bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse reactions to drugs
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An adverse effect is an unwanted effect of a drug. Adverse effects can be due to either toxic effects or side effects. A toxic effect is an adverse effect that arises through an exaggeration of the same pharmacological effect that is responsible for the therapeutic effect of the drug, for example hypokalaemia due to diuretic therapy, and is therefore dose related. A side effect is an adverse effect that arises through some pharmacological action other than that which produces the therapeutic effect; such effects may be dose related (for example anticholinergic effects of tricyclic antidepressants) or not dose related (for example a rash associated with an antibiotic). Because dose-related side effects can also be regarded as toxic effects, it is better to avoid the terms ‘toxic effects’ and ‘side effects’ and to use instead the term ‘adverse effects’, which covers all types of unwanted effects.
Drug interactions
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A drug interaction occurs when the effects of one drug are altered by the effects of another drug. We call the drug that precipitates an interaction the precipitant drug and the drug whose action is affected the object drug. A drug interaction can result in either an increased or a decreased effect of the object drug: for instance, amiodarone inhibits a cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2C9, leading to reduced metabolism of S(–) warfarin and increased anticoagulant effect, whereas carbamazepine reduces the anticoagulant effect of warfarin by increasing its hepatic metabolism by cytochrome P450.
How to write a prescription
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
are many practical issues for prescribing doctors to master, such as rules about computer-assisted prescribing, repeat prescribing, and the clinical responsibilities in shared-care arrangements. Most of these issues are dealt with during postgraduate training programmes. The British National Formulary contains many regulations and guidance notes concerning the writing of prescriptions; these are extremely helpful and straightforward, and we shall not deal with them here. Here we shall concentrate on the general principles.
The drug therapy of gastrointestinal, hepatic, and biliary disorders
Authors: Grahame-Smith D G , Aronson J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alginates are often added to antacid formulations as foaming agents. They act by forming a layer of foam on top of gastric contents and are thereby supposed to reduce oesophageal reflux. In contrast, the antifoaming agent dimethicone decreases the surface tension of gastric fluid, thereby reducing bubble formation; it too is supposed to reduce oesophageal reflux.
Gene therapy for diabetes
Authors: Karanam Muralidhar , Song Z , Rahul M Jindal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the mid-1980s, gene therapy was investigated as a possible therapeutic regimen for diseases caused by single gene defects, for example haemophilia, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, and sickle cell anaemia. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the concept of gene therapy expanded into a number of acquired diseases. Gene therapy can be targeted to somatic (body) or germ (egg and sperm) cells. In somatic gene therapy the recipient genome is changed, but the change is not passed along to the next generation. This form of gene therapy is contrasted with germline gene therapy where the goal is to pass change on to the offspring [1].
Clinical effectiveness of islet transplantation
Authors: Davalli Alberto M , Bertuzzi Federico , Secchi Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the past 10 years, 329 new cases of adult islet allotransplantation and 145 cases of islet autotransplantation have been recorded by the International Islet Transplantation Registry [1]. Collectively, the results indicate that intrahepatic implantation of human islets can effectively replace the function of the endocrine pancreas and restore a near normal glucose homeostasis. However, clinical trials also show that the outcome of islet transplantation differs considerably depending on whether the graft is aimed at preventing or curing diabetes. Islet autotransplantation, performed to prevent diabetes in patients undergoing total pancreatectomy for painful chronic pancreatitis, restores normoglycaemia and independence from exogenous insulin administration in the majority of recipients [2].
Friends and Influences
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Boswell is the great chronicler of London life. His journals are vivid in content, sparkling in language. They record every event, every conversation, every promenade along the Strand, and every one of his numerous (often disastrous) sexual escapades. Shamefully embarrassing to his strict Presbyterian Scottish family, the journals were suppressed and hidden away in a castle in Ireland. They were not discovered and revealed to the world until the 1920s. Boswell was history ‘s most literary hedonist, Samuel Johnson ‘s biographer and traveling companion, and, above all, a passionate cultivator of every celebrity of the day, a source of accurate descriptions and biting comments about dress and speech and attitudes.
Christian Civilization (1050-1400)
Authors: Morris Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BY about 1050, almost all of Western Europe was formally Christian. Many of the ancient provinces of the church had been lost to Islam, which controlled the whole of North Africa, Spain, Sicily, and much of western Asia, including the mother church of Jerusalem itself, but the main bulk of the continent was secure in its acceptance of Christianity. The older kingdoms had long been so, and more recently the rulers of Norway, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, and Russia had accepted baptism and established an ecclesiastical hierarchy.
The Christian Conscience
Authors: Mitchell Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenges to the Christian conscience in the modem period have generally been felt to be of a different order from any previously encountered. Three aspects have to be considered: first of all, the developments in the world at large that pose the problems, almost all of them associated with the growth of science and technology; next, the spiritual and intellectual resources from which the Christian conscience might hope to address them; and finally, the situation, or rather the contrasting situations, in which the churches find themselves in relation to the world which sets the problems.
Multiple sclerosis and demyelinating diseases
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the commonest nervous diseases. It is characterized by the widespread occurrence of patches of demyelination followed by gliosis in the white matter of the nervous system (Fig. 26.1). A striking feature is the tendency to remissions and relapses, so that the course of the disease may be prolonged for many years. The early symptoms are those of focal lesions of the nervous system, while the later clinical picture is one of progressive dissemination. The cause of the disorder is not known.
On living a bit longer
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am one of those who believes that a good life-one that is worth living-might well last a bit longer than it normally does. I attach a table compiled mainly from Swedish data showing the mean expectation of life of men and women at various ages over a 200-year period. Some of the variables that affect life expectancy are approaching limiting values-among them mortality at or around birth. Clearly there is room for improvement about expectancy towards life’s end. However, most discussion of the matter has been obfuscated by the condemnation of such an ambition as impious and socially destructive, as if that could settle the matter once and for all.
Why Human Cloning Should not be Attempted
Authors: Colman Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 27 February 1997 my colleagues at PPL Therapeutics, Angelika Schneike and Alex Kind, along with Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell, and Jim McWhir of the Roslin Institute, announced in the journal Nature the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. The reaction of the scientific community was on the whole friendly, if somewhat incredulous. In contrast, the reaction of the public at large was overwhelmingly negative, primed to some extent by a media weaned on a diet of previous cloning scare stories and pulp fiction. The issue of course was not that this new technology created an abomination, a freak animal-Dolly was, and remains, a rather handsome sheep-it was the fear that the techniques could, and some said would, be applied to humans.
The Foundations
Authors: Gillies Jamaes , Cailliau Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World Wide Web is like an encyclopaedia, a telephone directory, a record collection, a video shop, and Speakers’ Corner all rolled into one and accessible through any computer. It has become so successful that to many it is synonymous with the Internet; but in reality the two are quite different. The Internet is like a network of electronic roads criss-crossing the planet—the much-hyped information superhighway. The Web is just one of many services using that network, just as many different kinds of vehicle use the roads. On the Internet, the Web just hap pens to be by far the most popular. The arrival of the Web in 1990 was to the Internet like the arrival of the internal combustion engine to the country lane. Internet transport would never be the same again.
The Grammar of Eurhythmics
Authors: Bachmann Marie-Laure 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who likes working to cut and dried formulae should bear in mind that a slight alteration to the French word grammaire, ‘grammar’, produces the word grimoire—‘a book of magicians’ spells’, as well as ‘an illegible scrawl’ or ‘piece of mumbo-jumbo’. Definitions of ‘grammar’ offered by the Petit Robert dictionary certainly do not appear to class it as one of life’s pleasures: ‘a set of rules to be followed in order to speak or write a language correctly’, and, by analogy, ‘set of rules associated with an art form’.
Blue Devil Blues
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More By Coincidence THAN DESIGN, Andy Kirk tended to be in the right place at the right time. His good fortune and the band’s stellar musicianship quickly vaulted the Twelve Clouds of Joy into the national limelight. The move to Kansas City marked the first of several giant leaps that carried the band from Oklahoma City to the grand Roseland Ballroom in New York. In early July 1929, the Twelve Clouds of Joy opened at Kansas City’s Pla-Mor Ballroom. Bennett Stydham’s gracious introduction made nervous band members feel right at home. “Stydham came up on the stand and introduced us to the dancers: ‘Ladies and gentlemen, this is Andy Kirk and his Twelve Clouds of Joy,’ “ Kirk recalled. “‘We brought them in from Oklahoma where everybody loves them. We know you’ll love them too. Let’s welcome Andy Kirk and the band!’ They did. And every Cloud’s face that I could see from behind my sousaphone had a big grin. “
Moten’s Swing
Authors: Driggs Frank , Haddix Chuck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Reluctantly Accepting Ed Lewis’s and Thamon Hayes’s resignations, Bennie Moten patched the band back together with top-notch players. Elmer Crumbley, a yeoman trombonist, replaced Hayes. Joe Keyes and Joe Smith joined Lips Page, rounding out the trumpet section. Keyes, a skilled section player and strong soloist when sober, joined the band following a brief stint with Blanche Calloway. Smith, noted for his stage antics and outstanding muted trumpet style, came aboard from McKinney’s Cotton Pickers. Moten scored a real coup when Walter Page joined the band.1 Over the years, Basie, Durham, Rushing, and Moten had tried their best to recruit Page, to no avail.
“Daddy’s Gone to War”
Authors: Tuttle William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking out a second-story window of her family’s quarters at the Pearl Harbor naval base on December 7, 1941, eleven-year-old Jackie Smith could see not only the Rising Sun insignias on the wings of attacking Japanese bombers, but the faces of the pilots inside. Most American children on the home front during the Second World War saw the enemy only in newsreels and the pages of Life Magazine, but from Pearl Harbor on, “the war”—with its blackouts, air raids, and government rationing—became a dramatic presence in all of their lives. Thirty million Americans relocated, 3,700,000 homemakers entered the labor force, sparking a national debate over working mothers and latchkey children, and millions of enlisted fathers and older brothers suddenly disappeared overseas or to far-off army bases. By the end of the war, 180,000 American children had lost their fathers. In “Daddy’s Gone to War”, William M. Tuttle, Jr., offers a fascinating and often poignant exploration of wartime America, and one of generation’s odyssey from childhood to middle age. The voices of the home front children are vividly present in excerpts from the 2,500 letters Tuttle solicited from men and women across the country who are now in their fifties and sixties. From scrap-collection drives and Saturday matinees to the atomic bomb and V-J Day, here is the Second World War through the eyes of America’s children. Women relive the frustration of always having to play nurses in neighborhood war games, and men remember being both afraid and eager to grow up and go to war themselves. (Not all were willing to wait. Tuttle tells of one twelve year old boy who strode into an Arizona recruiting office and declared, “I don’t need my mother’s consent...I’m a midget.”) Former home front children recall as though it were yesterday the pain of saying good-bye, perhaps forever, to an enlisting father posted overseas and the sometimes equally unsettling experience of a long-absent father’s return. A pioneering effort to reinvent the way we look at history and childhood, “Daddy’s Gone to War” views the experiences of ordinary children through the lens of developmental psychology. Tuttle argues that the Second World War left an indelible imprint on the dreams and nightmares of an American generation, not only in childhood, but in adulthood as well. Drawing on his wide-ranging research, he makes the case that America’s wartime belief in democracy and its rightful leadership of the Free World, as well as its assumptions about marriage and the family and the need to get ahead, remained largely unchallenged until the tumultuous years of the Kennedy assassination, Vietnam and Watergate. As the hopes and expectations of the home front children changed, so did their country’s. In telling the story of a generation, Tuttle provides a vital missing piece of American cultural history.
Eugenics in the History of Science
Authors: Adams Mark B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word eugenics was coined by the Englishman Francis Galton in 1883 (from the Greek eugenes, “wellborn”) to denote the “science” of the biological improvement of the human kind. Galton was convinced that a wide range of human physical, mental, and moral traits were inherited. If this were so, he reasoned, human progress depended on improving the human stock, and social measures were likely to be truly progressive only by virtue of their effects on the selective transmission of the population’s hereditary endowments to future generations.
The Eugenics Movement in France, 1890-1940
Authors: Schneider William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eugenics movements in non-English-speaking countries have yet to be studied enough to produce a significant secondary literature, and one result of this lack of information has been the suspicion, if not presumption, that eugenics was a peculiarly Anglo-Saxon affair. This, in turn, has permitted the development of a very narrow definition of eugenics based on some peculiarly English and American circumstances, such as an early acceptance of Mendelian heredity, or strong race and class prejudice. Historians of biology have further narrowed the perspective by viewing eugenics as an infertile offshoot of an emerging genetics with which it shared common origins.
Christian Hospitality Shelters and Infirmaries
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in the year 499, the “Blessed City” of Edessa in southeastern Anatolia, with an estimated population of about 10,000, experienced a great crisis. Frequent wars in the surrounding countryside four years earlier had already destroyed entire villages and ruined the fields. This situation was blamed for an epidemic of boils and swellings during which many inhabitants apparently went blind. By the fall of the year 499, agricultural failures in the surrounding rural areas multiplied due to swarms of locusts devouring the remaining crops. As a result, a multitude of country refugees began streaming into the city.
Enlightenment Medicalization of the Hospital
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Sunday morning, December 13, 1772, a young woman, Janet Williamson, came to the gates of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh “desirous of accommodation in the house,” perhaps accompanied by a relative or neighbor.2 Tired, restless, and aching all over, she had been battling severe headaches and a fever for about a week. “Fevers” were notorious, especially during Edinburgh’s wet winters. Now Janet also felt an “oppression” in her chest, in spite of the fact that someone had bled her three days earlier to ease the symptoms.
Benny Goodman
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the obvious exception of Artie Shaw, few major jazzmen of the early years were verbally articulate, and fewer still took time and trouble to record their views and experiences with posterity in mind. As several have put it, “We just didn’t think that way; we were too busy playing and making a living to bother what anybody would think.” This is regrettable: seen in retrospect, their personal views were often of surpassing importance.
Artie Shaw (I): Matchless Music
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of Artie Shaw’s favorite illustrations of the difference between him and Benny Goodman, the two are lunching together at a restaurant. Perhaps inevitably, conversation drifts into familiar territory. “He kept insisting on asking me about other clarinet players” is Shaw’s memory of it. “What did I think about this guy? How did I evaluate that guy? On and on and on. Finally I said something like, ‘Come on, Benny, quit it. You’re too hung up on the goddamn clarinet.’
Pee Wee Russell and Jack Teagarden
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in Houston, Pee Wee Russell always said, that he first ran into Jack Teagarden. He’d come south to audition for a summer band job at the nearby resort of Sylvan Beach, on Galveston Bay. The leader, pianist John “Peck” Kelley, met his train, and together they took a cab downtown to Thomas Goggan’s Music Store. Even at eighteen Russell was already a bit of an old pro in the dance band business. Born March 27, 1906, in the St. Louis suburb of Maplewood, he’d played clarinet and alto sax around town, worked the Mississippi riverboats, even done some touring, ranging as far as Juarez, Mexico.
Epilogue
Authors: Sudhalter Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beyond dispute, white musicians have been an integral force in jazz from its earliest days. But what other conclusions can be drawn from this vast and sprawling chronicle? Surely that much “received” history, for various reasons, has promulgated a distorted version of the facts. That the first, formative jazz criticism of the Depression years was shaped—and skewed—by ideas that were ideological before they were musical. Above all, that the idea of jazz as an exclusively black cultural preserve does not stand up to close scrutiny.
The Autonomy View
Authors: Wolf Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explored an attempt to develop a nonautonomous conception of responsibility in the hope that it would lead us away from the dilemma of autonomy. The attempt focused on the differences between the internal structure of an agent who possesses and is at liberty to exercise the powers of a fully developed person and the structure of agents who lack some of these powers or the liberty to exercise them. In particular, it noted that unlike other agents who are merely able to have and to act in accordance with desires, unconstrained persons are able to have and to act in accordance with values. Had this difference provided a sufficient basis for making sense of and justifying attributions of responsibility, the Real Self View would have enabled us to leave the problematic idea of autonomy behind.
Multiphoton Ionization Spectroscopy of Biologically Related Molecules in a Supersonic Molecular Beam
Authors: Rizzo Thomas R , Levy Donald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding how biological molecules interact with light is of central importance in many biochemical systems. Detailed investigations of the excited electronic states of biological molecules are essential to developing fundamental descriptions of photobiological processes and providing new analytical tools to probe molecular structure or assist in molecular identification. Although spectroscopic studies of small molecules in the gas phase can provide information on their electronic structure, vibrational frequencies, directions of their electronic transition moments, and, in many cases, their precise geometry, broadening of the features in the electronic spectra of large molecules in the condensed phase severely limits the amount of spectral information available.
New Developments in Molecular Detection by Supersonic Molecular Beam, Laser Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Syage Jack A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensitive methods of detection serve a wide variety of applications.’ Chemical analysis, for instance, often involves determining the composition of a given sample (i.e., assays) or the extent of contamination. Particular requirements might include the separation of isomers or isotopic substituents in molecules. These applications usually require high levels of sensitivity and selectivity, but not necessarily rapid analysis times (at least on a real-time basis). Another important area requiring trace detection methods is atmospheric monitoring. Applications are great in situations that have high environmental impact, such as toxic waste sites, space launch facilities, and nuclear power plants. Here, rapid analysis is more important. This statement is particularly true in situations involving toxic and hazardous compounds that might endanger life (i.e., chemical warfare agents).
Selection in Natural Populations
Authors: Mitton Jeffry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1974, Richard Lewontin published The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change, focusing enormous research attention on protein variation as both a model of underlying genetic variation and as a level of selection itself. Two decades later, scientific research has been shifted by the tremendous power of molecular biological techniques to explore the nature of variation directly at the level of DNA and the gene. The “protein chapter” is now drawing to a close. In this book, Mitton explains the questions that geneticists hoped to answer by studying protein variation, reveiws the extensive literature on protein variation, describes the successes and failures of the research program, and evaluates the results of a rich and controversial body of research. Yet Mitton’s book is not merely a history of this research. It is a useful analysis for all scientists interested in the genetic structure and evolution of populations.