bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution XPS studies of superconducting Ag/(Bi0.9Pb0.1)2.3Sr2.0Ca1.9Cu3.0O10+x tapes and wires
Authors: Hoad D. R. C. , Flavell W. R. , Male S. E. , Fletcher I. W. , Beamson G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInvestigations were carried out on superconducting Ag/(Bi0.9Pb0.1)2.3Sr2.0Ca1.9Cu3.0O10+x (BSCCO) wires and tapes using high‐spatial resolution x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Chemical maps at the interfacial region between the sheath and the superconducting core of the wire samples and also of the core of the tape after peeling were produced using the VG ESCASCOPE, which is capable of sub‐10 μm resolution. Linescans across the Ag/BSCCO interface were produced using the SCIENTA ESCA 300 instrument, which combines high energy resolution with a lateral resolution of ∼25 μm. A series of heat‐treated BSCCO pellets of the same composition as the wire core were also studied. Characterization by x‐ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry and energy‐dispersive analysis by x‐rays showed that the amounts of 2212 and 2223 phases present are a function of the number of heat treatments. Core‐level photoemission studies using the SCIENTA showed changes in the Bi 4f and O 1s peak shapes, which correlate with the change in the proportion of the two phases.
Novel model system to study the influence of rubber compound formulation on the structure and composition of the rubber–brass interphase
Authors: Holtkamp D. , Elschner A. , Müller G. , Pieroth M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA model system was developed to study the influence of the rubber formulation and/or the aging conditions on the adhesion between brass and rubber. The bonding compounds were vulcanized on thin, homogeneous brass layers that had been prepared by sputtering onto special polymeric substrates; some of these compounds were steam‐aged under controlled conditions subsequently. After the separation of the polymeric film, combined analytical electron microscopy (transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy; TEM/EDS) and sputter neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) analyses were performed. While the TEM/EDS studies offer a detailed insight into the morphological structure of the interphase, the SNMS depth profiles allow a rapid and reliable differentiation between various rubber formulations. With these model samples the beneficial effect of boric acid esters on the adhesion of cobalt‐containing bonding compounds, which is observed in a typical short‐term adhesion test after steam‐aging, can be explained: boric acid esters act with cobalt salts as corrosion inhibitors for brass, preventing the growth of a thick intermediate ZnO/Zn (OH)2 layer that is the starting point for delaminations.
Evaluation of in‐depth resolution in grimm‐type glow discharge optical emission spectrometry from differentiated depth profiles
Authors: Hamada Takahiro , Wagatsuma Kazuaki , Hirokawa Kichinosuke 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDepth profiling of surface coatings is the most significant field in analytical applications of glow discharge optical emission spectrometry. This paper suggests a method for evaluating the depth resolution of the profiles. For this purpose, the emission intensities that are differentiated as a function of sample depth can be used. The differentiated intensities follow a characteristic curve at the coating/substrate interface. The analyses of the differential curve provide useful knowledge about the depth resolution interface.
Influence of surface treatments of hot‐dip galvanized steels on their acid–base properties and on their reactions with some organic compounds
Authors: Gaillard F. , Peillex E. , Romand M. , Verchère D. , Hocquaux H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe surface of hot‐dip galvanized steels is a complex system highly dependent upon the composition of the galvanization bath and upon surface treatments such as degreasing, alkaline etching and chromate conversion. In this study, industrial zinc‐coated samples are subjected to degreasing, alkaline etching and chromating and then characterized by XPS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Their surface reactivity is studied by vapourphase adsorption of probe molecules, either basic (pyridine) or acidic (phenol), and FTIR analysis. The reactivity enhancement following the alkaline etching is clearly evidenced by this technique. In order to gain information upon the reactivity of the hot‐dip galvanized steel surface towards some organic components of epoxy resins, dicyandiamide adsorption was performed at 180°C on the chemically treated substrates. As suggested by the results obtained with probe molecules, alkaline etching of galvanized steels allows a dicyandiamide–zinc reaction leading to the formation of a defined complex. In addition, the study of the interaction of model substrates (pure zinc and aluminum‐contaminated pure zinc) with dicyandiamide clearly shows that surface contamination of galvanized steels by aluminium is responsible for the inhibition of the dicyandiamide–zinc reaction.
Effect of low‐power air plasma treatment on the mechanical properties of carbon fibres and the interfacial shear strength of carbon fibre—epoxy composites
Authors: Farrow G. J. , Atkinson K. E. , Fluck N. , Jones C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA low‐power plasma treatment has been adapted to work on a pilot plant scale to continuously treat a tow of carbon fibres. This treatment successfully increases fibre–resin adhesion to levels comparable if not higher than those obtained by commercial electrochemical treatments. One advantage is that the plasma treatment does not appear to affect the tensile properties of the fibre, unlike the electrochemical oxidation.We have also shown that the chemical groups introduced during air plasma treatment play a significant role in fibre–resin adhesion whereas those introduced by electrochemical oxidation do not. A possible explanation for this is that plasma treatments introduce chemical groups onto the immediate surface of the fibres that have the potential to react with the resin, whereas electrochemical oxidation occurs predominantly at the edge sites and proceeds into the sublayers of the fibre. The vast majority of the functional groups are therefore inaccessible to the resin. This type of plasma treatment, however, is unlikely to remove all of the weakly bound layers as in the case of electrochemical treatment because the sputtering capability of the plasma is very low.The fact that these conclusions can be drawn from both the single‐fibre fragmentation test and the short‐beam shear test is encouraging and goes to prove that both these tests are suitable for looking at trends in fibre–resin adhesion.
Effects of low‐power plasma treatment on polyethylene surfaces
Authors: O'Kell S. , Henshaw T. , Farrow G. , Aindow M. , Jones C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the effects that a low‐power plasma (<1 W) has on the chemistry, topography and surface energy of polyethylene (PE) film. The gases used for treating the film were air and nitrogen. The plasma cell was attached directly to the preparation chamber of an x‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, enabling the immediate effects of the plasma on the chemical nature of the films to be monitored. Significant amounts of chemical functionality were introduced onto the surface using both plasmas even after a few seconds of treatment. Carbon/oxygen functionality dominates surfaces treated with an air plasma. Nitrogen plasma treatment, as expected, introduced amines, imines and amides. Exposing the treated surfaces to air results in oxygen adsorption, the amount of oxygen pick‐up being time dependent. This ageing of the treated polymer films is thought to occur via two processes: short‐term hydrolysis of the amines and gradual oxidation of the polymer chain itself.The topographical changes were studied using atomic force microscopy, which was performed after the films had been exposed to air. Both plasmas caused the polymer surface to roughen, with nitrogen plasma treatment having a more pronounced effect. The surface energy of the film was increased from 37 dyn cm−1 (untreated) to 47 and 46 dyn cm−1 after 20 s of exposure to air and nitrogen plasmas, respectively. After 1 min of treatment, the polar surface energy component of the film treated with a nitrogen plasma (12 dyn cm−1) was much higher than that treated with an air plasma (7 dyn cm−1). This is supported by the XPS results in that the concentration of chemical groups introduced onto the surface after nitrogen plasma treatment was greater than that for air.The greater changes in polymer surface properties observed for nitrogen plasma treatment were not reflected in the values obtained for the level of polymer/metal adhesion. Only air plasma‐treated samples showed significant improvement in the adhesion between polyethylene and aluminium and we conclude that the presence of oxygen‐containing functional groups plays a major role in this improvement.
Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) study of SF6 and SF6–CF4 plasma‐treated low‐density polyethylene films
Authors: Léonard D. , Bertrand P. , Khairallah‐Abdelnour Y. , Arefi‐Khonsari F. , Amouroux J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is used to monitor in a semi‐quantitative way the chemical modifications produced at low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film surfaces by SF6 and SF6–CF4 plasma treatments. The influence of the plasma treatment time (SF6 plasma) and the gas composition (SF6–CF4 plasma) have been investigated. The ToF‐SIMS results are compared with plasma diagnostics (mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy) and with some earlier XPS characterization.The ToF‐SIMS study of SF6 plasma‐treated LDPE films as a function of the treatment time shows two different structural developments. Beside the expected formation of CxFy structures due to the grafting of F atoms, ToF‐SIMS detects the presence of SFx species at the surface. Their high sensitivity to ablation, due to the plasma ions, was related to two possible interactions of plasma species with the LDPE surface: an adsorption of SFx+/− ions or a dissociative chemisorption of SFx neutral species. In the latter case, the low binding energy of the SC bond can explain the high sensitivity to ablation.In the case of SF6–CF4 plasma treatment, the incorporation of fluorine, as seen by ToF‐SIMS, is a function of the gas composition. Two maxima are observed when the second gas (either SF6 or CF4) is introduced at low concentration (∼10%). These maxima are confirmed by XPS and actinometric results and are explained with respect to the reciprocal influence of both gases in the plasma discharge.
Ne+ and Ar+ ion bombardment‐induced topography on Si
Authors: Carter G. , Vishnyakov V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe topographic evolution of Si irradiated at room temperature with Ne+ and Ar+ ions in the energy range 5–40 keV at 45° to the substrate normal has been studied. Other than isolated etch pits, no topography results from Ne+ bombardment at all energies and from Ar+ bombardment at 5 and 10 keV. Argon ion bombardment at 20 keV, however, initially produces transverse low‐amplitude waves that transform, with increasing erosion, into larger amplitude, corrugated and faceted, wave‐like structures. The present data do not conform to existing model predictions but do suggest that light low‐energy inert gas ions can be used to inhibit roughening during sputtering erosion.
Electrochemical and thermal oxidation of TiN coatings studied by XPS
Authors: Milošv I. , Strehblow H.‐H. , Navinšek B. , Metikoš‐Huković M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to investigate the electrochemical and thermal oxidation of titanium nitride (TiN) coatings prepared by physical vapour deposition (PVD) at 200°C. Electrochemical oxidation of TiN was carried out at various potentials in phthalate buffer solution (pH 5.0). Evaluation of the XPS Ti 2p and N 1s spectra showed the presence of nitride, oxynitride and oxide species in the layer formed by anodic oxidation. The electrochemical oxidation of TiN to TiO2 proceeds through the formation of a mixed oxynitride/oxide layer, which transforms into oxide (TiO2) at sufficiently positive potentials (E > 1.1 V vs. SHE). The oxidation of TiN to TiO2 is accompanied by the formation of molecular nitrogen (N2). The thickness of the oxide layer reaches ∼7 nm after oxidation at the highest potential (1.9 V). A complete coverage of the TiN surface by TiO2 leads to an anodic peak in the polarization curve. On the basis of angle‐resolved XPS measurements, two types of oxynitride species are identified, which are distributed differently throughout the oxidized layer.X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiles of TiN oxidized at 450°C and 600°C in an oxygen flow reveal that at the lower temperature an oxynitride layer is formed, whereas a thick TiO2 layer appears on top of TiN at the higher temperature. The interface between the nitride and oxide phases is relatively sharp. It is suggested that the mechanism of TiN oxidation proceeds by a progressive replacement of nitrogen by oxygen. The TiN coatings can be used up to 600°C as a protective coating in an oxygen atmosphere.Valance band spectra of TiN, as well as of electrochemically and thermally oxidized TiN, are presented and discussed.
Evaluation of PVC compound on the Brabender torque rheometer
Authors: Hawkins Tom 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIncreasing the rotor speed during the equilibrium portion of a Brabender torque rheometer test makes the test more sensitive to small changes in critical additives. The improved sensitivity of the instrument can assist processors in selecting the level of an additive for optimum performance and efficiency; in troubleshooting a processing or property problem; and in evaluating the performance of additives, for example, in the laboratory, before production trials.
Recent studies on the use of zinc borate as a flame retardant and smoke suppressant in PVC
Authors: Shen Kelvin K. , Sprague Robert W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBy the Oxygen Index test, zinc borate alone is an effective flame retardant in rigid PVC. In flexible PVC formulations containing 50 phr of dioctyl phthalate as the plasticizer, zinc borate in combination with antimony oxide displays a synergistic effect at a total loading of more than 10 phr (1‐to‐1 ratio). In the presence of 30 phr of alumina trihydrate, this synergism increases significantly at a total loading as low as 5 phr. Zinc borate also shows strong synergism with alumina trihydrate. Zinc borate acts as a smoke suppressant in plasticized PVC. With alumina trihydrate, a strong smoke‐reducing synergism is created. Zinc borate in a flexible PVC formulation markedly increases the amount of char formed, whereas the addition of antimony oxide, a vapor phase flame retardant, has little effect on char formation. Zinc borate is a good afterglow suppressant. Volatilized zinc derived from the zinc borate probably contributes to flame retardancy but not to smoke suppression. Zinc compounds can alter the pyrolysis chemistry by catalyzing dehydrohalogenation and promoting crosslinking, resulting in increased char formation and a decrease in both smoke production and flaming combustion.
The measurement of PVC primary particle breakdown
Authors: Rosenthal Jay 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe breakdown of primary particle structure in PVC is intimately related to the mechanical properties of the material. This article addresses the measurement of primary particle breakdown through microscopic observation, torque bowl rheometry, penetration impact, yield stress determinations, and zero length capillary rheometry. It is found that each method gives information which identifies certain stages in the breakdown process and complements information obtained from the other methods. Characterization via penetration impact identifies the melt conditions at which both the onset of a continuous network on the microscopic scale and primary particle breakdown occurs. Yield stress determined as a function of melt temperature identifies the completion of primary particle breakdown. The onset of primary particle breakdown, as well as the breakdown of other structural units, such as grains, are readily determined by torque bowl rheometry. However, the results from zero‐length capillary rheometry cannot, as yet, be readily generalized in terms of the particulate breakdown process.
Precipitated calcium carbonates as weathering enhancers and impact modifiers for rigid PVC siding and profiles
Authors: Mathur K. K. , Tapper M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA study conducted to determine the suitability of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fillers in exterior PVC applications revealed that the surface‐treated precipitated CaCO3s of average particle sizes 0.5 micron and 0.07 micron, in fact, minimized the initial yellowing of PVC seen on weathering. It is hypothesized that these particle‐size CaCO3s, being optimum for light scattering, provide greater UV protection. Further, the high surface areas of these CaCO3s increase the capacity to neutralize the HCl responsible for yellowing of the PVC. The optimum filler level is 5 to 10 phr. At this loading level, long‐term impact strength is also retained.
The diffusion of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride from rigid PVC pipe and rigid CPVC pipe into water
Authors: Desrosiers Donald G. , Dunnigan Paula C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe objective ofthis study was to determine whether or not chloroform (CHCl3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) diffuse from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) or chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC) pipe into water in the absence of solvent cement. Milli Q water (water which has been deionized, demineralized, and purified of residual organic matter) and tap water were permitted to stand in specimens of recently extruded pipe for 14 days in an attempt to simulate a condition of prolonged stagnation. The CHCl3 and CCl4 in the water were then measured utilizing an analytical method sensitive to 0.01 μg/1 (ppb).CHCl3 and CCl4 do not diffuse from Geon PVC or TempRite CPVC pipe or fitting compounds in significant quantities under these test conditions. Where sporadic positive responses were noted, these were in the low or fractional μg/1 (ppb) ranges and are far lower than levels commonly found in chlorinated tap water. The low, sporadic values obtained for CHCl3 and CCl4 in both Milli Q and tap water do not permit the calculation of meaningful diffusion constants.
Controlling static electricity in PVC packaging
Authors: Rogers Jay L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe importance of establishing a more sophisticated approach for the control of static electricity in PVC packaging has been underscored by the microelectronics industry and its need for protecting products from electrostatic discharge. Four basic classifications; conductive, static dissipative, antistatic, and insulative, as well as a series of acceptable definitions are now available. Insulative PVC is made conductive by the inclusion of conductive carbon blacks. Antistatic PVC is prepared by the incorporation of an antistatic additive in the compound or by topical application of an antistat from solution. There are no static dissipative additives as such. A more sophisticated approach, such as lamination of different materials is required to prepare a static dissipative product.
Residence time effects during capillary flow of a rigid PVC formulation
Authors: Rangel‐Nafaile C. , García‐Rejón A. , León A. García 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA typical rigid PVC formulation was rheologically characterized using capillary and parallel plate rheometers within regular processing temperatures and deformations. At 190°C and in an intermediate range of shear rates (10 to 100 l/s) the stress response was a function of the flowing time in the capillary. This behavior was not observed at other temperatures (170 and 210°C). Small amplitude oscillary shear experiments for the same compound but with various thermomechanical histories showed a different behavior as compared to the results of the capillary flow. The specific results of the capillary experiments are consistent with the hypothesis of particulate flow of PVC and also point out the influence of the stabilizers and lubricants in the flow behavior of the compound. The time dependent effect is analyzed in terms of the coupling of thermal and mechanical stresses with the unmelted particles present in the flow field.
Pigments for PVC applications
Authors: Lele Subhash S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSkillful selection and evaluation of pigments for use in PVC compositions demands careful recognition and interpretation of side effects. These include possible interfering effects due to additives such as lubricants, heat and light stabilizers, U.V. screeners, etc. In addition, it has been observed that pigments can chemically react with polymers (PVC included) initiating degradative processes or catalyzing oxidation of PVC or its additives. Other changes affecting pigment performance in PVC include its solvation by the polymer at high processing temperatures and particle size reduction by abrasion during high intensive premixing. Also, in applications where amount of heat build‐up of dark vinyls due to light absorption is important, inorganic pigments are shown to be superior to their organic counterparts. However, care in controlling processing temperatures to preclude polymer‐pigment reactions needs to be exercised when inorganic pigments such as iron oxide, cadmium yellow pigments, and any other mixed metal oxides are evaluated, for use in PVC compounds.
An investigation of calcium stearate dispersion in dryblends
Authors: Clark Dane , Woodley Tom 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFlowable grades of calcium stearate have coarser particle sizes in order to reduce dusting and improve bulk handling properties. This study shows that in many cases, some flowable grades of calcium stearate will disperse as homogeneously as a powdered grade and under these conditions the two grades of calcium stearate could be used interchangeably. Under some conditions, however, some flowable grades of calcium stearate will not completely disperse and so the use of flowable grades of calcium stearate must be considered on a case by case basis.
Microstructure of PVC primary particles
Authors: Noel Oscar F. , Bauer Jon F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe microstructure of suspension PVC primary particles has been revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The primary particles are composed of agglutinated domains which resemble linked sausage and in some cases are branched. Use of highly polished thin sections and special ion etching techniques appears responsible for revealing these microstructural features not previously reported by other investigators.
The powder properties of poly(vinyl chloride) resins
Authors: Schwaegerle Paul R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe properties of powders depend mainly upon the characteristics of the individual particles and their interactions. In the case of PVC resins, particle characteristics vary broadly depending upon the manufacturing process used or variables within a given process. In this paper, the effects of grain size, size distribution, grain shape, degree of compaction and static on the bulk density and flow properties of PVC resins are studied. Results indicate that grain shape mainly affects bulk density while grain size and distribution mainly affect powder flow. The degree of compaction and the amount of static on the resin grains are variables which can overwhelm other powder properties.