bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection and Cholestasis in Neonates with Intestinal Resection and Long‐Term Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Sondheimer Judith M. , Asturias Edwin , Cadnapaphornchai Melissa 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTObjectives:This retrospective study was conducted to determine the incidence of cholestasis and liver failure in patients with intestinal resection in the neonatal period who subsequently become dependent on parenteral nutrition support and to assess the significance of associated clinical factors‐gestational age, birth weight and length; length of bowel resected; presence of ileocecal valve; enteral feeding history; and infection to the incidence and severity of cholestasis.Methods:Retrospective chart review of all patients in a single institution from May 1984 to February 1997 with neonatal small intestinal resection dependent on parenteral nutrition for at least 3 months.Results:Forty‐two patients fitting the inclusion criteria were the subjects of this review. Cholestasis developed in 28 (67%) while they were receiving parenteral nutrition (direct serum bilirubin more than 2mg/dl). In 21, the elevated direct bilirubin normalized while patients continued to receive parenteral nutrition. Seven patients progressed to liver failure. In 14 patients, serum direct bilirubin never rose above 2 mg/dl. The cholestatic patients did not differ from the noncholestatic in gestational age, birth weight, and length; primary diagnosis; length of bowel resected; or presence of ileocecal valve. The duration of dependence on parenteral nutrition was longer in noncholestatic (33.2 ± 9 months) than in cholestatic patients progressing to liver failure (19.4 ± 3 months) or in cholestatic patients who recovered (16.1 ± 1.9 months) (p < 0.05). Invasive fungal or bacterial infections occurred in all but one noncholestatic patient. The number of infections per patient was similar in all groups. The mean age (days) at first infection was significantly younger in cholestatic patients progressing to liver failure (28.5 ± 5) and cholestatic patients who recovered (48.2 ± 14.2) than in noncholestatic patients(167 ± 43.2) (p 0.01). Infection preceded the onset of cholestasis in all but 3 patients by an average of 13.5 days. Infecting organisms and site of first infection were similar in all patients.Conclusions:Cholestasis is common in infants with neonatal intestinal resection. Liver failure develops in 16.6%. Bacterial infection early in life characterized the cholestatic patients, and cholestasis developed shortly after the first infection in 90% of patients.
Total and Segmental Colonic Transit Time with Radio‐Opaque Markers in Adolescents with Functional Constipation
Authors: Zaslavsky Carlos , Reverbel da Silveira Themis , Maguilnik Ismael 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:In most instances, constipation is considered idiopathic or functional. The total and segmental colonic transit time, traced by radio‐opaque markers, makes possible the identification of the colon segment that has the motility alteration that causes constipation.Methods:A study was performed of 13 adolescents, aged 12 to 18, with functional chronic constipation and 13 without constipation. In all of them the total and segmental colonic transit times were measured with radio‐opaque markers. The adolescents ingested 20 markers each on three successive days, and on the fourth day a plain abdominal radiograph was performed.Results:In the nonconstipated adolescents the total colonic transit time (mean± SD) was 30.2 ± 13.1 hours, in the right colon 5.7 ± 3.9 hours, in the left colon 7.9 ± 7.8 hours, and in the rectosigmoid 15.5 ± 10.6 hours. In the constipated adolescents, the total colonic transit time was 58.3 ± 17.4 hours, in the right colon 15.9 ± 12.4 hours, in the left colon 14.7 ± 13.4 hours, and in the rectosigmoid 17.2 ± 16.2 hours. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the total colonic transit time, and in both the right and left colon transit times between constipated and nonconstipated adolescents.Conclusions:The measurement of total and segmental colonic transit times is a simple method that allows one to distinguish constipation due to colonic dysfunction(right colon and left colon) from constipation due to distal obstruction(rectosigmoid).
The Effects of a Psychological Preparation Program on Anxiety in Children and Adolescents Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: Mahajan Lori , Wyllie Robert , Steffen Rita , Kay Marsha , Kitaoka Gary , Dettorre Jeff , Sarigol Samra , McCue Kathleen 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Like adults, children often experience anxiety associated with medical procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a program of psychological preparation for children undergoing endoscopy.Methods:Sixty patients aged 6 to 19 years (mean, 12.2 years) were randomized into one of two groups. Group 1 received routine preparation before endoscopy. Group 2 received psychological preparation consisting of demonstration of materials that would be encountered during the procedure, use of a doll as a model, or use of a book with photographs of a child who had previously undergone endoscopy. Patients in both groups completed the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory in the clinic and just before endoscopy. The Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress was completed by a blinded observer during each procedure. The attending physician (blinded) assessed patient cooperation. Vital signs were recorded in clinic and just before endoscopy. Parents and patients completed questionnaires after endoscopy.Results:Analysis of the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory showed patients in group 2 were significantly less anxious before endoscopy (p< 0.0001). They also required less meperidine (p < eq 0.04) per kilogram body weight and were more cooperative during the examination(p = 0.042). There was significantly less autonomic nervous system stimulation in those who had undergone psychological preparation (change in heart rate, p < 0.001; change in systolic blood pressure,p = 0.04). Statistically significant differences were found in the patients' response to questions after endoscopy regarding perceived anxiety during the procedure (p = 0.003) and the parents' response to questions regarding their own conditions (p = 0.026) and that of their child (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Psychological preparation before endoscopy significantly decreases patient and parental anxiety. Such preparation may allow for a reduction in sedative medications and thereby enhance procedural safety.
Oxygen Saturation during Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in Children: General Anesthesia versus Intravenous Sedation
Authors: Lamireau Thierry , Dubreuil Marc , Daconceicao Manuel 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Hypoxia may occur in children undergoing upper digestive endoscopy under sedation. The purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence of desaturation during intravenous sedation with that which occurs during general anesthesia.Methods:Thirty‐six patients between 3 months and 6 years old underwent a diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy under sedation (n = 18) or general anesthesia (n = 18). Oxygen pulse oximetry, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure were monitored throughout the procedure. At the end of the procedure, the operator gave the value of the endoscopy satisfaction score on a scale of I (very good conditions) to IV (impossible procedure).Results:The minimum oxygen pulse oximetry value was significantly lower in the sedation group compared with that in the general anesthesia group (89± 5 vs. 97 ± 1; p < 0.001). In the general anesthesia group, the oxygen pulse oximetry level declined to less than 95% in only one child; but in the sedation group, it declined to less than 95% in 16 patients (5.5% vs. 89%). Nine patients had a profound desaturation in sedation group (oxygen pulse oximetry <90%); no patients in the general anesthesia group had desaturation (50% vs. 0%). In the general anesthesia group, heart rate and mean arterial pressure remained stable during the whole procedure, whereas in the sedation group, heart rate and mean arterial pressure increased significantly during the procedure. The endoscopy satisfaction score was I in all 18 patients in the general anesthesia group, whereas in the sedation group, it was I in only 2 patients, II in 8 patients, and III in 10 patients.Conclusions:These results confirm that hypoxia during upper digestive endoscopy in patients under sedation is a frequent occurrence in children. When compared with sedation, general anesthesia is a safer technique that prevents hypoxia and allows the gastroenterologist to perform the endoscopy under better conditions.
Reference Values of Body Composition Obtained by Dual Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry in Preterm and Term Neonates
Authors: Rigo Jacques , Nyamugabo Kindja , Picaud Jean Charle , Gerard Paul , Pieltain Catherine , De Curtis Mario 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:As previously reported, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry provides reliable and accurate values for bone mineralization in piglets and infants, but overestimates fat content in small infants. The purpose of the current study was to determine an appropriate equation of correction for at mass measurement and to establish reference values of body composition of preterm and term neonates.Methods:Fat mass and chemical whole‐body fat content were evaluated by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry in eight piglets with a body weight between 1408 and 5151 g. The results were combined with previous data obtained in 13 piglets, and two correction equations were determined according to fat mass content. Close to birth, 106 healthy appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age preterm and term infants were scanned by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry to determine bone mineral content, bone area, and fat mass. Fat mass content determined by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry was corrected using the equations obtained in piglets after which lean body mass was recalculated.Results:Multivariate analysis showed that dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry body weight was the best predictor of bone mineral content (r2= 0.94), bone area (r2 = 0.95), lean body mass(r2 = 0.98), and fat mass (r2 = 0.84). Gender was an additional significant independent variable for fat mass and lean body mass. Body weight related curves of percentiles for bone mineral content, bone area, fat mass, and lean body mass, were constructed. In vivo dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry values of fat mass and calcium content estimated from bone mineral content were in accordance with previously reported whole‐body carcass reference values in preterm and term neonates.Conclusion:Normative data of dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry body composition for healthy preterm and term infants are provided and can therefore be used in research and in clinical practice.
Significantly Increased Levels of Nitric Oxide Products in Urine of Children with Celiac Disease
Authors: Sundqvist Tommy , Laurin Pia , Fälth‐Magnusson Karin , Magnusson Karl‐Eric , Stenhammar Lars 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:Celiac disease is characterized by morphologic and functional aberrations of the small intestinal mucosa, i.e. crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy, infiltration of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and alteration of permeability. Nitric oxide has been shown to affect mucosal permeability after ischemia‐reperfusion, but little is known about the regulatory role of nitric oxide in celiac disease. The purpose of this study was to assess nitric oxide production in children with celiac disease and in control subjects.Methods:The sum of nitrite and nitrate in the urine was measured with a colorimetric method in 137 children with a median age of 3 years, 84 patients and 53 reference children, all of whom underwent a small intestinal biopsy to confirm or overrule suspicion of celiac disease.Results:Median urinary nitrite‐nitrate concentration in celiac children was 3323µM (4147 ± 1102; mean ± SEM) at first clinical examination and 2501 µM (2939 ± 386) after gluten challenge, which was significantly higher than concentrations in reference children(1029 µM; 1174 ± 116) and in children with celiac disease on a gluten‐free diet (882 µM; 1369 ± 360) (p< 0.0001).Conclusions:A gluten‐containing diet is associated with an increased nitrite‐nitrate secretion in the urine in children with celiac disease, presumably as a result of nitric oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide production in the diseased small intestinal mucosa.
Plasma Somatostatin and Cholecystokinin Levels in Response to Feeding in Preterm Infants
Authors: Törnhage Carl‐Johan , Serenius Fredrik , Uvnäs‐Moberg Kerstin , Lindberg Tor 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:The functions of the gut are modulated by the autonomic nervous system and gut peptides, such as somatostatin and cholecystokinin, which have opposite functions. This study reports plasma somatostatin and cholecystokinin levels in response to feeding in preterm infants.Methods:In 76 infants‐gestational age 23 to 36 weeks, birth weight 460 to 2867 g‐blood samples were taken on day 1 before the first meal in life, and 30 minutes after the end of the meal. Samples were again taken on days 3 and 4. The infants were fed human milk by nasogastric tube, by breast, or by bottle. In 10 additional infants, (gestational age 27‐36 weeks) who were studied at a median postnatal age of 15 days, the response of the peptides to breast‐feeding was compared with that of tube‐feeding. Plasma somatostatin and cholecystokinin were analyzed by specific radioimmunoassays.Results:On day 1, the median plasma somatostatin level increased after feeding in small‐for‐gestational‐age infants but not in appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age infants. On days 3 and 4, the somatostatin level decreased in infants with a gestational age of 32 weeks or more. On day 1, plasma cholecystokinin levels increased in infants with a gestational age of 32 weeks or more: The response was more pronounced in small‐for‐gestational‐age infants. On days 3 and 4, plasma cholecystokinin levels increased only in breast‐feeding infants. In the 10 infants fed by breast and by tube, plasma cholecystokinin levels increased after breast‐feeding and tended to increase after tube‐feeding. The plasma somatostatin levels were unaffected after feeding.Conclusions:Plasma somatostatin and cholecystokinin increased after feeding in small‐for‐gestational‐age infants on day 1. On days 3 and 4, the responses to feeding seemed to be dependent on the infant's gestational age. Breast‐feeding enhanced the release of cholecystokinin but not that of somatostatin.
Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children with a Standardized and Simplified 13C‐Urea Breath Test
Authors: Cadranel Samy , Corvaglia Luigi , Bontems Patrick , Deprez Carine , Glupczynski Youri , Van Riet Ann , Keppens Eddy 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackground:The 13C‐urea breath test, a reliable noninvasive method of detection of Helicobacter pylori in adults, needs validation in children.Methods:In order to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 13C‐urea breath test in children, the results of this test performed in 144 children were correlated with the histology and culture of contemporaneous gastric (antral and fundic) biopsy specimens. The test was performed with 2 mg/kg body weight13 C‐Urea (maximum, 100 mg) ingested after a fat‐rich test meal. Samples of expired breath taken at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes were assayed with mass spectrometry. Results were considered positive when the curve of excretion of labeled carbon dioxide in the expired breath increased by 5‰ or more above the baseline.Results:Discrepancies in H. pylori status were observed in 14 children. To improve and simplify the test, the results were reanalyzed using different cutoff values for each sampling time. The best results, with sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 95.2%, were obtained with a cutoff of 3.5‰ at 20 minutes.Conclusions:The 13C‐urea breath test is a reliable method for the noninvasive detection of H. pylori infection in children. The test can be simplified and its accuracy improved using only the 0‐ and 20‐minute breath samples and a cutoff of 3.5‰ instead of the classical 5‰ used in adults. The need for modification of the cutoff value may reflect the higher production of endogenous CO2 in children.
Development of the Arabic Inventory of Parent and Domestic Worker Attachment (A‐IPDWA): A tool to assess adolescents' attachment to secondary figures
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed , Alonso‐Arbiol Itziar 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntroductionAdolescents' attachment security toward parental figures has been assessed in multiple cultures and languages. In some cultural contexts, the presence of a secondary parental figure is ubiquitous, though its effect on children's and adolescents' well‐being has been understudied. The present study aimed to validate a culture‐specific Arabic instrument of attachment security, in an adolescent sample of Qatar. Since foreign domestic workers (Khadama) play a key role as secondary caring figures in Middle Eastern countries, the new instrument included parents (i.e., mother and father) and domestic workers as providers of attachment security.MethodsA sample of 387 adolescents (ages 12–17 years; 48.3% females) participated in the study in the 2020–2021 school term. While 286 students completed the version in modern Arabic, 101 counterparts attending international schools filled in the English version for comparison purposes.ResultsConfirmatory Factor Analysis for all three forms (i.e., mother, father, and domestic worker) showed the one‐dimension of the Arabic tool. Optimal Tucker's Phi coefficient indicated a comparable one‐factor structure of attachment security across linguistic versions. Moderate correlations (positive and negative, respectively) of attachment security towards father and mother (but not towards domestic workers) with family cohesion and family conflict dimensions of the Family Environment Scale provided evidence for the concurrent validity.DiscussionGender differences in the links between adolescents' attachment security and family conflict were observed; culturally relevant relationship family patterns are stressed. The practical implications of the Arabic Inventory of Parent and Domestic Worker Attachment (A‐IPDWA) validation are discussed.
Cross‐border regulatory cooperation and corporate tax avoidance
Authors: Yu Miao , Hsieh Chih‐Chieh , Tsang Albert 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe examine whether improved cross‐border regulatory cooperation and information exchange affect corporate tax avoidance. We find that the improvement in the regulators’ capacity to access to information in foreign countries through their entrance into the Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding (MMoU) effectively reduces corporate tax avoidance. Moreover, the effect of the MMoU on corporate tax avoidance is stronger for firms that are less income mobile and have no significant subsidiaries in tax havens. Collectively, these findings support the conjecture that the strengthened cross‐border regulatory cooperation and information exchange provided by the MMoU creates a positive externality in reducing corporate tax avoidance behavior.
The volatile organic compounds generated from the Maillard reaction between l‐ascorbic acid and l‐cysteine in hot compressed water
Authors: Feng Liang , Yang Yan , Xie Ya‐ting , Yan Wen‐yi , Ma Ying‐ke , Hu Sheng , Yu Ai‐nong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBACKGROUNDHot compressed water (HCW), also known as subcritical water (SCW), refers to high‐temperature compressed water in a special physical and chemical state. It is an emerging technology for natural product extraction. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated from the Maillard reaction between l‐ascorbic acid (ASA) and l‐cysteine (Cys) have attracted significant interest in the flavor and fragrance industry. This study aimed to explore the formation mechanism of VOCs from ASA and Cys and examine the effects of reaction parameters such as temperature, time, and pH in HCW.RESULTSThe identified VOCs were predominantly thiophene derivatives, polysulfides, and pyrazine derivatives in HCW. The findings indicated that thiophene derivatives were formed under various pH conditions, with polysulfide formation favored under acidic conditions and pyrazine derivative formation preferred under weak alkaline conditions, specifically at pH 8.0.CONCLUSIONThe Maillard reaction between ASA and Cys mainly produced thiophene derivatives, polysulfides, and pyrazine derivatives in HCW. The generation mechanism was significantly dependent on the surrounding pH conditions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Dielectric‐Metasurface‐Enhanced Kerr Self‐Modulation for Passively Q‐Switching
Authors: Sun Pu , Sun Yuwei , Yang Haolin , Xu Xinan , Jin Yi , He Sailing 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDielectric metasurfaces are highly sought‐after since they have found a variety of linear and nonlinear applications. Here, a novel transmission modulation is presented for pulsed laser generation by directly exploiting the enhanced Kerr effect from a periodic array of silicon nanodisks. The Mie resonance of the unit cells enhances the Kerr effect of the silicon material and is redshifted by the latter, so that the transmission of the metasurface at the working wavelength is strongly modulated (the observed modulation depth is above 3% under moderate exciting power). By inserting the fabricated metasurface as a self‐modulator into a ring cavity fiber laser, stable Q‐switched pulse laser output is achieved with a duration of 1.4 µs and a repetition rate of 60 kHz. This work opens a door for ultra‐thin low‐loss dielectric metasurfaces to efficiently shape the operation of pulsed lasing based on their enhanced nonlinear effects and flexible propagation manipulation.
Unsupervised Deep Learning Enables 3D Imaging for Single‐Shot Incoherent Holography
Authors: Wang Yuheng , Wang Huiyang , Liu Shengde , Huang Tao , Zhang Weina , Di Jianglei , Rosen Joseph , Lu Xiaoxu , Zhong Liyun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIncoherent digital holography no longer requires spatial coherence of the light field, breaking through the imaging resolution of coherent digital holography. However, traditional reconstruction methods cannot avoid the inherent contradiction between temporal resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio, which is mitigated by deep learning methods, and there are problems such as dataset labeling and insufficient generalization ability. Here, a self‐calibrating reconstruction approach with an untrained network is proposed by fusing the plug‐and‐play nonlinear reconstruction block, the forward physics imaging model, and a physically enhanced neural network. Measurement consistency and total variation kernel function regularization are used to optimize the network parameters and invert the potential process. The results show that the proposed method can achieve high fidelity, high signal‐to‐noise ratio, dynamic, and artifact‐free 3D reconstruction using a single hologram without the need for datasets or labels. In addition, the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio of the reconstructed image with the proposed method is improved by a factor of 4.6 compared to the previous methods. The proposed method leads to considerable performance improvement on the imaging inverse problem, bringing new enlightenment for high‐precision unsupervised incoherent digital holographic 3D imaging.