bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Injections For Soft Tissue Lesions
Authors: Speed Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injections of corticosteroids into articular and extraarticular structures began soon after their introduction for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in the 1950s. They rapidly became one of the most commonly utilized treatment approaches in the management of soft tissue disorders, in particular, chronic tendon lesions, and have remained so ever since. Corticosteroid injections have little or no role to play in most acute injuries nor in the management of ligament or muscle injuries and offer no advantage over dry needling in myofascial pain. Hence their use in chronic tendinopathies and in cases of bursitis will form the focus of this chapter.
Acute Neck Pain and ‘Whiplash’
Authors: O’Gradaigh Donncha , Hazleman Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neck pain, though almost as common as low back pain and presenting the same difficulties in diagnosis and management, has received considerably less research attention, and the precise anatomical structures responsible and the most appropriate management remain unclear in most cases. This chapter will concentrate on conditions in which a rheumatologist’s opinion is typically sought by general practitioners or others working in primary care, such as physiotherapists and sports physicians. Neck pain resulting from whiplash injuries is particularly relevant in this context. While various authors have suggested that whiplash-associated disorder is exclusively a somatization disorder, driven by psychosocial factors and compensation claims, the disorder is discussed here in the context of the available evidence in rheumatology and orthopaedic literature.
Acute spinal pain
Authors: Fairbank Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back pain is so common as to be an almost universal affliction. Ennui or professed ignorance rapidly overwhelms all but a dedicated few of doctors when confronted with this complaint. However, it is a symptom that can be analysed by careful listening and a knowledge of the fascinating complexity of the spine and pain mechanisms. This chapter gives an account of ‘acute’ low back pain, although the definitions of ‘acute’ have been stretched, since many acute problems become chronic in this field. Back pain heads the list of condition-related health costs. In 1998 the estimated total health cost of back pain in the United Kingdom was £1632 million (of which a third was contributed by the patient) and employment-related costs were £10,668 million.(1) These costs relate to both acute and chronic back pain.
The shoulder
Authors: Speed Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shoulder complaints cause significant pain and disability in the general population and represent a major burden upon the economy due to the cost of health care, lost earnings, and social security payments. Shoulder pain has a point prevalence of 7–21 per cent of adults in the community(1,2) and is the second most common acute musculoskeletal complaint presenting to primary care, with only back pain presenting more frequently. In the United Kingdom 1 per cent of adults over the age of 45 present to their general practitioner with a new episode of shoulder pain annually.(3)
The Wrist and Hand
Authors: Dalton Seamus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anatomy of the wrist and hand is complex but it is this that provides the upper limb with its unique capacity for fine motor function and ability to obtain information from the surrounding environment. Not only is the hand our conduit for almost all upper limb function, but it also assists in communication and expression. The hand comprises 19 bones, 17 articulations, and 19 muscles, as well as the numerous tendons activated by muscles in the forearm. The risk of injury, both acute and overuse, is high. Many of these injuries resolve with no lasting loss of function but significant impairment may result from acute or chronic soft tissue disorders and early diagnosis is important. The aim of this chapter is to present the common and some of the more unusual soft tissue disorders of the wrist and hand. Fractures and dislocations are not discussed but the more common carpal instability patterns arising from ligamentous injuries are reviewed.
The Ankle
Authors: Speed Cathy , Robinson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soft tissue injuries of the ankle are among the most common soft tissue injuries and their consequences are frequently underestimated. The numerous ligamentous bands, the 11 major tendons that cross the joint, and other local soft tissue structures are prone to both acute and overuse injuries due to the significant forces imposed upon the region. The stability of the ankle joint is vital to normal function but is frequently compromised through injury.
The Foot
Authors: Speed Cathy , Robinson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anatomy of the foot is closely linked to its diverse functions, in particular, support, stability, flexibility, propulsion, acceleration, deceleration, and the provision of sensory information. This is achieved through a series of arches and chains formed by bones and soft tissues. These allow the foot to transform from a rigid and stable unit to a flexible system. The foot can be divided into three regions: the hindfoot; midfoot; and forefoot (Fig. 1). Inevitably, the function of each region is affected by the others.
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
Authors: Cummings Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Somatic pain is likely to be the most prevalent cause of pain in the general population—it is certainly a common reason for extended absence from work. The prime environmental aetiological factors are probably degeneration and abuse of the musculoskeletal system, and it should be no surprise that the areas which suffer most are those exposed to the greatest loads and activity over time—the articular surfaces of weight-bearing joints and the postural muscles of the limb girdles and axial skeleton.
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes: Definitions and Pathogenesis
Authors: Marshall Tarnya , Chong Carol , Munglani, Rajesh , Crisp Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cardinal symptom of many soft tissue rheumatic disorders is pain. Patients may present in a number of settings, and the perception of the disorder, its diagnosis, and its management may vary accordingly. Often, the more complex the disorder the greater the number and diversity of treatment approaches. A good example of this is the patient with complex regional pain syndrome. Patients are commonly seen in the rheumatology and/or pain clinics and approaches taken in these settings have both similarities and differences. This is illustrated in Chapters 6.16 and 6.17.
Basic molecular genetics
Authors: O’Donovan Michael C , Owen Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to enable readers who have little knowledge of biology to understand the rest of the book. Thus this chapter covers the organization and structure of DNA, and how information is encrypted within, decoded from and transmitted by this molecule. We describe how alteration and variation in DNA may lead to disease, and how these alterations may be detected in a laboratory.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Owen Michael J , O’Donovan Michael C , Gottesman Irving I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a common, severe and disabling disorder that in a majority of instances requires long-term medical and social care. The population incidence is 0.17–0.57 per 1000, and the point prevalence is 2.4–6.7 per 1000 reflecting the typical chronic course (Jablensky 1999). The lifetime morbid risk in the general population is close to 1 per cent (Gottesman 1991) for definite plus probable definitional standards, rising to higher values if spectrum cases are included (Farmer et al. 1987; Prescott and Gottesman 1993; Kendler 2000). The incidence of schizophrenia is surprisingly uniform across a variety of different populations with different cultures, and the evidence for pockets of particularly high and low incidence and prevalence is not strong (Jablensky 1999), with the exception of several population isolates with documented histories of ‘genetic bottlenecks’ (Hovatta et al. 2000; Myles-Worsley et al. 1999).
Asking questions
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This first chapter is about the most fundamental part of ‘doing’ research, namely asking questions. Research is an attempt to answer questions: a concept that is both very simple and very important. Possibly one of the commonest reasons for research ‘failing’ is that the project did not start with a proper question. Deciding to ‘look at’ an area or problem, or collecting data about something that seems interesting, by and large, is wasted time. Research must start with a question. This point cannot be reiterated sufficiently; do not start ‘doing’ research until you have a question. The difficulty with this part of the research process is that it cannot be taught in the conventional sense. In many ways this is the personal and creative component of research, which comes from you. However, this first chapter will provide some suggestions of how to start the question-asking process and offer basic guidelines to enable you to decide whether the question you ask is a good one or not.
Choosing a sample
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the HimP group considered the research questions and thought about the most appropriate research design for answering them they had in mind the patients within the practices within the Primary Care Group. This was the population defined for the PCG. Had they wanted to look at a wider grouping of practices, perhaps all the PCGs within the local Health Authority, within a regional context, or even nationally, the population would be all those people embraced by the chosen frame. Or they could have decided perhaps just to look at a single practice within the PCG. Clearly the bigger the frame the more generalizable the findings, as it easier to move up a level with the study’s implications. A regional study is more likely to reflect the national picture than a study based on a single practice. One problem with these bigger pictures is that the populations are that much larger, though sampling can help with this. Less easy to manage are the problems with running a bigger study and a population you will have less control over.
Analysing data
Authors: Armstrong David , Grace John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter described how data were prepared and organized ready for analysis. Data come through to this stage in different forms: they can range from being fairly ‘raw’, perhaps in the form of qualitative data such as taped interviews or conversation transcripts, to very ‘refined’ in the form of a string of numbers representing the coding of responses to a questionnaire. The analysis provides the opportunity to link the research question (from Chapter 1) directly to the data that has been collected and ‘organized’ (Chapter 7). The exact form of the analysis will depend on the type and quantity of data. If there are quantitative data these are likely to lead to some form of statistical exploration (discussed in Chapter 10). But there are steps to cover before this stage. All of these steps may not be involved in any one piece of research, but by describing each in turn you should appreciate some of the basic procedures in analysing data.
Tendinitis: Its Etiology and Treatment
Authors: Stanish William D , Curwin Sandra , Mandel Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders of the tendon are extremely common, both in sporting and non-sporting groups. These disorders are notoriously difficult to treat, and can present a considerable challenge for specialist physicians. Stanish, Curwin and Mandell are the leading authorities world-wide on disorders of the tendon, and have produced an authoritative book that will provide a practical approach to the assessment and management of tendon disorders. Heavily illustrated, and clearly presented, the book will be an invaluable reference work for sports physicians, musculoskeletal specialists, orthopaedic surgeons, and rheumatologists.
Eighteenth-Century Science
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleus of this book is science. It ‘s about atoms and molecules, and how molecules can organize themselves into different structures: three-dimensional crystals, raindrops, thin films, etc. In the final chapter we shall talk about molecules organizing themselves into cells that can contain and support the elements of life. Here, as an introduction, we must ask about science in Franklin ‘s time. What did they know about atoms and molecules? Could or should Ben Franklin and his friends have recognized the molecular significance of the spreading of oil on water? If not, what concepts or experiments were missing? When and in what connection were the missing links established? There is a danger in looking backward.
In Praise of Water
Authors: Tanford Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the science fiction novel Dune, author Frank Herbert takes us to Arrakis, imaginary third planet of the pilot star Canopus. Arrakis has an atmosphere much like that of Earth, but almost no water, and Frank Herbert creates for it an astonishingly believable human culture, shaped by the ever-present need for water. There are plastic still suits to prevent the loss of even minute amounts of water from perspiration, nose filters to recapture the moisture from exhaled breath, dew precipitators to harvest whatever moisture may have condensed at night from the arid air. And there is a recurring ceremony, the awesome ritual of the taking of the waters from the dead.
1770–1787
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Wordsworth knew no certainty could be achieved did not stop him searching, and the I799 Prelude began the most sustained self-examination in English poetry. The river, Wordsworth knew, had its origin somewhere. Genealogical unravellings are always a forbidding entrance to any biography. With Wordsworth, however, it is more than usually important to establish the kind of family into which he was born, for his life from birth to the writing of the I799 Prelude is a pattern of severances and ruptures counterpointed with periods of continuity and calm, which began in a childhood that seemed to give a solid start to life and to promise a secure future but denied both in his most formative years.
1806–1810
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Christmas Day 1805 Dorothy wrote a long letter to Catherine Clarkson. Present realities distracted her—Johnny roaring outside, soaked through, little Dorothy fretful with a cold, two plum-puddings bubbling, and a sirloin of beef threatening to burn in front of the fire—but her mind was on the past. Molly Fisher downstairs in the kitchen reminded her of their arrival at Town End six Christmasses ago and that memory led her to think of the years since and inevitably of John. All in all, she concluded, ‘though the freshness of life was passed away even when we came hither, I think these years have been the happiest of my life, —at least, they seem as if they would bear looking back upon better than any other, though my heart flutters and aches striving to call to my mind more perfectly the remembrance of some of the more thoughtless pleasures of former years’.Was Dorothy conscious that she was quoting from Tintern Abbey and more directly from The Prelude? Perhaps not, but the echo in ‘thoughtless pleasures of former years’2 indicates how immersed she was in her current winter task of copying out The Prelude and suggests that her brother’s retrospective poem to Coleridge reinforced her own inclination to look back.
1816–1822
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Huge bonfire on the top of Skiddaw on 21 August 1815 celebrated the victory of Waterloo. Blazing balls of tow and turpentine were rolled down the mountain as the revellers feasted on roast beef and boiled plum-puddings and got tipsy on punch. There was only one mishap. Wordsworth, grandly dressed ‘like a Spanish Don’ in a cloak of Edith Southey’s, knocked over the kettle of boiling water for the punch and ‘thought to slink off undiscovered’, but bystanders identified the villain as ‘the gentleman in red’, to the delight of Southey, who led his party in a dance round him singing, “Twas you that kicked the kettle down! ‘twas you, Sir, you!’ Southey does not record whether Mary and Dorothy joined in, but they probably did, for it was a mildly Bacchic festivity—at least one unnamed man from ‘Messrs. Rag, Tag, and Bobtail’ was too drunk to walk down at midnight and had to be led down, face to tail, on a horse.
1840–1850
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Queen Adelaide’s visit to Rydal Mount on 27 July 1840 Dora wrote to her brother Willy: ‘Do you think Mammy will be able to sleep tonight after having been shaken by the hand at her own door by a Queen—having talked with the Queen in this very room—her old husband the old Poet having walked side by side & talked with her Majesty a full hour I am sure—the World and his Wife were assembled on our front to see the cortege—& Tommy Troughton with his band, & all the flags, & all the rushbearings placed in two lines from the high waterfall gate to our gate made as pretty as an avenue for the Queen to walk thro’ roofed by the green trees & the bright blue sky as was ever seen’. The World and his Wife saw a hale 70-year-old, attended by a loving wife and daughter, receive the latest tribute of many which had made him the region’s most famous resident. Only those closest to him knew that the poet who coped so serenely with such high honour was, in his private life, a deeply troubled old man.
Eastern Christendom
Authors: Ware Kallistos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many others before Yeats have expressed the same sense of wonder. 'How splendid a city,' exclaimed an eleventh-century visitor to Constantinople, Fulcher of Chartres, 'how stately, how fair, how many monasteries within it, how many palaces raised by sheer labour in its highways and streets, how many works of art, marvellous to behold.
Great Britain and Europe
Authors: Chadwick Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the modem period Christianity in Europe was transformed. It lost a large part of its predominance in the Christianity of the world. Christians from Europe settled overseas and converted indigenous populations to Christianity, or developed for the better the churches of indigenous populations which were of long standing. Then Europe lost its own self-confidence as the bearer of Christianity to these other worlds. It came under attack first for its doctrines, on the ground that they were untrue, and then for its morals, on the ground that they were either weak. or less than the highest. And it encountered persecution in some countries of Europe.
New Images of Christian Community
Authors: Wilson Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sense of what constitutes the Christian community has undergone persistent and continuous change over the centuries, but at no time more dramatically than in the twentieth century. Current changes in the image of the Christian church are in large part a consequence of the extensive secularization of modem social systems. Secularization is here taken to be not merely a change in popular consciousness (although that is also implied) but, more fundamentally, a radical reorganization of the structure of society.
Poliomyelitis
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poliomyelitis, or infantile paralysis, is an acute infective disease due to a virus with a predilection for the cells of the anterior horns of the grey matter of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the brainstem, destruction of which causes muscular paralysis and subsequent atrophy. Poliomyelitis had become rare but the fall in the number of immunized individuals has led to more increase in Western countries in recent years. Three strains of the virus have been isolated, known as Types 1, 2, and 3. These can be grown in tissue culture. The virus can be obtained from the nasopharyngeal mucous membranes of patients in the acute stage, of healthy contacts, and of convalescents, and also from the stools. It is believed that the usual route of infection in man is the alimentary tract. The virus is capable of ascending the peripheral nerves, but may also be disseminated through the bloodstream.
Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A very large number of living organisms may invade the nervous system or its membranes, thus causing many forms of encephalomyelitis, meningitis, and meningoencephalomyelitis. The pyogenic organisms mostly cause pyogenic menil1gitis or cerebral abscess. The tubercle bacillus causes tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma. Treponema pallidum, various yeasts, and moulds also attack the nervous system. Though any of these by invading the brain may cause a disorder which can accurately be described as encephalitis, the process is not usually acute, and the term acute encephalomyelitis is in practice reserved for two groups of disorder, namely those due to the direct invasion of the nervous system by a virus, and those in which, although the primary cause is an infection of the body, usually with a virus, the changes which occur in the nervous system are not directly due to its invasion by the virus, but are the result of some incompletely understood hypersensitivity reaction to the systemic infection, which leads to acute disseminated or demyelinating encephalomyelitis, especially if the patient is immunosuppressed.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and retrovirus infections
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retroviruses are RN A viruses which are capable of using an enzyme reverse transcriptase to make DNA copies of themselves. This copy becomes incorporated into the host cell DNA, so creating latent and essentially life long infection. Viral proteins are manufactured by infected cells and infectious virions are released from the cell surface by budding. Not all retroviruses are pathogenic. They were first recognized to cause disease in animals-’leukaemias or lymphomas and slow virus infections such as visna. In 19 80 a human leukaemia (adult T-cell leukaemia) was discovered which was associated with human Tcell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). In 1981 pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma were found in previously well, young, homosexual men, associated with a profound impairment of cell-mediated immunity.
Neurological syndromes and associated malignant diseases
Authors: Bannister Sir Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An increasing variety of neurological syndromes has been recognized. in association with malignant disease. These are not due to direct invasion or metastasis and consist of two groups of reactions. The first are remote effects due to factors which are known, such as hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, or, in one interesting example, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production. In this, usually associated with an oat cell bronchial carcinoma, the clinical picture is one of lethargy, confusion, and even epileptic fits and coma. The cause is inappropriate production of ADH thought to be secreted by the oat cell bronchial carcinoma leading to a low plasma sodium (below 110 E/1) and a low plasma osmolality, in the presence of high urinary osmolality. If the tumour cannot be removed, treatment is attempted either by water restriction or by causing a water diuresis with fludrocortisone.