bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Control of Polymer Addition to Raw Waste Sludge Using Electrical Resistance Tomography – a Preliminary Study
Authors: Dai Yunfeng , Pachowko Antonio D. , Wang Mi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the application of a monitor technique using electrical resistance tomography (ERT) for controlling the optimum polymer dosage for sludge dewatering. The content starts from introduction for characterization of a raw sewage sludge sample, including particle size distribution and volumetric solids concentration, and the conductivity properties of the sludge and the polymer used. The experimental results demonstrate that the different polymer doses mixed with raw sludge leads to a change of floc size and distribution, and further these changes can be monitored using ERT. The result of ERT measurement can be applied in determining the optimum polymer dosage in the water treatment, as a potential new technique.
Direct injection of solid‐phase extraction eluents onto silica columns for the analysis of polar compounds isoniazid and cetirizine in plasma using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Austin C. , Junga Heiko , Shou Wilson Z. , Bryant Matthew S. , Jiang Xiang‐yu , Naidong Weng 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIsoniazid and cetirizine do not retain well on reversed‐phase columns due to their high polarity. Silica columns, when operated under hydrophilic interaction conditions, do provide excellent retention of these compounds. We have developed simple and proof of concept analytical methods for the analysis of isoniazid and cetirizine in animal and human plasma, respectively. Both methods employed the approach of direct injection of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) organic eluents onto silica columns for analysis, thus eliminating evaporation and reconstitution steps that are typically needed for reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic analysis. Isoniazid was extracted from animal plasma samples using a Waters Oasis HLB 96‐well plate and then eluted with acetonitrile, while cetirizine was extracted from human plasma with a Waters MCX μ‐Elute plate and then eluted with acetonitrile containing 5% concentrated ammonium hydroxide. The direct injection of the SPE eluent onto the analytical column was necessary since significant loss of isoniazid was found during the evaporation and reconstitution steps. The method for isoniazid also enabled ultra‐fast analysis due to the relatively low back‐pressure exhibited by silica columns even under high flow conditions. Both methods show good linearity, accuracy and precision covering the range of 10–2000 ng/mL of isoniazid, and 1–1000 ng/mL of cetirizine in plasma. Substantial time savings were realized as a result of both the elimination of the evaporation and reconstitution steps and the fast chromatographic analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presentation system of still picture teaching material using the implant‐JPEG
Authors: Yonezawa Nobuyoshi , Sasaki Hitoshi , Otsuki Zenju , Ukigai Masahiro , Miyadera Youzou , Okunuki Takashi , Yoshihara Shoji , Kamei Takateru 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe authors developed a presentation system for still image teaching materials, which enables various image information embedded in still images on the World Wide Web to be displayed while synchronizing that information with audio explanations and also enables other related image information to be referenced interactively. This paper presents an overview of the presentation system and reports on a creation tool for still image teaching materials, which supports the creation of still image teaching materials to be used in the presentation system. The presentation system's viewer, which is provided to enable the user to accurately understand the image information, has functions not only for changing the display of the image that was pointed to so that the indicated image can be differentiated from other images but also for displaying explanatory text for the image and displaying additional information such as information for other related images. In addition, the system's search function enables the user to find a high‐level concept to which the image information belongs and easily retrieve other picture information having the same high‐level concept. The presentation data can be easily maintained and managed by putting together and distributing the information for the still image and each partial still image in an implant‐JPEG format file called a capsule. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 96–105, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10042
Robust spoken document retrieval methods for misrecognition and out‐of‐vocabulary keywords
Authors: Nishizaki Hiromitsu , Nakagawa Seiichi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper describes a Japanese spoken document retrieval system that is robust for Out‐of‐Vocabulary (OOV) words. A standard approach to spoken document retrieval is to automatically transcribe spoken documents into word sequences, which can be directly matched against queries. In this approach, the documents including OOV words and words misrecognized as other words cannot be retrieved. To avoid this problem, we propose a novel method of spoken document retrieval considering OOV keywords. One approach we use is to create an index from multiple recognizer outputs to deal with transcribed documents including misrecognized words. The index becomes better to use multiple recognizers which have different characteristics from one another. The other is to use both word‐based indexing for in‐vocabulary keywords and syllable‐based indexing for OOV keywords, then switch them according to in‐vocabulary/OOV keywords in the query. Evaluation results clearly show that this approach benefits from the advantages of both indexing methods and that the proposed technique is quite effective in robustly retrieving spoken documents. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 44–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10697
Location and pose estimation for active vision using panoramic edge histograms
Authors: Wang Caihua , Tanahashi Hideki , Satoh Yutaka , Hirayu Hidekazu , Niwa Yoshinori , Yamamoto Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this paper, the authors propose a new technique for robust location and pose estimation for an active vision sensor using images obtained by a camera system (omnidirectional sensor) that can acquire panoramic information of the environment. The proposed technique first calculates a panoramic edge histogram in advance from images obtained by the omnidirectional sensor at several reference points in the environment. To estimate the sensor location and pose, dynamic programming (DP) is extended to two‐pass DP, and the current location is matched with the panoramic edge histogram at the reference points to obtain the edge shift magnitude at each direction angle. These shift magnitudes have the same periodicity as a sine curve, the sensor rotation corresponds to the offset of the sine curve, and its movement direction corresponds to the 0‐phase of the sine curve. In the current research, the sensor's movement direction and rotation angle are efficiently estimated by independently fitting the offset and the 0‐phase of its period from these edge shift magnitudes. Finally, the exact location is calculated from the movement directions for the two closest reference points. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is shown by experiments in an actual environment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 32–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10699
3D adaptive motion vector coding integrated with block‐based adaptive interpolation filter
Authors: Kimata Hideaki , Kitahara Masaki , Yashima Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSince fractional pixel accuracy motion compensation precisely expresses the motion information, it is widely used for improving coding efficiency in the International Standard video coding methods for the MPEG and H.26x series. When the motion accuracy is ascertained more precisely, motion information becomes more exact, and consequently, prediction efficiency can be improved. The problem, however, is that the amount of bits for expressing large motion increases. Accordingly the adaptive interpolation filter (AIF) method, which changes the filter characteristics for half‐pixel positions on quarter‐pixel motion compensation, was proposed. This technique also changes the image at quarter‐pixel positions and makes the motion accuracy more precise. In conventional studies, the AIF method was used per frame or macroblock that was not the motion compensation block, because the overhead problem of filter indication has never been resolved. In this paper, we propose the 3D motion vector coding technique with the block‐based adaptive interpolation filter. This method integrates filter indication into motion vector coding and predicts the filter indication adaptively, so that it reduces the overhead of filter indications. In this method, the filter is changed per motion compensation block so that the prediction efficiency is improved per motion compensation block. We also demonstrate in simulations that this method achieves higher coding efficiency than the normal H.264 coding method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(14): 10–20, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20125
Influence of compaction and surface roughness on low‐energy ion scattering signals
Authors: Jansen W. P. A. , Knoester A. , Maas A. J. H. , Schmit P. , Kytökivi A. , Denier v.d. Gon A. W. , Brongersma H. H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractInvestigation of the surface composition of powders often requires compaction. To study the effect of compaction on surface analysis, samples have been compacted at various pressures ranging from 0 Pa (i.e. no compaction) up to 2000 MPa (2 × 104 kg cm−2) Low‐energy ion scattering (LEIS) was used to determine the composition of the outermost atomic surface layer. Using scanning electron microscopy, changes in the morphology due to compaction have been detected in the SiO2 test samples. The LEIS yield of a compacted silica powder is found to be independent of the applied pressure during compaction between 2 MPa and 2000 MPa (2 × 104 kg cm−2). Analysis of a submonolayer of Ta2O5 on a silica support shows that the composition of the outermost atomic layer is not changed after compaction up to a pressure of at least 300 MPa. When compaction is applied, the absolute LEIS yield appears to be independent of the specific surface area of silica supports in the range 50–380 m2 g−1. A minor difference in LEIS signals is observed between compacted silica supports and flat quartz samples. In order to determine the surface roughness factor independently, and to study the material dependence of the surface roughness factor, angle‐dependent LEIS measurements have been carried out on oxidized silicon, gallium and gold surfaces. The results on the oxidized silicon confirm the small influence of surface roughness for silica particles, whereas measurements on the more closely packed metallic gallium and gold surfaces indicate a significant surface roughness effect. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of functionalized precipitated silica SYLOID® 244 using ionic liquids as modifiers
Authors: Jesionowski Teofil , Pokora Monika , Sobaszkiewicz Kinga , Pernak Juliusz 
Published: October 2004

AbstractStudies were performed on the chemical modification of SYLOID® 244 (Grace) precipitated silica using ionic liquids. The unmodified and ionic‐liquid‐functionalized silica were subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical and dispersive evaluation. Particle size, polydispersity and specific surface area (BET) and porous structure were examined. Moreover, stability of the colloids obtained was evaluated by estimation of isoelectric points. The extent of modification and its type were defined using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 29Si‐cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning/nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.The modification was not observed to deteriorate the dispersive properties of the silica. The silicas obtained exhibited a restricted tendency to form larger accumulations of particles, i.e. aggregates and agglomerates. Moreover, application of ionic liquids with a heptyloxymethyl or octyloxymethyl substituent resulted in complete hydrophobization of the silica surface. Tested powders manifested the highest stability within a pH range of 10–12. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodegradation of poly(ether sulphone) Part 1. A time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry study
Authors: Norrman K. , Kingshott P. , Kaeselev B. , Ghanbari‐Siahkali A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn extensive study of the surface chemical changes to poly(ether sulphone) (PES) ultrafiltration membranes is made for the first time by the use of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) after photoirradiation at 254 nm with irradiances varying from 10 to 300 mJ cm−2 in a nitrogen atmosphere. Complementary information is provided by analysis with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR). The versatility, superior specificity and sensitivity of using ToF‐SIMS to investigate degradation phenomena are highlighted. The combined results demonstrate that photoirradiation causes a number of chemical changes to the surface: incorporation of oxygen; degradation of the benzene rings and formation of oxidized carbon species; depletion of carbon; reduction of SO2 to some extent; formation of OH, CO and SO3H groups; and probable formation of C6H4OC6H5 end‐groups. In addition, no OSO3H groups are formed and no formation of SO2 is detected. Also, it is shown that chain scission dominates below an irradiation dose of ∼200 mJ cm−2 (at 254 nm in a nitrogen atmosphere). At higher doses, cross‐linking becomes dominant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of chromium compounds
Authors: Biesinger M. C. , Brown C. , Mycroft J. R. , Davidson R. D. , McIntyre N. S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPhotoelectron spectra of a number of chromium oxides and other compounds were studied under high spectral resolution conditions chosen to reduce the possibility of differential charging. Some of the suite of Cr(III) compounds chosen for study produced Cr 2p spectra containing fine structure that could be identified with multiplet splitting. The splitting patterns produced were similar for all trivalent binary and ternary oxides and sulphides whose patterns closely reproduced the splitting predicted for the Cr(III) free ion by Gupta and Sen. The fine structure observed for compounds such as chromium (III) chloride had a distinctly different pattern. A number of other chromium (III) compounds were studied that did not exhibit the fine structure described above; nonetheless, well‐defined line shapes and reproducible peak centroids were obtained by fitting protocols. The use of such information to determine surface chemistry on chromated steels is described, based on the spectral knowledge of chromium (III) oxides and hydroxides and the chromium (VI) oxide systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of multiplet splitting of Fe 2p XPS spectra and bonding in iron compounds
Authors: Grosvenor A. P. , Kobe B. A. , Biesinger M. C. , McIntyre N. S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFerrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) compounds were investigated by XPS to determine the usefulness of calculated multiplet peaks to fit high‐resolution iron 2p3/2 spectra from high‐spin compounds. The multiplets were found to fit most spectra well, particularly when contributions attributed to surface peaks and shake‐up satellites were included. This information was useful for fitting of the complex Fe 2p3/2 spectra for Fe3O4 where both Fe2+ and Fe3+ species are present. It was found that as the ionic bond character of the iron —ligand bond increased, the binding energy associated with either the ferrous or ferric 2p3/2 photoelectron peak also increased. This was determined to be due to the decrease in shielding of the iron cation by the more increasingly electronegative ligands. It was also observed that the difference in energy between a high‐spin iron 2p3/2 peak and its corresponding shake‐up satellite peak increased as the electronegativity of the ligand increased. The extrinsic loss spectra for ion oxides are also reported; these are as characteristic of each species as are the photoelectron peaks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unilateral ischemic sensorimotor cortical damage induces contralesional synaptogenesis and enhances skilled reaching with the ipsilateral forelimb in adult male rats
Authors: Luke Linslee M. , Allred Rachel P. , Jones Theresa A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractUnilateral damage to the forelimb representation area of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) results in a compensatory reliance on the unimpaired (ipsilateral to the lesion) forelimb as well as reorganization of neuronal structure and connectivity in the contralateral motor cortex. Recently, male rats with unilateral electrolytic SMC lesions were found to have enhanced skilled reaching performance with the ipsilesional forelimb compared with sham‐operated controls. The present study was performed to determine whether these behavioral findings are replicable using an ischemic lesion and whether there is a link between the enhanced learning and synaptogenesis in motor cortical layer V opposite the trained limb and lesion, as assessed using stereological methods for light and electron microscopy. Rats were given a sham operation or an endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) induced ischemic SMC lesion. They were then trained for 20 days on a skilled reaching task with the unimpaired limb or received control procedures. As with previous findings using electrolytic lesions, rats with unilateral ischemic SMC lesions performed significantly better using the unimpaired forelimb than did sham‐operates. Lesions, but not training, significantly increased the total number of motor cortical layer V synapses per neuron as well as the number of perforated and multisynaptic bouton (MSB) synapses per neuron compared with shams. Thus, in addition to a net increase in synapses, the improved reaching ability was coupled with an increase in synapse subtypes that have previously been linked to enhanced synaptic efficacy. The failure to induce synaptogenesis in layer V with reach training alone is in contrast to previous findings and may be related to training intensity. Synapse 54:187–199, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alteration of hippocampal cell proliferation in mice lacking the β2 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Harrist Alexia , Beech Robert D. , King Sarah L. , Zanardi Alessio , Cleary Muriel A. , Caldarone Barbara J. , Eisch Amelia , Zoli Michele , Picciotto Marina R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAdult hippocampal neurogenesis declines with age in parallel with decreased performance on a variety of hippocampal‐dependent tasks. We measured the rate of cellular proliferation in the hippocampus of mice lacking the β2‐subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (β2−/− mice) at three ages: young adult (3 months old), fully adult (7–10 months old), and aged (22–24 months old). Consistent with previous studies, we observed an age‐related decline in hippocampal proliferation in both groups. However, in fully adult β2−/− mice a 43% reduction of granule cell proliferation was detected compared to age‐matched controls. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in dentate gyrus area/section and the length of the granule cell layer in β2−/− mice. These alterations were not the result of a change in plasma corticosterone levels or expression of the neurotrophic factor BDNF in the dentate gyrus, two known regulators of hippocampal cell proliferation. Similarly, there was no increase in gliosis, abnormal myelination, or apoptotic cell death in the β2−/− animals, although there was a significant shift in the location of apoptotic cells in the dentate gyrus indicative of a change in neuronal survival. These results suggest that the β2‐subunit containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors play an important role in regulating cell proliferation in the hippocampus and that endogenous acetylcholine may act to oppose the negative effects of normal aging and stress on cellular proliferation. Synapse 54:200–206, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inquiry in interaction: How local adaptations of curricula shape classroom communities
Authors: Enyedy Noel , Goldberg Jennifer 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this study, we seek a better understanding of how individuals and their daily interactions shape and reshape social structures that constitute a classroom community. Moreover, we provide insight into how discourse and classroom interactions shape the nature of a learning community, as well as which aspects of the classroom culture may be consequential for learning. The participants in this study include two teachers who are implementing a new environmental science program, Global Learning through Observation to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE), and interacting with 54 children in an urban middle school. Both qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed and presented. To gain a better understanding of the inquiry teaching within classroom communities, we compare and contrast the discourse and interactions of the two teachers during three parallel environmental science lessons. The focus of our analysis includes (1) how the community identifies the object or goal of its activity; and (2) how the rights, rules, and roles for members are established and inhabited in interaction. Quantitative analyses of student pre‐ and posttests suggest greater learning for students in one classroom over the other, providing support for the influence of the classroom community and interactional choices of the teacher on student learning. Implications of the findings from this study are discussed in the context of curricular design, professional development, and educational reform. ? 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 905‐935, 2004.
Premature adolescent autonomy: parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour
Authors: Dishion Thomas J. , Nelson Sarah E. , Bullock Bernadette Marie 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTPremature autonomy describes a developmental dynamic where parents of high‐risk adolescents reduce their involvement and guidance when confronted with challenges of problem behaviour and the influence of deviant friendships. This dynamic was tested on the sample of Oregon Youth Study boys (N=206), whose family management practices and friendships were observed on videotaped interaction tasks. Latent growth curve models were used to examine longitudinal trends between deviant friendship interactions and family management. Direct observations of deviant friendship process at age 14 were associated with degradation in family management during adolescence. A comparison of antisocial and well‐adjusted boys clarified that parents of antisocial boys (started early and persisted) decreased family management around puberty, in comparison to parents of well‐adjusted boys who maintained high levels of family management through adolescence. In predicting late adolescent problem behaviour, there was a statistically reliable interaction between family management degradation and deviant peer involvement in adolescence in support of the premature autonomy hypothesis. Adolescent males involved in deviant friendships, and whose parents decreased their family management, were most likely to use marijuana and commit antisocial acts at age 18. The implications for interventions that target adolescents are discussed.