bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of valve wheel size, operation position and in‐line pressures on required torque for gate valves
Authors: Parks Sean C. , Schulze Lawrence J. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSome of the hazards encountered by process plant operators involve the operation of in‐line valves to control, start, and to stop flow. Torque required to operate valves may vary according to valve wheel size, in‐line pressure, and valve flange position (open/closed). This study determined how valve wheel size, in‐line pressure and valve position (open/closed) affect torque required to actuate a valve. Data were gathered with each combination of size, pressure and position for 336 valves in an operating petrochemical process facility. The results indicate that the main effects of valve wheel size, the in‐line pressure, and open/closed valve position significantly affect operational torque requirements. In addition, the interaction between position and pressure was significant for operational torque. The implication of these results is that operators are exposed to operational torque requirements that exceed maximum acceptable capabilities that have been determined in previous studies.
The prevention of major leaks—better inspection after construction?
Authors: Kletz Trevor A. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract“On the 26th September (1850) we were able to fix the first column in its place. From this time I took the general management of the building under my charge, and spent my time on the works–feeling that, unless the same person who made the drawings was always present to assign each part to its proper place in the structure, it would have been impossible to finish the building in time for the opening on the 1st of May.”Charles Fox, builder of the Crystal Palace, quoted by L. T. C. Rolt in “Victorian Engineering,” Penguin Books, 1970, p. 153.
Emergency relief vent sizing for fire emergencies involving liquid‐filled atmospheric storage vessels
Authors: Fauske Hans K. , Epstein Michael , Grolmes Michael A. , Leung Joseph C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor large atmospheric vessels the potential occurrence of sufficient liquid swell resulting in two‐phase flow is of special importance. Based upon an extension of analytical work it would appear justifiable to ignore two‐phase flow effects for non‐foamy systems.
Thermal stability of ethylene at elevated pressures
Authors: Britton Laurence G. , Taylor D. Alex , Wobser Donald C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe initiation causes of ethylene decomposition are discussed and models presented to help anticipate and prevent decomposition. Thermal runaway, catalysis, influence of gas contaminants, adsorption heating, compression ignition and direct ignition are addressed. The effects of decomposition are described in terms of pressure and propagation.
A simple technique for the optimization of lay‐out and location for chemical plant safety
Authors: Nolan P. F. , Bradley C. W. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA computer program to optimize the use of land and ensure safe operation of plant. A logical process flow is maintained, while the position of plant items is optimized using a hill‐climbing technique.A number of quantitative techniques exist for the measurement of hazard values for comparison of process routes in chemical plant design and operation. Such numerical values can also be used as a basis in lay‐out considerations. There is a need for a simple technique, which allows for the optimization of separation distances between plant by determining the minimum requirement for safe operation. This requirement determines the cost of land and that of piping and control lines. It is then possible to carry out economic comparisons between using separation distances and the installation of mobile and fixed prevention and protection systems. An optimization technique based on a modified hill‐climbing method is described.
Health, safety and loss control topics in the senior design courses
Authors: Kauffman David 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe undergraduate chemical engineering curriculum at most U.S. colleges and universities is already very tightly structured, largely to meet accreditation criteria while still providing broad‐based education for the future. Health, safety and loss control issues were added to the program at the University of New Mexico through the use of weekly mini‐lectures in the senior design courses. Mini‐lectures, each ten to fifteen minutes, cover such topics as fires, explosions, the Bhopal incident, the Dow‐Mond index, fault‐tree analysis, HAZOP analysis, etc.
Laboratory techniques for the quantitative study of thermal decompositions
Authors: Cronin John L. , Nolan Philip F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTwo experimental methods are described for studying thermal decomposition reactions in solids and liquids.The first allows early detection of initial exothermicity, calculation of pseudo kinetic parameters describing subsequent decomposition, and estimation of scale effects on the initial temperature for self‐sustaining reaction.The second method yields additional data which provides a basis for relief system design.
Ammonia synthesis enhancement through heat‐mass‐exchange
Authors: Lavie Ram 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe HME Ammonia Synthesis Enhancement is a simple process modification enhancing synthesis productivity by reducing energy consumption and/or increasing plant capacity as compared to conventional alternatives. In this paper, it is presented as an attractive alternative to low temperature ammonia separation in low pressure plants.Some HME performance sensitivities and their implications on the design of a unit are studied. Typical HME enhancement economics is summarized in comparison with a typical conventional alternative. This indicates a potential 25% reduction in refrigeration power consumption, paying out the HME unit in a relatively short time. The application of the HME enhancement is expected to promote synthesis at lower pressures.
Increasing efficiency in direct contact heat transfer
Authors: Strigle Ralph F. , Nakano Tsuneo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRevamping the top section of the water quench tower in an olefins plant provided a 74% reduction in pressure drop. First stage compression ratio was reduced from 2.21 to 2.02. An additional modification of the lower section of such a column with tower packing reduced the heat rejected to the cooling water by 35% with no increase in pressure drop.
Static hazards of drum filling. II. Electrostatic models: Theory and experiment
Authors: Britton Laurence G. , Smith Jack A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor drum filling, a demarcation of 50 pS/m (below which a liquid may accumulate hazardous static in a grounded drum) is conservative and takes account of the effects of temperature and/or charge density on relaxation rate. The worst‐case conductivity as regards static accumulation rate is about 0.5 pS/m, but in practice this should not correspond to the worst‐case charge generation rate. Published forms of the Schon equation are not conservative for smooth‐bore pipes and hoses; a new equation is proposed. Certain rough‐bore hoses containing an inner grounding spiral can generate almost as much charge as a microfilter. Theory and experiment are discussed with reference to published Codes and Guidelines; attention is given to filter placement and drum linings.
The current state of the art in optical fire detection
Authors: Cholin John 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThere are few, if any, facets of modern life that have not been touched in some way by the technological revolution in electronics. Each year the technology advances further, making possible those things which were deemed unattainable just a few short years ago. In some cases the advances are the result of a step‐wise evolution of a product while in others revolutions in design concept yield quantum leaps in performance.
Determining spacing by radiant heat limits
Authors: Martinsen W. E. , Johnson D. W. , Millsap S. B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA method for calculating the “safe” separation distance between pressurized LPG storage tanks and flammable liquid storage tank dikes is presented. The safe separation distance is defined as the minimum distance at which the radiant heat from a dike fire is insufficient to cause catastrophic tank failure, even if no cooling water is applied to the LPG tank.
Design charts for two‐phase flashing flow in emergency pressure relief systems
Authors: First K. E. , Huff J. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe design charts of this paper apply to the high velocity flow of a boiling liquid and its vapor during two‐phase emergency pressure relief events. These charts are used to size relief system components to handle a given minimum relief flow requirement. This flow requirement is determined by computer simulation programs such as that described in [1], or by special‐case models [2, 3, 4]. Though intended for use in sizing pressure relief systems, the charts are applicable to high‐velocity flashing flow problems.
Building a high‐integrity ammonia storage tank—1988
Authors: Thompson James R. , Carnegie Richard N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn late 1984, initial work began on preparing a project to install atmospheric ammonia storage at DuPont's Victoria, Texas plant. This storage was to supplement the existing ammonia spheres. In the aftermath of Bhopal and, in light of DuPont's response to that incident, the project focus was changed to one of replacing all pressurized ammonia storage and rail car unloading at the site and installing atmospheric ammonia storage of the highest possible integrity.This paper discusses the various phases of the project and the high‐integrity design of the storage facilities.
Safe storage of dilute ethylene oxide mixtures in water
Authors: Curtis James S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn the past industry has had to rely on a number of “rules of thumb” to provide a means of reasonable analysis for many design, operation, safety and similar issues. The lack of readily available computing facilities made the use of “rules of thumb” a necessary part of doing business in the hydrocarbon processing industry. And these “rules of thumb” have proven useful and allowed many tasks to be accomplished successfully. Today, however, availability of mainframe computers or desktop computing facilities has provided a tool that has decreased the need to rely on “rules of thumb.” And in many cases processing improvements can only be accomplished by replacing “rules of thumb” with more rigorous analysis. In the ethylene oxide producing/consuming industry a widely‐used “rule of thumb” concerns the storage of ethylene oxide water solutions. A well‐publicized “rule” stated that solutions in excess of 1‐2 weight percent ethylene oxide in water should not be stored [1]. This “rule” is certainly valid in many situations. However, this guideline may be unnecessarily restrictive in other cases. The impact of several key process parameters impacts the amount of ethylene oxide in water than can be safely stored. This study will show that higher concentrations of ethylene oxide in water can be safely stored under the right circumstances. The study will also discuss the key variables that determine whether aqueous ethylene oxide solutions can be safely stored. Finally, a methodology used in determining how much ethylene oxide in water can be safely stored will be outlined.
Safer piping: Awareness training for the process industries
Authors: Hancock Bernard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe ‘Safer Piping’ video training package was produced by the International Process Safety Group (IPSG) to meet the urgent need for training material to stem the ever–growing number of accidents directly caused by piping failures. The IPSG, then under the Chairmanship of Bob Mill, Exxon Chemical Corporation, identified piping as the single most important cause of concern in a process plant. The aim was to raise safety standards by changing people's attitudes to piping.
Flow chamber simulations of aerosol formation and liquid jet breakup for pressurized releases of hydrogen fluoride
Authors: Hague William J. , Pepe William 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRecent Community‐Right‐To‐Know legislation has brought the safety issues of handling, processing and storing toxic chemicals into the public arena. Industry is working with various local response agencies to determine the potential risks to a community from an accidental or episodic release of a chemical. One part of this risk analysis is the requirement to perform a consequence analysis to determine the potential extent of exposure a chemical plume will have for an accidental release. This extent of exposure is typically determined based on plume dispersion computer modeling techniques. Reviews of plume dispersion modeling techniques are described by Hanna and Drivas (1987) [4] and McNaughton, et al. (1986) [7].
Development of leading indicators of process safety
Authors: Van Hemel Susan B. , Connelly Edward M. , Haas Paul M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe goal of this project, sponsored by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, is to identify “leading” indicators of nuclear power plant safety. Such indicators would allow early recognition, and perhaps avoidance, of impending safety problems before the problems themselves became evident. Because data are limited in the nuclear industry, CTA's approach to this objective is to look beyond the nuclear power industry, to other industries with safety concerns analogous to those of the nuclear power community, for sources of such indicator data.
Use of DIPPR data in reactive chemical hazard assessment
Authors: Selover Theodore B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn the early 1970's AIChE established the concept of Design Institutes. These are cooperative, industrially sponsored research efforts based on getting work done in an area of general interest at low cost to supporters.There are now four active AIChE groups. These are, with date of organization: Design Institute for Physical Property Data (DIPPR), 1978; Research Institute for Food Engineering (RIFE), 1984; Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), 1985; and Center for Waste Reduction Technologies (CWRT), 1989. A fifth, Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) has completed its work and established a user's group. The subject of this paper, DIPPR, is now in its eleventh year of funded project work. A symposium honoring the completion of DIPPR's tenth year was held in San Francisco in November, 1989. There were 11 papers presented, along with an historical overview. Copies of the 11 papers are available from the Engineering Societies Library in New York City, as Session 40. The papers were published as an AIChE Symposium Series in 1990 [1].The DIPPR project results that can be used in reactive chemical hazard assessment are highlighted.
Hazard materials testing at the U.S. department of energy's liquefied gaseous fuels spill test facility
Authors: Leone F. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) constructed the Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility (LGFSTF) to provide a facility on a user‐free basis to private and public sector test sponsors who are concerned with the safety of hazardous liquids and gases. The LGFSTF provides a facility for testing under controlled conditions to determine: patterns of dispersion, mitigation techniques, combustion characteristics, cleanup techniques, environmental impacts, and emergency planning guidelines. A further goal of the LGFSTF Program is to provide a framework for establishing relationships for joint government‐industry participation.
CCPS guidelines for chemical process quantitative risk analysis
Authors: Freeman Raymond A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper focuses on the new Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis recently published by the AIChE Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). CCPS was formed soon after the disasters in Mexico City and Bhopal. CCPS was established in 1985 by the AIChE to develop and disseminate technical information for use in the prevention of major chemical accidents. The center is supported by over 60 industrial sponsors in the chemical process industry (CPI), who provide the necessary funding and professional guidance to its technical committees.The major product of CCPS activities has been a series of guideline books. Table I presents a list of the currently available CCPS guidelines. The first book, Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures (HEP), presented various structured qualitative techniques (HAZOP, FMEA, etc.) that could be used to identify possible hazards in a chemical facility. The Technical Steering Committee of CCPS decided that a sequel to HEP should be developed which would present quantitative methods for acute process hazards. The Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis (CPQRA) resulted from that decision.
The effect of O2 concentration on methacrylic acid stability
Authors: Nicolson Adrian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe effects of oxygen concentration on the stability of methacrylic acid (MAA) have been examined using HQ, MeHQ and PTZ as inhibitors. The O2 has been found to have a dual effect so that an optimum concentration confers very high stability but increased [O2]s give significantly reduced induction periods, especially at higher temperatures. This behavior has been explained in terms of radical scavanging competing with peroxide formation and cleavage. The main parameters controlling the system have been examined. The rate of stabilizer consumption was found to be controlled mainly by temperature and [O2]. The rate of energy release on polymerization is dependent on temperature, [stabilizer] and O2 supply to the system and is rapid (violent in extreme cases) only when all three factors are favorable for efficient peroxide formation and cleavage. Preliminary experiments with n‐butyl methacrylate indicate that the same principles and mechanism operate for the simple methacrylate esters.
Explosion within a helium purifier
Authors: Hempseed J. W. , Ormsby R. W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA cryogenic charcoal adsorber used to purify helium for cylinder filling exploded on August 26, 1988 at an Air Products facility in Belgium. Although the feed gas contained only 1.4% oxygen, calculations confirm that a liquid phase containing approximately 85% oxygen could have formed at the inlet to the bed and soaked into the charcoal. This potent explosive mixture (up to 7 times more powerful than TNT) was probably ignited by the flow surge when the bed depressurized to allow change‐over from a full to an empty bank of cylinders.Parts of the vessel were recovered up to 250 meters from the installation and windows were cracked by the shock wave at approximately 60 meters. These consequences are consistent with the calculated energy available (approximately 40 lb TNT). Fortunately no one was injured. Two other recent explosions in the industry further emphasize the potential concerns of carbon bed cryogenic purifiers of oxygen containing gases.
Management of hazardous materials at the local community level
Authors: Keffer William J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIncreasing media visibility, public concern, and restrictive legislation over the effects of chemicals in use by society is creating a range of problems and liabilities that many local jurisdictions are currently unprepared to cope with. Communities around the nation are struggling to develop cost effective, sustainable internal systems to manage their responsibilities for hazardous chemicals which are used, stored, manufactured or transported within their areas of responsibilities. Within the past few years, federal and state legislation has mandated new local responsibilities for management of chemical hazards. The sheer volume of statutes, regulations, guidance and advice available from public and private sources on how to manage these new responsibilities and liabilities can be overwhelming.
Review of large‐scale explosion experiments
Authors: Bull David C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe content and bounds of this paper must be understood in the context of the workshop as a whole and of the specific mandate the author was given. The other presentation topics were: “Effect of Turbulence and Confinement”, “Detonations in Vapor Clouds and Explosion Mitigation”, “Application of Blast Estimation Techniques”, “Characteristics of Blast Effects” and “Overview of Analytical and Numerical Computational Methods for Predicting Blast Effects from Vapor Cloud Explosions”. The author's specific mandate was to review the key experiments, to identify their principal findings and conclusions and to discuss applicability to real world situations.
Flashback from waste gas incinerator into air supply piping
Authors: Anderson S. E. , Dowell A. M. , Mynaugh J. B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA waste gas incinerator experienced a flashback with a pressure wave in the Suction Vent Gas (SVG) system. Extensive damage resulted to the SVG flame arrestor, SVG fan, SVG valves, and incinerator piping. There were no injuries. The primary cause of the incident is believed to have been a fuel rich SVG stream that was rapidly introduced into the incinerator creating a “puff.” This “puff” allowed flame from the natural gas ring burner to blow back into the windbox igniting the fuel rich SVG. The combustion of gas in the ducting then created a pressure wave that blew apart the flame arrestor and caused the remainder of the damage.
On‐line modeling of thermally hazardous batch processes
Authors: Gordon Michael D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractReaction kinetics models, which were originally developed to define safe process designs for potentially hazardous batch aminations of nitroaromatics, are being applied on‐line for advisory control. The simulation takes as input live time‐temperature data, and calculates variables such as, conversions, heat‐release rates and pressure profiles. Results are continuously compared to measured data to ensure no unusual safety behavior throughout the reaction cycle. Model outputs also are employed to predict end‐of‐batch conditions to minimize processing times and yield uniform quality products.
Some improvements in design of atmospheric ammonia storage tanks of the double integrity type
Authors: Herbertsson Gunnar 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a new atmospheric ammonia storage tank in Iceland. Some modifications have been made to the former common open cup design of double integrity tanks. Another modification is described, dry air is bled under the cladding of the sidewall insulation to protect the insulation from moisture penetration under the vapor barrier which results in frost damages.
MIACC (major industrial accidents council of Canada): A Canadian consensus group of stakeholders working on safety issues prior to legislation
Authors: Easterbrook John 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMIACC is a unique not‐for‐profit organization using a consultative process to reduce the risk posed by potential major accidents involving dangerous substances. Working Groups, consisting of partner members, develop products based on recommendations made in the Bhopal Aftermath Review.1 Consensus reports, approved by the stakeholder, result in National Standards and Guidelines which are intended to be practical and acceptable to industry and government alike.
Emergency pressure relief discharge control by passive quenching—update
Authors: Keiter Alan G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA recent runaway reaction emergency relief system design includes a passive quench tank to collect and contain the two‐phase emergency relief discharge. This avoids the release of a large vapor cloud to the atmosphere and the attendant flammability and toxicity hazards. The feasibility of quenching is demonstrated with small scale experiments. A pressure relief simulation model is shown to accurately reproduce the observed temperature and pressure profiles in both the reactor and quench tank during relief. The model is then applied to the design of a full scale system. Quench system design considerations are discussed.