bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quest for a King: Gender, Marriage, and Succession in Elizabethan England
Authors: McLaren Anne 
Published: January 2003

Some translation and joining of realms may turn to much good, and the wealth and tranquillity of many. As if we had a King for your Queen, or you [Scotland] a King for ours, it had been a goodly translation: to have united both realms in dominion, regiment and law, as they be in nature, language, and manners…. If you and we had joined together: it had made no great matter, on which side the King had been, so he had been religious…. It is religion and likeness of manners, that join men together … Where there is one faith, one baptism, and one Christ: there is narrower fraternity then, if they came out of one womb. (John Aylmer,An Harborowe for Faithful and Trew Subjectes, 1559)Me-thinketh it were to be wished of all wise men and her Majesty's good subjects, that the one of those two Queens of the isle of Britain were transformed into the shape of a man, to make so happy a marriage, as thereby there might be an unity of the whole isle. (Henry Killigrew to Robert Dudley, 31 December 1560)In 1559, John Aylmer responded to John Knox'sFirst Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Womenin order to win support for Elizabeth I's accession to the English throne. According to Aylmer, Knox identified as the “greatest inconvenience” of female rule the fact that the realm would be transferred to “strangers” when the queen married, ceding to her husband, as her superior, the power that had been invested in her.
The Troubles of Thomas Pestell: Parish Squabbles and Ecclesiastical Politics in Caroline England
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: January 2003

The troubles of Thomas Pestell came to a head at Lambeth on 21 November 1633. He was the victim of an improbable alliance between a godly nobleman, a Laudian judge, three alehouse keepers, a few tithe resisters, some Ashby nonconformists, “mad Stacey,” and a determined troublemaker. This ambitious Leicestershire parson, already embittered by failure, was humiliated by the Court of High Commission. Led by Archbishop Laud, the court declared that Pestell “had to the scandal and reproach of his ministerial function many ways demeaned himself”: he was ordered to grovel before his critics and pay his enemies' expenses. It could have been very much worse. The offenses of contempt of ecclesiastical authority, admitting excommunicates to communion, and performing clandestine marriages, “although they were in themselves no way justifiable but worthy of severe punishment,” were set aside for the moment and never resurfaced. An allegation of vexatious litigation had already been dropped, a charge of seditious preaching was “not sufficiently proved,” and “for his quarrelling and fighting, and giving cause to have him bound to the peace before the temporal judges, this the court much misliked though they would not censure him for it.” Formally, Pestell was only punished for jeering at the earl of Huntingdon, mocking Sir John Lambe, and sending two of his parishioners on a wild-goose chase—but his once-promising career was in ruins.Thomas Pestell was born in 1585, the son of a Leicester tailor. He went to Cambridge as a sizar, took his M.A. in 1609, and was presented to the Leicestershire rectory of Coleorton by Sir Thomas Beaumont in 1611.
The Politics of Sky Battles in Early Hanoverian Britain
Authors: Jankovic Vladimir 
Published: January 2003

We need not wonder at Aerial Knights, At elemental combats, and strange fights, when earthly monarchs thus renew their jars, and even all Europe is involv'd in wars. (William Lux,Poems on Several Occasions)On 6 March 1716, theHistorical Registerfeatured a description of an extravagant “display” of sky lights above London. The newspaper reported that during the evening, a number of Londoners noticed something that at first appeared like a huge and motionless body of light that in a curtain-like shape hung over the sky. They then saw it starting to move in a random fashion and dissolve into parts, spreading toward the west and changing into gigantic “pillars of flame.” From the west horizon and with an incredible velocity the lights continued to dart southeastward. After a series of undulatory motions and vibrations, they turned into a “continual fulguration, interspersed with green, red, blue, and yellow.” What were they? The celebrated astronomer Edmund Halley wrote that he was afraid that in delivering the “Etiology of a Matter so uncommon, never before seen by myself, nor fully described by any of the Ancient and Moderns, I fail to answer [philosophers'] Expectation or my own Desires.” But the less scholarly sources had less trouble. In Oxford, people saw swords and cavalries in the sky. In Upton upon Severn, Worcestershire, two heavenly armies waged a war that was so close that the air smelled of gunpowder.
Antibiotic consumption and resistance selection in Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Baquero F. , Baquero-Artigao G. , Cantón R. , García-Rey C. 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Selection of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae is an inescapable consequence of antibiotic use. The correlation between antibiotic consumption and selection of resistant organisms can be shown at every ecological level: patient, community, region or country. In the case of multiple resistance, the intensity of antibiotic selection is increased. However, different antibiotics may exert different selective powers. Because of this, co-selection of macrolide and β-lactam resistance is an asymmetrical phenomenon: macrolides select more efficiently strains resistant to both macrolides and β-lactams than aminopenicillins. The difference in rates of antibiotic resistance is also influenced by the local spread of susceptible or resistant clones; it is suggested that under mild antibiotic selection, the susceptible organisms that are more fit for host-to-host transmission could be favoured. Subsequent acquisition of resistance in these clones may rapidly increase the prevalence of resistance, and that may lead to an increase in the use of antibiotics. The reasons for antibiotic resistance are mainly the reasons explaining antibiotic consumption. A number of possible sociobiological determinants of antibiotic consumption can be identified: genetic factors in the human populations (for instance, involving different symptomatic types of infection), cultural factors and attitudes of patients towards antibiotics, sociological factors or public health factors, including incidence of other infectious diseases in the human population. Only ‘excess’ in the use of antibiotics should be controlled; for such a purpose, the concept, ‘appropriate demand for antibiotics’ (ADA) is proposed.
Importance of dose and duration of β-lactam therapy in nasopharyngeal colonization with resistant pneumococci
Authors: Canet J.-J. , Garau J. 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Antibiotic use greatly influences the nasopharyngeal carriage of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and is considered to be one of the most important risk factors for carriage of such organisms. Several studies have shown a reduction in the prevalence of resistant strains following reduced antibiotic consumption. This indicates that it may be possible to reduce resistance rates by changing prescribing patterns. Studies suggest that antibiotics present at low levels tend to select strains with low-level penicillin resistance, that intermediate antibiotic levels may pose the danger of selection of pneumococci with high-level penicillin resistance and that attainment of high levels of antibiotics may reduce the selective pressure for penicillin resistance. High-dose β-lactam (amoxicillin) therapy has been shown to reduce the selection of resistant pneumococci in the nasopharynx. Likewise, short-course antibiotic therapy has reduced colonization by resistant strains. Finally, the effect of the antibiotic appears to differ according to the β-lactam prescribed. Studies suggest that selection by cephalosporins occurs at higher frequencies than that by amoxicillin; this may be explained by the reduced activity of cephalosporins against penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.
Migration through the Extracellular Matrix by the Parasitic ProtozoanLeishmaniaIs Enhanced by Surface Metalloprotease gp63
Authors: McGwire Bradford S. , Chang Kwang-Poo , Engman David M. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTLeishmaniaspecies engineered to express high levels of the surface metalloprotease gp63 have enhanced capacity of migration through extracellular matrix in vitro. This correlates with gp63 degradation of extracellular matrix components, such as collagen type IV and fibronectin, and suggests an important role for gp63 in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis.
Plasmodium falciparum
Infection Elicits Both Variant-Specific and Cross-Reactive Antibodies against Variant Surface Antigens
Authors: Chattopadhyay Rana , Sharma Amit , Srivastava Vinod K. , Pati Sudhanshu S. , Sharma S. K. , Das Bhabani S. , Chitnis Chetan E. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

Naturally acquired antibodies to
Plasmodium falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP-1), the variant surface antigens expressed on the surface of infected erythrocytes, are thought to play a role in protection against
P. falciparum
malaria. Here, we have studied the development of antibodies to PfEMP-1 in adult malaria patients living in Rourkela, India, an area with a low malaria transmission rate, and prevalence of antibodies to PfEMP-1 in residents of San Dulakudar, India, a village in which
P. falciparum
malaria is hyperendemic. Convalescent-phase sera from adult malaria patients from Rourkela agglutinate homologous
P. falciparum
isolates as well as some heterologous isolates, suggesting that they develop partially cross-reactive antibodies to PfEMP-1 following infection. Adult sera from San Dulakudar agglutinate diverse
P. falciparum
isolates, suggesting that they have antibodies with wide recognition of diverse PfEMP-1. Mixed-agglutination assays using pairs of
P. falciparum
isolates confirm the presence of both variant-specific and partially cross-reactive antibodies in convalescent-phase sera from Rourkela and adult sera from San Dulakudar. Analysis of PfEMP-1 sequences suggests a molecular basis for the observed cross-reactivity.
Nramp1 Is Not a Major Determinant in the Control ofBrucella melitensisInfection in Mice
Authors: Guilloteau Laurence A. , Dornand Jacques , Gross Antoine , Olivier Michel , Cortade Fabienne , Vern Yves Le , Kerboeuf Dominique 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTBrucella,the causative agent of brucellosis in animals and humans, can survive and proliferate within macrophages. Macrophages mediate mouse resistance to various pathogens through the expression of theNramp1gene. The role of this gene in the control ofBrucellainfection was investigated. When BALB/c mice (Nramp1s) and C.CB congenic mice (Nramp1r) were infected withBrucella melitensis,the number ofBrucellaorganisms per spleen was significantly larger in the C.CB mice than in the BALB/c mice during the first week postinfection (p.i.). ThisNramp1-linked susceptibility toBrucellawas temporary, since similar numbers ofBrucellawere recovered from the two strains of mice 2 weeks p.i. The effect ofNramp1expression occurred within splenocytes intracellularly infected byBrucella.However, there was no difference between in vitro replication rates ofBrucellain macrophages isolated from the two strains of mice infected in vivo or inNramp1RAW264 transfectants. In mice, infection withBrucellainduced an inflammatory response, resulting in splenomegaly and recruitment of phagocytes in the spleen, which was amplified in C.CB mice. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), performed 5 days p.i., showed that inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-12 p40 (IL-12p40), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and IL-10 mRNAs were similarly induced in spleens of the two strains. In contrast, the mRNA of KC, a C-X-C chemokine, was induced only in infected C.CB mice at this time. This pattern of mRNA expression was maintained at 14 days p.i., with IFN-γ and IL-12p40 mRNAs being more intensively induced in the infected C.CB mice, but TNF-α mRNA was no longer induced. The higher recruitment of neutrophils observed in the spleens of infected C.CB mice could explain the temporary susceptibility of C.CB mice toB. melitensisinfection. In contrast to infections withSalmonella, Leishmania,andMycobacterium,the expression of theNramp1gene appears to be of limited importance for the natural resistance of mice toBrucella.
Toll-Like Receptor 4-Positive Macrophages Protect Mice fromPasteurella pneumotropica-Induced Pneumonia
Authors: Hart Marcia L. , Mosier Derek A. , Chapes Stephen K. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTThis study investigates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-positive macrophages in early recognition and clearance of pulmonary bacteria. TLR4 is atrans-membrane receptor that is the primary recognition molecule for lipopolysaccharide of gram-negative bacteria. TheTLR4Lps-delmouse strains C57BL10/ScN (B10) and STOCKAbbtm1TLR4Lps-delSlc11a1s(B10 × C2D) are susceptible to pulmonary infections and develop pneumonia when naturally or experimentally infected by the opportunistic bacteriumPasteurella pneumotropica.Since these mice have theTLR4Lps-delgenotype, we hypothesized that reconstitution of mice with TLR4-positive macrophages would provide resistance to this bacterium. A cultured macrophage cell line (C2D macrophages) and bone marrow cells from C2D mice were adoptively transferred to B10 and B10 × C2D mice by intraperitoneal injection. C2D macrophages increased B10 and B10 × C2D mouse resistance toP. pneumotropica. In C2D-recipient mice there was earlier transcription of tumor necrosis factor alpha and chemokines JE and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) in the lungs of B10 and B10 × C2D mice, and there was earlier transcription of KC and MIP-1α in B10 × C2D mice. In addition, the course of inflammation following experimentalPasteurellachallenge was altered in C2D recipients. C2D macrophages also protected B10 × C2D mice, which lack CD4+T cells. These data indicate that macrophages are critical for pulmonary immunity and can provide host resistance toP. pneumotropica.This study indicates that TLR4-positive macrophages are important for early recognition and clearance of pulmonary bacterial infections.
Restoration of Cytoadherence to an Adherence-Deficient Mutant ofMycoplasma arthritidisby Genetic Complementation
Authors: Washburn Leigh R. , Bird Daniel W. , Dybvig Kevin 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTMycoplasma arthritidiscauses a severe septic arthritis in rats under natural and experimental conditions. An earlier study implicated a membrane lipoprotein designated MAA1 in cytadherence ofM. arthritidis. In addition, a spontaneous adherence-deficient mutant was shown to contain a nonsense mutation in the gene encoding MAA1, resulting in production of a truncated product, MAA1Δ. In the present study, a wild-typemaa1gene carried on transposon Tn4001Twas introduced into the low-adherence mutant by polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation. The presence of the tranposon and the wild-typemaa1gene in the chromosome of transformants was confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization. The latter procedure also confirmed that each transformant contained a single copy of the transposon. Western immunoblotting showed that transformants produced both wild-type MAA1 and MAA1Δ, indicating that the introduced wild-typemaa1gene was functional. This phenotype was stably maintained after multiple subcultures even in the absence of antibiotic selection. Finally, transformants were shown to adhere to rat L-2 lung cells in culture at wild-type levels, providing confirmation for an important role for MAA1 in adherence.
Roles of Sortase in Surface Expression of the Major Protein Adhesin P1, Saliva-Induced Aggregation and Adherence, and Cariogenicity of
Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Lee Song F. , Boran Thomas L. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

Sortase is a newly discovered transpeptidase that covalently links LPXTGX-containing surface proteins to the gram-positive bacterial cell wall. In this study, the sortase gene (
srtA
) was isolated from
Streptococcus mutans
NG8 by PCR. The gene encoded a 246-amino-acid protein, including a 40-amino-acid signal peptide. The
srtA
gene was insertionally inactivated by a tetracycline resistance cassette. P1, a major surface protein adhesin previously shown to anchor to the peptidoglycan by the LPXTGX motif, was secreted into the culture medium by the
srtA
mutant. In contrast, the wild-type P1 remained cell wall associated. Complementation of the mutant with
srtA
restored the P1 surface expression phenotype. P1 produced by the mutant, but not that produced by the wild type and the
srtA
-complemented mutant, was recognized by an antibody raised against the hydrophobic domain and charged tail C terminal to the LPXTGX motif. These results suggest that the failure to anchor P1 to the cell wall is due to the lack of cleavage of P1 at the LPXTGX motif. The
srtA
mutant was markedly less hydrophobic than the wild type and the complemented mutant. The
srtA
mutant failed to aggregate in the presence of saliva or salivary agglutinin and adhered poorly to saliva- or salivary agglutinin-coated hydroxylapatite. In rats, the
srtA
mutant colonized the teeth poorly when sucrose was absent. When sucrose was present, the
srtA
mutant colonized the teeth but less effectively and induced significantly less caries (
P
< 0.05) than the wild-type strain. In conclusion, the sortase enzyme in
S. mutans
is responsible for anchoring P1 to the cell surface and plays a role in modulating the surface properties and cariogenicity of
S. mutans
.
Different Innate Ability of I/St and A/Sn Mice To Combat VirulentMycobacterium tuberculosis: Phenotypes Expressed in Lung and Extrapulmonary Macrophages
Authors: Majorov Konstantin B. , Lyadova Irina V. , Kondratieva Tatiana K. , Eruslanov Eugeny B. , Rubakova Elvira I. , Orlova Marianna O. , Mischenko Vladimir V. , Apt Alexander S. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTMice of the I/St and A/Sn inbred strains display a severe and moderate course, respectively, of disease caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis. Earlier, we showed that the response to mycobacterial antigens in I/St mice compared to that in A/Sn mice is shifted toward Th2-like reactivity and a higher proliferative activity and turnover of T cells. However, the physiologic basis for different expressions of tuberculosis severity in these mice remains largely unknown. Here, we extend our previous observations with evidence that I/St interstitial lung macrophages are defective in the ability to inhibit mycobacterial growth and to survive following in vitro infection withM. tuberculosisH37Rv. A unique feature of this phenotype is its exclusive expression in freshly isolated lung macrophages. The defect is not displayed in ex vivo macrophages obtained from the peritoneal cavity nor in macrophages developed in vitro from progenitors extracted from various organs, including the lung itself. In addition, we show that, in sharp contrast to peritoneal macrophages, the mycobactericidal capacity of lung macrophages is not elevated in the presence of exogenous gamma interferon. Our data suggest that the in vivo differentiation in a particular anatomical microenvironment determines the pattern of macrophage-mycobacterium interaction. Thus, caution should be exercised when conclusions based upon the results obtained in a particular in vitro system are generalized to the functions of all phagocytes duringM. tuberculosisinfection.
Elevated Immunoglobulin E against RecombinantBrugia malayiγ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Patients with Bancroftian Filariasis: Association with Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia or Putative Immunity
Authors: Lobos Edgar , Nutman Thomas B. , Hothersall John S. , Moncada Salvador 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACTA major allergen of the lymphatic filarial nematodeBrugia malayi, a homologue of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT), is involved in the pathology of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE) through its potent allergenicity and the induction of antibodies against the host pulmonary epithelium. To investigate the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass and IgE responses to recombinantB. malayiγ-GT, we analyzed the results obtained from 51 patients with differing clinical manifestations of bancroftian filariasis. γ-GT-specific IgG1, rather than IgG4, was the predominant IgG subclass, particularly in patients with TPE (geomean, 6,321 ng/ml; range, 78 to 354,867 ng/ml) and was 75 times higher than in patients with elephantiasis (CP) (P< 0.003) and 185 times higher than in endemic normal individuals (ENL) (P< 0.010). IgG2 responses were low and IgG3 was almost absent, with no significant differences among the groups. γ-GT-specific IgG4 responses were significantly elevated in those with subclinical microfilaremia (MF) compared to the CP and ENL groups and correlated with the presence of circulating filarial antigen (CAg). More significantly, γ-GT-specific IgE antibody levels were strikingly elevated in patients with TPE (geomean, 681 ng/ml; range, 61 to 23,841 ng/ml) and in the ENL group (geomean, 106 ng/ml; range, 13 to 1,405 ng/ml) whereas the γ-GT-specific IgE level was 44 and 61 times lower in those with MF and CP, respectively (P< 0.001). Elevated γ-GT-specific IgE/IgG4 ratios were demonstrated in patients with TPE (ratio, 45) and ENL (ratio, 107). Because expression of γ-GT inBrugiainfective third-stage larvae (L3) was demonstrated by immunoblot analysis, the elevated γ-GT-specific IgE antibodies appear to be associated not only with pulmonary pathology but also with possible resistance to infection in lymphatic filariasis.
Characterization of the Conformational Epitope of Guy's 13, a Monoclonal Antibody That Prevents
Streptococcus mutans
Colonization in Humans
Authors: van Dolleweerd Craig J. , Chargelegue Daniel , Ma Julian K.-C. 
Published: January 2003

ABSTRACT

Guy's 13 is a mouse monoclonal antibody which recognizes streptococcal antigen I/II (SA I/II), a major cell surface glycoprotein of
Streptococcus mutans
. In a number of clinical trials, this antibody has been shown to prevent colonization in the human oral cavity. The aim of this study was to identify the SA I/II epitope recognized by Guy's 13. The data suggest that the epitope is conformational, delimited by two noncontiguous regions of the antigen: residues 45 to 457, within the N-terminal half of SA I/II, and residues 816 to 983, within the C-terminal half. In fluid-phase immunoassays a strict requirement for the simultaneous presence of both regions was demonstrated for antibody binding. Furthermore, these two regions of SA I/II were shown to have the ability to interact with each other in the absence of Guy's 13 antibody, suggesting that the normal conformation of SA I/II might be determined by the interaction of these two regions.