bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for non‐target chlorinated pesticides in food by liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: García‐Reyes Juan F. , Ferrer Imma , Thurman E. Michael , Molina‐Díaz Antonio , Fernández‐Alba Amadeo R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this study the unique and most salient features of liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) were applied for the identification of non‐target chlorinated pesticides in complex food extracts ‘a priori’, i.e., without the use of standards. The combination of high sensitivity full‐scan spectra incorporating accurate mass measurements (routinely better than 2 ppm accuracy) of the protonated molecules with the evidence from resolved isotopic clusters provides the ability to obtain a reduced number of possible elemental compositions (typically 1–2). Databases were then used to find the identity of the suspected species using the elemental composition as a searching criterion. The accurate mass and the generated elemental composition of characteristic fragment ions of the suspected species provide further evidence for the proposed species. With this approach we have identified the following chlorinated pesticides in different market‐purchased fruit and vegetable extracts: Chlorotoluron (tomato), iprodione (apple), and procymidone (grapes). Finally, the confirmation and quantitation of these suspected species were successfully accomplished with standards. Other unknown compounds could be partially identified based on the data obtained within this study. As an example, a chlorinated species (‘m/z311’) is discussed; the elemental composition and possible structures were proposed and the analytical potential, advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach critically discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pre‐B cell receptor and its ligands – it takes two to tango
Authors: Bradl Harald , Vettermann Christian , Schuh Wolfgang , Meister Silke , Jäck Hans‐Martin 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe development of early precursor B cells is governed by the surface‐bound pre‐B cell receptor consisting of the immunoglobulin μ heavy chain, the surrogate light chain components λ5 and VpreB, and the signal transducing subunits immunglobulin α/immunglobulin β. The pre‐B cell receptor controls clonal expansion, survival and efficient differentiation of functional B lymphoid precursors; however, it is still controversial how signals from this receptor are initiated. Recent studies with Abelson murine leukemia virus (Abl‐MuLV)‐transformed pre‐B cell lines suggest that the N‐terminal non‐immunoglobulin portion of λ5, the so‐called unique tail, is required to initiate cell‐autonomous signals by mediating self‐aggregation of the pre‐B cell receptor (pre‐BCR). Strikingly however, the λ5 unique tail also controls the interaction with two different groups of stroma cell‐derived pre‐BCR ligands, namely heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans and surface‐associated galectin‐1. Even though these findings are not mutually exclusive, they refresh the discussion about potential modes of pre‐BCR signal initiation. In this review, we discuss recent key findings and propose an integrative model for ligand dependent and independent initiation of pre‐BCR signals during selection of functional B cell precursors.
Resistant Starch‐rich Powders Prepared by Autoclaving of Native and Lintnerized Banana Starch: Partial Characterization
Authors: Aparicio‐Saguilán Alejandro , Flores‐Huicochea Emmanuel , Tovar Juscelino , García‐Suárez Francisco , Gutiérrez‐Meraz Felipe , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPowdered preparations enriched in resistant starch (RS) were obtained from native and lintnerized (prolonged acid treatment) banana starches by consecutive autoclaving/cooling treatments. The preparations were tested for indigestible starch content, swelling and solubility properties, thermal analysis and pasting profile. The autoclaved samples had higher RS content than their parental counterparts, but the chemical modification (lintnerization process) allowed development of higher RS proportions (19%, dry matter basis, dmb). The autoclaved samples (RS‐enriched products) showed similar swelling values (α = 0.05) at the temperatures assessed. These RS‐rich products exhibited a lower solubility in water than the corresponding raw materials. The peak temperatures of the thermal transition were 155.5 and 145.8°C for native autoclaved and lintnerized autoclaved starch, respectively. These values indicate that RS products have a marked thermal stability. The pasting behavior of the RS products was less pronounced than that of the raw counterparts. Hence, their potential use as processed food ingredients should not impact final product viscosity. These RS‐enriched products appear suitable for the formulation of functional foods.
Rate of Hydroxypropylation of Starches as a Function of Reaction Time
Authors: Han Jung‐Ah , BeMiller James N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTo determine the course of the hydroxypropylation reaction as a function of reaction time, waxy corn, normal corn, potato, and wheat starches were reacted with propylene oxide under normal reaction conditions. Amounts of leached material and MS values of both leached and granular molecules were determined over the course of reaction. For waxy and normal corn starches, the extent of reaction increased linearly from 0 to 12 h, after which the reaction proceeded at an ever decreasing rate, reaching zero at about 30 h of reaction. The initial rate of reaction was determined by reacting waxy corn starch with a greater amount of propylene oxide (10×normal concentration) so that there would be no slowing of the reaction due to loss of reagent. Results confirmed that the initial reaction rate was linear. The hypothesis that, as derivatization proceeds, granules are opened up, resulting in ever increasing rates of reaction was not substantiated. Amounts and MS values of leached molecules from waxy and normal corn starches increased continuously over the course of the reaction. For potato and wheat starches, MS values of the granular starch also increased continuously over the entire reaction period. Amounts of leached molecules from potato starch were greater than those from wheat starch, with the amount leached at 30 h from potato starch being slightly more than that from normal and waxy corn starches and that from wheat starch being considerably less.
Effects of Granule Sizes on Physicochemical Properties of Cross‐linked and Acetylated Wheat Starches
Authors: Van Hung Pham , Morita Naofumi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractLarge and small wheat starch granules were used for cross‐linking and acetylation to determine effects of granule sizes on physicochemical properties of the modified starches. The native and cross‐linked starches from the small granules showed higher phosphorus contents than did those from the large granules. However, the level of phosphate substituents in the modified starches was not significantly different between the large and small granules under the same conditions. In contrast, the large granules had a higher reactivity with acetic anhydride than did the small granules. The phosphate group cross‐linked starch (CS), acetylated starch (AS) and acetylated cross‐linked starch (ACS) from the large granules had lower gelatinization temperatures and higher enthalpies than those from the small granules. The paste viscosities of the CSs from the large granules decreased rapidly, whereas those of the AS or ACS increased significantly as compared with those from the small granules. The pastes of cross‐linked starches from the small granules were more stable than those from the large granules, whereas the pastes of AS and ACS from the large and small granules had similar resistance to freeze‐thaw treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that the small granules were less damaged after modification than the large ones. Thus, the different granule sizes resulted in different physicochemical properties of starch after modification.
An overview of transplacental chemical carcinogenesis
Authors: Rice Jerry M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTransplacental carcinogenesis is surveyed with emphasis on major problems currently constituting active areas of research. These include identification of transplacental carcinogens and the tissues they preferentially affect in different species; enzyme‐mediated metabolism of carcinogens; formation of reactive metabolites in maternal, placental, and fetal tissues; transplacental passage of carcinogens and their localization in fetal tissues; changing susceptibilities of different tissues during embryonic and fetal development; differences in susceptibility to a given agent between corresponding tissues of fetus and adult; carcinogenic effects in later generations not directly exposed to carcinogens in utero; tissue culture systems for identification of transformed cells used in combination with transplacental exposure to carcinogens; and relevance of animal experiments to cancer in man, including the special case of cancer in childhood and the possible interaction of teratogenic and carcinogenic agents.
Altered mucopolysaccharide metabolism in organ cultures of fetal hamster bones infected by the H‐1 strain of parvovirus
Authors: Heggie Alfred D. , Stjernholm Rune L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractInfection with the H‐1 strain of parvovirus results in death and deformities in hamster embryos, retardation of skeletal growth and development in immature hamsters, and delayed repair of osseous wounds in older animals. Several aspects of this interference with bone growth can be reproduced as a laboratory model by infection of organ cultures of fetal hamster tibiae with H‐1 virus. To investigate the pathogenesis of this virus‐induced retardation of skeletal growth, the incorporation and release of 35S by infected and control tibiae was measured in this organ culture model to determine the effect of H‐1 virus infection on the rates of synthesis and loss of mucopolysaccharides by fetal bone. Ash weights and mineral‐free dry weights of infected and control bones were also compared to detect differences in degrees of mineralization and cartilage formation. By these methods, growth retardation was found to be associated with decreased cartilage formation and increased synthesis and loss of mucopolysaccharides or their components. No difference was found between the mineral contents of infected and control bones. It is proposed that H‐1 virus infection interferes with formation of the matrix of cartilage and that intensified 35S incorporation reflects a compensatory but ineffective effort to reverse this inhibition by increasing mucopolysaccharide synthesis. Although no quantitative difference was detected between the mineral contents of infected and control bones, it is suggested that disordered matrix formation may contribute to the delayed or incomplete mineralization of osseous tissues that occurs during later stages of maturation in this animal model of virus‐induced dwarfism.
Early Prediction of Normocalcemia after Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Güllüoğlu Bahadır M. , Manukyan Manuk N. , Cingi Asım , Yeğen Cumhur , Yalın Rıfat , Aktan A. Özdemir 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHypocalcemia is the principal factor that determines length of hospital stay after thyroid surgery. Seventy‐nine patients who underwent thyroidectomy were prospectively evaluated in order to define risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia. Serum samples were taken postoperatively at 8, 14, 24, and 48 hours to measure total calcium levels. The slope of change in serum calcium level between each sample time was calculated. Patients were also examined for age, gender, surgical indications, type and extension of surgery, thyroid function, presence of substernal extension, initial operation versus reoperation, and application of parathyroid autotransplantation. All comparisons were made between hypocalcemic and normocalcemic groups. Hypocalcemia occured in 15 (19%) patients. In univariate analysis, type and extent of thyroidectomy, serum calcium levels at each time point, as well as the slope of change in serum total calcium levels between 8 and 14 hours were found to be significantly predictive of normocalcemia. All patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy and who had a positive or neutral slope of calcium change after surgery remained normocalcemic. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the slope of change in calcium levels within the first 14 postoperative hours independently predicted calcium status after thyroidectomy. All patients who undergo unilateral thyroid surgery who have a positive/neutral slope of change in serum total calcium levels within the first 14 hours after surgery can be safely discharged early if they have no other risks.
Treatment of “Hernia” in the Writings of Celsus (First Century AD)
Authors: Papavramidou Niki S. , Christopoulou‐Aletras Helen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDescriptions concerning “hernia” can be found from the early historical years, and its treatment was a subject mentioned by numerous physicians of Antiquity, such as Hippocrates and Praxagoras of Kos. Yet, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a famous doctor and encyclopedist of the first century AD, was among the first to propose surgical treatment and carry it out successfully, according to his accounts. Many physicians attempted to treat several types of “hernia” before him, but more “scientific” information with details and complete descriptions could be found only in Celsus’ work. In his book DeMedicina, Celsus described eight types of “hernia”: bronchocele, umbilical hernia, intestinal and omental hernias, hydrocele, varicocele, sarcocele (hernia carnosa), and inguinal hernia. Among them, some retain their ancient nomenclature up to now, although others have acquired gradually different terminology or are not recognized by physicians today as “hernias” (e.g., bronchocele). For each type of “hernia”, Celsus provided his readers with an extremely detailed, well reasoned description of the execution of surgical procedures accompanied usually with pre‐ and postoperative instructions. His innovations particularly concerned ligature of the vessels. He recommended that an injured vessel be tied in two places with lint threads and then cut between the ties. Other pre‐ and postoperative practices, such as sterilization and bandaging of the incised area, were elements that helped in the advances of medicine, and some of them still exist in modern medicine.
Predicting impacts of global warming on population dynamics and distribution of arthropods in Japan
Authors: Kiritani Keizi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe mean surface temperature rose by 1.0°C over the last 40 years in Japan. Changes in the pest status, distribution range, winter mortality, and the synchronization in phenology were examined. The increase in the number of annual generations of each taxon was predicted based on the lower developmental threshold and the thermal constant. Increasing damage due to rice‐ and fruit‐infesting bugs, their simultaneous outbreaks and the poleward geographic spread observed for six species may be triggered by global warming. The winter mortality of adults of Nezara viridula and Halyomorpha halys is predicted to be reduced by 15% by each rise of 1°C. More than 50 species of butterflies showed northward range expansions and ten species of previously migrant butterflies established on Nansei Islands during 1966–1987. Global warming may be responsible for the recent decline in abundance of Plutella xylostella and the increase in Helicoverpa armigera and Trichoplusia ni. In general, global warming may work in favour of natural enemies (except for spiders) by increasing the number of generations more than in their host species. Biological control utilizing native natural enemies is expected to become a more important control tactic in the future. Greenhouse culture may provide a model of a temperate agroecosystem after global warming. The increasing occurrence of alien species of tropical origin in association with the increase in pesticide applications might be expected. Interception of alien pests by plant quarantine followed by integrated pest management is needed.
Seasonal variation in leaf properties and ecosystem carbon budget in a cool‐temperate deciduous broad‐leaved forest: simulation analysis at Takayama site, Japan
Authors: Ito Akihiko , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Koizumi Hiroshi , Saigusa Nobuko , Murayama Shohei , Yamamoto Susumu 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSeasonal changes in gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in temperate deciduous forests are mostly driven by environmental conditions and the phenology of leaf demography. This study addresses another factor, temporal changes in leaf properties, i.e., leaf aging from emergence to senescence. A process‐based model was used to link the ecosystem‐scale carbon budget with leaf‐level properties on the basis of field observation and scaling procedures; temporal variations in leaf thickness (leaf mass per area, LMA), photosynthetic rubisco (Vcmax) and electron‐transport (Jmax) capacity, and dark respiration (Rd) were empirically parameterized. The model was applied to a cool‐temperate deciduous broad‐leaved forest at Takayama, in central Japan, and validated with data of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE=−NEP) measured using the eddy‐covariance method. NEP of the Takayama site varied seasonally from 3 g C m−2 day−1 net source in late winter to 5 g C m−2 day−1 net sink in early to mid‐summer. A sensitivity experiment showed that removing the leaf‐aging effect changed the seasonal CO2 exchange pattern, and led to overestimation of annual GPP by 6% and annual NEP by 38%. We found that seasonal variation in Vcmax affected the seasonal pattern and annual budget of CO2 exchange most strongly; LMA and Rd had moderate influences. The rapid change in Vcmax and Rd during leaf emergence and senescence was important in evaluating GPP and NEP of the temperate deciduous forest.
Forest vegetation as related to climate and soil conditions at varying altitudes on a humid subtropical mountain, Mount Emei, Sichuan, China
Authors: Tang Cindy Q. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAltitudinal variations in temperature and soils were analysed on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt Emei (3,099 m a.s.l., 29°34.5′N, 103°21.5′E), in Sichuan, China, to see how the vegetation varies with the environmental factors. As a principal finding, the coldest mean monthly temperature −1°C, rather than the warmth index of 85°C·months, emerged as the primary factor that delimited the evergreen broadleaved forest. With regard to soils, properties such as organic C, total N, available P, exchangeable K tended to increase with altitude. The highest values in organic C (26.6%), total N (1.34%) and available P (45.39 ppm) were recorded in surface soils of the mixed forest (2,210 m a.s.l.) including all three tree life forms, i.e. evergreen/deciduous broadleaved and coniferous trees. The high pH and contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface soils derived from the parent material, limestone and dolomite, between 900 and 1,200 m, where several Tertiary tree species existed. The C/N ratios of surface soils in the coniferous forests (2,500–3,099 m) were higher than those of the evergreen broadleaved forests (600–1,500 m) and the mixed forests (1,500–2,500 m).
Endovascular treatment of obstructive iliac artery dissections
Authors: Önal B. , Ilgit E. T. , Akpek S. , Erbas G. , Akkaya A. 
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To report our results from a study of the endovascular treatment of flow restricting chronic atherosclerotic or catheter‐induced segmental iliac artery dissections with bare stents. Material and Methods: Thirty symptomatic patients with 32 lesions, including chronic atherosclerotic ( n = 21) and catheter‐induced ( n = 11) segmental arterial dissections, were treated with primary stenting. The common iliac artery was involved in 19 lesions and the external iliac artery in the remaining 13. Two patients had two lesions in the same vessel. Technical success was defined as restoration of the smooth contoured luminal patency with no more than 20% residual stenosis in diameter in atherosclerotic dissections associated with plaque formation or total obliteration of the false lumen in catheter‐induced dissections. Complete relief of, or marked improvements in, presenting symptoms, or at least single category improvement, was assessed for clinical success. Results: Technical success rate was 100%. No procedure‐related complications such as distal emboli or early occlusions were observed. Complete symptom relief was achieved in all patients with catheter‐induced dissection and in all but three cases with chronic spontaneous atherosclerotic dissection. In two cases, occlusion of the stents occurred during the follow‐up period. Clinical and radiological mean follow‐up for 24 months (range 3–55) revealed patency of all other stented segments. Cumulative primary patency rate was 97% over 12 months and 90% over 24 months. Conclusion: Endovascular treatment of chronic atherosclerotic and catheter‐induced short obstructive iliac arterial dissections with bare stents is safe and effective. Patency of the diseased arterial segment with a smooth lumen can be sustained for an extensive period.
Radiological findings in children with acute pneumonia: age more important than infectious agent
Authors: Wahlgren H. , Mortensson W. , Eriksson M. , Finkel Y. , Forsgren M. , Leinonen M. 
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To evaluate whether radiological findings and healing time in children with pneumonia are correlated to etiologic agent.Material and Methods: A total of 346 children with radiologically verified acute pneumonia, and with accomplished serological tests for bacteria and viruses, were included in the study. Five etiological groups were analysed: children with bacterial etiology only, with viral etiology only, with mixed bacterial and viral etiology, with Mycoplasma only, and children with no etiology.Results: The chest films of each etiological group were analysed and the findings were correlated to the children's age. The radiological findings did not differ between the etiological groups. Radiological findings correlated significantly with the patient's age. The radiological healing frequency at check‐up X‐ray was found to be significantly lower in children with mixed bacterial and viral etiology compared to children in each of the other groups and to the material as a whole.Conclusion: Conclusions about the etiology could not be drawn from the chest X‐ray findings.
Optic tract edema: a highly specific magnetic resonance imaging finding for the diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Hirunpat S. , Tanomkiat W. , Sriprung H. , Chetpaophan J. 
Published: September 2005

Purpose: To clarify the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of optic tract edema in the diagnosis of craniopharyngiomas. Material and Methods: Preoperative magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 49 patients (between May 1996 and March 2003) who had a diagnosis of parasellar masses were blindly reviewed by two radiologists. The spread of edema surrounding the tumor on the coronal TSE T2‐weighted images was analyzed. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated based on the numbers in this series and also pooled numbers from previous known reported series. Results: Edema along the optic tracts was detected in 7 of 11 craniopharyngiomas, giving a sensitivity of 63.6% (95% CI = 30.8–89.1) for our series and 66.7% (95% CI = 47.2–82.7) for the pooled numbers. The specificity was 100% (95% CI = 90.7–100.0) for our series and 93.9% (95% CI = 87.1–97.7) for the pooled numbers. None of the 28 pituitary macroadenomas, 4 meningiomas, 2 hypothalamic astrocytomas, 2 germinomas, 1 mixed‐germ cell tumor and 1 arachnoid cyst in our study showed edema of the optic pathways. Conclusion: Optic tract edema, commonly seen in craniopharyngiomas, is a useful MR finding for distinguishing craniopharyngiomas from other parasellar tumors with considerable sensitivity and high specificity.