bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macro and Microstructural Organization of the Dog's Caudal Mesenteric Ganglion Complex (Canis Familiaris‐Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Gagliardo K. M. , Guidi W. L. , Da Silva R. A. , Ribeiro A. A. C. M. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG) is located ventral to the abdominal aorta involving the initial portion of the caudal mesenteric artery. Its macro and microstructural organization was studied in 40 domestic dogs. From the CMG, there were three nerves: the main hypogastric, the left hypogastric and the right hypogastric. The main hypogastric nerve emits two branches: the left colonic nerve and the cranial rectal nerve. Afterwards they give rise to branches to the descending colon (colonic nerves) and rectum (rectal nerves). The cranial rectal nerve, and left and right hypogastric nerves were directed to the pelvic ganglia. The microscopic study permitted the observation of the histological organization of the CMG, which is a ganglionic complex composed of an agglomeration of ganglionic units. Each ganglionic unit is composed of three major cell types: principal ganglion neurones (PGNs), glial cells and small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, and they were separated by nerve fibres, septa of connective tissue (types 1 and 3 collagen fibres), fibroblasts and intraganglionic capillaries. Hence, the ganglionic unit is the morphological support for the microstructural organization of the CMG complex. Further, each ganglionic unit is constituted by a cellular triad (SIF cells, PGN and glial cells), which is the cytological basis for each ganglionic unit.
Myosin Heavy Chain Isoforms of the Murine Masseter Muscle During Pre‐ and Post‐natal Development
Authors: Usami A. , Abe S. , Ide Y. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryMasticatory muscles that are derived from the branchial arches express different compositions of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms during the transitional phase from suckling to mastication. To clarify the developmental changes of murine masseter muscle, the composition of MHC isoforms was examined using immunohistochemical staining and competitive reverse transcription PCR. We found that MHC1 was expressed transiently in the pre and post‐natal stages. In the compositional change of isoforms, the embryonic type MHCp was expressed consistently, whereas the adult isoforms increased with the developmental process. In particular, a significant change was observed between embryonic days 14 and 16, a stage when murine facial development is conspicuous. This suggests that the development of murine masseter muscle is closely associated with facial development.
A Detailed Subgross Morphometric Study on the Auditory Ossicles of the New Zealand Rabbit
Authors: Kurtul I. , Cevik A. , Bozkurt E. U. , Dursun N. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThis study was designed to reveal, in detail, the features of the auditory ossicles of the New Zealand rabbit, one of the most frequently used animals in scientific researches. Heads of 10 dead adult New Zealand rabbits of both sexes weighing 2.5 ± 0.2 kg were used in the study. The auditory ossicles were gently removed from their situs and observed. The auditory ossicles were three small bones: the malleus, the incus and the stapes. The lenticular bone seemed to be the lenticular process, as is in human beings. In general, macroanatomic features of the bones were similar to those reported in the literature. Findings in this study, however, differed greatly, especially in detail. There were statistically significant differences in the morphometric data of the features of the auditory ossicles between the right‐ and left‐hand sides. Data from the right‐hand side were significantly higher.
Histochemical alterations of re‐innervated rat extensor digitorum longus muscle after end‐to‐end or graft repair: a comparative histomorphological study
Authors: Lehnert M. , Steudel W. I. , Marzi I. , Mautes A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractChanges in the histochemical profile of 43 rat extensor digitorum longus muscles undergoing de‐innervation and re‐innervation were recorded. Assessment of fibre type composition and muscle fibre cross‐sectional area was performed at 15, 30, 90 and 180 days post operative (p.o.) after either primary end‐to‐end repair or autologous graft repair of the common peroneal nerve (n= 5 per time point and type of repair). The size and histochemical profile of single muscle fibres were analysed by computer‐assisted quantification on the basis of their myofibrillar ATPase (pH 4.3) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in serial, whole‐muscle cross‐sections. Accordingly, four muscle‐fibre types could be functionally identified: (1) slow oxidative (SO, type I); (2) fast‐oxidative glycolytic (FOG, type IIA); (3) fast glycolytic (FG, type IIB); and (4) succinate dehydrogenase intermediate (SDH‐INT). At 15 days following end‐to‐end repair, the SDH‐INT muscle fibre type was observed. By contrast, 15 days following graft repair, no changes in fibre type composition were observed (vs. control). At 30 days p.o. in the group that received end‐to‐end repair, type SDH‐INT reached its maximum and was significantly higher than in the group that underwent graft repair. At 90 days p.o., the amount of SDH‐INT fibres declined after end‐to‐end repair, but it was still significantly higher than in the group treated with a nerve graft. The increase of the SDH‐INT fibre type was mirrored by a proportional disappearance of FG and FOG fibres. These changes were time‐dependent, not reversible at 180 days p.o and largely blunted after nerve graft. Muscle‐fibre size decreased at 15 and 30 days after both types of nerve repair. This decrease was transient and reversible within 90 days p.o. These findings reflect the fact that the reorganization of the histochemical profile in re‐innervated muscles is both time dependent and long lasting. The degree of this reorganization is significantly higher after end‐to‐end repair than after graft repair.
Muscle satellite (stem) cell activation during local tissue injury and repair
Authors: Hill Maria , Wernig A. , Goldspink G. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn post‐mitotic tissues, damaged cells are not replaced by new cells and hence effective local tissue repair mechanisms are required. In skeletal muscle, which is a syncytium, additional nuclei are obtained from muscle satellite (stem) cells that multiply and then fuse with the damaged fibres. Although insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) had been previously implicated, it is now clear that muscle expresses at least two splice variants of the IGF‐I gene: a mechanosensitive, autocrine, growth factor (MGF) and one that is similar to the liver type (IGF‐IEa). To investigate this activation mechanism, local damage was induced by stretch combined with electrical stimulation or injection of bupivacaine in the rat anterior tibialis muscle and the time course of regeneration followed morphologically. Satellite cell activation was studied by the distribution and levels of expression of M‐cadherin (M‐cad) and related to the expression of the two forms of IGF‐I. It was found that the following local damage MGF expression preceded that of M‐cad whereas IGF‐IEa peaked later than M‐cad. The evidence suggests therefore that an initial pulse of MGF expression following damage is what activates the satellite cells and that this is followed by the later expression of IGF‐IEa to maintain protein synthesis to complete the repair.
Measurement of the linear dynamics of the descent of the bovine fetal testis
Authors: Edwards M. J. , Smith M. S. R. , Freeman B. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMeasurements were made on 86 male bovine fetuses collected from abattoirs in the vicinity of Sydney, Australia. The fetal body length was used to calculate the approximate day of gestational age (DGA); most fetuses were between 60 and 150 DGA. The distances from the caudal pole of the kidney (metanephros) to, respectively, the tip of the scrotum, the distal end of the testis and the internal ring of the inguinal canal were measured, as well as the dimensions of the testis and gubernaculum testis. Distances of (1) testis to inguinal canal, (2) inguinal canal to scrotum, (3) testis to scrotum and (4) gubernaculum to scrotum were calculated from these measurements, which were made on both left and right sides. The total length of the gubernaculum testis increased during transabdominal passage and during transinguinal passage of the testis. Furthermore, the gubernaculum appeared to maintain the testis at a relatively fixed distance from the scrotum during transabdominal passage so that the inguinal canal appeared to move towards the testis. The greatest distance between the testis and the tip of the scrotum was found during the transinguinal passage of the testis and was 2.8 cm for the left testis and 2.3 cm for the right. When located within the scrotum, each testis was still 1.6–1.7 cm from the tip of the scrotum, so the distance to be traversed was only 0.6–1.2 cm. Following passage of the testis through the inguinal canal, the gubernaculum became shorter and its distal tip was displaced toward the distal end of the scrotum. Traction by the gubernaculum could account for the final transposition of the testis from the external inguinal ring to the scrotum. Other factors involved in displacement of the testis include differential growth patterns as well as increases in the dimensions of the testis itself.
Neurotrophins and the immune system
Authors: Vega José A. , García‐Suárez Olivia , Hannestad Jonas , Pérez‐Pérez Marta , Germanà Antonino 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe neurotrophins are a family of polypeptide growth factors that are essential for the development and maintenance of the vertebrate nervous system. In recent years, data have emerged indicating that neurotrophins could have a broader role than their name might suggest. In particular, the putative role of NGF and its receptor TrkA in immune system homeostasis has become a much studied topic, whereas information on the other neurotrophins is scarce in this regard. This paper reviews what is known about the expression and possible functions of neurotrophins and their receptors in different immune tissues and cells, as well as recent data obtained from studies of transgenic mice in our laboratory. Results from studies to date support the idea that neurotrophins may regulate some immune functions. They also play an important role in the development of the thymus and in the survival of thymocytes.
Force‐ and moment‐generating capacities of muscles in the distal forelimb of the horse
Authors: Brown Nicholas A. T. , Pandy Marcus G. , Kawcak Christopher E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA detailed musculoskeletal model of the distal equine forelimb was developed to study the influence of musculoskeletal geometry (i.e. muscle paths) and muscle physiology (i.e. force–length properties) on the force‐ and moment‐generating capacities of muscles crossing the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. The distal forelimb skeleton was represented as a five degree‐of‐freedom kinematic linkage comprised of eight bones (humerus, radius and ulna combined, proximal carpus, distal carpus, metacarpus, proximal phalanx, intermediate phalanx and distal phalanx) and seven joints (elbow, radiocarpal, intercarpal, carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (pastern) and distal interphalangeal (coffin)). Bone surfaces were reconstructed from computed tomography scans obtained from the left forelimb of a Thoroughbred horse. The model was actuated by nine muscle–tendon units. Each unit was represented as a three‐element Hill‐type muscle in series with an elastic tendon. Architectural parameters specifying the force‐producing properties of each muscle–tendon unit were found by dissecting seven forelimbs from five Thoroughbred horses. Maximum isometric moments were calculated for a wide range of joint angles by fully activating the extensor and flexor muscles crossing the carpus and MCP joint. Peak isometric moments generated by the flexor muscles were an order of magnitude greater than those generated by the extensor muscles at both the carpus and the MCP joint. For each flexor muscle in the model, the shape of the maximum isometric joint moment–angle curve was dominated by the variation in muscle force. By contrast, the moment–angle curves for the muscles that extend the MCP joint were determined mainly by the variation in muscle moment arms. The suspensory and check ligaments contributed more than half of the total support moment developed about the MCP joint in the model. When combined with appropriatein vivomeasurements of joint kinematics and ground‐reaction forces, the model may be used to determine muscle–tendon and joint–reaction forces generated during gait.
The detection of mature T‐ and B‐cells during development of the lymphoid tissues of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)
Authors: Old J. M. , Deane E. M. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe distribution of T‐ and B‐cells in the developing lymphoid and immunohaematopoietic tissues of the tammar wallaby were investigated using antibodies to the mature cell surface markers, CD3, CD5 and CD79b. In the thymus, CD3‐ and CD5‐positive T‐cells were first observed at day 12 postpartum whilst rare B‐cells were first detected at day 23. Both T‐ and B‐lymphocytes were first stained on day 21 postpartum in the spleen and day 24 in lymph nodes. In one sample from a 7‐day‐old animal, rare CD79b‐positive (CD79b+) lymphocytes were observed in the gut‐associated lymphoid tissues. However, CD3+ cells were not apparent until day 12 and CD5+ cells were not detected until day 74 postpartum. No lymphocytes were detected in liver or bone marrow samples and no bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissues were observed. The pattern of development and the distribution of T‐ and B‐cells in the lymphoid and immunohaematopoietic tissues were similar to those observed in eutherian mammals and in limited studies of other metatherians. However, the detection of apparently mature T‐ and B‐cells in the thymus and gut‐associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) at the same postnatal age highlights the need for a more substantial study of the development of GALT. This is, at present, limited by availability of marsupial‐specific antibodies.
Ultrastructural distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus, with emphasis on granule cell areas
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA knowledge of neurotransmitters in the neurons of the rat cochlear nuclear complex is of importance in understanding the function of auditory circuits. Using post‐embedding ultrastructural immunogold labelling, the distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic neurons and axonal terminals has been studied in the molecular, fusiform and polymorphic layers of the rat dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). This technique is not limited by the penetration of antibodies into the nervous tissue as in pre‐embedding methods, and allows a fine neurochemical mapping of the nervous tissue. Numerous glycinergic and GABAergic axon terminals contain pleomorphic and flat synaptic vesicles, and are present in all layers (1, 2, 3) of the dorsal cochlear nucleus. Glycine and GABA‐negative large terminals (mossy fibres) are mainly seen in granule cell areas of layer 2 (fusiform layer). Mossy fibres contact the dendrites of GABA‐ and glycine‐negative granule cells and of the few unipolar brush cells (excitatory neurons). The least common cells in the granule cell areas are GABAergic and glycinergic Golgi‐stellate neurons. In unipolar brush cells, aggregations of vesicles seem to be the origin of their characteristic ringlet‐bodies. Golgi‐stellate cells send their inhibitory terminals to the dendrites of granule and unipolar brush cells, occasionally directly to mossy fibres. Small or (less frequently) large GABAergic terminals contact the soma or the main dendrite of unipolar brush cells. The circuit of a hypothetical functional unit of neurons in the DCN is proposed. The inputs from auditory tonotopic or non‐auditory non‐tonotopic mossy fibres eventually reach pyramidal cells through axons from the granule cells or unipolar brush cells. Pyramidal cells convey an excitatory signal from the DCN to higher mesencephalic nuclei for further elaboration of the acoustic signal.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a eukaryotic photosynthetic model for studies of heavy metal homeostasis and tolerance
Authors: Hanikenne M. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThe green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a useful model of a photosynthetic cell. This unicellular eukaryote has been intensively used for studies of a number of physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen assimilation, flagella motility and basal body function. Its easy‐to‐manipulate and short life cycle make this organism a powerful tool for genetic analysis. Over the past 15 yr, a dramatically increased number of molecular technologies (including nuclear and organellar transformation systems, cosmid, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries, reporter genes, RNA interference, DNA microarrays, etc.) have been applied to Chlamydomonas. Moreover, as parts of the Chlamydomonas genome project, molecular mapping, as well as whole genome and extended expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing programs, are currently underway. These developments have allowed Chlamydomonas to become an extremely valuable model for molecular approaches to heavy metal homeostasis and tolerance in photosynthetic organisms.
Thlaspi caerulescens, an attractive model species to study heavy metal hyperaccumulation in plants
Authors: Assunção Ana G. L. , Schat Henk , Aarts Mark G. M. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryStudying heavy metal hyperaccumulation is becoming more and more interesting for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional, and environmental reasons. One model species, especially in the era of high throughput genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics technologies, would be very advantageous. Although there are several hyperaccumulator species known, there is no single model species yet. The Zn, Cd and Ni hyperaccumulator species Thlaspi caerulescens has been studied to a great extent, especially for Zn and Cd hyperaccumulation and tolerance. Its physiological, morphological and genetic characteristics, and its close relationship to Arabidopsis thaliana, the general plant reference species, make it an excellent candidate to be the plant heavy metal hyperaccumulation model species.
Role of dynamics of intracellular calcium in aluminium‐toxicity syndrome
Authors: Rengel Z. , Zhang W.‐H. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThis review is concentrating on the role of aluminium (Al)‐calcium (Ca) interactions in Al toxicity syndrome in plants. Disruption of cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis has been suggested as a primary trigger of Al toxicity. Aluminium causes an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity, potentially disrupting numerous biochemical and physiological processes, including those involved in the root growth. The source of Ca2+ for the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity under Al exposure is partly extracellular (likely to be due to the Al‐resistant portion of the flux through depolarization‐activated Ca2+ channels and fluxes through Ca2+‐permeable nonselective cation channels in the plasma membrane) as well as intracellular (increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity enhances the activity of Ca2+ release channels in the tonoplast and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane). The effect on increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity of possible Al‐related inhibition of the plasma membrane and endo‐membrane Ca2+‐ATPases and Ca2+ exchangers (CaX) that sequester Ca2+ out of the cytosol is insufficiently documented at present. The relationship between Al toxicity, cytoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis and cytoplasmic pH needs to be elucidated. Technical improvements that would allow measurements of cytosolic Ca2+ activity within the short time after exposure to Al (seconds or shorter) are eagerly awaited.

Contents

I.
Introduction
296

II.
Symptoms of aluminium toxicity
296

III.
Calcium – aluminium interactions
297

IV.
The role of electrical properties of the plasma membrane in calcium–aluminium interactions
306

V.
Oxidative stress
307

VI.
Callose
308

VII.
Cytoskeleton
308

VIII.
Conclusions
309

Acknowledgements
309

References
309
How do some plants tolerate low levels of soil zinc? Mechanisms of zinc efficiency in crop plants
Authors: Hacisalihoglu Gökhan , Kochian Leon V. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryResearchers are beginning to understand how some plant genotypes can maintain reasonable growth and yields under low soil Zn, a trait termed zinc efficiency (ZE). Several studies have shown no correlation between ZE and root Zn uptake, Zn translocation to shoot, or shoot Zn accumulation. Furthermore, it has not been possible to conclusively link differences in leaf subcellular Zn compartmentation with ZE. However, biochemical Zn utilization, including the ability to maintain the activity of Zn requiring enzymes in response to Zn deficiency may be a key component of ZE. The next logical step in investigations of this trait is research on the genetic and molecular basis for ZE, in order to better understand the relationship between Zn utilization and ZE, and to identify the gene(s) controlling ZE. Progress in this research area could provide the knowledge to facilitate the engineering of Zn‐efficient plant varieties, which could help both crop production on marginal soils as well as possibly improve the micronutrient density of food crops to help address significant human nutrition problems related to micronutrient deficiency.
Ginkgo biloba extracts and cancer: a research area in its infancy
Authors: DeFeudis Francis V. , Papadopoulos Vassilios , Drieu Katy 
Published: July 2003

AbstractRecent studies conducted with various molecular, cellular and whole animal models have revealed that leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba may have anticancer (chemopreventive) properties that are related to their antioxidant, anti‐angiogenic and gene‐regulatory actions. The antioxidant and associated anti‐lipoperoxidative effects of Ginkgo extracts appear to involve both their flavonoid and terpenoid constituents. The anti‐angiogenic activity of the extracts may involve their antioxidant activity and their ability to inhibit both inducible and endothelial forms of nitric oxide synthase. With regard to gene expression, a Ginkgo extract and one of its terpenoid constituents, ginkgolide B, inhibited the proliferation of a highly aggressive human breast cancer cell line and xenografts of this cell line in nude mice. cDNA microarray analyses have shown that exposure of human breast cancer cells to a Ginkgo extract altered the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell differentiation or apoptosis, and that exposure of human bladder cancer cells to a Ginkgo extract produced an adaptive transcriptional response that augments antioxidant status and inhibits DNA damage. In humans, Ginkgo extracts inhibit the formation of radiation‐induced (chromosome‐damaging) clastogenic factors and ultraviolet light‐induced oxidative stress – effects that may also be associated with anticancer activity. Flavonoid and terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo extracts may act in a complementary manner to inhibit several carcinogenesis‐related processes, and therefore the total extracts may be required for producing optimal effects.