bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Casa delle Libertà: A House of Cards?
Authors: Diamanti Ilvo , Lello Elisa 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe Italian centre-right was ‘constructed’ by Silvio Berlusconi in the run-up to the 1994 general election, which marked the beginning of the Second Republic. It includes Forza Italia, the National Alliance, the Northern League and the Union of Christian Democrats (UDC), parties which are all very different in terms of their political identities, histories, geographies and social composition. The centre-right thus looks like a complex mosaic, whose pieces stay together only thanks to the role of the leader and his ‘personal party’, Forza Italia, and to the use of the media and political marketing to communicate with the electorate. These are the twin pillars of ‘the Berlusconi model’. This article contends that Berlusconi represents both a resource and a limit for the centre-right, as it is difficult for such a heterogeneous coalition to define a common identity and pursue coherent political projects and policies while relying so heavily on the role of the leader. This explains the cyclical alternation within the coalition of phases of integration and rapprochement with others of tension and open conflict. Since the coalition's election victory in 2001, it has found it difficult to meet the contrasting demands of its diverse electorate for neo-liberalism, devolution, major public works, infrastructure creation and tax cuts. This task has been made more problematic by the international instability and economic stagnation of recent years. This article puts forward the hypothesis that ‘the Berlusconi model’, which gave life to the centre-right, now appears to be worn out and will prove difficult to revive.
Early lexical and syntactic development in Quebec French and English: implications for cross‐linguistic and bilingual assessment
Authors: Thordardottir Elin T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: Although a number of studies have been conducted on normal acquisition in French, systematic methods for analysis of French and normative group data have been lacking.Aims: To develop a systematic method for the analysis of language samples in Quebec French, and to provide preliminary normative data on early lexical and syntactic development in French with a comparison with English.Methods & Procedures: Language samples were collected for groups of monolingual French‐ and English‐speaking children (n = 39, age range 21–47 months) with normal language development. Coding conventions for French were developed based on similar principles as English SALT conventions. However, due to structural differences between the languages, coding of inflectional morphology was considerably more complex in French than in English.Outcomes & Results: The French procedure provided developmentally sensitive measures of lexical and syntactic development, including mean length of utterance in morphemes and in words, and number of different words, and should be an important addition to the assessment procedures available for French. Cross‐linguistic similarities and differences were noted in the language sample measures. Although the same elicitation context was used in the English and the French language samples, and the analysis methods were designed to rest on similar principles across languages, systematic differences emerged such that the French‐speaking children exhibited a higher mean length of utterance, but smaller vocabulary sizes. Differences were also noted in error patterns, with much lower error rates occurring in samples of the French‐speaking children.Conclusions: The findings have important implications for language assessment involving cross‐linguistic comparisons, such as occurs in the assessment of bilingual children, and in the matching of participants in cross‐linguistic studies. Given differences in the mean length of utterance and vocabulary scores across the languages, the finding of the same mean length of utterance or vocabulary obtained in the two languages for a given bilingual child or for monolingual speakers of the two languages does not imply equivalent levels of language development in the two languages.
Vulnerability and multiple deprivation perspectives on economic exclusion in Europe: A latent class analysis
Authors: Whelan Christopher T. , Maître Bertrand 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT
In this paper we address issues relating to vulnerability to economic exclusion and levels of economic exclusion in Europe. We do so by applying latent class models to data from the European Community Household Panel for thirteen countries. This approach allows us to distinguish between vulnerability to economic exclusion and exposure to multiple deprivation at a particular point in time. The results of our analysis confirm that in every country it is possible to distinguish between a vulnerable and a non-vulnerable class. Association between income poverty, life-style deprivation and subjective economic strain is accounted for by allocating individuals to the categories of this latent variable. The size of the vulnerable class varies across countries in line with expectations derived from welfare regime theory. Between class differentiation is weakest in social democratic regimes but otherwise the pattern of differentiation is remarkably similar. The key discriminatory factor is life-style deprivation, followed by income and economic strain. Social class and employment status are powerful predictors of latent class membership in all countries but the strength of these relationships varies across welfare regimes. Individual biography and life events are also related to vulnerability to economic exclusion. However, there is no evidence that they account for any significant part of the socio-economic structuring of vulnerability and no support is found for the hypothesis that social exclusion has come to transcend class boundaries and become a matter of individual biography. However, the extent of socio-economic structuring does vary substantially across welfare regimes. Levels of economic exclusion, in the sense of current exposure to multiple deprivation, also vary systematically by welfare regime and social class. Taking both vulnerability to economic exclusion and levels of exclusion into account suggests that care should be exercised in moving from evidence on the dynamic nature of poverty and economic exclusion to arguments relating to the superiority of selective over universal social policies.
Within-lake detection of the effects of tourist activities in the littoral zone of oligotrophic dune lakes
Authors: Hadwen Wade L. , Bunn Stuart E. , Arthington Angela H. , Mosisch Thorsten D. 
Published: September 2005

Intensive recreational use of oligotrophic lakes can lead to increases in epilimnetic nutrient concentrations (through direct inputs from urine or re-suspension of sediments) and the development of undesirable algal blooms. Despite these adverse ecological responses to tourist activities, many lake monitoring programs do not address tourist nutrient inputs at appropriate spatial and temporal scales. This paper presents results of investigations aimed at detecting the effects of nutrient inputs to perched dune lakes on Fraser Island, principally through within-lake comparisons of nutrient and algal variables. Nutrient concentrations and algal biomass were measured in heavily visited (disturbed) and inaccessible (reference) sites within five perched dune lakes on Fraser Island, Australia, during the summer of 1999/2000. Whilst nutrient and phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations did not differ between sites, periphyton chlorophyll a concentrations were occasionally significantly higher in disturbed sites than in reference sites, particularly in the very popular clear lakes, suggesting that algal growth may be enhanced by tourist activities.
Experimental manipulations of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in algal (phytoplankton and periphyton) bioassays were undertaken in each lake over the 2000/2001 summer, to assess algal responses to nutrient additions. The response of phytoplankton communities to nutrient additions varied greatly between lakes, with evidence of limitation or co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus in all systems. Periphyton biomass showed similar trends to phytoplankton in some lakes, but these were not significant.
Nutrients added to lakes by tourists are likely to be rapidly assimilated by littoral zone periphyton communities in these oligotrophic lakes. As a result, impacts of tourism are not likely to be detected by traditional measurements of open water nutrient and phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations. Instead, measurement of periphyton growth and/or biomass (chlorophyll a) in the littoral zone might be the most spatially and temporally relevant indicator of tourist impacts in these lakes.
From Proteins to Proteomics
Authors: Bradshaw Ralph A. , Burlingame Alma L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDuring the second half of the 20th century, biochemistry and subsequently molecular biology blossomed into the core upon which all biological and biomedical sciences now depend. A major part of these closely related disciplines has been the study of the structure and function of proteins and the diverse biological functions that they perform. Early experimentation necessarily focused on individual entities, selected mainly for their activities, but as technology improved there developed a tendency to look at proteins as larger, interactive groups or clusters. Spurred by the recent exponential production of genomic sequence data for a rapidly increasing number of species, protein chemistry has now evolved into a new discipline, proteomics. In addition to embracing the methods and approaches that have served protein scientists well in the past, it includes, and is perhaps best defined by, high‐throughput analyses based in large part on 2D gel electrophoresis, MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry and combinatorial arrays. Proteomic targets include the identification of all genome products and a mapping of their interactions and expression profiles. These hold great promise for the identification of disease markers and drug targets, but are not without their challenges and pitfalls.
IUBMB Life, 57: 267‐272, 2005
Biochemical Education Initiatives, 1982 to 1991
Authors: Vella Frank 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIt was my great good fortune to have been appointed Chair of the Education Committee of The International Union of Biochemistry (IUB, as the IUBMB then was) to succeed Peter Campbell with whom I had workshop experience and many discussions as a member of that Committee over a four‐year period. That experience and those discussions showed me how close were our thoughts on the type of activities that should be the focus for that Committee. It was therefore left to me to refine some of Peter's ideas and also to extend them during my term of office which extended from 1982 to 1991. I have selected the following five items for brief description here.
IUBMB Life, 57: 245‐246, 2005
Lysosomal Cysteine Proteases: Structural Features and their Role in Apoptosis
Authors: Stoka Veronika , Turk Boris , Turk Vito 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAmong the variety of proteolytic enzymes enormous progress has been seen recently in our understanding of lysosomal cysteine proteases, also known as cysteine cathepsins. These enzymes play a crucial role in diverse biological processes in physiological and pathological states, including genetic diseases. In the present review, their properties and structural features that are important to an understanding of their biological function are presented. Special emphasis is given to the newly discovered role of lysosomal cathepsins in apoptotic pathways.
IUBMB Life, 57: 347‐353, 2005
Liver Stem Cells
Authors: Matthews Vance B. , Yeoh George C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe concept of a liver stem cell or progenitor cell has not been widely accepted until the last decade. Studies investigating liver regeneration under conditions which totally or substantially preclude hepatocyte proliferation report the proliferation of a subpopulation of small, oval‐shaped cells, which are first observed in the portal triad, adjacent to the terminal ducts. These cells, termed liver progenitor oval cells (LPCs) are shown to participate in liver regeneration in a variety of rodent models of chronic liver damage. They express markers common to hepatocytes and cholangiocytes suggesting they are a common precursor of both liver cell lineages. Supporting evidence for liver stem cells has also come from cell tracing studies which show transdifferentiation of bone marrow cells into hepatocytes in both human and animal models. Another important issue is the link between LPCs and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The widening liver donor‐recipient gap; a consequence of poor donation rates coupled with increasing incidence of liver disease highlights the importance of establishing the utility of cell transplant as an alternative to treat liver disease. In this regard, liver stem cells and progenitor cells may have a significant role to play. To successfully utilize liver stem cells or LPCs for cell therapy, we have to first develop methods for maintaining and differentiating them in culture. This technology must be based on a thorough understanding of conditions which regulate their behaviour in vitro. In particular, we need to know which growth factors and cytokines affect them and their mechanism of action. Since they are a potential source of HCC, it is also necessary to understand the mechanisms which underlie their transformation to cancer.
IUBMB Life, 57: 549‐553, 2005
Predictors of emotional outcomes of intensive care
Authors: Rattray J. E. , Johnston M. , Wildsmith J. A. W. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryNegative emotional outcomes (anxiety, depression and post‐traumatic stress) have been identified in patients discharged from intensive care. The aims of this prospective, longitudinal study were to assess levels of and changes in emotional outcome after intensive care, and to explore how these relate to objective and subjective indicators of the intensive care experience. Emotional outcome was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression and Impact of Event Scales. Anxiety (p = 0.046) and depression (p = 0.001) were reduced subsequently, but not avoidance (p = 0.340) or intrusion (p = 0.419). Most objective (age, gender, length of ICU and hospital stay) and subjective indicators (as measured by the Intensive Care Experience Questionnaire) of the intensive care experience were related to negative emotional outcome. Subjective interpretation of the intensive care experience emerged as a consistent predictor of adverse emotional outcome, in both the short‐ and the long‐term.
Concomitant neutrophil JAK2V617F mutation screening and PRV‐1 expression analysis in myeloproliferative disorders and secondary polycythaemia
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Sirhan Shireen , Lasho Terra L. , Schwager Susan M. , Li Chin‐Yang , Dingli David , Wolanskyj Alexandra P. , Steensma David P. , Mesa Ruben , Gilliland D. G. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryPolycythaemia vera (PV) is closely associated with both an acquired activating mutation of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase (JAK2V617F) in granulocyte‐derived DNA and increased granulocyte polycythaemia rubra vera‐1 (PRV‐1) expression. In order to explore the correlation between these two biological markers and compare their diagnostic utility, mutation analysis for JAK2V617F and quantitative measurement of granulocyte PRV‐1 expression were performed on the same study sample from 100 participants: 38 with PV, 22 with essential thrombocythaemia (ET), 10 with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM), 19 with secondary polycythaemia (SP) and 11 healthy volunteers. The respective overall (homozygous) JAK2V617F mutational frequencies were 95% (26%), 55% (0%), 30% (0%), 0% and 0%. The corresponding figures for increased PRV‐1 expression were 89%, 18%, 20%, 21% and 9%. In patients with either ET or AMM, the likelihood of detecting JAK2V617F was significantly higher in the presence of an increased PRV‐1 expression (83% vs. 38%; P = 0·05). Similarly, in patients with PV, homozygous as compared with heterozygous JAK2V617F correlated with higher levels of PRV‐1 expression (P = 0·11). The present study suggests an allele dose‐dependent effect of JAK2V617F on granulocyte PRV‐1 expression. However, compared with the PRV‐1 assay, mutation screening for JAK2V617F displayed greater accuracy in distinguishing PV from SP.
Silica and diatom growth in Lough Neagh: the importance of internal recycling
Authors: Gibson C. E. , Wang G. , Foy R. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Lough Neagh is a large eutrophic lake with a high dissolved silica (SiO2) concentration arising from the basaltic rock in parts of the catchment and the normal winter maximum concentration is over 8 mg L−1. Based on frequent observations between 1974 and 1997, the annual cycles of SiO2 input, uptake and release are explored.  2. Large spring blooms of the planktonic diatoms Aulacoseira subarctica Haworth and Stephanodiscus astraea occur every year and are terminated by SiO2 depletion. Although there are periods when one diatom species has dominated the other, over the period as a whole, the two diatoms appear to be in a stable coexistence.

3. A model of the effect of river inputs on lake concentration shows that without SiO2 release from the sediment, the maximum spring dissolved SiO2 concentration (and hence diatom crop) would be only about one‐third of that actually observed.

4. It is concluded that within‐lake processes play a large role and are potentially more variable than catchment processes in determining the available SiO2 in Lough Neagh.

5. The role of benthic animals, especially Chironomus anthracinus, in the sediment SiO2 release process is discussed. Field data suggest the SiO2 release rate is highly sensitive to temperature, but this could be partly caused by an interaction between temperature and animal activity.
Gene expression in insecticide resistant and susceptible Anopheles gambiae strains constitutively or after insecticide exposure
Authors: Vontas J. , Blass C. , Koutsos A. C. , David J.‐P. , Kafatos F. C. , Louis C. , Hemingway J. , Christophides G. K. , Ranson H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA microarray containing approximately 20 000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs; 11 760 unique EST clusters) from the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, was used to monitor differences in global gene expression in two insecticide resistant and one susceptible strains. Statistical analysis identified 77 ESTs that were differentially transcribed among the three strains. These include the cytochrome P450 CYP314A1, over‐transcribed in the DDT resistant ZAN/U strain, and many genes that belong to families not usually associated with insecticide resistance, such as peptidases, sodium/calcium exchangers and genes implicated in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Short‐term (6 and 10 h) effects of exposure of the pyrethroid resistant RSP strain to permethrin were also detected. Several genes belonging to enzyme families already implicated in insecticide or xenobiotic detoxification were induced, including the carboxylesterase COEAE2F gene and members of the UDP‐glucuronosyl transferase and nitrilase families.
Inactivated mariner‐like elements (MLE) in pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella
Authors: Wang J. , Staten R. , Miller T. A. , Park Y. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe isolated multiple copies of mariner‐like element (MLE) from the pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella, a key lepidopteran cotton pest. Although all the MLE sequences contain multiple mutations accumulated in their transposase coding region, the consensus sequence revealed a putative ancestral transposase encoding 339 amino acid residues with a D,D(34)D motif, and 36 bp inverted terminal repeats, belonging to the cecropia subfamily, and most similar to the MLE found in Antheraea species. Examining six different pink bollworm populations, we conclude that the MLE in PBW described in this study are ancient and are undergoing the process of accumulating inactivating mutations. This conclusion is supported by the patterns of polymorphisms revealed by genomic Southern hybridization, transposable element displays, and sequences from multiple MLE.
Continuous expression in tobacco leaves of a Brassica napus PEND homologue blocks differentiation of plastids and development of palisade cells
Authors: Wycliffe Paul , Sitbon Folke , Wernersson Jonny , Ezcurra Inés , Ellerström Mats , Rask Lars 
Published: September 2005

Summary Brassica napus complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) clones encoding a DNA‐binding protein, BnPEND, were isolated by Southwestern screening. A distinctive feature of the protein was a bZIP‐like sequence in the amino‐terminal portion, which, after expression in Escherichia coli, bound DNA. BnPEND transcripts were present in B. napus roots and flower buds, and to a lesser extent in stems, flowers and young leaves. Treatment in the dark for 72 h markedly increased the amount of BnPEND transcript in leaves of all ages. Sequence comparison showed that BnPEND was similar to a presumed transcription factor from B. napus, GSBF1, a protein deduced from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA (BX825084) and the PEND protein from Pisum sativum, believed to anchor the plastid DNA to the envelope early during plastid development. Homology to expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences from additional species suggested that BnPEND homologues are widespread among the angiosperms. Transient expression of BnPEND fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells showed that BnPEND is a plastid protein, and that the 15 amino acids at the amino‐terminal contain information about plastid targeting. Expression of BnPEND in Nicotiana tabacum from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter gave stable transformants with different extents of white to light‐green areas in the leaves, and even albino plants. In the white areas, but not in adjacent green tissue, the development of palisade cells and chloroplasts was disrupted. Our data demonstrate that the BnPEND protein, when over‐expressed at an inappropriate stage, functionally blocks the development of plastids and leads to altered leaf anatomy, possibly by preventing the release of plastid DNA from the envelope.