bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Popular Opinion and the Extermination of the Jews
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fate of Bavarian Jews after ‘Crystal Night’ mirrors closely that of Jews from other parts of the Reich. By the beginning of the war, following the massively accelerated emigration after the pogrom, some 10,000 Jews—less than a third of the Jewish population of 1933—remained in Bavaria (excluding the Palatinate ). The social isolation of these Jews was all but completed during the first war years.
Lord Cromer
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the heyday of Empire just before the First World War, Lord Cromer was second only to Lord Curzon in fame and public esteem. In the days when Cairo and Calcutta represented the twin poles of British power in Asia and Africa, Cromer's commanding presence seemed to radiate the essential spirit of imperial rule. In this first modern biography Roger Owen charts the life of the man revered by the British and hated by the Egyptians, the real ruler of Egypt for nearly a quarter of a century. A member of the famous City banking family of Baring Brothers, Cromer in his youth seemed set to be, if not the black sheep of the family, distinguished mainly by lack of academic ability and a taste for the fashionable pursuits of his day. His first military posting, to Corfu, was welcomed by him on account of the excellent shooting to be had in the region. Roger Owen shows how, almost imperceptibly, his commitment to public service grew, due in part at least to his relationship with Ethel Errington who, after long delay, became his first wife. From the island outposts of the old British Empire, to India, the jewel in its crown, and finally to the new Empire in Africa, Cromer represented the might of Britain's Empire. Few imperial administrators had either his range of experience or his long practice of ruling different non-European peoples, at a time when the whole notion of Empire itself entered more and more into the metropolitan political debate. Roger Owen makes extensive use of Cromer's official correspondence, family papers, memoirs, and the personal letters of his friends and colleagues to explore all aspects of Cromer's life in imperial government. He examines his innovative role in international finance and his energetic re-engagement with Britain's troubled political life following his formal retirement in 1907. Finally, he assesses the sometimes bitter legacy of imperial rule left by Cromer.
Compound Pronouns :Other Person Categories Disqualified
Authors: Cysouw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a recurrent claim in the literature that even more person categories are attested in the form of so-called COMPOUND PRONOUNS (Forchheimer 1953: 132-5; Hage’ge 1982: 112; Wiesemann 1986a: viii; Noyer 1997: 148-54). Compound pronouns are a special kind of compound made up from two personal pronominal elements. In some languages such pronominal compounds are (semi-)grammatical zed, which leads to very large pronominal paradigms. Some authors propose to interpret these compound pronouns on a par with the singular and plural pronouns: It seems as if there are three contrastive levels in the pronominal system: singular simple pronouns contrasting to plural simple pronouns; and plural simple pronouns contrasting to complex [compound] pronouns. (Voorhoeve 1967: 428)When these compound pronouns are included as part of person domain, this leads to extremely large paradigms of person. For example, when simple and compound pronouns are taken together, then there are up to nineteen different person markers in Ghomala’, a Grassfields language in Cameroon. This paradigm made Wiesemann claim that Ghomala’ has ‘the most complex pronoun system as far as person categories are concerned’ (Wiesemann 1986a: viii). However, I doubt whether these compound pronouns are really special person markers. In this chapter, I will review the available descriptions of such compound pronouns, only to conclude that they are indeed a special kind of pronoun (and not normal compounds) but that the claim for special person categories is rather weak. Until more specific descriptions of these compound pronouns become available, it seems best not to consider them as specific person markers.
The Diversity of Restricted Groups : A Survey of Dual Person Marking
Authors: Cysouw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has often been claimed that duals are most prominent in the marking of ‘we’. The oldest of these observations was made by Wilhelm von Humboldt in his paper on the dual: Some of these languages take the perspective of duality from the speaking and the addressed person, the I and YOU. In these languages, the dual is part of the pronoun and only extends into the rest of the language as far as the influence of the pronoun reaches; it is restricted sometimes to the pronoun of the first person plural only, to the concept of WE (von Humboldt 1994 [1827]: 156; my translation).Whether this is true or not (I will come back to Humboldt’s claim in Section 7.3.4), there is much more variation in the paradigmatic structure of dual marking in the pronominal domain, a variability for greater than Humboldt could acknowledge-given the available grammatical descriptions of his time. This chapter will mainly present a survey of this variability of linguistic structure, the facts that every theory of linguistic structure will have to deal with. This chapter starts off in Section 7.2 with a short note on terminology and on the method that is used to make a typology of the variation. Subsequently, the various forms of dual marking will be discussed. First, I will deal with paradigms that do not distinguish inclusive from exclusive in Section 7.3.
‘Honorable and Honoured Citizens’: War Veterans of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Eras under the Second Empire
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON 15 August 1866, the 1,100 inhabitants of the small village of Foix (Nord) awoke to the sound of Church bells ringing vigorously. As in every town and village in the country, the peals were marking the official celebration of the Saint-Napoleon, France’s national festivity, as well as the Catholic fete of the Assumption. For Dumont, the mayor of Foix, the day began normally enough with a distribution of bread and meat to the poorer members of his commune. The prefect of the Nord had sent a memorandum to remind him-not that he needed reminding-that the Emperor Napoleon III attached ‘special importance’ to the relief of the needy on 15 August. At mid-morning he welcomed the fonctionnaires and eminent citizens of the commune into the mairie. The municipal councillors, members of the Office of Charity, and the Medailles de Sainte-Helene, the former military servicemen of the First Republic and Empire, talked animatedly for a while, and then lined up in preparation for the traditional procession to Church.
Syllable Structure And Syllabification
Authors: Watson Janet C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the syllable structure and syllabification of San’ani and Cairene. I begin by discussing the syllabic skeleton and present arguments in favour of moraic theory over X-slot (or onset–rhyme) theory. Within the consideration of syllable structure, I discuss the analysis of apparent CVCCC syllables in San’ani in view of the fact that syllables in Arabic are commonly held to be maximally bimoraic. I support the proposal that syllables in Arabic are maximally bimoraic and claim that CVCCC syllables in San’ani can be properly analysed as marked variants of CVCC syllables: the only two consonants which occur in final position in CVCCC syllables, t š , are exceptionally linked to a single conso-nant slot. Under syllabification, I consider four syllable-related processes in the dialects: epenthesis, glottal stop prosthesis, closed syllable shortening, and syn-cope. While syllable-related processes are strictly structure-preserving in Cairene, in San’ani, closed syllable shortening and syncope are not always structure-pre-serving: word-internal CVVC syllables are attested optionally in derived envir-onments, and syllables with initial clusters of up to three consonants—many of which disobey the Sonority Sequencing Principle—arise as a result of syncope. I demonstrate, however, that syllables are maximally bimoraic at the postlexical as well as the lexical level in San’ani as in Cairene, and that word-internal CVVC syllables in San’ani arise from Adjunction-to-Mora by which a syllable-final mora comes to dominate two constituents, VC, exceptionally (Broselow 1992: 14). In the case of derived initial consonant clusters, I argue that syncope frequently deletes the vowel of a syllable, but not the mora. Where the initial consonant (the consonant to the left of the syncopated vowel) is more sonorous than the following consonant (the consonant to the right of the syncopated vowel), the freed-up mora reassociates with the initial consonant; where the initial consonant is less sonorous than the following consonant, on the other hand, the mora is deleted together with the vowel. Thus, while only vowels are lexically stipulated as syllable peaks in San’ani, syllabic consonants arise post-lexically, particularly in word-initial position.
Anatomy of an Anxious Institution: Plague and Seasonality
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although founded in 151 8, the College was still, at the end of the sixteenth century, a comparatively new incorporation as a fully functioning entity, unsure of its ground and its relationships. Its records were kept both for public consumption and for self-justification. The College’s ‘privileges’ could not be taken for granted. As we shall sec repeatedly, its dealings with irregular practitioners virtually defined its institutional life and its connections with the outside world. In many respects of course, its appeals to statutes, and the verbatim records of examinations of irregulars, are little different in kind from the activities of the London craft companies. For the College, however, these proceedings were more individualized. ‘Test’ cases, a hazard for all occupational corporations, could pose a greater threat; the College’s chief sources of power, the crown and the Privy Council, could also be the chief sources.
Initiation and Pursuit: Sources of Information far a Capital in Flux
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides what is in effect a case-study of the powers of search exercised by early modern occupational corporations, especially as experienced by those under surveillance. But it is necessary to counteract any lingering impression that the College was well integrated in the wider world of work, or of its supervision, owing to its force as a regulatory body. We have seen that censorial activity dominated the life of the College, and went far towards defining it as an institution. However, as this chapter will make clear, a good proportion of this activity took place not because of the College’s assiduity in search, but because Londoners saw the College as a potential resource in the management of their own affairs. In what follows, we will seek to assess the significance of the censorial confrontation as an episode in the life of a practitioner and, in particular, how this confrontation might have come about.
Irregular Practitioners: A Wilderness of Mirrors
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How typical was Brovaert of the irregular practitioners pursued by the College in London? As we shall sec, he was certainly typical in being male. It was probably of the majority in being relatively young, and, perhaps, at about 31, not as young as the College implied. He was not unusual either in pleading temporary necessity for his practice, and ignorance of the College’s authority was also a common plea. However, the comparative decorum and coherence of the confrontation between Brovaert and the College were closer to the ideal than the usual reality-and, indeed, the ensuing realities in the case of Brovaert.
Active Patients: Patrons and Parties to Contract
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already, in previous chapters, found patients, potential and otherwise, and of varying social status, engaged in a range of activities monitoring, health-seeking, exercising patronage, making contracts, and seeking redress. The present chapter gives more direct attention to these activities. It has also been suggested that there is a danger of anachronism in viewing such patients inclividualisticalJy, as one half of a one-to-one patient-practitioner relationship. However tempting it might be, this is not a satisfactory way of redressing the balance in favour of the active early modern patient. Of course, even ‘passive’ patients merit historical attention; but the active patient has to be recognized as a historiographical construct as well as, arguably, a historical reality specific to certain times and places.
The Effects of Confrontation: Demeanour, Penalties, and Patronage
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, we have looked at both parties to the confrontation between College and irregular, and at how and why the confrontation arose. The natural desire of the observer, as of the College, is for a result, or at least for closure. However, we have also had to recognize the limits of the College’s connections with the wider world of London medicine, and with the structures of male authority, which make inconclusiveness the likelier outcome. In terms of the practice of medicine in London as a whole, we have seen that the irregulars were not fully representative, let alone fully inclusive. Even with respect to the irregulars as individuals, contemporary experience, and the historical record, would suggest that any legal or quasi-legal civil proceeding was likely to be open-ended. Thus, to ask what the outcorne was of the confrontations between the College and the irregulars is almost misconceived.
Word Phonology and Phonologically Conditioned Allomorphy
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catalan participates in the areal phenomenon (along with Spanish, Basque, and some Occitan varieties) of voiced obstruent stop lenition. In Catalan the pattern usually described consists of voiced fricatives (or approximants) in onsets after continuant segments ([ +ont]), and voiced plosives in all other contexts (see details of these in (8)). In simple terms, /b/ has allophones [b] and [β], /d/ has allophones [d] and [ð], and /g/ has allophones [g] and [γ]. This allophonic distribution, traditionally labelled ‘lenition’, has received some attention in recent work on Catalan phonology, without, however, being the object of a detailed account. To introduce the analysis and interpretation offered here I set out a list (1) of eight issues in Catalan lenition that have arisen in treatments of Catalan phonology.
Comparative and Noncomparative Desert
Authors: Miller David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I want to investigate to what extent and in what ways desert judgements involve comparisons between persons. When we say that someone deserves a benefit or a burden, either in order to defend the status quo or in order to advocate changing it so that the person referred to gets what he or she deserves, are we explicitly or implicitly comparing the subject of our judgement to others? This is not a question that admits of an easy answer. As we shall see, there are at least two dimensions along which we can interpret desert judgements either as comparative or as noncomparative, generating four possibilities altogether, and some of the perplexity that surrounds this most slippery of concepts may stem from running these different cases together.
The Olympic Village: A Redevelopment Marathon in Greater Athens
Authors: Delladetsima Pavlos-Marinos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The city of Athens will host the 2004 Olympic Games, and the city is currently (2002) under considerable preparatory stress. The Olympic Games are considered to be a turning-point for Athens-as well as for Greek society and the economy as a whole. They constitute both a major challenge and an exceptional shift in economic investment priorities and in the city’s social and organizational affairs.
Gambling Politics or Successful Entrepreneurialism? The Orestad Project in Copenhagen
Authors: Andersen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Denmark is commonly regarded as a relatively egalitarian society. Although at the national level the relative strength of the Danish welfare regime serves to explain why the thesis of a general social polarization cannot be supported, there are important pockets of deprivation at the local level. In the Greater Copenhagen area, the inequality between affluent neighbourhoods dominated by owner-occupants and those with a high concentration of social housing units has grown in recent decades.
Essence, etc.*
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as one adopts an unambiguously instantaneous viewpoint, one inevitably realizes that nothing in a language state can be termed phonetic. However (1) each so-called phonetic fact which exists in the grammar of a language at a given moment is indeed phonetic if it is considered in comparison with another period (if one begins by formulating things in a quite different way). This however implies that we are no longer adopting the momentary perspective and are combining two viewpoints which should certainly not be combined.
Synchronic phonetic rules
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A compound is formed from marut- and another word. A ‘phonetic’ rule governs the behaviour of the t. A compound is formed from dvI¯pin- and another word. A ‘morphological’ rule means that the starting point is dvI¯pi-, then a ‘phonetic’ rule governs the behaviour of the i.
Actual ‘parole’ and potential ‘parole’
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the opposite of parallelism or potential parole, or a group of elements created and associated in the mind, or the system within which an element has an abstract existence among other potential elements. Any type of vocal element (and as we shall see, any type of morphological element) is inherently bound to exist within two systems: one in which it is definable with respect to what follows and precedes, and one in which it is definable with respect to .
Introduction
Authors: Windle Joachim Latacz,Kevin , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years the theme of Troy has been appearing with increasing frequency in the newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and film. There are several reasons for the fascination that continues to adhere to the name and to everything to do with Troy (the Trojan War, the Trojan horse). One of these is certainly the fact that to many people Troy is synonymous with archaeology, with the excitement of a journey into the past, with the search for mysterious buried treasures, in other words, with the rediscovery of what is lost. For many people, another reason may lie in the fact that Troy marks the beginning of the science of modern excavation, and this beginning is inseparably linked with the name of Heinrich Schliemann, to whom many myths are attached.
Staging Posts in a Search: What was Hisarhk Called in the Bronze Age?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five years later, in 1988, Manfred Korfmann began digging at Hisarhk. From that moment the chances of Cobet’s prophecy proving true began an upward leap, since for the first time in about 120 years of the study of Troy an archaeologist and prehistorian, not a classical scholar, had come to Hisarhk. This signified a fundamental change: from the time of the Greeks themselves, and later the Romans, right down to Korfmann’s predecessor Blegen, Troy had always been viewed from the west, from Greece, and always with Homer in mind.
The Result: Homer’s Backdrop is Historical
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If one takes an overall view of the recent advances in research in various areas, which we have discussed from various angles, we can discern a dovetailing tendency in this research: from the east (Anatolia), west (Greece), and south (Egypt) the pieces move together and we can perceive a broader picture of the distribution of power in the second half of the second millennium bc in the Mediterranean area, in which three great centres of power and influence interact and counteract one another as they seek to maintain the balance.
The Tale of Troy Independent of Homer’s
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It follows from these researches, on the one hand, that we will never be able fully to retrieve the original form of the whole tale from the Iliad, since it is no more than a pale secondary source. On the other hand, it also follows that we can at least reconstruct an outline of the tale from indications in our Iliad, supplemented by indications from our Odyssey and information from a collection of poems a hundred years younger and complementary to it, the so-called ‘Epic Cycle’.1 This outline reads then as follows.
The Moon-God Nanna-Suen
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Mesopotamian belief, all the major celestial bodies were envisaged as visible manifestation of deities. The sun, the moon, the stars and comets were a source of never-ending wonder. Utu (the sun) sheds a brilliant light during each day, and returns again each new day to illuminate the life of human beings, as well as bringing about the fertility of vegetation with his beneficial warmth. Utu was believed to emerge from a set of doors at the eastern horizon at dawn each day and make a daily journey across the skies, driven by his charioteer Bunene. Finally he entered ‘the interior of heaven’ once more at dusk, through a corresponding doorway on the western horizon.
Scribes And Learning
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without the scribes, of course, no Sumerian literature would have been recorded or preserved for posterity. Sumerian literature was by definition chosen, written, remodelled by a few highly literate individuals-and it thus reflects their concerns, beliefs, and interests. h: is not surprising, then, that scribal characters, and notions of literacy and numeracy, loom large in the Sumerian literary corpus.
Architecture as a Mirror of Society
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 18 April 1680, the diarist and architectural expert John Evelyn took up an invitation from the earl of Essex to inspect the building-works at Cassiobury (Pl. 3), his principal seat near Watford. Evelyn was broadly impressed by what he saw, but concluded that the project could have been handled better.
The House is new, a plaine fabric, built by my friend Mr. Hugh-May; there are in it divers faire and good roomes, excellent Carving of [Grinling] Gibbonss, . . . The middle Dores being round [headed] I did not approve of, but when the Hall is finishd as his Lordship designs it, . . . it will be a very noble Palace . . . No man has been more industrious than this noble Lord in planting about his seate, adorn’d with Walkes, Ponds, and other rural Elegancies; but the soile is stonie, churlish, and uneven, nor is the Water neere enough to the house, . . . ’tis pitty the house was not situated to more advantage; but it seemes it was built just where the old one was, and which I believe he onely meant to repaire at first, which leads men into irremediable errors.