bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endemism Index
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our analysis in parts III, IV, and V of this book has been at the level of individual species. We asked how the 191 analyzed species of Northern Melanesian birds differ from each other in their patterns of geographic variation and speciation, and how those species differences can be explained. Now, in part VI, we switch to an analysis at the level of islands. We ask how islands differ from each other in the patterns of geographic variation and speciation of their avifaunas, and how those island differences can be explained. Northern Melanesian islands vary greatly as regards geography. They come in all sizes, from giant New Britain (35,742 km2) to tiny islands of a fraction of a hectare. Four islands reach elevations of more than 2,000 m, while many others barely rise above the high-tide mark. Some are located centrally within Northern Melanesia, some peripherally. Some islands are isolated, while others are clustered into discrete groups, which lie, in turn, at various distances from each other. Some islands were connected to each other during the Pleistocene, while others rose recently from the sea by uplift or volcanic activity and have never been connected. As we explain in this part of our book, all of these geographic factors affect the formation of endemic taxa and the completion of speciation.
The Establishment of Geographic Isolates
Authors: Mayr Ernst , Diamond Jared 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic differentiation within an initially conspecific population can proceed in three different ways. Two of those ways were already mentioned in chapter 16 in connection with peripatric and dichopatric speciation. The first is through primary isolation: colonizing individuals from a source population may succeed in crossing a major barrier to reach an area or island previously unoccupied by their species. There, they found a new population, which thus is immediately isolated from the source population by the barrier. The barrier may be a water gap between islands, or an ecological barrier within a single land mass (such as a mountain range separating lowland areas, a low-lying area separating mountains, or a dry savanna or desert separating forested areas). Already at its moment of founding, the new population may differ from its parent source population as a result of the founder effect; the gene frequencies of the founding individuals may happen to differ from the average gene frequencies in the source population. Once founded, the new population may or may not survive long enough for genetic differentiation to proceed further, depending on the colonized island’s area and the population density of the species. In addition, the continued flow of conspecific individuals from the source population across the barrier may or may not be high enough to inhibit differentiation, depending especially on the width of the barrier and the vagility of the species.
The Art of Singing Twentieth-Century Music
Authors: Mabry Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This question has haunted singers for decades. Let’s investigate some answers. In pedagogical terms, it seems absurd to summarily banish one hundred years of vocal music from a singer’s programmable repertoire, whether it be the twentieth century or the eighteenth century, without giving the music a thorough reading over a considerable period of study. The musical offerings of the twentieth century are so diverse in style, mood, interpretation, and genre that any voice type should be able to find pieces suitable for study or performance.
The Skeptical Sublime
Authors: Noggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book argues that philosophical skepticism helps define the aesthetic experience of the sublime in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British literature, especially the poetry of Alexander Pope. Skeptical doubt appears in the period as an astonishing force in discourse that cannot be controlled—“doubt’s boundless Sea,” in Rochester’s words—and as such is consistently seen as affiliated with the sublime, itself emerging as an important way to conceive of excessive power in rhetoric, nature, psychology, religion, and politics. This view of skepticism as a force affecting discourse beyond its practitioners’ control links Noggle’s discussion to other theoretical accounts of sublimity, especially psychoanalytic and ideological ones, that emphasize the sublime’s activation of unconscious personal and cultural anxieties and contradictions. But because The Skeptical Sublime demonstrates the sublime’s roots in the epistemological obsessions of Pope and his age, it also grounds such theories in what is historically evident in the period’s writing. The skeptical sublime is a concrete, primary instance of the transformation of modernity’s main epistemological liability, its loss of certainty, into an aesthetic asset—retaining, however, much of the unsettling irony of its origins in radical doubt. By examining the cultural function of such persistent instability, this book seeks to clarify the aesthetic ideology of major writers like Pope, Swift, Dryden, and Rochester, among others, who have been seen, sometimes confusingly, as both reactionary and supportive of the liberal-Whig model of taste and civil society increasingly dominant in the period. While they participate in the construction of proto-aesthetic categories like the sublime to stabilize British culture after decades of civil war and revolution, their appreciation of the skepticism maintained by these means of stabilization helps them express ambivalence about the emerging social order and distinguishes their views from the more providentially assured appeals to the sublime of their ideological opponents.
To Become or Not to Become: Using Yourself to Create a Believable Character
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most efficient way to enter your character’s reality is by using the Magical if. Developed by the great Russian acting teacher Constantin Stanislavski, this amazing tool is no more than the provocative phrase “I’m going to behave as if . . .” Although these words may seem innocuous, they can powerfully stimulate your imagination. They can lift you directly into your character’s world and help you generate believable actions that express your character’s feelings.
Your Character’s Universe: Analyzing the Dramatic Structure of Music-Theater Pieces
Authors: Ostwald David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overwhelming majority of music-theater pieces are built from closely similar blueprints. They combine four kinds of building blocks—the first three of which they share with spoken theater pieces—to create variations of a stock dramatic structure. This common origin allows you to construct believable characters by using only a few powerful tools that are applicable to songs, art songs, lieder, musicals, and operas alike.
Phages with Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Genomes
Authors: Mindich Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first member of this family of bacteriophages, the Cystoviridae, was isolated in 1973. This phage, named f6, was found to have a genome of three double-stranded RNA molecules packaged within a polyhedral nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipid-containing membrane (47, 52). The basic outlines of the life cycle of f6 were described in several reviews (25, 29). Since that time, a number of important advances have been made. The structures of the virus and subviral particles have been defined through the application of cryo-electron microscopy (1,7). The structure of the RNA-dependent polymerase has been elucidated through X-ray diffraction studies on protein crystals (2, 3). The reassembly of inner core particles of both f6 and f8 has been accomplished with pure individual proteins (21, 40). The packaging of the genomic segments has been elucidated and several reverse genetic systems have been developed (27, 28, 48). Recombination between the genomic segments has been described (26). In addition, a number of relatives of f6 have been isolated from nature, enlarging the family of Cystoviridae (31).
The Bacteriophage Mu
Authors: Paolozzi Luciano , Ghelardini Patrizia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mu was the first mobile genetic element identified in prokaryotes. Since its first isolation, in 1963, it has attracted the interest of many biologists. This interest is a consequence of its double nature: Mu is both a bacteriophage and a transposon. Studies on Mu began when L. Taylor published a paper on a new temperate bacteriophage that showed the unusual ability to insert its DNA in multiple sites of the host genome. This integration was coupled with the induction of mutations in the host cell (236). The insertional mutagenesis phenomenon was thus described for the first time and it was shown that when sensitive bacteria (Escherichia coli K12) were infected with bacteriophage Mu, they exhibited increased mutation rates at many genetic loci. The prophage was always linked to the chromosomal site of the induced mutation. These properties were similar to those of the ‘‘controlling elements’’ postulated by Barbara McClintock (176), consisting of DNA moving from one position to another in the maize chromosome that resulted in modification and even suppression of the function of some genes.
The Nature and Complexities of Narrative
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the scientific physician is likely to resist any analysis of medical practice that thrusts storytelling onto center stage, the analytic philosopher is equally likely to object to this analysis. Storytelling is such a broad term, it might be argued, that there is really no place in medicine where one could not be said to be telling stories of one sort or another, and so the metaphor of storytelling cannot be used to distinguish one set of activities from others within medicine. It is therefore useful to be reminded that the story, in the study of literature and cultural anthropology, is a concept denoting a particular form and function, and that reasonably precise descriptions and theories of storytelling are available if one chooses to take advantage of them. Moreover, broadened interest in story and narrative in fields as diverse as medicine, philosophy, psychology, and communications theory has increased the number of helpful definitions and descriptions from varying perspectives. It turns out that not only is the telling of stories a specific sort of act, it is an act that has important implications for the very organization of human knowledge and of other human actions.
Dimensions of Sickness
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophical investigations into the nature of health and disease have provided many insights and some frustrations. I attribute many of the frustrations to the notion that only by abstracting the idea of disease from the particular context of the sickness episode and the sick person can one arrive at the “essence” of disease, which is what counts as true philosophical knowledge. This approach becomes less plausible when we consider examples like this statement: “The sick person faces marked alterations in his personhood. . . . his ‘worth’ and sense of self-worth as a person are all subject to drastic modification” (Rollin 1979: 164-165). On its face this generalization seems defensible, and yet with further thought we are bound to ask—is this true of any episode of illness? If we then look at a previous passage in the same paper and note that this author has included warts as an undoubted, bona fide example of a “sickness,” then the generalization about “drastic modifications in selfworth” becomes questionable.
Sick Roles: Practices and Life Plans
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Woolf, it seems, would have approved of two monumental twentieth-century novels, Thomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The Cancer Ward. The novels have several things in common that will repay careful study. Both depict a central character or characters who arc sick and who spend most of the novel in a place of sickness among those who share the same disease. To set the stage and to place the main characters in a broader context, the authors must show us a number of sick persons, each suffering or coping with his disease in a different way. (The diseases, tuberculosis and cancer, are chronic conditions that behave differently at different stages of their processes and that strike different parts of the body, thus allowing maxi mal variability in how the individuals are affected by them.)
Sickness and Social Relations
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To discern how sickness affects one’s close associates, we must move away from first-person narratives of the sickness experience in order to hear the stories as told from others’ viewpoints. Many literary works about illness allow us to shift perspectives, seeing the illness at different times both from the sufferer’s point of view and also from the point of view of close associates. The short story “The Metamorphosis” by Franz Kafka (1979) is one such work. Kafka tells his story with a focus on the afflicted individual but allows us easily to reconstruct the stories and experiences of the other characters.
Conclusion: The Patient–Health Professional Relationship as a Narrative
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time to bring back and integrate two notions we discussed earlier: the “joint construction of narrative” as a collaborative task for the health-care professional and the patient, and Margaret Urban Walker’s concept of the “narrative of relationship.” These notions will find a comfortable home in some health-care settings, but not in others.
After modern medical ethics had been in full swing for ten or fifteen years, some critics began to take it to task for focusing on unusual and dramatic cases from hospital practice and neglecting the more commonplace situations that arise in primary care settings. If we focus on unusual cases in hospitals and in highly specialized practices, we are most likely to find ourselves in a bureaucratic world in which a principlist ethics seems most appropriate and a highly personalized ethics seems most out of place (Evans 2000)— a place where the patient necessarily seeks “the care of strangers” (Burt 1979).
Darwin’s Achievement ( 1985)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1844 Charles Darwin had begun to feel that his growing friendship with Joseph Hooker was strong enough to be tested by the revelation of his unorthodox ideas on “the species question.” Darwin’s disclosure cost him some misgivings: “it is like confessing a murder,” he wrote. Yet, little more than a quarter of a century later, Darwin’s heresy had won endorsements from many prominent scientists in Britain, Europe, and the United States. By 1871, Thomas Henry Huxley was prepared to declare that “in a dozen years the ‘Origin of Species’ has worked as complete a revolution in Biological Science as the ‘Principia’ did in Astronomy.”
Developmental Decomposition and the Future of Human Behavioral Ecology (1990)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every gardener knows the problem. Simply removing the weeds from your soil is useless, for the bare space that results will surely be invaded anew unless you take more active steps, introducing and nurturing the varieties of plants that you want. Similarly, a critique of human sociobiology that simply uproots the current occupants of this part of the intellectual landscape will not suffice. Effective criticism should supply the seeds for a new enterprise.
In 1985 I surveyed the main efforts of sociobiologists to provide conclusions about human social behavior. On the view I developed (see especially Vaulting Ambition, chapter 4), the field of sociobiology is generated through the application of evolutionary ideas to the study of social behavior. Nobody can protest that application in principle, even when the species under study is our own. However, there are deep confusions in attempting to use evolutionary analyses to resolve the nature nurture problem or to erect a grand theory of human nature. Thus, part of the sociobiological enterprise as it has sometimes and most popularly been conceived should be simply abandoned. What remains should be thoroughly cleansed. For, as I endeavored to show,3 the applications of evolutionary ideas to human social behavior are notably less rigorous and careful than the best work in the evolutionary study of the behavior of nonhuman animals.
Born-Again Creationism (2002)
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning, Creationists believed that the world was young. But Creation “science” was without form and void. A deluge of objections drowned the idea that major kinds of plants and animals had been fashioned a few thousand years ago, and hardly modified since. Then the spirit of piety brooded on the waters and brought forth something new. “Let there be design!” exclaimed the reformers-and lo! there was Born-Again Creationism.
Out in Santee, California, about twenty miles from where I used to live, the old movement, dedicated to the possibility of interpreting Genesis literally, continues to ply its wares. Its spokesmen still peddle the familiar fallacies, their misunderstandings of the second law of thermodynamics, their curious views about radiometric dating with apparently revolutionary implications for microphysics, the plundering of debates in evolutionary theory for lines that can be usefully separated from their context, and so forth. But the most prominent Creationists on the current intellectual scene are a new species, much smoother and more sawy. Not for them the commitment to a literal interpretation of Genesis with all the attendant difficulties. Some of them even veer close to accepting the so-called “fact of evolution,” the claim, adopted by most scientists within a dozen years of the publication of Darwin’s Origin, that living things are related and that the history of life has been a process of descent with modification. The sticking point for the Born-Again Creationists, as it was for many late-nineteenth-century thinkers, is the mechanism of evolutionary change. They want to argue that natural selection is inadequate, indeed that no natural process could have produced the diversity of organisms, and thus that there must be some designing agent, who didn’t just start the process but who has intervened throughout the history of life.
The Household as Repair Shop
Authors: Spelman Elizabeth V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human being—the entertainer formerly known as Man—is the repairing animal. Repair certainly is n’t the only work humans do, nor are we the only animals that do it. And no doubt there already are plenty of venerable and captivating portraits of Homo sapiens—as the rational animal, the political animal, the social animal, the animal that really-and-not-just-apparently uses language, the only thinking thing that also has emotions, the only thinking thing that worries about whether it is the only thinking thing. But there is a powerful and fascinating case for regarding Homo sapiens as Homo reparans.
Resentment and Assurance
Authors: Walker Margaret Urban 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resentment is a kind of anger. It is widely agreed that resentment predicates some kind of wrong at others’ hands and that it is in some way a defensive emotion in its operation or its manner of expression. The most widely cited contemporary account of resentment, Jean Hampton’s, renders the anger, wrong, and need for defense in a particularly colorful way. Hampton’s is an individualistic and agonistic account of resentment. Beings acutely aware of their “value and rank” are moved to anger by injuries to themselves that challenge their presumed standings, and they are mobilized in fearful defense of the self-esteem these standings under-write.
Genocide and Social Death
Authors: Card Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay develops the hypothesis that social death is utterly central to the evil of genocide, not just when genocide is primarily cultural but even when it is homicidal on a massive scale. It is social death that enables us to distinguish the peculiar evil of genocide from the evils of other mass murders. Even genocidal murders can be viewed as extreme means to the primary end of social death.
Introduction
Authors: Hobson Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One hardly needs to make a case for the prominence of William Faulkner and his novel Absalom, Absalom! In the American literary canon. Harold Bloom may not have spoken for everyone—but he certainly did for many—when he wrote in 1986, “By universal consent of critics and common readers, Faulkner now is recognized as the strongest American novelist of this century.” As for Absalom, Cleanth Brooks, writing in 1963, considered the work “the greatest of [Faulkner’s] novels,” and Joseph Urgo, in American Literature in 1990, pronounced it Faulkner’s “greatest novel, his most complex and rewarding literary work.” Dirk Kuyk, Jr., in Sutpen’s Design (1990) goes even further: not only does Absalom, Absalom! “tower among” Faulkner’s work, but “we can now hear it described as the greatest American novel of the century... joining Moby Dick and Huckleberry Finn at the pinnacle of American fiction.” Faulkner himself had a similar view. In January 1936, just as he was wrapping up the novel, he said to a friend, “I think it’s the best novel yet written by an American.”
History and the Sense of the Tragic
Authors: Brooks Cleanth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Absalom, absalom ! in my opinion the greatest of Faulk- ner’s novels, is probably the least well understood of all of his books. The property of a great work, as T. S. Eliot remarked long ago, is to communicate before it is understood, and Absalom, Absalom! passes this test triumphantly. It has meant something very powerful and important to all sorts of people, and who is to say that, under the circumstances, this something was not the thing to be said to that particular reader? To the young French- man who had served in the maquis, to the young writer in New York interested in problems of technique, a little weary from having given his days and nights to the prose of Henry James, to the Shrevlin McCannons all over Canada and the United States with their myths of the South compounded out of Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Strange Fruit—to all of these, Absalom, Absalom! had some-thing to give. That is important, and I do not mean to disparage it. Yet the book has its own rights, as it were, and in proportion as we admire it, we shall want to see not merely what we can make of it but what it makes of itself.
The Signifying Abstraction:Reading “the Negro” in Absalom, Absalom!
Authors: Davis Thadious 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A black presence dominates Absalom, Absalom!as it does perhaps no other Faulkner novel. Nowhere else is it so apparent that the Negro is an abstract force confounding southern life both past and present even while, paradoxically, stimulating much of that life and art. The material or experiential realities of black people do not figure into the conception of “the Negro,” an essentialized, always already “typed” configuration. A symbolic statement of this idea is suggested by the action of Miss Rosa Coldfield, one of the participants and narrators, who attempts to lift the weight of a coffin bearing the body of Charles Bon (whom she has never seen either alive or dead) in order to ascertain whether Bon’s body is, in fact, inside. In essence, she desires to validate Bon’s existence from sensory evidence; she is determined to know whether he is flesh or an imaginative construct. However, Miss Rosa is forced to apply not the most expedient sensory mechanism (that is, sight) but the only one available to her, and that one is insufficient for such a determination.