bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Survival: Vaccines to Disarm HIV
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0nee upon a time, retroviruses invaded certain monkeys and apes of Africa. They came to these primates from rodents, cats, horses, or other ungulates, using viral sex to pick up fragments of envelope from primate viruses. These recombination events enabled them to enter and infect primate cells. In fact, their new envelope made them true monkey viruses, no longer able to infect their former hosts. Having jumped species, probably because of some environmental change, they could not go back because they had adapted too much. If some new conditions should force another jump, they might try the old host (if available), but the return would not be automatic. It would require adaptation all over again.
We have not yet seen a return or readaptation in the history of lenti viruses: no time when a virus moved to primates from another animal, then back again. The move from one host to another appears to be a one-way process if much adaptation is required. However, since viruses move by chance, they may jump just because a new host is handy. If little or no adaptation is necessary, viruses may not really leave the old host; they just add a new one and keep the old one too.
‘Solving’ the Problem
Authors: D’Agostino Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I propose a broadly ‘political’ solution to the problem of public justification—namely, of identifying a ‘dominant’ regime for a given community in the face of the variant conceptions of public justification likely to be current in that community (at least if it resembles ours). What does a ‘political’ solution look like in this case? That depends on what the problem looks like in this case.
Of Canons and Cultural Wars Southern Literature and Literary Scholarship after Midcentury
Authors: Hobson Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acouple of decades ago, the boundaries of southern literature-and southern literary scholarship-appeared to be rather fixed and unchallenged. Simply stated, the major southern writers of this century were William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, Robert Penn Warren, Allen Tate, Eudora Welty, and perhaps Flannery O’Connor. The contemporary novelists to be reckoned with-besides Welty-were William Styron, Walker Percy, and perhaps John Barth. (One observed as well a number of southerners trying to write like Faulkner; they were said to be “in his shadow:’) The reigning interpreters and critics of southern literature-it is little exaggeration to say the founders of southern literature as a modern academic discipline-were such figures as Louis D. Rubin Jr., Lewis P. Simpson, C. Hugh Holman, and Thomas Daniel Young, with certain other scholars, such as Walter Sullivan, making occasional brilliant forays into the field. The genres worth pursuing academically were the novel, the short story, poetry, and perhaps-in the case of Tennessee Williams-drama. Those who did the pursuing were professors of English, and although Professors Rubin, Simpson, Holman, and certain others operated from a literary method that was also keenly aware of history, in general the scholarly approach to southern literature-or literature in general-was a sort of literary formalism inherited largely from the New Critics. The centers of publishing for southern literary scholarship were Chapel Hill and Baton Rouge; but the only places southern writers of fiction and poetry could be published were in New York or, occasionally, Boston. All creative writers from the hinterlands, south or west, were published in New York and Boston.
Autobiographical Traditions Black and White
Authors: Olney James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My first inclination when I undertook to think and write about a possible tradition of autobiography in southern literature (or at least a tradition of autobiographical writing: there is an important distinction to be drawn, I think, between the substantive “autobiography” and the adjective “autobiographical;’ which I will return to later)-my first inclination was to deny that any such tradition exists or has existed and that hence I had no subject to write about. But then on second thought I came to feel that this was not altogether accurate and was also not something that I really wanted to say, particularly in light of the fact that I have written more than one essay in which I argued for a very strong tradition of autobiography among southern writers-or at least a tradition that began with specifically southern writers and that then, but without ever ceasing to be a tradition of southern writing, reached out to inform the work of writers not of the South in any literal, geographical sense. Perhaps it was this regional dislocation that first caused me to respond (mentally) that no tradition of autobiography existed in southern literature.
The social insects: why help the queen?
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In natural selection, “success” means success in reproduction. Out of tens of thousands of seedlings on a forest floor, only a handful survive to become fruit bearing trees; out of thousands of fish eggs, few develop into reproducing adults. Most individuals die before they ever have a chance to reproduce. This tiny survival rate does not conflict with the theory of natural selection but rather displays it in all its potency: failed seedlings, or fish that have not reached maturity, die and disappear.
Parasite And Host
Authors: Zahavi Amotz Avishag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a parasite attaches itself to a new host species, both species rapidly develop new traits. The parasite tries to exploit the host as much as it can, and the host tries to protect itself against the parasite. Dawkins and Krebs compared this relationship to an arms race between two superpowers, with each manufacturing new and more sophisticated weapons to counter those the other develops,1 and it is common for scientists nowadays to portray hosts and parasites as being in the midst of such an arms race.
The Contraction of Theory
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the late 1960s and 1970s, the category of labor staged a series of profoundly significant, direct appearances within three leading conceptions of culture and communicative activity, clustering respectively around Althusserian structuralism, post-industrial theory, and post­ structuralism. This engagement, which rendered “labor” an immediate intellectual touchstone, was predicated on a broad and explicit encounter with orthodox Marxism, in which each school selectively identified a tradition of cardinal importance for its own more or less discrete theorization. Far from being simply reproduced and carried over, however, orthodox Marxism’ s concept of labor was taken up only so as to be categorically rejected.
Great Issues of Conscience: Medical Ethics Before Bioethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bioethics did not begin with a Big Bang. Even though medical ethics, bioethics’ predecessor, was shaken by notable and notorious events, it was a slow accumulation of concerns about the ambiguity of scientific progress that turned the old medical ethics into the new paths of bioethics. Contributors to scientific progress began to express their concerns during the I960s, in occasional writings and at professional meetings and public conferences. They worried that the old tradition of medical ethics was too frail to meet the ethical challenges posed by the new science and medicine.
Commissioning Bioethics: The Government in Bioethics, 1974-1983
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1960s was the era of conferences, when scientists and a few other scholars gathered, as Rene Dubos had said, “to air” the issues. The speakers at those conferences were enthusiastic about the achievemimts of biomedicine and agonized over their attendant adverse effects on society. In 1968, that enthusiasm and agony moved momentarily from academic auditoria into the halls of Congress. This chapter reviews the federal government’s entry into bioethics, beginning with Congressional hearings and moving to legislation establishing two federal commissions to study bioethical issues, The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (The National Commission) and The President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (The President’s Commission). The work of these bodies both profited from and contributed to the development of bioethics.
Bioethics As a Discipline
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bioethicists sometimes worry whether bioethics should be called a discipline. This concern is a mark of the academic mind, wondering whether one’s peculiar interest has a place in the panoply of subjects that have standing within the university. Many bioethicists were trained in the classical disciplines, such as philosophy, theology, or law, that have long held such standing and they know that their new interest lies outside the familiar territory of those disciplines. Yet, in the modem university, the clear lines of many classical disciplines have diffused into mosaics: even the most definitive ones, such as mathematics and physics, are complex collections of subdisciplines with quite diverse theories, methods, and even definitions of the field. So, is bioethics a discipline if it contains.
Advance Directives and the Determination of Death
Authors: Youngner Stuart J , Shuck Jerry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction and extensive development of life-sustaining technology three decades ago has brought wonders to humankind only dreamed of in previous times. Like all technology, however, medical technology is a two-edged sword. On one hand, it enhances life by extending its length and improving its quality. On the other, it creates complex moral choices where none existed before. In this chapter we discuss two situations in which medical technology has created difficult moral choices: decisions to limit life sustaining treatment, including the introduction of advance directives, and the determination of death. Experience has taught surgeons and patients that the application of this technology does not, in all instances, serve the wishes and best interests of patients. This realization has confronted surgeons, patients, and families with hard choices about when it is appropriate to withhold or even withdraw aggressive interventions such as intensive care, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, and cardio pulmonary resuscitation. In fact, a legal, ethical, and clinical consensus has emerged that mere extension of biological life need not be the only goal of medicine-that comfort and dignity are entirely appropriate goals when cure is no longer possible. This rejection of an absolute vitalism has been complemented by an equally important legal and ethical principle: that decisions about end-of life care rest primarily with the patient.
Nationalism, For and (Mainly) Against
Authors: Lichtenberg Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many people, the very idea of nationalism smacks of ethnocentrism or even racism. They suspect that violence, hatred, and distrust of the Other, embodied in a sharply divided world of”us” and “them;’ always lurk within the nationalist’s heart. Recent world events have done nothing to allay these suspicions. Nationalism, according to this view, is an evil to be overcome by a cosmopolitan stance that denies the significance of national boundaries.
Period
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common tight-knit theme-type in instrumental music of the classical style is the eight-measure period. The period is divided into two, four-measure phrases fulfilling antecedent and consequent functions, respectively. The antecedent phrase begins with a two-measure basic idea, which is followed by a two-measure contrasting idea leading to a weak cadence. The consequent phrase repeats the antecedent but alters the contrasting idea in order to create a stronger cadence to close the theme.
Sonata Form
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sonata form is the most important large-scale formal type in instrumental music of the classical period. Almost every multimovement work (except the concerto) contains at least one movement written in this form. But sonata form is important not only because of its frequency of use: many historians and theorists consider it to be the period ‘s most highly developed and complex compositional design, the one in which composers reveal their greatest technical skill and expressive potential. Moreover, sonata form continued to exert enormous influence over compositional practice in later musical styles, and it remained a viable form, albeit highly modified, at least until the middle of the twentieth century.
Slow-Movement Forms
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most instrumental cycles in the classical period contain at least one movement to be performed in a slow tempo (Adagio, Largo, Andante). This movement normally occupies an interior position in the cycle and contrasts in tonality (or at least in modality) with its surrounding movements. Slow movements commonly employ one of the following formal types: sonata, sonata without development, large ternary, theme and variations, or five-part rondo.3 The first four of these forms are treated in this chapter; the five-part rondo will be discussed together with the other rondo forms in chapter 16. If all the movements of an instrumental cycle were constructed with the same degree of formal complexity, the slow movement would last considerably longer than the other movements, because of the slower pacing of its events. Thus to maintain a relatively consistent length among movements, composers often select a formal type for the slow movement that is inherently simpler than those used for fast movements. Compared with the highly elaborate schemes of the sonata, sonata-rondo, and concerto (the most common fast-movement forms), the large ternary, sonata without development, and theme and variations are considerably less complex. The five-part rondo is somewhat more complicated, but less so than other rondo forms. If composers choose to write a slow movement in sonata form, they normally do not exploit all its resources, so as to prevent the movement from becoming excessively long.
The Influence of the New Pyrrhonism
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries the influence of the revival of ancient Pyrrhonism was noticeable in several areas of intellectual concern.
Charles Schmitt has shown that Pyrrhonian themes came up in the questions debated at Oxford. William Hamlin has found other traces of Pyrrhonian topics in disputations at the time. He has also tracked down several copies of the first two Latin printings of Sextus in English libraries from the late 1570s on-ward. As an example of what happened to young readers of the text at the beginning of the seventeenth century, a case that may be typical is that of Joseph Mede (1586–1638). He was at Christ’s College, Cambridge, from 1602 to 1610. We are told that in 1603 young Joseph Mede came across an open copy of Sextus Empiricus on a student’s desk. When he looked at it his intellectual world quickly disintegrated, and he underwent a sceptical crisis. He then tried to find a basis for certainty in the various studies offered at the university. He studied philology, history, mathematics, physics, botany, anatomy, astrology, and even Egyptology (whatever that may have been at the time). In spite of all this learning “his philosophical reading led him towards Pyrrhonism.” He could not accept the possibility that mind might not know reality and might only be dealing with delusory ideas of an external world.
The Libertins Érudits
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early part of the seventeenth century, a broader form of the scepticism of Montaigne, Charron, and Camus blossomed forth in France and flourished briefly as the view of the bright young men of the time. The wider popularity and application of the nouveau pyrrhonisme brought out more sharply its implications for both religion and science. This, in turn, gave rise to a series of attempts, cul-minating in the heroic failure of René Descartes to save human knowledge by destroying scepticism.
The sceptics of the early seventeenth century, the so-called libertins érudits, were direct-line descendants of Montaigne and Charron, children of Sextus Empiricus, and simply anti-Aristotelians. Most of them belonged, by virtue of offices secured by Richelieu and Mazarin, to intellectual circles in and around the palace. They were humanistic scholars prepared to push France into its Golden Age, libertins prepared to break with tradition and to launch a new tradition.
Descartes: Sceptique Malgré Lui
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descartes, having presented his triumphant conquest of the sceptical dragon, immediately found himself denounced as a dangerous Pyrrhonist and unsuccessful dogmatist whose theories were only fantasies and illusions. The orthodox, traditional thinkers saw Descartes as a vicious sceptic because his method of doubt denied the very basis of the traditional system. Hence, no matter what he himself might say, Descartes was considered the culmination of two millennia of Pyrrhonists from Pyrrho of Elis onward, all of whom had tried to undermine the foundations of rational knowledge. Those of sceptical inclination, while unwilling and unanxious to claim Descartes as their own, wished to show that he had achieved nothing, and that all his claims were only opinions, not certitudes. So they challenged every advance beyond the cogito (and even the cogito itself), in order to drown the heroic Descartes in a sea of uncertainty.
Philosophers of the Royal Society
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another way of dealing with the sceptical crisis in a nonmetaphysical way was offered by some of the philosophers, scientists, and theologians involved with the Royal Society of England. This theory of limited certitude was articulated especially by two figures, John Wilkins and Joseph Glanvill. Although Wilkins apparently formulated the theory first, it was published by Glanvill and then later appeared in Wilkins’ posthumous work “Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion.” The theory is a development from the earlier solution to the sceptical problems advanced by Sebastian Castellio and William Chillingworth.
The theory of limited certitude advanced by Chillingworth was accepted and developed by several moderate Anglican theologians, the Latitudinarians, as well as thinkers interested in relating religion and science. One of those who played a great role in this was John Wilkins (1614–72), who was warden of Wadham College, Oxford, during the Puritan Revolution and was also Cromwell’s brother-in-law.
Scepticism and Late Seventeenth-Century Metaphysics
Authors: Popkin Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen earlier, Descartes’ proffered solution to scepticism became embroiled in attacks, on the one hand from sceptics and on the other from dogmatic thinkers who did not share Descartes’ belief that he had found the new system of philosophy. Descartes’ followers tried to fend off attacks from the sceptics and the dogmatists while maintaining the basic elements of Descartes’ position. In the fifty years after Descartes’ death, the orthodox Cartesians attempted to fend off challenges from the Jesuits, from Spinoza, and from the new sceptics Simon Fouchet and Bishop Pierre-Daniel Huet.
In Nature’s Interests?
Authors: Varner Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a powerful response to what Varner calls the “two dogmas of environmental ethics”--the assumptions that animal rights philosophies and anthropocentric views are each antithetical to sound environmental policy. Allowing that every living organism has interests which ought, other things being equal, to be protected, Varner contends that some interests take priority over others. He defends both a sentientist principle giving priority to the lives of organisms with conscious desires and an anthropocentric principle giving priority to certain very inclusive interests which only humans have. He then shows that these principles not only comport with but provide significant support for environmental goals.
A Critique of Environmental Holism
Authors: Varner Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both environmental philosophers and activists commonly claim that we face an “ecological crisis” that will not be solved unless and until a holistic environmental ethic takes hold of our psyches. The search for such an ethic commonly is traced to ecologist Aldo Leopold, who has been called the “patron saint” of environmental ethics. Leopold defined morally right actions as those that “tend to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community.” He stressed that “land ethic ... implies respect for [one’s] fellow members [of the biotic community], and also respect for the community as such.” And he characterized such a land ethic as both “an evolutionary possibility and an ecological necessity” (1949, pp. 224-25, 204, 203).
Deforestation in the American Tropics: The Regional and Global Stakes
Authors: Southgate Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Latin America’s natural habitats have been receding for centuries. Before the 1970s, though, nearly everyone in the region regarded the geographic expansion of agriculture and other sectors of the rural economy as an unmitigated benefit. Well into the twentieth century, primary forests and other relatively undisturbed ecosystems were extensive. Moreover, it was generally agreed that human domination of the landscape must increase as nations develop and economies grow. Hence, deforestation was equated with progress.
Another Approach to Habitat Conservation: Agricultural Intensification
Authors: Southgate Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the right set of circumstances, nature-based tourism and the harvesting of forest products are commercially promising and can be carried out in ways that benefit local communities and keep renewable resources intact. For example, conditions for the sustainable production of a9ai appear to be favorable in the Amazon estuary. The region’s waterways provide easy access to Belem, where several palm heart exporters are located and where demand is strong for a9ai fruit. In addition, output can be increased through the application of relatively simple stand improvement measures, such as seed dispersal and periodic thinning (Pollak, Mattos, and Uhl, 1995). Accordingly, quite a few smallholders in the estuary find it rewarding to raise a9ai, which involves little or no damage to natural resources.
9
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as she saw Marcela by her side, Lucia could not keep from asking her in surprise, “Is this your daughter?” “Yes, niftay,” the Indian replied, “she’s fourteen years old and her name is Margarita and you’re going to be her godmother.” This reply was marked by a gratified air that would have clearly told any observer, “This woman is relishing the sweetness of the legitimate pride that a mother feels when she knows that her daughter is ad mired-a mother’s blessed vanity that is a woman’s ornament, whether in the city with its electric lights or in the village bathed in the rays of the melancholy traveler of the nocturnal skies.” “Good, Marcela; it was a good idea to bring along this pretty girl. I love children. They’re so innocent, so pure,” added Lucia.