bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the estimation of swimming and flying forces from wake measurements
Authors: Dabiri John O. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARYThe transfer of momentum from an animal to fluid in its wake is fundamental to many swimming and flying modes of locomotion. Hence, properties of the wake are commonly studied in experiments to infer the magnitude and direction of locomotive forces. The determination of which wake properties are necessary and sufficient to empirically deduce swimming and flying forces is currently made ad hoc. This paper systematically addresses the question of the minimum number of wake properties whose combination is sufficient to determine swimming and flying forces from wake measurements. In particular, it is confirmed that the spatial velocity distribution (i.e. the velocity field) in the wake is by itself insufficient to determine swimming and flying forces,and must be combined with the fluid pressure distribution. Importantly, it is also shown that the spatial distribution of rotation and shear (i.e. the vorticity field) in the wake is by itself insufficient to determine swimming and flying forces, and must be combined with a parameter that is analogous to the fluid pressure. The measurement of this parameter in the wake is shown to be identical to a calculation of the added-mass contribution from fluid surrounding vortices in the wake, and proceeds identically to a measurement of the added-mass traditionally associated with fluid surrounding solid bodies. It is demonstrated that the velocity/pressure perspective is equivalent to the vorticity/vortex-added-mass approach in the equations of motion. A model is developed to approximate the contribution of wake vortex added-mass to locomotive forces, given a combination of velocity and vorticity field measurements in the wake. A dimensionless parameter, the wake vortex ratio(denoted Wa), is introduced to predict the types of wake flows for which the contribution of forces due to wake vortex added-mass will become non-negligible. Previous wake analyses are re-examined in light of this parameter to infer the existence and importance of wake vortex added-mass in those cases. In the process, it is demonstrated that the commonly used time-averaged force estimates based on wake measurements are not sufficient to prove that an animal is generating the locomotive forces necessary to sustain flight or maintain neutral buoyancy.
Synthesis of the First Dihydroxyl Adduct of Gd@C82
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Xiang Junfeng , Zhuang Junpeng , Li Yuliang , Xin Bin , Liu Fen , Hou Keyue , Tang Yalin 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A new metallofullerene derivative, dihydroxy endohedral Gd metallofullerene, Gd@C82(OH)2 has been synthesized by a reaction of Gd@C82 with H2O2, which is confirmed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Preparation and Characterization of Amorphous Ce1−xZrxW2O8 Fine Particles for Environmental-friendly Yellow Pigments
Authors: Masui Toshiyuki , Furukawa Shinya , Imanaka Nobuhito 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
New inorganic pigments based on amorphous cerium tungstate have been synthesized with the goal of preparing ecologically and environmental-friendly specific pigments. These pigments consist of all non-toxic elements and show brilliant yellow color. The reason for the color change was attributed to the modification of the O2p–Ce4f and the O2p–W5d double charge transfer transitions with the Zr doping.
One-step Hydrothermal Method to Synthesize Self-encapsulated ZnS Micron Core-shell Spheres on a Large Scale
Authors: Chai Lanlan , Zhu Yongchun , Du Jin , Zou Goufu , Xiong Kan , Qian Yitai 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Uniform self-encapsulated ZnS micron core-shell spheres have been synthesized on a large scale using metallic zinc powder and NaHSO3 as starting reagents in distilled water at 200 °C for 50 h. The as-prepared samples are characterized with XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, and PL. A possible formation mechanism is briefly discussed.
Transformation of Double Hydrogen-bonding Motifs of TTF–Uracil System by Redox Change
Authors: Miyazaki Eigo , Morita Yasushi , Umemoto Yoshikazu , Fukui Kozo , Nakasuji Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A TTF derivative with an N1-tert-butyluracil moiety, TtbU, was prepared as a new electron-donor molecule capable of multiple hydrogen-bondings. Formation of the two different types of double hydrogen-bonding motifs, Watson–Crick and reverse Watson–Crick types, was demonstrated for the first time between TtbU and its I3− salt in the crystalline states.
Stereoselective Intramolecular O–H Insertion of Rhodium Carbenoid Controlled by the 2,4-Pentanediol Tether
Authors: Im Chun Young , Okuyama Tadashi , Sugimura Takashi 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Intramolecular O–H insertion of acetodiazoacetate esters gave cyclic ethers of up to 86% diastereomer excess when 2,4-pentanediol was employed as a chiral tether. The selectivity of the reaction was suggested to be determined at the later stage of the reaction after dissociation of the catalyst.
Novel Phosphate–Phosphate Bond Formation Mediated upon Cobalt(III) Complex Systems
Authors: Funahashi Yasuhiro , Yoneda Atsuro , Taki Chiyoe , Kosuge Miwa , Ozawa Tomohiro , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Masuda Hideki 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
In an aqueous solution (pH 3) containing active charcoal as a solid phase, reaction of [CoIII(tpa)(CO3)]+(1) (tpa = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) and 2 equiv. of an active phosphate ester, disodium 4-nitrophenylphosphate (NPP), at 60 °C gave [CoIII(tpa)(PO4)] (2) (8% yield) and [{CoIII(tpa)}2(μ-P2O7)]2+ (3) (51% yield) as isolated products. The X-ray crystal structure of main product 3 revealed that an NPP-derived diphosphate bridged to the dinuclear Co(III) centers. The diphosphate formation was not detected without active charcoal or under neutral pH condition.
An Effective Method for the Synthesis of Carboxamides by Using Tetrakis(pyridine-2-yloxy)silane as a Mild Coupling Reagent
Authors: Tozawa Takashi , Yamane Yoshinobu , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Tetrakis(pyridin-2-yloxy)silane [Si(OPy)4] is easily prepared by trans-silylation between silicon tetrachloride and trimethyl(pyridin-2-yloxy)silane in the molar ratio of 1:4. This novel reagent is effectively employed as a mild dehydrating reagent in forming various carboxamides from the corresponding carboxylic acids and amines that involve secondary or tertiary alkyl substituted ones in good to high yields without using any basic promoters such as tertiary amines or 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine.
Electrochemical Potential Control of Stretched Length of Au Nanowire in Solution
Authors: Kiguchi Manabu , Konishi Tatsuya , Murakoshi Kei 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Gold nanowire was mechanically fabricated in 0.1 M Na2SO4 solution under electrochemical potential control. Stretched length of the gold nanowire was evaluated from the length of the last conductance plateau showing a unit conductance quantum, 1G0 = 2e2/h. Estimated wire length changed reversibly with the electrochemical potential. We have shown that the stability of the gold atomic wire could be controlled by the electrochemical potential.
NF-κB contributes to transcription of placenta growth factor and interacts with metal responsive transcription factor-1 in hypoxic human cells
Authors: Cramer Mirjam , Nagy Ivana , Murphy Brian J. , Gassmann Max , Hottiger Michael O. , Georgiev Oleg , Schaffner Walter 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of cytokines that control vascular and lymphatic endothelium development. It has been implicated in promoting angiogenesis in pathological conditions via signaling to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. PlGF expression is induced by hypoxia and proinflammatory stimuli. Metal responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) was shown to take part in the hypoxic induction of PlGF in Ras-transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Here we report that PlGF expression is also controlled by NF-κB. We identified several putative binding sites for NF-κB in the PlGF promoter/enhancer region by sequence analyses, and show binding and transcriptional activity of NF-κB p65 at these sites. Expression of NF-κB p65 from a plasmid vector in HEK293 cells caused a substantial increase of PlGF transcript levels. Furthermore, we found that hypoxic conditions induce nuclear translocation and interaction of MTF-1 and NF-κB p65 proteins, suggesting a role for this complex in hypoxia-induced transcription of PlGF.
Role of the N-terminal region and of β-sheet residue Thr29 on the activity of the ω2 global regulator from the broad-host range Streptococcus pyogenes plasmid pSM19035
Authors: Welfle Karin , Pratto Florencia , Misselwitz Rolf , Behlke Joachim , Alonso Juan C. , Welfle Heinz 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe dimeric regulatory protein wild-type ω (wt ω
Inhibition of cathepsin B reduces β-amyloid production in regulated secretory vesicles of neuronal chromaffin cells: evidence for cathepsin B as a candidate β-secretase of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hook Vivian , Toneff Thomas , Bogyo Matthew , Greenbaum Doron , Medzihradszky Katalin F. , Neveu John , Lane William , Hook Gregory , Reisine Terry 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe regulated secretory pathway of neurons is the major source of extracellular Aβ that accumulates in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Extracellular Aβ secreted from that pathway is generated by β-secretase processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Previously, cysteine protease activity was demonstrated as the major β-secretase activity in regulated secretory vesicles of neuronal chromaffin cells. In this study, the representative cysteine protease activity in these secretory vesicles was purified and identified as cathepsin B by peptide sequencing. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated colocalization of cathepsin B with Aβ in these vesicles. The selective cathepsin B inhibitor, CA074, blocked the conversion of endogenous APP to Aβ in isolated regulated secretory vesicles. In chromaffin cells, CA074Me (a cell permeable form of CA074) reduced by about 50% the extracellular Aβ released by the regulated secretory pathway, but CA074Me had no effect on Aβ released by the constitutive pathway. Furthermore, CA074Me inhibited processing of APP into the COOH-terminal β-secretase-like cleavage product. These results provide evidence for cathepsin B as a candidate β-secretase in regulated secretory vesicles of neuronal chromaffin cells. These findings implicate cathepsin B as β-secretase in the regulated secretory pathway of brain neurons, suggesting that inhibitors of cathepsin B may be considered as therapeutic agents to reduce Aβ in AD.
Landscape as Music, Landscape as Truth: Schubert and the Burden of Repetition
Authors: Burnham Scott 
Published: September 2005

Adorno's essay on Schubert opens by invoking a fraught move across the threshold that separates the death of Beethoven from the death of Schubert. He goes on to read Schubert's music through a series of dichotomies whose opposite terms are distinctly Beethovenian: Schubert's themes are self-possessed apparitions of truth rather than inchoate ideas that require temporal evolution; his repetitive, fragmentary forms are inorganic rather than organic, crystalline rather than plantlike. Above all, Adorno develops the idea that Schubert's music offers the repeatable truth of a landscape rather than the processive trajectory of a teleological history. Schubert's themes, like landscapes, are forms of permanence that cannot be fundamentally altered but can only be revisited.
With special emphasis on Schubert's G-Major String Quartet, this article inflects Adorno's view of Schubert's landscapes by considering how these "truths" also present themselves as illusory and inward (e.g., how some of Schubert's thematic areas can be heard to project a visionary interior space in the way that they suddenly introduce a markedly different realm or the way that they obliquely inhabit their tonal centers). It is then argued that Schubert's music is thus steeped in an existential consciousness for which subjectivity is the only knowable truth. And this truth bears repeating, in the double sense that it can be repeated and it must be repeated.
Three‐dimensional Total Synchronous Luminescence Spectroscopy Criteria for Discrimination Between Normal and Malignant Breast Tissues
Authors: Dramićanin Tatjana , Dramićanin Miroslav D. , Jokanović Vukoman , Nikolić‐Vukosavljević Dragica , Dimltrijević Bogomir 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTSpecimens of malignant and normal female human breast tissues were analyzed after surgery by means of synchronous luminescence spectroscopy. Measurements were performed in the ranges of excitation wavelengths from 330 to 650 nm and synchronous wavelengths from 30 to 120 nm to obtain ordinary and first derivative three‐dimensional total synchronous luminescence spectra (3d‐TSLS) of each specimen. Arithmetic mean of these spectra has been calculated for normal and malignant specimens and analyzed to establish criteria for tissue differentiation. Spectral domain volumes (volumes below luminescence intensity surface) and mean spectral slopes have been calculated and also analyzed as tissue discrimination criteria. The obtained results are discussed in view of the possible relevance of synchronous luminescence spectroscopy in discrimination between normal and malignant breast tissue.
Limbal Epithelial Side-Population Cells Have Stem Cell–Like Properties, Including Quiescent State
Authors: Umemoto Terumasa , Yamato Masayuki , Nishida Kohji , Yang Joseph , Tano Yasuo , Okano Teruo 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Corneal epithelial (CE) stem cells are believed to reside in the basal layer of the limbal epithelium but remain poorly understood due to the lack of an accepted in vivo reconstitution assay as well as definitive markers for epithelial stem cells. It has been reported that side-population (SP) cells with the ability to efflux the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 have stem cell–like properties and that the SP phenotype accurately represents a quiescent and immature stem cell population in the adult bone marrow. In the present study, we investigated whether SP cells isolated from the limbal epithelium have stem cell–like properties. SP cells, separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, comprise approximately 0.4% of all limbal epithelial cells and have markedly higher expression of the stem cell markers ABCG2, Bmi-1, and nestin but no expression of markers for differentiated CE cells compared with non-SP cells. Cell-cycle and telomerase activity analyses revealed that SP cells are growth arrested and reside in the quiescent state. Moreover, limbal epithelial SP cells did not demonstrate proliferative capabilities under typical in vitro epithelial cell culture conditions using 3T3 feeder layers. These findings present the possibility that quiescent limbal epithelial SP cells may represent an extremely immature stem cell population compared with currently defined epithelial stem or progenitor cells.
Broiler Diet Modification and Litter Storage
Authors: McGrath Joshua M. , Sims J. Thomas , Maguire Rory O. , Saylor William W. , Angel C. Roselina , Turner Benjamin L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTModifying broiler diets to mitigate water quality concerns linked to excess phosphorus (P) in regions of intensive broiler production has recently increased. Our goals were to evaluate the effects of dietary modification, using phytase and reduced non‐phytate phosphorus (NPP) supplementation, on P speciation in broiler litters, changes in litter P forms during long‐term storage, and subsequent impacts of diets on P in runoff from litter‐amended soils. Four diets containing two levels of NPP with and without phytase were fed to broilers in a three‐flock floor pen study. After removal of the third flock, litters were stored for 440 d at their initial moisture content (MC; 24%) and at a MC of 40%. Litter P fractions and orthophosphate and phytate P concentrations were determined before and after storage. After storage, litters were incorporated with a sandy and silt loam and simulated rainfall was applied. Phytase and reduced dietary NPP significantly reduced litter total P. Reducing dietary NPP decreased water‐extractable inorganic phosphorus (IP) and the addition of dietary phytase reduced NaOH‐ and HCl‐extractable organic P in litter, which correlated well with orthophosphate and phytic acid measured by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. Although dry storage caused little change in P speciation, wet storage increased concentrations of water‐soluble IP, which increased reactive P in runoff from litter‐amended soils. Therefore, diet modification with phytase and reduced NPP could be effective in reducing P additions on a watershed scale. Moreover, efforts to minimize litter MC during storage may reduce the potential for dissolved P losses in runoff.
Predicted Impact and Evaluation of North Carolina's Phosphorus Indexing Tool
Authors: Johnson Amy M. , Osmond Deanna L. , Hodges Steven C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIncreased concern about potential losses of phosphorus (P) from agricultural fields receiving animal waste has resulted in the implementation of new state and federal regulations related to nutrient management. In response to strengthened nutrient management standards that require consideration of P, North Carolina has developed a site‐specific P indexing system called the Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool (PLAT) to predict relative amounts of potential P loss from agricultural fields. The purpose of this study was to apply the PLAT index on farms throughout North Carolina in an attempt to predict the percentage and types of farms that will be forced to change management practices due to implementation of new regulations. Sites from all 100 counties were sampled, with the number of samples taken from each county depending on the proportion of the state's agricultural land that occurs in that county. Results showed that approximately 8% of producers in the state will be required to apply animal waste or inorganic fertilizer on a P rather than nitrogen basis, with the percentage increasing for farmers who apply animal waste (approximately 27%). The PLAT index predicted the greatest amounts of P loss from sites in the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina and from sites receiving poultry waste. Loss of dissolved P through surface runoff tended to be greater than other loss pathways and presents an area of concern as no best management practices (BMPs) currently exist for the reduction of in‐field dissolved P. The PLAT index predicted the areas in the state that are known to be disproportionately vulnerable to P loss due to histories of high P applications, high densities of animal units, or soil type and landscapes that are most susceptible to P loss.
Hybrid Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
Authors: Whitnall W. , Asefa T. , Ozin G. A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this study we report the synthesis of a new class of materials called hybrid periodic mesoporous organosilicas (HPMOs). By coupling a silsesquioxane precursor through at least two chemical linkages to the mesopore walls of a pre‐existing periodic mesoporous silica (PMS) or periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO). Many of the problems of a conventional PMO material can be avoided while ensuring efficient use of the bridging organic functional groups of the silsesquioxane. We demonstrate this concept for PMS by anchoring various silsesquioxanes, such as ethene and ethane silsesquioxanes, to the mesopore walls of the PMS. The addition of anchored silsesquioxane monolayers and multilayers to the mesopore walls also allows for the strict control of the diameter of the mesopore as well as the mesopore wall thickness in the final HPMO material. Additionally it is shown that having the silsesquioxane located solely on the surface of the mesopores in HPMOs gives increased chemical accessibility of the organic bridge‐bonded moiety when compared with their PMO counterparts containing the bridge‐bonded organic both on the surface and within the pore walls.
Rate constants of mass transfer kinetics in reversed phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Hong Lan , Gritti Fabrice , Gulochon Georges , Kaczmarski Krzysztof 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe parameters of the kinetics of mass transfer of several n‐alkylbenzenes were measured by the method of moments on a series of columns prepared with different samples of the same RPLC packing material having widely different average particle diameters, from 3 to 50 μm. These data were analyzed using the available models, and correlations. The best agreement between experimental and theoretical data was obtained under the assumption that the rate constant for the external mass transfer increases with increasing average particle size, an unexpected conclusion. It was also shown that the interpretation of the relative importance of the roles of pore diffusivity and surface diffusivity in the internal mass transfer kinetics is somewhat ambiguous and that the conclusion to be drawn from experimental results depends on the assumptions made regarding the tortuosity model and the relationship between k
ext and the average particle size. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Experimental and numerical investigation of particle transport in a horizontal pipe
Authors: Rundqvist Robert , Ljus Camilla , van Wachem Berend 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMeasurements were made of the concentration of particles in a horizontal transport pipe using an optical probe. The distribution of particles over the pipe cross‐section was measured. Particle transport in a horizontal two‐dimensional (2‐D) channel was simulated using an Eulerian two‐fluid model. A model is proposed for the turbulent dispersion of particles and implemented in the two‐fluid model. The turbulence in the gas phase is modeled using a modified k − ϵ model that accounts for the influence of the particles on the gas‐phase turbulence. Comparisons with measurements of air‐particle flow in a horizontal pipe show qualitative agreement between measurements and calculations. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
A quasi‐sequential approach to large‐scale dynamic optimization problems
Authors: Hong Weirong , Wang Shuqing , Li Pu , Wozny Günter , Biegler Lorenz T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA novel sequential approach for solving dynamic optimization problems containing path constraints on state variables is presented and its performance analyzed. As in the simultaneous approach, we discretize both state and control variables using collocation on finite elements, so that path constraints can be guaranteed inside each element. The state variables are solved in a manner similar to that in the sequential approach; this eliminates the discretized differential‐algebraic equations and state variables, so that the problem is reduced to a smaller problem only with inequality constraints and control variables. Therefore, it possesses advantages of both the simultaneous and the sequential approach. Furthermore, the elimination of the equality constraints substantially simplifies the line search problem and thus larger steps can be taken by successive quadratic programming (SQP) toward the optimum. We call this dynamic optimization method a quasi‐sequential approach. We compare this new approach with the simultaneous approach in terms of computational cost and by analyzing the solution path. A highly nonlinear reactor control and the optimal operation of a heat‐integrated column system are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. As a result, it can be concluded that this quasi‐sequential approach is well suited for solving highly nonlinear large‐scale optimal control problems. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006