bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of the BiRmingham Early Detection In untREated psyChosis Trial (REDIRECT): cluster randomised controlled trial of general practitioner education in detection of first episode psychosis [ISRCTN87898421]
Authors: Tait Lynda , Lester Helen , Birchwood Max , Freemantle Nick , Wilson Sue 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Treatment delay in first episode psychosis is common. As general practitioners are the first point of contact for many individuals with first episode psychosis, they are well placed to detect the early symptoms and make urgent referrals to specialist secondary care services. However, early psychosis is often difficult to detect. The primary objective of the Redirect trial is to estimate whether an educational intervention targeted at general practitioners increases the general practitioner referral rate of young people with first episode psychosis to Early Intervention Services.

Methods/design
This paper describes the design of a stratified-cluster randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention on first episode psychosis in primary care. The primary outcome is the number of general practitioner referrals of young people with first episode psychosis to Early Intervention Services. Secondary outcomes are duration of untreated psychosis, time to recovery, use of the Mental Health Act, and general practitioner consultation rate. Young people with first episode psychosis referred to Early Intervention Services will be recruited over a two-year period from 1 March 2004. Seventy-eight out of 89 eligible general practices were recruited. The educational intervention has been implemented and evaluated by general practitioners. The education was well received and considered relevant to clinical practice by the general practitioners.

Discussion
The results suggest that the recruitment strategy and implementation of the educational intervention are feasible and acceptable in a primary care setting. The Redirect trial will provide robust information about the efficacy of an evidence-based complex educational intervention targeted at general practitioners on referral rates of young people with first episode psychosis to Early Intervention Services.
Autocrine/Paracrine Role of Inflammation-Mediated Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin Expression in Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Linscheid Philippe , Seboek Dalma , Zulewski Henryk , Keller Ulrich , Müller Beat 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Human adipose tissue is a contributor to inflammation- and sepsis-induced elevation of serum procalcitonin (ProCT). Several calcitonin (CT) peptides, including ProCT, CT gene-related peptide (CGRP), and adrenomedullin (ADM) are suspected mediators in human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expression, interactions, and potential roles of adipocyte-derived CT peptide production. Expression of CT peptide-specific transcripts was analyzed by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR in human adipose tissue biopsies and three different inflammation-challenged human adipocyte models. ProCT, CGRP, and ADM secretions were assessed by immunological methods. Adipocyte transcriptional activity, glycerol release, and insulin-mediated glucose transport were studied after exogenous CGRP and ADM exposure. With the exception of amylin, CT peptides were expressed in adipose tissue biopsies from septic patients, inflammation-activated mature explanted adipocytes, and macrophage-activated preadipocyte-derived adipocytes. ProCT and CGRP productions were significantly augmented in IL-1β and lipopolysaccharide-challenged mesenchymal stem cell-derived adipocytes but not in undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. In contrast, ADM expression occurred before and after adipogenic differentiation. Interferon-γ coadministration inhibited IL-1β-mediated ProCT and CGRP secretion by 78 and 34%, respectively but augmented IL-1β-mediated ADM secretion by 50%. Exogenous CGRP and ADM administration induced CT, CGRP I, and CGRP II mRNAs and dose-dependently (10−10 and 10−6m) enhanced glycerol release. In contrast, no CGRP- and ADM-mediated effects were noted on ADM, TNFα, and IL-1β mRNA abundances. In summary, CGRP and ADM are two differentially regulated novel adipose tissue secretion factors exerting autocrine/paracrine roles. Their lipolytic effect (glycerol release) suggests a metabolic role in adipocytes during inflammation.
Effect of Chain Length of Cationic Model Peptides on Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Niidome Takuro , Matsuyama Noboru , Kunihara Makoto , Hatakeyama Tomomitsu , Aoyagi Haruhiko 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Cationic model peptides containing simple repeats, H-(LARL)3-(LRAL)n-NH2 (n = 0, 1, 2, and 3), were synthesized, and their antibacterial and hemolytic activities were investigated. Antibacterial activity decreased with an increase in the chain length of the peptides, whereas the reverse situation was found for hemolytic activity. As a result of measuring the bacterial membrane permeabilization, it was indicated that the complicated surface membrane structure of bacteria prevented the penetration of the long and rigid peptides into the inner membrane portion. Another peptide, H-(LARL)3-PRAL-(LRAL)2-NH2, which has a kink in the middle portion of the molecule, showed some antibacterial activity in spite of its long peptide chain.
Physicochemical Properties of Micelles of Poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine-b-ethylene Oxide) in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Li Yuan , Khanal Anil , Kawasaki Nobuo , Oishi Yushi , Nakashima Kenichi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Micelles of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine-b-ethylene oxide) (PS-b-P2VP-b-PEO) triblock copolymer were prepared in aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of the micelles were investigated by dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential measurements, atomic-force microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The micelles had an average diameter of about 200 nm under acidic conditions. The addition of dextran sulfate to a micellar solution under acidic conditions resulted in a significant decrease in the micelle size. This was due to a conformational change in the P2VP block form extended to shrunken forms after the cationic P2VP block was electrically neutralized with negative dextran sulfate. The release of anionic dye (Eosin Y) from the micelle particles was studied by a dialysis method, and proved to take tens of hours.
Pemetrexed Therapy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Puto Katarzyna , Garey Jody S 
Published: March 2005

OBJECTIVE: To review pemetrexed, a novel multi-targeted antifolate agent. DATA SOURCES: A literature search was conducted (1985–September 2004) using MEDLINE and CANCERLIT. Recent abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology were also included, along with the manufacturer's information. Key words were pemetrexed, LY-231514, Alimta, multi-targeted antifolate, malignant pleural mesothelioma. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Relevant information on pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety and efficacy of pemetrexed from clinical trials was selected. DATA SYNTHESIS: Pemetrexed inhibits folate metabolism and purine/pyrimidine synthesis. Based on Phase I and II trials, pemetrexed has antitumor activity in solid tumors such as lung, colorectal, and cervical. A pivotal Phase III study in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) demonstrated survival superiority of pemetrexed—cisplatin regimen versus cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS: Pemetrexed is a promising new drug for the treatment of solid malignancies, most notably MPM.
Satisfaction with Pharmacotherapy for Approved and Off-Label Indications—A Delphi Study
Authors: Kos Mitja , Wertheimer Albert I , Mrhar Ales 
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND: Prescribing for non-approved uses is widespread in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and pediatric illnesses, but it is by no means limited to these areas. Few studies have been performed evaluating reasons for off-label prescribing. OBJECTIVE: To explore the satisfaction with drug therapy as one of the potential reasons for off-label uses by testing a hypothesis that the satisfaction with drug therapy for off-label indications is lower than for approved indications. METHODS: The study compared the satisfaction with drug therapy for known off-label indications with a control group of approved indications. Twenty-four of the first 50 single-ingredient drugs, according to their share in the drug cost budget of the Slovenian Compulsory Health Insurance, had 86 different off-label indications eligible for inclusion. A control group of 86 approved indications was randomly selected from the list of all possible approved indications for the same 24 drugs. A 2–round Delphi technique, involving an expert panel of physicians who are members of the drug regulatory agency, was used to evaluate the satisfaction with drug therapy for selected indications. RESULTS: After the second round of the Delphi study, the median scores of satisfaction with drug therapy for approved and off-label indications were 7.00 and 6.50, respectively (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the satisfaction with available drug therapy for off-label indications is lower than for approved indications. The statistical association, biologic plausibility, and coherence with existing information, as well as the temporality of the association, provide supporting evidence that low satisfaction with drug therapy is one of the incentives for off-label use.
Rimonabant—A Selective CB1 Antagonist
Authors: Boyd Steven Thomas , Fremming Brad Allen 
Published: March 2005

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of rimonabant, a new selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist. DATA SOURCES: Primary literature and review articles were obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966–November 2004) using the key terms obesity, smoking cessation, cannabinoid, rimonabant, SR 141716, and SR 141716a. Additional studies and abstracts were identified from the bibliographies of reviewed literature. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies and review articles related to rimonabant and the endocannabinoid system were reviewed. Data pertinent to this article were included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Rimonabant is a selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist. Recent data have demonstrated beneficial effects of rimonabant in obesity, smoking cessation, and metabolic syndrome. Animal studies using rimonabant have shown a positive role for reducing hunger, caloric intake, and body weight and in increasing satiety. In humans, rimonabant appears to be effective for treatment of obesity and smoking cessation. Ongoing studies will examine the effect of rimonabant on obesity, metabolic syndrome, smoking cessation, and alcohol abuse. To date, the incidence of adverse effects with rimonabant has been slightly greater than placebo, with the most common being nausea. CONCLUSIONS: Rimonabant appears to be a promising drug in an entirely new class called selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists. The drug may be approved for treatment of obesity and smoking cessation in 2005. Additional studies are ongoing that may provide information on other clinical uses for this medication.
The Impact of Anti-Stalking Training on Front Line Service Providers: Using the Anti-Stalking Training Evaluation Protocol (ASTEP)
Authors: Harmon RB , O'Connor M , Forcier A , Collins M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The Anti-Stalking Training Evaluation Protocol (ASTEP) was developed to provide Safe Horizon, a large victim service provider, with an opportunity to evaluate and improve its anti-stalking training program. This report presents the results of this effort to measure Safe Horizon staff's knowledge and general perceptions about stalking, and to assess the impact of anti-stalking training on knowledge about the anti-stalking law, and stalking in general. Although these trainees appeared familiar with stalking issues, they were able to benefit from information about different types of stalkers and stalking, and about the legal options available to victims. The implication of the findings is that, if relatively well-informed staff members of a large victim services agency can benefit from training about stalking behavior, anti-stalking legislation and the needs of stalking victims, there is almost certainly a need for such training among a wider population of victim service providers, law enforcement professionals, and the general public.
Fingerprint Detection on Counterfeit US$ Banknotes: The Importance of Preliminary Paper Examination
Authors: Azoury M , Cohen D , Himberg K , Qvintus-Leino P , Saari T , Almog J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Two seizures of counterfeit 100 US$ bills related to the same indicative number were submitted for processing of latent fingerprints. On one group of notes, identifiable fingerprints could be detected by the routine application of amino acid reagents. In the second case, this technique gave no results, even on deliberately deposited prints. Fingerprints could be revealed, however, by cyanoacrylate fuming followed by magnetic powder. Comprehensive paper analysis showed that banknotes from both seizures differed remarkably by chemical composition as well as paper macroscopic properties. The difference in surface free energy (related to surface tension) of the banknotes in the two groups seemed to be the major factor responsible for the great variance in fingerprint detectability.
Simultaneous Separation of Different Types of Amphetamine and Piperazine Designer Drugs by Capillary Electrophoresis with a Chiral Selector
Authors: Bishop SC , McCord BR , Gratz SR , Loeliger JR , Witkowski MR 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The recent emergence of a new class of piperazine-type compounds has brought about the need for laboratory screening methods for both seized drugs and toxicological samples. These piperazine compounds, which include 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP) and 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) piperazine (TFMPP), exhibit comparable physiological effects and can be substituted for the classic amphetamine-type drugs. We have optimized a chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation that detects a set of 6 piperazine and 4 chiral amphetamine compounds in under 23 min using a 200 mM phosphate buffer at a pH = 2.8 with 20 mM hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). In addition to the above compounds, a series of “clandestine” BZP diHCl samples were also analyzed using this method to assess the ruggedness of the procedure. The novel CE separation was tailored to simultaneously detect these piperzine compounds in addition to amphetamine-type drugs. Distinct migration time and UV-spectral data were obtained for all compounds of interest.
Population Variation in Femur Subtrochanteric Shape
Authors: Wescott DJ 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Use of proximal femur shape to determine ancestry has appeal, but its validity is problematic because of unaddressed issues associated with skeletal plasticity, within- and between-population variation, sample selection, and interobserver error. In this paper, I inspect within- and between-group variation in proximal femur shape using five groups (American Blacks, American Whites, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Polynesians), and examine the affect of three environmental variables (subsistence strategy, physical terrain, and geographical region). Finally, I consider the validity of using the proximal femur to assess ancestry. The results show that there is significant within-group variation in proximal femur shape. Among Native Americans, both geographical location and subsistence strategy have a significant affect on proximal femur shape. Nevertheless, this study generally verifies the assertion that the proximal femur can be used reliably to distinguish Native Americans from American Blacks and Whites, but its precision may be reduced in some geographical regions.
Grip preference, dermatoglyphics, and hand use in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Hopkins William D. , Russell Jamie L. , Hostetter Autumn , Pilcher Dawn , Dahl Jeremy F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper examined the association between grip type, hand use, and fingerprint patterns in a sample of captive chimpanzees. Grip type for simple reaching was assessed for the left and right hand and classified as thumb‐index, middle‐index, or single‐digit responses. Fingerprint patterns were characterized as whorls, loops, or arches on each finger. The results indicated that chimpanzees exhibit significantly more thumb‐index responses for the right compared to the left hand. In addition, thumb‐index responses were more prevalent for subjects that had a whorl compared to a loop or arch on their thumb. The results suggest that fingerprint patterns are associated with individual differences in grasping type in chimpanzees as well as some variation in hand use. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:57‐62, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization and structural role of disulfide bonds in a highly knotted thionin from Pyrularia pubera
Authors: Vila‐Perelló Miquel , Andreu David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDisulfide bonds play a crucial role in the stabilization of the amphipathic folding of the diverse families of cysteine‐rich antimicrobial peptides. The determination of cysteine pairings in these peptides has largely depended on sequence homology criteria, since the classical methods of disulfide bond characterization, which usually require proteolysis as a first step, encounter serious drawbacks derived from the tight folding and the presence of vicinal cysteines. We have chosen the Pyrularia pubera thionin, a 47‐residue peptide with four internal disulfides and a remarkable resistance to most proteases, as a representative member of this type of cysteine‐rich peptides and have shown that a combination of partial reduction and cyanylation readily allows the determination of its disulfide bonds. We have also studied by molecular dynamics and a combination of partial reduction and proteolysis the role of disulfide bonds in the stabilization of the tridimensional structure of this thionin and found a good agreement with our partial reduction data, suggesting that removal of only one disulfide bond is enough to significantly alter the folding of the peptide. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 80: 697–707, 2005This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Relationship between αGal epitope expression and decrease of tumorigenicity in pancreatic adenocarcinoma model
Authors: Aubert Muriel , Crotte Christian , Benkoel Liliane , Panicot‐Dubois Laurence , Bernard Jean‐Paul , Lombardo Dominique , Sadoulet Marie‐Odile , Mas Eric 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe αGal epitope is a carbohydrate structure, Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc‐R, synthesized on glycoconjugates in many mammals by α1,3galactosyltransferase. Humans do not express this epitope and present in serum large amounts of naturally occuring antibodies, which recognize the αGal epitopes and participate in the hyperacute rejection of xenograft. Studies indicated that the fundamental mechanism of hyperacute rejection involving the αGal epitope expression can be used in cancer therapy. We have previously suggested that the αGal epitope expression by human pancreatic tumoral cells could decrease the tumorigenic behavior of these cells. To determine whether the expression of the αGal epitope can modify the tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells, we used a Syrian golden hamster pancreatic adenocarcinoma experimental model. The expression of αGal epitopes in the Syrian golden hamster pancreatic cancer cell line HaP‐T1 was obtained by selecting stable cell clones transfected with murine α1,3galactosyltransferase gene. The αGal epitope expression resulted in a delay in the tumoral development of HaP‐T1 cells in vivo after allograft transplantation of Syrian golden hamsters (2.5‐fold, P < 0.05) and of nude mice. This result is associated with an 100% increase in survival time of nude mice bearing tumors expressing the αGal epitope. Our results confirm that the cell surface expression of αGal epitope decreases the tumorigenic behavior of pancreatic cancer cells. This novel property may be useful for the development of cancer gene immunotherapy strategy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spin dynamics in p‐doped InAs/GaAs quantum dots
Authors: Braun P. F. , Lombez L. , Marie X. , Urbaszek B. , Sénès M. , Amand T. , Kalevich V. , Kavokin K. , Krebs O. , Voisin P. , Ustinov V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe have investigated the optical orientation dynamics of positively charged excitons in p‐doped InAs/GaAs quantum dots. We observe a hole spin memory effect in photoluminescence experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative behavioral changes in postpubertal rats after neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Flores Gonzalo , Silva‐Gómez Adriana B. , Ibáñez Osvaldo , Quirion Remi , Srivastava Lalit K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe neonatal ventral hippocampal (nVH) and the neonatal prefrontal cortex (nPFC) lesions in rats have been used as models to test the hypothesis that early neurodevelopmental abnormalities lead to behavioral changes putatively linked to schizophrenia. We investigated the role of the nVH and the nPFC lesions on behavioral characteristics related to locomotor behaviors, social interaction, and grooming. Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the VH, the PFC, or both were made in neonatal Sprague‐Dawley rats (postnatal day 7, P7) and their behaviors studied at P35 and P60. No significant differences in any of the behaviors were observed between sham animals and rats with ibotenic acid lesions at P35. Postpubertally (at P60), the spontaneous locomotor activity of nVH‐lesioned rats was significantly enhanced compared to the sham controls; however, this hyperactivity was reversed by nVH and nPFC double lesions. Neonatal PFC lesion alone did not alter spontaneous activity, although a trend of increased activity was observed. The duration of grooming was significantly decreased in rats with neonatal lesions of the VH. Similar to the data on locomotion, nVH plus nPFC lesion normalized the grooming behavior. Lesion of the PFC alone was without any significant effect on grooming behavior. Neonatal VH‐lesioned animals spent less time in active social interaction, and this effect persisted even in nVH plus nPFC‐lesioned animals. By itself, nPFC lesion did not alter social behavior. These data suggest that subtle developmental aberrations within PFC caused by nVH lesions, rather than the lesion of PFC itself, may contribute to some of the behavioral changes seen in the nVH‐lesioned rats. Synapse 56:147–153, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.