bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politics, Institutions, and Economic Performance
Authors: Rodríguez-Pose Andrés 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measuring the relationship between politics and political conditions on the one hand and economic growth on the other is a chronic problem. The question of how political outcomes and political structures might influence economic growth—and vice versa—has attracted social scientists for several decades. From the analyses of political participation of Verba and Nie (1972) and Alford and Friedland (1974; 1975) to Olson’s (1982) studies of interests groups, the interrelationship between politics and growth has been the object of constant attention, both for political scientists and economists. In recent years, political scientists and sociologists have been increasingly concerned with the intertwining of political phenomena and economic conditions. As mentioned in Chapter 2, numerous studies have been devoted to the influence of the political orientation of parties in office, trade union membership, welfare state size, government spending, and processes of supranational integration on growth trends (Garrett and Lange 1986; Lange and Garrett 1987; Lane and Ersonn 1987; Castles and Dowrick 1990). Institutions and institutional change have also attracted considerable attention. Works by Williamson (1985; 1993), North (1990; 1991; 1992), and Frey (1993) have greatly contributed to our understanding of the complex interrelationship between institutions, institutional change, and economic growth.
Telling Stories
Authors: Widlok Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Namibia became independent in 1990 and comprehensive research with the Hai‖om became feasible once again, talking about ethnic identity also changed its character. Ethnic terms were no longer used by the State as a repressive tool. Instead their use became a minor field of interest in the face of national changes. Slowly the conventional anthropological practice of calling ethnic groups by the name(s) they have chosen for themselves was adopted. However, hunter-gatherers and former hunter-gatherers in southern Africa continue to be subjected to ethnic stereotyping as ‘Bushmen’ or ‘San’. More fundamentally, their own ways of defining and managing their ethnic identity are restricted by the ethnic ascriptions of the dominant groups in Namibia.
Naming and Placing Bacup
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MANY Bacup residents in 1987 and 1988 claimed an interest in the history of the region in which they lived. They suspected this was my interest also and if it was not then it ought to be. They spoke mainly of the town’s industrial past and remarked that it was not a very attractive or healthy place in which to live during the heyday of the textile industry. They described a polluted, open river running through the town centre, factory chimneys belching smoke, and overcrowded, dark, and damp dwellings. They pointed to these as just some of the things responsible for poor health and high infant mortality. They agreed that Bacup was a much healthier and more pleasant place in which to live today, and some mentioned the slum-clearance programmes of the 1960s, and various Clean Air Acts (1956 and 1968) as having made a positive impact on the environment and on the health of the population. At the same time, those who have lived in Bacup through such changes expressed a longing for ‘them days’, and commented on the way in which improvements to the physical landscape had not necessarily resulted in a better ‘way of life’. ‘Them days’ took on the quality of a mythological past, the narrating of which suspended for a moment the former harshness of life in the town which, at a different moment and for a different purpose, was emphasized. The past as resource was drawn upon by all Bacup residents, and the comparison between ‘them days’ and the present was not confined to those born and bred in Bacup. Residents who moved to the town from elsewhere and who thought of themselves (and were defined) as incomers also dwelt on social and economic changes that had occurred in their lifetime. They pointed to such changes as having occurred in the places they left behind and how it was they that prompted them to settle in Bacup. Younger Bacup people who had no recollection of Bacup as a ‘thriving, industrial mill town’ also mobilized the past; they recalled their growing up in the town and pointed to how things were different today.
Space
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is customary to distinguish between absolute and relational models of space. In an absolute model, space is regarded as having existence and properties independently of the existence of any object; and the objects acquire their spatial properties and relations in consequence of their being located in this pre-existing space. In a relational model, on the other hand, objects come first, and space exists only in so far as the objects have spatial properties and relations: space is, in other words, a logical construct from objects and their properties.
Objects
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since we are interested in spatial change, we are interested in objects in so far as they can participate in spatial change. That means we are interested in objects which possess spatial attributes susceptible to change. These objects form a very varied class; the purpose of this chapter is to survey the variety of different kinds of spatial objects and attempt to bring some system into their classification. In the next chapter I shall look more closely at the spatial attributes that these objects possess.
It is surely fair to say that for an object to have spatial attributes it must either be a material object or must depend for its existence in some way on the existence of one or more material objects. This claim will be amplified in the discussion that follows. I shall organize the survey of spatial objects on the basis that matter is fundamental to their existence, and shall move outward, as it were, from the central core of ‘bare matter’ to successively more elaborate kinds of dependence on bare matter.
Time and Change
Authors: Galton Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time and change are two sides of the same coin: you cannot have one without the other.1 The passage of time, as we experience it, seems for the most part to consist of a sequence of things happening, of changes in the world, and it is precisely when nothing happens to excite our interest that time seems to flow most slowly, as if change itself were the dynamo that powers the flow of time. Our most intimate knowledge of time comes from the flow of events in our subjective consciousness, with all its vagaries and fluctuations; but we begin to transcend mere subjectivity when we start correlating our experiences with those of others. In this way we can identify intersubjectively invariant features of time and can recognize in what respects our personal experience agrees with or contradicts that of others. From here we can move on to the idea of an objective flow of time, independent of any one individual’s experience, and come to see our own experience of time as an imperfect representation-a distortion-of some objective reality. When we are absorbed in some activity, time seems to rush by without our noticing, but when there is nothing to absorb us, it slows down to a snail’s pace; and when we are asleep it seems to take no time at all. All these variations we readily learn to put down to our personal misperception of an objective, uniform flow such as Newton described.
Casata Unity: Size and Political Muscle
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ragusans were fearful of oligarchy and introduced a number of administrative measures to ensure that its constituent casate could not subvert the public good. We now turn to consider the role of the casata in political affairs. As we have seen, Kent and others regard the Florentine casata as a descent group. Most anthropologists would agree with Fortes that ‘the most important feature of unilineal descent groups ... is their corporate organization’ (1970: 77-8). What they might disagree about is what constitutes corporacy. One tradition, following Maine, emphasizes perpetuity, collective unity, and universal succession-’the rights and duties of all members present and future in them’ (M. Smith 1974: 43). The corporatism of the lineage, as Fortes viewed it, was expressed by structural criteria. The lineage had a single legal personality; it was ‘one person’ (1970: 78).
The Casata, Genealogical Skewing, and Political Support
Authors: Rheubottom David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What was the significance of the casata for the marriages of its members? If marriages were arranged with a view towards their political usefulness and if the casata acted as a unit in political affairs, then we would expect to see evidence of casata involvement in arranging marriages. But given the relatively small size of the endogamous patriciate, the shallow depth of the study period and the variations in size of the component casate, it is not easy to discern clear patterns. In the halfcentury from 1440 to 1490, there are too few marriages to permit a meaningful analysis of casata alliances. Because of this, it was decided to open the window of observation to include all marriages occurring between 1400 and 1520.
The Cultural Revolution
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mao’s Cultural Revolution
When the disastrous results of his brainchild—the Great Leap Forward—began to became clear, Mao, in a 1959 Central Committee Conference, had been forced to admit to making mistakes. Mao’s position was weakened by the failure of the GLF, and over the next few years he withdrew from the centre of policy-making. In the early 1960s, under the guidance of Liu Shaoqi, control of the economy was returned to the planners and specialists, and the Party curbed the decentralized and politicized management policies of the GLF. Some of my informants thought that Mao must have felt at a disadvantage in the new political climate. Not an expert or university graduate himself, he had always practised a style of leadership that relied on populist movements and mass campaigns, rather than on meticulous instructions from central planners.
Symbolism and Meaning
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Household as a System of Meaning
Mongolian culture can be seen to include a repertoire of symbolically meaningful actions and forms which provide institutionalized methods of social expression. This system rests upon socially accepted conventions, which are taught to succeeding generations, and can be compared to a language in that these conventions entail communication and represent social relationships.1 Symbolic statements are expressed in the spatial arrangement of people and objects, and in the ceremonial or formalized actions of individuals. What is expressed using this cultural or symbolic system is generally more than the passing opinion of an individual. It is generally a public statement about the long-term position of community members. Much of this symbolic behaviour is expressive of relations within the domestic group and between such groups. This is true not only of the rituals of hospitality and formal events such as a wedding ceremony, but also in the everyday location of dwellings and the people within them. Many actions in the ger are simultaneously instrumental and expressive. People obviously have to sit, drink, and eat, for example, but a great meaning is assigned to how this is done, particularly in formal situations. This does not imply that such ritual can be seen as simply a means of communication or that there is a single unambiguous meaning expressed by the symbolic actions involved. Just as the appreciation of art, for example, requires a creative reaction on the part of the viewer, who may see meaning in the work that the creator did not intend, so symbolic and ritual acts are something to which the witnesses bring meaning, and are open to a number of interpretations. I offer interpretations I consider to be dominant ones, but these should not be seen as the exclusive or definitive meanings. The Mongolian symbolic repertoire is a means of comprehension as much as it is one of expression, in that it also attaches meaning to that which is observed.
From Mission to Movement
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the earliest European settlers in Papua New Guinea were missionaries and for many indigenous villagers even up to the present time, the most enduring and intensive links with European culture have been mediated by proselytizing Christians. The latter were by no means exclusively white; indeed, many early missionaries were Polynesians and, later, Melanesians from the more heavily Christianized areas. But whether or not the carriers of these diverse ‘Christianities’ were themselves ethnically European, the mode of religious transmission they established was fundamentally alien to most Papua New Guineans. My principal concern in this chapter is not with the thematic differences between indigenous and Christian cosmologies but with a set of fundamental contrasts in the nature of their transmissive characteristics.
Politics, Policy, and Livelihoods
Authors: Sporton Deborah , Twyman Chasca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary development discourses recognize the need to move away from top-down towards bottom-up approaches to poverty alleviation, where the poor are viewed as stakeholders rather than victims in the policy-making process (World Bank 2000). In the implementation of policy, community consultation and grass-roots involvement are encouraged with the aim of empowering the poor. Within the Kalahari of southern Africa which is today incorporated within the policy domains of three nations, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa, a key contemporary policy challenge is the need to respond to the legacy of colonial and subsequent apartheid land and agricultural policies that have created an underclass of rural poor who are deprived of the capital assets necessary to sustain livelihoods.
Ecological Change in Kalahari Rangelands: Permanent or Reversible?
Authors: Dougill Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agricultural intensification of domestic livestock production, especially on designated cattle ranches, throughout the Kalahari of Botswana has been experienced at an increasing rate in the last thirty years. Changes in land-use practices have led to a series of ecological changes that remain the focus of debates regarding the implications for continued sustainable agricultural development. This chapter analyses these debates and reviews recent studies undertaken to resolve key environmental uncertainties. In particular discus sions aim to:
Entitled to a Living: Opportunity and Diversity in the Wildlife Management Areas
Authors: Twyman Chasca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will examine sustainable livelihoods within the context of Kalahari Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). WMAs are multiple-use areas combining wildlife conservation with the creation of economic opportunities, jobs, and incomes for rural populations (DWNP 1999). Within WMAs rural populations are permitted access to a range of wildlife and natural resources (land, plants, water, and wildlife). WMAs are just one part of Botswana’s development strategy to combine sustainable management of environmental resources with the development of the local and national economies. This chapter will explore the extent to which the Kalahari WMAs are changing the access to, and effective use and management of, the natural resources of the rural populations living within these areas. These changes have important implications for the dynamics of livelihood strategies and thus the viability of resource-based livelihoods.
Alternatives to Yoōgoshisetsu: Fostering and Adoption
Authors: Goodman Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is one service provided by Kodomo Gakuen which has not been discussed. Since 1973 it has also housed what is called a yoōiku katei centre staffed by two fulltime workers to recruit and register foster-parents within the locality, introduce them to appropriate children, help them through the procedures with the local jidoōsoōdanjo, which has exclusive authority over foster placements, and then provide support for them while fostering. The centre, one of ten in Tokyo, had twenty foster-families registered in 1997, of which sixteen had foster-children placed with them.
Localized Unities and Dualities
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the relation of Land Mother and Defender involves spiritual and political links between groups often resident in separate settlements, in most respects the largest unit of social and ceremonial action is the village (nua or, in parallelistic form, nua ola).1 Villages are also the most inclusive social and territorial units that Keo distinguish by proper name.
Unaffiliated Ancestors: The Pau Enclave
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I describe several villages whose territories are surrounded by the domains of Land Mother Lape and other Ga’e siblings. Deriving from ancestors not related in any known way to the Ga’e siblings, these groups remain something of a curiosity; they are unequivocally depicted as neither an aboriginal population, nor as descendants of immigrants more recent than the Ga’e. After lengthy discussions with group members and other Keo, I can only characterize them as independent Land Mothers (ine tana) who in no instance are simultaneously the Defenders (ana tuku) of other, earlier populations. Not being territorially subordinated to others, the groups are thus equal to direct (agnatic) descendants of the several Ga’e siblings but are not unambiguously connected with any of them.
The Land of Lobo, the Youngest Ga’e
Authors: Forth Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The furthest west of the original ancestral territories, the domain of Lobo Ga’e, the youngest of the Ga’e siblings, is also the smallest. The area is further distinguished dialectally and culturally from the other territories, most obviously in regard to the naming and disposition of ceremonial buildings. With qualifications explained later, the domain includes lands belonging to three villages: Liwo, Wulu, and Wagha. Agnatically related to Wagha is the former village of Bena which, together with the paired settlement of Ki and the subsidiary Ma’u Bena, I describe towards the end of the chapter.
Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Odden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kimatuumbi has a rich system of noun classes and concordial agreements, and a system of verbal derivation, including a number of ‘extensions’ modifying the meaning of verb stems. Noun morphology can be divided into class morphology and stem-formation, the former being richer than the latter. Formation of noun stems is discussed in section 2.2.2 after discussion of verb stems.
Syllable Structure
Authors: Mateus Maria Helena , d’Andrade Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard generative phonology didn’t consider the syllable to be a phonological unit or a domain of rule application. The identification of vowels with the feature [+syllabic] in a number of SPE-like works had nothing to do with the consideration of its role as the nucleus of a specific unit; this feature is only used within a classificatory scheme to identify the segment. On the contrary, to multilinear generative phonology the syllable is an important linguistic unit and it has an internal hierarchical structure. In this framework, the syllable is a multidimensional object with an internal structure that has a hierarchical organization where the onset and the rhyme constitute a branching structure. These syllable constituents behave independently, as we will see below (for instance, the number of the segments included in the onset is irrelevant with respect to the maximum number of segments allowed in the rhyme). Moreover, the concept of a branching structure is also supported by the cohesion between the elements belonging to each one of the constituents.
Phonological Processes
Authors: Mateus Maria Helena , d’Andrade Ernesto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters a difference has been established among phonological processes that are (a) morphologically conditioned, (b) conditioned by morphology and lexical marks in relation to prosody and (c) merely conditioned by prosodic factors. The former was described in Chapters 4 and 5. The two latter are discussed in the present chapter. Processes conditioned by inflectional and derivational morphology pertain to the lexical domain. Generally, these processes result from the application of word-formation rules; some of them, however, depend on idiosyncratic properties of the lexical items. As was mentioned in Chapters 4 and 5, such processes are common to both varieties of Portuguese, EP and BP.
Things Without the Mind—A Commentary upon Chapter Two of Strawson’s Individuals
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the connection between the idea of an objective world and the idea of a spatial world? If someone has a conception of a world, something whose existence and operations are independent of his experience of it, must he thereby conceive of a system of spatial relations in which both he and the phenomena he experiences have a place? This question can be put another way.
Introduction
Authors: Lepage R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses a crisis in human affairs, not by prescribing remedies but by attempting to increase understanding of its nature and some of its underlying causes. Our scope is limited in time and covers the second half of our century. We start from the 1953 Unesco statement which aimed at the promotion of vernacular literacy and we try to assess what has happened during the forty years since. We may begin by contrasting the climate of opinion in the 1950s with that in the 1990s.
Political and Economic Aspects of Vernacular Literacy
Authors: Lepage R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin this chapter with a consideration of the problems of nationism and nationalism-that is, of the acts of identity and collective self-protection which have drawn together groups of people feeling they had a collective interest in combining, whether for genealogical or geographical or cultural or social reasons. These acts have frequently been exploited by providing a power base for political leaders, and linguistic identity, either indigenous to the group or imposed upon them, has become a political issue and weapon, so that the question of which language to employ for literacy in turn becomes an issue. It will be seen from the case histories then examined that such acts of identity sometimes run in harmony with, but frequently are in conflict with, questions of economic self-interest.
The Independence of Consciousness and Sensory Quality
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often held that all sensory mental states are conscious states, and that sensory quality cannot occur in states that are not conscious. Indeed, it may seem mysterious what it could be for a state to have sensory quality if that state is not a conscious state. Consciousness, on this view, is something like a mental light, without which sensory qualities simply cannot exist. When it comes to the qualities of our sensory states, to be is to be conscious, esse is percipi.