bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of insulin resistance in obese subjects in a rural Japanese population: The Tanno and Sobetsu study
Authors: Ohnishi H. , Saitoh S. , Takagi S. , Ohata J. , Takeuchi H. , Isobe T. , Katoh N. , Chiba Y. , Fujiwara T. , Akasaka H. , Shimamoto K. 
Published: December 2004

Objectives:  Although it is well known that obesity is closely related to insulin resistance, the incidence of the development of insulin resistance in people with obesity is not known. In this study, we investigated the incidence of insulin resistance in citizens of two rural communities in Japan.Subjects and methods:  The subjects were 102 men and 126 women over the age of 30 years selected from 1035 citizens who had undergone medical examinations in the towns of Tanno and Sobetsu, Hokkaido, in 1991 and 1998. Those who were on medication for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, coronary heart disease and cerebral vessel disease were excluded. The simple index to determine insulin resistance [i.e. homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐R) ≥ 1.73] was used, and subjects who were determined to be positive for insulin resistance according to this index in 1991 were also excluded in order to determine the incidence of insulin resistance in subjects who had no abnormalities other than obesity. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), triglyceride level, high‐density lipoprotein level, blood sugar level, serum insulin value and HOMA‐R were measured in all subjects in 1991 and in 1998. Moreover, the subjects were divided into two groups according to BMI, a normal group consisting of subjects with BMI < 25 and an obesity group consisting of subjects with BMI ≥ 25. We also compared the incidences of insulin resistance in normal and obesity groups of subjects who were newly determined to be positive for insulin resistance on the basis of data obtained from medical examinations conducted in 1998.Results:  The incidence of insulin resistance was significantly higher in the obesity group than in the normal group (25.0 vs. 4.5%). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that obesity was closely related to insulin resistance and that the relative risk of development of insulin resistance adjusted for age, sex, SBP, FPG and HDL was 3.193 (95% CI 1.085–9.401).Conclusions:  The incidence of insulin resistance was significantly higher in the obesity group than in the normal group in this study, suggesting that improvement in obesity is important for prevention of the occurrence of type 2 diabetes or atherosclerotic disease based on insulin resistance.
Progression to clinically diagnosed and treated diabetes from impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glycaemia
Authors: Qiao Q. , Lindström J. , Valle T. T. , Tuomilehto J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  To evaluate the risk of diabetes in subjects with impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) as compared with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and normal glucose tolerance.Methods  Men (1223) and women (1370) aged 45–64 years and free of diabetes at baseline were followed‐up for 10 years, with 26 737 person years accumulated. The incident diabetic cases were identified through the national Drug Register and the Hospital Discharge Register.Results  During the 10 years of follow‐up, 53 (4.3%) men and 47 (3.4%) women developed diabetes. IFG alone defined 22 (15.5/1000 person years) diabetic cases, which was higher than for subjects with normal fasting glucose. Subjects with isolated IGT identified an additional 34 cases (155% more) which could not be defined by IFG alone. The area under the ROC curve was larger for 2‐h glucose (0.77, 95% CI 0.72–0.82) than for fasting glucose (0.65, 0.58–0.71). The multivariate adjusted Cox hazard ratio was higher for isolated IGT (3.9, 95% CI 2.4–6.2) than for isolated IFG (2.3, 0.9–5.7) as compared with subjects with neither IFG nor IGT.Conclusion  Both IFG and IGT are risk predictors for diabetes, but IGT defines a much larger target population for prevention.
Isolation of enterovirus strains from children with preclinical Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Salminen K. K. , Vuorinen T. , Oikarinen S. , Helminen M. , Simell S. , Knip M. , Ilonen J. , Simell O. , Hyöty H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  To develop methods for isolation of enterovirus strains from subjects with preclinical Type 1 diabetes and evaluate if their presence in stools is associated with beta‐cell damage.Methods  The study subjects were participants of the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study (DIPP). The prospectively followed birth cohort comprised 12 children who turned positive for diabetes‐associated autoantibodies during the follow‐up (case children) and 53 controls matched for date of birth, sex and HLA‐DQB1 alleles. Altogether, 878 stool samples were analysed for the presence of enterovirus RNA by RT‐PCR followed by virus isolation and partial sequencing of viral genome. Enterovirus antibodies and RNA were simultaneously analysed from serum.Results  Eleven enterovirus infections were diagnosed in case children and 42 infections in control children by the presence of viral RNA in stools. The proportion of children who were repeatedly enterovirus RNA‐positive stools was higher among case than control children (42% vs. 11% of children; P = 0.02). Combined serum (antibody and RT‐PCR) and stool analyses indicated at least one enterovirus infection in 83% of the case children before the appearance of autoantibodies, while only 42% of the control children had infection by the same age (P = 0.006). Twelve enterovirus strains were isolated from case children and 38 strains from control children.Conclusions  This protocol makes it possible to isolate a large number of enterovirus strains from prediabetic subjects. The findings suggest that enterovirus infections may be associated with the beta‐cell damaging process.Diabet. Med. 21, 156–164 (2004)
Carotid haemodynamic parameters as risk factors for cerebral infarction in Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Nakatou T. , Nakata K. , Nakamura A. , Itoshima T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of carotid haemodynamic parameters, i.e. the resistive index (RI) and the pulsatility index (PI), in estimating the risk of cerebral infarction in Type 2 diabetic patients.Methods  Three hundred and eighty‐two Type 2 diabetic patients (223 men and 159 women; mean age 61 years, range 40–88; 40 had a history of cerebral infarction) and 110 control subjects were analysed in a cross‐sectional study. All subjects underwent ultrasonography of the common carotid artery, with determination of intima‐media thickness (IMT), RI, and PI. A SMART (Second Manifestations of ARTerial Disease) atherosclerosis risk score was determined for all diabetic patients.Results  The mean values for IMT, RI, and PI were increased in diabetic patients compared with control subjects, and they were significantly elevated in patients with previous cerebral infarction compared with patients without cerebral infarction. (IMT 0.88 ± 0.22 vs. 0.77 ± 0.19, P < 0.005; RI 0.77 ± 0.07 vs. 0.75 ± 0.06, P < 0.05; PI 1.88 ± 0.36 vs. 1.71 ± 0.36, P < 0.01) Significant but weak correlations were found between SMART risk scores and IMT, RI and PI (IMT r = 0.390, P < 0.0001; RI r = 0.346, P < 0.0001; PI r = 0.393, P < 0.0001). The multiple logistic model showed that both the IMT [odds ratio (OR) 6.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.42, 12.34] and the PI (OR 4.16, 95% CI 2.36, 7.34) were independent risk factors for cerebral infarction. The subjects who had an IMT of > 1.0 and a PI > 2.00 had a greater risk of developing a cerebral infarction than did the subjects who had an IMT of < 1.0 and a PI < 2.00 (OR 6.21, 95% CI 2.26, 17.05).Conclusions  The results of this cross‐sectional study showed that the measurement of haemodynamic parameters was useful, together with IMT, in estimating the risk of previous cerebral infarction in Type 2 diabetic patients. The predictive value of these parameters in identifying the risk of future cerebral infarction must await the results of future prospective studies.
Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant α‐lipoic acid: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Ziegler D. , Nowak H. , Kempler P. , Vargha P. , Low P. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  To determine the efficacy and safety of 600 mg of α‐lipoic acid given intravenously over 3 weeks in diabetic patients with symptomatic polyneuropathy.Methods  We searched the database of VIATRIS GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany, for clinical trials of α‐lipoic acid according to the following prerequisites: randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group trial using α‐lipoic acid infusions of 600 mg i.v. per day for 3 weeks, except for weekends, in diabetic patients with positive sensory symptoms of polyneuropathy which were scored by the Total Symptom Score (TSS) in the feet on a daily basis. Four trials (ALADIN I, ALADIN III, SYDNEY, NATHAN II) comprised n = 1258 patients (α‐lipoic acid n = 716; placebo n = 542) met these eligibility criteria and were included in a meta‐analysis based on the intention‐to‐treat principle. Primary analysis involved a comparison of the differences in TSS from baseline to the end of i.v. Treatment between the groups treated with α‐lipoic acid or placebo. Secondary analyses included daily changes in TSS, responder rates (≥ 50% improvement in TSS), individual TSS components, Neuropathy Impairment Score (NIS), NIS of the lower limbs (NIS‐LL), individual NIS‐LL components, and the rates of adverse events.Results  After 3 weeks the relative difference in favour of α‐lipoic acid vs. placebo was 24.1% (13.5, 33.4) (geometric mean with 95% confidence interval) for TSS and 16.0% (5.7, 25.2) for NIS‐LL. The responder rates were 52.7% in patients treated with α‐lipoic acid and 36.9% in those on placebo (P < 0.05). On a daily basis there was a continuous increase in the magnitude of TSS improvement in favour of α‐lipoic acid vs. placebo which was noted first after 8 days of treatment. Among the individual components of the TSS, pain, burning, and numbness decreased in favour of α‐lipoic acid compared with placebo, while among the NIS‐LL components pin‐prick and touch‐pressure sensation as well as ankle reflexes were improved in favour of α‐lipoic acid after 3 weeks. The rates of adverse events did not differ between the groups.Conclusions  The results of this meta‐analysis provide evidence that treatment with α‐lipoic acid (600 mg/day i.v.) over 3 weeks is safe and significantly improves both positive neuropathic symptoms and neuropathic deficits to a clinically meaningful degree in diabetic patients with symptomatic polyneuropathy.Diabet. Med. 21, 114–121 (2004)
Evidence for a Type 1 diabetes‐specific mechanism for the insulin gene‐associated IDDM2 locus rather than a general influence on autoimmunity
Authors: Tait K. F. , Collins J. E. , Heward J. M. , Eaves I. , Snook H. , Franklyn J. A. , Barnett A. H. , Todd J. A. , Maranian M. , Compston A. , Sawcer S. , Gough S. C. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  The Type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus, IDDM2, has been mapped to a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region 5′ upstream of the insulin (INS) and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF2) genes on chromosome 11p15. The function of the VNTR is uncertain; however, it may influence the thymic expression of the insulin gene and affect the development of immune self‐tolerance. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the INS VNTR region is a Type 1 diabetes‐specific locus or acting as a general autoimmunity gene.Methods  We genotyped the INS‐IGF2 VNTR [using the surrogate INS−23 HphI single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)] in 823 Graves’ disease (GD)/multiple sclerosis (MS) families, 1433 GD/MS patients and 837 healthy control subjects.Results  We found no evidence of excess transmission of the allele associated with Type 1 diabetes to individuals affected by GD or MS within the families. Analysis of the case–control dataset showed no genotypic or allelic difference between the two populations.Conclusions  These data suggest that the INS‐IGF2 VNTR is acting as a Type 1 diabetes‐specific susceptibility gene rather than as an influence on general autoimmunity.
Is visual reference necessary? Contributions of facial versus vocal cues in 12‐month‐olds’ social referencing behavior
Authors: Vaish Amrisha , Striano Tricia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo examine the influences of facial versus vocal cues on infants’ behavior in a potentially threatening situation, 12‐month‐olds on a visual cliff received positive facial‐only, vocal‐only, or both facial and vocal cues from mothers. Infants’ crossing times and looks to mother were assessed. Infants crossed the cliff faster with multimodal and vocal than with facial cues, and looked more to mother in the Face Plus Voice compared to the Voice Only condition. The findings suggest that vocal cues, even without a visual reference, are more potent than facial cues in guiding infants’ behavior. The discussion focuses on the meaning of infants’ looks and the role of voice in development of social cognition.
Tuned to the signal: the privileged status of speech for young infants
Authors: Vouloumanos Athena , Werker Janet F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDo young infants treat speech as a special signal, compared with structurally similar non‐speech sounds? We presented 2‐ to 7‐month‐old infants with nonsense speech sounds and complex non‐speech analogues. The non‐speech analogues retain many of the spectral and temporal properties of the speech signal, including the pitch contour information which is known to be salient to young listeners, and thus provide a stringent test for a potential listening bias for speech. Our results show that infants as young as 2 months of age listened longer to speech sounds. This listening selectivity indicates that early‐functioning biases direct infants’ attention to speech, granting speech a special status in relation to other sounds.
Infant social attention predicts preschool social cognition
Authors: Wellman Henry M. , Phillips Ann T. , Dunphy‐Lelii Sarah , LaLonde Nicole 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecent research examining infants’ understanding of intentional action claims to be studying the early origins or precursors of children's later theories of mind. If these infant understandings are continuous with later preschool achievements, there should be empirical connections between the two. We provide initial evidence that infants’ social attention predicts later social cognition. Specifically, 14‐month‐olds’ habituation to human intentional action significantly predicts later preschool mentalistic construal of persons, as measured on a Theory of Mind Scale.
Petrology and geothermobarometry of granulite facies metapelites from the Hisøy‐Torungen area, south Norway: new data on the Sveconorvegian P–T–t path of the Bamble sector
Authors: KNUDSEN T.‐L. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT The high‐grade rocks (metapelite, quartzite, metagabbro) of the Hisøy‐Torungen area represent the south‐westernmost exposures of granulites in the Proterozoic Bamble sector, south Norway. The area is isoclinally folded and a metamorphic P–T–t path through four successive stages (M1‐M4) is recognized.Petrological evidence for a prograde metamorphic event (M1) is obtained from relict staurolite + chlorite + albite, staurolite + hercynite + ilmenite, cordierite + sillimanite, fine‐grained felsic material + quartz and hercynite + biotite ± sillimanite within metapelitic garnet. The phase relations are consistent with a pressure of 3.6 ± 0.5 kbar and temperatures up to 750–850°C. M1 is connected to the thermal effect of the gabbroic intrusions prior to the main (M2) Sveconorwegian granulite facies metamorphism. The main M2 granulite facies mineral assemblages (quartz+ plagioclase + K‐feldspar + garnet + biotite ± sillimanite) are best preserved in the several‐metre‐wide Al‐rich metapelites, which represent conditions of 5.9–9.1 kbar and 790–884°C. These P–T conditions are consistent with a temperature increase of 80–100°C relative to the adjacent amphibolite facies terranes. No accompanying pressure variations are recorded. Up to 1‐mm‐wide fine‐grained felsic veinlets appear in several units and represent remnants of a former melt formed by the reaction: Bt + Sil + Qtz→Grt + lq. This dehydration reaction, together with the absence of large‐scale migmatites in the area, suggests a very reduced water activity in the rocks and XH2O = 0.25 in the C–O–H fluid system was calculated for a metapelitic unit. A low but variable water activity can best explain the presence or absence of fine‐grained felsic material representing a former melt in the different granulitic metapelites. The strongly peraluminous composition of the felsic veinlets is due to the reaction: Grt +former melt ± Sil→Crd + Bt ± Qtz + H2O, which has given poorly crystalline cordierite aggregates intergrown with well‐crystalline biotite. The cordierite‐ and biotite‐producing reaction constrains a steep first‐stage retrograde (relative to M2) uplift path. Decimetre‐ to metre‐wide, strongly banded metapelites (quartz + plagioclase + biotite + garnet ± sillimanite) inter‐layered with quartzites are retrograded to (M3) amphibolite facies assemblages. A P–T estimate of 1.7–5.6 kbar, 516–581°C is obtained from geothermobarometry based on rim‐rim analyses of garnet–biotite–plagioclase–sillimanite–quartz assemblages, and can be related to the isoclinal folding of the rocks. M4 greenschist facies conditions are most extensively developed in millimetre‐wide chlorite‐rich, calcite‐bearing veins cutting the foliation.
Migraine Prevalence and Some Related Factors in Turkey
Authors: Çelik Yahya , Ekuklu Galip , Tokuç Burcu , Utku Ufuk 
Published: December 2004

Objectives.—The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of migraine in Provincial Center of Edirne.Methods.—A systematic random sample of 386 inhabitants over 14 years old were interviewed face to face. Diagnosis of migraine was based on the International Headache Society (IHS) classification.Results.—Migraine was identified in 77 subjects (60 female, 17 male). The lifetime prevalence of migraine was found to be 19.9% (95% CI: 18.3–21.5) (9.34% (95% CI: 8.6–10) in males, 29.3% (95% CI: 27–31.6) in females).Conclusions.—These results show that while migraine prevalence in Turkish females is higher than that reported in previous studies from Europe and United States, lifetime prevalence is similar in all populations.
Comparison of Intravenous Valproate With Intravenous Lysine‐Acetylsalicylic Acid in Acute Migraine Attacks
Authors: Leniger Tobias , Pageler Lutz , Stude Philipp , Diener Hans Christoph , Limmroth Volker 
Published: December 2004

Objective.—The study compared efficacy and tolerability of intravenous valproate (iVPA) with intravenous lysine‐acetylsalicylic acid (iLAS) in acute migraine attacks.Background.—iLAS has been proven to be a highly effective treatment in acute migraine attacks, but it is not available in many countries and contraindicated in patients with asthma or peptic ulcers. Current data suggest that iVPA may be effective in the treatment of acute migraine attacks.Design/Methods.—In this randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group phase‐II study, 40 patients with acute migraine attacks (onset <5 hours, severe or moderate headache on a four‐point IHS scale) alternately received iVPA 800 mg or iLAS 1000 mg. Primary outcome criteria were the percentage of patients reporting pain relief after 1 hour and patients who remained sustained pain free for 24 hours following drug administration. Secondary outcome criteria were relief of pain and associated migrainous symptoms (nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia) at 1, 2, 24, and 48 hours following drug administration.Results.—There were no significant differences in demographic and clinical features between both treatment groups. Percentage of pain relief after 1 hour in the iVPA and iLAS groups were 25% and 30%, respectively, and of sustained pain free for 24 hours were 20% and 30%, respectively, without significant differences (P= 1 and P= .72, respectively). Both drugs improved associated migrainous symptoms without significant differences at the different time points, but again with a trend in favor of iLAS. No adverse events were observed.Conclusion.—Both drugs were effective in acute migraine attacks with a trend in favor of iLAS. As both drugs were well tolerated, further studies with higher doses of iVPA for the treatment of acute migraine attacks are recommended.
A Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce Prevalence of Delirium and Shorten Hospital Length of Stay
Authors: Naughton Bruce J. , Saltzman Susan , Ramadan Fadi , Chadha Noshi , Priore Roger , Mylotte Joseph M. 
Published: December 2004

Objectives: To improve outcomes for cognitively impaired and delirious older adults.Design: Pretest, posttest.Setting: A university‐affiliated hospital.Participants: Physicians and nurses in the emergency department (ED) and on an acute geriatric unit (AGU).Intervention: Multifactorial and targeted to the processes of care for cognitively impaired and delirious older adults admitted to medicine service from the ED.Measurements: Prevalence of delirium, admission to AGU, psychotropic medication use, hospital length of stay.Results: Patient characteristics did not differ between baseline and the two outcome cohorts 4 and 9 months postintervention. Prevalence of delirium was 40.9% at baseline, 22.7% at 4 months (P<.002), and 19.1% at 9 months (P<.001). More delirious patients were admitted to the AGU than to non‐AGU units at 4 months (P<.01) and 9 months (P<.01). Postintervention medication use in the hospital differed from baseline. Antidepressant use was greater at 4 months (P<.05). Benzodiazepine and antihistamine use were lower at 9 months (P>.01). Antidepressant and neuroleptic use were higher (P<.02) and antihistamine use was lower (P<.02) at 4 months on the AGU than for the baseline group. Benzodiazepine (P<.01) and antihistamine (P<.05) use were lower at 9 months. Each case of delirium prevented saved a mean of 3.42 hospital days.Conclusion: A multifactorial intervention designed to reduce delirium in older adults was associated with improved psychotropic medication use, less delirium, and hospital savings.