bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment the Efficiency of the Bioagent Bacillus velesensis and the Biohealth Formula with Fungicide Beltanol in Control of Fusarium solani Causing Pepper Root Rot
Authors: Khudier Nibras H.T. , Abdalmoohsin Rajaa G. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was isolating and diagnosing the causative agent of root rot of pepper in Karbala province and control it using some biological applications. The results showed that the main pathogenic fungus of root rot and damping-off pepper in Karbala Province was Fusarium solani. This fungus was highly pathogenic by inhibition germination of all pepper seeds on the culture medium and in plastic pots. The treatment of integration between among Bacillus velesensis + Biohealth + Beltanol displayed the highest effectiveness in control of the pathogenic F.solani, as it reduced the disease incidence and severity to 9.00, 6.66%, respectively, compared to the pathogenic fungus alone, which amounted to 100%, 86.6%, respectively.
Study of Thermal Requirements for the Development of Two-Spotted Mites Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes: Tetranychidae), Reared on Castor Leaves (Ricinus communis L.) Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Rahif Farah Saeed , Al-Sweedi Taha M. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acariformes: Tetranychidae) is an important pest affecting several important oil crops in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum temperature and calculate the necessary heat units for the time of development of the duration of these mites stages. The application was carried out in incubators with different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 +2 °C), relative humidity (50-60 +5%) and light: 8: 16 hours dark period on the lower surface of the grown castor leaves. newly. The results showed that the development time of the egg incubation, the larval stage, the first nymphal(protonymph) stage (active + quiescence), and the second nymphal (deutonymph) stage (active + quiescence) at temperatures 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C. It decreased gradually with increasing temperature. Moreover, the egg incubation period was 8.533 and 2.067 days, the larval stage (active + quiescence) 5.821 and 1.298 days, the first nymph (protonymph) (active + quiescence) 5.521 and 1.309 days, and the second nymph (deutonymph) (active + quiescence) 5.417 and 1.150. days to the effect of 15 and 35 degrees Celsius. In addition, the development time from egg to adult was 24.972 and 5.833 days at 15 and 35 °C, respectively. The temperature threshold was 9.763, 10.693, 9.543, 10.314, and 9.957 degrees Celsius, respectively. Finally, the accumulated heat units required for the growth time of each mite cycle differed according to the different temperature threshold and growth time and the mite could not grow and develop at 10 and 40 °C.
The First Record of the Fungus Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc., (1886) as a Potential Pathogen of Leaf Spot Disease on the Broad Bean Vicia faba L. in Iraq
Authors: Ofi Baidaa G. , Abass Mohammed H. , Salih Yehya A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Isolation of the fungus Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. was performed at the laboratories of the College of Agriculture at the University of Basrah from infected bean plants showing symptoms of fungal leaf. The fungus identity was revealed depending on phenotypic and microscopic examination, as well as a molecular technique have been applied using an ITS primer (Its1 and 4), the results of phylogenetic analysis with a similarity index of 98% according to NCBI –BLAST tool (LC769967). The pathogenicity was determined according to Koch’s postulates, and severe symptoms were examined on the leaves of the broad bean plants during testing. This record is a significant as it is the first report of F. incarnatum causing spot symptoms on broad bean plants in Iraq and worldwide.
New Report of Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) Simmons and Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) Simmons as seed-borne fungi of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Iraq
Authors: Oun Ameer Ghani Abd , Abass Mohammed Hamza 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe objective of the present study is to determine fungal speciesStemphylium vesicariumandUlocladium alternariaeassociated with seeds of five wheat cultivars called Wefia (WAF), Eba 99 (EBA), Adena (ADN), Bohooth (BTH) and Mahmoudia (MHD). Those fungi were identified by using morphological and microscopic features as well as molecular sequencing. Molecular identification was carried out relying on internal transcribed spacer primers (ITS1 and ITS4). This is a new report recordingS. vesicariumandU. alternariaeas seed-borne fungi of wheat seeds in Iraq.
Chemical and Molecular Detection of New Strains of Xanthomonas Campestris pv. Vesicatoria and Pseudomonas putida Associated with Tomato Crop
Authors: Al-Rubaie Ghosoun Habib Sabri , Al-Fallooji Saba Abd Al-Hadi Kadhim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The lack of research on bacterial diseases and the infrequency of discovering new strains in Iraq prompted the current investigation to examine the occurrence and seriousness of bacterial spot disease on tomatoes in certain areas of Najaf City during the 2022 agricultural season. Additionally, the aim was to isolate and identify the bacterial species Pseudomonas putida. The results from the pathogenicity test revealed that the Xanthomonas Campestris pv. vesicatoria isolate, X. Campestris 2, demonstrated a higher level of disease severity (74%) on tomatoes compared to other isolates, whereas X. Campestris 18 exhibited the lowest pathogenicity (30.76%). The bacterial isolates were confirmed to be X. Campestris pv. vesicatoria species based on diagnostic keys. Microscopic and macroscopic examination confirmed the presence of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria with circular, yellow colonies on NA medium, while on YDC medium, the bacterial growth appeared as shiny, yellow, and moist colonies. The results of biochemical tests indicated that X. Campestris pv. vesicatoria tested positive for certain tests including the Catalase test, Gelatin Hydrolysis, Motility test, and Aesculin Hydrolysis. However, it tested negative for the Oxidase test, Arginine Hydrolysis, KOH Solubility, and Starch hydrolysis. As for P. putida, microscopic examination revealed Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. On King’s B agar, the macroscopic examination showed creamy-colored growth, and the bacteria displayed a bright blue color. The test results indicated positive outcomes for the Catalase test, Oxidase test, Arginine Hydrolysis, Motility test, and fluorescence under UV light, appearing as a bright blue color. The bacteria tested negative for Starch hydrolysis, Indole test, Gelatin liquefaction, and KOH Solubility. Molecular diagnosis based on the 16S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of new strains in the analyzed isolates, which were deposited in NCBI with Accession Numbers: OM966903 for X. Campestris bacteria and OM988185 and OM988186 for P. putida isolates. Furthermore, treatment with P. putida 1 exhibited the highest rate of inhibition against the growth of X. Campestris 2, with a diameter of 26.67 mm, followed by P. putida 2 with an inhibition rate of 16.33 mm, compared to the control treatment, which showed no inhibition (0.00 mm).
New Record Species of Tytthus chinensis (Stål, 1859) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) from Iraq
Authors: Al-Anbaki Hussein Ali Mutney , Al-Hayali Tareq Saadi Abbas , Alhadidi Sanaa N. , Shiblawi Liqaa Mohammed Ahmed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
By utilizing the light traps for the purpose of analyzing two specimens Insects were gathered from Diyala and Baqubah for the purpose of this study. The species Tytthus chinensis (Stl, 1859), which was discovered in China, was discovered in Iraq for the first time in March of 2022 in Diyala. This species is classified under the Hemiptera order and the Heteroptera suborder, as well as the Miridae family and the phylinae subfamily. utilized camera Lucida to sketch bodies’ portion, and image by Dino-Lite microscope camera for diagnostic characteristics for the species are supplied with the morphological characters and male genitalia are provided.
First Report of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith and Abbot, 1797 (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) in Iraq
Authors: Alamery Salam Abbas Hussein , Mohmmed Jasim Khalaf , Budiewi Ekhlas Abdul Jabar , Al-Saeedi H. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this study the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Smith &Abbot, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was report for the first time in corn crop in Iraqi fauna. A short morphological description is also presented the larvae and adults were described, the symptoms of infestation recoded.
The Effect of Fungi Accompanying cuscuta on the Germination Rates of Ocimum and cuscuta Seeds and Their Molecular Diagnosis
Authors: Al-Zubaidi Ahmad Tariq , Al-Juboory Hurria Hussein 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / Plant Protection Department / University of Baghdad-Jadriya, with the aim of isolating fungal pathogens from samples of the parasite on different plant families (Solanum, Astragalus, Conocarpus, chenopodium, Alhagi, Ocimum) from several areas in Baghdad and Diyala Governorate and diagnosing them phenotypically and testing their pathogenicity. The results of isolation and phenotypic diagnostics from the stems and seeds of the cuscuta showed the presence of 12 genera belonging to nine species : Alternaria, sp. (F2), Alternaria sp. (F4), Aspergillus sp. (F6), Aspergillus sp. (F12), Chaetomium sp. (Amesia sp.) (F7), Cladosporium sp. (F8), Curvularia sp. (F5), Helminthosporium sp. (F10), Penicillium sp. (F9), Rhizoctonia solani (F1), Stemphylium sp. (F3), Stemphylium sp. (F11). The results showed that the fungus Aspergillus sp., Curvularia sp., Chaetomium sp. Helminthosporium sp. and SP. Stemphylium was first recorded on the Cuscuta plant in Iraq. The results of the pathogenetic assessment showed that all the tested isolates (F1-F12) were pathogenic to Porter and Ocimum seeds, as they caused a significant reduction in seed germination rates compared to the control treatment (without inoculation with fungal vaccine). it was found that there was a difference between fungal isolates in reducing the percentage of seed germination, as some fungal isolates achieved the highest reduction in the percentage of germination of carrier seeds. the effect of their fungal filters on the germination of Porter and Ocimum seeds was tested and diagnosed in part. The results showed that the leached fungus Chaetomium sp. With concentrations of 20, 40 and 60%, it significantly reduced the percentage of germination of Porter seeds and differed significantly with the coefficients of Aspergillus SP.(F6) fungal filters, Stemphylium sp.(F3), Alternaria sp.(F4), Curvularia sp.(F5) by analogy with the comparison treatment, while there are no significant differences between the fungal filtrate at the three concentrations. The results also showed that the fungus leached Chaetomium sp.(F7). And Aspergillus sp. sp.(F6) in concentration, it had a significant effect in reducing the percentage of germination of Ocimum seeds compared to the comparative treatment. She showed that the isolates belong to fungi (F2 Aspergillus Flavus and(F4) Alternaria alstroemeria and that F5 Curvularia spicifera and F3 Stemphylium vesicarium and F7 belong to Amesia atrobrunneum and the name was changed instead of the old name Chaetomium atrobrunneum and deposited in the gene bank Gene Bank and NCBI under the accession numbers oq746923, Oq746924, Oq746925 and Oq74692.
The Effect of Different Culture Media and Different Environmental Conditions on the Alternaria solani Sporulation
Authors: Ahmed Abdul Jabbar S. , Aljarah Neran Salem , Merzah Nazar R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the best culture media, as well as the appropriate environmental conditions to stimulate A. solani fungus to produce conidia in the shortest period of time under laboratory conditions. seven culture media were used :- Potato Dextrose Agar, Carrot Sucrose Agar, Barley Sucrose Agar, Water Agar (W.A), Tomato leaves +WA, Carnation Leaves + W.A and pine leaves + W.A. The results were showed that, the Barley Sucrose Agar (BSA) media is considered one of the best culture media in terms of the radial growth rate for A. solani colony, as the highest rate of colony diameter was 7.60 cm, While the lowest rate of the colony diameter (4.23 cm)on the tomato leaves + water agar (TLWA) after seven days of A. solani incubation. Moreover, after 48 hours of incubation, The highest average number of conidia was 14.2 × 106 on barley sucrose agar (BSA) media, while the lowest rate of sporulation was on carrot sucrose agar media, which reached to 3 × 106, whereas on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media No Sporulation were seen. The fluctuation of temperature and light inside the incubator play an important role to induced A. solani to sporulation.
Effect of Biofertilizer and Metribuzin on the Yield Traits of Potato under the Influence of Water Stress
Authors: Jarmat Elaf Hassan Ali , Kazem Sabiha Hassoun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Al-Mashroo area / Al-Hamzawi, affiliated to Al-Musayyib district, 35 km north of Babylon, to determine how bio-fertilizer and herbicide spraying affected potato yield and quality under different irrigation periods. The RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) split-split plot design was used to conduct the experiment with three replications. The experiment had three factors: irrigation periods (5, 7, and 9) days for the main plots. The second element, biofertilizer, has three levels (control treatment without CO, rhizobia R, mycorrhizal M) and sub-plots. The third component, metribuzin, has four stages (no CO, preemergence, postemergence, late postemergence) and sub-sub plots. The statistical investigation indicated that it excelled the following traits: number of marketable tubers plant-1, weight of marketable tubers (g), total yield of one plant (g. plant-1), marketing yield (ton.ha-1). The number of tubers, marketing yield, and plant yield substantially impacted pre-emergence and post-emergence treatments. The (Myco) fertilizer treatment performed better in tuber quantity, weight, and marketing yield (3.26 and 3.77 tuber plant-1, 106.5 and 107.67 g, 23.17 and 24.78 tons ha-1) for both seasons. Irrigation every 7 days increased tuber quantity, weight, yield per plant, and marketing yield (3.37 and 3.89 tubers). 384.3 and 462.3 gm, Plant-1, 112.2 and 115.53 g Plant-1 (20.85 and 22.08 tons ha-1) both seasons. The bilateral interaction between irrigation periods and herbicide was significant in tuber number and marketing yield (3.66 and 3.94 tubers.plant-1, 4.28 and 4.52 tubers.plant-1, 25.57 and 22.83 tons ha-1 and 27.11 and 24.34 tons ha-1) for both seasons. The interaction between irrigation times and biofertilizer was more significant than the 7-day interaction. For both seasons, Mycox produced 4.01 and 4.64 tubers plant-1, 113.6 and 119.70 gram, 25.52 and 27.18 tons ha-1, and marketing yield. The herbicide-bio-fertilizer interaction significantly impacted tuber production, with post-Myco interaction leading to 3.89 and 4.41 tubers per plant-1 in both seasons. The triple interaction was substantial, with 7 days post-Myco resulting in a higher number of tubers (5.32 tubers plant-1) in both seasons.
Effect of Application with Fungicide Fortin Pro 25 WP on Nutrients Content in Okra Fruits
Authors: Al-Barki Ghufran Taklif Abaas , Allobawi Salwan A. Zahra Jabbar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Okra fruit systemicity and fungicide residues from Fortin Pro25WP were the focus of a field study done by the College of Agriculture at the University of Kufa in the years 2021 and 2022 AD. Treatment effects on okra fruit levels of the fungicides’ active ingredients were statistically significant (P0.05) for both propamocarb hydrochloride (ug/g) and metalaxyl (ug/g). The highest levels of the pesticide were found in the pesticide-only treatment, the next highest levels were found in the fungicide Fortin Pro + the bacteria A. chroococcum that contains the substance, and the lowest average levels were found in the bacteria A. chroococcum + Fortin Pro + R. solani treatment. The highest concentration occurred within the first hour after application, whereas the lowest occurred nine days later, at a concentration of 2.73 ug/g. On day nine of A. chroococcum + Fortin Pro + R. solani treatment, the pesticide residue content was the lowest. When applied to a plant that had not been inoculated with the pathogenic fungus, the fungicide Fortin Pro 25WP significantly increased the nitrogen content of the fruits. However, when applied to a plant that had been inoculated with the fungus, the fungicide significantly decreased the percentage of nitrogen (1.91%) in the fruits. In the fungicide treatment alone (without the pathogen), the fruit recorded the highest rate of phosphorus and potassium content, which was also significantly different from the fruit of the other treatments. Also, in the presence of Azotobacter chroococcum, the interaction treatment of Fortin Pro + R. solani yielded a fruit potassium percentage that was much lower than the control.
Laboratory Study of Fortin Pro25 WP Efficacy Against Seed Rot and Seedlings Death Causes Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium spp.
Authors: Al-Barki Ghufran Taklif Abaas , Allobawi Salwan A. Zahra Jabbar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to ascertain the fungal species responsible for inducing seed rot illnesses and seedling mortality in okra plants, a prevalent issue throughout many parts in Al-Muthanna governorate. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the fungicide Fortin Pro25WP in inhibiting the growth and biomass of the pathogenic fungus R. solani and Pythium spp in vitro, using various mediums. The findings from the process of isolation, phenotypic characterization, and molecular identification indicate that the samples of deceased and diseased okra seedlings were linked to the presence of R. solani and Pythium spp. The results also showed the high pathogenic ability of the two fungi in reducing percentage of okra seeds germintion, especially R. solani, which did not allow any seed to germinate on the culture media, while Pythium spp. reduced germination rate from 100% in the control treatment to 68.33%. The study also showed that the fungicide showed high efficiency in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungi by 77.78% and 89.78% for R. solani and Pythium spp. respectively. The fungal biomass was reduced by estimating the fresh weight FW and dry weight DW, with percentages ranging from 75-92% of the FW and 74-86% of the DW value of both fungi, respectively, on the PDB liquid medium.
Role of Sucrose and Benzyladenine in Stevioside Content of Stevia Rebaudiana Leaves in Temporary Immersion Bioreactor
Authors: Alnuaimi Mustafa Raeef , Obaid Ayad Assi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the plant tissue culture laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and landscape gardening from October 2021 to January 2023. micropropagation experiments were conducted using concentrations of BA 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg L, and an experiment with the addition of three levels of sugar (30, 60 and 90 g L) with two levels of BA (0.0 and 1.0 mg L). The results of the micropropagation showed that the concentration 1.0 mg L giving the highest average number of shoots of 3.5 shoots per plant, and giving the highest average number of leaves of 16.8 leaves of the shoot and the superiority of the comparison treatment in giving the highest average height of shoots amounting to 4.5 cm. The results showed that concentration 60 interacted with BA giving the highest average height of the shoots amounting to 4.3 plant shoots. and the concentration 60 interacted with the comparison treatment in giving the highest average shoot height of 4.4 cm and the concentration 90 interacted with BA in giving the highest average number of leaves amounting to 14.1 leaf shoot. The results indicated that the concentration 90 sucrose interacted with 1.0 mg L BA in giving the highest content of stevioside amounting 171.02
Response of Growth, Yield and Quality of Two Industrial Potato Cultivars to the Addition of some Nutrients
Authors: Awad Ahmed. A. , Mahmood Saad A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in Abu Ghraib District, Baghdad, during the spring season of 2022 to study the response of two potato varieties, Agria and Arsinal, to eight different fertilizer levels [1-Control, 2-Full recommended dose, 3-½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid, 4-½ recommended dose + potassium, 5-½ recommended dose + calcium, 6-½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid + potassium, 7-½ recommended dose + humic acid + calcium, 8-½ recommended dose + phosphoric acid + humic acid + potassium + calcium]. The experimental trial was conducted according to a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design with sixteen treatments and three replications. The results revealed the superiority of the Agria variety in terms of plant height, with the highest average of 77.72 cm. The results also showed the superiority of the Arsinal variety in terms of the number of stems, with the highest average of 2.50 stems plant-1. However, the Agria variety excelled in terms of the percentage of chlorophyll in potato with 66.586 SPAD. Regarding the treatments, the treatment with half recommended fertilizer + phosphoric acid + humic acid showed the highest average plant height of 80.22 cm and 3.65 stems plant-1. In terms of yield characteristics, the same treatment outperformed others with a yield of 124.60 g plant-1 for average tuber weight. It also produced the highest plant yield of 0.52 kg plant and 25.098 tons hectare-1. In terms of qualitative traits, the Arsinal variety showed superiority in most traits, with the highest average dry matter content of 20.58 % and 14.29% starch content.