bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public health issues related to infection in pregnancy and cerebral palsy
Authors: Schendel Diana E. , Schuchat Anne , Thorsen Poul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCerebral palsy is the most common neuromotor developmental disability of childhood, affecting as many as 8,000 to 12,000 children born in the U.S. each year (corresponding to a prevalence rate of between 2 and 3 per 1000 children). Recent improvements in neonatal care have not resulted in a decline in the overall prevalence of cerebral palsy and, in fact, greater numbers of very preterm/very low birth weight infants are surviving with cerebral palsy and other developmental problems. Infection in pregnancy may be an important cause of the disorder. In preterm infants, there appears to be about a 2‐fold increased risk for cerebral palsy from chorioamnionitis, and in term infants the estimated increased risk is about 4‐fold. Provisionally, chorioamnionitis might account for 12% of spastic cerebral palsy in term infants and 28% of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Studies of biochemical markers of fetal inflammation typically associated with infection also suggest that an inflammatory response may be an important independent etiologic factor. If a substantial proportion of cerebral palsy is attributable to acute amnionitis infection and/or neonatal sepsis, cerebral palsy should have decreased in the United States after administration of intrapartum antibiotics became widespread in response to publication of public health consensus guidelines for Group B streptococcus in 1996. However, failure to detect declines could have a number of explanations and these explanations illustrate the many public health challenges related to intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy. Given the gaps in our current knowledge about intrauterine infection and cerebral palsy, public health recommendations for timely and specific prevention activities are limited at this time. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:39–45. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life of adults with mental retardation/developmental disabilities who live with family
Authors: Mailick Seltzer Marsha , Wyngaarden Krauss Marty 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we review the literature related to the quality of life of adults with mental retardation/developmental disabilities (MR/DD) who live at home with their families. We examine the nature of the relationships between adults with MR/DD and their parents and siblings, the social worlds of adults with MR/DD, age‐related functional and health issues that affect their quality of life, the range of services and supports provided to them, and familial efforts to plan for their continued well‐being when parental care is no longer viable. Individual characteristics associated with these dimensions and/or more compromised quality of life profiles are identified. The paper concludes with recommendations for expanded research on the quality of life of adults with MR/DD who live in the parental home, a topic which has received markedly less attention than the quality of life of adults who live in publicly supported residential settings. MRDD Research Reviews 7:105–114, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systematic approach to the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders
Authors: Weibel Thaïs D. , Brady Roscoe O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDisorders that arise as a result of lysosomal dysfunction represent some of the most challenging diagnostic problems in medicine. Not only are these disorders infrequently seen, but they may also present with signs and symptoms that mimic perinatal injury, food intolerance, or the sequellae of neonatal infection. Misidentification can lead to significant delay in diagnosis. Ironically, as the prevailing economic climate places increasing time constraints on practicing physicians, medical research is providing treatment strategies and management techniques that are most effective if applied early in the course of the disease. Most lysosomal storage disorders can now be definitively diagnosed once the signs are recognized. In many cases the benefits of early diagnosis, enlightened management, and appropriate referral are considerable. The aim of this paper is to demystify this elusive class of diseases, to promote clinical vigilance in their detection, and to provide a systematic approach to diagnosis when clinical suspicion is aroused. MRDD Research Reviews 2001;7:190–199. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High temporal resolution phase contrast MRI with multiecho acquisitions†
Authors: Thompson Richard B. , McVeigh Elliot R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVelocity imaging with phase contrast (PC) MRI is a noninvasive tool for quantitative blood flow measurement in vivo. A shortcoming of conventional PC imaging is the reduction in temporal resolution as compared to the corresponding magnitude imaging. For the measurement of velocity in a single direction, the temporal resolution is halved because one must acquire two differentially flow‐encoded images for every PC image frame to subtract out non‐velocity‐related image phase information. In this study, a high temporal resolution PC technique which retains both the spatial resolution and breath‐hold length of conventional magnitude imaging is presented. Improvement by a factor of 2 in the temporal resolution was achieved by acquiring the differentially flow‐encoded images in separate breath‐holds rather than interleaved within a single breath‐hold. Additionally, a multiecho readout was incorporated into the PC experiment to acquire more views per unit time than is possible with the single gradient‐echo technique. A total improvement in temporal resolution by ∼5 times over conventional PC imaging was achieved. A complete set of images containing velocity data in all three directions was acquired in four breath‐holds, with a temporal resolution of 11.2 ms and an in‐plane spatial resolution of 2 mm × 2 mm. Magn Reson Med 47:499–512, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anisotropy in high angular resolution diffusion‐weighted MRI
Authors: Frank Lawrence R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe diffusion in voxels with multidirectional fibers can be quite complicated and not necessarily well characterized by the standard diffusion tensor model. High angular resolution diffusion‐weighted acquisitions have recently been proposed as a method to investigate such voxels, but the reconstruction methods proposed require sophisticated estimation schemes. We present here a simple algorithm for the identification of diffusion anisotropy based upon the variance of the estimated apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) as a function of measurement direction. The rationale for this method is discussed, and results in normal human subjects acquired with a novel diffusion‐weighted stimulated‐echo spiral acquisition are presented which distinguish areas of anisotropy that are not apparent in the relative anisotropy maps derived from the standard diffusion tensor model. Magn Reson Med 45:935–939, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity using square wave changes in end‐tidal PCO2
Authors: Vesely Alex , Sasano Hiroshi , Volgyesi George , Somogyi Ron , Tesler Janet , Fedorko Ludwik , Grynspan Jonathan , Crawley Adrian , Fisher Joseph A. , Mikulis David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCerebrovascular reactivity can be quantified by correlating blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal intensity with changes in end‐tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2). Four 3‐min cycles of high and low PCO2 were induced in three subjects, each cycle containing a steady PCO2 level lasting at least 60 sec. The BOLD signal closely followed the end‐tidal PCO2. The mean MRI signal intensity difference between high and low PCO2 (i.e., cerebrovascular reactivity) was 4.0 ± 3.4% for gray matter and 0.0 ± 2.0% for white matter. This is the first demonstration of the application of a controlled reproducible physiologic stimulus, i.e., alternating steady state levels of PCO2, to the quantification of cerebrovascular reactivity. Magn Reson Med 45:1011–1013, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion time dependence of the apparent diffusion tensor in healthy human brain and white matter disease
Authors: Clark Chris A. , Hedehus Maj , Moseley Michael E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe diffusion time dependence of the brain water diffusion tensor provides information regarding diffusion restriction and hindrance but has received little attention, primarily due to limitations in gradient amplitude available on clinical MRI systems, required to achieve short diffusion times. Using new, more powerful gradient hardware, the diffusion time dependence of tensor‐derived metrics were studied in human brain in the range 8–80 ms, which encompasses the shortest diffusion times studied to date. There was no evidence for a change in mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, or in the eigenvalues with diffusion time in healthy human brain. The findings are consistent with a model of unrestricted, but hindered water diffusion with semipermeable membranes, likely originating from the extracellular space in which the average extracellular separation is less than 7 microns. Similar findings in two multiple sclerosis plaques indicated that the size of the water diffusion space in the lesion did not exceed this dimension. Magn Reson Med 45:1126–1129, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significant precision improvement for temperature mapping
Authors: Li Lin , Shapiro Erik M. , Leigh John S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMR temperature measurements are important for applications such as the evaluation of thermal therapies and radiofrequency (RF) coil heating effects. In this work the spherical mean value (SMV) method has been applied to significantly improve the precision of MR temperature mapping in a homogeneous gel phantom. Temperature‐increase maps of the phantom were obtained with three‐dimensional (3D) MR phase difference mapping after heating with the RF coil. The temperature‐increase distribution in most regions in the phantom is a harmonic function with the mean value property. Based on this property, the precision of temperature‐increase maps was improved up to sixfold with the SMV method. Comparison of this method with conventional smoothing, further precision improvement, and the in vivo application of the SMV method are discussed. Magn Reson Med 4:678–682, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of potentiated and unpotentiated twitches as an index of muscle fatigue
Authors: Kufel Thomas J. , Pineda Lilibeth A. , Mador M. Jeffery 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent data suggest that the potentiated twitch is a more sensitive index of contractile fatigue than is the unpotentiated twitch. We hypothesized that after a potentially fatiguing load, the fall in twitch amplitude of the potentiated twitch would be significantly greater than that of an unpotentiated twitch. We compared the response of the potentiated and unpotentiated twitches to a series of potentially fatiguing loads using magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve in 10 healthy subjects. The baseline unpotentiated quadriceps twitch force (TwQu), potentiated quadriceps twitch force (TwQp), and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were 129 ± 6 N, 198 ± 6 N, and 622 ± 25 N, respectively. During a fatigue protocol that was designed to induce a spectrum of fatigue from mild to marked, the percent fall in quadriceps twitch force was significantly greater for the potentiated method than for the unpotentiated method at all levels of fatigue (P < .005). The within‐subject within‐day coefficient of variation was 7.5 ± 0.5% for TwQu and 5.6 ± 0.9% for TwQp. Thus, TwQp is reproducible and is superior to TwQu for detecting early muscle fatigue. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Informed consent
Authors: Bernat James L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhysicians have an ethical and legal duty to obtain patients' informed consent before ordering testing and treatment. Informed consent encompasses informed refusal, the correlative right of patients to refuse tests and therapies they do not want. A patient's informed consent requires adequate information, capacity to decide, and absence of coercion. Informed consent is incorporated into a process of agreement between a patient and a physician called “shared decision making.” The procedural requirements of informed consent vary as a function of the risks of the tests or treatments. Incompetent patients require surrogate decision makers to consent or refuse on their behalf. Older children and adolescents should be asked to provide their assent for treatment in addition to their parents' permission. Treatment may be provided in an emergency situation without consent if the treatment given represents the standard of emergency care. Consent of human subjects for participation in research requires that they fully understand their role and risks, not be coerced, and be allowed to withdraw at any time without penalty. Institutional review boards help guarantee the protection of human subjects. Vulnerable research subjects, such as children and the cognitively or mentally impaired, require additional protection. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 614–621, 2001
An innovative hand brace for carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Manente G. , Torrieri F. , Di Blasio F. , Staniscia T. , Romano F. , Uncini A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe developed a hand brace and studied its efficacy and tolerability in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We randomized 83 subjects into a treated group, which wore the hand brace at night for 4 weeks, and a control group, which received no treatment. The primary efficacy measure was change in the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) score. Secondary measures were Subjects' Global Impression of Change Questionnaire (SGICQ), median distal motor latency, sensory conduction velocity and amplitude, and neurophysiological class of severity. The treated group showed a reduction in BCTQ symptomatic score (from 2.75 to 1.54 at 4 weeks; P < 0.001) and functional score (from 1.89 to 1.48; P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in the control subjects. SGICQ documented improvement in all treated subjects (P = 0.006). No significant difference was found in electrophysiological measurements, but overall neurophysiological classification shifted to less severe classes in the treated group (P < 0.05). Thus, the study demonstrates that this hand brace is highly efficient in relieving symptoms and functional loss in CTS. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1020–1025, 2001
Terminal latency index in polyneuropathy with IgM paraproteinemia and anti‐MAG antibody
Authors: Cocito Dario , Isoardo Gianluca , Ciaramitaro Palma , Migliaretti Giuseppe , Pipieri Antonio , Barbero Pierangelo , Cucci Angele , Durelli Luca 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCriteria for the diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) are met by the polyneuropathy associated with immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraproteinemia and anti‐myelin–associated glycoprotein (MAG) antibody (MAG‐CIDP). However, MAG‐CIDP differs from other types of CIDP, mainly in its poorer response to treatment. The utility of terminal latency index (TLI) as an electrophysiological marker for MAG‐CIDP has been debated. In this study we confirmed its diagnostic usefulness and evaluated TLI threshold values for motor nerves investigated in routine nerve conduction studies. Median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial TLIs of 11 subjects with MAG‐CIDP, 18 with CIDP, and 76 healthy controls were compared, and threshold values for MAG‐CIDP evaluated as the lowest value with a likelihood ratio higher than 10. Mean TLI values and TLIs of all but the peroneal nerve were significantly lower in MAG‐CIDP. Median nerve TLI of 0.26 and ulnar nerve TLI of 0.33 were identified as the threshold TLI values for MAG‐CIDP. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1278–1282, 2001
Role of supraspinal serotonin receptors for micturition in normal conscious rats
Authors: Ishizuka Osamu , Gu Baojun , Igawa Yasuhiko , Nishizawa Osamu , Pehrson Rikard , Andersson Karl‐Erik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system, including several areas involved in the control of micturition reflex pathways. However, the roles of the different subtypes of 5‐HT receptors are not well known. We studied in normal, conscious rats, the effects on the cystometrogram of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of 5‐HT, 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐N‐propylaminotetralin) (8‐OH‐DPAT; agonist at 5‐HT1A receptors), α‐methyl‐5‐hydroxytryptamine maleate (agonist at 5‐HT2 receptors), 2‐methyl‐5‐hydroxytryptamine hydrochloride (agonist at 5‐HT3 receptors), and 1‐(4‐amino‐5‐chloro‐2methoxyphenyl)‐3‐(1‐n‐butyl‐4piperidinyl)‐1‐propanone hydrochloride (RS67506; agonist at 5‐HT4 receptors). Female Sprague‐Dawley rats, weighing approximately 230 g, were used. A polyethylene catheter was inserted into the bladder through the dome for cystometric investigations. For administration of drugs, a catheter was implanted into the right cerebral ventricle. Three days after implantation of the bladder catheter, continuous cystometry was performed. Administration of 5‐HT (6 nmol/kg i.c.v.), 8‐OH‐DPAT (6 nmol/kg), α‐methyl‐5‐hydroxytryptamine maleate (6 nmol/kg), or RS67506 hydrochloride (6 nmol/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased micturition pressure and decreased bladder capacity and micturition volume. The effects increased in a dose‐dependent manner (18, 60 nmol/kg). Intracerebroventricular administration of 2‐methyl‐5‐hydroxytryptamine hydrochloride (60 nmol/kg) caused no change in the cystometric parameters. The results suggest that in normal conscious rats, at the supraspinal level, 5‐HT (via 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT2, and 5‐HT4 receptors) can enhance the micturition reflex induced by bladder filling. Whether this means that 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT2, and 5‐HT4 receptors can be targets for drugs meant for treatment of bladder hyperactivity, should be explored. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:225–230, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Warehouse sizing to minimize inventory and storage costs
Authors: Goh Mark , Jihong Ou , Chung‐Piaw Teo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper considers a warehouse sizing problem whose objective is to minimize the total cost of ordering, holding, and warehousing of inventory. Unlike typical economic lot sizing models, the warehousing cost structure examined here is not the simple unit rate type, but rather a more realistic step function of the warehouse space to be acquired. In the cases when only one type of stock‐keeping unit (SKU) is warehoused, or when multiple SKUs are warehoused, but, with separable inventory costs, closed form solutions are obtained for the optimal warehouse size. For the case of multi‐SKUs with joint inventory replenishment cost, a heuristic with a provable performance bound of 94% is provided. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 299–312, 2001
Lactate efflux and the neuroenergetic basis of brain function
Authors: Shulman Robert G. , Hyder Fahmeed , Rothman Douglas L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the unstimulated brain energy is primarily supplied by the oxidation of glucose. However the oxygen‐to‐glucose index (OGI), which is the ratio of metabolic rates of oxygen to glucose, CMRO2/CMRglc, diverges from the theoretical value of 6 as activity is increased. In vivo measurements of brain lactate show its concentration to increase with stimulation. The decreasing OGI with stimulation had led to the suggestion that activation, unlike resting activity, is supported by anaerobic glycolysis. To date a unifying concept that accommodates glucose oxidation at rest with lactate generation and OGI decrease during stimulation of brain is lacking. Furthermore, energetics that change with increasing activity are not consistent with a neuroenergetic model that has been proposed from 1‐13C‐glucose MRS experiments. That model, based upon in vivo MRS measurements and cellular studies by Pellerin and Magistretti, showed that glutamate neurotransmitter cycling was coupled to glucose oxidation over a wide range of brain activities from rest down to deep anesthesia. Here we reconcile these paradoxical observations by suggesting that anaerobic glucose consumption (which can provide energy rapidly) increases with activation to meet the power requirements of millisecond neuronal firing. It is proposed, in accord with our neuroenergetic model, that the extra glucose mobilized rapidly for glial clearance of glutamate, is not needed for the oxidative processes that are responsible for neuronal firing and glutamate release, and consequently it is effluxed as lactate. A stoichiometric relation between OGI and lactate concentration is derived from the neuroenergetic model, showing that the enhanced glucose uptake during activation is consistent with neuronal activity being energetically supported by glucose oxidation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiphoton stimulation of neurons
Authors: Hirase Hajime , Nikolenko Volodymyr , Goldberg Jesse H. , Yuste Rafael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe pulsed the activation of neurons using a femtosecond laser. Pyramidal neurons are depolarized and fire action potentials when high intensity mode‐locked infrared light irradiates somatic membranes and axon initial segments. This depolarization is reversible, does not occur with CW laser light, and appears to be due to multiphoton excitation. We describe two regimes of multiphoton optical stimulation. Low intensity, long duration laser irradiation produces a sustained depolarization, insensitive to sodium channel blockers yet sensitive to antioxidants. On the other hand, high intensity, short duration irradiation can induce fast depolarizations, which appear due to different mechanism. The combination of multiphoton stimulation and optical probing could enable systematic analysis of circuits. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 237–247, 2002
Testosterone regulates the activity and expression of aromatase in the canary neostriatum
Authors: Fusani Leonida , Hutchison John B. , Gahr Manfred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe estrogen synthesizing enzyme, P450 aromatase, plays a critical role in the regulation of vertebrate sexual behavior. Songbirds differ from other avian species in the distribution and expression of aromatase in the telencephalon. The highest concentration of aromatase in the songbird brain is found in the caudomedial neostriatum (NCM). This area surrounds the only nucleus of the neural song system that contains estrogen receptors, the high vocal center (HVC). It has been suggested that estrogen produced in NCM via aromatization of circulating testosterone (T) is involved in song development and adult song plasticity. The modalities of regulation of aromatase in NCM are not well understood, and some studies suggest that in NCM, unlike in the preoptic‐hypothalamic areas, aromatase is not regulated by androgen and/or estrogen. In this work, we studied whether the treatment of female canaries with T, which induces the development of malelike song and the masculinization of the song system, also induces an increase in the expression and activity of aromatase in NCM. Our results show that both the expression and activity of aromatase in NCM increase in female canaries following T treatment. This study provides the first direct evidence that T regulates telencephalic aromatase in songbirds, and suggests that an increase in estrogen production in NCM might be functional in neural and behavioral plasticity during phases of song organization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 1–8, 2001