bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Medical Physiology of Electroconvulsne Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy exerts its greatest physiological impact on the brain and cariovascular system.
The combined physiological effects of the electrical stimulus for ECT and the resultant generalized seizure discharge are immediate and powerful and may be detectable days or weeks after the treatment course terminates.
Previous editions of this book have included extensive descriptions of the effects of sine-wave ECT on the ictal and interictal EEG. Because this method of ECT has essentially been replaced by brief-pulse ECT, the sinewave results will only be summarized here; the main focus will be on the brief-pulse effects.
Treatment Electrode Placement: Bitemporal, Unilateral, Bifrontal
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Efficacy has not, and has never been, the problem with ECT. ECT remains, indisputably, the single most efficacious treatment for serious depression. The problem with ECT has been, and remains, the need to diminish adverse cognitive effects. (Kellner, 2000).
This quotation underlines an important point that is often overlooked, which is that from the very outset, the pronounced amnestic effects of bitemporal sine-wave ECT drove a substantial portion of the ECT research conducted, leading first to the introduction of the brief-pulse stimulus in the early 1940s, and to unilateral treatment electrode placement a few years later. Dissatisfaction with the efficacy of unilateral ECT led, in turn, to the introduction of bifrontal placement.
Unilateral ECT, especially when administered with a brief-pulse squarewave stimulus, represented an important technical advance in the field of convulsive therapy.
Technique of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Praxis
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The following is a specific treatment sequence that I find useful for administering ECT. It assumes that the patient has been properly prepared for treatment as outlined earlier and is lying on a stretcher in the treatment room, that vital signs have been recorded, and that all necessary staff personnel are in attendance.
At the beginning of the treatment day, each patient’s individual doses of intravenous medications and saline should be drawn up into separate syringes, labeled with the patient’s name, date, type and dose of medication, and placed together in a small container marked with the patient’s name. One can identify each syringe with stick-on, color-coded dots (e.g., green for anticholinergic, yellow for anesthetic, red for muscle-relaxant, and white for saline flush). To further facilitate identification, use a particular size syringe for each medication: 3 cc for anticholinergic, 10 cc for anesthetic, 5 cc for muscle-relaxant, and 30 cc for saline flush.
The Fibromyalgia Consultation and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fibromyalgia is usually a diagnosis of exclusion. Often poorly understood by some primary care physicians, its diagnosis is often delayed. Even though in one survey up to 10 percent of general medical visits involve a complaint of generalized musculoskeletal pain, the diagnosis was made only after patients saw a mean of 3.5 doctors. This chapter will take you through the workup that establishes the definitive diagnosis and eliminates other possible explanations for the patient’s complaints.
Suppose that you are suspected of having fibromyalgia, and a primary care physician has referred you to a fibromyalgia consultant (usually a rheumatologist but sometimes an internist, physiatrist, neurologist, orthopedist, or osteopath) to confirm the diagnosis and make management suggestions. Is any sort of advanced preparation advisable? Yes. Bring copies of outside records and previous test results or workups to the consultant. If you have more than a few complaints or are taking more than a few medications, a summary list is useful. The evaluation will consist of an interview, or history, physical examination, diagnostic laboratory tests, and possibly imaging studies (X-rays, scans, etc.). Once all the observations and test results are in, the doctor will discuss the findings with you—perhaps at the time of the visit, by telephone after the initial meeting, or in a follow-up visit.
Medicines for Fibromyalgia
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
NSAIDs and aspirin block the actions of a chemical known as prostaglandin that is responsible for some of the pain and inflammation of arthritis. Most fibromyalgia patients are familiar with these preparations, which are listed in Table 11. Preparations such as Advil, Aleve, or Orudis KT are available without a prescription.
Although these drugs are not dramatically effective in managing fibromyalgia, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials have shown that ibuprofen (the active ingredient of Advil and Motrin) and naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve, Naprelan) in combination with other fibromyalgia remedies decrease pain in patients with the syndrome. They also lleviate premenstrual syndrome complaints, joint aches, and headaches. Doctors managing fibromyalgia patients recommend that these agents be used in any of several ways. First, they may be used on an occasional as-needed basis for pain breakthroughs. In this instance, blood counts need to be checked once or twice a year. Second, an NSAID may be prescribed on an ongoing, regular basis. In this case, patients should visit their doctor every three to four months and have laboratory testing, including a blood count, and liver and kidney function screening. Third, pharmacists are now making NSAIDs as gels or salves (particularly diclofenac and ketoprofen) that can be applied o painful areas. Aspirin-containing preparations such as BENGAY have been available for some time.
Truth and Delegated Deliberation
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have argued that it is naive to think that legislatures can complete the work of settling our collective ends and silly to constrain administrative agencies’ resulting discretion by a normative standard that makes no room for the intelligent refashioning of ends. Accordingly, we should think of agency deliberation as in some sense a continuation of the public’s and the legislature’s broader process of reasoning about what we should do-a process that is not instrumentally confined. This conclusion, in turn, forces us to reconceive the relation between the legislature and the agencies. If it is wrong to think of the legislature as setting the ends and the agencies as determining efficient or cost-effective means to those ends, then how should we think about the division of deliberative labor between the legislature and the agencies? More specifically, how is administrative deference to the legislature’s prior decisions compatible with the open-ended and intelligent orientation to truth that a continuation of our collective, noninstrumental deliberation would seem to entail? Think back, once more, to the 1970s. The Congress has passed the Biaggi Amendment, calling for special efforts to make transportation systems accessible to the disabled. The idea that officials in the Department of Transportation might have confined themselves to figuring out the best causal means to that end I have rejected as naive. I have also rejected the idea of using cost-benefit analysis as the standard of any further decision, on the grounds that an intelligent approach requires flexibility in remaking aims. In fact, the department did employ a flexible and defensible mode of deliberating about ends that extended even beyond the limits of broadly instrumental reasoning. Part of what it did was to specify the aim of making transportation accessible to the handicapped; but as I have shown, it did so on the basis of articulating-with help from HEW and from advocates for the disabled-a new end, that of not discriminating against the disabled. Articulating this end is hardly a way of reasoning instrumentally from the transportation aim, for making transportation accessible to the disabled is a
Forging Joint Intentions and Shared Ends
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The possibility of deep compromise is crucial to our ability to reach political agreement through deliberation, especially under conditions of pluralism, which mean that we often start out quite far apart. Yet the notion of deep compromise cannot serve to model our agreements. As I defined it in the last chapter, it is not even necessarily mutual: One party to a bargain can engage in deep compromise, shifting his or her ends out of concern or respect for the other, while the other does not. Hence, while deep compromise can facilitate agreement, it cannot represent its structure. I turn now to a pair of notions that can serve as ways of representing political agreements: joint intentions and shared ends. My principal purpose in doing so is to articulate the conceptual tools needed by an account of democratic reasoning that avoids both of the poles I have already rejected: the view that “the state “ or “the people “ may simply be viewed as a reasoner just like any human individual and the diametrically opposed view that wholly rejects such talk of collective reasoning and looks instead only to the aggregation of individual decisions (as in social choice theory) or to their strategic interdependence (as in game theory). We must, instead, find a way to model collective, political deliberation by individual reasoners with potentially distinct views. In doing so, we need to understand the structure of the intentions that issue from such deliberation, which cannot simply be the intentions of the state or simply the set of individuals’ intentions. Perhaps, in the end, we will be talking about the government’s intentions: but the liberal and populist aspects of democracy as democratic autonomy demand that we try to understand the government’s intentions as growing out of what each of us, as distinct individuals, think ought to be done. This chapter aims only to articulate the conceptual middle ground between blithely collectivist and narrowly individualist conceptions of intention. It does not yet try to solve the problem of whether even legislative decisions can count as expressing the will of the people. To approach that question, I will first have to face up to the indirectness of representative
The Public
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In chapter 4, I argued for a qualified populism. Democracy ought to be organized so that decisions result from a fair process in which citizens participate sufficiently so that it is true to say that they together decide what ought to be done. Only a democracy so organized adequately respects persons’ autonomy. The relevant process of decision cannot be concentrated in a single institutional body, such as the legislature. Rather, the process of formulating the people’s will, or of jointly deciding what should be done, must be regarded as being distributed across a wide range of political institutions. Institutions that make laws that put citizens under new duties must be regarded as part of this distributed process of political will-formation: It is not enough that they be subject to the contestatory checks that republicans would recommend. There are many ways that distributed popular sovereignty might be institutionalized.’ While it would be a pretty piece of work to generate conditions to indicate which of the possible modes of political organization are acceptable and which not, such generality is beyond my grasp. I will be content to start with arrangements familiar in existing democracies and to ask whether a suitably reformed version of such institutions could satisfy the ideals of democracy as democratic autonomy. I will argue for an affirmative answer. This answer will depend on each of the relevant parts fitting together appropriately. Here is a brief preview: Reasons, arguments, views, and proposals need to be developed in the informal public sphere. In public political discussion, citizens form associations, factions, and coalitions that built initial, internally joint resolutions about what we should do. Each aspect of the formal, institutionalized process of political decision is and ought to be subject to fair influence by the views of the public and ought, in addition, to have its own particular mode of responding to public input. Elected legislatures are most directly subject to influence by the public. For that reason, they have a natural primacy. The rule of law must constrain the administrative agencies to stick to work-
Representative Government
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Explicit lawmaking begins in democratically elected legislatures. What requirements on representative government flow from the ideal of democracy as democratic autonomy? And is this ideal even compatible with indirect, representative government? The qualified populism that I have accepted rejects monism but still affirms that voting is a method for citizens to participate directly in making law, which is then the will of the people. How can this ideal be realized at all in a system of representative government? In answering this question, it is necessary to consider how elections ought to be structured, in what respect must legislators be representative of the public, and whether legislative decisions can fairly be viewed as articulating the will of the people. Indirect Liberal Democracy In his thorough study of the idea of representative government, Bernard Manin concludes that “representative democracy is not a system in which the community governs itself, but a system in which public policies and decisions are made subject to the verdict of the people. “1 I think that Manin is wrong about this. Part of my task, then, will be to explore both the reasons that support his conclusion and the reasons it understates the contribution of elected legislatures to popular rule. Regarding the institution of representative government as contributory to rule by the people will turn out to have implications for how we ought to understand the nature of representation, how we ought to structure elections, and what sort of role should be assigned to the legislature. What Manin’s thorough historical work demonstrates beyond question is that government by elected representatives is not a necessary or inherent part of the idea of democracy. To the contrary, in past centuries, including those in which many of what we now call “the Western democracies “ were
Not That Simple, 1975–1990
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When American euthanasia advocates gathered in New York City in 1974, the mood should have been euphoric. Over the previous decade, the progress of the movement had been astonishing. Speaking openly about death and dying had become fashionable, and a majority of Americans (53 percent) believed that doctors should be allowed to end the lives of terminally ill patients by pain¬ less methods if the patients and their families requested it. An even larger majority (62 percent) supported the right of terminally ill patients to refuse unwanted medical treatment.1 Internationally, other countries were in the process of forming their own euthanasia organizations. It seemed as if interest in the right to die was sweeping the whole world.
However, the overall mood among euthanasia proponents in 1974 was far from buoyant. The Euthanasia Society of America had just been reactivated and renamed the Society for the Right to Die (SRD), the opening act in a sectarian drama that would shortly grip a movement whose unity had long been taken for granted. A split was beginning to form, between those who felt better end-of-life care Popular attitudes toward euthanasia also showed signs of movement.
Conclusion: The 1990s and Beyond
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The end of the Society for the Right to Die and the emergence of the new Choice in Dying in 1991 were just two in a dramatic sequence of events that, beginning in the late 1980s, marked a new chapter in a century-old saga. Throughout the 1990s, as opponents fought over physician-assisted suicide in America’s courts, the political battleground shifted from the national arena to the state level. Promising opinion polls and the 1994 vote in Oregon in favor of the first law in America history permitting physician-assisted suicide appeared to give the euthanasia movement the decisive breakthrough that its activists had been dreaming about since the days of Charles Francis Potter.
But there were also signs that Americans’ wariness about legalizing euthanasia had not changed much, even if support for its clandestine practice was at an all-time high. The Oregon victory was followed by referendum defeats in Michigan and Maine, and a 1997 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that denied a constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide.
Interregnums of Coexistence and State-Building
Authors: Marx Anthony W . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The role of religious exclusions in bounding and binding early nationalism has been largely ignored or rejected. There remains among many scholars an established consensus that nationalism emerged in western Europe only at the end of the eighteenth century. Notably, with the French Revolution the masses demanded their integration into the polity, seeking to exert their will and determine the legitimacy of centralized government, so reformed. And the masses’ entry then into the political realm under the banner of nationalism was seen generally as an “inclusive and liberating force” or for having “preserved pluralism... (and) political liberalism.” For instance, England’s parliamentary rule is hailed for establishing “personal liberty with lessons learned about the need for religious toleration.” Inspired by such supposed respect for diversity, Yael Tamir has argued that nationalism and inclusive liberalism can and do go together, even at their start. The resulting image is of a consistently “civic” form of western European nationalism often distinguished from the more exclusive or “ethnic” nationalism that would emerge later in the east or elsewhere.4 And this image of civic inclusiveness is consistent with arguments that such nationalism did not begin to emerge until the causal processes of spreading vernacular, literacy, and industrialization had also become more inclusive in the eighteenth century for Europe.
The Death of the Lady (Novelist): Wharton’s House of Mirth
Authors: Showalter Elaine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At The Beginning of Edith Wharton’s first great novel, The House of Mirth (1905), the heroine, Lily Bart, is twenty-nine, the dazzlingly well-preserved veteran of eleven years in the New York marriage market. By the end of the novel, she is past thirty and dead of an overdose of chloral. Like Edna Pontellier, Kate Chopin’s heroine in The Awakening (1899), who celebrates her twenty-ninth birthday by taking a lover, Lily Bart belongs to a genre we might call “the novel of the woman of thirty,” a genre that emerged appropriately enough in American women’s literature at the turn of the century. These novels pose the problem of female maturation in narrative terms: What can happen to the heroine as she grows up? What plots, transformations, and endings are imaginable for her? Is she capable of change at all? As the nineteenth-century feminist activist and novelist Elizabeth Oakes Smith noted in her diary, “How few women have any history after the age of thirty!” Telling the history of women past thirty was part of the challenge Wharton faced as a writer looking to the twentieth century. The threshold of thirty established for women by nineteenth century conventions of “girlhood” and marriageability continued in the twentieth century as a psychological observation about the formation of feminine identity.
Another Sleeping Beauty: Narcissism in The House of Mirth
Authors: Lidoff Joan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite The present renewal of interest in The House of Mirth, reminiscent of the enthusiasm that greeted its publication in 1905, criticism has not yet explained the single most powerful aspect of the novel: the extraordinary appeal of its heroine, Lily Bart. Lily somehow exceeds the bounds of critical definition as she does the intentions of Edith Wharton’s narrative structure. She is one of the most compelling of the female spirits—Emma Bovary, Anna Karenina, Maggie Tulliver, Edna Pontellier—struggling to forge their own destinies, whom, as Diana Trilling points out, literary convention customarily destroys. Critics have recognized the super-added energy of The House of Mirth and acknowledged Lily’s “mysterious appeal.” “Lily Bart is by far the most vivid of Mrs. Wharton’s heroines,” writes Louis Auchincloss. “Simply as an example of imaginative portraiture,” Irving Howe proclaims, she is “one of the triumphs of American writing.”
Genesis of Affirmative Action
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
September 1940, with war clouds on the horizon, A. Philip Randolph contemplated his meeting with the president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. As the African American leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters entered the White House, Randolph was well aware of the power of his argument. In Europe, Nazi Germany had deemed itself the “master race” and was conducting a brutal war against its neighbors. In the Far East, Imperial Japan was maiming, raping, killing its way across China in its savage attempt to become the ruler of Asia.
An Introduction to Quality Assurance in Health Care
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Avedis Donabedian's name is synonymous with quality of medical care. He unravelled the mystery behind the concept by defining it in clear operational terms and provided detailed blueprints for both its measurement (known as quality assessment) and its improvement (known as quality assurance). Many before him claimed that quality couldn't be defined in concrete objective terms. He demonstrated that quality is an attribute of a system which he called structure, a set of organized activities which he called process, and an outcome which results from both. In this book Donabedian tells the full story of quality assessment and assurance in simple, clear terms. He defines the meaning of quality, explicates its components, and provides clear and systematic guides to its assessment and enhancement. His style is lucid, succinct, systematic and yet personal, almost conversational.
Choosing When and How to Monitor
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prospective or anticipatory monitoring is the attempt to pass judgment on a proposed clinical event or intervention before the event occurs or the intervention is implemented. For example, approval may be needed before a person is admitted to the hospital or a surgical operation is under taken; assuming, of course, there is no emergency. Interventions for apparently urgent conditions can be monitored subsequently.