bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturational development of drug-metabolizing enzymes in dogs
Authors: Kawalek J. C. , El Said K. R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A qualitative and quantitative assessment was made of the development of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes (dme) in dogs as part of a study of the ability of animal test species to metabolize drugs. The following dme variables were measured in this study: amount of cytochromes P-450 and b5 activity of the nadph and nadh- dependent reductases associated with each of these cytochromes; activity of cytochrome P-450-mediated enzymes, including aniline and coumarin hydroxylases, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase; activity of a uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid glucuronyl transferase with 4-methylumbelliferone as substrate; and glutathione-S-transferase activities, with dinitrochlorobenzene and dichloronitrobenzene as substrates. Most enzyme components had achieved maximal amount or activity by the fifth to eighth week after birth; they tended to decrease after weaning, although the activity of dichloronitrobenzene-glutathione transferase in geriatric dogs (312 to 525 weeks old) was approximately twofold greater than that of 8-week-old pups. There were no gender-related differences in any of the enzyme amounts or activities determined. Individual variation was pronounced even in the homogeneous colony from which these dogs were obtained.
Effects of a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor on thromboxane generation and excretion in healthy dogs
Authors: Longhofer Susan L. , Johnson Heidi C. , Culham Cynthia A. , Schultz Kevin T. , Grauer Gregory F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, 3-methyl- 2 (3-pyridyl)-l-indoleoctanoic acid (CGS 12970) was administered orally to 6 healthy adult Beagles at a dosage of 30 mg/kg of body weight. Blood generation of thromboxane B2 and urinary excretion of thromboxane B2 were measured before and after administration of CGS 12970. Although 97 ± 0.4% inhibition of thromboxane B2 generation was observed within 2 hours after a single dose of CGS 12970 was administered orally, an effect on urinary excretion of thromboxane B2 was not observed. Additionally, oral administration of 30 mg/kg every 12 hours resulted in 80 ± 14% inhibition of thromboxane B2 generation but had no effect on urinary thromboxane B2 excretion.
Clinical and pathologic studies of experimentally induced Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia in calves
Authors: Vestweber J. G. , Klemm R. D. , Leipold H. W. , Johnson D. E. , Bailie W. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia of the right caudal lung lobe was experimentally induced in 2-week-old Holstein calves (n = 11) by endobronchial inoculation of 7.9 × 1010 colony-forming units of 6-hour log-phase bacteria. Calves were studied for 72 hours after inoculation. The challenge procedure consistently induced a lesion in the right caudal lung lobe, which was consistent radiographically with results of pathologic examination and a similar volume of bronchography contrast medium. Clinically, the calves developed a significant increase in rectal temperature within 24 hours after inoculation. Seventy-two hours after inoculation, the total wbc counts, absolute band neutrophil counts, monocyte counts, and blood fibrinogen concentrations were significantly higher than normal and albumin concentration was significantly decreased. Necropsy revealed a circular to oblong lesion that was congested, edematous, and firm and occupied 20 to 40% of the right caudal lung lobe. Histologic examination revealed a severe acute inflammatory reaction characterized by cellular exudate and proteinaceous fluid in the alveoli, interlobular septa, and pleura.
Hematologic values and plasma and tissue folate concentrations in dogs given phenytoin on a long-term basis
Authors: Bunch Susan E. , Easley J. Roger , Cullen John M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
During earlier investigations of the hepatic effects in dogs of long-term administration of phenytoin alone or in combination with primidone, erythrocytic macrocytosis, neutropenia, neutrophilic hypersegmentation, and thrombocytopenia were observed. Such abnormalities were observed most often in dogs given phenytoin and resembled those known to be attributable to folate deficiency in human beings with epilepsy treated with phenytoin. To pursue the theory that these hematologic aberrations were caused by drug-induced folate deficiency, 12 dogs were given a diet specifically formulated to contain a minimally adequate concentration of folate. After 2 weeks, phenytoin was administered daily (400 mg, po, q 8 h) to 8 of the 12 dogs for 54 weeks. A cbc, bone marrow aspiration biopsy, and measurement of plasma and rbc folate concentrations were done every 3 weeks. Bone marrow aspirates were examined by transmission electron microscopy after 24 and 36 weeks, and at the end of the treatment period. Hepatic folate concentration was also determined in all dogs before and after treatment. Excretion of formiminoglutamic acid, as a marker of folate deficiency, was measured in all dogs at the end of the study.
All dogs remained healthy throughout the treatment phase. Consistent abnormalities were not observed in the blood or bone marrow of treated dogs. Plasma and RBC folate concentrations decreased in control and treated dogs as a result of dietary restriction (P < 0.02), and remained stable until the end of the study. The rbc folate content decreased further in treated dogs (P < 0.02), although the hepatic folate content was similar in control and treated dogs. Treated dogs did not excrete formiminoglutamic acid more rapidly than did control dogs. Gross necropsy or histologic abnormalities were not identified in control or treated dogs. We concluded that long-term administration of phenytoin was not associated with clinical, hematologic, or biochemical evidence of folate deficiency in dogs.
Temporal relationships of viremia, interferon activity, and antibody responses of sheep infected with several bluetongue virus strains
Authors: Foster Neil M. , Luedke Albert J. , Parsonson Ian M. , Walton Thomas E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sheep had viremias that were first detected on day 3 (± 1) after infection with several strains of bluetongue virus (btv) representing United States serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17. Diphasic peaks of infectivity were attained on days 6 and 10 (± 2). Interferon (ifn) was first detected in serum samples on day 5 (± 1), and reached greatest concentrations on day 6 (± 2), which coincided with the first viremic peak; ifn concentrations then decreased toward zero by day 10 (± 2). Interferon peak concentrations induced approximately a 90% decrease in virus titer. The decrease in ifn concentrations by day 9 (± 2) corresponded with the second viremic peak on day 10 (± 2). Onset of the decrease in detectable concentrations of virus after the second peak of viremia corresponded to the initial detection of serum antibody to btv by day 10 (± 2). Virus titer decreased and antibody production increased until approximately days 21 to 28, when the titers plateaued and virus was not detected. Febrile responses peaked on day 7 (± 1) during the peak viremic period. The wbc count was depressed at the time the virus titer increased, but returned to normal values while the sheep were still viremic. Diphasic viremias in btv-infected sheep were attributed to induction of high concentrations of ifn concurrent with the first virus titer peak, followed by production of antibody to specific btv strains and a subsequent reduction in viremia at the second virus titer peak.
Activation of rainbow trout complement by C-reactive protein
Authors: Nakanishi Yuki , Kodama Hiroshi , Murai Takashi , Mikami Takeshi , Izawa Hisao 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The activation of the complement system of rainbow trout by trout C-reactive protein (crp) was investigated. Complement fixation tests were performed by using rabbit hemolysin-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and rainbow trout complement. Purified crp increased the consumption of complement in the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae C-polysaccharide (cps), indicating the activation of the complement system. In contrast to this, acute phase serum activated the complement in the absence of cps. Consumption of the complement by acute-phase serum was depressed when crp was removed from acute-phase serum by cps-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The acute-phase serum, as well as crp plus cps, suppressed in vitro growth of Vibrio anguillarum in the presence of complement, and enhanced the phagocytosis of the bacteria by glass-adherent peritoneal exudate cells. These results indicated that crp has a role in host defense during acute-phase response through the activation of the complement system, enhancement of phagocytosis, and suppression of bacterial growth.
Postnatal development of the brain stem auditory-evoked potential in dogs
Authors: Strain George M. , Tedford Bruce L. , Jackson Rose M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Recordings of averaged brain stem auditory-evoked potentials were obtained from 13 Beagle pups of both genders to document the postnatal development of the response from age 1 to 76 days. Responses were recorded between needle electrodes placed on the vertex and the ipsilateral ear, with ground at the interorbital line. Recordings were performed without sedation. Low-amplitude responses to high-intensity stimuli could be recorded from animals prior to opening of the ear canals. Peak latencies did not change after day 20 for peak I, day 30 for peaks II and III, and day 40 for peak V. As a result, the interpeak latencies between peaks I and III did not change after day 30, but continued to decrease until day 40 for peaks III-V and IV. Peak amplitudes reached plateau values by day 20 (peak I) or day 30 (peaks II, III, and V). All of the measured latency and amplitude values had significant (P < 0.001) linear regression lines of latency vs age and amplitude vs age. The brain stem auditory-evoked potential thresholds were mature by day 20.
Antigen expression in cultured oral keratinocytes from dogs
Authors: Wilkinson J. Erby , Smith C. A. , Suter Maja M. , Lewis Robert M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Oral keratinocytes from dogs were cultured on either collagen gels or artificial matrices at the air-liquid interface, and the expression of keratinocyte antigens and basement membrane components was determined, using various monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Keratinocytes grown on collagen gels expressed pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceous, and bullous pemphigoid antigens. Diffuse, suprabasal, and superficial keratinocyte membrane differentiation antigens identified by various monoclonal antibodies also were expressed in a pattern identical to that observed in the native tissue. Laminin and type-IV collagen were deposited at the keratinocyte-collagen interface in a patchy distribution. When synthetic matrices were used, the oral keratinocytes differentiated, but to a lesser extent than cells grown on collagen gels. Antigen expression for cells grown on synthetic matrices was similar to that for cells on collagen, except for failure of the keratinocytes on synthetic membranes to express superficial cell antigens and pemphigus foliaceous antigens.
Variance of indirect blood pressure measurements and prevalence of hypertension in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Remillard Rebecca L. , Ross James N. , Eddy Jean B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In a series of 3 studies, indirect blood pressure measurements were obtained to define normal variance, identify hypertension, and estimate the prevalence of hypertension in apparently healthy dogs. In part 1, we measured values in 5 clinically normal dogs twice weekly for 5 weeks in a home setting. Mean ± SD systolic arterial pressure (sap) and diastolic arterial pressure (dap) was 150 ± 16 and 86 ± 13 mm of Hg, respectively. The dap significantly (P < 0.01) decreased with repeated measurements over the 5-week period. In part 2, we assessed the variation between blood pressures measured in a clinic vs those measured in the home. Within a 2-week period, measurements were obtained from 10 clinically normal dogs in a private veterinary clinic and again in their home. Significant differences were not observed between clinic and home measurements of sap and dap; however, heart rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the clinic. In part 3, SD about the sap and dap mean values were determined in 102 clinically normal dogs. Canine hypertensive status was determined, using statistical methods and data from 102 clinically normal dogs. Values of sap > 202 mm of Hg and dap > 116 mm of Hg were determined to be 2 SD beyond the mean and, therefore, were interpreted to be hypertensive. Approximately 10% of the 102 apparently healthy dogs measured in this study were considered hypertensive on the basis of these criteria. In addition, a border zone of suspected hypertension was estimated, using the mean + 1.282 SD. The sap border zone was between 183 and 202 mm of Hg, whereas the dap border zone was between 102 and 113 mm of Hg. Of the 102 dogs, 12 had values within these zones of suspected hypertension.
Evaluation of age, breed, and gender as risk factors for umbilical hernia in horses of a hospital population
Authors: Freeman David. E. , Spencer Pamela A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Age, breed, and gender distributions of 168 horses with umbilical hernia treated at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine were analyzed to determine risk factors for this disease. For the 3 breeds that constituted the largest proportion of hospital and case populations, Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and Quarter Horse, the overall ratio of females to males was 1.63. In a hospital population of the same age group, 0 to 48 months, the female to male ratio was 0.93. Compared with males, females were at significantly higher risk for umbilical hernia after adjustment for breed and age (odds ratio, 2.01; 99% confidence interval, 1.31 to 3.10; P = 0.00002). Of the 2 major breeds, Thoroughbreds were at greater risk than Standardbreds for umbilical hernia, after adjustment for gender and age (odds ratio, 1.80; 99% confidence interval, 1.10 to 2.95; P = 0.0020). The results provide information about a common congenital defect in horses that can be used for future genetic research.
Comparison of effects of cimetidine and omeprazole on mechanically created gastric ulceration and on aspirininduced gastritis in dogs
Authors: Jenkins C. C. , DeNovo R. C. , Patton C. S. , Bright R. M. , Rohrbach B. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A double-blind study was conducted to compare gastri ulcer healing time in nontreated dogs with that in dogs treated with either cimetidine or omeprazole. Single ulcers were created in the gastric antrum by use of a suction biopsy capsule. Each dog was given 25 mg of aspirin/kg of body weight orally for 20 days after ulcer induction. Five control dogs were given aspirin only (no anti-ulcer medication) during the 20-day study. Six dogs were given cimetidine at dosage of 10 mg/kg orally every 8 hours, and 6 dogs were given omeprazole orally at dosage of 2 μmol/kg (0.7 mg/kg) once daily. All dogs were examined endoscopically on days 5, 10, 15, and 20 and were given a score for the size of the mechanically created ulcer and a score for the degree of aspirin-induced gastritis. All dogs were euthanatized on day 21, and gastric lesions were examined histologically. Significant differences were not evident in ulcer healing scores or degree of aspirin-induced gastritis among treated and nontreated dogs on days 5, 10, 15, and 20. However, aspirin-induced gastritis was less severe in dogs of the omeprazole group than in dogs of the cimetidine or control group on each day observations were made. The effect of omeprazole given once daily was comparable with that of cimetidine given every 8 hours in lessening aspirin-induced gastritis.
Mucosal and systemic antibody responses to bovine coronavirus structural proteins in experimentally challenge-exposed calves fed low or high amounts of colostral antibodies
Authors: Heckert Robert A. , Saif Linda J. , Mengel Judy P. , Myers Greg W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ten colostrum-deprived calves were assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups (5 calves/group), and fed colostrum that had either low (naturally infected cows) or high (immunized cows) antibody titers to bovine coronavirus (bcv). All calves were inoculated orally and intranasally with virulent bcv when they were 24 to 48 hours old and challenge exposed 21 days later. Blood, feces, nasal secretions, tears, saliva, and bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids were collected weekly from each calf for 5 weeks after inoculation. The titers to whole bcv or the relative amounts of isotype-specific antibodies to bcv structural proteins were evaluated in these samples by ELISA or immunoblotting, respectively.
Both pools of colostrum contained primarily IgG1, IgG2, and IgA antibodies to the E2 and E3 bcv proteins. Calves fed the high-titer colostrum had correspondingly higher amounts of passive IgG1 and IgA antibodies to whole bcv and to the E2 and E3 bcv proteins in serum, feces, and bal fluid at postinoculation week 1 than those calves fed low-titer colostrum. Active IgG1, IgA, and IgM antibody responses in serum and active IgA and IgM antibody responses in most mucosal secretions to whole bcv and to the E2 and E3 proteins were lower or delayed in calves fed high-titer colostrum, compared with responses in calves fed low-titer colostrum. In contrast, increased responses to the bcv N protein were observed in all samples (except in serum and bal fluid) in the calves fed high-titer colostrum, compared with calves fed low-titer colostrum. Upon challenge exposure, responses to E2 and E3 bcv proteins in serum and bal fluid were lower in the group fed high-titer colostrum, compared with those in the group fed low-titer colostrum.
Our findings indicate that the level of passive immunity in calves at the time of bcv inoculation can influence the development of active antibody responses in serum, feces, and mucosal secretions to whole bcv and to some bcv proteins individually.
Use of biometry and keratometry for determining optimal power for intraocular lens implants in dogs
Authors: Gaiddon Jacque , Rosolen Serge G. , Steru Lionel , Cook C. S. , Peiffer Robert 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Axial length and corneal curvature were determined by use of A-scan ultrasonography and keratometry on both eyes of dogs of various breeds, sizes, and ages. Mean axial length was 20.43 ± 1.48 mm; axial length was not related to age or sex, but was significantly greater (P = 0.047) in dogs of larger breeds. Mean corneal curvature was 39.94 ± 2.61 diopters. Dogs of large breeds had significantly (P < 0.001) flatter corneas. Mild, roughly symmetric astigmatism was detected in a majority of dogs. Use of mean values in a theoretic artificial intraocular lens power equation suggests that aphakic dogs require an implant of approximately 40 diopters to achieve emmetropia.
Axial pattern flap based on the caudal auricular artery in dogs
Authors: Smith Mark M. , Payne John T. , Moon Martha L. , Freeman Larry E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An axial pattern flap that was based on the sternocleidomastoideus branches of the caudal auricular artery and vein was developed. Control flaps, which included ligation and division of the caudal auricular artery and vein, were similarly developed on the contralateral aspect of the neck. Mean survival of caudal auricular artery axial pattern flaps (85.2%), compared with control flaps (63.9%), was significantly different (P < 0.05). On the basis of results of this study, an axial pattern flap based on the sternocleidomastoideus branches of the caudal auricular artery and vein may be a source of skin for reconstructive procedures of the head and neck.
Bacterial and mycoplasmal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac
Authors: Gionfriddo J. R. , Rosenbusch R. , Kinyon J. M. , Betts D. M. , Smith T. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Healthy conjunctival sacs of 88 animals of 3 species of captive camelids (Lamaglama, Lama guanicoe, Lama pacos) and llama-guanaco hybrids were sampled for bacterial and mycoplasmal flora. Mycoplasmas were not isolated from any animal. Eleven genera of bacteria were isolated. The most frequent isolates were Staphyloccus epidermidis and Pseudomonas spp. Nine varieties of Pseudomonas were found, which represented at least 3 Pseudomonas species. Many of the bacterial isolates (especially the pseudomonads) are potential pathogens in the eyes of these camelids.
Characterization of eugonic fermenters group EF-4 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and protein immunoblot analysis
Authors: Hanner Tracy L. , Allen John W. , Robertson-Byers Andrea , Hurley Steven L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Whole-cell lysates and proteinase K-extracted lipopolysaccharide (lps) of 19 strains of the group eugonic fermenter- 4 (ef-4) were analyzed by electrophoresis and protein immunoblotting. These strains were isolated from dog- and cat-bite abscesses in human beings, ferret and human gastric lesions, and cat-lung infections. These strains represent 2 biovar groupings; ef-4a biovars ferment glucose and possess arginine dihydrolase activity, whereas ef-4b biovars do not. Electrophoresis of wholecell lysates could distinguish between these biovars groups. Electrophoresis of lps extracts revealed that all strains of ef-4 possess smooth chemotypes. Two strains of ef-4a reacted weakly in protein immunoblots and revealed distinct lps profiles. These studies suggests that subgroups of ef-4 biovars may exist.