bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Urban Drainage and Stormwater
Authors: Mark Ole , Weesakul Sutat 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe construction and operation of urban drainage and stormwater systems have historically been driven by the objectives of maintaining public hygiene and preventing flooding. All over the world, cities have grown rapidly during the last century, and city authorities have built and continuously expanded storm and wastewater drainage facilities. Many old cities have developed according to their varying historical needs and visions. Hence, the layout and design of the infrastructure have gradually developed into rather complex systems, which require tools to handle such situations.An understanding of the physical system and its interaction with the environment is a prerequisite for effective planning and management of urban drainage and stormwater systems. In this respect, computer models provide the opportunity for well‐structured analyses of the current performance of a system and the effect of potential changes in the system; they offer a sound scientific framework for coordinated management and planning. Apart from assessing different scenarios, the models also help to improve process understanding. Urban drainage models are used to understand the often rather complex interaction between rainfall and overflow/flooding. Once the existing conditions have been analyzed and understood, alleviating schemes can be evaluated, and the optimal scheme implemented.Today's advances in computer technology allow many cities all over the world to report overflows from their sewers yearly using a combination of measurements and modeling, and in many places, they manage local and minor flooding problems using computer‐based solutions. This involves developing computer models of the drainage/sewer system, for instance, by using software such as InfoWorks, MIKE URBAN, MOUSE, PCSWMM, and SWMM. All are hydrodynamic modeling packages that solve the one‐dimensional equations of St. Venant.
Modeling of Water Quality in Sewers
Authors: Mark Ole 
Published: April 2005

AbstractModeling of water quality in sewers emerged during the late 1990s. The water quality and amount of water in sewers are dominant factors for designing wastewater treatment plants and for analyzing water quality impacts from sewer overflows. In addition, sewage under anaerobic conditions may cause corrosion of pipes, malodors, and pose health risks for sewage workers. Hence, it is of utmost importance to analyze and understand the transport and transformation of wastewater in sewers. Ideally, modeling of sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants should be based on the same general principles and done in integrated models to pursue an integrated understanding and management of sewers, wastewater treatment plants, and receiving waters. However, it must be stressed that the transformation of wastewater in sewers is not identical to the processes in activated sludge and biofilm systems—so even though several similarities exist between sewers and wastewater treatment plants, modeling of water quality in sewers is a discipline of it own. This article focuses on how to model water quality in sewers.
Biotic Integrity Index to Evaluate Water Resource Integrity in Freshwater Systems
Authors: Wang Lizhu , Weigel Brian B. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Many varied and complex environmental problems, particularly row crop and grazing agriculture, urbanization, highway building, timber harvesting, and water projects such as dams, water withdrawals, and stream channel modifications have seriously affected the health of freshwater resources in many parts of the world. The health of aquatic resources can be measured in many ways. Among them, biotic (or biological) integrity is a concept most commonly used by the public, biologists, resource managers, and policy makers to measure the status of aquatic systems.
Biotic integrity is “the capability of supporting and maintaining a balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that of natural habitat of the region.”
Aquatic systems of high biotic integrity have a biological community in which composition, structure, and function have not been seriously altered by human activities. Such systems can withstand or rapidly recover from some perturbations imposed by natural environmental processes and survive many major disruptions induced by humans. Aquatic systems that lack integrity are often degraded and when further perturbed by natural or human‐induced events are likely to change rapidly to an even more undesirable status.
An Outline of the History of Fishpond Culture in
S
ilesia, the Western Part of
P
oland
Authors: Szumiec Maria A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The need for pond construction in Silesia arose from the lack of large natural waterbodies and the long distance to the sea. The abundance of water, benign climate, fertile soils, the growing demand for fish in the developing towns; and the possibility of transporting fish along the rivers favored the development of fish farming.
The first development and breakdown of fishpond culture occurred between the twelfth and middle of the fifteenth century. Probably, Cistercians began to breed fish in ponds in the eleventh or twelfth century. Fishpond farming developed after the rivers and natural waterbodies had been wastefully exploited owing to the increasing population and strict observance of fasting. The highest progress in fish farming occurred in the fourteenth century and resulted from a rapid economic progress accompanying the growing mining industry and developing trade. Numerous fishponds as well as the introduction of the carp, probably from Czech and Moravia, allowed people to meet the religious demands.
The fish from Upper Silesian ponds were transported by the River Vistula to Cracovia the capital of Poland where the king's court and an increasing number of citizens created high demand for fish. In some estates, the income from pond farming was estimated at 50–60% of total income.
Pond complexes also alleviated and prevented frequent freshets and floods in mountainous regions where forests disappeared owing to developing ferrous metallurgy. In periods of drought, pond waters were used to irrigate fields. Ponds were also built to reclaim marshy sites and to increase the area of cropland and meadows.
Potential Health Issues Associated With Blue‐Green Algae Blooms in Impoundments, Ponds, and Lakes
Authors: Rosen Barry H. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue‐green algae, are the most primitive group of algae. Although they are most closely related to other bacteria, they have the same pigment for photosynthesis that other algae and plants have. They are simple but remarkably successful organisms. Individually, they are microscopic; however, large clusters of cells are easily visible as a surface scum (a type of algal bloom) on any stable body of water. Some kinds of blue‐green algae produce natural toxins. Unfortunately, no visual technique can distinguish between toxin‐producing blue‐greens and those that are harmless. Ingestion of these toxins has caused the poisoning of domestic animals, sometimes resulting in death. These include cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, ducks, dogs, and wildlife. Human exposure and toxicity, ranging from intestinal problems to liver damage and fatalities has only recently been documented.
Reliability Concepts in Reservoir Design
Authors: Koutsoyiannis Demetris 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A reservoir's function is to regulate natural inflows, which vary irregularly, to provide outflows at a more regular rate that is determined by water demand for one or more uses (water supply, irrigation, hydropower), temporarily storing the surplus, when inflows exceed outflows. Reservoir reliability is defined as the probability that the reservoir will perform the required function, i.e. provide the outflow required to satisfy the water demand, at a specified period of time under stated conditions. The traditional reservoir design procedures are more commonly based on empirical approaches. It is shown, however, that the reliability concept is a more rational basis, and provides easy and accurate computational procedures, for reservoir design and operation. Under some simplified assumptions, a simple explicit expression relating reservoir size, yield and reliability is extracted. This expression can be used for preliminary stages of a reservoir design. For more detailed and accurate studies, a generalized solution procedure based on stochastic simulation of inputs is outlined.
Reservoir Sedimentation
Authors: Jain Sharad K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The detachment and transportation of soil is termed soil erosion. Every stream carries some sediment in suspension and moves larger particles along its bed. The deposition of sediment in channels or reservoirs creates a variety of problems, such as raising stream beds, meandering and overflow along the banks, and, of course, depletion of storage capacity in reservoirs.

The sediment content in river waters varies with flow conditions. It is small in lean flow months, but it attains a maximum value during floods. The total quantity of sediment transported annually to the sea by rivers of the world is about 2 × 10
10
tons or about 13.5 km
3
in volume. Worldwide, reservoirs are annually losing about 1% of their storage capacity or about 65 km
3
/year. The rate of loss of reservoir storage in the United States is about 0.22%/year which is equivalent to 2020 million m
3
/year. Based on weighted average data from 144 reservoirs in India, the annual loss of gross storage was estimated at 0.44%.

Sediment source and reservoir locations are not uniformly distributed; the problem is really severe in some countries. China has more than 80,000 reservoirs that are annually losing, on average, 2.3% of their storage capacity due to sedimentation.
Riparian Systems
Authors: Endreny Theodore A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Riparian areas are those along the bank of a watercourse, which is a relatively narrow transition zone between a downslope aquatic waterbody and an upslope terrestrial watershed. Riparian areas are predominantly associated with a river or stream, but also define the bank of a lake, wetland, or other standing water. The riparian system refers to the atmospheric, vegetation, and soil components; their physical, chemical, and biological properties; and their interaction with each other and the upslope terrestrial and downslope aquatic hydrologic cycle. It is important to recognize that riparian areas may border both influent and effluent streams, known as those that lose or gain water to the groundwater.
Cienega
Authors: Leonhart Leo S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCienega is both a hydrologic and ecological term used primarily in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico to designate a riparian marshland. The term cienega derives from the Spanish phrasecien aguas(literally “hundred waters” or more figuratively, “place of one hundred springs”). The modern Spanish equivalent isciénaga(“marsh, swamp”).Most often, the term cienega refers to broad riparian areas of slowly flowing or ponded water, populated by dense vegetation. Such hydrologic conditions are unique in the Southwest because of the limited and declining number of perennially flowing stream reaches in the arid Southwest. Cienegas may also result from the discharge of springs or other conditions involving shallow or discharging groundwater. The term has also been applied to more diverse aquatic habitats throughout areas of Hispanic influence.
Sediment Load Measurements
Authors: Erskine Wayne D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTwo modes of sediment transport by rivers, suspended load and bed load, are usually recognized on behavioral grounds.Suspended loadrefers to the relatively fine part of the total sediment load that is transported in continuous or intermittent suspension. For sediment to remain in suspension, flow turbulence and velocity must be sufficiently great to counter the tendency of suspended sediment to settle to the riverbed. The two main factors determining sediment settling velocity are grain size and density.Bed or traction loadrefers to the relatively coarse part of the total sediment load that is transported along or close to the riverbed by rolling, sliding, or saltation. The latter term refers to sand movement in a series of hops across a riverbed in a distinct, concentrated layer.
Sediment Transport
Authors: Mikos Matjaz 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Sediment transport is a natural process of transporting solid particles called sediments from erosion sources to deposition or sedimentation areas. This process has been shaping landscapes throughout geological time. Sediments, sedimentary rocks, and the process by which they were formed are scientifically studied by sedimentology.
One important source of sediments is soil erosion. Geologic soil erosion occurs as surface removal of farm, forest, and other erodible soils in the form of sheet erosion, interrill and rill erosion, gully erosion or deflation, mainly caused by impacts of raindrops (splash erosion, rain erosion) and overland flow on bare soils or land without dense vegetative cover to protect soils. It may be checked on farm soils by such farm management practices as contour plowing, crop rotation, and mulching. Accelerated erosion is the speeding up of erosive processes, such as deforestation, overgrazing, and construction, either directly or indirectly, by the intervention of humans. Its most obvious effects can be seen in the alteration of a river's regime by improper land use or by human intervention into the catchment area. Other important sediment sources are deposits of mass wasting phenomena, driven by gravity, such as rockfalls, rockslides, landslides, debris flows, and mudflows, exposed to fluvial processes of erosion, transportation, and sedimentation. The subjects of these processes are fluvial sediments—solid particles and particles of rock material that have been transported from their sources and deposited elsewhere by flowing water.
Curious Uses of Agricultural Water in the World
Authors: Mollard Eric P. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Wetlands show two contradictory characteristics: they discourage and they attract. They are inhospitable because of the fear of marsh fevers, wizards, and legendary animals. More prosaically, great land fertility and moisture are beneficial at the cost of hard labor, not in the direction of general draining, but in that of the work for horticulture. The promise of such lands that have high productivity and are healthiers when water is under control, could overcome the fears, real or imaginary, of the wilderness.
A Concise Glimpse of Water in the History of Photography
Authors: Irland Basia 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Water is universal and indispensable to life. Therefore, it has always been a central metaphor, both sprightly and exacting, for artists. In this brief article, we examine how a few photographers have looked to water for inspiration and also used it as the very substance of their work. There have, of course, been hundreds of photographers who have tested water as their subject matter or used it in their work in various ways at some stage of their career; some of the more notable and interesting are presented here. A few examples have been chosen, beginning with the earliest photographers of the nineteenth century.
Canals in the
M
ekong
D
elta: A Historical Overview from 200
C
.
E
. to the Present
Authors: Biggs David 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

The Mekong Delta is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. It supports more than 20 million people living in a dense network of canals and creeks that today irrigate more than 2 million hectares of rice paddy. This landscape of dense settlement and intensive irrigated agriculture is relatively recent, although the earliest canal projects date to “Fu Nan” or Oc Eo culture circa 200
C.E.
Today's water regime is not so much a single water system as it is a landscape built of multiple layers of canals in various stages of development and degradation. Some waterways continue to serve as primary transportation and irrigation works: others lie abandoned, their traces sometimes only visible through analysis of aerial photography or historical reports. This overview describes these historical layers of canalization and the context for some of the major projects in each period.
J
aubert
de
P
assa: The First World History of Irrigation in 1846
Authors: Mollard Eric P. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The first world history of irrigation appeared in 1856, and it has remained the only one to the present. The four volumes of the “Recherches sur les arrosages chez les peuples anciens” (Research on Watering among Ancients) describe hydraulic enterprizes from the most modest to the most monumental, and provide the political and social history of people who mobilized and organized themselves for this purpose.
Water and the History of Man
Authors: Azadpour‐Keeley Ann , Keeley Jack W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In the days of Abraham, following family feuds and other conflicts, the victor often stopped wells by filling them with earth and stones. It was the equivalent of burning the village. Wells of water were so important that their owners gave them names, and communities which took root in the area assumed the names of the wells. In John 4:6, Jesus meets a woman from Samaria at Jacob's well and later reveals that He is the Messiah. The Christian Bible is replete with references to the importance of water to the fabric of life. It speaks of irrigation, of aqueducts, its creation, its purification, and even of it being turned into wine.
Water in History
Authors: Petts Geoff 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The story of water in history is about human ambition to achieve food security, economic growth, and political power. It is both a social and a technological history. The history of civilization is about social organization and coordination, and for six millennia, successful water resource management was the basis of civilizations. Early cultures were built on the food surpluses produced by managing the floodwaters of large rivers for irrigation. In humid areas dominated by rain‐fed agriculture, water was influential in other ways by enabling trade along inland waterways. Water also powered mills that fueled industrial and economic growth. But the successful use of riparian and floodplain sites was frequently interrupted by tragedies caused by flood and drought. The notorious Huang He was popularly known as ‘China's Sorrow’ because of its devastating floods and dramatic changes in its course, but it is also prone to severe droughts. In recent history, major floods in 1855 and 1938 took millions of lives and in destroying crops, brought widespread famine and disease. In the great drought of 1877–79, 13 million people died of starvation. Similarly, early Sumerian and Babylonian civilizations had to survive flood disasters. The Biblical famine described in Genesis (47: 13–21) may relate to a period of persistent drought when the Nile flood failed. In more recent times, the great Mississippi flood of 1927 was a disaster for millions of people, and it also changed the course of the American nation.
BenFranklin'sGulfStream Weather and Swim Fins
Authors: Marks William E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe initial concept of creating Franklin's famous chart of the Gulf Stream was prompted in 1768 when Franklin was in London serving as Deputy Postmaster General for North America (Van Doren, 1938). While in London, Franklin received complaints from America as to how westbound mail packets [English ships] took up to two weeks longer than American merchant ships (5)Am. Philos. Soc.lxxvi (5). (1936). At about the same time, the English postal authorities had written to Franklin asking similar questions (Cohn, 1998; Richardson, 1980). These inquiries from Americans and the English about the speed of ships crossing the Atlantic prompted Franklin to do some research.While researching the answers to these complaints in 1768, Franklin made inquiries of Timothy Folger, who happened to be in London at the time. Folger informed Franklin that based on experience, Nantucket whalers had developed a working knowledge of the Gulf Stream between Europe and America. This knowledge came from the whalers following the migration patterns of whales, which were consistently found north or south beyond the edges of the Gulf Stream, but never inside the Gulf Stream. Whaling captains from Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard knew that whales could be found feeding along the Gulf Streams plankton‐rich boundaries. They also had learned that sailing back to New England whaling ports could be achieved in less time by staying north of the Gulf Stream and thereby avoiding its current.
Wetlands Policy in theUnitedStates: From Drainage to Restoration
Authors: Gerlak Andrea K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHistorically, swamps have been regarded as wastelands, evoking reactions of “disgust at their sight and smell, fear of malaria and yellow fever, and unease about rich resources running to waste within them.” By the beginning of the twentieth century, perceptions began to change. Sportsmen and hunters called attention to declining number of waterfowl and initial federal efforts regarding wetlands focused almost exclusively on waterfowl habitat. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt established the first National Wildlife Refuge by executive order to protect endangered species on Pelican Island, Florida. With the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act of 1934, Congress established a special fund to finance wetland acquisitions for duck habitat.
Economic Value of Water: Estimation
Authors: Ramírez‐Vallejo Jorge 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe global awareness of the vital role water plays in sustainable national development is increasing. Water is vital for sustaining life on the earth. It is crucial for economic and social development, including energy production, agriculture, and domestic and industrial water supplies. Therefore, each unit of water should be used efficiently, equitably, and soundly. The economic value that water generates should be given due attention, when apportioning scarce water resources among competing uses.Water is often regarded as a naturally occurring, freely available commodity. However, its supply, especially in an unpolluted state, is often limited compared to the demands placed upon it. Hence, water is both a constraint on and an essential input of economic activity, and decisions are required to allocate it among competing uses.
Water Supply Planning—Federal
Authors: Feldman David L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe U.S. government has been engaged in water supply planning for domestic, agricultural, commercial, and industrial needs from its inception. Planning was initially undertaken for inland navigation and flood control. Later, primacy was given to irrigation, municipal needs, and hydroelectricity. The Army Corps of Engineers, the largest and most important federal water supply planning entity, was initially given responsibility for all these efforts. In 1902, the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) was established and given principal responsibility for water supply projects in the West.
Water Transfers
Authors: Feldman David L. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Water transfers are the diversion, reallocation, or appropriation of surface or groundwater from one watershed, drainage basin, or aquifer to another. All transfers entail water exchange between catchments. They may also move water from one
political jurisdiction
to another, exacerbating their impacts and complicating efforts to resolve stakeholder conflicts that they generate. In addition, transfers may be endeavored through various
means
including pipelines, tunnels, aqueducts, pumping facilities, or even seaborne tankers—an idea contemplated under proposals to transfer water from the Great Lakes to the Middle East.