bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The principles of the chemistry of living systems
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall assume that living systems are chemical in their material nature. Much as there is a puzzle as to how inanimate objects come to form separable speciated chemical compounds, as we have discussed in Chapters 2-9, so there is a parallel puzzle concerning the species of living forms. The diversity of life, as illustrated in Fig. 10.1, is very, very indeed. We shall find it convenient to divide the species into anaerobic prokaryotes, anaerobic eukaryotes, aerobic prokaryotes and eukaryotes (single cells), multicellular organisms and self-conscious man.
The ecology of tick-borne infections in wildlife reservoirs
Authors: Randolph S E , Chemini C , Furlanello C , Genchi C , Hails R S , Hudson P J , Jones L D , Medley G , Norman R A , Rizzoli A P , Smith G , Woolhouse M E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blood-sucking arthropods can provide efficient transport of infectious agents from one host to another. The large variety of combinations of host, vector, and pathogen locked into eternal triangles is testimony to the advantage to parasites of utilizing this form of transmission. We consider in detail those infections transmitted by ticks, since these are almost all zoonoses, with wildlife species playing a central role in maintaining endemic cycles of infection. Ticks are relatively long-lived and many species are catholic in their blood-sucking habits, so they can act as the principal disease reservoir and often carry a community of pathogens. Humans or their livestock are frequently infected, often with fatal consequences, as they accidentally intrude on these natural cycles.
The role of pathogens in biological conservation
Authors: Cleaveland S , Hess G R , Dobson A P , Laurenson M K , McCallum H I , Roberts M G , Woodroffe R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the complex role of pathogens in biological conservation, focusing on both the threat that infectious diseases pose to endangered populations, and the role of infectious agents as a force generating and maintaining biodiversity. In comparison with habitat loss, over-harvesting, and pollution, the threat posed by disease may appear to represent a minor problem for conservation. Habitat loss and fragmentation are the driving forces most frequently indicted in the loss of biodiversity (e.g. Saunders and Hobbs 1991). However, disease risks for animals living in the remaining habitat fragments are likely to increase as contact with human and domestic animal populations becomes more frequent, and with alterations in microclimate and landscape ecology (Scott 1988; Saunders and Hobbs 1991; Forman 1995). Here we outline the circumstances under which infectious diseases represent a conservation problem, and draw attention to the insights that are needed to permit informed decisions about future management strategies.
Components of signalling networks: linkers and regulators
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Signal transduction cascades are built from many different components which are glued together by structural motifs, which are the ‘putty’, the ‘cement’, that holds the ‘bricks’ together. The phosphotyrosyls and other markers on the surface of RTKs recruit linker or adaptor proteins which contain structural motifs, such as Src-(Rous sarcoma virus)-homology 2 (SH2), Src-homology 3 (SH3), pleckstrin-homology (PH), phosphotyro-sine-binding (PTB), and other domains. With the help of these motifs, the adaptors link the receptor to regulatory proteins in the cell, building signalling networks. Adaptors and linkers are evolutionary conserved. Homologues are expressed in Caenorhabditis elegans and in Drosophila. Many linkers are without enzymatic activity, but some are cytosolic kinases and phosphatases or monomeric GTP-binding proteins and their regulators, GDP-exchange factor (GEFs), and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). These enzymatic linkers play a special role, because they not only transmit and control the receptor signals, they also amplify them.
Surgical resection of metastase
Authors: Slaton Joel W , Swanson David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an aggressive tumor with a high propensity to metastasize. Historically, in fact, 25 to 48 per cent of patients already had metastases at the time of initial presentation (Skinner et al. 1971; deKernion et al. 1978), although this proportion has almost certainly decreased as ever-increasing numbers of tumors are being found incidentally (Bretheau et al. 1995b; Rodriguez et al. 1995). Additionally, between 8 and 43 per cent of patients will manifest metastasis after resection of apparently localized disease with the incidence dependent on the stage of the tumor (Levy et al. 1998). Patients who present with synchronous metastases have an average survival time of about 4 months with only 10 per cent surviving 1 year, whereas patients with metachro- nous metastases have a median survival time of 11 months (deKernion et al. 1978; Maldazys and deKernion 1986).
A new evidence base for making early intervention in emergency services complementary to officers’ preferred adjustment and coping strategies
Authors: Orner Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the search for helpful early interventions after trauma, investigations have tended to focus on individuals and groups who experience adverse reactions and functional impairment (Shalev et al., 2000). This is as true for accidental victims as for high-risk occupational groups, such as the emergency and uniformed services. This historical legacy is not unreasonable considering the aim of early intervention is to offer assistance for acute trauma-related syndromes. However, hindsight also makes us wiser about the biases and blind spots inherent in this particular line of investigation. For instance, it is now recognized that trauma does not invariably result in func tional impairments (Lyons, 1991) and can promote positive personal adjustment in the longer term (Tedeschi et al., 1998). Much less is known about the processes that promote post-traumatic coping, post-traumatic competence and post-traumatic mastery than the risk factors associated with adjustment difficulties.
Bowel Symptoms
Authors: Sykes Nigel P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constipation in palliative care is a symptom, not a disease, and is, therefore, defined by the patient rather than the physician. In the assessment of bowel function, it is important not to be misled by the ‘diarrhea’ resulting from fecal impaction; rectal examination reveals most cases of impaction. Good general symptom control is important in the prophylaxis of constipation, as it will maximize physical activity and food and fluid intake. However, too much dietary fiber may not be tolerated, and fiber alone is unlikely to resolve severe constipation.
Mitochondrial DNA expression
Authors: Taanman Jan-Willem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In vertebrates, the mitochondrial genome consists of double-stranded, covalently-closed DNA molecules that are present as multiple copies per mitochondrion. The two strands of DNA can be distinguished on the basis of G + T base composition, which results in different buoyant densities of each strand (‘heavy’ and ‘light’) in an isopycnic gradient. In metabolically active vertebrate cells, a ∼1-kb non-coding region of a large fraction of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules contains a triplex structure, in which a short (7S) DNA strand complementary to the light (L) strand displaces the heavy (H) strand. This region, which is flanked by the genes for the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) tRNAPhe and tRNAPro, is called the dis- placement loop or D-loop region and is the least conserved part of mitochondrial genomes.
Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions and mitochondrial DNA depletion
Authors: Suomalainen-Wartiovaara Anu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondrial mtDNA maintenance is a complex process. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae over a hundred genes have been identified whose deletion causes loss or instability of mtDNA.1 However, progress in elucidating the equivalent mechanisms in mammals lags behind that of yeast, and the factors regulating mtDNA stability in mammals are only now beginning to be unravelled. The progress made in yeast, as well as in bacteria and bacteriophages, can be of enormous benefit to understanding human pathologies as there is considerable conservation of mtDNA maintenance proteins.
Mechanisms underlying the age-related accumulation of mutant mitochondrial DNA
Authors: de Grey Aubrey DNJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In that first paper, Harman further noted that the substances most likely to suffer damage from free radicals would be those closest to the free radicals’ principal site(s) of production. It would be another decade before we acquired the crucial item of information that brings this point into conjunction with the proposed importance of DNA oxidation to ageing. That item was, of course, the discovery10,11 that mitochondria possess their own DNA, encoding proteins essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
General principles of biomineralization
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we know a lot about the structures of biominerals and how they vary in different organisms (see Chapter 2), relatively little is known in precise detail concerning the molecular interactions governing their controlled construction. There are, however, some general principles that are reasonably well established and which we discuss in this chapter. These principles are then developed further in Chapters 4 to 8 with a focus through out on the prevailing ideas and concepts, particularly from a chemical perspective. Other important aspects, such as the genetic and cellular control of biomineralization, lie for the most part outside the scope of this book
Biomineral tectonics
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of higher-order structures in biomineralization involves an integrated process of construction that we refer to as biomineral tectonics. The word ‘tectonics’ originates from the Greek, tekton, a builder, and is often used by geologists to describe large-scale structural aspects of the earth, such as the continental plates. Chemists, on the other hand, have used the term ‘molecular tectonics’ to describe the rational construction of molecule-based structures from discrete well-defined building blocks. In a similar vein, this chapter considers the construction of complex multilayered biomineralized structures in terms of the integration of preformed building blocks or modules across a range of length scales. For this, we need to bring together the principles and concepts discussed in Chapters 4 to 7, so that the chemical, spatial, structural and morphological aspects of biomineralization are assimilated into a general process of biomineral tectonics (see Table 3.2 in Chapter 3, Section 3.6). We begin with a description of bone as an archetype of a higher-order structure in biomineralization
What is multiple sclerosis?
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there had been earlier partial descriptions, multiple sclerosis was first identified as a distinctive disease in 1868 by the great French neurologist Charcot, working at the Salpetriere hospital in Paris. It is strange that a disease that now seems to be so well defined should have remained unrecognized for so long, but methods of examining someone with organic disease of the nervous system were only then being developed. Charcot’s great contribution to medicine was in linking the careful observation of symptoms and signs of disease in life with the pathological findings in the nervous system after death. He called this new disease ‘sclerose en plaques’ a phrase that in his original lecture he feared would sound barbarous to his audience. The ‘sclerose’ or sclerosis of his title means hardening and refers to the scarring that is the end result of the damage caused to the nervous system by multiple sclerosis. The word ‘sclerosis’ was used very freely in the early days of neurology and persists in the con, fusing title used in the United States to describe a quite different and much more serious disease of the nervous system, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
The treatment of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of multiple sclerosis is a subject that arouses intense and sometimes partisan emotions. The doctor has to reconcile the desire for effective treatment with the objectivity that is absolutely necessary to a vitally important scientific discovery, whilst not appearing to be obstructive and unwilling to try unconventional remedies. As might be expected, not all succeed in this complex task. Those with MS and their families are naturally unfamiliar with the technicalities of assessing any therapeutic agent that is not obviously an immediate cure and with the peculiar difficulties posed by the fluctuating unpredictable course of MS. Anyone with the disease will not want to wait for the results of a protracted trial before embarking on treatment for which hopeful claims have been made. Indeed, no one would wish to discourage this unless the method was harmful to health or obviously a useless waste of money, but this is not the way to discover the cure.
War and peace, crime and punishment in chimpanzee society
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the hope of gaining an audience with a group of chimpanzees, we left Mweya, in the Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda, early one morning. Our route took us through a region of dry bush savannah and we saw very little of interest—a few solitary buffaloes and a couple of warthog families. We paid little attention to which species of birds darted back and forth across the road before disappearing into the dew-covered foliage. However, a pale bird of prey sitting in the highest reaches of a candelabra euphorbia caused us to screech to a halt: was it a pallid or a Montagu’s harrier? On this occasion, it was a pallid harrier—a winter visitor from somewhere in south-east Europe or Asia.
In Your Own Time a guide for patients and their carers facing a last illness at home
Authors: Lee Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone suffering from a terminal illness faces huge challenges, not only emotionally and physically, but also in the range of practical decisions they need to make. In your own time guides the patient through the choices that exist in the current system of medical care, helping them decide on the kind of care they want, and where they receive it - in the hospice or the home. It includes chapters on coming to terms with their situation, the help available to them at home, how to choose between a hospice and home, and advice on coping with the inevitable feelings and emotions of both patient and carer. Written by a GP with extensive experience in this area, the book is unique in presenting both a compassionate and practical guide for anyone affected by serious illness, one that will empower them with the information they need to maintain the highest possible quality of life in their final days.
Teaching Medical Students in Primary and Secondary Care
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an up-to-date book for the busy medical teacher, suitable for all grades of teacher experience and all clinical specialties. The chapters cover aspects of teaching from preparation, basic teaching skills, to the use of teaching resources, evaluation, assessment and curriculum planning. Each fully referenced chapter provides practical suggestions for busy clinicians, and easy to photocopy resources to enable teachers to put ideas into practice. The book supports the practical advice with the key evidence and theories underlying current medical education, allowing it to be used for both last minute planning as well as acting as a carefully constructed introduction to teaching medical undergraduates in the hospital or the community.
Content of session
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way in which you approach planning and teaching a session depends not only on the group size and setting but also on the content of the session. If you want students to learn how to use an otoscope, they will need to be able to try out the skill. However if you want them to know how to treat otitis media, you might use a less ‘hands-on’ approach. A good understanding of how students learn knowledge, skills, and attitudes helps effective teachers to tailor their teaching methods to the type of information they are trying to get across.
Designing and using teaching materials
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having prepared and planned your session, you might think that with adequate teaching skills you can make a success of anything. However any teaching session, no matter how well delivered, will fall flat if the teaching materials that accompany it are poor. Making high quality teaching materials that help students learn is a skill that improves with practise.
Early onset schizophrenia: cognitive and clinical characteristics
Authors: Frangou Sophia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schizophrenia commonly begins in young adulthood (Hafner et al. 1993). However, about 4 per cent of cases experience an unusually early onset of the disorder before 18 years of age (Cannon et al. 1999). Some of the studies reviewed here focused on patients with onset before the age of 12 (childhoodonset schizophrenia), others have examined adolescents (adolescent-onset schizophrenia) and some have included a mixture of children and adolescents. The boundary between childhood and adolescent onset schizophrenia reflects traditional divisions in the structure of psychiatric services rather than differences in presumed aetiology or pathophysiology.
Diagnostic variability in the early course of schizophrenia
Authors: Bromet Evelyn J , Naz Bushra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the topics of sampling and diagnosis represent seemingly separate design issues, in the case of schizophrenia, they are interdependent. This is because under DSM III-R and IV, the classification requires a six month duration of the prodromal, active (presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior), and/ or residual phases of the illness. For first-episode or first-admission patients, the follow-up itself often clarifies the diagnosis. Thus, to minimize misclassification, it would be critical to include in the sample patients who either present with, or have for the potential for developing, schizophrenia, e.g., true-positive and false-negative cases.
Late-onset schizophrenia: characteristics of patients at the first episode
Authors: Harvey Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few aspects of schizophrenia that are more controversial than the existence of late-onset schizophrenia. As recently noted: ‘Hardly any psychiatric disorder exists that has been described so inconsistently, defined in such an imprecise manner, and about which we have so little sound empirical knowledge as late onset schizophrenia’ (Reicher-Rossler, 1999, p. 3). The debate began around 100 years previously and is still ongoing, fueled by changes in the age of onset criteria for schizophrenia across various editions of the DSM and by epidemiological studies suggesting that some individuals meet the full criteria for schizophrenia and have their first symptoms over the age of 45.
Tuning and temperament: closing the spiral
Authors: Bibby Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each musical note has a basic frequency (essentially, the number of times the sound pulsates in a given period of time): thus the note ‘A’, which you may hear the oboe play while an orchestra is tuning up, has a frequency of 440 Hz (cycles per second). Frequency enables us to talk about relationships between musical sounds. However, for purposes of comparing two notes, the actual frequency is less important than the ratio of their frequencies.
Composing with numbers: sets, rows and magic squares
Authors: Cross Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accusations of lack of artistry, lack of creative imagination, and even lack of musicality have been hurled by critics and music-lovers alike at very many twentieth-century composers, and not least at the Viennese composer, Arnold Schoenberg. His ‘discovery’, as he put it, in the early 1920s, of his ‘method of composing with twelve tones’, was seen by those at a distance from his work as being a kind of compositional equivalent of those ‘painting by numbers’ kits that can be bought in children’s toy shops.
Multidimensional U Pwinding : Preparing the Future of Computational Methods for Compressible Flows
Authors: Deconinck H , Paillère H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of present day upwind schemes for computing compressible flows is the solution of the one-dimensional Riemann problem: it describes the evolution of the flow which results from bringing into contact two fluids at constant but different states.
Can monkeys malinger?
Authors: Byrne Richard W , Stokes Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often helpful, when examining a subtle or vexed issue, to take an outside perspective. The non human primates present opportunities for doing just this, with respect to malingering. Monkeys and apes live in long-lasting and often complex social milieus, in which there are profits to be made by malingering-and indeed, malingering has been found in many species, and of a rich panoply of types, limited more by opportunity than cognitive flexibility. Yet most of these animals are believed, with reason, not to understand the intentional states of others; only the great apes may properly intend to malinger. Perhaps much more malingering in humans is ‘unintentional’ than is cornrnonly thought? Disablement in chimpanzees and gorillas, a result of snare injury, allows us to see how well they can compensate for loss of capacities, uncontaminated by the help of others since help is not offered in ape society.
The social cognition of intentional action
Authors: Malle Bertram F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malingering is typically defined as the intentional attempt to simulate or exaggerate illness symp toms in order to reach a consciously desired goal (e.g. health benefits or release from military duty). Because of its intentional and conscious quality, malingering is more blameworthy in our social and legal system than hypochondria, hysteria, or related disorders, which count as unintentional because their illness symptoms are caused by nonconscious factors (e.g. anxiety). However, the distinction between intentional and unintentional behaviour is often treated with suspicion. In particular, within the complex web of individuals and institutions who deal with the problem of malingering, nobody wants to make intentionality judgements. Investigators for the insurance industry or the government are only interested in ‘facts’, not judgements (even though, naturally, brute facts do not have the causal power to deny benefits or demand repayment; they have causal power only insofar as individuals judge them as relevant and decisive for the question at issue).