bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin E in Plasma and Milk of Lactating Women with Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lammi‐Keefe Carol J. , Jonas Carolyn R. , Ferris Ann M. , Capacchione Constance M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe measured levels of plasma and milk ã‐to‐copherol in women with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), women without IDDM, and healthy reference women. Milk collections were made at 7, 14, 42, and 84 days postpartum; blood was collected at 3, 14, and 42 days. Postprandial glucose at 80 min was used to describe metabolic control of women with IDDM postpartum. There was no difference between the groups for plasma a‐tocopherol, which was within normal reported levels. Tocopherol (μg/g lipid) decreased by 50% in all groups between 7 and 14 days. The trend for milk tocopherol was similar when expressed as μg/dl. Metabolic control did not have a significant effect on mean milk or plasma ã‐tocopherol. We have shown that this group of women with IDDM produced a milk with vitamin E content similar to control and reference women. We conclude that the infant of the breast‐feeding woman with IDDM who is in good metabolic control during pregnancy and who receives good prenatal counseling most likely receives adequate vitamin E from the mother's milk
Polyamine Profiles in Human Milk, Infant Artificial Formulas, and Semi‐elemental Diets
Authors: Buts Jean‐Paul , De Keyser Nadine , De Raedemaeker Laurence , Collette Elisabette , Sokal Etienne M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryUsing a sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography method, we quantified the concentration of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in human milk as well as in a representative group of commonly used artificial infant formulas. Variations in polyamine levels were also analyzed in human milk during the immediate postnatal period. During the first week postpartum, putrescine levels in human milk remained very low and varied little, while spermidine and spermine concentrations rose markedly during the first 3 days, reaching plateau levels that were 12 and eight times higher, respectively, than the values measured on day 0. The mean total polyamine concentration was 557 ± 18 nmol/dl with the following profile: spermine, 313 ± 16; spermidine, 220 ± 20; and putrescine, 24 ± 3.5. In artificial powdered formulas, the polyamine concentration was 10 times lower than in human milk, with no difference in putrescine and spermine contents between first‐age and second‐age formulas. By contrast, semi‐elemental diets prepared by hydrolytic procedures using crude extracts of pancreatic enzymes were shown to be major sources of polyamines with a profile similar to that of human milk. Compared with first‐age formulas, mean concentrations in spermine and spermidine were 39 and six times higher, respectively, in these semi‐elemental diets, whereas putrescine levels remained almost equivalent in all types of milk tested. These data indicate that human milk and some semi‐elemental diets provide substantial amounts of spermine and spermidine to neonates and infants that could potentially modulate intestinal maturation.
Enhancement of Lysozyme Trypsin‐Mediated Decay of Intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli
Authors: Heine W. , Braun O. H. , Mohr C. , Leitzmann P. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryLysozyme‐mediated lysis of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli was studied in in vitro tests using the agar gel plate and turbidometric Micrococcus luteus (lysodeikticus) procedure as a standard. Suspensions of the strains Bifidobacterium infantis, B. infantis liberorum, B. breve, B. longum, B. ssp, and Lactobacillus acidophilus proved to be resistant to egg white lysozyme and human milk lysozyme when incubated at 37°C in concentrations of 5, 50, and 500 mg lysozyme/L, respectively, through 30 and 60 min. Heat treatment at 100°C for 1 h and pretreatment with ether, acetone, ascorbic acid, and hydrogen peroxide failed to incline the bacteria to the lytic effects of lysozyme. Consecutive incubation of the lysozyme‐pretreated bacteria with trypsin resulted in a significantly enhanced bacteriolysis in all strains of bacteria, with the exception of B. longum. The mode of action of lysozyme and proteolytic enzymes on Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli offers an explanation for the release of microbial building blocks and their colonic absorption and retention in the breast‐fed baby
Determination of Iron Absorption Using Erythrocyte Iron Incorporation of Two Stable Isotopes of Iron (57Fe and 58Fe) in Very Low Birthweight Premature Infants
Authors: Zlotkin Stanley H. , Lay Deborah M. , Kjarsgaard John , Longley Teresa 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Due to limited erythropoiesis, iron needs for the premature infant during the first 2 months of life are low. With the potential for increased use of erythropoietin in the preterm infant, iron requirements may become markedly higher. The ability of the preterm infant to absorb iron, therefore, becomes crucial. Previous studies using single stable isotopes of iron without metabolic balances were unable to quantitatively determine iron absorption since the percentage of absorbed iron appearing in the erythrocyte could not be measured. The objective of the current study was to determine iron absorption using the method of erythrocyte iron incorporation of two stable isotopes of iron given by the enteral and parenteral route to very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Results obtained were compared to iron absorption values from studies using single isotopes and metabolic balance techniques. Six VLBW premature infants (gestational age 26.8 ± 1.7 weeks, postnatal age 3.6 ± 1.9 weeks, birth weight 863 ± 117 g) were studied. Iron dosages were (i.v.) 0.15 mg/kg (57FeSO4) and (enteral) 1.5 mg/kg (58FeSO4). Erythrocyte isotope ratios, 57Fe/54Fe and 58Fe/54Fe, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) from single blood samples (100 μl) collected before and after concurrent enteral (58Fe) and parenteral (57Fe) administration of isotopes. Only 17.8% of the i.v.‐infused iron dose was incorporated into hemoglobin on day 15. Using a correction factor based on the percentage of i.v. iron (57Fe) incorporated into erythrocytes, the corrected incorporation of 58Fe was calculated to be 26.3 ± 13.0% of the enteral dose of 58FeSO4. This value is comparable to those obtained in previous studies, which utilized alternate techniques to measure iron absorption.
Intestinal Mucin Inhibits Adhesion of Human Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to HEp‐2 Cells
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Kaper James B. , Mack David R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary:Mucins are complex glycoproteins that cover the intestinal mucosal surface and are thought to provide protection against enteropathogenic infections by preventing bacterial adherence and subsequent colonization, invasion, and toxin delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of intestinal mucin to inhibit epithelial cell adhesion by human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). EPEC strain E2348/69 (serotype O127:H6), known to produce a 94‐kd epithelial cell‐adhesion‐mediating outer membrane protein called intimin and known to contain an EPEC adherence factor (EAF) plas‐mid, and three of its mutants were studied. Crude mucus was obtained from rabbit small‐intestinal mucosal scrapings. Purified mucins were isolated by serial cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation. Bacterial adhesion to HEp‐2 epithelial cell monolayers in the presence of purified intestinal mucins was quantified by recovery of live viable bacteria as colony‐forming units. EPEC strain E2348/69 adhesion was inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner by increasing amounts of mucin (adhesion suppressed to <1% by 150 μg mucin). The relative magnitudes of inhibition of adhesion of E2348/69 and its mutants [JPN15 (EAF plasmid negative), JPN15.96(pMAR7) (intimin negative), and JPN15.96 (intimin negative, EAF plasmid negative)] were similar in the presence of equal amounts of mucin. The presence of the intimin protein and EAF plasmid are not necessary to the proficiency of mucin to inhibit HEp‐2 epithelial cell adhesion.
Plasma and Urine Riboflavin During Riboflavin‐Free Nutrition in Very‐Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants
Authors: Porcelli Peter J. , Rosser Mary L. , DelPaggio Dia , Adcock Eugene W. , Swift Larry , Greene Harry 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundVery‐low‐birth‐weight (VLBW; birth weight <1500 g) infants receive enteral and parenteral nutriture that provides greater daily riboflavin (vitamin B2) than does term infant nutriture, and elevated plasma riboflavin develops in these infants after birth. The purpose of this study was to measure plasma and urine riboflavin concentrations in VLBW infants during riboflavin‐free nutrition. Our hypothesis was that elevated plasma riboflavin develops in VLBW infants because of high daily intake and immature renal riboflavin elimination.MethodsEighteen clinically healthy VLBW infants received parenteral nutrition and preterm infant formula during the first postnatal month. On postnatal days 10 and 28, the infants received specially prepared riboflavin‐free enteral and parenteral nutrition for the 24‐hour study period. Serial collections of plasma were made at time 0 and at 12 and 24 hours. Urine was collected continuously for the 24‐hour period in 4‐hour aliquots. Samples were analyzed for riboflavin concentration.ResultsDuring the 24‐hour riboflavin‐free study period on postnatal day 10, plasma riboflavin decreased 56% from 185 ± 37 ng/mL (mean ± SEM), and urine riboflavin decreased 75% from 3112 ± 960 mg/mL. Similarly, on postnatal day 28, plasma riboflavin decreased 79% from 184 ± 32 ng/mL, and urine riboflavin concentration decreased 91% from 5092 ± 743 ng/mL during the 24‐hour riboflavin‐free study period. Riboflavin half‐life (t½) was 18.5 hours on postnatal day 10 and decreased 48% by postnatal day 28. Riboflavin elimination was 145.1 ± 20.6 mg/kg per day on postnatal day 10 and increased 40% by postnatal day 28.ConclusionThe VLBW infants who received parenteral nutrition and preterm infant formula had elevated plasma riboflavin on postnatal days 10 and 28. Plasma riboflavin t½ was shorter and renal riboflavin elimination was greater on postnatal day 28 than on postnatal day 10. Plasma riboflavin was normal after 24 hours of riboflavin‐free nutrition. The pattern of plasma and urine riboflavin in VLBW infants suggests a lower daily intake would maintain plasma riboflavin close to normal.
Fatty Acid Content of Plasma Lipid Fractions, Blood Lipids, and Apolipoproteins in Children Fed Milk Products Containing Different Quantity and Quality of Fat
Authors: Svahn Johan C. E. , Feldl Franziska , Räihä Niels C. R. , Koletzko Bertho , Axelsson Irene E. M. 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundDifferences in fatty acid content of plasma lipid fractions and serum lipid concentrations were investigated among young children fed different milk diets composed to achieve a recommended saturated fat intake.MethodsThirty‐eight healthy children were randomly assigned to one of four feeding groups at 12 months: 1) low‐fat milk (1.0 g/dL cow's milk fat); 2) standard‐fat milk (3.5 g/dL cow's milk fat); 3) partially vegetable fat milk (3.5 gtat/dL fat; 50% vegetable fat: rapeseed oil); and 4) full vegetable‐fat milk (3.5 gtat/dL fat; 100% vegetable fat: palm, coconut, and soy oil). Plasma fatty acids, blood lipids, and apolipoproteins were analyzed at 15 months, and dietary intakes at 12, 15, and 18 months.ResultsThere were significantly lower percentage contributions of saturated fatty acids in plasma triglycerides in children fed low‐fat milk or milk with 50% or 100% vegetable fat than in children fed standard‐fat milk. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were significantly higher in children fed milks with vegetable fat than in children fed standard‐fat milk. Plasma saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides most closely reflected dietary intake. Blood lipid concentrations were lower in children fed milk with 50% vegetable fat.ConclusionsChildren fed milk with 50% or 100% vegetable fat, together with high vegetable‐fat and low milk‐fat dairy products have lower percentages of plasma saturated fatty acids and higher percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids than children fed standard‐or low‐fat milk and dairy products.
Lower Proportion of CD45R0+ Cells and Deficient Interleukin‐10 Production by Formula‐Fed Infants, Compared With Human‐Fed, Is Corrected With Supplementation of Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Field Catherine J. , Thomson Carrie A. , Van Aerde John E. , Parrott Arlene , Euler Art , Lien Eric , Clandinin M. Thomas 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe immune consequences of adding 20:4n‐6 and 22:6n‐3 fatty acids to preterm infant formula are not known.MethodsThe effect of feeding preterm infants (14–42 days of age) human milk (Human Milk group), infant formula (Formula group), or formula with added long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids 20:4n‐6 and 22:6n‐3 (Formula + LCP group) on isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (by flow cytometry) and lipid composition (by gas–liquid chromatography) was determined. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin to measure soluble interleukin (sIL)‐2R and IL‐10 production (by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay).ResultsWith age, the percentage of CD3+CD4+ T cells and the percentage of CD20+ cells increased in the Human Milk and Formula + LCP groups (P < 0.05), but not in the unsupplemented Formula group. Compared with the Formula group, CD4+ cells from the Formula + LCP and Human Milk groups expressed more CD45R0 (antigen mature) and less CD45RA (antigen naive) at 42 days of age (P < 0.05). At 42 days, IL‐10 production was lower (P < 0.05) in cells of the Formula group than in cells of the Human Milk group. Production of IL‐10 by the cells of the Formula + LCP group was not different from that produced by the Human Milk group cells. An age‐related decrease (P < 0.05) in sIL‐2R production by Formula + LCP lymphocytes was observed, but sIL‐2R production at 42 days in the Formula + LCP group did not differ significantly from that in the Human Milk group. Compared with Formula alone, adding LCP to formula resulted in a lower C18:2n‐6 and higher C20:4n‐6 content in lymphocyte phospholipids (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAdding LCP to a preterm infant formula resulted in lymphocyte populations, phospholipid composition, cytokine production, and antigen maturity that are more consistent with that in human milk–fed infants. This may affect the ability of the infant to respond to immune challenges.
Lactose‐[13C]Ureide Breath Test: A New, Noninvasive Technique to Determine Orocecal Transit Time in Children
Authors: Van Den Driessche Mieke , Van Malderen Nele , Geypens Benny , Ghoos Yvo , Veereman‐Wauters Gigi 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe lactose‐[13C]ureide breath test (LUBT) is a novel, noninvasive test to determine orocecal transit time. Lactose ureide resists the action of brush border enzymes and is metabolized by colonic bacteria. The purpose of the present study was to adapt this breath test for children of various age groups and to determine whether it can be applied in infants, newborns, and preterms to study the development of small intestinal motility.MethodsIn a group of 20 children (3–17 years) in vitro stool analysis and in vivo LUBT results were compared. From each subject a blank stool sample and a sample produced after induction with unlabeled lactose ureide were incubated with 10 mg lactose‐[13C]ureide in small, closed bottles. Ten‐milliliter CO2 samples were aspirated from the bottles using a needle and a syringe every 30 minutes for 24 hours. All children performed the breath test after induction of 500 mg unlabeled lactose ureide three times the prior day. A liquid test meal (chocolate milk) with 250 mg lactose‐[13C]ureide was ingested. Breath samples were collected every 15 minutes for 10 hours. In a second group of 32 children (age range, 0–3 years) consisting of 6 children between 1 and 3 years of age, 6 infants between 6 and 12 months, 13 infants between 0 and 6 months, and 7 preterm infants, only the in vitro stool analysis was performed. Stools were collected for stool incubation, as described.ResultsThe mean orocecal transit time in the group of 20 children aged 3 to 17 years was 255 minutes (range, 165–390 minutes). Stool incubations demonstrated a clear 13CO2 peak in all infants aged more than 8 months, indicating that their colonic bacterial enzymic activity hydrolyses lactose ureide. However, in all infants aged less than 6 months and in preterm infants, the 13CO2 signal was absent, indicating that those subjects were unable to hydrolyze lactose ureide.ConclusionInfants aged less than 6 months do not host the appropriate bacterial enzymic activity for splitting lactose ureide. The authors conclude that the LUBT can be applied in infants aged more than 8 months, after weaning to solid foods, to determine orocecal transit time.
Is Lactobacillus GG Helpful in Children With Crohn’s Disease? Results of a Preliminary, Open‐Label Study
Authors: Gupta Puneet , Andrew Haikaeli , Kirschner Barbara S. , Guandalini Stefano 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundLactobacillus GG is a safe probiotic bacterium known to transiently colonize the human intestine. It has been found to be useful in treatment of several gastrointestinal conditions characterized by increased gut permeability. In the current study, the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG was investigated in children with Crohn's disease.MethodsIn this open‐label pilot evaluation viewed as a necessary preliminary step for a possible subsequent randomized placebo‐controlled trial, four children with mildly to moderately active Crohn's disease were given Lactobacillus GG (1010 colony‐forming units [CFU]) in enterocoated tablets twice a day for 6 months. Changes in intestinal permeability were measured by a double sugar permeability test. Clinical activity was determined by measuring the pediatric Crohn's disease activity index.ResultsThere was a significant improvement in clinical activity 1 week after starting Lactobacillus GG, which was sustained throughout the study period. Median pediatric Crohn's disease activity index scores at 4 weeks were 73% lower than baseline. Intestinal permeability improved in an almost parallel fashion.ConclusionsFindings in this pilot study show that Lactobacillus GG may improve gut barrier function and clinical status in children with mildly to moderately active, stable Crohn's disease. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials are warranted for a final assessment of the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in Crohn's disease.
Ketamine Sedation for Pediatric Gastroenterology Procedures
Authors: Green Steven M. , Klooster Marquelle , Harris Troy , Lynch Elizabeth L. , Rothrock Steven G. 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundAlthough the dissociative sedative ketamine is used commonly for pediatric procedural sedation in other settings, the safety of this agent in pediatric gastroenterology is not well‐studied. A 5‐year experience with ketamine sedation for pediatric gastroenterology procedures was reviewed to document the safety profile of this agent and to identify predictors of laryngospasm during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD).MethodsThe study was a retrospective consecutive case series of children receiving ketamine administered by pediatric gastroenterologists skilled in basic airway management to facilitate pediatric gastrointestinal procedures during a 5‐year period. Patient's records were reviewed to determine indication, dosage, adverse effects, drugs, inadequate sedation, and recovery time for each sedation. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of laryngospasm during EGD. Outcome measures were descriptive features of sedation, including adverse effects and predictors of laryngospasm during EGD.ResultsDuring the study period pediatric gastroenterologists administered ketamine 636 times, primarily for EGD (86%) and primarily by the intravenous route (98%). The median loading dose and total dose were 1.00 mg/kg and 1.34 mg/kg, respectively. Inadequate sedation was noted in seven (1.1%) procedures. Adverse effects included transient laryngospasm (8.2%), emesis (4.1%), recovery agitation (2.4%), partial airway obstruction (1.3%), apnea and respiratory depression (0.5%), and excessive salivation (0.3%). There were no adverse outcomes attributable to ketamine. Nearly half (46%) the subjects had severe underlying illness (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] class ≥3). All instances of laryngospasm occurred during EGD (9.5% incidence), and the only independent predictor of laryngospasm in this sample was decreasing age. The incidence of laryngospasm was 13.9% in preschool‐aged (≤6 years) children and was 3.6% in school‐aged (>6 years) children (difference 10.3%, 95% confidence intervals 5.5–14.9%). No dose relationship was noted with laryngospasm, and the risk did not increase with underlying illness.ConclusionPediatric gastroenterologists skilled in ketamine administration and basic airway management can effectively administer this drug to facilitate gastrointestinal procedures. Transient laryngospasm occurred in 9.5% of children receiving ketamine for EGD, and its incidence was greater in preschool than in school‐aged children.
Could Local Anesthesia While Breast‐Feeding Be Harmful to Infants?
Authors: Giuliani Michele , Grossi Giovanni Battista , Pileri Mauro , Lajolo Carlo , Casparrini Giuseppe 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundFew studies have been carried out on the levels and possible toxicity of local anesthetics in breast milk after parenteral administration. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of lidocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) in breast milk after local anesthesia during dental procedures.MethodsThe study population consisted of seven nursing mothers (age, 23–39 years) who received 3.6 to 7.2 mL 2% lidocaine without adrenaline. Blood and milk concentrations of lidocaine and its metabolite MEGX were assayed using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The milk‐to‐plasma ratio and the possible daily doses in infants for both lidocaine and MEGX were calculated.ResultsThe lidocaine concentration in maternal plasma 2 hours after injection was 347.6 ± 221.8 μg/L, the lidocaine concentration in maternal milk ranged from 120.5 ± 54.1 μg/L (3 hours after injection) to 58.3 ± 22.8 μg/L (6 hours after injection), the MEGX concentration in maternal plasma 2 hours after injection was 58.9 ± 30.3 μg/L, and the MEGX concentration in maternal milk ranged from 97.5 ± 39.6 μg/L (3 hours after injection) to 52.7 ± 23.8 μg/L (6 hours after injection). According to these data and considering an intake of 90 mL breast milk every 3 hours, the daily infant dosages of lidocaine and MEGX were 73.41± 38.94 μg/L/day and 66.1 ± 28.5 μg/L/day respectively.ConclusionsThis study suggests that even if a nursing mother undergoes dental treatment with local anesthesia using lidocaine without adrenaline, she can safely continue breast‐feeding.