bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Margins of Possible Improvement in the Central–Station Steam Plant
Authors: Robinson Ernest L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The maximum attainable efficiency of the ideal heat engine is discussed, and the circumstances which limit it, in order to point out the various margins available for improvement along different lines. The arrangement of the circulating systems is considered and, after noting the ideal arrangement, practical layouts are taken up. The advantages of the mercury turbine and the steam-extraction cycle are emphasized, and the great increase in capacity rating which has been made possible by purely thermodynamic improvements is noted.
The Gas Engine in the Steel Industry
Authors: Danks A. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper traces the development of the gas engine operating on blast-furnace gas as a prime mover in the steel industry, from the initial installation in 1900 to the present time. The design problems that have had to be solved in the successful application of the gas engine to this service included methods of governing, valve gear as related to gas analysis, ignition, piston troubles, corrosion due to water cooling, etc. The results of tests are given and precautions to be observed in testing are outlined.
The Development of a Modern Hosiery Plant
Authors: Thompson Sanford E. , Rollins H. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a large hosiery plant in Iowa during the thirty-two years of its existence.
From nearly the beginning the scientific method of approach is evidenced, culminating in the most recent development of personnel service, production control, standardization of methods and incentives, cost control, and marketing.
Each of these is discussed in detail with a view to indicating, not simply the rather notable results attained, but the means employed for their accomplishment. These are presented with the purpose of giving inspiration to the reader who desires to develop his own plant and organization along modern lines and in a fashion broad enough to include the human element as a major factor.
Gas Turbines
Authors: Marks Lionel S. , Danilov M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper presents a statement of the brake thermal efficiencies that may be obtained from gas turbines of various types, and discusses the possibilities and limitations of these types of heat engines. Calculated performances, with tables of computed values, are given for the following types: (1) Explosion turbine with regeneration, (2) Explosion turbine with regeneration and air cooling, (3) Explosion turbine with regeneration and water injection, (4) Explosion turbine combined with steam turbine operated from exhaust-heat boiler, (5) Explosion turbine combined with steam turbine operated from exhaust-heat boiler, with charge precompression and reduced back pressure, (6) Constant-pressure-combustion turbine with regeneration, (7) Constant-pressure-combustion turbine with regeneration and with cooling of the buckets by steam jets, and (8) Constant-pressure-combustion turbine with regeneration and with steam injection into the combustion space.
In the conclusion it is stated that a review of the possibilities of the gas turbine does not give much hope of realization of efficiencies such as would encourage attempts to overcome the many difficulties with which the gas turbine is surrounded.
In two appendices are considered the entropy chart for gases and the representation of the proposed cycles on this chart, as well as the fundamental formulas and methods used in the computation of the data included in the tables.
Factors Concerning the Economics of Shopping Steam Locomotives
Authors: Sillcox L. K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper stresses the importance of accurate cost accounting in regard to locomotive maintenance as the basis of the policy to be formulated by the executive in charge of motive power. The author shows the folly of continuing obsolete designs in service, giving concrete cases in which large annual savings were effected by scrapping of inefficient engines. A classification of repairs is given and a tabulation and discussion of the trend of cost of repairs over a long period of years leads to development of the cost of repairs per 1000 tractive-effort ton-miles as a unit by which to measure costs. Other factors which influence policy are the relative frequency of roundhouse and back-shop repairs, the percentage of locomotives in service as related to the number owned, the topography of the country through which the road runs, and, not the least important, the personnel of the repair shop.
Recent Investigations in Turning and Planing and a New Form of Cutting Tool
Authors: Klopstock Hans 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives an account of experiments conducted in the machine-tool laboratory of the Polytechnic Institute of Berlin. The cutting tests proper were preceded by a study of the lathe and the instruments used, to ascertain their behavior under various conditions. In the main tests it was aimed to determine the influence upon the cutting forces of the following factors: Cutting speed, chip section, shape of tool, and characteristics of the materials cut.
As a result of these observations a new form of tool has been designed which, the author claims, permits a higher cutting speed and a larger chip section than is practicable with the standard tools now used. The results of some of the tests made in various German railway shops are given, in which the relative life of the cutting edges of the new and the old tools under exactly the same conditions was compared.
It is claimed, from results obtained in various foreign shops, that on the average production can be increased about 30 per cent by means of the new tool.
Formulas for Computing the Economies of Labor-Saving Equipment
Authors: Shepard James A. , Hagemann George E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The engineer and manufacturer have heretofore been without correct and adequate means for measuring the relative economies of two or more industrial operations or installations of equipment. Proposed new apparatus might indicate a saving in manual labor, but this did not guarantee that it could be profitably substituted for machines or devices in use at the time. Such formulas as existed to determine this latter point were too complicated to be easily applied and generally used.
The present paper develops five simple equations for determining the economies of an installation of labor-saving equipment. They show the maximum investment which will earn simple interest; the yearly cost to maintain the mechanical equipment ready for operation; the yearly profit, in excess of simple interest, from the operation of the equipment; the yearly profit from operation, in per cent on investment; and the years required for complete amortization of investment out of earnings. The method of applying these formulas, the evaluation of their various factors, and the correct assumption of bases, are explained in detail. The calculation of a labor-burden account, as distinct from the ordinary factory-burden account, and the transfer of certain items from the regular burden account to a special productive-labor-payroll account are recommended and explained. Standard forms to systematize investigations are worked out.
Formulas for the Design of Helical Springs of Square or Rectangular Steel
Authors: Edgerton C. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Although helical springs of square- or rectangular-bar steel are not common, problems involving certain extreme requirements are occasionally encountered which can be met only by such types of springs. The author points out the lack of formulas for calculating any except springs of square-bar steel and then develops formulas for rectangular-bar steel based on the work of St. Venant. For the solution of these formulas he gives tabulated values for two variables which depend on the ratio of the bar’s cross-sectional dimensions. An appendix contains four examples in which the application of the formulas is illustrated.
An Outline for the Application of Fatigue and Elastic Results to Metal-Spring Design
Authors: Jasper T. McLean 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals particularly with factors of design of metal springs used for shock-absorbing purposes and for recuperating machinery. The problem of the design of springs, the author states, is divided into two parts: (1) the static elastic and fatigue properties of the material to be used in their construction; and (2) the shape of the springs, together with the distribution of the stresses developed in their use for a given deformation. In the discussion of these two points the author gives results of experimental work carried out at the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois.
Bolts for Use in Power-Plant Construction
Authors: Wood William P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the use of steel vs. wrought iron and screw stock for bolts and nuts used in power-plant construction. He concludes that the carbon content for bolting steel ranging from about 0.2 per cent up to 0.45 per cent will yield the best combination of tensile strength and ductility in either the heat-treated or non-heat-treated condition. A tentative specification for high-temperature alloy-steel bolting material is appended.
The Value of Higher Steam Pressures in the Industrial Plant
Authors: Ryan William F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper aims to point out the value of higher steam pressures in the industrial plant. It is shown that the gains from high pressure are greater than in the central station, and except for the question of suitable feedwater for high-pressure boilers, the problems involved are less difficult. The relative cost of power for varying initial pressure is estimated. The relative efficiency of turbine and engine prime movers, and the application of higher pressures to manufacturing equipment, are discussed. It is indicated that pressures up to the present commercial limit, about 1200 lb. per sq. in., may be used advantageously in the industrial plant which has a high load factor, and in which the demand for power is high, in proportion to the demand, for process steam.
Heat-Treatment Data on Quality Steel Castings
Authors: White Albert E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper summarizes a study which has been made on heat-treatment practice for quality steel castings. It gives the results of laboratory tests on dendritic and dendrite-free steels after an annealing, a normalizing and drawing, and a spheroidizing treatment. It likewise records a large number of plant tests. The results show that a normalizing and drawing treatment gives superior results to those obtainable by annealing or spheroidizing.
Boiler-Furnace Refractories
Authors: Powell E. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The advance in combustion equipment during the past twenty years has made continuously increasing demands upon boiler-furnace refractories. Improvement in refractories, however, has apparently not kept pace with these demands, and today various measures of wall cooling are being employed to overcome some of the limitations of refractories. The purpose of the paper is to promote interest in the further development of refractories. Some of the limitations of refractory raw materials, current practice and improvements at present under way in refractory manufacture, service conditions under which refractories are employed in boiler furnaces, characteristics of commercial refractories, and tests employed in analyzing these characteristics are discussed. Fireclay brick are given the greatest attention in this discussion as being the most universally used form of refractory.
There is need for further technical study both of boiler-furnace conditions and of refractory materials, and it is of special importance at the present that means be devised for interpreting laboratory test results in terms of service performance. The problem is complicated by the structural changes which refractories undergo in service. It is believed, however, that the microscope, which has been invaluable in the development of electrical porcelains and is now being directed upon refractories, will prove of very material assistance in this study.
Recent Developments at Colfax Station, Duquesne Light Co.
Authors: Clarke Charles W. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This is the fourth of a series of papers dealing with the Colfax Station of the Duquesne Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., which the author has presented to the Society. In the present paper are given the test results of the 3-A element of the station which showed net heat rates of 12,750 B.t.u. per kw-hr. at 30,333 kw., 13,021 B.t.u. per kw-hr. at 22,400 kw., and 14,200 B.t.u. per kw-hr. at 15,050 kw. A brief history of the physical plant involved in the original station, and in the unit extensions Nos. 1, 2, and 3, is given, with data on boiler and turbine outages and condenser cleaning. The author shows that the total cost of the station has been to date $115.80 per kw. for the 190,000 kw. of installed capacity, and predicts a total cost, when the fourth unit is installed, of $107.50 per kw. for 270,000 kw.
A Machine for Testing Steam-Turbine Nozzles by the Reaction Method
Authors: Warren G. B. , Keenan J. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper explains in detail the apparatus used in reaction-nozzle tests, the important difficulties encountered, the means of eliminating them, and the methods of obtaining and developing test data. It discusses the underlying principles and the type of results they would indicate, and shows by sample test curves the close agreement between the expected and the actual data.
Boiler and Stoker Performance at Hell Gate Power Station of the United Electric Light and Power Co.
Authors: Leitch H. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of this paper is to show the trend of development of stoker and boiler installations in a modern power house whose extensions have been made at fairly regular intervals, and to give the effect of these yearly additions on the overall efficiency and maintenance. There is included a comparison of the essential features of the tests of the several types of installation, with a detailed test of the latest.
Aspects of Steam Power in Relation to a Hydro Supply
Authors: Markwart A. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Steam power, in a regional power system having a hydro supply as its basis, either because it was started that way or because fuel may for a time have been costly, has greater significance than is generally conceded. Steam power becomes increasingly important as hydro sources become more remote and costly of development; as the annual load factor may tend to lower; as the public may demand higher standards of service; as those manufactures requiring greater continuity of service may grow; as hydro generating and transmission units may increase in capacity; as stream-flow plants without storage regulation become more numerous; and as cyclic changes in water run-off, becoming revealed, may indicate hydro deficiency.
Briefly, steam power is needed
1 To effect the best system economy
2 For stand-by
3 For meeting the seasonal hydro deficiency during the short-water period on non-regulated streams
4 For meeting the dry-year hydro deficiency.
The above phases, together with hydro capacity and cost of power, are broadly discussed in what follows.
Transmission of Power on Oil-Engine Locomotives
Authors: Lipetz Alphonse I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Power transmission on oil-engine locomotives depends upon the type of the oil engine for the locomotive and upon the conditions under which the locomotive is going to run.
The present paper pertains to the transmission of power only and gives a classification of power transmissions in chronological order of their appearances in the art.
Class A comprises full-power elastic-fluid transmissions in which the total output of the oil engine is transferred into elastic-fluid energy, which is, in turn, utilized for the propulsion of the locomotive. The efficiency of such a transmission is the product of the two separate efficiencies of the generation and utilization of energy. Various types of electric, hydraulic, pneumatic, compressed steam, aero-steam, and compressed exhaust-gases transmissions are described.
Class B consists of differential elastic-fluid transmissions in which the power from the oil engine is transferred directly to the driving wheels at top speeds of the locomotive with a very high efficiency, and partly directly and partly indirectly at all intermediate speeds. The theory of such transmissions is expounded and formulas for torques, speeds, and efficiencies are derived. Examples of electric, hydraulic, and pneumatic transmissions of this type are described and results so far obtained are given.
Class C pertains to mechanical (gear-clutch) and direct transmissions.
The drawing of conclusions as to the possible fields of application of various types of transmissions is postponed until the questions of the types of oil engines and different conditions of locomotive performance on railroads are discussed in a separate paper.
Laws of Manufacturing Management
Authors: Alford L. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper is divided into two parts, the first of which discusses the laws of management in general. It is stated that the principles of management have been discussed but not generally accepted, a situation which is in contrast with the older sciences. Early attempts to formulate these principles sought for a few statements, although certain facts indicate that there are many management fundamentals. The possible advantages of formulating the principles are pointed out and the questions are asked: What is their origin? What is their nature? What are they?
The investigation is limited to manufacturing management, in as much as management originated in manufacturing.
It is shown that manufacturing developed to satisfy human needs and that accepted ways for getting work done existed before manufacturing. Three such anciently accepted ways are: division of labor, leadership, incentive reward. Other accepted ways are: authority with responsibility, transfer of skill, task work. These accepted ways are the result of societal development. Such accepted ways from societal development are resistive to change, universal in application, and imperative to success, and therefore such management fundamentals are regarded as laws. The investigation shows the discovery of these laws and the determining quantitative factors for them.
Part II sets forth forty-three laws of manufacturing management with supporting citations.
Stresses and Deflections in Large Dynamo Frames Due to Dead Load
Authors: Stone M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Because of the continued tendency to enlarge the sizes of electrical rotating machinery, and necessarily the dynamo frames themselves, some thought has been given to the mechanics involved. The analysis given in this paper is the result of an investigation made by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. Two assumptions are made as to frame support: (1) simply supported, and (2) built-in. The actual condition is probably between the two, and measurements are being made to determine the relative accuracy of the suppositions. However, since the first assumption imposes the more severe condition, size of air-gaps, and so forth, should be designed according to these results.
The solution is obtained by two methods: Lord Rayleigh’s theory, utilizing Fourier’s series to give the final distribution of bending moments and deformations; and the theorem of Castigliano, which is simple and easy to use but which gives less general results. The compatibility of the two is established.
Tables and equations are given in the paper which will permit the accomplishment of satisfactory designs of machines much lighter than now in use. No analysis is made of the effect of unbalanced magnetic pull, all such effects being under the control of the designer in fixing his allowable air-gap variation.
New Boiler Equipment at the Interborough Rapid Transit Co.’s Fifty-Ninth Street Power Station
Authors: Reynolds H. B. , Taggart J. M. , Lane R. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The original boiler equipment of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company’s Fifty-Ninth Street power station comprised 600-hp. boilers with hand-fired grates. With the type of engine then used each boiler could produce about 1000 kw. The paper traces the development of boiler practice, through the introduction of stokers, the development of the “double-end“ furnace, and the utilization of the underfeed stoker, showing the successive increases in the kilowatt capacity of a boiler, up to the present installation, in which each boiler has a capacity of 8200 kw. at 350 per cent of rating. The paper outlines the design of the plant and presents a table of test results.
Oleo Gears for Aircraft
Authors: Aldrin Edwin E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After describing the various oil damping devices for reducing the landing shocks of airplanes, the author presents a theory and test data for the design of the “oleo” type of landing gear. This type depends on the flow of oil past an orifice for the shock-absorbing effect. Tests on several forms of orifice using different fluids under a steam hammer gave satisfactory orifice coefficients for design purposes. Then landing gears were dropped under weights with different combinations of orifice and needle, wheel, and tire through heights varying up to 42 in. and their performance studied in slow-motion pictures and cards from pressure indicators attached to the gears. In the plain oleo mechanism together with tire and wheel, it has been found that almost constant deceleration is obtained with no tapering needle in the oil orifice. Viscosity of oil medium has little effect.
A New Propeller-Type, High-Speed Windmill for Electric Generation
Authors: Fales E. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A new technology of windmill research adopted from aeronautics has resulted in an improved type of windmill resembling an airplane propeller which because of its high speed, light weight, low cost, and good efficiency may under certain conditions compete with internal-combustion-engined farm-lighting plants. Extensive wind-tunnel and other tests used to perfect the new windmill are described and the theories of design are explained in the first section of this paper. The second section presents a study of the velocity and prevalence of winds at Dayton and explains how these conclusions can be adopted for other localities, using a few basic wind values for those localities. Given the power output required momentarily and on a monthly basis, and the velocity and frequency of the winds, the windmill diameter can be calculated. Empirical coefficients are presented for relating the effects of widely ranging winds with steady wind conditions used in the laboratory for determining fundamental design factors.
Stresses in the Drive System of Three-Cylinder Locomotives
Authors: Loewenberg Fritz 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author analyzes the stresses set up in the side rods and driving axles of three-cylinder locomotives of the type in which all cylinders act upon the same axle, taking into consideration the small inaccuracies of fittings resulting in clearances and play and the elastic deformations produced. Formulas are derived and their application illustrated by means of numerical calculations. Systems with more than two axles are also considered.