bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Nation of Many Nations’? The United States and Immigration, 1880–1930
Authors: Grillo R. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Between 1880 and 1930 a ‘new immigration’ of some 28 million people entered the US, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, posing serious questions for the body politic: could, should, the USA assimilate them, and what would their assimilation mean? A minority opposed their entry in the belief that their social, cultural, and racial background made them unassimilable. The prevailing view was that immigrants were required for the country's burgeoning industries, but should undergo ‘Americanization’. Despite policies that encouraged immigrants and their descendants to submerge their ethnic and cultural differences in the ‘melting pot’, a century later ethnicity remained a powerful force in urban America. The politics of the 1960s, the changing composition of urban populations, and the arrival of new waves of immigrants from Asia and Hispanic America combined with long‐term social and economic changes to create a framework within which ethnic and cultural pluralism continued to be significant in a post‐industrial society.
Multiculturalism and Beyond
Authors: Grillo R. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In Britain and other countries with similar patterns of ethnic and cultural diversity, policy in the 1980s and 1990s stood within the messy middle of the spectrum from assimilation to separatism. British policy may have favoured what was called ‘integration’, but how much diversity, of what kind, and on what basis were still open questions. In Britain and elsewhere there were three emergent modes of cultural pluralism: ‘multiculturalism’, ‘institutional pluralism’ (or more simply ‘separatism’), and ‘hybridity’. In the 1990s, multicultural policies, which had supporters and critics from all parts of the political spectrum, were severely tested by demands by some Muslims for greater recognition of their claims for space in the public arena, and by events such as the ‘Rushdie Affair’, which posed the question of what room should contemporary societies allow for being French or British or American ‘differently’?
The Political Economy of the World Trading System
Authors: Hoekman Bernard , Kostecki Michel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book analyses the multilateral trading system's principles, rules, and procedures. It is not a legal text. It aims instead to provide an accessible (non‐technical) description of the rules of the game and a policy‐oriented economic assessment of the disciplines that have been negotiated by WTO members. The book provides a brief historical overview of the evolution of the trading system; the organizational structure and functions of the WTO; the dispute settlement and enforcement provisions; and the role of the WTO as a forum for negotiations, with special attention given to the importance of reciprocity. The bulk of the book deals with the rules on trade policies, including regional integration and contingent protection (anti‐dumping and safeguards), agriculture, services and intellectual property, and discusses the political economy rationale underlying them. The rules are summarized and their economic policy rationale assessed in a non‐technical manner. The final part of the book discusses the evolving role of developing countries and economies in transition and the issues that are likely to be on the negotiating agenda for some time to come, including competition (anti‐trust) policy, labour standards, trade facilitation, investment, and environmental policies. An Annex summarizes the economics of major trade policy instruments and many of the issues discussed in the book.
The Trading System in Perspective
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChapter 1 makes up the first part of the book. It presents a brief historical overview of the evolution of the multilateral trading system and introduces the basic functions of the trade regime and the challenges that confront it. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Trade and global integration; Trade and trade agreements in history; Functions of the multilateral trading system; From GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) to WTO (World Trade Organization); and The challenge of global cooperation.
The World Trade Organization
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn account is given of the organizational structure of the WTO (World Trade Organization), which was established as a multilateral trade organization on 1 January 1995 to encompass a modified GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), its sister bodies on services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS), as well as all other agreements and arrangements concluded under the auspices of the Uruguay Round. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Scope, functions and structure of the WTO; Decision‐making; Transparency: notification and surveillance; Accession; The WTO and other international organizations; Nongovernmental actors and the WTO; and Conclusion.
Dispute Settlement and Enforcement of Rules
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses WTO (World Trade Organization) dispute settlement and enforcement provisions. The mechanism used by the WTO is unique to that institution, and the procedures are formal and binding rather than by diplomatic means. The sections of the chapter are as follows: The WTO dispute settlement procedures; Operation of the system; Systemic issues; The domestic dimensions of enforcement; and Conclusion.
Negotiating Forum
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn analysis is made of the role of the WTO (World Trade Organization) as a forum for negotiations. Special attention is given to the concept of reciprocity, since this is a central element of multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs). The chapter centres on the problems that confront negotiators seeking to obtain agreements, the techniques that are used, and the reasons MTNs tend to have outcomes that do not maximize national welfare. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Overview of negotiating rounds [held since 1948, when GATT was founded]; Multilateral trade liberalization; Interest groups and lobbying activity; Reciprocity and the mechanics of negotiations; and A typology of key aspects of trade negotiations.
Sector‐Specific Multilateral Trade Agreements
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter looks at the major sector‐specific agreements that have been negotiated under the auspices of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), and in particular at agriculture, and textiles and clothing. Both of these are sectors that have a long history of protectionism in many countries, and much remains to be done to lower barriers to trade to levels that approach the average prevailing in other sectors. Over time, both sectors were gradually removed from the GATT 1947 disciplines, and it was only during the Uruguay Round that they were re‐integrated into the trading system; the Uruguay Round agreements reached on the sectors are due to be fully implemented in 2005. The chapter also discusses the Information Technology Agreement (ITA), which was negotiated amongst a subset of WTO members during 1996, although it is applied on an MFN (most favoured nation) basis. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Agriculture; Textiles and clothing; The Information Technology Agreement; and Conclusion.
Safeguards and Exceptions
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The various mechanisms allowing for the re‐imposition of trade barriers are discussed in this chapter, which summarizes the rules on––and the economics of––the use of instruments of contingent protection. These have been very important in dealing with domestic political pressures and allowing the pursuit of non‐economic objectives. In practice, they have often been abused, to the detriment of both national and global welfare. The chapter focuses mainly on the safeguards and exceptions embodied in GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade); those of the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) are very similar or still in development. The different sections are as follows: Renegotiation of concessions; Waivers; Emergency protection and VERs (voluntary export restraints); Antidumping actions; Measures to countervail subsidized imports; Trade restrictions for balance of payments purposes; Infant industry protection; General exceptions; and Conclusion.
Regional Integration
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter deals with one of the most important exceptions to the most‐favoured‐nation (MFN) rule allowed by the WTO (World Trade Organization): regional integration agreements (RIAs). Almost all WTO members are participants in one or more RIA, thus raising serious questions about the relevance of the WTO's non‐discrimination principle. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Motivations for regional economic integration; GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) Article XXIV: Preferential trade agreements; GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) Article V: Economic integration; Trading blocs and the trading system; and Conclusion.
Integrating Developing Countries and Economies in Transition
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA brief review is presented of the history of developing country involvement in GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and the experience of the first five years of the WTO (World Trade Organization), including efforts to negotiate the accession of China and Russia. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Special and differential treatment; Changing attitudes towards the trading system; Developing country participation in the WTO; Implementation of multilateral agreements; Expanding membership; and Conclusion.
Legitimacy, Coherence and Governance
Authors: Hoekman Bernard M. , Kostecki Michel M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of industry groups and NGOs in the formulation of trade policies at the national and global level, and the importance of transparency and openness in policy formation in ensuring that governments are accountable. Information is a necessary condition for the ‘contestability’ of policy in national political markets, which in turn is a necessary condition for the ‘coherence’ of such policies, as well as the legitimacy of whatever multilateral rules are negotiated. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Industry and trade policy formation; NGOs and civil society; Governance of the WTO (World Trade Organization); Coherence of national policies; and Conclusion.
A Description of the Greek Higher Civil Service
Authors: Sotiropoulos Dimitri A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Formally, the higher civil service of Greece is a powerful group, but it also has a legitimate claim to relative powerlessness. Its subservient role is correlated with the perennial and problematic features of the organizational structure of the Greek public administration, which, in certain respects, is pre‐modern. Starts by distinguishing the main features of the top management level of the Greek civil service, pointing out the minor role played by Greek civil servants compared with their counterparts in other European countries. Goes on to describe the ranks of civil servants, the methods of recruitment and promotion to the Greek higher civil service, and the interdepartmental mobility of civil servants. Further sections discuss status in the civil service, the social background characteristics and social status of top officials, organizations and informal contacts across ministries, and political party policies towards the higher civil service.
Senior Officials in Austria
Authors: Liegl Barbara , Müller Wolfgang C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
First provides an overview of the formal structure of the civil service in post‐war Austria and the position of senior officials within it. Includes a discussion of recent changes aimed at making the civil service more flexible and effective and their impact on the top layer of the permanent bureaucracy. The following two main sections look at the incumbents in these positions, and provide information on the demographic and educational background and career patterns (duration in office and inter‐ministerial mobility) of the top civil servants and members of the cabinets ministériels who served in the 1970–1995 period. The next section turns to the political role of senior officials, and the penultimate section discusses the impact of party politics on the civil service. The concluding section summarizes the main points of the chapter.
The British Senior Civil Service
Authors: Dargie Charlotte , Locke Rachel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The aim is to describe the current senior civil service in Britain; in order to do this, recent changes instigated by the Thatcher and Major governments have to be addressed. To explain these developments, four analytical themes are used that run through the different reforms of the senior civil service that are to be discussed. These themes are managerialism (private‐sector management styles in the civil service), marketization (introducing markets into civil service operations), agencification (‘hiving off’ civil service functions to separate agencies), and politicization (breaking down the barriers between political and non‐partisan tasks in government). The introduction to the chapter characterizes these four themes. The second section defines the British senior civil service, and further sections assess change through various aspects of the senior civil service: recruitment and promotion; mobility; sociological characteristics of senior officials; and the relationship with the political machinery of government.
Senior Officials in the Danish Central Administration: From Bureaucrats to Policy Professionals and Managers
Authors: Jensen Hanne Nexø , Knudsen Tim 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Danish senior civil service has a mixture of older and newer traditions, in which history and tradition are very important. Accordingly, this chapter starts by summarizing the historical background to the Danish central public administration and the historical role of Danish civil servants. Further sections then introduce the common organizational principles governing the central public administration. The different sections discuss: ranks and numbers of senior civil servants at the top levels; methods of recruitment and promotion; inter‐ministerial mobility; pay; party membership and the senior civil service; the status in the civil service of high status ministries; the social and educational background of top officials; women at the top; interaction and formal contacts within and between ministries; and political party policies towards the senior civil service.
Welfare in the Kantian State
Authors: Kaufman Alexander 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKant's theory of justice continues to exert a powerful influence on contemporary discussions of justice and equality. Modern theorists disagree, however, regarding the implications of Kant's theory for the state's responsibility for public welfare. A traditional interpretation holds that Kant's political theory simply involves an investigation of the constraints that reason places on the state's authority to regulate external action. This ‘standard interpretation’ of Kant's thought has remained influential, and has grounded a reinterpretation of the classic liberal state by theorists such as Humboldt and Hayek. Kaufman argues that the standard interpretation neither succeeds as a faithful reading of Kant's texts nor as a plausible, philosophically sound reconstruction of a ‘Kantian’ political theory. Rather, Kaufman argues, Kant's political theory articulates a positive conception of the state's role. In particular, Kantian justice requires that each member of society must be guaranteed the opportunity to realize his or her purposive capacities. In order to secure this guarantee, Kantian justice requires interventions to secure equality of capabilities.
A Kantian Model for Social Welfare Theory
Authors: Kaufman Alexander 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKant's explicit account of the state's responsibility for welfare, in the Rechtslehre, is cryptic and incomplete. Kant does suggest, however, that: (1) provision for those unable to provide for themselves is implicit in the idea of a social contract; and (2) the sovereign, as ‘proprietor of the land’, possesses authority to intervene in civil society to guarantee the necessary conditions for the exercise of their purposive faculties. These elements of Kant's argument seem most plausibly justified by the teleological judgement that the sovereign must strive to realize a ‘rightful condition’ in which members of society are ensured equal opportunity to realize their purposive faculties. In order to secure such a condition, the Kantian sovereign must intervene to guarantee conditions assuring that agents are equal in their ability to pursue their individual ends. Such a Kantian egalitarian policy, Chapter 6 argues, should focus on the equalization of capabilities rather than of: (1) welfare, or (2) resources.
Political Institutions: An Overview
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an overview of institutional analysis, which comprises all questions in political science. Discusses issues in political theory and the normative role of institutions, and traces the decline and re‐emergence of institutions in political science. Reviews methodological and theoretical issues in institutional analysis, such as the ontology of institutions, agency and causation, their stability, and change. The future of institutional political science is in the combination of knowledge and whether it can be applied to normative institutional goals.
Political Institutions: Rational Choice Perspectives
Authors: Weingast Barry R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an overview of rational choice perspectives in the discipline of political science. Reviews rational choice models and provides examples of their application, in both their broad and narrow forms, in which this relates to the level of preference specification. Considers the relationship of rational choice analysis to institutions and institutional change. Predicts future boundary developments in the application of rational choice perspectives, by extending the range and assumptions built into rational choice models.
Political Behavior: An Overview
Authors: Carmines Edward G. , Huckfeldt Robert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides an overview of the ways political scientists have explained political behaviour. Traces the development of approaches from the early electoral studies to economic models, to combinations of context and political agency in a political sociological response, and finally to a return to the individual voter in the form of political psychology. The politics of race is discussed as an example of the interaction of individual and social effects, representing the direction in which the broader political behaviour sub‐discipline is heading.
Political Behavior: Institutional and Experiential Approaches
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traces political behaviour research as a gradual shift from modernism to post‐modernism, reflected in the use of positivist methodologies in institutional approaches to methodological pluralism and experimental methods. Following this underlying shift from parsimony to complexity, a current stagnation in political behaviour research is highlighted. Urges the integration and combination of insights from theoretical approaches, rather than a shift towards the wholesale relativism of post‐modern critiques.
Comparative Politics: An Overview
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProvides an overview of the field of comparative politics, tracing changes from abstraction and generalization to mid‐level analysis caused by changes in methodological techniques. Restriction in scope has led to institutional specificities and the analysis of the political as an independent variable. Key questions now relate to what politics does rather than what politics is. Specialization, internationalization, and professionalism are the new watchwords of comparative politics. Methodological consequences and issues are discussed.
Comparative Politics: Micro‐Behavioral Perspectives
Authors: Dalton Russell J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Political events and democratization have created emerging questions for the analysis of comparative politics. This provides opportunities to test the role of political culture, voting preferences, and the link between political norms and behaviour prior to stable democracies in equilibrium, on which formerly research has focused. Major advances in comparative political behaviour reflect the individualization of electoral behaviour in value change and modernization, and the contribution of political culture due to patterns of democratization.
Comparative Politics, Old and New
Authors: Apter David E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traces the development of intellectual traditions in comparative politics from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’. ‘Old’ comparative politics reflects a focus on institutionalism and ‘new’ comparative politics has arisen in part because of the end of the Cold War, devolution of powers, the rise of social democracy in Europe, decolonization, and democratization. We are now witnessing ‘neo‐institutionalism’, characterized by a restoration of the political to centre stage, the use of rational choice perspectives, and economic analysis due to the importance of market forces and globalization.
International Relations, Old and New
Authors: Keohane Robert O. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides a broad discussion of the methodological, conceptual, and theoretical issues faced by international relations and accounts for its main debates and transitions from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’. Old international relations, in realism, faced a changing global order. However, limitations can be transcended if modifications are made, liberal institutions analysed, the impact of international institutions considered, and subjectivity acknowledged. Although international relations has been humbled with the inability to predict complex events, theories with reduced expectations can successfully transcend the limitations of realism.
Political Theory, Old and New
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The potential of rational choice theory to political theory is elaborated and developed. In opposition to Parekh, Rawls's Theory of Justice was a turning point in political philosophy because it is disconnected from the thought of the 1950s and 60s. Responds to Young's and Parekh's criticism that liberalism cannot accommodate diversity in beliefs and ways of life. Admits that equality of opportunity is likely to disadvantage some ways of life over others, but points out that the liberal individualistic principle is preferable to a politics of group identity and difference.
Public Policy and Administration, Old and New
Authors: Peters B. Guy , Wright Vincent 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Public administration research and theory has undergone a fundamental change, unlike any other area in political science. Six fundamental assumptions of public administration have been challenged during this transformation: the assumptions of bureaucratic self‐sufficiency, direct control, uniformity, accountability, standardization of procedure, and an apolitical service. These assumptions have been challenged as ‘new managerialism’, ‘new patrimonalism’, and ‘new fragmentation’ have superseded thinking about public administration.