bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of traps of six different designs to capture pine sawyer beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: De Groot Peter , Nott Reg 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 Sawyer beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and metallic wood‐boring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) attack recently killed or felled trees. They are attracted to potential hosts by volatiles and possibly by visual cues. We examined traps of six different designs to determine the role of silhouette and shape in the capture of pine sawyer beetles, Monochamus L.2 Traps with a round black cylinder, a single vane (clear or black), or cross vanes (clear or black) all mounted above a pan were compared to an open pan. Each pan contained soapy water to retain insects.3 Traps with a black silhouette were significantly more effective in capturing male and female Monochamus scutellatus (Say) than traps with or without clear vanes. For both sexes of M. mutator LeConte, pan traps were as effective as traps with a black silhouette. Silhouette was not important for the capture of male and female M. notatus (Drury). Trap catches for the six trap types were not significantly different for male Buprestis maculativentris Say.4 A pan trap with a black silhouette is recommended for general use in capturing wood‐boring cerambycids and buprestids.
Development and functional response of Coelophora inaequalis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Wang Jin‐Jun , Tsai James H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 Development and survivorship of Coelophora inaequalis (F.) were evaluated in the laboratory on the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) at 20 and 25 °C. Coelophora inaequalis could complete its life cycle feeding on T. citricida at these two temperatures. The developmental period from egg to adult was significantly longer at 20 °C (24.7 d) than at 25 °C (15.9 d). The survivorship of combined immature stages were higher at 25 °C (39.2%) than at 20 °C (34.3%).2 The effects of prey densities (4–64 aphids per leaf disk) on the functional responses of C. inaequalis fourth‐instar larvae and female adults were investigated using grapefruit leaf disks over a 24‐h period at 25 °C and a photoperiod of LD 14 : 10 h. Logistic regression analyses indicated that fourth‐instar larvae and adults exhibited a type II functional response to aphid density. Fourth‐instar larvae had a higher search rate (0.1305) than C. inaequalis female adults (0.0989). The handling time of fourth‐instar larvae (30.4 min) was significantly longer than that of female adults (5.8 min). Collectively, C. inaequalis appears to be a promising biological control agent of T. citricida in the citrus groves.
Predation by the carabid beetles Pterostichus madidus and Nebria brevicollis is affected by size and condition of the prey slug Deroceras reticulatum
Authors: Mair J. , Port G. R. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 Slugs are important pests in many agricultural crops but molluscicides commonly used to control slugs affect non‐target organisms. Encouraging biological control may help to reduce molluscicide use, but the efficiency of potential natural enemies needs to be investigated.2 Serological tests have shown that certain carabid species consume slugs. These techniques, however, do not distinguish between scavenging and true predation, nor do they provide information on the size or other characteristics of the prey consumed. The study reported here was undertaken to establish whether scavenging of dead slugs might be an important factor contributing to positive serological test results.3 Both Pterostichus madidus (Fabricius) and Nebria brevicollis (Fabricius) consumed Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) under laboratory conditions. Dead slugs were scavenged in preference to injured or healthy slugs.4 Only small, live slugs (< 0.11 g) were killed by both beetle species, which may, therefore, be incapable of killing larger slugs.5 These generalist beetle species appeared unable to overcome the defence mucus produced by slugs. The data suggest that positive serological results from field collected beetles may reflect scavenging rather than predation on live or injured slugs.
Comparative efficacy of five types of trap for woodborers in the Cerambycidae, Buprestidae and Siricidae
Authors: McIntosh R. L. , Katinic P. J. , Allison J. D. , Borden J. H. , Downey D. L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 Traps of four new designs were tested against the conventionally used multiple‐funnel trap to determine whether trapping of large wood‐boring insects can be improved in western Canada. All four new traps used a large collecting receptacle containing detergent‐laced water, and three presented a prominent visual silhouette above the receptacle.2 In total, 27 336 large woodborers were captured from 10 June to 30 September in an experiment in the southern interior of British Columbia, and 4737 from 6 June to 27 July in an experiment in northern Alberta. The woodborers captured in the British Columbia experiment were mainly beetles in the families Cerambycidae (79%) and Buprestidae (15%), and woodwasps in the family Siricidae (6%). Most woodborers, e.g. three Monochamus spp. and Xylotrechus longitarsus (the predominant cerambycids), were captured throughout the summer, with peak captures in August.3 Cross‐vane, pipe and stacked‐bottomless‐flower‐pot traps were generally superior to pan and multiple‐funnel traps for insects in nine taxa, but cross‐vane traps were the most effective overall, trapping 32% of all insects captured.4 The large number of target insects captured in a relatively small number of traps in the two experiments suggests that employment of an efficacious trap with a large vertical silhouette and a wide, escape‐proof collecting receptacle could make mass trapping of large woodborers in timber processing areas operationally feasible.5 Because the most effective traps were unstable in the wind, and the detergent‐laced water captured unacceptably high numbers of small mammals, design modifications are necessary. We are currently developing a wind‐firm trap, with a prominent vertical silhouette, a wide collecting surface, and an escape‐proof, but dry collecting receptacle.
The influence of leaf age on the oviposition preference of Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) and the establishment of neonates
Authors: Howlett B. G. , Clarke A. R. , Madden J. L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary1 The degree of discrimination shown by a herbivore when selecting oviposition sites has been suggested as a key factor to understanding herbivore population dynamics. Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a primary pest of Tasmanian eucalypt forests and can cause severe defoliation. Previous work suggests that females show discrimination when selecting oviposition sites. Our aim was to test the degree of oviposition discrimination exhibited by C. bimaculata with regards to leaf toughness, a character that is critical to neonate survival.2 We conducted an experiment examining the leaf toughness critical for neonate survival and found that significant larval mortality occurs above a toughness of 46.9 g. We also determined that the maximum toughness of leaves upon which larvae established in the field was 48.2 g, supporting the laboratory result.3 Field surveys showed that although the majority of eggs were laid on leaves suitable for larval establishment, many eggs were laid on unsuitable, tougher leaves. However, all eggs were normally placed within 20 cm of suitable leaves and glasshouse trials demonstrated the neonates could move this distance without mortality occurring.4 We conclude that egg batch distribution and larval performance of C. bimaculata will influence the population dynamics of C. bimaculata in two ways. Firstly, the availability of expanding/newly expanding leaves of eucalypt hosts will determine larval carrying capacity. Secondly, at a more localized level, the deposition of large numbers of egg batches on both suitable and unsuitable leaves followed by successful neonate migration increases the risk of resource depletion and poor larval development.
Attacks on living spruce trees by the bark beetle Ips typographus (Col. Scolytidae) following a storm‐felling: a comparison between stands with and without removal of wind‐felled trees
Authors: Schroeder L. Martin , Lindelöw Åke 
Published: March 2003

Abstract 1 To maintain biodiversity in forests more wind‐felled trees must be left where they fall. However, there is concern among forest owners that this may result in higher tree mortality caused by the spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.) (Col.: Scolytidae).2 In the 5 years following a major storm disturbance the number of standing spruces killed by I. typographus was determined in a total of 53 stands. In five of the stands all wind‐thrown trees were left (unmanaged stands) and in 48 of the stands, which were situated at distances of 1.4–10.0 km from each focal unmanaged stand, the wind‐felled trees were removed directly after the storm (managed stands). In the winter preceding the fifth summer new storm‐fellings occurred in the study area.3 In the 4‐year period between the first and second storm‐fellings, 50–322 standing trees were killed by I. typographus per unmanaged stand. There was a direct linear relationship between the number of storm‐felled spruces colonized by I. typographus and the number of trees subsequently killed in the unmanaged stands.4 Tree mortality caused by I. typographus in the unmanaged stands was almost nil in the first year, peaked in the second or third year, and decreased markedly to a low level in the fourth and fifth years.5 In the 4‐year period between the first and second storm‐fellings twice as many trees were killed per ha in the unmanaged stands than in the managed stands: the average difference being 6.2 killed trees per ha, equivalent to 19% of the number of spruce trees felled by the first storm in the unmanaged stands.6 Much higher numbers of trees were killed per ha in the stand edges than in the interiors of both the unmanaged and the managed stands.
Effects of food nutritive quality and Bacillus thuringiensis onfeeding behaviour, food utilization and larval growth of spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) when exposed as fourth‐ and sixth‐instar larvae
Authors: Bauce Éric , Bidon Yannick , Berthiaume Richard 
Published: March 2003

Abstract 1 Feeding behaviours, and lethal and sublethal (growth, development and food utilization) effects of Foray 48B, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (kurstaki), were investigated on fourth‐ and sixth‐instar spruce budworm larvae according to food nutritive quality. Nitrogen and soluble sugar content of artificial diets were modified to obtain three different qualities of food, simulating variations in nutritive quality of host tree.2 Larval development times were longer for Bt‐treated larvae and pupal weights were reduced for sixth‐instar larvae only. Bt‐induced mortality levels were influenced by food quality. Ingested dose of Bt and feeding inhibition times were strongly affected by the Bt treatment, but food quality affected only fourth‐instar larvae. Except for food digestibility, nutritional indices were negatively affected by the Bt treatment and by the reduction in food quality.3 Contrary to early treated larvae (fourth instar), larvae treated at the beginning of the sixth instar were not able to compensate for Bt injury and were consequently more affected by the Bt‐treatment both in terms of lethal and sublethal effects.4 Bt efficacy was not directly related to the ingested dose.5 Increase in larval vulnerability to Bt was more likely a consequence of a general stress induced by a less suitable food than a direct interaction between Bt and food nitrogen or sugar compounds.6 The application of Bt on late‐instar larvae could be a successful operational strategy at low population levels when field sprays target the insect instead of foliage protection.
Oviposition and mining byPhytobia betulae(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in genotypes of European white birch (Betula pendula)
Authors: Ylioja Tiina , Hinkkanen Sami , Roininen Heikki , Rousi Matti 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1  The colonization success of herbivorous insects depends partly on the ability of females to choose suitable host plants.Phytobia betulaeKangas (Diptera: Agromyzidae), a miner of differentiating xylem, infests birch (Betula pendulaRoth andBetula pubescensEhrh.) trees.2  In a field experiment we measured successful ovipositions in the long shoots of eight 5‐year‐old‐birch genotypes. Later in the growing season, in the same experiment, we counted the number of larvae from the same birch genotypes (different replicates).3  We attempted to determine wherePhytobiafemales lay their eggs in the birch canopy, what kind of shootsPhytobiautilize, whether birch genotypes differ in their susceptibility toPhytobia, and which tree characteristics correlate with successful utilization of birch for oviposition and larval development.4  The ovipositions were concentrated in fast growing shoots and only 5% of the available shoots were utilized. Usually a shoot contained only one oviposition (80% of the cases). However, oviposition pattern resulted in significant aggregations (two to four ovipositions per shoot): 11% of shoots selected for oviposition contained more than onePhytobiaand 22% of larvae shared their shoot with at least one other larva. Although birch shoots were much more abundant thanPhytobia, there may be intraspecific competition for host resources amongPhytobia.5  Birch genotypes differed in the number of ovipositions but not in the number of larvae, although in general the number of larvae was correlated positively with the number of ovipositions. There were more ovipositions in the faster growing genotypes.
Effects of buckwheat flowers on leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) parasitoids in a New Zealand vineyard
Authors: Berndt Lisa A. , Wratten Steve D. , Hassan Paul G. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract 1 The provision of floral resources in agricultural ecosystems can potentially enhance biological control of pests by providing nutrients to parasitoids. To test this, the effect of buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench flowers on leafroller parasitoids was investigated in a New Zealand vineyard.2 Relative abundance of parasitoids was assessed with yellow sticky traps in buckwheat and control plots. Male Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were significantly more abundant in the presence of buckwheat. No significant result was found for female D. tasmanica or either sex of Glyptapanteles demeter (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the other leafroller parasitoid caught.3 The relative parasitism rate of leafrollers by D. tasmanica was assessed with a leafroller release and recover technique. No difference in parasitism was found between buckwheat and control plots.4 The sex ratio (% males) of D. tasmanica emerging from recovered leafroller larvae was significantly lower in the presence of buckwheat than in control plots on one of the two release dates. Possible reasons for this increase in female production are discussed.
Variation in insect damage and growth in Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Floyd R.B. , Farrow R.A. , Matsuki M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Objectives of this study were to examine (i) between‐provenance variation in susceptibility to insects in Eucalyptus globulus and (ii) relationships between insect damage and tree growth. We planted seedlings of 18 provenances of E. globulus from south‐east Australia in a field trial and measured tree growth and insect damage.
Christmas beetles Anoplognathus spp. were the dominant herbivores during this experiment, and 99% of trees were affected by them. Defoliation of individual trees by Anoplognathus spp. ranged from 0% to 85%.
The main results of this study were that: (i) provenances of E. globulus from Tasmania and the Bass Strait islands, which had previously shown resistance to autumn gum moth Mnesampela privata and leaf blister sawfly Phylacteophaga froggatti tended to be resistant to Anoplognathus spp.; (ii) mean tree volume was reduced by herbivory; and (iii) the volume‐based performance ranking of provenances changed depending on the probability of insect outbreaks.
Fast‐growing provenances should be planted in optimal growing areas for E. globulus with low probability of insect outbreaks. However, in suboptimal growing areas, planting slightly slower growing but more resistant provenances is likely to result in greater output than planting fast‐growing provenances when the probability of insect outbreaks is high.
Trap cropping to manage green vegetable bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in sweet corn in New Zealand
Authors: Rea James H. , Wratten Stephen D. , Sedcole Richard , Cameron Peter J. , Davis Stuart I. , Chapman R. Bruce 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The use of trap crops to reduce green vegetable bug (GVB) Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) damage to process sweet corn Zea mays (L.) was investigated in three field experiments.
In the first season, small plots (2.7 m by 10 m) of white mustard Sinapis alba (L.) with pea Pisum sativum (L.) were sown along a crop border and compared with sweet corn alone.
In the second season, black mustard Brassica nigra (L.) was sown at two sowing dates (14 days apart) and compared with a sweet corn control, to examine how the maturity of the trap crop affected numbers of GVB trapped.
A field scale experiment was also conducted to determine the effectiveness of black mustard as a trap crop to protect larger areas of sweet corn from GVB.
In all three experiments, GVB populations were much higher on the trap crops compared with the sweet corn.
In both small plot experiments, GVB were contained largely within the trap crop for 2 weeks until the sweet corn was harvested.
The field scale experiment demonstrated the efficacy of the trap cropping technique to protect larger areas of crop from GVB.
Percentages of damaged sweet corn cobs in the outside row of fields protected by a trap crop were 0% and 1%, respectively, compared with 11% and 22% in control fields.
Trap cropping is recommended as an effective strategy to manage this insect. Options for cultivating or spraying the trap crops to reduce bug survival are discussed.
A molecular identification key for economically important thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) using direct sequencing and a PCR‐RFLP‐based approach
Authors: Brunner P. C. , Fleming C. , Frey J. E. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Treatments against pathogens or pests are often very specific and, as a fundamental first step, require the ability to identify taxa correctly and unambiguously. We used PCR amplification techniques to successfully establish a molecular identification key for economically important thrips species.
A PCR amplified 433 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial COI coding gene was analysed by automated direct sequencing and RFLP. Sequencing of 264 individual thrips representing 10 named species detected 17 haplotypes. Variation within species was low, whereas among species variation was high resulting in an average sequence divergence of 18.6% and an average pairwise species differentiation (calculated as FST‐value) of 0.9896.
Two restriction enzymes (AluI, Sau3AI) produced patterns that allowed unambiguous identification of all thrips species.
Statistical support for the quality of the key was given by (i) a highly significant permutation approach, assigning individual haplotypes to the correct species groups and (ii) a hierarchical NJ cluster analysis in which all conspecific individual sequences clustered together with maximal (100%) bootstrap support.
This study has shown that the use of genetic markers represents a valuable alternative for situations, such as epidemiological research, in which correct identification with classical morphological methods is either very difficult and time consuming or virtually impossible.
Use of historical temperature data for timing insecticide applications of the Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): evaluation of damage and volume increment efficacy
Authors: Fettig Christopher J. , Berisford C. Wayne 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The effectiveness of optimal spray period intervals based on mean daily temperatures were evaluated as a spray‐timing tool to control high density populations of the Nantucket pine tip mothRhyacionia frustrana(Comstock). Initial tree growth realized from first generationR.frustranacontrol was compared to that from conventional applications of one insecticide treatment scheduled for each of three annual generations. The optimal spray period intervals provided byFettiget al. (2000a)were highly effective for controllingR.frustranainfestations. The control group averaged 47.0 ± 2.2% whole tree damage for all sites and generations as compared to 0.6 ± 0.2% for the treated group. Volume gains attributable toR.frustranacontrol averaged 16.9%, 46.4% and 98.6% for first generation control, and 46.6%, 72.7% and 146.3% for conventional applications of one insecticide treatment scheduled for each of three annualR.frustranagenerations at Northampton, Halifax I and Halifax II, respectively. Growth returns increased as mean damage estimates increased for both treatments, suggesting that returns realized from a single, first generation application are likely to increase with population density.
Morphological and genetic identification of the three pine pests of the genus Tomicus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) in Europe
Authors: Kohlmayr Bernhard , Riegler Markus , Wegensteiner Rudolf , Stauffer Christian 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Morphological characters were elaborated and part of the mitochondrial COI gene was sequenced in order to facilitate the determination of the three European pine bark beetles Tomicus piniperda, T. destruens and T. minor. The sequence information also provided the first information on the phylogenetic and phylogeographical relationships of these species.
Three hair rows were found on the antennal club of T. destruens between the second and third suture. Tomicus piniperda had only one row. Three different hair types were detected on the elytra – two hair types were found on T. piniperda, whereas the third hair type was only detected on the elytra of T. destruens.
The COI region (445 bp) revealed high sequence divergence among T. destruens, T. piniperda and T. minor. The three species proved to be monophyletic species with 16.98–19.23% sequence divergence. A phylogenetic approach placed T. minor and T. destruens as sister taxa, which contradicts the morphological findings.
European populations of T. piniperda shared two haplotypes, indicating a homogenous distribution of the genotypes. In the American populations only one of these European haplotypes was found. The Greek, Italian and Spanish T. destruens populations revealed three population‐specific haplotypes, indicating restricted gene flow.
Species‐specific primers were designed to allow a rapid and definitive determination of the two sibling Tomicus species by PCR.
The impact of host plant species on the larval development of the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis L.
Authors: Thorpe K. V. , Day K. R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The developmental performance of the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis was studied in the laboratory on four species of conifer, Corsican pine Pinus nigra var. maritima, Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis, Douglas‐fir Pseudotsuga menziesii and Japanese larch Larix kaempferi.
All species supported development, but, there was considerable variation in larval mortality, development time and weight of adults on emergence between host species.
Levels of mortality were highest in Japanese larch (77%) and lowest in Corsican pine (8.2%), and the heaviest adults emerged from Corsican pine (130 mg) and the smallest from Douglas‐fir (74 mg).
A constitutive plant defence chemical, lignin, found to vary within a northern provenance of Sitka spruce, also strongly affected larval development.
The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the management of H. abietis.