bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skeletal muscle pathology in endurance athletes with acquired training intolerance
Authors: Grobler L A , Collins M , Lambert M I , Sinclair-Smith C , Derman W , St Clair Gibson A , Noakes T D 
Published: November 2004

Background:It is well established that prolonged, exhaustive endurance exercise is capable of inducing skeletal muscle damage and temporary impairment of muscle function. Although skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity for repair and adaptation, this may be limited, ultimately resulting in an accumulation of chronic skeletal muscle pathology. Case studies have alluded to an association between long term, high volume endurance training and racing, acquired training intolerance, and chronic skeletal muscle pathology.Objective:To systematically compare the skeletal muscle structural and ultrastructural status of endurance athletes with acquired training intolerance (ATI group) with asymptomatic endurance athletes matched for age and years of endurance training (CON group).Methods:Histological and electron microscopic analyses were carried out on a biopsy sample of the vastus lateralis from 18 ATI and 17 CON endurance athletes. The presence of structural and ultrastructural disruptions was compared between the two groups of athletes.Results:Significantly more athletes in the ATI group than in the CON group presented with fibre size variation (15v6; p  =  0.006), internal nuclei (9v2; p  =  0.03), and z disc streaming (6v0; p  =  0.02).Conclusions:There is an association between increased skeletal muscle disruptions and acquired training intolerance in endurance athletes. Further studies are required to determine the nature of this association and the possible mechanisms involved.
Histology of the fascial-periosteal interface in lower limb chronic deep posterior compartment syndrome
Authors: Barbour T D A , Briggs C A , Bell S N , Bradshaw C J , Venter D J , Brukner P D 
Published: November 2004

Objective:To describe the histological features of the fascial-periosteal interface at the medial tibial border of patients surgically treated for chronic deep posterior compartment syndrome and to make statistical comparisons with control tissue.Methods:Nineteen subjects and 11 controls were recruited. Subject tissue was obtained at operation, and control tissue from autopsy cases. Tissue samples underwent histological preparation and then examination by an independent pathologist. Samples were analysed with regard to six histological variables: fibroblastic activity, chronic inflammatory cells, vascularity, collagen regularity, mononuclear cells, and ground substance. Collagen regularity was measured with respect to collagen density, fibre arrangement, orientation, and spacing. The observed changes were graded from 1 to 4 in terms of abnormality. Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman correlation coefficients, and intraobserver reliability scores were used.Results:With regard to collagen arrangement, control tissue showed greater degrees of irregularity than subject tissue (p  =  0.01). Subjects with a symptom duration of greater than 12 months (as opposed to less than 12 months) showed greater degrees of collagen irregularity (p  =  0.043). Vascular changes approached significance (p  =  0.077). With regard to the amount of fibrocyte activity, chronic inflammatory cell activity, mononuclear cells, or ground substance, there were no significant differences between controls and subjects. Good correlation was seen in scores measuring chronic inflammatory cell activity and mononuclear cells (r =  0.649), and moderate correlation was seen between fibrocyte activity and vascular changes (r =  0.574). Intraobserver reliability scores were good for chronic inflammatory cell activity and moderate for vascular changes, but were poor for collagen and fibrocyte variables. Individual cases showed varying degrees of fibrocyte activity, chronic inflammatory cellular infiltration, vascular abnormalities, and collagen fibre disruption.Conclusions:Statistical analysis showed no histological differences at the fascial-periosteal interface in cases of chronic deep posterior compartment syndrome, except for collagen, which showed less irregularity in subject samples. The latter may indicate a remodelling process, and this is supported by greater collagen irregularity in subjects with longer duration of symptoms.
Inspiratory resistive loading improves cycling capacity: a placebo controlled trial
Authors: Gething A D , Williams M , Davies B 
Published: November 2004

Background:Respiratory muscle training has been shown to improve both its strength and endurance. The effect of these improvements on whole-body exercise performance remains controversial.Objective:To assess the effect of a 10 week inspiratory resistive loading (IRL) intervention on respiratory muscle performance and whole-body exercise endurance.Methods:Fifteen apparently healthy subjects (10 men, 5 women) were randomly allocated to one of three groups. One group underwent IRL set at 80% of maximum inspiratory pressure with ever decreasing work/rest ratios until task failure, for three days a week for 10 weeks (IRL group). A second placebo group performed the same training procedure but with a minimal resistance (PLA group). IRL and placebo training were performed at rest. The remaining five control subjects performed no IRL during the 10 week study period (CON group). Cycling endurance capacity at 75% V˙o2peak was measured before and after the intervention.Results:After the 10 week IRL intervention, respiratory muscle strength (maximum inspiratory pressure) and endurance (sum of sustained maximum inspiratory pressure) had significantly improved (by 34% and 38% respectively). An increase in diaphragm thickness was also observed. These improvements translated into a 36% increase in cycling time to exhaustion at 75% V˙o2peak. During cycling trials, heart rate, ventilation, and rating of perceived exertion were attenuated in the IRL group. No changes were observed for the PLA or CON group either in the time to exhaustion or cardiorespiratory response to the same intensity of exercise.Conclusion:Ten weeks of IRL attenuated the heart rate, ventilatory, and perceptual response to constant workload exercise, and improved the cycling time to exhaustion. Familiarisation was not a factor and the placebo effect was minimal.
Comparing spondylolysis in cricketers and soccer players
Authors: Gregory P L , Batt M E , Kerslake R W 
Published: November 2004

Objective:To determine whether the location of spondylolysis in the lumbar spine of athletes differs with biomechanical factors.Methods:Single photon emission computerised tomography and reverse gantry computerised tomography were used to investigate 42 cricketers and 28 soccer players with activity related low back pain. Sites of increased scintigraphic uptake in the posterior elements of the lumbar spine and complete or incomplete fracture in the pars interarticularis were compared for these two sports.Results:Thirty seven (90.4%) cricketers and 23 (82.1%) soccer players studied had sites of increased uptake. In cricketers, these sites were on the left of the neural arch of 49 lumbar vertebrae and on the right of 33 vertebrae. In soccer players there was a significantly different proportion, with 17 sites on the left and 28 on the right (difference of 22.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04 to 0.38). Lower lumbar levels showed increased scintigraphic uptake more frequently than did higher levels, although the trend was reversed at L3 and L4 in soccer. Forty spondylolyses were identified in the lumbar vertebrae of the cricketers and 35 spondylolyses in the soccer players. These comprised 26 complete and 14 incomplete fractures in the cricketers, and 25 complete and 10 incomplete fractures in the soccer players. Similar numbers of incomplete fractures were found either side of the neural arch in soccer players, but there were more incomplete fractures in the left pars (14) than in the right (2) in cricketers. The proportion of incomplete fractures either side of the neural arch was significantly different between cricket players and soccer players (difference of 37.5%; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.65). Most complete fractures were at L5 (66.7%) and more were found at L3 (15.7%) than L4 (6.9%). However, incomplete fractures were more evenly spread though the lower three lumbar levels with 41.7% at L5, 37.5% at L4, and 20.8% at L3.Conclusions:Fast bowling in cricket is associated with pars interarticularis bone stress response and with development of incomplete stress fractures that occur more frequently on the left than the right. Playing soccer is associated with a more symmetrical distribution of bone stress response, including stress fracturing. Within cricketers, unilateral spondylolyses tend to arise on the contralateral side to the bowling arm.
Mechanisms of head injuries in elite football
Authors: Andersen T E , Árnason Á , Engebretsen L , Bahr R 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe, using video analysis, the mechanisms of head injuries and of incidents with a high risk of head injury in elite football.Methods:Videotapes and injury information were collected prospectively for 313 of the 409 matches played in the Norwegian (2000 season) and Icelandic (1999 and 2000 season) professional leagues. Video recordings of incidents where a player appeared to be hit in the head and the match was consequently interrupted by the referee were analysed and cross referenced with reports of acute time loss injuries from the team medical staff.Results:The video analysis revealed 192 incidents (18.8 per 1000 player hours). Of the 297 acute injuries reported, 17 (6%) were head injuries, which corresponds to an incidence of 1.7 per 1000 player hours (concussion incidence 0.5 per 1000 player hours). The most common playing action was a heading duel with 112 cases (58%). The body part that hit the injured player’s head was the elbow/arm/hand in 79 cases (41%), the head in 62 cases (32%), and the foot in 25 cases (13%). In 67 of the elbow/arm/hand impacts, the upper arm of the player causing the incident was at or above shoulder level, and the arm use was considered to be active in 61 incidents (77%) and intentional in 16 incidents (20%).Conclusions:This study suggests that video analysis provides detailed information about the mechanisms for head injuries in football. The most frequent injury mechanism was elbow to head contact, followed by head to head contact in heading duels. In the majority of the elbow to head incidents, the elbow was used actively at or above shoulder level, and stricter rule enforcement or even changes in the laws of the game concerning elbow use should perhaps be considered, in order to reduce the risk of head injury.
Improving golf performance with a warm up conditioning programme
Authors: Fradkin A J , Sherman C A , Finch C F 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:To determine whether a golf specific warm up programme (both immediately prior to play and after performing it five times a week for 5 weeks) improved performance in 10 male golfers compared with 10 controls matched for age, sex, and handicap.Methods:Twenty male golfers were matched for age (±2 years) and handicap (±1 stroke). Club head speed was assessed by two dimensional video analysis in a laboratory setting. In week 1, all golfers performed 10 strokes. In weeks 2 and 7, the controls underwent the same procedure as in week 1. The exercise group performed the golf specific warm up followed by their 10 strokes. Between weeks 2 and 7, the exercise group performed the specially designed warm up five times a week for 5 weeks.Results:The mean club head speeds of the exercise group improved at each testing week. Between weeks 1 and 2, golfers in the exercise group improved their club head speed on average by 3–6 m/s (12.8%), and between weeks 1 and 7, they increased their club head speeds by 7–10 m/s (24.0%). With the exception of one golfer whose club head speed varied by 1.7 m/s, the mean club head speeds of the golfers in the control group hardly varied over the testing period (range: 0.3–0.8 m/s). A significant difference (p = 0.029) was found between the mean club head speeds of the exercise and control groups over the duration of the study, and a significant interaction over time (p<0.001) was also found.Conclusions:This study has shown that golfers’ performances will be significantly improved by undertaking a golf specific warm up programme compared with not performing the warm up.
Effective ways of restoring muscular imbalances of the rotator cuff muscle group: a comparative study of various training methods
Authors: Malliou P C , Giannakopoulos K , Beneka A G , Gioftsidou A , Godolias G 
Published: November 2004

Background:Many studies have compared different training methods for improving muscular performance, but more investigations need to be directed to the restoration of muscular imbalances.Objective:To determine the most effective training for altering strength ratios in the shoulder rotator cuff.Methods:Forty eight physical education students were randomly assigned to four groups (12 per group): (a) experimental group who carried out multijoint dynamic resistance training for shoulder internal and external rotation movement (pull ups or lat pull downs, overhead press, reverse pull ups, push ups) (MJDR group); (b) experimental group who exercised the same muscle group using dumbbells weighing 2 kg (isolated group); (c) experimental group who followed an isokinetic strengthening programme for the rotator cuff muscle group (isokinetic group); (d) control group who had no strength training. Testing was performed in the supine position with the glenohumeral joint in 90° of abduction in the coronal plane, with a range of motion of 0–90° of external rotation and 0–65° of internal rotation at angular velocities of 60, 120, and 180°/s. The test procedure was performed before and after the exercise period of six weeks.Results:One way analysis of variance found no differences between the groups for the initial tests. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the strength ratios in all the experimental groups had altered after the exercise period, with the isokinetic group showing the most significant improvement.Conclusions:Isokinetic strengthening is the most effective method of altering strength ratios of the rotator cuff muscle.
An evaluation of differences in hip external rotation strength and range of motion between female dancers and non-dancers
Authors: Gupta A , Fernihough B , Bailey G , Bombeck P , Clarke A , Hopper D 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:To evaluate the differences in hip external rotation (ER) strength and inner, outer, and total hip ER range of motion (ROM) between dancers and non-dancers and between left and right sides in each group.Methods:Seventy one subjects (34 dancers and 37 non-dancers) volunteered for this study. The strength (truncated range average torque (TRAT), work, and angle specific torque (AST)) of the hip external rotator muscle group, through the full available active hip ER ROM, was evaluated using concentric isokinetic (30°/s) testing on a KinCom dynamometer. Adjustment for lean body mass (LBM) was made for comparison of strength between groups. A two way repeated analysis of covariance was used to compare strength between groups. A two way repeated analysis of variance was used to compare strength between sides and ROM between groups and sides. Bonferroni correction was made for multiple analyses, and significance was accepted at p⩽0.05.Results:AST at 0°, 20°, 30°, and 40° of hip ER was greater in the dancers than the non-dancers (p⩽0.022). TRAT, work, AST0°, AST20°, and AST30°of hip ER were all greater on the right side than the left (p  =  0.007) in both groups. Dancers had greater inner ER ROM (p  =  0.013) and less outer ER ROM than non-dancers (p⩽0.001). There was no difference in total ER ROM between groups (p  =  0.133). The right side had greater inner ER (p⩽0.001) and total ER ROM (p⩽0.001) than the left in both groups.Conclusions:Ballet dancers have greater inner range, angle specific strength and inner range ER ROM, demonstrated by a shift in the dancers’ strength curves. This shift in the strength curve towards the inner range of hip ER may be an adaptive training response.
Comparison of PCR and antigen detection methods for diagnosis ofEntamoeba histolyticainfection
Authors: Furrows S J , Moody A H , Chiodini P L 
Published: November 2004

Aims:To assess different laboratory methods for the identification ofEntamoeba histolyticain clinical samples.Methods:Antigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, polymerase chain reaction solution hybridisation enzyme linked immunoassay (PCR-SHELA), and a commercial Lightcycler PCR were compared using 101 stool and pus samples.Results:Fifteen of the 101 samples were positive forE histolyticaby one or more method. There were discrepancies between the results in five of these 15 samples when the assays were compared.Conclusions:All three methods performed adequately, so that the choice of assay will depend on each individual laboratory’s budget and projected turnaround time.
A digital atlas of breast histopathology: an application of web based virtual microscopy
Authors: Lundin M , Lundin J , Helin H , Isola J 
Published: November 2004

Aims:To develop an educationally useful atlas of breast histopathology, using advanced web based virtual microscopy technology.Methods:By using a robotic microscope and software adopted and modified from the aerial and satellite imaging industry, a virtual microscopy system was developed that allows fully automated slide scanning and image distribution via the internet. More than 150 slides were scanned at high resolution with an oil immersion ×40 objective (numerical aperture, 1.3) and archived on an image server residing in a high speed university network.Results:A publicly available website was constructed,http://www.webmicroscope.net/breastatlas, which features a comprehensive virtual slide atlas of breast histopathology according to the World Health Organisation 2003 classification. Users can view any part of an entire specimen at any magnification within a standard web browser. The virtual slides are supplemented with concise textual descriptions, but can also be viewed without diagnostic information for self assessment of histopathology skills.Conclusions:Using the technology described here, it is feasible to develop clinically and educationally useful virtual microscopy applications. Web based virtual microscopy will probably become widely used at all levels in pathology teaching.
Analysis and Methods in Fluid Mechanics
Authors: GUSTAFSSON BERTIL 
Published: November 2004

When constructing numerical methods for partial differential equations, it is important to have a thorough understanding of the continuous model and the characteristic properties of its solutions. We shall present methods of analysis for determining well-posedness of hyperbolic and mixed hyperbolic-parabolic équations which are applicable to the time-dependent Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. We shall then discuss difference- and finite volume methods and the construction of grids. The geometry of realistic problems is usually such that it is almost impossible to construct one structured grid. One way to overcome this difficulty is to use overlapping grids, where each domain has a structured grid. We discuss stability and accuracy of difference methods applied on such grids. Many problems in physics and engineering are defined in boundary domains, and artificial boundaries are introduced for computational reasons. In some cases one can construct accurate boundary conditions at these open boundaries. We shall indicate how this can be achieved, but we will also point out certain cases where accurate solutions are impossible to be obtained on limited domains. Finally some comments will be given on the difficulties arising when almost incompressible flow is computed. This corresponds to small Mach-numbers, and extra care must be taken when designing numerical methods. The theory will be complemented by numerical experiments for various flow problems in two space dimensions.
Local Electronic Structure and Short-Range Order in a Computer Simulated Amorphous Metal
Authors: BELENKII A.Ya. , FRADKIN M.A. 
Published: November 2004

The relationship between topological short-range order and a local electronic structure was analyzed in the computer model of an amorphous metal. The model, obtained by means of the original self-consistent cluster simulation procedure was studied with the use of Voronoi tesselation, the distribution of the atomic level stresses and the icosahedral order parameters. It was found that a marked correlation exists within 2 atomic parameter groups, one of which corresponds to the local dilatation and the other to the spherical symmetry distortion. The local density of electronic d-states (DOS) and the distribution of the electronic parameters was analyzed. The local electronic structure, calculated within the tight-binding approximation, appears to depend on the local atomic order by two-fold means: the interatomic distances decrease leads to the increase of the local bandwidth, and the icosahedral configuration distortion reduces the DOS at the Fermi level. The study of the local configurations stability shows, that the most stable configurations are the slightly distorted icosahedra.
COMPUTATION OF 1-LOOP CONTRIBUTIONS IN Y.M. THEORIES WITH CLASS III NONRELATIVISTIC GAUGES
Authors: BURNEL A. , CAPRASSE H. 
Published: November 2004

A program to compute the gluon self-energy diagram in class III nonrelativistic gauges has been constructed. It succeeded to show that axial gauges do not exhibit nonlocal counterterms. The high complexity of the calculations, the need to be able to control intermediate steps of calculations and the necessity to work inside a limited memory of a few Mbytes led us to give it special features which may serve outside the specific application for which it has been designed. The structure of the program and its salient working features are described. It is divided into four modules, which are almost independent except that they are linked by their respective output. Files containing intermediate results of calculations are automatically generated. The amount of algebraic manipulations has been greatly reduced thanks to a careful choice of the representation of the expression adapted to each stage of the calculation. The adaptative character of this program is discussed as well as the generalization it needs to cover other types of Feynman diagram calculations.
A STUDY OF GLOBAL MONOPOLE IN LYRA GEOMETRY
Authors: RAHAMAN F. , MAL S. , GHOSH P. 
Published: November 2004

A class of exact static solution around a global monopole resulting from the breaking of a global SO (3) symmetry is obtained in the context of Lyra geometry. Our solution is shown to possess an interesting feature like "wormholes" spacetime. It has been shown that the global monopole exerts no gravitational force on surrounding nonrelativistic matter.
THE GEOMETRIC PHASE AND THE SCHWINGER TERM IN SOME MODELS
Authors: GROSSE H. , LANGMANN E. 
Published: November 2004

We discuss the quantization of fermions interacting with external fields and observe the occurrence of equivalent as well as inequivalent representations of the canonical anticommutation relations. Implementability of gauge and axial gauge transformations leads to generators which fulfil an algebra of current with a Schwinger term. This term can be written as a cocycle and leads to the boson-fermion correspondence. Transport of a quantum-mechanical system along a closed loop of parameter space may yield a geometric phase. We discuss models for which nonintegrable phase factors are obtained from the adiabatic parallel transport. After second quantization, one obtains, in addition, a Schwinger term. Depending on the type of transformation, a subtle relationship between these two obstructions can occur. We indicate finally how we may transport density matrices along closed loops in parameter space.