bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African Roots of Jazz
Authors: Jr. Samuel A Floyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
African-American musical practices in the United States cannot be traced directly to specific populations in Africa with any degree of certainty. But it is possible to document certain general practices that are common to music in Africa and to black music in the United States and widespread in both. Thus we can draw reasonable conclusions about possible relationships between musical practices in Africa and those among jazz musicians in the United States. It can be hypothesized, for example, and determined to a high degree of certainty, that particular musical tendencies were brought with Africans to the New World, preserved within and outside the dancing ring of slave culture, and spread throughout African-derived populations in the United States, eventually becoming an integral part of the music we now know as jazz.
European Roots of Jazz
Authors: Youngren William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When most people think of European music, they think first of the concert (or “serious” or “classical”) music of the past few centuries-dating back, say, to Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi. And certainly jazz does not sound like most of this music. It especially does not sound like the music of the composers we most often hear today in the concert hall: Beethoven, Wagner, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler, Debussy. What distinguishes jazz most sharply from the music of these composers and their contemporaries is that jazz has a firm and steady beat, kept by the drums and the other rhythm instruments. Jazz, as we know, originated as dance music, and all dance music needs a secure rhythmic foundation to guide the dancers.
The concert music of the last few centuries, however, is not the only sort of European music. Europeans, like Americans, developed their own characteristic forms of dance music, and when they emigrated to this country, they brought their dance music with them.
Bowing to Necessities
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anglo-Americans wrestled with some profound cultural contradictions as they shifted from the hierarchical and patriarchal society of the seventeenth-century frontier to the modern and fluid class democracy of the mid-nineteenth century. How could traditional inequality be maintained in the socially leveling environment of the early colonial wilderness? And how could nineteenth-century Americans pretend to be equal in an increasingly unequal society? Bowing to Necessities argues that manners provided ritual solutions to these central cultural problems by allowing Americans to act out--and thus reinforce--power relations just as these relations underwent challenges. Analyzing the many sermons, child-rearing guides, advice books, and etiquette manuals that taught Americans how to behave, this book connects these instructions to individual practices and personal concerns found in contemporary diaries and letters. It also illuminates crucial connections between evolving class, age, and gender relations. A social and cultural history with a unique and fascinating perspective, Hemphill's wide-ranging study offers readers a panorama of America's social customs from colonial times to the Civil War.
The Gendered Family
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly a decade ago, in 1992, then-Vice President Dan Quayle ignited a public debate about the family simply by attacking a fictional character on a television show. Murphy Brown’s decision to become a single mother, he charged, “mock[ed] the importance of fathers,” and presented single parenthood as “just another lifestyle choice.” Forty-one million Americans watched Murphy’s rhetorical revenge. In the September 21, 1992, broadcast of Murphy Brown, she chastised Quayle’s “painfully unfair” comments, reminding him, and America, that “families come in all shapes and sizes.”
Epilogue
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To see gender differences as intransigent leads to political resignation about the possibilities of social change and increased gender equality. Those who proclaim that men and women come from different planets would have you believe that the best we can hope for is a sort of interplanetary detente, an uneasy truce in which we exasperatingly accept the inherent and intractable foibles of the other sex, a truce mediated by ever-wealthier psychological interpreters who can try and decode their impenetrable language.
Coral Reefs of the Western Indian Ocean: An Overview
Authors: Sheppard Charles R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coral reefs of the Indian Ocean exist in a very wide range of environments. Good examples exist of classic, oceanic atolls in clear water, and also of extensive fringing and patch reefs which grow in conditions of high environmental stress, where corals mix with other major benthic groups. Reefs develop best where sea surface temperatures remain above about 22°C, and classically, the reef province has previously been defined as that where temperatures rarely fall below about 18°C (40,47). The relationship between reef distribution and sea surface temperature has, however, turned out to be much too simplistic. Many reef species tolerate much lower water temperatures, and thriving coral communities may occur in conditions which are too cool, or perhaps too rich in nutrients, for reef construction to occur. The Indian Ocean is particularly rich in these examples, which will be discussed later.
Show Tunes
Authors: Feinstein Michael , Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This majestic reference book fully chronicles the shows, songs, and careers of the major composers of the American musical theater, from Jerome Kern's earliest interpolations to the latest hits on Broadway. Gershwin, Rodgers, Porter, Berlin, Bernstein, Loesser, Sondheim, Kander, Finn, Flaherty, and more--this book covers their work, their innovations, their successes, and their failures. Show Tunes is simply the most comprehensive volume of its kind ever produced, and this newly revised and updated edition discusses over 900 shows and almost 8,000 show tunes. The book has been called "a concise skeleton key to the Broadway musical" ( Variety) and "a ground-breaking reference work with a difference" ( Show Music)--or, as the Washington Post observed, "It makes you sing and dance all over your memory." The eagerly anticipated Third Edition, updated through January 1999, features the entire theatrical output of thirty-six of Broadway's leading composers, in addition to a wide selection of work by other composers. The listings include essential production data and statistics, the most extensive information available on published and recorded songs, and lively commentary on the shows, songs, and diverse careers. Based on meticulous research, the book also uncovers dozens of lost musicals--including shows that either closed out of town or were never headed for Broadway--and catalogs hundreds of previously unknown songs, including a number of musical gems that have been misplaced, cut, or forgotten. The book also includes a detailed chronology of the musicals and a show-by-show guide to the careers of Broadway's most important lyricists, librettists, producers, directors, and choreographers. Informative, insightful, and provocative, Show Tunes is an essential guide for anyone interested in the American musical.
Sleepy Heads
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many things I like about this prayer. It is short. It assumes and thereby teaches what is true, that we humans can do things to ourselves-”I lay me down to sleep:’ Furthermore, a child is taught the prayer not just so that he or she can express some egoistical desire about himself or herself. The prayer is taught because in learning to say it, one also learns that others love and care. The prayer expresses a communal wish that if one is to leave this earth alone, as each of us surely will, be it while sleeping or while wide awake, that others hope that we fare well. “Fare thee well” is used to express wishes for a good and safe journey.
Dreams: The Spandrels of Sleep
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strictly speaking, these questions do not ask exactly the same thing. Things serve functions for which they were not designed-a paper bag can serve as an umbrella. And learning how some device works can leave one clueless about its function. Imagine an expert explaining to me the intricacies of his latest invention without ever explaining what it is for, or, alternatively, explaining what it is for without my being able to comprehend what he is talking about. Sup pose, for example, that understanding the device requires knowledge of quantum physics.
Comic Relief
Authors: Higgins Kathleen Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a lively and unorthodox analysis of Nietzsche by examining a neglected aspect of his scholarly personality—his sense of humour. While often thought of as ponderous and melancholy, the Nietzsche of Higgins’s study is a surprisingly subtle and light-hearted writer. She presents a close reading of The Gay Science to show how the numerous literary risks that Nietzsche takes reveal humour to be central to his project. Higgins argues that his use of humour is intended to dislodge readers from their usual somber detachment and to incite imaginative thinking.
Woman, All-Too-Woman?
Authors: Higgins Kathleen Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his novel When Nietzsche Wept, Irwin Yalom reiterates the common por trait of Nietzsche as sexist uber alles. Much as the quip “Isn’t business ethics a contradiction in terms?” ubiquitously accosts philosophers involved in that subdiscipline, “What’s a nice girl like you doing studying a misogynist like that?” has haunted my career in Nietzsche scholarship. I have often wondered whether the point is about me or about Nietzsche. A sympathetic but jovial colleague perplexed me further by remarking, when he heard I was writing on this topic, “Yes, that must be interesting subject matter when you aren’t even shallow.”1 Yes, Nietzsche did say that women, far from deep, were not even shallow.1 But does this remark prove him a sexist? Are we even certain what it means?
Zarathustra Lives
Authors: Higgins Kathleen Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to George Stack, Nietzsche wrote “Das ist es!” (That is it!) in the margin alongside this passage from Emerson’s “Character.” Once again Nietzsche reflects on the literal stature of a man, though in a way that contrasts with section 208’s assessment of “the big man.” Here a man’s stature is seen as a good guide to the person. Yet Emerson’s point is not so much about the massive male but about the impressiveness of the man’s bearing. Such a person presents himself as a compelling, living presence.
Brown V. Board Of Education
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people were elated when Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka in May 1954, the ruling that struck down state-sponsored racila segregation in America's public schools. Thurgood Marshall, chief attorney for the black families that launched the litigation, exclaimed later, "I was so happy, I was numb." The novelist Ralph Ellison wrote, "Another battle of the Civil War has been won. The rest is up to us and I'm very glad. What a wonderful world of possibilities are unfolded for the children!" Here, in a concise, compelling narrative, Bancroft Prize-winning historian James T. Patterson takes readers through the dramatic case and its fifty-year aftermath. A wide range of characters animates the story, from the little-known African-Americans who dared to challenge Jim Crow with lawsuits (at great personal cost); to Thurgood Marshall, who later became a Justice himself; to Earl Warren, who shephered a fractured Court to a unanimous decision. Others include segregationist politicians like Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas; Presidents Eisenhower, Johnson, and Nixon; and controversial Supreme Court justices such as William Rehnquist and Clarence Thomas.
Resegregation?
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We do not have to look far to find blacks who expressed doubts about progress in race relations—and about the special virtues of desegregation—in the early 1990s. Three comments will do: “There’s a moving violation that many African Americans know as D. W. H.: Driving While Hlack” (street wisdom). “THE BLACKER THE COLLECE, THE SWEETER THE KNOWLEDCE” (T-shirt worn by students at Jackson State University in Mississippi, which had an ove1whdmingly black student body). A cartoon strip: black students, having taken over an administration building, are pressing the university president. When asked what they want., they send out a note. its demand: separate water fountains for whites and blacks (Carry Trudeau”s “Doonesbury”“).
Introduction: Self and Social Identity: Key to Understanding Social and Behavioral Aspects of Physical Health and Disease?
Authors: Contrada Richard J , Ashmore Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a bit risky to characterize a specific topic in the social and behavioral sciences as having entered a period of sustained activity. Even long-standing enthusiasm for a concept or subject matter can fade unexpectedly in the face of empirical inconsistencies, theoretical cul-desacs, or methodological difficulties, to say nothing of the vagaries of research funding. Yet, we have little hesitation in describing the two main topics of this volume—(1) self and social identity and (2) social and behavioral aspects of physical health and illness-as research areas whose current high levels of activity and productivity are likely to remain constant, if not intensify, in the foreseeable future. Over the past few decades, each of these topics has become a firmly established focus of investigation.
Self, Sickness, Somatization, and Systems of Care
Authors: Kihlstrom John F , Kihlstrom Lucy Canter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scope of health psychology is very broad, including concerns with the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the psychological correlates of health and illness, the individual ‘s relations with the health-care system, and the use of psychological knowledge in the formulation of health policy (Taylor, 1995). Perhaps because of its roots in social psychology, health psychology has focused on the sociocultural contexts of illness and health. For example, a recent review of the field (Taylor, Repetti, & Seeman, 1997) emphasized the unhealthy environment and discussed the role of such factors as race and socioeconomic status, the community, family, peer groups, work relations, and social networks in determining the level of disease-inducing chronic stress experienced by individuals, their vulnerability to mental illness, their coping skills and resources, and their health habits and behaviors. Interestingly, in all the literature in this new and exciting field, relatively little attention has focused on the role of the self in the genesis and maintenance of health and disease and in moderating an individual ‘s health-related behavior, including his or her interactions with health-service providers.
What ‘s Sex Got to Do with It: The Development of Sexual Identities during Adolescence
Authors: Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Graber Julia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time between childhood and adulthood is often characterized as a period of consolidation, refinement, and acquisition of multiple identities. We use the term “identities” rather than “identity” to highlight the fact that individuals have multiple selves (Harter, 1997; Rosenberg, 1997). While other epochs of the life course also require that identities be revised or acquired, adolescence is sometimes considered unique in part because of the multiple arenas in which change is occurring, the press for more adult-like behavior, the rapid growth of cognitive skills, the more sustained interactions with same-age peers, and the physical growth (Feldman & Elliott, 1990; Graber, Brooks-Gunn, & Petersen, 1996; Gunnar & Collins, 1988). Although it is clear that identities during the adolescent years are preceded by childhood identities, the questions “Who am I?” and “What are the attributes of me that are most salient in different contexts?” seem to be asked more frequently in the teenage years (Damon & Hart, 1982; Harter, 1990, 1997).
Alfred b. Mullett 1866-1874
Authors: Lee Antoinette J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alfred Bult Mullett is the best known of the fifteen men who served as supervising architect of the Treasury Department. Part of his reputation can be ascribed to the survival and growing appreciation of his sprawling State, War, and Navy Building located on the block just west of the White House. He also personified the supervising architect s near total control over public building design in an era when the architectural profession was becoming defined to the public. Thus, his was a monopoly that drew increasing levels of opposition from the community of private architects, now banded together into the American Institute of Architects (A1A). He was like an entrepreneur―although in this case a bureaucratic operator―in that he fought his enemies bitterly to hold onto his power. Long after Mullett left the Supervising Architect’s Office, his name continued to be cited by private architects as representing all that was wrong with federal government architecture.
Animal Attraction
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 14-year-old boy clings to life in the intensive care unit. Only three weeks previously he had been a normal, healthy teenager attending high school. Then he was struck down by a bout of nausea and vomiting, accompanied by a slight fever, which his parents initially put down to something he had eaten. After three or four days, when he showed no improvement, he was taken to his doctor, a rural primary-care physician, who, to his everlasting credit, noted an irregular heartbeat. The young boy was admitted to the local hospital, and transferred from there to the nearest university medical center, where he was diagnosed as being in heart failure. Only one week had passed since he had last played basketball. No definite cause for his heart failure could be found, which many might consider surprising in this day and age of advanced medical technology. But a lack of a confirmed diagnosis is unfortunately common with this condition, dilated cardiomyopathy-indeed, confirmation is a relative rarity. The disease is not confined to teenagers, but occurs in all age groups. It has many known causes-and even more unknown ones. In the case of this young boy, his clinical history suggested it was associated with a viral infection, and so he was diagnosed as suffering heart failure caused by a viral inflammation of the heart-viral myocarditis.
The Immunological Holy Grail
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
His heart transplant was necessary because he had suffered three heart attacks during the past eight years. He initially did well; he was out of the hospital within three weeks and experienced only one early rejection episode. This was treated successfully, and he returned to work as a business executive within three months. Six weeks later a viral pneumonia put him back in the intensive care unit. He recovered from this within a month, only to relapse with a mild stomach upset from the same virus. Having once again returned to work, he began to experience low back pain, which he attributed to sitting at a desk all day long. It troubled him most days, and he had to increase the painkillers he was taking. His doctors said his bones were getting thin and prescribed calcium tablets. Still, life was generally very good until he developed cancer of the lymph nodes in his neck four years later. His immunosuppressive drugs were reduced and he underwent a course of radiation therapy, which seemed to cure him, although the possibility of a recurrence remained at the back of his mind. Five years after his transplant, his annual coronary arteriogram indicated thickening of the arteries in his transplanted heart. Although he was told this represented chronic rejection, it caused no disability for a further three years.
Conflict of Interest in the Accounting Profession
Authors: Brooks Leonard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accounting profession is one in which accounting designations or certifications are received from professional associations, societies, or institutes to signify appropriate education, training, examination, ethical screening, and a commitment to follow the professional body’s ethical code. Not only do professional accountants have to be competent; they have to subscribe to the ethical values and standards put forward by their professional body. If they do not, professional accountants will not live up to the ethical standards expected by the public, and their reputations as well as those of their professional colleagues will suffer. As a profession, they will not be able to offer credible services and will lose the ability to command a competitive premium relative to other professionals who do.
Conflict of Interest in the Hollywood Film Industry: Coming to America-Tales from the Casting Couch, Gross and Net, in a Risky Business
Authors: Borcherding Thomas E , Filson Darren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Making a film is an uncertain enterprise, not just because of the fickleness of moviegoers, but because of the immense complexity of the process. From its initial conception in the “pitch” to its ultimate exhibition at the movie complex or placement at the local video store, the coordination process in the making of a film is a team effort with enormous potential for economic dissonance. The Hollywood problem inheres in motivating the myriad economic agents in this process-actors, agents and managers; directors, producers and other production talent, and writers; marketers and the all-important financial backers-to serve the collective interest of the enterprise.
Conflict of Interest in Medical Practice
Authors: Latham Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflicts of interest are an ineradicable part of medical practice, though not every kind of conflict of interest currently encountered in medical practice is ineradicable. Of those conflicts of interest that cannot be eradicated, many can be limited so that they do not result in harms to patients or to the public. In this chapter, I attempt to lay out a few of the most important types of conflict of interest in medical practice and to discuss the means by which they might best be eradicated or limited. I confine my discussion to certain of the most important conflicts faced by practicing physicians as such, leaving aside the many difficult conflict-of-interest questions raised when physicians act, for example, as researchers, educators, administrators, and lobbyists; and leaving aside, also, consideration of conflicts faced by non-MD medical practitioners.