bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A nasopalatine cyst in an 8‐year‐old child
Authors: Velasquez‐Smith M.T. , Mason C. , Coonar H. , Bennett J. 
Published: March 2003

The nasopalatine cyst (NPC) was first described in 1914 and it is considered the most common non‐odontogenic cyst. Most studies show a higher incidence of NPC among males than females, with a male/female ratio of 1·7:1. The majority of the cases described in people in their fifth decade involve Afro‐Caribbeans, while those in their sixth decade are mainly caucasians. These cysts are normally asymptomatic, unless they are infected. The most commonly reported clinical symptom is swelling in the anterior part of the palate. The treatment of choice is enucleation. Even though it has been stated that NPCs may occur at any age no reports have been made on children less than 9 years old. Some reports support a predisposition in young Afro‐Caribbeans, where NPCs appear to be more aggressive, larger and symptomatic. We present a case of a NPC in an 8‐year‐old caucasian female.
Community dental officers’ use and knowledge of restorative techniques for primary molars: an audit of two Trusts in Wales
Authors: Maggs‐Rapport  , Treasure  , Chadwick  
Published: March 2003

Objective. A baseline audit of current levels of knowledge about, and use of, restorative techniques in children’s primary molars. Design. A survey of community dental officers. Setting. Two large Trusts in Wales. Sample. Eighteen dental officers (five from Trust A and 13 from Trust B) from a total of 23 (six from Trust A and 17 from Trust B). Outcome measures. Dental officers’ use of restorative materials in primary molars. Dental officers’ participation in postgraduate training for restorative techniques. Dental officers’ consideration of the research literature on ‘best practice’ in restorative techniques. Results. Dental officers in these two Trusts were not using stainless steel crowns (SSCs) for restoring primary molars. All 18 dental officers reported using glass ionomer cement (GIC) and amalgam as restorative materials, whilst six reported using GIC exclusively. Only 11 dentists mentioned using stainless steel crowns and this was in conjunction with carrying out a pulpotomy. Fewer dentists had been taught to use GIC than either SSCs or amalgam for restoring primary teeth during undergraduate training. A hands‐on, user‐friendly, postgraduate training course is considered the most effective way of teaching dentists about restorative techniques. The research evidence on SSCs did not appear to influence these dental officers in their use of restorative materials. Conclusions. This study offers important baseline data about the acceptability of differing restorative techniques and about the type of intervention that could bring about change in pattern of use by community dental officers in two large Trusts in Wales. If a postgraduate course in the use of stainless steel crowns is to meet dental officers’ needs, it should address their concerns about the use of crowns.
Caries experience and streptococci and lactobacilli salivary levels in 6–8‐year‐old Sardinians
Authors: Campus G. , Lumbau A. , Bachisio S.L. 
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The aim of this investigation was to compare clinical data regarding oral status (DMFT/DMFS indices) and streptococci or lactobacilli counts in stimulated whole saliva in two groups of children, aged 6 and 8 years. Methods. Seventy‐nine boys and 93 girls aged 6 (84 subjects) and 8 (88 subjects) years old were selected. DMFT/dmft, DMFS/dmfs and OHI‐S indices were recorded. Mutans streptococci (Sm) and lactobacilli (Lb) salivary levels were assessed using commercially available strip tests and were rated from 0 to 3 and from 0 to 4 in the group as a whole. Results. Mean dmfs was 9·06 ± 10·80, made up of ds = 7·28 ± 9·54, fs = 1·19 ± 3·64 and ms = 0·59 ± 3·47. Mean DMFS was 0·73 ± 1·91, made of DS = 0·54 ± 1·29, FS = 0·08 ± 0·56 and MS = 0·11 ± 0·56. Statistically significant differences were found for both Sm and Lb scores between those with and without caries in the primary teeth (P < 0·05). The different Lb scores were also significant in relation to caries in permanent teeth in older children. Conclusion. A high proportion of children had some caries experience, and were in need of treatment.
Dens invaginatus: a retrospective study of prophylactic invagination treatment
Authors: Ridell K. , Mejàre I. , Matsson L. 
Published: March 2003

Aim. To evaluate the prognosis for pulp survival in teeth with dens invaginatus (DI) subjected to prophylactic invagination treatment. Design. A retrospective study by examination of dental records and radiographs. Sample and methods. The dental records of all patients referred to the Eastman Dental Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, with the diagnosis dens invaginatus between the years 1969–1997 were reviewed. Clinical data was collected from the dental records and the diagnosis DI was confirmed on the radiographs from the time of referral. 95 teeth in 66 patients had been subjected to prophylactic invagination treatment. The retrospective evaluation was based on an examination of the radiographs available from the follow‐ups. Results. 11·3% of the teeth that were followed for 6 months or longer (n = 80) were judged as failures, All failures were initially classified as Oehlers type 2. Conclusion. The findings stress the importance of a follow‐up program for teeth subjected to prophylactic invagination treatment in order to avoid serious periradicular complications that could influence the outcome of the endodontic treatment.
Detection of in vitro demineralization of primary teeth using quantitative light‐induced fluorescence (QLF)
Authors: Pretty I. A. , Edgar W. M. , Higham S. M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Introduction. With the advent of remineralizing therapies and the new, conservative approach to restoration placement, interest in detecting and monitoring subclinical, precavitated lesions has increased. The increased understanding of clinicians about the processes of primary and secondary prevention and the detection of lesions to which these therapies may be applied, is one of the current goals in caries management. Quantitative light‐induced fluorescence (QLF) is a new method for the detection of very early caries.Objectives. To determine the ability of QLF to detect and longitudinally monitor in vitro enamel demineralization. To present the device to the paediatric community and present future in vivo uses of the device.Design. An in vitro study with combined in vivo pilot.Sample and methods. Twelve previously extracted, caries free, primary molars were selected and prepared. Two teeth were randomly selected as controls. Teeth were prepared by gentle pumicing and coating in an acid‐resistant nail‐varnish, except for an exposed window on the buccal surface. QLF baseline images were taken and the teeth then exposed to a demineralizing solution. Teeth were removed at regular intervals (24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h), air‐dried and QLF images taken. QLF images were analysed by a single, blinded examiner (to control, to length of exposure). Mineral loss, as measured by ΔQ, was recorded.Results. Demineralization was noted in all experimental teeth by 48 h, and within 24 h in six teeth. The QLF successfully monitored the increase in mineral loss over time (P < 0·05). The detected lesions were not visible clinically until 144 h and then in only the most severe lesions. No demineralization was detected by QLF in control teeth. The device was user‐ and patient‐friendly in vivo, detecting subclinical lesions.Conclusion. Detection of very early mineral loss and subsequent monitoring of this loss is possible in primary teeth using QLF. The device is well suited to use in paediatric dentistry and offers applications for both clinicians and researchers. The determination of the status of carious lesions (active/inactive) will be possible with readings taken at recall appointments.
Evidence for reversal of the caries decline among Norwegian children
Authors: Haugejorden O. , Birkeland J. M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary. Objective. The purpose of the present study was to report on caries status and to explore possible reasons for changes in caries experience among 5‐ and 12‐year‐old Norwegian children.Design. National cross‐sectional and time trend study.Methods. Aggregated data from the Public Dental Services and from official statistics were used. Information was available on the total number of children, the proportion receiving treatment, sale of fluoride tablets, socio‐economic background, caries prevalence and dmft/DMFT scores.Results. The prevalence of caries among 5‐year‐olds reached a low of 30·4% in 1997 and increased to 38·9% in 2000. The mean dmft scores increased from 1·1 to 1·5. Conversely, the prevalence of caries among 12‐year‐olds decreased from 55·4% in 1997 to 52·2% in 2000 and the mean DMFT score from 1·7 to 1·5. Bivariate analyses at county level revealed significant associations, which for the most part disappeared in multivariate analyses. The sale of fluoride tablets had a significant effect on caries prevalence among 5‐year‐olds in 1998, in 1999 and in 2000. Infant mortality was associated with the dmft score in 1999. The only consistently significant predictor of caries experience at 12 years of age was caries prevalence at age 5.Conclusions. There has been a highly significant increase in caries experience among 5‐year‐olds (P < 0·001) and a levelling off among 12‐year‐olds over the past 3 years. Considering the association between caries prevalence at age 5 and caries experience at 12 years of age, there is a need for reassessment of the caries preventive programmes for children in Norway.
A socio‐ecological approach to understanding barriers to prenatal care for women of low income
Authors: Sword Wendy 
Published: March 2003

A socio‐ecological approach to understanding barriers to prenatal care for women of low income This paper critically examines the notion of barriers as conceptualized in the literature and suggests an expanded orientation to more fully appreciate its complexity. This alternative approach not only takes into account factors and processes relevant to the individual that create constraints to utilization, but also acknowledges influences on the design and delivery of health care. These latter considerations determine the availability and characteristics of programmes and services that may or may not encourage or enable participation by persons of low income. A socio‐ecological model is proposed that compels health care practitioners and researchers to acknowledge the many influences on utilization behaviour. The literature on barriers to prenatal care is subsequently reviewed and evaluated, with consideration given to the range of behavioural determinants suggested by the model. Finally, a case is made for qualitative methods for inquiry to further enhance knowledge about factors and processes influencing use of the health care system, including prenatal care. It is argued that these approaches lead to enhanced appreciation of behaviour as a social product and are consistent with the ideology of health promotion.
Deconstructing the language of psychiatric hospitalization
Authors: Mohr Wanda K. 
Published: March 2003

Deconstructing the language of psychiatric hospitalization The purpose of this study was to deconstruct the language of psychiatric nurses' documentation and charting. Employing concepts developed by post‐modern theorists, everyday professional activities can be examined in unique ways that uncover how they conceal or skew rather than reveal and illumine patient conditions. The study design and sample was exploratory; content analysis with first and second level analyses. Nine major categories of charting entry were found. Deconstruction of the language and discourse of nursing through a Foucaultian lens goes beyond what is manifest to what is not said. Professional assumptions about patients and the social construction of patients and patient problems are exposed.
Skills competency in nurse education: nurse managers' perceptions of diploma level preparation
Authors: Carlisle Caroline , Luker Karen A. , Davies Carol , Stilwell John , Wilson Robert 
Published: March 2003

Skills competency in nurse education: nurse managers' perceptions of diploma level preparation This paper reports on part of a national study conducted between 1994 and 1996, the overall aim of which was to examine the `fitness for purpose' of the Project 2000 nursing education reforms. The study used multiple methods of data collection, including an individual and group interview study of nurse managers (n = 132) and a national survey of Project 2000 diplomates and traditionally prepared registered nurses (n = 5417). Findings in relation to the managers' expectations and experiences of diplomates are presented. This includes views on the level of skills achievement and skills acquisition of diploma level education. The qualities of the diplomates are discussed and this includes those areas where the skills of the diplomates are felt to achieve what is required of the role. Also included is an exploration of those skills which the managers felt fell short of expectations. Managers raised the long‐standing concerns of clinical skills and competencies and discussed these in relation to the changing health care environment and the relative roles of other health care workers. The conclusions highlight the need to identify what could be seen as the `core skills' required of a registered nurse and the need to explore the environment in which the diplomate takes up first appointment.
The self in self‐awareness
Authors: Cook Stephen H. 
Published: March 2003

The self in self‐awareness The concepts of ‘self’ and ‘person’ are central to educational and therapeutic endeavours. This paper examines the emergence of ‘self‐awareness’ as an explicit concern in the education of preregistration nurses. In particular, it questions the claims that specific experiential learning strategies are the most appropriate for promoting self‐awareness in students, and that these strategies produce greater understanding of theory in students and give greater depth of meaning to theory for students. It argues that the long and complex history associated with the concepts of self, self‐awareness and ‘person’ makes the unproblematic stance adopted towards them in the nursing literature untenable, and calls for a more rigorous and critical appraisal of experiential learning strategies commonly used to promote self‐awareness.
Considering the nature of intersubjectivity within professional nursing
Authors: Pierson Wanda 
Published: March 2003

Considering the nature of intersubjectivity within professional nursingThe notion of intersubjectivity raises fundamental epistemological and ontological questions concerning how individuals come to know one another and how that knowing affects action. Within the sphere of professional nursing, relationship, as an intersubjective process between individuals, constitutes an integral element of professional nursing practice. Understanding the notion of relationship in terms of an intersubjective process is frequently laden with difficulty due to the polarization of intersubjectivity within either a traditional scientific position or a human science perspective. Reconciliation of both ways of knowing, however, may allow nurses to bring forward a broader base and scope of information to appreciate the experience of others. This article examines some of the notions of intersubjectivity and proposes an alternative understanding.
The ‘greying’ of the United Kingdom nursing workforce: implications for employment policy and practice
Authors: Buchan James 
Published: March 2003

The ‘greying’ of the United Kingdom nursing workforce: implications for employment policy and practice One in five nurses on the United Kingdom (UK) professional register is aged 50 years or older. Over the next few years, the profession will lose, through retirement, many of its most experienced practitioners. The significance for policy makers and for employers of this age‐shift is two‐fold. Firstly it is clear that greater numbers of nurses and midwives are reaching, or soon will reach, potential retirement age. Secondly many more nurses are now reaching their middle years and they are likely to have different requirements and attitudes to nursing work. This paper examines the employment policy and practice of the ageing of the UK nursing population. The paper examines data from official sources, and information from attitudinal surveys and case studies with employing organizations to assess the major effects of the ageing of the nursing workforce. Key findings are that the age profile of those nurses working in the National Health Service appears to be ‘younger’ than that of the total population, with the age profile of nurses working in nursing homes and as practice nurses being older than that of the NHS nursing workforce. However, the overall age profile of NHS nurses masks considerable variation between specialties and trusts, and the ‘pool’ of potential nurse returners from which the NHS and other employers attempts to recruit, is declining in numbers, as it too ages. Other major issues requiring policy attention are the provision of appropriate flexible hours to older nurses who have caring responsibilities, improving access to continuing professional development, and reducing pension provision inflexibility.
Women’s perceptions of phenomena they label premenstrual tension: normal experiences reflecting ordinary behaviour
Authors: Sveinsdóttir Herdís , Lundman Berit , Norberg Astrid 
Published: March 2003

Women’s perceptions of phenomena they label premenstrual tension: normal experiences reflecting ordinary behaviourRemarkably little empirical knowledge exists about premenstrual tension (PMT), a construct that has been studied intensively during the last 30 years. Practically nothing is known about the perceptions women have about PMT. The purpose of this study is to describe the perceptions healthy women have about PMT. Seventeen women, who had 4 years earlier participated in a concurrent diary study assessing the prevalence of PMT, were interviewed. The interviews were analysed by means of a qualitative content analysis. Four main categories describing the women’s perceptions were formed: (1) individual experiences of phenomena referred to as PMT; (2) phenomena referred to as PMT reflect ordinary experiences in healthy women; (3) biopsychosocial explaining of phenomena referred to as PMT; (4) internal and external resources used to manage the variability of phenomena referred to as PMT. The content of these categories reflects the participants’ perceptions of PMT as the common, normal and very variable experiences which women handle by the use of management strategies commonly used in contemporary society to deal with life in general. Experiences of women differ with respect to what they experience and the timing and persistence of those experiences. This the participants explain from a biopsychosocial perspective. It is suggested that women have adapted a medical term, PMT, to describe what they consider normal female phenomena.
Power and empowerment in nursing: three theoretical approaches
Authors: Kuokkanen Liisa , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: March 2003

Power and empowerment in nursing: three theoretical approaches Definitions and uses of the concept of empowerment are wide‐ranging: the term has been used to describe the essence of human existence and development, but also aspects of organizational effectiveness and quality. The empowerment ideology is rooted in social action where empowerment was associated with community interests and with attempts to increase the power and influence of oppressed groups (such as workers, women and ethnic minorities). Later, there was also growing recognition of the importance of the individual’s characteristics and actions. Based on a review of the literature, this paper explores the uses of the empowerment concept as a framework for nurses’ professional growth and development. Given the complexity of the concept, it is vital to understand the underlying philosophy before moving on to define its substance. The articles reviewed were classified into three groups on the basis of their theoretical orientation: critical social theory, organization theory and social psychological theory. Empowerment seems likely to provide for an umbrella concept of professional development in nursing.
Implementing contract learning in a clinical context: report on a study
Authors: Chan Sally Wai‐chi , Wai‐tong Chien 
Published: March 2003

Implementing contract learning in a clinical context: report on a study This paper reports on a study of the implementation and evaluation of learning contracts in a clinical context for a group of students who were in their third year of study in a pre‐registration bachelor of nursing degree programme in Hong Kong. A learning contract was implemented as a learning tool in the students’ clinical placement in mental health nursing. An action research approach was used in this study. Data were collected from questionnaires and interviews with students and clinical instructors. Results showed that students and clinical instructors generally agreed that there was an increase in students’ autonomy and motivation in learning with the use of a learning contract. It also increased the sharing between students and clinical instructors. The findings of the questionnaire and interviews supported each other. However, the lack of experience in using contract learning and the limited time in the clinical areas created difficulties for both students and clinical instructors. Despite the limitations, contract learning is considered beneficial to students’ learning and has the potential to be used in clinical learning.
Acute childhood illness at home: the parents’ perspective
Authors: Neill Sarah J. 
Published: March 2003

Acute childhood illness at home: the parents’ perspective This critical review of British literature explores the phenomenon of acute childhood illness at home from the parents’ perspective. The Literature was searched using four CD‐ROM databases: CINAHL, MEDLINE, ASSIA and PSYCHLIT, augmented by hand searching of current journal issues. Sandelowski’s (1995) stages of qualitative data analysis were used to develop a rigorous approach to conducting qualitative overviews. The majority of childhood illness is of short duration and takes place in the child’s own home. Yet the research which addresses this area is limited. Mothers constantly monitor their child’s health, identifying illness as a change in behaviour of the child from their perception of normal. Their usual response to illness is nonprofessional care, including general nursing care and ‘over the counter’ medicines. When mothers do seek help this is usually from the family doctor. Mothers are often dissatisfied with the help and advice they receive. This is partially explained by the mismatches which occur concerning the perceptions of mothers and of health care professionals regarding appropriate use of services and the needs of these mothers and their children. The literature reviewed indicates a need to address the service users perceptions of the services provided. Areas where further research is required are identified.