bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osiris, Hathor, the Gendered Dead
Authors: Riggs Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One type of identity which was quite clearly expressed in funerary art was the sex of the deceased, based on the binary pairing of male and female. By the start of the Roman Period, the custom of describing and depicting women in a different way from men in a mortuary context had been more or less fixed for at least two thousand years. This desire to preserve the gender identity of the dead stemmed from Egyptian ideas about rebirth and renewal but also re?ected the social construction of distinct roles for men and women.
Conclusions
Authors: Riggs Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study has tried to imagine the funerary art of Roman Egypt in the eyes of the people for whom it was made, in order to understand how and why so many works of art combined Greek forms of self-presentation with Egyptian modes of representation. Impossible though it is to replicate the experience of the ancient past, it is nonetheless possible, and desirable, to approach a work of art with reference to the time, place, and manner of its creation.
Unitarianism: Priestley to Gaskell
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of the eighteenth century, the Unitarian minister Richard Price expressed his fear that ‘the most valuable part of the dissenting interest is likely to be ground to death between enthusiasm on the one hand, and luxury and fashion on the other’. As the last chapter suggested, enthusiasts threatened to render religion nothing more than a mystical experience of heightened emotion; while the late Presbyterians seemed preoccupied with only a ‘tasteful’ faith sanitized as it was for a chic, urban, and bourgeois middle class. In stark opposition to the modest Methodist or Anglican clergyman, rational Dissenters were concerned with luxury, legitimizing the accumulation of capital and the enjoyment of what this could buy. Even their chapels were elegant and comfortable, and dancing, cards, the theatre, and literature were all considered acceptable, the congregation literate, intellectual, opulent, and socially prosperous.
Mortality and Immortality
Authors: Currie Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will consider the Iliad and Odyssey separately, rather than speaking of both as ‘Homer’; the Iliad provides an instructively starker contrast with Pindar than the Odyssey. In the Iliad, it is insisted that mortals remain mortal, and immortals immortal (12.326—7, 21.106—10). We learn that Sarpedon might have been spared from death (16.4357, 443), and that Ares ‘might have died’ (5.388); but such possibilities remain just that in the Iliad.
Nemean 7 Boy Pentathlete and Delphian Hero
Authors: Currie Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nemean 7 is one of the most controversial of Pindar’s odes. It celebrates the Nemean victory of the Aeginetan Sogenes in the boys’ pentathlon. Its date is unknown: the text gives no indications and the date assigned by the scholia is incurably corrupt.
Introduction: Context Of The Treatise
Authors: Wilberding James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our concern here is with Plotinus’ treatise On the Universe (Ennead II.1) in which he argues for the everlastingness of the universe, the heavens and the heavenly bodies. In his Life of Plotinus (VP), Porphyry furnishes an account of the originative sequence of Plotinus’ writings according to which our treatise is the fortieth. He also divided them into three groups according to three stages of his own association with Plotinus. The first group of 21 treatises had already been written down prior to Porphyry’s arrival in Rome, and is characterized by Porphyry as being ‘of a lesser capacity, not yet attaining to the dimensions of his full vigour’.
Stoic Cosmological Theory
Authors: Wilberding James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The layout of the Stoic cosmos is similar to that of Plato and Aristotle. There is only one cosmos, and it is spherical, consisting of concentric layers of elemental ensembles, beginning with earth, then water and air, and finally fire. Apart from this, however, it is the disagreements between Stoic cosmology and its Platonic and Aristotelian predecessors that are most striking.
Theoria and Theatre at Samothrace: The Dardanos by Dymas of Iasos*
Authors: Rutherfordv Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 200 BC, the island state of Samothrace, at this time a popular sanctuary for cities in the North and East Aegean, passed two decrees in honour of a certain Dymas, son of Antipatros, a poet of tragedies whose home was Iasos in Karia. In the first decree, passed when Sosiphanes was basileus (‘king’ or chief magistrate), Dymas is granted a golden crown, and citizenship of Samothrace.
Material Reading
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To write, you need first to read; ‘writing is an offshoot of reading’, says Anita Brookner. Or writing can be thought of as conversation with people who are absent: when your turn to speak comes, it helps to remind yourself of what they have said. Besides, ‘it’s always easier to draw from the storehouse of memory than to think up something original’ (Montaigne). To have ideas and words in memory, however, you must at some time have read or heard them.
Drafts
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amateurs try to write in one go; professionals draft and draft again. Great exceptions come to mind, of course, like Joseph Conrad. Besides, pursuing a steady progress through drafts won’t always exempt you from having to wrestle with the material. But in ordinary writing it should free you from being immobilized: being stuck in front of an empty screen or page. After all, you are not Conrad.
Arguments
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to begin simply by asserting what you want to argue. But what then? Many continue with bald assertion after bald assertion; which is unlikely to convince people, unless they agree with you already. The first thing to do in support of your assertion is to restate it in different words. Refreshing its verbal expression gives readers a chance to take up your meaning more exactly, from words that follow a different route or that may be more familiar to them.
Punctuation
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Punctuation should not be thought of as surface decoration applied to the final draft. On the contrary it is a vital element of construction, clarifying the sense and displaying grammatical structure. It can signal parts of a sentence, announce the tone (interrogative, exclamatory), and show where the chain of discourse is leading. To omit punctuation, to insert it carelessly, to use commas monotonously: all these imply indifference to the reader.
Originality
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do you find what to say? Obviously by reading and thinking and note-taking. But the doubt may arise whether ideas from books are truly your own ideas. Someone is sure to ask nervously ‘Shouldn’t I be writing original ideas?’ Well, very few if any of our ideas and words can be called our own. We came into the world without them, and have unconsciously taken them over from forgotten sources: parents, teachers, role models, books, and the Internet.
Readers
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing comes more easily if the piece is for a group you know, perhaps even belong to; who will be receptive, you hope—or, at worst, who are likely to object in ways you can anticipate and prepare for. When you don’t know your audience it is harder to imagine them. This difficult stretch of the imagination is best left until you have finished a few drafts. Until then, forget about readers: the attempt to realize them can be daunting, if not inhibiting.
Words
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In your earliest drafts you may not have thought much about words—using shorthand instead, abbreviations, symbols, and other temporary stand-ins. Those drafts were private, unintelligible to anyone but yourself. Now you can write a draft using actual words, to work out your thinking in detail and body it into language. This draft is still private, so you are free to use any words you like.
Metaphors
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphors describe one thing in terms of another. To write a sentence free from metaphor of any kind would be almost impossible: it underlies every idiom. These answers fall into two groups does not mean the answers literally take a tumble. The most prosaic utterances are likely to abound in figures of this vestigial sort: She soon changed her tune when I won the lottery. His manager warned him not to rock the boat.
Revising
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people who don’t write well have simply not revised enough. Students, for example: many students could improve their grades by revising their essays yet have a great reluctance to do so. This may be due to an impatient desire to finish with the task and move on. Or it may come from a sense of failure—the piece is no good and they want nothing more to do with it. Such feelings should be resisted.
Correctness
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing aims to communicate, not to be correct. In any case one can never be perfectly correct in every respect, for there are many sorts of correctness, according to the readership, the kind of writing, and the variety of language. The requirements of one correctness may not be compatible with those of another. For example the demands of formal precision conflict with the requirements of informality: informal, colloquial language is fine for a private letter or email but won’t do for a learned journal.
Reference Books
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘For a desert island, one would choose a good dictionary rather than the greatest literary masterpiece imaginable’ (W. H. Auden). Many love reference books because they lead on from entry to entry in an unexpected way and arrive at marvellous serendipities. Besides, you don’t have to read them through. You can get by with very few reference books on your shelves, so long as you have easy access to a large library or to the Internet. For the latter, Jennifer Rowley’s The Electronic Library, 4th edn. (London: Facet, 2003), is indispensable.
Recapitulation
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I try to meet the needs of so many different sorts of writers—students, graduate students, mature students, beginners, and professional people—that I can’t possibly issue a single prescription for all. Yet it seems many would-be writers run into much the same difficulties. Not all of these arise from faulty education: some who know a good deal of grammar still struggle to write, and so have come to dislike writing.
Greek Athletics in the Heart of Rome
Authors: Newby Zahra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been a truism of past scholarship that the Romans had no time for Greek athletics, attacking the immorality and lewdness of the Greek gymnasium and pre- ferring the violent contests of the arena and the circus to athletics in the stadium. Plentiful quotations from Latin literature have been used to support these claims and, for the most part, scholars have been content to ignore or underplay the liter- ary, epigraphical, and visual evidence which attests to Greek athletic activities in the heart of Rome. This can be seen especially clearly in the scholarship on Roman spectacle culture, which has long been dominated instead by the study of gladiator- ial contests and chariot races. Yet the interest in Roman spectacles which is attested by these studies suggests that an examination of other types of public spectacle and performance should indeed be a welcome addition to the Weld. In this chapter I intend to study the literary and archaeological evidence for the introduction of Greek athletic festivals and training to Rome, and thus to set some of the most-cited criticisms of Greek athletics more Wrmly into their cultural con- texts. The following chapters in this section will look more closely at the visual evidence, suggesting that this shows a strong interest in contemporary athletic festivals as well as the broader cultural ideals of the Greek gymnasium, both in Rome and elsewhere around the western provinces of the empire.
Visualizing Athletics in the Roman Baths
Authors: Newby Zahra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I argued that over the course of the Wrst three centuries ad Greek athletics came to occupy an increasingly prominent place in Roman society, both through the gradual introduction of Greek festivals to Rome and through the adoption of Greek athletic training by the Romans themselves. While the literary sources are often hostile to Greek-style athletics, their very attacks also suggest its popularity. In this chapter I will examine the evidence presented by Wgural mosaics from bath complexes in Rome, Ostia, and elsewhere in the western provinces to show how they reXect the impact of Greek athletics both as a public spectacle and as a form of personal bodily training.1 In recent years a number of scholars have highlighted the important role which public bathing played within Roman culture, and have examined the development of bath complexes and their spread throughout the Roman empire.2 The public baths were a place where those at all levels of Roman society went to socialize and advertise themselves, perhaps hoping to gain an invitation to dinner or Wnd an audience for their poetry.
The Athenian Ephēbeia Performing the Past
Authors: Newby Zahra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Athenian ephEbeia in the Roman period has not received much attention, despite the fact that most of our epigraphic evidence dates to the Wrst to third cen- turies ad. So, Pelekides’ 1962 study ends with 31 bc, with only minimal discussion of the later evidence. Where the inscriptions have received attention, it has been primarily in the interests of prosopography and chronology, though Graindor also looked at ephebic festivals and the honoriWc portraits. This is perhaps due to the lack of attention paid to the Athenian ephEbeia in the literary sources of the Roman period. While the ephebes of Athens do Wnd occasional mention, particularly in Philostratus’ account of Herodes Atticus in The Lives of the Sophists, their pursuits do not appear to have excited the same literary interest as those of Sparta. How- ever, the epigraphic record suggests that the ephEbeia was indeed thriving in Roman Athens and that ephebes would have been prominent in both ephebic and civic festivals. While the literary sources are relatively quiet here, inscriptions, reliefs, and portraits present persuasive material evidence of the importance of the ephEbeia in Athenian cultural life.
Olympia and Pausanias’ Construction of Greece
Authors: Newby Zahra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters have shown the enduring importance of the ephebic institutions of Athens and Sparta in the creation of civic identities during the Roman period. It is likely that an exploration of the educational systems of other Greek cities would reveal a similar picture, though tailored to the speci Wcrepres- entational needs of individual cities. In the next two chapters, I wish to turn from athletic education to the commemoration of athletic victories won in public fest- ivals, and the importance of these in civic self-representation. Some of the themes raised above, particularly concerning the linkage between athletic and military victories, also reappear here, yet I will also show the crucial importance which agonistic festivals had as a symbol of Greek culture. First, I will focus upon the Olympic games, central to any discussion of athletics in the Roman world, just as they are to sport today. This can be clearly seen in Philostratus’ treatise on athletics, the Gymnasticus, which explicitly takes Olympia as its model: ‘in all this the cus- toms of the Eleans lie at hand, for it is necessary to describe such things from the most accurate sources’ (Gym. 2). While the previous two chapters have focused on the ways in which the values of the past were re-experienced through contempor- ary ephebic activities, I will here concentrate instead on the enduring impact that past Olympic victories continued to play in assertions of civic identity and prestige. In order to evaluate the signiWcance that the games at Olympia continued to hold in the Roman period, and especially the role of statues and monuments which commemorated Olympic victories, I propose to take as my guide the second-century travel writer Pausanias. In recent years, Pausanias’ Guide to Greece has come to be seen as a work Wrmly enmeshed in the cultural concerns of its time, the second half of the second century ad.
Conclusions
Authors: Newby Zahra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The monuments, texts, and inscriptions discussed here all serve to prove the con- tinuing vitality and relevance of Greek athletic culture within the world of the Roman empire. Yet this culture was also experienced and appropriated in diVering ways across east and west, and over the course of time. Within the city of Rome and other western cities, Greek athletics found its place largely in the realms of leisure and entertainment, spectacles and bathing, whereas in the east it continued to play a more signiWcant role in the creation and maintenance of civic and personal senses of identity. In this Wnal chapter I will brieXy expand on some of these issues, to consider how an examination of the uses of Greek athletics aVects our wider picture of Roman attitudes to Greek culture, the Greeks’ relationship with their own cultural past, and the negotiation between the two.
General Bibliographies Of And Guides To British Literature
Authors: Howard-Hill T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Van Anglen, Kevin P., ed. A tutorial bibliography of English literature. Selected by the Tutorial board, Dept. of English and American literature & language in the faculty of arts and sciences of Harvard university [4th ed.] [Cambridge, Mass., Harvard university], [1983]. (First publ. 1938; 2d ed. 194:7; 3d ed. 1982). 95p. 20cm. Baker, Nancy L. A research guide for undergraduate student5: English and American literature. 2d ed. New York, Modern language association of America, 1985. (First publ. 1982). 61p. illus. 23cm.
Bibliography And Textual Criticism
Authors: Howard-Hill T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roochvarg, Alida. The Alida Roochvarg collection of books about books; six catalogues and index. With an introduction and an envoi by Lawrence Clark Powell. New Castle, Del., Oak Knoll books, 1981. 6v.(viii,63,65,63,55,55,59,58p.). illus., facsims. 22cm. (Ltd. to 350 copies). Dawson book service, FoLKESTONE. Bibliography and other reference books. Folkestone, Kent, [1982]. 148p. 22cm. (Catalogue 21). Covertitle. r866 items. History of the book trade in the north: List of publications. [Newcastle-upon-Tyne], History of the book trade in the north, 1983. (History of the book trade in the north. Working papers, PH37). Duplicated typescript. (Not seen).
Family Resemblances
Authors: McGuinness Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The house of Wittgenstein with which we are concerned took its rise at the end of the eighteenth century in the village of Laasphe in the county of Wittgenstein not far from the castle of the princely family of that name. In some year unknown, or perhaps in no definite year, Moses Meier, the son of Meyer Moses of Laasphe and the prince’s factor, adopted the name of the county as his surname. The love of legend, the need to fit every event into a familiar category, and later, perhaps, the desire not so much for a princely ancestor as for one who was not a Jew have surrounded the assumption of this name with incident and motive.
Cambridge 1912–13
Authors: McGuinness Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wiittgekstein took up residence in his new rooms on about 12 October 1912, Pinsent helping him to move in his furniture, and began his first complete year of residence in the Cambridge in which he was already a legend. Naomi Bentwich, a pupil of Johnson’s, recalledI that he was generally supposed to live the life of a rich man, going up to London for all the good concerts and decorating his rooms in his own individual style (he was said to have painted the walls black).
Introduction
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some books we read once, but some we go back to. The literature we most value is what we revisit. For special kinds of writing, repetition can be the whole point. The intense pleasures of poetry are usually understood as coming from rereadings. Popular poetry anthologies and radio programmes enact these pleasures, reminding us of what we already knew as much as introducing us to what is yet unknown. In the ultimate example of being able to return to what we once read, we may even have poems or parts of poems by heart, in store. In rare cases, readers will have fragments
Beginning
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Novel, that most accessible, democratic of literary forms, must establish its contract with its reader. It may be helped or hindered by all sorts of extraneous influnce: cover design, encrustations of quotation from admiring reviewers, and the like. But it must also make its own way in the world. For the first half-century and more of its self-conscious existence, the Novel acknowledged its novelty as a type of writing. Samuel Richardson did this in anxious earnest, prefacing the first edition of his first novel, Pamela (1740), with a letter from an admirer declaring that the work that followed would ‘infallibly be looked upon as the hitherto much-wanted Standard or Pattern for this Kind of Writing’. In the preface to Joseph Andrews (1742),
Narrating
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How is a story told? There are two ways of thinking about this. One involves looking at a narrative from a distance to see its structure. We ask how it is arranged—in what sequence, with what divisions, and so on. This is the subject of Chapter 6. The second way of tackling the question is to ask, Who is speaking? From what viewpoint? In what voice? This is the subject of this chapter. One basic distinction is between first-person narration and third-person narration. Novelists are themselves often conscious of this as a choice to be made when they sit down to a new work. The English novel begins with the first person.
People
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing is stranger or more important in our reading of novels than the sense that we are encountering real people in them. Academic critics tend to steer away from the business of characterization, even though it is invariably the ordinary measure of a novelist’s achievement. It is as if succumbing to the illusion that a ‘character’ in a book is a person implies losing your critical faculties. Long ago, in a famous essay called ‘How Many Children Had Lady Macbeth?’, the critic L. C. Knights made it clear that the discerning reader should resist this weakness.
Genre
Authors: Mullan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Genre’ is a word for types of writing; it is also therefore a word for habits of reading. Though novelists might like to cheat expectations, they need readers to have expectations that can be cheated. Genre alerts us to the readerly expectations learned from similar books. Imaginative literature relies on readers’ knowledge of the generic conventions that it challenges or gr even if this knowledge is often hardly conscious.