bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phylogenetic Significance Of Flagellar Hairs In The Chromophyta
Authors: Leadbeater Barry S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heterokont flagellation, characterized by the presence of two flagella, one of which contains semi-rigid, tripartite, tubular hairs, is a feature common to motile cells of six chromophyte classes. On the basis of other ultrastructural and biochemical information five of these classes, namely the Raphidophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Phaeophyceae form a well defined natural grouping. The sixth class, the Eustigmatophyceae, whilst sharing many heterokont features and, therefore, probably having a common ancestry with the other heterokont classes, is sufficiently different in other respects to suggest an early phylogenetic separation. Semi-rigid tubular hairs are also characteristic of the Cryptophyceae but here the flagellation is not heterokont. Whilst probably sharing a common ancestry with the heterokont chromophytes the general absence of many other features associated with heterokont chromophytes leads us to the conclusion that the Cryptophyceae diverged from the main heterokont lineage at a very early stage. Based on flagellar morphology alone the Dinophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae would appear to be phylogenetically isolated from each other and from the remainder of the Chromophyta.
Evolutionary rates 1n the Teloschistaceae
Authors: Karnefelt I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Teloschistaceae is generally recognized as a rather natural unit in the lichenized Ascomycotina. However, the same family has long been known to include an assemblage of rather unnatural genera and, in addition, there are numerous problems concerning delimitation of species among those genera. Problems related particularly to gradual geographical speciation are discussed in three of the most important genera in the Teloschistaceae and illustrated mainly from the African flora in the genera Xanthoria, Teloschistes, and Caloplaca. In one species in particular, Xanthoria mendozae, the known distributional pattern in the Southern Hemisphere supported by geological events and with only few opportunities for long distance dispersal, indicates an ancient history for this lichen. Two cladograms or strict consensus trees are presented, supporting the presumed unnatural affinities among accepted genera in the family.
Evolutionary inference: the value of viewing evolution through stickleback-tinted glasses
Authors: Foster Susan A , Bell Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
threespine stickleback species complex possesses a number of attributes that make it particularly suitable for evolutionary studies. This stickleback has undergone remarkable phenotypic diversification in freshwater habitats since the deglaciation of north-western North America, Scotland, and other less extensively studied regions (reviewed in Bell and Foster page 16 this volume). In some instances, speciation has occurred since the last deglaciation (McPhail Chapter 14 this volume). In addition, there exist many seemingly older, freshwater populations, and the marine, estuarine, and anadromous ancestors (hereafter referred to as marine ancestors) of the freshwater populations are extant in both the Atlantic and Pacific basins (Bell and Foster page 2). Extensive postglacial diversity, coupled with a limited, though long and informative, fossil record, provides a chronological dimension that is lacking in other species. The diversity of phenotypes, population ages, and interrelationships makes possible interpopulation comparisons that will shed light upon a variety of issues in evolutionary biology and that would be impossible in species with more obscure intraspecific phylogeny.
Parent-offspring conflict II: models of resolution
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the ‘ battleground’ debate’ over parent-offspring conflict has now subsided, it is far from clear how such disagreements over PI allocation should be resolved. In this chapter we present two modelling approaches to behavioural conflicts, addressing whether (i) offspring arc likely to succeed in extracting Pl from parents against parental interests (an outcome called ‘ off spring wins’ ), (ii) parents thwart such attempts (‘ parent wins’ ), or (iii) neither party wholly prevails (various levels of ‘ compromise’ ). An excellent review of the current models is given by Godfray (1995b).
Tests of parent-offspring conflict vs. collaboration
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once tuned in, one is hard-pressed not to see conspicuous manifestations of parent-offspring ‘ conflict’ everywhere. For even a casual POC connoisseur, five minutes in any supermarket is an observational feast: children ogle chocolate bars, chewing gum and brightly wrapped peppermints (thoughtfully displayed by store managers right where shoppers must linger in the checkout line) and pester their parents with farragos of whining pleas. Parents vary greatly in their responsiveness to such ploys, but one is drawn irresistibly to imagine that candy sales must be higher, possibly much higher, as a result of the begging. Next our connoisseur proceeds to a toy store .
Sibling rivalry in ectothermic vertebrates
Authors: Mock Douglas W , Parker Geoffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most fishes, reptiles and amphibians, offspring receive no post-zygotic parental investment, shareable or otherwise, and have little to contest with siblings they seldom if ever contact. Because most species are oviparous (hatching from eggs outside the mother’ s body), sibling embryos arc physically separated by shell membranes and thus remain isolated from one another until hatching, after which they are on their own (Shine 1988, Clutton-Brock 1991). Additionally, in contrast to birds and mammals, parental feeding of offspring is extremely rare. In some anurans, however, parents place larval offspring in small aquatic nurseries (restricted bodies of water suitable for early development, including rain-filled puddles, tree-holes, leaf axils, bromeliad ‘ tanks,’ ponds, and other ephemeral catchments). Many of these are prone to shrinkage and/or resource depiction from various consumers. Alternatively, off spring may be affixed to parental body parts. Either way, key resources may become limiting and highly developed sibling rivalry sometimes arises.
Heterotrophic Flagellates Associated With Sedimenting Detritus
Authors: Caron David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suspended detrital aggregates in aquatic environments are specialized micro-environments for heterotrophic protists in planktonic ecosystems. Ranging in size from a few micrometers to several centimeters, many of these aggregates harbour rich communities of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and photosynthetic eukaryotes, thereby constituting patches of highly elevated abundances of prey for many species of protozoa. Because these particles often contain concentrations of protozoan prey many times greater than in the surrounding seawater, suspended particles often are sites for the aggregation and growth of phagotrophic flagellates and other protozoa in pelagic ecosystems. Abundances of flagellated protozoa on particles can be more than two orders of magnitude greater than in an equivalent volume of water in the same environment without visible particles. Many of these species are ‘particle-associated’ forms and similar to benthic species, poorly adapted to planktonic existence but capable of capturing micro-organisms loosely associated with, or attached to, the particle surfaces. Protozoa on suspended detrital aggregates play a significant role in the remincralization of organic carbon and nutrients contained in suspended particulate material, and undoubtedly contribute to the flux of these elements in aquatic ecosystems
Phagotrophy in prymnesiophyte flagellates
Authors: Green J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phagotrophy has been noted in only three genera of the Prymnesiophyta, namely Prymnesium (one species), Coccolithus (the motile Crystallolithus phase of Coccolithus pelagicus only) and Chrysochromulina (20 species and two unnamed strains). It has been recorded either from observation of live specimens or by the detection of ingested material in electron micrographs of sectioned material. Most records suggest that phagotrophic prymnesiophytes are omnivorous, though there is tentative evidence that some prey selection may take place. Current theories with respect to osmotrophy following the induced release of nutrients from prey organisms by toxins released by predator cells (dasmotrophy) are discussed briefly. It is suggested that facultative heterotrophy may be of advantage to opportunistic prymnesiophyte species.
Shikimate Pathway: Why Does It Mean So Much To So Many?”
Authors: Singh Bijay K , Siehl Daniel L , Connelly James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chromagens providing brilliant colors in flowers and fruits, phytoalexins and cyanogenic compounds for plant defense, auxins responsible for a myriad of plant functions, lignins for structural support and folic acid for plant growth are only a few examples of the numerous compounds derived from the shikimic acid pathway. In addition to their obvious role in protein biosynthesis, the end products of this pathway, tryptophan, tyrosine and phenylalanine, are the substrates for all of these vital plant processes.
Important cis-regulatory elements involved in the regulation of genes expressed in developing seeds
Authors: BÄumlein Helmut , Fiedler Ulrike , Weschke Winfriede , Wobus Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seed development is a complex process involving the regulated expression of different groups of genes. Here we summarize studies on cis-regulatory elements of two functionally different seed-specific genes of Vicia faha var. minor. They were carried out to identify possible similarities and differences in how these genes are regulated in transgenic tobacco plants. In this way we hope to learn more about the regulatory network controlling the gene expression patterns which underly the morphological and physiological processes leading to the mature seed.
Molecular characterization of cocoa storage proteins and proteinases
Authors: O’connor Juli , Masters Karen E , F. Revell Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cocoa, the raw material from which all chocolate products originate, is derived from the beans of Theobroma cacao. Cocoa flavour is a uniquely desirable and highly complex combination of components, including reducing sugars, peptides, and amino acids (Mohr et al. 1971, 1976; Biehl et al. 1982; Pettipher 1990; Macdonald et al. 1991). The peptide component of this flavour is derived by endogenous proteolytic cleavage of the seed storage proteins during the fermentation of cocoa beans. On roasting the beans, this complex mixture of compounds generates the highly specific cocoa flavour via Maillard reactions.
Starch synthesis and deposition in developing cereal endosperms
Authors: Duffus C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identity and concentration of the carbon-containing molecules entering the developing cells of the immature cereal endosperm are not known with any certainty. The main source of carbon for starch synthesis is generally believed to be sucrose (Jenner 1982; Duffus 1992), the evidence for this being based partly on observations by Porter (1962) which showed that sucrose is the major transport material in higher plants. Analysis of peduncle sieve tube sap (Fisher 1987) has indicated that sucrose is not the sole carbon-containing compound entering the grain. Samples were obtained using exuding aphid stylets and it was shown that sucrose, amino acids, and potassium accounted for 75-90 per cent of the total exudate osmolarity. Thus, sucrose is not the sole source of carbon entering the developing grain. The relative amounts of the different amino acids in grain protein are very different from those thought to enter the developing endosperm. There is therefore likely to be much metabolic transformation of amino acids before their incorporation into grain protein. In mammalian systems, amino acids not incorporated directly into protein can be recycled into pathways of carbohydrate synthesis following deamination. It is quite likely therefore, and some evidence exists to support this hypothesis, that carbon from amino acids may be used in starch synthesis (Duffus and Rosie 1978; Donovan et al. 1983).
Carnitine and its role in the plant cell
Authors: Thomas D R , Masterson C , Miernyk J A , Noh Hj Jalil M , Ariffin A , Burgess N E , Mcneil P H , Fox S R , Toroser D , Wood C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carnitine is the quaternary amine 3-hydroxy-4-N-trimethyl ammonium butyrate. It was first discovered and the empirical formula established as C7H15N03 in 1905 (Kutscher 1905; Gulewitsch and Krimberg 1905). Crawford and Kenyon (1927) established the structure as (CH3)3 N+CH2 CHOHCH2 COOH. Murray et al. (1980) stated that two low-energy forms of carnitine occurred, an extended conformer (Fig. 18.IA) and a folded conformer (Fig. 18.IB). The preferred form was the extended conformer. Carbon atom 3 is asymmetric. Of the two isomers, Lcarnitine is the biologically active form and occurs in nature. Its isomer, ocarnitine, is a competitive inhibitor of L-carnitine’s biological action. The hydroxyl group on carbon atom 3 of L-carnitine may be esterified by any of the aliphatic series of monocarboxylic acids (Fig. 18.1C).
Modification of plant seed storage proteins
Authors: Krebbers Enno , Silva ConceiÇao Alexandre Da , Kathleen D’Hondt Martine Denis , Vandekerckhove Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seeds of most higher plants contain large quantities of reserve or storage proteins. Other chapters in this volume have described their biological role, the structures of both the proteins and their genes, and their regulation and biosynthesis. The knowledge represented in those chapters has made it possible to consider expressing modified seed protein as well as completely foreign proteins in seeds. The latter topic is addressed in a different volume in this series (Krebbers et al. 1993). This review will briefly explore the reasons for modifying seed proteins and some of the experimental strategies which are being employed by various workers in the field, and then touch on some recent progress in the authors’ laboratories. Some of the ideas in this review have been published in longer form elsewhere (Krebbers et al. 1992).
The Robinsons of Chesterfield
Authors: Williams Trevor I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relative influence of nature and nurture on character and ability can never be precisely defined, but it cannot be doubted that family background and upbringing are significant factors in shaping the characters and careers of individuals. In the case of Robert Robinson we have a quite exceptional opportunity of exploring family background and relationships, for one member of the family, Philip Robinson, devoted much time in the early 1930s to compiling an exhaustive family history—covering nine generations—of the Robinsons of Chesterfield. This appeared in 1937 as a handsome 320-page volume, for private circulation within the family; to this was added a 136-page supplementary volume in 1961. That this mine of information ever saw the light of day was purely a matter of chance.
Food preferences and nutrition
Authors: Alderman H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is so often the case, an economist’s notion of preferences differs from common usage. In consumer theory, observed behaviour says as much about prices and access to resources as it does about preferences. This is not merely an academic quibble, although theorists debate whether tastes are fixed or not (Stigler and Becker 1977). Both the level and the trend of food consumption patterns in Egypt reflect the influence of government pricing policies as well as habits. Consequently, it is necessary to delve into such policies if one is interested in understanding current consumption, or in speculating on what may occur were changes in price policy to occur. This chapter, then, will begin with a section discussing statistics of average levels of food consumption with reference to changes in recent years. It will then devote attention to subsidy and distribution policies before concluding with a discussion of indicators of nutritional status.
Government and the infrastructure in Egyptian agriculture
Authors: Ayubi N N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government has always had much to do with the prosperity or decline of Egyptian agriculture, and therefore of the country’s whole economy. Traditionally, the influence of the Egyptian Government has been through its control of irrigation networks and its ownership of arable land. The state control over land was, however, weakened from the mid-nineteenth century, when private ownership of land was introduced, a process which, one century later, left much of the country’s arable land in the possession of a few owners. Following the 1952 Revolution, the Egyptian Government introduced a series of agrarian reforms and agricultural projects that were aimed not only at achieving higher equality in the society and higher productivity in agriculture, but also at ensuring the government’s organizational and political control over the countryside.
Agricultural education, research, and extension
Authors: Mansour M E I , Ismail S A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary cultural trends in Egypt necessitated the speeding up of the growth of education (Boktar 1963). Agricultural education has not been an exception. Rather, it has been treated as a matter of priority in the educational expansion programmes. Table 21.1 illustrates the substantial growth in agricultural education during the period 1952-89. Such a development in the size of agricultural education in Egypt is related to several factors. First, education, of which agricultural education is an integral part, is regarded in Egypt as an important means of social regeneration and integration. Second, attempts are being made to achieve economic and social development through the expansion of cultivated land, the establishment of new factories, and the shift from a traditional to a modern economy. In consequence, agricultural education is considered indispensable for providing the appropriate manpower required in different parts of the agricultural sector. Third, the need for more agricultural education has been felt strongly in the 1970s and 1980s due to the expansion of the agricultural sector in other Arab countries, especially Iraq and the Gulf States.
The historical and social background
Authors: Kaichen Dong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The culture of China, in which the Han nationality predominates, originated in the middle reaches of the Yellow River valley. The ruins of a primitive community of 4000 BC, discovered in Banpo village, near Xi’an in Shaanxi province, provide evidence of this. These ruins, located on the terrace of Weishui tributary, occupy an area of 5000 m. In the centre, there are numerous remains of house foundations and cellars for grain storage, all of which are round or square in shape. The earthenware pots from the site even contained some intact millet and vegetable seeds. Other similar cultural relics of the Neolithic Age have been found at hundreds of other sites in the area.
Climate, hydrology, and water resources
Authors: Walsh R P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The whole of the Sudan, apart from the highest peaks of the Jebel Marra area, the Red Sea Hills, and the southern mountains, experiences a tropical climate, in that monthly mean temperatures always exceed 18°C. There are, however, major contrasts in rainfall and humidity and several distinct climatic types, characterized by contrasting agricultural crops and systems, can be identified (Fig. 2.1 and Table 2.1). The climate of the Sudan ranges from Desert types in the north and Tropical Semi-Arid and Sub-Humid climates with a short summer rainy season in central Sudan, to Tropical Wet-Dry and Tropical Rainy climatic types with progressively longer wet seasons in the south. Summary characteristics of each climatic type are given in Table 2.1.
Agricultural credit
Authors: Hansohm D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Sudan the formal financial system consists of the Bank of Sudan (the central bank), 21 commercial banks (national, foreign, and joint venture), with 214 branches (1987 data), three savings institutions (the Sudanese Savings Bank (SSB), the Post Office Savings Bank, and the Premium Saving Bonds Project), three specialized banks (the Agricultural Bank of Sudan (ABS), the Industrial Bank of Sudan (IBS), and the Estates Bank of Sudan), and some developmental institutions, for example, the Sudan Rural Development Company Ltd. (SRDC). Most of these agencies are engaged in financing the agricultural sector, either directly or indirectly.
Bell’ s model
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first theoretical models of the immune system was that proposed by George Bell in 1970-71 (Bell, 1970, 1971a, 1971b). The model is based entirely on differential equations and therefore cannot realistically simulate an immune system consisting of small numbers of many different kinds of cells, but nevertheless does predict many of the observed properties of a real system.
Perceptrons
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more mathematically rigorous treatments of a neural network is that of Minsky and Papert, originally published in 1969, but republished with an epilogue in 1988. Minsky and Papert’ s theory deals with an object called a perceptmn originally proposed by Rosenblatt (1962). On one level, perceptrons can be thought of as purely .algebraic objects about which rigorous theorems can be stated and proved. Indeed, Minsky and Papert’ s book deals with perceptrons, for the most part, in this way. However, the properties of perceptrons make them relevant to the study of real neurons, at least on a simple level.
Attractor neural networks
Authors: Rowe Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to now, the memory models we have considered have been what we might call ‘ single-pass’ networks. Once a set of patterns has been learned, only a single pass through the network is required to produce a response when an input is presented. A perceptron, having only one layer, essentially requires only a single computation to produce an answer of ‘ true’ or ‘ false’ . A PDP network with hidden units may require several computations, but only one sweep of the net from the input layer to the output layer is needed before a response is generated.
The Comparative Method: Basic Procedures
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having considered in general terms the development of the Comparative Method since the late eighteenth century we are now in a position to turn our attention to the details of the method itself, and to the specific procedures involved in applying it. As noted earlier, despite the success of the Comparative Method in the hands of nineteenth century linguists, and their belief in its scientific status as a means of uncovering the laws governing language development, there was no serious attempt at that time to make explicit the procedures involved. These procedures were evidently regarded as to some extent a matter of improvisation, of personal insight, rather than of strict application of mechanical principles. Twentieth-century linguistics, especially in the variety of structuralism developed in America, has also tried, in its own rather different way, to be scientific, but in this case with a conscious attempt to be as explicit as possible in its methods and procedures, even to the point of defining its entities in procedural rather than conceptual terms.1 As we have noted, it is one of the achievements of historical linguists in the first half of the twentieth century to have approached the diachronic dimension with the same rigour that they applied to synchronic linguistic description, and to have developed explicit procedures for linguistic reconstruction.