bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPOTTED FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry , Hass George M. 
Published: June 2004

Comparative studies were made of the microorganisms present in D. variabilis ticks, some of which served as a control series while the remainder were exposed to infection with D. rickettsi and thereafter maintained under various conditions.
All female ticks contained in their ovaries a coccoid intracellular microorganism.
About 50 per cent of all ticks after refeeding contained rickettsia-like microorganisms in variable numbers in nearly all organs.
The groups of ticks exposed to infection with the virus of spotted fever, in addition to the above mentioned microorganisms, usually harbored large numbers of D. rickettsi, distinguishable with certainty from the non-pathogenic organisms only by their localization in nuclei of tick cells.
No influence upon the size, number, or distribution of either the non-pathogenic rickettsiae or D. rickettsi in ticks was attributable to refeeding, variations of the temperature of incubation, or variations of the length of the period of incubation.
We conclude from the results of these studies that the non-pathogenic rickettsiae which occur in D. variabilis ticks have no well defined relationship to D. rickettsi since they differ from the latter organism not only in the absence of virulence and immunizing properties, but also in their distribution in tick tissues and inability to multiply in the nuclei of cells.
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Morell S. A. , Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

B. coli, meningococcus, and B. typhosus have been cultivated in a diffused broth medium, prepared by immersing cellophane bags containing saline into nutrient broth. An abundant growth occurred inside the bags, while the outside broth remained sterile. Under these conditions, the production of the active principles of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates has been consistent.
When the culture filtrates so obtained were redialyzed against saline, active preparations were obtained which were practically free from non-specific ingredients.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SEX HORMONES TO INFECTION
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. , McDearman Sara , Raper James 
Published: June 2004

The essential findings of these experiments may be summarized as follows:
The estrogenic hormone after being given for 1 week slows up the spread of India ink but allows it to reach and exceed a normal spread after 24 hours.
After injections of the estrogenic hormone for 3 weeks the spread of India ink is much less than in the control animals.
The resistance of the rabbit to vaccinia is increased if the rabbit has been castrated and then given the estrogenic hormone for a period of 3 weeks before being vaccinated.
At the present time nothing can be said about the action of the gonadotropic hormone on India ink, as the experiments did not agree.
TWO SEROLOGICAL TYPES OF GROUP B HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI WITH RELATED, BUT NOT IDENTICAL, TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Among group B hemolytic streptococci one serological type previously described as homogeneous has been shown, instead, to contain two closely related types, distinguishable by reciprocal absorption experiments. These streptococci are designated Types Ia and Ib.
2. Homologous organisms in each case absorb all antibodies from their respective antisera, while organisms of the heterologous related type absorb only the antibody responsible for the cross reactions. Group B streptococci of other types do not absorb the antibodies responsible for the cross reactions between these two related types. The precipitin reaction and passive protection tests in mice were employed in this analysis.
3. The type-specific substance of Type Ia is a polysaccharide. Preliminary study indicates that this is also true of Type Ib. While no data are available concerning the chemical relationships of these substances, it seems probable that the two types elaborate polysaccharides, related chemically as well as serologically.
THE EFFECT OF HYPERTROPHIC CARTILAGE ON BONE MARROW GROWTH
Authors: Huggins Charles , Smith Kenneth McLane 
Published: June 2004

Intravenous injections of colloidal thorium dioxide were made in rabbits and moderate amounts caused no significant changes in the cellular elements of venous blood. Thorium dioxide was held locally with great tenacity in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system in the bone marrow and showed little tendency to migrate despite drastic stimuli to the marrow in the form of anemia and plethora.
In recently injected rabbits, thorium-laden macrophages abutted each cartilage column in the direction of growth where the cartilage was being removed. In marrow which had formed subsequent to injection the macrophages were thorium-free, allowing recognition of the new tissue by x-ray and histological techniques as clear zones. The growth pattern of marrow could be detected in this way.
The bone marrow increases in length principally in the region of hypertrophic cartilage at the metaphyses and it is evident that the increase is facilitated by the presence of macrophages whose primary function is the resolution of the wasted hypertrophic cartilage cells. Growth in thickness of bone marrow occurs at its circumference. In contrast to the zonal growth of bone marrow, growth of the reticuloendothelial system in liver and spleen is chiefly interstitial.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK BY AZODYES. II
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

From the experiments presented, it follows that the specific precipitation and the production of anaphylactic shock with certain azodyes, as described previously, is due to these substances themselves and is not dependent upon formation of azoproteins by interaction of the dyes with proteins in the test tube or the animal body.
Besides these, some other azodyes which in our tests did not give precipitation with corresponding immune sera were also found, in very small quantities, to induce anaphylactic contraction of the uterus of sensitized guinea pigs.
ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE ISOLATED HEART
Authors: Wilcox Herbert B. , Andrus E. Cowles 
Published: June 2004

The isolated hearts of guinea pigs sensitized to horse serum have been shown to react characteristically upon exposure to small amounts of antigen. The cardiac rate is temporarily accelerated and transient alterations in amplitude of contraction are to be observed. Electrocardiographic abnormalities, previously recorded by remote leads during anaphylactic shock in the intact animal, have been recorded by direct leads from the isolated perfused hearts of sensitized animals during this reaction.
An additional effect of anaphylaxis in the isolated heart of the guinea pig is reported: a striking reduction in the rate of flow through the coronary vessels.
The anaphylactic reaction of the isolated heart of the guinea pig has been compared with the action of histamine upon the same preparation and the effect of atropine upon each has been observed. The implications of certain quantitative differences in the influence of atropine upon these reactions are discussed.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The salt dissociation and barium hydroxide-barium chloride methods are extended to the preparation of highly purified antibody solutions from specific precipitates derived from Type III and Type VIII antipneumococcus horse sera and a low grade polyvalent bovine serum. Analytically pure precipitin (agglutinin) was obtained from the last, and Types I, II, and III antibodies were separated.
2. Difficulties connected with the application of the methods to Type I antipneumococcus rabbit sera are described, as is also the purification of antibody from low grade pig and sheep sera.
3. The dissociation of antibody by both methods from Type I pneumococci agglutinated in antisera produced in the horse, rabbit, pig, and sheep, is described and its advantages discussed.
4. Certain theoretical aspects of the work are also discussed.
TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

No definite conclusions relative to the etiology of toxemia of pregnancy in the rabbit can be drawn from the evidence obtained to date, but certain findings are suggestive and will be investigated further in future studies. These findings suggest that the disorder in the rabbit is a generic variation of eclampsia in man. The incidence, clinical manifestations and pathological lesions indicate that the disorder is of hypophyseal origin and that the association with pregnancy is due to altered activity of that gland in the terminal stages of gestation.
Hereditary factors related to race and certain constitutional variations were associated with increased susceptibility, but their expression was apparently dependent upon environmental conditions. The association of widespread reproductive disturbances with the outbreak of toxemia suggests a causal relation, and it is assumed that the endocrine imbalance was a primary factor in their genesis and was induced by changed environmental conditions. The general response of the population was manifest in functional disturbances which were of minor severity in normal groups and were expressed as toxemia in inherently susceptible animals.
THE EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE ON PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

When used in low concentration, formaldehyde increases the rate of autolytic disintegration of pneumococci whereas in large concentrations it completely inhibits autolysis and preserves both the morphological and staining characteristics of the cells.
Pneumococci treated with large concentrations of formaldehyde, then washed free of the antiseptic and resuspended in physiological solutions, rapidly undergo a change which renders them Gram-negative and smaller. The lysis is only partial, however, and is not accompanied by an actual disintegration of the cell. It is caused by the autolytic enzyme of the cell which remains inactive in the presence of an excess of formaldehyde but recovers its activity when the cells are resuspended in a neutral medium after removal of the antiseptic. If the autolytic enzyme is irreversibly inactivated by heating, or maintained inactive in acid or alkaline reaction, the formolized cells retain their staining characteristics and morphological integrity.
Formolized pneumococci which have become Gram-negative owing to the action of their autolytic enzyme, fail to elicit the type specific carbohydrate antibodies in rabbits. Formolized pneumococci in which the autolytic enzyme has been destroyed or maintained inactive, and which have retained their Gram-positive character, function as a very effective type specific antigen in the rabbit.
These observations emphasize once more the close relation between the Gram-positive structure of pneumococci and the capsular polysaccharide antigen of the cell. They can be used as a basis for the preparation of suspensions of formolized pneumococci which are stable and very effective as type specific antigens.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS OF ORIENTAL ORIGIN: CLINICAL REACTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

Two oriental strains of T. pallidum of Chinese origin were compared with two well known occidental strains, the Nichols and the Zinsser-Hopkins, on the basis of the clinical reaction to infection in the rabbit. Four experiments were carried out, two each in Peiping and New York. Animals from American and Chinese sources were represented in each experiment.
The results obtained showed that the reaction to both Chinese strains was generally comparable to that of the American strains. But with both Chinese strains, lesions of the eyes were more frequent, the time relations of certain phases of the reaction were shortened, and there was a higher incidence of complete recovery (latency) within the observation period. In view of the well known variability of the syphilitic reaction, however, it was not felt that these qualitative differences in clinical response could be ascribed to inherent or biologically fixed properties of the strains.
SOME EFFECTS OF FORMALDEHYDE ON HORSE ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM AND DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN, AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE THEORY OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY AGGREGATION
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

Small amounts of formaldehyde inhibited the precipitating activity of horse diphtheria antitoxin with toxin and of horse antipneumococcus serum with the homologous capsular carbohydrate. Approximately 1 part of commercial formaldehyde to 1000 parts of serum, acting for 24 hours, inhibited the flocculating activity completely. In both cases, the combining affinity of the treated antibody for the corresponding antigen was not demonstrably affected, as determined both by in vitro experiments and by animal protection. More intensive treatment of the antipneumococcus serum caused an apparent loss of its bacterial agglutinating activity, but on centrifugation the organisms cohered: combination had occurred, and only the spontaneous aggregation was prevented. These effects are the same as those previously described for diazo compounds, and have been qualitatively reproduced with acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde and butyraldehyde.
The quantitative relationships suggest that only a few groups in the antibody molecule need be modified by formaldehyde in order to prevent aggregation; and it is probable that these are some of the free NH2 groups of the antibody protein. In marked contrast, the combining affinity of both antipneumococcus antibody and diphtheria antitoxin for the corresponding antigens was only slightly affected by amounts of formaldehyde which sufficed to block the free NH2 groups rapidly and almost completely. Similarly, this amount of treatment did not affect the reactivity of these two antisera acting as antigen with a rabbit antiserum versus horse serum. The integrity of the NH2 groups is apparently not essential for the activity of these sera acting either as antigen or as antibody; and the slow disappearance of their activity in concentrated HCOH is apparently to be ascribed to some secondary reaction other than the simple addition of HCOH to free NH2 groups.
The present experiments do not support the theory that antigen-antibody aggregates are lattice-like structures built up from elementary antigen-antibody compounds because of residual specific combining groups. The aggregating activity of both antipneumococcus serum and diphtheria antitoxin was completely inhibited by procedures which did not demonstrably affect their combining power with antigen. This suggests that the aggregation of antigen-antibody compounds is a secondary, non-specific reaction. It is perhaps significant that the amount of formaldehyde which just sufficed to prevent aggregation also caused a marked increase in the solubility of the pneumococcus antibody, which could then no longer be precipitated at serum pH by dilution with water or by dialysis. This strongly suggests that the loss of precipitating activity is actually due to the increased solubility of the antibody and supports the hypothesis that the primary cause of specific antigen-antibody aggregation is the relative insolubility of the bound antibody.
THE INFLUENCE OF INFLAMMATION ON THE ABSORPTION OF SUBSTANCES OF VARIED DIFFUSIBILITY
Authors: Miller Rose G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Inflammation retards the absorption of horse serum globulin and crystalline egg albumin from the peritoneal cavity and subcutaneous tissue, but retardation of the absorption of crystalline egg albumin is less than that of globulin, which is less diffusible.
2. Inflammation retards the absorption of the specific polysaccharide of pneumococcus Type I from the peritoneal cavity; inflammation may accelerate, but does not hinder, the absorption of glucose from the peritoneal cavity.
3. Inflammation retards the spread of trypan blue in the skin, but accelerates absorption from the skin of the more diffusible dye, brom phenol blue.
4. Phenol red is excreted in the urine with equal rapidity after injection into normal and into inflamed subcutaneous tissue or into normal and into inflamed peritoneal cavities. Direct extractions of phenol red from inflamed subcutaneous sites indicate that inflammation accelerates the absorption of the dye from these areas.
5. Inflammation retards the absorption of the indiffusible proteins, carbohydrates and dyes; it tends to accelerate the absorption of the diffusible carbohydrates and dyes.
THE EFFECT OF A TISSUE ENZYME UPON PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Dubos René J. , MacLeod C. M. 
Published: June 2004

Polymorphonuclear leucocytes contain an enzyme which destroys the basophilic character of beat-killed pneumococci (R and S variants) and inactivates the type specific polysaccharide antigen of encapsulated cells. The same enzyme, however, fails to cause a disintegration of the bacterial cells, or to decompose the capsular polysaccharide itself.
The enzyme has been extracted from a number of animal tissues; it appears identical with a purified enzyme extracted from pancreatin and which decomposes yeast nucleic acid.
These facts are considered with regard to the failure of rabbits to produce the type specific carbohydrate antibodies when immunized with heat-killed encapsulated pneumococci by the intradermal route.
A STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF FOWL POX VIRUS MODIFIED BY INTRACEREBRAL PASSAGE
Authors: Buddingh G. John 
Published: June 2004

1. Intracerebral transfer in chicks of fowl pox virus produces marked changes in its behavior when studied in the chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos and in the skin of baby chicks.
2. A great and persistent increase in virulence for epithelial cells, characterized by rapid necrosis instead of proliferation and hyperplasia, is acquired by the virus propagated intracerebrally.
3. An affinity for cells of mesodermal origin including endothelial cells of blood vessels, and an increase in affinity for entodermal cells is acquired by the virus propagated intracerebrally.
4. The intracerebral virus causes a uniform morphological change in all types of cells, in that the infected cells rapidly become spherical in shape, detached, and desquamated followed by necrosis.
5. One intracerebral passage is sufficient to produce this change in the virus.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF LESIONS AND VIRUS IN THE LUNGS OF MICE RECEIVING LARGE INTRA-PERITONEAL INOCULATIONS OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Rickard E. R. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

Following the intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with large doses of epidemic influenza virus (50,000 to 1 million intranasal M.L.D.) it can be recovered from the lungs in high concentration, and pulmonary lesions of moderate extent may be observed. The virus reaches its highest titer in the lungs 48 to 72 hours after intraperitoneal injection and may persist for 10 days. Virus may be recovered from the blood in the first 24 hours, but is readily detected in the omentum and peritoneum for 5 to 6 days. Mice which as a result of the intraperitoneal injection of virus show a high concentration of virus in the lungs do not die but become solidly immune to intranasal infection. Moreover, as early as 24 to 48 hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of large amounts of virus the animals may exhibit resistance to infection with fatal doses of virus given intranasally.
Influenza virus given intravenously to mice is rapidly removed from the blood but persists in the lungs and induces pulmonary lesions. Virus can also be recovered from the liver for several days. With subcutaneous inoculation of influenza virus, however, the virus does not reach the blood or lungs in detectable amounts although the regional lymph nodes may yield considerable quantities of the agent.
A brief consideration is presented of the mechanisms of infection and resistance which may be involved.
HORMONE STUDIES WITH THE ULTRACENTRIFUGE
Authors: Chiles James A. , Severinghaus Aura E. 
Published: June 2004

1. An ultracentrifuge is described in which the rotor is driven by a compressed air turbine, and is spun in an evacuated chamber to minimize friction and heating. The rotating parts are supported by a cushion of air in an air bearing.
2. The centrifuge rotor holds 10 test tubes inclined at 45° to the axis, and has a capacity of 55 cc. It is operated at a maximum speed of 51,000 R.P.M., which develops at the top of the fluid column in the test tubes a centrifugal field of over 100,000 times gravity, and at the bottom of the fluid column a field of over 200,000 times gravity.
3. By means of a reverse turbine, the rotor can be brought to a stop from full speed in a relatively short time.
4. A precession damping device is described, which effectively damps the precession and wobbling of the rotor that usually occurs at certain speeds in machines of this type.
5. A relatively long section of shaft is used between the centrifuge rotor and lower bearings. This prevents vibrations from being appreciably transmitted through the shaft to the lower bearings and driving mechanism, and results in a negligible wear on the bearings.
6. The driving mechanism is designed so that the positions of its parts are adjustable, and so that the driving mechanism may be dismantled without disturbing these adjustments.
EFFECT OF REPEATED SUPERINFECTION UPON THE POTENCY OF IMMUNE SERUM OF MONKEYS HARBORING CHRONIC INFECTIONS OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI
Authors: Coggeshall Lowell T. , Kumm Henry W. 
Published: June 2004

Protection tests have been utilized to determine the effect of superinfection upon the potency of immune serum of monkeys with chronic Plasmodium knowlesi infections. The results of these tests showed that:
1. In 2 groups of monkeys with comparable P. knowlesi infections the immune serum of 8 monkeys which had been superinfected on 7 separate occasions over a period of 2 months was much more potent than the immune serum of a group of 7 monkeys which were allowed to continue their chronic course of infection without superinfection.
2. After a series of 9 more intense superinfections the serum from the same 2 groups of monkeys contained no demonstrable protective antibodies.
3. The serum from 8 of the 10 monkeys in the original 2 groups showed a relatively high concentration of protective antibodies following a month's rest and a single superinfection.
4. The results of the experiments indicate that it is possible to increase the potency of immune serum by superinfection, but it is also possible to obtain a decrease in the protective property of the serum by too severe superinfections.
PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL OSTEOMYELITIS IN RABBITS BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Thompson R. H. S. , Dubos R. J. 
Published: June 2004

1. The conditions under which a certain strain of staphylococcus (OH 172) causes in rabbits the development of bone inflammation have been described.
2. The virulence of the strain for rabbits was markedly raised by passage through this animal species, and especially after the culture had been recovered from a bone abscess.
3. The results indicate that it is possible to produce consistently inflammation of the bones of rabbits by the mere intravenous injection of a suitable strain of staphylococcus, without resorting to any elaborate operative technique designed to localize the organisms in the bones. It appears also that the inflammatory process so produced bears a close resemblance to staphylococcal osteomyelitis as occurring in human beings.