bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation and Knowledge Driven by a Focal Corporation
Authors: Vale Mário 
Published: May 2004

Traditionally, transnational subsidiaries in peripheral regions were labelled ‘cathedrals in the desert’ as they did not establish significant links with local or regional producers and did not control the decisionmaking process. The work of economists and geographers has tended to be heavily influenced by the branch plant stereotype. However, this rather basic vision of reality is now changing as inward investments promoted by transnational corporations (TNCs) become more embedded in the region. It seems there is a new strategy of foreign firms in relation to local firms and institutions, as evidenced by the technological knowledge governance and learning processes in supply chains polarized by some TNC subsidiaries. In this paper we first assess the role of technological externalities as a new industrial location factor in the era of globalization. These externalities reinforce localization of innovative firms rather than stimulate spatial dispersion. Even TNC subsidiaries are more embedded in the host regions as globalization accelerates. Second, we analyse the features of the Autoeuropa (AE) supply chain in Portugal, namely the type of suppliers (firm size, origin of capital, markets and so forth) and their position in the hierarchical supply chain of AE. Finally, we assess external knowledge and innovation driven by Autoeuropa itself among suppliers, and we discuss the main benefits as well as the basic problems of such a form of knowledge creation and diffusion.
Diversity and Commonality in National Identities: An Exploratory Analysis of Cross-National Patterns
Authors: Jones Frank L. , Smith Philip 
Published: May 2004

Issues of boundary maintenance are implicit in all studies of national identity. By definition, national communities consist of those who are included but surrounded (literally or metaphorically) by those who are excluded. Most extant research on national identity explores criteria for national membership largely in terms of official or public definitions described, for example, in citizenship and immigration laws or in texts of popular culture. We know much less about how ordinary people in various nations reason about these issues. An analysis of cross-national (N= 23) survey data from the 1995 International Social Science Program reveals a core pattern in most of the countries studied. Respondents were asked how important various criteria were in being ‘truly’ a member of a particular nation. Exploratory factor analysis shows that these items cluster in terms of two underlying dimensions. Ascriptive/objectivist criteria relating to birth, religion and residence can be distinguished from civic/voluntarist criteria relating to subjective feelings of membership and belief in core institutions. In most nations the ascriptive/objectivist dimension of national identity was more prominent than the subjective civic/voluntarist dimension. Taken overall, these findings suggest an unanticipated homogeneity in the ways that citizens around the world think about national identity. To the extent that these dimensions also mirror the well-known distinction between ethnic and civic national identification, they suggest that the former remains robust despite globalization, mass migration and cultural pluralism. Throughout the world official definitions of national identification have tended to shift towards a civic model. Yet citizens remain remarkably traditional in outlook. A task for future research is to investigate the macrosociological forces that produce both commonality and difference in the core patterns we have identified.
Disseminators, Advocates and Watchdogs
Authors: Mwesige Peter G. 
Published: May 2004

Based on a national survey carried out in 2001, this study provides a demographic and attitudinal profile of Ugandan journalists at an interesting time when we are not only witnessing increasing media globalization but also democratic, if shaky, transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study explores the demographics and job conditions of news people in this East African country, their role perceptions, professional attitudes and beliefs, as well as the major constraints on journalistic freedoms in Uganda. Where it is possible and appropriate, comparisons are made to both African and western journalists. The results show that Ugandan journalists highly value the so-called western journalistic functions of information, analysis and interpretation and investigation of official claims. They also show strong support for ‘populist mobilizer’ functions such as giving ordinary people voice and setting the political agenda. However, despite the relative press freedom in recent years, Ugandan news people work under conditions that pose major legal, political and economic limitations on their journalistic freedoms. In spite of such constraints, they showed a commitment to the public affairs benefits of their jobs.
Reconciling Financial Information at Varied Levels of Aggregation*
Authors: ARYA ANIL , FELLINGHAM JOHN C. , MITTENDORF BRIAN , SCHROEDER DOUGLAS A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFinancial statements summarize a firm's fiscal position using only a limited number of accounts. Readers often interpret financial statements in conjunction with other information, some of which may be aggregated in a different way (or not at all). This paper exploits properties of the double‐entry accounting system to provide a systematic approach to reconciling diverse financial data. The key is the ability to represent the double‐entry system by network flows and, thereby, access well‐recognized network optimization techniques. Two specific uses are investigated: the reconciliation of audit evidence with management‐prepared financial statements, and the creation of transaction‐level financial ratios.
The Determination of Male Adult Age at Death by Central and Posterior Coxal Analysis—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Rougé-Maillart C , Telmon N , Rissech C , Malgosa A , Rougé D 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
In forensic anthropological analysis, the pelvis is of particular interest as it is often a comparatively well-preserved part of the skeleton. This study in age determination uses the acetabulum, the central element of the pelvis, as a complement to the examination of the auricular surface. The test sample consisted of 30 individuals. First, the authors studied the auricular surface using the Lovejoy criteria. Second, they isolated four criteria based on chronological changes in the acetabulum. Third, they conducted an evaluation of each of these variables. The study examines the correlation between these criteria and the age of the individuals. A significant correlation was found between the acetabular criteria and age, and between the acetabular criteria and the Lovejoy criteria of the auricular surface. For forensic purposes, the acetabulum is an effective predictor in the determination of age. This newly proposed method explores the same criteria of ageing as the Lovejoy method. The combination of the two methods produces relatively consistent results in the estimation of age.
A Possible Source of Reference DNA from Archived Treated Adhesive Lifters
Authors: Zamir A , Oz C , Wolf E , Vinokurov A , Glattstein B 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
During the course of a double murder trial, it became apparent that the two adhesive lifters from the two cadavers had been mislabeled before being presented in court. The question was raised whether DNA testing from the biological material remaining attached to the lifters could resolve this mix-up.
In fatal shooting cases where a bullet has been fired through a body surface, an adhesive lifter is applied directly to the entrance wound. The total nitrite residues, as well as biological material surrounding the wound (blood, hair, tissue) are transferred to the adhesive lifter. The nitrite residues are used for estimating firing distance. In a worst-case scenario, the biological material on the lifter may be the only remaining reference material from a victim. In this paper, we examined whether the biological material retrieved from adhesive lifters could be used for DNA typing after the lifters had been treated for GSR pattern. In as much as the biological material found on the lifters can be typed and profiled following physical and chemical treatment, we submit that archived adhesive lifters can be used as a future source of reference DNA from cadavers where no other sample is available.
Validation and Implementation of the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System STR Multiplex for Forensic Casework
Authors: Greenspoon SA , Ban JD , Pablo L , Crouse CA , Kist FG , Tomsey CS , Glessner AL , Mihalacki LR , Long TM , Heidebrecht BJ , Braunstein CA , Freeman DA , Soberalski C , Bruesehoff N , Amin AS , Douglas EK , Schumm JW 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The PowerPlex® 16 BIO multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) system contains the 13 CODIS loci (FGA, TPOX, D8S1179, vWA, D18S51, D21S11, TH01, D3S1358, CSF1PO, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, and D5S818), plus two pentanucleotide repeat loci (Penta D and Penta E) and the sex-identifying locus, Amelogenin. The PowerPlex® 16 BIO System is optimized for use with the Hitachi FMBIO® gel imaging systems. A consortium of seven independent laboratories collaborated to perform the studies defined by the FBI standards for performing a developmental validation, including the evaluation of sample concordance, percent stutter determination, nonprobative casework, precision, sensitivity, mixture determination, effect of substrates, the impact of environmental insults, and species specificity. All samples tested for concordance were consistent except for one sample from the Virginia Division of Forensic Science database that displayed discordance at D13S317, a locus whose primer sequence was altered. Stutter values were comparable to those of other STR multiplex systems, the precision was comparable to other multiplexes analyzed by gel electrophoresis, the DNA profiles were unchanged by the substrate upon which the blood samples were placed, and the nonprobative casework samples re-typed for the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System were consistent with previous typing results. When greater than 0.125 ng of DNA was placed into the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System amplification reaction, a full profile was generated by all laboratories. The mixture study results were comparable to those reported for other multiplex systems, the environmental study demonstrated a loss of larger molecular weight loci when samples were incubated at elevated temperatures for a prolonged period of time, and the only notable cross species hybridization was observed with primate DNA samples. This extensive validation work performed demonstrates that the PowerPlex® 16 BIO System provides STR data of a quality comparable with other PowerPlex® STR multiplex kits as well as other widely used STR multiplexes and is thus suitable for evidentiary casework analysis as well as database sample profiling.
Assault in Prison and Assault in Prison Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Young MH , Justice JV , Erdberg P 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Studies have described measures associated with assault in the community, but few have identified measures associated with assault in prison or prison psychiatric treatment. In this study, prison assault histories and assaults while in prison psychiatric treatment for 222 randomly selected male inmates were evaluated. Using record reviews, interviews, neuropsychological, Rorschach, and psychopathy measures, risk factors for assault in prison and in prison psychiatric treatment were identified. Youth Authority placement, inhalant use, antisocial lifestyle, neurological injury, neuropsychological impairment, and higher PCL-R Factor II ratings were associated with assault in prison. Absence of major mental disorder, neurological impairment, or psychotic thinking, but presence of psychopathy was associated with assault in prison psychiatric treatment. In identifying risk for violence, the importance of (1) the context in which violence occurs; (2) the need for clear admission criteria for prison psychiatric treatment; and (3) the need to develop risk assessments that are specific to prison environments are emphasized.
Expert Testimony and Positive Identification of Human Remains Through Cranial Suture Patterns
Authors: Rogers TL , Allard TT 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
North American forensic anthropological research should conform to the Daubert criteria (U.S.A.) and Mohan ruling (Canada) to ensure admissibility in a court of law. Positive identification through radiographic comparison of antemortem and postmortem cranial suture patterns was evaluated in light of these criteria. The technique is based on reliable principles, but problems with terminology and the resolution of radiographs make SekharanÂ's method difficult to apply. Using the location, length, and slope of a sutureÂ's component lines, rather than SekharanÂ's descriptions of sutural configurations, it is possible to determine the probability of a particular suture pattern occurring in more than one individual. A match of four consecutive lines is sufficient to establish positive identification. This approach meets the Daubert and Mohan criteria, although resolution of radiographs is still a major limitation. Computed tomography (CT) scans may prove a more useful modality for positive identification, due to better resolution and greater availability.
Development of a Finger Printing Device for Use on a Mobile Robot
Authors: Dixon K , Wu J , Brennan RW , Goldsmith P 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
In this paper, we describe the development of a device for fuming fingerprints with cyanoacrylate (Super Glue™) to enable police tactical units to obtain fingerprint evidence from suspicious packages using a remote-controlled robot. Through a series of initial experiments and preliminary designs, we show that effective cyanoacylate fuming requires sufficient heat, humidity, and airflow. This work led to the development of a final working prototype, called robot accessory for fuming fingerprint evidence (RAFFE), which is currently being field tested by the Calgary Police Service.
Hyaluronidase as a Liquefying Agent for Chemical Analysis of Vitreous Fluid
Authors: Garg U , Althahabi R , Amirahmadi V , Brod M , Blanchard C , Young T 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Vitreous humor is a suitable specimen for postmortem clinical chemistry because the analytes remain relatively stable after death and they closely reflect blood levels immediately prior to death. The viscous nature of vitreous fluid, however, presents analytical problems including imprecision and inaccuracy. Various preanalytical treatments, such as boiling, high speed centrifugation, microfiltration and dilution have been used. These techniques are labor intensive and add to imprecision and inaccuracy. Because glycosaminoglycans contribute significantly to the viscosity of vitreous humor, we used hyaluronidase as a liquefying agent.We compared the results of analyses in 33 vitreous humor specimens after hyaluronidase treatment with the results after either no treatment or specimen dilution. Seventeen of the 33 specimens could not be analyzed without dilution. Even after dilution, several analytes still could not be measured. Hyaluronidase treatment negated the need for sample dilution and had no significant effect on the analyses.
Abuse and Neglect: A Ten-Year Review of Mortality and Morbidity in our Elders in a Large Metropolitan Area
Authors: Shields LBE , Hunsaker DM , Hunsaker JC 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Elder abuse and neglect refers to an act or omission resulting in harm, including death, or threatened harm to the health or welfare of an elderly person. Between one and two million elderly Americans experience some form of mistreatment annually. A ten-year (1992–2001) retrospective case review of morbidity and mortality among elders (age ≥ 60 years) was conducted at a State Medical Examiner's Office serving a major metropolitan region in Kentucky and Indiana. This study addresses cases of two categories: 1) medicolegal autopsies and 2) examinations of living subjects pursuant to a Clinical Forensic Medicine Program. The authors present 74 postmortem cases, in which 52 deaths were attributed to a homicidal act and 22 deaths were suspicious for neglect. Of the 22 living victims of elder abuse and neglect, 19 cases constituted physical and/or sexual assault and three individuals suffered from neglect. This study summarizes the characteristic features of elder abuse in both postmortem and living cases and underscores the necessity for multi-agency collaboration in order to reach an accurate conclusion in case work. Policies established by a well-established elder abuse task force promote the collaborative interaction necessary to formulate criteria for prevention of abuse and death within this vulnerable population.
Reliable, Sensitive, Rapid and Quantitative Enzyme-Based Assay for Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid (GHB)
Authors: Bravo DT , Harris DO , Parsons SM 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Several assays for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (4-hydroxybutyrate, GHB) have been developed based on the enzyme gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (GHB-DH). Enzymatic oxidation of GHB by NAD+ is coupled to diaphorase-mediated reduction of pro-dye to yield colored product. GHB-DH from Ralstonia eutropha was cloned and expressed as a stable fusion protein easily purified by affinity chromatography. Quantitative initial velocity and endpoint versions of the assay in solution are described. Michaelis-Menten parameters for oxidation of GHB and ethanol were estimated. A semi-quantitative “dipstick” version of the assay on paper also is described. Both solution endpoint and “dipstick” assays are sensitive to about 0.05 mg GHB/mL using 10 μL of sample. Ethanol at concentrations possible in urine and agents used to stabilize physiological fluids for forensics analysis do not interfere significantly. The “dipstick” assay also allows detection of GHB in alcoholic beverages after evaporation of about one-fourth drop of beverage before testing. The enzymatic assay for GHB is reliable, sensitive, inexpensive and rapid.
Hallucinations with Zolpidem and Fluoxetine in an Impaired Driver
Authors: Coleman DE , Ota K 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A 54-year-old malewas observed driving erratically. The subject displayed both horizontal and vertical nystagmus and poor balance on field sobriety tests (FST's). Further observations included slow movements, breathing, and speech, extremely poor coordination, lack of convergence, and pupils with slow reaction to light. The subject related he was seeing roadway lines doubled and felt a hallucinogenic effect. Breath alcohol results were negative. Blood tests found zolpidem and fluoxetine in addition to hydrocodone at therapeutic levels. This case is presented as an example of hallucinogenic effects from the combination of zolpidem and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Application of the BioMek® 2000 Laboratory Automation Workstation and the DNA IQ™ System to the Extraction of Forensic Casework Samples
Authors: Greenspoon SA , Ban JD , Sykes K , Ballard EJ , Edler SS , Baisden M , Covington BL 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Robotic systems are commonly utilized for the extraction of database samples. However, the application of robotic extraction to forensic casework samples is a more daunting task. Such a system must be versatile enough to accommodate a wide range of samples that may contain greatly varying amounts of DNA, but it must also pose no more risk of contamination than the manual DNA extraction methods. This study demonstrates that the BioMek® 2000 Laboratory Automation Workstation, used in combination with the DNA IQ™ System, is versatile enough to accommodate the wide range of samples typically encountered by a crime laboratory. The use of a silica coated paramagnetic resin, as with the DNA IQ™ System, facilitates the adaptation of an open well, hands off, robotic system to the extraction of casework samples since no filtration or centrifugation steps are needed. Moreover, the DNA remains tightly coupled to the silica coated paramagnetic resin for the entire process until the elution step. A short pre-extraction incubation step is necessary prior to loading samples onto the robot and it is at this step that most modifications are made to accommodate the different sample types and substrates commonly encountered with forensic evidentiary samples. Sexual assault (mixed stain) samples, cigarette butts, blood stains, buccal swabs, and various tissue samples were successfully extracted with the BioMek® 2000 Laboratory Automation Workstation and the DNA IQ™ System, with no evidence of contamination throughout the extensive validation studies reported here.
A Highly Discriminating 21 Locus Y-STR “Megaplex” System Designed to Augment the Minimal Haplotype Loci for Forensic Casework
Authors: Hanson EK , Ballantyne J 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
In order to increase significantly the discriminatory potential of Y-STR systems available to the forensic community, we have developed and validated a 21-locus Y-STR multiplex system. Since the system was designed specifically to augment the European Y chromosome typing community's “minimal haplotype” Y-STR set (MHL) for forensic casework, it contains a novel constellation of markers not contained therein. The system, which we refer to as Multiplex IV (MPIV), permits the co-amplification of DYS 443, DYS 444, DYS 445, DYS 447, DYS 448, DYS 449, DYS 452, DYS 453, DYS 454, DYS 455, DYS 456, DYS 458, DYS 463, DYS 464, DYS 468, DYS 484, DYS 522, DYS 527, DYS 531, DYS 557, and DYS 588. Although the multiplex contains 21 Y-STR loci, of which one is bi-local and one is tetra-local, there are actually 25 sites exhibiting allelic variation, and this has prompted us to use the descriptor “megaplex” to describe the system.
This report describes a number of performance checks that were employed to characterize the system including sensitivity, specificity, discriminatory capacity, and nonprobative casework studies. Although 1 ng of male DNA was found to be the optimal amount of input template, a complete 21-locus profile was obtained with as little as 50 pg of male DNA (i.e., ∼8 to 9 diploid cells). The specificity of the system was demonstrated by the lack of significant female DNA derived artifacts when tested using either 300 ng of female DNA alone or an admixture of male/female DNA in which the female component was present in a 100-fold excess. The ability of the system to determine the number of male donors was demonstrated by testing different admixtures of DNA at different ratios from two male donors. Cervicovaginal samples taken up to 48 h post coitus yielded a complete 21-locus Y-STR profile of the semen donor, thus confirming the potential utility of the system for forensic casework. Preliminary estimates of the gene diversity (h) of the individual loci for the Caucasian and African-American population indicated that 15 of the 21 loci possessed an h of ⩾0.5 in at least one population. Multi-locus haplotype analysis revealed that the 21-plex system could augment the use of the minimal haplotype loci and increase significantly the discriminatory capacity of Y-STR analysis.
New Developments in SPME Part 2: Analysis of Ammonium Nitrate-based Explosives
Authors: Brown H , Kirkbride KP , Pigou PE , Walker GS 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSolid-phase microextraction (SPME) followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a simple, reliable technique for the recovery and analysis of many organic explosives. However, this technique is impractical for the analysis of ammonium nitrate-type explosives due to the extreme polarity, low molecular weight, and high volatility of the amine moiety. This article describes an initial investigation of a derivatization process utilizing alkylchloroformates that converts ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate into a form suitable for recovery by SPME and analysis by GC-MS.