bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CUSTOMIZABLE FAULT TOLERANCE FRAMEWORK
Authors: YEN I-LING , AHMED IFTIKHAR , JAGANNATH RAMANUJAM , KUNDU SREEPARNA 
Published: February 2003

While there have been significant advances in fault tolerance research, the effort has focused on the design of individual fault-tolerant systems or methodologies. Recently, some research has been initiated to develop techniques that can provide a spectrum of fault tolerance capabilities. In this paper, we present the design of a fault tolerance framework that can support a wide range of applications with various fault tolerance requirements, various criticality levels, and various system models. The framework is designed to be parameterizable so that the user can configure it to obtain the desired features. Also, the framework is designed to be an off-the-shelf component such that application programs can be integrated within it easily to obtain the fault-tolerant version of the application system. A specialized N-modular redundancy (SNMR) scheme has been developed to serve as the primary approach for achieving efficient and cost-effective fault tolerance for the framework. In most cases, the SNMR scheme yields better performance and lower cost in providing fault tolerance as compared with conventional NMR schemes. It also enhances the scalability and customizability of the general replication method. This paper discusses the main issues in the design and implementation of the SNMR framework, including the major concept of the SNMR framework, various SNMR algorithms that tolerate various types of faults, an object-oriented overall system design and the interface protocol class hierarchy. The interface protocol class hierarchy provides a nice paradigm for the implementation of customizable, highly reusable, and easily extensible SNMR framework.
KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE REUSE THROUGH COMMUNICATION AMONG COMPETENT (PEER) AGENTS
Authors: MARTÍN FRANCISCO J. , PLAZA ENRIC , ARCOS JOSEP LLUÍS 
Published: February 2003

This article addresses an extension of the knowledge modeling approaches, namely to multi-agent systems where communication and coordination are necessary. We propose the notion of competent agent and define the basic capabilities of these agents for the extension to be effective. An agent is competent when it is capable of reasoning about its own competence and that of the other agents with which it cooperates in a given domain. In our framework, an agent has competence models of itself and of its acquaintances from which it can decide, for a specific problem to be solved, the type of cooperative activity it can request and from which agent. In this paper we focus on societies of peer agents, i.e. agents that are able to solve the same type of task but that may have different degrees of competence for specific problem ranges.
GENERATION OF OBJECT-ORIENTED SOFTWARE PROCESS USING MILESTONES
Authors: HANAKAWA NORIKO , IIDA HAJIMU , MATSUMOTO KEN-ICHI , TORII KOJI 
Published: February 2003

One of the major problems in object-oriented software projects is the lack of management's ability to comprehend and control the development progress of a project. This is because traditional phases of software development are not appropriate for object-oriented development. The project manager's "road map" is likely to be different with different phases, different milestones, and different checkpoints. This paper proposes a new framework which gives us a guideline for generating software process with relevant milestones for object-oriented development methods. The framework provides algorithms for identifying development phases and baseline products based on relationships among activities and products of the development method. In addition, the framework defines a software process model to manage a development progress in which milestones are established at the end of each phase in order to check the baseline product and establish goals for the following phase. Results of the application of the proposed framework show that the framework can generate a software process customized for well-known object-oriented development methods in a systematic way.
GRAMMATICAL INFERENCE FOR THE AUTOMATIC GENERATION OF VISUAL LANGUAGES
Authors: FERRUCCI FILOMENA , VITIELLO GIULIANA 
Published: February 2003

In this paper we address the problem of the automatic generation of visual languages from a sample set of visual sentences. We present an improvement of the inference module of the VLG system which was originally conceived for the generation of iconic languages [11]. With this extension any kind of visual languages, like diagrams and forms, can be considered. To this aim, we present an inference algorithm for the class of Boundary SR grammars. These grammars are a subclass of the SR grammars with the interesting property of confluence, which extends the concept of context-freeness to the case of nonlinear grammars. Moreover, in spite of the simplicity and naturalness of the formalism, the generative power of this class is sufficient to specify interesting visual languages. The inference algorithm exploits an elegant characterization of Boundary SR languages in terms of tree and string languages. More precisely, we show that a visual language is a Boundary SR language if and only if it can be defined as a regular tree language and a set of properly associated string languages. Based on this result, the problem of identifying structural properties in a diagrammatic visual sentence is brought back to the detection of structural properties in tree and string languages. The main advantage coming from the use of a grammatical inference technique in visual language specification is that the designer only needs to specify a set of visual sentences that he/she feels to sufficiently exemplify the intended target language.
ADDING FORM TO REAL-TIME SYSTEM SPECIFICATION AND SIMULATION
Authors: LEE JI Y. , KANG KYO C. , KIM GERARD J. , KIM HYE J. 
Published: February 2003

Specification and validation of a real-time system are often based on making simplistic predictions and assumptions about relevant behavior of the external environment and the controlled device interacting with it. However, in many cases, real-time systems physically interact with other external objects in a complex manner in a dynamically changing world and thus, their form (e.g. physical properties such as shape, mass, material, and configuration) can play a critical role in producing a correct specification and obtaining realistic simulation output. We present ASADAL/PROTO, a specification and simulation tool for real-time systems, that takes form into account in addition to the function and behavior handled by ASADAL/SIM, its predecessor. Simulation of the control system specification runs in conjunction with the environmental simulation, and the resulting interactive behavior of the controlled system is observed visually for analysis. Our vision is to incrementally model, simulate and analyze all three views (behavior, function, and form) of real-time system specification for its increased level of confidence at early prototyping stage.
DESIGNING HYPERMEDIA APPLICATIONS WITH OBJECTS AND PATTERNS
Authors: ROSSI GUSTAVO , SCHWABE DANIEL , LYARDET FERNANDO 
Published: February 2003

In this paper we present a software engineering approach for building hypermedia applications. Our approach combines the use of an object-oriented method with a system of design patterns for navigational and interface design. We first present the core activities in the Object-Oriented Hypermedia Design Method (OOHDM), namely conceptual design navigation design, abstract interface design and implementation, describing the modeling constructs we use to build high-level, abstract navigational and interface structures. Next we give the rationale for using design patterns in the process of building high quality hypermedia applications, and present some simple patterns solving recurrent design problems. We finally discuss some further issues.
WRESTLING AS A SYMBOL FOR MAINTAINING THE ORDER OF NATURE IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Authors: Azize Joseph 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThere is found in the ancient art of Mesopotamia an enigmatic bearded hero who appears in several attitudes, but often wrestling wild animals. An analysis of the art demonstrates that this figure is a guardian of the natural order. It is now known that the figure is not Gilgameš, as was once thought, but a ''lahmu'' (singular), and that the lahmū (plural) as a class, are the servants of the god Enki. The material considered here reveals a consistent outlook wherein the universe is viewed as being in a dynamic, but not invulnerable, equilibrium. Everything has a place, or better, a latitude, and when it lives and dies within its latitude, balance is maintained. Paradoxically, the appetite of creatures to dominate and prevail over other forms of life was admitted as a legitimate factor in the equation of the universe. Every striving has both a natural scope and a natural limit. The art work in question comprises, as it were, a prayer in pictures that the limits be maintained. From all this a concept of nature implicitly emerges: it is the field wherein gods, demi-gods, humans, animals and plants all struggle to sustain their existence. It is, among other things, where animals and human consume, and protect their own resources from being consumed. The wrestling motif is significant in these art works. With few exceptions, the bearded hero wrestles, rather than stabs, wild beasts attacking domestic animals. Implicitly, it propagates the view that struggle is necessary to maintain the natural balance. Wrestling (checking), not slaying, represents the appointed way to maintain order against the threat of the wild. The wrestling hero thus maintains a ''co-existence of contraries''. Wrestling an opponent allows for the opponent to be subdued without being destroyed. The topic is large, and naturally opens onto other questions. It is necessary to limit the paper, and I have done so in three ways: in time, geography and artistic material. In time, and geographically, I concentrate on Early Dynastic Sumer. I restrict my consideration of the artistic material to the art of cylinder seals, and even then discuss only a selection of the available seals.
THE IRON AGE PITHOI DRAWINGS FROM HORVAT TEMAN OR KUNTILLET 'AJRUD: SOME NEW PROPOSALS
Authors: Schmidt Brian 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDid the Israelites and Judahites of the Iron age visually represent their gods? In this article, established arguments are supplemented and some new ones advanced in support of a single, ancient composer's representation of the deities Yahweh and Asherah by means of the deliberate association of text and image on the two pithoi scenes from Iron age Kuntillet 'Ajrud. Not only were the ancient artist and scribe one and the same, but this individual employed a number of well known artistic techniques to convey both depth of field and perspective in such a way as to create a unified field of meaning for each of the two ritual scenes as well as for both scenes in their complementary function as two halves of a larger semiotic whole.
Augmentation of umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation with ex vivo–expanded UCB cells: results of a phase 1 trial using the AastromReplicell System
Authors: Jaroscak Jennifer , Goltry Kristin , Smith Alan , Waters-Pick Barbara , Martin Paul L. , Driscoll Timothy A. , Howrey Richard , Chao Nelson , Douville Judy , Burhop Sue , Fu Pingfu , Kurtzberg Joanne 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAllogeneic stem cell transplantation with umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells is limited by the cell dose a single unit provides recipients. Ex vivo expansion is one strategy to increase the number of cells available for transplantation. Aastrom Biosciences developed an automated continuous perfusion culture device for expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Cells are expanded in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, horse serum, PIXY321, flt-3 ligand, and erythropoietin. We performed a phase 1 trial augmenting conventional UCB transplants with ex vivo–expanded cells. The 28 patients were enrolled on the trial between October 8, 1997 and September 30, 1998. UCB cells were expanded in the device, then administered as a boost to the conventional graft on posttransplantation day 12. While expansion of total cells and colony-forming units (CFUs) occurred in all cases, the magnitude of expansion varied considerably. The median fold increase was 2.4 (range, 1.0-8.5) in nucleated cells, 82 (range, 4.6-266.4) in CFU granulocyte-macrophages, and 0.5 (range, 0.09-2.45) in CD34+ lineage negative (lin–) cells. CD3+ cells did not expand under these conditions. Clinical-scale ex vivo expansion of UCB is feasible, and the administration of ex vivo–expanded cells is well tolerated. Augmentation of UCB transplants with ex vivo–expanded cells did not alter the time to myeloid, erythroid, or platelet engraftment in 21 evaluable patients. Recipients of ex vivo–expanded cells continue to have durable engraftment with a median follow-up of 47 months (range, 41-51 months). A randomized phase 2 study will determine whether augmenting UCB transplants with ex vivo–expanded UCB cells is beneficial.
HLA-matched related hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic-phase CML using a targeted busulfan and cyclophosphamide preparative regimen
Authors: Radich Jerald P. , Gooley Ted , Bensinger William , Chauncey Thomas , Clift Reginald , Flowers Mary , Martin Paul , Slattery John , Sultan Debbie , Appelbaum Frederick R. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation (BMT) is a curative therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). We have previously reported that the pharmacologic targeting of busulfan combined with cyclophosphamide (TBU/CY) can minimize regimen-related toxicity while preserving antileukemic effects. We report here on 131 consecutive chronic-phase CML patients treated with allogeneic related BMT using a TBU/CY preparative regimen, where the busulfan dose was targeted to achieve a steady-state plasma concentration of at least 900 ng/mL. The median age of the patients was 43 years (range, 14-66 years). Estimates of the probabilities of nonrelapse mortality, relapse, survival, and disease-free survival 3 years after transplantation were 14%, 8%, 86%, and 78%, respectively. Age had no statistically significant effect on survival. Although approximately 60% of the patients developed clinically extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease, the median Karnofsky score at last contact date among survivors was 95%. Of surviving patients, 11% were molecularly positive for the bcr-abl mRNA at last contact, with a median level of bcr-abl transcripts of 4.6 copies/μg RNA. These data suggest that TBU/CY is a very effective preparative regimen for CML in chronic phase, associated with an expected survival at 3 years of approximately 85%, with most patients being in molecular remission. (Blood. 2003;102:31-35)
The role of G-protein signaling in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell mobilization
Authors: Papayannopoulou Thalia , Priestley Gregory V. , Bonig Halvard , Nakamoto Betty 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe directed migration of mature leukocytes to inflammatory sites and the lymphocyte trafficking in vivo are dependent on G protein–coupled receptors and delivered through pertussis toxin (Ptx)–sensitive Gi-protein signaling. In the present study, we explored the in vivo role of G-protein signaling on the redistribution or mobilization of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs). A single injection of Ptx in mice elicits a long-lasting leukocytosis and a progressive increase in circulating colony-forming unit-culture (CFU-C) and colony-forming unit spleen (CFU-S). We found that the prolonged effect is sustained by a continuous slow release of Ptx bound to red blood cells or other cells and is potentially enhanced by an indirect influence on cell proliferation. Plasma levels of certain cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL-6], granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]) increase days after Ptx treatment, but these are unlikely initiators of mobilization. In addition to normal mice, mice genetically deficient in monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), G-CSF receptor, β2 integrins, or selectins responded to Ptx treatment, suggesting independence of Ptx-response from the expression of these molecules. Combined treatments of Ptx with anti–very late activation antigen (anti-VLA-4), uncovered potentially important insight in the interplay of chemokines/integrins, and the synergy of Ptx with G-CSF appeared to be dependent on MMP-9. As Ptx-mobilized kit+ cells display virtually no response to stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) in vitro, our data suggest that disruption of CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling may be the underlying mechanism of Ptx-induced mobilization and indirectly reinforce the notion that active signaling through this pathway is required for continuous retention of cells within the bone marrow. Collectively, our data unveil a novel example of mobilization through pharmacologic modulation of signaling.
Erythropoiesis from acetyl LDL incorporating endothelial cells at the preliver stage
Authors: Sugiyama Daisuke , Ogawa Minetaro , Hirose Imiko , Jaffredo Thierry , Arai Ken-ichi , Tsuji Kohichiro 
Published: February 2003

AbstractErythropoiesis is characterized by 2 waves of production during mouse embryogenesis: a primitive one originating from the yolk sac (YS) and a definitive one produced from both the YS and the embryo proper. How the latter wave is generated remains unclear. To investigate our hypothesis that endothelial cells (ECs) could generate erythroid cells, we designed a method to label ECs at 10 days after coitus. This labeling method associates 2 techniques: an intracardiac inoculation that allows molecules to be delivered into the bloodstream followed by a whole-embryo culture period. DiI-conjugated acetylated low-density lipoproteins (Ac-LDL-DiI) were used to specifically tag ECs from the inside. One hour after inoculation, DiI staining was found along the entire endothelial tree. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis revealed that DiI+ cells were CD31+, CD34+, and CD45–, an antigen makeup characteristic of the endothelial lineage. Twelve hours after inoculation, 43% of DiI+ circulating cells belonged to the erythroid lineage. These cells expressed Ter119 and displayed an adult globin chain arrangement; thus they belonged to the definitive lineage as confirmed in erythroid colony formation. The remaining cells likely represent committed white blood cells or multipotent progenitors, as revealed by a mixed-colony formation. Beyond the 29-somite stage, the proportion of DiI+ erythroid cells gradually decreased. These results demonstrate the generation of hematopoietic cells from an endothelial intermediate, using in vivo tracing. We provide evidence for a release of these cells into the circulation and hypothesize that these cells are able to colonize the fetal liver and generate definitive erythrocytes in vivo.
Identification of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in human platelets
Authors: Mosnier Laurent O. , Buijtenhuijs Paula , Marx Pauline F. , Meijers Joost C. M. , Bouma Bonno N. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a carboxypeptidase B-like proenzyme that after activation down-regulates fibrinolysis. Platelets are known to contain antifibrinolytic factors that are secreted during platelet activation. Therefore, the presence of TAFI in platelets was analyzed. TAFI was identified in platelets in a concentration of about 50 ng/1 × 109 platelets and was secreted on platelet activation. Thrombin-mediated activation of platelet-derived TAFI resembled that of plasma-derived TAFI with respect to stimulation by thrombomodulin and spontaneous loss of activity at 37°C. The different glycosylation of platelet-derived TAFI compared with plasma-derived TAFI suggests that platelet-derived TAFI is synthesized in the megakaryocyte. This suggestion was substantiated by the detection of mRNA in the megakaryocytic cell lines DAMI and CHRF, representing the intermediate and late stages of megakaryocyte development. These results establish the presence of TAFI in platelets and suggest a role for platelet-derived TAFI in the protection of the clot against fibrinolysis.
The CNS is a sanctuary for leukemic cells in mice receiving imatinib mesylate for Bcr/Abl-induced leukemia
Authors: Wolff Nicholas C. , Richardson James A. , Egorin Merrill , Ilaria Robert L. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)–like myeloproliferative disorder observed in the BCR/ABL murine bone marrow transduction and transplantation model shares several features with the human disease, including a high response rate to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (STI571). To study the impact of chronic imatinib mesylate treatment on the CML-like illness, mice were maintained on therapeutic doses of this drug and serially monitored. Unexpectedly, despite excellent systemic control of the CML-like illness, many of the mice developed progressive neurologic deficits after 2 to 4 months of imatinib mesylate therapy because of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia. Analysis of imatinib mesylate cerebral spinal fluid concentrations revealed levels 155- fold lower than in plasma. Thus, in the mouse, the limited ability of imatinib mesylate to cross the blood-brain barrier allowed the CNS to become a sanctuary for Bcr/Abl-induced leukemia. This model will be a useful tool for the future study of novel anti-CML drugs and in better defining the mechanisms for limited imatinib mesylate penetration into the CNS.
Exosite-dependent regulation of factor VIIIa by activated protein C
Authors: Manithody Chandrashekhara , Fay Philip J. , Rezaie Alireza R. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractActivated protein C (APC) is a natural anticoagulant serine protease in plasma that down-regulates the coagulation cascade by degrading cofactors Va and VIIIa by limited proteolysis. Recent results have indicated that basic residues of 2 surface loops known as the 39-loop (Lys37-Lys39) and the Ca2+-binding 70-80–loop (Arg74 and Arg75) are critical for the anticoagulant function of APC. Kinetics of factor Va degradation by APC mutants in purified systems have demonstrated that basic residues of these loops are involved in determination of the cleavage specificity of the Arg506 scissile bond on the A2 domain of factor Va. In this study, we characterized the properties of the same exosite mutants of APC with respect to their ability to interact with factor VIIIa. Time course of the factor VIIIa degradation by APC mutants suggested that the same basic residues of APC are also critical for recognition and degradation of factor VIIIa. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the factor VIIIa cleavage reactions revealed that these residues are involved in determination of the specificity of both A1 and A2 subunits in factor VIIIa, thus facilitating the cleavages of both Arg336 and Arg562 scissile bonds in the cofactor.
Markov paths on the Poisson-Delaunay graph with applications to routeing in mobile networks
Authors: Baccelli F. , Tchoumatchenko K. , Zuyev S. 
Published: February 2003

Consider the Delaunay graph and the Voronoi tessellation constructed with respect to a Poisson point process. The sequence of nuclei of the Voronoi cells that are crossed by a line defines a path on the Delaunay graph. We show that the evolution of this path is governed by a Markov chain. We study the ergodic properties of the chain and find its stationary distribution. As a corollary, we obtain the ratio of the mean path length to the Euclidean distance between the end points, and hence a bound for the mean asymptotic length of the shortest path.We apply these results to define a family of simple incremental algorithms for constructing short paths on the Delaunay graph and discuss potential applications to routeing in mobile communication networks.