bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Sweet Preference and Paternal History of Alcoholism in Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Patients
Authors: Kampov‐Polevoy A. B. , Ziedonis D. , Steinberg M. L. , Pinsky I. , Krejci J. , Eick C. , Boland G. , Khalitov E. , Crews F. T. 
Published: December 2003

Background:The relationship between preference for stronger sweet solutions and propensity to excessive alcohol drinking is supported by both animal and human studies. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that sweet preference is associated with the genetic risk of alcoholism as measured by a paternal history of alcoholism.Methods:Participants were 180 patients admitted to a residential treatment program for the treatment of alcoholism, drug dependence, or psychiatric conditions. In addition to a routine medical examination, patients completed the standard sweet preference test twice (on the 9th and 24th days after admission), and the family history of alcoholism was evaluated.Results:Sweet preference was shown to be stable over time. It was strongly associated with a paternal history of alcoholism, with family history–positive patients approximately 5 times more likely to prefer stronger sweet solutions than family history–negative subjects. Such factors as dependence on alcohol, cocaine, opiates, cannabis, other drugs (including prescription drugs), and tobacco smoking, as well as demographics (gender and age), did not significantly interfere with association between sweet preference and paternal history of alcoholism.Conclusions:These findings provide some support for the hypothesis that preference for stronger sweet solutions is associated with a genetic predisposition to alcoholism as measured by a paternal history of alcoholism.
Identification of a Retinoid Receptor Response Element in the Human Aldehyde Dehydrogenase‐2 Promoter
Authors: Pinaire Jane , Chou Wan‐Yin , Morton Michael , You Min , Zeng Yan , Cho Won Kyoo , Galli Andrea , Everett Lynn , Breen Heather , Dumaual Natividad , Smith Jennifer R. , Crabb David 
Published: December 2003

Background: The human aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 promoter contains sites that bind members of the nuclear receptor family, and one (designated FP330–3′) is predicted to bind retinoic acid receptors.Methods: Binding of retinoid receptors to the FP330–3′ oligonucleotide duplex and point mutations thereof was assayed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The function of the promoter element was determined in transfection assays.Results: Heterodimers of retinoic acid receptor (RAR)α, β, and γ with retinoid X receptor (RXR)α bound the FP330–3′ site. Mutagenesis of the FP330–3′ site suggested that either the upstream DR‐5 or downstream DR‐1 could mediate binding of RAR/RXR. FP330–3′ oligonucleotide duplexes were not bound by in vitro translated RXR homodimers but weakly competed with a synthetic DR‐1 oligonucleotide duplex for binding by RXR. A reporter construct carrying four copies of the FP330–3′ element was induced by cotransfection of rat hepatoma cells with a construct encoding RARα, when the RAR‐specific ligand AM580 was present. Each of the three RXR isoforms α, β, and γ stimulated the expression of reporter constructs containing the FP330–3′ sites in a 9‐cis retinoic acid‐dependent fashion in cells in culture. This was confirmed in the case of RXRα using the RXR‐specific ligand methoprene.Conclusion: The human aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 promoter contains a retinoid response element, which may contribute to regulation of the gene.
Drinking to Cope in Socially Anxious Individuals: A Controlled Study
Authors: Thomas Suzanne E. , Randall Carrie L. , Carrigan Maureen H. 
Published: December 2003

Background: Several hypotheses exist to account for the higher than normal rate of alcoholism in individuals with high trait anxiety (or anxiety disorders). Most of these suggest that the practice of drinking alcohol to reduce anxiety leads to an increased risk of alcoholism in vulnerable individuals. The first assumption of the hypothesis is that anxious individuals use alcohol to cope with their anxiety. Few studies have examined this issue systematically, and none have used a nonanxious matched control group.Methods: Twenty‐three individuals with high social anxiety and 23 nonsocially anxious matched controls were included in the study. Groups were similar on demographic variables and alcohol use. All participants were queried regarding the use of alcohol to cope, the practice of avoiding social situations if alcohol was not available, and the degree of relief attained by alcohol. Participants also were asked about using alcohol in 11 specific situations.Results: The socially anxious group was significantly more likely than controls to report using alcohol to feel more comfortable in social situations and to avoid social situations if alcohol was unavailable. They also reported a greater degree of relief of anxiety from alcohol. Exploratory analyses revealed that socially anxious individuals reported using alcohol more to cope with social interactions than with social performance situations.Conclusions: Individuals high in social anxiety deliberately drink alcohol to cope with their social fears. They report that alcohol is moderately effective at reducing their anxiety, which is seemingly sufficient to allow them to endure social situations. The data support the first assumption of the self‐medication hypothesis—that alcohol is used to reduce social discomfort in socially anxious individuals; however, the study was not designed to address the veracity of the self‐medication hypothesis as a whole. Results can help guide future studies that examine the relationship between social anxiety and alcohol.
Complexity Changes of the EEG Induced by Alcohol Cue Exposure in Alcoholics and Social Drinkers
Authors: Kim Dai‐Jin , Jeong Jaeseung , Kim Kwang‐Soo , Chae Jeong‐Ho , Jin Seung‐Hyun , Ahn Kook Jin , Myrick Hugh , Yoon Su‐Jung , Kim Hyung‐Rae , Kim Soo Yong 
Published: December 2003

Background: An understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying alcohol craving is important in the effective treatment of alcohol dependence. The aim of this study was to examine the utility of the electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure the changes in electrical brain activity of alcoholics when exposed to alcohol‐specific cues.Methods: Fifteen adult alcoholic subjects (four women) with a mean age of 35 (SD = 4.5) and 10 healthy social drinking controls (three women) with a mean age of 34 (SD = 5.6) were recruited. Subjects were serially rated for alcohol craving after presentations of pictures of control nonalcoholic and alcohol beverages. After the picture presentation, the EEG was recorded (16,384 data points for each epoch) with eyes closed. The dimensional complexity (D2) was estimated as a measure of complexity of the EEG.Results: Alcoholic subjects exhibited a significant increase in the D2 values of the EEG in frontal (F3, F4), right posterior temporal (T6), and occipital (O1, O2) regions after viewing alcohol cues compared with viewing other beverage cues. These results indicate that more complex (or higher) cortical activity is induced over specific brain regions of alcoholic subjects by alcohol‐specific cues. Changes in subscale of alcohol craving between nonalcoholic and alcohol pictures were correlated with changes in D2 values in the left frontal (F3) region in alcoholic subjects.Conclusions: These findings suggest that, when subjects are exposed to alcohol cues, changes in the EEG complexity are induced in frontal, right posterior temporal, and occipital areas, which may be key brain structures for alcohol craving. In addition, nonlinear measures like the D2 are useful in evaluating alcohol cue‐induced brain activity from the EEG.
Auxin Responsiveness of a Novel Cytochrome P450 in Rice Coleoptiles
Authors: Chaban Christina , Waller Frank , Furuya Masaki , Nick Peter 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
An early auxin-induced gene was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica cv Nihonmasari) coleoptiles by a fluorescent-labeled differential display screen. The full-length gene contains conserved domains characteristic for the cytochrome P450 superfamily. This gene, designated as CYP87A3, was weakly expressed in dark-grown coleoptiles but was up-regulated rapidly and transiently when coleoptile segments were incubated in 5 μm indole-3-acetic acid. This induction by auxin could not be suppressed by cycloheximide. Depletion of segments from endogenous auxin reduced the amount of CYP87A3 transcripts. The CYP87A3 transcript level was rapidly, although transiently, up-regulated in response to light as well. The observed pattern of gene regulation might indicate a role in the suppression of auxin-induced coleoptile growth. The role of CYP87A3 is discussed with respect to auxin signaling in the regulation of coleoptile growth.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Lipid Anchoring of Plant Proteins. Sensitive Prediction from Sequence- and Genome-Wide Studies for Arabidopsis and Rice
Authors: Eisenhaber Birgit , Wildpaner Michael , Schultz Carolyn J. , Borner Georg H.H. , Dupree Paul , Eisenhaber Frank 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPosttranslational glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchoring is common not only for animal and fungal but also for plant proteins. The attachment of the GPI moiety to the carboxyl-terminus after proteolytic cleavage of a C-terminal propeptide is performed by the transamidase complex. Its four known subunits also have obvious full-length orthologs in the Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa) genomes; thus, the mechanism of substrate protein processing appears similar for all eukaryotes. A learning set of plant proteins (substrates for the transamidase complex) has been collected both from the literature and plant sequence databases. We find that the plant GPI lipid anchor motif differs in minor aspects from the animal signal (e.g. the plant hydrophobic tail region can contain a higher fraction of aromatic residues). We have developed the “big-Π plant” program for prediction of compatibility of query protein C-termini with the plant GPI lipid anchor motif requirements. Validation tests show that the sensitivity for transamidase targets is approximately 94%, and the rate of false positive prediction is about 0.1%. Thus, the big-Π predictor can be applied as unsupervised genome annotation and target selection tool. The program is also suited for the design of modified protein constructs to test their GPI lipid anchoring capacity. The big-Π plant predictor Web server and lists of potential plant precursor proteins in Swiss-Prot, SPTrEMBL, Arabidopsis, and rice proteomes are available at http://mendel.imp.univie.ac.at/gpi/plants/gpi_plants.html. Arabidopsis and rice protein hits have been functionally classified. Several GPI lipid-anchored arabinogalactan-related proteins have been identified in rice.
Primary Inhibition of Hypocotyl Growth and Phototropism Depend Differently on Phototropin-Mediated Increases in Cytoplasmic Calcium Induced by Blue Light
Authors: Folta Kevin M. , Lieg Erin J. , Durham Tessa , Spalding Edgar P. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The phototropin photoreceptors transduce blue-light signals into several physiological and developmental responses in plants. A transient rise in cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) that begins within seconds of phototropin 1 (phot1) excitation is believed to be an important element in the transduction pathways leading to one or more of the phot1-dependent responses. The goal of the present work was to determine whether the Ca2+ response was necessary for (a) the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation that develops within minutes of the irradiation, and (b) hypocotyl phototropism (curved growth of the stem in response to asymmetric illumination). After determining that pulses of light delivering photon fluences of between 1 and 1,000 μmol m-2 induced growth inhibition mediated by phot1 without significant interference from other photosensory pathways, the effect of blocking the Ca2+ rise was assessed. Treatment of seedlings with a Ca2+ chelator prevented the rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and prevented phot1-mediated growth inhibition. However, the same chelator treatment did not impair phot1-mediated phototropism. Thus, it appears that the early, transient rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ is an important intermediary process in at least one but not all phot1-signaling pathways.
HY5, Circadian Clock-Associated 1, and a cis-Element, DET1 Dark Response Element, Mediate DET1 Regulation ofChlorophyll a/b-Binding Protein 2Expression
Authors: Maxwell Bridey B. , Andersson Carol R. , Poole Daniel S. , Kay Steve A. , Chory Joanne 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDET1 is a pleiotropic regulator of Arabidopsis development and controls the expression of many light-regulated genes. To gain a better understanding of the mechanism by which DET1 controls transcription from light-regulated promoters, we identified elements in the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein 2 (CAB2) promoter that are required for DET1-mediated expression. Using a series of reporter constructs in which the luciferase gene is controlled by CAB2 promoter fragments, we defined two DET1-responsive elements in the CAB2 promoter that are essential for proper CAB2 transcription. A 40-bp DET1 dark-response element (DtRE) is required for both dark and root-specific repression of CAB2, whereas the known CAB upstream factor-1 element is required for DET1 activation-associated effects in the light and repression in the roots. HY5, a factor that binds CAB upstream factor-1, is also required for DET1 effects in the light. DtRE binds two distinct activities in Arabidopsis seedling extracts: a novel activity with binding site CAAAACGC that we have named CAB2 DET1-associated factor 1 plus an activity that is likely to be the myb transcription factor Circadian Clock-Associated 1. Both activities are altered in dark-grown det1 extracts as compared with wild type, correlating a change in extractable DNA binding activity with a major change in CAB2 expression. We conclude that DET1 represses the CAB2 promoter in the dark by regulating the binding of two factors, CAB2 DET1-associated factor 1 and Circadian Clock-Associated 1, to the DtRE.
Monitoring Expression Profiles of Rice Genes under Cold, Drought, and High-Salinity Stresses and Abscisic Acid Application Using cDNA Microarray and RNA Gel-Blot Analyses
Authors: Rabbani M. Ashiq , Maruyama Kyonoshin , Abe Hiroshi , Khan M. Ayub , Katsura Koji , Ito Yusuke , Yoshiwara Kyoko , Seki Motoaki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yamaguchi-Shinozaki Kazuko 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
To identify cold-, drought-, high-salinity-, and/or abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible genes in rice (Oryza sativa), we prepared a rice cDNA microarray including about 1,700 independent cDNAs derived from cDNA libraries prepared from drought-, cold-, and high-salinity-treated rice plants. We confirmed stress-inducible expression of the candidate genes selected by microarray analysis using RNA gel-blot analysis and finally identified a total of 73 genes as stress inducible including 58 novel unreported genes in rice. Among them, 36, 62, 57, and 43 genes were induced by cold, drought, high salinity, and ABA, respectively. We observed a strong association in the expression of stress-responsive genes and found 15 genes that responded to all four treatments. Venn diagram analysis revealed greater cross talk between signaling pathways for drought, ABA, and high-salinity stresses than between signaling pathways for cold and ABA stresses or cold and high-salinity stresses in rice. The rice genome database search enabled us not only to identify possible known cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of several stress-inducible genes but also to expect the existence of novel cis-acting elements involved in stress-responsive gene expression in rice stress-inducible promoters. Comparative analysis of Arabidopsis and rice showed that among the 73 stress-inducible rice genes, 51 already have been reported in Arabidopsis with similar function or gene name. Transcriptome analysis revealed novel stress-inducible genes, suggesting some differences between Arabidopsis and rice in their response to stress.
Functional Analysis and Intracellular Localization of Rice Cryptochromes
Authors: Matsumoto Nanako , Hirano Tomoharu , Iwasaki Toshisuke , Yamamoto Naoki 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Blue-light-receptor cryptochrome (CRY), which mediates cotyledon expansion, increased accumulation of anthocyanin, and inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, was first identified in Arabidopsis. Two Arabidopsis cryptochromes (AtCRY1 and AtCRY2) have been reported to be localized to the nucleus. However, there is no information on the cryptochromes in monocotyledons. In this study, we isolated two cryptochrome cDNAs, OsCRY1 and OsCRY2, from rice (Oryza sativa) plants. The deduced amino acid sequences of OsCRY1 and OsCRY2 have a photolyase-like domain in their N termini and are homologous to AtCRY1. To investigate the function of OsCRY1, we overexpressed a green fluorescence protein-OsCRY1 fusion gene in Arabidopsis and assessed the phenotypes of the resulting transgenic plants. When the seedlings were germinated in the dark, no discernible effect was observed. However, light-germinated seedlings showed pronounced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and increased accumulation of anthocyanin. These phenotypes were induced in a blue-light-dependent manner, indicating that OsCRY1 functions as a blue-light-receptor cryptochrome. We also examined the intracellular localization of green fluorescence protein-OsCRY1 in the transgenic plants. It was localized to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We identified two nuclear localization domains in the primary structure of OsCRY1. We discuss the relationship between the function and intracellular localization of rice cryptochromes by using additional data obtained with OsCRY2.
Ethylene Stimulates Endoreduplication But Inhibits Cytokinesis in Cucumber Hypocotyl Epidermis
Authors: Dan Haruka , Imaseki Hidemasa , Wasteneys Geoffrey O. , Kazama Haruko 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe effects of ethylene on cell division are generally considered inhibitory. In this study, we demonstrate that transient ethylene exposure, while suppressing cytokinesis, stimulates DNA synthesis. We monitored DNA synthesis and cytokinesis in the epidermis of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) hypocotyls, an organ whose post-germination development involves strictly limited cell division. During exposure to ethylene, DNA synthesis, assessed by the incorporation of the thymidine homolog 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine, was detected in 20% of the epidermal cells, whereas DNA synthesis was nearly undetectable in normal air. Cytofluorometric analysis of nuclei in affected cells showed an up to 8-fold increase in DNA content. During this time, new cell plate formation was not detected. However, shortly after ethylene was removed, DNA content was rapidly restored to 2C (diploid) levels in all cells, and new cell plate formation dramatically increased. These results demonstrate that ethylene promotes DNA synthesis and its endoreduplication but inhibits cytokinesis, thereby maintaining some cells in G2 phase.
Decreased Content of Leaf Ferredoxin Changes Electron Distribution and Limits Photosynthesis in Transgenic Potato Plants
Authors: Holtgrefe Simone , Bader Klaus P. , Horton Peter , Scheibe Renate , von Schaewen Antje , Backhausen Jan E. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
A complete ferredoxin (Fd) cDNA clone was isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Desiree) leaves. By molecular and immunoblot analysis, the gene was identified as the leaf-specific Fd isoform I. Transgenic potato plants were constructed by introducing the homologous potato fed 1 cDNA clone as an antisense construct under the control of the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Stable antisense lines with Fd contents between 40% and 80% of the wild-type level were selected by northern- and western-blot analysis. In short-term experiments, the distribution of electrons toward their stromal acceptors was altered in the mutant plants. Cyclic electron transport, as determined by the quantum yields of photosystems I and II, was enhanced. The CO2 assimilation rate was decreased, but depending on the remaining Fd content, some lines showed photoinhibition. The leaf protein content remained largely constant, but the antisense plants had a lower total chlorophyll content per unit leaf area and an increased chlorophyll a/b ratio. In the antisense plants, the redox state of the quinone acceptor A in photosystem II (QA) was more reduced than that of the wild-type plants under all experimental conditions. Because the plants with lower Fd amounts reacted as if they were grown under a higher light intensity, the possibility that the altered chloroplast redox state affects light acclimation is discussed.
Activation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis inGerbera hybrida(Asteraceae) Suggests Conserved Protein-Protein and Protein-Promoter Interactions between the Anciently Diverged Monocots and Eudicots
Authors: Elomaa Paula , Uimari Anne , Mehto Merja , Albert Victor A. , Laitinen Roosa A.E. , Teeri Teemu H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe have identified an R2R3-type MYB factor, GMYB10, from Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) that shares high sequence homology to and is phylogenetically grouped together with the previously characterized regulators of anthocyanin pigmentation in petunia (Petunia hybrida) and Arabidopsis. GMYB10 is able to induce anthocyanin pigmentation in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), especially in vegetative parts and anthers. In G. hybrida, GMYB10 is involved in activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in leaves, floral stems, and flowers. In flowers, its expression is restricted to petal epidermal cell layers in correlation with the anthocyanin accumulation pattern. We have shown, using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid assay, that GMYB10 interacts with the previously isolated bHLH factor GMYC1. Particle bombardment analysis was used to show that GMYB10 is required for activation of a late anthocyanin biosynthetic gene promoter, PGDFR2. cis-Analysis of the target PGDFR2 revealed a sequence element with a key role in activation by GMYB10/GMYC1. This element shares high homology with the anthocyanin regulatory elements characterized in maize (Zea mays) anthocyanin promoters, suggesting that the regulatory mechanisms involved in activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis have been conserved for over 125 million years not only at the level of transcriptional regulators but also at the level of the biosynthetic gene promoters.
Overexpression of SOD2 Increases Salt Tolerance of Arabidopsis
Authors: Gao Xiuhua , Ren Zhonghai , Zhao Yanxiu , Zhang Hui 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) SOD2 (Sodium2) gene was introduced into Arabidopsis under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Transformants were selected for their ability to grow on medium containing kanamycin. Southern- and northern-blot analyses confirmed that SOD2 was transferred into the Arabidopsis genome. There were no obvious morphological or developmental differences between the transgenic and wild-type (wt) plants. Several transgenic homozygous lines and wt plants (control) were evaluated for salt tolerance and gene expression. Overexpression of SOD2 in Arabidopsis improved seed germination and seedling salt tolerance. Analysis of Na+ and K+ contents of the symplast and apoplast in the parenchyma cells of the root cortex and mesophyll cells in the spongy tissue of the leaf showed that transgenic lines accumulated less Na+ and more K+ in the symplast than the wt plants did. The photosynthetic rate and the fresh weight of the transgenic lines were distinctly higher than that of wt plants after NaCl treatment. Results from different tests indicated that the expression of the SOD2 gene promoted a higher level of salt tolerance in vivo in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.