bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INTRARENAL PRESSURE
Authors: Montgomery A. V. , Davis John C. , Prine J. M. , Swann H. G. 
Published: June 2004

1. The intrarenal pressure of dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital averages 26 mm. Hg, and ranges from 10 to 58 mm.; that of decerebrate dogs is 25 mm., and that of unanesthetized dogs with explanted kidneys is 25 mm. Tests of a few cats and rabbits indicate that their intrarenal pressure has about the same magnitude.
2. There is a slight positive correlation between intrarenal pressure and both body weight and kidney weight, but intrarenal pressure is not related to sex, blood pressure, or age.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Stetson Chandler A. , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

The inhibition of the Shwartzman phenomenon by nitrogen mustard and benzene has been confirmed and investigated further.
This inhibition can be correlated with the leucopenia induced by these agents.
Evidence is presented indicating that polymorphonuclear leucocytes play an essential role in the preparation of the skin for the Shwartzman phenomenon.
STUDIES ON THE FIBRINOLYSIN-ANTIFIBRINOLYSIN SYSTEM IN SERUM
Authors: Ungar Georges , Damgaard Evelyn 
Published: June 2004

Injection of ACTH or cortisone has no effect on the amount of fibrinolysin resulting from the activation of profibrinolysin by peptone.
Antifibrinolytic activity of serum is significantly increased by ACTH or cortisone but not by desoxycorticosterone or corticosterone. No increase in anti-fibrinolytic power of serum is produced, however, by the injection of ACTH or cortisone in splenectomized guinea pigs.
Splenin A has the same action on fibrinolysin inactivation as ACTH or cortisone. Splenin B has the opposite effect.
This action on the antifibrinolytic power of serum appears to be due to an acceleration of the rate of combination between the enzyme and its inhibitor and not to an actual increase in antifibrinolysin.
The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
A MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDY OF RED CELL NUCLEI DURING PYKNOSIS
Authors: Korson Roy 
Published: June 2004

1. A microspectrophotometric apparatus was used to measure nuclear absorption in fixed and stained human bone marrow smears.
2. The validity of the measurements was established.
3. The total and polymerized desoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) of erythroblast nuclei were measured in relative units, and a gradual loss of DNA from the red cell nucleus during maturation was noted.
4. The loss in DNA is comparable quantitatively to that occurring during pathological pyknosis in sarcoma cells.
5. The continual loss of nuclear material during erythropoiesis supports the conception that the nucleus disappears by intracellular dissolution, not by extrusion in the intact form.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MULTIPLICATION CYCLE OF PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM)
Authors: Ginsberg Harold S. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the multiplication of PVM in the mouse lung yielded evidence in support of the hypothesis that discrete cycles occur. The cycle is characterized by a latent period of about 15 hours, an incremental period of 10 to 15 hours and a total duration of 24 to 30 hours. The yield of virus per cycle is approximately 16-fold.
A large proportion, approximately 90 per cent, of PVM is lost on intranasal inoculation and cannot be recovered from the lung. Of the virus which reaches the lung, almost all becomes non-infective within 12 hours even though a considerable amount retains the capacity to cause hemagglutination. During the incremental period infective virus appears as soon as any increase in hemagglutination is demonstrable.
THE SPLANCHNIC REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE BLOOD STREAM OF LEUKOPENIC RABBITS
Authors: Kerby Grace P. , Martin Samuel P. 
Published: June 2004

In rabbits subjected to profound damage of the blood-forming tissues by the use of benzene and mechlorethamine hydrochloride, no impairment of efficiency in the splanchnic removal of M. aureus from the blood stream could be demonstrated by a method involving catheterization of the hepatic vein.
All evidence continues to indicate that a bacteriemia cannot be maintained unless the organisms are introduced constantly into the blood stream from some source.
The importance of the leukocyte in the establishment and clearing of the bacteriemias appears to lie in its phagocytic activities at the local source of the bacteriemia rather than in any quantitatively significant phagocytosis of organisms circulating in the blood stream.
The present studies suggest that in the study of the leukopenic state attention should be directed more especially toward the identification and eradication of the local source of organisms.
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY IN ANTHRAX
Authors: Wright George G. , Slein Janet B. 
Published: June 2004

An abrupt decrease in the titer of serum T-agglutinin frequently occurs during the acute phase of anthrax infection in the rabbit. In partially immunized animals which survive the infection the titer returns to normal during convalescence, but has not been observed to rise significantly above the normal level.
The presence of a substance capable of inhibiting T-agglutination may be demonstrated in the sera of many of those animals in which a marked decrease in T-agglutinin has occurred. The polysaccharide and polypeptide antigens of B. anthracis do not possess this activity.
Sera containing the T-inhibitory substance usually produce a slow hemolysis of T-erythrocytes and also of normal human type O erythrocytes; hemolysis of erythrocytes of other species is irregular. This reactivity of the sera withstands inactivation at 56°C. but is inhibited by citrate.
T-inhibitory and hemolytic activities can frequently be increased by incubation of the acute-phase serum at 37°C.
The ability of normal serum to neutralize the T-inhibitory and hemolytic activities of acute-phase serum is not significantly increased after recovery from the infection.
The meaning of the results is discussed.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERUM ANTIBODIES AND SUBCLINICAL INFECTIONS WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Ainslie John D. 
Published: June 2004

Three families in which cases of poliomyelitis had recently occurred were studied for the extent of subclinical infection and the presence of serum antibodies to both the mouse-adapted Lansing strain and the specific strain of poliomyelitis isolated from members of the family.
Virus was recovered from the stools of all 5 cases and from 8 of 17 familial associates at the time of the first collection of specimens. Only two of the associates were still carrying virus 3 weeks later.
The individuals from whom virus was recovered were younger than 11 years of age with two exceptions, one of them a frank case.
Antibodies to the mouse-adapted Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus were demonstrated in the sera of every person 11 years of age or older but in none from individuals under this age with the possible exception of one whose second specimen was weakly positive.
Antibodies for the specific agent isolated from each family were likewise found at the beginning of the study in every person over 11 years of age but also in 4 of 9 under that age. The neutralization indices of sera of the second collection were generally higher than those of the sera collected soon after the disease occurred in the family, reflecting the antigenic stimulus of the "family" viruses.
The inverse relationship of demonstrable antibodies to virus isolations strongly suggests that the presence of serum antibodies is effective in limiting subclinical infection with poliomyelitis virus.
The question of cross-immunity in protection against infection with poliomyelitis virus is discussed.
STUDIES ON NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT OF MAN
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

The type specific immunological properties of certain non-hemolytic streptococci, including Str. salivarius type I and type II, present in the respiratory tract of human beings appear to be dependent upon the presence of capsular polysaccharides.
The levans formed from sucrose by Str. salivarius (encapsulated S cells or non-encapsulated R variants), or by cell-free enzymes derived from these microorganisms, are indistinguishable immunologically and show no evidence of type specificity. Such levans appear to be immunologically distinct from and unrelated to the capsular polysaccharides of the microorganisms which produce them.
DEMYELINIZATION INDUCED IN LIVING RABBITS BY MEANS OF A LIPOLYTIC ENZYME PREPARATION
Authors: Vogel F. Stephen 
Published: June 2004

Purified lipase, injected intracerebrally and intravasculariy in rabbits, gave rise to focal areas of demyelinization in the central nervous system in 10 of 13 animals so treated. In one instance the lesions became manifest within 48 hours and in another they persisted for 6 months; they were not infrequently accompanied by paresis and by tilting or tremor of the head. They were characterized by a focal loss of myelin and moderate gliosis with little or no neuronal destruction or inflammatory reaction, in these respects resembling the plaques of multiple sclerosis. The intracerebral injection of trypsin and chymotrypsin in control animals failed to produce the characteristic demyelinization, but by contrast caused focal areas of necrosis in which all the cerebral tissues were involved. Furthermore, demyelinization did not result when heat-inactivated pancreatic lipase was injected intracerebrally, and similarly negative results were obtained when an incubated mixture comprised of fatty connective tissue that had been acted upon by the pancreatic preparation and then heated to inactivate the lipase, was injected into the brains of rabbits.
In supplementary experiments the pancreatic lipase preparation and fresh rabbit brain, incubated together in vitro, were found to form acid, presumably owing to the breakdown of brain lipids to fatty acids; trypsin and chymotrypsin mixed with brain in control experiments failed to form acid. When incubated with segments of the spinal cord of experimental animals, the lipolytic enzyme brought about a loss of stainable myelin in peripheral areas and in the spinal nerve roots; again trypsin and chymotrypsin had no such effect in control experiments.
The findings as a whole show that an enzyme preparation with lipolytic activity has the ability to destroy myelin in living animals, and in vitro as well, and to produce lesions remarkably similar to those of multiple sclerosis. They have additional interest in light of the demonstration that a lipolytic enzyme is regularly present in the reactive histiocytes of guinea pigs with experimental encephalomyelitis (5).
A LIPOLYTIC ENZYME IN REACTIVE HISTIOCYTES OF GUINEA PIGS WITH EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Vogel F. Stephen 
Published: June 2004

A lipolytic enzyme has been demonstrated by means of a cytochemical technique and by direct chemical assay in granulomatous tissues of guinea pigs with encephalomyelitis and demyelinization resulting from the injection of an emulsion comprised of brain tissue and adjuvants, including Mycobacterium butyricum. Combined histologic and cytochemical studies showed that the lipolytic enzyme was present in the cytoplasm of a large proportion of the reactive histiocytes in the granulomatous tissue around the site of injection in the diseased animals, and that the enzyme-containing histiocytes were even more numerous in the inflamed regional lymph nodes. In control experiments, when emulsions lacking either brain tissue or M. butyricum were injected in previously normal guinea pigs, the experimental condition did not develop; under these circumstances the lipolytic enzyme was found in only a small proportion of the cells of the granulomatous tissue around the injection sites, and it was almost negligible in the regional lymph nodes of these animals. It was absent from the cells of the lymph nodes of normal animals, and from the cells of talcum and aluminum hydroxide granulomas produced experimentally in guinea pigs.
The lipolytic enzyme may be a factor in the pathogenesis of the experimental encephalomyelitis and demyelinization.
SUSTAINED HYPERTENSION FOLLOWING THE ADMINISTRATION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Friedman Constance L. , Nakashima Miyoshi 
Published: June 2004

DCA was administered in two separate experiments to rats in amounts sufficient to cause marked elevation of the blood pressure. It was then abruptly withdrawn. Following this treatment, observations of blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, plasma potassium, and plasma volume were carried out for over a year.
Approximately one-third of the animals so treated developed a sustained, permanent hypertension after treatment had been stopped.
This sustained hypertension is not due to any anatomical fault in the kidney and in that sense is not primarily renal in origin. An hypothesis to explain the findings is presented.
AGE OF THE HOST AND OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION WITH URETHANE OF PULMONARY ADENOMAS IN MICE
Authors: Rogers Stanfield 
Published: June 2004

Young, rapidly growing mice are greatly more responsive to the adenoma-inducing influence of urethane than are those just arriving at maturity. This is manifest both in the proportion of animals developing the tumors and in their number per individual. An amount of urethane per gram body weight which suffices to induce adenomas in only an occasional 8-week-old animal will cause them to appear in quantity in more than half the 3-week-old mice injected. There is an almost absolute inverse correlation between the rate of growth of the pulmonary tissue between the ages of 2 and 10 weeks and the response to urethane in terms of adenomas. Hence the conclusion seems justified that the natural proliferative activity of the alveolar cells during youth plays a major part in the formation of the tumors. After the 6th week the age differences become relatively slight, yet there is reason to think that they continue in some degree as life goes on.
Urethane has no effect to promote multiplication of the cells it has rendered neoplastic, its whole role being to initiate neoplastic change.
The abnormalities induced by urethane in the nucleus of normal and neoplastic cells, as observed by previous workers, have suggested that the substance brings about the adenomatous state by acting upon the nucleus. But colchicine, also a karyolytic poison causing pronounced nuclear changes, does not alter in the least the yield of adenomas to urethane when administered concurrently. Nor does fasting influence the yield, though it markedly reduces mitotic activity.
The meaning of these facts is discussed.
JOINT ACTION OF A CHEMICAL CARCINOGEN AND A NEOPLASTIC VIRUS TO INDUCE CANCER IN RABBITS
Authors: Rogers Stanfield , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Areas of rabbit skin previously rendered hyperplastic with turpentine were scarified, inoculated with the Shope papilloma virus, and covered with a dressing that contained 20-methylcholanthrene (MC) or 9:10-dimethyl-1:2-benzanthracene (9:10). The dressing was left on until healing had been well completed, a matter of 5 to 7 days. The papillomas which subsequently arose often appeared later, were fewer, and remained less vigorous than those due to the action of virus alone, but throughout several months they appeared to differ from these in no other ways. Then, more or less abruptly, the large majority became carcinomatous, frequently at several situations, whereas with few exceptions the control growths underwent no such alteration. The cancers were of the sorts ordinarily deriving, by secondary change, from epidermal cells infected with the virus.
Collateral data have made plain that the hydrocarbons acted in their carcinogenic capacity to bring on the cancers. Indeed in control tests 9: 10 sometimes conferred latent neoplastic potentialities on uninoculated epidermis exposed to it while healing after scarification, a fact disclosed months later by painting these expanses with chloroform until hyperplasia occurred. Under the promoting influence of this agent papillomas formed which had the distinctive morphology of those induced by the chemical carcinogens.
So strong and enduring were the effects of MC and 9:10 as to cause cancers to arise from many virus papillomas which were retrogressing after months of proliferation, that is to say under circumstances ordinarily unfavorable to malignant change.
The facts justify the conclusion that the virus and the hydrocarbons acted jointly and in their carcinogenic capacities.
THE NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANGES IN ADRENAL CYTOLOGY, WEIGHT, AND CORTICAL/MEDULLARY RATIO IN EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION AND CLINICAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Rather L. J. 
Published: June 2004

There is a direct proportionality between the degree of adrenal and that of cardiac enlargement in experimental renal hypertension. This is evidence for the participation of the adrenal to an extent dependent on the severity of the hypertension as reflected in the degree of cardiac hypertrophy.
The greater part of the weight increase of the adrenal is due to growth of the cortex. However, the relative degree of medullary growth exceeds that of cortical growth. There is evidence of medullary hyperplasia, but the cortical growth may be due to cell hypertrophy alone.
In view of the known relationship between prolonged skeletal muscle work and the size of the adrenals, in which there is likewise a relatively greater growth of the medulla, the possibility that adrenal growth in experimental renal hypertension is a consequence of the metabolic demand of increased heart muscle work must be considered.
The hyperplastic, hypertrophic medulla of the renal hypertensive rat is presumed to be producing increased amounts of a hormone whose action is not known. The adrenal medulla is not necessary for the development of moderate renal hypertension though this does not exclude the possibility that it may be involved somehow in the maintainance of the hypertensive state.
Large, periodic-Schiff-positive, hyaline droplets are found in the cytoplasm of adrenal cortical cells with nuclear evidence of active function. There is some evidence that these indicate hypophyseal stimulation. Similar particles are found in the medulla, suggesting an interrelationship between the two parts of the adrenal.
The close resemblance of changes in adrenal weight, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, and nuclear and cytoplasmic structure, indicates that similar physiological and morphological controlling mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis and maintainance of experimental renal hypertension and clinical essential hypertension.
A NEW MEMBER OF THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA GROUP OF VIRUSES THAT CAUSES INFECTION IN CALVES
Authors: York Charles J. , Baker James A. 
Published: June 2004

From portions of intestine and feces of apparently normal calves, a virus that produces elementary bodies was procured in guinea pigs and in embryonated eggs. Morphologically and tinctorially this virus closely resembled members of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group of viruses and it shared a common antigen or antigens with them. Comparison of serological, pathogenic, and other properties indicated that this virus from calves is a new member of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group and in keeping with classification practices it is provisionally named Miyagawanella bovis.
Miyagawanella bovis when fed to experimental calves established an infection in the intestinal tract that resembled the inapparent infection seen in natural cases but failed to produce evident disease. Ability of the virus to infect experimental animals by feeding, and its presence in feces of infected animals indicate its natural mode of spread. This method of dissemination and persistence of virus for long periods of time in infected animals suggested the virus should be widespread and more than 60 per cent of the calves in the vicinity of lthaca were found to be infected.
MECHANISM OF PROTEINURIA
Authors: Lippman Richard W. , Ureen Helen J. , Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

1. Administration of renin to the rat causes an increase in the glomerular permeability to hemoglobin and a decrease in tubular absorption of this substance as measured by functional methods.
2. Morphologic examination in the rat and in the rabbit reveals an increased concentration of hemoglobin in the tubular lumina, confirmatory evidence of increased permeability. However, there is no significant effect upon the formation of hemoglobin droplets within the renal cells.
3. By analogy with the events observed in neutral red "secretion," it is suggested that hemoglobin is absorbed by both a "direct" and an "indirect" mechanism and that renin administration affects or depresses the "direct" mechanism only.
PASSAGE OF COXSACKIE VIRUS (CONNECTICUT-5 STRAIN) IN ADULT MICE WITH PRODUCTION OF PANCREATIC DISEASE
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Kunz Lawrence J. , Richardson Sheila 
Published: June 2004

1. With Conn.-5 strain of Coxsackie virus, pancreatic disease can be regularly produced in adult mice.
2. The lesions consist of widespread necrosis, followed by repair; there occurs more or less complete loss of glandular acini, with fatty or fibrous replacement. The islands of Langerhans and pancreatic ducts persist.
3. Injection of virus suspensions by the intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intracerebral route is followed by selective necrosis of the pancreas.
4. The liver, in the earlier stages of the disease, is the seat of fat infiltration. There may be necrosis of individual hepatic cells, but the diffuse hepatitis described in suckling mice does not occur. In the later stages of the disease, the liver is not significantly altered.
5. Localized areas of fat necrosis, scattered through intra-abdominal adipose tissue, are usually present in the acute phase of the disease. These undergo fibrosis without calcification.
6. No lesions have been found in the skeletal muscle, even at the site of intramuscular injection. Central nervous system, heart, lungs, and peripheral fat lobules show no lesions comparable to those described in suckling mice.
7. Multiplication of virus takes place in the pancreas. Serial passage in adult mice, by injection of pancreas suspensions prepared from organs removed on the 4th day after infection, is readily accomplished. Five consecutive passages in adult mice have thus far been carried out. Pancreas suspension from 4th passage material produced typical disease in suckling mice when diluted 10–6. No virus could be demonstrated in pancreas obtained 25 days after inoculation.
8. Complete protection against the pancreatic disease is obtained when the virus is neutralized, before injection, with Conn.-5 antiserum. Normal mouse serum and antiserum against the Ohio-R strain of Coxsackie virus have no protective effect.
9. Mice surviving the initial necrotizing effect of the virus, develop chronic pancreatic insufficiency. This is manifested by extreme weight loss—in some cases, 40 per cent or more of the body weight—and by hypoproteinemia, sometimes leading to anasarca.
10. The substitution of fox-chow which has been predigested with hog pancreas brings about a restoration of weight.
11. The possibility is considered that similar lesions of the pancreas in human beings may be due to virus infection.
THE SPARING EFFECT OF COXSACKIE VIRUS INFECTION ON EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert 
Published: June 2004

Young mice infected with Group B Coxsackie virus were rendered markedly resistant to poliomyelitis virus given from 4 to 10 days later. A sparing effect was detectable in somewhat older mice and in young mice inoculated with poliomyelitis after shorter intervals, but in both cases few mice survived.
Interference was manifest by survival, by prolongation of the course of poliomyelitis, and by a decreased frequency of poliomyelitis.