bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pigments, Organic
Authors: Jaffe E. E. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The article is intended for anyone interested in organic pigments in general or specific pigment classes in particular, with references provided for greater in‐depth review of scientific and theoretical considerations.
The article begins with definition, identification, and categorization of organic pigments, followed by a list of 49 commercial pigments, including methods of their preparation. Also described is the origin of color in organic compounds and the relationship between absorbed light and observed color.
Technical and durability properties are described in some detail, followed by a description of pigment types, including structural formulas of representative pigments, generalized wherever appropriate. For some pigment classes tables are included to identify additional important pigments of a group. In each case, a short description of pigment attributes and shortcoming as well as applications is included. The pigment types range from least expensive, simple pigments, to most sophisticated, complex structures, ranging in properties from poor to excellent.
The description of production and economic aspects are based on governmental statistical data and other information available in the literature, and includes worldwide data with particular emphasis on U.S. consumption, exports, and imports. Finally, methods of pigment testing, standardization, and color measurement are briefly described. The article concludes with a brief discussion of health effects, toxicity of pigments, and their effect on the ecology.
Process Control
Authors: San Giovanni John Paul 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article presents the theory and practice of automatic process control and instrumentation, outlining basic concepts of automatic control such as controlled variables, manipulated variables, and control strategies. A functional model of the process control hierarchy is described, as is the role played by modern (digital) control systems equipment. Because reliable process measurements form the foundation for automatic process control, the devices used to measure the basic process variables of flow, level, pressure, and temperature, as well as the practical guidelines for their selections and implementation, are discussed. On‐line process analyzers are also introduced because of their increasing use in process facilities for closed‐loop automatic control. A brief discussion of considerations in the selection and use of control valves is also included.Conceptual basis and practical aspects associated with both classical and modern (digital) control strategies are discussed. Both continuous and batch processes are considered. The analogue and digital implementations of the classical proportional–integral–derivative controller, cascade control as a technique to improve the overall control performance of a feedback control loop with multiple time constants, and various alternative schemes are presented, including guidelines for selection and design. Ration control is discussed as a form of a multiplicative feedforward control strategy. The use of a selective control strategy to prioritize control actions and to implement overrides and constraint control applications is highlighted. As the use of process integration and the availability of digital‐based control systems grow, more sophisticated control strategies are increasingly employed in process plants. Consequently, important considerations in the design and operation of multivariable control, model‐based predictive control, adaptive control, constraint and optimizing control, and batch sequence control strategies are presented. The economics associated with process instrumentation and control systems is discussed from a benefit–cost standpoint.
Fibers, Regenerated Cellulosics
Authors: Woodings C. R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFibers manufactured from cellulose are either derivative or regenerated; historically they are designated man‐made fibers and distinguished from fibers based on synthetic organic polymers. A derivative fiber is one formed when a chemical derivative of a natural polymer, eg, cellulose, is prepared, dissolved, and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the derivative is retained after the fiber formation process. A regenerated fiber is one formed when a natural polymer, or its chemical derivative, is dissolved and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the natural polymer is either retained or regenerated after the fiber formation process. The difficulties of making solutions of natural cellulose from which fibers can be spun has led to most fabricated cellulosic fibers being regenerated from more readily soluble derivatives of cellulose. It is the technology of making these fibers that is the subject of this article.Textiles fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose are called rayons. In Europe the fibers are now generally known as viscose; the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. In addition to the viscose process, the cuprammonium rayon and direct dissolution processes are also covered. Fiber properties and environmental and commercial issues are discussed.
Selenium and Selenium Compounds
Authors: Hoffmann J. E. , King M. G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSelenium, the 30th most abundant element, lies between sulfur and tellurium in Group 16 (IVA) of the Periodic Table. There are no ores mined for selenium value. Rather, selenium is recovered throughout the world as a by‐product in the refining of sulfide‐bearing copper minerals. Those processes are discussed.The chemical and physical properties of selenium are often similar to those of sulfur but are sufficiently different to account for specialized industrial applications. Both inorganic and organic compounds are known. Principal markets for selenium include those as decolorizing agents in glass, photoreceptors for xerography, stable high temperature pigments, free machining additives for steel and brass, and as a nutritional additive to animal and human diets. Selenium deficiency occurs in some parts of the world and diseases relating to this deficiency have been discovered.
Catalysts, Supported
Authors: Nielsen Robert P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSupported catalysts comprise the largest group of materials capable of catalysis, which is broadly defined as the acceleration of chemical reactions. Supported catalysts are extremely useful in virtually all areas of petroleum refining and chemical processing, which accounts for the fact that as a group they were the principal contributor to the $2.5–3.0 billion worldwide catalyst industry in 1990.Supported catalysts are solid or heterogeneous catalysts in which relatively small amounts of catalytically active species, frequently metals, are deposited on the surface of largely inert, porous, shaped support bodies, such as pellets, rings, extrudate, and granules, which are sometimes referred to as carriers. Most materials used in catalyst supports are comprised of single‐ or mixed‐metal oxides, such as alumina, silica, magnesia, titania, zirconia, and aluminosilicates.Some novel approaches to using supported catalysts have evolved among which are inorganic membrane reactors, the automotive catalytic converter, and catalytic distillation technology, used in the manufacture of methyl ‐butyl ether and certain aromatics employing catalysts such as zeolites contained in fiber glass cloth/stainless steel mesh bales packed in what is essentially a distillation column.
Regulatory Agencies, Survey
Authors: R. Passow Nancy 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Passow, Nancy R. (LONZA, Inc.). Because of updates and reauthorization, regulations covering health, safety, and environmental issues change continuously and specifications can become outdated. Regulatory agencies provide assistance regarding the laws and regulations of these issues. The two main federal agencies involved in the protection of human health and the environment are the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Primary laws covered by the EPA are the Clean Air Act Amendments; the Clean Water Act; Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act; Toxic Substances Control Act; and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. The principal function of OSHA is the protection of people in the workplace. Other functions of regulatory agencies, for example, agriculture, commerce, defense, and energy, are discussed.
Electrospinning of Nanofibers: Reinventing the Wheel?
Authors: Li D. , Xia Y. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractElectrospinning provides a simple and versatile method for generating ultrathin fibers from a rich variety of materials that include polymers, composites, and ceramics. This article presents an overview of this technique, with focus on progress achieved in the last three years. After a brief description of the setups for electrospinning, we choose to concentrate on the mechanisms and theoretical models that have been developed for electrospinning, as well as the ability to control the diameter, morphology, composition, secondary structure, and spatial alignment of electrospun nanofibers. In addition, we highlight some potential applications associated with the remarkable features of electrospun nanofibers. Our discussion is concluded with some personal perspectives on the future directions in which this wonderful technique could be pursued.
Reynolds number and impeller diameter effects on instabilities in stirred vessels
Authors: Galletti C. , Paglianti A. , Lee K. C. , Yianneskis M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFlow instability phenomena in stirred vessels were studied with laser anemometry and flow visualization. The effects of fluid density and viscosity, impeller Reynolds number (Re), impeller design, diameter, and off‐bottom clearance were investigated in order to quantify the frequencies (f) of the macroinstabilities stemming from precessional motions. The instabilities are characterized by two frequencies, one present at low Re, and another at high Re values. For intermediate Re values, both frequencies were present. In all cases, f was proportional to the impeller speed (N). The parameter f′ = f/N was shown to be linearly related to the impeller diameter in the low Re range; f′ was not affected by impeller clearance. At constant Re, a change in fluid density and viscosity did not affect f′. The energy contained in the instability frequencies was shown to vary across the vessel. The implications of the results mixing practice are discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2050–2063, 2004
Thioredoxin interacting protein in Dutch families with familial combined hyperlipidemia
Authors: van der Vleuten Gerly M. , Hijmans Anneke , Kluijtmans Leo A.J. , Blom Henk J. , Stalenhoef Anton F.H. , de Graaf Jacqueline 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFamilial combined hyperlipidemia (FCH), characterized by multiple lipoprotein phenotypes, is the most common hereditary lipid disorder in humans. A mutant mouse strain, HcB‐19, with similar biochemical features as FCH patients, has recently been identified. The mutation causing the FCH phenotype in these mice is located in the thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) gene. The TXNIP gene in mice is located on chromosome 3F2.2, which is syntenic to chromosome 1q21 in humans, a region where several groups have positioned a locus for FCH. To evaluate the potential role of TXNIP in the FCH phenotype in humans, we analyzed the coding region, 5′ UTR and introns of the TXNIP gene by direct sequencing in 10 well‐defined patients with FCH and 5 healthy controls. We did not find any sequence variants in these regions of the TXNIP gene in patients with FCH. Our results suggest that different genes are involved in the FCH phenotype in humans compared to mice. We conclude that in our Dutch FCH patients, the TXNIP gene, based on its intronic, exonic, and 5′ UTR sequences, is not involved as a major contributor to the FCH phenotype. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD II): Natural history and clinical findings
Authors: Hall Judith G. , Flora Christina , Scott Charles I. , Pauli Richard M. , Tanaka Kimi I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA description of the clinical features of Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD II) is presented based on 58 affected individuals (27 from the literature and 31 previously unreported cases). The remarkable features of MOPD II are: severe intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), severe postnatal growth retardation; relatively proportionate head size at birth which progresses to true and disproportionate microcephaly; progressive disproportion of the short stature secondary to shortening of the distal and middle segments of the limbs; a progressive bony dysplasia with metaphyseal changes in the limbs; epiphyseal delay; progressive loose‐jointedness with occasional dislocation or subluxation of the knees, radial heads, and hips; unusual facial features including a prominent nose, eyes which appear prominent in infancy and early childhood, ears which are proportionate, mildly dysplastic and usually missing the lobule; a high squeaky voice; abnormally, small, and often dysplastic or missing dentition; a pleasant, outgoing, sociable personality; and autosomal recessive inheritance. Far‐sightedness, scoliosis, unusual pigmentation, and truncal obesity often develop with time. Some individuals seem to have increased susceptibility to infections. A number of affected individuals have developed dilation of the CNS arteries variously described as aneurysms and Moya Moya disease. These vascular changes can be life threatening, even in early years because of rupture, CNS hemorrhage, and strokes. There is variability between affected individuals even within the same family. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy outcome following rubella vaccination: A prospective controlled study
Authors: Bar‐Oz Benjamin , Levichek Zina , Moretti Myla E. , Mah Corinna , Andreou Stella , Koren Gideon 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe rubella virus is a potent human teratogen. Because the rubella vaccine is prepared with live virus, a high level of anxiety surrounds exposure in pregnancy. There is relatively scarce data on fetal risk following vaccination in pregnancy, and all of the available data were collected retrospectively. Our objective was to examine whether periconceptional exposure to rubella vaccine can cause the congenital rubella syndrome, and to compare the rate of major malformations and developmental milestones among offspring of women who received rubella vaccine 3 months pre‐ or post‐conception to an unexposed comparison group. We collected prospectively and followed up 94 women who received rubella vaccination 3 months pre‐ or post‐conception and a comparison group that consisted of 94 women who were counseled during pregnancy in a similar manner but were not exposed to known teratogens. The controls were matched for age, smoking, alcohol, and drug use. Not any of the women exposed to the vaccine gave birth to a child with congenital rubella syndrome. Rates of major malformations were similar in both groups as were birth weights and developmental milestones. In contrast, the rate of therapeutic abortions was higher in the exposed group (7.4% vs. 0%) (P < 0.05), due to fears of teratogenicity. We conclude that rubella vaccination in pregnancy does not appear to affect pregnancy outcome in general or cause congenital rubella syndrome in particular. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macrocephaly‐cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: Report of six new patients and a review
Authors: Lapunzina Pablo , Gairí Alba , Delicado Alicia , Mori M. Angeles , Torres M. Luisa de , Goma Anton , Navia Marcelo , Pajares Isidora López 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe report on six additional patients with macrocephaly‐cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (M‐CMTC; MIM 602501) and review the literature. This syndrome is a multiple congenital anomalies/mental retardation and overgrowth disorder comprising macrocephaly, cutis marmorata, vascular marks of lip and/or philtrum, syndactyly, hemihypertrophy, CNS anomalies, and developmental delay. Based on the findings in our 6 patients and on 69 patients previously reported we listed the very frequent (observed in >75%), frequent (25–75%), and less frequent (>25%) components of the syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of the population dynamics and social structure of the Virunga mountain gorillas
Authors: Robbins Martha M. , Robbins Andrew M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAn agent‐based model was developed to simulate the growth rate, age structure, and social system of the endangered mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in the Virunga Volcanoes region. The model was used to compare two types of data: 1) estimates of the overall population size, age structure, and social structure, as measured by six censuses of the entire region that were conducted in 1971–2000; and 2) information about birth rates, mortality rates, dispersal patterns, and other life history events, as measured from three to five habituated research groups since 1967. On the basis of the research‐group data, the “base simulation” predicted a higher growth rate than that observed from the census data (3% vs. 1%). This was as expected, because the research groups have indeed grown faster than the overall population. Additional simulations suggested that the research groups primarily have a lower mortality rate, rather than higher birth rates, compared to the overall population. Predictions from the base simulation generally fell within the range of census values for the average group size, the percentage of multimale groups, and the distribution of females among groups. However, other discrepancies predicted from the research‐group data were a higher percentage of adult males than observed, an overestimation of the number of multimale groups with more than two silverbacks, and an overestimated number of groups with only two or three members. Possible causes for such discrepancies include inaccuracies in the census techniques used, and/or limitations with the long‐term demographic data set obtained from only a few research groups of a long‐lived species. In particular, estimates of mortality and male dispersal obtained from the research groups may not be representative of the entire population. Our final simulation addressed these discrepancies, and provided a better basis for further studies on the complex relationships among individual life history events, group composition, population age structure, and growth rate patterns. Am. J. Primatol. 63:201–223, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of primates in research: A global overview
Authors: Carlsson Hans‐Erik , Schapiro Steven J. , Farah Idle , Hau Jann 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe assessed the use of nonhuman primates and nonhuman primate biological material in research by reviewing studies published in 2001 in peer‐reviewed journals. The number and species of primates used, the origin of the animals, the type of study, the area of research of the investigation, and the location at which the research was performed were tabulated. Additionally, factors related to the animals that may have affected the outcome of the experiments were recorded. A total of 2,937 articles involving 4,411 studies that employed nonhuman primates or nonhuman primate biological material were identified and analyzed. More than 41,000 animals were represented in the studies published in 2001. In the 14% of studies for which re‐use could be determined, 69% involved animals that had been used in previous experiments. Published studies most commonly used nonhuman primates or nonhuman primate biological material from the species Chlorocebus aethiops (19%), Macaca mulatta (18%), M. fascicularis (9%), and Papio spp. (6%). Of these studies, 54% were classified as in vitro studies, 14% as noninvasive, 30% as chronic, and 1% were considered acute. Nonhuman primates were primarily used in research areas in which they appear to be the most appropriate models for humans. The most common areas of research were microbiology (including HIV/AIDS (26%)), neuroscience (19%), and biochemistry/chemistry (12%). Most (84%) of the primate research published in 2001 was conducted in North America, Europe, and Japan. The animals and conditions under which they were housed and used were rarely described. Although it is estimated that nonhuman primates account for an extremely small fraction of all animals used in research, their special status makes it important to report the many husbandry and environmental factors that influence the research results generated. This analysis has identified that editors rarely require authors to provide comprehensive information concerning the subjects (e.g., their origin), treatment conditions, and experimental procedures utilized in the studies they publish. The present analysis addresses the use of primates for research, including the effects of a shortage of suitable nonhuman primate subjects in many research areas. Am. J. Primatol. 63:225–237, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organoboron water, part I: Synthesis and multinuclear magnetic resonance studies on the structure of tetramethyldialuminoxane
Authors: Kacprzak Kinga , Serwatowski Janusz 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe structure of tetramethyldialuminoxane was studied. The low‐temperature 1H and 13C NMR spectra suggest that the methyl groups bridge the aluminum atoms in the dialuminoxane trimer. A new method of synthesis of methylaluminoxanes and tetramethyldialuminoxanes in the reaction of tetraethyldiboroxane (organoboron water) with trimethylaluminum (1:1 and 1:2 respectively) was applied to synthesize the investigated system. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Di‐ and tri‐organotin(IV) derivatives of (Z)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐2‐propenoic acid: spectroscopic characterization and biocidal studies. Crystal structure analysis of tetrameric tri‐n‐butyltin(IV) (Z)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐2‐propenoate
Authors: Sadiq‐ur‐Rehman  , Ali Saqib , Badshah Amin , Malik Abdul , Ahmed Ejaz , Jin Guo‐Xin , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSeven new organotin(IV) compounds containing the carboxylate ligand (Z)‐3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐phenyl‐2‐propenoate (L) have been synthesized with formulations of R2SnL2 (R = Me, Et, n‐Bu, n‐Oct) and R3SnL, (R = Me, n‐Bu, Ph). All compounds have been studied in solution by multinuclear (1H, 13C, 119Sn) magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The solid‐state structures have been investigated by means of FT‐IR spectroscopy and the molecular structure of one example, namely n‐Bu3SnL, has been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The novel structure of n‐Bu3SnL is tetrameric owing to the presence of bidentate bridging carboxylate ligands. The solution studies show collapse of the intermolecular interactions observed in the solid state to yield monomeric species. Some of the new compounds were found to display significant biocidal activities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.