bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adventist men, and at least younger and middle-aged Adventist women, experience fewer fatal and nonfatal heart attacks than non-Adventists at a given age (see Chapter 2). This observation demands explanation, so in this chapter dietary associations with coronary heart disease (CHD) that may partially explain the lower risk among Adventists are sought. Detailed information on diet and other health habits was collected in the Adventist Health Study. Since no non-Adventists were included as a comparison group, the contrasts were between the CHD experience of different groups of Adventists defined by their dietary habits. One benefit of looking only within the Adventist group is that there is less risk that differences in other lifestyle, psychological, educational, or even genetic factors may interfere with the interpretation of comparisons.
This chapter is the first of three dealing with the possibility that individual foods or food groups can influence the risk of chronic disease. It is confusing to the public and to health professionals that well-designed dietary epidemiologic studies often seem to produce conflicting results when specific dietary factors are evaluated. Few foods or nutrients have not been claimed, on the basis of some study, to be either hazardous or beneficial in regard to cardiovascular disease or cancer. As this book focuses on diet and health and uses epidemiologic data as its main basis, an attempt at clarification is in order.
A Novel Defense of Scientific Realism
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vigorous and controversial, this book develops a sustained argument for a realist interpretation of science, based on a new analysis of the concept of predictive novelty. Identifying a form of success achieved in science—the successful prediction of novel empirical results—which can be explained only by attributing some measure of truth to the theories that yield it, Jarrett Leplin demonstrates the incapacity of nonrealist accounts to accommodate novel success and constructs a deft realist explanation of novelty. To test the applicability of novel success as a standard of warrant for theories, Leplin examines current directions in theoretical physics, fashioning a powerful critique of currently developing standards of evaluation. Arguing that explanatory uniqueness warrants inference, and exposing flaws in contending philosophical positions that sever explanatory power from epistemic justification, Leplin holds that abductive, or explanatory, inference is as fundamental as enumerative or eliminative inference, and contends that neither induction nor abduction can proceed without the other on pain of generating paradoxes. Leplin’s conception of novelty has two basic components: an independence condition, ensuring that a result novel for a theory have no essential role, even indirectly, in the theory’s provenance; and a uniqueness condition, ensuring that no competing theory provides a basis for predicting the same result. Showing that alternative approaches to novelty fall short in both respects, Leplin proceeds to a series of test cases, engaging prominent scientific theories from nineteenth-century accounts of light to modern cosmology in an effort to demonstrate the epistemological superiority of his view. Ambitious and tightly argued, A Novel Defense of Scientific Realism advances new positions on major topics in philosophy of science and offers a version of realism as original as it is compelling, making it essential reading for philosophers of science, epistemologists, and scholars in science studies.
Gender Differences in Response to Drugs and Environmental Toxicants
Authors: Mattison Donald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of gender differences in the disposition of, and response to drugs (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) and environmental toxicants (toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics) is in some dispute. Indeed, there is little in contemporary textbooks of toxicology or environmental or occupational medicine to alert readers to the potential importance of gender differences. Regarding the influence of gender on pharmacokinetics, some argue that there are few gender related differences while others suggest that women have been underrepresented in clinical trials and as a consequence we don’t fully understand the extent of gender differences. In fact, women appear to have a higher frequency of adverse reactions to drugs, suggesting significant gender differences in disposition and dynamics. Recently, Calabrese suggested that gender differences in several toxicokinetic factors could be observed in humans and Fletcher et al.10 have made similar observations about some drugs.
Sex Steroid Hormonal Influences On Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Meilahn Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the basic tenets of this book is that variations in disease frequency provide clues about disease etiology. The higher rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) in men than women, in particular during the reproductive years, points to a role for sex steroid hormones in pathogenesis. This chapter examines the commonly accepted role of sex hormones in explaining this “gender gap” as well as the interaction between risk factors and sex hormones that may influence susceptibility to CAD.
Anatomy of the Female and Male Genital Tracts
Authors: Trucco Giuliana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The female and male genital systems share basic similarities in morphology and function. Both exist in order to allow for reproduction. Both produce germ cells and transport these cells to the site of fertilization. There are also more subtle similarities that may appear to be differences. For example, it may seem that only a single ovum is produced once a month, while millions of spermatozoa are simultaneously ejaculated. In reality, many ova start the “challenge” of maturation each month, but only one reaches ovulation. Similarly, only one sperm “wins” the race for fertilization.
Evolutionary Processes Implicit in Distribution Patterns of Modern African Mammals
Authors: Grubb Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organisms have evolved through anagenesis and cladogenesis. The latter process, particularly in its geographical context, remains a source of controversy. Studies of African mammals have hardly contributed to our knowledge of cladogenesis, so it may be constructive to look at the fauna afresh with this subject in mind. This exercise should provide parallels with the evolution of hominids.
Biogeography, Dietary Specialization, and the Diversification of African Plio-Pleistocene Monkeys
Authors: Benefit Brenda R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fossil cercopithecoids occur at all Plio-Pleistocene hominid-bearing deposits. In many ways the geographic range, patterns of regional abundance, speciation and extinction, as well as the paleobiology of Plio-Pleistocene cercopithecoid monkeys mirror those observed for early hominids (Dunbar, 1983, 1992a; Foley, 1993). As for the hominids, several Old World monkey taxa occur exclusively in either eastern or southern Africa (fig. 13-1), and many exhibit postcranial features indicative of a predominantly terrestrial habitus (Jolly, 1970; Delson, 1975; Birchette, 1981, 1982; M. G. Leakey, 1982; Ciochon, 1986). It is likely that the larger-bodied monkeys and australopithecines shared dietary resources, fled from the same predators, and competed with each other for safe sleeping sites. It is certain that they experienced the same changes in climate and vegetation. Consequently, understanding the evolutionary history of eastern and southern African monkeys should provide insight about the circumstances that influenced the initial emergence and divergence of our bipedal ancestors.
Toward an Evolutionary History of African Hipparionine Horses
Authors: Bernor Raymond L , Armour-Chelu Miranda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Africa has long attracted the study of Neogene vertebrate fossils, particularly hominid primates. Field research programs aimed at discovery of hominids have brought the bonus of large fossil vertebrate collections and an increasing interest in the relationships between environmental change and community evolutionary response (Andrews & Van Couvering, 1975; Van Couvering & Van Couvering, 1975; Bemor, 1983, 1984; Behrensmeyer et al., 1992). Most recently, there have been attempts to test hypotheses of global climate change forcing African community evolutionary response, with various results (Vrba, 1985d, 1988; Feibel et al., 1991; Bernor & Lipscomb, 1995; Vrba et al., 1995). Given the valuable role that fossil vertebrates play in stratigraphy, correlation, taphonomic, paleoecologic, and paleoenvironmental interpretations, it is remarkable that there is a relative dearth of systematic work accompanying the growing geological and paleoenvironmental database. The problem is far more than a taxonomic one: it is a general failure to produce vertebrate phylogenetic reconstructions within a precise stratigraphic, sedimentologic, and chronologic framework. We believe that an evolutionary record so developed forms an essential basis for pursuing a full range of paleobiological interpretive studies.
Early Hominid Dental Development and Climate Change
Authors: Rozzi Fernando Ramirez , Walker Christopher , Bromage Timothy G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scenario typically advanced suggests that the spread of more open environments during the Pliocene engendered more fibrous and abrasive vegetative foods (e.g., Bromage & Schrenk, 1995). Mammals adapted to this new condition by developing either more hypsodont teeth or teeth with more complex occlusal faces (Turner & Wood, 1993a). Therefore, environmental change may exercise selective pressure on dental development and tooth structure, the morphologies of which can be used as indicators of habitat specificity. Fortunately, patterns of dental development are naturally “fossilized” in enamel, and any change in the process of enamel formation is observable as a modification in one or more microanatomical characteristics. Analyses of enamel microstructure enable us to reconstruct changes in dental development through time. It is possible, if not expected, therefore, that, as for other Pliocene mammal groups, dental development change observed over the course of early hominid evolution may be related to environmental change.
Romance, Male Dominance, and the Quest for Investment
Authors: Townsend John Marshall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sigmund freud was confident of his ability to unravel the deepest secrets of the unconscious mind and to explain the fundamental processes of psychological development and gender identity. Yet in his often-quoted statement, he admitted he was at a loss when it came to understanding what women want. Freud is not alone: a great many men are perplexed by women’s behavior. They often find it contradictory, frustrating, and incomprehensible. One of the reasons for men’s confusion is their failure to recognize the distinction between emotional and material investment. Most women want men who are loving and tender with them but they also want men who are winners. This desire for both types of investment often causes them to behave in ways that men find baffling. For example, women tend to want more cuddling and tender shows of affection than men do, and women’s complaints about men in this respect are perennial. But at times many women also want their male partners to act passionately, lustfully, and masterfully. A woman can alternate between wanting to cuddle and nurture the man, wanting the man to cuddle and nurture her, and wanting him to act as though he were ravishing her. And all of these alternations can occur in one encounter. The same alternations can occur in verbal transactions. Sometimes a woman wants a man to be sensitive, considerate, and compliant. Other times she may want him to take a stand and argue with her.
Introduction
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calvert Vaux (1824-1895) fervently advocated the power of art to refine and elevate the human spirit. An accomplished architect and landscape architect, he believed that wellplanned, picturesque buildings and naturalistically laid-out parks and grounds enhanced the lives of all who used them. After a six-year period in Newburgh, New York, where he settled in 1850 following his training as an architect in his native England, Vaux established himself in New York City. He would practice there for the next 40 years. During this long career, he designed houses for men of wealth as well as for artists and writers and middle-class clients. He also laid out parks and cemeteries, drew plans for some of the largest public edifices America had yet seen, erected model tenements and other buildings intended to improve the conditions of the urban poor, called for intelligently planned apartment houses at an early date, and, not least of all, built many charming structures in the nation’s new public parks. His name, however, has been overshadowed by the reputations of his more well-known associates, Andrew Jackson Downing (1815-1852), the man who brought him to America, and Frederick Law Olmsted (1822-1903), the man whom Vaux introduced to the profession of landscape architecture.
Statistics in Public Health Qualitative Approaches to Public Health Problems
Authors: Stroup Donna F , Teutsch Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistics and other quantitative methods (e.g. economics, decision theory) are integral to the scientific basis of priority-setting and program evaluation in public health. This book is a concise overview of the statistical approaches to core public health functions: outbreak investigations, policy development, economic and program evaluation, managed care, and program operations
Basic Concepts of Statistics
Authors: Barker Nancy D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A genuine understanding of basic statistical concepts is critical for applying appropriate quantitative methods to public health practice. From the epidemiologist trying to determine the source of illness in an outbreak investigation to the physician interpreting the results from a statistical analysis in a medical journal, this core knowledge is imperative. Basic understanding of statistical concepts is becoming more essential with increasing technology and software development. Although a novice can perform the most sophisticated statistical techniques with a simple keystroke, quantitative methods may be inappropriately used by those who are not familiar with important details of the statistical techniques and nuances of any software used (e.g., neglecting to account for the survey design in the analysis of data from complex sample surveys).
Scleroderma and the Kidneys
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kidney involvement occurs in about 20 percent of scleroderma patients. While the good news is that 80 percent of patients will never get this complication, the bad news is that it is difficult to predict which 20 percent will be affected. Kidney problems occur most frequently in the first five years after the diagnosis and tend to happen in those individuals with diffuse skin involvement, that is, with skin thickness that extends to the upper arms or the trunk. Although this is generally true, scleroderma kidney disease can affect others as well. As I said before, through-out this book it will become clear that there are many exceptions to the rule when it comes to scleroderma patients.
Scleroderma and the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This information applies to people with systemic scleroderma, either limited or diffuse, and those with scleroderma sine sclerosis. It does not apply, or only rarely applies, to people with localized scleroderma (the morphea or linear type). Background: How the GI Tract Works Almost everyone with systemic scleroderma (about 85 per-cent of cases) has some degree of GI (gastrointestinal) tract involvement, from mild to severe. The GI tract includes the esophagus, the stomach, the small bowel or intestine, the large bowel or colon, and the rectum (see Figure 1 on page 77). It is made up of a special kind of muscle called smooth muscle, which is different from the striated (skeletal) muscles in the arms and legs. The main pathological process that happens in the GI tract in scleroderma is that the normal smooth muscle tissue is replaced by fibrotic scar tissue, a result of the fibroblasts excessive production of collagen.
Evolution, Nativism and Learning in the Development of Language and Speech
Authors: Kuhl Patricia K , Meltzoff Andrew N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infants acquire language like clockwork. Whether a baby is born in Stockholm, Tokyo, Zimbabwe or Seattle, at 3 months of age, a typically developing infant will coo. At about 7 months the baby will babble. By their first birthday, infants will have produced their first words, and by 18 months, 2-word combinations. Children of all cultures know enough about language to carry on an intricate conversation by 3 years of age.
Who Is At Risk of Developing Osteoporosis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many studies show that low bone mass leads to osteoporosis. But what is bone mass, and how is it measured? A single bone mass measurement at any commonly assessed site (forearm, heel, finger, hip, or lumbar spine) predicts the overall risk of fractures in women. Bone mass measurements also predict the risk of specific types of osteoporotic fractures, including those of the wrist, upper arm, hip, and most other sites. The site of a bone mass measurement can be important. For example, bone mass measured at the hip is a better predictor of hip fracture than bone mass measured at other sites. The relationship of bone mass to fractures is quite strong. For example, if a woman’s hip bone mass is 20 percent below normal for her age, she is about seven times more likely to have a hip fracture than a woman whose hip bone mass is 20 percent above normal for her age. The lower the bone mineral density, the higher the risk of having a fracture. In chapter 3, we will see that the definition of low bone mass or fracture threshold is arbitrary, though it may be useful when deciding which therapy to use.
Opera
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richly textured, extravagantly colorful, and filled with larger-than-life characters, the history of opera is as mesmerizing and commanding as opera itself. And no art form benefits more from being seen from the inside out--through eye-witness accounts of singers, composers, librettists, critics, historians, patrons, satirists, impresarios, designers, performers, and others--than opera. Now, in Opera: A History in Documents, Piero Weiss presents a sweeping, vivid, and carefully researched tour of operatic history. The chronologically organized primary sources include 115 passages--private letters, portions of libretti, literary criticism, satire, and poetry--from opera’s late Renaissance infancy through modern times. This first-hand testimony allows readers to experience the history of opera as eyewitnesses, offering an immediacy and validity unmatched by standard histories. Opera lovers will be transported to a Medici wedding in sixteenth century Florence, to the Haymarket Theatre for a performance of Handel’s Rinaldo, to Mozart at work on Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail, and to Bertolt Brecht’s writing desk, among many other landmarks in opera’s history. Weiss expertly guides readers, providing highly accessible introductions to each section that both contextualize the excerpts and position them within the broader historical narrative. In addition, Weiss offers original translations of more than half of the material in the book, many of them appearing in English for the first time. Stage settings, costumes, portraits, contemporary playbills, and other illustrations enliven the text and help to recreate the feel of the era under discussion. Perfect for opera aficionados, Opera: A History in Documents offers a uniquely exciting entrée into the origins and development of one of our most enduring art forms.
Opera Moves To Venice And Goes Public
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its earliest years opera emerged as an enhancement of festivities designed to glorify the rule of dynasties in city-states or the power of cardinals in Rome. Its arrival in Venice led to a radical transformation in its very essence and a new beginning in its history. Coming from Rome in 1637, what the first opera troupe found upon arriving in Venice was not a dynasty to glorify (unless it was Venice herself) but thriving commerce and, especially during carnival, a teeming international, pleasure-seeking public. Opera took root immediately, on an entirely new basis: in one form or another, the public paid to be admitted to the theater, and the introduction of this new commercial factor speedily had its effect on what the public was offered. Opera very soon learned to adapt itself to the new consumers: scenic effects remained a high priority, but now solo singing grew tremendously in importance. More and more, composers strove to exploit the solo voice in constructing their scores, and star opera singers began to dominate the operatic stage (as they do to this day). It was Venetian opera, in turn, that dominated wherever opera found a new venue, whether in Italy or abroad. And except where supported by kings or other rulers, its economic underpinnings reflected the lessons learned in Venice. The details of operatic production in seventeenth-century Venice are nowhere so clearly described as in the following extracts from a book by the theatrical chronicler Cristoforo lvanovich published in 1681. Entitled Minerva al tavolino (Minerva at her desk), it is a catalogue of all the operas produced at Venice’s numerous theaters from 1637 to the date of publication, with an appendix (from which we quote) describing the theaters themselves and how they functioned.
Mozart At Work On Die Entführung Aus Dem Serail
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1781 Mozart broke with his employer, Count Hieronymus Colloredo, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, and took up residence in Vienna as a free lance. His first major commission there was the Singspiel Die Entfuhrung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio), on which he worked that year and the next. The libretto was adapted by Gottlieb Stephanie “the Younger” from an existing libretto by C. F. Bretzner, set to music earlier that year by Johann Andre. Mozart kept his father in Salzburg informed of his progress; and the letters he wrote to him on this occasion are among the most exhaustive and revealing documents we have of his creativity as an opera composer. The first mention of the new opera occurs in a letter of 1 August 1781: The day before yesterday Stephanie the Younger gave me a libretto to compose. I must confess that, bad as he may be towards other people, of which I know nothing, he is an excellent friend to me.-The libretto is quite good. The subject is Turkish and is called: Belmonte und Konstanze, or Die Verfuhrung aus dem Serail.-The overture, the chorus in the first act, and the final chorus I will write with Turkish music. Mad:selle Cavalieri, Mad:selle Teyber, M:r Fischer, M:r Adamberger, M:r Dauer, and M:r Walter are to sing in it.-1 am so happy to be setting the libretto, that Cavalieri’s first aria, and Adamberger’s, and the trio that concludes the first act are already finished. Time is short, that is true; for it is to be produced in mid-September-however-the conditions under which it is to be performed, and generally-all the other plans-cheer my spirits so, that I hasten to my writing table with the greatest anticipation, and remain sitting there with the greatest joy.