bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview: Moving from Programs to Policies
Authors: Hunter Edward L. , Castillo Grace 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the process of creating lasting policies and the roles of public health leaders as advocates for their programs. Recently, public health advocates have sought greater influence over social and economic circumstances that affect health, as well as sustainable interventions in the face of resource constraints. The country’s experience addressing the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of, and need for, effective use of policy levers to build more equitable and resilient communities, to control infectious diseases, to mitigate the impacts of health emergencies, and to protect public health science. The COVID-19 crisis made it clear that stepping back from policy engagement is not an option for those working to improve the public’s health. By making policy a strategic priority, public health practitioners and advocates can have real influence outside the health sector and can help shape the broad social and economic conditions that are fundamental to improving the public’s health.
Policy Development and Engagement
Authors: Forrest Katrina , Hearne Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From epidemiologists to emergency responders, public health nurses to program managers, practitioners often face challenges with significant policy implications. This chapter aims to equip public health professionals and all who seek to advocate for evidence-based policy solutions with tangible tools, skills, and insights necessary for achieving a policy objective. Policy development and policy engagement are supported by six essential keys to success: know your ask; know your audience, supporters, and decision makers; know and engage the opposition; develop consistent and clear messaging; consider timing; and stay the course. Public health practitioners are uniquely positioned to influence policy change through strong policy development, compelling storytelling, and effective policy engagement.
Evidence-Based Policymaking and Public Health Practice
Authors: Plescia Marcus , Brownson Ross C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the processes, challenges, and contexts of developing, communicating, implementing, and evaluating evidence-based public health policy. There is a wide range of resources available to the public health workforce to identify evidence-based policy interventions and monitor policies enacted at the federal, state, and local levels. This information must be communicated effectively to policymakers and their staff. The political process makes the strict practice of enacting only evidence-based policies unrealistic, but public health can work to make policies as evidence-informed as possible and advocate for strong evaluation plans to be included with innovative approaches that are yet to be fully assessed. This chapter highlights the importance of clear and concise communication of the messaging of evidence to back up emerging public health policies, as well as the specific challenges of implementing and monitoring evidence-based policies.
Public Health’s Essential Ingredient
Authors: Aboelata Manal J. , Savannah Sheila B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses community engagement as an essential aspect of community health and public health, using the Public Health 3.0 framework to discuss challenges and practices. Community engagement is a practice, and it can yield tremendous benefits. Equity and inclusion are central to successful community engagement, which must entail relationship-building, regular communication, and decision-making that involves residents. The people most likely to be affected by the conditions that impede health, safety, and well-being are those most experienced with solutions to those problems. Fully activated, public health appreciates its role in relationship to building the social justice movement and seeks to be included as an ally and a resource in reaching social justice aims.
From Silo to Spoon
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Key questions in food ethics—food aid, local diets, food labeling, sustainability and agricultural pollution—have been understood through a lens that takes production, processing, and distribution to be general features of the industrial economy. Challenging these fundamental assumptions calls for an approach that goes beyond dietary advice. A deep inquiry into the nature of food and farming, and into the institutions that structure food purchases and environmental regulation, shows how a place-based agrarian outlook reveals unappreciated philosophical complexity, opening to a more satisfactory ethos for contemporary food practices. At the same time, the promise of an alternative food ethics requires uncovering the way that traditional agrarian norms continue to be implicated in structural racism and oppression. Thompson’s “agrarian pragmatism” counters mainstream applied ethics with a line of argument contrasting ethical inquiry with discourses of persuasion and social control. The book concludes with a study of how food ethics provides an entry into dialog between themes in environmental philosophy and the philosophy of race.
Pollution as a Moral Problem
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mary Douglas investigated how pollution ideas establish basic categories for organizing social life. Present-day scientists understand pollution as the release of harmful substances into the environment. This notion presumes one categorical distinction emphasizing human agency (substances that occur naturally are not pollutants) and another classifying hazards in terms of their availability to the methods of the biophysical sciences. The latter classification excludes forms of harm that eventuate through socioeconomic mechanisms. However, agricultural practices challenge these categories: some argue that contaminants affecting a farmer’s ability to sell a crop as “organic” or “GMO-free” are pollutants in the same way as contaminants that make it unfit for consumption. Douglas’s analysis thus has import for the philosophy of agricultural science. The ethical importance of this usage is that pollution beliefs establish an implicit moral communities reflected in the pragmatics—the implicit background—of pollution discourse. Wilfrid Sellars’s notion of “we-intentions” helps investigate this phenomenon, but it leaves scholars in the ironic and uncomfortable position of implicitly taking sides in a dispute even when the goal is to foster conversations in which the substance of dispute becomes explicitly available for philosophical analysis and evaluation.
Sustainable Food Systems
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A logical analysis of the concept of sustainability shows that many current uses of the word derive their ethical content from theories of development rather than sustainability as such. When the aphorism equating sustainability with that which “meets the needs of current generations while allowing future generations to meet their needs” is examined, meeting present day needs becomes a necessary condition for satisfying the conditions for sustainability. Thus no form of agriculture that allows food needs anywhere to go unmet can be judged sustainable. Although this formulation is appealing to food movement activists seeking social justice, it is inconsistent with the view advocated by critics of industrial farming methods who have claimed that inadequate soil and water conservation (not to mention polluting and climate-forcing impacts of agrichemicals) are the factors making current food systems unsustainable. An alternative systems analysis is offered as more faithful to the conceptual content of sustainability as such. One consequence of this analysis is that some sustainable systems may be producing social evils rather than goods.
Agrarian Pragmatism
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Notions of agrarianism are reviewed and a preferred understanding of a sociopolitical philosophy stressing the role of agriculture and food systems in the organization and survival of human cultures is developed. This form of agrarianism emphasizes an evolutionary understanding of character traits, habits, and cultural systems. The chapter explores conceptual links to the pragmatism of Charles Peirce, William James, John Dewey, and Jane Addams. The view is contrasted to environmental philosophies that ground environmental duties in terms of human use value, on the one hand, or the intrinsic value of nature, on the other. Thomas Jefferson’s particular adaptation of an agrarian philosophy is shown to turn upon the political sustainability of the early American republic rather than on a romantic or bucolic understanding of morality, as some critics write. Jefferson is drawing on an understanding of the relationship between culture and the natural world that has a long philosophical history, continuing into the 20th century with Dewey’s emphasis on organism–environment interaction. Although the view has unappreciated strengths, it also supported racism and colonial exploitation, and these features are examined in detail.
Scottish History, Presbyterian Culture, and the Right to Bear Arms
Authors: McIntyre Neil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter illuminates how Scottish Presbyterian and covenanting history and culture shaped views of legitimate arms-bearing in parts of America in the decades leading up to the Second Amendment’s ratification. This chapter shows the diversity of non-English legal, political, and theological influences on self-defense and arms-bearing in the early United States. This history grounded both rights and duties to resist tyrannical government initially in religious understanding and obligations, before it shifted to a more individualized level as the American Revolution approached.
Gun Laws in Early America
Authors: Hadden Sally E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scholars readily assume that early America guns laws focused purely on military readiness and community defense. However, analysis of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century enactments reveals that European colonists in North America created conflicting, contradictory laws for multiple reasons affecting gun ownership, control, and use. Economic advantages competed with personal protection, for human foes (pirates, Native Americans enemies, Spanish or French imperial rivals) were not their sole targets; Southern colonists also hunted deer for profit and wolves for bounties. Native allies (voluntarily) and African slaves (involuntarily) might also do so on their behalf, frequently without White participation or supervision. Armed slaves were even briefly inducted into South Carolina’s militia as imperial defenders, and armed Native Americans proved skillful in producing skins for export, a major source of trade income. But equipping Natives and enslaved people with guns brought Southern colonists into conflict with each other. Armed and hostile Natives and slaves constituted security threats to colonists. Thus, colonial laws veered between priorities of arming, controlling, or disarming gun owners, particularly Native American and enslaved gun users as well as vagrants. White legislatures applied gun control laws to specific groups, influenced by racism and assumptions about what constituted civilization (hunting versus farming). Driven by profit, reckless colonists evaded disarming laws and continued to provide weapons to slaves or Natives, dangerously increasing White community vulnerability.
Historical Gun Laws Targeting “Dangerous” Groups and Outsiders
Authors: Blocher Joseph , Carberry Caitlan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter grapples with two lines of historical regulation that lack obvious modern equivalents: laws regulating sales to Native Americans and laws regulating possession by those disaffected to the cause of America. Relying largely upon the Repository of Historical Gun Laws, the chapter provides a historical overview of these laws and explores an underlying methodological question: What is to be done with the array of gun regulations at the founding with targets that no longer are desirable, or even constitutional? If the Second Amendment demands rigorous historical analysis, it is difficult to ignore such laws entirely, even though they would of course be unconstitutional today. They might be probative of broad framing-era principles—such as governmental power to disarm “dangerous” groups—even if we reject the framing-era application of those principles—such as a determination that particular groups were (or were not) dangerous.
Strange Bedfellows
Authors: Rivas Brennan Gardner 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes as its starting point the unusual and intriguing convergence of gun rights and ethnic studies scholars upon the idea that American gun regulations are rooted in racism. Through an exploration of weapon-related regulations and state constitutional provisions in effect from the colonial period to the end of Reconstruction, the chapter rebuts many of the arguments put forward by such scholars regarding the role of racism in American gun control efforts. Laws have directed the ownership, sale, possession, and carrying of firearms and other weapons throughout American history, and most of them have applied to White Americans as much as their Black counterparts. Race as a critical part of the American story of gun regulation should not be mistaken for racism as the whole story.
A Brief Overview of Gun Registration in U.S. History
Authors: Cefali Genesa C. , Charles Jacob D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces early laws requiring firearms registration. It identifies and explores the various mechanisms states have used to track firearm ownership and connect weapons with owners. The chapter notes differences in how these laws operated on a variety of different metrics: whether laws required registration of both long and hand guns or only the latter, whether the individual owners themselves or retailers who sold the weapons were responsible for registration, and the types and detail of information required. Finally, the chapter demonstrates that although some of these laws were rather intrusive, there does not appear to be a great outcry that they would inevitably lead to tyrannical efforts to disarm law-abiding citizens or that they violated state or federal rights to keep and bear arms.
Constitutional Liquidation, Surety Laws, and the Right to Bear Arms
Authors: Leider Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some scholars have claimed that, in the nineteenth century, many states heavily restricted the public carriage of weapons through surety laws. They call these surety laws the “Massachusetts Model” (in this volume the “Free States Model”) and they argue that these laws evidence that the right to bear arms was not widely understood to encompass a general right to carry weapons publicly. This chapter challenges that historical narrative, and more importantly, it disputes the relevance of the Massachusetts Model for constitutional interpretation. First, this chapter argues that the relevance of nineteenth-century laws and judicial decisions lies in the idea of “constitutional liquidation,” that postenactment practice can settle the meaning of legal text. Next, this chapter argues that the right to bear arms did not liquidate in favor of the constitutionality of generally prohibiting individuals from carrying arms. Most basically, the surety laws did not prohibit individuals from publicly carrying arms. They merely required a person to post a bond on complaint of a plaintiff who had “reasonable cause to fear an injury, or breach of the peace.” Regardless of their scope, however, the surety laws are also irrelevant for determining the legal meaning of the constitutional right to bear arms. No evidence has emerged that, in passing the surety laws, legislatures considered whether broad restrictions on public carry were consistent with the right to bear arms. And as applied to the carriage of weapons for lawful purposes, the surety laws went largely unenforced. All “Massachusetts Model” jurisdictions eventually adopted statutory crimes governing the carrying of weapons. Most states restricted only the carrying of concealed weapons, while a few others (including Massachusetts) had more lenient laws. Ultimately, the “Massachusetts Model” did not serve as a model for restricting public carry anywhere, even in Massachusetts.
Presidential Leadership in Feeble Times
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Do presidents matter for America’s economic performance? We tend to stereotype Gilded Age presidents as weak. We also assume that the American people were intellectually misguided about the economy and the government’s role in it. And we generally dismiss the Gilded Age macro-economy as boring—little interesting or important happened. Instead, the micro-economics of the business world was where the action was located. More broadly, many economists and political scientists believe that individual presidents do not matter much, even in the 21st century. Institutional constraints and historical circumstance dictate success or failure; the White House is just along for the ride. This book shows that all of this is mistaken. It tells the story of three decades of Gilded Age economic upheaval with a focus on presidential leadership: Why did some presidents crash and burn, while others prospered? It turns out that neither education nor experience mattered much. Nor did brains, personal ethics, or party affiliation. Instead, differences in presidential vision and leadership style had dramatic consequences. And even in this unlikely period, presidents powerfully affected national economic performance, and their success came from surprising sources, with important lessons for us today.
Interlude
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Going into the 1870s, the US economy was still mostly agricultural, the presidency was decidedly premodern, and the age was not yet gilded. The country still predominantly ran on animal power, waterwheels, wood, and human muscle. And other than railroads, telegraphs, and a handful of textile factories and mines, there were few large corporations or manufacturers. The West and Great Plains were sparsely inhabited and beckoned economic development, but long-distance transportation and communications remained skeletal and costly. Thus, even in the East, most Americans produced for local markets. The fragmented US economy badly needed investment, but historic levels of debt and taxes made lenders wary. The Confederate Army’s surrender ended the debate over slavery and secession. These issues had touched almost every aspect of American political economy for a generation. Henceforth, politics would instead be dominated by battles over reunification, citizenship, economic development, debt, and the role and power of the federal government, especially the presidency, to intervene in these matters. Meanwhile, government increasingly existed to distribute the spoils among partisan loyalists. Republicans were solidly in control of the federal government and most state governments. Thus, it would be up to Presidents Grant and Hayes to return the country to financial stability, develop the West, and deliver on the promises of Reconstruction.
Grover Cleveland
Authors: Taylor Mark Zachary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a whole, the 1880s were rocky years and, during his first term, the strictly constitutional Grover Cleveland oversaw a merely average economy. It prospered during some months and years, but not in others. Cleveland was a sternly ethical but inexperienced and poorly educated politician who entered the White House during the apex of the corrupt spoils system and on the tail of the smoldering depression of 1881–1885. He saw little role for presidents, or governments, in managing the economy. Before entering office, he took extraordinary action to ward off a brewing dollar panic. Thereafter he preferred to mostly just cheer or harangue from the sidelines. Many Americans, including Cleveland himself, blamed government corruption for the nation’s economic problems, which by now included recurring financial crises, economic recessions, labor strikes, monopoly abuses, and unnecessary trade protectionism. Each of these evils seemed to flow from the spoils system. Cleveland’s solution was to hark back to pre–Civil War democratic ideals: an honest and limited federal government, run with business efficiency and strictly according to the Constitution. And if government must act, the intervention should be objective, nonpartisan, and minimal. Cleveland’s numerous vetoes were perhaps his most assertive use of executive power. He used them to strike down hundreds of spending bills that benefited individuals or special interests. But his inflexible attachment to minimal government and a restrained presidency rendered him incapable of actions that might have better grown the economy and prevented the crises that would ruin his second term.
Abbatial Authority and the Writing of History in the Middle Ages
Authors: Pohl Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book argues that abbatial authority was fundamental to monastic historical writing in the period c.500–1500. Writing history was a collaborative enterprise integral to the life and identity of medieval monastic communities, but it was not an activity for which time and resources were set aside routinely. Each act of historiographical production constituted an extraordinary event, one for which singular provision had to be made, workers and materials assigned, time carved out from the monastic routine, and licence granted. This allocation of human and material resources was the responsibility and prerogative of the monastic superior. Drawing on a wide and diverse range of primary evidence gathered from across the medieval Latin West, this book is the first to investigate systematically how and why abbots and abbesses exercised their official authority and resources to lay the foundations on which their communities’ historiographical traditions were built by themselves and others. It showcases them as prolific authors, patrons, commissioners, project managers, and facilitators of historical narratives who not only regularly put pen to parchment personally, but also, and perhaps more importantly, enabled others inside and outside their communities by granting them the resources and licence to write. Revealing the intrinsic relationship between abbatial authority and the writing of history with unprecedented clarity, this book urges us to revisit and revise our understanding of monastic historiography, its processes and protagonists in ways that require some radical rethinking of the medieval historian’s craft in communal and institutional contexts.
Abbatial Patronage
Authors: Pohl Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter turns to patronage as another principal mode of abbatial historiographical involvement in the Middle Ages. Introduced by a series of case studies (2.1), it situates abbatial sponsorship within other forms of patronage (2.2) before considering ways in which monastic authors sought to subvert and undermine the authority of abbatial patrons, and the consequences they faced for doing so (2.3), external commission, competition, and quality control (2.4), cases of obscured and/or concealed patronage (2.5), and the role of abbots as architects of memory (2.6). The conclusions are summarized at the end of the chapter (2.7). A critical mass of monastic historiography was produced on the commission and patronage of abbots and abbesses, comprising many of the best-known histories to survive from the Middle Ages. Some acknowledge their abbatial sponsors explicitly in their prefaces, dedicatory letters, and illuminations, whereas others contain more subtle marks that need to be uncovered. Abbatial patronage was governed not by the transactional laws of supply and demand, but by the fundamental and unnegotiable monastic principles of authority and obedience.