bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomic and surgical approach to the ethmoidal nerve and parasympathetic innervation of the nasal and cerebral circulation in sheep
Authors: Acocella Fabio , Carù Francesco , Farabola Mario , Addis Flaminio , Cozzi Bruno 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe an anatomic and surgical approach to the efferent parasympathetic branches of the pterygopalatine ganglia in sheep, with particular reference to the ethmoidal nerve and innervation of nasal and cerebral blood vessels.

Animals
12 adult sheep used for monolateral (n = 7) or bilateral (n = 5) ethmoidal neurectomy; 2 sheep used for angiography (1 live sheep for digital subtraction angiography, 1 embalmed cadaver for injection studies); and 5 embalmed cadavers, 4 frozen specimens, and 2 dry skulls used for dissection, x-rays, and computed tomographic (CT) or magnetic resonance (MR) scans.

Procedure
Transverse (coronal) MR scans, transverse, sagittal, and dorsal CT scans, radiography, angiography, photographic images, and dissections of embalmed material were used to study the topographic anatomy of the temporal and pterygopalatine fossae of the head.

Results
Images were stored, then compared with photographs of frozen sections from the same or a similar specimen to plan a surgical approach to the ethmoidal nerve. Mono- and bilateral experimental ethmoidal neurectomies were performed, allowing characterization of a safe and reliable method. The series of pterygopalatine ganglia typical of this species was localized, dissected, and analyzed for topographic relations.

Conclusions
From the results, a new approach to the efferent branches of the pterygopalatine ganglia (ethmoidal nerve) for experimental parasympathectomy of the cerebral and nasal circle is proposed. This experimental approach could be used for studies involving thermoregulation of the face, and in experimental control of blood flow in the nasal cavity and rostral part of the brain. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:105–108)
Morphologic comparisons among equine endometrium categories I, II, and III, using light and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Ferreira-Dias G. M. , Nequin L. G. , King S. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate whether the pathologic changes observed by light microscopy in endometrium of categories II and III were reflected by cellular changes and to describe differences in the endometrial cell ultrastructure during estrus and diestrus.

Animals
18 healthy mares.

Procedure
Endometrial tissues biopsied during the physiologic breeding season were categorized, using light microscopy, and were studied, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results
Using TEM, glycogen granules were associated with giant mitochondria for all endometrial types during diestrus. Development of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus suggested protein synthesis in the endometrial glands during diestrus. TEM did not reveal major ultrastructural differences, between endometrium of categories I and II. This was unlike differences identified by light microscopy. The most extensive pathologic changes were seen in category-III tissue (TEM and light microscopy). Category-III endometria had a large number of light cells with more degenerative structures and fewer organelles, and lacked cilia in the lumen of the glands. This tissue had extensive fibrotic tissue in the lamina propria and many inflammatory cells in most tissue layers.

Conclusions
The severe ultrastructural changes may be one of the many factors decreasing the fertility of mares with category-III, compared with category-1 and -2, endometrium. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:49–55)
Comparison of forced oscillation with the conventional method for histamine bronchoprovocation testing in horses
Authors: Mazan M. R. , Hoffman A. M. , Manjerovic N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare response of horses to histamine bronchoprovocation (HBP), using total respiratory resistance (Rrs) measured by forced oscillatory mechanics (FOM) with dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and pulmonary resistance (RL) measured by the esophageal balloon method.

Animals
10 horses with various degrees of airway reactivity.

Procedure
The 2 methods for measuring airway responses to HBP were performed on separate days. Endpoints compared were increase of 150 or 200% of baseline Rrs (PC150Rrs, PC200Rrs) and to 150% of baseline RL (PC150RL) or decrease to 65% of baseline Cdyn (PC65Cdyn). Frequency dependence of respiratory mechanics, using FOM, was evaluated, using the slope of Rrs over 1 to 3 Hz and the ratios of Rrs at 1 Hz to Rrs at 2 and 3 Hz (Rrs1Hz/Rrs2Hz, Rrs3Hz) and of Rrs at 2 Hz to Rrs at 3 Hz (Rrs2Hz/Rrs3Hz) Effect of histamine on frequency dependence was assessed.

Results
Correlation with PC65Cdyn was high for PC150Rrs (rs = 0.93) and PC200Rrs (rs = 0.96). Correlation between PC65Cdyn and PC150RL was weakly positive (rs = 0.61). The slope of Rrs over 1 to 3 Hz changed significantly between baseline (−0.07 ± 0.09 cm H2O/L/s/Hz) and final histamine dose (−0.28 ± 0.10 cm H2O/L/s/Hz). The Rrs1Hz/Rrs3Hz and Rrs2Hz/Rrs3Hz differed significantly (P < 0.05 between baseline [1.27 ± 0.36 and 0.96 ±0.11, respectively] and final histamine dose [1.62 ± 0.37 and 1.09 ± 0.14, respectively]).

Conclusions
Correlation between histamine-induced changes in respiratory mechanics, as measured by FOM and the pneumotachograph-esophageal balloon method, was good. The FOM results indicated frequency dependence of respiratory mechanics during HBP.

Clinical Relevance
A noninvasive method of measuring airway reactivity will facilitate routine evaluation of horses with suspected small airway disease and may be suitable for field studies. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:174-180)
Detection of portal and systemic bacteremia in dogs with severe induced hepatic disease and multiple portosystemic shunts
Authors: Howe Lisa M. , Boothe Dawn M. , Boothe Harry W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine existence of portal and systemic bacteremia in dogs with induced severe hepatic disease, compared with clinically normal dogs, before and after vena caval banding.

Animals
6 control dogs and 10 dogs with induced severe hepatic disease and multiple portosystemic shunts (PSS).

Procedure
Dogs of the diseased group were given dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg of body weight, PO) twice weekly until multiple PSS developed. Surgery was performed on dogs of both groups, and blood for baseline aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture was collected from catheters placed in the portal and hepatic veins and caudal vena cava. All dogs underwent vena caval banding, and blood for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture was collected from the portal and hepatic venous catheters at 120, 240, and 360 minutes after banding.

Results
Compared with control dogs (16% gram-positive and 84% gram-negative bacteria), diseased dogs had significantly higher percentage of gram-positive bacteria (42% of positive culture results, P ≤ 0.01) and significantly lower percentage of gram-negative bacteria (58% of positive culture results, P ≤ 0.01) isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated most frequently from dogs of both groups; more than 1 organism was isolated from 5 dogs of each group. Antimicrobial susceptibility included that to aminoglycosides (particularly amikacin), fluorinated quinolones, and imipenem.

Conclusions
Portal and systemic, predominantly gram-negative, bacteremia is present in catheterized, clinically normal dogs and dogs with dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic disease and multiple PSS. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:181-185)
Assessment of dorsal nerve root and spinal cord dorsal horn function in clinically normal dogs by determination of cord dorsum potentials
Authors: Cuddon Paul A. , Delauche Agnes J. , Hutchison Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish normal predictive values for cord dorsum potential (CDP) onset latency after thoracic and pelvic limb sensory or mixed nerve stimulation in adult dogs.

Animals
26 clinically normal adult dogs.

Procedure
Sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) were recorded proximally from tibial and lateral superficial radial nerves after distal stimulation. The CDP were recorded from the L4-L5 interarcuate ligament for the tibial nerve and from the C7-T1 interarcuate ligament for the radial nerve. Linear regression analyses were performed for CDP onset latency, and mean ± SD was calculated for CDP onset to peak latency differences and sensory nerve conduction velocities (SNCV).

Results
For the tibial nerve, expected CDP onset latency (CDPOL) = −1.194 + 0.014 × pelvic limb length (mm; R2 = 0.912); CDPOL = −2.156 + 0.011 × pelvic limb/spinal length (mm; R2 = 0.911); and CDPOL = 0.941 + 2.197 × tibial nerve SNAP latency (milliseconds; R2 = 0.903). For the radial nerve, CDPOL = −0.9 + 0.014 × thoracic limb length (mm; R2 = 0.873); and CDPOL = 1.454 + 1.874 × radial nerve SNAP latency (milliseconds; R2 = 0.903). Mean ± SD for CDP onset to peak latency difference for tibial and radial nerves was 3.1 ± 0.3 and 3.0 ± 0.4 milliseconds, respectively.

Conclusions
Strong linear associations exist between CDPOL and a number of easily measured peripheral independent variables in dogs. There is also a narrow range of normal values for CDP onset to peak latency differences that is independent of limb length.

Clinical Relevance
CDP evaluation can be used to accurately assess functional severity and distribution of abnormalities in proximal sensory nerves, dorsal nerve roots, and spinal cord dorsal horns in dogs with suspected neuropathy, radiculopathy, or myelopathy involving the brachial or lumbosacral intumescences. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:222-226)
Palmar digital vessel relaxation in healthy horses and in horses given carbohydrate
Authors: Schneider David A. , Parks Andrew H. , Eades Susan C. , Tackett Randall L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare in vitro smooth muscle relaxation of palmar digital vessels from healthy horses with those from horses in the prodromal stage of experimentally (carbohydrate) induced laminitis.

Animals
16 adult horses.

Procedure
Segments of palmar digital vessels were obtained from 5 healthy horses and 6 horses given carbohydrate. Vascular rings from the palmar digital artery and vein were suspended in individual organ baths containing buffer solution and indomethacin; isometric tension was recorded, and contraction and relaxation were compared. Smooth muscle contraction in response to cumulative addition of phenylephrine was recorded in the absence and presence of 1 µM NG- nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). After wash out, vascular rings were preconstricted with phenylephrine (0.3 µM), and cumulative endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine-induced) and independent (nitroprusside-induced) smooth muscle relaxations were recorded in the absence or presence of L-NAME.

Results
Phenylephrine increased vascular smooth muscle tone in ring preparations of palmar digital arteries and veins. Addition of acetylcholine or nitroprusside induced relaxation of palmar digital artery and vein ring preparations. Use of L-NAME (1 µM) significantly reduced maximal relaxation induced by acetylcholine, but not by nitroprusside. Maximal relaxation induced by acetylcholine, but not by nitroprusside, was reduced in vascular rings prepared from carbohydrate-overloaded horses.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Reduced endothelium-dependent relaxation of palmar digital vessels may have a role in the pathophysiology of acute laminitis after carbohydrate overload in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:233–239)
Heritability of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: MacLeay J. M. , Valberg S. J. , Sorum S. A. , Sorum M. D. , Kassube T. , Santschi E. M. , Mickelson J. R. , Geyer C. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the likely mode of inheritance and identify probable foundation horses for recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) in Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses.

Animals
4 families of TB racehorses with a high prevalence of RER, consisting of 3 to 53 horses/family, were used to determine mode of inheritance. Sixty-two TB horses with RER and 34 control TB racehorses without RER were used to identify probable foundation horses for the RER trait.

Procedure
RER was diagnosed by a veterinarian and verified by detecting high serum creatine kinase activity. Pedigrees dating from 1930 for all horses were entered into a database. Pedigrees of horses in 4 families were visually inspected for a pattern of inheritance and used for calculation of foundation horse contributions and inbreeding coefficients. The Markov chain Monte Carlo technique was used to analyze pedigrees of the 62 affected and 34 control horses for the conditional probability of foundation genotypes. A dominant mode of inheritance with variable expression model was used.

Results
Pedigree analysis supported an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with variable expression. All affected horses from the 4 families shared a common ancestor. This ancestor and 5 other stallions had a conditional probability of 1.00 for being affected. All 6 stallions shared a common male ancestor within 3 to 5 generations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
On the basis of this study, the RER trait has been in TB racehorses for more than 70 years and may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expression. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:250–256)
Evaluation of severe disease induced by aerosol inoculation of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Woolums Amelia R. , Anderson Mark L. , Gunther Robert A. , Schelegle Edward S. , LaRochelle Danielle R. , Singer Randall S. , Boyle Gabrielle A. , Friebertshauser Kathleen E. , Gershwin Laurel J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a model of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection that induces severe disease similar to that seen in some cattle with naturally acquired BRSV infection.

Animals
25 male Holstein calves, 8 to 16 weeks old.

Procedure
17 calves were given a low-passage field isolate of BRSV by aerosolization; 8 control calves were given supernatant from noninfected cell culture. Disease was characterized by evaluating clinical signs, virus isolation and pulmonary function tests, and results of blood gas analysis, gross and histologic postmortem examination, and microbiologic testing.

Results
Cumulative incidence of cough, harsh lung sounds, adventitious sounds, and dyspnea and increases in rectal temperature and respiratory rate were significantly greater in infected calves. Three infected calves developed extreme respiratory distress and were euthanatized 7 days after inoculation. Virus was isolated from nasal swab specimens from all infected calves but not from mock infected calves. On day 7 after inoculation, mean Pao2 and Paco2 were significantly lower, and pulmonary resistance was significantly higher, in infected calves. During necropsy, infected calves had varying degrees of necrotizing and proliferative bronchiolitis and alveolitis with syncytial formation. The 3 calves euthanatized on day 7 had emphysematous bullae in the caudal lung lobes; 1 had unilateral pneumothorax.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Severe disease similar to that seen in some cattle with naturally acquired BRSV infection can be induced in calves with a single aerosol exposure of a low-passage clinical isolate of BRSV. Our model will be useful for studying the pathogenesis of BRSV infection and for evaluating vaccines and therapeutics. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:473-480)
Effect of high arterial carbon dioxide tension on efficiency of immunoglobulin G absorption in calves
Authors: Drewry Jacky J. , Quigley James D. , Geiser Dennis R. , Welborn Matthew G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether high PaCO2 reduced apparent efficiency of IgG absorption (AEA) in calves and whether assisted ventilation of calves with high PaCO2 increased AEA.

Animals
48 Holstein calves.

Procedures
Arterial and venous blood samples were collected 1, 13, and 25 hours after birth; an additional venous sample was collected at 37 hours after birth. Arterial samples were analyzed for PaCO2, PaO2, pH, and bicarbonate and base excess concentrations; venous samples were analyzed for plasma IgG concentrations. On the basis of 1-hour PaCO2, calves were assigned to nonrespiratory acidosis (PaCO2 < 50 mm Hg; n = 19) or respiratory acidosis (PaCO2 ≥ 50 mm Hg; 29) groups. Calves in the respiratory acidosis group were assigned randomly to receive no further treatment (n = 17) or to be given 5 minutes of assisted ventilation (12). All calves received between 1.8 and 2 L of colostrum 2, 14, 26, and 38 hours after birth. Plasma volume and AEA were determined 25 hours after birth.

Results
1-hour PaCO2 had no effect on AEA or on plasma IgG concentrations determined 13, 25, or 37 hours after birth. Artificial ventilation had no effect on plasma IgG concentration or AEA.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Lack of effect of 1-hour PaCO2 on AEA and IgG concentration indicated that calves compensated for moderate acidbase imbalances associated with birth. Calves born with high PaCO2 achieved adequate plasma IgG concentrations if fed an adequate amount of high-quality colostrum early in life. The effect of artificial ventilation on PaCO2 was temporary and did not increase AEA. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:609–614)
Serologic cross-reactivity of antibodies against Borrelia theileri, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Borrelia coriaceae in cattle
Authors: Rogers Arlin B. , Smith Ronald D. , Kakoma Ibulaimu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the immune response induced by Borrelia theileri infection and to determine whether B theileri induces cross-reacting antibodies to other bovine borreliae.

Animals
Two 3-month-old calves, 1 of which was splenectomized.

Procedure
Calves were exposed to Boophilus microplus infected with B theileri. Rectal temperature, PCV, bacteremia, and clinical signs of infection were monitored. Serum was obtained weekly and used to evaluate the humoral response to homologous antigen and B burgdorferi and B coriaceae, using an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and to B burgdorferi, using a commercially available ELISA. The identity of cross-reacting antigens was explored, using monoclonal antibodies to genus- and species-specific antigens in an IFA test.

Results
B theileri-infected calves produced antibodies that cross-reacted with B burgdorferi and B coriaceae whole-cell antigens. Borrelia theileri whole-cell antigen was recognized by genus-specific monoclonal antibody H9724 but not by species-specific antibody H5332. False-positive reactions were not observed when serum from B theileri-infected calves was tested by use of the ELISA for B burgdorferi.

Conclusions
B theileri induces humoral responses in infected cattle that can be confused with those of other borrelial infections. Care must be taken to definitively distinguish between the various borreliae that may cause disease in cattle.

Clinical Relevance
Serologic cross-reactivity must be taken into account when making a serodiagnosis of Lyme borreliosis or epizootic abortion in epidemiologic studies involving cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:694–697)
Effect of hypothyroidism on blood lipid concentrations in horses
Authors: Frank Nicholas , Sojka Janice E. , Latour Mickey A. , McClure Scott R. , Polazzi Lisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure and compare concentrations of selected blood lipids before and after thyroidectomy in horses.

Animals
5 healthy adult mares.

Procedure
Mares were confirmed to be euthyroid. Thyroidectomy was performed, and hypothyroidism was confirmed. Selected blood lipid variables were measured before hypothyroidism was induced and weekly for 4 weeks after induction. Plasma concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) were measured. The composition of VLDL and LDL also was examined.

Results
Mean plasma concentrations of VLDL and LDL increased significantly after thyroidectomy. By 4 weeks after thyroidectomy, a ninefold increase in mean plasma concentration of VLDL and a threefold increase in LDL, compared with baseline values, were detected. After thyroidectomy, mean percentage of TG in VLDL increased significantly, whereas free cholesterol and cholesterol ester content decreased. Mean percentage of TG in LDL also increased by 3 to 4 weeks after thyroidectomy. Serum concentrations of TG and TC increased, whereas serum NEFA concentration decreased.

Conclusions
Hypothyroidism significantly alters blood lipid concentrations of horses. After thyroidectomy, markedly high VLDL concentration, appearance of TG-rich VLDL, increased serum concentrations of TG and TC, and decreased blood concentration of NEFA were evident.

Clinical Relevance
Examination of blood lipid concentrations of horses may be useful for detecting naturally acquired hypothyroidism. (Am J Vet Res 1999; 60:730-733)
Airway responses to histamine aerosol in clinically normal foals
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Couetil Laurent L. , Miller Carrie J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe the spectrum of nonspecific airway reactivity in a group of clinically normal foals.

Animals
12 clinically normal mixed-breed foals, 48 to 92 days old, without history of clinical lung disease.

Procedure
Nonspecific airway reactivity was determined by measuring the extent of changes in dynamic compliance during nebulization of incrementally increasing concentrations of histamine aerosol. Degree of airway reactivity was expressed as the dose of histamine that evoked a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) to 65% of the after saline nebulization value (PC65Cdyn) or increase in pulmonary resistance (RL) to 135% of baseline (PC135RL).

Results
In all foals, it was possible to induce a decrease in Cdyn in dose-dependent manner to ≤ 65% of baseline. Response of foals in terms of RL was more erratic, and, in 1 foal, RL decreased after histamine exposure. Mean ± SD PC65Cdyn was 5.43 ± 1.74 (range, 0.77 to 19.56) mg/ml, and mean PC135RL was 3.34 ± 1.52 (range, −0.749 to 17.35) mg/ml. Body weight was not correlated to baseline Cdyn, RL, PC65Cdyn, or PC135RL.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Clinically normal foals had a wide range of airway reactivity, which may contribute to variation in clinical responses of foals to otherwise similar stimuli, such as infection, inflammation, and challenge exposure with environmental irritants. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:965-968)