bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENHANCED ERYTHROPOIESIS WITH CONCOMITANT DIMINISHED GRANULOPOIESIS IN PREIRRADIATED RECIPIENT MICE
Authors: Hellman Samuel , Grate Helen E. 
Published: June 2004

Three different methods of measuring the proliferative capacity of transplanted mouse bone marrow were used to study the effects of preirradiation of the recipient. Recipient mice were exposed to 700 R and given graded numbers of syngeneic bone marrow. 7 days were allowed for proliferation of these cells, and then the granulocytic or erythrocytic progeny was measured. The former was determined by the response to endotoxin, and the latter by the incorporation of radioactive iron into newly formed red blood cells. Erythropoiesis, therefore, could be measured independently from granulopoiesis by these techniques. The third method used was the spleen colony method of Till and McCulloch (5).
Recipient animals exposed to 150 R preirradiation, 7 days before 700 R and bone marrow transplantation, demonstrated an increase in erythropoiesis with a concommittant decrease in granulopoiesis compared to similar recipients not preirradiated. The spleen colony technique showed that while the number of colonies were the same in both groups, the colonies themselves were significantly larger in the preirradiated animals. Since such colonies are primarily erythropoietic, this finding is consistent with the other methods. The results can be explained by assuming the presence of a hematopoietic stem cell which, in these preirradiated recipients, is directed towards erythropoiesis at the expense of granulopoiesis.
ANTIGEN-INDUCED RELEASE OF SLOW REACTING SUBSTANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS (SRS-ARAT) IN RATS PREPARED WITH HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY
Authors: Orange Robert P. , Valentine Martin D. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: June 2004

The polymorphonuclear leukocyte appears to be an essential cellular prerequisite for the antigen-induced release of SRS-Arat in the peritoneal cavity of rats prepared with homologous, hyperimmune antisera. Depletion of PMN leukocytes is associated with a marked suppression of SRS-Arat release, whereas depletion of circulating lymphocytes or peritoneal mast cells does not influence the antigen-induced release of SRS-Arat. A local increase in the number of PMN leukocytes produced by the induction of a peritoneal exudate was associated with an enhanced release of SRS-Arat.
A distinct difference in the cellular requirements for the antigen-induced release of histamine and SRS-Arat in the rat was observed. Homocytotropic antibody-mediated histamine release could be achieved in leukopenic rats but not in mast cell-depleted animals. Conversely, SRS-Arat release was suppressed in leukopenic rats but was unaffected by mast cell depletion.
Diethylcarbamazine inhibited the antigen-induced release of SRS-Arat following preparation with homologous, hyperimmune antisera but did not interfere with homocytotropic antibody-mediated histamine release. In preventing SRS-Arat release, diethylcarbamazine did not interfere with antigen-antibody interaction since desensitization of tissues was possible in the presence of this inhibitor. This observation is consistent with the view that diethylcarbamazine inhibits the reaction sequence leading to the formation and release of SRS-Arat at some step subsequent to antigen-antibody interaction.
These studies support the view that the immunologic pathways leading to the release of SRS-Arat and histamine in the rat are distinctly different in terms of the immunoglobulins involved, the cellular prerequisites, and the effective pharmacologic inhibitors.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF PLAQUE-FORMING CELLS
Authors: Koros Aurelia M. C. , Mazur John M. , Mowery Margaret J. 
Published: June 2004

A method has been described for obtaining radioautographs of plaque-forming cells. The method permits radioautographic analyses of small numbers of plaque-forming cells amidst large populations of non-plaque-forming cells. Spleen cells that were pulse-labeled with tritiated thymidine could be categorized readily as labeled or not labeled.
Using this method it was found that (a) at least 55% of plaque-forming cells which appear 3 days after a maximal stimulus of 4 x 108 sheep red cells are still capable of DNA synthesis, and must have arisen by cell proliferation; (b) the rate of proliferation of plaque-forming cells is proportional to the log of the dose of antigen; (c) the S period of plaque-forming cells is at least 2 hr, appears to be constant, and is not influenced by antigen dose. The results suggest that antigen stimulates proliferation of plaque-forming cells by hastening their transit through the G1 phase of the generative cycle.
INTERACTIONS OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM WITH ENDOTOXIC LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Snyderman R. , Gewurz H. , Mergenhagen S. E. 
Published: June 2004

Endotoxic lipopolysaccharide has recently been shown to fix large amounts of the complement components related to the biologic activities mediated by that system. The present study sought to determine whether the generation of chemotactic factor by endotoxin in serum was dependent upon complement system activation.
Preheating serum, incubating at 0°C, or incubating in the presence of EDTA, all prevented chemotactic factor generation as well as complement fixation by endotoxin. "Endotoxoids" deficient in complement-firing activity were also deficient in chemotactic factor generation. Chemotactic factor could not be generated by endotoxin in sera of mice congenitally deficient in the C'S component of complement, while chemotactic factor was generated by endotoxin in the sera of coisogenic mice with normal complement levels for that species.
The chemotactic factor induced by endotoxin was heat stable and nondialyzable. Molecular sieve chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation demonstrated that the chemotactic factor was a relatively low molecular weight product (15,000–30,000) and as such different from previously scribed C' system-derived chemotactic factors.
These experiments demonstrate that generation of chemotactic factor by endotoxin in serum is dependent upon C' system activation involving at least C'5. Furthermore, the relatively low molecular weight of this factor suggests that it might be derived from activation of a single complement component rather than from complexing of multiple complement components.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGENS OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Authors: Krupey John , Gold Phil , Freedman Samuel O. 
Published: June 2004

A procedure has been described for the purification of the carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA) of the human digestive system. Tumor tissue extraction in 0.6 M perchloric acid followed by paper block electrophoresis and column chromatography on Sephadex G-200 resulted in highly purified CEA preparations as determined by both immunological and physicochemical criteria.
The properties and composition of five different purified CEA preparations derived from digestive system cancer metastases were examined. The findings demonstrated a high degree of uniformity amongst these samples. Sedimentation coefficients ranged from 6.9 to 8S. Each sample showed the presence of 14 different amino acid residues and six different carbohydrate constituents (four of which could be quantitated with the amount of material available for analyis). Studies of a purified CEA preparation from a primary hepatoma yielded results which, in some respects, differed from those obtained with the CEA samples of metastatic tumor origin. The implications of these variations were discussed with regard to the probable presence of non-CEA components in the hepatoma preparation.
Of primary importance was the observation that the few normal adult digestive system tissues tested failed to show the presence of constituents similar to the CEA. This finding would seem to indicate that, in the adult, the carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system are qualitatively tumor-specific and are not dectectable in comparable normal tissues.
ROLE OF MACROPHAGES IN IMMUNOLOGICAL MATURATION
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Transplantation of peritoneal macrophages from thioglycollate-stimulated adult C3H donor mice, into 3-day-old C3H mice results in an enhanced antibody response to simultaneously injected SRBC. The increase in immuno-competence is even more pronounced when 1-day-old C3H mice are pretreated with adult macrophages and sensitized 3 days later with SRBC. Nonviable macrophages or nonviable spleen cells are ineffective.
2. There is a critical period in the development of the neonatal mouse during which the spleen cells benefit from the addition of adult macrophages. Treatment before or beyond this stage is ineffective.
3. Very high doses (20 million) of macrophages are less effective in stimulating antibody synthesis to SRBC than doses of 5 or 10 million, suggesting that a critical ratio of macrophages to immunocompetent cells may be required for enhancing antibody synthesis in young mice.
4. The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that newborn mice are immunologically deficient not because they lack immunocompetent cells but because they lack an antigen recognition or antigen-processing system in the form of functional macrophages.
THE INITIAL LESION IN EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC NEURITIS
Authors: Åström Karl E. , Webster Henry de F. , Arnason Barry G. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was produced in rats by the intradermal injection of an emulsion of peripheral nerve in Freund's adjuvant. Early lesions in perfused sciatic nerves were studied by phase, light, and electron microscopy at intervals up to 15 days following immunization.
Circulating lymphocytes attached focally to the inner surface of blood vessels, primarily venules, to initiate parenchymal lesion formation. Attached cells had the hand mirror configuration typical of the motile lymphocyte. They subsequently flattened against the endothelial surface and then traversed the vascular wall by sinking into and passing through the cytoplasm of endothelial cells. The transgressor and transgressed cell membranes were intact and both cells retained their integrity.
Lymphocytes began to transform and divide intravascularly; these events accelerated extravascularly. Although the migrating cells became larger and more pleomorphic in the perivascular regions, their essential character was in keeping with an origin from circulating lymphocytes. In many lesions, there was fluid with protein, possibly produced by the transformed extravascular cells. The described cellular events precede tissue damage and are likely instrumental in the myelin destruction which follows
THE ENZYMATIC NATURE OF C'1r
Authors: Naff George B. , Ratnoff Oscar D. 
Published: June 2004

Human C'1, a macromolecular complex composed of three subunits, is the zymogen for at least two distinct enzymes. Preparations of one subunit, C'1r, functioned as a protease which converted another subunit, C'1s, to C'1 esterase. The conversion of C'1s to C'1 esterase by C'1r was blocked by Liquoid, phenyl methylsulfonyl fluoride, and calcium ions, but not by soybean trypsin inhibitor, hirudin, or heparin.
Preparations of C'1r also possessed two additional functions, i.e., the ability to hydrolyze certain synthetic amino acid esters and to participate in immune hemolysis. Evidence was presented which indicates that these three functions are properties of a single entity, C'1r, but not of the same portion of its molecular structure. These observations suggest that C'1r has at least two active sites, one for its reaction with C'1q, an additional subunit of C'1, and one for its reaction with C'1s; together, the three subcomponents, C'1q, C'1r, and C'1s, form a single functional unit, the first component of complement.
THE X-Y-Z SCHEME OF IMMUNOCYTE MATURATION
Authors: Byers Vera S. , Sercarz Eli E. 
Published: June 2004

A concentration of 5 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (BSA) prevents the in vitro elicitation of a secondary response in primed rabbit popliteal lymph nodes, if it is left in contact with the node fragments for the first 6 days of culture. No antibody formation can be detected at any time during the culture period in most cases, although occasional fragments are resistant to inhibition. Reducing the exposure time to the first 3 days of culture delays the peak of the antibody response. The inhibition is antigen specific.
Reconstruction experiments demonstrate that the inhibition is not due to antigen masking of the antibody. Even shortly after optimal stimulation, the addition of 5 mg/ml BSA to the fragments was not able to prevent a normal antibody response.
The implications of these findings are that (a) a high antigen concentration suspends the memory cell in a reversibly paralyzed state, (b) memory cells have a heterogeneous susceptibility to inhibition, (c) once induced, the antibody response cannot be inhibited by antigen overloading, (d) unresponsiveness in a primed animal can be due to either exhaustion of the memory cell population or paralysis of the memory cell.
CELL TO CELL INTERACTION IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Nossal G. J. V. , Cunningham A. , Mitchell G. F. , Miller J. F. A. P. 
Published: June 2004

Two new methods are described for making chromosomal spreads of single antibody-forming cells. The first depends on the controlled rupture of cells in small microdroplets through the use of a mild detergent and application of a mechanical stress on the cell. The second is a microadaptation of the conventional Ford technique. Both methods have a success rate of over 50%, though the quality of chromosomal spreads obtained is generally not as good as with conventional methods.
These techniques have been applied to an analysis of cell to cell interaction in adoptive immune responses, using the full syngeneic transfer system provided by the use of CBA and CBA/T6T6 donor-recipient combinations. When neonatally thymectomized mice were restored to adequate immune responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes by injections of either thymus cells or thoracic duct lymphocytes, it was shown that all the actual dividing antibody-forming cells were not of donor but of host origin. When lethally irradiated mice were injected with chromosomally marked but syngeneic mixtures of thymus and bone marrow cells, a rather feeble adoptive immune response ensued; all the antibody-forming cells identified were of bone marrow origin. When mixtures of bone marrow cells and thoracic duct lymphocytes were used, immune restoration was much more effective, and over three-quarters of the antibody-forming mitotic figures carried the bone marrow donor chromosomal marker.
The results were deemed to be consistent with the conclusions derived in the previous paper of this series, namely that thymus contains some, but a small number only of antigen-reactive cells (ARC), bone marrow contains antibody-forming cell precursors (AFCP) but no ARC, and thoracic duct lymph contains both ARC and AFCP with a probable predominance of the former. A vigorous immune response to sheep erythrocytes probably requires a collaboration between the two cell lineages, involving proliferation first of the ARC and then of the AFCP. The results stressed that the use of large numbers of pure thoracic duct lymphocytes in adoptive transfer work could lead to good adoptive immune responses, but that such results should not be construed as evidence against cell collaboration hypotheses.
Some possible further uses of single cell chromosome techniques were briefly discussed.
CELLS INVOLVED IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Singhal Sharwan K. , Richter Maxwell 
Published: June 2004

Cell suspensions of immune rabbit lymph nodes and spleen were capable of undergoing blastogenesis and mitosis and of incorporating tritiated thymidine when maintained in culture with the specific antigen in vitro. They did not respond to other, non-cross-reacting antigens. The blastogenic response obtained with immune lymph node cells could be correlated with the antibody synthesizing capacity of fragment cultures prepared from the same lymph nodes. Cell suspensions of immune bone marrow responded to non-cross-reacting antigens only whereas cell suspensions of immune thymus, sacculus rotundus, and appendix did not respond when exposed to any of the antigens tested.
On the other hand, neither fragments nor cell suspensions prepared from lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus of normal, unimmunized rabbits responded with antibody formation and blastogenesis when exposed to any of the antigens. However, normal bone marrow cells responded with marked blastogenesis and tritiated thymidine uptake. The specificity of this in vitro bone marrow response was demonstrated by the fact that the injection of a protein antigen in vivo resulted in the loss of reactivity by the marrow cell to that particular antigen but not to the other, non-cross-reacting antigens. Furthermore, bone marrow cells of tolerant rabbits failed to respond to the specific antigen in vitro. It was also demonstrated that normal bone marrow cells incubated with antigen are capable of forming antibody which could be detected by the fluorescent antibody technique. This response of the bone marrow cells has been localized to the lymphocyte-rich fraction of the bone marrow.
It is concluded that the bone marrow lymphocyte, by virtue of its capacity to react with blastogenesis and mitosis and with antibody formation upon initial exposure to the antigen, a capacity not possessed by lymphocytes of the other lymphoid organs, has a preeminent role in the sequence of cellular events culminating in antibody formation.
CHEMOTAXIS OF MONONUCLEAR CELLS
Authors: Ward Peter A. 
Published: June 2004

Chemotaxis of rabbit mononuclear cells was studied by the micropore-filter technique. Mononuclear cells obtained from mineral oil-induced peritoneal exudates respond chemotactically to rabbit serum treated with immune complexes or with streptokinase and plasminogen, to soluble factors produced by bacteria, and to lysates obtained from rabbit neutrophils.
The first chemotactic factor requires heat-labile factors in serum for its generation, but, once formed, the chemotactic factor is relatively heat stable. This factor has been compared with the complement-associated factor in serum, C'(5, 6, 7)a, that is chemotactic for neutrophils. The ability to generate the mononuclear cell chemotactic factor in serum that has been treated with potassium thiocyanate suggests that complement is not required. The position of the chemotactic factor in preparative electrophoresis and density-gradient ultracentrifugation indicates that on the basis of physical-chemical criteria, this factor is not C'(5, 6, 7)a.
The mononuclear cell chemotactic factor present in lysates of neutrophils sediments slowly in the ultracentrifuge and may be related, at least in part, to cationic peptides of lysosomal granules.
A study in the time course of the chemotactic response of mononuclear cells reveals that the response begins to level off after 4 or 5 hr. This is in sharp contrast to the time course for the chemotactic response of neutrophils, in which the reaction is complete within 1.5 hr.
Rabbit mononuclear cells obtained from a starch-induced peritoneal exudate respond to serum treated with plasminogen and streptokinase and to the soluble factor produced by bacteria, but no chemotactic response is elicited to serum treated with immune complexes. This indicates a functional difference between two populations of mononuclear cells. Rabbit alveolar macrophages respond poorly to all agents tested, although a weak chemotactic response to bacterial factors was found.
The requirement of a serine esterase in the mononuclear cell for the cell to respond chemotactically was defined by the use of organophosphorus inhibitors. Pretreatment of mononuclear cells with several series of phosphonates renders them unresponsive in the chemotactic system. The effect is similar for mononuclear cells responding chemotactically to activated serum and to the bacterial chemotactic factor. Several points of contrast with inhibition profiles obtained in the chemotactic system of the neutrophil suggest that, while the mononuclear cell requires a serine esterase for chemotactic responsiveness, this enzyme is different from the one previously defined in the neutrophil.
CROSS-REACTIONS AMONG GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Wiley Grove G. , Bruno Pauline N. 
Published: June 2004

Strains of four streptococcal types, 33, 41, 43, 52, and a nontypable strain, Ross, cross-reacted in precipitin and bactericidal tests. The homologous reactions, which determined the type, afforded the major protection and developed promptly and regularly in the serum of rabbits during immunization. The associated cross-reactions, on the other hand, appeared in the serum of certain rabbits only, were often not as strong as the associated homologous reactions, and required for their presence a longer period of immunization than the homologous reactions.
Agar gel analysis of the homologous precipitin reactions revealed, as would be expected, reactions of serological identity, while those cross-reactions which were strong enough to test in this way formed bands of precipitate which joined with spur formation on the side of the homologous reaction.
These experiments and others referred to in the text suggest that cross-protection, as demonstrated in bactericidal tests, is sufficiently widespread to be a factor in streptococcal immunity, if a corresponding protection occurs in vivo. Thus, streptococcal infection with one of the cross-reacting strains might confer, in addition to strong homologous protection, a certain amount of cross-protection.
RECEPTORS FOR COMPLEMENT ON LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Lay Waltraut H. , Nussenzweig Victor 
Published: June 2004

Sheep red blood cells sensitized by 7S, but not by 19S rabbit anti-Forssman antibodies, adhere and form rosettes on mouse macrophages and on a few monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). When, however, C' factors from mouse serum are added to the antigen-19S antibody complex (EAC'), rosettes are formed on most mouse peritoneal macrophages and PMN and on a few monocytes. In addition EAC' also adheres to 10–25% of lymph node lymphocytes but not to thymus lymphocytes. EAC' prepared with 7S anti-Forssman antibodies has identical properties. The adherence of red cells induces an increase in the membrane activity of the leukocytes and causes injury to the red cells which rapidly become deformed and fragmented.
Adherence of EAC' occurs at 37°C and is minimal at 4°C. Probably only the first four C' components are involved in this phenomenon as mouse serum deficient in C'5 or rabbit serum, deficient in C'6 can be used as a source of C' components. Treatment of EAC' with EDTA does not modify its leukocyte-adherence properties. The adherence of EAC' to the leukocytes is not inhibited in the presence of serum.
The receptors for C' on macrophages, PMN, and monocytes differ from those found on lymphocytes. Rosette formation by EAC' on macrophages, PMN, and monocytes depends on divalent cations (Mg++) and can be reversed by Na3H EDTA, while adherence to lymphocytes is independent of these ions and occurs in the presence of 0.01 M Na3H EDTA. Both types of receptors for C' components are destroyed by trypsin treatment of the leukocytes, in contrast with the receptors for 7S antibodies on the same cells which persist after enzyme treatment.