bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral lymphedema: New advances in microsurgical treatment and long‐term outcome
Authors: Campisi Corradino , Boccardo Francesco , Zilli Angelo , Macciò Alberto , Gariglio Anderson , Schenone Francesco 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe report on the modern surgical management of peripheral lymphedema. An adequate diagnostic route is essential: it has to include patient history and clinical examination, an isotopic lymphography, an accurate study of the venous circulation, and in cases of angiodysplasia, an accurate study of the artery circulation. Based on over 25 years of clinical experience (more than 1,000 patients), the role of derivative and (in those cases where a venous disease is associated with lymphostatic pathology) reconstructive lymphatic microsurgery is particularly underlined, in comparison with conservative medico‐physical treatment, to which it is complementary. “Debulking” surgery can be used just in properly selected patients for minor operations with only cosmethic‐reductive purposes. With a follow‐up even over 15 years after surgery, positive results from lymphatic microsurgery can be achieved in more than 80% of cases, especially in patients at precocious stages. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 23:522–525 2003
Conductivity, morphology, interfacial chemistry, and stability of poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene)–poly(styrene sulfonate): A photoelectron spectroscopy study
Authors: Crispin X. , Marciniak S. , Osikowicz W. , Zotti G. , van der Gon A. W. Denier , Louwet F. , Fahlman M. , Groenendaal L. , De Schryver F. , Salaneck W. R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to characterize poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene)–poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDT/PSS), one of the most common electrically conducting organic polymers. A correlation has been established between the composition, morphology, and polymerization mechanism, on the one hand, and the electric conductivity of PEDT/PSS, on the other hand. XPS has been used to identify interfacial reactions occurring at the polymer‐on‐ITO and polymer‐on‐glass interfaces, as well as chemical changes within the polymer blend induced by electrical stress and exposure to ultraviolet light. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 2561–2583, 2003
Dielectric and electrical properties of Sr5EuCr3Nb7O30 nanoceramics prepared using a novel chemical route
Authors: Ranga Raju M. R. , Choudhary R. N. P. , Ram S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPolycrystalline samples of Sr5EuCr3Nb7O30, a member of the tungsten bronze (TB) family, have been prepared by a novel chemical precursor route with a chemical dispersion and mixing of the metal cations in an acidic solution. Preliminary structural studies have been carried out using X‐ray diffraction of samples heated at different temperatures, in the 973 to 1173 K range, from the precursor. They confirm the formation of the single‐phase compound in an orthorhombic structure at room temperature. The dielectric constant (ε) and tangent loss (tan δ) of the samples have been measured as a function of both frequency (102–105 kHz) and temperature (300–700 K). None of the samples shows any dielectric anomaly. Impedance spectroscopic data are explored to gain an insight into the electrical properties and the relaxation behaviors. The measurement of the conductivity as a function of temperature suggests that the samples have a negative temperature coefficient of resistivity in a typical semiconductor behavior.
Have Byrne & Hilbert answered Hardin's challenge?
Authors: Pautz Adam 
Published: October 2003

AbstractI argue that Byrne & Hilbert (B&H) have not answered Hardin's objection to physicalism about color concerning the unitary-binary structure of the colors for two reasons. First, their account of unitary-binary structure seems unsatisfactory. Second, pace B&H, there are no physicalistically acceptable candidates to be the hue-magnitudes. I conclude with a question about the justification of physicalism about color.
Interferon Alfa-2b Three Times Daily and Thalidomide in the Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hernberg Micaela , Virkkunen Pekka , Bono Petri , Ahtinen Henna , Mäenpää Hanna , Joensuu Heikki 
Published: October 2003

Purpose: The antiangiogenic effect of interferon (IFN) may improve with frequent dosing and by combination with other agents with antiangiogenic activity. To evaluate this potential, we treated patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with frequently dosed IFN and thalidomide. Patients and Methods: Thirty patients were given IFN-α-2b 0.9 MU subcutaneously three times daily for 1 month and subsequently 1.2 MU tid unless serious toxicity was encountered. Thalidomide was first given 100 mg/d for 1 week and 300 mg/d thereafter. Sera were collected before and during treatment for serum vascular endothelial growth factor (S-VEGF) analyses performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The intention-to-treat response rate was 20% (95% CI, 6% to 34%) and response rate for assessable patients (n = 27) was 22% (95% CI, 6% to 38%). All responses were partial. In addition, 17 patients (63%; 95% CI, 45% to 81%) had stable disease for 3 months or longer. The median time to treatment failure was 7.7 months, and median survival time was 14.9 months. The most common cause of thalidomide discontinuation was neuropathy. S-VEGF levels decreased more in patients who responded to therapy compared with those in patients whose condition had stabilized or who had progressive disease (P = .036). Conclusion: The combination of frequently dosed IFN-α-2b and low-dose thalidomide is feasible and active in advanced RCC, but the clinical benefit may remain small compared with that of IFN alone. Results from an ongoing phase III trial comparing IFN-α with or without thalidomide need to be analyzed before this combination can be recommended for use outside clinical studies.
Immunohistochemical fiber typing of harbor seal skeletal muscle
Authors: Watson Rebecca R. , Miller Todd A. , Davis Randall W. 
Published: October 2003

SUMMARYThere is strong evidence that pinnipeds maintain a lipid-based, aerobic metabolism during diving. However, the few fiber-typing studies performed on pinniped skeletal muscles are not consistent with an aerobic physiological profile. The objective of this study was to reexamine the fiber type distribution throughout the primary locomotory muscles of the harbor seal Phoca vitulina. Results from immunohistochemical (IHC) fiber typing indicated that harbor seal swimming muscles (the epaxial muscles) are composed of 47.4% type I (slow twitch, oxidative) fibers and 52.8% IIa (fast twitch,oxidative) fibers, which are homogeneously distributed throughout the muscle. Harbor seal pectoralis, a secondary swimming muscle, was composed of 16.2%type I and 84.3% type IIa fibers. No fast twitch, glycolytic (type IIb) fibers were detected in either muscle, in contrast to published data on fiber typing of harbor seal epaxial muscles using traditional histochemical techniques. The extreme specificity inherent in the IHC fiber typing procedure leads us to conclude that harbor seal swimming muscle is entirely composed of oxidative fibers. Our results are consistent with the enzymatic analyses of pinniped skeletal muscle that support the use of lipid-derived aerobic catabolism to fuel working muscle during diving in these marine mammals.
Metal‐Free, Selective Alkane Functionalizations
Authors: Fokin Andrey A. , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe present overview of alkane functionalization reactions presents comparisons between radical and metal‐initiated (sometimes metal‐catalyzed) methodologies. While metal‐catalyzed processes are excellent approaches to this problem, metal‐free alternatives are equally if not, at least from an environmental and cost perspective, more useful. This conclusion is supported by the fact that many so‐called metal‐catalyzed reactions also work without the metal present, and the large variety of metals showing the same product distributions emphasizes that the metal often just aids in the generation of the active species, i.e., the metal itself is not participating in the crucial CH activation step. Highly selective alkane functionalization reactions such as those derived from nitroxyl and related radicals as well as through radical reactions conducted in phase‐transfer catalyzed systems are available but generally underutilized. These systems, in contrast to typical metal‐catalyzed approaches, are also applicable to highly strained alkanes and offer the highest 3°/2° CH selectivities reported to date in a radical reaction. The article closes with representative experimental protocols for the PTC bromination of cubane as an example of the applicability of this method to strained hydrocarbons and the direct iodination of cyclohexane as well as adamantane as typical alkanes bearing secondary and tertiary CH bonds.
Mixed Phosphite‐Phosphine and Phosphinite‐Phosphine Palladacyclic Complexes as Highly Active Catalysts for the Amination of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Bedford Robin B. , Blake Michael E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTri‐tert‐butylphosphine adducts of ortho‐palladated phosphite and phosphinite complexes formed in situ are excellent catalysts for the Buchwald–Hartwig amination of aryl chloride substrates.
Reversible CH Bond Activation Reactions of the N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands in Ru(Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2)(IMes)(CO)H2 and Ru(Ph2AsCH2CH2PPh2)(IMes)(CO)H2 (IMes=1,3‐Dimesityl‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene)
Authors: Chilvers Mark J. , Jazzar Rodolphe F. R. , Mahon Mary F. , Whittlesey Michael K. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThermolysis of Ru(IMes)(dppp)(CO)H2 (1, IMes=1,3‐dimesityl‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene; dppp=Ph2PCH2CH2CH2PPh2) in the presence of trimethylvinylsilane yields Ru(IMes')(dppp)(CO)H (2) resulting from intramolecular ArCH2–H CH bond activation of the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand. The structures of 1 and 2 have been established by X‐ray crystallography. Treatment of Ru(IMes)(arphos)(CO)H2 (3, arphos=Ph2AsCH2CH2PPh2) with CH2CHSiMe3 at 85 °C produces a mixture of three CH activated products 4a–c. The CH activated complexes 2 and 4a–c reform their dihydride precursors upon heating under hydrogen.
New Aspects of Synthesis and Properties of Arylated Cyclopentadienes
Authors: Dyker Gerald , Heiermann Jörg , Miura Masahiro 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe multifold palladium‐catalysed arylation is a suitable method for the synthesis of sterically crowded cyclopentadienes bearing up to five ortho‐substituted aryl groups. A maximum of four mesitylene groups can be introduced. While penta(para‐xylyl)cyclopentadiene and pentakis(2‐chlorophenyl)cyclopentadiene exhibit at least six rotamers in the proton NMR spectrum, only two rotamers are registered for the tetra(2‐chlorophenyl)cyclopentadiene; the all‐trans isomer is identified as the major one both by spectroscopy and by semi‐empirical calculations.
Activation of Molecular Nitrogen: Coordination, Cleavage and Functionalization of N2 Mediated By Metal Complexes
Authors: Shaver Michael P. , Fryzuk Michael D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRecent developments in the activation and reactivity of coordinated dinitrogen are reviewed. Examples of weakly activated dinitrogen metal complexes, strongly reduced nitrogen‐nitrogen bonds and N2 cleavage reactions are discussed. Protonation reactions to form ammonia or hydrazido derivatives are covered along with processes in which nitrogen‐boron, nitrogen‐silicon or nitrogen‐carbon bonds can form. Although this review builds on previous publications, a general introduction to this field is included.
Influence of a β‐Alkoxy Substituent on the CH Activation Chemistry of Alkyl Ethers
Authors: Davies Huw M. L. , Yang Jaemoon 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCH activation reactions of 1,2‐dimethoxyethane and methyl tert‐butyl ether with methyl aryldiazoacetates or styryldiazoacetate catalyzed by Rh2(S‐DOSP)4 result in the formation of 2‐aryl‐ or 2‐styryl‐substituted propanoic acids with asymmetric induction up to 95% ee.
Room Temperature Activation of Aromatic CH Bonds by Non‐Classical Ruthenium Hydride Complexes Containing Carbene Ligands
Authors: Giunta Daniela , Hölscher Markus , Lehmann Christian W. , Mynott Richard , Wirtz Cornelia , Leitner Walter 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNon‐classical ruthenium hydride complexes are promising lead structures for the CH bond activation and functionalization of aromatic compounds. In the present paper, the preparation and crystallographic characterisation of the first organometallic complexes bearing dihydrogen ligands and N‐heterocyclic carbene ligands in the same coordination sphere are described. The mixed phosphine/carbene complex [(IMes)Ru(H)2(H2)2(PCy3)] (IMes=1,3‐dimesityl‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene; 3a) shows a unique reactivity pattern in the inter‐ and intramolecular activation of CH bonds. In particular, complex 3a effects a rapid and remarkably selective intermolecular activation of sp2 CH bonds in simple aromatic compounds at room temperature.
Catalytic Methods for CH Bond Functionalization: Application in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kakiuchi Fumitoshi , Chatani Naoto 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe development of catalytic reactions involving carbon‐hydrogen bond cleavage is currently one of the most attractive research subjects in organic and organometallic chemistry. About 40 years have past since the pioneering report of the cleavage of CH bonds with transition metal complexes. Since that time, a vast number of studies of the cleavage of CH bonds, using stoichiometric amounts of transition metal complexes has appeared. In the last decade, a variety of catalytic reactions involving CH bond cleavage has been reported. In this review we briefly survey the results of these research activities with respect to the catalytic use of unreactive CH bonds in organic synthesis.
Unexpected Formation of Bis(1H‐7‐azaindol‐3‐yl)(2,4,5‐trimethylphenyl)methane by Erbium Metal‐Induced CH Activation
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Junk Peter C. , Leary Stuart G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractReaction of 7‐azaindole (azinH) and 1,2,4,5‐tetramethylbenzene (durene) in the presence of erbium metal and mercury at 170 °C under vacuum induced an unusual CC bond formation between a methyl group of durene and C3 of two azinH molecules yielding bis(1H‐7‐azaindol‐3‐yl)(2,4,5‐trimethylphenyl)methane {2: IUPAC name 3‐[1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl(2,4,5‐trimethylphenyl)methyl]‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine}. The structure of 2 was established by X‐ray crystallography and supported by IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy.
Neuronal dysplasia: A controversial pathological correlate of intestinal pseudo‐obstruction
Authors: Kapur Raj P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe infant or child with intestinal pseudo‐obstruction poses many challenges for geneticists and other specialists. Although a well‐defined anatomic diagnosis (e.g., Hirschsprung disease) can be established for a subset of patients, the pathological correlates for many patients are non‐existent or controversial. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) is frequently considered in the differential diagnosis, despite the fact that existence and significance of the abnormal histopathological features that characterize IND are hotly debated. This review highlights some of the concerns regarding this diagnosis including problems with the diagnostic criteria, the manner in which these criteria are applied in contemporary pathology practices, and the likelihood that many of the pathological findings are secondary consequences of impaired motility with no other clear clinical significance. Possible genetic and developmental bases for IND are also discussed. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feingold syndrome: Clinical review and genetic mapping
Authors: Celli Jacopo , van Bokhoven Hans , Brunner Han G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFeingold syndrome is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of microcephaly and limb malformations, notably hypoplastic thumbs, and clinodactyly of second and fifth fingers. Syndactyly frequently involves the second and third, as well as the fourth and fifth toes. Approximately one in three Feingold syndrome patients have esophageal or duodenal atresia or both. Anal atresia has been reported in a single case. At least 79 patients in 25 families have been reported. The syndrome has autosomal dominant inheritance with full penetrance, and variable expressivity. Vertebral anomalies, cardiac malformations, and deafness have been noted in a minority of patients. Here, we report a patient with hydronephrosis of one kidney and cystic dysplasia of the other, necessitating nephrectomy. The overall pattern of malformations in Feingold syndrome shows considerable overlap with the VATER/VACTERL association. The gene for Feingold syndrome maps to 2p23‐p24, but remains to be identified. Comparison of the pattern of anomalies that occurs in the Feingold syndrome in humans and malformations that are present in mice with mutations of genes in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway suggest, that the elusive Feingold syndrome gene may involve this signaling pathway as well. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular dimensions of gastrointestinal tumors: Some thoughts for digestion
Authors: Cohen, M. Michael 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTopics discussed here includePTENmutations and colonic polyps; WNT signaling, APC, β‐catenin, and gastrointestinal neoplasms; mismatch‐repair genes (MLH1,MSH2,PMS1,MSH6) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer;MYHmutations and autosomal recessive colorectal tumors;STK11mutations and Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome; TGFβ and gastrointestinal cancer;BMPR1Amutations and juvenile polyposis; FGF/FGFR alterations in gastrointestinal neoplasms;PTCHmutations and gastrointestinal neoplasms; RUNX3 expression and gastric cancer; role of mucins in gastric carcinogenesis; KIT, PDGFRα, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors; intestinal neurofibromatosis; and gastrointestinal tumors in other disorders. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and related conditions
Authors: Lucci‐Cordisco Emanuela , Zito Ilaria , Gensini Francesca , Genuardi Maurizio 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is a cancer‐predisposing condition caused by inactivating mutations in at least four genes (MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2) belonging to the mismatch repair system. At present, availability of the microsatellite instability (MSI) test allows screening of a relevant fraction of patients with a constellation of features suggestive of HNPCC. By analogy with several other genetic disorders, it is clearly emerging that the term HNPCC encompasses a wide spectrum of different clinical presentations, including Muir‐Torre syndrome, Turcot syndrome, and the neurofibromatosis‐hematological malignancy association. Notwithstanding the remarkable genetic and allelic heterogeneity, a few consistent phenotype‐genotype associations can be recognized. Mutations in the MSH2 gene entail higher risks of developing cancer, including extraintestinal ones, than MLH1 alterations. MSH2 also accounts for most cases of Muir‐Torre syndrome, which is characterized by the presence of sebaceous skin tumors. The few known PMS2 mutations show a striking association with the presence of gliomas, which are the hallmark of the Turcot variant of HNPCC. Homozygotes for mismatch repair gene mutations present with stigmata of neurofibromatosis 1 and usually die in childhood due to a variety of leukemias and lymphomas. While such correlations are being defined, the underlying reasons have only partially been elucidated, and may include heterogeneous gene functions and properties; types of mutation, some of which may exert dominant negative effects; and genetic and environmental modifiers. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gastrointestinal polyposis syndromes
Authors: Bronner Mary P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNumerous polyposis syndromes involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including both non‐hereditary and hereditary types. Causative genes are now known for the seven major syndromes. Genetic and clinicopathologic features are reviewed here and cancer predisposition is emphasized. Genetic testing is available for the GI polyposis syndromes, and can be accessed through GeneTests‐GeneClinics on the Internet at http://www.genetests.org/. The website is available at no cost and is a publicly funded medical genetics resource for health care providers and researchers. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constipation, polyps, or cancer? let PTEN predict your future
Authors: Eng Charis 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe inherited hamartoma polyposis syndromes encompass several distinct clinical syndromes with different genetic bases, Cowden syndrome (CS), Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS), and Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS). Germline mutations in PTEN, encoding a tumor suppressor phosphatase on 10q23.3, is associated with 80% of CS and 60% of BRRS. JPS is caused by mutations in MADH4 and BMPR1A, encoding two members of the TGFB superfamily. Germline mutations in LKB1 (STK11) are associated with a subset of PJS. The number, distribution, and histologic type of polyps differ amongst these syndromes as do component cancer risks. While rare, usually asymptomatic, hamartomatous polyps are felt to be component to CS. Hamartomatous polyposis is usually prominent and symptomatic in BRRS. Polyposis, which can be quite symptomatic, is a cardinal component feature of PJS and JPS. Interestingly, glycogenic acanthosis of the esophagus is highly predictive of CS and the presence of PTEN mutation. PTEN mutation positive CS have been shown to be at increased risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial cancer. PTEN mutation positive BRRS are at increased risk of at least breast cancer, possibly that of the thyroid as well. In contrast, JPS and PJS have increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers in particular. Thus, molecular‐based diagnoses to differentiate each of these syndromes are important for medical management. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biliary tract malformations
Authors: Knisely A.S. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe biliary tree extends from the canals of Hering at the margin of the most peripheral portal tracts to the ampulla of Vater. Malformations occur at every level of this structure. Phenotypic features dominate present understanding of these malformations and of the disorders with which they are associated. Classifications of disease will likely shift from a phenotypic basis to a genotypic basis as genes implicated in biliary tree development and function are identified. Involvement of such genes in biliary tree disorders now considered inflammatory, such as extrahepatic biliary atresia, awaits study. The concept of “feeble cholangiocytes” postnatally susceptible to the effects of “toxic bile” is presented. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy
Authors: Cohen, M. Michael 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (PHHI) of infancy, secretion of insulin is unregulated, resulting in profound hypoglycemia. Two histopathologic forms are known: focal adenomatous islet‐cell hyperplasia and diffuse abnormalities of β‐cell hyperfunction. PHHI is caused by mutations in SUR1, which is a member of the ATP‐binding cassette superfamily, and in Kir6.2, which is a member of the inwardly rectifying family of potassium channels. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.