bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of proteins in sporulated and unsporulated Eimeria maxima oocysts
Authors: Pote Linda M. , Ainsworth A. Jerald , Brown Jesse E. , Haney Judith A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Proteins in sporulated and unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria maxima were characterized, using monoclonal antibodies (mab), elisa, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), and protein (western) immunoblotting techniques. Three mab (EMI, EM2, and EM4) were produced against proteins of sporulated oocysts. The elisa results indicated that EMI was reactive with sporulated oocyst proteins, EM2 was reactive with sporulated and unsporulated oocyst proteins, and EM4 was reactive with unsporulated oocysts and proteins. Separation of proteins in E maxima sporulated and unsporulated oocysts by sds-page indicated that sporulated oocysts had proteins of approximately 200 kilodaltons (kD) and distinct protein bands at 21.5 and 45 kD. Using sds-page, unsporulated oocysts had less-distinct high molecular weight protein bands (> 200 kD), compared with sporulated oocysts, and a distinct protein band at 31 kD. Use of all 3 mab yielded negative results in western blot analysis of fractions obtained by sds-page.
Electron microscopic study of Bacteroides nodosus pili and associated structures
Authors: Gradin Joseph L. , Sonn Anita E. , Bearwood Dana E. , Schmitz John A. , Smith Alvin W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Surface structures of Bacteroides nodosus were examined by electron microscopy. Collodion film and chrome shadowing were used for maximizing the visualization of B nodosus pili and ring structures. The existence of B nodosus pili in foot rot lesions was confirmed. Contrary to previous reports, it was found that B nodosus pili production can be retained through serial broth transfer under certain conditions. Capsule production by B nodosus was irregular in that it could be either lacking or variable in thickness. A bacteriophage capable of infecting B nodosus also was detected.
Urine-blood carbon dioxide tension gradient in healthy dogs
Authors: Shaw Darcy H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The urine-blood carbon dioxide tension (Pco2) gradient was measured in 10 healthy mature Beagles after alkalinization of the urine by administration of sodium bicarbonate. The mean (± sd) urine-blood Pco2 gradient was 65.92 ± 14.42 mm of Hg, with range of 38.2 to 82.2 mm of Hg. Mean urine Pco2 was 110.21 ± 14.19 mm of Hg, with range of 84.1 to 127.3 mm of Hg. Because urine-blood Pco2 gradient < 30.0 mm of Hg or urine Pco2 < 55 mm of Hg in people is diagnostic for a defect in distal nephron acidification, similar values might be applicable to diseases in dogs.
Evaluation of progesterone deficiency as a cause of fetal death in mares with experimentally induced endotoxemia
Authors: Daels Peter F. , Stabenfeldt George H. , Hughes John P. , Odensvik Kristina , Kindahl Hans 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The role of decreased luteal activity in embryonic loss after induced endotoxemia was studied in mares 21 to 35 days pregnant. Fourteen pregnant mares were treated daily with 44 mg of altrenogest to compensate for the loss of endogenous progesterone secretion caused by prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α) synthesis and release following intravenous administration of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin. Altrenogest was administered daily from the day of endotoxin injection until day 40 of gestation (group 1; n = 7), until day 70 (group 2; n = 5), or until day 50 (group 3; n = 2).
In all mares, secretion of pgf2α, as determined by the plasma 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-pgf2α concentrations, followed a biphasic pattern, with an initial peak at 30 minutes followed by a second, larger peak at 105 minutes after endotoxin injection. Plasma progesterone concentrations decreased in all mares to values < 1 ng/ml within 24 hours after endotoxin injection.
In group 1, progesterone concentrations for all mares were < 1 ng/ml until the final day of altrenogest treatment. In 6 of 7 mares in group 1, the fetuses died within 4 days after the end of treatment, with progesterone concentrations < than 1 ng/ml at that time. In the mare that remained pregnant after the end of treatment, plasma progesterone concentration was 1.6 ng/ml on day 41 and increased to 4.4 ng/ml on day 44.
In group 2, all mares remained pregnant, even though plasma progesterone concentrations were < 1 ng/ml in 4 of 5 mares from the day after endotoxin injection until after the end of altrenogest treatment. One group-2 mare appeared to develop a secondary corpus luteum before day 70, with progesterone concentrations greater than 1 ng/ml from day 36 through day 70.
Daily altrenogest administration consistently prevented pregnancy loss, which usually follows induced endotoxemia. Altrenogest administration offers a reliable and practical treatment for the prevention of fetal loss following endotoxemia in mares < 2 months pregnant.
One group-3 mare remained pregnant, and in the other mare, fetal death was diagnosed 8 days after endotoxin administration, although this mare was still being treated with altrenogest. In that case fetal death was believed to be unrelated to the treatment.
Effects of topical administration of 2.0% pilocarpine on intraocular pressure and pupil size in cats
Authors: Wilkie David A. , Latimer Claire A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of topical administration of a single dose of 2% pilocarpine on intraocular pressure (iop) and pupil diameter were evaluated in normotensive eyes of 10 clinically normal cats over 12 hours. Mean (± sem) normal iop was 17.1 (± 1.1) mm of Hg and, diurnal fluctuation was observed, with the highest iop seen in the evening. Mean ( ± sem) normal pupil diameter was found to be 10.1 (± 0.5) mm. Topical treatment with pilocarpine resulted in reduction of iop in treated and nontreated eyes. This effect was time-dependent and was first observed at 4 hours after treatment. Mean reduction of iop was 15.2% in the treated eye and 9.3% in the nontreated eye. The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, and miosis persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. Mean reduction in pupil diameter was 28.5% in the treated eye and 14.2% in the nontreated eye.
Topically administered pilocarpine results in reduction of iop and pupil diameter in treated and contalateral eyes, which supports the use of pilocarpine for treatment of glaucoma in cats.
Ototoxic potential of gentamicin in ponies
Authors: Nostrandt Amy C. , Pedersoli Waldir M. , Marshall A. Edward , Ravis William R. , Robertson Benjamin T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ototoxicosis was evaluated in 6 healthy ponies given 5 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, q 8 h, im. Ponies 1, 2, and 3 were dosed for 7 days and ponies 4, 5, and 6 were dosed for 14 days. Serum peak and trough concentrations of gentamicin were measured by radioimmunoassay at regular intervals. Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded every 5 days up to 60 days after the first dose to monitor auditory function. Although serum gentamicin concentrations were within or above the accepted clinical therapeutic range, loss of auditory function was not observed at the frequency range (1 to 4 kHz) tested. Serum chemical values remained within the accepted clinical range and no evidence of nephrotoxicosis was observed. Seemingly, gentamicin given im to healthy ponies was safe and had minimal risk of side effects.
Effect of dietary α-linolenic acid on endotoxin-induced production of tumor necrosis factor by peritoneal macrophages in horses
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Henry Michelle M. , Moore James N. , Fischer J. Kay 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine whether dietary supplements with α-linolenic acid altered the ability of equine peritoneal macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor (tnf) in response to endotoxin. Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from 6 healthy adult horses before and after the horses were fed a nutritionally balanced ration that contained 8% linseed oil as a source of α-linolenic acid. The macrophages were cultured in media containing no additives (control), endotoxin (0.5 to 50 ng/ml), or the calcium ionophore, A23187. Macrophage supernatants were collected after 6 and 24 hours’ incubation and stored at −70 C. Tumor necrosis factor activity was estimated by a modified in vitro cytotoxicity bioassay, using the murine fibrosarcoma cell line, WEHI 164 clone 13. The tnf activity after 6 and 24 hours’ incubation was greater in culture media of macrophages exposed to endotoxin than in media from control macrophages. For macrophages cultured in media that contained endotoxin, neither the concentration of endotoxin nor incubation time had any effect on tnf activity. Endotoxin-induced macrophage production of tnf, as determined by measurement of tnf activity, was significantly less after horses were fed the α-linolenic acid-rich ration for 8 weeks.
Effect of administration of phenylbutazone or progesterone on recovery of embryos from the uterus of mares 5 days after ovulation
Authors: Hinrichs Katrin , Watson Elaine D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twelve horse mares were used to investigate the effect of phenylbutazone or progesterone administration on uterine tubal motility, as reflected by embryo recovery from the uterus on day 5 after ovulation. Four treatment groups were used: group A (controls), in which uterine flush was performed 7 to 11 days after ovulation; group B (5-day controls), in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation; group C, in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation following administration of phenylbutazone (2 g, iv) on day 3; and group D, in which uterine flush was performed 5 days after ovulation following administration of progesterone in oil (250 mg, im) on days 0, 1, and 2. Each mare was randomly assigned to each group once. Embryo recovery for each group was: group A, 13 embryos from 12 mares; group B, 3 embryos from 12 mares; group C, 4 embryos from 11 mares; and group D, 1 embryo from 11 mares. Recovery of embryos on day 5 in 3 of 12 nontreated mares indicated that equine embryos may enter the uterus before day 6. Neither treatment increased embryo recovery from the uterus on day 5 over that from the uterus of the 5-day controls.
Evaluation of intravenous administration of concentrated immunoglobulin G to colostrum-deprived foals
Authors: Liu Irwin K. M. , Brown Christopher , Myers Robert C. , Hao Yu Lee 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ten foals of various breeds were deprived of colostrum from birth to 36 hours of age, then were allotted to 2 groups. Foals of group 1 (n = 6) were given 20 g (200 ml) of purified equine IgG iv in a 10% solution, and foals of group 2 (n = 4) were given 30 g (300 ml) of the same preparation. Total administration time for each 10 g of IgG in 100 ml was approximately 10 minutes. Serum IgG concentration in foals was assessed prior to, between 24 and 48 hours, and at 7 and 14 days after IgG administration.
Between 24 and 48 hours after IgG administration, mean serum IgG concentration in group-1 foals was 425 mg/dl (range, 350 to 480 mg/dl). Mean body weight for this group of foals was 50.3 kg (range, 43.3 to 54.7 kg).
For group-2 foals, mean serum IgG concentration was 768 mg/dl (range, 640 to 920 mg/dl) between 24 and 48 hours after administration of IgG. Foals of this group had mean body weight of 43.2 kg (range, 36.5 to 47.5 kg). Serum IgG concentration in group-2 foals at 24 to 48 hours was significantly (P = 0.005) greater than that in group- 1 foals.
Mean total IgG recovery at 24 to 48 hours, calculated on the basis of 94.5 ml of plasma volume/kg of body weight, was approximately 100%.
Values of IgG measured in all foals 1 and 2 weeks after administration of the IgG concentrate were equivalent to values expected after normal decay of passively acquired IgG. Mild, adverse reactions occurred in 3 of the 10 foals treated (1 group-1 foal and 2 group-2 foals).
Identity of Bacteroides isolates and previously named Bacteroides spp in clinical specimens of animal origin
Authors: Jang Spencer S. , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
During the years 1984 through 1987, 2,574 isolates of obligately anaerobic bacteria were isolated from samples submitted for analysis. The most common anaerobic isolates were members of the genus Bacteroides, representing 44.6% of the isolates. Of these, the most commonly isolated identifiable microorganisms were bile-resistant and nonpigmented, belonging to the B fragilis group of Bacteroides. Importantly, obvious predilections for any one species or group of Bacteroides were not apparent for animal or site (condition), except that the proportion of isolates belonging to the nonpigmented, bile-resistant group obtained from the respiratory tract was significantly (P < 0.005) higher than that not belonging to this group. On the other hand, the proportion of isolates of the nonpigmented, bile-resistant group obtained from abscesses was significantly lower than that not belonging to this group.
Acute hemolytic anemia induced by oral administration of indole in ponies
Authors: Paradis Mary Rose , Breeze R. G. , Laegreid W. W. , Bayly W. M. , Counts D. F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Eight ponies were allotted to 2 groups of 4. Group-1 ponies (1-4) were given 0.2 g of indole/kg of body weight orally and group-2 ponies (5 to 8) were given 0.1 g of indole/kg. Various physical, hematologic, and physiologic measurements were obtained after administration of indole.
Intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria were detected in both groups within 24 hours of dosing. Hemolysis was reflected by decreases in pcv, hemoglobin concentration, and rbc count, and an increase in indirect bilirubin. Erythrocyte fragility appeared to increase in both groups at 8 hours after dosing and peaked at 16 hours after dosing. At 72 hours after dosing, the rbc fragility value was less than predose measurements. Heinz body formation was noticed in group-2 ponies, but not in group 1.
Plasma indole concentrations increased in both groups from the nondetectable predose concentrations. Group-1 values were 203% of group-2 values. In group 2, plasma indole was nondetectable by 12 hours, whereas low concentrations could still be measured in the group-1 ponies at 24 hours.
Ponies in group 1 died or were euthanatized between 24 and 72 hours after dosing, whereas group-2 ponies were euthanatized between 48 and 120 hours. At necropsy, all body fat, mucous membranes, and elastic tissue were stained yellow. Hemoglobinuric nephrosis was the most prominent microscopic lesion.
Results of this study indicated that indole, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, causes acute intravascular hemolysis in ponies.
Effects of gamma radiation and azathioprine on Brucella abortus infection in BALB/c mice
Authors: Elzer Philip H. , Rowe Gail E. , Enright Fred M. , Winter Alexander J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sublethal irradiation of BALB/c mice 4 hours prior to inoculation with 5 × 104 virulent Brucella abortus, caused significant (P < 0.01) reductions in bacterial numbers in comparison with numbers in unirradiated controls. Numbers of brucellae in the spleen were significantly lower by 5 days after inoculation and decreased thereafter, so that at 2 and 3 weeks after inoculation, there were up to 1,000-fold fewer organisms in the spleen of irradiated mice. The number of brucellae in the spleen increased in irradiated mice thereafter. The course of events in the liver was similar, but developed more slowly, and peak differences in bacterial numbers were about 1 log less. These phenomena were not attributable to differences in implantation of brucellae in the liver or spleen, nor to an abnormal distribution of organisms in other organs of irradiated mice. Irradiation of mice during the plateau phase of infection also resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reductions in bacterial counts in the spleen during the succeeding 4 weeks. Macrophage activation in the spleen, measured by a Listeria monocytogenes-killing assay, was significantly (P < 0.01) increased by irradiation alone at 1 week after inoculation and at that time was significantly (P < 0.01) greater in B abortus -infected, irradiated mice than in B abortus-infected controls. Histologic, cytologic, and immunologic studies revealed that the decrease in numbers of organisms between 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation in irradiated mice occurred at a time when their immune response to B abortus was suppressed and when numbers of neutrophils and monocytes infiltrating the spleen were significantly (P < 0.01) diminished. The increase in numbers of B abortus in organs of irradiated mice that began after the third week coincided with recovery of the immune response and an increase in numbers of neutrophils and monocytes in the infected organs. The course of B abortus infection was not substantially altered during the first 11 days after inoculation in mice infected at the height of a profound monocytopenia and neutropenia induced by azathioprine, a drug that by itself failed to activate macrophages. We hypothesized that, in irradiated mice, a rapid radiation-induced activation of resident macrophages to a brucellacidal state was coupled with an absence of newly formed monocytes in which virulent strains of B abortus could establish persistent infection, and that as susceptible monocytes emerged in mice recovering from the effects of irradiation, chronic infection became established.
Serologic detection and practical consequences of antigenic diversity among bovine viral diarrhea viruses in a vaccinated herd
Authors: Bolin Steven R. , Littledike E. Travis , Ridpath Julia F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Samples of sera were obtained from 5,725 cows in a semiclosed herd. In each of the preceding 7 years, the herd was vaccinated against bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) with killed virus. Neutralizing antibody tests were done on all samples of sera, using cytopathic virus, bvd-tgac virus, that was antigenically distinct from the vaccine virus. Most samples of sera had high titers of neutralizing antibodies against bvd-tgac virus. In 48 samples of sera, neutralizing antibodies were not detected against bvdtgac virus, but were detected against the vaccine virus. Neutralizing antibodies against selected noncytopathic bvd viruses were not detected in several samples of serum that had neutralizing antibodies against the vaccine virus and bvd-tgac virus. Noncytopathic bvd virus was isolated from sera obtained from 3 cows < 4 years old. Two cows were available for further testing, and persistent infection with bvd virus was confirmed in both cows. The bvd viruses isolated from those cows were not neutralized by several samples of sera. Immunoprecipitation of polypeptides induced by the vaccine virus was done with selected samples of serum. Two patterns of immunoprecipitated viral-induced polypeptides were identified. One pattern was consistent with exposure of cows with live virus. The other pattern was consistent with exposure of cows with only the killed virus vaccine.
Transformation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by electroporation
Authors: Songer J. Glenn , Hilwig Ronald W. , Leeming Michael N. , landolo John J. , Libby Stephen J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was transformed by electroporation, using pNG2, an erythromycin-resistaiice plasmid from C diphtheriae. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis cultivated in brain-heart infusion broth was washed 3 times with water, and resuspended to a final concentration of about 5 × 1013 colony-forming units/ml. An electroporator constructed in our laboratory incorporated an electrode with 0.8-mm interelectrode gap, using disposable spectrophotometer cuvettes as containers for electroporation. The pNG2 was prepared in Escherichia coli and 4 to 16 μg of pNG2 dna was mixed with 400-μl amounts of cell suspension in prechilled cuvettes. After incubation on ice for 5 to 10 minutes, the mixture was electroporated at field strengths of up to 18 kV/cm, mixed with 1.5 ml of brain-heart infusion broth, and incubated at 37 C for 2 hours with agitation. Aliquots were then plated on brain-heart infusion blood agar with 15 μg of erythromycin/ml. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was transformed at a maximal efficiency of ≈ 4 × 104 transformants/μg of pNG2 dna. Most total transformants and most transformants per microgram of pNG2 were generated at a field strength of 18 kV/cm. When the concentration of pNG2 dna was varied, the average total number of transformants increased through a concentration of 30 μg/ml, but the efficiency of transformation was highest at the lowest dna concentration. Transformants contained unmodified pNG2.
Characteristics of digital flexor tendon sheath fluid from clinically normal horses
Authors: Malark J. A. , Nixon A. J. , Skinner K. L. , Mohammed H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Physical, biochemical, and cytologic properties of synovial fluid from digital flexor tendon sheaths of clinically normal horses were investigated. Tendon sheath fluid was pale yellow, clear, and did not clot. Volume of fluid within a tendon sheath varied minimally, with a mean of 2.11 ml. Total erythrocyte counts were higher than values observed in normal equine joint fluid, whereas values for total leukocyte count (770 ± 73 cells/mm3), viscosity (6.05 ± 0.58 cs), and protein concentration (7.87 ± 0.03 mg/ml) were similar to those in joint fluid. Large mononuclear cells were the predominant synovial fluid cell type. Mean hyaluronic acid concentration (0.74 ± 0.02 mg/ml) and mucinous precipitate quality were lower than values in joint fluid.
Effect of dietary protein on functional, morphologic, and histologic changes of the kidney during compensatory renal growth in dogs
Authors: White J. V. , Finco D. R. , Crowell W. A. , Brown S. A. , Hirakawa D. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Two diets similar in caloric density and mineral content, but markedly different in protein content, were used to study the effects of dietary protein on renal function and morphologic and histopathologic changes in dogs that had functional renal tissue reduced by seven-eighths nephrectomy. The effects of moderate protein intake (MPrI = 15% protein; dry-matter basis) and high-protein intake (HPrI = 31% protein; dry-matter basis) were studied for the initial 7 months (period 1 [P1]) after renal mass reduction. Diets were then switched between groups during the following 7 months (period 2 [P2]) to evaluate the effects of increased or decreased protein intake.
The HPrI caused significantly (P < 0.05) greater glomerular filtration rate (gfr) and renal growth than did MPrI during P1. Dogs that maintained HPrI during P1 and MPrI during P2 (group 1) had significant (P < 0.05) reduction in gfr during P2. Dogs that maintained MPrI during P1 and HPrI during P2 (group 2) had significant (P < 0.05) improvement in gfr and renal growth during P2. At the end of the study, renal reserve was evaluated in both groups of dogs before and after group 1 was returned to HPrI for 2 weeks. During this 2-week feeding trial, group-1 dogs had marked improvement in renal reserve, relative to group 2, and gfr increased to the terminal P1 values. Results indicate a possible residual benefit from HPrI during the early phase of compensatory renal growth in the form of functional compensatory memory to HPrI.
The severity of renal lesions was indistinguishable between dogs of dietary groups during both study phases. Plasma electrolyte concentrations rapidly returned to normal range after renal ablation, but mild azotemia and proteinuria persisted throughout most of the study. High protein intake was not associated with increased degree or progression of proteinuria.