bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial potential marine sponge extract and bacteria symbionts Callyspongia vaginalis from Kendit Waters Against the bacteria Vibrio harveyi
Authors: Nurama D F , Maisaroh D S , Munir M , Kartika A G D , Susanti O , Joesidawati M I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Vibrio harveyi is the reason for Vibriosis disease in shrimp which causes mortality above 80%. The diseases caused by these bacteria can be treated using antibiotics, but the use of antibiotics in fisheries and aquaculture is currently estimated to harm the environment. This research was conducted to determine the screening of sponge symbiont bacteria, the antibacterial potential of sponge extract, and secondary metabolites in sponge extract. This method includes an antibacterial test, antagonist test, and qualitative phytochemical test. The test results showed that the sponge extract of Callyspongia vaginalis had the potential against V. harveyi, this was indicated by the presence of clear zones at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 80%, which indicated that these concentrations had weak inhibition criteria, while at a concentration of 40% and 60% have medium barriers criteria. The screening test results for symbiont bacteria showed that only 4 active isolates showed the presence of antibacterial activity marked by the appearance of an inhibition zone around the paper disc and categorized as having weak inhibitory power. Phytochemical tests on this sponge extract showed it had secondary metabolites: flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids.
Life history and spawning potential of blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Pamekasan, Madura Island, Indonesia
Authors: Ervinia A , Nugroho K C , Setioko W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Blue swimming crab is one of Indonesia’s most valuable marine crustaceans, experiencing high fishing pressures for export, which could lead to the depletion of stocks. Knowledge of blue swimming crab spawning potential is imperative for understanding the stock’s status. This study aimed to estimate the spawning potential of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) based on their life history parameters. Fourteen thousand five hundred thirty-three crab samples were collected from fishers caught using the collapsible traps from January to December 2021 in Pamekasan. The biological data, including carapace width, weight, sex, and maturity level, were measured. Length-based spawning potential ratio method was used to estimate the spawning potential ratio. Results showed the growth parameters, CW∞= 179.55 mm, K = 0.98 year−1, and tmax=3 years. Size at first maturity was estimated at 102 mm carapace width, while the size at first capture was 112-121 mm. Egg-berried female crabs were observed throughout the year, with two distinguishable peaks occurring in Jan-Feb and Aug-Sep. The overall estimates of the SPR met the reference point limit. This study gave insights that the stock status of BSC in Pamekasan was not at risk of recruitment impairment, but management actions should be initiated for stock rebuilding.
Biodiversity of coral reefs ecosystem in Sabu Raijua Waters
Authors: Fakhrurrozi  , Idris  , Yusri S , Adiwijaya C , Wijoyo N S , Prawira M A , Agustami S S , Yuniar Z , Alisa C A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The waters of Sabu Raijua are included in World’s Coral Triangle Region, which has high-potential Coral Reefs Ecosystems that have not been widely revealed. The remote location and erratic wave weather conditions give challenges in surveying biodiversity coral reef ecosystems. The observation of the Coral Reef ecosystem has been carried out at 12 stations in Sabu Raijua using underwater photo transect to determine the coral cover percentage, line transect for benthos noncoral, belt transect for community structure of coral reefs, and visual census method for measuring reef fish community. The result of coral reef condition is categorized as moderate, where the average live hard coral cover percentage is 22%, dominated by coral massive and submassive. Hard coral that found as many as 47 genera dominated by Porites, Galaxea, and Favites. There are 111 species of coral reef fishes have been identified. Benthos noncoral found as many as 109 species.
Diversity of non-targeted species on blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus gillnet fishery in Grogol, Cirebon
Authors: Satria M B , Ahmad H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Non-targeted Species (NTS) data and research is needed in the management and development of the blue swimming crab fishery ecosystem. The NTS were divided into two groups, namely the retained and the discarded. This study aims to explain the diversity of NTS caught by blue swimming crab fishermen that used gillnet in the Cirebon Regency. This study uses exploration and enumeration methods to analyze the catch of NTS catched by blue swimming crab fishermen for 7 months in 2021. Shannon-Wiener diversity, Evenness, and Simpson’s dominance index were further analyzed. Results showed the diversity of NTS caught by blue swimming crab fishermen with gillnets in Cirebon Regency consisted of 29 species from 23 families (9 fish, 16 crustaceans, and 4 mollusc species). The highest diversity index was observed in December (2.16) and the lowest was October (1.29). The highest population uniformity or evenness was observed in September (0.83) and the lowest in October and November (0.59). The dominance index had the highest value in August at 0.41 and the lowest in July at 0.15. The non-target species biodiversity of P. pelagicus fishery in Cirebon was classified as moderate diversity category, moderate to high evenness, and low dominance. These results provide information for fishermen to reduce catches of non-targeted species which requires fishermen to return and release the non-targeted species within 5 minutes and maintain the diversity of marine biota.
Seasonal comparison of catch abundance and size of blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Rembang, Central Java
Authors: Utomo R P , Maulana P , Taqiyuddin M W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considering the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) was exported as pasteurized crab meat, the quality of fresh meat (stock and size) could have been influenced by the season and needed to be considered. This study aimed to analyse the effect of the season on the crab’s abundance and size in Rembang Water, Central Java. The study period includes four seasons, namely west monsoon, first transition, east monsoon, and second transition from July 2021 to June 2022. The crab samples from the fishermen were analysed in term of the fishing trips, weight, and carapace width at the fishing ground location. Descriptive statistics and univariate one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. The average abundance, weight, and size of crabs caught in Rembang waters during the year were 1,8 kilograms per trip a day (one-day fishing). The abundance of crabs in the west monsoons was greater than in the east monsoons. The pattern of crabs caught was higher at the beginning of the west monsoon (December–January), then it decreased in February until the start of the first transition (March), then gradually increased in April before decreasing again in June until the end of the second transition (October). The ANOVA test showed that the size of crabs in every season had significant differences. It was clearly shown on the boxplot that the catch in the west monsoon and the first transition was smaller than the east monsoon and second transition. These results can provide insightful information for fishers, managers, and policy makers as a basis for developing sustainable fisheries management.
Growth and survival rate of blue swimming crab enlargement in the south coast of Pamekasan, Madura Island
Authors: Ramadhan F , Wicaksono R Z , Darmawan D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Indonesia has fishery commodities favoured by the world market, especially blue swimming crab fisheries. Fishing activities that continue to increase have caused the blue swimming crab population in nature tend to decrease. Therefore, it is necessary to develop aquaculture in ponds and coastal waters. However, blue swimming crab enlargement has technological constraints that have yet to be widely known by the wider community. The study aimed to determine the survival rate of blue swimming crabs in coastal waters using ponds conducted in Pamekasan, East Java. The parameters measured were the width of the blue swimming crab’s carapace using a ruler and the growth of the blue swimming crab’s weight using a digital scale. The experimental results on blue swimming crabs obtained an absolute growth of 9.8 cm and a survival rate of 3.96%. The high rate of cannibalism in blue swimming crabs can indicate the cause of the low survival rate of blue swimming crabs. This research is expected to increase the choice of blue swimming crab enlargement to reduce the pressure of catches and be another alternative to reduce the level of blue swimming crab fishing in nature.
Shadow zone mapping using parabolic equation method in the Bali Strait Waters
Authors: Darmawan R G , Pujiyati S , Harsono G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shadow Zone is an area where sound waves cannot penetrate a water column due to deflection. This study aims to map the shadow zone based on oceanographic parameters in the Bali Strait. The data used are temperature, salinity, and depth for 31 days in the East Season (July) in the Bali Strait at two stations from the results of numerical modeling downloaded from the website https://marine.copernicus.eu/. Shadow zone simulation uses the parabolic equation method with certain parameter limits. The vertical temperature profile shows that the deeper the water is, the lower the temperature, whereas salinity is the opposite. The sound velocity is affected by the parameters of temperature and salinity. At the location of the 25 m transducers, the undetected medium beam is narrower than the location of the 110 m transducers so that the shadow zone with a 110 m transducer position has a broader area. The Shadow zone area in the northern Bali Strait is effectively detected using a frequency of 100 Hz. In comparison, in the southern part of the Bali Strait, it is effectively seen at a frequency of 38 Hz, with the respective transducer positions used at a depth of 25 and 110 m.
Seagrass sponge (Agelas conifera: Demospongia) potential of microplastic accumulation from Pramuka Island, Seribu Islands
Authors: Sari A E M , Ismet M S , Srimariana E S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sponges is a benthic filter feeder, that potentially absorb and accumulate substances from the aquatic environment. Pramuka Island is a small island with tourism area, that could contribute contamination of domestic and anthropogenic waste in its waters, including microplastics. This study aimed to examine the potential for microplastic accumulation in the body tissues of the seagrass-sponge Agelas conifera in Pramuka Island, DKI Jakarta. Sponge samples were collected from two stations around the final disposal site and household liquid waste disposal. Microplastic observations were carried out by adding KOH solution to remove sponge organic matter and saturated NaCl to separate the density. Microplastic observations were carried out using a stereo microscope. The result showed that sponge tissue could accumulate 166.66-300 particles/g of microplastic at both sampling stations, with the highest abundance of fibre types at station 1. The abundance of microplastic in sediment samples is 0.76-0.97 particles/g, with fragment type was found dominantly, whilst microplastic found in the water samples is 1,550 -1,956.66 particles/m3, mostly by fibre type (1230 particles/m3 ). The abundance and types of microplastic found in sediment, water and sponges samples showed a significant difference between samples with a significant value of 0.01 (ANOVA, p values).
Shallow sea waters habitat mapping in 2018 and 2022 using Sentinel-2 Imagery with OBIA Method at Kelapa Dua Island, Seribu Island, Jakarta Province, Indonesia
Authors: Panjaitan J P , Hamidah M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shallow sea habitat has a very important role as a place to live and shelter for various types of organisms. Mapping this area needs to be done regularly considering the many benefits it has and the tendency for this area to change, one of them is by using remote sensing technology with the object-based image analysis (OBIA) method. OBIA classification includes the process of image segmentation and classification of all segmentation results. In the segmentation process using scale 100 at level 1 and scale 10 at level 2. Furthermore, at the classification process, 6 (six) habitat classes are obtained, namely sand, coral, macroalgae, sea grass, rubble and dead coral algae. The overall accuracy value in 2018 showed a value of 70%, and in 2022, it showed a value of 70.77%. The kappa coefficient value is 0.617 in the 2018 image acquisition and 0.612 in the 2022 image acquisition. The analysis carried out showed that there was a change in each habitat with the habitat that experienced the greatest changes are sand and dead coral algae class.
Coupling and thermosplasmonic properties of asymmetric hexagonal nanoframes
Authors: Azarian A , Noori F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The interaction of light with asymmetric nanostructures leads to the coupling of plasmon modes. Understanding the nature and tunability of these hybridized plasmon modes is essential for both fundamental studies and the development of new applications. Herein, we systematically examine these coupled plasmon modes and heat generated by the asymmetric hexagonal nanoframes dimers (HNDs). Our results show that there are three plasmon bands in the examined wavelength. One of these bands is related to the coupled plasmon modes, which can be actively controlled by changing the height of nanoparticles. These coupled plasmon modes originate from the interaction of dipoles with a minimum splitting energy of 170 meV. Moreover, the thermoplasmonic studies show that the temperature of the asymmetric HNDs strongly depends on the coupling of nanoframes which shows great promise for highly sensitive thermal imaging.
Infectious Disease: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Wayne Marta , Bolker Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As doctors and biologists have learned to their dismay, infectious disease is a moving target: new diseases emerge every year, old diseases evolve into new forms, and ecological and socioeconomic upheavals change the transmission pathways by which disease spreads. Taking an approach focused on the general evolutionary and ecological dynamics of disease, this Very Short Introduction provides a conceptual framework for thinking about disease. Ecology and evolution provide the keys to answering the ‘where’, ‘why’, ‘how’, and ‘what’ questions about any particular infectious disease: where did it come from? How is it transmitted from one person to another, and why are some individuals more susceptible than others? What biochemical, ecological, and evolutionary strategies can be used to combat the disease? Is it more effective to block transmission at the population level, or to block infection at the individual level? Through a series of case studies, Benjamin Bolker and Marta L. Wayne introduce the major ideas of infectious disease in a clear and thoughtful way, emphasizing the general principles of infection, the management of outbreaks, and the evolutionary and ecological approaches that are now central to much research about infectious disease.
Infection is inevitable
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the inevitability of infectious diseases, diseases that are transmitted from another person or organism by a biological agent called a pathogen or parasite. For most of human history, using quarantines to prevent transmission was the only effective way to combat infectious disease. Immunization was the first of several major breakthroughs in individual-focused infectious disease control, followed centuries later by the discovery of antibiotics. If enough of the population are protected from disease, transmission can be reduced sufficiently to stamp out an epidemic; if we protect the population on a global scale, we can drive a disease extinct. But both humans and infectious disease agents are living organisms that undergo ecological and evolutionary change, making infectious disease a moving target.
Influenza
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Influenza, or flu, has caused more deaths than any single disease outbreak since the 14th-century bubonic plague. Twenty to 50 million people worldwide died from the 1918 Spanish Flu, which was an H1N1 strain similar to the one that caused the 2009 pandemic. ‘Influenza’ considers the control of flu transmission through hand hygiene and masking (reducing encounter), through vaccination (reducing compatibility), or ideally by a combination of both. Because flu mutates rapidly and shuffles its genome, the virus is constantly evolving. Therefore, immunity based either on vaccination or natural infection wanes after a few years. The two major types of flu vaccine are discussed, as well as the benefits and dangers of ‘gain-of-function’ research that tests mutations that change flu transmissibility or virulence.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HIV is the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. It is transmitted by the exchange of bodily fluids. Untreated HIV infections are usually fatal within five to 10 years, but people with AIDS die from opportunistic infections, rather than from HIV itself. HIV uses its surface protein gp120 to enter immune cells; a mutation in the human genome called CCR5-Δ32 blocks this mechanism of entry. HIV’s rapid replication, mutation, and recombination rates make it highly evolvable and thus very hard to treat, cure, or prevent via vaccine. Despite these challenges, a regimen of highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART), developed in the mid-1990s, is extraordinarily effective against HIV, and is now being used preventively as well. While researchers have used extraordinary efforts to cure a handful of people of HIV, large-scale efforts to control HIV depend on education, condom use, needle exchange, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and HAART. Phylogenetic and historical analyses show that the ancestor of HIV first jumped from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the early 20th century; some combination of colonial practices, use of non-sterilized syringes, and changing sexual practices then spread the virus throughout Africa and worldwide.
Cholera
Authors: Wayne Marta L. , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cholera is a water-borne, diarrhoeal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera. For illness to occur, humans must consume vast amounts of the bacteria. The cholera bacteria must also possess a cluster of genes involved in creating the toxin co-regulated pilus, as well as expressing the gene for cholera enterotoxin. Treatment for cholera involves giving victims oral rehydration to help them survive and antibiotics to shorten the infectious period. In mid-19th-century London, John Snow discovered that cholera was spread by a contagious agent, and localized this to a particular water pump during a cholera outbreak. Moreover, cholera helped inspire Koch’s postulates, which state the requirements for identifying a particular organism as the causative agent of a disease. Cholera evolves antibiotic resistance by horizontal gene transmission. Cholera is infected by viruses called phages, which can also move genes around in the bacterial population, and which may eventually be used to treat infection as well. Because cholera spreads through water, hygiene and water purification are the best ways to control its transmission.
What constitution?
Authors: Loughlin Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers why Britain never adopted a modern constitution. In the traditional sense, the constitution is an inheritance that evolves in accordance with the national spirit. The modern idea, by contrast, is a rationalist project in which ‘the people’ agree the terms on which they are governed and settle them in a single document that takes effect as fundamental law. Britain has not adopted a modern type of constitution mainly because, since the revolutionary crisis of 1688, it has not needed to reconstitute itself politically. But it might also be argued that British political culture pragmatically favours precedent over principle, evolution over construction.
The New Wave and the politics of the sixties
Authors: Andrew Dudley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles how the politics of the 1960s influenced a series of changes in French filmmaking. It details the rise of the New Wave and its famous directors and films, while suggesting how historians had long discounted female participation like that of Agnes Varda, except in the case of actresses whose new look helped define the movement. The chapter explores the crucial importance of several producers who took huge risks to bring out innovative films. The New Wave opened itself to various kinds of ‘actuality’ that improvements in recording technology made newly available. Moreover, cinema was ripe for conscription into the militant rhetoric of the sixties. A key role was played by cinéma vérité, a style developed by Edgar Morin and Jean Rouch, then adopted by Godard and Chris Marker among others.
Adrift after 1968
Authors: Andrew Dudley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the state of French cinema after 1968, describing the period overall as tepid. The New Wave auteurs kept making interesting films but without building another wave. Militant cinema became fatalistic, nostalgic, or extreme, although Marcel Ophüls demonstrated that television could coexist with cinema and introduce sensitive topics like French culpability in World War II. Mainstream cinema escaped into comedies, some memorably being travesties of family and gender; political thrillers often starring Yves Montand; and the so-called “mode rétro,” harking back to a pre-1945 period style. The anointed princes of the New Wave, Philippe Garrel and Jean Eustache, had no popular success but were influential among a substantial coterie of post-New Wave cinephiles and cineastes. And among these, women stand out. A single year, 1975, saw new films by Varda, Marguerite Duras, and the decade’s masterpiece, Chantal Akerman’s Jeanne Dielman.