bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imagining Emotions and Appreciating Fiction
Authors: Feagin Susan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capacity of a work of fictional literature to elicit (some) emotional responses is part of what is valuable about it, and having (relevant) emotional responses is part of appreciating it. These claims are not very controversial; perhaps they are even common sense. But philosophy rushes in where common sense fears to tread, raising questions and looking for explanations.
What Is Mental Toughness?
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When singers perform well, they are in a psychological state very different from that which accompanies a poor performance. In performance there are times when everything goes well and other times when it is difficult to put a foot right. When your performance hasn’t worked, what do you do? Most singers go back to their voice teachers to work yet again at the many technical things that they suspect are in need of correction, because they blame any problem with the performance on a technical fault. They check and recheck vocal technical problems; they tape; they listen; they tinker some more: They return to their coach to check and recheck the interpretation, the linguistic values, the dramatic qualities, the musical accuracy, and so on and on.
Transcription Factors and Huinan Disease
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several general principles have emerged from the study of human transcription factors. First, germline mutations in genes encoding transcription factors result in malformation syndromes in which the development of multiple body structures is affected. Second, somatic mutations involving many of the same genes contribute to tumorigenesis. Third, transcriptional regulatory mechanisms demonstrate remarkable evolutionary conservation. Fourth, prenatal development and postnatal physiology are unified by the demonstration that a single transription factor can control the proliferation of progenitor cells during development and the expression within the differentiated cells of gene products that participate in specific physiologic responses. Transcription Factors and Human Disease presents the basic science of transcriptional regulation and then describes inherited human diseases attributable to mutations in DNA sequences encoding transcription factors or their cognate binding sites. The involvement of transcription factors in somatic cell genetic diseases (cancer) and epigenetic disease (teratogenesis) is briefly discussed. The effect of specific mutations on transcription factor activity and the relationship between transcriptional dysregulation, dominant or recessive inheritance patterns, and disease pathogenesis are also explored. This book thus provides a direct connection between molecular defects in transcriptional regulation and human pathophysiology.
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Regulation
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To ensure that the subsequent discussions of transcriptional regulation and molecular pathophysiology will be accessible to those not well versed in this literature, a brief overview will be presented first. Whereas molecular geneticists may wish to forgo this introductory course and proceed directly to the second half of the chapter (beginning with “The Transcription Initiation Complex”), the uninitiated should not do so until the definitions and organizing principles in the first three sections have been thoroughly digested. If additional introductory material is needed, a basic textbook in molecular biology should be consulted (e.g., Lewin, 1997). The most basic (and most misused) terminology in molecular genetics relates to gene structure (Fig. 1.1). For the purposes of this text a gene will be defined as a continuous, uninterrupted, chromosomal (genomic) DNA sequence that constitutes one (or more) transcription unit(s) from the (5’-most) transcription initiation site to the sequence corresponding to the (3’-most) polyadenylation site found in the transcribed messenger RNA(s) (mRNA). This somewhat cumbersome definition takes into ac count genes with multiple transcription initiation and polyadenylation sites. Sequences flanking the transcription unit(s) are referred to as 5’ and 3’-flanking sequences (5’-FS and 3’-FS). Because many cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements are located within flanking sequences, they are not formally considered part of the gene proper.
Cis-Acting Transcriptional Regulatory Elements
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is impossible to discuss the cis-acting DNA sequence elements without reference to the trans-acting factors that bind to these sequences, this chapter will primarily focus on defining the different types of positive and negative cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements. The trans-acting factors will be described in considerable detail in Chapter 3. All the cis-acting elements that affect transcription are defined on the basis of functional criteria. Therefore, none of these elements can be definitively identified solely by the examination of nucleotide sequence data. In general cis-acting elements are DNA sequences containing binding sites for several different transcription factors that are required en bloc for the element to function fully. The first defining criterion is whether the putative element has a positive or negative effect on transcription. In general, positive cis-acting elements contain binding sites for positive trans-acting factors (transcriptional activators) and negative cis-acting elements contain binding sites for negative trans-acting factors (transcriptional repressors). Examples of positive cis-regulatory elements include promoters and enhancers, whereas silencers and transcription-arrest sites represent examples of negative regulatory elements.
PAX Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in the case of the HOX proteins (described in Chapter 9), the PAX proteins represent a family of transcription factors whose members ap pear to play key roles in the development of both invertebrates and vertebrates (reviewed by Chalepakis et al., 1993; Strachan and Read, 1994; Stuart and Gruss, 1995). Nine PAX genes have been identified to date in mice and humans (Fig. 7.1). Unlike the HOX genes, which are clustered at four loci in the human and mouse genomes, mapping of the PAX genes revealed no clustering even though several of the genes have similar genomic structure and coding sequences. The proteins encoded by these genes have in common a unique 128- amino-acid DNA-binding domain, the paired domain. Although the paired domain contains three regions that are predicted to form a heli ces, there is no sequence similarity to the helix-turn-helix motif present in homeodomains. In addition to the paired domain, which is present in all nine PAX proteins, four of the proteins (PAX3, PAX4, PAX6, and PAX7) also contain a homeodomain that contributes to the affinity and specificity of DNA binding by these proteins. Curiously, three PAX proteins (PAX2, PAXS, and PAX8) contain truncated homeodomains of un known function. PAX 1 and PAX9 lack homeodomain-related sequences altogether and must therefore rely entirely on the paired domain for DNA-binding activity.
General Transcription Factors
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As described in Chapter 1, formation of the transcription initiation complex is required for Pol II transcription of protein-coding genes. This complex contains, in addition to the multiple subunits of Pol II, a set of general transcription factors that includes TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH (Table 14.1). These factors are involved in DNA-protein interactions (TFIID only); protein-protein interactions with Pol II, DNA binding transcriptional activators, and activator-bound coactivators; and enzymatic activities (DNA-dependent ATPase, DNA helicase, and protein kinase). In addition, TFIIH appears to play an essential role in both Pol II transcription and DNA repair processes (reviewed by Drapkin et al., 1994). (A complete description of DNA repair is beyond the scope of this book and interested readers should consult an authoritative text by Friedberg et al.[1995].) Among the many genes that encode components of the transcription initiation complex, germline mutations affecting only subunits of TFIIH have been identified as being responsible for hereditable human disorders.
Epigenetic Disease: Teratogenesis
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to germline mutations, which are hereditable and result in malformation syndromes, and somatic mutations, which are nonheredit able and contribute to oncogenesis, teratogenesis can be viewed as resulting from changes in gene expression that are induced by in utero exposure of the developing embryo to an exogenous compound or to increased amounts of an endogenous compound. This differs from the traditional view of teratogenesis as representing the effect of toxins that cause cell death. Although teratogens undoubtedly cause cell death, they may do so not by nonspecific toxic effects on cellular metabolism but by activating specific genetic pathways that lead to an active form of cell death, termed apoptosis, which is an essential process of normal development. Teratogenic exposure of mouse embryos to ethanol or retinoic acid (RA) results in an increased area and density of dying cells at sites of developmentally programmed cell death (Kotch and Sulik, 1992a, b; Sulik et al., 1988). In this chapter, evidence will be presented indicating that the effects of two well-studied teratogens, retinoic acid and ethanol, may be mediated by specific changes in gene expression.
Effects of Tropical Mountain Elevations on the Climate of the Late Carboniferous: Climate Model Simulations
Authors: Otto-Bliesner Bette L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Westphalian (∼305 million years ago [Ma]), during the Late Carboniferous, is interesting from both a geologic and a climatic standpoint. The southern supercontinenf of Gondwana and the tropical continent of Laurussia had collided closing the seaway that had separated them during the Devonian and the Earlier Carboniferous (Ziegler et al., 1979; Scotese, 1994). As a result of this collision, the Central Pangean Mountains, consisting of the Appalachian-Mauretanide-Hercynian orogenic belts, formed at tropical latitudea:s. Based on high-temperature/high-pressure metamorphics found for the late Paleozoic Appalachian mountains, these mountains probably reached over 3 km in altitude (Ziegler et al., 1985).
Role of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge in Neogene Climate Changes
Authors: Wright James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cenozoic climates are marked by long-term cooling since the early Eocene that evolved into the large amplitude glacial/interglacial cycles of the late Pleistocene. Circulation models (both atmospheric and oceanic) have simulated these changes by altering the concentration of atmospheric trace gases (i.e., increased CO2) or by changing the meridional heat transports (increased delivery of heat to the poles via oceanic circulation) (e.g., Barron, 1983, 1987; Manabe and Bryan, 1985; Rind, 1987; Covey and Barron, 1988; Covey and Thompson, 1989; Manabe et al., 1990; Rind and Chandler, 1991). There is evidence in support of both mechanisms, leaving unclear the fundamental cause of the long-term climate change during the Cenozoic. Identifying mechanisms that triggered Cenozoic cooling has focused on tectonic changes, both marine and terrestrial, that fundamentally altered the ocean-atmosphere system. Arrangements of continents and marine gateways dictate surface and deep-water circulation patterns, and therefore, how water masses communicate between the ocean basins. Opening of the Drake Passage and uplift of the Central American Isthmus are two gateways that are often associated with climate change. The Drake Passage gateway is thought to be a critical “valve” in the development of a circumpolar circulation that led to the thermal isolation of Antarctica (Kennett, 1977). The closure of the Central American Isthmus has been implicated as a potential causes for largescale Northern Hemisphere glaciation (Keigwin, 1982) and the formation of deepwater in the North Atlantic (Keigwin, 1982; Maier-Reimer et al., 1990).
The Transition From Arc Volcanism to Exhumation, Weathering of Young Ca, Mg, Sr Silicates, and CO2 Drawdown
Authors: Reusch Douglas N , Maasch Kirk A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paleoclimate modelers need estimates of the partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) because CO2 influences the mean global temperature through the greenhouse effect (Arrhenius, 1896). Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere as a result of high temperature decarbonation reactions and low temperature oxidation of organic C. Carbon dioxide leaves the atmosphere either through Ca, Mg silicate weathering and subsequent burial as carbonate or through photosynthesis and subsequent burial as organic C (Ebelmen, 1845). Changes in these C fluxes, brought about by various biological, oceanographic, and tectonic factors, affect atmospheric pCO2 and, consequently, Earth’s climate (Plass, 1956; Bemer, 1990).
General Principles of Expression
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will begin by giving the three principles, which appear to me to account for most of the expressions and gestures involuntarily used by man and the lower animals, under the influence of various emotions and sensations.* I arrived, however, at these three principles only at the close of my observations. They will be discussed in the present and two following chapters in a general manner. Facts observed both with man and the lower animals will here be made use of; but the latter facts are preferable, as less likely to deceive us. In the fourth and fifth chapters, I will describe the special expressions of some of the lower animals; and in the succeeding chapters those of man. Everyone will thus be able to judge for himself, how far my three principles throw light on the theory of the subject. It appears to me that so many expressions are thus explained in a fairly satisfactory manner, that probably all will hereafter be found to come under the same or closely analogous heads.
General Principles of Expression–continued
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will now consider our second principle, that of antithesis.* Certain states of the mind lead, as we have seen in the last chapter, to certain habitual movements which were primarily, or may still be, of service; and we shall find that when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these have never been of any service. A few striking instances of antithesis will be given, when we treat of the special expressions of man; but as, in these cases, we are particularly liable to confound conventional or artificial gestures and expressions with those which are innate or universal, and which alone deserve to rank as true expressions, I will in the present chapter almost confine myself to the lower animals.
Reflection – Meditation – Ill-temper – Sulkiness - Determination
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The corrugators, by their contraction, lower the eyebrows and bring them together, producing vertical furrows on the forehead – that is, a frown. Sir C. Bell, who erroneously thought that the corrugator was peculiar to man, ranks it as ‘the most remarkable muscle of the human face. It knits the eyebrows with an energetic effort, which unaccountably, but irresistibly, conveys the idea of mind.’ Or, as he elsewhere says, ‘when the eyebrows are knit, energy of mind is apparent, and there is the mingling of thought and emotion with the savage and brutal rage of the mere animal.’*
Conceptual Perspectives on Family Care and Work
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been an extensive historical debate regarding the interplay between work and family in American life. The relationship has been characterized at times as symbiotic; at other times it as been described as predominantly conflictual. While scholars from many fields-sociology, psychology, social welfare, demography, law, economics, and others-have entered the debate, there is relatively little agreement about how these two pivotal life foci interface and interact.
Impact of Gender, Ra.Ce/Ethnicity, and Occupational Role
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demographic trends in this country show that women and racial and ethnic minorities are comprising an increasing portion of the American work force. Women accounted for at least two-thirds of the growth in the labor market in the past decade. In addition, there has been considerable growth in the participation of Hispanic, African-, and Asian Americans in the labor force. While whites remain the largest group in the formal labor market, the proportion of non-white workers increased from 20 percent in 1986 to 25 percent in 1996. By the year 2006, non-whites are expected to account for 27 percent of the labor force (Jacobs, 1998).
The Temporal Organization of Behavior
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we saw that even with the simplest withdrawal reflexes, where the causal relationship between stimulus and response leaves little room for complicated neural circuitry, the expression of behavior is affected by an animal’s past experience through the processes of habituation, sensitization, and associative learning. Earlier, we saw that the more complex behaviors of feeding and mating are influenced by motivational states. In this chapter we consider some additional factors that influence the expression of behavior in gastropods, where the common element is the constraint of time.
Hormonal Influences on Osteoporosis and Fractures: An Epidemiologic Perspective
Authors: Cauley Jane A , Lucas Frances Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue with a consequent increase in bone fragility and fractures after minimal trauma. An expert panel convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a definition of osteoporosis based on bone densitometry: osteopenia is a bone mineral density (BMD) measurement of the hip, spine, or distal forearm of &gt;1.0 but ::52.5 standard deviations (SD) below the young normal mean; osteoporosis is a BMD at one of the three sites of &gt;2.5 SD below the young normal mean. The purpose of this operational definition of osteoporosis was to estimate the worldwide prevalence of the disease. It is currently used clinically to identify women in need of treatment or prevention of osteoporosis. Although the WHO definition relies solely on BMD measurements, with no consideration of the “microarchitectural” deterioration in bone tissue that accompanies the loss of bone mass, it is believed that BMD measurements do provide some information on the microarchitectural properties of bone, especially if the problems are severe.
Contraceptive Choices and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Women
Authors: Cates Willard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using contraception has two main benefits: prevention of unplanned pregnancy and protection against sexually transmitted infections. Abstinence from sexual intercourse provides nearly absolute protection against both outcomes. For those choosing to be sexually active, contraception reduces but does not eliminate the risk of unintended pregnancy. Unfortunately, the contraceptives with the best record for pregnancy prevention provide minimal protection against sexually transmitted disease (STD). Some contraceptives may even raise the risk of certain infections.
The Autocatalytic Nature of Hominid Evolution in African Plio-Pleistocene Environments
Authors: McKee Jeffrey K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causal explanations of hominid evolution may be derived from a synthesis of paleontological data and evolutionary theory. Paleoecological perspectives gleaned from the fossil record may contribute the critical element of time depth for testing hypotheses derived from interdisciplinary research on contemporary evolutionary and ecological phenomena. The challenges for paleoecologists are to correctly interpret fossil data in light of the inherently incomplete nature of the fossil record and to reconcile long-term perspectives gained from interpretations of the past with what is known from the present. The theoretical perspective of autocatalytic evolution, viewing evolutionary change as a result of intraspecific changes independent of external events, may provide an appropriate yet counterintuitive solution to these challenges.
Correlation and Causation
Authors: Turner Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should we conduct the study of human evolution? There can be no disputing the need to examine the hominid fossils and their archaeological associations, but what of the larger context within which such evidence occurs? In their recent discussion of new hominid material from the Malawi Rift, Bromage et al. (1995b) argued for a paradigm shift in paleoanthropology away from narrower, character-based taxonomic analyses toward a wider, ecologically oriented understanding of hominid evolution. Viewed from that perspective, they suggested, habitat and habitat change in particular may be “as relevant to the characterisation of a paleospecies, its evolution, and its speciation, as are details of the simple morphological characters themselves” (Bromage et al., 1995b:105). The Malawi meeting was a logical outcome of efforts to set hominid evolution into that larger, paleoecological picture.
Cenozoic Climate Change
Authors: Denton George H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hypothesis that climatic changes initiated major biotic evolutionary events carries the prediction that patterns of macroevolution should display temporally concentrated pulses correlated with climatic and environmental change (Vrba, this volume). For example, Vrba ( l 985b,c,d) argued that turnover pulses of many lineages of mammals were triggered by major Cenozoic environmental changes. One such major burst of evolution was roughly coincident with a marked mid-Pliocene paleoclimatic change that culminated about 2.5 m.y. when Africa became cooler and drier (Vrba, 1975). One possible conclusion from Wood’s (1992a) results is that two hominid lineages evolved from Australopithecus afarensis about 3.0 m.y. near the beginning of the mid-Pliocene climatic deterioration. One of these lineages led to Homo, the other to the robust australopithecines. In this regard Bromage et al. (1995b) suggested that Homo rudolfensis and Paranthropus aethiopicus evolved from Australopithecus afarensis prior to or about 2.5 m.y. If climate changes were indeed coeval with evolutionary pulses, then this opens the possibility that the basic mechanisms driving paleoclimate and evolution may be linked. As a background for testing this hypothesis, I outline here the major Cenozoic climatic changes that culminated in a succession of ice ages beginning in mid-Pliocene time. I divide the discussion into two parts. One part involves long-term Cenozoic climatic cooling; the other part concerns high-frequency oscillations superimposed on this long-term cooling trend.