bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FATE OF NASALLY INSTILLED POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN NORMAL AND CONVALESCENT MONKEYS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROBLEM OF HOST TO HOST TRANSMISSION
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

With a method of intranasal instillation of poliomyelitis virus that brings about infection of all M. rhesus monkeys subjected to it, a study was undertaken of the fate of nasally instilled virus in normal and convalescent, immune animals. Control experiments revealed that nasal mucosa of normal monkeys contained no observable antiviral factors and that when five or ten minimal cerebral infective doses were added to the mucosa, virus could be detected by the employed procedure. In the olfactory bulbs even a single infective dose could be recovered, since suspensions of both bulbs could be transferred to the brain of a monkey without any loss of material.
After nasal instillation of virus in normal monkeys, it disappeared quickly (4 hours or less) and could be recovered neither from the excised nasal mucosa nor from the olfactory bulbs during the first 48 hours. At 72 hours, just before or coincident with the first rise of temperature, virus was found in very small amounts in the nasal mucosa and for the first time also in the olfactory bulbs. At 96 hours, at least 3 days before the appearance of nervous signs, and later, while virus continued to be present in considerable amounts in the olfactory bulbs (and presumably elsewhere in the central nervous system), none was detected in the nasal mucosa. In convalescent, immune animals receiving the same strain of virus intranasally which caused the original infection, none could be recovered from the nasal mucosa or central nervous system at 4 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 days. The bearing of these observations on the problem of host to host transmission of poliomyelitis virus is discussed.
CARCINOMA IN THE LEOPARD FROG: ITS PROBABLE CAUSATION BY A VIRUS
Authors: Lucké Balduin 
Published: June 2004

An epithelial tumor with acidophilic intranuclear inclusions frequently occurs in the kidneys of leopard frogs. This tumor usually has the appearance of an infiltrating and destructive adenocarcinoma, which, when large, not uncommonly metastasizes; less often it is more orderly and adenomatous.
When inoculated as living fragments or cell suspensions into the lymph sacs, the cranial cavity, or the abdomen, no significant local growth results and the implanted material is resorbed. However, in approximately 20 per cent of the frogs surviving inoculation for more than 6 months, tumors develop in the kidney, which are like the "spontaneous" neoplasms. The incidence far exceeds that in the controls.
Desiccated and glycerinated tumor injected into the abdomen gives the same result as inoculation with living tumor; in somewhat over 20 per cent of animals surviving more than 6 months kidney tumors occur.
In alien species of frogs, no such tumors are produced by inoculation either with living or with desiccated tumor.
These experiments indicate the probability that the kidney tumor of the leopard frog is caused by an inclusion-forming, organ-specific virus.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Di Somma A. A. 
Published: June 2004

With the view of making new types of chemicals accessible for investigations on drug hypersensitiveness, methods have been devised for sensitizing animals with diazomethane and mustard oil, two non-aromatic compounds.
Guinea pigs have been sensitized to diazomethane, a substance of high reactivity and known to cause severe allergic effects in man.
With the second substance, allylisothiocyanate, likewise capable of forming conjugates with substances in the animal body, sensitization effects have been obtained in man and in hogs. Sensitization in human beings was successful with one out of six individuals treated.
The observations indicate species and individual differences as regards the ability to become sensitized to various chemical compounds.
STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: King Lester S. 
Published: June 2004

The action of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig brain has been studied, and various histological changes have been described in detail. After peripheral inoculation (as in the pad) the earliest detectable pathologic change in the nervous system is the accumulation of leucocytes within the lumen of blood vessels, and the proliferation of the vascular adventitia. This precedes the appearance of any significant perivascular cuffing, and may or may not be accompanied by a few polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the tissue.
The typical lesion is a fairly well circumscribed focus of polymorphonuclear leucocytes accompanying the blood vessel changes described above. The leucocytes may be numerous or sparse, and may or may not be accompanied by neuronal destruction.
In early cases, before the onset of symptoms, such circumscribed lesions appear in small number irregularly scattered through the gray matter. The neo- and olfactory cortices are the principal sites of predilection, although basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, and lower olfactory centers may also be involved. The hippocampus is much less affected than other parts of the brain.
A rough distinction is made between inflammatory and degenerative lesions, a distinction which depends on the relationship between the neuronal destruction and the exudative changes in any given site. These two types are described, and their significance is discussed.
After intracerebral inoculation, the inflammatory changes are much less marked than after peripheral inoculation. This is due not to insufficient time for the development of lesions but to a different type of pathological process.
Following intracerebral inoculation, there is primary destruction of neurones, involving especially the hippocampus, and also large areas of the neo-cortex. This change, similar to ischemic necrosis, is regarded in part as a non-specific reaction of especially vulnerable tissue.
PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES IN THE SERUM OF SYPHILITIC RABBITS
Authors: Turner Thomas B. 
Published: June 2004

1. When an emulsion containing virulent Treponema pallidum is added to serum from normal rabbits and from untreated immune syphilitic rabbits that have been infected with a homologous strain of T. pallidum the mixture incubated at 37°C., and injected intracutaneously into normal rabbits, typical syphilitic lesions commonly develop at the sites of inoculation of the normal serum-spirochete mixture, while at the sites of inoculation of immune serum-spirochete mixtures usually either no lesion develops or else the incubation period of the resulting lesions is shorter and the lesions remain smaller than those produced by normal serum-spirochete mixtures.
2. In a series of preliminary experiments, of 56 areas inoculated with serum-spirochete mixtures, in 42 the suppressive action of the syphilitic serum was manifest, in 10 areas questionable evidence of protection was noted, and in 4 areas there was no evidence that the syphilitic serum had exerted a suppressive or protective action.
3. The protective action of syphilitic serum seems to have been lessened by heating to 56°C.
4. The results of the protection test in three other series of experiments were as follows: (a) Of 12 areas in 6 rabbits inoculated with normal serum-spirochete mixtures typical syphilitic lesions developed, while in the same number of areas inoculated with immune serum-spirochete mixtures there was complete or partial suppression of lesions in all. (b) Of 45 areas inoculated with serum from 10 different immune syphilitic rabbits, definite evidence of protection was observed in 37, questionable evidence in 5, and no evidence of protection in 3. (c) Of 8 areas in 4 rabbits inoculated with immune serum-spirochete mixtures no lesions developed during the period of observation, while of 8 areas in the same rabbits inoculated with one of two normal serum-spirochete mixtures typical syphilitic lesions developed in each.
CELLULAR REACTIONS TO A DYE-PROTEIN WITH A CONCEPT OF THE MECHANISM OF ANTIBODY FORMATION
Authors: Sabin Florence R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The use of an antigen which can be seen within cells demonstrates that one may stimulate the phagocytic cells either of the liver and spleen or of the tissues and lymph nodes to produce antibodies.
2. The appearance of antibodies in the serum correlates with the time when the dye-protein is no longer visible within the cells and with the phenomenon of a partial shedding of their surface films.
3. It is thus inferred that the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system normally produce globulin and that antibody globulin represents the synthesis of a new kind of protein under the influence of an antigen.
4. An antigen is a substance which can specifically modify the synthesis of the cytoplasm of the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system.
PRODUCTION IN MONKEYS OF COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODIES WITHOUT ACTIVE IMMUNITY BY INJECTION OF KILLED PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Coggeshall L. T. 
Published: June 2004

Injection into rhesus monkeys of Plasmodium knowlesi killed by heat, formalin, drying, or freezing and thawing stimulates the production of complement-fixing antibodies, but no demonstrable agglutinating or protective antibodies are formed.
Possible differences in the immunity mechanisms concerned in active infection and in artificial immunization are discussed.
ESTIMATION OF THE PURITY OF PREPARATIONS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M. , Pickels Edward G. 
Published: June 2004

A method of estimating the purity of preparations of elementary bodies of vaccinia is described. It depends on the comparison of the number of infective units of virus in a given material with the number of elementary bodies. The latter figure is estimated from the dry weight of the preparation by means of a calculated value for the weight of a single dehydrated elementary body.
Values for the ratio of infective units of vaccine virus to elementary bodies varied between 1 : 2.4 and 1 : 9.2 in seven consecutive experiments; the average was 1:4.2. These ratios indicate a high degree of purity of the preparation. Moreover, they indicate that a relatively high percentage of the elementary bodies in the preparations was infective.
RADIOACTIVE IRON AND ITS EXCRETION IN URINE, BILE, AND FECES
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Bale W. F. , Hettig R. A. , Kamen M. D. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Radioactive iron as ferrous gluconate given by vein enables us to study iron excretion in urine, bile, and feces.
There is an initial extra output in urine and feces during a few days (3 to 15 days) following the iron injection and this may total 2 to 8 per cent of the injected iron.
Following this initial reaction the urinary excretion of radio-iron drops to traces or even to zero.
The feces always contain measurable amounts of radio-iron—in five dogs receiving 100 to 250 mg. of radio-iron the fecal excretion per day settled down to 0.05 to 0.4 mg. per day.
Blood destruction (acetyl-phenylhydrazine) causes a definite increase in radio-iron eliminated in the feces (0.1 to 1.0 mg. per day). Probably most of this excess iron comes through the biliary tract (bile fistula). The bile under usual conditions contributes very little iron to the intestine (0.01 mg. radio-iron per day or less).
The body controls its iron stores by absorption or lack of it rather than by its capacity to eliminate it. The evidence is overwhelming that the dog excretes iron with difficulty and in small amounts (even in the plethoric state) by means of the biliary and gastro-intestinal tracts.
CHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE AGENT PRODUCING LEUKOSIS AND SARCOMA OF FOWLS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Furth Jacob 
Published: June 2004

The activity of the agent producing sarcoma or leukosis in material deposited by high speed centrifugation is the same as that of the original crude extracts. Material sedimentable at high speed containing approximately 10–5 mg. N produces tumors at the site of injection.
Small quantities of material sedimentable at high speed are present in normal chicken sera, and about twice as much in leukemic sera (strain 1). Normal chicken and mouse spleens and all other human and mouse tissues examined contain large amounts of material sedimentable at high speed.
Extraction of leukemic blood cells with saline yields little additional virus. The washed cells readily produce leukosis even after irradiation with amounts of x-rays sufficient to destroy the leukemic cells but not the virus.
Freezing at –60°C. preserves the activity of the high speed deposits for at least 6 months.
Addition of 5 per cent of saturated Na2SO4 solution slightly delays deterioration of high speed deposits in the ice box.
Most of the agent measured by inoculation of chickens and the fraction sedimentable at high speed measured by its nitrogen content is precipitated by one-third saturation with sodium sulfate.
STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: King Lester S. 
Published: June 2004

A fresh strain of equine encephalomyelitis virus is infectious for adult mice in high dilutions by all modes of peripheral inoculation. A fixed strain has very limited invasive power when injected peripherally unless virus is placed in fairly close contact with nerve cell bodies, as in the intranasal or intraocular routes. For fixed virus the effectiveness of the mode of inoculation may be graded in the following descending order: intracerebral, intraocular and intranasal, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous.
Fixed virus has a very limited power of invading the central nervous system along the axones of peripheral nerves even when injected directly into the nerve.
Infants are more susceptible to infection than are adults. But even for infants, intraperitoneal inoculation with fixed virus is significantly less effective than similar inoculations with fresh virus.
Brain trauma does not increase the effective titer of fresh or fixed viruses but may shorten the incubation period for fresh virus. With fixed virus injected intramuscularly, a pronounced facilitating effect may be produced by the simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of 0.20 to 0.25 cc. of 50 per cent glycerine. Other irritants tried are without effect.
THE SPECIFICITY OF OXIDIZED AND REDUCED PROTEINS OF THE OCULAR LENS
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Pillemer L. 
Published: June 2004

Oxidized and reduced proteins were prepared from the ocular lenses of sheep, swine, chicken and fish (pike). The proteins were prepared under conditions designed to avoid denaturation and to produce relatively pure compounds.
Serologic studies revealed that species specificity is demonstrable in the proteins from chicken and fish lenses, but in the more closely related species (swine and sheep) this characteristic is not so evident.
Serologic differences may be detected in the lens preparations from a single species, depending on the redox state of the protein.
III. METHOD FOR DETECTING POLIOMYELITIC VIRUS IN SEWAGE AND STOOLS
Authors: Card Sven 
Published: June 2004

1. The active agent in sewage and aqueous suspensions of human stools, capable of producing poliomyelitis in rhesus monkeys after intraperitoneal inoculation, can be precipitated by 50 per cent saturation with ammonium sulfate, and no loss of activity seems to occur during this procedure.
2. The precipitated virus is not consistently "redissolvable" in water.
3. By precipitation and subsequent dialysis of the precipitate, a preparation is obtained which may be smaller in volume, and is less toxic for monkeys, than was the original material.
4. The procedure can be applied in tests on the infectivity of stools, and sewage specimens.
CHOLINE AS A MEMBER OF THE VITAMIN B2 COMPLEX
Authors: György Paul , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

The experimental rations commonly used in studies on the vitamin B2 complex are, as a rule, low in content of choline.
Addition of vitamin B6 has an aggravating influence on the specific effect of deficiency of choline, especially with regard to the development of cortical necrosis of the kidneys.
The acute and subacute lesions associated with this specific type of renal injury are described.
The renal lesions and fat infiltration of the liver, observed in rats kept on a vitamin B free diet, supplemented with thiamine, riboflavin and vitamin B6, are indistinguishable from those attributed hitherto to cystine intoxication.
Attention is drawn to the rôle of choline as a potential member of the vitamin B2 complex and, in this connection, to the importance of the ratio cystine/methionine in the diet.
PRIMARY PULMONARY COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS
Authors: Cronkite Alfred E. , Lack Arthur R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The literature concerning inhalation infection with Coccidioides immitis is briefly reviewed.
2. A laboratory technique for exposing animals to inhalation of the spores of Coccidioides immitis is described.
3. Primary pulmonary infection was produced in 42 per cent of 72 animals exposed by this method.
4. No marked weight loss was apparent in the animals infected.
5. Skin tests with coccidioidin were not entirely satisfactory in diagnosis. Positive skin tests with coccidioidin were obtained in many of the infected animals, but inconsistencies occurred.
6. The gross and microscopic lesions are briefly described and illustrated.
PROPAGATION OF VACCINIA VIRUS IN THE RABBIT FETUS
Authors: Gallagher Fred W. , Woolpert Oram C. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for propagation of bacteria-free vaccinia virus in the rabbit fetus.
2. For the production of severe generalized infection, affording a high yield of virus, the following conditions were found to be favorable: the use of 24 day fetuses, a virus dosage of 10,000 adult rabbit skin units, injection into multiple sites, and an incubation period of 4 days in utero.
3. Under these conditions the virus was found to disseminate widely in the infected fetus, being recoverable particularly from liver, lungs, brain, skin, placenta, and kidney.
4. Under varied conditions of virus dosage, fetal age, and incubation period, all grades of reaction were observed in the fetus, ranging from the mildest infection, with only an occasional small lesion demonstrable, to generalized vaccinia with pocks in nearly every organ of the body, and often death.
5. It was shown that the virus could be carried in serial passage through fetuses. A series of 27 such passages was made by using fetal skin for subinoculation at each transfer. Similarly, two other strains of the virus were evolved in shorter series of transfers by using respectively fetal brain and fetal liver as the subinocula.
6. The passage strains maintained their identity and titer, as judged by the intradermal inoculation of adult rabbits. However, these strains underwent a significant reduction in their capacity to infect by the scarification method, and the lesions induced by intradermal inoculation were much milder than those produced by the parent strain. None of the passage strains manifested properties characteristic of the so called neurovaccine strain, despite the frequent use of intracerebral inoculation in the fetuses.
7. In explanation of the reduction of virulence of the passage strains, it is suggested that a given suspension of virus may be considered as consisting of particles of varying degrees of virulence, and that when cultivation is carried out in highly susceptible tissues a relative overgrowth of the less virulent elements is permitted, so that apparent attenuation results.
ELECTROPHORETIC STUDIES ON ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Shedlovsky Theodore , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Electrophoretic studies were made on vaccine virus, collodion particles, and glass particles suspended in 0.01 molar buffer solutions at pH 7.9, in which the moving boundary method was used. In some experiments, uncoated particles were used; in others, particles were coated with proteins and then resuspended in the buffer solution after a washing; in still others, an excess of protein which had been used to coat the particles was included in the buffer medium.
Streaming boundaries were obtained with all dilute suspensions of particles in solutions containing no soluble protein instead of the flat ones usually observed with the Tiselius moving boundary technique. This boundary artifact was suppressed by maintaining a density gradient of sufficient magnitude in association with the moving boundary to counteract the tendency of endosmotic flow. This was done partially by increasing the concentration of the particles in the suspensions, and almost completely by retaining an excess of soluble-coating substance in the solutions containing the particles.
The mobility of elementary bodies of vaccinia corresponds to that found for the heat-stable (S) antigen. This value was not altered by drying, heating, ether extraction, or simple washing, but was materially increased by treatment with the surface active detergent (duponol) which presumably altered the nature of the surface of the virus particles.
Collodion particles coated with the heat-stable antigen of vaccinia had the same mobility as elementary bodies under comparable conditions.
Glass particles coated with normal rabbit serum moved at the rate of albumin, the fastest serum component in the buffer solutions used. However, both collodion particles and vaccine virus moved at a somewhat slower rate when they were similarly coated and measured in the presence of an excess of serum in the solutions. This was probably due to adsorption of a small amount of one of the slower components (globulin) of rabbit serum on the surface of the particles. Simple washing after treatment seemed to remove the coating of serum proteins, at least in part, from both collodion particles and elementary bodies of vaccinia.
OBSERVATIONS ON MIXTURES OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA AND COATED COLLODION PARTICLES BY MEANS OF ULTRACENTRIFUGATION AND ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Smadel J. E. , Pickels E. G. , Shedlovsky T. , Rivers T. M. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown experimentally that mixtures of two types of particles, namely, elementary bodies of vaccinia and collodion particles coated with protein, sediment with a single boundary in the analytical centrifuge. Such mixtures have been shown to develop one or two boundaries on electrophoresis in the Tiselius apparatus, depending on the type of coating on the surface of the collodion particles. When covered with the heat-stable soluble antigen of vaccinia, collodion particles migrate in the electrical field at the same rate as elementary bodies. On the other hand, if they are coated with a component of normal rabbit serum, they migrate at a different rate.
The estimation of purity of preparations of virus by means of data obtained by ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis is discussed.