bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Mortality Variability in Historical Populations and its Behavioural and Aggregate Consequences
Authors: Antonio Jose , Osona Ortega 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hunger, and the suffering associated with it, are certainly present in large parts of the contemporary world, and occasional famines occur which call worldwide attention to unacceptable situations of poverty and deprivation (see Dreze and Sen 1989, 1990). On the whole, however, the intensity and frequency of mortality crises connected with hunger have largely diminished in most regions of the world compared with the historical experience. We do not need to go farther back than two or three hundred years to find large and frequent famines causing widespread mortality in western Europe.1 In other parts of the world, such as South Asia, very intense and recurrent famines were still present in some regions during the first half of this century (McAlpin 1983; Dreze 1990).
Determinants of Livelihood Diversification
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this part of the book is to explore different dimensions of the livelihoods approach to rural poverty reduction, and of diversification as a key theme within the livelihoods framework. This chapter takes a disaggregated view of the reasons individuals and households pursue diversification as a livelihood strategy. Subsequent chapters examine poverty, agriculture, environment and gender aspects of the livelihood approach, in each case relating the diversification theme to the current body of livelihood-oriented knowledge in the area concerned. In some instances, it is found convenient to rehearse fairly standard concepts and debates in these areas, in order to place the livelihoods approach in an established context.
Agriculture and Farm Productivity
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was observed earlier that by far the most dominant approach to rural development of the last three decades of the twentieth century was what has been referred to as the ‘agriculture first’ strategy (e.g. Saith, 1992). This consisted of a variety of supports, some direct and some indirect, to small, poor, farmers in order to achieve simultaneously both growth and poverty reduction objectives.
Introduction
Authors: Aoki Masahiko , Saxonhouse Gary R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Hugh Patrick commenced graduate work at the University of Michigan in 1954, the academic study of and interest in the Japanese economy in the United States was almost non-existent. In the forty-five years since that time the scholarly terrain has changed almost beyond recognion. A significant group of American-based academic specialists on the Japanese economy has emerged. With improvements in transportation and communications technology, and in funding, there has been increasingly intense, complex, and beneficial interaction between these American specialists and their Japan-based counterparts. In most important respects, both groups are now part of the same transnational community. In recent years this community has been augmented by a significant number of outstanding American and European economists, who are not specialists on the Japanese economy but who have been drawn into doing important and illuminating comparative research.
Explaining the Low Litigation Rate in Japan
Authors: Hamada Koichi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In any country, the economic, social, and legal systems can be regarded as the product of adaptation of human behaviour to the outside environment. In order to cope with the forces of nature, human beings are compelled to cooperate and to organize their production and consumption activities. The process of adaptation is generally guided by some kind of rationality. Even ‘culture’ is often the product of human adaptation to nature.Tetsuro Watsuji, in his classic Fudo (A Climate) (1935), classified the patterns of human interactions with nature into three categories: Monsoon, Desert, and Meadow. Asians in the monsoon adapt rather passively, with possible abrupt eruptions of emotions, to humidity and typhoons; the Middle Eastern people struggle with nature to survive in harsh dryness; and Europeans, situated in a relatively lenient climate, can afford to try to control nature in som’ewhat rational ways. If you live in a densely populated village, as in Japan, and can hardly defect from it, cooperation is necesitated by economic rationality.
Strategies for Overcoming Japan’s Economic Crisis
Authors: Suzuki Yoshio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is my great pleasure to participate in this effort to honour my friend Hugh Patrick. Foreign scholars who understand Japan’s economic experience are a very scarce resource, and Hugh’s contributions are admired throughout the world. Indeed, Hugh was among the first to appreciate that the macroeconomic policies being pursued by the Hashimoto Government in 1996 and 1997 would very likely lead to an economic crisis. It is this crisis that I now want to address.The economic crisis that Japan remains caught up in has been caused by the failure of not only short-term but also medium-term and long-term policies. First, as for the short term, the original budget plan of 1997 had a deflationary impact of ¥12 trillion. ¥9 trillion was from an increase in the tax burden on households (¥5 trillion from the 2 per cent increase in consumption tax, ¥2 trillion from the stoppage of a special income tax reduction, and ¥2 trillion from the increase in the individual’s share in the health insurance premium), while ¥3 trillion was from the decrease in public investment. Because of this, an economic slowdown began in April 1997.
The Sources of Industrial Leadership
Authors: Nelson Richard R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The heart of this essay is a report on a large research project, just recently completed, which studied how seven major high-tech industries evolved in the USA, Japan, and Western Europe: machine tools, organic chemical products, pharmaceuticals, medical diagnostic equipment, computers, semiconductors, and software.1 The history of each of these industries is intimately intertwined with technological advance. In several cases, the birth of the industry was associated with the opening of a major new technology. Technological advance has been rapid in all of them, and competition has involved innovation in a central way.
Empowering Women through the Policy Process: The Making of Health Policy in South Africa
Authors: Klugmana Barbara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) there has been increased interest in the nature and role of both advocacy for policy and programme change and women’s participation and empowerment in the population field. This resulted from issues of both process and content. In relation to the advocacy process, the major impact of the human rights and women’s health lobbies at ICPD itself provided a powerful example of how effective a well-strategized advocacy programme can be. Their work played a key role in shifting the discourse and final content of the ICPD Programme of Action.
International Trade in Hazardous Waste
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an internal memo, which was later published by the Economist magazine (Economist 1992), the chief economist of the World Bank, Lawrence Summers, posed the question whether it would be advisable to dump toxic waste in countries with low wages and low population densities. Low population den sity implies that the number of people affected by environmental risks is small. Low incomes result in a low willingness to pay for environmental quality or - to put it the other way around - high degree of tolerance to environmental hazard. Moreover, low wages are said to indicate a low economic value of human life and health and, therefore, relatively small costs of health-impairing pollution. This memo evocated a public outcry because of its immoral or cynical line of arguing. Nonetheless, the memo was an attempt to address an important issue: the measurement of environmental damages, which are often considered to be unmeasurable. The drastic example of low wages being an indicator of low impacts of environmental disruption was a way to make the implicit value judgments contained in the neoclassical view on comparative advantage more explicit.
Summary and Discussion
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Following the introduction of the euro, the European Union (EU) has started to debate the desirability and feasibility of more co-ordination in the field of capital income taxation. In contrast with product taxes, the EU Treaty does not provide for explicit authority to harmonize income taxes. So far, little co-ordination has taken place, even though the capital income tax base is much more mobile and hence more difficult to tax than is, for instance, consumption (and labour). There is much discussion on a minimum withholding tax on interest and on a code of conduct for business income taxes, but in practice little real progress is being made in aligning the various capital income taxes. More fundamentally, a broad, tax-policy type of discussion on whether, where, and how capital income should be taxed is lacking. The papers in this volume try to fill this void. Roger Gordon addresses the question of whether or not capital income should be taxed. Subsequently, Peggy Musgrave and Richard Bird/Scott Wilkie try to come to grips with the question of where capital income should be taxed—in the member state of source or the member state of residence. Michael Devereux and Harry Huizinga/Søren Bo Nielsen then analyse various issues that arise in taxing equity income and imposing a withholding tax on interest. Next, Stephen Bond and Sijbren Cnossen discuss specific comprehensive proposals for taxing capital income in open economies. Finally, Scott Newlon and Charles McLure/ Joann Weiner look at the difficulties of and alternatives to maintaining separate corporate income taxes in the EU. This introductory chapter summarizes the various papers and briefly discusses the basic issues and solutions.
Interjurisdictional Equity in Company Taxation: Principles and Applications to the European Union
Authors: Musgrave Peggy B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The issue of internation or interjurisdictional equity (hereinafter referred to as IJE) in the context of company taxation (CT) arises when a company carries out its profit-generating activities across two or more jurisdictions. The question then arises as to how the entitlement to tax those profits is to be assigned between the jurisdictions and, further, what tax share of the assigned base each jurisdiction should claim. The answer to these questions involves the principle of UE, or fair tax shares in the profits of multijurisdictional companies. This is a matter of particular importance and complexity as groups of economies become more closely integrated, or as devolution occurs in once unitary countries. In these circumstances, a process of fiscal co-ordination has to take place founded on the following principal objectives: (1) tax neutrality with respect to investment among the member jurisdictions; (2) the attainment of IJE; (3) administrative feasibility and integrity; and, depending on the degree of cohesion among member states, (4) consideration for the principle of subsidiarity. The same issues arise, but with different priorities and degrees of difficulty, in shaping tax agreements between independent nation states.
Developing the provisions of the Vienna Document
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The efforts made by the CSCE/OSCE states since the watershed of 1989-90 have been twofold: to build on past experience; and to look for new measures, solutions, procedures and mechanisms to better cope with the qualitatively new risks and challenges. This chapter documents the general evolution of the individual sections of the Vienna documents on confidence- and security-building measures in the post-cold war period, assesses what they have achieved in practice, and illustrates the response of the C:SHM regime to the new tendencies and developments. Both the work of the FSC and the AlAMs have enabled thorough discussion of all aspects of implementation and have provided numerous proposals and suggestions for improvement of the C:SHMs and the effectiveness of the Vienna Document.
Open Skies
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The open skies proposal was first advanced by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1955 and relaunched in an expanded version by President George Bush in 1989 with the aim of allowing flights by unarmed reconnaissance aircraft over the territories of the Soviet Union, the USA and their allies.399 Although not the breakthrough it might have been at the apogee of the cold war period, the proposal offered several considerable military and political security benefits, such as enhancing verification of arms control agreements; increasing openness and transparency, including through access by many countries to the information provided by open skies overflights; risk reduction; and a conflict prevention and crisis-management potential.400
Introduction to volume 1
Authors: Burnside Craig , Eichenbaum Martin , Fisher Jonas D M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconomics poses important, and difficult methodological questions, some of which do not arise in microeconomics. These are important for practising macro economists because there is widespread disagreement in macroeconomics, both over policy and over how data should be analysed. It may be the case that there is more of a consensus over macroeconomic theory than in the days when the ‘monetarist Keynesian’ controversy was at its height, with widespread agreement that theories should be based on individual optimization and rational expectations, but differences remain.
Models and relations in economics and econometrics
Authors: Juselius Kat Arin A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Empirical macroeconomic models based on a probability approach (Haavelmo 1943) explicitly start from a stochastic formulation of the chosen data. Because most macroeconomic data exhibit strong time dependence, it is natural to formulate the empirical model in terms of time-dependent stochastic processes. Within this family the vector autoregressive (VAR) process based on Gaussian errors has proved to be a popular choice. There are many reasons for this: the VAR model is flexible, easy to estimate, and it usually gives a good fit to macroeconomic data.
Models all the way down: comments on Smith and Juselius
Authors: Hoover Kevin D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before the Bergamo Conference, I had never met Katarina Juselius or Ron Smith. So, when I was reading their papers for this volume, I amused myself trying to guess from the tone and style of their papers something about their ages, temperaments, and life experiences. For though their papers are in many ways similar and derive from what I imagine to be a common intellectual background, their tone and ambitions are different. I found much to admire in both papers and, indeed, much to agree with.
Introduction to volume 2
Authors: Backhouse Roger E , salanti Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconomics poses important and difficult methodological questions, some of which do not arise in microeconomics. These are important for practising macroeconomists because there is widespread disagreement in macroeconomics, both over policy and over how data should be analysed. It may be the case that there is more of a consensus over macroeconomic theory than in the days when the ‘monetarist-Keynesian’ controversy was at its height, with widespread agreement that theories should be based on individual optimization and rational expectations, but differences remain. On top of this are differences over the type of evidence that should be used and how it should be used. What, for example, should be the relationship between the assumption of individual rationality, microeconomic evidence, historical studies, and statistics? Even if we confine our attention to statistical evidence, there remain acute divisions over how such evidence should be used.
Whither IS-LM
Authors: Sims Christopher A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Keynes considered expectations a central factor in macroeconomic dynamics. Much of his discussion of them treats them as volatile but exogenous (‘animal spirits’), but in places he elaborates on the importance of particular types of endogenous expectations. Since the equations he wrote down did not include an explicit role for expectations, the IS-LM codification of Keynesian orthodoxy could plausibly ignore them, and did so. This not only distorted Keynes’s thinking, it ironically weakened Keynesian orthodoxy in the face of the rational expectations critique. The standard Keynesian position came to be that expectations, or at least endogenous expectations, were not as important as the RE critics made them out to be. This was a substantively weak position in itself, and it had the further weakening effect of keeping Keynesian attention away from developing a strong response to Keynes’s new classical critics.
Wage dynamics and the Phillips curve
Authors: Ferri Piero 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When dealing with the theory of wage dynamics, one must state at the beginning whether nominal or real magnitudes are at the centre of the analysis. Even though in the current literature the emphasis is almost exclusively put on real variables, nominal wages are the object of the present analysis. Of course, one cannot neglect the interrelationships between the two concepts but we think that in a monetary economy an inquiry on nominal wages is worth pursuing.
What can recent labour research teach us about macroeconomics?
Authors: Oswald Andrew j. , Trostel philip A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps more than any other sub-discipline, research in labour economics is empirical. The content of the most recent issue of the Journal of Labor Economics (JOLE) is indicative.1 This issue has eight papers. Only one of these contains no empirical evidence. The other seven articles are primarily empirical: they employ data and report various kinds of regression equations. All seven use micro-data, that is, information on individual units like randomly sampled workers. Only one uses nonUS data. Before presenting their empirical work, most of the papers construct a theoretical model that would be too technical to be understood by most graduating economics majors. This issue of JOLE is representative of modern labour economics. It is dominated by empirical reasoning and US-based evidence, but is not devoid of theory.
Equity finance, internal funds, and involuntary unemployment
Authors: Blaug Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is one and only one thing wrong with the paper by Delli Gatti and Tamborini: there is too much in it, being in fact two or even three papers in one. It has a grand theme, namely that asymmetric information between lenders and borrowers in loan markets and between issuing companies and shareholders in equity markets gives rise to both equilibrium credit-rationing and equilibrium equity-rationing; in short, capital markets are inherently imperfect. Following Bernard Greenwald and Joseph Stiglitz, who invented this type of New Keynesian Economics (NKE) in the 1970s, Delli Gatti and Tamborini systematically explore the macroeconomic impact of these capitalmarket imperfections on aggregate income determination, on the possibilities of demand management, on economic growth, and finally on the business cycle.
Official documents: general discussion
Authors: Hausman Daniel M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Andrew Oswald: Have economists’ ideas been very expensive, for good or ill, in the European Commission? Have new theories of unemployment, for example, led to large quantities of taxpayers’ money being spent, whether for benefit or cost? Adrian Pagan: I have a quotation relating to central banks that Mayer might like to use. One of our ex-research directors once said, regarding changes in opinion within the bank, that the bank was often wrong but never in doubt.
Ibsen and the Ascription of Blame in Law
Authors: Stanton-Ife John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the name of the criminal law people are fined and imprisoned; in the name of tort law people are held liable to pay damages in compensation. The consequences to those punished or held liable in these ways can be serious and even devastating. Thus, it has always been thought that these legal practices must meet certain ethical conditions if they are to be considered legitimate: it cannot but be a matter of serious moral concern that they cause distress which is sometimes extreme. From the fact that justification is required in these contexts, however, it does not follow that it is clear what shape the justification should take. Since these practices are practices of blaming people, the most obvious suggestion is that people should be the subject of blame only over things that are in their power. Blame should not be ascribed where the putative defendant was powerless, where for example she was unlucky. So there seems to be an important principle at work: ‘Ascribe blame only for what is in an agent’s power, not for matters that are subject to luck.’ Slightly more specifically one might say, ‘blame someone only for what they have tried to do’ not for what they succeeded or failed to do with the intervention of luck.
‘How Can Ye Criticise What’S Plain Law, Man?’: The Lawyer, The Novelist, and the Discourse of Authority
Authors: Smith Marie Hockenhull 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scott’s novel of 1818, The Heart of Midlothian centres on historical events in 1736 and draws in the development of Scottish society within the whole of the long eighteenth century. How Scott’s nineteenth-century representations of eighteenth-century law relate to what cultural and legal historians would expect to find is a rich subject in itself. What I wish to examine here is what those representations communicate about the perennial matter of the relation between legal agents and the structure of authority: how far they are incorporated, how much power the agents embody, and how much they evade. This, which involves the matter of personal ethical responsibility, is continually problematized by the novel in a way which connects with the concerns of jurisprudence in postmodernity.
The ‘Final Struggle’: A Discoursal, Rhetorical, and Social Analysis of Two Closing Arguments
Authors: Goodwin Jill Tomasson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In her book, Poetic Closure: A Study of How Poems End, Barbara Herrnstein Smith distinguishes between things that stop or cease—like a ringing telephone or the blowing of the wind—and other things, like music or poetry, that seem to conclude or end. She defines closure, then, in these terms: We tend to speak of conclusions when a sequence of events has a relatively high degree of structure, when, in other words, we can perceive these events as related to one another by some principle of organization or design that implies the existence of a definite termination point. Under these circumstances, the occurrence of their terminal event is a confirmation of the sequence, and is usually distinctly gratifying. The sense of stable conclusiveness, finality, or ‘clinch’ which we experience at that point is what is referred to here as closure.