bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAMMOGRAPHY, ROUTINE ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN PREGNANCY, AND PSA SCREENINGS IN ITALY
Authors: Favaretti Carlo , De Pieri Paolo 
Published: December 2002

Objective: To present current scientific statements and practice on mammography, ultrasonography in pregnancy, and PSA within the Italian National Health Service (NHS).Methods: Information on the three screenings was found in several position papers prepared by working groups at national and regional levels.Results: For mammography the adjusted mortality rate for breast cancer increased in the last four decades and decreased in the last few years. Only 4.9% of women aged 50–70 years are covered by screening. In 1996 a consensus paper stated that biennial examination for women aged 50–69 years should be offered to reduce breast cancer mortality. A national program for breast cancer screening was launched under the responsibility of regional governments, but data about its implementation are not yet available. Regarding PSA screening, the results show that prostate cancer is the fourth most frequent neoplasm in males. A formal evaluation of prostate cancer screening was done in 1995 by the National Research Council and the Italian Association for Cancer Research; they did not recommend the NHS implement this service. In the National Health Plan 1998–2000, prostate cancer screening is not mentioned. So far, an organized and standardized screening program, based on routine PSA testing, does not exist in Italy. Nevertheless, a lot of PSA tests are performed at the clinical level to detect early prostate cancers. The results with regard to routine ultrasonography in pregnancy show that in 1996 the birth rate was 9.30 per 1,000 inhabitants, with 536,740 live births. In the period from 1992–94, the percentage of babies with a birth weight less than 2,500 gm and less than 1,500 gm were 5.85% and 0.91%, respectively. A formal screening program for detecting fetal growth retardation, based on the routine ultrasonography in the third trimester of the normal pregnancy, doesn't exist in Italy, but this test is widely performed. It is paid for under NHS coverage.Conclusion: In 1998 the National Health Plan 1998–2000 stated that the NHS should offer only evidence-based preventive and diagnostic interventions and stressed the importance of appropriate use of health technology.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND SCREENING IN THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: David Banta H. , Oortwijn Wija 
Published: December 2002

Objective: To review the assessment and implementation of three screening methods: mammography for breast cancer, screening for prostate cancer, and routine use of ultrasound in pregnancy.Methods: To review policy documents and published papers dealing with prevention and screening in the Netherlands, focusing on the three screening methods specified.Results: The results indicate that the Netherlands has an active establishment devoted to health technology assessment (HTA). The Netherlands government has also made prevention a high priority in the health services system. Within prevention policy, HTA is given an important place. The general policy is that prevention programs should meet high standards of effectiveness and efficiency, as well as ethical, legal, and social acceptability. In addition, the Netherlands may be unique in the world in having a specific law requiring that proposals for population screening must be carefully assessed before they are implemented.Conclusions: The three cases examined in this paper have all been assessed, and the conclusions are similar to those presented in the synthesis published in this issue (33). In the case of mammography, the assessment was followed by a rational implementation of a national screening program for breast cancer. In the other two cases, however, despite negative conclusions from assessment, the tests are frequently carried out, especially in what has been termed opportunistic screening. Prostate cancer screening seems to be spreading rapidly. Use of ultrasound in pregnancy is frequent, not necessarily for medical reasons but because parents wish to have a picture of their fetus. The conclusion is that HTA is well established in the Netherlands, as illustrated in these three cases, and policy is based on the assessments done. However, practice is not in accord with the assessment in the cases of prostate cancer and routine ultrasound. Policies to deal effectively with opportunistic screening are difficult to imagine.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND SCREENING IN SWEDEN
Authors: Jonsson Egon , David Banta H. , Scherstén Tore 
Published: December 2002

Objectives: To describe health technology assessment (HTA) and policies concerning three screening procedures in Sweden.Methods: The main source of information was reports from the Swedish Council for Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU) and other governmental reports, supplemented by the professional literature.Results: Prevention is emphasized in the healthcare services of Sweden. Specifically, screening is encouraged and supported when it is deemed beneficial. Sweden has a strong orientation toward evidence-based health care and HTA. Since its inauguration in 1987, SBU has fostered the use of HTA in making policy and clinical decisions in Sweden. Government policy in Sweden is to encourage services that are beneficial and cost-effective and discourages services that are not. Screening is no exception to this general rule. The three cases examined in this paper—mammography screening, PSA screening, and routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy—have all been formally assessed in Sweden. Assessments have been an integral part of policy making concerning these and other preventive measures. Mammography screening has been widely implemented. However, as in other countries, screening is often carried out in an opportunistic fashion, so that PSA screening, in particular, is carried out more in Sweden than can be justified by the evidence.Conclusions: Mammography screening is promoted and is completely available to the target group. PSA screening is discouraged, but not with complete success. Ultrasound in pregnancy is widely used, not because of good evidence of impact on mortality and morbidity among newborns, but because it increases the detection rate of congenitally malformed fetuses and because of evidence of positive effects on the management and planning of deliveries, as well as because of psychological and ethical implications of the technology. HTA is an important part of health policy making in Sweden.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF THREE SCREENING METHODS IN SWITZERLAND
Authors: Faisst Karin , Schilling Julian , Koch Pedro 
Published: December 2002

Objective: To describe the level of health technology assessments for three screening methods in Switzerland.Methods: Analysis of documents and expert opinions on mammography screening, ultrasound examinations during normal pregnancy, and screening for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) with a focus on services provided, recommendations, formal regulations, national papers, projects, and formal assessments.Results: Preventive services are explicitly recommended by the Swiss federal law on health insurance. Two routine ultrasound examinations during normal pregnancy as well as PSA analysis for men over 40 years of age on medical indication are covered by basic health insurance. Mammography screening every 2 years has been covered since 1997 for women over 50 years. A systematic screening program for mammography exists in the western part of Switzerland, and a nationwide program is planned. However, a national program may not come into being until a quality assurance program for evaluation is established, and a nationwide fee for reimbursement—to include all costs of such a program—is accepted by providers and insurers.Conclusion: According to the Swiss health insurance law, the effectiveness of mammography screening and ultrasound examinations during normal pregnancy have to be proven. Systematic evaluation of these screening methods is in preparation. PSA is not part of current evaluation. It can be concluded that health technology assessment in Switzerland is now required by law for several medical services. However, limited financial and personnel resources as well as the lack of disease registers may hamper progress in the near future.
EVIDENCE-BASED SCREENING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: December 2002

Objective: To review the assessment of screening in the United Kingdom, focusing on three methods: mammography for breast cancer, screening for prostate cancer, and routine use of ultrasound in pregnancy.Method: To review policy documents and published papers dealing with prevention and screening in the United Kingdom.Results: Indicate that the United Kingdom has an active policy concerning the assessment of screening methods. Generally speaking, this assessment policy is part of the national program for health technology assessment (HTA). The government has given HTA an important place within health care in the United Kingdom, and prevention and screening is no exception to this general rule. The assessment of screening is now implemented through the National Screening Committee, established in 1997. The three issues reviewed in this paper have all been assessed within the context of the Department of Health. In the case of mammography, the assessment was done more than 10 years ago and was followed by a rational implementation of a national screening program for breast cancer. In the case of prostate cancer screening, two systematic reviews have concluded that screening should not be carried out. In general, this recommendation has been accepted in the United Kingdom. Use of ultrasound in pregnancy has been assessed by the National Screening Committee. This complex technology is difficult to assess, and the screening procedure is deeply embedded in clinical practice in the United Kingdom, so assessment has not had much impact on the frequency of screening.Conclusion: HTA and the assessment of screening are well established in the United Kingdom. Policy is generally based on the assessments done, and practice generally follows the results of assessment. Assessment of screening is expected to become increasingly important in the United Kingdom during the next years.
HEALTH POLICY, HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, AND SCREENING IN EUROPE
Authors: Banta H. David , Oortwijn Wija , Cranovsky Richard 
Published: December 2002

Objective: To present a summary of the papers in this volume, illustrating the links between health technology assessment (HTA), health policies and specifically policies toward prevention and screening, and implementation of screening tests in the case of three screening methods: mammography screening for breast cancer, screening for prostate cancer, and routine use of ultrasound in pregnancy.Method: To commission papers from eight European countries based on a set of questions to be answered, as well as a paper synthesizing the scientific literature on the three screening procedures.Results: Indicate that few of the countries examined have developed effective links between HTA, health policy, and implementation related to screening procedures. Only Sweden and the Netherlands appear to have developed such links. In the other countries, HTA has a limited role in determining health policy. It also seems to be uncommon for countries to have a specific prevention strategy.Conclusion: The major conclusion is that countries of Europe need to develop HTA as part of prevention policies.
EFFICIENT IV ESTIMATION FOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS WITH
CONDITIONAL HETEROSKEDASTICITY
Authors: Kuersteiner Guido M. 
Published: December 2002

This paper analyzes autoregressive time series models where
the errors are assumed to be martingale difference sequences
that satisfy an additional symmetry condition on their fourth-order
moments. Under these conditions quasi maximum likelihood estimators
of the autoregressive parameters are no longer efficient in
the generalized method of moments (GMM) sense. The main result
of the paper is the construction of efficient semiparametric
instrumental variables estimators for the autoregressive
parameters. The optimal instruments are linear functions of
the innovation sequence.It is shown that a frequency domain approximation of the optimal
instruments leads to an estimator that only depends on the data
periodogram and an unknown linear filter. Semiparametric methods
to estimate the optimal filter are proposed.The procedure is equivalent to GMM estimators where lagged
observations are used as instruments. As a result of the additional
symmetry assumption on the fourth moments the number of instruments
is allowed to grow at the same rate as the sample. No lag
truncation parameters are needed to implement the estimator,
which makes it particularly appealing from an applied point
of view.
PREDICTION AND SIGNAL EXTRACTION OF STRONGLY DEPENDENT PROCESSES
IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Authors: Hidalgo J. , Yajima Y. 
Published: December 2002

We frequently observe that one of the aims of time series analysts
is to predict future values of the data. For weakly dependent
data, when the model is known up to a finite set of parameters,
its statistical properties are well documented and exhaustively
examined. However, if the model was misspecified, the predictors
would no longer be correct. Motivated by this observation and
because of the interest in obtaining adequate and reliable
predictors, Bhansali (1974, Journal of the Royal Statistical
Society, Series B 36, 61–73) examined the properties
of a nonparametric predictor based on the canonical factorization
of the spectral density function given in Whittle (1963,
Prediction and Regulation by Linear Least Squares)
and known as FLES.However, the preceding work does not cover the so-called strongly
dependent data. Because of the interest in this type of processes,
one of our objectives in this paper is to examine the properties
of the FLES for these processes. In addition, we illustrate
how the FLES can be adapted to recover the signal of a strongly
dependent process, showing its consistency. The proposed method
is semiparametric in the sense that, in contrast to other methods,
we do not need to assume any particular model for the noise
except that it is weakly dependent.
Transgenic expression of a GFP-rhodopsin COOH-terminal fusion
protein in zebrafish rod photoreceptors
Authors: PERKINS BRIAN D. , KAINZ PAMELA M. , O'MALLEY DONALD M. , DOWLING JOHN E. 
Published: December 2002

(Article appeared in Visual Neuroscience (2002),
19, 257–264.)Due to a production error, we are reprinting the following article
because the color images were printed in black and white. The color
images are so very important to the understanding of this article, we
are reprinting it here with the color images in place.
“A GREAT PART TO PLAY”: GENDER, GENRE, AND LITERARY FAME IN GEORGE MOORE’S A MUMMER’S WIFE
Authors: Masters Joellen 
Published: December 2002

An actor is one who repeats a portion of a story invented by another.— George Moore, “Mummer-Worship” (1891)THE COMPLEXITIES OF GEORGE MOORE’S CHARACTER, his reactions to Victorian life, and his experimentation with literary styles and genres make him a persistently marginal, albeit intriguing, character in literary studies. “[H]is best work,” Lloyd Fernando has observed, “rests to this day in an artistic as well as social limbo which resists complete definition” (10). A Mummer’s Wife (1885), his second novel, has been studied for Moore’s debt to French novelists, in particular Flaubert, or for the author’s reaction to the British circulating libraries’ power.1 In response to controversy over A Mummer’s Wife’s perceived crudeness, Moore claimed “I have a great part to play — I am fighting that Englishman [sic] may exercise a right which they formerly enjoyed, that of writing freely and sanely” (qtd. in Hone 114), even appointing himself “un ricochet de Zola en Angleterre.”2 Without exception then, author and scholars regard A Mummer’s Wife as a transitional work, the book that brought naturalism into the British tradition. The novel, however, suspended in that artistic and social limbo, has not come under scrutiny for additional and alternative readings.3
GEORGE ELIOT AND THE COLONIES
Authors: Henry Nancy 
Published: December 2002

Women are occasionally governors of prisons for women, overseers of the poor, and parish clerks. A woman may be ranger of a park; a woman can take part in the government of a great empire by buying East India Stock.— Barbara Bodichon, A Brief Summary in Plain Language, of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women (1854)ON OCTOBER 5, 1860, GEORGE HENRY LEWES VISITED a solicitor in London to consult about investments. He wrote in his journal: “[The Solicitor] took me to a stockbroker, who undertook to purchase 95 shares in the Great Indian Peninsular Railway for Polly. For £1825 she gets £1900 worth of stock guaranteed 5%” (qtd. in Ashton, Lewes 210). Thus Marian Evans, called Polly by her close friends, known in society as Mrs. Lewes and to her reading public as George Eliot, became a shareholder in British India. Whether or not Eliot thought of buying stock as taking part in the government of a great empire, as her friend Barbara Bodichon had written in 1854, the 5% return on her investment was a welcome supplement to the income she had been earning from her fiction since 1857. From 1860 until her death in 1880, she was one of a select but growing number of middle-class investors who took advantage of high-yield colonial stocks.1 Lewes’s journals for 1860–1878 and Eliot’s diaries for 1879–80 list dividends from stocks in Australia, South Africa, India, and Canada. These include: New South Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town Rail, Colonial Bank, Oriental Bank, Scottish Australian, Great Indian Peninsula, Madras. The Indian and colonial stocks make up just less than half of the total holdings. Other stocks connected to colonial trade (East and West India Docks, London Docks), domestic stocks (the Consols, Regents Canal), and foreign investments (Buenos Aires, Pittsburgh and Ft. Wayne) complete the portfolio.2
CASTLE, COFFIN, STOMACH: DRACULA AND THE BANALITY OF THE OCCULT
Authors: Holden Philip 
Published: December 2002

Fools, Fools! What devil or what witch was ever so great as Attila, whose blood is in these veins?— Bram Stoker, Dracula (1897)Art is completion; not merely a history of endeavour.— Stoker, Personal Reminiscences (1906)“HE CAN, WHEN ONCE HE FIND HIS WAY,” says Van Helsing of Dracula, “come out from anything or into anything, no matter how close it be bound” (211; ch. 18). Recent criticism has claimed similar powers for Stoker’s text, and its relationship to late-Victorian social formations. A wide territory has been staked out. Moving beyond earlier universalizing Freudian readings, Carol Senf sees the anxiety the novel expresses about gender roles as indicative of Stoker’s difficulty in accepting the rise of the New Woman. Talia Schaffer and Christopher Craft read the homosocial relations in the novel in the light of sexological discourses of inversion and the emergence of the homosexual as a “type of life” (Foucault 43); Stephen Arata, noting Stoker’s frequent use of racial metaphors, has seen the text as expressive of a “reverse colonization” in which “the spectacle of the primitive and the atavistic” (“Occidental Tourist” 624) is brought back to a town house near Piccadilly Circus, the hub of the empire.
ROBERT AND ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR 1998
Authors: Donaldson Sandra M. , Bisignano Dominic , Brotton Melissa 
Published: December 2002

The following abbreviations appear in this year’s bibliography:BSN Browning Society Notes. DAI Dissertation Abstracts International. N&Q Notes and Queries. NCL Nineteenth Century Literature. RES Review of English Studies. VLC Victorian Literature and Culture. VP Victorian Poetry. VS Victorian StudiesAn asterisk* indicates that we have not seen the item. Cross references with citation numbers between 51 and 70 followed by a colon (e.g., C68:) refer to William S. Peterson’s Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning: An Annotated Bibliography, 1951–1970 (New York: Browning Institute, 1974); higher numbers refer to Robert Browning: A Bibliography 1830–1950, compiled by L. N. Broughton, C. S. Northup, and Robert Pearsall (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1953).
CHARLES KINGSLEY, THE ROMANTIC LEGACY, AND THE UNMAKING OF THE WORKING-CLASS INTELLECTUAL
Authors: Gottlieb Evan M. 
Published: December 2002

Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.—Percy Shelley, “A Defence of Poetry”THESE WORDS, written in 1821, celebrate the figure of the poet as leader and prophet.1 By noting that this position is “unacknowledged,” however, Shelley intimates that the Industrial Revolution sweeping Britain threatens to shrink the political and social relevance of poets. While Shelley makes no mention of class distinctions in “A Defence of Poetry,” had he paused to consider the relative status of the poet in class terms, he would probably have admitted that his era’s working-class versifiers were, with a few exceptions, the most unacknowledged poets of all.
THOMAS CARLYLE, CHARTISM, AND THE IRISH IN EARLY VICTORIAN ENGLAND
Authors: Swift Roger 
Published: December 2002

Crowds of miserable Irish darken all our towns.—ChartismTHUS WROTE THOMAS CARLYLE in his famous long pamphlet Chartism, published in December 1839. But what moved Carlyle, the intellectual hero of the age, to direct attention in Chartism to the Irish presence in the early Victorian city? Why did he present the Irish in England in such negative terms? Was his analysis correct? And what was the wider significance of his interpretation? These, as Carlyle might have said, are measurable questions and they form the essential framework of this paper. Yet it is impossible to respond to these questions without first examining the contemporary social, economic, and political contexts within which Chartism was written; Carlyle’s development as an historian in the early 1830s; and the purpose of Chartism, including the chapter on the Irish entitled “The Finest Peasantry in the World.”
“THE SOVEREIGN PEOPLE ARE IN A BEASTLY STATE”: THE BEER ACT OF 1830 AND VICTORIAN DISCOURSE ON WORKING-CLASS DRUNKENNESS
Authors: Mason Nicholas 
Published: December 2002

ION JULY 23, 1830, Parliament passed “An Act to permit the general Sale of Beer and Cyder by Retail in England.” Commonly known as the Beer Act of 1830, this law called for a major overhaul of the way beer was taxed and distributed in England and Wales. In place of a sixteenth-century statute that had given local magistrates complete control over the licensing of brewers and publicans, the Beer Act stipulated that a new type of drinking establishment, the beer shop, or beer house, could now be opened by any rate-paying householder in England or Wales (Scotland and Ireland had their own drink laws). For the modest annual licensing fee of two guineas, rate-payers in England could now purchase a license to brew and vend from their own residence.1