bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a place with half a million people. Though it has twice the population of Iceland, it is not a country; though it has more inhabitants than Vermont or North Dakota, it is not a state. Though its residents are packed together much more densely than Clevelanders—whom they outnumber—it is not a city. The residents are forbidden to own weapons; they are punished for peaceful protest. They are mostly destitute, often illiterate. And they are much more heavily policed than the natives of the most oppressive dictatorship. Yet there are continual revolts. As often as several dozen times a year, the residents of one or another “neighborhood” will briefly drive out the forces of the government.
Routine Riot —West Virginia Penitentiary (1986)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The riot which began at the West Virginia Penitentiary at Moundsville on New Year’s Day, 1986, comes closest of our cases to being a “routine” large prison riot, if there is such a thing. Absent here are the bloody debacles of Attica and New Mexico, the domineering gangs of Joliet, and the rebellious guards of Michigan. This is a story of prisoners conducting a riot, and negotiators resolving it, in a competent, businesslike fashion.
Large Firms, Small Firms, and the Governance of Flexible Specialization: The Case of Baden Württemberg and Socialized Risk
Authors: Herrigel Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The southwest German province of Baden W ürttemberg has been known for a long time as the home of giant and hugely successful multinational firms, such as car manufacturer Daimler Benz and auto parts supplier Robert Bosch. But in the last several years attention has focused on the dense networks of very successful small and medium-size manufacturing enterprises in the region. The fascination with these producers stems from their capacity to flourish in a highly competitive manufacturing environment characterized by rapid technological change and rising development costs.
Scientific Access and Political Constraints
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of social-science information in a Western context is hardly the lack of data. If anything, we suffer an overload of undigested information coupled with a lack of theory. Historically, the knock on European social science has been an absence of information that has permitted grand theory to go about its business unperturbed by the issues engaging the “real” world. The net result is a duality that we have alluded to earlier: positivism on the American side that sees partisan political outcomes as the “bottom line” expression of the research process; and metaphysics on the European side that manages to relegate the political process to a footnote to intellect. In the crucible of common needs and common markets, such a dualism is clearly no longer feasible.
Reconstructing the Social Sciences
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many people in social science, I have given an inordinate amount of time to examining the fates and fortunes of our comer of knowledge. Professional narcissism is one of the vices of self­reflection. Thinking about one’s profession can occupy a disproportionate share of attention with respect to its actual worth. This caveat notwithstanding, the current status of social science is of increasing concern not only to sociologists but to some outside the field as well. I would like to outline a few central problems; a few areas of contention; and beyond that some new aproaches for improving the current state of affairs.
Social Science as the Third Culture
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions about the rights and wrongs of higher education are so daunting in number, if not in solutions, that it is probably best to draw upon one’s own experiences, at least as a starting point. It is not that experience is a better guide than reason in human affairs; rather, the ground of reason can best be established by a sense of shared needs, wants, and traditions of the individuals, administrators, teachers, and students who coexist in this strange world of higher learning. What follows, then, is a set of personal observations rather than a scholarly treatise or, for that matter, a policy wish list.
The Beginnings of Religion in South Asia
Authors: Basham A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agriculture, based on information from archaeologists and carbon-14 dating, began in South Asia around 5000 B.C.E., in small settlements of Neolithic peas ants and stock breeders in what is now Pakistan. By 3000 B.C.E. much of the Indus valley was cultivated, and bronze was beginning to be used for practical purposes. The culture was by no means uniform: Wide differences are found in the pottery from village to village, and other features of daily life show comparable variation. Most of the village cultures, however, were by comparison well advanced, and though they had not yet evolved a civilization, in the sense of a literate city life, they were well on the way to doing so.
Direct Integration of Equilibrium Equations
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is instructive to write out exact integrals of the complete force-free equations (3.3) and (3.4) to illustrate those general aspects of the mathematical structure that lead to discontinuities in the equilibrium field. In special cases the integration can be carried through to provide analytic forms for the discontinuous equilibrium field. Mon: generally the integration provides the algebraic sum of the strength of the discontinuities encountered by a closed contour.
Examples of Field Discontinuities
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is instructive to complement the generally analytical study of the magnctostatic field equations of the preceding chapters with specific examples of the formation of tangential discontinuities by continuous deformation of simple field topologies. The examples illustrate the common conditions under which discontinuities appear with the deformation of a continuous field. In fact it appears that the familiar theoretical X-type neutral point is rarely Lo be found in pure form in nature.
Solar X-Ray Emission
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The curious optical emission spectrum of the solar corona puzzled spectroscopists for decades until it was suggested by Grotrian ( l 931, 1933, 1939) that the temperature is of the order of 106K. With this possibility in mind Edlen (1942a,b) was able to identify nineteen of the coronal lines (Lyot, 193:J) as arising from forbidden transitions of highly ionized atoms (e.g., Fex, f-exIv, NixIII, CaxII), clearly establishing an electron temperature of the general order of l06 K. Radio observations corroborated this result.
Universal Nanoflares
Authors: Parker Eugene N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic theorem of magnetostatics asserts that the Maxwell stresses 111 all but the simplest field topologies continually strive to produce current sheets of vanishing thickness and unbounded current density, i.e., surfaces of tangential discontinuity in the magnetic field. In astronomical settings the small resistivity of the gas takes over in the final stages, as the current sheet thickness declines toward zero.
Different Voices: African American Women in the Episcopal Church
Authors: Farmer Marjorie Nichols 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of twentieth century women in the Episcopal Church as reviewed in other chapters in this volume is, quite appropriately, a generally Anglocentric account. We are, after all, an English church, a member of the worldwide Anglican communion. This chapter will offer a counterpoint: the story of the women of what has been called “the invisible church,” almost unseen in our “official” histories, and generally unmarked in the prevailing perception of who Episcopalians are. Though black Episcopalians fully share the traditions and the liturgy of the Episcopal Church, we bring to that heritage a very different social history. My task is to report that difference: its roots in our common history, its impact on the life of this church, and its influence in shaping the future of the Anglican faith community.
The Challenges of the New Humanism
Authors: Cave David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that I have eluciated several goals found in the new humanism, it is necessary to address the challenges a person must undergo in order to realize these goals. Eliade constantly referred to various challenges or ordeals which individuals and cultures must face as they progress toward their respective destinies. Both humans and culture are in a constant process of becoming. Through continued creativity and an endless series of initiations, their development expands to include broader universes of meaning, thus lessening individual and cultural alienation, fragmentation, and meaninglessness. This being opened to, and founded upon, greater panoramas of meaning is what Eliade meant by “transcendence.” Transcendence does not mean being dissociated from history. For it is possible to speak of transcendence as intrinsically connected to the social and political dimensions, as found in Chinese thought. Rather, for Eliade, transcendence pertains to cosmic structures of meaning which exist independent from changing, irreversible history, by essence but not by fact; these structures of meaning can only be known in history. It is through inevitable and self-imposed challenges, then, that humans and culture uncover these structures of meaning. Life is lived within the boundary between immanence and transcendence, death and life, ignorance and knowledge, sterility and creativity, analysis and synthesis, the particular and the universal, the isolated and the whole. The challenges humans face throughout life force one to stress one side against the other. We can stress life over death, transcendence to immanence, the universal to the particular, meaning over meaninglessness, or vice versa. Yet the dialectic remains. For similar to the Chinese yin/yang interconnection, within each pole exists the active presence of the other: in death we can find life, and in every choice of life there is the death of something else.
Nobody’s Home
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has been taking shape for some ten years now, and I can accurately pinpoint its origin: my stint as Fulbright professor of American literature at Stockholm University in 1982-83. At that point I had the challenging experience of teaching American fiction to Swedish university students, and although my notions of what is “American” had been percolating ever since my student days in Paris, I found that this particular venture, namely, looking at American texts “from outside in,” triggered a process of reflection and self-definition that was to have real consequences.
Introduction
Authors: Gray Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been renewed interest in the question of how Jesus of Nazareth should be classified in terms ofreligious or social type. Should he be described primarily as a teacher, prophet, miracle worker, magician, Galilean charismatic, or militant revolutionary? The list of possibilities could be extended. These types are not mutually exclusive, and it is possible—indeed likely—that a given individual would have combined different roles. But it is still worth asking which single type best describes Jesus.
The Essenes
Authors: Gray Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In War 2.159 Josephus makes a general statement about the ability of some of the Essenes to predict the future. Elsewhere in his works, he provides accounts of the activities of three individual Essene prophets: Judas ( War 1.78–80; Ant. 13.311–13), Menahem (Ant. 15.373–79), and Simon ( War 2.112–13; Ant. 17.345–48). In this chapter, I shall examine these passages in some detail and outline the general features of the type of prophecy represented by the Essenes, which is similar in many ways to that described in chapter 2 and represented by Josephus himself.
The Sign Prophets
Authors: Gray Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Josephus’ account of the revolt against Rome and the events leading up to it includes reports of the activities of several figures who are usually described as sign prophets by scholars. There is some dispute about precisely which figures should be included in this category. My own list of Jewish sign prophets includes the following six individuals or groups: In this chapter, I shall review Josephus’ accounts concerning these figures and sketch the most important features of the prophetic type they represent. I shall concentrate, in the first instance, on simply describing their actions and behavior, as reported by Josephus, but I shall also attempt to give an account of the intentions and expectations of the sign prophets, insofar as this is possible. That last qualification is a significant one. In order to understand fully what the sign prophets intended by their actions and what they expected to happen, we would need to know a great deal more than we do about what they said and did, about the precise historical circumstances that gave rise to the movements they led, and about the religious beliefs and expectations current among Jews of their day. In what follows, I shall indicate the points at which my own views about the intentions and expectations of the sign prophets differ significantly from the current scholarly consensus and I shall state as clearly as possible what I think we can and cannot say with confidence.
The Ottoman Obsession
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1603 an immense volume of more than six hundred leaves, The Generalle Historic of the Turkes, was published in London. By no means the first book printed in England on the subject of the Turks and the European efforts to halt their advance, it was, nevertheless, the first to attempt a general history from the first beginning of that nation to the rising of the Ottoman Familie, with all the notable expeditions of the Christian Princes against them, together with the lives and conquests of the Ottoman Kings and Emperours; faithfullie collected out of the best histories, both auntient and modeme, and digested into one continual historic until this present yeare 1603.
Background And Formulation Of Combustion
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although combustion has a long history and great economic and technical importance, its scientific investigation is of relatively recent origin. Combustion science can be defined as the science of exothermic chemical reactions in flows with heat and mass transfer. As such, it involves thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, and transport processes. Since the foundations of the second and last of these subjects were not laid until the middle of the nineteenth century, combustion did not emerge as a science until the beginning of the twentieth century. In recent years, great improvements in understanding of combustion processes have arisen through advances in computer capabilities, in experimental techniques, and in asymptotic methods of applied mathematics.
Premixed Flames
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deflagrations defined in the last section of Chapter 1 also are called premixed flames and occur in many combustion experiments. If a uniform combustible mixture contained in a tube is ignited by a spark, then a premixed flame propagates through the mixture, moving along the tube at a fairly definite velocity characteristic of the mixture. Such deflagration waves can be made stationary in the laboratory by causing the combustible mixture to flow at an appropriate velocity. This is achieved in a Bunsen burner, where the deflagration is anchored at the exit of the tube, which then serves as a flame holder.
Introduction: Transcendentalism and the Orient
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To study nineteenth-century American Transcendentalist Orientalism is to study variants in American millennialism. Just as Samuel Sewall could write about his expectation of the coming New Jerusalem in America in his Phaenomena quaedam Apocalyptica (1697),1 so too in “The Transcendentalists,” Emerson could look forward to a more glorious state in America than history had yet recorded; so too the Fourierist Transcendentalists could eagerly look forward to the earthly millennium in which all “superstition” was left behind; and so too Samuel Johnson, O. B. Frothingham, and other late Transcendentalists could look forward to human “progress” culminating in a “religion of humanity.” This belief in progress conditions and is reflected in the whole of Transcendentalist Orientalism; it is both the reason that Transcendentalist Orientalism came into being and its greatest obstacle to actually understanding Asian religions.
The Celestial Hierarchy
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An introduction to the Dionysian treatises should start with The Celestial Hierarchy, for several reasons. Much of the manuscript tradition presents it as the first of the treatises: The Celestial Hierarchy, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, The Divine Names, and The Mystical Theology. A case can and will be made for placing the two hierarchical treatises after The Mystical Theology, as in the Paulist Press edition, but this is a structural argument that assumes a familiarity with the corpus, not a pedagogical order for introducing it. Furthermore, The Celestial Hierarchy comes first because in it we immediately encounter crucial facets of the author’s theological method that recur throughout the writings.1 Part I touched upon the concern of Letter 9 for the proper method of interpreting symbols. The author’s interpretive method, essential to the entire enterprise, is pursued in detail in this treatise and in its companion, The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy. In the latter work, on the rites and offices of the church, the author explicitly refers to The Celestial Hierarchy as a book already written (Ecclesiastical Hierarchy 1, 372C, 196), thus indicating the sequential relationship of these two treatises. The first three chapters of The Celestial Hierarchy, as we shall see, introduce both the remainder of that treatise on the angelic beings and also the subsequent one (The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy) on Christian worship. The Celestial Hierarchy also fits well at this point because it continues another topic begun in the Letters. Letter 9 interpreted the biblical mixing bowl (1109B, 285-86) as a symbol for the procession and return of God, a conceptual framework that provides a foundation throughout these writings. This concept of procession and return is encountered explicitly in the first few lines of The Celestial Hierarchy. The gradual explication of these essential Dionysian themes should start, therefore, with this treatise, quite apart from its main subject matter of angels.
Afterword On the Question of Influence in the Middle Ages
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sections on the questions of medieval influence in the five parts of this commentary have touched upon exceedingly diverse topics-from hierarchy and allegory through the choirs of angels and the aesthetics of Gothic architecture to liturgical hermeneutics, philosophical theology, and medieval mysticism. In adding to my own commentary these five sketches about the medieval uses of the Areopagite's works, my primary intention has been simply to introduce some of the material and to assemble bibliography on those points. Perhaps it is rash to venture into dialogue with experts in so many historical and theological specialities, scholars who can and should point out errors or misleading generalizations. Nevertheless, the Dionysian corpus and its legacy simply transcend modem specializations, and its readers must do so as well if they wish to appreciate its integrated character and multifaceted influence. The encyclopedic interests of medieval thinkers like Albert the Great point the way. "Study everything," said Hugh of Saint-Victor-and everything to do with the Dionysian corpus is worth studying. In addition to tracing the varying uses of the individual treatises on specific topics, as attempted above, the story of the Dionysian legacy in the Middle Ages could also be told as a unified narrative about the corpus as a whole, at least until the thirteenth century. Since few Western readers were able or courageous enough to examine Dionysius in the original Greek, most of them sought the help of the translations, paraphrases, comments, and commentaries that gradually constituted the Latin Dionysian corpus. At each stage a stratum of interpretation was added, which then influenced the next layer. Thus the influence of the medieval Dionysius cannot be appreciated from the Greek text and a modem translation, but only from these Latin translations and aids. Since many of them are not yet carefully edited or widely available, the full picture of Dionysian influence requires much more work.
“Ironic Tenacity”:Frederick Douglass’s Seizure of the Dialectic
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the travelers to Africa in the years of the Atlantic slave trade, none better captured the place of the African woman in the life of her people than Mungo Park. Weary and dejected, in dire need of food, Park was approached by a slave woman who offered him a “seasonable satisfaction” of nuts and departed before he could thank her. Sometime thereafter, he encountered another woman, one returning “from the labors of the field.”
The Skies of Consciousness: African Dance at Pinkster in New York, 1750-1840
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the forms of folk expression, except for the tale, slave dance was the most difficult for slaveholders to suppress. Melville Herskovits noted the tenacity of this form but did not explain in detail why it was so. And while he and a few other anthropologists have written thoughtfully on certain aspects of slave dance in the Americas, there was, until recently, no explanation for why dance was vital to the formation of a common vision for African ethnic groups in the American South. Because the oppression of blacks in the North was, however painful, not draconic, and the number of slaves there slight compared with the South, the issue of a common vision among northern slaves has hardly been a concern of scholars. Instead, they have tended to treat the slave cultural experience in the North, to the extent that it has been treated at all, as if it had little or no connection with the slave South. And since dance on the plantations of the South, despite its powerful presence in the sources, has been practically ignored until recently, it should not surprise that, when mentioned at all with respect to northern slavery, it has almost invariably been referred to only in passing.
Black Americans and African Consciousness: Du Bois, Woodson, and the Spell of Africa
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However terrible the shocks through which slaves went before and after their arrival in America, articulate ones among the race throughout the centuries identified with Africa. In making this identification, they spoke for a large segment of the inarticulate masses. Benjamin Banneker, writing at a time when mockery was made of the Negro’s color and ancestral home, wrote to Thomas Jefferson in 1791 that he “freely and cheerfully” acknowledged the fact that he was of “the African race, and in that color which is natural to them of the deepest dye.”