bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Verrall G H , Collin J E , Pont Adrian C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verrall was born on 7 February 1848, the youngest of seven children in a family whose forbears had lived in the Sussex town of Lewes for hundreds of years. He was educated at Lewes Grammar School, and on leaving in 1864 joined the Civil Service at Somerset House. However, he found neither the life nor the career prospects to his taste, and in about 1866 became private secretary to his eldest brother John Frederick (1836-1877), who was manager of the Lewes races and Clerk of the Course at Croydon. His great-uncle Plumer Verrall (1782-1852) had been a well-known auctioneer of bloodstock, possessing a gold hammer for use when the bidding moved into four figures. During this period, 1866-1874, Verrall lived at The Mulberries, Denmark Hill, S. E. London. In 1875, uncertain as to whether to stay in this business, he moved back to Sussex, to Friar’s Cottage in Lewes, from 1875 to 1877. Upon his brother’s death in 1877, Verrall was appointed as successor in the business, which he pursued with considerable success. In 18 79 he married and settled at Newmarket, centre of the East Anglian racing business, building himself the house called ‘Sussex Lodge’ (now the Convent of St Louis Primary School) (Plate 4). In 1881 he became partner in the firm of Pratt and Co., Race Course Managers and Bankers, and maintained connections with several race-courses as clerk to the course, manager, auctioneer, etc. For example, he was Clerk of the Course at Lewes, Gatwick and Lingfield. Following Lord Rosebery’s maxim that it is the duty of every good citizen to take some active part in public affairs, he involved himself in local matters at all levels.
Taxa described by G. H. Verrall
Authors: Verrall G H , Collin J E , Pont Adrian C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ATRICHOPS Verrall, 1909a: 291. Type-species: Atherix crassipes Meigen, 1820, by original designation. ATHERICIDAE.
AGATHOMYIA Verrall, 1901a: 30. Type-species: Callomyia antennata Zetterstedt, 1819, by designation of Coquillett (1910: 504). PLATYPEZIDAE. MELANGYNA Verrall, 1901a: 313. Typespecies: Melanostoma quadrimaculatum Verrall, 1873, by original designation. SYRPHIDAE.PARITAMUS Verrall, 1909a: 679 [also 765 and 778]. Type-species: Asilus geniculatus Meigen, 1820, by monotypy. ASILIDAE.
Turkana in time perspective
Authors: Dyson-Hudson Rada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way of life of pastoral Turkana in the early 1980s was in many ways similar to that of those Turkana whom the first European adventurers encountered in the late 1800s. The arid, hot, and dusty Turkana climate made the region unattractive to Europeans and to Africans from more humid regions; traditional Turkana livestock herding is well suited to the region; Turkana District is far from major cities and administrative centers; and the Turkana people, deeply rooted in their own values and experiences, have always been difficult to control. However, external events during this century are as important as ecological and environmental constraints within Turkana for understanding the ‘backwardness,’ ‘intransigence,’ and ‘resistance to change’ so often attributed to Turkana. In this section, some of the political, historical, and socio-cultural factors are examined which contributed to the isolation of Turkana, and to the mutual hostility between the Turkana and Government, whether Colonial or National. The focus is on southern Turkana, but events in northern Turkana which had a major impact on the south are considered.
Nomadic movements
Authors: Mccabe J Terrence , Dyson-Hudson Rada , Wienpahl Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multi-species herds of Ngisonyoka livestock efficiently convert into human food the low and generally patchy plant productivity of Ngisonyoka territory (see Chapter 3). This is achieved with very few inputs such as capital equipment or fossil fuels from outside the boundaries of the South Turkana ecosystem. Movement of livestock is the primary adaptive strategy that Ngisonyoka herd owners use to cope with the low spatial and temporal predictability of plant productivity, and the variability of water resources. Movement is also used to avoid environmental risks. Because the animals are herded by day and corralled by night, movement of livestock also requires movement of the people managing the herds. An acute awareness of the patterns of human and livestock mobility is fundamental to understanding Turkana adaptation. Social consequences of the need to move frequently were discussed in Chapter 4.
Infant, child, and adolescent growth, and adult physical status
Authors: Little Michael A , Gray Sandra J , Pike Ivy L , Mugambi Mutuma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth, which is a universal property of life, is also a keen indicator of the health and adaptability of children in a given society. In addition, it is an indicator of how well the society itself provides for its dependent children. Our work with child growth, and its culmination, adult status, is central to the studies in biological anthropology. Here we have attempted to define patterns of growth, and to assess how these patterns reflect the biobehavioral status of children in Turkana society. This chapter proceeds by first describing fundamental processes of growth, then moves to a discussion of African pastoral children, followed by a description of the results of the Turkana research, and finally moves to discuss Turkana growth and adult physical status in the context of Turkana society and ecology.
Tree Diseases And Disorders
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concise and accurate diagnostic guide to the diseases and disorders that affect both forest and amenity trees in Europe (and some on other continents as well) will be invaluable in many studies, from pest control and forestry to landscape management and plant pathology. The book is organized by specific tree disorders; separate chapters deal with leaf diseases, bark damage, growth abnormalities, and other disorders. Each chapter explores causal agents both external and botanical, the biology and economic significance of these factors, and ideas on prevention and control of disease. Important trees throughout northern Europe are covered, as well as those scheduled for quarantine from outside.
Wilt Diseases
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dutch elm disease ranks as one of the most damaging of tree diseases, with many millions of elms having fallen victim to it during this century [32]. The elm populations of Europe, North America, and parts of Asia have been affected by two successive pandemics, the second and more devastating of which has two centres of origin; in the North American and Eurasian continents. A characteristic symptom of the disease is the wilting and discoloration of the leaves during the growing season. The extent of the disease within the crown and its rate of development vary according to the aggressiveness of the form of the fungus that is involved, as well as the genetically and environmentally determined susceptibility of the host.
Damage to Fallen and Felled Timber
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a tree is felled, or snaps, it undergoes a series of changes which start with the progressive death of its living tissues and may continue for many years after death. As the tissues lose vitality, their active defence systems collapse, allowing colonization by a characteristic succession of micro-organisms and animals. This succession continues for many years, if the timber is not first utilized by man, and eventually results in the complete breakdown of the tree. Logs generally need to be utilized promptly if their commercial value is not to be seriously reduced.
Vascular-derived growth factors: potential role in the development of the tumour vasculature
Authors: Bobik A , Agrotis A , Little P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are now strong indications that the growth of many solid tumours is dependent on a high level of vascularization via angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels appears also necessary (but alone is not sufficient) for subsequent tumour infiltrations and metastases of a tumour (1-3). In many organs such as the bladder (4), cervix (5), and the breast (6-8) the commencement of angiogenic activity marks the end of the prevascular phase of the developing carcinoma, which may have persisted for years with only evidence of hyperplastic growth. However, once a dense pattern of vascularization is formed, neoplastic growth becomes apparent and tumour size increases rapidly; bleeding may occur from the newly formed capillaries and the risk of metastases increases dramatically (2,3,8,9).
Natural hybridization between Xenopus laevis laevis and X gilli in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Picker M D , Harrison J A , Wallace D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hybridization occurs between the endangered Xenopus gilli and X. laevis laevis in the south-western Cape Province. X. gilli is adapted to the acidic blackwaters that are found in the unique fynbos vegetation biome (Cape Floral Kingdom). Under conditions of disturbance these ponds become accessible to X. laevis, which leads to hybridization. Phenotypically, and on features of the mating call and female release call, natural X. gilli x X. laevis hybrids fall into two distinct groupings which are X. gilli-like or X. laevis-like. The erythrocytic nucleus diameters of hybrids do not implicate a polyploid condition in any of the hybrids examined. This, and the near absence of hybrids that are phenotypically intermediate between the parental species, suggest that hybridization has led to the backcross of F1 individuals with the parental species, without the involvement of polyploidy. The future survival of X. gilli thus appears to be threatened not only by habitat destruction, but also by subtle and extensive introgression with X. laevis genes.
The habitat templet
Authors: Giller Paul S , Malmqvist Björn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like any other habitat, lotic habitats pose animals and plants distinctive adaptive challenges which arc set by the particular and often unique physical, chemical, and biological environment of rivers and streams. To understand how lotic organisms meet these challenges we must first understand the nature of running waters as an environment to live in. Although on the face of it this may seem a reasonably straightforward exercise, things are complicated by the fact that there appears to be a series of interdependent factors that operate in running waters. At the smallest scale, within a pristine stream system, flow patterns, temperature, and substrate seem to be the key physical variables. Oxygen levels are also important to the biota but are largely governed by these three physical factors.
Life in running waters
Authors: Giller Paul S , Malmqvist Björn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Running waters harbour a multitude or species ranging in size from viruses and small bacteria to large vertebrates. Small organisms are ubiquitous in running waters but large aquatic animals arc naturally more or less confined to large rivers. A quick glance into a stream might reveal a few fish but little else. However, picking up a stone from the stream bed will provide a glimpse or the thriving life in the stream. Because of the continuous downstream flow of water, few organisms are able to dwell in the water column unless the current is slow. Instead most species are associated, in one way or another, with the substrate. This includes micro- and filamentous algae attached to rocks, higher plants rooted in the substrate, and invertebrates often living in the interstices between mineral particles, on rock faces or in leaf packs.
The evolution of ratites and tina1nous
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the ratites and tinamous? Opinions differ, and will probably continue to differ for many years yet. In this book they are taken to comprise the great flightless birds of the world, ostrich, cassowary, emu, kiwi, rhea, their recently extinct relatives, elephant birds and moas, and their small relatives, the tinamous. Following recent opinion (Olson 1985, Anderson 1989, Murray and Mcgirian 1998) the mihirungs (Drornornithidae), giant runners or thunder birds of the Australian fossil record, arc excluded from the ratites.
Feeding ecology
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foods taken by the various ratites and tinamous are described in the Species accounts. The diets of the large species have much in common, although they differ in detail simply because the birds live in different continents and h:we different foods available to them. The diet is of the parts of plants where nutrients are concentrated, flowers, seeds, fruits and the growing points of young shoots. In addition all species are reported to take some animal food, insects and small vertebrates.
Rheas
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large flightless birds with long legs and three toes, the hallux being absent. They have no clavicle and the tibia is ,without a bony bridge. There are no tail feathers. The caecae of the alimentary canal are large and the syrinx has only one pair of syringeal muscles. The bill is depressed and broad, with the culmen flattened and cured at the tip, which over-laps the lower mandible. The nostrils are large, oval, and placed in the middle of the bill in a large membranous groove.
The recognition of ancient reefs
Authors: Wood Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All reefs form as the direct or indirect result of organic activity that has promoted a higher rate of in-situcarbonate production than in surrounding sediments (Fig. 2.1). Reefs develop only where the rate of carbonate production exceeds any loss due to erosion and transport away from the reef. In the Ancient, this produces massive, often unbedded, accumulations within otherwise normally bedded strata (Figs 2.l(c) and (d)) indicating that the processes operating within the reef differed from those beyond it.
The role of physicochemical change
Authors: Wood Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ambient physicochemical environment and its fluctuations influences reef growth on many scales: from local hourly, daily, or seasonal effects which control the functioning of individual reef organisms; to regional factors that determine the distribution of different reef types; to those slow, but sustained and widespread changes which operate over millennia to millions of years that are responsible for Earth’s changing climate, continental and ocean distribution, and ultimately for the geological record of reef-building.
Chain Compounds and One-Dimensional Physical Behaviour
Authors: Day P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are three reasons for devoting a chapter to solids containing chains of closely spaced atoms, ions or molecules. Firstly, there are numerous physical phenomena quite specific to lattices having interactions between repeating units in one dimension alone. Secondly, because the topology of a chain is so simple, chemical correlations between structure and properties are more easily arrived at. Finally, the structural principles themselves are more easily discernible when coordinated polyhedra are only joined along a single axis.
Metal-Rich Compounds
Authors: Simon Arndt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two main reasons why solid state chemistry presents difficulties for many chemists. One is the quasi-infinity which we meet in a crystal. Instead of having simple small molecules containing only a few atoms, large units which contain approximately Avogadro's number of atoms have to be surveyed. Fortunately, symmetry allows us to cut these large units into smaller pieces and to deal only with a representative part. There are many different ways of cutting down crystal structures. In this chapter one special way will be chosen which tries to link molecular and solid state chemistry. The second problem in understanding solid state compounds arises from the frequent occurrence of unusual compositions. Forgetting about the residual non-stoichiometry which is inherent to the solid state, even idealized compositions like Hf3P2 or Ni3S2 seem difficult to understand on the basis of a conventional valence concept with integral oxidation numbers. The difficulty in accepting such compositions as nothing unusual is rather surprising. No chemist is puzzled by a composition C3O2.
Catalytic applications of cyclophanes
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Hisaeda Yoshio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enzymes are ingeniously designed natural catalysts that demonstrate specific substrate recognition, marked rate enhancement, and appropriate selection of reaction pathways. Such catalytic features are generated essentially due to the formation of a specific enzyme-substrate complex as the key intermediate. Thus, various types of artificial molecules or molecular assemblies that exhibit guest-inclusion capability have been developed as enzyme mimics; e.g. cyclodextrins, cyclophanes, crown ethers, synthetic polymers, micelles, and bilayer membranes.
The transition metal cyclidenes: a broad family of complexes well suited to inclusion chemistry
Authors: Busch Daryle H , Stephenson Neil A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living systems perform a variety of chemical transformations which are without precedent in the laboratory under similar conditions, and specific examples continue to inspire new areas of chemical research. Many of the natural systems incorporate a transition metal ion but the function of that metal ion is strongly dependent on its protein environment. Thus, haeme proteins perform a variety of functions including oxygen transport and storage, electron transport, and oxygen activation3 although the active site is an iron porphyrin in each case. The role of the protein has been examined in detail for the dioxygen transport and storage proteins haemoglobin and myoglobin. For example, neutron diffraction studies have indicated that oxygenated myoglobin contains a hydrogen bond to bound dioxygen, and the influence of tertiary effectors on the oxygenation of the haemoglobin tetramer reflects conformational changes of the protein.1 Models of myoglobin behaviour have been developed from superstructured porphyrins.
Polymorphism and the investigation of structure-property relations in organic solids
Authors: Bernstein Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is axiomatic that structure plays an important role in determining the properties of materials. Understanding that role is crucial in our efforts to design materials with predetermined properties. In seeking to understand the relationship between structure and properties we attempt to design experiments which will allow us to eliminate as many variables as possible and to focus strictly on the structural variations and their manifestations in the variation of chemical and/or physical properties. The existence of polymorphic forms provides a unique opportunity for the investigation of structure-property relationships, since the only variable between two polymorphic crystal forms is that of structure. In such cases variations in properties must be due to differences in structure. and the analysis and interpretation of these experiments is considerably facilitated by the limited number of variables.
The relation between S→O hypervalent bonds and S … 0 close contacts in crystal structures of sulfuranes, analogous sulfonium salts, and related compounds containing X→S … 0 (X=S, Cl, 0, N, C) moieties
Authors: Kálmán A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the X-ray analysis of a dichlorosulfurane (Baenziger et al, 1969) and the fundamental work of Musher* (1969) which predicted the existence of the first stable diaryldiacyloxyspirosulfurane (I), synthesized and structurally described two years later by Kapovits and Kalman (1971), considerable work has been done on the structures (and chemistry) of various kinds of tetracoordinate tetravalent sulfur species.
The recording and analysis of data from macromolecular crystals
Authors: Helliwell J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper surveys various aspects of the recording and analysis of macromolecular crystal data. The emphasis given is to highlight common principles and methods of the variety of techniques. Analyses of data collected via monochromatic/rotating crystal and white beam/stationary crystal (Laue) methods are discussed. Aspects of area detector data collection using various apparatus (MWPC, TV and image plate/storage phosphor) are dealt with.
Crystals
Authors: Watkin D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall nature of the CRYSTALS program has been described previously (Crystallographic Computing 3 and Crystallographic Computing 4) While the general structure of the program remains unchanged from those earlier reports, the details and facilities available have evolved in response to our own needs and the requests of the network of users. Rather than repeat the information to be found else where, this article will be concerned with some actual applications of the program.
Dealing with imperfect isomorphism in multiple isomorphous replacement
Authors: Read R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) is the major technique for obtaining the phase information necessary to solve new protein crystal structures. The optimal use of information from MIR experiments requires a good understanding of the sources of error, and of how they propagate into the phases. The chief sources of error are errors in the measurements, imperfect isomorphism, and errors in the heavy atom model. Their effects are examined, and an improved treatment for non-isomorphism is proposed. In addition, a method to combine properly the information from several derivatives is reviewed. Tests using calculated data with simulated errors give results consistent with the probability distributions. The familiar phase problem of crystal structure determination arises because the diffraction experiment measures only the intensity (or amplitude) of the structure factor, but not its phase. In order to reconstruct the electron density in the crystal, by taking the Fourier transform of the structure factors, we need estimates of the phases. Multiple isomorphous replacement (MIR) is still the major technique used to obtain this phase information for new protein structures.
Phasing by anomalous scattering: theoretical aspects
Authors: Karle J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, there have been a number of theoretical developments concerning the application of the anomalous dispersion technique for the determination of structure, particularly that of macromolecules. A strong motivation for this work has been the desire to develop mathematical relationships that can readily take full advantage of the information that is available from anomalous dispersion experiments. Some of the developments have already begun to facilitate the practical aspects of phase determination for macromolecular structures (Karie, 1989c). Their utility has been enhanced by the use of the high intensity, tunable radiation that is available from synchrotron sources. A further enhancement may be anticipated with the application of recombinant DNA techniques to the tailoring of protein derivatives (Hendrickson, 1987).