bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COMPARATIVE MERITS OF VARIOUS COMPLEMENTS AND AMBOCEPTORS IN THE SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF SYPHILIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Bronfenbrenner J. 
Published: June 2004

1. The maximum activity of an antihuman hemolytic amboceptor may be obtained by employing the homologous or heterologous complement, according to the variable relations existing between the species furnishing the amboceptor and the one supplying the complement. Thus, some amboceptors are best reactivated by the complement of the same species, while others may act most strongly when reactivated with the complements of certain suitable heterologous species.
2. From the above it is clear that the complementary activity of a given serum may be very variable according to the varieties of amboceptors employed. In expressing the complementary activity of a serum, the species of the host of the amboceptor must always be stated. Thus, one serum may have many different complementary titers according to the amboceptors used. A similar variation in the titers of the amboceptors occurs when a variety of complements are employed.
3. Certain species of animals (pig and sheep) yield sera which are comparatively poor in reactivating most varieties of antihuman amboceptors. The complements of these species deteriorate rapidly.
4. The serum of chicken contained but little complement for the amboceptors derived from the mammalia, while the amboceptor from the chicken was only poorly, or not at all, reactivable by the complements contained in the mammalian sera. The serum of pig was the only variety which reactivated this amboceptor in a fair degree.
5. For the fixation tests guinea pig complement is the most favorable. This complement is also the most active and durable of those which have been studied. The complements of pig and sheep are quite fixable, but their weakness and rapid deterioration render them unsuitable for fixation purposes. Rabbit complement is quite active but is not easily fixable. Goat complement is, as already stated, difficult to fix, in spite of its strong complementary activity. The other complements are unsuitable because of their feeble complementary activity.
6. For fixation tests the antihuman amboceptors produced in the rabbit and guinea pig are suitable. They are, moreover, very active and do not cause the phenomenon of non-fixation. The amboceptors from other animals are unsuitable, as we cannot find a complement which strongly reactivates them. The amboceptor from the goat is unsuitable because of the danger of masking the fixation phenomenon by subsequent hemolysis.
7. In summing up, we arrive at the conclusion that the rabbit is the best animal for producing antihuman amboceptor, and the guinea pig for supplying complement. The guinea pig produces a good amboceptor, but its small size renders it second in choice.
So far, no other animals have been found useful for the fixation experiments.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON IMPLANTED EMBRYONIC TISSUE
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

1. Grafts of embryonic tissue obtained at operation and implanted in the mother, will grow well in case she no longer carries young. The growth is no more rapid than that in favorable nonpregnant aliens, but persists for a longer period without retrogression and results in a greater variety of tissues. The superiority of auto-transplantation over iso-transplantation is responsible for this fact. No evidence of a specific "growth-substance" peculiar to the pregnant state is furnished by the experiment.
2. When a mouse is implanted with embryonic tissue from her own uterus, and she still carries developing young, the fate of the grafts is very different from that just described. They are vascularized from the host but fail to grow or differentiate. Yet they do not die, and after pregnancy is concluded they may start to grow. The finding is strikingly like that noted by others of implanted tumor in pregnant hosts. It seems probable that some general factor affecting the growth of implanted tissues is here concerned.
THE INFLUENCE OF MOUSE-RAT PARABIOSIS ON THE GROWTH IN RATS OF A TRANSPLANTABLE MOUSE SARCOMA
Authors: Lambert R. A. 
Published: June 2004

The results in these experiments seem to justify us in concluding that the growth of mouse tumors in rats is very definitely promoted by mouse-rat parabiosis, the percentage of " takes" being markedly increased, the rate of growth accelerated, and the duration of active growth extended to at least seventeen days.
These findings are in accord with Ehrlich's hypothesis, although, on account of the complexity of the factors involved in such experiments, other explanations may be advanced.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SUCCUS ENTERICUS
Authors: Mosenthal Herman O. 
Published: June 2004

Nitrogen equivalent to about 35 per cent of the nitrogen intake, though not necessarily derived directly from it, is daily secreted in the succus entericus in dogs on a mixed diet; about 10 per cent is excreted in the feces. and about 25 per cent is reabsorbed. The amount of reabsorbed nitrogen-containing material is considerably larger if the bile and pancreatic secretion are included.
The metabolic significance of this reabsorption can only be surmised. That it is probably of great importance is indicated by the fact that in the experiments here recorded the amount of nitrogen reabsorbed equaled approximately 25 per cent of the nitrogen intake.
STUDIES IN ISOAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Ottenberg Reuben 
Published: June 2004

1. Intravascular agglutination can occur, and is the probable cause of occasional untoward symptoms, or even death, following transfusion of agglutinative blood. In the majority of cases, however, it does not occur, or if it does, it causes no symptoms. This is dependent on the influence of three factors: (1) concentration of the agglutinin; (2) absorption of the agglutinin by an excess of agglutinable cells; (3) interference with agglutination by an excess of non-agglutinable cells, so that when clumps occur they are microscopic in size.
2. If, for a given transfusion, a non-agglutinative donor, i. e., a donor whose blood is of the same agglutinative class as the patient's, can not be obtained, then it is safer to use a person whose serum is agglutinative toward the patient's cells than one whose cells are agglutinated by the patient's serum.
3. Tests for agglutination, as well as for hemolysis, ought to be made before transfusion. When time does not permit this, one has to weigh the possible dangers of agglutination or hemolysis against the dangers of letting the patient go without transfusion.
4. Agglutinable cells when transfused are taken up by the phagocytes in the patient's blood; and, for this reason) the transfusion of agglutinable blood, even when no accident happens, can be expected to do little permanent good.
VACCINE TREATMENT IN THE PREVENTION OF DYSENTERY IN INFANTS
Authors: Lucas W. P. , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

This investigation is very limited and the number of patients treated is few, yet the following conclusions may not be amiss:—
1. The vaccine in no instance did harm, and the reactions in the majority were very mild and of short duration.
2. Cases in which bacteriologically B. dysenteriæ were proved to be present, but in a clinically unrecognizable form, were not affected differently from those which were culturally negative. This may in part be due to the fact that this mode of vaccination produces an immediate passive immunity, while the bacterial vaccine is producing an active immunity.
3. The work is of interest and holds out a possible means of preventing the great mortality from infantile dysentery during the summer months.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH OF SARCOMA AND CARCINOMA CULTIVATED IN VITRO
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Hanes Frederic M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The transplantable sarcomata of rats and mice grow very readily by the method of cultivating tissues in vitro.
2. Sarcomatous tissue grows in conformity to a type which may be regarded as characteristic for tissues of mesenchymal origin.
3. The growth of sarcoma cells in vitro consists in ameboid wandering into the surrounding plasma, karyokinetic proliferation. and evidences of active metabolism on the part of the cells.
4. Mouse carcinomata can be cultivated in vitro. The outgrowth of carcinoma cells assumes a sheet-like form, only one cell in thickness. They migrate into the plasma by ameboid movement, the advancing edge showing numerous prolongations of the cytoplasm into pseudopods.
5. Karyokinetic figures are frequently seen in growing carcinoma cells. The cells show evidences of active metabolism.
6. Both sarcoma and carcinoma cells cultivated in vitro show active phagocytosis; carmin particles placed in the plasma are taken up rapidly by the growing cells.
CALCIUM AND IRON INCRUSTATION AND OTHER LESIONS OF THE ELASTIC TISSUE OF THE SPLEEN AND LIVER
Authors: Sprunt Thomas P. 
Published: June 2004

In conclusion, it may be said that the lesion described consists of a selective impregnation of the elastic tissue in the splenic trabeculæ and vessels with the phosphates—and perhaps other salts—of calcium and iron. There is a further chemical change in the elastic fibers which may be expressed by the term "elacin."
Degenerated and, especially, calcified elastic tissue—even more than calcification in general—seems to possess an affinity for iron salts. The iron incrustations occur principally in congested or hemorrhagic tissues.
The etiological agent in this case is obscure. The only other example of this lesion in the spleen was in a case of Banti's disease. Many features of this case suggest a primary splenomegaly, but the evidence in its favor is not conclusive.
Calcified elastic fibers, without the iron and elacin reactions, were also present in the liver, which was the seat of a recent, apparently biliary or infectious, cirrhosis. The elastic tissue of other organs showed nothing remarkable except in the skin, where the fibers were undergoing the usual senile changes.
THE CULTIVATION OF TISSUE IN PLASMA FROM ALIEN SPECIES
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Hanes Frederic M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rat sarcoma may be cultivated in mouse plasma and guinea pig plasma, and the growth differs only in extent from that observed in rat plasma. The cells may show active wandering in guinea pig plasma after thirty days, if transferred at proper intervals to fresh medium.
2. Rabbit plasma is less suitable than that of guinea pigs and mice for the growth of rat sarcoma; growth is slow, but it may continue for twelve days.
3. The duration of growth of rat sarcoma in dog plasma is from two to three days.
4. The duration of the growth of rat sarcoma in pigeon plasma is four to five days. Transferring the tissue to fresh pigeon plasma does not lengthen the period of activity.
5. No growth whatever is observed of mouse and rat tissues in goat plasma. Studies of the fate of the cells indicate the presence in goat serum of a substance toxic for these tissues.
6. In preparations of rat sarcoma in human plasma, liquefaction of fibrin is regularly observed. The phenomena of growth consist in an outwandering of cells along the cover glass, and, after four to six days, the formation of giant cells. Such giant cells are produced in larger number in the cultivation of rat spleen.
7. The degree of suitability of the different kinds of alien plasma used as culture media for mouse and rat tissues does not go hand in hand with the closeness of relationship of the species.
8. Rat spleen may be cultivated as readily in foreign plasma as the virulent transplantable tumors.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON CERTAIN FEATURES OF EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS AND YAWS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Nichols Henry J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Lesions of the testicle and scrotum of the rabbit produced by the treponema of syphilis and of yaws afford material for the study of chemotherapy, of serum reactions, and of immunity.
2. On experimental and clinical grounds, it appears that yaws can be cured with a smaller dose of salvarsan than is necessary to cure syphilis.
3. The spirochætæ of syphilis do not become resistant after repeated treatments with salvarsan.
4. Sodium cacodylate has little effect on the treponema of either disease.
5. Mercury, in a single intravenous dose, has a spirillicidal effect, but the necessary dose usually causes the death of the animal later from nephritis.
6. Potassium iodid, in a single intravenous dose, has no spirillicidal effect.
7. The complement fixation reaction is closely correlated with the course of an infection, as is shown by its onset and its disappearance after castration or treatment.
8. Reinfection during the course of a testicular lesion does not occur, but it occurs after regression, treatment, or extirpation.
9. Specific differences between Treponema pallidum and Trepanema pertenue can be demonstrated in infected animals treated with salvarsan and reinoculated.
ON THE COMPOSITION OF URINARY ALBUMIN
Authors: Medigreceanu Florentin 
Published: June 2004

A few findings which seem to be of importance may be pointed out:—
Table I shows the analytical figures of serum-albumin, serum-globulin, and fibrin of the normal dog. The main difference between albumin and globulin appears in the relation of the precipitable to the non-precipitable total nitrogen and amino-nitrogen. Precipitable total nitrogen as well as amino-nitrogen is considerably larger in the albumin than in the globulin.
In the cases of uranium nitrate nephritis (table II), the important figures approximate very closely those of normal serum-albumin.
The samples from dog 3, that had been poisoned at the same time with phosphorous oil and uranium nitrate, show relatively large variations as compared with the figures from specimens from the other dogs, chiefly as regards the amino-nitrogen distribution: i. e., in dog 3, (1) the amount of amino-nitrogen to the total nitrogen in the solution before precipitation is higher; (2) the percentage of precipitable amino-nitrogen is larger; and (3) the ratio of precipitable amino-nitrogen to precipitable total nitrogen exceeds that of the other cases.
All these changes, together with the fact that the total precipitable nitrogen did not undergo any quantitative variation, suggest that in the case of dog 3 the analyzed material contained a higher amount of lysin or cystin.
It may further be mentioned that the analytical figures in this case differ also from those of the normal serum-albumin and still more from those of the serum-globulin. These changes, however, were not found in the case of dog 4, although this animal was treated in the same manner as the preceding dog.
In the cases of nephritis in man (table III), striking differences were met with in the case of acute scarlet fever nephritis (No. 1a) and in the case (No. 2) of a patient with chronic nephritis and Pott's disease. This patient died a few weeks after the specimen for analysis was collected. The autopsy showed a general amyloidosis.
The variations in both cases consist in a lowering of the ratio of amino-nitrogen to total nitrogen in the solution before precipitation, and corresponding to this, a fall of the same ratio in the filterable nitrogen. Such a change points to a relatively larger amount of prolin and oxyprolin or tryptophan in these cases.
As a whole, one may conclude that Van Slyke's method, carefully applied and sufficiently controlled, may also be used for the study of urinary albumin. The results already obtained indicate that definite differences in the composition of urinary "albumin" may be detected. As yet it is premature to establish a definite relationship between the chemical composition of the "albumin" and the clinical or pathological conditions under which it appears, but it seems hopeful that further work may lead to the finding of such a relationship.
SO-CALLED BIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR ADRENALIN IN BLOOD, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON ARTERIAL HYPERTONUS
Authors: Stewart G. N. 
Published: June 2004

1. The combination of a biological test object on which adrenalin causes contraction of smooth muscle (perfused blood-vessels or the uterus in certain conditions) with a biological test object on which it produces inhibition of contraction of smooth muscle (intestine) greatly diminishes the chance of error in testing blood (or other body liquids) for adrenalin. A control experiment with adrenalin solutions should, in general, accompany each observation on the blood.
2. When properly chosen biological tests are employed, no evidence is obtained of the presence of adrenalin in detectable amount in normal blood taken from the general circulation.
3. In a case of nephritis with albuminuria and persistently high arterial pressure, the pressure was diminished by forced breathing. The washing out of carbon dioxide seemed to be a factor in this diminution as well as the mechanical interference with the circulation. In this case, the administration of large doses of sodium bicarbonate was associated with a marked diminution in the blood pressure.
4. In another case with persistently high blood pressure, the drawing off of cerebrospinal fluid caused a distinct diminution in the arterial pressure, presumably by lowering the intracranial pressure. No pressor substance was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
THE CULTIVATION OF TISSUES IN VITRO AS A METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF CYTOTOXINS
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Hanes Frederic M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Theoretically, the method of cultivating tissues outside the body offers an ideal technique for the demonstration and study of cytotoxins.
2. Mouse sarcoma, which grows vigorously in the plasma of normal rats, shows little or no activity in the plasma of rats immunized by mouse sarcoma injections.
3. Rat sarcoma, readily cultivated in the plasma of normal guinea pigs, either remains quite inactive, or presents a feeble growth in the plasma of guinea pigs previously treated with rat tissues.
4. The inhibition of growth in cultures of rat and mouse sarcomata in plasma from animals of a foreign species immunized against these tissues, is due, in all probability, to the action of cytotoxins.
A CHEMO-BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RELATIONS OF PEPSIN TO SO-CALLED ANTI-PEPSIN
Authors: Hamburger Walter W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Fresh and inactivated animal serum under proper conditions will bind pepsin quantitatively in weak acid solution and will prevent it from digesting proteid even after the addition of free hydrochloric acid in excess.
2. This binding and inactivation of pepsin cannot be considered as due to a specific anti-pepsin.
3. The phenomenon has been named pepsin deviation in analogy with the deviation described for other ferments, notably trypsin.
4. The ability of animal serum to deviate pepsin has been responsible for most, if not all, of the published accounts of anti-pepsin.
5. By the use of a technique elaborated to control pepsin deviation, it has been found impossible to demonstrate normal anti-pepsin in the blood serum of the dog, cat, guinea pig, beef, horse, rabbit, and of man.
A NOTE ON THE ABSENCE OF ADRENALIN IN MALIGNANT RENAL HYPERNEPHROMAS
Authors: Brooks Clyde 
Published: June 2004

The results of these experiments show, in short, that, by the method employed, adrenalin could neither be demonstrated in the specimen of blood, nor in either of the two specimens of malignant hypernephroma, nor in the specimen of metastatic tissue from the adrenal tumor which closely resembled a malignant hypernephroma.
The results agree with those of Greer and Wells in showing that no adrenalin is found in malignant renal hypernephromas; and the further observation is made that no adrenalin content of the blood of a patient with malignant renal hypernephroma could be shown by the rabbit uterus strip test.
Those rare tumors which arise from medullary adrenal tissue might be expected to contain adrenalin; but as pointed out by Greer and Wells, since the ordinary malignant renal hypernephroma arises from adrenal rests which consist of cortical tissue, and since the cortex of adrenal contains no adrenalin, no adrenalin should be expected in the tumors arising from such cortical tissue.
STUDIES ON THE VENOUS PULSE
Authors: Eyster J. A. E. 
Published: June 2004

This investigation comprises a study of venous pulse, carotid, cardiographic, and heart sound records from twenty-one men with normal hearts. The heart sounds were recorded by the method of Einthoven. When correction is made for transmission, the first heart sound begins, on an average, 0.131 of a second before the c-wave of the venous pulse, and has an average duration of 0.128 of a second. The second heart sound begins a few hundredths of a second before the v-wave and has a duration of 0.091 of a second. The third heart sound occurs shortly before or is coincident with the beginning of the h-wave. It has an average duration of about 0.03 of a second. Considerable variation from the average positions are noted in individual cases. This is especially true in the relation between the second heart sound and the v-wave.
Measurements of the venous pulse and heart sound intervals show that the a-c, c-v, and v-h venous pulse intervals, the first to second and the second to third heart sound intervals, and systole tend to remain fairly constant in length when cardiac cycles of different length are considered. The v-a, h-a, and x-a venous pulse intervals, the third to first heart sound interval, and diastole tend to vary in length with variations in total length of the cycle.
Records of the venous pulse and heart sound obtained from dogs show a similar relation to that found in man. The main difference observed was an earlier occurrence of the first heart sound before the c-wave of the venous pulse.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFANTILISM
Authors: McCrudden Francis H. 
Published: June 2004

In my three cases of intestinal infantilism, the kreatinin excretion was more irregular than normally, and the kreatinin coefficient was low. Kreatin was found in the urine on a kreatin-free diet. The sum of kreatinin and kreatin was also irregular.
The endogenous uric acid was irregular from day to day.
The kreatin excretion is apparently lower on a high fat diet than on a high carbohydrate diet.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFANTILISM
Authors: McCrudden F. H. , Fales H. L. 
Published: June 2004

In three cases of intestinal infantilism, the excretion of nitrogen in the urine per square meter of body surface was low.
The heat radiation was normal.
In spite of the fact that the absolute quantity of nitrogen was low, the distribution of nitrogen and sulphur among the various nitrogen and sulphur constituents of the urine was in the normal ratio.
The ammonia excretion was normal.
The ethereal sulphates were slightly increased.
The respiratory coefficient showed that the supply of glycogen had not been used up after eighteen hours' starvation.