bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
197 Evaluating the Associations Between Piglet’s Characteristics at Birth and Growth Performance During Lactation Period on Piglets from Hyperprolific Sows
Authors: Salgado-López Pau , Aymerich Pau , Gasa Josep , Casellas Joaquim , Solà-Oriol David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the impact of birth body weight (BBW) and average daily gain (ADG) during the first week (ADG07) on the weaning body weight (WBW) of piglets from hyperprolific sows, as well as to evaluate the role played by other perinatal factors against the ADG07 and WBW. A total of 1,398 piglets [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Pietrain] born from 87 sows between first and tenth parity (mean ± SD: 3.7 ± 2.2) were used. Each farrowing was monitored to record birth order (BO), birth time (BT), BBW, sex (SX), rectal temperature (RT), and total number of piglets born. Vitality score (VS) was established by monitoring udder stimulation and number of completed circles around the enclosure. At day 1 of life, litters were equalized to 15 piglets (62.17 ± 19.44 % BBW &gt; 1.15 kg piglets; 37.83 ± 19.44 % BBW ≤ 1.15 kg piglets per litter). Piglets were individually weighed after litter equalization, at day 7, and at weaning (26.1 ± 0.45 d). Linear mixed models were fitted to the two study outcomes (ADG07 and WBW) and all possible explanatory variables. The adoptive sow was used as the random effect. Stepwise backward elimination of fixed effects was done to obtain optimized models. Differences between optimized models with or without fixed effects interactions were tested by ANOVA. The individual impact of BBW and ADG07 on WBW was analyzed with individual linear mixed models including only the explanatory variable to be studied (BBW or ADG07). The interaction BBW x RT (P &lt; 0.001) fitted the best model for ADG07 prediction (Marginal R-sq = 0.22). Concerning the BBW, despite being a significant predictor (P &lt; 0.001), it did not explain a great fraction of the variation of ADG07 (R-sq = 0.21). Increments of 100 g in BBW were associated with ADG07 increments of 8.9 g/d. The WBW final model (Marginal R-sq = 0.64) had BBW (P &lt; 0.001), ADG07 (P &lt; 0.001), and VS (P = 0.03) as significant predictors. Individual linear mixed models showed that ADG07 was a better predictor than BBW on WBW (R-sq = 0.59 vs. 0.31). Interaction BBW x ADG07 was significant (P &lt; 0.001), indicating that ADG07 had a greater impact on WBW in piglets with low BBW. Regarding VS, piglets with the best VS at birth had better WBW compared with piglets with the least VS at birth (7.06 ± 1.92 vs. 6.47 ± 1.87 kg). These results suggest that growth performance during the first week has at least an equivalent influence as BBW on WBW, giving an early-life window of opportunity to apply strategies to improve the future performance of the piglets. The VS and RT have a significant role in ADG07 and WBW models.
200 Effect of Utilizing Nurse Sows Compared with no Nurse Sows on Nursery Productivity
Authors: Allen Kacey N , Meier Larissa E , Stephenson Ethan , Mauch-Swinford Emily , McNeil Brady , Sonderman John , Cross Amanda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The use of nurse sows is one strategy producers use to manage increasing litter sizes. The impact of nurse sows on nursery finish performance is not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate differences in nursery performance given two different farrowing room management systems. Crossbred sows (n = 618) were allotted to farrowing rooms based on farrowing date (DNA L241, DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE). One treatment (NoNurse) had 0% nurse sows and the second (Nurse) had 7% nurse sows allocated per room. All pigs (n = 9,109) were individually identified and weighed at birth. Within 24 hours post farrowing, cross-fostering was allowed for both treatments. Pig movements were limited for sows with 13 to 15 live born pigs, which maximized sows rearing her own pigs. If cross-fostering occurred, pigs were moved within treatment to maximize functional teats. In both treatments, fall-behind pigs, those that were lagging in body weight gain compared with their peers, were identified, and weighed. Litter mates of the fall-behind pigs were also weighed. Fall-behind pigs were left in their original crates for the NoNurse treatment and were moved to a nurse sow for the Nurse treatment. Pigs were weaned and weaning weights were collected at approximately 21.5 days of age. At weaning, (n = 7,928) pigs were placed in commercial nurseries where mortality date and reason were recorded. Nursery mortality was not significantly different between NoNurse and Nurse treatments, with 2.34 % versus 2.64 % mortality, respectively (P = 0.48). Nursery mortality was also not significantly different for the fall-behind pigs and their litter mates in the Nurse (P = 0.80) or NoNurse treatments (P = 0.84). At approximately 10 weeks of age, a subset (n = 2,169) of pigs were placed in a research finishing barn and body weights were collected. Body weights at 10 weeks of age were 1.51 kg (P &lt; 0.05) and 1.66 kg (P &lt; 0.05) less for fall-behind pigs in comparison with their litter mates for the NoNurse and Nurse treatments, respectively. Body weights at 10 weeks of age for fall-behind pigs in the NoNurse treatment were 1.55 kg (P &lt; 0.05) less than fall-behind pigs in the Nurse treatment. Management decisions can impact nursery finish performance, in this study it was observed that not utilizing nurse sows could negatively impact nursery growth, particularly for fall-behind pigs.
201 Transmission of Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol and Their Metabolites from Sows to Piglets During Lactation with or without an Algae-Clay-Based Decontaminant
Authors: de Grave Xandra Benthem , Saltzmann Janine , Rodriguez Maria A , Molist Francesc , Danicke Sven , Santos Regiane R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated effects of an algae-clay-based mycotoxin decontaminant on levels of zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their derivatives in the colostrum, milk, and serum of sows, as well as in the serum of weaned piglets after maternal mycotoxin exposure from the last week of gestation to weaning (26 days). To this end, 15 sows split into 3 groups (n = 5/group) were fed diets naturally contaminated with 100 (LoZEN) or 300 (HiZEN) µg/kg ZEN, with or without an algae-clay-based mycotoxin decontaminant in the highly contaminated diet. All diets contained 250 µg/kg DON. Dietary treatments did not influence the performance of the sows and piglets. Only α-ZEL significantly increased in the colostrum of sows fed the HiZEN diet, and this increase was even greater in the colostrum of the sows fed the HiZEN diet supplemented with the test decontaminant. However, no differences in milk mycotoxin concentrations were observed at weaning. The greatest concentrations of ZEN, α-ZEL, and β-ZEL were observed in the serum of sows fed the HiZEN diet. When the HiZEN diet was supplemented with the tested algae-clay-based mycotoxin decontaminant, lconcentrations of ZEN and its metabolites were significantly decreased in the serum of sows. Although all sows were fed the same levels of DON, the serum concentration of de-epoxy-DON increased only in the serum of piglets from the sows fed a diet with the non-supplemented HiZEN diet. In conclusion, the tested algae-clay-based mycotoxin decontaminant can decrease concentrations of ZEN and its metabolites in the serum of sows and the level of de-DON in the serum of piglets.
203 Effects of Feeding Varying Levels of Mycotoxin-Containing Corn Fines on Diet Choice and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Paczosa Duncan B , Chevalier Tyler B , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mycotoxins in feed are known to negatively affect growth and other physiological processes in pigs. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding diets with varying levels of mycotoxins and boron (a nutrient reported to mitigate some aspects of mycotoxicosis). Screenings from the 2020 crop year corn contained mycotoxin levels of 23,038 ppb total fumonisin, 1,446 ppb zearalenone, and 5,032 ppb total deoxynivalenol (DON)l. The corn fines were added into a corn-soybean meal diet formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient requirements as a replacement for corn at 0, 10, and 20% for Diets 1-3. Diets 4-6 were Diets 1-3, respectively, plus 40 ppm boron from sodium tetraborate decahydrate (11.34% B). Diets 3 and 6 were formulated to approximate the cautionary levels of fumonisin and DON stated by the FDA. Exp. 1 used crossbred pigs (n = 144; mean initial BW = 10.20 ± 0.23 kg) blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to dietary treatments for a total of 6 replicates (4 pigs/pen) for a 21-day growth performance trial. On day 21, serum was collected from the heaviest and lightest pig in each pen for clinical chemistry assessment. Exp. 2 used crossbred pigs (n = 48; mean initial BW = 9.18 kg ± 0.12 kg) blocked by sex and BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatment comparisons including: Comparison 1) Diet 1 vs. Diet 2; Comparison 2) Diet 1 vs. Diet 3; and Comparison 3) Diet 2 vs. Diet 3. There were a total of 4 replicates (4 pigs/pen) for a 21-day preference trial. Performance and clinical chemistry data were analyzed by ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Preference data were evaluated via t-test. Increasing mycotoxin levels in Exp. 1 had no effect on overall ADG, ADFI, and GF (Table 1; P = 0.16, 0.53, and 0.92, respectively). The increasing mycotoxin levels did effect glucose and cholesterol (P = 0.03, and P &lt; 0.01, respectively). There was no effect of boron on the same performance measures (P = 0.81, 0.59, and 0.76, respectively) although it did decreaser serum glucose (P = 0.02). Exp. 2 demonstrated the barrows ability to discern between diets in Comparisons 2 and 3 (P &lt; 0.01) for each week while gilts only started to exhibit that ability during Week 3 for Comparison 2 (P = 0.06). In conclusion, pigs can differentiate and choose between diets containing these mixed mycotoxins but when not given a choice, the pigs do not have different growth performance using the particular mycotoxins and within the framework of this assessment.
195 The Impact of Developmental Housing Type on Toe Growth and Wear in Sows
Authors: Obermier Dalton , Mote Benny E , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Swine housing systems are ever-changing to improve animal husbandry. Recently, gilts are being transitioned from gestation stalls to pens with resulting phenotypic effects being unclear. Toe growth and wear are often negated during structural analysis, with objective data of their trends being limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of housing type on toe growth and wear during gestation of golts. York x Landrace gilts (n = 321) were used at the UNL ENREC swine farm. Gilts were randomly assigned to either pen (4 pigs/pen; 2.09 m2/pig) or stall (2.06 x 0.48 m) housing at 210 days of age. For analysis, gilts were lifted in a Feet First Chute (Zinpro) to permanently mark the lateral toes on the left front and back feet at ~1 cm from the coronary band. Toe length above and below the mark was measured with a digital caliper. Measurements took place before breeding (PRE), at day 30 (D30), day 57 (D57), and day 100 (D100) of gestation, and at weaning (WEAN). Estimated marginal means were calculated with regards for development group, housing type, and initial toe lengths. From PRE to D100, stall housed gilts had greater (P &lt; 0.01) front growth (32.5 vs. 26.8 mm), similar front wear (-25.3 vs. -23.4 mm), greater (P &lt; 0.01) back growth (39.1 vs. 34.3 mm), greater (P &lt; 0.01) back wear (-32.3 vs. -28.1 mm), a greater (P &lt; 0.01) total front length (41.6 vs. 39.6 mm), and a slightly longer total back length (45.5 vs. 45 mm). From D100 to WEAN, pen housed gilts had more (P &lt; 0.05) back wear (-5.12 vs. -4.32 mm) and subsequently less (P &lt; 0.01) total back growth (4.88 vs. 6.50 mm); with no other differences showing significance. These results suggest that housing can alter feet conformation with stall developed gilts having longer toes when entering farrowing.
30 Microbiome Manipulation to Reduce Methane Emission in Beef Cattle
Authors: Doan Tien , Wilson Hannah , Kubwimana Fiacre , Neujahr Alison , Fernando Samodha C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the major sources of methane production, ruminants account for a considerable fraction of the anthropogenic methane produced. Thus, minimizing methane emission in intensive and extensive cattle production systems while maintaining/increasing performance of animals will have a significant impact on the environment and will help develop a sustainable carbon-based market system. We believe that developing science-based dietary intervention strategies using feed additives to manipulate rumen microbial communities is a viable strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Here we show the potential impact of using an essential oil formulation to reduce methane emissions in cattle. In this study, we used in-vitro fermentation experiments to evaluate the impact of the essential oil mix in reducing methane emissions. Additionally, we evaluated microbial community changes in the presence and absence of the essential oil mix to understand microbial changes that lead to reduced methane emissions. The in-vitro fermentation experiments demonstrated a significant decrease in methane emission in the essential oil mix compared with the control with no essential oil (P &lt; 0.05). This decrease in methane was greater than 50%. Following in-vitro fermentation for 48 hours, the resulting inoculum was evaluated for microbial community changes using 16S rDNA sequencing. Compared with the control, the essential oil mix containing bottles were greater in Anaerovibrio and Succinivibrio and had a reduced abundance of Anaeroplasma and Prevotellaceae at the genus level. Furthermore, the essential oil mix tubes were plated to isolate members that were enriched in this treatment. The isolates obtained include Lysinibacillus halotolerans and Lysinibacillus boronitolerans. Such isolates may have the potential to be effective direct-fed microbial to reduce methane emission. Here we show the potential of the essential oil mix identified to reduce methane invitro and we have an animal study planned for the near future.
31 Alternative Housing for Beef Cow/Calf Producers: A Survey of Management Practices and Health Concerns
Authors: Drayer Sadie J , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W , Meteer William T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this survey was to assess how building designs impact management practices and health concerns in confinement-housed beef cow-calf operations. This oral-based, on-farm survey collected responses from 20 cow-calf producers across the state of Illinois who were currently using an alternative housing system. The survey consisted of 94 questions based on 10 categories: demographics, housing, technology use, herd health and nutrition, pasture, manure management, cover crops, feed storage, water, and genetics. There were a variety of question types including multiple choice, select all that apply, open-ended, ranking of importance, and scale from one to ten. Results were analyzed based on respondents building design type (monoslope; n = 6, gable frame; n = 5, and hoop; n = 9). For the producers utilizing a monoslope, 66.7% had cow inventories of 150 or more, whereas 60% of gable frame users had inventories of 150 or more, and 44.4% of hoop building users had inventories of 150 cows or more. For the producers utilizing a monoslope, 16.7% had rubber covered concrete slat flooring, 33.3% had a clay/lime-based flooring, and 50% had concrete flooring. For the producers utilizing a gable frame, 0% had slats, 60% had lime, and 40% had concrete. For the producers utilizing a hoop building, 0% had slats, 88.9% had lime, and 11.1% had concrete. When assessing drylot access, 0% of monoslope users were allowing cows access to a drylot compared with 40% of gable frame users and 66.67% of hoop building users. Most monoslope users (83%) had 6 months or more of under-roof manure storage, whereas 0% of gable frame users did, and only 11.1% of hoops users did. For those utilizing a monoslope, 50% were creep feeding for 4 months or more compared with 80% of gable frame users and 12.5% of hoop building users. For producers utilizing a monoslope, 60% responded cows were over-conditioned, 40% said properly conditioned, and 0% said under-conditioned. For gable frame users, 50% responded cows were over-conditioned, 50% said properly conditioned, and 0% said under-conditioned. For hoop building users, 44.5% responded cows were over-conditioned, 55.5% said properly conditioned, and 0% said cows were under-conditioned. When asked to rank calf issues, 67% of monoslope producers ranked scours first, compared with 40% of gable frame users, and 44% of hoop building users. None of the monoslope users ranked calf respiratory first whereas 40% of those with gable frame did and 22% of hoop building users did. For naval issues, 33.3% of monoslope ranked it first, compared with 20% of gable frame users, and 33% of hoop building users. In conclusion, building design type influenced management practices and health issue concerns.
40 Effect of Soybean Meal Inclusion on Grow-Finish Pig Performance and Nitrogen Balance
Authors: Swanstrom Joseph A , Humphrey Dalton C , Elefson Sarah , Miller Kayla A , Becker Spenser , Hagen Chloe S , Nisley Mitchell J , Greiner Laura L , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mixed-sex pigs (n = 240 PIC 337×1050; initial BW = 23 ± 4.7 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of soybean meal (SBM) inclusion on the growth performance and nitrogen balance of grow-finish pigs. Pigs were assigned across 60 split-sex pens, and pens were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments (10 pens∙treatments-1∙sex-1). Diets were formulated with increasing SBM for an approximate 3% incremental difference in crude protein (CP) between treatments. The treatments were: 1) low SBM (L-SBM) corn-soy diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids, 2) medium SBM diet (M-SBM) with SBM formulated to replace all synthetic lysine and equal to L-SBM in SID lysine, and 3) high SBM diet (H-SBM) contained excess levels of all amino acids. Diets were fed in four feeding phases ranging from approximately 25-50, 51-75, 76-105, and 106-135 kg for phases 1-4, respectively. From phases 1 to 4, SBM inclusion ranged from approximately 26-48% (SID Lys 1.06-1.32%), 19-41% (SID Lys 0.89-1.15%), 15-35% (SID Lys 0.76-1.01%), and 13-29% (SID Lys 0.68-0.86%), respectively. Additionally, diets within each phase were isocaloric. Pig BW and feed intake were measured for each phase to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. On day 66, 18 gilts (n =6/treatment) were placed into metabolism stalls for total urine and feces collection over a 72 h period to assess CP digestibility and nitrogen balance. Pigs were marketed at approximately 134 kg BW, and carcass weight, backfat depth, and loin depth were measured at the harvest facility. Data were subject to ANOVA in SAS 9.4. Pen was the experimental unit, and the results were significant at P ≤ 0.05. Overall (d 0-98) pig ADFI, ADG, or G:F did not differ across treatments (P ≥ 0.202). However, there was a significant diet-by-phase interaction for ADG (P = 0.045) and G:F (P = 0.008), where H-SBM fed pigs grew faster in phase two compared with the M-SBM (1.07 vs. 1.02 kg/d; P = 0.026) or L-SBM (1.07 vs. 1.02 kg/d; P = 0.028) fed pigs. Consequently, in phase two, H-SBM pigs had improved G:F compared with M-SBM (0.47 vs. 0.44; P = 0.005) or L-SBM pigs (0.47 vs. 0.44; P = 0.001). However, these effects were not evident in the other phases. Apparent total tract digestibility of CP and nitrogen retention were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.762). However, as expected, nitrogen retention as a proportion of intake, linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.001) as SBM inclusion increased, which translated to an approximate 130% increase in total nitrogen excretion in pigs fed H-SBM compared with L-SBM (40.8 vs. 17.7 g/d; P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, low and high SBM formulations did not alter grow-finish pig overall performance. However, linearly increased nitrogen excretion was reported as SBM levels increased.
27 Quality Variation in Beef Chuck Eye Rolls Sourced from a Commercial Processor
Authors: Boryszewski Alicia , Heller Nicholas , McCann Joshua C , Rickard Justin W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate quality variation in beef Chuck Eye rolls (IMPS 116D). Beef Chuck Rolls (IMPS 116A) were purchased from a commercial meat packer and fabricated to obtain beef Chuck Eye Rolls (IMPS 116D). Cases were transported to the Illinois State University Meat Lab and hand-sliced into 2.54 cm boneless beef Chuck Eye steaks (IMPS 1116D) (n = 161). Each roll contained between 7 to 10 steaks for use in further meat quality analyses in accordance with in-plant procedures. Upon slicing, steaks were allowed to bloom for 15 minutes and then used in subsequent quality analysis including color, cook loss, and tenderness evaluation. Instrumental color measurements [L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness)] were taken for each steak in duplicate with a HunterLab Miniscan XE Plus Spectrophotometer using a D65 illuminant, 100 observer, and 35-mm aperture. All steaks were cooked to a final internal temperature of 71° C. Steaks then underwent cook loss evaluation as well as tenderness analysis via Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). Statistical analysis was performed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS to estimate variance components of steak quality in a nested design (steak within roll within case). For all response variables, the standard error was large for the case term. Ranges of observed response values were: L* 28.03-52.15, a* 14.55-27.82, b* 12.78-25.32, cook loss 17.58-61.11, shearforce 2.10-5.86. Variance components in L* and a* values followed similar patterns in which the greatest amount of variance was contributed by steak, followed by case, followed by roll (L* 13.541 (P &lt; 0.001) vs. 9.035 (P = 0.1790) vs. 1.958 (P = 0.1839) and a* 4.055 (P &lt; 0.0001) vs. 1.605 ( P= 0.2124) vs. 0.632 (P = 0.1746). Case, roll, and steak contributed variance almost equally for b* though two variance components were statistically different from zero σ2case =2.133 (P = 0.2344) σ2roll = 1.627 (P = 0.0335) σ2steak = 2.37 (P &lt; 0.0001). Case contributed approximately 1.5 times the variance in cook loss when compared with steak (σ2case = 43.687 (P = 0.1387) vs. σ2steak=29.471 (P &lt; 0.0001)) and approximately 3.5 times more than roll ( σ2case = 43.687 vs. σ2roll = 12.077 (P = 0.0565)). The largest impact on variance in shearforce values came from steak whereas case and roll contributed almost equally (shearforce σ2case = 0.0256 (P = 0.3894)σ2roll = 0.0333 (P = 0.2040) σ2steak = 0.2454 (P &lt; 0.0001)). Some correlations were observed: L*:a* (-0.46, P &lt; 0.0001), L*:b* (-0.07, P = 0.3979), L*:cookloss (0.166, P = 0.0422), and cookloss:shearforce (0.274, P = 0.0007). As lower-cost alternatives to traditional center of the plate cuts continue to grow in popularity among large volume purchasers, it is important to evaluate potential differences in quality attributes. Further evaluation of the impact of case as well as steak within Chuck Eye roll on individual steak quality is warranted.