bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
By the Numbers
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, English numerical practices underwent a complex transformation with wide-ranging impacts on English society and modes of thought. At the beginning of the early modern period, English men and women believed that God had made humans universally numerate, although numbers were not central to their everyday lives. Over the next two centuries, rising literacy rates and the increasing availability of printed books revolutionized modes of arithmetical education, upended the balance between the multiple symbolic systems used to express popular numeracy, and contributed to a wider transformation in numbers as a technology of knowledge. By the eighteenth century, English ways of knowing about the world had been fundamentally reoriented to rely on quantification and mathematical analyses in an increasingly wide array of contexts. English men and women still believed they lived in a world made by God, but it was also a world made—and made understandable—by numbers.
“It is Oddes of Many To One”: Quantifying Chance and Risk
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the increasing quantification of chance and risk during the early modern period, and how English men and women reconciled this with their religious beliefs. In the sixteenth century, gamblers’ use of the word “odds” to describe the proportion between their wagers gradually led the word to become associated with quantified chance. As the wider population began to apply quantified chance to situations in their everyday lives, the concept came into potential conflict with established views of divine providence. In the seventeenth century, people increasingly embraced the concept and language of quantified chance to minimize their risks while still maintaining their belief in an all-knowing, all-powerful God.
Epilogue “Heau’ns Great Arithmetician”: Living in a Numerical World
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The epilogue reiterates the importance of reconstructing numeracy and quantification as a cognitive element of early modern English culture. It emphasizes the importance of Christianity for understanding early modern ideas about numbers, including the ways they were applied to abstract ideas such as time, chance, and human populations. It also argues that Anglophone scholars need to examine numbers through the lens of historical cultures, defamiliarizing themselves with Arabic numeral–based numeracy and setting aside assumptions about how numbers and cultures intersect, in order to comprehend the full range of historical numeracies. This not only enables us to identify phenomena like the numerical transformations of early modern England and the English development of a mathematical worldview but will also enable scholars to better understand how numbers came to be so influential in modern cultures and so foundational to modern ways of thinking about the world.
Self-Enhancement and Counterproductive COVID-19 Behavior
Authors: Zell Ethan , Sedikides Constantine 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Self-enhancement is the motive to pursue, preserve, or amplify the positivity of self-views and results in inflated self-views. For example, people believe they rank above average across a variety of characteristics. Additionally, they believe they have an above average likelihood of experiencing positive events and avoiding negative events. The chapter argues that self-enhancement explains counterproductive behavior during the pandemic. People could believe that their ability to resist or recuperate from COVID-19 is above average, their knowledge of COVID-19 is above average, and they are less influenced by COVID-19 conspiracy theories than others. Further, they might believe that their likelihood of infection is lower than average, they would respond more favorably to treatment than others, and their country will quell the effects of COVID-19 more quickly than other countries. Such beliefs might engender less precautionary behavior such as social distancing, use of face masks, sanitizing, and vaccination. Lessons learned are summarized, and research directions are offered.
How Will Couples Adapt to Stress From the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Pietromonaco Paula R. , Overall Nickola C. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, married and cohabiting couples have experienced an array of challenges, such as financial losses, employment disruptions, lack of day care, school closures, and the loss of space, time, and routine. Theory and research from relationship science suggested that how the pandemic impacts couples’ relationships will depend on the severity of pandemic-related stress together with preexisting life stressors (e.g., economic status, discrimination) and personal vulnerabilities (e.g., attachment insecurity). All of these factors can impair adaptive relationship processes, such as couples’ ability to be supportive versus hostile during stressful relationship interactions, which harms relationship quality over time. Couples’ experiences during the pandemic will vary widely, and, as a result, couples will vary in their relationship trajectories. Some will show chronic, long-term distress; others will show stable resilience; and still others will fall in-between these two extremes. This chapter reviews emerging research comparing couples’ relationships before and during the pandemic that supports this framework, draws on additional research to recommend strategies for mitigating pandemic-related relationship disruptions, and suggests critical directions for future research.
Harnessing Moral Cognition to Save Lives
Authors: Landy Justin F. , Perry Alexander D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Research demonstrated the importance of public health behaviors (PHBs) like mask wearing and social distancing for limiting the number of deaths due to COVID-19. Despite the importance of PHBs, many people have not fully embraced these behaviors. It is thought that part of why people do not always engage in PHBs is because of the messaging surrounding them. The chapter draws on research in moral psychology and identifies three ways that messaging promoting PHBs could be improved: highlighting risks to people of all ages; drawing attention to specific, identifiable victims; and using tailored moral messaging. It is hypothesized that implementing these suggestions will make messages promoting PHBs more persuasive, thus increasing willingness to engage in PHBs and reducing the pandemic’s ultimate outcomes (e.g., death toll). This chapter presents both actionable, empirically grounded recommendations for improving messages encouraging PHBs and new hypotheses for basic and applied psychology research. Use of techniques based on these principles of moral cognition might affect ultimate outcomes of the pandemic. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.
Fake News and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Linden Sander van der , Roozenbeek Jon 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has witnessed an explosion in the spread of fake news. Belief in misinformation about the virus has been linked to reduced compliance with public health guidelines and less willingness to get vaccinated against the virus. Although fact-checking initiatives are useful, their reach and impact often remain limited once people have been exposed to a falsehood. Recently, social scientists have therefore begun to explore how to prevent fake news from going viral in the first place by building psychological resistance against it, an approach known as psychological “inoculation.” This chapter details the rich history of inoculation theory and its applications during the COVID-19 “infodemic.” The chapter shows how interventions such as a simple 5-minute browser game called Go Viral! can reduce people’s susceptibility to misinformation about COVID-19, improve people’s confidence in their ability to spot fake news, and reduce their willingness to share misinformation with others in their network. This chapter ends by summarizing lessons learned and exploring key open questions that surround social science research on fake news and misinformation.
Strengthening Children and Youth Exposed to Multiple Community Stressors in Zagreb
Authors: Buljan Flander Gordana , Mikloušić Igor , Brezinšćak Tea , Selak Bagarić Ella , Jeleč Vjekoslav 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the initiatives that arose from the voluntary contribution of experts from the city of Zagreb, Croatia, that were aimed at helping and supporting children, youth, and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic and severe earthquakes that have affected the city. The detrimental effects of uncertainty, insecurity, and numerous losses—not only home, loved ones, and health, but also a significant loss of quality of life—were addressed by establishing the Commission for the Protection of Mental Health of Children and Youth of the City of Zagreb. The commission brought together mental health experts working with children and youth, representatives of the city, and experts from the fields of education and culture. The chapter describes coordinated actions that relied on existing resources and capacities of the city of Zagreb to ensure the availability of mental health services for those who needed them, protect children and youth from side effects of crisis (e.g., the rise in family violence), and enhance their psychological resiliency.
Researching Emotional Topics During Emotional Times
Authors: Hughes Samantha , Lemon Sarah , Stonebridge Natasha , Scott Sam 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of emotional labor by exploring the personal experiences of researchers carrying out qualitative interviews with front-line workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter opens with an overview of some of the emotional aspects of the pandemic, ranging from medical providers witnessing death to more widespread experiences of the fear of losing loved ones and experiencing a dramatically changed daily life. The chapter then provides context by outlining the project from which the authors’ experiences were drawn and presents a summary of the techniques and outcomes of the interview process. The authors then share their reflections to consider the impact of emotional labor on themselves as researchers; this is particularly potent given that the interviews took place during a pandemic, and the researchers had to adapt their lives and carry on working despite experiencing similar stressors to those affecting their participants. Finally, the chapter reviews the authors’ reflections and provides recommendations for the management, support, and self-care of all those involved in the research process, whether within or without a pandemic.
Introduction
Authors: Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Outlining the broader questions that animated our research on the world’s largest image-based social media platform, we introduce the three broad arguments this book develops on the basis of long-term, theoretically grounded inquiry. First, we argue that networks spun through Instagram are integrated. This social integration results in profound social pressures that are one of the overriding themes of this book. Second, Instagram reflects and reinforces inequality. Whether they are aware of it or not, inequality is one of the platform’s defining features, ever-present in users’ interactions with the platform. And third, social media engender minute deviations. Any challenge to the status quo mounted through the platform is laborious because it necessarily takes multiple contradictory expectations into account.
Selves and Others
Authors: Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus , Peute Marije 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Instagram has a reputation for shallowness and vanity, but behind the polished pictures lie emotional ambiguities and complex considerations. Drawing on in-depth interviews with frequent Instagram users, this chapter explores the doubts and anxieties that users encounter as they craft their posts, connect with others, and look at the world through Instagram. What does it mean to be confronted with stark inequalities of status and rank when scrolling through the app? How can they be true to themselves while competing with others? Why do the lives of others always seem so impressive compared to their own? No psychological diagnosis or sociological pattern on its own suffices to provide answers to these questions.
Conclusion
Authors: Boy John D. , Uitermark Justus 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In Congressional hearings, opinion articles, and Netflix documentaries, social media platforms are routinely blamed for deepening polarization and harming mental health. In our conclusion, we relate the book’s main arguments to these kinds of concerns. There are reasons to be critical, but it matters how we are critical. Sweeping critiques risk reifying social media, seeing them as evil actors rather than as vectors in broader sets of relations. Our relational and contextual approach makes it difficult to arrive at a definitive verdict, but it allows us to understand why social media’s impacts vary so widely between users, places, and groups. Finally, we explore the broader epistemological implications of our study, and outline how we might bring meaning, context, and power into computational social science.
Hardship Duty
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on the puzzle of how sexual abuse remains highly prevalent in an organization that has longstanding and evolving policies, prevention strategies, and education programs that address sexual violence. Drawing primarily on in-depth interviews with fifty servicewomen, Hardship Duty uncovers how masculinity and misogyny are entangled in the organization’s structure, policies, values, physical spaces, and culture in ways that create sexual abuse vulnerability. The author shows how privileging masculinity and denigrating femininity at the organizational level encourages harassment at the interpersonal level. Despite several policies designed to assist victims, servicewomen are often forced to cope with harassment and sexual abuse alone. Further, the military’s emphasis on embodying a warrior portrays military identities in opposition to victim identities, encouraging servicemembers to remain silent about victimization. Women who do report are often treated like institutional enemies, harassed more, and face resistance from the institution. For these reasons, the author argues that the military fails to create change because their solutions focus on punitive measures at the individual level and ignore the active role the organization has in facilitating victimization. Further, the policies developed to assist victims are filtered through the gendered institutional context, which can render them ineffective or can allow the policies themselves to be used as tools of harassment and ostracization.
Not Safe at Work, Not Safe at Home
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the author describes how masculinity and femmephobia are built into the military’s spatial arrangements. Femmephobic, hyper-sexual, and hyper-masculine décor are built into the physical structures and geography of military spaces, which normalizes messages of inequality. Military spaces are also dominated by men, making women stand out and more easily monitored by individuals wishing to cause harm. Further, men in leadership positions can use their power to protect masculine privilege and to downplay the seriousness of sexual harassment and assault in military spaces. The author argues that the military’s blend of work, social, and personal life creates a sense for women that harassment is omnipresent. While military structures exist to reprimand, fire, or even court-marital those engaging in sexual harassment and assault, women are at times prohibited from accessing these channels or triggering these processes. Further, when women try to challenge these dynamics, they are often ignored, ostracized, or harassed for doing so, preserving men’s power and domination over military spaces.
A Failed Promise
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the author explains how during recruitment and training the military promotes itself as a family where servicemembers protect and look out for each other. While this attracts many people, it makes the military especially appealing for young people seeking to escape neglect, abuse, and sexual violence at home. Although the organization encourages the idea that the military is family, this narrative operates in highly gendered ways. Servicewomen come to learn through interacting with other servicemembers, especially servicemen, that the military family is actually a brotherhood that excludes women. The author explores how the military values of caregiving, trust, and loyalty can be exploited in ways that make women vulnerable to sexual harm. This chapter shows how the interactional level creates severe consequences for women who use reporting streams or try to access victim-friendly policies created by the military. Due to these factors, servicewomen who have been sexually violated feel betrayed by both their attacker and the military as an institution.
Eschewing Versus Embracing a Victim Identity
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the military’s femmephobic and hyper-masculine culture affects how servicewomen respond to harassment. The military’s emphasis on embodying a warrior portrays military identities in opposition to victim identities. Many servicewomen do not confront harassers or use official reporting channels; rather, they develop individual strategies to manage harassment (such as seeking transfers and avoiding known harassers) to eschew the stigmatized victim label. The power of the femmephobic context and culture creates powerful interactional-level barriers for servicewomen to confront or report harassment. However, women with combat experience have enough “masculinity insurance” to wield in interaction with servicemembers who are disrespecting them and do confront harassers. Their status as a warrior gained through combat deployments means that admitting to being a victim of sexual harassment does not threaten their status as military insiders. They mobilize this power to confront and report harassers. While women make choices in how to resist harassment, these choices are constrained by the prioritization of masculinity at the institutional and interactional level.
Assessing the Pragmatists’ Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: Glennon Michael J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter weighs philosophical and practical arguments for and against the marketplace of ideas model, concluding that circular metaphysical discursions can be avoided by recognizing the practical utility of freedom of speech in promoting social stability. As a philosophical matter, the model is not “self-canceling,” as critics suggest, nor does it rely upon natural law premises, on which it is agnostic (although, as John Hart Ely argued, natural law theories present grave problems). As a practical matter, empirical critiques also fail. There is little reason to believe that select subsets of censors are better able to overcome cognitive biases than is the general public; many such critiques are examples of how effectively the market works, not that it is failing. In fact, the weight of empirical evidence indicates that censorship empowers suppressed speakers, amplifies their messages, discredits the censors, and drives suppressed speech underground, where it is left unrebutted.
Incitement to Law Violation or Violence
Authors: Glennon Michael J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why the First Amendment is correctly interpreted as protecting advocacy of law violation and violence. It traces its interpretive history to World War I–era cases such as Debs, Schenck, and Gitlow in which the Supreme Court, while purporting to apply a clear-and-present-danger test, actually applied a very different “bad tendency” test that permitted such speech to be censored. Alexander Meiklejohn’s defense of free speech during the McCarthy era, however, helped move the Supreme Court to its current approach in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1968). This landmark case construes the First Amendment as permitting the punishment of actual incitement but protecting mere advocacy. It thus mandates viewpoint neutrality. This does not fully resolve the underlying dilemma as to where the line is to be drawn with respect to the “period of incubation” of potentially dangerous speech, concerning, for example, coup plotting or insurrection. Where imminent danger can be forestalled by counterspeech rather than suppression, however, the scales still tip toward free speech.
Offensive and Hate Speech
Authors: Glennon Michael J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Constitution does not protect “hate speech” as such, this chapter points out. It does, however, properly protect some speech that is hateful, for three reasons. First, hatred is a viewpoint, and viewpoint discrimination—banning mere advocacy of an idea—is not permitted. Second, efforts to define hate are unavoidably vague, allowing for discriminatory enforcement of the law and chilling protected speech, thus providing insufficient notice to meet due process requirements. Third, discreet and insular minorities rely upon speech to break the shackles of subordination; disadvantaged minorities would be the first to be censored if majorities were left free to do so. Thus civil rights pioneers like Frederick Douglass, Martin Luther King, and John Lewis were strong proponents of free speech.
Disinformation
Authors: Glennon Michael J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why publishing false information is constitutionally protected. It illustrates the reasons by examining a 2021 case decided by the Supreme Court, United States v. Alvarez. In it, the Court found that the government could not punish someone for falsely claiming to have won the Medal of Honor. The Court reaffirmed its support for the marketplace of ideas. The remedy for false speech is more speech, the Court’s plurality said, not enforced silence. The first reason to protect falsehood is that it does not in and of itself constitute incitement but advances democracy. False claims by leaders help citizens identify who they should vote for, as exemplified by Donald Trump’s claims of the size of his inaugural crowd. Second, allowing the government to weed out falsehood would require establishing a Ministry of Truth. The government is in no position to do so, having often itself been the source of false information. Third, suppressing falsehood would often involve viewpoint discrimination. Fourth, defining falsehood is in many instances difficult if not impossible, leading inevitably to vagueness problems. Social myth systems are one example.