bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Jasmonate Response in Plant Susceptibility to Diverse Pathogens with a Range of Lifestyles
Authors: Thaler Jennifer S. , Owen Blythe , Higgins Verna J. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Plants defend themselves against attack from insects and pathogens with various resistance strategies. The jasmonate and salicylate signaling pathways are two induced responses that protect plants against these attackers. Knowledge of the range of organisms that are affected by each response is important for understanding how plants coordinate their defenses against multiple attackers and the generality of effect of different resistance mechanisms. The jasmonate response is known to protect plants against a wide range of insect herbivores; in this study, we examined the role of the jasmonate response in susceptibility to eight pathogens with diverse lifestyles in the laboratory and field. Recent biochemical models suggest that the lifestyle of the pathogen (necrotroph versus biotroph) should predict whether the jasmonate response will be involved in resistance. We tested this by examining the susceptibility of wild-type (cv Castlemart with no known genes for resistance to the pathogens used) and jasmonate-deficient mutant tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants (def1) and by employing rescue treatments of the mutant. Plant susceptibility to five of the eight pathogens we examined was reduced by the jasmonate response, including two bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris), two fungi (Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), and an oomycete (Phytophthora infestans). Susceptibility to three fungi was unaffected (Cladosporium fulvum, Oidium neolycopersici, and Septoria lycopersici). Our results indicate that the jasmonate response reduces damage by a wide range of pathogens from different lifestyles, a result that contrasts with the emerging picture of diseases on Arabidopsis. Thus, the generality of jasmonate-based resistance of tomato challenges the view that ecologically distinct plant parasites are resisted via different mechanisms.
Pollinator visitation, stigmatic pollen loads and among‐population variation in seed set in Lythrum salicaria
Authors: WAITES ANNA R. , ÅGREN JON 
Published: May 2004

Summary

Small populations of reward‐producing plants are likely to be less attractive to animal pollinators than large populations. As a result, both the quantity and the proportion of compatible pollen deposited on receptive stigmas, and seed output per plant, may be lower in small than in large populations.
We examined whether pollinator visitation, pollen deposition and seed set varied with population size in the self‐incompatible, tristylous herb Lythrum salicaria, in the Skeppsvik archipelago, northern Sweden. We documented both the number of compatible and incompatible conspecific and heterospecific pollen grains received per flower, seed set and degree of pollen limitation of long‐styled plants in 14 populations of different size in two consecutive years, and recorded the visitation rate to individual plants and the number of flowers visited per plant in eight of the populations.
As predicted, the visitation rate tended to increase, while the number of flowers visited per plant tended to decrease with increasing population size. However, visitation rates were low overall and temporally highly variable, and these relationships only approached statistical significance. The proportion and absolute number of compatible pollen grains received increased with population size, while the total amounts of conspecific and heterospecific pollen grains received did not vary significantly with population size. The results of supplemental hand‐pollinations indicated that the among‐population variation in seed set was due to insufficient transfer of compatible pollen in small populations.
Seed output increased with the receipt of compatible pollen grains up to about 200 compatible pollen grains received per flower. Between 73% and 98% of the L. salicaria pollen grains received were incompatible, and between 9% and 81% of the pollen grains deposited were heterospecific (population means). However, there was no evidence that the deposition of high numbers of incompatible conspecific and heterospecific pollen grains reduced seed set.
In the study populations of L. salicaria, variation in seed output and pollen limitation are apparently governed primarily by factors influencing the transfer of compatible pollen. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that a reduction in the efficiency of pollen transfer among compatible mating types may markedly reduce the reproductive output in small populations of self‐incompatible plants. In light of the current rapid transformation and fragmentation of habitats, there is a pressing need both to clarify how the pollination success of plants with different pollination systems is affected by large‐scale changes in population size, density and isolation, and to determine the demographic consequences of differences in pollination intensity.
The promoter of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cel1 endo‐1,4‐β glucanase gene is differentially expressed in plant feeding cells induced by root‐knot and cyst nematodes
Authors: Mitchum Melissa G. , Sukno Serenella , Wang Xiaohong , Shani Ziv , Tsabary Galit , Shoseyov Oded , Davis Eric L. 
Published: May 2004

SUMMARYTransgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana carrying the Arabidopsis endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) Cel1 promoter fused to the β‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene were infected with the root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, and either the tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum (tobacco), or beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii (Arabidopsis). Cel1‐driven GUS expression was detected in cell elongation zones of noninfected plants and within feeding sites (giant‐cells) induced in roots of both plant hosts by M. incognita. The first detectable signs of Cel1 expression within developing giant‐cells occurred at the onset of giant‐cell formation and continued throughout the M. incognita life cycle. UidA (Gus) transcripts were detectable within giant‐cells induced in tobacco roots at 11–13 days postinoculation with M. incognita as determined by in situ mRNA hybridization. By contrast, expression of the Cel1 promoter was not detected within developing syncytia induced in tobacco or Arabidopsis roots by G. tabacum and H. schachtii, respectively, at any time point. The results demonstrate specific regulation of cell wall‐degrading enzymes that may be required for cell wall modifications during feeding cell formation by sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. Differential expression of Cel1 by cyst and root‐knot nematodes further supports underlying mechanistic differences in giant‐cell and syncytium formation.
Black currant reversion virus, a mite‐transmitted nepovirus
Authors: Susi Petri 
Published: May 2004

SUMMARY Taxonomy:
Black currant reversion virus (BRV) is the first identified mite‐transmitted member of the genus Nepovirus (family Comoviridae). A few systematic studies have been performed to compare virus isolates from different geographical locations. Physical properties: Purified preparations contain two closely sedimenting centrifugal components (B and M for RNA1 and RNA2, respectively) at varying ratios, and occasionally a T component (for satellite RNA). The BRV capsids have a diameter of 27 nm and they are putatively composed of 60 copies of a single species of capsid (coat) protein assembled in an icosahedral lattice. Diluted plant sap loses its infectivity within 1 day at 20 °C and in 4–8 days at 4 °C. Hosts: The natural host range of BRV is limited; it infects black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and some related Ribes species. The transmission of the virus is by the eriophyid gall mite of black currant (Cecidophyopsis ribis). A number of herbaceous plants can be infected experimentally. BRV is the agent of black currant reversion disease (BRD), which is economically the most significant virus disease in Ribes species. BRV and BRD occur widely in locations where black currant is cultivated commercially.
Gene expression during infection of wheat roots by the ‘take‐all’ fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis
Authors: Guilleroux M. , Osbourn A. 
Published: May 2004

SUMMARYThe infection of plants by pathogenic microbes and the subsequent establishment of disease involves substantial changes in the biochemistry and physiology of both partners. Analysis of genes that are expressed during these interactions represents a powerful strategy to obtain insights into the molecular events underlying these changes. Root diseases have considerable economic impact but have not been characterized extensively at the molecular genetic level. Here we have used two complementary approaches—suppression subtractive hybridization and expressed sequence tag analysis of an unsubtracted cDNA library—to investigate gene expression during the early stages of colonization of wheat roots by the take‐all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis.
Use of solid‐phase subtractive hybridization for the identification of parasitism gene candidates from the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Huang Guozhong , Dong Ruihua , Maier Tom , Allen Rex , Davis Eric L. , Baum Thomas J. , Hussey Richard S. 
Published: May 2004

SUMMARYA solid‐phase subtractive strategy was used to clone parasitism gene candidates (PGCs) expressed in the oesophageal gland cells of Meloidogyne incognita. Nematode intestinal first‐strand cDNA was synthesized directly on magnetic beads and used to enrich for gland‐specific sequences by high stringency hybridization to gland‐cell mRNA. A gland‐specific cDNA library was created from the nonhybridizing gland‐cell mRNA by long‐distance reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Subtraction of the gland cDNA library (1000 clones) with previously cloned M. incognita parasitism genes removed 89 cDNA clones and promoted efficient identification of new PGCs. Sequencing of 711 cDNA clones from the subtracted library revealed that deduced protein sequences of 67 cDNAs were preceded by a signal peptide for secretion, a key criterion for parasitism genes. In situ hybridization with probes from the cDNA clones encoding signal peptides showed that seven cDNA clones were specifically expressed in the subventral gland cells and four in the dorsal gland cell of M. incognita. BLASTP analyses revealed the predicted proteins of five cDNAs to be novel sequences. The six PGCs with similarities to known proteins included a pectate lyase, three beta‐1,4‐endoglucanases and two chorismate mutases. This subtractive protocol provides an efficient and reliable approach for identifying PGCs encoding oesophageal gland cell secretory proteins that may have a role in M. incognita parasitism of plants.
The Uromyces fabae UfAAT3 gene encodes a general amino acid permease that prefers uptake of in planta scarce amino acids
Authors: STRUCK CHRISTINE , MUELLER ELENA , MARTIN HOLGER , LOHAUS GERTRUD 
Published: May 2004

SUMMARYThe obligately biotrophic rust fungi are dependent on nutrient supply from their host plants. A cDNA library of infection structures of the rust fungus Uromyces fabae was used to identify a gene (UfAAT3) that encodes a protein with a high degree of sequence similarity to fungal amino acid permeases. The expression profile revealed by RT‐PCR shows an up‐regulation very early during rust development, with the highest level in haustoria and infected leaves. Heterologous expression of UfAAT3p in Xenopus oocytes revealed an amino acid permease energized by co‐transport with protons and exhibiting a broad substrate specificity. Compared to the previously described U. fabae amino acid transporter (AAT1), which represented the highest transport activities for lysine and histidine, electrophysiological measurements with cRNA of UfAAT3‐injected oocytes showed substrate preferences for leucine and the sulphur containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. The unique contribution of the amino acid permeases and their substrate affinities might be connected with the availability of amino acids in the leaf tissue. Thus, in order to compare the substrate profiles of AAT1p and UfAAT3p with the natural environment of U. fabae we analysed the amino acid concentration in the apoplastic space, in addition to that in extracts of Vicia faba leaves. The predominant free amino acids were asparagine, alanine, glutamine and glutamate. However, most amino acids were present at low concentrations (between 0.02 and 0.16 mm), including the preferred substrates of the U. fabae amino acid permeases AAT1p and UfAAT3p.
Awake craniotomy for glioblastoma in a 9‐year‐old child
Authors: Klimek M. , Verbrugge S. J. C. , Roubos S. , van der Most E. , Vincent A. J. , Klein J. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryWe report the pre‐operative preparation and anaesthetic management for resection of an intracerebral tumour during awake craniotomy in a 9‐year‐old boy. We believe this is the youngest patient reported to have undergone this procedure. The challenges of sedation and psychological care throughout the procedure are discussed. We conclude that the procedure can be performed safely and that it seems unacceptable to uphold an age restriction. We believe that it is the individual level of development of the child that determines suitability for this type of surgery.
Production of compound A and carbon monoxide in circle systems: an in vitro comparison of two carbon dioxide absorbents*
Authors: Struys M. M. R. F. , Bouche M. P. L. A. , Rolly G. , Vandevivere Y. D. I. , Dyzers D. , Goeteyn W. , Versichelen L. F. M. , Van Bocxlaer J. F. P. , Mortier E. P. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryTwo new generation carbon dioxide absorbents, DrägerSorb® Free and Amsorb® Plus, were studied in vitro for formation of compound A or carbon monoxide, during minimal gas flow (500 ml.min−1) with sevoflurane or desflurane. Compound A was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and carbon monoxide with continuous infrared spectrometry. Fresh and dehydrated absorbents were studied. Mean (SD) time till exhaustion (inspiratory carbon dioxide concentration ≥ 1 kPa) with fresh absorbents was longer with DrägerSorb® Free (1233 (55) min) than with Amsorb® Plus (1025 (55) min; p < 0.01). For both absorbents, values of compound A were < 1 ppm and therefore below clinically significant levels, but were up to 0.25 ppm higher with DrägerSorb® Free than with Amsorb® Plus. Using dehydrated absorbents, values of compound A were about 50% lower than with fresh absorbents and were identical for DrägerSorb® Free and Amsorb® Plus. With dehydrated absorbents, no detectable carbon monoxide was found with desflurane.
Effect of chronic β‐blockade on peri‐operative outcome in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery: an analysis of observational and case control studies*
Authors: Giles J. W. , Sear J. W. , Foëx P. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryLittle is known about the effect of chronic β‐adrenoceptor antagonist therapy during the peri‐operative period in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery. We conducted a literature review to identify studies examining the relationship between chronic therapy and adverse peri‐operative outcome. Eighteen studies were identified in which it was possible to ascertain the incidence of adverse cardiac outcomes in those patients who were and were not receiving chronic β‐blocker therapy. None of the studies demonstrated a protective effect of chronic β‐blockade. The results of these studies were then combined and a cumulative odds ratio calculated for the likelihood of myocardial infarction, cardiac death and major cardiac complications. Patients receiving chronic β‐blocker therapy were more likely to suffer a myocardial infarction (p < 0.05). These findings differ from the published effects of acute β‐blockade. Reasons for this discrepancy are considered.
A prospective, randomised, single‐blind pilot study to determine the effect of anaesthetic technique on troponin T release after off‐pump coronary artery surgery
Authors: Kendall J. B. , Russell G. N. , Scawn N. D. A. , Akrofi M. , Cowan C. M. , Fox M. A. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryIschaemic damage to the myocardium inevitably occurs during coronary artery surgery. However, the extent of the damage may be influenced by the anaesthetic technique used. The most sensitive and reliable marker of myocardial damage is currently thought to be troponin T. We conducted a prospective, randomised, single‐blind pilot study to determine the baseline values of troponin T release after off‐pump coronary artery bypass surgery in 30 patients randomly allocated to receive either propofol, isoflurane or isoflurane and high thoracic epidural analgesia. All other treatment was standardised. Patients undergoing emergency surgery and those with unstable angina were excluded. Blood samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery for troponin T analysis. Mean troponin T levels at 24 h were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.41). These data allows appropriate power calculations for further, large‐scale studies to determine the anaesthetic technique that provides optimal myocardial protection.
The management of patients with morbid obesity in the anaesthetic assessment clinic
Authors: Coe A. J. , Saleh T. , Samuel T. , Edwards R. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryOne hundred and two patients with body mass indices of 37 kg.m−2 or greater were interviewed in an outpatient assessment clinic over an 18‐month period. All had been listed for elective surgery under general anaesthesia. All patients were given an explanation of the problems of morbid obesity in relation to anaesthesia. Three options were then offered to the patients: 1) to proceed with general anaesthesia as planned; 2) to undergo the planned procedure under some form of regional anaesthesia, or 3) to postpone surgery and attempt to lose significant amounts of weight. At this initial consultation, 24 patients chose option 1, 21 patients chose option 2, and 52 patients chose option 3. Four patients decided not to have the planned surgery. One patient decided to have his surgery performed at another hospital under general anaesthesia. Of the 52 patients who opted to lose weight, only eight succeeded in reducing their body mass index (BMI) by 3 or more during the period of the study. Of these eight, only four had reduced their BMI to below 35. In this study, an explanation of the problems of obesity in relation to anaesthesia, in advance of the date of surgery, had a significant effect on the type of anaesthesia chosen by most morbidly obese patients that were interviewed. Unfortunately, of those who decided to try and lose weight, only the occasional patient achieved significant weight loss. Although a laudable and advocated aim, optimization of patients with regard to their weight proved impractical in our study.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED A comparison of nefopam and clonidine for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering: A comparative, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled dose‐ranging study*
Authors: Piper S. N. , Röhm K. D. , Suttner S. W. , Maleck W. H. , Kranke P. , Boldt J. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryPostanaesthetic shivering is a frequent complication following general anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of three doses of nefopam with clonidine and placebo in the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering. We studied 371 patients undergoing abdominal or orthopaedic surgery. Patients were allocated to one of five groups: Group A (n = 73) received 0.2 mg.kg−1 nefopam, Group B (n = 75) 0.1 mg.kg−1 nefopam, Group C (n = 76) 0.05 mg.kg−1 nefopam, Group D (n = 73) 1.5 μg.kg−1 clonidine, and Group E (n = 74) saline 0.9% as placebo. We found a significant reduction in the incidence of shivering in Group A compared to Group C and clonidine as well as to the placebo group. All active treatments reduced the incidence and the severity of shivering compared to placebo. At 5 min postoperatively clonidine‐treated patients showed a significant decrease in MAP and a significantly lower Aldrete score compared to all other groups. No haemodynamic or sedative adverse events were observed in the nefopam‐treated patients. The results of our study indicate that nefopam (0.2 mg.kg−1) is superior to clonidine (1.5 μg.kg−1) in the prophylaxis of postanaesthetic shivering and not accompanied by sedative or haemodynamic side‐effects.
The use of bispectral index during a cardiopulmonary arrest: a potential predictor of cerebral perfusion
Authors: Azim N. , Wang C. Y. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryA 62‐year‐old male underwent off‐pump coronary artery grafting surgery while cerebral function was monitored with bispectral index (BIS). The BIS monitoring was continued into the immediate postoperative period, during which time the patient experienced a cardiopulmonary arrest. The changes in the BIS values helped the resuscitating team in assessing the cerebral response to the cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Accuracy of the Foldes‐Biro equation for measurement of oxygen uptake during anaesthesia: a laboratory simulation
Authors: Stuart‐Andrews C. , Peyton P. , Robinson G. , Lithgow B. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryLaboratory benchtop testing was conducted of the Biro method for measurement of oxygen uptake from an anaesthetic breathing system by patients during low flow anaesthesia. A high precision flow and gas concentration measurement system was employed in conjunction with a physical gas exchange simulation model to test the theoretical basis of the method under controlled conditions. Simulated oxygen uptake values between 200 and 350 ml.min−1 were modelled. The Biro‐derived measurement of simulated O2 uptake significantly underestimated the target value (mean difference −88.5 ml.min−1, or −31.7%). The bias was directly proportional to the simulated O2 uptake. The Biro method has a systematic bias that cannot be explained by random measurement imprecision.
Anaesthetists' intentions to violate safety guidelines
Authors: Beatty P. C. W. , Beatty S. F. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe Theory of Planned Behaviour has been used to investigate the likelihood that anaesthetists will routinely perform three violations of safety guidelines. The three violations were: failing to visit patients before surgery, failure to perform pre‐anaesthetic equipment checks and the silencing of alarms during anaesthesia. These suggested violations arose from discussions with the Medical Defence Union. In forming the intention not to perform these violations, anaesthetists are most influenced by their normative beliefs about the violation, i.e. the opinion they believe a group of peers and other significant other people would hold about them performing the violation. The next most influential factor is their personal norms, i.e. beliefs that the individual has about whether the violation is really right or wrong, followed by behavioural beliefs, i.e. beliefs about the consequences of performing the violation, and control beliefs, i.e. beliefs about how much control they have over performing the violation. The results show that the more intense the anaesthetists' belief that the violations were important, the less likely they were to violate, except for the case of alarm silencing. This result suggests that there may be a basic lack of confidence in the reliability of audible alarms that undermines their utility.