bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridges, Bypasses, and Boulevards
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE POSTWAR HIGHWAY CRISIS IN VERMONT
After the end of World War II, highway boosters resumed their push for more government highway spending, with more crisis-laden rhetoric; at the same time towns like Middlebury struggled to adapt their infrastructure to keep up with the growing traffic on the heavily subsidized rural trunklines. Traffic congestion in densely settled areas continued to rise, while the gap between street and highway costs and the related revenues widened, at both state and local levels, precipitating a severe financial crisis in the late 1940s and early 1950s. According to congressional testimony from 1949, highway engineers estimated that Vermont would have to spend over $150 million ($1.1 billion in 2000 dollars) on highway repairs just to maintain the prewar status quo. To put this into perspective, total federal highway grants to Vermont each year averaged less than $1.5 million between 1946 and 1950, enough to pay for 1 percent of the backlog. Construction costs per mile had doubled since 1941, and winter maintenance costs per mile (sanding and plowing) had multiplied eight times since the Depression.
The Theory of Capital Structure and Financial Risk
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will discuss the corporate finance implications on sovereigns of external shocks. Although much of the following discussion may be easily understandable to readers with strong backgrounds in finance theory, parts of it may be rougher at first for those without. For LDCs, external shocks usually mean one or both of two things—a sudden collapse in commodity prices or a sudden contraction of global liquidity. Because of the huge volume of international capital flows, the latter, in particular, can be very large relative to the size of most LDC economies. In table 6.1 I list the magnitude of certain capital flow reversals experienced by LDCs in recent decades. The reversal reflects the difference between inflows and outflows, as a percentage of GDP, over the indicated years. As the table shows, the size of these reversals can be extremely high.
Debt Restructurings within a Corporate Finance Framework
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a long and extensive history of sovereign debt restructurings that stretches back hundreds of years and that is particularly rich in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.1 The process typically ranged from one or two years, in many cases, to the approximately sixty years that it took Mexico to resolve the issues related to its London market bond offerings of the 1820s. Before that particular process was completed, Mexico and its creditors experimented with interest capitalization, debt for equity swaps, collateralized lending, debt forgiveness, open market purchases, and the full panoply of restructuring techniques still used today. One hundred years after that restructuring was finally completed, Mexico was again involved in a sovereign debt restructuring, although this time the debt that was being restructured was in the form of bank loans. The process was shorter this time, but it was nonetheless complex.
The Mythology of Prehistoric Europe
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is impossible to be precise about the origins of mythology in Europe or anywhere else. The emergence of a tool-making protohuman being, Homo habilis, occurred some 2.2 to 1.6 million years ago in East Africa, and was followed by the more advanced Homo erectus, of whom remains dating from about 750,000 b.c.e. have been found in the European continent. It is not until the middle of the Paleolithic or Stone Age, the period marked by the development of stone tools that coincides with the geologic and climatological Pleistocene or Ice Age—that is, sometime after 500,000 and before 200,000 b.c.e.—that we find in the Europe of the so-called Heidelberg man (named for the skeletal remains of a Homo erectus found near Heidelberg, Germany, in 1907) the first tenuous archeological hints of what might possibly have been mythological conceptualization. It was then that symmetrical tools were crafted in sizes large enough to suggest ritual use, which prompted mythologist Joseph Campbell to hypothesize a “mythology and ritual lore of the hand ax, which in later myth and cult became linked to the idea of thunder (Thor’s hammer, the bolt of Zeus, Indra, etc.)” (Primitive, 393).
Greek Mythology
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the possible exception of the Vedic-Hindu religion of India, the religion or religions associated with the ancient Greeks produced the world’s most complex and sophisticated mythology. Usually the Greek myths are read as individual stories. Only when we read them all in a book such as Robert Graves’s Greek Myths do we become aware that Greek mythology is, in fact, a single, gradually composed saga of the folk imagination and many talented authors, in which characters and events from the beginning of conceived time are interrelated in a complex web that touches on every imaginable aspect of the human experience. The early mythology of the ancient Greeks, that of the so-called archaic and classical periods of the middle and late Iron Age, was preceded by several Bronze Age or Helladic stages attached to particular geographic areas in the land we now call Greece.
Roman Mythology
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Greek mythology cannot be separated from its background of indigenous pre-Greek cultures, Roman mythology is intricately influenced by ancient Italic cultures, especially those of other Latin tribes, the non-Indo-European Etruscans, and the Greek colonizers of Sicily and southern Italy. By the beginning of the first millennium b.c.e. several tribes who spoke a form of Latin lived along the Tiber in an area known as Latium Vetus (Old Latium), bordered by the Etruscan and Sabine territories. The Latins were united in the worship of the god Jupiter Latiaris, whose sanctuary was on Mons Albanus, and of the goddess Diana Aricina, whose sacred grove was in Aricia. Elaborate ritual sacrifice was made to Jupiter Latiarus. Diana, whose name is formed from the same root as Jupiter, seems to have been just as important, representing night to Jupiter’s day and also demanding significant sacrifice. Later Diana, like the great goddess of Crete and the Artemis of Anatolia, would be reduced in stature.
Baltic, Slavic, and Balkan Mythology
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Baltic peoples included Latvians, Lithuanians—not Christianized until the early fifteenth century—and Old Prussians, who inhabited what is now eastern Germany and the Baltics and land extending as far east as Moscow beginning in about the middle of the second millennium b.c.e. By the first millennium the Balts, whose languages are closer to the ancient Indo-European Vedic language than any other European language group, had developed from a hunter-gatherer culture into an agricultural one. Not surprisingly, then, what little we know of Baltic mythology is a combination of perhaps very ancient nature deities and deities closely associated with farming and fertility.
Finnic and Other Non-Indo-European Mythologies
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clearly, the dominant tradition in European mythology is that of the Indo-Europeans. There were, however, pockets of non-Indo-European mythology that survived into the historical period. We have already noted the importance of Minoan mythology for the Greeks and Etruscan mythology for the Romans, for instance. Other important mythologies existed in Spain. When the Romans, Celts, and others made their way to Spain, they encountered Tartessians, non-Indo-Europeans who, influenced by Phoenician traders and like the Romans, had adopted the goddess Astarte and who celebrated Habis, a culture hero who was responsible for the establishment of Tartessian customs. Another non-Indo-European culture in Spain were the Turdetans, who also worshipped Astarte. Iberians in Spain developed a cult around the somewhat similar goddess Tanit, a figure with Greek-inspired Artemis-like qualities (see Blazquez, “Ibesian Religion,” 6:547–51).
I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A few years before, or better put, one or two years after the fall of the second brief constitutional period,6 in which a state of siege was declared against the island of Cuba and its Captain General, Don Francisco Dionisio Vives, a common sight in the streets of the district of El Angel was a youngster about twelve years old, who either because of her habit of wandering all about, or else because of other circumstances of which we shall speak in a moment, attracted everyone’s attention.Her face belonged to the same type as that of the virgins of the most renowned painters. For along with a high forehead, crowned with abundant naturally wavy black hair, she had very regular features, a straight nose descending from between her eyebrows and because it was rather short, raising her upper lip almost imperceptibly, baring two rows of little white teeth. Her eyebrows formed an arch and thus further shadowed her black almond eyes, which were all animation and fire.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Five or six years after the period to which we have confined ourselves in the two previous chapters, at the end of the month of September the convent of La Merced had begun the series of ferias with which until the year 1832 it was the custom in Cuba to celebrate religious holidays honoring the patron saints of churches and convents; these nine-day periods coincided at times with the cycle of the Sacrament, introduced into Cuban rites of worship as early as the first years of the century by His Reverence Bishop Espada y Landa.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From more than one point of view La Tinaja was a magnificent plantation, an adjective it fully deserved because of its extensive, luxuriant fields of sugarcane, because of its three hundred or more field hands to cultivate them, because of its great herd of oxen, its numerous carts and wagons, its 25-horsepower steam engine, recently imported from the United States at a cost of over 20,000 pesos, not to mention its horizontal sugar mill, also new, that had been assembled there and had cost half that sum.
VI
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In order to show his zeal and industriousness, or else because he had mistaken what time it really was, since he went by the crowing of the cocks, the overseer of La Tinaja aroused people from their beds much earlier than usual on Christmas morning.With the last solemn toll of the bell, after drinking several cups of coffee, lighting a cigar, and tucking his weapons in his belt, he took down the key, called to his dogs, and went on foot to the slave quarters to open the iron gate at the entrance. He resolutely placed the heavy key in the lock, tried to make it turn in the ward and was unable to: “What the devil!” he said to himself.
I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On a morning in the following year’s benign January, Cecilia’s heart skipped a beat, and she said to herself: Aha! He’s coming today.And from that moment on, she could think of nothing else or do anything useful. She peered out the window shutter countless times, believing in her anxiety that she would thereby hasten the arrival of the object of her worries; and an equal number of times, her soul and body swooning, she collapsed in the rocking chair leaning against the wall opposite. She became all eyes and ears, to little avail. On the contrary, her senses were so muddled that when she listened she failed to hear and when she looked intently she failed to see. This explains why several seconds went by before she became aware of her lover’s presence, filling the frame of the front door that had been left ajar, his adored image as if seen in a mirror.
V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the pretext of having to get a certain friend out of a debt backed by his word of honor, Leonardo managed to convince his wonderfully kind mother to make him an irreclaimable loan of fifty doubloons from her personal coffer.With this small sum of money the young man hastened to rent a little house on the Calle de las Damas and went about furnishing it with equal haste. He forgot nothing, nor did he neglect to have the things done that he thought necessary in a single central unit with no outbuildings, something that did not exist elsewhere at the time in Havana. In order to take care of all this he visited the secondhand shops in the Plaza Vieja; the hardware shops on the Calle de Mercaderes; the tinsmiths’ shops on the Calle de San Ignacio; the china shops on Ricla or Muralla; a secondhand furniture store on San Isidro and others closer to his new house.
The Death of Love in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Spilka Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most persistent themes of the 1920s was the death of love in World War I. All the major writers recorded it, often in piecemeal fashion, as part of the larger postwar scene; but only Heming-way seems to have caught it whole and delivered it in lasting fictional form. His intellectual grasp of the theme might account for this. Where D. H. Lawrence settles for the shock of war on the Phallic Consciousness, or where Eliot presents assorted glimpses of sterility, Hemingway seems to design an extensive parable. Thus, in The Sun Also Rises, his protagonists are deliberately shaped as allegorical figures: Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley are two lovers desexed by the war; Robert Cohn is the false knight who challenges their despair; while Romero, the stalwart bullfighter, personifies the good life which will survive their failure. Of course, these characters are not abstractions in the text; they are realized through the most concrete style in American fiction, and their larger meaning is implied only by their response to immediate situations. But the implications are there, the parable is at work in every scene, and its presence lends unity and depth to the whole novel.
What’s Funny in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Hinkle James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Yet I propose to point to about sixty submerged jokes in The Sun Also Rises-if by “jokes” I can be understood to mean all of the various kinds of plays on words whose effect is incongruous or funny once they are recognized. Few of them will make anyone roll in the aisle, but they have their moments. My aim is not to defend Hemingway’s sense of humor or to sort his jokes into categories. My aim is simply to identify his jokes-to demonstrate by example that there are many more of them in The Sun Also Rises than we have realized. Playing with the multiple meanings inherent in words is a pervasive feature of Hemingway’s writing.
Myths and Nationalism
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Organized in the 1500s as the colony called New Spain, Middle America won its independence in 1821 and became, briefly, the “Mexican Empire.”
Two years later, Central America broke off from what would henceforth be called Mexico, and by 1839 the breakaway region had split into the republics of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. (Panama, originally grouped with Spain’s South American colonies, separated from Colombia in 1903; and Belize, a special case, is a part of Guatemala taken over by Great Britain.)
Such names and dates fit comfortably into the history of Europe in America. But what they fail to reveal is that the citizens of Mexico and its neighbor republics are mostly Indian people and people who have at least some Indian ancestry. This is a truth that has claimed increasing attention in the years since independence, as elected, or designated, governments struggle to accommodate a tradition of Spanish rule to the needs of a very American population.
The Emergence
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Southwest mythology has two great creation epics, The Dying God and The Emergence, to which may be added a deliverer cycle on the theme of the hero who returns to his mother or grandmother. Stories that do not fit into one of these three patterns tend to become secular literature, including trickster tales and stories for young children. Since all three of the principal epics have parallels in old Aztec and Maya myths, it has often been assumed that Southwest traditions derive from Mexican and Central American sources.
Making the World As It Is
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Myths about the creation of the earth and the origin of death are not normally included in the Coast-Plateau Transformer cycle. Either they appear as independent stories or they are assigned to the Trickster-Transformer, who is usually Coyote. Coyote’s fascination lies in his ability to bridge the gap between the scurrilous and the divine. People feel that he stands for humanity. He is the advocate of death and the steadfast champion of sexuality, yet by accident or design he is also the bringer of food and sometimes the creator of the world.
The Status Quo and Formulation of an Agenda
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As I pondered what I had gotten myself into, I began to experience genuine feelings of panic. Would I be able to find the right people at the right institutions in Eastern Europe for developing projects that fell into the Mellon Foundations areas of interest and that would be of substantial benefit to the countries of the region? How many initiatives did I have to encourage and what fraction of those would turn out to be viable? How ambitious could I be about the size of the grants that I would recommend to the Foundation? And what was the total budget for grantmaking in Eastern Europe? In January 1990, I had no answers to these questions, and I had not received many guidelines from the Foundation. But in retrospect, I think this was all right, because it would have been premature to propose firm answers to these questions at such an early stage.
I got some preliminary insights into the “big picture” by reading a report about a December 15-16, 1989 meeting at the Carnegie Corporation and by attending a meeting on January 4, 1990, at the Ford Foundation devoted to a discussion of Czechoslovakia and another meeting on January 11, 1991, dealing with all of Eastern Europe. The first meeting was especially useful for me, a newcomer on the foundation scene, because it allowed me to meet the staff of other foundations, such as Enid Shoettle and Paul Balaran from the Ford Foundation, Colin Campbell and William Moody from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Kevin Quigley from the Pew Charitable Trusts, Allan Kassoff from IREX, William Luers, former U.S. Ambassador to Prague, George Soros, and many others. Countless foundations as well as distinguished West and East Europeans had been invited to the third meeting on January 11, 1991. Lord Dahrendorf, at that time warden of St. Anthony’s College at Oxford, was a featured speaker. Wendy Luers, president of the Charter 77 Foundation in New York, also played a prominent role at that meeting and asked me to address the group on the Mellon Foundation’s approach to providing assistance to the region.
Working with Libraries: The Beginning
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I am fortunate to have spent my professional life at a university with a great library, and until I encountered East European libraries, I never dreamed how much damage 45 years of neglect could do. Since the Mellon Foundation has had a distinguished record of assisting research libraries in the United States, including the great independent research libraries such as the Folger, the Huntington, the Newberry, and the Morgan, it did not take much persuasion to get the green light from the Foundation to investigate what we could do for them in Eastern Europe. In 1990, the first year of Mellon activities in the region, there were so many small business development, computing and connectivity projects that I had only limited time to deal with libraries. But I did make some important contacts, many of which led to lasting relations between Mellon and some East European libraries, and made many friends in the library world. Even in that first year, I met in Hungary Béla Mader of the József Attila University in Szeged, Olga Gomba of Kossuth Lajos University in Debrecen, Miklós Fogarassy of the National Széchényi Library, and Gébor Vélyi of the Parliamentary Library in Budapest. In Czechoslovakia, I met Vojtéch Balík, National Librarian of Czechoslovakia and his deputies, Martin Svoboda and Adolf Knoll, and in Poland, Jadwiga Krajewska of the Warsaw University Library and Jan Pirozynski of the Jagiellonian University Library. While we did start to make some grants directly to East European libraries, much of the first year, and even some of the second, was spent in learning about library systems, needs, and agendas. But our work in the three (and later four) countries did not move in parallel, and the first grants of significant size in Hungary were in 1990, in Poland in 1991, and in Czechoslovakia in 1992. There were three principal types of library projects that the foundation funded: improvement of collections, training of librarians, and library automation. By the end, the third category had received by far the largest commitment of funds.
Lessons Learned
Authors: Quandt Richard E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our wanderings through the East European landscape were accompanied by many observations on what worked and what did not, but they were not systematic because they were always in the context of some particular project or activity. That fact does not diminish their usefulness, but it does make it somewhat more difficult to summarize the lessons we have learned.
Much has been accomplished in Eastern Europe by western foundations and governments, but there have also been some failures, which have been roundly criticized. However, just as the critics may have overstated the extent of the failures, so those of us who have been selecting and funding projects may well have exaggerated the importance of the successes. Democratic forms of government have been introduced successfully, and I think permanently, in a number of countries of the region. Market economies have taken hold, new market-oriented institutions have been created, and businesses have been streamlined. Higher education has been partially reformed and libraries have been modernized. The NGO sector has grown and civil society organizations are making an impact. But higher educational reform in some countries is badly lagging, discrimination against minorities has barely been dented, the hearts and minds of many in responsible positions show no sign of change, and advocates of authoritarianism are lurking in some corners. What has characteristically worked was the transfer of knowledge and technology; the failures have typically occurred in transferring values. While it is neither unexpected nor unforgivable for western donors to scale down their activities in the region, it is premature to declare victory.
The Politics of Global Financial Regulation Lessons from the Fight Against Money Laundering
Authors: Helleine0072* Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Particularly prominent in the new debate on global financial reform is the widespread interest in the reregulation of global financial markets. Gone is the rhetoric of a few years ago that governments are powerless in global finance and that the financial globalization trend is inevitable and irreversible. The new conventional wisdom asserts that global financial markets will survive and flourish only if public authorities are actively involved in promoting this outcome through various regulatory activities.