bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Love’s Knowledge
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume brings together Martha Nussbaum's published papers, some revised for this collection, on the relationship between literature and philosophy, especially moral philosophy. It also includes two new essays and a substantial Introduction. The papers, many of them previously not readily available to non-specialist readers, explore such fundamental issues as the relationship between style and content in the exploration of ethical questions; the nature of ethical attention and ethical knowledge and their relationship to written forms and style; and the role of the emotions in deliberation and self-knowledge. The author investigates and defends a conception of ethical understanding which involves emotional as well as intellectual activity, and which gives a certain type of priority to the perception of particular people and situations rather than to abstract rule.
The Discernment of Perception: An Aristotelian Conception of Private and Public Rationality
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What one acquires here is not a technique; one learns correct judgements. There are also rules, but they do not form a system, and only experienced people can apply them right. Unlike calculating-rules. What is most difficult here is to put this indefiniteness, correctly and unfalsified, into words.
Fictions of the Soul
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gertrude says, “O Hamlet speak no more. Thou tunst mine eyes into my very soul.” He made her see her soul, then, with a speech. And many types of speeches try to do what Hamlet did here. They present us with accounts or pictures of ourselves, attempting to communicate to us some truth about what we really are-or (to use what is already a certain sort of picture) to show us the insides of our human souls. These truths about ourselves are delivered in many different styles and forms: some through structured argument, some through more devious or more violent strategies. One distinguished thinker compares his discourse about the nature of the soul to dry translucent shafts of sunlight that disperse the dark shadows of false belief. Another represents the recipient of a true account of the inside of her soul as crying out in pain: “These words like daggers enter in my ears.”
In Situ Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Powerful New Methodology
Authors: Bagasra Omar , Seshamma Thikkavarapu , Pomerantz Roger J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Bell, 1989) has proven a valuable tool for amplifying defined DNA sequences, even if they are available in only minute amounts, to obtain quantities that can be analyzed and/or sequenced. Using a variety of thermostable DNA polymerase enzymes (e.g., Tag), the PCR can quickly and efficiently amplify a genetic sequence utilizing an automated thermocycler (Bell, 1989). Thus genes or virus sequences (Chehab et al., 1989; Krone et al., 1990; Meltzer et al., 1990; Saito et al., 1989) present only in a small sample of cells, or in a small fraction of cells in a heterogeneous population can be traced. A specific area of study especially important for PCR has been in the area of human immunodeficiency virus type I/acquired immune deficiency (HIV-1/AIDS) research, as the actual percentage of HIV-I-infected cells in the peripheral blood has been subject of controversy (Ho et al., 1989; Harper et al., 1986).
Age-structured Models: Renewal Theory
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the dynamics of an age-structured population partially developed in chapter 6 are completed by considering the regenerative process developed in chapter 3. The complete age-structured formulation has been studied by many authors. Pollard (1973) developed general theory with an elegant treatment of stochasticity and applied the methods to human populations. Keyfitz (1968) developed discrete and continuous theory, also with a view toward human demography. Getz and Haight (1989) described discrete age-and length-based models applicable to renewable resources and developed optimal harvesting results. Caswell (1989) considered a wide variety of age-and stage-structured models and provided extensive theory.
Optimal Harvesting
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management strategies for exploited fish populations depend on the goals and objectives to be achieved. They are usually defined through a political process, in which stakeholders vie to have their points of view represented. Biological, economic, and social implications result from management action, and frequently formal processes that address these issues are required. Population dynamics and bioeconomic models are often used to derive and evaluate strategies. Two recent proceedings contain several essays related to this topic (Kruse et al. 1993, Smith et al. 1993).
The Washington Riots
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I reached Washington early in the evening of July 22. As the train neared the capital I could feel the tenseness of the situation grow. It showed itself in the air of the passengers as they read the newspapers, with their glaring headlines telling of the awful night before and intimating that the worst was yet to come. As I passed through the cars on my way to the diner and back, men and women glanced up at me with what seemed to be a look of mild surprise; with a glance which seemed to say, “This man must indeed have very important business in Washington.” The porters and waiters plainly showed the strain under which they were doing their work-the strain of suppressed excitement with, perhaps, an added sense of dread of going into something, they knew not what. They moved about quietly, in fact, grimly and entirely without their customary good humor and gaiety. One of the porters who knew who I was questioned the wisdom of my going through with the trip. I may have felt that his question was not absolutely without reason, but I did not admit it. When I left the car he said to me, “Take good care of yourself.” I assured him that I would spare no effort to do so.
The Race Problem and Peace
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was a student at Atlanta University I taught school one summer down in the backwoods of Georgia. On sundry Sundays I used to listen to an old-time preacher, sometimes to my edification, and very often to my amazement. On one particular Sunday, after taking a rather cryptic text, he took off his spectacles, laid them on the pulpit, slammed the Bible with a bang, and said: “Brothers and sisters, this morning I intend to explain the unexplainable, to find out the undefinable, to ponder over the imponderable, and unscrew the inscrutable.”
A Letter to Edwin R. Embree: The First Eighteen Years Reviewed by Johnson
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edwin Embree, at the time of this letter, was vice president of the Rockefeller Foundation. He later became president of the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Johnson assumed that Embree would pass this letter on to Rosen-wald. In existence for eighteen years, the NAACP’s work proceeded along three lines: education of public opinion through intelligent agitation and publicity; legal defense in order to prevent the hardening of injustices into custom through more default on the part of African-Americans; and securing, reaffirming, and clarifying citizenship rights through the highest courts. Citing the needs of the NAACP, this essay notes that if blacks failed in the objectives of the NAACP, whatever they accomplished in other endeavors would be of insignificant consequence.
The Shining Life: A Tribute to Julius Rosenwald
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mankind is able to survive, to renew its faith in itself and in its destiny, to take on fresh strength and courage, to escape the dark night of hopelessness and despair only because from time to time, rising higher and higher above the earth-line, the life of some one man shines out like a star. Through all the ages of the race men have been constrained to raise their eyes from the ground, to turn their gaze toward the sky, to press their slow steps forward; always they have been touched by the fires of aspiration and received reassurance of the essential goodness, nobility and beauty of humanity because of these shining lives.
Seventy-One Years Ago Lincoln Freed the Slaves
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seventy-one years have passed since Lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation-the first step in the freeing of America’s 4,000,000 slaves. The act was, indeed, only a legal step; the slaves were not made free; they were merely turned loose. They were loosed, illiterate, penniless and homeless; thrown instantly into a civilization, into an economic, a social and political system with which they had not had the least opportunity to learn to cope. They were thrown not into a helpful but a hostile environment, the hostility of which was made more bitter by subsequent events. In the revolution that resulted in the liberation of the slaves, the only factors directed toward the Negro were military and political factors. By the one he was freed, and by the other given an unstable status of citizenship. At the present time it is not possible to contemplate the statemanship of the seventh decade of the last century without being amazed at its utter lack of social vision (“vision” is the precise word)-and social vision was what the epoch, as it concerned the freed men, demanded most of all. The only social wisdom manifested in the situation was shown not by statesmen but by missionaries, men and women who, following quickly behind the victorious Union armies, went into the South and set up schools.
Self-Determining Haiti
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I The American Occupation To know the reasons for the present political situation in Haiti, to understand why the United States landed and has for five years maintained military forces in that country, why some three thousand Haitian men, women, and children have been shot down by American rifles and machine guns, it is necessary, among other things, to know that the National City Bank of New York is very much interested in Haiti.
Romance and Tragedy in Harlem: A Review
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its intriguing prologue to its tragic end, here is an absorbing story. Whether you like it or dislike it you will read it through every chapter, every page. Mr. Van Vechten is the first white novelist of note to undertake a portrayal of modern American Negro life under metropolitan conditions. Mr. Van Vechten is also the only white novelist I can now think of who has not viewed the Negro as a type, who has not treated the race as a unit, either good or bad. In NIGGER HEAVEN the author has chosen as his scene Harlem, where Negro life is at its highest point of urbanity and sophistication, and there the entire action of the story is played out. The economy of stage Mr. Van Vechten imposes for himself enables him to gain in dramatic intensity but it does not limit him in the scope of the action. The story comprehends nearly every phase of life in the Negro Metropolis. It draws on the components of that life from the dregs to the froth.
Spare Parts
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spare Parts centres on the developments that have occurred in the field of organ transplantation during the 1980s and early 1990s, and on the rise and fall of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart in that period. It is vividly written in a narrative ethnographic style. The interconnected stories of organ transplantation and the artificial heart are recounted in an interpretive framework that attributes their most enduring significance to the triple themes of uncertainty, gift exchange, and the allocation of scarce material and non-material resources, and to the way that they open questions of life and death, identity and solidarity.
Of Wonder Drugs, the Transplant’ ‘Boom,’’ and Moratoria
Authors: Fox Renée C , Swazey Judith P , Watkins Judith C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the 1970s and early 1980s trans planters exuberantly hailed the “advent” of a new immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporine. Hundreds of medical journal articles described it as the most “important,” “unique,” “interesting,” “remarkable,” “exciting,” “powerful,” “effective,” “superior” agent yet discovered in the effort to combat rejection. Indeed, it played a determining role in the dramatic rise in the number of organ transplantations carried out during the decade, which was continually reported by the mass media and professional literature.’
Laboratory Life in Cambridge
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life in the Cambridge Biochemical Laboratory suited Hans Krebs perfectly. He found the people friendly and helpful, the environment stimulating. To him there was a spirit of fairness and tolerance that touched him all the more deeply because he had experienced the opposite during his last months in Germany. In the laboratory intense scientific activity was coupled with an atmosphere of casual forbearance. Divergent opinions were freely expressed. There appeared to be little formality or hierarchy, yet the laboratory ran smoothly. When there were decisions to be made concerning the operation or teaching responsibilities of the department, Hopkins called a meeting of the staff or consulted informally around a staircase. After he had gathered the sense of the group, he took the necessary actions, unostentatiously but confidently.
Disfiguring Economies:Mary Shelley’s Short Stories
Authors: Hofkosh Sonia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These extracts from Mary Shelley’s letters1 articulate the constellation of issues I want to explore in Shelley’s writing for annual gift-book anthologies in the 1820s and 1830s. Shelley’s cosmetic concern to edit out the “spots” and “blemishes” that disfigure Trelawny’s “beautiful” autobiographical narrative and render it unreadable for a female audience echoes her concern about self representation, about the way she and her language look to Jane Williams. While she edits Trelawny’s text to make it acceptable to female eyes, Shelley feels herself censored in the sight of her feminine reader. Throughout the late 1820s and 1830s, she records a particular consciousness of how she appears to others. Ontologically conceived in the letter to Jane Williams, such conscious ness has specific reference to bodily and to textual representation: her sensitiv ity about her complexion after smallpox in April 1828, for example (“I con tinue sufficiently marked to make me wish to hide myself altogether”; 16 May 1828), reverberates in her anxiety about the publication of her private life (“it would destroy me to be brought forward in print”; 15 Dec. 1829). Increasingly active as a literary professional in her own and in others’ behalf, Shelley comprehends that representation entails some kind of marking or omission. For Shelley, to appear as an author, or, more broadly and significantly, to appear as herself, is to be disfigured.
Plaguing Politics: AIDS, Deconstruction, and The Last Man
Authors: Fisch Audrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Last Man begins with Lionel Verney’s tribute to the superiority of England, and of the Englishman, over the world and over nature. It is a striking beginning for a story that will tell not of England’s unique greatness but of its collapse. Nature, personified as and exemplified by the Plague, kills all but three human beings. Of these last three only one, the narrator Lionel Verney, survives a final shipwreck. Clearly England and the Englishman, in this narrative, have not ridden proudly over the vicissitudes of nature; England has sunk. The question of the novel is: If England is “the semblance of a vast and well-manned ship,” then why did it sink? The answer is contained in Mary Shelley’s exhaustive critique of the novel’s variety of political leaders and systems, a critique that pinpoints some of the blind spots of masculine Roman ticism. It is a bold project for a novel and perhaps a bolder project for a nineteenth-century woman novelist. The book was condemned, in Mary Shelley’s lifetime, as “the product of a diseased imagination and a polluted taste”. Today, it has been reclaimed by feminist critics for its critique of the bourgeois family and for its negotiations of the difficulties of female authorship in the nineteenth century. But its political acumen has yet to be fully appreciated. Those who have focused on its political critique have found the novel apolitical or nihilistic. But because Mary Shelley’s grounds of critique have a special relevance today, we’re better prepared to understand the different politics of the novel.
Realism: The Contemporary Debate—W(h) ither Now?
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical literature about realism displays as many disagreements about what is at issue as about which side of the fence to stand. A signal example is provided by the debates, conducted in almost complete insulation from each other, concerning realism as opposed by Dummettian anti—realism the realism which believes in evidence-transcendent truth and the rest—and realism as opposed by irrealism or projectivism—the realism which believes in a face-value, ‘fact-stating’ construal of moral, aesthetic, or scientific-theoretical discourse. Is there any single issue which is the ultimate focus of both the debates, or are the respective ‘realisms’ alike in little but name?
Objectivity Refigured: Pragmatism Without Verificationism
Authors: Johnston Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us say that metaphysics in the pejorative sense is a confused conception of what legitimates our practices; confused because metaphysics in this sense is a series of pictures of the world as containing various independent demands for our practices, when the only real legitimation of those practices consists in showing their worthiness to survive on the testing ground of everyday life. Then metaphysics is not just a technical discourse within philosophy to which, since Kant, a technical apparatus of philosophical criticism has been opposed. It is endemic to our culture. So defined, metaphysics is the proper object of that practical criticism which asks whether the apparently legitimating stories which help sustain our practices really do legitimate, and whether the real explanations of our practices allow us to justify them. There then ought to be a critical philosophy which not only corrals the developed manifestations of metaphysics within philosophy but also serves the ends of practical criticism. Such a critical philosophy would be the content of anything that deserved the name of a progressive Pragmatism.
Introduction
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a picture of morality, its nature, its justification, and its role in society. The picture is meant to explain the conditions under which our moral claims are true. It is also meant to explain the sense in which moral claims are normative—the sense in which they guide our choices. There are two main ideas. First, a moral claim is true only if a related moral standard or norm is justified. Second, society needs to have a social moral code as part of its culture in order to enable us to get along together in our social life. It is because of this need that certain moral standards are justified and hence that certain moral claims are true.
There are, then, two main components to the picture. There is a cognitivist theory of normative language, the “standard-based theory,” which provides a general account of the truth conditions of normative propositions. And there is a theory of the justification of moral codes and standards, the “society-centered theory.” There are other components as well. This introductory discussion is a preliminary sketch, meant to orient the reader and to explain how the components fit together.
Normative Skepticism: A Regress Argument
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The standard-based theory presents us with several questions, the most important of which is, Under what conditions would a moral standard qualify as justified? In this chapter, I present a skeptical argument that brings into stark relief the difficulty of this question. The argument puts the problem in a much wider context, however, by calling into question not only the existence of justified moral standards but also the existence of relevantly justified standards of any kind.
Society-Centered Moral Theory
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that any paradigmatic moral proposition entails, nontrivially, that some relevant moral standard has a specific authoritative status. Under what conditions would a standard have that status? I speak of this status as that of being “justified.” What is the nature of this status?
According to the attitudinal theory, a moral code either is, or is a “model” for, a social moral code. Call this the “model principle.” Given this principle, I will suggest, it is natural to evaluate moral codes on the basis of how well they would serve as the social moral code in a given society. A moral code is justified, for a given society, if it is the code that would serve best as its social moral code.
The Concept of a Society
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a society is central to the project of this book. It enters into the conception of a moral code, and it is obviously pivotal in society-centered moral theory.
This chapter aims to distinguish societies from collective entities of other kinds, such as nations, states, organizations, and families. A satisfactory ontology of societies must obviously mesh with a general ontology of collectives. Such things are not sets or any other kind of abstract entity. A society typically occupies a territory, for example, but an abstract entity, such as a set, necessarily has no spatial location at all. I have argued elsewhere that a society is a “mereological sum” of its members during those periods of their lives when they are members. But I shall not concern myself with ontological issues here, for society centered moral theory does not require agreement on ontology beyond acknowledgment that societies exist.
Intuition and Number
Authors: Parsons Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How are natural numbers given to us? How do we know that there are such objects? Two responses to these questions have had some currency recently—the first, that they are not given to us (however indirectly) and we don ‘t know that there are numbers because we have no need of that hypothesis (e.g., Field 1980, 1989), and second, that these are not sensible questions at all (e.g., Tait 1986). I am not satisfied with either of these responses, because the first one involves denying what seems obvious to me, that mathematicians and the rest of us make statements involving reference to numbers that are true. It is harder to say why I am not persuaded by the second response; a first approximation might be to say that it would have to be justified by some theory about either numbers as objects or number-expressions as merely apparently referring to objects, and then the question arises whether it is really different from other responses, such as the first.