bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Cost of Cancer: Results on the Basis of Claims Data Analyses for Cancer Patients Diagnosed With Seven Types of Cancer During 1999 to 2000
Authors: Chang Stella , Long Stacey R. , Kutikova Lucie , Bowman Lee , Finley Denise , Crown William H. , Bennett Charles L. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose Cancer accounts for $60.9 billion in direct medical costs and $15.5 billion for indirect morbidity costs. These estimates are derived primarily from national surveys or Federal databases. We derive estimates of the costs of cancer using administrative databases, which include claims and employment-related information on individuals insured by private or Medicare supplemental health plans. Methods A retrospective matched-cohort control analysis was performed using 1998 to 2000 databases with information on insurance claims, benefits, and health productivity for 3 million privately insured employees, their dependents, and early retirees. Study patients had new diagnoses of one of seven types of cancer (n = 12,709). Controls without cancer were matched at a 3:1 ratio by demographics. A variable follow-up length was used (maximum of 2 years). Direct costs included health care costs for patients and deductibles and copayments for caregivers. Indirect costs of work absence and short-term disability (STD) were calculated for a subgroup of cancer patients and caregivers. Results Mean monthly health care costs ranged from $2,187 for prostate cancer to $7,616 for pancreatic cancer, most often driven by hospitalization. Costs for controls were $329 per month. Indirect morbidity costs to employees with cancer averaged $945, a result of a mean monthly loss of 2.0 workdays and 5.0 STD days. Conclusion The economic burden of cancer is substantial. It is feasible to derive tumor-specific estimates of direct and indirect costs for large numbers of cancer patients using administrative databases. Policy makers charged with providing annual cost-of-cancer estimates should incorporate data obtained from a broad range of sources.
Use of Surgery Among Elderly Patients With Stage IV Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Temple Larissa K.F. , Hsieh Lillian , Wong W. Douglas , Saltz Leonard , Schrag Deborah 
Published: August 2004

Purpose The role of surgery to remove the primary tumor among patients with stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate surgical practice patterns for patients ≥ 65 years of age with stage IV CRC in a US population-based cohort. Patients and Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare–linked database to evaluate the patterns of cancer treatment for 9,011 Medicare beneficiaries presenting with stage IV CRC from 1991 to 1999. Patients were categorized according to whether they had primary–cancer-directed surgery (CDS) or no CDS within 4 months of diagnosis. The use of other treatment modalities, including metastasectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation, was evaluated in relationship to whether patients belonged to the CDS or no CDS group. Results Seventy-two percent (6,469 of 9,011) of patients received CDS, and their 30-day postoperative mortality was 10%. Patients with left-sided or rectal lesions, patients older than age 75 years, blacks, and those of lower socioeconomic status were less likely to undergo CDS; but even among those older than age 75, the CDS rate was 69% (3,378 of 4,909). In contrast, chemotherapy use was less common (47% for patients who had CDS and 31% for those who did not). Metastasectomy was rare; only 3.9% of patients underwent these operations at any point from diagnosis to death. Conclusion Palliative resection of the primary tumor is often performed for elderly US patients with stage IV colorectal cancer. This practice pattern merits re-evaluation, given the improvement in the efficacy of systemic chemotherapy.
Clinicopathologic Significance and Prognostic Value of Chromosomal Imbalances in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Beà Sílvia , Colomo Lluís , López-Guillermo Armando , Salaverria Itziar , Puig Xavier , Pinyol Magda , Rives Susana , Montserrat Emili , Campo Elias 
Published: August 2004

Purpose To determine the clinicopathologic significance and prognostic value of chromosomal imbalances in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Patients and Methods We have examined 64 tumors at diagnosis using comparative genomic hybridization and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single-stranded conformational polymorphism, and DNA sequencing for the analysis of several potential target genes. Results The most recurrent alterations were gains of 18q (20%), Xq (15%), 2p, 7q, and 12p (14%), and losses of 6q and 17p (14%). Frequent high-level DNA amplifications were detected at 2p13-p16 and 18q21 loci. Real-time quantitative PCR detected REL and BCL11A gene amplifications in the nine patients with gains at 2p13-p16 and only in one additional patient with normal chromosome 2. Similarly, the BCL-2 gene was amplified in the 12 tumors with gains of 18q21 but in none of 39 patients with normal 18q profile. p53 gene inactivation was detected in nine of 58 (16%) tumors and was commonly associated with 17p losses. Tumors with 18q gains were significantly associated with a high number of chromosomal imbalances, primary nodal presentation, high serum lactate dehydrogenase levels, high International Prognostic Index, shorter cause-specific survival, and a high risk of relapse. Losses of 17p and p53 gene alterations were associated with an absence of complete response achievement. Conclusion These results suggest that DLBCLs have a characteristic pattern of genomic alterations; 18q gains or amplifications and 17p losses are associated with particular clinicopathological features and aggressive clinical behavior. Additional studies are needed to confirm these observations in larger series of patients.
Survey on Use of Palliative Radiotherapy in Hospice Care
Authors: Lutz Stephen , Spence Carol , Chow Edward , Janjan Nora , Connor Stephen 
Published: August 2004

Purpose Radiation oncologists and hospice professionals both provide end-of-life care for oncology patients, and little has been written about the interface between these two groups of specialists. Hospice professionals were surveyed to assess the perceived need for palliative radiotherapy in the hospice setting, to investigate factors that limit the access of hospice patients to radiotherapy, and to suggest areas of future collaboration on education, research, and patient advocacy. Patients and Methods Members of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) and American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology jointly authored a questionnaire to investigate the beliefs of hospice professionals toward the use of radiotherapy for oncology patients in hospice. The questionnaire was distributed to all NHPCO member institutions, and the results were compiled and statistically analyzed. Results Four hundred eighty of more than 1,800 surveyed facilities responded to the questionnaire. The findings suggest that the majority of hospice professionals feel that radiotherapy is important in palliative oncology and that radiotherapy is widely available in the United States. Yet less than 3% on average of hospice patients served by hospices responding to the survey actually received radiotherapy in 2002. The most common barriers to radiotherapy in hospice care include radiotherapy expense, transportation difficulties, short life expectancy, and educational deficiencies between the specialties. Conclusion Multiple barriers act to limit the use of palliative radiotherapy in hospice care. Finding ways to surmount these obstacles will provide opportunity for improvement in the end-of-life care of cancer patients.
Genetic Variation in the Leptin Receptor Gene and Obesity in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Ross Julie A. , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Davies Stella M. , Mertens Ann C. , Langer Erica K. , Kiffmeyer William R. , Sklar Charles A. , Stovall Marilyn , Yasui Yutaka , Robison Leslie L. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose Overweight (body mass index [BMI] 25 to 29 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) frequently follow treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Recent studies suggest that risk is most apparent in females treated with cranial radiation at a younger age. Because radiation at a young age may affect the hypothalamus causing leptin receptor insensitivity, we hypothesized that a polymorphism in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene, Gln223Arg, might influence susceptibility to obesity in survivors of childhood ALL. Patients and Methods We genotyped 600 non-Hispanic white adult ALL survivors enrolled onto the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. BMI was compared between those with two copies of the Arg allele to those who had at least one copy of the Gln allele. Results Female survivors with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 were more likely Arg homozygous than those with BMI less than 25 kg/m2 (24% v 12%; P = .007). This difference was not observed in males. Moreover, among females treated with ≥ 20 Gy cranial radiation, Arg/Arg individuals had six times higher odds of having BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (95% CI, 2.1 to 22.0) than those with a Gln allele (P = .04 for interaction). Conclusion LEPR polymorphism may influence obesity in female survivors of childhood ALL, particularly those exposed to cranial radiation. Because obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in later life, identification of children at high risk might allow for early targeted interventions.
The Activity of Taxanes in the Treatment of Sex Cord-Stromal Ovarian Tumors
Authors: Brown Jubilee , Shvartsman Hyun S. , Deavers Michael T. , Burke Thomas W. , Munsell Mark F. , Gershenson David M. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose To determine the efficacy and side effects of taxanes, with or without platinum, for the treatment of sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients seen from 1985 to 2002 at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center with ovarian sex cord-stromal tumors. Eligible patients underwent pathology confirmation and clinical evaluation at M.D. Anderson and received a taxane for initial or recurrent disease. Results Of 222 patients identified, 44 were eligible for analysis. For nine patients treated in the first-line adjuvant setting, median progression-free survival (PFS) was not reached at 51 months. Of two patients treated for measurable disease in the first-line setting, one had a complete response. Median PFS was 34.3 months; median overall survival (OS) was not reached. Median follow-up was 90.3 months (range, 39.4 to 140.5 months). Response rate for 30 patients treated with a taxane ± platinum for recurrent, measurable disease was 42%. Median PFS was 19.6 months; median OS was not reached. Median follow-up was 100.7 months (range, 8.1 to 361.3 months). The presence of platinum correlated with response in the recurrent, measurable disease setting. The number of patients was insufficient to detect relative efficacy of paclitaxel and docetaxel. Adverse effects of paclitaxel included neutropenia (n = 6), anemia (n = 1), thrombocytopenia (n = 1), myelodysplasia (n = 1), and hypersensitivity (n = 1). Conclusion Taxanes seem to be active agents in the treatment of patients with sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. The combination of taxanes with platinum in the treatment of this disease deserves additional investigation.
Ligand Influences in Heme–Copper O2-Chemistry as Synthetic Models for Cytochrome c Oxidase
Authors: Karlin Kenneth D , Kim Eunsuk 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Prominent recent advances in synthetic modeling chemistry of cytochrome c oxidase include the generation and characterization of high-spin heme–peroxo–copper species derived from FeII/CuI/O2 reactions. Comparison of spectroscopic properties of a series of related complexes leads to a finding that the coordination nature of the peroxo bridging group binding between heme and copper can be dramatically altered by copper ligand environment. Intrinsic copper/O2 interactions seem to be applicable to the chemistry of heme/Cu/O2 systems.
Morphological Development and Etching of Gold Thin Film under UV-exposure in Chlorine-based Liquids
Authors: An Ilsin , Seong Deokkyeong 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Gold thin film is found to be soluble in chlorine-containing liquid such as 1,2-dichloroethane, NaCl, or HCl solution under illumination, especially UV shorter than 310 nm. We attribute this to the formation of gold chloride and its desorption from the surface. Atomic force microscopy study shows that the grain-like surface morphology evolves during the etch process.
Determination of the Field Strengths of Weak Neutral Ligands Having Oxygen as Coordination Atom
Authors: Hoshino Akito , Nakamura Mikio 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Weakness of various neutral ligands having oxygen as coordination atom was ranked on the basis of the pyrrole proton chemical shifts of planar [Fe(TPP)L2]+. Furthermore, weakness of the ligands, which is difficult to determine from the NMR data of planar [Fe(TPP)L2]+, was successfully differentiated by the use of highly ruffled [Fe(TiPrP)L2]+. Among the 10 ligands examined, THF turned out to be the weakest ligand.
Self-organized Wire-like Aggregates of Palladium Nanoparticles with Poly(amidoamine)dendrimer
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Itoh Hideaki , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Wire-like aggregates of palladium nanoparticles with a length up to several micrometer were produced by stirring palladium(II) acetate with the G1.0 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer in methanol at room temperature via self-organized wire-like templates of palladium ions and the PAMAM dendrimer.
Highly Active and Selective Pd–Cu–TiO2 Catalyst for the Direct Synthesis of Benzyl Acetate by Gas Phase Acetoxylation of Toluene
Authors: Benhmid A , Narayana K V , Martin A , Lücke B , Pohl M-M 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Extremely high benzyl acetate selectivity (ca. 94%) at a toluene conversion of ca. 60% was achieved over Pd–Cu–TiO2 catalyst for the first time by gas phase acetoxylation of toluene with good long-term stability.
Cobalt-catalyzed Cross-coupling Reaction of Chloropyridines with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Treatment of 2-chloropyridine with benzylmagnesium chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of cobalt(II) acetylacetonate in dioxane afforded the corresponding cross-coupling product in excellent yield. Trimethylsilylmethyl and phenyl Grignard reagents also participated in similar cross-coupling reactions.
VUV Photocatalytic Degradation of Toluene in the Gas Phase
Authors: Zhang Pengyi , Liu Juan , Zhang Zhongliang 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The photocatalytic degradation rate of gaseous toluene under irradiation of vacuum ultraviolet (185 nm) was 2–3 times faster than that under irradiation of 254 nm. The 185-nm VUV photolysis was greatly improved by the presence of TiO2 photocatalyst.
High Electron Drift Mobility in an Amorphous Film of 2,4,6,-Tris[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine
Authors: Ishi-i Tsutomu , Yaguma Kentaro , Thiemann Thies , Yashima Masataka , Ueno Kazunori , Mataka Shuntaro 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
2,4,6-Tris[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine exhibited a high electron drift mobility of 8.0 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Boron Trifluoride Etherate Mediated Dehydrogenative Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of Aliphatic Ethers in the Presence of Acetal Affording α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Jobashi Takashi , Takano Masaomi , Hino Tetsuo , Maeyama Katsuya , Fugami Keigo , Ozaki Hiroyuki , Ogino Kenji , Yonezawa Noriyuki 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In the presence of boron trifluoride etherate, some kinds of aliphatic ethers have been found to react with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal yielding α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with evolution of H2. In this reaction, dehydrogenation of the ether undergoes in cooperation with the acetal and BF3, which enables the ether molecule to behave as enol ether equivalent affording crossed aldol adduct via nucleophilic attack to oxycarbenium ion electrophile formed from the acetal.
Fabrication of Calcium Carbonate with Exquisite Morphologies and Colors through a New Controlled Precipitation Approach
Authors: Shan Wei , Wang Bo , Zhang Ya-Hong , Wu Bi-Yun , Tang Yi 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A new approach involving the in situ hydrolysis of diethyl carbonate in calcium-containing solution was proposed for the controlled precipitation of CaCO3. CaCO3 crystals with exquisite morphologies and colors have been fabricated through this approach in the presence of organic molecules.
Direct Observation of Polytungstate Cluster and Monolayer Tungstate on Zirconium Oxide by High-resolution TEM
Authors: Satsuma Atsushi , Yokoi Hitoshi , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Kakimoto Shiro , Sugaya Satoshi , Oshima Takafumi , Hattori Tadashi 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Direct observation of WO3/ZrO2 by using high-resolution TEM images revealed the formation of polytungstate cluster with a narrow size distribution ranging in 0.4–0.7 nm, and the agglomeration into monolayer tungstate after the aging at 1073 K for 100 h.
Novel Anion Exchange Resin-based Catalyst for Liquid-phase Methanol Synthesis at 373–393 K
Authors: Aika Ken-ichi , Kobayashi Hidenobu , Harada Kenji , Inazu Koji 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A thermo-stable anion exchange resin–Raney Cu system was found as the most effective solid catalyst for low-temperature liquid-phase methanol synthesis at 373 to 393 K under 5.0 MPa of syngas (2H2/CO). With the catalyst (20 mL of the resin and 2.0 g of Cu) suspended in methanol solution 72% of CO was converted to methanol (70%) and methyl formate (HCOOCH3) (30%) in 4 h.
The Effect of the Si/Al Ratio on the Photoluminescence Properties of Cu(I)SAPO-5 Catalysts
Authors: Chen Haijun , Matsuoka Masaya , Zhang Jinlong , Anpo Masakazu 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Cu(I)SAPO-5 catalysts prepared by a combination of ion-exchange and an evacuation treatment at high temperatures were found to exhibit a fairly high photocatalytic activity for the decomposition of N2O into N2 and O2 under UV-light irradiation at 298 K. In contrast to other Cu(I) catalysts, such as Cu(I)ZSM-5, the coexistence of H2O in the reaction system of the Cu(I)SAPO-5 scarcely affected the photocatalytic activity. The relationship between the photoluminescence behavior due to the presence of Cu(I) species and the photocatalytic activity of Cu(I)SAPO-5 have been investigated as a function of the Si/Al ratio, showing that the excited state of the Cu(I) species plays a significant role in the photocatalytic reaction as an active site for the reaction.
Cyclin B-Cdk Activity Stimulates Meiotic Rereplication in Budding Yeast
Authors: Strich Randy , Mallory Michael J , Jarnik Michal , Cooper Katrina F 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Haploidization of gametes during meiosis requires a single round of premeiotic DNA replication (meiS) followed by two successive nuclear divisions. This study demonstrates that ectopic activation of cyclin B/cyclin-dependent kinase in budding yeast recruits up to 30% of meiotic cells to execute one to three additional rounds of meiS. Rereplication occurs prior to the meiotic nuclear divisions, indicating that this process is different from the postmeiotic mitoses observed in other fungi. The cells with overreplicated DNA produced asci containing up to 20 spores that were viable and haploid and demonstrated Mendelian marker segregation. Genetic tests indicated that these cells executed the meiosis I reductional division and possessed a spindle checkpoint. Finally, interfering with normal synaptonemal complex formation or recombination increased the efficiency of rereplication. These studies indicate that the block to rereplication is very different in meiotic and mitotic cells and suggest a negative role for the recombination machinery in allowing rereplication. Moreover, the production of haploids, regardless of the genome content, suggests that the cell counts replication cycles, not chromosomes, in determining the number of nuclear divisions to execute.
Towards Perfect Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis: Dual Activation of the Electrophile and the Nucleophile
Authors: Ma Jun‐An , Cahard Dominique 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe design and development of new high‐performance catalysts for applications in asymmetric catalytic reactions is of ongoing interest in organic chemistry. The combination of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base working in concert is now considered state of the art in stereoselective syntheses. The synergistic activation by two or more reactive centers allows high reaction rates and excellent transfer of stereochemical information. Despite the self‐quenching reaction between Lewis acids and Lewis bases that might lead to an inactive catalyst, considerable effort has been directed towards the development of the dual‐activation concept. The ultimate goal is to mimic nature by the discovery of catalytic systems analogous to enzymatic processes that involve metal‐ion cocatalysts. With this aim, the dual activation concept greatly broadens the range of artificial catalysts. The most efficient catalytic systems are reviewed, and the mechanisms of action are discussed.
Evolution of Carbonylation Catalysis: No Need for Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractProgress in organometallic catalysis began with the discovery of the Roelen reaction (hydroformylation with carbon monoxide and hydrogen) in 1938 and the Reppe reaction (hydrocarboxylation with carbon monoxide and water) in 1939. Since then, carbonylation chemistry by using carbon monoxide has occupied a central position in organometallic chemistry, as it relates to organic synthesis. There is, however, the problem of using gaseous carbon monoxide (a toxic greenhouse gas) in this chemistry. Recently, some strategies that address this issue have appeared. This minireview describes carbonylation reactions that can be conducted without the direct use of carbon monoxide. These carbonylation reactions provide reliable and accessible tools for synthetic organic chemists.