bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The expression of pain in infants with developmental delays
Authors: Mercer K. , Glenn S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective To explore how infants with developmental delays express pain, we analysed facial expressions of infants receiving their routine immunization at around 4–6 months developmental age. The sample included eight infants with developmental disabilities (mean developmental age 4.8 months) and 30 typically developing infants (mean age 4 months). The Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding system was used to code infant facial expressions during immunization.Results The pain expression was by far the most common of all facial expressions following immunization for both groups of infants. Those with disabilities produced significantly fewer discrete high‐intensity expressions of pain, and significantly more blended expressions than typically developing infants. Expressions of fear, sadness and anger were relatively infrequent in both groups. Infants with disabilities used their upper face less often than typically developing infants, and their mid face was uncodeable more often.Conclusion Infants with developmental delays were likely to show pain in facial expressions less clearly than typically developing infants. It is important for health care professionals to be aware that this may be the case when considering the administration of analgesia for such children.
Relevance of the pH probe in sleep study analysis in infants
Authors: Harris P. , Muñoz C. , Mobarec S. , Brockmann P. , Mesa T. , Sánchez I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground  To establish the relationship between sleep apnoea and gastro‐oesophageal reflux in infants and describe the clinical, demographic and pHmetric profile and the characteristic of the sleep polysomnography with a pH probe.Methods  A total of 102 consecutive patients were evaluated. Parents were requested to fill out a questionnaire about symptoms and previous therapy. Gastro‐oesophageal reflux was considered abnormal when the percentage of time with pH less than 4 was higher than 4% of total sleep time.Results  A total of 102 infants were enrolled, 53% males. Seventy‐four per cent of the infants were full‐term babies. At the moment of the polysomnography, the mean age of the sample was 2.6 months. Suspicion of apnoea was the most common clinical diagnosis prior to the study. Only two infants have abnormal electroencephalogram. Mild gastro‐oesophageal reflux was seen in 37 (36%) infants, while 22 (21.5%) did not have any reflux episode, and the remaining 43 (42%) infants had reflux index in the pathologic range. Only one patient had an unequivocal temporal relationship between acid oesophageal reflux and respiratory pause with oxygen desaturation.Discussion  Infants with history of apnoea or acute life threatening event frequently had gastro‐oesophageal reflux episodes which did not correlated with respiratory events, suggesting that gastro‐oesophageal reflux and apnoea often occur in the same infant as two separate events.
Variation in how mothers, health visitors and general practitioners use the personal child health record
Authors: Hampshire A. J. , Blair M. E. , Crown N. S. , Avery A. J. , Williams E. I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground  In the UK, a national personal child health record (PCHR) with local adaptations is in widespread use. Previous studies report that parents find the PCHR useful and that health visitors use it more than other health professionals. This study was carried out in Nottingham, where the local PCHR is similar to the national PCHR.Objectives  To explore variation in use of the PCHR made by mothers with differing social characteristics, to compare heath visitors’ and general practitioners’ (GPs’) use of the PCHR, and to compare health visitors’ and GPs’ perceptions of the PCHR with those of mothers for whose children they provide care.Methods  Questionnaires to 534 parents registered with 28 general practices and interviews with a health visitor and GP at each practice. A score per mother for perceived usefulness of the PCHR was developed from the questionnaire, and variation in the score was investigated by linear regression adjusted for clustering.Results  Four hundred and one (75%) questionnaires were returned. Three hundred and twenty‐five (82%) mothers thought the PCHR was very good or good. Higher scores for usage of the PCHR were significantly associated with teenage and first‐time mothers, but no association was found with mother's social class, education or being a single parent. There was no association between variation in the score and practice, health visitor or GP characteristics. Mothers, health visitors and GPs reported that mothers took the PCHR to baby clinic more frequently than when seeing their GP, and that health visitors wrote in the PCHR more frequently than GPs. Eighteen (67%) health visitors and 20 (71%) GPs said they had difficulty recording information in the PCHR.Conclusion  The PCHR is used by most mothers and is important for providing health promotion material to all families with young children. It may be particularly useful for first‐time and teenage mothers.
Pichia anomala fungaemia in immunocompromised children
Authors: Bakır M. , Çerikcioğlu N. , Tırtır A. , Berrak S. , Özek E. , Canpolat C. 
Published: June 2004

Summary Pichia anomala is an emerging yeast causing serious nosocomial infections in newborn and immunocompromised children. We describe nosocomial port catheter infection due to P. anomala in three children who were receiving cancer chemotherapy, bloodstream infection in a preterm infant and in an infant with severe combined immunodeficiency. All patients were treated with amphotericin B. All isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and fluconazole. No recurrence was observed during follow‐up in four of five patients. The common clinical feature in all of our patients was the presence of prior antimicrobial therapy.
Kerion Celsi in a newborn due to Microsporum canis
Authors: Aste Nicola , Pinna Anna Luisa , Pau Monica , Biggio P. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryThe present study deals with a case of a 40‐day‐old girl with kerion Celsi caused by Microsporum canis. The source of the infection were the parents who presented tinea corporis caused by M. canis. Systemic treatment was carried out with terbinafine and complete recovery was achieved. Tinea capitis is unusual in children during their first year of life and its evolution towards kerion is very rare in newborns.
In vitro activities of voriconazole (UK‐109, 496), fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against 132 non‐albicans bloodstream yeast isolates (CANARI study)
Authors: Swinne D. , Watelle M. , Van der Flaes M. , Nolard N. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryThe aim was to evaluate the in vitro activity of voriconazole compared with those of amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole against 132 bloodstream isolates of Candida non‐albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae species. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by an adapted National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M27‐A method using RPMI 1640 as test medium supplemented with 2% glucose. MIC end‐points were determined with a spectrophotometer after incubation for 48 h at 35 °C. Optical density data were used for the calculation of the MIC end‐points. For amphotericin B, the end‐point was defined as the minimal antifungal concentration that exerts 90% inhibition compared with the control well growth. For the azoles, the end‐points were determined at 50% inhibition of growth. Amphotericin B is highly active with 97% of isolates inhibited by ≤1 μg ml−1. Decreased susceptibility or resistance to fluconazole was the rule among C. krusei, which is intrinsically resistant to fluconazole. For C. glabrata isolates, resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was measured in 13% and 17% of the isolates respectively. Voriconazole was quite active in vitro against all the isolates with a MIC90% of ≤1 μg ml−1 and we conclude that it may be useful in the treatment of non‐albicans bloodstream infections.
Literacy: The End and Means of Literature
Authors: Rozema David 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn modern times a gap has appeared between the arts of history and literature, and the sciences of historicism and criticism. Many modern critics, historians, and teachers of literature and history (and even many so‐called authors of literature) have welcomed, or at least complied with, the “scientification” of their arts, resulting in widespread illiteracy with regard to literature and history. The solution to this problem lies in a (re‐)investigation of how the art of literature teaches us the truth. I maintain that the lifeblood of literature is the set of common joys and griefs, the common blessings and sufferings, of mankind. Without a communication of these passions as passions with the result of a transformation or shaping of the soul – without a mimesis, as the Greeks would say –across the boundaries of tribe, race, gender and era, there is no literature; and no literacy. Using a scene from Solzhenitsyn's First Circle, I argue that these passions are part of the truth (or falsity) of any story involving human beings. So literature and history would both be restored if the writers, readers, and teachers of each developed a deeper concern for the whole truth.
The role of the actin cytoskeleton in plant cell signaling
Authors: Drøbak B. K. , Franklin‐Tong V. E. , Staiger C. J. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryThe plant actin cytoskeleton provides a dynamic cellular component which is involved in the maintenance of cell shape and structure. It has been demonstrated recently that the actin cytoskeleton and its associated elements provide a key target in many signaling events. In addition to acting as a target, the actin cytoskeleton can also act as a transducer of signal information. In this review we describe some newly discovered aspects of the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in plant cell signaling. In addition to a summary of the roles played by actin‐binding proteins, we also briefly review the progress made in understanding how the actin cytoskeleton participates in the self‐incompatibility response in pollen tubes. Finally, the emerging importance of the actin cytoskeleton in the perception and responses to stimuli such as gravity, touch and cold stress exposure are discussed.ContentsI.Introduction – the actin cytoskeleton13II.Actin‐binding proteins14III.The actin cytoskeleton as a target and mediator of plant cell signaling20IV.Summary and conclusion25References25Acknowledgements25
Hepatocyte proliferation in chronic hepatitis C: correlation with degree of liver disease and serum α‐fetoprotein
Authors: Wilfredo Canchis P. , Gonzalez Stevan A. , Isabel Fiel M. , Chiriboga Luis , Yee Herman , Edlin Brian R. , Jacobson Ira M. , Talal Andrew H. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract: Aims: Hepatocyte proliferation (HP) is an adaptive response to liver injury. The relationships between HP and necroinflammation, fibrosis, and serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, however, are not well understood.Methods: Proliferative hepatocytes (Ki‐67+) were identified using immunohistochemical staining in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver tissue from 156 HCV RNA‐positive patients with different degrees of liver histopathology. Twenty high‐power fields (HPFs) in lobular areas were counted in each specimen.Results: HP increased by 1.22±0.25 cells/HPF per increase in necroinflammation from grade 0 (median: 0.13; range: [0.1–0.5] cells/HPF) through grade 3 (median: 1.80; range: [0.0–25.2] cells/HPF; P=0.002). HP increased by 0.81 ±0.20 cells/HPF per increase in fibrosis from stage 0 (median: 0.33; range: [0.0–1.3] cells/HPF) through stage 3 (median: 1.70; range: [0.0–25.2] cells/HPF) and then decreased in stage 4 (to median: 0.90; range: [0.0–5.3] cells/HPF). HP also increased with advancing age (P=0.03). Among patients with advanced liver disease, HP was no higher in patients with elevated serum AFP levels (median: 1.68; range: [0.1–5.3] cells/HPF) than in those with normal serum AFP levels (median: 1.70; range: [0.0–25.2] cells/HPF; P=0.26).Conclusions: In patients with chronic HCV infection, HP increases with histologic progression of liver disease, but is impaired in cirrhosis. HP was not increased in patients with elevated serum AFP levels.
Liver‐targeted doxorubicin: effects on rat regenerating hepatocytes
Authors: Di Stefano Giuseppina , Derenzini Massimo , Kratz Felix , Lanza Marcella , Fiume Luigi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract: Background/Aims: The conjugate of doxorubicin (DOXO) with lactosaminated human albumin (L‐HSA) has the potential of improving DOXO efficacy in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) expressing the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP‐R). In view of an adjuvant chemotherapy with L‐HSA–DOXO after the surgical removal of the tumour, in the present experiments we verified whether DOXO accumulation produced by the conjugate can impair the liver regeneration following hepatic resection in non‐cirrhotic liver.Methods: Using saline‐injected hepatectomised rats as controls, we studied the effects of the conjugate on the ultrastructure of regenerating hepatocytes and evaluated [3H]thymidine incorporation, mitotic index and rate of DNA recovery in the liver remnant.Results: L‐HSA–DOXO caused a selective drug accumulation in liver remnant, with low DOXO levels in extra‐hepatic tissues. It did not change the ultrastructure of hepatocytes and did not increase serum alanine aminotransferase. It decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation and mitotic index, causing a moderate delay in hepatic DNA recovery.Conclusions: The experiments indicate a substantial resistance of rat regenerating hepatocytes to high intracellular concentrations of DOXO. They support the possibility of using L‐HSA–DOXO in an adjuvant chemotherapy after the surgical removal of HCCs which maintain the ASGP‐R.
Predictors of Hospital Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the Community
Authors: WU AUDREY H. , GOSS J. RICHARD , MAYNARD CHARLES , STEWART DOUGLAS K. , ZHAO XUE‐QIAO 
Published: June 2004

Background: It is not well established to what degree advances have been adopted into contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice in the community and what effect they have on the short‐term outcomes of in‐hospital mortality and length of stay.
Methods: We analyzed a prospectively‐collected, statewide registry that includes consecutive patients undergoing isolated PCI to determine predictors of in‐hospital outcomes after the first PCI performed in the community. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with in‐hospital mortality after first PCI.
Results: Between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2000 there were a total of 12,920 cases of first PCI performed, 4535 (35.1%) of which were for acute myocardial infarction (MI). Stents and glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used in 89.6% and 70.0%, respectively, of all cases. In‐hospital mortality was 1.8%. Length of hospital stay was 1 (1, 3) days [median (interquartile range)] in the absence of acute MI, and 3 (2, 4) days after acute MI. After acute MI, peri‐procedure GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor use [adjusted OR 0.41 (95% CI 0.26, 0.63)] and stenting [adjusted OR 0.61 (95% CI 0.37, 0.996)] were the only factors positively associated with freedom from hospital death.
Conclusions: Intracoronary stenting and use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors have been well integrated into community practice. The observed in‐hospital mortality rate is slightly higher than published in other series, but likely reflects the significant proportion of acute MI cases being treated aggressively with PCI as the primary therapy. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:151–158)
Mechanisms for Enlarging Lesion Size During Irrigated Tip Radiofrequency Ablation:
Authors: PETERSEN HELEN HØGH , ROMAN‐GONZALEZ JAVIER , JOHNSON SUSAN B. , HASTRUP SVENDSEN JESPER , HAUNSØ STIG , PACKER DOUGLAS L. 
Published: June 2004

Introduction:
Irrigated tip radiofrequency ablation of cardiac arrhythmias was developed to increase the size of the radiofrequency‐induced lesion, since cooling of the electrode tip allows use of higher power settings. The purpose of this study was to determine if the increased lesion size during irrigated tip ablation is caused by the cooling effect solely or if increased electrical conductivity around the tip also contributes by increasing the “current‐delivering size” of the tip: the so‐called “virtual electrode effect.”
Methods and Results:
In vitro strips of left ventricular porcine myocardium and in vivo canine left ventricles were ablated. In vitro closed loop tip and showerhead irrigated tip catheters were compared. In vitro and in vivo showerhead tip catheters irrigated with solutions having different ionic content were compared. We found no difference in lesion size for closed loop and showerhead‐type catheters (998 ± 345 vs. 811 ± 313 mm3 during power‐controlled ablation and 227 ± 76 vs 318 ± 127 mm3 during temperature‐controlled ablation). For irrigation with liquids having increasing ionic strength we found a decrease in lesion volume in vitro (361 ± 249 vs. 812 ± 229 mm3 (P < 0.001) for power‐controlled and 156 ± 78 vs. 318 ± 127 mm3 (P < 0.05) for temperature‐controlled ablation and nonsignificant differences in vivo.
Conclusions:
The mechanism for enlarging lesion size during radiofrequency irrigated‐tip ablation is that higher power levels can be used. There is no virtual electrode effect caused by the highly conductive surroundings of the tip during irrigation. In vitro this effect is shown to be opposite: It decreases lesion size. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:171–177)
Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease
Authors: Tezal Mine , Grossi Sara G. , Ho Alex W. , Genco Robert J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of alcohol consumption on the severity of periodontal disease.Material and Methods: This cross‐sectional study employed 13,198 subjects of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) aged 20 and older who have at least six natural teeth. Alcohol intake was represented both as a continuous variable and dichotomized using 5, 10, 15, and 20 drinks/week as cut‐points. Periodontal disease was represented by clinical attachment loss (CAL) and was assessed both as a continuous variable and dichotomized as <1.5 mm and 1.5 mm. Independent effect of alcohol on CAL was assessed by weighted multiple linear and logistic regression analyses adjusting simultaneously for the effects of age, gender, race, education, income, smoking, diet, diabetes, gingival bleeding, number of remaining teeth.Results: There was a significant linear relationship between number of drinks per week and log CAL (p=0.0001). Odds ratios for the risk of attachment loss using 5, 10, 15, and 20 drinks/week as cut‐points were 1.22 [1.02–1.47], 1.39 [1.13–1.71], 1.54 [1.22–1.93], and 1.67 [1.25–2.23], respectively.Conclusion: Alcohol consumption may be associated with increased severity of CAL in a dose‐dependent fashion. Prospective studies and studies of mechanism are needed to confirm the role of alcohol as a risk factor for periodontal disease.
Effects of experimental gingivitis on crevicular PGE2 in a split mouth trial
Authors: Deinzer Renate , Waschul Bernd , Herforth Armin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective: The study aimed to analyse the effects of experimental gingivitis on crevicular prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). An increase of PGE2 was expected.Methods: Fourteen medical students refrained for 28 days from any oral hygiene procedures in two antagonistic quadrants while they maintained close to perfect oral hygiene in the remaining quadrants. Crevicular fluid samples were taken at baseline and at days 7, 14, 21 and 28 of experimental gingivitis both from quadrants with and without oral hygiene. PGE2‐concentrations (ng/ml) and absolute levels (pg/sample) were analysed for quadrants with and without oral hygiene.Results: Comparison of quadrants with and without oral hygiene by repeated measures anova revealed no effects of experimental gingivitis both on crevicular PGE2‐concentrations and absolute levels.Conclusion: The study does not support the notion that experimental gingivitis induces an increase of crevicular PGE2. The data are discussed in the context of other studies on PGE2 concentrations in gingivitis. Close inspection of these studies reveals no clear evidence for an increase of local PGE2 in gingivitis.
Local and systemic total antioxidant capacity in periodontitis and health
Authors: Brock G. R. , Butterworth C. J. , Matthews J. B. , Chapple I. L. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground: The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontal pathology is unclear but will be modulated by in vivo antioxidant defence systems. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to determine both local (saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peripheral (plasma and serum) antioxidant capacity in periodontal health and disease.Materials and Methods: Twenty non‐smoking volunteers with chronic periodontitis were sampled together with twenty age‐ and sex‐matched, non‐smoking controls. After overnight fasting, saliva (whole unstimulated and stimulated) and blood were collected. Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) was determined using a previously reported enhanced chemiluminescence method.Results: GCF antioxidant concentration was significantly lower (p<0.001) in periodontitis subjects compared to healthy controls. Although mean levels of peripheral and salivary TAOC were also lower in periodontitis the difference was only significant for plasma (p<0.05). Healthy subjects' GCF antioxidant concentration was significantly greater than paired serum or plasma (p<0.001). Data stratified for gender did not alter the findings and a male bias was revealed in all clinical samples except GCF.Conclusions: These findings suggest that the antioxidant capacity of GCF is both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct from that of saliva, plasma and serum. Whether changes in the GCF compartment in periodontitis reflect predisposition to or the results of ROS‐mediated damage remains unclear. Reduced plasma total antioxidant defence could result from low‐grade systemic inflammation induced by the host response to periodontal bacteria, or may be an innate feature of periodontitis patients.
Lactoferrin and other markers from gingival crevicular fluid and saliva before and after periodontal treatment
Authors: Jentsch H. , Sievert Y. , Göcke R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the study was to verify (i) if crevicular fluid defence variables reflect the changes after surgical periodontal treatment and (ii) if they are in correspondence with changes of these variables in the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva.Material and Methods: For 12 male and 13 female volunteers with chronic periodontitis lactoferrin concentration as well as the lysozyme and peroxidase activities were determined in crevicular fluid as well as in unstimulated and stimulated saliva before and 14 days after surgical periodontal treatment by a minimal invasive flap technique.Results: The lactoferrin concentrations decreased significantly in the crevicular fluid eluting solution from 1.63 to 1.23 mg/l reflecting a decrease in the total amount collected, in unstimulated saliva from 10.54 to 8.96 mg/l, and in stimulated saliva from 9.00 to 7.11 mg/l after treatment. No significant change could be found for lysozyme. Peroxidase activity was significantly reduced from 269.06 to 186.15 U/l only in the crevicular fluid.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that (i) the defence factor lactoferrin is suitable for monitoring of periodontal treatment results and (ii) changes of the lactoferrin concentration in crevicular fluid are related with significant changes in unstimulated and stimulated saliva.