bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Candidates and Party Organizations
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In general elections the local campaign is usually considered largely irrelevant to the outcome. ‘The constituency campaign has come to be regarded by most observers as little more than a ritual. The anachronistic local rites of canvassing and public meetings are per formed at each election, but are not thought to have any bearing on the results.’ (Butler and Kavanagh 1988: 211). Yet we would expect by-elections to be different: voters are choosing one MP rather than a government; individual candidates are subject to greater public attention; parties invest greater organizational resources at constituency level to mobilize their supporters; the national media subject the local campaign to intense scrutiny. We would expect the weaker partisan loyalties evident in recent years to leave greater room for the influence of short-term considerations. Therefore we need to examine the role of campaign-specific factors—local party organizations, the selection of candidates, the media coverage of the campaign, and the use of opinion polls—to consider their potential impact.
Abstainers, Tacticals, and Floating Voters
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To understand changes in by-elections we can distinguish four main groups in the electorate according to the certainty and stability of their vote. By certainty we mean whether voters are open to change their minds during the course of the campaign or whether they feel committed to their choice. The more voters are willing to reconsider the alternatives, the greater the potential for dramatic shifts in sup port in the last few days before polling. By stability we mean whether voters are consistent over a series of elections. We can outline these concepts and then examine the empirical basis of this classification.
Latent Neutrality
Authors: Holbraad Carsten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The four decades that have elapsed since the signing of the North Atlantic treaty have been for Denmark a period of sustained engagement in international politics. As a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it has had a minor role in the mounting of a collective defence of the Western nations and in maintaining a balance of power in the central relationship, and has participated also in the joint formulation of alliance policy. Since 1973 Denmark has been part of the European Economic Community as well, in the social, economic, and political endeavours of which it has been increasingly active. In the United Nations and elsewhere, it has engaged in the efforts to reduce the economic inequalities among nations and limit the conflict between the industrially developed and the developing parts of the world. Finally, in the Nordic Council and through other channels it has continued its long-standing endeavours to expand Scandinavian co-operation of various sorts.
The Musical Organization of Arabesk
Authors: Stokes Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For arabesk musicians, the prime mover in the musical organization of arabesk is inspiration, ilham. Explanations of ilham focus on metaphorical expressions of the emotional states described in the previous chapter. Just as the central figure in the arabesk drama is imaged as a passive victim of fate, so too is the musician powerless before the remote, manipulative, and unpredictable force of ilham. Izham, as lyricists and composers informed me on a number of occasions, is not something which can be trained or cultivated. They could set up the situation most likely to inspire them, but might remain devoid of inspiration for days. Inspiration could strike when least expected, forcing the musician to stop what he is doing and get the words and notes down on paper at the first opportunity. The circumstances in which inspiration strikes are essential proof of the power of ilham and its expression in words and music. Each song therefore has ‘a story’, relating the private and specific circumstances in which inspiration struck.
Germany
Authors: Kaase Max 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of the 1980s, events in Germany took a turn which made all other developments in electioneering seem trivial. They culminated in the election of 2 December 1990, in which the five states of East Germany (GDR) joined with the eleven states of West Germany (FRG) The constitutional logic of the unification process meant that East Germany had to be completely absorbed into the institutional and legal order of West Germany. The transfer set the stage for a fast and unprecedented process of socio-political transition in the old GDR together with a feedback to the old FRG which provides a major topic for study in its own right.
The Impact of Electioneering in the United States
Authors: Bartels Larry M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If elections in the rest of the world are becoming ‘Americanized’, then what is happening in America? The last forty years have seen a variety of notable changes in campaign technology, the role of political parties, and other important features of the electoral process. I shall attempt to distinguish between temporary changes associated with a specific set of historical events-in particular, with what Burnham1 has referred to somewhat melodramatically as ‘the cosmic smash-ups of the late 1960s’-and more permanent structural changes in the American electoral system.
The Natives are Restless: The Reporting of British By-Elections
Authors: Mckie David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In October 1933 Labour took East Fulham from the Conservatives on a swing of 29 per cent, transforming a Conservative majority of 14,521 into a Labour one of 4,840. This was the first of six by¬ elections defended by the National government over a period of five weeks, and the only one which Labour won, but the swings against the government were substantial in every case. These events had a profound effect on Stanley Baldwin, then much the most influential figure in the government, as he confessed to the Commons when under attack from Churchill in the debate on the Address in November 1938:
British Parliamentary Parties
Authors: Brand Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this book Jack Brand examines the role of the British Conservative and Labour parliamentary parties in the development of government policy since 1945. Focusing on six major policy fields: agriculture, education, housing, defence, the economy, and Scottish affairs, he argues that the influence of back-benchers has been consistently underestimated, and that the close interdependence of front- and back-benchers frequently produces surprising and significant effects on policy development. Dr Brand concludes that the common perception of back-benchers as powerless to affect the policies of their leaders is misleading, and that they are essential to the development of government policy.
Chiefly and Shamanist Landscapes in Mongolia
Authors: Humphrey Caroline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Western idea of ‘the landscape’ arises from objectification and is closely related to practices such as painting, map-making, song, and poetry. The secular, appreciative gaze is certainly not unknown among the Mongols. But it was historically intermittent and was inspired by non-Mongol kinds of representation, such as Manchu maps, Chinese and Russian landscape painting, or the ‘genre’ scenes in Tibetan religious paintings. In Mongolian culture itself landscapes are more in the nature of practices designed to have results: it is not contemplation of the land (gazar) that is important but interaction with it, as something with energies far greater than the human. The Mongols do not take over any terrain in the vicinity and transform it into something that is their own. Instead, they move within a space and environment where some kind of pastoral life is possible and ‘in-habit’ it. That is to say, they let it pervade them and their herds, influencing where they settle, when they move, and what kinds of animals they keep. However, this is not a pre-reflective or spontaneous existence, but one recognizing human choice and agencies, which are conceived as interrelated with and subordinate to the agencies attributed to entities in the land. Thus the Mongols choose to avoid forests and narrow ravines, preferring wide-open steppes, where the land is before them in a limitless expanse. But the most featureless plain has its gentle curves, or bushes, or marshy patches, and even such entities are credited with powers of some kind. I shall use the word ‘landscape’ to designate the ways in which these energies are envisaged, or, to put this another way, to describe the concepts by which social agencies constitute the physical world.
Relating to the Country in the Western Desert
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the time I conducted eleven months’ fieldwork in the region ofUluru (Ayers Rock, Australian Western Desert) between 1977 and 1979, half a century had passed since colonization by pastoralists had irrevocably changed the indigenous way of life. Uluru itself had been subject to tourism for twenty years. East of Uluru lay cattle stations while to the west and south, the Petermann and Musgrave Ranges were former Aboriginal reserves which once again belonged to their traditional Aboriginal owners since passage of the Northern Territory Land Rights Act in 1976. One of the purposes of my research was to obtain evidence for a land claim on Uluru and Katatjuta (the Olgas). Much of this claim was unable to proceed because the Federal Government transferred ownership to the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service before the claim came to court. Surrounding areas were none the less granted to the claimants and title to the Park area was returned to its traditional owners in 1985. The senior men and women with whom I worked were already young adults when they first came into lasting contact with White people. During their adult lives, however, they have seen their way of life transformed in many ways. Although men still hunt regularly, imported flour has largely replaced the wild vegetable foods, traditionally gathered by women, which once provided 80 per cent of the diet. Children are born in hospital rather than in the bush, a change which has created major difficulties for maintaining personal affiliation to the land. Life on settlements has curtailed some ceremonies, while the introduction of motor vehicles has greatly expanded the opportunities for maintaining ceremonial links between communities.
The Language of the Forest: Landscape and Phonological Iconism in Umeda
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It might seem odd to raise the question of linguistic iconicity—the diagram-like or mimetic attributes of language—in the context of a work on landscape and culture. But I hope to show that my choice of subject-matter is not as arbitrary as it might appear, and that there may be, indeed, an intimate relationship between the cultural factors shaping the phonology of certain natural languages, and the particularities of the landscape setting within which the speakers of these languages live. My thesis is that people who live in dense, unbroken jungle, such as the New Guinean peoples I shall discuss, speak languages that are unusually rich in phonological iconisms, and that this association between forest habitats and iconic languages can be theoretically accounted for. Phonological iconisms are instances in which there are interpret able relationships between speech sounds or articulatory ‘gestures’, and the semantic meanings conveyed by words in speech.
Fundamentals in the Liberal Constitutional Tradition
Authors: Kommers Donald p. , Thompson W J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recapitulating the essentials of the liberal constitutional tradition, we are faced at the outset with severe problems of definition. We could, for example, spend much of our time clarifying the concept of a ‘tradition’. What constitutes a tradition? How and when do ideas or practices evolve into a tradition? Is a tradition the same as an ideology? We shall pass on these questions, because for present purposes it is more important to focus on the meaning of liberal constitutionalism. Yet here too we face problems of definition. The focus of this volume is constitutionalism, and the assumption seems to be that we all adequately grasp what this term means. But Walter Murphy has suggested, and we agree, that ‘without a clear definition, the term “constitutionalism” is an invitation to debate about ghosts or, to shift the metaphor, to enter a trackless verbal swamp’.1 The fog thickens when we add the specification ‘liberal’, in so far as the adjective suggests that there may be different kinds of constitutionalism.
Constitutional Developments in the Netherlands: Towards a Weaker Parliament and Stronger Courts?
Authors: Scheltema Michiel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1983 a completely redrafted Constitution came into force in the Netherlands. The old Constitution, dating from 1815, had been amended several times—the amendments of 1848 were the most important ones—but a complete revision had never been under taken before. During the process of rewriting the document, issues of substantive constitutional importance had been under discussion. Some issues had been given special attention, such as the introduction of some kind of referendum, the need for judicial review of Acts of Parliament—not existing in the Netherlands—and the introduction of elections for the mayors of cities and towns to replace the existing system of appointments by the Crown.
Implementing the Spanish Constitution
Authors: Perales Ascensión Elvira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1992 the Spanish Constitution, drawn up in 1978, celebrated its fourteenth birthday—quite a short life-span, but one which has brought about considerable changes in the socio-political sphere and a reaffirmation of the meaning of the Constitution, which was almost certainly not foreseeable during the iter constituyente (constitutional process). It is not the aim of this chapter to undertake an in-depth analysis of the Constitution, nor of its evolution. Rather, the more important aspects of its development will be outlined, on the one hand highlighting the extent to which the constitutional brief has been fulfilled and on the other demonstrating the incidence of change in the Constitution itself.
The Relevance of Western Models for Constitution-Building in Poland
Authors: Sokolewicz Wojciech 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Occupied during the Second World War, Poland was reborn within a much-altered territory and with its sovereignty limited by the USSR: the state was dependent on its eastern neighbour politically, ideologically, and economically. The permanence of dependence on the USSR was guaranteed by the Communist Party, which bore the name of the Polish Workers’ Party until 1948 when, having absorbed a number of members of the essentially social democratic Polish Socialist Party, it was renamed the Polish United Workers’ Party. Over the decades until 1989, the Communists had the decisive influence over the exercise of state power; its constitutional framework was shaped according to their political strategy and sometimes even tactics.1 Starting from 1947, all political opposition was banned and persecuted by law among other measures.
Introduction
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Langkawi Island (Pulau Langkawi) is situated about thirty miles off the west coast of Malaysia, just south of the Thai border. Some of the most vivid images from beginning my fieldwork there in 1980 are of the many everyday occurrences for young women inside a Malay house. Being left to look after a small baby during the daytime; taking a midday meal of rice and fish on the floor of the kitchen with my foster family; being sent to make the coffee when unexpected visitors arrive; the intense heat of houses in the middle of the day; the quiet, easy familiarity of the cooler evenings when friends and neighbours drop by for a chat and a betel quid.
The Substance of Kinship and the Heat of the Hearth
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of the last chapter I described how the person is both individual and multiple. Each body is the container of a sibling set. The semangat of the person is part of a seven-member set which may in fact be likened to the parts of the body. The person also has a symbolic sibling placenta which is buried in the ground at birth. Persons and their bodies have a multiple identity and this is conceived in terms of the relation of siblingship.
Introduction
Authors: Hooghe Liesbet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The European Union is a puzzle for most observers because it seems to defy traditional categories of governance cast in the language of nation-state politics or international collaboration (Wallace 1989; Wallace 1990; Sbragia 1993; Bulmer 1994; Peterson 1994). It is set to take decisions in a wide range of areas which directly affect public and private interests in the Union, and in that respect it seems to resemble national states more than international organizations (Lodge 1989; Schmitter 1992a). However, compared to national states, it has extremely limited means to exert political rule. Yet, it is expected to get these resourceful entities on its side, which are potent alternative centres of authority on their own; that is a formidable challenge, because member states have distinctly different institutions, practices, and patterns of interest representation moulded by distinct trajectories of state-building. No emerging national state had to deal with such powerful and diverse alternative loci of authority (Marks and McAdam 1993; Marks 1995a). The central task is therefore, time and again, how policy-makers can develop a coherent common policy at the European level, and yet give attention to the variation in political practice, institutions, and players in the member states.
Europe and Cohesion Policy-Making in the Flemish Region
Authors: Rynck Stefaan De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the structural funds policies in the Belgian region of Flanders during the last ten years. The four areas that have received European support are compared in an attempt to delineate the impact of the European Community on territorial restructuring and on the nature of the policy process. Territorial relations during the 1980s in Belgium were in a state of rapid transformation. Nowhere in Western Europe has the national government been weakened to the same extent. This weakness, together with the incubation stage of the new regional authorities, created an excellent window of opportunity for all actors, including the European Commission, to shape territorial relations, and to have an impact on policy-making. The comparative analysis of intergovernmental relations in the four cases presented here allows an analysis of whether or not the Commission has indeed been capable of exploiting the opportunity. Also, the research design permits an investigation of whether the European Commission has succeeded in giving shape to partnership structure in a top-down manner, or whether its influence has been much more contingent on local circumstances. In the latter instance, a varying pattern of intergovernmental relations can be expected in the different cases.
The European Union, Cohesion Policy, and Subnational Authorities in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bache Ian , George Stephen , Rhodes R A W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the relationship in the United Kingdom between subnational authorities, central government, and the European Union (EU) after the 1988 reform of the structural funds. It pays particular attention to the partnership arrangements introduced for administering EU regional policy, which formed part of the European Commission’s concept of cohesion policy discussed in the Introduction to this volume. We also consider the development of regional associations and the implementation of the additionality principle, both of which were of significance for the UK following the 1988 reform.
Forecasting and Testing in Co-integrated Systems*
Authors: Engle Robert F , Yoo Byung Sam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper examines the behaviour of forecasts made from a co-integrated system as introduced by Granger (1981), Granger and Weiss (1983) and Engle and Granger (1987). It is established that a multi-step forecast will satisfy the co-integrating relation exactly and that this particular linear combination of forecasts will have a finite limiting forecast error variance. A simulation study compares the multi-step forecast accuracy of unrestricted vector autoregression with the two-step estimation of the vector autoregression imposing the cointegration restriction.
Peasant Farming in Tanzania, 1969–1983
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1976 Tanzanian coffee farmers were receiving 44 per cent of the world price, as compared with 76 per cent in Kenya. The imposition of a windfall coffee tax combined with the changes in relative prices against exports brought about by macroeconomic policies meant the little of the windfall directly accrued to peasants. There were, however, profound changes in the peasant economy during the period of our analysis, which we will argue, in Part III, were attributable to macroeconomic performance, and hence indirectly to the coffee boom.
Public Policy and the Economy since 1900
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a comprehensive account of British economic policy since 1900, covering both macro and micro issues and making full use of recent research, drawing on documents made available under the 30-year rule which reveal the formulation of policy through the 1950s. Broadly chronological in its approach, it offers both a coherent analysis and a clear narrative description of policy-making through the century. It is structured in such a way as to give due weight to the various influences on policy: institutional aspects (such as the changing role of policy-making ministries), political debate, and economic theory.
The Market and Increasing Yields
Authors: Lesourne Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Observation of industrial economies brings forth the frequent existence of increasing yields: whether it concerns the effects connected with research, the size of equipment, or the cumulative production already attained. Hence the interest in exploring the operation of the simple model in Chapter 2 when firms, instead of offering a single job, offer several, the new receipts of the marginal job increasing or decreasing in relation to the number of jobs already taken. This interest can be justified by analysis, which will confirm the economist’s intuition and show that, under certain conditions, the presence of increasing yields may make the market converge towards inefficient stable states. The study of the dynamics of the labour-market in the presence of increasing yields shows that its evolution depends on the crossing of two hypotheses, one concerning the jumps of scale, the other the circulation of information.