bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special cases
Authors: Wrightson Philip , Gronwall Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a previous chapter we described the general principles of management of the later effects of mild head injury. Some groups of patients have special needs, and it is essential to understand what these are if the patients are to be properly cared for.
Children have special problems with mild head injury. Younger children may not lose consciousness at the time of the injury but may go into a drowsy state later. Rarely they may suffer temporary cortical blindness. In the first few weeks older children may experience symptoms like those seen in adults, with disturbed behaviour and difficulty with school work. In both instances there is the possibility that mild injury can result in long term cognitive and behavioural problems.
Introduction
Authors: Hannan Kieran , Conlon Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Access to the circulation for repetitive hemodialysis has been recognized as the Achilles’ heel of chronic dialysis. If access to the circulation is not possible for more than a couple of days, the effects of uncontrolled uremia will result in the rapid death of the patient. The importance of vascular access in the long-term provision of hemodialysis was apparent at the dawn of the dialysis era.
Cuffed tunneled catheters for long-term vascular access
Authors: Blankestijn Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temporary access for hemodialysis can be provided by bedside inserted catheters. Cuffed tunneled central venous catheters were originally described in the mid-l 980s for prolonged temporary access. Shortly thereafter their role as a method for long-term vascular access was explored in selected subgroups of patients. In subsequent years, they have gained popularity. At present, several designs are on the market. This review focuses on tunneled cuffed catheters for long-term hemodialysis, and will deal with the possibilities and limitations.
Options for restoration of thrombosed vascular access: thrombolysis
Authors: Beathard Gerald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A patient with a thrombosed dialysis vascular access is a major problem. It is a problem for the patient who must cope with the inconvenience, pain and dis¬ comfort. It is a problem for the staff of the hemodialysis facility who must rearrange the dialysis schedule, arrange for transportation, interface between the patient and the physicians involved and assist the patient in coping with the problem. It is a problem for the nephrologist who must deal with an unhappy patient and their family and oversee the logistics of getting the problem solved. If the patient also has fluid or metabolic abnormalities that make a delay in dialy¬sis impossible, the problem is magnified for everyone. In the past the immediate management choices have been either immediate surgery or a central venous catheter and delayed surgery. All too often even immediate surgery entailed hos¬pitalization and delayed or missed treatments. A central venous catheter allowed for immediate dialysis, but carried with it a new set of problems.
Hormone replacement therapy and non-breast cancers
Authors: Lavery Bernadette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family doctors and cancer specialists are often faced with the situation of advising a woman who has had a cancer about the pros and cons of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In addition to the discussion about general risks and benefits which would be undertaken with any woman considering HRT, the questions most often asked are: (1) will taking HRT cause my cancer to come back? and (2) will HR T cause any other cancer to develop? In many cases the principal concerns relate to breast cancer, and this is covered in Chapter 5. The other area where there is often a high level of anxiety is in the woman with a personal or family history of gynaecological cancer.
The role of the nurse in women’s health
Authors: Brockie Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 80% of menopausal women will experience uncomfortable symptoms. Hormone replacement therapy (HR T) has been shown to have many benefits for the menopausal woman, abolishing the troublesome menopausal symptoms and protecting her from the long-term metabolic problems, including cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s disease, and bowel cancer. Despite all these advantages, only 17% of women aged between 40—65 years will take HRT (Hope et al. 1998), and it is during these years that the majority of women are most symptomatic. Continuation of therapy is also poor: 31% will discontinue therapy within six months, 51% within the first year, and 74% before three years (Hope and Rees 1995).
Genetic counseling and the laws of probability
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first introduction of genetics clinics approximately 50 years ago many attempts have been made to devise a universally acceptable definition of genetic counseling. As the subject has expanded and moved from its origins in the eugenics movement, a consensus has gradually emerged that genetic counseling should be viewed as a non-directive communication process which addresses an individual’s needs and concerns relating to the development and/or transmission of a genetic disorder. From this rather complex definition it is apparent that the process of genetic counseling involves many important components, such as the gathering of family information, the establishment of a diagnosis, the communication of information, and the provision of on-going support. To this expanding list can be added the mathematical assessment of risk and it is with this particular aspect of genetic counseling that this text is concerned.
Sex-linked recessive inheritance
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In sex-linked recessive disorders the condition is manifest in the male who is described as being ‘hemizygous’, whereas, by definition, the heterozygous carrier female is not affected, although careful examination or appropriate investigations may occasionally reveal subtle abnormalities. When a female is known to be a carrier, each of her sons runs a risk of 50 per cent for inheriting the disorder in question whilst each daughter is at 50 per cent risk for being a carrier. When an affected male reproduces, all of his daughters will be carriers as they will all have inherited his X chromosome and all of his sons will be unaffected as they must have inherited his Y chromosome.
The use of linked DNA markers
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developments in molecular genetics have greatly enhanced the diagnostic repertoire of the clinical geneticist. If a specific disease-causing mutation can be identified in a family then carrier detection, preclinical detection, and prenatal diagnosis become relatively straightforward. However, many situations still arise in which a specific mutation cannot be identified, possibly because a sample cannot be obtained from an affected individual or because the relevant gene has not been isolated even though the disease has been mapped to a particular chromosome region. In both of these situations, a compromise solution involves the use of polymorphic DNA marker loci which have been shown to be genetically linked to the disorder in question. Genetic linkage is a complex subject and the use of linked DNA markers can generate some very difficult calculations. Sometimes these are best resolved with the help of one of the computer packages which have been developed (Lathrop and Lalouel, 1984).
Other mechanisms of inheritance
Authors: Young Ian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is conventional to consider genetic disorders under the headings of chromosomal, single gene (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked recessive), multifactorial, and acquired. Whilst most disorders encountered at a genetics clinic can be classified under one of these headings, there is increasing recognition that occasionally an alternative genetic mechanism should be considered, which will often have significant implications for genetic counseling. In this chapter some of these more unusual genetic mechanisms will be discussed and, where appropriate, due attention given to the relevant implications for risk calculation.
Defining and Classifying Disorder
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the use of the old-fashioned term ‘insanity’, these comments, made over 100 years ago by an academic psychiatrist from St Georges’s Hospital in London, sound shockingly up to date and familiar. In this chapter, we will describe and review the evolution of current international psychiatric classifications, namely the International Classification of Diseases, tenth edition (ICD 10), produced by the World Health Organization (WHO 1992), and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM IV) produced by the American Psychiatric Association (APA 1994). We will examine how far we have progressed in overcoming the problems of defining and classifying disorder.
Personality and Personality Disorders
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we tackle personality and personality disorders, a subject seen by some as the most difficult and contentious area of measurement in psychopathology. The term ‘personality’ refers to the behavioural attributes that characterize individuals and differentiate them from others. Terms to describe personality, such as ‘extraverf (being outgoing and gregarious) or ‘neurotic’ (being anxious and worried), have entered everyday language. The notion that personality can cause problems for the individual or others, or deviate from what is considered normal, underpins the concept of a ‘personality disorder’. For example, an extremely perfectionistic individual may be so preoccupied with the details, rules, lists, order and organization of their daily life that they become unable to complete any tasks or do their job effectively. The anankastic or obsessional features of their personality are so extreme as to cause impairment of function, and the subject is then diagnosed as having ‘anankastic personality disorder’ (WHO 1993).
Coping with illness in late life
Authors: Melding Pamela , Cook Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all life events, physical illnesses are the most common occurrences that significantly affect older people and represent the most significant losses in late life. Understanding how an older person perceives the personal significance of the illness is essential to the liaison clinician’s own appraisal of the patient’s problems. The chapter discusses not only how an illness may influence the individual, but also how the person’s response may affect an illness. For the patient, the important aspects of primary appraisal include acuity and timing of events, their impact on social roles, the person’s perception of illness, their emotional and physical health status, perceived social support, personality traits, sense of personal control, and perception of any stigma attached to the illness. The ageing person’s primary appraisal of their illness influences the secondary appraisal process that assesses their ability to cope with the stressor. Aspects of coping discussed in this chapter are self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, focus for coping, and strategies employed.
The assessment
Authors: Draper Brian , Melding Pamela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessment is the linchpin of quality service delivery in geriatric liaison psychiatry. Assessment commences at the time of referral when urgency is established through a triage process. The reasons for referral, which may be overt and covert, should be established. The medical record should be read before the patient interview to obtain a more detailed understanding of the issues. While it is critical that collateral information be obtained from family, caregivers, and nursing staff, circumstances may determine whether this occurs before, during, or after the patient interview.
Specific Patients and Problems
Authors: Shah Ajit , Ames David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A range of special patients and problems are encountered in liaison geriatric psychiatry settings. Some examples include patients labelled as ‘difficult to like’, ‘undesirable’, and ‘bed blockers’. These patients may have specific problems, such as behaviour disturbance, suicidal ideation, poor compliance with treatment, refusal to eat, mental incapacity, squalor, neuropsychiatric complications of prescribed and non-prescribed drugs, and alcohol misuse. Case studies are used to illustrate some typical cases.
Ethical issues in geriatric psychiatry liaison
Authors: Perkins Christine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a general discussion of the principles of medical ethics and their particular relevance to older people with psychiatric illness. The focus there- after is on practical problems encountered in the liaison situation. These include: assessment of capacity including the ability to give informed consent: end-of-life issues such as truth-telling, denial, disagreements over treatment, depression, and treatment refusal and euthanasia. The section on confidentiality discusses how to deal with the family, non-psychiatric staff, third parties, and writing the ward notes. The chapter covers the old age liaison psychiatrist’s role as an advocate for the individual patient and family, and the wider issue of advocacy for the mentally ill elderly patient. Advocacy involves ensuring optimal treatment for the hospitalized older person, balancing patient and family needs, deciding on long-term care, elder abuse and the use of restraint, and the rationing of healthcare resources on the basis of age.
Overview of complementary therapies in cancer care
Authors: Barnett Mandy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mandy Barnett is Consultant in Palliative Medicine at Walsgrave Hospital, Coventry and Myton Hamlet Hospice, Warwick, and Honorary Senior Lecturer at the University of Warwick. Mandy obtained a degree in psychology prior to qualifying in medicine in London in 1982. Her postgraduate training included general medicine, clinical oncology, and general practice in addition to clinical and research work in palliative medicine. She has undertaken introductory studies in aromatherapy, reflexology, shiatsu, homoeopathy and massage applied to palliative care, and courses at the Bristol Cancer Help Centre. She is a long-term member of the British Psycho-Oncology Society. In her work she actively supports the development and evaluation of complementary therapies.
Casting off the spell
Authors: Ross Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
55-year-old Robert Ross has had four careers—as a town planner, lecturer, student counsellor, and careers advisor. On being diagnosed with terminal cancer of liver and lungs, he consulted the Bristol Cancer Help Centre, took early retirement from Oxford Brookes University and reinvented himself as an author and playwright. One book and five stage plays later he is in remission, living positively and creatively, one day at a time.
Health service planning issues: the UK perspective
Authors: Worth Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chris Worth was formerly a Director of Public Health in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. For several years he has been an advocate for the NHS to explore the wider integration of complementary therapies more thoroughly. A number of complementary therapies (notably homoeopathy, acupuncture, osteopathy) have been available within the National Health Service (NHS) since its establishment in 1948. There has been an increasing understanding and usage of these therapies since the 1970s. Equally, there has been an expansion in the number and range of therapies covered by such practitioners (Fulder and Munro 1981). However, a clear distinction between an orthodox medical profession and a ‘fringe’ of alternative practitioners, which was first given legislative force in the 1858 Medical Registration Act, still exists (Mercer et al. 1995). This has been repeatedly confirmed, particularly with the almost complete exclusion of unorthodox, ‘alternative’ practitioners from the publicly-funded healthcare system when the NHS was established.
Aromatherapy and massage
Authors: Hallissey Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sheila Hallissey writes: ‘The decision to specialize in oncology nursing led me to look at medicine in a different way. The importance and necessity of true holistic care became evident very quickly. Realizing this I undertook a combined counselling certificate, a diploma of holistic aromatherapy, and the study of kinesiology. I firmly believe that treating the whole person is the best medicine.’ For many patients the diagnosis of cancer is received with a dread and fear akin to being given a death sentence (Mclntosch 1974). In spite of huge advances in treatment, many people still regard cancer as a fatal disease. The diagnosis of cancer, combined or not with treatment, produces a vast range of emotions which affect well-being and quality of life. Intense emotional responses to threatening news are entirely natural. Each person has to cope with cancer in their individual way, mobilizing individual coping strategies according to their personality type. Cancer can produce varying physical symptoms but let us never forget that the human being is more than a physical being, thus cancer and its diagnosis also affects the psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of the patient’s life. In order to address cancer and its effects, both the psychological and physical problems must be considered. An integrated package of care, stemming from a thorough initial assessment together with constant reviews, is vital if we are to improve the quality of life of cancer patients.
Patient heal thyself
Authors: Goodare Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formerly an academic editor, Heather Goodare was treated for breast cancer in 1986/7 and subsequently trained as a counsellor. She is particularly interested in consumer issues, complementary medicine, and psycho-oncology. When I was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1986 I knew almost nothing about complementary medicine, except that my husband had been greatly helped by an osteopath to overcome a recalcitrant back problem. Coincidentally I had had lower back pain only two months before my cancer diagnosis, and in view of my husband’s experience decided to go straight to an osteopath rather than my GP—and the problem was solved in three sessions. I was also given exercises to do, which have kept my back relatively trouble-free ever since.
Nursing perspectives
Authors: Stevensen Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caroline Stevensen is a private Holistic Healthcare Consultant and Practitioner, Senior Lecturer in Clinical Aromatherapy at Oxford Brookes University, and Director of Services for the Haven Trust. Her background includes a degree in social work and she is a registered nurse. She specializes in body therapies and is qualified in acupuncture, shiatsu, aromatherapy, massage, reflex zone therapy, and iridology. She has published research on the effects of aromatherapy massage on post cardiac surgery patients. She is deputy editor of Complementary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery: An International Journal. Cancer nursing care has benefited from the expertise of specialist nurses world-wide. Generally, specialist cancer nurses assist patients receiving surgery, chemotherapy, radio therapy, needing pain relief, suffering from lymphoedema, those requiring psychological support, and they support patients who are dying and their carers. These roles are vital for patients to receive optimum care with conventional treatments. In recent years there has been a new breed of nurse specialist emerging in the field of cancer care. These nurses are specializing in the use of complementary therapies or are incorporating the use of complementary therapies into their existing practice with patients (Stevensen 1996; Corner et al. 1995). This chapter will explore issues surrounding the inclusion of complementary therapies into cancer nursing practice.
The patient’s path to integration
Authors: Bishop Beata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beata Bishop is a psychotherapist working along Jungian and transpersonal lines. Her interests include the mind-body connection in sickness and health, and its therapeutic use in working with cancer patients. What I have to offer is based on two kinds of life experience. One is personal, for I am a former cancer patient myself, having recovered from metastasized malignant melanoma in 1983; the other is professional, gleaned from working with cancer patients as a psycho therapist ever since. My personal experience is a valuable asset in my professional work. It enables me to establish instant rapport with cancer sufferers, since they know that I know what they are going through, having travelled along that path myself. They need not be coy about the subject, use euphemisms or present a brave front. Cancer has a sinister aura of its own. The best way to dispel that is to handle the subject openly, calmly, and without fear, pointing out that cancer need not equal a death sentence. As a long-term survivor, I am in a good position to do that.
Risks and benefits of screening and radical treatment - a guide
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost any lifestyle has associated risks. It is not perhaps surprising that parachuting in the USA carries a risk of 19 000 times that of playing Association Football in England and Wales. Climbing in England and Wales carries 130 times the risk of playing football. Surgical anaesthesia in England in 1986 had a risk of death of 5.4 cases per million operations.
Treatment and management options
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Moffat Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the different ways of treating the prostate gland. Deciding which of these options is the most appropriate can be one of the most difficult aspects of managing prostate cancer, and is often bewildering for doctor and patient alike. The reason for this difficulty is simple we do not know the best treatment for prostate cancer. For a number of reasons, not the least of which may be technical, not every patient is suitable for every form of treatment. This important aspect is something that should be discussed with the specialist.
Renal disease and transplantation
Authors: Fortune Farida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main role of the kidney is the elimination of waste material and maintainance of the composition of body fluid. It receives about 25% of cardiac output every minute. Sixty to 80% of the filtered water and sodium are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule along with almost all the bicarbonate, potassium, glucose, and amino acids. In the distal tubule more water and some sodium are reabsorbed. The latter process is controlled by aldosterone. The total urine volume in health is 1–2 litres a day.
Influence of mental processes on health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
consciousness is said to be lowered. A hallucination is the perception of an external stimulus in the absence of any appropriate stimulus. Perceptual abnormalities like hallucinations and illusions occur commonly in severe types of mental illness. However, the boundary between ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ perceptual abnormalities is indistinct.