bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Milady’s Cigarette
Authors: Tate Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anti-cigarette movement appeared to be moribund at the end of World War I. It had lost important allies and was gaining new opposition. particularly from veterans’ groups. The movement might have sputtered out entirely {at least until 1964 and the first Surgeon Generars Report on Smoking and Health) but for two developments: the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment and the growth of the cigarette habit among women. The success of the campaign for national prohibition inspired the demoralized anti-smoking forces to new efforts: the female smoker provided a new target.
Islam 622-1300
Authors: Kilgour Frederick G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ABOUT A.D. 610 an angel appeared to the Prophet Muqammad (c. 570-632) and proclaimed him “the Messenger of God.” From that date on he had frequent revelations, and about 613 he began to preach publicly. His preaching contained implicit criticism of rich merchants, who by 615 had begun to generate the persecution, nonviolent but offensive, that would cause the Hegira-Muqammad’s secret migration in 622 (the first year of the Islamic era) to Medina, some 250 miles north of Mecca. To support themselves Muqammad and his Muslims followed the usual tribal tactic of raiding caravans to obtain booty. In one raid, in 624 at Badr, three hundred Muslims attacked a wealthy caravan guarded by a force of a thousand Meccans, achieving a victory so total that it is recorded in the Qur’an. In 630 Muqammad, leading ten thousand Muslims to Mecca, accomplished a nearly bloodless victory and began the conversion of that city into the holiest of Islamic shrines. At the end of the same year he led a month-long raid with thirty thousand men against borderland Syria to obtain booty. It was the first of a series of raids, the grandest ever, that did not end until 718, by which date Islam controlled the areas west of the Aral Sea and the Oxus River that are now Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Spain.
Fine-Scale Flow Measurements in the Benthic Boundary Layer
Authors: Khalili Arzhang , Huettel Markus , Merzkirch Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among all the hydrodynamic variables associated with the benthic boundary layer (BBL), flow velocity is the most significant. A variety of techniques are available for velocity measurement, flow visualisation, and the generation of defined boundary layer flows. Here, we focus on measurement techniques used for fine-scale investigations of the boundary layer, close to the sediment-water interface. Methods for large-scale boundary layer studies are beyond the scope of this chapter (indeed, this book); however, we briefly address acoustic sensors as an example of the latter. Methods for fine-scale velocity measurements can be divided in intrusive and non­intrusive techniques. The most common intrusive technique is thermal anemometry, which though it interferes to some extent with the flow, has distinct advantages for turbid flows and in situ measurements. Among the noninvasive methods, laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) produces the most precise single-point velocity data, while particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an indispensable technique for the quantitative analysis of velocity fields. For the study of boundary layers that penetrate into highly permeable media (e.g., sandy sediment), positron emission tomography (PET) can prove to be useful. The most important tool for the generation of defined boundary flows and detailed investigations of boundary layer and related processes are laboratory and in situ flume systems.
Performance Practices in the Schumann Lieder
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every Lied has its particular characteristics. Its re-creation calls for individual artistic imagination as each performer reacts to the composer’s intention. Yet certain practices are common to the performance of all Schumann Lieder. The first principle to be kept in mind is that the nature of music composition changes from one decade to another. Music is often inappropriately forced into historical periods of considerable length, sometimes as long as half a century or more. Designations such as Early Music, Early Baroque, Late Baroque, Classical, Romantic, Impressionist, Postromantic, Modern, and Postmodern, frequently are cited with beginning and terminating dates as though nothing changed until one style suddenly was surpassed or elevated to another level, like a boat progressing through a series of canal locks. In point of fact, the history of music is one not of static artistic strata but of flowing gradations of change. This is nowhere more apparent than in the literature of the nineteenth-century Lied.
Liederkreis (Heine), Opus 24
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert’s letters to Clara tell her that she is the inspiration for his setting of the Heine Liederkreis. Schumann explicitly mentioned to his publisher that he considered this opus to constitute a performance whole. Without doubt, the songs make greater impact in their entirety than when excerpted. Perhaps one reason for neglecting to program the whole cycle comes from publishers’ decisions to place the final Mit Myrten und Rosen, #9, in a volume apart from the rest of the opus. Because Mit Myrten und Rosen enjoys popularity, the Peters Max Friedlander edition includes it among the ausgewiihlte Lieder (selected songs) of volume 1. Little wonder that some singers, finding the first eight songs of the Heine Liederkreis in volume 2, hesitate to program the cycle, assuming it to conclude with simplistic #8, the chorale-like Anfangs wollt’ ich fast verzagen. The Sergius Kagen International Music Company edition also places Mit Myrten und Rosen among other selected songs in Volume I. The Hugo Riemann older edition, published by Steingraber of Leipzig, avoids this confusion, keeping the nine songs of the opus intact.
Myrten, Opus 25
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be an unusual experience to hear all twenty-six Myrten Lieder performed as a cycle, yet there may be a good argument for an ambitious recitalist to perform them as a unit. A sequential pass through the collection shows convincingly that, despite the random choice of poet and the wide diversity of subject matter, the composer aimed at variety among the songs with an eye to their performance as a whole. They achieve a unity because they were intended to express many facets of love, specifically that of Robert Schumann for his prospective bride.
Riickert Lieder (Zwölf Gedichte aus “Liebesfriihling”), Opus 37
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In letters to his publisher, Schumann states: ‘We have written a number of Riickert songs together;’ which he says he would like to have in print by Clara’s birthday. These are the songs of op. 37, eventually published as Zwolf Gedichte aus F Rilckert’s “Liebesfriihling,” fur Gesang und Pianoforte, von Robert und Clara Schumann. Critics repeatedly have tried to determine what might have been from the hand of Robert, what from Clara, and what from their collaboration. Lieder #2, #4, and#11aregenerally conceded to be by Clara. (Songs #7 and #12, which are duets, will be considered later.) Nancy B. Reich (p. 249) reports: Clara presented four songs to Robert on his thirty-first birthday, and they chose three for the joint publication.
Liederkreis (Eichendorff), Opus 39
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Composed in May of 1840, the Eichendorff Liederkreis was first published in Vienna in September 1842 by Tobias Haslinger Verlag. Schumann made revisions for the 1850 publication by F. Whistling Verlag of Leipzig. The cycle is remarkable for its stylistic unity. Integration comes through reliance on kindred thematic material between songs and on melodies based on familiar close-intervalled pitch nuclei and, further, by an overall adherence to closely related keys. In the 1850 version, Schumann tightened the key relationship of the cycle by replacing the original D major Der frohe Wandersmann (see op. 77, #1) with the F# minor In der Fremde. (The only extant manuscript copy of In der Fremde is in Clara Schumann’s handwriting, but there is no other substantiation for speculation that she may have written it.) In the revision, Liederkreis begins in F minor and concludes in F major; the key relationships within the cycle are significant.
Fünf Lieder (Andersen and Chamisso), Opus 40
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The five Lieder of op. 40 include four on Adelbert von Chamisso’s translations of Hans Christian Andersen poems and an anonymous poem in modem Greek, also translated by Chamisso. Miirzveilchen, #1, is an amiable song that exudes charm. It is sweet Schumann, verging on the coy and the sentimental, and fits well into a group dealing with such topics as flowers and butterflies. A miniature, Miirzveilchen illustrates Schumann’s Romantic search for musical language to capture the small things of Nature. This is a genre in which Robert Schumann excels and by which he is frequently best remembered, albeit not always to his advantage, because it fails to represent the complete Schumann.
Frauenliebe und -leben (Chamisso), Opus 42
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Female singers probably give more performances of Frauenliebe unclleben than of all other Schumann Lieder. There is an enduring appeal about the progression from bride to mother to widow, because it speaks directly to the joys and sorrows of several aspects of womanhood. Schumann omitted (for which we are grateful) the final Chamisso poem, wherein the now-grandmotherly protagonist confides the joys and sorrows of her life to her betrothed granddaughter. The suggestion that the lengthy postlude was Schumann’s way of substituting music for the ninth poem is far-fetched; the postlude is there for musical and narrative summation.
Opus 45 and Opus 57
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Musicologic criticism customarily attributes good nineteenth-century ballad writing to Carl Loewe while lamenting that Schumann did not possess sufficient dramatic capability to compose equally successful ballads. The Loewe ballads are an excellent genre deserving of more performance than they get, but many Schumann ballads compare favorably with or even surpass those by Loewe. Some of these are found in op. 45: Der Schatzgriiber, #1, Friihlingsfahrt, #2, and Abends am Strand, #3. They represent first-class ballad writing, but because they are far removed from the Dichterliebe idiom, they are falsely accused by traditionalists of displaying lack of inspiration.
Opus 119, Opus 125, and Maria Stuart Lieder, Opus 135
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Die Hiitte, composed in September 1851 together with two other poems from Gustav Pfarrius’s Waldlieder, was published as op. 119. Schumann found the precise tone for this homey poetic expression of contentment that speaks of a cottage built in the woods. In spirit as well as in musical forthrightness, Die Hiitte is related to Haydn’s (perhaps better known in its Italian translation, Happy domesticity and a love of nature are conveyed through simple harmonic means. Says Fischer-Dieskau (p. 196): “Die Hiitte ... is lively and attractive; not suffering from mannerisms such as suspensions to express languishing sentiment:’ Sams’s evaluation (p. 269) is not in agreement: “It is sad to find the virile motif ... in this reduced state:’ Further, Sams finds “inept” accentuation of the text.
Provenzalisches Lied,#4, Ballade,#7, Opus 139, And Der Contrabandiste, Opus 74,App
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The duet literature is scattered among various opuses. The Friedlander edition of the Schumann duets makes accessible under one mantle thirty-four duets. Duet opuses should be programmed in their entirety, when possible. Ideally, this is true of all the ensemble opuses, but it would be a pity to maintain a purist attitude that forbade selections being excerpted from any or all of them.
Moral Issues About Animals
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a famous public dispute between Juan Gines de Sepulveda and Bartolome de Las Casas in 1550 and 1551, questions about the lawfulness of the Spanish conquest of American Indians were formally debated. Sepulveda argued that the Indians were idolatrous, sinful, and less than fully human. Las Casas regarded the conquests as violations of natural justice, viewed the Indians as fully human, and saw love and kindness as the only legitimate forces for dealing with them. As the debate wore on, it became ever clearer that it was centrally about whether the Indians were human or subhuman and about whether Europeans could throw off all ordinary restraints of justice and humanity in their interactions with the Indians. Many believe that today’s debates about human-animal interactions are fundamentally similar: The issues are about whether the nonhuman nature of other animals is morally relevant, and if it is relevant, what humanity and justice permit us to do with animals. But even this way of framing the questions is subject to the most spirited controversy. Many people think that questions of humanity and justice have nothing to do with deciding the permissibility of our treatment of animals. The cases in this book are intended as a source of reflection on these and many other questions about human-nonhuman interactions. The cases, all recent, have emerged from areas of public policy and professional practice in the use and treatment of animals.
Patenting animals: the harvard “oncomouse”
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 12, 1988, Harvard University received the first patent ever issued for a multicellular living organism. Harvard applied for the patent after two researchers, Dr. Philip Leder and Dr. Timothy Stewart, developed the “oncomouse.” The mouse was genetically engineered to make it unusually susceptible to cancer.1 The United States Patent Office extended the patent beyond the genetically altered mice created by the Harvard scientists to cover any mammalian species in which the same genetic techniques were performed.2 To produce the oncomouse, Leder and Stewart first extracted a gene (the “oncogene”) linked to cancer in many mammals, including humans. They then inserted the oncogene into a fertilized mouse egg, using a technique called microinjection. Next, they implanted the fertilized egg into an adult female mouse made receptive to pregnancy through hormonal treatment. The female mouse gave birth to offspring with the oncogene as part of their genetic makeup. Because they possess genes from sources other than their natural parents, the oncomice are called “transgenic” animals. The oncogene becomes part of the genetic material that the transgenic animals may pass on to their own offspring.
Apes and Language: Washoe and Her Successors
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Washoe is a chimpanzee who was the first great ape-a classification that includes chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans-to be taught American Sign Language (ASL), a gestural language used by deaf people to communicate. Washoe’s history is as remarkable as the moral problems raised by that history. WASHOE’S HISTOR Washoe spent her early years in the household of R. Allen and Beatrix T. Gardner, who were part of an ape language research project sponsored by the University of Nevada. The Gardners provided Washoe with an environment and routine quite similar to that given a typical human child. Under natural conditions, chimpanzees rely on their mothers for most needs until they are between two and three years old. When she came to the Gardner house, Washoe was only a baby: “She did not have her first canines or molars, her eye-hand coordination was rudimentary, she could only crawl about, and she slept a good deal.”2 She was taught to eat and drink with human utensils, as well as to dress and use the toilet. She was given typical children’s toys, and exhibited a special affinity for dolls and.
Monkeys Without Mothers
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following approximately a six-month gestational period, a pregnant female rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) begins to show evidence of the imminent birth of her infant. If she lives in a natural environment like a forest in southeast Asia, she starts to change her usual activity patterns and may move away from the typical social pathways of her group to more secluded and quieter parts of the environment. Her group will likely be comprised of many other adult females, males, and immature animals of varying ages and temperaments. As the time of birth nears, she shows evidence of labor by hunching, squatting, leaning on vertical surfaces, and touching her vagina frequently. As the labor progresses, the placental sac ruptures and the head of the infant eventually emerges from the birth canal. The mother then reaches between her legs with both hands, carefully grasps the head of the baby with her fingertips, makes a gentle bending movement to the right or left and then firmly pulls the infant free. She immediately places the newborn on her chest.1 The rhesus monkey infant is born equipped with strong grasping, rooting, and sucking reflexes which help to secure it to the mother and help it to locate the nipples and to suckle.
Veal Crates And Human Palates
Authors: Orlans F Barbara , Beauchamp Tom L , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 February 1995, Coventry Airport in England was alive with animal welfare campaigners protesting the transport of very young calves to Europe to be reared for veal. The animal protesters were persons of all ages and backgrounds, even old-age pensioners. Some watched animal rights protester Jill Phipps try to block the path of a large transport truck by running alongside it and finally cutting in front of the truck and raising her hands. To their horror, she slipped and was crushed to death as the wheels ran over her chest and belly. Just before her death she had given an interview and said, “We will continue even if someone gets hurt. Someone will eventually be hurt.m This 31-year old mother became a martyr for her cause. Her funeral some weeks later was attended by representatives of many animal rights and animal welfare organizations. Even the movie star and animal rights campaigner Brigitte Bardot flew from France to attend the ceremony.
Determinants of Injuries
Authors: Barss Peter , Smith Gordon S , Baker Susan P , Mohan Dinesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of specific determinants for different types of injuries is an essential element of injury control. Before this analysis, priority injuries must be identified on the basis of mortality, morbidity, and cost. The most important groups of injuries are then subjected to more detailed studies of their circumstances. When the circumstances of injuries are known, it is easier to identify determinants susceptible to modification and develop appropriate interventions. The probability of an injury for an individual is affected by the following circumstances: In assessing the circumstances of different types of injuries, the above list can be used as a framework for systematic consideration of each of the major categories of determinants.
Introduction
Authors: Hiskes Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two concepts dominate the political consciousness and even the popular culture of many societies today. They are ideas sharing an association at least since the seventeenth century and arguably backward to the time of the ancient Greeks. Today their individual definitions rely, I argue, on a curious symbiosis, and both their definitions (and therefore their relationship) are currently in a state of evolution and flux. They are the concepts of democracy and risk. The following chapters explore their present interrelationship as a defining aspect of modern political and social culture.
Risk and the Redefinition of Politics
Authors: Hiskes Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three concepts in the title of this book could be juxtaposed in a variety of ways yielding widely different meanings. “The Democratic Community at Risk” darkly presages a threat to communities or to their democratic constitutions. “The Risk of Democratic Community” seems a warning about either the practices of democracy or the ties of community. “Community Assumes Risks of Democracy” trumpets a political headline of our time, in which all three elements seem laudatory, heroic, comforting. Democracy, risk, and community are essentially contested ideas of today’s political world, and the possible permutations in their juxtaposition go far in setting the parameters of contemporary political discourse. The meaning of these terms both individually and in combination is often at the heart of current political disputes between political leaders, between leaders and citizens, and between citizens themselves. From issues of war and peace to disputes about land use and “the conquest of bread,” politics today demarcates the boundaries of communities, distributes risk, and claims procedures to be democratic.
Risk, Self-Interest, and the New Technology of Rights
Authors: Hiskes Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By giving rise to the authority of ends, emergent risks and the politics they spawn have altered both the political and moral content of liberal theory. Politically, citizens who see themselves as ends in themselves, and who are confronting the dis quieting consequences or risky ends of technology’s implementation, tend, as we have seen, to seek the legalistic assurances that victory in the adversarial process of the court system can provide. In the heart of that process beats the idea of rights, and upon it is built the conception of individual autonomy that within risk politics challenges liberal authority. Risk policy as a result is most often made-if made at all-in court on the bases of judgments concerning the balancing of individual and collective rights.
Risk and Responsibility
Authors: Hiskes Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jeremy Waldron’s exploration of rights concludes that, in terms of providing a complete moral theory, no theory of rights is capable of standing on its own. Many human relationships, including those among families and between intimate friends, are easily destroyed if some or all partners become too concerned with entitlements due them from the others involved. These relationships demand something other and more-than mere respect for rights, and it is the responsibility of all involved to recognize what more is needed for a healthy relationship. Somewhat hopefully, Waldron speculates that perhaps the role of rights in such communal webs of reciprocity is to clear some space for “each individual to take upon himself the responsibility for molding and constructing a life with others and of providing the social and spiritual conditions that make that responsibility possible.”