bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antitumour potential of a polysaccharide‐rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on sarcoma 180 ascites tumour in mice
Authors: Furusawa Eiichi , Hirazumi Anne , Story Stephen , Jensen Jarakae 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAn immunomodulatory polysaccharide‐rich substance (Noni‐ppt) from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia has been found to possess both prophylactic and therapeutic potentials against the immunomodulator sensitive Sarcoma 180 tumour system. The antitumour activity of Noni‐ppt produced a cure rate of 25%–45% in allogeneic mice and its activity was completely abolished by the concomitant administration of speciﬁc inhibitors of macrophages (2‐chloroadenosine), T cells (cyclosporine) or natural killer (NK) cells (anti‐asialo GM1 antibody). Noni‐ppt showed synergistic or additive beneﬁcial effects when combined with a broad spectrum of chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, adriamycin, mitomycin‐C, bleomycin, etoposide, 5‐ﬂuorouracil, vincristine or camptothecin. It was not beneﬁcial when combined with paclitaxel, cytosine arabinoside, or immunosuppressive anticancer drugs such as cyclophosphamide, methotrexate or 6‐thioguanine. Noni‐ppt also demonstrated beneﬁcial effects when combined with the Th1 cytokine, interferon gamma, but its activity was abolished when combined with Th2 cytokines, interleukin‐4 or interleukin‐10, thereby suggesting that Noni‐ppt induces a Th1 dominant immune status in vivo. The combination of Noni‐ppt with imexon, a synthetic immunomodulator, also demonstrated beneﬁcial effects, but not when combined with the MVE‐2 copolymer, a high molecular weight immunomodulator. It was also not effective when combined with interleukin‐2 or interleukin‐12. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opioid‐mediated modulation of calcium currents in striatal and pallidal neurons following reserpine treatment: Focus on kappa response
Authors: Spadoni Francesca , Martella Giuseppina , Martorana Alessandro , Lavaroni Franco , D'Angelo Vincenza , Bernardi Giorgio , Stefani Alessandro 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrevious work has shown that enkephalins target N‐type calcium (Ca2+) channels in striatal and globus pallidus (GP) neurons, principally through activation of μ‐like receptors. Here, we examined the effects of selective μ, δ, and κ agonists on Ca2+ currents in striatal and GP neurons isolated from either control or reserpine‐treated rats. In cells from control rats DAMGO and dynorphin (DYN) inhibited high‐voltage‐activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents preferentially in “medium‐to‐small” GP cells (likely to correspond to parvalbumin‐negative cells). The κ response was elicited by several agonists (DYN 17, DYN 13, BRL, U50‐488‐H), U50‐488‐H being the most effective (>30% maximal inhibition). U50‐488‐H affected both ω‐CgTxGVIA‐sensitive and nimodipine‐sensitive Ca2+ conductances. The κ‐mediated effect (but not the μ response) was slow and blocked by chelerythrine, supporting the involvement of protein kinase C. In neurons from reserpinized rats we observed modest changes in the μ‐inhibited fraction in small GP cells and a dramatic reduction of the κ‐sensitive fraction in principal striatal cells. These data imply that aminergic depletion alters opiate transmission differentially in the indirect and direct pathways. The suppression of the κ response only in striatum reinforces the notion of an imbalance of endogenous opiates as relevant in extrapyramidal motor dysfunctions. Synapse 51:194–205, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplantation and restoration of functional synapses between an identified neuron and its targets in the intact brain of Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Lee Thomas K.M. , Syed Naweed I. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMost information available to date regarding the cellular and synaptic mechanisms of target cell selection and specific synapse formation has primarily come from in vitro cell culture studies. Whether fundamental mechanisms of synapse formation revealed through in vitro studies are similar to those occurring in vivo has not yet been determined. Taking advantage of the regenerative capabilities of adult molluscan neurons, we demonstrate that when transplanted into the host ganglia an identified neuron reestablishes its synaptic connections with appropriate targets in vivo. This synaptogenesis, however, was possible only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. Specifically, the giant dopamine neuron right pedal dorsal 1 (RPeD1) located in the pedal ganglia was isolated from a donor brain and transplanted into the visceral ganglia of the recipient brain. We discovered that within 2–4 days the transplanted RPeD1 exhibited extensive regeneration. However, simultaneous intracellular recordings failed to reveal synapses between the transplanted cell and its targets in the visceral ganglia, despite physical overlap between the neurites. To test whether the failure of a transplanted cell to innervate its target was due to the fact that the targets continued to receive input from the native RPeD1, the latter soma was surgically removed prior to the transplantation of RPeD1. Even after the removal of host soma, the transplanted RPeD1 failed to innervate the targets such as visceral dorsal 4 (VD4)—despite extensive regeneration by the transplanted cell. However, when RPeD1 axon was allowed to degenerate completely, the transplanted RPeD1 successfully innervated all of its targets and these synapses were similar to those seen between host RPeD1 and its targets. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transplanted cells will innervate their potential targets only if the targets were denervated from the host cell. These data also lend support to the idea that, irrespective of their physical location in the brain, the displaced neurons are able to regenerate, recognize their targets, and establish specific synapses in the nervous system. Synapse 51:186–193, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal characterisation of amphetamine‐induced dopamine release assessed with [11C]raclopride in anaesthetised rodents
Authors: Houston Gavin C. , Hume Susan P. , Hirani Ella , Goggi Julian L. , Grasby Paul M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCompetition between endogenous neurotransmitters and radiolabelled tracers, as measured by positron emission tomography (PET), may provide a measure of endogenous neurotransmitter flux in vivo. For example, carbon‐11 labelled raclopride has been effectively used to monitor dopamine release following pharmacological and behavioural manipulations. The current study describes a rodent model of amphetamine‐induced [11C]raclopride reduction, which allowed the characterisation of the dose–response and temporal dynamics of this reduction over a 24‐h time course. Over the range studied, a monotonic dose–response relationship between amphetamine dose and [11C]raclopride reduction was observed. When compared with previously published microdialysis data, an approximate 16% reduction in [11C]raclopride binding potential was associated with a ∼25‐fold increase in extracellular dopamine. A reduction of 20–30% in raclopride binding was observed 30 min after amphetamine injection (4 mg/kg IP). This reduction in [11C]raclopride binding persisted for 4 h but returned to baseline by 8 h. The data suggest a persistent amphetamine‐induced raclopride displacement in rodents and reinforce findings from nonhuman primates that a simple competitive occupancy model may not adequately explain the temporal characteristics of the amphetamine‐induced decrease in radiotracer binding. Synapse 51:206–212, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intensification of cataleptic response in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced neurodegeneration of substantia nigra is not dependent on the degree of dopamine depletion
Authors: Srinivasan J. , Schmidt Werner J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAn intensification of catalepsy has been observed upon repeated testing in rats with permanent neurodegeneration of substantia nigra. Here, the question is addressed whether the rate of development of intensification of catalepsy upon repeated testing in the same context is dependent on dopamine level in the basal ganglia. Rats were lesioned with 2 μg or 6 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine in the median forebrain bundle to produce dopamine depletion in substantia nigra in two different proportions. Both groups were exposed to catalepsy tests for 7 successive days in the same context, and the context was changed on day 8. On day 9 the catalepsy test was repeated with the old context. After the completion of the behavioral experiments, various regions of basal ganglia were analyzed for dopamine and its metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3‐methyl tyronine, and homovanillic acid. Lesions with 6 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine produced strong dopamine depletion (78%) and akinetic response in the catalepsy test on day 1. Repeated exposure of this group to the catalepsy tests in the same context produced intensification of cataleptic response. Changing the context on day 8 reduced catalepsy. Performing the experiments again with the old context on day 9 produced an intensified response. Lesions with 2 μg of 6‐hydroxydopamine produced partial dopamine depletion (46%) without any motor disturbances. However, repeated exposure and context changes produced a similar pattern of catalepsy as in the 6 μg lesioned animals. These results indicate that the rate of building up of intensification of catalepsy is not dependent on the degree of dopamine depletion. It signifies the importance of context in the expression and augmentation of parkinsonian symptoms during the course of the disease to subjects with subthreshold dopaminergic neurodegeneration that could not produce motor disturbances alone. Prevention of context‐dependent intensification of catalepsy could be beneficial in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Synapse 51:213–218, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical anatomy of the human paraventricular thalamic nucleus
Authors: Uroz Victoria , Prensa Lucía , Giménez‐Amaya José Manuel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe paraventricular thalamic nucleus (Pa) lies in the most medial aspect of the thalamus and is considered one of the midline thalamic nuclei. In the present study, we carried out histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures in the Pa of normal individuals to visualize the pattern of distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), calbindin D‐28k (CB), parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), limbic system‐associated membrane protein (LAMP), substance P (SP), and enkephalin (ENK). Other cytoarchitectural and myeloarchitectural techniques, such as Nissl and Gallyas, were also employed to delineate the boundaries of the Pa. The main findings of this study are: 1) AChE staining in the Pa was heterogeneously distributed along its anteroposterior and mediolateral axes; 2) the Pa harbored numerous CB‐ and CR‐immunoreactive (ir) cells and neuropil, but this nucleus was largely devoid of PV; 3) the Pa was highly enriched in LAMP and this protein appeared uniformly distributed through its whole extent; and, 4) the SP and ENK immunoreactivities in the Pa revealed numerous highly varicose fibers scattered throughout this nucleus, but no stained cells. This morphological study demonstrates that the Pa is a heterogeneous chemical structure in humans. The functional significance of these results is discussed in the light of similar data gathered in several mammalian species. Synapse 51:173–185, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amyloid β‐protein fragment 31–35 suppresses delayed rectifying potassium channels in membrane patches excised from hippocampal neurons in rats
Authors: Qi Jin‐Shun , Ye Lan , Qiao Jian‐Tian 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTo clarify the early initial mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity of amyloid β‐protein (AβP) and the shorter essential active sequence in native AβP molecules, the effects of AβP31–35 and AβP25–35 on delayed rectifier K+ current (Ik) were investigated in the inside‐out membrane patches excised from hippocampal neurons of rats. The results showed that: 1) After application of AβP31–35 (5 μM) to the inside of patches, the average open frequency and open probability of Ik channels reversibly decreased by 70.45 ± 35.75% and 86.9 ± 11.13%, respectively; the mean open time decreased by 47.1 ± 38.8%, while the mean current amplitude of Ik channels was not significantly affected. 2) Application of AβP25–35 at the same concentration showed similar effects as did the AβP31–35 application. It has generally been accepted that AβP25–35 acts as a full‐length AβP molecule does, so our findings suggest that the neurotoxicity of AβP may be initiated by the functional suppression of Ik channels and the sequence of 31–35 might be the shorter active sequence in AβP responsible for its neurotoxicity. Synapse 51:165–172, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Doing business in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Rice Gillian 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest market in the Arabian Gulf region and, despite current political and economic uncertainties, offers
investors and exporters many opportunities in a wide variety of business sectors. Key factors driving economic policy include the desire to reduce
the dependence on oil, and the need to provide jobs, housing, and services to citizens in a time of rapid population growth. The foreign investment
law of 2000 significantly changed the rules for foreign investors, permitting 100% ownership of projects. There is a streamlined foreign
investment application process with various investment incentives. Important policies are privatization, economic diversification (such as the
development of a tourism sector), and the education and training of Saudi workers. Although lifestyle in the kingdom is ultramodern and
high‐tech, Saudi Arabia is an extremely conservative country and many of its citizens desire to preserve their religious values and ancient
traditions. The Saudi culture is influenced by two dimensions: Islam and the Bedouin tradition. Foreign executives doing business in Saudi Arabia
must be prepared to conduct thorough preliminary research, visit the kingdom regularly, show genuine concern for Saudi development goals and culture,
be patient in business negotiations, and adapt carefully to the Saudi environment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Platelet rich plasma and fresh frozen bone allograft as enhancement of implant fixation an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Jensen T. B. , Rahbek O , Overgaard S. , Søballe K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPlatelet rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous source of growth factors. By application of PRP around cementless implants alone or in combination with bone allograft chips, early implant fixation and gap healing could be improved.We inserted two porous HA coated titanium implants extraarticularly in each proximal humerus of eight dogs. Each implant was surrounded by a 2.5 mm gap. Four treatments were block randomized to the four gaps in each dog: Treatment 1: empty gap, treatment 2: PRP, treatment 3: fresh frozen bone allograft, treatment 4: fresh frozen bone allograft + PRP.PRP was prepared from each dog prior to operation by isolating the buffycoat from centrifuged blood samples. Platelet count in PRP was increased 670% compared to baseline level. Calcium/thrombin was added to degranulate platelets and form a gel.Three weeks after surgery, push‐out test and histomorphometri was performed.After three weeks, the non‐allografted implants had poor mechanical properties. Bone grafting significantly increased implant fixation, bone formation in the gap and bone growth on the implant surface. We found no significant effect of PRP alone or mixed with bone allograft on implant fixation or bone formation.In conclusion, we showed the importance of bone allografting on early implant fixation and bone incorporation but we found no effect of PRP. More studies are needed to investigate the effect and possible clinical applications of platelet concentrates which are now being commercialised. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The Justification of Wisdom (Matt 11.19b/Luke 7.35)
Authors: GATHERCOLE SIMON 
Published: December 2003

This article challenges the conventional translation and interpretation of the perplexing aphorism in Matt 11.19/Luke 7.35. Linguistic evidence in particular indicates that the phrase should not be interpreted as defiant (‘but Wisdom is justified by her deeds/children’). The initial και should be read as a simple connective rather than an adversative. The εδικαιωθη … απο refers to the separation or dissociation of Wisdom from the ministries of John and Jesus according to this generation. Jesus' statement is a bitter complaint, then, of the lack of response by his contemporaries to the message of the kingdom. Matthew's version should be rendered: ‘And Wisdom has been absolved of her deeds.’ Luke 7.35, similarly, can be translated: ‘And Wisdom has been dissociated from her children.’και εδικαιωθη η σοϕια απο των εργων αυτης. (Matt 11.19b)και εδικαιωθη η σοϕια απο παντων των τεκνων αυτης. (Luke 7.35)
Effects of age, density and sex ratio on reproductive effort in male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Mysterud Atle , Holand Øystein , Røed Knut H. , Gjøstein Hallvard , Kumpula Jouko , Nieminen Mauri 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn sexually dimorphic ungulates, male reproductive success depends on fighting with other males for access to females during a brief rutting season. Large body size is necessary for success in intrasexual competition, and a few large‐sized males are often able to monopolize access to female groups. Earlier studies have reported that reproductive effort increases with age until prime‐age is reached, and one study that population density lowered effort in (older) males. No study has directly assessed whether there is within‐age‐class variation in effort resulting from varying levels of intra‐male competition. It is reported here the weight loss during the rutting season of 54 individual male reindeer Rangifer tarandus coming from eight herds with varying density (3.3–6.0 deer/km2) and sex ratio (4–28% males). In agreement with earlier studies, reproductive effort was lower for young (1‐ to 2‐year‐old) than for prime‐aged (3‐ to 5‐year‐old) males both on an absolute and relative scale. Among 1‐year‐old males (n=33), effort was lower as sex ratio became closer to even, but density during the rutting season had no effect. This suggests that yearling males take a more active role when prime‐aged males are absent. In addition to the insight into male ungulate life history, understanding male rutting behaviour may also have implications for population dynamics.
The breeding biology of palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus): a case of a slow life history
Authors: Murphy Stephen , Legge Sarah , Heinsohn Robert 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe breeding of palm cockatoos Probosciger aterrimus was studied for 3 years from July 1999 to February 2002 in and around Iron Range National Park, Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Palm cockatoos were weakly seasonal breeders, with the peak of egg‐laying occurring in September; 41 breeding attempts were monitored at 28 nesting hollows. Nearly all (27/28) nests were in tropical savanna woodland and an average distance of 320 m to rainforest. Males defended about four nest sites, only a subset of which were used for breeding. The typical active nest tree was in a near‐vertical hollow with an opening that faced skywards; 62.1% of active nests were in living trees and the most common species of nest tree was Eucalyptus tetrodonta (48.3%). DNA fingerprinting revealed that some pairs reused the same nest hollow even when breeding attempts were separated by 1 or more years of no breeding activity, but that changes in hollow ownership also occurred. Nest usurpation, male territorial displays at the nest and evidence of interference competition by conspecifics suggest strong competition for nest sites, which is probably driven by variation in hollow quality and high investment in the nesting platform. Of active nests, 81% failed to produce a fledgling, thereby ranking the breeding success of palm cockatoos among the lowest reported for any species of parrot. They also invariably laid a single egg and seemed to breed infrequently, and thus they use an extremely slow life‐history strategy. We suggest that this slow life history makes palm cockatoos on Cape York Peninsula sensitive to environmental perturbations, with fire being the most probable threatening process.
Incubation temperature affects hatchling growth but not sexual phenotype in the Chinese soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis (Trionychidae)
Authors: Ji Xiang , Chen Fang , Du Wei‐Guo , Chen Hui‐Li 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEggs of Pelodiscus sinensis were incubated under one fluctuating and four constant temperatures, and hatchlings from different incubation temperatures were maintained under identical conditions to assess the effects of incubation temperature on sexual phenotype and hatchling growth. The incubation length decreased as temperature increased, but it did not differ between sexes within each temperature treatment. Hatching success was higher at intermediate temperatures (28 °C, 30 °C and the fluctuating temperature regime) than at low (24 °C) and high (34 °C) temperatures. The sex ratio of hatchlings did not differ from equality within each temperature treatment. Thus, our data support previous work that P. sinensis does not have temperature‐dependent sex determination, and add evidence for the prediction that turtles within the Trionychidae have genotypic sex determination exclusively. Incubation temperature affected hatchling mass, with hatchlings from intermediate incubation temperatures being heavier than those from low (24 °C) and high (34 °C) incubation temperatures. Hatching size was not a predictor of post‐hatching growth. Incubation temperature affected hatchling growth, with hatchlings from 24 °C overall growing faster than did hatchlings from higher incubation temperatures. The influence of incubation temperature on hatchling growth was well buffered within the range of constant temperatures from 28 °C to 34 °C. Fluctuating incubation temperatures augmented male growth but reduced female growth, as female embryos were more vulnerable to extremely high temperatures.
Tail growth in Chamaeleo dilepis (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae): functional implications of segmental patterns
Authors: Bergmann Philip J. , Lessard Sarah , Russell Anthony P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPatterns of growth of caudal vertebrae in the chameleon Chamaeleo dilepis were determined using principal component analysis, and compared to growth of the entire tail relative to snout–vent length. Despite significant positive allometry of the whole tail, growth rates of vertebrae differed along the length of the tail. Specifically, there was a proximal region that grew positively allometrically, and an extensive distal portion that grew with negative allometry. Intervening, was a short transitional region of approximate isometry. Positive allometry of the entire tail resulted from the extensive proximal region that grew in this manner. Although the region of positive allometry extended further caudad than the m. caudofemoralis longus, m. retractor penis magnus, and m. ischiocaudalis, its extent correlated more closely with the presence of neural spines (which are used as a proxy for the extent of the m. transversospinalis) and with tail coiling in this species. The positively allometric region housed the non‐segmental musculature of the tail and did not bend, and the negatively allometric region identified the portion of the tail that was prehensile.