bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Trochlear Block Recession and Trochlear Wedge Recession for Canine Patellar Luxation Using a Cadaver Model
Authors: Johnson Allen L. , Probst Curtis W. , Decamp Charles E. , Rosenstein Diana S. , Hauptman Joe G. , Weaver Brian T. , Kern Teri L. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare trochlear block recession (TBR) to trochlear wedge recession (TWR) with regards to patellar depth (percentage of patellar volume under the trochlear ridges), patellar articular contact, percentage of recessed trochlear surface area, and resistance to patellar luxation.Study Design—In vitro computed tomography (CT) and biomechanical evaluation using a cadaver model.Sample Population—Twelve normal, large‐breed canine cadavers.Methods—Bilateral pelvic limb specimens with intact stifle joints were mounted on a positioning device. The femoral trochlear ridges were reduced to provide a standard shallow trochlea. TBR or TWR was performed to a standard depth randomly on paired specimens. CT and biomechanical evaluations were performed pre‐ and postoperatively in both an extended (148°) and flexed (113°) stifle position. CT images were digitized and measurements made using an image‐analysis software program. Biomechanical testing consisted of applying 40° of internal tibial rotation and documenting patellar luxation.Results—The change in trochlear depth (depth of recession) was not significantly different between groups. In the extended stifle position (patella in the proximal trochlea), patellar depth and patellar articular contact with the recessed trochlea were significantly greater after TBR compared with TWR. The percentage of recessed trochlear surface area was significantly greater after TBR compared with TWR. In the extended position, a smaller percentage of the patellae luxated within 40° of internal tibial rotation after TBR compared with TWR.Conclusions—TBR increases proximal patellar depth, increases patellar articular contact with the recessed proximal trochlea, recesses a larger percentage of trochlear surface area, and results in a greater resistance to patellar luxation in an extended position as compared with TWR.Clinical Relevance—TBR may help limit the development of stifle DJD in dogs treated for canine patellar luxation.
Endogenous Nitric Oxide Production in Canine Osteoarthritis: Detection in Urine, Serum, and Synovial Fluid Specimens
Authors: Spreng David , Sigrist Nadja , Schweighauser Ariane , Busato André , Schawalder Peter 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To measure nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in serum, urine, and synovial fluid (SF) of dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and normal dogs, and to compare these with clinical and histologic changes of osteoarthritis (OA).Study Design—Prospective clinical study including 2 groups of animals selected from the hospital population.Animals—Forty‐three dogs (CCL group) with OA secondary to CCL rupture; 30 healthy dogs (control group) without CCL rupture.Methods—Serum, urine, and SF were collected before and during surgery in the CCL group or immediately after euthanasia in the control group. Articular cartilage and synovial membrane tissue specimens were prepared for routine histologic examination. The stable end products of NO, total nitrite and nitrate (NOt) activity, were measured in body fluids and compared with macroscopic and histologic degrees of OA. Urinary NOt concentration was compared with urinary creatinine concentration and stated as urinary NOt:creatinine ratio (UNCR).Results—SF NOt concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Serum NOt concentrations (45.6 vs 28.9 μmol/L;P= .042) and the UNCR (0.007 vs 0.004;P= .035) were significantly higher in dogs of the CCL group compared with the control population. An association between UNCR and histologic and macroscopical OA grades could be demonstrated.Conclusion—UNCR might be a useful indicator of nitrite and nitrate production and, therefore, osteoarthritic changes in joints.Clinical Relevance—UNCR could be used as a tool to evaluate the NOt production by joint tissues over time and might therefore provide a method of evaluating the effects of drugs in the control of osteoarthritis.
Effects of Pubic Symphysiodesis in Dysplastic Puppies
Authors: Dueland R. Tass , Adams William M. , Fialkowski James P. , Patricelli Alison J. , Mathews Kyle G. , Nordheim Erik V. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine the long‐term effects of juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) in dysplastic puppies.Study Design—Prospective, randomized, clinical trial.Animals—Seven dysplastic Chesapeake Bay retrievers and 2 beagle‐crosses (BX1 and 2).Methods—Five puppies had JPS performed with electrocauterization at 12, 16, 20, 22, and 24 weeks of age, respectively. Two puppies served as controls. BX1 and BX2 were used to obtain biopsies of the symphysis. Hips were evaluated for: pelvic development (transverse computerized tomography for acetabular angle [AA] and dorsal acetabular rim angle [DARA]); laxity [hip extended and stress radiography [distraction index (DI)]); Ortolani maneuver with reduction angles; acetabular coverage (Norberg angles); and function (coxofemoral range of motion, hip pain, and gait analysis by force‐plate technique at 44 and 137 weeks of age).Results—The pubis fused prematurely in every puppy that was operated on with the JPS technique. Greater acetabular responses were related to younger ages at surgery. The final mean AA in dogs that had JPS was 25° greater than preoperative values; 40% increased over control. The DARA final mean was 10°, 52% less than preoperative values and 46% less than control. The final mean DI in dogs having JPS was 0.28, 47% improved over preoperative values and 58% better than control. Mean pelvic dimensions in dogs that had JPS were 18% less than control. Gait analyses were normal for all dogs at 137 weeks. No urinary or bowel complications occurred.Conclusions—Significant ventrolateral acetabular rotation, increased hip coverage, diminished hip laxity, normal pain‐free gait, and insignificantly reduced pelvic size occurred after JPS.Clinical Significance—Dysplastic hips in young dogs were significantly improved by JPS.
Polymerase chain reaction analysis of the surgical margins of equine sarcoids for bovine papilloma virus DNA
Authors: Martens Ann , De Moor Antoine , Demeulemeester Jill , Peelman Luc 
Published: August 2002

Objective— To examine apparently normal skin around equine sarcoids for evidence of bovine papilloma virus (BPV) DNA, and to relate this finding to the observed recurrence after surgery.Study Design— Prospective study.Animals or Sample Population— Forty‐one equine sarcoids from 19 horses.Materials and Methods— The tumors were surgically excised at a measured distance of 8, 12, or 16 mm. Samples from the tumor and of the entire surrounding skin were taken at 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm from the tumor border and analyzed for the presence of BPV DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The samples were grouped per examined sarcoid, and a tumor was considered positive at a certain distance as soon as at least one of the samples at that distance was positive. The clinical outcome was recorded for each sarcoid after a minimal follow‐up of 6 months.Results— All sarcoids were positive for BPV1 or BPV2. The tumor margin was positive at 4, 8, 12, and 16 mm in, respectively, 95%, 73%, 39%, and 33% of the examined sarcoids. Local recurrence was observed in 3 sarcoids on 3 different horses. From survival analysis, there was a greater likelihood for local recurrence when sarcoids had a surgical margin that was positive for BPV DNA.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— BPV DNA is often detected in visibly normal skin around sarcoids, and there is a significantly greater probability for local recurrence when the surgical margins are positive for the presence of BPV DNA.
Comparison of Multistage Versus One‐Stage Destabilization of a Type II External Fixator Used to Stabilize an Oblique Tibial Osteotomy in Dogs
Authors: Auger Jerome , Dupuis Jacques , Boudreault Francis , Pare Philippe , Beauregard Guy , Breton Luc 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare the biomechanical effects of multistage versus one‐stage destabilization of a type II external skeletal fixator (ESF) used to stabilize an oblique unstable tibial osteotomy in dogs.Study Design—In vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo experimental study.Animal Population—Twelve healthy adult dogs.Methods—The biomechanical characteristics of the type II ESF used in this study were determined. This fixator was applied to both tibiae of two groups of 6 dogs to stabilize a 2‐mm‐wide oblique osteotomy. One fixator on each dog remained unchanged throughout the 11‐week study (control group). The fixator on the opposite limb was destabilized late and acutely in one group of dogs (single‐stage) and early and progressively in the other (multistage). Clinical examination, radiographic examination, and force‐plate analysis were used to evaluate the results. All dogs were euthanatized at 11 weeks. All tibiae were scanned to determine the cross‐sectional area of the callus in the center of the osteotomy and subjected to biomechanical tests to determine mean pull‐out strength of pins and callus strength and stiffness.Results—Stiffness of the type II ESF used in this study was 578 N/mm in axial compression, 0.767 Nm/deg in torsion, 261 N/mm in medio‐lateral bending, and 25 N/mm in cranio‐caudal bending. Peak vertical forces of the hindlimbs were significantly lower at 2.5 and 5 weeks than before surgery. Peak vertical forces of the hindlimbs did not change before and after destabilization. No significant differences could be detected between the two destabilization sequences or between all control tibiae and pooled destabilized tibiae with regards to radiographic evaluation of the healing osteotomy, cross‐sectional periosteal callus area, mean pull‐out strength of transfixation pins, callus strength, and callus stiffness.Conclusions and clinical relevance—Bone healing of unstable osteotomies stabilized with a type II ESF is not significantly enhanced by staged destabilization of the fixation as performed in this study.
Comparison of Fine‐Needle Aspiration and Surgical‐Tissue Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Canine Brain Tumors
Authors: Platt Simon R. , Alleman A. Rick , Lanz Otto I. , Chrisman Cheryl L. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare the diagnoses obtained using fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and surgical‐tissue biopsy of focal cerebral masses with the histologic diagnoses obtained via necropsy.Study Design—A prospective case series.Sample Population—Ten client‐owned adult dogs of various breeds. All dogs had clinical signs of cerebral disease and had a focal brain mass identified using magnetic resonance imaging; all were eventually euthanatized.Methods—Immediately after euthanasia, the brains were removed en bloc from the cranial cavity. FNAs were obtained from each mass using a 22‐gauge hypodermic needle and a 12‐mL syringe. Cytologic preparations were made from each aspirate. A 14‐gauge Tru‐cut biopsy needle was used to obtain a core tissue sample from each mass. The biopsy specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and submitted for histologic evaluation. The brains were similarly fixed and stained. Six‐micrometer‐thick transverse sections of the brain were examined microscopically.Results—Neoplasia was confirmed in all dogs histologically in the 6‐μm transverse sections. Four meningiomas, 2 astrocytomas, 2 oligodendrogliomas, 1 pituitary adenocarcinoma, and 1 neurofibrosarcoma were identified. FNA correctly identified all of the masses as neoplastic. Cytologic diagnoses correlated with the histologic interpretation in 5 of the masses (50%). Tru‐cut biopsy specimens identified all 10 masses as neoplastic; in 9 of the 10 (90%), the diagnosis correlated with the histologic diagnosis.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—FNA is a sensitive method that can be used to determine the presence of neoplasia in the brain, but is not as definitive as the Tru‐cut biopsy in determining the specific type of cerebral neoplasm.
The Effect of Plate Luting on Reduction Accuracy and Biomechanics of Acetabular Osteotomies Stabilized With 2.7‐mm Reconstruction Plates
Authors: Anderson Gregory M. , Cross Alan R. , Lewis Daniel D. , Lanz Otto I. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare the accuracy of reduction and biomechanical characteristics of acetabular osteotomies repaired with luted and nonluted reconstruction plates.Study Design—In vitro study.Animals—Pelves removed from 12 adult greyhounds.Methods—Acetabular osteotomies were created and repaired with a 6‐hole, 2.7‐mm reconstruction plates in 24 cadaver hemipelves. Ten hemipelves each were assigned to group I and group II. An impression cast of each acetabulum in group I was made before luting (preluting cast). Group I plates were then elevated, luted, and replaced. A second cast of each acetabulum in group I was then made (postluting cast). Step, gap, and total areas of articular osteotomy incongruence were determined from the casts. Group I (luted plate repairs) and group II (nonluted plate repairs) hemipelves were loaded ventral‐to‐dorsal using a materials‐testing machine. Stiffness, yield load, and maximal load sustained were determined.Results—Mean gap and total area of articular osteotomy incongruence for group I preluted plate repairs (7.1 mm2and 8.6 mm2, respectively) were significantly greater than for group I postluted plate repairs (4.1 mm2and 5.1 mm2, respectively). Mean stiffness and maximal load for group I (681 N/mm and 2,555 N, respectively) were significantly greater than for group II (360 N/mm and 1,730 N, respectively). Mean step area and mean load at yield values were not significantly different between groups.Conclusions—Luted plate repairs of osteotomized acetabulae result in improved reduction and are stiffer and stronger than nonluted plate repairs.Clinical Significance—Plate luting may improve the accuracy of reduction of acetabular fractures where anatomic reduction is required. Plate luting may also increase the stiffness and strength of fracture repairs and arthrodeses.
Effect of Tibial Plateau Leveling on Stability of the Canine Cranial Cruciate–Deficient Stifle Joint: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Reif Ullrich , Hulse Donald A. , Hauptman Joe G. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the effect of tibial plateau leveling on joint motion in canine stifle joints in which the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) had been severed.Study design—In vitro cadaver study.Animals—Six canine cadaver hind legs.Methods—Radiographs of the stifle joints were made to evaluate the tibial plateau angle with respect to the long axis of the tibia. The specimens were mounted in a custom‐made testing device to measure cranio‐caudal translation of the tibia with respect to the femur. An axial load was applied to the tibia, and its position was recorded in the normal stifle, after transection of the CCL, and after tibial plateau leveling. Further, the amount of caudal tibial thrust was measured in the tibial plateau leveled specimen while series of eight linearly increasing axial tibial loads were applied.Results—Transection of the CCL resulted in cranial tibial translation when axial tibial load was applied. After tibial plateau leveling, axial loading resulted in caudal translation of the tibia. Increasing axial tibial load caused a linear increase in caudal tibial thrust in all tibial plateau–leveled specimens.Conclusions—After tibial plateau leveling, axial tibial load generates caudal tibial thrust, which increases if additional axial load is applied.Clinical relevance—Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy may prevent cranial translation during weight bearing in dogs with CCL rupture by converting axial load into caudal tibial thrust. The amount of caudal tibial thrust seems to be proportional to the amount of weight bearing.
Effect of a Supplemental Plate on the Stiffness of a Type I External Fixator
Authors: Norris Jana L. , Kraus Karl H. , O'Leary James P. 
Published: August 2002

Objective— To assess the effect of a supplemental plate on the stiffness of a six‐pin unilateral external skeletal fixator.Study design— Mechanical testing performed on models.Methods— Wooden (birch) dowels were used to create five models of a fracture. A commercially available external fixation system was applied to the model with a uniform unilateral six‐pin fixator design. The models were mechanically tested with and without a supplemental plate attached to the 2 clamps adjacent to the fracture gap. Testing was conducted in axial loading, medial to lateral bending, and cranial to caudal bending.Results— Results showed a 4.42–fold increase in stiffness in axial load, a 4.23–fold increase in stiffness in medial to lateral bending, and a 1.94‐fold increase in stiffness in cranial to caudal bending with the addition of the plate.Conclusions— The addition of a supplemental plate increases the mechanical stiffness of unilateral fixators. This was especially true in axial load and medial to lateral bending.Clinical relevance— A supplemental plate can be used with unilateral fixators to increase stiffness of the fixator. Conversely, the plate can be removed to decrease stiffness without the removal of fixation pins.
Postoperative Pain Control in Cats: Clinical Trials with Medetomidine and Butorphanol
Authors: Ansah Osei B. , Vainio Outi , Hellsten Carmela , Raekallio Marja 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the analgesic effects of medetomidine (MED) and butorphanol (BTO) in cats after ovariohysterectomy.Study design—A placebo‐controlled, blinded monocenter clinical study.Animals—Healthy adult female client‐owned cats.Methods—Sixty‐four cats weighing 3.15 ± 0.6 kg, presented to the University of Helsinki's Small Animal Teaching Hospital for routine elective ovariohysterectomy, received MED at 15 μg/kg (n = 18), BTO at 0.1 mg/kg (n = 23), or saline (PL) (n = 23) intramuscularly immediately after ovariohysterectomy. Level of pain perception, degree of restlessness, and extent of sedation were scored subjectively before and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after test‐drug administration.Results—BTO provided the best pain relief, followed by MED. Saline provided the least pain relief. Both MED and BTO effectively and identically prevented postoperative restlessness. MED and BTO produced an identical degree of sedation that was better than the PL.Conclusions—Both MED (at 15 μg/kg) and BTO (at 0.1 mg/kg) prevent postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy.Clinical relevance—MED and BTO are useful for preventing postoperative pain in cats.
Preliminary Observations on Expression of Transforming Growth Factors β1 and β3 in Equine Full‐Thickness Skin Wounds Healing Normally or with Exuberant Granulation Tissue
Authors: Theoret Christine L. , Barber Spencer M. , Moyana Terence N. , Gordon John R. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To determine whether transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and ‐β3 expression differs between equine limb wounds healing normally and those healing with experimentally induced exuberant granulation tissue (EGT).Study design—Six wounds were created on the lateral aspect of both metacarpi of each horse; one forelimb was untreated, and the other was bandaged to stimulate the development of EGT. Sequential wound biopsies allowed comparison of growth factor expression between the two types of wound.Animals—Four horses (2 to 4 years of age; 350 to 420 kg).Methods—Wounds were assessed grossly, histologically, and by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for TGF‐β1 and −β3 expression at 12 and 24 hours and 2, 5, 10, and 14 days postoperatively.Results—Bandaged wounds developed EGT. In all wounds, TGF–β1 peaked early and remained elevated at 14 days. Peak TGF–β1 concentration was higher in wounds with EGT, but not significantly so. Expression of TGF–β3 differed from TGF–β1, with peak TGF–β3 concentrations being delayed. Concentrations of TGF–β3 were higher in wounds healing normally, but this difference was not significant.Conclusions—During both normal and exuberant wound repair, the expression of TGF–β1 occurred earlier than TGF–β3 expression. Wounds healing with EGT tended to have higher concentrations of fibrogenic TGF‐β1 and lower concentrations of antifibrotic TGF‐β3 than wounds healing normally, although these differences were not statistically significant.Clinical relevance—This study suggests that the production of EGT in bandaged wounds may be related to increased expression of fibrogenic TGF‐β1 and decreased expression of antifibrotic TGF‐β3. Further investigation of the roles of TGF‐β1 and ‐β3 may be important in understanding the molecular control of EGT in horses.
Comparison of Insertion Time and Pullout Strength Between Self‐Tapping and Non–Self‐Tapping AO 4.5‐mm Cortical Bone Screws in Adult Equine Third Metacarpal Bone
Authors: Andrea C. Renee , Stover Susan M. , Galuppo Larry D. , Taylor Ken T. , Rakestraw Peter C. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare screw insertion characteristics and pullout mechanical properties between self‐tapping (ST) and non–self‐tapping (NST) AO 4.5‐mm cortical bone screws in adult equine third metacarpal bone (MC3).Study design—In vitro biomechanical experiment.Animals or sample population—Seven pairs of adult equine MC3.Methods—Bicortical holes were drilled transversely in proximal metaphyseal, diaphyseal, and distal metaphyseal locations of paired MC3. NST screws were inserted in pre‐tapped holes in 3 sites of one bone pair, and ST screws were inserted in non‐tapped holes of contralateral MC3. Tapping and screw insertion times and maximum torques were measured. Screw pullout mechanical properties were determined.Results—Screw insertion time was longer for ST screws. Total time for tapping and insertion (total insertion time) was over twice as long for NST screws. Statistically significant differences were not observed between screws for any pullout mechanical property. From pullout tests, diaphyseal locations had significantly stiffer and stronger structure than metaphyseal locations. Pullout failure more commonly occurred because of screw breakage than bone failure. Bone failure and bone comminution were more commonly associated with ST screws. Bone failure sites had pullout failure loads that were 90% of screw failure sites.Conclusions—NST and ST 4.5‐mm‐diameter cortical bone screws have similar pullout mechanical properties from adult equine MC3. ST screws require less than half the total insertion time of NST screws.Clinical relevance—Use of ST 4.5‐mm‐diameter cortical bone screws should be considered for repair of adult equine MC3 fractures; however, bone failures at screw sites should be monitored.
Hybrids of poly(ethylene oxide‐b‐amide‐6) and ZrO2 sol–gel: Preparation, characterization, and application in processes of membranes separation
Authors: Zoppi Rita Aparecida , Soares Claudia Garcia Azevedo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHybrids consisting of poly(ethylene oxide‐b‐amide‐6), PEBAXTM, and zirconium oxide were prepared from hydrolysis and condensation of zirconium tetraisopropoxide in solution containing the dissolved organic polymer. These hybrids were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Results show that the incorporation of the inorganic phase seems to promote the degradation of the organic polymer. Composite membranes consisting of a porous support of poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, and a filter layer of PEBAX/ZrO2 were prepared and characterized by electron microscopy. Permeation tests of water or aqueous solutions containing poly(ethylene glycol) of different molar masses were carried out to determine the permeation rate and the membrane cutoff respectively. To determine the phosphate retention, permeation tests using a KH2PO4 aqueous solution were carried out. Independent of composition of the filter layer, values of phosphate retention were nearly equivalent to 80%. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 21: 2–16, 2002; DOI 10.1002/adv.10011