bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shaped Charge Optimization against ERA Targets
Authors: Held Manfred 
Published: June 2005

AbstractShaped charges with different angles or/and different liner wall thicknesses have been tested against an explosive reactive armor sandwich. The reason was to find out if more robust shaped charges give more residual penetration against an ERA sandwich, compared to shaped charges with more penetration performance in RHA targets. It was thought, that the latter ones are more sensitive against disturbances. But the shaped charges with the higher perforation capability have typically higher jet tip velocities and this gives more residual penetration also against ERA targets. In other words the so‐called more robust charges gave less performance against the ERA sandwiches than the shaped charges which have higher performance in RHA targets.
Projectile Attack of Surface Scattered Munitions Comparing Closed Form Theory with Live Trials
Authors: Almond Robert J. , Murray Stephen G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes research that has been undertaken to develop a low‐cost vehicle‐mounted gun system to provide for the rapid disposal of surface deployed munitions (principally mines) from up to 100 m distance. Inert high‐shock projectiles with optimized internal, external and terminal ballistic performance have been developed during this study. Work on shock wave interaction was reviewed in terms of the Rankine‐Hugoniot jump equations, and Walker and Wasley criterion has been employed using two modifications from James to predict initiation in this divergent shock application.
Low Temperature Non‐Isothermal Aging of Nitrocellulose
Authors: Bauer Clare L. , Deacon Paul R. , Garman Russell N. , Emsley Alan M. , Jones John R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSlow multi‐sample thermal ramp aging experiments were performed on high viscosity lacquer grade nitrocellulose over the temperature range 30–80 °C. Nitrocellulose was used in the fibrous state, in solution and as the gelatinous nitro‐plasticized binder used to bind high explosive crystals (HMX) in a polymer‐bonded explosive (PBX) formulation. Samples were subjected to a slow, stable heating rate (dT/dt) of 10 °C per day with periodic sample withdrawal for analysis by triple detector size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity data indicate inter‐chain recombination/aggregation for fibrous material or highly concentrated solutions, when dry. When in fibrous or gelatinous binder form, little degradation was observed, aside from apparent recombination/aggregation. As a concentrated solution complex behavior was noted; fast eluting peaks formed with increased temperature, accompanied by rapid molecular weight reduction and a marked decrease in light scattering peak area. Progressive dilution of nitrocellulose solutions and/or addition of very small quantities of water reduced the recombination/aggregation effects but did not appear to significantly affect the overall rate of nitrocellulose degradation. Activation energies for nitrocellulose chain scission have been estimated from the molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity data obtained by the thermal ramp method.
Photoluminescence studies of GaN: A comparison between layers grown on sapphire and nitridated GaAs layers
Authors: Escobosa Arturo , Sánchez‐R. Victor M. , Avendaño Miguel A. , Navarro Gerardo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGallium nitride layers were grown epitaxially on sapphire substrates in a LP‐MOCVD reactor using trimethylgallium and ammonia. GaN films were also obtained by nitridation, exposing GaAs substrates to ammonia in the same reactor under similar conditions. The temperature ranged between 750 °C and 900 °C, while the pressure was adjusted between 75 and 585 Torr. Photoluminescence measurements were made on the samples using a 325 nm He–Cd laser; near band edge emission and subbandgap luminescence were observed. The luminescence color of the sapphire grown layers went from orange to yellow‐green, while it ranged from yellow to blue‐violet in the nitridated samples. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin magnetic moments from single atoms to small Cr clusters
Authors: Boeglin C. , Ohresser P. , Decker R. , Bulou H. , Scheurer F. , Chado I. , Dhesi S. S. , Gaudry E. , Lazarovits B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMorphology studies at the first stages of the growth of Cr/Au(111) are reported and compared to the magnetic properties of the nanostructures. We analyze by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Low Energy Electron Diffraction the Cr clusters growth between 200 K and 300 K. In the early stages of the growth the morphology of the clusters shows monoatomic high islands located at the kinks of the herringbone reconstructed Au(111) surface. By X‐ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism performed on the Cr L2,3 edges it is shown that the temperature dependent morphology strongly influences the magnetic properties of the Cr clusters. We show that in the sub‐monolayer regime Cr clusters are antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic when the size reaches the atomic limit. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Symmetries and anisotropies of the electronic states within full spin–orbit coupling
Authors: Marques G. E. , Bittencourt A. C. R. , Lopez‐Richard V. , Destefani C. F. , Ulloa Sergio E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe have analyzed how the symmetries and the anisotropies of energy dispersions and of the spinor states, within full spin–orbit interaction, form the two independent circular spin polarizations. We also compare how the effects produced by Rashba and Dresselhauss interaction terms act on the structure of the Hilbert space. These aspects are used to envisage a voltage controlled multichannel spin‐filtering regime in nonmagnetic diode structures. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron ionization mass spectral fragmentation of cholestane‐3β,4α,5α‐triol and cholestane‐3β,5α,6α/β‐triol bis‐ and tris‐trimethylsilyl derivatives
Authors: Rontani J.‐F. , Aubert C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe electron ionization (EI) mass spectral fragmentation of the bis‐ and tris‐trimethylsilyl derivatives of cholestane‐3β,4α,5α‐triol, cholestane‐3β,5α,6β‐triol and cholestane‐3β,5α,6α‐triol was investigated. The EI mass spectrum of the 3β,4α‐bis‐trimethylsilyl derivative of cholestane‐3β,4α,5α‐triol exhibits interesting fragment ions at m/z 142 and 332 resulting from the initial loss of TMSOH between the carbons 2 and 3 and subsequent retro‐Diels‐Alder (RDA) cleavage of the ring A. Trimethylsilyl transfer between the 4α‐ and the 5α‐hydroxy groups acts significantly before RDA cleavage affording an ion at m/z 404. Complete silylation of cholestane‐3β,4α,5α‐triol strongly stabilizes the molecule, affording an abundant molecular ion at m/z 636 and decreasing the abundance of the RDA cleavage. Loss of water (from the non‐silylated 5α‐hydroxy group) plays a very important role during the decomposition of the molecular ion of 3β,6α/β‐bis‐trimethylsilyl derivatives of cholestane‐3β,5α,6α/β‐triols. These derivatives appear to be very useful in assigning the configuration of the carbon 6. This assignment is based on the abundance of the fragment ions at m/z 321, 367 and 403, which are more prominent in the EI mass spectrum of the β‐isomer. In contrast, EI mass spectra of the tris‐trimethylsilyl derivatives of cholestane‐3β,5α,6β‐triol and cholestane‐3β,5α,6α‐triol differ only slightly and appear to be poorly informative. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alteration of the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of beef by substitution of grass silage with maize silage
Authors: Bahar Bojlul , Monahan Frank J. , Moloney Aidan P. , O'Kiely Padraig , Scrimgeour Charlie M. , Schmidt Olaf 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of substituting grass silage (C3 photosynthetic plant product) with maize silage (C4 photosynthetic plant product) on the natural abundance carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope composition of bovine muscle tissue. Forty‐five continental crossbred heifers were assigned to one of three diets consisting of 3 kg of a barley‐based concentrate plus grass silage, maize silage or an equal mixture (dry matter basis) of grass silage and maize silage, fed ad libitum, for 167 days. Substitution resulted in less negative δ13C values (P < 0.001) in lipid‐free muscle and in lipid, and also a lower δ15N (P < 0.001) in lipid‐free muscle. Feeding of maize silage was clearly reflected in the δ13C of muscle, with each 10% difference in the dietary C4 carbon intake resulting in a 0.9 to 1.0‰ shift of δ13C in lipid‐free muscle and a 1.0 to 1.2‰ in lipid. Minimum detectable mean differences (95% confidence, power 0.80, n = 15) in this experiment were about 0.5‰ and 1.0‰ for δ13C of lipid‐free muscle and lipid, respectively, and about 0.5‰ for δ15N of lipid‐free muscle. The power analysis presented here is useful for estimating minimum isotopic differences that can be detected between any two groups of beef samples with a given number of replicates. It is concluded that carbon stable isotope ratio analysis of meat can be used to quantify C3/C4 dietary constituents in beef production. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A strategy for identification of drug metabolites from dried blood spots using triple‐quadrupole/linear ion trap hybrid mass spectrometry
Authors: Mauriala Timo , Chauret Nathalie , Oballa Renata , Nicoll‐Griffith Deborah A. , Bateman Kevin P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiscovery stage studies that address issues of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) are vital for lead optimization resulting in new drug candidates. Often pharmacokinetics (PK) is assessed in these experiments without regard for the metabolism of the compound or the potential for metabolites to circulate in vivo. This work presents a strategy for drug level determination and detection of metabolites using dried blood spots for sample collection. Initially, metabolites are detected from microsomal incubations and characterized using tandem mass spectrometry. Data dependent enhanced MS and enhanced product ion (EMS‐EPI) scanning with dynamic background subtraction was used on a hybrid quadruple linear ion trap mass spectrometer. On‐the‐fly background subtraction greatly improved the detection of metabolites. These data were used to build a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method for the parent and metabolites. MRM‐EPI scanning was used to analyze the extracted dried blood spots from the PK study. Circulating metabolites were detected using MRM and their identities confirmed on the basis of fragment ion spectra collected simultaneously. The use of dried blood spots provides a means for re‐analysis of PK samples for metabolite identification without the need for complex sample storage and preparation. Both parent compound and metabolite information can be collected in these studies, resulting in a savings of time and resources. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First results of a quantitative study of DNA adducts of melphalan in the rat by isotope dilution mass spectrometry using capillary liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Van den Driessche Bart , Esmans Eddy L. , Van der Linden Annemie , Van Dongen Walter , Schaerlaken Evi , Lemière Filip , Witters Erwin , Berneman Zwi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRats were intravenously injected with a single high dose (10 mg/kg) of the alkylating agent melphalan in order to study DNA‐adduct formation. Quantitation of a dGuo‐melphalan adduct was done by isotope dilution mass spectrometry using capillary liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and [15N5]‐labeled dGuo‐melphalan as internal standard. DNA‐adduct levels were studied in bone marrow, liver and kidney. The instrumental detection limit of the method was determined to be 900 fg (S/N 3, pure standard). These first results clearly show a 10 times higher adduct level in bone marrow compared to kidney and a 6 times higher level compared to liver. More experiments will be necessary to gather more information on the pharmacokinetics of melphalan‐DNA adducts under in vivo conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passivation of InP(100) substrates: first stages of nitridation by thin InN surface overlayers studied by electron spectroscopies
Authors: Petit M. , Robert‐Goumet C. , Bideux L. , Gruzza B. , Matolin V. , Arabasz S. , Adamowicz B. , Wawer D. , Bugajski M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article investigates the nitridation effect of InP(100) semiconductor surfaces performed using a glow discharge cell. Auger electron spectroscopy and XPS were used to understand the different steps of this process. An important point is the initial quantity of metallic indium on the InP(100) surfaces. Indeed the indium droplets, created in well‐known quantity, play the role of precursor. At a relatively low temperature of 523 K the system undergoes surface restructuring, which includes removal of the In droplets and the formation of two InN monolayers. Phosphorus–nitrogen bonds have been detected by the analysis of P LMM Auger peaks, and InN bonds by analysis of the In 4d XPS peak. However, the presence or not of metallic indium inside this InN overlayer is crucial for passivation of the substrate. Ex situ photoluminescence measurements correlated to the electron spectroscopies results have shown the good passivation effect of the InP(100) surfaces by InN overlayers for 40 min of nitridation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between population means and variances of reproductive success differs between local populations of white stork (Ciconia ciconia)
Authors: Tryjanowski P. , Sparks T. H. , Jakubiec Z. , Jerzak L. , Kosicki J. Z. , Kuźniak S. , Profus P. , Ptaszyk J. , Wuczyński A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe studied the size and productivity of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) populations in eight study sites in Poland. The number of nesting pairs and the average number of chicks fledged per pair fluctuated over time, and the studied populations differed in the variance of both breeding success and number of breeding pairs. The variance of breeding success (both for the mean number of chicks and the proportion of successful nests) and the variance of the number of breeding pairs was not correlated with the extent of stable habitats (pastures, meadows, wetlands), other habitats (farmland), or with local population trends over time. We found a non‐linear symmetrical relationship between annual mean reproductive success and its variance but only when considered as the proportion of successful nests (i.e., when individual nests are coded as a binary value: 0, no success; 1, success). No such relationship existed when success was expressed as the number of fledged chicks. Although a positive significant correlation occurred between fledgling numbers (discrete data) and the proportion of successful nests (binary data), we believe that the use of only binary data will be inadequate in more detailed analyses, such as population viability analysis.
Men's Decision‐Making About Predictive BRCA1/2 Testing: The Role of Family
Authors: Hallowell N. , Ardern‐Jones A. , Eeles R. , Foster C. , Lucassen A. , Moynihan C. , Watson M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMen who have a family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer may be offered a predictive genetic test to determine whether or not they carry the family specific BRCA1/2 mutation. Male carriers may be at increased risk of breast and prostate cancers. Relatively little is known about at‐risk men's decision‐making about BRCA1/2 testing. This qualitative study explores the influences on male patients’ genetic test decisions. Twenty‐nine in‐depth interviews were undertaken with both carrier and noncarrier men and immediate family members (17 male patients, 8 female partners, and 4 adult children). These explored family members’ experiences of cancer and genetic testing, decision‐making about testing, family support, communication of test results within the family, risk perception and risk management. Implicit influences on men's testing decisions such as familial obligations are examined. The extent to which other family members—partners and adult children—were involved in testing decisions is also described. It is demonstrated that mothers of potential mutation carriers not only perceive themselves as having a right to be involved in making this decision, but also were perceived by their male partners as having a legitimate role to play in decision‐making. There was evidence that (adult) children were excluded from the decision‐making, and some expressed resentment about this. The implications of these findings for the practice of genetic counseling are discussed.
Genetic Evaluation and Counseling of Couples with Recurrent Miscarriage: Recommendations of the National Society of Genetic Counselors
Authors: Laurino Mercy Y. , Bennett Robin L. , Saraiya Devki S. , Baumeister Lisa , Doyle Debra Lochner , Leppig Kathleen , Pettersen Barbara , Resta Robert , Shields Larry , Uhrich Stefanie , Varga Elizabeth A. , Raskind Wendy H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this document is to provide recommendations for genetic evaluation and counseling of couples with recurrent miscarriage (RM). The recommendations are the opinions of the multidisciplinary Inherited Pregnancy Loss Working Group (IPLWG), with expertise in genetic counseling, medical genetics, maternal fetal medicine, internal medicine, infectious disease, cytogenetics, and coagulation disorders. The IPLWG defines RM as three or more clinically recognized consecutive or non‐consecutive pregnancy losses occurring prior to fetal viability (<24 weeks gestation). These recommendations are provided to assist genetic counselors and other health care providers in clinical decision‐making, as well as to promote consistency of patient care, guide the allocation of medical resources, and increase awareness of the psychosocial and cultural issues experienced by couples with RM. The IPLWG was convened with support from the March of Dimes Western Washington State Chapter and the University of Washington Division of Medical Genetics. The recommendations are U.S. Preventive Task Force Class III, and are based on clinical experiences, review of pertinent English‐language published articles, and reports of expert committees. This document reviews the suspected causes of RM, provides indications for genetic evaluation and testing, addresses psychosocial and cultural considerations, and provides professional and patient resources. These recommendations should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of medical management, nor does the use of such recommendations guarantee a particular outcome. The professional judgment of a health care provider, familiar with the circumstances of a specific case, should always supersede these recommendations.
In vitro differentiation of human dental follicle cells with dexamethasone and insulin
Authors: Morsczeck C. , Moehl C. , Götz W. , Heredia A. , Schäffer T.E. , Eckstein N. , Sippel C. , Hoffmann K.H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe dental follicle is an ectomesenchymally derived connective tissue harboring precursor cells for the tooth supporting apparatus. In this study, we examined gene expression of freshly isolated human dental follicle cells during osteogenic differentiation in vitro. These plastic adherent fibroblastic cells express Notch‐1, nestin and vimentin. We differentiated dental follicle cells with dexamethasone or insulin‐based protocols into membrane‐like structures containing mineralizing foci. An analysis of mineralized tissue with atomic force microscopy illustrated a bone and cementum‐like structure. A real‐time RT‐PCR analysis was developed to investigate expression of typical osteoblast or cementoblast related genes during differentiation. Gene expressions of osteocalcin (OCN), bone morphogenic protein (BMP)‐2 and nestin were increased during the both differentiation approaches. Our work demonstrates differentiation of dental follicle cells with an insulin‐based protocol for the first time.
Acoustic detection of a scallop bed from a single-beam echosounder in the St. Lawrence
Authors: Hutin Estelle , Simard Yvan , Archambault Philippe 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Single-beam seabed echoes combined with epi-macrobenthos photographs were used to remotely detect a scallop bed and characterize the specific acoustic signal of Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica). A dense scallop bed was surveyed in 2002, with a QTC VIEW Series IV acoustic ground-discrimination system (AGDS) connected to a 38 kHz, 7° split-beam SIMRAD EK60 scientific echosounder. In 2003, a 50 kHz, 42° single-beam SUZUKI ES-2025 echosounder was connected to a QTC VIEW Series V AGDS. The QTC VIEW data were analysed with QTC IMPACT following the standard procedures and classified into acoustic classes. Several approaches were tested: unsupervised and supervised survey strategies directed to specific benthic communities. The SIMRAD EK60 seabed volume-backscattering strength (Sv) was submitted to a principal component analysis (PCA), before and after removal of a depth trend, and the scores on the first 10 principal components were classed by a K-means cluster analysis. The same seabed Sv data were submitted to stepwise discriminant analysis whose training data sets were defined with the ground-truth photographs using different groupings: biotope types, community types, and finally scallop-density classes. All the QTC AGDS approaches failed to reveal the scallop bed, community structures, or biotopes. The QTC classifications mimicked the bathymetry with a strong correlation of the acoustic classes with depth. The seabed Sv PCA + K-means approach presented similar depth-dependence, but, the PCA + K-means on the Sv residuals revealed the scallop bed. The discriminant analysis was the best solution for the scallop density with a general classification success rate of 75% and up to 91% for the highest density class. The Sv signature of the scallop bed is presented, and the most discriminant part of the acoustic signal is identified.
Customer behavioral intentions for online purchases: An examination of fulfillment method and customer experience level
Authors: Boyer Kenneth K. , Hult G. Tomas M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study presents an analysis of the growing market for groceries and other foodstuffs ordered via the internet or telephone for delivery to the customer's home. This industry has been growing for the past 5 years at greater than 25% per year while the overall market for foodstuffs has been largely stagnant. The research utilizes data from surveys of over 2100 customers of five different home delivery grocers. The analysis utilizes two group variables (customer experience level and order picking method) and five primary constructs (service quality, product quality, product freshness, time‐savings and behavioral intentions). The results indicate that customer perceptions of the primary constructs generally improve as they gain experience with this new method of ordering and receiving groceries. Furthermore, the operational choice of picking method is also shown to have a large impact on customer perceptions—in particular, more experienced customers generally rate the primary constructs higher for distribution center (DC)‐based picking than for store‐based picking. The study provides support for the hypothesis that direct to customer foodstuffs can be of better freshness and quality when picked from a DC because of the ability to shorten the supply chain than from a store. The data suggest that a DC‐based picking strategy is viable if grocers can re‐shape customer perceptions and master the numerous intricacies of the supply chain.