bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsymmetrical Electricity
Authors: Ball John , Welsh Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this book described some work on squared rectangles by four undergraduates at Cambridge, who published it in the Duke Mathematical Journal in 1940 [11]. At the end of their paper there is a remark on “Triangulations of a triangle”. It is about dissections of an equilateral triangle into equilateral triangles. It says there is a theory of such figures analogous to that of squared rectangles, but it does not go into details. There is more information in later papers, for example in one published by the four researchers in the Philips Research Reports of 1975. That one is entitled “Leaky electricity and triangulated triangles” [12].
Algebra In Graph Theory
Authors: Ball John , Welsh Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I learned a little Combinatorial Topology at Cambridge. That subject dealt with structures called “n-complexes”. These were made by fitting together units called “n-simplexes”, n-dimensional analogues of the point, the segment, the triangle and the tetrahedron. The graphs of Graph Theory appeared as the case n = 1, and by combinatorial topologists they were usually looked upon as trivialities. However O. Veblen devoted part of a textbook to them and to their associated maps on surfaces [108]. The topological textbook then favoured at Cambridge was that of Seifert and Threlfall [52].
The Chromatic Eigenvalues
Authors: Ball John , Welsh Dominic 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1946 an important paper appeared in the Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. It was “Chromatic polynomials” by G.D. Birkhoff and D.C. Lewis, referenced here as [8]. It has served as a source and a textbook for students of chromatic polynomials ever since.
Discourse analysis and social representations
Authors: McKinlay Andy , Potter, Jonathan , Wetherell Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a number of recent publications, the theory of social representations has been criticized on analytic, operational, and theoretical grounds. Nevertheless, the perspective embodies certain important features which we see as being a crucial part of an effective and radical social psychology. In this chapter we will overview these problems and qualities and argue that a discourse analytic approach (Potter and Wetherell 1987), although being somewhat more qualified in its theoretical objectives, captures many of the best features of the theory while avoiding its central problems. The final part of the chapter will illustrate, using practical examples, how discourse analysis develops a social approach to the phenomenon of representation.
The problems of investigating social representations: linguistic parallels
Authors: Good David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conceptual and practical difficulties which face those who take on the empirical challenge of studying social-representations theory arise from one of the few definite things that one can say about it. For all workers in this field, it is axiomatic that a social representation (SR henceforth) can only exist where there are social relationships between the members of a society. These interactions and relationships may take many forms, and do not necessarily depend on face-to-face contact. SRT is the study of the ‘thinking society’, and social interaction is the sine qua non of society. SRs must, therefore, pervade every interaction, but saying how is the heart of the problem. Consider, for example, the case of just two members of a society interacting with one another on one occasion where they are discussing the recent psychiatric breakdown of a colleague. In their discussion, the SR of psychiatric disorder will necessarily figure, but where is it located? There will be both private and public processes and products enabling, or deriving from, this engagement, and each of these can be seen as related to, or part of, the SR of psychiatric disorder.
Multidimensional scaling as a technique for the exploration and description of a social representation
Authors: Purkhardt S Caroline , Stockdale Janet E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MDS analyses are not usually applied or interpreted within the frame work of social representations. However, by examining the application of MOS in other contexts and its relationship with the theory of social representations, it is argued that MDS is a suitable technique for exploring and describing a social representation. This is illustrated by a detailed example in which the social representation of mental disorders within a student population was examined. Methodological problems and theoretical limitations arising from the use of MDS in social-representations research are discussed. Finally, a major theme throughout this chapter is the need to adopt a multimethod approach and to employ complementary methods of research.
The meaning of work for young people: the role of parents in the transmission of a social representation
Authors: Mannetti Lucia , Tanucci Giancarlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we shall present some results of our current research programme on the social representation of work among young Italians still at school. The topic of our study-work-has been addressed directly or indirectly by at least two traditions of psychological research, first in the context of vocational choice and guidance (see, for example, Abramson et al. 1979; Holland 1973; Super 1957) and more recently in studies on the development of economic concepts (for example Berti and Bambi 1988; Jahoda 1979; Stacey 1978, 1982). The perspective of our research, however, is different from both of these traditions.
Chemical modulation of sodium channels
Authors: Narahashi T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although voltage-clamp techniques were originally developed by Cole (1949) and extensively utilized by Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz (Hodgkin and Huxley 1952 a,b,c,d; Hodgkin et al. 1952) to establish the ionic basis of nerve excitation, it was not until 1959 that the techniques were applied to the study of ion channel pharmacology. Shanes et al. (1959) and Taylor (1959) found that cocaine and procaine blocked both sodium and potassium currents in squid giant axons. Although these studies have established the basis for the mechanism of local anaesthesia, the effects were neither specific for one type of ion channel, nor very potent.
Peptide toxins interacting with Potassium channels
Authors: Garcia M L , Knaus H -G , Leonard R J , McManus O B , Munujos P , Schmalhofer W A , Slaughter, R S , Kaczorowski. G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Potassium channels are integral membrane proteins that allow the transmembrane movement of ions at high rates through aqueous-pores with high selectivity for K+. This family of proteins controls electrical excitability, as well as the resting membrane potential, in many different cell types. Gating of these channels occurs through conformational changes that are controlled by membrane potential and/or ligand binding.
Intracellular channels in muscle
Authors: Jaimovich E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely accepted that distinct channel activities are present on intracellular organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, the nuclear envelope, and synaptic vesicles. However, we know very little about these channels because, as a result of their intracellular localization, they are not readily accessible to conventional electrophysiological techniques.
Mitochondrial membrane channels and their pharmacology
Authors: Campo M -L , Tedeschi H , Muro, C , Kinnally K W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondria are the primary energy providers of most eukaryotic cells because of their role in oxidative phosphorylation. It is therefore not surprising that mitochondria have been the focus of important studies for the past 40 years. These organelles are enclosed by an outer and an inner membrane. The outer membrane has important permeability properties and a probable regulatory role that is just beginning to be recognized. Aside from its role as a permeability barrier and in the translocation of solutes, the inner membrane containing the components responsible for electron transport and the ATP-synthase is closely associated with energy transduction.
Modulation of a large-condudance K+ channel from chromaffin granule membranes by adrenergic agonists and G proteins
Authors: Arispe N , Mazancourt P De , Pollard, H B , Rojas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ion channels occur in the membrane of secretory granules from adrenal chromaffin cells (Picaud et al. 1984), neurohypophyseal granules Lemos et al. 1989; Stanley et al. 1988, and synaptic vesicles from Torpedo electric organ (Rahamimoff et al. 1988, 1989). Anion (Cl¬ channels were found to occur in rat neurohypophysis (Stanley et al. 1988), and fused Torpedo secretory vesicles (De Riemer et al. 1987; Rahamimoff et al. 1988).
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels: physiology, pharmacology, and molecular biology
Authors: Matthews G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ion channels that are directly gated by cyclic nucleotides represent a class of ligand-gated channel whose ligand binding site is on the intracellular side of the channel, rather than the extracellular side. Channels of this type were first described in the outer segments of vertebrate rod photoreceptors by Fesenko et al. 1
A unified theory of antidepressant action: evidence for adaptation of the NMDA receptor following chronic antidepressant treatments
Authors: Layer R T , Popik P , Nowak G , Paul I A , Trullas, R , Skolnick P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinically effective antidepressants (AD) include drugs with a remarkable structural diversity as well as non-pharmacological interventions such as electronconvulsive shock (ECS). These therapies produce a variety of in vitro effects (e.g. blockade of monoamine reuptake) that cannot be causally related to antidepressant efficacy.
The Role of Cingulate Cortex in Central Neuropathic Pain: Functional Imaging and Cortical Model of Allodynia
Authors: Jones Anthony K P , Kulkarni Bhavna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central neuropathic pain (CNP) may result from damage anywhere in the central nervous system. The focus of this discussion is on CNP rather than peripheral neuropathic pain because at present, although there are likely to be important central mechanisms that contribute to peripheral neuropathic pain, the explanatory mechanisms emphasize peripheral and/or spinal cord mechanisms rather than cortical mechanisms. However, in terms of symptoms and clinical signs there are many similarities between the two types of pain and therefore, where relevant, information about peripheral neuropathic pain will be used. It is not the intention to provide an exhaustive review of the clinical presentation and epidemiology of CNP which has been done elsewhere (Hansson, 2004, 2005). However, there are certain key clinical features that distinguish CNP from other types of pain, although these are quite variable.Neuropathic pain in general is characterized by its unpleasantness and is often described as being unlike any pain previously experienced (Jones et al., 2004). Because of the unfamiliar nature of the sensation, patients will often have difficulty describing it. When given time, a sensation that is initially described as a pain may be further described as just a very unpleasant burning, numbness or cold sensation that is not really painful. It is likely that a number of published findings will include such very aversive or dysaesthetic but non-painful sensations, as patients will often call them pain for lack of a better word. CNP may occur after any kind of damage to the central nervous system such as stroke, demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis and syringomyelia (Hansson, 2005).
Cingulate Neuropathological Substrates of Depression
Authors: Vogt Brent A , Fountoulakis K Nikos , Samaras Dimitrios , Kövari Enikö , Vogt Leslie J , Hof Patrick R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since antiquity, mood disorders were considered to be among the most common diseases. Hippocrates (460–357 BC) was the first to describe melancholia (‘black bile’); Aretaeus of Cappadocia (ca. 150 AD) described manic-depression (bipolar disorder—BD), and Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy published in 1621 was the first modern text on mood disorders. Cartesian thinking separated mind from body, and in this way it provided medicine with autonomy over the body, free from interference by the Church, but this had profound consequences on the way mental disorders were conceptualized in the centuries that followed. This situation was changed by Adolf Meyer (1866–1950) who introduced the term ‘psychobiology’ to emphasize that both psychological and biological factors are relevant for the etiopathogenesis of mental disorders. Depression is still viewed as a major health problem with nearly 20% of women and more than 10% of men suffering from at least one mood disorder episode during their lives. Depression was ranked as the fourth most urgent health problem worldwide by the World Health Organization (Murray & Lopez, 1996). Although effective treatments exist for decades now, the disability induced by mood disorders is comparable with and often exceeds those of pain, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coronary artery disease (Wells et al., 1989).
The Role of Cingulate Cortex Dysfunction in Obsessive– Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Saxena Sanjaya , O’Neill Joseph , Rauch Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common neuropsychiatric illness that affects 2–3% of the population worldwide (Weissman et al., 1994). It can cause significant disability and functional impairment (Murray & Lopez, 1996) and is characterized by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors that cause marked distress. Although standard diagnostic classifications consider OCD to be a single entity, it has become clear that several different OCD symptom factors exist (Baer, 1994; Leckman et al., 1997). Large factor analyses of OCD symptoms (Cavallini et al., 2002; Leckman et al., 1997; Summerfeldt et al., 1999) have usually yielded four principal symptom factors: (1) aggressive, sexual, and religious obsessions with checking compulsions; (2) symmetry obsessions with ordering, arranging, and repeating compulsions; (3) contamination obsessions with washing and cleaning compulsions; and (4) hoarding, saving, and collecting symptoms. These symptom factors appear to show different inheritance patterns. Despite this phenotypic heterogeneity, the vast majority of prior neurobiological and treatment studies of OCD have grouped patients with diverse symptom patterns together. Effective treatments for OCD include serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) medications (Greist et al., 1995) and cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) (Marks, 1997). Because OCD symptoms tend to be chronic, relatively consistent over time, and reliably reproducible, it has been possible to study them with a variety of neuroimaging techniques to determine how the brain mediates their expression (Silbersweig & Stern, 1997).
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Pivotal Cingulate Damage in Amnestic and Dysexecutive Subgroups
Authors: Johnson Julene K , Head Elizabeth , Vogt Brent A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advancing age is associated with a wide variation of cognitive functioning. While some individuals experience little to no change in their thinking abilities, others develop significant cognitive decline and dementia. Cognitive impairment in the absence of dementia in individuals over the age of 65 is common. Several large epidemiological studies suggest that cognitive impairment without dementia is two to five times more common than dementia and is present in 11-27% of the population (Hanninen et al., 1996; Graham et al., 1997; Schroder et al., 1998; Di Carlo et al., 2000; Unverzagt et al., 2001; Lopez et al., 2003). The prevalence of cognitive impairment increases with age. Unverzagt et al. (2001) reported that 29% of individuals between 65 and 74 years of age and as many as 55% of individuals over the age of 84, exhibited symptoms of cognitive impairment without dementia. Neurodegenerative disorders are proposed to account for the majority of cognitive decline in later adulthood, but cognitive decline can also occur in other conditions, such as depression, medical illness, and to some degree, aging (Ritchie et al., 2001; Unverzagt et al., 2001).‘Mild cognitive impairment’ (MCI) is a clinical term that refers to a decline in cognition in older adults that does not meet the criteria for dementia. The term MCI was popularized by Petersen et al. (1999) who argued that MCI is a transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia (Petersen et al., 2001).
Population Origins In Papua New Guinea-A Human Biological Overview
Authors: Kirk Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins and population relationships of the peoples of New Guinea provided a fertile field for speculation by physical anthropologists during the latter part of the last and earlier part of the present century. Affinities with ‘negro’, ‘negrito’, ‘dravidian’, ‘hindoo’, ‘caucasian’, and ‘malay’ racial types and varying degrees of intermixture were canvassed and supported by subjective anthroposcopic reports and, more rarely, anthropometric data. Reviews of these earlier speculations have been given by Bijlmer (1922) and Heyerdahl (1952).
The Epidemiology Of Intestinal Parasites In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Barnish Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hookworm infections are indigenous throughout the country. The predominant species is Necator americanus, which has the highest prevalence in the coastal areas, but can still attain 70 per cent in the higher altitude regions. Ancylostoma duodenale has been found in a few coastal areas and at Kaiapit in the Markham Valley but has never been recorded from the highlands. It is possible that the relatively few reported cases are of zoonotic origin.
Medical Anthropology In Papua New Guinea: A Challenge
Authors: Jenkins Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared with other aspects of anthropology (reviewed by Gardner and Weiner, Chapter 5), medical anthropology is very underdeveloped in Papua New Guinea. Although a large body of information regarding health and disease which is relevant to the interests of medical anthropology has been collected, the data often lack cultural descriptions. Ethnographers, on the other hand, often make observations of importance to medical anthropology, but do so tangentially to their main topics of study.
Shock Waves on Earth and in Space
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘shock wave’ is in wide usage today in both the figurative and the literal sense. We read of it in the daily press when some romance or exploit occurs which ‘sends shock waves around the world’. Fortunately, in such cases, the instantaneous physical damage may be small compared to that wrought by shock waves occurring in nature—such as lightning, volcanic explosions, meteor impacts, and earthquakes—or those created by man with chemical and nuclear weapons.
Driving Control Without Motion Sensors
Authors: Boldea I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many applications a 10/1 up to 100/1 speed control ratio is sufficient. For such cases the elimination of motion (position and speed) sensors would render the drives less expensive and more reliable. For sinusoidal current mode, under steady state, the primary frequency of the stator w 1 is equal to the rotor speed ωro(ω1 = ωro)·.
Thin films
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thin-film structures provide an important technology for making optical components with a desired surface reflectivity, either highly reflecting for such applications as laser mirrors, or minimally reflecting for the surfaces of a lens. The physics of operation and design is, of course, that of interference. There are also very insightful links with the transmission lines of §1.8. Consider Fig. 6.1, which is a miniature version of Fig. 6.4 on p. 137. A stack consisting of several thin layers of transparent dielectric has been deposited on a glass substrate. Light is incident from the left; some is reflected, some is transmitted. Within each of the thin layers there will be two waves, one travelling to the right, one travelling to the left. The amplitudes of all these waves are determined physically by Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations, and in particular by the boundary conditions: E tangential and H tangential are continuous.
Image formation: diffraction theory
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, we gave ray-optics descriptions of the process by which a lens or mirror forms an image of some object. Additionally, in Chapter 3, we learned how diffraction affects the resolution of such an optical system, resolution meaning its ability to form a fine-detailed image. In these previous treatments, we assumed that all points on an object radiated incoherently (relative to each other), though this assumption was not always drawn attention to. Such an assumption is reasonable if the object is self-luminous, or if it is illuminated by light from ‘all directions’, thereby giving a coherence area of order λ on the object. There is, however, an obvious opposite limit: where the object is illuminated with complete transverse coherence across its area. The physics of image formation must be different for this case, at least in its details. This is the central theme of the present chapter.
Introduction: Italy and the Renaissance
Authors: Najemy John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italian history between 1300 and 1550 is ineluctably tied to the Renaissance. Yet each is in a sense larger than the other. Italy’s history encompasses more than the cultural Renaissance, and the Renaissance similarly extends beyond Italy in its ramifications and influences. But neither can be understood without the other. The chronological parameters of this volume coincide with a broad definition of the Renaissance in Italy, and one of our purposes is to raise the question of how the one is related to the other. In introducing the politics, society, religion, culture, economy, and intellectual history of Italy in these centuries, we seek to depict the environment in which the Renaissance occurred and some of its chief manifestations. But this is a history of Italy in the period of the Renaissance, not a history of the Renaissance. Knowing however that many readers will come to these pages from an interest in the Renaissance, it seems appropriate in this introduction to sketch a broad interpretation of the larger connections between Italian history and the Renaissance over these two and a half centuries.