bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Switching stimulation patterns improves performance of paralyzed human quadriceps muscle
Authors: Scott Wayne B. , Lee Samuel C. K. , Johnston Therese E. , Binder‐Macleod Stuart A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe clinical efficacy of functional electrical stimulation (FES) is limited by the rapid onset of fatigue. Functional electrical stimulation applications typically stimulate skeletal muscles with constant‐frequency trains (CFTs). Our laboratory has identified trains that we call doublet‐frequency trains (DFTs) and that produce greater forces than CFTs, but more fatigue during repetitive activation than comparable CFTs. The purpose of this study was to see whether a series of CFTs followed by DFTs would reach a targeted isometric peak force more times than either train type alone during repetitive isometric activation of the paralyzed quadriceps muscles of subjects with spinal cord injuries (SCI). The combination of CFTs followed by DFTs reached the targeted isometric force 14% more often than the CFTs alone and 18% more often than the DFTs alone. These findings confirm that switching train types may be a useful strategy to offset the rapid fatigue of the functionally important quadriceps muscle that persons with SCI experience when using FES. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Flaviviruses in motor neuron disease
Authors: Pamphlett Roger , Kum‐Jew Stephen , King Nicholas J. C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSporadic motor neuron disease (MND) causes a progressive loss of motor neurons. West Nile virus can attack motor neurons, so we examined whether flavivirus infection could be detected in MND cases. Spinal cord sections from 22 MND cases were stained immunohistochemically with a flavivirus‐specific antibody. No staining for flavivirus was seen in any case. Sporadic MND does not appear to arise from a recent infection with a flavivirus. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Work and retirement after cancer diagnosis
Authors: Bednarek, Heather L. , Bradley Cathy J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA pilot telephone survey was administered to 253 cancer survivors, ages 35–75, 5–7 years after their diagnosis of breast, colorectal, lung, or prostate cancer. These survivors reported their demographic characteristics and, if they had retired, reasons for retirement and their impression of the retirement experience. Retirees were older, had less education and lower incomes, and fewer had health insurance through their current/former employer relative to employed survivors. Those who had retired, regardless of whether they retired before or after a cancer diagnosis, were similar in age, race/ethnicity, health insurance status, household income, and impressions of retirement. The results suggest that cancer may not negatively affect survivors' decision to retire or the quality of the retirement experience. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:126–135, 2005
The effect of resolution‐dependent global shape modifications on rigid‐body protein–protein docking
Authors: Segal Dadi , Eisenstein Miriam 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDocking unbound molecules presents a challenge in the case where no prior biological or bioinformatic knowledge exists. This is mainly due to differences between the structures of the molecules when in a complex and in the free state. Presumably, these differences interfere with the ability of protein–protein docking algorithms, which rely on a dominant shape descriptor, to identify the correct solution and rank it higher than false solutions. In this study we verify the notion that small discords in the molecular fit can be eliminated by using appropriately designed low‐resolution shape descriptors, thereby improving the docking results. We exploit the inherent gradual resolution dependency of Fourier transforms and formulate a resolution‐dependent shape descriptor by truncating selected Fourier transform terms. Thus, different levels of shape modification are attained, affecting the degree of detail in the depiction of the molecular surface. We applied the modified descriptor to a selection of 23 protein–protein systems, using the unbound structures where possible. The docking results obtained with the new geometric descriptor were considerably superior to former results, improving the ranks of nearly correct solutions for 17 systems. Unification of the results of scans in which different resolutions were employed further improved the ranks of nearly correct solutions to less than 100 for 12 of the 23 systems and less than 300 for 20 systems. The new geometric descriptor can be combined with other descriptors, which typify the electrostatic or hydrophobic character of the molecular surface, and with external experimental or bioinformatic data. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex and age differences in fragility in a heart failure population
Authors: Altimir Salvador , Lupón Josep , González Beatriz , Prats Montserrat , Parajín Teresa , Urrutia Agustín , Coll Ramon , Valle Vicente 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundHeart failure (HF) patients have a high degree of fragility and dependence from physical, cognitive and psychological points of view, and are a mainly geriatric population.AimTo detect the existence of fragility in all patients treated in a Heart Failure Unit and to evaluate age and sex differences.MethodsAll patients underwent a basic geriatric evaluation to detect possible loss of autonomy for doing basic and instrumental activities, cognitive deterioration, emotional disturbance or social risk.ResultsThree hundred sixty patients (mean age 65.2 years, 41.7% ≥70 years, 27.5% women) were evaluated. Fragility was detected in 41.7% of patients, being more prevalent in patients ≥70 years (p<0.001) and in women (p<0.001). A Barthel Index <90 was found in 22.5% of patients and an anomalous OARS Scale was found in 18.3%. Pfeiffer test's score was abnormal in 7.8% of patients. A positive depression response in abbreviate GDS was observed in 29.7%. All items analysed were more prevalent in patients ≥70 years and in women, with the unexpected exception of depression symptoms that were as prevalent in younger as in older patients.ConclusionFragility is common in patients with heart failure, even in younger patients, and can be detected easily using standardised geriatric scales. Prevalence of fragility was significantly higher in older patients and in women, although the presence of depression symptoms was as prevalent in younger as in older patients.
Mending Fences; or, What the Public Saw
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
At the same time that ministerial misconduct exposed the flaws in separate spheres ideology, the accounts of two dozen clergymen’s trials disclose the ways they worked to repair and reinforce the damaged boundaries. Caught in a disgraceful liaison that threatened a career, ministers usually escaped conviction or severe punishment. In the course of these trials, clergy were rescued from the dangerous domestic sphere and “masculinized,” portrayed as valiant combatants in monumental political or theological battles that secured their positions in the public sphere and acknowledged their value to the church and to society. Only two of these men were Catholic priests, yet most enjoyed a cultural immunity similar to the medieval privilege of “benefit of clergy.” Women, however, were “feminized,” depicted as vulnerable victims in need of the protection of fathers and husbands within the domestic sphere and suffering public ignominy if they strayed beyond it. In short, clergy learned to stay out of the domestic sphere and women to stay in it.
Forbidden and Forgotten Territory; or, Where the Pastor Feared to Tread
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Shifting gender ideologies threatened to marginalize Protestant clergy in the domestic sphere where much of traditional pastoral training and work took place. The “professionalization” of the clergy successfully redefined the ministry as a masculine endeavor by shifting the education of young ministerial candidates from the paternal and familial parsonage to the theological seminary, and shifting the focus of study from practical experience in pastoral work to biblical scholarship, rhetoric, and controversial theology. Manuals and the lecture notes of professors and students in these institutions reveal that the abbreviated study of pastoral theology generally advocated a ministry carefully adapted to the various classes, ages, temperaments, and spiritual states of parishioners. Yet few explicitly addressed the “forbidden” and “forgotten territory” of women in the pastoral relationship, so fraught with sexual tension and cultural inconsistencies. Those who did unanimously urged extreme caution on the part of the minister and recommended he search out a competent wife who would serve as the “happy medium” between the pastor and his female parishioners.
Meanings in Motion
Authors: Graziano Frank 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An analysis of what mysticism might mean if its underlying presumptions–that God desires suffering, that mystics marry Christ–are false. Also explores trends in the scholarship on female mysticism, including a devaluation or dismissal of erotic and psychological aspects. The concluding section treats the inversions of values and meanings in mysticism, then surveys perceptions regarding whether saints’ mortification is for imitation or wondrous admiration.
Mysticism as Dissent
Authors: Graziano Frank 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This study of the politics of canonization begins with discussion of the changing policies toward beata mysticism that affected Rose of Lima’s cause for canonization. The chapter further explores how intimate relation with Christ through mysticism created an alternative, extra-institutional channel to deity that was implicitly subversive to Catholic hierarchy and bureaucracy. The concluding sections treat Rose of Lima’s tacit and sometimes excessive obedience as a strategy to subvert authority and her identity as a mujer varonil or Virgin warrior that was later adapted for diverse military purposes.
Terminology, Myth, and Tribes
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter begins with an explanation of the enmity between American evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics, which can be traced back to colonial period. It then discusses scholarly literature on evangelical-Catholic relations, and analyzes three myths: the Protestant myth, Roman Catholic myth, and the Enlightenment myth. An overview of the chapters in this volume is also presented.
Three Presbyterians and Three Congregationalists
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the anti-Catholicism rhetoric of three Presbyterians and three Congregationalists. All six were apprehensive about the dangers posed by Catholicism to Protestant America, but varied in their presentation of the danger. The Presbyterians’ objections were primarily theological, and remained in close contract with the original Calvinist impetus. The Congregationalists worried more about the political and social dangers posed by the Catholic Church.
The Nineteenth-Century Bishops and Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
It is a common perception that Christendom thrives within the Catholic Church; that Catholics are not full participants in the democratic experiment nor are they free to do their own thinking. This chapter looks at some Catholic response to the more virulent forms of expression of this perception. Specifically, it reviews the responses of Bishop England, Archbishops Purcell and Hughes, and Cardinal Gibbons.
John Hughes and Kirwan in New York
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Bishop John Hughes (1797-1864) was one of the staunchest defenders of the Catholicism since the beginning of his clerical career. In 1850, Presbyterian pastor Nicholas Murray (1802-61) exposed popery in a series of essays addressed as letters to the bishop. Hughes had ignored the pseudonymous author of these letters. However, when Murray was revealed as the author of the Kirwan letters, Hughes felt the need to respond and did so in Kirwan Unmasked.
James Gibbons of Baltimore
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Archbishop of Baltimore James Gibbons’s book Faith of Our Fathers, an apologetic work meant on the surface for an American Protestant audience rather than a catechism for Catholics, was shaped by the evangelical attacks against his church. The book sought to explain to “fair-minded readers” how Catholics are Christians, how they are the best Christians of all, how they are misunderstood, and how they are as good Americans as anybody else. This sort of instruction was needed both by American Catholics and Protestants.
What Have Catholic Theologians Made of Biblical Christianity?
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Catholic bishops have added to fundamentalism the term biblical Christianity. Biblical Christianity covers what they mean — the millions of evangelicals beyond the fundamentalist label. It is argued that biblical Christianity is the form of Christian practice and belief that finds its basis, limits, and primary content in the Bible, in which community life and worship are organized around and in conscious imitation of the forms provided in the Bible.
Bishops Again and the Vatican
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In 1987, a small committee of the National Conference of Catholic bishops composed and approved “A Pastoral Statement for Catholics on Biblical Fundamentalism”, which received little public attention. The letter treated fundamentalism as a “general approach to life which is typified by unyielding adherence to rigid doctrinal and ideological positions”. The letter’s criticism of fundamentalism was threefold: fundamentalist biblicism eliminates the church from Christianity; it ignores the historicity of the Bible, distorts the meaning of the Catholic doctrine of inerrancy, and ends in a hermeneutical leap from the Bible to contemporary life; and it offers simple and confident answers to complex questions.
Temple Dialectics
Authors: Shevzov Vera 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The temple played a pivotal role in fostering Orthodox identity in late imperial rural Russia. It had three overarching functions. First as an “official” sacerdotal structure that impressed meaning on a locality through its presence. Second, it served as a narrative repository for both personal and shared religious experiences of lay persons. Third, it was an enduring forum for relational dialectics with respect to both the internal life of the faith community and the world outside it.
The Message of Mary
Authors: Shevzov Vera 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Marian icons and their related stories reflect Mary’s role in the ecclesial world of late imperial Russian Orthodoxy. This chapter examines the image of Mary as a symbol of collective Orthodox experience that emerges from devotional literature. It describes the special relationship between Mary and her icon, and the way icon stories portray Mary making use of her own image. It then analyses the values and sentiments that the icon of Mary encouraged with respect to the issues of religious authority, the community, and the individual.
Subalternity and Advocacy as Kairos for Theology
Authors: Taylor Mark Lewis 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This essay explores a central crisis facing theologians of liberation in the postmodern context: those seeking to hear the voice of the subalterns and to advocate on their behalf may also participate in structures and exercises of domination and privilege that reinforce the subalterns’ “speechlessness.” The author situates this problem within a postmodernism which can unsettle yet can also reinforce structures of domination. The author suggests four modes of authentic advocacy required to make for a ikairosmoment in theology, wherein crisis provokes and enables new opportunities for transformation.
More Than Ever
Authors: Hopkins Dwight N. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Although postmodernity raises issues that wouldseem to call for the abandonment of the preferential option for the poor, that option is more necessary than ever, and postmodernity only intensifies that need. Postmodernity has intensified exploitation, oppression, discrimination, and exclusion. The author examines the past and present meanings of the preferential option, from Scripture, in the tradition of African-American sacred life, and in the work of Gustavo Gutiérrez. To prefer the poor is to call for a transformed individual self in service tothe larger collective ownership of God’s creation. Postmodernity should be judged by belief and practice anchored in the preferential option for the poor.
The Work of Love
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The author contends that the feminist politics of Donna Haraway, Kaja Silverman, and Luce Irigaray–despite theirdistance from Christian discourse–deploy love as a Christian-inflected option for the marginalized, as the basis for their attempt to stand with and advocate for those without power or voice. Although ultimately each project fails to accomplish what it attempts, what is noteworthy is the desire to deploy (Christian) love toward political ends. By recognizing the need for coalition politics and nonessentializing conceptions of subjectivity, the political appeal to love allows an escape from both the futility of identity politics and the cynicism of postmodernism.
Leibniz's Constructivism and Infinitely Folded Matter
Authors: Levey Samuel 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
“Leibniz's Constructivism and Infinitely Folded Matter” This essay examines Leibniz's account of the structure of matter and its relation to his views of the infinite. Leibniz interprets the actually infinite division of matter into finite parts on the model of infinite convergent series, but that model admits of different ontological interpretations; and the one Leibniz adopts appears to be in conflict with his metaphysical analysis of matter as a discrete rather than continuous quantity. I identify a constructivist strand of thought in Leibniz's philosophy of mathematics, revealing two competing conceptions of the infinite in his philosophy. Leibniz's constructivism, I suggest, obscures from his view the difficulties with his own model of the structure of matter, yet his eventual recognition of some of those difficulties prepares the ground for his later doctrine of incorporeal substance. Thus, Leibniz's constructivism appears to play an instrumental role in the emergence of that doctrine.
Locke and Leibniz and the Debate Over Species
Authors: Goodin Susanna 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
“Locke and Leibniz and the Debate over Species” An examination of Leibniz's reaction to Locke's theory of essences and species, exploring both his responses in the New Essays and his deeper views on species as developed in his other, more esoteric works. The central thesis is that the responses Leibniz offers in the New Essays are inadequate as a refutation of Locke. Not only does Leibniz misunderstand Locke's theory of nominal and real essences but in arguing against Lockealso relies on his more considered views, requiring metaphysical assumptions that, if accepted, do not even allow Locke's original concerns about species and essences to arise.
A Spectator at the Theater of the World
Authors: Voss Stephen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Descartes's epistemology, morals, and metaphysics – each offer reason to look on real life as a spectator looks on a theater production. The meditator seeking certainty watches his body move as in a dream and employs an entirely passive faculty of knowledge. In order to act firmly and yet not risk disappointment, the moral subject confines action to the soul, refusing to count bodily activities as actions, and cultivates a desire free from passion. After the Meditations, the metaphysician abandons the thesis that soul and body constitute a human being, consequently limiting human goods to goods of the soul alone and devaluing embodied life in the world.
Introduction
Authors: Kreitzer Beth 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with an explanation of why sermons were selected as source material for this study. It presents evaluations of Martin Luther’s ideas and writings, and discusses the situation of Marian devotion and theology on the “eve” of the Reformation to develop a context for the presentation of Virgin Mary by Luther and his followers. An overview of the chapters included in the volume is then presented.
The Beginnings
Authors: Davis Thomas W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of archaeological explorations of Palestine. The first systematic exploration of Palestine resulted from the combined efforts of two Americans, Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, in the 1800s. As interest in Palestine grew, the Palestine Exploration Fund and Palestine Exploration Society, and Society of Biblical Archaeology were established. The late 19th century saw the change from treasure hunting to true scientific inquiry in Palestinian archaeology.
Introduction
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A paradigm shift has occurred in human knowing that places ‘power’ at the center of interpreting humans’ experience. This hermeneutic has found a distinctive expression in theological methodology where it has coincided with the incorporation of historical consciousness and utilization of experience as a starting point. Within theology, this has produced renewed interest in pneumatology, the study of the Spirit of God. Since biblically the Spirit of God is identified as divine power, this volume relates the divine Spirit to various forms of power.
The Power of Fear
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Throughout history, fear has been one of the most powerful instruments of control. Whether real or imagined, the threats of military force, of public disgrace, of financial ruin, and of divine punishment have all been used to motivate or discourage action. Politicians, teachers, parents, religious leaders have all used fear to encourage or discourage certain activity. Oppressive governments have kept populations in submission through propaganda to instill fear. One of the most prevalent experiences of fear is fear of change – the threat of an uncertain future. Christianity teaches that one of the key elements in Jesus’ work of salvation was freeing humans from fear by proclaiming a God of compassion whose Spirit works against fear and assures human hope in the future.
The Power of Wealth
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
While wealth has always provided power, this has increased in modern times when wealth has become a basic source of influence. With increased globalization, the disparity between rich and poor has widened and more and more wealth has passed into corporate control. Opposing the values of an economic system that subordinates persons to profit, Christianity, guided by the Spirit, advocates the primacy of people. Wealth in itself is not evil, it has the power to better human life, but it often leads to oppression of the poor. In contrast, Christianity proposes the ideal of evangelical poverty.
The Power of Love
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Both scripture and Christian tradition identify the Spirit of God with divine love. While seldom linking love and friendship with power, humans have long thought of authentic love as a supreme good in human experience. However, ‘love’ has had quite different resonance in various contexts. Agapic love often joined to erotic attraction and revelatory of divine love and kenotic aspect of creation. Biblical link of Spirit/love/power with power of the divine word. Christian stress on fundamental role of love, on knowledge of the heart, in morality and spirituality. Love, human and divine, as ultimate power.