bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A robust dual algorithm for topology design of structures in discrete variables
Authors: Jog C. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDual optimization algorithms for the topology optimization of continuum structures in discrete variables are gaining popularity in recent times since, in topology design problems, the number of constraints is small in comparison to the number of design variables. Good topologies can be obtained for the minimum compliance design problem when the perimeter constraint is imposed in addition to the volume constraint. However, when the perimeter constraint is relaxed, the dual algorithm tends to give bad results, even with the use of higher‐order finite element models as we demonstrate in this work. Since, a priori, one does not know what a good value of the perimeter to be specified is, it is essential to have an algorithm which generates good topologies even in the absence of the perimeter constraint. We show how the dual algorithm can be made more robust so that it yields good designs consistently in the absence of the perimeter constraint. In particular, we show that the problem of checkerboarding which is frequently observed with the use of lower‐order finite elements is eliminated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraction of boundary representation from surface triangulations
Authors: Krysl Petr , Ortiz Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany computational science tools employ finite element meshes as discretizations of the geometrical domains, and automatic mesh generation has become an indispensable part of the discretization process. Boundary representations (BRep) of solids are the means of describing the geometrical model to the mesher, thus enabling the generator to proceed without user intervention. Significant effort has been devoted in the past to BRep construction in the frame‐work of solid modelling systems. In this paper we consider the task of converting a tesselation (triangulation) of the surface of a solid into a BRep, and propose a robust and efficient set of algorithms for this purpose. Applications include, among others, remeshing of finite element discretizations during simulations involving not only geometric distortion but also changes in topology (coalescence and fragmentation of solids, flow, and so on). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
John Deere optimizes operations with supply management efforts
Authors: Nelson R. David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecognizing that 70 percent of the costs of its manufactured products occur externally, John Deere has
embarked on a series of supply chain best practices that is already producing millions of dollars of cost
savings. Improved logistics at the company has reduced transportation costs, standardized shipping containers
(reducing 43 types to three), and developed one order process companywide rather than having 20
factories use their own, different ones. Beyond logistics, Deere has formalized new strategies for selecting
suppliers, creating lean supplies, managing supply chain costs, integrating supplies into the product development
process, and utilizing e‐procurement. These are all steps toward Deere's overall goal: to design
products that delight customers at the lowest total cost and design out waste and inefficiency early in the
product development process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A stereological investigation on the effects of forebrain ischemia on hippocampal neuron number in chick
Authors: Canan S. , Pakkenberg B. , Kaplan S. , Aslan H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeven days after 10 minutes bilateral occlusion of internal carotid arteries, the total neuron number and the volume of the hippocampus were estimated using the optical fractionator method for cell counting and Cavalieri’s principle for volume estimation. After comparing with sham‐operated animals, no significant difference in total neuron number was observed in hippocampi of ischemic chicks; a statistically significant increase in numerical density of hippocampal neurons in hippocampi of ischemic group (p<0.05) could well be explained as a decrease, although statistically insignificant, of the hippocampal volume. These results indicate that, the ischemia model and/or its duration is not sufficient to induce a detectable neuronal loss but it induces a reduction in the volume of hippocampus. It also indicates that 10 minutes ischemia is too short a test period to induce a neuronal cell loss in hippocampus of young domestic chicks.
Long‐term maternal ethanol administration decreases nitric oxide metabolites in brains of postnatal mice
Authors: Nagatomo Itsugi , Hashiguchi Wataru , Tominaga Masataka , Uchida Masahiro , Akasaki Yasuaki , Takigawa Morikuni 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined the effect of long‐term maternal ethanol consumption on nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) in brains of postnatal mice. Three female adult ddY mice were given 10% ethanol solution ad libitum as drinking water for a 4 weeks before mating and continued on their corresponding ethanol solution during gestation and lactation. Other 2 mice receiving tap water ad libitum during gestation and lactation served as controls. The offspring in both groups were weaned at 22 days of age, and they were maintained on the chow and water ad libitum. In brain NOx levels in the offspring at 42 days of age, offspring with maternal alcohol consumption were significantly lower than those in controls, but serum NOx levels did not differ between groups. No significant differences in monoamines in the brain were evident between offspring with and without maternal alcohol administration. Present results indicated that long‐term maternal ethanol administration reduced brain NO metabolite levels in offspring, but not serum NO metabolites or brain monoamines.
Utility of retrospective pretest ratings of patient satisfaction with health status§
Authors: Kreulen Grace J. , Stommel Manfred , Gutek Barbara A. , Burns Lawton R. , Braden Carrie Jo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOutcomes assessment is often difficult to accomplish in evaluation research studies in situations where the gathering of pretest data is impossible or prohibitively expensive. The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate the substitutability of retrospective pretest ratings for actual pretest ratings in indexing change in patient satisfaction with health status. The sample consisted of 251 women receiving medical treatment for breast cancer enrolled in the Self‐Help Intervention Project (SHIP). ANOVA, ordinary least‐squares regression, and pooled time‐series regression analysis revealed that retrospective assessments were not significantly different from their prospective counterparts in means and variances and that they differed from current assessments taken at the same time (p<.01). In addition, prospective assessments emerged as a significant independent predictor of corresponding retrospective scores (p<.01), accounting for up to 30% of the recall scores. These findings have implications for inclusion of retrospective pre–post comparisons in outcomes evaluation research. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:233–241, 2002
Biological rhythm development in preterm infants: Does health status influence body temperature circadian rhythm?
Authors: Thomas Karen A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwenty‐six preterm infants, postconceptional age from 28 to 35 weeks and postnatal age approximately 14 days, were included in a study of the development of temperature circadian rhythm. Insulated abdominal skin temperature and incubator air temperature were recorded continuously at 1‐min intervals for 24 hr. Using cosinor analysis, cycle mesor, amplitude, and acrophase were determined. Initial results from regression analysis did not confirm a predicted linear relationship between postconceptional age and amplitude; however, dividing the sample according to health status into sick (N = 15) and not sick (N = 11) groups revealed differing regression models. For not sick infants, amplitude increased with postconceptional age (R2 = .405), whereas no relationship was found between postconceptional age and cycle amplitude in sick infants (R2 = .069). These results indicate that healthy preterm infants demonstrate emergence of circadian temperature rhythm. Implications include potential time‐based periods of vulnerability, overheating and hyperthermia, and management of incubator operation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 170–180, 2001
Developmental outcomes of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Comparison with other medically fragile infants
Authors: Holditch‐Davis Diane , Docherty Sharron , Miles Margaret S. , Burchinal Margaret 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the developmental outcomes and mother–infant interactions of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and those of other medically fragile infants. One‐hour behavioral observations were made of the interactions of mothers with two groups of infants (23 with BPD, 39 medically fragile without BPD or neurological problems) at enrollment, every 2 months during hospitalization, 1 month after discharge, and at 6 months' and 12 months' corrected age. Assessment of the home environment also was done at 6 and 12 months. Multiple regressions were calculated separately for child mental, adaptive, language, and motor outcomes. Predictors were: home environment assessment, measures of maternal interactive behaviors (positive attention, expression of negative affect, medicalized caregiving), infant group membership, and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in the infant. There were no significant differences between the two groups in any of the developmental outcomes or interactive variables, and the presence of IVH had no effect on these variables. Maternal positive attention and the home environment were correlated with mental development, and mother negative affect was related to adaptive behavior for both groups. Differences in developmental and interactive behaviors between infants with BPD and other prematurely born infants found in other studies appear to be a result of chronic health problems and, thus, are not unique to infants with BPD. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 181–193, 2001
A possible case of hyperparathyroidism in a burial of 15–17th century AD date from Wharram Percy, England
Authors: Mays S. , Rogers J. , Watt I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe subject of this paper is the partial skeleton of an adult female, dating to ad 1420–1640, excavated from the church at the deserted village of Wharram Percy, North Yorkshire, UK. Lesions are described which are probably indicative of hyperparathyroidism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First palaeopathological example of Kienböck's disease from early modern Sakhalin Ainu
Authors: Nakai M. , Inoue K. , Hukuda S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA disorder of the carpal lunate has been diagnosed as Kienböck's disease in a skeleton of a middle‐aged Ainu male that was excavated from Sakhalin Island, northeast Asia. The bone lesion is primarily and unilaterally associated with the right wrist, where the right carpal lunate is collapsed and the radiocarpal joint shows degenerative arthritis. Interestingly, the left arm is more robust than the right and the left elbow shows considerable osteoarthritis. The most plausible explanation for these pathologies is that after developing Kienböck's disease in the right wrist, excessive use of the left arm made his left arm robust and finally gave rise to osteoarthritis in the left elbow. In archaeology, where only a few osteochondroses have been reported up until now, the present example is the first diagnosis of Kienböck's disease in skeletal remains. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case of skeletal tuberculosis from Roman Towcester
Authors: Anderson T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn adult male from a Roman inhumation cemetery at Towcester, Northamptonshire, displays clear evidence of Pott's disease of the spine. This short report has been prompted by the fact that relatively few cases of skeletal tuberculosis have been identified from Roman contexts in Britain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metaphyseal fibrous defects in juveniles from medieval Norwich
Authors: Anderson T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo juvenile skeletons excavated from medieval Norwich each have a well‐defined cystic cavitation. One involves the distal femur and the other the proximal tibia. The dry bone and radiographic appearance, as well as the location and age of the individuals, support a diagnosis of metaphyseal cortical defects. Although well‐known in clinical practice, especially in children, this appears to be the first published evidence for the condition in British archaeological material. No other anomalies were detected on the two skeletons. However, the occurrence of two cases in the same cemetery raises the possibility of a genetic influence in the condition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case of Madelung's deformity in a skeleton from Nuragic Sardinia
Authors: Canci Alessandro , Marini Elisabetta , Mulliri Giuseppina , Usai Elena , Vacca Lucia , Floris Giovanni , Borgognini Tarli Silvana M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe case reported here refers to the skeletal remains of a mature adult male found in a collective grave known as ‘Giant's tomb’ located near Donori (Sardinia) and dating to the end of the Bronze Age. The skeleton showed bilateral shortening of the forearm associated to radial bowing, marked deformations at the radio‐ulnar distal joints and subsequent posterior dislocation of both ulnae. The whole alterations fit well with a diagnosis of Madelung's deformity, a rare form of mesomelic dysplasia. At present, this case is the most ancient evidence of Madelung's deformity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A differential dynamic programming algorithm for differential games
Authors: Trafalis Theodore B. , Morin Thomas L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe develop and prove the convergence of a first‐order differential dynamic programming algorithm for the solution of a zero‐sum two‐person differential game with perfect information. The algorithm extends a first‐order strong variation algorithm for optimal control given by Mayne and Polak. Assuming separability of the Hamiltonian, we decompose the differential game problem into two control subproblems, C1 and C2. The objective is to determine a point (u*, v*) in U×V, where U and V are the control spaces for C1 and C2, respectively, that satisfies an integral form of Pontryagin's maximum principle for differential games. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moved, left no address: dam construction, displacement and issue salience
Authors: Sims Holly 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDams have displaced millions of people in many countries of the world, but such social costs of dam construction constitute a relatively new international issue. The emergence of displacement as a salient issue is explained with reference to three factors: historical circumstances, political leaders' ability to mobilize support for their priority concerns and to public participation. Participation refers to both the public's action to influence critical policy decisions and to its sense of efficacy. Cases are considered in three major dam‐building countries: the United States, India and China. In the United States, social displacement never became a public or political issue. Instead, dams have been challenged on environmental grounds. In India, by contrast, dams have stirred enormous controversy due to their social costs. The article also considers experience in China, site of the world's largest dam project, and the recent report of an international commission, the World Commission on Dams. The report's release in November 2000 marks the emergence of social displacement as a global concern. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the coupling agent's reactivity on the shrinkability of the blends consisting of grafted low‐density polyethylene and ethylene acrylic elastomer
Authors: Mishra J. K. , Roychowdhury S. , Das C. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBlends prepared by melt mixing of thermoplastic elastomer have gained considerable attention in recent years from a heat shrinkability point of view. Our present study deals with the measurement of heat shrinkability of the maleic anhydride grafted low‐density polyethylene and ethylene acrylic elastomer. Two samples have been prepared to study the effect of coupling agent's reactivity on the shrinkability of the blends. The coupling agents used are 4,4′‐diamino diphenyl sulphone, and 4,4′‐diamino diphenyl methane. Shrinkability was measured at room temperature, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C. Shrinkability is found to be greater in high temperature stretched sample rather than that of room temperature stretched sample. It is observed that reactivity as well as heat shrinkability is more when 4,4′‐diamino diphenyl methane is used as a coupling agent. The mechanism of interchain crosslinking reaction has been confirmed by IR spectroscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed to study the thermal stability of the sample. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of heteroarm star‐branched polymers by means of anionic living polymerization
Authors: Hirao Akira , Matsuo Akira , Morifuji Kazushi , Tokuda Yui , Hayashi Mayumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of well‐defined three‐ and five‐arm star polymers, with varying arm lengths, was described by the method based on anionic living polymerization. A three‐arm AB2 star polymer was synthesized by the linking reaction of a specially designed two chloromethylphenyl‐end‐functionalized polystyrene prepolymer with the anionic living polymer of t‐butyl methacrylate initiated with diphenylmethylpotassium. A five‐arm AA′2B2 star polymer was synthesized by the linking reaction of the same functionalized polystyrene having two chloromethylphenyl termini with the block copolymeric anion prepared from the coupling reaction of polystyryllithium with 1,1‐diphenylethylene‐end‐functionalized poly(α‐methylstyrene). Both star polymers were obtained in more than 95% yields and were found to possess well‐defined structures in terms of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, arm number, and composition. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expected, prenatally discovered, and born cases of Down syndrome in Denmark during the period 1980–1998
Authors: Olesen Larsen Severin , Hansen Jan , Nørgaard Pedersen Bent 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to elucidate the consistency between generally used age‐dependent risk values for Down syndrome (DS) and estimates of the probability of miscarriage in Down pregnancies we have compared expected numbers with estimated numbers of births with DS in Denmark had no intervention at all been carried out. The expected numbers were calculated from the distribution of newborn children according to maternal age combined with the age‐related risk of DS. The estimated numbers of children that actually would have been born without any intervention were estimated from observed numbers of cases of DS, i.e. the cases born plus – with corrections because of the high probability of miscarriage in DS pregnancies – a proportion of those cases discovered prenatally. The analysis was carried out separately for mothers aged 35 years or older and for younger mothers. We found a high degree of compatibility between expected and estimated numbers, probably with a minor underestimation of the expected values for the older mothers. The performance of DS screening in Denmark in the period under consideration (1980–1998) is discussed in relation to the figures presented. Despite the fact that 11.8% of all pregnancies were subjected to an invasive diagnostic procedure, only about 38% of all births with DS were prevented. This means that in the period 1990–1998, reluctance to accept serological screening has indirectly resulted in the birth of almost 300 cases of DS in Denmark and at the same time the miscarriage of an unreasonable high number of normal fetuses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of fetal gender on nuchal translucency at 10–14 weeks of gestation
Authors: Lam Yung Hang , Tang Mary Hoi Yin , Lee Chin Peng , Sin Sai Yuen , Tang Rebecca , Wong Hong Soo , Wong Sai Fun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent data have suggested that fetal nuchal translucency (NT) is affected by fetal gender. We investigated the size of this effect in 12 189 unselected pregnancies with known normal outcomes that had undergone NT measurements between 10 and 14 weeks of gestation. NT increased with gestation and was converted to multiples of the median (MoM) for the gestational day. The median NT MoM (95% CI) for female fetuses was 0.98 (0.97–0.99). This was significantly lower than that of the male fetuses (1.03; range1.02–1.04) (p<0.0005; Wilcoxon rank‐sum test). The gender difference was not observed at 10 weeks but was observed from 11 weeks onwards. There is no obvious explanation for the above findings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of fetal gender on second‐trimester maternal serum inhibin‐A concentration
Authors: Hang Lam Yung , Hoi Yin Tang Mary 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSecond‐trimester serum inhibin‐A is increasingly used as a fourth marker in addition to the triple test to screen for Down syndrome. We investigated whether fetal gender had an effect on serum inhibin‐A concentration. A retrospective analysis was done on 316 normal pregnancies and 48 Down syndrome pregnancies in which maternal serum inhibin‐A assays were performed between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation and in which the fetal sex was known. The median inhibin‐A MoM (95% CI) for normal pregnancies in the presence of a male fetus was 0.93 (range 0.88–1.03). This was significantly lower than that in the presence of a female fetus (median MoM=1.04). The gender difference was not observed in the Down syndrome pregnancies. The increased inhibin‐A concentration would lead to a 2.3‐fold higher false‐positive rate in the presence of a female fetus (10.6% vs 4.6%; p<0.05, Chi‐square test). Because of the small number of cases studied, the results need to be substantiated by a larger series. If the gender effect is confirmed, adjustment for fetal sex may be necessary when inhibin‐A is used as a screening marker. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal sonographic appearance of Beare‐Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome: two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasonographic findings
Authors: Hsu Te‐Yao , Chang Shiuh‐Young , Wang Tu‐Jou , Ou Chia‐Yu , Chen Zen‐Huang , Hsu Pei‐Hua 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBeare‐Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome is characterized by craniofacial anomalies, particularly craniosynostosis, ear defects, cutis gyrata, acanthosis nigricans, anogenit anomalies, skin tags, and prominent umbilical stump. The prenatal two‐ and three‐dimensional ultrasonographic findings of this rare condition is reported. The detection was made at 32 weeks of gestation in a woman with polyhydramnios and fetal head anomaly. The ultrasound appearance and postnatal follow‒up are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type 2 diabetes in adolescence – unearthed at the time of registration with the general practitioner (GP)
Authors: Ng GYT , Burren CP 
Published: August 2002

AbstractType 2 diabetes, or non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), is often considered to be a diagnosis of adulthood. We present a 13 year old boy who was noted to have glycosuria on routine general practitioner (GP) urine testing. Clinical examination upon referral showed massive obesity, hypertension and prominent acanthosis nigricans, and investigations confirmed hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. Metformin and a programme of weight reduction comprise the management of this young adolescent with type 2 diabetes. Such early diagnosis should permit the institution of appropriate management to avoid the early emergence of the complications of type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.