bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 2.5D finite/infinite element approach for modelling visco‐elastic bodies subjected to moving loads
Authors: Yang Yeong‐Bin , Hung Hsiao‐Hui 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study is to propose a 2.5D finite/infinite element procedure for dealing with the ground vibrations induced by moving loads. Besides the two in‐plane degrees of freedom (DOFs) per node conventionally used for plane strain elements, an extra DOF is introduced to account for the out‐of‐plane wave transmission. The profile of the half‐space is divided into a near field and a semi‐infinite far field. The near field containing loads and irregular structures is simulated by the finite elements, while the far field covering the soils extending to infinity by the infinite elements with due account taken of the radiation effects for moving loads. Enhanced by the automated mesh expansion procedure proposed previously by the writers, the far field impedances for all the lower frequencies are generated repetitively from the mesh created for the highest frequency considered. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is verified through comparison with a number of analytical solutions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Galerkin boundary integral method for multiple circular elastic inclusions
Authors: Mogilevskaya S. G. , Crouch S. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe problem of an infinite, isotropic elastic plane containing an arbitrary number of circular elastic inclusions is considered. The analysis procedure is based on the use of a complex singular integral equation. The unknown tractions at each circular boundary are approximated by a truncated complex Fourier series. A system of linear algebraic equations is obtained by using the classical Galerkin method and the Gauss–Seidel algorithm is used to solve the system. Several numerical examples are considered to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Active control of FGM plates subjected to a temperature gradient: Modelling via finite element method based on FSDT
Authors: Liew K. M. , He X. Q. , Ng T. Y. , Sivashanker S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn efficient finite element formulation based on a first‐order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is presented for the active control of functionally gradient material (FGM) plates with integrated piezoelectric sensor/actuator layers subjected to a thermal gradient; this is accomplished using both static and dynamic piezothermoelastic analyses. The formulation based on FSDT can be applied to a range of relatively thin‐to‐moderately thick plates. A constant displacement‐cum‐velocity feedback control algorithm coupling the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects is applied to provide active feedback control of the integrated FGM plate in a self‐monitoring and self‐controlling system. Numerical results for the control of bending and torsional deflections and/or vibrations are presented for a FGM plate comprising zirconia and aluminium. The effects of constituent volume fraction and the influence of feedback control gain on the static and dynamic responses of the FGM plates are examined in detail. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale damage modelling for composite materials: theory and computational framework
Authors: Fish Jacob , Yu Qing 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA non‐local multiscale continuum damage model is developed for brittle composite materials. A triple‐scale asymptotic analysis is generalized to account for the damage phenomena occurring at micro‐, meso‐ and macroscales. A closed‐form expressions relating microscopic, mesoscopic and overall strains and damage is derived. The damage evolution is stated on the smallest scale of interest and non‐local weighted phase average fields over micro‐ and mesophases are introduced to alleviate the spurious mesh dependence. Numerical simulation conducted on a composite beam made of Blackglas/Nextel 2‐D weave is compared with the test data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shifting to lean service: Stealing a page from manufacturers' playbooks
Authors: Allway Max , Corbett Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe “lean” approach—eliminating non‐value activities from work processes by
applying a robust set of performance change tools and emphasizing excellence in operations to deliver superior
customer service—has become legendary in improving manufacturing companies' operations and
profitability. The same principles can, with equally impressive results, apply to many service‐sector
firms. Here is how, through a rigorous five‐phase process, an insurance company successfully followed
the model—which has garnered similarly positive results in industries ranging from banking to health
care. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Finite element superconvergence approximation for one‐dimensional singularly perturbed problems
Authors: Zhang Zhimin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSuperconvergence approximations of singularly perturbed two‐point boundary value problems of reaction‐diffusion type and convection‐diffusion type are studied. By applying the standard finite element method of any fixed order p on a modified Shishkin mesh, superconvergence error bounds of (N−1 ln (N + 1))p+1 in a discrete energy norm in approximating problems with the exponential type boundary layers are established. The error bounds are uniformly valid with respect to the singular perturbation parameter. Numerical tests indicate that the error estimates are sharp; in particular, the logarithmic factor is not removable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 374–395, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/num.10001
Conservative semi‐Lagrangian finite volume schemes
Authors: Phillips T. N. , Williams A. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSemi‐Lagrangian finite volume schemes for the numerical approximation of linear advection equations are presented. These schemes are constructed so that the conservation properties are preserved by the numerical approximation. This is achieved using an interpolation procedure based on area‐weighting. Numerical results are presented illustrating some of the features of these schemes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17:403–425, 2001
A randomized trial of behavioral management for continence with older rural women¶
Authors: Dougherty Molly C. , Dwyer Jeffrey W. , Pendergast Jane F. , Boyington Alice R. , Tomlinson Barbara U. , Coward Raymond T. , Duncan R. Paul , Vogel Bruce , Rooks Larry G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUrinary incontinence (UI) is a commonly underreported and underdiagnosed condition. The purpose of this trial was to implement and evaluate behavioral management for continence (BMC), an intervention to manage symptoms of UI with older rural women in their homes. Participants were randomized into BMC or a control group, and 178 were followed for between 6 and 24 months. The intervention involved self‐monitoring, bladder training, and pelvic muscle exercise with biofeedback. The primary outcome variable—severity of urine loss—was evaluated by pad test. Secondary variables were episodes of urine loss, micturition frequency, voiding interval, quality of life, and subjective report of severity. Urine loss severity at baseline evaluation was not significantly different in the two groups. But using the generalized linear mixed model analysis, at the four follow‐ups, severity of urine loss, episodes of urine loss, quality of life, and subjective report of severity were significantly different. At 2 years the BMC group UI severity decreased by 61%; the control group severity increased by 184%. Self‐monitoring and bladder training accounted for most of the improvement. The results support the use of simple strategies based on bladder diaries before implementing more complex treatments. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Res Nurs Health 25:3–13, 2002.
DISH and the monastic way of life
Authors: Rogers Juliet , Waldron Tony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is common condition and its prevalence increases markedly with age. This paper describes the pathology and aetiology of the condition; DISH seems to be related to obesity and type II diabetes and is probably a multisystem hormonal disorder. DISH occurs frequently in human skeletal remains, particularly in those recovered from monastic sites.Evidence is presented to confirm this association and the causes are discussed. We also present criteria for the diagnosis of DISH in human remains, which we suggest would permit valid inter‐study comparisons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial reform in a devolved African country: lessons from Ethiopia
Authors: Peterson Stephen B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article provides three frameworks for understanding the process of implementing a financial reform in an African country that has adopted a policy of devolution. The article is based on four years of experience in implementing a financial reform under Ethiopia's Civil Service Reform. The first framework, which we have termed the Framework for Financial Reform, provides an overall conception of financial reform. It has two dimensions: the stages of development of financial systems (external control, internal control, management, planning) and the steps to changing financial systems (comprehension, improvement, expansion). The second framework, the Four Tasks of Managing a Financial Reform, elaborates the steps in changing financial systems. These tasks include: reforming the approach to financial reform, improving the design of the reform, managing the implementation of the reform, and protecting the reform. The third framework focuses on the task of managing the implementation of financial reform and details the phases, variables and dilemmas of implementation. The phases of implementation are design, pilot and operation. Associated with these phases are variables that affect the implementation (resources, interdependence, sequence and timing) and dilemmas (comprehensiveness and monitoring). These frameworks support the article's two theses: (1) that reform of financial systems in Africa must be evolutionary, not revolutionary; and (2) that evolutionary reform of financial systems is especially needed in devolved African countries. Evolutionary reform is needed because financial systems in the public sector are fragile traditions that need first to be comprehended. Before more complicated financial ‘management’ reforms can be introduced that focus on outputs and outcomes, the existing ‘administrative’ financial systems which control inputs have to be understood, implemented and improved. ‘Best Practice’ is often the enemy of ‘feasible’ practice in developing countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Government–nonprofit relations in comparative perspective: evolution, themes and new directions
Authors: Brinkerhoff Jennifer M. , Brinkerhoff Derick W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis overview article for the Symposium on Government–Nonprofit Relations in Comparative Perspective summarizes our current understanding of government–nonprofit relations, addresses several themes emerging from the collective papers and Symposium discussions, and discusses new and evolving trends in government–nonprofit relations. The review of government–nonprofit relations encompasses governance models and their incorporation of nonprofits, sector failures and their contribution to government–nonprofit relationships, and cross‐sectoral analytic frameworks. Themes addressed include the material and normative benefits sought through nonprofits; various features of government–nonprofit interactions, including their increasing range and multiple facets, the impact of origins, relationship dynamism, and impacts; and what is public and what is private. The article concludes with the identification of selected new and evolving trends, including the influence of information technology on organizational structures and processes, the rise of supranational spheres of government–nonprofit interaction, the continuing tension between cooperation and identity maintenance, and simultaneous global lesson sharing and an emphasis on local‐level problem‐solving, where nonprofits are viewed as a means to maintaining continuity and redefining community. The article situates our understanding of government–nonprofit relations in a comparative perspective that accounts for dominant global paradigms, increasing interdependence among actors and nations, and evolving models of governance at all levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Placental expression of DC‐SIGN may mediate intrauterine vertical transmission of HIV
Authors: Soilleux Elizabeth J. , Morris Lesley S. , Lee Benhur , Pöhlmann Stefan , Trowsdale John , Doms Robert W. , Coleman Nicholas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMechanisms of transplacental transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are poorly understood. DC‐SIGN is a C‐type lectin able to bind HIV gp120 with high affinity, mediating HIV adsorption to the surface of dendritic cells for up to several days. Via this mechanism, DC‐SIGN significantly enhances the infection of CD4+ co‐receptor (CCR5 or CXCR4)+ T lymphocytes in trans. In this study, DC‐SIGN‐specific serum was developed to investigate the cell type responsible for the high level of DC‐SIGN RNA expression previously observed in the placenta. DC‐SIGN expression was shown on CD68+ HLA‐II+ CD14low S100+/− CD83− CD86− cmrf‐44− villous cells consistent with Hofbauer cells and also on CD68+ HLA‐II+ CD14high S100− CD83− CD86− cmrf‐44− decidual macrophages. The DC‐SIGN+ Hofbauer cells co‐express CD4 and the chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, observations which may account for the ability of these cells to become infected with HIV. These fetal DC‐SIGN+ cells are separated by only a layer of trophoblast from both DC‐SIGN+ maternal cells and maternal blood, potential sources of HIV in infected mothers. Previous studies have suggested that this trophoblast layer is frequently breached during pregnancy. It is therefore proposed that DC‐SIGN may facilitate the transplacental transmission of HIV. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric methods for the characterisation and differentiation of isomeric O‐diglycosyl flavonoids
Authors: Ma Yu‐Liang , Cuyckens Filip , Heuvel Hilde Van den , Claeys Magda 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTandem mass spectrometric methods have been evaluated for the characterisation of the type and the differentiation of the interglycosidic linkage of isomeric flavonoid O‐diglycosides. Based on the occurrence of internal monosaccharide residue loss and the relative abundances of Y‐type ions formed by fragmentation at glycosidic bonds, four pairs of isomeric flavonoid O‐diglycosides can be unambiguously differentiated. The different techniques used, i.e. linked scanning at constant B/E without collisional activation and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation using methane or helium as collision gas, have been shown to be useful for distinguishing the two most common (1, 2‐ and 1, 6‐) interglycosidic linkages, e.g. flavonoid O‐neohesperidosides and O‐rutinosides. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A single extraction step in the quantitative analysis of arbutin in bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi) leaves by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Parejo Irene , Viladomat Francesc , Bastida Jaume , Codina Carles 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fast and simple extraction procedure coupled with a simple HPLC method has been developed in order to determine the arbutin content of leaves of Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi plants grown at four different geographical sites and collected during two different seasons. Using the optimised analytical system, the arbutin content of bearberry leaves was found to vary from 6.30 to 9.16% expressed on a dry weight basis. Autumn is shown to be a better period than spring for the collection of plant material in order to obtain the highest yield of arbutin. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent extraction techniques for natural products: microwave‐assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction
Authors: Kaufmann Béatrice , Christen Philippe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the last 10 years there has been an increased interest in using techniques involving microwave‐assisted extraction and pressurised solvent extraction in analytical laboratories. This review gives a brief overview of both methods, and reports on their application to the extraction of natural products. The influence of parameters such as the nature of the solvent and volume, temperature, time and particle size of the matrix is discussed. Through numerous examples, it is demonstrated that both techniques allow reduced solvent consumption and shorter extraction times, while the extraction yields of the analytes are equivalent to or even higher than those obtained with conventional methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of ischemic brain injury
Authors: de Laveaucoupet Jocelyne , Audibert François , Guis Françoise , Rambaud Caroline , Suarez Bruno , Boithias‐Guérot Claire , Musset Dominique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to demonstrate the usefulness of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in ischemic brain injury. We report seven cases of fetal brain ischemia prenatally suspected on ultrasound (US) and confirmed by fetal MRI. Sonographic abnormalities included ventricular dilatation (n=3), microcephaly (n=1), twin pregnancy with in utero death of a twin and suspected cerebral lesion in the surviving co‐twin (n=3). MRI was performed with a 1.0 T unit using half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (HASTE) sequences between 28 and 35 weeks of gestation. US and MRI images were compared with pathologic findings or postnatal imaging. MRI diagnosed hydranencephaly (n=1), porencephaly (n=2), multicystic encephalomalacia (n=2), unilateral capsular ischemia (n=1), corpus callosum and cerebral atrophy (n=1).In comparison with US, visualization of fetal brain anomalies was superior with MRI. The present cases demonstrate that MRI is a valuable complementary means of investigation when a brain pathology is discovered or suspected during prenatal US. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pan‐European epidemiologic study of insulin injection technique in patients with diabetes
Authors: Strauss Kenneth , Gols Heidi De , Hannet Irene , Partanen Tuula‐Maria , Frid Anders 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAim.A large pan‐European epidemiologic survey of insulin injection techniques was performed in order to determine the epidemiologic profile by centre, country and continent of major issues surrounding insulin injection.Methods.European insulin‐injecting, type 1 or 2 diabetes patients, using insulin for at least 6 months via an insulin pen or syringe; 22 sites in seven countries, 1002 patients in total, 51% female, 58% type 1.Results.Nearly 70% of patients inject using a pinch‐up and this practice is associated with improved HbA1c. Thirty per cent of patients reported having lipohypertrophy. Concurrent nurse evaluation found the prevalence to be 27%. Independent risk factors for lipohypertrophy were found to be failure by the patients to check injection sites regularly, failure to rotate sites and longer duration of DM. Less than 50% of patients reported that they were taught about lipohypertrophy. Needles were used 3.3 times on average in Europe, with wide variation by country. Male sex, type 1 diabetics, a high daily number of injections and the use of the 12.7 mm length needle were factors associated with high needle reuse. Needle reuse, even more than once, increased the risk of lipohypertrophy by 31%. Nearly half of patients dispose of their needles directly into the trash after protecting the needle (recapping or clipping). Alarmingly, 22% dispose directly into the trash without protection.Conclusion.There is a considerable way to go in ensuring optimal insulin injection practices. The issues raised by this study must be addressed by focused and intensive HCP efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of measures of disproportionality for signal detection in spontaneous reporting systems for adverse drug reactions
Authors: van Puijenbroek Eugéne P. , Bate Andrew , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Lindquist Marie , Orre Roland , Egberts Antoine C. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeA continuous systematic review of all combinations of drugs and suspected adverse reactions (ADRs) reported to a spontaneous reporting system, is necessary to optimize signal detection. To focus attention of human reviewers, quantitative procedures can be used to sift data in different ways. In various centres, different measures are used to quantify the extent to which an ADR is reported disproportionally to a certain drug compared to the generality of the database. The objective of this study is to examine the level of concordance of the various estimates to the measure used by the WHO Collaborating Centre for International ADR monitoring, the information component (IC), when applied to the dataset of the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Foundation Lareb.MethodsThe Reporting Odds Ratio−1.96 standard errors (SE), proportional reporting ratio−1.96 SE, Yule's Q−1.96 SE, the Poisson probability and Chi‐square test of all 17 330 combinations were compared with the IC minus 2 standard deviations. Additionally, the concordance of the various tests, in respect to the number of reports per combination, was examined.ResultsIn general, sensitivity was high in respect to the reference measure when a combination of point‐ and precision estimate was used. The concordance increased dramatically when the number of reports per combination increased.ConclusionThis study shows that the different measures used are broadly comparable when four or more cases per combination have been collected. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug prescribing patterns in Parkinson's disease: a pharmacoepidemiological survey in a cohort of ambulatory patients
Authors: Leoni Olivia , Martignoni Emilia , Cosentino Marco , Michielotto Donatella , Calandrella Daniela , Zangaglia Roberta , Riboldazzi Giulio , Oria Cristina , Lecchini Sergio , Nappi Giuseppe , Frigo Gianmario 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeDrug treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a difficult task, and comorbidity and comedication add to its complexity. Since in IPD there is little information about drug use, this study investigated drug prescribing and indications in IPD patients.MethodsFrom June 1997 to April 1998, a cross‐sectional survey of IPD outpatients was performed and demographic and clinical data and information about drug treatments was collected and analysed.ResultsIn the 130 IPD patients included in the study, anti‐Parkinson drug (APD) prescriptions increased with disease duration and severity. Levodopa was most frequently used, followed by dopamine agonists and anticholinergic agents. Levodopa with other APDs was given to older patients with later IPD onset. Prescriptions of drugs for other indications (non‐APDs) were given to 80.8% of the patients and their number increased with patient age. Non‐APD prescriptions concerned mainly the circulatory system, mental disorders, the musculo‐skeletal system and the digestive system. Prescriptions for indications corresponding to secondary symptoms that often complicate IPD increased with patient age and also with IPD duration.ConclusionIn IPD patients, disease duration and severity and patient age seem to be major determinants of drug use. Indications for drug prescription suggest that main comorbidity includes neuropsychiatric, circulatory, musculo‐skeletal and digestive disorders. Analysis of prescribing patterns in IPD can provide a readily accessible indirect indicator of patient health status for both health services and epidemiologic research purposes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.