bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive brain potentials to novel acoustic stimuli in adult dyslexic readers
Authors: Rüsseler Jascha , Kowalczuk Justyna , Johannes Sönke , Wieringa Berdieke M. , Münte Thomas F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials were recorded in two three‐stimulus oddball tasks in 13 adult dyslexic and 13 age‐ and IQ‐matched normal readers. The stimuli consisted of a random series of frequent (80%) and non‐frequent tones (10%) as well as occasionally inserted novel sounds (10%). The experiment comprised an active (response to the rare target tone) and a passive listening condition. No performance differences were found for dyslexic and normal readers in the active task. In both conditions, novel sounds evoked a centrally distributed P3a‐component followed by a P3b‐component most prominent at parietal electrodes for target and novel sounds. Additionally, a slow negativity emerged after presentation of novel sounds at frontal electrodes. In the active condition only, peak amplitude of the P3a and the frontal slow negativity to novel stimuli were slightly enlarged for dyslexic readers. These findings indicate a larger distractability of dyslexic readers (enhancement of P3a to novel tones). Furthermore, we propose that dyslexics need to employ more cognitive resources to refocus on the task at hand (as indicated by the enlarged slow frontal negativity). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When is a minority a minority? Active versus passive minority advocacy and social influence
Authors: Kerr Norbert L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSome conceptions of minority influence have stressed the impact of the mere existence of an unpopular, deviant position. Others (e.g. Moscovici, 1980) have emphasized the active opposition of a committed minority to a powerful majority. An active advocate is defined as one that is aware of the level of support for his/her position, expresses his/her position openly, and whose outcomes may depend on others' agreement/disagreement. In the present study, the potential moderating role of an advocates' active/passive status on opinion change was examined. When the issue was highly relevant to the target of influence, all that mattered was the quality of the source's arguments (i.e. majority≈ minority, active source = passive source). When the issue was not highly relevant to the target, though, active and passive sources had different impact: (1) active sources prompted attention to argument quality (for minorities) and heuristic compliance (for majorities); (2) passive sources prompted insensitivity to both the popularity of the position and to the quality of the source's arguments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Needs for cognitive economy and self‐enhancement as unique predictors of intergroup attitudes
Authors: Stangor Charles , Thompson Erik P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis research tested the extent to which two motivations commonly assumed to predict prejudice—needs for cognitive economy and needs for self‐enhancement—were simultaneously able to predict two underlying components of prejudice—social categorization and ingroup favoritism. Across three studies, diverse measures of the two motivations showed them to be consistently differentiated. Furthermore, both motivations were found to be independently predictive of both ingroup favoritism and social categorization in each of the three studies. The research adds to existing knowledge about the personality correlates of prejudice by demonstrating the conceptual independence of these two underlying motivations as well as their relationships to components of intergroup attitudes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The benefits of being disadvantaged: performance‐related circumstances and consequences of intergroup comparisons
Authors: Ouwerkerk Jaap W. , Ellemers Naomi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPeople are likely to evaluate their group's standing on an ability dimension by comparing the performance level of their own group with that of an outgroup. However, in addition to contrasting performance outcomes, they may also compare the specific circumstances under which both groups have performed. From a related attributes perspective, we argue that the outcome of such a comparison is a crucial determinant of the extent to which the relative success or failure of one's group can be ascribed to its superior or inferior ability respectively, and hence of the degree to which the relative position of one's group on the performance dimension in question can be perceived as legitimate and stable (i.e. as justified and unlikely to change). Accordingly, the present research shows that information concerning performance‐related circumstances has an impact on a wide range of reactions to the relative performance of one's group, varying from the experience of positive and negative affect, to motivational responses such as changes in collective efficacy beliefs for performance improvement, individual effort on behalf of the ingroup, and the tendency to hinder the future performance of an outgroup. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ranked set sampling in the presence of censored data
Authors: Yu Philip L. H. , Tam Cannes Y. C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ranked set sampling (RSS) technique has been shown to be superior to classical simple random sampling (SRS) in the sense that it always provides a more precise estimator of the population mean. However, it is quite often that some measurements are below the limit of detection and hence become censored. In such situations, the superiority of RSS over SRS may no longer be held. In this article we consider the problem of estimating the population mean and standard deviation based on a ranked set sample with some data being censored. Maximum likelihood estimators are proposed when the data are assumed to follow a lognormal distribution. In the case where the distribution is unknown, a variant of the Kaplan–Meier estimator is proposed in the estimation of the population mean. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the proposed RSS estimators with the corresponding SRS estimators. The impact of imperfect judgment ranking is also discussed. The proposed methods are applied to a real data set on mercury concentration in swordfish. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of plant cover and land use on slope–channel decoupling in a foothill catchment: a case study from the Carpathian Foothills, southern Poland
Authors: Święchowicz Jolanta 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the influence of plant cover and land use on slope–channel decoupling in the Stara Rzeka Stream catchment (22·4 km2) and its subcatchment Dworski Potok Stream (0·3 km2). The Stara Rzeka catchment is situated in the marginal part of the Carpathian Foothills and is characterized by a relief of low and medium hills. The catchment is used for agriculture but unlike other foothill catchments, it has a relatively extensive unfragmented area of forests (41·3 per cent). Grasslands and pastures (13·8 per cent) are mainly along the broad and flat valley floor. In the cultivated area (38·5 per cent) of the northern low hill part of the catchment, the fields are long, narrow and separated by boundary strips. They stretch from the hilltops to the valley bottom and are traditionally ploughed along the slopes.The research into slope wash was carried out at six sites downslope (August 1989 to October 1990) and on experimental plots (1989–1991). Transport of suspended matter was determined in the channels of the Stara Rzeka and Dworski Potok Streams (1987–1991).The results show that transport and export of the material on the slopes depend on the morphology of the slope and on the agricultural use of the area. The mosaic of fields which are used differently makes the soil wash process very intensive only if the slopes are ploughed and unprotected by a dense cover of vegetation. The material displaced is mostly accumulated at the foot of the slopes or at the bottom of the valley. Footslope areas and flat valley bottoms covered with grass function as a barrier separating the slope and the river bed. These features generally negate the transfer of slope‐originated material to the bed of the stream. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using thiamine to reduce post‐ECT confusion
Authors: Linton C.R. , Reynolds M.T.P. , Warner N.J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCognitive side‐effects are commonly seen following electroconvulsive therapy which convey no therapeutic benefit but are troublesome to both patient and clinician. Various efforts have been made in the past to minimize these symptoms. Although modification of technical parameters related to ECT administration has led to some limited improvement in this regard, attention is now being increasingly focussed on pharmacological approaches. A number of agents have been explored in this context, however, as far as we are aware, the use of thiamine has not yet been investigated. We present three cases of elderly patients undergoing ECT for major depression in whom thiamine administration was associated with beneficial effects on post‐ECT confusion. We review the evidence suggesting that thiamine deficiency may be implicated in the confusional state following ECT and recommend that consideration be given to its use in preventing and treating this problematic side‐effect, especially in elderly patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring change in psychiatric symptoms using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Nursing Home version
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Hopp Grace A. , DeWolfe Kimberley , Solomons Kevin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe Neuropsychiatric Inventory—Nursing Home version (NPI–NH) is a modified version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Accurate interpretation of change in the symptom ratings on the NPI–NH, as with any measure, is a concern for both clinicians and researchers. The purpose of this article is to present data for the interpretation of reliable change in the NPI–NH scores for acute geriatric neuropsychiatry patients.MethodFifty‐two geriatric psychiatry inpatients were administered the NPI–NH twice, at a 72‐hour interval. Standard errors of difference scores were used to calculate confidence intervals for each of the NPI–NH subscales and the total score.ResultsBased on the calculations described above, estimates of reliable change on the individual subscales ranged from plus or minus 1.29 points on the Euphoria/Elation subscale to 5.13 points on the Anxiety subscale. Statistically meaningful change on the Agitation and the Apathy subscales was established at 4.0 and 4.3 points, respectively. A change in the total score of plus or minus 22 points is required to exceed the possible range of measurement error, at a 0.80 confidence interval (CI).ConclusionsOverall, the results of this study indicate that the clinician evaluating elderly psychiatric inpatients should interpret a change in the total score of less than 22 points with caution, because it may be due to measurement error. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiofrequency ablation of head and neck tumors: Dramatic results from application of a new technology
Authors: Owen Randall P. , Ravikumar Thanjavur S. , Silver Carl E. , Beitler Jonathan , Wadler Scott , Bello Jacqueline 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a new treatment modality used over the past decade predominantly in the treatment of unresectable liver tumors. We find no prior reported series on the use of RFA for malignant tumors of the head and neck.MethodsFour patients with recurrent tongue tumors not amenable to standard surgical or radiation therapy were treated with RFA administered transorally, endoscopically, or percutaneously.ResultsThere was no perioperative mortality. Significant palliation was achieved consisting of substantial reduction in tumor size and alleviation of tumor‐induced pain. One patient has survived for 8 months with no progression of tumor. Three patients had complications, including line sepsis, pneumonia, and enlargement of an orocutaneous fistula.ConclusionsRFA was relatively straightforward to apply, achieved substantial palliation, and was associated with minimal perioperative morbidity and no mortality. It might easily be combined with other therapies such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or radiation. Further investigation is necessary and ongoing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 754–758, 2002
Histopathologic parameters in the evaluation of T1 squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity
Authors: Bundgaard Troels , Rossen Kristian , Henriksen Søren D. , Charabi Samih , Søgaard Helmer , Grau Cai 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundPrognostic indicators that could assist in a more precise selection of patients with small oral carcinomas for differentiated therapy would be valuable. A significant fraction of patients with stage I disease have a relatively poor prognosis despite the small size of the tumor, but in general stage I tumors of the oral cavity have a favorable prognosis.MethodsSeventy‐eight patients with stage I (T1N0M0) oral squamous cell carcinoma from two different ENT departments were included in the study. The pretreatment biopsy specimens were graded according to the modified classification of Jakobsson et al. Eight individual parameters were recorded, four parameters describing the tumor cell population and four parameters describing the tumor/host interaction.ResultsThe only significant prognostic parameter for disease‐specific survival was “mode of invasion.” The histologic mean score was not significantly correlated to disease‐specific or crude survival.ConclusionsMode of invasion is the most important histologic parameter when evaluating the prognosis. Histologic evaluation of small squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity may assist the design of a differentiated treatment strategy (eg, monotherapy vs combined treatment). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 656–660, 2002
Computer‐aided macroergonomics for improved performance and safety
Authors: Kleiner Brian M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe U.S. presidential election of 2000 was characterized by alleged ergonomic problems associated with the design of voting ballots. However, this visible event actually exemplified the fact that many apparent ergonomic issues are, in fact, macroergonomic issues. That is, in such cases, there are larger systemic factors at work that interact with and contribute to human–machine interface issues. Further complicating system effectiveness is the notion that modern work systems are distributed and therefore require computer aiding to establish a communication pipeline through which decisions can flow and performance can be enhanced. A conceptual and theoretical framework is presented for understanding such computer‐aided work systems and a taxonomy and research examples for three types of computer‐aided work systems are also offered. It is concluded that the single operator–single machine paradigm is not obsolete and the focus remains ultimately on the ergonomic level, but relevant macroergonomic, sociotechnical system factors require consideration prior to optimizing this level for overall ergonomic success. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On simulating human reach motions for ergonomics analyses
Authors: Chaffin Don B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany existing job analysis tools for ergonomics have concentrated on the potential adverse effects of force, posture, and repetition, as these appear to be traditionally recognized risk factors in the workplace. Recent investigations have indicated that this pragmatic approach may be overly simplistic, and thus miss prediction of risk factors associated with certain motions.This article reviews some of the research under way in the University of Michigan's Human Motion Simulation Laboratory to develop a set of human motion prediction models. To produce these models, over 37,000 motions of 100 men and women from 18 to 78 years in age have been measured with a motion capture system. The motions are typical of people reaching and moving light to moderate load objects while either seated or standing. A 17‐link kinematics model has been developed to resolve the dynamics of the motions.Thus far, initial motion algorithms have been developed that capture well over 95% of the between participant repeatability. Advantages and limitations of the methods and data being used are discussed and illustrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physiological costs of the hearing due to noise exposure, additional physical stress, and combined exposure to alcohol and cigarette smoke
Authors: Strasser H. , Irle H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn 2 studies, each with 5 test series, physiological costs of the hearing due to legally tolerable noise exposures of 94 dB (A) for 1 hr have been measured audiometrically. The temporary threshold shifts (TTS) and their restitution time, as well as cardiovascular responses in work‐related heart rate increases, of 10 and 8 subjects (Ss), respectively, could be shown to be modulated by additional physical stress and combined exposure to alcohol (Study 1) and cigarette smoke (Study 2). Moderate dynamic muscle work (50 W) administered via a bicycle ergometer either immediately after noise, or simultaneous to the noise exposure, significantly reduced restitution time as well as the integrated restitution temporary threshold shift (IRTTS). A physical stress to 100 W—which exceeded the endurance level when demanded simultaneously to the noise exposure—did not show any favorable effects. However, if the same physical stress succeeded the noise exposure, and when it was interrupted several times for the audiometric measurements, it also brought about significant accelerations of the restitution processes. Some reductions in physiological costs of the hearing were found due to an intervening alcohol consumption (blood alcohol concentration ∼ 0.08%) prior to the noise exposure and a simultaneous physical load of 50 W. Smoking 10 cigarettes instead of the consumption of alcohol was associated with a reduced TTS, but a prolonged restitution time. IRTTS as total physiological costs of the most unfavorable combination of noise, simultaneous high physical workload, and preceding smoke exposure was increased. The results of the test series with cigarette smoke—probably due to the small group of just 8 Ss and the counteracting effects of the agents carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine—were not statistically significant, but these exposures were associated with a substantial activation of the cardiovascular system. Significant heart rate increases are evidence that CO and nicotine must not be neglected as influential factors in the context of physiological costs that the organism, and especially the hearing, has to pay for noise exposures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rates of adherence to pharmacological treatment among children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Ibrahim El Sheikh R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPharmacological intervention, mainly with psychostimulants, alone or with psychotherapy or behavioural modification, was found to be effective in increasing sustained attention span, improving concentration, reducing hyperactive behaviour and improving areas of academic deficits in children and adolescents with the diagnosis of attention deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite their proven efficacy, noncompliance of the children and adolescents to the prescribed medication presents serious problems to patients and health care providers alike.ObjectiveTo investigate the rate of adherence to prescribed medication in a clinically referred sample of children and adolescents diagnosed as having ADHD. In addition, the stability of reports of adherence over a 3 month period was explored.MethodFifty‐one children and adolescents (males: n = 42; females: n = 9) between the age of 7 years and 16.6 years diagnosed with ADHD and their parents were administered a children behaviour checklist, a teacher report form scale and a compliance with treatement opinion and attitude scale.ResultsThere were very high reports of adherence by children to prescribed medications for ADHD with rates of compliance greater than 70%. Correlation between the children and adolescents' reports and the parents' reports revealed high agreement both at the end of week 1 and at the end of the study (week 12). There were also findings of stability of adherence reports over a 3 month period.ConclusionThe results of this study documented high rates of adherence to medication prescribed for symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a sample of children and adolescents. Their reports of adherence were well correlated with parents' reports. Several factors were found to be related to the high level of adherence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of spatial controls on denitrification at the landscape scale
Authors: Whelan M. J. , Gandolfi C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA simple model for estimating likely spatial patterns in landscape‐scale denitrification rates is described. In the absence of limiting nitrate concentration, denitrification is assumed to be controlled principally by the soil water regime and the amount of available soil carbon. A formulation of TOPMODEL is used to estimate the spatial distribution of water table depths. Soil carbon concentration is assumed to decrease exponentially with depth. The spatial distribution of carbon concentrations at the soil surface is assumed to be imperfectly correlated with the topographic index used in TOPMODEL. Monte Carlo simulation techniques were used to introduce a stochastic element to the spatial distribution of soil carbon. This allowed estimates of the uncertainty in model outputs, resulting from uncertainties in the distribution and variability of soil carbon to be made. The model predicted spatial and temporal patterns of nitrate‐non‐limiting denitrification for a 15 year period in the Slapton Wood catchment in southwest England. Predicted denitrification followed a slight seasonal pattern with a winter maximum. Total annual denitrification losses tended to be positively correlated with total annual precipitation in the catchment. Highest rates tended to be predicted near to the stream. The modelling approach provides a means of assessing the proximity of local‐scale field measurements to probable landscape‐scale denitrification fluxes. Combining a deterministic model core with a stochastic generation of model parameters or state variables provides an attractive way of embracing variability and uncertainty whilst maintaining a conceptual description of the system dynamics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.