bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disturbed granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor priming of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation and Rac activation in fMLP-stimulated neutrophils from patients with myelodysplasia
Authors: Fuhler Gwenny M , Cadwallader Karen A , Knol Gerlinde J , Chilvers Edwin R , Drayer A Lyndsay , Vellenga Edo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by human neutrophils is imperative for their bactericidal activity. Proinflammatory agents such as granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can prime ROS production in response to chemoattractants such as N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP). In neutrophils from patients suffering from Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a clonal, hematological disorder characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, this GM-CSF priming is severely impaired. In this study, we set out to further delineate the defects in neutrophils from MDS patients. We examined the effect of GM-CSF priming on fMLP-triggered activation of Rac, a small GTPase implicated in neutrophil ROS production. In contrast to healthy neutrophils, activation of Rac in response to fMLP was not enhanced by GM-CSF pretreatment in MDS neutrophils. Furthermore, activation of Rac was attenuated by pretreatment of neutrophils with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor LY294002. Unlike healthy neutrophils, fMLP-induced accumulation of the PI-3K lipid product PI(3,4,5)trisphosphate was not increased by GM-CSF pretreatment in MDS neutrophils. The disturbed Rac and PI-3K activation observed in MDS neutrophils did not appear to reflect a general GM-CSF or fMLP receptor-signaling defect, as fMLP-triggered Ras activation could be primed by GM-CSF in MDS and healthy neutrophils. Moreover, fMLP-induced activation of the GTPase Ral was also normal in neutrophils from MDS patients. Taken together, our data suggest that in neutrophils from MDS patients, a defect in priming of the PI-3K–Rac signaling pathway, located at the level of PI-3K, results in a decreased GM-CSF priming of ROS production.
Monosodium urate monohydrate crystals induce the release of the proinflammatory protein S100A8/A9 from neutrophils
Authors: Ryckman Carle , Gilbert Caroline , de Médicis Rinaldo , Lussier André , Vandal Karen , Tessier Philippe A 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe neutrophil cytoplasmic protein S100A8/A9 (along with S100A8 and S100A9) is chemotactic and stimulates neutrophil adhesion by activating the β2-integrin CD11b/CD18. It is also essential to neutrophil migration in vivo in response to monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM) crystals, the principal etiologic agent of gout. S100A8/A9 is present in the synovial fluid of patients with gout and arthritis and is secreted by activated monocytes; however, its mechanism of release by neutrophils remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanism of stimulation of the release of S100A8/A9 by MSUM-activated neutrophils. Here, we show that S100A8/A9 is released by neutrophils stimulated with MSUM crystals and that this release could be enhanced by preincubating neutrophils with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Antibodies directed against CD11b and CD16 blocked the release induced by MSUM crystals, suggesting that Fc receptor for immunoglobulin G (FcγR)IIIB (CD16) and CD11b/CD18 were involved in the stimulation by MSUM crystals. Neutrophil preincubation with the Src kinase inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl) pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine and the Syk tyrosine kinase inhibitor trans-3,3′,4,5′-tetrahydrozystilbene significantly reduced the release of S100A8/A9, suggesting that the Src tyrosine kinase family and Syk were involved. In addition, wortmannin reduced neutrophil release of S100A8/A9, indicating a potential involvement of phosphatidylinolitol-3 kinase in this release. Preincubation of neutrophils with the tubulin depolymerization promoters nocodazole and vincristine reduced MSUM-induced release, suggesting a tubulin-associated pathway of release. These results indicate that S100A8/A9 is released by MSUM crystal-stimulated neutrophils following activation of CD11b, CD16, Src kinases, Syk, and tubulin polymerization.
Cooperative Activation of Cultured Vagal Afferent Neurons by Leptin and Cholecystokinin
Authors: Peters J. H. , Karpiel A. B. , Ritter R. C. , Simasko S. M. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
To test the hypothesis that leptin can directly activate vagal afferent neurons, we used fluorescence imaging to detect acute changes in cytosolic calcium after leptin application to primary cultures of vagal afferent neurons dissociated from adult rat nodose ganglia. We found that approximately 40% of vagal afferent neurons exposed to leptin (40 ng/ml) responded with rapid and reversible increases in cytosolic calcium. These responses were dependent upon extracellular calcium. As previously reported, about 35% of vagal afferents increase cytosolic calcium in response to the gut-peptide cholecystokinin (CCK). A majority (74%) of neurons that responded to CCK also exhibited increases in cytosolic calcium in response to leptin. In addition, synergistic increases in cytosolic calcium were observed when leptin and CCK were applied in combination. These results demonstrate that leptin acts directly on vagal afferent neurons to trigger acute influxes of extracellular calcium. Our results also suggest cooperation between leptin and CCK in the activation of some vagal afferent neurons. Acute activation of vagal afferents by leptin alone and in combination with CCK may contribute to modulation of visceral reflexes and control of food intake.
The Effect of Cys LT1 Receptor Blockade on Airway Responses to Allergen
Authors: Hendeles Leslie , Davison Donald , Harman Eloise , Sherman James M. 
Published: April 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of a potent experimental leukotriene receptor antagonist, MK‐571, on airway responses to inhaled allergen.Design. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial.Setting. Clinical research center.Subjects. Eight male volunteers with allergic asthma.Interventions. An intravenous loading dose was followed by an 8‐hour infusion of MK‐571 or placebo, with a 7‐ to 14‐day washout between treatments. Allergen challenge was performed after the loading dose and a histamine challenge was performed before and 24 hours after allergen.Measurements and Main Results. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second was measured serially. MK‐571 provided about 50% protection during maximum early and late responses compared with placebo (p=0.005), but airway obstruction persisted 8–24 hours after allergen on both treatment days. Airway responsiveness to histamine was not significantly attenuated at 24 hours.Conclusion. Blocking Cys LT1 receptors for 8 hours attenuated the early and late responses but did not interrupt the cascade of events leading to subsequent allergen‐induced airway obstruction and hyperreactivity.(Pharmacotherapy 1999; 19(11):1243–1251)
In Vitro Activity and Pharmacodynamics of Oral β‐Lactam Antibiotics Against Streptococcus pneumoniae from Southeast Missouri
Authors: Kays Michael B. , Wood Karriann K. , Miles Donald O. 
Published: April 2004

Study Objectives. To determine the frequency of reduced susceptibility to penicillin, and to compare the in vitro activity and pharmacodynamics of oral β‐lactam antibiotics against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from southeast Missouri.Setting. Cape Girardeau, Missouri (population 35,500).Interventions. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for penicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid, cefprozil, cefuroxime, cefpodoxime, cefaclor, and loracarbef by E test for 108 isolates of S. pneumoniae. The MIC50, MIC90, and percentage susceptibility were calculated for each agent. Pharmacokinetic variables were obtained from the literature, and serum concentration‐time profiles were simulated for a 25‐kg child taking pediatric dosages commonly administered to treat otitis media. The average time above MIC (T > MIC) was calculated as percentage of the dosing interval using free concentrations and the MIC for each individual isolate. Analysis of variance (Scheffe post hoc test) was used to determine differences among agents for in vitro activity and T > MIC (level of significance, p<0.05).Measurements and Main Results. The frequency of penicillin‐nonsusceptible S. pneumoniae was 28.7% (31/108). For 25 penicillin‐intermediate isolates, amoxicillin and amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid were significantly more active than cefprozil, cefaclor, and loracarbef. The T > MIC for amoxicillin and amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid, simulated at 13.3 mg/kg every 8 hours, was significantly longer than that for all other (β‐lactams.Conclusion. Amoxicillin and amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid have superior in vitro activity and longer T > MIC for penicillin‐intermediate isolates than the other oral β‐lactams.
Lack of a Pharmacokinetic Interaction at Steady State Between Ropinirole and L‐Dopa in Patients with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Taylor Anne C. , Beerahee Almisbah , Citerone David R. , Cyronak Matthew J. , Leigh Terry J. , Fitzpatrick Katherine L. , Lopez‐Gil Arturo , Vakil Sarosh D. , Burns Eileen , Lennox Graham 
Published: April 2004

Study Objective. To assess the interaction between therapeutic dosages of ropinirole and l‐dopa plus a decarboxylase inhibitor administered at steady state in patients with Parkinson's disease.Design. Open, 6‐week, overlap trial with random allocation.Patients. Thirty patients with Parkinson's disease not previously treated with dopamine agonists, of whom 28 produced evaluable pharmacokinetic data for ropinirole and 23 for l‐dopa.Intervention. Group A (14 patients) received l‐dopa for weeks 1–5 and ropinirole in increasing increments for weeks 2–6; group B (16) received ropinirole for weeks 1–5 and l‐dopa for weeks 5 and 6.Measurements and Main Results. Primary end points were AUC0–8 and Cmax for ropinirole, and AUC0–8, AUC0–∞, and Cmax for l‐dopa. Secondary end points were Tmax for ropinirole, and Tmax and half‐life for l‐dopa. Coadministration with l‐dopa at steady state did not affect rate or extent of availability of ropinirole: point estimates of the geometric mean ratio for ropinirole plusl‐dopa compared with ropinirole alone for both Cmax and AUC0–8 approximated to unity. The small (16%) increase in peak concentrations of l‐dopa on administration with ropinirole is unlikely to be of clinical consequence, as peak concentrations of l‐dopa are typically highly variable.Conclusion. There are no pharmacokinetic grounds for adjusting dosages of either ropinirole or l‐dopa when given in combination.
Pharmacokinetics of Ibuprofen in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Murry Daryl J. , Oermann Christopher M. , Ou Ching‐Nan , Rognerud Cheryl , Seilheimer Dan K. , Sockrider Marianna M. 
Published: April 2004

Study Objectives. To determine the pharmacokinetic disposition of high doses of ibuprofen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), and to evaluate the reliability of intrapatient dosage adjustments to achieve recommended peak ibuprofen plasma concentrations.Design. First‐order absorption, one‐compartment model was fit to serial ibuprofen concentration‐time data obtained from patients with CF and receiving high doses of ibuprofen 20–30 mg/kg.Setting. Medical school‐affiliated teaching hospital.Patients. Ninety‐eight patients with CF (53 males, 45 females; mean age 12.5 yrs).Measurements and Main Results. The time to achieve apparent maximum ibuprofen concentration (Tmax) ranged from 1–3 hours, with maximum concentrations ranging from 21–150 μg/ml (mean 83 μg/ml). Apparent ibuprofen clearance (Cl/F) was significantly correlated with age (r2 = 0.43, p<0.0001) and measures of body size (body surface area [BSA] r2 = 0.50, p<0.0001). The Cl/F ranged from 21.1–114.7 ml/min/m2 (mean 45.5 ml/min/m2), a 5‐fold difference. The Cl/F normalized to body weight decreased with increasing age (p=0.0009), but when normalized to BSA, there was no age‐related change (p=0.65). Apparent volume of distribution was significantly correlated with age (r2 = 0.69, p<0.0001) and measures of body size (BSA r2 = 0.79, p<0.0001). Fourteen patients had ibuprofen dosage adjustments. The Cl/F was not different among doses; however, Tmax differed by an average of 1.25 hours (range 0–2 hrs).Conclusion. The substantial variability in ibuprofen disposition and clearance we report is greater than previously described. Individualized dosages and therapeutic drug monitoring may be required to ensure plasma concentrations considered necessary to prevent pulmonary deterioration in patients with CF.
Synthesis of Symmetrical
trans
‐Stilbenes by a Double Heck Reaction of (Arylazo)Amines with Vinyltriethoxysilane: trans‐4,4′‐Dibromostilbene
Authors: Sengupta Saumitra , Sadhukhan Subir K. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

trans‐4,4′‐Dibromostilbene

R 4‐Bromoaniline; Vinyltriethoxysilane

I 4‐[(Bromophenyl)azo]morpholine

P trans‐4,4′‐Dibromostilbene
(3,4,5‐Trifluorophenyl)Boronic Acid‐Catalyzed Amide Formation From Carboxylic Acids and Amines: N‐Benzyl‐4‐Phenylbutyramide
Authors: Ishihara Kazuaki , Ohara Suguru , Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractN‐Benzyl‐4‐phenylbutyramideR 4‐Phenylbutyric acid; BenzylamineP N‐Benzyl‐4‐phenylbutyramide
Ammonium Compounds
Authors: Zapp Karl‐Heinz , Wostbrock Karl‐Heinz , Schäfer Manfred , Sato Kimihiko , Seiter Herbert , Zwick Werner , Creutziger Ruthild , Leiter Herbert 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Ammonium Nitrate1.1.Physical and Chemical Properties1.2.Production1.2.1.From Ammonia and Nitric Acid1.2.2.Conversion of Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate1.3.Granulation1.4.Grain Stabilization and Surface Treatment (Conditioning)1.5.Transport Regulations1.6.Safety1.7.Uses1.8.Economic Aspects2.Ammonium Sulfate2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.2.1.From Coke‐Oven Gas2.2.2.From Ammonia and Sulfuric Acid2.2.3.Coproduct in Organic Syntheses2.2.4.From Gypsum2.2.5.Other Processes2.3.Granulation and Storage2.4.Uses2.5.Economic Aspects3.Ammonium Chloride3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.2.1.Modified Solvay (Ammonia ‐ Soda Ash) Process3.2.2.Direct Reaction Between HCl and NH33.2.3.Reaction of Reciprocal Pairs of Salts3.3.Corrosion3.4.Packaging, Storage, Shipping, and Handling3.5.Uses4.Ammonium Carbonates4.1.Ammonium Hydrogencarbonate4.2.Ammonium Carbamate4.3.Ammonium Carbonate4.4.Storage, Transport, and Handling4.5.Uses5.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Isotopes, Natural
Authors: Miller Mark A. , Carey A. Andrew 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Fundamentals1.1.Definitions and Nomenclature1.2.Survey of Natural Nuclides1.3.Origins of Nuclides1.4.Discovery of Isotopes1.5.Determination of Isotopic Masses and Abundance1.6.Atomic Mass Scales1.7.Variations in Abundance2.Properties of Isotopes2.1.Physical Differences2.1.1.Mass Effects2.1.2.Nuclear Effects2.2.Chemical Differences2.2.1.Equilibrium Effects2.2.2.Kinetic Effects2.2.3.Bonding Effects2.3.Isotope Effects in Nature3.Uses of Isotopes3.1.Nuclear Energy3.2.Research3.2.1.Nuclear Magnetic Resonance3.2.2.Electron Spin Resonance3.2.3.Mössbauer Spectroscopy3.2.4.Isotopic Substitution3.2.5.Cosmology3.2.6.Nuclear Science3.2.7.Materials Science3.2.8.Ecological Research3.2.9.Isotope Chronostratigraphy3.2.10.Anthropology3.3.Medical Uses3.3.1.Magnetic Resonance Imaging3.3.2.Stable Isotopes in Metabolic Studies3.3.3.Stable Isotopes in Medical Diagnosis3.3.4.Stable Isotopes as Radioisotope Precursors3.4.Industrial Uses4.Isotope Separation4.1.The Separation Factor4.1.1.Continuous Processes and Cascades4.1.2.Discontinuous Processes4.2.Separation Processes4.2.1.Distillation4.2.2.Diffusion4.2.3.Gas Centrifugation4.2.4.Nozzle Separation4.2.5.Electromagnetic Separation4.2.6.Exchange Reactions4.2.7.Photochemical Separation4.2.8.Electrolysis4.2.9.Electromigration4.2.10.Other Separation Processes5.Availibility
Laxatives
Authors: Engelhorn Robert , Seeger Ernst , Zwaving Jan H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and History2.Types of Laxatives2.1.Emollients (Lubricants)2.1.1.Paraffinum Liquidum2.1.2.Glycerol2.1.3.Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate2.2.Bulking Agents2.2.1.Agar2.2.2.Linseed2.2.3.Plantago Seed2.2.4.Methylcellulose2.2.5.Tragacanth2.2.6.Wheat Bran2.3.Osmotically Active Substances2.3.1.Sodium Sulfate2.3.2.Magnesium Sulfate2.3.3.Sugars and Sugar Alcohols2.4.Antiabsorptive and Secretion‐Stimulating Substances and Compounds that Selectively Increase the Rate of Colonic Peristalsis2.4.1.Synthetic Diphenol Laxatives2.4.2.Naturally Occurring Laxatives2.4.3.Anthraquinone Laxatives
Nickel Alloys
Authors: Strassburg F. Werner 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Wrought Nickel3.Nickel ‐ Iron Alloys4.Nickel ‐ Copper Alloys5.Nickel ‐ Chromium Alloys6.Nickel Casting Alloys7.Welding Filler Metals for Nickel Alloys8.Nickel Brazing Alloys9.Fabrication of Nickel‐Base Alloys
Nitro Compounds, Aromatic
Authors: Booth Gerald 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Nitration2.1.Nitrating Agents2.2.Reaction Mechanisms3.Nitro Aromatics3.1.Nitrobenzenes3.2.Nitrotoluenes3.3.Nitroxylenes3.4.Nitronaphthalenes3.5.Other Nitro Aromatics4.Nitrohalo Aromatics4.1.Chloronitrobenzenes4.2.Dichloro‐ and Polychloronitrobenzenes4.3.Chloronitrotoluenes4.4.Fluoronitrobenzenes and Fluoronitrotoluenes5.Nitroamino Aromatics5.1.Nitroanilines5.2.Nitrotoluidines5.3.Halogenonitroanilines5.4.Cyanonitroanilines6.Nitroaromatic Sulfonic Acids and Derivatives6.1.Nitrobenzenesulfonic acids and Derivatives6.2.Nitrotoluenesulfonic Acids and Derivatives6.3.Chloronitrobenzenesulfonic Acids and Derivatives6.4.Chloronitrotoluenesulfonic Acids7.Nitrohydroxy and Alkoxy Aromatics7.1.Nitrophenols and Derived Ethers7.2.Nitroalkylphenols8.Nitroketones9.Nitroheterocycles9.1.Pyridine Derivatives9.2.Quinoline Derivatives9.3.Imidazole Derivatives9.4.Furan Derivatives9.5.Thiophene Derivatives9.6.Thiazole Derivatives
Nitrogen
Authors: Häussinger Peter , Leitgeb Paul , Schmücker Bernd 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties3.Occurrence4.Production4.1.Cryogenic Air Separation4.2.Air Separation by Adsorption4.3.Nitrogen Production by Membrane Separation4.4.Oxygen Removal from Air5.Storage and Transportation6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Uses8.Economic Aspects
Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Yoon Hyun N. , Norwood Robert A. , Man Hong‐Tai 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Nonlinear Optical Phenomena2.1.Macroscopic Nonlinear Optics2.1.1.Maxwell Equations and Constitutive Relations2.1.2.Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Phenomena2.1.3.Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Phenomena2.2.Microscopic Nonlinear Optics2.2.1.Constitutive Relations and Local Fields2.2.2.General Classical Models2.2.3.Quantum Mechanical Treatment of Nonlinear Optics3.Second‐Order Nonlinear Optical Materials3.1.Inorganic Materials3.2.Organic Materials3.3.Nonlinear Optical Polymers3.4.Examples of SHG Materials3.5.Examples of Linear Electro‐Optical Materials3.6.Thin Film Applications4.Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Materials4.1.Fundamental Requirements forχ(3)Materials4.2.Measurement ofχ(3)Properties4.3.Inorganic Materials4.4.Organic Materials5.Nonlinear Optical Devices and Applications5.1.Electro‐Optic Devices5.2.Frequency Doubling and Parametric Conversion5.3.Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Devices5.4.Nonlinear Optics in Optical Fibers
Oxocarboxylic Acids
Authors: Klingler Franz Dietrich , Ebertz Wolfgang 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Pyruvic Acid3.Acetoacetic Acid and Derivatives3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Uses and Economic Aspects3.4.Toxicology and Environmental Protection4.Levulinic Acid5.Acetonedicarboxylic Acid6.Other Oxocarboxylic Acids
Oxygen
Authors: Kirschner Mark J. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Oxygen from Cryogenic Air Separation

4.2.

Oxygen from Adsorptive Air Separation

4.3.

Oxygen from Membrane Air Separation

5.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

6.

Storage and Transportation

6.1.

Storage

6.2.

Material Selection for Oxygen Compatibility

6.3.

Transportation

7.

Uses

7.1.

Combustion and Metallurgy

7.2.

Production of Chemicals

7.3.

Oxygen Bleaching of Wood Pulp

7.4.

Wastewater Treatment

7.5.

Medicine

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health
Peroxy Compounds, Organic
Authors: Klenk Herbert , Götz Peter H. , Siegmeier Rainer , Mayr Wilfried 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Alkyl Hydroperoxides2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.3.Uses3.Dialkyl Peroxides3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Uses4.Peroxycarboxylic Acids4.1.Properties4.2.Production4.2.1.Peroxycarboxylic Acids from Carboxylic Acids and Hydrogen Peroxide4.2.2.Peroxycarboxylic Acids from Carboxylic Anhydrides and Hydrogen Peroxide4.2.3.Peroxycarboxylic Acids from Carboxylic Acid Chlorides and Hydrogen Peroxide4.2.4.Peroxycarboxylic Acids by Autoxidation of Aldehydes4.3.Uses5.Diacyl Peroxides5.1.Properties5.2.Production5.3.Uses6.Peroxycarboxylic Esters6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.3.Uses7.α‐Oxyperoxides7.1.Properties7.2.Production7.3.Uses8.α‐Aminoperoxides8.1.Properties8.2.Production8.3.Uses9.Safety Measures9.1.Hazards9.2.Transportation and Storage9.3.Handling10.Toxicology
Phosphorus
Authors: Diskowski Herbert , Hofmann Thomas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence of Phosphates in Nature4.Production of White Phosphorus4.1.Raw Materials4.2.The Phosphorus Furnace4.3.Purification of Crude Phosphorus4.4.Treatment of Phosphorus‐Containing Wastewater4.5.Slag4.6.Ferrophosphorus4.7.Yields5.Production of Red Phosphorus6.Quality Specifications, Storage, and Transportation6.1.White Phosphorus6.2.Red Phosphorus7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Toxicology
Plastics, Properties and Testing
Authors: Stamm Manfred , Carlowitz Bodo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.States of Order of Polymers1.1.Glassy State and Melt1.2.Crystalline State1.3.Liquid Crystals1.4.Blends and Block Copolymers2.Properties and Testing2.1.Mechanical Properties and Their Testing2.1.1.Classification of Plastics Based on Mechanical Properties2.1.2.Viscoelastic Behavior of Polymers2.1.3.Mechanics of Deformation2.1.4.Friction and Wear2.1.5.Fracture Behavior2.1.6.Control of Mechanical Properties through Orientation, Internal Stresses, and Morphology2.1.7.Reinforced and Filled Plastics2.2.Acoustic Properties and Their Testing2.3.Thermal Properties and Their Testing2.3.1.Specific Heat2.3.2.Thermal Conductivity2.3.3.Thermal Expansion2.4.Electrical Properties and Their Testing2.4.1.Insulating Properties2.4.2.Dielectric Properties2.4.3.Dielectric Strength2.4.4.Electrets; Semiconducting and Conducting Polymers2.5.Optical Properties and Their Testing2.5.1.Refraction and Birefringence2.5.2.Transmittance and Gloss2.5.3.Color and Colorimetry2.6.Density and Physical‐Chemical Properties and Their Testing2.6.1.Density2.6.2.Liquid Absorption and Swelling; Desorption of Plasticizers2.6.3.Permeation of Gases and Vapors2.7.Stability Properties and Their Testing2.7.1.Water Absorption2.7.2.Effect of Chemicals2.7.3.Effects of Heat, Light, and Weathering2.7.4.Effect of High‐Energy Radiation2.7.5.Stability against Fire2.7.6.Effect of Microorganisms2.8.Processing Properties and Their Testing2.8.1.Molding Compounds2.8.2.Conventional Methods for Characterizing Flow Behavior2.8.3.Rheology of Plastics
Plastics, Recycling
Authors: Kaminsky Walter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Recycling of Single‐Grade Wastes (Primary Recycling)3.Recycling of Mixed Wastes4.Chemical Products4.1.Hydrolysis and Alcoholysis4.2.Hydrogenation4.3.Pyrolysis5.Combustion6.Dumping and Degradation6.1.Degradation by UV Radiation6.2.Biodegradation