bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Image of a Mighty Mind (1805, Book 13)
Authors: Wordsworth Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The secret Strength of things Which governs thought, and to the infinite dome Of heaven is as a law, inhabits thee. And what were thou, and earth, and stars, and sea, If to the human mind’s imaginings Silence and solitude were vacancy? Shelley, Mont Blanc the climbing of snowdo It was a summer’s night, a close warm night, Wan, dull, and glaring, with a dripping mist Low-hung and thick that covered all the sky, Half threatening storm and rain; but on we went Unchecked, being full of heart and having faith In our tried pilot. Little could we see, 15 Hemmed round on every side with fog and damp, And, after ordinary travellers’ chat With our conductor, silently we sunk Each into commerce with his private thoughts.
‘Some Other Being’ Wordsworth in The Prelude
Authors: Gravil Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have said that poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity; the emotion is contemplated till by a species of reaction the tranquility gradually disappears, and an emotion, kindred to that which was before the subject of contemplation, is gradually produced and does itself actually exist in the mind.
Preface to Lyrical Ballad A tranquillising spirit presses now On my corporeal frame, so wide appears The vacancy between me and those days Which yet have such self-presence in my mind, That, musing on them, often do I seem Two consciousnesses, conscious of myself And of some other Being.
Barex
Authors: Pu Zhengcai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acronyms, Alternative Name Nitrile barrier resin Class Acrylonitrile–methyl acrylate copolymer Major Applications Extruded and calendered sheet, blown film, injection and extrusion blown bottles, and injection molded and engineered components; used in packaging industry for bags, bottles, and containers to retain aromas and flavors to enhance product integrity and extend shelf life. Properties of Special Interest High permeation barrier to oxygen and other gases, high chemical resistance to withstand many of most aggressive chemicals. Producers and/or Suppliers INEOS USA LLC
Carbon Nanotube-containing Polymers
Authors: Ford Warren T , Tchoul Maxim N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade Names NanoSolve (Zyvex), Nano In (Nanoledge), RTP compounds (RTP Co.), Stat-Kon (General Electric) Class Polymer composites Structures Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT), mixture of 0.7–2 nm diameters and of chiralities of tubular graphene prepared catalytically by electric arc deposition (arc), pulsed laser vaporization (PLV), high pressure carbon monoxide chemical vapor deposition (HiPco), supported Co–Mo catalyst chemical vapor deposition (CoMoCat), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), concentric graphene tubes 10–50 nm diameter prepared by chemical vapor deposition Major Applications Composite reinforcement, electronics, electrostatic dissipation, photovoltaic materials, photoemissive materials Properties of Special Interest Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength and flexibility, electronic absorption and emission
Cyclic Poly(vinylmethylsiloxanes)
Authors: Clarson Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applications and Properties of Cyclic poly(vinylmethylsiloxanes) The cyclic poly(vinylmethylsiloxanes) are an interesting cyclic polymer system in that they contain a reactive pendent group. Thus, possible chemistries include hydrogenation which yields cyclic poly(ethylmethylsiloxane) [(CH3CH2)(CH3)SiO]x (this route has also been used to deuterate the rings for neutron scattering investigations [(CH3CHD)(CH2D)SiO]x ). Other useful reactions are with molecules containing terminal or pendent Si–H groups which can readily be attached by hydrosilation chemistry. This functional ring system also shows that one can directly prepare elastomeric network structures having none of the usual network defects (dangling chain ends, etc.). Although there are a limited number of studies of these novel functional rings to date, the large rings have been successfully isolated from ring–chain equilibration reactions carried out in solution. Following fractionation, some investigations of the physical properties of these cyclic polymers have been carried out and have also been compared with their linear polymer analogs.
Epoxy Resins
Authors: Shelley Mee Y , Braun Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade Names Araldite, DER, Epi-Cure, Epi-Res, Epikote, Epon, Epotuf, etc. Class Thermoset polymers, after curing (the uncured base resins are thermoplastic) Major Resin Types DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A), novolacs, peracid resins, hydantoin resins, etc. Other Ingredients in Epoxy Formulation Diluents, resinuous modifiers (to affect flexibility, toughness, peel strength, adhesion, etc.), fillers, colorants and dyes, other additives (e.g., rheological additives, flame retardants). Major Applications Protective coatings (for appliance, automotive primers, pipes, etc.). Encapsulation of electrical and electronic devices. Adhesives. Bonding materials for dental uses. Replacement of welding and riveting in aircraft and automobiles. In composites for materials in space industry, printed circuitry, pressure vessels and pipes. Construction uses such as flooring, paving, and airport runway repair.
Ethylene Acid Copolymer Metal Salts (Ionomers)
Authors: Morris Barry , Pennias John , Walsh David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General Information Surlyn® (Surlyn® is a registered trademark of the DuPont Company and Surlyn® ionomers are only available from DuPont.) ionomers consist of copolymers of ethylene and methacrylic acid, partially neutralized by a variety of metals such as sodium, zinc, and less commonly, lithium and magnesium. Other manufacturers make ionomers based on acrylic acid copolymers. The neutralization leads to a complex morphology where the ionic groups form clusters. The clusters disrupt the natural spherulitic structure of the polyethylene segments and result in high clarity and improved toughness.
Poly(L-alanine)
Authors: Gold Douglas G , Miller Wilmer G , Sen Taner Z , Kloczkowski Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Serves as a model for various proteins. Properties of Special Interest Two crystalline forms of poly(l-alanine), the α-helix and β-sheet, have been observed. Synthesis Similar to the synthesis of poly(γ -benzyl-l-glutamate) (see the entry on Poly(γ -benzyl-l-glutamate) in this handbook); involves the conversion of the amino acid to the N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomer by reaction with phosgene gas followed by polymerization of the NCA with an appropriate initiator (e.g., n-butyl amine). Typical comonomers include other amino acid NCAs.
Polyaniline
Authors: Hardaker Stephen S , Jadhav Abhijit V , Gudmundsdottir Anna D , Gregory Richard V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Polyaniline is finding widespread use in novel organic electronic applications such as light emitting diodes (LED), electroluminescence, metallic corrosion resistance, organic rechargeable batteries, biological and environmental sensors, composite structures, textile structures for specialized applications or static dissipation, membrane gas-phase separation, actuators, EMI shielding, organic semiconductor devices for circuit applications, blends with insulative host polymers to impart a slight electrical conductivity, bioelectronic medical devices, and a variety of other applications where tunable conductivity in an organic polymer is desirable.
Poly(benzobisthiazole)
Authors: Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications High-performance films, fibers, and coatings. Properties of Special Interest High-temperature resistance, unusual resistance to organic solvents, excellent mechanical properties, interesting electrical and nonlinear optical properties. Preparative Techniques Polycondensation of terephthalic acid with 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride in poly(phosphoric acid). Processing is primarily limited to variations of wet extrusion. [1]
Poly(benzobisthiazole), Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Venkatasubramanian N , Dang Thuy D , Park Soo-Young , Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications of Interest High performance fibers, films, and coatings Synthesis Polycondensation of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid or 1,5-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid with 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride in 83 % polyphosphoric acid (PPA) using the ‘P2O5 adjustment method’. Processing Isotropic films are mainly cast from dilute methanesulfonic acid solutions. Fabrication of the polymeric fibers is from the lyotropic liquid crystalline phase of the polymer in PPA; polymer fibers are spun from the dope by a dry-jet wet spinning technique, a variation of wet extrusion, at 90°C with draw ratios in the range 20–40.
trans-1,4-Polybutadiene
Authors: Pu Zhengcai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Tire treads, carcass, belts, hoses, gaskets, seals, and protective coatings; component in other synthetic rubbers and blends. Properties of Special Interest Good low-temperature properties and adhesion to metals; good resilience, durability, and abrasion resistance. Producers and/or Suppliers Anic; Bayer; Bunawerke Huels; Bridgestone/Firestone Tire and Rubber Company; Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company; Michelin.
trans-1,4-Polybutadiene
Authors: Pu Zhengcai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Hot water and high pressure piping, films, adhesives, comonomer for ethylene polymer, atactic polymer used in sealant, cosmetic (lip) sticks, used in skin cleanser formulations. Properties of Special Interest The polymer exhibits excellent creep properties. It is tough, retains strength at elevated temperatures, and is resistant to environmental stress cracking and abrasion.
Poly(ε-caprolactone)
Authors: Iroh Jude O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular Conformation Nearly planar Major Applications Films, formulation of copolymers, biodegradable polyesters, formulation of elastomeric block copolyesters, formation of diol for extension by diisocyanate Properties of Special Interest Mostly synthesized as semi-crystalline thermoplastic. PCL is a clear and flexible polyester with elastomeric properties.
Polycarbonate
Authors: Gallucci Robert R , DeRudder James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Polycarbonate resins are used in a very wide variety of applications primarily for the production of durable goods [1–3]. It is a naturally clear and colorless polymer but can be provided in many transparent, translucent, or opaque colors. The polymer has an excellent balance of high heat resistance, stiffness, strength, dimensional stability, low creep, ignition resistance, and exceptional impact strength. Well-known applications are optical recording media, for example CDs and DVDs, where its transparency and dimensional stability are important. In automotive lighting, especially headlamp lenses, its high heat and impact strength are vital. Its clarity, stiffness, and impact are also utilized in large and small water bottles, kitchenware, and containers. Computer enclosures and cell phones use its good flame resistance, toughness, and electric insulating capabilities. Architectural glazing, outdoor signs, and films use its toughness, high gloss, and water resistance. Films for appliance control panels, including LCD displays, use its optical properties, high heat, flexibility, and toughness. Polycarbonate is used in medical devices where it provides resistance to sterilization techniques. It is additionally used in eyeglass lens and frames, helmets, face shields, safety equipment, airplane windows and canopies, as well as bulletproof glazing. The exceptionally high impact strength of polycarbonate is an essential feature of many automotive and transportation market components, where it is used in exterior and interior components.
Introduction
Authors: Grau Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Matrix is a film that astounds not only with action and special effects but also with ideas. This volume is dedicated to exploring some of the many philosophical ideas that arise in the film. In these pages you’ll find accessible yet challenging essays from some of the brightest philosophers, theologians, and cognitive scientists around. Though this collection is derived from essays that originally appeared on the official Web site for the Matrix films , the views expressed in these chapters are solely those of the individual authors.
Plato’s Cave And The Matrix
Authors: Partridge John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a dark, subterranean prison in which humans are bound by their necks to a single place from infancy. Elaborate steps are taken by unseen forces to supply and manipulate the content of the prisoners’ visual experience. This is so effective that the prisoners do not recognize their imprisonment and are satisfied to live their lives in this way. Moreover, the cumulative effects of this imprisonment are so thorough that if freed, the prisoners would be virtually helpless. They could not stand up on their own; their eyes would be overloaded initially with sensory information; and even their minds would refuse to accept what their senses eventually presented to them. It is not unreasonable to expect that some prisoners would wish to remain imprisoned even after their minds grasped the horror of their condition. But if a prisoner were dragged out and compelled to understand the relationship between the prison and outside, matters would be different. In time, the prisoner would come to have genuine knowledge superior to the succession of representations that had made up the whole of experience before.
Inventions
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While developing their music, jazz musicians invented ways of playing that were different from traditional techniques. Some of the special sounds of jazz were produced by blowing into the instruments in unorthodox ways, by using odd fingering combinations or holding valves or keys halfway down, by humming into the horn while playing, by sliding from one note to another, etc. To get the sound they wanted, the musicians sometimes redesigned their equipment. Drummers developed a wide variety of drums and cymbals. Reed players tried new reed and mouthpiece designs. Brass players found that holding a hand or some other object in front of the bell of a horn could create new sounds. Herman Autrey said: You know where the bucket mutes came from? Bean cans. Sauerkraut cans. Any kind of can that we saw that was usable, we’d take them and fix them. The gallon pails, those buckets that they sold lard and syrup in, we used ‘em. When you’d walk in an average club that had a band, you’d think you were looking in the garbage dump, because they were using all kinds of cans for mutes. Some smart guy walked in and watched them use these cans, and he took a pencil and paper and drew them and made them and sold them back to us, five, six, eight, ten dollars. We used derbies people had thrown away.
Teachers and Students
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very few musicians are completely self-taught. Even if they had no formal education, there is someone in nearly every musician’s background who helped show the way. Often there were many who did so. Many jazz musicians refer to their “musical fathers,” the musicians who taught or inspired them either personally or via performances and phonograph records. Sometimes it took a fatherly remark to set a young musician on a better path than the one he had taken by himself. Al Hall remembered the day he stopped showboating with his string bass and started concentrating on playing it well. He was working with Bobby Booker in Philadelphia, opposite Charlie Gaines’s band: Gaines’s bass player was Mr. Hayes. He was about thirty-seven, and I’m seventeen, and smart, you know. I’d get out on the floor, and I’d spin the bass and straddle it and slap it while wearing a red hat.
Reading Music
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though a musician needs a good ear to play jazz well, it is possible to be musically illiterate and still excel in jazz. Erroll Garner was the most shining example. Erroll had such a quick ear as a child that he never bothered to learn to read. One hearing was usually enough for him to learn any new piece of music. When someone mentioned his not being able to read music, Garner said, “Hell, man, nobody can hear you read.” In the early days, a jazz musician who could read music was usually called “Professor.” Written notes were viewed with suspicion by the unschooled and were considered to be devoid of soul. But men like Eubie Blake could read and write music very well. He said: In those days Negro musicians weren’t even supposed to read music. We had to pretend we couldn’t read; then they’d marvel at the way we could play shows, thinking we’d learned the parts by ear.
Hiring and Firing
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz musicians who stay with the same band for years are in the minority. They will usually tire of traveling or of the music they are playing, or will have a falling out with someone. There may be an offer of more money or more solos somewhere else, or a band will have a layoff or break up, and changes will be made. During the height of the swing era, musicians moved from band to band so frequently that Down Beat magazine ran a column called “Sideman Switches” that helped the musicians and fans keep track of who was with whom. “Old cat?” I laughed. “Stanley, that’s José Ferrer. He pulls down about a grand a week on Broadway.” Getz shrugged, looked around, and said offhandedly, “Makes no difference to me. If he wants to play with my group, he’ll have to work for scale!” Getz was dead serious. Ferrer told me his publicity people about the remark. It was hilariously reported in all the trade papers as well as the Pittsburgh Press next morning.
Arrangers and Arrangements
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early jazz musicians found their own notes and harmony lines by listening and remembering, and this tradition continues to the present day. But when bands began to get bigger, the ones that could afford it hired arrangers to help organize the music. Imaginative arrangers accounted for the success of many bands, and were highly prized, though not always well paid. Duke Ellington added Lawrence Brown to his band before he had written anything for him to play: There were no third trombone parts, so I had to sort of compose my own parts. Then as the new numbers came out they started arranging for the third trombone. All bands at that time were mostly ear bands. Whatever you heard you’d pick up a place to fit in, a part to fit in. What ever you heard was missing, that’s where you were.
Jazz on the Air
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radio broadcasting came along in the 1920s, just in time to help spread the sound of jazz. Many people in small American towns found out about jazz by hearing a radio broadcast from a big city ballroom or nightclub. When such broadcasts were aired via clear-channel stations late at night, they carried great distances, helping to build a new audience for jazz that bought records and flocked to see traveling bands. Paul Whiteman didn’t really have a jazz band, even though he was known as “The King of Jazz” (to his press agent, not to musicians). But he hired good jazz soloists and presented them well, and he was one of the first bandleaders to realize the benefit of radio exposure. Smith and Guttridge tell of a couple of early Whiteman radio shows: Once just before going on the air, Paul Whiteman lifted his baton to lead the band into Chinatown, My Chinatown. A last-minute impulse seized him and he switched the command to China Boy. A rustle of paper sounded coast-to-coast as the musicians changed their music while the red light flashed on.
Songs
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American popular song form and the twelve-bar blues have been used by most jazz musicians as the basis for their improvising, though modernists have moved on to the exploration of other forms. The standard repertoire made it possible for disparate musicians to play together. A jazz musician from Dallas who knew the standard tunes could sit in with a band in Boston or Paris or Stockholm without difficulty even if he played with a regional style. Since composer royalties are a source of income, jazz musicians eventually realized that a new melody based on a standard set of chords could be copyrighted. Original jazz tunes proliferated on records, and publishers and managers found that it was profitable to talk jazz composers into adding their names to the credits. Many of Duke Ellington’s early hits list Duke and his manager, Irving Mills, as the composers.
Trends in Data Acquisition and Knowledge Development
Authors: Bartel Lee R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research is “a systematic process by which investigators gather information, organize it in a meaningful way, and analyze and interpret it” (Asmus & Radocy, 1992, p. 141). While this definition does not indicate why investigators gather and work with information, a clue is in “a meaningful way”— the research process should be meaningful. Organizing, analyzing, and interpreting is a process of developing knowledge. Another way to express this is to say that research is a systematic process of data acquisition and knowledge development. The terms “data acquisition” and “knowledge development” resonate clearly with the current computer lexicon (Knowledge Discovery in Databases or KDD). This is intentional because technology is one of the most influential forces affecting research in the past 30 years. I have selected these terms to serve as “lenses” with which to examine trends in research. A trend is direction of movement, a course, an inclination.
The Opioid Contract
Authors: Chen Felix A , Fishman Scott M , Kreis Paul G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medication contract is an instrument commonly used in the treatment of patients placed on long-term opioid therapy. Although these contracts are widely used in the chronic administration of opioids, their efficacy in practice remains to be proven. A contract is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an ‘‘explicit bilateral commitment to a well-defined course of action.’’ As such, the physician-patient contract implies several basic assumptions (Quill, 1983): (1) The terms and consequences for breaching the contract are explicitly stated; (2) the doctor and patient each have unique responsibilities; (3) the doctor-patient relationship is consensual, not obligatory; and (4) both physician and patient are willing and able to negotiate. Both parties in the contract are typically required to have a clearly stated understanding of their individual obligations. The term contract may not be required to fulfill the spirit or purpose of a contract.