bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Learnings and Trends on Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 Reactor Effluent Air Coolers
Authors: Dalal Mitul , Penso Jorge , Barrass Jordan , Idowu Oluwaseun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reactor effluent air cooler system includes the equipment and piping subject to ammonium salting, NH4HS corrosion, and associated fouling. The system typically includes air coolers. Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is one material choice to fabricate the reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) of hydrotreater units. Unfortunately, several failures from around the world have been reported in REAC units constructed of DSS, some within five years of service and others just during initial startup. Based on failure analysis reports, the failures were generally associated with welded joints. Given the condition of hydrogen-rich environment, high-pressure process fluid, and service temperature, this type of cracking is most likely a form of hydrogen assisted cracking (HAC) i.e., in-service sulfide stress cracking (SSC) at weldments or hydrogen environment assisted cracking (HEAC) occurring during tightness testing in high-pressure hydrogen. The failures are highly influenced by phase balance (ferrite/austenite) after welding, with high levels of ferrite in the weld metal or HAZ increasing the susceptibility to cracking. In this paper, a summary of considerations to weight in the design, material selection, operations and inspection approach are proposed. Focus is on material selection, inspection access, hydrogen embrittlement, full penetration welds and operation scenarios. The paper also refers to recently published technical report API 932-C. This technical report covers results of a survey of the petroleum refining industry concerning the use of duplex stainless steel (DSS) in Hydroprocessing reactor effluent air cooler (REAC) systems.
A Review of Current Best Practice for Validation of Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Codes for Assessment of Nuclear Structural Integrity
Authors: Xu Steven X. , Rudland David L. , Scarth Douglas A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) based computer codes are increasingly used to evaluate integrity of structural components and systems in nuclear power plants. For example, FAVOR (Fracture Analysis of Vessels – Oak Ridge) is a PFM code for structural integrity of a nuclear reactor pressure vessel, xLPR (eXtremely Low Probability of Rupture) is a PFM code for leak-before-break evaluation of nuclear piping systems due to active corrosion damage, such as primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC). These PFM based computer codes are designed to predict the probability of failure for nuclear structures.
Verification and validation are essential to ensure the accuracy and credibility of a PFM based computer code. Validation is the process of determining the degree to which a model is an accurate representation of the real world from the perspective of the intended uses of the computer code. It provides evidence for how accurately the computer code simulates the real world for the system responses of interest. This conference paper provides a review of current best practice for validation of PFM codes for assessment of nuclear structural integrity. The review is based on information available in the open literature.
Longitudinal Cracking Failure at the Skirt-to-Cone Joint of Large Coke Drum in Delayed Coking Unit
Authors: Ma Xin , Wang Yining , Wang Xiaoliang , Xie Yi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coke drums are large pressure equipment critical to the Delayed Coking Unit (DCU) of refineries, which are used for the carbonization reaction involving dehydrogenation, rearrangement and polymerization. Due to the severe fatigue loading, high temperature and corrosive environment, cracks, bulging and local wall-thinning are frequently occurred at the root of the top-nozzles, shell and along the bead direction of the fillet weld in skirt-to-conical head joints. A typical case is given in this paper on the inspection process of a newly improved coke drum, and 18 longitudinal cracks have been found in the fillet weld of the skirt-to-cone joint when it is in service. According to the stress state, operation conditions and structural strength of the structure with these longitudinal cracks, cracking mechanics for provoking these longitudinal cracks are given. Innovative repair procedures are proposed to prevent the same type of cracking. These repair measures were proved to be effective by successful applications in repairment of similar cracking in another coke drum for continual two years. Some improved suggestions for the local structure of the fillet weld in skirt-to-conical head joints are put forward. Suggested inspection strategy for detecting the longitudinal cracks in the fillet weld of the skirt-to-cone joint and some issues to which high attention should be paid during inspections are given as well.
Comparative Analysis of Calculation Methods for Fatigue Crack Growth Life of Hydrogen Storage Vessels
Authors: Wang Jinhui , Jia Xiaoliang , Ji Fang , Chen Zhiwei , Zhou Yunmeng , Ma Honglian , Wang Kaibo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the fatigue failure evaluation method based on fracture mechanics in four pressure vessel standards GB/T 19624-2019 safety assessment of in-service pressure vessels containing defects (GB/T 19624), ASME BPVC Section VIII Div.3-2021 ARTICLE KD-4 FRACTURE MECHANICS EVALUATION (ASME VIII-3), BS 7910-2019 Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures Chapter 8 (BS7910) and API 579-2016 Fitness-for-Service Evaluation 9F.5 Material Data for Crack Growth Calculations (API 579) and the existing finite element method for calculating crack growth are compared and analyzed. The results show that the fatigue crack growth life of hydrogen storage vessel evaluated by fracture mechanics methods in different standards is quite different, and the fatigue crack growth life evaluated by different calculation processes exhibits different trends with the increase in stress intensity factor ratio. The safety factor should be added to the Paris model when using the finite element method to calculate the fatigue crack growth life, and the finite element method cannot assess whether the hydrogen storage vessel is safe according to the failure assessment diagram (FAD) in the conventional assessment of plane defects. This results in different termination conditions for fatigue crack calculation, and different calculated final crack sizes and fatigue crack growth lives from the results calculated by the standard process. By changing the safety factor of the fatigue crack growth life calculation method in GB/T 19624, the relative error between the calculated fatigue crack growth life and the experimental value is reduced.
Safety Evaluation Method of Double Failure Loads for Defective Pipelines
Authors: Cui Kaiyan , Wang Xinsheng , Zhang Tieyao , Wang Xiaolin , Zhang Su , Li Yuntao , Shuai Jian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to explore the mechanical behavior characteristics of defective pipelines under complex loads, a safety assessment method for defective pipelines under various loads is proposed for engineering use. With the aid of finite element software ANSYS, a finite element model of X52 pipeline with groove like volumetric defects under combined loads is established, and the failure process of defective pipelines under combined loads is discussed. The concept of double failure criterion applicable to different defects is proposed. The influence of various load forms, internal pressure, defect depth, defect length and defect width on the mechanical properties of defective pipelines are analyzed. The results show that the maximum Mises stress at the defect exceeds the yield strength and tensile strength of the pipeline due to the stress concentration at the defect due to the combined loads. The internal pressure and defect depth of the pipeline have a great influence on the stress state of the defective pipeline, and the defect width has a certain influence. The defect length has little effect on the stress state of the defective pipeline. With the help of the analysis results, the double safety assessment curve of the defective pipelines under various load forms under various working conditions is finally established, and the safety assessment method of the defective pipeline is given, which is convenient for practical engineering use.
A Methodology for Management of the Risk of Stress Corrosion Cracking of Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steels in Good Quality Water in Pressurised Water Reactor Plant
Authors: Malin Joseph , Wilson James , Watkins Timothy , Harrison Timothy , Pellereau Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a complex degradation mechanism, the precursors for Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) are simply tensile stress, susceptible material and a corrosive environment as expressed by the textbook Venn Diagram. The majority of in-service failures in civil nuclear reactors relating to SCC of stainless steel components have occurred in sensitized material located in occluded and/or stagnant regions exposed to contaminants or oxygenated conditions etc. However, recent operating events have highlighted the risk of SCC of cold worked austenitic stainless steels exposed to good quality primary coolant. Good quality PWR primary coolant is typically high purity water that is pH controlled via lithium hydroxide dosing, containing sufficient dissolved hydrogen to suppress water decomposition by radiolysis and thereby maintain deoxygenated conditions. This paper explores the thresholds for initiation and growth of SCC in good quality water and outlines a methodology for the management of plant risks through:
a) Review of plant components versus the key risk indicators — fabrication processes that introduce cold work, elevated surface hardness, high operational loads, chemical composition and primary circuit operating temperatures.
b) SCC growth rate calculations for high-risk sites to determine if SCC initiation could pose a threat to integrity over the plant lifetime.
c) Review of the adequacy of existing In-Service Inspection (ISI) regimes for defense-in-depth monitoring for signs of SCC.
d) Deployment of supplementary optimized inspection techniques for high risk sites.
e) Factoring of operational experience and examination of decommissioned plant components.
How Fast Is a Finite Gas Transient Wave and Why Does It Steepen?
Authors: Walters Trey , Lang Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solving the transient compressible flow equations is hard. To help engineers make everyday decisions, simplified methods have been developed. One such simplification is used in the estimation of transient forces in steam pipe systems. An incomplete understanding related to gas wave speed has resulted in a method which does not reliably give conservative pipe force estimates, potentially resulting in unsafe designs. This paper develops gas wave speed predictions from first principles for compression waves moving into a non-zero steady-state flow. It is shown how the length of a family of waves steepens more quickly than previously thought. Implications for transient pipe force estimation are discussed.
Cryptic-site-specific antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain can retain functional binding affinity to spike variants
Authors: Li Kan , Huntwork Richard H. C. , Horn Gillian Q. , Abraha Milite , Hastie Kathryn M. , Li Haoyang , Rayaprolu Vamseedhar , Olmedillas Eduardo , Feeney Elizabeth , Cronin Kenneth , Schendel Sharon L. , Heise Mark , Bedinger Daniel , Mattocks Melissa D. , Baric Ralph S. , Alam S. Munir , Ollmann Saphire Erica , Tomaras Georgia D. , Dennison S. Moses 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has accumulated more than 700 million infection cases and 6.9 million deaths. New variants have affected antibody interaction with the surface spike protein. We defined the domain specificities and measured hexa-proline stabilized spike protein (HexaPro) binding kinetics of a large panel of antibodies sourced by the Coronavirus Immunotherapeutics Consortium. Epitope binning analysis of antibodies competing for HexaPro binding separated the fine specificities of the majority of antibodies to four regions: top, outer, mesa/valley, or cryptic site of receptor binding domain (RBD). Most of the top-RBD-specific antibodies showed >3-fold loss of binding and authentic-virus neutralization activity for the B.1.351 variant. Remarkably, among RBD mesa/valley-specific or cryptic-site-specific antibodies, 55% showed >3-fold stronger affinities, and at least 60% maintained neutralization activity for the B.1.351 variant. These data also highlighted the diversity of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies that retain high spike affinities and antiviral functions across variants.

IMPORTANCE
Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have emerged and caused a significant number of infections and deaths worldwide. These variants of concern contain mutations that might significantly affect antigen-targeting by antibodies. It is therefore important to further understand how antibody binding and neutralization are affected by the mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants. We highlighted how antibody epitope specificity can influence antibody binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variants and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants. We showed that weakened spike binding and neutralization of Beta (B.1.351) and Omicron (BA.1) variants compared to wildtype are not universal among the panel of antibodies and identified antibodies of a specific binding footprint exhibiting consistent enhancement of spike binding and retained neutralization to Beta variant. These data and analysis can inform how antigen-targeting by antibodies might evolve during a pandemic and prepare for potential future sarbecovirus outbreaks.
OPTN-TBK1 axis and a role for PLK1 in HSV-1 infection
Authors: Bhattacharya Ilina , Volety Ipsita , Shukla Deepak 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) plays a pivotal role as a cellular factor in regulating the immune response against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). TBK1’s role in defending against HSV-1 is attributed to its capacity to induce the type I interferon response. Recent discoveries emphasize TBK1’s involvement in the regulation of optineurin (OPTN), an autophagy adaptor protein that plays a direct role in enhancing the antiviral response against HSV-1 through selective autophagy. Intriguingly, OPTN can also reciprocally regulate TBK1, leading to a limited understanding of the precise role of the OPTN-TBK1 axis in HSV-1 infection. In our study, we shed light on the relationship between OPTN and TBK1 in influencing the outcome of HSV-1 infection. Surprisingly, when TBK1 or OPTN was absent in cells, the spread and infectivity of HSV-1 did not align as expected. Furthermore, it was unexpected to note that cells lacking OPTN showed higher interferon expression compared to normal cells, yet they exhibited enhanced viral growth. Our investigations revealed that OPTN can directly degrade HSV-1 through autophagy even in the absence of active TBK1. Interestingly, we identified that another protein, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), can compensate for the absence of TBK1 and trigger autophagy to restrict HSV-1. In summary, our findings highlight that OPTN significantly impacts the outcome of HSV-1 infection, regardless of the conventional antiviral response mediated by TBK1. Additionally, by introducing a new role for PLK1, this research provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay among OPTN, TBK1, and autophagy in shaping the course of HSV-1 infection.

IMPORTANCE
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is globally prevalent, with latent infections observed in up to 80% of the population. The virus is known for subverting host defense mechanisms and infiltrating the nervous system to establish latency in peripheral ganglia. Multiple stressors can reactivate the virus, and recurrent herpes has been linked to vision loss and neurodegeneration. Identifying critical host factors that limit the spread of HSV-1 and the subsequent establishment of latent infection holds the potential to drive new intervention strategies for eradicating the virus. Numerous pieces of evidence underscore the significance of Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) in restricting HSV-1. Reports have also suggested that phosphorylation of optineurin (OPTN) by TBK1 is required for triggering OPTN-mediated autophagy for HSV degradation. This report adds new insights into the roles of OPTN and TBK1 in HSV-1 infection and provides proof of a TBK1-independent HSV-1 restriction through OPTN. It confirms that TBK1 activation can be substituted by PLK1 to provide protection against HSV-1. In contrast, the activation of OPTN is likely an indispensable host defense mechanism for optimal defense against HSV-1.
Analysis of the hypovirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae
with the
NDM-5
gene on IncN plasmids
Authors: Fang Jianhua , Wang Guoyu , Kang Xiuhua , Pan Zhenhui , Mei Yanfang , Chen Huade , Liu Yang , Xiang Tianxin 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Our study aims to analyze the hypovirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae
with the
NDM-5
gene on IncN plasmids. This strain was isolated from a patient with a liver abscess, and the ST type was ST147. The characterization, antimicrobial drug resistance, and virulence of the strain with the
NDM-5
gene on IncN plasmids were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Virulence testing was conducted using the Galleria mellonella infection model, serum killing, and biofilm formation assay. Growth measurement analysis, an
in vitro
competition experiment, and a plasmid stability assay were calculated using fitness costs. A conjugation assay was used to test
NDM-5
transfer between bacterial strains. For statistical analysis and image visualization, GraphPad Prism 8.0 was employed. The result revealed that the hypovirulent strain with the
NDM-5
gene was located on the IncN plasmid (92.284 kb), which is rare in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
. Whole-genome sequencing revealed the presence of 25 and 22 resistance and virulence genes, respectively. The strain KP4089 was resistant to carbapenems, β-lactam, ceftazidime-avibactam, and macrolides but remained susceptible to aminoglycosides, mucilage, and tigecycline in antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Furthermore, the strain KP4089 exhibited significantly lower serum killing and biofilm formation rates, demonstrating that the strain with the
NDM-5
gene had low virulence. The strain with the
NDM-5
gene on the IncN plasmid was genetically stable and had no fitness cost associated with identifying IncN plasmids. Future research should focus on clinical surveillance of hypovirulent multidrug-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
to identify the potential strain and mechanistic studies to prevent its spread.

IMPORTANCE

It is crucial to strengthen the ongoing clinical surveillance of non-highly virulent, multi-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
.
Importance of parental involvement in paediatric palliative care in Hong Kong: qualitative case study
Authors: Wong Frances Kam Yuet , Ho Jacqueline Mei Chi , Lai Tsz Chui , Lee Lilian Po Yee , Ho Eva Ka Yan , Lee Susanna Wai Yee , Chan Stephan C W , Fung Cheuk Wing , Ho Assunta Chi Hang , Li Chak-Ho , Li Chi Kong , Chiu Annie Ting Gee , Tsui Kwing Wan , Lam Katherine Ka Wai 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveTo compare and contrast the perceived care needs of children with life-limiting conditions (CLLC) from the perspectives of the children, parents and healthcare providers.DesignA qualitative case study method using semistructured interviews was employed with a within-case and across-case analysis. Themes and subthemes emerging from the cases were compared and contrasted in the across-case analysis to explore the similarities and variations in participant perceptions.Setting/participantsThe setting was the paediatric departments of five regional hospitals in Hong Kong. Twenty-five sets of informants (CLLC–parent–healthcare provider) were recruited, with 65 individual interviews conducted.ResultsA total of 3784 units of analysis were identified, resulting in three themes with subthemes. ‘Living with the disease’ (55.8%) occupied the largest proportion, followed by ‘information and understanding about the disease’ (27.4%), and ‘care support and palliative care’ (16.8%). Healthcare provider support mainly focused on physical concerns. Family and social support were present, but carer stress created tension between couples. Doctors were the primary source of medical information, but the parents had to seek further information via the internet and support from patient groups. There was a perceived need for better coordination and collaboration of care. The palliative care approach coordinated by nurses was seen as helpful in addressing the care needs of the CLLC.ConclusionsThis original study identified the importance of palliative care with active engagement of parents which can address the service gap for CLLC.
Maternal treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and delayed neonatal adaptation: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Cornet Marie-Coralie , Wu Yvonne W , Forquer Heather , Avalos Lyndsay A , Sriram Achyuth , Scheffler Aaron W , Newman Thomas B , Kuzniewicz Michael W 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use is common in pregnancy. It is associated with delayed neonatal adaptation. Most previous studies have not adjusted for the severity of maternal mental health disorders or examined the impact of SSRI type and dosage. We examined whether treatment with SSRIs in late pregnancy (after 20 weeks) is associated with delayed neonatal adaptation independent of maternal depression and anxiety.Design, setting and patientsRetrospective population-based birth cohort of 280 090 term infants born at 15 Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals, 2011–2019. Individual-level pharmacy, maternal, pregnancy and neonatal data were obtained from electronic medical records.ExposureDispensed maternal SSRI prescription after 20 weeks of pregnancy.Main outcome measuresDelayed neonatal adaptation defined as a 5 min Apgar score ≤5, resuscitation at birth or admission to a neonatal intensive care unit for respiratory support. Secondary outcomes included each individual component of the primary outcome and more severe neonatal outcomes (pulmonary hypertension, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and seizures).Results7573 (2.7%) infants were exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy. Delayed neonatal adaptation occurred in 11.2% of exposed vs 4.4% of unexposed infants (relative risk 2.52 (95% CI 2.36 to 2.70)). After multivariable adjustment, there was an association between SSRI exposure and delayed neonatal adaptation (adjusted OR 2.14 (95% CI 1.96 to 2.32)). This association was dose dependent. Escitalopram and fluoxetine were associated with the highest risk of delayed neonatal adaptation.ConclusionsInfants exposed to SSRIs have increased risks of delayed adaptation in a type and dose-dependent relationship, pointing toward a causal relationship.