bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1915–1916
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
staging one crime to cover up another. Nash was lauded for his “easy-going ways and dry humor,” but otherwise cool reviews and warm weather combined against a run. The Dramatic Mirror claimed Augustus Thomas was an uncredited co-author. Before the next new straight play opened (albeit technically in the 1915-16 season), some devoted but rebellious theatre lovers held informal meetings in their summer cottages and decided to stage short plays written by their own coterie. Sometime, possibly July 15, they put on a double bill at the home of the Hutchins Hapgoods. Constancy, by Neith Boyce Hapgood (Mrs. Hapgood), dealt with the stormy relationship of their friends Mabel Dodge and John Reed. Suppressed Desires, by Susan Glaspell and George Cram Cook, spoofed the excesses of amateur psychoanalysis. (This second play had been written with the Washington Square Players in mind but supposedly had been rejected by that group as “too experimental.”) Robert Edmond Jones reputedly supplied what minimal decor was required. The vacationers were so pleased with the results that they sought out a venue to mount further productions and obtained an unused fishhouse. It was a while before the group caused a stir. Nor it is certain precisely when they decided on a name, but since the Massachusetts village in which they summered was called Provincetown, they eventually settled on the Provincetown Players. (Not all that dissimilarly, a few months earlier-April 20, to be precise-a musical called Nobody Home, created in good part by composer Jerome Kern and librettist Guy Bolton, had launched a series of musicals at the tiny Princess. P. G. Wodehouse would later join them. Their literate, funny, up-to-date, and sophisticated entertainments would later be looked upon as bringing American musical comedy into the modern age.) It had been a pioneering year, indeed.
1918–1919
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the beginning of the new season things were looking up for both Broadway and America. Playgoers had shrugged off the indifference to theatricals that had hurt attendance first at the outbreak of the war in Europe and then again after America’s entry into the fighting. Business was booming and, with victory clearly in sight, optimism was rampant. As a result theatres were packed. Producers again attempted to increase ticket prices, this time with more success. The old $2.00 top was all but history. More and more shows were asking and getting $2.75 ($2.50 for the basic ticket plus a 10 percent war tax). Musicals were even testing a $3.00 top. And the season could not have gotten off to a better start.
1936-1937
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of so generally acclaimed a season as 1935- 36, it could hardly be hoped that the new theatrical year would be as rewarding. It was not. Most sadly, there was a noticeable drop in quality. Moreover, the decrease in the number of new plays produced, which had begun with the coming of the Depression, had leveled off for a few seasons, then had resumed last year, continued. As usual, counts varied, with the Times, apparently excluding Federal Theatre Project offerings, tallying eighty-three and Variety, more inclusive, ninety-four. The reasons for both drops-numbers and qualitywere laid by many pundits squarely at the feet of men three thousand miles away: Hollywood producers. In 1935-36 possibly half of Broadway’s shows had been mounted with Hollywood money.
1944-1945
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new season was a very good one, a very prosperous one, and a very important one. More than sixty new dramas and comedies-a figure never again approached-tried their luck on Broadway. They provided what Bums Mantle termed “the most satisfying list of plays produced the last decade.” Their quality, coupled with wartime prosperity, saw to it that playgoers agreed. New Yorkers and visitors packed playhouses, creating intermittent theatre shortages. And when producers realized that theatregoers were not balking at a doubling of the theatre ticket tax to 20 percent, they quickly began hiking basic ticket prices. Before long, straight plays were asking and getting a $4.20 top and even $4.80.
1948-1949
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new season was brilliant, arguably the last great season in the old Broadway tradition. True, the number both of total productions and of novelties had long since plummeted from Broadway’s heyday. But at least this season the slide was momentarily halted and the count of novelties remained the same as last year. But what shows Broadway offered! Musicals included Love Life, Where’s Charley?, As the Girls Go, Lend an Ear, Kiss Me, Kate!, and South Pacific, along with such shortrun but often commendable failures as Small Wonder, Magdalena, and My Romance. The list of new straight plays was equally noteworthy, as the season’s history will show.
1953-1954
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was another good-bad year on Broadway. The Times at season’s end skipped its chance to comment on the year’s quality. Instead it noted only that once again the number of new plays jumped to forty. (Variety counted forty-two novelties.) Both observed that, thanks to a pickup in business, a slightly larger proportion of productions (fourteen in all) ran beyond the 100-performance mark, although only eleven of them repaid their investments. As to quality, Kronenberger remarked in the Best Plays, “Not in many years had Broadway known a season boasting such a large number of pretty good plays.” Of course, with his haughtier-than-thou attitude, the adverbial “pretty” governed his thinking, so he was happy to balance every play’s virtues against its not always apparent-to-others faults.
1957-1958
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitatively, there was no change between the new season and the last. Depending on whose count you accepted, somewhere between thirty-seven and thirtynine new plays were offered. However, this year only thirteen slipped past the 100-performance mark, and only eight of these were commercially successful. Yet despite the drop in longer runs, most commentators were excited about the season. The Times called it “one of the legitimate theatre’s most noteworthy seasons in years,” while Louis Kronenberger in the Best Plays series praised it as “outstandingly good.” Still, he immediately went on to modify his rapture, insisting that two rather than three cheers were sufficient. A look at his selection shows one reason why. Only three of his ten plays were original American works. The remainder were either adaptations or importations. And certainly for many who sat through the season, in retrospect performances often remain more memorable than the plays themselves.
1961-1962
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the number of novelties rose somewhat during the season-up one to thirty-four according to Variety, up seven to thirty-six by the Times’s count-there was little cause for rejoicing. Overall quality again was disappointing at best. And once more, many of the most interesting new works came from overseas. Indeed, during this theatrical year, several newsworthy American works were mounted by cautious Broadway producers only after they had first been acclaimed in Europe. But playgoers did have one small compensation. For the third season in a row, ticket prices did not increase. As a rule, $6.90 remained the weekday top while the weekend top stayed at $7.50.
1964-1965
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now the pattern of the sixties seemed to have been clearly established. In short, it was another largely discouraging season. Fewer than forty new plays opened on Broadway. The Times counted a mere thirty-one. True, there were no one-performance disasters this year, and eight plays closed with a hundred or more performances to their credit, yet when all was said and done only four new plays, all comedies, finished with a profit. The hottest months saw only revivals. Beginning on June 16, Joe Papp’s New York Shakespeare Festival offered Hamlet, Othello, and Sophocles’ Electra at its open-air playhouse in Central Park and toured the boroughs with A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Players included such stars as Julie Harris (Ophelia) and such rising figures as James Earl Jones (Othello). On October 12, the company’s Othello, in reaction to the high praise it had earlier received, was moved indoors to the Martinique, where it ran out the season.
The Fragmentation of Jazz Styles
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ascendancy of bebop inevitably invited challenges. A music so radical in its intentions, so open in its defiance of conventions, almost demanded dramatic responses. Perhaps the greatest surprise, though, was that the ripostes came from so many different directions at once. One expected the Swing Era veterans to launch heated counterattacks on the boppers—and this they did, with avengeance. Less expected was the extraordinary rebirth of traditional jazz in the late 1940s, championed by those who hoped to douse the fires of bop with Lu Watters. Still others sought a tempering effect in “the cool,” brandished as nothing less than a new aesthetic for modern jazz.
Sport, Fitness, and National Preparedness
Authors: Pope S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pre-World War I discussions about physical fitness and national preparedness had a profound influence on the American sporting culture. Despite the fact that sports and a vigorous athletic lifestyle pervaded the nation’s cultural landscape, distinguished statesmen like Elihu Root believed that the country, on the eve of a world war, had lapsed into a lethargic state of “indifference and sluggish patriotism.” Influential cultural, political, military, and educational leaders concurred with Root’s diagnosis and recommended that sports be recast so as to rejuvenate national vitality. Patriotic preparedness advocates linked the strenuous life to a larger crusade, which involved combating working­ class dissent; schooling unassimilated immigrants in American ways; increasing labor productivity; stoking nationalist sentiments among the native-born, and reviving the dominant WASP cultural authority at a critical historical juncture. Like other progressive contemporaries, they, in the words of Mark Dyreson, “transmuted their particular historical values into what they thought were universal values, and prescribed their brand of athleticism as a tonic for producing a classless, harmonious civilization.”
Human Monoclonal Antibodies from V-Gene Repertoires Expressed on Bacteriophage
Authors: Marks James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have proven to be valuable laboratory and diagnostic reagents and have great potential as human therapeutic agents. Typically, mice are immunized to produce murine monoclonal antibodies. The process is inefficient, however, and only a relatively small number of antibodies are produced. The inability to characterize a large number of antibodies may result in failure to isolate the precise specificity desired. In addition, the murine immune system may completely fail to recognize important human antigens or epitopes, particularly when purified proteins are not available for immunization. Finally, murine monoclonal antibodies are immunogenic when administered to humans, resulting in decreased efficacy over time and the risk of allergic reactions. As a result, human antibodies are preferred for therapy in humans. It has proven extremely difficult, however, to make human monoclonal antibodies using conventional hybridoma technology.1 In most instances, immunization is not possible due to the toxicity of the immunogen, and even with immunization, few antibodies are produced due to the inefficiency of the fusion process. In vivo, the humoral immune system produced high-affinity antibodies in
Human Metaphoric Antibodies from a Phagemid Library
Authors: Shopes Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If antibodies are to be used as therapeutic drugs they must be both safe and effective. Human antibodies do not induce an immune response and are considered generally safe. However, specific human antibodies are difficult to obtain upon demand. Monoclonal antibodies from mice, while relatively easy to identify, generally induce an immune response in a significant portion of the intended patient population. So, effective mouse monoclonal antibodies exist, but cannot be used, and safe human antibodies of the same effectiveness have not been located. To address this problem, antibody engineers sought to construct artificial antibodies by grafting the six complementary determining regions of an existing mouse antibody onto a human scaffold of framework regions and constant domains. This molecular surgery, commonly known as humanization, often requires careful fine-tuning by alternating rounds of computer modeling and genetic modification to retain the specificity and affinity of the original mouse antibody. Humanization has been proved useful but is laborious, and the resulting antibody still contains approximately 50 to 60 residues of mouse antibody sequence. This portion of foreign protein on the surface of humanized
Strategies for Humanizing Antibodies
Authors: Emery Stephen C , Harris William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery in 1975 of the monoclonal antibody technology by Kohler and Milstein1 triggered a new era of biotechnology, with respect to the diagnostic industry with monoclonal antibodies now forming the basis of over 50% of the $700 million market. Rodent monoclonal antibodies offer a plentiful and pure source of effective antibody, and very considerable resources were expended during the 1980s to evaluate the in vivo human use of these antibodies, particularly aimed at imaging (tumours, blood clots) and therapy (tumors, blood clots, immunosuppression).
Gathering of the forces
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seven years after it ended, World War II elected Dwight David Eisenhower president. As supreme commander of Allied forces in Europe, “Ike” had projected a handsome, confident presence that symbolized the nation’s resolve to defeat its enemies. After the war, both major parties wooed the retired general before he revealed that he had always been a Republican. In many ways, the country Eisenhower governed during the 1950s was still living in the aftermath of its triumph in history’s bloodiest conflict. Millions of veterans and their families basked in the glow of a healthy economy defying predictions that peace would bring on another depression. Long years of prosperity allowed Americans to dream that, for the first time in history, the problem of scarcity-which bred poverty, joblessness, and desperation-might soon be solved. But they also feared that a new and even more devastating world war-fought with nuclear weapons-could break out at any time. Affluence might suddenly give way to annihilation. The backdrop to the ‘60s was thus a society perched between great optimism and great fear.
Why Did the United States fight in Vietnam?
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Vietnam War was the longest war the United States ever fought. It also proved the most demoralizing for Americans, plunging the nation into its most bitter civil conflict in a century. Before the war ran its course, more than 58,000 Americans, and millions of Vietnamese, would die. Before the war ran its course, two American presidencies would be either directly or indirectly shattered by its consequences. Before the war ran its course, Americans would get used to thinking of each other as divided into polarized enemy camps: pro-war and antiwar, hawks and doves, and on from there to ever more scurrilous epithets. No legacy of the 1960s had as long and em-bittering an effect on the politics and culture of the United States as that left by the war in Vietnam.
1965
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presiding over the annual tree-lighting ceremony at the White House shortly before Christmas 1964, Lyndon Johnson was in a triumphant mood. “These are the most hopeful times,” he proclaimed with characteristic expansiveness, “since Christ was born in Bethlehem.” Veteran political reporter Kenneth Crawford tweaked the president a few weeks later in Newsweek for his fondness for hyperbole, but conceded there was reason for optimism. Lyndon Johnson, Crawford wrote, was leader of “the most powerful, most prosperous, and most lavishly endowed nation not only of these times but of any times.”
The Making of a Youth Culture
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1955, an announcement of a poetry reading circulated around the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco. “Remarkable collection of angels all gathered at once in the same spot,” it promised. “Wine, music, dancing girls, serious poetry, free satori. Small collection for wine and postcards. Charming event.” The venue was the Six Gallery, a converted auto-repair shop. Both the reading and the whimsical notice were the creation of 29-year old writer Allen Ginsberg. During the previous decade, Ginsberg’s life had wildly diverged from values most Americans held dear. A Jew and a homo sexual, he entered Columbia University in 1944 on scholarship. Within months, he was suspended for writing an obscenity on his dirty dormitory window to irk a careless cleaning lady. Then he got arrested for letting a poetic drifter named Herbert Huneke hide stolen goods in his apartment. To avoid jail, Ginsberg agreed to spend several months in a psychiatric hospital. There, he and a fellow patient feigned insanity by smashing down on the keys of a piano while screaming at the top of their lungs.
The Conservative Revival
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I find that America is fundamentally a conservative nation,” wrote Senator Barry Goldwater, Republican from Arizona, in a short, provocative book, published in 1960, that set forth his political creed. “The preponderant judgment of the American people, especially of the young people, is that the radical, or Liberal, approach has not worked and is not working. They yearn for a return to Conservative principles.” At the time, most commentators found Goldwater’s judgment in The Conscience of a Conservative to be both inaccurate and old-fashioned. Didn’t most Americans endorse the central tenets and programs of modem liberalism? Didn’t they welcome government’s role in financing education, public housing, and insurance for the elderly and the unemployed? Hadn’t strong unions made working-class Americans prosperous? Wasn’t the liberal ethic of racial integration and cultural tolerance growing in popularity? Wasn’t it sensible to coexist peacefully with the Soviet Union, a nation whose hydrogen bombs could destroy every major U.S. city? A popular study of American conservatism, published in 1962, was subtitled The Thankless Persuasion. In the Senate, Goldwater had sponsored no major piece of legislation. “His main business there,” commented historian Richard Hofstadter at the time, “was simply to vote No.”
Introduction
Authors: Macnamara John , Reyes Gonzalo E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We address this introduction to the casual reader who wishes to have a brief sketch of the view of cognition that gave rise to this collection and to the project that we believe is here launched. The introduction situates the project historically, sketches how it relates to other projects, notably standard experimental psychology, cognitive science and the philosophy of mind (including Husserl’s approach). In doing so we contrive to introduce the various papers in the collection, and present our particular view of how they contribute to the project. We also attempt to deal, all too briefly, with certain near reflex objections to the view that there can be a precise mathematical theory of cognition.
Cognition is just a learned word for acts of coming to know and states of knowing, as wen as for states of wanting and for decisions insofar as they are guided by knowledge. We extend the term to include the theory of such acts and states. It is in this extended use that we permit our selves the title of this volume: The Logical Foundations of Cognition. Clearly we mean the logical foundations of the theory of cognition.
How Children Learn Common Nouns and Proper Names: A Review of the Experimental Evidence
Authors: Hall D Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between about 18 months and six years of age, children learn new words at an average rate of several per day (Carey 1978; Dromi 1987). Strikingly, children readily accomplish this learning through ostensive definition. For example, young children are very good at correctly interpreting novel words when adults use them (e.g., “This is a dog”) while simply pointing to unfamiliar solid objects (e.g., a dog). This is not a trivial ability. It implies that children are able to construe the ostensive act as one of referring (see Macnamara 1986; Baldwin 1991), and that they know how to segment the sound stream accurately to select the appropriate piece (‘dog’) under definition (see Gleitman and Wanner 1982). But what is perhaps most impressive, it implies that children are able to select the appropriate reference for the word, namely the kind, DOG.
Fixing a word’s reference following a simple ostensive definition is an impressive ability because an ostensively defined word logically could be assigned to any of a huge number of possible referents. To be successful at learning words from ostension, children must be able to deter mine a word’s general reference (e.g., whether it refers to a kind of individual, a kind of stuff, a property, an action, or an individual), and they must be able to select the correct specific reference within the general category (e.g., which kind of individual).
How Not to Draw the de re/de dicto Distinction
Authors: Hahn Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers since Aristotle have thought that to discover the laws of logic is to discover the laws governing thought. Until relatively recently, that has meant only that logic captures the way we reason, or the way we ought to. But when symbolic logic was born in the nineteenth century, another connection between logic and cognition arose with it. The formal sentential structures it gave us were taken to represent the real structure of thoughts, their logical form. Thoughts, on this picture, have sentence-like contents and their representational properties are like the semantical properties of a language. A formal system can be used to provide an analysis of the structure of such a “language,” making its semantical properties perspicuous and formal semantics possible to construct. Formal logic, in other words, can be used to represent the logical form of thoughts.
There are two ways this can be done, one direct the other less so. The present paper is part of a larger project to show that the direct way is the right way. This is worth arguing for, if only because the indirect method has held the day so far. The logical form of thoughts, on the prevalent view, is going to be discovered in the course of discovering the logical form of natural language sentences.