bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Fire Danger Indices and Their Utility in Predicting Future Wildfire Danger Over the Conterminous United States
Authors: Yu Guo , Feng Yan , Wang Jiali , Wright Daniel B. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPredicting current and future wildfire frequency and size is central to wildfire control and management. Multiple fire danger indices (FDIs) that incorporate weather and fuel conditions have been developed and utilized to support wildfire predictions and risk assessment. However, the scale‐dependent performance of individual FDIs remains poorly understood, which leads to large uncertainty in the estimated fire sizes under climate change. Here, we calculate four commonly used FDIs over the conterminous United States using high‐resolution (4 km) climate and fuel data sets for the 1984–2019 period. The relationships of these four FDIs to the observed wildfire sizes show that higher values of FDIs correlate to larger total fire sizes; this correlation is more robust at larger spatial scales. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the daily minimum relative humidity and precipitation are the most important drivers of the annual mean fire danger. In the instances of extreme fire danger, wind speed becomes a critical factor and should be considered in the calculation of the FDI. To assess the impact of climate change on future fire size, we calculate the present‐day and end‐of‐century FDIs using the 12 km regional climate model simulations. The four FDIs generally predict consistent changes in future fire potential, suggesting an overall higher fire potential in conjunction with a prolonged wildfire season in future climate. Regionally, the four FDIs also reveal similar seasonal patterns as the enhancement arises mostly in spring and summer over the southwest US while in summer and fall over the northern and eastern US.
Weighing Geophysical Data With Trans‐Dimensional Algorithms: An Earthquake Location Case Study
Authors: Piana Agostinetti Nicola , Malinverno Alberto , Bodin Thomas , Dahner Christina , Dineva Savka , Kissling Eduard 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn geophysical inverse problems, the distribution of physical properties in an Earth model is inferred from a set of measured data. A necessary step is to select data that are best suited to the problem at hand. This step is performed ahead of solving the inverse problem, generally on the basis of expert knowledge. However, expert‐opinion can introduce bias based on pre‐conceptions. Here we apply a trans‐dimensional algorithm to automatically weigh data on the basis of how consistent they are with the fundamental hypotheses made to solve the inverse problem. We demonstrate this approach by inverting arrival times for the location of a seismic source in an elastic half‐space, assuming a point‐source and uniform weights in concentric shells. The key advantage is that the data do no longer need to be selected by an expert, but they are assigned varying weights during the inversion procedure.
Separating Direct Heat Flux Forcing and Freshwater Feedback on AMOC Change Under Global Warming
Authors: Wen Qin , Zhu Chenyu , Chen Deliang , Liu Mengyu , Ning Liang , Yan Mi , Liu Jian , Liu Zhengyu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is predicted to weaken under global warming. Whether it is caused by heat flux or freshwater flux is under debate. Here we separate these two processes in changing the AMOC under global warming. The simulated AMOC is weakened during the first 600 years and then gradually recovered to its initial state, with heat flux and freshwater feedback dominating at different timescales. Global warming immediately puts freshwater into the Southern Ocean, which triggers the initial AMOC weakening via altering surface temperature. Concurrently, the extensive heat into the ocean surface increases the temperature over the subpolar North Atlantic, reducing the deep convection and thus the AMOC in the subsequent 50–150 years. Meanwhile, the Arctic sea ice melt leads to the AMOC shutdown. Subsequently, the salinity accumulation in the subtropical North Atlantic propagating northward to restart the North Atlantic deep convection is responsible for the AMOC recovery.
The Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Instability Affected by the Temperature Anisotropic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Lingwei , Zhong Jiacheng 
Published: November 2023

AbstractElectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) instabilities in the inner magnetosphere are investigated with considering the effect of temperature anisotropic electrons. The perpendicular anisotropic electrons (Ae > 1) impose an inhibiting effect on EMIC instabilities, whereas parallel anisotropic electrons (Ae < 1) may generate a promoting or inhibiting effect depending on the direction of wave group velocity. The electron firehose modes can be coupled with EMIC modes. Three unanticipated secondary waves nearby the ion cyclotron frequencies are aroused by the electrons resonating with EMIC waves. The strong wave growth at proton gyrofrequency indicates that the electrons as an important energy provider for EMIC modes have been largely overlooked in previous studies. For the first time, we report a backward EMIC wave with the group velocity in opposite direction of the phase velocity. We suggest the new‐found effects from hot anisotropic electrons may improve our understanding of EMIC instabilities in the inner magnetosphere.
Tropical Cyclone Supercell Response to the Coast Using a Climatology of Radar‐Derived Azimuthal Shear
Authors: Alford A. Addison , Messersmith Andrew , Pollock Bruce , Thomas Quentin , Sandmæl Thea N. , Schenkel Benjamin A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSupercells in landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) often produce tornadoes that can cause fatalities and extensive damage. In previous studies, many tornadoes have been shown to form <50 km from the coast, and their parent storms may also intensify as they cross the coastal boundary. This study uses WSR‐88D observations of TC tornadic mesocyclones from 2011 to 2018 to examine changes in their low‐level rotation upon moving onshore. We will show that radar‐derived azimuthal shear tends to increase in storms that cross the coastal boundary. Similar intensification trends are also found in radar‐derived (supercell) storm‐scale divergence, such that storm‐scale convergence increases as storms move onshore. It is likely changes in the near‐coast vertical wind shear and/or near‐shore convergence helps explain supercell intensification, which is important to consider particularly in operational settings.
Impurity Resistivity of the Earth's Inner Core
Authors: Gomi Hitoshi , Hirose Kei 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSeismic observations suggest that the Earth's inner core has a complex structure (e.g., the isotropic layer at the top, innermost inner core, and hemispherical dichotomy). These characteristics are believed to reflect the history of dynamics and temperature profile of the inner core. One critical physical property is the inner core's thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of metals can be estimated from their electrical resistivity using the Wiedemann‐Franz law. Recent high‐pressure and temperature experiments revealed that the temperature dependence of electrical resistivity is small for Fe‐Si alloys. The small temperature coefficient means that it is essential to determine the impurity resistivity of Fe alloys to constrain the inner core's thermal conductivity. Therefore, this study systematically calculated the impurity resistivities of 4‐ and 6‐component alloys at inner core pressure by combining the Korringa‐Kohn‐Rostoker method with the coherent potential approximation. As a result, we obtained the thermal conductivity of the inner core to be 150–263 W/m/K. The inner core cannot maintain thermal convection with such a high thermal conductivity, resulting in a flat temperature profile. In materials science, it is widely known that polycrystals soften suddenly at high temperatures a few percent below their melting temperature. If such a pre‐melting occurs in the inner core, the flat temperature profile due to high thermal conductivity causes variations in the attenuation within the inner core. This may explain the observation that the upper inner core is more strongly attenuated than the innermost inner core.
Initiations of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Basin Based on FY‐4A Satellite Data: Statistical Characteristics and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Fu Yanan , Sun Jianhua , Fu Shenming , Zhang Yuanchun , Ma Zheng 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBased on the brightness temperature observed by the Fengyun‐4A satellite, eight hundred mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are identified in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin during the warm seasons (April–September) of 2018–2021, and these MCSs are categorized into the quasistationary (QS) type and the outward‐moving (OM; i.e., moving beyond the source region) type. Afterward, the initiations of the MCSs are backward tracked using a hybrid method of areal overlapping and optical flow. Then, the main features of QS‐MCSs and OM‐MCSs and their respective synoptic circulations and environmental parameters are analyzed. The QS‐MCSs primarily occur in July and August and are mainly initiated in the afternoon. The OM‐MCSs mostly occur in June and July with two initiation peaks at noon and late night, respectively. The QS‐MCSs are mainly initiated in mountainous areas. In contrast, the OM‐MCSs are mainly initiated in plain areas. Compared to the OM‐MCSs, the QS‐MCSs show notable diurnal variation in intensity and develop more rapidly. Circulations of a total of 285 days (without direct influences from tropical cyclones) are objectively classified into three patterns by using the k‐means algorithm. Pattern‐I, which is closely related to low‐level jets, shows the most similar features to those of typical Mei‐yu fronts, and it acts as the most favorable circulation type for MCS initiations. Pattern‐II is dominated by northwesterlies, with a relatively stable layer in the low‐level troposphere. Pattern‐III features a dry‐adiabatic or even a superadiabatic layer that contributes to decreasing the layer stability.
Evaluating the Representations of Atmospheric Rivers and Their Associated Precipitation in Reanalyses With Satellite Observations
Authors: Ma Weiming , Chen Gang , Guan Bin , Shields Christine A. , Tian Baijun , Yanez Emilio 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are filaments of enhanced horizontal moisture transport in the atmosphere. Due to their prominent role in the meridional moisture transport and regional weather extremes, ARs have been studied extensively in recent years. Yet, the representations of ARs and their associated precipitation on a global scale remains largely unknown. In this study, we developed an AR detection algorithm specifically for satellite observations using moisture and the geostrophic winds derived from 3D geopotential height field from the combined retrievals of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit on NASA Aqua satellite. This algorithm enables us to develop the first global AR catalog based solely on satellite observations. The satellite‐based AR catalog is then combined with the satellite‐based precipitation (Integrated Muti‐SatellitE Retrievals for GPM) to evaluate the representations of ARs and AR‐induced precipitation in reanalysis products. Our results show that the spreads in AR frequency and AR length distribution are generally small across data sets, while the spread in AR width is relatively larger. Reanalysis products are found to consistently underestimate both mean and extreme AR‐related precipitation. However, all reanalyses tend to precipitate too often under AR conditions, especially over low latitude regions. This finding is consistent with the “drizzling” bias which has plagued generations of climate models. Overall, the findings of this study can help to improve the representations of ARs and associated precipitation in reanalyses and climate models.
Different Response Mechanisms of N‐Bearing Components to Emission Reduction Across China During COVID‐19 Lockdown Period
Authors: Li Rui , Zhang Lijia , Gao Yining , Wang Gehui 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe response characteristics of secondary inorganic aerosols to COVID‐19 lockdown measures have been extensively reported, while spatial disparities of these response characteristics across China and key deriving mechanisms still remained poorly understood. In our study, a chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) was applied to simulate the national concentrations of four N‐bearing components during lockdown periods in 2020 and business‐as‐usual (BAU) period (the same period in 2019). Three distinct regional response mechanisms were distinguished across China. The increases of levels in the northern part of Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH) might be attributable to increased relative humidity (RH) and abundant ammonia (NH3) level (13.5 μg/m3). The dramatic decreases of secondary inorganic nitrogen in Southeast China were contributed by substantial emission reduction (−15.3%) and slightly favorable (pollutant removal) meteorological conditions (−4.36%). The consistent increases of levels, but decreased NH3 levels in tropical regions suggested extremely high RH (84%) and enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity were dominant factors. The response mechanisms of secondary N‐bearing components showed the distinct characteristics between urban and rural regions, which might be closely associated with variations of emission reduction and meteorology during the COVID‐19 period. The natural experiment demonstrates priority control of NH3 emission might be the primary target for BTH, while the coordinated controls of VOCs and NOx emissions should be exerted in Southeast China especially the tropical regions.
Developing a novel optimisation approach for keeping heterogeneous diets healthy and within planetary boundaries for climate change
Authors: Eustachio Colombo Patricia , Elinder Liselotte Schäfer , Nykänen Esa-Pekka A. , Patterson Emma , Lindroos Anna Karin , Parlesak Alexandr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Background and objectives
Current dietary habits have substantial negative impacts on the health of people and the planet. This study aimed to develop a novel approach for achieving health-promoting and climate-friendly dietary recommendations for a broad range of consumers.

Subjects and methods
Hierarchical clustering analysis was combined with linear programming to design nutritionally adequate, health-promoting, climate-friendly and culturally acceptable diets using Swedish national dietary data (n = 1797). Diets were optimised for the average consumption of the total population as well as for the dietary clusters.

Results
Three dietary clusters were identified. All optimised diets had lower shares of animal-source foods and contained higher amounts of plant-based foods. These dietary shifts reduced climate impacts by up to 53% while leaving much of the diet unchanged. The optimised diets of the three clusters differed from the optimised diet of the total population. All optimised diets differed considerably from the food-group pattern of the EAT-Lancet diet.

Conclusions
The novel cluster-based optimisation approach was able to generate alternatives that may be more acceptable and realistic for a sustainable diet across different groups in the population.
Structure-based discovery of dual pathway inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 entry
Authors: Wang Haofeng , Yang Qi , Liu Xiaoce , Xu Zili , Shao Maolin , Li Dongxu , Duan Yinkai , Tang Jielin , Yu Xianqiang , Zhang Yumin , Hao Aihua , Wang Yajie , Chen Jie , Zhu Chenghao , Guddat Luke , Chen Hongli , Zhang Leike , Chen Xinwen , Jiang Biao , Sun Lei , Rao Zihe , Yang Haitao 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSince 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved rapidly and gained resistance to multiple therapeutics targeting the virus. Development of host-directed antivirals offers broad-spectrum intervention against different variants of concern. Host proteases, TMPRSS2 and CTSL/CTSB cleave the SARS-CoV-2 spike to play a crucial role in the two alternative pathways of viral entry and are characterized as promising pharmacological targets. Here, we identify compounds that show potent inhibition of these proteases and determine their complex structures with their respective targets. Furthermore, we show that applying inhibitors simultaneously that block both entry pathways has a synergistic antiviral effect. Notably, we devise a bispecific compound, 212-148, exhibiting the dual-inhibition ability of both TMPRSS2 and CTSL/CTSB, and demonstrate antiviral activity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants with different viral entry profiles. Our findings offer an alternative approach for the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, as well as application for broad-spectrum treatment of viral pathogenic infections with similar entry pathways.
Quantification of ligand and mutation-induced bias in EGFR phosphorylation in direct response to ligand binding
Authors: Wirth Daniel , Özdemir Ece , Hristova Kalina 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSignaling bias is the ability of a receptor to differentially activate downstream signaling pathways in response to different ligands. Bias investigations have been hindered by inconsistent results in different cellular contexts. Here we introduce a methodology to identify and quantify bias in signal transduction across the plasma membrane without contributions from feedback loops and system bias. We apply the methodology to quantify phosphorylation efficiencies and determine absolute bias coefficients. We show that the signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to EGF and TGFα is biased towards Y1068 and against Y1173 phosphorylation, but has no bias for epiregulin. We further show that the L834R mutation found in non-small-cell lung cancer induces signaling bias as it switches the preferences to Y1173 phosphorylation. The knowledge gained here challenges the current understanding of EGFR signaling in health and disease and opens avenues for the exploration of biased inhibitors as anti-cancer therapies.
Double superionicity in icy compounds at planetary interior conditions
Authors: de Villa Kyla , González-Cataldo Felipe , Militzer Burkhard 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are assumed to comprise the bulk of the interiors of the ice giant planets Uranus, Neptune, and sub-Neptune exoplanets. The details of their interior structures have remained largely unknown because it is not understood how the compounds H2O, NH3 and CH4 behave and react once they have been accreted and exposed to high pressures and temperatures. Here we study thirteen H-C-N-O compounds with ab initio computer simulations and demonstrate that they assume a superionic state at elevated temperatures, in which the hydrogen ions diffuse through a stable sublattice that is provided by the larger nuclei. At yet higher temperatures, four of the thirteen compounds undergo a second transition to a novel doubly superionic state, in which the smallest of the heavy nuclei diffuse simultaneously with hydrogen ions through the remaining sublattice. Since this transition and the melting transition at yet higher temperatures are both of first order, this may introduce additional layers in the mantle of ice giant planets and alter their convective patterns.
A semiconductor 96-microplate platform for electrical-imaging based high-throughput phenotypic screening
Authors: Chitale Shalaka , Wu Wenxuan , Mukherjee Avik , Lannon Herbert , Suresh Pooja , Nag Ishan , Ambrosi Christina M. , Gertner Rona S. , Melo Hendrick , Powers Brendan , Wilkins Hollin , Hinton Henry , Cheah Michael , Boynton Zachariah G. , Alexeyev Alexander , Sword Duane , Basan Markus , Park Hongkun , Ham Donhee , Abbott Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHigh-content imaging for compound and genetic profiling is popular for drug discovery but limited to endpoint images of fixed cells. Conversely, electronic-based devices offer label-free, live cell functional information but suffer from limited spatial resolution or throughput. Here, we introduce a semiconductor 96-microplate platform for high-resolution, real-time impedance imaging. Each well features 4096 electrodes at 25 µm spatial resolution and a miniaturized data interface allows 8× parallel plate operation (768 total wells) for increased throughput. Electric field impedance measurements capture >20 parameter images including cell barrier, attachment, flatness, and motility every 15 min during experiments. We apply this technology to characterize 16 cell types, from primary epithelial to suspension cells, and quantify heterogeneity in mixed co-cultures. Screening 904 compounds across 13 semiconductor microplates reveals 25 distinct responses, demonstrating the platform’s potential for mechanism of action profiling. The scalability and translatability of this semiconductor platform expands high-throughput mechanism of action profiling and phenotypic drug discovery applications.
3.5 × 3.5 μm2 GaN blue micro-light-emitting diodes with negligible sidewall surface nonradiative recombination
Authors: Wang Xuelun , Zhao Xixi , Takahashi Tokio , Ohori Daisuke , Samukawa Seiji 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMicro-light-emitting diode displays are generating considerable interest as a promising technology for augmented-reality glasses. However, the fabrication of highly efficient and ultra-small ( <3 μm) micro-light-emitting diodes, which are required for augmented-reality applications, remains a major technical challenge due to the presence of strong sidewall nonradiative recombination. In this study, we demonstrate a 3.5 × 3.5 μm2 blue GaN micro-light-emitting diode with negligible sidewall nonradiative recombination compared with bulk nonradiative recombination. We achieve this by using an ultralow-damage dry etching technique, known as neutral beam etching, to create the micro-light-emitting diode mesa. Our 3.5 × 3.5 μm2 micro-light-emitting diode exhibits a low decrease in external quantum efficiency of only 26% at a current density of 0.01 A/cm2, compared with the maximum external quantum efficiency that is reached at the current density of ∼3 A/cm2. Our findings represent a significant step towards realizing micro-light-emitting diode displays for augmented-reality glasses.
Assessing the nonlinear association of environmental factors with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Yangtze River Mouth, China
Authors: Miao Jiazheng , Ling Yikai , Chen Xiaoyuan , Wu Siyuan , Liu Xinyue , Xu Shixin , Umar Sajid , Anderson Benjamin D. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe emergence of antibacterial resistance (ABR) is an urgent and complex public health challenge worldwide. Antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) are considered as a new pollutant by the WHO because of their wide distribution and emerging prevalence. The role of environmental factors in developing ARGs in bacterial populations is still poorly understood. Therefore, the relationship between environmental factors and bacteria should be explored to combat ABR and propose more tailored solutions in a specific region. Here, we collected and analyzed surface water samples from Yangtze Delta, China during 2021, and assessed the nonlinear association of environmental factors with ARGs through a sigmoid model. A high abundance of ARGs was detected. Amoxicillin, phosphorus (P), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and strontium (Sr) were found to be strongly associated with ARGs and identified as potential key contributors to ARG detection. Our findings suggest that the suppression of ARGs may be achieved by decreasing the concentration of phosphorus in surface water. Additionally, Group 2A light metals (e.g., magnesium and calcium) may be candidates for the development of eco-friendly reagents for controlling antibiotic resistance in the future.