bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXI-29 Influence of a Direct Fed Microbial on Growth Performance, Carcass Data, and Immune Function in Feedlot Finishing Steers
Authors: Miller Alexandra C , Mezzomo Rafael , Tangredi Briana V , Loh Huey Yi , Levenson Jonah R , Guimaraes Octavio , Zuchegno Sophie M , Chek Erlene , Gomes Daiany I , Schutz Jennifer S , Engle Terry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One hundred and eighty crossbred beef steers (405.9 ± 2.3 kg) were used to determine the impact of a direct fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and immune response in finishing beef cattle. Steers were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned, within block, to 1 of 2 treatments (3 replicates/treatment: 30 steers/replicate). Groups within a replicate were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments included: 1) no DFM (control) and 2) DFM supplementation at 50 mg/animal/d [BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus containing Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis]. All steers were fed a high concentrate, steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet. Individual feed intake was recorded daily via the GrowSafe system. Body weights were collected every 28 d. Jugular blood samples were collected from all steers on day 0 and 112. On d 55 of the experiment, 10 steers per pen (30 steers per treatment) were randomly selected and injected, subcutaneously with 4.0 mg of ovalbumin (OVA). Jugular blood samples were collected from each steer on d 0, 7, 14, and 21 post injection. On d 112 of the experiment, the same steers were injected with the same dose of OVA and intramuscularly with 5 mL of a 25 % pig red blood cell (PRBC) solution. Jugular blood samples were collected from each steer on day 0, 7, 14, and 21 post injection. After receiving the finishing diet for 185 d, cattle were transported to a commercial abattoir and slaughtered. Hot carcass weights were collected at the time of slaughter. Carcasses were allowed to chill for 24 h before carcass data were collected. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized block design and individual animal within pen was considered the experimental unit. Initial body weight, final body weight, and overall feed efficiency were similar across treatments. Steers receiving DFM had greater (P &lt; 0.01) body weights and average daily gains on d 28 and 55 and greater (P &lt; 0.04) dry matter intakes over the entire experiment compared with controls. Hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, quality grade, and marbling score were similar across treatments. However, dressing percentage (P &lt; 0.02) was greater in steers receiving DFM compared with controls. Antibody titers to OVA and PRBC and d 112 interferon gamma concentrations were similar across treatments. However, red blood cell superoxide dismutase activity was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in DFM-supplemented cattle compared with controls on d 112 of the experiment. These data suggest that BOVAMINE DEFEND Plus supplementation improves growth performance during certain periods of the finishing phase, increases overall dry matter intake and carcass yield, and may impact antioxidant status in beef cattle.
PSXI-28 Nitrogen Footprint Assessment of Korean Native Beef Cattle Farms: Uncertainty Analysis and Mitigation Scenarios
Authors: Byun Jun Suk , Kim Tae Hoon , Ibidhi Ridha , Bharanidharan Rajaraman , Lee Yookyung , Kim Kyoung Hoon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) lost during beef cattle production accompanies various environmental impacts and has become an increasing concern among agricultural stakeholders. The objective of this study was to quantify the N footprint (NF) of Hanwoo beef cattle production in Korea at the farm gate through a life cycle assessment methodology. Field surveys were conducted on 106 farms across nine provinces to evaluate the NF of Hanwoo beef farms. N losses were calculated using emission factors using the refined Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guideline and expressed as NF [g N lost/kg of live body weight (LBW)]. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were deployed to evaluate the precision of the results and to quantify the variability of the input data. The NF was averaged 132.8 (±61.9) g N/kg LBW. Volatilization was the greatest contributing factor, followed by leaching and denitrification, each representing 68.4, 21.4, and 10.1 percent of the NF, respectively. The uncertainty of the output data was found to be 46.6 percent and was highly associated with emission factors uncertainties. We simulated four feasible mitigation scenarios that are cost effective and do not penalize productivity, and evaluated their capacity for reducing NF of meat: dietary modifications to decrease animal N excretion rates by adjusting the CP and rumen undegradable protein content for steers and fattening cows (A), microorganism additives to reduce volatilization from housing and manure storages through processing excess ammonium to synthesize microbial protein (B), using manure as land fertilizer instead of synthetic fertilizers to decrease denitrification from rice cultivation, and leaching and volatilization from all field types(C), and distributing straw-derived biochar (10 to 20 ton/ha) to the field after fertilizer application to reduce losses from crop production (D).Combining these scenarios demonstrated the potential to reduce NF by 12.3 percent. Overall, our study provides a national metric that can be used to communicate the N uses impact of Korean beef production. The analyses indicate that more precise results could be achieved with future endeavors toward developing country-specific emission factors. Integrating all four scenarios was shown to be the most effective approach to reducing the NF of beef production.
PSXIII-23 Effect of Methionine Inclusion in Mineral Mixture on Greenhouse Gas Production
Authors: Miranda Matheus Alves , Ferreira Reginaldo Nassar , Figueiredo Cibelle Borges , Ubeda Emanuely Zequim , Nunes Gabriela Vitória Pinto , Filho Edson Martins Ribeiro , Peron Hugo Jayme Matias Coelho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reduction in enteric methane production in cattle can have a rapid impact on global warming. Therefore, changes in the population of microorganisms in the rumen can significantly reduce the production of this greenhouse gas. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the production of gases and methane with the inclusion of Suplemax mineral mixture containing methionine. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic conditions using ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor bottles kept at 39 ºC containing artificial saliva, ruminal fluid, and two grams of a substrate from each treatment: (FE) Control, 1.75 g of Tifton hay 85 and 0.25 g of a mineral mix; and (FM) 1.75 g of hay and 0.25 g of Suplemax mineral mixture (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 0.3% of methionine. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. There was no significant effect on gas production with the inclusion of 0,3% of methionine (FE 37.77 mL vs FM 42.54 mL, P = 0.3175; Table 1). Methane production decreased from 22.74 to 18.15 mL (P = 0.0121) in the FM treatment compared with the FE treatment, representing a 20.18% decrease. Methane production for every 100 mL of gas decreased by 31.08% with the inclusion of methionine (FE 61.62 vs FM 42.47 mL, P = 0.0248). The inclusion of methionine in the mineral supplement contributes to a change in the molar proportion of short-chain fatty acids, increasing propiogenesis, that is considered a sink of hydrogen ions in the ruminal environment, which in turn inhibits methane production. Thus, the inclusion of Suplemax with hay reduced gas and methane production in vitro.
PSXIII-22 Effects of Isoacids on Rumen Ph, Microbial Protein and in Situ Dry Matter Disappearance in Beef Heifers Fed Growing Diet
Authors: Mota Lucas G , Freitas Ithalo , Branine Mark E , Duff Glenn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of feeding supplemental isoacids in a growing diet on parameters of rumen fermentation and in situ DM disappearance. Eight mature ruminally cannulated beef heifers (Angus crossbred; mean BW 618 ± 31 kg) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design. Heifers were housed in individual pens and fed the following treatment diets: no supplemental isoacids (ISO) in the basal diet (Control); 7.2 g of 2-methylbutyric acid· animal-1· day-1 (ISO1); 7.2 g of 2-methylbutyric + 7.2 g isobutyric acids· animal-1· day-1 (ISO2); and 7.2 g 2-methylbutyric + 7.2 g isobutyric + 7.2 g isovaleric acid· animal-1· day-1 (ISO3). Basal diet consisted of (DM basis) 26.9% wheat hay, 35.5% steam flaked corn, 22.6% wet corn gluten feed, 12.3% DDG, and 2.7% mineral/vitamin supplement. Each experimental period lasted 28 d, with 21 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. On day 1 of each sampling period ruminal fluid was collected 2 hours before and 1, 3, 7 and 10 hours after morning feeding. The pH of ruminal contents was immediately measured with an electrode pH meter. Urine samples (approximately 200 mL) were collected on day 2 of each sampling period 4 h after the feeding and filtered to remove particles. Urine was analyzed for creatinine, uric acid, and allantoin. Bags were placed into rumen for 72, 48, 36, 24, 12, 8, 4 and 0 hours and all bags were removed at same time on the end of incubation (hour 0), rinsed with tap water and dried at 55°C. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. A contrast was observed (P = 0.029) for overall rumen pH between control versus isoacid treatments (6.44 vs 6.31). Uric acid, allantoin, total purines and intestinal flow of microbial nitrogen were not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.10) with overall means of 10.47, 328.80, 339.27 mmol/d and 246.64 g N/d, respectively. Overall, no effects were observed for in situ dry matter disappearance (P ≥ 0.10). However, at hour 4 differences between ISO2 and ISO3 (P = 0.02; 44.89% vs 38.45%) and ISO2 and ISO4 (P = 0.05; 44.89% vs 39.75%) were observed. No effects of in situ DM disappearance was observed (P ≥ 0.10). Supplementing beef heifers with isoacids may reduce rumen pH as a result of increased ruminal volatile fatty acid production; however, supplemental ISO in this study did not affect microbial nitrogen synthesis or dry matter in situ disappearance. Further analyses are currently in progress.
PSXIII-15 Use of Creatinine as a Marker to Estimate Urine Output in Beef Cattle Fed a Finishing Or Backgrounding Diet
Authors: Chibisa Gwinyai E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike for high forage diets, there has been limited validation of spot urine sampling and the use of urinary creatinine as a marker to estimate urine output in beef cattle fed high grain diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the use of creatinine as a marker for estimating urine output in cattle fed a finishing (FIN) compared with a backgrounding (BKGN) diet. Six heifers were randomly allocated to 2 treatments in a crossover design with 21 d periods. Dietary treatments were alfalfa silage at 12% (FIN) or 60% (backgrounding; BKGN) of dietary dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet consisting of corn grain (67.8 or 38.1% on a DM basis), corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0.75 or 19.0%) and a constant level (1.15%) of supplement. Total collection (TC) of urine was conducted during the last 3 d of each period. Twelve spot urine samples were also collected during TC to represent every 2-h sampling in a 24-h cycle. Data were analyzed using SAS. Creatinine excretion rate varied from 27.2 to 35.0 with an average of 31.3 mg/kg of body weight per day. The creatinine concentration of spot samples collected for each heifer were averaged to simulate urine samples obtained from various spot sampling frequencies [equally spaced 12, 6, 4, and 2 time points (TP) starting at feeding: 12TP, 6TP, 4TP, and 2TP, respectively]. There was diurnal variation in the urinary creatinine concentration on both diets. Although creatinine concentration did not differ (P = 0.82) between 12TP and TC, use of 12TP underestimated (P &lt; 0.01) urine output (11.2 vs. 18.0 kg/d). However, there was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.32) on creatinine concentration and total urine output across methods (12TP vs. TC). When comparing spot sampling TP, there was no diet, method, or diet × method interaction (P ≥ 0.28) on urinary creatinine concentration and urine output. The regression between TC and 12TP had an intercept different from 0, and slope differed from 0 and 1. As for TC and 6TP, the intercept was not different from 0; however, slope was different from 0 and 1. As expected, increasing the frequency of spot sampling improved precision and accuracy of the regression between the estimated and measured urine output according to adjusted R2 (0.27, 0.24, 0.87 and 0.92 for 2TP, 4TP, 6TP, and 12TP, respectively) and root mean square prediction error (8.95, 9.09, 3.75, and 2.94). In summary, the use of the spot sampling technique and urinary creatinine as a marker to estimate urine output in beef cattle fed either FIN or BKGN diets might not be reliable due to the diurnal variation in creatinine excretion and variable creatinine coefficients.
PSII-3 Sheep Neutrophil Activation in Response to Garlic in Vitro
Authors: Uzzaman Md. Rasel , Pande Priyanka , Inupala SreeNavya , Jagana Sowmya , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St. Croix hair sheep are known to resist parasitic infection. Parasitic resistance is in part due to the increased number and ability of neutrophil leukocytes to fight pathogens. Dietary supplements such as garlic (Allium sativum L.) are antimicrobial immune modulators that can enhance production. This study sought to evaluate the impact of fresh filtered garlic on sheep neutrophils through In vitro treatment. The study collected blood from the jugular vein of five clinically healthy female St. Croix sheep at NC A&T State University Farm and isolated neutrophils from 10 mL whole blood samples from each animal. The neutrophils were treated with fresh filtered garlic after the total cell count was measured, and 1 million cells were taken for treatment. The total protein concentration in the neutrophil supernatant was measured before and after treatment. Garlic (10 ug/mL PBS) was added to neutrophils, incubated (30 minutes, 37 °C) and centrifuged. Total RNA was extracted from the pellet using the TRIZOL RNA Isolation Protocol (Sigma-Aldrich). The RNA concentration and purity were assessed using a Nanodrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific Inc.). Pooled RNA from each group was used for cDNA synthesis, followed by qPCR analysis of the expression of 84 test genes related to the innate and adaptive immune response (RT2 profiler array) of the host. Total protein concentration in the supernatant was determined using the BCA Assay (Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit). In vitro treatment with garlic extract resulted in increased total secreted protein concentrations from treated neutrophils, as well as upregulation of 10 genes involved in immune response and downregulation of 4 genes associated with inflammation and immune regulation. The study findings indicate that garlic stimulates gene transcription and protein secretion in neutrophils from St. Croix sheep in vitro. Studies are needed on the possible impacts on neutrophil function and animal response to infection for sustainable use of garlic in animal production.
PSII-5 Evaluating Haemonchus Contortus Resistance in Hair Sheep Lambs Under Divergent Selection for Reduced Fecal Egg Count
Authors: Thorne Jacob W , Redden Reid , Bowdridge Scott A , Becker Gabrielle M , Stegemiller Morgan R , Bentley Kelsey , Murdoch Brenda M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) Haemonchus contortus is a major threat to global sheep production, a problem exacerbated by increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance. Genetic selection of sheep for reduced fecal egg count (FEC) is hypothesized to improve parasite resistance. This study measured the biological response and worm burden of Dorper x White Dorper (DWD) with high (average = +37.8) or low (average = -12.0) post-weaning FEC estimated breeding values (EBV) and Barbados Blackbelly x Mouflon (BBM) following oral inoculation with 10,000 H. contortus larvae. Lambs (aged 8 months) were grouped by breed and EBV (DWD+, DWD-, BBM) and treatment (inoculated or non-inoculated control) into 6 groups (n = 4/grp). At d 0 and 21, blood samples were collected to measure packed-cell volume (PCV) and serum IgG via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and at d 21 FEC were additionally recorded. Lambs were subsequently harvested and adult H. contortus counts for each lamb were captured from the abomasum. Data analysis was performed in SAS v 9.4 and significance was set at P &lt; 0.05. In the inoculated lambs, no difference was observed in PCV at d 21, but DWD+ had a greater mean FEC (1,400 + 297 epg) than both DWD- (263 + 167; P = 0.0157) and BBM (50 + 21; P = 0.004). Total serum IgG (ug/mL) was greater in DWD- than DWD+ lambs at both d 0 (686.37 + 50.7 v. 486.15 + 51.25; P = 0.0321) and d 21 (287.16 + 14.33 v. 197.24 + 12.82; P = 0.0034). In BBM, there was no difference in IgG from d 0 (172.80 + 22.44) to d 21 (185.08 ± 4.25). While BBM had reduced IgG at d 0 than both DWD groups, there was no difference between BBM and DWD+ at d 21 (P = 0.4026). Following harvest, inoculated DWD+ had greater worm burden than DWD- (1,330 + 76 v. 818 + 165; P = 0.0308) and both DWD groups were greater than BBM (263 + 120; P = 0.0003). These data confirm previous findings that BBM are more resistant to H. contortus than DWD, and selection for decreased FEC EBV decreased fecal egg output and worm burden within the DWD breed. Future studies will include RNA-sequencing of abomasal epithelial tissue from inoculated and control lambs in an effort to elucidate gene expression differences between divergently selected DWD and BBM sheep infected with H. contortus.
PSII-1 Determining Appropriate Numbers and Times of Daily Measurements to Estimate Ruminal Methane Emission of Meat Goats Using a Greenfeed System
Authors: Gulich Dereje Tadesse , Puchala Ryszard , Yirga Hirut Y , Ribeiro Luana , Encinas Fabiola L , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted to determine appropriate numbers and times of daily measurements to estimate methane production by meat goats using a GreenFeed (GF) system. Sixteen Boer wethers with an initial age of 7.4 ± 0.08 months and BW of 20.02 ± 0.71 kg were situated in a 12.4 × 12.4 pen. Oat hay, which was the major dietary constituent, was offered twice daily in individual Calan Gate feeders. Concentrate-based pellets were used as bait feed to attract animals to visit the GF regularly. The system was programed using C-Lock Inc. software to automatically dispense a small amount of pellets (120 g/day) and to measure methane production using sensors in the system. Each animal had a unique RFID tag identified by RFID reader in the system. There were 3, 4, and 6 equally spaced 1-h feeding and measurement periods (i.e., 0600-0700, 1400-1500, and 2200-2300 h for GF-3T, 0700-0800, 1300-1400, 1900-2000, and 0100-0200 h for GF-4T, and 0800-0900, 1200-1300, 1600-1700, 2000-2100, 0000-0100, and 0400-0500 h for GF-6T, respectively). The study was a Latin square with each feeding period assigned to each animal for a 2-wk period. Data were analyzed with mixed model procedures of SAS. Methane emission in g/day and g/kg dry matter intake (DMI) were not impacted by feeding period (P &gt; 0.05). When expressed in g/min, g/visit, and g·visit-1·min-1, differences in CH4 production between feeding schedule were significant (P &lt; 0.02). The GF-6T treatment resulted in greatest emission of CH4 in g/min (5.7, 5.9, and 6.6 for GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T, respectively; P &lt; 0.04). On the other hand, CH4 emission in g/visit ranked (P &lt; 0.05) GF-3T &gt; GF-4T &gt; GF-6T (12.8, 10.9, and 7.3, respectively). Regarding CH4 intensity (g/kg BW), the differences between treatments were not significant (1.10, 1.17, and 1.16 for GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T, respectively; P = 0.24). Heat production (MJ/day), which was calculated from CH4, CO2, and O2 production, was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for GF-3T (8.1) than for GF-6T (7.6), with that for GF-4T intermediate (7.6; P &gt; 0.05). Animals of GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T visited the GF 2.1, 2.8, and 3.8 times per day, which significantly (P &lt; 0.001) differed from each other. Average visit length was similar for GF-3T and GF-4T (P &gt; 0.05) and greater (P &lt; 0.05) than for GF-6T (4.6, 4.6, and 4.1 min for GF-3T, GF-4T, and GF-6T, respectively). In conclusion, results of the study indicate that at least 3 daily feeding or measurement periods should occur between 0600 and 0700, 1400 and 1500, and 2200 and 2300 h to accurately estimate methane production using a GF system in a confinement setting.
PSV-24 Implementation of Blockchain Technologies in the U.S. Sheep Industry: Producer and Industry Perceptions
Authors: Newman Courtney , Gifford Cody , Stewart Whit C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agricultural product traceability has become increasingly important. Emerging digital technologies, like blockchain technology, can facilitate supply-chain data capture and exchange across all segments of the industry. To better understand stakeholder perceptions and willingness to share digital production records using blockchain technology, a digital survey was conducted across sheep industry stakeholders. During January of 2021-2022, a 25-question, online survey was conducted to capture U.S. sheep industry producer and processor perceptions. Survey data included 66 responses, where 84.8%, (n = 56) were sheep and lamb producers and 15.2%, (n = 10) were involved in wool warehousing and processing. A continuous line scale anchored at 0 (not familiar) and 100 (very familiar) was used to assess familiarity with blockchain technology (Table 1). Lamb and wool producers were somewhat familiar with blockchain technology (mean = 43.00, n = 40 completed responses), while wool warehousers and processors answered similarly (mean = 40.40, n = 9 completed responses). Stakeholders were also asked to determine their desired monetary premium (% over base price) to submit records into a blockchain system. Wool and lamb producers were asked what level of premium they would need to receive in order to submit records into the blockchain system, 89% (n = 75) of wool and lamb producers indicated they would need at least a 4.1% premium over base price, while 60% (n = 6) of wool processing respondents were willing to pay producers a 4.1% or higher premium for access to records on the blockchain system. Producers and wool processors are somewhat familiar with blockchain technology as a traceability mechanism, and they are willing to implement this technology if there is incentive available in the market. A greater understanding of the economic value, opportunity, and implications that blockchain technology brings to the market is important in determining if the right incentives are available to integrate this technology into the U.S. sheep industry.