bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular basis of variation in protective SzP proteins of Streptococcus zooepidemicus
Authors: Walker John A. , Timoney John F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To characterize, on a molecular basis, variable regions of the SzP proteins of the Moore and Bryans serovars of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and specificity of opsonic responses.

Sample Population
14 Moore and Bryans serovars of S zooepidemicus.

Procedure
Using polymerase chain reaction analysis and primers from the 5’ and 3’ sequences of the prototype gene SzPW60, the SzP genes of each Moore and Bryans serovar were sequenced and translated, then the amino acid sequences were compared.

Results
Comparison of the amino acid sequences revealed 2 variations at the N terminus; a hypervariable (HV) region from residue 106 to 166, approximately; and proline-glutamic acid-proline-lysine repeats in the carboxy terminus that ranged in number from 7 to 12. Five distinct motifs, HV 1 to 5, which varied independently of the N termini were found in the internal HV region. All serovars were opsonized by antiserum to the prototype SzPW60 protein, indicating that opsonogenic epitopes are on the conserved regions of the protein.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Variant motifs may be valuable in epizootiologic and pathogenesis studies of S zooepidemicus infections of the respiratory tract of young horses and in determining whether there are populations of S zooepidemicus unique to specific animal hosts. It is also clear from the opsonic responses to SzP that at least a portion of the protective responses are probably not serovar specific. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1129-1133)
Synergistic effect of hydrochloric acid and bile acids on the pars esophageal mucosa of the porcine stomach
Authors: Lang Jennifer , Blikslager Anthony , Regina Dan , Eisemann Joan , Argenzio Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine effects of finely ground diet and food deprivation on pH and bile acid concentration in the proximal portion of the porcine stomach and effects of bile acids and pH on the pars esophageal mucosa in vitro.

Animals
Sixteen 15- to 30-kg pigs.

Procedures
Gastric content samples obtained from pigs fed a finely ground pelleted or coarsely ground meal diet were assayed for gastric pH and bile acids. Stratified squamous epithelium was studied in an Ussing chamber, and histologically. Electrical conductance and transmucosal mannitol fluxes (as indices of tissue permeability) were determined at pH 4.0, 2.0, and 1.5 and in response to treatment with 0, 1, 2, or 3 mM taurodeoxycholate or glycocholate.

Results
Pigs fed the finely ground feed had significantly (P = 0.01 ) lower proximal stomach pH than did pigs fed the coarse meal. Proximal stomach bile acids concentration was significantly (P = 0.04) higher in pigs fed the finely ground diet. The H+ and bile acids concentration increased with time after feeding. In vitro exposure of the stratified mucosa to high H+ (pH < 4.0) and bile salt concentration (≥ 1.0 mM) resulted in significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent increase in tissue conductance and mannitol fluxes, whereas low pH or bile acids alone had little effect.

Conclusions
High H+ and bile acids concentration in the stomach of pigs fed finely ground diets or subjected to feed deprivation may contribute to ulceration of the pars esophageal tissue. Bile acids act synergistically and in dose-dependent manner, with low pH causing damage to the stratified squamous epithelium in vitro. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1170-1176)
Establishment of a monoclonal antibody (1/14/16H9) for detection of equine keratan sulfate
Authors: Okumura Masahiro , Fujinaga Toru 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To establish a sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody (MAB) against equine keratan sulfate (KS) and to develop an enzyme immunoassay for measurement of the concentration of KS in serum and synovial fluid from horses.

Sample Population
18 synovial fluid and 48 serum samples were obtained from clinically normal horses and horses with arthritis.

Procedure
BALB/c mice were immunized with chondroitinase-ABC-digested proteoglycan monomer from equine joint cartilage, and MAB were raised, using Sp2/O cells as a fusion partner. A competitive ELISA was optimized, using one of the established MAB, and KS concentration in synovial fluid and sera from horses was measured.

Results
The high-titer MAB1/14/16H9, which specifically recognizes the epitope on equine KS, was identified. This antibody had no reactivity with chondroitin sulfate and core protein of proteoglycan monomers, hyaluronan, heparin, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate. A competitive ELISA for determination of KS concentration was optimized, using this antibody. Precision data were obtained for the range of 10 to 160 ng/ml. The within- and between-assay coefficients of variation were 10.0 and 12.7%, respectively.

Conclusions
MAB 1/14/16H9 that specifically recognized equine KS was established and was used to develop an enzyme immunoassay for measurement of the concentration of KS in synovial fluid and sera from horses. It is expected that the assay system using MAB 1/14/16H9 will contribute to evaluation of cartilage metabolic activity in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1203-1208)
Computer-assisted image analysis of intratumoral vessel density in mammary tumors from dogs
Authors: Griffey Stephen M. , Verstraete Frank J. M. , Kraegel Susan A. , Lucroy Michael D. , Madewell Bruce R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether intratumoral microvessel density can be used to distinguish benign from malignant mammary tumors in dogs and to predict the outcome of surgical treatment for small volume (< 3-cm diameter) tumors.

Sample Population
Tissue sections from 58 mammary tumors (42 malignant and 16 benign) from dogs.

Procedure
Mammary tumors were stained by immunohistochemistry for factor VIII-related antigen. Computer-assisted image analysis was used to determine intratumoral vessel density in immunostained areas. Total vascular density (TVD), calculated from 3 non-overlapping fields, was analyzed for correlation with patient or tumor histomorphologic characteristics, and results obtained by surgical treatment of small volume tumors.

Results
Mean TVD of malignant tumors was significantly greater than that of benign tumors. Total vascular density was not correlated with patient age, sex, reproductive status, clinical tumor stage, or histologic type. For small volume (< 3-cm diameter) malignant tumors, mean TVD was higher in tumors that recurred after surgery than in tumors that did not recur; however, TVD was not predictive of time to recurrence.

Conclusion and Clinical Implications
Immunohistochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis allowed objective quantitation of intratumoral microvessel density in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Tumors with high TVD were more likely to recur after surgical treatment than tumors with low TVD suggesting that TVD measurements can be used by the clinician, in addition to histologic type and clinical stage, to predict prognosis after surgical treatment. These data also provide rationale for use of antiangiogenesis strategies for treatment of malignant mammary tumors in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1238-1242)
Long-term surgical preparation of portal vein-drained viscera for determination of their nutritional requirements in preruminant calves
Authors: Nappert Germain , Naylor Jonathan M. , Semple Hugh A. , Ferguson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a surgical preparation to study the nutrient concentration difference across the portal vein-drained viscera of preruminant calves over a 2-week period.

Animals
9 healthy preruminant male Holstein calves.

Procedure
A bilateral subcostal approach was used to reach the portal area to provide access for proper placement of an ultrasonic transit time flow probe around the portal vein. The umbilical vein was used as an entry point for the portal vein catheter. The femoral artery was also catheterized. Calves were observed daily, and food intake was recorded. Body weight was recorded weekly. The calves were euthanatized, and necropsy was performed 2 weeks after surgery.

Results
Of the 9 calves, 7 recovered without surgical complications. Within 24 hours of surgery, 1 calf developed an intestinal hernia at the flank incision that was surgically repaired without further complications. One calf was euthanatized a week after surgery because it developed septicemia secondary to catheter-related infection.

Conclusion
The bilateral subcostal approach provided access to the portal area, and the umbilical vein was useful as an entry point. Application of an ultrasonic flow probe provided consistent measurements of blood flow over a 2-week period.

Clinical Relevance
These results may have implications for development of treatment to promote gastrointestinal tract healing in calves with diarrhea. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1323-1328)
Use of a [13C]urea breath test for detection of gastric infection with Helicobacter spp in dogs
Authors: Cornetta Angelyn M. , Simpson Kenneth W. , Strauss-Ayali Dalit , McDonough Patrick L. , Gleed Robin D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate a [13C]urea breath and blood test (UBBT) for detection of gastric infections with Helicobacter spp in dogs.

Animals
8 Beagles with, and 3 Beagles without, gastric Helicobacter spp infection.

Procedure
The UBBT was evaluated in dogs of known infection status before and after treatment with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and famotidine (AMF). A standard dose of [13C]urea (4 mg/kg of body weight) was given, and breath and blood samples were obtained at 0, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after administration. Effect of AMF treatment on breath and blood 13CO2 values, gastric urease activity (GUA), and gastric spiral organisms (GSO) was evaluated 3 to 4 and 28 to 29 days after 14 days of AMF treatment.

Results
Breath and blood 13CO2 values were higher in infected dogs than uninfected dogs. Endogenous 13CO2 production was minimal. Breath and blood 13CO2 values varied by 10 and 13%, respectively, between test periods. There was a correlation (R2 = 0.985) between breath and blood 13CO2 values. In 6 of 8 infected dogs, these values were decreased 3 days after completion of AMF administration and biopsy specimens lacked GSO and GUA. For these 6 dogs, breath and blood 13CO2 values were variable 28 days after completion of AMF treatment, and were associated with recurrence of GSO in 6 dogs and GUA in 4 dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results of this study indicate that UBBT may provide a noninvasive procedure for detection of gastric infections with Helicobacter spp in dogs. Treatment with amoxicillin, metronidazole, and famotidine may not be effective in eradicating gastric infections with Helicobacter spp in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1364–1369)
Innervation of the equine mature and immature proximal sesamoid bone by calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P-containing nerves
Authors: Cornelissen B. P. M. , Buma P. , Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , Barneveld A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To localize and determine relative frequency of occurrence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) fibers in the proximal sesamoid bones (PSB) and adjacent structures in sound horses.

Sample Population
4 foals and 3 adult horses.

Procedure
Medial PSB and adjacent ligaments of both forelimbs were collected, flushed, and fixed in buffered 4% formalin. The left PSB were cut into 5 longitudinal, sagittally oriented slabs, and the right PSB were cut into 5 transverse slabs. After decalcification in EDTA, slices were transferred to a 30% sucrose solution, deep frozen, sectioned (80 μm), and stored in Tris-buffered saline solution for free-floating immunocytochemical processing, staining of which was performed by use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with polyclonal rabbit antibodies against CGRP and SP. Sections were examined by light microscopy.

Results
Calcitonin gene-related peptide and SP fibers were present throughout the PSB; in ligaments, they were concentrated at the attachment sites. Presentation of the fibers, the innervation pattern, and intensity in the bones of horses differed from that in foals, in which the fibers were more delicate and frequency of occurrence was lower. In horses, innervation with CGRP and SP fibers was more dense in the periphery of the bone, whereas in foals, local difference in innervation of the bone was not evident. With the exception of the intersesamoidean ligament, ligaments were more richly innervated than was bone.

Conclusion
Presence of the nociceptive peptides CGRP and SP indicated that the PSB and, more practically, the adjacent ligaments are sensitive structures. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1378–1385)
Anatomic site and interanimal variability in morphologic characteristics of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) skin likely to affect dermal absorption studies
Authors: Colbert A. , Stoskopf M. , Brownie C. , Scott G. I. , Levine J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate anatomic site and interanimal variability in dolphin skin for use in development of models for cutaneous absorption studies.

Sample Population
Skin from 30 healthy free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (17 males and 13 females grouped by age) and 10 captive males between 13 and 19 years old.

Procedure
Biopsy specimens were collected from the 10 male dolphins at 3 anatomic sites and from the 30 dolphins at 1 site; specimens were evaluated by light microscopy. Stratum externum thickness, minimal depth to the vasculature, and maximal epidermal depth were measured at 4 locations on 4 sequential sections. Comparisons of replicate measurements for 3 skin characteristics were made within and among anatomic sites, between dolphins of the same sex and approximate age, and across males and females of various ages.

Results
The stratum externum in male dolphins was thicker. Differences attributable to age and anatomic site were not significant. Variation attributable to differences in stratum externum thickness between dolphins was significant. Differences among body sites within the same dolphin were significant but were not consistent from dolphin to dolphin. Mean stratum externum thickness was not different between males of the 2 cohorts, but mean maximal epidermal depth and mean minimal depth to the vasculature were different. Variances within the 2 male cohorts were not significantly different.

Conclusions
Studies affected by stratum externum thickness should eliminate the effect attributable to sex difference by using dolphins of the same sex or grouping analytical data by sex. Precision could be improved without increasing the total number of dolphins by collecting more than 1 sample/dolphin. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1398–1403)
Evaluation of a diagnostic monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of a 26- to 28-kd Fasciola hepatica coproantigen in cattle
Authors: Abdel-Rahman Salma M. , O'Reilly Kathy L. , Malone John B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a monoclonal antibody-based capture ELISA for detection of a 26- to 28-kd coproantigen of Fasciola hepatica in the feces of infected cattle.

Animals
27 crossbred yearling calves, 2 New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedure
A capture ELISA that uses a previously described monoclonal antibody (MAB) M2D5/D5F10 was developed. The MAB was used to capture the antigen from the feces, and hyperimmune rabbit serum raised against the purified 26- to 28-kd glycoprotein was used to detect the coproantigen. This test was used for the detection of the antigen in the feces of 27 experimentally infected calves with known numbers of flukes. Fecal specimens obtained before infection from the same calves were used as negative controls.

Results
The assay results identified all calves infected with more than 10 flukes at necropsy, and as little as 300 pg of coproantigen/ml of fecal supernatant was detected. The assay results correlated well with the number of flukes, suggesting that it is possible to estimate fluke burden. Infections as early as 6 weeks’ duration were detected, before flukes mature to adults and start to shed eggs.

Conclusions
In experimentally infected calves, the coproantigen capture ELISA was more sensitive and easier to perform than microscopic examination for the diagnosis of F hepatica infection; moreover, 6-week-old prepatent infections were detectable.

Clinical Relevance
This capture ELISA containing an F hepatica 26- to 28-kd coproantigen is a quantitative assay that is more sensitive than fecal egg counting. In addition, the assay is rapid, easy to perform and lends itself well to large numbers of samples. Because it is antigen based, the ELISA may be useful for diagnosis of F hepatica infection in other species, including human beings. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:533–537)
Venezuelan field trials of vaccines against brucellosis in swine
Authors: Lord Veronica R. , Cherwonogrodzky John W. , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Lord Rexford D. , Marcano Mabel J. , Meléndez Gerardo E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate live attenuated Brucella abortus RB51, killed B suis cells, O-polysaccharide (OPS) from B abortus 1119-3 and OPS from B suis 1330, for protection of swine against B suis challenge exposure under farm conditions.

Animals
10 infected boars, 160 unvaccinated control sows and their 1,040 progeny, and 610 vaccinated sows and their 6,600 progeny.

Procedure
Gilts (45 to 65 days or 4 to 6 months old) were vaccinated or not vaccinated. For the latter gilts, additional variables studied were dose, number of doses, and delivery route. Mature gilts were mated with 4 infected boars, then serologic reaction to Brucella spp, results of bacteriologic culture of vaginal secretions, presence of abortion, and litter size were assessed. Various tissues obtained from aborted fetuses were obtained for culture of Brucella spp.

Results
About 40% of unvaccinated control gilts seroconverted to Brucella spp, 27% were positive for OPS precipitation by use of agar gel immunodiffusion, 23% aborted their fetuses, and the remaining gilts had litters of 5 to 8 pigs. Killed B suis cells provided the following protection: 25% of vaccinates were seropositive, 5% had positive results of agar gel immunodiffusion, 5% aborted, and the remaining gilts had litters of 7 to 8 pigs. Gilts that received live RB51 or OPS vaccine were protected. Serologic reactions were always negative, abortion did not occur (ie, 100% were protected), and litter size was 10 to 12 pigs.

Conclusions
Live attenuated B abortus RB51 or purified OPS was effective in protecting gilts against B suis infections. Dose (106 to 109 cells, 100 to 500 μg, respectively), number of doses (1 or 3), or route (IM or PO) made little difference. Further research is required to determine why these 2 vaccine candidates are similar in protection effectiveness and whether they can be used after infection as a treatment. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:546–551)
Demonstration of a capsule on Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
Authors: Niang Mamadou , Rosenbusch Ricardo F. , Andrews John J. , Kaeberle Merlin L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae for presence of a capsule and its potential role in adherence.

Sample Population
17 isolates of M ovipneumoniae and 2 isolates of M arginini, recovered from sheep with respiratory tract disease.

Procedure
Mycoplasmas were cultured in modified Friis broth medium, ovine fetal lung cells, or ovine tracheal ring explants. Pelleted mycoplasmas or ring cultures infected with mycoplasmas were treated with ruthenium red or polycationic ferritin and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Reactivity of several lectins with the mycoplasmas was studied by use of a microtitration plate agglutination test.

Results
Electron microscopy revealed a large number of M ovipneumoniae cells covered with an electron dense-stained amorphous material suggesting that it was a capsule. Multiple passages of the microorganisms in modified Friis broth medium decreased thickness of the capsule, but not percentage of cells encapsulated. Marked differences were observed when M ovipneumoniae isolates grown in modified Friis broth medium or co-cultured with ovine fetal lung cells were compared for capsular thickness or percentage of encapsulation. In thin sections of ruthenium red-stained tracheal ring cultures, the mycoplasmas appeared to be in close contact with cilia through their capsule. All isolates of M ovipneumoniae reacted strongly with wheat germ agglutinin lectin.

Conclusions
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae produces a polysaccharide capsule with variable thickness that is dependent on culture conditions and strain. Morphologic observations suggest that this capsule facilitates adherence of the organism to ciliated epithelium. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:557–562)
Diagnostic implications of concurrent inoculation with attenuated and virulent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Lager Kelly M. , Wesley Ronald D. , Clouser Deborah F. , Vorwald Ann C. , Roof Michael B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the predominant strain of progeny virus in samples obtained from cell cultures and pigs exposed simultaneously to attenuated and virulent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Sample population
Cell cultures and twenty 4-week-old pigs.

Procedure
Cell cultures and pigs were simultaneously exposed to various relative concentrations of an attenuated, cell-culture-adapted vaccine strain and a virulent field strain of PRRSV. Progeny virus obtained at selected intervals thereafter was tested to determine strain identity by use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.

Results
Progeny virus from infected cell cultures comprised the attenuated strain, alone or in combination with the virulent strain, except when cultures had been exposed to a large excess (> 100,000-fold) of the virulent strain. Progeny virus from infected pigs comprised only the virulent strain regardless of the relative concentrations of the 2 strains to which the pigs had been exposed.

Conclusions
During concurrent replication in cell cultures, the attenuated strain quickly predominated. Conversely, during concurrent replication in pigs, the virulent strain quickly predominated.

Clinical Relevance
It is unlikely that only an attenuated strain of PRRSV would be identified by RFLP testing of samples obtained from pigs concurrently infected with a virulent strain of PRRSV. Nevertheless, the ability of a cell-culture-adapted attenuated strain of PRRSV to predominate during cell culture passage (the first step in the current RFLP testing procedure) indicated that, if possible, samples should be obtained from pigs that do not have a history of direct or indirect exposure to attenuated-virus vaccine. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:119–122)