bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutamate
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
L-glutamate is present in the mammalian brain at remarkably high concentrations. For a while this observation, coupled with the ability of glutamate to excite neurons all over the brain, cast doubt on its role in neurotransmission; for how can such a ‘non-specific’ agent mediate specific information? The case for glutamate as a neurotransmitter in the invertebrate neuromuscular junction was easier to establish (Usher wood 1994; *criterion). But with time it became clear that not only is glutamate a transmitter in mammalian brain—it is the major excitatory transmitter, and as such is critical for ongoing activity in the central nervous system. Furthermore, it is now known to play a key part in neuronal *plasticity and learning.
Lotus
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Lotophagi (lotus eaters in Greek) were encountered by Odysseus and his sailors on an island in the troubled sea, shortly before facing the Cyclope (Homer, Odyssey IX 83–104). Whoever tasted the honey-sweet fruit of the flowering lotus, forgot the way home and desired to stay in lotus land. The fabulous lotus, never identified, is hence the ancient counterpart of modern *amnestic drugs. Actually, lotus was not the only potion renown in ancient times for its alleged amnestic powers.
Metamemory
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although some authors consider the study of meta-memory a newcomer to the field of memory research, its roots are rather ancient. Already St Augustine (400) referred to ‘Memory of memories … I have remembered that I have remembered’. Interest in the self-appreciation of one’s own knowledge and performance was shared by introspectionists during the early days of experimental psychology, especially the so-called ‘Würzburg school’ of ‘systematic experimental introspection’ (Boring 1950a).
Method
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selecting a method and following it is like choosing a road and embarking on a journey (this indeed is the origin of the word: meta-, which is Greek for beyond, after, along with, and hodos, which is way, journey). The road may guide to the goal but at the same time impose *a priori limits on the terrain travelled and on the expected outcome. ‘Methods’ are fundamental to human cognition and action (definition 1; e.g. Newell and Simon 1972). Here we shall confine ourselves to scientific methods (included in definition 2, which is an elaboration of definition 1), and particularly, to methods used in the experimental sciences. Discussion of the methodology of science at large far exceeds the scope of this treatment (Nagel 1979; Bechtel 1988).
Neurogenetics
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dubnau and Tully 1998). Over the years, learning mutants of Drosophila have contributed significantly to our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of *acquisition and *consolidation of simple memory (*CREB, *intracellular signal transduction cascade). Yet Drosophila, in spite of offering unique advantages to the geneticist, is not the dream machine of the neurophysiologist. With time it became indeed possible to identify the effect of specific mutations in identified brain regions and even single neurons that subserve learning (Corfas and Dudai 1990; Waddell et al. 2000; Zars et al.
Nootropics
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘nootropics’ (from Greek, noos—mind, tropos—turn) was originally coined to denote chemical compounds that were reported to enhance cognitive function, including learning and memory, without possessing other significant effects (Giurgea 1973). The best known are piracetam and structurally related compounds (Giurgea 1973; Gouliaev and Senning 1994). Over the years, however, the term has acquired a peculiar flavour. Many authors reserve it for compounds that are reputed to boost cognition, but were not rigorously proven to do so. Others use it to refer to compounds that have proven beneficial effects on cognition but whose mechanism of action is yet unknown.
Matrix Metalloproteinases and TlMPs
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large family of enzymes that break down different components of the extracellular matrix. Their catalytic activity is dependent on the metal ion zinc. This issue of the Protein Profiles covers the sequence information, three-dimensional structures, activation, protein substrates, specificity requirements, inhibition, and biological roles of all the currently identified MMPs. The action of these enzymes must be carefully regulated. One way the cell does this is by releasing inhibitory molecules known as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). This volume contains information on the sequences, three-dimensional structures, and biological roles of the four known TIMPs. Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs will therefore be an invaluable source of data for all researchers interested in MMPs and TIMPS.
Protein substrates of the MMPs
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As emphasized in a recent review by Woessner [147] the natural substrates of MMPs acting in vivo remain largely unknown and unexplored. Although large compendia of substrates have been gathered, e.g. Chandler et al. [30], such lists comprise proteins that have been tested in vitro as potential substrates. This is no guarantee that the substrate in question is degraded in vi110 by the enzyme tested, it merely shows that the potential exists. Furthermore, the number of known constituents of the extracellular matrix is now well over 150 and only a small fraction of these have been tested as substrates. To establish the natural substrates it is necessary to isolate degradation pro ducts from the tissue and show by sequence analysis that the bond cleavage matches that produced by the MMP in question. This has been done in the case of three substrates: interstitial col lagens, aggrecan and link protein (see below). However, ambiguities still remain: often several different MMPs will digest the same protein at the same bond, and the fragments produced may undergo further digestion by other enzymes in the matrix. Another path to follow would be to show the absence of substrate degradation in a gene knockout experiment. In the section that follows, we will summarize known substrates, but with the three exceptions noted, there is no clear proof that any of these substrates is degraded in vivo by a particular MMP. A preliminary overview is provided by Table 7.
Inhibition of the MMPs
Authors: Woessner J Frederick , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to knowledge gained by studies of enzyme specificity, a good deal can also be learned about the active centre by the use of inhibitors. First, we will discuss inhibitors that act by chela tion or replacing zinc at the active centre. This will be followed by information on inhibitors that act by non-specific means, such as affecting the substrate, and inhibitors that are modelled on the pro peptides of MMPs. Inhibition by proteins in the macroglobulin class provides some information about specificity (much of it tabulated in the section on MMP specificity). Finally, the design of synthetic peptide derivatives or peptide mimetics will be considered. The inhibition by TIMPs will be treated in a separate section.
Introduction
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Strouboulis Theofanis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The finite element method is today one of the major tools of CAE (Computer Aided Engineering). The growth of computer power and the availability of software allows engineers to solve more and more complex linear and nonlinear problems rapidly and with diminishing computational and human cost. More precisely the availability of solid based CAD geometry, automatic meshing, associativity between geometry and finite elements, the development of eﬃcient solvers for system of linear equations, etc. has drastically reduced the time needed to solve complex problems. For a survey of various aspects of the use of the FEM in industry, refer to [Brown, 1997]. Many commercial and research codes are available and widely used, for example, MSC Nastran, ANSYS, ABAQUS, STRESS CHECK, MECCANICA, etc. These codes are used more and more as black boxes. Many times the detailed descriptions of the numerical algorithms employed in commercial FEM codes are not available to the user because they are proprietary. The graphical display of very high quality and sophistication often obscures the quality and reliability of the computed data and gives the user unsubstantiated confidence in the results. In addition, there is the trend of using the various commercial FEM codes as ‘black’ boxes by inexperienced analysts who may be unable to detect gross errors in the computed results. One has to ask the question: What is the purpose of computation? The answer is not simple; nevertheless, stated broadly the purpose is to obtain reliable data leading to the proper engineering decisions. Hence the emphasis on the problem of reliability, or a-posteriori error estimation, etc., is clearly coming to the forefront.
The Klein-Gordon equation
Authors: Cazenave Thierry , Haraux Alain , Martel Yvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preliminaries
In this section, we give some technical tools that are essential in this chapter. Proposition 6.2.3 justifies the study of the Klein-Gordon equation in the space X. Indeed, the energy Eis related to the X-norm and, as we will see in the next sections, the conservation of the energy (6.19) allows us, under certain hypotheses on g and (φ, ψ;), to obtain estimates for the solution in X (and so global existence), or results about blow-up in finite time.
Approximating Integrals via Monte Carlo and Deterministic Methods
Authors: Evans Michael , Swartz Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is designed to introduce graduate students and researchers to the primary methods useful for approximating integrals. The emphasis is on those methods that have been found to be of practical use, and although the focus is on approximating higher- dimensional integrals the lower-dimensional case is also covered. Included in the book are asymptotic techniques, multiple quadrature and quasi-random techniques as well as a complete development of Monte Carlo algorithms. For the Monte Carlo section importance sampling methods, variance reduction techniques and the primary Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms are covered. This book brings these various techniques together for the first time, and hence provides an accessible textbook and reference for researchers in a wide variety of disciplines.
Multiple quadrature
Authors: Evans Michael , Swartz Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methods of approximate integration based on quadrature are historically the oldest of the integration techniques. In fact, the term quadrature stems from the ancient Greek problem of “squaring the circle”. The squaring of a circle is the process of inscribing or circumscribing a circle with rectangles (or polygons) of known area for the purpose of estimating n (i.e. the area of a circle with unit radius). Engels (1980) provides a brief history of the development of quadrature.
Markov chain methods
Authors: Evans Michael , Swartz Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here µ is a general support measure which may be Lebesgue measure defined on some Euclidean space or, for example, µ may be counting measure on a set of combinatorial objects. Since we are concerned with approximating integrals we focus on applications where µ is Lebesgue measure. On the other hand, there are many applications of this methodology where this is not the case and the reader should be aware of these; see, for example, Hammersley and Handscomb (1964), Sinclair (1993) and Madras and Slade (1993).
Birational geometry of surfaces
Authors: Liu Qing , Erné Reinie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce some basic tools for studying surfaces. In this book, a .surface will be a Noetherian integral (in general normal) scheme X of dimension 2, endowed with a projective flat morphism onto a base scheme S that is regular, connected, of dimension O or 1. The case when dim S = 0 (hence S is the spectrum of a field) has been abundantly treated in the literature.
Narrow Roads of Gene Land
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second volume of the collected papers of W D Hamilton, each one introduced by an autobiographical essay. Hamilton is the most important theoretical biologist of the 20th century and his papers, not especially numerous, have had, and continue to exert, an enormous influence. Many were originally published in obscure and inaccessible places. Volume 1 (OUP, still in print) was devoted mainly to selection for social behaviour, the first half of Hamilton's life's work; Volume 2 is on the other half, on sex and sexual selection, and it includes the 18 papers published between 1980 and 1991. Each paper is accompanied by a specially written introduction describing why the work was done, how the paper came to be written, and its eventual fate. The introductions, written in an accessible, non-technical style, include history, opinion, and excerpts from Hamilton's life.
The Hospitals are Coming
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A comparison of this chapter’s paper with that of the last will show what I meant about Jon Seger and clarity but still I hope that it achieves some of what I intended—that even if its notions are hazy as they flash past, it can at least be a downhill and suggestive read. It is a good example of a ‘wild oat’, as I defined this very technical concept in Chapter 6 of Volume 1, and this and five other ‘conference’ papers already included in the present volume show how my prediction in those early pages about my increasing ‘promiscuity’ with age has come true.
Theory of Probability
Authors: Jeffreys Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jeffreys' Theory of Probability, first published in 1939, was the first attempt to develop a fundamental theory of scientific inference based on Bayesian statistics. His ideas were well ahead of their time and it is only in the past ten years that the subject of Bayes' factors has been significantly developed and extended. Recent work has made Bayesian statistics an essential subject for graduate students and researchers. This seminal book is their starting point.
Weber’s theory of induced magnetism.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
we have seen that poisson supposed the magnetization of iron to consist in a separation of the magnetic fluids within each magnetic molecule. If we wish to avoid the assumption of the existence of magnetic fluids, we may state the same theory in another form, by saying that each molecule of the iron, when the magnetizing force acts on it, becomes a magnet.
AmpÈre’s investigation of the mutual action of electric currents
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have considered in the last chapter the nature of the magnetic field produced by an electric current, and the mechanical action on a conductor carrying an electric current placed in a magnetic field. From this we went on to consider the action of one electric circuit upon another, by determining the action on the first due to the magnetic field produced by the second. But the action of one circuit upon another was originally investigated in a direct manner by amp ère almost immediately after the publication of Örsted’s discovery. We shall therefore give an outline of ampère’s method, resuming the method of this treatise in the next chapter.
Dynamical theory of electromagnetism.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have shewn, in art. 552, that, when an electric current exists in a conducting circuit, it has a capacity for doing a certain amount of mechanical work, and this independently of any external electromotive force maintaining the current. Now capacity for performing work is nothing else than energy, in whatever way it arises, and all energy is the same in kind, however it may differ in form. The energy of an electric current is either of that form which consists in the actual motion of matter, or of that which consists in the capacity for being set in motion, arising from forces acting between bodies placed in certain positions relative to each other.
Electromagnetic unit of resistance
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The resistance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the numerical value of the electromotive force to that of the current which it produces in the conductor. The determination of the value of the current in electromagnetic measure can be made by means of a standard galvanometer, when we know the value of the earth’s magnetic force. The determination of the value of the electromotive force is more difficult, as the only case in which we can directly calculate its value is when it arises from the relative motion of the circuit with respect to a known magnetic system.
Proof of Theorem 8.3 on parameter-depending equations
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall prove the theorem after some elementary transformations of the problem which we perform in Section 10.1. The proof is rather technical and a reader who is not used to the KAM techniques is advised to read the Addendum first where the classical Kolmogorov theorem is proved using the same ideas which we exploit below in a more involved situation.
Boundary Conditions
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The actual dynamics of fluid flows is highly dependent on the surrounding environment. This influence is described mathematically via the prescription of suitable boundary conditions. Boundary conditions play a crucial role since they select solutions which are compatible with external constraints. Accounting for these constraints may be trivial under idealized conditions (periodic flows) but generally speaking, it constitutes a very delicate (and sometimes nerve-probing!) task. In this chapter we illustrate the most common ways to impose boundary conditions to LBE flows.
Turbulent Flows
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knocking on Heaven’s doors . . .Bob DylanIn the previous chapter we discussed reasons why LBE represents an interesting alternative to traditional computational fluid dynamic methods for the numerical simulation of universal features of fluid flows. In this chapter we present an application of LBE methods to one of these problems ‘par-excellence’, incompressible turbulence.
Microsatellite evolution: inferences from population data
Authors: Estoup Arnaud , Cornuet Jean-Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A thorough understanding of the mutational events that shape microsatellite evolution is necessary to optimize the information provided by these markers. The application of statistical tests for theoretical mutation models (IAM, SMM, TPM, and KAM) to actual population data has arrived at rather contradictory or inconclusive results, reflecting the low power of these tests and the fact that basic assumptions such as mutation-drift equilibrium are not always met. However, they suggest that large differences in the mutation process exist among loci, and the involvement of more complex mutation processes than those assumed for the theoretical mutation models tested. Pedigree, sequencing, and phylogenetic studies have shown that mutations at microsatellite loci generally involve addition or loss of one repeat, and much less frequently of several repeat units. They have also indicated that the mutation of repeat arrays has a complicated dependence on allele size and purity, the mutation process is upwardly biased, and some constraints on allele length exist. The sequencing of imperfect, interrupted and/or compound microsatellite electromorphs revealed a substantial amount of size homoplasy, a result expected when considering the mutation processes of repeat arrays. Knowledge of the mutation processes at microsatellite loci is still insufficient to parametrize accurately the factors that have been found to be relevant to the evolution of these repeated sequences and hence to allow optimal representation in theoretical mutation models.
Microsatellites and the reconstruction of the history of human populations
Authors: Linares Andres Ruiz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to the very large number of microsatellite markers currently available as a result of the human genome project, microsatellites are presently the most powerful way of probing the diversity of the whole human genome. Here I summarise, within the context of other genetic studies, some of the principal inferences drawn from currently available microsatellite data sets relative to the analysis of human evolution. Consistent with various previous studies, microsatellites indicate that the greatest genetic distance is seen between African and non-African populations. In agreement with the recent African origin for modern humans, microsatellites also show that African populations are genetically the most diverse. Furthermore, estimates of time since population splits based on the step-wise mutational model place the African-non-African separation at about 156 000 years ago, a figure inconsistent with the multiregional model of human evolution. One of the principal problems for the use of microsatellites in human evolutionary studies is range constraint. which seems to affect more seriously tri- and tetranucleotide repeats, having a higher mutation rate, than dinucleotide repeats. The more rapidly evolving microsatellites are likely to be mainly informative for regional population studies, particularly those examining compound Y chromosome haplotypes.
Microsatellite markers in complex disease: mapping disease-associated regions within the human major histocompatibility complex
Authors: Carrington, Mary , Marti Darlene , Wade Judy , Klitz William , Barcellos Lisa , Thomson Glenys , Chen John , Truedsson Lennart , Sturfelt Gunnar , Alper Chester , Awdeh Zuheir , Huttley Gavin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microsatellite markers have facilitated identification of a number of disease genes, most of which have a monogenic inheritance. Genes of the human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) have been shown to be associated with diseases of various aetiologies, and microsatellite loci mapping within the MHC may provide a means to identify accurately disease-associated regions. Allele frequencies of microsatellite loci located throughout the HLA complex were determined in patients with diseases known to be associated with a particular gene or region within the complex. Four of these diseases (IDDM, multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, and uveitis) are associated with genes encoding molecules involved in antigen presentation, and one, C2 deficiency, is caused by a single mutation in the class Ill C2 gene. Significant associations (p &lt; 0.01) between disease and microsatellites located in closest proximity to the known 'disease gene' were observed in all of the five diseases studied. This demonstrates the power of microsatellite markers in disease studies where no previous HLA association has been reported. The strong linkage disequilibrium that exists between pairs of HLA genes has often caused difficulty in distinguishing the primary gene(s) associated with a particular disease. Stratification analysis was used to determine whether linkage disequilibrium can explain all of the statistical association at a given marker locus relative to a known disease locus for multiple sclerosis, narcolepsy, and IDDM. The analysis suggested few, if any, additional components of disease susceptibility to these three diseases, despite the fact that additional HLA region variation (as yet unidentified) contributes to IDDM.