bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enterochromaffin‐like cell populations in human fundic mucosa: Quantitative studies of their variations with age, sex, and plasma gastrin levels
Authors: Green David M. , Bishop Anne E. , Rindi Guido , Lee Frank I. , Daly Michael J. , Domin Jan , Bloom Stephen R. , Polak Julia M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe human gastric fundal mucosa contains a variety of endocrine cells, the most numerous of which are the so‐called enterochromaffin‐like (ECL) cells. We have studied the variations with age and sex of the ECL cell populations, utilizing an assessment based on multiple endoscopic biopsies from four groups of subjects. Plasma gastrin levels were also determined in these subjects.In males, endocrine cell densities declined with age but the ECL cell numbers in females opposed this trend. ECL cell counts showed no appreciable differences between young and old females. In older females, there was a high rate of gastritis and increased levels of circulating gastrin. Concentrations in older females (29.6±8.7 pmol/l) were higher than in both younger (<45 years) males (5.3±1.1 pmol/l) and older (> 55 years) males (6.3±0.6 pmol/l) (P> 0.05). The plasma gastrin level was also higher in older females than in young females (13.1±4.5 pmol/l), although this difference failed to reach statistical significance.In conclusion, clinically silent gastritis, raised gastrin levels, and maintenance or rise of ECL cells numbers, in opposition to a general decrease in endocrine cells with age, appear to be features of women of more than 55 years of age. The variations in ECL cell populations reported here should be taken into account when evaluating possible pathological alterations of the stomach.
Alveolar epithelial responses in experimental streptococcal pneumonia
Authors: Rhodes Gregory C. , Tapsall John W. , Lykke Athol W. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe describe an experimental model of pneumonia in Wistar rats evoked by Streptococcus sanguis. The lesion developed rapidly as a confluent bronchopneumonia of the single‐lobed left lung. Except at the extreme base, where an abscess formed, the pneumonic process thereafter resolved, and most of the lung appeared microscopically and ultrastructurally normal 8 days after infection.Sequential electron microscopic studies revealed that in the areas of lung which subsequently resolved, damage was restricted to type 1 pneumocytes. Within 24 h of infection, the unaffected type 2 pneumocytes were observed to proliferate, transform into elongated pneumocytes of intermediate morphology, and then undermine and strip off the damaged type 1 cells from the subjacent basement membrane. Thereafter, the intermediate type pneumocytes completed their transformation into definitive type 1 cells, thus completing the repair process. We hypothesize that this represents an accelerated form of the normal type 1 replacement mechanism, and that uncomplicated epithelial repair following acute alveolar damage is possible if type 2 pneumocytes escape significant damage, so that they retain their capacity to proliferate and differentiate into type 1 epithelium.
The relationship between number of interphase NORs and nor‐bearing chromosomes in non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Jan‐Mohamed Riaz M. , Armstrong Susan J. , Crocker John , Leyland Michael J. , Hulten Maj A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ribosomal genes (located on the acrocentric chromosomes 13–15,21–22) may be identified by their silver stained gene products, i.e. NOR related proteins. The NOR bearing chromosome activity can be observed at metaphase with the potential for all ten chromosomes to be positively stained. On the other hand, during interphase they fuse so that eventually only a single silver positive structure is seen in resting normal cells. Investigations of histopathological sections of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have demonstrated a correlation between the numbers of interphase NORs and the grade of tumour. There is generally a higher number of interphase in high‐grade, and a lower number in low grade tumours. This histopathological and cytogenetic study of 13 patients with NHL shows that the higher numbers of interphase NORs in the high‐grade tumours is not necessarily a reflection of increased numbers of NOR‐bearing chromosomes. Examples were found of high‐grade neoplasms, showing the expected high numbers of interphase NORs, but not an increased number of NOR‐bearing chromosomes. Conversely, some low‐grade tumours, with the expected low number of interphase NORs, had increased numbers of NOR‐bearing chromosomes.Our conclusion is that the interphase NOR number is related to factors other than chromosome numbers. We suggest that NOR numbers at interphase may be related to cell turnover. This is supported by previous investigations using DNA flow cytometry and the monoclonal antibody Ki67.
Comparison of histopathological and flow cytometric parameters in prediction of prognosis in gastric cancer
Authors: Wyatt J. I. , Quirke P. , Ward D. C. , Clayden A. D. , Dixon M. F. , Johnston D. , Bird C. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFlow cytometric analysis was performed retrospectively on material from 76 patients having potentially curative resection for gastric carcinoma between 1968 and 1984. The prognostic significance of DNA aneuploidy was compared with that of conventional histological grading and staging of the tumour.The presence of DNA aneuploidy was associated with a significantly poorer prognosis when compared with diploid tumours (P < 0.02), but was not found to be predictive of survival when the presence of lymph node metastases (P < 0.0001) and resection margin involvement (P < 0.003) were allowed for using multiple regression analysis When intestinal and diffuse types of gastric carinoma were analysed separately, DNA aneuploidy was associated with a significantly shorter survival only in patients with intestinal type tumours.
Spindle cell and pleomorphic lipoma: An immunohistochemical study and histogenetic analysis
Authors: Beham Alfred , Schmid Christine , Hödl Stefan , Fletcher Christopher D. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwenty‐two spindle cell lipomas and seven pleomorphic lipomas were investigated immunohistochemically in order to study the differentiation of the non‐adipocytic elements. In all cases, neither spindle cells nor pleomorphic cells reacted with antibodies to a monocyte/macrophage antigen (MAC‐387), fibronectin, laminin or type IV collagen. The absence of demonstrable basement membrane material argues against the possible prelipoblastic nature of these cells. With the antibody to S‐100 protein, spindle cells were immunonegative, whereas pleomorphic cells sometimes revealed an intracytoplasmic weak to moderate staining reaction. In the light of what is known about the development of adipose tissue, our results would support the hypothesis cf Bolen and Thorning (Am J Surg Pathol 1981; 5: 435–441) that spindle cell lipoma is composed of adipocytes and non‐fat storing immature mesenchymal cells. It would appear that pleomorphic lipoma is similarly derived but that in some cases adipocytic differentiation is also abnormal. The characteristic clinical distribution of these two types of tumour may be of relevance in determining the cause of these unusual benign patterns of differentiation.
Lymphocyte status in endomyocardial biopsies and blood after heart transplantation
Authors: Schuurman Henk‐Jan , Meyling Frits H. J. Gmelig , Wijngaard Peter L. J. , Van Der Meulen Ankie , Slootweg Pieter J. , Jambroes George 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe performed immunological phenotyping of mononuclear cells in tissue sections of 84 endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) showing infiltrates, which were taken from 21 patients after heart transplantation. Data were correlated with histology (grading following Billingham) and cyto‐immunologic monitoring (CIM) on blood samples (grading into negative, rejection, or infection, based on leukocyte morphology and T‐cell phenotype). Few T lymphocytes were observed in 35 biopsies, and many in 49 biopsies. The semi‐quantitative estimate of T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio did not correlate with EMB histology but was related to CIM data. For example, 31 out of 42 cases with a CIM indicative of infection (14 of which showing no rejection on histology) manifested large numbers of T cells. In most cases, the CD4/CD8 ratio was less than 1. The presence of activated cells (bearing interleukin‐2 receptors or the CD30 antigen) was not related to EMB histology or to CIM data. The number of T cells (subsets) in EMB was not related to relative or absolute numbers in the blood.
Sudden death in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Keeling Jean W. , Knowles Simon A. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSudden natural deaths of individuals between the ages of 2 and 20 years which occurred during a 20‐year period were identified from mortuary records. Necropsy reports and histological sections were reviewed; 169 sudden natural deaths were identified amongst 1012 deaths in that age group. Ninety‐two sudden deaths occurred to children with recognized disorders; congenital heart disease, asthma, and epilepsy were the commonest problems identified. Amongst the 77 deaths of apparently healthy children, infection was the most frequently recognized disease. Only 11 deaths were unexplained, comprising 1 per cent of the necropsy population or 6·5 per cent of sudden natural deaths, a much smaller proportion than pertains in infancy. Necropsy examination of children dying suddenly yields useful information.
Animal model of margosa oil ingestion with Reye‐like syndrome. Pathogenesis of microvesicular fatty liver
Authors: Sinniah Raja , Sinniah Daven , Chia Lam‐San , Baskaran G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe aetiology and pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome (RS) are incompletely understood. A number of environmental toxins and biological agents, including viruses, have been postulated to cause RS, either acting alone or synergistically. Most investigations have suggested that the primary insult is in the liver mitochondria, leading to a complex biochemical catastrophe, with death from encephalopathy.Margosa oil (MO), a long‐chain fatty acid compound, has been shown to cause a Reye‐like syndrome with death from hepatoencephalopathy, in children in Malaysia and India. The present time‐course study performed in MO‐administered mice showed the development of hepatic lesions with many features of RS. MO acts rapidly, within 30 min, on the nuclei of hepatocytes inducing mitoses and binucleated cells. This is followed by mitochondrial injury, with swelling, rarefaction of matrix, loss of dense bodies, pleomorphism, and loss of ribosomes starting at 60 min. There is loss of liver glycogen, and proliferation and hypertrophy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), followed by the presence of lipid droplets in the hyaloplasm, and globules within dilated cisterns of the ER. Additional fatty acids from lipolysis of body adipocytes, and fat globules from intestinal MO ingestion further aggravate the liver fatty change. There is evidence of fat globule ingestion by endocytosis into hepatocytes at the level of the sinusoids. The development of microvesicular liver steatosis and glycogen depletion due to involvement of liver cell organelles occur rapidly as in RS.
High endothelial‐like venules in chronically inflamed periodontal tissues exchange polymorphs
Authors: Zoellner Hans F. , Hunter Neil 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA survey of 58 gingival biopsies revealed the presence of periodontal high endothelial‐like venules (PHELVs) in chronically inflamed gingival tissues. PHELVs were found to exchange polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) almost exclusively in advanced periodontitis, with PMNs greatly exceeding the number of mononuclear cells found in PHELVs (P<0·001). Electron microscopy confirmed the emigration of PMNs from these vessels. The enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural features as well as the 35SO4 uptake properties of PHELVs were similar to those of the well‐characterized high endothelial venules (HEVs) of rat lymph nodes. It is generally accepted that HEVs in lymphoid tissues and inflammatory sites are specially adapted to assist in the emigration of lymphocytes. However, the observation of preferential PMN emigration in the apparent absence of lymphocyte exchange from PHELVs compels further investigation of other possible functions for HEVs. In relation to this, endothelial cells are capable of producing potent cytokines and inflammatory mediators which may contribute to the development of lesions, and the possibility is discussed that high endothelial cells are functionally adapted to enhance the production of such factors.
Adriamycin‐induced DNA strand breaks in HeLa and in P388 leukaemia cells detected using in situ nick translation
Authors: Maehara Yoshihiko , Emi Yasunori , Anai Hideaki , Sakaguchi Yoshihisa , Kohnoe Shunji , Tsujitani Shunichi , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDNA strand breaks produced by adriamycin (ADR) were measured in HeLa cells and ADR‐sensitive and ‐resistant P388 leukaemia cells, using the in situ nick translation method. The break sites in the DNA were translated artificially in the presence of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and 3H‐labelled dTTP, and were visualized by autoradiographic observation of the grains. The DNA strand breaks in the HeLa cells increased in a dose‐dependent manner, compared with findings in the untreated control cells, i.e., 15·2 fold at 20 μg/ml of ADR for 1 h. This level correlated with DNA single‐strand breaks detected by the alkaline elution method. DNA breaks were also noted in the ADR‐sensitive P388 cells, but in the ADR‐resistant cells the level of DNA strand breaks was low. The enhanced cytotoxicity is apparently the consequence of the enhanced potential of ADR to cause breaks in the DNA strands.Our findings show that the survival response of the cells decreases and the level of DNA strand breaks increases following exposure to ADR. ADR resistance may be mediated by a reduction in the level of DNA strand breaks.
Intestinal pathology following intramuscular ricin poisoning
Authors: Leek M. D. , Griffiths G. D. , Green M. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWithin the gut, intramuscular ricin poisoning results in major pathological changes. Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy illustrate that these changes appear confined to the small intestine, the stomach and large intestine remaining virtually unaffected. These changes include apoptosis crypt and mucosal epithelial cells, hydropic change in enterocytes, infiltration of large numbers of plasma cells into the lamina propria, subsequent apoptosis of many of the plasma cells, and the appearance within the lamina propria of highly active macrophages.Of these changes, greatest significance is attached to the infiltration and apoptosis of large numbers of plasma cells. This is not a common pathological feature within the gastro‐intestinal tract, and may prove to be specifically diagnostic for ricin or a group of toxins having structurally similar characteristics.In this study, the toxin was administered by intramuscular injection and not orally; considering this mode of administration, damage to the small intestine was far more severe than might perhaps be expected. The intensity of cellular infiltration within the lamina propria is especially interesting, as it appears to be more analogous to a local immune response triggered by an oral toxin rather than one administered by an intramuscular route.
S100 protein in human mammary tissue—immunoreactivity in breast carcinoma, including Paget's disease of the nipple, and value as a marker of myoepithelial cells
Authors: Gillett Cheryl E. , Bobrow Lynda G. , Millis Rosemary R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe expression of S100 protein, as assessed by immunohistochemistry, has been evaluated in 101 mammary carcinomas of various histological types, including Paget's disease of the nipple. S100 immunoreactivity was seen in 44 of 101 primary carcinomas, including in situ lesions. It was present in all histological types, with the exception of mucoid carcinoma. In the 33 cases with associated Paget's disease of the nipple, S100 expression was seen in the Paget's cells in six cases. S100 immunoreactivity has been suggested as a marker of myoepithelial cells, but in our hands staining of these cells is less consistent using the S100 antibody than with antibodies to actin. Furthermore. S100 protein is also expressed by some luminal epithelial cells. Therefore, in contrast to actin immunoreactivity, S100 immunoreactivity is not a reliable means of differentiating between luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The possibility that staining with antibody to S100 protein may be affected by methods of fixation and immunohistochemical technique is discussed.
Extragonadal teratocarcinoma derived from embryonal stem cells in chimaeric mice
Authors: Hardy Kate , Carthew Philip , Handyside Alan H. , Hooper Martin L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree tumours which arose in two (one male and one hermaphrodite) out of 63 chimaeric mice resulting from injection of El4TG2a embryo stem (ES) cells into host blastocysts1 have been investigated. All of the tumours appeared within the first 3 weeks after birth. The tumour in the male chimaera and one of the tumours in the hermaphrodite were in the perigenital region but were extragonadal. The third, smaller tumour in the hermaphrodite was on the caecum. The perigenital tumour in the male chimaera was a teratocarcinoma with a wide variety of differentiated tissues, including non‐pigmented retina, as well as nests of undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells with high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity. The perigenital tumour in the hermaphrodite was a teratoma, less differentiated and with no evidence of EC cells. Glucose phosphate isomerase isozyme analysis indicated that both perigenital tumours were predominantly of the injected ES cell rather than the host blaslocyst type. The possible origins of these tumours, which are the first reported to have arisen from ES cells in chimaeric mice, are discussed.
Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of mononuclear infiltrates in breast carcinomas–correlation with tumour differentiation
Authors: Naukkarinen Anita , Syrjänen Kari J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInflammatory infiltrates were analysed in tissue sections of 76 breast carcinomas by counting the percentage of macrophages. IgA + and IgG + plasma cells, Tcells with their subpopulations, and natural killer cells, and by measuring postcapillary venules (PCVs, found in 12 cases) within the infiltrates. These parameters were correlated with nuclear grade and biochemically determined hormone receptor status, known markers of tumour differentiation. A direct correlation was found between the extent of inflammation and nuclear grade (P< 0.0001), and an inverse correlation between inflammation and oestrogen receptor (OR) positivity (P< 0.05) as well as inflammation and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity (P < 0.05). The percentage of the OKT8 + suppressor/cytotoxic T cells increased when the inflammation expanded from scanty to moderate (P < 0.02). The diameter of the PCVs also increased with increasing inflammatory infiltrate (P < 0.02). In addition, a direct correlation exists between the diameter of the PCVs and both the percentage of the OKT8 + T cells (P < 0.04) and the Leu‐7+ natural killer cells (P < 0.03).
Distribution of non‐lymphoid, inflammatory cells in chronic HBV infection
Authors: van den Oord Joost J. , de Vos Rita , Facchetti Fabio , Delabie Jan , De Wolf‐Peeters Chris , Desmet Valeer J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNon‐lymphoid cells play a key role in the initiation and maintenance of cellular immune responses. Usingin‐situimmunohistochemical techniques and a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mcabs) reactive with B5‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver biopsies, we analysed the non‐lymphoid cell component in inflammatory infiltrates in 20 cases of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. In addition, lymphocyte subsets and HLA‐DR antigens were studiedMcab KP1 labelled scattered Kupffer cells, which variably expressed HLA‐DR antigens. Their random distribution and lack or significant topographical association with lymphocytes suggest that classical Kupffer cells do not play a major role in cell‐mediated immune reactions. On the other hand, mcab Mac387 was unreactive with normal liver tissue but labelled HLA‐DR+ dendritic cells in areas of intralobular inflammation. On (immuno)electron microscopy, these Mac387 + dendritic cells were situated in the Disse space, where they formed close contacts with lymphocytes. Similar dendritic cells were situated at the edge of portal tracts in cases of chronic active, but not chronic persistent hepatitis. Immunostaining on serial frozen sections revealed their close topographical association with cytotoxic/suppressor T‐cells, suggesting that Mac387 + HLA‐DR + dendritic cells play an immunomodulatory role in the effector arm of the cellular immune response that takes place in the periphery of portal tracts and the lobular parenchyma, and that involves activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells.Finally, large Mac387 – HLA‐DR + dendritic cells expressing the LN2 marker were situated amidst helper/inducer T‐cells in the centre of severely inflamed portal tracts. In analogy with their role in the lymph node, these cells are likely to act as accessory cells in the afferent arm of the immune response that involves antigen presentation to helper T‐cells which subsequently assist in the generation of plasma cells.According to the types of dendritic cells and their associated T‐cell subsets, different functional domains involved in the afferent and efferent limbs of the immune response can be distinguished in liver tissue involved by chronic HBV infection.
Clinical significance of nuclear DNA content in pancreatic carcinoma
Authors: Alanen Kalle A. , Joensuu Heikkl , Klemi Pekka J. , Nevalainen Timo I 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe nuclear DNA content or 62 pancreatic adenocarcinomas was analysed by flow cylometry from paraffinembedded material. Radical surgery could be performed in 12 of the 24 cases with diploid carcinoma, but only in 3 of the 38 cases with a non‐diploid tumour (P=0.0002); the radically resected carcinomas also had a lower fraction of cells in the S‐phase (P=0.009). Non‐diploid nuclear DNA content (38 cases, 61 per cent) was associated with advanced stage (P=0.002), poor histological differentiation (grade II or III, P=0.004), and primary tumour site in the body or the tail as compared with the head (P=0.01). The median survival time of the patients with diploid carcinoma was 13±3 (SE) months, and that of the patients with non‐diploid carcinoma 3±1 months (P=0.0001). The DNA index with the cutoff value 1.4 was a slightly more powerful prognostic factor than DNA ploidy, and it was the most important independent prognostic factor in Cox's multivariate analysis (P<0.001) followed by histological grade (P<0.03). We conclude that diploid pancreatic carcinomas are associated with a longer survival than the non‐diploid ones, and that radically operable carcinomas form a special subgroup with frequent diploidy and less aggressive biological behaviour.