bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Missing voices: Latin American perspectives in International Relations
Authors: Villanueva Ricardo , De Alba-Ulloa Jessica , Olvera Pedro González , Lorenzini María Elena 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Academics working in International Relations (IR) often portray the discipline as predominantly American. The traditional orthodox narrative of the discipline, told through the ‘Great Debates’, reinforces this, as it depicts the main scholars in the history of the discipline as primarily originating from either the United States or the United Kingdom. In fact, the most popular books covering key thinkers in the discipline feature virtually no Latin American theorists. The marginalization of voices from the global South, including women, and of non-traditional perspectives has created a knowledge gap within the discipline. To address this, this special section of International Affairs, ‘Missing voices: Latin American perspectives in International Relations’, delves into the rich tapestry of international thought on world affairs, encompassing the works of several intellectuals from Latin America. We are convinced that highlighting these perspectives is vital to dispelling myths and positioning IR in the path of a truly global discipline.
Root architecture and rhizosphere–microbe interactions
Authors: Gifford Miriam L , Xu Guohua , Dupuy Lionel X , Vissenberg Kris , Rebetzke Greg 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Plant roots fulfil crucial tasks during a plant’s life. As roots encounter very diverse conditions while exploring the soil for resources, their growth and development must be responsive to changes in the rhizosphere, resulting in root architectures that are tailor-made for all prevailing circumstances. Using multi-disciplinary approaches, we are gaining more intricate insights into the regulatory mechanisms directing root system architecture. This Special Issue provides insights into our advancement of knowledge on different aspects of root development and identifies opportunities for future research.
Conceptual Engineering: For What Matters
Authors: Köhler Sebastian , Veluwenkamp Herman 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Conceptual engineering is the enterprise of evaluating and improving our representational devices. But how should we conduct this enterprise? One increasingly popular answer to this question proposes that conceptual engineering should proceed in terms of the functions of our representational devices. In this paper, we argue that the best way of understanding this suggestion is in terms of normative functions, where normative functions of concepts are, roughly, things that they allow us to do that matter normatively (for example, things in virtue of which we have normative reasons to have these concepts). Not only does this introduce a novel view about functions to the literature. This proposal also fits more naturally than the alternatives with conceptual engineering as a normative enterprise, and it allows functions to play all of the explanatory roles assigned to them in the conceptual engineering literature. Our discussion of the explanatory advantages of normative functions also advances the understanding of the ways in which concepts can be authoritative, what this means for conceptual engineering, and highlights the importance of political philosophy for thinking about conceptual engineering in practice. Furthermore, the paper explicates what kind of role considerations about function can and should actually play in conceptual engineering.
The Global Rise of the British Property Development Sector, 1945–1975
Authors: Kefford Alistair 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the three decades after 1945 the British property development sector exploded in size and began operating on a worldwide scale. The largest property companies in the world were British in this era and they built office blocks, shopping centres and hotels in cities all over the world. These overseas property developments overlapped firmly with the pre-existing political and economic geographies of empire, and their speculative transnational financing was made possible by allying with London’s financial sector and the world of ‘gentlemanly capitalism’. This article surveys the rise, financialization, and imperially inflected internationalization of the British property development sector in this period, showing how property companies capitalized upon post-war Britain’s developer-friendly urban renewal order, internationalist financial sector, and inherited imperial advantages even as many of the formal political structures of empire were being dismantled. In the post-war decades, the remnants of empire as a commercial world system provided Britain’s property developers with vital stepping stones towards the fully globalized forms of financialized real-estate development that shape cities around the world today.
Assessment of gamma absorbed doses and radiological risk indexes from soil radioactivity around the phosphate area in south Tunisia
Authors: Machraoui Sonia , Labidi Salam , Purushotham Mohan M 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Human beings are constantly exposed to the radiations coming from the environment. This work assesses the radiological hazards of natural radioactivity in soil samples taken at four locations around the phosphate area in south Tunisia. Concentrations of primordial radionuclides were measured by gamma spectrometer using an HPGe detector. The overall mean values of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th concentrations were 264, 27 and 13 Bq kg−1, respectively. From the radioactivity measurements, radiation hazard indices specified by the United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation such as radium equivalent activity (Raeq), absorbed dose rates ($ {\dot{\text D}} $) and annual effective dose (AED) to the population for outdoor environment were determined. The mean values for the abovementioned parameters were 64 Bq kg−1, 33 nGy h−1 and 40 μSv y−1, respectively.
Reconstruction of organ doses for patients undergoing computed tomography examinations in Canada 1992–2019
Authors: Lee Choonsik , Moroz Brian , Thome Christopher , Gaudreau Katherine , Emami Pirouz , Little Mark P 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We derived the first comprehensive organ dose library for Canadian pediatric and adult patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) scans between 1992 and 2019 to support epidemiological analysis of radiation risk. We calculated organ absorbed doses for Canadian CT patients in two steps. First, we modeled Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) values by patient age, scan body part, and scan year for the scan period between 1992 and 2019 using national survey data conducted in Canada and partially the United Kingdom survey data as surrogates. Second, we converted CTDI values to organ absorbed doses using a library of organ dose conversion coefficients built in an organ dose calculation program, the National Cancer Institute dosimetry system for CT. In result, we created a library of doses delivered to 33 organs and tissues by different patient ages and genders, scan body parts and scan years. In the scan period before 2000, the organs receiving the greatest dose in the head, chest and abdomen–pelvis scans were the active marrow (3.7–15.2 mGy), lungs (54.7–62.8 mGy) and colon (54.9–68.5 mGy), respectively. We observed organ doses reduced by 24% (pediatric head and torso scans, and adult head scans) and 55% (adult torso scans) after 2000. The organ dose library will be used to analyse the risk of radiation exposure from CT scans in the Canadian CT patient cohort.
Etomidate versus Ketamine as Prehospital Induction Agent in Patients with Suspected Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mansvelder Floor J. , Bossers Sebastiaan M. , Loer Stephan A. , Bloemers Frank W. , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. , Den Hartog Dennis , Hoogerwerf Nico , van der Naalt Joukje , Absalom Anthony R. , Peerdeman Saskia M. , Bulte Carolien S. E. , Schwarte Lothar A. , Schober Patrick ,   for the BRAIN-PROTECT collaborators
Published: January 2024

Background
Severe traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among young people around the world. Prehospital care focuses on the prevention and treatment of secondary brain injury and commonly includes tracheal intubation after induction of general anesthesia. The choice of induction agent in this setting is controversial. This study therefore investigated the association between the chosen induction medication etomidate versus S(+)-ketamine and the 30-day mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury who received prehospital airway management in the Netherlands.

Methods
This study is a retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected observational data of the Brain Injury: Prehospital Registry of Outcomes, Treatments and Epidemiology of Cerebral Trauma (BRAIN-PROTECT) cohort study. Patients with suspected severe traumatic brain injury who were transported to a participating trauma center and who received etomidate or S(+)-ketamine for prehospital induction of anesthesia for advanced airway management were included. Statistical analyses were performed with multivariable logistic regression and inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis.

Results
In total, 1,457 patients were eligible for analysis. No significant association between the administered induction medication and 30-day mortality was observed in unadjusted analyses (32.9% mortality for etomidate versus 33.8% mortality for S(+)-ketamine; P = 0.716; odds ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32; P = 0.711), as well as after adjustment for potential confounders (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.67 to 1.73; P = 0.765; and risk difference 0.017; 95% CI, −0.051 to 0.084; P = 0.686). Likewise, in planned subgroup analyses for patients with confirmed traumatic brain injury and patients with isolated traumatic brain injury, no significant differences were found. Consistent results were found after multiple imputations of missing data.

Conclusions
The analysis found no evidence for an association between the use of etomidate or S(+)-ketamine as an anesthetic agent for intubation in patients with traumatic brain injury and mortality after 30 days in the prehospital setting, suggesting that the choice of induction agent may not influence the patient mortality rate in this population.

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Determinants of Subjective Mental and Functional Health of Critical Illness Survivors: Comparing Pre-ICU and Post-ICU Status
Authors: Paul Nicolas , Cittadino Jonas , Krampe Henning , Denke Claudia , Spies Claudia D. , Weiss Björn 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES:To compare ICU survivors’ subjective mental and functional health before ICU admission and after discharge and to assess determinants of subjective health decline or improvement.DESIGN:Secondary analysis of the multicenter cluster-randomized Enhanced Recovery after Intensive Care trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03671447).SETTING:Ten ICU clusters in Germany.PATIENTS:Eight hundred fifty-five patients with 1478 follow-up assessments.INTERVENTIONS:None.MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:At two patient follow-ups scheduled 3 and 6 months after ICU discharge, patients rated their subjective mental and functional/physical health on two separate visual analog scales from 0 (worst) to 10 (best) in the previous week and before ICU admission. We compared pre-ICU and post-ICU subjective health and used mixed-effects regression to assess determinants of a health decline or improvement. At the first follow-up, 20% (n= 165/841) and 30% (n= 256/849) of patients reported a decline in subjective mental and functional health of at least three points, respectively; 16% (n= 133/841 andn= 137/849) outlined improvements of mental and functional health. For 65% (n= 543/841) and 54% (n= 456/849), mental and functional health did not change three points or more at the first follow-up. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic regressions revealed that the ICU length of stay was a predictor of mental (adjusted odds ratio [OR] per ICU day, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00–1.09;p= 0.038) and functional health (adjusted OR per ICU day, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01–1.12;p= 0.026) decline. The odds of a mental health decline decreased with age (adjusted OR per year, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96–0.99;p= 0.003) and the odds of a functional health decline decreased with time after discharge (adjusted OR per month, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79–0.94;p= 0.001).CONCLUSIONS:The majority of ICU survivors did not experience substantial changes in their subjective health status, but patients with long ICU stays were prone to subjective mental and functional health decline. Hence, post-ICU care in post-ICU clinics could focus on these patients.
Prostate cancer genotyping for risk stratification and precision treatment
Authors: Kumar Ashish A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. It is heterogeneous, as is evident from the wide spectrum of therapeutic approaches. Most patients with PC are initially responsive to androgen deprivation therapy; however, the majority of cases are either hormone-sensitive PC or castration-resistant PC. Current therapeutic protocols follow the evolution of PC, a continuously progressive process involving a combination of widespread genomic alterations. These genomic alterations are either hereditary germline mutations, such as mutations in BRCA2, or specific only to tumor cells (somatic). Tumor-specific genomic spectra include genomic structural rearrangements, canonical androgen response genes, and many other specific genes such as TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, SPOP/FOXA1, TP53/RB1/PTEN, and BRCA2. New evidence indicates the involvement of signaling pathways including PI3K, WNT/β-catenin, SRC, and IL-6/STAT, which have been shown to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition cancer stem cell–like features/stemness, and neuroendocrine differentiation in PC. Over the last decade, our understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationships has been enhanced considerably. The genetic background of PC related to canonical genetic alterations and signaling pathway activation genes has shed more insight into the molecular subtype and disease landscape, resulting in a more flexible role of individual therapies targeting diverse genotypes and phenotypes.
Bilateral thoracic sympathectomy for refractory coronary artery spasm—A case report
Authors: Lee Han-Hung , Chen Chao-Kun , Su Ying-Chieh , Chang Wei-Ting , Fong Yao 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A 51-year-old woman was admitted because of three-degree AV block. Serial coronary angiogram revealed right coronary artery spasm, which is refractory to drug eluting stents and Nitroglycerin infusion. She underwent bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery and was discharged on day 26 asymptomatically. Bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation could be used for patients with symptomatic coronary artery spasm.
The Effect of Early Cultures and Dual-port Expanders on Two-stage, Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction: The 25/25 Study
Authors: Moyer Hunter R. , Sisson Kayla M. 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Two-stage tissue expander to implant surgery remains the predominant technique for breast reconstruction. Unfortunately, there is a high incidence of reconstruction failure which portends a financial and emotional burden. Most failures are related to postmastectomy skin flap necrosis and infection. Recently, a dual-port tissue expander was introduced to the market, and the authors hypothesize that early cultures from the peri-implant fluid will guide antibiotic treatment and decrease reconstruction failure.

Methods:
This is a cohort study of 50 consecutive patients treated for breast cancer or genetic susceptibility via a two-stage, prepectoral technique. The first 25 patients (46 breasts) were treated with a variety of tissue expanders, and the subsequent 25 patients (47 breasts) received a dual-port expander. Routine cultures from the drain port were taken from the dual-port group at the second postoperative visit, and cultures were taken in the control group only when signs of infection were present. All other procedures and interventions were similar.

Results:
Fifty patients, totaling 93 breasts, completed the study with a mean follow-up of 145 days. There were no statistically significant demographic or pathologic differences between groups. Fifteen tissue expanders were explanted in the control group and five in the dual-port cohort (32.6% versus 10.6%, P = 0.012). All bacteria in the control group failures were either methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis, whereas failures in the dual-port group varied.

Conclusion:
Treatment of routine, early cultures from a dual-port expander led to a statistically significant decrease in tissue expander explantation.
Local Flaps to Cover Skin Necrosis after Skin-sparing Mastectomy and Prepectoral Reconstruction from PreQ-20 Trial
Authors: García-Novoa Alejandra , Acea-Nebril Benigno , López-Domínguez Carlota , Bouzón Alejandro Alberto , Díaz Carballada Carlota , Conde Iglesias Carmen , Cereijo Garea Carmen 
Published: January 2024

Background:
In recent years, mastectomy has increasingly been indicated for women at high risk and those with breast cancer. Prepectoral reconstruction with polyurethane implant is an option for these patients. Nevertheless, this procedure can become complicated with exposure of the implant. The aim of this article is to describe the feasibility of local flaps to treat skin necrosis and dehiscence after prepectoral reconstruction and its impact on implant loss.

Methods:
This study includes the women who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the PreQ-20 protocol (12), which assessed patients with exposed implant who required a local flap for its coverage. Three types of flaps were used: thoracoepigastric, lateral thoracic, and batwing.

Results:
The study included 226 skin-sparing mastectomies and immediate reconstruction using prepectoral implants (52.7% bilateral mastectomies). Some 20.9% of the patients showed complications, with wound dehiscence the most frequent. Thirteen local flaps to cover the implant were performed. All flaps presented appropriate perfusion; however, the implant cover failed in six patients (46.2%).

Conclusions:
The use of local flaps can be a low-morbidity option for preventing implant loss when skin dehiscence or necrosis occurs and delays in oncology treatments.
Multicenter Study of Rotavirus Infection, Diversity of Circulating Genotypes and Clinical Outcomes in Children ≤5 Years Old in Iran
Authors: Mansour Ghanaiee Roxana , Fallah Tina , Karimi Abdollah , Sedighi Iraj , Tariverdi Marjan , Nazari Tayebe , Nahanmoghaddam Negin , Sedighi Parinaz , Nateghian Alireza , Amirali Arezu , Monavari Seyed Hamidreza , Fallahi Mahsa , Zahraei Seyed Mohsen , Mahmoudi Sussan , Elikaei Ameneh , Alebouyeh Masoud 
Published: January 2024

Background:
To determine the epidemiology of rotavirus group A (RVA) infection in symptomatic children, and analyze genotype diversity in association with clinical characteristics, geographical and seasonal changes.

Methods:
The stool samples of symptomatic children 5≥ years old were collected from 5 different hospitals during December 2020 and March 2022. Rotavirus stool antigen test was done and G and P genotypes of the positive samples were determined. Associations of the infection and genotype diversity with demographical and clinical data were assessed by statistical methods.

Results:
RVA infection was detected in 32.1% (300/934) of the patients (Ranges between 28.4% and 47.4%). An inverse association with age was detected, where the highest frequency was measured in children ≤12 months of age (175/482, 36.3%). The infection was more frequent during winter (124/284, 43.7%) and spring (64/187, 34.2%). Children who were exclusively fed with breast milk showed a lower rate of infection (72/251, 28.6%). Among the 46 characterized genotypes (17 single- and 29 mixed-genotype infections), G1P[8] and G9P[4] were more frequently detected in children <36 (67/234, 28.63%) and 36–60 (7/24, 29.16%) months of age children, respectively. A seasonal diversity in the circulating genotypes was detected in different cities. Children with G1P[8], G1P[6], and mixed-genotype infection experienced a shorter duration of hospitalization, and a higher frequency of nausea and severe diarrhea, respectively.

Conclusions:
In this study high frequency of RVA infection was detected in symptomatic children in Iran. Moreover, genotype diversity according to geographic area, seasons, age groups, and clinical features of disease was detected.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Lopinavir/Ritonavir Oral Solution in Preterm and Term Infants Starting Before 3 Months of Age
Authors: Bekker Adrie , Yang Jincheng , Wang Jiajia , Cotton Mark F. , Cababasay Mae , Wiesner Lubbe , Moye Jack , Browning Renee , Nakwa Firdose L. , Rabie Helena , Violari Avy , Mirochnick Mark , Cressey Tim R. , Capparelli Edmund V. 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Study of liquid lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in young infants has been limited by concerns for its safety in neonates.

Methods:
International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network P1106 was a phase IV, prospective, trial evaluating the safety and pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral medications administered according to local guidelines to South African preterm and term infants <3 months of age. Safety evaluation through 24-week follow-up included clinical, cardiac and laboratory assessments. Pharmacokinetic data from P1106 were combined with data from International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network studies P1030 and P1083 in a population pharmacokinetics model used to simulate LPV exposures with a weight-band dosing regimen in infants through age 6 months.

Results:
Safety and pharmacokinetics results were similar in 13/28 (46%) infants initiating LPV/r <42 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and in those starting ≥42 weeks PMA. LPV/r was started at a median (range) age of 47 (13–121) days. No grade 3 or higher adverse events were considered treatment related. Modeling and simulation predicted that for infants with gestational age ≥27 weeks who receive the weight-band dosing regimen, 82.6% will achieve LPV trough concentration above the target trough concentration of 1.0 µg/mL and 56.6% would exceed the observed adult lower limit of LPV exposure of 55.9 µg·h/mL through age 6 months.

Conclusions:
LPV/r oral solution was safely initiated in a relatively small sample size of infants ≥34 weeks PMA and >2 weeks of life. No serious drug-related safety signal was observed; however, adrenal function assessments were not performed. Weight-band dosing regimen in infants with gestational age ≥27 weeks is predicted to result in LPV exposures equivalent to those observed in other pediatric studies.