bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HCV viral load in anti‐HCV‐reactive donors and infectivity for their recipients
Authors: Operskalski Eva A. , Mosley James W. , Tobler Leslie H. , Fiebig Eberhard W. , Nowicki Marek J. , Mimms Larry T. , Gallarda James , Phelps Bruce H. , Busch Michael P. 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  An attempt has been made to determine the minimum level of HCV nucleic acid in donors associated with infection of recipients. This is important for considerations about assay sensitivity, use of minipool versus single‐donation testing, and continued use of serologic testing.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  A total of 5387 specimens from the Transfusion‐Transmitted Viruses Study in the 1970s were screened for antibody to HCV (anti‐HCV). The outcome in recipients of seroreactive donations was examined for viremia and seroconversion. Present techniques for both groups included third‐generation EIA, RIBA, quantitative RT‐PCR assay, and transcription‐mediated amplification (TMA) assay.RESULTS:  A total of 156 recipients of components from 180 anti‐HCV‐reactive donors were identified. One‐hundred seven of these were HCV‐naïve before transfusion and received a single, confirmed seropositive unit; 94 (88%) became infected. Eighty‐five recipients had donors whose HCV RNA level was quantifiable by RT‐PCR (range, 182‐3,310,000 copies/mL). Eighty‐three (98%) seroconverted. Of the remaining 22, a total of 10 received units positive for HCV RNA detected only by TMA; all 10 recipients seroconverted. Of the remaining 12 recipients of anti‐HCV+, TMA‐negative units, 1 recipient seroconverted.CONCLUSIONS:  High rates of transmission were seen at all levels of viremia, and one donor transmitted with undetectable levels in the TMA assay. Current HCV RNA testing will therefore not interdict all infectious units, even with single‐donation testing, and serologic screening must be continued.
Pathogen inactivation of RBCs: PEN110 reproductive toxicology studies
Authors: Chapman John R. , Moore Kristen , Butterworth Byron E. 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND: The novel PEN110 chemistry (INACTINE, V.I. Technologies) process for the purification of blood for transfusions involves treating WBC‐reduced RBCs with PEN110 to inactivate a wide spectrum of pathogens. The washed RBC preparation has a residual PEN110 level of less than 0.00005 mg per mL. It is important to verify that the trace amounts of residual PEN110 in blood prepared for transfusions will not produce adverse effects on reproduction, fertility, or fetal development.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A fertility and early embryonic development study was conducted in male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats at IV doses of up to 0.5 mg PEN110 per kg of body weight following standard re‐gulatory protocols. A fetal developmental study was conducted in Hra:(NZW)SPF pregnant rabbits at IV doses of up to 1.0 mg per kg of body weight following standard regulatory protocols. In both cases the highest dose was shown to be a maximum tolerated dose in pregnant animals based on body weight gain during pregnancy.RESULTS: In the fertility and early embryonic devel‐opment study, no treatment‐related effects were noted on estrous cycles, pregnancy rate, implantation sites, corpora lutea, number of resorptions, and live embryos in female rats or sperm motility, sperm morphology, and sperm counts in male rats. In the fetal developmental study, PEN110 had no effect on embryofetal viability and growth. This is consistent with other data indicating that PEN110 is rapidly cleared by urinary excretion. On a mg per kg of body weight dose basis, the no‐observed‐effect level doses for rats in the fertility study and rabbits in the developmental study were 2,000 and 4,000 (320 and 1,300 scaled to dose per unit body surface area [DBSA]) times that which a person would receive given 1 unit of treated blood. Considering the cumulative animal dosages, the safety factor values increase to 48,000‐ and 60,000‐fold (7,700 and 19,400 scaled to dose per unit body surface area).CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the trace amount of residual PEN110 in the purified blood com‐ponent is well below the level that could present a risk of reproductive toxicity to the patient.
Randomized placebo‐controlled study of oral calcium carbonate supplementation in plateletpheresis: II. Metabolic effects
Authors: Bolan Charles D. , Cecco Stacey A. , Yau Yu Ying , Wesley Robert A. , Oblitas Jaime M. , Rehak Nadja N. , Leitman Susan F. 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  The metabolic effects of oral calcium (Ca) supplementation during plateletpheresis were evaluated in a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Twenty‐three donors underwent four plateletpheresis procedures each, receiving in random order, elemental Ca (Ca) 1 or 2 g orally, or a corresponding placebo, 30 minutes before donation. Ten of these donors underwent a fifth procedure using a 4‐g Ca dose. All procedures were performed at a fixed citrate infusion rate of 1.5 mg per kg per minute.RESULTS:  Oral Ca induced dose‐sensitive changes in parathyroid hormone (iPTH), total (tCa), and ionized (iCa) calcium levels. Compared to placebo, the greatest improvement in tCa and iCa levels occurred after the 2‐g Ca dose (tCa of 73, 89, and 25% above placebo levels at 60 min, using 1, 2, and 4 g of oral Ca, respectively). Twenty‐four hours after apheresis, serum tCa and iCa levels were higher, and iPTH levels lower, in donors who received oral Ca rather than placebo. Marked increases in urinary Ca and magnesium (Mg) excretion occurred at the completion of apheresis, were unaffected by Ca dose, and returned to baseline within 24 hours. Plateletpheresis also induced significant changes in serum alkaline phosphatase, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, and osteocalcin levels immediately and at 24 hours after apheresis.CONCLUSION:  Plateletpheresis induces marked acute metabolic effects, with sustained changes evident up to 24 hours after the completion of apheresis. Oral Ca supplementation exerts a significant but clinically modest impact on selected laboratory variables associated with these effects. Further studies are indicated to examine the long‐term impact of plateletpheresis, with or without Ca supplementation, on donor Ca balance and bone density.
Comparison of CD34+ cell collection on the CS‐3000+ and Amicus blood cell separators
Authors: Jeanne Michel , Bouzgarrou Ridha , Lafarge Xavier , Fizet Dominique , Dazey Bernard , Vezon Gerard , Ivanovic Zoran 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  Mobilized PBPCs, detectable on the basis of CD34 expression, can be collected on various cell separators. The CD34+ cell collection efficiencies of two cell separators (CS‐3000+ and Amicus, Baxter) were tested on two comparable groups of oncology patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Leukapheresis assisted by the standard manufacturer's software and variables settings was performed in 37 (CS‐3000+) and 34 (Amicus) patients (total of 83 and 67 collections, respectively) after chemotherapy plus G‐CSF treatment.RESULTS:  The total CD34+ cell count per leukapheresis components as well as per kg of patient's body weight were twofold higher by using the Amicus than the CS‐3000+ device. Platelet contamination in Amicus components was twice as low compared to the CS3000+. Mean Amicus CD34+ collection efficiency (CD34+eff) (54.9 ± 27.2%) was significantly higher (p < 0.015) than the CS‐3000+ (46.4 ± 16.7%) one. However, Amicus CD34+eff decreased progressively as the peripheral blood CD34+ concentrations increases over 200 CD34+ cells per µL. A parallel increase in the WBC counts in these cases seems to be the principal cause of decrease in CD34+eff (evident for WBCs >40 × 103/µL and most pronounced for WBCs >60 × 103/µL).CONCLUSIONS:  Mean CD34+eff and CD34+ cell yields were better on Amicus than on CS‐3000+. CD34+eff of Amicus, however, seems to be related to the initial WBC counts, decreasing progressively when WBC increased over 4 × 103 per µL that coincided with the increase in CD34+ cell concentrations. For these cases, the volume and duration of cycles should be adapted to optimize CD34+ collections by using Amicus separators.
DAK, a new low‐incidence antigen in the Rh blood group system
Authors: Reid Marion E. , Storry Jill R. , Sausais Laima , Tossas Edith , Rios Maria , Hue‐Roye Kim , Gloster Elizabeth S. , Miller Scott T. , Wolf Carl , Lomas‐Francis Christine 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  Some low‐incidence antigens in the Rh blood group system (e.g., VS, Rh32, FPTT) are expressed by more than one Rh complex. We describe a new low‐incidence antigen that is present on RBCs with the partial D phenotypes, DIIIa or DOL, on
N RBCs and on one example of STEM+S RBCs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Standard hemagglutination testing was performed with two sera that agglutinated DIIIa RBCs on our in‐house antibody identification panel. DNA‐based assays were performed on selected samples.RESULTS:  RBCs with the DIIIa (n = 31), DOL (n = 5), or

N (n = 10) phenotype were agglutinated by both sera, as were RBCs from one STEM+S person. Reactivity with RBCs of either DIIIa or DOL phenotypes was stronger than with

N RBCs and could not be separated by adsorption and elution.CONCLUSION:  An antibody, anti‐DAK, which recognizes a novel low‐incidence antigen that is more strongly expressed on DIIIa and DOL RBCs than on

N RBCs is described. The antibody agglutinated RBCs from 4 percent of D+ African American blood donors in New York. The antigen, DAK, has been assigned the ISBT number RH54 (004.054).
Impact of HCV 3.0 EIA relative to HCV 2.0 EIA on blood‐donor screening
Authors: Tobler Leslie H. , Stramer Susan L. , Lee Stephen R. , Masecar Barbara L. , Peterson Jon E. , Davis E. Anne , Andrews William E. , Brodsky Jaye P. , Kleinman Steven H. , Phelps Bruce H. , Busch Michael P. 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  In 1996, the Ortho HCV Version 3.0 ELISA Test System (HCV 3.0 EIA) was licensed in the United States for donor screening but was neither mandated nor universally implemented. Data from two studies comparing the differential performance of HCV 3.0 EIA and HCV 2.0 EIA are presented. The first study evaluated the differential performance in a cross‐section of screened whole‐blood donors after implementation of HCV 3.0 EIA; the second study evaluated the differential performance of HCV 3.0 EIA in plasma donors acutely infected with HCV, identified during routine Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA and HCV NAT (using Roche Ampliscreen plate assay) donor screening.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The first study evaluated HCV 3.0 EIA repeat‐reactive donations from four US blood centers, identified during the first 5 months of HCV 3.0 EIA implementation. HCV EIA repeat‐reactive donations confirmed by RIBA HCV 3.0 SIA were retested using both Ortho HCV Version 2.0 ELISA Test System and Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA. All EIA‐discordant donations were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the second study, Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA‐nonreactive, HCV PCR‐positive donors were enrolled in a follow‐up study in which the index and follow‐up samples were re‐evaluated by HCV 3.0 EIA.RESULTS:  In the first study, of 292,459 donations, 501 (0.17%) confirmed HCV 3.0 EIA‐reactive donations were identified; 15 (0.005%) were nonreactive by Ortho HCV 2.0 EIA and were all HCV RNA negative. In the second study, Ortho HCV 3.0 EIA retesting of Abbott HCV 2.0 EIA‐nonreactive, RNA‐positive index donations identified 16 (23%) as 3.0 EIA reactive. In 42 panels with a discordant time of seroconversion, HCV 3.0 EIA sero‐conversion preceded HCV 2.0 EIA in all cases (p < 0.001). Two donors with HCV 3.0 EIA‐reactive index donations never seroconverted by HCV 2.0 EIA during 160 to 180 days of follow‐up.CONCLUSION:  These studies demonstrate that HCV 3.0 EIA compared to HCV 2.0 EIA can better detect 1) remote nonviremic HCV infections, 2) acute infection, and 3) HCV antibodies in cases of atypical seroconversion.
Seven‐day storage of random donor PLT concentrates
Authors: Rock Gail , Neurath Doris , Cober Nancy , Freedman Marissa , Leduc Michel , Nelson Edward , Lu Ming 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  PLT concentrates are licensed for use up to a maximum of 5 days of storage. Increasing storage to 7 days would improve the logistics of supply and have the potential to reduce wastage.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  PLTs were prepared from CP2D blood with standard procedures (n = 16) and then WBC‐reduced. Sampling was carried out at 3, 5, and 7 days for PLT count, pH, aggregation to ADP and collagen, hypotonic shock response, Kunicki morphology score, thromboelastogram response, pO2, and pCO2, and PLT activation (CD62) was carried out by flow cytometry. Additionally, PLTs stored for 7 days were transfused into thrombocytopenic patients, and the CCI was calculated.RESULTS:  Some of the in vitro tests such as the aggregation response to single stimuli showed decreased values with time. The hypotonic shock was well maintained for 7 days (77%‐68%); the Kunicki morphology score showed progressive shape change (300 to 164). The CCI of 7‐day PLTs averaged 16,000 (n = 9).CONCLUSIONS:  The data indicate acceptable in vitro PLT function at 7 days. Transfusion of the 7‐day‐old CP2D PLTs resulted in an appropriate posttransfusion increment in thrombocytopenic patients. Random donor PLTs collected into CP2D can be successfully stored for 7 days before use.
PLTs of Blood Group A1 donors express increased surface A antigen owing to apheresis and prolonged storage
Authors: Julmy Friedgard , Achermann François , Schulzki Thomas , Carrel Thierry , Nydegger Urs 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  In contrast to RBC transfusion, where ABO mismatch is potentially lethal, immunologic ABO matching has been considered less critical for PLTs. Nonetheless, PLTs bear ABO blood group antigens, some of them expressing very high levels.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The expression of A antigen was investigated by flow cytometry on resting and stimulated human PLTs of 100 A and 10 O group donors, as well as on 17 PLT concentrates (PCs) after apheresis and daily during a 6‐day storage, to determine possible changes in expression of A antigen on PLT surface.RESULTS:  Considerable variation of A antigen expression on PLT surface of A1 group individuals was observed; A2 group PLTs could not be distinguished from O group PLTs. The variability of A antigen on A group PLTs also became evident on investigating PLT lysates by ELISA. A1 group PCs showed a significant increase of A antigen expression on their surface owing to apheresis (p = 0.001) and to storage (p = 0.0091).CONCLUSION:  Apheresis and prolonged storage of A1 group PCs independently led to overexpression of A antigen on the PLT surface. This may make such PCs more susceptible to destruction by anti‐A of O or B group recipients.
Effects of blood transfusion on clinical and functional outcomes in patients with hip fracture
Authors: Halm Ethan A. , Wang Jason J. , Boockvar Kenneth , Penrod Joan , Silberzweig Stacey B. , Magaziner Jay , Koval Kenneth J. , Siu Albert L. 
Published: September 2003

BACKGROUND:  Anemia and transfusion are common among elderly patients requiring surgery. The effects of transfusion on morbidity and mortality are controversial. The influence of transfusion on risk‐adjusted mortality, readmissions, and functional mobility was examined.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  A consecutive cohort of 551 patients undergoing surgery for hip fracture at four hospitals was prospectively studied. Outcomes were death, readmission, and functional independence measure‐locomotion scores within 60 days of discharge. The trigger Hb level was defined as the lowest value before the first postoperative transfusion. Multivariate analyses adjusted for a validated, hip‐fracture‐specific risk model and predictors of transfusion.RESULTS:  Overall, 54.4 percent of patients received transfusions after surgery. Seventy‐two percent of patients with a lowest postoperative Hb level of less than 10.0 g per dL received transfusions compared to 19.6 percent of those whose lowest measurement was at least 10.0 g per dL (p < 0.0001). In the 60 days after discharge, 3.8 percent of patients died and 16.9 percent were readmitted. Transfusion was associated with lower risk‐adjusted odds of readmission (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.30‐0.97), but it did not influence mortality or mobility functioning. In subgroups analyses, the benefit of transfusion on readmission rates appeared to be concentrated among patients with a trigger Hb level of less than 10.0 g per dL. For patients with a trigger Hb level of at least 10.0 g per dL, transfusion did not affect risk‐adjusted rates of death or readmission, but was associated with better risk‐adjusted functional mobility scores (p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS:  Postoperative transfusion reduced the risk of readmission but did not decrease mortality or improve mobility. Randomized controlled trials of different transfusion strategies will be needed to clarify the true benefits and risks of transfusion in surgical patients.
Long Term Incentive Plans, Executive Pay and UK Company Performance*
Authors: Buck Trevor , Bruce Alistair , Main Brian G. M. , Udueni Henry 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT In agency theory, the remuneration packages of executive directors in large companies are seen as an attempt to give them a pattern of rewards that aligns their interests more closely with shareholders as a whole. The sensitivity of total executive rewards to share price performance has become the conventional yardstick for judgements concerning whether reward packages do indeed serve shareholders’ interests or executives themselves.Long‐term incentive plans (LTIPs) introduced in the UK from 1995 have imposed new, firm‐specific performance conditions on senior managers. While LTIPs are designed to increase performance‐pay sensitivity, however, they also give executives new opportunities to manipulate the terms of LTIPs in their own favour, at the expense of shareholders and stakeholders in general.This paper presents the first estimates of UK total executive rewards that include detailed LTIP valuations. It finds that, while increasing average total rewards, the presence of LTIPs is actually associated with reductions in the sensitivity of executives’ total rewards to shareholder return. This raises doubts concerning both the effectiveness of the LTIP instrument and the validity of an agency perspective in this context.
Oroonoko in Nineteenth‐Century Germany: Race and Gender in Luise MüHlbach's Aphra Behn
Authors: Martin Judith E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMany critics consider Aphra Behn's novella Oroonoko, or the Royal Slave (1688) the first anti‐slavery narrative. England's first professional woman writer, Behn left a literary legacy divided between recognition of Oroonoko by abolitionists and rejection of her reputation for indecency. In her novel Aphra Behn (1849), the German author Luise Mühlbach joins these disparate strands of Behn reception. She adapts Behn's slave story within the historical context of nineteenth‐century abolitionism, and she reinterprets Behn's biography and controversial literary reputation, transforming Behn into a respectable female literary predecessor. Mühlbach's text asserts a specifically female authorial legitimacy and challenges male dominance in social relations and in literary culture. Drawing on post‐colonial cultural criticism, this essay examines Mühlbach's alterations of Behn's Oroonoko, focusing on the racial and gendered dynamics of power in the white female protagonist's relationship to the black slave couple and to male colonial authority. Although Mühlbach employs a more modern anti‐racist discourse than Behn, Aphra's position remains implicated with the colonial order, and while the black woman Imoinda gains in agency, she lacks the autonomous subjectivity of Aphra and Oroonoko. In her larger project of recuperating Behn's literary reputation, Mühlbach privileges the white European woman's subjectivity against the background of the black woman as ‘other’.
C.G. Jung and ‘Naturmystik’: The Early Poem ‘Gedanken in Einer Frühlingsnacht’
Authors: Bishop Paul 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis article presents a hitherto unpublished text, found in the C.G. Jung‐Archiv of the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zurich, and discusses its significance. A brief overview of Jung's early religious development highlights aspects of Jung's childhood which his biographers have often noted, but the significant patterns of which they have more frequently chosen to overlook. In particular, Jung's childhood visions of the divine ithyphallus and the divine turd acquire new significance, when compared with the moment in Scripture where Yahweh hides from Moses his kabod (‘glory’, or genitalia); if Moses was only permitted to see the backside of God, Jung's vision of the divine phallus shows he was even more intimately acquainted with the divine. The author comments in detail on the unknown poem, and discusses the cultural intertexts that help us appreciate its significance. Attention is also paid to the formal and ‘literary’ features of the poem. The article concludes that the unknown poem expresses an outlook best described by the term ‘Naturmystik’, and offers a new insight into the fundamentally mystical temperament of Jung's early thinking.
Brecht's Pastiche History Play: Renaissance Drama and Modernist Theatre in Leben Eduards Des Zweiten Von England
Authors: Gaston Bruce 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis article examines Brecht's Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England from the historical perspective of its first performances in 1924, paying particular attention to the status of Renaissance drama in Germany and the emerging Modernist movement. This approach runs counter to previous critical discussions which have been implicitly or explicitly comparative. The emphasis on Marlowe has led to a neglect of the many parallels in Eduard II. with works by Shakespeare, works that Brecht, like most educated Germans, would have known. An examination of attitudes to English Renaissance drama during the period leads to the conclusion that Eduard II. is not a criticism of its model, since minimal knowledge of Edward II meant that most of the audience were not in a position to compare the two plays. Rather, the play is a pastiche, a spurious Renaissance history play that emphasised the aspects of Renaissance drama that corresponded to the Modernist aesthetic paradigm, and that also reflected Brecht's own interests and preoccupations. In Eduard II. a Modernist reinterpretation of Renaissance theatre was put up in opposition to the orthodox view of Shakespeare, and thus embodied a challenge to the dominant theatrical tradition which had claimed Shakespeare as its own.