bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENDOW (efficient development of offshore wind farms): modelling wake and boundary layer interactions
Authors: Barthelmie Rebecca , Larsen Gunner , Pryor Sara , Jørgensen Hans , Bergström Hans , Schlez Wolfgang , Rados Kostas , Lange Bernhard , Vølund Per , Neckelmann Søren , Mogensen Søren , Schepers Gerard , Hegberg Terry , Folkerts Luuk , Magnusson Mikael 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWhile experience gained through the offshore wind energy projects currently operating is valuable, a major uncertainty in estimating power production lies in the prediction of the dynamic links between the atmosphere and wind turbines in offshore regimes. The objective of the ENDOW project was to evaluate, enhance and interface wake and boundary layer models for utilization offshore. The project resulted in a significant advance in the state of the art in both wake and marine boundary layer models, leading to improved prediction of wind speed and turbulence profiles within large offshore wind farms. Use of new databases from existing offshore wind farms and detailed wake profiles collected using sodar provided a unique opportunity to undertake the first comprehensive evaluation of wake models in the offshore environment. The results of wake model performance in different wind speed, stability and roughness conditions relative to observations provided criteria for their improvement. Mesoscale model simulations were used to evaluate the impact of thermal flows, roughness and topography on offshore wind speeds. The model hierarchy developed under ENDOW forms the basis of design tools for use by wind energy developers and turbine manufacturers to optimize power output from offshore wind farms through minimized wake effects and optimal grid connections. The design tools are being built onto existing regional‐scale models and wind farm design software which was developed with EU funding and is in use currently by wind energy developers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insight into wind turbine stall and post‐stall aerodynamics
Authors: Tangler James L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate measured NASA Ames Unsteady Aerodynamic Experiment post‐stall blade element data and to provide guidelines for developing an empirical approach that predicts post‐stall aerofoil characteristics. Blade element data were analysed from the five radial stations of the baseline 5·03 m radius rotor. A lifting surface/prescribed wake performance prediction method was used to determine a reference angle of attack that corresponds to the measured blade element data. Using the measured normal and tangential force coefficients and estimated angle of attack, spanwise distributions of lift and drag performance characteristics were derived along with the circulation distributions. Guidelines for a new stall and post‐stall model based on the measured trends in the aerofoil performance characteristics, along with flat plate theory, are proposed for predicting the peak and post‐peak power. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yeast Pho85 kinase is required for proper gene expression during the diauxic shift
Authors: Nishizawa Masafumi , Katou Yuki , Shirahige Katsuhiko , Toh‐e Akio 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae changes its gene expression profile when environmental nutritional conditions are changed. Protein kinases including cyclic AMP‐dependent kinase, Snf1 and Tor kinases play important roles in this process. Pho85 kinase, a member of the yeast cyclin‐dependent kinase family, is involved in the regulation of phosphate metabolism and reserve carbohydrates, and thus is implicated to function as a nutrient‐sensing kinase. Upon depletion of glucose in the medium, yeast cells undergo a diauxic shift, accompanied by a carbon metabolic pathway shift, stimulation of mitochondrial function and downregulation of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. We analysed the effect of a pho85Δ mutation on the expression profiles of the genes in this process to investigate whether Pho85 kinase participates in the yeast diauxy. We found that, in the absence of PHO85, a majority of mitochondrial genes were not properly induced, that proteasome‐related and chaperonin genes were more repressed, and that, when glucose was still present in the medium, a certain class of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis (ribosomal protein and rRNA processing genes) was repressed, whereas those involved in gluconeogenesis and the glyoxylate cycle were induced. We also found that PHO85 is required for proper expression of several metal sensor genes and their regulatory genes. These results suggest that Pho85 is required for proper onset of changes in expression profiles of genes responsible for the diauxic shift. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficiently regulated promoter system for Cryptococcus neoformans utilizing the CTR4 promoter
Authors: Ory Jeramia J. , Griffith Cara L. , Doering Tamara L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen responsible for serious meningitis. Although many useful molecular tools have been developed for its study, there are currently few inducible promoters available for general use. To address this need, we have constructed expression plasmids incorporating upstream elements of the C. neoformans copper transporter gene CTR4, and tested them in C. neoformans serotypes A and D. In response to copper deprivation, these plasmids mediate high‐level expression of a reporter protein. This expression can be completely repressed using physiologically low concentrations of copper. Notably, this new family of copper‐sensing promoters demonstrates excellent expression in serotype A, contrasting with other available promoters. These plasmids therefore offer efficient and regulated expression for both serotypes A and D, and should be valuable tools for the C. neoformans research community. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening the yeast deletant mutant collection for hypersensitivity and hyper‐resistance to sorbate, a weak organic acid food preservative
Authors: Mollapour Mehdi , Fong Dahna , Balakrishnan Krishna , Harris Nicholas , Thompson Suzanne , Schüller Christoph , Kuchler Karl , Piper Peter W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCertain yeasts cause large‐scale spoilage of preserved food materials, partly as a result of their ability to grow in the presence of the preservatives allowed in food and beverage preservation. This study used robotic methods to screen the collection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene deletion mutants for both increased sensitivity and increased resistance to sorbic acid, one of the most widely‐used weak organic acid preservatives. In this way it sought to identify the non‐essential, non‐redundant activities that influence this resistance, activities that might be the potential targets of new preservation strategies. 237 mutants were identified as incapable of growth at pH 4.5 in presence of 2 mM sorbic acid, while 34 mutants exhibit even higher sorbate resistance than the wild‐type parental strain. A number of oxidative stress‐sensitive mutants, also mitochondrial mutants, are sorbate‐sensitive. This appears to reflect the importance of sustaining a reducing intracellular environment (high reduced glutathione levels and NADH/NAD and NADPH/NADP ratios). Sorbate resistance is also very severely compromised in mutants lacking an acidified vacuole, in vacuolar protein sorting (vps) mutants, in mutants defective in ergosterol biosynthesis (erg mutants) and with several defects in actin and microtubule organization. Sorbate resistance is, however, elevated with the loss of the Yap5 transcription factor; with single losses of two B‐type cyclins (Clb3p, Clb5p); and with loss of a plasma membrane calcium channel activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress (Cch1p/Mid1p). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching clusters of community composition along multiple spatial scales: a case study on aquatic invertebrate communities in bamboo stumps in West Timor
Authors: Sunahara Toshihiko , Mogi Motoyoshi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe examined spatial heterogeneity at multiple scales in composition of the aquatic invertebrate communities in bamboo stumps in a mountainous area of West Timor. We partitioned the study area (ca. 15,000 m2) at five levels of patchiness: two sites, four sub‐sites, eight super‐clumps, 14 clumps, and 84 stumps. Similarity of community composition between stumps varied more than expected from independent occurrence of each taxon in comparisons within any levels of patches. Negative association was frequently detected among taxa. These results indicate heterogeneity in community composition at a stump level. At higher levels, similarity among stumps within each site was greater than expected from null models which assumed no spatial heterogeneity, and similarities among super‐clumps, sub‐sites and between sites in a whole area were lower than expected from the null models. The observed patterns in similarities among subsets of the community and distribution of each taxon were mostly consistent with the models which assumed site‐level heterogeneity. Therefore, we conclude that the community in this area was spatially heterogeneous at stump and site levels. The relationship between mean intra‐ and inter‐specific crowding suggested that the site level habitat heterogeneity might reduce the chance of encounters between two predators, the larvae of the Toxorhynchites mosquito and the Brachyceran fly.
Internal organisation of the nucleus: assembly of compartments by macromolecular crowding and the nuclear matrix model
Authors: Hancock Ronald 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Many and possibly all macromolecules in the nucleus are segregated into discrete compartments, but the current model that this is achieved by a fibrillar nuclear matrix which structures the nuclear interior and compartments is not consistent with all experimental observations, as reviewed here. New results are presented which suggest that macromolecular crowding forces play a crucial role in the assembly of at least two compartments, nucleoli and PML bodies, and an in vitro system in which crowding assembles macromolecular complexes into structures which resemble nuclear compartments is described. Crowding forces, which are strong in the nucleus due to the high macromolecule concentration (in the range of 100 mg/ml), vastly increase the association constants of intermolecular interactions and can segregate different macromolecules into discrete phases. The model that they play a role in compartmentalisation of the nucleus is generally consistent with the properties of compartments, including their spherical or quasispherical form and their dynamic and mobile nature.
Prevalence of depression as measured by the CBDI in a predominantly adolescent school population in Turkey
Authors: Toros Fevziye , Gamsiz Bilgin N. , Bugdayci R. , Sasmaz T. , Kurt O. , Camdeviren H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectivesThis cross-sectional randomised study involving a predominantly adolescent school population (ranging from the 6th to the 11th grades) was conducted to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of depression in adolescents in the city of Mersin, Turkey.Subjects and methodsA stratified sample of 4256 students was selected as representative of the city’s adolescent school population. The students were divided into two groups according to diagnosis (Group I: depressive adolescents; Group II: adolescents without depression). The age range varied between 10 and 20 years, with a mean of 14.53 years (S.D. = 1.89), i.e. a mean of 14.73 years (S.D. = 1.79) for Group I, and 15.5 years (S.D. = 1.9) for Group II. Data was obtained via two structured questionnaires designed to determine the presence and clinical characteristics of depression both in adolescents and in their parents. In addition, the Child Beck Depression Inventory (CBDI) was administered to all students participating in the study. After quality control of data, the study sample was reduced to 4143 adolescents. The mean age of the students was 11.23 ± 6.44 years, and the ratio of boys/girls was 1.19:1.ResultsThe prevalence of depression according to the CBDI (cut-off point: 19) was found to be 12.55% in this study group, with a significantly higher prevalence of depression in girls than in boys. Binary regression analysis demonstrated that the most important factors involved in the onset of depression in adolescents were having problems with parents, staying down a grade, and humiliation at school, and that the most common symptoms were feelings of worthlessness/guilt, sadness, emptiness, irritability and somatic disorders.ConclusionThis cross-sectional prospective randomised school-based study has examined sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adolescents with depression in a student population. It was found that in this study group there was a relatively high level of depressive symptoms, with a clear predominance of females over males. Other clinical characteristics of adolescents with depression have been discussed in the context of previous investigations.
One-year course of the first vs. multiple episodes of depression—Polish naturalistic study
Authors: Rybakowski Janusz K. , Nawacka Dorota , Kiejna Andrzej 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the study was to compare a clinical course and treatment results of depression occurring as the first depressive episode, the second depressive episode or the third or further depressive episode. The study was 1-year, prospective, naturalistic observation made by Polish psychiatrists.MethodsOne-hundred and seventy-nine patients with the first depressive episode (group I), 170 patients with the second episode (group II) and 183 patients with the third or further episode of depression (group III) were compared. The main analysed variable was remission, defined as the score of ≤7 points on 17-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS), after 6 and 12 months of observation.ResultsThe groups of patients studied did not initially differ as to age, proportion of gender and intensity of depression. The percentages of remission after 6 months of observation in groups I.III were: 49%, 41% and 32%, and after 12 months 69%, 60% and 50%, respectively.Conclusions.The results obtained indicate that the course of subsequent depressive episodes is less favourable compared to the first depressive episode. The percentages of remission obtained in individual groups studied may have implications regarding duration of pharmacological treatment of depressive episode.
The origin of osteoprogenitor cells responsible for heterotopic ossification following hip surgery: An animal model in the rabbit
Authors: Rumi Mustasim N. , Deol Gurvinder S. , Singapuri Kishor P. , Pellegrini Vincent D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPurpose. To investigate the source of osteoprogenitor cells responsible for heterotopic ossification (HO) following total hip arthroplasty in an animal model.Methods. New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (n = 20) received a radiation treatment 24 h preoperatively to the hip joint of one hindquarter and to the femoral shaft of the contralateral side. Subjects underwent bilateral hip surgery 24 h after treatment. Subjects were euthanized and radiographed 4 months postoperatively. Heterotopic ossification was graded according to a modified Brooker scale. Mean grade, intra‐observer reliability, and statistical significance (p < 0.05) were evaluated to compare the severity of heterotopic ossification between hindquarters treated with hip irradiation versus those treated with femoral shaft irradiation.Results. The Fleiss Weighted Kappa Statistic indicated “almost perfect” (0.872) intra‐rater reliability of radiographic heterotopic ossification grading. The average heterotopic ossification grade for the group receiving radiation to the hip was significantly greater than that for the group receiving radiation to the femoral shaft (2.575 versus 2.0, p < 0.02).Conclusion. Although both have some beneficial effect, our results demonstrate that irradiation of the femoral canal is significantly more effective than irradiation of the hip joint and abductor musculature for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis. This suggests that osteoprogenitor cells responsible for heterotopic ossification originate from both the hip abductors and the femoral canal, but the data provide indirect evidence that the femoral canal may be a more dominant source of these cells in the rabbit model. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neonatal Hepatic Drug Elimination
Authors: Gow Paul J. , Ghabrial Hany , Smallwood Richard A. , Morgan Denis J. , Ching Michael S. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract:After the transition from in utero to newborn life, the neonate becomes solely reliant upon its own drug clearance processes to metabolise xenobiotics. Whilst most studies of neonatal hepatic drug elimination have focussed upon in vitro expression and activities of drug‐metabolising enzymes, the rapid physiological changes in the early neonatal period of life also need to be considered. There are dramatic changes in neonatal liver blood flow and hepatic oxygenation due to the loss of the umbilical blood supply, the increasing portal vein blood flow, and the gradual closure of the ductus venosus shunt during the first week of life. These changes which may well affect the capacity of neonatal hepatic drug metabolism. The hepatic expression of cytochromes P450 1A2, 2C, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 develop at different rates in the postnatal period, whilst 3A7 expression diminishes. Hepatic glucuronidation in the human neonate is relatively immature at birth, which contrasts with the considerably more mature neonatal hepatic sulfation activity. Limited in vivo studies show that the human neonate can significantly metabolise xenobiotics but clearance is considerably less compared with the older infant and adult. The neonatal population included in pharmacological studies is highly heterogeneous with respect to age, body weight, ductus venosus closure and disease processes, making it difficult to interpret data arising from human neonatal studies. Studies in the perfused foetal and neonatal sheep liver have demonstrated how the oxidative and conjugative hepatic elimination of drugs by the intact organ is significantly increased during the first week of life, highlighting that future studies will need to consider the profound physiological changes that may influence neonatal hepatic drug elimination shortly after birth.
Role of Soy Diet and L‐Arginine in Cyclosporin‐A‐Induced Osteopenia in Rats
Authors: Clementi Giuseppe , Fiore Carmelo Erio , Mangano Nunzio Guido , Cutuli Vincenza Maria Catena , Pennisi Piera , Caruso Antonina , Prato Agatina , Matera Mario , Amico‐Roxas Matilde 
Published: July 2004

Abstract:Our previous studies show that chronic administration of L‐arginine decreases cyclosporin‐A‐induced bone loss. The present study was designed to investigate whether a soy diet could prevent cyclosporin A‐induced osteopenia and eventually improve the protective effect of L‐arginine. Rats on soy diet were treated with cyclosporin‐A, L‐arginine, cyclosporin‐A+L‐arginine or saline. Control groups received a normal diet and the same pharmacological treatment. Our results show that a soy diet prevents osteopenia only in the spinal cord (+30%) and confirm the protective effect of L‐arginine in cyclosporin‐A‐induced osteopenia in whole body, pelvis and spine of rats on a normal diet (+31%, +55%, +55%, respectively). Moreover these data show that the osteoprotective effect of L‐arginine in the whole body, pelvis and spine improves in the case of soy diet (+60%, +72%, +89%, respectively). The results suggest that a soy diet exerts a positive effect in cyclosporin‐A‐induced osteopenia only in sites with high turn‐over and improves the osteoprotective effect of L‐arginine.
Novel Effects of 5,8,11‐Eicosatriynoic Acid, a Lipoxygenase Inhibitor, on Ca2+ Mobilization in Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
Authors: Lee Kam‐Chung , Chou Kang‐Ju , Cheng Jin‐Shiung , Wang Jue‐Long , Tang Kwong‐Yui , Tseng Li‐Ling , Jan Chung‐Ren 
Published: July 2004

Abstract:The effect of 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid, a widely used lipoxygenase inhibitor, on Ca2+ fate in Madin Darby canine kidney cells was examined by using fura‐2 as a Ca2+ probe. At concentrations between 2–100 μM 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid increased [Ca2+]i concentration‐dependently with an EC50 of 20 μM . Extracellular Ca2+ removal decreased the Ca2+ signals, indicating that 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid triggered Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx. 5,8,11‐Eicosatriynoic acid (30 μM) induced a [Ca2+]i increase in Ca2+‐free medium after pretreatment with carbonylcyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone (2 μM), a mitochondrial uncoupler, and thapsigargin (1 μM), an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor for 20 min. Conversely, 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid pretreatment almost abolished the Ca2+ release induced by carbonylcyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone and thapsigargin. These results suggest that 30 μM 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid released Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and other stores. Addition of 3 mM Ca2+ increased [Ca2+]i after preincubation with 2–50 μM 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid for 10 min. in Ca2+‐free medium concentration‐dependently. Pretreatment with 10 μM La3+ abolished 30 μM 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid ‐induced [Ca2+]i increases, but adding La3+ during the decay phase had no effect. 5,8,11‐Eicosatriynoic acid‐induced Ca2+ release was not altered by inhibiting phospholipase C with 2 μM 1‐(6‐((17β‐3‐methoxyestra‐1,3,5(10)‐trien‐17‐yl)amino)hexyl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione (U73122), but was decreased by 60% by 40 μM aristolochic acid. Several other lipoxygenase inhibitors such as baicalein (50 μM), 5.8.11.14‐eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA; 0.1–0.2 mM), caffeic acid (5–50 μM), esculetin (5–50 μM), α‐pentyl‐3‐(2‐quinolinylmethoxy)‐benzenemethanol (REV‐5901; 0.1–0.2 mM) and α‐pentyl‐4‐(2‐quinolinylmethoxy)‐benzenemethanol (L‐655238; 80–100 μM) had no effect on [Ca2+]i. Collectively, the data suggest that the lipoxygenase inhibitor 5,8,11‐eicosatriynoic acid induced a [Ca2+]i increase in renal tubular cells concentration‐dependently, by releasing intracellular Ca2+ from multiple stores in an inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐independent manner, and by inducing extracellular Ca2+ influx in a La3+‐sensitive manner.
The Phagocytosis of Rod Outer Segments is Inhibited by Selected Drugs in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Cultures
Authors: Mannerström Marika , Mäenpää Hanna , Toimela Tarja , Salminen Lotta , Tähti Hanna 
Published: July 2004

Abstract:The effects of tamoxifen, toremifene and chloroquine on the phagocytosis of rod outer segments by retinal pigment epithelium were evaluated in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line D407 and pig retinal pigment epithelial cell culture. Retinal pigment epithelial cells were exposed to different concentrations of tamoxifen (1–20 μM), toremifene (1–20 μM) and chloroquine (1–1000 μM), and challenged with FITC‐labeled rod outer segments for 24 hr. The phagocytized (bound and ingested) rod outer segments were measured fluorometrically, and the effect of the drugs on the phagocytosis was determined. The cytotoxicity of the drugs was evaluated by measuring their effects on mitochondrial enzyme activities (WST‐1‐test). The results showed that the test compounds inhibited the phagocytosis of rod outer segments in both D407 and pig retinal pigment epithelial cells. The phagocytic activity was more sensitive to tamoxifen (EC50 7.2 μM for D407 cells and 3.6 μM for pig retinal pigment epithelial cells) and toremifene (EC50 6.2 μM and 3.1 μM respectively) than to chloroquine (EC50 77.2 μM for D407 cells). The inhibition of rod outer segment phagocytosis in both cell cultures started at lower dose levels of test compounds than the cytotoxicity indicated by the WST‐1‐test. The experiments were carried out both in serum‐free medium and serum‐containing medium. Serum seemed to be a critical factor in the medium and caused difficulties in the interpretation of the results.