bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Angel Investing and Why Do People Do It?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether you’re interested in becoming a business angel yourself or you’re trying to raise money from one, or you’re a policy maker seeking to enhance angel activity in your region, or you’re just someone interested in learning more about the topic, one of the ﬁrst things that you’re going to need to ﬁgure out is “what is angel investing?” You might think this is an easy question to answer. After all, how could people have possibly written all the books and articles and provided all the statistics out there about angel investing without deﬁning the topic?
How Well Do Angel Investments Perform?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone wants to know how well the typical angel investment performs. Current angels want to benchmark their counterparts. Prospective angels want to decide whether or not to make angel investments. Entrepreneurs want to gauge what angel investors are looking for in their investments. And policy makers want to set policies toward angel investing. So how does the average angel investment perform? The impression that you get from reading the typical magazine or newspaper article is that angels do quite well. But that’s because most authors focus on the extremely rare, blockbuster successes like the angel investment in Google and imply that the typical angel investment does almost as well.
Head Pain Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Levin Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtually all tissues of the head, face, and neck are pain-sensitive, with only a few exceptions (Table 1–1). Pain sensation from the front of the head and face, as well as the anterior skull contents, is mostly carried by the trigeminal nerve. Pain from the posterior scalp and more posterior and inferior intracranial structures is carried by the upper cervical roots C2 and C3 (see Table 1–2 for innervation of specific regions and Fig. 1–1 for dermatomes of the head). In this chapter, pain-sensitive structures and their innervation will be described, followed by a discussion of pain physiology as it relates to headache pain.
Antiepileptic Drugs and Hematological Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The magnitude of the problem is illustrated by the fact that at least one hematological abnormality was noted in 33% of patients taking valproate in one study (May and Sunder, 1993) and transient leukopenia has been reported in 12% (2–60%) of patients taking carbamazepine (Asadi-Pooya and Ghetmiri, 2006). Phenytoin produces similar rates of leukopenia as well. These abnormalities are usually inconsequential, but as noted, serious life-threatening illnesses may be provoked by AED therapy. Fortunately, potentially fatal hematological disorders are rare; for example, aplastic anemia has an incidence of only a few cases per million per year.
Your Values
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Which issues are likely to bloom into sustainable ones and which ones will fade away? This chapter will give you a sense of what issues are feasible for an SRI portfolio. As you ponder the concerns you wish to express as an investor, your own personal set of issues will emerge. Some will be more important to you than others. With respect to some, you might be a yellow investor like Guy; with respect to others, you might be blue, like Kathy.
U. S. International Investment Agreements
Authors: Vandevelde Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
U.S. International Investment Agreements is the definitive interpretative guide to the United States’ bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) with investment chapters. Providing an authoritative look at the development of the BIT program, treatment provisions, expropriation, and other provisions, Kenneth J. Vandevelde draws on his years of investment treaty and agreement expertise as both a former practitioner and a scholar. This unique and well-organized book analyzes the development of U.S. international investment agreement language and strategy within their historical context. It also explains the newest changes to the model negotiating text (US Model BIT 2004) and additional treaties.
Confidentiality and Transparency in Commercial and Investor-State International Arbitration
Authors: Born Gary B , Shenkman Ethan G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The related topics of “confidentiality” and “transparency” have provoked vigorous debates in recent investor-state commentary1 and arbitral awards. Proponents of “confidentiality,” typically drawing on parallels to experiences in international commercial arbitrations, cite confidentiality as a vital and constructive attribute of the arbitral process as applied to investor-state proceedings. On the other hand, proponents of “transparency” regard confidentiality as an ill, to be cured through broad rights of public access to investor-state arbitral proceedings.
To Give Or Not To Give Precedential Value To Investment Arbitration Awards?
Authors: Kessedjian Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future of international investment arbitration lies partly in the fi nding of a satisfactory answer to the very question posed in the title of this chapter. Unfortunately, the debate has been blurred by the fact that expressions such as “stare decisis,” “jurisprudence,” “precedent,” and “res judicata” are loaded concepts2 and, at best, could be used as shorthand to describe a potential preclusive effect given to a decision3 in subsequent proceedings without referring to any specifi c rule of any specifi c system. It is the role of this chapter to examine to what extent, if any, we should accept a precedent or res judicata rule in investment arbitration.
Protection Against Arbitrary Or Discriminatory Measures
Authors: Schreuer Christoph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clauses protecting investors from arbitrary or discriminatory measures are common in investment treaties. For instance, Article II(2)(b) of the Argentina-United States BIT provides in part that “[n]either Party shall in any way impair by arbitrary or discriminatory measures the management, operation, maintenance, use, enjoyment, acquisition, expansion, or disposal of investments.” The precise wording varies between “arbitrary or discriminatory”, “unjustified or discriminatory”, and “unreasonable or discriminatory.” Article 10(1) of the Energy Charter Treaty refers to “unreasonable or discriminatory measures.” There does not appear to be a relevant distinction between the terms “arbitrary”, “unjustified”, and “unreasonable” in this context. Rather, the terms seem to be used interchangeably.
Reflections on the Road Ahead: Living with Decentralization in Investment Treaty Arbitration
Authors: Brower Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As many of the chapters in this volume point out, the past decade has witnessed dramatic growth in the number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs)1 and the number of investor-state arbitrations commenced under their authority. These developments have triggered a corresponding proliferation of awards. Hailed by some and criticized by others, including many of the contributors to this volume, the accumulating body of jurisprudence forces one to confront the truth: investment treaties have not created an organic system, but the unlikely marriage of two traditions that represent the pinnacle and the nadir of clarity and uniformity in international law. Under the circumstances, one must avoid three potential mistakes: (1) underestimating the conditions that favor heterogeneity of outcomes in similar or related disputes; (2) overestimating the feasibility of simple, top-down remedies for inconsistent decisions; and (3) exaggerating the degree of coherence required and attainable in the loose network of roughly 2500 BITs.
New Directions
Authors: Ribstein Larry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has a theory and history of business forms from early partnerships through the modern uncorporation. This chapter builds on this foundation in considering where the corporation and uncorporation might be headed. We have focused on the major uncorporate forms: general and limited partnerships and limited liability companies. But there are many more where these came from, some of which we have touched on, including business or statutory trusts,645 limited liability partnerships (discussed in Chapter 7) and limited partnership associations and joint stock companies (discussed in Chapter 3).
Introduction
Authors: Brewer Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the first anniversary of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush launched a campaign to promote war against Iraq. “We will not allow any terrorist or tyrant to threaten civilization with weapons of mass murder,” he declared. The president’s prime-time speech was broadcast from Ellis Island where White House staffers had expertly staged the scene by illuminating the Statue of Liberty in the background. The previous day the attorney general raised the terror alert level to orange and the White House announced that Vice President Richard Cheney had spent the night at a “secure, undisclosed location.” Following the speech, the president’s top advisors appeared on television news shows to describe the immensity of the Iraqi threat. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld warned, “Imagine a September 11 with weapons of mass destruction.” Americans must go to war, announced officials, to secure their own safety, liberate the Iraqi people, and spread democracy in the Middle East.
War in Korea
Authors: Brewer Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Korean war was a limited war with far-reaching consequences. The U.S. government viewed North Korea’s invasion of South Korea in 1950 as part of a communist plot to achieve global domination. Acting on the belief that the Soviet Union ordered the attack, President Harry Truman sent U.S. forces to Korea to contain the spread of communism. Korea, he declared, had become “the front line in the struggle between freedom and tyranny.” Despite Truman’s clear public pronouncement of Korea’s significance, the president and his advisors feared that Korea wasn’t the real front line. They worried that the war there might be a distraction intended to draw the United States away from the real target in Europe or the Middle East. Therefore, wary of possible Soviet aggression elsewhere, it designated Korea a limited war. Meanwhile the U.S. government tripled the military budget; committed to supporting anticommunist forces in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Taiwan; and rearmed its recent enemies, West Germany and Japan. The United States geared up to fight a global Cold War.
Individuality and Mass Democracy
Authors: Zakaras Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Democracy, unlike any other form of government, demands that citizens take responsibility for their politics. And yet, over the past fifty years, observers of American democracy have worried that Americans are failing to do so. With occasional exceptions, voter turnout and civic engagement are declining, and the average citizen’s knowledge of public affairs is flimsy at best. Citizens’ political posture is mostly passive: they receive political propaganda designed by marketing professionals and consume staged political spectacles that are scarcely distinguishable from other forms of “reality” entertainment. The Rockwellian ideal of democracy-participatory, deliberative, egalitarian-that still captivates our imaginations is for the most part anachronistic. How should we respond to these worries? Alex Zakaras argues that we must develop an ideal of citizenship suitable for mass society. To do so, he turns to a pair of nineteenth-century philosophers--John Stuart Mill and Ralph Waldo Emerson--who were among the first to confront the specific challenge of making mass democracy work, and whose moral and political insights are deeply relevant to America today. He focuses especially on the idea of individuality, which lies at the very center of their theories of democracy. Individuality emphasizes each citizen’s personal complicity in the injustices committed by democratic officials, and calls on each of us to resist such complicity by speaking and acting against injustice. Individuality suggests that those of us who do no more than vote--who otherwise lead strictly private lives--are guilty of moral and civic negligence.
good lawyering and lawyering for the good: Lawyers’ Reflections on Mandatory Pro Bono in Law School
Authors: Granfield Robert , Veliz Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, Adcock states that since the early 1990s several law schools have taken up the call to public service by expanding pro bono and public service opportunities for their students. The institutionalization of law school public service represents one of the most significant recent changes to have occurred in American legal education (Dolovich 2002; Adcock in this volume). Although there is some variation in the organizational structure and logistics of law school public service initiatives, it is hard to find anyone who opposes these programs, at least in principle (Rhode 2005). Yet despite these institutional developments, there has been little systematic study of how participants of mandatory pro bono programs assess the value of their experience. While there has been much speculation of the impact of pro bono experiences on law students and lawyers with regard to skill-building, personal transformations in perspectives on justice, engagement in pro bono work, and even political ideology (Davis 2004), there has been limited consideration of how individuals experience their pro bono work and what participants of such programs believe they derive from such experiences. Furthermore, there has been little attention to the meanings that pro bono has for individuals and the implications of such meanings for the formation of professional identity.
Pro Bono And Low Bono In The Solo And Small Law Firm Context
Authors: Levin Leslie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 35 years, the organized bar increasingly has provided pro bono legal assistance to the more than 50 million people of limited means in the United States.1 Much attention has been devoted to the pro bono efforts of the largest law firms, which now contribute millions of hours of pro bono service annually to individuals and organizations that could not afford to hire lawyers (Raymond 2008). But the lawyers in the largest firms comprise only about 20 percent of the lawyers in private practice (American Bar Association (ABA) Standing Committee on Pro Bono and Public Service 2009:2). Lawyers in solo and small (2-to 5-lawyer) firms, who comprise more than 60 percent of all private practitioners (Carson 2004:8–9), contribute more time and in greater numbers to the pro bono legal representation of persons of limited means than any other group of lawyers (Heinz et al. 2005:131; Ruggiere & Carpanzano 2008:10, 13).
Between Profit And Principle The Private Public Interest Firm
Authors: Cummings Scott L , Southworth Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Pro bono publico”—which means “for the public good”—is at once a narrow duty and a broad aspiration. The narrow duty is codified in Rule 6.1 of the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which calls for “[e]very lawyer . to provide legal services to those unable to pay.” The broad aspiration envisions private legal practice as a vehicle for advancing the public good (Katzmann 1995)—a notion rooted in a core ideal of legal professionalism (Scheingold & Sarat 2004:11). Efforts to fuse private practice and the public good produce different approaches and ideologies across practice sites (Granfield 2007). Some of them reinforce the conventional definition of pro bono, whereas others assert a distinct public role for private lawyers. The recent literature on pro bono has focused primarily on the provision of pro bono services by big firms (Cummings 2004; see also Boutcher in this volume; Epstein 2002), where lawyers fulfill their professional duty by taking a break from billable work to provide free legal services to persons of limited means or to organizations that advocate for deserving causes (White 2000:140). This conception differs from the notion of public service associated with lawyers in solo and small-firm practice, who often view their acceptance of reduced fees from clients based on ability to pay as a means of promoting access to justice (Levin in this volume; see also Lochner 1975:442–448; Seron 1996:132).
Bar Politics And Pro Bono Definitions: The New York Experience
Authors: Feathers Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book contains many chapters animated by illuminating scholarly analysis and insight, but this contribution is of a different type. It is based on my particular experience. For five years, from 2002 to 2007, I served as the Director of Pro Bono Affairs for the New York State Bar Association (“State Bar”). With 74,000 members, this is the nation’s largest voluntary state bar association. In my pro bono role, I worked on many access to justice initiatives with organizations and lawyers throughout the state, from large firms in Manhattan to small practices in upstate rural counties. During my tenure, the State Bar transformed its definition of pro bono to expand the kinds of service recognized. After that experience, I returned to a private practice devoted to appeals. I have done pro bono as set forth in the State Bar’s expanded definition, including appeals at no fee for persons of limited income and at a substantially reduced fee for nonprofits serving the needs of such persons. The philosophical and practical aspects of pro bono that I observed and experienced are the subject of this chapter.
Conflating The Good With The Public Good: An Essay
Authors: Schlegel1 John Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Essayer is French for “to try.” An essay, then, is a trial, an attempt to understand something—in this case an attempt better to understand the pro bono movement among the legal profession, and the movement’s supporters. The efforts of the lawyers and scholars promoting pro bono practice seem to me to be as well meaning as those of any group one might possibly discover. And yet, these efforts—now dating back at least 100 years—seem not to succeed (Rhode 2005). There are, I suppose, lots of reasons for the lack of success. This collection and the conference that gave birth to it have explored at least two of them—the structure of the legal profession and the structure of legal education. I wish briefly to explore a third: the absence of self-criticality in the standard presentation of one of the movement’s core concepts, the public interest. In the interest of full disclosure—probably an impossibility—the reader should know that my devotion to critique comes from my travels with Critical Legal Studies, and my devotion to reflexivity from my travels with Law and Society.
Defining the Problem
Authors: O’Reilly Prof. James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We define the problem of corporate misconduct as actions by an organizational entity that violate one or more statutes. The problem is a function of the collision between legislated prohibitions on certain corporate decisions and the aggressive business operations that come near or cross that line of prohibitions. The social policy judgment that a particular act or series of acts is “misconduct” will vary with norms of the community, the accepted “culture” of business sectors, the ethical standards of players in that competitive market, and related factors.
Individual Criminal Liability Related to the Corporation
Authors: Hanlon James Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Penalties imposed in prosecutions involving corporate misconduct can be severe. In two recent cases involving the former president of Impath, Inc., Richard Adelson, and the former CEO of General Reinsurance Corp., Ronald Ferguson, the recommended sentences under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines were imprisonment for life. The development of corporate criminal liability has not altered the fundamental notion that individuals should be held accountable for criminal conduct. In other words, a criminal charge against the corporation is not a substitute for criminal charges against culpable individuals. The concept of individual accountability and responsibility for wrongdoing is reflected in U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) policy that emphasizes the importance of charging culpable individuals even when a corporation has beencharged.
Deferred Prosecution and Non-Prosecution Agreements
Authors: Hall Ralph F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criminal trials expose all parties to high risks and high costs, particularly in trials involving allegations of serious criminal corporate misconduct. The risks to the corporation are obvious. A guilty verdict can trigger substantial fines and penalties. The company’s reputation and customer loyalty can suffer affecting stock price, employee morale, and even recruiting. Trials often lead to potentially deadly collateral effects. A liability finding against a health care provider, pharmaceutical company, accounting firm, or law firm can destroy the company by denying it the right to practice in its field.
Understanding and Complying with Compliance Agreements
Authors: Hall Ralph F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A substantial number of compliance agreements, including Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs), Non prosecution Agreements (NPAs), consent decrees, and administrative agreements such as Corporate Integrity Agreements (CIAs) with the Office of Inspector General within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), have forward-looking compliance-related provisions and obligations. These provisions generally mandate enhanced compliance systems and processes, seek to make compliance an integral part of the company operations, and attempt to drive positive culture changes
Qui Tam Relator Suits and False Claims Act Proceedings
Authors: Jackson Steven L , Lewis Erin Reilly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the False Claims Act (FCA, or the Act), which is another source of potential liability for corporate misconduct. The FCA is a unique federal statute designed to combat fraud against the federal government through severe civil penalties. Congress originally enacted the FCA in the 1800s, and it has fallen in and out of favor over the years. The FCA is currently in favor.
National Handwriting Day
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who embrace new technologies of communication may do so gladly and never look back. But for many of today’s writers, digital technologies exist alongside the older pencil and paper varieties. Even so, the importance of hand- writing, the product of pen and pencil, seems to have declined significantly, to the point where schools debate whether to take children straight to keyboard- ing once they learn to print their letters and skip those tedious penmanship les- sons of the past. But handwriting hasn’t yet become a lost art, and it still inspires some reverence in our culture. The pencil and pen industry would like to capi- talize on that by setting aside a special day to celebrate the art of handwriting.