bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion and emissions of 1,3‐dichloropropene in Florida sandy soil in microplots affected by soil moisture, organic matter, and plastic film
Authors: Thomas John E , Allen L Hartwell , McCormack Leslie A , Vu Joseph C , Dickson Donald W , Ou Li‐Tse 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil moisture, organic matter amendment and plastic cover (a virtually impermeable film, VIF) on diffusion and emissions of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D) in microplots of Florida sandy soil (Arredondo fine sand). Upward diffusion of the two isomers in the Arredondo soil without a plastic cover was greatly influenced by soil‐water content and (Z)‐1,3‐D diffused faster than (E)‐1,3‐D. In less than 5 h after 1,3‐D injection to 30 cm depth, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in air dry soil had diffused to a 10 cm depth, whereas diffusion for the two isomers was negligible in near‐water‐saturated soil, even 101 h after injection. The diffusion rate of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in near‐field‐capacity soil was between the rates in the two water regimes. Yard waste compost (YWC) amendment greatly reduced diffusion of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D, even in air‐dry soil. Although upward diffusion of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in soil with VIF cover was slightly less than in the corresponding bare soil; the cover promoted retention of vapors of the two isomers in soil pore air in the shallow subsurface. More (Z)‐1,3‐D vapor was found initially in soil pore air than (E)‐1,3‐D although the difference declined thereafter. As a result of rapid upward movement in air‐dry bare soil, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D were rapidly volatilized into the atmosphere, but emissions from the near‐water‐saturated soil were minimal. Virtually impermeable film and YWC amendment retarded emissions. This study indicated that adequate soil water in this sandy soil is needed to prevent rapid emissions, but excess soil water slows diffusion of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D. Thus, management for optimum water in soil is critical for pesticidal efficacy and the environment. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A mini‐bag technique for evaluation of fungicide effects on Trichoderma spp in mushroom compost
Authors: Abosriwil Salem O , Clancy Kevin J 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn in vivo technique was developed to observe colonisation of mushroom compost by Trichoderma spp. Isolates of T harzianum (Th2), T harzianum (Th1), T koningii (Tk) and T viride (Tv) were artificially introduced into compost using a mini‐bag system. Wheat grains, colonised by Trichoderma spp, were placed centrally on a layer of compost at the bottom of 1‐litre polythene bags which were then filled with 350 g of spawned or un‐spawned compost, and partially sealed. After 14 and 21 days incubation at 27 °C, the bags were assessed for recovery of Trichoderma from middle and top zones using a needle stab re‐isolation technique and a visual colonisation scoring system. Visible green mould contamination, similar to that observed in practice, developed within 21 days. The visual colonisation scoring was reliably related to the re‐isolation success. In this evaluation, Trichoderma spp showed considerable differences in their relative abilities to colonise spawned and un‐spawned compost, with Th2 isolates being consistently superior to the other isolates of Th1, Tk and Tv in colonising spawned compost. This technique was employed to evaluate the effects of fungicides on the colonisation of mushroom compost by three Trichoderma spp: Th2, Th1 and Tk, using 1‐litre and 5‐litre mini‐bag systems. Aqueous suspensions of benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz and prochloraz + carbendazim incorporated into the compost at 50 mg litre−1, or applied to spawn at 50 mg kg−1, reduced the colonisation by Trichoderma spp. Prochloraz and prochloraz + carbendazim were superior to benomyl, carbendazim or thiabendazole in reducing compost colonisation by Th2, Th1 and Tk, with Th2 being the most persistent type, capable of colonising treated compost in the presence of all five fungicides. The prochloraz + carbendazim mixture, not normally used in mushroom production, was equal to or better than prochloraz alone. The incidence of green mould colonisation by Th2 was as extensive in the 5‐litre compost bags as in the 1‐litre bags, but colonisation by Th1 and Tk was more apparent in the 5‐litre bags.The in vivo mini‐bag evaluations using wheat grain Trichoderma inoculum and needle stab re‐isolation procedures proved an efficient method for studying colonisation and screening for effectiveness of fungicides applied to mushroom compost or spawn. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and structure–activity study of fungicidal anilinopyrimidines leading to mepanipyrim (KIF‐3535) as an anti‐Botrytis agent
Authors: Nagata Toshihiro , Masuda Katsumi , Maeno Shinichiro , Miura Ichiro 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA series of 2‐anilinopyrimidines was prepared and their fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea Pers were examined. The activity fell sharply with any substitution on the anilinobenzene ring. Substitutions at the 5‐position of the pyrimidine ring greatly reduced the activity. Substituents such as chloro, methoxy, methylamino, methyl or 1‐propynyl were well tolerated at the 4‐ and 6‐positions of the pyrimidine ring. Among these substituents, the combination of methyl and 1‐propynyl groups was the most favourable. 2‐Anilino‐4‐methyl‐6‐(1‐propynyl)pyrimidine (KIF‐3535), which showed excellent activity and no significant phytotoxicity, was finally selected for development and has been given the common name mepanipyrim. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Simulation assessments of statistical aspects of bioequivalence in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Patterson Scott D. , Jones Byron 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Pharmaceutical Statistics 2004; 3(3): 232 Since the early 1990s, average bioequivalence (ABE) has served as the international standard for demonstrating that two formulations of drug product will provide the same therapeutic benefit and safety profile. Population (PBE) and individual (IBE) bioequivalence have been the subject of intense international debate since methods for their assessment were proposed in the late 1980s. Guidance has been proposed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the implementation of these techniques in the pioneer and generic pharmaceutical industries. Hitherto no consensus among regulators, academia and industry has been established on the use of the IBE and PBE metrics.The need for more stringent bioequivalence criteria has not been demonstrated, and it is known that the PBE and IBE criteria proposed by the FDA are actually less stringent under certain conditions. The statistical properties of method of moments and restricted maximum likelihood modelling in replicate designs will be summarized, and the application of these techniques in the assessment of ABE, IBE and PBE will be considered based on a database of 51 replicate design studies and using simulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type I error and power in trials with one interim futility analysis
Authors: Chang William H. , Chuang‐Stein Christy 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFutility analysis reduces the opportunity to commit Type I error. For a superiority study testing a two‐sided hypothesis, an interim futility analysis can substantially reduce the overall Type I error while keeping the overall power relatively intact. In this paper, we quantify the extent of the reduction for both one‐sided and two‐sided futility analysis. We argue that, because of the reduction, we should be allowed to set the significance level for the final analysis at a level higher than the allowable Type I error rate for the study. We propose a method to find the significance level for the final analysis. We illustrate the proposed methodology and show that a design employing a futility analysis can reduce the sample size, and therefore reduce the exposure of patients to unnecessary risk and lower the cost of a clinical trial. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ge molecular beam epitaxy on Si(113): surface structures, nanowires and nanodots
Authors: Zhang Zhaohui , Sumitomo Koji , Omi Hiroo , Ogino Toshio , Zhu Xing 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBy performing epitaxial growth of Ge on Si(113) layer by layer, observed using scanning tunnelling microscopy, we show the Ge/Si(113) surface structure and island shape transition with an increase of Ge coverage and we discuss the transition in terms of epitaxial stress evolution and relaxation of the epitaxial morphologies. Nanofeatures of Ge epitaxial islands, such as nanowires and nanodots, are highlighted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanohardness and elastic modulus at the interface of TiCx/NiAl composites determined by the nanoindentation technique
Authors: Hua Wenshen , Wu Xingfang , Shen Dianhong , Lu Hua , Polak M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe mechanical properties at the interfaces of TiCx/NiAl composites with four different C/Ti ratios fabricated by pressureless melt‐infiltration processing were investigated using the nanoindentation technique. We find that the nanohardness and the elastic modulus from the TiCx phase to the NiAl phase have a gradient distribution. Both the elastic modulus and nanohardness at the interface reached higher values at x = 0.75. The topography of the sample was analysed by scanning force microscopy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and magnetic properties of ε‐cobalt nanoparticles
Authors: Yang H. T. , Su Y. K. , Shen C. M. , Yang T. Z. , Gao H. J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMonodisperse cobalt nanoparticles are synthesized via a high‐temperature thermal decomposition method in the presence of oleic acid and triphenylphosphine. The as‐synthesized nanoparticles are stable against further deep oxidation when they are kept in heptane (C7H16). Time‐dependent XPS studies indicate that oxidation of the as‐synthesized cobalt nanoparticles in air is slow. The valence change of cobalt from the nanoparticle sample is not observed after it is kept in heptane under air for 90 days. The cobalt nanoparticles have a β‐manganese‐type structure (also called ε‐Co). Annealing the nanoparticles at 500°C under Ar (95%) + H2 (5%) converts these particles from ε‐Co to fcc‐Co. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional self‐assembled superlattices of the passivated cobalt nanoparticles are formed by slow evaporation of the carrier solvent. The magnetic properties of the cobalt nanoparticles in different forms are compared, which provides helpful information on the magnetostatic interaction of the nanoparticles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of pyrolytic carbon films by polarized light microscopy
Authors: Pfrang A. , Schimmel Th. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe optical properties of differently textured pyrolytic carbon films were analysed quantitatively by polarized light microscopy. For the investigation of optically anisotropic and birefringent materials such as pyrolytic graphite by polarized light microscopy, the light intensity measured after the analyser was calculated in dependence of the relevant experimental parameters. These include the orientation of the optical axis of the sample relative to the polarization of the incoming light, the optical properties of the sample, such as the reflection coefficients for ordinary and extraordinary rays and their relative phase shift, and the angle of the analyser. From these calculations, the dependence of the extinction angle on the complex reflection coefficients of the sample material for ordinary and extraordinary rays and their relative phase shift were determined. The calculations are essential for a correct interpretation and a quantitative analysis of the results of polarized light microscopy on birefringent samples. For the case of polarized light microscopy on pyrolytic carbon films synthesized under different experimental conditions, we show good agreement of the experimental data with the corresponding calculations. From the fit of the experimental data, reflection coefficients and their relative phase shift were determined for differently textured pyrolytic carbon films. Extinction angles as high as 21° were measured for flat high‐textured films, demonstrating a high degree of orientation of the graphene layers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol‐withdrawn animals have a prolonged increase in dopamine D2Highreceptors, reversed by general anesthesia: Relation to relapse?
Authors: Seeman Philip , Tallerico Teresa , Ko Françoise 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe biochemical basis for alcohol addiction and relapse is not known. Although ethanol promotes the release of dopamine like other drugs of abuse, many unknown factors remain to be investigated concerning the biochemical abnormalities which persist after ethanol drinking and which contribute to alcohol relapse. Although ethanol withdrawal is associated with enhanced sensitivity to dopamine in animals and humans, only minor changes in the striatal density of dopamine D2 receptors have been found in humans, and animals show a small reduction in striatal D2 receptors. But how can dopamine‐related functions be increased in ethanol withdrawal in the face of an unchanged or reduced density of dopamine D2 receptors? Considering that ethanol sensitizes rats to amphetamine, and that the high‐affinity state of D2, or D2High, is markedly increased in striata from amphetamine‐sensitized rats, we measured the density of D2Highin striata from rats withdrawn from ethanol. These sites were elevated by 360% (7.2 pmol/g) for at least 8 days after stopping ethanol and returned to normal levels of 2 pmol/g after 2 weeks of ethanol withdrawal. In addition, 1 h of deep general anesthesia given 5 days into withdrawal resulted in a normal level of D2Highwithin 24 h. Because the D2Highstates are the functional form of D2, their elevated density in ethanol withdrawal may be related to ethanol relapse in humans. General anesthesia may alleviate aspects of alcohol or amphetamine abuse or psychosis associated with elevated D2High. Synapse 52:77–83, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular, chemical, and anatomical characterization of globus pallidus dopamine D2 receptor mRNA‐containing neurons
Authors: Hoover Brian R. , Marshall John F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEssential for normal movement, the globus pallidus (GP) is a prominent nucleus whose neurons project to all other basal ganglia nuclei. The GP is composed of at least two distinct neuron populations. GP neurons of the rodent contain either the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin (PV) or preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA, differentially innervate several basal ganglia structures, and have distinct immediate early gene responses to dopamine agonists or antagonists. Recent research has revealed that dopamine directly influences GP neurons, with D2 receptors contributing to both pre‐ and postsynaptic effects of dopaminergic agents. The existence of D2 mRNA‐expressing (D2+) GP neurons has been established, but little is known concerning their numbers, regional distribution, or relationship to pallidal subpopulations identified on the basis of PV immunocytochemistry, PPE mRNA, or axonal targets. Detection of pallidal D2 mRNA with a 35S‐cRNA probe revealed that D2+ neurons are found throughout the GP, comprising approximately one‐half of pallidal neurons, but they are most dense within a dorsoventral band in lateral GP. While a substantial proportion (42–51%) of all chemically and anatomically labeled pallidal neuron subpopulations expressed D2 transcript, the D2+ neurons exhibited both population‐based and regional heterogeneities. Overall, the pallidostriatal cells had a greater density of D2 mRNA than did pallidosubthalamic cells. Also, compared to other pallidal regions, the ventromedial GP contained fewer D2+ cells, and the PPE mRNA‐expressing cells in this region had lower densities of D2 mRNA per neuron. These results reveal heterogeneous chemical and anatomical properties of the extensive population of D2+ GP neurons, a potential cellular substrate for dopamine's effects in pallidum. Synapse 52:100–113, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clozapine modulates midbrain dopamine neuron firing via interaction with the NMDA receptor complex
Authors: Schwieler Lilly , Engberg Göran , Erhardt Sophie 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe mode of action by which the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine exerts its superior efficacy to ameliorate both positive and negative symptoms is still relatively unknown. A recent study shows that a pharmacologically increased concentration of brain kynurenic acid, an endogenous antagonist at the glycine‐site of the NMDA receptor as well as at the α7* nicotinic receptor, reverses the excitatory effects of clozapine on ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons into an inhibitory action. In the present in vivo electrophysiological study, we further investigated the mechanisms of action of clozapine on VTA DA neurons. In control rats intravenously administered clozapine (1.25–10 mg/kg) was associated with increased firing rate and burst firing activity of VTA DA neurons. However, administration of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐receptor antagonist MK 801 blocked the excitatory action of clozapine. Moreover, in rats pretreated with the antagonist of the glycine‐site of the NMDA receptor, L‐701,324, the effects of clozapine on VTA DA neurons were converted to purely inhibitory responses, including a decrease in firing rate and burst firing activity. Pretreatment with the α7* nicotinic receptor antagonist MLA did not affect the excitatory action of clozapine on VTA DA neurons. The results of the present study suggest that clozapine interacts with the NMDA receptor complex. In this regard, clozapine could affect the glycine site of the NMDA receptor or tentatively inhibit the glycine transporter. The inhibitory action of clozapine on VTA DA neurons may account for its beneficial effects in ameliorating symptoms of schizophrenia and may suggest further studies to investigate a role of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor as a target for novel antipsychotics. Synapse 52:114–122, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of extracellular pH on the dynorphin A inhibition of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes
Authors: Oz Murat , Woods Amina S. , Shippenberg Toni , Kaminski Rafal M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDynorphin A (Dyn A) (1–17), the postulated endogenous ligand for the κ‐opioid receptor, inhibits N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated currents in neuronal preparations and in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant NMDA receptors. Although direct interactions of Dyn A with the NMDA receptor have been reported, the mechanisms mediating the inhibitory actions of Dyn A are unknown. Extracellular pH is a crucial factor regulating NMDA receptor function. To date, however, the influence of pH on the inhibitory actions of Dyn A has not been examined. In the present study we used voltage‐clamp recording techniques in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant NR1A/2A receptors to address this issue. We report that decreasing the pH of the external solution from 7.5 to 6.7 significantly enhances Dyn A inhibition of NMDA receptor‐mediated currents. On the contrary, increasing the pH of the external solution to 9.2 prevents the inhibitory action of Dyn A. The influence of external pH was independent of membrane potential and the potentiation of inhibition with decreasing pH was not associated with alterations in the charge of the Dyn A molecule. These findings demonstrate that Dyn A inhibition of the NMDA receptor current is pH‐dependent. They further suggest that the efficacy of neuronally released Dyn A in inhibiting NMDA receptor function may be increased in response to nerve injury and other conditions associated with decreased extracellular pH. Synapse 52:84–88, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative validation of an intracerebral β‐sensitive microprobe system to determine in vivo drug‐induced receptor occupancy using [11C]raclopride in rats
Authors: Ginovart Nathalie , Sun Wenshan , Wilson Alan A. , Houle Sylvain , Kapur Shitij 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the potential of using a new β‐sensitive microprobe system for in vivo quantification of [11C]raclopride binding and for in vivo determination of drug‐induced receptor occupancy in the rat striatum. To validate this system, an ex vivo tissue dissection method was used to corroborate in vivo β‐microprobe measurements. Our data showed that the β‐microprobe‐derived [11C]raclopride binding kinetics in striatum could be quantified using a tissue compartmental model with a cerebellar reference region. Haloperidol (0.001–0.1 mg/kg; i.v.) induced a dose‐dependent decrease in [11C]raclopride binding in striatum as measured using the β‐microprobe with an ED50 value of 0.013 mg/kg. Highly significant relationships (P < 0.0001) were observed, within the same animals, between in vivo and ex vivo measures of haloperidol‐induced D2‐receptor occupancy (r = 0.98) as well as between in vivo and ex vivo measures of [11C]raclopride binding potentials (r = 0.99). Results from pretreatment and displacement studies with unlabeled raclopride and amphetamine conformed to the effect of these drugs as observed in humans using [11C]raclopride and PET and allowed estimation of the in vivo koff value of raclopride to 0.025 ± 0.004 min−1. However, allowing the system to stabilize before measurements and shielding the photomultiplier tubes were critical for obtaining these consistent results. This study demonstrates that the β‐microprobe provides reliable measurements of [11C]raclopride binding kinetics in rodents, allows for quantitative in vivo measurements of antipsychotic drug action in brain, and represents a valid and cost‐effective alternative to positron emission tomography imaging in small animals. Synapse 52:89–99, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADAM is an effective tool for in vivo study of serotonergic function: Validation in rat models
Authors: Chalon Sylvie , Bronquard Cécile , Vercouillie Johnny , Kodas Ercem , Garreau Lucette , Bodard Sylvie , Emond Patrick , Besnard Jean‐Claude , Guilloteau Denis 
Published: March 2004

AbstractADAM, 2‐((2‐((dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)‐5‐iodophenylamine, is a recently described SPECT tracer for exploration of the serotonin transporter. We evaluated its potential to detect abnormalities in serotonergic function in the rat using 1) a model of serotonergic neuron lesion induced with 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT), and 2) experimental induction of acute decrease in endogenous brain serotonin levels. Cerebral biodistribution studies of [125I]ADAM were performed in normal conditions, in 5,7‐DHT‐lesioned rats, and after acute serotonin depletion obtained with p‐chlorophenylalanine (pCPA). Around 50% reduction in accumulation of ADAM was observed in the hypothalamus and hippocampus 3 weeks after lesion of serotonergic neurons, whereas a more modest decrease of 15–30% occurred in the thalamus, frontal cortex, and striatum. This demonstrated the ability of the tracer to detect serotonergic neuron loss in vivo. After inducing acute 5‐HT depletion with pCPA, we observed an increase in in vivo [125I]ADAM binding in all brain areas studied. The higher in vivo binding of [125I]ADAM in pCPA‐treated rats than in controls was mainly due to an increase in specific binding to the SERT, as demonstrated by greatly reduced binding in the presence of a saturating dose of paroxetine. This may indicate in vivo competition between ADAM and 5‐HT for binding to the SERT. The present findings thus demonstrate that ADAM is a specific SERT radioligand which can be used for in vivo study of central serotonin systems, and supports its use as a tracer for SPECT studies in human disorders involving dysfunction of serotonergic neurotransmission. Synapse 52:136–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.