bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of fatty acid composition among isolated bovine adipocytes with different sizes
Authors: He M. L. , Hidaka S. , Matsunaga N. , Hidari H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe relationship between the diameter of adipocytes distributed in the same piece of subcutaneous adipose tissue and main fatty acid composition from fattening Holstein steers was investigated. A preliminary experiment was carried out to investigate whether the isolation process of adipocytes caused any change in the main fatty acid composition. It was shown that there was little difference in the main fatty acid composition of adipose tissue (X) and that of adipocytes (Y) isolated by this method. The regression equation was: Y = 0.97X + 0.47, R2 = 0.99 (p < 0.01). Adipocytes were isolated from Holstein steers at the early and late fattening stages and then separated into two fractions by using a mesh with a pore size of 50 µm. In adipocytes from Holstein steers at the late fattening stage, the large adipocytes with a mean diameter of 117.5 µm contained more (p < 0.01) myristoleic acid (14:1), palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1), and less (p < 0.01) palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) than the small adipocytes with a mean diameter of 28.7 µm. Similar results have been shown in adipocytes from Holstein steers at the early fattening stages. The isolated adipocytes from finishing Holstein steers were separated into four fractions by using meshes with pore size of 25, 50, 75 and 100 µm. The mean diameter of adipocytes in fractions 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 35.2, 80.5, 113.7 and 141.7 µm, respectively. With increasing adipocyte size, the rates of myristoleic acid (14:1) and palmitoleic acid (16:1) increased (the correlation coefficients were 0.93, p < 0.01 and 0.86, p < 0.01, respectively), whereas that of palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) decreased (the correlation coefficients were ‐0.44 and ‐0.80, p < 0.01, respectively). It is suggested that the size of adipocyte is one of the important determinants of fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipocytes of Holstein steers.
Aspects of development of digestive activity of intestine in young chickens, ducks and geese
Authors: Jamroz D. , Wiliczkiewicz A. , Orda J. , Wertelecki T. , Skorupińska J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe experiment comprised 100 chickens, 100 ducks and 100 geese fed diets based on mixed grains of maize, barley and wheat. Nutrient concentrations in the mixtures were in accordance with the requirements of poultry species. The birds were kept in metabolic cages from the 1st up to the 42nd day of life. The measurements of body weight, activity of α‐amylase and lipase in pancreatic tissue, enzymatic activity of intestinal wall cells, parameters of carbohydrate fermentations, ileal and total amino acids digestibility were conducted on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 28th and 42nd day of life or on the 14th, 28th and 42nd day of life. The pancreas α‐amylase activity in chickens during the whole period was quite constant; in ducks and geese it was very low, but from the 28th day a dynamic increase in the activity of the pancreatic enzymes was observed in these birds. The activity of lipase was low but from the 28th day of experiment an increase was noted and was much higher in waterfowl than in chickens. The highest caecal concentration of SCFA (Short chain fatty acids) (in total high) was noted in chickens; these values were slightly lower in geese and ducks. A high (70%) ileal amino acids digestibility was seen in very young chickens; during the period of 15–42 days this value amounted up to 73%. In geese, the obtained values were 63% and in ducks 43–61%, with a mean of 55%. Faecal digestibility of amino acids had a mean of up to 86% for all species but the digestibility of single amino acids such as cystine, glycine, histidine and tyrosine was diversified and relatively lower than the others.
The effect of short chain fatty acids on calcium flux rates across isolated rumen epithelium of hay‐fed and concentrate‐fed sheep
Authors: Uppal S. K. , Wolf K. , Martens H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of two concentrations of short chain fatty acids [SCFA: 0 (control), 40 and 100 mmol/l in the buffer solution on mucosal side] on calcium ion (Ca2+) transport across the isolated rumen epithelium of two groups of sheep. One group was subjected to hay ad libitum, whereas the other to concentrate feed (800 g per day in equal portion at 7.00 and 15.00 hours and hay ad lib). The conventional Ussing chamber method was used for measuring the Ca2+ transport rates (45Ca), short‐circuit current (Isc) and tissue conductance (GT) of isolated rumen epithelium. The SCFA significantly increased Isc of the epithelia of concentrate‐fed sheep. In both hay‐ and concentrate‐fed animals, 45Ca flux rates showed an almost linear increase in net flux rate () with rising concentrations of SCFA, as a result of a combined effect of a large increase in mucosal‐to‐serosal flux rates () and an almost linear, but small, decrease in serosal‐to‐mucosal flux rate (). In concentrate‐fed sheep and were significantly higher in tissues incubated with SCFA compared with hay‐fed animals. The well‐known adaptable morphological and functional changes in the rumen epithelium attributable to concentrate feeding obviously include Ca2+ transport; such feeding therefore may be considered as a possible prophylactic measure in the prevention of milk fever.
Influence of environmental humidity and dietary protein on pyramidal growth of carapaces in African spurred tortoises (Geochelone sulcata)
Authors: Wiesner C. S. , Iben C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe carapaces of captive‐raised tortoises (terrestrial chelonians of the zoological family Testudinidae, often develop pyramidal‐shaped osseous growth centrally within the horny plates. With very few exceptions (e.g. Geochelone elegans, Psammobates sp.), this conical growth pattern is considered to be pathologic. This very common defect is believed to be an important indicator of the quality of captive tortoise management. This study was designed to examine the effect of dietary protein level and environmental humidity on the degree of pyramidal growth in the carapaces. Fifty recently hatched African spurred tortoises (G. sulcata) were raised for 5 months under artificial conditions of varying environmental humidity and dietary protein content (14% vs. 19% vs. 30% crude protein in dry matter). Humps of the carapaces that developed and blood values of calcium, phosphorus and haematocrit were measured and compared among groups. Dry environmental conditions (24.3–57.8% and 30.6–74.8% relative humidity) produced taller humps than humid conditions (45‐99% relative humidity). Hump formation differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) between these three groups kept under different humidity conditions. Variable dietary protein had a minor, positive impact on this pathological formation of humps (pyramidal growth syndrome, PGS). Analysis of blood (calcium, phosphorus and haematocrit) offered no further explanation as to the development of the humps.
The Lipoxygenase Pathway is Involved in Elicitor‐induced Phytoalexin Accumulation in Plane Tree (Platanus acerifolia) Cell‐suspension Cultures
Authors: Alami I. , Jouy N. , Clérivet A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Ceratocystis fimbriata f.sp. platani 66 kDa glycoprotein elicitor‐induced secretion of soluble coumarins by plane tree (Platanus acerifolia (Aiton) Wild) cell‐suspension cultures was investigated by studying the possible involvement of the octadecanoid pathway in the cell response. When cell‐suspension cultures were treated with the glycoprotein elicitor, the cells exhibited a rapid and transient increase in lipoxygenase activity, in synthesis of endogenous jasmonic acid prior to the accumulation of coumarin phytoalexins. The treatment of cells with an inhibitor of lipoxygenase (ETYA) before elicitor addition, drastically reduced the lipoxygenase activity, the production of endogenous jasmonic acid and phytoalexin accumulation. The results demonstrate the role of the jasmonate pathway in the intracellular signal cascade.
Competition Alters Temporal Dynamics of Sporulation in the Wheat Stem Rust Fungus
Authors: Newton M. R. , Wright A. S. , Kinkel L. L. , Leonard K. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTo investigate the effects of competition on the timing of pathogen reproduction, urediniospores of two strains of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (SR22 and SR41) were inoculated onto leaves of wheat seedlings singly and in 1 : 1 mixture at three inoculum densities. On randomly sampled leaves, uredinia were counted 9 days after inoculation and urediniospores were collected and quantified every other day from the seventh to the 29th day after inoculation. Increases in inoculum density resulted in progressively smaller increases in uredinial numbers. However, total urediniospore production per leaf was not significantly affected by inoculum, and hence uredinial, density over a range of approximately 10‐300 uredinia on the leaf. Total urediniospore production per uredinium generally decreased with increasing inoculum or uredinial density. At high densities, sporulation per uredinium peaked earlier in the sporulation period, had a less distinct peak, and dropped off earlier than for the lower densities. Logistic model fits to cumulative sporulation curves over time revealed that strain SR41 had a greater epidemic rate parameter (r) than SR22 at low and intermediate inoculum or uredinial densities, while SR22 had a higher r‐value than SR41 at high density. Both strains also exhibited greater r‐values in the presence of the other strain than when alone. Results suggest that strains may have different ecological strategies in their timing of reproduction, and that both intra‐ and interstrain competition can have complex effects on the temporal dynamics of sporulation in pathogen strains.
Evaluation of Resistance of Stone Fruit Rootstocks to Phytophthora Crown Rot*
Authors: Elena K. , Tsipouridis K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe pathogenicity of Phytophthora citrophthora, Phy‐tophthora cactorum and Phytophthora megasperma strains was confirmed on 2‐year‐old stone fruit rootstocks artificially inoculated in the field. Phytophthora mega‐sperma was not virulent or less virulent than P. cactorum or P. citrophthora. The rootstocks Damas and AN 1/7 were resistant whereas the rootstocks Jl, Titan x Nemaguard 5/1, GF 677, Myrandier 613, Italian x Nemaguard 1 and Myrandier 617 were susceptible to P. citrophthora. The rootstocks Tsukuba 9, Tit‐an x Nemaguard 4/7, AN 1/2, AN 1/3, St. Mien 655/2 and Bl showed medium susceptibility to this species. The isolates of P. cactorum induced more extensive necrosis in Myrandier 617 and Italian x Nemaguard than in Myr‐andier 613, GF 677, Jl (ADAFUEL), Tsukuba 9 and St. Julien 655/2. Among seven rootstocks, Tsukuba 5 and St. Julien 655/2 were more resistant than Myrandier 613, Myrandier 617, Jl (ADAFUEL), Tsukuba 9 and St. Julien 655/2.
Distribution and Severity of Bacterial Diseases on Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in South Africa
Authors: FOURIE D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDisease surveys were conducted during 1995/96 in seed production fields, and 1996/97 and 1997/98 in commercial dry bean‐producing areas to determine incidence, severity and spread of bacterial diseases in South Africa. A total of 682 seed production fields at 31 localities and 81 commercial fields at 24 localities were surveyed. Common bacterial blight occurred in 83 and 85% of localities in seed and commercial production areas, respectively. Halo blight was restricted to cooler production areas and occurred in only 10% of seed production fields and 37% of commercial fields surveyed. Bacterial brown spot was the most widespread bacterial disease occurring in 93% of seed production fields and 100% commercial fields. Although incidences of bacterial diseases were high, severity was generally low. The widespread distribution of bacterial diseases in both seed and commercial production areas questions the effectiveness of disease‐free seed as a primary control method.
Comparison of Whole‐Cell Fatty Acid Compositions of Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2 from Tobacco and Tulip, AG 2–1 and AG‐BI
Authors: PRIYATMOJO A. , YAMAUCHI R. , NAITO S. , KAGEYAMA K. , HYAKUMACHI M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractsIsolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2 from tobacco (Nt‐isolates) were reported to anastomose with isolates of AG‐BI in high frequency (fusion frequency [FF] ≥ 50%) compared to isolates of AG 2–1 (FF < 50%), even though mature culture and thiamine requirement of the isolates were closely similar to AG 2–1. In this study, whole‐cell fatty acid compositions of Nt‐isolates (four isolates), isolates of AG 2–1 (eight isolates) and AG‐BI (two isolates) were compared by gas‐liquid chromatography analysis. Four isolates of AG 2 from tulip (AG 2‐t) were also included. Palmitic (16 : 0), oleic (18 : 1 cis9) and linoleic (18 : 2 cis9,12) acids were the three major fatty acids identified which constituted 89.6–93.4% of whole‐cell fatty acid content. Myristic (14 : 0), pentadecanoic (15 : 0), palmitoleic (16 : 1 cis9), stearic (18 : 0) and linolenic (18 : 3 cis9,12) acids were present at low levels. Heptadecanoic (17 : 0) and 9‐heptadecenoic (17 : 1 cis9) acids were also present in Nt‐isolates and isolates of AG 2–1 but not in isolates of AG 2‐t and AG‐BI. With the exception of oleic acid, percentage composition of fatty acids of Nt‐isolates were similar with those of isolates of AG 2–1 and AG 2‐t but were different from isolates of AG‐BI. Although fatty acid compositions of Nt‐isolates and isolates of AG 2–1 were qualitatively and quantitatively similar, principal component and cluster analyses based on all detected fatty acids showed separation of the former from the latter groups indicating that Nt‐isolates are a homogenous population in AG 2–1. Additionally, isolates of AG 2‐t were closely related to isolates of AG 2–1. Isolates of AG‐BI were distinctly separated from isolates of AG 2–1, AG 2‐t and Nt‐isolates. Results of fatty acid analysis support the designation of Nt‐isolates as a member of AG 2–1 based on sequence similarity of rDNA‐ITS.
Host Range of an Iranian Isolate of Watermelon Chlorotic Stunt Virus as Determined by Whitefly‐mediated Inoculation and Agroinfection, and its Geographical Distribution
Authors: Bananej K. , Ahoonmanesh A. , Kheyr‐Pour A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractVirus like symptoms appeared on most watermelon plants grown at different locations in southern provinces of Iran. The symptoms included chlorotic patches on leaves, vein yellowing and stunting of watermelon plants. The causal agent of watermelon chlorotic stunt disease was transmitted to healthy watermelon, jimsonweed and bean by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, but not by sap inoculation. Coat protein and nucleic acid of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) were detected in infected plants using a dot‐immunobinding assay (DIBA) and squash‐blot hybridization, respectively. The data obtained confirmed that watermelon chlorotic stunt disease in Iran is caused by WmCSV. Agroinoculation of some plant species by the cloned genomic components (DNA‐A and DNA‐B) of a non‐sap‐transmissible Iranian isolate of WmCSV (WmCSV‐Ir) has been demonstrated. Host range studies using agroinoculation indicated that most plant species in the Cucurbitaceae and some species of the Solanaceae are susceptible to WmCSV‐Ir. Infection of agroinoculated plants was confirmed by DIBA and polymerase chain reaction. The virus from agroinfected plants was transmissible by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Results obtained from a limited survey during 1997–2000 indicated the presence of WmCSV‐Ir in some watermelon‐growing provinces of southern but not in northern, central, and north‐eastern provinces of Iran. WmCSV has apparently not yet spread to these regions.
Detection of a Fovea‐like Virus in African Oil Palms Affected by a Lethal ‘Ringspot’ Disease in South America
Authors: Morales F. J. , Lozano I. , Velasco A. C. , Arroyave J. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA virus with filamentous particles ca. 800 nm long was consistently associated with a lethal disease of young African oil palms, referred to as ‘ringspot’ in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, South America. Partial molecular characterization showed the virus to be distinct but related [51–67% amino acid (AA) sequence identities in ORF 1] to two tentative species of the genus Foveavirus, namely Cherry green ring mottle virus and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus; 40–62% AA sequence identities were observed for the same region of the African oil palm virus and the foveaviruses Apple stem pitting virus and Rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus, respectively.
Phenotypic Instability of Cercospora beticola Sacc. Strains Expressing Resistance to the Sterol Demethylation‐Inhibiting (DMI) Fungicide Flutriafol after Cold Exposure
Authors: Karaoglanidis G. S. , Thanassoulopoulos C. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA study was conducted in order to elucidate whether decreased sensitivities of Cercospora beticola Sacc. strains to sterol demethylation‐inhibitors (DMIs) is a temporary adaptation or a stable trait. Phenotypic stability of resistance to the DMI fungicide flutriafol was tested with 30 single‐spore strains collected from diseased sugar beet plants. Strains used in the study represented a wide range of sensitivity to flutriafol. Two different sets of experiments were conducted. The first set of experiments studied the effect of successive transfers on the pathogen's sensitivity to flutriafol, both in vitro and in vivo. In the second set of experiments, the effect of cold storage on the sensitivity to flutriafol was tested for mycelial isolates and for conidia of the pathogen. Results showed that after successive transfers of isolates either in vitro or in vivo in the absence of flutriafol, sensitivity was not changed significantly in comparison with the initial sensitivity, suggesting a stable genetically controlled trait. Conversely, when fungal strains were exposed to cold conditions, either as mycelial isolates or as conidia, an increase in sensitivity was observed. This increase was most pronounced for strains with moderate and high levels of resistance to DMIs.
Development of a Root Colonization Bioassay for Rapid Screening of Rhizobacteria for Potential Biocontrol Agents
Authors: Silva Harllen Sandro Alves , Romeiro Reginaldo da Silva , Mounteer Ann 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe ability to colonize roots is a sine qua non condition for a rhizobacteria to be considered a true plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). A simple screening method to detect such a potential ability of PGPR is described. Tomato seeds were surface sterilized for 30 s in 50% ethanol and this was followed by 3 min dipping in 2% NaClO. They were then washed three times in sterile water, left immersed in a propagule suspension of the rhizobacteria for 24 h, and transferred onto sterile 0.6% water‐agar in tubes. The young, developing root system shows a tendency to grow downwards in the agar‐gel column. When the rhizobacterium has a potential ability to colonize roots it is possible to visualize, by transparency, bacterial growth (turbid, milky and narrow zone) along and around roots. Testing 500 rhizobacteria isolated from tomato rhizosphere for their ability to induce systemic resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, 28 of them did reduce infection to less than 40% and all 28 colonized roots according to the described bioassay. Therefore the bioassay may turn into an important auxiliary tool for helping in selecting rhizobacteria with PGPR potentiality.
Free University of Berlin, Department of Veterinary Physiology, Germany
Authors: Mohr E. , Krzywanek H. , Pinkowski W. 
Published: March 2003

Monitoring training by measuring blood lactate content is a well‐known procedure in sports physiology. Because of the difficulties in standardizing a test procedure in field studies, this method is fraught with considerable problems when applying it to race horses. The aim of the present study was to develop a test procedure which is able to give evidence about the training state of different race horses after non‐identical test‐loads.Under almost identical environmental conditions, the level of blood lactate was determined in five trotters which were kept in training. Immediately after the single phases of a three‐stage test procedure (handicap: ‘small’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’ load for the animals chosen at the discretion of the coach) blood samples were drawn. The lactate value was set in relation to the speed of each animal. A curve of the equation y = y0 + e(k + b*x) was fitted with r2 > 0.93 to these data. With the aid of this equation, the ‘comparative speed’, , was calculated; this is the arithmetic mean of the velocities V4, V8 and V20, obtained by inserting the appropriate values for (imaginary) lactic acid concentrations in the formula.With the aid of it was possible to detect both an increase and a decrease in physical fitness. In this way, animals tested together on one date, as well as the development of one animal tested on several dates, can be scored.Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed in detail.
Epidemiology of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Cattle in South‐east Ethiopia
Authors: Takele G , Zerihun A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of infectious keratoconjunctivitis on cross‐breed dairy farms and to evaluate factors that influence its distribution. A total of 11 dairy farms and one cattle cross‐breeding farm in different parts of Arsi region, south‐east Ethiopia were clinically and bacteriologically investigated from February 1989 to December 1990. Out of 5221 local zebu and cross‐breed dairy animals, 110 were found to have different degrees of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Of these, 94 (85.5 %) were unilateral and 16 (14.5 %) were bilateral. The prevalence of the disease was significantly (P < 0.001) influenced by age and breed; high exotic blood level and younger age groups were mainly affected. However, severity of the disease was not significantly associated with age (P > 0.750). Moraxella bovis was isolated from 88 (80 %) of the 110 bacteriologically positive cases. Of these isolates, 61 (69 %) were haemolytic and 27 (31 %) were non‐haemolytic strains. Infection with M. bovis was unilateral. Concurrent infections with M. bovis included Actinomyces pyogenes 23 (21 %), Staphylococcus aureus 17 (15 %), Pasteurella haemolytica nine (8 %), Escherichia coli eight (7 %) and Proteus spp. four (3.6 %).