bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CONVERSION OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI TO NON-HEMOLYTIC FORMS
Authors: Todd E. W. 
Published: June 2004

From one strain of hemolytic streptococcus three forms were isolated, which produced three different degrees of hemolysis on the surface of blood agar in the presence of oxygen.
The original form was moderately hemolytic; the glossy variant was more hemolytic than the original form; and the third form, obtained by passing the original culture through mice, was non-hemolytic. Under anaerobic conditions all three forms were hemolytic. The non-hemolytic passage culture, in the presence of an ample supply of oxygen, not only destroyed its own hemolysin, which only appeared under anaerobic conditions, but was also able to destroy the hemolysin of other cultures of hemolytic streptococci.
It is possible that these observations may throw some light on experiments reported by a number of workers showing that Streptococcus hæmolyticus can be transmuted to Streptococcus viridans by animal passage.
NITROGEN METABOLISM OF NORMAL AND SARCOMATOUS FIBROBLASTS IN PURE CULTURES
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

1. Both normal and sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat utilize many different fragments of the protein molecule for their growth in vitro. Alpha and beta proteoses have approximately equal growth-promoting power.
2. A mixture of peptones, peptides, and amino acids, containing a negligible quantity of proteose, produces a temporary proliferation of normal fibroblasts, and an unlimited multiplication of sarcomatous fibroblasts, provided these substances are derived from liver which contains products of unknown nature that complete the nutritive effect of the protein degradation products.
3. Amino acids contribute to the nutrition of the cells, but are unable without the addition of peptides or polypeptides to support their life.
4. The proteolytic products are more toxic to normal than to sarcomatous fibroblasts. The hypothesis is suggested that the greater acidity produced by the large glycolysis of the sarcomatous cells may account for this difference through altering the speed of action of protein synthetizing enzymes.
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LIPOID PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R. 
Published: June 2004

Determinations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol and lipoid phosphorus were made on a series of animals recently received from the dealer for the purpose of determining the trends of these 4 blood constituents throughout the year with the degree of their respective variations and mathematical correlation. It was found that for the 80 animals examined, calcium varied from 14.5 ±0.10 to 18.5 ±0.39 mg. and inorganic phosphorus 4.960 ±0.20 to 6.820 ±0.20 mg. per 100 cc. of blood serum. Cholesterol varied from 51.1 ±1.18 to 73.3 ±1.34 mg. and lecithin from 94.8 ±1.397 to 168.3 ±10.18 mg. per 100 cc. of whole blood.
Of the 6 possible combinations in calculating the coefficient of correlation for the trend throughout the experiment, 3 stand out as of mathematical significance, namely the following. Between inorganic phosphorus and lecithin the coefficient of correlation was found to be –0.794 ±0.088; between calcium and cholesterol –0.887 ±0.051 and between cholesterol and lecithin +0.560 ±0.164.
CHEMICAL FINDINGS IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER TEMPORARY OBSTRUCTION OF THE PYLORUS
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

The toxemia characteristic of upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction may be produced by temporary obstruction of the pylorus. This procedure affords an opportunity for studying the toxemia in the absence of mechanical factors, operative risk, and infection.
Animals which spontaneously recover from the toxemia may show a return of the blood chloride to normal when only distilled water is given. In such instances there must be a redistribution of the body store of chlorides.
The administration of sodium chloride by mouth to animals which show a toxemia without evidence of spontaneous recovery causes a rapid return of the blood to normal.
There is a marked diuresis with high nitrogen excretion during the toxemia. This is evidently due to the increased protein destruction.
The return of the blood chlorides to normal causes a cessation of the increased protein destruction.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

The therapeutic effect of several antiparasitic chemicals on experimental verruga peruana is described. The drugs were administered by intravenous injection according as the nodules (1) were already developed to an approximate maximum, or (2) were still in the active period of growth.
The effect of the drugs was different under the two circumstances of their administration. When they were given after the maturity of the nodules they hastened the regressive process, but when given during active growth of the lesions no action whatever was detected.
Bartonella bacilliformis in culture is acted upon injuriously by a number of the chemicals employed in the therapeutic tests, the most active being formalin and neutroflavine.
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE CARDIAC END OF THE STOMACH
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

A study is reported of the effect of different methods of treatment on the toxemia of cardiac obstruction.
The average duration of life of untreated dogs is 3 days. Three dogs treated with 1 per cent salt solution subcutaneously lived 32, 36, and 45 days respectively without developing a toxemia. 2 per cent glucose similarly given, does not alter the course of the toxemia. Concentrated salt solution in small quantities given directly into the jejunum prevents the marked rise in non-protein nitrogen but does not materially prolong life.
Release of the obstruction does not change the course of the toxemia in untreated animals. The subcutaneous injection of 1 per cent sodium chloride solution after release of the obstruction causes a rapid return of the blood to normal and allows the animal to recover. A similar amount of fluid given as 2 per cent glucose does not alter the course of the toxemia after release of the obstruction.
THE BLOOD CHLORIDES IN PROTEOSE INTOXICATION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Dogs injected with proteose recovered from the intestinal contents of animals with obstruction at different levels show no significant changes in the blood chlorides even with a fatal intoxication.
After the intravenous injection of lethal and sublethal doses of Witte's peptone there is little change in the chlorides.
Autolyzing liver in the abdominal cavity produces no change in the blood chlorides even with a very great increase in the urea and nonprotein nitrogen.
Proteose intoxication is probably not a factor in the characteristic fall in chlorides seen after intestinal and pyloric obstruction.
STUDIES UPON THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Earle W. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. It was found that when hanging drops of whole blood, drawn from a rabbit, were subjected to irradiation from certain light sources, a striking degeneration of the white and of the red cells occurred. In this degeneration of the red cells there was (a) a preliminary period of 15–30 minutes during which no effect was noted; (b) following this, there was a period during which the cells swelled and became first almost biplanar, then biconvex, and finally spherical. After a spherical shape had been assumed, the liberation of blood pigment from the cells began. This process progressed with varied rapidity, sometimes being very slow, and being incomplete; sometimes being of almost explosive rapidity. This liberation was not accomplished in either case through a gross rupture of the cells, but through the agency of some submicroscopic change produced either in the cell contents, the cell wall, or both. Following this liberation of pigment, in some cultures the red cells showed signs of coagulation, as did the white cells. In other cultures, however, the red cells were reduced to achromatic shadows.
2. When whole blood was diluted with unbuffered Locke solution and then irradiated in hanging drop preparations, the erythrocytes swelled, as in whole blood, but then, instead of an almost instantaneous hemolysis of every cell present, or a slow liberation of hemoglobin from each individual cell, all the red cells hemolyzed, one or two at a time, the hemolyzed cells being left as achromatic shadows.
3. This hemolysis of the red cells, as in the case of the degeneration of the white cells, occurred upon irradiation of the culture with white light, or with light lying in each of the three spectral zones of the visual spectrum, defined by Wratten filters Nos. 45, 58 and 29 respectively, as follows: (a) 430µµ–550µµ; infra-red; (b) 475µµ–630µµ; 690µµ-infra-red; (c) 600µµ-infra-red.
4. Within the range of intensities of light employed, there was little or no difference in the rate at which light of these three regions acted on the red cells. Further, this rate was the same as was the rate when the red cells were irradiated with no colored filter interposed in the optical path, or when a 5 per cent total transmission neutral filter was interposed.
5. It was shown that this degeneration of the red cells under the action of light was not dependent on the presence or absence of serum, with the possible exception of that trace which might have been adherent to the red cells even after repeated washing.
6. The white cells in the culture generally showed no changes until after traces of red cell pigment could be seen free in the surrounding medium.
7. On the other hand, no neutrophils were observed moving around for longer than a few minutes after the liberation of red cell pigment had occurred.
8. The liberation of substances from the red blood cells, as a result of irradiation of such preparations, may play some major rôle in the degeneration of irradiated white cells.
STUDIES UPON THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Earle W. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the presence of autogenous red blood cells, fibroblasts, grown in vitro from the heart and intestine of embryo chicks of from 6–12 days incubation, underwent a rapid degeneration when exposed to light of the visual spectrum.
2. In this degeneration, the cells showed a marked increase in refractive index, and a massive formation of colorless vacuoles of low refractive index. These vacuoles gave no reaction with osmic acid or Sudan III, but took up neutral red. Later in the degeneration the cells showed marked signs of rounding up and of coagulation.
In some cases this degeneration process was modified in such a manner that, instead of the formation of vacuoles, the whole cytoplasm became much less viscid and the cells swelled greatly and became spherical.
3. The similarity of this degeneration to that shown by the erythrocytes, and more particularly, to that shown by the polymorphonuclear neutrophils, under the action of light, is pointed out.
4. Degeneration of the fibroblasts occurred when the cells were irradiated by light of any one of the following wave-length zones: (a) 430µµ–550µµ; infra-red; (b) 475µµ–630µµ; 690µµ-infra-red; (c) 60µµ-infra-red.
5. This degeneration was much slower for the cells irradiated through the blue or red filters of less than 5 per cent, and less than 6.6 per cent, respective total transmissions. When irradiated through the green filter of 23 per cent total transmission it was much more rapid, and even more rapid than for cultures irradiated with white light of 100 per cent total transmission. These data were obtained on a short series of cultures and must be considered only as suggestive.
6. In the apparent absence of red cells, the fibroblasts underwent only a slight degree of degeneration after irradiation lasting from 13–24½ hours. It is possible that even this minor degeneration may depend upon the presence of traces of disintegration products of red cells in the culture. Much more advanced degenerative processes were obtained, when many red cells were present, after only 3 hours irradiation.
EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Parker Julia T. , Pappenheimer Alwin M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Anaerobic autolysates of pneumococci, prepared according to the method described, are highly toxic for guinea pigs when injected intratracheally in dosage of 0.2 cc. Death occurs either within a few hours (36 per cent) or within 3 days. In the early deaths there is intense hemorrhagic edema of the lungs with beginning inflammatory reaction; in animals surviving for 18 hours or longer extensive areas of pneumonia are produced.
2. The intratracheal injection of virulent living pneumococci is followed by transient slight lesion with recovery, or by later death from septicemia without pneumonic lesions.
3. The addition of a sublethal dose of toxic autolysate to living pneumococci alters the reaction of the animal, so that there develops extensive pneumonia associated with unrestrained multiplication of the organism.
OBSERVATIONS ON FLAGELLAR AND SOMATIC AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Whole, shaken and heated suspensions of two Salmonella species were compared as to agglutinability, absorptive capacity and antigenic properties. The results were in general agreement with the flagellar antigen concept of Smith and Reagh. The removal of flagella by shaking or heating (100°C.) resulted in altered agglutinability manifested by failure to give a floccular reaction with "whole" antiserum. The deflagellated bacteria were able to absorb some flocculating agglutinin from that serum. They were unable, however, to produce flocculating agglutinin upon injection in rabbits.
Untreated, shaken and heated suspensions of a non-motile bacterium (Staphylococcus) showed no differences with respect to agglutinability or absorptive capacity.
Soluble precipitable material was found present in small amount in culture filtrates of the motile bacteria and in greater concentration in filtrates of heated suspensions. The bulk of the soluble material was of somatic origin and was not appreciably increased by the presence of flagella. It was possible, however, to demonstrate soluble material in heated flagellar suspensions. The relation of such soluble substances to floccular agglutination and the production of flocculating agglutinin as suggested by Hadley is discussed.
STUDIES IN ASTHMA
Authors: Went Stephen , Drinker Cecil K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Sheep serum in doses below 0.3 cc. intravenously produces no pulmonary vasoconstriction in the guinea pig. Guinea pigs have consequently been sensitized with this substance and anaphylactic shock produced by doses of O.1 and 0.2 cc.
2. Pressure in the pulmonary artery has been measured by the method of Drinker and Went (2) and recorded photographically in a new and convenient manner.
3. At a very early stage in anaphylactic shock the pulmonary arterial pressure falls markedly and this fall seems to precede the appearance of bronchiolar obstruction.
4. The fall in pulmonary blood pressure in anaphylactic shock is in marked contrast to the rise in pressure resulting from intravenous injection of toxic foreign protein, such as horse serum.
STUDIES ON FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM)
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Dunn Leslie C. , Cone Vernon 
Published: June 2004

1. Fowl paralysis (neurolymphomatosis gallinarum) is a disease entity, with characteristic clinical and pathological features.
2. The disease occurs in all parts of the United States, Holland, Austria and probably South America.
3. The disease appears to be endemic in certain foci. Having once appeared, the disease tends to persist through successive years.
4. It occurs with about equal frequency in both sexes; all common breeds may be affected.
5. Symptoms appear between the 3rd and 18th months. Typical clinical cases have not been observed outside of these limits.
6. The conspicuous symptoms are (a) asymmetrical, partial and progressive paralysis of the wings and both legs, and rarely of neck muscles; (b) occasional grey discoloration of iris, with blindness. Nutrition is usually preserved.
7. The duration is variable; the outcome is usually fatal, but spontaneous recovery may rarely occur.
8. The principal pathological changes are found in the nervous system. In the peripheral nerves, the essential feature is an intense infiltration of lymphoid, plasma cells, and large mononuclears. This is accompanied by a myelin degeneration in the more advanced lesions, but the cellular infiltrations appear to precede the degenerative changes. In brain, cord and meninges, there are similar infiltrations predominantly perivascular.
Infiltrations of the iris with lymphoid and plasma cells are found in the cases showing gross discoloration of the iris.
Visceral lymphomata, originating usually in the ovary, are associated in a certain percentage of the cases. Evidence is presented in favor of the view that this association is not accidental, and that the lymphomata are a manifestation of the disease.
9. Infiltrations of the spinal cord and brain, rarely of the peripheral nerves, are frequently present in birds showing no clinical symptoms. These are interpreted as mild cases of the same disease.
10. No microorganisms of etiological significance have been demonstrated in the tissues or by cultural methods.
STUDIES ON FOWL PARALYSIS (NEUROLYMPHOMATOSIS GALLINARUM)
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Dunn Leslie C. , Seidlin S. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Inoculation of suspensions of brain, cord, ganglia or nerves of chickens with neurolymphomatous lesions, into newly hatched chicks, is followed by the development of typical lesions in approximately 25 per cent of cases.
2. In control chickens kept under laboratory conditions the incidence of the disease is about 7 per cent.
3. The disease does not become manifest until at least 2 months after inoculation; symptoms may not appear until after 4 months.
4. The active agent is not destroyed by 50 per cent glycerol in 9 days at ice box temperature.
THE REVERSION OF R TO S PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Reimann Hobart A. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the behavior of R pneumococcus strains under various experimental conditions. It was found that daughter colonies frequently appeared among the R forms and in some instances tended to replace the typical R forms. The daughter strain produced colonies with shiny surfaces which were morphologically indistinguishable from genuine S colonies although the characteristics of the bacteria comprising them conformed to the R variety. Both R and daughter forms which had resided for long periods of time in vivo have been converted into virulent forms. Strains of R pneumococci which seemed irreversible were apparently converted into S forms by applying the methods of Griffith.
A general consideration of the information derived during the recent experimental studies indicates that virulent S pneumococci may dissociate into the R form in vivo, that the R forms may be occasionally found in the sputum of pneumonia patients and also may reside or lie dormant in vivo for a considerable period of time. It has been shown that under favorable circumstances bacteria of the R form may spontaneously revert to the original S form or by special methods may even transform into S forms of another type.
A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSIS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by proteolysis, which results in an increase in amino and non-coagulable nitrogen.
2. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by lipolysis during which there is a liberation of ether-soluble fatty acids.
3. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to heat-killed pneumococci, lysis of the cells occurs and there is an increase in the non-coagulable and amino nitrogen, comparable to the changes accompanying spontaneous autolysis.
4. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to emulsions of the alcohol-soluble lipoids extracted from pneumococci, an increase in the ether-soluble fatty acid occurs.
5. Sodium desoxycholate in excess inhibits the action of pneumococcus protease; it does not inhibit the action of pneumococcus lipase.
6. When suspensions of pneumococci are cooled to 0°C., a temperature at which the rate of enzyme action is greatly retarded, the organisms go into solution rapidly when sodium desoxycholate is added, but this process is not accompanied by lipolysis or proteolysis. It does not seem probable, therefore, that the "bile" solution of pneumococci is identical with the phenomenon of autolysis as ordinarily understood and measured.
7. The relation of enzyme action to antigenic dissociation is discussed.
MATERIAL FROM LYMPH NODES
Authors: Forkner Claude E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Lymph nodes from all parts of the body have been studied in a series of 58 rabbits. All of these studies have been on normal animals or on animals in which there were no specific pathologic lesions of the lymph nodes.
2. The supravital method of studying living cells has been employed together with the method of fixed sections. A correlation of the findings with these two methods is made.
3. Lymph nodes from different parts of the body possess marked differences in their cytology.
4. Developing monocytes have been found as normal constituents of all the lymph nodes of the rabbit except the mesenteric mass lying in the mesentery at the lower border of the stomach. When present the monocytes occur in varying numbers being most abundant in the more superficial nodes, particularly in the popliteal group, where they may constitute one-third to one-half of the total cells present.
5. The position of the developing monocytes in the lymph node is believed to be chiefly in the perifollicular area without definite relationship to the lymph sinuses. In some instances they are also found in the follicle itself or scattered in the medullary area. More accurate knowledge on this point must await further study.
6. During the first hours of life the monocytes are present in the lymph nodes in the same relationship as in the adult animal.
7. The monocytes are not normally present in the efferent lymphatics draining the popliteal nodes and are not normally present in the thoracic duct. It is suggested that the monocytes being extravascular in origin, enter the blood stream by means of their own motility in much the same manner as the granular leucocytes gain admission to the circulating blood. Unequivocal proof of this point can be obtained only by further investigation.
8. Many of the lymphoid cells of the lymph nodes have shown a definite division of cytoplasm into ectoplasm and endoplasm. The mitochondria and neutral red bodies are sharply limited to the less basophilic endoplasm.
9. Eosinophils are found in great numbers in the mediastinal lymph nodes and are less numerous in the mesenteric and superficial nodes.
10. Clasmatocytes are found in great numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes where they are concentrated particularly in the medullary areas. They are also present in the spleen. They are much less numerous in other lymphoid tissue.
11. Several cell types not previously described are found to be normal constituents of a large percentage of normal rabbit lymph nodes.
12. Primitive cells are found throughout the lymphoid tissue, but are in greater numbers in the area of the germ center of the follicle.
13. No evidence of erythropoiesis could be found in normal lymph nodes.
14. The spleen and bone marrow in this series of animals have not been normally concerned to any significant degree in the formation and development of monocytes.
15. Further experiments are necessary to demonstrate conclusively whether or not the lymph nodes, other than the mesenteric group, are normally the exclusive source of the monocytes of blood.