bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral and physiological indices related to BMI in a cohort of primary schoolchildren in Greece
Authors: Manios Yannis , Yiannakouris Nikos , Papoutsakis Constantina , Moschonis George , Magkos Faidon , Skenderi Katerina , Zampelas Antonis 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between normal weight and overweight primary schoolchildren in terms of certain cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and furthermore to identify behavioral correlates significantly affecting their body mass index (BMI). The sample consisted of 198 children with a mean age of 11.5 ± 0.4 years (106 females and 92 males). Data was obtained on children anthropometry, plasma lipids, plasma glucose, dietary intake, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity. Significant gender differences were observed for most of these parameters, with boys being more active and fit but also spending more time on sedentary activities and exhibiting higher intake of energy and fat compared to girls. Using the International Obesity Task Force's (IOTF) BMI cut‐off points, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated to be 35.6% and 6.7% among boys and 25.7% and 6.7% among girls, respectively. Overweight and obese children had higher levels of plasma triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol to HDL‐cholesterol (TC/HDL‐C) ratio and lower levels of HDL‐C and physical fitness compared to their normal‐weight peers. Among the behavioral variables tested, only participation in organized sports, cardiorespiratory fitness, and TV watching were significantly correlated with BMI, while energy and fat intake were found to have no significant effect. The current study suggests that even in childhood, overweight and obesity are indicative of an unfavorable lipidemic profile. Among the behavioral parameters known to affect BMI, those found to exert a significant effect were organized physical activities, cardiorespiratory fitness, and TV watching, but not energy or fat intake. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:639–647, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in longitudinal diaphyseal long bone growth in children three to ten years of age
Authors: Smith Shelley L. , Buschang Peter H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractData from the Child Research Council (Denver, CO) were analyzed to model longitudinal growth changes in the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia in 31 boys and 36 girls between 3 and 10 years of age. Multilevel modeling of growth changes allowed efficient estimates of bone size and bone growth variation to be obtained as well as comparisons of growth patterns within and between limbs. The long bones displayed decelerating growth through time, with greater velocities for the larger lower limb (vs. smaller upper limb) bones and the larger proximal (vs. smaller distal) elements within limbs. Coordination for bone size and growth velocity is good both within and between limbs, suggesting a common growth control mechanism that should make growth prediction possible. Adjusted for size, the tibia appears to be the most variable of these four long bones, which may be due to a combination of environmental effects and flexible growth potential. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:648–657, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of different bioimpedance analyzers for predicting cell mass against whole‐body counting of potassium (40K) as a reference method
Authors: Dittmar Manuela , Reber Helmut 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study compared two different tetrapolar bioimpedance (BIA) devices for estimating body cell mass (BCM), validated them against whole‐body counting of 40K (TBK method), and developed improved prediction equations for estimating BCM from BIA. In 50 healthy volunteers (age 23–65 years, BMI 18.6–27.7 kg/m2), BCM was estimated with the BIA devices Nutriguard‐M (Data Input, Germany) and Soft‐Tissue‐Analyzer‐STA (Akern, Italy) and by the TBK method. Methods were compared by the Bland‐Altman procedure. New prediction equations for BCM were developed by multiple stepwise regression analysis based on a single BIA parallel model. The Akern device gives similar mean estimates of BCM compared to the Data Input device in males (33.5 vs. 33.3 kg, P = 0.789), but higher values in females (24.6 vs. 22.8 kg; P < 0.001). Both BIA devices overestimate mean BCM relative to the TBK method; in males by 5.0 kg (Data Input, P < 0.001) and 5.1 kg (Akern, P < 0.001); in females by 2.3 kg (Data Input, P < 0.001) and 4.1 kg (Akern, P < 0.001). Limits of agreement between BIA and TBK methods are for males ±4.99 kg (Data Input) and ±7.16 kg (Akern); for females, ±4.69 kg (Data Input) and ±4.12 kg (Akern). New equations were developed for estimating BCM for both BIA analyzers (Data Input, R2 = 0.91, SEE = 1.46 kg; Akern, R2 = 0.90, SEE = 1.48 kg). Since estimates of BCM by the present BIA devices do not differ in males, they might be interchangeable. This does not hold true for females. Because both BIA devices overestimate BCM, the newly developed device‐specific equations which reduce bias and limits of agreement should be applied. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:697–703, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of variables associated with the metabolic syndrome from adolescence to adulthood: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study
Authors: Eisenmann Joey C. , Welk Gregory J. , Wickel Eric E. , Blair Steven N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine the stability of variables associated with the metabolic syndrome from adolescence to adulthood. The sample included 48 subjects from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study who had one clinical visit during adolescence (mean age = 15.8 years) and a follow‐up visit during adulthood (mean age = 26.6 years). The following variables were considered: treadmill time to exhaustion (TM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percent body fat (%BF), total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), TC:HDL‐C, triglycerides (TG), glucose (GLU), and systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MAP) blood pressure. A composite risk factor score using variables consistent with the WHO and ATP III definition of the metabolic syndrome (WC, HDL‐C, TG, MAP, and GLU) was calculated. Tracking coefficients were computed as partial correlations, controlling for length of follow‐up (mean = 11 years). Tracking coefficients (r values) were moderate for all variables (TM, 0.53; BMI, 0.64; WC; 0.79;%BF, 0.44; TC, 0.62; HDL‐C, 0.60; TG, 0.54; TC:HDL‐C, 0.78; SBP, 0.45; and MAP, 0.41), except GLU (0.26) and DBP (0.21). The composite risk factor score also tracked moderately well (0.56) from adolescence into adulthood. The results support previous findings that variables associated with the metabolic syndrome track moderately well from adolescence to adulthood. The findings support the prevention and treatment of obesity, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome during childhood and adolescence. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:690–696, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in 7–9‐year‐old Portuguese children: Trends in body mass index from 1970–2002
Authors: Padez C. , Fernandes T. , Mourão I. , Moreira P. , Rosado V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Portuguese children age 7–9 years and to analyze trends in body mass index (BMI) from 1970–2002. Data were collected from October 2002 to June 2003 in a random sample of Portuguese children. Height and weight were measured and BMI (Kg/m2) was calculated. The International Obesity TaskForce (IOTF) cutoffs to define overweight and obesity were used. In the total sample we found 20.3% of overweight children and 11.3% of obese children. These results indicate a prevalence of overweight/obesity of 31.5%. Girls presented higher percentages of overweight than boys except at age 7.5. Girls also showed a higher percentages of obesity than boys except at age 9. From 1970 to 1992 and 1992 to 2002, height, weight, and BMI increased at different velocities: weight increased faster than height, and, consequently, BMI increased more in the last period than in the first one, leading to an increase in obesity values. Compared to published data by IOTF on other European countries, who applied the same methods to define overweight and obesity, Portuguese children showed the second‐highest mean values in overweight/obesity. Italy showed the highest values (36%). The present study shows a very high prevalence of overweight/obesity (31.5%) in Portuguese children compared to other European countries. Portugal followed the trend of other Mediterranean countries like Spain (30%), Greece (31%), and Italy (36%). These high values require a national intervention program to control childhood obesity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:670–678, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testosterone, aging, and body composition in men from Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Lukas William D. , Campbell Benjamin C. , Ellison Peter T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo examine age‐related changes in body composition and testosterone (T) among men in an urban sub‐Saharan African population, measures of body composition and salivary T were obtained from 109 males ages 20–78 in Harare, Zimbabwe. Measures included height, weight, suprailiac and triceps skinfold, and percent body fat by bioelectric impedance (BIA). Saliva samples were assayed for T using radioimmunoassay. Average BMI of the overall sample (23.16 (SD = 18.12) kg/m2 was close to Western populations, while salivary T levels (AM = 196 ± 96 pmol/l; pm = 172 ± 98 pmol/l) were much lower. Both morning (beta = –0.535; P < 0.001) and afternoon salivary T declined with age (beta = −0.385; P < 0.001). Multiple regression models indicate that pm salivary T (beta = 0.24; P = 0.025), was a predictor of fat‐free mass, but neither am nor pm salivary T was related to fat mass or other measures of body composition. In addition, height was significantly related to pm salivary T levels in men under the age of 60. Multivariate regression indicates that pm salivary T is a predictor of fat‐free mass when controlled for height and adiposity. These findings suggest that T is related to both lean mass and overall body size among men from a non‐Western nonsubsistence population. As such they are consistent with the hypothesis that bioavailable T plays a role in energetic allocation among human males. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:704–712, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo biofluid dynamic imaging in the developing zebrafish
Authors: Hove Jay R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFlow‐structure interactions are ubiquitous in nature, and are important factors in the proper development of form and function in living organisms. In order to uncover the mechanisms by which flow‐structure interactions affect vertebrate development, we first need to establish the techniques necessary to quantitatively describe the fluid flow environment within the embryo. To do this, we must bring dynamic, in vivo imaging methods to bear on living systems. Traditional avian and mammalian model systems can be problematic in this regard. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is widely accepted as an excellent model organism for the study of vertebrate biology, as it shows substantial anatomical and genetic conservation with higher vertebrates, including humans. Their small size, optical transparency, and external development make zebrafish the ideal model system for dynamic imaging. This article reviews the current state of research in imaging biofluid flow within and around developing zebrafish embryos, with an emphasis on dynamic imaging modalities. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:277–289, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental imaging: Insights into the avian embryo
Authors: Kulesa Paul M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe study of embryonic events using different animal model systems is crucial for gaining insights into human development and birth defects. Biological imaging plays a major role in this effort by providing a spatiotemporal framework to link complex cell movements with molecular data. However, depending on the age of the embryo and the location of a morphogenetic event, visualization often requires the design of novel culture and imaging techniques. One of the primary model systems for biological imaging is the avian embryo, due to its accessibility to manipulation, relatively two‐dimensional morphogenesis early on, and viability when grown in culture. Significant work in avian embryo culture and cell labeling, together with advances in imaging technology, now make it possible to monitor many developmental events within the period from egg laying to hatching. Here, we present the latest in avian developmental imaging, focusing on cell labeling, embryo culture, and imaging technologies. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:260–266, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid high resolution three dimensional reconstruction of embryos with episcopic fluorescence image capture
Authors: Rosenthal Julie , Mangal Vipul , Walker Diana , Bennett Michael , Mohun Tim J. , Lo Cecilia W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOne of the overarching goals in developmental biology is the elucidation of mechanisms that elaborate form and function. To this end, an accurate morphological description of embryonic development is essential. However, visualizing dynamic changes in the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of the developing embryo has been a “holy grail” in the field of developmental biology. The fundamental difficulties that have hindered all efforts in 3D reconstruction using two‐dimensional (2D) image stacks revolve around the seemingly intractable problems of section registration and distortion. A remarkably simple solution has come about with the development of a new technique referred to as episcopic fluorescence image capture (EFIC). With EFIC imaging, tissue autofluorescence is used to image the block face prior to cutting each section. The 2D resolution obtained is close to that achieved by histology, and such 2D image stacks can be readily reconstructed in 3D. The 3D models generated provide fine structural details with resolution unmatched by 3D reconstructions obtained with any other imaging modalities. Given the perfect registration of EFIC image stacks, another important capability provided by EFIC is digital resectioning in any plane. This provides complete flexibility in the selection of optimal virtual sectioning planes for viewing different features in a specimen, and is invaluable for analyzing dynamic changes in tissue structure in the developing embryo. The capabilities provided by EFIC for rapid high resolution 3D reconstruction together with digital resectioning make this an unparalleled tool for characterizing morphogenetic events in the developing embryo. Although our review is focused on using EFIC for studying embryonic development, it is important to note that there is no intrinsic limitation on the size of the specimen that can be analyzed by EFIC imaging. Overall, EFIC should serve as an important imaging technique that will complement other 3D imaging modalities such as MRI and optical tomography. Given the feasibility of generating EFIC image stacks using cryoembedded or polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐embedded specimens, there is the possibility that EFIC may be combined with 3D RNA or protein expression profiling. Together, such studies may help further elucidate the relationship between form and function. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 72:213–223, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Hour‐glass” shape of the uterus in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical pregnancy
Authors: Papaloucas Christos David 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study attempts to point out the importance of the anatomo‐clinical finding of an “hour‐glass” shape to the uterus in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical pregnancy. From 1973 to 2001, four cases of cervical pregnancy were treated in the 2nd Obstetrical and Gynecological Clinic of the Aristotelion University of Salonica. The incidence was 1:13,111 pregnancies (4 cervical in 52,446 pregnancies). Three of the patients underwent bilateral ligation of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery using absorbable ligatures. The fourth patient (a 42‐year‐old), elected to have a hysterectomy. All patients were well and discharged from hospital on the seventh postoperative day. Two of the three patients treated by ligation of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac arteries subsequently had normal pregnancies and deliveries. We lost contact with the third patient. The finding of an “hour‐glass” uterine shape was very helpful in the diagnosis of cervical pregnancy. The Aristotelion University of Salonica has found that treatment by ligation of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac arteries is effective, causes no complications, never ends in hysterectomy, and maintains the normal menstrual cycles and reproductive ability of the woman. Clin. Anat. 17:658–661, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maxillary and sphenoid sinus aplasia in Turkish individuals: A retrospective review using computed tomography
Authors: Aydinlioğlu Atif , Erdem Saadet 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe absence of a maxillary or sphenoid sinus in an adult is an extremely rare condition. We investigated maxillary and sphenoid sinus aplasia in adult Turkish individuals using computed tomography (CT). We examined CT scans in the axial and coronal planes of the paranasal sinuses in 1,526 patients. The CT scans of a 21‐year‐old male were notable for bilateral maxillary sinus aplasia. Another patient, a 20‐year‐old female, had CT scans that showed the unilateral absence of a maxillary sinus. Two additional cases showed the unilateral absence of one sphenoid sinus. Bilateral absence of the sphenoid sinuses was not observed in our study. The clinical implications of maxillary and sphenoid sinus aplasia will be further discussed. Clin. Anat. 17:618–622, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Course of the short gastric veins and their suitability for pancreatic islet transplantation
Authors: Ashton E. , Ellis K. , McDonald S.W. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractExperience is being gained with pancreatectomy for patients with chronic pancreatitis suffering intractable pain. Transplantation of pancreatic islets isolated from the patient's own pancreas reduces the amount of injected insulin required, and research aims to develop treatments to make such patients independent of administered insulin. Claims have been made that the uppermost short gastric vein runs directly to the upper pole of the spleen in about 90% of subjects and that infusion of pancreatic islets by this route would allow them to settle in the spleen. This study investigates these claims. The findings suggest that the short gastric veins are inappropriate as a route of islet administration. Most short gastric veins, including the most superior, drain to tributaries of the splenic vein. Short gastric veins passing to the spleen itself without extra‐splenic connections to the splenic vein and its tributaries are relatively rare. Only four examples in 12 specimens were found, and only two of these were the most superior short gastric vein. The short gastric veins run in the fat of the gastrosplenic ligament and are most readily visible as they leave the stomach. In our 12 dissecting room specimens, the short gastric veins ranged in number from 3–17, and in diameter from 0.5–4.5 mm (mean = 1.7 mm; SD = 0.7 mm). The four short gastric veins that drained directly to the spleen ranged in diameter from 0.5–1 mm, significantly narrower than those draining to the splenic vein or its tributaries and small for cannulation. Clin. Anat. 17:651‐657, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A tool for predicting breast carcinoma mortality in women who do not receive adjuvant therapy
Authors: Kattan Michael W. , Giri Dilip , Panageas Katherine S. , Hummer Amanda , Cranor Milicent , Van Zee Kimberly J. , Hudis Clifford A. , Norton Larry , Borgen Patrick I. , Tan Lee K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAmong the several proposed risk classification schemes for predicting survival in women with breast carcinoma, one of the most commonly used is the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI). The goal of the current study was to use a continuous prognostic model (similar to those that have already been demonstrated to possess greater predictive accuracy than risk group–based models in other malignancies) to predict breast carcinoma mortality more accurately compared with the NPI.METHODSA total of 519 women who had been treated with mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) between 1976 and 1979 met the following requirements for study inclusion: confirmation of the presence of invasive mammary carcinoma, no receipt of neoadjuvant or adjuvant systemic therapy, no previous history of malignancy, and negative lymph node status as assessed on routine histopathologic examination. Paraffin blocks were available for 368 of the 519 eligible patients. All available axillary lymph node tissue blocks were subjected to enhanced pathologic analysis. The competing‐risk method was used to predict disease‐specific death, and the accuracy of the novel prognostic model that emerged from this process was evaluated using the concordance index. Jackknife and 10‐fold cross‐validation predictions yielded by this new model were compared with predictions yielded by the NPI.RESULTSOf the 348 women for whom complete data were available, 73 died of disease; the 15‐year probability of breast carcinoma–related death was 20%. On the basis of these 348 cases, the authors developed a prognostic model that took patient age, disease multifocality, tumor size, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, and enhanced lymph node staining into account, and using competing‐risks regression analysis, they found that this new model predicted disease‐specific death more accurately compared with the NPI.CONCLUSIONSThe authors have developed a model for predicting breast carcinoma–specific death with improved accuracy. This tool should be useful in counseling patients with regard to their specific need for adjuvant therapy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.