bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Disordered Fortress: Passive Resistance, the Cuno Government, and the Destruction of the German Mark
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fate of the German mark in 1923 rapidly overshadowed the prolonged deterioration which it had undergone since 1914 and even its parlous condition in 1922. How, after all, can a deterioration of 1:1,500 against the dollar between 1919 and the end of 1922 compare to the 1:4,200,000,000,000 ratio of the mark to the dollar at the end of November 1923? From this perspective, it was perfectly correct for even so knowledgeable a person as Willy Prion to contrast the “small inflation” until the end of 1922 with the “big inflation” of 1923.1 And yet, the events of 1923 in major respects completed processes well under way in 1922 or before. Indeed, one can even argue that the crisis year of 1923 recapitulated in exaggerated and often grotesque form the entire range of decisions and conditions that had propelled the inflation since 1914, but did so in such a way that the ultimate delegitimation of the inflation could only be achieved by carrying the inflation to a literalized conclusion; namely, the liquidating of the mark. The “bigness” of the 1923 inflation helps to explain not only why the more positive aspects of the postwar inflation for Germany’s reconstruction were lost to collective memory but also why the preexisting condition of hyperinflation in the last half of 1922 has often been enveloped in historical consciousness by the much greater catastrophe of 1923.
Saving the Stabilization, December 1923–April 1924
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Needless to say, the believability of the currency reform had not automatically been established by its implementation. Such credibility would depend on repeated confirmation, especially through direct and usually unpleasant experience demonstrating that the government meant business. Neither the Munich lawyer Karl Lowenstein nor his friends, for example, believed that the Rentenmark would end the inflation. Returning from a trip to Italy and having arrived at the German border after November 20, however, he confronted valorized train fare that had to be paid with much more money than he had. When he asked the agent at the ticket counter how he was supposed to get to Munich, that worthy pointed to the dozens of hanging watches in his booth and invited Herr Lowenstein to join the crowd of those who had pawned their watches as security for a train trip. The experience undoubtedly contributed to the revision of Lowenstein’s attitude toward the currency reform.1
Hard Times, Hard Feelings, Hard Money
Authors: Sellers Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Panic of 1819 was a traumatic awakening to the capitalist reality of boom and-bust. Not until the postwar boom had the market spread far enough to inflict general prostration in bust. Suddenly everyone committed to the money economy was in peril, as bank notes depreciated in their pockets. Distress was most acute in the cities, where the insecurity of the growing new class of wage laborers was now fully demonstrated. As customers stopped buying and businesses failed, an estimated half million workers were left without means of support, fifty thousand in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. In Philadelphia three out of four workers were reported idle, and 1,808 were jailed for unpaid debts. Philanthropic groups distributed soup to the starving and passed out recipes for a “cheap, wholesome, and savoury” concoction of rice and mutton suet gravy that could feed a family of six for three cents. The eight thousand public paupers who alarmed other New Yorkers in 1819 swelled in a year to nearly thirteen thou sand. Everywhere the traditional mechanic dream of owning a modest home was shattered as missed mortgage payments triggered a wave of foreclosures. Even the smaller towns faced “the prospect of families naked-children freezing in the winter’s storm-and the fathers without coats and shoes to enable them” to work. And everywhere the cities and towns lost population as the destitute fled back to kin in the countryside for subsistence.
Ethos vs. Eros
Authors: Sellers Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Semicentennial of American independence was a more than symbolic watershed. During the jubilee year that peaked on the Fourth of July 1826, returning prosperity set off the decisive phase of market revolution, cultural as well as economic. While Finneyism blazed with the first flood of commerce along the Grand Canal, the Benevolent Empire’s major societies federated nationally for cultural conquest and a national temperance movement surged up to school a spreading “middle class’ in self-disciplined effort. The so-called middle class was constituted not by mode and relations of production but by ideology. Where nobilities and priesthoods left folk cultures little disturbed, capital feeding on human effort claimed hegemony over all classes. A numerous and dispersed bourgeoisie of small-scale enterprisers pushed both them selves and their workers to staggering effort by mythologizing class as a moral category. Scorning both the handful of idle rich and the multitude of dissolute poor, they apotheosized a virtuous middle class of the effortful. The “business man “originally a man conspicuously busy-became the archetype of a culture of busyness. Atomizing society into a marketplace rewarding each according to effort, middle-class mythology both fueled and justified success to quell rising anger over the class reality of bourgeois exploitation. It appealed especially to a growing new class of “white-collar” clerks, salesmen, and bookkeepers aspiring to bourgeois enterprise.
The Labor of Leisure
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conscious that home and family life represented “the success of the enterprise,” the German-Jewish writer Lina Morgenstern reminded her readers: “Family life is the sphere in which the extent of our economic success is presented. No one should control this sphere more than the wife.”1 This assignment, however, required a delicate balancing act. Women were expected to reflect the status and wealth of their husbands in the way they organized their own and their families’ leisure time, in the friends they made, and in the entertainment they chose. Yet they had to avoid frivolity and ostentation in order to negate frequent charges of excessive materialism made by anti-Semites. The stock figure of the Jewish woman as a haughty, vulgar, status-flaunting cultural boor found in popular humorous joumals haunted the emergence of a substantial Jewish leisure class, causing increased tension within an already hypersensitive acculturating Jewish community. Thus Jewish women had to “smooth things over,” exhibiting the tokens of new wealth while avoiding all con spicuous consumption and parvenu behavior.
Jewish Women Confront Academia
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Only in the first decade of the twentieth century did German universities officially admit women, years behind other Western industrial nations. Despite Jewish and German patriarchal traditions which considered too much education “unfeminine,” when the doors of higher education finally opened to women, the proportion of German-Jewish women students was high, although their actual numbers were small. In an era which saw the beginning of the mass university and the concomitant entry of women into this male bastion, German-Jewish women were drawn to the high schools and universities. Why was this the case? And what were their experi ences with regard to the sexist and racist stereotypes and discrimination they encountered?
Woman Suffrage and Women’s Political Power: The Consequences of the Nineteenth Amendment
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Many Ways, the mood of women activists at the end of the suffrage battle was like that of young idealists forty years later, at the beginning of the 1960s. A new era appeared to be dawning, and nothing seemed beyond the reach of the bold and brilliant reformers who were about to take over. De scribing one group of women activists, the intellectual Randolph Bourne wrote: “They have an amazing combination of wisdom and youthfulness, of humor and ability, and innocence and self-reliance …They are of course all self-supporting and independent, and they enjoy the adventure of life; the full, reliant, audacious way in which they go about makes you wonder if the new woman isn’t to be very splendid sort of person.”
Women In Industry
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On The Night of November 23, 1909, thousands of shirtwaist makers gath ered at New York’s Cooper Union to protest the wages and working conditions in the city’s garment industry. Some of the women earned as little as $3.50 a week. Others were forced to buy the needles and thread they used on the job and to pay for their own electricity. In the preceding months, tensions between workers and employers had worsened, and now the women had been called together by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) to voice their grievances. The meeting progressed in orderly fashion until, suddenly, a young Russian woman stood up and announced that she had heard enough speeches. “I am one who thinks and feels from the things they describe,” she declared. “I too have worked and suffered. I am tired of talking. I move that we go on general strike.” The young woman’s plea electrified the crowd, and within minutes, her motion to strike received thunderous applause. By the next night, over 25,000 garment workers had walked off their jobs.
The Paradox of Change
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Japan Surrlndered in August 1945, the American people rejoiced in the victorious end to their long struggle. Church bells pealed, families pre pared to welcome back loved ones who had been at the front, and national leaders praised the dedication of soldiers and war workers who had made the victory possible. No one knew for sure, however, what would happen to women in a world at peace. The nation had experienced fifteen years of uninterrupted turbulence, moving from a decade of depression through nearly half a decade of war. In that time span, attitudes toward women had fluctuated dramatically. In 1938, over 80 percent of the American people strongly op posed work by married women. Five years later, over 60 percent approved of such employment. In each case, public opinion had been shaped in large part by the exigencies of a crisis situation. Now with the return of peace, the future social and economic roles of women became a focal point for contro versy.
The Debate on Woman’s Place
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1947, Life magazine featured a special thirteen-page spread on the “American Woman’s Dilemma.” The title of the piece summed up its central thesis. A growing number of modern women, the editors claimed, were confused and frustrated by the conflict between traditional ideas about woman’s place and the increasing reality of female involvement in activities outside the home. At an earlier time, the editors asserted, such a conflict had not existed. A woman had been required to make only one big decision—her choice of a husband. Thereafter, her life revolved exclusively about the duties of the household. The woman of 1947, however, faced a more complicated set of options. She still wanted to get married and have children, but she also wished to participate in the world beyond the home, especially after the early years of child rearing were over. The problem was that cultural norms made little provision for women who were not homemakers. One of the by-products of the war, it seemed, was a deepening sense of bewilderment among many American women over how to define their identity in a society that failed to offer adequate alternatives.
The Best of Times, the Worst of Times
Authors: Chafe William H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In many respects, the 1970s and 1980s provided an ideal barometer for measuring the impact on women’s status of the changes that had occurred during the postwar era. The 1940s and 1950s had been a time of paradox, with significant behavioral changes in women’s economic activities occurring simultaneously with a resurgence of traditional patriarchal attitudes that defined women’s “place”—rigidly and anachronistically—as being strictly in the home. With the revitalization of a dynamic feminist movement in the 1960s, however, an opportunity arose for reconciling attitudes and behavior and, potentially at least, for creating an ideological mandate for moving toward substantive equality between the sexes.
Regaining Professional Stability
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the mid-1920s, economic recovery began to brighten the political prospects of the Weimar Republic. The annual VDI report concluded that “the stabilization of the currency in late 1923 liberated the German people from the enervating tensions of speculation and, in spite of remaining obstacles, made it slowly possible for the productive forces of the economy to gather strength.
Prologue: Industrial Languedoc from Colbert to Chaptal
Authors: Johnson Christopher H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Upper Languedoc has grain and this country [lower Languedoc] harvests oils, besides its manufactures. But everyone knows that the fruits of the earth … are exposed to a thousand hazards before they reach maturity, and that it is not the same with manufactures, [for] they depend on the artistry, in dustriousness, and application of men.” Thus did Intendant Henri d’Aguesseau, a Colbertian through and through, reassure skeptics in the Estates of Languedoc in 1681 that their interest-free loans to the Royal Manufactures of fine woolens at Saptes and Villenouvette would bear fruit.
Restoration Uncertainties
Authors: Johnson Christopher H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the political seesaw of 1814-15 gave rise to new horrors in the religion torn Gard, the rest of lower Languedoc moved grumpily through the up heavals without any significant resort to violence. Not that its inhabitants were politically indifferent, but politics here was understood to revolve around two essential concerns: material interest and resentment against the French state. When the first received satisfaction, the second abated. Hence the Consulat and the early Empire, providing relative prosperity for most Languedocians, quieted conflicts rooted in antinational feelings. As these conditions waned, saying no to Paris reappeared. Royalism in the Herault was hardly a matter of ideals.
A Mining Empire That Might Have Been
Authors: Johnson Christopher H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In general, the extractive industries of the south showed great promise during the earlier phases of French industrialization. The upper Loire and Gier valleys, the wild country above Ales, Grand’Combe and Besseges, the group of villages that became known as Decazeville, and the hills of Carmaux developed coal mining and its attendant industries (metallurgy or glass making) at a rapid pace during the first half of the nineteenth century. It is important to underline the fact that the industrialists involved went far beyond the mere exploitation of raw materials to be utilized elsewhere.
Deindustrialization
Authors: Johnson Christopher H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The attentive reader might have wondered what happened to Michel Chevalier in the course of the 1867-68 round of discussions about the rail future of the arrondissement of Lodeve. If he did not possess quite the stature of Cardinal Fleury, Chevalier was undoubtedly the most powerful defender Lodeve had had for a very long time. But, despite his later grousing about “mysterious influences,” he was remarkably silent-at least with his pen through these last trials. The answer is rather simple: Chevalier had by then lost interest personally and, one may suppose, his individualist/libertarian principles (or naked self-interest as others might put it) permitted him to stop banging his head against the walls of northern power. Indeed, what he had done was to submit to northern power.
“The Stern Realities of War”
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As its plantation economy boomed in the 1850s, the Yazoo Delta seemed to offer nothing less than the answer to a cotton planter’s prayers. Its self-replenishing soils could never be worn out, and its year-round work demands made it the ideal environment for the maximum exploitation of slave labor. Near the end of the 1850s, the state geologist of Mississippi predicted that within a century “whatever the Delta of the Nile may once have been, will only be a shadow of what the alluvial plain of the Mississippi will then be. It will be the central point-the garden spot of the North American continent-where wealth and prosperity culminate.”
‘The Blues Is a Lowdown Shakin’ Chill”
Authors: Cobb James C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although they appeared in the Mississippi Delea at the end of the nineteenth century, not until the twentieth century was drawing to a close did the blues gain widespread acceptance as a legitimate American musical form. According to legend, the remarkable odyssey of the blues actually began in 1903 at the railroad station in Tutwiler, Mississippi, where W. C. Handy first heard “a lean, loose-jointed Negro” playing what Handy described as “the weirdest music I ever heard.” Another of Handy’s early encounters with the blues came when his band was performing for a dance at Cleveland and some one asked if he would mind if “a local colored band played a few dances.” Clearly Handy was not impressed by the appearance of the hometown aggregation: “They were led by a long-legged chocolate boy, and their band consisted of just three pieces, a battered guitar, a mandolin, and a worn-out bass.” Handy found the band’s music “pretty well in keeping with their looks.” It was characterized by an “over and over” strumming that quickly “attained a disturbing monotony, the kind of foot-thumping, eye-rolling music associated with cane rows and levee camps.” Handy admitted that he found the music more “haunting” than annoying, but, although he would gain fame as the discoverer and popularizer of the blues, he doubted at the time that “anybody besides small town rounders and their running mates would go for it.”
Object of Hate, Engine of Destruction
Authors: May Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This time, Remington’s future would be decided not by a panel of prominent citizens but by twelve ordinary people, a jury of his peers. The selection of this group began with a mistake that Joe Rauh thought was serious. On December 18, 1950, the clerk of the court announced that potential jurors who were unable to participate in a trial that was expected to last thirty days or longer were automatically excused, without first informing them that the month would not begin until after Christmas. Forty-six people, the “best jurors,” Rauh thought, left the courtroom. Then Judge Ryan declared that the case was assigned to the court of Judge Gregory F. Noonan, where on December 20, a jury would be impaneled and motions heard. Rauh and Chanler were not happy to learn that Noonan would be trying the case. An Irish Catholic and a graduate of the Fordham University Law School, like his good friend Godfrey Schmidt, Noonan, forty-four, was a prosecutor before being appointed to the federal bench by President Truman in 1949. The Remington case would be his first important criminal trial, and his interpretation of the law would frequently clash with Chanler’s, as it did on December 20.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than 51 million Americans are direct owners of corporate shares and stock mutual funds. In addition to these direct owners, in 1985 more than 150 million more people owned stock indirectly through such assets as life insurance policies, pension plans, and bank trust accounts. The buying and selling of stocks and bonds are, for the most part, conducted through the securities industry. In this country, securities firms have provided intermediation services for investors for over 200 years, of which the last 20 years have seen more change than the previous 180 years. First, deregulation has obligated securities firms to operate in highly competitive markets in which only the most efficient and innovative can prosper. Second, technical advances have lowered dataprocessing and communications costs, opened new markets, and facilitated instantaneous, worldwide links among the world’s financial capitals, including New York, London, and Tokyo. And third, financial markets have become more volatile, and so the environment in which these firms operate is more risky. How the industry has changed in order to deal with this increasing risk is a major theme of this book.
Accelerating Change, 1980-1992
Authors: Matthews John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s, the pace of change in the securities industry accelerated. Securities markets throughout the world became more closely linked. Economic disturbances were more rapidly transmitted from one national economy to another, and securities markets became more volatile. Investors looked outside their own countries for the best investment alternatives as communications and transactions costs fell. New financial theories provided the basis for new financial products, allowing investors to better structure and manage the risk of the portfolios they held. With their large portfolios and sophisticated analytical capabilities, institutions were better able than individuals were to deal with the changing environment. Individuals sensibly responded to these changes by switching from individual stock ownership to mutual fund ownership. For broker-dealers, the 1980s were characterized by years of extremely high profits, high salaries, and a great deal of publicity and notoriety. Newspapers were filled with stories of young investment bankers earning hundreds of thousands to even millions of dollars a year. The king of the hill in compensation was Drexel Burnham Lambert’s Michael Milken with his on-paper compensation of $550 million in 1987. Major movies like Wall Street, Working Girl, and Bonfire of the Vanities took the audience into the offices and trading rooms of fictitious Wall Street firms.
The Legislative Framework
Authors: Matthews John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Part II looks at those federal securities laws that apply to broker-dealers.1 Although the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has direct authority over broker-dealers, much of the day-to-day regulation is carried out by the national exchanges and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD). This delegation of regulatory authority to the exchanges and the NASD, referred to as selfregulation, takes place with oversight by the SEC. Securities industry regulation includes the establishment of practices and minimum capital requirements for broker-dealers in order to minimize the risk of insolvency. Another major goal of this regulation is to ensure ‘‘fair and orderly markets.’’ The securities laws provide severe punishments for fraudulent and manipulative broker-dealer conduct, and they regulate trading practices at the exchanges and the NASD network and the operation of specialist firms. Issues relating to trading at exchanges, on the NASD network, and by specialists are beyond the scope of this book; rather, we will focus solely on those regulations pertaining to broker-dealers.