bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early experience with the artificial nipple
Authors: Smotherman William P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present study examined the newborn pup's responsiveness to artificial nipples that differed in length and width. In a series of experiments, pups were: exposed to a long (5.0 mm), thin (1.0 mm) nipple or a short (2.0 mm), fat (2.5 mm) nipple and their immediate behavioral responses including oral grasping were recorded and quantified (Experiment 1); preexposed to one artificial nipple and then reexposed to another artificial nipple to determine how early nipple experience affected subsequent responding to the artificial nipple (Experiment 2); videotaped to characterize details of oral grasping and to develop a technique for measuring depth of nipple entry into the pup's mouth (Experiment 3a); provided early nipple experience to see how depth of nipple entry into the pup's mouth changed when pups were reexposed to another artificial nipple (Experiment 3b); and exposed to an artificial nipple to determine how early nipple experience changed the pattern of oral grasping and ingestion of milk from a surrogate nipple (Experiment 4). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 1–14, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10054
Mercaptoacetate decreases latency to initiate independent ingestion, but not suckling, in preweanling rats
Authors: Swithers Susan E. , McCurley Melissa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAltering oxidation of fatty acids by administration of mercaptoacetate (MA) or methyl palmoxirate has been demonstrated to stimulate independent ingestion in rat pups by 12 to 15 days of age. However, in other work, neither agent has been demonstrated to affect intake in the context of suckling. In the present experiments, we tested the effects of MA on both suckling and independent ingestive behavior by examining changes in latency to initiate suckling or independent ingestion and by measuring intake in short‐term (30 min) and longer term (4 hr) suckling and independent ingestion tests in pups aged 12 to 15 days of age. The results demonstrated that (a) MA does not affect suckling intake in short‐ or longer term tests; (b) MA does not affect latency to attach to a nipple, most likely due to floor effects on latency to attach in control pups; (c) MA stimulates independent ingestion in short‐term, but not longer terms tests; and (d) MA reduces the latency to initiate independent ingestion. These results suggest that administration of MA preferentially stimulates the initiation of independent ingestion over suckling, and that this response develops at an age just prior to the time at which independent ingestion is typically first expressed by rat pups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 103–111, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10056
The insulin‐mediated vascular and blood pressure responses are suppressed in CGRP‐deficient normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Salem Nahla , Dunbar Joseph C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundCalcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is extensively localized in the perivascular or periadventitia nerves throughout the body. CGRP is a potent vasodilator and its release is associated with dilation of these blood vessels. The present study investigated the contribution of the CGRP‐mediated vasodilation to the insulin‐induced vasodilatory response.MethodsMale Wistar rats were treated with capsaicin (50 mg/kg) at 1–3 days of age to ablate the CGRP‐containing neurons. After 8 weeks some animals were made diabetic using streptozotocin. Vehicle‐treated animals were used as controls. At 12–13 weeks the animals were fasted, anesthetized with chloralose/urethane and instrumented for recording of cardiovascular dynamics.ResultsBody weights and basal, insulin, glucose, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and vascular flows were not different in CGRP‐deficient rats versus controls. Insulin infusion significantly decreased the MAP in vehicle‐treated controls but this response was completely attenuated in CGRP‐deficient rats. The decreased response to insulin was associated with a diminished vascular dilatatory response in the iliac, renal, and superior mesenteric vessel beds. When insulin was infused in CGRP‐deficient diabetic animals there was also a diminished response. Diabetes resulted in an increased renal vascular flow in response to insulin.ConclusionsFrom the present studies we conclude that the insulin‐mediated vasodilation was due, in part, to the stimulation of perivascular nerves to release CGRP, and the action of CGRP on vascular smooth muscle enhanced directly or indirectly the vasodilatory response to insulin. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous regulation of muscle fibre fate during metamorphosis in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Rowe Isaline , Coen Laurent , Le Blay Karine , Le Mével Sébastien , Demeneix Barbara A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA key event in metamorphosis of anuran amphibians is tail resorption. This composite structure includes epidermal cells, spinal cord, muscle fibres and connective tissue. It is unclear how resorption proceeds and to what extent the signals for the death process are transmitted between cells. We determined the kinetics of metamorphosis, apoptosis, and tail regression in the diploid anuran, Xenopus tropicalis, a species more suited to genetic analysis than the pseudotetraploid, Xenopus laevis. Metamorphosis was found to proceed at a regular and predictable rate in X. tropicalis but not in X. laevis. Caspase 3 activity and mRNA levels were correlated with TdT‐mediated dUTP nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) signalling and most markedly increased in tail muscle and spinal cord. It has been proposed that muscles die as a result of loss of connectivity with the surrounding matrix. To test this hypothesis, we used direct DNA injection in trunk and tail muscle to overexpress Xenopus Bcl‐XL (xR11), an anti‐apoptotic gene, along with a marker gene (luciferase or GFP). xR11 significantly inhibited the cell death process in both trunk and tail muscle. This protection was functional even up to stage 64 on completion of tail regression. We conclude that (1) somatic gene transfer can be applied to analyse cell fate in X. tropicalis, and (2) that muscle death can be abrogated despite extracellular matrix loss. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does warm weather climate affect eating disorder pathology?
Authors: Sloan Denise M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine whether residing in a year‐round warm weather climate is related to eating disorder pathology.MethodCollege females from a southeastern and a northeastern region of the United States were compared on body mass index, the Bulimia Test‐Revised, the Body Shape Questionnaire, and the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire.ResultsFemales residing in the southeastern region were of significantly lower body weight, engaged in more frequent bulimic behaviors (e.g., bingeing and inappropriate compensatory behaviors), and displayed significantly greater concern regarding their body shape compared with the females residing in the northeastern region.DiscussionFindings obtained in this study indicate that residing in a warm weather climate may produce a heightened risk for development of eating disorder pathology. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 240–244, 2002.
Analysis for the suppression of coupling between two microstrip lines in microwave amplifier modules by lossy magnetic material loading
Authors: Saito Akihiko , Nishikata Atsuhiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo suppress the coupling between the input and output that causes degradation of the performance of a microwave amplifier, a method is known in which a lossy magnetic sheet is attached to the upper lid. In the present paper, in order to explain this suppression effect theoretically, the coupling between two microstrip lines in a box is formulated by using the model of coupling between the microstrip line and the fundamental mode of a three‐layered inhomogeneously filled waveguide. In order to confirm the validity of this formulation, the coupling is measured by attaching a rubber sheet containing soft‐magnetic metallic powder. The theoretical results agree well with the experimental values. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 45–52, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10024
Methods of calculating burst error due to hierarchical out‐of‐frame events
Authors: Sato Naoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a digital hierarchy with independent frame phases, when the frame synchronization is lost in some level, an out‐of‐frame event is propagated to the hierarchy and burst errors are generated. In this paper, we study methods for calculating the duration of the burst error that accompanies a hierarchical out‐of‐frame event. First, we discuss hierarchical reframing for a justification system, which is widely used as a digital hierarchy, and outline the characteristics of the parameters needed in the calculation. Next, we study two calculation methods, the detailed method and the approximate method. The detailed method accurately determines the burst error duration, and complex reframing is carefully reflected in the calculation. On the other hand, the approximate method simplifies the calculation by assuming relatively simple reframing. Finally, we demonstrate through numerical examples that the burst error durations agree relatively well between the two calculation methods. As a result, we expect to be able to apply the approximate method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 15–28, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10040
Incident angle characteristics of SAR in two‐dimensional three‐layered ellipse human model exposed to EM plane waves
Authors: Ohishi Takafumi , Haji Yuki , Tokumaru Shinobu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo date, a number of calculations have been reported on the specific absorption rate (SAR) of power into various human models. Most of them specify the positional relationship between the human body and the wave source. However, in a real electromagnetic environment, the positional relationship between the source and the human body changes depending on the situation. Therefore, various positional relationships must be studied. In this paper, the angle‐of‐incidence dependence of the average SAR and the local SAR is studied as a positional relationship. Two plane waves, TE and TM, are allowed to be incident on a two‐dimensional three‐layered ellipse human model for numerical analysis. In the calculations, it is found that the average SAR becomes the maximum for frontal incidence on the human body at varying frequencies in both TE and TM wave incidence. With regard to the maximum local SAR, the angles of incidence to attain the maximum agree at all frequencies for TE wave incidence. However, the frequencies for the maximum do not agree above 1.5 GHz for the TM wave. In terms of the SAR distribution, the angle‐of‐incidence dependence at the maximum local SAR tends to differ with the frequency for both TE and TM waves. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 1–14, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10057
A high‐throughput flow control scheme using a relay buffering function
Authors: Yotsui Shinpei , Takimoto Shuhei , Tode Hideki , Ikeda Hiromasa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAt present, window‐type flow control is mostly used in data communications in wide‐area networks. With further progress in wide‐area and high‐speed communication networks, however, an environment has emerged in which super‐high‐speed service of gigabit‐per‐second order is provided with a long transfer distance. Thus, the window size is limited by the hardware size of the prepared receiver buffer, and the effective throughput is limited. This paper considers this problem and proposes a flow control scheme in which the effective throughput is not restricted by the transfer distance. In the proposed method, the WABT scheme, which is a non‐window‐type flow control, is combined with relay buffering in the network. By applying this method, the effective throughput is not affected by the increase in the transfer distance or the effect of transmission delay in transfer stop/restart by the starting or release of the flow control mechanism. A theoretical analysis is presented in order to derive the basic characteristics of the proposed scheme, and its effectiveness is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(12): 112–120, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1146
Study of fiber management for optical board integration
Authors: Kobayashi Masaru , Asakawa Shuichiro , Hirayama Mamoru , Abe Yoshiteru , Hida Yasuhiro , Kominato Toshimi , Goh Takashi , Kawai Takeshi , Sumida Shin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWith a view to high‐density integration and high production integration of printed circuit boards for installation of optical devices (optical boards), FMOB (Fiber Management for Optical Board integration) is investigated. Fiber Physical Contact connectors to realize high‐density multi‐core fiber connection, PLC connectors to realize direct connection with PLC, and fiber wiring board are developed as element technologies. The earlier fiber integration process by fused connection is replaced with connector joining of fiber wiring components. FMOB is applied to an 8 × 16 delivery and coupling switch board for photonic transport systems. Practically sufficient optical performance, improvement of the integration density, and enhancement of work efficiency are confirmed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the FMOB. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 37–47, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10023
Influence of dispersion fluctuations on four‐wave mixing efficiency in optical fibers
Authors: Tsuji Kenichiro , Yokota Hideaki , Saruwatari Masatoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe four‐wave mixing (FWM) used in optical fibers is expected to be a simple wavelength conversion technique for ultrafast optical signals. Highly efficient generation of stable FWM light is desired. FWM efficiency depends on the zero‐dispersion wavelength of the fiber, the wavelength of the pump light, and the wavelength of the signal light, and reaches its maximum efficiency when the pump wavelength and zero‐dispersion wavelength match in degenerate FWM. However, the zero‐dispersion wavelength fluctuates in the longitudinal direction in actual optical fibers, and these changes affect the FWM generation characteristics. In this paper, we analyze FWM generation that accounts for the zero‐dispersion wavelength fluctuations in the longitudinal direction of the optical fibers and explain the theory of the dependence of the FWM efficiency on the pump wavelength. In addition, by conducting FWM generation experiments, we demonstrate the differences in the characteristics of the optical fibers and clearly show the relationship between the FWM generation characteristics and zero‐dispersion wavelength distribution. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 16–24, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10032
A circuit theoretical method to synthesize bandpass electron energy filters
Authors: Sanada Hirofumi , Asakura Kunihiko , Suzuki Masakiyo , Nagai Nobuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMultiple barrier structures working as an energy filter for electron waves are important for controlling the behavior of electron waves. Hence, many reports on this subject can be found. In the present paper, a circuit theoretical design method is presented for multiple barrier structures that act as bandpass energy filters for electron waves. Based on this development, an electron wave energy filter is designed. In comparison with periodic multiple barrier structures often used to date, the electron wave filter designed in this paper is superior in terms of its flatness in the passband and the high speed of the electron wave packet transmission. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 11–21, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10033
Automated software development based on composition of categorized reusable components—construction and sufficiency of skeletons for batch programs
Authors: Ohno Osamu , Furuhata Yukari , Komuro Hirozou , Imajo Tetsuji , Komiya Seiichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper the authors discuss approaches to the automation of software development in use during the past 20 years for trunk business systems, in particular categorized reusable components, the center of this method's technology. First an outline of the software in question, the development environments, and approaches to automation is given. With respect to the major automation methods, the structure of methods for categorized reusable components, a structural element, and the design of skeletons for batch programming are described. This approach uses (1) input and output component groups, (2) program skeleton groups, and (3) data processing groups for which detailed processes have been turned into components, all in a mutually independent fashion as categorized reusable components for the software to be generated. Then these components are adjusted and a program is generated by combining them together using tools. By making the components independent in this fashion, this approach has the capacity to create X*Y*Z structures overall even with only X, Y, and Z components each. In addition, the 24 skeletons developed during this research are demonstrated to cover 90% of large‐scale trunk systems, and the top 10 skeletons over 70%. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(6): 50–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10057
Fabrication and IF bandwidth measurements of NbN hot‐electron bolometers
Authors: Miki Shigehito , Uzawa Yoshinori , Kawakami Akira , Wang Zhen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs part of an effort to develop heterodyne rf receivers operating in the terahertz band, we have fabricated hot‐electron bolometers (HEB) using NbN thin films, and investigated their intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidths. The NbN thin films we studied were grown on single‐crystal MgO substrates by dc reactive sputtering. Our 2.8‐nm‐thick films exhibited superior superconducting properties, including transition temperatures TC of 9.7 K and 20 K resistivities ρ20 of 185 µΩ·cm. Using electron beam diffraction, high‐resolution TEM images, and other techniques to study the crystallinity of these films, we determined that the NbN grows epitaxially on the MgO substrate as single‐crystal material. The HEB elements we made consisted of a NbN microstrip, a Au electrode section, and an Al antenna section. In the course of studying the IF bandwidths of these devices in the millimeter‐wave range, we found one device with an IF bandwidth of 2.5 GHz, the highest of any device we made. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 77–83, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.1111
A study on speckle tracking method for three‐dimensional ultrasonic imaging
Authors: Ohashi Gosuke , Toyoda Toshiyuki , Ohya Akihisa , Akiyama Iwaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this research, with a view to three‐dimensional image reconstruction, a method for tracking the coordinates of the tomographic image plane is investigated by drawing attention to the shift and variation of the speckle pattern in the B‐mode image. In this method, the shift vector in the array‐range plane is estimated from the coordinates of the peak of the mutual correlation of the image acquired in the time series, and the shift along the slice direction is estimated from the decrease of the correlation coefficient. As a result, the three‐dimensional shift vector is estimated. Experiments are carried out with the data for phantoms simulating biological tissues and for breast tissue as a representative of real biological tissue. The effectiveness of the method is confirmed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 1–8, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10027
A study on an estimation of inverse transfer function using an adaptive exponential filter
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Itoh Yoshio , Okello James 
Published: October 2002

AbstractConsidering an adaptive system estimating the inverse of the transfer function (inverse transfer function) of an unknown system, a configuration is proposed in which the adaptive system is placed in front of the unknown system (pre‐inverse modeling). In general, when a transversal adaptive filter is used, the output delay signal of the unknown system is needed in the adaptive algorithm of the tap coefficient. This signal cannot be observed because an adaptive filter is inserted in the prior stage, so that a replica of the unknown system is needed. In this paper, an adaptive system that does not require this replica is considered. The inverse transfer function of the minimum‐phase section of the unknown system is estimated with an adaptive exponential filter by means of a gradient algorithm. Since the signal in the tap algorithm is the delayed output signal of the observable adaptive system, no replica is required. Convergence of the tap coefficients is rigorously studied theoretically from the point of view of monotonic increase of the gradient. Also, the minimum‐phase section of the unknown system is estimated with a transversal adaptive filter by using a gradient algorithm. A method of calculation of the inverse transfer function with this estimated value is presented. The algorithm of the two adaptive filters is a gradient algorithm that is easily realized with guaranteed convergence. Finally, numerical verification of the study results, performance evaluation of the adaptive system, and comparison with the conventional system are carried out by computer simulation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 47–55, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1127
DC voltage control and harmonic current suppression in a single‐phase PFC converter
Authors: Takeshita Takaharu , Toyoda Yasunobu , Matsui Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a DC voltage control scheme for a single‐phase PFC converter which can realize both the harmonic suppression of the input current and the fast dynamic response to the DC voltage. Instead of using a constant DC voltage reference, the controller calculates a fluctuating DC voltage reference, having the frequency at twice the source frequency. In the calculation of the DC voltage reference, the circuit parameters are used. Since the parameter errors may cause an error in the DC voltage reference, parameter identification is also described. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm has been verified experimentally. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(1): 54–64, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10060