bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems Of Chronology and Methodology
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical Sources Provide No Information about the origins of the Odrysians and the period immediately preceding their rise to prominence is not yet very well defined archaeologically. This phase, which marks the transition from a tribal to a state society and broadly corresponds with the sixth century BC, has so far aroused very little professional interest in its own right. In order to understand where the Odrysians came from and how they related to and differed from their neighbors, a longer perspective must be taken into account.
The Odrysian Kingdom Before Alexander the Great
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At The Beginning Of The Fourth Century the Odrysian kingdom was articulated by a net work of regional centres. Some are documented archaeologically (Vetren, Vasil Levsky, Brezovo, Asara, Mezek; Seuthopolis region; Hisarlik, Kabyle?), others can be inferred from the location of contemporary high-status burials (Duvanli, Pastousha, Dulboki, Tatarevo; and in the north-east, Kapinovo, Rouets, Svetlen). Burials containing Greek bronzes are located at intervals between these first-order interments, confirming the general pat tern of regular, dispersed settlement throughout the Central Plain (figs. 9.1, 9.2).
Tomb Architecture And Decoration
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Remarkable Corbel-Vaulted Tomb Near Brestovitsa, south-west of Plovdiv, is a rare witness to the structural sophistication of native architectural techniques before the advent of ashlar masonry. The ruling elite among the Odrysians soon began commissioning masonry tombs. These in part reflect a desire to build traditional mortuary structures in more durable materials, just as the Royal Skythians were doing. Con temporary architectural fashions also played a significant part.
Programmatic Narrative: Degrees of Relevance
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With this chapter begins the close reading of Horace’s narratives, but we will hardly leave poetics behind. This is not because all of Horace’s poetry is metapoetry, though that may be true. The poems with extended mythological narratives in the Odes opening sweep are paradigmatic for the narratives in the rest of the collection. C. 1. 7 in particular offers itself as the solution to the questions it raises.
Personal Narrative and the Fantastic, or, the Poet Out of Bounds
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mostly, the stories Horace tells about himself engage poetics, no matter the genre. A cavalier blend of the mundane with the fantastic characterizes the lyric stories. The poet averts a wolf’s attack by singing; he misplaces his shield (like a good lyrist), and Mercury air-lifts him from battle; his near death by a falling tree (almost) causes an underworld vision of Sappho and Alcaeus; he witnesses Bacchus teaching nymphs and satyrs their lessons; he turns into a swan; doves ward off vipers and bears from the infant Horace with a tent of symbolic herbs. Poetics binds these stories, even beyond shared motifs. Horace constructs a personal history for himself not as Q. Horatius Flaccus, but as lyrist — that is, ‘personal’ has to do with persona, and, as will become clear, is hardly antithetical to ‘political’. Historical author and literary persona can and do overlap, but the grounding of the lyric poet in a Personal Myth looks to the historical author’s personal story only as fodder for translation into a poetic mythology. The disparity between l’effet du reel and the marvellous forces us to recognize the importance of these events in what the poet makes of them rather than for any intrinsic significance: seeing a wolf is certainly something to tell the neighbours, even if a relatively ordinary occurrence, but only becomes the ground for a poetic manifesto through an act of imagination.
Praising Caesar
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although I would have liked to end this book with the questions posed of narrative interpretability in C. 3. 27, Horace will not let us do so. Odes 4 breaks the seal of the closure set on Odes 1 – 3, with much fanfare attending the return to lyric (Putnam 1986: 30 and passim). The circularity of lyric time always allows for return, but linear history imposes difference. The primary difference for the topic of narrative is that narration in Odes 4 attends only epic, high-style poems of praise, of man or god-. Horace comes closer and closer to retailing Augustus’ res gestae. The apparently clear alignment of narrative with praise in Odes 4 stands with (against?) the last poem in Horace’s unfolding personal narrative in the first collection, where inspiration sweeps aside the poet’s remaining lyric reservations about praising Caesar. Only in retrospect does C. 3. 25 point forward to Odes 4; its role in the first collection is to reinterpret, in a final revision of the poet’s story, what he has already done in the Roman Odes. The different solutions to lyric praise in this poem and in Odes 4 measure the distance between the two collections. Let us step backward — the discussion of C. 3. 2 5 finishes the story told in Chapter 6 — before stepping forward.
Sociolinguistics and Written Texts
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent book on address usage points out that, ‘Address research based on literary sources, to the extent that it aspires to portray language practice and/or the social structure of a period in history, cannot really escape being confronted by the question of whether this task is at all feasible’ (Kiełkiewicz-Janowiak 1992: 40). Although this argument applies to many other aspects of sociolinguistic research as well, the point will be discussed here specifically with reference to address theory, and the term ‘sociolinguistics’ will be used to refer primarily to research on address usage. In fact, addresses in many languages which exist only in written form have been studied by socio linguists without any discussion of this question (e.g. Östör 1982, Phillipps 1984) though it is certainly worthy of consideration.
Forms of Address
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following chapters the addresses will be examined in groups arranged according to lexical meaning. The classification used here is based on that developed by Braun (1988: 9–u) for modem languages, but her categories had to be modified to fit the Greek system. Previous discussions of Greek addresses (e.g. Wendel 1929; Kambylis 1g64: 109) have often tried to arrange the terms by grammatical categories or to divide them into simple and complex addresses on the basis of the number of words in the address, but these classifications cause great difficulties for the reader, who may have to locate three separate dis cussions in order to find the meaning of one word (e.g. ϕíλϵ as a noun, ϕíλϵ as an adjective, and ϕíλϵ as part of complex addresses). More over, since this study has excluded from consideration personal pronouns and verb forms, the remaining grammatical categories rarely seem to make any difference to the meaning or function of the vocatives. Lexical meaning, which does make a significant difference, is a much more useful basis of classification.
Plutarch, Plato, Athens, and Rome
Authors: Swain* Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the period of the High Roman Empire it is Plutarch of Chaeroneia who is most often held to exemplify the close co operation and mutual admiration of the Greek and Roman elites. A Roman citizen himself, his Parallel Lives are emblematic of an essential harmony between East and \Vest and support the suggestion that Greeks were fully integrated into the Empire. Plutarch’s intellectual and emotional attitudes seem to be a perfect reflection of the age when Greeks were beginning to enter the Roman Senate in significant numbers. This is the familiar and easy reading of the genial sage and his works.
Introduction
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much is known about Plutarch's own life from his writings. He was born sometime between ad 40 and 50 to a wealthy family in the small city of Chaironeia in central Greece. An inscription tells us that he gained Roman citizenship through his friend the consular Mestrius Florus, whose name he took. He travelled widely: certainly to Asia Minor, to Rome and Italy, and to Alexandria. He mentions many important figures, both Greek and Roman, as personally acquainted with him. But most of his life was spent in or near his home town of Chaironeia. He held several municipal offices there; he was also a priest at Delphoi, which was not far distant. He died early in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian, who acceded in AD 117.
Moralism in Plutarch’s Lives
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the programmatic statements which we have examined, Plutarch seems to claim that the subjects of his Lives could be understood, taking their careers as a whole, as paradigms of either virtue or vice, and that, at the level of detail, individual actions could be understood as either virtuous or the reverse. For this reason the Lives would lend themselves to the extraction of practical moral lessons for the reader’s own implementation and edification. In this chapter I attempt to assess whether these claims are substantiated in the Lives themselves and how Plutarch’s original readers might have reacted to his works. The next chapter will examine the moral value-system which informs the Lives. Part II will constitute a series of case studies of the moral texturing of a number of different pairs of Lives.
The Politics of Parallelism
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I shall attempt to analyse the way in which Plutarch constructs Greek and Roman identities in the Parallel Lives. Central to this construction is his use of synkrisis, one of his most original contributions to the writing of the past. Much of this study has been concerned with the literary effects of synkrisis. As we have seen, Plutarch uses the two parallel Lives of a pair, with their prologue and synkrisis, to explore a set of moral themes which run across the whole Plutarchan ‘ book’ . By putting together two figures from two different backgrounds and two different periods, Plutarch is able to focus attention on the moral issues which their Lives raise rather than simply on the historical details of each Life. Furthermore, synkrisis contributes to Plutarch’s moral programme not simply by the similarities between two Lives of a pair, but by the differences: a moral issue is often explored in one Life, then complicated or approached in a different way in the second. The destabilizing effect of synkrisis is most striking in the formal synkriseis themselves, which, as the last chapter argued, sometimes break away from the moral pattern established in the preceding Lives and suggest a new way of looking at the actions narrated.
The Vases of Sotades
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name Sotades is one of the most famous in the history of Greek painting. Its appearance in inscriptions followed by the verb epoiesen or epoeie (‘made’) on nine Athenian pottery vessels dating from the years immediately before and after the middle of the fifth century BC has led experts to conclude that Sotades must have been a kerameus (potter) and probably the owner of a workshop. The draughtsman who collaborated with him has been designated the Sotades Painter, and a large scholarly edifice of attributions has been constructed around both figures.
Dionysos and Hades are One
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five form-identical vases, each decorated with a different picture, will be examined in this chapter. As in Chapter 1, the aim is to see how the three-dimensional sculpture-a bearded pygmy lumbering along under the weight of a dead crane (Figs. 13-14, Cat. G1-6) is related in sense to each of the painted representations, and how each is related to the other.
The Comedy of Innocence
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Naples Museum owns an intriguing work by the Sotades Painter (Figs. 55-6, Cat. B2). It is a cup of the stemless type developed by Athenian potters in order to maximize stacking capacity and minimize breakage in transport. The shape implies a metal original, and in the interior there is a large impressed rosette which simulates a kind of ornament popular during the fifth century for the decoration of silverware. It is an ancient oriental device which in fifth-century Athens would have loosely connoted ‘sacred flower’, or simply ‘sacred’.
Death and False Noses
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aunique and little-known Sotadean head-vase in Ferrara (Figs. 57-8, Cat. Sr), found in an Etruscan tomb at Spina, features the bald head of an emaciated man with a jutting nose, a drooping moustache, and a pointed beard. The man’s domed fore head is deeply furrowed and he has marked naso-labial folds which contribute substantially to his grim and haggard appearance. His piercing eyes, asymmetrically set and oddly drop-shaped, were painted bright vermilion, and traces of the original colourremam.
City and Society in Ancient Mesopotamia
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These words by Austen Henry Layard standing on Tell Afar in northern Iraq announced the birth of modern Western exploration in ancient Mesopotamia, and identify what is most striking about this region. The innumerable mounds scattered throughout the countryside of modern-day Iraq and northern Syria cover the remains of myriad ancient cities and towns, many of which survived for hundreds, if not thousands of years. Mesopotamia was not only the oldest urban civilization, but also the most urbanized society of antiquity. From the mid-fourth millennium BC onwards, cities were in existence in Babylonia (southern Mesopotamia), and despite many vicissitudes they never disappeared entirely from the land-scape. Urbanism may have emerged only later in Assyria (northern Mesopotamia), but soon some Assyrian cities became gigantic in extent. At their most flourishing, the most important Mesopotamian cities dwarfed their contemporaries in the rest of the ancient world, to the amazement of Greeks, such as Aristotle, who could not consider Babylon to be a city, but only as the equivalent of a nation because of its enormous dimensions. The dense concentration of Mesopotamian cities was also unparalleled; large urban centres lay within sight of one another.
City and Countryside: The Mesopotamian View
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To an ancient Mesopotamian, city life was civilized life. The city was the seat of culture, and non-urban life was uncultured. The Mesopotamian visualized his or her city as being located at the centre of a world that could not exist without it, both in mundane and cosmic terms. The centrality of the city in the Mesopotamians’ own concept of their culture was a constant theme throughout their literature.
Social Organization
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social structure of the Mesopotamian city cannot be easily studied even in its most basic outlines. The absence of census lists, or even a relatively complete set of family names from any city, prevents us from recognizing even the familial ties of the inhabitants beyond their closest relatives. For most of Mesopotamian history, and with few exceptions, individuals were identified by their name, and, when further specification was needed, this was done by profession or by the name of the father: for instance, NūrShamash, the shepherd, or the son of Ahi-shāgish. Rarely, an ethnic designation, such as the Amorite, Turukkean, or the like, was included. It was only in first millennium Babylonia that a more complete genealogy was consistently used. Before that date we are thus usually unable to establish family ties between individuals further removed than siblings.
Urban Government: King, Citizens, and Officials
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every community requires a governmental organization, a means by which social interactions can be regulated. The complexity of such an organization greatly depends on the size and diversity of the community, and the city by definition shows a high degree of both: of necessity, then, there existed a structure within the Mesopotamian city with governmental powers. We can recognize two poles in the power relations in the Mesopotamian city: on the one side were the king and the public institutions that supported his rule, on the other the citizenry who held certain ill-described powers. Arranging contact between the two poles was a group of officials. These three elements, crown, citizenry, and officialdom, all played a role in the urban government. The relationship between crown and citizenry varied over time, and depended on the general political situation. It is my contention that the powers and independence of the citizenry increased over time in Mesopotamian history, rather than the other way around as has been commonly suggested.
Family Ties
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many forces of cohesion uniting the Ilioupersis episodes, one of the simplest and strongest is the theme of family and family dissolution. The fall of Troy is in essence the fall of its ruling family. While early poets and artists did not ignore the widespread suffering of all the Trojans at the capture of their city (as exemplified on the Mykonos Ilioupersis pithos, discussed in Ch. 11 below), the microcosmic city-family consisting of Priam, his wife, daughters and daughters-in-law, and his remaining sons and sons-in-law, lies at the heart of the myth. It is their stories, their suffering at the hands of their enemies, that the artistic and poetic traditions chose to canonize. Priam, the sources tell us, king of Troy and patriarch of the family, is slain in the palace at the altar of Zeus Herkeios.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we turn from the verbal to the visual manifestations of the Ilioupersis. While the poets were drawing upon the vast corpus of heroic myth to produce epic, lyric, and tragic verse, contemporary artists and artisans were employing the same body of material in a variety of plastic and painted forms. Although the beginning stages of mythological representation in Greek art are obscured by the paucity of surviving evidence, the Ilioupersis seems to have been an early favourite.
The Mykonos Ilioupersis Pithos
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest surviving examples of Ilioupersis scenes in combination is also one of the most spectacular: a large terracotta pithos found on the island of Mykonos and dated to the second quarter of the seventh century BC (Cat. no. 2*-Figs. 2(a) and (b) ). This vessel, one of a family of large python manufactured in the seventh century and decorated in relief with mythological subjects, stands out among its siblings, indeed among all contemporary Greek representations of myth, for the scope and elaborate detail with which it relates the story of Troy’s fall. The neck of one side of the pithos is occupied by the wooden horse, filled with seven warriors and surrounded by seven more. Below the horse three horizontal rows of panels spanning the vessel’s upper body feature the enslavement of Trojan women and the murder of their children. The two sections, neck and body, together comprise a sequential narrative couplet. The upper panel narrates an early stage of the attack, while the lower group follows with later chapters of the same story. This progression may be de scribed with more precision as preparation and execution. the ruse of the horse above forming a prelude to the murder and enslavement below.
Iconography of the Ilioupersis in Attic Vase-Painting
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Mykonos pithos a hundred years passes before a recognizable tradition of Ilioupersis iconography develops and we again witness an interest in the juxtaposition of Ilioupersis scenes. In the first half of the sixth century BC-among the now greater quantities of surviving pictorial evidence, particularly the extensive corpus of Attic painted vases-we see the emergence of several Ilioupersis scenes among the most popular mythological icons. In addition to Helen’s reunion with Menelaos, witnessed previously on the Mykonos pithos, the murder of Priam and the attack on Kassandra now acquire standard, easily recognizable iconographies, and each maintains its popularity in the record of Athenian painted vases from the mid-sixth to the mid-fifth century.
Ilioupersis Combinations in Attic Vase-Painting
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the great majority of black- and red-figure Ilioupersis representations are not found in combination with other Ilioupersis scenes, examples survive in sufficient numbers to indicate that combination was practised with relative frequency. In the following pages I survey the known examples, and although the small pool of data makes the search for trends and development precarious, I attempt some categorization of the vases in terms of date, shape, and manner of combination.
Narrative
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The letters contain many arresting examples of narrative. These narrative letters and parts of letters effectively raise, and help to answer, questions about the nature of the letters, and their relation to other literature. They cut across the categories of narrative most considered by modern discussions. Ricreur’s monumental treatment, for example, principally considers novelistic fiction and modern historiography. From such a perspective the narratives that we find in the letters look a peculiar mixture. Here we find accounts of actual events, but narrated from shortly after them, and often by a first person identified both with a principal character in the action and with the writer. Even autobiography presents something different, with its greater distance in time, and its greater temporal range; and, like novels and history but unlike letters, it is not aimed at a specific reader or readers. But one should resist concluding that the narratives in the letters lack art and artifice.
Dialogue
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We turn now to a particular aspect of narrative, the direct rendition of dialogue. The subject is, in my view, both appealing and significant. The letters in which dialogue occurs are particularly memorable. It might seem that what makes these letters notable is not the form but the historical content: quoting conversation is an obvious thing for Cicero to do, it might be held, but it allows modern readers the good fortune to eavesdrop directly on history. We can overhear important private discussion on Roman politics, and (still more enticing, perhaps) charged exchanges within Roman families. These historical elements are indeed of great value; but the matter may prove more complicated. The subject, it will be perceived, poses sharply the question of how important to the letters is Cicero’s art, and how it is related to reality; by understanding more fully the role of art, we shall come to a fuller understanding of the historical material too.