bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging and Neural Responses in the Heart
Authors: Dobson James G , Fenton Richard A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The nervous system is important in the modulation of the peripheral circulation and cardiac pump to ensure an adequate supply of blood to all mammalian tissues. A major component of the control of heart function derives from arterial baroreflexes that exert their influence via the autonomic parasympathetic and sympathetic outflow to the nodal tissue and myocardium. As adult mammals age, profound changes occur in the cardiovascular responses to autonomic nerve activity. Generally, there is a depressed responsiveness. For example, one cardiovascular manifestation of aging is the vascular hypotension148 that results from a reduced heart rate response to an orthostatic challenge.13 Although baroreflex regulation of sympathetic activity appears to remain unchanged with aging,22A0,147 an overall decrease in cardiac vagal activity and heightened sympathetic dis­ charge under basal conditions is observed.4°Furthermore, an age-inducedreduction of norepinephrine reuptake as determined by enhanced neurotransmitter overflow would be expected to amplify adrenergic signaling.44 Yet the arterial baroreflex control of the heart rate is attenuated in the aged heart.40 As a result, with a fall in sinus pressure the heart rate does not increase commensurate with expectations. Although it has been suggested that orthostatic intolerance can result partly from inadequate increases in released norepinephrine in response to reduced barorecep­ tor activity,57 an age-induced change in end-organ sensitivity to neurotransmitters most likely plays a primary role. Since it appears that age­ induced morphological changes in neural structures within the heart1 do not affect their functional activity,3 the focus of this chapter will be on age-induced changes in neurotransmitter release and myocardial responsiveness to neurotransmitters.
Exiled Royalties
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Exiled Royalties is a literary-biographical study of the course of Melville's career from his experience in Polynesia through his retirement from the New York Custom House and his composition of three late volumes of poetry and Billy Budd, Sailor. Conceived separately but narratively and thematically intertwined, the ten essays in the book are rooted in a belief that "Melville's work," as Charles Olson said, "must be left in his own 'life,'" which for Milder means primarily his spiritual, psychological, and vocational life. Four of the ten essays deal with Melville's life and work after his novelistic career ended with the The Confidence-Man in 1857. The range of issues addressed in the essays includes Melville's attitudes toward society, history, and politics, from broad ideas about democracy and the course of Western civilization to responses to particular events like the Astor Place Riots and the Civil War; his feeling about sexuality and, throughout the book, about religion; his relationship to past and present writers, especially to the phases of Euro-American Romanticism, post-Romanticism, and nascent Modernism; his relationship to his wife, Lizzie, to Hawthorne, and to his father, all of whom figured in the crisis that made for Pierre. The title essay, "Exiled Royalties," takes its origin from Ishmael's account of "the larger, darker, deeper part of Ahab"--Melville's mythic projection of a "larger, darker, deeper part" of himself. How to live nobly in spiritual exile--to be godlike in the perceptible absence of God--was a lifelong preoccupation for Melville, who, in lieu of positive belief, transposed the drama of his spiritual life to literature. The ways in which this impulse expressed itself through Melville's forty-five year career, interweaving itself with his personal life and the life of the nation and shaping both the matter and manner of his work, is the unifying subject of Exiled Royalties.
Anticipating Freedom: Melville and Polynesia
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Memories of a Catholic Girlhood, Mary McCarthy wonders what course her life might have taken if she and her siblings had not been orphaned during the influenza epidemic of 1918 and lodged with unsympathetic relatives at a young age. She may, she imagines, have become “rather middle class and wholesome. I would probably be a Child of Mary. I can see myself married to an Irish lawyer and playing golf and bridge, making occasional retreats and subscribing to a Catholic Book Club. I suspect I would be rather stout.” Vocation, McCarthy implies, does not inevitably assert itself; it may even require the stimulus of adversity. “Was it a good thing, then,” she speculates, “that our parents were ‘taken away,’ as if by some higher design? ... I do not know myself.” To Allan Melvill, an importer of French goods in New York City, his second son, Herman, not quite seven years old, seemed “very backward in speech & somewhat slow in comprehension,” though “of a docile and aimiable [amiable] disposition”2 and probably not unsuited to commerce. It is unimaginable what Melville would have made of life, and life of him, had not his father died a bankrupt when Melville was twelve, blighting Melville’s middle-class expectations and forcing him, as he would say of Redburn, “to think much and bitterly before my time” (R 10). The trauma of Allan’s failure and premature death would be lifelong for Melville and would imprint itself deeply on his thought and art as well as on his emotional and perhaps his psychosexual life.
The Broken Circle: Mardi and (Post-)Romanticism
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In “The Figure in the Carpet,” Henry James’s parable of authors and readers, novelist Hugh Vereker tells a young critic of a buried intention or idea that infuses his work and is responsible at once for its materials and its form. As “the very string that my pearls are strung on,” Vereker’s figure in the carpet is discoverably present in his novels, and among James’s objects in the tale is the retrospectively announced one of rebuking a criticism that “is apt to stand off from the intended sense of things, from such finely-attested matters, on the author’s part, as a spirit and a form, a bias and a logic, of his own.” Like any writer, James would have the critic defer to the pressure of meaning objectified through structure and technique, with tactful reticence toward the private springs of art and the shaping influences of history and culture. “Intention,” however, is a double-edged idea that works both for and against authorial claims for interpretive control of texts. It may refer to conscious aesthetic design, as it does for James; to a forming principle (conscious or not) that is inferably operative in a work or body of work; or to the meaning of such work within what E. D. Hirsch calls the particular “horizon” of “the author’s mental and experiential world.’’ Beyond or beneath the immanent purpose that James, like Vereker, may have inscribed in his writing are the cognitive and emotional structures that inscribed James himself and of which he could have been only partially aware. It is a commonplace that authors repeat themselves, ring changes on a constellation of themes, reenact dramatic postures, rehearse core fantasies, and refract discourses and ideologies of their times. In this they are instruments as much as creators of their recurring myths, and it would be problematic in some cases to decide whether authors are constructing their characteristic fables or the fables are constructing them.
Alms for Oblivion
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly after Melville retired from the New York Custom House on December 31, 1885, his wife Lizzie wrote of a “great deal [of] unfinished work at his desk which will give him occupation.’’ A legacy from Lizzie’s brother Lemuel Shaw had eased the family situation and placed Melville in the happy predicament he later allegorized in the poem “The Rose Farmer”: whether to cultivate the rose (experience) for its yield of evanescent pleasure or laboriously to distill and crystallize its attar in a timeless but solitary art. Although “The Rose Farmer” ends inconclusively, a cozy epicureanism was at most a wishful fantasy for Melville, who had outlived his generational male relatives, nearly all of his friends, and his times, but not his longstanding obsessions, metaphysics and the taunting dream of reputation. At home, while generally calmer than before, Melville was still prey to “moods and occasional uncertain tempers,” surfacings of an emotional disquiet that hinted, as always with him, of an intellectual, spiritual, and vocational dis quiet. Toward the outward world he adopted the stance of a recluse, less from misanthropy than from a silent, self-protective pride. In the nearly ten years since Clare!his life had been collapsing inward toward a center of private musing, which in his physically and emotionally weakened state he nurtured carefully against inordinate hopes and the chance of real or imagined slights. Invited to join the Authors Club, a group of New York literati, in 1882, Melville accepted, then withdrew his acceptance on the ground that “he had become too much of a hermit” and that “his nerves could not stand large gatherings.” In most things having to do with society, he preferred not to.
The Genre’s “Enlightenment”
Authors: Shadoian Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The futility of The Killers was exceptional, but its depressing outlook remained a keynote of noir cinema. Noir bile stains both Kiss of Death (1947) and Force of Evil (1948), but their narratives assert a desperate hope in the social activism and moral enlightenment of individuals. Both films say you can climb up out of the hole. But where is up? Both tax the viewer’s faith and credulity in constructing hope out of despair. Gun Crazy (1949), which is built around the appeal of guns, cars, and sex in a sleepy, unvigorous world, exhibits criminal pathology as engaging, if destructive, energy.
The world of The Killers is like a fact that has to be worked with. The middle phase of the noir gangster crime film can be divided into those films that reiterate the hopeless vision of The Killers and those that attempt to create values in the face of it. The three films discussed in this section belong in the latter division, and each illustrates the difficulties involved in this period of saying something positive. The odds against establishing life as meaningful are just too strong.
Going Gray and Going Crazy
Authors: Shadoian Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gun Crazy maintained its balance and a sense of seriousness within some bizarre premises but it was skating on conceptual and perceptual thin ice that was destined to break at any moment. The conventions and conflicts characteristic to the genre were strained, partly inverted, and put to strange tests. In D.O.A. they pretty thoroughly collapse, and in White Heat they are applied and thrown about with a whirlwind ferocity that blows them to pieces. If D.O. A. is the gangster’s dissolution as a hero, White Heat is his last stand. Both films have a hard time keeping a straight face. The tensions and contradictions that infuse them can no longer be contained, and anxiety gets released as though involuntarily by a desperate, mocking comedy.
The gangster crime genre, more than any other, is allied in spirit to the dark side of things, and it has always reflected contemporary tensions. It should come as no surprise, therefore, that it too starts disintegrating along with the national psyche in the year 1949.
Capital Structure and Policy Collapse: The Financial Crises of the Late 1990s
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beginning in late 1994 a near-devastating series of financial crises struck the emerging market countries of Latin America, East Asia, and eastern Europe. Although the sequence of events for each country differed, the crises followed similar patterns. In each case the local currency collapsed, stock and bond markets plunged, the national banking system was overwhelmed by bad debt, and foreign investors fled the region. The afflicted countries all saw imports drop to very low levels as expanding debt, higher import costs, and a breakdown in the economy squeezed local consumers.
Why Does Rich-Country Capital Flow to Poor Countries?
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most LDC analysts understand that there is an important relationship between the amount of foreign capital that flows into an LDC economy and the performance of local markets. There are, broadly speaking, two main types of models used to explain the flow of capital from rich countries to poor countries. The difference between them is whether the model posits the source or the destination of the capital flow as being the prime determinant for the flow. In this chapter, and before I go on to discuss the corporate finance of sovereign capital structures, I will discuss each of these two models, with a particular focus on developing a definition of what liquidity might be. It turns out that the two different models have radically different implications for financial policy. I will discuss these implications and then go on to argue that the conventional model actually does a poor job of explaining the history of international lending. In the next two chapters I will examine this history in some detail before arriving at the financial policy conclusions.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The narrow street of La Bomba, like that of San Juan de Dios, which appears to be its continuation, is two blocks long. It is, if possible, narrower, more low-lying, and damper, even though its houses are in general more spacious. In one of the latter, at the corner of the Calle del Aguacate, Nemesia Pimienta lived with her brother José Dolores, the two of them occupying adjoining rooms, whose furnishings consisted of nothing except a couple of chairs, a rocker, a little pine table, and a folding cot, which was opened at night and closed during the day so as to leave more space.
V I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Don Cándido Gamboa had been pacing back and forth in his study for quite some time after the tablecloth had been removed following lunch, when his steward, Don Melitón Reventos, came into the room, his face the color of a red-hot ember from the heat of the day, from rushing about since early that morning, and from the obvious self-satisfaction that he felt.
I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the island of Cuba that region that falls west of the meridian of Havana and begins near Guanajay and ends at Cabo de San Antonio is called Vuelta Abajo or Vuelta Bajo. It is famed for the excellent tobacco that is produced in the fertile valleys of its many rivers, especially on the southern slope of the mountain range of Los Organos. There would appear to be an important factor responsible for its having acquired this reputation, namely the low altitude of this area above sea level, compared to the high elevation of the region already described.The descent begins a few miles to the west of Guanajay, an abrupt change in the look of the landscape immediately being noticeable. The color of the soil, its component elements, the vegetation, the climate, and the type of crops cultivated are in general entirely different.
I X
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The former wet nurse immediately went on, saying:“The young lady will now see the real cause of the severity with which I have been treated. One day . . . I don’t remember exactly when, except that I know it was a long time ago, after the great hurricane of Santa Teresa, or the year that they hanged Aponte47 the master called me to the dining room. He was alone, and he said to me:“ ‘MarÍa de Regla, since you have lost your baby boy and have an abundance of good milk, I have been thinking that it should be put to use.
The Humor of One Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: Griffin Clive 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is the fate of fine comic writers to be taken seriously. Masters of entertainment like Cervantes and Moliere have been woefully misused by those who consider humor and the spinning of a good tale to be worthy of a distinguished artist only when a vehicle for something else. Reappraisals of these two writers have, however, helped to rescue them from critics intent on extracting complex philosophies or literary theories from their comic works. Such reappraisals suggest that García Márquez might similarly be examined with profit first and foremost as a humorist, for there are already clear signs that he is not to escape the fate of his predecessors.
One Hundred Years of Solitude as Chronicle of the Indies
Authors: Zavala Iris M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1936, the Spanish poet Juan Ramon Jimenez noted in his preface to an anthology of Cuban verse that, in Latin America, every literary movement, especially the modernista schools, had failed “because here [in Hispanic America) any sort of modernismo was unnecessary, everything being new, given that the old was not, strictly speaking, old.” Time here is asynchronic, space asymmetrical. America, Juan Ramon concludes, “has all of its time within itself.”
Message to the Convention of Ocana
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I congratulate you on the honor extended to you by the nation in entrusting its high destinies to your care. As the representatives of Colombian sovereignty, you are endowed with the most sublime powers. I, too, experience the greatest good fortune as I restore to you the authority that had been deposited in my weary hands. The supreme authority, the supreme rights, belong to those chosen by the people, to you dele- gates of the august, omnipotent people whom I serve as subject and soldier. To what more eminent power could I surrender the president’s staff, the general’s sword? Dispose freely of these symbols of power and glory on behalf of the people, oblivious to personal considerations that might hinder a perfect reform.
Redistribution of Properties as Compensation for Officers and Soldiers
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considering that the first obligation of the government is to reward the services of the virtuous defenders of the Republic who, sel?essly sacrificing their lives and property for the freedom and happiness of the country, have fought and continue to fight the disastrous war for independence, while neither they nor their families have the means to support themselves; and considering that in the territory occupied by the forces of the Republic, and in the territory still to be liberated, now in possession of the enemy, there are substantial properties owned by Spaniards and royalists, which according to the decree and ordinance published on the third of September of the current year should be seized and confiscated, I have decided to decree and do hereby decree the following: Article 1. All real estate and property that in accordance with the decree and ordinance cited above has been seized and confiscated, or which is scheduled for seizure and confiscation, and which has not been diverted or cannot be diverted into the national treasury, shall be redistributed and awarded in bonuses to the generals, commanders, officers, and soldiers of the Republic, according to the terms stipulated below.
A Waking Nightmare Mental Illness and Ordinary People
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mary was concerned. She had known Jim for eleven years and had been married to him for six. He was as solid as a rock. She could always count on him. Now, suddenly, he seemed to be falling apart, for no apparent reason. Her rock was turning into a pile of pebbles right before her astonished-and increasingly frightened--eyes. What could be going on?
Introduction
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mythology does not have the antiquity of geologic ages, but it is nevertheless a very old pattern, woven into the terrain over the course of thousands of years. Each continent-except Antarctica has its own mythological imprint and will probably never receive another, at least not in the foreseeable future. Myths are not sown like gardens; they are inherited from the past. Viewed at a distance, myths create a luxuriant configuration that gradually changes from region to region.
Men Versus Women
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the typical culture hero has finished his work, he retires from the world and goes to live in the sky, in the underworld, or at the edge of the earth. If he has a twin, the two may part company, one going east, the other west. In the case of Kuwai, the Cubeo hero, it is said that he is now living in the high country to the west-without a wife.
Men’s Liberation
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Upon their initiation into the men’s lodge, Selknam boys were advised, “Be affectionate with your wives, but never let them know your intimate thoughts, for if you do they might regain the power they had in the past.” When each of the boys, in an actual trial by fire, had demonstrated that he could handle live coals without flinching, he was told the secret that gives men the ability to control women.
Nicotine
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As I was driving along the highway, a remarkable billboard advertisement caught my eye. Nearly filling the field was the weatherbeaten face of a man in a cowboy hat. Nothing else was on the advertisement. And the only part of the product name that was not blocked by the man’s face were two letters—”MC.” What a remarkable exploitation of psychologic conditioning! Everyone seeing those two letters and that face could recognize instantly the symbol of MARLBORO COUNTRY.
Hallucinogens
Authors: Goldstein Avram 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An anthropologist studying a native tribe in the jungles of South America observed the ceremonial use of an intoxicating drink called ayahuasca, made from a certain vine. “The natives,” he wrote, “see big snakes curling upward on their house posts, and on the walls appear colored butterflies and creatures that are aggregates of snakes, jaguars, and birds.… A man saw a cat climbing a wall, then turning into a leopard, when in fact, not even the cat existed.” To understand the custom better, he drank some himself. The world around him took on an extraordinarily vivid appearance. Colored geometric designs seemed to soar before his open eyes. With his eyes closed he saw quickly moving small figures, as in a cartoon—abundant imagery, with bright-colored red-green or blue-orange contrasts. There were long dreamlike sequences. Buzzing sounds occurred. Most remarkable was the superimposition of images on walls, or imaginary scenes and objective scenes appearing simultaneously.