bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to Talk More Like a Man: Women’s Class-Bridging Organizations
Authors: Deutsch Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1908, Louise Bosworth and her supervisor in the living-wage study went to lunch on Beacon Hill’s Chestnut Street, in the “beautiful old house “ of WEIU president Mrs. Mary Morton Ke hew. Bosworth found the lunch sumptuous, “though just an ordinary business-day one to her,” Bosworth wrote her mother, “for we ate in hats and hurried straight back to the Union, Mrs. K. too, when it was over.”
High Technology Organizations: A Synthesis
Authors: Mohrman Susan Albers , Von Glinow Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this volume, we have been exposed to controversial statements, provocative findings, and counterintuitive messages. Most of the authors readily admit that high technology demands a departure from traditional organizational and management thought and practice. Yet the messages of this book recognize the contributions of the past, revealed in wholly new perspectives-perspectives on high technology management that will shape future research and practice.
Modern Multilingual Accra I
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accra is a city of about a million people, almost 8% of the country’s population. The administrative region of Greater Accra, which covers the Accra plain, and includes the whole of the Ga-Dangme speaking area except Krobo, has a population of at least million, about 12% of the country.1 After the defeat of Great Accra near modem Ayawaso by the Akwamu in 1677, its successor by the shore grew slowly but fairly steadily, from an estimated 3,000 inhabitants (or 560 active men) in the 1690s to about 20,000 in 1881 (Marion Johnson 1977: 282, 283).2 The population declined some what between 1881 and 1911 (Kilson 1974: 8), but since then the city has visibly grown immensely and has continued to do so at an accelerating rate, especially since the 1940s. Most of this growth has been the result of migration (Acquah[1954] 1972: 30; Ewusi 1977: 14).
The Rhetoric and Reality of Junk Bonds
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Junk bonds,” “securities swill,” “toxic waste”—these are just a few of the names critics have developed for high yield securities. Yet despite the name-calling, corporate debt securities that have lost or never had investment grade ratings were the fastest growing financial instruments in the U.S. capital markets in the 1980s. They are still the most controversial. The rhetoric surrounding high yield securities has been unprecedented. Frequently, the financial press and news media have linked these securities with risky ventures, defaults, unsavory business practices, hostile takeovers, and insider trading scandals. Few financial instruments have been as consistently maligned as junk bonds, leading the general public, corporate managers, educators, and legislators to view them with suspicion, if not outright contempt.
The Role of Corporate Debt
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of factors helped create favorable conditions for the rise of the high yield bond market (Perry and Taggert, 1987): Deregulation and competition forced banks to offer higher rates to depositors, making up for their increased costs by lending to corporations at higher rates. New regulatory standards for pension funds and institutions (e.g., BRISA) allowed money managers to pursue higher yield investments. Interest and inflation rate volatility made fixed-rate funding attractive to corporations, and gave investors strong incentives to seek higher yields. Increased international capital flows and securities registration changes expanded the capital markets and attracted international investors seeking high returns. Since the opening of the high yield bond market in 1977, the composition of corporate debt has shifted away from bank loans and toward the capital markets (Figures 3-1 and 3-2). As commercial banks became less competitive, their share of total corporate debt fell by 8 percent, while the combined credit market share of corporate debt increased by over 13 percent.
Product-Process Strategy And Japan’s SoftWare Industry
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No discussion of the factory approach to software development makes much sense without a consideration of product and process strategies and their suitability given different industry or market characteristics, particularly in Japan. In other industries, all firms are not and need not be in the business of inventing new standards or offering expensive products; many customers prefer a combination of features and prices. Accordingly, producers can offer standardized designs or only partially tailored products, but compete on the basis of high productivity and low cost, or standardized quality (reliability).
Hitachi: Organizing For Process And Quall1y Control
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among all the companies in the world, Hitachi in 1969 first established a software facility labeled and managed as a factory, calling the facility the Software Works or, more literally, the Software Factory.1 SDC ‘s early models in project management during the 1960s helped inspire some of the practices Hitachi adopted. Hitachi ‘s factory, however, came not as the result of a deliberate effort in process R&D. Nor did Hitachi man­ agers have as clear an idea as their counterparts in SDC what a factory system might look like for software production.
Standardization And Cooperative R&D
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitachi, Toshiba, NEC, and Fujitsu all launched factory efforts between the late 1960s and late 1970s to promote internal process standardization and to diffuse good tools and techniques among in-house personnel as well as at subsidiaries and subcontractors. These companies also maintained R&D efforts in central and division laboratories, as well as in factory departments, to study or generate new capabilities, and improve their process technology incrementally. Software development, and the needs of Japanese customers, presented similar problems to Japanese producers; not surprisingly, they tended to adopt similar solutions, creating factory organizations that refined U.S. practices but, as in other industries, sought a tighter integration among product objectives and production management, in the broad sense-tools, techniques, controls, training, and product components.
Productivity In The Process Of Product Developmentan Engineering Perspective
Authors: Barkan Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to many recent assessments, the best U.S. industries are now approaching parity with Japanese competitors in manufacturing costs, manufacturing defect rates, and product quality. The picture is less sanguine in terms of engineering productivity as measured by the total elapsed time required to develop new products, by the total engineering man-hours required to develop new products, and by the quality of the initial product design as measured by design changes late in the cycle, field defects, and recalls.
Managing Dfm: Learning To Coordinate Product And Process Design
Authors: Adler Paul s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As firms experience greater pressure on new product time to market, the management of the design-manufacturing interface becomes a more important competitive variable. Too often, designs are “thrown over the wall” to manufacturing, only to discover that numerous engineering design changes are needed to reduce costs and improve quality. One electronics company I have studied analyzed their engineering change activity and found that engineering changes accounted for at least 20% of the business’s total overhead costs, that 80% of these changes were avoidable, and that the average cost of each of these avoidable changes was $54,000.
Organizational context Barriers to Dfm
Authors: Liker Jeffrey k. , fleischer Mitchell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This scenario exemplifies the traditional design process in which the design is thrown back and forth over the “brick wall” between design and production. The result of this process is extended design lead times, high reject rates, extensive paperwork, high warranty costs, and antagonism between design and manufacturing. One method to prevent this is concurrent engineering, in which product and process design overlap, rather than taking place serially (Clark and Fujimoto, 1989b). A common approach to attempting this overlapping problem-solving is to get the product engineer to meet frequently with the manufacturing engineer early in the design process. While this seems simple enough, in reality the design of a complex product such as a car or even the engine of a car involves thousands of design and manufacturing personnel working within different departments, company divisions, and outside firms (e.g., original equipment manufacturers (OEM), vendor and supplier firms); operating under different value and reward systems; speaking different technical languages; and each pursuing a different agenda.
Other Substantive Reasons
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews a variety of cases in which the real basis of decision is the substantive merits of plaintiff’s case. Plaintiff simply loses; he will get no remedy. But the court explains this result in terms of the irreparable injury rule, or it adds lack of irreparable injury as an additional ground of decision. There are vast numbers of these cases; they are surely the most common source of irreparable injury opinions at the permanent injunction stage.
Organizational Change
Authors: Mckersie Robert B , Walton Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the three central forces of the 1990s model as shown in Figure 9-1. Each is individually affected by information technology changes, but they interact with each other strongly through the action of human resource policies and practices. Effective implementation of IT is, at its core, a task of managing change. As such, it is centrally concerned with people, structure, and process issues.
The Problems
Authors: Redman Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three principal problems of philosophy, according to the philosopher of science William Bartley, are (1) the problem of knowledge, (2) the problem of rationality, and (3) the reconciliation of the first problem with the second (Bartley, 1964, p. 3). Certainly, rationality and the growth of knowledge have become central issues in the philosophy of science since Thomas Kuhn and others—especially those paying attention to the history of science—have shown that the methods producing major scientific advances historically do not jibe with the accounts given by philosophers of science.
Lakatos and Kuhn: Science as Consensus
Authors: Redman Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lakatos is currently the most popular philosopher of science among economists. According to Rosenberg (1986b, p. 127) Milton Friedman’s positive methodology is being supplanted by Lakatos’s methodology of scientific re­ search programs (MSRP). At any rate, the Kuhnian wave of the seventies is being swallowed up by the Lakatosian program. Such illustrious personages as Mark Blaug, A. W. Coats, Neil de Marchi, Spiro Latsis, and D. P. O’Brien, among others, embrace and advocate the MSRP.
Human Resources, Organizational Governance, and Public Policy: Lessons from a Decade of Experimentation
Authors: Kochan Thomas A , Mckersie Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past decade witnessed a tremendous amount of experimentation and innovation in human resource practices and labor-management relations. We use the term “experimentation” rather generously here since most of the changes were not planned in some predetermined or careful fashion but instead were induced by the economic pressures and structural changes felt by firms and their employees in the early 1980s. Moreover, not all of the changes prompted by these pressures proved to be effective long-run responses to the altered environment. But enough experience has now accumulated to sort out the key lessons that, if accepted and acted upon, can translate the experimental results into sustained transformations in organizational practices.
Strategic Alternatives for Technology-Based Product and Business Development
Authors: Roberts Edward B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the world’s major corporations need effective development of new technology-based product lines and new businesses that offer significant potential for added sales and profits. This need arises from dramatic changes in several critical dimensions of global technology-based competition. Competition has intensified in expense and pace; it has become global in the “home” countries of key competitors as well as the location of the multiple R&D, manufacturing, and marketing/distribution activities that each firm needs to integrate. Now even relatively simple products depend upon the integration of multiple core technologies. Market opportunities that are growing most rapidly are coming from emerging technological fields. As a consequence, every firm has now become what I call a “minority” technology player; that is, no one corporation any longer controls a majority of the relevant sources of innovation or even has internal mastery of the relevant technologies for its own strategies.
Of Politics, Religion, and Popular Culture
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While not precisely a Golden Age of Journalism, the period covered by William Dorsey’s scrapbooks was one of fully free expression, and surely in technical terms the most innovative span in the history of the newspaper business. Full of cocksure conclusions, often scurrilous and fiercely partisan, the journals of the day were almost wholly unfettered by modern fears of libel law, or by modern restrictions in the name of sensitivity or taste. In other respects, however, the years between roughly 1873, when Dorsey began to clip out items in number, and 1903, when he largely stopped, represent the development of the newspaper (although not the publishing) business into a recognizably modern form.
The “Unskilled” Majority
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No complex analysis is needed to explain the economic situation facing the majority of Afro-Americans in Philadelphia. The problem was poverty, caused mostly by limited job opportunities, and resulting from simple racism openly applied. In a period of unprecedented expansion, black workers were simply shut out of the contemporary urban-industrial revolution. While it was sometimes slow work, in Philadelphia and across the country, to push them out of the older manual trades, it was much easier to keep them out of the newer ones from the very beginning, so that while a few carpenters or painters hung on, there were in 1900 no Afro-American boilermakers, locomotive engineers, streetcar conductors, or sheetmetal workers.
The Learned Occupations
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of those who, in Reverend Mr. Tindley’s phrase, were “running towards the light” of ideas and education, late 19th-century Philadelphia was a natural destination. The Quaker City was a lively intellectual as well as educational center, home not only to the Institute for Colored Youth and several white professional schools but to a number of outspoken black newspapers. All this helped to swell the number of those in learned occupations which, even excluding the teachers, already discussed, and the ministers, to be discussed later, grew proportionately much faster than the population. At the time of the Civil War there had been only a single trained doctor in the Afro-American community, no educated dentists, no nurses or lawyers, no secular journalists or lecturers; by the end of the century there were in most of these catagories more educated men and women than could comfortably make a living.
Politics, Politicians, and Civil Servants
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the close of the Civil War, Pennsylvania’s blacks, while free, were not yet clearly citizens, had no right to vote, held no political offices, and just one single government job, as a menial messenger for the city’s health department. Citizenship was granted officially by the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, but its meaning, in a still racist and segregated society, would not be clear for generations. The Fifteenth Amendment, passed two years later, was in contrast short and simple. Its first section read: The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be abridged on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Survivals and Evolution: The Black City Today
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The African-American population of this country is now officially counted at about 12 percent of the whole, almost precisely what it was in 1870, the first census following the Civil War and emancipation from slavery. But its geographical setting since then has changed dramatically, as result of the movement out of southern and rural areas into cities across the country. In Philadelphia, during these six generations, the black percentage has risen from perhaps 3 to about 40 percent of the whole. But the old city, once in the forefront, is now less a leading than a representative metropolis, as except perhaps for the severity of its current fiscal plight it ranks not at the top but toward the middle of a host of statistical indices used to compare the bigger cities with each other. More than a century’s worth of history has of course brought great changes in the nature and context of the black experience. Here as elsewhere the two most obvious developments have been the growth of local political power and the move from an industrial to a service-based economy. Both of these present great future challenges, but they can be understood only after a look at some of the other aspects of black city life. One way to begin is to look at some of the direct and evolutionary survivals from the previous century, the way in which they fit into the wider city and indeed nation, as prelude to the history which has brought us to this point.
A Common Destiny: Prospects for the Black City
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans have always thought themselves a special people. In the late 20th century we must reject many of the ways in which earlier generations sometimes conceived this notion; for 17th-century Puritans it involved a religious, specifically Protestant, example to the world; for late 19th-century racists a mission of “Anglo-Saxon” conquest; in the post–World War II era a superiority based on “free enterprise,” an economic system which proved we were best because we were richest. But there have been other and more attractive ways of expressing the central idea of special destiny, notably the idea that this country is a kind of “great experiment.” For its most eloquent earlier spokesmen, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln, the experiment was political, as for generations after the United States was founded we were the only major nation in the world with a formally democratic government. This is of course no longer relevant: while the attractions of democracy—and some of its problems—are dramatically evident during the 1990s, many countries have constitutions at least as democratic as ours, and the United States can no longer claim the lead. But toward the end of the college year, with a little embarrassment—neither I nor today’s students are comfortable with idealistic flights of fancy—I sometimes suggest that the idea of “experiment” may still be worth considering, in terms not of democracy but of race and ethnicity.
Student Control and Faculty Resistance
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walter camp, athletic advisor of Yale, said it best: “Neither the faculties nor other critics assisted in building the structure of college athletics. “ Camp wrote in 1885 that though the faculty placed some obstacles in the way, “it is a structure which students unaided have builded. “1 This was true at Yale, and it was true at most institutions of higher learning in America. Students had indeed been free to develop their extracurricular activities, with athletics being the dominant one by the latter quarter of the nineteenth century. That freedom, however, was jeopardized by several contending groups, faculties being the most vigorous.
Dimensions of is Planning and Design Aids: A Functional Model of CASE Technology
Authors: Henderson John C , Cooprider Jay G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In today’s business environment, a critical management issue is “time-to-market”: the length of time it takes an organization to convert a product concept into a viable product that is available in a specific market. The Xerox Corporation, for example, believes that its improved ability to manage time-to-market while retaining or improving quality has been a major factor in its efforts to rebuild its competitiveness (Harvard Business School, 1989). Extending this notion, Hewlett-Packard focused on the “time-to-break-even” as a measure of success for product development (personal communication, 1988). This perspective directly incorporates aspects of quality and maintainability while highlighting the importance of rapid response.
Italy
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italian television provides less of a generally applicable precedent than a case study of what can happen if the political system is incapable of reform. On the one hand, Italy has had the most open broadcast system in Europe. There is little cable television, and few satellite channels are available, but hundreds of commercial television stations have broadcast since 1976. On the other hand, Italy’s transformation was brought on largely by the initiatives of broadcast pirates, which were later sanctioned by the nation’s courts. The Italian political system was unable to establish a policy on entry or regulation. Consequently, for more than a decade there had been almost no structural control of local private broadcasting. In its absence, Italian commercial TV has rapidly evolved into a highly concentrated industry dominated by Silvio Berlusconi, with strong elements of a public-private duopoly.
Sweden
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through much of the broadcast era Sweden has been run by a state apparatus aiming at bettering society. Broadcasting has been an important element in this effort. The semi-independent state monopoly, Sveriges Radio, exerted a strong hold over broadcasting, though somewhat softened by a pluralistic ownership model. This structure has resulted in high quality but limited diversity. The monopoly caused growing dissatisfaction and led to an opening to local radio broadcasting during the brief tenure of an opposition-dominated government. Likewise, the introduction of cable television destabilized the monopoly by introducing foreign and then Swedish satellite-delivered channels and by bringing in other economic interests, including the telephone administration, Televerket.