bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the genetic variants of κ‐casein in milk by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis
Authors: Molina L H , Casanova M , Gonzalez L A , Pinto M , Carrasco E , Brito C 
Published: October 2003

The genetic variants of κ‐casein (κ‐CN) A and B were analysed in milk from Holstein–Friesian (HF) and Jersey cows by means of isoelectric focusing (IEF) electrophoresis. Milk samples were obtained in triplicate from pure‐breed HF and Jersey cows (three of each) to estimate the protein content, casein and purify κ‐CN. The protein and casein contents in the milk from both breeds were statistically different (P < 0.05). The κ‐CN A migrates first with an isoelectric point (pI) of 7.2–7.3 and then B with a pI of 7.5–7.7. Differences in the expression proportion of both variants were detected.
The effects of some starter cultures on the properties of Turkish White cheese
Authors: Daǧdemi̇r Eli̇f , Celi̇k Serafetti̇n , Ozdemi̇r Sali̇h 
Published: October 2003

White cheese samples were manufactured from bovine milk using three different commercial direct vat starter cultures (DVS‐1, ‐2 and ‐3) and a lyophilized culture, and ripened at 4 ± 1°C for 90 days. The composition, titratable acidity and ripening indices of the cheese samples were determined on the 2nd, 30th, 60th and 90th days of ripening. The ratios of total solids, protein and fat were higher for cheeses manufactured using DVS‐2 and lyophilized cultures but the titratable acidity in cheese produced using DVS‐3 and lyophilized cultures was higher (P < 0.01). The mean value of the ripening indices of the cheese produced using the lyophilized culture was lower than the cheeses produced with added DVS cultures (P < 0.05). The total solids, ash, salt ratios, titratable acidity and ripening indices values increased for all types of white cheeses during ripening (P < 0.05).
The effects of the combined use of stabilizers containing locust bean gum and of the storage time on Kahramanmaraş‐type ice creams
Authors: Guven M , Karaca O B , Kacar A 
Published: October 2003

This study was aimed primarily at determining the suitability of locust bean gum and various stabilizers in the production of Kahramanmaraş‐type ice creams, the physical, chemical and sensory properties of the ice creams produced, and the stabilizer combination that could produce the best quality ice cream. With a total amount of stabilizer of 1.0%, ice creams of four different combinations containing locust bean gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum and sodium alginate were produced and their properties during a 6‐month storage period compared with the control sample produced using only salep extract (Orchis orchida). The ice cream produced using only the salep extract had significantly higher (P < 0.05) levels of titratable acidity, lower pH and viscosity values, and were harder and less resistant to melting compared to those produced with the stabilizer combinations. The stabilizer mixtures containing locust bean gum yielded better results than those with the salep extract. An analysis of the effect of storage time on the properties of the ice creams indicated that, of the physical properties examined, only the decrease in the penetrometer values was significant (P < 0.05). Apart from the difference observed in the third month during the storage of the ice creams produced with the salep extract, the differences during the storage time were not found to be significant (P > 0.05).
Feta cheese texture: the effect of caprine and ovine milk concentration
Authors: Tsigkros D , Folland E , Moate R , Brennan C S 
Published: October 2003

Feta cheese was produced commercially with different caprine to ovine milk ratios. Milk fat concentrations, moisture and salt contents were similar for all the batches. However, the hardness and adhesive characteristics of the cheeses differed in relation to the milk ratio. The hardness of the cheese appeared to be correlated to increased goat milk content. Cryo‐scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM) of the cheese samples showed that feta cheese with a higher proportion of caprine milk had a more compact and less porous appearance than feta produced from purely ovine milk. This difference in cheese structure helps to explain the difference in hardness between the samples.
Studies on the development of beverages using fruit juice/pulp, separated milk and reconstituted skim milk
Authors: Shukla F C , Sharma A , Singh B 
Published: October 2003

Studies were carried out on the development of beverages using fruit juice/pulp, separated milk and reconstituted skim milk. Beverages were prepared by blending juice/pulp from apples, bananas, guavas, litchis and mangos at four different concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 g/L) with separated and reconstituted skim milk. Organoleptic evaluation of the beverages showed that apple juice and guava pulp could be blended at up to 300 and 100 g/L in milk products, respectively. Banana and mango pulp could also successfully be used at up to 200 g/L in separated milk and reconstituted skim milk. Litchi juice could be blended up to 300 g/L in separated milk and 200 g/L in reconstituted skim milk.
The Role of an Advanced Practice Public Health Nurse in Bioterrorism Preparedness
Authors: Mondy Cristin , Cardenas David , Avila Margaret 
Published: October 2003

Abstract  The 2001 anthrax events have vividly illustrated that terrorism involving the release of a biological agent is a major public health emergency requiring an immediate and well‐coordinated response. If healthcare professionals and emergency responders are to be prepared to manage such attacks, unprecedented cooperative efforts at the national, state, and local levels are necessary.To aid such efforts, advanced practice public health nurses (PHNs) must exercise their ability to collaborate with a variety of disciplines and communities. Using the Los Angeles County Public Health Nursing Practice Model, advanced practice PHNs can be trained to deal effectively with acts of bioterrorism. This model defines the practice of public health nursing as working on a population‐based level to create conditions under which healthy people can live within healthy communities. This article will discuss the threat of bioterrorism and describe how the Public Health Nursing Practice Model can be applied to assist advanced practice PHNs in the development of a public health plan for preparedness and response to bioterrorism. Six specific interventions that enable advanced practice PHNs to affect populations at the community and systems level will be discussed along with the implications of bioterrorism for advanced practice public health nursing.
The Application of a Vulnerable Populations Conceptual Model to Rural Health
Authors: Leight Susan Bragg 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBackground: This article describes the application of the vulnerable populations conceptual model to rural health. Vulnerable populations are social groups who have an increased susceptibility to adverse health outcomes. Evidence of this differential in vulnerability or increased risk includes premature mortality, comparative morbidity, decreased functional status, and diminished quality of life.Organizing Framework: The vulnerable populations conceptual model postulates that there are interrelationships among resource availability, relative risk, and health status. Resource availability speaks to socioeconomic and environmental resources that are operationalized in this model as income, jobs, education, housing, availability of health care, quality of health care, and patterns of family and community life. Relative risk addresses the likelihood of exposure to risk factors and is reflected in lifestyle behaviors and choices and exposure to stressful events. Health status is operationalized as morbidity and mortality.Findings: This review of the literature supports the utility of the vulnerable populations conceptual model in working with rural populations.Implications: This model has potential utility to inform nursing research, practice, and policy about the opportunities and resources needed to achieve and maintain health in rural communities.
Auctions With A Minimum Requirement Of Bids
Authors: Colombo Ferdinando 
Published: October 2003

We show that in a procurement auction with independent and private costs of production and a positive cost of preparing a bid, the requirement of a minimum number of offers for the good to be bought always yields a unique (perfect) Bayesian equilibrium where no firm enters a bid, whatever its cost of production, the number of potential bidders and the size of the bidding cost.To avoid the no‐bid result, the buyer can commit to subsidise the losing bidders in certain circumstances. Alternatively, it can use a stochastic auction, where the provider of the good is not always the firm that bids the lowest price.
‘The World is the Totality of Things, Not of Facts’: A Strawsonian Reply to Searle
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: October 2003

John R. Searle (1995; 1998, Ch. 9) claims that P.F. Strawson's well known objections to correspondence theories of truth (Strawson 1950) can be side‐stepped, if we regard the correspondence theorist's facts as ‘conditions in the world’ (1998, p. 392) rather than as complex objects. In response, I claim both that Searle's notion of a ‘condition in the world’ is obscure, and that such conditions cannot be the facts of a correspondence theorist on account of their being unsuited for truthmaking.The failure of Searle's attempt to come up with a correspondence theory which evades Strawson's objections does not indicate that we should seek to formulate a correspondence theory in some other way. I argue that that the correspondence theorists's truthmaker axiom is improperly motivated, and, in the light of this, suggest that facts be treated as true propositions rather than as items which make propositions true. The article ends with a defence of this position against two recent objections.
Organising the Academy: New Organisational Forms and the Future of the University
Authors: Jacob Merle , Hellström Tomas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDecreasing public spending, new accountability measures and calls for broader ranges of services to society have combined to encourage the reorganisation of European universities. Universities are asked to restructure themselves along lines suggested by corporate management. This paper examines this proposal by looking at four management models in the light of new and traditional universities. The paper discusses the principle of ‘heterarchical organising’, which has emerged spontaneously within the university, and argues that this appears to be a more appropriate model for university organisation.
The Survival of the Democratic Intellect: Academic Values in Scotland and England
Authors: Paterson Lindsay 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUsing the results of a sample survey of academics in higher education institutions in Scotland and England, the paper assesses attitudes to the civic role of higher education. It places these in the context of debates about core academic values, about the public accountability of higher education institutions, and about the devolution of political power in the United Kingdom. It finds that there is widespread attachment to a civic role for higher education, alongside strong attachment to traditional academic values. These values are not significantly influenced by individual academics’ gender, age or social class of origin, and differences by academic discipline are not as strong as might be expected. Academics in Scotland tend to hold a somewhat more civic view than academics in England. This national difference seems to be a product of distinctive national systems, since academics of English origin in Scotland share in the majority Scottish views.
Performance‐Based Government Models: Building A Track Record
Authors: Broom Cheryle A. 
Published: October 2003

Governments across the country have embarked on performance‐based government efforts. Typical goals of these efforts are to clarify the mission and priority objectives of government with an emphasis on the expected results, to develop mechanisms for monitoring and reporting the achievement of those objectives, and to use this information to make decisions about government activities, including making government more accountable Although many governments have reported success in establishing their performance‐based programs, we found ourselves wondering whether any of these programs are showing signs that they can be sustained over time. Are performance‐based reports or budgets being used by managers and policy makers? Are the performance programs maintained after implementation? If so, what are the factors critical to success?To answer these questions, we reviewed performance‐based government efforts in progress throughout the country with a focus on the initiatives of five states.1 This discussion begins by describing the efforts in those five states: the stated need, the approach, and the results to date. We then discuss the elements of success and the lessons learned from these performance‐based government pioneers.
Defense Business Operations Fund (DBOF): Problems and Promise
Authors: Jordan Leland G. 
Published: October 2003

In 1991, the United States Department of Defense established the Defense Business Operations Fund (DBOF). The DBOF includes support activities with a business volume well in excess of $80 billion annually, and it provides activities and services that are essential to the operation of the military forces. The necessity to reduce the defense budget and to find innovative ways of producing more defense than would be possible under prior operating and management arrangements caused the Department of Defense (DoD) to look to alternative economic and business models.The changes made are dramatic. The implementation has not gone as smoothly as some observers expected, and Congress and former Secretary of Defense Aspin each considered reversing the innovation.This article addresses the problems and the promised improvements in the context of the economic and management concepts undergirding the DBOF, concepts that are dramatically different than those previously applied in the DoD
Earmarking as a Strategy Against Budgetary Constraints: San Francisco's Children's Amendment
Authors: Stowers Genie N.L. 
Published: October 2003

The passage and implementation of the San Francisco Children's Amendment, or Proposition J, in 1991 represents an important expansion of the increasingly common strategy of budgetary earmarking by human service organizations. The core of the initiative was a city charter amendment that earmarked a portion of existing property taxes and established a baseline budget for children's services. Of these provisions, the baseline budget has proven most important in preserving children's services and preventing any substitution effects in a time of increasing fiscal stress for the city/ county of San Francisco.This case also illustrates the role of a strong political appeal in passing technical budgetary initiatives over the objections of elected officials and others. While there was concern about the reduced flexibility created by earmarking a city's budget during a period of retrenchment, this concern was overlooked because of the overwhelming political support for the children's cause.However, conflict between groups was created by the measure as groups fought to be included in the provisions of the amendment and over whether each group had obtained its fair share of funding.
State Tax Cuts of 1995: Is Something New Afoot?
Authors: Gold Steven D. 
Published: October 2003

Perhaps the hottest fiscal topic in state capitals in 1995 was tax cuts. When legislatures convened in January, it appeared possible that states were on the verge of an unprecedented wave of tax cuts. The Republican landslide of November 1994 swept into office many new governors and legislators who had campaigned on reducing taxes. Governor Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey was considered a role model by many of them. Perhaps state tax policy was about to take a major new direction.According to some reports, that is precisely what happened. For example, Stephen Moore, Director of Fiscal Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, wrote the following introduction to his overview of state tax policies:11995 is shaping up to be the biggest tax‐cutting year in more than 10 years…. [T]he supply side philosophy that low tax rates and expenditure controls are the key fiscal tools to state economic competitiveness now appears to be the new governing philosophy in state capitals from Albany to Sacramento. The Pete Wilson, Lowell Weicker, Jim Florio soak‐the‐rich philosophy of the early 1990s has been nearly universally repudiated across the states. Meanwhile, “Whitmanomics,” named after tax‐cutting Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey, is spreading rapidly to other states.In fact, there was a wave of state tax cuts in 1995 with about half of the states enacting reductions of some kind. But it appears premature to draw the strong conclusion that this marked a radical change in state fiscal policy. State legislatures trimmed or rejected most of the proposals for large tax cuts. Most of the 1995 tax cuts were small or modest in size Rather than a new departure, they are consistent with past policies at similar points in the business cycle.It is also possible, however, that something new really is afoot. Conservative anti‐tax forces are gaining strength in the states, just as they are at the federal level. If it were not for prospective federal aid cuts, state tax policy really might become more conservative. But the shift of federal responsibilities to states will represent a formidable obstacle to large state tax cuts in the coming years.This article places the tax cuts of 1995 in perspective. It begins with a detailed discussion of ambiguities'in defining and measuring tax reductions and increases. This discussion can be applied to any time period and will remain relevant after concern
Confessions of a Dinosaur
Authors: Kliman Albert J. 
Published: October 2003

The old time budget officer has been all but wiped out—the species having been deprived of its natural habitat by the great smoke cloud that began to spread after the great cataclysm of 1974 when the Budget Act began to change all the rules. This, of course, is an overstatement. But it is clear—at least from the perspective of this old dinosaur—that the job of the budget officer has changed over the years, from what many perceived of as a master of financial magic to just another serf (or supervisor) in the bureaucratic feudal system.This is not a polemic against the Budget Act or the changes that have taken place. The only thing constant about the budget process is change. Rather, it is a discussion of how these changes have affected budget officers over the decades that I have been involved in the budget business.
Antibody-Mediated Protection against Cytotoxic T-Cell Escape in Coronavirus-Induced Demyelination
Authors: Dandekar Ajai A. , Jacobsen Gary , Waldschmidt Thomas J. , Perlman Stanley 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTC57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain JHM develop a clinically evident, demyelinating encephalomyelitis. Infectious virus can be isolated from the spinal cords of these mice and is invariably mutated in the immunodominant CD8 T-cell epitope recognized in this strain. We showed previously that these persistently infected mice did not mount a measurable serum anti-MHV neutralizing antibody response. Here we show that cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape was not detected in MHV-infected BALB/b mice (H-2bhaplotype), even though the same CD8 T-cell epitopes were recognized as in B6 mice. BALB/b mice had 25-fold more MHV-specific antibody-secreting cells in the central nervous system, the site of infection, than B6 mice, suggesting that local production of anti-MHV antibody contributed to this absence of CTL escape. Additionally, administration of anti-MHV neutralizing antibody to infected B6 mice suppressed the development of CTL escape mutants. These findings indicate a key role for the anti-MHV antibody response in suppressing virus replication, thereby minimizing the emergence and competitive advantage of CTL escape mutants.
PPPYEPTAP Motif Is the Late Domain of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Gag and Mediates Its Functional Interaction with Cellular Proteins Nedd4 and Tsg101
Authors: Bouamr Fadila , Melillo Jessica A. , Wang Margaret Q. , Nagashima Kunio , de Los Santos Martha , Rein Alan , Goff Stephen P. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT

The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Gag polyprotein contains two adjacent proline-rich motifs (sequence
PPPY
E
PTAP
) in the C terminus of the matrix domain. Proline-to-alanine mutations were introduced into either or both motifs of HTLV-1 to determine the effect on the release of HTLV-1 virus-like particles from 293T cells. The release of both single mutants was significantly reduced, whereas a double mutation in both motifs abolished the release of the HTLV-1 particles. Two-hybrid and in vitro binding assays showed that the HTLV-1 Gag polyprotein binds both Tsg101 and Nedd4 proteins. The interaction with HTLV-1 Gag required the central WW domain of Nedd4 and the ubiquitin enzyme variant (UEV) domain of Tsg101. We expressed various fragments of Nedd4 and Tsg101 proteins in 293T cells and tested for their ability to interfere with virion release mediated by the HTLV-1 Gag-Pro polyprotein. Fragments consisting of the N-terminal UEV domain of Tsg101 and the central WW and C-terminal Hect domains of Nedd4 protein all caused transdominant inhibition of HTLV-1 particle release. Similarly, inhibition of the proteasome significantly decreased HTLV-1 particle release. Furthermore, the WW domain overexpression caused an early arrest of HTLV-1 particle morphogenesis before the membrane is deformed into the typical half-shell structure. This result suggests that Nedd4 is involved early in budding of HTLV-1.
Resistance of Human Hepatitis Delta Virus RNAs to Dicer Activity
Authors: Chang Jinhong , Provost Patrick , Taylor John M. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
The endonuclease dicer cleaves RNAs that are 100% double stranded and certain RNAs with extensive but <100% pairing to release ∼21-nucleotide (nt) fragments. Circular 1,679-nt genomic and antigenomic RNAs of human hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can fold into a rod-like structure with 74% pairing. However, during HDV replication in hepatocytes of human, woodchuck, and mouse origin, no ∼21-nt RNAs were detected. Likewise, in vitro, purified recombinant dicer gave <0.2% cleavage of unit-length HDV RNAs. Similarly, rod-like RNAs of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) and avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) were only 0.5% cleaved. Furthermore, when a 66-nt hairpin RNA with 79% pairing, the putative precursor to miR-122, which is an abundant liver micro-RNA, replaced one end of HDV genomic RNA, it was poorly cleaved, both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, this 66-nt hairpin, in the absence of appended HDV sequences, was >80% cleaved in vitro. Other 66-nt hairpins derived from one end of genomic HDV, PSTVd, or ASBVd RNAs were also cleaved. Apparently, for unit-length RNAs of HDV, PSTVd, and ASBVd, it is the extended structure with <100% base pairing that confers significant resistance to dicer action.