bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theories of the gaze
Authors: Hawthorn Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
[Fred’s mother Mrs Vincy] never left Fred’s side when her husband was not in the house, and thus Rosamond was in the unusual position of being much alone. Lydgate, naturally, never thought of staying long with her, yet it seemed that the brief impersonal conversations they had together were creating that peculiar intimacy which consists in shyness. They were obliged to look at each other in speaking, and somehow the looking could not be carried through as the matter of course which it really was. Lydgate began to feel this sort of consciousness unpleasant, and one day looked down, or anywhere, like an ill-worked puppet. But this turned out badly: the next day, Rosamond looked down, and the consequence was that when their eyes met again, both were more conscious than before. There was no help for this in science, and as Lydgate did not want to flirt, there seemed to be no help for it in folly. It was therefore a relief when neighbours no longer considered the house in quarantine, and when the chances of seeing Rosamond alone were very much reduced.
Moral Sense and Virtue in Hume’s Ethics
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the face of it, Hume’s understanding of the relationship between virtue and moral sense seems clear enough. According to Hume, a virtue is a quality of mind or character trait that produces approval, and vice a quality of mind that produces blame ( T 614; cp. 473,575). This relationship between virtue and vice and our moral sentiments is described and analysed by Hume as part of his wider and more general account of the mechanism of the indirect passions. Any quality or object, Hume maintains, that is closely related to a person and that produces either pleasure or pain will give rise to an indirect passion. In the case of pride and humility the quality or object must be closely related to myself, whereas in the case of love and hate the quality or object must belong or be related to some other person. When the quality or object is pleasant we shall feel either pride or love, when it is painful I feel either humility or hate.
Manners, Morals, and Practical Wisdom
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So says Elizabeth Bennet upon her realization that the charming Mr Wickham is a cad underneath, and that Mr Darcy, for all his haughtiness and unpleasant social manners, has a fundamentally good moral character. It is not surprising that she should be so deceived; what is surprising, at least to modern readers, is that Elizabeth apparently expects manners and morals to track one another. In the world of Jane Austen’s fiction, it is not simply a happy accident that good manners and good morals are ordinarily found together; rather, a person’s manners are the outward expression of her moral character.
Rethinking Literary History: Idealism, realism, and the birth of modernism
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For anyone interested in the emergence of modernism, Ibsen’s writings are a find: an undisturbed archaeological site concealing a perfectly preserved genealogy of modernism. Ibsen’s career spans the whole of the second half of the nineteenth century. In the 1850s Ibsen wrote romantic tragedy and national romantic drama; by the 1890s he had become Europe’s most famous avant-garde playwright, hailed by the emerging modernist generation as their leader and lodestar. To trace Ibsen’s aesthetic transformations is to trace the birth of European modernism.
Pindar, Athletes, and the Early Greek Statue Habit
Authors: Smith R R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My subject is victor statues at Olympia and elsewhere in the fifth century BC, seen as an early and important part of the statue habit in antiquity. They are a good example of how statues marked special priorities, both by their numbers and by their visual styling. Naked victor statues were to the fifth century what honorific statues wearing the citizen suit of himation and chiton were to the Hellenistic period—defining components of their times. Pindar stands behind the victor statues as a key text for the whole phenomenon.
Pindar’s Poetry as Poetry: A Literary Commentary on Olympian 12
Authors: Silk Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simplest way of illuminating Pindar’s poetry ‘as poetry’ is through a close reading of a Pindaric ode. For this purpose Olympian 12 is of a convenient size (it is one of Pindar’s shortest victory odes), and one on which, conveniently, there is no satisfactory commentary. The text of the poem is not controversial, though my translation may be.
The broad conceptualization of work and health
Authors: Mustard Cameron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work-related health interventions in industrialized countries have been predominantly concerned with the regulation of materials and processes that are potentially hazardous to the health of workers. Occupational health protection efforts have produced immensely safer, cleaner, and healthier work environments [see Chapter 6 for brief descriptions of the occupational health and safety (OHS) systems in several countries]. Workers’ compensation systems in developed economies have frequently used fiscal incentives to influence firm-level practices concerning the prevention and rehabilitation of compensable occupational injuries and diseases. There is evidence that these incentive-based policies are effective instruments for influencing firm behaviour (Hyatt and Thomason 1998).
Lessons from the literature on valuing reductions in physical risk
Authors: Cookson Richard , Dorman Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economic literature on valuing reductions in physical risk (or ‘valuing safety’, for short) concerns attempts to value the prevention of injury and disease in economic evaluations. There are several general literature reviews (Viscusi 1993; Beattie et al. 1998a) and textbooks (Jones-Lee 1989; Viscusi 1992; Dorman 1996) on the topic. A more comprehensive review from which this chapter was developed is also available as a working paper (Cookson and Dorman 2008).
Study design
Authors: Gnam William , Robson Lynda , Kohstall Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers issues of study design in determining the effectiveness of occupational health and safety (OHS) interventions. We focus on how study design may affect the validity of an estimate of the net intervention effect (defined as the difference between the outcomes of the intervention and those of the alternative to which it is being compared). This discussion is directly relevant to economic evaluations since estimates of net value are derived from estimates of effects. We cover overall design issues but not other important specific aspects such as recruitment or data collection (see Chapter 7 for details).
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Frédéric , Guégan Jean-François , Renaud François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the effects of parasites and pathogens on the ecology and evolution of free-living organisms? This is a huge question! The time when parasites were of interest only to parasitologists is definitively over. The influence of parasites on the evolution of free-living organisms is for some scientists a central research topic and for others an inescapable factor, given that all organisms are affected by parasites. While past studies have mainly focused on the direct effects of pathogens on the fecundity and survival of their hosts, current research shows a surprising number of unexpected consequences for various host traits such as behaviour, morphology, and/or physiology.
Parasitism and the evolution of life-history traits
Authors: Michalakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-known fact that a parasitized host is not just like any other host. Alterations due to parasitism, whether behavioural or physiological, feed back on the host’s life-history traits: the traits pertaining to survival and reproduction. By definition, such alterations have a central role in the ecology and evolution of the host, a good enough reason for any research project on host–parasite interactions to include at some stage characterization of the effects of the parasite on its host’s life-history traits. Several chapters of this book refer to various aspects of such parasite-induced alterations.
Taking Socrates’ Question Seriously
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitions of happiness are not, in themselves, particularly exciting. Like opinions and a certain rude part of the anatomy, everybody’s got one. Not only that, but on the typical definition that treats happiness as a purely psychological affair, you could be happy but not have a good life at all: you could, for instance, lead a sham life hooked up to an “experience machine,” à la The Matrix, that offers whatever experiences you—who would think they were real—might want. Most people recoil at the thought of permanently plugging into such a machine. Apparently our mental states are not the only things that matter. From such observations one might infer that philosophical work on happiness holds little promise: its subject matter is neither interesting nor important.
Pleasure
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One might have thought happiness and pleasure were two very different things. Certainly the temptation to regard the terms as interchangeable is less than overwhelming. Yet the best-known theories of happiness ask us to regard these things as more or less identical: to be happy just is for one’s experience to be, on balance, more pleasant than not. This is hedonism in its traditional reductive form, as found in the works of Bentham, Sidgwick, Brandt, and many others. We can distinguish variations on the theme. But the root idea, shared by all hedonists, is that happiness consists solely in pleasant states of mind, or pleasantness itself (and freedom from unpleasantness or unpleasant states, a nicety I will usually omit hereafter).
Emotional State
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably most languages have some counterpart to ‘happiness’ in its oldest meaning, a term for prosperity, good fortune, or “good hap”—roughly, well-being. This is the concept likely invoked at weddings, births, and other major events where we wish, utterly vaguely, for the individuals’ lives to go well for them: “May the newlyweds meet with happiness in their life together.” Once upon a time, this may have been conceptual apparatus enough for the general lot: the life of enviable fortune tended to be just that — mainly a matter of luck — with little point in troubling yourself about how well you were actually doing in that regard. Moreover, your well-being was at best a secondary concern. What mattered then — and still today in many parts of the world — was less a matter of personal fulfillment and more a matter of your family’s material wealth and social standing. You married for cattle, not love, and he who died with the most cows won. If you didn’t like cows, or your spouse, tough; no one was asking.
Limitations of the technique
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every serious analysis of a new method should also consider its potential limitations. For ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia, these can be divided into technical and non-technical limitations.
Physical law dictates that the deeper the anatomical structures, the lower the ultrasound frequencies needed to visualize them. Therefore, direct nerve visualization for deep blocks, such as psoas compartment blockade, is not always possible. Nevertheless, the identification of adjacent structures (e.g., the lower pole of the kidney during psoas compartment blockade) increases the margin of safety for deep blocks.
Getting past the traditional concepts
Authors: Berthoz Alain , Petit Jean-Luc , Macann Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we are going to try and develop a theoretical posture for the physiology of action. The reader may wonder why we use an expression paradoxically associating posture with theory. Posture does not just describe the relative position of the parts of our body. The Russian physiologist Bernstein wrote that posture is a ‘preparation for action’. Posture is an expression of emotions and a reflection of intentions; it is influenced by our culture and by our social training. The fact is that physiologists do not always have the time, or the need, to formulate and legitimate the concepts and procedures employed in their empirical science, even if in fact their hypotheses are driven by an implicit epistemology.
Prolegomena to a theory of constitution
Authors: Berthoz Alain , Petit Jean-Luc , Macann Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any reader who upholds clear-cut distinctions will no doubt to ask whether we are not confusing what we propose under the heading of ‘new ideas in the field of the physiology of action’ with a retrospective commentary on the history of philosophy of the kind of ‘a little-known aspect of transcendental philosophy from Kant to Husserl’. Our basic idea is, however, quite simple and can possibly be expressed in such a way as to preclude any ambiguity. We find, in the philosophical tradition, a kinaesthetic theory that is still (to our knowledge) largely unknown, and so little exploited, in spite of the contribution it can be shown to make to the cognitive sciences.
Greeks and Latins: Ethno-Religious Identity
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Chronicle of Morea, the knights who settled in the Morea with the initial conquest and their descendants continued to identify closely with other westerners. Both in B (§182) and in H (vv.2550–3), Prince Geoffroy II de Villehardouin justifies his marriage to the daughter of the Latin Emperor of Constantinople by pointing out to his father-in-law, who opposed the match, that the two parties were not only of equal social standing, but also of French ancestry. Guillaume II de Villehardouin, although himself born and raised in Greece, is said to have been overjoyed at the conquest of the Kingdom of Sicily by Charles I d’Anjou, brother to the French king, because it meant that another ruler of the same race would govern territory neighbouring that of the Principality (H vv.6265–71 and B § 441). This sense of solidarity with the West, and especially with the nobility of France, is associated in the Chronicle with the status of the conquerors and settlers as foreigners in the Aegean world. Thus, in B, the future Geoffroy I de Villehardouin prefaces his advisory speech to Guillaume I de Champlitte regarding the conquest of the Peloponnese with a remark reminding his lord that he has entered an alien environment, far from both the friends and the enemies to whom he had previously been accustomed (§ 108). In H, Guillaume II de Villehardouin addresses the Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus in a manner which draws attention to a lack of familiarity with Greek customs and with the Byzantine court in particular (vv.4256–65).
Some Major Challenges
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
God brought forth the Word as a root brings forth a shoot, a spring the river and the sun its beam. (Tertullian, Adversus Praxean) You preach to me God, born and dying, two thousand years ago, at the other end of the world, in some small town I know not where; and you tell me that all who have not believed in this mystery are damned. (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, E´mile) In the light of Christian faith, practice, and worship, that branch of theology called Christology reflects systematically on the person, being, and activity of Jesus of Nazareth (c.5 bc–c.ad 30).
The Resurrection
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The resurrection of Christ has been allegorised and volatilised in nearly every imaginable way, but the fact remains that neither Jesus himself nor the Christian community can manifest a distinctive character or true identity apart from the resurrection event itself, where faith, hope and love are given their vindication and new birth right. (Richard R. Niebuhr, Resurrection and Historical Reason) The resurrection of Jesus supplies us with enough questions to inspire writing at least a generous section for a theological library.
The Son of God
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One is tempted to say that more happened [in Christology] in this period of less than two decades than in the whole of the next seven centuries, up to the time when the doctrine of the early church was completed. (Martin Hengel, The Son of God) The Gospel of Mark illustrates two possible extremes in presenting the sonship of Jesus. He can be interpreted in totally human terms. Many of those who hear him in the Nazareth synagogue demand testily: ‘ is he not the carpenter, the Son of Mary?’ (Mark 6: 3). Other passages suggest that he can be interpreted as a heavenly being who for a brief period appears as a ‘ guest’ on earth.
Ephesus, Chalcedon, and Beyond
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was equal danger in believing the Lord Jesus Christ to be God only and not man also, or man only and not God. (St Leo the Great, Tome) Differences between what have been called the ‘ schools’ of Antioch and Alexandria set the stage for the christological controversies of the fifth century and beyond. Unlike the followers of Arius and Apollinarius, the groups who remained unreconciled to the teaching at Ephesus in 431 and Chalcedon in 451 still have their followers— known, respectively, as the Nestorians (who call themselves ‘ Assyrians’ or ‘ the Church of the East’ ) and Monophysites (now generally called ‘ Oriental Orthodox’ ).
Divine and Human
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And is it true? And is it true This most tremendous tale of all. The Maker of the stars and sea Become a Child on earth for me? (John Betjeman, ‘ Christmas’ ) Earlier chapters have documented, from the New Testament to date, those Christian beliefs in Jesus Christ which bear on his being (1) divine and human, (2) an eternally pre-existent, divine person, and (3) the Saviour of the whole world. The foundations for such beliefs about this identity-in-relationship with God and the role for human salvation are found in his life, death, and resurrection (with the coming of the Holy Spirit). We have looked at various struggles to maintain intact these beliefs and to clarify them, to the extent that clarification is possible. Contemporary journals and books over flow with systematic questions that could be faced here.
Faith, Holiness, and Virginal Conception
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Praising is all a poet understands, The only giving is with empty hands.
(Peter Steele, ‘ XXI’ ) We might begin by going back to the mystics; if there is some guidance to Jesus’ mind in their experience, we can profitably consult St Teresa of Avila on the difficulty she had in expressing what she received from God.(Frederick Crowe, ‘ The Mind of Jesus’ ) Previous chapters have often operated at the interface between exegesis and theology. This will also hold true of this chapter, which takes up two questions which bear on Jesus’ historical life after he came to ‘ the age of reason’ (his faith and holiness) and one which bears on his human origin (the virginal conception).
Introduction
Authors: Moore Brian C J , Tyler, Lorraine K , Marslen-Wilson William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spoken-language communication is arguably the most important activity that distinguishes humans from non-human species. This chapter provides an overview of the chapters that make up this volume on the processes underlying speech communication. The volume includes contributions from researchers with a wide range of specialities within the general area of speech perception and language processing. It also includes contributions from key researchers in neuroanatomy and functional neuroimaging—in an effort to cut across traditional disciplinary boundaries and foster cross-disciplinary interactions in this important and rapidly developing area of the biological and cognitive sciences.
Neural correlates of Early Stone Age tool making: technology, language and cognition in human evolution
Authors: Stout Dietrich , Toth Nicholas , Schick Kathy , Chaminade Thierry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human brains and technology have been coevolving for at least the past 2.6 Myr since the appearance of the first intentionally modified stone tools (Semaw et al. 1997). Roughly 90% of this time span, from 2.6 to 0.25 Myr ago, is encompassed by the Early Stone Age (ESA; generally known outside Africa as the Lower Palaeolithic). This period witnessed a technological progression from simple ‘Oldowan’ stone chips to skilfully shaped ‘Acheulean’ cutting tools, as well as a nearly threefold increase in hominin brain size (figure 1.1).
Wild agency: nested intentionalities in cognitive neuroscience and archaeology
Authors: Jordan J Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Malafouris seems to be after in this quotation is a rethinking of the relationship between cognitive science and archaeology, specifically as regards the manner in which we conceptualize cognition and the impact that conceptualization has on our interpretation of archaeological data. In modern taxonomies, cognition is conceptualized as an internal, centralized decision-making function that uses perceptual input in order to generate the appropriate behavioural output (Clark 1997, 2001; Jordan 2003a, 2004). Within the frame-work of such internalism, the archaeological record is conceptualized as constituting a ‘result’ of cognition.
Social cognition
Authors: Frith Chris D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As currently used, the term ‘cognition’ refers to the many different processes by which creatures understand and make sense of the world. The term does much the same work as was previously done by the term ‘information processing’ and is strongly influenced by developments in computing beginning in the 1940s. Perception, attention, memory and action planning would all be examples of cognitive processes. All these processes are important in social interactions and the study of information processing in a social setting is referred to as social cognition.
Introduction to Metric and Topological Spaces
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the ways in which topology has influenced other branches of mathematics in the past few decades is by putting the study of continuity and convergence into a general setting. This new edition of Wilson Sutherland's classic text introduces metric and topological spaces by describing some of that influence. The aim is to move gradually from familiar real analysis to abstract topological spaces, using metric spaces as a bridge between the two. The language of metric and topological spaces is established with continuity as the motivating concept. Several concepts are introduced, first in metric spaces and then repeated for topological spaces, to help convey familiarity. The discussion develops to cover connectedness, compactness and completeness, a trio widely used in the rest of mathematics. Topology also has a more geometric aspect which is familiar in popular expositions of the subject as `rubber-sheet geometry', with pictures of Möbius bands, doughnuts, Klein bottles and the like; this geometric aspect is illustrated by describing some standard surfaces, and it is shown how all this fits into the same story as the more analytic developments. The book is primarily aimed at second- or third-year mathematics students. There are numerous exercises, many of the more challenging ones accompanied by hints, as well as a companion website, with further explanations and examples as well as material supplementary to that in the book.