bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river
Authors: Parsons Helena , Gilvear David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCritical to restoring the nature conservation value of many river corridors is an understanding of how alluvial landscapes will respond to cessation of river management and land use practices that have previously degraded the environment. This paper analyses changes in valley floor landforms and vegetation patch dynamics, in relation to fluvial disturbance, over a period of almost 100 years following flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river, namely the River Tummel, Scotland. Such rivers were once typical of many draining upland areas of northern maritime Europe. Prior to abandonment the valley floor landscape was agriculturally dominated and the river for the most part was single thread confined between flood embankments. The pattern of landform change and vegetation patch development over time following a decision in 1903 not to maintain embankments was tracked by geomorphic and land cover mapping utilizing successive sets of aerial photography for the period 1946 to 1994. A historical context for these changes was also feasible because the channel planform in 1900 and earlier channel planform changes dating back to 1753 were known due to the availability of old maps and earlier geomorphic studies. The land cover mapping was validated by comparison of results produced from the interpretation work on the 1994 aerial photographs with the field‐based UK National Vegetation Classification protocol. The findings of the study illustrate that bordering the River Tummel fluvial landforms and vegetation patch mosaics, presumably resembling those that occurred before valley floor land use intensification, evolved in less than 50 years after flood embankment abandonment with a resultant increase in habitat diversity. The change relates primarily to flood‐induced channel planform change and moderate levels of fluvial disturbance. The general significance of this change to plant species diversity on the valley floor of the River Tummel and elsewhere is discussed as is possible implications of the upstream impoundment and scenarios for climatically induced changes in flood frequency and magnitude. The overall outcome is the strong possibility that simple changes in river management and land use practices could result in re‐establishment of the nature conservation value of similar river corridors in Europe over the medium term without active restoration efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the silicon capping technique in SIMS
Authors: Ng C. M. , Wee A. T. S. , Huan C. H. A. , Ho C. S. , Yakovlev N. , See A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effectiveness of the silicon capping technique in ultrashallow secondary ion mass spectrometry using 1 keV O2+ at 56° incidence angle is investigated. It is shown that a capping layer of at least 20 nm is needed to ensure a steady‐state erosion rate when profiling the doped region. The matrix intensity is very sensitive to the presence of native oxide, and enhancement is evident for oxides as thin as one monolayer. The oxygen enhancement is further influenced by the high dopant concentration on the sputter surface. The present results favour the model that relates the surface spike present during depth profiling to the sputtering of native oxide. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Agora Project: theNew Agorasof the twenty‐first century
Authors: Jenlink Patrick M. , Banathy Bela H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Agoras of the City States of the Classical Greeks were public spheres where democracy was lived by citizens who made collective decisions about issues affecting their daily lives. The Agora Project—New Agoras—is a metaphor for social action contexts in which people can make collective decisions about their future. People in the settings of their families, neighborhoods, community groups, organizations and institutions have the potential to organize themselves as evolutionary design communities. Participants in the Agora Project collectively enjoin to establish a new public sphere that can sustain a meaningful actionable design dialogue among individuals within and acrossNew Agoras. TheseNew Agoras, communicatively linked, would serve as the infrastructure for democratic civil society and a system of public spheres animated by evolutionary conversation and guided by evolutionary design with purpose of self‐guided evolution of the society—cultural evolution of our species,Homo sapiens sapiens. Critical to the Agora Project is the establishment of stewardship communities. The task of these communities is to create knowledge bases for evolutionary inquiry, develop resources for evolutionary learning and explore suitable approaches, methods and technologies. This article will present an overview of the Agora Project and the Agora Steward Community that has evolved in relation to the project. Organization of the article includes: (1) an examination of the evolution of humankind, (2) a discussion of conscious purposeful evolution, (3) an examination of the Agora of ancient Athens, (4) an introduction of theNew Agorasas a metaphor for social action in contemporary society, (5) a discussion of theNew Agorasas public spheres for democratic civil society, (6) a description of the Agora Project, and (7) a discussion of theNew Agorasas public spheres for evolutionary design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harmonic and quasi-harmonic spheres, part III. Rectifiablity of the parabolic defect measure and generalized varifold flows
Authors: Lin FangHua , Wang ChangYou 
Published: October 2002

We study weakly convergent sequences of suitable weak solutions of heat flows of harmonic maps or approximated harmonic maps. We prove a dimensional stratification for the space-time concentration measure and verify that the concentration measure, viewed as a generalized varifold, moves according to the generalized varifold flow rule which reduces to the Brakke's flow of varifold provided that the limiting harmonic map flow is suitable. We also establish an energy quantization for the density of the limiting varifold.

Résumé
Nous étudions des séquences faiblement convergentes de solutions faibles du flot de chaleur d'applications harmoniques (éventuellement approximées). Nous prouvons une stratification dimensionnelle pour la mesure de concentration de l'espace-temps et vérifions que la mesure de concentration, vue comme une varifold generalisée, est sujette à la règle du flot généralisé des varifolds qui se réduit à la règle du flot de Brakke pour autant que l'application harmonique soit adéquate. Nous établissons aussi une quantification de l'énergie pour la densité de de la varifold limite de la séquence.
Subject variation in caprine anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Cummings J. F. , Grood E. S. , Butler D. L. , Levy M. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe studied the subject and treatment contributions to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction biomechanics by reexaming the results of two bilateral reconstruction studies. Bilateral reconstruction allows a comparison between treatments exposed to the same subject related healing factors. The studies examined the effects of gamma irradiation and the effects of initial graft size and initial graft laxity. In both studies different treatments were applied to contralateral limbs. We found that the subject was the best predictor of outcome, while the surgical treatments had little influence on outcome. There was a large variation between subjects despite similar treatments, and little difference between contralateral limbs despite different surgical treatments. At 26 weeks, the graft cross sectional area and modulus were most strongly influenced (p < 0.002) by the subject. We interpret this as a subject related factor is regulating the quantity and quality of the healing tissue. Potential sources of subject related factors include the subject's pre‐operative condition, the activity during the post‐operative period, and an intrinsic biologic response. By better understanding the source of subject variation, more successful and consistent ACL reconstructions might be achieved.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Postnatal dendritic development of Y‐like geniculocortical relay neurons
Authors: Coleman Lee‐Ann , Friedlander Michael J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe the dendritic development of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNd) projecting to cortical area 18 in the postnatal cat. LGN neurons were identified by retrograde labeling from area 18 with fluorescent latex microspheres and injected in the fixed slice with Lucifer yellow (LY) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to visualize their dendritic arborizations. Both topological (measures of the patterns of dendritic branching and their territorial coverage) and metric parameters (measures of the quantitative parameters describing the size, length, extent and diameter of the dendritic arbors) were measured in three‐dimensions for 25 LGN neurons in cats between 1 and 18 postnatal weeks. In addition, dendritic growth was compared to the changing dimensions of the LGNd. At all ages, neurons projecting to area 18 have large somata and radiate dendrites. From 1 to 18 weeks neurons increase in size—both soma area and the length of all dendritic segments double during this period. Intermediate and terminal dendritic segments show comparable growth until 5 weeks. However, only terminal segments continue to grow significantly from 5 until 18 weeks. Dendrites become straighter during development, the angle between daughter branches decreases and dendritic segment diameter increases, with terminal segments showing a greater increase relative to intermediate segments. The density of dendritic appendages increases transiently at 5 weeks and a differential redistribution occurs, so that by 18 weeks dendrites further from the soma have a greater density of appendages than those near the soma. Some dendritic relationships remain invariant during development—intermediate segments are always shorter, thicker and straighter than terminal segments. During these changes however, area 18 projecting neurons maintain a constant number of primary dendrites and have, on average, a constant branching pattern. The relative volume of the LGNd occupied by an area 18 projecting neuron increases 2.4‐fold between 1 and 18 weeks as the dendrites grow with the result that the coverage of a given point of the LGNd by dendrites of area 18 projecting nearly doubles from 24 to 45 neurons per unit volume. This increased net dendritic overlap provides a substrate for enhanced numerical synaptic divergence of the Y‐cell pathway from a point source in the retina to the visual cortex.
Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism
Authors: Cody Heather , Pelphrey Kevin , Piven Joseph 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain structures and function is uniquely suited to characterize the range of neuroanatomical and physiological changes that characterize the autism phenotype as it develops over time. In this review, we examine the scientific literature in MRI as applied to autism and related areas, over approximately the last decade, discussing findings which have emerged, methodological stumbling blocks which have been identified, and potential future directions. Structural MRI studies have recently begun to elucidate the neurodevelopmental underpinnings and brain–behavior relationships in autism while fMRI studies, building on the wealth of data in normal individuals, are beginning to characterize the underlying neuropsychological deficits of the disorder. Together, these two methods combine to contribute to a better understanding of the neural basis and brain phenotype of this disorder.
Clinical profiles relating gender and depressive symptoms among adolescents ascertained by the Beck Depression Inventory II
Authors: Coelho R. , Martins A. , Barros H. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryPurposeDepressive disorders (DD) in adolescence are often misdiagnosed and under-recognised. A major clinical problem regards the high rate of co-morbidity with other disorders, namely substance abuse. The aim of this study was to assess the discriminative power of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) to characterise specific social–demographic variables related to DD in adolescence.MethodsA Portuguese version of the BDI-II and a social–demographic questionnaire were administered to 775 Portuguese adolescents (312 males, 463 females; mean age: 16.9 years); 83 adolescents performed a clinical interview following DSM-IV criteria.ResultsMean BDI-II Portuguese version (BDI-II-P) total score was 10.31 (standard deviation: 8.4), with females reporting more depressive symptoms than males (P < 0.001). Low academic achievement, sleep disturbances, and alcohol consumption were consistently associated with depressive symptoms for both genders. Higher tobacco consumption was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in females. Familial factors did not appear to be associated with depressive symptoms in males. However, a higher frequency of siblings, having separated parents as well as a more extreme perception of the mother's educational style were consistently associated with depressive symptoms in females.ConclusionThe BDI-II-P showed discriminative power to characterise social–demographic variables related to DD especially in adolescent females.
Estrogen Modulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: Chambliss Ken L. , Shaul Philip W. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Over the past decade, clinical and basic research has demonstrated that estrogen has a dramatic impact on the response to vascular injury and the development of atherosclerosis. Further work has indicated that this is at least partially mediated by an enhancement in nitric oxide (NO) production by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (eNOS) due to increases in both eNOS expression and level of activation. The effects on eNOS abundance are primarily mediated at the level of gene transcription, and they are dependent on estrogen receptors (ERs), which classically serve as transcription factors, but they are independent of estrogen response element action. Estrogen also has potent nongenomic effects on eNOS activity mediated by a subpopulation of ERα localized to caveolae in endothelial cells, where they are coupled to eNOS in a functional signaling module. These observations, which emphasize dependence on cell surface-associated receptors, provide evidence for the existence of a steroid receptor fast-action complex, or SRFC, in caveolae. Estrogen binding to ERα on the SRFC in caveolae leads to Gαi activation, which mediates downstream events. The downstream signaling includes activation of tyrosine kinase-MAPK and Akt/protein kinase B signaling, stimulation of heat shock protein 90 binding to eNOS, and perturbation of the local calcium environment, leading to eNOS phosphorylation and calmodulin-mediated eNOS stimulation. These unique genomic and nongenomic processes are critical to the vasoprotective and atheroprotective characteristics of estrogen. In addition, they serve as excellent paradigms for further elucidation of novel mechanisms of steroid hormone action.
Repellents against Earthworms, Hydroxamic Acids and Isothiocyanate, from UV-B Damaged Maize and Radish
Authors: Kosemura Seiji 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Hydroxamic acids (4-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones) and 4-methylthio-3-butenyl isothiocyanate as repellents against earthworms, have been isolated from UV-B damaged maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings and roots of Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus L.).
A Neutral Trinuclear Molybdenum-Sulfur(Oxygen) Cluster Complex with [Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-O)3] Core
Authors: Qin Ye-Yan , Yao Yuan-Gen , Kang Yao , Li Zhao-Ji , Chen Yu-Biao 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
A neutral molybdenum cluster Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-O)3(DTP)4(H2O) (DTP=diethyl dithiophosphate) is rationally synthesized and structurally characterized. Its molecules are linked via hydrogen bonding and supramolecular interactions, leading to an infinite one-dimensional chain structure.
Application of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to Counter Electrode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Saito Yasuteru , Kitamura Takayuki , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated using chemically polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) on a conductive glass as a counter electrode showed comparable conversion efficiency with a cell using platinum sputtered counter electrode.
High Yield of Vaterite Precipitation Induced by Trace Lanthanum Ion from a Supersaturated Solution of Calcium Carbonate at 50 °C
Authors: Tsuno Hiroshi , Kagi Hiroyuki , Akagi Tasuku 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The formation of calcium carbonate from a supersaturated solution doped with trace lanthanum was studied at various temperatures. At a temperature of around 50 °C, more than 80% of calcium carbonate precipitated from 5 μmol kg−1 LaCl3, 15 mmol kg−1 CaCl2-NaHCO3 solution was vaterite while from a lanthanum-free solution calcium carbonate precipitated exclusively as calcite.
Selective Langmuir–Blodgett Transfer on Phase-Separated Films
Authors: Matsumoto Mutsuyoshi , Tanaka Ken-ichi , Azumi Reiko , Kondo Yukishige , Yoshino Norio 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Mixed Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of arachidic acid (AA) and perfluorotetradecanoic acid (PA) took phase-separated structures with the monolayer domains of AA buried in the monolayer of PA. When two monolayers of AA were transferred on the 1/1 mixed LB films of AA and PA, AA was transferred only on the domains of AA in the mixed LB films.
Synthesis of Mesostructured Silica Using Nonionic Copolymers as the Templates
Authors: Xu An-Wu 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Hierarchically ordered mesostructured silica was prepared using the mixture of silicone surfactant and P123 as the template. Hexagonal nanopores were built in layered silica walls to form complex mesostructures. The lamellar mesophase and hexagonal nanopores in the walls were independently templated from silicone surfactant and P123.
Venous limb gangrene during overlapping therapy with warfarin and a direct thrombin inhibitor for immune heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia
Authors: Smythe Maureen A. , Warkentin Theodore E. , Stephens Jennifer L. , Zakalik Dana , Mattson Joan C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report two patients with deep‐vein thrombosis complicating immune heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia who developed venous limb gangrene during overlapping therapy with a direct thrombin inhibitor (lepirudin or argatroban) and warfarin. In both patients, therapy with the direct thrombin inhibitor was interrupted during persisting severe athrombocytopenia while warfarin administration continued. Both patients exhibited the typical feature of a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio (INRs, 5.9 and 7.3) that has been linked previously with warfarin‐associated venous limb gangrene. These data suggest that warfarin anticoagulation be postponed in patients with acute heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia until substantial recovery of the platelet count has occurred. Am. J. Hematol. 71:50–52, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LGI1 is mutated in familial temporal lobe epilepsy characterized by aphasic seizures
Authors: Gu Wenli , Brodtkorb Eylert , Steinlein Ortrud K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAutosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy previously has been linked to chromosome 10q22‐q24, and recently mutations in the LGI1 gene (Leucine‐rich gene, Glioma Inactivated) have been found in some autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy families. We have now identified a missense mutation affecting a conserved cysteine residue in the extracellular region of the LGI1 protein. The C46R mutation is associated with autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy in a large Norwegian family showing unusual clinical features like short‐lasting sensory aphasia and auditory symptoms.
Astrocyte‐specific TSC1 conditional knockout mice exhibit abnormal neuronal organization and seizures
Authors: Uhlmann Erik J. , Wong Michael , Baldwin Rebecca L. , Bajenaru M. Livia , Onda Hiroaki , Kwiatkowski David J. , Yamada Kelvin , Gutmann David H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPersons affected with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) develop a wide range of neurological abnormalities including aberrant neuronal migration and seizures. In an effort to model TSC‐associated central nervous system abnormalities in mice, we generated two independent lines of astrocyte‐specific Tsc1 conditional knockout mice by using the Cre‐LoxP system. Astrocyte‐specific Tsc1‐null mice exhibit electroencephalographically proven seizures after the first month of age and begin to die at 3 to 4 months. Tsc1‐null mice show significant increases in astrocyte numbers throughout the brain by 3 weeks of age and abnormal neuronal organization in the hippocampus between 3 and 5 weeks. Moreover, cultured Tsc1‐null astrocytes behave similar to wild‐type astrocytes during log phase growth but demonstrate increased saturation density associated with reduced p27Kip1 expression. Collectively, our results demonstrate that astrocyte‐specific disruption of Tsc1 in mice provides a context‐dependent growth advantage for astrocytes that results in abnormalities in neuronal organization and epilepsy.
Mitochondrial DNA depletion and dGK gene mutations
Authors: Salviati Leonardo , Sacconi Sabrina , Mancuso Michelangelo , Otaegui David , Camaño Pilar , Marina Alberto , Rabinowitz Simon , Shiffman Rebecca , Thompson Karen , Wilson Claire M. , Feigenbaum Annette , Naini Ali B. , Hirano Michio , Bonilla Eduardo , DiMauro Salvatore , Vu Tuan H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome is a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number. The recent discovery of mutations in the deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) gene in patients with the hepatocerebral form of mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome prompted us to screen 21 patients to determine the frequency of dGK mutations, further characterize the clinical spectrum, and correlate genotypes with phenotypes. We detected mutations in three patients (14%). One patient had a homozygous GATT duplication (nucleotides 763–766), and another had a homozygous GT deletion (nucleotides 609–610); both mutations lead to truncated proteins. The third patient was a compound heterozygote for two missense mutations (R142K and E227K) that affect critical residues of the protein. These mutations were associated with variable phenotypes, and their low frequencies suggests that dGK is not the only gene responsible for mitochondrial DNA depletion in liver. The patient with the missense mutations had isolated liver failure and responded well to liver transplantation, which may be a therapeutic option in selected cases.
Leigh‐like encephalopathy complicating Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Funalot Benoît , Reynier Pascal , Vighetto Alain , Ranoux Danièle , Bonnefont Jean‐Paul , Godinot Catherine , Malthièry Yves , Mas Jean‐Louis 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLeber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a mitochondrial disease caused by point mutations in mitochondrial DNA. It usually presents as severe bilateral visual loss in young adults. We report on a neurological disorder resembling Leigh syndrome, which complicated Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in three unrelated male patients harboring mitochondrial DNA mutations at nucleotide positions 3460, 14459, and 14484, respectively. This Leigh‐like encephalopathy appears to be associated with a much more severe outcome than isolated Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.