bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropological Perspectives
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Greeks were plagued by plagues real and imaginary. The aim of this study is to explore Greek ideas about disease not just in the narrow sense of what doctors thought was happening to their patients, but also in the broader one of how those and other people’s ideas influenced Greek thinking about such questions as causation and responsibility, about the self and the relation between mind and the body, about purification and pollution, about authority and the expert, about reality and appearance, about good and evil. As both social anthropology and the history of medicine have comprehensively shown in recent years, ideas about disease and what it affects are anything but simple cross-cultural universals. Strikingly different ideas on these topics are documented in cultures ancient and modern across the world. My study is intended as a contribution to such work and is driven by the conviction that the investigation of thinking about disease can afford particular insight into the values of the society concerned. While many aspects of the ancient Greek world have been illuminated in studies of individual authors and genres, the full extent of the grip that disease had on the ancient Greek imagination has yet to be revealed. We shall see that it has ramifications far beyond the field of Greek medicine as such, in politics, philosophy, religion, historiography, epic, tragedy, and indeed most genres of literature.
After Aristotle: Or Did Anything Change?
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Real and imaginary plagues continued to haunt the Greek— and the Roman—imagination long after Aristotle. Galen the famous medical theorist from the second century CE, whose account of the passions we shall be considering later in this chapter, lived through a particularly nasty plague, that struck Rome in 166—or rather it would be more accurate to say, not that he lived through it, but left Rome to escape it. As for the continued reflections on previous plagues, we shall be discussing Lucretius’ account of the Athenian plague, the actual historical one described by Thucydides, but now overlaid with new imaginings. Why should this staunch advocate of the Epicurean philosophy have ended his poem with a detailed and graphic—and intensely gloomy—account of that plague? I shall try to answer that question at the end of the chapter.
Relative and Absolute Chronology
Authors: Lemos Irene S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘Protogeometric’ (PG) was first introduced by Schweitzerin 1917 to define a style of pottery which was different from both the previous Sub-Mycenaean (SM) and the succeeding Geometric. This stylistic sequence was confirmed by Kraiker and Kübler’s important publication in 1939 of the finds from the Kerameikos cemetery in Athens which marked the beginning of the study of the PG period and allowed them to identify the stylistic development of the pottery within it.
Kraiker, in his account of the Kerameikos cemetery, divided the PG material into phases, using a stylistic analysis of the pottery as the basis for his divisions. These were termed ‘Transi tional’ from SM to PG, ‘Early’, ‘Ripe’, and ‘Late’. His stylistic analysis was mainly based on the development of vase shapes: from vases with a globular profile, as found in the Transitional and Early phases, to the better-made and better-proportioned vases of the Ripe stage. This development reaches its highest point during the Late phase when vases appear with a slender ovoid body.
The Pottery
Authors: Lemos Irene S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter a more detailed account is given of the PG pottery, which is the main, and quite often the only, evidence provided by several sites. Moreover, as has been made clear in the previous chapter, pottery has been the chief means of establishing the relative chronology.
The pottery is examined by vase types, following its development in all the PG sites, from its first appearance to the end of the period. This method differs from that used when the pottery is examined by region, since the aim here is to follow the evolution of each vase type in all the areas where it appears, by studying each vase type separately. At the same time, this method allows the geographical origin of each type to be more easily located, while communication among PG areas may be shown by the way a particular vase type is adopted by one region from another. Equally, regional preferences are revealed when a vase type or sub-type occurs only locally.
Metal and Other Finds
Authors: Lemos Irene S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there had been sporadic use of iron, it became much more common at the beginning of the Protogeometric period with the frequent and widespread use of iron technology. Both meteoritic and smelted iron were known during the Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean but they were used mostly for making precious objects, such as jewellery and ceremonial weapons. Archaeological and textual evidence shows that in the second millennium iron was a rare material associated with other luxurious items found in temples, palaces, and royal burials, while in the Late Bronze Age, and especially after the 1200 BCupheavals, iron started to be used slightly more frequently for the making of tools and weapons, although most of the objects made of iron were still luxurious personal ornaments.
Burial Practices
Authors: Lemos Irene S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prehistoric archaeologists often employ mortuary remains to interpret the social structure of ancient societies, based on the belief that the treatment of the dead corresponds to the status or the ‘social persona’ that the deceased had in life. Over the years this debate has involved both anthropologists and archaeologists, some of whom have been cautious about the limits of such studies which attempt to establish a close correlation between mortuary remains and social ranking in life.
Aegean archaeologists have also been involved in such discussions. Two major studies, in particular by Morris and Whitley, employ mortuary data mostly from Athens in order to understand the social changes reflected in the burial customs. Their aim was to explain the rise of the polis.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Lovell Beddoes’s summary of the fate of German poets— living gods reduced in death to cultural compost—turns on two related applications of the term ‘remains’ to material forms: ‘That which is left of a person when life is extinct; the (dead) body, corpse’; ‘The literary works (esp. the unpublished ones) left by an author; also, the fragments of an ancient writer’ (OED). Latent in the analogy between ‘decaying corporeal substance’ and ‘literary remains’ is a suggestion of the peculiar vulnerability of authorial death. Where the bodies of obscure humanity rot undisturbed, the poet’s two ‘bodies’ are in the public domain, subject to homage and exploitation.
Reading the Poet’s Grave with Rossetti
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1869, to mark the death of a recently acquired pet in the Tudor House menagerie, Dante Gabriel Rossetti improvised a commemorative verse and ink drawing parodying Victorian memorial conventions (Fig. 3). The verse rewrites Thomas Moore’s popular lyric from ‘The Fire-Worshippers’ section of Lalla Rookh, ‘I never nurs’d a dear gazelle’ as ‘I never reared a young Wombat’, the speaker lamenting that when ‘he most was sweet and fat … he was sure to die!’ The drawing poses Rossetti’s distinctive corpulent figure as the conventional ‘female mourner’, eyes covered with a large handkerchief, kneeling over the reciprocally corpulent wombat lying on its back with four feet in the air.
‘Nothing but Dust’: Resurrecting Burns
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally held to have been composed by Shakespeare shortly before his death on 23 April 1616, and still protecting his nameless grave in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon, this is the most notorious and debated epitaph of any English poet.1 It has been bombarded with analysis and startling theses founded on the rubble, notably the reattribution of Shakespeare’s canon to Francis Bacon or Christopher Marlowe.2 Many have shared William Honey’s view that the ‘poorness of the doggerel rhyme’ argues against Shakespeare’s authorship, while others treat the warning as a code by which the Bard sought to speak from the grave.
‘The Grave of a Poetess’
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glennis Stephenson has argued that Romantic poetesses such as Felicia Hemans and Letitia Landon knowingly constructed their poetic personae in relation to their readers’ assumption that the woman and her text were the same, implicitly that ‘woman’s truth is located in her body, and that this truth cancels out her words’.1 Susan Brown extends this readerly assumption to the literal textual corpus: a ‘com- modified aestheticism&frequently conflates the woman poet’s body with her literary corpus’, making ‘the poetical body of a woman available for consumption’.
Wordsworth in ‘The Churchyard among the Mountains’
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1850 Henry Crabb Robinson paradoxically ‘fear[ed]’ the death of his friend the ‘great poet’, yet had to welcome the author’s death that conferred immortal life on the surviving works.1 Robin- son recognizes that readers’ tendency to conflate works and man destabilizes contemporary critical valuations, an issue Stephen Gill dramatizes in Wordsworth and the Victorians (1998) as the coexistence of two late-Wordsworths:There was ‘Wordsworth’, the identifying term for an ever-increasing body of poetry and prose, some of which reached back to the end of the previous century … But there was also William Wordsworth, Esq., of Rydal Mount, latterly, title-pages proudly announced, ‘D. C. L., Poet Laureate, etc.
The Early Publication of the Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare’s sonnets as we know them were first printed as a collection in 1609, towards the end of his career. But some of them had already been overed to readers either publicly or privately. The first mention of Shakespeare as a writer of sonnets comes in Palladis Tamia, or Wit’s Treasury, a book published in 1598 by the Cambridge-educated clergyman Francis Meres (1565–1647), who was well acquainted with the literary scene. The bulk of this volume is an anthology of supposedly wise sayings culled from classical and modern writers, but Meres adds a ‘Comparative Discourse of our English Poets with the Greek, Latin, and Italian Poets’ in which he writes admiringly of Shakespeare as both playwright and poet, saying that ‘the sweet witty soul of Ovid lives in mellixuous and honey-tongued Shakespeare, witness his Venus and Adonis, his Lucrece, his sugared sonnets among his private friends, etc.
The History and Emergence of the Sonnet as a Literary Form
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Shakespeare’s comedy The Merry Wives of Windsor, written probably around 1597, at the height of popularity of the English sonnet sequence, young Abraham Slender, seeking inspiration in his wooing of Anne Page, declares ‘I had rather than forty shillings I had my book of songs and sonnets here’ (1.1.181–2). He is speaking of the Wrst English poetry anthology, the Songs and Sonnets published in 1557 by Richard Tottel, and now generally known as Tottel’s Miscellany. This is a substantial collection of sonnets and other lyrical poems, many of them written by Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503–42) and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (?1517–47), which had previously circulated only in manuscript.
The Place of ‘A Lover’s Complaint’
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of Shakespeare’s collection of sonnets in the 1609 Quarto is printed a 329-line poem called ‘A Lover’s Complaint’. It has a separate heading repeating the attribution to Shakespeare, but in spite of this its authorship has long been questioned. Estimates vary as to the number of new words the poem contains which are not found anywhere in Shakespeare. Colin Burrow (p. 139) counts forty-nine, for example ‘plaintful (l. 2), ‘Xuxive’ (l. 50), and ‘pensived’ (l. 219). In an article for Shakespeare Quarterly, 48/2 (1997), Ward Elliott counts eighty-eight new words and continues seriously to doubt the poem’s attribution to Shakespeare.
Oratorians and the Teaching of Cartesian Philosophy in Seventeenth-Century France
Authors: Ariew Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On. November 11,1611, a group of six priests led by Pierre de Berulle gathered at a house on rue Saint-Jacques in front of the Carmelite convent in Paris, with the intent to live together as a community.1 The Oratory of France began that day.2 Within two years Pope Paul IV signed the bull Sacro Sanctae, sanctioning the institution called Congregation de l’Oratoire de Notre Seigneur Jesus-Christ en France, and Parlement registered the patent letters authorizing the society’s foundation.
Nation and nationalism
Authors: Smith Helmut Walser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That we die but once to serve our country. (The cover page inscription, a citation from Joseph Addison’s Cato, chosen by Thomas Abbt for the first edition of his On Death for the Fatherland, 1761) As there was no first nationalist, so there was no first event initiating the course of German nationalism. In the beginning, there was neither an absence of revolution nor the fact of Napoleon; there was, instead, the slow, tentative emergence of a discourse, transatlantic in reach, that transformed the way men thought about fighting and dying for their country. This was a discourse about nations.
The idea of Medieval Narrative
Authors: Davenport Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Look on a shelf labelled ‘Medieval Narrative’ nowadays and you are as likely to find the adventures of Brother Cadfael or Sister Fidelma, or a trilogy called Merlin or Guenevere, as a copy of the Nibelungen- lied or The Canterbury Tales. The Middle Ages has, from the sixteenth century on, repeatedly been reinvented : King Lear, The Eve of St Agnes, News from Nowhere, and many other plays, poems, novels are indicators of writers’ interest in using their historical imagination on actual stories from the medieval past, or invented situations placed in medieval settings or idealizations of medieval political systems and living conditions.
Essays, newspapers, and magazines
Authors: Christie William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periodicals—printed forms that recur periodically—had been around in Britain since the beginning of printing in the fifteenth century in the form of almanacs, annals, and annuals. It took a number of legal, cultural, and political changes, however, as well as changes in what we would call communications and technology, to allow that network of newspapers, magazines, journals, and Reviews that the Romantics were the first to identify as ‘the periodical press’ to develop and flourish. Some of the changes necessary for the development of a periodical press had themselves been accelerated by it.
Sciences
Authors: Gaull Marilyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legacies of Romanticism in science include concepts such as the age and origin of the earth and of life; discoveries such as oxygen and electricity, theories of light, sound, and colour; inventions such as steam engines, tin cans, hot-air balloons, bicycles, umbrellas, sewing machines, cotton underwear, carbon paper; and the organization of the sciences as professions and disciplines, with credentials, languages, societies, and publications. By 1830 individual sciences in the modern sense had emerged, including astronomy, biology, physics, chemistry, anatomy, palaeontology, geology, botany, and zoology.
Jane Austen’s Textual Lives
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through three intertwined histories Jane Austen's Textual Lives. offers a new way of approaching and reading a very familiar author. One is a history of the transmission and transformation of Jane Austen through manuscripts, critical editions, biographies, and adaptations; a second provides a conspectus of the development of English Studies as a discipline in which the original and primary place of textual criticism is recovered; and a third reviews the role of Oxford University Press in shaping a canon of English texts in the twentieth century. Jane Austen can be discovered in all three. Since her rise to celebrity status at the end of the nineteenth century, Jane Austen has occupied a position within English-speaking culture that is both popular and canonical, accessible and complexly inaccessible, fixed and certain yet wonderfully amenable to shifts of sensibility and cultural assumptions. The implied contradiction was represented in the early twentieth century by, on the one hand, the Austen family's continued management, censorship, and sentimental marketing of the sweet lady novelist of the Hampshire countryside; and on the other, by R. W. Chapman's 1923 Clarendon Press edition of the Novels of Jane Austen, which subjected her texts to the kind of scholarly probing reserved till then for classical Greek and Roman authors obscured by centuries of attrition. It was to be almost fifty years before the Clarendon Press considered it necessary to recalibrate the reputation of another popular English novelist in this way. Beginning with specific encounters with three kinds of textual work and the problems, clues, or challenges to interpretation they continue to present, Kathryn Sutherland goes on to consider the absence of a satisfactory critical theory of biography that can help us address the partial life, and ends with a discussion of the screen adaptations through which the texts continue to live on. Throughout, Jane Austen's textual identities provide a means to explore the wider issue of what text is and to argue the importance of understanding textual space as itself a powerful agent established only by recourse to further interpretations and fictions.
Manuscripts and the Acts of Writing
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is something more than usually poignant about the evidence provided by Jane Austen’s manuscripts. Their survival could hardly have been better planned. They stand for bold, facetious experiment, for failure or dead ends, and eventually for death itself. In the case of the juvenilia and the novella Lady Susan, a bookmaker’s pride enhances their fair copy status as cofidential documents.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; These are her exuberant beginnings as a writer, the make-believe or vanity publications for family circulation of a literary apprentice.
Speaking Commas
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of the twentieth century debates about textual authority operated according to the unexamined claim that authorial practice and textual co ruption shared a common identity when the author was female. Put bluntly, it was assumed that the texts of works by female authors were likely to display more errors, more fundamentally, and in more places. Such assumptions had much to do with the ideological gendering of the act of writing and of textual critical practices as they served to form and defend a literary canon, West of Classical and in more recent centuries of vernacular works.
Bad Women: Gender Politics in Late Twentieth-Century Performance and Revision of Greek Tragedy
Authors: Foley Helene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unquestionably, contemporary performances and revisions of Greek tragedy world-wide have responded explicitly and self-consciously to the prominent gender politics of Greek tragedy. With out a doubt, the increased interest in these aspects of Greek tragedy since the late 1960s has reflected or engaged with developments in both the feminist and gay and lesbian movements.
Accountability in Restorative Justice
Authors: Roche Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In reviving the idea of an informal approach to conflict resolution, the Restorative Justice movement attempts to break out of the predominantly punitive thinking which shapes modern criminal justice. Its proponents claim that its guiding ideals – personalism, participation, reparation, and reintegration – deliver a fairer, more effective, and more humane justice than does the court system. However, a simplistic tendency both to extol the virtues of restorative justice and to denigrate all conventional formal approaches risks blinding enthusiasts to the dangers inherent in unchecked participant power, as well as to the protection which state institutions and professionals can provide to individuals and communities. The procedural safeguard of institutional accountability helps reduce these dangers. Examining the experiences of 25 programmes in six countries, Accountability in Restorative Justice uncovers a number of neglected, overlapping, and incomplete types of accountability, including the informal type built into deliberations between victims and offenders and their supporters. This deliberative accountability can provide a rigorous check for regulating decision-making, holding state agencies accountable, and monitoring the completion of agreements reached between participants. This book also considers the role played by formal types of accountability, such as external review. It suggests a new approach, in which judges become more involved in monitoring the quality of deliberation in restorative justice conferences than with enforcing traditional sentencing principles.
Israeli Jewry
Authors: Kaplan Eran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Israel is home to diverse Jewish groups that, though united in a single political entity, are deeply divided in their attitudes to Jewish nationalism, religion, and Jewish history. The tenuous relations between state and religion, and between secular and religious Jews, grow out of the inherent contradictions of Zionism, which sought to be at the same time a modern national movement and the legitimate representative of an ancient religious tradition; and which sought to provide a home for all Jews, yet accepted Orthodox–Ashkenazi–Judaism as the only authentic representation of the Jewish tradition.
Prayer and worship
Authors: Langer Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional Judaism integrates the holy into every aspect of life. Consequently, prayer and the synagogue represent only one, not particularly privileged, subset of Jewish sacred activities and locations. Other activities, like Torah study, being charitable, or even eating, and other places, like the study hall or the home, are also sacred. However, the Christian world’s stricter separation of sacred and secular spaces and activities meant that the synagogue took a leading role in Judaism’s move into modernity. If Jews and Judaism were to be accepted as legitimate parts of western society, then public Jewish religious life, to which Christians would first look in characterizing Judaism, needed to be ‘presentable’ in Christian eyes.
The authority of texts
Authors: Lange Nicholas de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judaism has always been a text-based religion. Literacy has traditionally been highly valued, and the written word has enjoyed a status that is all the stronger for want of a well-developed continuous tradition of musical or visual art. In the past the book was accorded a status little short of magical. At the heart of Jewish worship is the display, reading, and exposition of a written text, the Torah. Public education has been accorded a high priority in Jewish society down the ages, and the possession of books has been a feature of Jewish homes even when it was rare in the surrounding culture.