bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coming to light
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schooldays and scientific ambition; undergraduate life at Cambridge; becoming a mathematician; graduate studies; marriage to Barbaras autumn turned into the bitter, fog-bound winter of 1930, a small volume of thoughts on astronomy was selling fast in the book- shops of Britain. Its author, Sir James Jeans, a distinguished and well-known mathematician, had abandoned Cambridge University for the Surrey countryside to commit himself to two passions: music, and the popularization of science. His little book,
Fighting for space
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ryle ‘s press conference and the defeat of steady-state theory filled the newspapers over the weekend. By Monday 13 February ,Hoyle and Ryle had reportedly spoken on the telephone and apologized to each other: however, the Daily Express noted, ‘the big bang row is still on. ‘1 Now, the controversy was between the two men. Several newspapers published photographs of Hoyle and of Ryle – no one seems to have been able to capture them both in the same photograph – all of which show Ryle looking elegant and composed, while the Daily Express published a ten-year-old photograph of Hoyle at the height of his radio fame, and three different photographers managed to catch him scratching his head.
Storm clouds
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1962, Hoyle’s cosmology was once again to the fore. He published a textbook, Astronomy, and The Times congratulated him on this attempt to place the contemporary cosmological debate in historical context. The book concluded with an exploration of the role of radio-astronomy in deciding between big-bang and steady-state theories.1 He spent time during the winter in California, where he worked with Fowler on imploding stars, which they thought could be sources of radio waves. In the spring of 1963, around the time when the work with Fowler was being published in Nature,
‘Dear Mr Hogg ‘
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1964, and with the prospects for an institute for theoretical astronomy still uncertain, Hoyle ‘s work at Caltech was interrupted by unwelcome news: he heard from his friend and colleague Ray Lyttleton that their Department at Cambridge, Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, looked set to reappoint George Batchelor as Head. Lyttleton had received a circular letter asking him to nominate the next Head of Department, and he reported that Batchelor had ‘himself done so much to have his own name brought forward to the virtual exclusion of all others ‘ and had employed a ‘stratagem of extracting votes prematurely from inexperienced members. ‘
The beginning of the end
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future of IOTA hinged, for Hoyle, on the appointment of the right person to Redman ‘s Chair of Astrophysics, as this person would be overall head of the merged institution. The advertisement for the post specified an observational astronomer with an interest in instrumentation, and Hoyle had a candidate in mind: Wal Sargent. Sargent had made valuable contributions to astronomy in California, and had been an ally for Hoyle on the Northern Hemisphere Review.
On the loose
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cambridge no longer felt like home. The Hoyles considered where they might live instead, and settled on a remote house on Cockley Moor near Ullswater in the Lake District. It was the region whereHoyle had courted Barbara in 1939 and where they had spent many holi- days since. The Cambridge Evening News, the local paper that had followed Hoyle ‘s career, illustrated its report of the move with a photograph of his now empty armchair by the big window – Hoyle ‘s ‘window on the world ‘, said the paper – in the living room at Clarkson Close, and pointed out the worn patch of carpet in front of the chair where Hoyle ‘s feet had left their mark.1 Barbara wrote to their friends telling them of the new job with Bernard Lovell at Jodrell Bank, and enclosing a copy of the newspaper article.
Apocalyptic visions
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hoyles abandoned Britain ‘s driest summer for decades for a road trip around the USA, from California to Minnesota, Connecticut, Kentucky, and on to California, in a car stuffed with maps and guidebooks and organized for them by Caltech colleagues. By November, Hoyle was lecturing in Hawaii. When they returned to their remote lakeland home, Hoyle contributed to a BBC television programme called ‘According to Hoyle, ‘ and in an accompanying article in the Radio Times his former student John Taylor of King ‘s College London hinted that the isolation of Hoyle ‘s retirement was beginning to tell on him: having ‘apparently dropped out of British science ‘, he no longer enjoyed the checks and balances provided by a community of critical colleagues.
A new cosmology
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 15 years in the rugged landscape and capricious weather of the Lake District, the Hoyles were finding life less comfortable in their isolated home. So in 1988 they moved to Bournemouth, aseaside town on the south coast of England much favoured by tourists and retirees for its sandy beaches and gentle climate. They had found a spacious flat on top of the cliffs, with broad views over the sea; and Hoyle settled into an armchair by the living room window. Despite his great enthusiasm for computers as calculating machines, he never took to the PC: he preferred the pad of lined paper that had been his chalkboard and medium throughout his career.
Basic Micromagnetics
Authors: Aharoni Amikam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It can be concluded from the last chapter that there is no way to neglect any one of the three energy terms, exchange, anisotropy, and magnetostatic, and all three must be taken into account in any realistic theory of the magnetization processes. It would have been nice if the other terms could be added to the Heisenberg Hamiltonian, at least as a perturbation.
Tactics of obligate brood parasites to secure suitable incubators
Authors: Sealy S G , Mcmaster D G , Peer B D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obligate brood parasites lay all of their eggs in the nests of other species (Payne 1977a; Rothstein 1990), but some females of many other species that typically incubate their own eggs and care for their young also lay parasitically, in nests of their own or of other species (Yom-Tov 1980a; Rohwer and Freeman 1989; Sorenson 1991; Saylor 1992; Slagsvold 1998). A remarkable array of adaptations enables these brood parasites to lay their eggs in nests of unrelated individuals, delegating incubation, feeding and early defence of all or some of their young to foster parents, or hosts.
Urban Ecology
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sumatran towns are not nearly as interesting ecologically as they could be because their vegetation is largely foreign and therefore supports few birds, squirrels and other animals. Many of the larger animals that are able to live in Sumatran towns are shot as soon as they are in the sights of an air rifle and inappropriate pesticide use probably also takes its toll. Towns in India are often home to large numbers of animals, including monkeys and squirrels, because the human inhabitants have a religious respect for these forms of life. India is a useful comparison, because the high human population density and the effects of development there cause more serious environmental problems than currently exist in Sumatra.
Negative Phenomena Induced by TMS of Human Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Ziemann Ulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will focus on transient functional lesions that can be produced by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of human primary motor cortex. The text is divided into two main parts. The first part will deal with TMS-induced motor cortex inhibition. This is a purely physiologic and nonbehavioral approach. Motor cortex inhibition is defined here as a reduction in motor evoked potential (MEP) size. The second part will report on TMS-induced interference with motor performance. This is a behavioral approach. The two parts are tightly linked with each other: knowledge about the physiology of motor cortex inhibition may lead to a better understanding of negative modulation of motor cortex output on the behavioral level.
Cerebral Control of Eye Movements
Authors: Segraves Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been the case for all of the functional systems considered in this book, investigations of the role of the cerebral cortex in the control of eye movements with “virtual lesions” were preceded by experiments where surgical removal of a region of cortex was followed by behavioral testing to determine the ability of the subject to make eye movements in the absence of that area. We now understand that studying the behavior of an animal after a region of cortex has been removed is not so much a study of the function of the role of that missing cortex as it is a study of the ability of the brain to compensate for the loss of that cortex (Lomber 1999). Studies of this sort may reveal components of behavior for which a particular cortical area is absolutely essential. The extensive reorganization and compensation that must take place following cortical damage, however, ensures that studies of postlesion behavior provide sparse insight into the role of the damaged region in the normal, intact brain.
An overview: How Infection Began and Became Disease
Authors: Greenblatt Charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When professionals are in panic, the layman has every right to be concerned. The events of September 11th 2001, followed by the successful use of the anthrax bacillus as a weapon of bio terrorism struck fear into the hearts of many, including the public health professionals to whom we entrust our care. Those dramatic events can be seen against a background of a general dispair concerning the capabilities of physicians to handle infectious diseases. The inability to cope with anthrax was just a special case of modern science’s failure to deal with one of our great natural enemies, the microbe. Today, many physicians are as stirred up by antibiotic resistance as the mother whose child does not respond to treatment. When the town council of a posh New York City suburb is up in arms over West Nile fever, the general practitioner and local public health official are as distraught as the ordinary citizen. Thus the whole medical establishment is seriously occupied with what the next plague has in store for us – whether unleashed by bio-terrorists or by mother nature (Garrett 1994).
The Microbiology of Amber: a Story of Persistence
Authors: Cano Raul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until 1984 (Higuchi and Wilson 1984), the isolation and characterization of fossil DNA was considered unattainable, as the methodologies for extracting minute quantities of partially degraded DNA and their subsequent enzymic amplification were not available. With the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Mullis et al.1986), a new analytical tool became available for the molecular study of fossils. It is now possible to conduct molecular studies of extinct organisms or fossils, utilizing their DNA to unravel biological and evolutionary questions. The value of fossil evidence is that it may demonstrate the condition of taxa before evolutionary divergence obscured phylogenetic relationships. Because they are older, ancient fossil DNA sequences should be less divergent than extant sequences and should therefore have value for relating more derived extant taxa. When compared with extant DNA, ancient DNA sequences may also provide an insight into the pattern of molecular evolutionary change through time. In this light, ancient DNA could provide invaluable information on the evolution and epidemiology of infectious diseases. Understanding the evolution of virulence and the acquisition of virulence factors by microbial populations could help in identifying microorganisms that are likely to become ‘emerging’ pathogens, as well as in creating methods to arrest the development of pathogenic potential for those organisms.
Evolution of Arthropod Disease Vectors
Authors: Black IV William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fossils resembling arthropods first appeared during the late Proterozoic about 600 to 540 million years ago. Today the phylum Arthropoda contains∼80% of all extant metazoan animal species, and arthropods have come to occupy virtually every marine, freshwater, terrestrial, and aerial habitat on earth. Arthropods are also essential components of most of the major food chains. In many ecosystems arthropods consume and recycle detritus and the associated bacteria, algae, and fungi. Many species consume either the living or dead tissues of terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals. Many are voracious predators or parasites. Given this huge taxonomic and ecological diversity, it is not surprising that a small proportion of arthropods have evolved the ability to utilize a rich and abundant source of nutrients, the blood of vertebrates.
Kinetic formulation of multidimensional scalar conservation laws
Authors: Perthame Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider scalar conservation laws (SCLs in short). The problem consists in finding a function u(t, x) defined for t ≥ 0, x = (x 1, x 2,..., x d) ∊ ℝd , and which solves the nonlinear quasilinear equation.
Origin Of Microstructure
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we saw that twins can be obtained as energy minimizing deformations. However, it is unusual to see isolated twin interfaces in martensitic materials. Instead, typical sections of martensitic materials, like those in Fig. 1.1(a), show complex patterns with many interfaces. Furthermore, the length-scale of these patterns is much smaller than that of the specimen.
Piecewise Linear Elasticity
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now turn to a special case of the geometrically linear theory that is commonly used in the literature since it enables easy computation. The basic idea is to model or approximate the energy density as a piecewise quadratic function, so that the martensitic material may be treated as a composite material made of linear elastic materials with different residual strains.
Polycrystals
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have studied the martensitic transformation and the shape-memory effect in single crystals where the reference lattice or the lattice of the high-temperature parent austenite phase is uniform across the specimen. However, typical commercial specimens are polycrystals: they are an agglomeration of a very large number of crystals or grains each of which is made of an identical lattice whose orientation can change from grain to grain.
Supergravity
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two directions one might take to generalize supersymmetry and its models as we have presented them until this point: (a) to try to incorporate gravity as the fourth fundamental interaction, or (b) by using our experience with gauge theories, to try to make supersymmetry local. It turns out that these two attempts converge: local supersymmetry makes it necessary to introduce a graviton field (and its supersymmetric partner the gravitino) and therefore gravity. Thus the theory of local supersymmetry is called supergravity.
Phenomenology of supersymmetric models: supersymmetry at the quantum level
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Standard Model has been tested to a level where quantum corrections play an important roˆle, it is expected that any theory beyond it will have to be tested at the same level. From this point of view, the odds are in favor of supersymmetric theories since supersymmetry has been constructed from the start to control quantum corrections. Since this chapter deals with the confrontation of supersymmetry with the real world, we first discuss in some detail this important issue of stability under quantum corrections. Obviously, supersymmetry is broken. The way supersymmetry is broken should have some decisive impact on the search of supersymmetric particles. We thus review the main scenarios of supersymmetry breaking, mostly from a phenomenological point of view. More theoretically oriented issues are postponed till Chapter 8.
Supersymmetry and the early Universe
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of supersymmetry allows us to introduce new physics with a fundamental mass scale which is very large. A certain number of observations plead for such a possibility, among which the value of gauge couplings compatible with unification and the scale of neutrino masses. More generally the fact that fundamental physics is described by gauge theories, which are known to dominate in the infrared (i.e. low energy) limit, tends to accommodate the idea that the scale of underlying physics is much higher. There are indirect ways to test at low energy a theory with a large fundamental scale, through effective interactions which scale like inverse powers of the fundamental scale. The best-known example is proton decay: an excessively rare event because the corresponding amplitude scales like the inverse of the square of the grand unification scale. On the other hand, there is no hope to construct accelerators that would reach the desired mass scales to test these theories directly. One has to resort to natural cosmic accelerators or to the study of the early Universe , in which, at least in the hot Big-Bang scenario, temperatures have reached high enough values to excite super heavy degrees of freedom.
HVPE-GaN quasi-substrates for nitride device structures
Authors: Paskova Tanya , Monemar Bo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of III-nitride semiconductor devices for optoelectronic and electronic applications is driven by improvements in the epitaxial growth of these semiconductor materials. Device structures have traditionally been obtained using either MOCVD or MBE in many semiconductor material systems. The present device applications for III-nitrides have used MOCYD (particularly in the commercially work at Nichia Chemical [1] and Cree Research [2]) and MBE growth has lagged behind for optoelectronic device applications. However, recent developments in the MBE technology result in improved material quality and make the competition between them sharper. Moreover, the best quality MBE layers have been obtained using MOCYDGaN templates [3], indicating that a combination of different growth techniques may be a way for producing the next generation III-nitride materials.
The growth of low-dimensional nitrides by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Grandjean Nicolas , Damilano, Benjamin , Massies Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is the technique of choice for the growth of low-dimensional semiconductor hetero structures. The ultra-high vacuum environment of MBE allows the use of an in situ electron probe like reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). RHEED is a powerful tool for controlling the growth in real time [1]. It allows the precise measurement of the growth rate [2), the determination of ternary alloy composition [3), and the investigation of strain relaxation during heteroepitaxy [4, 5). MBE is also well suited for achieving abrupt interfaces. This is the consequence of molecular flux regime, which authorizes an instantaneous flux switching (simply using a shutter), and growth conditions far from equilibrium that avoid strong intermixing at the interfaces. For instance, the substrate temperatures used in MBE are much lower than those currently reported for metal-organics chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth.
GaN-based modulation doped FETs
Authors: Morko Hadis , Carlo, Aldo Di , Cingolani Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of their large bandgap, large high-field electron velocity, large breakdown field, large thermal conductivity, and robustness, GaN and its hetero structures with InGaN and AlGaN have recently attracted a good deal of attention for high power/high temperature electronics applications, and for use in optoelectronic devices operative in the UV and visible wavelengths. Specifically, the hetero structures based on GaN have paved the way to AlGaN/GaN MODFETs with CW power levels of about 6 W at 10 GHz in devices with 1 mm gate periphery which are comparable to power densities extrapolated from smaller devices. This means that the 1-mm devices are not thermally limited yet. On the noise figure front, a minimum noise figure of 0.85 dB with an associated gain of 11 dB at 10 GHz has been obtained. The expected electron mobility in GaN has recently been upgraded from a maximum of about 900cm2v-1s-1 to about 2000cm-2v-1s-1, which bodes very well for electronic device applications. While the experimental device effort is progressing well, basic issues such as polarization-induced charge has gained prominence as it is inextricable from charge induced/controlled by the gate. Last but not least, the GaN-based material system, though far from being perfected, has already demonstrated remarkable performance in optical emitters optical detectors, which are not discussed in this review.
Spectrometers and what they measure
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any reader who has just ploughed through Chapter 2 and now reads the title of this chapter could be forgiven for wondering when we are going to get to the ‘meat’ and discuss scattering from polymers. It is true that the previous chapter could have its place in any work on neutron scattering. On the other hand, omission of the material it contains could result in an irritating lack of completeness. In this chapter we will narrow the field of view and concentrate attention on the relatively few types of spectrometer with significant numbers of applications to polymer systems. Without this limitation, the sheer variety of neutron sources and applications would lead to a very extensive volume.
Dynamic Response Functions
Authors: Glyde Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the properties of liquid and solid helium observed in neutron scattering measurements and the functions used to describe these properties. The general theory of neutron scattering is set out by Marshall and Lovesey (1971) and Lovesey (1971), Lovesey (1984), Price and Sköld (1986), Egelstaff (1992), and many others. We focus on the functions describing the density excitations, spin density excitations, phonons, and single-particle excitations in helium. These are the dynamic structure factor, S(Q, ω;), and the corresponding dynamic susceptibility, x(Q, ω), describing density and spin density excitations, where hQ and hω are the momentum and energy transferred from the neutron to the target; and single-particle Green functions describing phonon and quasiparticle excitations. We outline the general properties of these functions and the sum rules they obey to set the stage for the book.