bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economy 1800 – 2000
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two centuries after 1800 saw the urbanizing of the European economy. Agriculture lost its primacy and urban economic life moved from its earlier dependency on the countryside to a new world increasingly shaped by national and international forces. Though the relationship of cities and globalization has become a controversial issue in recent years, the international impact on cities was long-term and dynamic for much of the modern period (as it had been on a more limited basis since the high Middle Ages). Internationalization played a vital role in the rise of urban manufacturing during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and in the industrial crisis in European cities after the 1970s.
Who can take the Pill, who can’t, and Who Needs Careful Monitoring?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As you’ve seen in previous chapters, the pill is safe for the majority of women, but for others the balance of risks outweighs the benefits. If you answer ‘yes’ to any of the questions in Box 9.1, you will know from Chapters 7 and 8 that the risks of taking the pill outweigh the potential benefits and you should use a different method of contraception, at least until the risk factor goes away (e.g. more than 3 weeks since having a baby or losing weight to a BMI of 29 or less).
Emergency Contraception
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Available from nurses, doctors, and over-the-counter from pharmacists, the emergency pill—known as ̔Levonelle®̕, containing LNG 1500 mcg—is often called the ̔morning-after pill̕. This name is unhelpful because, although it works better the earlier it is taken, it can also be started much laterthan the next morning after unprotected sex—up to 72 hours (sometimes even 120 hours) later.
Popular Opinion in Russia Under Pre-war Stalinism
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is popular opinion? One approach would assume that it corresponds to some some kind of general will, in other words, something unitary. That’s the way people thought about it in the French Revolution. By contrast, orthodox Marxists in the Soviet Union and elsewhere dismissed the idea that there was a single ‘people’ (narod), hence a single popular opinion; instead, there was necessarily an array ofclassopinions (bourgeois, proletarian, kulak, poor peasant, etc.). However, the apparent breadth of the array often concealed a binary: proletarian/bourgeois, good/bad; and so it was with opinion— meaning essentially opinion about the government— where the binary was ‘positive’ (pro-Soviet, ‘proletarian’) and ‘negative’ (anti-Soviet, ‘bourgeois’).
Popular Opinion in Nazi Germany: Mobilization, Experience, Perceptions:The View from the Württemberg Countryside
Authors: Stephenson Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Popular opinion’ fascinates historians of dictatorships in which censorship, propaganda, police controls and sanctions prevent the open expression of citizens’ views of both public events and their own conditions. In regimes where the aim is simply to prevent the expression of views that are alternative or opposed to those of the ruling monarch or oligarchy, the monitoring of ‘popular opinion’ is generally of little interest. In Nazi Germany, however, the regime’s aim was actively to mould the views of ‘valuable’ Germans in order to elicit both enthusiasm for and collaboration with its structures, policies and projects. As different agencies of party and government became aware that they had no clear idea of how successful their efforts were, their response was to establish an increasing number of monitoring agencies to try to find out what ‘valuable’ Germans were privately saying and thinking. Robert Ley’s boast that ‘The only person in Germany who still has a private life is a person who’s sleeping’ was bombastic rhetoric which scarcely concealed the frustration of dedicated functionaries at their ignorance of what the popular mood actually was. The great irony of this aspiring totalitarian state was, then, that it endeavoured to suppress spontaneous expressions of popular opinion, but its success in doing so meant that it lacked the barometers of the popular mood— free elections, independent newspapers, opposition political literature, among others— that afforded political leaders in pluralist polities some insight into the popular reception of both their policies and circumstances beyond their control.
Demography, Opportunity or Ideological Conversion? Reflections on the Role of the ‘Second Hitler Youth Generation’, or ‘1929ers’, in the GDR
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relative balance of coercion, commitment, consent, complicity, compromise, conformity, passive or active resistance and dissent in the two German dictatorships has long been the topic of debate among historians. Simplistic models seeking to make clear distinctions between ‘regime’ and ‘people’, ‘state’ and ‘society’, ‘support’ and ‘opposition’ are clearly inadequate to explore the complex and often ambivalent ways in which people interact with, respond to, and make their way through dictatorial regimes, where they may approve of some policies, be adversely affected by others, and have a variety of conflicting opinions and changing motives as they are caught up in and seek to live their lives through a constantly changing apparatus of mobilization and control.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Galo
Authors: Post Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galo is a Tibeto-Burman language of the Tani branch spoken by around 30,000–40,000 hill tribespeople in central Arunachal Pradesh state, north-east India. There are two major dialects, Lare (laree) and Pugo (puugóo), and several minor dialects and subdialects; this chapter is based on the majority Lare dialect, as described by Post (2007). Galo’s historical contacts with non-Tani languages appear to have been inextensive; within the last fifty to sixty years, contacts with Indo-European languages such as Assamese, English, and most recently Hindi have increased dramatically.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Ojibwe
Authors: Valentine J Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ojibwe is a general term for a group of closely related Algonquian languages and dialects that were spoken in the northern Great Lakes region of North America at the time of contact with Europeans in the early seventeenth century. In this chapter I will present data exclusively from the variety still spoken along the shores of Lake Huron, identified by its speakers as Nishnaabemwin, and by linguists as Ottawa or Odawa. The language is spoken fluently and robustly by several hundred speakers on Manitoulin Island, in northern Lake Huron, but is not being actively learned by children, so the present generation of speakers will probably be the last to use the language vitally. There are also limited numbers of speakers at other communities around Lake Huron, such as Walpole Island and Cape Croker, Ontario. Text collections are available, most notably those collected by linguists such as Leonard Bloomfield (Bloomfield 1957 and Williams 1991) and Carl Voegelin, e.g., in Nichols (1988). The Lake Huron dialects of Ojibwe are described in detail in Valentine (2001), to which the reader is referred for additional details.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Toqabaqita
Authors: Lichtenberk Frantisek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toqabaqita is an Oceanic language spoken on the island of Malaita in the Solomon Islands. Ethnologue, where the name of the language appears as To’abaita, gives the number of speakers as 12,572 in 1999 (Gordon 2005). Toqabaqita is a nominative-accusative language, almost exclusively head marking. The basic constituent orders in verbal clauses are shown in (1). ‘V-complex’ stands for ‘verb complex’ (see further below). The O element designates lexical (not pronominal) noun phrases.
Semantics and Grammar in Clause Linking
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAll the semantic relations between clauses—outlined in Chapter 1—can in some way be expressed in each ofthe languages discussed within this volume. This is akin to a lay assumption that anything can be said in any language. It is, however, the case that some relations are expressed more readily and more frequently than others. Temporal relations between clauses are a prime example. In contrast, semantic relations of possible consequence, manner, or addition may not have a way of expression of their own.
Protein sequence alignment and database scanning
Authors: Barton Geoffreyj 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of protein structure prediction, there are two principle reasons for comparing and aligning protein sequences: (a) To obtain an accurate alignment. This may be for protein modelling by comparison to proteins of known three-dimensional structure. (b) To scan a database with a newly determined protein sequence and identify possible functions for the protein by analogy with well-characterized proteins. In this chapter I review the underlying principles and techniques for sequence comparison as applied to proteins and used to satisfy these two aims.
Antibody combining sites: structure and prediction
Authors: Rees Anthony R , Searle stephen J , Henry andrew H , Whitelegg Nicholas , Pedersen Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibodies possess a vast repertoire of specificity and affinity. To understand the molecular basis of antibody function requires a knowledge of the structures of free and antigen-bound antibodies, determined by X-ray crystallography or NMR, or ideally both. Although the number of antibody structures is increasing rapidly—at the time of writing 48 structures have been deposited in the Brookhaven Protein Database (PDB) (1)—the rate of structure determination will never match that of sequence acquisition. Thus, to explore fully the structural variability of antibody combining sites, encoded in immunoglobulin variable region sequences, effective structural prediction methods have become essential. Such models will have increasing utility where the structural effects of point mutations within the antibody combining site need to be assessed, where minimal perturbation strategies for the grafting of complementarity determining regions (CDRs) during the process of ‘humanization’ are required, and even where the residues to be targeted for random mutation in the gene library methods now available (e.g. phage libraries) are selected in a more rational manner on the basis of their likely accessibility to antigen. In time, when the antibody sequence/structure relationship is fully understood, de nova design of antibodies will also become possible (2).
Immunological detection of proteins of known sequence
Authors: Scheidtmann Karl Heinz , Reinartz, Silke , Schlebusch Harald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many proteins were first identified as antigens or neo-antigens, such as viral or tumour-specific proteins in infected or transformed cells, which in the carrier organism induced an immune response. In those cases, sera from infected animals or patients provided the tools for identification of the antigenic proteins.
Hydrodynamic properties of proteins
Authors: Harding Stephen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first edition of this book, there has been something of a renaissance of hydrodynamic methods for the determination of the mass, quaternary structure, gross conformation, and interaction properties of proteins and other macromolecules in solution. By ‘hydrodynamic’ (Greek for ‘watermovement’) techniques, we mean any technique involving motion of a macromolecule with or relative to the aqueous solvent in which it is dissolved or suspended. This therefore includes not only gel filtration, viscometry, sedimentation (velocity and equilibrium), and rotational diffusion probes (fluorescence anisotropy depolarization and electric-optical methods), but also ‘classical’ and ‘dynamic’ light scattering, which both derive from the relative motions of the macromolecular solute in relation to the solvent. This definition also includes electrophoretic methods (considered in Chapter 8 and not covered here), which are powerful tools for separation, purification, and identification of proteins, but also, with ‘SDS’ methodology, provide an estimate of polypeptide molecular weight (see Chapter I). The present chapter therefore considers the hydrodynamic determination of ‘molar mass’ or molecular weight and quaternary structure (subunit composition and arrangement, self-association phenomena. and polydispersity). It will also consider the measurement of protein conformation in dilute solution with particular reference to the use of the analytical ultracentrifuge, a technique although of considerable antiquity (70th birthday in 1993) that has been the centre of the revival of hydrodynamic methodology.
Purification for crystallography
Authors: Wood S P , Coker A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early days of protein biochemistry, crystallization was often employed as a purification technique and crystallinity was considered an index of purity. Crystallographic studies were focused on a selection of proteins whose principle qualification was their abundance and ease of crystallization. The techniques of protein crystallography have now developed to such a degree that a complete three-dimensional structure analysis may not be a long task. Indeed it is often the production of suitable crystals that is rate limiting for the study of many proteins. High purity of the protein preparation used for crystallization is often one of the most important factors for growing diffraction quality crystals. Many crystallization trials have run into difficulties due to protein preparations which are not as homogeneous as first thought. Even for those proteins that can be purified from very impure mixtures by crystallization, crystal quality improves with each recrystallization as the purity increases. Crystal growing procedures and methods of purification have developed to cope with ever smaller quantities of protein derived from expression systems in bacteria, yeast, fungi, and cultured eukaryotic cells. This has allowed structure investigations of molecules that do not occur in nature or molecules or fragments whose natural abundance is very low. These expression systems often generate particular challenges in purification. The relationship of homogeneity and crystal growth is not well documented in the literature. Reports of successful crystal growth are numerous, but many of the problems encountered are not fully recorded.
Protein purifications from mammalian cell culture
Authors: Cartwright Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health care in the last decades of the twentieth century has been revolutionized by our capacity to produce recombinant proteins and viruses for therapeutic, vaccine, and diagnostic use. The greatest challenge has been the production of complex proteins for administration to humans in order to replace or augment deficient endogenous proteins. In many cases, the complexity of the protein structure involved, particularly where post-translational modifications such as glycosylation are required, is such that only mammalian cells can perform all of the synthetic steps required to produce truly authentic copies of the natural human protein. One of the major successes of the biotechnology industry is the speed with which mammalian cell culture has been developed into a viable biopharmaceutical production process from its beginnings in the 1960s. Today approximately half of the multi-billion dollar biopharmaceutical industry is based on products derived from cultured mammalian cells.
Protein purification from microbial cell culture
Authors: Levison Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the issues associated with the purification of proteins and related biomolecules from microbial sources. The emphasis in the examples described is on the scale-up of these processes to produce commercial quantities of the proteins. The protein purification steps can best be separated into upstream and downstream processes. For simplicity, we will delineate downstream processes into those using clarified feedstocks suitable for chroma-tography whereas upstream processes are those preceding clarification, i.e. cell harvesting, lysis, inclusion body concentration, etc. The scope of this chapter is restricted to downstream processes with upstream processes being well described elsewhere (1, 2).
Protein purification from animal tissue
Authors: Hooper Nigel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous proteins have been purified from almost every conceivable animal tissue. In this chapter, I deal with the principles involved in isolating proteins from animal tissue, covering such issues as the choice of tissue, methods used to disrupt the tissue, and procedures for isolating the appropriate subcellular fraction. Most of the procedures that I detail have been used to isolate mg quantities of a particular protein from relatively large (50-200 g) amounts of tissue, but can readily be scaled down for smaller amounts. Also covered are the use of protease inhibitors to prevent unwanted proteolysis, and the use of detergents, proteases, and phospholipases to solubilize membrane proteins. The chapter finishes with three example purifications of animal proteins-the isolation of angiotensin converting enzyme and aminopeptidase P from pig kidney cortex membranes, and offructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from pig liver cytosol.
Protein purification from plant sources
Authors: Bolwell G Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a prevailing perception that plants pose special problems with respect to protein purification. These problems occur as a result of lower protein per unit volume than animals or prokaryotes, the occurrence of natural products that interfere with purification and oxidative processes brought into play by tissue disruption that lead to enzyme inactivation. This chapter highlights how some of these problems may be overcome. Often a careful selection of source material and preliminary work to determine the time window of maximum expression of the target protein can improve the chances of purification to homogeneity significantly. Plants tend to regulate protein levels by changes in gene expression and turnover and these can often be in response to developmental and environmental factors. Prior knowledge of regulation of appearance of a particular protein is, particularly, advantageous. A second consideration, which is probably more important for plant sources, is the initial tissue disruption strategy and this requires some knowledge of the source material. Once the protein has been isolated in a form which allows fractionation however, plant proteins can be treated like any other and general chromatography matrices and methods are applicable.
Application of three-dimensional printing in cardiovascular diseases: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Zhang Xin , Yi Kang , Xu Jian-Guo , Wang Wen-Xin , Liu Cheng-Fei , He Xiao-Long , Wang Fan-Ning , Zhou Guo-Lei , You Tao 
Published: November 2023

Aim:This paper aimed to explore the application of Three-dimensional (3D) printing in cardiovascular diseases, to reach an insight in this field and prospect the future trend.Methods:The articles were selected from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Excel 2019, VOSviewer 1.6.16, and CiteSpace 6.1.R6 were used to analyze the information.Results:A total of 467 papers of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases were identified, and the first included literature appeared in 2000. A total of 692 institutions from 52 countries participated in the relevant research, while the United States of America contributed to 160 articles and were in a leading position. The most productive institution was Curtin University , and Zhonghua Sun who has posted the most articles (n=8) was also from there. The Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine published most papers (n=25). The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery coveted the most citations (n=520). Related topics of frontiers will still focus on congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, and left atrial appendage closure.Conclusions:We summarized the publication information of the application of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases related literature from 2000 to 2023, including country and institution of origin, authors, and publication journal. This study can reflect the current hotspots and novel directions for the application of 3D printing in cardiovascular diseases.
Dynamic Regulation of Innate Lymphoid Cell Development During Ontogeny
Authors: Wu Tao , Chen Sijie , Ma Jie , Zhu Xinyi , Luo Maocai , Wang Yuanhao , Tian Yujie , Sun Qingqing , Guo Xiaohuan , Zhang Jianhong , Zhang Xuegong , Zhu Yunping , Wu Li 
Published: November 2023

SUMMARYInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis. The dynamic composition of ILC subsets during ontogeny has been observed for over a decade, yet the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we combined differentiation assay and scRNA-seq analysis to compare the fetal and adult ILC development, and assessed their contribution to the dynamic change of ILC subsets. We revealed the preference for LTi cell differentiation in fetal hematopoietic progenitors, contrasted with a non-LTi differentiation bias in adult stages. Our analyses elucidated that the two stages shared a conserved differentiation trajectory and regulatory programs but used different controlling logic. Through computational prediction and dose-response experiments, we proposed a model where a transition from fetal RORγt-dominant states to adult Notch-GATA3-dominant states orchestrates these changes. This study suggests that ILC development can be modulated to accommodate the varying demands for specific ILC subsets within the body at different developmental stages.HighlightThe ratio of LTi cells to non-LTi ILCs decreases from fetal to adult stageModified fate determination of ILC progenitors contributes to this decrease of LTi cell ratio during ontogenyA conserved trajectory exists from early αLPs to Innate Lymphoid Cell Precursors (ILCPs) during both fetal and adult ILC developmentEnhanced activity of Notch-GATA3 signaling in ILC precursors accounts for the transition of their differentiation from LTi cells in the fetal to non-LTi ILCs in adults.Graphical abstract