bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐of‐flight SIMS characterization of hydrolysed organofunctional and non‐organofunctional silanes deposited on Al, Zn and Al–43.4Zn–1.6Si alloy‐coated steel
Authors: Bexell Ulf , Olsson Mikael 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this paper Al, Zn and Al–43.4Zn–1.6Si (AlZn) alloy‐coated steel have been treated with the organofunctional silane γ‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (γ‐MPS) and the non‐organofunctional silane 1,2‐bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE). Also, a two‐step treatment of metal substrates was performed: the metal substrates were treated with the BTSE silane followed by a γ‐MPS treatment. The influence of metal substrate and the pH value of the silane film properties were investigated using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS).The results show that the BTSE silane is fully hydrolysed but the γ‐MPS silane is not. The presence of negative ions of the type HSixOy− indicates that both types of silane films are highly cross‐linked via Si–O–Si bonds. The two‐step treatment gave a γ‐MPS silane layer on top of the BTSE silane layer but the thickness of the total silane film become thinner than for a single BTSE film, indicating that some of the BTSE is dissolved during the γ‐MPS deposition step. Furthermore, the ToF‐SIMS results show that the thiol group of the γ‐MPS silane is oxidized. Finally, no major influence, either in the positive or the negative mass spectra, from the different metal substrates could be detected for the silane films investigated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification issues in ToF‐SSIMS and AFM co‐analysis in two‐phase systems, exampled by a polymer blend
Authors: Gilmore I. S. , Seah M. P. , Johnstone J. E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study concerns the measurement of the surface properties of sensitive materials, exampled by a polymer blend of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonate (PC), by static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) operated in force modulation microscopy mode. It is shown that SSIMS, although damaging the surface little, causes significant subsurface damage. This changes the material behaviour in the irradiated region and leads to changes in the AFM measurements of both the topography and nanomechanical parameters such as the elastic moduli. Alternatively, if AFM is conducted first, contact with the tip may lead to modification of the surface. In order to minimize damage, soft cantilevers (spring constant ∼0.1 N m−1) are used. It is recommended that analyses be conducted on identifiably equivalent or partially overlapping regions, where any damage effects may be separated. Because, in SSIMS, a flood gun neutralizer must be used that irradiates the whole sample, it is recommended that AFM analysis is conducted prior to SSIMS even if different areas of the same sample are to be studied. The fractional areas identified by atomic species in SSIMS and separately by AFM are both the same and give the consistent ratio PVC/PC = 44 : 56. Both of these analyses are characteristic of the substrate below the top monolayer. The fractional areas determined using molecular species in SSIMS and by G‐SIMS both give PVC/PC = 20 : 80, which is interpreted to show that more than half of the PVC surface is covered by a monolayer of PC. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical properties, surface morphology and particle size distribution of precipitated silicas
Authors: Żurawska Jolanta , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej , Jesionowski Teofil 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe results presented are from a study on the production of highly dispersed silicas by their precipitation from solutions of sodium metasilicate and ammonium salts. The applied ammonium salts were NH4HCO3 and (NH4)2CO3. The precipitation process was conducted in the absence or presence of 1 wt.% non‐ionic surfactant (Rokanol K‐7, Rokafenol N‐6 or Rokafenol N‐9).The highly dispersed silicas obtained were subjected to a physicochemical analysis typical for fillers. The analysis included estimation of the bulk density and the capacities to absorb water, dibutyl phthalate and paraffin oil. Particle size and morphology were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. In addition, particle size distribution for the precipitated silicas was examined by dynamic light scattering.Silicas with the best physicochemical properties were obtained by precipitation using ammonium hydrogen carbonate. In particular, the silica precipitated in the presence of 1 wt.% Rokafenol N‐9 demonstrated a magnificent capacity to absorb paraffin oil. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Threshold Al KLL Auger spectra of oxidized aluminium foils
Authors: Buckley A. N. , Hartmann A. J. , Lamb R. N. , Stampfl A. P. J. , Freeland J. W. , Coulthard I. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThreshold Al KLL Auger electron spectroscopy and K‐edge x‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy have been used to examine technical purity (99.5%) aluminium foil before and after chemical treatment that altered the thickness and degree of hydroxylation of the oxidized layer. Comprehensive surface chemical characterization was effected by means of monochromatized Al Kα‐excited photoelectron spectroscopy. Threshold Al KL2, 3L2, 3 spectra were obtained for three of the foils investigated and these spectra were in broad agreement with those observed previously for pure Al foil. The relative intensities of the spectral components for two of the foils were clearly consistent with the previously proposed assignment of the resonantly enhanced Auger component, situated between those arising from the metal and Al(III) oxide, to a thin interfacial layer. The threshold Auger spectra from the aluminium foil bearing the thickest and most hydroxylated oxidized layer were not obviously consistent with the interfacial layer model but O K‐edge spectra revealed that this surface layer was fundamentally different from the others and could have had a greater interfacial surface area. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in cyanoprokaryote populations, Microcystis morphology, and microcystin concentrations in Lake Elphinstone (Central Queensland, Australia)
Authors: White Susan H. , Fabbro Larelle D. , Duivenvoorden Leo J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLake Elphinstone is a tropical inland water body in the far north of the Fitzroy Catchment in Central Queensland, Australia, and has experienced recurrent toxic cyanoprokaryote blooms since 1997. This article reports on an examination of the environmental conditions of the lake and the concurrent cyanoprokaryote species together with their toxicity. The lake was sampled three times during periods of high cyanoprokaryote cell concentrations. Successive changes in the dominant Microcystis species were accompanied by variation in the concentration of the hepatotoxin microcystin. Environmental parameters recorded during dominance by both the highly toxic species Microcystis panniformis and the nontoxic M. botrys are provided. Nutrient status, temperature, and light conditions were associated with species change within the blooms. Variation of microcystin concentrations coincided with speciation change (i.e., morphological variation) within the blooms. Also discussed is the environmental impact of toxin production by M. panniformis with respect to influence on cell division, energy states, and toxin photodegradation. Lake Elphinstone is the first Australian location reported to have M. panniformis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 403–412, 2003.
Polarised secretion of cytokines in primary human microvascular endothelial cells is not dependent on N‐linked glycosylation
Authors: Jurczyluk Julie , Brown David , Stanley Keith K 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHuman microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) grow in monolayers on Transwell filters and restrict permeability between the apical and basolateral media. We show that these cell monolayers are capable of sorting labelled endogenous proteins, including chemokines, growth factors and cytokines, to either the apical or basolateral media. IL‐8 and GMCSF were secreted predominantly into the apical medium, whereas MIC‐1 was secreted into the basolateral medium. This polarity did not correlate with glycosylation, as IL‐8 and MIC‐1 are both N‐glycosylated, but were sorted to opposite sides of the cell. IL‐6 is not glycosylated and did not display significant polarity in secretion. Similarly, the polarity of secretion of endogenous glycoproteins was not related to their glycosylation.
Writing film: making inferences when viewing and reading
Authors: Reid Mark 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article discusses the ways in which short films on video might be integrated into the English curriculum. I argue that shorts can be used to scaffold writing, and further than this, that students can learn a great deal about narrative form by shuttling between the two media of print and film. The article focuses on a ‘worked example’, being an account of an INSET session using a short film called Father and Daughter.
‘Reading’ pictures: what do they reveal? Young children's reading of visual texts
Authors: Walsh Maureen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhat does the ‘reading’ of pictures reveal compared with the reading of print? The researcher examines aspects of visual literacy through the responses of young children to two picture storybooks. The findings emphasise how images can evoke different levels of response. The study confirms that we need to reconsider the nature of reading and reading education in an environment where words and print are no longer the dominant medium. Examples of responses are shown from children who are native speakers of English, as well as from children for whom English is a second language.
Child Care Policy Reform and the Employment of Single Mothers*
Authors: Bainbridge Jay , Meyers Marcia K. , Waldfogel Jane 
Published: November 2003

Objective. We estimate how the expansion of public child care subsidies from 1991–1996 contributed to single mothers' employment rates, controlling for other policy changes.Methods. Using new measures of child care spending that distinguish between subsidies for welfare‐reliant and working‐poor families, we compare their effect on the employment rates of single mothers with young children to those without.Results.We find that spending on child care subsidies for working families had substantial and significant positive effects on the employment of single mothers with young children.Conclusions.Dollar for dollar, the effects of child care subsidies were similar to, or greater than, those associated with tax policy changes. However, because increases in tax benefits dwarf those in child care subsidies and because one‐half of all means‐tested child care subsidies were directed toward welfare‐reliant families, tax policies are estimated to explain a larger share of the growth in single mothers' employment during the 1990s.
Did Retail Enterprise Among White Immigrants Benefit from the Residential Segregation of Blacks? A Study of Large Northern Cities in the Early 20th Century*
Authors: Boyd Robert L. , Xu Xiaohe 
Published: November 2003

Objective. This study tests the proposition, suggested by the middleman minority theory of entrepreneurship, that retail enterprise among white immigrants in the urban North was aided by the emergence of segregated black communities during the Great Migration of 1915–1930.Methods. Census data on major Northern cities in 1910, 1920, and 1930 are analyzed in several multivariate regressions.Results. The merchant participation rate of foreign‐born white men was unrelated to the index of black spatial isolation but was positively associated with the relative size of the black population, implying that the existence of large black consumer markets did promote the entry of the immigrants into the retail trade.Conclusions. White immigrants in the early 20th century North had a retailing niche based partly on serving blacks. Yet, there was no evidence that the immigrants benefited from a “captive market” that arose because of residential segregation by race.
The New Economy and the Forest: Rural Development in the Post‐Industrial Spaces of the Rural Alleghenies*
Authors: Che Deborah 
Published: November 2003

Objective. Government policy has long linked resource production with economic development in surrounding rural communities. The purpose of this article is to examine how the USDA Forest Service's (USFS) resource‐based, rural development policies have shifted due to economic restructuring and environmental challenges to the “management” of nature.Methods. Historical data was gathered on USFS timber harvests and policies toward forest‐dependent communities. Data was also gathered through interviews and participant‐observation on a USFS‐supported, locally planned ecotourism project.Results. USFS rural development policies have shifted from predominantly providing federally determined, sustained timber harvests in the industrial era to increasingly emphasizing local, amenity‐based entrepreneurship and economic diversification in the post‐industrial era.Conclusions. USFS rural development policies and resource production have been de‐coupled. However, amenity‐based development may depend both on amenity migrants and sustained commitment from external sources to support local initiative, given limited entrepreneurship in rural areas long dependent on high‐wage extraction and manufacturing.
Dilemmas of Environmental Planning in Post‐Urban New Jersey*
Authors: Lake Robert W. 
Published: November 2003

Objective. New Jersey's state land‐use plan, designed to preserve open space by directing growth to urban centers, rests on the assumption that nature (the “environment”) and the urban constitute separate objective spheres, such that nature can be preserved as an end in itself. Through a spatial transformation that de‐populated the cities and suburbanized the countryside, however, the urban and the environmental have become overlapping discursive categories, each expressing the absence of the other, and raising serious dilemmas for environmental planning.Methods. This article uses Census data to document the extent of New Jersey's urban and racial transformation over more than half a century, and examines county and municipal reviews of the state's proposed land‐use plan to document the resulting contradictory interpretations of nature articulated in political debate over state‐plan implementation.Results. The attempt to forge a statewide consensus on environmental and open‐space preservation has been stymied by the contradictory perspectives of urban and suburban constituencies, whose responses focus on the urban rather than the environmental implications of proposed land‐use controls. State planners seeking political support for environmental protection find themselves embroiled in often vitriolic debates about urban and suburban lifestyles, with implicit racial subtexts, and about the legitimacy of state intervention perceived as supporting antithetical values.Conclusions. Contrary to the state's attempt to separate the urban and the environmental, the route to environmental protection in New Jersey may lie through urban revitalization.
Nonprofits and Park Provision in Los Angeles: An Exploration of the Rise of Governance Approaches to the Provision of Local Services*
Authors: Pincetl Stephanie 
Published: November 2003

Objectives.Park planning and development in the Los Angeles metropolitan area offer an opportunity to explore the assertion that “Western cities are now being managed, organized and governed in different ways” leading to a ‘new urban politics,” and the suggestion that urban regime theory captures cultural and civil societal influences and organizations in its descriptions of coalitions and their roles in promoting places.Methods.This article examines park provision in Los Angeles historically and in the contemporary period through interviews and current documents, as well as through newspaper articles and park bond proposition language.Results.The resulting analysis suggests that civil society organizations such as nonprofits act in quite similar ways to traditional urban regime business interests.Conclusions.Nonprofits should be examined for their roles in creating a new urban politics, including structures of governance. Additionally, in the environmental area, these organizations have become significant actors in determining land uses.
Political Cynicism and the Mobilization of Black Voters*
Authors: Southwell Priscilla L. , Pirch Kevin D. 
Published: November 2003

Objective. This article analyzes National Election Study data from the 1996 and 2000 elections in order to explain the increased turnout among blacks in recent presidential elections.Methods. A bivariate analysis of registration and voter turnout across the races is conducted, followed by three probit models of voter turnout, including various demographic and attitudinal variables.Results. Our findings show that more blacks were registered to vote, and more registered blacks actually voted in 2000 than in 1996. We also found that political cynicism, or distrust, appears to increase the propensity of blacks to vote, in direct contrast to the behavior of white respondents. Inefficacy has less effect on black turnout, although it depresses turnout among whites.Conclusions. These findings underscore an important difference between racial groups with regard to the effect of attitudinal factors on voter turnout. Political cynicism can serve to mobilize blacks, while feelings of internal and external inefficacy had little effect on black turnout in these elections.
Skin infections in renal transplant recipients and the relation with solar ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Termorshuizen F , Hogewoning AA , Bouwes Bavinck JN , Goettsch WG , de Fijter JW , van Loveren H 
Published: November 2003

Abstract: Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important risk factor for skin cancer in transplant recipients. In view of the potential suppressive effect of UVR on host resistance it was examined whether exposure to UVR was also associated with the occurrence of various skin infections.Methods: In a cohort of renal transplant recipients (n = 137), lifetime exposure was assessed by means of a retrospective questionnaire on cumulative sunlight exposure. Diagnosed skin infections since renal transplantation were extracted from the patient's medical charts. Season of diagnosis was regarded as indicative of short‐term exposure.Results: In comparison with winter a high rate of herpes simplex infections was found in spring [rate ratio (RR) = 4.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–14.5], and high rates of herpes zoster infections (RR = 1.6, 95% CI: 0.8–3.5) and fungal/yeast infections in summer (RR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3–3.4). A higher lifetime exposure (RR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.04–5.1) and a greater cumulative number of reported sunburns (RR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1–5.1) were independently associated with a higher risk of bacterial infections.Conclusions: The seasonal association with the occurrence of clinical herpes infections indicates an effect of short‐term UVR. Our data suggest that the number of sunburn episodes in the past is also relevant for the susceptibility to certain skin infections.
Soil carbon stocks and bulk density: spatial or cumulative mass coordinates as a basis of expression?
Authors: Gifford Roger M. , Roderick Michael L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAccounting for CO2 fluxes by determining changes in stocks of soil carbon (C) as a result of land use change is an option for complying nations under the Kyoto Protocol. The 1996 IPCC guidelines for C accounting recommend that soil C stocks to a depth of 30 cm be used in such accounting. However, the soil bulk density often changes with land use and the soil C per unit ground area to a fixed depth will also change even without any change in the mass fraction of C in dry soil. This problem will generally arise when soil C accounting is taken to a fixed depth (i.e. uses ‘spatial coordinates’). For accuracy in determining the land use change effects on soil C, soil sampling should be referred to a fixed dry soil mass per unit ground area (i.e. use ‘cumulative mass coordinates’). There has been intermittent literature‐discussion about this issue over several decades. Methods to accomplish C accounting on a mass coordinate basis, none of them accurate or efficient, have been suggested. Here, we propose a simple, accurate methodology for determining soil C stocks using cumulative mass coordinates, which does not involve repeat sampling trips, nominal specification of the location of boundaries between soil horizons, or independent sampling for determining soil bulk densities. Each core is taken a little (say 10 cm) below the nominal mass/depth required and the retrieved core is sliced into two at a point a little above the nominal mass/depth (say 10 cm above). An accurate determination of the depth of the core or slice is not needed, but an accurate determination of the dry mass of soil above and below the slice‐point is required. Linear interpolation between these two measurements is then used to estimate the cumulative soil C per unit ground area to the target dry soil mass per unit ground area. Even though this method eliminates the need for reporting soil bulk densities for C accounting, it is urged that the bulk densities and density changes still be routinely reported. This is because such information is of fundamental importance for understanding and predicting the movement of fluids and substances carried in them within the soil and between the soil and the environment. Hence, these data are likely to be of fundamental importance in developing our future understanding and predictive capacity of soil C changes with land use change.
Interacting effects of CO2 partial pressure and temperature on photosynthesis and calcification in a scleractinian coral
Authors: Reynaud Stéphanie , Leclercq Nicolas , Romaine‐Lioud Samantha , Ferrier‐Pagés Christine , Jaubert Jean , Gattuso Jean‐Pierre 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe show here that CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and temperature significantly interact on coral physiology. The effects of increased pCO2 and temperature on photosynthesis, respiration and calcification rates were investigated in the scleractinian coral Stylophora pistillata. Cuttings were exposed to temperatures of 25°C or 28°C and to pCO2 values of ca. 460 or 760 μatm for 5 weeks. The contents of chlorophyll c2 and protein remained constant throughout the experiment, while the chlorophyll a content was significantly affected by temperature, and was higher under the ‘high‐temperature–high‐pCO2’ condition. The cell‐specific density was higher at ‘high pCO2’ than at ‘normal pCO2’ (1.7 vs. 1.4). The net photosynthesis normalized per unit protein was affected by both temperature and pCO2, whereas respiration was not affected by the treatments. Calcification decreased by 50% when temperature and pCO2 were both elevated. Calcification under normal temperature did not change in response to an increased pCO2. This is not in agreement with numerous published papers that describe a negative relationship between marine calcification and CO2. The confounding effect of temperature has the potential to explain a large portion of the variability of the relationship between calcification and pCO2 reported in the literature, and warrants a re‐evaluation of the projected decrease of marine calcification by the year 2100.