bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Living Standards of the Low Income Self‐Employed
Authors: Bradbury Bruce 
Published: March 2003

Poverty and inequality measurement in Australia has typically excluded the self‐employed because of concerns about a weak relationship between their measured incomes and their standard of living. At the same time, however, families containing self‐employed individuals receive substantial income support. Is this support well targeted?This paper compares the living standards of low income self‐employed and employee families using data from the ABS 1993–94 Household Expenditure Survey. The use of expenditure data for the measurement of living standards poses particular methodological problems, for which some new solutions are proposed. The paper concludes that the average living standards of low income self‐employed families and of self‐employed families receiving additional family payments are higher than those of comparable employee families. On the other hand, a greater proportion of self‐employed families have low consumption levels.
Analysis of Explorers' Records of Aboriginal Landscape Burning in the Kimberley Region of Western Australia
Authors: Vigilante Tom 
Published: March 2003

The accounts of explorers and colonists in the Kimberley region of Western Australia were searched to find records of landscape burning by Aborigines. Analyses of these records provide estimates of the spatial and temporal patterns of fire across the region in historic times.The seasonality of fire varied across the region. In northern parts of the Kimberley landscape fire was recorded from May to October with peak levels in June and September. In southern parts of the region there are records of burning as early as February and March, through to August but no records of fire were made in late dry season months.Modern fire regimes were compared with historic by superimposing the routes taken by five explorers over a modern fire history map derived from satellite imagery. Tallies of the number of modern fires that intersect the explorer's daily and monthly route were compared with actual observations of fire made by the explorers in historic times. The results indicate an increase in early dry season fires and the overall frequency of fires across the region in modern times.Explorers' accounts were also examined to derive further information regarding Aboriginal landscape burning in different environments and to distinguish landscape burning from other uses of fire such as smoke signals and cooking fires.
Differenza di genere e morale
Authors: Gius Erminio , Zamperini Adriano , Bocaccio Giorgia 
Published: March 2003

Un análisis del problema del dualismo de género y el modo masculino o femenino de abordar la moralidad conduce, en la Psicología Social, a un examen cuidadoso del juicio moral de la mujer. Dos son las referencias principales en tal campo: los importantes estudios de Kohlberg y Piaget y la investigación de Carol Gilligan. Gilligan propone la existencia de dos orientaciones morales: la primera, que apela a la justicia y derechos, sería más apropiada para describir la perspectiva moral del hombre, y la segunda, que apela al afecto y cuidado, sería más adecuada para interpretar la visión femenina de la moral. Tras diez años de investigación, la perspectiva de Gilligan ha abierto nuevas perspectivas en Psicología Social y generando un importante volumen de investigaciones con resultados contradictorios. La investigación empírica comentada en este artículo lleva a la reconsidereación de la conexión entre la moral y género, considerando ambos conceptos como no necesariamente relacionados.
Dynamic analysis of planar elastic mechanisms using the dyad method
Authors: Romdhane L , Dhuibi H , Salah H Bel Hadj 
Published: March 2003

Based on graph representation of planar linkages, a new algorithm has been developed to identify the different dyads of a mechanism. A dyad, or class II group, is composed of two binary links connected by either a revolute (1) or a slider (0) pair, with provision for attachment of other links by lower pair connectors located at the end of each link. There are five types of dyad: D111, D101, D011, D001 and D010. The dyad analysis of a mechanism is predicated on the ability to construct the system from one or more of the five binary structure groups or class II groups. If the mechanism is complicated and several dyads are involved, the task of identifying these dyads, by inspection, can be difficult and time consuming for the user. This algorithm allows complete automation of this task. It is based on Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph. When compared with algorithmic methods, such as the Newton-Raphson method, the dyad method proved to be a very efficient one and requires as little as one-tenth of the time needed by the method using the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The second part of this work presents an extension of the dyad method to non-rigid or elastic mechanisms. Here also, this method is predicated on the ability to subdivide the elastic mechanism into elastic dyads. The solution for each type of elastic dyad is derived and can be applied to each dyad in the mechanism. Therefore, a solution of the complete elastic mechanism is possible when the mechanism is made of dyads only. This method makes a powerful and simple tool for analysing complex elastic mechanisms. Moreover, the complexity of the model does not increase as the mechanism becomes more complex. The D111 dyad is taken as an example to demonstrate this method. A finite element (FE) analysis was made for this type of dyad, and an experimental set-up was built to validate the analysis. The dyad-FE results were in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Effects of Neem Azal T/S and other insecticides against the pistachio psyllid Agonoscena targionii (Licht.) (Homoptera, Psyllidae) under field conditions in Syria
Authors: Lababidi M. S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Different concentrations of Neem Azal‐T/S, an insect growth regulator (IGR) (antiecdysone) and various other insecticides were tested against the pistachio psyllid (Agonoscena targionii) affecting pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), in northern Syria. From 1997 – 99, three applications were made annually, in April, May, June or July. Results revealed that Neem Azal‐T/S, at the rate of 0.5 and 0.7 %, Flufenoxuron, Teflubenzuron, and the antagonistic fungus Beauveria bassiana Bals. were highly effective against the psyllid especially on the 1st and 2nd nymph instars in the April application. The possibilities of using these pesticides in integrated management against pistachio psyllid in Syria are discussed.
Investigations on side‐effects of the mixed biocide GCSC‐BtA on different predators of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) in southeastern China
Authors: Liu B. , Sengonca C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The present paper deals with laboratory studies on side‐effects of the mixed biocide GCSC‐BtA on Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep., Plutellidae) and its predators, e. g. Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans) (Acari, Phytoseiidae), Erigonidium graminicola (Sundvall) (Araneae, Linyphiidae), Orius similis Zheng (Het., Anthocoridae) and Coccinella septempunctata L.(Col., Coccinellidae), in comparison to the commercial insecticides, e. g. Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap and Lambda‐cyhalothrin.

The results showed that GCSC‐BtA was highly toxic to the 3rd instar of P. xylostella with 91.18 % mortality, followed by Cartap with 84.38 %, Abamectin with 78.00 %, Tebufenozide with 75.57 %, Lambda‐cyhalothrin with 63.75 % and Dichlorvos with 50.86 % mortality. On the other hand, GCSC‐BtA was found to be comparatively less toxic to the predators, causing 31.11 %, 13.33 %, 11.54 % and 6.00 % mortalities in A. longispinosus, E. graminicola, O. similis and C. septempunctata, respectively. For comparison, the mortalities recorded for Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos, Cartap, Lambda‐cyhalothrin were 72.94 %, 55.55 %, 70.00 %, 53.26 % and 98.85 % in A. longispinosus, 46.51 %, 55.10 %, 60.00 %, 46.00 % and 73.68 % in E. graminicola, 22.00 %, 16.00 %, 35.71 %, 26.78 % and 81.03 % in O. similis, 15.55 %, 19.64 %, 28.00 %, 16.66 % and 41.79 % in C. septempunctata, respectively.

Cluster analysis was introduced to group the mortalities caused by the treatments into three toxicity groups with the distance of D = 4.1. The 1st group consisted of GCSC‐BtA characterized with low toxicity to all the predators tested with 15.49 % mortality on average (highest 31.11 % and lowest 6.00 %). The 2nd group consisted of Abamectin, Tebufenozide, Dichlorvos and Cartap with moderate toxicity to the predators with 39.96 % mortality on average. The 3rd group included Lambda‐cyhalothrin with high toxicity to the predators with 73.83 % mortality on average (highest 98.85 % and lowest 41.70 %). The susceptibility of the pest and its predators to GCSC‐BtA and the insecticides is discussed. GCSC‐BtA as a biological control agent is recommended for use in the integrated pests control programs in the vegetable fields.
Activity of heterorhabditid nematodes at high temperature and in combination with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus
Authors: Salama H.S. , Abd‐Elgawad M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Percentage survival in aqueous suspensions and infectivity of six Egyptian entomopathogenic nematode isolates from the genus Heterorhabditis varied during the hot period of the year with daily temperature range from 18 to 24 °C. The isolate designated as AS1 had the highest mean of survival (87 %) and infectivity to Galleria mellonella larvae (90 %) after 10 days. When the nematodes coexisted with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of 100 × 106 polyhedra inclusion bodies/ml, which was reproduced within and killed Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae, the nematode survival was adversely and progressively affected by the increase in the viral suspension. Among tested concentrations, a viral suspension equal to one‐fifth size of the nematode and virus suspension is the best for nematode activity in integrated control against the red palm weevil.
Zur Lebensweise der Hausratte (Rattus rattus L.). Langjährige Beobachtungen in einer Getreidemühle bei Magdeburg
Authors: Mielke U. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract A large flour mill near Magdeburg was built in 1912 and has since been infested with house rats (Rattus rattus L.). Observations made over the past decades by personnel interested were acquired, and recorded together with own findings, in the course of which well‐known facts of the habits of house rats were confirmed and thought‐provoking shades added. Reference is made in this paper to varied issues including degree of infestation, skin colours, food, reproduction, as well as behavioural patterns and the problem area of control and extermination.
The development of mice and voles in an oak forest with a surplus of acorns
Authors: Margaletic J. , Glavaš M. , Bäumler W. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract 130 kg of acorns of Common Oak (Quercus robur L.) were distributed on an area of 1.44 ha in an oak forest near Zagreb (Croatia), where acorns were lacking. The influence of this surplus of food on the development of mice and voles was observed from September 1999 till February 2000 on the experimental plot and on an untreated control area before and after offering the acorns. The Redbacked Vole Clethrionomys glareolus was the most abundant and dominant species in both observed areas. After distribution of the acorns, all species of mice, e. g. the Yellownecked Fieldmouse Apodemus flavicollis, the Longtailed Fieldmouse A. sylvaticus, and the Striped Field Mouse A. agrarius, increased up to 4 times in number on the area treated with a surplus of acorns. On the same area, however, all species of voles, e. g. the Redbacked Vole C. glareolus, the Field Vole Microtus agrestis, and the Common Vole M. arvalis, decreased. The numbers of captured and recaptured rodents before and after offering acorns on the treated and the untreated control area were compared by statistical analysis (Chi2‐test). The results show how food can influence the competitive relations between mice and voles.
Zur Schädlingsvertilgung einiger Singvogelarten in einem Schwarzkiefern/Eichen‐Mischbestand im Beynamer Wald bei Ankara*
Authors: Kiziroğlu Ilhami , Turan Levend , Erdoğan Ali , Adizel Özdemir , Pamukoğlu Nahit 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Analysis of nestling food in four species of Parus and one species of Ficedula using the ‘Halsringmethode’ showed a high quota of adults and caterpillars of the important forest pests: Tortrix viridana, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Diprion pini, and Lymantria dispar. These four major pest species amounted in the nestling food of Parus major to 50 %, P. coeruleus to 52.6 %, P. ater to 40.9 %, and Ficedula hypoleuca to 30.2 %.
Adult morphology and life cycle under constant temperatures of the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Col., Coccinellidae)
Authors: Stathas G. J. , Eliopoulos P. A. , Kontodimas D. C. , Siamos D. Th. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The external and internal morphological characteristics of the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) were studied. The head, antenna, thorax elytra, hind wings, legs and abdomen are described. The adult has an average length of about 2.5 mm and width of 1.8 mm. The flagellum of the antenna consists of 9 segments. The whole surface of thorax and elytra is covered by setae. The tarsus of the 3 legs is 3‐segmented. An external morphological difference between male and female is the outline of the 5th sternite. The alimentary canal, the central nervous system, and the reproductive system of both male and female are also described. The testes consist of 10 follicles and the ovaries of 10 ovarioles. The life cycle of R. lophanthae was studied by rearing the predator on the diaspidid Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus). The duration of the development of the embryo, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval instars, pupa and preoviposition period of adults were measured at 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C.
Patient‐controlled analgesia with oxycodone in the treatment of postcraniotomy pain
Authors: Tanskanen P. , Kyttä J. , Randell T. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Moderate to severe pain occurs after craniotomy in 60% of patients. We evaluated the feasibility and safety of patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) with oxycodone in neurosurgical patients, and compared the efficacy of paracetamol with ketoprofen.Methods: In the study there were 45 patients, who received either paracetamol 1000 mg or ketoprofen 100 mg three times a day. Oxycodone‐boluses 0.03 mg/kg were given by PCA‐device maximally three times an hour, lock‐out time 10 min. The amount of oxycodone used, pain scores and side‐effects were recorded.Results: The ketoprofen group required less oxycodone than the paracetamol group (medians 37.1 mg vs 19.6 mg, P<0.05). The VAS scores were comparable between the groups at the beginning of the study, during the first postoperative evening and the next morning, but the paracetamol group had a higher score at the conclusion of the study (P<0.05). The patients in both groups were equally satisfied with the pain relief. There were no differences in side‐effects between the groups.Conclusions: PCA with oxycodone is a suitable method for pain control after craniotomy. No progressive hypoventilation, desaturation or excessive sedation were encountered. Ketoprofen appeared to be more effective than paracetamol.
Alterations of bacterial clearance induced by propofol
Authors: Kelbel I. , Koch T. , Weber A. , Schiefer H. G. , Van Ackern K. , Neuhof H. 
Published: March 2003

Background: The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential influence of the anaesthetic agent propofol on immune function in terms of systemic clearance and organ distribution of injected Escherichia coli in a rabbit model.Methods: Defined numbers of E. coli (1.3×108 colony‐forming units, CFU) were injected intravenously 1 h after starting a 4‐h infusion of the anaesthetic propofol (2 ml · kg−1 · h−1, Disoprivan® 1%; n=6)) or after saline application (n=6). As propofol is formulated in a 10% lipid emulsion, the lipid vehicle Intralipid® (2 ml · kg−1 · h−1; n=6) alone was investigated in a separate group. Parameters monitored were arterial pressure and rates of bacterial elimination from the blood. Three hours after bacterial injection, the animals were killed, and tissue samples of liver, spleen, lung, and kidney were collected for microbiological examinations.Results: Compared to saline‐treated animals, infusion of propofol induced increased accumulation of E. coli in lung and spleen, thus reflecting reticuloendothelial system dysfunction.Conclusion: As the lipid emulsion by itself induced the same effects, the impaired immune function due to propofol is thought to be attributed to its solvent Intralipid®.
Heat stress produces an early phase of protection against oxidative damage in human muscle
Authors: Naito J. , Hartung E. , Schramm E. , Inselmann G. 
Published: March 2003

Background: It has been rarely reported that heat stress induces an early phase of protection against oxidative damage, whereas a delayed phase of protection is shown in heat stress. To explore the early effect of heat stress against oxidative damage, we evaluated the changes in contractility, lipid peroxidation, and ultrastructure induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with or without heat stress (HS) in human skeleton muscle.Methods: Thirty‐two muscle samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of 7 subjects. These specimens were divided into three groups based on form of treatment: HS (n=13), non HS (n=14), and control group (n=5). The control group was performed under identical conditions without H2O2. Specimens in the HS group were incubated at 42°C for 20 min, while those in the non‐HS and control groups were maintained at 37°C.Results: The control group showed no significant change in contractile force. Although contractile force significantly decreased 30 min after H2O2 administration in both the HS and non‐HS groups, only the HS group showed apparent recovery of contractile force 60 min after H2O2 administration. Lipid peroxidation was lower in the HS group than in the non‐HS group. Ultrastructural examination revealed less mitochondrial damage in the HS group compared with the non‐HS group.Conclusion: We found that human skeleton muscle escaped cellular damage induced by H2O2 in the early phase after heat stress. These data suggest evidence for an early effect of heat stress against ischemia/reperfusion injury in human muscle.
Clinical application of diadenosine tetraphosphate(Ap4A:F‐1500) for controlled hypotension
Authors: Kikuta Y. , Ohiwa E. , Okada K. , Watanabe A. , Haruki S. 
Published: March 2003

Background: In our animal study, it was revealed that diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A:F‐1500) has a dose‐dependent hypotension effect of up to 60% decrease in mean arterial pressure compared to control value. Furthermore, in healthy male volunteers, the safety of Ap4A up to 4 mg · min−1 was confirmed. In patients who require surgical procedures under general anesthesia together with controlled hypotension, hypotension was induced by Ap4A in order to examine its hypotensive effect and modulating action on the blood pressure.Methods: Ten patients who required controlled hypotension and who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were studied. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (n=7) or sevoflurane (n=3) in oxygen‐nitrous oxide. Controlled hypotension was induced by Ap4A administered at a rate of 10–20 μg · kg−1 · min−1. The dose was adjusted at a maximum rate of 80 μg · kg−1 · min−1 until the target blood pressure was achieved. Arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. Arterial samples were drawn at 4 separate time points to measure the concentration of Ap4A in the plasma.Results: The time required for attaining the target blood pressure after initiation of Ap4A infusion was about 16 min, and the time lapse between withdrawal of infusion to recovery of blood pressure was about 18 min. No reflex tachycardia was observed during infusion of Ap4A and no rebound hypertension was evident after withdrawal. The plasma Ap4A concentration increased in response to the acceleration rate of Ap4A administration with a tendency of augmented hypotensive effect.Conclusion: As it produces an excellent hypotensive effect together with a modulating action on blood pressure, Ap4A was assessed as useful in producing controlled hypotension.
Finland’s first anaesthesia revealed by newspapers
Authors: Tammisto T. , Tammisto CH. 
Published: March 2003

Background: According to the literature on the history of anaesthesia, Finland’s first anaesthesia was given on March 8, 1847 for a ligature of an aneurysm of the subclavian artery. It has, however, not been possible to verify the date with certainty. We therefore wanted to find out whether newspapers might give additional information and how this exceptionally important medical invention had been received by the Finnish newspapers.Methods: Microfilms of the 10 newspapers which appeared in Finland in 1847 were studied at the Helsinki University library.Results: The first report which made reference to English newspapers was published on February 10 by “Borgå Tidning”. On March 6, “Helsingfors Tidningar” wrote that two anaesthesias had already been given in Helsinki; the first of them for a difficult varicose veins operation and the second for an exarticulation of a shoulder. But there was no information regarding the dates of the operations. Fortunately, both operations had been recorded in the patient diary of the clinic, although without any information about the anaesthesia. According to the diary, Johan August Örn was operated for varicose veins on February 16 and Anders Gustaf Henrikson had his right arm exarticulated on March 3. Both patients recovered. In total, only six pieces of news on anaesthesia were found.Conclusions: Finland’s first anaesthesia was given on February 16, 1847, which is three weeks earlier than had been previously assumed.
Non‐invasive evaluation of left ventricular function by means of impedance cardiography
Authors: Van Der Meer B. J. M. , Vonk Noordegraaf A. , Bax J. J. , Kamp O. , De Vries P. M. J. M. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Simple, accurate, continuous non‐invasive cardiac monitoring during the peri‐ and postoperative periods for patients at risk of cardiac failure would be very useful. Electrical impedance cardiography (EIC) has been proposed as an accurate method for non‐invasive measurement of cardiac function. However, in recent years the accuracy of EIC in stroke volume (SV) measurement has been questioned and this prevented global acceptance of the method. Beside SV, EIC is capable of measuring several other left ventricular contractility indices, which are measured directly from the impedance signal. The aim of this study was to compare these variables with the echocardiographically derived left ventricular wall motion score (WMS) as the reference method.Methods: In a group of eight coronary artery disease patients we performed a pharmacologically (dobutamine) induced stress test. Echocardiographic and impedance cardiographic recordings were performed simultaneously during four levels of dobutamine infusion. WMS was derived from the simultaneously displayed four‐stage echocardiographic image.Results: Analysis of variance showed that the majority of indices changed significantly during the test. Direct correlation with the wall motion score gave very satisfactory results over all stages with the RZ time (r=0.75, P<0.001) and Heather index (r=−0.78, P<0.001). Other correlations were substantially lower.Conclusion: The Heather index has to be preferred as indicator of the left ventricular performance. Since EIC is capable of giving continuous information of the left ventricular performance, it might be a valuable method for peri‐ and postoperative monitoring.