bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges to African Governance and Civil Society
Authors: Mule Harris 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe theme of this symposium, 1Papers in the symposium were presented for the conference on African Governance and Civil Society: Equity, Efficiency and Participation, Cornell University, 10–11 March 2000, held in honour of John Cohen.
African Governance and Civil Society, is fitting. John Cohen spent the better part of his working life in furthering better governance in Africa through economic development. More than 20 years ago as Chief Economist in the Kenyan government, I was introduced to John Cohen through another John, John Thomas, who was then the head of the HIID (Harvard Institute for International Development) advisory team in Kenya. He brought to me the CV of John Cohen, and it was extraordinary. Here was a CV of someone with a doctorate in jurisprudence and a Ph.D. in Political Science. Obviously I was impressed, but I was also perplexed. Twenty years ago most of us, if not all of us, thought about development in purely economic terms. We thought development was about economics. I told Dr Thomas, ‘You are bringing this CV of someone who's very intelligent, but he is a lawyer and political scientist, and we are talking about economic development.’ In response, he told me a story about John Cohen. He said, ‘This man whose CV you are looking at is a lawyer. As an attorney in the US he can make a lot of money. John Cohen, however, has a vision that transcends money. He wants to serve humanity and the public. It is for that reason that he went back to college and got a degree in political science.’ I found that remarkable.Development is more than techniques. Development is about people, humanity, vision, optimism and hope. Anybody with vision, optimism and hope for humanity can make a good development planner. I was persuaded that John Cohen was the right person to hire as an adviser in the Ministry of Agriculture for the development of Kenya. I think that was one of the best decisions I ever made as Chief Economist. Over the years, between the late 1970s and late 1980s, John served Kenya well. In terms of advice for agricultural and rural development, he and David Lewis introduced in Kenya the strategy of District Focus for Rural Development that laid the cornerstone for our rural development programmes. This strategy was 10 or 15 years ahead of its time. Everyone in Africa is now talking about decentralization, about empowering the rural population to take care of its development. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Business associations and better governance in Africa
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAre business associations a cure for or a cause of bad governance in Africa? Pluralists think business associations are needed to bargain and compromise over improvements in public policy, whereas public choice theorists suspect business associations of destructive rent‐seeking. This article reports results of a survey in eight African countries that illuminates these issues. Most business leaders and civil servant respondents see major problems with governance, though across countries there is a perception of improvement. Business associations are reported to work reasonably well as policy advocates for better governance. They are seen as doing a fair job of keeping members updated on the policy environment. The associations also appear to be building ‘social capital’ (the ability to trust and work cooperatively with others) among member firms. Thus, the evidence is that business associations in Africa conform better to the pluralist model of interest group behaviour, as opposed to the more critical public choice viewpoint. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma polymerization and deposition of glycidyl methacrylate on Si(100) surface for adhesion improvement with polyimide
Authors: Zou X. P. , Kang E. T. , Neoh K. G. , Zhang Y. , Tan K. L. , Cui C. Q. , Lim T. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThin polymer films were deposited on Si(100) surfaces by plasma polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) under different glow discharge conditions. The FT‐IR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and amine treatment results suggested that the epoxide functional groups of the deposited films had been preserved to various extents, depending on the plasma deposition conditions. The use of a low radio frequency power (∼ 5 W) and a relatively high system pressure (100–400 Pa) readily resulted in the deposition of thin films having nearly the same composition of the epoxide functional groups as that of the GMA homopolymer. The plasma‐polymerized GMA (PP‐GMA) thin films deposited on the Ar plasma‐pretreated Si(100) surfaces were retained to a large extent after acetone extraction, suggesting the presence of covalent bonding between the PP‐GMA layer and the Si surface. Thermal imidization of the poly(amic acid) precursor of polyimide on the GMA plasma‐polymerized Si(100) surface resulted in a strongly adhered polyimide film. The adhesion results further suggested that the GMA polymer had been grafted on the Si(100) surface and the epoxide functional groups had undergone reactive interaction (curing) with the carboxylic and amine groups of the poly(amic acid) during thermal imidization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of photopolymer to core‐hair type microgels with various hair length
Authors: Takahashi Takanori , Watanabe Hiroomi , Miyagawa Nobukazu , Takahara Shigeru , Yamaoka Tsuguo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe new microgels, called “core‐hair” type microgels, were synthesized. They have a hair moiety consisting of the oxyhexano‐1,7‐diyl (O(CH2)5C(O)) group as a spacer and the acryloyl group for polymerization. The hair length depends on the number of spacer units, and affects the viscosity and the thixotropy index of the microgel. These core‐hair microgels show the pseudo‐plastic flow of a non‐Newtonian fluid with moderate to high dispersibility in water or alcoholic solvents. Due ­to their viscosities and dispersibilities, these core‐hair microgels are useful for photopolymer, e.g. for screen printing. Therefore, these microgels were actually applied to screen printing and confirmed pattern forming on a screen printing plate through water development. We now discuss the relation between the viscosity, the dispersibility, the photosensitivity, and the rate of photopolymerization to the hair length of the microgel. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of macrophage‐colony stimulating factor in normal and inflammatory bowel disease intestine
Authors: Klebl F. H. , Olsen J. E. , Jain S. , Doe W. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMucosal macrophages have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) influences monocyte/macrophage proliferation, differentiation, and activation. Serum levels are increased in active IBD, but little is known about its role in mucosal inflammation. This study was undertaken to determine the distribution, frequency, and level of M‐CSF expression in normal and IBD‐affected intestine. RNA and tissue were studied from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) as well as from histologically normal colon. Tissue from intestinal tuberculosis and ischaemic colitis patients served as controls. M‐CSF mRNA and protein were examined by semi‐quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), in situ hybridisation, and immunohistochemistry, respectively. M‐CSF mRNA and protein were detected in histologically normal intestine, but their expression was largely confined to the mucosa. In active IBD, the frequency of M‐CSF‐expressing cells was significantly increased and their distribution markedly altered, although no increase in mucosal M‐CSF mRNA levels in intestinal tissue was observed. The changes were not specific to IBD, as there were similar findings in intestinal tuberculosis and ischaemic colitis. The marked alteration observed in M‐CSF expression in IBD and the importance of this cytokine in stimulating macrophage functions suggest that M‐CSF may contribute to the pathogenesis of the IBD lesion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity: a Comparative Study on Three Testing Methods
Authors: Koleva Irina I. , van Beek Teris A. , Linssen Jozef P. H. , Groot Aede de , Evstatieva Lyuba N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree methods widely employed in the evaluation of antioxidant activity, namely 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, static headspace gas chromatography (HS‐GC) and β‐carotene bleaching test (BCBT), have been compared with regard to their application in the screening of plant extracts. The strengths and limitations of each method have been illustrated by testing a number of extracts, of differing polarity, from plants of the genus Sideritis, and two known antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene and rosmarinic acid). The sample polarity was important for the exhibited activity in the BCBT and HS‐GC methods but not for the DPPH method. The complex composition of the extracts and partition phenomena affected their activity in each assay. The value of the BCBT method appears to be limited to less polar samples. Although slow, the HS‐GC method is preferable for assessing the antioxidant inhibitory properties on the formation of unwanted secondary volatile products. Being rapid, simple and independent of sample polarity, the DPPH method is very convenient for the quick screening of many samples for radical scavenging activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐trimester fetal sex determination in maternal serum using real‐time PCR
Authors: Costa Jean‐Marc , Benachi Alexandra , Gautier Evelyne , Jouannic Jean‐Marie , Ernault Pauline , Dumez Yves 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Prenatal Diagnosis 22(13) 2002, 1241.Fetal sex prediction can be achieved using PCR targeted at the SRY gene by analysing cell‐free fetal DNA in maternal serum. Unfortunately, the results reported to date show a lack of sensitivity, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, determination of fetal sex by maternal serum analysis could not replace karyotype analysis following chorionic villus sampling.A new highly sensitive real‐time PCR was developped to detect an SRY gene sequence in maternal serum. Analysis was performed on 121 pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy (mean gestational age: 11.8 weeks). Among them, 51 had at least one previous male‐bearing pregnancy. Results were compared with fetal sex.SRY PCR analysis of maternal serum was in complete concordance with fetal sex. Among the 121 pregnant women, 61 were bearing a male fetus and 60 a female fetus. No false‐negative results were observed. Furthermore, no false‐positive results occurred, even though 27 women carrying a female fetus during the current pregnancy had at least one previous male‐bearing pregnancy.This study demonstrates that a reliable, non‐invasive sex determination can be achieved by PCR analysis of maternal serum during the first trimester of pregnancy. This non‐invasive approach for fetal sex prediction should have great implications in the management of pregnant women who are carriers of an X‐linked genetic disorder. Prenatal diagnosis might thus be performed for male fetuses only, avoiding invasive procedures and the risk of the loss of female fetuses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 in 5049 consecutive uncultured amniotic fluid samples by fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)
Authors: Witters Ingrid , Devriendt K. , Legius E. , Matthijs G. , Van Schoubroeck D. , Van Assche F. A. , Fryns Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesThis was a retrospective study on the results of interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), performed routinely for chromosome 21 and on ultrasonographic indications for chromosomes 13, 18, X and Y in a series of 5049 amniotic fluid samples.MethodsInterphase FISH for chromosome 21 was performed in 5049 consecutive amniotic fluid samples for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome. Aneuploidy for four other chromosomes (13, 18, X and Y) was tested following ultrasonographic indications. Karyotypes from standard cytogenetic analysis were compared to the FISH results.ResultsUsing conventional cytogenetics 3.6% (183/5049) chromosomal anomalies were detected. After exclusion of familial chromosome rearrangements, i.e. balanced autosomal reciprocal or Robertsonian translocations (30/5049) and inversions (19/5049), 2.65% chromosomal anomalies (134/5049) were diagnosed. Of this group 0.18% (9/5049) were chromosomal rearrangements not detectable by FISH and 2.47% (125/5049) were numerical chromosomal anomalies detectable by interphase FISH for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y. With routine interphase FISH for chromosome 21 and FISH on echographic indication for the other four chromosomes we detected 107/125 of these numerical chromosomal anomalies, i.e. 85.6%. All 70 cases of trisomy 21 were detected by FISH and confirmed with conventional cytogenetics (sensitivity=100%) and there were no false‐positive results (specificity=100%). Maternal cell contamination of amniotic fluid samples occurred in 1.27% (64/5049) of samples; 0.26% (13/5049) of these samples were uninformative by FISH due to maternal cell contamination (12/5049) or absence of nuclei in one sample (1/5049).ConclusionIn this group of 5049 samples we found that FISH is a reliable technique for the rapid prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21. The number of uninformative cases due to maternal cell contamination was low. The strategy to perform FISH for chromosome 21 in all samples and only on ultrasonographic indication for the four other chromosomes (13, 18, X and Y) followed by standard cytogenetics is effective. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen‐bonding interaction between poly(ε‐caprolactone) and low‐molecular‐weight amino compounds
Authors: Watanabe Takumi , He Yong , Asakawa Naoki , Yoshie Naoko , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe specific interactions between several low‐molecular‐weight diamino compounds and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) have been investigated by FT‐IR. It was found that PCL and 3,3′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (3,3′‐DADPM) interact through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the blend. Thermal and mechanical properties of PCL/3,3′‐DADPM blends were investigated by DSC and tensile measurements, respectively. The glass transition temperature of the blend increases while both the melting point and the elongation‐at‐break of the blend decrease with the increase of 3,3′‐DADPM content. Besides 3,3′‐DADPM, several other low‐molecular‐weight compounds containing two amino groups, such as o‐phenylenediamine or 1,6‐diaminohexane, were also added into PCL and the corresponding blend systems were investigated by FT‐IR and DSC. The effect of the chemical structure of the additives on the properties of PCL is discussed.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of a quaternary ammonium salt on the properties of carbon‐black‐filled natural rubber compounds
Authors: Ismail H , Ahmad Z , Mohd Ishak Z A 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of a quaternary ammonium salt, cetyltrimethylammonium maleate (CTMAM) on the curing characteristics and mechanical properties of carbon‐black‐filled natural rubber compounds are determined. Results indicate that CTMAM increases the rate of vulcanization to a maximum at 1 phr (part per hundred parts of rubber) followed by a decrease as the concentration of CTMAM is further increased. The incorporation of CTMAM also improves mechanical properties such as tensile and tear strengths, tensile modulus, hardness and resilience, whilst elongation at break shows a decreasing trend. CTMAM also improves filler dispersion and increases the extent of crosslinking of carbon‐black‐filled natural rubber compounds.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Urethanes and polyurethanes based on oxypropylated cork: 1. Appraisal and reactivity of products
Authors: Evtiouguina Margarita , Gandini Alessandro , Neto Carlos Pascoal , Belgacem Naceur M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction of various polyols derived from the oxypropylation of cork with aliphatic and aromatic mono‐ and diisocyanates was studied in solution at room temperature. In all instances, good second‐order kinetics were observed and the corresponding rate constant determined. The reactivity of the aromatic isocyanate was found to be much higher than that of aliphatic counterparts. The ensuing urethanes and polyurethanes were characterised by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, DSC and sol/gel distribution.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure and composition of the surface of urethane/acrylic composite latex films
Authors: Wu Limin , Yu Hongkun , Yan Jian , You Bo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolyurethane dispersions were prepared and urethane/acrylic composite latices were synthesized with polyurethane dispersions as the seed, and core‐shell emulsion polymerization. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) analyses showed that the films obtained from the composite latices were rich in polyurethane component or segments at air‐facing and substrate‐facing surfaces, in comparison with their average composition. Moreover, the substrate‐facing surface contained even more polyurethane component or segments than the air‐facing surface. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detection also indicated that the polyurethane component or segments preferentially migrated to the surface layer of the films from the bulk, and that the films from blend latices displayed more polyurethane component or segments near the surface layer. Both FTIR‐ATR and XPS analyses suggested that some reorientation had happened in synthesizing the composite latices and/or after film formation. This structure and composition endow urethane/acrylic composite films with both surface properties (such as mar‐resistance, adhesion, wettability) from pure polyurethane, and film hardness from acrylic copolymers.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of quantum efficiency and optical enhancement in amorphous Sip–i–nsolar cells
Authors: Hegedus Steven S. , Kaplan Ruhi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect ofi‐layer thickness, tin oxide texture, and back reflector (BR) on optical enhancement has been systematically studied in a series of 20 a‐Si p–i–n solar cells. The internal quantum efficiency has been analyzed by a simple model based on the work of Schade and Smith. The enhancement of optical absorption is characterized bym, a wavelength‐dependent fitting parameter representing the increase in optical pathlength relative to thei‐layer thicknessd. Solar cells with an Al BR have negligible optical enhancement, withm < 1.5, consistent with large parasitic absorption at the Al/Si interface as reported by others. Solar cells on highly textured SnO2with ZnO/Al or ZnO/Ag BR have peak values ofm ∼ 3–4, with ZnO/Ag having slightly larger values than ZnO/Al. It was found thatmhas a strong dependence on the product αd, and that maximum values ofmincrease with reflectivity of the BR. It is shown that a major source of parasitic absorption loss at long wavelengths is light trapping in the textured SnO2front contact. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of wafer thickness on the performance of multicrystalline Si solar cells: an experimental study
Authors: Tool C. J. J. , Burgers A. R. , Manshanden P. , Weeber A. W. , van Straaten B. H. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of the thickness of silicon solar cells has been investigated using neighbouring multicrystalline silicon wafers with thickness ranging from 150 to 325 μm. For silicon solar cell structures with a high minority‐carrier diffusion length one expects that Jscwould decrease as the wafer becomes thinner due to a shorter optical path length. It was found experimentally that Jscis nearly independent of the thickness of the solar cell, even when the minority‐carrier diffusion length is about 300 μm. This indicates that the Al rear metallisation acts as a good back surface reflector. A decrease in Jscis observed only if the wafer thickness becomes less than about 200 μm. The observed trend in Vocas a function of the wafer thickness has been explained with PC1D modelling by a minority‐carrier diffusion length in the Al‐oped BSF which is small in relation to the thickness of the BSF. This effectively increases the recombination velocity at the rear of the cell. We have shown that the efficiency of solar cells made with standard industrial processing is hardly reduced by reducing the wafer thickness. Solar cell efficiencies might be increased by better rear surface passivation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting violence from school misbehavior: Promises and perils
Authors: Morrison Gale M. , Skiba Russell 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article considers the issue of predicting violence committed by students on school campuses through the use of school discipline indices such as office referrals, suspensions, and expulsions. The existing research on incidents of school discipline markers is reviewed as well as sources of variation due to student characteristics and classroom or school‐wide practices. Challenges in making accurate predictions about future behavior at school are outlined. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resource consultation and collaboration in gifted education
Authors: Landrum Mary S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent changes in the field of gifted education, including calls for redefining the gifted education specialist's role and the classroom teacher's desire to collaborate, have led to consultative and collaborative approaches to serving gifted learners. Resource consultation and collaboration, the pooling of expertise among all school staff in order to do more for students, is emerging as a popular service delivery strategy in gifted education programming. This article reveals much about the nature and context of the processes only recently applied to gifted learners. Specifically, it contains a description of the consultation and collaboration processes, management issues for related programming, delineation of consultation and collaboration activities, and presents the educational implications for their implementation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calorimetric and NMR studies on the direct correlation between supramolecular complex structure and the thermodynamics of N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐aspartic and ‐glutamic acid inclusion complexes with mono‐ and bis(trimethylammonio)‐β‐cyclodextrins
Authors: Yamamura Hatsuo , Rekharsky Mikhail , Akasaki Asako , Araki Schuki , Kawai Masao , Inoue Yoshihisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe stability constants and standard Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy changes for the 1:1 inclusion complexation of N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐aspartic and ‐glutamic acids with native β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), mono(6‐amino‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐CD, mono(6‐trimethylammonio‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐CD and A,B‐, A,C‐ and A,D‐bis(6‐trimethylammonio‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐CDs were determined in aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) at 298.15 K by titration microcalorimetry. The supramolecular complex structures were elucidated from 1D and 2D NMR spectra, including ROESY, COSY and HOHAHA techniques. Combining the results obtained from the microcalorimetric and NMR studies, we elucidated not only the detailed complex structures and the thermodynamic consequences, but also the mutual dependence between the complex structure and the overall complexation thermodynamics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.