bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deterioration of a polyurethane coating studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy: Correlation with surface properties
Authors: Wu Y. C. , Huang Chia‐Ming , Li Y. , Zhang R. , Chen H. , Mallon P. E. , Zhang J. , Sandreczki T. C. , Zhu Da‐Ming , Jean Y. C. , Suzuki R. , Ohdaira T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDeterioration of a polyurethane coating by Florida natural environments as a function of time up to 16 weeks was studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Doppler broadening energy spectroscopy (DBES) of annihilation irradiation and positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) were measured as a function of incident positron energy (0–30 keV). A significant decrease in the S‐defect parameter from DBES and the intensity of orthopositronium from PAL was observed as a function of weathering time. This is interpreted as a loss of free volume and holes as a result of the weathering process. The gloss and surface morphology in the same system were measured by glossimetry and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The gloss decreased and surface roughness increased as a function of weathering time. The AFM images showed a new feature of a spherically coagulated microstructure on the surface after weathering. Direct correlations between the decrease in gloss and the increase in roughness as well as the decrease in the S‐defect parameter from the DBES data and in the free volume from the PAL data were observed. These results were used to discuss the weathering process in terms of chemical and physical changes as a result of photodegradation in protective polymeric systems. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2290–2301, 2001
Physical modelling of bedrock brecciation by ice segregation in permafrost
Authors: Murton J. B. , Coutard J.‐P. , Lautridou J.‐P. , Ozouf J.‐C. , Robinson D. A. , Williams R. B. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe lower half of a large block of moist chalk was maintained at subzero temperatures while the upper half was cyclically frozen and thawed, simulating 19 seasonal temperature cycles in an active layer above permafrost. During the experiment, the rock surface heaved vertically by at least 34.7 mm. Sixty‐one percent of the heave occurred during freezing periods, and is attributed primarily to ice segregation accompanying upward freezing from the permafrost table during the early stages of simulated winters. Thirty‐nine percent of the heave occurred during thawing periods, and is attributed to ice segregation in the frozen rock beneath the thaw front during the mid to late stages of simulated summers. By the end of the experiment, the middle horizon of the chalk, representing the upper part of the simulated permafrost and the basal part of the active layer, had become strongly brecciated and rich in segregated ice. The style of brecciation has similarities with that in perennially‐frozen limestone, sandstone and shale in Svalbard and Canada, and chalk frozen during Quaternary cold stages in France and England. These similarities suggest that ice segregation during perennial and seasonal freezing is an important process of weathering and coarse‐sediment supply in areas of frost‐susceptible bedrock. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exhaled nitric oxide concentrations: Online versus offline values in healthy children
Authors: Kissoon Niranjan , Duckworth Laurie J. , Blake Kathryn V. , Murphy Suzanne P. , Taylor Christopher L. , DeNicola Lindsay R. , Silkoff Philip E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is a noninvasive and practical method to assess airway inflammation. We conducted this investigation to determine the most appropriate flow rate to measure FENO and to obtain reference values for FENO in children. FENO was measured in 112 healthy 6–18 year olds (60 males) at 4 expiratory flow rates (46, 31, 23, and 15 mL/sec) using a chemiluminescent nitric oxide analyzer. Offline and online analyses were done to determine FENO intraclass correlation coefficients, the relationship between FENO and expiratory flow rates, and the effects of age and gender on these measurements.The major findings were: 1) intraclass correlation coefficients for FENO and flow rates ranged from 0.92–0.99 for offline values, and 0.99 for all online values; 2) variation at an expiratory flow rate of 46 mL/sec (SD, 9.39) was considerably less than at other flows, especially at 15 mL/sec (SD, 26.55); 3) FENO increased as flow rates decreased for both offline and online values; 4) there were no significant differences and good agreement between offline bag and online FENO values at 31 and 46 mL/sec expiratory flows; and 5) using multiple regression, significant predictors of FENO were flow, body surface area, age, and FEF25–75.We have provided FENO values in healthy children and propose that the ideal expiratory flow rate for FENO measurements in children using the single breath technique is between 30–50 mL/sec. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:283‐292. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Baicalin is a major component of PC‐SPES which inhibits the proliferation of human cancer cells via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest
Authors: Ikezoe Takayuki , Chen Sophie S. , Heber David , Taguchi Hirokuni , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundPC‐SPES is an eight‐herb mixture that was shown to have activity against prostate cancer. Recently, we isolated a major component (6% of the total ethanolic extract) known as baicalin from PC‐SPES by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).MethodsBaicalin was evaluated for its ability to inhibit clonal growth, and to induce cell cycle arrest of various cancer types (PC‐3, DU145, LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines, MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line, HL‐60 myeloblastic leukemia cell line, and NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cell line). The ability of baicalin to induce apoptosis of cancer cells was examined by both staining with Annexin V and detection of cleavage of Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP)3. Western blot analysis examined the effect of baicalin on levels of p21waf1 and p27kip1 in those cells. Futhermore, induction of differentiation in HL‐60 cells was measured by expression of CD11b.ResultsBaicalin inhibited the clonal proliferation of LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines, and the HL‐60 and NB4 myeloblastic/promyelocytic leukemia cell lines with a 50% inhibition (ED50) that ranged between 6.4 × 10−6 to 12 × 10−6 mol/L. Cell cycle analysis showed that baicalin (2 × 10−5 mol/L, 4 days) caused a G0/G1 and G2/M accumulation of LNCaP and HL‐60 cells, respectively. Concomitantly, differentiation and apoptosis were induced in HL‐60 cells, as measured by expression of CD11b antigen, staining with annexin V, and detection of cleavage of PARP. Moreover, baicalin enhanced the expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor, p27kip1 in LNCaP and HL‐60 cells.ConclusionsBaicalin inhibited the proliferation of cancer cells via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, in which p27kip1 may play a role. Baicalin may be a novel, adjunctive therapy for selected malignancies including prostate cancer. Prostate 49:285–292, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High level of α1‐acid glycoprotein in human seminal plasma is associated with high branching and expression of Lewisa groups on its glycans: Supporting evidence for a prostatic origin
Authors: Poland Dennis C.W. , Kratz Ewa , Vermeiden Jan P.W. , De Groot Steffen M. , Bruyneel Ben , De Vries Theodora , Van Dijk Willem 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDChanges in concentration of seminal plasma α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) have been studied in detail before. However, the source of high levels of AGP as well as the glycosylation of seminal plasma AGP has not been elucidated yet.METHODSThe glycosylation of AGP was studied by crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis using fucose‐specific lectins and immunostaining. Glycan structure and monosaccharide analyses were performed by high pH anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Fucosyltransferases were analyzed for activity and their substrate specificity was determined.RESULTSTwo types of fucosylation were detected; Lewisx and Lewisa. Lewisa groups were only present on AGP of individuals with a high concentration and were completely absent when the AGP concentration in seminal plasma was low. Lewisa expression coincides with a higher degree of branching of the glycans and a relative increased α4‐fucosyltransferase activity. The molecular weight of all seminal plasma AGP was slightly higher than of blood plasma AGP (approx. 47 vs. 41–43 kDa).CONCLUSIONSThe results indicate that AGP in seminal fluid most likely originates from the prostate and that it is either α3‐ or α4‐fucosylated. Prostate 52: 34–42, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transrectal ultrasound for monitoring murine orthotopic prostate tumor
Authors: Kusaka Nobuyuki , Nasu Yasutomo , Arata Ryoji , Saika Takashi , Tsushima Tomoyasu , Kraaij Robert , Bangma Chris H. , Kumon Hiromi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe mouse orthotopic prostate tumor model has been recognized as an ideal preclinical animal model simulating the anatomical and biological milieu of the prostate. In comparison with the subcutaneous tumor model, the only disadvantage of this model is the difficulty of chronological tumor growth monitoring. We have applied recent endoluminal ultrasound technology, transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), to the monitoring of mouse orthotopic prostate tumors.METHODSA 6 Fr. 20 MHz catheter‐based radial scan probe was used and TRUS was performed without any prior preparation including anesthesia. Orthotopic tumors were initiated by inoculation of 5000 RM‐9 cells into the dorsal prostate of 12‐week‐old C57BL/6 male mice. The tumor growth was monitored by TRUS from day 3 to day 21. In addition, TRUS was performed to detect tumor growth suppression after intraperitoneal administration of cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP).RESULTSBy ultrasound, tumors became detectable 7 days after tumor cell inoculation. TRUS images were clear and parallel to actual tumor growth. The tumor volume (X) calculated by TRUS correlated significantly with the actual tumor weight (Y) measured at autopsy; Y = 101.653 + 1.174X (R = 0.930, P < 0.001). Similarly, tumor growth suppression induced by CDDP was clearly detected by TRUS with reasonable accuracy.CONCLUSIONSA high resolution TRUS allows simple and reliable monitoring of in situ tumor growth and growth suppression, making the mouse orthotopic prostate tumor model more efficient. Prostate 47:118–124, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Karyometry of secretory cell nuclei in high‐grade PIN lesions*
Authors: Bartels Peter H. , Montironi Rodolfo M. , Bostwick David , Marshall James , Thompson Deborah , Bartels Hubert G. , Kelley David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this study was a karyometric characterization of secretory cell nuclei in high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions. Specifically, the hypothesis is tested that distinctly different subgroups of nuclei exist in these lesions.MethodsHigh‐resolution images of 1,713 nuclei from high‐grade PIN lesions were recorded. Karyometric features were computed. Discriminant function scores against normal reference nuclei, and nuclear abnormality values were derived. Data sets were processed by a nonsupervised learning algorithm to establish the presence of subgroups of nuclei with statistically different nuclear chromatin distributions.ResultsThree sets of nuclei were formed, facing an intact basal cell layer, a near vanishing basal cell layer, and a gap in the basal cell layer. For each set, a nonsupervised learning algorithm formed three statistically different subgroups of approximately equal sizes. Each subgroup is found in every one of the three sampling locations. The total optical density distribution of nuclei in two subgroups suggests an aneuploid distribution, the third subgroup has a near diploid distribution.ConclusionsSecretory cell nuclei in high‐grade PIN lesions are a heterogeneous population, forming statistically different subgroups. Studies aimed at characterizing the progression of such lesions should consider the inhomogeneous nature of these nuclei. Prostate 48:144–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High fat diet increases the weight of rat ventral prostate
Authors: Cai Xiaoyan , Haleem Riffat , Oram Shane , Cyriac Jomol , Jiang Feng , Grayhack John T. , Kozlowski James M. , Wang Zhou 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnderstanding the mechanisms by which diet influences the prostate may eventually lead to novel approaches for preventing prostate cancer. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of dietary fat, vitamin D, and genistein on prostate weight, serum and intraprostatic androgen levels, and the expression of several androgen‐response genes.METHODSSprague–Dawley rats were fed, beginning at 21 days of age, for 1 or 3 months of experimental diets with high saturated fat (32.2% calories from fat), low saturated fat (3.6% calories from fat), genistein plus (20 mg/kg), genistein deficient, vitamin D surplus (4,000 U/kg), or vitamin D deficient. The body weight, food intake, the weights of the ventral prostate and dorsolateral prostate, and the levels of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the serum and in the prostate were determined. The expression of androgen‐response genes was characterized by Northern blot analysis.RESULTSThe pilot experiments showed that high dietary fat appeared to consistently increase the weight of the ventral prostate, while vitamin D or genistein did not have a consistent effect on prostate weight. Further analysis confirmed that the ventral prostate is 15% (P < 0.001) heavier in the rat on a high fat diet as compared to a low fat diet. Dietary fat had no significant influence on the levels of serum and intraprostatic androgens and the expression of androgen‐response genes.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggested that the ventral prostate weight of the rat is increased without affecting the androgen axis by feeding the animals with high fat diet beginning at 21 days of age. This observation is potentially important since epidemiological data suggest that saturated fat consumption is a major risk factor associated with prostate cancer incidence rate. Prostate 49:1–8, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative structural analysis of psychrophilic and meso‐ and thermophilic enzymes
Authors: Gianese Giulio , Bossa Francesco , Pascarella Stefano 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnzymes adapted to cold display structures comparable with those of their meso‐ and thermophilic homologs but are characterized by a higher catalytic efficiency at low temperatures and by thermolability at moderate temperatures. To identify the structural factors responsible of such features, we undertook a systematic comparative analysis of several structural properties in a data set consisting of 7 cold active enzymes belonging to different structural families and 28 related structures from meso/thermophiles representing most of the structural information now available. Only high‐resolution and high‐quality structures were considered. Properties were calculated and then compared for each pair of 3D structures displaying different temperatures of adaptation using a temperature‐weighting scheme. The significance of the resulting differences was evaluated with a statistical method. Results reveal that each protein family adopts different structural strategies to adapt to low temperatures. However, some common trends are observed: the number of ion pairs, the side‐chain contribution to the exposed surface, and the apolar fraction of the buried surface show a consistent decrease with decreasing optimal temperatures. Proteins 2002;47:236–249. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modifications to canonical structure sequence patterns: Analysis for L1 and L3
Authors: Vargas‐Madrazo Enrique , Paz‐García Enrique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe conformation of five of the six hypervariable loops that form the antigen‐binding site of antibodies is limited to a small set of structures designated as canonical structures. The canonical structure model has been constituted as a fundamental tool for the modeling of antibodies. The detailed study of tens of crystallographic structures of antibodies has shown the validity of this model in the great majority of cases. The robustness of the forecast capacity of this model depends fundamentally on the precision with which the sequence patterns that characterize each canonical structure form can be defined. Nevertheless, due to the enormous quantity of structural information about antibodies generated during the last decade, it is difficult to avoid mistakes or confusion in the model. In the present work, we propose some corrections to the model for loops L1 and L3 that permit defining sequence patterns that avoid confusion and make better forecasting of the canonical structure model possible. Proteins 2002;47:250–254. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Degradation of imazosulfuron in soil
Authors: Morrica Patrizia , Giordano Anita , Seccia Serenella , Ungaro Francesca , Ventriglia Mariacarla 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImazosulfuron, 1‐(2‐chloroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐ylsulfonyl)‐3‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)urea, is a new post‐emergence sulfonylurea herbicide applied once per growing season, highly active at low application levels, used to control most annual and perennial broad‐leaf weeds and sedges in paddy rice (75–95 g AI ha−1) and turf (500–1000 g AI ha−1), and characterised by low mammalian toxicity. The degradation of imazosulfuron in a sandy loam soil (10–15 cm depth) has been investigated under aerobic and anaerobic laboratory conditions to evaluate its likely environmental fate. Test soils were treated with imazosulfuron in acetonitrile to give a final concentration of 0.2 mg kg−1 (100 g ha−1). The treated soils were extracted with methylene chloride + acetonitrile + 1 M ammonium hydroxide (4 + 15 + 1 by volume) and analysed by HPLC. Recoveries from spiked soils ranged from 80% to 95% (RSD 0.5–2.5%; n  = 3) for imazosulfuron and its metabolites 2‐chloroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐sulfonamide (IPSN), 1‐(2‐chloroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐ylsulfonyl)‐3‐(4‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)urea (HMS) and 2‐amino‐4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidine (ADPM). The limits of quantitation ranged from 0.001 mg kg−1 to 0.005 mg kg−1. Chemical cleavage of the sulfonylurea bond to give ADPM and IPSN was the main degradation pathway in aerobic conditions, whereas a remarkable production of HMS under anaerobic conditions suggested that degradation was due to micro‐organisms which had the ability to demethylate imazosulfuron. In aerobic and anaerobic conditions, imazosulfuron disappeared from the soil with a half‐life of approximately 70 (90% CL 62–75; r2 = 0.98) and 4 (90% CL 3.2–4.2; r2  = 0.97) days, respectively.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, a new sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide efficient against the plant pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana (Botrytis cinerea)
Authors: Debieu Danièle , Bach Jocelyne , Hugon Mickael , Malosse Christian , Leroux Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFenhexamid, a recently developed botryticide, is shown here to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. When the fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana was grown in the presence of fenhexamid, the ergosterol content was reduced, and three 3‐keto compounds, 4α‐methylfecosterone, fecosterone and episterone, accumulated, suggesting an inhibition of the 3‐keto reductase involved in C‐4 demethylation. Thus, fenhexamid belongs to a new, promising class of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors not previously used in agriculture or in medicine.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of vaccines against sea lice
Authors: Raynard Robert S , Bricknell Ian R , Billingsley Peter F , Nisbet Alasdair J , Vigneau Antoine , Sommerville Christina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA review of efforts to develop a vaccine against sea lice is presented together with analysis of the rationale behind the approaches and potential future directions. Vaccines against the caligid copepod, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, have the potential to be a cost‐effective means of controlling the infection and avoid many of the disadvantages of medicine treatments. However, research towards such vaccines is in its infancy and approaches so far used have met with little or no success. Most strategies for sea louse vaccines have adopted methods used for vaccines against other ectoparasites. A vaccine against the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) is in field use while other vaccines such as the sheep blowfly (Lucilia cuprina) vaccine are at an earlier stage of development. These haematophageous parasites ingest host antibody as part of a large blood meal which can target antigenic sites in the gut. However, the assumption that arachnid and insect physiology are directly comparable with that of sea lice is not proven, and this may partly explain the slow progress this approach has had with sea lice. Success in developing a louse vaccine will depend upon a better understanding of louse digestive biology, particularly an evaluation of whether the cattle tick model is applicable to the development of a louse vaccine. If the louse gut is to be targeted immunologically, critical antigens will need to be identified and evaluated, bearing in mind that an economic vaccine must include recombinant proteins or be a DNA vaccine. Alternatives to the louse gut as a target are also worth consideration. Antibodies could target critical host–parasite interactions that are amenable to disruption, although no such targets have been identified.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of masonry arches and vaults
Authors: Boothby Thomas E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA growing interest in the preservation of historic structures has created a need for methods for the analysis of load‐bearing unreinforced masonry structures, such as arches, vaults, and buttresses. Although the plasticity methods, first applied to medieval structures in detail by Heyman, provide a useful and intuitive approach to the understanding of the behaviour of masonry arches and vaults, their usefulness in performing actual assessments of such structures has limitations. The constitutive laws of the materials used in masonry structures are not always amenable to accurate treatment by the rigid–plastic simplification, and the complexity of many vaulted masonry structures makes the application of these methods difficult. Moreover, empirical studies have shown that these structures may be subject to three‐dimensional effects that are not entirely addressed by the application of plastic or elastic analysis in two dimensions. Progress has been made recently in the development of constitutive laws for ancient masonry structures and in the application of these to the analysis of unreinforced masonry structural systems. Various formulations of three‐dimensional finite element analysis, including discrete element methods, and plasticity methods have also proven useful.
Antiinflammatory, analgesic and free radical scavenging activities of the marine microalgaeChlorella stigmatophora andPhaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Guzmán S. , Gato A. , Calleja J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA pharmacological study of hydrosoluble and liposoluble extracts of the marine microalgae Chlorella stigmatophora and Phaeodactylum tricornutum indicated that hydrosoluble components of both species show significant antiinflammatory, analgesic and free radical scavenging activity. These activities were not detected in the liposoluble fractions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.