bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contemporary Context
Authors: Brown David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The first part of the chapter considers non-ecclesial buildings, and uses work by a range of modern architects to argue that their potential role as mediators of the divine is in fact far more deeply entrenched than the alleged total secularity of modern culture might suggest. The second half of the chapter then explores ‘Church Architecture in Crisis’ and detects a failure of nerve that suggests the reduction of the building to the narrowly instrumental.
Widening the Perspective
Authors: Brown David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Although earlier chapters had occasional examples from a non-Christian context, here deeper presumptions are made explicit - that the generosity of God means that the divine is experienced through the material much more widely. Hindu temples and Muslim mosques are examined and sympathetic treatment is argued for both. The mediatorial character of gardens is conspicuous in Islam’s Paradise gardens and in Zen rock gardens. If modern sport might initially seem at the opposite extreme to the attitude evinced in the ancient Olympic Games, it is suggested otherwise by the exploration here of the use of sport as a religious metaphor in the modern cinema. The aim is not to suggest complete compatibility with Christianity in all such cases, but rather the importance of acknowledging that experience of God is to be found much more widely than any particular religion.
Building Europe's Parliament
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Why have national governments of EU member states created and, over the past fifty years, successively endowed the European Parliament with supervisory, budgetary, and legislative powers? This book presents a three-staged argument to explain how the European Parliament acquired this power ‘trias’. First, it is argued that the construction of a supranational polity induces political elites in the member states to reflect on the implications posed by transfers of national sovereignty for domestic processes of democratic accountability and interest representation. It is shown empirically that there exists a strong correlation between national governments’ decisions to transfer sovereignty and political elites’ perception of a ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’ that triggers a search for institutional solutions for its remedy. In a second step, it is argued that political elites, first and foremost, domestic political parties, advance different proposals to alleviate the perceived ‘legitimacy deficit’. These proposals are derived from ‘legitimating beliefs’ that vary cross-nationally and across political parties. Consequently, the creation and empowerment of a supranational parliamentary institution plays a prominent but not exclusive role as potential remedy to the ‘democratic legitimacy deficit’. Third, the book illuminates the mechanisms through which ‘legitimating beliefs’ expressed by political elites and the behaviour of national governments who negotiate and decide on the creation and potential empowerment of the European Parliament are linked. What logic of action best captures national governments’ decisions to empower the European Parliament? The explanatory power of the theoretical argument will be explored by looking at three landmark cases in the European Parliament’s history: its creation as ‘Common Assembly’ of the ECSC Treaty and the concomitant acquisition of supervisory powers vis-à-vis the High Authority, the acquisition of budgetary powers (Treaty of Luxembourg of 1970) and of legislative powers (Single European Act signed in 1986). The developments ranging from the Maastricht Treaty to the adoption of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe will also be analysed in the light of the theory.
1 The Empowerment of the European Parliament: Lessons from the New Institutionalism and Democratic Theory
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Reviews the new institutionalist literature on institution-building and derives expectations based on rational choice and sociological institutionalism for explaining the empowerment of the European Parliament. Since concerns about ‘democratic legitimacy’ are cited frequently in the literature on European integration as ad hoc-explanations for the empowerment of the European Parliament, this chapter will also turn to work on the ‘democratic deficit’ and inquire whether this literature offers any cues to improve our understanding of the existence and empowerment of the European Parliament.
6 From Maastricht to the Constitutional Treaty: the Return of National Parliaments?
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Analyses the developments from the Maastricht Treaty leading up to the approval of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. It is first shown that after adoption of the SEA, the role of national parliaments in EU decision-making has become an ever more salient item on the agenda of the member states. Asks whether this ‘trend’ towards empowering national parliaments follows the same logic as the empowerment of the European Parliament. Furthermore, the chapter explains why the empowerment of national parliaments still lags behind that of its EU-level counterpart, the European Parliament.
Grotius
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Grotius is acknowledged as the father of International Law. His thought is marked by richness and complexity. He was a reconciler and synthesizer, favoured ‘the middle way’ and advocated the reunion of Christendom. He believed not that war could be abolished but that its effects could be mitigated—his aim was to reduce suffering. He held that the existence of society reflected natural law, which is also to be found in the doctrine of prescription. Beyond natural law is the hierarchy of the moral life dependent ultimately upon individual moral responsibility.
Mazzini
Authors: Wight Martin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Mazzini was a nationalist, a revolutionary, and a romantic. Although an ex-Catholic, he was deeply sympathetic to religion. He saw progress as the law of God, and duty as what man owed to God. He was a democratic socialist who had contempt for power politics, as in the diplomatic manoeuvrings of Cavour. His brief dictatorship over Rome was based on high moral principles. He believed that God had allotted roles for the major European nations, seeing in this a special destiny for Italy and Rome.
The Dynamics of Losers' Consent: Persistence and Change in the Winner–Loser Gap
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTraces the dynamics of losers’ and winners’ attitudes about the political system along three dimensions—before and after an election, over the course of electoral cycles, and over long periods of time. The results show that winning or losing, once it occurs, has immediate but also lasting effects. New electoral losers (old winners) become less content with the political system. Conversely, new winners (old losers) become significantly more positive about the political system. These effects persist over the course of an electoral cycle and beyond, as losers remain consistently less satisfied than winners between elections. Finally, we show that repeated losing serves to increasingly undermine losers’ attitudes towards the political system—while losing once does not immediately serve to undercut losers’ attitudes towards government, losing twice starts a process that leads to a gradual erosion of support for a system that consistently fails to make them winners.
How Political Institutions Shape Losers' Consent
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Blais André , Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd , Listhaug Ola 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe authors examine how formal political institutions mute or amplify the impact of losing on attitudes toward the political system. They can do so in one of several ways: by defining the rules of the process by which losers are produced in the first place, usually through the electoral system; by determining the substance of government policy, and how close policy is to the preferences of the losers; and, finally, by determining the boundaries of how power, once allocated, can be exercised by the winners, that is, the constraints on the ability of the winners to bring about policy change. We find that specific institutions, and not just combinations of institutions, help to shape the response of losers. Losers express less negative views about the political system than winners when electoral rules are more proportional, when the political system has a greater number of veto players, and when power is shared within the political system. We also show that federalism allows losers some say in the system, and therefore helps make losers more positive towards the system.
An Anatomy of Emotion
Authors: Pugmire David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEmotions can involve various levels of thought about the objects that attract them. They also involve (at least a disposition to) aroused feeling—affective response to perceived affective qualities. This registers in the fullest immediate way the value found in an emotion’s object. Indeed, certain values cannot be understood or acknowledged by creatures who lack the appropriate affective capacities. Because of the worth that emotions variously find and give, there are sorts of worth they themselves come to be given. This can rebound on emotional responses themselves, giving them or denying them, now at a third level, distinctive kinds of worth.
Profundity in Emotion
Authors: Pugmire David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDeep emotion is more than strongly felt emotion. It depends on the satisfaction of four conditions: real belief (the cognitive basis of the emotion must be robust); integration into a larger fabric of experiences and concerns; truth (the world must accord with what the emotion seeks to make of it); and strength of feeling. The truth requirement means that emotional depth is not just a psychological property of emotion. In certain cultural ambiences, emotional depth might become unattainable.
Cynicism and Safe Sentiment
Authors: Pugmire David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCynicism, with its wariness of pleasant views, appeals as a prophylactic against sentimentality. It offers to forswear good feeling and live with bleak truth. Cynicism is one of five related attitudes. Less truthful than it seems, it is insistent and motivated, for it is driven by disdain and pride. As such, it manages to be at once emotionally constrictive and sentimental, after all.
Beginning of a Friendship
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Presents the background to the formation of the friendship in 1876, by discussing Nietzsche’s early academic career and first important publications, The Birth of Tragedy and the Untimely Meditations. In Richard Wagner in Bayreuth, we can see Nietzsche uncomfortable with the standpoint of these works. A sympathy with natural science was always present in his thinking, but it was a growing dissatisfaction with the Wagnerian movement whose spokesman he had become that made him ready for a sharp change of direction, away from metaphysical romanticism towards a positivistic and scientific viewpoint, as well as the ‘cool’, self-disciplined style of writing that he found in Paul Rée’s work.
Nietzsche's New Direction
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Nietzsche learned from both the style and content of Rée’s work but used them in his own way. This chapter discusses Nietzsche’s understanding of the ‘historical approach to philosophy’, which he linked with both Hegel and Darwin. Much of the chapter is concerned with Nietzsche’s new style of writing, with particular attention to his uses of the aphoristic form, not just by itself but within broader contexts such as the short essays of Human, All-Too-Human and the dramatic discourses of Thus Spake Zarathustra. The advantages as well as the disadvantages of the aphorism are discussed.
From Altruism to Morality
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Examines the moral psychology presented in The Origin of the Moral Sensations. Borrowing from British associationist psychology, Rée maintains that an original valuation of behaviour according to its utility has given rise to the moral sense that treats an action as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ in itself, apart from its beneficial or harmful consequences. Utilitarianism is here combined with a Darwinian and Lamarckian model of evolutionary change, although Rée disagrees with Darwin’s account of remorse as essentially a frustration of social instincts of sympathy and loyalty, suggesting that it fails to acknowledge the specificity of morality.
Nietzsche's Retreat from Réealism
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Nietzsche’s allegiance to Rée’s theories was never complete—the moral psychology found in Human, All-Too-Human resembles Rée’s and yet shows differences in some important areas, such as its account of religious experience. A re-emergence of Nietzsche’s individuality and originality is identifiable in the further books that begin with Daybreak. His views on the origin of society were strongly influenced by Walter Bagehot, who asserted the materiality of social discipline and the importance of a ‘herd instinct’. This emphasis makes Nietzsche’s version of evolutionary thought far closer to Darwin’s than Rée’s theory had been.
End of a Friendship
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Dramatic events during the autumn of 1882 resulted in the ending of Nietzsche and Rée’s friendship. Their meeting with the young Lou Salomé led to the formation of an unconventional ‘trinity’, with ambitious plans for a shared life of study and work. But the three-way relationship was made unstable by an unacknowledged rivalry between the two men for Lou’s loyalty, and the intrigues of Nietzsche’s conventional and possessive sister Elisabeth. The tense situation ended in painful estrangement, and a wounded Nietzsche retreated to the Italian Riviera, where he began a new kind of writing with Thus Spake Zarathustra.
Egoism Rehabilitated
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In On the Genealogy of Morals (1887), Nietzsche criticizes the ideas of the ‘English psychologists’—in fact, the account of the moral sense he had earlier borrowed from Rée—and elaborates his own alternative. In many ways, this is the naturalistic approach taken further, not just explaining valuation but placing values themselves in question, and opening up the possibility of their re-valuation through a new conception of the life process. This chapter presents Nietzsche’s rehabilitation of egoism through his engagement with Herbert Spencer’s ethics, arguing that his hostility is largely due to an unacknowledged amount of common ground.
Against Coherence
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
According to the popular coherence theory of knowledge and justification, if a person's beliefs are coherent, they are also likely to be true. This book is the most extensive and detailed study of coherence and probability to date. The book takes the reader through much of the history of the subject, from early theorists like A. C. Ewing and C. I. Lewis to contemporary figures like Laurence BonJour and C. A. J. Coady. The arguments presented are general enough to cover coherence between any items of information, including those deriving from belief, memory, or testimony. It is argued that coherence does not play the positive role that it is generally ascribed in the process whereby beliefs are acquired. The opposite of coherence, incoherence, is nonetheless the driving force in the process whereby beliefs are retracted.
Other Coherence Theories
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Other accounts of coherence are described and compared with the present theory. They include those of Nicholas Rescher, Donald Davidson, Keith Lehrer, and Paul Thagard, whereby the latter’s theory of explanatory coherence is seen to be most relevant. Closer examination reveals that there is little in Thagard’s argumentation suggesting that coherence is truth conducive, be it only in a weak ceteris paribus sense.
Auctions II: Dependent Values
Authors: Bergin James 
Published: August 2005

AbstractConsiders auctions with non-independent valuations. Equilibrium bidding behaviour in the first price, second price, and English auctions is characterized. Revenue comparisons are given, showing that the revenue equivalence theorem fails for the standard auctions when values are correlated. The linkage principle (price is positively ‘linked’ to information) is described. Finally, full surplus extraction is discussed at length.
The Principal–Agent Problem
Authors: Bergin James 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The principal-agent problem is considered. The full information case is taken as the benchmark and efficient risk allocation with a risk averse principal and risk averse agent is considered, again with full information. Turning to the incomplete information case, unobservable effort raises the key incentive problem. The first order approach is discussed at length and key conditions for sufficiency of the approach examined.
Evolution and Learning
Authors: Bergin James 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Studies evolution and learning. The discussion includes fictitious play and replicator dynamics, and stochastic stability is considered at length. Following this, some detailed discussion of stochastic stability is given, including the computation of invariant distributions and minimum cost trees. Blackwell approachability is used to define strategies that minimize regret across all actions. This is then connected to correlated equilibrium. Calibrated forecasts are defined, and a connection to correlated equilibria also noted. Provides a brief discussion of Bayesian learning and the key role of the martingale convergence theorem.
Farm Labour Productivity in Jiangnan, 1620–1850
Authors: Li Bozhong 
Published: August 2005

AbstractContrary to the conventional view, labour productivity on farms in Jiangnan, the Yangzi Delta in East China, did not deteriorate or stagnate but instead improved between 1620 and 1850. Changes in the factors of major production of farming and in the peasant economy both contributed to the improvement and this development resulted in a rising standard of living of peasants. Neither an old, misleading Malthusian conception nor conventional wisdom on the standard of living, therefore, squares with what we know of Jiangnan history.
Health and Nutrition in the Pre-Industrial Era: Insights from a Millennium of Average Heights in Northern Europe
Authors: Steckel Richard H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGives perspective to the debate over living standards during industrialization by examining health and nutrition over the past 1200 years using stature either recorded on military records or inferred from skeletal remains. From an average of 173.4 cm in the early Middle Ages, the heights of men fell approximately 6.4 cm, reaching a minimum sometime in the seventeenth or eighteenth century, and recovery to levels of a millennium earlier was not attained until the 1920s. The decline that began in the late Middle Ages may be linked with a cooler and more variable climate; growing inequality; urbanization; fluctuations in population size that impinged on nutritional status; the global spread of diseases associated with European expansion and colonization; and wars over state building or religion. The upturn well underway by the nineteenth century was associated initially with dietary improvements and later with reduced exposure to disease related to public health measures and better housing.
New Evidence on the Standard of Living in Sweden During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries: Long-Term Development of the Demographic Response to Short-Term Economic Stress
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy , Dribe Martin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPresents a new view of the standard of living development in Sweden during the agricultural revolution, using evidence on the ability to overcome short-term economic stress. The results corroborate previous findings, based on a variety of indicators, that standard of living in Sweden increased for most people after the mid-nineteenth century, but also support a more negative view of the immediate effects of the agricultural transformation in the beginning of the nineteenth century on the landless groups in society.
Why the Village Has No Power: Land Ownership Disputes and Customary Tenure
Authors: Ho Peter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStarts with a historical analysis of China’s land property structure and its weaknesses. It is argued that the former production team exercised no real power over land, even though it enjoyed formal land ownership. Instead, control over land ownership resided with the commune and the local state. This has resulted in frequent illegal land expropriation, the neglect of customary rights, and the failure to register land. Through an analysis of a unique set of court cases it is shown how this historical background is the source for many land disputes between the state and the collective.
Obesity: basic science and medical aspects relevant to anaesthetists
Authors: Cheah M. H. , Kam P. C. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryObesity is becoming a major public health problem throughout the world. It is now the second leading cause of death in the United States and is associated with significant, potentially life‐threatening co‐morbidities. Significant advances in the understanding of the physiology of body weight regulation and the pathogenesis of obesity have been achieved. A better understanding of the physiology of appetite control has enabled advances in the medical and surgical treatment of obesity. Visceral or abdominal obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Various drugs are used in the treatment of mild obesity but they are associated with adverse effects. Surgery has become an essential part of the treatment of morbid obesity, notwithstanding the potential adverse events that accompany it. An appreciation of these problems is essential to the anaesthetist and intensivist involved in the management of this group of patients.