bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women Missionaries in Medical Care and Institution Building in India
Authors: Baru Rama V. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the lives and experiences of British and American women missionaries who came to India during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries through a detailed reading of the biographies and diaries maintained by them. Through locations of such missionary women in healthcare institutions in colonial and postcolonial India, it brings out the intricate linkages between race, caste, class, patriarchy, religion, social work, and capitalism. Trained as doctors and nurses, these women missionaries could not find jobs in their own countries due to the prevalent patriarchal mindset. They came to India and set up dispensaries, hospitals, and even medical colleges and primarily focused on maternal and child health services. However, even within this gendered structuring of healthcare in nineteenth-century India, there was a racial divide in the work hierarchy. While British and American women doctors managed the hospitals, Indian women occupied the middle and lower rungs in the hierarchy of health work. Moreover, most of the Indian women came from lower castes. The chapter shows how the situation underwent a change during the early twentieth century when there were efforts to professionally train Indian nurses and later doctors. With the growth of public hospitals after independence, the avenues for employment with better salaries increased. This affected mission hospitals, which found it difficult to attract doctors and nurses due to their lower salaries. The commercialization of health services in the decades after independence led to the further marginalization of women doctors and nurses.
Mapping Marginal Terrains
Authors: Mazumdar Indrani 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Migration processes and related gender relations have perhaps never been in such a state of constant flux as they are today. This chapter grapples with some of the changing features of women’s migration from Odisha and attempts to place them in their historical context. It looks at how gender questions have been framed in public discourses on women’s migration in the state over the past two decades. Based on recent empirical findings from qualitative fieldwork across two distinctive corridors of women’s labour migration—from Kendrapara to an apparel factory in Kerala, and from Ganjam to live-in domestic work in Mumbai—the chapter shows how the separation between ‘aspirational migration’ and ‘distress migration’ could be artificial, as material conditions of agrarian distress and a relatively new subjectivity of youthful female aspiration were found in both cases. The chapter points out how a combination of work and residence provided by employers was a characteristic feature of such single women’s labour migration. It underscores that such migratory employment, however, generally comes to an end when these single women get married, setting a gender limit upon the completion of any class transition from communities of peasant or agricultural labourers to industrial or service workers. Furthermore, despite bringing additional income or resources, there is hardly any difference in the social status of such single and independent migrants, as they inevitably end up as non-earning and dependent wives in the patriarchal setup at home.
Propertius 3.10
Authors: Robinson Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Like a typical festschrift, Propertius 3.10—a work for Cynthia on the occasion of her birthday—offers not just a celebration of the honorand but also an opportunity for the author to reflect on the honorand’s influence on their work. However, just as the poem looks not only to the beginning of Propertius’ relationship with Cynthia, but also by various means to its end, it will be argued that it also reflects intra- and inter-textually on those who have competing claims on Propertius’ inspiration, rivals from both Greece and Rome, past and present, poets and would-be patrons. At the heart of the poem, Propertius urges Cynthia to pray that her beauty—and thus her influence on Propertius—remains eternal: this chapter also explores how through anagrams, acrostics, and allusive play with Callimachus, Catullus, and Tibullus, Propertius evokes themes of marriage, childlessness, and the passing of time, all of which threaten to expose the futility of Cynthia’s prayer and the fragility of her relationship with Propertius, both as lover and as muse.
Welfare Goes Global
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This innovative book shows that the health, education, and employment of billions of people have been improving on every continent in the past three decades. The globalization of welfare has had the biggest impact in developing countries, where more than five-sixths of the world’s population live. In Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East there has been great progress in eradicating infant mortality and illiteracy, people are living longer, and more youths have a chance to get a secondary education. These achievements are the product of a welfare mix combining resources of the household, the market, and the state. Given low starting points, only a minority of developing countries have already caught up with the high standards of welfare in Europe, the United States and Canada, and the Asia Pacific region. Slow but steady rates of progress show that people in a majority of developing countries can expect to catch up with the high, fixed standards of welfare in the next three decades. This will happen sooner in China and later in India, because China has been unusually successful in using its resources to promote welfare, while India has been below the global average. These conclusions are based on the book’s systematic analysis of the Global Welfare Database, which combines official and unofficial data covering 95 per cent of the world’s population. The success of highly developed countries raises questions about how much is enough welfare. At what age will youths learn more by leaving classrooms and becoming employees? Is length of life or quality of life more important for older people? Should unpaid work caring for children and older family members have the same value as working and paying taxes in the official economy?
Compatibilism as Non-Ideal Theory
Authors: Wallace Robert H. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper articulates and responds to a challenge to contemporary compatibilist views of free will. Despite the popularity and appeal of compatibilist theories, many are left with lingering doubts about compatibilism. This paper explains this doubt in terms of the absurdity challenge: because a compatibilist accepts that they do not have causal access to all the actual sufficient causal sources of their own agency, the compatibilist can find their own agency absurd. By taking a cue from political philosophy, this paper argues that a non-ideal construction of the problem of free will allows compatibilists to overcome this existential-metaphysical challenge, and by doing so, perhaps adopt a metaphysically progressive picture of human agency.
Transparency and Reflection
Authors: Boyle Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The topic of self-knowledge has been central to philosophy since antiquity, but if self-knowledge deserves to be, not just a goal that each person should privately pursue, but a topic that philosophers should investigate in general terms, on what basis does it claim this attention? This book urges a reconsideration of the classical idea that the topic of self-knowledge earns its philosophical significance in virtue of its connection with the distinctive nature of human minds. The author argues that the capacity for self-knowledge is a byproduct of the “first-person perspective” that all human beings possess, as rational animals, on their own lives, and seeks to defend this perspective against popular forms of skepticism about its soundness. The author develops these ideas in a way that seeks to bring out a link between debates about how people know their owns mind and the dark but intriguing idea that Jean-Paul Sartre expressed in his remark that, for a human being, “to exist is always to assume its being” in a way that implies “an understanding of human reality by itself.” An implication of this Sartrean thought about self-awareness, the author argues, is that the primary form of self-awareness must be transparent: its focus must be, not oneself, but aspects of the non-mental world presented in a way that is informed by an implicit self-awareness. Nevertheless—as the author goes on to argue—rational subjects are necessarily capable of transforming this implicit self-awareness, through reflection, into an explicit understanding of themselves and their own mental states.
Death Is Peace
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter narrates story of Muhammad Yaqub waiting for the angel of death to bring peace, who remembers a 12 miles journey on foot, accompanied by two armed soldiers yet faced abductions of 19 young girls. He is also disappointed with the higher officials who never allotted him the benefits he deserved. Read about how he mentions about Bhai Ka Jumba, Firozpur that seems to be a tranquil place with 108 families following Islam, interestingly, the number is sacred to Hindus. However, the unholy intentions of the man tainted the holiness of the same. The story, Death is Peace, is about the unfairness and barbarity of those times and its people.
Abandoned Virtue
Authors: Dutt Sandeep , Hayat Faisal , Ritika  
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter portrays the story of Fatimah Noreen. Born in Sialkot but living in Delhi for her father who worked as a Messenger with the Government, got transferred there. She strolls down the memory lane to visit her childhood which always brought a smile on her face except it was short lived as she touches a horrifying memory of partition. She recalls how a murder during Ramadan led to a killing spree which forced the migration of hundreds of families like them and mentions an attack on the Red Fort. The story, Abandoned Virtues, questions all the brutality that rained down on everyone and ruined so many lives.
“The Consideration and Study That They Require”
Authors: Brown Gwynne Kuhner 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Although William L. Dawson’s (1899–1990) choral arrangements of spirituals are widely respected and uniquely influential, music scholars have dedicated little attention to their cultural significance or artistic value. This chapter considers the causes of this neglect, offers an overview of the early history of spiritual arrangements for Black collegiate choirs, and analyzes three representative works by Dawson. The analyses illuminate Dawson’s artistry and creativity, his sensitivity to the songs’ texts, his deliberate referencing of European choral tradition, and his ability to craft arrangements that are effective in concert performance while respecting the folk songs’ original form and their enslaved Black creators’ intentions. Among the most significant of these intentions was that the songs should give life to those who sang them; Dawson’s compositional and pedagogical choices demonstrate that he created his extraordinary arrangements with the wellbeing of his Black students at Tuskegee Institute very much at the forefront.
Christian responses to migration along the US-Mexican border
Authors: Heyer Kristin E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Christian responses to migration along the US-Mexican border have been marked by humanitarian aid, political advocacy, prophetic witness—and, in some cases, fear, resistance, and apathy. This entry elaborates the concrete realities facing migrants at the US-Mexico border in light of fortification and immigration policies and restrictionist rhetoric in recent decades. In response, it outlines resources from Christian ethics and the work of humanitarian aid and advocacy groups, arguing that a Christian response at the border is one that unmasks distorting narratives and engages in prophetic critique and pastoral outreach alike, even as Christians remain complicit in the more harmful dynamics traced, as well, in need of ongoing conversion. For Christian cooptation by white nationalism has contributed to inhospitality and injustice in some cases, as well.
Cinema on the Move
Authors: Griffiths Alison 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
What is an expedition film and what kind of knowledge does it valorize, suppress, or gloss over? What habits of seeing and thought does it privilege, and how do the surviving images, as well as thousands of field photographs, multi-volume diaries, letters, popular articles, and the reception of the film, disassemble and reassemble the experience of travel? Using the edited film of the 1926 American Museum of Natural History-sponsored Morden-Clark Asiatic expedition as a case study and drawing upon tropes of travel writing dating back to the Middle Ages, this chapter explores how expedition footage might be considered the equivalent of visual small talk. Such a mode of seeing, while lacking in anthropological depth, is surprisingly perceptive.
A System of Thorough Cooperation
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
From the late 1910s, Los Angeles was home to several small technology service firms that catered specifically to the needs of the motion picture studios. The development of this sector was instrumental in transforming Hollywood from a manufacturing outpost into an integrated economic/industrial zone. Contrary to narratives perpetuated by the producers themselves, the studios were not entirely self-sufficient facilities; rather, they were dependent on a network of technology businesses on the East Coast and, with increasing frequency, throughout Southern California. The movement of technological service firms into Los Angeles contributed to the development of the Hollywood studio system. In particular, independent processing laboratories tailored their business to the creative and technical workers toiling in the studios. By doing so, the labs and other firms created a unique and persistent technology community designed to meet the needs of creative production.
Reviewing Maple Viewing (Momijigari, 1899)
Authors: Miyao Daisuke 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Maple Viewing (1899) is considered the earliest surviving Japanese film. Photographed by the cinematographer Shibata Tsunekichi, the film records Kabuki actors Ichikawa Danjurō IX and Onoe Kikugorō V performing in a play of the same name. There is no doubt that Maple Viewing is an early “surviving” work. Yet can we call Maple Viewing “Japanese” simply because it was photographed in Japan by a Japanese cinematographer? If we imagine that it was produced for non-Japanese viewers in the context of an Orientalist imagination, what would its classification as “Japanese” amount to? Moreover, we can also question its status as a “film” in turn-of-the-century discourse. What was Maple Viewing understood to be when it was first exhibited? Focusing on the work of Shibata, this chapter examines early Japanese filmmaking in terms of the influence of Japanese art and culture on European fine art, as well as Japanese reactions to “Japonisme.”
Paramount Pictures, National Advertising Agencies, and the Conspicuous Distribution of First-Run Feature Films in the United States
Authors: Moore Paul S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Paramount Pictures was created in 1914 as a “marketing combine” of distributors for three early feature-film companies. Central to Paramount’s initial set-up was a plan to advertise on a national scale, taking advantage of pooled publicity. For the rest of the silent era, Paramount stood out among Hollywood studios for its extensive use of standardized advertising, designed and managed by publicity experts, the H. E. Lesan Agency and Hanff-Metzger, Inc. In the nascent studio system for Hollywood movies, national advertising transformed the deep pockets of Paramount studios into symbolic dominance over exhibitors. This tactic pre-dated the company’s establishment of vertically integrated ownership of first-run theaters. Where other studios occasionally promoted new feature films or popular stars, Paramount took a systematic approach to display conspicuously its trademark as a modern staple of an emerging consumer society.
Dandyism, Circulation, and Emergent Cinema in Iran
Authors: Askari Kaveh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The only surviving silent feature made in Iran, Mr. Haji the Movie Actor (released in 1934, as sound film production was ramping up in the country), contains abundant references to films that stretch across silent cinema history: from Georges Méliès and early chase films, through Richard Talmadge and Maciste, to Dziga Vertov and Soviet modernist acting styles. It also forms part of a long tradition within Iran of satirical treatment of the modern dandy figure. This chapter reads the film’s irreverent play with cinema history alongside traditions of global dandyism. The dandy functions as a particularly resonant figure for the asynchronous and ambivalent engagement with circulating objects of modern style.
Popular Science Monthly and the Uses of Moving Pictures
Authors: Waller Gregory A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Although Popular Science Monthly focused on applied scientific research, including advances in photographic and communication technologies, this magazine paid surprisingly little attention to motion pictures after the end of the nineteenth century, beyond occasionally bemoaning the effect of “picture shows.” Yet once this periodical was transformed in 1915 into a heavily illustrated magazine aimed at a mass market, coverage of motion pictures became a regular feature. The new Popular Science Monthly highlighted non-commercial uses of the medium and inventive modifications of the motion picture apparatus, while celebrating the bravado of stunt performers and camera operators as well as the logistical challenges of creating thrilling spectacle through special effects and set construction. A close look at Popular Science Monthly from 1897 through 1916 offers a revealing historical vantage point on American cinema’s particular version of mediated modernity and on the discourse of useful cinema in the early twentieth century.
Franchising as a Strategy of National Feature Distribution in the 1910s
Authors: Long Derek 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines a hybrid form of national feature-film distribution used in the United States from the mid-1910s until at least the early 1920s: the franchise system. This system constituted a transitional model of film distribution that combined the features of the state rights system typically used for multi-reel features and the centralized release program used for short films. By combining the income and circulation benefits of state rights with the coordination, pricing, and branding advantages of program booking, franchising enabled feature distributors to build a national distribution network quickly and without significant capital investment. Through case studies of the Triangle Film Corporation and the First National Exhibitors’ Circuit, this chapter details the advantages and disadvantages of the franchise system before it became a marginal practice used by Poverty Row distributors.
Christianity, Islam, and the Antiapartheid Movement
Authors: Denis Philippe 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the Christian and Muslim responses to apartheid in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. Religion was an important component of the ideological battle waged, nationally and internationally, to justify apartheid or to delegitimize it. Both movements had Christian roots. A significant number of antiapartheid activists were also motivated by their Muslim faith. When dealing with political matters, faith community leaders and activists used language that has changed over time, from a timid and ambiguous denunciation of apartheid to a complete rejection of it on religious grounds. It was for good reasons that the African National Congress established a Department of Religious Affairs in 1987 in Lusaka. Faith-based activists also castigated members of their own communities, whom they accused of silence in the face of gross injustices, like the apartheid regime itself. The church, as they said, was a “site of struggle.” In post-apartheid South Africa, the silence of large parts of the faith communities tends to be erased from the collective memory.
Law Clerks
Authors: Sanders Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the role law clerks play. Law clerks have a legal education and support judges in the adjudicative process, and are often employed to make courts more productive and to help judges concentrate on hard cases. Different forms of clerking can be found in most judicial systems of the world. Law clerks can be young graduates hired for educational purposes, seconded judges assisting higher court judges for a few years, or settling on a long-term clerk career. They may be organized in pools assisting different judges or be assigned to individual judges. Tasks range from doing research and writing memos at first instance, assisting in gatekeeping at higher courts, to being present at oral hearings and deliberations, and to draft complete judgments. The central question is the degree of influence law clerks have. Outside the United States, research on law clerks is still relatively rare and comparative research is still in its early stages. Comparative research on law clerks can provide unique insights into legal careers, courts as organizations, as well as judicial decision-making.
Leadership in Courts
Authors: Litleré Bentsen Henrik , Kåre Skiple Jon 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of judicial behaviour literature on the leadership of courts. The literature suggests that court leaders exhibit a keen awareness of institutional and strategic considerations, employing calculated decision-making strategies that may prioritize stability over favourable policy outcomes. While court leaders do pursue personal policy goals, their approach is marked by strategic calculations, often leading them to forgo personal goals in favour of securing a more stable majority coalition. Court leaders often display a notable awareness of public opinion and prioritize the preservation of institutional legitimacy over advancing specific policy agendas, particularly when the court’s public confidence is on the decline. This recognition underscores their understanding of the importance of maintaining public trust in the judiciary. However, it is important to note that the research on court leadership remains predominantly centred around North American jurisdictions, and that there exist substantial limitations in quantifying the diverse impacts of leadership. Nonetheless, these extant findings and scholarly works offer an encouraging trajectory for future comparative research.