bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tale of Preachers and Beggars:Methodism and Money in the Great Age of Transatlantic Expansion, 1780-1830
Authors: Hempton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two very different kinds of facts and figures can be brought to bear on Methodism’s great era of expansion throughout the English-speaking world and beyond in the generation after the American and French Revolutions1. The first are membership statistics, which reveal spectacular gains across the North Atlantic world. In England members of Metl1odist societies expanded from 55,705 in 1790 to 285,530 in 1830. In the same period, Irish Metl1odist membership almost doubled and Scottish Methodist membership tripled. Even more dramatically, Methodist membership in Wales increased by a factor of twenty2. But the most dramatic growth of all occurred in America, which had fewer than 1,000 members in 1770 and over 250,000 just fifty years later.
Philadelphia Presbyterians, Capitalism, and the Morality of Economic Success
Authors: Pointer Richard W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a lecture to young people on the Eighth Commandment C’Thou shall not steal’’) in 1830, a prominent Philadelphia minister pronounced that its essential implication was the Christian’s duty to increase his own and his neighbor’s ‘‘worldly prosperity.’’ Fulfilling that duty required choosing the right calling and pursuing it diligently. Industry or hard work was the key to success in any business. Young people simply had to look around and ‘‘see who are the men of wealth.’’ Virtually all of tl1em ‘‘began tl1e world with Iittle often with nothing but tl1eir hands and tl1eir industry.” Fortunately, the minister concluded, ‘‘the same way to wealth’’ was still “equally open to all.”
Trauma in Methodism: Property, Church Schism, and Sectional Polarization in Antebellum America
Authors: Carwardine Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agonizing conflicts tore apart most mainstream Protestant churches in ante bellum America. Historians of the onset of the Civil War, the remorseless process of alienation between North and South, have rightly treated these ecclesiastical schisms as early, limited expressions of a wider ideological polarization. The breakdown of a church consensus over Christian slave holding-witl1 immediate abolitionists fashioning a scriptural assault on tl1e peculiar institution and with radical Southern religious leaders pushing towards a proslavery millennialism-left religious institutions open to fracture. No case has been more often cited to show the issue’s convulsive power than tl1e experience of the Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC). At the General Conference of 1844 in New York, a majority of delegates called on Bishop James O. Andrew, recently made a slaveholder by inheritance and remarriage, to stop exercising his episcopal office for as long as he held slaves. That action propelled a sequence of events that brought about tl1e division of what was the largest Protestant denomination in the country. Contemporary political and church leaders alike blamed divergent attitudes toward slavery for the split and reflected on its potentially somber implications for the Union .
Protestant Reasoning about Money and the Economy, 1790-1860:A Preliminary Probe
Authors: Noll Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large, unanswered questions remain for relationships between Protestants and the emerging market economy in the early United States, at least in part be cause there were so many levels to the question and because the changes of the era were so rapid. If the grand interpretations now available for these relationships are inadequate, as suggested especially in the historiographical chapters in this volume on Charles Sellers and E. P. Thompson, a better general interpretation will nonetheless make use of the productive research generated by these two outstanding scholars. Such an explanation will also, however, be especially alert to where historical actors did not sense the moral standoffs perceived by some modern historians between, on the one hand, communities, subsistence, production for local use, humane values, and religion as self-expression and, on the other hand, individuals, profit, production for market exchange, commercial values, and religion as self-control. Above all, a better accounting of Protestants and the mad:et will not scruple to study religion as a motivating factor, as well as a reacting factor; it will be particularly alert for interpretive cues from the history and character of the religion at stake. Although an interpretation of Protestants and money arising from the history and character of Protestants will not necessarily be superior to an interpretation arising from the history and character of market transformations, such an attempt should contribute to a fuller, more historically faithful understanding of the complexities at issue.
For the Common Good?
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Golden Age of Fraternity was a unique time in American History. “Jinners”—and from 1870-1910 more than half of all Americans participated in clubs, fraternities, militias, and mutual benefit societies—helped create a booming associational life in America between the Civil and First World Wars. Today this period is held up as a model for a revitalization of contemporary civil society. But what if these much-admired voluntary organizations more often served parochial reasons than the general good? This work aims to dispel many of the myths about the curative powers of clubbing while bringing to light the hidden lessons therein. Relying on extensive analysis of city directories, club histories and membership lists, Kaufman shows that organizational activity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries had more to do with pragmatic interests than with civic engagement. The rise of associational life began with organizations that helped cover the increasing cost of burial in the decades after the Civil War. It grew by playing on the competitive interests of individuals divided by race, class, and ethnic group—a competition fueled by the mass migration of Europeans, Asians, and black slaves. The decline of associational life, Kaufman contends, began immediately after World War I, not post-50’s, and can be traced to a specific set of micro-economic changes and diminishing immigration and demographic pressures. The end of fraternalism, this provocative study concludes, was a good thing. And therein lies a powerful lesson for contemporary society. Challenging conventional wisdom, Kaufman calls for less attention to voluntarism and more attention to social programs that would span racial and ethnic divides. Of interest to a wide interdisciplinary audience in sociology, history, political science and American studies, this is a highly original work that will attract widespread attention.
Rise and Fall of a Nation of Joiners
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 3, 1831, three leading citizens of Frankford, Pennsylvania, held a meeting to discuss the creation of the Oxford Provident Building Association, the first ever building and loan association established in the United States. Two of Oxford’s founding members, Samuel Pilling and Jeremiah Horrocks, were prominent textile manufacturers in town, a small Philadelphia suburb of2,000. And, having both emigrated from England, they (apparently) agreed on “the beneficial results which had been achieved by the English building societies in encouraging workingmen to save systematically.”1 Their partner, Henry Taylor, was also Anglo-American, a Frankford physician who, according to record, “had at heart the welfare of the working people among whom he had a large practice.”2
The Stars of Heaven
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do a little armchair space travel, rub elbows with alien life forms, and stretch your mind to the furthest corners of our uncharted universe. With this astonishing guide book, you need not be an astronomer to explore the mysteries of stars and their profound meaning for human existence. Stars have fascinated humankind since the dawn of history and have allowed us to transcend ordinary lives in our literature, art, and religions. In fact, humans have always looked to the stars as a source of inspiration and transcendence that lifts us beyond the boundaries of ordinary intuition. In the tradition of One Two Three...Infinity, Pickover tackles a range of topics from stellar evolution to the fundamental and awe-inspiring reasons why the universe permits life to flourish. Where did we come from? What is the universe’s ultimate fate? Pickover alternates sections that explain the mysteries of the cosmos with sections that dramatise mind-expanding concepts through a fictional dialogue between futuristic humans and their alien peers who embark on a journey beyond the reader’s wildest imagination. This highly accessible and entertaining approach turns an intimidating subject into a scientific game open to all dreamers. The Stars of Heaven will appeal to scientists and science-fiction enthusiasts, as well as astronomers, theologians, philosophers, and the curious.
Hertzsprung-Russell, Mass-Luminosity Relations, and Binary Stars
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bob, Mr. Plex, and Miss Muxdröözol are holding hands as they find themselves standing in an endless field of grass. The grass is violet and two to four feet high. The Picasso, Bob’s museum ship, is gone. It is dusk but the grass appears to bioluminesce, making it easy for Bob to see Mr. Plex and Miss Muxdröözol. In the sky is a bright galaxy with a dense spherical core surrounded by several spiral arms.
Heroes—Old Style and New
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid’s Metamorphoses derives much of its vitality from the poet’s sheer delight in adventure, and many of the most colorful tales are of the old pre-Homeric heroes, who were sent on missions or wandered the Greek world when it was still under populated, confronting monsters and ridding local communities of brigands and pests. We have already met the dragon that consumed Cadmus’s men when he came to Boeotia to found the city of Thebes, and the heroes of Ovid’s poem hunt down and exterminate other, more conventional pests, such as the fox that Cephalus hunted for the Boeotians, the wolf that preyed on Peleus’s flocks in Thessaly, and most memorably the boar sent by Diana to ravage Calydon, which is hunted by all the brightest and best young warriors of Greece.
Hsieh Liang-tso and the, Analects of Confucius
Authors: Selover Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hsieh Liang-tso (c.1050-c.1120, known as master Shang-ts’ai) was one of the leading direct disciples of Ch’eng Hao and Ch’eng I, the two brothers who were the early leaders of the Confucian revival known as Neo-Confucianism in Northern Sung China. Hsieh was thus among the first to recognize and follow the insights of the Ch’eng brothers as definitive of the authentic Confucian tradition, a recognition that became the conviction of the majority of later Confucian scholars and practitioners. The present book is a focused analysis of the core value of Confucian thought, namely jen (humanity or co-humanity), through an investigation of Hsieh Liang-tso's analysis of the Analects of Confucius. Selover argues that Hsieh's handling of key issues in interpreting and applying the Confucian Analects, his experiential reasoning and his deference to scriptural classics and earlier tradition, bear important similarities to the practice of theology in Western religious traditions. The volume also contains a translation of Hsieh’s commentary on the Analects, as well as a foreword by the renowned scholar of Confucianism, Tu Wei-ming.
Introduction: A Comparative Framework
Authors: Selover Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hsieh Liang-tso iiM.S!½: (c.1050-c.1120), master Shang-ts’ai t :$t;§:., was one of the leading disciples of Ch’eng Hao fj ffi (1032-1085) and his younger brother Ch’eng I fj M(1033-1107).1 Together, they were central figures in the early Tao-hsiieh iti or Neo-Confucian movement.2 Concentrating on Hsieh and his interpretation of the Confucian Analects i ,the main theme of this book is “humane learning” or jen-hsiieh f= ,3 supplemented by the concept of “authentic transmission.” The wider interpretive context for this inquiry is the comparative study of religion, with emphasis on what could be called “comparative theology.” This introduction will briefly set out relevant features of the comparative context, exploring the religiousness of the Confucian tradition as one of its central features.
Authentic Transmission and Humane Learning
Authors: Selover Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James T. C. Liu has called attention to the 1136 memorial by Chu Chen introduced in chapter 1 as the first formal statement in an official document of the concept of “Tao-t’ung’ :iHMt, the orthodox transmission of the Way.1 Liu has a point in that several elements manifested in Chu Chen’s memorial did become part of the concept of the Tao-t’ung as “a single lineal transmission of exclusive orthodoxy.”2 The lineal transmission from Confucius to Tseng-tzu to Tzu-ssu to Mencius (incidentally grouping the Four Books as a set) and the hiatus of more than a thousand years until the Ch’eng brothers are all clearly stated in the memorial.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Heart of Grief, Attig gives us an inspiring and profoundly insightful meditation on the meaning of grief, showing how it can be the path toward a lasting love of those who have died. Recounting dozens of stories of people who have struggled with deaths in their lives, he describes grieving as a transition from loving in presence to loving in separation. The thing we long for most—the return of the one who is missing—is the very thing that we can never have, kindling the intense pain of our loss. But Attig argues that we can, in fact, build an enduring, even reciprocal, love, a love that tempers our pain. He tells stories, for instance, of a young girl taking some of her dead sister's practical advice as she enters high school, a widower realizing how much intimate life with his wife has colored his character, and an athlete drawing inspiration from his dead brother and achieving what they had dreamed of together. Far from forgetting our loved ones, Attig urges us to explore ways in which our memories of the departed can be sustained, our understanding of them enhanced, and their legacies embraced, so they continue to play active roles in our everyday and inner lives. Groundbreaking and original, inspiring and compassionate, The Heart of Grief offers guidance, comfort, and a new understanding of how we grieve.
Brains, Inc.
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OF all middle-class groups, intellectuals are the most far-flung and heterogeneous. Unlike small businessmen, factory workers, or filing clerks, intellectuals have been relatively classless. They have n common origin and share no common social destiny. They differ widely in income and in status; some live, residentially and intellectually, in suburban slums; others, in propaganda bureaus of continent-wide nations. Many intellectuals are members of the old middle class; they work a specialized market made up of editors and business managers, as entrepreneurs using their education and their verbal skills as capital. Others are primarily new middle class: their styles of life and of work are set by their position as salaried employees in various white-collar pyramids. Many professional people, by virtue of their education and leisure, have a good chance to become intellectuals, and many intellectuals earn their living by practicing some profession. Moreover, people of professional skills form a substantial proportion of the intellectuals’ public. So what happens to professsional and technical groups also affects the intellectuals’ conditions of work and life. Intellectuals cannot be defined as a single social unit, but rather as a scattered set of grouplets. They must be defined in terms of their function and their subjective characteristics rather than in terms of their social position: as people who specialize in symbols, the intellectuals produce, distribute, and preserve distinct forms of consciousness.
The New Middle Class: II
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EVER since the new middle class began numerically to displace the old, its political role has been an object of query and debate. The political question has been closely linked with another-that of the position of new middle-class occupations in modern stratification. This linkage of politics and stratification was all the more to be . expected inasmuch as the white-collar man as a sociological creature was first discovered by Marxian theoreticians in search of recruits for the proletarian movement. They expected that society would be polarized into class-conscious proletariat and bourgeoisie, that in their general decline the in-between-layers would choose one side or the other-or at least keep out of the way of the major protagonists. Neither of these expectations, however, had been realized when socialist theoreticians and party bureau-crats began at the opening of the present century to tinker with the classic perspective. In trying to line up the new population into those who could and those who could not be relied upon to support their struggle, party statisticians ran squarely into the numerical upsurge of the white-collar salariat. The rise of these groups as a problem for Marxists signalized a shift from the simple property versus no-property dichotomy to differentiations within the no-property groups. It focused attention upon occupational structure.
White-Collar Unionism
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the minds of the white-collar workers a struggle has been going on between economic reality and anti-union feeling. Whatever their aspirations, white-collar people have been pushed by twentieth-century facts toward the wage-worker kind of organized economic life, and slowly their illusions have been moving into closer harmony with the terms of their existence. They are becoming aware that the world of the old middle class, the community of entrepreneurs, has given way to a new society in which they, the white-collar workers, are part of a world of dependent employees. Now alongside unions of steel workers and coal miners, there are unions of office workers and musicians, salesgirls and insurance men.
Trading by Insiders
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trading by insiders potentially conveys new information about the prospects of a company. Insiders have far superior knowledge about the company and the industry than the market. With this knowledge, their predictions of future trends are likely to be more accurate than the predictions based on publicly available information. Therefore, mimicking the trades of insiders generates above-normal annual returns of 10–15 percent.
To mimic insider trades, however, outsiders must first learn about those trades. A change in the SEC reporting requirement makes the information relating to insider trades more current and more readily available. Since September 2002, insiders are required to report large trades to the SEC within two business days. Earlier, insiders could have waited as long as forty calendar days before reporting trades.
Alleged insider trading by Martha Stewart made big news in 2002.1 It is believed that she sold her holding of Imclone stock based on a tip from the then CEO of Imclone. The tip came a day prior to public disclosure of the FDA’s decision to delay approval of a drug application submitted by Imclone. More than a decade ago, Ivan Boesky (see Chapter 9, on merger arbitrage) was jailed for insider trading and fined $100 million. Since the media focuses on illegal insider trading, many investors mistakenly believe that all insider trading is illegal. In reality, however, insider trading can be either legal or illegal.
Bias in Currency Forward Rates
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currency forward rates are determined in accordance with interest rate parity, such that the total returns from investment in two risk-free assets are identical. Equivalence of returns implies that the forward rate fore-sees the currency with a higher interest rate falling in value. However, the evidence reveals that currencies with higher interest rates do not actually fall as much as implied by the forward rate, creating the forward rate bias. A trading strategy that short-sells currencies with low interest rates and buys currencies with high interest rates can generate abnormal profits.
The topic of this chapter is different from other chapters: it is slightly more complex and related to currencies rather than stocks, but it is nonetheless extremely important. From a trading perspective, the bias discussed in this chapter has been documented in several hundred research papers and many books. Institutional investors, hedge funds, banks, currency traders, and many other market professionals periodically try to take advantage of this bias. The forward rate bias, as it is generally known, is also related to international investing and currency hedging.
Intersecting Pathways
Authors: Krell Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marc A. Krell analyzes the theologies of four twentieth-century Jewish thinkers - Hans Joachim Schoeps, Franz Rosenzweig, Richard Rubenstein, and Irving Greenberg - who have constructed theologies based on their interaction with Christian thought and culture. Their work reflects a common attempt to understand the impact of Christian culture on the historical events prior to and following the Holocaust, and to reevaluate the relationship between the two religions in light of a history of theological anti-Judaism and modern, racial antisemitism.
Finish His Dirty Job
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Haslam’s ride north through Parowan late Monday afternoon brought Dame word that the emigrants had gotten into a difficult with Indians at Mountain Meadows. Whether Dame believed the message or read between the lines is unclear. But he heard enough to summon a council for advice that evening. The Parowan men “decided to render aid and protection to the emigrants, should they call for assistance,” remembered one of the council participants. “Otherwise it was considered just, in view of the threats and insults the company had offered to the Saints in passing through the settlements, to let them fight it out with the Indians as best they could.”
Too Late to Back Water
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Horror of the massacre unfolded on that Friday afternoon, militia courier Joseph Clewes hurried his mule from the Meadows to Cedar City. While Clewes sped east, two westbound horsemen rode toward him—Elias Morris, a militia captain and one of Haight’s two counselors in the stake presidency, and Christopher J. Arthur, Haight’s son-in-law. Morris and Arthur had left Cedar for the Meadows that morning, purportedly to check out the “many conflicting and terrible reports” about events there. According to Morris, before they left town Haight encouraged him “to use his infiuence in the interest of peace, and do everything possible to avert the shedding of blood.”