bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Craniofacial dyssynostosis: Description of the first four Spanish cases and review
Authors: Bermejo Eva , Félix Valentín , Lapunzina Pablo , Galán Enrique , Soler Virginia , Delicado Alicia , Pantoja Angel , Márquez María‐Dolores , García Marta , Mora Emiliano , Cuevas Lourdes , Ureta Alicia , López‐Pajares Isidora , Martínez‐Frías María‐Luisa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCraniofacial dyssynostosis (CD) is characterized by premature fusion of the lambdoid and posterior part of the sagittal sutures, and short stature. Thus, the skull shape becomes dolichocephalic with protuberant forehead and either bulging or flat occiput. Facial changes are secondary to the skull defects, and some additional findings have also been described. We report on the first four known Spanish patients. They were unrelated and had Spanish ancestors. In the three previous reports about this syndrome, the authors hypothesized that the frequency of the gene causing CD must be rather high in the Spanish population, and relatively common in areas with Spanish ancestry. We have estimated the minimal birth prevalence of the syndrome in 0.51 per million livebirths. It has been previously suggested that the syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, since there were two affected sisters among the nine published cases. Phenotypic variability is discussed in detail in this paper. We also underline several aspects for the anticipatory guidance of affected individuals, especially recommending a neurologic evaluation taking into account the radiologic findings in order to plan early interventions to avoid undesirable consequences of craniosynostosis. It is also recommended to perform additional studies (ophthalmologic, cardiologic, among others) to rule out the existence of associated anomalies, which are more frequent than previously considered. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Challenges in constructing statistically based structure‐activity relationship models for developmental toxicity
Authors: Julien Elizabeth , Willhite Calvin C. , Richard Ann M. , DeSesso John M. ,   ILSI RSI Working Group
Published: November 2004

AbstractRegulatory agencies are increasingly called upon to review large numbers of environmental contaminants that have not been characterized for their potential to pose a health risk. Additionally, there is special interest in protecting potentially sensitive subpopulations and identifying developmental toxicants that may be present in the environment. Thus, there is an urgent need for efficient methods to screen large numbers of chemicals for their potential to pose a developmental hazard. One potential screening method involves the use of statistically based structure‐activity relationship (SAR) tools to predict activity of untested chemicals. Such systems rely on statistical analyses to discern relationships between structure and activity for a training set of substances. Predictions can then be made for an untested substance as long as its structural features are encompassed by chemicals of the training set. In theory, such systems could assist regulatory agencies in their screening efforts; however, to date, there has been little independent evaluation of these tools for this use. To contribute to such an evaluation, the International Life Sciences Institute Risk Science Institute (ILSI RSI) convened a Working Group to examine methodology used to construct statistically based SAR systems for developmental toxicity. This document reports on the deliberations of the Working Group, which concluded that an improved process is needed for utilizing developmental toxicity data in the construction of statistically based SAR models. The process must be objective, reproducible, rational and transparent. Moreover, it must be informed by the expertise of developmental toxicologists and biologists and must be subject to peer review. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substrate range of acetohydroxy acid synthase I from Escherichia coli in the stereoselective synthesis of α‐hydroxy ketones
Authors: Engel Stanislav , Vyazmensky Maria , Berkovich Dvora , Barak Ze'ev , Chipman David M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAcetohydroxy acid synthase I appears to be the most effective of the AHAS isozymes found in Escherichia coli in the chiral synthesis of phenylacetyl carbinol from pyruvate and benzaldehyde. We report here the exploration of a range of aldehydes as substrates for AHAS I and demonstrate that the enzyme can accept a wide variety of substituted benzaldehydes, as well as heterocyclic and heteroatomic aromatic aldehydes, to produce chiral carbinols. The active site of AHAS I does not appear to impose serious steric constraints on the acceptor substrate. The influence of electronic effects on the reaction has been probed using substituted benzaldehydes as substrates. The electrophilicity of the aldehyde acceptor substrates is most important to their reactivity, but the lipophilicity of substituents also affects their reactivity. AHAS I is an effective biosynthetic platform for production of a variety of α‐hydroxy ketones, compounds with considerable potential as pharmacological precursors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Experimental Study of Oxygen Mass Transfer Coefficient in Bubble Column with High Temperature and High Pressure
Authors: Jin H. , Liu D. , Yang S. , He G. , Guo Z. , Tong Z. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe volumetric gas‐liquid mass transfer coefficient, kLα, for oxygen was studied by using the dynamic method in slurry bubble column reactors with high temperature and high pressure. The effects of temperature, pressure, superficial gas velocity and solids concentration on the mass transfer coefficient are systemically discussed. Experimental results show that the gas‐liquid mass transfer coefficient increases with the increase in pressure, temperature, and superficial gas velocity, and decreases with the increase in solids concentration. Moreover, kLα values in a large bubble column are slightly higher than those in a small one at certain operating conditions. According to the analysis of experimental data, an empirical correlation is obtained to calculate the values of the oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient for a water‐quartz sand system in two bubble columns with different diameter at high temperature and high pressure.
pH Process Control with Fictitious Smoothing Tanks
Authors: Manzi J.T. , da Rocha A.M. , Bispo H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper is concerned with pH process control based on sensitivity analysis, applied to a strong acid‐strong base system. The models were developed, using the concept of chemical reaction invariants. Derived from GMC synthesis, a non‐linear PI control law was presented and the results compared to the classical PI controller. The presence of uncertainties or a shift in the system's behavior has been considered, either on steady state or from the dynamic point of view. The analysis showed that sensitivity presents the same behavior in both cases, thus demonstrating the feasibility of the application with the non‐linear PI controller. The results of sensitivity analysis indicate a strategy for improving control structure performance, using the concept of fictitious smoothing tanks, inserted into computer codes for process control, yet without incurring appreciable computational load or additional costs.
Phase Relationships and Thermodynamic Interactions of Isotactic Poly(1‐butene) and Organic Solvent Systems
Authors: Domańska Urszula , Kozłowska Marta Karolina 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIsotactic crystalline low‐molecular‐weight poly(1‐butene), iPBu‐1, was synthesised by using a metallocene catalyst. The molecular weight was determined by GPC. The chemical structure of iPBu‐1 was verified by using high‐temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy and the thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The (solid+liquid) equilibria, SLE, of iPBu‐1 with different hydrocarbons (n‐hexadecane, 1‐heptene, 1‐heptyne, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, benzene and propylbenzene) were studied by a dynamic method. By performing these experiments over a large concentration range, the temperature–mole fraction phase diagrams of the polymer–solvent systems could be constructed. From these diagrams it was found that iPBu‐1 had the highest solubility in small‐ring cycloalkanes and the lowest in n‐hexadecane, 1‐heptyne and benzene in the mole fraction range measured. The excess Gibbs energy models were used to describe the nonideal behaviour of the liquid phase and to estimate the solubility of iPBu‐1 in the whole mole fraction range. Activity coefficients at infinite dilution of polymer and solvent were determined from the solubility measurements and were predicted by using the UNIFAC FV model and molecular Monte Carlo simulations.
Association between a vasopressin receptor AVPR1A promoter region microsatellite and eating behavior measured by a self‐report questionnaire (Eating Attitudes Test) in a family‐based study of a nonclinical population
Authors: Bachner‐Melman Rachel , Zohar Ada H. , Elizur Yoel , Nemanov Lubov , Gritsenko Inga , Konis Daphnie , Ebstein Richard P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectivesConsiderable evidence including twin and family studies suggests that biologic determinants interact with cultural cues in the etiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa. A gene that makes “biologic sense” in contributing susceptibility to these disorders, and to our knowledge not previously investigated for this phenotype, is the vasopressin receptor (AVPR1A), which we have tested for association with eating pathology.MethodsWe genotyped 280 families with same‐sex siblings for two microsatellites in the promoter region of the AVPR1A gene. Siblings completed the 26‐item Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Drive for Thinness (DT) and Body Dissatisfaction (BD) subscales of the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI). The Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test program (QTDT), which employs flexible and powerful variance‐components procedures, was used to test for an association between EAT scores and the two AVPR1A promoter region microsatellites, RS1 and RS3.ResultsA significant association (p = .036) was detected between the RS3 microsatellite and EAT scores. The strongest association was between RS3 and the Dieting subscale of the EAT (p = .011). A significant association was also observed between the EDI‐DT and the RS3 microsatellit (p = .0450).ConclusionsWe demonstrate for the first time an association between a microsatellite polymorphism in the AVPR1A promoter region and scores on the EAT as well as with the EDI‐DT. The strongest association was observed between the RS3 microsatellite and the Dieting subscale of the EAT. The relevant phenotype appears to tap severe dietary restriction for weight loss purposes. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 451–460, 2004.
Voltammetric Determination of Urinary 1‐Hydroxypyrene Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer‐Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Kirsch Nicole , Honeychurch Kevin C. , Hart John P. , Whitcombe Michael J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA two step non‐competitive affinity method for the trace determination of 1‐hydroxypyrene (1‐OHP) using a disposable molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) modified screen‐printed carbon electrode (MIP‐SPCE) has been developed. The MIP was synthesized according to a novel strategy, which is described, and is capable of rebinding the phenolic analyte, 1‐hydroxypyrene (1‐OHP), from high pH aqueous organic media, via ionic interactions. In the first step of our method 1‐OHP was accumulated at the MIP‐SPCE from 35% aqueous methanol containing 0.014 M NaOH and 0.14 M NaCl, at open circuit. In the second step, the resulting SPCE with accumulated 1‐OHP was then transferred to fresh, clean phosphate buffered aqueous methanol, and subjected to cyclic voltammetry (CV) or differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The latter technique proved to be more sensitive at detecting 1‐OHP, with a limit of detection of 182 nM and a linear range to 125 μM on unmodified electrodes. The possible effects of interference by related phenolic compounds in the MIP‐SPCE of 1‐OHP were investigated. Finally the method was evaluated by carrying out 1‐OHP determinations on spiked human urine samples; the recovery of 1‐OHP was 79.4% and the coefficient of variation was found to be 7.7% (n= 4) using a separate MIP‐SPCE for each determination. Therefore, the performance data suggests that the method is reliable at the concentrations examined in this study. The method was found to be superior to the direct determination of 1‐OHP in human urine by DPV alone, which was greatly affected by interference from uric acid.
Congo Red Immobilized on a Silica/Aniline Xerogel: Preparation and Application as an Amperometric Sensor for Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Pavan Flávio André , Schwingel Ribeiro Emerson , Gushikem Yoshitaka 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCongo red (CR) was immobilized on a silica/aniline xerogel through electrostatic interaction. The dye is strongly retained and is not easily leached from the xerogel matrix. The material containing the adsorbed dye was used to prepare a carbon paste electrode and the electrochemical properties of the hybrid material were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The modified electrode was used to study the electrochemical oxidation of ascorbic acid. The adsorbed dye mediates ascorbic acid oxidation at the solid electrode surface‐solution interface at an anodic potential of 0.18 V at pH 7, in a 0.5 mol L−1 KCl solution. This novel modified carbon paste electrode shows good analytical performance for the determination of ascorbic acid in commercial Vitamin C tablets.
Sustainable development performance assessment
Authors: Beloff Beth , Tanzil Dicksen , Lines Marianne 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWith increasing pressure to act and report on sustainability strategies, an overwhelming number of principles, tools, results indicators, and reporting formats have emerged to measure and communicate a corporation's approach. Corporations make use of various initiatives and programs to demonstrate their commitment to sustainable development. Yet participation in these initiatives and programs does not mean that a company is in fact becoming more sustainable or that it is recognizing real business value as a result.Providing a review of some of the prevailing sustainability programs, approaches, and decision‐support tools, this paper fits the value of participating in particular initiatives into a more comprehensive view of sustainability. The paper provides a conceptual framework for a company to leverage its participation in existing sustainability initiatives to (1) assess its baseline sustainability performance and form the basis for improving its overall sustainability performance, and (2) reassess, align, and integrate its sustainability objectives and actions with its business objectives and actions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Prevention of fumonisin‐induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats by certain plant extracts
Authors: Abdel‐Wahhab Mosaad A. , Hassan Azza M. , Amer Hany A. , Naguib Khayria M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn earlier work we have reported that garlic and cabbage extracts can protect laboratory animals from the toxic effects of different mycotoxins. Previous research demonstrated that fumonisin (FB) induced developmental effects in mice, rats and hamsters. The objectives of the present study were to utilize the pregnant rat as an in vivo model to compare the potential of garlic and cabbage seed extracts to prevent the developmental toxicity of FB and the effects of these extracts on sphingolipid metabolism in dam and foetus livers. Six treatment groups included a control group, a group fed on an FB‐containing diet (150 mg kg−1 feed) and groups treated orally with garlic or cabbage extracts (5 mg kg−1 body wt.) with or without FB during gestation days 6–15. Evaluations of toxicity were performed on day 20. These include: maternal (mortality, body weight, feed intake and litter weight), developmental (embryonic resorption, foetal body weight, foetal soft‐tissue anomalies and foetal skeletal examinations) and maternal and foetal sphingolipid metabolism. Fumonisin alone resulted in signiﬁcant decreases in feed intake, body weight gain, litter weight, number of live foetuses and foetal body weight, whereas it increased signiﬁcantly the number of resorbed foetuses and the number of skeletal malformations (30.4% for skull and 26.08% for sternebrae) and also increased the sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio in dam but not fetus livers. Garlic alone or plus FB was comparable to the control regarding all the tested parameters. On the other hand, cabbage seed extract alone or plus FB resulted in 10% maternal mortality and a decrease in maternal body weight and litter weight. It resulted in 4.65% skull malformations in foetuses but it was comparable to the control with regard to the other tested parameters. It could be concluded that both garlic and cabbage seed extracts have protective effects in pregnant rats. Moreover, garlic extract was found to have a greater protective effect than cabbage seed extract. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low levels of sarin affect the eeg in marmoset monkeys: a pilot study
Authors: van Helden Herman P. M. , Vanwersch Raymond A. P. , Kuijpers Willem C. , Trap Henk C. , Philippens Ingrid H. C. , Benschop Hendrik P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe main purpose of this pilot study was to estimate the lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) for the electroencephalogram (EEG) upon long‐term, low‐level exposure of vehicle‐pretreated and pyridostigmine‐pretreated marmoset monkeys to sarin vapour. This is the C·t value (t = 5 h) of exposure at which the EEG becomes signiﬁcantly different from that resulting from air exposure of the same animals. The LOAELs for effects on the EEG in vehicle‐ and pyridostigmine‐pretreated marmosets appeared to be 0.2 and 0.1 mg min m−3, respectively. Comparatively, the latter LOAEL values are at least an order of magnitude lower than the previously established LOAEL for miosis and only 2–5 times higher than the lowest observable effect level (LOEL) of bound sarin in blood.The second aim of the study was to analyse the EEG of the same marmosets again during a 5‐h exposure to air 1 year after exposure to sarin vapour. All the marmosets still demonstrated signiﬁcant (P < 0.05) EEG differences. In most vehicle‐pretreated marmosets the energy (µV2) per EEG band was higher than that observed 1 year earlier, which might indicate that neurons had become more sensitive to excitation. This phenomenon was less pronounced in pyridostigmine‐pretreated animals. Visual examination of the EEG records revealed clear bursts of alpha frequencies (ca. 9 Hz), resembling sleep‐spindles, that were present more frequently in both groups of exposed marmosets than in naive animals. These late changes in spindle oscillation might be the result of changes in the cholinergic system due to exposure to sarin vapour 1 year previously.In conclusion, EEG abnormalities persisting for more than 1 year may occur in humans during long‐term (5 h) exposure to subclinical levels of sarin that are not detectable by the currently ﬁelded alarm systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain‐ and sex‐related differences of carbonyl reductase activities in kidney microsomes and cytosol of rats
Authors: Imamura Yorishige , Shimada Hideaki 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study was designed to elucidate strain‐ and sex‐related differences of carbonyl reductase activity in rat kidney by using the oral antidiabetic drug acetohexamide as substrate. The frequency distribution of carbonyl reductase activities in kidney microsomes of male Fischer 344 (Fischer), Sprague‐Dawley, Wistar and Wistar‐Imamichi (Wistar‐IM) rats exhibited a marked strain‐related difference. Furthermore, the enzyme activities in kidney microsomes of Fischer, Sprague‐Dawley and Wistar rats were male‐speciﬁc, resulting in signiﬁcant sex‐related differences in these strains. There was no sex‐related difference of carbonyl reductase activity in kidney microsomes of the Wistar‐IM strain, which lacked its activity in both sexes. On the other hand, although carbonyl reductase activities were fully detectable in kidney cytosols from all the strains of male and female rats, no strain‐ or sex‐related difference was observed among the cytosolic enzyme activities. These results provide new information for understanding the inﬂuence of internal factors on the renal metabolism of ketone‐containing xenobiotics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From mirror self‐recognition to the looking‐glass self: Exploring the Justification Hypothesis
Authors: Shaffer Leigh S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn his Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System, Henriques (2003) posits that the human ego or “self” has evolved because human beings are the only animals that have had to justify their behavior to others. This essay provides evidence for this Justification Hypothesis (JH) from everyday life sociology, starting with the work of George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley, and focuses on research related to the concept of the “looking‐glass self.” Special emphasis is given to the pragmatics of speech acts, the presentation of self in interaction rituals, the accounts given by actors in justification of their actions, and the role of social norms and conformity in the large‐scale justification systems commonly called “culture.” © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Young Women's Leadership Alliance: Youth–adult partnerships in an all‐female after‐school program
Authors: Denner Jill , Meyer Beth , Bean Steve 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article describes program strategies and adult practices that can build youth–adult partnerships. In particular, it focuses on strategies to empower girls in all‐female after‐school programs. The Young Women's Leadership Alliance has involved 164 girl leaders and five adult women leaders over three years. To build the partnerships, adults made two key contributions: provided guidance rather than instruction, and created a place where girls can know and speak their minds. We describe specific practices and draw on analyses of the qualitative data to provide evidence of the utility of the practices for creating youth–adult partnerships that empower and engage girls. Three program practices may be particularly relevant for all‐female programs: legitimizing a range of leadership styles, creating a way for all voices to be heard, and creating a norm of respectful disagreement. This article also highlights the importance of peer relationships in building effective youth–adult partnerships. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 33: 87–100, 2005.