bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peningkatan sistem dispersi padat dan campuran fisik ramipril dengan kombinasi PEG 6000 dan HPMC menggunakan metode pelarutan
Authors: Rusli Doddy , Amelia Kiki , Duante Linda Juni 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
Solid dispersion systems are one or more active substances in an inert carrier in a solid state, with a soluble carrier, research on the study of Ramipril solid dispersion systems with PEG 6000-HPMC using dissolution methods. This study aims to prove whether there is an effect of the addition of PEG 6000 - HPMC in increasing the dissolution rate of Ramipril and to see in what ratio PEG 6000 and HPMC can increase the dissolution rate of ramipril. This study uses a ratio of 1:0.5:0.5, 1:1:1, and 1:1:2. As a comparison, a physical mixture with the same composition and pure ramipril was prepared as a solid dispersion. Characteristics were carried out by dissolution and particle size tests. The dissolution test was carried out using the paddle method in phosphate buffer medium pH 7.4 at 37 ± 0.5°C at 100 rpm for 60 minutes. Statistical tests were carried out using one-way ANOVA tests and Duncan's follow-up tests. The results of dissolution of solid dispersion minutes to 60 at the ratio (1:0.5:0.5) 68.52%, (1:1:1) 85.73%, and (1:1:2) 95.36%. The results showed that the addition of PEG 6000 and HPMC could improve the ramipril dissolution test, with the best ratio being solid dispersion 1:1:2.
Keywords: Solid, dispersion, system, ramipril, dissolution

ABSTRAK
Sistem dispersi padat adalah satu atau lebih zat aktif dalam suatu pembawa inert dalam keadaan padat, dengan pembawa yang mudah larut. Ramipril merupan salah satu obat yang termasuk ke dalam BCS tipe II. Kelarutan dan kelembaban yang buruk dari obat ini menyebabkan disolusi yang buruk, serta mempengaruhi variasi dalam ketersediaan hayati. Polimer yang telah dibuktikan dapat meningkatkan laju disolusi diantaranya PEG 6000 dan HPMC. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan ada tidaknya pengaruh penambahan PEG 6000 - HPMC dalam meningkatkan laju disolusi Ramipril serta melihat pada perbandingan berapa PEG 6000 dan HPMC dapat meningkatkan laju disolusi ramipril. Penelitian ini menggunakan perbandingan 1:0,5:0,5, 1:1:1, dan 1:1:2. Sebagai perbandingan dispersi padat dibuat campuran fisik dengan komposisi yang sama dan ramipril murni. Karakteristik dilakukan dengan uji disolusi dan ukuran partikel. Uji disolusi yang dilakukan dengan metode dayung dalam medium dapar fosfat pH 7,4 suhu 37±0,5ºC dengan kecepatan 100 rpm selama 60 menit. Uji statistik dilakukan dengan uji ANOVA satu arah dan uji lanjutan duncan. Hasil disolusi dispersi padat menit ke 60 pada perbandingan (1:0,5:0,5) 68,52%, (1:1:1) 85,73%, dan (1:1:2) 95,36%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan PEG 6000 dan HPMC dapat meningkatkan uji disolusi ramipril, dengan perbandingan terbaik yaitu dispersi padat 1:1:2.
Kata Kunci: sistem, dispersi, padat, ramipril, pelarutan
Formulasi sediaan deodoran spray ekstrak daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz&Pav) dengan variasi alum (tawas)
Authors: Kurniawan Kurniawan , Kusumasary Dhiyah Ayu , Estikomah Solikah Ana , Marfu’ah Nurul 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
One way to overcome body odor is by using deodorant. One of the herbal ingredients that can be used in deodorant formulations is Piper crocatum leaves. Piper crocatum leaves have numerous bioactive compounds as an antibacterial agent. Beside, the deodorants can be added with other ingredients for example, alum (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) an antiperspirant. This study aims to determine the result of physical stability tests in deodorant spray formulations from Piper crocatum extract with variation of alum. Piper crocatum leaves were extracted using a maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. The deodorant spray formulation uses Piper crocatum leaf extract with variation of alum at 0% (control), 10% (F-1), 20% (F-2) and 25% (F-3). The result were then tested for pH, organoleptic, homogeneity, spray power, dry time, and cloth effect. The result were then analyzed by comparing with the standard deodorant spray in the 1995 Pharmacopoeia and the 1998 Indonesian National Standard. The results showed that F-1 has the most standard test results covering organoleptic test results, homogeneity, pH, spray power, dry time and effect on fabrics.
Keywords: alum, extract, deodorant spray, Piper crocatum,

ABSTRAK
Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi bau badan adalah dengan cara menggunakan deodoran. Salah satu bahan herbal yang dapat digunakan dalam formulasi deodoran adalah daun sirih merah. Daun sirih merah memiliki senyawa yang memiliki kemampuan antibakteri. Selain bahan aktif, deodoran dapat ditambahi dengan bahan lain misalnya aluminium kalium sulfat yang berfungsi debagai antiperspiran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil uji stabilitas fisik dalam formulasi deodran spray dari ekstrak sirih merah dengan variasi alumunium kalium sulfat. Daun sirih merah diekstrak menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 70%. Formulasi deodorant spray menggunakan ekstrak daun siirh merah dengan variasi aluminium kalium sulfat sebesar 0% (control), 10% (F-1), 20% (F-2) dan 25% (F-3). Hasil sediaan kemudian di uji pH, organoleptik, homogenitas, daya semprot, waktu kering, dan efek kain. Hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan cara membandingkan dengan standar deodoran spray yang ada di Farmakope 1995 dan Standar Nasional Indonesia 1998. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sediaan F-1 adalah sediaan yang memiliki hasil uji paling memenuhi standar meliputi hasil uji organoleptic, homogenitas, pH, daya semprot, waktu kering dan efek terhadap kain.

Kata kunci : alum, deodoran spray, ekstrak, sirih merah
Formulasi salep ekstrak etanol daun cocor bebek (Kalanchoe pinnata Lamk.) dengan basis cera dan vaselin album
Authors: Retnowati Eko , Hasanatin Sitta , Setyaningsih Dewi 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
The ethanol extract of the leaves of cocor bebek (Kalanchoe pinnata Lamk.) with a concentration of 20% have antibacterial activity. This study aims to determine the physical characteristics of the ethanol extract of cocor duck leaf ointment based on a combination of Cera alba and Vaseline album. The method used in this research is the maceration method using 70% ethanol and the extract concentration used in each formula is 20%. The ointment was made in 5 formulas with a combination of Cera alba and Vaseline album of Fl (5.95), FII (10 90), FIII (15 85), FIV (20 80), FV (25 75). The ointment was tested for physical characteristics including: organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and pH. The results of the organoleptic and homogeneity tests were analyzed descriptively, while data on dispersion and adhesion were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA parametric with a 95% confidence level followed by the Tuckey test, while the viscosity and pH values ​​were analyzed non-parametric statistics using Kruskal Wallis followed by Mann Whitney test. Based on the results showed that the combination of cera alba-vaceline album base produced a homogeneous ointment with different characteristics in viscosity, adhesion, spreadability and pH.
Keywords: Ethanol extract, Kalanchoe pinnata, ointment, cera alba, vaseline album

ABSTRAK
Ekstrak etanol daun cocor bebek (Kalanchoe pinnata Lamk.) dengan kadar 20% telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisik salep ekstrak etanol daun cocor bebek dengan basis kombinasi cera alba dan vaselin album. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 70% dan konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan dalam tiap formula sebesar 20%. Salep dibuat sebanyak 5 formula dengan kombinasi cera alba:vaselin album yaitu Fl (5:95), FII (10:90), FIII (15:85), FIV (20:80), FV (25:75). Salep diuji karakteristik fisiknya meliputi: organoleptis, homogenitas, viskositas, daya sebar, daya lekat, dan pH. Hasil uji organoleptis dan homogenitas dianalisis secara deskriptif, sedangkan data pada daya sebar dan daya lekat dianalisis secara statistik parametrik Anova satu jalan dengan taraf kepercayaan 95% dilanjutkan uji Tuckey, sedangkan viskositas dan nilai pH dianalisis secara statistik non parametrik menggunakan Kruskal Wallis dilanjutkan dengan uji Mann Whitney. Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi basis cera alba-vaselin album menghasilkan salep yang homogen dengan karakteristik yang berbeda pada viskositas, daya lekat, daya sebar dan pH.
Kata Kunci: Ekstrak etanol, Kalanchoe pinnata, salep, cera alba, vaselin album
Penetapan kadar flavonoid dan uji aktivitas penghambat enzim α-amilase ekstrak etanol dan fraksi kulit pisang emas (Musa acuminate Colla) secara in-vitro
Authors: Dewi Plasmawati Kadek , Artini Kusumaningtyas Siwi , Permatasari Desy Ayu Irma 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the deadliest diseases that many people suffer from. One important strategy for reducing blood sugar levels is to inhibit enzymes that hydrolyze carbohydrates, such as -amylase. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of golden banana peel extract on the activity of the -amylase enzyme as an antidiabetic candidate. The results of the fraction from the ethanol extract of the golden banana peel were evaluated for their inhibitory potential against the -amylase enzyme using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method and using starch as a substrate, and the IC50 value was calculated. The results showed that the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract, n-hexane extract, and water tested had the ability to inhibit -amylase enzyme activity. From the tests carried out, the IC50 value was the highest in the ethyl acetate fraction (7.9982 ppm), the ethanol extract of golden banana peel (Musa acuminate Colla.) (10.252 ppm), the water fraction (19.567 ppm), and the n-hexane fraction (70.386 ppm). So that it can be seen that the peel extract of the golden banana (Musa acuminate Colla) is categorized as active as an inhibitor of the -amylase enzyme.
Keywords: enzim, flavonoid, -amylase, fraction, golden banana

ABSTRAK
Diabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan salah satu penyakit mematikan yang cukup banyak diderita oleh masyarakat. Salah satu strategi penting dalam menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah adalah dengan menghambat enzim yang menghidrolisis karbohidrat seperti α-amilase. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui efek penghambatan ekstrak kulit pisang emas terhadap aktivitas enzim α-amilase sebagai kandidat antidiabetes. Hasil fraksi dari ekstrak etanol kulit pisang emas tersebut dievaluasi potensi penghambatannya terhadap enzim α-amilase dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis serta menggunakan amilum sebagai substrat dan dihitung nilai IC50 nya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol, ekstrak etil asetat , ekstrak n-heksan dan air yang diuji memiliki kemampuan menghambat aktivitas enzim α-amilase. Dari pengujian yang dilakukan diperoleh nilai IC50 yaitu yang tertinggi di fraksi etil asetat sebesar 7,9982ppm, ekstrak etanol kulit pisang emas (Musa acuminate Colla.) sebesar 10,252 ppm, fraksi air 19,567ppm, fraksi n-Heksansebesar 70,386 ppm. Sehingga dapat diketahui bahwa ekstrak kulit pisang emas (Musa acuminate Colla) dikategorikan aktif sebagai inhibitor enzim α-amilase.
Kata Kunci: enzim, flavonoid, α-amylase, fraksi, kulit pisang emas
New Insights on the Early Proto-Tethys Subduction History: Evidence from Ages and Petrogenesis of Volcanic Rocks in the Bulunkuole Complex, West Kunlun Orogen
Authors: Zhou Zhenju , Chen Yanjing , Tang Haoshu , Wu Yanshuang , Li Qiugen , Chen Zhengle 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Proto-Tethys Ocean has played a significant role in the geological history of Earth. However, ongoing debates persist regarding the timing and polarity of its early subduction. Volcanic rocks associated with iron deposits in the Bulunkuole Complex, West Kunlun Orogen, offer insights into both the complex’s formation age and Proto-Tethys evolution. This study presents newly obtained zircon U–Pb age data (~536 Ma) along with comprehensive whole-rock major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope analyses of these volcanic rocks. Our dataset implies that the Bulunkuole Complex partly formed in the early Paleozoic rather than entirely in the Paleoproterozoic, as previously suggested. Geochemically, the volcanic rocks exhibit enrichments in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements, along with depletions in high-field strength elements. They also display elevated initial 87Sr/86Sr values (0.71093, 0.72025) and negative εNd(t) values (−5.13, −6.18), classifying them as continental arc volcanic rocks. These geochemical fingerprints, complemented by zircon εHf(t) values (−12.7 to −1.6), indicate that the parental magmas of the volcanic rocks were produced by partial melting of the lithospheric mantle wedge, which had been metasomatized by subducted sediment-derived melts. The available data, in conjunction with previously published findings, strongly suggest that the Proto-Tethys Ocean subducted southward prior to approximately 536 Ma due to the assembly of Gondwana. Subsequent slab rollback may have resulted in a crustal thinning of 9–25 km during 536–514 Ma. Further shifts in subduction dynamics led to the transition from high-angle subduction to either normal or low-angle subduction, facilitating the formation of a thicker crust ranging from 39 to 70 km between 514 and 448 Ma. This study, therefore, provides valuable insights into the early evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and contributes significantly to our understanding of the tectonic history of the West Kunlun Orogen.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Bovine Mastitis in and Around Jigjiga, Somali Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Omer Asma Ibrahim , Mahamed Samatar Abshir , Osman Nesra Yusuf , Ahmed Mustafe Abdi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background: Mastitis is a multi-etiological, complicated disease characterized by an inflamed of the mammary gland parenchyma caused by microbes, most commonly bacterial that infiltrate the udder, proliferate, and create toxins that harm the mammary gland.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study on lactating cattle was undertaken from December 2019 to July 2020 to investigate the prevalence and possible risk factors of bovine mastitis in and around Jigjiga.
RESULTS: At the individual level, the total incidence of mastitis was determined to be 27.2%. Clinical and subclinical mastitis were found in 4.8% and 22.4% of individual cows, respectively. It was also demonstrated that there was an association between mastitis and breeds (OR = 0.13, CI = 0.05-0.32), different age groups (OR = 0.27, CI = 09-0.77), lactation stages (OR = 4.40, CI = 1.64-11.8), parities (OR = 0.15, CI = 0.05-0.42), history of previous mastitis (OR = 10.13, CI = 4.11-24.9), and Husbandry (OR = 0.06, CI = 0.02-0.20), which all had statistically significance (P<0.05) impact on the current prevalence of bovine mastitis in the study area.
CONCLUSIONS: As the results show a higher prevalence of mastitis and a substantial association between the risk factors and the mastitis in the study area, immediate control measures are required.
Causal Oceanic Feedbacks onto the Winter NAO
Authors: Kolstad Erik W , O'Reilly Christopher H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Of the climate variability patterns that influence the weather in the North Atlantic region in winter, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the most dominant. The effects of the NAO span from cold air outbreaks to unseasonably warm conditions and unusual precipitation, with significant impacts on human activities and ecosystems. While a connection between the NAO and antecedent sea surface temperature (SST) conditions has been recognised for decades, the precise causal interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere remains enigmatic. In this study we uncover a robust statistical relationship between North Atlantic SSTs in November and the NAO throughout the subsequent winter in the extended ERA5 reanalysis back to 1940. We apply a well-established causal inference technique called mediation analysis, commonly used in social science and now adopted in climate research. This analysis highlights the roles of low-level baroclinicity, latent heat fluxes, and latent heat release in mediating the effect of November SSTs on the NAO in January and February. It is important to recognise that these mediators are interrelated. Moreover, our analysis reveals bidirectional relationships, where the NAO reciprocally mediates the effects of the November SSTs on these variables. This is evidence of a complex web of feedback mechanisms which collectively contribute to the response of the winter NAO to late autumn/early winter SSTs.
Generative Self-Supervised Graphs Enhance Integration, Imputation and Domains Identification of Spatial Transcriptomics
Authors: Guan Renchu , Sun Hang , Zhang Tongdong , Wu Zhipeng , Du Meirong , Liang Yanchun , Wang Jianxin , Tang Qi , Zeng An , Feng Xiaoyue , Gao Xin , Xu Dong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Recent advances in spatial transcriptomics (ST) have opened new avenues for preserving spatial information while measuring gene expression. However, the challenge of seamlessly integrating this data into accurate and transferable representation persists. Here, we introduce a generative self-supervised graph (GSG) learning framework to accomplish an effective joint embedding of spatial locations and gene expressions within ST data. Our approach surpasses existing methods in identifying spatial domains within the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, it offers reliable analyses across various techniques, including Stereo-seq, Slide-seq, and seqFISH, irrespective of spatial resolution. Furthermore, GSG addresses dropout defects, enhancing gene expression by smoothing spatial patterns and extracting critical features, reducing batch effects, and enabling the integration of disparate datasets. Additionally, we performed spatial transcriptomic analysis on fetal human hearts, and effectively extracted biological insights using GSG. These experiments highlight GSG's accuracy in identifying spatial domains, uncovering specific APCDD1 expression in fetal endocardium, and implicating its role in congenital heart disease. Our results showcase GSG's superiority and underscore its valuable contributions to advancing spatial-omics analysis.
Ultrasensitive diamond cantilever-based optical microphone
Authors: Li Lei , Tian Shen , Lin Chaonan , Qiao Yingying , Feng Mingyang , Gao Yang , Mu Kaijun , Jiao Mingqi , Shan Chong-Xin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Microphones play a pivotal role in extending the capabilities of voice interaction, biomedical testing, and trace gas detection. Acquiring acoustic signals with high sensitivity, low noise, and broad frequency response in a compact form is a well-known challenge. Herein, we report a novel diamond cantilever-based optical microphone (DCOM) using a Fabry-Perot interferometric structure. The DCOM achieves ultrahigh sensitivity (1433.8 mVamp/Pa or 1013.8 mVrms/Pa) and a minimum detectable acoustic pressure (0.24 µPa/Hz^1/2), both of which represent among the best values ever reported for a microphone with identical geometry, alongside a broad frequency response spanning from 500 Hz to 6.5 kHz. The outstanding performance of the DCOM can be attributed to the extraordinary mechanical strength, low energy dissipation, and low thermal noise of the diamond. In addition, the DCOM-based system demonstrates high performance in weak sound detection over a long distance, revealing its promising applications in various challenging industrial fields.
Non-linear enhancement of ultrafast X-ray diffraction through transient resonances
Authors: Gorkhover Tais , Kuschel Stephan , Ho Phay , Haddad Andre Al , Zimmermann Felix , Flückiger Leonie , Ware Matthew , Duris Joseph , MacArthur James , Lutman Alberto , Lin Ming-Fu , Li Xiang , Nakarara K. , Aldrich Jeff , Walter Peter , Young Linda , Bostedt Christoph , Marinelli Agostino 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Diffraction-before-destruction imaging with ultrashort X-ray pulses can visualise non-equilibrium processes, such
as chemical reactions, with sub-femtosecond precision in the native environment without the need of crystallization.
Here, a nanospecimen diffracts a single X-ray flash before the sample disintegrates. The structure of the specimen
is reconstructed from the coherent diffraction image (CDI). Such state-of-the-art X-ray snapshots lack high spatial
resolution information due to weak diffraction signal i.e. shot noise. Bleaching effects from photo-ionization
significantly restrain image brightness scaling and thus, further improvement of the spatial resolution. We find that
non-linear transient form factor changes can overcome this barrier if FEL pulses are shorter than those applied
in the majority of previous experiments. We compared snapshots from individual ≈ 100 nm Xe nanoparticles
as a function of the X-ray pulse duration and incoming X-ray fluence in the vicinity of the Xe M-shell resonance.
Surprisingly, images recorded with few to sub-femtosecond pulses are up to 10 times brighter than the semi-
classical model predicts. Our Monte-Carlo simulation suggests that transient ion form factors can increase the
brightness of X-ray images by several orders of magnitude. This provides a novel avenue towards significant
improvement of the spatial resolution in CDI in combination with sub-fs temporal precision at the nanoscale.
A procedure to simulate spread of post-earthquake fire in urban area considering seismic damage to buildings
Authors: Wang Qi , Lin Xuchuan , Ni Shuna , Zhong Jiangrong , Yang Ning 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

After a major earthquake, there is often high risk of fires, which can exacerbate the threat to people and property. To investigate the fire spread characteristics in the aftermath of earthquakes, an integrated simulation approach is introduced in this study. A simulation procedure, which combines elastoplastic time history analysis with the cellular automata (CA) model, is designed to sequentially model the earthquake-induced damage to groups of buildings and the ensuing fires. The earthquake damage level of each building is determined through elastoplastic time history analysis using an earthquake disaster simulator (Yousimulator). Following earthquake damage evaluation, an optimized version of the CA model is employed to simulate fire spread. To validate the simulation procedure, the 1995 Kobe earthquake-related fires in Japan were simulated, and the results were compared with the actual fire conditions. The results showed that the overall spread pattern and reach of the simulated fires are similar to those of the actual fires. Moreover, the simulation procedure demonstrated notable efficiency, completing the simulation within only five minutes. This simulation procedure provides a valuable means to assess the post-earthquake fire risk in urban areas. By leveraging this method, decision-makers can effectively evaluate the vulnerability of the urban environment to post-earthquake fires, enabling them to make informed decisions and implement targeted measures to mitigate such risks.