bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic relationship between Mongolian and Norwegian horses?
Authors: Bjørnstad G. , Nilsen N. Ø. , Røed K. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryHuman populations of Central Asian origin have contributed genetic material to northern European populations. It is likely that migrating humans carried livestock to ensure food and ease transportation. Thus, eastern genes could also have dispersed to northern European livestock populations. Using microsatellite data, we here report that the essentially different genetic distances DA and (δμ)2 and their corresponding phylogenetic trees show close associations between the Mongolian native horse and northern European horse breeds. The genetic distances between the northern European breeds and Standardbred/Thoroughbred, representing a southern‐derived source of horses, were notably larger. We suggest that contribution of genetic material from eastern horses to northern European populations is likely to have occurred.
X/XY/XYY mosaicism as a cause of subfertility in boars: a single case study
Authors: Quilter C. R. , Wood D. , Southwood O. I. , Griffin D. K. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySex chromosome abnormalities are common in mammals and humans and are often associated with subfertility. In this study a boar with normal sperm parameters was indicated to have reduced prolificacy from figures obtained for return rate, farrowing rate and total number of piglets born. G‐banded cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood identified an abnormal mosaic sex chromosome constitution 39,XYY[74]/38,XY[23]/37,X[3]. Cytogenetic analysis of fibroblasts confirmed this mosaic karyotype with similar percentages of cell lines observed 39,XYY[76]/38,XY[19]/37,X[5]. External genitalia revealed a poorly developed scrotum with the right testicle being smaller than the left. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that this chromosome constitution has been reported in the pig. It is of particular interest that this karyotype is associated with reduced boar fertility, which could lead to potential economic losses if such a boar were selected for breeding purposes.
Genetic variation in caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Cronin M. A. , Patton J. C. , Balmysheva N. , MacNeil M. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryGenetic variation at seven microsatellite DNA loci was quantified in 19 herds of wild caribou and domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) from North America, Scandinavia and Russia. There is an average of 2.0–6.6 alleles per locus and observed individual heterozygosity of 0.33–0.50 in most herds. A herd on Svalbard Island, Scandinavia, is an exception, with relatively few alleles and low heterozygosity. The Central Arctic, Western Arctic and Porcupine River caribou herds in Alaska have similar allele frequencies and comprise one breeding population. Domestic reindeer in Alaska originated from transplants from Siberia, Russia, more than 100 years ago. Reindeer in Alaska and Siberia have different allele frequencies at several loci, but a relatively low level of genetic differentiation. Wild caribou and domestic reindeer in Alaska have significantly different allele frequencies at the seven loci, indicating that gene flow between reindeer and caribou in Alaska has been limited.
Relative contribution of cytochromes P‐450 and flavin‐containing monoxygenases to the metabolism of albendazole by human liver microsomes
Authors: Rawden Helen C. , Kokwaro Gilbert O. , Ward Stephen A. ,   &, Edwards Geoffrey 
Published: March 2003

Aims
Albendazole (ABZ; methyl 5‐propylthio‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate) is a broad spectrum anthelmintic whose activity resides both in the parent compound and its sulphoxide metabolite (ABS). There are numerous reports of ABZ metabolism in animals but relatively few in humans. We have investigated the sulphoxidation of ABZ in human liver microsomes and recombinant systems.
Methods
The specific enzymes involved in the sulphoxidation of ABZ were determined by a combination of approaches; inhibition with an antiserum directed against cytochrome P450 reductase, the effect of selective chemical inhibitors on ABZ sulphoxidation in human liver microsomes, the capability of expressed CYP and FMO to mediate the formation of ABS, regression analysis of the rate of metabolism of ABZ to ABS in human liver microsomes against selective P450 substrates and regression analysis of the rate of ABS sulphoxidation against CYP expression measured by Western blotting.
Results
Comparison of Vmax values obtained following heat inactivation (3min at 45°C) of flavin monoxygenases (FMO), chemical inhibition of FMO with methimazole and addition of an antiserum directed against cytochrome P450 reductase indicate that FMO and CYP contribute ≈ 30% and 70%, respectively, to ABS production in vitro. Comparison of CLint values suggests CYP is a major contributor in vivo. A significant reduction in ABZ sulphoxidation (n = 3) was seen with ketoconazole (CYP3 A4; 32–37%), ritonavir (CYP3 A4: 34–42%), methimazole (FMO: 28–49%) and thioacetamide (FMO; 32–35%). Additive inhibition with ketoconazole and methimazole was 69 ± 8% (n = 3). ABS production in heat – treated microsomes (3 min at 45 °C) correlated significantly with testosterone 6β‐hydroxylation (CYP3A4; P < 0.05) and band intensities on Western blots probed with an antibody selective for 3A4 (P < 0.05). Recombinant human CYP3 A4, CYP1A2 and FMO3 produced ABS in greater quantities than control microsomes, with those expressing CYP3A4 producing threefold more ABS than those expressing CYP1A2. Kinetic studies showed the Km values obtained with both CYP3A4 and FMO3 were similar.
Conclusions
We conclude that the production of ABS in human liver is mediated via both FMO and CYP, principally CYP3A4, with the CYP component being the major contributor.
Über die Morphogenese der Glandulae submucosae des Rindes (Bos primigenius f. taurus)
Authors: Winkler Fr. , Wille K. H. 
Published: March 2003

Morphogenesis of the bovine submucosal glands (Bos primigenius f. taurus)In the 10th week of gestation the development of duodenal glands in the bovine intestinum starts by circumscript epithelial proliferation. Their secretory channels are in contact with the crypts. Already in the early fetal stage ultrastructurally there are an inconspicuous equipment with organelles in the apical cytoplasm and single globular granules, which demonstrate the differentiation of epithelial cells into duodenal glandular cells. Until the mid‐point of the pregnancy the granular endoplasmic reticulum strongly develops as a condition for the impressive increase in the formation of the prosecretory granules. Finally, in the second half of the pregnancy, granules varying in structure and electronic density, but mostly showing an intensively osmiophilic and fine granular material, are the predominant cytoplasmic structures. Like in goblet cells capsulated vacuoles seem to play a role in the formation of the secretory granules.Recent, extensive studies concerning our results have been discussed.
Die Arteriae und Venae pulmonales des Miniaturschweins, zugleich eine grundsätzliche Betrachtung ihrer Stütz‐ und Haltefunktion für die Lunge*
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Roos H. , Tröger U. 
Published: March 2003

Aa. and Vv. pulmonales of the miniature pig and a common view of their supportive function in the lung With respect to distribution and flow, the Vasa pulmonalia resemble those of the normal grown domestic pig to a great extent. The present article investigates whether, like the human lung (Hayek, 1970), the arrangement of the blood vessels has a function over and above that of directing blood; that is to say, a mechanical function. The arteries through which the blood streams act as flexible supporting structures, and the veins as elastic holding structures, for the quadrupede animal also.
Die Vasa pulmonalia der Hausziege
Authors: Roos H. , Hegner K. , Vollmerhaus B. 
Published: March 2003

The vasa pulmonalia of the goatThe blood vessels in the lung of the goat, which until now have received little attention, are described in detail for the first time. With regard to the segments of the lung, blood vessels are bronchovascular units in the lobi craniales, lobus medius and lobus accessorius, but bronchoartery units in the lobi caudales. We investigated the types of branches of the Aa. pulmonales dextra et sinistra, the inter‐ and intraspecific principles of the outlet of the pulmonary veins and the importance of bronchopulmonary segmentation of the lungs.
Lectinhistochemical and Cytometrical Evaluation of the Corpus Luteum of the Rat at the End of Pregnancy
Authors: Salvetti N. R. , Ricci N. , Dallard B. E. , Lorente J. A. , Iguzquiza I. , Ortega H. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMost studies on the biochemistry and structure of the corpus luteum have focused on elucidating the processes of progesterone synthesis and release. In the present work, the histochemical composition of the corpus luteum of the rat was evaluated using lectinhistochemistry on rats at the end of pregnancy (days 18–23). We also analysed the morphology of the luteal cells, to characterize the changes attributable to regression in this organ. Seven biotinylated lectins were used (CON‐A, WGA, DBA, SBA, PNA, RCA and UEA‐I) following pre‐set protocols (ABC method). The average diameter and area of the cells and their nuclei were measured. High reactivity of the luteal cells was observed with CON‐A and a lower reactivity with WGA. The capillary endothelium gave positive reactivity with WGA and to a certain extent with SBA, PNA and RCA. Vesicular structures were intensely stained with DBA, and were more abundant in sections from animals with more advanced pregnancy, which could be attributable to cellular debris, on the basis of their morphologic characteristics. There were no significant differences among the cytometric variables analysed in comparisons of the values corresponding to the different days of gestation. These observations, together with previous research, suggest that, on the day of delivery, the corpus luteum of the rat is in the very early stages of structural regression, with no changes at the morphological level, but with changes at the molecular level.
Fine Structure of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Bruch’s Membrane and Choriocapillaris in the Horse
Authors: Altunay H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch’s membrane and choriocapillaris was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy in both the tapetal and non‐tapetal fundus of the horse eye. In all locations, the RPE consisted of a single layer of low cuboidal cells. The epithelial cells were joined laterally by apically located tight junctions. These cells displayed numerous basal infoldings and abundant thin apical processes which enclosed the rod outer segments. The epithelial cell nuclei were large and located basally. Within the epithelial cells, smooth endoplasmic reticulum was very abundant, while rough endoplasmic reticulum was scarce. polysomes and mitochondria, which often display a ring‐shaped struccture, were abundant. Melanosomes were abundant in the non‐tapetal area but absent in the tapetal area. Bruch’s membrane was pentalaminate throughout the retina. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris was heavily fenestrated.
Comparison of Localization of the Neurokinin 1 Receptor and Nitric Oxide Synthase with Calbindin D Labelling in the Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Nazli M. , Morris R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA comparison of the localization of the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor and nitric oxide synthase with calbindin D labelling in the lumbar spinal cord was carried out in the rat using immunocytochemistry. Considerable regional variations were observed. Application of the antibody to calbindin D resulted in dense staining in laminae I and II and light staining in the other laminae. Occasional scattered cells were seen in the deep laminae and in the lamina X, the ventral horn and the lateral spinal nucleus. The results indicate that neurones expressing calbindin D, NK1 receptor and NOS are three separate populations in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord.
Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of Endocrine Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Babirusa, Babyrousa babyrussa (Suidae)
Authors: Agungpriyono S. , Macdonald A. A. , Leus K. Y. G. , Kitamura N. , Adnyane I. K. M. , Goodall G. P. , Hondo E. , Yamada J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the babirusa were studied immunohistochemically using the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex method. Thirteen types of gut endocrine cells were detected; they were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, gastrin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP), glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), methionine–enkephalin–Arg6–Gly7–Leu8 (MENK8), motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY). Cells that were immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin and glucagon were found in all portions of the gastrointestinal tract. MENK8‐immunoreactive cells were observed in the stomach and small intestine. Gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the pyloric region and duodenum. PYY‐immunoreactive cells were found in the small and large intestine. Cells immunoreactive for motilin, CCK, GIP, and secretin were observed in the proximal small intestine and those immunoreactive for neurotensin were found only in the ileum. Although the distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of babirusa was similar to those reported for pig, restricted distribution of several endocrine cells, gastrin, BPP, MENK8, motilin, CCK, GIP, secretin and neurotensin and wider distribution of glucagon and PYY were observed in the babirusa. The unexpected presence of MENK8 in all glandular regions of the stomach and PYY in the small intestine was also noted. The distribution of gut endocrine cells might be related to the regulatory characteristics of the babirusa digestive tract.
Arteries of the Hindfoot of the Llama (Lama glama)
Authors: Graziotti G. , Ríos C. , Rodríguez Menéndez J. , Victorica C. L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe objective of this study was to describe the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama (Lama glama). Ten adult llamas, preserved in 6% formalin solution at 0°C, were dissected. The arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster; the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatine. Angiographies were also obtained. In the llama, the arterial distribution is of the saphenous type and this simple sort of irrigation could be used as a didactic model. The caudal branch of the saphenous artery divides into the small lateral plantar artery and the larger medial plantar artery, which continues as the plantar common digital artery III, and it is the main blood supply of the hindfoot. The dorsal pedal artery is underdeveloped and the perforating tarsal artery does not exist in this species. The plantar common digital artery III divides into the plantar proper digital II, III and IV. Branches from the plantar proper digital artery III supply the digits. We compared the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama with that of other domestic animals including the one‐humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).
Angiogenesis and Vascular Regression in the Ovary *
Authors: Plendl J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAngiogenesis is prominent during development and downregulated in the adult. Strictly controlled angiogenesis in the healthy adult occurs cyclically in the ovary and corpus luteum, which therefore make an excellent model with which to study vascular growth. Dysfunctional or uncontrolled angiogenesis is involved in a number of diseases and is responsible for growth and dissemination of tumours. This review focuses on the following aspects of the ovary: the gross and microscopical anatomy of the blood vessels, described mainly – but not exclusively – in the bovine; vascularization of the follicle before and after ovulation; angiogenesis in the developing and the mature corpus luteum as well as in the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The potential mechanisms of vascular regression during luteolysis and the potential role of vascular growth in dominance and atresia of follicles will be described. Furthermore, recent research on ovarian angiogenic and potential anti‐angiogenic factors including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin‐like growth factor (IGF), angiopoietin and metalloproteinase inhibitor will be presented. Finally, the role of hormones including FSH, LH, sexual steroids, prostaglandins, prolactin, oxytocin and activin/inhibin in ovarian angiogenesis will be summarized. Future research is likely to yield valuable information that can contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diseases characterized by disregulated angiogenesis and vascular regression.
Anatomical and Descriptive Study of the Radial Extensor Muscle (M. Extensor Carpi Radialis)
Authors: Cossu F. , Guintard C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe M. extensores carpi radiales have been studied in detail in humans. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative anatomical study of these muscles using four species – rabbit, cat, dog and sheep – and to propose a ‘systematization’ in a few standard models according to the morphological variations seen. In these species, there is marked morphological evolution, with two muscles in humans, one in sheep and a more or less distinct division of the muscle in the rabbit, cat and dog. Examination of the vascularization and nerve supply enables us to determine degrees of division in species with similar muscle morphology. Thus we were able to distinguish three morphological types which allow us to infer the morphological evolution of the M. extensores carpi radiales and to estimate the point at which one muscle became two. However, there is a strong chance that some process of convergence may have occurred, and in pentadactyl species many elements represent the plesiomorphis and are therefore of little use in constructing a classification on the basis of evolution.
Morphology of the Dorsal Lingual Papillae in the Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Emura S. , Tamada A. , Hayakawa D. , Chen H. , Shoumura S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe dorsal lingual surface of a black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The tongue was about 30 cm in length. There were about 60 vallate papillae on both sides. Filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae were found. The filiform papillae were distributed over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue. The papillae had a hair‐like shape. The fungiform papillae were round in shape, and more densely distributed on the ligual apex. No foliate papillae were seen on the dorsal surface. The vallate papillae were located on both sides of the posterior end of the lingual body. Each papilla was surrounded by a groove.
Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase‐Immunoreactive Neurones in the Diencephalon and Mesencephalon of the Coypu (Myocastor coypus)
Authors: Sánchez H. L. , Silva L. B. , Acosta W. G. , Portiansky E. L. , Zuccolilli G. O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to examine the catecholaminergic neurones located within the midbrain of the coypu, a South American hystricomorph rodent. The neuronal distribution of the catecholaminergic systems and morphological parameters of the immunostained cell bodies and fibres were investigated, using an immunohistochemical method. The brains of five coypu were fixed, immersed in gelatine–glycerol and cut in 40‐μm slices using a freezing microtome. Samples were processed with ultrasound‐based antigen retrieval and stained with labelled antityrosine hydroxylase monoclonal antibody. An image analyser was used to measure the neuronal bodies. The catecholaminergic neurones of the tuberoinfundibular system were mainly observed in the arcuate and periventricular nuclei with their axons projecting towards to the median eminence; they represented 28% of the global population of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive cells observed. Significant morphological differences were observed in comparison with the other two studied systems. Fifty per cent of total catecholaminergic neurones were detected in the nigrostriatal system distributed in the reticular and compact substance nigra. Most neuronal bodies had a fusiform aspect. The immunoreactive neurones of the mesolimbic system represented 22% of the total population. They were distributed around the interpeduncular nucleus. Two types of morphologically different catecholaminergic systems of the brain were established: hypothalamic neurones located in the periventricular and arcuate nuclei and mesencephalic neurones located in the substance nigra and interpeduncular nuclei. These systems showed morphological and probably physiological‐pharmacological differences.
Cell‐specific Localization of the CholecystokininA Receptor in the Porcine Pancreas
Authors: Schweiger M. , Erhard M. H. , Amselgruber W. M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCholecystokinin (CCK) produced in the mucosa of the upper small intestine exerts several biological functions. Its secretion in physiological amounts is modulated by the interaction of extracellular regulators and by binding to intracellular receptors of the target cells. The relative affinity of CCK to its receptor has been characterized in various biological and pharmacological studies and it is now well established that CCK has a higher affinity to the CCKA than to the CCKB receptor. Furthermore CCK influences the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in several species but very little is known about the relationship between CCK and the islet hormone‐producing cells in the pig pancreas. The localization of this receptor at the cellular level showed conflicting results in animal studies and has not been described in pigs. The aim of the present study was to characterize the precise cellular location of the CCKA receptor in the porcine pancreas. Polyclonal antiserum was raised against the N‐terminal epitope of the CCKA receptor molecule and used for localization studies. Using immunohistochemistry on methanol/acetic acid‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded pancreas, the CCKA receptor could successfully be localized in islet cells. Parallel staining of serial sections with antibodies directed against insulin and glucagon revealed colocalization with glucagon in alpha cells. No immunoreaction was found in the exocrine pancreas. Our results support the concept that in the porcine species the stimulation of the exocrine pancreas is mediated by the CCKB rather than the CCKA receptor, as it is known for the rat species.