bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation and social learning: individual variation and brain evolution
Authors: Reader Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper reviews behavioural, neurological and cognitive correlates of innovation at the individual, population and species level, focusing on birds and primates. Innovation, new or modified learned behaviour not previously found in the population, is the first stage in many instances of cultural transmission and may play an important role in the lives of animals with generalist or opportunistic lifestyles. Within-species, innovation is associated with low neophobia, high neophilia, and with high social learning propensities. Indices of innovatory propensities can be calculated for taxonomic groups by counting the frequency of reports of innovation in published literature. These innovation rate data provide a useful comparative measure for studies of behavioural flexibility and cognition. Innovation rate is positively correlated with the relative size of association areas in the brain, namely the hyperstriatum ventrale and neostriatum in birds, and the neocortex and striatum in primates. Innovation rate is also positively correlated with the reported variety of tool use, as well as interspecific differences in learning. Current evidence thus suggests similar patterns of cognitive evolution in primates and birds.
Association Between Telomerase Activity and Outcome in Patients With Nonmetastatic Ewing Family of Tumors
Authors: Ohali A. , Avigad S. , Cohen I.J. , Meller I. , Kollender Y. , Issakov J. , Gelernter I. , Goshen Y. , Yaniv I. , Zaizov R. 
Published: October 2003

Purpose: Telomerase is considered a molecular marker for malignancy. The aim of this study was to determine telomerase activity (TA) as a prognostic factor at diagnosis and as a marker for minimal residual disease during therapy and follow-up in nonmetastatic Ewing family of tumors (EFT). Patients and Methods: Primary tumor specimens and 97 peripheral blood (PBL) samples from 31 EFT patients were analyzed for TA by the Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP assay). The telomerase catalytic subunit (human telomerase reverse transcriptase [hTERT]) gene expression was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and telomere length was determined by Southern blotting. The presence of the EFT chimeric transcripts was analyzed by RT-PCR. Correlations with progression-free survival were evaluated. Results: At diagnosis, TA in primary tumors did not correlate with outcome. During therapy and follow-up, highly significant correlation was observed between high TA in PBL samples and adverse prognosis (P < .0001). None of the patients harboring low TA progressed, with a long follow-up (median, 60 months) and a progression-free survival (PFS) of 100%. In nine patients, high TA actually could predict relapse, long before overt clinical relapse. The group of patients with high TA and positive RT-PCR had the most adverse outcome; PFS of 20% (P = .0025). TA was found to be a better prognostic factor than RT-PCR and histopathologic response at surgery. Conclusion: The results suggest that TA is a significant prognostic variable, superior to the established clinical prognostic parameters during therapy and tumor surveillance. It could be used in combination with RT-PCR for a new risk classification.
Prognostic Significance of p53 Mutation and p53 Overexpression in Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Havrilesky Laura , Darcy Kathleen M. , Hamdan Hasnah , Priore Roger L. , Leon Jorge , Bell Jeffrey , Berchuck Andrew 
Published: October 2003

Purpose: The prognostic significance of p53 mutations and overexpression in advanced epithelial ovarian cancers was examined in primary tumors from 125 patients participating in a Gynecologic Oncology Group randomized phase III treatment protocol. Patients and Methods: Mutational analysis of p53 was performed in RNA or genomic DNA extracted from frozen tumor. An immunohistochemistry assay was used to detect p53 overexpression in fixed tumor. Results: There were 81 patients (74%) with a single mutation, three patients (3%) with two mutations, and 25 patients (23%) lacking a mutation in exons 2 to 11 of p53. Although most mutations occurred within exons 5 to 8, mutations outside this region were observed in 11% of patients. A mutation in exons 2 to 11 of p53 was associated with a short-term improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival. Adjusted Cox modeling demonstrated a 70% reduction in risk of death (P = .014) and a 60% reduction in risk of disease progression (P = .014) for women with such mutations. However, these striking risk reductions increased over time (P < .02) and eventually disappeared with longer follow-up. Overexpression of p53 was observed in 55 patients (100%) with only missense mutation(s), seven patients (32%) with truncation mutations, and eight patients (40%) lacking a mutation in exons 2 to 11. Overexpression of p53 was associated with tumor grade but not with patient outcome. Conclusion: Alterations in p53 are a common event in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. A mutation in p53, but not overexpression of p53, is associated with a short-term survival benefit. Additional studies are required to define the roles that p53 plays in regulating therapeutic responsiveness and patient outcome.
Photobehavior of stony corals: responses to light spectra and intensity
Authors: Levy O. , Dubinsky Z. , Achituv Y. 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARY
Tentacle expansion and contraction were investigated in four zooxanthellate coral species and one azooxanthellate coral (Cladopsammia gracilis). Favia favus, Plerogyra sinuosa and Cladopsammia gracilisexpand their tentacles at night, while tentacles in Goniopora lobataand Stylophora pistillata are expanded continuously. Light at wavelengths in the range 400-520 nm was most effective in eliciting full tentacle contraction in F. favus and in P. sinuosa. Higher light intensities in the range 660-700 nm also caused tentacle contractions in F. favus. Tentacles in C. gracilis did not respond to light. Zooxanthellar densities in tentacles were significantly higher in G. lobata, which has continuously expanded tentacles, than in F. favus and P. sinousa, where tentacles are expanded at night. Photosynthetic efficiency in F. favus and P. sinuosa was lower in specimens with contracted tentacles. However, in the dark, no differences were found in the maximum quantum yield of photochemistry in PSII(Fv/Fm) of the expanded versus the contracted tentacles of any of the four species. This work suggests that species whose tentacles remain continuously expanded have either dense algal populations in their tentacles,as in G. lobata, or minute tentacles, like S. pistillata. Dense algal populations in tentacles allow harvesting of light while small tentacles do not scatter light or shade zooxanthellae in the underlying body of the polyp.
Gait parameters in vertical climbing of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii)
Authors: Isler Karin , Thorpe Susannah K. S. 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARYVertical climbing is central to the locomotor and foraging strategies of the great apes and, indeed, to theories about the evolution of locomotor specialisations of hominoid primates. Nevertheless, its kinematics have yet to be fully evaluated. Here, we present spatio-temporal parameters of 80 climbing sequences containing 560 limb cycles obtained from video recordings of captive, rehabilitant and wild Sumatran orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). Gait parameters such as cycle duration, duty factor, laterality of footfalls, relative stride length and normalised speed were analysed to identify the influence of body size (through an intraspecific comparison of age/sex classes), the influence of the environment (through an intraspecific comparison of animals living in different habitats) and the influence of morphology (through an interspecific comparison with the climbing characteristics of other primates) on climbing ability in orang-utans. Results show that there are only few differences between the climbing of wild,rehabilitant and captive individuals. Cycle duration is longer and speed is lower for the wild individuals than for other groups due to the complexity of their environment and lack of familiarity with each substrate, which results in a more cautious gait. Sex/age-related differences in climbing were found to be small, although juveniles generally exhibited a shorter cycle duration and lower duty factor than other groups. The spatio-temporal gait parameters of adult females carrying infants were not found to differ significantly from those for females without an infant, which suggests that climbing kinematics are not affected by the presence of a clinging infant. Extended-elbow vertical climbing is primarily characterised by a higher duty factor than flexed-elbow climbing, indicating that the former is an energetically more demanding form of locomotion. In comparison with other primates, orangutans exhibit a longer cycle duration, longer strides but lower climbing speed, reflecting a compromise between the demands of a large body mass and extreme joint mobility.
Learning from failures: Design improvements using a multiple criteria decision-making process
Authors: Davidson G G , Labib A W 
Published: October 2003

This paper proposes a new concept of decision analysis based on a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) process. This is achieved through the provision of a systematic and generic methodology for the implementation of design improvements based on experience of past failures. This is illustrated in the form of a case study identifying the changes made to Concorde after the 2000 accident. The proposed model uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) mathematical model as a backbone and integrates elements of a modified failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). The AHP has proven to be an invaluable tool for decision support since it allows a fully documented and transparent decision to be made with full accountability. In addition, it facilitates the task of justifying improvement decisions. The paper is divided as follows: the first section presents an outline of the background to the Concorde accident and its history of related (non-catastrophic) malfunctions. The AHP methodology and its mathematical representation are then presented with the integrated FMEA applied to the Concorde accident. The case study arrives at the same conclusion as engineers working on Concorde after the accident: that the aircraft may fly again if the lining of the fuel tanks are modified.
Policy on the hoof: the handling of the foot and mouth disease outbreak in the UK 2001
Authors: Taylor Ian 
Published: October 2003

English
The foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic of 2001 was a disaster for sections of the agricultural industry, a number of businesses and for the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF), which met its demise as a government department during the crisis, being replaced by the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). There were some 2,030 confirmed cases and over four million animals slaughtered. It caused the postponement of local elections and of a general election. From a public policy perspective it raised questions about contingency planning, the adjustment of policy to take account of change and how to manage a crisis. This article focuses on the background to the crisis and how it was handled.
Transforming the probation service: ‘what works’, organisational change and professional identity
Authors: Newman Janet , Nutley Sandra 
Published: October 2003

English
This article considers the rise of the ‘what works’ policy agenda in the probation service. It presents case study data on a decade of change in one probation service area. The findings are that ‘what works’ has produced a change in the knowledge pool upon which professional practice is based. It has also had a significant impact on the social relationships of probation work. Such shifts in professional knowledge and social relationships have shaken pre-existing professional and organisational identities. However, ‘what works’ appears to have shifted rather than eroded professional boundaries, creating new divisions on which the profession might reconstruct itself.
Tacrolimus and Lopinavir/Ritonavir Interaction in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Schonder Kristine S , Shullo Michael A , Okusanya Olanrewaju 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report an interaction between tacrolimus and the protease inhibitor combination lopinavir/ritonavir in a liver transplant patient. CASE SUMMARY: A 48-year-old white male liver transplant recipient receiving tacrolimus 5 mg twice daily for immunosuppression started highly active antiretroviral therapy for his HIV-positive status. Three days after initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir, the tacrolimus concentration rose sharply to toxic levels. Subsequent tacrolimus doses were withheld until tacrolimus concentrations normalized over 15 days. The tacrolimus dose was reestablished at a much lower dose, 0.5 mg once weekly. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse event was highly probable. DISCUSSION: Tacrolimus is metabolized in the liver via CYP3A4. Protease inhibitors are known to inhibit CYP3A4 and have been documented to increase tacrolimus concentrations, putting the patient at risk of developing nephrotoxic and/or neurotoxic symptoms. In this case, concomitant use of lopinavir/ritonavir caused tacrolimus concentrations to rise more dramatically than had been previously reported in the literature for other protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Extreme caution must be used when administering tacrolimus concomitantly with lopinavir/ritonavir. Therapeutic concentrations of tacrolimus can be maintained with tacrolimus doses that are far below standard dosages.
Possible Valacyclovir-Related Neurotoxicity and Aseptic Meningitis
Authors: Olin Jacqueline L , Gugliotta Joseph L 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of neurotoxicity and aseptic meningitis in a patient receiving valacyclovir. CASE SUMMARY: An 86-year-old white man had started valacyclovir 1 g 3 times a day for a herpetic rash along the left side of his face. He subsequently presented with balance difficulties, constant frontal headaches, and a seizure 1 day prior to admission. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed 162 white cells/mm 3 , 1 red blood cell/mm 3 , glucose 56 mg/dL, and protein 144 mg/dL, with a negative Gram stain. Further laboratory examination failed to demonstrate other causes for the patient's clinical picture. After discontinuation of valacyclovir and supportive care, the patient symptomatically improved. DISCUSSION: As of the third week of September 2003, only 1 other case of valacyclovir-related aseptic meningitis was published describing a patient with characteristics similar to those of our patient. Our patient's neurologic symptoms may have been due to acyclovir toxicity, but acyclovir-toxic patients present with normal CSF findings. Several drug classes, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and intravenous immunoglobulins, can induce aseptic meningitis. Other reasons for the patient's symptoms or causes of meningitis were excluded, although viral meningitis remains a possibility. Valacyclovir-induced aseptic meningitis was considered to be possible according to the Naranjo probability scale. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare providers should be aware of valacyclovir as a possible cause of drug-induced aseptic meningitis.
Induced Calcite Precipitation by Cyanobacterium Synechococcus
Authors: Dittrich Maria , Müller Beat , Mavrocordatos Denis , Wehrli Bernhard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the role of the solution composition on calcite precipitation induced by cyanobacteria. The precipitation of calcium carbonate was induced by addition of cyanobacterium cells Synechococcus strain PCC 7942 in two artificial solutions with a different composition at similar saturation states in respect to calcite. Ion‐selective electrodes for pH, Ca2+, and CO monitored the experiments, and the morphology of precipitated crystals was analysed by scanning electron microscopy.The calcite precipitation was observed in all experiments after the addition of the cells. The composition of solution (the ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon to dissolved calcium) strongly influenced the calcite precipitation. Based on laboratory experiment results, a possible mechanism for precipitation induced by Synechococcus is proposed linking precipitation with the conditions near to cell walls rather than with the saturation conditions in the bulk solution.
Reactive hemophagocytic syndrome in adult systemic disease: Report of twenty‐six cases and literature review
Authors: Dhote Robin , Simon Jeanne , Papo Thomas , Detournay Bruno , Sailler Laurent , Andre Marie‐Helene , Dupond Jean‐Louis , Larroche Claire , Piette Anne‐Marie , Mechenstock Didier , Ziza Jean‐Marc , Arlaud Jean , Labussiere Anne‐Sophie , Desvaux Agnes , Baty Vincent , Blanche Philippe , Schaeffer Annette , Piette Jean‐Charles , Guillevin Loïc , Boissonnas Alain , Christoforov Boyan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze specific clinical findings, underlying disorders, treatments, outcomes, and prognostic factors for reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (RHS) in systemic disease.MethodsData were collected using standardized forms as part of a French national survey. Adult cases without an underlying malignancy, diagnosed on bone marrow or lymph node biopsy, were included.ResultsTwenty‐six cases (7 men, 19 women, mean age 47.4 ± 17.7 years) were studied. Systemic diseases included systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 14), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 2), adult onset systemic Still's disease (n = 4), polyarteritis nodosa (n = 2), mixed connective tissue disease (n = 1), pulmonary sarcoidosis (n = 1), systemic sclerosis (n = 1), and Sjögren's syndrome (n = 1). RHS occurred in 2 distinct clinical settings in the course of systemic disease. RHS was associated with an active infection in 15 patients (bacterial infections, 10 cases; viral, 3 cases; tuberculosis, 1 case; and aspergillosis, 1 case) and with the onset of a systemic disease alone in 9 cases. Isolated RHS occurred in 2 cases. The overall mortality rate was 38.5%. Two factors were associated with mortality: corticosteroid treatment at the time of RHS diagnosis, and thrombocytopenia (odds ratio = 28, 95% confidence interval = 13.3−238.9).ConclusionsWhen RHS occurs in the course of an active systemic disease (situation only reported in cases of systemic lupus or adult Still's disease), immunosuppressive therapy should be used. In contrast, when RHS is present concomitantly with an active infection, immunosuppressive therapy needs to be lowered and antibiotic therapy should be instituted.
Concordance of four methods of disability assessment using performance in the home as the criterion method
Authors: Rogers Joan C. , Holm Margo B. , Beach Scott , Schulz Richard , Cipriani Joseph , Fox Andrea , Starz Terence W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the concordance of 4 methods of disability assessment with the criterion method. Performance testing in the home was selected as the criterion.MethodsThe task performance of 57 community‐dwelling older women (≥70 years) with knee osteoarthritis was examined through self report, proxy report, clinical judgment based on impairment measures, performance testing in an occupational therapy clinic, and performance testing in participants' homes. The 26 tasks represented 4 domains of daily living activities: 5 functional mobility, 3 personal care, 14 cognitively oriented instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and 4 physically oriented IADL.ResultsIn general, self reports and proxy reports had the highest concordance with in‐home performance test results. Nonetheless, even for these methods, depending on task domain, the rate of discordance ranged from 31% to 54%, being least in personal care and greatest in the physically oriented IADL.ConclusionDisability estimates based on self reports, proxy reports, clinical judgments, and hospital performance‐based assessments are not interchangeable with in‐home task performance.
IFE research at GIFI, Polytechnic University of Madrid
Authors: Honrubia J.J. , Ibanẽz L.F. , Ramirez J. , Ramis R. , Sanz J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe research activities of the GIFI group in last years are summarised. Contributions to theory of ablative Rayleigh‐Taylor instability (RTI), inertial fusion energy (IFE) target design and fast ignition physics are presented. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Maternal experience influences the establishment of visual/auditory, but not olfactory recognition of the newborn lamb by ewes at parturition
Authors: Keller Matthieu , Meurisse Maryse , Poindron Pascal , Nowak Raymond , Ferreira Guillaume , Shayit Michal , Lévy Frédéric 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMaternal behavior in sheep is characterized by the rapid establishment of individual recognition of the lamb through the use of different sensory modalities. Olfactory recognition mediates acceptance at suckling whereas visual/auditory cues are involved in recognition from a distance. This study investigates (a) the timing of both types of recognition and (b) whether they can be influenced by maternal experience. Olfactory recognition was assessed at lambing, 30 min, 1, 2, or 4 hr postpartum by presenting successively an alien and the familiar lamb. Recognition at a distance was assessed at 6, 8, and 12 hr postpartum by using a two‐choice test between the familiar and an alien lamb. A majority (33/51) of ewes showed selectivity at suckling as early as 30 min after parturition, and no differences due to maternal experience were observed. By contrast, in the two‐choice recognition test, multiparous ewes showed a preference for their familiar lamb at 6 hr whereas primiparous mothers did so only after 24 hr of mother–young contact: The performance of biparous mothers was intermediate. Thus, both types of recognition can be rapidly established after parturition, and maternal experience has a differential effect on the dynamics of these learning processes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 167–176, 2003.
Sudden short circuiting of synchronous machines by EMTP
Authors: Haginomori Eiichi , Ohtsuka Shinya 
Published: October 2003

AbstractApplying ATP‐EMTP for the purpose of better understanding of rotating machine transients, several kinds of model synchronous machines with typical features were analyzed in the time domain with respect to sudden short circuiting, and the calculated currents and flux linkages during transient time interval were plotted on the d–q domain planes. Many interesting current/flux vector traces, representing rotating machine transients during short circuiting, were obtained. These may be helpful for understanding transients in rotating machines. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(1): 78–88, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10228