bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Measure of Rome: André Schott, Justus Lipsius and the Early Reception of the Res gestae divi Augusti
Authors: Nelles Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1555 Ferdinand of Hungary sent a delegation to meet with Sulaimān I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The delegation was composed of the neophyte Flemish negotiator Augier Busbecq, the seasoned Hungarian diplomat Antonio Veranzio, and the wary Francis Zay, admiral of the Danube fleet. Sent bearing the olive branch of peace, Busbecq and his party returned with a six-months’ truce, the lily, and the tulip. Yet the posy of botanical discoveries was not the only souvenir the mission carried back to Europe. Veranzio and Busbecq were also keen epigraphers. En route to Amasia to meet with Sulaimān, the three travellers passed through Ankara. Entering the city they found a large Roman inscription on the exterior facade of a crumbling building, certainly not the first the diplomats had encountered on their voyage through Asia Minor. Worn and difficult to decipher, the inscription filled six full columns each containing around fifty lines of text. The party was halted, and Busbecq and Veranzio set secretaries to copying the inscription. ‘Rerum gestarum Divi Augusti … exemplar subjectum’ read the title of the inscription. Even the old salt Zay must have realized that this was not just another Roman monument.
A Sixteenth-Century Hebraic Approach to the New Testament
Authors: Weinberg Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Jews suffer from a singular misfortune: even when their writings are not read, they meet with displeasure; and while they are considerably reviled by those who have read them, receive much greater abuse by those who have not They [i.e. the Jews] are the most strident enemies of the doctrine of the Gospel, and yet the text of the Gospel has no clearer interpreters. To say all in a word, to their own Jewish coreligionists they recommend nothing but frivolities, destruction, and poison. But with skill and industry Christians may apply them most usefully and serviceably to their studies and adapt them most satisfactorily for the interpretation of the New Testament.
Spencer, Maimonides, and the History of Religion
Authors: Parente Fausto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SPENCER’S DE LEGIBUS HEBRAEORUM RITUALIBUS AND ITS MODERN EVALUATION
John Spencer’s De legibus Hebraeorum ritualibus et earum rationibus was published in Cambridge in 1685 in three books. It set out to demonstrate that the majority of Jewish ritual laws were of Egyptian origin.1 A second, expanded edition with an additional fourth book was brought out posthumously in 1727 by Leonard Chappelow.2 It contained, among other material, a dissertation on the origins of phylacteries, which Spencer wrote shortly before his death in 1693. In 1732 the German theologian Ch. M. Pfaff (the author of the famous forgery of the Irenaeus fragments) republished it with a Dissertatio praeliminaris in which he set out at length his own and others’ criticism of the book.3
Anglican Scholarship Gone Mad? Henry Dodwell (1641–1711) and Christian Antiquity
Authors: Quantin Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
None of Henry Dodwell’s contemporaries would have denied that he was extremely learned: indeed he was usually spoken of as ‘the learned Mr Dodwell’. Most would also have granted that he was a deeply religious man: ‘the learned and pious Mr Dodwell’ is also a well-attested phrase. The two traits went together. In many respects Dodwell’s life and work could be considered exemplary of the close association between scholarship and religion that is characteristic of the confessional age.1 When he died in 1711, however, after having propounded so many
Introduction: Empson in the Round
Authors: Bevis Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empson was not one for straightforward introductions. ‘I have noticed that, when you give a party, the best thing is not to rush at everybody and try to force them to talk to each other; in a party that goes unexpectedly well (in the way of making disparate groups talk to each other) you often notice that the host has been stuck away in the corner most of the time, talking to some expert about a technical point he is really interested in’ ( A 109). One can imagine parties that might not go particularly well if the host adopted this method (is he merely ‘stuck away’ in the corner, or has he stuck the expert there, cornering him on a point of detail? And meanwhile, although those ‘disparate groups’ should perhaps not be ‘forced’ to talk, they may need to be coaxed if they are to feel a little less disparate.) Still, Empson has a point, and his noticing in some ways hints at the shape of his own career and critical influence: playing the not-quite-genial host to different groups and interests, encouraging the openness of ‘talk’ yet defending the need to get ‘technical’. Indeed, his comment is part of a discussion about ‘the co-operative work of critics’: ‘As to co-operation, I hope I don’t refuse it, but I have noticed that, when you give a party . . . ’ An invitation to the Empson party is an invitation to the unexpected. Guests should be ready for combat as well as for courtship.
Argufying and the Generation Gap
Authors: Bowman Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter of 1732, Thomas Bentley recorded a bitter argument with his uncle, Milton’s editor Richard Bentley, over Paradise Lost : ‘I told him I would never object again, since I saw he would not bear it for I know he can’t forbear talking of Milton, & I can’t bear the nonsense & absurdities he puts upon him.’ Uncle and nephew differed in their interpretations of Milton, but a striking sequence of words in Thomas’s letter shows a likeness: ‘he would not bear for I know he can’t forbear I can’t bear.’ Lack of patience seems to have been a family characteristic, the younger Bentley’s inability to ‘bear’ his uncle’s theories repeating the elder’s inability to ‘bear’ objections to them; Thomas’s ‘for I know’ partially prefiguring, in recognizing, Richard’s inability to ‘forbear’ talking. Their exchange brings to the surface two tricky facts: first, that much forbearance is needed but not always used when dealing with forbears, both literary and familial, and second, that the consequent arguments may be as liable to demonstrate likenesses as differences.
Empson’s God
Authors: Griffiths Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the poem starts, we find ourselves already in the thick of things, if, that is, we find ourselves at all, for there is no pronoun to show who it is who is, or should be, ‘not wrongly moved’. An old habit of contrast, opposition even, helps us guess at a ‘we’ from the ‘they’ of ‘they fought’. And yet old habits, however die-hard, are not a reliable guide amid the novelties to be expected from a poem first published as ‘Machine Age’ and so perhaps wondering, right up-to-date with Herbert Read, ‘Has [the artist] any function in a machine.
Alice and Ulysses’s Bough: Nonsense in Empson
Authors: Haughton Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empson’s essay on Lewis Carroll’s Alice books, ‘The Child as Swain’, is probably the single most influential essay on those nineteenth-century classics, and one of the great essays of twentieth-century literary criticism. Freudian psychoanalysis, Surrealism, and literary modernism, had all opened new doors on to the peculiar territory of nonsense colonized by Carroll and Lear, with authors as different as James Joyce, T. S. Eliot, Louis Aragon, Breton, and Nabokov, taking up their legacy. Dodgson is an avatar of the father figure of Finnegans Wake and T. S. Eliot projected a book called Inventions of the March Hare.
Empson’s Tact
Authors: Creasy Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Empson is not famous for his tact. When the poet and social commentator Charles Madge asked for his appraisal of some unpublished literary critical material in March 1936, Empson did not pull his punches. He listed Madge’s strengths, then rounded upon his weaknesses: ‘the shape of the book I think is bloody insolent I advise you very heartily not to publish this as it stands.’ Commenting on these harsh judgements, Empson noted: I smack this out in a state of moderate beer assuming that you are not appallingly sensitive.
An Interview with William Empson
Authors: Norris Christopher , Wilson David B , Wilson David B , Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 1970 I was temporarily over from Finland. I had been commissioned by my publishers to produce a language course for Finnish schools based on authentic recordings of English teenagers. For this purpose I had been provided with a state-of-the-art portable tape recorder. It was also my intention, whilst in London, to collect material for a study of William Empson as a poet-critic. At that time I was rather pleased with myself as I had just had accepted for publication a piece on John Donne which began, with Empsonian insouciance, ‘Anyone who has read John Donne’s “The Flea” in a French translation will have noticed . . . ’ It went on to argue, quite wrong-headedly, that Donne’s poem was a nexus of occluded French puns (puce, pucelle, pucelage, dépuceler , and the subjunctive puisse ), clearly derived from the poems collected as La Puce de Mme Desroches (1583). I had originally entitled the article ‘Donne the Puce Man’, but for some reason the editor wouldn’t allow this. I didn’t go quite so far as to suggest that Donne had been secretly and bigamously married to Mme Desroches’s beautiful daughter, Catherine, between whose breasts a flea had been seen rapturously parquée . But that was only because Empson had not yet shown the way with the example of his Marvell essays in Using Biography . (I later learned thatmy piece had been accepted for publication, not because of its Empsonian cleverness, but because it was thought to be the work of a certain elderly and respected Ronsard scholar who had to be humoured and happened to have the same name as myself.)
St Paul’s School
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St Paul’s School is now a major public school in West London (Barnes), to which it moved from Hammersmith in 1968. For many centuries, however, it was a one-room school that stood on the north side of the old St Paul’s Cathedral, a short walk from Milton’s house. The school and all its records, together with the cathedral and much of the City, perished in the Great Fire of 1666, so the earliest record of Milton’s attendance there is the admissions book of Christ’s College, Cambridge. No extant record includes the dates of his attendance at St Paul’s; he must have left near the end of 1624, but he may have entered the school any time between 1615 and 1621.
The First Civil War
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Milton’s marriage very quickly took an unsatisfactory turn. The early biographers broadly agree, though Cyriack Skinner and Edward Phillips wrote long after the event, albeit that the former was probably reporting events he witnessed and the latter was certainly living in his uncle’s household over this period. Phillips was probably John Aubrey’s only source for that part of his narration. All agree that Mary Milton returned to her family home in Forest Hill.
The Road to Regicide
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life records are singularly sketchy for the period from the death of Milton’s father in March 1647 to the publication of The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates in February 1649, which marks his open engagement with the act of regicide. The complex legal process associated with Richard Powell’s estate, discussed above, continued. In September or October 1647, presumably because his household was now reduced by the death of his and Mary’s fathers and by the removal of his mother-in-law and the dependant children that had accompanied her, Milton moved once more, quitting ‘his great House in Barbican’ for ‘a smaller in High Holbourn, among those that open backward into Lincolns-Inn Fields’, as Edward Phillips recalled.
The Purged Parliament
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Milton’s career as a public servant originated in the constitutional and administrative innovations which followed the purging of the Long Parliament and the subsequent trial and execution of Charles I. Before 1649 much of the day-to-day running of the country and fighting the war had been invested in successive high-level committees: the Committee of Safety, followed in 1644 by the Committee of Both Kingdoms (which also served to coordinate the combined endeavours of England and Scotland), and finally in 1648 by the Derby House Committee (or ‘the Committee of Both Houses’), whose role and title changed to reflect the breach with the Scots.
The Sunlit Uplands
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two intertwined issues dominated English politics from late 1667 to the end of Milton’s life: toleration (and repression) and Anglo-Dutch relations; a third, the increasing odium in which Charles’s audaciously outrageous court was held by most of the political nation, provided an ever-present background. Milton’s engagement with events on the national scale was for the most part tenuous, but he still had friends close to power (and from 1673 his engagement became closer). Arthur Annesley, since 1661 earl of Anglesey, remained a privy counsellor, intermittently holding high office, as treasurer of the navy and Lord Privy Seal, though for some of the time a senior role in the administration of Ireland kept him abroad.
On Form
Authors: Leighton Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is form? Why does form matter? In this imaginative and ambitious study, Angela Leighton assesses not only the legacy of Victorian aestheticism, and its richly resourceful keyword, ‘form’, but also the very nature of the literary. She shows how writers, for two centuries and more, have returned to the idea of form as something which contains the secret of art itself. She tracks the development of the word from the Romantics to contemporary poets, and offers close readings of, among others, Tennyson, Pater, Woolf, Yeats, Stevens, and Plath, to show how form has provided the single most important way of accounting for the movements of literary language itself. She investigates, for instance, the old debate of form and content, of form as music or sound-shape, as the ghostly dynamic and dynamics of a text, as well as its long association with the aestheticist principle of being ‘for nothing’. In a wide-ranging and inventive argument, she suggests that form is the key to the pleasure of the literary text, and that that pleasure is part of what literary criticism itself needs to answer and convey.
Mapping Population Movement
Authors: Carroll Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information on the origins of those who died was included in many epitaphs, and this can be used, albeit imperfectly, to study physical mobility in the Roman empire. These details might reveal the voting district in which the person was registered, the city or province of origin, or, in the case of non-citizens, the ethnic origin and tribal affiliation of the deceased. A legionary soldier, for example, from Calagurris in northern Spain might end up being posted in Nijmegen on the German frontier, giving us insight into the movement of someone who chose to pursue a military career. A merchant from Syria might follow his business interests and end up residing in Gaul on the Saone river, dealing in goods from Lyon and Aquitania.
The Lists Of Calatores For The Years ad 101 and 1021
Authors: Rüpke Jörg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alongside the various arval acta that have survived in the form of inscriptions, the acta of the secular games of 17 bc and ad 204, the list of vicomagistri of the schola on the via Marmorata, and the dedication of the curatores regionum for ad 134, not to forget the tablet belonging to Agrippinilla’s Dionysus club, the lists of calatores of ad 101 and 102 are among the single documents of Roman religious his- tory that are the most rich in names so far as religious specialists are concerned. After an initial controversy be- tween Alfred von Domaszewski and Georg Wissowa, Edmund Groag in a 1918 article provided a summary that advanced the subject in many ways.
Mimesis: ancient Greek literary theory
Authors: Nightingale Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discipline of literary criticism did not exist until literature itself came into being. This occurred when poetic and verbal artworks—originally performed orally—were encoded in written texts. In the Western tradition, this took place in ancient Greece, in the sixth and fifth centuries bce. Literacy spread very slowly in Classical Greece, and the primary medium of communication remained oral up to the end of the fourth century. Gradually, the Greeks began to inscribe their great poems in written texts, and in the fifth and fourth centuries developed the art of prose literature. In this period, most written texts functioned as scripts for performance; but, for the educated élite, written texts took on a life of their own: these individuals began to read and evaluate literature in the privacy of their homes, outside the realm of public performance. Verbal artworks thus became literature, and this, in turn, led to literary criticism.
I. A. Richards
Authors: Banfield Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A. Richards’s critical activity spans the period from Modernism—Principles of Literary Criticism appeared in 1924—to French structuralism. Richards reviewed a structuralist analysis of Shakespeare by his Harvard colleague, the Russian linguist Roman Jakobson, in 1970. He also commented on generative grammar in two articles published in 1967–8. He thus recalls a time when criticism acknowledged the importance of language and the existence of linguistics. Yet that acknowledgement also meant severing the academic study of literature from Germanic philology, which had ushered in the study of English literature over classics through the history of English: the chair of Anglo-Saxon at Cambridge was first occupied in 1878 by W. W. Skeat, editor of Beowulf.
The New Criticism
Authors: Matterson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Criticism was extraordinarily influential from the end of the 1930s on into the 1950s. It is widely considered to have revolutionized the teaching of literature, to have helped in the definition of English Studies, and to have been a crucial starting-point for the development of critical theory in the second half of the twentieth century. However, it is in some respects an unusual critical theoretical movement. It is not dominated by any single critic, it has no manifesto, no clearly defined and agreed-upon starting-point, and there is no clear statement of its aims, provenance, and membership. The label that we have for it was first formally applied in 1941, in a book with that title by the American poet and critic John Crowe Ransom; yet Ransom’s book was as much about the need for a certain kind of critic as it was about identifying New Criticism. There is no typical ‘New Critic’. The critics whom Ransom examined in his 1941 book promptly rejected the label and dissociated themselves from what he was calling New Criticism, while the critics who are now usually designated New Critics were hardly mentioned by Ransom at all.
Writing excess: the poetic principle of post-literary culture
Authors: Wilson Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The poetry of paradoxical equivalence: money equals poetry; poetry equals money. Beauty equals efficiency. Capitalism equals war. War equals desire. Desire equals machine. People equal shit. The latter equation was the controversial slogan of the nu-metal band Slipknot, and the title of one of the tracks of their 1999 Iowa album, acclaimed by a music critic as ‘the Sgt Pepper of negativity’. The slogan also appears as part of a signifying assemblage that features on much of their merchandise: posters, T-shirts, hoodies, and so on.
Introduction
Authors: Chappell Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After twenty-four centuries, Aristotle’s influence on our society’s moral thinking remains profound even when subterranean. Much of the finest work in recent ethics has been overtly Aristotelian in inspiration, especially, of course, in the area of virtue ethics— but not only there. Many writers who would officially distance themselves from Aristotle and his contemporary followers are none the less indebted to him, sometimes in ways that they do not even realize.
The Admirable Life and the Desirable Life
Authors: Zagzebski Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently virtue ethicists have given a lot of attention to the connection between two senses of a good life: the moral sense and the sense of a happy or flourishing life. Socrates insisted that a virtuous life is both necessary and sufficient for happiness, a claim that is as hard for us to accept as it was for the jury in Socrates’ trial. Still, many moral philosophers continue to exercise their ingenuity in arguing that the moral life is at least necessary for the happy life, even if not sufficient, but even this weaker claim is unconvincing to many. It seems to me that whenever someone makes a claim that stretches credibility and it continues to influence countless reflective persons for millennia, it is worth examining the motives behind it.
Can Nietzsche be Both an Existentialist and a Virtue Ethicist?
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall argue that the existentialist and virtue-ethical strands of Nietzsche’s thought can be reconciled by showing that Nietzsche’s allusions to virtue and vice have a common theme. later built on by both existentialist writers and the psychoanalytic dissection of the inferiority complex. The theme is escape from self— its uniqueness, its freedom, its creativity, its suffering, its memories, its impotence, its vulnerability. Throughout his writings Nietzsche emphasizes this feature, for example:
‘Like the Bloom on Youths’: How Pleasure Completes our Lives
Authors: Brännmark Johan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life with little or no pleasure would be a bleak affair. One might even wonder whether such a dreary life would be worthwhile at all. Some, the philosophical hedonists, go so far as to say that pleasure is the sole thing that can make a life go well. Perhaps that is going too far; but if you are going to be a monist about the human good, then hedonism’s account of this one good is a very natural one. Even if it is not where all of us end up, it is where most of us start. This suggests that hedonism is a position that should be taken more seriously than it usually is among philosophers today.
Postcolonial Norway? Ibsen’s Cultural Resources
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ibsen’s biographers have been cowed by his self-representation as a man who never read a book, a genius untouched by the artistic and intellectual culture of his time, a writer influenced by nothing and nobody. They have also happily followed Ibsen’s lead when it comes to the importance of his nationality. The result is a picture of Ibsen the Norwegian, a natural genius emerging from the wild mountains of his homeland, uninfluenced by European cultural and intellectual life. This picture may have suited Ibsen (it would have protected him against more serious inquiries into his cultural and intellectual allegiances), but it has little to do with the truth. Since there is no intellectual biography that places Ibsen in relation both to the cultural situation in Norway and to the larger European cultural movements of his century, I begin by providing some elements towards a biographical analysis of Ibsen’s cultural position. I shall begin by asking what we are to make of his nationality.