bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Diversity in the Archive of the Engineers Kleon and Theodoros
Authors: Clarysse Willy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The archive of the architectonKleon and his successor Theodoros was discovered in 1899 by Flinders Petrie in mummy cartonnages in the cemetery of Gurob at the entrance to the Fayum. It was published by Mahafy in P. Petr. I (1891) and P. Petr. II (1893) and partly republished by Smyly in P. Petr. III (1905).1 Though the three Petrie volumes are rather unsatisfactory and extremely cumbersome to use, they have remained the standard edition until the present day. Within the Leuven project of re-edition of the Petrie Papyri, Bart Van Beek has now finished a re-edition of the archive. All originals have repeatedly been checked in Dublin, London, and Oxford. The final publication will appear in 2010 in Collectanea Hellenistica, a series sponsored by the Union Acade´mique Internationale.3 When it comes out, P. Petr. III 42 and 43, with their many subdivisions, will disappear, but the new edition will also incorporate texts that were thus far not considered part of the archive of Kleon, and a lot of unpublished fragments. The number of texts has nearly doubled to 120, but many of these are mere fragments and not useful for the present study, which will mainly deal with syntactical features visible only in fully preserved sentences (see the Appendix below for the new numbers which texts discussed here will have in Van Beek’s forthcoming edition).
Language Contact and Personal Names in Early Ptolemaic Egypt*
Authors: Muhs Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most common results of language contact is the appearance of personal names originating in one language within speeches or texts predominantly of another language. In cases where the grammar or phonology of the two languages is significantly different, the personal names may be transformed or translated to fit the grammar or phonology of the recipient language, or they may simply be transliterated. The choice of translation or transliteration of the personal names may depend on a variety of sociolinguistic factors, such as the competence of individual bilinguals in the originating and the recipient languages, and the degree to which either translated or transliterated forms of personal names have been integrated into the recipient language. This essay will examine the translation and transliteration of Egyptian personal names into Greek following the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great in 332 bc, and particularly in the early Ptolemaic period, between 332 bc and around 200 bc. A version of this chapter was presented at the ‘Buried Linguistic Treasure ‘ conference.
Bilingualism in Roman Egypt? Exploring the Archive of Phatres of Narmuthis*
Authors: Rutherford I C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the Roman period Greek had gradually replaced Demotic as the language of administration in Egypt.1 Demotic still throve as the language of Egyptian religion and cultural tradition— ‘script death ‘2 did not come until the fourth century—but it was probably practised exclusively by a small number of priests in temples, and all of them were probably literate in Greek as well.3 For most of the population, as Bagnall puts it, ‘there was no way to have an Egyptian sentence recorded except to translate it into Greek ‘.4 The Demotic language for its part had proved quite resistant to influence from Greek: loan words show up in only a small number of contexts,5 and A version of this chapter was also presented at the multilingualism colloquium at Oxford in September 2006. I thank all those who commented on either version, especially Roger Bagnall, John Lee, and Sebastian Richter.
Latin Influence and Greek Request Formulae*
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writers of Greek papyrus letters make use of a number of standardized polite request formulae. Two of these expressions, I ask ‘ and ‘I beg ‘, show features characteristic of Latinisms and are probably translations of the Latin polite request formulae rogo and oro. The request formula is common in letters of certain periods, with more than a hundred examples attested before the fourth century ad. It functions with another verb to provide a more polite alternative to the use of that other verb in the imperative; for example: By the Roman period Greek had gradually replaced Demotic as the language of administration in Egypt.
Callimacus’ Book of Iambi
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a detailed discussion of Callimachus' collection of Iambi. The chapters on individual poems set out the evidence for the text; address questions of linguistic and antiquarian detail; attempt an interpretation of each poem as a whole; consider the arrangement of the poems, and the composition of the book. The author argues that the collection consisted of thirteen pieces; that the arrangement of the collection goes back to the poet himself, and that the Iambi are one of the earliest surviving poetry books. An attempt is made to relate this new form of poetic composition to the influence of scholarly interests and techniques on Hellenistic poetry in general, and on Callimachus in particular. The study includes a list of the papyri of the Iambi, and a list of new readings, supplements, conjectures, and other differences from Pfeiffer's text.
Iambus I
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideas of poetic immortality are omnipresent in Greek literature.1 Past and present can converse through the channels of tradition. Song is ,without death, and capable of immortalizing those sung as well as the singer. ‘T’he lyric poets inherit this notion1’-hut their poems speak more freely about the role of the poets themselves.; Sappho is confident that, through the gift of the Muses, she herself will not be forgotten.
Iambus IV
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘This summary is borne out by the remains of the poem itself. For the first time, the poet fights openly, and he attacks not only one opponent, but two. ‘T’he text is almost completely pre served: here, if anywhere, we should be able to enjoy a Callimachean Iambus in all its intricacy and richness. Briskly and succinctly, it sets the scene, and determines the tone. ‘T’he speaker is part of an unspecified group ( µ,Ei&lt;). His addressee is a certain Gµ,o&lt; (Dieg. VII 3). The name has Iambic potential.1 It ,vill have been mentioned in the opening lines. Direct address is a common feature of Iambic verse.2 Beneath.
Iambus V
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iambus V is the first epode in this Book of Iambi. In topic and tone, however, it is closer to the preceding choliambic ‘dia tribes’ than to the follcnving epodes: it continues the indirect attack of Iambus IV. Even the metre (chol + dim) looks back to the scazons of I-IV, and sets V against VI and VII (both trim + ith). Iambus V seems designed to articulate a transition from one part of the collection to another. An epode among Iambi is not surprising. Both Archilochus and Hipponax used epodic forms,’ and both provide examples of trim + dim.
Conclusion
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this last chapter, I shall consider Callimachus’ Book of Iambi as a whole. I shall do so under three headings: compass, composition, and character. First, compass. How many Iambi were there? In the preceding chapters, I have worked on the assumption of a book with thirteen poems. This assumption has been of little consequence for the interpretation of individual pieces. It is crucial, however, for understanding their positions in the whole, and it has already impinged on the interpretation of 1ambus XI 11.
Archaic Coinage As Evidence For The Use Of Money
Authors: Kim Henry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
our understanding and appreciation of money in the ancient Greek world has undergone a remark able transformation in recent years. The prime force behind this rethink of money has come from a number of studies which have explored the phenom enon of exchange, especially in its non-market-driven forms of social exchange. Scholars such as Seaford, von Rcdcn, and Kurkc have all contributed to rcframing money by looking at the roles money took in the development of social commcnsurability, in non-economic exchange, and in how attitudes towards money use were formcd. One of the most positive results to come from all of this is that the study of money has been liberated from concentra tion on its primary role as a key cog in the gears of the market economy. Money no longer need;, to be trcatt:d as an object, and focus has now ;,hiftcd tcnvards examining its roles in legal and religious contexts, and how its presence may be a cause or consequence of social change. As a whole our con ceptual understanding of money in the Greek world has rapidly evolved, benefiting greatly from a refreshing infusion of nc\v approaches provided by anthropologists and social historians.
Money, Freedom, And Empire In The Hellenistic World
Authors: Meadows Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin tackled head-on the relationship between king and subjects, coinage and sovereignty, in the classical Greek world. Taking as his focus the coinage of Thessaly before, during, and after the Macedonian conquest in the fourth century BC, he found no evi dence for the subjection of the region to the Macedonian kings having had any effect on the ability of the Thessalians to produce coin. In a summary review of the other coinages of Greece at the same rime he perceived a similar pattern. His conclusion was unequivocal: ‘It is my contention that the numismatic, historical, documentary, and literary evidence uniformly fails to support the idea that there was operative in rhe classical Greek world a strongly tt’lt connection between an abstract notion of sovereignty and rhe right of coinage which implied the necessity to enforce a uniform monetary circulation.’2 Such a conclusion, if correct, is of fundamental importance for two reasons: first, for our appre ciation of rhe abstract concept or concepts of sovereigntyi and the place of coin issue in the rhetoric of imperialism in the Greek world; and, second, for the practical numismatic purpose of dating many coinages of ancient Greek states. Among numismatists, as well as historians working in all periods of Greek history, it has been common to invoke what Martin has dubbed the lex Seyrig, a “law’ which dictates that no state issued coin in its own name if it was ruled by another.
The Coinage Of Rhodes 408-C.190 Bc
Authors: Ashto R H J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
synoccizcd in 408/7, the new coinage ofrhc unified state bore little resemblance to the disparate coinages which the three old cities had produced in silver and ckctrum from the late sixth century until, probably, the third quarter of the fifth.z The rose, the punning reverse design, had already appeared on fractions from Kamiros (B,\1C r4) and lalysos (BMC 9), bur not as a dominant type.i The heads of Helios and of the nymph Rhodos, the obverse types of almost all the late classical and Hellenistic coinage of Rhodes, do not occur on the coinages of the three old cities, and illustrate the adoption of Helios as the patron deity of the newly unified state.Moreover, whereas Jalysos had used an apparently individual weight standard, Kamiros the Aeginetan, and Lindos the Milcsian, the new state adopted the ‘C.hian’ weight standard, based on a tetradrachm of about r5.3 g. and so called because it is first attested in slightly heavier (c.r5.6 g.) form on Chios in the sixth cenrury.Since the rapid spread of this standard throughout western Asia Minor during the fourth century may have been due in part to Rhodian influence, it is often termed Rhodian, but to avoid ambiguity it will here be called Chian. As we shall see, a reduced standard based on a didrachm of c.6.Sg. was introduced in the late 340s: I shall call this the Rhodian standard.
Temples, Credit, And The Circulation Of Money
Authors: Davies John K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In which the adoption of coined money by most Greek microstatcs by or soon after 500 sr. affected the economic activity and attitudes of col lectives. Building on Henry Kim’s chapter, it focuses on mainland and Aegean Greece, leaving the material from Magna Graccia aside for separate treatment. It concentrates on the behaviour of those bodics dcmcs, phratrics, gene, as well as whole poleis-which used or were responsible for communal resources, whether beneficially owned by the collective or owned by a deity, temple, or sanctuary, whose assets the collective managed for the purposes of divine service. The topic has become a prime focus of study in recent years, and has stimulated much useful recent &gt;Nork,2 which has shown the value and com plexity of exploring the interface between (a) cult, ritual, and theology, (b) economic (especially agrar ian) history, and (c) administrative practices and their underlying value structures.
Law, Society, and Authority in Late Antiquity
Authors: Mathisen Ralph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sixteen papers in this volume investigate the links between law and society during Late Antiquity (260-640 CE). On the one hand, they consider how social changes such as the barbarian settlement and the rise of the Christian church resulted in the creation of new sources of legal authority, such as local and 'vulgar' law, barbarian law codes, and canon law. On the other, they investigate the interrelationship between legal innovations and social change, for the very process of creating new law and new authority either resulted from or caused changes in the society in which it occurred. The studies in this volume discuss interactions between legal theory and practice, the Greek east and the Roman west, secular and ecclesiastical, Roman and barbarian, male and female, and Christian and non-Christian (including pagans, Jews, and Zoroastrians).
Resolving Disputes: The Frontiers of Law in Late Antiquity
Authors: Harries Jill D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frontiers, whether physical or in the mind, are crucibles of change. In law, and especially in the laws governing the handling and settlement of disputes, one such frontier is the boundary between written law and the ‘law’ that operates beyond it, by means of custom and local usage. Much of what might be defined as legal activity in the area of dispute settlement is in fact not catered for by what is written, and still less by what is codified, but is defined by traditional forms of behaviour and strategies rooted in contemporary social practice. During Late Antiquity, getting a dispute resolved in one’s favour-or indeed at all-entailed the exploitation of forms of power that fell outside the remit of lawyers to discuss or even acknowledge. Yet these alternative kinds of power also impacted on the operation of law itself, both because custom can change law, and because the written law may be used as merely one of many options to achieve a desired result.
Evidence for the Audientia episcopalis in the New Letters of Augustine
Authors: Lenski Noel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much ink has been spilled over the audientia episcopalis, that is, the legal authority granted to bishops to act as iudices (‘judges’) in civil cases.1 Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered. The new letters of Augustine, published in 1981, provide a remarkable resource for shedding light on some of them,2 and can help to flesh out our picture of the ecclesiastical courts in practice.
The Development of Syriac Christian Canon Law in the Sasanian Empire
Authors: Erhart Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canon law in the ‘Church of the East’, that is, the Christian church located within the Sasanian (or ‘Persian’) Empire, developed in an atmosphere influenced by customs and ecclesiastical practices in the Byzantine Empire as well as by laws and customs in force in the Zoroastrian society of the Sasanian Empire. By far, the most important primary source is the Synodicon Orientale, a collection of canons of the synods of the Church of the East for the period 410-775.1 Without it, we would know virtually nothing about the religious and social life of the eastern Christians at this time. The Synodicon was compiled in the early ninth century under the direction of Catholicos Timothy I (780-823). It exhibits signs of some limited editorial revision, most of which concerns the anachronistic use of ecclesiastical titles and does not detract from the collection’s historical value. In the following discussion, the legislation of the Church of the East, and in particular that concerning celibacy and marriage, will be examined, as will be its tendency to expand into areas not usually considered matters of religious concern, specifically property and inheritance laws.
Jewish-Christian Marital Frontiers 1n Late Antiquity
Authors: Sivan Hagith S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 388 CE the emperor Theodosius I (379-95) issued a general ban on marriage between Christians and Jews addressed to Cynegius,the Praetorian Prefect of the East (whose domain included Palestine). This brief constitution was destined to play a critical role in Jewish-Christian community relations throughout the Middle Ages and the early Modern era.1 It also represents the culmination of a debate on intermarriage that had taken place among rabbis on the one hand and in Christian episcopal circles on the other. And while both Jewish rabbinic and Christian ecclesiastical authorities banned marriage outside the faith, neither had the power to invalidate such unions. They could, of course, exercise considerable informal pressure on the couple and on their families.
The Farmer, the Landlord, and the Law in the Fifth Century
Authors: Sirks Boudewijn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime about the beginning of the fifth century CE a landowner-let us call him Possessor-in North Africa, in present day Tunisia, wrote an elegant and literary letter to another landowner, Salvius, who lived in the town of Mactaris.1 After an introduction, Possessor reminded Salvius of the time they had spent together as law students and barristers in Rome, and then said: I do not know at all why you want to scare poor farmers, and I cannot understand why you want to press upon my farmers the fear of a production in court. As if I could not comfort them, release them from fear, tell them there is less to fear than you claim. I concede I was often frightened by the weapons of your eloquence in the days when we fought each other in the courts, but often I returned the blows.
Representations
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sacred to the departed spirit of Q^ Sulpicius Maximus, son of Quintus and of the Claudian tribe, a native of Rome. He lived for eleven years, five months and twelve days. He performed at the third celebration of the Competition, amongst 52 Greek poets, and the favour which he attracted through his young age was turned to admiration by his talent: he acquitted himself with honour. His extemporaneous verses are inscribed above, to show that his parents have not been carried away by their affection. Q Sulpicius Eugramus and Licinia lanuaria, his desolate parents, have set this up for their devoted son and for themselves and their successors.
Greek Literature and the Roman Empire
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek Literature and the Roman Empire uses up-to-date literary and cultural theory to make a major and original contribution to the appreciation of Greek literature written under the Roman Empire during the second century CE (the so-called 'Second Sophistic'). This literature should not be dismissed as unoriginal and mediocre. Rather, its central preoccupations, especially mimesis and paideia, provide significant insights into the definition of Greek identity during the period. Focusing upon a series of key texts by important authors (including Dio Chrysostom, Plutarch, Philostratus, Lucian, Favorinus, and the novelists), Whitmarsh argues that narratives telling of educated Greeks' philosophical advice to empowered Romans (including emperors) offer a crucial point of entry into the complex and often ambivalent relationships between Roman conquerors and Greek subjects. Their authors' rich and complex engagement with the literary past articulates an ingenious and sophisticated response to their present socio-political circumstances.
A Buddhist Reformation in the Twentieth Century: Causes and Implications of the Conflict between the Sokka Gakkai and the Nichiren Shoshu Priesthood
Authors: Hurst Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE essential Buddhist practice taught by Nichiren Daishonin (1222–82) is chanting the Hoben and Juryo chapters of the Lotus Sutra and its title (Nam-myoho renge-kyo) to the Supreme Object of Worship, the Gohonzon, a sacred scroll inscribed with prayers and sections of the sutra.
The Movement and the Japanese Media
Authors: Watanabe Takesato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MEDIA accountability—that is, the media’s recognition of its social raison ď ê tre and responsibility—may be defined by and differentiated into the following nine functions: (1) to provide accurate information; (2) to offer opinions and editorialize; (3) to serve as a forum for the exchange of views among citizens; (4) to educate; (5) to spearhead a broad array of campaigns on a society-wide basis; (6) to entertain; (7) to provide a medium for advertisement; (8) to promote social welfare; and (9) to report on natural and man-made disasters.
Buddhist Humanism and Catholic Culture in Brazil
Authors: Clarke Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOKA GAKKAI INTERNATIONAL, BRAZIL (BSGI) has an estimated membership of 150,000, over 80 percent of whom are of non-Japanese origin. From a global perspective, this is the largest Soka Gakkai following, not only in Latin America but anywhere outside Japan. Greater success might have been expected in the more secular and pluralist contexts of Western Europe and North America than in Brazil, which, despite the “explosion” of Protestantism there since the 1960s, remains a predominantly Catholic country.
Buddhism in Action: Case Studies from Italy
Authors: Macioti Maria Immacolata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT the end of 1998 the Italian Soka Gakkai (ISG) was assuredly the most significant presence of the Soka Gakkai International (SGI) in Europe. About 20,000 members out of a total of about 38,000 in Europe attended meetings and took part in the activities of the Istituto Italiano Soka Gakkai. This prompts many questions: given that Italy is traditionally a Catholic country, it might have been expected that here, more than any where, it would have been difficult for a Buddhist school—whose very name sounds alien to Italian culture—to penetrate.
Early Historie and Literacy
Authors: Fowler Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE question whether local or great history came first is ultimately unanswerable for want of evidence. Had we, above, all, the texts themselves, and more information about dates of composition, we could more confidently assess the position of Herodotus in the history of historiography. In the absence of such data, one ought to develop methods of investigation that do not presuppose the priority of one or the other form of history. In an earlier study which attempted to develop such methods, I stressed the sheer number of writers whose work Herodotus might have known, and stressed also that, whatever written texts might have existed, there was a strong sense of local history in the Greek cities long before Herodotus was born, as evidenced by poetry; I would add that many aetiological myths attached to cults and sanctuaries went back a long way and counted as history for the people. There was also a sense of panhellenic history long before Herodotus was born.