bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congressional Insolvency
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Provides background accounts of political development in the USA from the American War of Independence to the Philadelphia Convention, and establish that, by 1787, Congress was marked by military weakness and financial insolvency. Here, an account is given of the efforts of Congress to implement the fiscal clauses of the US Constitution, which shows that the national government created by the Articles of Confederation experienced serious difficulties in its ability to raise money, and in the end failed to raise sufficient money to meet its expenses. The focus of the chapter is on the means by which Congress raised money from the outbreak of the War of Independence up to the Philadelphia Convention, and also on how, one by one, these means were lost, so that by 1787 the insolvency of the national government was total. The first two parts of the chapter describe the attempts of Congress to raise money through fiat (printed) money, loans, and taxes, with the author contending that the Federalists accepted existing restrictions to taxation and formed a tax system that would be able to generate sufficient income for the national government without putting undue pressure on the American people. The last section of the chapter looks at the problem of the public debts run up by Congress and the states during the War of Independence, and at the reasons for the federal assumption of state debts – whether they were democratic or economic – and the reasons given by the Federalists as to why Congress had to resume payment of the public domestic and foreign debt.
The Federalists and the Uses of Fiscal Powers
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Offers brief sketches of the institutionalization of the military and fiscal powers granted by the US Constitution, and of the uses made of them by the Federalists in the 1790s. Gives an outline of the fiscal and financial policy of the Federalists, thereby assessing Alexander Hamilton's claim to have restored public credit while reducing the tax pressure on the citizens. Also looks at the fate of the Federalist program after the Federalists had lost power to the Jeffersonian Republicans.
Conclusion: The Constitution, the Federalists, and the American State
Authors: Edling Max. M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The conclusion ends the book with an explication of the Federalists’ idea of an American national state.
It starts by pointing out that the ratification of the US Constitution did not mean the end of politics, nor the end of the debate about the future course of the American republic, for now the Federalists faced the next step of state building: creating the institutions of government that would realize their ideas about a national state in America. The mainstream interpretation of the Federalist argument presents it as a call for limited government and protection of minority rights, but this study has offered a different interpretation. It sees the Federalist argument as an attempt to convince the American public about the need to build a powerful state and to explain how this state would work – the idea of an American national state that the Federalists developed during the ratification debate was the result of creative thinking in the face of serious challenges. This conclusion is devoted to an explication of both the challenge that the Federalists faced and the concept of the state they developed, but the basic issue may be summed up as follows: what the Federalists had to do, and what they did, in the debate over ratification, was to develop a conceptual framework that made it possible to accommodate the creation of a powerful national government to the strong anti‐statist current in the American political tradition.
Inhibitory mechanisms in autism spectrum disorders: typical selective inhibition of location versus facilitated perceptual processing
Authors: Brian J.A. , Tipper S.P. , Weaver B. , Bryson S.E. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  This study examined the inhibitory control mechanisms of selective attention in autism spectrum disorders. Two issues were engaged: First, we extend previous findings of normal inhibition of distractor identity in autism by examining whether inhibition of spatial location is also spared. The second issue concerns the selectivity of inhibition. In non‐clinical participants inhibition is selectively directed to the properties of the distractor that compete for the control of action; we examined whether individuals with autism also show normal selectivity of inhibition.Method:  A negative priming task was used to examine selective spatial inhibition in participants with autism relative to matched non‐clinical controls.Results:  We discovered that inhibition of distractor spatial location is within normal limits in autism, as is the ability to selectively direct inhibition to task‐relevant stimulus features. In addition, we unexpectedly found that the irrelevant perceptual feature of colour produced a facilitation effect in autism, which has not been observed previously in typical controls.Conclusions:  Evidence of colour facilitation implicates more fluent, but presumably less adaptive, perceptual processes in autism.
Antenatal care in the capital city of Cambodia: Current situation and impact on obstetric outcome
Authors: Fujita Noriko , Matsui Mitsuaki , Srey Sopha , Po Chin Samuth , Uong Sokhan , Koum Kanal 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAims: To analyze the situation of antenatal care (ANC) attendance in the capital of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, and the effect of ANC attendance on delivery and newborn outcome, in order to establish a strategy for ANC in the national reproductive health program in Cambodia.Methods: This was a health facility‐based retrospective cohort study. Background factors (education, household income, and parity) were obtained through interview, and obstetric information (cesarean section, low birth‐weight, and maternal complications) were collected from the medical records of women who delivered during 1 month at all the public and private health facilities in Phnom Penh. Relations were analyzed between the number of ANC visits, background factors, and obstetric outcome.Results: A total of 1204 responses were received from Phnom Penh residents, representing 84% of the estimated number of deliveries in the city. Of these, 89% were from public health facilities. Low educational level, low household income, and multiparity were risk factors for ANC attendance. There was no association between the number of ANC attendances and obstetric outcome.Conclusions: Our study has shown that Phnom Penh residents have good access to ANC and delivery care. Low socioeconomic factors are risk factors to ANC. The number of ANC visits had no association with poor perinatal outcome, but further study on quality of ANC and its impact on obstetric outcome is needed. Within the limited resources, safe motherhood strategies need to be targeted to the rural area and to the poor in order to increase access to ANC and delivery care.
Pantoprazole provides rapid and sustained symptomatic relief in patients treated for erosive oesophagitis
Authors: Bochenek W. J. , Mack M. E. , Fraga P. D. , Metz D. C. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground : Effective symptom control is a primary concern of most heartburn suffers.Aim : To compare the safety and efficacy of pantoprazole, placebo and the H2 antagonist nizatidine in relieving symptoms in patients with erosive oesophagitis.Methods : Data from two randomized, double‐blind studies were pooled. Patients received pantoprazole 10, 20 or 40 mg, or placebo daily (study 1, n = 603), or pantoprazole 20 or 40 mg daily or 150‐mg nizatidine b.d. (study 2, n = 243) for either 4 or 8 weeks. Endoscopy was performed at baseline, week 4 and week 8. Persistent absence of symptoms was defined as the first day that no symptoms were reported by the patient on that day or any subsequent study day.Results : A significantly higher percentage (P < 0.05) of pantoprazole patients reported elimination of all symptoms by week 8. Daytime heartburn, night‐time heartburn and regurgitation were significantly better controlled with pantoprazole (with a dose–response at most time‐points). Absence of symptoms was a powerful predictor of healing; presence of symptoms correlated poorly.Conclusion : Pantoprazole is more effective than placebo or nizatidine for controlling heartburn and acid regurgitation in patients with erosive oesophagitis. Relief of GERD symptoms is highly predictive of healing of erosive oesophagitis at 4 and 8 weeks.
Symptomatic gastro‐oesophageal reflux, arousals and sleep quality in patients undergoing polysomnography for possible obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Guda N. , Partington S. , Vakil N. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYIntroduction: Nocturnal acid reflux is common and could disturb sleep by causing arousals that fragment sleep.Aim: To determine the prevalence of gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms and their association with arousals, stages of sleep and quality of life in patients undergoing evaluation for excessive daytime sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnoea.Methods: Ninety‐four consecutive patients with excessive daytime sleepiness were prospectively studied. Patients completed the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, a validated symptom questionnaire for reflux disease and a disease‐specific quality of life questionnaire, the sleep apnoea quality of life index and then underwent overnight polysomnography, which was read in a blinded manner.Results: There were 40 males and 54 females with a mean age of 47 ± 13 years. Reflux symptoms were present in 63 of the 94 (67%) patients. Patients with reflux symptoms had significantly more arousals from sleep 43 ± 70/h than those without (20 ± 24/h;P =0.03). The sleep duration during the second stage of sleep was shorter (44 ± 21%) for those with reflux symptoms than those without (52 ± 12%;P = 0.03). Patients with reflux spent significantly shorter periods in stage II sleep (44 ± 21%) than those without (52 ± 12%;P = 0.03). The sleep‐related quality of life score in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux (3.1 ± 1.1) was significantly lower than in patients without reflux (3.7 ± 1.0;P = 0.02). Regression analysis demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between quality of life and reflux symptom score (P =0.002) and total spontaneous arousals (P = 0.04).Conclusions: Gastro‐oesophageal reflux is common in patients with sleep disorders, is associated with increased arousal, decreased durations spent in the deeper stages of sleep and poorer sleep‐related quality of life.
Frequency of the canine leucocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) mutation among Irish red setters in Germany
Authors: Pfeiffer I. , Brenig B. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryCanine leucocyte adhesion deficiency (CLAD) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disease occurring among Irish red setters. The genetic defect causative for this disorder was recently identified as a missense mutation in theITGB2gene. Irish red setters with one copy of the mutant gene appear normal, while dogs with two copies of the mutant gene manifest the disease. The present report describes the analysis of the single nucleotide polymorphism in 289 Irish red setters by DNA sequencing. The frequency of CLAD carriers in Germany is 11%.
Architectural constraint in fruit production of Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae)
Authors: PRITCHARD KATIE , EDWARDS WILL 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe tested the relative influences of plant architecture and whole plant resources as mechanisms for setting flower and fruit production in Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. (Fabaceae). We also examined the effects of plant architecture and competition between flowers and whether low probability of female function in late flowers was associated with an increased allocation to male function. In control plants, we found a significant relationship between the cross‐sectional area of a stem supplying an inflorescence and the number of flowers and fruits produced. Furthermore, the location of successful fruit production was non‐random and heavily biased to early opening flowers. In contrast, we found no evidence that fruit to flower ratios in C. spectabilis were altered as a result of environmental resources. The removal of early opening flowers was associated with fruit production in later opening ones, indicating that the capability of producing fruits did not differ between flowers, independent of their time of opening. In conjunction with non‐random transition probabilities, allocation to male function was greater in later opening flowers than in early opening ones. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that plant architectural limitations and inflorescence developmental ontogeny are principal determinants of how many fruits will be produced and where fruit production will occur, and that these factors influence sex allocation between flowers within inflorescences.
Life‐history monographs of Japanese plants. 2: Trillium camschatcense Ker‐Gawl. (Trilliaceae)
Authors: OHARA MASASHI , KAWANO SHOICHI 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe life‐history characteristics and demography of Trillium camschatcense (Trilliaceae) were studied and are described here. T. camschatcense, a typical polycarpic perennial, is a representative of the spring plants growing in temperate broad‐leaved deciduous forests in the lowlands of Hokkaido and northern Honshu, and adjacent Far East regions. Flowering takes place in early to late April. T. camschatcense typically has three white petals and three sepals, is primarily pollinated by bumblebees (Bombus and Andrena spp.) and beetles (Carpophilus and Aphthonaltica spp.), with pollen/ovule ratios of 2200, and is a conditional outbreeder. Occasional inbreeders are also known in the north‐eastern populations of Hokkaido. Capsules mature in late summer, late July to August. Light‐brown seeds, 2–3 mm long, with a soft juicy elaiosome containing sugars such as fructose, glucose and saccharose attracts ants and beetles, but only ants are effective dispersal agents for Trillium seeds. Our long‐term monitoring study has continued for 25 years from 1980 to 2004, and most of the flowering individuals turned out to be extremely long‐lived, at ages of well over 20 years. Notably, frequent switches in growth stages occur, not only proceeding from the single‐leaf sterile stage to the three‐leaved sterile‐stage but also reverting to earlier growth stages.
Clinical and pathological responses of progestin therapy for non‐atypical endometrial hyperplasia: A prospective study
Authors: Rattanachaiyanont Manee , Angsuwathana Surasak , Techatrisak Kitirat , Tanmahasamut Prasong , Indhavivadhana Suchada , Leerasiri Pichai 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAims: To evaluate the clinical and pathological responses and factors predicting non‐responders to various progestins currently prescribed for the treatment of non‐atypical endometrial hyperplasia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Gynecologic Endocrinology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Thailand, from 1998 to 2003. A 6‐month course of progestin therapy was offered to all patients. The clinical response was evaluated from the vaginal bleeding pattern during the first 4 months of treatment. The pathological response was evaluated from the histopathology of the endometrium after completion of the 6‐month therapy.Results: Of 250 registered patients, the number of cases qualified for the evaluation of the clinical and pathological response were 198 and 134 cases, respectively, revealing the overall clinical and pathological response rates of 93.4% and 92.5%, respectively. Among 13 clinical non‐responders, 84.6% might have associated pelvic pathology. Among 10 pathological non‐responders, three had surgical treatment, and progressive disease was found in one case. Significant factors predicting clinical non‐responders included a history of prior bleeding (odds ratio [OR] = 8.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.63, 47.53), the presence of associated pelvic pathology (OR = 25.52, 95% CI = 3.21, 203.01), and treatment using progestins other than medroxyprogesterone acetate. Factors predicting pathological non‐responders were not statistically significant.Conclusions: The current regimens of progestin therapy for non‐atypical endometrial hyperplasia have high response rates. Patients who fail to have a clinical response should be evaluated for associated pelvic pathology. Follow‐up endometrial biopsy should be offered to the patients, because 7.5% have persistent or progressive lesions, necessitating aggressive treatment.
Cigarette smoking and the risk of ovarian cancer in the Japanese population: Findings from the Japanese Collaborate Cohort study
Authors: Niwa Yoshimitsu , Wakai Kenji , Suzuki Sadao , Tamakoshi Koji , Lin Yingsong , Yatsuya Hiroshi , Kondo Takaaki , Nishio Kazuko , Yamamoto Akio , Tokudome Shinkan , Hamajima Nobuyuki , Toyoshima Hideaki , Tamakoshi Akiko ,   for the JACC Study Group
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim:The many studies into the relation between cigarette smoking and the risk of ovarian cancer have produced inconsistent results. Here we investigated this relation using data from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, initiated in 1988.Methods:A self‐administered questionnaire on smoking habits and other risk factors for cancer was completed by 34 639 Japanese women. After 7.6 years of follow up, 39 cases of ovarian cancer were available  for analyses. Cox proportional‐hazards models were used to compute relative risks (RR) and to adjust for confounders.Results:Relative to those who had never smoked, the RR of ovarian cancer were 1.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21–12.50) for former smokers and 2.27 (95% CI = 0.85–6.08) for current smokers. Among current smokers, the RR were 1.48 (95% CI = 0.20–10.92), 5.56 (95% CI = 1.68–19.06), and 1.86 (95% CI = 0.25–14.30) among women who smoked <10, 10–19, and at least 20 pack‐years ([number of cigarettes smoked per day/20] × number of years subject has smoked), respectively, relative to those who had never smoked. A test for trend was statistically significant (P = 0.044).Conclusions:These data indicate that cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing ovarian cancer in the Japanese population.
Evolutionary consequences of gender plasticity in genetically dimorphic breeding systems
Authors: Delph Lynda F. , Wolf Diana E. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryA functional view of gender helps evolutionary biologists evaluate the mechanisms underlying breeding‐system evolution. Evolutionary pathways from hermaphroditism to dioecy include the intermediate breeding systems of gynodioecy and androdioecy. These pathways start with the invasion of unisexual mutants, females or males, respectively, followed by alteration of the hermaphrodites to allocate more to the sexual function that the unisexuals lack. Eventually, hermaphrodites become unisexual and dioecy has evolved. Some species evolving along these pathways stop short of completing this second step, or even revert back from dioecy. We evaluate the hypothesis that gender plasticity is involved in these transitions to and from dioecy. Evidence from studies of subdioecious species that have evolved along the gynodioecy pathway suggests that gender plasticity occurs and stabilizes subdioecy by lowering the cost of producing seed. Factors influencing species evolving toward androdioecy, or reverting to androdioecy from dioecy, appear to be more varied and include reproductive assurance, herbivory and gender plasticity. In general, gender specialization appears to be favored in resource‐poor environments regardless of which pathway is taken to dioecy.
How Much Is Postacute Care Use Affected by Its Availability?
Authors: Buntin Melinda Beeuwkes , Garten Anita Datar , Paddock Susan , Saliba Debra , Totten Mark , Escarce José J. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. To assess the relative impact of clinical factors versus nonclinical factors—such as postacute care (PAC) supply—in determining whether patients receive care from skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) or inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) after discharge from acute care.Data Sources and Study Setting. Medicare acute hospital, IRF, and SNF claims provided data on PAC choices; predictors of site of PAC chosen were generated from Medicare claims, provider of services, enrollment file, and Area Resource File data.Study Design. We used multinomial logit models to predict PAC use by elderly patients after hospitalizations for stroke, hip fractures, or lower extremity joint replacements.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. A file was constructed linking acute and postacute utilization data for all medicare patients hospitalized in 1999.Principal Findings. PAC availability is a more powerful predictor of PAC use than the clinical characteristics in many of our models. The effects of distance to providers and supply of providers are particularly clear in the choice between IRF and SNF care. The farther away the nearest IRF is, and the closer the nearest SNF is, the less likely a patient is to go to an IRF. Similarly, the fewer IRFs, and the more SNFs, there are in the patient's area the less likely the patient is to go to an IRF. In addition, if the hospital from which the patient is discharged has a related IRF or a related SNF the patient is more likely to go there.Conclusions. We find that the availability of PAC is a major determinant of whether patients use such care and which type of PAC facility they use. Further research is needed in order to evaluate whether these findings indicate that a greater supply of PAC leads to both higher use of institutional care and better outcomes—or whether it leads to unwarranted expenditures of resources and delays in returning patients to their homes.
Acidic Conditions Enhance Bactericidal Effects of Sodium Bisulfite on Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Murano Akiyuki , Morinaga Naoko , Iwamaru Yoshifumi , Yahiro Kinnosuke , Tagashira Motoyuki , Moss Joel , Tanzawa Hideki , Noda Masatoshi 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.  The Brucella broth medium, which is often used for the cultivation of microaerobic bacteria including Helicobacter pylori. It contains sodium bisulfite to decrease oxygen content in the medium. The growth of H. pylori, however, is inhibited by sodium bisulfite. In this study, the effect of sodium bisulfite was compared with several antioxidants and quantified under acidic conditions, mimicking the gastric environment.Methods.  Growth of H. pylori in the presence of several antioxidants was evaluated at OD655 nm. Effect of sodium bisulfite on H. pylori under acidic conditions was evaluated by measuring colony forming units (cfu).Results.  Under neutral conditions, sodium bisulfite was a more potent suppressor of H. pylori. Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in wine, exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity. To quantify the effect of sodium bisulfite on H. pylori under acidic conditions, the bacteria were grown at 37 °C for 30 minutes in 0.15 mol/l HCl/KCl (pH 2.0) with or without urea and sodium bisulfite. Sodium bisulfite (0.5 mmol/l) did not affect the viability at neutral pH 7.0, however, it killed H. pylori under acidic conditions, even if urea, the key substance enabling H. pylori to survive under acidic conditions, was present. The bacteria, which had been incubated under acidic conditions in the presence of urea, could survive a subsequent 30 minute‐incubation at pH 2.0 without urea. Presence of sodium bisulfite, however, in the subsequent 30 minute‐incubation, killed the bacteria.Conclusions.  The bactericidal effect of sodium bisulfite on H. pylori was greater under acidic conditions and independent of urease activity.