bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the effect of variations in fuel line pressure in high-speed direct injection diesel engines, with high-pressure common rail fuel injection systems on heat release, cylinder pressure, performance, and NOx emissions
Authors: Wallace F J , Hawley J G 
Published: July 2005

This paper is a further development of work previously reported on a wholly analytical approach to heat release modelling and is applicable to high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel engines operating with high-pressure common rail fuel injection systems under conditions of predominantly mixing-controlled combustion. The key variable in this treatment is the fuel preparation or combustion rate factor WH which, in conjunction with the primary injection variables, i.e. rail pressure, injection velocity and duration, defines the shape and amplitude of the heat release curve. It was shown in a previous paper that by expressing the fuel preparation rate factor WH as a function of time rather than crank angle, i.e. WHt instead of WHθ, the former can be presented as a nearly linear function of the square of injection velocity, i.e. WHt is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the injected fuel spray, the latter evidently being the primary influence on the rate of the fuel-air mixing process. The analytical treatment developed in the authors' previous paper then allows heat release rates in the engine, dQ/dθ, to be calculated over a wide range of engine speeds and loads, with the aid of the existing engine simulation code ODES (Otto diesel engine simulation) to predict the associated engine performance and emissions, without resorting to further engine testing.
Ultrasonic waves for effective assessment of wheel-rail contact anomalies
Authors: Pau M 
Published: July 2005

Ultrasonic waves are routinely used in the railway industry to supply information about integrity of wheels, rails, and axles for both quality control assessment (during the production process) and ‘in situ’ when the rolling stock has to be periodically checked for maintenance purposes. Nevertheless, recently the authors proposed a different application of this technique which, although employing the same kind of equipment as a standard NDE control, is able to investigate the main features of the wheel-rail contact interface such as nominal contact area, real contact area, and contact pressure distribution. On the grounds of the promising results obtained in the previous tests, this study proposes a further practical approach to common problems of wheel-rail contact that possibly affect the regular development of railway operations. To this end, a number of wheel-rail systems were altered by artificially producing several kind of defects on their surfaces and thus obtained couplings were then analysed by the ultrasonic method in order to assess the capability of the technique to faithfully reproduce the modification introduced in the contact patch. The results of the experimental tests allow us to state that the ultrasonic analysis of wheel-rail contact interfaces can be effectively employed to detect any sort of irregularities potentially present due to normal operations, and foresees a future application of the method as a tool to monitor critical points of a railway line in order to ensure significant improvements in safety conditions.
Native American Popular Religion in New England’s Old Colony, 1670–1770
Authors: Winiarski Douglas L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn recent years, historians have turned their attention to the continued presence of Native Americans living “behind the frontier” in eighteenth-century New England. Where a previous generation of scholars once wrangled over the benignity of seventeenth-century Puritan “praying towns” and equated conversion with cultural suicide, current studies of Native religion in the decades preceding the American Revolution suggest that Indians preserved traditional culture by grafting Christianity onto a preexisting grid of beliefs and practices. A case study based on the writings of a lay missionary and civil magistrate named Josiah Cotton, this essay contributes to revisionist scholarship by examining Native American spirituality under the broader and more inclusive category of popular religion. Most Wampanoag families in New England's “Old Colony” lived between cultures—neither fully integrated into English society nor fully traditional in their identities or worldview. The ambiguities of their colonial situation, in turn, facilitated the emergence of a diverse spectrum of religious beliefs and practices that, at times, transcended racial categories. English settlers consulted Native American shamans and cunning folk; rumors of witchcraft, ghosts, and spirits permeated all ranks of society; and Indians and their white neighbors shared a preoccupation with spiritual healing. A few core families aspired to all the trappings of English life; they internalized Puritan doctrine, engaged in sophisticated devotional routines, and joined local Indian churches. Others continued to live in traditional ways and simply ignored the pastoral labors of regional missionaries. But for the majority of Native Christians who lived and worked side-by-side with their English neighbors, religion remained an eclectic affair as they deployed a variety of spiritual resources to combat the vicissitudes and uncertainties of everyday life.
Sex in the City of God: Free Love and the American Millennium
Authors: Gutierrez Cathy 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article examines several millennialist claims made in speeches and writings by Victoria Woodhull, the alternately celebrated and scandalous proponent of Spiritualism, Free Love, and women's suffrage in the nineteenth century. It focuses particularly on a utopian vision detailed in a speech, “The Elixir of Life,” that Woodhull addressed to the tenth annual meeting of the American Association of Spiritualists, in which Woodhull predicted a swiftly arriving millennium that would unite heaven and earth, bringing eternal life to the living and restoring the dead to an earthly but perfect existence. This millennial vision centered on the perfectability of the human body at the intersection of the discourses of medicine, politics, and religion. This utopia would be ushered in by society's embracing of the principles of Free Love, the reform movement that espoused that emotional and physical romantic relations should be governed by mutual love alone without interference from legal or religious authority.This speech is read against the backdrop of contemporaneous social movements in Spiritualism, Free Love, and alternative forms of medicine. The article argues that Woodhull defied both normative Christianity and the mainstream of Spiritualist believers by refusing to subordinate the body to the soul. The millennial impulse toward progress, seen so keenly in Spiritualist circles, was transformed here to refer to the individual rather than society at large. Social perfection would follow corporeal perfection. Arguing for a natural immortality of the body, Woodhull maintained an essential union and interreliance between the body and soul rather than a disjuncture between them.
The Beauty of the Lilies: Femininity, Innocence, and the Sweet Gospel of Uldine Utley
Authors: Du Mez Kristin Kobes 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn the 1920s, a child evangelist by the name of Uldine Utley toured the United States, attracting large crowds and captivating the press. She enjoyed the support of ministers from a wide variety of denominations, though her most ardent proponent was the famous fundamentalist preacher John Roach Straton. In many ways, Utley's success seems to counter existing narratives of early-twentieth-century religious history. Her revivalist ministry developed in an era that saw the decline of revivalism, and she rose to prominence during the height of the fundamentalist-modernist controversy. Claiming to adhere to biblical “literalism,” she nonetheless affirmed the appropriateness of female preaching. And, in the wake of efforts to masculinize American Protestantism and rediscover a “muscular” Christianity, Utley was known and celebrated for her femininity and beauty.Utley's femininity was, in fact, central to her appeal. She preached a “sweet and kindly gospel” and fashioned an elaborate feminine persona. Her diminutive size, her blond hair and blue eyes, and her white attire seemed to give her an “angelic” appearance, and her persistent association with flowers, both allegorical and real, further contributed to her aura of femininity. In the context of shifting gender arrangements and changing constructions of sexuality and morality in early-twentieth-century America, Utley's femininity and innocence provided a soothing alternative to the uncertain times. But the model of femininity Utley displayed was fraught with ambivalence and proved difficult to maintain as she matured from child to young woman. In addition to illuminating a frequently overlooked strand of conservative Protestantism during this time, attention to Utley's life and ministry also reveals a powerful yet ambivalent script that remains available to modern Protestant women to this day.
Impairment of Cytotype Regulation of P-Element Activity in Drosophila melanogaster by Mutations in the Su(var)205 Gene
Authors: Haley Kevin J , Stuart Jeremy R , Raymond John D , Niemi Jarad B , Simmons Michael J 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Cytotype regulation of transposable P elements in the germ line of Drosophila melanogaster is associated with maternal transmission of P elements inserted at the left telomere of the X chromosome. This regulation is impaired in long-term stocks heterozygous for mutations in Suppressor of variegation 205 [Su(var)205], a gene implicated in the control of telomere length. Regulation by TP5, a structurally incomplete P element at the X telomere, is more profoundly impaired than regulation by TP6, a different incomplete P element inserted at the same site in a TAS repeat at the X telomere. Genetic analysis with the TP5 element indicates that its regulatory ability is not impaired in flies whose fathers came directly from a stock heterozygous for a Su(var)205 mutation, even when the flies themselves carry this mutation. However, it is impaired in flies whose grandfathers came from such a stock. Furthermore, this impairment occurs even when the Su(var)205 mutation is not present in the flies themselves or in their mothers. The impaired regulatory ability of TP5 persists for at least several generations after TP5 X chromosomes extracted from a long-term mutant Su(var)205 stock are made homozygous in the absence of the Su(var)205 mutation. Impairment of TP5-mediated regulation is therefore not directly dependent on the Su(var)205 mutation. However, it is characteristic of the six mutant Su(var)205 stocks that were tested and may be related to the elongated telomeres that develop in these stocks. Impairment of regulation by TP5 is also seen in a stock derived from Gaiano, a wild-type strain that has elongated telomeres due to a dominant mutation in the Telomere elongation (Tel) gene. Regulation by TP6 is not impaired in the Gaiano genetic background. The regulatory abilities of the TP5 and TP6 elements are therefore not equally susceptible to the effects of elongated telomeres in the mutant Su(var)205 and Gaiano stocks.
Extreme Population Structure and High Interspecific Divergence of the Silene Y Chromosome
Authors: Ironside Joseph E , Filatov Dmitry A 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that the diversity of Y-linked genes is substantially lower than that of their X-linked homologs in the plant Silene latifolia. This difference has been attributed to selective sweeps, Muller's ratchet, and background selection, processes that are predicted to severely affect the evolution of the nonrecombining Y chromosome. We studied the DNA diversity of a noncoding region of the homologous genes DD44Y and DD44X, sampling S. latifolia populations from a wide geographical area and also including the closely related species S. dioica, S. diclinis, and S. heuffelii. On the Y chromosome of S. latifolia, we found substantial DNA diversity. Geographical population structure was far higher than on the X chromosome and differentiation between the species was also higher for the Y than for the X chromosome. Our findings indicate that the loss of genetic diversity on the Y chromosome in Silene occurs within local populations rather than within entire species. These results are compatible with background selection, Muller's ratchet, and local selective sweeps, but not with species-wide selective sweeps. The higher interspecific divergence of DD44Y, compared to DD44X, supports the hypothesis that Y chromosome differentiation between incipient species precedes reproductive isolation of the entire genome, forming an early stage in the process of speciation.
Genomic Mutation in Lines ofArabidopsis thalianaExposed to Ultraviolet-B Radiation
Authors: MacKenzie Joanna L , Saadé Fabienne E , Le Quang Hien , Bureau Thomas E , Schoen Daniel J 
Published: July 2005

AbstractStudies that have attempted to estimate the rate of deleterious mutation have typically been conducted under low levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation, a naturally occurring mutagen. We conducted experiments to test whether the inclusion of natural levels of UV-B radiation in mutation-accumulation (MA) experiments influences the rate and effects of mildly deleterious mutation in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Ten generations of MA proved insufficient to observe significant changes in means or among-line variances in experimental lines maintained either with or without supplemental UV-B radiation. Maximum-likelihood estimates of mutation rate for total flower number revealed a small but significant rate of mutation for MA lines propagated under supplemental UV-B exposure, but not for those in which supplemental UV-B was omitted. A fraction of the flower number mutations under UV-B (∼25–30%) are estimated to increase flower number. Results from the application of transposon display to plant materials obtained after MA, in both the presence and absence of supplemental UV-B, suggest that the average rate of transposition for the class I and II transposable elements (TEs) surveyed was no more than 10−4. Overall, the estimates of mutation parameters are qualitatively similar to what has been observed in other MA experiments with this species in which supplemental UV-B levels have not been used. As well, it appears that naturally occurring levels of UV-B do not lead to detectable increases in levels of transposable element activity.
Recombination and the Properties of Tajima's D in the Context of Approximate-Likelihood Calculation
Authors: Thornton Kevin 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
I show that Tajima's D, a commonly used summary of the site-frequency spectrum for single-nucleotide polymorphism data, is a biased summary of the site-frequency spectrum. Under neutral models, this bias depends on the population recombination rate. This bias of D in summarizing the data makes inference of demographic parameters sensitive to assumptions about recombination rates.
Genetic Interactions Between Mediator and the Late G1-Specific Transcription Factor Swi6 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Li Lihong , Quinton Tina , Miles Shawna , Breeden Linda L 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Swi6 associates with Swi4 to activate HO and many other late G1-specific transcripts in budding yeast. Genetic screens for suppressors of SWI6 mutants have been carried out. A total of 112 of these mutants have been identified and most fall into seven complementation groups. Six of these genes have been cloned and identified and they all encode subunits of the mediator complex. These mutants restore transcription to the HO-lacZ reporter in the absence of Swi6 and have variable effects on other Swi6 target genes. Deletions of other nonessential mediator components have been tested directly for suppression of, or genetic interaction with, swi6. Mutations in half of the known subunits of mediator show suppression and/or growth defects in combination with swi6. These phenotypes are highly variable and do not correlate with a specific module of the mediator. Mutations in tail module components sin4 and pgd1 showed both growth defects and suppression when combined with swi6, but a third tail component, gal11, showed neither. A truncated form of the essential Srb7 mediator subunit also suppresses swi6 mutations and shows a defect in recruitment of the tail module components Sin4, Pgd1, and Gal11 to the mediator complex.
Reevaluation of the Role of the med-1 and med-2 Genes in Specifying the Caenorhabditis elegans Endoderm
Authors: Goszczynski Barbara , McGhee James D 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The med-1 and med-2 genes encode a pair of essentially identical GATA factor-related transcription factors that have been proposed to be necessary for specification of the C. elegans endoderm (intestine or E lineage) as well as part of the C. elegans mesoderm. med-1 and med-2 are proposed to be the direct downstream targets and the principal effectors of the maternally provided SKN-1 transcription factor; med-1 and med-2 would thus occupy the pivotal interface between maternal and zygotic control of gene expression. The conclusion that med-1 and med-2 are necessary for C. elegans endoderm specification was based on a partially penetrant (∼50%) loss of endoderm markers produced by RNA-mediated interference (RNAi). To determine whether this partial penetrance reflects: (i) inefficient RNAi against early zygotic transcripts, (ii) experimental uncertainty in the expected level of endoderm loss in skn-1 nulls, or (iii) additional redundancy in the pathway of endoderm specification, we constructed worm strains that segregate embryos lacking both the med-1 gene (because of a gene-specific deletion) and the med-2 gene (using either of two chromosomal deficiencies). Contrary to expectations, we observe that only ∼3–20% of med-2(−); med-1(−) embryos do not express markers of endoderm differentiation. Furthermore, we found no evidence for a maternal contribution of the med genes to endoderm specification. We conclude that the major pathway(s) for endoderm specification in C. elegans must be independent of the med-1 and med-2 genes.
Mutational Hypersensitivity of a Gene Regulatory Protein: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gal80p
Authors: Melcher Karsten 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The inhibitor of galactose catabolic (GAL) gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gal80p, interacts with the activator Gal4p and the signal transducer Gal3p and self-associates. Selection for loss of Gal80p inhibitor function yielded gal80 mutants at an extremely high rate. Out of these, 21 nonoverlapping point mutants were identified; each were due to a single-amino-acid exchange in conserved residues. Semiquantitative biochemical analysis of the corresponding mutant proteins revealed that each of the 21 amino acid alterations caused simultaneous defects in every single protein-protein interaction and in Gal80's structural integrity. Thus, Gal80 provides an unprecedented example for a protein's structural sensitivity to minimal sequence alterations.
Two Quantitative Trait Loci for Prepulse Inhibition of Startle Identified on Mouse Chromosome 16 Using Chromosome Substitution Strains
Authors: Petryshen Tracey L , Kirby Andrew , Hammer Ronald P , Purcell Shaun , O'Leary Sinead B , Singer Jonathan B , Hill Annie E , Nadeau Joseph H , Daly Mark J , Sklar Pamela 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPrepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle is a genetically complex quantitative phenotype of considerable medical interest due to its impairment in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in mouse PPI, we studied mouse chromosome substitution strains (CSS) that each carry a homologous chromosome pair from the A/J inbred strain on a host C57BL/6J inbred strain background. We determined that the chromosome 16 substitution strain has elevated PPI compared to C57BL/6J (P = 1.6 × 10−11), indicating that chromosome 16 carries one or more PPI genes. QTL mapping using 87 F2 intercross progeny identified two significant chromosome 16 loci with LODs of 3.9 and 4.7 (significance threshold LOD is 2.3). The QTL were each highly significant independently and do not appear to interact. Sequence variation between B6 and A/J was used to identify strong candidate genes in the QTL regions, some of which have known neuronal functions. In conclusion, we used mouse CSS to rapidly and efficiently identify two significant QTL for PPI on mouse chromosome 16. The regions contain a limited number of strong biological candidate genes that are potential risk genes for psychiatric disorders in which patients have PPI impairments.
Genome-Wide Synthetic Lethal Screens Identify an Interaction Between the Nuclear Envelope Protein, Apq12p, and the Kinetochore in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Montpetit Ben , Thorne Ken , Barrett Irene , Andrews Kim , Jadusingh Ravi , Hieter Phil , Measday Vivien 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is a fundamental requirement for normal cell cycle progression. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model to study chromosome maintenance due to its well-defined centromere and kinetochore, the region of the chromosome and associated protein complex, respectively, that link chromosomes to microtubules. To identify genes that are linked to chromosome stability, we performed genome-wide synthetic lethal screens using a series of novel temperature-sensitive mutations in genes encoding a central and outer kinetochore protein. By performing the screens using different mutant alleles of each gene, we aimed to identify genetic interactions that revealed diverse pathways affecting chromosome stability. Our study, which is the first example of genome-wide synthetic lethal screening with multiple alleles of a single gene, demonstrates that functionally distinct mutants uncover different cellular processes required for chromosome maintenance. Two of our screens identified APQ12, which encodes a nuclear envelope protein that is required for proper nucleocytoplasmic transport of mRNA. We find that apq12 mutants are delayed in anaphase, rereplicate their DNA, and rebud prior to completion of cytokinesis, suggesting a defect in controlling mitotic progression. Our analysis reveals a novel relationship between nucleocytoplasmic transport and chromosome stability.
Yellow Perch Length–Fecundity and Length–Egg Size Relationships in Indiana Waters of Lake Michigan
Authors: Lauer Thomas E. , Shroyer Steven M. , Kilpatrick John M. , McComish Thomas S. , Allen Paul J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This study was undertaken to quantify the length–fecundity and length–egg size relationships for yellow perch Perca flavescens in the Indiana waters of Lake Michigan. Data were pooled from gill-net collections made in 1985, 1986, and 1999, resulting in a wide length range of mature female yellow perch (172–332 mm total length (TL)). The length–fecundity relationship was log10 F = −3.220 + 3.223·log10TL (r2 = 0.89), where F is fecundity. The mean preserved egg volume (V; mL) increased with yellow perch TL and was represented by the following equation: log10 V = −2.06 + 1.10·log10TL (r2 = 0.48). These results reveal that larger females produced both more and larger eggs than did smaller females. Therefore, the intense harvest targeting large yellow perch (primarily females) in the 1980s and 1990s may have had an effect on the quantity and quality of eggs spawned by the population, possibly resulting in reduced recruitment.