bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wave Reflection and Focusing prior to the Major Stratospheric Warming of September 2002*
Authors: Harnik Nili , Scott Richard K. , Perlwitz Judith 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Observations of the Southern Hemispheric winter conditions indicate that the major warming of September 2002 resulted from a combination of stationary wave-1 and traveling wave-2 forcing events and suggest that wave and mean-flow anomalies present earlier that winter may have also played a role. Quantities such as the location of the zero wind line, the strength and wave geometry of the vortex, and the horizontal and vertical wave fluxes all differed significantly from climatological values throughout much of the 2002 winter. An analysis of the anomalous features suggests the hypothesis that the persistence of a traveling wave 2 may have increased the likelihood of the combination with stationary wave 1, leading to the observed unprecedented increase in upward Eliassen–Palm flux preceding the warming.
The anomalous conditions of the 2002 winter began as early as mid-May of that year and consisted of a large burst of wave flux into the stratosphere and a strong deceleration of the vortex during its early stage of development. The low-latitude easterly anomaly that resulted from this (unprecedented) event appears to have enhanced the poleward focusing of wave activity in the mid- and upper stratosphere during the rest of the winter. The altered wave geometry of the 2002 vortex allowed internal reflection of traveling wave 2, which helps to explain its unusual persistence during the rest of the winter.
The Ozone Hole Breakup in September 2002 as Seen by SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT
Authors: von Savigny C. , Rozanov A. , Bovensmann H. , Eichmann K.-U. , Noël S. , Rozanov V. , Sinnhuber B.-M. , Weber M. , Burrows J. P. , Kaiser J. W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
An unprecedented stratospheric warming in the Southern Hemisphere in September 2002 led to the breakup of the Antarctic ozone hole into two parts. The Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) on the European Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) performed continuous observations of limb-scattered solar radiance spectra throughout the stratospheric warming. Thereby, global measurements of vertical profiles of several important minor constituents are provided with a vertical resolution of about 3 km. In this study, stratospheric profiles of O3, NO2, and BrO retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb-scattering observations together with polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) observations for selected days prior to (12 September), during (27 September), and after (2 October) the ozone hole split are employed to provide a picture of the temporal evolution of the Antarctic stratosphere’s three-dimensional structure.
Mixing and Chemical Ozone Loss during and after the Antarctic Polar Vortex Major Warming in September 2002
Authors: Konopka Paul , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Hoppel Karl W. , Steinhorst Hildegard-Maria , Müller Rolf 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe 3D version of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLAMS) is used to study the transport of CH4 and O3 in the Antarctic stratosphere between 1 September and 30 November 2002, that is, over the time period when unprecedented major stratospheric warming in late September split the polar vortex into two parts. The isentropic and cross-isentropic velocities in CLAMS are derived from ECMWF winds and heating/cooling rates calculated with a radiation module. The irreversible part of transport, that is, mixing, is driven by the local horizontal strain and vertical shear rates with mixing parameters deduced from in situ observations.The CH4 distribution after the vortex split shows a completely different behavior above and below 600 K. Above this potential temperature level, until the beginning of November, a significant part of vortex air is transported into the midlatitudes up to 40°S. The lifetime of the vortex remnants formed after the vortex split decreases with the altitude with values of about 3 and 6 weeks at 900 and 700 K, respectively.Despite this enormous dynamical disturbance of the vortex, the intact part between 400 and 600 K that “survived” the major warming was strongly isolated from the extravortex air until the end of November. According to CLAMS simulations, the air masses within this part of the vortex did not experience any significant dilution with the midlatitude air.By transporting ozone in CLAMS as a passive tracer, the chemical ozone loss was estimated from the difference between the observed [Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM III) and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE)] and simulated ozone profiles. Starting from 1 September, up to 2.0 ppmv O3 around 480 K and about 70 Dobson units between 450 and 550 K were destroyed until the vortex was split. After the major warming, no additional ozone loss can be derived, but in the intact vortex part between 450 and 550 K, the accumulated ozone loss was “frozen in” until the end of November.
Ozone Chemistry during the 2002 Antarctic Vortex Split
Authors: Grooß Jens-Uwe , Konopka Paul , Müller Rolf 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In September 2002, the Antarctic polar vortex was disturbed, and it split into two parts caused by an unusually early stratospheric major warming. This study discusses the chemical consequences of this event using the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS). The chemical initialization of the simulation is based on Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) measurements. Because of its Lagrangian nature, CLaMS is well suited for simulating the small-scale filaments that evolve during this period. Filaments of vortex origin in the midlatitudes were observed by HALOE several times in October 2002. The results of the simulation agree well with these HALOE observations. The simulation further indicates a very rapid chlorine deactivation that is triggered by the warming associated with the split of the vortex. Correspondingly, the ozone depletion rates in the polar vortex parts rapidly decrease to zero. Outside the polar vortex, where air masses of midlatitude origin were transported to the polar region, the simulation shows high ozone depletion rates at the 700-K level caused mainly by NOx chemistry. Owing to the major warming in September 2002, ozone-poor air masses were transported into the midlatitudes and caused a decrease of midlatitude ozone by 5%–15%, depending on altitude. Besides this dilution effect, there was no significant additional chemical effect. The net chemical ozone depletion in air masses of vortex origin was low and did not differ significantly from that of midlatitude air, in spite of the different chemical composition of the two types of air masses.
Mixing Processes during the Antarctic Vortex Split in September–October 2002 as Inferred from Source Gas and Ozone Distributions from ENVISAT–MIPAS
Authors: Glatthor N. , von Clarmann T. , Fischer H. , Funke B. , Grabowski U. , Höpfner M. , Kellmann S. , Kiefer M. , Linden A. , Milz M. , Steck T. , Stiller G. P. , Tsidu G. Mengistu , Wang D-Y. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In late September 2002, an Antarctic major stratospheric warming occurred, which led to a strong distortion of the southern polar vortex and to a split of its mid- and upper-stratospheric parts. Such an event had never before been observed since the beginning of regular Antarctic stratospheric temperature observations in the 1950s. The split is studied by means of nonoperational level-2 CH4, N2O, CFC-11, and O3 data, retrieved at the Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research Karlsruhe (IMK) from high-resolution atmospheric limb emission spectra from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board the European research satellite, Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT). Retrieved horizontal and vertical distributions of CH4 and N2O show good consistency with potential vorticity fields of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis for the entire period under investigation, even for fine structures such as vortex filaments. Tracer correlation analysis suggests that mixing into the vortex had already occurred before the major warming and that vortex fragments were transported into the surrounding air masses on potential temperature levels above 400 K during the split. Correlation analysis of ozone with the source gases indicates slight ongoing ozone destruction in the lower-stratospheric vortex (below ∼500 K) after the beginning of the warming event.
Effect of a Variable Eddy Transfer Coefficient in an Eddy-Permitting Model of the Subpolar North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Deacu Daniel , Myers Paul G. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The effect of using a variable eddy transfer coefficient for the Gent–McWilliams (GM) parameterization in a (1/3)°-resolution ocean model of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean is investigated. Results from four experiments with different implementations of this coefficient are compared among themselves as well as with two control experiments. A series of improvements have been obtained in all of the experiments that use a low level of explicit horizontal tracer diffusion. These include a better representation of the overflow waters originating from the Nordic seas, leading to a more realistic deep western boundary current and to increased eddy activity in the deep ocean in the eastern North Atlantic. In the same experiments, the GM velocities “help” the Labrador Sea Water to spread from the deep convection region to the currents that surround it without incurring significant spurious diapycnal mixing. Thus, two classical pathways for the spreading of this water are established. Moreover, the simulated Labrador Current and the near-surface circulation in the eastern North Atlantic are in better agreement with flow patterns inferred from observations. The increased release of available potential energy obtained in the experiments with variable eddy transfer coefficients is responsible for the simulation of a flow that varies less in time. An overly strong countercurrent still occurs in the Labrador Sea in these experiments, and it has a negative impact on the pathway of the North Atlantic Current in the “Northwest Corner” and on the hydrography of the Labrador Sea. Nonetheless and overall, the use of the variable eddy transfer coefficient has led to better representations of the general circulation and hydrography in the subpolar North Atlantic.
On the Accuracy of the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Analysis for Estimating Heat Budgets of the Near-Surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal*
Authors: Shenoi S S C. , Shankar D. , Shetye S. R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The accuracy of data from the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) model for estimating the heat budget of the upper ocean is tested in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. SODA is able to reproduce the changes in heat content when they are forced more by the winds, as in wind-forced mixing, upwelling, and advection, but not when they are forced exclusively by surface heat fluxes, as in the warming before the summer monsoon.
The Dok Cold Eddy
Authors: Mitchell D. A. , Teague W. J. , Wimbush M. , Watts D. R. , Sutyrin G. G. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Current and temperature patterns in the Ulleung Basin of the Japan/East Sea are examined using acoustic travel-time measurements from an array of pressure-gauge-equipped inverted echo sounders moored between June 1999 and July 2001. The focus here is the formation and behavior of a persistent cold eddy observed south of Dok Island, referred to as the Dok Cold Eddy (DCE), and meandering of the Subpolar Front. The DCE is typically about 60 km in diameter and originates from the pinching off of a Subpolar Front meander between Ulleung and Dok Islands. After formation, the DCE dwells southwest of Dok Island for 1–6 months before propagating westward toward Korea, where it deflects the path of the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC). Four such DCE propagation events between January and June 2000 each deflected the EKWC, and after the fourth deflection the EKWC changed paths and flowed westward along the Japanese shelf as the “Offshore Branch” from June through November 2000. Beginning in March 2001, a deep, persistent meander of the Subpolar Front developed and oscillated with a period near 60 days, resulting in the deformation and northwestward displacement of the Ulleung Eddy. Satellite-altimeter data suggest that the Ulleung Eddy may have entered the northern Japan/East Sea. The evolution of this meander is compared with thin-jet nonlinear dynamics described by the modified Korteweg–deVries equation.
Transports through the Straits of Florida
Authors: Hamilton Peter , Larsen Jimmy C. , Leaman Kevin D. , Lee Thomas N. , Waddell Evans 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Transports were calculated for four sections of the Florida Current from Key West to Jupiter, Florida, using a moored current-meter array and voltages from cross-channel telephone cables at the western and northern ends of the Straits of Florida. In addition, moored arrays were used to estimate transport through the Northwest Providence, Santaren, and Old Bahama Channels that connect the Florida Current to the southwestern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. Transport measurements were obtained for an 11-month period from December 1990 to November 1991. Mean transports of ∼25 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) for the flow across the western ends of the straits, which agree quite well with recent estimates of 23.8 ± 1 Sv entering the Gulf of Mexico through the Yucatan Channel, were obtained from both the Key West to Havana cable and the moored array. This estimate is about 5 Sv less than the generally accepted transport through the northern end of the straits at 27°N. This difference was partially accounted for by inflows through the side channels with more transport from the Old Bahama than the Northwest Providence Channel. The variability in the southern part of the straits was larger than at 27°N and included large diversions of the Florida Current south of the Cay Sal Bank and into the Santaren Channel that were caused by large meanders of the flow. The variability of transport in the side channels contributed to the variability of the Florida Current and reduces the correlations of the transports at the ends of the straits. Therefore, the well-measured transport at 27°N is not an accurate indicator of the transport of the Loop Current out of the Gulf of Mexico.
Reflection and Transmission of Equatorial Rossby Waves*
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Pedlosky Joseph 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The interaction of equatorial Rossby waves with a western boundary perforated with one or more narrow gaps is investigated using a shallow-water numerical model and supporting theory. It is found that very little of the incident energy flux is reflected into eastward-propagating equatorial Kelvin waves provided that at least one gap is located within approximately a deformation radius of the equator. Because of the circulation theorem around an island, the existence of a second gap off the equator reduces the reflection of short Rossby waves and enhances the transmission of the incident energy into the western basin. The westward energy transmitted past the easternmost island is further reduced upon encountering islands to the west, even if these islands are located entirely within the “shadow” of the easternmost island. A localized patch of wind forcing was also used to generate low-frequency Rossby waves for cases with island configurations representative of the western equatorial Pacific. For both idealized islands and a coastline based on the 200-m isobath, the amount of incident energy reflected into Kelvin waves depends on both the duration of the wind event and the meridional decay scale of the anomalous winds. For wind events of 2-yr duration with a meridional decay scale of 700 km, the reflected energy is 37% of the incident flux, and the energy transmitted into the Indian Ocean is approximately 10% of the incident flux, very close to that predicted by previous theories. For shorter wind events or winds confined more closely to the equator the reflected energy is significantly less.
Hydraulic Control of a Highly Stratified Estuarine Front*
Authors: MacDonald Daniel G. , Geyer W. Rockwell 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Observations at the mouth of the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada) indicate an abrupt frontal transition between unstratified river outflow and a highly stratified river plume with differences in salinity greater than 25 psu across a few meters in the vertical direction and several hundred meters in the horizontal direction. The front roughly follows a natural break in the bathymetry, crossing the channel at an angle of approximately 45°, and is essentially stationary for a period of approximately 3.5 h centered on the low tide following the larger of two daily ebbs. The location of the front is coincident with observations of significantly supercritical internal Froude numbers at the front, based on velocities in the along-flow direction. This observation contradicts the one-dimensional theory, which indicates that the Froude number should be 1. However, because the front is oriented obliquely to the outflow, a coordinate system can be selected that is normal to the front and for which a critical Froude number of 1 is obtained. This indicates that a Froude angle, similar in application to a Mach angle for transonic flows, can be used to determine critical conditions when the front is oblique to the principal flow direction.
Meridional Extent and Interannual Variability of the Pacific Ocean Tropical–Subtropical Warm Water Exchange
Authors: Meinen Christopher S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Altimetric observations of sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) from the TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS satellites, hydrography, and the ECMWF and Florida State University wind products are used to track warm water (≥20°C) as it is exchanged between the equatorial Pacific Ocean and the higher latitudes during 1993–2003. The large El Niño event of 1997–98 resulted in a significant discharge of warm water toward the higher latitudes within the interior of the Pacific Ocean. The exchange of anomalous warm water volume with the Northern Hemisphere appears to be blocked under the intertropical convergence zone, consistent with most current ideas on the time-mean tropical–subtropical exchange. Little of the warm water discharged northward across 5° and 8°N during the 1997–98 El Niño event could be traced as far as 10°N. To the south, however, these anomalous volumes of warm water were visible at least as far as 20°S, primarily in the longitudes around 130°–160°W. In both hemispheres most of the warm water appeared to flow westward before returning to the Tropics during the recharge phase of the El Niño–La Niña cycle. The buildup of warm water in the Tropics before the 1997–98 El Niño is shown to be fed primarily by warm water drawn from the region in the western Pacific within 5°S–15°N. The exchange cycle between the equatorial band and the higher latitudes north of the equator leads the cycle in the south by 6–8 months. These results are found in all three datasets used herein, hydrography, altimetric observations of SSHA, and Sverdrup transports calculated from multiple wind products, which demonstrates the robustness of the results.
Bottom Temperature Fluctuations on the Continental Slope of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Broek Howard W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Temperature fluctuations on the western continental slopes of the Atlantic Ocean have been measured at three stations on the ocean bottom at depths from 1400 to 2100 m and from 17° to 35°N. All three stations were in or near the deep western boundary current. Daily readings were taken for four to six years. Maximum-to-minimum fluctuations of the isotherms were 800 m off Cape Hatteras, with average temperature of 3.80°C. Temperature appeared episode-driven, with minima consistently near 3.60°C and maxima near 4.10°C. Large swings in temperature had a duration of 10–30 days. Data from Antigua also appeared episode-driven but showed fewer large shifts in temperature, but the maximum-to-minimum fluctuations of the isotherms were 400 m. Hence interesting motions may exist in the seldom-studied region near the bend in the Antilles Islands chain. These two stations are vastly different from previously reported data from the Blake Plateau in which temperature increases are consistently more rapid than decreases and suggest frequent overflow currents. Annual oscillations were seen at the Antigua and Blake Plateau stations, but no semiannual effect was seen.
Distinctive gene expression pattern in VH3-21 utilizing B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Fält Susann , Merup Mats , Tobin Gerard , Thunberg Ulf , Gahrton Gösta , Rosenquist Richard , Wennborg Anders 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe usage of the immunoglobulin (Ig) VH3-21 gene is associated with poor prognosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) despite VH gene mutation status. Many VH3-21+ patients also display restricted heavy- and light-chain Ig gene rearrangements, implying a role of antigen selection in disease development. To explore the specific phenotypic/genotypic features among VH3-21+ B-CLLs, we compared gene expression patterns in 15 VH3-21+ and 24 non-VH3-21 patients (11 with unmutated and 13 with mutated VH genes) using Affymetrix microarray analysis (∼12 500 genes). A distinct expression profile was identified for VH3-21+ patients in contrast to the Ig-unmutated and -mutated groups. By applying different algorithms, the data enabled an efficient class discrimination of the VH3-21+ subset based on 27 or 57 genes. A set of genes was sorted out which, using different analytical methods, consistently gave a distinction between VH3-21+ and non-VH3-21 samples. Several of these genes are involved in regulation of DNA replication/cell-cycle control, transcription and protein kinase activity, which may render the VH3-21+ cells with a higher proliferative drive. However, no clear evidence of increased B-cell receptor signaling was found in the VH3-21+ group. Altogether, our identification of a specific VH3-21 profile may provide insights into the pathogenesis of the VH3-21+ subgroup. (Blood. 2005;106:681-689)