bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial Seizures in West Syndrome
Authors: Ohtsuka Yoko , Murashima Itsuko , Asano Takashi , Oka Eiji , Ohtahara Shunsuke 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: To study the occurrence of partial seizures (PS) and elucidate the characteristics of patients with West syndrome (WS) with PS. Methods: We investigated the electroclinical and radiologic features in 92 children with WS who were older than 3 years at follow‐up. Results: Thirty‐six (39.1%) children had PS at some time during the course of the disease. They had a significantly high incidence of asymmetric spasms, hemiparesis, and asymmetric hypsarrhythmia. Their seizure prognosis was significantly less favorable. PS appeared only before spasms (group A, six children), concomitant with spasms (group B, 18 children), and only after spasms ceased (group C, 12 children). Five children in group B had PS after spasms stopped. PS in group A and during the period of active spasms in group B showed high seizure frequency and variability of both seizures and EEG manifestations. The PS and EEG epileptiform discharges were mainly in parietal‐posterior temporal‐occipital, and central regions. Late PSs in group B and PSs in group C were characterized by stereotyped manifestations and relatively low seizure frequency. These PSs originated mostly from frontal regions. Conclusions: In some children with WS, cortical lesions can induce both PS and spasms in series, whereas in others, both types of seizures occur with abnormally increased excitability throughout the cortex rather than as the result of a single cortical lesion. These findings suggest caution in interpreting focal discharges, which may fluctuate and are not necessarily indicative of a surgically accessible lesion. When the discharges are stable and correlate with an equally stable clinical pattern, the likelihood of an underlying cortical lesion is greater.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Immunoreactivity in the Hippocampal Formation of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients
Authors: Lynd‐Balta Eileen , Pilcher Webster H. , Joseph Shirley A. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: We wished to identify immunocytochemically the distribution of proopiomelanocortin‐related peptides in the hippocampal formation of patients with epilepsy. Methods: Surgical hippocampal specimens from temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients and autopsy control tissue were examined immunocytochemically for ACTH, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) and α‐endorphin. Results: There was a dense distribution of ACTH‐immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampal formation of patients with mesial TLE syndrome (MTLE). These hippocampal specimens showed significant cell loss. ACTH‐positive neurons were most prominent in the subiculum, with scattered ACTH‐immunoreactive neuronal elements distributed in the cornu ammonis fields and hilus. Light ACTH immunoreactivity was detected in the tumor‐related epileptic hippocampal specimens, which showed minimal cell loss. Although autopsy control tissue from the hypothalamus showed intense ACTH staining patterns in cells and fibers, there was little or no ACTH immunoreactivity in the autopsy hippocampal tissue. The expression of ACTH immunoreactive elements was correlated with patterns of cell loss. No α‐MSH‐ or β‐endorphin‐immunoreactive neurons were detected in any of the hippocampal specimens. Conclusions: ACTH has anticonvulsant properties, and its novel expression in the glutamatergic subicular neurons, which provide the main outflow of the hippocampal formation, may represent an attempt by the damaged hippocampal circuit to restore the balance of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission in TLE.
Reduced Plasma Nisoldipine Concentrations in Phenytoin‐Treated Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Michelucci R. , Cipolla G. , Passarelli D. , Gatti G. , Ochan M. , Heinig R. , Tassinari C. A. , Perucca E. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: To assess whether phenytoin affects the pharmacokinetics of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nisoldipine. Methods: Twelve patients with epilepsy receiving chronic phenytoin therapy and 12 healthy control subjects matched for age and gender received a single oral dose of nisoldipine (40 and 20 mg, respectively). Blood samples were collected for up to 48 h for estimation of plasma nisoldipine levels by capillary gas chromatography. Results: Mean plasma nisoldipine concentrations were much lower in the patients. Geometric means for areas under the concentration‐time curve (AUC0‐tn) normalized to a 20‐mg dose were 1.6 μg/L/h (95% confidence intervals, 0.6–3.8 μg/L/h) in the patients compared with 15.2 (10.7–21.6) μg/L/h in control subjects (p < 0.002). Conclusions: These results suggest that phenytoin increases the first‐pass metabolism of nisoldipine to a clinically important extent. In view of the magnitude and variability of interaction, use of nisoldipine in patients receiving chronic phenytoin therapy is contraindicated. Key Words: Epilepsy‐ Nisoldipine‐Phenytoin‐Pharmacokinetics‐Drug interaction.
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus After Intravenous Contrast Medium Administration
Authors: Lukovits Timothy G. , Fadul Camilo E. , Pipas J. Marc , Williamson Peter D. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: We describe a 52‐year‐old man with a glioblastoma multiforme who had a prolonged partial seizure immediately after undergoing a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head with intravenous contrast medium. Methods: Earlier computed tomography (CT) had demonstrated a ring‐enhancing hypodense mass. The patient was treated with a regimen of intravenous Tirapazamine and brain irradiation. After CT scan performed on the day of his second hospitalization, the patient became aphasic. EEG showed continuous high‐voltage semirhythmic sharp and slow waves in the left posterior temporal and parietal regions consistent with status epilepticus (SE). Intravenous lorazepam and a loading dose of phenytoin were administered. Results: On the next morning, the patient's condition had improved almost to baseline. He had no recurrent seizures. EEG at 2‐month follow‐up showed no epileptiform discharges. Conclusion: This appears to be the first reported case of contrast medium‐induced status epilepticus.
Antiepileptic Drug Use in Nursing Home Residents: Effect of Age, Gender, and Comedication on Patterns of Use
Authors: Lackner Thomas E. , Cloyd James C. , Thomas Lucy W. , Leppik Ilo E. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: Examine antiepileptic drug (AED) use in nursing homes by age, gender, and use of comedication that can interact with AEDs. Methods: Two point‐prevalence evaluations of AED use from computerized medical records of nursing home residents throughout the United States (set 1, 43,757; set 2, 41,386) 65 years and older serviced by PHARMERICA. Results: 10.5% of residents received an AED. Of the age group 65–84 years, 15% received an AED compared with 6.1% of those 85 years or older (p < 0.001). Gender differences were present; 13.4% of the male residents and 9.4% of the female residents were treated with an AED (p < 0.001). The most frequently prescribed AEDs were phenytoin, carbamazepine, clonazepam, or phenobarbital. The average number of routine medications taken by AED recipients was 5.6, greater than the average of 4.6 for other residents. Conclusions: AEDs are extensively prescribed for elderly nursing home residents. Men and persons aged 65–85 years were more likely to receive AEDs than were women or those older than 85 years. AED recipients receive more routine medications than do other residents, including co‐medications that alter hepatic metabolism and clinical response. The reasons for age and gender differences are unclear and require further study.
A Stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) Study of Light‐Induced Mesiotemporal Epileptic Seizures
Authors: Isnard Jean , Guénot Marc , Fischer Catherine , Mertens Patrick , Sindou Marc , Mauguière François 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: This study explored the mechanism of light‐induced complex partial seizures by using ictal intracerebral recordings in a patient with refractory epilepsy of the right temporal lobe. Methods: Presurgical evaluation of this patient was realized by means of video‐EEG recordings, WADA test, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), F18‐deoxyglucose and C11‐flumazenil positron emission tomography (PET) interictal neuroimaging data, and stereoelectroencephalographic (SEEG) ictal recordings. Results: SEEG investigations demonstrated the right mesiotemporal origin of all the patient's seizures. This result was confirmed by a successful right temporal lobectomy. Moreover, SEEG recordings revealed a frequent interictal spiking activity in the right occipital visual cortex that was undetectable on scalp recordings. However, the occipital cortex was not involved at the onset of mesiotemporal ictal discharges and was not hyperresponsive to focal electrical stimulation. Conclusions: This study shows that, in spite of interictal occipital spiking, the photosensitivity of mesiotemporal seizures can be observed in both the absence of occipital cortex involvement during ictal discharges and demonstrable hyper‐excitability of the occipital cortex to light or direct electrical stimulation.
Uncoupling of Blood Flow and Metabolism in Focal Epilepsy
Authors: Bruehl Claus , Hagemann Georg , Witte Otto W. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: Interictal measurements of cerebral blood flow are less helpful in localizing epileptic foci than are measurements of brain metabolism. This may be related to an uncoupling of blood flow and metabolism. In this study, brain metabolism and blood flow were compared in an acute experimental model of focal interictal epilepsy. Methods: Interictal epileptic foci were induced by an epicor‐tical application of penicillin in rats. After 1 h, stereotyped interictal activity was initiated, lasting until the end of the experiment. Brain metabolism was determined with [14C]deoxyglucose, and cerebral blood flow with [14C]iodoan‐tipyrine autoradiography. Results: In control experiments, metabolism and blood flow were coupled. In animals with focal interictal epileptic activity, the metabolism was strongly increased in the focus and reduced in areas lateral to the focus. In contralateral brain areas, blood flow and metabolism varied in a parallel fashion. Ipsilateral to the focus, however, blood flow and metabolism were altered disproportionately. In the focus, the increase of blood flow was less marked than the increase of metabolism, and the area with increased blood flow was larger than the area with increased metabolism. Lateral to the focus, in the area with a hypome‐tabolism, blood flow was not concomitantly reduced. Conclusions: The experiments show that blood flow and rnetabolism in focal epilepsy may be uncoupled in widespread regions. This is due neither to structural abnormalities nor to the duration or discharge pattern of epileptic activity. The results explain why interictal metabolic investigations have a higher predictive value in presurgical epilepsy evaluation than do interictal measurements of blood flow.
Activation of the Locus Coeruleus After Amygdaloid Kindling
Authors: Silveira D. C. , Liu Z. , de LaCalle S. , Lu J. , Klein P. , Holmes G. L. , Herzog A. G. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: Substnatia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC) neurons are implicated in the propagation and suppression of amygdaloid seizures. Both structures are activated concomitant with amygdaloid seizure discharges. Their rnechanisms of activation, however, remain to be elucidated. SN firing is not associated with the induction of Fos imrnunoreactiv‐ity (ir), a marker of excitatory neuronal activation. LC has not been studied. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if amygdala‐kindled generalized seizures could induce Fos‐ir in the LC. Methods: Female Sprague‐Dawley rats were killed after generalized seizures induced by amygdala electrical stimulation and stained by using Fos irnmunocytochemistry. The number of Fos‐ir neurons was compared between 15 animals with generalized seizures and four implanted, unstimulated controls. Results: LC‐ir neurons were significantly (p < 0.05) more prevalent after seizures than in control animals. Their numbers correlated very highly with Fos‐ir in the central nucleus of the amygdala (p < 0.0001). No Fos induction was observed in LC in controls or in the SN in either group. Conclusions: Amygdala‐induced generalized seizures result in Fos‐ir in the LC but not in the SN. This is consistent with different mechanisms of activation possibly involving disinhi‐bition in the SN and direct excitation in the LC.
Neurocysticercosis in Persons with Epilepsy in Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Palacio L. Guillermo , Jiménez Ivan , Garcia H. Hugo , Jiménez Marta E. , Sánchez Jorge L. , Noh John , Ahn IlLisa , Mora Ofelia , Giraldo Margarita , Tsang Victor C. W. ,   The Neuroepidemiological Research Group of Antioquia
Published: August 2005

Summary:Purpose: A prospective series of 643 persons with epilepsy attending a reference neurologic center in Medellin, Colombia, was examined by computed tomography (CT scan) or serology or both with the enzyme‐linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (EITB) to assess the prevalence of Taenia solium cysticercosis.Methods:All presenting patients were consecutively enrolled in the study. Five hundred forty‐six persons underwent cerebral CT scans; 376 of them also had serum EITB performed.Results:Prevalence of neurocys@ercosis by CT scan was 13.92%. Overall prevalence ofT.solium antibodies with EITB was 9.82%, but for those with late‐onset epilepsy (onset after age 30 years), prevalence increased to 17.5% and 19% for those who originated from outside urban Medellin. Seroprevalence in individuals with mixed lesions (cysts and calcifications) was 88.2% and 64.10% in those with live cysts. Conversely, only 2.72% of persons with CT findings not related to neurocysticercosis had positive EITB tests.Conclusions:Our study shows that an important proportion of individuals with epilepsy have radiologic or serologic evidence ofT.solium infection, suggesting that neurocysticercosis is an important etiology for epilepsy in Colombia.
Excision of Cortical Dysplasia in the Language Area with Use of a Surgical Navigator: A Case Report
Authors: Ozlen Fatma , Nakajima Shin , Chabrerie Alexandra , Leventon Michael E. , Grimson Eric , Kikinis Ron , Jolesz Ferenc , Black Peter McL. 
Published: August 2005

Summary: Purpose: We have developed an intraoperative optical tracking‐based navigational system that allows localization in the operative space. Using three‐dimensional reconstruction, this system has provided precise spatial information for intraoperative cortical mapping in patients with intractable epilepsy in whom the lesion lies close to eloquent cortex. Methods: A 23‐year‐old man with intractable complex partial seizures (CPS) presented to our institution. Proton‐density magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a 3‐cm lesion which lay 2 cm beneath the left frontal operculum. A three dimensional model of the patient was reconstructed using MR modalities. Intraoperatively, subdural grid and strips were placed over the lesion and their electrodes were registered to the three‐dimensional model, which was displayed on a monitor. The navigational system was used to localize each electrode on the three‐dimensional model. By the second operation, the sites of seizure activity were established and recorded on the three‐dimensional model. A bipolar stimulator was also used to determine the speech area. Results: The lesion, which proved to be cortical dysplasia, was removed completely and the cortical speech area was avoided. During the postoperative period, the patient had no neurological symptoms and no seizure activity. Conclusions: The localization of a lesion and its correlation with epileptogenic foci is important in optimizing treatment in patients with cortical dysplasia. Our navigational system provided accurate localization of the lesion and correlation with the epileptogenic focus and related eloquent cortex. We believe that the safe removal of the lesion was facilitated by this system.
Patterns of Ground‐Water Chemistry, Ross Creek Basin, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Ophori D. U. , Tóth J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTOn the basis of the degree of mineralization, approximately 40 percent of the ground water in Ross Creek Basin may be considered as fresh (TDS < 2,000 ppm), and 60 percent as brackish (2,000 < TDS < 10,000 ppm). At least 70 percent of the ground water is potable within treatable limits. Major ion analyses of over 167 water samples reveal a strikingly consistent regional pattern of hydrochemistry.The hydrochemical pattern correlates with the flow pattern of ground water in the basin. Low total dissolved solids contents, high Ca2+:Mg2+ ratio, low SO42−, and high HCO3− occur in recharge areas, whereas opposite conditions are associated with discharge areas. In terms of hydrochemical facies, waters of the Ca‐Mg‐HCO3 and Na‐HCO3 types are dominant in recharge areas, and those of the Ca‐Mg‐SO4‐HCO3 and Na‐SO4‐HCO3 types prevail in discharge areas. The hydrochemical evolutionary trends appear to be strongly related to the flow paths.
Multivariate Analysis in Hydrochemistry: An Example of the Use of Factor and Correspondence Analyses
Authors: Usunoff Eduardo J. , Guzmán‐Guzmán Amado 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTStatistical‐based, semiquantitative techniques [Factor Analysis (FA) and Correspondence Analysis (CA)] were applied to chemical data from two aquifers to assess the usefulness of such techniques at the initial stages of hydrochemical studies.For the first case, both FA and CA defined three factors to account for the major ion variations observed in the Milk River aquifer (Alberta, Canada), namely, sulfate reduction occurring in the recharge area and mixing of waters of different ages in the deeper portions of the aquifer, ion‐filtration processes, and ion exchange on clays. For the FA, the comparison between varimax and oblique rotations led to similar interpretations.For the second study area, the San Pedro River basin (Arizona, U.S.A.), FA (Q‐mode) extracted two factors, which helped segregate waters from the two aquifers in the area. The CA, applied only to samples from the confined aquifer, drew two factors which were related to dissolution of gypsum coupled with ion exchange (softening) as the main mechanisms operating in the aquifer, along with a hypothetical presence of fluorite in the aquifer sediments to justify the rather high [F‐] observed in local ground waters.Comparisons made between the results presented and the findings of earlier studies highlight the descriptive capabilities of FA and CA as exploratory tools in hydrochemical investigations.
Solute Transport Through Small and Large Unsaturated Soil Columnsa
Authors: Wierenga P. J. , Van Genuchten M. Th. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTUnsaturated solute transport experiments were conducted using several small and one large column packed with the same sandy soil material.Chloride and tritium were used as tracers for water movement. Soil solution samples were collected as a function of time in the small columns and versus time and depth in the large column. The data were compared with solutions of the classical two‐parameter convection‐dispersion equation and also with solutions of a more elaborate four‐ parameter transport model that assumes a fraction of the water to be immobile. Fairly symmetrical effluent curves resulted from both the small and large columns, suggesting small transfer coefficients between mobile and immobile regions and small amounts of immobile water. Dispersivity values ranged from 1 cm for the small columns to about 5 cm for the 6‐m‐long column; retardation factors for chloride were nearly the same (about 0.8) for both column sizes. Thus, while the dispersivity measured in the small columns did not apply to the large columns, the same retardation factors could be applied to the different scale columns.
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in the Tucson Basin Aquifer
Authors: Rose Seth , Long Austin 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) species and the other major ionic constituents were determined at 45 sampling locations within the Tucson basin aquifer. The distribution and concentration of the various inorganic carbon species were related to the hydrogeological characteristics of the principal recharge zones within this alluvial basin. Bicarbonate alkalinity concentrations were highest subjacent to a floodplain where calcite and other relict salts likely precipitated in the shallow subsurface under past pluvial conditions.Calculated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) values were highest where the water table is sufficiently elevated to support phreatophyte growth. The regional distribution of PCO2 suggests that the generation of carbon dioxide is limited to the oxidation of influent plant detritus below the stream channels. The alkalinization of Tucson basin ground water is ultimately constrained by this limited production of CO2. The dissolution of calcite in young ground water (<200 years) and the precipitation of calcite in deeper, more chemically evolved ground water likely represent other important controls upon DIC concentrations.
A METHOD FOR INSTALLING AND MONITORING PIEZOMETERS IN BEDS OF SURFACE WATERS
Authors: Welch Stephen J. , Lee David R. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTA method has been tested for manually driving piezometers into the bottom sediments of surface waters. It allows piezometers to be driven from a surface working platform and after installation leaves a flexible piezometer line that does not pose a safety hazard on the water surface. The piezometer line may be attached to a float on the water surface or be extended to the shoreline enabling measurement of hydraulic head and geochemical sampling. These piezometers have been successfully installed in 6 to 8 meters (m) of water, 40 m offshore and 2 to 2·5 m below the sediment surface in medium‐ to fine‐grained sand.
The Kinetics of Fe(II) Oxidation and Well Screen Encrustation
Authors: Applin Kenneth R. , Zhao Naiyu 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe unconsolidatcd sediments which border the Missouri River constitute an important ground‐water aquifer that has been developed for municipal and industrial water supplies. The hydraulic efficiency of wells in these sediments decreases with time because of well screen encrustation caused by the oxidation of dissolved ferrous iron to insoluble ferric oxyhydroxides. The kinetics of ferrous iron oxidation are strongly dependent upon the solution pH and to a lesser extent the dissolved oxygen content. Chemical analyses of the well water including pH, Eh, dissolved oxygen, and dissolved iron indicate that at least one‐half time for ferrous iron oxidation occurs prior to ground water entering the wells. As ground‐water velocity increases near a pumping well, shallow, oxygen‐bearing ground water may mix with deeper, reduced water by mechanical dispersion and turbulent flow and facilitate the oxidation of dissolved ferrous iron. Although little can be done to prevent well screen encrustation, the rate of encrustation may be slowed by regulated pumping and avoidance of shutdowns.