bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of formoterol and budesonide on GM-CSF and IL-8 secretion by triggered human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Korn S.H. , Jerre A. , Brattsand R. 
Published: October 2002

The effect of formoterol, alone and in combination with budesonide, upon tumour necrosis factor-α stimulated (10 ng·mL−1) human bronchial epithelial cells was investigated.Addition of formoterol (≥10−10 M) reduced granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) levels, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, by 40–50% and increased interleukin (IL)-8 levels by ∼50%. The effects of formoterol were long lasting (23 h). Budesonide (10−8 M) reduced the amounts of both cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-8) by 40%. Simultaneous addition of formoterol and budesonide reduced GM-CSF levels ∼75%, while IL-8 levels were decreased ∼40%, similar to the reduction obtained with budesonide alone. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU486 did not influence the effect of formoterol, suggesting no involvement of the GR. Formoterol rapidly induced an elevation in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which was reduced in the presence of propranolol. In addition, the alterations in cytokine secretion induced by formoterol could be fully blocked by propranolol, demonstrating that these effects are β2-receptor mediated.In conclusion, the combination of budesonide and formoterol reduces the secretion of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor to basal levels and counteracts the capacity of formoterol alone to induce interleukin-8 production, modulations which may facilitate improved asthma control.
The effects of pressurization rate on breathing pattern, work of breathing, gas exchange and patient comfort in pressure support ventilation
Authors: Chiumello D. , Pelosi P. , Croci M. , Bigatello L.M. , Gattinoni L. 
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different pressurization rates during pressure support ventilation on breathing pattern, work of breathing, gas exchange and patient comfort in patients with acute lung injury. The pressurization rate modifies the initial pressure ramp by changing the initial peak flow rate: the increase in pressurization rate is associated with a decrease in the time to reach the level of pressure support ventilation by increasing the peak flow rate.Ten intubated patients (age 64±17 yrs, body mass index 24±17 Kg·m−2, arterial oxygen tension/inspired oxygen fraction 214±59) were studied in random order varying the pressurization rate at 5 and 15 cmH2O of pressure support ventilation. Breathing comfort was evaluated by a visual analogue scale.Increasing the pressurization rate caused an increase of peak flow rate from 473±141 mL·s−1to 758±302 mL·s−1at pressure support ventilation 5 (p<0.05) and from 481±126 mL·s−1to 1,121±175 mL·s−1at pressure support ventilation 15 (p<0.05). At the lowest pressurization rate the tidal volume was the lowest, the respiratory rate and the work of breathing were the highest (p<0.05) compared with other pressurization rates. Excluding the lowest pressurization rate, in all the other pressurization rates tested the breathing pattern and the work of breathing did not change. The lowest and the highest pressurization rates caused the worst patient comfort (p<0.05). The gas exchange was stable throughout the study.The presented results suggest: 1) the lowest pressurization rate caused the lowest tidal volume, highest respiratory rate and highest work of breathing; 2) at the other pressurization rates no differences in breathing pattern and work of breathing were observed; and 3) the patient's comfort was worse at the lowest and highest pressurization rates.
Herpesvirus type 1–8 in BAL fluid from HIV-1-infected patients with suspected pneumonia and from healthy individuals
Authors: Tarp B. , Jensen-Fangel S. , Dahl R. , Obel N. 
Published: October 2002

Pneumonia is still a major problem in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, and despite extensive investigation the aetiology remains unknown in many cases. The prevalence of the eight human herpesviruses was determined by polymerase chain reaction in 91 samples of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from 72 HIV-infected patients with 91 episodes of suspected pneumonia. The presence of herpesviruses was related to clinical and immunological findings and the prevalence of herpesviruses in HIV-infected patients was compared with the prevalence in BAL fluid from 50 healthy, immunocompetent individuals.Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8) were found in 5.5%, 36%, and 5.5% of BAL fluid samples from HIV-infected patients. No herpesviruses were detectable in BAL fluid from healthy, immunocompetent individuals. The herpesviruses occurred mainly in patients with CD4+ counts <200×106 L−1. All patients with herpesviruses recovered without specific antiviral treatment. Two patients with HHV8 had the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma.It is concluded that cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpesvirus-8 are frequently present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from severely immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from healthy, immunocompetent individuals, herpesviruses are absent. Apart from human herpesvirus-8, the present results indicate that the herpesviruses do not play a serious pathogenic role in the development of pulmonary symptoms in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.
The effect of sulphur dioxide exposure on indices of heart rate variability in normal and asthmatic adults
Authors: Tunnicliffe W.S. , Hilton M.F. , Harrison R.M. , Ayres J.G. 
Published: October 2002

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is an important air pollutant and causes bronchoconstriction in normal and asthmatic adults. This paper has explored the autonomic consequences of SO2exposure using the spectral analysis of heart rate variability.Electrocardiogram recordings were made in 12 normal and 12 asthmatic adults undergoing pollutant exposures. Exposures were of a 1 h duration, double blind, in random order, ≥2 weeks apart and included air and 200 parts per billion SO2. Spectral analysis of R-R intervals was performed.SO2exposure was associated with an increase in total power (TP) and high (HF) and low frequency (LF) power in the normal subjects, and a reduction in these indices in the subjects with asthma. The difference in TP with SO2exposure compared to air was +1730 ms2in the normal group and −1021 ms2asthmatic group (p<0.003). For HF the respective values were +964 ms2and −539 ms2(p=0.02) and for LF, +43 7 ms2and −57 2 ms2(p=0.01). No change in lung function or symptoms was observed in either group.This suggests that SO2exposure at concentrations which are frequently encountered during air pollution episodes can influence the autonomic nervous system. This may be important in understanding the mechanisms involved in SO2induced bronchoconstriction, and of the cardiovascular effects of air pollution.
Pulmonary function, inflammation, exercise capacity and quality of life in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Bradley J. , McAlister O. , Elborn S. 
Published: October 2002

The aim of the study was to determine the extent to which treatment induced changes in exercise capacity and quality of life (QoL) are related to spirometric measures of lung function and other measures of disease impairment.Twenty patients admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of pulmonary disease were recruited. Measures of disease impairment, disability and QoL were obtained at the beginning and end of an intravenous course of antibiotic therapy.Intravenousantibiotic treatment resulted in a significant improvement in all measures of disease impairment, disability and handicap. The only significant predictor of treatment induced change in exercise capacity was C-reactive protein (CRP) and this explained 28% of the variance in change in exercise capacity. In the case of QoL, two predictors (change in exercise capacity and sputum output) contributed significantly to the change in QoL and collectively explained 54% of the variance in QoL.Lung function provides a limited index of treatment outcome. Exercise capacity and quality of life assessment have the potential to make a significant contribution to the decision making process regarding treatment choices in cystic fibrosis and should be measured directly if a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of treatment is required.
Sleep fragmentation: comparison of two definitions of short arousals during sleep in OSAS patients
Authors: Smurra M.V. , Dury M. , Aubert G. , Rodenstein D.O. , Liistro G. 
Published: October 2002

The measurement of arousals during sleep is useful to quantify sleep fragmentation. The criteria for electroencephalography (EEG) arousals defined by the American Sleep Disorders Association (ASDA) have recently been criticized because of lack of interobserver agreement. The authors have adopted a scoring method that associates the increase in chin electromyography (EMG) with the occurrence of an α-rhythm in all sleep stages (Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL) definition of arousals). The aim of the present study was to compare the two scoring definitions in terms of agreement and repeatability and the time taken for scoring in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) of varying severity.Two readers using both ASDA and UCL definitions scored twenty polysomnographies (PSGs) each on two occasions. The PSGs were chosen retrospectively to represent a wide range of arousal index (from 6–82) in OSAS patients.There was no difference in the arousal indices between readers and between scoring methods. The mean±sd difference between the two definitions (the bias) was 1.1±3.76 (95% confidence interval: −0.66–2.86). There was a strong linear relationship between the arousal index scored with the two definitions (r=0.981, p<0.001). Mean±sd scoring duration was significantly shorter for UCL than for ASDA definitions (18.5±5.4versus25.3±6.6 min, p<0.001).In conclusion, it has been found that in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome patients, the American Sleep Disorders Association and Université Catholique de Louvain definitions were comparable in terms of agreement and repeatability.
Sleep and daytime sleepiness in upper airway resistance syndrome compared to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: Guilleminault C. , Do Kim Y. , Chowdhuri S. , Horita M. , Ohayon M. , Kushida C. 
Published: October 2002

This study has investigated differences in the nocturnal sleep and daytime sleepiness among patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS), upper airway resistance (UARS), sleep hypopnoea syndrome, and normal control subjects, using sleep scoring and spectral activity analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG).Twelve nonobese males with UARS aged 30–60 yrs were recruited. These subjects were strictly matched for age and body mass index with twelve OSAS patients, 12 sleep hypopnoea syndrome patients, and 12 normal controls, all male. Daytime sleepiness was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). The macrostructure of sleep was determined using international criteria and spectral analysis of the sleep EEG was obtained from a central lead.The sleep macrostructure of OSAS and UARS patients was significantly different from that of controls. These patients were also sleepier during the daytime than controls. Complaints of tiredness and daytime sleepiness, ESS and MSLT scores were similar in the different patient groups. Mild dysmorphia was present in all three patient groups. However, nocturnal sleep was significantly different among the different groups. OSAS patients had significantly more awake time during sleep than the UARS patients. The spectral activity of the total sleep time of the patient groups also differed significantly from that of controls. When the sleep spectral activity of UARS and OSAS patients were compared, OSAS patients had less slow wave sleep activity than UARS patients. UARS patients had a significantly higher absolute power in the 7–9 Hz bandwidth than OSAS patients. The absolute delta power over the different sleep cycles was also different between controls and patients, and between UARS and OSAS patients.There are clear differences in the macrostructure and spectral activity of sleep between upper airway resistance and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome patients, demonstrated by differences in the cortical activity recorded in the central lead during sleep. Despite these nocturnal sleep differences, the tests of subjective daytime sleepiness are not significantly different.
Comparison of the acute effects of salbutamol and terbutaline on heart rate variability in adult asthmatic patients
Authors: Eryonucu B. , Uzun K. , Güler N. , Bilge M. 
Published: October 2002

This study investigated the effects of β2-adrenergic agonist therapy on heart rate variability (HRV) in adult asthmatic patients by using frequency domain measures of HRV.A randomized crossover design was used. Twenty adult patients with asthma were studied. All patients showed a mild-to-moderate decrease in baseline forced expiratory volume in one second. Any diseases that might have influenced the autonomic function were excluded. All patients had a complete physical examination and medical history that revealed no cardiovascular disease or medication. The study used 200 µg inhaled salbutamol and 500 µg inhaled terbutaline. HRV analysis was performed for each 5-min segment, 5 min before inhalation of the study drug and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min after inhalation. Total power (TP: <0.40 Hz), high-frequency power (HF: 0.15–0.40 Hz), low-frequency power (LF: 0.04–0.15 Hz) and LF/HF ratio were calculated.The LF and LF/HF ratio increased and TP decreased at 5, 10, 15 and 20 min after the salbutamol and the terbutaline inhalation, HF did not change significantly after the salbutamol and terbutaline inhalation.Acute salbutamol and terbutaline inhalation produce similar effects on heart rate variability and increase sympathetic modulation in the cardiac autonomic activity.
Natural history of sensitization, symptoms and occupational diseases in apprentices exposed to laboratory animals
Authors: Gautrin D. , Ghezzo H. , Infante-Rivard C. , Malo J-L. 
Published: October 2002

The natural history of the development of sensitization and disease due to high-molecular-weight allergens is not well characterized. This study describes the time-course of the incidence of work-related symptoms, skin reactivity and occupational rhinoconjunctivitis (RC) and asthma (OA); and assesses the predictive value of skin testing and RC symptoms in apprentices exposed to laboratory animals, in a 3–4-yr programme.Four-hundred and seventeen apprentices at five institutions were assessed prospectively with questionnaire, skin-testing with animal-derived allergens, spirometry and airway responsiveness (n=373). Depending on the school, students were seen 8 (n=136), 20 (n=345), 32 (n=355) and 44 (n=98) months after starting the programme.At all visits, the incidence was greater for work-related RC symptoms followed in order by skin reactivity, occupational RC, and, almost equally, OA and work-related respiratory symptoms. The incidence-density figures were comparable for each follow-up period and for most indices up to 32 months after entry into the study and then tended to decrease. The positive predictive values (PPVs) of skin reactivity to work-related allergens for the development of work-related RC and respiratory symptoms were 30% and 9.0%, respectively, while the PPVs of work-related RC for the development of OA was 11.4%.Sensitization, symptoms and diseases occur maximally in the first 2–3 yrs after starting exposure to laboratory animals. Skin reactivity to work-related allergens and rhinoconjuctivitis symptoms have low positive predictive values.
Observer variation in computed tomography of pleural lesions in subjects exposed to indoor asbestos
Authors: De Raeve H. , Verschakelen J.A. , Gevenois P.A. , Mahieu P. , Moens G. , Nemery B. 
Published: October 2002

To assess the reliability of computed tomography (CT) in detecting discrete pleural lesions, the interobserver and intra-observer variability in reading the conventional and high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans of 100 volunteers, who had worked for ≥10 yrs in a building with known asbestos contamination, was evaluated.In the first session, pleural abnormalities were detected by a single radiologist (A1) in 13 subjects. In the second session, the scans were read again independently by the same radiologist (A2) and two other experienced radiologists (B, C). The final decision for the presence of pleural lesions was made in a final consensus reading.This gave a diagnosis of pleural abnormalities in 18 subjects, of whom eight (44%) had been detected by all three readers, five (28%) by two readers and four (22%) by only one reader; one scan, rated normal by all readers during the second session, was reconsidered because pleural abnormalities had been noted at the first reading (A1). The intra-observer agreement for reader A was good (kappa (κ) 0.68) but the interobserver agreement between the readers was only fair to moderate (weighted κ: A2-B=0.43, A2-C=0.45, B-C=0.26) in the second reading session.In conclusion, when looking for the prevalence of pleural lesions in indoor asbestos exposed subjects, the potential lack of consistency in reporting the presence of small pleural abnormalities must be borne in mind and strict precautions must be taken.
Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
Authors: Miravitlles M. , Murio C. , Guerrero T. 
Published: October 2002

This study aimed to identify the risk factors for relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) that can easily be used in a primary care setting.Data were prospectively collected on 2,414 ambulatory patients with AECB from 268 general practices located throughout Spain. A multivariate model to identify risk factors independently associated with failures was developed and validated from the information recorded at the inclusion visit and at 30-days follow-up visit.A total of 507 patients relapsed (21%); of these, 84 required admission (16.5%). The multivariate model for prediction of the risk of relapse included 2,414 cases: 1,689 for the developmental sample and 725 in the validation sample. The model obtained contained three readily-obtainable variables: ischaemic heart disease (odds ratio (OR)=1.63; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07–2.47), degree of dyspnoea (OR=1.31; 1.14–1.50) and number of visits to the general practitioner the previous year (OR=1.07; 1.04–1.10). The model calibrated well in developmental and validation samples (goodness-of-fit tests: p=0.295 and p=0.637, respectively). Severity of the exacerbation was not associated with increased risk of relapse in either univariate or multivariate analysis.The present results suggest that baseline characteristics of the patients such as degree of dyspnoea, coexisting ischaemic heart disease and number of previous visits to the general practitioner for respiratory problems are strongly associated with increased risk of relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. In contrast, exacerbation severity was not associated with clinical failure. Guidelines for management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis should consider such risk factors and advocate intensive broad spectrum treatment and closer follow-up of patients exhibiting them.
Endothelin-1-induced airway and parenchymal mechanical responses in guinea-pigs: the roles of ETA and ETB receptors
Authors: Adamicza Á. , Peták F. , Asztalos T. , Tiszlavicz L. , Boros M. , Hantos Z. 
Published: October 2002

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been shown to have a constrictor effect on the airways and parenchyma; however, the roles of the ETAand ETBreceptors in the ET-1-induced changes in the airway and tissue compartments have not been fully explored.Low-frequency pulmonary impedance (ZL) was measured in anaesthetized, paralysed, open-chest guinea-pigs.ZLspectra were fitted by a model to estimate airway resistance (Raw) and inertance (Iaw), and coefficients of tissue damping (G) and elastance (H), and hysteresivity (η=G/H).Two successive doses of ET-1 (0.05 and 0.2 nmol·kg−1) each evoked significant dose-related increases inRaw, G, H and η. Pretreatment with 20 nmol·kg−1BQ-610 (a highly selective ETAreceptor antagonist) resulted in a significantly decreased elevation only in H after the lower dose of ET-1. However, all parameters changed significantly less on the administration of ET-1 after pretreatment with 80 nmol·kg−1BQ-610, with 20 nmol·kg−1ETR-P1/fl (a novel ETAreceptor antagonist) or with 20 nmol·kg−1IRL 1038 (an ETBreceptor antagonist).The results of the separate assessments of the airway and tissue mechanics demonstrate that endothelin-1 induces airway and parenchymal constrictionviastimulation of both receptor types in both compartments.
Surfactant apoprotein A modulates interleukin-8 and monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 production
Authors: Meloni F. , Alberti A. , Bulgheroni A. , Lupi A. , Paschetto E. , Marone Bianco A. , Rodi G. , Fietta A. , Luisetti M. , Baritussio A. 
Published: October 2002

Previous studies have shown that surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A) and natural or synthetic surfactant can modulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from alveolar mononuclear phagocytes.The aim of this study was to assess whether SP-A or Surfactant (Surf) from patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) can affect the release of two chemokines (interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemtactic peptide (MCP)-1) from human monocytes and rat lung type-II cells. In addition IL-8 and MCP-1 levels were assessed in the brochoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of seven patients with PAP and compared with those in a group of control subjects (n=5).SP-A, tested over a wide range of concentrations, significantly increased IL-8 and MCP-1 release from monocytes. SP-A retained its activity after collagenase digestion, but was not active after heat treatment. The release of IL-8 by monocytes was also stimulated by Surf. Finally, median BALF IL-8 and MCP-1 levels in PAP patients were significantly higher than in controls (9.50 and 9.51 pg·mL−1in controlsversus151.95 and 563.70 pg·mL−1in PAP, respectively) and significantly correlated with SP-A concentrations in BALF.Overall the results of this study support the view that the high content of alveolar surfactant apoprotein A may contribute to the upregulation of chemokine release in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, thus contributing to airway inflammation.