bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lack of residual lung damage in horses in which Rhodococcus equi-induced pneumonia had been diagnosed
Authors: Ainsworth Dorothy M. , Beck Kathy A. , Boatwright Celeste E. , Snedden Kimberly A. , Rebhun William C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of prior Rhodococcus equi-induced pneumonia on pulmonary health was investigated in 5 horses (< 24 months old) using endoscopy, radiography, hematologic and bronchoalveolar lavage analyses, and pulmonary function testing. Rhodococcus equi-induced pnuemonia had been diagnosed in principal horses when they were foals. Diagnosis was based on positive results of transtracheal aspiration and thoracic radiography at the time of initial clinical examination. Results of reevalution of the respiratory system of these horses (R + ) were compared with those of 5 age-matched healthy horses (R −) that lacked clinical or historical evidence of foalhood pneumonia.
Significant differences in variables between the 2 groups of horses were not evident. In both groups, most horses had radiographic evidence of an accentuated bronchointerstitial pattern, although results of analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage specimens were normal and mononuclear cells predominated. Variability in results of the pulmonary function tests was observed within and between the 2 groups of horses. Only normalized dynamic lung compliance was slightly lower in the previously infected horses, but this difference was not significant. We concluded that horses previously infected with and successfuly treated for R equi-induced pneumonia do not have detectable evidence of residual lung damage.
Free segmental paw pad grafts in dogs
Authors: Swaim Steven F. , Bradley Dino M. , Steiss Janet E. , Powers Robert D. , Buxton Donald F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
After removal of 1 metatarsal pad and formation of a granulation tissue bed, free segmental 6- × 8-mm grafts from digital pads were sutured into recessed same-size recipient sites in the granulation tissue. In 5 dogs, the grafted area had been denervated by excision of a segment of the tibial nerve at the level of the tarsus. The grafted area was not denervated in the remaining 5 dogs. In both groups of dogs, the grafts placed around the periphery of the wound healed, blocked ingrowth of delicate epithelium from the surrounding skin, and provided a tough keratinized epithelium that covered the wound's center. As healing progressed, the grafts coalesced as the wounds contracted. Weight bearing resulted in graft expansion to provide functional weight-bearing tissue.
Dogs of the denervated group had clinical and histologic evidence of collateral sensory reinnervation of the denervated area. However, with the exception of 1 dog, results of sensory nerve action potential tests indicated that reinnervation may not have been by way of regeneration across the excisional gap in the nerve.
Evaluation of reinnervation of the tibial autonomous zone in 2 additional dogs revealed clinical evidence that collateral reinnervation began between 19 and 28 days after nerve excision and progressed proximad to distad. Results of sensory nerve action potential tests indicated that reinnervation may not have been via regeneration across the excision site. Results of fluorescent tracer studies did not have positive findings regarding the route of collateral reinnervation.
Segmental paw pad grafts can be used effectively to provide weight-bearing tissue on a dog's limb. With local nerve damage on the distal portion of the limb, collateral innervation can grow into the area to reinnervate tissues, including pad grafts.
Effects of dietary sodium intake on blood pressure measurements in partially nephrectomized dogs
Authors: Greco Deborah S. , Lees George E. , Dzendzel Gerald , Carter Alice B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were measured by femoral artery puncture every other day in 2 groups (n = 4) of partially nephrectomized (approx 75%) dogs fed 2 concentrations of dietary sodium beginning 9 weeks after partial nephrectomy was completed. In a double crossover design, dogs were fed a low-sodium (0.18% sodium on a dry-weight basis) or high-sodium (1.3% sodium on a dry-weight basis) diet in 2 sequences (l/h/l or h/l/h) for 3 consecutive 4-week observation periods. Significant effect of sequence was found in dogs fed the l/h/l sequence, compared with those fed the h/l/h sequence. Systolic blood pressure was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in dogs fed the l/h/l sequence (175 ± 16 mm of Hg), compared with dogs fed the h/l/h sequence (156 ± 14 mm of Hg). Mean arterial blood pressure was higher, but not significantly different, for the l/h/l sequence (116 ± 8 mm of Hg) vs the h/l/h sequence (109 ± 6 mm of Hg). Significant difference in diastolic pressure was not observed between the l/h/l (86 ± 10 mm of Hg) and h/l/h (86 ± 10 mm of Hg) sequences. Restricted sodium intake (0.18% sodium on a dry-weight basis) was associated with moderate systolic hypertension in dogs with experimentally induced chronic renal disease. Acute fluctuations in dietary sodium intake had no apparent immediate effect on blood pressure in dogs with this mild to moderate degree of renal dysfunction.
Substance P immunohistochemical study of the sensory innervation of normal subchondral bone in the equine metacarpophalangeal joint
Authors: Nixon Alan J. , Cummings John F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serial sections of bone and soft tissue from the metacarpophalangeal joints of 2 mature and 2 immature horses were evaluated for substance P immunoreactive sensory nerve fibers. Formalin-fixed specimens were sectioned, either nondemineralized or demineralized with formic acid or edta. Rabbit antiserum to substance P (sp) was used in the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method for immunolocalization of sp antigen, and staining with 3,3′- diaminobenzidine was used for permanent identification of sp fibers. Abundant sensory nerve fibers were identified in the joint capsule, synovial membrane subintimal layers, collateral ligaments, suspensory ligament and distal sesamoidean ligament attachments to the sesamoid bones, and the periarticular periosteal layers. Sparse sp-immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in subchondral bone plates of the metacarpus, proximal first phalanx, and dorsal articular surface of the sesamoid bones. Most sp fibers were associated with blood vessels in the small cancellous spaces and haversian canals of the subchondral bone. The deeper marrow spaces contained increased numbers of sp sensory fibers; a few appeared in small groups and as several sp-immunoreactive fibers in a larger nerve. Cortical bone contained only a few sp fibers in the haversian canals. Substance P fibers were not identified in the osteocytic lacunae, canaliculi, or the bony lamellae of the haversian systems of the subchondral bone plate, and its extension to the metaphyseal and diaphyseal cortical bone. Equine metacarpophalangeal joint soft tissues have an abundant sensory nerve supply, similar to that of other species. However, the subchondral bone plate also has sparse sensory nerve fibers, which is a unique finding, and may help explain signs of bone pain associated with disease states of the fetlock.
Immunopathologic study and characterization of the phenotype of transformed cells in sheep with bovine leukemia virus-induced lymphosarcoma
Authors: Murakami K. , Aida Y. , Kageyama R. , Numakunai S. , Ohshima K. , Okada K. , Ikawa Y. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We used monoclonal antibodies and immunohistologic examination of lymph nodes, to elucidate the pathogenesis of lymphosarcoma induced by infection with bovine leukemia virus (blv). The superficial cervical lymph nodes from 3 blv-infected but apparently healthy sheep and 5 sheep with fullblown lymphosarcoma were examined. We also investigated the integration of bovine leukemia provirus by use of Southern blotting. In lymph nodes from sheep lacking clinical signs of infection, in which the provirus had been integrated at multiple sites in the genome, many large hypertrophic follicles were observed in the cortex. These follicles had germinal centers consisting of CD4+T cells and B cells that expressed surface IgM (slgM) and major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class-II antigens, but not B cell-specific B2 molecule. The percentage of CD4+T cells in the cortex was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the controls and sheep with lymphosarcoma. In all sheep with lymphosarcoma, the lymph nodes were completely destroyed by proliferating neoplastic cells, and in addition, small atrophic follicles, which consisted of normal B-cell marker-positive cells, were seen near the trabecula and the subcapsule. In these instances, neoplastic cells appeared to be a monoclonal population derived from a single CD5− B-cell lineage and to be classified as 2 types, CD5−CD4−CD8−B2+MHC class-II+sIgM+ and CD5−CD4−CD8−B2+mhc class-II+sIgM−. Moreover, CD8+T cells infiltrated diffusely throughout the tumorous lymph nodes apart from the atrophic follicles, and CD4+T cells were observed around atrophic follicles. Both types of T cells were small-size, normal lymphocytes with round and noncleaved nuclei, and were apparently non-neoplastic cells. In fact, after separation by use of a panning method, it seems that, in blood mononuclear cells from BLV-infected sheep without clinical signs of infection, but in lymphosarcomatous stages, the proviral genome was integrated only in B cells and not in T cells. Thus, we conclude that the host's immune response may be still maintained at a lymphosarcomatous stage.
Differentiation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, M flocculare, and M hyorhinis on the basis of amplification of a 16S rRNA gene sequence
Authors: Stemke Gerald W. , Phan Robert , Young Theresa F. , Ross Richard F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To differentiate Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the cause of mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs, from M flocculate and M hyorhinis, an assay, using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify a segment of the 16S rrna gene sequence, was developed. The assay was found to be useful for identification of field isolates, as well as for identification of laboratory-adapted strains. Amplification of dna from M hyopneumoniae and M flocculare resulted in products of 200 and 400 base pairs, respectively. The dna from M hyorhinis was not amplified. The assay was sensitive enough to detect as little as 1,000 genome equivalents of M hyopneumoniae and M flocculare dna. Sensitivity was increased 100-fold by increasing the concentration of magnesium ion in the reaction buffer from 2 to 4 mM; however, dna from M hyorhinis was also amplified under these conditions. The DNA from several walled bacteria and from other mycoplasmas was also tested, but none of these dna samples was amplified, suggesting that the assay was specific for porcine mycoplasmas.
Effect of in vitro and in vivo migration of bovine neutrophils on binding and expression of Fc receptors for IgG2 and IgM
Authors: Worku Mulumebet , Paape Max J. , Filep Renee , Miller Robert H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Binding of endogenous and exogenous homologous IgG2 and IgM to bovine neutrophils before and after in vitro migration through micropore filters, and in vivo migration through mammary tissues after intramammary injection of endotoxin was evaluated by use of flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin binding to neutrophils at 4 and 37 C was also evaluated. Before and after in vitro migration, neutrophils with endogenously bound IgG2 and IgM averaged 1 and 2% and 23 and 7%, respectively. Before and after in vivo migration, IgG2 and IgM binding averaged 1 and 7% and 26 and 15%, respectively. Before and after in vitro migration, binding of purified IgG2 and IgM averaged 75 and 67% and 8 and 24%, respectively. Before and after in vivo migration, percentage of neutrophils binding purified IgG2 and IgM averaged 92 and 98% and 54 and 70%, respectively. When serum was used as a source of exogenous immunoglobulins, binding of total IgG after in vitro migration increased from 5% to 28% and of IgM from 4% to 20%. After in vivo migration, binding increased from 21% to 47% and from 24% to 56%, respectively. Exogenous binding of IgG2 at 4 and 37 C averaged 75 and 84%, and binding of IgM averaged 8% at either temperature. Endogenous IgG2 was unaffected by temperature; however, binding of IgM decreased from 23% at 4 C to 2% at 37 C. These data indicate that endogenous binding was higher for IgM before migration than after migration, in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, migration in vivo through cellular matrices induced receptor upregulation for IgG and IgM. Source and concentration of ligand and serum components, other than immunoglobulins, appeared to contribute to receptor expression and availability. Neutrophils that were exposed to endotoxin and migrated into milk expressed more receptors than did unstimulated and nonmigrating neutrophils. The association of IgM with its receptor was temperature-dependent.
Resistance of Chinese Meishan, Fengjing, and Minzhu pigs to the K88ac+ strain of Escherichia coli
Authors: Michaels Rita D. , Whipp Shannon C. , Rothschild Max F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The microscopic brush border membrane adherence assay was used to determine resistance (nonadherence) and susceptibility (adherence) of Chinese pigs (n = 289) to the K88ac+ strain of Escherichia coli-mediated disease. This study estimates prevalence of resistance to diarrheal disease in multiple family lines (no common ancestry for a minimum of 3 generations) for the Chinese Meishan, Fengjing, and Minzhu breeds. Results of in vitro assays indicate that pigs of the Meishan breed are highly resistant (nonadherent) to K88ac+ E coli-mediated disease. The gene conferring susceptibility to K88act E coli-mediated disease exists at low frequency in pigs of the Minzhu breed. Minzhu-type (crossbred) pigs of both phenotypes (susceptible and resistant) were identified in ratios consistent with a 1-locus gene model. Given that all susceptible pigs were from 1 site, frequency of susceptibility within this Minzhu population is estimated at 8%. Inheritance within the Fengjing breed is still unclear because a weakly adherent phenotype, as well as the resistant phenotype, was identified. The weakly adherent phenotype was observed in pigs derived from multiple family lines. Expression of the weakly adherent phenotype in terms of susceptibility to disease is not known at this time.
Antigenic composition of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype-1 supernatants from supplemented and nonsupplemented media
Authors: Mosier Derek A. , Simons K. René , Chengappa M. M. , Confer Anthony W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Supernatant preparations containing antigens produced by Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 grown in nonsupplemented RPMI 1640 medium and 3 grown in supplemented RPMI 1640 media were evaluated. Antigens were detected by immunoblotting each supernatant preparation with sera from 20 cattle with various degrees of resistance to experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis. Antigen antibody bands at 49 and 30 kd were correlated with resistance in all 4 media. A 66-kd antigen-antibody band was correlated with resistance in 2 media, and antigen-antibody bands at 100 and 16 kd were correlated with resistance in 1 medium each. These results indicated that the number and relative amount of resistance-associated antigens in P haemolytica supernatants can be optimized on the basis of type of growth medium used.
Holding power of orthopedic screws in the large metacarpal and metatarsal bones of calves
Authors: Blikslager Anthony T. , Bowman Karl F. , Abrams C. Frank , Seaboch Timothy R. , Hunt Elaine L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Holding power was determined for various orthopedic screws in bones of calves. Holding power was defined as maximal tensile force required to remove a screw divided by thickness of bone engaged by the screw (kKN/mm). Comparative pull-out tests were performed, using pairs of large metacarpal or metatarsal bones from calves aged 3 to 14 days. Comparisons were made of the holding power of 6.5-mm fully threaded cancellous screws and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the proximal and distal metaphyses, and of 4.5-mm and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the diaphysis. Sixteen repetitions of each comparative trial were performed.
There was no statistically significant difference in the holding power of 4.5- and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the diaphysis. There was no significant difference in the holding power of 5.5-mm cortical and 6.5-mm fully threaded cancellous screws in the proximal metaphysis. In the distal metaphysis, 6.5-mm fully threaded cancellous screws had significantly (P < 0.001) greater holding power than did 5.5-mm cortical screws. There was no significant difference between the mean holding power of 5.5-mm cortical screws in the proximal metaphysis and 5.5-mm cortical screws in the distal metaphysis. There was significantly (P < 0.01) greater mean holding power of 6.5-mm cortical, fully threaded cancellous screws in the distal metaphysis, compared with the proximal metaphysis.
Evaluation of laser Doppler flowmetry for measuring coronary band and laminar microcirculatory blood flow in clinically normal horses
Authors: Adair Henry S. , Goble Dallas O. , Shires G. M. H. , Sanders W. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Once daily for 3 days, laser Doppler flowmetry was used in 5 healthy, nonsedated adult horses to evaluate coronary band and laminar microcirculatory blood flow (mbf) in both forelimbs. The coronary band had significantly (P < 005) higher mbf than did the laminae on the days evaluated. Significant variation in mbf was not found over the 3-day measurement period in any one site. Significant (P < 0.05) variation was found in coronary band mbf among horses. This variation was not observed in laminar mbf. On occlusion of the digital arteries at the level of the fetlock, marked decrease in coronary band and laminar mbf was observed. Twenty minutes after iv administration of acetylpromazine, marked increase in coronary band and laminar mbf was observed. The technique was easily performed in standing nonsedated horses, did not inflict discomfort, lacked complications, and measurements were repeatable. This technique provides an index of digital mbf, either intermittently or continuously, avoiding introduction of invasive variables associated with other techniques.
Activity of diclazuril against Toxoplasma gondii in cultured cells and mice
Authors: Lindsay David S. , Blagburn Byron L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The capability of diclazuril, a benzeneacetonitrile anticoccidial agent, to inhibit development of tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii was examined in cultured human foreskin fibroblast cells and in Hsd:ICR mice. Treatment of infected cell cultures with 10.0, 1.0, 0.1 or 0.01 μg of diclazuril/ml for 3 days resulted in > 99% reduction in tachyzoite counts, compared with controls. Treatment with 0.005 μg of diclazuril/ml resulted in > 97% reduction in tachyzoite counts, compared with controls. Treatment of host cells with 10.0, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 μg of diclazuril/ml for 24 hours prior to tachyzoite inoculation resulted in 97, 31, 0, and 0% reduction in tachyzoite counts, compared with controls, respectively, 3 days after inoculation. All mice that were treated orally with 10.0 mg of diclazuril/kg of body weight and 80% of mice treated orally with 1.0 mg of diclazuril/kg 1 day prior to and for 10 days after tachyzoite inoculation were protected against acute toxoplasmosis. Mice treated with 10.0 mg of diclazuril/kg did not develop protective immunity, whereas mice treated with 1.0 mg of diclazuril/kg survived challenge exposure.
Platelet function and antithrombin, plasminogen, and fibrinolytic activities in cats with heart disease
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Boudreaux Mary K. , Crager Cynthia S. , Tyler Jeff W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Platelet function, antithrombin and plasminogen activities, and fibrinolytic capabilities in 11 cats with acquired heart disease were compared with results in 4 healthy cats. Of 11 cats with heart disease, 9 had hyperthyroidism with secondary cardiac dysfunction. One cat with hyperthyroidism had renal disease and heart failure, and of 2 cats with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1 also had renal disease. At the time of testing, 3 cats had thromboembolic events associated with the disease. Compared with healthy cats, cats with acquired heart disease had increased activity of antithrombin III, a protein that behaves as an acute-phase reactant. Plasminogen activity was decreased, although not significantly, in cats with acquired heart disease, compared with results in healthy cats. In cats with left ventricular dysfunction, clot retraction was decreased (marginal significance, P = 0.058) and might be attributed, in some cases, to the medications received by the cats. Dilute whole blood clots from all cats failed to lyse in vitro. This observation, at present, lacks adequate explanation. Platelets from cats with acquired heart disease, compared with platelets from healthy cats, had decreased responsiveness (aggregation and [14C]serotonin release) to adenosine diphosphate and increased responsiveness to collagen. Hyperthyroid cats were receiving various drugs (propranolol, atenolol, or diltiazem) to empirically treat clinical signs of disease attributable to cardiac dysfunction. Although numbers of cats in each group were small, definite trends were observed in the results of tests. Platelets from cats receiving atenolol had decreased responsiveness to adenosine diphosphate and unaltered responsiveness to collagen, compared with platelets from healthy cats, and may have decreased risk of thrombus formation. Cats receiving propranolol and diltiazem had platelets with markedly increased responsiveness to collagen; however, these drugs appeared to provide sufficient cardioprotective benefits to counter the prothrombotic effects.
Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide in relation to severity of mitral regurgitation in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Häggström Jens , Hansson Kerstin , Karlberg Bengt E. , Kvart Clarence , Olsson Kerstin 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma concentration of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide (ir-anp) was investigated in 83 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with variable severity of mitral regurgitation caused by chronic valvular disease (cvd). Severity of mitral incompetence was assessed by echocardiography. Significant differences in plasma concentrations of ir-anp were not found between clinically normal dogs (New York Heart Association functional class O), dogs with only cardiac murmur (class I), and dogs with echocardiographic evidence of slight to moderate left atrial and ventricular dilatation (class II). Dogs with severe left atrial and ventricular dilatation and clinical signs of congestion (classes III and IV) were found to have significantly (P < 0.001) increased plasma concentration of ir-anp. Overall, moderate degree of association was found between plasma concentration of ir-anp and left atrial and left ventricular diameters (Pearson's r = 0.65, 0.60, respectively, P < 0.001), as well as heart rate (r = 0.47, P < 0.01). However, left atrial enlargement was found to have the predominant effect on plasma ir-anp concentration. It is concluded that the plasma concentration of ir-anp did not become markedly increased before decompensation of chronic mitral regurgitation associated with severe enlargement of the left atrium and ventricle in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels.