bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constructivist Challenge after September 11
Authors: Reus-Smit Christian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe final two chapters in Part One investigate the evolving research agenda of the English School of International Relations and its contribution to contemporary international relations. In this chapter, the author investigates the emerging dialogue between English School and constructivist approaches in order to explore how they help to understand the post‐September 11 world, arguing, in particular, that, taken together, both English School and constructivist scholarship can add much to the understanding of contemporary international society. The chapter undertakes two tasks, first, it revisits an argument made elsewhere by the author: that although constructivism and the English School share much in common, and there is considerable scope for productive engagement, scholars on both sides are currently mired in an unproductive dialogue of stereotypes. In this dialogue, constructivists draw little more from the English School than the well‐rehearsed proposition that states can form international societies not just systems, and English School scholars focus too heavily on the statist, positivistic form of constructivism associated with the writings of Alexander Wendt – although it is likely to be far more fruitful to see both perspectives as bounded realms of debate, each characterized by significant internal debates over ontology, methods, and ethics. The chapter's second task is to suggest how an enriched dialogue between constructivism and the English School could be productively deployed to grapple with some of the central research questions of the post‐September 11 world: namely, the relationship between power and institutions, international society and world society, and order and justice.
International Political Economy and Globalization
Authors: Buzan Barry 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDeals with arguably the most pointed omission from the thinking of the English School of International Relations – international political economy (IPE) – a failure has had serious and negative consequences for how the understanding of international society has developed, and has also had the consequence that the English School has so far not exploited its considerable potential to act as the theoretical framework through which globalization can be analyzed. The author holds that nothing stands in the way of bringing IPE into the international society tradition, and that much is to be gained by doing so. In the first section of the chapter, he begins his account by identifying and then accounting for this omission, arguing that it is both unnecessary and unjustified; he places the economic sector within English School thinking, looks at what has been said about it, and examines why it has been neglected. In the second section, the consequences of the neglect of the economic sector are explored for the debate about pluralism and solidarism. In the third section, regions and institutions are examined as ways of bringing IPE and the English School together, and in the final section, it is argued that this combination holds the key to a more effective study of globalization.
Justice and Coercion
Authors: Nardin Terry 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe problems caused by the US‐led response to terrorism addressed in Ch. 13 are looked at in more detail in the last two chapters, with the author offering here a novel reformulation of ‘justice’ as ‘coercively enforceable morality’, by arguing that ideas about international justice, and particularly about the rightness of the use of force in pursuit of the supposedly common interests of international society are intrinsically linked to common ideas about what is right or wrong. This suggests a need to rethink the order versus justice debate, as justice becomes the pursuit of those things that are legitimate to pursue, and rather than seeing order and justice as polar opposites, the author argues that the very concept of international justice implies a basic level of agreement about the legitimacy of particular types of order. He responds to the key question of how international society manages competing ideas about justice by outlining a case for the recognition of a ‘common morality’ that should guide action in international society and has three primary properties: first, unlike other ethical codes it is binding on all individuals; second, it rests on the human capacity for reasoned argument rather than ‘custom, contract, or legislation’; and third, its precepts are obligatory restraints on choice, not mere recommendations. He then moves on to discuss how common morality is applicable in international society: in sum, the creation of a common morality implies a shift to a solidarist international society that binds all its actors to a common moral code of action and shares moral responsibilities between them. The key tension within international society, the author concludes, is not one between order and justice, but one between just and unjust coercive orders.
Morality as a System of Advantage‐Reducing Imperatives
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscusses the evolution of human morality from the proto‐morality of our primate ancestors. The dominance of some individuals and groups by others is taken to be the essential condition of the formulation of moral rules, which are to be distinguished from taboo prohibitions and other social norms. The historical evolution towards universalism in the application of moral rules in the face of empirical differences between human beings is argued to be insufficiently explained by evolutionary and game‐theoretic accounts of the origins of morality, to the extent that they posit agents as equal in strength and intelligence. Morality is a scalar phenomenon, with unrestrained self‐interest and advantage‐seeking lying at one pole and hypermoral abnegation at the other. Hobbes’ Theorem, which states that increments of morality added to a society contribute to the happiness and security of individuals, it is not unrestrictedly true.
Limitations on Theory II: Immanent Standpoints
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscusses the sense in which morality is pre‐theoretically immanent in every culture's institutions and practices, as virtue‐theorists like Hume maintain, and distinguishes between benign and pernicious forms of relativism. Discussing ideas advanced by Michael Walzer, the chapter aims to discriminate between community practices that we have no right to judge or cannot judge and practices that can be judged affronts to morality or else permissible variants of preferred institutions and practices. It is argued that relations of social dominance and privilege pervade many aspects of human culture and that they are often obscured by unreasonable respect for the values of stability and continuity, aesthetic interest, or deference to otherness.
Moral Equality and ‘Natural’ Subordination
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe costs of bringing about greater equality with respect to gender seem formidably high, especially with regard to the Reality Constraint as it applies to maternity. Chapter 8 argues that costs to agents in this regard, though real, are offset by acknowledged counterweight principles and our preference for symmetrical over basic co‐operation. The sociobiological themes of Ch. 1 are revisited in an attempt to show the relevance of biological, institutional, and psychological biases to men's social dominance. The variety and complexity of actual relations between men and women is sketched in a brief examination of the moral significance of love, courtship, marriage, infidelity, and vice. Bernard Williams's presentation of the conflict between authority and individuality, and between morality and self‐determination, furnishes the framework of the discussion.
Minimal Semantics
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSeeks to defend a formal (e.g. truth-conditional) approach to semantic theorizing from advocates of so-called ‘dual pragmatics’ (e.g. relevance theorists or contextualists). I argue, first, that formal semantics is preferable to pragmatically saturated approaches since only formal accounts are compatible with a modularity view of linguistic understanding (a view which is itself, I suggest, independently well motivated). Secondly, I contend that the arguments currently on the table in favour of dual pragmatics fail to show that formal semantics should be abandoned. These arguments for dual pragmatics stem from the existence of overt context-sensitivity in natural languages (for instance, in the form of indexicals and demonstratives) and the purported existence of covert context-sensitivity (in the form of ‘unarticulated constituents’). I look at these arguments in detail and suggest how the formal theorist can accommodate the apparent intrusion of pragmatics into the semantic realm. My defence of formal semantics holds, however, only given an appreciation of what I deem to be the limits of semantic theorizing. Thus, I argue overall for a minimal conception of the nature of semantic theories.
Modularity
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn introduction to the notion of modularity of mind and an argument as to why only formal semantic theories are compatible with the claim that semantic comprehension is the product of a (Fodorian) modular system. This chapter also looks at some initial challenges to formal semantics stemming from the apparent place of pragmatic reasoning in our grasp of meaning. These include arguments concerning the nature of speech acts, the analysis of implicatures, word learning, and ambiguity.
First‐line eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori in primary health care based on antibiotic resistance: results of three eradication regimens
Authors: Koivisto T. T. , Rautelin H. I. , Voutilainen M. E. , Heikkinen M. T. , Koskenpato J. P. , Färkkilä M. A. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAim:  To determine the efficacy of three Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens and factors affecting the eradication results in Finland.Methods:  A total of 342 H. pylori‐positive adult patients from primary health care referred for gastroscopy at 23 centres in different parts of Finland were randomized to receive either (i) lansoprazole 30 mg b.d., amoxicillin 1 g b.d. and metronidazole 400 mg t.d.s. (LAM), (ii) lansoprazole 30 mg b.d., amoxicillin 1 g b.d. and clarithromycin 500 mg b.d. (LAC), or (iii) ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg b.d., metronidazole 400 mg t.d.s. and tetracycline 500 mg q.d.s. (RMT). A 13C‐urea breath test was performed 4 weeks after therapy.Results:  The eradication result could be assessed in 329 cases. Intention‐to‐treat cure rates of LAM, LAC, and RMT were 78, 91 and 81%. The difference was significant between LAM and LAC (P = 0.01) and between LAC and RMT (P = 0.04). The eradication rates in cases with metronidazole‐susceptible vs. ‐resistant isolates were for LAM 93% vs. 53% (P = 0.00001), for LAC 95% vs. 84%, and for RMT 91% vs. 67% (P = 0.002). Previous antibiotic use, smoking, and coffee drinking reduced the efficacy of therapy.Conclusions:  In unselected patients in primary health care, LAC was the most effective first‐line eradication.
Allelic variation in the erythropoietin receptor gene is associated with uterine capacity and litter size in swine*
Authors: Vallet J. L. , Freking B. A. , Leymaster K. A. , Christenson R. K. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; C vs. T) that creates an extra GATA‐1 site (T allele) in intron 4 of the swine erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gene was discovered and a genotyping assay for this SNP was developed. A total of 402 gilts from lines selected either at random (control), for ovulation rate (OR) or for uterine capacity (UC) for 11 generations were unilaterally hysterectomized‐ovariectomized (UHO) at 160 days of age, mated at approximately 250 days of age and slaughtered at 105 days of pregnancy. Blood samples and spleens were collected from each foetus and the numbers of corpora lutea (CL) and live foetuses, the weights of each foetus and placenta, and each foetal haematocrit were recorded. In addition, intact gilts from the OR line or from a Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc, crossbred line (BX) were mated and farrowed. At farrowing, the numbers of fully formed and live piglets were recorded for each litter. Genomic DNA was isolated for both the UHO and intact gilts, from foetuses from the UHO gilts that were heterozygous for the EPOR SNP, and from the boars from the BX line and were then used to determine EPOR SNP genotypes. Only CC and CT gilts were observed in the control, OR and UC selected lines. Presence of the EPOR T allele was associated (P < 0.05) with increased UC in these gilts. The number of heterozygous and homozygous foetuses did not differ within UHO litters, or did EPOR genotype influence foetal haematocrit. In intact gilts from the OR line, litter size was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with EPOR SNP genotype. Finally, results from intact gilts of the BX line, in which both the gilt and the boar genotypes were known, allowed an analysis to determine the effect of the gilt and/or the foetal genotype on litter size. This analysis indicated that the predicted foetal genotype (with gilt genotype as covariate) was associated with litter size (an increase of 2.6 ± 1.0 piglets born alive predicted for homozygous T litters compared with homozygous C litters, P < 0.01) whereas the effect of the gilt genotype (adjusted for foetal genotype) on litter size was not significant. These results indicate that the EPOR SNP is associated with UC and litter size in two distinct populations and could be useful in increasing litter size in swine that are not limited in OR.
Patient participation on a ward for frail older people
Authors: Tutton Elizabeth M.M. 
Published: March 2005

Aims.  The paper reports a study whose aims were to explore the meaning of participation for older people in hospital and their health care workers and ways in which staff can enhance patient participation in their care.Background.  Participation in care is a concept that is central to nursing practice. However, little is known about patient and staff views of participation and how it takes place in practice.Methods.  Action research was used, and data were collected by means of focus groups and in‐depth interviews. Three focus groups and 24 interviews were undertaken with staff, and 19 interviews were undertaken with patients. The main action undertaken with staff aimed at raising their awareness of participation. In addition small changes in practice were introduced, such as the use of a patient biographical booklet.Findings.  The findings suggest that participation is a dynamic process that is integral to the work of nurses and carers. The process is enacted through the themes of facilitation, partnership, understanding the person, and emotional work.Conclusion.  The study demonstrates how nurses can become increasingly aware of the potential for facilitation and creation of opportunities for participation. It is crucial that practitioners working with older people develop a deeper understanding of participation and are also empowered to act in ways that fit with the needs of this specific client group.
Technology dependence and health‐related quality of life: a model
Authors: Marden Susan F. 
Published: March 2005

Aim.  This paper presents a new theoretical model to explain people's diverse responses to therapeutic health technology by characterizing the relationship between technology dependence and health‐related quality of life (HRQL).Introduction.  Technology dependence has been defined as reliance on a variety of devices, drugs and procedures to alleviate or remedy acute or chronic health problems. Health professionals must ensure that these technologies result in positive outcomes for those who must rely on them, while minimizing the potential for unintended consequences. Little research exists to inform health professionals about how dependency on therapeutic technology may affect patient‐reported outcomes such as HRQL. Organizing frameworks to focus such research are also limited.Model.  Generated from the synthesis of three theoretical frameworks and empirical research, the model proposes that attitudes towards technology dependence affect HRQL through a person's illness representations or commonsense beliefs about their illness. Symptom distress, illness history, age and gender also influence the technology dependence and HRQL relationship. Five concepts form the major components of the model: a) attitudes towards technology dependence, b) illness representation, c) symptom distress, d) HRQL and e) illness history.Conclusion.  The model is proposed as a guide for clinical nursing research into the impact of a wide variety of therapeutic health care interventions on HRQL. Empirical validation of the model is needed to test its generality.
Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat
Authors: Lennmyr F. , Terént A. , Syvänen A.‐C. , Barbany G. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Focal cerebral ischemia induces up‐regulation of angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which may have both beneficial and harmful effects to the ischemic brain. Vascular endothelial growth factor is up‐regulated in models of brain ischemia, but the underlying mechanisms in vivo remain unclear. In the present report we have investigated the concomitant changes in VEGF and glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA expression in a model of permanent and transient cerebral ischemia.Methods:  Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to permanent or transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO, TMCAO). Brain samples were collected at survival times ranging from 6 h to 1 week, and the levels of VEGF164 and GAPDH mRNA were determined using reverse‐transcriptase real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).Results:  The VEGF mRNA levels decreased gradually over the observation period in a similar manner in both PMCAO and TMCAO. Maximum levels, seen at early observation time points, did not significantly deviate from sham controls. No statistically significant changes in GAPDH mRNA levels were observed, but there was a tendency towards a postischemic decrease with subsequent return to control levels over time. The VEGF/GAPDH ratio followed a pattern of decrease similar to VEGF mRNA alone.Conclusion:  The VEGF mRNA levels at 6 h after MCAO remain near baseline and thereafter decline, regardless of whether the occlusion is permanent or transient (2 h). The findings raise the question of other than transcriptional regulation of VEGF in cerebral ischemia.
Fungi in leaves, twigs and stem bark of Populus tremula from northern Spain
Authors: Santamaría O. , Diez J. J. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryFungal species were recorded from Populus tremula leaves, twigs and bark (trunk) at eight sites in the northern region of Spain, with the aim of evaluating the effect of sampling site, sampling tissue and isolation method on the frequency and species distribution of the fungi recovered from necrotic and healthy tissues. Two different isolation methods were used: the first consisted of finding fruitbodies on plant tissues after incubating them in wet and warm conditions, and the second included growing mycelia from plant fragments plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). A total of 48 fungal species were isolated from 960 plant fragments. Cytospora chrysosperma, previously reported to be a pathogen of poplar, was recovered very frequently and was recorded as much in healthy as in dead or dying tissues. Cladosporium maculicola, Elsinoe veneta, Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans and Pollaccia radiosa were also frequently isolated. The isolation frequencies from necrotic and healthy plant tissues were significantly different between sites and isolation methods. The incubation in moist chambers revealed significantly more fungal isolates and a higher species richness (38 species) than isolations on PDA. However, 16% of the fungal species were exclusively recorded from cultures. Therefore, a combination of several isolation methods is recommended for surveys of fungal communities associated with trees.
Immunohistochemical identification of HCV target antigen in paraffin‐embedded liver tissue: reproducibility and staining patterns
Authors: Shiha Gamal E , Zalata Khaled R , Abdalla Ahmed F , Mohamed Mostfa K 
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Background: Immunohistochemical staining has been applied successfully to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigen in fresh frozen tissue. In paraffin‐embedded tissues, however, minimal trials with conflicting results have been reported.Aims: The present study is a trial to evaluate the identification of HCV antigen in paraffin‐embedded liver biopsies using the anti‐HCV monoclonal antibody (MAb) TORDJI‐22.Methods: We applied immunohistochemical staining for HCV in 56 paraffin‐embedded liver biopsy specimens, 46 from patients seropositive for HCV‐RNA and 10 control liver biopsy specimens. The TORDJI‐22 MAb was applied in dilution 1:40, with overnight incubation.Results: Reproducible staining patterns of HCV antigen in tissues were identified among the majority (42/46–91%) of HCV RNA seropositive cases. The staining pattern was cytoplasmic of hepatocytes, with occasional nuclear hue. It is mainly coarse granular with microvesicular pattern. Three staining patterns were identified: A, diffuse or membranous; B, patchy; and C, occasional paranuclear. None of the control samples showed a similar staining pattern.Conclusion: Immunohistochemical identification of HCV antigen is easy to apply in paraffin‐embedded liver biopsy specimens when the optimal detection techniques are applied. The staining pattern is reproducible, being mainly coarse granular cytoplasmic. Cross reactivity with hepatitis B virus antigens was not detected.
Developments in prediction theories of the effective size of populations under selection
Authors: NOMURA Tetsuro 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTThe effective population size is a key parameter in the definition of selection programs, because the magnitude of this parameter determines both the rate of inbreeding and the amount of genetic drift in the population. Prediction of the effective size of selected populations is complicated by the fact that selection has a cumulative effect on the effective size. In the present article, two basic approaches to predict the effective size of populations under selection were summarized, and the interrelation among them was clarified. Several extensions to practical situations relevant to animal breeding, such as non‐random mating, index selection and marker‐assisted selection, were also reviewed.