bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The honeycreepers’ world
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present day Hawaiian Islands (Fig. 2.1) lie at the northern edge of the tropical Pacific 4000 km from the nearest continent (North America) and 3000 km from the nearest high volcanic islands (the Marquesas in southeastern Polynesia). They are the latest subaerial representation of an ancient long chain of islands and guyots or seamounts (the Emperor Chain) that stretch to the northwest and north almost to the Aleutians. As reviewed most recently by Fleischer et al. (1998), this chain is the result of the movement of the Pacific Plate, which forms the floor of the Pacific Ocean, over a mid-ocean ‘hotspot’.A hotspot is a thin place in the Earth’s outer mantle where a magma plume reaches the surface and produces volcanoes.
Analysis Based on a (semi-)Markov Description
Authors: Haccou Patsy , Meelis Evert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters, the emphasis was on model formulation and validation. This is useful in itself, since it will often increase insight into the temporal structure of the behaviour studied. In most cases, however, we want more than just to describe behaviour. For instance, we may want to study the effects of experimental treatments in order to gain insight into the mechanisms regulating behaviour. A validated model can be used as a firm basis for such analyses. A major advantage of an approach based on the formulation of Markov chain models and many of their generalizations is that, on the time scale(s) where such models can be applied, all the information contained in the behavioural records can be summarized concisely by means of the estimated transition rates.
Protecting forests against damage
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four kinds of damage are considered here. These are: 2. Damage caused by extremes of climate, particularly wind, snow, and fire. 3. Damage caused by certain diseases, insects, and animals. 4. Damage to site and trees in the course of forest operations. 5. Air pollution These kinds of damage are recurrent and can disrupt the orderly regeneration, tending, and harvesting of tree crops unless control measures are devised and applied. Injuries to site and trees reduce the productive potential of the forest by depressing tree growth and lowering the volume and value of timber produced. When the cost of protective measures is combined with loss of growing stock and increment these climatic, biotic, mechanical, and environmental agents can place a heavy financial burden on a forest enterprise. The purpose of this chapter is to show how the risk of damage may be assessed and how the resistance of the forest can be raised so that the impact of these agents on silvicultural systems is kept as low as possible.
Strip systems
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strip systems differ in detail but have one common feature, namely that the coupes take the form of quite narrow strips which have certain advantages, mainly of a protective nature, over large coupes. The German word ‘saum’ denotes narrow strips, say up to half the height of the old trees or little more, cut along the edge of the strand. ‘Streif’ denotes broader strips, as in ‘streifenschlag (see page 84).
The group selection system
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical form of selection fellings in which single trees are removed is more suited to shade-bearing than to light-demanding species, since the gaps created by the removal of sing-le trees are too small for the regeneration of light-demanders or for the smaller trees to escape suppression from the larger ones standing over them. Hence if the selection system is to be applied to light-demanding species it is necessary to fell trees in groups in order to create gaps of sufficient size to enable regeneration to establish itself. Such fellings are known as group selection fellings and the modification of the selection system under which this type of felling is employed is termed the group selection system.
Coppice with standards
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coppice with standards consists of two distinct elements: (I) a lower even-aged storey treated as coppice; and (2) an upperstorey of standards forming an uneven-aged crop and treated as high forest. The coppice is termed the underwood and the standards the overwood. The purpose of the standards is to provide a certain proportion of large timber, to provide seed for natural regeneration, and in some cases, to afford protection against frost. Coupes are formed exactly as in simple coppice. The rotation of the coppice is fixed according to requirements and the area is divided into as many annual coupes as there are years in the rotation. As each annual coupe in turn becomes due for felling, the following operations are carried out in it.
Conversion
Authors: Matthews John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘conversion’ is generally taken to mean a change from one silvicultural system to another, as for instance, conversion of coppice with standards to high forest or from clear cutting to the group selection system (page 175). In silviculture, conversion also includes restoration of degraded forest to a productive condition, leading up eventually to sustained yield working under one of the silvicultural systems. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the methods used when making conversions and give examples of different kinds of conversions to supplement those already described in the chapters on the clear cutting and group selection systems (pages 80 and 175). Natural indigenous forest, managed high forest, coppice with standards, and coppice can all become degraded. The most common causes are: (1) uncontrolled exploitation fellings which remove the best trees of the principal species, leaving only damaged or moribund trees and secondary or weed species; (2) changes in market or economic conditions leading to a decline in the value of the growing stock and neglect of the forest.
Interactions in burrowing communities and their effects on the structure of marine benthic ecosystems
Authors: W. Peter a. , wilde J De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benthic organisms and their abiotic environment are closely related. Simply by their existence, bottom organisms tend to modify the environment in which they live. Burrowing macrofauna species, by their often remarkable behaviour, exert profound impacts on the sediment and bottom water and also, directly or indirectly, on the various biota. Interactions between burrowing species and other inhabitants of the same habitat may be tolerant, promotive or inhibitory: ‘gardening’ occurs if the activities of a burrowing species promote the production of micro-organisms in such a way that this positively contributes to the food resources of the species. Deposit feeding macrofauna species may, through extensive sediment reworking in muddy sediment, cause such severe destabilization of the sea bed that suspension-feeding organisms or epifauna are prevented from persisting in the same habitat.
Biogenic habitat modification in marine sediments: the importance of species composition and activity
Authors: Woodin Sarah Ann , Marinelli Roberta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marine sedimentary environments are well known to be biogenically modified by the organisms that live within them. What is less clear is the degree to which the activities of the infauna vary temporally and/or spatially and how this affects the biogenic alteration of the habitat as well as other organisms. Herein we document such effects on other members of the infauna as well as the importance of the actual species exposed to the biogenic alteration. Juveniles of the bivalve Mercenaria emigrate in response to simulated biogenic sediment turnover, while those of the bivalve Venerupis show no response. Similarly two terebellid polychaete species, Thelepus and Eupolymnia, respond differentially in terms of irrigation amount and frequency to elevated ammonium and sulphide levels as well as to reduced oxygen levels. The significance of these responses is discussed in light of the rates of emigration of the terebellids and the below-sediment deposit feeders as well as with reference to chemical constituents exuded into sediments by some species of terebellid polychaetes and by some species of below-sediment deposit feeders.
Flight based on hindwings
Authors: Brodsky Andrei K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the roots of the evolutionary line which leads to the present-day Neoptera there was an extensive order with hazy borders, the Protoptera, which is only known from wing fossils. Various members of the lower Para- and Oligoneoptera, especially the orders Hypoperlida and Blattin opseida, as well as the Polyneoptera can be derived from them via smooth transitions. The Polyneoptera evolved a more concealed lifestyle in litter, under bark, and in rotting wood and especially in accumulations of coarse plant remains-under fallen trees, twigs, and branches and in ‘macrolitter’ (Rasnitsyn 1980a). Transition to a concealed lifestyle could have been caused by the appearance of aerial predators-dragonflies, which seem to have appeared a little before the Polyneoptera. The most compact body form is provided if the wings are folded flat over the abdomen. With this manner of folding, the forewings acquired a protective function, they became hardened, and the flight function was concentrated in the hindwings. The hindwings expanded at the base to form a canopy during flight (Antonova et al. 1980), flexing in a complex manner for wing folding.
Sir William Jones
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1793 William Roxburgh was summoned to Calcutta to be considered for the post of the first salaried Superintendent of its botanical garden. The English flag had been hoisted over a small settlement on the banks of the River Hooghly in Bengal in 1690 and within a century Calcutta’s population had swollen to half a million. Its trade had outstripped the ports of the Coromandel coast and when Surat, once the dominant commercial centre of all India, was weakened by internal wars, its position became unassailable. The East India Company created a Georgian city on a former malarial swamp. The Victorians, admiring its broad roads fronting large mansions with classical facades, stuccoed and whitewashed, and set in smooth lawns with shrubberies and shadegiving trees, called it the City of Palaces. But it was also a city of contrasts: European elegance was surrounded by open drains, mud huts, and the stench and filth of narrow streets in crowded bazaars. Parliament’s Regulating Act of 1773 elevated the Governor of Bengal, Warren Hastings, to Governor-General with authority over the Presidencies of Madras and Bombay. Calcutta became the seat of the Government of British India and the location of the new Supreme Court of Judicature. It boasted theatres, an orchestra and choir that performed Handel’s Messiah to home-sick Britons, a race-course, and a learned society presided over by (Sir) William Jones (1746-94).
Pursuit Of The Picturesque
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until Hodges’s paintings were published in London towards the end of the eighteenth century, the British visual perception of India relied upon engravings inspired by travellers’ descriptions or amateurs’ drawings. William Hodges (1744-97) was the first professional artist of any merit to record his impressions of the subcontinent. Trained at William Shipley’s drawing school in the premises of the Society of Arts, he was apprenticed to the landscape painter Richard Wilson, a devotee of the classical landscapes of Claude and Poussin. Hodges learnt from Wilson how to compose poetic landscapes in the manner of these French painters, adroitly manipulating atmospheric light and shade on canvas and paper. The Admiralty engaged him as a topographical artist on Captain Cook’s second voyage to the Pacific in 1772. During his three years on HMS Resolution, he had to subordinate his romantic vision to the prosaic requirements of topographical accuracy. He returned to the tropics, selecting India as a subject for his brush after the death of his wife in 1777. Landing in 1780 on the broad strand skirting Madras, his trained eye appraised approvingly ‘the clear, blue, cloudless sky, the polished white buildings, the bright sandy beach, and the dark green sea’. Such light and strong colours tested his technical skills, the country and its inhabitants proffered picturesque compositions-temples and forts, parades of soldiers, caravans of merchants, and the ‘fine antique figures’ of women emerging from the river ‘with wet drapery which perfectly displays the whole person’. He was attracted by the extraordinary configuration of the banyan tree. He rejoiced in the rebirth of the countryside during the monsoons, everywhere ‘such a freshness of verdure ... such vigour and fulness of foliage’. The powerful aquatints in his Select views of India (1785-8) enticed other artists to the country.
Gardening In India
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hymns that constitute the Rig Veda required flowers to be used in religious ceremonies and through these ancient Hindu texts we discover that gardens have enjoyed a long tradition in India. Garland-makers grew flowers for festivals and most households tried to cultivate a few blooms to offer in prayer and ritual. Trees with sacred associat10ns such as Kadam (Neolamarckia cadamba) and Champaka (Michelia champaca) are still familiar sentinels in temple gardens. Public parks were laid out for recreation, usually on the outskirts of towns and frequently near rivers. Asoka, the greatest emperor of the Mauryan empire and a Buddhist convert, encouraged the planting of trees along highways as well as in parks and gardens. His pillar in Delhi, one of a number erected throughout the empire proclaiming royal edicts, announced ‘that everywhere wholesome vegetables, roots and fruit trees shall be cultivated, and that on the roads wells shall be dug and trees planted to give enjoyment for both men and animals’.
Differential binding and activation of synthetic retinoids to retinoic acid receptors
Authors: Apfel Christian , Crettaz Marco , LeMotte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retinoids, and in particular all-trans retinoic acid (RA), exert a wide range of biological effects. RA influences the growth and differentiation of a wide variety of normal and transformed cells. The usefulness of retinoids in dermatology in different skin disorders, such as acne and psoriasis, is well documented. Moreover, retinoids may have a potential in immunomodulation and as preventive and therapeutic anticancer agents (Bollag 1979; Bollag 1983; Lippman et al., 1987). The mechanism by which RA induces these diverse biological effects is unclear. Initially, it was suggested that they were mediated through a highly specific cellular RA-binding protein (Jetten and Jetten 1979). A crucial advance towards understanding retinoid action has been accomplished with the isolation of six specific nuclear receptors for retinoids RAR-α (Petkovich et al. 1987; Giguere et al. 1987), RAR-β (Benbrook et al. 1988; Brand et al. 1988), RAR-γ (Kastner et al. 1989; Krust et al. 1989; Giguere et al. 1990), RXR-α, RXR-β, and RXR-γ (Mangelsdorf et al. 1990 and Chapter 3). These receptors belong to the superfamily of steroid/thyroid hormone receptors. This family of nuclear receptors regulate gene transcription in a ligand-dependent fashion through binding to specific DNA sequences (response elements), generally located upstream of the promoter of a target gene (Umesono et al. 1988; Graupner et al. 1989; Vasios et al. 1989; de Thé et al. 1990). This results in an increased or decreased synthesis of specific proteins.
Retinoid-induced alterations of segmental organization and gene expression in the mouse hindbrain
Authors: Murphy Paula , Davidson Duncan R , Hill Robert E , Morriss-Kay Gillian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization of the vertebrate body plan during development is not well understood. In invertebrates, such as Drosophila, the embryo is divided into repeated units along the anteroposterior (AP) axis; which subsequently develop into distinctive parts of the adult (for review sec Akam 1987). The process of segmentation, in which initially similar units diversify according to position, simplifies the task of constructing a complex organism. Drosophila segmentation has been well characterized at the genetic level and more than 50 genes that establish or distinguish segments have been identified (Lewis 1978; Nusslein-Volhard and Wieschaus 1980; Perrimon et al. 1982; Jurgens et al. 1984; N usslein-Volhard et al. 1984; Wicschaus et al. 1984; Schupbach and Wieschaus 1986; Akam 1987). Many of these are DNA regulators that belong to conserved families of genes that are represented in vertebrates (for reviews sec Holland and Hogan 1988; Kessell and Gruss 1990). However, not surprisingly, vertebrate embryos arc more complex than Drosophila and are not entirely segmental in form. One part of the vertebrate embryo that is clearly segmented is the hindbrain, where repetitive morphological structures (rhombomeres) have been shown to reflect an underlying segmental organization to neurogencsis (Adelman 1925; Lumsden and Keynes 1989). In mouse embryos, individual hindbrain segments show specific patterns of gene expression. Two of these segment-specific genes show an alteration in their pattern of expression when retinoic acid (RA) levels are raised. They are: Krox-20, which contains zinc finger DNA binding motifs and is expressed in rhombomercs 3 and 5 (Wilkinson et al. 1989a), and Hox-2. 9, which is expressed in the intervening rhombomere, rhombomere 4, and contains a homeobox similar to those found in Drosophila homeotic genes which confer segment identity (Murphy et al. 1989; Wilkinson et al. 1989b). Among Drosophila genes, Hox-2 .9 is most closely related to labial, which identifies an ancestral segment in the Drosophila head (Frohman et al. 1990; Murphy and Hill 1991).
Analyses of drugs and drug concentrations in blood and other body compartments
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forensic pharmacologist is constrained to provide his opinion on the basis of the information he has about a case. The more information, the more he can usefully say. At one extreme, he may be asked whether any drug could possibly have caused a series of events. At the other extreme, there will be several measurements of drug concentration to help in estimating times, doses, and possible effects. Tests to detect drugs, and to measure their concentrations, are extremely important. Their limitations are also important. The methods and their pitfalls are discussed here.
Legal considerations
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function of the expert witness within the English legal system is the same whatever the area of expertise. The problem faced by the would-be expert in identifying the nature of that function may vary, depending on the nature of that expertise. The doctor, for example, is accustomed to diagnosing and treating illness, but may be less comfortable in saying what percentage of a patient’s disability is attributable to a particular injury, the very issues that the legal system may want addressed. It is very important to understand the basics of how the legal system works, in order to see what it actually requires of the expert. In that way, a lot of time (on behalf of the doctor) and frustration (on the part of the lawyer) can be saved. It is also important to understand how lawyers function in court.
Detection of genetic changes in cancer by interphase cytogenetics and comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Hopman Anton H N , Voorter Christina E M , Speel Ernst J M , Ramaekers Frans C S , Vooijs Peter G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative and structural aberrations in the genomic content of malignancies or premalignant lesions, are, in many cases, correlated with prognosis of the disease. Since such genetic changes are central to the initiation and progression of neoplasms, techniques have been developed for their detection and characterization.
Single and simultaneous nucleic acid detection in clinical samples
Authors: Herrington C S , McGee James O'D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) may be defined as the direct detection of nucleic acids in cellular material. Its application to human pathology, therefore, involves the detection of both normal and abnormal nucleic acids in human cells and tissues (for review see Herrington and McGee, 1992a; Herrington 1994a). The development of techniques for ISH, in the context of pathology, has been directed towards procedures that are clinically useful.
Epilogue
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Flora Graeca saga neared its end when Platt closed the accounts and transferred the ‘ballance of [£]9 9[s] 2[d] to the Account of Dr. Gibbert late V. C. [Vice-Chancellor] at Mess.rs Child & Co.’; this was done on 29 December 1840, almost forty-five years after the death of Sibthorp, fourteen years after the death of Bauer, and twelve years after the death of Smith. By then the specimens still on loan to Lindley, as well as all the copper plates which had been used for the production of the Flora Graeca, were probably returned to Oxford. Platt paid for the transport of the latter to Oxford on 2 November 1840. A month later, the whole remaining stock of letterpress was sent from London to Oxford, and the receipt acknowledged on 22 December 1840 by P. Bliss, Registrar of the University.’ This consignment may have included a special tribute from Hawkins and Platt for the University, regarded by some in the famous trial as the true publishers of the two works—two complete sets of the Flora Graeca. They were deposited in the Bodleian Library and in the library of the Physic Garden. While the first set was later sold, the latter set is still kept in the library of the Department of Plant Sciences, labelled with a bookplate which reads: ‘Decem haec volumina inter libros bibliothecae horti botanici oxoniensis Johannis Sibthorp. M. D. testamenti curatores Johannes Hawkins et Thomas Platt perpetuo servari voluerunt A. D. MDCCCXL’ [John Hawkins and Thomas Platt, the executors of John Sibthorp M. D., wanted to have these ten volumes permanently preserved among the books of the library of the Oxford Botanic Garden. A.D. 1840].
The ants (Formicidae)
Authors: Longino John T , Hanson Paul E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Completely winged (males, and at least for a short time after eclosion, queens) or apterous (workers). Head prognathous in female castes (worker and queen); antennae elbowed, with an elongate basal segment (scape), female castes with 4 to 12 segments, males with 9 to 13 segments. When wings present, the hind wing generally lacking lobes (except in some Ponerinae) and with 0 to 2 enclosed cells present. Metapleural gland present on mesosoma, opening above hind coxa, sometimes the gland secondarily reduced or lost. Metasomal segment I always reduced and isolated from the remaining metasomal segments to form a distinct node or scale (petiole); frequently metasomal segment II also reduced and isolated (postpetiole). Males often bear little resemblance to queens and workers, being smaller, more fragile, and with smaller heads and relatively larger eyes and ocelli.