bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokine activity contributes to induction of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in spinal cord following contusion
Authors: Pan Jonathan Z. , Ni Li , Sodhi Ajeet , Aguanno Ann , Young Wise , Hart Ronald P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInjury of the spinal cord leads to an inflammatory tissue response, probably mediated in part by cytokines. Because a common therapy for acute spinal cord injury is the use of an antiinflammatory synthetic glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone), we sought to determine mechanisms contributing to inflammation shortly after acute injury. Cytokine mRNAs [interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and IL‐6] were increased during the first 2 hr following weight‐drop compression injury by RNase protection assay, prior to the reported appearance of circulating lymphocytes. This immediate pattern of cytokine mRNA induction could be replicated in cultured, explanted spinal cord slices but not in whole blood of injured animals, which is consistent with a tissue source of cytokine mRNAs. Western blotting detected IL‐1β‐like immunoreactivity released into culture medium following explantation and pro‐IL‐1β‐like immunoreactivity in freshly dissected spinal cord tissue. Pharmacologically blocking IL‐1 and TNF‐α receptors significantly reduced expression of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α mRNAs. Finally, mice lacking both IL‐1 and TNF‐α receptors exhibited diminished induction of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐1ra mRNAs following injury. Therefore, we conclude that contusion injury induces an immediate release of cytokines, which then contributes to the induction of cytokine mRNAs. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of somatosensory cortical stimulation on expression of c‐Fos in rat medullary dorsal horn in response to formalin‐induced noxious stimulation
Authors: Gojyo Fusami , Sugiyo Shinichi , Kuroda Ryotaro , Kawabata Atsufumi , Varathan Vidya , Shigenaga Yoshio , Takemura Motohide 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined the effects of epidural electrical stimulation of primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex on expression of c‐Fos protein in rat medullary dorsal horn neurons (Vc; trigeminal nucleus caudalis) in response to formalin‐induced noxious stimulation. Epidural electrical stimulation (single pulse, 0.2 msec duration at 10 Hz) was applied to the left facial region SI or SII at three different stimulus intensities, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mA for 60 min 0 or 2 hr after bilateral injection of formalin into the lower lip. SII stimulation at 1.0 mA immediately after injection of formalin, significantly decreased the number of Fos‐positive cells in the right VcI/II by 32.4%. There was no significant change in the number of Fos‐positive cells in the VcIII/IV. SII stimulation at 0.5 and 1.0 mA 2 hr after injection of formalin, significantly decreased the number of Fos‐positive cells in the right VcI/II by 47.9% and 40.8%, but significantly increased the number of Fos‐positive cells in the right VcIII/IV by 178.8% and 324.3%, respectively. In contrast, SI stimulation had no effect on expression of c‐Fos in Vc. Possible direct corticotrigeminal projections were labeled anterogradely by injection of WGA‐HRP into the SI and SII. In the Vc, labeled terminals were distributed mostly in the contralateral medial half of VcIII/IV and medullary reticular nucleus dorsalis but rarely in VcI/II. These results suggest that activation of SII‐medullary fibers suppress nociceptive information from the oro‐facial regions. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated vulnerability to oxidative stress‐induced cell death and activation of caspase‐3 by the Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation
Authors: Eckert Anne , Steiner Barbara , Marques Celio , Leutz Steffen , Romig Helmut , Haass Christian , Müller Walter E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Swedish double mutation (KM670/671NL) of amyloid precursor protein (APPsw) is associated with early‐onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and results in from three‐ to sixfold increased β‐amyloid production. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the effects of APPsw on mechanisms of apoptotic cell death. Therefore, PC12 cells were stably transfected with human APPsw. Here we report that the vulnerability of APPsw‐bearing PC12 cells to undergo apoptotic cell death was significantly enhanced after exposure to hydrogen peroxide compared to human wild‐type APP‐bearing cells, empty vector‐transfected cells, and parent untransfected cells. In addition, we have analyzed the potential influence of several mechanisms that can interfere with the execution of the apoptotic cell death program: the inhibition of cell death by the use of caspase inhibitors and the reduction of oxidative stress by the use of (±)‐α‐tocopherol (vitamin E). Interestingly, oxidative stress‐induced cell death was significantly attenuated in APPsw PC12 cells by pretreatment with caspase‐3 inhibitors but not with caspase‐1 inhibitors. In parallel, caspase‐3 activity was markedly elevated in APPsw PC12 after stimulation with hydrogen peroxide for 6 hr, whereas caspase‐1 activity was unaltered. In addition, oxidative stress‐induced cell death could be reduced after pretreatment of APPsw cells with (±)‐α‐tocopherol. The protective potency of (±)‐α‐tocopherol was even greater than that of caspase‐3 inhibitors. Our findings further emphasize the role of mutations in the amyloid precursor protein in apoptotic cell death and may provide the fundamental basis for further efforts to elucidate the underlying processes caused by FAD‐related mutations. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:183–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurofilaments of Klotho, the mutant mouse prematurely displaying symptoms resembling human aging
Authors: Uchida Atsuko , Komiya Yoshiaki , Tashiro Tomoko , Yorifuji Hiroshi , Kishimoto Takeo , Nabeshima Yohichi , Hisanaga Shin‐ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe reported previously that neurofilaments (NFs) of aged rats were highly packed in the axon and contained a smaller amount of NF‐M as compared with those of young rats (Uchida et al. [1999] J. Neurosci. Res. 58:337–348). We studied NFs of the mutant mouse, named Klotho, which displays prematurely symptoms resembling human aging. The transport of axonal cytoskeletal proteins, including NFs, tubulin and actin, was decreased at the leading portion of the peak of transported proteins in Klotho during the process of premature aging. The nearest neighbor inter‐NF distance in Klotho axons (35–39 nm) was shorter than that of the wild‐type mouse (48–49 nm), indicating the packing of NFs in Klotho. The ratio of NF‐M to NF‐L was slightly decreased in cytoskeletons from the spinal cords of Klotho. These changes are similar, though not identical, to those observed in aged rats, and are the first evidence of age‐related changes in the neurons of Klotho. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:364–370, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A subpopulation of nervus terminalis neurons projects to the olfactory mucosa in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Koza Joseph M. , Wirsig‐Wiechmann Celeste R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBiocytin application to the normal or zinc sulfate‐treated nasal cavity of Xenopus laevis was used to trace retrogradely neurons associated with the terminal nerve (TN). Immunocytochemistry was conducted to identify the relationship of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone‐immunoreactive (GnRH‐ir) TN neurons with biocytin‐labeled neurons. Neurons that accumulated biocytin were located in olfactory nerve fascicles close to the olfactory mucosa lining the caudal, medial, and rostral walls of the principal cavity. GnRH‐ir fibers were observed only in the olfactory nerve fascicle projecting to the rostral edge of the principal cavity. In addition, GnRH‐ir fibers did not contact biocytin‐labeled TN neurons. We hypothesize that these two classes of neurons represent separate components of the TN. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:8–15, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of liposomes containing cerebroside and cerebroside sulfate on cytoskeleton of cultured oligodendrocytes
Authors: Boggs Joan M. , Wang Huimin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOligodendrocytes (OLs) and the myelin produced by them are enriched in two glycosphingolipids, galactosylceramide (GalC) and its sulfated form, cerebroside sulfate (CBS). We showed earlier that these two glycolipids in opposed liposomal membranes or in methanol solution can adhere to each other. Here we have examined the potential effect of an interaction between GalC/CBS in apposed membranes of oligodendrocytes (OLs) by incubating cultured OLs with GalC/CBS‐containing liposomes and observing the effect on the membrane sheets produced by OLs and on the distribution of OL constituents using fluorescent antibodies and confocal microscopy. The GalC/CBS‐containing liposomes caused redistribution or a decrease in the density of anti‐GalC and anti‐MBP staining but had no effect on the density or distribution of staining by anti‐PI(4,5)P2 that remained uniformly distributed in the membrane sheets. There was no apparent change in the area of the membrane sheets nor in the amount of MBP in OL membranes, as determined by slot blots. In addition, the GalC/CBS‐containing liposomes caused depolymerization of microtubules and actin filaments suggesting that the interaction of GSL‐containing liposomes with the extracellular surface of the OL caused transmission of a signal across the membrane. Because these two glycolipids can adhere to each other across apposed membranes, the liposomal glycolipids may be interacting with a GalC/CBS‐enriched signaling domain in the OL plasma membrane. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:242–253, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive divergence and shared mental models in software development project teams
Authors: Levesque Laurie L. , Wilson Jeanne M. , Wholey Douglas R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the development of shared mental models in software development teams over time. Contrary to predictions, team members' mental models about the group's work and each other's expertise did not become more similar over time. Structural equation modelling revealed that as role differentiation increased in these teams, it led to a decrease in interaction and a corresponding decline in shared mental models. Implications for research on shared cognition and team development are explored. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distribution and its seasonality of satellite‐derived vegetation index (NDVI) and climate in Siberia
Authors: Suzuki Rikie , Nomaki Tomoyuki , Yasunari Tetsuzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) distribution and its seasonal cycle were investigated in relation to temperature and precipitation over Siberia and its surrounding regions. The analyses used 5‐year (1987–1991) monthly means. The monthly mean NDVI was calculated from the third‐generation monthly Global Vegetation Index (GVI) product; monthly temperature and precipitation at 611 stations were calculated from Global Daily Summary (GDS) data.The 611 stations were classified by cluster analysis into 10 classes based on the NDVI seasonal cycle (March–October). The geographical distribution characteristics of the NDVI cycle were described using temperature, precipitation and Olson's land‐cover type. In northern regions, where tundra vegetation prevails and temperatures and precipitation are low, the amplitude of the NDVI seasonal cycle is small. In southern regions, where temperatures are high and there is little precipitation, the seasonal amplitude of the NDVI is small because of the arid land type. Forested regions were split into six classes, each characterized by large amplitudes in the NDVI seasonal cycle. The phenological characteristics of the forest classes were noted. For example, a forest‐class localized near Lake Baikal shows higher NDVI values, even with the presence of snow cover in March, compared with other regions. This high NDVI value suggests that the exposed green canopy of the coniferous forest can be observed even when snow is present. In addition, the NDVI peaks at stations near 60°N, where the maximum monthly temperature is around 18°C. This result suggests that the optimum temperature‐precipitation environment coincides to the area in Siberia where the maximum monthly temperature is 18°C. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial and temporal 850 hPa air temperature and sea‐surface temperature covariances in the Mediterranean region and their connection to atmospheric circulation
Authors: Lolis C. J. , Bartzokas A. , Katsoulis B. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe spatial and temporal covariability between the lower troposphere and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are studied in the Mediterranean basin for the period 1958–98. Monthly air temperature anomalies for the 850 hPa pressure level (T‐850hPa) at 2.5° × 2.5° grid points and SST anomalies in 5° × 5° grid boxes are utilized. As a first step, factor analysis is applied on both sets of data in order to reduce their dimensionality. Then, canonical correlation analysis is applied and this leads to one statistically significant pair of canonical variates for winter and to two pairs for summer. In winter, a teleconnection (see‐saw) between western Europe and the eastern Mediterranean at the 850 hPa level is revealed, and a corresponding weaker one between the areas of central‐west and eastern Mediterranean for SST. The correlation between T‐850hPa and SST appears higher over the eastern Mediterranean. In summer, the first pair of canonical variates reveals a covariability between T‐850hPa and SST in the western Mediterranean, and the second one shows a covariability in the eastern Mediterranean, without the existence of any strong spatial teleconnection. The analysis is repeated, using time lags of 1 month, or longer, in order to detect any possible non‐synchronous relation. Statistically significant results are found only when T‐850hPa leads SST with a time lag of 1 month. In particular, the results are statistically significant for winter only, and the findings are similar to those of the first analysis. Therefore, the existence of a 1 month time scale SST persistence is detected for winter months. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Geochemistry, dispersal, volumes and chronology of Holocene silicic tephra layers from the Katla volcanic system, Iceland
Authors: Larsen Gudrún , Newton Anthony J. , Dugmore Andrew J. , Vilmundardóttir Elsa G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAt least 12 silicic tephra layers (SILK tephras) erupted between ca. 6600 and ca. 1675 yr BP from the Katla volcanic system, have been identified in southern Iceland. In addition to providing significant new knowledge on the Holocene volcanism of the Katla system which typically produces basaltic tephra, the SILK tephras form distinct and precise isochronous marker horizons in a climatically sensitive location close to both the atmospheric and marine polar fronts. With one exception the SILK tephras have a narrow compositional range, with SiO2 between 63 and 67%. Geochemically they are indistinguishable from ocean transported pumice found on beaches in the North Atlantic region, although they differ significantly from the silicic component of the North Atlantic Ash Zone One (NAAZO). Volumes of airborne SILK tephra range from 0.05 to 0.3 km3. We present new isopach maps of the six largest layers and demonstrate that they originate within the Katla caldera. The apparently stable magma system conditions that produced the SILK tephras may have been established as a consequence of the eruption of the silicic component of NAAZO (ca. 10.3 ka) and disrupted by another large‐scale event, the tenth century ad Eldgjá eruption (ca. 1 ka). Despite the current long repose, silicic activity of this type may occur again in the future, presenting hitherto unknown hazards. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronology of latest Pleistocene lake‐level fluctuations in the pluvial Lake Chewaucan basin, Oregon, USA
Authors: Licciardi Joseph M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew accelerator mass spectrometer radiocarbon ages from gastropods in shore deposits within the pluvial Lake Chewaucan basin, combined with stratigraphical and geomorphological evidence, identify an abrupt rise and fall of lake level at ca. 12 14C ka. The lake‐level high is coeval with lake‐level lows in the well‐dated records of palaeolakes Bonneville and Lahontan, and with a period of relatively wet conditions in the more southerly Owens Lake basin. This spatial pattern of pluvial lake levels in the western USA at 12 14C ka indicates a variable synoptic response to climate forcing at this time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Quaternary depositional history of the Reuss delta, Switzerland: constraints from high‐resolution seismic reflection and georadar surveys
Authors: Nitsche Frank O. , Green Alan G. , Horstmeyer Heinrich , Büker Frank 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlacial erosion has caused overdeepening of many alpine valleys. After retreat of the ice, they were filled with heterogeneous deposits of glacial, lacustrine and fluvial sediments. A typical example of such a valley segment and its infill is the Reuss delta on the southern shore of Lake Lucerne in Switzerland. To obtain a detailed three‐dimensional image of this valley segment, the ETH Institute of Geophysics has acquired several two‐dimensional, high‐resolution seismic and georadar profiles, and conducted a three‐dimensional georadar survey. Interpretations of these geophysical data were constrained by a geological core extracted from a borehole 300 m deep near the investigation site. The seismic profiles imaged ca. 600 m of sediment infill above bedrock. Based on their reflection characteristics, five different deposition units were distinguished. These units were interpreted as a succession of clay/silt at the base, followed by different sand units with variable but generally increasing amounts of gravel. This succession represented a prograding delta that filled the southern part of Lake Lucerne. The latest fluvial development of the region is best represented by the georadar data. In particular, the three‐dimensional georadar data set provides a detailed view of an ancient braided river channel Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of artificial neural networks (ANN) to high‐latitude dinocyst assemblages for the reconstruction of past sea‐surface conditions in Arctic and sub‐Arctic seas
Authors: Peyron Odile , Vernal Anne de 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe artificial neural network (ANN) method was applied to dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblages to estimate palaeoceanographical conditions. The ANN method was adapted to three distinct data bases covering the northern North Atlantic (N = 371), plus the Arctic seas (N = 540) and the Bering Sea (N = 646). The relative abundance of 23 dinocyst taxa was calibrated against hydrographic variables (sea‐surface temperature, salinity and density in February and August, and seasonal extent of sea‐ice cover) using ANNs. The estimation of hydrographical parameters based on an ANN yields high coefficients of correlation between observations and reconstructions for each variable selected. The validation tests performed on the different data bases suggest more accurate calibration at the scale of the North Atlantic and Arctic (N = 540) than on a multibasin scale, i.e. when including the subpolar North Pacific (N = 646). The ANN calibrations and the modern analogue technique (MAT) have been applied to two sequences from the northwest North Atlantic spanning the past 25 000 yr for the purpose of comparison. Both approaches yielded similar results, generally within the range of their respective uncertainties, demonstrating their suitability. The main discrepancies generally correspond to assemblages with poor modern analogues for which we have to admit a higher degree of uncertainties in the reconstruction, whatever the approach used. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keto–enol tautomerism in β‐ketoesters: CH3C(O)CHXC(O)OY (X = H, Cl; Y = CH3, C2H5). Vibrational analyses, NMR spectra and quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Schiavoni M. M. , Di Loreto H. E. , Hermann A. , Mack H.‐G. , Ulic S. E. , Della Védova C. O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe tautomeric equilibria of the β‐ketoesters [CH3C(O)CH2C(O)OCH3 (I), CH3C(O)CHClC(O)OCH3 (II), CH3C(O)CH2C(O)OCH2CH3 (III) and CH3C(O)CHClC(O)OCH2CH3 (IV)] were studied by NMR spectroscopy and, in the case of I and II, by quantum chemical calculations (ab initio and density functional methods). In addition, liquid‐state Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra were analysed for all four compounds. They revealed the existence of two tautomers, diketo and enol forms. In the NMR spectra only signals for the diketo form could be observed for I and III. However, the calculations for I and II predicted the enol structures to be the most stable species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of polymer latexes
Authors: van den Brink Mark , Pepers Michel , van Herk Alex M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe influence of elastic light scattering on the Raman signal of polymer latexes was investigated by varying the sample position relative to the confocal Raman probe. Measurements on polystyrene latexes revealed that the absolute Raman signal is very sensitive to the alignment of the sample. Furthermore, it was shown that for particle sizes below 140 nm and solid weight contents below 20%, changes in the absolute Raman signal can be described fairly well by turbidity laws. For larger particle sizes and higher solid weight contents deviations occur, but a correlation between these variables and the Raman signal still exists. In contrast, the normalized intensities are not influenced by varying the sample alignment in measurements on polymer latexes when using an excitation laser source at 532 nm. The important consequence of this is that the determination of chemical composition is not influenced by the elastic light scattering effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A research policy note on UK government support and small firms' internationalization using the Internet: The use of www.tradeuk.com
Authors: Chaudhry Shiv , Crick Dave 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
The perceived usefulness of thewww.tradeuk.com website was influenced by the international orientation of key decision makers together with their experience and commitment to pursuing overseas activities and the resources at their disposal. It was viewed as an additional and perhaps passive route to generating extra sales in the international marketplace.
Policy makers have attempted to implement a trade support system that embraces the advantages of new technology over its predecessors such as bulletin boards and off‐line directories. Sales leads can be quickly delivered to firms and businesses can potentially get a global exposure, depending on who logs on to the site.
At this stage the usefulness of www.tradeuk.com may be limited and may be more useful for firms with limited international experience that need leads to be made available.
In terms of change management, policy makers need to monitor and learn from what has happened with www.tradeuk.com in order to make potential improvements. It is important to establish at what stage of international development firms need the program most and for what specific purpose.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.