bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Elusive Ideal of Academic Freedom
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While concerns of the modern market, represented by business supporters, students, and public opinion, were sometimes blindly pushing emerging universities away from their distinctive Christian emphases, the persons most explicitly seeking a rationale for freedom from religious restraints were the progressive professors. By the early decades of the twentieth century professors were beginning to emerge from under the shadow of administrators and to set their own professional standards for academic culture. The rumors were true that on matters religious the most prominent professors were also likely to be the most outspoken progressives at a university. What Harold Boice had expressed with alarm to Cosmopolitan readers in 1909, James Leuba documented with approval in 1916. Leuba, a professor of psychology at Bryo Mawr College, had been a student ofG. Stanley Hall, and his 1916 volume The Belief in God and Immortality: A Psychological, Anthropological and Statistical Study was both an early effort to apply the scientific uses of statistics and a pragmatist tract for scientifically created religion.As a tract, Leuba’s study may be seen as an early effort not only to bring out of the closet the widespread academic skepticism regarding traditional Christianity, but also to proclaim skepticism’s intellectual superiority and domination. Leuba’s essential thesis was that as intelligence and education increase traditional religious beliefs will inevitably decrease. This was a thesis that Thomas Paine, Thomas Cooper, or Thomas Jefferson would have subscribed to, but in the United States its proclamation had been muffled for nearly a century as evangelicals and their immediate heirs had held much of the field in academia. Now armed with the prestige of the new evolutionary sciences and with the reassuring idealist versions of a Jeffersonian Sermon-on-the-Mount civil religion, the cause could reemerge in an irrepressible form.
Searching for a Soul
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the interwar years American cultural leaders faced a new crisis of faith, not simply concerning Christianity but concerning liberal Western culture itself. This intellectual crisis, which emerged in the 1920s and heightened during the 1930s and the war years, undercut the ideological rationale for the universities as servants of democratic civilization. The universities were unreservedly committed to two things: science and the highest ideals of Western culture. Now a distressing realization began to dawn, although only a few prophets were willing to face its full implications, that these two ideals might be incompatible. This crisis of cultural faith was sharply intensified by the general crisis of Western culture. By the early 1930s Americans were becoming aware of the dimensions of the worldwide crisis and at the same time facing the severest domestic challenges since the Civil War. The failure of democracies abroad and the rise of totalitarianism underscored the revived question of whether the American experiment would long endure. The unprecedented economic depression changed what had been previously a theoretical question into an engrossing concern, impossible to ignore. People were bound to ask what held American society together, or, for that matter, what would hold together any democracy. Was a democracy merely a pragmatic arrangement or did it require a body of shared ideas in order to function?American universities, which only recently had emerged as major players in the national culture, mirrored the national crisis. The painful economic constraints of the depression era were, of course, the most immediate concern, but the questions debated at universities went deeper. Many of those who were used to looking for underlying explanations were becoming acutely aware that the cultural upheaval of the past half-century had undermined what had been thought to be the very foundations of Western civilization. Having been among the major promoters of these changes, intellectual leaders in the university had to face the question of whether the new culture for which they spoke had anything to offer in place of, or at least to shore up, the old verities.For humanists, who were most likely to be debating such issues, the fear of losing moral compass was exacerbated by recognition that the dominant forces shaping the universities were functional and mundane.
Before the Enlightenment
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time, say, at the turn of the century, arbitration was neither a new nor an uncommon practice in the United States, particularly in such great commercial and financial centers as New York and Chicago. A robust and active law of arbitration also existed. This arbitration law was both statutory and judge-made, although arbitration statutes were in effect in most states.4 It is easy to lose sight of these older statutes; almost all have been replaced by “modern” arbitration statutes.
The Beginning of Reform
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without putting too fine a point on causation, it may be said that the reform movement first flowering in New York had many roots. Undoubtedly the most important was the actual practice of arbitration, including the custom of including clauses relating to future disputes and abiding by those clauses in spite of their unenforce ability at law. New York had long been a center of arbitration activity,1 especially among members of financial and trade associations of various kinds. The Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York and its institutional forebears had been active in arbitration since 1768.
The USAA: Enactment
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armed with American Bar Association’s approval of the 1923 USAA draft,1 the A.B.A. committee returned to the fray. After Senator Sterling and Congressman Mills resubmitted the new A.B.A. draft in December,2 a joint hearing was held on January 9, 1924, by subcommittees of the two committees on the judiciary, Senator Sterling presiding.
The Critique of the Public/Private Distinction
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, most American lawyers did not assume that all political and economic actors should be classified either as private parties or as public officials. Instead, they recognized that a variety of institutions and organizations-for example, business corporations, municipal corporations, guilds, churches, and proprietors of the common fields-were most accurately described as partly private and partly public in character. The objectives of such bodies typically included both enrichment of their members and pursuit of the common weal; they enjoyed many powers (like the capacity to tax members or exercise eminent domain) typically associated with government; many of them owned substantial amounts of property and conducted their affairs partly through its management; and not all individual citizens had access to them.
During the nineteenth century, a growing number of lawyers found increasingly problematic the continued exercise by these organizations of their special powers and privileges. The public and private “spheres,” judges and commentators asserted with growing frequency, ought to be kept separate.2 In tum, that shift in attitude inspired a number of important doctrinal reforms: Business corporations were stripped of some of their more “public” powers, and “general incorporation” statutes made the corporate form available to all persons.3 Corporations “privatized” through this process were provided protections against govern­ mental regulation comparable to the protections enjoyed by individual persons.4 Municipal corporations, once differentiated from private corporations, were stripped of many of their proprietary functions and rendered increasingly dependent for their regulatory authority on formal delegations of power from the state legislatures.5 The notion that government officials had property interests in their posts was repudiated.6
Law and Organizational Society
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the Civil War and World War I, three related developments transformed the American economy. First, the scale of economic organizations increased dramatically. Many private corporations grew to sizes that during the antebellum period would have been unimaginable. By 1904, 2000 firms (approximately 1 percent of the total number of businesses in the United States) produced annually 40 percent of the nation’s industrial goods. The national markets for several products (for example, oil, tobacco, and sugar) were almost completely controlled by one or by a few corporations. Agriculture was undergoing a similar transformation. Mechanized “bonanza” farms, encompassing as much as 10,000 acres of land, were multiplying. And growing numbers of farmers were joining huge economic and political associations, like the Northern and Southern alliances, that promised to defend their interests.
To some extent, the growth of these organizations was attributable to the same forces that powered the industrial revolution in the United States. Improved transportation and communications systems (especially the establishment of a national railroad and telegraph system) and the rapid growth of the cities (fueled partly by immigration) increased sharply the number of consumers a firm could reach. Urbanization also produced convenient concentrations of skilled and unskilled labor. Technological innovations (like the Bessemer process and mechanical harvesters) necessitated or placed a premium on large factories and farms. Finally, a vastly expanded pool of capital reated by a high domestic savings rate reinforced by increased foreign investment and managed by a host of new financial intermediaries-made the formation of large enterprises feasible.
Introductory note to *1938a
Authors: Sieg Wilfried , Parson Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text that follows consists of notes for a lecture Gödel delivered in Vienna on 29 January 1938 to a seminar organized by Edgar Zilsel. The lecture presents an overview of possibilities for continuing Hilbert’s program in a revised form. It is an altogether remarkable document: biographically, it provides, together with *19330 and *1941, significant information on the development of Godel’s foundational views; substantively, it presents a hierarchy of constructive theories that are suitable for giving (relative) consistency proofs of parts of classical mathematics (see §§2-4 of the present note); and, mathematically, it analyzes Gentzen’s 1936 proof of the consistency of classical arithmetic in a most striking way (see §7).
Controlling the Production of Lawyers
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American legal profession did not begin to assume its present shape until the end of the nineteenth century. Some of the thirteen colonies had seen the emergence of nascent legal professions that retained their links to England, preserving the division between barristers and solicitors by sending some students to the Inns of Court in London to prepare for call to the English Bar. But these ties were thoroughly disrupted by the Revolution, which also precipitated the departure of many lawyers with Tory sympathies, including some of the most prominent practitioners.
Differentiation Within the Legal Profession
Authors: Abel Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National legal professions differ in both the nature of their internal divisions and the distribution of lawyers among those categories. In most European legal professions, graduating law students make career choices that are fairly irrevocable, whereas American lawyers move between categories throughout their professional lives. Furthermore, European private practitioners are only one category among others-judges and prosecutors, civil servants, and lawyers employed by business-all of which tend to be equal or greater in size and in the material and intangible rewards they enjoy.
“Keep a Due Guard over Your Words”
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subsequent entries in the Headingley MS A notebook continue in much the same vein. This second grouping, like the first, leans heavily toward internal spiritual debate. Vague but vociferous charges of irregularities (sensuality, 17; immoderate mirth and anger, I 5; evil speaking, 20; inadvertence and temptations, 16) stand in tension with professions of sincerity, praise, thankfulness, and faith in a God who is both powerful and loving (e.g., in 35, 38, 42, and 43).
“I Cannot Altogether Acquiesce”
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A single meditation near the beginning of this chapter and an unusual series of ten meditations at the end claim special attention. At the outset, entry 79 pro vides one of the rare glimpses into the particulars of personal and family life. In this morning meditation, spanning the best part of two notebook pages, Susanna Wesley details her new resolution to meet each child individually for special conference (“one for every day of the week and two for Sunday”) and recalls two previous vows: her own meditational discipline, of which her diaries are a manifestation, taken on nine years previously, and her seven-year-old determination never to “drink above two glasses of strong liquor at one time.”
“These Blessed Lucid Intervals”
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the previous seven chapters, which contain entries from a single note book, this one draws on Susanna Wesley’s entire journal output in two small notebooks.1 However, this final batch of journal entries returns to her traditional practice of thrice-daily meditations and continues to deal with the same range of subjects and authors we have come to expect. For instance, there are references to, and wholesale copyings from, such important mentors as John Locke (209-211), George Herbert (205, 216), Pascal (207), Seneca (186), and the relatively unknown theologian Richard Lucas (202-203, 205, 208, 212-214). Even Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury (an early partisan of the prince of Orange and thus politically distant from the semi-Nonjuring Susanna Wesley) figures in two entries (199 and 215).
Some Remarks on a Letter from Whit field
Authors: Charles Wallace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near the end of her life Susanna Wesley found herself in a position to defend one of her former pupils, her son John, then in the middle of a public theological controversy with his old friend George Whitefield. Whitefield (1714-1770) came under John Wesley’s influence while a student at Pembroke College, Oxford, becoming not only an ardent member of the undergraduate religious organization nick named the Holy Club but subsequently a major leader of the evangelical revival in both Britain and North America. In fact, it was the more innovative, less churchly Whitefield who introduced Wesley to field preaching in 1Tl9. Though they were able to maintain their personal friendship, a fact that partially accounted for Whitefield’s visit to the widowed Susanna Wesley while she was staying with the Halls in Wooton, a professional rivalry developed. The two men soon broke theological ranks over predestination, the Calvinist doctrine asserting that God “before the foundation of the world” irrevocably chose some for salvation (“election”), others for damnation (“reprobation”). Whitefield, whose predisposition in this di rection was abetted by his evangelistic work in Wales, Scotland, and America, be came its champion, while his former mentor steadfastly held to his birthright Arminian position, which supported divine love (though perhaps at the expense of divine power) and gave humanity a greater role in the process of salvation.
Introduction
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition policy has been one of twentieth-century America’s most durable goods. Whether in business, politics, sports, or speech, a vision of robust rivalry-of free competition-has inspired our social theories, directed our practices, and informed our public discourse. But from what tyranny do we want to free competition? From government power? Or from private economic power? These twin images of oppression reflect the fears animating a Hundred Years’ War over particular public policy undertakings and, more generally, over the proper attitude toward political economy, over the best balance between politics and economics. If we believe that competition free from government regulation does a better job of producing and distributing capital, goods, labor, speech and other basic liberties, then not even sit-down strikes or price-fixing cartels justify government intervention. This notion of free competition has supported a commitment to individual liberty, to freedom from government power. If, however, we want to regulate private economic power because, for instance, we believe that efficiency is better served or that private power corrupts, then political oversight is justified. In this sense, free competition has involved a commitment to rough equality. Because we dread domination-both political and economic-we have called for policy that limits both kinds of power, policy that satisfies commitments to both individual liberty and rough equality.
John’s Systematic Use of Matthew
Authors: Brodie Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first general indications of John’s knowledge of Matthew is not so much that both of them used Mark (though that in itself is important), but that the way in which Matthew did so-his absorbing and clarifying of Mark, and the fact that he added discourses-would seem to have provided a partial precedent for the work of John. In particular, Matthew ‘s general way of arranging the discourses-each is preceded and introduced by narrative-furnishes an initial model for the procedure found in John. In approaching the question of how John has actually adapted Matthew, it is useful to regard Matthew as consisting of four main elements. The references are simplified: John’s use of the infancy narrative is a puzzle, at least for the present writer. Perhaps its essence or part of its essence has been distilled into John 9. Apart from that, however, John’s overall use of Matthew is reasonably clear. Matthew ‘s narratives are drawn largely from Mark; and in absorbing Mark, John has also absorbed the corresponding Matthean texts, including apparently the Matthean elaborations.
The Ideology of Tricksterism
Authors: Niditch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some traditional narratives in the Hebrew Scriptures project a war ideology quite different from that of the bardic literature discussed in chapter 4. These are tales of victory via trickery found in Genesis 34, the confrontation with the Shechemites over the rape of Dinah; in Judges 14–15, Samson’s confrontations with the Philistines; in Judges 3:15–30, Ehud’s guerilla-style assassination of Eglon that initiates a larger battle with the Moabites; and in Judges 4:17–24 and 5:24–31, Jael’s assassination of the Canaanite general Sisera, the conclusion of an Israelite victory in which “no one (of the enemy) was left” (Judges 4:16).
Germanization and Christianization: 678-754
Authors: Russell James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in the preceding chapter, the purpose here is to examine those developments which seem to most clearly reveal the operation of the processes of Germanization and Christianization. It is during this period of the Anglo Saxon missions, from St. Wilfrid’s visit to Frisia in 678 through St. Boniface’s martyrdom there in 754, that the conversion of the Germanic peoples is often thought to have been completed. However, it will be shown that the form of Christianity which emerges from this period is a substantially Germanized one. Some of the factors which contributed to this result were the development of a missionary policy of accommodation and gradualism, the decline of the catechumenate system of religious formation, the vitality of pre-Christian Germanic religiosity, and the papacy’s growing dependence upon Frankish military power.
Introduction ‘‘The World Is Grown Too Incredulous’’
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1774, as the American colonists geared up for rebellion, the London Public Advertiser printed a letter by “A Freeholder of Old Sarum.” Geography, according to the author, naturally “encourages a mutinous Disposition” among the Crown’s vassals in North America. Living at such a remote distance from “the supreme Lords of their Persons and Property,” the Americans quite predictably deny the authority of Britain—not out of political conviction but because, like all children, they possess a naughty streak, one that tends to become more pronounced as the colonial population increases. The most significant threat to imperial authority, therefore, according to the author, is the “amazingly prolific” American woman, whose ability to produce abundant offspring may, “in less than a Century,” permit the rebels to “slip their necks out of the Collar.”
The River as Yarn: ‘‘Old Times on the Mississippi’’
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of the Atlantic Monthly opened the January 1875 issue to meet Roderick Hudson, a promising young sculptor from Northampton, Massachusetts, who decides to embark for Rome on a voyage of artistic liberation. More than thirty years later, Henry James recalled the exhilaration he felt in 1874 and 1875 as a young writer finally ready, like his eponymous hero, to “put quite out to sea” with the serial publication of his first novel:
Writing and Learning: Exploring the Consequences of Task Interpretation
Authors: Penrose Ann .M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teachers across disciplines and grade levels have discovered that writing can serve many purposes in the classroom. Writing-across-the-curriculum theorists suggest a variety of write-to-learn activities, from free writing in journals to summarizing class lectures to working with papers through multiple drafts. In the composition literature, support for these activities has come largely from intuitive arguments about the value of writing as a way to learn. Emig, for example, in her seminal essay “Writing as a Mode of Learning” (1977), argued that one way writing helps us learn is by forcing us to engage actively with our material. Shaughnessy (1977) suggested that this activity embeds the material more “deeply” in memory. Others have described writing as a “connective” activity, arguing that the process of writing forces us to discover and articulate relationships between what might otherwise be discrete bits of knowledge (e.g., Murray, 1980; Britton, 1981) and encourages us to go beyond the text, to engage in imaginative and speculative thinking (cf. Fulwiler, 1982). From our own experiences as writers, and from observing our students’ ideas develop as they write, we have come to believe that writing encourages us to be precise, to make connections, to speculate, to examine our subject from multiple perspectives. We have only recently begun to accumulate research evidence that can help us verify or refine these intuitions.
Obervation on Female Abilities
Authors: Harris Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch,1 in one of his invaluable compositions, speaking of men and women, thus expresses himself—”The talents and the virtues are modified by the circumstances and the persons, but the foundation is the same.” This celebrated and truly respectable biographer has yielded everything that we wish; and the testimony of so nice a distinguisher must be considered as a very powerful auxiliary.