bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Chemical Contaminants on Human Health
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first indications that environmental chemicals could affect human health were associations between certain diseases and occupational exposures. It is now clear that chemicals in the ambient environment can also influence the health of the general population. This chapter presents a broad overview of the health effects of chemical contaminants in the environment. The emphasis is on general aspects of environmental toxicology and epidemiology. For consideration of the specific effects of individual chemical contaminants, the reader is referred to various books listed in the Appendix. Some of the chemicals cited in this chapter are of primary concern within the occupational environment. However, the effluents from industrial operations can also pose similar hazards to the general community. There have been numerous incidences of disease in neighborhoods downwind or downstream from certain industries.
Biologic and Statistical Concepts
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the issues of study design reviewed in Chapter 1, designing, conducting, and interpreting epidemiologic studies requires an understanding of the biologic processes involved in disease causation and of the statistical ways of measuring associations between risk factors and diseases. The first section of Chapter 2 contains a review of some basic biologic concepts relating to causation of disease. Although it is impossible to specify concepts that apply to all associations between risk factors and diseases, the intent of this brief review is to present some of the most important issues that should be considered by the epidemiologist when undertaking a study. Then, following a short section on criteria used to test causal hypotheses, the final sections of this chapter cover basic measures that are commonly used to describe disease frequency and to quantify associations between risk factors and diseases. The more complex analyses presented in subsequent chapters build upon the statistical concepts presented here.
Prospective Cohort Studies: Planning and Execution
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a cohort study concerned with disease etiology, the investigator starts with a group of individuals apparently free of the disease(s) of interest. This group of individuals, or cohort, is divided into those exposed to a possible risk factor and those not exposed, and is then followed through time in order to determine the incidence rate (or mortality rate) among the exposed and the incidence rate (or mortality rate) among the unexposed. In a prospective cohort study, the investigator collects information on the expo sure status of the cohort members at the time the study begins, and identifies new cases of disease (or deaths) from that time forward. This contrasts with the retrospective cohort study, to be discussed in Chapter 5, in which exposure status is established from information recorded at some time in the past, and disease incidence (or mortality) is determined from then until the present.
Expletive Subjects and Quasi-Arguments
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chomsky (1981:325) makes a distinction between a quasi-argument and a non argument. Taking expletive subjects to be typical non-arguments, I will follow Hoekstra (1983) and Bennis (1986) and assume this difference to be that a quasi argument, like an argument, must be assigned a theta-role, whereas an expletive subject may never be assigned a theta-role.
Hieron and Aetna
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as a city’s founder lies buried in the middle of the agora, the colonial narrative occupies a central position in the development and production of a city’s emerging self-identity. For this reason, colonial tales will both reflect the circumstances that originally dictated a colony’s foundation and respond to new influences and civic concerns. In spite of the necessary flexibility and variation within individual colonial traditions as they develop over time, an overall narrative pattern emerges that describes the Greek colonial experience in the archaic period as a Delphically authorized response to civic crisis at home. Each of the first three stages in this colonial plot (crisis, Delphi, settlement) links up with a cultural metaphor that addresses the anxieties and conflicts inherent in overseas settlement. These metaphors describe colonization either as an act of purification (murder), interpretation (riddles), or civilization (marriage). Now that we have sketched out the “what” of colonial tales, their narrative pattern and metaphors, we must ask the next question-how are colonial traditions circulated? What are the poetic and cultural contexts suitable for telling the tale of a city’s colonial origins? Choral poetry, due in large part to its civic nature and its performance context, creates a particularly appropriate setting for staging the story of a city’s origins. Using Hieron of Syracuse’s colonization of Aetna and the art and literature that celebrate the foundation as a kind of “generic test laboratory,” this chapter will explore Greek tragedy and epinician poetry as two specific genres of choral poetry that accommodate colonial discourse within their own poetic arenas.
On Being An Active Health-Care Consumer
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I watched a person who was very close to me suffer needlessly from cancer pain. The nurses refused to give the person the prescribed painkiller more than every five hours, even when the medication was effective for only one hour and eventually became totally ineffective. The nurses refused to call the doctor[They] were concerned about addiction. . . . How could anyone who is in the last stage of terminal cancer live long enough to become addicted? It is shocking to think that street addicts can get narcotics while innocent victims of cancer who are dying in pain are denied access to them because there are so many ignorant doctors and nurses in this crazy world.
Understanding The Weak Opioids
Authors: Lang Susan S , Patt Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When pain is moderate and can’t be controlled by the non-opioid (nonnarcotic) drugs, the next step is to use a weak opioid, of which codeine is the most well known. Like the strong opioids, these drugs typically cause constipation, which can be prevented with laxatives (such as senna [Senokot-S], Metamucil, Milk of Magnesia, Dulcolax, or suppositories), stool softeners (such as Colace), or enemas as needed (see Chapter 10). Nausea and vomiting are also sometimes a side effect, although these side effects usually last only a few days with consistent use of these medications. Although physical dependence (which means withdrawal symptoms would occur if the drug were stopped suddenly) and tolerance (which means that, as the body adapts to the dose, more is needed to achieve the same painrelieving effect) sometimes occur, they are usually not important problems when the weak opioids are used for pain. These drugs are not really ‘‘weak’‘; they are just considered weaker than the ‘‘strong’‘opioids (such as morphine) because their dosage is limited by the other compounds with which they are formulated, such as Tylenol or aspirin. Because the dosing guidelines and side effects are so different for the so-called ‘‘strong’‘opioids, a fuller discussion of their use will be explored in the next chapter.
Summer Versus Winter Limitation Of Populations: What Are The Issues And What Is The Evidence?
Authors: Sherry Thomas W , Holmes Richard T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migratory passerine birds that breed in the temperate zone and winter at tropical latitudes comprise one of the grand spectacles of nature, in terms of their prodigious flying and navigating abilities, abundance of individuals, diversity of species traveling up to tens of thousands of kilometers annually, and the emotional impact of their seasonal song choruses. Beyond their esthetic value, these migratory birds consume vast quantities of insects and other arthropods, and perform other ecosystem functions, although the potential ecosystem and economic consequences of the migratory bird phenomenon remain virtually unstudied. The possibility that many of these migrant species may be declining due to global environmental problems is thus alarming (reviewed by Terborgh 1989, 1992, Askins et al. 1990, Finch 1991). Ultimately the most important foundation for the development of sound conservation strategies for these species is a sound scientific understanding of their ecology and evolution. Improved understanding of migrant birds, and of their recent population declines, requires intensive studies of diverse populations and the factors that limit them, including reproductive success, survivorship, habitat suit ability, and the effects of food resources and predator abundance. Moreover, because long-distance migrants typically spend only about 3-4 months in their temperate breeding areas (Keast 1980), studies of their population structure, demography, and habitat use must also take place in winter and along migratory routes.
Runaway Slaves
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From John Hope Franklin, America's foremost African American historian, comes this groundbreaking analysis of slave resistance and escape. A sweeping panorama of plantation life before the Civil War, this book reveals that slaves frequently rebelled against their masters and ran away from their plantations whenever they could. For generations, important aspects about slave life on the plantations of the American South have remained shrouded. Historians thought, for instance, that slaves were generally pliant and resigned to their roles as human chattel, and that racial violence on the plantation was an aberration. In this precedent setting book, John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger demonstrate that, contrary to popular belief, significant numbers of slaves did in fact frequently rebel against their masters and struggled to attain their freedom. By surveying a wealth of documents, such as planters' records, petitions to county courts and state legislatures, and local newspapers, this book shows how slaves resisted, when, where, and how they escaped, where they fled to, how long they remained in hiding, and how they survived away from the plantation. Of equal importance, it examines the reactions of the white slaveholding class, revealing how they marshaled considerable effort to prevent runaways, meted out severe punishments, and established patrols to hunt down escaped slaves. Reflecting a lifetime of thought by our leading authority in African American history, this book provides the key to truly understanding the relationship between slaveholders and the runaways who challenged the system--illuminating as never before the true nature of the South's "most peculiar institution."
Whither Thou Goest
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rachel O’connor, the mistress of Evergreen Plantation in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, felt deeply about her servants. In her correspondence she spoke fondly of her slaves, and it was clear that her affection was deep and sincere. But she could not completely divorce her feelings of good fortune from the economic gain that came with the birth of each new black baby. At the time of her death, 84 percent of her estate was human property. She wrote in 1830: I have sixteen little negro children a raising, the oldest of the sixteen a little turned of six years old, all very healthy children excepting my little favorite Isaac, he is subject to a cough but seldom sick enough to lay up, the poor little fellow is laying at my feet sound asleep. I wish I did not love him, as I do, but it is so, and I cannot help it.
Where to Go?
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of the thomas bowman estate in Bullitt County, Kentucky, Jack (also known as John), a tanner by trade, was turned over to Bowman’s widow as part of her inheritance following her husband’s death. Previously, Jack had been permitted to visit his wife regularly, but when the widow moved to Louisville, the visitations ceased. In his early forties, it was a painful and difficult period, but then, a stroke of luck: H. H. Buffenmyer, a resident of Jefferson County who lived not far from the city, purchased Jack’s wife.
The Hunt
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Slave Catcher James C. Knox, of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, set out in July 1856 to capture Big Sandy, a slave owned by a local planter who had been hired out and had run away. A man of little means who owned no property, Knox had earned small amounts of extra cash on previous occasions hunting runaways. Borrowing a pack of hounds, he moved across the undulating countryside, along the dirt roads and into ravines, as his dogs lurched forward. An experienced hunter, Knox was confident that he could find Big Sandy, although he worried about how much resistance the black man might offer. He was confident that he could handle the situation, however, as he had on many previous occasions. He was equally confident that he would be able to collect a reward. He needed the money.
The Development of Sexual Preference
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our earlier discussion of the emergence of sexual identity (Chapter 3), we outlined a pattern of sexual development among bisexuals. We saw an initial confusion over feelings, attractions, and behaviors, and we saw how bisexuals resolved this confusion by finding and applying a label for their sexual identity. Not all bisexuals settled into an identity, however, and many felt continuing uncertainty about their sexual preference. In order to understand how a person comes to identify as bisexual instead of heterosexual or homosexual, we need to make comparisons between the groups. Do the early sexual feelings and experiences of bisexuals differ from those of heterosexuals and homosexuals? Is continuing uncertainty about sexual preference more common among bisexuals, or is it found among other groups as well? How stable is the bisexual identity when compared with the homosexual and heterosexual identities? Examining sexual development among heterosexuals and homosexuals as well as bisexuals provides a broader idea about what goes into the development of sexual preference.
The Emergence of AIDS
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quarantine and its moral equivalent, stigmatization, function to maintain a boundary we find essential to our psychological wellbeing. We feel the need to separate ourselves not only from sickness and death, but from the perils of what has been called the “spoiled identity”-the fall from grace, the contagion of dirt. AIDS patients attract fear and dislike precisely because of these forces. Our fright is enhanced by the marginality of their social position …They possess a profoundly ambiguous and inarticulate status-they have, to many minds, been left out of the patterning of society, and they are to blame.1
Changes in Sexuality
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of AIDS in the United States had a profound effect on bisexuals. Not only were they lumped together with homosexuals as the original culprits in spreading the disease throughout the country, they were also seen as the main conduit of AIDS into an “innocent” heterosexual community. In addition, the bisexuals in our study had witnessed the AIDS-related deaths of lovers and many friends and were living in a city where AIDS warnings were constant.
Changes in Relationships
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During our original round of interviews in 1983, we found that most of the bisexuals had a clear idea of the relationships they ideally wanted. The most common ideal was to have two primary relationships (one heterosexual and one homosexual). The second most commonly desired arrangement was one primary relationship (heterosexual) with a secondary (homosexual) partner. Some kind of group or communal arrangement, though not common, ranked third in preference. No matter what the arrangement, the underlying criterion was that these relationships had to be nonmonogamous. Did these ideals survive?
Thinking Strategically About Society and Health
Authors: Miller S M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has identified a number of social factors that influence health—factors such as race, gender, work, family community, culture, and the national economy. The authors trace the ways in which these factors affect health outcomes directly, indirectly, and in myriad combinations, and identify many facets of health that are shaped by social forces. They also point out important gaps in knowledge and observe that we are far from ready to fashion action plans with any certainty that they will be effective, not to mention politically and economically defensible.
Care and Moral Intuition
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yet we recall some occasions when we were grateful for unsolicited help and others when we shunted it aside only to rue our stubbornness. We grieve over the self-inflicted harm of friends and bitterly regret that we did not insist on helping. We are proud of occasions when we intervened, though it was not welcome or appreciated at the time. Therefore, we cannot honestly say that aid should be given to others only when they ask for it. Sometimes it should be urged on them.
The Evaluation of Parentalism
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the inductive model suggested in Chapter 2, the ability to account for firm and widely shared intuitions is an important test for moral principles. A principle should explain why actions in core cases are right or wrong, decide hard cases, and explain why the hard cases are hard. Thus Dan Brock claims that his consequentialist principle of parentalism meets all of these conditions: it captures the core intuition behind the question, ‘When my conduct harms no one else, and I bear its full consequences, why is it anyone’s business but my own, and what gives anyone else a right to interfere?’ It settles hard cases-for example, the propriety of deterring persons from smoking cigarettes or entering an unwise marriage; and it makes clear why informed observers disagree on the cases.1
Feinberg’s Antiparentalism
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feinberg’s discussion is part of a comprehensive study of the moral limits of criminal law. It is obvious that criminal parentalism is unjustified. Not only are the costs of criminalizing self-harmful actions excessive and benefits for the offender dubious, it seems inappropriate to stigmatize him as a criminal. How ever, the conceptual basis for this judgment is not so obvious, and generalization from it to condemn other forms of parentalism may be unwarranted.
Anxiety in the Victorian Advertisement: Evangelical Forms and Material Deliverers
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the nineteenth century change enveloped Victorian society. By the 1880s many consumers feared that progress might be short-lived. The Great Depression, the rise of socialism, trade-union activity, the proliferation of evolutionary theories, and increasing questions about belief, religion, and morality seemed to augur the precipitous decline of a great empire. Beatrice Webb wrote of "a growing uncasiness."1 Punch lampooned the popular fin-dc-sicclc mood.2 As consumer insecurities flourished and multiplied, late nineteenth-century advertisers recognized a commercial opportunity. With almost pernicious zeal, they offered a hedonistic solution-material deliverance from every care and heavenly rewards predicated on the transformativc experience of consumption.
Historical perspectives on cooperative behavior
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence that great minds have been contemplating a question for millennia does not, in and of itself, make that subject interesting—but it certainly hints that it is. The introductory quotes by Aristotle, Hobbes, and Kant are meant to illustrate the long and illustrious history surrounding the study of cooperation. Cooperative behavior, in one form or another, has been an integral part of virtually all religions and has tickled the fancy of brilliant minds in philosophy, political science, economics, anthropology, psychology, and evolutionary biology throughout recorded history (and no doubt before this).
Theoretical perspectives on the evolution of cooperation
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we saw in the opening chapter, evolutionary biologists and others have had a longstanding interest in cooperative behavior. Up to this point, however, the word “cooperate” has been tossed around rather loosely and no formal definition has yet been provided. This was partially intentional, as it seems difficult to provide such a definition in the context of (briefly) summarizing 2300 years of thought on what is in fact a broadly defined word, at least in everyday usage. In fact, even within the field of animal behavior and behavioral ecology, attempts to describe terms like cooperation and altruism sometimes produce almost oxymoronic phrases such as “self-interested refusal to be spiteful” (Grafen, 1984), “quasi-altruistic selfishness” (West-Eberhard, 1975) and “joint stock individualism” (Kropotkin, 1908; see Wilson and Dugatkin, 1992, for more on these terms and the semantic confusion surrounding them).
The Formal Conception of the Good
Authors: Philips Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to universalists, morality is a kind of super code, and particular moralities are defensible to the extent that they resemble it. Chapters 1 and 2 argued against the most popular and plausible attempts to establish the existence of such a code and to describe its content. The failure of these efforts does not prove there is no such code, but it leaves us without a good reason to believe there is one. As we have seen, the rejection of the super code conception (the rejection of universalism) is not a rejection of objectivity in ethics. The fact that there is no such thing as universal morality is compatible with the existence of criteria for evaluating moralities. ESA offers such a criterion. So do rule utilitarianism and contractarianism.
Will Marries Betty
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The panic had a numbing effect on business, in general, which meant smaller crowds were turning out to watch vaudevillians like Will. It was, naturally, more difficult to get good bookings. Upon his return to the United States in June, Will found the rocky road of vaudeville more precarious than ever. Even the bidding war between the Keith combine and a new chain, run by Marc Klaw and A. L. Erlanger, failed to help Will: He still struggled to make $300 a week, even as others benefited from the heated competition in the business.