bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-1 Impact of a Botanical Blend on Training Kennel Induced Stress in Dogs
Authors: Wagner Ashley L , Suagee-Bedore Jessica , Othman Haz , Cottee Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fear and anxiety in dogs can be elevated during transportation or visits to the veterinarian, groomer, and boarding or training kennels. The stress-related behaviors exhibited during these times can be a welfare concern to both pet, handler, and owner. In the case of training or grooming, the productivity of the session may be reduced due to unwanted stress related behaviors. Pet owners want to reduce stress during these events and are seeking natural botanical alternatives to medications. The botanical extracts in Cani-Calm (Probiotech International, Inc.) successfully decreased stress-related behaviors when fed to beagles for 11 days before a novel 1-hr car ride stress test. There has not been any investigation into the impact of these botanicals during a prolonged stress event similar to a boarding or training kennel. The objective was to evaluate Cani-Calm when offered during a 3-week training program at a boarding kennel. Fifty-one dogs of various ages, breed, and history were randomly assigned to either Control (no Cani-Calm; n = 26) or Cani-Calm (CC: 0.6 mL· kg BWT-1· day-1; n = 25). Cani-Calm was top-dressed on the morning meal daily. Trainers, blinded to treatment, assessed dog behavior and provided training timelines for each dog. Statistical analysis was performed using a Genmod analysis and Poisson distribution in SAS v9.3. Statistical significance was set at P &lt; 0.05 and statistical trends were considered at 0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.10. Length of the acclimation period before the onset of training due to stress-related behaviors was reduced (P = 0.001) in treated dogs compared with the control (Control: 1.57± 0.16 d; CC: 0.08 ± 0.71 d). There was no impact of treatment (P = 0.15) on percentage of dogs per group that required additional days of training beyond the planned program. However, there was an impact of treatment (P = 0.04; Control: 75%; CC: 96.3%) on the percentage of dogs that completed training earlier than the scheduled 3-week program. The results indicate a benefit of Cani-Calm during stressful events to decrease the display of behaviors that reduce training productivity and are a welfare concern for both animal and handler. Unlike the previous trial, during the current trial, there was no exposure to the botanicals before the stressful event; however, alterations in stress-related behaviors were demonstrated in both trials. Further research is warranted to evaluate time of exposure to the botanicals before the stress-event, and in larger populations.
PSII-20 Virtual Fencing of Rangeland Cows During Late Lactation and Following Weaning
Authors: Utsumi Santiago , Nyamuryekung’e Shelemia , Perea Andres Ricardo , Spetter Maximiliano , Cox Andrew , Macon Lara , Estell Rick , Duff Glenn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtual fencing is a promising alternative to contain livestock dispersal without using physical barriers. This technology uses smart-wearable collars that deliver predictable warning tones to animals when they approach virtual boundaries paired with mild electric pulses. Virtual fencing allows for dynamic management of livestock grazing, based on site-specific variations in the quality and quantity of forages. However, several factors can affect the efficacy of virtual fencing, including the length of prior experience with virtual fencing, climatic conditions, forage availability inside and outside virtual fencing paddocks and collar configuration schedules. Lactation requirements and social interactions between collared cows and uncollared calves can also influence the efficacy of the technology. Virtual fencing trials were conducted at the New Mexico State University’s Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center from August 27 to December 21 of 2022 to evaluate the efficacy of virtual fencing to manage rangeland cows during late lactation and following weaning. Twenty-six Brangus cows previously trained to use NoFence C2 collars (NoFence, Batnfjordsøra, Norway), were monitored for 30 days during late lactation and 28 days after weaning. Collared cows and uncollared calf pairs were allocated to four virtual fence pastures in late lactation and after weaning, with pasture duration (4.2 ± 0.6 d), size (72 ± 19 ha) and perimeter (4,523 ± 352 m) varying according to forage availability and access to fresh drinking water. Audio cues, electric pulses and ratio of electric pulses to audio cues before and after weaning were compared by ANOVA in a Completely Randomized Design replicated across pre-weaning and post-weaning pastures (n = 8). The average number of electric pulses per cow was greater (P &lt; 0.0004) for pre-weaning (3.7 ± 0.2) than for post-weaning post-weaning (1.6 ± 0.3) pastures. The number of audio warnings per cow was also greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for pre-weaning (52 ± 3.3) than post-weaning (34 ± 3.3) pastures. Conversely, cows had decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) ratios of electric pulses relative to audio tones on post-weaning (4.8 ± 0.5%) than pre-weaning (7.0 ± 0.8%) pastures. These results suggest that cows responded better to virtual fencing after weaning, likely because weaned cows were no longer affected by social interactions with uncollared calves. Furthermore, cows after weaning apparently relied on warning tones and fewer electric pulses to interact safely with virtual fences. However, it is important to note that sources of variation not accounted for or controlled by the present experimental design may have also affected the recorded interactions with virtual fences in the present study.
PSII-17 Sheep Foraging Relative to Stock Density, Time of Day, and Sheep Type in a Poisonous Plant Context
Authors: Kersh Aaron , Scasta John D , Derner Justin D , Fraley Hannah , Stewart Whit C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plains larkspur (Delphinium geyeri) is a poisonous plant species that can be highly toxic at certain growth stages on western Great Plains rangelands. Targeted sheep grazing has been proposed as a mitigation strategy to reduce larkspur abundance and poisoning risk for cattle due to their greater toxicological resilience to the diterpenoid alkaloids. We incorporated targeted-sheep grazing in a northern mixed-grass prairie with our objective to determine the influence of stocking density, time of day, and sheep type on foraging behavior. During May 2022, Dorper (&lt; 1-year-old lambs, n = 123, BW 25 kg ± 0.4; and 3 to 6-year-old ewes, n = 14, BW 47 kg ± 1.8) and Rambouillet (3 to 6-year-old ewes, n = 13, BW 76 kg ± 2.9) sheep were used in three stocking density treatments 1) 120 AU/day (1 day in a 0.25 ha paddock), 2) 60 AU/day (2 days in a 0.5 ha paddock), and 3) 40 AU/day (1 day in a 0.75 ha paddock) that were replicated four times. Sheep were housed overnight in a common area. We observed bite counts daily for nine randomly chosen sheep (three from each category) over five-minute intervals, in the morning and afternoon. We used a generalized linear model to assess the fixed effects of sheep type (Rambouillet ewe vs. Dorper ewe; Dorper ewe vs. Dorper lamb) and stock density on bite counts. Least squared means were analyzed for stock density using Tukey test, and for breed and age using student’s T test. We observed contrasts between morning and afternoon sheep foraging and diet selection. Mechanistically, this is likely due to the introduction of sheep into a new paddock in the morning after confinement and satiation diluting differences in the afternoon. Sheep breed influenced the proportion of graminoids consumed (96.9% Rambouillet vs 99.3% Dorper, P = 0.02), but differences were not observed between Dorper ewes and lambs (P = 0.57). The proportion of forb bite counts did not differ between Dorper ewes and lambs (0.6% vs. 0.4%, respectively, P = 0.6), nor between the Dorper ewes and Rambouillet ewes, despite the latter having a 3.5-fold greater selectivity (2.1%, P = 0.08). Larkspur consumption was no different between Dorper ewes and lambs (0.04% ewes vs. 0.01% lambs, P = 0.48), nor between Dorper ewes and Rambouillet ewes (0.28%, P = 0.09). Stock density influenced forb consumption; the proportion of forb bite counts were 12 times greater in the 0.5 ha paddock (3%) compared with the 0.25 ha paddock (0.3%, P = 0.005). Despite all consuming &gt; 95% grass in the diet, results indicate that Rambouillet sheep trended towards greater selectivity than Dorper sheep, and greater selectivity in light to moderate stock densities may increase the proportion of larkspur in sheep diets.
PSX-30 Scratching the Surface: Investigating the Nature and Potential Causes of Pruritic Cattle
Authors: Olson Merle , Allan Nick , Beaugrand Kendall , Schatz Crystal , Nagel Denis , Hammad Ann , Frichske Larry , Ross Joe , Sauve Frederic , April Dan , Ralston Brenda , Hanson Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depending on the year, during the winter months, cattle begin to rub bare patches on their skin due to pruritus which leads to concern from cattle producers, especially the purebred breeders. Upon further investigation by veterinarians, the cause is not always caused by lice, as many may think. This study aimed to provide insight into the cause and potential prevention/treatment of pruritic beef cattle in western Canada by examining herds that met the study’s criteria of having more than 30% of the herd exhibiting pruritus. Seven herds were examined in the winter of 2023: one from Manitoba, two from Saskatchewan, and four from Alberta. Producers from each herd completed a detailed survey on treatments, nutrition, and environmental conditions and provided feed, water, and bedding samples. Within each herd, five cattle considered non-pruritic, and ten cattle considered pruritic by visual appraisal were enrolled for standard data collection consisting of documentation and photos of skin lesions localized to pruritic areas, general health clinical exam, lice exam/collection, mite exam/collection of hairs, skin hydration (corneometer), blood chemistry and vitamin/minerals, and kidney/liver enzymes for mycotoxins. A subset of the group (1 non-pruritic and 4 pruritic) was selected for advanced data collection, including dermal hypersensitivity (grass, alfalfa, grain, weeds, and molds) measured by swelling score and infrared camera temperature measurement compared with positive and negative controls, skin punch biopsies for eosinophils (IgE) and liver biopsies for copper levels. Only 21/101 cattle had lice (18 animals &lt; 10 lice per 6.5 cm2). No significant correlation was observed between cattle with lice and being pruritic (P &gt; 0.05). Dermal hypersensitivity was very low across both pruritic and non-pruritic cattle and was not different (P &gt; 0.05). Skin hydration readings within animals comparing pruritic and non-pruritic areas on their body showed only one herd having significantly (P &lt; 0.05) drier skin on pruritic locations compared with normal locations. Vitamin A, E, and copper blood analysis showed no significant difference between pruritic and non-pruritic cattle. However, liver biopsy copper levels were (P = 0.01) less in pruritic than non-pruritic cattle. Results suggest that the cause of pruritic cattle is not necessarily a result of intense lice infestations but rather multifactorial in nature, and a decision tree for producers and veterinarians should be developed to aid in determining the correct course of action to alleviate pruritic cattle in the field.
PSX-5 Evaluating the Impact of an Online Newsletter on Virtual Stakeholder Engagement with Extension Educational Materials
Authors: Burato Samir , Tucker Jennifer J J , Baxter Lisa T L , Jones Arthur Lee , Credille Brent C , Davis Dylan Blake B , Stewart Robert Lawton , Fluharty Francis L R , Ciriaco Francine M Messias , Duggin Jason D , Henry Darren D H , Fontes Pedro L P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
University Extension programs traditionally disseminate agricultural information via in-person meetings and hardcopy publications even though universities have progressively transitioned towards delivering educational materials online over the past few decades. Given the demographic characteristics of beef cattle producers, who are predominantly older and tend to adhere to traditional practices, it is crucial to understand how the implementation of different content delivery strategies impact their engagement with online educational material. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of implementing an electronic newsletter on stakeholder engagement with beef educational online publications. Engagement with online material provided on the University of Georgia (UGA) beef extension website (ugabeef.com) was evaluated 12 months before and 12 months after the UGA Beef Tips n’ Advice newsletter was launched using Siteimprove monthly reports. The newsletter was delivered monthly to an email list of beef cattle producers and industry professionals that previously attended in-person Extension programs provided by the UGA. Content of the newsletter included articles written by beef Extension Specialists, resources on current market updates and industry performance trends, and resources for upcoming Extension programs. Response variables included overall number of website visits, number of unique visitors, and overall number of pages within the website that were visualized. Each month was considered an experimental unit (n = 24) and data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of the email newsletter status (before versus after newsletter launch). The overall number of monthly visits to the website increased by 259% after the newsletter was launched (before: 99.17 ± 13.39 and after: 307.69 ± 12.87; P &lt; 0.01). Moreover, the monthly number of unique visitors increased by 210% (before: 99.17 ± 13.39 and after: 307.69 ± 12.87; P &lt; 0.01). Similar results were observed for the overall number of pages visualized, where the 12 months before launching the website had fewer page visits in the 12 months before the newsletter was launched compared with the 12 months after launching the newsletter (before: 170.92 ± 36.86 and after: 613.62 ± 35.42; P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, the use of an online newsletter increased stakeholder engagement and resulted in greater producer outreach through the UGA beef extension website.
PSXIV-14 Evaluation of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Cattle Treated with the Natural Additive Fator P
Authors: Ferreira Luis , Araújo Wellington , Daurea Andre , Bertelli Lauriston , Verza Flávia , Saltoratto Ana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of additives in the diet of ruminants consists of a management protocol that makes the livestock system more productive, sustainable and profitable. In practice, additives promote the balance of the microbial population, and improve the energy balance from food. The use of these compounds becomes advantageous as they reduce energy losses by methanogenic metabolic pathways, and the emission of enteric gases from ruminal fermentation. The short-chain fatty acids which are compounds resulting from rumen fermentation, constitute the main source of energy in the rumen, and therefore, the entire metabolic process can directly reflect the productivity performance of the cattle. Fator P is a natural additive composed of amino acids, minerals, probiotics, prebiotics and fatty acids, which was developed to meet current market needs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids from ruminal fluid collected from grazing animals treated with the Fator P additive over a period of 365 consecutive days. The ruminal metabolism work was conducted at Research Center of Premix (Patrocínio Paulista-SP, Brazil), using 3 cattle per treatment, which received a daily dose of 6 g of Fator P additive in the treated group, and 6 g of placebo in the control group. Ruminal fluid samples were collected weekly, and the analysis of short-chain fatty acids were carried out by the method of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The results of the difference between means showed an increase of 15.2% (P &lt; 0.0001) in the production of total fatty acids in the group treated with the natural additive Fator P compared with the control group. Notably, there was also an increase in the production of the three main AGCC: 13.3% for acetate (P &lt; 0.0001); 14.7% for propionate (P = 0.0003); and 18.4% for butyrate (P = 0.0001; Table 1). Statistical analyzes were performed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey mean test (P &lt; 0.05) in GraphPad PRISM Program 7.00 version. Therefore, the results indicate that the natural additive Fator P improves energy levels through the increase of short-chain fatty acids and directly reflects on the productivity indexes of the cattle. Furthermore, the product reduces the use of growth promoting antibiotics, improve intestine health, immune response of animals, carcass finishing, increase herd weight gain and milk production in a profitable and sustainable way for the cattle breeder.
PSXIV-30 Effects of Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation During Gestation in Beef Heifers on Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Colostrum and Immune Responses in Naturally and Artificially Reared Calves
Authors: Hurlbert Jennifer L , Bochantin Kerri A , Baumgaertner Friederike , Menezes Ana Clara Baiao , Kirsch James D , Sedivec Kevin K , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the impacts of feeding a vitamin/mineral supplement to beef heifers throughout gestation on concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) in colostrum and in calf serum 24 h after consumption of maternal colostrum (Exp. 1) or a colostrum replacement product (Exp. 2). Angus-based beef heifers [n = 72, initial body weight (BW) = 380.4 ± 50.56 kg] were managed in an individual feeding system and randomly assigned to a basal diet targeting gain of 0.45 kg·heifer-1·d-1 (CON; n = 36) or the basal diet plus 113 g·heifer-1·d-1 of a vitamin/mineral supplement (VTM; n = 36). For Exp. 1 treatments began at the time of artificial insemination (AI) to sexed semen, and heifers becoming pregnant after first service AI (CON, n = 14; VTM, n = 17) continued treatments throughout gestation. At calving, heifer calves were allowed to nurse their dams and remained alongside their dams until weaning. For Exp 2. non-pregnant heifers were rebred 60 d after initial dietary treatments began and continued treatments throughout gestation, with resultant heifer calves (CON, n = 7; VTM, n = 7) being removed from their dams at birth and receiving 1.5 L of colostrum replacer containing 150 g globulin protein via an esophageal feeder, followed every 12 h by 1.9 L of milk replacer. In both experiments samples of colostrum were collected after completely milking the rear-right quarter of the udder. Blood samples were collected from calves before (within 2 h of birth) and 24 h after colostrum consumption. Concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were quantified in colostrum and serum via bovine radial immunodiffusion plates. Data for both experiments were analyzed for the effect of treatment using the MIXED procedure in SAS, with additional analysis of data from Exp. 1 using the CORR procedure to determine correlations among dam colostrum and calf serum Ig concentrations at 24 h. In both experiments, maternal treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.21) concentrations of IgG, IgM, or IgA in colostrum at calving or in calf serum at 24 h. All calves from both experiments had undetectable concentrations of these respective immunoglobulins at birth. Concentrations of IgG at 24 h in calves that received maternal colostrum were 2,595.8 ± 535.38 mg/dL (Exp. 1), whereas those that received colostrum replacer were 1,610.6 ± 335.09 mg/dL (Exp. 2). Concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA were positively correlated (r ≥ 0.34; P ≤ 0.05) with concentrations of calf serum IgG, IgM, and IgA at 24 h after suckling. Our results suggest that maternal vitamin/mineral supplementation throughout gestation did not impact Ig concentrations in colostrum or the resultant serum Ig concentrations in calves either 24 h after suckling or after delivery of a commercial colostrum replacer.
PSXIV-26 Live Animal Longissimus Thoracis Mitochondrial Capacities at 10, 13, and 18 Months of Age Are Related to Meat Quality in Angus and Brahman Steers
Authors: Wesolowski Lauren T , Semanchik Pier L , Simons Jessica L , Guy Chloey P , Earnhardt-San Audrey L , Riley David G , Perry George A , Long Charles R , Machado Tanner J , Randel Ronald D , Welsh Thomas H , White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondrial abundance and efficiency correlate with meat color, but relationships between live animal mitochondria and other markers of beef quality remain largely unknown. To test the hypothesis that live animal skeletal muscle mitochondrial markers would be correlated with post-harvest hot carcass weight, ribeye area, calculated yield grade, backfat thickness, and marbling, samples were collected from the longissimus thoracis of Brahman and Angus steers at 10 mo (25 Angus, 23 Brahman), 13 mo (35 Angus, 33 Brahman), and 18 mo (35 Angus, 33 Brahman) of age. Mitochondrial volume density and function were quantified by citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase activities, respectively. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OxP) and electron transfer (E) capacities were determined via high-resolution respirometry. Relationships between mitochondrial variables and carcass quality were determined using PROC CORR in SAS (v9.4). Within Angus at 10 mo, integrative (per mg tissue) complex I-supported OxP (PCI), maximal OxP (PCI+II), maximal E (ECI+II), and E supported by complex II (ECII) were positively correlated with hot carcass weight (P ≤ 0.05). Also, within 10 mo Angus, integrative OxPCI and flux control ratio (FCR) for OxPCI were positively correlated with backfat thickness (P ≤ 0.03). Within 10 mo Brahman, integrative PCI was positively correlated with ribeye area (P = 0.04). Within 13 mo Brahman, integrative mitochondrial proton LEAK was positively correlated with hot carcass weight (P = 0.02) and intrinsic (relative to CS activity) LEAK, PCI, and ECI+II were positively correlated with marbling (P ≤ 0.05). Conversely, CS activity was negatively correlated with marbling in 13 mo Brahman (P = 0.05). Integrative, FCR, and intrinsic LEAK were negatively correlated with ribeye area (P ≤ 0.05) but positively correlated with calculated yield grade in 13 mo Angus (P ≤ 0.03). However, at 18 mo, integrative, FCR, and intrinsic LEAK were positively correlated with ribeye area (P ≤ 0.008) but negatively correlated with calculated yield grade (P ≤ 0.01) in Angus steers. Furthermore, integrative and intrinsic OxPCI+II, ECI+II, and ECII were positively correlated with marbling in 18 mo Angus (P ≤ 0.04). Within 18 mo Brahman, CS activity was positively correlated with ribeye area (P = 0.006). Cytochrome c oxidase activity was not correlated with any markers of meat quality. These results suggest that mitochondrial capacity for energy production in Angus and Brahman steers at different life and production stages may dictate potential for skeletal muscle growth and lipid metabolism leading to differences in beef quality at slaughter. This project was supported by USDA NIFA Award #2021-67015-33392.