bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of repeated irrigation and debridement on fracture healing in an animal model
Authors: Park Sang‐Hyun , Silva Mauricio , Bahk Won‐Jong , McKellop Harry , Lieberman Jay R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe initial management of open fractures often requires repeated irrigation and debridement of the open wound and stabilization of the fracture. However, washing out the fracture hematoma could delay the early healing process of stable fractures. Because delayed union and non‐union are serious complications, the effect of repeated irrigation and debridement on the fracture healing process was investigated.Twenty‐four rabbits received unilateral, transverse, mid‐tibial open osteotomies with a 3 mm gap. The osteotomy site was thoroughly irrigated and stabilized with double‐bar external fixators. The osteotomy sites in the study groups underwent repeat irrigation and debridement on either the third day (Group II), the fourth day (Group III), or consecutively on the first and second days (Group IV) after the index procedure. The bone healing was assessed with weekly radiographs and peripheral quantitative computerized tomographs.In Group I (control), all osteotomies healed radiographically before the tenth week. In Group II, five out of six osteotomies healed radiographically before the tenth week. In Group III, only two of five osteotomies healed before the tenth week. In Group IV, none of the osteotomies had healed by week fifteen. All of the non‐healed osteotomies exhibited atrophic non‐unions at fifteen weeks. Compared to the control group at the tenth week, the average bone mineral content at the osteotomy site and the area of high mineral density callus (≥ 890 mg/cm3) were significantly lower in Groups III (63%, p = 0.002 and 95%, p = 0.05, respectively) and IV (99%, p < 0.001 and 100%, p = 0.05, respectively).The results of this study suggest that repeated irrigation and debridement, associated with persistent rigid immobilization, may contribute to the development of delayed unions or atrophic non‐unions.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Postnatal development of parvalbumin and calbindin D‐28k immunoreactivities in the canine anterior cingulate cortex: transient expression in layer V pyramidal cells
Authors: Moon Jeong Seok , Kim Jong Joong , Chang In Youb , Chung Yoon Young , Jun Jae Yeoul , You Ho Jin , Yoon Sang Pil 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have examined the ontogeny of parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin D‐28k (CB) immunoreactivities in the canine anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) from the day of birth (P0) through P180. At P7, PV immunoreactivity first appeared in layer VI multipolar cells. The PV immunoreactivity in GABAergic nonpyramidal cells appeared to follow an inside‐out gradient of radial emergence. Although immunoreaction was limited mainly to the developing nonpyramidal cells, pyramid‐like PV immunoreactive cells were transitorily observed in layer V from P14 to P90. The developmental pattern of CB immunoreactivity differed from that of PV immunoreactivity. CB immunoreactivity first developed in layer V pyramidal cells from P0, which continued through P90. CB immunoreactive nonpyramidal cells were located in the infragranular layers and white matter at P0 and maturated in both the supragranular and infragranular layers without clear inside‐out gradient.This developmental study revealed the comparable belated expression of PV immunoreactivity and the transient expression of both calcium‐binding proteins in layer V pyramidal cells. These results suggest that the transient expression of calcium‐binding proteins in layer V pyramidal cells might be related to the critical period of early postnatal development.
Postnatal histogenesis in the peripheral nervous system
Authors: Geuna Stefano , Borrione Paolo , Filogamo Guido 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe issue of postnatal neurogenesis has gained great importance over the last few years and the recent amazing scientific advancements, changing our viewpoint on the long‐lasting “no new neurons” dogma, have opened promising new perspectives on the treatment of the damaged nervous system. While most of the researchers have focused on the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system has received little attention so far with respect to postnatal histogenesis. To attract scientific attention on this issue, the present article was written with the aim of reviewing the body of literature on postnatal histogenesis in the various districts of the peripheral nervous system, from the historical roots to the most recent reports.
DNA‐polymerase α, β, δ and ε activities in isolated neuronal and astroglial cell fractions from developing and aging rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Raji N.S. , Hari Krishna T. , Rao Kalluri Subba 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe relative proportions of DNA‐polymerases α, β, δ and ε (pols α, β, δ and ε) activities in isolated neuronal and astroglial cell fractions from developing, adult and aging rat brain cerebral cortex, were examined. This was achieved through a protocol that takes advantage of the reported differential sensitivities of different DNA‐polymerases towards certain inhibitors like butylphenyl and butylanilino nucleotide analogs, 2′,3′‐dideoxythymidine triphosphate (ddTTP), monoclonal antibody of human α polymerase and the use of two template primers as substrates. The results indicate that while DNA‐polymerase β (pol β) is the predominant enzyme, significant levels of DNA‐polymerases α and δ/ε (pols α and δ/ε) are also present in both cell types at all the post‐natal ages studied. A notable difference regarding the relative abundance of DNA‐polymerases other than β is the higher percentage of pol δ/ε in neurons and a more sustained pol α activity through the life span in astroglia. The presence of detectable proportion of DNA‐polymerases other than β (particularly the δ/ε type) may be taken to indicate their role in long patch base excision repair as well as in other modes of DNA repair.
DIAGONALS IN TENSOR PRODUCTS OF OPERATOR ALGEBRAS
Authors: Paulsen Vern I. , Smith Roger R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper we give a short, direct proof, using only properties of the Haagerup tensor product, that if an operator algebra $A$ possesses a diagonal in the Haagerup tensor product of $A$ with itself, then $A$ must be isomorphic to a finite-dimensional $C^*$-algebra. Consequently, for operator algebras, the first Hochschild cohomology group $H^1(A,X)=0$ for every bounded, Banach $A$-bimodule $X$, if and only if $A$ is isomorphic to a finite-dimensional $C^*$-algebra.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46L06. Secondary 46L05
THE COMPONENT NUMBER OF LINKS FROM GRAPHS
Authors: Mphako Eunice Gogo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper gives a number which is used to determine the component number of links from their associated planar graphs. In particular, we use this number to determine the component numbers of links whose associated planar graphs are fans, wheels and 2-sums of graphs.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 05C10
RIGHT-DEFINITE MULTIPARAMETER STURM–LIOUVILLE PROBLEMS WITH EIGENPARAMETER-DEPENDENT BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: Bhattacharyya Tirthankar , Ko$\breve{s}$ir Toma$\breve{z}$ , Plestenjak Bor 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe study a system of ordinary differential equations linked by parameters and subject to boundary conditions depending on parameters. We assume certain definiteness conditions on the coefficient functions and on the boundary conditions that yield, in the corresponding abstract setting, a right-definite case. We give results on location of the eigenvalues and oscillation of the eigenfunctions.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34B08; 34B24
COMBINATORIAL TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING RANK AND IDEMPOTENT RANK OF CERTAIN FINITE SEMIGROUPS
Authors: Levi Inessa , Seif Steve 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLet $\tau$ be a partition of the positive integer $n$. A partition of the set $\{1,2,\dots,n\}$ is said to be of type $\tau$ if the sizes of its classes form the partition $\tau$ of $n$. It is known that the semigroup $S(\tau)$, generated by all the transformations with kernels of type $\tau$, is idempotent generated. When $\tau$ has a unique non-singleton class of size $d$, the difficult Middle Levels Conjecture of combinatorics obstructs the application of known techniques for determining the rank and idempotent rank of $S(\tau)$. We further develop existing techniques, associating with a subset $U$ of the set of all idempotents of $S(\tau)$ with kernels of type $\tau$ a directed graph $D(U)$; the directed graph $D(U)$ is strongly connected if and only if $U$ is a generating set for $S(\tau)$, a result which leads to a proof if the fact that the rank and the idempotent rank of $S(\tau)$ are both equal to$$ \max\biggl\{\binom{n}{d},\binom{n}{d+1}\biggr\}. $$AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20M20; 05A18; 05A17; 05C20
GROUPS WITH THE MAXIMAL CONDITION ON NON-BFC SUBGROUPS. II
Authors: Dixon Martyn R. , Kurdachenko Leonid A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA group $G$ is called a group with boundedly finite conjugacy classes (or a BFC-group) if $G$ is finite-by-abelian. A group $G$ satisfies the maximal condition on non-BFC-subgroups if every ascending chain of non-BFC-subgroups terminates in finitely many steps. In this paper the authors obtain the structure of finitely generated soluble-by-finite groups with the maximal condition on non-BFC subgroups.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20E15. Secondary 20F16; 20F24
Factors affecting reproductive performance and estimates of genetic parameters of litter size in Horro sheep
Authors: ABEGAZ S. , DUGUMA G. , NEGUSSIE E. , GELMESA U. , TEREFE F. , REGE J. E. O. 
Published: October 2002

Conception and lambing rate, and litter size were studied on data from a flock of Horro sheep. The CATMOD and GLM procedures of SAS were used for the analysis of these traits. A sire, direct additive genetic and a repeatability animal model were employed to obtain estimates of heritability and repeatability for litter size. The results obtained showed that year of mating, age and weight of ewes at mating and number of previous parities had significantly (P<0.01) affected the rate of conception and lambing while weight of rams at mating has shown no significant effect (P>0.05). An increase in both conception and lambing rates was observed with the increase in weight of ewes up to about 36 kg and declined thereafter. Ewes which previously had no or one parity had lower conception and lambing rates compared with ewes in later parities. However, a decline in both conception and lambing rates was also observed in old ewes. Year of lambing, parity and weight of ewes at mating had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on litter size. The overall mean litter size in the flock was 1.34 with annual means ranging from 1.18 to 1.55. Litter size increased with parity from 1.26 in primiparous ewes to 1.44 for ewes of parities five and above. With respect to weight of ewes at mating, litter size increased by 2.5% for each kg increase in weight at mating. The estimates of direct heritability (h2) for litter size were 0.17, 0.11 and 0.06 under the sire, direct animal and repeatability models. Repeatability was estimated to be 0.12. Since heritability and repeatability estimates of litter size are low, genetic improvement by selection may not bring sizeable impact in increasing litter size. Therefore flock management for optimal age structure and optimal weight of ewes at mating should receive due consideration to improve rates of conception, lambing and litter size in Horro sheep.
The effect of soil acidity on potentially mobile phosphorus in a grassland soil
Authors: MCDOWELL R. W. , BROOKES P. C. , MAHIEU N. , POULTON P. R. , JOHNSTON A. E. , SHARPLEY A. N. 
Published: October 2002

This study compared phosphorus (P) speciation and the relationship between bicarbonate extractable (Olsen) P and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractable P (a measure of potentially mobile P) in soils from plots of the Park Grass experiment started in 1856 at IACR-Rothamsted, UK and with and without nitrogen as (NH4)2SO4 and with and without calcium carbonate (CaCO3, lime). A point, termed the change point, was noted in Olsen P, above which 0.01 M CaCl2-P increased at a greater rate per unit increase in Olsen P than below this point. Previous findings have shown a change point for soils with a pH>5.8 at 56 mg Olsen P/kg and at 120 mg Olsen P/kg for soils below this pH. Soils given (NH4)2SO4 annually since 1856 and with lime periodically since 1903 mostly had a pH between 3.7 to 5.7, some of these (NH4)2SO4 treated soils were limed to pH 6.5 and above from 1965. Irrespective of their pH in 1991/92 all the soils had a similar change point (120 mg Olsen P/kg) to that found for other soils with pH<5.8 (112 mg Olsen P/kg). In a laboratory study lasting 30 days, the addition of CaCO3 to acid soils from the field experiment that had received (NH4)2SO4 had a similar change point to soils with pH<5.8 irrespective of pH, suggesting soil P chemistry was controlled by the long period of soil acidity and this was not reversed by a short period at a higher pH. The effect of pH was attributed to the creation of P sorptive surfaces on aluminium precipitates compared with less acidic soils (pH>5.8) where there was less exchangeable Al to be precipitated. This was confirmed with solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, which indicated that for soils of similar total P concentration and pH, there was twice as much amorphous Al-P in soils given (NH4)2SO4 compared with those without. Changes in pH as a result of applications of (NH4)2SO4 or lime can greatly change the concentration of potentially mobile P due to the effects on Al solubility. Although there was less potentially mobile P in soils with pH<5.8 than in soils above this pH, it is usually advised in temperate regions to maintain soils about pH 6.5 for arable crops.
Risk factors for new depressive episodes in primary health care: an international prospective 12-month follow-up study
Authors: BARKOW K. , MAIER W. , ÜSTÜN T. B. , GÄNSICKE M. , WITTCHEN H.-U. , HEUN R. 
Published: October 2002

Background. Studies that examined community samples have reported several risk factors for the development of depressive episodes. The few studies that have been performed on primary care samples were mostly cross-sectional. Most samples had originated from highly developed industrial countries. This is the first study that prospectively investigates the risk factors of depressive episodes in an international primary care sample.Methods. A stratified primary care sample of initially non-depressed subjects (N = 2445) from 15 centres from all over the world was examined for the presence or absence of a depressive episode (ICD-10) at the 12 month follow-up assessment. The initial measures addressed sociodemographic variables, psychological/psychiatric problems and social disability. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine their relationship with the development of new depressive episodes.Results. At the 12-month follow-up, 4·4% of primary care patients met ICD-10 criteria for a depressive episode. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the recognition by the general practitioner as a psychiatric case, repeated suicidal thoughts, previous depressive episodes, the number of chronic organic diseases, poor general health, and a full or subthreshold ICD-10 disorder were related to the development of new depressive episodes.Conclusions. Psychological/psychiatric problems were found to play the most important role in the prediction of depressive episodes while sociodemographic variables were of lower importance. Differences compared with other studies might be due to our prospective design and possibly also to our culturally different sample. Applied stratification procedures, which resulted in a sample at high risk of developing depression, might be a limitation of our study.
Suicide preceded by murder: the epidemiology of homicide–suicide in England and Wales 1988–92
Authors: BARRACLOUGH BRIAN , HARRIS E. CLARE 
Published: October 2002

Background. We describe for the first time the epidemiology of homicide–suicide incidents for England and Wales. Previous descriptions have been of incidents in London (1946–62) and Yorkshire and Humberside (1975–1992).Methods. Death certificates were obtained for all who died in homicide–suicide incidents in England and Wales (1988–1992) that were reported by the police to the Home Office. Incidents were included in the analysis if the interval between death or fatal injury of victim and suspect was 3 or fewer days.Results. Three hundred and twenty-seven people died in 144 incidents (180 victims and 147 suspects). Eighty per cent of incidents had one victim and one suspect. Three incidents were also suicide pacts between two suspects killing their children. Eighty-eight per cent of incidents exclusively involved members of the same family, 9% acquaintances or strangers, and 3% both family and acquaintances or strangers. Seventy-five per cent of victims were female, 85% of suspects male. The victims of male suspects were predominantly their womenfolk, past and present, and their children, and of female suspects their young children. Car exhaust and firearms accounted for 40% of victim and 50% of suspect deaths. Of all homicides during 1988–1992, 3% of male, 11% of female and 19% of child deaths occurred in homicide–suicide incidents. Similarly, of all suicides, 0·8% of male and 0·4% of female deaths occurred in homicide–suicide incidents.Conclusions. Homicide–suicide in England and Wales is mostly ‘a family matter’, men of predominantly lower social class killing their kin, and pre-menopausal mothers their young children, before they kill themselves. A few men kill strangers during a crime and then themselves.
A randomized controlled trial of a brief educational and psychological intervention for patients presenting to a cardiac clinic with palpitation
Authors: MAYOU R. , SPRIGINGS D. , BIRKHEAD J. , PRICE J. 
Published: October 2002

Background. We sought to determine whether a brief psycho-educational intervention reduced disability in patients with benign palpitation.Method. In a pragmatic randomized controlled trial within a cardiology clinic at a district general hospital, 80 consecutive patients diagnosed as having benign palpitation – either palpitation due to awareness of extrasystoles or sinus rhythm – with associated distress or disability were randomized to an intervention group (usual care plus nurse-delivered intervention based on cognitive-behavioural principles) or to a control group (usual care). Principal outcome was difference in proportion of participants with good or excellent researcher-rated activity levels at 3 months. Subsidiary outcomes were self-rated symptoms, distress and disability, researcher-rated unmet treatment needs.Results. The principal outcome showed a statistically and clinically significant benefit for the intervention group, with a number needed to treat of 3 (95% CIs 2 to 7). All but one subsidiary outcomes also showed a difference in favour of the intervention group, and several differences reached statistical significance. Significantly more of the control group had unmet treatment needs at 3 months.Conclusions. A brief, nurse-delivered, psycho-educational intervention, was an effective treatment for benign palpitation. Further evaluation, including assessment of cost-effectiveness, is needed. The findings have application to the care of patients presenting with other types of ‘unexplained’ medical symptoms.
Long term immunity in African cattle vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest virus vaccine
Authors: NGICHABE C. K. , WAMWAYI H. M. , NDUNGU E. K. , MIRANGI P. K. , BOSTOCK C. J. , BLACK D. N. , BARRETT T. 
Published: October 2002

Cattle were vaccinated with a recombinant capripox-rinderpest vaccine designed to protect cattle from infection with either rinderpest virus (RPV) or lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). Vaccination did not induce any adverse clinical responses or show evidence of transmission of the vaccine virus to in-contact control animals. Approximately 50% of the cattle were solidly protected from challenge with a lethal dose of virulent RPV 2 years after vaccination while at 3 years approx. 30% were fully protected. In the case of LSDV, all of 4 vaccinated cattle challenged with virulent LSDV at 2 years were completely protected from clinical disease while 2 of 5 vaccinated cattle were completely protected at 3 years. The recombinant vaccine showed no loss of potency when stored lyophylized at 4 °C for up to 1 year. These results indicate that capripoxvirus is a suitable vector for the development of safe, effective and stable recombinant vaccines for cattle.
Radio‐tracking reveals that lesser horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros) forage in woodland
Authors: Bontadina Fabio , Schofield Henry , Naef‐Daenzer Beat 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOver the past 50 years European populations of the lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros have severely declined, probably because of the loss of foraging habitat. To date, studies of the foraging behaviour of this species have been limited as its low mass (4–8 g) precluded the use of radio‐telemetry because commercially available radio‐transmitters exceeded 10% of its body mass. In this study, radio‐transmitters weighing < 0.35 g were built. These increased the body mass of the animals from 4.5% to 8.1%, with no demonstrable adverse effect on their flight behaviour. The habitat selection of eight female lesser horseshoe bats was studied in Monmouthshire, U.K. The bats had foraging ranges between 12 and 53 ha (100% kernel). Although one bat foraged 4.2 km from the roost, for 50% of the time tracked bats were recorded within 600 m of the nursery roost. The estimated density within 200 m of the roost was 5.8 foraging bats/ha. This decreased to 0.01 bats/ha at 1200 m. Compositional analysis revealed that this species used woodlands, predominately broadleaf, more than any other habitat. In addition, the bats foraged in areas of high habitat diversity. Conservation management of this species should concentrate on such areas within 2.5 km of the nursery roost.