bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legacies and Descendents
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We all need maps, in a sense, and we are all mapmakers. The maps we make come to represent the world as we understand it. Therefore, to study the intellectual constructions of other people is to see the world as they wish to see it, to travel the landscape as they do. It is, as the saying goes, to walk a mile in their shoes. We need to understand, of course, how any map also contains the methods of control and domination, of constraining and defining exactly what people and places are to mean.
Social Diversity and the Formal Institutions of State Government
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
State governmental institutions-state legislatures, governors or executives, the bureaucracy, the courts, and, in some states, “direct democracy” structures-are the formal policymaking bodies in the states. While these institutions are studied frequently, the studies tend to be rather com partmentalized.1 The tendency is to examine particular aspects of one institution or another, but few studies consider institutions as a whole or the interrelationships of institutions. And the issues have not been considered from the standpoint of social diversity. Studies that focus on institutions as a whole often consider only one or a few states, perhaps because of the sheer complexity encountered when assessing these intricate entities. Studies that examine all the states are also limited by the variations, complexity, and the numerous incommensurabilities of state institutions; thus, research tends to focus on a few of the more apparent and measurable dimensions of state institutions. But it is not al together clear that the most apparent and/or measurable traits are necessarily the most important or interesting. This is not to criticize the previous re search; indeed, studying institutions as a topic (and as an approach to studying state politics) is highly desirable. However, the difficulties and limitations of studying state governmental institutions evident in previous research also have consequences for analyzing social diversity relative to those institutions. This chapter examines the formal institutions of state government, focusing primarily on two major issues in relation to social diversity: formal institutional structure or characteristics, and descriptive representation or institutional composition. Both of these are important, commonly addressed issues in the literature, although the former, in particular, is seldom considered from the standpoint of a social diversity interpretation.
Social Diversity and State Public Policies Other Issues
Authors: Hero Rodney E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter considered several policies often viewed as social and/or redistributive in nature, such as welfare and certain health policies. Social diversity was found to have substantial and consistent relationships to several of the policies, especially their differential dimensions. This chapter examines various other policies, some of which appear directly relevant for minority groups and, thus, perhaps particularly understandable in social diversity terms. Yet other of the policies considered, such as family policy, might not be viewed as ones where social diversity is ger mane because the link between social diversity and policy is likely more indirect than for others. However, because states play major roles in these policies, they deserve consideration.
Chapter Twelve
Authors: Schlossman Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the many and valuable institutions sustained in whole, or in part, from the public treasury, we may safely say, that none is of more importance, or holds a more intimate connection with the future prosperity and moral integrity of the community, than one which promises to take neglected, wayward, wandering, idle and vicious boys, with perverse minds and corrupted hearts, and cleanse and purify and reform them, and thus send them forth in the erectness of manhood and in the beauty of virtue, educated and prepared to be industrious, useful and virtuous citizens.
Drug Induced, Hypersensitivity, and Dermatopathic Lymphadenopathies
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drug induced, hypersensitivity, and dermatopathic lymphadenopathies are frequent causes of paracortical (“T-zone”) lymph node hyperplasia. Reactions to drugs are a frequent cause of hypersensitivity lymphadenopathy. Most reported cases have been to anticonvulsant drugs of the Dilantin (diphenylhydantoin) class, including related drugs, such as Mesantoin, Mysoline, and Celontin; however siinilar reactions to other drugs, such as carbamazepine (Tegretol), have also been reported (De Vriese et al, 1995; Gordon and Ferry, 1996). Because of their frequent association with anticonvulsant drugs, these reactions are sometimes referred to as “anticonvulsant lymphadenopathy” (Saltzstein and Ackerman, 1959).
Postvaccinial and Viral Lymphadenitis and Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Postvaccinial lymphadenitis, viral lymphadenitis, and infectious mononucleosis are lymph node responses to viral infections which are characterized by striking immunoblastic hyperplasia which may mimic malignant lymphoma. Postvaccinial lymphadenitis classically follows immunization for smallpox (Hartsock, 1968) but may also follow other vaccines (Dorfman and Herweg, 1966). We have seen one case following immunization for hepatitis B.
Fungal, Protozoal, and Filarial Lymphadenitis and Other Lymph Node Granulomas
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fungal lymphadenitis results from infection with several species of dimorphic fungi, including Histoplasma capsulatum (histoplasmosis), Coccidioides immitis (coccidioi-domycosis), Blastomyces dermatitidisis (North American blastomycosis), Paracoccidi-oides brasiliensis (South American blastomycosis), and Sporothrix schenckii (sporotri-chosis) and the yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans (crytococcosis). Fungal lymphadenitis in these infections is typically a manifestation of disseminated disease in the immunocompromised host.
Proliferations of Mesenchymal Elements
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Normal lymph nodes contain a variety of mesenchymal elements, including fibrous tissue in the lymph node capsule, trabeculae, and hilum; smooth muscle; blood vessels; lymphatics; and fat. Proliferations of these elements occasionally occur. Additionally, lymph nodes may be the site of hamartomatous proliferations containing several mesenchymal elements.
Between Privation’s Devil And The Union’s Blue Sea March 1864-April 1865,
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Civilians watched from hilltops while the squad of eight to ten Union soldiers carried out the destruction. As wisps of smoke thickened into clouds, one observer acknowledged the passing of a familiar landmark with: “There goes Rockland Mill.” The officer leading the men had stated matter-of-factly, “Go over there and burn that mill,” and the grinding of machinery gave way to the crackling of timbers. In a five-mile radius around Dayton, soldiers exacted retribution on an entire community for the death of a Union staff officer. Families slept that night on open ground within sight of the flames that hours before had been homes. Here and elsewhere Federal troops destroyed a total of 2,000 barns filled with wheat, hay, and implements; seventy mills filled with grain; and roughly 4,000 head of livestock. No one counted the homes. This was not central Georgia in the winter of I 864 but a handful of counties in the Shenandoah Valley between late September and early October. Instead of the more flamboyant title of “March to the Sea,” the experience won from residents a simpler but perhaps more descriptive name-”the burning.”
Selecting an Advisor: Whose Lab Is Right for Me
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a new graduate student arriving at the university, you are likely to be somewhat bewildered as to what to expect, and what is expected of you. As the yearly incoming class in a graduate department is often small !do not be surprised if you are one of a handful), you are unlikely to feel any class camaraderie behind you. To ease some of your perplexity, orientation meetings may be scheduled to welcome you and help you get started, or/and you will be sent to speak to an individual, either a faculty member, or a full time assistant of grad students, who will inform you of course requirements, fellowship and grant opportunities, and other essential information.
Deciding on Research Projects for Your Dissertation
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Ph.D. degree is awarded for conducting “original research.” This requirement, researching something that no one has re searched before, is less intimidating than it sounds. A small, logical step forward can constitute “original research.” If it has been reported that the amygdala of the human brain is activated during fear responses i as examined by positron emission tomography), and you use the same technique to investigate whether the amygdala is activated by other emotions, such as happiness, this is “original research.” Still, coming up with appropriate dissertation projects, whether they be theoretical, methodological/technological, and/or experimental, can be difficult and frustrating. Your projects will have to be narrow enough to be researched thoroughly, and the problems/issues being examined must be well defined.1 The projects will have to fit in with the general scheme of the lab, and should not stray too drastically from the subjects presently being studied there. Ideally, they should build on the lab’s past findings: explaining observations, studying discoveries in depth, exploring new leads. Your experiments, however, must stay within the lab’s budget, which usually is dictated by the professor’s grant.
Foreign Students: Unique Problems and Stresses
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Foreign graduate students suffer all the difficulties and stresses experienced by other grad students-plus many others. In addition to the rigors of graduate school, many international students must also deal with language problems, cultural differences, unfamiliarity with the structure of American institutions, loneliness, and homesickness. The biggest hurdle I faced was the culture difference and the fact that I got very lonely at times. I kept comparing the U.S. to the U.K., and in the end decided that the U.S. was just “different.” The absence of familiar crutches made “downswings” in mood much deeper. (Ph.D., citizen of the United Kingdom) If the above former grad student, citizen of an English-speaking country, felt lonely and estranged in the U.S., imagine what it must be like for those who are not proficient in the English language! Like other foreign students, my biggest problems are language and culture. I did not have much time to study English before I came here and I never spoke English in my daily activities. The differences in culture make me nervous-I worry that I might do something that in the American tradition is considered wrong. It is very hard work for me to adjust.
Times They Are A-Changing
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The situation in science nowadays, as outlined in the previous chapter, is very different than it was even a relatively short time ago. The cover of a 1995 issue of Science (vol. 270), depicting a tasseled and gowned, newly minted Ph.D. searching through the newspaper employment ads, tells it all: the academic job market is poor. The causes are many: the race for scientific superiority slowed down with the end of the Cold War, the federal deficit justified a reduction in research funding, the raised mandatory retirement age resulted in a sluggish faculty turnover, and state universities had major cuts made in their budgets. Together, these events have led to faculty layoffs and hiring freezes. Yet the demand for graduate students to teach undergraduates and perform the faculty’s research persists: the number of universities granting Ph.D.s have increased, and an over-abundant number of Ph.D.s are being produced.
Mayor Clinton
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE CITY CLINTON CAME back to lead in 1803 was a flourishing port whose population would grow during that decade from 60,000 to nearly 1oo,ooo. Al though in 1803 Philadelphia was still the nation’s largest city, by 1815, when Clinton left the mayoralty for good, New York would be firmly in the lead. One obvious difference between the mayoralty then and now was that the office was appointive, one of the thousands of posts, large and small, disposed of by the Council of Appointment in Albany. But other differences are even more striking. The city had a population in 1800 that was less than a hundredth the size of the present metropolis. The scope of city government was much smaller: police protection was minimal, fire protection was the responsibility of volunteers, there was no public education, and ‘social services’ were provided at a rudimentary level by the public almshouse and by private charity.
Launching The Canal
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
AFAVORITE THEME OF historians is the way the actions of individuals and of nations have unintended consequences. But in the case of the Erie Canal, and DeWitt Clinton’s promotion of the project, the story is largely one of intended consequences. The backers of the canal saw an opportunity for New York to lead the way in the expansion of the American economy, and they took advantage of it. DeWitt Clinton saw a chance to repair his political fortunes, and he seized it.
A “Warrior of the Kingdom” Frank Pick’s City of Dreams, 1878-1915
Authors: Saler Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No single individual did more to realize, and then to undo, Ruskin and Morris’s dream of restoring the unity and the social function of art during the interwar period than Frank Pick. (Figure 2.1) Known to contemporaries as “the Maecenas of our time”as well as the “virtual dictator” of the London Underground, Pick’s thought and career demonstrate the centrality of the arts and crafts tradition to the reception and assimilation of modern art in England, as well as the tensions inherent within this pairing that contributed to the breakdown of the matrix of medieval modernism. Like his fellow Yorkshiremen Sir William Rothenstein, Sir Herbert Read, and Sir Michael Sadler, Frank Pick was one of the few to patronize and promote modern art and artists in the interwar period, but he never secured a knighthood despite the significance of his contributions.
Morris, the Machine, and Modernism, 1915-1934
Authors: Saler Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the discourse of medieval modernism emerged during the First World War and developed in the 1920s, particularly through the influence of the Design and Industries Association. Established in 1915, the DIA set out to reconcile the ideas of Ruskin and Morris to the machine age by integrating art with industry, commerce, and education. Their aesthetic combined Fry and Bell’s emphasis on “significant form” with the nineteenth-century romantic medievalists’ stress on “fitness for purpose,” uniting formalism with functionalism. While small numerically, the DIA’s membership was prominent socially, and the organization’s ideas concerning the social function of modern art were widely disseminated as well as appropriated by artists, teachers, government officials, and the media. Frank Pick was one of the earliest and most prominent members; we shall see in the next chapter how he and his associates at the DIA went beyond rhetoric by using the Underground to demonstrate the viability of integrating modern art with modern life. Through the efforts of the medieval modernists, the London Underground became the culminating project of the arts and crafts movement.
The Earthly Paradise of the London Underground
Authors: Saler Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rank pick was one of the most influential members of the DIA, and the London Underground was to become the most persuasive embodiment of medieval modern principles in the interwar period. The aims expressed in Pick’s earlier writings for the Salem Chapel Guild were clarified and reinforced through his membership in this society of like-minded individuals: the DIA was in some respects a replacement for the guild, with its own spiritual mission and reformist creed.Pick was indebted to the support of a number of its members, many of whom came from a similar nonconformist, provincial background and shared Pick’s enthusiasm for Ruskin and Morris. His social aims and spiritual outlook remained essentially the same as they had in York but were now influenced by the terms and activities of his new associates in London. He shucked the elaborate Victorian mannerisms of his writing style and began to compose in the spare, “efficient” style favored by Edwardian writers. Whether or not the DIA directly affected his writing, making it more fit for its purpose, is hard to know, but the organization did have profound effects in other ways: as we shall see in this chapter, Pick’s new colleagues at the DIA helped him to transform the Underground into the crowning project of the arts and crafts movement during the twenties.
Educating the Consumer
Authors: Saler Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discourse of medieval modernism gained momentum in the early 1930s, and Frank Pick continued to play a significant role in defining its terms. The decade marked a high point for the medieval modernists’ dream of reintegrating art with life: by the middle of the decade the DIA’s message that art was a thing of use as well as beauty had become widely accepted among civil servants, critics, artists, and educators, and perhaps among many of the public (who remain the “silent majority” to historians). But just as the interwar rhetoric calling for the union of the arts under the rubric of “design” appeared to reach a crescendo, Pick began to redefine anew the relationship between artist and designer, which in turn had important consequences for the viability of medieval modernism.
Life Everlasting: Tocqueville in America
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The topic of this essay-the status of Tocqueville in America-has generated so much attention that merely summarizing what has already been written on the subject could fill a short book. Instead I will trace only in barest outline the shifting varieties of interpretation and levels of interest in Tocqueville among Americans, then hazard a tentative explanation of the current obsession with him, which may be the only thing Pat Buchanan and Hillary Clinton have in common.
Psychological Effects of Military Combat
Authors: Keane Terence M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the 20th century, chronicling the psychological effects of exposure to war on soldiers was the domain of poets such as Homer (The Iliad, The Odyssey), playwrights such as Shakespeare (Henry N), and novelists such as Stephen Crane (The Red Badge of Courage). Beginning with Freud and continuing into the early part of this century, the psychological and physiological effects of war were seen as sequelae of exposure to massive deprivation and rigorous physical conditions as well as explosives (e.g., the term “shell shock” was used to describe a psychological condition that was thought to have developed as a function of proximity to explosions). This work clearly placed the psychological effects of war in the medical arena, and both neurologists and psychiatrists began to study more closely the effects of exposure to overwhelming and life-threatening stressors (see Weathers et al., 199,5).
Collapsing Empires (1930-1940)
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the stock market crashed in 1929, it put an end to the dreams of more than one industrialist who had entertained notions of empire. In quick succession, the organizations built by Clarence Hatry in Britain, Ivar Kreuger in Sweden, Europe, and the United States, Samuel Insull, and the Van Sweringen brothers all collapsed in a tangle of holding companies and overextended finances.
Conclusion: The Course of Persecution Assessed
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter I review the overall course of the persecution of the Gypsies by the Nazi regime in order to discuss three issues: (1) the development and gradual radicalization of Nazi policy toward the Gypsies, (2) the question of whether the mass killings that eventually took place should be considered genocide and (3) the difference between the persecution of the Gypsies and the Jewish Holocaust, with which the Gypsies’ experience has often been compared. The three sections of the chapter examine the same set of historical events but raise different questions of interpretation about these occurrences.
The Seats of Power, II
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In England, as in France and America, planter representatives maintained that slave property was immune from any interference by the central government. Reminding their legislative colleagues of the recent precedent of 1776, they warned that the security of their property was an essential requirement for political union. And as one might expect, direct challenges to slavery within the national assemblies were neither frequent nor threatening. James Sloan’s move in Congress for abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia was as futile as Philip Francis’s proposal in Parliament for gradual emanicipation in the West Indies. The Constituent Assembly similarly ignored a plea from La Rochefoucauld d’Enville, orginally elected as a deputy for the nobility of Paris, asking that the abolition of slavery be considered before the Assembly finished its work. On the critical night of August 4, 1789, when the Assembly stripped the nobility of most of their privileges, La Rochefoucauld made an impassioned speech on behalf of the slaves.1 But even the organized abolitionists of the three countries prudently disavowed any desire to free slaves by the direct action of a national government.
Casuistry, Virtue, and the Slippery Slope: Major Problems with Producing Human Embryonic Life for Research Purposes
Authors: James Keenan S J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contemporary proponents of producing human embryos for research purposes fail in three ways to make their case: They do not provide a standard to legitimate the new endeavors on which they want society to embark; they contradict by their recommended practices the legitimating attitude that they invoke; and they offer no grounds for public confidence that we can effectively safeguard against likely abuses. These three issues are treated respectively under the topics of casuistry, virtue, and the slippery slope.
Responsibility and Regulation: Reproductive Technologies, Cloning, and Embryo Research
Authors: Tauer Carol A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the United States, public policy prohibits federal funding of research involving in vitro fertilization or preimplantation human embryos.1 At the same time, it sets no limitations on research conducted in the private sector or on private provision of reproductive technology services. In this chapter, I will show why this twofold policy is ethically problematic and will argue that public policy ought to choose between the following alternatives: (1) support research and provide regulation of both research and clinical use of reproductive technologies or (2) require that untested reproductive technologies and unregulated services be abandoned.