bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx
Authors: Parsons James T. , Mendenhall William M. , Stringer Scott P. , Amdur Robert J. , Hinerman Russell W. , Villaret Douglas B. , Moore‐Higgs Giselle J. , Greene Bruce D. , Speer Tod W. , Cassisi Nicholas J. , Million Rodney R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe treatment of patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oropharynx remains controversial. No randomized trial has addressed adequately the question of whether surgery (S), radiation therapy (RT), or combined treatment is most effective.METHODSTreatment results from North American academic institutions that used S with or without adjuvant RT (S ± RT) or used RT alone or followed by neck dissection (RT ± ND) for patients with SCC of the tonsillar region or the base of tongue were compiled through a MEDLINE search (from 1970 to August, 2000) and from the references cited in each report. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they contained direct, actuarial (life‐table), or Kaplan–Meier calculations for the following end points: local control, local‐regional control, 5‐year absolute survival, 5‐year cause specific survival, or severe or fatal treatment complications. Weighted average results, which took into account series size, were calculated for each end point for the purposes of treatment comparison. Results and conclusions were based on data from 51 reported series, representing the treatment of approximately 6400 patients from the United States and Canada.RESULTSThe results for patients with SCC of the base of tongue who underwent S ± RT versus RT ± ND, respectively, were as follows: local control, 79% versus 76% (P = 0.087); local‐regional control, 60% versus 69% (P = 0.009); 5‐year survival, 49% versus 52% (P = 0.2); 5‐year cause specific survival, 62% versus 63% (P = 0.4); severe complications, 32% versus 3.8% (P < 0.001); and fatal complications, 3.5% versus 0.4% (P < 0.001). The results for patients with SCC in the tonsillar region who underwent S ± RT versus RT ± ND, respectively, were as follows: local control, 70% versus 68% (P = 0.2); local‐regional control, 65% versus 69% (P = 0.1); 5‐year survival, 47% versus 43% (P = 0.2); 5‐year cause specific survival, 57% versus 59% (P = 0.3); severe complications, 23% versus 6% (P < 0.001); and fatal complications, 3.2% versus 0.8% (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSThe information in this article provides a useful benchmark for evidence‐based counseling of patients with SCC of the oropharynx. The rates of local control, local‐regional control, 5‐year survival, and 5‐year cause specific survival were similar for patients who underwent S ± RT or RT ± ND, whereas the rates of severe or fatal complications were significantly greater for the S ± RT group. Furthermore, available data on the functional consequences of treatment suggest the superiority of RT ± ND. The authors conclude that RT ± ND is preferable for the majority of patients with SCC of the oropharynx. Cancer 2002;94:2967–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10567
Immunocytochemical localization of candidates for vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Fujiyama Fumino , Furuta Takahiro , Kaneko Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrain‐specific Na+‐dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (BNPI) was recently reported to serve as a vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT), and was renamed VGluT1 (Bellocchio et al. [ 2000] Science 289:957–960; Takamori et al. [2000] Nature 407:189–194). Ahead of these reports, cDNA encoding another brain‐specific inorganic phosphate transporter, which showed 82% amino acid identity to VGluT1, was cloned and designated differentiation‐associated Na+‐dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (DNPI; Aihara et al. [2000] J Neurochem 74:2622–2625). In the present study, we produced a specific antibody against a C‐terminal portion of DNPI, and studied the immunohistochemical localization of DNPI in the rat cerebral cortex in comparison with that of VGluT1. DNPI immunoreactivity was enriched in neuropil of layers I and IV and to a lesser extent in the upper portion of layer VI of the cerebral neocortex, whereas VGluT1 immunoreactivity was distributed more evenly in neuropil of the neocortex. Electron microscopic observation revealed that both DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities were mainly located on synaptic vesicles in nerve terminals which made asymmetrical contacts in the neocortex. Furthermore, neither DNPI nor VGluT1 immunoreactivity in the neocortex was colocalized with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic axon terminal markers, immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase or vesicular GABA transporter. Neuronal depletion in the ventrobasal thalamic nuclei produced by the kainic acid injection resulted in a clear reduction of DNPI immunoreactivity in layers I, IV, and VI of the somatosensory cortex. These results indicate that DNPI is located on the membrane of synaptic vesicles in thalamocortical axon terminals, and that it may be a candidate for VGluT of thalamocortical glutamatergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:379–387, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subdivisions of hymenopteran mushroom body calyces by their afferent supply
Authors: Gronenberg Wulfila 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mushroom bodies are regions in the insect brain involved in processing complex multimodal information. They are composed of many parallel sets of intrinsic neurons that receive input from and transfer output to extrinsic neurons that connect the mushroom bodies with the surrounding neuropils. Mushroom bodies are particularly large in social Hymenoptera and are thought to be involved in the control of conspicuous orientation, learning, and memory capabilities of these insects. The present account compares the organization of sensory input to the mushroom body's calyx in different Hymenoptera. Tracer and conventional neuronal staining procedures reveal the following anatomic characteristics: The calyx comprises three subdivisions, the lip, collar, and basal ring. The lip receives antennal lobe afferents, and these olfactory input neurons can terminate in two or more segregated zones within the lip. The collar receives visual afferents that are bilateral with equal representation of both eyes in each calyx. Visual inputs provide two to three layers of processes in the collar subdivision. The basal ring is subdivided into two modality‐specific zones, one receiving visual, the other antennal lobe input. Some overlap of modality exists between calycal subdivisions and within the basal ring, and the degree of segregation of sensory input within the calyx is species‐specific. The data suggest that the many parallel channels of intrinsic neurons may each process different aspects of sensory input information. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:474–489, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain
Authors: Marcus Jacob N. , Aschkenasi Carl J. , Lee Charlotte E. , Chemelli Richard M. , Saper Clifford B. , Yanagisawa Masashi , Elmquist Joel K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOrexins (hypocretins) are neuropeptides synthesized in the central nervous system exclusively by neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. Orexin‐containing neurons have widespread projections and have been implicated in complex physiological functions including feeding behavior, sleep states, neuroendocrine function, and autonomic control. Two orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R) have been identified, with distinct expression patterns throughout the brain, but a systematic examination of orexin receptor expression in the brain has not appeared. We used in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine the patterns of expression of mRNA for both orexin receptors throughout the brain. OX1R mRNA was observed in many brain regions including the prefrontal and infralimbic cortex, hippocampus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and locus coeruleus. OX2R mRNA was prominent in a complementary distribution including the cerebral cortex, septal nuclei, hippocampus, medial thalamic groups, raphe nuclei, and many hypothalamic nuclei including the tuberomammillary nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and ventral premammillary nucleus. The differential distribution of orexin receptors is consistent with the proposed multifaceted roles of orexin in regulating homeostasis and may explain the unique role of the OX2R receptor in regulating sleep state stability. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:6–25, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of glial cells and motor neurons during the formation of neuromuscular junctions in cocultures of rat spinal cord explant and human muscle
Authors: Mars Tomaz , Yu Kevin J. , Tang Xue‐Ming , Miranda Armand F. , Grubic Zoran , Cambi Franca , King Michael P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMotor axons extending from embryonic rat spinal cord explants form fully mature neuromuscular junctions with cocultured human muscle. This degree of maturation is not observed in muscle innervated by dissociated motor neurons. Glial cells present in the spinal cord explants seem to be, besides remaining interneurons, the major difference between the two culture systems. In light of this observation and the well documented role of glia in neuronal development, it can be hypothesized that differentiated and long‐lived neuromuscular junctions form in vitro only if their formation is accompanied by codifferentiation of neuronal and glial cells and if this codifferentiation follows the spatial and temporal pattern observed in vivo. Investigation of this hypothesis necessitates the characterization of neuronal and glial cell development in spinal cord explant–muscle cocultures. No such study has been reported, although these cocultures have been used in numerous studies of neuromuscular junction formation. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate the temporal relationship between neuromuscular junction formation and the differentiation of neuronal and glial cells during the first 3 weeks of coculture, when formation and development of the neuromuscular junction occurs in vitro. The expression of stage‐specific markers of neuronal and glial differentiation in these cocultures was characterized by immunocytochemical and biochemical analyses. Differentiation of astrocytes, Schwann cells, and oligodendrocytes proceeded in concert with the differentiation of motor neurons and neuromuscular junction formation. The temporal coincidence between maturation of the neuromuscular junction and lineage progression of neurons and glial cells was similar to that observed in vivo. These findings support the hypothesis that glial cells are a major contributor to maturity of the neuromuscular junction formed in vitro in spinal cord explant–muscle cocultures. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:239–251, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pericellular Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4‐binding ring structures in the dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury in rats
Authors: Li Li , Zhou Xin‐Fu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatients with a peripheral nerve injury often suffer from persistent chronic pain, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The persistent nature of the pain suggests injury‐induced profound structural changes along the sensory pathways. In the present study, using the plant Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4 (IB4) as a marker for nonpeptidergic small sensory neurons, we sought to examine whether these neurons sprout in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in response to peripheral nerve injury. The lumbar 5 (L5) spinal nerve was transected, and rats were allowed to survive for varying lengths of time before IB4 histology was performed. We found that a subpopulation of IB4‐positive sensory neurons sprouted robustly after spinal nerve injury. Twelve weeks after spinal nerve injury, the IB4‐positive ring structures became dramatic and encircled both large and small neurons in the DRG. The aberrant sprouting of small sensory neurons was also demonstrated by retrograde labeling. The processes of satellite cells surrounding large sensory neurons also became IB4 positive, and 87.8% of perineuronal IB4‐positive ring structures intermingled and/or coexpressed with glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive satellite cells. Thus, the sprouting axons of IB4‐positive neurons were intermingled with IB4‐positive satellite cells, forming perineuronal ring structures surrounding large‐diameter neurons. Ultrastructural examinations further confirmed that IB4‐positive nerve terminals were entangled with satellite cells and IB4‐negative unmyelinated sprouting fibers around sensory neurons. These studies have provided the first evidence that a subpopulation of IB4‐binding small sensory neurons sprouts and forms perineuronal ring structures together with IB4‐positive satellite cells in response to nerve injury. The significance of the sprouting of IB4‐positive neurons remains to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:259–274, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cost optimization of composite floors using neural dynamics model
Authors: Adeli Hojjat , Kim Hongjin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe design of composite beams is complicated and highly iterative. Depending on the design parameters a beam can be fully composite or partially composite. In the case of design on the basis of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) one has to consider the plastic deformations. As pointed out by Lorenz, the real advantage of the LRFD code can be realized in the minimum cost design. In this article, we present a general formulation for the cost optimization of composite beams based on the AISC LRFD specifications by including the costs of (a) concrete, (b) steel beam, and (c) shear studs. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer‐discrete non‐linear programming problem and solved by the recently patented neural dynamics model of Adeli and Park (U.S. patent 5,815,394 issued on September 29, 1998). It is shown that use of the cost optimization algorithm presented in this article results in substantial cost savings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized finite element formulation of buoyancy driven incompressible flows
Authors: Aliabadi S. , Abatan A. , Johnson A. , Abedi J. , Yeboah Y. , Bota K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStreamline‐upwind/Petrov–Galerkin finite element method is developed for buoyancy‐driven incom‐pressible flows with heat and mass transfer. The stabilized finite element formulations are implemented in parallel using message passing interface libraries. To measure the accuracy of the method, we solve a 2D numerical example of natural convection flows at moderate to high Rayleigh numbers. The 3D applications include the dispersion of smoke from a chimney and within a stadium. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CMC 2000 chromatic adaptation transform: CMCCAT2000
Authors: Li Changjun , Luo M. Ronnier , Rigg Bryan , Hunt Robert W. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCMCCAT97 is a chromatic adaptation transform included in CIECAM97s, the CIE 1997 colour appearance model, for describing colour appearance under different viewing conditions and is recommended by the Colour Measurement Committee of the Society of Dyers and Colourists for predicting the degree of colour inconstancy of surface colours. Among the many transforms tested, this transform gave the most accurate predictions to a number of experimental data sets. However, the structure of CMCCAT97 is considered complicated and causes problems when applications require the use of its reverse mode. This article describes a simplified version of CMCCAT97— CMCCAT2000—which not only is significantly simpler and eliminates the problems of reversibility, but also gives a more accurate prediction to almost all experimental data sets than does the original transform. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 49–58, 2002
On the number of singular points of weak solutions to the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Seregin Gregory A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider a suitable weak solution to the three‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equations in the space‐time cylinder Ω × ]0, T[. Let Σ be the set of singular points for this solution and Σ (t) ≡ {(x, t) ∈ Σ}. For a given open subset ω ⊆ Ω and for a given moment of time t ∈]0, T[, we obtain an upper bound for the number of points of the set Σ(t) ⋒ ω. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implementing a dynamic processor allocation policy for multiprogrammed parallel applications in the SolarisTM
Authors: Yue Kelvin K. , Lilja David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractParallel applications typically do not perform well in a multiprogrammed environment that uses time‐sharing to allocate processor resources to the applications' parallel threads. Co‐scheduling related parallel threads, or statically partitioning the system, often can reduce the applications' execution times, but at the expense of reducing the overall system utilization. To address this problem, there has been increasing interest in dynamically allocating processors to applications based on their resource demands and the dynamically varying system load. TheLoop‐Level Process Control (LLPC)policy (Yue K, Lilja D. Efficient execution of parallel applications in multiprogrammed multiprocessor systems.10th International Parallel Processing Symposium, 1996; 448–456) dynamically adjusts the number of threads an application is allowed to execute based on the application's available parallelism and the overall system load. This study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating the LLPC strategy into an existing commercial operating system and parallelizing compiler and provides further evidence of the performance improvement that is possible using this dynamic allocation strategy. In this implementation, applications are automatically parallelized and enhanced with the appropriate LLPC hooks so that each application interacts with the modified version of the Solaris operating system. The parallelism of the applications are then dynamically adjusted automatically when they are executed in a multiprogrammed environment so that all applications obtain a fair share of the total processing resources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time multi‐spectral image fusion
Authors: Achalakul Tiranee , Taylor Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a novel real‐time multi‐spectral imaging capability for surveillance applications. The capability combines a new high‐performance multi‐spectral camera system with a distributed algorithm that computes a spectral‐screening principal component transform (PCT). The camera system uses a novel filter wheel design together with a high‐bandwidth CCD camera to allow image cubes to be delivered at 110 frames$^{-1}$s with a spectral coverage between 400 and 1000 nm. The filters used in a particular application are selected to highlight a particular object based on its spectral signature. The distributed algorithm allows image streams from a dispersed collection of cameras to be disseminated, viewed, and interpreted by a distributed group of analysts in real‐time. It operates on networks of commercial‐off‐the‐shelf multiprocessors connected with high‐performance (e.g. gigabit) networking, taking advantage of multi‐threading where appropriate. The algorithm uses a concurrent formulation of the PCT to de‐correlate and compress a multi‐spectral image cube. Spectral screening is used to give features that occur infrequently (e.g. mechanized vehicles in a forest) equal importance to those that occur frequently (e.g. trees in the forest). A human‐centered color‐mapping scheme is used to maximize the impact of spectral contrast on the human visual system.To demonstrate the efficacy of the multi‐spectral system, plant‐life scenes with both real and artificial foliage are used. These scenes demonstrate the systems ability to distinguish elements of a scene that cannot be distinguished with the naked eye. The capability is evaluated in terms of visual performance, scalability, and real‐time throughput. Our previous work on predictive analytical modeling is extended to answer practical design questions such as ‘For a specified cost, what system can be constructed and what performance will it attain?’ Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Date movement and control substrate for parallel adaptive applications
Authors: Barker Kevin , Chrisochoides Nikos , Dobbelaere Jeffrey , Nave Démian , Pingali Keshav 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we present the Data Movement and Control Substrate (DMCS), a library which implements low‐latency one‐sided communication primitives for use in parallel adaptive and irregular applications. DMCS is built on top of low‐level, vendor‐specific communication subsystems such as LAPI (Low‐level Application Programme Interface) for IBM SP machines, as well as on widely available message‐passing libraries like MPI for clusters of workstations and PCs. DMCS adds a small overhead to the communication operations provided by the lower communication system. In return, DMCS provides a flexible and easy to understand application program interface for one‐sided communication operations. Furthermore, DMCS is designed so that it can be easily ported and maintained by non‐experts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing psychotherapy outcomes via providing feedback on client progress: a replication
Authors: Lambert Michael J. , Whipple Jason L. , Vermeersch David A. , Smart David W. , Hawkins Eric J. , Nielsen Stevan Lars , Goates Melissa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral systems have been developed to monitor and feedback information about a client's responses to psychotherapy as a method of enhancing client outcome. The current study divided 1020 clients into four groups (two experimental and two control) to determine if feedback regarding client progress, when provided to a therapist, affected client outcome and number of sessions attended. Results showed that feedback increased the duration of treatment and improved outcome for clients identified as potential treatment failures thereby replicating an earlier study using nearly identical methodology. Nearly twice as many clients in the feedback group achieved clinically significant or reliable change and fewer were classified as deteriorated by the time treatment ended. For those clients who were predicted to have a positive response to treatment, feedback to therapists resulted in an equal number of treatment sessions and equivalent outcomes compared to the no feedback controls. The results are discussed in terms of quality management in routine clinical practice and the need to base treatment decisions on clients' response to treatment rather than arbitrary session limits. Suggestions for additional research aimed at enhancing the effects of feedback on client outcome are made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New designs of low/high‐pass and mid‐pass/stop FIR digital filters
Authors: Khan Ishtiaq Rasool , Ohba Ryoji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew designs of highly efficient low/high‐ and mid‐pass/stop (centre‐symmetric band‐pass/stop) FIR non‐recursive digital filters are presented. The designs are based on the modulation property of DFT, applied to the already presented MAXFLAT halfband low‐pass filters. The presented filters have explicit formulas for their tap‐coefficients, and therefore are very easy to design. They have highly smooth frequency response and wider transition regions like MAXFLAT filters. The design formulae are modified to give new classes of low/high‐ and mid‐pass/stop filters, for which, like in equiripple filters, the transition bandwidth can be reduced by increasing the size of ripple on magnitude response. It is shown, with the help of design examples, that the performance of these filters is comparable to that of equiripple filters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.