bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music Therapy with Children at the End of Life
Authors: O’Grady Kristen , McKee Kelli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of a child is a difficult topic for most people to consider. This chapter offers an understanding of how music can contribute to the wellbeing of everyone involved. While the presence of music at the end of life can be a meaningful experience, there is a risk of unintended harm. Music therapists are specially trained to provide clinical music experiences designed to improve symptom burden, promote emotional expression, and foster communication and legacy creation at the end of life. A family-centered approach is utilized to reflect the multifaceted needs of both the child and family. The role of the music therapist is to provide simultaneous support to both child and family through co-created music experiences. Preliminary research into the efficacy of music therapy in pediatric end-of-life care yielded positive results, with further research recommended to more clearly define the scope of impact.
Researching Music Early Learning and Development
Authors: Barrett Margaret S. , Abad Vicky , Welch Graham F. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on a review of 231 articles published in sixteen anglophone music early development and care research journals in order to map contemporary approaches to research in this field (methods and techniques), the locations where research occurs, the problems leading investigations, and the theories underpinning these. Findings reveal that the methods and techniques are spread evenly between qualitative and quantitative approaches in music education, music psychology, and community music, with some minor differences in music therapy; that investigations are primarily clustered in the US and UK, as well as clear representation from Europe, the Middle East, Australasia, and South America; and that investigations of the instrumental purposes of music predominate. Further investigation is warranted to understand the experience of children and their families across the majority-world and the implications of these for our understanding of the nature and significance of music in early life and learning.
Sounding Out the Ghetto
Authors: Reichard Tobias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how and to what extent spaces influenced the course and perception of Jewish musical events in Nazi Germany. Relying on different inroads and perspectives, it investigates which actors and practices were involved in the emergence, transformation, or disappearance of places and spaces that were significant for Jewish musical life. The concept of ghetto serves as a thread for this inquiry and is understood not only as a bounded place in the common sense, but also as a space that can encompass physical and imagined, material and metaphorical qualities. In this way, an investigation of musical practices that takes into account their spatial conditions can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of Jewish musical life in Nazi Germany and the complex relationships between art, politics, and space.
Hasidic Cantors “Out of Context”
Authors: Lockwood Jeremiah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-nineteenth century, performances of cantorial music increasingly expanded to contexts beyond the synagogue, first through cantorial concerts and later through commercial records, which launched the golden age of cantors in the early 1900s. A good hundred years later, a group of cantors rooted in Hasidism began to bypass the musical norms of their communities, embracing the early twentieth-century styles of recorded cantorial music to launch performance careers in the United States. Their embrace of historical performance practices and repertoires—in spite of rejection from Orthodox religious institutions, and their discovery of new “stages” (virtual and actual) to present prayer music—is the focus of this chapter. Producing internet videos, singing in theaters, and performing at private parties offer Hasidic cantors settings in which to resound an ontology of Jewish prayer that foregrounds the mediated sounds of early cantorial records, prioritizing a musical aesthetic over the social norms of prayer in contemporary synagogues.
Christianity and Law in the Enlightenment
Authors: Berman Harold J. , Witte John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European and American Enlightenment movements of 1688 to 1815 transformed the Western legal tradition, notably in areas of constitutional law, criminal law, private law, legal and political theory, and legal education. Particularly the American and French Revolutions effected massive and sometimes violent changes to traditional patterns of law, politics, and society—separating church and state and placing a new premium on democratic rule of law by the general will and public opinion. These legal reforms were grounded in part in new Enlightenment liberal beliefs in deism, rationalism, individualism, and nationalism—ideas that came to strong expression in the many new constitutions and codes issued in the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Even so, Enlightenment legal reformers often worked side by side with Christian legal reformers, and they reconstructed traditional Christian legal teachings more than they created laws anew. As a consequence, until the mid-nineteenth century, there was more continuity than discontinuity between Enlightenment-based legal teachings and practices and those of the Western Christian tradition. The Enlightenment, however, provided new secular logics for many of the traditional laws that it adopted and then adapted, and these secular teachings would later fuel the more strident post-Christian, if not anti-Christian, legal campaign of modern liberalism.
Christianity and Law in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Chapman Mark D. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth century has been characterized as the “Age of Revolution”: there were massive upheavals following the French Revolution, with tectonic shifts in political, social, and ecclesiastical power across much of Europe, as well as in North and South America. Beginning with the rise of Napoleon and the Concordat with the French Roman Catholic Church, there was a fundamental reorientation of the role of the churches in lawmaking and in the autonomy of the state as the sole source of sovereignty. Through case studies of France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, this chapter outlines the shifting relationships between church and state as well as the ways in which law was used to regulate the churches. The lingering existence of two legal powers in tension was decisively challenged throughout the century: religion was increasingly a matter of free choice rather than of corporate privilege, and the definition of the common good was no longer in the hands of churches. Increased democracy challenged the rights of churches to speak for the people. At the same time, a religiously neutral state could prove very useful for the church, especially, as was the case in the Roman Catholic Church, when its ruler had an unprecedented amount of power in ecclesiastical affairs. Without establishments and concordats, there was far less scope for state interference.
Christianity and Law in China Today
Authors: Xie Zhibin , Wang Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since China launched its policies of Reform and Opening Up in 1978, China’s Christian population has expanded significantly, both across government-approved religious organizations and unregistered “house” churches. In turn, the Chinese state, led by the Chinese Communist Party, has sought to manage, “Sinicize,” tolerate, and contain Christian activity. Overall, within the past decade, the state has tightened its control on religion. In response to the state, Christian churches in China have engaged in cooperation, resistance, conflict, and dialogue, combining these approaches in varying ways. Despite the state’s grip on religion, Christians in China still have pockets of space in which they can express their faith privately and publicly. Thus, the broader Chinese church has begun to engage Chinese society through areas such as human rights, economic life, and charity and social services. It remains to be seen whether and how the church’s public engagement will concretely affect Chinese law.
Christianity and Criminal Law
Authors: Pihlajamäki Heikki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The criminal law of the ancien régime was deeply connected to Christian religion. This showed in the conceptual connection of crime and sin. In both Catholic and Protestant Europe, Christian concerns legitimized severe punishments and social controls, whose administration and enforcement often involved the clergy. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the involvement of the Christian churches in criminal law gradually decreased until largely disappearing today, save within the internal canon law of the churches. The modern state conception of punishment was based on individual guilt and proportionality. Most acts that had been considered crimes against the Christian religion were decriminalized. The role of Christianity as the legitimizing theory behind criminal sanctions was widely replaced by punishment theories drawing on philosophy or the social sciences. However, many of the basic structures of modern criminal law, such as the emphasis on individual responsibility and its different degrees which nineteenth-century criminal law scholars worked out in detail, originated in the work of medieval canonists and early modern Christian jurists. Although religion plays little if any formal role in the criminal law system of the West today, these medieval innovations still form the basis for criminal law in the West.
Christianity and Property Law
Authors: Carmella Angela C. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christian teaching over the millennia has predominantly endorsed the institution of private property embedded in social obligation—eschewing both purely individualist and collectivist notions of property. In that teaching, property rights, established and constrained by the positive laws of a society, are never absolute but are subordinate, derivative, social, and instrumental. Property rights are subordinate to the principle of the universal destination of goods—that is, the right of all to the goods of creation. Property rights derive from the dignity of work. They constitute a social institution with a social function. And they are not ends in themselves but the means by which societies provide their members with the goods of creation, those material and other benefits needed for human flourishing. In short, the “dominion” God gives humanity over the earth is the stewardship of creation. All private property is thus subject to a “social mortgage,” which specifies social obligations, especially to the poor and marginalized. This chapter describes Christian thought on property, with a particular emphasis on Catholic social teaching and its sustained reflection on property for over a century. It also provides examples from American property law that reveal the social mortgage in action, such as dispersed ownership, the public trust doctrine, and efforts to create affordable housing, as well as the subversion of social obligation through a long and disturbing legacy of racialized property laws, starting with the brutal treatment of Indigenous people and enslaved Africans.
Orthodox Canon Law
Authors: Mihai Vasile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canon law is the application in the Christian life of the divine and of Orthodox faith experienced in divine worship. For the first-millennium Christian Church, Orthodox canon law became a tool to preserve God’s teaching and to promote a well-organized and meaningful life. Orthodox canon law is thaumaturgic rather than punitive, its purpose aligned with the framework of God’s plan of redemption and salvation—the theology of the Orthodox Church. Uniquely, Orthodox canon law focuses on edifying the individual rather than on security and prosperity for many. Secular society takes pride in equal treatment by the law; Orthodox canon law treats each individual as a personality rather than as a member of the community who committed a crime. The resistance of the Orthodox Church to codify ancient law rather than revise and adapt it to the times organically comes from the Church Fathers’ profound awareness of the theological character of sacred dogmas, whose meaning and limited understanding are transmitted through revelation. As ultimate truths come from Christ as “law and lawgiver,” the church through the work of ecumenical councils “found” the immutable truths of faith and established a divine canonical tradition that guides the faithful toward salvation. The divine canonical tradition, with the wisdom of the Church Fathers and experience of the early church, equipped the faithful with a clear understanding of humankind’s priorities. In these times of integration and globalization, the Orthodox Church continues its mission and adapts to new circumstances.
Christianity and Natural Law and Natural Rights
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christians have long found scriptural support for the natural law as God’s moral law written on the heart, and they have thus accepted that there are ethical standards to which persons are properly held responsible apart from divine revelation. Medieval theologians, most notably Thomas Aquinas, wove Stoic notions of an immanent rational order together with their understanding of God’s law on the heart to construct a rich account of the natural law. The idea of natural rights, meanwhile, was developed gradually by medieval canonists and became prominent in the early modern period, adding to earlier conceptions of positive legal rights the claim that there are rights that ought to be recognized by any and every legal order. While natural law has at times been contrasted with divine command morality, and some Christian thinkers have regarded natural rights discourse as corrosively individualist and as displacing natural law, increasingly it is acknowledged that Catholic and magisterial Protestant thinkers alike have for the most part harmonized natural law and divine command and seamlessly integrated the doctrine of natural rights. Natural law thinking has frequently been seen to run afoul of the is-ought fallacy. The new natural law and neo-Aristotelian naturalism offer different responses to this charge. Increasingly, Christian thinkers have come to acknowledge the natural law as a theological doctrine of a universally accessible moral standard, which construes nature as ordered to God’s purposes and thus as intrinsically normative.
Christianity and Global Justice
Authors: Cahill Lisa Sowle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter approaches the contributions of Christianity to just societies, governments, laws, and, more broadly, global justice from the perspective of Christian theological ethics. Problematizing the idea that Christian beliefs and action lead naturally or easily to social justice, the chapter contrasts three strands of the tradition: radical biblical discipleship, Augustine, and Aquinas. It registers the added complexities of global politics while taking note of new political, liberation, postcolonial, and decolonial theologies that represent the political perspectives and action of those most vulnerable to injustice. It proposes that the depth and extent of injustice caution against an overly sanguine Christian social ethics. Yet it defends Christian commitment to transformative politics on the basis of salvation in Jesus Christ, the death of Jesus on a cross, Christian hope, and social-ethical partnership among Christians and non-Christians. Christian social action should especially and innovatively target “from-the-ground-up” strategies by popular movements, by consumer boycotts, by faith traditions, by intermediary levels of government, by citizens and voters, and by governance authorities and agencies that work “below” the level of the state yet network with similar entities beyond state borders (such as regulatory agencies and judiciaries).
Law in the Context of Medieval Scholasticism
Authors: Porter Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning in the late eleventh century and continuing through the thirteenth century, scholars of civil and canon law began to work out systematic accounts of the foundations, legitimacy, and scope of positive law, drawing on ancient legal and theological sources and interpreting these in innovative ways. These efforts gave rise to a systematic jurisprudence, developed through ongoing interactions among Scholastic legal scholars and the practicing lawyers and rulers whom they trained and advised. There were of course many debates among legal scholars, but the main lines of this jurisprudence were commonly accepted among civil and canonical jurists alike. While the distinction between legal theory and political theory was not sharply drawn until near the end of this period, it is also apparent that even in its earliest stages, legal theory was focused on questions of authority and legitimacy. This chapter offers an overview of the development and the main lines of Scholastic jurisprudence, focusing on the work of civil and canon jurists, while also commenting on Thomas Aquinas’s influential theory of law.
Law and Orthodox Christianity after Byzantium
Authors: Valliere Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the Orthodox Christian experience of law and practice of jurisprudence from 1453 to 1918. The chapter first surveys the legal and political regimes under which Orthodox communities lived after Byzantium: the Ottoman Empire, Muscovy, and Western polities. Next, the chapter describes the nomocanonical tradition, the principal jurisprudential tradition of post-Byzantine Orthodoxy until the nineteenth century. Tensions in the nomocanonical tradition are described: the tension between ecclesiastical canons and Byzantine imperial laws within the nomocanon, and between nomocanonical norms and local custom. The history of capital punishment in Russia illustrates these tensions. Following a description of higher education in the Orthodox world, the chapter turns to epochal changes affecting Orthodox jurisprudence and church government in modern times, beginning with Peter the Great’s church constitution (1721). Peter’s synodal system undermined the canonical order of the Orthodox Church. Criticism of the synodal system was the context in which the modern study of Orthodox canon law and other advancements in Orthodox jurisprudence arose in nineteenth-century Russia. The critical wave peaked in the Russian conciliar movement of 1905–17. The nation-states that emerged from the Ottoman Empire between 1830 and 1914 also contributed to modern Orthodox jurisprudence. The prevailing trend in those polities was inclined to state supervision of the church in the interests of nation-building and territorial expansion. The contribution of Orthodox jurists in the Austrian (Austro-Hungarian) Empire is also noted.
Pleistocene and Early Holocene Occupation on the Eastern Wallacean Islands
Authors: Shipton Ceri , Kealy Shimona , O'Connor Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we propose a new index for estimating Paleolithic human population density from archaeological data, combining Bayesian modeled age ranges of stratigraphic contexts with an independent durable proxy in the form of knapped stone artifacts. We employ the measure of lithics per square meter per annum on test cases from multiple islands in eastern Wallacea, examining how populations changed during the period of sea-level rise from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Middle Holocene. There is a complex picture of patterns, varying according to the particular circumstances of each island and site; but overall populations seem to have increased alongside rising sea levels, with increasing exploitation of marine protein resources on those islands that are depauperate in terrestrial fauna. Increasing population goes hand in hand with increasing connectivity, with the emergence of inter-island obsidian exchange and shell bead traditions.
Clonidine
Authors: Gold Mark S. , Blum Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clonidine’s molecular mechanism of action is agonism at the alpha-2A receptor, a subtype of the alpha-2-adrenergic receptor, found principally within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), where it prevents the secretion of norepinephrine (NE). NE causes the symptoms of withdrawal. Thus, clonidine can treat withdrawal-related symptoms including anxiety, hypertension, and tachycardia. Gold and associates found they could reverse the effects of locus coeruleus stimulation with clonidine. This noradrenergic hypothesis for opioid withdrawal changed the field. The benefits of clonidine in the transition to long-acting injectable naltrexone were confirmed in the 1980s for physicians, executives, and other motivated patients with Opioid Use Disorders (OUDs). Naltrexone, despite poor compliance, provides chronic opioid receptor blockade, prevents overdose, opioid intoxication, and subsequent re-addiction in recovered in motivated patients. The development of clonidine and naltrexone as treatment agents for OUD demonstrates that neurobiological advances could be translated from rodents to nonhuman primates to man into new effective clinical approaches.
How Machine Learning Became Pervasive
Authors: Lehoucq Emilio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Machine learning is shaping people’s lives, the digital economy, and contemporary capitalism. This chapter provides historical context to understand how machine learning became pervasive. The introduction reviews social scientific literature about big data, algorithms, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The following three sections narrate the invention of machine learning between the late 1950s and 1970s, the increasing academic and commercial interest in machine learning during the late 1980s and 1990s, and the machine learning revolution during the 2010s. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of the machine learning revolution in order to understand the digital economy and contemporary capitalism. The chapter argues that sociologists and other social scientists studying the digital economy should expand their focus from competition and profit to also include cooperation and economic activities that are not exclusively driven by profit.
Computational Authority in Platform Society
Authors: Airoldi Massimo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A growing body of literature maintains that AI and machine learning (ML) technologies have—or exert—some kind of power: power to act in ways that do not mechanically reflect developers’ intentions and values, as well as power over the individuals, social groups, and cultural manifestations subjected to automated predictions and classifications. This chapter aims to dissect the notion of ML power, intended both as power to and power over. First, two complementary scholarly perspectives on ML power to, here labeled “networked” and “cultural” views, are presented and critically discussed. Second, drawing on both classic and contemporary social theories, the chapter outlines four main dimensions of ML power over—as opaque coercion, computational authority, structural conditioning, and data-driven governmentality.