bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
28 On-Farm Rapid Test to Assess Immunological Health of Young Pigs
Authors: Carter Kyerra , Weaver Eric , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Immunological competence is important for young pig survivability. A rapid on-farm test of immunological status may be a tool to help with early identification of sick animals. A new immunological test uses gold nanoparticle technology (D2Dx) to detect changes in serum proteins, particularly IgG and was evaluated as a potential on-farm measure of immunological health of pigs born during a farm level Porcine Respiratory Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) outbreak. Up to three piglets from each litter in 2 farrowing groups (28 days apart) were selected for serial blood sampling and monitoring of body weight. Group 1 (n = 13 sows) experienced the PRRS outbreak approximately 14 days before farrowing and Group 2 (n = 15) approximately 40 days before farrowing. Attempts were made to select one piglet from each of 3 general categories [small (&lt; 1.0 kg), average (1.1 – 1.6 kg), heavy (&gt;1.6 kg)] from each litter. Serum samples were collected at day 2 and 15 of age from each piglet and serum IgG concentration and D2Dx ratio were assessed. Serum immunocrit at day 2 was also completed. Daily animal care of piglets and sows followed standard barn protocols. No creep feed was provided, sows were fed ad libitum, and cross-fostering was limited. Stillborn rate and preweaning death loss was approximately 70% in Group 1 and 35% in Group 2. Birth weight was similar between Group 1 and 2 litters (1.4 ± 0.3 kg). However, body weight gain to day 15 was 1.7 ± 0.95 kg and 2.7 ± 1.1 kg for piglets from Group 1 and 2, respectively, which may be due to timing of the PRRS outbreak. The D2Dx ratio declined from day 2 to 15 (0.029 vs -0.002) in both groups and was significantly reduced in Group 2 pigs (P &lt; 0.001). A lower ratio suggests a stronger type 2 immune response and has been associated with decreased overall immunity in cattle, humans, and rodents. The D2Dx ratio was negatively correlated (r = -0.58) with BW gain in Group 1 pigs and positively correlated (r = 0.36) with gain in Group 2 pigs. Both immunocrit (day 2) and IgG (d15) were greater in Group 1 pigs than Group 2 (P &lt; 0.01). There was a no relationship between birth weight and day 2 serum immunocrit (R2 = 0.06) or day 2 D2Dx (R2 = 0.01). There was no relationship between serum IgG and D2Dx at d15. The PRRS disease activity impacts immunocrit and serum IgG measures in the neonatal pig. The D2Dx ratio was not strongly related to piglet immunological status under disease conditions; however, the stronger type 2 immune response may be reflective of positive changes in piglet immune function and the response to maternal PRRS antibodies in milk.
PSII-1 Evaluation of Precision Feeding on Animal Behavior in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Hanson Santana , Braaten Hannah , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charolais × Angus cross steers (n = 80; initial shrunk BW = 505 kg ± 31.6 kg; n = 10 pens; 5 replicate pens/treatment) were used in two 24-hour observations to evaluate animal behavior based on varying degrees of daily feed inclusion over a 28-day period (d 14 and d 42 on feed). Treatments included: 1) A fixed diet inclusion rate for each individual ingredient with a tolerance of 0.454 kg, and 2) Variable inclusion rates (VAR) of diet ingredients that were randomly increased or decreased while maintaining the targeted daily as-fed delivery. Steers were fed twice daily with a slick bunk approach used to manage feed bunks. Diets composition (DM basis) was 48% high moisture corn (HMC), 21% dry-rolled corn (DRC), 5% liquid supplement (LS), 14% dried distillers’ grains plus solubles (DDGS), and 12% grass hay (GH). In the VAR treatment inclusions of HMC, DRC, and DDGS varied independently by assigning a random integer with each integer corresponding to a specific deviation from target. Dietary inclusion of LS was fixed. Inclusion of GH was altered so that the targeted as-fed amount was delivered each day. Inclusion rates of ingredients (HMC, DRC, and DDGS) on an as-fed basis varied from the formulated diet by -20, -15, -10, -5, 0, +5, +10, +15, or +20%. Data from the two 24-hour observations were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experiment unit. Treatment was analyzed as a fixed effect and block (pen location) was a random effect in the model. Varying ingredient inclusion did not affect cattle activity, time spent drinking, resting, eating, or ruminating, or chewing behaviors (P ≥ 0.24) during the initial d 14 observation. Treatment did affect DMI the week preceding that observation period (P = 0.04). During the second 24-hour observation period activity, resting, ruminating, and chewing behaviors along with DMI were unaffected by variation in inclusion of diet ingredients (P ≥ 0.33). Varying inclusion rates of diet ingredients increased time spent drinking (P = 0.05) by 33.3% and decreased time spent eating behaviors (P = 0.01) by 9.4% at the d 42 observation point. Under the conditions of the present experiment, altering dietary ingredient proportions in a finishing diet may influence time spent drinking and eating after 42 d on feed.
PSII-3 Effect of Room Temperature Regimen on Growth Performance and Mortality of Newly-Weaned Pigs
Authors: Morris Jenny , Ellis Mike , Shull Caleb M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Current recommended room temperatures for newly weaned pigs are based on historical research carried out several years ago. Since that time, major changes have occurred in the genotype of the pigs and in the management and the housing environment. This study was carried out to determine if a temperature regimen based on the choice of temperature of the pigs would improve post-weaning performance of pigs of different weaning weights. This study was carried out over the first 4 weeks after weaning (21 ± 1 d) using a split-plot design with 2 treatments: 1) Room Temperature Regimen (RT; main plot; Preferred vs. Control); 2) Weaning Weight (WW; subplot; Light vs. Heavy). Room temperatures for the Preferred treatment were 32, 32, 30, and 28℃ for wk 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the study, respectively. Room temperatures for the Control treatment (based on current recommendations) were 28, 26, 24, and 22℃ for week 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the study, respectively. The WW treatments were based on the lightest and heaviest pigs, respectively, from each litter. Four identical rooms of a wean-to-finish facility were used (2 rooms/RT treatment); 256 newly weaned pigs were housed in mixed-sex pens of 8 (16 pens/RT treatment) at a floor space of 0.78 m2/pig. Growth performance (ADG, ADFI, G:F) and mortality were measured over the 4-wk study period. The average start and end weight was 4.6 ± 0.32 kg and 12.7 ± 0.89 kg, respectively, for the Light WW treatment and was 6.4 ± 0.40 kg and 15.8 ± 1.47 kg, respectively for the Heavy WW treatment. There were no interactions (P &gt; 0.05) between RT and WW for growth performance measures. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of RT on overall growth performance. Light WW pigs had less (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG (0.29 vs. 0.34 kg; SEM 0.009) and ADFI (0.40 vs. 0.46 kg; SEM 0.010) but similar G:F (0.733 vs. 0.739 kg; SEM 0.0115) compared with Heavy WW pigs. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between the RT and WW treatments for overall mortality. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of RT for Heavy WW pigs (3.1 vs. 1.6 % for the Preferred and Control treatments, respectively; SEM = 1.89); however, mortality was less (P &lt; 0.05) for Light pigs on the Preferred than on the Control treatment (1.6 vs. 7.8 %, respectively; SEM 1.89). In conclusion, the Preferred RT treatment did not impact growth performance in the first 4 weeks after weaning but reduced mortality of pigs of light, but not heavy weaning weight. This finding warrants verification under commercial conditions.
PSI-20 Effects of Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharide (Gos) on Piglet Growth and Jejunal Morphology During the Peri-Weaning Period
Authors: Boston Timothy E , Wang Feng , Xi Lin , Kim Sung Woo , Fellner Vivek , Scott Mark F , Ziegler Amanda L , Van Landeghem Laurianne , Blikslager Anthony T , Odle Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) is a specific prebiotic that is enzymatically synthesized from lactose to form beta-linked oligosaccharides containing 2-8 galactose units. In this study, GOS-enriched whey permeate (Milk Specialties Global, Eden Prairie MN) was supplemented to piglets in lactation and nursery phases. To maximize pre-weaning GOS intake, novel gruel creep feeders were utilized. Using a 3x2 factorial design, piglets from 24 litters received either no creep feed (NC), creep without GOS (CG-) or creep with 5% GOS (CG+) followed by a phase 1 nursery diet without (NG-) or with 3.8% GOS (NG+). After 1 week, pigs were fed common phase 2 and phase 3 diets. At d 22 (pre-weaning) and d 31 (post-weaning), 6 pigs per treatment were euthanized for intestinal measurements. Pre-weaning, creep fed pigs grew 19% faster than controls (P &lt; 0.01) but GOS effects were not detected (P &gt; 0.1). In contrast, pigs fed GOS in phase 1 grew 34 % faster than controls (P &lt; 0.04), irrespective of creep treatment (interaction P &gt; 0.1), and with corresponding greater intakes (P &lt; 0.06). These GOS effects were sustained for overall nursery performance. Furthermore, overall ADG of CG+ piglets in the nursery tended to be greatest (P = 0.09), gaining 361g/d, followed by NC (324 g/d) and CG- (310 g/d) treatments (Table 1). No effects on jejunal morphology were detected at d 22, although there was an effect of age with decreased villi length, villus area, villi:crypt ratio and increased crypt depth at d 31 (P &lt; 0.01). Supplementation of GOS in phase 1 increased villus length (36%) and area (51%) but only in pigs previously fed the control creep (CG-) diet (interaction, P &lt; 0.01). Treatment effects on cecal pH and VFA concentrations were not detected, although there was an effect of age with a decrease in pH (P &lt; 0.01) and increase in propionate and butyrate concentrations post-weaning (P &lt; 0.01). We conclude that gruel creep feeding increases weight gain regardless of GOS treatment and that nursery growth and intestinal morphology are improved by post-weaning GOS supplementation. Funded in part by Milk Specialties Global, USDA-NIFA 2022-67015-37125 and Hatch 1016618.
PSI-14 Enteric Challenge Increases Amino Acids and Energetic Costs in Growing Pigs
Authors: da valini Graziela Alves cunha , Arnaut Pedro Righetti , Hauschild Luciano , Remus Aline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Supplementing tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine (Met) above the requirements might support immune system energetic and protein costs during a sanitary challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between protein deposition (PD) and immune response in challenged pigs. Twenty gilts per treatment (25.4 kg, ± 3.7 of body weight [BW]) were group-housed for 28 d in a poor sanitary condition characterized by oral inoculation with 2×109 CFU of Salmonella typhimurium, fresh manure spreading from a commercial pig farm on the barn floor and no daily cleaning. Pigs were distributed in a complete randomized block design in two treatments: control (CN) or supplemented (AA+) diet with Trp, Thr, and Met:Lysine 20% above the requirements recommended by NRC (2012). Serum samples were collected at 7 days post-challenge (dpc) for immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) quantification. Body composition was estimated by dual-energy X-ray densitometry at d -1 and 28 dpc to obtain protein (PM, % of BW) and lipid (LM, % of BW) masses. Pigs were individually fed through automatic feeding stations throughout the trial. The percentual feed intake (FI) decrease was calculated relative to individual FI of pigs before the challenge (d -4 dpc). Pearson correlations (Figure 1) were performed using the ggpubr package of R Software, and means were compared using a mixed model. Initial PM, LM, and treatment had no influence (P &gt; 0.05) on the average FI reduction during 7 dpc, which was on average 20% less for both treatments (Table 1). However, PM was 8%, and PD was 15% greater (P &lt; 0.05) AA+ than CN pigs, without changes in lipid deposition. Although the IgG and IgA serum concentrations were not influenced by the initial PM and LM (P &gt; 0.05), pigs with increased IgG concentration at 7 dpc presented lower PD for both AA+ (r = -0.64; P &lt; 0.01) and CN (r = -0.58; P &lt; 0.01) treatments. The Pearson correlation indicates that less IgG was synthesized per unit of protein deposited in AA+ pigs, suggesting that AA+ diet might have impaired the systemic immune response and improved PD. The concentration of IgA in blood at 7 dpc had no correlation (r = -0.27; P &gt; 0.05) with PD in CN fed pigs, whereas increased IgA at d 7 resulted in decreased PD at d 28 for AA+ pigs (r = -0.68; P &lt; 0.01). Likely because IgA has a greater Thr content in its composition, the AA+ diet provided a better AA profile for its synthesis. Additionally, LD decreased proportionally to PD, suggesting increases in energetic costs not linked to FI, but rather to the immune system energetic expenses during the enteric challenge. Increasing Trp, Thr and Met ratio attenuates the inflammatory response and improves nutrient utilization and PD in challenged pigs.
PSII-12 Growth Performance of Pigs Fed Diets Containing Supplemental Lysine and a Low or High Essential Amino Acid-Nitrogen to Total Nitrogen Ratio
Authors: Camire Carley M , Rodrigues Lucas A , Panisson Josiane C , Shoveller Anna K , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the provision of low protein (LP) diets, it is possible that N, or non-essential amino acids (NEAA), become limiting. We have previously shown that the lysine (Lys) requirement for N retention is greater when pigs are fed a diet with sufficient N, as indicated by a low EAA-N:total N ratio (EAA-N:TN). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EAA-N:TN and Lys content on growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 240 growing pigs (20.6 ± 2.03 kg initial body weight) were randomly placed into groups of 5 pigs/pen (either 2 barrows and 3 gilts, or 3 barrows and 2 gilts) and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 12 pens/treatment) in 3 blocks in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Factors consisted of dietary EAA-N:TN [optimal ratio (LR) of 0.48 or high ratio (HR) of 0.55] and dietary Lys level of 1.03% SID or 1.22% SID, representing the NRC (2012) requirement and the requirement as determined previously, respectively. Diets were corn and soybean meal based and formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements according to NRC (2012). Pigs were individually weighed and feed intake determined weekly to determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F). Fecal samples were collected on d 14 for determination of N output. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of ratio, lysine, and their interaction and block as a random effect. Increasing dietary Lys resulted in increased overall ADG and ADFI, regardless of EAA-N:TN ratio (P &lt; 0.01). Pigs fed the HR diets had improved ADG in week 4 (P &lt; 0.05), whereas pigs fed the LR diets had improved ADG and G:F in week 1 (P &lt; 0.01). There was an interactive effect of ratio and Lys on N output (P &lt; 0.01), where N output decreased in the HR diets with 1.22% Lys. Overall, current Lys requirements may not be sufficient to maximize growth in 20-50 kg pigs, and greater Lys may be beneficial for reducing N output in LP diets.
PSII-16 Comparison of Microencapsulated Zinc Oxide and Conventional Zinc Oxide on Weanling Pig Small Intestinal Morphology
Authors: Dahmer Payton L , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 300 pigs (DNA 200 × 400; initially 6.04 ± 0.08 kg BW) were weaned at an average of 21 d of age and used in a 42-d experiment with 12 replications per treatment. At weaning (experiment d 0), pigs were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments: 1) negative control (standard nursery diet containing 110 ppm Zn from trace mineral premix); 2) control diet with 3,000 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phase 2 (High-ZnO); 3) control diet with 400 ppm added Zn in the form of ZnO in phases 1 and 2 (Low-ZnO); 3) 3,000 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phase 2 (High-MZnO); 5) 400 ppm added Zn in the form of microencapsulated ZnO in phases 1 and 2 (Low-MZnO). Pigs were fed dietary treatments from d 0 to 28. On d 28, a subset of pigs with a BW closest to the treatment mean (n = 30 total; 6 per treatment) were euthanized via captive bolt and necropsied for collection of small intestinal tissue to evaluate morphology at the Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Briefly, after pigs were slaughtered, they were opened viscerally, and the small intestine was identified. Two samples (approximately 2 cm long) were cut from the proximal and distal ends of the ileum and fixed in formalin. Samples were then embedded in paraffin and 4 µm cross-sections were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Slides were analyzed using a microscope at 10× magnification. Measurements [villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and villus height:crypt depth ration (VH:CD)] were evaluated from 10 unbroken villi and their corresponding crypts. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4) with individual pig as the experimental unit. No evidence of differences in proximal ileal VH (P = 0.34), proximal ileal CD (P = 0.52), and proximal ileal VH:CD (P = 0.49) were observed between dietary treatments (Table 1). Likewise, there was no evidence of differences in distal ileal VH (P = 0.63), CD (P = 0.53), or VH:CD (P = 0.80) between dietary treatments. In summary, feeding a microencapsulated form of ZnO did not appear to alter small intestinal morphology in weanling pigs compared with conventional, unprotected ZnO.
PSIII-10 Effects of Mitoquinol During an Acute Heat Stress in Growing Gilts
Authors: Freestone Alyssa D , Rudolph Tori E , Roths Melissa S , Mayorga Edith J , Abeyta Megan A , Goetz Brady M , Rodriguez-Jimenez Sonia , Opgenorth Julie , Selsby Joshua T , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the effects of mitoquinol (MitoQ) on production parameters, gastrointestinal (GIT) contents, GIT mass, and circulating leukocytes during acute heat stress (HS). Crossbred gilts [49.1±2.4 kg body weight (BW)] were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 therapeutic-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (TNCON; n = 8), 2) TN and MitoQ (TNMitoQ; n = 8), 3) HS control (HSCON; n = 8), or 4) HS and MitoQ (HSMitoQ; n = 8). The study consisted of two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2 d) pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.6±1.5°C). During P2 (24 h) pigs were fed ad libitum and exposed to either TN or constant HS (37.3±1.3°C). In MitoQ fed pigs, MitoQ (20 mg) was administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 h; 40 mg/d) during both P1 and P2. Rectal temperature (TR), skin (TS), respiration rate (RR), and feed intake (FI) were recorded every 4 h during P2. Following P2, all pigs were euthanized, and organs were weighed. As expected, pigs exposed to HS had increased TR, TS, and RR (1.5°C, 8.7°C, and 86 bpm, respectively; P &lt; 0.01) relative to TN. Compared with TN, HS pigs had decreased FI (67%; P &lt; 0.01). Additionally, HS pigs lost BW compared with TN (-1.9 vs. +1.5 kg, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Despite consuming 67% less feed, stomach contents were similar in TN and HS pigs (P &gt; 0.54), regardless of environment. Large and small intestine contents were decreased in HS pigs relative to TN (23 and 49%, respectively; P ≤ 0.01). Total GIT luminal contents (stomach, small and large intestines) were decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (2.43 vs. 3.26 kg; P = 0.01); however, MitoQ fed pigs tended to have increased GIT contents regardless of the environment (3.05 vs. 2.63 kg; P = 0.08). Total empty GIT and liver weights decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (3.21 vs. 3.48 and 1.16 vs. 1.22 kg, respectively; P ≤ 0.03). In addition, liver weight was decreased in MitoQ relative to CON pigs (1.13 vs. 1.24 kg; P = 0.01). Further, total GIT weight (tissue and contents) was decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (5.63 vs. 6.70 kg; P = 0.01). Environment nor therapeutic treatment affected circulating leukocytes (P &gt; 0.16); however, HS pigs tended to have decreased lymphocytes relative to TN (16%; P = 0.07). Based upon the changes in GIT content, it appears HS decreases gastric emptying while increasing intestinal passage rate. Overall, acute HS increased body temperature indices, and decreased FI, GIT mass and BW; however, MitoQ administration did not appear to ameliorate these metrics.
PSIII-20 Impact of Prefarrow Fat Supplementation on Piglet Survival and Subsequent Reproduction
Authors: Knauer Mark , Peppmeier Zack , Purvis Jerry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Past research (40+ years ago) suggests feeding fat to sows before parturition and during lactation improves piglet energy stores, sow colostrum fat percentage, sow milk fat percentage and piglet survival. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the impact of sow fat feeding on piglet survival and throughput in a modern production system. Data were collected from 1,866 sows at a 3,600 sow commercial farm in eastern North Carolina between May and August. Sows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments from day 108 of gestation until farrowing (no supplementation; Control), supplemented with 227g or 454g of soybean oil per day, or supplemented with 227g of coconut oil per day. Oil sources were top dressed daily with 2.27kg of lactation diet. After farrowing, sows had ad libitum access to the lactation diet. At birth, piglets received a colored ear tag corresponding to prefarrow diet. Traits recorded included total number of piglets born, stillborns, crossfosters, number weaned, piglet survival (number weaned ÷ total number born), litter weaning weight, lactation length, whether a sow farrowed a subsequent litter, subsequent total number born, subsequent number born alive, subsequent stillborns, Knauer sow body condition caliper score prefarrow and sow caliper score at weaning. Linear models were used in statistical analysis. Fixed effects included sow prefarrow diet, parity, contemporary group and location of the sow within the farrowing room. Covariates were included when applicable. Results are shown in Table 1. Stillborns and stillborn percentage did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between dietary treatments. Yet sows supplemented with soybean oil tended (P = 0.10) to have fewer stillborn piglets (0.06 piglets) than Control sows. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) in piglet survival across dietary treatments were observed. Sows supplemented with soybean or coconut oil prefarrow had greater (P &lt; 0.05) subsequent total number born (13.71 vs. 13.31 piglets) and tended (P = 0.07) to have greater subsequent number born alive (13.07 vs. 12.72 piglets) than Control fed sows. Accordingly, sows supplemented with soybean oil tended (P = 0.08) to have more subsequent total number born (13.69 vs. 13.31 piglets) and tended (P = 0.09) to have greater subsequent number born alive (13.07 vs. 12.72 piglets) than Control fed sows. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) in sow body condition loss during lactation were observed between dietary treatments. In summary, prefarrow fat supplementation did not impact piglet survival but did enhance subsequent litter size. The authors would like to thank the United Soybean Board for funding projects designed to enhance pig farmer profit.