bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problem Analysis
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Decision Analysis tools provide a structured thinking process for dealing with Planned Future Change. The Potential Problem Analysis tools provide a structured thinking process for dealing with Unplanned Future Change. Now it’s time to explore the last type of change, Unplanned Past Change (Figure 8.1) and develop the structured thinking process called Problem Analysis. It is a thinking process for finding the cause of such concerns as: “Excessive employee turnover” and “Short life of Component X.”
On the Role of Meetings
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In today’s world of increasingly rapid and broad change, seldom if ever does one person possess all the information required to “solve a problem.” Thus meetings are increasingly relied on to bring together individuals who are supposedly relevant knowledge sources to solve a problem. A problem solving meeting is, by definition, one in which a composite body of knowledge must be assembled to come to a conclusion otherwise not possible because all those who possess this knowledge would not come together in the normal course of events.
Specialized Decision Analysis Tools
Authors: Altier William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back in Chapter 4 on Situation Assessment, it was mentioned that priority setting is nothing other than application of Decision Analysis, and that some priority-setting situations require a full-blown application of the Decision Analysis tools. One such priority-setting situation is the selection of product-development projects. Often there are more project ideas vying for attention and resources than an organization could ever begin to pursue. Furthermore, in such situations objectivity is often thin at best as each person pushes for his or her pet idea to be at the head of the list.
What is a Fixed Annuity?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we described the two types of annuities in terms of the periods over which they are paid. Annuities fall into two other major categories: fixed and variable. Within the TIAA-CREF universe, TIAA issues the former and CREF the latter, and we deal with them in that order.
How Can You Take Money Out of Your TIAA-CREF Account Prior to Retirement?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assuming that your employer’s plan allows, the Code provides you with a few methods to withdraw funds from your TIAA-CREF account prior to retirement. Generally speaking, a 10% penalty applies to withdrawals taken before one reaches age 59112• In this chapter, we discuss exceptions to this rule and the avenues that they open to you as a TIAA-CREF participant.
Can You Make a Charitable Donation of Your TIAA-CREF Account?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charitable donations form the subject of numerous treatises, and the entire range of issues therefore falls well beyond the scope of this book. However, some generalizations about the interaction of the TIAA-CREF account or the rollover IRA with the charitable deduction provisions of the Code deserve mention, in part because charitable gifts of retirement accounts have become a hot topic of late. They also represent an item of considerable interest to single individuals and to educational and other nonprofit institutions.
If Your Employer’s Plan Allows, Should You Withdraw Your Money from TIAA-CREF When You Retire?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our experience, most employers allow their TIAA-CREF participants when they retire to withdraw all or a part of their accumulations from the employer’s plan and to roll over it over into an Individual Retirement Account. The Supplemental Retirement Annuity, consisting of the employee’s own funds and the earnings thereon, does not labor under any restriction on withdrawal that we have encountered. The question that is often posed to us is whether you should withdraw all or some of your funds from TIAA-CREF to whatever extent your employer allows.
Evaluation of the Patient with a Transient Ischemic Attack or an Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purposes of evaluating a patient with a suspected transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke are multiple. Studies are performed to determine whether neurological symptoms are due to ischemia. They also detect the presence of medical or neurological complications or serious comorbid diseases. In addition, tests are used to screen for the presence of risk factors that would predispose to stroke and to search for the most likely cause of the ischemic.
Pro-Thrombotic States
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regardless of the underlying vascular disease, activation of hemostatic mechanisms plays a critical role in the development of arterial or venous thromboembolism. Hemostasis involves a very complex set of interactions between cellular elements and circulating plasma proteins to maintain blood in a fluid state within the body’s arteries, capillaries, and veins. These factors can respond with thrombosis formation at the time of a vascular injury. Disturbances in the homeostasis between factors that either promote or limit thrombosis are critical in clinical complications of vascular disease. An acquired or inherited lack of a procoagulant factor can lead to major hemorrhage.
Rehabilitation and Recovery After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most physicians focus on the acute treatment of patients with stroke and leave the subsequent convalescence and recovery activities to the direction of specialists in rehabilitation. Still, physicians should know about the goals and guidelines for rehabilitation of survivors of stroke. Rehabilitation is a key component in the comprehensive array of stroke services. Successful rehabilitation is critical for successful recovery of many patients who have survived stroke. In many ways, rehabilitation is a learning process; it is an activity that requires the patient and family to relearn the activities that they once took for granted. The spectrum of stroke-related services is broad, and choices for treatment are influenced by an individual patient’s needs.
Plexopathies
Authors: Wilbourn Asa J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term plexus is derived from “plait” or “braid”: the interweaving of strands. Neural plexuses are networks of nerve fibers interposed between spinal roots and the various major peripheral nerve trunks; they provide sensation and muscle innervation to the limb and girdle regions, as well as to some portions of the head and neck. A comprehensive review of the four plexuses: the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral, and their respective disorders, is the subject of this chapter.
Infinitive Constructions with Specified Subjects
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Romance languages permit the overt realization of the grammatical subject in infinitive clauses in a considerable number of configurations. Mensching has the following goals: to describe systematically Romance infinitive constructions with specified subjects, taking into account diachronic and dialectical varieties; and then to interpret these facts within a generative framework, examining how overt subjects in infinitive clauses are licensed and what determines their case and position. His findings call for a thorough revision of the principles that have been assumed for analysing the Romance languages. Mensching uses eight Romance languages in his comparisons, among them Italian, Sardinian, Romanian, Spanish, and Portuguese.
Introduction
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the basic characteristics of infinitive constructions, according to standard assumptions, is the fact that they lack an overt subject. This property has repeatedly been emphasized in generative grammar, and it has influenced the development of common theories about phenomena like empty categories, raising, and case assignment. Some regular exceptions have been noted, however, and these fitted quite well into the assumptions concerning infinitives, such as exceptional case marking (ECM) and the insertion of the preposition for in English, where the infinitival subject appears in the accusative case. However, as demonstrated by studies like Rizzi (1982) and Raposo (1987), some Romance languages permit specified subjects in a far broader range of infinitive constructions, remarkably also in the nominative case, which would definitely fall prey to the case filter in languages like English and German. For these phenomena, scholars in generative grammar have usually emphasized the language-specific properties involved in such constructions. What has not been sufficiently underlined is the fact that specified subjects in infinitival environments can be considered a common property in most Romance languages and can be found right from the first texts, appearing in the Middle Ages.
The Basic Data
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the fundamental data, outlining in a comparative way the most important environments in which specified subjects in infinitive constructions have been possible in present and past Romance varieties. More details are offered in the discussion of existing generative accounts (chapter 4) and in the course of the subsequent analysis. This is especially the case for data concerning the extraction of the subject to the main clause, which I do not consider at this point. This chapter is essentially descriptive. To achieve a description that is not too dependent on the framework used in the interpretation and to make the data accessible to readers who are accustomed to other syntactic theories, I mostly use a terminology based on traditional grammar.
Case Assignment to the Subject of Infinitive Clauses
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is the investigation of the case assignment mechanisms by which subjects in Romance infinitive clauses are licensed. First, let us repeat the basic case properties we observed in the data described in chapter 2:
In this chapter, I interpret these and other facts in the light of the results concerning subject positions of chapter 5, taking into account the basic assumptions made in chapter 3 and the earlier accounts summarized in chapter 4. The order in which I examine the different major languages is the same as in chapter 5. I begin with Italian in section 6.1, where we find two main case assignment mechanisms, which can then be extended to the other Romance languages. I then tum to Ibero-Romance (Spanish in 6.2 and Portuguese in 6.3). Afterward, I discuss French, where, among other things, one of the mechanisms I assume for Portuguese is rediscovered (6.4). Finally, in section 6.5 I consider the other linguistic varieties.
I focus on preverbal and postverbal subjects. The clause-final position is usually not considered. In section 5.3, I argued that clause-final subjects are the result of extraposition; they therefore have to be considered as subjects derived through A’-movement from one of the case positions that are discussed. On the other hand, A’-movement must be considered for preverbal subjects. In this context I discuss some additional data in which the subject is extracted to the main clause.
A Minimalist Interpretation
Authors: Mensching Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I reinterpret some of the principles and parameters suggested in the last chapter on the basis of the assumptions of the minimalist program. I mostly follow Chomsky (1992), with some additions proposed in Chomsky (1995) and other minimalist literature. As Chomsky has repeatedly emphasized, for example in “Categories and Transformations” (Chomsky 1995: ch. 4), many of the minimalist assumptions have to be checked on the basis of empirical analyses. The topic of this book is extremely appropriate for this purpose because it addresses some central points, such as case assignment, verb movement, and DP movement. In the preceding chapter I also assume some features contained in functional categories that are involved in the licensing of subjects, which may trigger or prevent movement. These kinds of properties are, in principle, compatible with the minimalist program, although here the features are of a different nature than those assumed so far, so that it is quite interesting to see if we can maintain the view expressed in chapter 6, particularly about [+Agr] in C°.
Speed and Preparation
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speed is the essence of war. Take advantage of the enemy’s un­ preparedness; travel by unexpected routes and strike him where he has taken no precautions. (XI.29)
In war, speed is essential. Armies must move rapidly to secure ground that favors them in battle, maneuver quickly around the enemy to hit his flanks, exploit breakthroughs, and pursue enemies in retreat. Furthem1ore, the very nature of warfare is constant change, which tests a leader’s and an am1y’s ability to quickly respond, adjust, and take advantage of it.
Speed in warfare provides four advantages: it is a substitute for resources, it shocks and surprises the enemy, it is critical to exploiting weaknesses and opportunities, and it builds momentum (see Figure 4. r). Let us examine each aspect of speed in detail.
Principles Of HIV Neurology
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following principles, with the exception of time locking, are not unique to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. They are certainly important in the management of the aged patient or the cancer patient, for example, in whom there are several disease processes occurring at the same time. It is in HIV disease, however, that these principles are most evident and most significant.
Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most populations throughout the world, cerebral toxoplasmosis is one of the most common causes of a focal brain lesion. This is true even in the developing world where tuberculosis is often endemic and a frequent cause of such lesions. Indeed, its frequency has led to the clinical aphorism that all focal brain lesions in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are cerebral toxoplasmosis until proved otherwise. Cerebral toxoplasmosis is most often easily treatable, with patients usually making a full recovery.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is now a relatively common neurologic complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Although there is still no specific treatment for the disorder, there have been some dramatic improvements, sometimes resulting in resolution of symptoms and signs, with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It is therefore important to recognize PML in order to optimize an antiretroviral drug regimen.
Cerebrovascular Complications And Transient Neurologic Deficits
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transient neurologic deficits and strokes (both infarcts and hemorrhages) may occasionally be seen clinically in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. In contrast, autopsy evidence of cerebral infarction is much more common. The causes are numerous and sometimes amenable to specific treatment. As such, they are important for the clinician to recognize.
Less Common Complications Causing Spinal Cord Disease In Advanced HIV Infection
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spinal cord disease in the absence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) myelitis or vacuolar myelopathy in advanced HIV infection is very uncommon. When it does occur, opportunistic infections are important considerations, especially those related to the herpes group of viruses. Other causes such as lymphoma, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis are very unusual. They still are important in view of the potential for response to therapy.
Infective Causes Of Peripheral Neuropathy In Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The potential infective causes of peripheral neuropathy in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are limited and uncommon. Nonetheless, they are potentially treatable, and some patients make a significant and sometimes full recovery with appropriate medication. This is especially true for cytomegalovirus (CMV) and syphilis. It is therefore important for the HIV clinician to be aware of these possibilities and not to automatically consider HIV-related distal symmetric sensory polyneuropathy as the cause of all neuropathies in advanced HIV disease.
Medication-Related Myopathy
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several medications used in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease may cause a myopathy. Chief among these is zidovudine. With the lower doses that are currently used, zidovudine is not as common a cause of myopathy as it once was. Higher than normal doses of zidovudine in combination with other antiretroviral drugs are sometimes, however, still required for the treatment of neurologic complications, especially acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex. Moreover, the increasing incidence of lipodystrophy and its associated hyperlipidemia has brought about a much greater use of lipid lowering agents with the attendant risk of muscle disease. It is anticipated that medication-related myopathy will once again become a significant issue in the management of the HIV-infected patient.
The Role of Inheritance in the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Authors: Lynch Patrick M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of inheritance in causation of cancer can be thought of in many ways. To the genetic epidemiologist, clustering of cancer in families provides a sense of the presence and significance of inherited susceptibility at the population level. The clinician may come to appreciate that critical, more or less obvious physical traits recur predictably within a family and are associated with risk of certain types of malignancy. The modern molecular biologist is now able to perform linkage analysis within cancerprone families, even in instances where no physical stigmata are present.
Therapeutic Principles of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia: Surgery
Authors: Smith David L , Evans Douglas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of general surgery has given rise to the specialty of surgical oncology to address the complexity of managing patients with cancer. In 1980, the Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) first published training guidelines based on a meeting between the SSO and the Division of Cancer Research, Resources and Centers of the National Cancer Institute.1 It was recognized that cancer treatment had evolved into its own field, which is characterized by the sequential or combined application of systemic therapies, irradiation, and surgery, often in the form of clinical trials.
Therapeutic Principles of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia: Radiation Oncology
Authors: Spiro Ira J , Willett Christopher G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A successful cancer treatment should render the patient free of local, regional, and distant disease. This therapy should have minimal morbidity and maintain the patient’s pretreatment functional status. Local therapy alone may be sufficient for patients with very–early stage disease. Conversely, patients with advanced but localized cancer are more frequently treated with multiple modalities, often combining surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. One important advantage of radiation is that it can include major vessels, nerves, connective tissues, and hollow viscera with relatively low risk of producing complications, thus improving functional and cosmetic outcome.
Therapeutic Principles of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia: Emerging Therapies: Gene Therapy
Authors: Aspinall Richard J , Lemoine Nicholas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If gene therapy is to prove an effective weapon against cancer, then where better to start than in the gastrointestinal tract? Not only are the abdominal viscera collectively the most common site of human malignancy, but cancers of these organs are perhaps the best understood of all. In particular, we now know a great deal about the precise molecular genetics of colonic and pancreatic cancers, and this knowledge opens up a whole range of potential targets for gene therapy approaches. Furthermore, the easy access to most parts of the gastrointestinal tract by endoscopic intubation means that local application of novel therapies is that much easier.
Therapeutic Principles of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia: Emerging Therapies: Antiangiogenic and Antimetastatic Agents
Authors: Hoff Paulo M , Abbruzzese James L , Pluda James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite decades of intensive research, traditional chemotherapeutic agents fail to offer a complete cure for most cancer types. This sad reality is particularly true for metastatic cancers originating in the gastrointestinal tract. However, research has advanced our understanding of the mechanisms by which the cancer cells grow locally and metastasize to distant sites, and has inspired a growing number of researchers to explore novel approaches, including ways to block angiogenesis and metastasis.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Esophageal Carcinoma: Management Options: Potentially Resectable Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Putnam Joe B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Esophageal cancer is an uncommon but deadly disease. In the United States in the year 2000, there were an estimated 12,300 new cases of esophageal carcinoma (9200 men, 3100 women) and 12,100 deaths (9200 men, 2900 women). The major histologic types of esophageal cancer are squamous (epidermoid) carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, with squamous cell carcinoma accounting for the vast majority (98%) of cancers in the upper and middle esophagus. While in the past, squamous carcinoma predominated, today the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus is gaining in frequency.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Esophageal Carcinoma: Management Options: Locally Advanced Unresectable Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Small William , Talamonti Mark S , Benson Al B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of locally advanced un resectable esophageal cancer remains a daunting clinical challenge. Long-term, diseasefree survival is possible in only a minority of patients. A major goal of therapy is improvement in the quality of life, specifically, maintaining the ability to swallow. Therapeutic interventions have included surgery, radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, laser therapy, dilatation, stenting, and chemical ablation. The use of each of these modalities and their integration for combined intervention will be reviewed in this chapter.
Barrett’s Esophagus: Molecular Biology and Pathobiology
Authors: Paulson Thomas G , Reid Brian J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a condition that develops as a consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and predisposes to the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). The incidence of EA in the United States has risen more than 350% over the past 20 years. Similar rapid increases have also been reported in Western Europe. 3–5 Unfortunately, most patients with EA present when the cancer is advanced, and more than 90% of patients die from their disease within 5 years.