bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria stimulate ectomycorrhizal symbiosis of Acacia holosericea with Pisolithus alba
Authors: Founoune H. , Duponnois R. , Bâ A. M. , Sall S. , Branget I. , Lorquin J. , Neyra M. , Chotte J. L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary

The influence of two fluorescent pseudomonads strains (HR13 and HR26) on the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Pisolithus alba and Acacia holosericea is reported here.
We measured ectomycorrhizal establishment, fungal growth in the soil (by HPLC) and soil microbial biomass (using the fumigation–extraction method) in treatments with or without pseudomonads.
Bacteria inoculated with the fungal symbiont stimulated ectomycorrhizal formation and shoot or root biomass. Only HR13 significantly increased fungal biomass in the soil. The bacteria stimulated fungal growth and production of phenolic compounds. Sequence analysis of the two fluorescent Pseudomonas revealed 99% homologuey between HR13 and P. monteilii, and 98% between HR26 and P. resinovorans.
It is clear that some bacteria (Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria) can stimulate the establishment of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in tropical conditions.
Stem and branch respiration of beech: from tree measurements to estimations at the stand level
Authors: Damesin C. , Ceschia E. , Le Goff N. , Ottorini J‐M. , Dufrêne E. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Stem and branch respiration of 30‐yr‐oldFagus sylvaticatrees was measured in a temperate forest for 1 yr to estimate the annual flux at the stand level. The seasonal response of respiration to air temperature was determined using infra‐red gas analysis (IRGA) systems. Annual respiration was derived from half‐hourly temperature recording and allometric relations established for the same forest. The basal respiration rate at 15°C (R15) increased greatly during the growing season. On a volume basis, monthly means of R15were higher for branches than for stems. For stems, Q10was relatively constant throughout the year, with an annual average of 1.7. Estimated annual respiration was approx. 325 g C m−2ground surface area yr−1with 50% of this amount attributed to growth respiration. Stem and branch respiration played a major role in the annual carbon balance of the beech stand. It represented approx. one third of the ecosystem‐level carbon loss from respiration. The magnitude of crown respiration makes it obvious that information on branch respiration characteristics is required for reliable estimations at the stand level.
An integrated and comparative view of pea genetic and cytogenetic maps
Authors: Ellis T. H. N. , Poyser S. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMolecular marker maps have been generated for pea (Pisum sativum), but these have not been well integrated with previous genetic and cytogenetic maps. Here, these data sets are brought together to summarize the current state of knowledge, exploiting the common genetic markers used in many different studies. The pea linkage map was known to be simply related to the maps of lentil and chickpea, and these relationships are presented in the context of the present map. The genomes of these legumes are interpreted as having an equivalent gene content, but differing in their repetitive DNAs.
Full Field Tensile Strain Shearography of Welded Specimens
Authors: Steinchen W. , Kupfer G. , Mäckel P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDigital shearography is a coherent optical method used in conjunction with digital image processing. It allows the shearogram, which depicts directly displacement derivatives, in real time to be observed and to be evaluated numerically. Strains are functions of the displacement derivatives. Thus, the shearogram contains the strain information, but usually it includes both the in‐plane strain, e.g. ∂u/∂x, and the out‐of‐plane component, e.g. ∂w/∂x. In order to get the pure in‐plane strain as well as the pure out‐of‐plane component, two linearly independent directions of illumination (usually the same but mutual and sequential illuminations) are introduced in the measuring device. The shearograms for each illuminating direction are evaluated by applying the phase shifting technique. The result by subtracting the phase maps of the two shearograms yields a new fringe pattern depicting the pure in‐plane strain component and the result by adding the phase maps corresponds to the pure out‐of‐plane component. The theory and an application to non‐destructive tensile testing are demonstrated in this paper. Its applications for determining the strain distribution of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous material and an error analysis are presented.
Engineering Measurement and Testing of Land‐based Structures Using Strain Gauges
Authors: Maguire J. R. , Phillips P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a number of case histories illustrating the benefits and costs of certain types of engineering measurement and testing, with a focus on strain‐gauged land‐based structures. The benefits are described mainly in terms of safety, economy and environment. The costs are related to the amount of data collected and processed. The paper concludes with some technical and financial guidance for clients, owners, consultants and contractors who may be considering these types of activities.
Ordovician high‐grade metamorphism of a newly recognised late Neoproterozoic terrane in the northern Harts Range,central Australia
Authors: Buick I. S. , Miller J. A. , Williams I. S. , Cartwright I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGranulite facies rocks from the northernmost Harts Range Complex (Arunta Inlier, central Australia) have previously been interpreted as recording a single clockwise cycle of presumed Palaeoproterozoic metamorphism (800–875 °C and >9–10 kbar) and subsequent decompression in a kilometre‐scale, E‐W striking zone of noncoaxial, high‐grade (c. 700–735 °C and 5.8–6.4 kbar) deformation. However, new SHRIMP U‐Pb age determinations of zircon, monazite and titanite from partially melted metabasites and metapelites indicate that granulite facies metamorphism occurred not in the Proterozoic, but in the Ordovician (c. 470 Ma).The youngest metamorphic zircon overgrowths from two metabasites (probably meta‐volcaniclastics) yield 206Pb/238U ages of 478±4 Ma and 471±7 Ma, whereas those from two metapelites yield ages of 463±5 Ma and 461±4 Ma. Monazite from the two metapelites gave ages equal within error to those from metamorphic zircon rims in the same rock (457±5 Ma and 462±5 Ma, respectively). Zircon, and possibly monazite ages are interpreted as dating precipitation of these minerals from crystallizing melt within leucosomes. In contrast, titanite from the two metabasites yield 206Pb/238U ages that are much younger (411±5 Ma & 417±7 Ma, respectively) than those of coexisting zircon, which might indicate that the terrane cooled slowly following final melt crystallization. One metabasite has a second titanite population with an age of 384±7 Ma, which reflects titanite growth and/or recrystallization during the 400–300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny. The c. 380 Ma titanite age is indistinguishable from the age of magmatic zircon from a small, late and weakly deformed plug of biotite granite that intruded the granulites at 387±4 Ma. These data suggest that the northern Harts Range has been subject to at least two periods of reworking (475–460 Ma & 400–300 Ma) during the Palaeozoic.Detrital zircon from the metapelites and metabasites, and inherited zircon from the granite, yield similar ranges of Proterozoic ages, with distinct age clusters at c. 1300–1000 and c. 650 Ma. These data imply that the deposition ages of the protoliths to the Harts Range Complex are late Neoproterozoic or early Palaeozoic, not Palaeoproterozoic as previously assumed.
Fluid‐rock history of granulite facies humite‐marbles from Ambasamudram, southern India.
Authors: Satish‐Kumar M. , Wada H. , Santosh M. , Yoshida M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn extensive humite‐bearing marble horizon within a supracrustal sequence at Ambasamudram, southern India, was studied using petrological and stable isotopic techniques to define its metamorphic history and fluid characteristics. At peak metamorphic temperatures of 775±73°C, based on calcite‐graphite carbon isotope thermometry, the mineral assemblages suggest layer‐by‐layer control of fluid compositions. Clinohumite + calcite‐bearing assemblages suggestXCO2 < 0.4 (at 700°C and 5 kbar), calcite + forsterite + K‐feldspar‐bearing assemblages suggestXCO2>0.9 (at 790°C); and local wollastonite + scapolite + grossular‐bearing zones formed atXCO2of c. 0.3. Retrograde reaction textures such as scapolite + quartz symplectites after feldspar and calcite and replacement of dolomite + diopside or tremolite+dolomite after calcite+forsterite or calcite+clinohumite are indicative of retrogression under highXCO2conditions. Calcite preserves late Proterozoic carbon and oxygen isotopic signatures and the marble lacks evidence for extensive retrograde fluid infiltration, while during prograde metamorphism the possible infiltration of aqueous fluids did not produce significant isotopic resetting. Isotopic zonation of calcite and graphite grains was likely produced by localized CO2fluid infiltration during retrogression. Contrary to the widespread occurrence of humite‐marbles related to retrograde aqueous fluid infiltration, the Ambasamudram humite‐marbles record a prograde‐to‐peak metamorphic humite formation and retrogression under conditions of lowXH2O.
Metamorphism of the Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey: influence of orogen‐normal collision vs. wrench‐dominated tectonics on P–T–t paths
Authors: Whitney D. L. , Teyssier C. , Dilek Y. , Fayon A. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex (CACC) is a microcontinent in the Alpine–Himalayan belt. It has previously been considered as a coherent structural entity, but, although the entire CACC is comprised of similar rocks (primarily metasedimentary rocks and granitoids), it consists of at least four tectonic blocks characterized by different P–T–t paths. These blocks are the Kırşehir (north‐west), Akdağ (north‐east), Niğde (south) and Aksaray (west) massifs. The northern massifs experienced thrusting and folding during collision and were slowly exhumed by erosion; metamorphic rocks are characterized by clockwise P–T paths at moderate P–T and local low‐P–high‐T (LP–HT) overprinting in the highest grade rocks. Apatite fission track ages are Eocene to Oligocene (47–32 Ma). The Aksaray block represents the hot, shallow mid‐crust of a Late Cretaceous–early Tertiary arc. It is dominated by intrusions; rare metapelitic rocks record low‐P (< 4 kbar) regional metamorphism overprinted by LP–HT contact metamorphism. Apatite fission track ages are 50–45 Ma. The Niğde massif is different from the other CACC blocks because it evolved as a core complex in a wrench‐dominated setting. It is characterized by clockwise P–T paths at moderate P–T followed by widespread LP–HT metamorphism. Apatite fission track ages are Miocene (12–9 Ma), significantly younger than those in the northern massifs. Niğde rocks resided in the mid‐crust at a time when the rest of the CACC was at or near the Earth's surface. Variations in P–T–t and tectonic histories — especially timing of exhumation — between the northern and southern CACC reflect the difference between head‐on collision vs. mid‐crustal wrenching.
Interlayer and Si content of phengite in HP–LT carpholite‐bearing metapelites
Authors: Agard P. , Vidal O. , Goffé B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPhengite occurring along with carpholite±lawsonite and/or chloritoid in HP–LT domains shows not only variable Si–(Mg+Fe) contents, but also variable interlayer contents (IC). To determine whether these chemical variations are coherently related to variation in P–T conditions on a regional scale, c. 100 rock samples were sampled in metapelites metamorphosed at conditions varying from 350 °C, 8 to 12 kbar to 450–500 °C, 18 to 20 kbar (Schistes Lustrés complex, franco‐italian Western Alps). Based on microstructural and habit criteria, four types of phengite were differentiated that are related either to the rock mineralogy (carpholite vs chloritoid bearing samples) or correspond to various generations of phengite occurring in the same rock sample or thin section. Microprobe analyses reveal that each type of phengite is characterized by a specific composition and that phengite associated with carpholite has a lower interlayer content than phengite associated with chloritoid. The successive generations of retrograde phengite overgrowing carpholite point to a large decrease of interlayer content (c. 0.9–0.7 pfu) and (Fe+Mg) content (c. 0.25–0 pfu) with decreasing P–T conditions. This change is best accounted for by a gradual increase of the pyrophyllite component. In contrast, phengite from higher‐temperature, chloritoid‐bearing rock samples shows an almost constant interlayer content (c. 0.9–0.95 pfu) but a larger decrease of (Fe+Mg) content (c. 0.6–0.1 pfu). Hence, (1) the composition of the different phengite generations occurring (metastably) in the same rock sample may be used to retrieve points in P–T loops and (2) the pyrophyllitic substitution in phengite is large at low‐temperature conditions and cannot be ignored. Thermobarometric estimates based on the Si‐content alone will therefore result in pressure over‐estimates. We propose a tentative location of the phengite Si and IC isopleths in P–T space which could allow a direct determination of the P–T conditions in carpholite‐bearing rocks. Especially in some carpholite‐bearing rocks, new thermodynamic models accounting for tschermak and pyrophyllitic substitution are also required prior to making reliable thermobarometric estimates in HP‐LT metapelites.
Fractionation of bulk rock composition due to porphyroblast growth: effects on eclogite facies mineral equilibria, Pam Peninsula, New Caledonia
Authors: Marmo B. A. , Clarke G. L. , Powell R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractChemically zoned porphyroblasts in metamorphic rocks indicate that diffusional processes could not maintain equilibrium conditions on a grain scale during porphyroblast growth or establish it afterwards. An effect of this inability to maintain equilibrium is the progressive removal of elements forming garnet cores from any metamorphic reaction that occurs at the porphyroblast boundaries or in the matrix of the rock. To examine this effect on mineral assemblages, the Bence–Albee matrix correction was applied to X‐ray intensity maps collected using eclogite samples from northern New Caledonia in order to determine the chemical composition of all parts of the sample. The manipulation of these element maps allows a quantitative analysis of the fractionation of the bulk rock composition between garnet cores and the matrix. A series of calculated equilibrium‐volume compositions represents the change in matrix chemistry with progressive elemental fractionation as a consequence of prograde garnet growth under high‐P conditions. Pressure–temperature pseudosections are calculated for these compositions, in the CaO–Na2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O system. Assemblages, modal proportions and mineral textures observed in the New Caledonian eclogites can be closely modelled by progressively ‘removing’ elements forming garnet cores from the bulk rock composition. The pseudosections demonstrate how chemical fractionation effects the peak metamorphic assemblage, prograde textures and the development of retrograde assemblages.
Assessing the extent of disequilibrium and overstepping of prograde metamorphic reactions in metapelites from the Bushveld Complex aureole, South Africa
Authors: Waters D. J. , Lovegrove D. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAndalusite–staurolite–biotite hornfels metamorphosed beneath the mafic layered rocks of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa, preserves a detailed record of the relative timing of porphyroblast growth and metamorphic reactions. The sequence inferred from microstructures shows considerable overlap of the period of growth of porphyroblasts of staurolite, cordierite, biotite and andalusite, and the persistence over a similar interval of the reactant porphyroblastic phase chloritoid. This is inconsistent with calculations of equilibrium phase relations, and implies that disequilibrium processes controlled the prograde reaction sequence, despite the slow heating rates involved (1 °C per 10 000 yr). The early appearance of cordierite by a metastable reaction and its subsequent disappearance indicates that delayed nucleation of porphyroblastic phases, rather than simply sluggish reaction, is required to account for the sequence of growth. The predicted reactions for the first appearance of andalusite and staurolite have low entropy of reaction, and do not occur until they have been overtaken in terms of reaction affinity by high‐entropy devolatilisation reactions involving the breakdown of chlorite. Once the porphyroblasts have nucleated, metastable chloritoid‐breakdown reactions also contribute to their growth. The implied magnitude of the critical overstepping for andalusite nucleation is around 5 kJ mole−1 (equivalent to 40 °C for the chlorite‐breakdown reaction), and that for other phases is expected to decrease in the order andalusite>staurolite>cordierite. Coupling between nucleation rate, crystal growth rates and the resulting grain size distribution suggests that the rate constants of natural reactions are at least an order of magnitude lower than those measured in the laboratory. Pseudomorphs after chloritoid and cordierite conserve volume but not Al or other species of low mobility, suggesting a breakdown mechanism controlled by an interface process such as the slow dissolution of the refractory porphyroblast phase, rather than by a transport step.
Impact‐induced melting of Archean granulites in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa. I: anatexis of metapelitic granulites
Authors: Gibson R. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMid‐crustal Archean pelitic granulites in the Vredefort Dome experienced a static, low‐P granulite facies overprint associated with the formation of the dome by meteorite impact at 2.02 Ga. Heating and exhumation were virtually instantaneous, with the main source of heat being provided by energy released from nonadiabatic decay of the impact shock wave. Maximum temperatures within a radius of a few kilometres of the centre of the structure exceeded 900 °C and locally even exceeded 1350 °C. This led to comprehensive melting of the precursor Archean granulite assemblages (Grt + Bt + Qtz + Pl + Ksp ± Crd ± Opx ± Sil) followed by peritectic crystallization of aluminous alkali feldspar+Crd + Spl ± Crn ± Sil parageneses and the segregation of small, evolved, biotite leucogranite bodies. However, at a distance of c. 6 km from the centre pre‐impact rock features are largely preserved, although partial replacement of garnet by symplectitic coronas of Crd + Opx ± Spl ± Pl and biotite by orthopyroxene indicate that peak temperatures approached 775 ± 50 °C. Thin interstitial moats of K‐feldspar are closely associated with the orthopyroxene coronas; they are interpreted as the remnants of low‐proportion partial melts generated by biotite breakdown. Both the textures and mineral compositional data support reduced equilibration volumes in these rocks, which reflect rapid isobaric cooling following shock heating and exhumation. The high temperatures and strong lateral thermal gradient are consistent with the modelled impact‐induced isotherm pattern for a 200–300 km diameter impact crater.
Thermodynamic modelling of the reaction muscovite+cordierite→Al2SiO5+biotite+quartz+ H2O: constraints from natural assemblages and implications for the metapelitic petrogenetic grid
Authors: Pattison D. R. M. , Spear F. S. , Debuhr C. L. , Cheney J. T. , Guidotti C. V. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reaction muscovite+cordierite→biotite+Al2SiO5 +quartz+H2O is of considerable importance in the low pressure metamorphism of pelitic rocks: (1) its operation is implied in the widespread assemblage Ms + Crd +And± Sil + Bt + Qtz, a common mineral assemblage in contact aureoles and low pressure regional terranes; (2) it is potentially an important equilibrium for pressure estimation in low pressure assemblages lacking garnet; and (3) it has been used to distinguish between clockwise and anticlockwise P–T paths in low pressure metamorphic settings. Experiments and thermodynamic databases provide conflicting constraints on the slope and position of the reaction, with most thermodynamic databases predicting a positive slope for the reaction. Evidence from mineral assemblages and microtextures from a large number of natural prograde sequences, in particular contact aureoles, is most consistent with a negative slope (andalusite and/or sillimanite occurs upgrade of, and may show evidence for replacement of, cordierite). Mineral compositional trends as a function of grade are variable but taken as a whole are more consistent with a negative slope than a positive slope. Thermodynamic modelling of reaction 1 and associated equilibria results in a low pressure metapelitic petrogenetic grid in the system K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (KFMASH) which satisfies most of the natural and experimental constraints. Contouring of the Fe–Mg divariant interval represented by reaction 1 allows for pressure estimation in garnet‐absent andalusite+cordierite‐bearing schists and hornfelses. The revised topology of reaction 1 allows for improved analysis of P–T paths from mineral assemblage sequences and microtextures in the same rocks.
Epidermal dysplasia andMalasseziainfection in two West Highland White Terrier siblings: an inherited skin disorder or reaction to severeMalasseziainfection?
Authors: Nett Claudia S. , Reichler Iris , Grest Paula , Hauser Beat , Reusch Claudia E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTwo 9‐month‐old West Highland White Terrier siblings were referred to our clinic with pruritus, alopecia and lichenification. Cytological examination of Scotch™ tape strippings revealedMalasseziaorganisms and cocci. Skin biopsy specimens showed epidermal dysplasia. Treatment included bathing with a 2% miconazole/chlorhexidine‐containing shampoo, orally administered ketoconazole (5 mg kg−1, every 12 h) and cloxacillin (25 mg kg−1every 8 h). Six weeks later, the dermal infection had resolved and there was hair regrowth. However, the dogs were still moderately pruritic. Intradermal allergy testing was positive for house dust mites, storage mites andMalassezia. Immunotherapy was initiated, and treatment with ketoconazole and cloxacillin was stopped. Skin biopsies, which were performed in both dogs 4 months after the first presentation, revealed mild superficial perivascular dermatitis. The remaining mild facial pruritus was easily controlled with topical treatment. These two cases indicate that epidermal dysplasia might be an inflammatory or hypersensitivity reaction to theMalasseziainfection or a result of excessive self‐trauma, rather than a congenital keratinization disorder.
A case of feline phaeohyphomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Authors: Fondati Alessandra , Gallo Maria Grazia , Romano Erica , Fondevila Dolores 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe first report of a case of feline phaeohyphomycosis due to Fonsecaea pedrosoi is presented. Fonsecaea pedrosoi is an aetiologic agent of both human phaeohyphomycosis and chromoblastomycosis. In our cat, the lesion was confined to the skin and appeared as a firm swelling on the bridge of the nose. Diagnosis was based on histological examination of a cutaneous biopsy and fungal culture of a tissue sample on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. Further diagnostic tests failed to reveal an underlying immunosuppression. Two treatment cycles with itraconazole, at the oral dose of 5 mg kg−1 given twice daily, induced complete clinical remission, but relapses occurred.