bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of genetic risk factors for periodontitis and possible mechanisms of action
Authors: Loos Bruno G. , John Raymond P. , Laine Marja L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim: To review the literature for genetic risk factors associated with periodontitis.Methods: Computerized search of the literature in English using key words: Periodontitis; Genes; Mutation; Polymorphism; Risk.Results and Conclusions: Mutations in the cathepsin C gene (CTSC) have been identified as causal for the Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (PLS), which includes prepubertal periodontitis (PP). Some CTSC mutations are causal for PP without PLS. No relationship has been demonstrated between CTSC mutations and other forms of periodontitis. Genetic polymorphisms in a candidate gene approach have been explored as risk factors for periodontitis. There is limited evidence that some polymorphisms in the genes encoding interleukins (IL)‐1, Fcgamma receptors (FcγR), IL‐10 and the vitamin D receptor, may be associated with periodontitis in certain ethnic groups. However relatively large variations in carriage rates of the Rare (R)‐alleles among studies on any polymorphism were observed. The available studies appear under‐powered and do not adequately take into account other pertinent risk factors for periodontitis. Future studies should include larger cohorts, should clearly define phenotypes and should adequately control for other risk factors. In addition to the candidate gene approach, alternative strategies need to be considered to elucidate the gene variations, which confer risk for periodontitis.
Effect of genetic variability on the inflammatory response to periodontal infection
Authors: Shapira Lior , Wilensky Asaf , Kinane Denis F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim: To review the association between genetic variability and the inflammatory response induced by periodontal infection.Material and Methods: A search of MEDLINE‐PubMed was performed from January 2000 up to and including March 2005. The search included all types of publications, published in English without other limitations. The following search terms were used: “cytokine polymorphism”, “gene polymorphism”, “periodontitis”, “gingivitis”, “inflammation” and “host‐response”. The papers resulting from the above search were used as an additional source for relevant articles.Results: Genetic variability was examined for the correlation to clinical indicators of inflammation such as bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival inflammation, cytokine in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and cytokine production by inflammatory cells. According to the current literature, most of the studies found no association between genetic variability and BOP, gingival inflammation or cytokine concentrations in the GCF. These studies were hampered by inappropriate study designs and the use of inflammatory parameters as secondary rather than primary outcome variables. The data suggest that the production of inflammatory mediators by inflammatory cells may be affected by different genetic traits but further studies are needed in order to establish this association.Conclusions: To date, there is no clear correlation between any of the gene polymorphisms and clinical indicators of inflammation. The powering of studies to reveal associations between single or multiple nucleotide polymorphisms and inflammatory parameters will need to involve a much larger number of subjects than were used in the past. The available data (including the interleukin‐1 composite genotype) do not currently support the utility of such tests in the diagnosis and prognostic assessments of periodontal diseases.
Critical pathways in microbial virulence
Authors: Curtis M. A. , Slaney J. M. , Aduse‐Opoku J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe virulence of a microbe represents a combination of complex factors including the agent's transmissibility and the severity of the disease associated with infection and is also significantly influenced by the susceptibility of the colonized host. Virulence factors may be defined as those products of the organism which are required to complete the various stages of the life cycle leading to pathology in the host. In this review, we examine some of the approaches which have been adopted in other fields of infectious disease in order to categorically identify virulence factors using a classical genetics approach with relevant models or human subjects. The absence of an accurate experimental model for periodontal disease means that our understanding of the microbial virulence determinants and pathways in this disease remains hypothetical and based largely on observations in vitro. However, factors which enable the organism to persist in spite of the elevated immune and inflammatory pressure at sites of disease are liable to be critical. Periodontal bacterial genomics is liable to make a significant impact on the field through an increased appreciation of the role of gene acquisition and gene loss in the evolution of periodontal bacteria and of the consequences of strain variation in gene content on virulence potential.
Generation of inflammatory stimuli: how bacteria set up inflammatory responses in the gingiva
Authors: Madianos P. N. , Bobetsis Y. A. , Kinane D. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectives: The primary aetiologic factor of periodontal disease is the bacterial biofilm. Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria possess a plethora of structural or secreted components that may cause direct destruction to periodontal tissues or stimulate host cells to activate a wide range of inflammatory responses. These responses are intended to eliminate the microbial challenge, but may often cause further tissue damage.Methods: This review has been divided into three parts: (a) bacterial virulence factors, which includes basic information on bacterial virulence factors, and the principle inflammatory responses that host cells elicit against these factors, (b) main receptors and signalling pathways, which includes basic information about the main receptors that interact with the bacterial virulence factors, the nature of these interactions, and the activated signalling pathways that lead to inflammatory responses, and (c) initiation of inflammation, which includes a model by which the virulence factors may interact with host cells and lead to inflammatory responses in the gingiva.Findings and Conclusions: Bacterial components/virulence factors may be involved in modulating inflammatory responses and include: lipopolysaccharides (LPS), peptidoglycans, lipotechoic acids, fimbriae, proteases, heat‐shock proteins, formyl‐methionyl peptides, and toxins. Potential host cell receptors involved in recognizing bacterial components and initiating signalling pathways that lead to inflammatory responses include: Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), CD14, nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain proteins (Nod) and G‐protein‐coupled receptors, including formyl‐methionyl peptide receptors and protease‐activated receptors. Of the above bacterial and host molecules, evidence from experimental animal studies implicate LPS, fimbriae, proteases, TLRs, and CD14 in periodontal tissue or alveolar bone destruction. However, evidence verifying the involvement of any of the above molecules in periodontal tissue destruction in humans does not exist.
Emission line variability of RS Ophiuchi
Authors: Zamanov R. K. , Bode M. F. , Tomov N. A. , Porter J. M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We report that the Hα emission line of RS Oph was strongly variable during our 2004 observations on a time-scale of one month. The line consisted of both a double-peaked central narrow component [full width at half-maximum (FWHM) ∼ 220 km s−1] and a strongly variable broad one (FWHM &gt; 2000 km s−1). The base of the Hα line was very broad, with full width at zero intensity ≈ 4600 km s−1 on all spectra from 1986 to 2004. The variability of the broad component extends from −2000 to +2000 km s−1. Most probably this is due either to blobs ejected from the white dwarf (with a typical blob mass estimated to be ∼10−10 M⊙) or to a variable accretion disc wind. We also detected variability of the He iiλ4686 line on a time-scale shorter than 1 d. The possible origin is discussed.
The metal enrichment of elliptical galaxies in hierarchical galaxy formation models
Authors: Nagashima Masahiro , Lacey Cedric G. , Okamoto Takashi , Baugh Carlton M. , Frenk Carlos S. , Cole Shaun 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We investigate the metal enrichment of elliptical galaxies in the framework of hierarchical models of galaxy formation. The semi-analytical model we use, which has been used to study the metal enrichment of the intracluster medium (ICM) by Nagashima et al., includes the effects of flows of gas and metals both into and out of galaxies and the processes of metal enrichment due to both type Ia and type II supernovae. We adopt a solar neighbourhood initial mass function (IMF) for star formation in discs, but consider models in which starbursts have either a solar neighbourhood IMF or a top-heavy IMF. We find that the α-element abundance in ellipticals is consistent with observed values only if the top-heavy IMF is used. This result is consistent with our previous study on the metal enrichment of the ICM. We also discuss the abundance ratio of α elements to iron as a function of velocity dispersion and metallicity. We find that models with a top-heavy IMF match the α/Fe ratios observed in typical L* ellipticals, but none of the models reproduces the observed increase of α/Fe with velocity dispersion.
Modeling and Simulation of Multiphysics Systems
Authors: Michopoulos John G. , Farhat Charbel , Fish Jacob 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA survey on the evolution of modeling and simulation (M&S) technologies related to multiphysics systems is presented. The concept of a context space for M&S is defined in terms of coexisting fields, domains of interaction, length scales, and computational technologies. Past and present efforts comprising this context space are described as well as their relationship to product development [i.e., efforts of ASME’s Computer and Information in Engineering (CIE) division]. A retrospective of general procedures for developing multifield and multidomain formulations is elucidated for the case fluid-structure interaction pertaining to linear and nonlinear aeroelasticity and aerothermoelasticity as they mostly relate to aerospace applications. Multiscale methodologies and computational technologies associated with M&S generation follow. The evolution of computational and information technologies are also described as they relate to multiphysics M&S. Future potential trends associated with all of these areas conclude this work.
Product Information Exchange: Practices and Standards
Authors: Fenves Steven J. , Sriram Ram D. , Subrahmanian Eswaran , Rachuri Sudarsan 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The paper discusses the evolution of product information exchange from point-to-point exchange of geometry between computer-aided design tools through today’s suite of tools and processes of computer-aided product development (CAPD) to the future fully integrated computer-aided product realization (CAPR) process. The categories of processes and the layers of information exchange are reviewed. The current practice in product information exchange, the relevant information exchange standards, and near-future plans for improvements are presented. The major recent demands on more comprehensive product information exchange are discussed in terms of the exchange of nongeometric information and support of feature-based design, knowledge-based engineering, and management of product variety. Two conceptual frameworks for the support of CAPD and CAPR, representative of current research, are briefly sketched. Finally, a conceptual model of product information exchange is presented so as to define the range of implementation and standardization paths that may be taken in the future.
Hall Effect and Ponderomotive Force in Simple Metals
Authors: Rostoker Norman 
Published: August 2005

The Bloch-Sommerfeld theory of conductivity is applied to the calculation of momentum lost by conduction electrons because of collisions with the crystal lattice. The momentum lost by the conduction electrons, suitably averaged, is interpreted as a force per unit volume acting on the crystal lattice. The calculations provide the basis for a microscopic interpretation of the ponderomotive force f = (1/c)(j×H) per unit volume.
In the case of metals which conduct in a single band, the ponderomotive force f is produced entirely by the action of the Hall electric field on the crystal lattice. When conduction takes place in more than one band f is partially caused by the action of the Hall electric field on the crystal lattice and partially caused by collisions of conduction electrons with the lattice.
American Physicists and Their Graduate Degrees
Authors: Cooper John N. 
Published: August 2005

There are some 4200 physicists listed in the 1949 edition of American Men of Science. Roughly three-fourths have a doctoral degree; only about eight percent have no graduate degree. The number of graduate degrees granted to this group by each of the major American graduate schools has been tabulated. More than 1800 of the 3000 doctoral degrees were awarded by thirteen leading institutions, each-of which granted over one hundred Ph.D. degrees. The University of Chicago has awarded the largest number, 230. After Chicago come Cornell, California (Berkeley), Michigan, California Institute of Technology, Johns Hopkins, Harvard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia, Yale, Wisconsin, Princeton, and Illinois. Over sixty other North American schools and fifty European institutions have granted one or more of the Ph.D. degrees.
A survey of the doctorates awarded during successive five-year periods reveals significant changes in the order of productivity of institutions. Within the past decade many schools have expanded their graduate programs to the point at which they are making significant contributions in training at the doctoral level.
Graphical Solutions to Optical Problems of Three Different Types
Authors: Irons Eric J. 
Published: August 2005

The following problems are considered:
I. Paraxial ray tracing by the focal plane method.—For spherical refracting and reflecting surfaces it is shown that by drawing two secondary axes, one parallel to a ray incident at an arbitrary angle and the other parallel to the path of the same ray after refraction or reflection, the positions of the focal planes are readily established and their necessary properties deduced. The same is done for a lens by a method based on the fact that a focal plane of the first surface is conjugate to a focal plane of the second surface.
II. The variation in the distance L between the conjugate foci of a thin lens (focal length f) with the distance l of one focus from the lens.—A general formula is established, and a simple construction for plotting the graphs between L/f and l/f is described.
III. Refraction by prism combinations and the prism refractometer.—A graphical method is used to discuss the design of the Amici prism, the direct vision spectroscope, and achromatic prisms giving appreciable deviations. A graphical method is also described for finding the refractive index of a liquid from results obtained with a prism refractometer.
The Abbe Theory of Microscopic Vision and the Gibbs Phenomenon
Authors: Rogers G. L. 
Published: August 2005

An elementary discussion of the Abbe theory of microscopic vision is given, suitable for teaching purposes. The effect of the phases in the back focal plane of the objective is briefly outlined. The consequence of limiting the aperture of the system in this plane is shown to be an image marred by diffraction.
The relationship to Fourier's theorem having been indicated, the Gibbs phenomenon is next described. A standard formula for the finite sum of a Fourier series is taken and adapted to the case of imaging a suitable grating with a microscope objective limited by a slit aperture. If the grating slits are very narrow compared with the opaque region separating them, the image of each is shown to be marred by a set of fringes, due to the Gibbs phenomenon, exactly equivalent to the diffraction fringes from the single slit in the microscope objective.
A Way of Representing the Motion of a Classical System as Being along a Geodesic in Space-Time
Authors: Armstrong H. L. 
Published: August 2005

Ordinarily, the Jacobi formulation of classical mechanics describes a system by giving the path of a “system point” in “configuration space,” the path being a geodesic if a metric is suitably defined. Nothing is said, however, about the motion in time.
It is suggested here that, by adding a degree of freedom in uniform motion to serve as a clock, and identifying the time with the coordinate of that degree of freedom, the configuration space can be extended to a space-time, in which the motion is completely described, both in space and in time, as being along a geodesic. Also, by this representation, the idea of “absolute time” is made unnecessary.
A representation such as this is, of course, normal in relativistic theory, but its use here in nonrelativistic mechanics is believed to have some novelty.
Isochronal Spiral Regulator
Authors: Broek J. A. Van den 
Published: August 2005

In 1659 Christiaan Huygens invented the pendulum clock and realizing the lack of isochronism in a simple pendulum, he mounted it between cycloidal cheeks. After many years of trying to adapt this clock to seagoing vessels to determine longitude, he suggested, in 1675, the use of a balance wheel with an elastic wire to control oscillation. At this time the “theory of elasticity” was not sufficiently developed to analyze his balance arrangement.
The first successful effort to establish the laws of isochronism for a balance governed by spiral springs was made by Phillips (Annales des Mines, Tome XX, 1861). However, he did not discuss the problems raised by the use of regulator pins.
The present paper deals with the isochronal balance as influenced by the functioning of spiral springs equipped with regulator pins. To insure isochronal motion of a balance, the inner end of spiral regulator must act on the balance with a pure torque (a moment unaccompanied by any linear reactions), and this torque must be linearly proportional to the angular displacement of the balance. The design of terminals with regulator pins resolves itself to the problem of finding its shape so as to insure isochronal motion.
Resource Letter MB-1 on Experiments with Molecular Beams
Authors: Zorn Jens C. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter MB-1, and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Resource Letter PhM-1 on Philosophical Foundations of Classical Mechanics
Authors: Hesse Mary 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York, 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter PhM-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope. A small booklet containing reprints of some of the fundamental references will soon be available for purchase from the American Institute of Physics.
Resource Letter EEC-1 on the Evolution of Energy Concepts from Galileo to Helmholtz
Authors: Brown Theodore M. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York, 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter EEC-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.