bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual imprinting and mate choice
Authors: Zann Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1960s Immelmann began to investigate puzzling accounts from aviculturalists who reported that when they fostered out eggs of rare estrildines to pairs of Bengalese Finches for rearing, the young, on reaching adulthood, often formed breeding pairs with Bengalese Finches. Consequently, in a long series of pioneering experiments, lmmelmann (1969, 1972a) systematically cross-fostered eggs of Zebra Finches belonging to both domesticated and wild stocks to pairs of Bengalese Finches that raised the young to independence. Young were then held individually until maturity whereupon sexual preferences were tested in ‘free choice experiments’. Males, which were given a choice of a female Zebra Finch or female Bengalese Finch at each end of a three-compartment cage (the ‘double-choice test’), overwhelmingly directed their courtship towards the latter. Holding conditions after independence had no effect on preference; they all preferred females of the foster- parent species, even if they could hear and see their own species. The number of siblings in a brood had no effect on the direction of imprinting, so Immelmann concluded that young imprint on the individuals that fed them, namely their parents, not on their siblings.
A simple framework
Authors: Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Howard and Fiske’s (1911) view that parasitoids are important in regulating host populations was probably based on their presumption of density depend ence, their observations that parasitoids can cause very heavy host mortalities and their experience of some dramatically successful biological pest-control programmes, particularly the control of the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi) by the specialist coccinellid beetle, Rhodolia cardinalis (Koebele 1870). Since then, the potential importance of parasitoids and predators has been emphasised in a number of ways:
The Human Impact
Authors: Aiken S Robert , Leigh Colin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental change spans all of human time. Even so-called primitive peoples have left their mark on the earth. Fire, the oldest of anthropogenic landscape modifiers, has long been implicated in the origins and maintenance of tropical savannahs and mid-latitude grasslands, and biggame hunters of the Stone Age may have caused or at least contributed to late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions. Peoples with domesticated plants and animals have shaped natural systems even more profoundly. Among their creations are extensive humanized landscapes, some of them of great productivity and beauty; widespread soil erosion and soil salinization are two other results.
The historical evolution of concepts of the role of the insulin like growth factors
Authors: Daughaday William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognition of the ‘somatomedins’ and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) arose from three areas of research: (i) the characterization of plasma intermediaries of growth-hormone action; (ii) the isolation of the peptides in plasma which have insulin-like metabolic action; (iii) the autocrine factors which sustain growth of some cells in the absence of serum.
Abbreviations for Commonly Cited Publications
Authors: Keay R W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fl.Cam. Flore du Cameroun Fl.Congo Flore du Congo Beige and subsequent volumes Fl.Gab. Flore du Gabon FfEA Flora of tropical east Africa(families published separately, so no volume numbers) FfA Flora of tropical Africa FWTA Flora of west tropical Africa FZ Flora Zambesiaca Geeding Guide de terrain des ligneux Saheliens et Soudano-guineens (1980) Nig.Trees Nigerian trees
Leaf
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The palm leaf is a determinate appendage and has a unified structure and development. However, it is useful to describe it in terms of a discrete axis and blade. The axis, in turn, consists of two components: petiole (including rachis) and basal sheath. In biomechanical terms these three regions (blade, petiole, and sheath) are discrete since each is constructed in a very different way and illustrates a different design principle (Fig. 9.1), as follows.
The root
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roots in palms, other than the embryonic root or radicle, are always adventitious and endogenous in origin (Karsten 1856). They are also entirely primary in construction, i.e. they lack secondary thickening. The seedling radicle itself is soon replaced by adventitious roots arising from the obconical seedling axis produced during establishment growth. The diameter of these adventitious seedling roots increases to a maximum value during the process of establishment growth, a change which is most obvious in stilt-rooted palms like Iriartea and Socratea (Plate 4), where the last formed (youngest) aerial roots may have a diameter of 7 cm. In such roots growth rates of from 4.13 to 7.94 cm per day have been measured (Vilhena et al. 1984).
Inflorescence
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘inflorescence’ in classical botanical literature originally had physiological rather than morphological implications because it referred to the onset of sexual reproduction in plants (Rickett 1944); the plant was said to be ‘at inflorescence’. Inflorescence in the broadest sense should also include seed set and in this context corresponds to the adult reproductive phase established as the fifth and final phase in the development of the individual palm (Chapter 2). The phase is readily perceived in palms because of their simple construction and involves determinate branching and the development of flower-bearing appendages. The subject has been summarized by Fisher (1985) giving emphasis to commercially important and commonly cultivated species.
Introduction
Authors: Goss-Custard John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major challenges facing the science of ecology is to predict how natural populations will respond to the many changes to which our planet is subject. This is not just because ecological systems are complex and that single-species populations, and multi-species communities of species populations, may be affected by changes in the intricate ecosystem of which they are a part. The challenge arises from the need to make predictions to wholly new circumstances that lie beyond our direct experience and, in many cases, may have no evolutionary precedent. Simultaneous changes in climate, land-use, agricultural and industrial practice and recreational activities, for example, introduce novel combinations of factors into the environment. The required predictions are difficult to make yet they must be reliable; policy decisions are increasingly influenced by ecological forecasts, and failures can be expensive in many ways. This increasing requirement to make predictions provides an additional stimulus to the scientist’s always fascinating task of understanding the natural world.
Foods and feeding behaviour
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The barbets and toucans are known to be fruiteaters. Because of the special aspects of the wax element of honeyguides’ diet, this will be discussed in Chapter 7, although their other foods will be discussed here. Unfortunately the nutritional value of no barbet’s or toucan’s diet is known, although that of certain fruits that they eat has been investigated.
Breeding and aspects of life cycle
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this point we discuss actual breeding, its seasonality, eggs and egg-laying, incubation activities, hatching and nestling development, fledging, feeding of young to independence, relations between young and adults at the time of independence, the life cycle and moult. Breeding is less regular under seasonally dry or irregular rainfall conditions, compared with wet forested regions.
Honeyguides
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The honeyguides are unusual in several ways, and in their combination of special traits they are unique. They are nest-parasitic in habits without specialisation in eggs for different hosts (i.e, in Johnsgard’s 1997 terms, they are ‘interspecific, obligate, exploitative, host-intolerant brood parasites’) and indeed are rather catholic in choice of hosts.
Indicatoridae — honeyguides
Authors: Short Lester L , Horne Jennifer F M , Gilbert Albert Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Description ADULT M: crown, nape and forehead olive-green, lores green-olive, ear coverts grey-olive; white, fine line above and below eye. Above paler olive-green than crown, lower back to rump yellower olive, uppertail coverts darker with yellow feather tips. Distinctive, white, erectile patch on sides of body between rump and flanks.
Tertiary
Authors: Linfeng Tong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tertiary palaeogeography is quite different from that of the Cretaceous. Following Ziegler et al. (1983), the Atlantic and Indian oceans increased in width, whereas the Pacific Ocean shrank during the Tertiary period. The African and Indian plates came into collision with the Eurasian, and the Tethys or Neotethys became a series of mountain ranges. Meanwhile huge quantities of sedimentary and volcanic rocks were deposited along the margin between the Eurasian continent and Pacific Ocean.
Natural selection and genetic differences between brown trout
Authors: Elliott J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Examples of ecological similarities and differences between populations were provided in the last chapter but it was stressed that few were supported by genetic evidence. Although the well documented examples of divergence between neighbouring trout populations included some genetic differences, there were no accompanying experiments to discover the type of natural selection that occurred in these populations. The last chapter therefore ended with many questions unanswered, especially those concerning natural selection and genetics. The present chapter attempts to answer some of these questions.
Environmental effects of meiofaunal burrowing
Authors: Reichelt C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meiofauna are a diverse and productive group of Protozoa and Metazoa which may be the dominant sediment infauna. Meiofauna may greatly affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of sediments. Physical effects of meiofauna include biodeposition, bioturbation, porewater circulation and faecal pellet production. Three forms of biodeposition are shown by meiofauna-filter feeding, the creation of calcareous tests and deposition of manganese and iron oxides. Bioturbation by meiofauna occurs during burrow formation, feeding and vertical migrations. Burrow formation is known for only a few species of copepods, nematodes and tanaids. Porewater circulation by meiofauna is due to their movement within the interstices and to burrow formation.
The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis (Cobb, 1893) Thorne, 1949, of banana and its management in Kerala
Authors: Charles Job Sathya Kumar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, is very widely distributed in Kerala, preferring sandy soil to clay. An adult nematode measures 0.65 to 0.70 mm. It burrows into the root and rhizome of its food plant by feeding on the cortical parenchyma, making cavities and tunnels in which it moves, laying eggs and multiplying. It causes blackhead, root rot and toppling disease in banana. Infestation of the root affects the growth of the plant, delays bunching and reduces the number of fingers and bunch weight. With a nematode population of 146 per 10 g root weight the bunch weight is reduced by 41 %. As the population of the nematode increases, the bunch weight progressively decreases. The banana varieties Kunnan, Pey Kunnan, Ayirankapoovan and Pisang Seribu were found to have a low level of infestation.
The availability of burrows in relation to dispersal in the wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus
Authors: Cowan D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behavioural ecology of a free-living population of the European wild rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus was studied from 1979 through to 1983. Female rabbits competed with each other for access to nest sites in burrows and males competed for access to females. As the nest sites were clumped in multi-entrance burrow systems, known as warrens, the females were also clumped in their dispersion. This led to the formation of stable social or breeding groups containing up to 20 adult individuals. This paper describes patterns of dispersal between these social groups. Juveniles dispersed at higher rates than adults. Juvenile males were the most mobile, 66.7% first breeding in groups using warrens other than those used by the groups into which they were born, while adult females were the most sedentary, only 4.6% changing groups between successive breeding seasons. The average distance moved varied from 149 m for juvenile females to 264 m for juvenile males. The longest recorded distance moved was 2250 m. Dispersal was significantly male-biased amongst both juveniles and adults. Few juveniles were known to have dispersed before the age of three months; the peak age at dispersal was approximately five months. Dispersal rates were low at the beginning of the breeding season and peaked during the autumn. There was no difference between dispersing and non-dispersing juveniles in the time of year of their birth; however, there was some evidence suggesting that certain individuals were more predisposed to undertake dispersal than others. There were no differences in burrow availability or breeding success for the natal groups of dispersing and non-dispersing juveniles, nor were there any differences in these parameters for the groups in which surviving dispersers and non dispersers subsequently bred. Dispersing juveniles, however, moved to groups where burrow availability per juvenile was higher than in their natal groups.
Intertidal invaders: burrow design in marine bettles
Authors: Wyatt Tristram D , Foster William A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subsocial staphylinid beetle, Bledius spectabilis, digs persistent burrows, as air filled refuges from the tide, in the firm mud in the Salicornia zone of northern European intertidal saltmarshes. The size and shape of the maternal burrow is important: the narrow neck keeps out the initial stages of the tide and gives time for the female to respond by blocking the neck. Equally important may be the unblocking at low tide to allow diffusion of oxygen into the burrow. The soil permeability within dense aggregations (up to 4000 adults and larvae m-2) of beetles was almost a hundredfold greater than outside them. Current and long-lasting old
Polygyny in burrows-Paragnathia formica
Authors: Meadows Azra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polygyny―that form of polygamy in which one man has several wives or concubines. Zoo.: of a male animal: having more than one female mate (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edn 1965).
The burrowing isopod Paragnathia formica is found as an adult in saltmarsh cliffs m sheltered estuaries. One of the larval stages-the praniza-is parasitic on fish. The distribution of the species is confined to the well-drained creek banks between EHWN and MHWS (Upton 19876). This paper reports the occurrence of P. formica in the Torridge estuary (Devon) and describes the species habitat there.
Structure of the wing apparatus
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The locomotory centre of winged insects is the thorax. The two wing-bearing segments (the meso- and metathorax) form the ‘pterothorax’. It is in the thoracic muscles of the wing that energy is transformed from chemical into mechanical form. Hence, the pterothorax can be compared with the engine of an aeroplane (Fig. 1.1). Power generated by contraction of the muscles is transmitted to the propulsive device-the wings-through the skeleton and the system of the axillary sclerites in the wing bases. The insect flaps its wings and thus generates aerodynamic forces. The insect uses different flight regimes depending on what it is doing.
Early forms of flight
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first stage in the evolution of the wing apparatus, the transition from aerodynamically symmetrical to asymmetrical flaps, ended with the appearance of actively flying insects. The stages of evolution that followed were concerned with the optimization of the interaction between the wing pairs and with an increase in wing beat frequency. This trend is observed in the evolution of several different lines of winged insects.
From functionally four-winged flight to functionally two-winged flight
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike in the Polyneoptera, the course of evolution of the Para- and Oligoneoptera proceeded, first of all, in the direction of flight improvement, and was accompanied by reconstruction of the wing mechanics. In his book ‘Historical development of the Class Insecta’, Rasnitsyn (1980d) offers the following description of the common ancestor of Para- and Oligoneoptera: ‘The common ancestor of the cohort which possessed primitive features of both the Blattinopseida and Hypoperlida presumably resembled modem alderflies (Sialidae), but was probably larger (3-5 cm in length). The mouthparts were of the biting type, non-specialized, the thorax had a strongly invaginated sternum, the wings were of elongated oval shape, the forewings might have been slightly thickened, the hindwings probably had an expanded anal area’. This ancestor could have been a member of the superorder Caloneuroidea.
Looking into the past: the process of evolution, and insect wing apparatus
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appearance of the wing apparatus was a key point in the evolution of insects-an animal class rich in species and of great theoretical and practical importance. In the course of over 300 million years of development the wing apparatus underwent significant changes that affected the structure of the wings, axillary apparatus, exoskeleton, and musculature as well as the mechanism of wing kinematics and deformation, and also influenced flight aerodynamics-the principles underlying the creation of the forces necessary for locomotion in the air. At a certain stage of evolution, it became possible to start storing the energy derived from oscillation by means of resilient deformation of the thorax.
Dictionary
Authors: Homans S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The absolute-value mode was important in two-dimensional NMR before the advent of phase-sensitive experiments. Earlier experiments relied upon echo selection to achieve quadrature detection in the ω1 domain (see antiecho), resulting in the appearance of the undesirable (but unavoidable) phase-twist lineshape. This consists of an admixture of absorption mode and dispersion mode lineshapes. The resonance lines in the two-dimensional spectrum can therefore not be adjusted to pure absorption phase.
Effect of retinoic acid on regenerating urodele limbs
Authors: Brockes Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Limb regeneration is an important system for evaluating the morphogenetic effects of retinoids. In turn, the activity of retinoids on epimorphic regeneration promises to shed much light on basic aspects of this process. In this brief review I shall outline the main events of limb regeneration and the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on axial specification, as well as discussing hypotheses for the mechanism of these effects and the prospects offered by the identification of nuclear RA receptors in the limb and its regenerate. I have not considered the effects on avian limb development in this account because these have been considered elsewhere in this volume. The urodele (tailed) amphibians are vertebrates that can regenerate their limbs as adults, e.g. the newt and the axolotl. In anurans such as the frog, the ability to regenerate a limb is lost progressively at around the stage of metamorphosis, but tadpole limb regeneration has been studied and was the system in which the effects of retinoids on limb morphogenesis were discovered (Niazi and Saxena 1978). After amputation of the urodele limb at any level on the proximodistal axis (PD) the epidermal cells at the circumference migrate rapidly over the cut surface to seal the limb. They form a structure called the wound epidermis, which is thought to play an important role in outgrowth of the regenerate (Wallace 1981). The wound epidermis is formed, at least to the extent of monolayer formation, during the first 12-24 hours. During the subsequent period, the mesenchymal tissue underlying the wound epidermis in the vicinity of the amputation plane undergoes an important progressive change in identity. This process, loosely referred to as dedifferentiation (Ferretti and Brockes 1991), results in the local formation of blastemal cells, the progenitors of the mesenchymal tissue of the regenerate. The blastemal cells divide, initially under control of the nerve supply, and subsequently undergo differentiation and morphogenesis to form the regenerate.
Retinoid-regulated expression of transglutaminases: links to the biochemistry of programmed cell death
Authors: Davies Peter J A , Stein Joseph P , Antonio Chiocca E , Basilion James P , Gentile Vittorio , Thomazy Vilmos , Fesus Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary human diets are probably as diverse now as they have ever been in the history of mankind. The abundance of food in the western world is in stark contrast to the lack of food and near starvation in parts of Africa, the continent where Homo sapiens evolved. The development of agriculture has enabled the population of the world to expand and to colonize almost the whole of its land surface, but the dependence on one staple food has introduced problems. If the staple crop fails, for example because of drought, there may be no alternative, and undernutrition and starvation are the result. Further, if the rest of the diet does not provide the nutrients that the staple food lacks, diseases due to specific nutrient deficiencies become widespread. Vitamin deficiencies among adults are less common now than they were 50 years ago, but even today millions of children in the poor rice-eating areas of the world are blind because their diets were deficient in vitamin A.
Intracellular transport of secretory proteins within intact transient heterokaryons and homokaryons
Authors: Valtersson Conny , Mizuno Masahiro , Dutton Anne H , Singer S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall intracellular pathway taken by secretory proteins inside eukaryotic cells, from their synthesis to their exteriorization, was laid out some time ago (Palade 1975). Initially, proteins to be secreted are synthesized on ribosomes that become attached to the cytoplasmic surfaces of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and as the proteins are translated they are translocated across the membrane into the lumen of the ER. Following this, the secretory protein (suitably modified) is transferred from the ER to the cis-faces of the Golgi apparatus (GA). After passage through successive Golgi saccules and the trans-Golgi network, the secretory protein is deposited in granules which ultimately fuse with the plasma membrane to release the protein to the exterior of the cell.