bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem ecology
Authors: Gibson David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecosystem ecology is the study of the biotic and abiotic components of the environment; in other words, the study of living organisms and their interaction with their environment. It was introduced as a concept to ecology by Tansley (1935). At this level of study, less emphasis is placed on individual species or communities; rather, the focus is on the integrated components of the environment and their involvement in fundamental processes of energy flow and material cycling. Ecosystems can be viewed a comprising three subsystems connected by the transfer of energy and matter: the plant subsystem, the herbivore subsystem, and the decomposer subsystem. The initial fixation of carbon through photosynthesis via green plants characterizes the plant subsystem (see §7.1.2). The recycling of dead organic matter (detritus) represents the decomposer subsystem (see §7.3). The role of herbivores is discussed in Chapter 9.
Management and restoration
Authors: Gibson David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with applied grassland ecology and discusses means of managing grasslands for human needs and conservation. The discussion in §10.1 focuses on pastoralism as an ancient method of rangeland utilization, and the use of management tools such as grazing, fire, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. Rangeland assessment (§10.2) is important for determining the suitability of grasslands for various uses and to allow the development of management plans. Where grass- land has been destroyed or degraded, restoration is necessary and is described in §10.3 where the focus is on management and restoration of natural or semi-natural grassland. Management of amenity and turf grassland, e.g. golf courses and other sports facilities, parks, and roadsides, largely through mowing, weeding, irrigation and herbicide application, is outside the scope of this book and is covered elsewhere (Aldous 1999; Brown 2005; Rorison and Hunt 1980) Depending on the desired use, grasslands are managed for one of several goals, including pro- duction of forage for raising domestic and wild animals, production of biofuels, or conservation of natural areas. Grassland management and conservation objectives can be focused either on the system as a whole, on specific plant functional types (e.g. tussock grasses, Díaz et al. 2002), or for particular species (e.g. to promote rare species or species of high forage value, or reduce undesirable or invasive species). Many natural areas require management intervention because natural disturbance regimes are disrupted or no longer in place (Chapters 1 and 9).
Understanding autism: insights from mind and brain
Authors: Hill Elisabeth L , Frith Uta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. The consequences of this disorder for everyday life adaptation are extremely variable. The general public is now more aware of the high prevalence of this lifelong disorder, with around 0.6% of the population being affected. However, the signs and symptoms of autism are still puzzling. Since a biological basis of autism was accepted, approaches from developmental cognitive neuroscience have been applied to further our understanding of the autism spectrum. The study of the behavioural and underlying cognitive deficits in autism has advanced ahead of the study of the underlying brain abnormalities and of the putative genetic mechanisms.
Disentangling weak coherence and executive dysfunction: planning drawing in autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Booth Rhonda , Charlton Rebecca , Hughes Claire , Happe Francesca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A tendency to focus on details at the expense of configural information, ‘weak coherence’, has been proposed as a cognitive style in autism. In the present study we tested whether weak coherence might be the result of executive dysfunction, by testing clinical groups known to show deficits on tests of executive control. Boys with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) were compared with age- and intelligence quotient (IQ)-matched boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and typically developing (TD) boys, on a drawing task requiring planning for the inclusion of a new element. Weak coherence was measured through analysis of drawing style. In line with the predictions made, the ASD group was more detail-focused in their drawings than were either ADHD or TD boys. The ASD and ADHD groups both showed planning impairments, which were more severe in the former group. Poor planning did not, however, predict detail-focus, and scores on the two aspects of the task were unrelated in the clinical groups. These findings indicate that weak coherence may indeed be a cognitive style specific to autism and unrelated to cognitive deficits in frontal functions.
Investigating individual differences in brain abnormalities in autism
Authors: Salmond H , de Haan M , Friston K J , Gadian G , Vargha-Khadem F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autism is a psychiatric syndrome characterized by impairments in three domains: social interaction, communication, and restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests. Recent findings implicate the amygdala in the neurobiology of autism. In this paper, we report the results of a series of novel experimental investigations focusing on the structure and function of the amygdala in a group of children with autism. The first section attempts to determine if abnormality of the amygdala can be identified in an individual using magnetic resonance imaging in vivo. Using single-case voxel-based morphometric analyses, abnormality in the amygdala was detected in half the children with autism. Abnormalities in other regions were also found. In the second section, emotional modulation of the startle response was investigated in the group of autistic children. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences between the patterns of emotional modulation of the startle response in the autistic group compared with the controls.
Quantum rules
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of quantum theory was driven by a consistently repeated failure of classical physics to accommodate the results of ever more sophisticated experiments on the microphysical world of radiation, elementary particles, atoms, and molecules. Each break-through in the development of the theory’s conceptual structure was followed (sometimes very rapidly) by new experimental data that just did not fit, pointing to the need for yet further refinements. As is typical in such a radical change in the approach to acquiring scientific understanding, old and often unsuitable concepts were forced into service to meet the needs of the new description. Confusion reigned. The major figures in the theory’s early development took up radically different positions on the theory’s interpretation, and, as we will see, the debate became polarized in ways that remain relevant today.
Complementarity and entanglement
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The results of the experiments described in the last chapter all point fairly unambiguously to a reality that is decidedly non-local in nature, at least in the quantum domain. Of course, these are results that come as no surprise to those willing to accept one of the most fundamental principles of the Copenhagen interpretation — that quantum phenomena are describable only in terms of the dual classical physical concepts of waves and particles. The wave properties of quantum entities lend them inherently non-local characteristics, and it is only when we forcibly ‘collapse’ the wave function by making a measurement that we are taken aback by what appears to be contradictory or counter-intuitive behaviour.
I think, therefore
Authors: Baggott Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The orthodox Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory is silent on the question of the collapse of the wave function. The field is therefore wide open. If we choose to reject the strict Copenhagen interpretation, we are, given our present level of understanding, free to choose exactly how we wish to fill the void. Any suggestion, no matter how strange, is in principle legitimate, provided that it does not produce a theory inconsistent with the predictions of quantum theory known to have been upheld so far by experiment. We are not constrained to a specific solution. Our choice is therefore a matter of personal taste.
A History of Mathematics
Authors: Hodgkin Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A History of Mathematics: From Mesopotamia to Modernity covers the evolution of mathematics through time and across the major Eastern and Western civilizations. It begins in Babylon, then describes the trials and tribulations of the Greek mathematicians. The important, and often neglected, influence of both Chinese and Islamic mathematics is covered in detail, placing the description of early Western mathematics in a global context. The book concludes with modern mathematics, covering recent developments such as the advent of the computer, chaos theory, topology, mathematical physics, and the solution of Fermat's Last Theorem. Containing more than 100 illustrations and figures, this text, aimed at advanced undergraduates and postgraduates, addresses the methods and challenges associated with studying the history of mathematics. The reader is introduced to the leading figures in the history of mathematics (including Archimedes, Ptolemy, Qin Jiushao, al-Kashi, al-Khwarizmi, Galileo, Newton, Leibniz, Helmholtz, Hilbert, Alan Turing, and Andrew Wiles) and their fields. An extensive bibliography with cross-references to key texts will provide invaluable resource to students and exercises (with solutions) will stretch the more advanced reader.
Trees and topologies
Authors: Hein Jotun , Schierup Mikkel H , Wiuf Carsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simplicity of the coalescent process allows various quantities to be calculated from combinatorial arguments. This is the focus of the present chapter. However, first we will specify some concepts regarding coalescent trees and their relationships to the well-known concept of phylogenetic trees.
In Kingman ‘s original formulation of the coalescent he separated the process into two independent processes, the jump process and the waiting time process. Figure 3.1 illustrates these processes for a sample of five genes. The waiting time process describes the waiting times to the next coalescent event when there are k genes left and is described by exponentially distributed variables as derived in Chapter 1. The jump process describes which pair of genes coalesce at each coalescence event and was originally phrased in terms of equivalence classes. An equivalence class for a set of genes is a specific separation of the set of genes into disjoint sets covering the whole set of genes. In Figure 3.1 the first equivalence class is the separation of the genes into five different sets. After the first coalescence event, two genes (4 and 5) are merged into the same set. The jump process thus determines a path through equivalence classes from the initial state to the final state which consists of a single set containing all the genes.
Gaussian processes
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We return in this chapter to the general Bayesian formalism for a single model. So far we have worked out everything in terms of the posterior distribution p(w D) of the model parameters w, given the data D; to get predictions, we need to integrate over this distribution. Often the model parameters w are not easy to interpret, so knowing their distribution is in itself not particularly desirable. Also, it is not easy to see exactly what prior assumptions on the input–output relation are implicit in choosing, for example, a Gaussian prior on w.
Notes and suggestions for further reading
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information theory in its modern formulation has come upon us mainly through the seminal work of Claude Shannon [57–59] which, in turn, builds on earlier work of Nyquist [60] and Hartley [61] on problems related to transmission of information. The proposal to quantify information in terms of the logarithm of the size of a message set in case of equally likely messages appears in fact to have been made first by Hartley, but its generalization to ensembles of messages that are not equally likely—using entropy as the appropriate measure—was achieved only in 1948, independently by Shannon [57, 58] and Wiener [62, 63].
Gardner theory of task realizability
Authors: Coolen A C C , Kühn R , Sollich P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our convergence proofs and dynamical analyses of learning processes have so far always relied on the existence of a solution, that is, on the existence of a specific allocation of values to the network’s parameters (synapses and thresholds) such that the resulting network faithfully generates the correct outputs for the input data presented in the learning stage. This guaranteed that we could regard the input–output relationships to be learned as having been generated by a suitable ‘teacher network’, a property on which our methods have relied quite heavily. Here we turn to the following complementary question: how can we predict beforehand whether certain families of tasks are indeed solvable by the architecture at hand, without actually constructing the teacher network?
AMPA receptor trafficking and long-term potentiation
Authors: Malinow Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Activity-dependent changes in synaptic function are believed to underlie the formation of memories. A prominent example is long-term potentiation (LTP), whose mechanisms have been the subject of considerable scrutiny over the past few decades. I review studies from our laboratory that support a critical role for AMPA receptor trafficking in LTP and experience-dependent plasticity. There is general belief that a long-lasting change in synaptic function is the cellular basis of learning and memory (Eccles 1964; Hebb 1949; Alkon and Nelson 1990; Kandel 1997). The most thoroughly characterized example of such synaptic plasticity is LTP.
How long will long-term potentiation last?
Authors: Abraham Wickliffe C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paramount feature of long-term potentiation (LTP) as a memory mechanism is its characteristic persistence over time. Although the basic phenomenology of LTP persistence was established 30 years ago, new insights have emerged recently about the extent of LTP persistence and its regulation by activity and experience. It is now evident that LTP, at least in the dentate gyms, can either be decremental, lasting from hours to weeks, or stable, lasting months or longer. Although mechanisms engaged during the induction of LTP regulate its subsequent persistence, the maintenance of LTP is also governed by activity patterns post-induction, whether induced experimentally or generated by experience.
In search of general mechanisms for long-lasting plasticity: Aplysia and the hippocampus
Authors: Pittenger Christopher , Kandel Eric R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term synaptic plasticity is thought to underlie many forms of long-lasting memory. Long-lasting plasticity has been most extensively studied in the marine snail Aplysia and in the mammalian hippocampus, where Bliss and Lomo first described long-term potentiation 30 years ago. The molecular mechanisms of plasticity in these two systems have proven to have many similarities. Here, we briefly describe some of these areas of overlap. We then summarize recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of long-lasting synaptic facilitation in Aplysia and suggest that these may prove fruitful areas for future investigation in the mammalian hippocampus and at other synapses in the mammalian brain.
Elements of a neurobiological theory of the hippocampus: the role of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in memory
Authors: Morris R G M , Moser E I , Riedel G , Martin S J , Sandin J , Day M , Carroll C O’ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hypothesis that synaptic plasticity is a critical component of the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory is now widely accepted. In this article, we begin by outlining four criteria for evaluating the ’synaptic plasticity and memory (SPM)’ hypothesis. We then attempt to lay the foundations for a specific neurobiological theory of hippocampal (HPC) function in which activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), plays a key part in the forms of memory mediated by this brain structure. HPC memory can, like other forms of memory, be divided into four processes: encoding, storage, consolidation and retrieval.
The Dynamical Yang-Baxter Equation, Representation Theory, and Quantum Integrable Systems
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Latour Frédéric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text is based on an established graduate course given at MIT that provides an introduction to the theory of the dynamical Yang-Baxter equation and its applications, which is an important area in representation theory and quantum groups. The book, which contains many detailed proofs and explicit calculations, will be accessible to graduate students of mathematics, who are familiar with the basics of representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras.
Intertwiners, Fusion and Exchange Operators for Lie Algebras
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Latour Frédéric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definition 3.1 Given two representations V1 and V2 of a Lie algebra 𝔤, we can define the tensor product V1 ⊗ V2 to be the representation of 𝔤 given by the formula πV1 ⊗V2 (a) = πV1 (a) ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ πV2 (a) for all a ∈ 𝔤; in other words, a(v1 ⊗ v2) = av1 ⊗ v2 + v1 ⊗ av2.
Traces of Intertwiners and Macdonald Polynomials
Authors: Etingof Pavel , Latour Frédéric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider 𝔤 = 𝔰 𝔩n with weight lattice P. It is checked directly that for every symmetric polynomial f, the residue of ℳ1 f at the hyperplane x i = x j is zero. Hence the result.
Exploring the rates of astrolabes
Authors: Dekker Elly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade, several studies of the stars on the rates of astrolabes have been carried out. My own approach to this problem has developed considerably over the years, as I have learned from every new instrument that was studied. To date, I have investigated the rates of about fifteen instruments, and have yet to find a simple recipe for treating all of the problems that are encountered. Many more instruments have to be studied before the work that has been done so far can be systematised. For this reason, four case studies are presented in this chapter (cases I to IV) in which several problems regarding the study of the rates of astrolabes are discussed in detail.
The problem of authenticity
Authors: Cleempoel Koenraad Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A ntique scientific instruments are part of our material and intellectual patrimony. They bear witness to an increasing understanding of natural phenomena through observation and measurement. It is, therefore, valuable to explore when, where, and by whom certain instruments were made in order to assess their standing within a known tradition and, consequently, improve our knowledge of the history and the geography of inventions and changes in man’s perception and conception of the material world. Before embarking on any such study, a historian of scientific instruments would wish to confirm that the date inscribed on a particular instrument actually coincides with the period in which it was allegedly made. Unfortunately, this is not always the case.
Selected topics
Authors: Webster Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topics in this final chapter reflect the author ‘s own personal preferences.
The six sections are independent of one another and draw largely upon the first two chapters. Section 7.4, however, uses ideas relating to volume, such as are discussed in Chapter 6. By assuming that the familiar volume in IR3 extends naturally to IRn, the reader should have little difficulty in following this introduction to the geometry of numbers. Not all the applications of Helly ‘s theorem in Section 7.1 should be needed to show that it is one of the most versatile in the whole of convexity.
Notes on further reading
Authors: Webster Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General accounts of convexity are given in Eggleston (1958), Valentine (1964), Benson (1966), Roberts and Varberg (1973), Kelly and Weiss (1979), Lay (1982), and van Tiel (1984). Of these, Eggleston and Valentine can be considered graduate texts, the remaining ones (primarily) undergraduate. A comprehensive survey of the subject, written for the expert, is the two volume Handbook of convex geometry by Gruber and Wills (1993).
Universal Algebra
Authors: Dunn J Michael , Hardegree Gary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present some very general ideas from the field initiated in its modem form by Garrett Birkhoff and called by him “universal algebra. “ The fundamental notion of universal algebra is that of an algebra. Basically, an algebra is a set together with various operations that take elements of that set and yield elements of that same set. A simple, and familiar, example is the set of natural numbers together with the operations of addition and multiplication. In particular, any two natural numbers can be added (or multiplied), and the result is moreover a natural number. By contrast, the natural numbers together with the operation of subtraction do not form an algebra; for although the difference of any two natural numbers exists, it need not be a natural number. A more dramatic non-example is the set of natural numbers together with the operation of division; in particular, there is no such thing as 1 divided by 0. In the first non-example, the operation can yield a result not in the set; in the second non-example, the operation can yield no result at all.
Logic
Authors: Dunn J Michael , Hardegree Gary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We take the view that “consequence “ (what follows from what) is the central business of logic. Strangely, this theme, clear from the time of Aristotle ‘s syllogistics, has been obscured in modem times, where the emphasis has often been on the laws of logic, where these laws are taken not as patterns of inference (relations between statements) but rather as logical truths (statements themselves). Actually it seems that Aristotle himself was at least partly responsible for starting this perverse view of logic, with his so-called three laws of thought (non-contradiction, excluded middle, and identity), but we lay the major blame on Frege, and the logistic tradition from Peano, Whitehead and Russell, Hilbert, Quine, and others. This tradition views logic along a model adapted from Euclid ‘s geometry, wherein certain logical truths are taken as axioms, and others are then deduced from these by way of a rule or two (paradigmatically, modus ponens). Along the way there were some divergent streams, in particular the tradition of nature.