands on the ques tions of identity she addresses here in the fourth chapter of her book Mujerista Theology. The conclusion of that chapter is worth quoting in full and is given here too.
Editing Pornography
Authors: Barker Isabelle V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Is pornography relevant to Western feminism in the late 1990s? Or did the ‘sex wars’ of the 1980s deal sufficiently with the challenges posed by pornography? These apparently pivotal feminist debates set forth a clear set of terms for dealing with pornography-as a feminist, one would need to choose sides, one was either for pornography or against it.1 Fought largely as a legal matter, the debate took on a contentious, legalistic tone of ‘either/or’. At base, the ‘for pornography’ argument relies on upholding First Amendment rights of free speech. This approach has been charged with defending First Amendment freedoms at the expense of women, as it seems to overlook the real violence that women around the world continue to endure.
House Prices and the Macroeconomy: Implications for Banking and Price Stability
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
House price bubbles, and their aftermath, have become a focus of macro-economic policy concern in most developed countries. This book elucidates the two-way relationship between house-price fluctuations and economic fundamentals. Housing has many features which make it distinct from other assets, like equity. Real estate is not only an asset but also a durable consumption good for households, providing shelter and other housing services. As a result, a house is often the largest and most important asset of households and therefore accounts for a major share of household wealth. Similarly a large share of bank assets is tied to housing values. House price fluctuations may, therefore, have a major effect on economic activity and the soundness of the financial system. Following an introductory chapter, the book is structured into three parts.
House Prices and the Macroeconomy: Overview
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like other asset prices, house prices should equal the discounted stream of future housing returns, i.e rents, in the long run. To the extent that rents and discount factors are affected by macroeconomic shocks, these shocks should also be reflected in house prices. However, housing has many features which make it distinct from other assets, like equity. Real estate is not only an asset but also a durable consumption good for households, providing shelter and other housing services. As a result, a house is often the largest and most important asset of house- holds and therefore accounts for a major share of household wealth. Because of that, and also because it is immobile and can therefore not easily be put out of a creditor’s reach, it is also commonly used as collateral for loans, so that a large share of financial sector assets is tied to housing values.
The Orange Order
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Based on unprecedented access to the Order’s internal documents, this book provides the first systematic social history of the Orange Order - the Protestant association dedicated to maintaining the British connection in Northern Ireland. Kaufmann charts the Order’s path from the peak of its influence, in the early 1960s, to its present-day crisis. Along the way, he sketches a portrait of many of Orangeism’s leading figures, from ex-Prime Minister John Andrews to Ulster Unionist Party politicians like Martin Smyth, James Molyneaux, and David McNarry, and also includes the highly revealing correspondence with adversaries such as Ian Paisley and David Trimble. Packed with analyses of mass-membership trends and attitudes, the book also takes care to tell the story of the Order from ‘below’ as well as from above. In the process, it argues that the traditional Unionism of West Ulster is giving way to the more militant Unionism of Antrim and Belfast which is winning the hearts of the younger generation in cities and towns throughout the province.
Technologies for Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The central focus of this chapter is to explore the breadth and depth of technologies in use or that have potential for use in policing and law enforcement. However, this focus is not viewed through the lens of an IT perspective but rather in terms of a Knowledge Management (KM) orientation to police technological resources.
Initially, the foundations for selecting appropriate technologies for police and law enforcement use will be laid with a brief overview of how various technologies have been classified. Next, a new classification scheme or typology using a matrix design is presented along with a range of specific software examples and applications.
A Chronology of European Security & Defence 1945—2007
Authors: Lindley-French Julian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Chronology of European Security and Defence 1945-2006 is a unique and authoritative source of reference for all those with an interest in European defence and security over the last 60 years. An extensively annotated chronology, the book offers a blow-by-blow account of the events that have shaped the Europe of today. The book carefully places each event in context, explaining what happened, where, when, and why. Month-by-month, year-by-year Europe's recent past is laid out and explained. With its accessible layout, rich detail, and balanced analysis, the book will be essential reading and reference for scholars, students, policy-makers and policy-analysts alike.
Introduction
Authors: Colvin Madeleine , Cooper Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A fair and effective criminal justice system lies at the heart of human rights protection. There is no aspect of the investigation and prosecution of crime that does not engage key international human rights standards that protect and promote civil and political rights. It is no coincidence that the overwhelming majority of cases before international human rights courts and tribunals concern the investigation and prosecution of crime, and the right to a fair criminal trial remains the most litigated of all human rights. This book is designed for the busy practitioner who is aware of the relationship between human rights and criminal law and procedure, but who needs to be informed more extensively as well as practically, about the impact they have on each other. Each chapter, therefore, addresses the different aspects of the investigation and prosecution of crime, from surveillance operations to sentencing.
Evidence
Authors: Powles Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ECHR itself contains little specific reference to the rules of evidence in criminal proceedings. Most evidential issues will involve consideration of the presumption of innocence in Article 6(2), or of Article 6(3)(d), which gives each criminal defendant ‘the right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him’. The minimum guarantees set out in Article 6(3)(d), and indeed, all the minimum guarantees in Article 6(3) are specific aspects of the right to a fair trial and have been held by the European Court not to be exhaustive. It follows that a trial may provide the minimum rights guaranteed in Article 6(3) but still be held to be unfair according to Article 6(1).
Inequality is bad for the poor
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has long been argued that high inequality should be of little concern in poor countries on the grounds that: (i) absolute poverty in terms of consumption (or income) is the overriding issue, and (ii) the only thing that really matters to the reduction of absolute poverty is the rate of economic growth. Some observers have gone a step further to argue that (iii) higher inequality is the unavoidable by-product of the economic growth needed to reduce poverty. The message for policy is that developing countries—including their poor—need not worry about inequality.
Inequality within the household reconsidered
Authors: Burton Peter , Phipps Shelley , Woolley Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The choice between the different units [the individual or the household] depends in part on the empirical question of how far incomes are in practice shared, and on this there is very little evidence. Earlier it was suggested that within the nuclear family there is an important degree of income-sharing, but we know very little about just how equally income is divided among different members. (Atkinson 1975: 42, emphasis in original)
The Responsibility of Host States to Foreign Investors: Customary International Law
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prior to 1917, it appears to have been accepted among the principal nations— without a great deal of discussion—that a state that took an alien ‘s property was obligated to make prompt and adequate compensation. It was not clear whether this understanding was derived from a general principle of law—for instance the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 17892—or was unique to international law. The understanding tended to coalesce with the principle that aliens are entitled, with respect to their property, to at least equality of treatment with nationals of the taking state. Since virtually every nation recognized the right of private property and the duty of the state to compensate an owner of property taken for public use, the property of foreign investors generally would be protected by a national treatment standard.
Competitive Electricity Markets and Investment in New Generating Capacity
Authors: Joskow* Paul L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Policy-makers in many countries are expressing concerns that competitive wholesale electricity markets are not providing appropriate incentives to stimulate ‘adequate’ investment in new generating capacity at the right time, in the right places, and using the right technologies. These concerns are often expressed in the context of concerns about ‘supply security’, ‘reliability’, ‘resource adequacy’, or ‘supply diversity’. In most cases the concerns have been raised as policy-makers observe growing electricity demand, shrinking reserve margins, and rising prices, but little evidence of investment in new generating capacity responding to balance supply and demand consistent with traditional metrics for generation resource ‘adequacy’.
Measuring european financial Integration
Authors: Baele Lieven , HöRdahl Annalisa Ferrando Peter , Monnet Elizaveta Krylova Cyril 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the last decade, the European financial landscape has changed dramatically, and the establishment of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) seems to have, This chapter draws on the results of a project on ‘Measuring financial integration in the euro area’, conducted while Lieven Baele and Elizaveta Krylova were visiting the European Central Bank (ECB).
European Integration Of Payments Systems
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Holthausen Cornelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As they allow the transfer of property rights, payment systems play a key role in the smooth functioning of the economy. They consist of all the procedures needed for monetary transfers among economic agents, be it for retail transactions (cash, cheque, or card payments) or for large-value transactions, that is, transfers between large financial players.
Public Expenditure Trends in Light of Human Resource Development
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic development in a country is by and large influenced by government policies, in particular through public expenditure in the budget. Thus, it is important to analyse trends in the allocation of public expenditures in order to clarify how efficiently they could affect the patterns of a nation’s development. In recent years, the tendency has been to emphasize the role of public expenditure to develop human resources, via social services such as education and health, as well as real resources, in the public sector.
Low-Wage Services: Interpreting the US-German Difference
Authors: Freeman Richard B , Schettkat Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Services are the main sector of employment growth in advanced countries, and the principal area of difference between US and West European employment. Between 1970 and 1995 the USA increased the ratio of service employment to adult population by 15 percentage points while manufacturing employment per adult fell. In Germany (West) manufacturing employment relative to the population also fell, while service sector employment per adult rose. Employment in service sector jobs per adult increased by about 9 percentage points in Germany–6 points less than in the USA. The 6 point difference in the growth of service sector jobs per adult accounts for about 75 per cent of the 1980-95 increased gap between the German and US employment/population ratios. Since Germany and the USA had similar employment/population rates in 1970, the service sector difference also explains roughly three-quarters of the actual 1995 US-German difference in employment/population ratios overall. Thus, service industries are crucial for any explanation of the US-German differentials in employment trends.
Japan’s Public Pension System in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Horioka Charles Yuji 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s public pension system is essentially a pay-as-you-go system that is fraught with problems. It has an adverse impact on the inter- and intragenerational allocation of resources, on the labor supply of the aged and of women, and on national saving, and it implicitly condones the widespread evasion of pension contributions.
Women’s Autonomy and Reproductive Behaviour in India
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Regional disparities in reproductive behaviour are well established in India: the recent National Family Health Survey (IIPS 1995) observes a total fertility rate of 3.39 for the country as a whole, ranging from 3.6 to 4.8 in the five large northern states of Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh to between 2.0 and 2.8 in the four southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. The total fertility rate is as high as 5.2 in Uttar Pradesh, but as low as 2.5 in Tamil Nadu; age at marriage is 17.9 among rural women in Uttar Pradesh but 20.0 in Tamil Nadu. Likewise, wide differences are observed in rural infant mortal ity rates (126.5 and 76.2 per 1,000 live births, respectively), current contraceptive use rates (16.7 per cent and 49.2 per cent, respectively) and ideal family size (3.5 and 2.1, respectively).
Reassessing the Diamond –Mirrlees Efficiency Theorem
Authors: Hammond Peter J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the 1950s, much of the work in welfare economics had become increasingly critical of what had been accomplished during the 1930s and 1940s. It was realized that, unless all distortions in the economy could be removed, the usual first-order conditions might all become invalid. This apparently very robust negative conclusion had already been discussed in Samuelson (1947: 252-3), but it culminated in the work of Lipsey and Lancaster (1956).
Toward Consolidated Democracies
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is necessary to begin by saying a few words about three minimal conditions that must obtain before there can be any possibility of speaking of democratic consolidation. First, in a modern polity, free and authoritative elections cannot be held, winners cannot exercise the monopoly of legitimate force, and citizens cannot effectively have their rights protected by a rule of law unless a state exists. In some parts of the world, conflicts about the authority and domain of the polis and the identities and loyalties of the demos are so intense that no state exists. No state, no democracy.
International Subcontracting in the Textile and Clothing Industry
Authors: Graziani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Less and less of a Benetton shirt is assembled in Italy and more and more of it by independent external suppliers in South America, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Only the major strategic functions-design, cutting, quality control, and distribution-are still handled in-house in Treviso. Similarly, Levi’s denim jeans are largely sewn in Asia and in Mexico, while Marks & Spencer sources its apparel items from a dozen developing countries. Some members of the business community have even suggested that ‘made in Italy’ or ‘made in the USA’ labels are obsolete and that one should rather stress the ‘Italian style’ or the ‘American style’.
Malta
Authors: Pullicino Joseph Said 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the advent of British rule in 1800, the Maltese legal system became exposed to new and perhaps more liberal ideas. The independence of the judiciary, trial by jury in criminal matters, the presumption of innocence of the accused, freedom from arrest without prompt trial (habeas corpus), the rule of law, and the equality of all before the law, aimed at ensuring speedy and impartial justice: in Malta these notions have their origin in the first fifty years of British rule.
Mao’s Crusade
Authors: Chan Alfred L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During 1957 and 1958 Mao was seized by a vision that the Chinese economy could develop rapidly in leaps and bounds by relying on intuition and mass spontaneity. As a consequence, he single-handedly launched a colossal mobilization campaign called the Great Leap Forward, which featured many radical policy innovations, including the people's communes. This book is the first in-depth and original study of policy formulation and implementation during the Leap to link the roles of Mao, the central leaders, the ministries, and the province of Guangdong. Rejecting the theory that the Leap was an outcome of bureaucratic politics and competition, the study establishes beyond doubt the supreme and dominant position of Mao in initiating and commanding the Leap. Alfred L. Chan goes further than propounding a Mao-dominant model by documenting the strategic and tactical moves made by Mao in order to neutralize all opposition and to carry the day. He also discusses in detail the policy roles and input of other top leaders on whom the improvising Mao relied to feed his imagination and to flesh out his policies. In the chapters on the implementation of the Leap, Dr Chan explores how the ministries of Metallurgy and Agriculture were transformed from bureaucratic agencies into agents of mobilization, and how impossible targets forced them to keep up appearances by focussing on the rituals of mass mobilization. Similarly, other chapters on Guangdong show the simultaneously fervent, ritualistic, and desperate attempts to implement every hunch and intuition emanating from the centre. Exhaustive research using new material made available in the post-Mao era, as well as archives from the 1950s and 1960s, has yielded novel and original insights into the leader Mao, central decision-making, and policy implementation in the communist hierarchy.