bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphine‐6‐glucuronide: Actions and mechanisms
Authors: Kilpatrick Gavin J. , Smith Terry W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMorphine‐6‐glucuronide (M6G) appears to show equivalent analgesia to morphine but to have a superior side‐effect profile in terms of reduced liability to induce nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence behind this statement and to identify the possible reasons that may contribute to the profile of M6G. The vast majority of available data supports the notion that both M6G and morphine mediate their effects by activating the µ‐opioid receptor. The differences for which there is a reasonable consensus in the literature can be summarized as: (1) Morphine has a slightly higher affinity for the µ‐opioid receptor than M6G, (2) M6G shows a slightly higher efficacy at the µ‐opioid receptor, (3) M6G has a lower affinity for the κ‐opioid receptor than morphine, and (4) M6G has a very different absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile from morphine. However, none of these are adequate alone to explain the clinical differences between M6G and morphine. The ADME differences are perhaps most likely to explain some of the differences but seem unlikely to be the whole story. Further work is required to examine further the profile of M6G, notably whether M6G penetrates differentially to areas of the brain involved in pain and those involved in nausea, vomiting, and respiratory control or whether µ‐opioid receptors in these brain areas differ in either their regulation or pharmacology. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev
Calpain‐dependent α‐fodrin cleavage at the sarcolemma in muscle diseases
Authors: Takamure Miwa , Murata Ken‐Ya , Tamada Yoshiyuki , Azuma Mitsuyoshi , Ueno Satoshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo clarify the involvement of calpains in sarcolemmal remodeling, we examined the expression of calpains and their substrate, α‐fodrin, in various disorders of muscle. Although immunohistological reactions for α‐fodrin and calpains were weak in normal control muscles, intense immunoreactivity for α‐fodrin at the sarcolemma and for calpains throughout the cytoplasm were detected in small muscle fibers from patients with inflammatory myositis (IM), rhabdomyolysis (Rhab), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Most of the calpain‐α‐fodrin double‐positive muscle fibers in IM and Rhab also expressed the developmental form of myosin heavy chain. The sarcolemma of these small muscle fibers reacted with an antibody that specifically recognizes the 150‐kDa fragments of α‐fodrin (SBDP 150s) cleaved by calpain, but not caspase 3. Western blot analysis confirmed these results. These observations indicate that calpain is activated and reacts with α‐fodrin as a substrate at the sarcolemma, and plays a key role in modulating sarcolemmal proteins to adapt to the specific conditions in each myopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Combined femoral and obturator neuropathy caused by synovial cyst of the hip
Authors: Stuplich Moritz , Hottinger Andreas F. , Stoupis Christoforos , Sturzenegger Mathias 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 57‐year‐old man with a history of severe degenerative lumbar spine disease presented with painful proximal weakness of the right leg. Clinical examination suggested a femoral and obturator neuropathy with a palpable mass in the right groin. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging disclosed a large synovial cyst of the underlying hip joint in the extrapelvic part of the iliopsoas and external obturator muscles, with femoral and obturator nerve compression. This case highlights the importance of detailed clinical examination in patients with multiple joint disease, the need for considering space‐occupying cysts of degenerated joints as a potential cause of nerve damage in unusual locations, and the value of multiplanar MR imaging for proper diagnosis in such situations. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Adaptation of existing behaviour models to unsaturated states: application to CJS model
Authors: Pereira Jean‐Michel , Wong Henry , Dubujet Philippe , Dangla Patrick 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a general formulation of an elastoplastic model adapted to unsaturated soils. This formulation enters within the framework of two independent state variables descriptions. The choice of a particular effective stress combined with suction is made. The definition of this effective stress is based on the formulation of an equivalent pore pressure which is an essential point of this type of models. It will be discussed in this paper.This general formulation can be seen as a methodology allowing to adapt in a straightforward way most of elastoplastic behaviour models classically used in saturated soils mechanics to unsaturated states. It is shown that this synthesis can include most of recent models developed within the same framework.The last part of this paper is devoted to the adaptation of an existing complex elastoplastic model (CJS model) to unsaturated states using the methodology previously exposed. The model thus obtained is validated on various loading paths including œdometric, isotropic or triaxial compressions and also wetting tests simulating collapse phenomenon.This model extension shows the easiness introduced by the proposed methodology to adapt a given elastoplastic model to unsaturated states. Its validation illustrates by the way the abilities of the extended model to reproduce complex volumetric responses of an unsaturated soil. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MR properties of excised neural tissue following experimentally induced demyelination
Authors: Odrobina Ewa E. , Lam Toby Y. J. , Pun Teresa , Midha Rajiv , Stanisz Greg J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChanges in the magnetic resonance (MR) parameters of demyelinated neural tissue were measured in vitro using an experimental animal model. A tellurium (Te) diet was applied to weanling rats to induce the demyelination process in the sciatic nerve. The quantitative MR parameters, such as T1, T2 relaxation time constants and magnetization transfer (MT) were measured each day after applying the Te diet (up to 7 days) and were found to be substantially different from those of normal nerves. An increase in the average T1 and T2 was observed along with a decrease in the MT ratio (MTR) and the quantitative MT parameter M0B, which describes the semisolid pool of protons. Most of the MR parameters correlated very well with the myelin fraction of neural tissue evaluated by quantitative histopathology. The T2 relaxation spectrum provided the most efficient quantitative assessment of changes in neural tissue microstructure and its analysis resulted in a powerful tool to distinguish the processes of demyelination and inflammation. In comparison, the MT measurements were less successful. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem cell implantation in ischemic mouse heart: a high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging investigation
Authors: Küstermann Ekkehard , Roell Wilhelm , Breitbach Martin , Wecker Stefan , Wiedermann Dirk , Buehrle Christian , Welz Armin , Hescheler Juergen , Fleischmann Bernd K. , Hoehn Mathias 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAdvances in the biology of stem cells have evoked great interest in cell replacement therapies for the regeneration of heart tissue after myocardial infarction. However, results from human trials are controversial, since the destination of the injected cells, their engraftment and their long‐term fate have remained unclear. Here we investigate whether transplanted cells can be identified in the intact and lesioned murine myocardium employing high‐resolution MRI. Cardiac progenitor cells, expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), were labeled with ultra‐small paramagnetic iron‐oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles and transplanted into the intact or injured myocardium of mice. Their precise location was determined with high‐resolution MRI and compared with histological tissue sections, stained with Prussian blue for iron content. These experiments showed that iron nanoparticle‐loaded cells could be identified at high resolution in the mouse heart. However, ischemic myocardium (after cryoinjury or left coronary artery ligation) was characterized by a signal attenuation similar to that induced by USPIO‐labeled cells in T‐weighted MR images, making detection of labeled stem cells in this area by T‐sensitive contrast rather difficult. In animals with myocardial injury only, the signal attenuated areas were of the same size in proton density‐ and T‐weighted MR images. In injured animals also receiving labeled cells the lesioned area appeared larger in T‐ than in proton density‐weighted MR images. This sequence‐dependent lesion size change is due to the increased signal loss caused by the iron oxide nanoparticles, most sensitively detectable in the T‐sensitive images. Thus, using the novel combination of these two parameter weightings, USPIO‐labeled cells can be detected at high resolution in ischemic myocardium. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gauss legendre quadrature formulas over a tetrahedron
Authors: Rathod H. T. , Venkatesudu B. , Nagaraja K. V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this article we consider the Gauss Legendre Quadrature method for numerical integration over the standard tetrahedron: {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x, y, z ≤ 1, x + y + z ≤ 1} in the Cartesian three‐dimensional (x, y, z) space. The mathematical transformation from the (x, y, z) space to (ξ, η, ζ) space is described to map the standard tetrahedron in (x, y, z) space to a standard 2‐cube: {(ξ, η, ζ)| − 1 ≤ ζ, η, ζ ≤ 1} in the (ξ, η, ζ) space. This overcomes the difficulties associated with the derivation of new weight coefficients and sampling points. The effectiveness of the formulas is demonstrated by applying them to the integration of three nonpolynomial, three polynomial functions and to the evaluation of integrals for element stiffness matrices in linear three‐dimensional elasticity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Radial basis function Hermite collocation approach for the numerical simulation of the effect of precipitation inhibitor on the crystallization process of an over‐saturated solution
Authors: Rosales A. Hernandez , La Rocca A. , Power H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis work is concerned with the analysis of the effect of precipitation inhibitors on the growth of crystals from over‐saturated solutions, by the numerical simulation of the fundamental mechanisms of such crystallization process. The complete crystallization process in the presence of precipitation inhibitor is defined by a set of coupled partial differential equations that needs to be solved in a recursive manner, due to the inhibitor modification of the molar flux of the mineral at the crystal interface. This set of governing equations needs to satisfy the corresponding initial and boundary conditions of the problem where it is necessary to consider the additional unknown of a moving interface, i.e., the growing crystal surface. For the numerical solution of the proposed problem, we used a truly meshless numerical scheme based upon Hermite interpolation property of the radial basis functions. The use of a Hermitian meshless collocation numerical approach was selected in this work due to its flexibility on dealing with moving boundary problems and their high accuracy on predicting surface fluxes, which is a crucial part of the diffusion controlled crystallization process considered here. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Semi‐analytical integration of the 8‐node plane element stiffness matrix using symbolic computation
Authors: Lozada I. J. , Osorio J. C. , Griffiths D. V. , Cerrolaza M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe semi‐analytical integration of an 8‐node plane strain finite element stiffness matrix is presented in this work. The element is assumed to be super‐parametric, having straight sides. Before carrying out the integration, the integral expressions are classified into several groups, thus avoiding duplication of calculations. Symbolic manipulation and integration is used to obtain the basic formulae to evaluate the stiffness matrix. Then, the resulting expressions are postprocessed, optimized, and simplified in order to reduce the computation time. Maple symbolic‐manipulation software was used to generate the closed expressions and to develop the corresponding Fortran code. Comparisons between semi‐analytical integration and numerical integration were made. It was demonstrated that semi‐analytical integration required less CPU time than conventional numerical integration (using Gaussian‐Legendre quadrature) to obtain the stiffness matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Multiscale methods for elliptic homogenization problems
Authors: Chen Zhangxin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this article we study two families of multiscale methods for numerically solving elliptic homogenization problems. The recently developed multiscale finite element method [Hou and Wu, J Comp Phys 134 (1997), 169–189] captures the effect of microscales on macroscales through modification of finite element basis functions. Here we reformulate this method that captures the same effect through modification of bilinear forms in the finite element formulation. This new formulation is a general approach that can handle a large variety of differential problems and numerical methods. It can be easily extended to nonlinear problems and mixed finite element methods, for example. The latter extension is carried out in this article. The recently introduced heterogeneous multiscale method [Engquist and Engquist, Comm Math Sci 1 (2003), 87–132] is designed for efficient numerical solution of problems with multiscales and multiphysics. In the second part of this article, we study this method in mixed form (we call it the mixed heterogeneous multiscale method). We present a detailed analysis for stability and convergence of this new method. Estimates are obtained for the error between the homogenized and numerical multiscale solutions. Strategies for retrieving the microstructural information from the numerical solution are provided and analyzed. Relationship between the multiscale finite element and heterogeneous multiscale methods is discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
A robust video text extraction method for character recognition
Authors: Hori Osamu , Mita Takeshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes a method for extracting text portions occurring in video images with high accuracy for reading by OCR. Past studies have produced methods of extracting text in a video image from its background by binarization based on a threshold, utilizing the fact that the intensity of the text is higher than that of the background. One method for determining the threshold is Shio's application of Otsu's method, assuming the distribution of two intensities of the background and characters in local blocks. However, methods based on various intensities of the background such as those of video images have the problem of not yielding a good threshold due to assumptions that are not necessarily valid. In addition, in reality, they cannot extract characters with accuracy sufficient for OCR readability because the intensity around the characters is not necessarily high due to the effects of shadowing, edge elimination, and signal conversion processing. Thus, this paper proposes a method of extracting only the text portions by robustly estimating the intensity distribution of the text portions, initially extracting high‐reliability areas as text portions, and extending the areas based on the estimated distribution. Experimental results show that the proposed method extracts text portions with higher accuracy and better OCR readability than the conventional methods. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(9): 87–96, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10148
Enhancement of CAD system for breast cancers by improvement of classifiers
Authors: Hagihara Yoshihiro , Hagihara Yukari , Wei Jun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method to improve the accuracy of classifiers by replacing the connection between the output layer and the immediately preceding hidden layer with an optimal linear transformer. This approach is intended to improve the performance of a breast cancer image diagnosis assistance system. The proposed classifier is composed of a three‐layer MLP (multilayer perceptron) and a Mahalanobis classifier. The MLP has only one output unit, and produces output for two categories. If it is assumed that the value from the hidden layer immediately preceding the output layer forms a multivariable normal distribution for each class, that is, a Gaussian distribution, then the optimal linear transformer is a classifier based on the generalized Mahalanobis distance. Thus, the optimal classification is realized in the MLP after learning in which the generalized Mahalanobis distance with the hidden layer immediately preceding the output layer as the input is examined, and classification is performed on the basis of the likelihood. The proposed breast cancer image diagnosis assistance system, the system using only the conventional Mahalanobis classifier, and the system using only the conventional MLP classifier are compared. The best results are given by the proposed method, and it is shown that the performance of the breast image diagnosis assistance system can be improved. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(9): 65–76, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20173
Methods for detecting multiple small nodules from 3D chest X‐ray CT images
Authors: Hayase Yosuke , Mekada Yoshito , Mori Kensaku , Hasegawa Jun‐ichi , Toriwaki Jun‐ichiro , Mori Masaki , Natori Hiroshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a method for detecting small nodules from 3D X‐ray CT images, considering small nodules with CT values of at least −600 H.U. and diameters of at least 2 mm. The proposed method is largely composed of two stages. In the first stage, for the region obtained by the threshold processing, the shape feature parameters of the figure calculated from the distance values in the connected component are applied, and the initial nodule candidate regions are extracted by discriminating the nodule region and the vessel/bronchus region. In the second stage, a minimum directional difference filter in which the filter radius is adaptively adjusted according to the size of the initial nodule candidate region is applied in order to reduce the overextracted regions. The proposed method is applied to seven actual chest CT images (six pathological cases, including multiple nodules, and one normal case), and the result for 361 nodules with a CT value not less than −600 H.U. and diameter not less than 2 mm is that the number of overextracted regions per case is 7.4 on the average, when the detection rate is set as 71%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(9): 55–64, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20175
Development of an automated extraction method for liver tumors in three‐dimensional multiphase multislice images
Authors: Nakagawa Junya , Shimizu Akinobu , Kobatake Hidefumi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes an automatic method for extracting liver tumors from three‐dimensional abdominal CT images of four phases (noncontrast, early phase, portal phase, late phase). In the proposed method, the liver region is extracted from the image of each phase. Enhancement process is applied to the region by using a three‐dimensional adaptive convergence index filter. The local maximum points are extracted from the enhanced image and the candidate regions for the liver tumor are extracted by applying the region‐growing process. Multiple features are derived from the extracted candidates and it is decided whether or not the candidate actually corresponds to a tumor, based on the Mahalanobis distance calculated from the features. The processing from the enhancement to the discrimination of the candidates is performed independently for each phase, and four processed images are generated. Finally, the resultant images are combined and output. The proposed method is applied to 40 three‐dimensional CT images of 10 patients taken by a multislice CT scanner. The result is promising, since all 8 existing tumors were detected, and the number of false‐positive regions per image was 0. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(9): 43–54, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20179
Unsupervised speaker indexing of discussions using anchor models
Authors: Akita Yuya , Kawahara Tatsuya 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe present unsupervised speaker indexing, combined with automatic speech recognition (ASR) for speech archives, such as discussions. Our proposed indexing method is based on anchor models, by which we define a feature vector based on the similarity with speakers of a large‐scale speech database. We introduce dimensional normalization and reduction on the vectors to improve discriminant ability. These vectors are then clustered and initial speaker labels are obtained. Using the initial labels, speaker models are constructed for respective clusters and the speakers are finally indexed with the speaker models. We perform ASR using the results of this indexing. We achieved a speaker indexing accuracy of 97% and a significant improvement in the ASR for real discussion data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(9): 25–33, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20215
Combination of statistical and neural classifiers for a high‐accuracy recognition of large character sets
Authors: Kimura Yoshimasa , Wakahara Toru , Tomono Akira 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this paper the authors propose a method for high‐accuracy recognition of large character sets using a new combination of a statistical method and neural networks. In their method, a hierarchical structure that has several neural networks arranged in a line after the statistical method is used. First, recognition using a statistical method is performed, and this represents the final result if the top candidate does not belong to a predefined set of similar characters. If it does, then the input character is discriminated in a neural network which designates the top candidate by determining the similar characters. The results are output as final results. The basic idea of this method is the functional division of a statistical method and neural networks, and the use of a neural network as determined by a statistical method. The results of recognizing 3201 character types including JIS‐1 Kanji showed an improvement in the correct recognition rate due to the combined use of a statistical method and neural networks, thereby demonstrating the validity of the authors' approach. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(9): 97–107, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20330