bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local cold exposure of Andean Indians during normal and simulated activities
Authors: Jones R. E. , Little M. A. , Thomas R. B. , Hoff C. J. , Dufour D. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThermal responses of Andean Indians were measured during several customary tasks associated with cold exposure in the highlands of southern Peru. These included surface temperature measurements of women while they washed clothing in the river and similar measurements of men while they constructed a diversion channel in the same river. A third test measured the effects of alcohol consumption on body temperatures during light activity.Women maintained slightly warmer hand than foot temperatures. Men maintained nearly equal hand and foot temperatures during the exposure period. Among male subjects the foot rewarmed at a faster rate than the hand. The results from the field studies compared favorably with results from earlier laboratory exposure tests.Comparisons between the river water exposure tests for males and females showed a consistent pattern where females maintained warmer hand and foot temperatures than males. These findings were in accord with previous laboratory studies among Quechua Indians and with the findings reported for other ethnic groups who experience natural cold stress.Alcohol ingestion appeared to have minimal effect in mitigating cold stress response during light activity. This finding was counter to earlier laboratory tests of resting subjects.
The genetic structure of Finland
Authors: Workman P. L. , Mielke J. H. , Nevanlinna H. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Finnish gene pool derives primarily from a relatively homogeneous Finno‐Ugric population established during the Iron Age (100 B.C.–800 A.D.) in the southwest and southeast of Finland. Gene flow from Sweden to the southwest coastal areas, dating from prehistoric times, as well as the patterns of settlement and migration throughout Finland during the past 1000 years, appear to have been the major biosocial factors underlying the genetic structure of the contemporary population. Analysis of genetic variation and covariation at nine polymorphic loci in a large random sample of rural Finns, partitioned into either 8 counties or 27 geographic districts, showed that all of the essential features of the genetic structure suggested by the archaeological and historical data could be distinguished. Procedures for obtaining inference on the genetic structure of such a population are reviewed, including coefficients of similarity and (genetic) distance among subpopulations, the relation between linear or planar geographic structure and genetic covariation, and the methods for describing allelic differentiation. Bias resulting from the inappropriate assumption of a simple phylogenetic model can be substantial, especially for the analysis of isolation by distance; procedures for avoiding misleading inference on the genetic structure are demonstrated.
Advanced weathering cracks as an improvement on split‐line preparations for analysis of structural orientation in compact bone
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWeathering cracks have been demonstrated to be equivalent to split‐lines in compact bone. The amount of cracking becomes more extensive with time. Advanced weathering cracks have the potential for giving more complete information on orientation patterns than split‐lines. They can also be superior in accuracy and objectivity of results obtained, in preserving the original condition of the bone, and in elimination of much of the work involved in making split‐line preparations.
A twin study of dental dimension. I. Discordance, asymmetry, and mirror imagery
Authors: Potter Rosario H. , Nance Walter E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBilateral tooth measurements in twins were partitioned into three orthogonal contrasts, each associated with one degree of freedom, to estimate three parameters: discordance, asymmetry, and mirror imagery. The probability levels of the within‐pair variance ratios were used to test for significance of these estimates. The results provided strong evidences for the existence of significant genetic determinants of almost all of the individual tooth dimensions, but little or no evidence for a genetic basis of asymmetry. The analysis gave no indication that monozygotic twinning was associated with an increased degree of either fluctuating asymmetry or mirror imagery, when compared to dizygotic twins. The data on monozygotic twins further suggested that for most variables examined, the increment of environmental discordance resulting from the twinning phenomena was greater than the developmental noise that caused asymmetry within individual cotwins.
Prenatal origins of brachymesophalangia‐5
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Babler William J. , Burdi Alphonse R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAs shown in 91 embryos and fetuses in the 41–235 mm crown‐rump length, brachymesophalangia‐5 may be identified in prenatal time. Although the ratios involving different combinations of length of mid‐5 relative to other segments yield different frequencies of BMP‐5, the short middle segment of the little finger is already associated with clinodactyly and developmental eccentricity as early as the ninth week of prenatal development.
Head posture and craniofacial morphology
Authors: Solow Beni , Tallgren Antje 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe associations between craniofacial morphology and the posture of the head and the cervical column were examined in a sample of 120 Danish male students aged 22–30 years. Two head positions were recorded on lateral cephalometric radiographs, one determined by the subject's own feeling of a natural head balance (self balance position), and the other by the subject looking straight into a mirror (mirror position). Craniofacial morphology was described by 42 linear and angular variables, and postural relationships by 18 angular variables.A comprehensive set of correlations was found between craniofacial morphology and head posture. The correlations were similar for both head positions investigated. Of the postural variables, the position of the head in relation to the cervical column showed the largest set of correlations with craniofacial morphology. Extension of the head in relation to the cervical column was found in connection with large anterior and small posterior facial heights, small antero‐posterior craniofacial dimensions, large inclination of the mandible to the anterior cranial base and to the nasal plane, facial retrognathism, a large cranial base angle, and a small nasopharyngeal space.The possible role of functional factors in mediating the relationship between morphology and posture was discussed.
A comparative study of tooth and dental arch dimensions in Jewish children of different ethnic descent. I. Kurds and Yemenites
Authors: Koyoumdjisky‐Kaye Edith , Zilberman Y. , Zeevi Z. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDental casts of 99 Kurdish and 98 Yemenite Jewish children evenly distributed between the sexes, aged 12 years, were measured for mesio‐distal and buccolingual tooth dimensions, and arch depth and width. Dental dimensions showed significant differences between the two groups in certain permanent teeth in mesiodistal length, while in the buccolingual diameter the differences did not reach statistical significance. Dental arch form in Kurdish children was more rounded due to significantly bigger arch width, while arch depth was not significantly different from Yemenites. Intragroup sex differences were found in both groups with reference to arch dimensions, while in the dental parameters they were more strongly expressed in Kurdish children.
Multidimensional scaling and the analysis of human biological diversity in Subsaharan Africa
Authors: Rightmire G. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMuch information concerning intergroup variation in Subsaharan Africa has been collected by Hiernaux, who has calculated measures of biological distance (Δg) between pairs of 101 African human populations. The resulting very large matrix of distances is not easily interpreted through simple inspection. Therefore non‐metric multidimensional scaling is here applied in order to produce a configuration of 60 selected groups in a space of reduced dimensionality. A three dimensional solution shows acceptable stress, and this map of populations is used to support and extend Hiernaux's earlier conclusions.
The etiology of porotic hyperostosis among the prehistoric and historic Anasazi Indians of Southwestern United States
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. , Ryan Dennis J. , Turner Christy G. , Lozoff Betsy 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPorotic hyperostosis was studied in 539 crania from maizegrowing prehistoric and historic groups who occupied two dissimilar ecological zones of the Plateau country of Arizona and New Mexico—canyon bottoms and sage plain. Defined as abnormal localized sieve‐like structural changes involving the hematopoietic areas of the cranium, it was found in 185 (34.3%) of these skulls. More frequent in children than in adults, it shows significant frequency differences between both children and adults of the two ecological zones.The two ecological zones differ in the availability of iron in the diet; the canyon inhabitants depended heavily on maize (which interferes with iron absorption) while the sage plain people consumed more iron‐rich animal products. We hypothesize that an increased dependence on maize produced more iron deficiency anemia and resulted in more porotic hyperostosis. Maize is known to have permitted a food surplus which in turn allowed for increased South‐western population growth in marginal areas like the canyon bottoms. Heavy dependency on a single food type with consequent hematologic problems may have been an important reason for the subsequent abandonment of the Anasazi region.
The association between Harris lines and enamel hypoplasia in prehistoric California Indians
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Schulz Peter D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHypoplastic defects of tooth enamel and Harris lines in the long bones have been heralded as potentially useful indicators of health conditions in prehistoric populations. Both result from temporary cessation of growth processes due to similar types of disease, malnutrition, or other metabolic insult. An association test for the first six years of life was conducted on a large series of prehistoric California Indians, using femora and canines from young adults. No significant association was found. This is ascribable to differences in etiology and stability.
A note on interobserver error in multivariate analyses of populations
Authors: Page John William 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effect of interobserver error on a principal components analysis of a small sample of human crania is examined. A comparison of individual specimen scores for components is made to find rotated principal components which identify interobserver error. The individual variables which load highly on such components are then tested for interobserver error univariately. Multivariate components which must identify interobserver error contain no high loadings for variables which demonstrate interobserver error in the univariate case. Principal component analysis, in defining new component variables, extracts such error in an easily identified way which makes comparison of samples measured by more than one anthropometrist more reliable.
Tooth, chin, bone and body size correlations
Authors: Anderson D. L. , Thompson G. W. , Popovich F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCorrelations of size of teeth, chin, bone and body were investigated in 118 males and 102 females of the Burlington Growth Centre. In the males, the mesiodistal widths of the mandibular lateral incisors and canines were independently related to the thickness of the cortex of the second metacarpal and to body weight. Bone cortex thickness was significantly related to metacarpal width in males and to body weight in females. Chin depth of the males was significantly related to bone width and to body height, and negatively related to tooth width when bone width or body weight was held constant in partial correlations. Bone width and length were significantly related to body height in both sexes.
Morphometrics of the Neandertal talus
Authors: Rhoads John G. , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA number of morphometric analyses of Neandertal tali since the turn of the century have failed to reach a consensus on the functional affinities of these fossil foot bones. To clarify the problem a univariate and multivariate analysis of the available Neandertal and Skhūl tali in relation to those of modern humans was performed using nine linear dimensions and four angles. Our analysis indicates that Neandertal tali are indistinguishable from modern human tali in the implied locomotor capabilities and similar in overall size and proportions. The primary differences between the fossil and modern tali involve the greater articular robustness of the fossils, probably to compensate for higher levels of biomechanical stress.
The Chipaya of Bolivia: Dermatoglyphics and ethnic relationships
Authors: Murillo Federico , Rothhammer Francisco , Llop Elena 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDermatoglyphic data on 15 traits (digital arches, digital radial loops, digital ulnar loops, digital whorls, I loops, Ir loops, H loops, Ĥ loops, III loops, IV loops, mainline C absence, total ridge count, a‐b ridge count, atd angle, and mainline index) are presented for 141 Chipaya Indians of Bolivia.Ethnic relationships of these Indians to nine South American Indian tribes (Alacaluf, Atacameño, Aymara, Cashinahua, Chácobo, Chama, Chané, Quechua, and Sirionó) are explored by means of a genetic distance analysis using 21 alleles. Genetic distances are complemented with linguistic and geographic distances between the Chipaya and the other tribes. Genetic distances were found not to be significantly correlated with linguistic and geographic distances. Combining the information available, it is concluded that the Chipaya are most likely ethnically related to the Arawak speakers of the tropical forest.
A collation of marker gene and dermatoglyphic diversity at various levels of population differentiation
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Chakraborty Ranajit , Llop Elena 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe use of dermatoglyphic traits to describe interpopulational diversity among human populations at various levels of differentiation is compared with similar analysis of gene frequency data by means of nonparametric methods employing distance matrices and dendrograms, and by a partition of total variability into its between and within population components. Congruence of dermatoglyphics and gene markers appears to vary with level of population differentiation — the association remains insignificant until racial level of differentiation is considered. Different pitfalls of the data used are mentioned. The interpretation of these findings is discussed by comparison with other non‐human studies.
Hominid tool‐making versus carnivore scavenging
Authors: Shipman Pat , Phillips‐Conroy Jane 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effects of hyena scavenging on the remains of 75 animals in the Awash National Park, Ethiopia, were examined to provide a modern analogy to the fossil assemblage from Makapan. Brain's recent work ('70, '76) suggests that the actions of carnivores may account for the characteristics of the Makapan assemblage, a theory which contrasts with Dart's ('49, '55, '57, '59) interpretation of the fossils as osteodontokeratic tools and weapons manufactured, collected, and used by australopithecines.The modern assemblage was like that from Makapan in terms of relative representation of skeletal elements and patterns of bone breakage. Observations of hyenas in the Awash also lend support to the hypothesis that the Makapan assemblage may represent the uneaten remains of carnivore kills.The representation of major vertebrate groups at Makapan was compared with their representation at Awash and with their representation in hyena diets in the Serengeti and Ngorongoro Crater (Kruuk, '72). This technique of faunal analysis was unable to detect differences between these groups, despite the fact that the three modern assemblages represent animals that died of different causes. Thus extreme caution must be used in deducing any specific information about the mode of death or taphonomic history of the animals represented in an assemblage on the basis of such faunal analyses.
On the meaning of increased fluctuating dental asymmetry: A cross populational study
Authors: Doyle William John , Johnston Olivia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSuarez reports a greater magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry for Neandertal sample when compared with a sample of modern Ohio whites. He postulates that this greater antimeric variance could be due to a greater degree of inbreeding in the Neandertal populations. In the present investigation, the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry is evaluated for Eskimo and Pueblo populations.These populations were found to exhibit dental variance of equal magnitude to that of the Neandertal population. As these populations are not highly inbred, a stress related mechanism is suggested to explain these observations and the inbreeding hypothesis is rejected. The implications of this mechanism to Brace's Probable Mutation Effect are discussed.
The use of penrose's C for an intra‐ and inter‐population analysis of quantitative dermatoglyphic traits
Authors: Rudan Pavao 
Published: August 2005

AbstractResults of a part of multidisciplinary studies in six villages on the island of Hvar (Yugoslavia) are presented. Six quantitative properties of dermatoglyphics were analysed (TRC, PII, a‐b, b‐c and c‐d ridge counts, and atd angle). “Biological distances” among the surveyed couples from all six villages were analysed using Penrose's C2H, and its components: C2Q and (v‐l/v)C2Z with regard to sex and possibility of determining the direction of endogamy or exogamy. Significant correlation between “geographical distances” and (v‐l/v)C2Z is obtained for males, indicating that the social organisation in the examined rural population, from the point of view of demography, has some influence on the distribution of the dermatoglyphical characters.
Prenatal selection and dermatoglyphic patterns
Authors: Babler William J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough human dermatoglyphics have been extensively studied, little is known of the prenatal origins of dermatoglyphic patterns. Digital patterns, i.e., loops, whorls, and arches, were obtained from 81 human abortuses, ranging in age from 11 to 25 weeks post‐fertilization. Patterns were discernible with the earliest indications of epidermal ridge development. Findings indicate that pattern frequencies during early prenatal development differ from those of later fetal and postnatal periods. Furthermore, a high frequency of arches is seen associated with spontaneous abortion, suggesting evidence for prenatal selection in human abortuses.
Calculation of the maximum amount of gene admixture in a hybrid population
Authors: Szathmary Emöke J. E. , Reed T. Edward 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEvidence is presented to show that “Caucasian” genes (B, K, Lua, r, AK2, Pc, and Gm3,5,11) in hybrid North American Indian populations follow a Poisson distribution. A method of determining the maximum amount of admixture, given an observed count of Caucasian genes, is developed. Establishment of the upper limit of admixture is suggested as the preferred estimate of gene flow in situations where absence of specific genes at particular loci precludes the calculation of a mean admixture estimate.
Sexual dimorphism in the tooth‐crown diameters of the deciduous teeth
Authors: Black Thomas K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of the right deciduous teeth of 133 white children were analyzed for information on sexual dimorphism and sex discrimination using discriminant analysis. Even though consistent differences were found for only 15 out of 20 paired measurements, five of them significant at p = 0.05 or better, discriminant analysis showed the possibility of correctly sexing up to 75% of the juvenile sample, using a maximum of seven deciduous teeth.
Phenice's visual sexing technique for the os pubis: A critique
Authors: Kelley Marc A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInnominate bones from 362 California Indians were sexed with Phenice's three non‐metrical features of the os pubis. The frequencies of marked, intermediate, and absent cases of these three morphological features were tabulated in males and females to see if unambiguous and reliable distinctions were consistently available. The results suggest that Phenice's technique offered extremely reliable sex evaluations in this material.
Supernumerary molars in anthropoidea, adapidae, and Archaeolemur: Implications for primate dental homologies
Authors: Jungers William L. , Gingerich Philip D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe model of primate dental homologies and development recently proposed by Schwartz ('75, '78) is re‐evaluated in view of documented exceptions to his account of postcanine supernumerary teeth in both anthropoids and prosimians. Schwartz concluded that catarrhines and living indriids retain only two true molars in each dental quadrant. As many as six molars on one side of the jaw can develop in rare instances in catarrhines, and supernumerary molars are also known for a wide range of other primates, including Cebidae, Adapidae, and subfossil Indriidae. Polydontia cannot be explained exclusively by atavistic development. More convincing explanations regard supernumerary teeth as the result of excessive growth of the dental lamina or localized twinning of tooth buds during early development. Conventional dental formulae of catarrhines and indriids including three permanent molars remain the most plausible.
The inheritance of digital dermatoglyphic patterns in 54 American Caucasian families
Authors: Juberg Richard C. , Morgan Leslie Y. , Faust Charles C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe searched for single gene effects in determining digital patterns and compared with the evidence for monogenic determination in Israelis (Slatis et al., '76). Our subjects were 108 parents from central Louisiana and 123 of their offspring; there were 127 females and 104 males ranging in age from eight to 66 years.Arches on the Among–thumb 11 subjects, two were bilateral, and three pairs were related, two as parent–child and one as sib–sib; the findings support the concept of an incompletely penetrant dominant gene. Radial loops on the thumb–three occurred unilaterally in unrelated subjects. Ulnar loops (U) and whorls (W) on the thumb–Phenotype frequency was 104 UU, 65 UW, 47 WW, 15 other. The proportion of UU offspring was highest with both UU parents and diminished as the parents had increasingly more W, supporting the single locus hypothesis. Arches (A) on the fingers–71 A, 160 non–A showed a greater A frequency than in the Israelis. The proportion of A offspring was highest with both A parents and diminished as the parents become non‐A. Sequence WWUWW–Among nine subjects, one was bilateral, two left, and six right; two pairs related as parent–child and sib–sib. Sequence WUUWW–Among five subjects, one was bilateral, and three were related as parent–offspring. Radial loops on index fingers–Frequency of 32% was greater than in the Israelis. Middle fingers–86% were U, 73% being bilateral. Radial loops on ring and little fingers–Among eight unilateral subjects, none was related. Ulnar loops and whorls on ring fingers–Proportion of UU offspring was greatest with both UU parents and diminished as parents became WW. We conclude that the Louisianians showed evidence for single gene effects similar to that of the Israelis.