bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site‐Specific Recommendations for
p
T
and
p
N
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

This chapter is an expansion of the following general rules of the TNM system (TNM Classification 1997 [13]):

2b. Pathological assessment of the primary tumour (pT) entails a resection of the primary tumour or biopsy adequate to evaluate the highest pT category. The pathological assessment of the regional lymph nodes (pN) entails removal of nodes adequate to validate the absence of regional lymph node metastasis (pN0) and sufficient to evaluate the highest pN category.
4. If there is doubt concerning the correct T, N or M category to which a particular case should be allotted, then the lower (i.e., less advanced) category should be chosen.

In the TNM Classification of 1997 [13] these general rules have been specified for breast cancer only. Analogous definitions for the pN0 category of other tumour sites are given in the 1997 TNM Classification, except for bone, soft tissues, urological, and ophthalmic tumours.
The numbers of lymph nodes given in the different tumour sites are considered adequate for staging. If the examined lymph nodes are negative but the number ordinarily resected is not met, classify as pN0. The number of nodes examined and the number involved by tumour should be recorded in the pathology report [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9]. This information may also be added in parentheses, e.g., for colorectal carcinoma pN0 (0/11) or pN1 (3/10).
In many tumour sites, the number of involved regional lymph nodes indicates differences in prognosis. For details, see pN–Regional Lymph Nodes. A correlation exists between the number of examined lymph nodes and the pN classification. With increasing number of examined lymph nodes a higher frequency of lymph node‐positive cases is found and‐in tumour sites where more than one positive pN category is provided‐a greater proportion of higher pN categories can be observed [3, 11]. Therefore, the number of examined lymph nodes reflects the reliability of the pN classification.
New
TNM
Classifications Recommended for Testing
Authors: Wittekind Ch. , Henson D. E. , Hutter R. V. P. , Sobin L. H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

This chapter contains proposals for new classifications as follows:

General

Perineural invasion

Specific

Gastrointestinal sarcomas

Malignant thymoma

Cranial and facial bones

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma

Chronic myeloid leukaemia

Primary liver carcinoma in infants and children

Adrenal cortical carcinoma

Liver metastasis of colorectal carcinoma

Gastrointestinal malignant lymphomas

These new classifications are provisional. Testing by several institutions and on large numbers of patients is needed before general acceptance can be recommended. Those having relevant data, published or not, on these classifications are invited to contact the TNM Prognostic Factors Project Committee of the UICC.
Introduction
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The TNM system is the most widely used means for classifying the extent of cancer spread. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, Sixth Edition provides the new, internationally agreed‐upon standards to describe and categorize cancer stages and progression. Published in affiliation with the International Union Against Cancer (UICC), this guide contains important new and updated organ‐specific classifications that oncologists and other professionals who treat patients with cancer must use to adequately classify tumours for prognosis and treatment.
This introduction provides a history of the TNM system, the principles of the classification of cancers and general rules of the TNM system applicable to all sites. Headings used in the TNM system to classify tumours for specific anatomical regions and sites are also provided with definitions.
Larynx
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Small Intestine
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Colon and Rectum
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Anal Canal
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Liver
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Gallbladder
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Lung and Pleural Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The classifications apply to carcinomas of the lung and malignant mesothelioma of pleura.

Each site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading where applicable

Stage grouping

Summary
Soft Tissues
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Gynaecological Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The following sites are included:

Vulva

Vagina

Cervix uteri

Corpus uteri

Ovary

Fallopian tube

Gestational trophoblastic tumours

Cervix uteri and corpus uteri were among the first sites to be classified by the TNM system. The “League of Nations” stages for carcinoma of the cervix have been used with minor modifications for over 50 years, and, because these are accepted by the Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (FIGO), the TNM categories have been defined to correspond to the FIGO stages. Some amendments have been made in collaboration with FIGO, and the classifications now published have the approval of the FIGO, UICC, and the national TNM committees including the AJCC.

Each site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

Stage grouping

Summary
Vulva
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Urological Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The following sites are included:

Penis

Prostate

Testis

Kidney

Renal pelvis and ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Each site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

Distant metastasis

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading where applicable

Stage grouping

Summary
Penis
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Ophthalmic Tumours
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Tumours of the eye and its adnexa are a disparate group including carcinoma, melanoma, sarcomas, and retinoblastoma. For clinical convenience they are classified in one section.

The following sites are included:

Eyelid (eyelid melanoma is classified with skin tumours)

Conjunctiva

Uvea

Retina

Orbit

Lacrimal gland

For histological nomenclature and diagnostic criteria, reference to the WHO histological classification (Campbell, RJ: Histological typing of tumours of the eye and its adnexa, 2nd ed. Springer, Berlin, 1998) is recommended.

Each tumour type is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing the T, N, and M categories

Anatomical sites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading where applicable

Stage grouping where applicable

Summary
Carcinoma of Eyelid
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Malignant Melanoma of Conjunctiva
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Malignant Melanoma of Uvea
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Non‐
H
odgkin Lymphomas
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
As in Hodgkin lymphoma, at the present time it is not considered practical to propose a TNM classification for non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. Since no other convincing and tested staging system is available, the Ann Arbor classification is recommended with the same modification as for Hodgkin lymphoma.
Preparation and degradation of PLA/chitosan composite materials
Authors: Li Lihua , Ding Shan , Zhou Changren 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAs scaffold material, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has several obvious weaknesses, such as fast biodegradation, acidic degradation product, and hydrophobicity. To solve these problems, a series of PLA/chitosan composite materials was prepared in this study. SEC observation, porosity tests and contact angle measurements showed that the materials were hydrophilic and had appropriate porosity and structure, which were favorable to the cell growth. Degrading tests in vitro indicated that the degrading speeds of the materials were slower than that of PLA, and the materials could keep adjacently litmusless, certain shape and mechanical properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 274–277, 2004
Characterization of structural changes in thermally enhanced Kevlar‐29 fiber
Authors: Downing James W. , Newell James A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis exploratory investigation examined the structural mechanism accounting for the enhanced compressive properties of heat‐treated Kevlar‐29 fibers. A novel theory was set forth that hydrogen‐bond disruption and concurrent misorientation of crystallites may account for the observed augmentation of compressive properties. To examine the said theory, as‐received Kevlar‐29 fibers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry in an effort to determine if crosslinking and/or hydrogen‐bond disruption was responsible for the improved behavior in compression. Additionally, Kevlar‐29 fibers that had been exposed to treatment temperatures of 400, 440, and 470°C were profiled by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry to determine if crosslinking and/or hydrogen‐bond obfuscation had been promoted. The results indicate that both mechanistic changes occurred within the Kevlar‐29, albeit in different regions of the rigid‐rod polymer. In particular, heat treatment of poly‐p‐phenylene terephthalamide appears to have resulted in crosslinking of its skin region and hydrogen‐bond disruption within the core realm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 417–424, 2004
Synthesis of hexa‐allylamino‐cyclotriphosphazene as a reactive fire retardant for unsaturated polyesters
Authors: Kuan Jenn‐Fong , Lin King‐Fu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA phosphazene derivative, hexa‐allylamino‐cyclotriphosphazene (HACTP), was synthesized through the aminolysis of hexa‐chloro‐cyclo‐triphosphazene with excess allylamine. HACTP is a soluble light‐brown crystalline solid, which melts at 90°C. It was reactive after melt but decomposed at 236°C. When it was incorporated into the resin formulations of unsaturated polyesters, it acted as a reactive flame retardant. The oxygen index was increased from 20.5 to 25.2, rating from the flammable to self‐distinguishable scale. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 697–702, 2004
Release of diclofenac through gluteraldehyde crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) alloy membranes
Authors: Şanli Oya , Asman Gülsen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA controlled‐release preparation of diclofenac sodium for transdermal administration has been developed. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and PVA/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) alloy membranes were prepared from a solvent‐casting technique using different PVA/PAA (v/v) ratios. The release of the drug from the membrane was evaluated under in vitro conditions at pH 7.4. The delivery system provided linear release without time lag, burst effect, and boundary layer resistance. Effects of variables such as film thickness and PVA/PAA ratio on the permeation behavior of the polymeric membranes were discussed. The optimal PVA/PAA was determined as 50/50. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 72–77, 2004
Influence of crystallinity in the curing mechanism of PVC plastisols
Authors: López J. , Balart R. , Jiménez A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe influence of the crystalline areas observed in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) the mechanical and thermal properties of PVC plastisols was studied. Several industrial‐degree PVC resins were used to obtain a broad range of molecular weights and processing conditions for PVC plastisols. The gelation process was fully studied at different temperatures and was related to the existence of crystalline areas at high temperatures, even near the glass transition. A simple explanation of the phenomena observed during the gelation of plasticized PVC is proposed, according to the variation in the mechanical and thermal properties at different temperatures. The final gelation was obtained at 140–150°C, which was a lower temperature than those at the beginning of the thermal degradation process. The thermodynamic aspects of the gelation of plasticized PVC were mainly controlled by the PVC resin properties, whereas the plasticizer only influenced the diffusion and stability of the material. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 538–544, 2004
Newsprint paper waste as a fiber reinforcement in rubber composites
Authors: Nashar D. E. E. , Abd‐El‐Messieh S. L. , Basta A. H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe investigation of the economical use of lignocellulose waste, which is one of the environmental problems facing third‐world nations, is ongoing. In this study, we intended to increase the use of newsprint fibers in the rubber industry. For this reason, we treated newsprint fibers with sodium silicate and magnesium chloride, and we examined the water retention values and thermal degradation analyses of the treated fiber waste. The activation energy of degradation was evaluated with the Coats–Redfern method of analysis. The effects of the addition of different amounts [0–60 parts per hundred parts of rubber by weight (phr)] of untreated and treated newsprint fibers on both the electrical and mechanical properties of two different types of rubber (natural rubber and acrylonitrile rubber) were studied. This study led us to the conclusion that the addition of treated newsprint fiber waste at a concentration of 40 phr could lead to an end product characterized by good electrical and mechanical properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 469–478, 2004