bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CO2 fractional laser-assisted transdermal delivery of silk nanofiber carriers in a rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model
Authors: Yang Yan , Liu Lutong , Wu Xiaojin , Wang Xue , Lu Qiang , Zhang Zhen 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundHypertrophic scars are skin fibrotic diseases, characterized by fibroblast hyperproliferation and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. However, topical drug application for hypertrophic scars are unsatisfactory. The purpose of this study was to explore the permeability of silk nanofiber hydrogels (SNFs) loaded with rhodamine 6G (R6G) and rhodamine 110 (R110) mediated by CO2 fractional laser irradiation into hypertrophic scar tissues.MethodsIn this work, R6G and R110 were chosen as hydrophilic and hydrophobic model molecules. They were loaded inside SNFs. In vivo rabbit ear hypertrophic scars were treated with CO2 fractional laser irradiation and then R6G/R110-laden SNFs were applied to the scars to evaluate their synergetic effect on drug penetration efficiency. Their permeability was quantified by fluorescence intensity and measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. More specifically, the thermal coagulation zone (CZ) and its surrounding area (peri-CZ) caused by the thermal coagulation of the laser were discussed separately.ResultsOur data indicated that the SNFs promoted the penetration of R6G but not that of R110 in the peri-CZ on day 1 when combined with laser irradiation. Interestingly, both R6G and R110 were abundant in the CZ and remained stable on days 1, 3 and 5. Moreover, rapid re-epithelialization hindered the long-term permeability of both drugs.ConclusionCombining CO2 fractional laser irradiation with SNF drug delivery could improve the efficiency of hydrophilic drug delivery within 24 h before total re-epithelialization.
Illegal, Unless: Freezing the Assets of Russia’s Central Bank
Authors: van der Horst Ron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 22 February 2022, the European Union (EU) and states such as Canada, Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America froze assets of the Russian central bank held in their jurisdictions. The sanctions fit in a longer pattern of states freezing assets of foreign central banks, which has been criticized by several states to be incompatible with the law of state immunity. The criticism on these types of sanctions raises the question whether freezing assets of Russia’s central bank complies with the law of state immunity. This article answers this question by investigating whether the law of state immunity is confined to the jurisdiction of courts or if it also applies in the context of executive action. Considering that the law of state immunity also applies to executive action, these sanctioning states (and the EU) violated Russia’s state immunity by freezing assets of Russia’s central bank. These sanctions, however, could be justified as (third party) countermeasures in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Global Holomorphic Intersection Formula and Local Euler Obstructions for Mixed Resultants
Authors: Liao Xia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this short paper we are going to accomplish multiple goals. We will prove a global version of the holomorphic intersection formula due to Dubson, Lê, Ginsburg, Sabbah and Schürmann, derive the local Euler obstruction formula for discriminants as a special case of the holomorphic intersection formula, and finally give a local Euler obstruction formula for mixed resultants.
Tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence
Authors: Jaffe Jerome H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 20 years there has been a major reassessment of the way that the medical and behavioural sciences view the habitual use of tobacco. For more than 400 years there was little question that the use of tobacco could be a habit that is exceedingly persistent and resistant to change, but until recently there was strong reluctance to consider the tobacco habit a form of drug dependence, analogous in most respects to the chronic use of morphine, cocaine, or alcohol. The situation has changed. Prestigious national and international organizations now recognize heavy tobacco use to be a form of dependence (or addiction), a dependence that is the major factor keeping hundreds of millions of people smoking a substance that causes disease and death (Royal College of Physicians 1977; Surgeon General 1979, 1985, 1986; APA 1980, 1987; WHO 1985).
Nicotine intake and its control over smoking
Authors: Russell M A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its use began, it has been known that tobacco tends to gain a hold on those who use it. Cigarette smoking, in particular, is highly addictive. Most smokers say they would like to give up, but when they try they usually fail. Yet there has been a resistance to ‘official’ recognition of compulsive tobacco use as an addiction or dependence disorder (Jaffe, chapter 1, this volume). This may have reflected doubts about the role of nicotine as the underlying cause of the addiction. Until recently such doubts were justifiable. The evidence was largely circumstantial and there were important gaps. Although pharmacologists had long ago identified a host of nicotine effects that are potentially rewarding (Murphree and Weyer 1967), intravenous self-administration studies in animals had failed to provide reliable evidence that nicotine could act as a primary reinforcer. In a study in humans, intravenous bolus doses of nicotine failed to affect ongoing smoking behaviour (Kumar et al. 1977), leading the authors to conclude that ‘tobacco smoking is generally regarded as a form of nicotine dependence, but the evidence for this is slender.’ Examples of addictive behaviours without a pharmacological basis, such as compulsive gambling, nail-biting, and the desire for sweet tastes or high-fat foods, fortified doubts about the pharmacological role of nicotine. In a review of the evidence in 1979 it had to be conceded that the case was not proven (Russell 1979).
Designing schools of public health for the United States
Authors: Fee Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, public health in the United States was institutionalized in city and state health departments, but there were few formal requirements for public health positions, no established career structures, and little job security for health officials. Most public health positions were part-time appointments at nominal salary; many who devoted effort to public health did so on a largely voluntary basis. As Arthur Viseltear has explained, some of the better medical, engineering, and technical schools offered courses in public health, Preventive medicine, and sanitary engineering but there was no standardized system of training and little agreement about the forms of knowledge necessary for public health practice. Most public health officers in the north and east had medical degrees, but some were engineers and others were lawyers, chemists, or biologists.
Preparation for public health practice: into the twenty-first century
Authors: Jefferys Margot , Lashof Joyce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters have traced the way in which, in two industrialized nations in the last 150 years, ‘the health of the public’, as opposed to the curative treatment of individuals, came to be seen both as requiring public administrative action and as a subject meriting academic enquiry. They showed how the identification of specific practices, intended to improve the public’s health, led to the creation of occupational roles, which, in the course of time, became formalized. In turn, institutions were designed to prepare recruits for the new tasks and roles as they developed.
Animal models of human sexual behaviour
Authors: Barfield Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human sexual behaviour is properly studied in humans; however, animal models provide insights and information not easily obtained from studies on people. Basic research with animal model Systems can lead to the discovery of basic principles and mechanisms. For example, the use of the neurotoxin, N-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine HCL (MPTP), in rodents and primates has proved a useful model System for elucidating possible pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying Parkinson&#x92;s disease (Langston et al. 1984). The discovery of such principles and mechanisms can lead to rational thérapies for disorders traced to common mechanisms in humans. Basic research on healthy humans is at best difficult if at ail possible.
Music And Emotion
Authors: Juslin Patrik N , Sloboda John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The position of emotion in music has been a subject of considerable interest and debate. However emotional aspects of music have received surprising little attention in the 45 years since the publication of Leonard Meyer's classic work 'Emotion and meaning in music.' During that time, both 'music psychology' and 'emotion' have developed as lively areas of research, and the time is fitting therefore to try and bring together this multidisciplinary interest and take stock of what we now know about this important relationship. A new volume in the Series in Affective Science, Music and Emotion; Theory and Research brings together leading researchers interested in both these topics to present the first integrative review of this subject. The first section reflects the various interdisciplinary perspectives, taking on board views from philosophy, psychology, musicology, biology, anthropology, and sociology. The second section addresses the role of our emotions in the composition of music, the ways that emotions can be communicated via musical structures, the use of music to express emotions within the cinema. The third section looks at the emotions of the performer - how do they communicate emotion, how does their emotional state affect their own performance. The final section looks at the ways in which our emotions are guided and influenced while listening to music, whether actively or passively. Music and Emotion is a timely book, one that will interest psychologists, musicologists, music educators, and philosophers.
Musicological Approaches To Emotion
Authors: Cook Nicholas , Dibben Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing about music may well go back as far as writing itself, but to speak of ‘musicology’ before about 1800 is to court anachronism. In the centuries before then, there were in the West two broadly distinct traditions of writing about music: on the one hand more or less practical manuals addressed in general to (and generally by) composers and performers, and on the other hand more or less speculative writings that, to modern eyes, can at times resemble cosmology with a musical vocabulary. The emergence of ‘musicology’ (a term not used in English until the twentieth century, but borrowed from the earlier French term musicologie) can, then, be traced to two circumstances: first, the new relationship between compositional theory and practice that resulted from a general growth in historical awareness and the establishment of a canon of ‘masterworks’; and second, the increasing systematization of what in the course of the nineteenth century became known (especially in Germany) as the human sciences.
Music And Emotion: Perspectives From Music Therapy
Authors: Bunt Leslie , Pavlicevic Mercédès 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between music and emotion from within what is generally called ‘improvisational music therapy’ and aims to explore how a music therapist begins to generate and receive patients’ emotional responses to the music in music therapy.We do not attempt to duplicate existing literature by reviewing the clinical and research literature of music therapy, nor do we provide an overview of the profession and the various applications of music as therapy. Instead, the chapter is divided into three main sections.We begin with some general background to music therapy and how connections with emotions are observed in clinical practice. Then follows a summary of a study that investigated how music therapists are able to judge the intended presentation of a series of basic emotions by listening to short improvisations played live by colleagues. This hopefully sheds light on the complex range of emotions within the more natural interplay of the patient’s and therapist’s improvised music. In the final section, we explore this world of co-created music with patients in music therapy by examining recent work on early infant development and elaborating on the connections between themusical and personal in improvisationalmusic therapy using the theoretical concept of dynamic form.
Dynamical Theory Of Crystal Lattices
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book was begun during the War, about fourteen years ago. My first book on crystals had appeared during the First World War, under the title Dynamik der Kristallgitter (Teubner, 1915). A few years later I was invited by Sommerfeld to write an article on the subject for the Mathematical Encyclopaedia. This appeared in volume v, p. 527, under the title ‘Atomtheorie des festen Zustandes’ and was published as a separate book (Teubner, 1923).
Resistance and Revolt
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the later years of Aulus Plautius’ governorship seem to be a period of military consolidation within which a new province could be shaped, the period following is marked by violent reaction from the Britons. The Romans were manifestly here to stay, but one may wonder from subsequent events whether there would have been internal resistance but for Roman policy itself In the mean time, the change of governor in 47 was marked by an attack by hostile tribes from outside the conquered territory, thinking that, with the onset of winter, they would take a new commander by surprise. Publius Ostorius Scapula, however, was not the man to hesitate. He marched at speed at the head of a number of lightly armed cohorts, and stamped out all opposition. His next action, however, may have appeared to show military sense, but lacked political judgement. An attractive emendation of an apparently corrupt text of Tacitus, if correct, tells us that Ostorius ‘prepared to tame everything this side of the Trent and Severn’. It is likely to refer both to the establishment of some of the later Claudian forts and to the disarming of tribes within the south and east that had so far been allowed to keep their weapons. The decision may have stemmed from the intention to move more troops forward in preparation for forther conquest, but it can also be envisaged as part of the general policy of ‘reducing the nearest part of Britain into the form of a province’.
Marcus Aureliusand Commodus
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
163 by Sextus Calpurnius Agricola, well known to Romano British specialists because of the number of his building inscriptions on Hadrian’s Wall and forther south. Before either was appointed, however, there had been a greater event. Early in 161 Antoninus Pius died and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, now known more widely for his reputation as a philosopher than for his acts as emperor. Yet in many ways the power of his Meditations is due to the personal stress caused by his intense devotion to the twin ideals of Stoicism as recognized by the aristocracyservice to the state and withdrawal into self. Marcus suffered the extreme condition of the characteristically Roman conflict between otium and negotium, having a passionate feeling for philosophy but conducting a reign tormented by almost continuous warfare. We tend to think loosely of the ‘Antonine Age’ (by which is generally meant the period from the death of Hadrian to the accession of Septimius Severus in 193) as a unity, in many ways the golden age of the empire. Yet the pressures on the imperial government were very different under Marcus from those that faced Antoninus Pius. The relatively peaceful frontiers of Antoninus’ reign were now struck by major attack from outside: on the Rhine, in the east, and, by far the worst, on the Danube. Thereafter Rome was rarely to be free from serious pressure on her frontiers: the wars of the reign of Marcus were the harbingers of the imperial crisis that was to last for more than a century and transform the empire.
The Tetrarchy
Authors: Salway Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Medieval history’ traditionally starts with the accession of Diocletian in ad 284. It has become conventional to accept the subsequent ‘reforms’—constitutional, political, military, social, economic, and religious—as marking a decisive break between the ancient and medieval worlds. Most of all, attention is drawn to the establishment of the ‘Christian Empire’ by Constantine (the Edict of Milan conferring imperial favour on the Church was issued in 313), and the foundation of Constantinople by the same emperor in 324. Nevertheless, the landmark date of 284 is of more convenience to the medieval historian and the Byzantinist than it is to those studying the ancient world. Whatever the magnitude of the changes in the forty years after the accession of Diocletian, fourth-century Britain had much more in common with its own history since the Claudian conquest than with its condition in the centuries after the end of Roman rule. With Diocletian, we are not entering the Middle Ages, but the ‘late Roman’ world.
Introduction
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a narrative history of the USSR from the end of World War II to its collapse in 1991. It has been designed with the general reader in mind and does not set out to be comprehensive; foreign affairs and defense issues have been excluded. The emphasis is on the central themes of political, economic, social, and cultural development, with a good deal of attention being paid to the key problem of inter-ethnic relations. For whatever else the Soviet Union may have been, it was certainly an empire-although one of a peculiar kind, since it cost Russians dear as well as non-Russians.
Reorienting the Economy
Authors: Keep John L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the post-Stalin era the command (‘planned’) economy, for all its built-in defects, still had reserves of strength that could be tapped to obtain a high rate of growth. Fundamentally this was a natural process of recovery from the ravages of war, as in Western countries at this time, but government policy also had much to do with it. In Stalin’s last years the interests of consumers, and peasants in particular, had been deliberately neglected in favour of investment of resources in producers’ goods-in Soviet parlance, ‘Group A’ industries as distinct from those in ‘Group B’ that catered to citizens’ current needs.
Hoping to heal
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 we encountered the metaphor at the literal heart of the term brainwashing: the use of water to cleanse and purify. We now turn to another, closely related metaphor: that of healing. From the time the word was born, analogies have been drawn between brainwashing and treating sick minds. Edward Hunter, for example, makes the comparison early on in Brain-washing in Red China when describing how he interviewed a Chinese student, Chi Sze-chen, who had undergone thought reform. Chi’s descriptions trigger Hunter’s memories of ‘a most modern sanitarium’ in America, where Hunter had gone to visit a sick friend.
Our ever-changing brains
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroscience, the investigation of brains, is a child of the Enlightenment, born of the belief that nothing is out of bounds to science.1 Like her sister, genetics, she grew up in the twentieth century, overshadowed by their older sibling physics, who has changed all our lives and has blood on her altar to prove it. Genetics promises even greater accomplishments, boasting of how she will one day conquer the world. Compared to these showy teenagers, neuroscience is a quiet Cinderella. But some say that she will outstrip her sisters, changing not only the world we live in, not only the bodies we are born with, but the thoughts and selves and cultures we create.
That freedom thing
Authors: Taylor Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of Chapter 6 I discussed six ideas central to brainwashing: power, change, causation, responsibility, the self, and free will. Brainwashing involves exerting power over a victim or victims, causing changes in both thought and behaviour. These changes may be so profound that they affect victims’ strongest beliefs, the core of the self. Brainwashed people no longer have free will: they must act as the brainwasher commands. Yet successful brainwashing leaves victims unaware of their new-found slavery; they still regard themselves as free, responsible agents. Unless their brainwashing becomes a matter of public knowledge, society will make the same judgement.
‘The Happiest Thought of my Life’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The February 17, 1921, issue of Nature is almost completely devoted to relativity. It appeared at a time when ‘in two cases predicted [by general relativity) phenomena for which no satisfactory alternative explanation is forthcoming have been confirmed by observation, and the third is still a subject of inquiry’ [L1]. The first two phenomena are the precession of the perihelion of Mercury and the bending of light by the sun. Both effects had been calculated by Einstein in 1915. The first agreed very well indeed with long-known observations. The second had waited until 1919 for confirmation. The third was the red shift of radiation, the experimental magnitude of which was still under advisement in 1921.
The New Dynamics
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Einstein arrived at the special theory of relativity after thinking for ten years about the properties of light. Electromagnetism was not the only area of physics that attracted his attention during those years. In the intervening time, he also thought hard about statistical mechanics and about the meaning of Planck’s radiation law. In addition, he tried his hand at experiments. The final steps leading to his June 1905 paper were made in an intense burst of activity that lasted for less than two months. Einstein arrived at the general theory of relativity after thinking for eight years about gravitation. This was not the only area of physics which attracted his attention during those years. In the intervening time, he also thought hard about quantum physics and about statistical mechanics. In addition, he tried his hand at experiments. The final steps leading to his November 25, 1915, paper were made in an intense burst of activity that lasted for less than two months.
‘The Suddenly Famous Doctor Einstein’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part IV of this book began with an account of Einstein’s arrival in Berlin, his separation from Mileva, his reactions to the First World War, and his earliest activities in the political sphere. This was followed by a description of the final phases in the creation of general relativity. In the previous chapter, Einstein’s role in the further development of this theory and its impact on later generations of physicists were discussed. In this chapter, I turn to the impact of general relativity on the world at large, an impact that led to the abrupt emergence of Einstein as a charismatic figure and a focus of awe, reverence, and hatred. I also continue the story, begun in Section 14a, of Einstein’s years in Berlin. To begin with, I return to the days just after November 1915, when Einstein completed his work on the foundations of general relativity.