bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of lymph node metastases in supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma: Therapeutic implications
Authors: Redaelli de Zinis Luca O. , Nicolai Piero , Tomenzoli Davide , Ghizzardi Daniela , Trimarchi Matteo , Cappiello Johnny , Peretti Giorgio , Antonelli Antonino R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground.The treatment of the neck in cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract is still a matter of controversy, even though nowadays there is a trend in the literature toward elective surgery in the N0 neck when the probability of occult lymph node metastasis is greater than 20%. In the elective setup, every effort is made for preservation of uninvolved nonlymphatic structures in positive neck. The aim of this study is to analyze in a large cohort of patients treated for supraglottic carcinoma the prevalence of lymph node metastases and their distribution through various neck levels to redefine our policy of neck treatment.Methods.A retrospective review of 402 consecutive patients, who underwent surgery in the Department of Otolaryngology of the University of Brescia (Italy) for supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma in a 14‐year period, has been performed. The prevalence of neck metastases was assessed by pT category and site (marginal vs vestibular) of the primary tumor. The side(s) of neck disease was related to the side of the primary tumor, whether lateral or central. The distribution of involved lymph nodes through the neck levels was determined.Results.Overall lymph node metastases accounted for 40%; their prevalence rate increased with pT category from 10% to 57% (p = .0001). Occult metastases were found in 26% of N0 patients from 0% in pT1 to 40% in pT4 (p = .02). There was no difference in metastases rate between marginal vs vestibular, and central vs lateral neoplasms, whereas bilateral metastases were more frequent in central tumors (20% vs 5%; p < .0001). Level IV was involved only in association with level II and/or level III. Levels I and V were rarely involved when overt metastases were present and never by occult metastases.Conclusions.Elective lateral neck dissection (levels II–IV) is recommended in T2–T4 N0 supraglottic cancers; clearance of both sides of the neck is indicated whenever the lesion is not strictly lateral. We still perform a selective neck dissection including levels II–V whenever there is clinical, radiologic, or intraoperative evidence of metastases at any level. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 000–000, 2002
The value of environmental modelling languages for building distributed hydrological models
Authors: Karssenberg Derek 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn evaluation is made of the suitability of programming languages for hydrological modellers to create distributed, process‐based hydrological models. Both system programming languages and high‐level environmental modelling languages are evaluated based on a list of requirements for the optimal programming language for such models. This is illustrated with a case study, implemented using the PCRaster environmental modelling language to create a distributed, process‐based hydrological model based on the concepts of KINEROS‐EUROSEM. The main conclusion is that system programming languages are not ideal for hydrologists who are not computer programmers because the level of thinking of these languages is too strongly related to specialized computer science. A higher level environmental modelling language is better in the sense that it operates at the conceptual level of the hydrologist. This is because it contains operators that identify hydrological processes that operate on hydrological entities, such as two‐dimensional maps, three‐dimensional blocks and time‐series. The case study illustrates the advantages of using an environmental modelling language as compared with system programming languages in fulfilling requirements on the level of thinking applied in the language, the reusability of the program code, the lack of technical details in the program, a short model development time and learnability. The study shows that environmental modelling languages are equally good as system programming languages in minimizing programming errors, but are worse in generic application and performance. It is expected that environmental modelling languages will be used in future mainly for development of new models that can be tailored to modelling aims and the field data available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term prediction of the water level and salinity in the Dead Sea
Authors: Asmar B. N. , Ergenzinger Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe long‐term water level variations of the Dead Sea (DS) were assessed using a previously developed simulation model. The model establishes the condition of the DS by evaluating a series of ordinary differential equations describing mass balances on the water and major chemical species. The DS was modelled as a two‐layer system. The model was modified using up‐to‐date inflow data and recent hypsometric graphs to derive the volume–area–level relationships. Three scenarios were studied: continuation of current conditions; a cessation in industrial activity when the DS water level drops to a certain level; and a simplified weather change scenario. The model predicted that the DS will not dry up, but its level will continue to drop with a decelerating rate with no equilibrium level in 500 years. Changing climate would accelerate the level drop. In the 500 year period, after an initial increase, the DS salinity drops. The opposite behaviour is noted in the evaporation rate, which increases after an initial decrease. Ceasing industrial pumping would eventually restore the DS to its normal level, but with changed conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maltreatment reports and placement outcomes for infants and toddlers in out‐of‐home care
Authors: Frame Laura 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between child and family characteristics, child abuse and neglect reporting histories, and placement outcomes for a sample of 1,357 infants and toddlers who were placed in foster care prior to the implementation of the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (P.L. 105‐89). A cohort of children entering foster care in six California counties were followed for an average of four years, using data drawn from two management information systems (child protective services and foster care). Among the findings: children with documented prenatal drug and/or alcohol exposure were among those more likely to remain in care during the entire study period, and if they did reunify with their families, were more likely to subsequently reenter care. All children who remained in care were placed after a single report to child protective services. These child welfare outcomes are considered in light of existing child welfare policy and research about developmental risk, yielding practice, policy, and research implications. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Mechanisms of cytotoxicity induced by horseradish peroxidase/indole‐3‐acetic acid gene therapy
Authors: Greco Olga , Dachs Gabi U. , Tozer Gillian M. , Kanthou Chryso 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have previously proposed the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the non‐toxic plant hormone indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) as a novel system for gene‐directed enzyme/prodrug therapy (GDEPT). The cytotoxic potential of HRP/IAA GDEPT and the induction of a bystander effect were demonstrated in vitro under normoxic as well as hypoxic tumour conditions. To date, the chemical agents and the cellular targets involved in HRP/IAA‐mediated toxicity have not been identified. In the present work, some of the molecular and morphological features of the cells treated with HRP/IAA gene therapy were analysed. Human T24 bladder carcinoma cells transiently transfected with the HRP cDNA and exposed to the prodrug IAA showed chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and Annexin V binding. Similar effects were observed when the cells were incubated with the apoptotic agent cisplatin. Caspases appeared to be involved as effectors in HRP/IAA‐mediated apoptosis, since treatment with a general caspase inhibitor decreased the fraction of cells with micronuclei (MN) by 30%, with fragmented DNA by 50%, and with condensed chromatin by 60%. However, very little degradation of one of the downstream targets of caspase‐3, PARP, could be detected, and apoptosis alone did not appear to account for the killing levels measured with a clonogenic assay. The effect of HRP/IAA treatment on cell cycle progression was also investigated, and a rapid cytostatic effect, equally affecting all phases of the division cycle, was observed. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 221–232, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An improved OPLS–AA force field for carbohydrates
Authors: Kony D. , Damm W. , Stoll S. , Van Gunsteren W. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis work describes an improved version of the original OPLS–all atom (OPLS–AA) force field for carbohydrates (Damm et al., J Comp Chem 1997, 18, 1955). The improvement is achieved by applying additional scaling factors for the electrostatic interactions between 1,5‐ and 1,6‐interactions. This new model is tested first for improving the conformational energetics of 1,2‐ethanediol, the smallest polyol. With a 1,5‐scaling factor of 1.25 the force field calculated relative energies are in excellent agreement with the ab initio‐derived data. Applying the new 1,5‐scaling makes it also necessary to use a 1,6‐scaling factor for the interactions between the C4 and C6 atoms in hexopyranoses. After torsional parameter fitting, this improves the conformational energetics in comparison to the OPLS–AA force field. The set of hexopyranoses included in the torsional parameter derivation consists of the two anomers of D‐glucose, D‐mannose, and D‐galactose, as well as of the methyl‐pyranosides of D‐glucose, D‐mannose. Rotational profiles for the rotation of the exocyclic group and of different hydroxyl groups are also compared for the two force fields and at the ab initio level of theory. The new force field reduces the overly high barriers calculated using the OPLS–AA force field. This leads to better sampling, which was shown to produce more realistic conformational behavior for hexopyranoses in liquid simulation. From 10‐ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of α‐D‐glucose and α‐D‐galactose the ratios for the three different conformations of the hydroxymethylene group and the average 3JH,H coupling constants are derived and compared to experimental values. The results obtained for OPLS–AA–SEI force field are in good agreement with experiment whereas the properties derived for the OPLS–AA force field suffer from sampling problems. The undertaken investigations show that the newly derived OPLS–AA–SEI force field will allow simulating larger carbohydrates or polysaccharides with improved sampling of the hydroxyl groups. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1416–1429, 2002
The treatment of solvation by a generalized Born model and a self‐consistent charge‐density functional theory‐based tight‐binding method
Authors: Xie Li , Liu Haiyan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present a model to calculate the free energies of solvation of small organic compounds as well as large biomolecules. This model is based on a generalized Born (GB) model and a self‐consistent charge‐density functional theory‐based tight‐binding (SCC‐DFTB) method with the nonelectrostatic contributions to the free energy of solvation modeled in terms of solvent‐accessible surface areas (SA). The parametrization of the SCC‐DFTB/GBSA model has been based on 60 neutral and six ionic molecules composed of H, C, N, O, and S, and spanning a wide range of chemical groups. Effective atomic radii as parameters have been obtained through Monte Carlo Simulated Annealing optimization in the parameter space to minimize the differences between the calculated and experimental free energies of solvation. The standard error in the free energies of solvation calculated by the final model is 1.11 kcal mol−1. We also calculated the free energies of solvation for these molecules using a conductor‐like screening model (COSMO) in combination with different levels of theory (AM1, SCC‐DFTB, and B3LYP/6‐31G*) and compared the results with SCC‐DFTB/GBSA. To assess the efficiency of our model for large biomolecules, we calculated the free energy of solvation for a HIV protease‐inhibitor complex containing 3204 atoms using the SCC‐DFTB/GBSA and the SCC‐DFTB/COSMO models, separately. The computed relative free energies of solvation are comparable, while the SCC‐DFTB/GBSA model is three to four times more efficient, in terms of computational cost. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1404–1415, 2002
A revised quantum chemistry‐based potential for poly(ethylene oxide) and its oligomers in aqueous solution
Authors: Smith Grant D. , Borodin Oleg , Bedrov Dmitry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have conducted a high‐level quantum chemistry study of the interactions of 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (DME) with water for complexes representing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic hydration. It was found that our previous quantum chemistry‐based force field for poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and its oligomers in aqueous solution did a poor job in describing the hydrophobic binding of water to the ether, consistent with our recent calculations of the excess free energy and entropy of hydration of DME. Our original force field was revised to more accurately reproduce the interaction of water with the carboneous portions of DME. Molecular dynamics simulations of aqueous DME solutions using the revised quantum chemistry‐based potential yielded good agreement with experiment for excess free energy, enthalpy, and volume as well as excess solution viscosity and the self‐diffusion of water. Comparison with our original potential revealed that the relatively hydrophobic ether–water interactions in the new potential strongly reduced the favorable excess free energy and enthalpy but have relatively little influence on the excess entropy for dilute DME solutions. Other properties of DME and PEO solutions including conformational populations and dynamics, solution viscosity, hydrogen bonding, water translational and rotational diffusion and neutron structure factor as a function of solution composition were found to be largely unchanged from those obtained using the original potential. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1480–1488, 2002
A longitudinal study of the hopelessness theory of depression: Testing the diathesis‐stress model within a differential reactivity and exposure framework
Authors: Kwon Paul , Laurenceau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA ten‐week prospective longitudinal study was conducted to test the diathesis‐stress component of the hopelessness theory and to test whether negative attributional style leads to an increased exposure to stressors. Participants completed initial measures of attributional style and depressive symptoms followed by weekly assessments of depressive symptoms and daily hassles. Consistent with the diathesis‐stress hypothesis, Hierarchical Linear Modeling revealed that attributional style moderated the impact of daily hassles on depressive symptoms. Negative attributional style predicted greater depressive symptom reactivity in response to stress. The results also indicated that attributional style was not predictive of the number of subsequent daily hassles. Thus, the data were supportive of a differential reactivity to stress model, but not supportive of a differential exposure to stress model. Implications for understanding the mechanisms involved in the hopelessness theory are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1305–1321, 2002.
How practitioners can systematically use empirical evidence in treatment selection
Authors: Beutler Larry E. , Moleiro Carla , Talebi Hani 
Published: October 2002

AbstractContemporary concerns with “empirically supported treatments” emphasize the differences in outcomes that are associated with reliably delivered treatments, representing different models and theories. This approach often fails to address the fact that there is no consensus among scientists about whether there are enough differences between and among treatments to make this effort productive. There is a considerable body of data that suggests that all treatments produce very similar effects. This article reviews these viewpoints and presents a third position, suggesting that identifying common and differential principles of change may be more productive than focusing on the relative value of different theoretical models. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1199–1212, 2002.
Effect of shear and washing on metal retention in ferric flocs
Authors: McMinn Wendy A M , Keown James , Allen Stephen J , Burnett Michael G 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFlocculative wastewater residues present a serious threat to the environment and a costly disposal problem to industry. The composition of the sludges makes them a particularly intractable problem due to the need for either recovery or permanent isolation of the bound contaminant. The primary interest of this work was to determine the effect of conditioning processes such as shear and washing on the retention of heavy metal contaminants (nickel, cadmium, copper, zinc) within ferric flocs. Shear was found to produce an increase in the leach‐out of certain heavy metals, including cadmium and nickel. Copper and nickel were unaffected by the application of shear. The extent of contaminant leaching, due to shear, increased with increasing contaminant to floc ratio. Repeated washing of the floc readily removed sodium ions, however, contaminant metal ions reformed an equilibrium with the washwater and the floc with every washing.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Is there a role for sonography in the diagnosis of tears of the knee menisci?
Authors: Azzoni Roberto , Cabitza Paolo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of sonography in diagnosing tears of the knee menisci.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we reviewed the sonographic examinations of the knees of 321 patients diagnosed with a torn meniscus on the basis of clinical findings. Of the 321 knees imaged, 216 were also examined using MRI or CT. Arthroscopic meniscectomy was performed on 126 knees.ResultsMRI or CT did not confirm 48% (71 cases) of the positive sonographic diagnoses (ie, false positives) and 72% (50 cases) of the negative sonographic diagnoses (ie, false negatives). Thus, the sonographic diagnosis was correct in 95 cases (44%) and incorrect in 121 cases (56%), yielding low rates of sensitivity (60%) and specificity (21%). Among the 126 cases in which arthroscopic meniscectomy was performed, arthroscopy confirmed 100% of the MRI or CT diagnoses of meniscal tears.ConclusionsOur results indicate that sonography is not accurate enough to be used as the only imaging modality for diagnosing tears of the knee menisci. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:472–476, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10106
Comparative patterns of postcranial ontogeny in therian Mammals: An analysis of relative timing of ossification events
Authors: SÁnchez‐villagra Marcelo R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractData on the relative sequence of ossification of postcranial elements for eight therian mammals (Myotis lucifugus, Homo sapiens, Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Mesocricetus auratus, Cavia porcellus, Didelphis albiventris, and Sminthopsis macroura) and three outgroups (Chelydra serpentina, Alligator mississippiensis, and Lacerta vivipara) were taken from the literature. For each species, a matrix was constructed in which the relative timing of the onset of ossification in 24 elements was summarized. This resulted in 276 event pairs (characters) for each species. Thirty‐three (33.3)% of the characters examined are uniform across all taxa, 16.3% are variable but uninformative in the phylogeny, and 50.4% potentially deliver diagnostic features for clades of two or more taxa. In all species examined, the clavicle is the first bone to appear. Placentalia is not unequivocally diagnosed by the state of any event pair, while Marsupialia has the largest amount of autapomorphies with 18. The acceleration in the timing of ossification of the scapula in relation to the hindlimb in marsupials is most probably causally correlated to movements after birth and during early phases of pre‐weaning life. Marsupials are almost unique among amniotes in that the earliest onset of ossification of at least one element among carpals and among tarsals is simultaneous. Three parsimony analyses, each one with a different reptilian taxon as outgroup, were performed using event pairs as characters. In all cases, results were incongruent with the phylogeny of the studied taxa. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:264–273, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Note on the path‐matching formula
Authors: Frank András , Szegő László 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs a common generalization of matchings and matroid intersections, W.H. Cunningham and J.F. Geelen introduced the notion of path‐matchings. They proved a min‐max formula for the maximum value. Here, we exhibit a simplified version of their min‐max theorem and provide a purely combinatorial proof. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 110–119, 2002
Fabricational morphology of oblique ribs in bivalves
Authors: Checa Antonio G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe formation of oblique ribs of bivalve shells usually has been attributed to processes of reaction‐diffusion of morphogens from cell to cell at the mantle margin or neural activation and lateral inhibition in the mantle. In particular, such ribs appear with high rates of lateral diffusion. Nevertheless, theoretical models fail to explain either partially or wholly some varieties of oblique ribs. After surveying the modes of formation of the shell and oblique ribs by the bivalve mantle and associated fabricational defects, I have determined that the mantle is able to develop an elaborate behavior in order to displace the rib in a particular direction during growth. The mantle margin is, therefore, not only the shell‐secreting organ, but also the main morphogenetic unit. In particular, there are two main fabricational strategies. In forms with strict contact guidance (SCG) the mantle is able to project far enough beyond the shell margins so as to feel the already formed reliefs and to align new growth increments of the ribs in the appropriate directions. The shell margin is always strongly reflected. In bivalves with reduced contact guidance plus constant lateral shift (RCG), the margin is usually acute and the information about ribs available to the mantle is reduced. During rib construction the mantle extrudes slightly from the shell edge and then pushes laterally by muscular action; in this way, the new growth increment of the rib is displaced laterally on a small scale. The contact‐guidance model is supported also by the homogeneous structure of the shell‐secreting mantle. From the morphogenetic standpoint, oblique ribs are related to commarginal ones and both differ completely from other ribbing patterns of bivalves. J. Morphol. 254:195–209, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.