bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal Tests of Anxiety
Authors: File Sandra E. , Lippa Arnold S. , Beer Bernard , Lippa Morgen T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnimal tests of anxiety are used to screen novel compounds for anxiolytic or anxiogenic activity, to investigate the neurobiology of anxiety, and to assess the impact of other occurrences such as exposure to predator odors or early rearing experiences. This unit presents protocols for the most commonly used animal tests of anxiety. The Geller‐Seifter conflict test, the social interaction test, light/dark exploration, the elevated plus‐maze, defensive burying, and the thirsty rat conflict. The protocols are described in terms of drug screening tests, but can be modified easily for other purposes.
Overview on the Use of Therapeutic Antibodies in Drug Discovery
Authors: Roguska Michael , Kaymakcalan Zehra , Salfeld Jochen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe number of therapeutic antibodies approved by regulatory agencies as novel drugs and the number of antibodies in development has increased significantly. The modular nature of antibody structure has enabled researchers to more predictably design therapeutic antibodies by choosing appropriate functional features most appropriate for a given antibody target and clinical indication. Advances in recombinant antibody technologies have allowed the routine generation of antibodies that can satisfy stringent drug design criteria, such as low immunogenicity, high affinity, target specificity, and commercially viable manufacturing methods. Engineering design opportunities exist for both the variable and the constant regions that encompass, in addition to antigen specificity and affinity, effector functions that mediate immune complex clearance or pharmacokinetics. These are discussed in the context of relevant in vivo and in vitro technologies, such as human IgG transgenic mice, phage display, and biologics manufacturing. Finally, therapeutic antibodies are compared with traditional drugs with respect to target class, selectivity, route of administration, intellectual property issues, and lead discovery and optimization.
Primary Observation (Irwin) Test in Rodents for Assessing Acute Toxicity of a Test Agent and its Effects on Behavior and Physiological Function
Authors: Roux Sylvain , Sablé Evelyne , Porsolt Roger D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Irwin observation test is commonly used to evaluate the effects of a new substance on behavior and physiological function. The results of the Irwin test are used to determine potential toxicity and to select doses for specific therapeutic activity. The Irwin test can also be used in a safety approach for detecting untoward effects of a new compound on general behavior and for evaluating its acute neurotoxicity. In particular, data obtained in the Irwin Test can help to determine the dose range to be tested in other safety tests. Furthermore, the Irwin Test can furnish a first but pertinent orientation towards a specific therapeutic indication, a specific mechanism of action or a specific physiological function.
Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribo‐ and Oligoribonucleotides According to the H‐Phosphonate Method
Authors: Strömberg Roger , Stawinski Jacek 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOligonucleotides can be synthesized by condensing a protected nucleoside H‐phosphonate monoester with a second nucleoside in the presence of a coupling agent to produce a dinucleoside H‐phosphonate diester. This can then be converted to a dinucleoside phosphate or to a backbone‐modified analog such as a phosphorothioate or phosphoramidite. This unit discusses four alternative methods for synthesizing nucleoside H‐phosphonate monoesters. The methods are efficient and experimentally simple, and use readily available reagents. The unit describes the activation of the monoesters, as well as competing acylation and other potential side reactions.
Evaluating Neutralizing Antibodies Against HIV, SIV, and SHIV in Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays
Authors: Montefiori David C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeutralizing antibody assays are powerful tools for assessing humoral immunity in AIDS virus infection and vaccine development. Although many different assays have been described, all are based on the same principle, measuring reductions in virus infectivity. This unit describes two assays utilizing a genetically engineered cell lines that are susceptible to infection by most strains of HIV‐1, SIV, and SHIV. One assay is designed for optimal performance with uncloned viruses produced in either PBMC or CD4+ T cell lines. A second assay is designed for single‐cycle infection with molecularly cloned pseudoviruses produced by transfection in 293T cells. Both assays are performed in a 96‐well format and use tat‐responsive luciferase reporter gene expression as readout.
In Situ Staining Using MHC Class I Tetramers
Authors: Skinner Pamela J. , Haase Ashley T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe invention of MHC‐tetramer technology to label antigen‐specific T cells has lead to a greatly enhanced understanding of T lymphocyte biology. This protocol describes the use of MHC class I tetramers to stain antigen‐specific T cells in tissue sections. In situ tetramer staining (IST) can be used to determine the localization, abundance, and phenotype of antigen‐specific T cells in native environments and in three‐dimensional space. IST is broadly applicable because it can be used to stain essentially any antigen‐specific T cell in any tissue for which MHC tetramers are available. IST can be combined with histochemistry and/or immunohistochemistry to permit visualization and characterization of antigen‐specific T cells relative to other cell types in stained tissue sections. Thus, IST is a useful and valuable component of MHC‐tetramer technology.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy
Authors: Esposito Alessandro , Wouters Fred S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy is a powerful tool to enhance the contrast in images of biological samples and to investigate the local environment of a fluorochrome. FLIM allows the detection of protein‐protein interactions and their biochemical state by the quantitative detection of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between molecules in living cells or tissues. The availability of different spectral variants of the visible fluorescent proteins (VFPs) allows the investigation of molecular activities and protein‐protein interactions in living cells by FRET as measured by FLIM.
Analysis of Fibronectin Matrix Assembly
Authors: Wierzbicka‐Patynowski Iwona , Mao Yong , Schwarzbauer Jean E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe extracellular matrix acts as a framework for tissue architecture and dynamically regulates many cellular functions. Fibronectin is a ubiquitous extracellular matrix component that plays critical roles in matrix structure and in directing cell behaviors. Fibronectin is synthesized and secreted by many cell types including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, myoblasts, and astrocytes. Upon secretion, cells assemble fibronectin into a fibrillar network. During assembly, fibronectin is initially organized into fine cell‐associated fibrils and, through continued accumulation of fibronectin, these fibrils are converted into a dense network of detergent‐insoluble fibrils. Differential solubility in the detergent deoxycholate is the principle for biochemical fractionation of fibronectin matrix. Fibril assembly and organization can also be examined by immunofluorescence staining. In this unit, basic methods of detection, quantification, and visualization of fibrillar fibronectin matrix are described.
Comparative Genomic Hybridization
Authors: Bayani Jane , Squire Jeremy A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractComparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a screening method based on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In contrast to conventional FISH, the metaphase target is derived from a normal peripheral blood lymphocyte culture. This target is hybridized to the test or tumor DNA, which is labeled/detected by one fluorochrome (i.e., green), and to an equal amount of labeled normal or reference DNA, which is labeled/detected by a different fluorochrome (red). It is the difference in these green/red ratios (determined by specialized software) along the length of each karyotyped chromosome that indicates the relative copy number changes in the test/tumor DNA. The basic FISH techniques reviewed in this section, the parameters for which also apply to obtaining satisfactory results for CGH, include cytogenetic preparation and slide‐making, DNA extraction (from fresh or paraffin‐embedded tissues) and labeling, slide pretreatment, hybridization, post‐hybridization washes, and detection.
Sister Chromatid Exchange
Authors: Bayani Jane , Squire Jeremy A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSister chromatid exchange (SCE) refers to the interchange of DNA between replication products. The technique for detecting such exchanges takes advantage of the semiconservative nature of DNA synthesis. 5′‐bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) is incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA. Using standard culturing techniques, Colcemid is added to the culture and conventional cytogenetic preparations are made. Differential staining with Hoechst dye and Giemsa allows the newly synthesized DNA within a chromatid to be recognized, since BrdU incorporation results in much weaker staining. SCEs represent a point of DNA template exchange during strand synthesis, visualized as asymmetric chromatid staining or “harlequin” chromosomes.
Microarray Data Visualization and Analysis with the Longhorn Array Database (LAD)
Authors: Killion Patrick J. , Iyer Vishwanath R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe wide availability and use of DNA microarrays has brought the power of whole‐genome functional characterization to a large variety of research environments. Microarrays, however, also introduce significant infrastructural and analytical concerns with respect to the long‐term warehousing, annotation, and visualization of immense data sets. The Longhorn Array Database (LAD) is a MIAME‐compliant microarray database that operates on PostgreSQL and Linux. It is a free and completely open‐source software solution, and provides a systematic and proven environment in which vast experiment sets can be safely archived, securely accessed, biologically annotated, quantitatively analyzed, and visually explored. This unit provides the complete set of information needed to successfully deploy, configure, and use LAD for the purposes of two‐color DNA microarray analysis and visualization.
Model reference adaptive control using a low‐order controller
Authors: Miller Daniel E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the model reference adaptive control problem, the goal is to force the error between the plant output and the reference model output asymptotically to zero. The classical assumptions on a single‐input–single‐output (SISO) plant is that it is minimum phase, and that the plant relative degree, the sign of the high‐frequency gain, and an upper bound on the plant order are known. Here we consider a modified problem in which the objective is weakened slightly to that of requiring that the asymptotic value of the error be less than a (arbitrarily small) pre‐specified constant. Using recent results on the design of generalized holds for model reference tracking, here we present a new switching adaptive controller of dimension two which achieves this new objective for every minimum phase SISO system; no structural information is required. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing predictors for MIMO switching supervisory control
Authors: Mosca Edoardo , Capecchi Francesco , Casavola Alessandro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe paper studies the problem of inferring the behaviour of a linear feedback loop made up by an uncertain MIMO plant and a given candidate controller from data taken from the plant possibly driven by a different controller. In such a context, it is shown here that a convenient tool to work with is a quantity called normalized discrepancy. This is a measure of mismatch between the loop made up by the unknown plant in feedback with the candidate controller and the nominal ‘tuned‐loop’ related to the same candidate controller. It is shown that discrepancy can in principle be obtained by resorting to the concept of a virtual reference, and conveniently computed in real time by suitably filtering an output prediction error. The latter result is of relevant practical value for on‐line implementation and of paramount importance in switching supervisory control of uncertain plants, particularly in the case of a coarse distribution of candidate models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic adaptive control using multiple models for improved performance in the presence of random disturbances
Authors: Narendra Kumpati S. , Driollet Osvaldo A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe use of multiple models for adaptively controlling an unknown continuous‐time linear system was proposed in Narendra and Balakrishnan (IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 1994; 39(9):1861–1866). and discussed in detail in Narendra and Xiang (IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2000, 45(9):(1669–1686) Technical Reports 9801 and 9803, Centre for System Science, Yale University, 1998). Recently, the same concepts were extended to discrete‐time systems, both for the noise free case as well as when a stochastic disturbance is present, and the convergence of the algorithms was established. In this paper we consider structurally different estimation models, and use the multiple models approach to select, on‐line, the one that results in the best performance of the overall system for the given disturbance characteristics. The principal objective of the paper is to demonstrate that the convergence of these schemes can be treated in a unified manner. Simulations are included towards the end of the paper to indicate the improvement in performance that can be achieved using such schemes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary control of a two‐dimensional flexible rotor
Authors: Nagarkatti S. P. , Dawson D. M. , de Queiroz M. S. , Zhang F. , Costic B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we present the design of boundary controllers for a two‐dimensional, spinning flexible rotor system. Specifically, we develop a model‐based boundary controller which exponentially regulates the rotor's displacement and the angular velocity tracking error, and an adaptive boundary controller which asymptotically achieves the same control objective while compensating for parametric uncertainty. As opposed to previous boundary control work, which focused on the velocity setpoint problem and placed restrictions on the magnitude of the desired angular velocity setpoint, the proposed control architecture achieves angular velocity tracking with no restrictions on the magnitude of the desired velocity trajectory. Experimental results conducted on a flexible rotor tested are presented to illustrate the feasibility of implementing the proposed boundary control laws. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Picture: A Novel Method for Fixing the Anisotropic Orientation of Dispersed Organic Nanocrystals in a Magnetic Field (Adv. Mater. 2/2005)
Authors: Kaneko Y. , Shimada S. , Fukuda T. , Kimura T. , Yokoi H. , Matsuda H. , Onodera T. , Kasai H. , Okada S. , Oikawa H. , Nakanishi H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cover illustrates trans‐4‐[4‐(dimethylamino)]stilbazolium p‐toluenesulfonate (DAST) nanocrystals as white rectangular parallelepipeds anisotropically oriented by an applied magnetic field. As reported by Kaneko and co‐workers on p. 160, the oriented DAST nanocrystals dispersed in lauryl acrylate monomer can be easily fixed by UV curing in a magnetic field. The inset displays a picture of the cured DAST dispersions with a quarter for scale.
Preparation of Tb(Pht)3Phen/rubber composites and characterization of their fluorescent properties
Authors: Yang Cheng , Liu Li , Lu Yonglai , He Lei , Zhang Wan , Zhang Liqun 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA rare‐earth ternary complex compound, Tris‐(terbium‐phthalate)‐1, 10‐phenanthroline Terbium (III) [Tb(Pht)3Phen], was synthesized through the reaction among a rare‐earth oxide (Tb4O7), potassium hydrogen phthalate and phenanthroline, and its structure was characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size (LPS), IR, and X‐ray diffraction. This was the first time that Tb(Pht)3Phen/rubber [nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) or methyl vinyl silicone rubber (SiR)] composites had been prepared through mechanical mixing processing. SEM revealed that the dimensions of Tb(Pht)3Phen dispersed in matrix rubber were much smaller than those of the original particles of the complex compound. The Tb(Pht)3Phen/rubber composites showed much better luminescent performance than the Tb(Pht)3Phen complex compound. The fluorescent intensities of the Tb(Pht)3Phen/rubber composites were strongly dependant on the concentration of Tb(Pht)3Phen, and 30 phr was the optimal concentration for both the Tb(Pht)3Phen/NBR and Tb(Pht)3Phen/SiR composites. Within the concentration range of Tb(Pht)3Phen used in this work, the fluorescent intensions of the SiR composites were stronger than those of their NBR counterparts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 20–28, 2005
Some physical properties of various amine‐pretreated Nomex Aramid yarns
Authors: Wang Chyung‐Chyung , Chen Cheng‐Chi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this study we pretreated Aramid yarns with ethylenediamine (EDA), diethylene triamine (DETA), and triethylene tetraamine (TETA) under different conditions to study some of their physical properties. The tensile strength retention, dye absorption (basic dye), and wicking height changed increasing pretreatment temperature, time period, and amines concentration. The glass‐transition temperature and the density of the crystals were ranked as follows: EDA > DETA > TETA; however, the degrees of the surface void were inverse. We concluded that the polymer chains of the Aramid fibers were rearranged through shrinkage of the pretreated Aramid fibers during pretreatment, and the hydrolysis of the Nomex polymer chains occurred under higher amine concentrations. The former phenomena were confirmed with differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analyses, and the latter were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and basic dye adsorption analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 70–76, 2005
Finding support for educational projects in anatomy: Tips, tools, and lessons learned
Authors: Granger Noelle A. , Calleson Diane 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article is based on a presentation of the same name given on 20 April 2004 at a symposium entitled “Faculty Development: Funding Resources for Education Projects” at the annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists in Washington, DC. It discusses various lessons learned by the authors from their own work on the development of an educational tool and the assessment of its use with funding from an educational research grant, as well as tips and tools gathered from other education researchers. The material is organized into two sections. The first provides information and suggestions useful in the development of an educational project in anatomy and the preparation of the grant application. The second consists of insights that may help ensure that the funded grant is successful. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 282B:13–17, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bailing and jailing the fast and frugal way
Authors: Dhami Mandeep K. , Ayton Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLegal decisions such as the decision to bail upon adjourning a case have major consequences for both defendants and society. In the English system, magistrates, most of whom are lay people, are afforded considerable discretion and must work under constraints such as time pressure. Judgment analysis of the bail decision making policies of 81 magistrates from 44 courts throughout England and Wales revealed intra‐ and inter‐magistrate inconsistency in bail decisions, discrepancies between stated and elicited cue use, and high levels of post‐decisional confidence. Furthermore, magistrates' policies were better described and predicted by a fast and frugal model characterized by noncompensatory cue use, than by either of two compensatory integration models. The fast and frugal model portrays a picture of bail decision making that conflicts with the ideal practice as defined by the due process model of justice. We discuss the implications of these findings for judgment and decision making research and criminal justice policy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased carbon disulfide‐stimulated chemiluminescence in the pyrogallol–luminol system
Authors: Jian Le 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied the effect of carbon disulphide (CS2) on the generation of superoxide anion $(\hbox{O}_{2}^{-\cdot})$ and its chemiluminescence (CL) in the pyrogallol–luminol system. Testing was conducted with the pyrogallol–luminol system to observe the CL dynamic curve of CS2 and the inhibition by superoxide dismutase (SOD) on CL induced by CS2. Compared with the ethanol solvent control, CS2 enhanced the emission intensity of CL and delayed the peak time. There was a significant dose–concentration relationship between CS2 concentrations (10, 40, 80 mg/mL) and CL peak (r = 0.975 p = 0.012) and CS2 concentrations and peak time (r = 0.990, p = 0.005). The CL peak at 80 mg/mL CS2 was higher than that in a background without ethanol. The enhanced CL evoked by CS2 could be inhibited by SOD. The results suggest that CS2 can induce the pyrogallol–luminol system to generate an increased amount of $\hbox{O}_{2}^{-\cdot}$ and delay the CL peak time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in phagocyte activity in patients with ischaemic stroke
Authors: Alexandrova Margarita L. , Bochev Petyo G. , Markova Vanya I. , Bechev Blagovest G. , Popova Marina A. , Danovska Maya P. , Simeonova Virginia K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe activity of peripheral phagocytes to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied in healthy individuals and patients with ischaemic stroke. The aim was to clarify the relationship between phagocyte activity, the time elapsed after the onset of disease and stroke severity. The total and extracellular production of ROS were evaluated by luminol chemiluminescence. Simultaneously the plasma oxidant activity was determined. When stimulated by opsonized zymosan, phagocytes in patients with stroke (regardless of its severity) showed fast activation. The total ROS generation increased over time in all stroke cases studied. However, the extracellular ROS generation was found to be greater in patients with severe stroke than in those with mild neurological deficiency. When stimulated by formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine, the total oxidative phagocyte capacity (regardless of stroke severity) increased over time, but there was no change in the amount of extracellularly generated ROS. In patients with stroke the oxidant activity of plasma was enhanced. We conclude that circulating phagocytes in patients with ischaemic stroke are primed for enhanced ROS production by opsonin receptor‐mediated stimulation and for increased secretion of myeloperoxidase by opsonin receptor‐independent stimulation. The enhanced extracellular generation of ROS through opsonin receptor‐dependent stimulation may be considered an oxidative stress biomarker in cerebral ischaemia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.