bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postal Savings and Fiscal Investment in Japan
Authors: Cargill Thomas F , Yoshino Naoyuki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s Postal Savings System (PSS) and Fiscal Investment and Loan Program (FILP) are major institutional features of Japanese finance that support a wide ranging system of government financial intermediation. Despite their size and importance, they have not received extensive attention outside of Japan. These institutions manifest characteristics of the pre-liberalization regime and despite an official policy of liberalization since the mid 1970s, the PSS and FILP have increased their role in the financial system and economy. They resisted reform until 1998, and despite a series of reforms that became effective 01 April 2001, there is concern that reducing the role of government financial intermediation will be a slow and difficult process. The process is complicated by Japan’s depressed economy that is now in its second decade of stagnant or declining growth. The book provides an institutional, flow of funds, theoretical, and statistical overview of the PSS and FILP. The book evaluates the contributions these institutions have made to Japan’s economic growth and the problems these institutions create as Japan attempts to modernize its financial and economic system. The book provides a positive analysis of the role played by the PSS and the FILP in Japan’s impressive growth from 1950 to the late 1980s and the economic and financial distress of the 1990s. The book evaluates the reforms started in 1998 and provides a normative view of what direction reform of the PSS and FILP needs to take if the goals of the 1996 Big Bang announcement are to be realized. Despite the setbacks in the late 1990s and the first years of the new century, the 1996 Big Bang remains the operating framework for financial reform in Japan.
Old and New
Authors: Woolf Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Early Modern era is noteworthy for its great reverence for things that were very old, whether books, institutions, traditions, or even personal belongings.’ This respect for the objects (and, generally, the people) of the past manifested itself in a variety of ways. One of these was the growth of antiquarianism, which will concern us in ensuing chapters. But antiquarianism differs from the respect for antiquity from which it emerged in one critical respect: it extracted pieces of the past into modern scholarly works or display settings, for study or decoration rather than daily use; it exoticized an oldness previously deemed normal, even banal. Moreover, antiquarianism must be understood within a much larger mental context as a single aspect of a wider set of assumptions held in one form or another by most men and women from the fifteenth to the early eighteenth centuries. The most fundamental of these were: that old was better than new; that the older something was the better; and that the authority or legitimacy of a belief, practice, or institution, or even of an individual, was a function of its longevity and antiquity. Yet even these principles admitted of nuances, contradictions, and contested definitions, depending upon the context-and attitudes to innovation and novelty were not unaffected by two centuries of pro found material, intellectual, and social change.
The Cultivation of Heredity
Authors: Woolf Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the theme of ancestry recurs again and again in literature, politics, and ordinary social discourse. Like the notion of antiquity, to which it was often related, ancestry figures prominently in the early modern perception of the past and its relationship to the present. This chapter will explore some of the shifts in early modern attitudes to ancestry; the next chapter will deal more specifically with the relation between these changing perceptions and the social circulation of historical, and especially genealogical, knowledge, with special attention to what is often called the ‘pedigree craze’ of the late sixteenth century, and to the shift in attitudes to the legitimacy of imagined or fabricated lineages. Pride in one’s ancestors is in some form or other a characteristic of most cultures, but it is especially important to those in which individual identity is shaped by family ties and blood relationships. In some societies, the relationship to ancestors can be felt as religious experience.
A Science of Belonging: Poetry as Ecology
Authors: Burnside John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A small fishing town on the east coast of Scotland: November, 2002, the first day of the (pagan) year. The night was stormy and this morning the wind is still high; lines of townsfolk have formed at the breakwater to watch the great waves smash against the wall, coming out from rooms haunted by television and muzak, bringing their children to see, bringing cameras and binoculars, a little awed, in spite of themselves, at this great spectacle of the real.
Early Modern Catholicism
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early Modern Catholicism makes available in modern spelling and punctuation substantial Catholic contributions to literature, history, political thought, devotion, and theology in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Rather than perpetuate the usual stereotypes and misinformation, it provides a fresh look at Catholic writing long suppressed, marginalized, and ignored. The anthology gives back voices to those silenced by prejudice, exile, persecution, or martyrdom while attention to actual texts challenges conventional beliefs about the period. The anthology is divided into eight sections entitled Controversies, Lives and Deaths, Poetry, Instructions and Devotions, Drama, Histories, Fiction, and Documents, and includes sixteen black and white illustrations from a variety of Early Modern sources. Amongst the selections are texts which illuminate the role of women in recusant community and in the Church; the rich traditions of prayer and mysticism; the theology and politics of martyrdom; the emergence of the Catholic Baroque in literature and art; and the polemical battles fought within the Church and against its enemies. Early Modern Catholicism also provides a context that redefines the established canons of Early Modern England, including such figures as Edmund Spenser, John Donne, John Milton, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.
Henry Garnet
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Henry Garnet (1555–1606) entered the Society of Jesus in Rome (1575) and lectured in Hebrew, mathematics, and metaphysics. Named superior of the English Mission in 1586, he organized the clergy, administered sacraments, ran printing presses, wrote polemical and devotional works, and evaded authorities for nearly two decades. On 25 July 1605, in confession and under its seal, Garnet heard of a plot against parliament from the Jesuit Oswald Tesimond. Though Garnet unsuccessfully tried to prevent this and any Catholic attempt at violence, the discovery of the plot led to his arrest, torture, and execution for complicity, 3 May 1606.
Juan de Mariana
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Spanish Jesuit, Juan de Mariana (1536–1624) taught theology in Rome and Paris and wrote an inXuential history of Spain, Historiae de rebus Hispaniae (1592). Though he frequently clashed with civil and ecclesiastical authorities, Spanish royalty supported the publication of Mariana’s most controversial work, De Rege et Regis Institutione (Toledo, 1599), which contained advice on raising a true Christian prince and, notoriously, some chapters defending tyrannicide.
Mary Ward
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One year before Margaret Clitherow’s execution, her neighbours in York celebrated the birth of Mary Ward (1585–1645). Ward received training in the faith from strong women around her, especially her grandmother, Ursula Wright, who spent fourteen years in prison, and her cousin, Grace Babthorpe, one of Clitherow’s friends. These women created a strong community of prayer, faith, and charity. After trying several religious orders, Mary Ward in 1611 received a visionary message, ‘Take the same of the Society ‘, which she interpreted as a command to imitate the Society of Jesus in its mixing of contemplation and action.
Chidiock Tichborne
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Born into a noble Catholic family, Chidiock Tichborne (1558?–86) joined the 1586 Babington plot to assassinate Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne, for which he was executed on 20 September 1586. Tichborne repented on the gallows and left behind a moving letter to his wife and several verses, including the poignant lament below. This admired poem, ironically, Wrst appeared to the public in a pamphlet celebrating the foiling of the plot and the execution of the conspirators, Verses of Praise and Joy written upon Her Majesty’s Preservation (1586).
William Habington
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Born into a recusant family in the Catholic stronghold of Hindlip Hall, William Habington (1605–54) received his education in Paris and Saint-Omer. He wrote a tragicomedy, The Queen of Aragon (1640), and some prose, notably The History of Edward IV (1640). Habington married Lucy Herbert, for whom he wrote his principal work, Castara (1634), a series of love poems, which, furnished by Catholic devotions to Mary and Teresa, show 169 V. On the death of Mary, Queen of Scots, Catholic hope for the throne of England, see Fig. 6. 173. Caledonian Scottish.
Jane Lumley
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jane Lumley (1537?–1577?), Catholic noblewoman, left behind in manuscript Isocrates translated into Latin, two Latin letters, and Iphigeneia at Aulis (1555?), the Wrst extant rendering of a Greek tragedy into English. Probably consulting the Greek original along with Erasmus’s Latin translation, her primary source, Lumley strips the Euripidean action to its bare bones, omits the choruses and lyric Xights, and produces a redactive but powerful paraphrase. Christianizing the terms and meaning of the ancient drama, she transforms the alien pagan sacriWce into a contemporary martyrdom.
Jacob Bidermann
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jacob Bidermann (1578–1639) entered the Society of Jesus in 1594, taught at the Jesuit university in Dillingen, and served as theologian of the Society. He wrote a wide range of works in Latin—epigrams, hymns, a novel (Utopia), an epic (Herodias), devotional and philosophical treatises, and, most important, plays. Mingling scenes of comedy and tragedy, these plays well represent the important genre of Jesuit drama, which delighted audiences throughout Europe and educated them in Catholic doctrines and perspectives.
Venerable Bede
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historian and Doctor of the Church, Venerable Bede (672–735) (venerabilis is an honoriWc title) lived as a monk at Wearmouth-Jarrow monastery. Consulting many ancient documents, Bede recounts the conversion of Great Britain to Christianity in his masterful Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum. Thomas Stapleton, an exiled Catholic polemicist in Louvain, translated the Latin Historia in 1565 to show, as he says to the dedicatee, Queen Elizabeth, ‘in how many and weighty points the pretended reformers of the Church in Your Grace’s dominions have departed from the pattern of that sound and Catholic faith planted nicholas sander 399 the said island, having all things necessary ministered unto them, until they should hear farther of his pleasure.
Nicholas Sander
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Louvain humanist and polemicist (see controversies), Nicholas Sander (1530–81) depicted the religious changes in England as heretical schism. Sander’s De Origine et Progressu schismatis Anglicani (Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism), revised by 238. bruit rumour. 239. Bertha daughter of Charibert, a Merovingian king of Paris. 243. abroad in an open place. 244. common converse. 248. in a table on a panel. 254. part impart. 256. minister provide. behoveful suitable. 257. Neither . . . that Nor do we forbid but instead allow that.
Desiderius Erasmus
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dutch humanist, theologian, and scholar, Desiderius Erasmus (1459–1536, see controversies) also wrote Wction critical of the Church. Julius exclusus (1513), for example, depicts Pope Julius II denied admittance into heaven for his many crimes. The enormously popular Familiarium colloquiorum formulae (Colloquies, 1518, etc.), including The Pilgrimage of Pure Devotion below, satirizes superstitious practices and clerical proWteering while advocating true piety and service to the poor. Cuthbert Tunstall, bishop of London, rebuked Erasmus for his criticisms; the theology faculty at the University of Paris banned the book; the Church listed the Colloquies in its index of prohibited works.
John Barclay
Authors: Miola Robert S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scottish polemicist and writer, John Barclay (1582–1621), despite his Catholicism, found favour at the court of James I, doubtless through the inXuence of his father William, who had vigorously denied papal authority over kings (see Bellarmine, controversies). John Barclay held similar views and satirized the Jesuits but he defended the sacrament of the Eucharist, as well as the intercession of saints, miracles, and relics. Barclay wrote two Latin works of Wction that enjoyed enormous popularity in Europe, the satirical Euphormionis Lusinini Satyricon (1605–7) and Argenis (Paris, 1621), part historical roman a` clef, part romance. Excerpted below, Argenis achieved over Wfty editions in the next century and translation into every major European language, including a partial (now lost) English version by Ben Jonson, commissioned by King James I.
The Welfare State in the European Union
Authors: Pestieau Pierre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book offers an account of the performance of the welfare state in the European Union, and explores its future prospects in an ever evolving setting. The objectives of the welfare state are twofold: to relieve poverty and to provide a sense of security for everyone. It can be shown that over the last four decades the welfare state has been quite successful in achieving these objectives, more visibly in the Nordic countries than in the Southern or the Anglo-Saxon ones. But today the welfare state is at a crossroad. It is facing a variety of challenges that include demographic aging, the changing role of families, increased opportunism, economic integration and declining job security. All these challenges call for a drastic reform of the welfare state, one that requires more control of abuses and more accountability. The authors that it is crucial that all the components of the welfare state be made as efficient as possible, and that if a choice has to be made between alleviating poverty and protecting individuals against lifetime risks, priority should be given to the first objective. This book devotes a chapter to each of the main social protection programs: health care, unemployment insurance, pensions and child policies. In addition, special consideration is given throughout to the necessary interdependence among the State, the market and the family.
Conclusion
Authors: Pestieau Pierre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the Spring of 1997, socialist prime ministers were elected in both France and the UK. Tony Blair succeeded Conservative governments that had ruled the UK for more than a decade. By contrast Lionel Jospin’s election was less of a rupture than that of Tony Blair’s, since the socialists had been in power in France two years before. Despite the common denomination of socialism, the difference between the two situations is tangible. For in the UK the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher first and of John Major later introduced drastic reforms into the British Welfare State. The power of the unions was broken and a number of social programs were abandoned, or tendered out to the private sector. As a result, one has the feeling that compared not only to France but to many other European countries, the UK is today quite different in its attitude towards entitlements, assistance and labor participation.
Labour Market Transitions of Men and Women During an Economic Crisis: Evidence From Indonesia
Authors: Thomas Duncan , Beegle Kathleen , Frankenberg Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Indonesia is in the midst of a major financial, economic, and political cns1s. The magnitude and unexpected nature of the crisis are particularly stunning when contrasted with the country’s recent economic success. During the three decades prior to the crisis, Indonesia enjoyed sustained economic growth, accompanied by an impressive reduction in poverty, significant improvements in the health and human capital of the population and a shift in the structure of production away from agriculture towards higher paying manufacturing and service sector jobs. There are many ways one might summarize changes in the labour market; one often used metric is growth in hourly earnings which is likely to be related to changes in productivity. That growth has been dramatic. Real hourly earnings of the median female worker in the formal or market sector in 1997 was about twice that of the median female market sector worker a decade earlier; for men, real hourly earnings increased by about 50 per cent during this time (Smith et al.2002).
Missing the Partner and His Earnings: Income Situation and Labour Market Participation of Single Mothers in West and East Germany
Authors: Buchel Felix , Engelhardt Henriette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The number of single parent families has risen very rapidly in Germany in recent years.1 Several studies for West Germany show substantial differences in the economic well-being of single parents compared to families where both parents are present (e.g. DIW Wochenbericht 1993; McFate etal.1995; Roll 1992; Ruspini 1998). Habich and Krause (1997: 524) found a rapidly increasing poverty rate for West German single parents within a short time period.2A low income situation of single parent families seems mainly to be a problem of single mothers. Studies based on West German and on English data find that single fathers experience less likely poverty than single mothers (Burghes 1993; Neubauer 1993).3 The basic explanation for this finding is the well-known worse labour market position for women than for men.4
Theory and Principle in Cross-Border Insolvency
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of insolvency –– and indeed its reality –– may be said to form part of the common experience of organized human society. With the evolution of such notions as property, obligation, credit, and commercial exchange, the elements are in place from which individuals may conduct their affairs with a view to enhancing the sum total of their material wellbeing. In a portion of cases, whether through misfortune, miscalculation or mismanagement (singly or in combination), the outcome will be less satisfactory. The hoped-for gains may fail to materialize; or losses may emerge which more than cancel out such gains as may accrue.
John Lydgate, The Temple of Glass
Authors: Boffey Julia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Temple of Glass is one of several dream visions written by the hugely prolific John Lydgate (1371–1449), a Benedictine monk of the abbey at Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk. Although much of his life must have been spent at Bury, Lydgate studied in Oxford for some years in the early fifteenth century, and lived for part of the 1420s and 1430s at Hatfield Broadoak in Essex, where he was appointed prior.
Charles of Orleans, Love’s Renewal
Authors: Boffey Julia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charles of Orleans (1394–1465), well known since the fifteenth century as the author of many poems in French, was also probably responsible for an English sequence of lyrics and short narrative poems, corresponding in part to the French texts. Son of Louis of Orleans, who was brother to Charles VI of France, and of Valentina Visconti, daughter of the duke of Milan, Charles was given the upbringing and education appropriate to a future magnate, and was at 12 married to Isabelle, widow of the English king Richard II.
Women at Home and Abroad II: Fashionable Mammas and Natural Mothers
Authors: Mccreery Cindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mothers, like wives, attracted great attention in late eighteenth-century England. Both satirical and non-satirical (especially sentimental) images of mothers abounded. While prints of bad wives drew more attention than prints of good wives. Many images emphasized the need for good mothers to guarantee the health and security of the nation, and/or the individual family. This cult of motherhood was more than a visual phenomenon. This chapter explores the varied representation of mothers in satirical and sentimental prints, and relates this to debates about motherhood taking place in portraits, newspapers, and magazines.
Shop Floor Culture, Masculinity and the Wage Form
Authors: Willis Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Excruciating noise is probably the most unpleasant sensual concomitant of industrial work. Its invocation serves to remind, even those who pride themselves on their penetration of the consumer-egalitarian- liberal mythology, that not only are commodities produced under specific and determinate social conditions, but also that they are produced under specific and determinate experiential conditions. What is the human meaning and actual experience that lies behind our easy use of cars, cosmetics, clothes and buildings? What degree of frenzy, activity, boredom and suﬀering has been objectified into the thousand articles on glamorous display in the department store? Is the meaning and pleasure of these things as they are consumed any more important than the meaning of the drudge of their production? It is often forgot- ten that the main reality for most of the people, for most of the time, is work and the sound of work—the grind of production, not the purr of consumption, is the commonest mark of our industrial culture. […]
Black Masculinity: The Black Male’s Role in American Society
Authors: Staples Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter concludes Robert Staples’s 1982 study of the black man in America. Staples’s book is divided into five parts: ‘Black Men and the Social System’, ‘Crime and Violence’, ‘sex and Sexuality’, ‘Male/Female Relationships’, and ‘Masculinity and Sexism’. The other chapter in Part V, and the one that immediately precedes the one reprinted here, takes a close look at ‘Black Manhood in the 1970s’. Additional chapters focus on such issues as race and masculinity in general, black male adolescence, the myth of black sexual superiority, homosexuality, the changing roles and relationships between black men and black women. I decided to include the last chapter in the book as it focuses most explicitly on the relationship between black masculinity and feminism. The significance of Staples’s analysis can be appreciated fully, of course, only with an understanding of the arguments he pursues in the chapters leading up to his conclusion.
Men Loving Men: The Challenge of Gay Liberation
Authors: Kinsman Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The limits of ‘acceptable’ masculinity are in part defined by comments like ‘What are you, a fag?’ As boys and men we have heard such expressions and the words ‘queer,’ ‘faggot,’ and ‘sissy’ all our lives. These words encourage certain types of male behavior and serve to define, regulate, and limit our lives, whether we consider ourselves straight or gay. Depending on who is speaking and who is listening, they incite fear or hatred.