bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in riparian forests in the Kushiro Mire, Japan, associated with stream channelization
Authors: Nakamura Futoshi , Jitsu Mieko , Kameyama Satoshi , Mizugaki Shigeru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Kushiro Mire, the largest mire in Japan, presently faces the serious problem of turbid water flooding. Shortening of stream channels associated with agricultural development is a major cause of streambed aggradation. This aggradation reduces the carrying capacity of the channel, resulting in sediment laden water spilling over the wetlands in a flood event. Sedimentation progresses with repeated inundation by turbid water, which significantly alters the edaphic conditions, and thereby the composition and structure of marsh forests. Aggradation of the geomorphic surfaces with sedimentation lowers the water level, and increases soil particle size and nutrient status. This situation was clearly displayed in an ordination of canonical correspondence analysis. Among the environmental variables, water level was related most strongly to the pattern of a forest community. Salix species dominated the flood areas, which were characterized by a low water level, coarse sediment, and high electrical conductivity. Alnus japonica, the most common tree species in the Kushiro Mire, favors soil conditions represented by high water table and organic content. A. japonica adapts to a higher water level by developing lenticels with hypertrophied and adventitious roots, multiple sprouting and regenerates vegetatively. Basal areas (BAs) of A. japonica, however, seem to be limited by high fluctuations in water levels, which are amplified by channelization. This raises serious concerns for the integrity of the Kushiro Mire. It is important to implement a conservation plan from a watershed perspective because most problems originate in upper basins. Creating riparian buffer strips, sediment‐filtering wetlands, and restoring the original meandering course may slow down sedimentation in the mire, and thus help to restore the natural hydrological regime. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a multivariate contraction method for random recursive structures with applications to Quicksort
Authors: Neininger Ralph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe contraction method for recursive algorithms is extended to the multivariate analysis of vectors of parameters of recursive structures and algorithms. We prove a general multivariate limit law, which also leads to an approach to asymptotic covariances and correlations of the parameters. As an application, the asymptotic correlations and a bivariate limit law for the number of key comparisons and exchanges of median‐of‐(2t+1) Quicksort are given. Moreover, for the Quicksort programs analyzed by Sedgewick the exact order of the standard deviation and a limit law follow, considering all the parameters counted by Sedgewick. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 498–524, 2001
Infinite paths in randomly oriented lattices
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe square lattice is used to generate an oriented graph in which a rightward or upward arrow is present on each edge with probability a, and a leftward or downward arrow with probability b. Independence between different edges of the square lattice is assumed, but nothing is assumed concerning the dependence between the two possible orientations at any given edge. A property of self‐duality is exploited to show that, when a+b=1, the process is, in a sense to be made precise, either critical or supercritical, but not subcritical. This observation enables progress with the percolation problem in which each horizontal edge is oriented rightward with probability p and otherwise leftward, and each vertical edge is oriented upward with probability p and otherwise downward. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 18, 257–266, 2001
The diameter of long‐range percolation clusters on finite cycles
Authors: Benjamini Itai , Berger Noam 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBounds for the diameter and expansion of the graphs created by long‐range percolation on the cycle ℤ/Nℤ are given. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 102–111, 2001
Design aspects of satellite–cellular hybrid wireless systems
Authors: ElBatt Tamer , Ephremides Anthony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we investigate various issues related to the design of satellite–cellular hybrid systems. First, we review the fundamental problems of channel partitioning and call admission/assignment. Second, we study the impact of different frequency reuse constraints, in both layers, on the optimum channel partitioning. Third, we investigate, analytically and via simulation, the effect of reducing the cell size. We emphasize the blocking‐forced termination probabilities trade‐off for pure cellular and satellite–cellular hybrid systems. Accordingly, an optimization problem with respect to the cell size is formulated. Finally, we search for the optimum dynamic call re‐assignment policy that improves the system capacity at the expense of the complexity associated with tearing down a connection in one system and setting‐up an alternative one in the other system. For a small hybrid system, we characterized the optimum re‐assignment policies that minimize the blocking probability, dropping probability, and a weighted cost function of these probabilities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Families' engagement with young children's science and technology learning at home
Authors: Hall Robin L. , Schaverien Lynette 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is accumulating evidence of the worth of involving families in young children's learning in informal contexts. By exploring families' engagement with their children's science and technology learning at home over a 6‐month period, the present investigation sought to illuminate both the nature and the educational significance of what families do. Initially, in order to seed scientific and technological inquiry in homes, kindergarten and year‐one children investigated flashlights with family members at school. Each day, equipment was available to take home. Using established anthropological methods, one of the researchers investigated children's further inquiries beyond the classroom in diverse ways; for example, by visiting homes and conversing via telephone and facsimile. The findings showed that families engaged with children's inquiries at home in many ways—by providing resources, conversing, and investigating collaboratively with children. Moreover, when families pursued inquiries together and when children conducted their own sustained intellectual searches, children's ideas deepened. Such evidence of the educational significance of what families do suggests that early science and technology education might be made more effective if it were aligned with the ways people learn together outside formal institutions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:454–481, 2001.
An efficient image mapping method for 3D surface textures
Authors: Matsushita Kenji , Kaneko Toyohisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo generate 3D computer graphics models, we need to obtain their surface geometrical data as well as texture data. This task is usually quite laborious. When real objects are on hand, there are scanners to acquire these data directly. This paper is concerned with an efficient method to acquire texture data for an object whose geometrical data are already known. We set up 320 viewpoints around an object and select a minimal number of viewpoints to cover all of its surfaces. Photographs are taken from the viewpoints. For the surfaces not in the photographs, new photographs are usually taken from viewpoints closer to the object. Lastly, those photographs are mapped exactly onto the object's surface. This method has the advantage of not requiring exact setting of viewpoint positions, since the actual camera positions are found by moving known geometrical data virtually. We conducted experiments with three models whose geometrical data were acquired through CT. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(4): 14–24, 2001
Effects of neuronal dynamics on memory storing in stimulus–response scheme model
Authors: Katada Naofumi , Nishimura Haruhiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPreviously, the authors introduced a stimulus–response scheme that supports plastic variation of synapse weights in chaotic neural networks, and analyzed how memory formation evolved under external stimulation. In this paper, the same analysis is applied to stochastic neural networks with different dynamics, and the obtained results are compared to those for chaotic networks to examine the influence exerted by dynamic parameters on the memorization process. In experiments, chaotic networks proved to be more efficient than stochastic networks. This is indicative of functionality of neural chaos in stimulus–response scheme that is close to natural learning, while further experiments are required to confirm the generality of this conclusion. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(6): 29–35, 2001
A classification method to reduce the number of categories in ART1
Authors: Takaoka Tetsuya , Izumida Masanori , Murakami Kenji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) neural network was proposed by Grossberg and colleagues to classify by certain criterion (vigilance parameter) a data set distributed across feature space. With ART1, the selection of existing categories and generation of new categories is performed appropriately using two procedures called competition and resonance. Past learning can coexist with new learning without contradictions (that is, the so‐called plasticity–stability dilemma is avoided). However, ART classification results are influenced by the data presentation order, so that different numbers of categories and different classification results may be obtained for the same data set, which is basically unacceptable. As a solution to this problem, this study introduces two procedures, namely, asymptotic setting of the vigilance parameter and probabilistic restoration of prototypes. Asymptotic setting of the vigilance parameter is a procedure to reduce the number of generated categories to a minimum by varying the vigilance parameter gradually from its minimum to a preset target value; in the process, the classification results develop from rough to fine. Probabilistic restoration of prototypes handles changes in the order of data presentation by probabilistic variation of existing prototypes (representative values). By adding these two procedures, an ART modification may be designed with a reduced number of generated categories, while not being dependent on data presentation order. In this study, the two additional procedures were introduced into ART1, variety of ART for dealing with binary patterns, and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified against several data sets. Experiments proved that the proposed method provides order‐independent data classification with a minimum (or nearly minimum) number of categories. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 61–69, 2001
Contradictions between WTO and sustainable development? The case of environmental dumping
Authors: Lothe Solveig 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses how the WTO agreement deals with the environmental and competitiveness concerns linked to trade and environmental policies. As the use of traditional export subsidies and other protectionist trade policies are now strongly restricted in the WTO, many countries will try to find other ways to increase competitiveness. One way of doing this is to use lax environmental taxation or regulation as indirect subsidies (i.e. ‘environmental dumping’). If this is done, the reduced possibilities of using traditional protectionist trade policies could harm the environment, thus reducing the overall welfare gain from trade liberalization. Environmental countervailing tariffs have been suggested as a way of reducing incentives for environmental dumping. The WTO rules are examined in order to analyse the feasibility of the uses of environmental countervailing tariffs in the current and future framework of WTO, and the incentives and welfare consequences are analysed under different market scenarios. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Sustainable development: an evolutionary economic approach
Authors: van Griethuysen Pascal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, it is argued that the view of the economic sphere as a closed system cannot appropriately deal with the issue of sustainable development. Evolutionary economics is then presented as a fruitful alternative to apprehend the interactions between the economic, the human and the natural spheres. This emerging field offers both a firm theoretical basis (based upon recent developments in physics, biology, dynamic systems theory and the sciences of complexity) and practical, pragmatic answers to the implementation of a sustainable path of development. This is further illustrated with the presentation of the evolutionary logic of a multi‐level common regime. Such a regime could be an institutional counterpart of social and environmental dynamics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Group model building effectiveness: a review of assessment studies
Authors: Rouwette Etiënne A. J. A. , Vennix Jac A. M. , Mullekom Theo van 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOver the last decades system dynamicists have experimented with approaches to achieve more involvement of their clients in the model building process. As a result the number of reports in the literature on the use of system dynamics as an organizational intervention tool has increased dramatically. From the literature we have identified 107 cases that provide details on the modeling process and the assessment of results. The cases show a wide variety in the way the interventions are reported and assessed. From a research point of view this is clearly an undesirable state of affairs. This article reports on a meta analysis of findings of these studies and tries to provide an overview of outcome studies on system dynamics interventions. It attempts to draw some preliminary conclusions on the effectiveness of system dynamics modeling interventions, to clarify differences in definitions of outcomes, and to provide guidelines for more standardized assessments and reports. Rather than remaining in the stage of single case descriptions, the latter will enable the accumulation of research results in the future, a prerequisite for institutional learning within the system dynamics community. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging and measurement of local mechanical material properties by atomic force acoustic microscopy
Authors: Rabe U. , Amelio S. , Kopycinska M. , Hirsekorn S. , Kempf M. , Göken M. , Arnold W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) the cantilever of an atomic force microscope is vibrated at ultrasonic frequencies while a sample surface is scanned with the sensor tip contacting the sample. As a consequence, the amplitude and phase of the cantilever vibration as well as the shift of the cantilever resonance frequencies contain information about local tip–sample contact stiffness and can be used as imaging quantities. An appropriate theoretical description of the transfer of ultrasound in an atomic force microscope enables the measurement of the local mechanical material parameters of the sample surface by evaluating experimental cantilever vibration spectra. In the experiments presented here, we examine the sensitivity of the technique using silicon single crystals. Furthermore, we show that the ferroelectric domains of lead zirconate–titanate ceramics can be imaged by AFAM and that local elastic constants of the sample surface can be determined quantitatively. The lateral resolution of the technique is given by the contact area formed by the sensor tip and the sample surface, which can have a diameter of <10 nm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extending the capabilities of scanning probe microscopy for microroughness analysis in surface engineering
Authors: Ferré‐Borrull Josep , Steinert Jörg , Duparré Angela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a method for extending the capabilities of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods in surface engineering by specific processing and interpretation of topographic data. The first part of this processing permits SPM measurements of different scan sizes to be combined with other microtopographical techniques. The result is a comprehensive description of the surface microstructure based on power spectral density functions. The second part consists of the extraction of a small set of characteristic parameters that objectively characterize the statistical properties of the surface and separate different roughness contributions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of scanning force microscopy studies with combined friction, stiffness and thermal diffusivity contrasts for microscopic characterization of automotive brake pads
Authors: Munz M. , Schulz E. , Sturm H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA scanning force microscopy (SFM) study encompassing a thermal and various mechanical contrasts was performed on a sample related to automotive brake pads. The sample consisted of polybutadiene (PBD) and the solid lubricant antimony sulphide (Sb2S3), both dispersed in a polymeric matrix of phenolic resin. Via this highly simplified composition, the assignment of contrasts to the ingredients was assured. The mechanical measurements, namely the stiffness measurements via force modulation microscopy (FMM) and the friction measurements via lateral force microscopy (LFM) and harmonically modulated lateral force microscopy (HM‐LFM), were carried out in one combined experiment (using the same silicon tip). Owing to the available stiffness data, the results of the lateral force measurements are discussed in terms of the size of the mechanical contact radius. Compared with LFM, HM‐LFM is less prone to topographic artefacts and shows enhanced contrasts. The additional phase image indicates deviations from perfect elastic behaviour. Consistently with the FMM measurement, the HM‐LFM phase image displays a distinct phase shift on PBD. For performing thermal measurements, a probe made up of Wollaston was employed. The resulting images are interpreted in terms of the thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductance of the tip– sample contact. Beyond the mechanical properties of the material under investigation, the influence of the bridging water layer also has to be taken into account. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calibration of electron spectrometers operating in the high energy range
Authors: Kövér L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn spite of the increasing use of electron spectroscopic methods at energies well above the region conventional in surface analysis, standard methods for the calibration of electron spectrometers in this high energy range are not available.In the present work problems of energy, efficiency and resolution calibration of electron spectrometers operating in the high energy (1.5–10 keV) range are discussed and the possibilities of using photoexcited and backscattered electrons, as well as electrons emitted from radioactive samples for calibration, are reviewed. Recommended data available for energy calibration, namely x‐ray and Auger transition energies and deep core binding energies (including recent results of high‐resolution experiments), are presented and the methods proposed (with the necessary experimental conditions) for using these data for energy calibration purposes are discussed. Different methods (based on the use of photoexcited, backscattered electrons or radioactive samples) for determining the relative and absolute efficiency functions, as well as the energy resolution of electron spectrometers operating in the high energy range, are also reviewed and discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High spatial resolution extended x‐ray emission fine structure (EXEFS) spectra of an electronic device measured by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA)
Authors: Kawai Jun , Takahashi Hideyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSilicon K x‐ray emission spectra of a model electronic device are measured using a commercial electron probe microanalyser equipped with a wavelength‐dispersive spectrometer. Extended x‐ray emission fine structure (EXEFS) is observed at the low‐energy side of the K x‐ray emission diagram lines. The EXEFS spectra are known to be similar to the XANES (x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure) spectra. The measured silicon K x‐ray EXEFS spectra are compared with Si, SiC, Si3N4 and SiO2 EXEFS spectra. The EXEFS spectra at two places on the electronic devices are different from each other; one is similar to the spectrum of SiO2 and the other is the sum of SiO2 and Si. These results correspond well to the multilayer structure of the measured points. The present results demonstrate that a high spatial resolution chemical‐state analysis is possible using the XANES‐like EXEFS spectra. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Output characteristics of stacked CMOS‐type active pixel sensor for charged particles
Authors: Nagashima Kazuhide , Kunihiro Takuya , Takayanagi Isao , Nakamura Junichi , Kosaka Koji , Yurimoto Hisayoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA stacked CMOS‐type active pixel sensor (SCAPS) for charged particles has been developed. The SCAPS is an integral‐type detector that has several advantages over conventional systems, including two‐dimensional detection, wide dynamic range, no insensitive time, direct detection of charged particles and a high degree of robustness. The output characteristics of the SCAPS for incident charged particles has been analysed both theoretically and experimentally. The relationships between the output voltage of the SCAPS and the number of incident charged particles were formulated by including corrections for the non‐ideal characteristics of transistors in a pixel. The fluctuation of output characteristics of the SCAPS was evaluated experimentally by irradiation of secondary 4.5 keV Si+ ions generated by SIMS. The function was used to determine the number of incident ions into each SCAPS pixel within twice the statistical error. The SCAPS is useful as a two‐dimensional detector for microanalysis, such as stigmatic SIMS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional data analysis with application to periodically stimulated foetal heart rate data. I: Functional regression
Authors: Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Leader Leo R. , Heller Gillian Z. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFunctional regression is used to model longitudinal data where the number of measurements on the functional covariate is much greater than the number of subjects in the study. Thus, functional regression can be thought of as singular longitudinal analysis. We have modified existing functional regression techniques to the case of a functional covariate with a repeated stimulus. We applied this modified functional regression to periodically stimulated foetal heart rates. The heart rate tracings were used as a predictor of the child's psychomotor development at approximately 18 months of age. In the past, this type of data has been analysed using the partially subjective concept of habituation. By using the entire heart rate tracings through functional regression, we have the advantage that habituation does not need to be defined and all available information is used to predict later child development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.