bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Azocoupling of Quaternary 1,2,4‐Triazolium Salts to form 5‐p‐N,N‐dimethylaminophenylazo‐1,2,4‐triazolium salts
Authors: Becker H. G. O. , Hoffmann Gerda , Gwan Kim Mun , Knüpfer L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractQuaternary 1,2,4‐triazolium salts 1 couple easily with p‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐benzenediazonium salts to form azodyes 3 (5‐N,N‐dimethylaminophenylazo‐1,2,4‐triazolium salts), preferably under solid‐liquid phase transfer conditions using chloroform or methylene chloride and triethylamine or DABCO.Zwitterionic 1,2,4‐triazolium salts anhydro mercapto hydroxide, anhydro hydroxy hydroxide, and anhydro anilido hydroxide („nitron”︁) couple as well.The azodyes — as also well known from industrially used types — absorb in the region of 500 nm and have high extinction coefficients.Substituents in 1‐, 3‐ or 4‐position of the triazolium ring exert no clear substituent effects.The quaternary 1,2,4‐triazolium salts were synthesized according to standard procedures.
Synthese heterocyclisch substituierter 4‐Piperidinyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridine durch Ringschlußreaktion an einer N‐Acylthioamid‐ und N‐Acylisothioamid‐Seitenkette
Authors: Pragst F. , Liebscher J. , Boche E. , Köppel H. 
Published: December 2004

Synthesis of Heterocyclically Substituted‐4‐Piperidinyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines by Ring Closure Reactions at a N‐Acylthioamide‐ or at a N‐Acylisothioamide‐Side‐GroupA series of 4‐(2′‐methylenepiperidin‐4′‐yl)‐1,4‐dihydropyridines [5–7 and 9–11] with a heterocyclic substituent at the methylene group is prepared by reaction of the nonsubstituted compound 1 with benzoylisothiocyanate or ethoxycarbonylisothiocyanate to the N‐benzoylthioamide 2 or the N‐ethoxycarbonylthioamide 3, transformation of 2 into the isothioamide 4 by S‐methylation, and subsequent ring closure of 2, 3 or 4 with hydrazine, methylhydrazine, phenylhydrazine, 1,2‐diaminoethane, 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diaminopropane, o‐diaminobenzene and o‐aminophenol.
Direct Synthesis of Pyrazoles via reaction of C‐ethoxycarbonyl‐N‐arylnitrilimines with benzalmalononitriles and some α‐cyanocinnamic acid derivatives
Authors: Hassaneen Hamdi M. , Algharib Mohammed S. , Farag Ahmed M. , Shawali Ahmed S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractReaction of C‐ethoxycarbonyl‐N‐arylnitrilimines (2a–d) with α, β‐disubstituted acrylonitriles (3a–f) in refluxing benzene affords the corresponding substituted pyrazoles 5a–f and 6a–c respectively in good yield. However, reaction of 2a–e with 3g gives the 2‐pyrazoline derivatives 7a–d. The assigned structures for the products 5–7 were confirmed by their spectra (i.r., 1H‐n.m.r.) and elemental analyses. Also the structures of the pyrazoles 5 were substantiated by comparison with their regioisomeres 8.
Heterocyclisch substitutierte Arendiazoniumsalze mit erweiterter spektraler Empfindlichkeit ‐ Teil I: Monomethine und Azamethine
Authors: Fanghänel E. , Kühnemund K.‐H. , Richter A. M. 
Published: December 2004

Heterocyclic Substituted Arendiazonium Salts with a Long‐wave‐length Range of Sensitivity — Part I: Monomethins and AzamethinsTwo new types of arendiazonium salts have been synthesized. In these compounds a heterocycliden ring is bridged through a methine group (8a–o) or a nitrogen (11a–c) with the 4‐position of a benzene diazonium group.Both types show sensitivity towards normal day‐light, their long wave‐length absorption band vary from 430 nm up to 590 nm, depending on the donor strength of the heterocycliden ring and the nature of the bridging group.The thermostability, the quantum yields of photochemical dediazonation and the coupling behaviour of the diazonium salts are investigated, in order to evaluate their potential applicability in a commercial diazotype system.
A novel synthesis of 1,3 Thiazetidine‐2‐one and 1,3‐Oxazine‐2‐one Derivatives
Authors: Żankowska‐Jasińska W. , Burgiel M. , Danel A. , Sygula A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the reactions of acetylthioacetanilides (1a–c) and diacetylthioacetanilides (3a–f) with phosgene 1,3‐thiazetidine‐2‐one (2a–c) and 1,3‐oxazine‐2‐one (5a–f) were obtained respectively. The structures of new compounds were elucidated by elemental analyses, i.r., 1H‐n.m.r., m.s., for 1d–f by 19F‐n.m.r. and for 2a and 5a by 13C‐n.m.r. spectral data.
Kinetische Untersuchungen zur Aminolysereaktion von Dithiophosphorsäureestern mit Monomethylamin in binären Methanol/Wasser‐Mischungen
Authors: Füllbier B. , Klemmer K. , Wettengel A. , Haberland D. 
Published: December 2004

Kinetic Investigations on the Aminolysis Reaction of the Dithiophosphoric Esters with Monomethylamine in Binary Methanol/Water‐MixturesThe influence of the solvent polarity on the aminolysis reaction between 0,0‐dimethyl‐S‐(methoxycarbonylmethyl)‐dithiophosphoricacidester (1) and monomethylamine, which is the main reaction of the “Dimethoate” synthesis, is investigated. The observed effects are compared with those of the alkylation of these esters by monomethylamine. Both reactions show a similar dependence on the solvent polarity.
Zum Fluoreszenzverhalten der isomeren Bis(acridiziniumyl)‐Dikationen
Authors: Helm S. , Bendig J. , Kreysig D. 
Published: December 2004

Fluorescence Behaviour of the Isomeric Bis(acridizinium‐yl)DicationsThe fluorescence behaviour of the isomeric bis(acridizinium‐yl)dications is characterized by anomalies of the spectra. At room temperature the emission spectra of the 7,7′‐ and the 8,8′‐isomer show the typical characteristics of a TICT fluorescence band, they are strong red shifted and structureless. The emission wavelength shows the typical dependence on the solvent. At 77 K the expected spectra are obtained.The room temperature spectrum of the 9,9′‐isomer is the result of a plain emitting molecular state. The emission wavelength is only slightly red shifted. The solvent influences the molecular dynamics in the excited state.The differences in the deactivation behaviour of the isomers are caused by different energies of the Frank Condon singlet states.
15N‐ and 13C‐N.M.R. Study of Azo‐hydrazone Tautomerism of 3‐methyl‐1‐phenylpyrazole‐4,5‐dione 4‐phenylhydrazone in dimethyl sulphoxide and pyridine
Authors: Lyčka Antonín , Mustroph Heinz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe 15N‐ and 13C chemical shifts and 1J(15Nα15Nβ) coupling constants of 3‐methyl‐1‐phenylpyrazole‐4,5‐dione 4‐phenylhydrazone (1) were measured in dimethyl sulphoxide and pyridine solutions. It was found that compound 1 exists fully in its hydrazone form in these two solvents, contrary to the previously published data which propose equilibrium mixture of the hydrazono and azo forms.
Besonderheiten des Pyrolyseverhaltens von Isoalkylaromaten
Authors: Bach G. , Ondruschka B. , Zychlinski W. , Shevelkova L. V. , Sokolovskaja V. G. 
Published: December 2004

Special Features in Pyrolysis Behaviour of IsoalkylaromaticsThe pyrolysis of cumene, sec. butyl‐ and tert. butylbenzene proceeds in a laboratory scale quartz vessel in the temperature range 600–750°C. Conversion occurs mainly via a radical‐chain mechanism in the side chain in proportions, determined by the dissociation energies of the CC‐ and CH‐bonds. Dealkylation was observed in greater amounts than for n‐alkylbenzenes. It is interpreted by H‐atom addition to the aromatic nucleus, followed by β‐scission to benzene and isoalkenes. It was be shown, that H‐atoms are formed by unusual reactions such as neophyl rearrangement and homolytic rupture of CC‐bonds in the side chain.
Zur σ‐Akzeptorstärke von starken organischen Elektronenakzeptoren
Authors: Spange S. , Heublein G. 
Published: December 2004

On the σ‐Acceptor Strength of Strong Organic Electron AcceptorsAcceptor numbers (AN) according to GUTMANN of various strong organic electron acceptors, such as TCNE, chloranile, C7H7⊕ or triphenylmethylium salts, have been obtained by means of complexation with Fe(phen)2(CN)2 in 1,2‐dichloro‐ethane and nitromethane. The AN of organic electron acceptors reflect the capability of a weak coordinative electrophilic attack upon nucleophilic compounds. Based on these results the influence of solvents upon CT‐energy (ṽCT) in weak π‐electron‐donor‐acceptor complexes is discussed. The blue shift of ṽCT depends on the donicity (D) of the solvent, which leads to linear correlations of ṽCT versus parameters of donicity. The sensitivity of solvatochromy depends on the AN of the acceptor. On the variation of the bπ‐donor the sensitivity of solvatochromy in relation to the quotient dṽCT/dD is influenced. With the help of polarographic results can be demonstrated that the influence of solvents on ṽCT remarkably depends on the specific solvation in the ground state of the electron acceptor.
Thiatriazole. V. Zur Reaktion von Isothiocyanaten mit 1,2,3,4‐Thiatriazolderivaten
Authors: Graubaum H. 
Published: December 2004

Thiatriazoles V. On the Reaction of Isothiocyanates with Thiatriazole DerivativesThe reaction of 1,2,3,4‐thiatriazoles with alkyl and aryl isothiocyanate proceeded differently. Methylisothiocyanate furnished a 2:1 product with 5‐amino‐1,2,3,4‐thiatriazole. Arylisothiocyanates reacted under the same conditions to the known thiapentalenes 6. 5‐Alkyl‐ and 5‐arylamino‐1,2,3,4‐thiatriazoles gave 5‐substituted 1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐3‐thions 8. Similar the hydrazones of 1,2,3,4‐thiatriazole reacted with isothiocyanate to form the hydrazones of 1,2,4‐thiadiazole‐3‐thione 10. 4‐Dimethylamino‐pyridine is a necessary catalyst for the selectivity of these reactions.
Cyclofunktionalisierung von 2‐Allyl‐phenolen mit Schwefelchloriden. III. 2‐Arylthiomethyl‐2,3‐dihydrofuro[3,2‐h]chinoline aus 7‐Allyl‐ bzw. 7‐Methallyl‐8‐hydroxychinolin und Aryl‐sulfenylchloriden
Authors: Meinhold H. , Mühlstädt M. , Muslih R. M. 
Published: December 2004

Cyclofunctionalization of 2‐Allyl‐phenols with Sulfur Chlorides. III. 2‐Arylthiomethyl‐2,3‐dihydrofuro[3,2‐h] quinolins from 7‐Allyl‐ and 7‐Methallyl‐8‐hydroxyquinoline, respectively, and Arylsulfenyl ChloridesReactions of 7‐allyl‐ (3) and 7‐methallyl‐8‐hydroxyquinoline (4) with selected arylsulfenyl chlorides (5a–d) yield the products of cyclofunctionalization corresponding 2‐arylthiomethyl‐2,3‐dihydrofuro[3,2‐h]quinolins (6 and 7). The products are identified by 1H‐n.m.r.‐spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and microanalyses.
Flavyliumsalze als Sonden zur Charakterisierung anionischer Tensidlösungen
Authors: Fanghänel E. , Willscher S. , Ortmann W. 
Published: December 2004

Flavylium Salts as Probes for the Characterization of Anionic MicellesFlavylium salts are suitable probe molecules for the fluorimetric investigation of the critical micelle concentration (CMC); for the absorption‐spectroscopic investigation of the surface potential; and also the microacidity in the Stern‐layer of anionic micelles. The reaction rates of the hydrolytic cleavage of the 7‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyflavyliumion 1a and the equilibrium between 1a and the 2,4‐dihydroxy‐4′‐methoxychalcone 5a formed were studied in acidic water solutions and in micellar surfactant solutions. Both measurements resulted in comparable values of the microacidity on the surface of the sodium dodecylsulfate micelles (SDS). The calculated surface‐potential of SDS‐micelles corresponds to literature data.The surface‐potentials of p‐dialkylbenzenesulfonate micelles (p‐DABS) depend on the structure of these surfactants in a characteristic manner.
Reactions with substituted acrylonitriles: A novel Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrimidines
Authors: El‐Sharabsy Salwa A. , Gawad Soad M. Abdel , Hussain Sohair M. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract3‐Arylacrylonitrile‐2‐thiocarboxamides (1a–d) reacted with S‐methylisothiourea to give 4‐amino‐6‐aryl‐2‐methylmercaptopyrimidine‐5‐carbonitriles (3a–d). The products 3a–d were also obtained via the reaction of 3‐arylacrylonitrile‐2‐carbonitriles (4a–d) with S‐methylisothiourea. Compounds 4a–d reacted with thiourea and urea to yield 4‐amino‐6‐aryl‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine‐5‐carbonitriles (5a–d) and 2‐hydroxy derivatives (5e–h) respectively. Oxidation of 5a–d with hydrogen peroxide afforded 5e–h. 5a–h were readily alkylated with methyl iodide to give 3a–d.
Untersuchungen zur regioselektiven Halogenierung von 4‐Amino‐2‐iodmethyl‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidinen
Authors: Zeuner F. , Niclas H.‐J. 
Published: December 2004

Studies on the Regioselective Halogenation of 4‐Amino‐2‐iodomethyl‐6‐methylpyrimidinesIn the presence of oxidants, 4‐amino‐2‐iodomethyl‐6‐methylpyrimidines 2 undergo regioselective reactions in the positions 2 and/or 5. Thus, the reaction of 2a with hydrogen peroxide proceeds under dealkylation and iodination to give 4‐amino‐5‐iodo‐6‐methylpyrimidine 7. Depending on reaction temperature and molar ratios the reaction of 2a with bromine or chlorine leads to the corresponding 4‐amino‐5‐halogeno‐2‐halogenomethyl‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidines 2c, 9a and 9d. The 5‐substituted pyrimidines 2b, c afford the 2‐bromo (or chloro) methyl derivatives 9b, c.
Synthese und Strukturaufklärung von 19‐Nor‐pregnanderivaten mit stickstoffhaltigen Vierringen in 14,15‐Stellung
Authors: Ponsold K. , Prousa R. , Reck G. 
Published: December 2004

Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of 19‐Nor‐pregnane Derivatives with Nitrogen‐Containing Four‐Membered Rings in 14,15‐PositionThe introduction of a C2 side chain in the 17‐position of 3‐methoxy‐14β, 15β‐(3′,4′‐azetidine)‐estra‐1,3,5(10)‐trien‐17β‐ol (1) is described. Hydroboration of the 17‐ethylidene compound 4 gives a mixture of the 17αH and 17α‐pregnane derivatives 6 and 6a in 70% and 10% yields, respectively. Birch reaction of 6, followed by oxidation yields the 14β,15β‐(3′,4′‐azetidine)‐19‐nor‐pregn‐4‐ene‐3,20‐dione (12). The new compounds were characterized by 1H‐n.m.r. The structure of product 13 was determined by X‐ray crystallography.
Struktur‐Reaktivitäts‐Beziehungen bei koordinativ‐ungesättigten Chelatkomplexen. XI, Einfluß des Zentralatoms und der Ligandstruktur auf die Massenspektrometrische Fragmentierung von Chelatkomplexen makrocyclischer und offenkettiger Schiffscher Basen
Authors: Schade W. , Jäger E. G. , Müller K. , Seidel D. 
Published: December 2004

Structure Reactivity Correlations on Coordinatively Unsaturated Metal Chelate Complexes. XI. Effect of the Central Atom and the Ligands on the Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation of Chelate Complexes with Macrocyclic and Open Chain Schiff Base LigandsThe influence of the central atom on the mass spectrometric fragmentation of the compounds 1–5 is compared. Whereas the ligands (Mt = 2H) show a strong fragmentation with a farreaching cleavage, the metal complexes with exception of Cu‐4 and Cu‐5 show always the molecular ion signal as the base peak. The main fragmentions [M‐C2H5O]⊕, [M‐2(C2H5O)]2⊕, [M‐C2H4]⊕., and [M‐C2H4CO2]⊕. may be related to the ‘cyclidene’ structures 6–7, the carboxylic acid 8, and its decarboxylation product 9. In the case of the copper chelates 1–4 the fragment [M‐C2H6O].⊕/2⊕ with one or two positive charges is dominating over the peak [M‐C2H5O]⊕. This may be due to the abstraction of one H from an ethylene (type 1, 2, 4) or a methyl (type 3) group with concomitant reduction to Cu(I) (10) or oxidation to Cu(III) (11).
Oxidative decomposition of oxirane and methyloxirane polyethers. II [1]. Autoxidation of Dipropylene Glycol Isomers
Authors: Janik R. , Gerhardt W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe oxidative decomposition of two structural isomers of dipropylene glycol, i.e. 2,4‐dimethyl‐3‐oxapentandiol‐1,5 (1) and 4‐oxaheptandiol‐2,6 (2) was studied. The maximum rate of oxidation of glycol 1 was ca. 20 times lower than that of glycol 2. In the products of oxidation 15 different compounds were detected for the former glycol and 20 compounds for the latter. The products of decomposition were the mixtures of water and carboxy acid, acetal, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ester, unsaturated ether and hydroperoxy type of compounds of different structure. The mechanism of product formation is discussed.
Reduced Enzymic Control of Free Radical and electron transport reactions in the mitochondria of zajdela hepatoma ascitic cells: A model for the stepwise transformation of healthy to tumorous cells involving a progressive loss of antioxidant activity
Authors: Tkáč A. , Hanušovská‐Tkáčová E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDifferences in the radical chemistry of normal and tumorous rat liver cells were demonstrated using e.s.r. techniques. In healthy cells the one‐electron transfer from hemoproteins to peroxides and hydroperoxides is accompanied by radical formation and proceeds predominantly in the endoplasmatic reticulum. Their mitochondria are effectively shielded against autoxidation. The opposite is true for Zajdela hepatoma ascitic cells and mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from this type of cancerous cell are sensitive targets for radical attack and irreversible oxidation of thier hemoproteins from the FeII to FeIII oxidative state. A probable location for electron leakage in cancerous rat liver cells, depleted of the enzyme Mn‐SOD, controlling the O level, and of catalase, controlling the H2O2 level, seems to be the ubisemiquinone‐cytochrome c component of the mitochondrial respiration redox chain, where the active center of cytochrome oxidase is blocked and so the controlled four‐electron transfer to molecular oxygen is prevented. A model is proposed to explain the stepwise transformation of a highly organized differentiated cell to an uncontrolled proliferating tumor cell. The transition is brought about by a progressive loss of protective capacity which allows transition metal coordinated radicals, carried by hemoproteins, to cross the nuclear membrane. Inside the nucleus decomplexation of the stabilized radicals will release damaging short‐lived radical species.
Calix[n]arene. III. Calix[n]arenderivate mit antioxidativen Wirkungen
Authors: Görmar Gerhard , Seiffarth Klaus , Wendt Dietmar , Burtzlaff Christa 
Published: December 2004

Calix[n]arenes. III. Calix[n]aren Derivates with Antioxidation EffectivityThe new tert.‐butylcalix[n]arenes compounds 4 and 5 are synthesized by esterification with carboxylic acid chlorides of hindered phenolic derivatives.These new calix[4]arenes connected with inhibitor groups act as antioxidants in tetraline and low density polyethylene (Mirathen Al 21 FAR). Compound 5 shows better antioxidative efficiency than tert.‐butylcalix[4]arene 1.
1,3,4‐Thiadiazole durch Umsetzung von Dithioestern mit Kohlensäurehydraziden
Authors: Thiel W. , Mayer R. 
Published: December 2004

1,3,4‐Thiadiazoles by Reaction of Dithiocarboxylic Esters with Carbonic Hydrazides1,1‐Dithiooxalic esters 1 and heteroaryl dithiocarboxylic esters 2 react with carbonic hydrazides yielding 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles. The 1‐thiooxamoyl semicarbazides 3 or 1‐heteroylthiocarbonyl semicarbazides 4, primarily formed by thioacylation of semicarbazide, where isolated. By cyclocondensation they yield 1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2(3 H) ones 5, 6, or in the presence of acetic anhydride 3‐acetyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐ones‐ 7, 8, respectively.2‐Amino‐ or 2‐methylthio‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles 11, 12 or 13, 14 are formed by reaction of the dithioesters 1, 2 with thiosemicarbazide or methyl dithiocarbazinate. By this way 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles with heteroaryl‐ or carbamoylresidues in position 5 where synthesized for the first time.
Prostaglandins and prostaglandin intermediates. 25. Synthesis of PGF2α Intermediates by addition of 1‐metalated hept‐1‐ynes to a substituted cyclopentanecarbaldehyde bearing already the complete carboxylic side chain
Authors: Mahrwald Rainer , Schick Hans , Vasil'eva Ludmila L. , Pivnitsky Kasimir K. , Weber Gisela , Schwarz Sigfrid 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStarting with the racemic aldehyde 4, prepared from the tris(trimethylsilyl) ether 3, the possibility was demonstrated of converting a trimethylsilylated primary hydroxy group with high selectivity into an aldehyde group in the presence of two trimethylsilylated secondary hydroxy groups employing oxalyl chloride and dimethyl sulfoxide (Swern reagent) as oxidant. The alkynylation of this aldehyde with 1‐metalated hept‐1‐yne afforded a chromatographically separable mixture of two diastereomeric alcohols, both being suitable intermediates for the synthesis of PGF2α. The diastereofacial selectivity of the addition strongly depends on the metal employed. Hept‐1‐yn‐1‐yllithium afforded a 67:33 mixture of (13 R*)‐ and (13 S*)‐alcohol, hept‐1‐yn‐1‐yltriisopropoxytitanium, however, a 30:70 mixture.
Studies of a Possible Mechanism of Deflagration during delay round firing in coal
Authors: Kennedy M. , Kerr I. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractX‐ray studies have been made of the detonation of cartridges of various explosives that had been compressed and reduced in diameter and then fired with a delay detonator. In several cases the detonation wave that travelled along the cartridge in a direction opposite to that in which the detonator was pointing, i.e. the retrograde detonation wave, appeared to die out completely. This was not observed in similar studies with cartridges of normal densities and diameters. It is suggested that the possibility of fading of the retrograde detonation wave is connected with the way the explosive compacts under pressure, this compaction being influenced by the nature of the crystalline components of the explosive.The study suggests one mechanism by which undetonated explosive might be left following delay round shotfiring in coal; earlier shots, causing desensitisation and consequent failure of the retrograde detonation wave. If failure of the retrograde detonation wave occurred, appreciable quantities of undetonated explosive could remain which on becoming mixed with neighbouring coal dust might be capable of deflagrating, even at atmospheric pressure.
Testing the Sensitivity of Watergel Explosives to weak shocks
Authors: Persson A. , Jerberyd L. , Almgren L.‐Å. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn equipment used for testing the response of watergel explosives to weak shocks is described. The main purpose of these tests was to investigate the shock‐initiating hazards when pumping watergel explosives of the non‐cap‐sensitive type. The explosive sample (weight ∼ 20 g) was confined in a steel cup and rapidly compressed by a steel piston. Tests were carried out with watergel explosives of both the cap‐sensitive and non‐cap‐sensitive types. In Bulkreomex (a pumpable watergel), a weak reaction was observed at a peak pressure of 1.7 kbar. As piston velocity increased, the reaction became more violent, and at a velocity above 20 m/s the reaction produced a sharp pop and smoke.
Underwater Testing of Slurry Explosives
Authors: Wollert‐Johansen P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe facilities in use at Dyno Industrier A.S for testing explosives underwater are described. Shock wave energy and bubble energy together with detonation velocity are measured with different degrees of confinement. The use of the underwater shooting station for developing new explosives and testing of different ignition systems is explained. Finally, some comments are made on the advantages and disadvantages of having a deep salt water testing station in a Norwegian fjord.
Estimation of Toxic Fume Characteristics of Explosives from steel tube blasting
Authors: Persson G. , Persson P.‐A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe generation of CO, NO and NO2 in blasting with ANFO has been measured. Blasting experiments in a 200 m3 rock chamber have been made with the charges confined in rock and in steel tubes. Comparison of the results shows that steel tube experiments can be used to approximately predict toxic gas generation in small diameter drill hole underground blasting. The paper describes the simple calibration and measurement techniques used. The effect of oil content in the ANFO and the effect of moisture on the walls of the chamber have been investigated.