bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐shrinkage dental restorative composite: Modeling viscoelastic behavior during setting
Authors: Dauvillier Bibi S. , Feilzer Albert J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMuch attention has been directed toward developing dental direct restorative composites that generate less shrinkage stress during setting. The aim of this study was to explore the viscoelastic behavior of a new class of low‐shrinkage dental restorative composite during setting. The setting behavior of an experimental oxirane composite has been investigated by analyzing stress–strain data with two‐parametric mechanical models. Experimental data were obtained from a dynamic test method, in which the setting light‐activated composite was continuously subjected to sinusoidal strain cycles. The material parameters and the model's predictive capacity were analyzed with validated modeling procedures. The light‐activated oxirane composite exhibited shrinkage delay and low polymerization shrinkage strain and stresses when compared with conventional light‐activated composite. Noise in the stress data restricted the predictive ability of the Maxwell model to the elastic modulus development of the composite only. Evaluation tests of their potential as restorative material are required, to examine if the biocompatibility and mechanical properties after setting of oxirane composites are acceptable for dental use. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 129–139, 2005
New multivalent cationic lipids reveal bell curve for transfection efficiency versus membrane charge density: lipid–DNA complexes for gene delivery
Authors: Ahmad Ayesha , Evans Heather M. , Ewert Kai , George Cyril X. , Samuel Charles E. , Safinya Cyrus R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundGene carriers based on lipids or polymers—rather than on engineered viruses—constitute the latest technique for delivering genes into cells for gene therapy. Cationic liposome–DNA (CL‐DNA) complexes have emerged as leading nonviral vectors in worldwide gene therapy clinical trials. To arrive at therapeutic dosages, however, their efficiency requires substantial further improvement.MethodsNewly synthesized multivalent lipids (MVLs) enable control of headgroup charge and size. Complexes comprised of MVLs and DNA have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction and ethidium bromide displacement assays. Their transfection efficiency (TE) in L‐cells was measured with a luciferase assay.ResultsPlots of TE versus the membrane charge density (σM, average charge/unit area of membrane) for the MVLs and monovalent 2,3‐dioleyloxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (DOTAP) merge onto a universal, bell‐shaped curve. This bell curve leads to the identification of three distinct regimes, related to interactions between complexes and cells: at low σM, TE increases with increasing σM; at intermediate σM, TE exhibits saturated behavior; and unexpectedly, at high σM, TE decreases with increasing σM.ConclusionsComplexes with low σM remain trapped in the endosome. In the high σM regime, accessible for the first time with the new MVLs, complexes escape by overcoming a kinetic barrier to fusion with the endosomal membrane (activated fusion), yet they exhibit a reduced level of efficiency, presumably due to the inability of the DNA to dissociate from the highly charged membranes in the cytosol. The intermediate, optimal regime reflects a compromise between the opposing demands on σM for endosomal escape and dissociation in the cytosol. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Widespread and highly persistent gene transfer to the CNS by retrovirus vector in utero: implication for gene therapy to Krabbe disease
Authors: Shen Jin‐Song , Meng Xing‐Li , Yokoo Takashi , Sakurai Ken , Watabe Kazuhiko , Ohashi Toya , Eto Yoshikatsu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundBrain‐directed prenatal gene therapy may benefit some lysosomal storage diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) before birth. Our previous study showed that intrauterine introduction of recombinant adenoviruses into cerebral ventricles results in efficient gene transfer to the CNS in the mouse. However, transgene expression decreased with time due to the non‐integrative property of adenoviral vectors. In this study, in order to obtain permanent gene transduction, we investigated the feasibility of retrovirus‐mediated in utero gene transduction.MethodsConcentrated retrovirus encoding the LacZ gene was injected into the cerebral ventricles of the embryos of normal and twitcher mice (a murine model of Krabbe disease) at embryonic day 12. The distribution and maintenance of the transgene expression in the recipient brain were analyzed histochemically, biochemically and by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction method pre‐ and postnatally.ResultsEfficient and highly persistent gene transduction to the brain was achieved both in normal and the twitcher mouse. Transduced neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were distributed throughout the brain. The transduced LacZ gene, its transcript and protein expression in the brain were maintained for 14 months without decrement. In addition, gene transduction to multiple tissues other than the brain was also detected at low levels.ConclusionsThis study suggests that brain‐directed in utero gene transfer using retrovirus vector may be beneficial to the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases with severe brain damage early in life, such as Krabbe disease. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of cysteine with Cu2+ and group IIb (Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+) metal cations: a theoretical study
Authors: Belcastro M. , Marino T. , Russo N. , Toscano M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe structure and energetics of complexes obtained upon interaction between cysteine and Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+ cations were studied using quantum chemical density functional theory calculations with the 6–311++G** orbital basis set and relativistic pseudopotentials for the cations. Different coordination sites for metal ions on several cysteine conformers were considered. In their lowest energy complexes with the amino acid, the Zn2+ and Cd2+ cations appear to be three‐coordinated to carbonyl oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur atoms, whereas the Cu2+ and Hg2+ ions are coordinated to both the carbonyl oxygen and sulfur atoms of one of the zwitterion forms of the amino acid. Bonds of metal cations with the coordination sites are mainly ionic except those established with sulfur, which show a small covalent character that become most significant when Cu2+ and Hg2+ are involved. The order of metal ion affinity proposed is Cu > Zn > Hg > Cd. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PowerGen: planning and strategic change
Authors: Jennings David 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
This article examines planning and strategic development in a privatized electricity generating company, PowerGen.
PowerGen's strategic management has followed a long‐term vision of the company's development based upon the application and development of its capabilities.
The corporate planning process has continued as part of the strategic management process, its organization and operation adapting to changes in the strategic and organizational context.
Corporate planning appears to serve a number of roles in the privatized company relating to adaptation, uncertainty, synergy and control.
The pursuit of strategic development involves an eclectic use of strategic management concepts and processes based upon capability, portfolio and scenario analysis and corporate planning.
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in pellets and pulp of sugar beet
Authors: Sancho Daniel , Deban Luis , Pardo Rafael , Valladolid David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPulp is a residual product of the sugar industry resulting from the total extraction of sugar contained in the root of sugar beet and is normally used in the form of pulp or pellets as food in the cattle industry. The objective of this work was the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper in pellets and dried pulp. For this we have developed a method of analysis using anodic stripping voltammetry in the differential pulse mode (DPASV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and compared the results with those obtained by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). We conclude that DPASV can be used as an alternative method to ETAAS to determine low concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in such samples, having the advantage of allowing the determination of all four metals simultaneously. From the analysis of real samples it can be concluded that Zn is present in the highest concentration, ranging from 3 to 30 mg kg−1, while Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations were always lower than 1, 8 and 8 mg kg−1 respectively. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural stability of an Alfisol under various fallow management practices in southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Salako F. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of legume‐based soil management on soil dispersion were studied on an Alfisol between 1994 and 1995 in an experiment which was established in 1989 in southwestern Nigeria. The fallow systems, which constituted the main plots in the split‐plot experiment, included natural fallow, Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth, and Leucaena leucocephala Lam de Wit. The subplots were 25, 33, 50 and 100 per cent cropping intensities. Apart from indices of soil dispersion such as water‐dispersible clay and dispersion ratio, the fractal theory was applied to describe the fragmentation of soil aggregates less than 4 mm under the systems and cropping intensities. Although water dispersible clay was less than 60 g kg−1 in the 0–15 cm soil depth because it was inherently low in clay content, the soil dispersion ratio was generally above 50 per cent. Also, the fractal dimensions, which ranged between 2.75 and 2.89, were similar among the fallow systems with cropping intensities for the surface soil. However, the interaction of slope position with season caused significant differences in fractal parameters, suggesting that the processes of soil degradation were different for the upper and lower slopes even with similar microaggregate distribution. The soil was inherently vulnerable to soil dispersion, although, the fallow management systems with less than 100 per cent cropping intensity would maintain soil structure at similar level as the forest. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintenance contracts for leased goods: their role in creating brand loyalty
Authors: Hunsaker Julie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing a two‐period switching cost model, this paper compares rental profit with sales profit in a framework in which duopolists produce horizontally differentiated durable goods. Rental firms use maintenance contracts that stipulate that repeat customers pay a lower fine per unit of damage than do those customers who switch to a rival firm. In the sales regime, firms give loyal customers a discount on their second period prices. If switching costs are zero, sales profit equals rental profit. For positive and identical switching costs, either regime can dominate. As the exogenous rate of depreciation falls, rental profit exceeds sales profit. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algorithmic citation‐linked historiography—Mapping the literature of science
Authors: Garfield Eugene , Pudovkin A. I. , Istomin V. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere is a large literature on mapping and visualizing the scholarly literature (White & McCain, 1997; Buter & Noyons, 2001). However, none of these methods have been used to create historical displays of works on a given subject. The authors have developed a process and software called HistCite for generating chronological maps of collections resulting from searching the ISI Web of Science (WOS), SCI/SSCI/AHCI on CD‐ROM or SciSearch on Dialog. Export files are created in which all cited references for source documents are captured. These files are processed by HistCite to generate tables of the most‐cited works. Real time demonstrations of several topics such as bibliographic‐coupling, co‐citation analysis, gene flow, etc. will be provided. The HistCite software includes an expert system for detecting and editing errors or variations in cited references. Export Files of 1,000 or more records are processed in minutes on a PC. Ideally the system will be used to help the searcher quickly identify the most significant work on a topic and trace its year‐by‐year development.
A question of quality: The effect of source quality on information seeking by women in IT professions
Authors: Marton Christine , Choo Chun Wei 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper presents preliminary results from a study of how women in information technology (IT) professions use a range of information sources in their day‐to‐day work activities. Through a questionnaire survey, the study investigates the effects of Perceived Source Accessibility and Perceived Source Quality on the selection and use of information sources. Thirteen information sources, including the World Wide Web and Web‐based computer‐mediated communication, were identified. Sixty‐seven participants completed the survey. The most frequently used information source is the World Wide Web, followed by mass media, colleagues in the same department, computer‐mediated communication, business professionals and associates, and colleagues in a different group/department. The least used information sources are the internal library, and competitors. For many of the sources, there was a strong relationship between perceived source quality and source usage. This finding runs counter to early, well‐known studies that concluded that scientists and engineers selected sources based only on their accessibility. Surprisingly, the present study did not find a significant relationship between source accessibility and source usage. The implications for research are discussed.
Discovery of user‐oriented class associations for enriching library classification schemes
Authors: Pu Hsiao‐Tieh 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a user‐based approach to exploring the possibility of adding user‐oriented class associations to hierarchical library classification schemes. Some highly associated classes not grouped in the same subject hierarchies, yet are relevant to users' knowledge are automatically obtained by analyzing a two‐year log of book circulation records from a university library. The approach employs methods from both collaborative filtering and information retrieval research to discover associated classes based on the circulation patterns of similar users. The experimental results show that classification schemes can be, therefore, made more adaptable to changes of users and the uses of different library collections. The implications for applications in information organization and retrieval are also discussed.
An examination of natural language as a query formation tool for retrieving information on e‐health from Pub Med
Authors: Peterson Gabriel M. , Su Kuichun , Ries James E. , Sievert Mary Ellen C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Internet has become the first tool of choice for performing information searches. The concepts of e‐health and related topics have become areas of interest for professional researchers and lay users alike, and increasingly, users turn to the Internet for information about health and health care.The purpose of this study is to examine complexity and variability of natural language as observed in using search terms that express the concept of e‐health. We survey effects of this complexity in terms of precision of information retrieved, the shift in the terminology for an emerging concept and with regards to the degree of overlap between query results.We have designed a series of natural language queries and used them to perform a series of searches on Pub Med. Subsequent analysis examined the degree to which relevant information can be retrieved using terms regarding e‐health. The degree to which relevant returns overlap between searches has also been examined. Our results show significant variation in relevance and overlap between different query terms and a high degree of precision among search results that have high incidence of overlap.
How to make audio/video as easy to use and share as text
Authors: Spoerri Anselm 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDigital media content is growing exponentially, but audio and video are difficult to search and share. This paper describes Souvenir, a system which offers a flexible and comprehensive way for people to use their handwritten or text notes to retrieve and share specific media moments. Souvenir enables users to take notes on a variety of devices, such as the paper‐based CrossPad, the Palm Pilot and standard keyboard devices. Souvenir can segment unstructured handwriting into an effective media index without the need for handwriting recognition. Using Souvenir, people can easily use their notes to create hyperlinks to random‐access media stored in a digital library. Souvenir also has web publishing and email capabilities to enable anyone to access or email media moments directly from a web page. Souvenir annotations capture additional and complementary information that can not be easily inferred by automatic media indexing techniques. This paper presents an overview of Souvenir's functionality, offering a brief description of its handwriting segmentation and media synchronization algorithms. It also discusses the design rationale guiding the development of Souvenir and provides an informal evaluation and discussion of Souvenir's effectiveness.
A user modeling system for personalized interaction and tailored retrieval in interactive IR
Authors: Kelly Diane , Belkin Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe present a user modeling system for personalized interaction and tailored retrieval that (1) tracks interactions over time, (2) represents multiple information needs, both short and long term, (3) allows for changes in information needs over time, (4) acquires and updates the user model automatically, without explicit assistance from the user, and (5) accounts for contextual factors such as topic familiarity and endurance of need. The proposed system contains three major classes of models: general behavioral, personal behavioral and topical. The general behavioral model describes how information search and use behavior can be used to identify and track information needs. The personal behavioral model characterizes an individual user's information search and use behavior with regard to document preference and states of knowledge. Finally, the topical model characterizes the user's information seeking needs. We describe how such a model can be used to personalize search interactions and tailor system responses to individuals across multiple information seeking sessions.
Multimedia Web searching trends
Authors: Ozmutlu Seda , Spink Amanda , Cenk Ozmutlu H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper we examine and compare multimedia Web searching by Excite and FAST search engine users in 2001. Findings include: (1) some differences between the Excite and FAST multimedia Web searches, (2) FAST users submit more multimedia queries but fewer audio‐related queries, (3) FAST users take more time with queries and sessions compared to Excite users, but spend less time on audio queries, and (4) Excite users submit longer and more complex queries than FAST users. As the Excite search engine is U.S. based and FAST search engine is Norwegian based, these differences suggest some difference in the Web search behavior of U.S. and European Web users.
Exploring the pattern of links between Chinese university Web sites
Authors: Tang Rong , Thelwall Mike 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study compares the links between 76 Chinese university Web sites with ranks obtained from the NetBig lists, using a specialized Web crawler to collect the link data. In addition to providing a background to the higher education system in mainland China, we describe the NetBig ranking scheme. We then explain some of the site crawling problems encountered, including viruses and slow download times. The results show a significant correlation between link counts and research ranks from four different perspectives, although further research found that university size could be a possible cause. The extensive interlinking between Chinese university Web sites also indicates that these sites may serve as important information sources for researchers within or outside China.
Introducing regulated bias into co‐citation ranking schemes on the Web
Authors: Lempel Ronny , Moran Shlomo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLink structure analysis is widely recognized as an important tool in WWW information retrieval and is extensively used in the retrieval and ranking algorithms of major WWW search engines. Common extensions of link analyses involve changing the Web subgraphs that are analyzed. In this work, we present two techniques which bias co‐citation based link analyses towards favorable pages and away from undesired pages. Both techniques are integrated seamlessly into existing link‐analyzing algorithms.Our first technique extends the notion of hubs by introducing pseudo hubs, which represent any trait of Web pages that is desirable to users. Pseudo hubs are added as pseudo nodes to the Web‐graph and are linked to those pages which exhibit the desirable traits. The ensuing co‐citation analysis then treats these pseudo nodes as if they were regular pages. This results in the rankings of pages with favorable traits being boosted. The second technique incorporates negative relevance judgments into the analysis, causing the results to shift away from the surroundings of undesired pages.
Web link counts correlate with ISI impact factors: Evidence from two disciplines
Authors: Vaughan Liwen , Thelwall Mike 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper reports on a study that compares counts of links to the home pages of academic journals with the citation based Impact Factor for two disciplines: library and information science; and law. A significant correlation between these two measures was found for both subjects covered with law showing a weaker relationship, although neither relationship was particularly strong. The weakness may be attributable to journal specific factors that encourage more linking such as: computing‐related content or particularly well developed Web sites; and wide distribution, perhaps including to a non‐academic audience that may link to the journal but would not be citing it. It is also possible that insularity in a discipline may inhibit link counts but not Impact Factors. This exercise can be seen as (a) a useful way to re‐examine the journal Impact Factors and (b) investigating a technique that is a potential source of additional information about the impact of a journal, particularly in terms of reaching out beyond a purely academic audience. The technical issues discussed show, however, the need for careful data collection and interpretation of results.
The architecture of content reuse
Authors: Rockley Ann , Manning Steve 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs organizations have moved towards content management and dynamic delivery of content they have begun to create reusable content. Reusable content is object‐oriented content that can be used across documents, across media and across information types. Reusable content can consist of entire documents, sections, paragraphs, sentences, or even individual words.Effective content reuse requires robust information models, metadata, and strategies for utilizing content management and personalization to support reuse. This paper provides the concepts, strategies, guidelines, processes, and technological options that will empower enterprise content managers and Information architects to meet the increasing demands of creating, managing, and distributing reusable content.