bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Growth of New Ventures: Analysis After Penrose
Authors: Garnsey Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the intense interest generated by new venture activity and the growth of new firms in recent years, the entrepreneurial venture remains an under-theorised area in the economic and management literature. With the emergence of microeconomic theory in the 1930s, academic study of the entrepreneur became a marginal area, arousing little interest even among those working in the tradition of Schumpeter (Nelson, 1995).1 In economic textbooks, the entrepreneur stiil receives scant mention (Baretto, 1989).2
The University in the ‘Global’ Economy
Authors: Miyoshi Masao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Higher education is undergoing a rapid sea change. Everyone knows and senses it, but few try to comprehend its scope or imagine its future. This two-part chapter makes some guesses by observing recent events and recalling the bygone past. Part 1 describes the quickening conversion of learning into intellectual property and of the university into the global corporation in today’s research universities in the United States—and, increasingly, everywhere else. Part 2 puzzles over the failure of the humanities at this moment as a supposed agency of criticism and intervention.
The Jurisdiction of the Community Courts Reconsidered
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will reconsider the jurisdiction of the Community courts. The inquiry is timely given the need to think more generally about the Community’s institutional structure in the light of expansion. There have also been two important papers which directly address key issues concerning the Community’s judicial architecture. One has been written by those currently in the ECJ and CFI, and will be referred to hereafter as ‘the Courts’ paper’. The other was produced by a Working Party composed largely of former judges of the ECJ at the behest of the Commission. The Chairman was Ole Due and it will be referred to as ‘the Due Report’.
Between National and International Governance: Geopolitics, Strategizing Actors, and Sector Coordination in Electrical Engineering in the Interwar Era
Authors: glimstedt henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we follow the continuous efforts from the 1890s to the Second World War of a transnational community in electrical engineering to construct a world market through cartelization of oligopoly. What the argument reveals is that the process of internationalization in this period was highly political, driven by individual actors and firms aiming to construct a specific set of market relationships. The chapter therefore reinforces the need to have both a political and an historical perspective on processes of internationalization. Forms of markets and international economic coordination emerge from the actions of individuals and firms seeking to deal with complex technological, economic, and political environments. In order to grasp these processes, it is necessary to examine the interactions between national and international forms of social embeddedness and how these give rise to forms of transnational communities (within and across firms).
Political Foundations for Separating Ownership from Control
Authors: Roe Mark J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public firm, with dispersed stockholders in deep liquid securities markets, dominates business in the United States of America. Despite its pervasiveness, it has wee-known infirmities, namely in the fragile des that bind managers to shareholders. If shareholders strongly fear managers’ disloyalty or incompetence, they will invest warily; if sufficiently fearful, they will not invest at all, and other ownership structures will prevail. But the core problems of binding managers to shareholders in the USA have shrunk to acceptable levels; investors are not so afraid of managers that they refuse to invest. Indeed, these problems have been handled so well that we fail to recognize the political prerequisites to resolving them and tying American managers to dispersed stockholders.
Complete Separation of Ownership and Control: The Structure-Regime and Other Defensive Mechanisms in the Netherlands
Authors: Moerland Pieter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dutch system of corporate supervision is currently in the throes of reform. The unique Dutch ‘structure-regime’. which separates ownership and control, has been legally pre scribed for ‘large’ companies since 1971. In this system, supervisory boards are granted considerable power, which is usually the prerogative of the shareholders at the annual meeting. The co-optation system grants also the supervisory board the right to appoint and dis miss its own members. An important policy debate was sparked by the report of the Dutch Corporate Governance committee (1997)1 (hereinafter the Peters Committee) which questioned the need and role of the structure-regime and other aspects of the Dutch corporate governance system.
Employee Stock Option Grants and Firm Performance in the Netherlands
Authors: Duffhues Piet , Kabir Rezaul , Mertens Gerard , Roosenboom Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although executive stock options—the right granted to management and/or employees to buy a company’s stock at a pre-specified price during a specified length of time—have become a well-established part of management compensation in the USA (Hall and Liebman 1998; Murphy 1999), their use has permeated Continental Europe only recently. Listed companies in the Netherlands started to use this form of compensation extensively as of the mid-l 990s. The idea underlying the use of stock options is that they can tum paid managers into owners, thus aligning their interests with those of shareholders. As a result, company managers will be more motivated to strive towards firms’ financial-markets-related performance. Moreover, these stock-based compensation plans may not only strengthen the link between compensation and performance for existing recipients, but can also assist a firm in bringing talented new staff onboard. This appears especially relevant in high-tech sector firms.
Distribution in Japan
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro , Nishimura Kiyohiko G , Mark Ramseyer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years have passed since the ‘store wars’ over barriers to foreign products at Japanese distribution firms. Yet among English-speaking readers, how these firms operate remains a puzzle. In this book, the best Japanese scholars in their fields attempt to unravel that puzzle. Avoiding culture-based explanations, they employ a systematic and rigorous economic logic—yet, since they also avoid mathematical notation, the argument remains accessible to generalist readers. Collectively, the authors make four basic points: * Within a country, distribution is less similar than it appears. Not only does it vary enormously across industries, but it often varies within a given industry as well. * Across countries, distribution is less diverse than it appears. Although appearances sometimes suggest major cross-national contrasts, on more careful analysis the differences often disappear. * Distribution sometimes depends on the product involved. Because distribution functions as the principal means by which manufacturers acquire information about consumer preferences, the character of distribution can depend crucially both on demand patterns and on manufacturing technology. * In the absence of regulatory intervention, distribution generally will be efficient and non-exclusionary. Regulation usually introduces inefficiency and often creates barriers to entry. Importantly, however, the targets of exclusion will less often involve foreign than domestic competitors. To illustrate these points, the authors draw on both analyses that cross various sectors and analyses that are specific to sectors; they study both regulated and unregulated industries; they describe industries with extensive imports, industries with extensive exports, and industries with neither; they examine the effect of technological change; and they introduce a variety of case studies, from agriculture and automobiles to electrical appliances and apparel.
Japanese Distribution: Background, Issues, Examples
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro , Mark Ramseyer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Call it the bad boy of the Japanese economy. A sultry worker, it refuses to perform at the levels of its manufacturing peers. A sore loser, it stays in business by buying politicians, manipulating bureaucrats, and cheating every which way. A poor player generally, it struts and frets its hour upon the stage—and then is heard from again and yet again.
International Financial Centres, 1958-1971: Competitiveness and Complementarity
Authors: Schenk Catherine R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measuring the competitiveness of international financial centres has proved difficult for economists. Nevertheless, there is a substantial literature that seeks to rank international financial centres either through time or in a single period. The measures include the number of foreign banks, amount of foreign deposits held by financial institutions, and the ranking of financial centres by a sample of bankers and economists. All these approaches assume that one financial centre can be compared with another on the same terms, and then that some judgement can be made on this basis about their relative influence. Some efforts have been made to introduce a functional approach to ranking to account for the differences between financial centres in savings-rich countries compared to importers of capital or offshore centres.
Cosmopolitanism and the Social Experience of Cities
Authors: Sennett Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cosmopolitanism has a very different cast when you think about it in terms, not so much of political theory, but of social experience and particularly in terms of the social experience of cities. The dynamics of what we mean by cosmopolitanism, its opposites and its internal contradictions are very differently structured. Once you actually take an institution like the city, the link between cosmopolitan and cosmopolitanism is obviously a very particular one.
An ecology of distributed knowledge work
Authors: Boland Richard ℱ , R. ℱ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Representing, designing, and implementing are, in a sense, the ‘stuff’ of which distributed knowledge work is made. Because representations are being created and interpreted by actors at many levels of a distributed system, it is a multi-layered hern1eneutic process. Because designs of the system are always being enacted and evaluated, it is a path-creating, innovative process. And because implementations of the system are continuously being produced and reproduced, it is a process of responsible human agency. At any moment, any of the actors could interpret their situation differently, could resist the prescribed path, or could intervene to change accepted practices.
Choreographing Time and Management: Traditions, Developments, and Opportunities
Authors: Adam Barbara , Whipp Richard , Sabelis Ida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time is an essential feature of social and organizational life. It is our prime organizing tool. People use time in order to create, shape, and order their worlds. And yet, despite its importance, we take our time values and uses of time largely for granted. This not only applies to one’s daily life but is also true for academic theory and business practice alike. Making Time is concerned to bring time to the forefront of management theory and practice. It seeks, accordingly, to make explicit what are currently the many implicit temporal assumptions that underpin management thought and action.
Time and Management as a Morality Tale, or ‘What’s Wrong with Linear Time, Damn It?’
Authors: Rehn Alf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it seems that time has been actively discussed in the social sciences ever since the sudden proliferation of ‘seminal’ books in the 1960s (Fraisse 1963; Moore 1963; De Grazia 1964; Gurvitch 1964; Sorokin 1964), the 1990s and onwards have quite clearly been a period with an abundant interest directed towards the temporal. It has also been a period when time studies have filtered into popular culture, with a number of books on time selling fairly well to the general public (e.g. Lightman 1993; Gleick 1999; Griffiths 1999). Time has become a ‘topic’, something you might even hear politicians ponder, and the multifaceted nature of time is no longer discussed merely in the halls of academia but in magazines and on ‘Oprah’. And in all these arenas, just as in scholarly writing on the issue of time as a social phenomenon, the consensus is astounding. There is not merely one time, that rigid linear flow of clock time, but a veritable plethora of times and rhythms and flows and what not. In a sense, talking about social time has truly become part of the ongoing moralization that we call culture.
Interpretative Times: The Timescape of Managerial Decision Making
Authors: Keenoy Tom , Oswick Cliff , Anthony Peter , Grant David , Mangham Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This discursive fragment is taken from a conversation between a small group of senior academics conducted intermittently over a period of about fourteen weeks. Their task was to reconstruct or—perhaps more accurately—attempt to ‘relive’ a critical incident they had been involved in before reconstituting it as a thirty-minute script. Our task in this chapter—which, from a different per spective, replicates what the academics were doing—is to reconstruct what they said during that process in order to illustrate the significance of ‘time’ in the decision-making process. In particular, we attempt to identify the timescape (Adam 1996) of decision making with a view to reinforming our understanding of how organizational decisions are shaped and formulated.
Organized Uncertainty
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1990s risk management has undergone a dramatic expansion in its reach and significance, being transformed from an aspect of management control to become a benchmark of good governance for banks, hospitals, schools, charities and many other organizations. Numerous standards for risk management practice have been produced by a variety of transnational organizations. While these many designs and blueprints are accompanied by ideals of enterprise, value production, and good governance, it is argued that the rise of risk management has also coincided with an intensification of auditing and control processes. The legalization and bureacratization of organizational life has increased because risk management has created new demands for proof and evidence of action. In turn, these demands have generated new risks to reputation. In short, this important book traces the rise of the managerial concept of risk and the different logics and values which underpin it, showing that it has much less to do with real dangers and opportunities than might be thought, and more to do with organizational accountability and legitimacy.
The law of Human Rights
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This second supplement to the highly-acclaimed The Law of Human Rights, published in October 2000, brings the work fully up to date to July 2002. It includes all the relevant case-law as the Human Rights Act continues to be tested out in the courts and is an essential purchase for those who have already bought the Main Work. The Main Work and Second Updating Supplement are also available together as a set (ISBN 0199258228).
Introduction: National Identity And Citizenship
Authors: Rose Sonya O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British home front in World War II continues to be a source of both fascination and nostalgia even for those who were born long after the war had ended. It was a time when the British pulled together to defeat the Nazi enemy in a war that until the middle of 1944 had produced more deaths among civilians in Britain than among those who were in the fighting services. After the fall of the European allies in the spring of 1940, when Great Britain was militarily isolated in Western Europe, the country feared Nazi invasion for more than a year. But these facts and dates do not capture what it was about the war on the home front that has been such a compelling source of interest for historians, ageing survivors and their families, and others who had little or no direct association with the people who participated in it.
Hierarchical and Horizontal Coordination: The Central Actors
Authors: Hayward Jack , Wright Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having considered the institutional mechanisms and procedures that exist to facilitate the achievement of cohesion in a vast state domain with an innate propensity to proliferate, we now turn to the central actors on whose shoulders fall the main burden of overall coordination. In many political systems, the Cabinet-where all the senior ministers meet each week—exercises more than a formal coordinating oversight of government policies. As we shall see, this is not the case in France.
First Source of Uncertainty: No Group, Only Group Formation
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where should we start? As always, it is best to begin in the middle of things, in medias res. Will the reading of a newspaper do? Sure, it offers a starting point as good as any. As soon as you open it, it’s like a rain, a flood, an epidemic, an infestation. With every two lines, a trace is being left by some writer that some group is being made or unmade. Here it’s the CEO of a big company who deplores the fact that five years after the merger the firm’s various branches are still not fully integrated. She wonders how to ‘promote a common corporate culture’ .
‘Transfers’ or ‘Assignments’ and ‘Pledges’ of Shares
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the choice of law treatment of the proprietary aspects of share transactions, and will consider both ‘outright transfers’ and the provision of shares as collateral. It seeks first to establish that, contrary to popular notions, shares are not transferred or assigned from person to person at all. Not in the way that property rights in physical objects are transferred, and not even in the way that a debt as a chose in action is assigned. Neither are shares ‘pledged’. Observing the correct legal analysis of the transaction is crucial to making better choice of law decisions for transactions under the direct holding system. Conversely, failure to observe the correct analysis of what is transferred or provided by way of security is the root of the difficulties to finding the correct choice of law approach.
The Effect of Insolvency
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact of insolvency on the choice of law processes which have been considered so far. Besides the investor in the indirect holding system, who is concerned that its assets will survive the insolvency of an intermediary, the issue is also of particular concern to lenders who have taken collateral under the indirect holding system, that their collateral will remain valid and enforceable in the event of the insolvency of the collateral provider. Indeed the collateral taker under the indirect holding system faces the risk of insolvency not just of its collateral provider, but that of its intermediary as well, for collateral taken under the system is held through an intermediary.
Revised Articles 8 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most comprehensive of enacted reforms today on choice of law rules for securities indirectly held are Revised Articles 8 and 9 of the US Uniform Commercial Code (the ‘UCC’). Although these provisions are applicable only in the United States, and specifically in the states which have enacted them, they are nevertheless relevant to this work as they are said to have influenced the shaping of the reforms at the European and international levels. They are considered ahead of the European reforms and the proposed Hague Convention (examined in the next two chapters) to enable assessment of the extent to which these legislative reforms follow (or depart from) the choice of law method which they are all said to have adopted, and will form the basis of comparison of the choice of law treatment prescribed by each of these.
Proposed Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike earlier legislative efforts, the proposed Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary (the ‘proposed Hague Convention’) is dedicated solely to the choice of law issue, and specifically that in respect of securities held with an intermediary. It is being produced under the auspices of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, which began work on the subject in May of 2000. The text of the Convention was finalized in December 2002 at a Diplomatic Session of the Hague Conference, with a period given thereafter for corrections. The original intention was that the Convention should be finalized early in 2002, with a view to its being adopted at a Plenary Session of the Hague Conference in the summer of 2002. There was however some delay in the schedule, arising in part from consideration of some of the issues discussed later here.
Comparison of Choice of Law Treatments
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing chapters of Part III have demonstated that although the legislative choice of law reforms are all said to have enacted the same choice of law rule, the law of the relevant intermediary, they do not in fact match completely. There is also another choice of law rule which some of these legislations prescribe, the law of the system, which has received far less attention but is no less important to the choice of law issue.
The Dynamics of Learning Alliances: Competition, Cooperation, and Relative Scope
Authors: Khanna Tarun , Gulati Ranjay , Nohria Nitin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning alliances, associations in which the primary objective of the partners is to learn from each other, constitute an important class of interfirm alliances (Hamel, Doz, and Prahalad, 1989; Hamel, 1991). We introduce a general theoretical framework to advance the study of such learning alliances in two major ways. First, the framework explicitly incorporates simultaneously competitive and cooperative behavior by participating firms, and identifies factors that may influence the incidence of each type of behavior. We show that the propensity to depart from purely cooperative behavior in a particular alliance is related to the portfolio of markets in which each participating firm is present, and to the degree to which these portfolios overlap.
Social Capital, Structural Holes and the Formation of an Industry Network
Authors: Walker Gordon , Kogut Bruce , Shan Weijian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a fundamental conflict in the formation of a network. On the one hand, there are powerful forces toward the reproduction of dense regions of relationships. Reproduction is powerful because it is based upon the accumulation of social capital that requires the maintenance of and reinvestment in the structure of prevailing relationships. Yet, it is exactly this principle of conservation that generates the opportunities for entrepreneurial actors to bridge these regions and alter the structure of the network. The formation of interfirm networks is a critical point of contention between otherwise complementary views of network structure.