bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rome and the Nomads
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost twenty years ago, a notable paper was presented to the International Congress of Frontier Studies by the Roman historian Brent Shaw, entitled, ‘Fear and Loathing: The Nomad Menace and Roman Africa’.1 This was a seminal piece for many Roman historians. Previously, Roman–nomad relations seemed to be epitomized by Domitian’s alleged extermination of the Nasamones—a conflict to the death. Yet, Shaw’s piece exposed many modern and ancient myths about nomadic peoples: that they had easily identifiable types of social organization; that they were fully autarkic; that they were purely nomadic. In doing so, his work showed that many accounts of North Africa in the Roman period had been ill considered; they had painted the nomads’ relationship with the authorities as one of permanent conflict and military repression.
The Pastoral Economy in the Roman Period
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Syrian writer of mimes, Publilius Syrus, was no yokel. Most of his lines were penned for the urbanite. In the aphorism above, however, he caught the favour of rural life well. Rural life was communal life; shared goals and shared duties were the prerequisite for success. Farming was not an occupation for individualists: without the guarantee of security for both person and crop, or assistance at harvest time and in the home, it was a thankless business.1 Epictetus, too, could furnish his listeners with a country dweller’s wisdom: livestock had each their own worth; even today, horses and cattle are still regarded as the most desirable possessions. These maxims encapsulate much ancient wisdom on farming.
Polis, Household, and Reciprocity in Homer
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘A city-state (polis) is its men.’ This definition, offered in Thucydides’ report of a speech to desperate troops far from home, has an element of paradox. In its earliest usage polis meant a (fortified) place. The Athenians, Thucydides also tells us (2. 15), ‘still call the Acropolis “polis”, because they used to live there’. The Athenian polis of the fifth century BC is both a place, an urban centre with the territory it controls, and an exclusive community-of citizens, who perform collective ritual, make war together, participate in public affairs, and are governed by a single political and judicial authority.
Death Ritual and Reciprocal Violence in the Polis
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My focus now shifts towards Athens. This is both because we are comparatively well informed about state-formation there and because of the importance of Athenian tragedy to my overall argument. The funerary legislation, which illustrates how the developing polis might change the practice and perception of ritual, is best documented for Athens. But I also set out (in roughly chronological order) the evidence for its occurrence elsewhere. This is partly because the full range of evidence helps to illuminate the particular Athenian case, but also because in general the historical developments I will delineate in Chapters 3, 4, and 6 were not confined to Attica, and I will deploy them to illuminate the Panhellenic Homer (Ch. 5) no less than Attic tragedy.
Collective Death Ritual
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 3§b we noted the various respects in which the Athenian public funeral for the war dead reverses Athenian restrictions on the private funeral. The effect of prescribing for lavish public funerals practices restricted in private ones may have been to transfer the solidarity that comes from attachment to the dead from a narrow circle of kin to the citizen body as a whole. For example, praise of the dead was, ‘some time after’ Solon’s law, prohibited except in public funerals by someone publicly appointed for that purpose (3 §a). Of this the best-known example is the speech, reported by Thucydides, in which Perikles combined praise of the dead with enhancement of the collective identity of his audience as Athenians.
Death Ritual in the Iliad
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will argue in this chapter that we may detect in the tradition of Greek epic poetry a development, culminating in our Iliad and Odyssey, that was influenced by the development of the city-state. In this preliminary section I state in summary fashion my views on the dating of the Homeric epics. Roughly speaking, I accept Nagy’s ‘evolutionary model of Homeric poetry culminating in a static phase that lasts about two centuries, framed by a relatively formative stage in the latter part of the eighth century and an increasingly definitive stage in the middle of the sixth.’ My argument does not require chronological precision, which is anyway impossible, but does cohere with the view that the epic tradition remained in certain respects changeable, and in particular that the Iliad and the Odyssey did not necessarily acquire their definitive shape and their predominance over other epic poetry, until the sixth century BC. That the undoubted influence of polis development on the epic tradition continued into the sixth century seems much more likely than that it ended as early as the eighth. I am therefore concerned to combat two popular views that often go together. One is that the Iliad and Odyssey achieved the form in which we have them in the second half of the eighth century, soon after the introduction of the alphabet into Greece, with only minor change occurring thereafter. The other is that the organic sophistication, early fixation, and predominance over other epic poetry of the Iliad and the Odyssey can all be neatly explained by recourse to a ‘genius’.
Transformations of the Dionysiac Sacrifice
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of tragedy as the central and characteristic genre of the Athenian city-state was a synthesis of elements from various other genres, in particular Homeric epic, choral lyric, and iambic verse. But the dramatic representation of myth before a mass audience was something new, and the nucleus of this development was Dionysiac ritual. Chapter 7 described various features of Dionysiac cult that helped it to be this nucleus: Dionysos comes from abroad; his cult is for the whole polis, and unites periphery with centre; his power over women transcends the autonomy of the household; to enter his sphere may mean to dress as one of his mythical followers; at the centre of his cult are mysteries that inspire curiosity. In this chapter we will look more closely at the imagined practice of Dionysiac ritual, as a basis for understanding the tragic perversion of ritual in Chapters 9 and 10.
The Dionysiac in Homer and in Tragedy
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tragedy, the Homeric recitations, hero-cult-all three, uniting as they do non-kin in the public celebration of heroes, were of central political importance for the sixth-century tyrant of Sikyon. In Athens competitions in Homeric recitation and in tragedy were instituted in public cult at about the same time, the former during the sixth-century tyranny and the latter either during it or just after its overthrow (7 §b). The final form of the Iliad, made definitive by the Athenian recitations, is-both in the theme of isolated wrath and in the reintegration of Achilles-influenced by the increasing importance of hero-cult and its aetiological myths in the city-state (Chapter 5). And yet the mass of Homeric poetry is the cumulative product of a long process of transmission, and the world it implies of powerful households in which bards sing heroic narratives seems to predate the developed city-state. Tragedy on the other hand is a product of the developed city-state, of cult (heroic and Dionysiac) in which the growth of public participation in death ritual had contributed to the process of political unification. Accordingly tragedy, unlike epic, is tied to the present, expressing and elaborating the heroic and similar cults of the polis by dramatizing their myths (Hippolytos, lphigeneia, the Eumenides, Dionysos, etc.) in plots at the culmination of which the foundation of the cult is implied, prophesied, or announced (7 §f). These aetiologies are not merely incidental to the drama. Tragedy dramatizes the mythical expression of the kind of cult that shaped its earliest development, and so tends to be centred around extreme individual suffering lamented by the chorus and audience of citizens.
Introduction
Authors: Lawton Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘document relief’ is used in this book to refer to reliefs carved above public records inscribed on free-standing marble stelai; the German term ‘Urkundenrelief’ has the same sense. As a general designation, ‘document relief’ is preferable to the more common terms ‘decree relief’ and ‘treaty relief’ because in Attica reliefs are also found on other types of documents, on accounts and inventories of the treasurers of various deities and sanctuaries, on lists and dedications of such bodies as the phylai and ephebes, and on at least one law. Reliefs on decrees, however, account for by far the largest number of document reliefs. Most are decrees of the boule and demos of the Athenians, but there are also reliefs on decrees of the Attic demes, phylai, orgeones, and at least one phratry.
Style And Chronology
Authors: Lawton Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Document reliefs are regularly used to provide a dated framework for discussions of the stylistic development of Attic sculpture of the second half of the fifth and fourth centuries. Such discussions often fail to recognize, however, that document reliefs, like architectural relief or the various types of grave relief, constitute a distinctive class of Attic sculpture with characteristics of its own. Any attempt to describe the stylistic development of the reliefs or to use them as comparanda for dating must take into account the traits that set them apart.
Burning the Brambles: Rhetoric and Ideology in Pliny, Natural History 18 (1–24)
Authors: Beagon Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a tendency for literary critics of the Elder Pliny to denigrate the frequent rhetorical flourishes in the Natural History: Pliny was trying, inexpertly, to brighten up his work in accordance with the increasingly rhetorical literary tendencies of his age; he was in effect haphazardly ransacking his own Studiosus, the training handbook for aspiring orators which Gellius tells us included a selection of clever sayings to use in speeches; the addition of rhetorical baubles to a shambolic collection of facts only exacerbated the work’s undisciplined nature. More recent assessments have been more positive. Pliny can be seen to have grafted factual material on to a coherent ideological structure based on his concept of Nature. The rhetorical material, far from being irrelevant, is integral to this strong thematic structure, articulating the ideals of a crusading and committed individual. I have argued at length elsewhere for this view of the Natural History and in the present chapter will therefore take it for granted.
Introduction
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The catalogues omit Athens (there are catalogues of Athenian decrees in my book The Athenian Boule). They cover the rest of the Greek world in more or less the same order as the most recent volumes of SEC: region by region, beginning with the regions included or intended for inclusion in JG, in volume order, and continuing into the rest of the Greek world, in clockwise order; within regions by alphabetical order of states, with units larger than states listed after the states contained in them.
Lycia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rescripts to cities are always addressed to the archontes , council and people; letters may be addressed to the council or council and people or all three (examples of each for Rhodiapolis: 4; 10; 1, 16). Rescripts and letters to the koinon are normally addressed to the koinon of the Lycians, but one letter is addressed ‘the common electoral assembly of the ethnos ’ (14).
The Fifth Century: Democracy and Empire
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fifth century, the history of religion overlaps to a rare degree, at least in its externals, with the history of events. In Greek eyes, the supreme offence of the Persian invaders who ravaged Attica in 480 was that they ‘burnt the temples of the gods’. To commemorate the crime, the Athenians built a number of the desecrated members into a conspicuous position high in the restored north bastion of the acropolis, where they can still be seen. Several of these temples, in fact, had only recently been built or were still incomplete when the barbarian came; the most ambitious, the ‘pre-Parthenon’, was per haps an offering of gratitude for the repulse of the earlier invasion at Marathon in 490.
The Trial of Socrates: And a Religious Crisis?
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 399 BC, Socrates was condemned and put to death on a charge of impiety, having declined to suggest that counter-penalty of exile which the jury would doubtless have preferred to impose. Around that bizarre and tragic event cluster a series of quite fundamental questions about the character of Athenian society, and the historical development of Greek religion. Perhaps no execution has been as much discussed as Socrates’, except that of Jesus; and a detailed discussion of the related issues would spring the bounds of this book by far. All that can be offered is a sketch-map of the terrain.
Dionysus the Civic Viewer
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ‘playing the other’ in his liminal transition has already introduced Dionysus into civic space (4.11), in the agon the god mingles imaginatively with an audience of tragic plays. In this respect, the agon brings Dionysus into another metatheatrical position, that of an ‘internalized’ spectator, a role culminating in the highest function reserved for him within the play, namely, the role of a civic judge.
The Palatine Secretaries
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the achievement of Tony Honore to have pioneered a new approach to the imperial constitutions, seeking to treat them not as uniform chancery products issued in the name of an imperial college, but as literary texts produced by individual authors.1 His argument is that imperial laws and rescripts (despite later editing) can be read with an eye to style and attitude, and that doing so with the texts assembled into a chronological palingenesia enables the detection of stylistic changes over time. Constitutions, therefore, can be divided not only by the reigns of emperors, but also by the succession in office of the ultimate authors of imperial pronouncements, the palatine secretaries. Thus a form of anonymous stylistic fasti can be created for certain offices, followed by identification in some cases with appropriate figures known from other evidence.
The Role of the Governor
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the governor as portrayed in the private rescripts is of the utmost importance. This is not surprising. The emperor in his rescript is not hearing the case, either as judge of first instance or judge of appeal. Most rescripts apply to particular cases that are either under way or about to be initiated away from the imperial court. Thus most of the onus of a case falls on the judge, who is normally the provincial governor. Indeed, with the separation of military and civil offices and the subdivision of provinces, which reached its climax under Diocletian, the governor should have been able to devote more time than ever to his judicial functions and the term iudex is often interchangeable with that of praeses. Appendix G gives a complete list of the occurrence of the word praeses, its equivalents, and of other terms for office-holders in the private rescripts. The title praeses or praeses provinciae (plus the ad jective praesidalis) is the standard term employed. Next in frequency comes the term rector provinciae. The term iudex appears in three forms. Alone, it often denotes the governor. The term iudex competens is sometimes thought to be a Justinianic emendation of some term anachronistic by the sixth century.1 However, since it occurs in both the Consultatio and the Vatican Fragments, which appear to have more faithful versions of original constitutions, it should be a term proper to our period. It covers all possible judges. Iudicesdati or pedanei are inferior judges appointed by the governor in his stead, and are rare in our material.2 There are a handful of periphrases and a single occur rence of the term moderator provinciae. Finally, there are other office-
The Emperor in Action
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The texts so far examined represent three categories of document—edicts, letters, and private rescripts—documents issued in the emperor’s name, which were signed by him and then posted or dispatched. But some imperial pronouncements require imperial activity of a different sort and a handful of texts from the codes show the emperor in action, making pronouncements in the most direct possible form, by oral delivery.1 The emperor, therefore, has a more immediate control over the words he says. The necessity for some minimum facility at public speaking was part of the imperial office. This directness does not mean, however, that what is said has not been prepared with the advice of others, either beforehand or during these occasions.
The Powers of the Lesser Tetrarchs
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The martyr Procopius criticized the tetrarchic multiplicity of rulers by quoting Homer; ‘It is not good that there should be many lords; let there be one lord, one king’1 Certainly, the existence of multiple co-rulers creates problems in understanding the constitutional com plexities involved, as regards both the relationship of the Augusti to one another, and the relative powers of Augusti and Caesars. There are two questions to ask: who could and did issue the different types of pronouncement, and can these be identified in our surviving mater ial? Where were they enforced? The view of Mommsen and Seeck was that only the senior Augustus possessed full legislative competence.
Conclusion
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tetrarchic period displays a richness and variety in the pronounce ments of its emperors, which the preceding chapters have attempted to explore, assembling together this wide range of material. What conclusions can be drawn about the nature of tetrarchic government, and its ideology and ambition? First, the private rescripts themselves, despite their predominance in the material, were not strictly speaking fulfilling a legislative function nor were they for the most part intended to be innovative (Chapter 3 Section iii). Rather they are a good illustration of how the emperor responded to requests from below. The tetrarchic emperors remained highly approachable and the system served even those of traditional low status in the ancient world, such as women and slaves (Chapter 5). This is also shown by a few examples of direct interaction between emperor and subjects in face-to-face encounters (Chapter 10).
An Introduction to Sicily
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Incidental reports about Empedocles’ cosmology by later writers help to place this brief fragment in a wider context. They add the information that the subterranean fires which he refers to were viewed by him not only as the cause of hot springs but also as responsible for the formation of stones, rocks, crags, and cliffs.2 In the first instance this emphasis on the significance of underground fire needs, of course, to be understood in the context of the remarkable volcanic phenomena both on and in the neighbourhood of Empedocles’ home island of Sicily. We have already seen (Ch. 3) how interested in these phenomena Empedocles was, and how naturally he incorporated them in his cosmology.
The Phaedo Myth: The Sources
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, at its most basic level the myth at the end of the Phaedo is Sicilian in origin. The next step is to isolate the means by which this mythical material reached Plato—or he reached it. That proves to be no problem. The Phaedo is the most overtly Pythagorean of all his dialogues, in both its ideas and its setting. But nowhere is the debt to Pythagoreanism more evident than in the closing myth. As Plato makes perfectly clear, the ultimate point and purpose of the myth is its eschatology: its message about what happens to the soul after death. On the one hand, there can be no doubting that for the main source of Plato’s eschatological myths in general, and particularly of the eschatology in the Phaedo, we must look to the Pythagoreanism of southern Italy and Sicily. On the other hand, we have already seen that there are no grounds whatever for cutting off the specifically eschatological or other-worldly passages in the Phaedo myth from their ‘physical’ or topographical foundations-while there are sound reasons for refusing to do so. Stating the matter in this way only serves to highlight what should already be becoming obvious: that the coincidence of a Sicilian topography combined with an eschatology of evidently Sicilian or Italian origin is no mere accident.
The Mixing-Bowl
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the Descent to Hades by Orpheus of Camarina, and Timocles of Syracuse’s Salvation, there is another Orphic poem worth mentioning in connection with the Phaedo myth-and for two separate reasons. This is a poem called the Krater: a word which originally meant a mixing-bowl used for mixing water and wine, but later acquired its by now more familiar sense through being applied metaphorically to hollows in the earth and volcanic ‘craters’. It will be noted that even in Roman times the original meaning of the word was still very palpable behind the metaphorical usage. We have already found this applied sense of the word in the myth at the end of the Phaedo, and a few brief comments on it will not be out of place.
‘Wise Men and Women’
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About Zopyrus’ dates we can be fairly specific. Under Diels’s influence the convention has been established of dating him to the period between 400 and 350 BC. This is much too late. To begin with Aristoxenus: a date as late as 350 has been allowed on the basis of the general conclusion that the names recorded in his list of Pythagoreans, as preserved for us by Iamblichus, ‘take us down to the first half of the fourth century’. But we can be more precise than that. According to Aristoxenus the ‘last’ of the Pythagoreans were contemporaries of Plato and Archytas, and active in around 365.
Central Fire
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From examining the Phaedo myth one point has become clear: the idea of massive fires inside the earth was held not just by Empedocles but also by western Pythagoreans living later on in the fifth century BC. This conclusion, in tum, brings us face to face with one of the most vexed questions in the history of Greek philosophy-the problem of the—Pythagorean ‘central fire’.