bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphokine‐Activated Killer (LAK) Cell Phenomenon in Cluster Headache. “In Vitro” Activation by Recombinant Interleukin‐2
Authors: Giacovazzo M. , Stirparo G. , DeStefano L. , Martelletti R , Rinaldi‐Garaci C. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISPrevious studies showed that the Natural Killer (NK) activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from cluster headache (CH) patients is lower than that of controls. This decreased activity seems to be independent of the cluster period. b‐interferon has been shown to be more effective in increasing NK activity when incubated with PBL from CH patients, than with PBL from control donors.Lymphokine‐Activated Killer (LAK) cells can be generated by incubation of human PBL in recombinant Interleukin‐2(rIL‐2). This phenomenon was studied in 10 CH patients and 8 healthy volunteers. PBL were activated to LAK cells by “in vitro” incubation for 72 hours in Control Medium containing rIL‐2 (1000 I.U./ml ). A four hour Chromium 51 release was used to measure LAK Cell Killing of K562 target cells. The released radioactivity was measured in a gamma scintillation counter.The CH patients showed a marked increase of LAK generation compared to control subjects. This effect seems to be augmented during the cluster period.
Successful Aspirin Prophylaxis in a Child with Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania
Authors: Kudrow David B. , Kudrow Lee 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISIt is generally recognized that indomethacin prophylaxis is the treatment of choice in adults with chronic paroxysmal hemi‐crania (CPH). Our case report is the first to demonstrate complete control of CPH in a 9 year‐old child using small dose aspirin prophylaxis. This case also represents direct observation of the youngest patient with CPH having the earliest reported onset.
Walk Headache: An Unusual Manifestation of Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Vernay D. , Deffond D. , Fraysse R , Dordain G. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISA 71 year old man sought neurological advice because for two years he had suffered from headache every time he made an effort. A treadmill stress test showed a relation between effort, headache and depression of ST segments on E.C.G. With isosorbide dinitrate and diltiazem, the manifestations improved. This suggests a referred head pain due to myocardial ischemia.
Cognitive‐Behavioral Therapy for Migraine Headaches: A Minimal‐Therapist‐Contact Approach Versus a Clinic‐Based Approach
Authors: Richardson Gwendolen M. , McGrath Patrick J. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThe efficacy of a clinic‐based cognitive‐behavioral program for the treatment of common migraine was compared to the same approach using a minimal‐therapist‐contact format by means of a randomized controlled trial. Forty‐eight subjects between 18 and 50 years of age completed the program. Following four weeks of recording headache activity, subjects were randomly assigned to a waiting list control condition or to one of the two treatment conditions. Treatment was followed by four weeks of recording of headache activity immediately posttreatment and again six months later. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant reduction in headache frequency, duration and peak intensity following treatment for both treated groups. These reductions were maintained at six months follow‐up. Treatment for the minimal‐contact group was significantly more cost‐effective than for the clinic group.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Chronic Headache: Group Versus Individual Treatment Format
Authors: Johnson Patrick R. , Thorn Beverly E. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISTwo hypotheses were tested in this study: (1) that a short course of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in the treatment of chronic headache; and (2) that group CT is as effective as individually administered CBT. Twenty‐two chronic headache sufferers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: group administered CBT, individually administered CBT, or no treatment (wait list) control. Wait list subjects ultimately received treatment identical to that offered to subjects in the group treatment condition. Treatment outcome measures included the Brief Symptom Inventory, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and several measures calculated from self‐monitoring data. Tentative support was found for the hypothesis that CBT as provided in this study is effective in the treatment of chronic headache. There was no evidence that group versus individually treated subjects differed significantly on any of the measures used, although the small N and large variance among subjects limit us to preliminary conclusions for our findings. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Cluster Headache and Intercalated Seizures in a Young Man: Therapeutic Effectiveness of Flunarizine
Authors: Astarloa R. , Gila L. , Gobernado J.M. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISA young man suffering from both cluster headache and epilepsy is reported. Since the age of 37 he had recurrent generalized tonic‐clonic seizures; one year later cluster headache attacks began. Neurological examination, standard laboratory tests and CT‐scan were normal. The EEG showed medium‐voltage sharp waves, not blocking upon eye opening, over the right parieto‐temporal region. Flunarizine was added to his phenytoin therapy; it controlled both paroxysmal disorders. After six months, flunarizine was discontinued and during a one year follow‐up the patient remained symptom‐free. This calcium channel blocker can be regarded as an ideal drug in patients suffering from both cluster headache and epilepsy; it controls this headache syndrome and is a useful add‐on to standard anti‐convulsant therapy.
Comparative Neuropharmacology of Dihydroergotamine and Sumatriptan (GR 43175)
Authors: McCarthy Bruce G. , Peroutka Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThe potency of dihydroergotamine (DHE) was determined at 13 neurotransmitter receptors using radioligand binding techniques. DHE is a potent agent (i.e. affinity value < 100 nM) at 5‐hydroxytryptamine1A (5‐HT1A), 5‐HT1c, 5‐HT1D, 5‐HT2, dopamine2, alpha1‐ and alpha2‐adrenergic binding sites. DHE displays moderate affinity (i.e. affinity values = 100 ‐ 1000 nM) for beta‐adrenergic and dopamine1 sites and is completely inactive at 5‐HT3, muscarinic and benzodiazepine receptors. These results were then compared to similar data on sumatriptan (formerly called GR 43175), a novel acute anti‐migraine agent. The only pharmacological property shared by both agents is high affinity for 5‐HT1D and 5‐HT1A receptors. Therefore, these data suggest that 5‐HT1D and/or 5‐HT1A receptors may play an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine.
A Review of Studies Evaluating Biofeedback and Relaxation Training in the Management of Pediatric Headache
Authors: Duckro Paul N. , Cantwell‐Simmons Elizabeth 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISHeadache is one of the most common types of recurrent pain among children. Response to pharmacological treatment has been inconsistent, and there is caution about prolonged pharmacotherapy for headache in children. Behavioral therapies for the management of chronic headache have emerged as a significant option over the last decade. Initial studies summarized in two previous reviews of behavioral therapy for pediatric headache were favorable, but few controlled studies had been done. In the last five years, more studies, the majority with controlled comparisons, have been published. The present review summarizes and interprets the evidence from these studies. Behavioral treatment appears to be a potent alternative for the management of chronic headache in children.
Safety and Effectiveness of Cranial Electrotherapy in the Treatment of Tension Headache
Authors: Solomon Seymour , Elkind Arthur , Freitag Fred , Gallagher R. Michael , Moore Kenneth , Swerdlow Bernard , Malkin Stanley 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISOne hundred patients were enrolled in a multicenter double‐blind study to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the Pain Suppressor Unit, a cranial electrotherapy stimulator for the symptomatic treatment of tension headaches. Treatment consisted of extremely low level, high frequency current applied transcranially. Pain scores before and after 20 minute treatments of individual headaches as well as patient and physician global evaluations were the primary efficacy variables. Following use of the active unit, patients reported an average reduction in pain intensity of approximately 35%. Placebo patients reported a reduction of approximately 18%. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01). The active unit was rated as moderately or highly effective in 40% by physicians, and in 36% by patients. Both physicians and patients scored the placebo unit moderately or highly effective for only 16%. The difference in ordered outcomes was statistically significant (p = 0.004). Approximately 10% of patients in each group reported at least one minor adverse experience. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation is distinct from TENS, and is safe and often effective in ameliorating the pain intensity of tension headaches. It should be considered as an alternative to the chronic usage of analgesics.
An Analysis of Home Practice Patterns for Non‐Drug Headache Treatments
Authors: Solbach Patricia , Sargent Joseph , Coyne Lolafaye 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISRegular home practice of non‐drug training techniques is assumed essential for improved headache control. In numerous research studies on non‐drug treatment efficacy, subjects have been routinely required to practice daily self‐regulation techniques. This paper examines the relationship between amount of home practice and treatment outcome, and the extent to which subjects adhere to training requirements.A total of 42 subjects completed daily home practice records for 32 weeks. Fourteen subjects had randomly been assigned to an autogenic phases group, 17 to an electromyographic biofeedback group, and 11 to a thermal training group. All subjects charted frequency of practice, change of feeling in the target area, time required to bring about the change, and general body relaxation.Relationships between subject compliance and 11 selected variables including demographics, headache activity components, treatment group, and treatment outcome were evaluated. Results support home practice, but place greater emphasis on its quality rather than its quantity.
Severe Headache and Vacation
Authors: Sillanpää Matti , Koivusilta Leena 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISOf a randomized nationwide adult population sample of 2,073 people, 1,590 (76.7%) were interviewed on their vacation expectations and their determinants using a prestructured questionnaire of 200 questions. Migraine or other severe headache occurred in 14.0% of people 15 to 74 years of age (in 19.7% of women and 8.0% of men). Compared with people without headache, headache sufferers were characterized by less interest in paid or unpaid vacation, more passive ways of spending vacation, more fear and anxiety for their health and human relations, uncertainty of the world situation, fear of global catastrophes and disturbances of work routine and increased family discord during vacation. Headache sufferers were apparently hard‐working and conscientious people with a stressed, depressive and resigned character and unable to feel care‐free and to relax on vacation.
Atypical Facial Pain, Ectasia of the Basilar Artery, and Baclofen: A Case Report
Authors: Martins Isabel R , Ferro J.M. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISAtypical facial pain is a clinical syndrome of facial pain that has been related to depression but whose pathogenesis is not known. We describe a 72‐year‐old woman with a chronic facial pain, and ectasia and left sided deviation of the basilar artery, that responded dramatically to baclofen. This case suggests that vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve may be one of the mechanisms producing this syndrome and in these cases it might respond to baclofen.
The Relationship of Electromyographic and Vasomotor Activity to MMPI Subgroups in Chronic Headache Patients: The Use of the Original and Contemporary MMPI Norms
Authors: Ahles Tim A. , Martin John B. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISThe relationship of electromyographic (EMG) and temporal artery vasomotor activity to MMPI subgroups was examined in 60 chronic headache sufferers. Analysis of the right frontalis data revealed a significant interaction between MMPI sub‐group and position (reclining, sitting, standing) with a trend toward the same interaction with the left frontalis. However, this effect was only found when the contemporary MMPI norms were utilized in the formation of the subgroups. No effects were found for the bilateral trapezius EMG or bilateral temporal artery sites. Analysis of the self report data revealed a significant main effect for the Total Pain Score of the Pain Mannequin but not for a current headache intensity rating. Again, the former effect was seen most clearly when the contemporary MMPI norms were used. In general, these data support a Psychological Distress Hypothesis in that patients with significant elevations (>70) demonstrated greater frontalis EMG activity and higher Pain Mannequin scores. Additionally, the data demonstrate the importance of utilizing the contemporary MMPI norms in the formation of subgroups.
Chronic Paroxysmal Hemicrania (CPH): A Review of the Clinical Manifestations
Authors: Antonaci Fabio , Sjaastad Ottar 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISOn a world‐wide basis, 84 cases of CPH were found, 59 females and 25 males: i.e., a F:M ratio of 2.36. Forty‐nine cases never exhibited a remitting stage, whereas in 35 cases a history of a remitting stage was obtained, 17 cases still remaining in the remitting stage. In other words, the ratio between the chronic and the remitting stage as of today is 67:17 =3.94. Accordingly, there seems to be a reverse relationship of the chronic versus the remitting stage, when compared to cluster headache. A maximum attack frequency even of 5–6 attacks per 24 hours seems to be consistent with a diagnosis of CPH. Nocturnal attacks occurred in 55 out of 58 cases where such information was available. An unchanging unilaterality was the rule, in that only 3 exceptions have been reported.
Headaches in Insulin‐Dependent Diabetic Patients
Authors: Martins Isabel , Blau J.N. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISHeadaches affecting 117 insulin‐dependent diabetic patients were studied. 50 developed 3 varieties of headaches associated with clinical hypoglycaemic episodes: (1) Brief headaches, contemporaneous with cerebral and autonomic symptoms, were relieved within minutes of ingesting carbohydrates (8 patients). (2) Prolonged headaches outlasting hypoglycaemic symptoms by 1–48 (average 4.3) hours, not relieved by food, occurred in 36 patients; 12 of these also had nausea, vomiting or photophobia. (3) Migraine headache. 11 of the 117 patients were migraineurs: in 6 of the 11 their typical migraines (2 classicial and 4 common) were induced by hypoglycaemic episodes. 9 of the 50 had 2 types of headaches, easily distinguished by each subject.In the whole series of 117 patients, 9 had never had a headache in their life. The remainder had headaches associated with premenstrual tension, anxiety, alcohol or other causes.
Evidence for an Immune‐Mediated Mechanism in Food‐Induced Migraine from a Study on Activated T‐Cells, IgG 4 Subclass, Anti‐lgG Antibodies and Circulating Immune Complexes
Authors: Martelletti Paolo , Sutherland Janet , Anastasi Emanuela , Mario Umberto Di , Giacovazzo Mario 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISVarious immunological studies have revealed controversial outcomes on pathogenetic mechanisms of food‐induced migraine. In order to better define the immune status of this disease we studied 21 patients for circulating immune complexes (CIC). Six out of them were also studied for lymphocyte subpopulations, IgG 4 and anti‐IgG antibodies, before (TO), 4 hours after (T4), and 72 hours after (T72) a specific challenge with 250 ml of milk. The CIqSp assay was used to determine CIC. Lymphocyte subpopulations were defined by the following monoclonal antibodies (Mab): OKT3, OKT4, OKT8, 4F2, H366, TAC, 5E9, L.243 and DA6.231. IgG 4 subclass was assessed by using a mouse specific Mab. Anti‐IgG antibodies were determined by using HPLC.The result showed an increased incidence of CIC (28.6%) when compared to the control group (10%). Total T‐cells (OKT3 + ) showed a marked increase at T4 (p<0.01 ) and a subsequent decrease at T72 (p<0.02). Interestingly, T‐activated cells (4F2 + and TAC + ) showed a parallel trend at T4 (respectively p<0.02 and <0.01) and a subsequent decrease at T72 only for the Tac+ cells (p<0.05). Also K and NK cells (H366+) showed an early increase at T4 (p<0.05). No significant variation was observed in the study of the expression of DR anti‐gens (L.243 and DA6.231) at the three times. IgG 4 and anti‐IgG antibodies values showed no variation in their time‐course.In commenting on the outcomes of this investigation, it must be stressed that the evidence of an early lymphocyte activation after the challenge test indicates an involvement of Interleukin‐2 related receptors in food‐induced migraine. The results have reinforced the idea of an immune mechanism involvement in food‐induced migraine, but it seems to be localized at a different step from that until now hypothesized.
Toward Democracy: A Critique of a World Bank Loan to the United Mexican States
Authors: Richardson Jayson W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn 2002 the World Bank issued a US$300 million loan to Mexico to finance an education reform project. The loan is the second phase of a three‐part Adaptable Program Loan (APL). A brief description of the 136‐page World Bank reform project is initially detailed and contrasted with a historical perspective. The Multiple Streams Model is used to determine why this education reform has come to fruition. Finally, the Frank Model is used to assess viability of this phase of the APL. It is concluded that this loan takes great national steps toward modernization, decentralization, and democratization. The adaptability of the loan is quite evident and proactive. Success of this project is promising, but the World Bank must not forget the cultural needs of the indigenous peoples.
Bioethical Policymaking for Advanced Medical Technologies: Institutional Characteristics and Citizen Participation in Eight OECD Countries1
Authors: Sato Hajime , Akabayashi Akira 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOrganizational characteristics of public institutions, councils, committees, and panels for bioethical deliberations were examined in eight OECD countries, that is, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Denmark, the United States, Canada, and Japan. Their jurisdiction, membership composition, modes of agenda setting, and appraisal systems were examined, as was their utilization of public involvement measures. Questionnaire surveys and structured interviews were conducted with representatives of parliamentary offices, ministries, and other institutions for ethical deliberations, both public and private, in the eight countries. Confirmation of survey results was made by close follow‐up communications. Since the early 1980s, all the countries studied have established public institutions for policy deliberation on bioethical issues. While legislatures, for example, Parliament, sometimes convene special commissions or expert panels on an ad hoc basis, most of the permanent institutions are affiliated with ministries of health, science, or technology. The composition of core panel members was quite similar across institutions as well as among countries, generally composed of 10 to 15 experts. Many institutions have experimented with some forms of public involvement measures, although public involvement is not routinely incorporated in the policy process, except in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Canada. The study describes the current public institutions and their practices for bioethical policy deliberations. Exchange of experience and knowledge among the institutions is advisable to improve their performance.
Behavioural differences during host selection between alate virginoparae of generalist and tobacco‐specialist Myzus persicae
Authors: Vargas Renzo R. , Troncoso Alejandra J. , Tapia Daniel H. , Olivares‐Donoso Ruby , Niemeyer Hermann M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHost plant selection and acceptance by aphids involves four consecutive steps: (1) prealighting behaviour, (2) leaf surface exploration and probing of subepidermal tissues, (3) deep probing of plant tissues, and (4) evaluation of the phloem sap. Host specialisation in aphids may involve not only different performances on potential hosts, but also different strategies for host selection and acceptance. Myzus persicae s.s. (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) is one of the most polyphagous aphid species, although a tobacco‐adapted subspecies, M. persicae nicotianae, has been described. These two taxa constitute a good system for studying the effect of host range on host selection strategies. We studied the first two steps in the host selection process by alate virginoparae of M. persicae s.s. and M. persicae nicotianae on host and non‐host plants, using three types of behavioural assays: wind tunnel, olfactometry, and video‐recording. Alate virginoparae of M. persicae nicotianae recognised and chose their host plant more efficiently than M. persicae s.s., on the basis of olfactory and visual cues, and factors residing at cuticular and subcuticular levels. Host recognition was evident before phloem tissues were contacted. Olfactory cues were apparently not involved in host selection by M. persicae s.s.
Tolerance and antibiosis resistance to cabbage root fly in vegetable Brassica species
Authors: Felkl Gisela , Jensen Erik Bjørn , Kristiansen Kell , Andersen Sven Bode 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour accessions of the wild species Brassica fruticulosa Cyrillo (Brassicaceae) were studied in order to identify its tolerance and antibiosis resistance to the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in comparison to a widely cultivated cauliflower cultivar and a rapid cycling Brassica oleracea L. line. Antibiosis was prominent, as the insects reared on resistant accessions showed reduced individual pupal weight, total pupal weight, adult dry weight, and the longest average fly eclosion time. Host plant resistance, however, did not affect the sex ratio of adult flies. A study of the root architecture of plants with and without root fly inoculation revealed differences in the structure within B. oleracea accessions. A long main root and a high number of lateral roots appeared to be important characteristics for a Brassica type, with a higher tolerance level to cabbage root fly attack.