bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Rape Shield Laws
Authors: Snow Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1970s, feminist reformers and law enforcement officials spearheaded an extensive array of substantive and evidentiary rape law reforms.Among the evidentiary reforms was the passage of rape shield statutes, now in place in 49 states, the Federal government, and the military.2 These laws are meant to exclude from consideration at trial evidence of the victim’s past sexual conduct. The purposes of doing this are threefold: to protect the rape victim from humiliating and intimidating cross-examination about her sexual conduct; to prevent judges and juries from being prejudiced by sexual history evidence that might have little probative value; and to encourage the reporting of rape by making the victim’s in-court experience less grueling and degrading.
The 1960s: Going Underground
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The apparent retrenchment of Latin music continued during the 1960s. The Cuban-based core style returned to its island roots. Hollywood lost interest. Popular music had a last fling with Brazilian music early in the decade and then passed on. Cubop was hardly a memory as the creative cutting edge of jazz became involved in the New Thing, with its emphasis on polytonality, free rhythm, and other elements borrowed from the European avant-garde.
The 1970s: The Return to the Mainstream
Authors: Roberts John Storm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many respects, Latin music during the 1960s and 1970s mirrored the 1920s and 1930s. In each case, the first decade emphasized a growth that would take full effect in the second. The 1930s saw the introduction of Latin music as a substyle within U.S. popular music as a whole; the late 1970s saw its clear emergence as a major ingredient in the sound of almost all American popular idioms.
Fecal-Oral Transmission
Authors: Byers Karin E , Guerrant Richard L , Farr Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infections with organisms transmitted by the fecal-oral route most often manifest in diarrhea. Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa may be responsible for diarrheal illnesses. In recent years, there have been tremendous advances in the understanding of infectious diarrhea and improved sanitation has decreased its occurrence in developed countries. However, gastrointestinal infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diarrhea is still the leading cause of childhood death worldwide with 4.6 to 6 million children dying from diarrheal disease in Asia, Africa, and Latin America every year (Guerrant and Bobak 1991). Even in developed countries, there are frequent outbreaks in child care centers, nursing homes, and hospitals. The fecal-oral pathogens of concern vary geographically and among different age groups.
Sexual Transmission
Authors: Thomas James C , Stratton Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of pathogens known to be transmissible through sexual contact has increased dramatically in the last few decades as new methods of detection have emerged. A list of sexually transmissible pathogens is presented in Table 13-1. The pathogens and the sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) they cause are often grouped by organism taxonomy or symptoms. The organism types, as listed in Table 13-1, include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and ectoparasites. Clinicians who diagnose STDs are more likely to think in terms of the presenting signs of infection, however. These include urethritis (e.g., chlamydia and gonorrhea); cervicitis and vaginal symptoms (e.g., chlamydia and trichomoniasis, respectively); and skin lesions (e.g., the chancres of syphilis, herpes, and chancroid).
Evaluation of Immunization Programs
Authors: Chen Robert T , Orenstein walter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunizations are among the most successful and cost-effective disease prevention interventions available (World Bank 199 3). In the United States, the introduction of routine immunizations has greatly reduced the incidence of several vaccine preventable diseases (Table 17-1). Similar success in disease reduction has been demonstrated by immunization programs in many other countries (Acres 1985, Feery 1981). The World Health Organization’s Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI), with assistance from the United Nation’s Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and other donors, has made great strides in extending these benefits to developing countries (WHO 1999). Immunizations permitted the global eradication of smallpox (Fenner 1988) and may do the same for poliomyelitis (Satcher 1999) and some other diseases. Interest in immunization programs continues to grow as countries attempt to improve the rational allocation of their scarce health resources.
Energy Characteristics and Control Strategies
Authors: Robertson Leon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injury epidemiologists should have at least a rudimentary understanding of the forms of energy involved in injury and the tolerance of human beings to exposure to energy. Since incidence and severity of injury are usually classified by vehicles or circumstances rather than by agent, the precise numbers attributable to a given agent are not available in many data sets. At the turn of the century in the United States, about 58 percent of fatal injuries and 62 percent of hospitalized injuries were attributed to motor vehicles, falls, and firearms (Finkelstein et al., 2006). These injuries, and a proportion of those injuries associated with factors and activities grouped into the “other” category (industrial machines, farm machines, knives, sports), indicate that mechanical energy accounts for the substantial majority of severe injury.
Definition and Criteria for Diagnosis
Authors: Gómez Manuel Rodríguez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Tuberous sclerosis of the cerebral convolutions” is the descriptive term Bourneville coined for the unique and distinctive cerebral pathology he found in a patient with seizures and mental subnormality. The cerebral lesion, called a cortical tuber, is the hallmark of a protean autosomal dominant disease with variable expression in one or more organs or tissues. The various lesions are encompassed under the umbrella term proposed by the pathologist Moolten, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). “Tuberous sclerosis of Bourneville” and “Boumeville disease” are historically correct eponymic terms that refer only to the cortical tuber, but this is a single pathologic feature in a single organ, the brain.
Brain Imaging in the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Authors: Carlson Blake A , Houser O Wayne , Gómez Manuel Rodríguez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), one of the hamartomatoses, affects multiple organ systems. The skin, kidney, and central nervous system (CNS) are commonly involved in this disorder. Basic CNS pathologic findings in TSC include subependymal nodules (SENs), cortical/subcortical tubers, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), heterotopic dysplastic neurons in white matter, and ventricular enlargement. Intracranial or extracranial vascular disease may also occur but is rare. Most of these pathologic findings are readily imaged with current technology. This chapter contains a re view of the neuroimaging findings that characterize this congenital disorder.
Cardiac Manifestations
Authors: Mair Douglas D , Edwards William D , Seward James B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The frequent association of tuberous sclerosis (TSC) and cardiac rhabdomyoma has been recognized for many years. In one series of 40 autopsied cases of TSC there were 12 (30%) with rhabdomyoma of the heart.’ Conversely, pathologic examination of the brain demonstrated that 11 of 30 patients (37%) with cardiac rhabdomyoma had TSC. Approximately 50% of infants with TSC have been reported to have rhabdomyoma. The understanding of the natural history of rhabdomyoma associated with TSC has improved greatly in recent years as a result of the ability to visualize the tumors noninvasively utilizing echocardiography.
Pulmonary Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Lie J T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Desire-Magloire Bourneville (1840-1909), a noted French physician, gave the first detailed description of the clinical syndrome of tuberous sclerosis in 1880. Just over 50 years later, virtually all the pathologic lesions currently considered as parts of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) had been observed and were summarized in tabular form by Van der Hoeve in 1933. In either the classic or the forme fruste type of TSC, a constellation of hamartomatous and/or neoplastic lesions occurs in almost every organ sys tem of the body, including the brain, eyes, heart, lungs, kidneys, digestive tract, endocrine glands, bones and, more recently, the blood vessels.
Imaging the Skeleton and the Great Vessels
Authors: Hoffman Alan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiographic examinations of lesions of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) have always been an important ingredient in the assessment of patients afflicted with this disease. In this chapter the classic radiographic features in the skeleton are reviewed. In addition, a few rare manifestations seen in TSC are reviewed: overgrowth of portions of an extremity and abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Lineages of Cells in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Stefansson Kari , Wollmann Robert L , Huttenlocher Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cells in the central nervous system lesions of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) appear sufficiently different from normal cells to make it difficult to determine from which cell type they are derived. This problem is not unique to the lesions of TSC. There is hardly a neoplasm that arises within the central nervous system for which there has not been a “lineage debate’’ in the literature. The differences between different cell types in the central nervous system are now known to be less clear than was once believed.
The Heart of Long-Term Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term care in the United States has taken the nursing home as its benchmark, but the monetary, social, and psychological costs of nursing home care are all too high. This book challenges the current dominance of nursing homes as the principal institution of long-term care. It offers a series of alternative models where both services and housing can be provided in a way that allows long-term consumers to enjoy dignified, "normal" lifestyles. It addresses the political and economic consequences of making this decision. The authors start with the premise that long-term care is designed to assist people who lack the capacity to function fully independently. They argue that no disabled person of any age should be required to forsake his/her humanity in exchange for care. The book rejects the artificial dichotomy between social and medical care, asserting that both play important roles in psychological and physical well-being of long-term care patients. The authors consider the need for competent and compassionate medicine and discuss the methods for improving both its coordination of care and its effectiveness. The book redefines the meaning of safety and protection in long-term care, and how this goal can be accomplished without sacrificing quality of living. As the new millenium and the aging of baby boomers approaches, more creative approaches to providing better long-term care are required. This volume outlines a useful framework for the provision ofeffective and humane community-based programs that are both feasible and affordable. It will be an invaluable guide for geriatricians, public health professionals, family physicians, nurses and others who care for elderly patients.
Spectrum of Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many Americans, long-term care is synonymous with the nursing home—so much so that some commentators use long-term care to mean nursing home. This usage causes great confusion, such as when some writers contrast long-term care with home care, whereas others (including us) perceive home care as a form of long-term care. Indeed, the spectrum of long-term care features a large array of services and programs, which are discussed in this chapter. The chapter also touches on financing because long-term care programs cannot be discussed intelligibly apart from the funding programs that created them, gave them shape, and, through eligibility criteria, defined their clientele.
Obstacles to Balanced State Long-Term Systems
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, long-term care policy is largely forged at the state level of government, albeit with substantial federal money and some federal oversight. And state long-term care systems, in our view, require fundamental redirection. This chapter explores why fundamental change in state long-term care systems is so difficult to achieve.
International Perspectives on Long-Term Care
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aging is a global affair. Virtually every country faces, or will soon face, societal needs to respond to the aging and disability of its population. Even developing countries face serious questions about how to care for their rapidly aging populations. In regard to aging in the developing world, 1980 can be seen as a demographic watershed. In that year the number of older people in developing countries outnumbered those in the so-called developed world. Although most developing countries have a smaller percentage of older people than developed nations (through a combination of higher birth rates and earlier death rates), the absolute numbers of older persons in these often populous areas demand attention. Developing nations simply cannot afford the patterns of long-term care that have been established by their wealthier counterparts. One hopes they can learn from the experience of those that have already passed through this demographic revolution and avoid some of the mistakes that predecessors have made. In countries where total expenditures on health care amount to only a small fraction of what is spent in affluent nations, the approach to long-term care cannot rely on expensive institutions. Natural community systems must form the bulwark of the approach to providing longterm care.
Conclusions: The Heart of the Matter
Authors: Kane Rosalie A , Kane Robert L , Ladd Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of long-term care are people living their lives with disabilities, people needing help with everyday matters. Long-term care, therefore, is inescapably intertwined with everyday life. The disabilities we describe as requiring long-term care may get better in time, but they will probably get worse. In any case, life will go on for the people needing the care, their family members, and other significant people in their lives. A good long-term care program will have the capacity to help people achieve their maximum functional capabilities, and it will be able to suggest ways to provide care that helps avoid future problems. The challenge is to manage this care without presuming to manage lives. Moving to a residential care facility or nursing home is a life decision that should not be casually ‘ ‘prescribed’ ‘ to meet efficiency goals of a health care system. It should not be spoken of as a “placement.” People who need care will make decisions with their care needs in mind, but their lives should not be held hostage to their need for care.
Human Behavioral Ecology
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss how dynamic state variable models can be applied to understand problems of human behavioral ecology. Currently some controversy exists about whether any kind of “evolutionary” argument may apply to humans, because our ecological situation is now so different from that in which we evolved (Borgerhoff Mulder and Judge 1993; Crawford 1993; Emlen 1995; Mace 1995, 1996). We avoid this controversy by focusing on two systems in which the assumptions that underlie the use of dynamic state variable models are likely to be justified.
Stochasticity, Uncertainty, and Information as a State Variable
Authors: Clark Colin W , Mangel Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, we have assumed that the world is stochastic: various events such as finding food or avoiding predators are characterized by probabilities or probability distributions. There is little that can be done to control stochastic events since they are probabilistic by their nature. However, the world may also be uncertain: the parameters that characterize the probability of finding food or avoiding predation may themselves have probability distributions that characterize imperfect knowledge, rather than uncertain events. Learning may reduce the uncertainty that results from imperfect knowledge, as in the model of functional response discussed in chapter 9.
The Four Cs
Authors: Karp David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All human beings are theorists. We may not think of ourselves that way since we normally take our implicit theories largely for granted. Still, it would be impossible to live without practical theories about all sorts of things.1 Parents, for example, cannot raise their children without some guiding principles about what constitutes humanness, how babies are made socially human, what they need in order to thrive, and certainly their own role in shaping their children’s lives. Of course, there is no shortage of childrearing theories. People disagree about everything from the role of spanking in creating moral persons to the importance of reading stories aloud in order to develop a child’s intelligence. Similarly, there are fundamental disagreements and competing theories about why people commit crimes and what to do about it, why people are on welfare and how governments ought to deal with them, just how men and women are different from each other and how that influences their relationships, and so on.
Mill’s Pig: An Introduction
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Is it better to be Socrates dissatisfied, or a pig satisfied?” John Stuart Mill’s advice on answering his question was: don’t ask the pig.1 He has a point. It is not that pigs should be assumed to be more biased, or less intelligent, or even less experienced (if one is measuring “amount” of experience by length of life, or by events per day, or the like). The point is that the pig’s range of experience is limited. One can assume that the pig has had all the usual piggy pleasures, but one must recognize that Socrates and humans in general, in addition to enjoying the piggy pleasures, have open to them a whole range of intellectual, spiritual, and ‘‘higher” pleasures. And if one is judging between types of pleasures, one ought of course to give greater weight to the person (or creature) of wider experience, the one who has experienced all the relevant types of pleasures.
What is Wrong with Incest?
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A friend wanted to have an affair with her cousin. She asked me if I could think of any reason why she should not. I could not (on just that basis) think of any. But then, are there any grounds other than affection that are admissible in limiting the choice of sexual objects (especially in those cases where affection is presumably most natural)? Are all possible relations open? Are taboos silly? Is everything (in the sphere of sexuality) permissible? If we cannot think of good reasons for existing institutions or practices, does that mean that the institutions or practices are dismissible? What is a “good reason”?
Lévi-Strauss on Shamanism
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the role of thoughts or beliefs in Western and non-Western therapies? Why should thoughts have any role? What sort of thoughts must they be? Does it matter whether they are conscious or unconscious, fantasies or memories, true or false? What is the connection between the etiology of a disorder and the importance of the meanings or analyses provided in interpretative therapies?
“Getting Behind the Demons”
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What makes room for a psychoanalytic account of a practice, especially where, as so often in anthropology, it involves setting aside or going behind (or below) alternative accounts? When are alternative explanations competing, when complementary, when merely incommensurable? This is an essay on psychoanalytic explanation in anthropology, on realism and relativism.
The Stored Tissue Issue
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a thorough, well-balanced analysis of common research practices with banked tissues, DNA, and genetic data. Describing many examples of beneficial tissue research, the authors focus on problematic research practices, controversial cases, and federal and institutional policies that limit the informed choices of patients and research participants. They offer a series of recommendations to help overcome these problems.
The Federal Regulations for Human Tissue Research: Summary and Assessment
Authors: Weir Robert F , Olick Robert S , Murray Jeffrey C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the federal policy governing research with human participants, focusing on application of the federal regulations to research with stored tissue samples, and placing the research practices described previously in the regulatory framework in which they are commonly conducted. The animating objective of the federal policy is to ensure that critical societal interests in expanding scientific knowledge and biomedical progress are bounded by ethically sound policies and practices that minimize the risks of harm for participants and value respect for per­ sons. To this end, there are two commitments at the core of the regulatory scheme: (J) respect for autonomy through an appropriate process of informed consent to participation in research; and (2) a process for review and approval of biomedical research designed to ensure adherence to informed consent requirements and to protect participants from harm in the conduct of research. Informed consent and IRB oversight are often called the “twin protections” of the federal policy.
Environmentalism for a New Millennium
Authors: Thiele Leslie Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although closely associated with the 1960s, the environmental movement has a long history in the United States. In this book, Leslie Paul Thiele describes this history, particularly environmentalism as a social movement, tracing it from its beginnings in the mid-1800s to its broad role in the culture today. With a dispassionate eye, the author presents the key stages in environmentalism’s development and the concerns which have driven it. The volume touches on issues in philosophy, political science, and sociology, and can serve as a general introduction to the field or as a textbook for courses in environmental ethics, environmental politics, or American social history.