bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Complementation to Impersonal verba declarandiin Greek Papyri from the Roman and Byzantine Periods
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grammars and studies of Koine Greek1 have shown that the impersonal constructions with Hult's study of fifth-century literary and Christian texts concluded that the distribution of personal and impersonal constructions was a reflection of a difference of register.4 The personal construction was retained in the more literary styles as a distinguishing feature. However, the impersonal constructions, as the unmarked of the two options, predominated in those texts which were written in a more colloquial style.
Romanes eunt domus!Linguistic Aspects of the Sub-Literary Latin in Pompeian Wall Inscriptions*
Authors: Kruschwitz Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in ad 79 caused sudden and painful death, the destruction of some 10,000 people living in the Campanian settlements of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae, and Oplontis. Poisonous gases, stones dropping from the sky, and fire all of a sudden withdrew the basis for human life and existence in this area, causing panic, flight, and desperation. Yet those people ‘s gruesome death has ironically afforded us a unique opportunity to learn something about the civic life and the material culture of Roman antiquity from an almost lifelike photographic image 1. And indeed the excavations of the Vesuvian cities brought to light many fascinating things. Not least among them is a corpus of more During the ‘Buried Linguistic Treasure ‘ conference (Christ Church, Oxford, 2006) I received numerous very helpful suggestions on a version of this treatment, for which I am grateful. I should especially like to thank Jim Adams and Hilla Hallaaho for their comments on earlier versions, and John Lee and Trevor Evans for correcting the English. For all remaining inconsistencies and errors my resistance to better advice is to blame.
Crates
Authors: Costa C D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You must know how distressed I was to learn that Diogenes had been captured by pirates, and I would still be feeling the same way if one of the prisoners had not been ransomed and come to Athens. But as it is, this man on his arrival relieved me by his account of how Diogenes ’bore the disaster easily, so much so that once, when the pirates were neglecting us, he said to them, "Here, you, what are you up to? If you were tak­ing pigs to market, you would look after them so they would fetch you a better price when sold; but you are ignoring us, though you intend to sell us too like pigs. 2.
Chion
Authors: Costa C D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am very grateful to the winds for delaying me and forcing me to stay awhile at Byzantium, though at first being in a hurry I was angry with them. In fact it was worth staying even longer there for the opportunity it gave of seeing Xenophon, the pupil of Socrates. This Xenophon is one of the Greeks who served as an ally of Cyrus in the expedition against Artaxerxes. At first he simply served under one of the generals, doing nothing of special note beyond a soldier’s duty, though personally esteemed by Cyrus. But after Cyrus was killed in the first battle and the Greek generals were beheaded in violation of the truce, he was chosen as general: his bravery as well as his intelligence seemed to make him the most likely to secure deliverance for the Greeks. Nor did he disappoint their hopes, but he brought his little band safely through the heart of enemy territory, though every day he had to encamp close to the king’s commanders.
The Medical Woman between Folk Tradition and Philosophy
Authors: Flemming Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a varied assortment of texts which come under scrutiny in this chapter; none the less, the features they share make their juxtaposition productive. The literary works of members of the Roman aristocracy rub shoulders with those of Greek freed men, favoured court physicians, and an ex-soldier, as well as those claiming to be written by kings or dictated by gods. Each was composed at a particular point within a wider pattern of complex cultural interactions. None the less, almost all these texts were written primarily for the same audience, the edu cated elite of the Roman empire as it was concentrated in its capital, though some of their authors do so from inside that elite and others from a more or less distant outside. All were also attempting to organize and present forms of medical knowledge, drawing for the main part on the traditions of Hellenistic iatrike again, either from somewhere within those traditions themselves, or somewhere outside them. Woman is caught up in this exchange, is part of these projects, in a number of different ways.
Sects and the Medical Woman
Authors: Flemming Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original hairesis, that of the empirikoi, and the more recent, but just as committed hairesis of the methodikoi, remained robustly intact in the early Roman empire. Empiricist medical writing, however, is only fragmentarily preserved in the works of others, and only one substantial methodist treatise is extant. Instead, the largest group of texts surviving from this period locate themselves firmly in the rationalist tradition, but generically rather than specifically, and implicitly rather than explicitly.1 The distinct and divergent theoretical lineages-such as the Herophilean or Erasistratean schools-onto which rationalism was foisted by their rivals, seem to have dissolved into a much broader and looser familial grouping, still reluctant to embrace the label logikoi for themselves, though happy to apply it to their antecedents. Living lines of orthodoxy have been replaced by a common canon of ancient authorities. A shared theoretical framework has been assembled, or perhaps arrived at by process of accretion and assimilation, from all these sources, and some others. The internal aetiological singularity of the pathology of, for example, Herophilus or Erasistratus, has been superseded by a multifactorial analysis. Doctrinal irreconcilability has become difference of emphasis.
Women, Power, and Knowledge in the World of Galen ‘s Works
Authors: Flemming Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the core of Galen ‘s literary project, as with those of the other medical authors of this period, is the public articulation of the authoritative version of the art of medicine, this authority deriving from the ideal constitution, and conjunction, of both the art and its author/practitioner. For Galen the best constitution of the art is a relatively straightforward, and essentially teleological, matter. However, the body of knowledge he considers requisite to that telos is vast and elaborately regulated, both epistemologically and methodologically.
Strabo and Space
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My third and final example of the all-encompassing ethnographical, geographical, historical works written in the late Hellenistic period in response to Roman imperialism is the Geography of Strabo. Since I shall not turn to the Geography as a complete project until chapter VI, a very brief introduction of Strabo and his writings may be helpful at this stage. I hope that it will become apparent that any attempt to give a neat biography of Strabo and a summary of his projects is open to debate and qualification, but I shall nevertheless offer some contextualization and give a framework of the Geography, which has survived almost intact. Strabo came from Amaseia, a Greek city in Pontus, and lived probably from the 6os BC to the 20s AD. Belonging to a family which had enjoyed close connections with the Mithridatic dynasty, Strabo also, like Polybius and Posidonius, had access to the Roman élite, and accompanied Aelius Gallus on his Egyptian expedition of the mid-2os BC. He was thus caught between, or was rather a participant in, two worlds, the Greek and the Roman, and I shall argue that this complex identity is reflected in the geographical and historical conceptions which guide his description of the world.
Strabo’s Universalism: Geography, History, Rewriting the Roman World
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two preceding chapters I considered Strabo’s use of time and space as two separate matrices. However, as I discussed in chapter I, such divisions and even the very notions of absolute entities of time and space are contentious, and both chapters IV and V exemplify this point. Strabo’s concepts and applications of time and space added up to a single work in which the world was described, as it existed, against both matrices simultaneously. In this chapter I wish to reunite them and to examine Strabo’s notion of γ ϵ ω γ ρ α ϕ í α (geography) as a phenomenon that confounds the categories of geography and history, and of time and space. I argue also that Strabo’s geographical project was a fitting product of his specific location in time and space. Firstly, however, I begin the reunion by showing how Strabo’s text reveals the mutually influential nature of geographical and historical processes; the progress of time affects space, and the space of the world influences the course of history.
Stealing Apollo’s Lyre: Muses and Poetic αθλa in Apollonius’ Argonautica 3
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following more closely the Muses’ descent from Helicon, as discussed and assumed in a preliminary way in the Introductory chapter, this essay addresses Medea as a human muse-figure working her way through Book 3 of the Argonautica. It thus joins those other contributions to this volume which also have human muses as their subject-matter,1 in a common attempt to shed light on the complex ways inspiration and creativity can work, once they cease to be expertly administered by divine purveyors and are left in the hands of wandering and erring mortals. In this sense, my approach takes a distinctively different direc tion from the one taken in a recent article on Medea as a muse figure by Dolores O’Higgins, even though it has found the insight into Medea’s ‘potential dangerousness’ that the latter offers very suggestive. In her essay, O’Higgins also sees Medea, this time in Pindar’s Pythian 4, as a muse surrogate but her focus is different.
The Muse Unruly and Dead: Acanthis in Propertius 4.5
Authors: Janan Micaela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The readings contained in this volume represent a collective effort to listen ‘against the grain’ for the voice of the alternative, much-doubted Muse that murmurs quietly, though persistently, in ancient literature. Encouraged by this collective ambition, I, too, interest myself in resis tant readings of the Muse’s representation—the places where she waxes larger than mere “handmaid” to the male poet’s work, and becomes his dissentient alter ego. The Augustan elegist Propertius introduces just such an irregular Muse in his fourth book of poems when he brings on-stage in Elegy 4. 5 an old bawd named Acanthis; she counsels his mistress Cynthia to provide against a decrepit old age, and to maximize her youthful economic gain, by strategically cultivating rivalries among wealthy admirers.1
Lex and Iussio: The Feriale Campanum and Christianity in the Theodosian Age
Authors: Trout Dennis E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late summer or autumn of the year 384, the Urban Prefect Q. Aurelius Symmachus forwarded from Rome to Milan a relatio requesting the restoration of the Altar of Victory to the senate-house and the renewal of imperial subsidies for Rome’s priestly colleges. Although the position of the emperor Valentinian II (375-92) was insecure-his elder brother, Gratian (367-83), had been killed at Lyon the year before and the usurper Magnus Maximus (383-8) now controlled Gaul and Spain-Milan’s forceful bishop, Ambrose, persuaded Valentinian to deny the prefect’s request.1 Three years later, in the summer of 387, Maximus led his army from Gaul into northern Italy and Valentinian’s court took refuge with the emperor Theodosius I (379-95) in the east. The following summer, Theodosius himself marched west, defeated Maximus, and reinstated Valentinian. Theodosius then stayed on in Italy for three years, not returning east until mid-391.
Welcoming a New Child
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PROCREATION of children was the explicit aim of Roman marriage (Gellius 4. 3. 2, 1. 6; Treggiari 1991: 3-13). This was a wife’s prime duty and her husband’s prime expectation of her. We have no direct evidence about what a woman expected of marriage, but the public expectation must have strongly coloured her private expectation. This did not, however, exclude sentiment. A proper marriage had to involve partners’ intention to regard each other as husband and wife, not as fleeting partners in a merely sexual or reproductive exercise. Even when partners were not eligible for a formal Roman marriage (matrimonium) they borrowed much of the language and symbolism of that institution; and family bonds, affection, and expectations are often attested for what might be called de facto unions (B. Rawson 1966, 1974).
Education
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘EoucATION’ is here interpreted broadly. Details of the rhetorical education of upper-class adolescent boys are well known and they go some way to answering the question of how children were socialized and trained to fill a role in society, to deal with relationships, and to achieve intellectual and personal development. But they tell us little about younger children, girls, the lower classes, or slaves. We thus need to look also at schooling at all levels, formal and informal education in the home, apprenticeship, other forms of practical experience and role-modelling, and experience in the public sphere. We need too to understand something of the cultural milieu which provided the context for all this.
Introduction
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about the Greek literary culture of the period from the mid-first to the early third century of the common era (CE), the revival of Classicizing ideals that modern scholars often call the ‘Second Sophistic’ .1 It seeks to analyse the various associations between ‘Greek literature’ and ‘the Roman empire’. Although my title echoes that of Bowersock’s influential Greek sophists in the Roman empire, I have forgone any preposition marking the relationship between the two. Greek literature was not, in my view, ‘in’ or ‘under’ (i.e. contained by, subsumed by) Rome; nor, for that matter, was it ‘above’ or ‘beyond’. Rather, it is the dynamic and mutually productive (and at times destructive) relationship between the two phenomena that forms my central area of interest. ‘And’, which equivocates between conjunction (‘man and wife’) and disjunction (‘chalk and cheese’) seems the most appropriate marker of that complex reciprocity.
Education: Strategies of Self-Making
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter discussed the multiple ways in which mimetic literature can be used to construct or challenge cultural links with the past. In this chapter, I wish to broaden the focus, so as to encompass the litterateur him- or her- (but as a rule him-) self. That is to say, I wish to consider the question of what sort of individual identity accrues to the pepaideumenos, the ‘educated’ man (or woman). Several fine studies already exist dealing with the social implications of the practice of education in this period,and the aim of this chapter is neither to retread familiar ground nor to challenge the general picture that education provided a central means whereby young subjects were implicated into a system of hierarchical difference. Instead, I propose to deal with the intellectual responses to the identity-forming aspects of paideia among contemporary Greeks. As we shall see, there is a continuity of concerns between this chapter and the previous one: debates concerning power, cultural continuity, and social stability permeate discussions of the mimetic processes that lead to the formation of both literature and litterateur.
Soka Gakkai in Historical Perspective
Authors: Tamaru Noriyoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALONG with the accelerated trends toward “globalization” the postwar years, many religious groups have developed extensive missionary activities in areas outside their home countries. Japanese religions are no exception to this, and the Soka Gakkai International (SGI) may be regarded as a typical example of a successful overseas mission conducted during the last few decades of the twentieth century. Formally established in 1975, it is now estimated to have branches in more than a hundred countries or areas, and counts a considerable number of non-Japanese members. Of the religious groups stemming from Japan, it is certainly among the very few to have acquired a multinational character.
Introduction
Authors: Luraghi Nino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BEFORE leaving the reader to find her or his own way through the essays which compose this book, it might be useful to explain in a few lines how and why they came into being. The workshop they originate from was conceived as an attempt to improve our understanding of early Greek historiography from a specific view point, that of its background in Greek culture and society. Oswyn Murray’s seminal work on the relationship of Herodotus and oral tradition, reprinted here, was the starting-point for the definition of the set of questions which were initially posed to the participants in the workshop. In fact, Murray’s interpretation of the Histories as a work based on oral tradition, rather than simply composed using oral sources, suggests new questions about the nature of such a work and about its embeddedness in the culture and society of its times. At the same time, it asks for further reflections on the role of the past and on the function of knowledge about the past in fifth-century Greece. The present collection of essays seeks to explore the perspectives opened by such an approach.
The Comic Agora
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter set out how the comic countryside, with the support of Demeter and Dionysus and minor gods associated with them such as the Horae, provided agricultural wealth and other good things for the city-state. In both Acharnians and Peace it was envisaged that these agricultural goods would be traded in markets. One comic passage imagines Dionysus him self bringing similar good things from outside Athens, by sea: Hermippus describes, in fr. 63 of his Basket-Bearers,1 Dionysus as a merchant who brings cargoes of foreign products to Athens:2
The Culinary Literature of Sicily
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines representations of food in Sicily and l\!Iagna Graecia, both in literature and on the painted pottery of the region. The most important texts for this purpose are the comedies of Epicharmus, the parodic literature of Archestratus of Gela and others, and the cookery book of Mithaecus. These texts and painted pots were clearly influenced by their Athenian equivalents; there is some evidence that such influence was not a one-way process.
Introduction
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the fifth mile from Rome the elevated course of the Via Appia widens into a small plateau and unusual place-names start to appear on the map. There is the modern suburb of Statuario; Lanciani mentions a farm of the same name. The Fosso dello Statuario marks the eastern extent of this area, while some plans mark ‘Riva Statuario’ just to the north. Older records refer to ‘sex columnas’ and above all, ‘Roma Vecchia’. These epithets testify to eighteenth-century excavations, and to the extraordinary wealth of sculpture that they uncovered. In the middle of the second century the brothers Quintilius Condianus and Quintilius Maximus chose this place as the site of their palatial villa which rivalled Hadrian’s villa at Tivoli and was perhaps intended to imitate it.
Statues in the Empire
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is hardly any need to justify this study’s focus on the city of Rome, for the capital of the Empire was in so many respects a social and cultural reference point, the centre of power (in Bianchi Bandinelli’s phrase) and the place with which many of our literary sources at least are frequently preoccupied, whether explicitly or not. Yet in certain respects these terms are problematic. To call Rome the ‘focus’ is to suggest that it was surrounded by an expansive Imperial society that was essentially similar even if it receives less detailed scrutiny both here and in extant ancient writings. At the same time, to call the city a centre of power or influence is perhaps to imply that Roman society was not homogeneous and that the veneer of Roman Imperial culture concealed fissures—that there was something other than metropolitan culture upon which the capital’s ‘inXuence’ might be detected.
The Private Sphere
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We began our introductory journey into the world of Roman statuary with a glance at the opulence of a luxurious villa on the Via Appia. The Hellenized sculptural decoration of the Villa of the Quintilii was physically not far removed from the commemorative portraits on the street of tombs or even the monuments of the capital itself. Yet these were the cultured furnishings of the private sphere—the trappings of otium—of ideal retreat from the negotium or business of the city. We have mainly been concerned with the public sphere or the semi-public funerary displays of those who were effectively excluded from participation in the urban economy of statuary honours. Yet we have also repeatedly found that it is never easy consistently to separate the public and private worlds of Roman art. We have seen that the language used to describe domestic statues draws upon a more general vocabulary, and in particular the word signum is periodically employed to refer to works of art with perhaps a recognized decorative or aesthetic value, and not only specifically to images of gods. We have seen how Verres notoriously changed public works into private property; how public and private cult may have related to and differed from each other; and how patrons might receive statuary honours or display their own portraits in private property—a subject to which we shall shortly return. In looking at public statues we have also touched on subjects such as copying, statuary typology, and especially the relationship between Roman usage of art and the Greek tradition: topics that are profoundly significant for understanding private, domestic sculpture.
Touching Statues
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The painter Giorgio de Chirico was fascinated by the remnants of classical sculpture. Famous fragments, statues and statuesque objects frequently appear in his ‘metaphysical’ scenes which prefigure the work of the surrealists. In his paintings and in his writings de Chirico imagined a world in which statues left their pedestals and joined the human race. The surprise of seeing statuary in unaccustomed places reveals the invisible barriers that usually keep it apart. We are most familiar with these barriers in the highly regulated environment of the museum and de Chirico reacts against its conventions when he imagines the ‘mysterious aspect’ of a statue in a real armchair, or looking out of a window, or in the unfamiliar context of a bedroom. Like Wilenski he invokes the ubiquity of statues in the ancient world, in this case to underpin his fantasy of nonmuseological settings: ‘Among the ancients one saw [the statue] everywhere: on the outside and inside of palaces and temples, in gardens and towns, in sea-ports and in the courtyards of houses.’