bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Automated Control of the Electron Microscopy Proteomic Organellar Preparation Robot
Authors: Waterbury Raymond G. , Punwani Karishma , Bergeron John J.M. , Kearney Robert E. 
Published: August 2005

The Electron Microscopy Proteomic Organellar Preparation (EMPOP) robot is a tool for high-throughput preparation of subcellular fraction samples for electron microscopic identification. It provides a means of validating subcellular sample purity and confirming protein localization needed for organellar proteomics. The device handles all chemical and mechanical manipulations required to prepare organelles for electron microscopic examination. It has a modular, integrated design that supports automated filtration, chemical processing, delivery, and embedding of up to 96 subcellular fraction samples in parallel. Subcellular fraction specimens are extremely fragile. Consequently, the system was designed as a single unit to minimize mechanical stress on the samples by integrating a core mechanism, composed of four modular plates, and five support subsystems: (1) a cooling platform, (2) an automated fluid handling subsystem, (3) an electromagnetic arm, (4) a plate transfer platform, and (5) a 5-axis motion control system (X, Y, Z, θ, ø). System control is fully automated to provide standardized, reproducible subcellular fraction sample processing while maintaining flexibility for adjustment and recall of instrumentation and process operational parameters. To achieve this, the control software was built on two coordinated levels: (1) a user interface for system testing, calibration, setup, and process monitoring and (2) low-level real-time control routines. The EMPOP robot provides, for the first time, massive, parallel electron microscopic screening and quantitative analysis of subcellular and protein targets necessary for high-throughput proteomics.
The Root Tip and Accelerating Region Suppress Elongation of the Decelerating Region without any Effects on Cell Turgor in Primary Roots of Maize under Water Stress
Authors: Shimazaki Yumi , Ookawa Taiichiro , Hirasawa Tadashi 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
To identify the region in which a root perceives a decrease in the ambient water potential and changes its elongation rate, we applied two agar blocks (1 × 1 × 1 mm3) with low water potential bilaterally to primary roots of maize (Zea mays) at various positions along the root. When agar blocks with a water potential of −1.60 MPa (−1.60-MPa blocks) or lower were attached to a root tip, the rate of elongation decreased. This decrease did not result from any changes in the water status of elongating cells and was not reversed when the −1.60-MPa blocks were replaced by −0.03-MPa blocks. The rate decreased slightly and was unaffected, respectively, when −1.60-MPa blocks were applied to the so-called decelerating region of the elongating zone and the mature region. However, the rate decreased markedly and did not recover for several hours at least when such blocks were attached to the accelerating region. In this case, the turgor pressure of the elongating cells decreased immediately after the application of the blocks and recovered thereafter. The decrease in elongation rate caused by −1.60-MPa blocks applied to the root tip was unaffected by additional −0.03-MPa blocks applied to the accelerating region and vice versa. We concluded that a significant reduction in root growth could be induced by water stress at the root tip, as well as in the accelerating region of the elongating zone, and that transmission of some signal from these regions to the decelerating region might contribute to the suppression of cell elongation in the elongation region.
The TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 S-Acyl Transferase Regulates Plant Cell Growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hemsley Piers A. , Kemp Alison C. , Grierson Claire S. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 (TIP1) of Arabidopsis thaliana affects cell growth throughout the plant and has a particularly strong effect on root hair growth. We have identified TIP1 by map-based cloning and complementation of the mutant phenotype. TIP1 encodes an ankyrin repeat protein with a DHHC Cys-rich domain that is expressed in roots, leaves, inflorescence stems, and floral tissue. Two homologues of TIP1 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and human (Homo sapiens) have been shown to have S-acyl transferase (also known as palmitoyl transferase) activity. S-acylation is a reversible hydrophobic protein modification that offers swift, flexible control of protein hydrophobicity and affects protein association with membranes, signal transduction, and vesicle trafficking within cells. We show that TIP1 binds the acyl group palmitate, that it can rescue the morphological, temperature sensitivity, and yeast casein kinase2 localization defects of the yeast S-acyl transferase mutant akr1Δ, and that inhibition of acylation in wild-type Arabidopsis roots reproduces the Tip1− mutant phenotype. Our results demonstrate that S-acylation is essential for normal plant cell growth and identify a plant S-acyl transferase, an essential research tool if we are to understand how this important, reversible lipid modification operates in plant cells.
Prospective evaluation of three different models for the pre‐operative diagnosis of ovarian cancer
Authors: Aslam N. , Tailor A. , Lawton F. , Carr J. , Savvas M. , Jurkovic D. 
Published: August 2005

Objective
To test the accuracy of the risk of malignancy index, the revised risk of malignancy index and Tailor's regression model to diagnose malignancy in women with known adnexal masses.Design
Prospective collaborative study.Setting
Gynaecology Assessment Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, King's College Hospital, London.Sample
Sixty‐one women with known adnexal masses were examined pre‐operatively. Women were recruited from three South London hospitals.Methods
The demographic, biochemical and sonographic data recorded for each patient included: age; menopausal status; CA125 levels; tumour volume; ultrasound characteristics; and Doppler blood flow analysis (peak and mean blood velocities, the pulsatility and resistance indices). The diagnosis of malignancy was made for each woman using all three models and the results compared with the final histopathological diagnosis.Results
Thirty‐eight women had benign tumours and 23 had ovarian cancer. Women with malignant tumours were significantly older than those with benign masses. There were also significant differences in CA125 levels, locularity, presence of papillary proliferations and ascites between the two groups. Tailor's regression model achieved a 43% sensitivity and 92% specificity in the diagnosis of malignancy. This compared with a 74% sensitivity and 92% specificity with the risk of malignancy model, and a 74% sensitivity and 89% specificity with the revised risk of malignancy model.Conclusion
When applied prospectively all three diagnostic models performed less accurately than originally reported, despite clinical signs of malignancy being present in many cases. It is likely that their accuracy would be even less in a population of women in whom there was a substantial clinical uncertainty. Intra‐tumoral blood velocity and CA125 levels were the best individual parameters for discrimination between benign and malignant tumours.
Deformation and fracture behavior of polypropylene–ethylene vinyl alcohol blends compatibilized with ionomer Zn2+
Authors: Montoya M. , Abad M. J. , Barral Losada L. , Bernal C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis work investigated the deformation and fracture behavior of polypropylene–ethylene vinyl alcohol (PP/EVOH) blends compatibilized with ionomer Zn2+. Uniaxial tensile tests and quasistatic fracture experiments were performed for neat PP and for 10 and 20 wt % EVOH blends with different ionomer contents. The addition of EVOH copolymer to PP led to an increase in the Young's modulus whereas the yield strength was decreased with the EVOH content as a consequence of the higher stiffness of EVOH and the poor interfacial adhesion between PP and EVOH, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of EVOH into PP promoted stable crack growth. Neat PP displayed nonlinear load‐displacement behavior with some amount of slow crack growth preceding unstable brittle fracture, whereas most PP/EVOH blends exhibited “pseudostable” fracture characterized by slow crack growth that could not be externally controlled. All blends exhibited lower resistance to crack initiation than PP but the fracture propagation resistance was significantly improved. For 10 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation was roughly constant with the ionomer content up to 5%, then it increased with the further addition of compatibilizer. Conversely, for 20 wt % EVOH blends, the resistance to crack initiation appeared to be independent of the ionomer content. The better resistance to crack initiation exhibited by the 10 wt % EVOH blends could be attributed to a higher level of compatibilization in these blends. By contrast, 20 wt % EVOH blends with ≤2% ionomer content showed completely stable crack growth. In addition, J–R curves and valid plane strain fracture toughness values for these blends could also be determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1271–1279, 2005
Structure analysis in polyurethane foams at interfaces
Authors: Mahmood Nasir , Kressler Jörg , Busse Karsten 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the structure and morphology of polyurethane (PU) foams at the interface with a thermoplastic material. Fourier transform infrared/attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy was used to study the reaction of 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with polyether‐based polyols with water as a blowing agent via the absorption intensity of the ν(NCO, 2265 cm−1) vibrational band of MDI in three different PU foam systems. The data revealed that MDI reacted simultaneously with two different species in the reaction mixture having different reaction rates. These were the reactions of isocyanate functional groups with water (fast reaction) and polyol (slow reaction). A structure analysis at the PU foam interface (i.e., PU formed a compact film 110 ± 30 μm thick at the interface) with a thermoplastic material plate was carried out with small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and neutron reflection (NR) techniques. From SAXS measurements, a typical hard‐segment–segment distance of 10 ± 0.3 nm was observed. The TEM and NR data of the compact PU film revealed an internal layered structure (parallel to the surface) with a typical layer thickness of 260–400 nm. The formation of a layered morphology (macrophase‐separated structures) was assumed to be due to the difference in the polarities of the hard and soft segments. Furthermore, the layer thickness increased when D2O was used as the blowing agent instead of H2O. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1280–1289, 2005
Reactive polytetrafluoroethylene/polyamide compounds. I. Characterization of the compound morphology with respect to the functionality of the polytetrafluoroethylene component by microscopic and differential scanning calorimetry studies
Authors: Pompe G. , Häußler L. , Pötschke P. , Voigt D. , Janke A. , Geißler U. , Hupfer B. , Reinhardt G. , Lehmann D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCompounds of electron‐beam‐irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyamide (PA) were produced by reactive extrusion. During extrusion, both a breakdown process of the PTFE agglomerates and a chemical reaction between PTFE and PA took place. The morphology of the compounds was characterized with differential scanning calorimetry using fractionated crystallization, with atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and with dynamic light scattering. The particle size of the dispersed PTFE phase decreased as the irradiation dose increased. A simple theoretical model of the breakdown process of PTFE agglomerates was made for the discussion of the development of the observed degree of dispersion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1308–1316, 2005
Reactive polytetrafluoroethylene/polyamide 6 compounds. II. Study of the reactivity with respect to the functionality of the polytetrafluoroethylene component and analysis of the notched impact strength of the polytetrafluoroethylene/polyamide 6 compounds
Authors: Pompe G. , Häußler L. , Adam G. , Eichhorn K.‐J. , Janke A. , Hupfer B. , Lehmann D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe formation of block copolymers as a result of an in situ chemical reaction during the reactive extrusion of electron‐beam‐irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyamide 6 (PA) was detected indirectly with differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared. As expected, the content of the block copolymers in the compound increased as the irradiation dose was increased. The notched impact strength showed an increase in the PTFE/PA compounds produced with highly irradiated PTFE. This behavior is discussed in the context of the degree of dispersion of the PTFE phase (as reported in part I of this series) and the adhesion changed by the in situ reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1317–1324, 2005
Improvement in alkoxide anionic initiation technique by using a colorimetric titration
Authors: Compos Delphine , Delaite Christelle , Hurtrez Guy , Dumas Philippe 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe developed a colorimetric method to follow and to control the complete transformation of an alcohol into an alkoxide. It was first tested on a small molecule and then extended to a macroinitiator. It allows us to obtain a final product without residual prepolymer and without side initiation due to an excess of carbanion. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1339–1343, 2005
Specialization in pyramidal cell structure in the sensory‐motor cortex of the Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) with comparative notes on macaque and vervet monkeys
Authors: Elston Guy N. , Benavides‐Piccione Ruth , Elston Alejandra , Manger Paul R. , Defelipe Javier 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe systematic study of pyramidal cell structure has revealed new insights into specialization of the phenotype in the primate cerebral cortex. Regional specialization in the neuronal phenotype may influence patterns of connectivity and the computational abilities of the circuits they compose. The comparative study of pyramidal cells in homologous cortical areas is beginning to yield data on the evolution and development of such specialized circuitry in the primate cerebral cortex. Recently, we have focused our efforts on sensory‐motor cortex. Based on our intracellular injection methodology, we have demonstrated a progressive increase in the size of, the branching structure in, and the spine density of the basal dendritic trees of pyramidal cells through somatosensory areas 3b, 1, 2, 5, and 7 in the macaque and vervet monkeys. In addition, we have shown that pyramidal cells in premotor area 6 are larger, more branched, and more spinous than those in the primary motor cortex (MI or area 4) in the macaque monkey, vervet monkey, and baboon. Here we expand the basis for comparison by studying the basal dendritic trees of layer III pyramidal cells in these same sensory‐motor areas in the chacma baboon. The baboon was selected because it has a larger cerebral cortex than either the macaque or vervet monkeys; motor cortex has expanded disproportionately in these three species; and motor cortex in the baboon reportedly has differentiated to include a new cortical area not present in either the macaque or vervet monkeys. We found, as in monkeys, a progressive increase in the morphological complexity of pyramidal cells through areas 3b, 5, and 7, as well as from area 4 to area 6, suggesting that areal specialization in microcircuitry was likely to be present in a common ancestor of primates. In addition, we found subtle differences in the extent of the interareal differences in pyramidal cell structure between homologous cortical areas in the three species. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of enantiomeric composition by negative‐ion electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry using deprotonated N‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl)amino acids as chiral selectors
Authors: Brewer Bobby N. , Zu Chengli , Koscho Michael E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe ability to use mixtures of deprotonated N‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl)amino acids as chiral selectors for the determination of enantiomeric composition by electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry is demonstrated. For each experiment, two N‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl)amino acids were chosen such that each would have opposite selectivity for the enantiomers of the analyte. Electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry, monitored in the negative ion mode, of solutions containing the two N‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl)amino acids, sodium hydroxide, and the analyte, in a one‐to‐one mixture of methanol and water, afford peaks in the mass spectrum that correspond to the deprotonated 1:1 analyte–selector complexes. The ratio of the intensities of the complexes in the mass spectrum can be related to the enantiomeric composition of the analyte. Additionally, the sense and extent of chiral recognition is consistent with chromatographic observations, using chiral stationary phases derived from N‐(3,5‐dinitrobenzoyl)amino acids. Each analysis of enantiomeric composition requires less than 10 s to complete, indicating that this method has great potential for the development of fast‐/high‐throughput chiral analyses. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Chirality 17:456–463, 2005.
Electrophoresis‐assisted open‐tubular liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of lipooligosaccharide expressed by Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Li Jianjun , Koga Michiaki , Brochu Denis , Yuki Nobuhiro , Chan Kenneth , Gilbert Michel 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLipooligosaccharide (LOS) is the major component of the external membrane of Campylobacter jejuni. LOS contains a hydrophobic moiety, lipid A, and a hydrophilic moiety, oligosaccharide. Due to the unique mimicry of human ganglioside structures and potential involvement in the induction of the autoimmune polyneuropathies, Guillain–Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes, the structural characterization of C. jejuni LOS has received much attention. We have been using capillary zone electrophoresis–mass spectrometry to analyze O‐deacylated LOS from C. jejuni. In an attempt to optimize the separation conditions, the effect of methanol on the separation of LOS was investigated. It was found that methanol resulted in stronger adsorption of LOS onto the wall of fused‐silica capillary. In this paper, we applied this adsorption to perform electrophoresis‐assisted open‐tubular liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry for the analysis of O‐deacylated LOS mixtures from C. jejuni. The analytical potential of the proposed strategy for the analysis of O‐deacylated LOS glycoforms from five bacterial colonies is demonstrated. Online tandem mass spectrometry is shown to provide a powerful tool for characterization of variations in the hexosamine backbone, phosphorylation of the lipid A, and sialic acid sequence information.
Effect of background electrolyte on the estimation of protein hydrodynamic radius and net charge through capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Piaggio Maria V. , Peirotti Marta B. , Deiber Julio A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo physicochemical models are proposed for the estimation of both hydrodynamic radius and net charge of a protein when the capillary zone electrophoretic mobility at a given protocol, the set of pK of charged amino acids, and basic data from Protein Data Bank are available. These models also provide a rationale to interpret appropriately the effects of solvent properties on protein hydrodynamic radius and net charge. To illustrate the numerical predictions of these models, experimental data of electrophoretic mobility available in the literature for well‐defined protocols are used. Five proteins are considered: lysozyme, staphylococcal nuclease, human carbonic anhydrase, bovine carbonic anhydrase, and human serum albumin. Numerical predictions of protein net charges through these models compare well with the results reported in the literature, including those found asymptotically through protein charge ladder techniques. Model calculations indicate that the hydrodynamic radius is sensitive to changes of the protein net charge and hence it cannot be assumed constant in general. Also, several limitations associated with models for estimating protein net charge and hydrodynamic radius from protein structure, amino acid sequence, and experimental electrophoretic mobility are provided and discussed. These conclusions also show clear requirements for further research.
Software framework for distributed experimental–computational simulation of structural systems
Authors: Takahashi Yoshikazu , Fenves Gregory L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSupported by the recent advancement of experimental test methods, numerical simulation, and high‐speed communication networks, it is possible to distribute geographically the testing of structural systems using hybrid experimental–computational simulation. One of the barriers for this advanced testing is the lack of flexible software for hybrid simulation using heterogeneous experimental equipment. To address this need, an object‐oriented software framework is designed, developed, implemented, and demonstrated for distributed experimental–computational simulation of structural systems. The software computes the imposed displacements for a range of test methods and co‐ordinates the control of local and distributed configurations of experimental equipment. The object‐oriented design of the software promotes the sharing of modules for experimental equipment, test set‐ups, simulation models, and test methods. The communication model for distributed hybrid testing is similar to that used for parallel computing to solve structural simulation problems. As a demonstration, a distributed pseudodynamic test was conducted using a client–server approach, in which the server program controlled the test equipment in Japan and the client program performed the computational simulation in the United States. The distributed hybrid simulation showed that the software framework is flexible and reliable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.