bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Miscellaneous Topics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Kimball Derek F , Demille David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a paramagnetic atom is oriented in a direction which is not collinear with the direction of an applied magnetic field, the magnetic moment of the atom precesses around the direction of the magnetic field at the Larmor frequency ΩL . For a needle of a magnetic compass, a very different behavior is usually observed. Assuming that the needle can freely rotate around its central pivot point, once released at rest at an angle to the magnetic field, the needle will undergo oscillations with respect to its equilibrium orientation (where the needle’s magnetic moment is aligned with the field).
Street-Corner Vision
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the under-estimated attractions of Dalston Junction is a street corner full of forgotten municipal services. The public lavatories are of the attended Victorian variety with wrought-iron railings, descending steps and lunettes in the pavement; and, on good days at least, they still function as originally intended—unlike many of their equivalents in more right-thinking and fortunately placed London boroughs, which have been sold into private use as wine bars, pool halls and design consultancies. There’s a distinctly village-like Public Notice Board provided by the council but now only used by the fly-posting militants of the Revolutionary Communist Party and the exiled Turkish Communist Party.
Around the World in Three Hundred Yards
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is to be done about Dalston Junction? Successive governments have pondered this question. Their advisers take one look and quickly propose a road-widening scheme or, better still, a really ambitious new motorway that will obliterate the whole area. Ministers pretend to be surprised when carping residents come out against these generously offered ‘improvements’, and the blight settles a little deeper. In the most recent case it was Peter Bottomley, then Conservative Minister for Roads, who provided local campaigners with their best quotation.
Down in the Dirt
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthropologists have produced elegant theories about dirt. Mary Douglas has described dirt as an idea that defines the outside of a culture, a conceptual domain in which all differences disappear and only the threat of defilement remains: as dirt, so the argument goes, everything is the same. We know about defilement on Dalston Lane too, but here the filth in the streets is far from undifferentiated. Indeed, it calls for discrimination of the closest kind. Children know better than to play in the autumn leaves without at first poking about in them with a stick to see what exotic content they might mask.
Abysmal Heights
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few hundred yards from Dalston Lane, due south of the hoarding on which the Araldite poster appeared, stands a sawn-off Victorian pub. The Grange Tavern bears Charrington’s name, along with the meaningless inaugural date of 1757 and a sign that struggles to lend a Palladian air to the neighbourhood: it shows a large and classical looking ‘grange’ with horses, carriages, and the predictable collection of gentlefolk gathered in the open space before it. Designed like so many pubs of its time, to command the corner at the end of a terraced street, the Grange Tavern is now an amputated stump, a relic stranded in the midst of the famously awful Holly Street Estate, built by Hackney Council in the early Seventies.
Rodinsky’s Place
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been spared the fatal romance of growing up in an English country house, but England is full of ancestors and I can’t visit Spitalfields without thinking of a distant one of my own. Thomas Fowell Buxton is remembered for his opposition to capital punishment and, above all, for his collaboration with Wilberforce in pressing for the abolition of slavery. In his later years he came to be known as Buxton the Liberator.
Drinking Water in a Toxic State
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1966 Hackney Council joined the London Boroughs Association in demanding the compulsory fluoridation of London’s drinking water. It was promptly denounced by the members of ‘Hackney Against Fluoridation’, a local campaign which accused the council of seeking to infringe on ‘a fundamental freedom of the individual’. But this was the age of state reform and it was with unswerving confidence that a properly elected champion of the public good, Labour Councillor Lou Sherman, OBE, Chairman of Hackney’s Public Health Committee, ran a bulldozer over their upstart objection: ‘If we rely on voluntary methods, children’s teeth will be falling out of their heads before fluoride is introduced.’
Remembering London’s War
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A motorist driving along Richmond Road at about 11.15 on the morning of Sunday, 11 November 1990, would have passed a small gathering by the pavement, just north-east of the Holly Street Estate. A vicar was presiding, but there was no sign of a church. Indeed, the small band was gathered in front of a modest block of six-storey council flats, ornamented with the usual mess of satellite dishes. Had our motorist slowed a little, he might have noticed that the congregation was gathered around a small and damaged war memorial.
Down Among the Gentrifiers
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was no wedge of lime jammed into its neck but the label’s vaguely Toltec sun, emitting old-fashioned rays from behind a cloud, left no doubt that this was a bottle of Sol, the fashionable Mexican beer. I came across this unexpected import from the land of the plumed serpent one recent Saturday morning: half-empty but still upright on the disillusioning pavement of Dalston Lane. It was putting up a good stand against the drifting litter and the greasy strutting pigeons, but it still looked as implausible as Canary Wharf, that other tall beacon of the Renewal that suddenly went into reverse.
Don Giovanni (and Business Planning) Come to the Hackney Empire
Authors: Wright Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was, as the organizers freely admitted, a budget production. The Wren Chamber Orchestra had been cut down to nine players and the set was ‘unassertive’. A plywood door featured prominently and anyone suffering a momentary failure of imagination in the closing scene might have wondered why Don Giovanni’s banqueting hall looked like the space between two pillars of a motorway flyover. Mozart’s opera had been trimmed, sheared of its chorus and squeezed into three hours to ensure that the musicians didn’t run into overtime.
Pygmy Mammoths and Mysterious Islands
Authors: McCarthy Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the thirteen finches and two groups of iguanas of Galápagos were among the first creatures to submit to evolutionary explanations and serve today as symbols of Darwin’s great discovery, each group has harbored its own evolutionary mystery that has not been fully explicated until recently. Before discussing their closely guarded secrets and the evolutionary forces that govern islands in general, it is important to clarify the two mechanisms at work in evolution—heredity and natural selection—which, in turn, unite the two elements of biogeography: biology and the environment.
The Volcanic Ring That Changed the World
Authors: McCarthy Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If I had to point to a single geological feature of the Earth that had the greatest biogeographical consequences on the post-dinosaur world, that is, on our entire global ecosystem as encountered today, I would choose the chain of seafloor spreading ridges that presently encircles Antarctica. This little-known ring of cracks in the ocean bottom has drastically influenced the geographical positioning of continents and oceans around the Earth, which in turn, has forever altered the flora and fauna of each of the biogeographical realms.
Writing Partition
Authors: Gopal Priyamvada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1946, one year before formal Independence from British rule, plans were announced to partition colonial India along religious lines into what would become the sovereign nation-states of India and Pakistan. The division would mainly affect Punjab in the north-west and Bengal in the east, both of which regions had large Muslim populations. Partition was the (for many people, unexpected) culmination of several years of political manoeuvring or a ‘triangular game plan’ of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League, and the colonial government (Mushirul Hasan cited in Francisco 2000: 381). The hardening of divisions between Hindus and Muslims was itself a product of the colonial policy of divide et impera, or ‘divide and rule’.
The basic mortality model
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some elements of the basic mortality model underlying life insurance, life annuities and pensions have been already introduced in Chapter 1, while presenting the structure of life annuities; see in particular Sections 1.2 and 1.3. In Chapter 2, we consider the mortality model in more depth. We adopt a more structured presentation of the fundamental ideas, which means that some repetition of elements from Chapter 1 is unavoidable.
Forecasting mortality: applications and examples of age-period models
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As explained in Chapter 4, actuaries working in life insurance and pension have been using projected life tables for some decades. But the problem confronting actuaries is that people have been living much longer than they were expected to according to the life tables being used for actuarial computations. What was missing was an accurate estimation of the speed of the mortality improvement: thus, most of the mortality projections performed during the second half of the 20th century have underestimated the gains in longevity. The mortality improvements seen in practice have quite consistently exceeded the projected improvements. As a result, insurers have, from time to time, been forced to allocate more capital to support their inforce annuity business, withadverse effects on free reserves and profitability. From the point of view of the actuarial approach to risk management, the major problem is that mortality improvement is not a diversifiable risk. Traditional diversifiable mortality risk is the random variation around a fixed, known life table. Mortality improvement risk, though, affects the whole portfolio and can thus not be managed using the law of large numbers (see Chapter 7 for a detailed discussion of systematic and non-systematic risks). In this respect, longevity resembles investment risk, in that it is non-diversifiable: it cannot be controlled by the usual insurance mechanism of selling large numbers of policies, because they are not independent in respect of that source of uncertainty.
The longevity risk: actuarial perspectives
Authors: Pitacco Ermanno , Denuit Michel , Haberman Steven , Olivieri Annamaria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assessment of longevity risk requires a stochastic representation of mortality. Possible approaches are described in Section 7.2, which is also devoted to an analysis of the impact of longevity risk on the risk profile of the provider. In Section 7.3 and 7.4 we take a risk management perspective, and we investigate possible solutions for risk mitigation. In particular, risk transfers as well as capital requirements for the risk retained are discussed. Policy design and the pricing of life annuities allowing for longevity risk are dealt with in Section 7.5 and 7.6; such aspects, owing to commercial pressure and modelling difficulties, are rather controversial. We do not develop an in-depth analysis, but we instead remark on the main issues. To reach a proper arrangement of the policy conditions of a life annuity, the possible behaviour of the annuitant in respect of the planning of her/his retirement income has to be considered. In Section 7.7 we describe possible choices available to the annuitant in this respect.
Towards a European Electorate: One Electorate or Many?
Authors: Brug Wouter van der , Franklin Mark , Popescu Marina , Tóka Gábor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters focused on the practice of political representation in the European Union (EU) from the perspective of the ‘supply side ‘ of the electoral market: parties and their political programmes and how the media communicate what is at stake at the elections. In this chapter we focus on the ‘demand side ‘: the electorates of the different European countries. Thomassen argued in the introductory chapter that the behaviour of voters should meet a number of requirements for them to be represented meaningfully. In the first place, voters should base their choice on policy considerations. It is very unlikely that political parties represent the opinions of their voters if these opinions do not guide electoral choice.
Legitimacy and Electoral Abstention in European Parliament Elections
Authors: Eijk Cees van der , Schmitt Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Levels of abstention in European Parliament (EP) elections have been high ever since they were held for the first time in 1979. This was also clearly the case in 2004, the first year in which the ten new member states of the 2004 enlargement took part in these elections. The elections in 2004 showed unprecedented low turnout, particularly in some of the new member states. In five of the formerly communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe, less than 30 per cent of eligible citizens cast their votes, with Slovakia and Poland registering the lowest levels of turnout of all member states – 17.0 per cent and 20.9 per cent respectively (see Table 10.1, below, which presents turnout at EP elections since 1979, per country).
chapter 3
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Do you like Sterne?’ asked William. ‘Yes, to be sure. I should be hanged if I didn’t!’ He was talking to Joseph Fawcett, ‘almost the first literary acquaintance I ever made’. Twelve years his senior, Fawcett was an energetic, excitable Unitarian preacher. A decade before, he started to give his Sunday evening lectures at the Old Jewry Meeting House in London, and became the most popular dissenting clergyman of the day. Crowds flocked to hear him, including Sarah Siddons, the Kembles, and Wordsworth. But Hazlitt did not meet him until introduced by Godwin in early 1795, shortly before Fawcett resigned to become a farmer at Edge Grove, near Aldenham in Hertfordshire. As Hazlitt recalled, ‘the conversations I had with him on subjects of taste and philosophy (for his taste was as refined as his powers of reasoning were profound and subtle) gave me a delight such as I can never feel again.’
Chapter 5
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coleridge eventually finished speaking and gazed expectantly round the table. Godwin, whose house it was, turned to his guests. The man in the frock coat, Charles Lamb, leant forward: his former school friend had just discoursed on ‘man as he was, or man as he is to be’—one of the catchphrases of the moment, often in the mouths of those inclined to radical causes.
chapter 8
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
O this is cruel! This is base!’ Coleridge shook his head, his skin ashen. Basil Montagu had just told him of Wordsworth’s admonition: never to take Coleridge into his house, for his presence would be ‘a serious injury’ to him and his family, as Coleridge had been an ‘absolute nuisance’ to his.
chapter 13
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Times, Hazlitt declared on 22 December 1816, was a ‘patent water closet for the dirty uses of legitimacy: a leaden cistern for obsolete prejudices and upstart sophistry “to knot and gender in” ‘. Not the kind of thing designed to curry favour with anyone on its staff, least of all its editor John Stoddart, who happened also to be Hazlitt’s brother-in-law. Towards the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Stoddart distinguished himself for vigorously anti Bonapartist leaders which opposed the making of peace with the man he denounced as ‘a Corsican upstart’, ‘the discomfited Tyrant’, and ‘a monster redeemed from vice by no single virtue’.
chapter 15
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hazlitt still needed money. Patmore booked him into the Surrey Institution in October for a second series of lectures, this time on the English comic writers—a crowd-pleaser if ever there was one—while Hazlitt arranged publication rights with Taylor and Hessey who agreed to pay him £200 (‘That is an improvement’, he told Constable). Now all he had to do was write them. It was July. London was sweltering, in the grip of a heatwave, said to be the hottest since 1779. He decided to go to Winter slow—on his own, a sign that his marriage had all but broken down. Sarah was leading an independent social life, turning up at the homes of such friends as Godwin and Lamb without him, and may already have moved out of York Street.
chapter 19
Authors: Wu Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Full of anticipation, Hazlitt returned to Edinburgh. His wife would soon arrive and legal proceedings could begin. He wanted to get it over with so he could return to London to propose to Sarah, and was in buoyant mood. Two unwelcome pieces of news awaited him, however. The first was that his wife was delayed: William Jr’s half-term was within sight, and she would not come north until it was over—mid-April at the earliest. The entire thing was originally to have concluded in six weeks; he realized with a sinking heart he would be in Scotland for at least another month on top of that. He had to find work, if only to meet his expenses, and wrote to Taylor and Hessey, offering reviews for the London Magazine.
Tanzania: A Genuine Case of Recipient Leadership in the Aid System?
Authors: Harrison Graham , Holtom Sarah Mulley with Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tanzania is often held up as the poster child of the new partnership model of aid set out in the Rome and Paris Declarations from the OECD Development Assistance Committee. The Tanzanian government, it is claimed, exercises a high degree of ownership of the development agenda and is supported by donors who are effectively aligned to Tanzanian priorities and systems, and harmonized among themselves. This claim is expressed by donors in the language of good governance which has come to constitute a keystone for Tanzania’s aid architecture. Governance provides a normative language to promote ownership through partnerships and participation.
Introduction: Developing Countries in a Networked Global Order
Authors: Martinez-Diaz Leonardo , Woods Ngaire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Networks have become a buzzword among academics and policymakers alike. Scholarship on networks has multiplied almost as fast as the networks of regulators, legislators, corporations, activists, criminals, technical experts, and lawyers described by the literature. Much of this research came initially from sociologists and anthropologists, as well as from scholars in the hard sciences. More recently, economists and political scientists have turned their attention to networks, and today, the study of these informal institutions is seen as particularly promising among students of international relations and global governance.
Reaching for Randomly Located Targets
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general method (with one exception, see below) was always the same as that reported in our earlier study (Weiskrantz et al. 1974). D.B. was seated in the standard position for the Aimark perimeter, using the chin rest. He was asked to maintain constant fixation within each trial on the fixation mark, and never to move his head. He was told that, following a verbal ‘ready’ signal, a spot of light would be flashed in the blind field and afterwards, on a verbal signal, he was to reach with his forefinger to the guessed location of the spot without shifting his fixation. The duration of the target was two seconds, except (see below) when it was made much shorter for control purposes. The location of the teaching responses was measured by moving the target to the response position and reading directly from the scale. For any test run, the size and brightness of the stimulus was held constant, and its position randomly varied among a number of fixed positions (usually six positions, from 15° to 90° in 15° intervals).
Movement Thresholds
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While typically D.B. resolutely denied ‘seeing’ in response to visual stimuli, even though he might sometimes have a ‘feeling’, we discovered early in our investigations one exception: a very vigorously moving stimulus would elicit a response of genuine ‘seeing’ in many regions of his field defect. The experience was, however, not veridical: instead of describing a moving stimuli, he spoke instead of complex patterns of radiating lines and grids (see below). Clearly, it was desirable to examine more closely his sensitivity to movement and the conditions under which he would acknowledge ‘seeing’.
Detection With Slow Rate of onset
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been noted, there were conditions under which D.B. spoke of a feeling of ‘movement’, ‘something coming in from screen’, when a stimulus was turned on, at least in certain locations in the visual field. It occurred to us, therefore, to see whether this type of experience would be reported when the stimulus was turned on gradually rather than abruptly, in order to reduce the strength of activity in the ‘transient’ visual pathways — especially as we have seen patients in whom detection of a stimulus does, indeed, depend upon its onset being very sharp (Weiskrantz 1980). We first tested this very informally with D.B. by mounting an adjustable diaphragm in the path of the light source in the Aimark perimeter.
The Natural Blind-Spot (optic disc) within the Scotoma
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optic disc provides a ready-made control for determining the discriminable limits of intra-ocular diffusion. As the size of this natural and absolutely blind area is fixed and known (5° × 7°), a target light that cannot be detected by the subject when it is positioned on the optic disc cannot cause detectable diffusion beyond a maximum angle determined by the distance between the edge of the target and the nearest region of sensitive retina.
Left Versus Right Eye
Authors: Weiskrantz Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a number of occasions when the two eyes were compared it was seen that the left eye seemed better than the right. This was true with discrimination of orientation, and also with ‘presence/absence’. The question also arose in discussion of double dissociation of form and detection, when it was found that the impaired field was paradoxically better than the good field in a detection task at an extreme eccentricity (80°). Because stimuli at this eccentricity fall within the monocular crescent, it is possible that this surprising result of ‘super-normal’ performance in the impaired field might actually reflect a sub-normal performance of the unimpaired field because of its constricted pupil that resulted from the right cervical sympathectomy. In August 1983 we explored this possibility.