bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing systemic risk in the clearance and settlement of foreign-exchange, securities and derivatives transactions
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses specific risks arising in the clearance and settlement of foreign exchange, securities and derivatives transactions and the ar- rangements that have been developed to manage these risks. The risks considered are, respectively, foreign-exchange settlement risk; principal risk in securities settlement; and pre-settlement replacement cost risk. Foreign-exchange settlement risk – often referred to as ‘Herstatt risk’, after a famous case in which such a risk crystallized – arises when the settlement of the two currency legs of a foreign-exchange transaction are not simultaneous.
Other sources of systemic risk: operational and business risk
Authors: Manning Mark , Nier Erlend , Schanz Jochen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the literature has tended to focus primarily on credit and liquidity risk in payment and settlement processes, it is clear that other sources of systemic risk namely, operational and business risks in system providers – might also be important. Costs arising from crystallization of these risks can be particularly high if the provision of infrastructure is concentrated and rerouting of payments to a substitute system is not possible in the event of a failure. But costs can also be high if member-level responses affect activity and risk exposures in dependent markets; or if outages occur during stressed or high-volume periods, exacerbating nervousness in markets and triggering further uncertainty. This chapter focuses initially on the effects of operational shocks and how their impact might be contained.
Market Power, Market Dominance, And Effective Competition— Economic And Legal Aspects
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Lerner index as a measure of market power has a sound foundation in economic theory and can in principle be applied to all market forms. It shows that the market power of a firm, or group of firms, is restricted by the substitution possibilities available to consumers on the demand side and the behaviour of actual or potential competitors on the supply side of the market. Both demand-side and supply-side substitution limit a firm’s market power. Further, the Lerner index makes it possible to distinguish various degrees of market power. For instance, it can be determined whether and how a firm’s market power will change in response to a merger, for example, or whether a firm has more or less market power than another.1 It is important to note that the Lerner index as a measure of market power is based on a long-run view, in which all costs are variable, ie there are no fixed costs. In the short run, however, a price may exceed marginal cost because of the need to cover fixed costs.
Other Factors Relevant To The Assessment Of Mergers
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of the aspects relevant to the assessment of merger effects, such as buyer power, potential competition, and barriers to entry, have already been discussed in the section on factors affecting market power (Part 2 5.II.6.b). Other factors which may play an important role in an assessment of the impact of a merger as mergers in two-sided markets, the merger with a particular dynamic or potential competitor, catch-up and rescue mergers as well as efficiency gains are addressed below.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwalbe Ulrich , Zimmer Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Partly as a result of the considerable progress made in the field of economic theory, the calls for a more (or rather: modern) economic approach in competition law have been growing in recent years. According to the advocates of such an approach, merger law and its application in practice should, wherever possible, be based on established notions of economic theory. They argue that, otherwise, there is a risk that decisions will be untenable from an economic point of view.
Removal of nafcillin from aqueous solution with green synthesis iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Öter Çiğdem 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from Solanum nigrum L. extract and used to remove nafcillin, which exhibits toxic properties in aqueous solutions. To understand the adsorption behavior of naphcillin on the nanoadsorbent, the optimum conditions, kinetics and isotherm of adsorption were studied in detail. It was found that the adsorption process was consistent with the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir’s isothermal model. The FeONPs adsorbent achieved an adsorption capacity of 116.3 mg/g for nafcillin. It was also found that FeONPs retained ~90% of its adsorption capacity after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Apart from the fact that the nanoparticles synthesized in the study are composed of natural ingredients, S. nigrum L. which causes problems in plant cultivation, serves a useful purpose by being used in this method. The results show that this new nanoadsorbent provides an alternative option for the removal of pharmaceuticals and various pollutants in wastewater.
Cornea Classic: Bron, Evans, and Smith, “Grading of Corneal and Conjunctival Staining in the Context of Other Dry Eye Tests” (2003)
Authors: Akpek Esen K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dry eye is an increasingly common ocular condition with significant impact on quality of life due to eye discomfort and blurred vision complaints. In addition, the financial burden of dry eye on both patients and society is substantial. Although there has been a recent explosion of research in the field since 2002 with the approval of the first prescription topical treatment (Restasis, Allergan Inc, Irvine CA), dry eye lags behind other ophthalmic conditions where clinically meaningful outcome measures are closely tied with the metrics by which their therapeutics are evaluated. Unfortunately, current practice is such that physicians largely rely on patient symptoms to evaluate dry eye, and these do not always correlate with objective ocular surface and tear film parameters. In patients with severe dry eye, the patient-reported symptoms are likely dampened because of the neurotrophic state of the ocular surface, which accompanies any long-standing inflammatory ocular condition. Therefore, staining of the corneal and conjunctival surface using vital dyes is an invaluable dry eye test to provide information normally not visible during routine slit-lamp examination. The landmark article by Bron, Evans, and Smith published in Cornea in 2003 provides excellent guidance to clinicians to highlight and quantify ocular surface parameters in patients with dry eye. Validation studies correlating conjunctival or corneal staining with tangible quality-of-life parameters and metrics to measure those are needed to verify ocular surface staining as a clinically meaningful dry eye outcome to be used in clinical practice and clinical trials.
Eosinophils are an endogenous source of IL-4 during filarial infections and contribute to the development of an optimal T helper 2 response
Authors: Guth Cécile , Schumacher Pia Philippa , Vijayakumar Archena , Borgmann Hannah , Balles Helene , Koschel Marianne , Risch Frederic , Lenz Benjamin , Hoerauf Achim , Hübner Marc P. , Ajendra Jesuthas 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTInterleukin-4 (IL-4) is a central regulator of type 2 immunity, crucial for the defense against multicellular parasites like helminths. This study focuses on its roles and cellular sources duringLitomosoides sigmodontisinfection, a model for human filarial infections. Our research uncovers eosinophils as a major source of IL-4, especially during the early phase of filarial infection. Using dblGATA mice lacking eosinophil and subsequently eosinophil-derived IL-4, we reveal their profound impact on the Th2 response. Lack of eosinophils impact Th2 polarization and resulted in impaired type 2 cytokine production. Surprisingly, eosinophil deficiency had no impact on macrophage polarization and proliferation as well as on antibody production. These findings shed new light on IL-4 dynamics and eosinophil effector functions in filarial infections.AUTHOR SUMMARYFilarial nematodes can cause severe diseases like onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, posing a significant public health challenge in tropical regions, putting over a billion people at risk. The WHO categorizes these infections as neglected tropical diseases and aims to eliminate onchocerciasis transmission and lymphatic filariasis as a public health issue by 2030. To achieve this goal, we need a better understanding of the protective immune responses involved. Eosinophils have been identified as a key immune cell type in the well-established murine model for filarial infection,Litomosoides sigmodontis. However, their precise roles and interactions with other components of the type 2 immune response remain unclear. Our study reveals that eosinophils play a crucial role as a primary source of interleukin-4, the central cytokine in type 2 immunity. By using dblGATA mice, we found that the absence of eosinophils resulted in a reduced T helper 2 response but did not impact the alternative activation of macrophages or antibody production. In summary, our research uncovers an underappreciated function of eosinophils and their significant influence on type 2 immune responses.
Structural insight into rabies virus neutralization revealed by an engineered antibody scaffold
Authors: Kedari Ashwini , Iheozor-Ejiofor Rommel , Levanov Lev , Saksela Kalle , Vapalahti Olli , Rissanen Ilona 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHost-cell entry of the highly pathogenic rabies virus (RABV) is mediated by trimeric glycoprotein (G) spikes, which also represent the primary target for the humoral immune response. RABV-G displays several antigenic sites targeted by neutralizing antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which have been proposed as quality-controlled alternatives to traditional polyclonal rabies immunoglobulin treatment. In this study, we determine the epitope of a potently neutralizing human anti-rabies mAb, CR57, which we engineered into a diabody to facilitate crystallization. We report the crystal structure of the CR57 diabody alone at 2.38 Å resolution, and in complex with RABV-G domain III at 3.15 Å resolution. CR57 is demonstrated to bind RABV through a predominantly hydrophobic interface, with essential interactions targeting a conserved six-residue peptide sequence ’KLCGVL’ on the RABV-G. Further, our structural analysis suggests that CR57 sterically hinders receptor recognition and the fusogenic transitions of the spike protein that are required for host-cell entry. Altogether, this investigation provides a structural perspective on rabies inhibition by a potent antibody and delineates a functionally significant region in the spike. This understanding could pave the way for the development of prophylactic antibodies and other therapeutic strategies.Author summaryRabies virus (RABV) and many other lyssaviruses possess the ability to invade the central nervous system, leading to fatal encephalitis in mammals. Initiation of the infectious cycle depends on host cell recognition and entry, which is mediated by viral surface glycoprotein (G) spikes and can be inhibited by spike-targeting neutralizing antibodies. In our study, we elucidated the crystal structure of an antigenic domain from RABV-G in complex with a diabody derived from the potently neutralizing antibody CR57. This investigation revealed the molecular interactions by which CR57 binds to RABV-G and outlined a site of vulnerability comprising a conserved peptide in RABV-G domain III, where antibody binding is likely to inhibit RABV by obstructing host cell entry. Insights into the binding modalities of antibodies like CR57 deepen our understanding of how RABV and other lyssaviruses are neutralized, aiding the development of potential therapeutics. Furthermore, our study showcases the utility of engineering antibodies into diabodies to obtain crystal structures of antibody-antigen complexes.
Cyanobacteria newly isolated from marine volcanic seeps display rapid sinking and robust, high density growth
Authors: Schubert Max G. , Tang Tzu-Chieh , Goodchild-Michelman Isabella M. , Ryon Krista A , Henriksen James R. , Chavkin Theodore , Wu Yanqi , Miettinen Teemu P. , Wychen Stefanie Van , Dahlin Lukas R. , Spatafora Davide , Turco Gabriele , Guarnieri Michael T. , Manalis Scott R. , Kowitz John , Dhir Raja , Quatrini Paola , Mason Christopher E , Church George M , Milazzo Marco , Tierney Braden T 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that play important roles in carbon cycling as well as promising bioproduction chassis. Here, we isolate two novel cyanobacteria, UTEX 3221 and UTEX 3222, from a unique marine environment with naturally elevated CO₂. We describe complete genome sequences for both isolates and, focusing on UTEX 3222 due to its planktonic growth in liquid, characterize biotechnologically-relevant growth and biomass characteristics. UTEX 3222 outpaces other fast-growing model strains on solid medium. It can double every 2.35 hours in a liquid medium and grows to high density (>31g/L biomass dry weight) in batch culture, nearly double that ofSynechococcussp. PCC 11901, whose high-density growth was recently reported. In addition, UTEX 3222 sinks readily, settling more quickly than other fast-growing strains, suggesting improved de-watering of UTEX 3222 biomass. This settling behavior can be explained in part by larger cell volume. These traits may make UTEX 3222 a compelling choice for photosynthetic bioproduction from CO₂. Overall, we find that bio-prospecting in environments with naturally elevated CO₂ may uncover novel CO₂-metabolizing organisms with unique characteristics.
Entropy generation in water conveying nanoparticles flow over a vertically moving rotating surface: Keller box analysis
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Sharma Kushal , Makinde Oluwole Daniel , Joshi Vimal Kumar , Saleem Salman 
Published: October 2023

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the entropy generation in different nanofluids flow over a vertically moving rotating disk. Unlike the classical Karman flow, water-based nanofluids have various suspended nanoparticles, namely, Cu, Ag, Al2O3 and TiO2, and the disk is also moving vertically with time-dependent velocity.

Design/methodology/approach
The Keller box technique numerically solves the governing equations after reduction by suitable similarity transformations. The shear stress and heat transport features, along with flow and temperature fields, are numerically computed for different concentrations of the nanoparticles.

Findings
This study is done comparatively in between different nanofluids and for the cases of vertical movement of the disk. It is found that heat transfer characteristics rely not only on considered nanofluid but also on disk movement. Moreover, the upward movement of the disk diminishes the heat-transfer characteristics of the fluid for considered nanoparticles. In addition, for the same group of nanoparticles, an entropy generation study is also performed, and an increasing trend is found for all nanoparticles, with alumina nanoparticles dominating the others.

Originality/value
This research is a novel work on a vertically moving rotating surface for the water-conveying nanoparticle fluid flow with entropy generation analysis. The results were found to be in good agreement in the case of pure fluid.
The growth of the Indian agro-based industry and its emissions: industrial relevance of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis
Authors: Gogoi Nivaj 
Published: October 2023

Purpose
The modernization of the agro-based industry has encouraged the application of inorganic fertilizers to increase productivity. However, such fertilizer emissions may pose harmful environmental effects in the long run. This study aims to empirically explore the matter by applying the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in the Indian agro-based industry.

Design/methodology/approach
The study builds two models considering nitrous oxide emission levels from inorganic (synthetic) and organic (manure) fertilizers to evaluate the safer option for the environment. The validity of an industry-specific EKC (IEKC) is tested for the models considering time series data from 1975 to 2019. Here, the autoregressive distributed lag model is applied for the 45 years long time series analysis to test the hypothesis with respect to inorganic and organic fertilizers emissions.

Findings
The existence of the IEKC is rejected by the inorganic fertilizer emissions model. Its U-shaped curve implies that applying such fertilizers will gradually cause degrading environmental effects. On the other hand, the organic fertilizer emissions model supports the existence of an inverted U-shaped IEKC. It proves that organic fertilizers are a better choice for safeguarding the environment in the long run.

Originality/value
Applying the EKC hypothesis on an industrial level can signify whether an industry worsens the environment in the long run. However, very few studies have explored such an application of the hypothesis in the past. Moreover, the literature could not find any previous study exploring the environmental effects of inorganic and organic fertilizers by analyzing the EKC hypothesis. The hypothesis can offer such insights with simplified empirical assessment.
Why do fans go to football games? A discrete choice analysis of ticket buyers' preferences
Authors: Becerra Mario , Balliauw Matteo , Goos Peter , De Borger Bruno , Huyghe Benjamin , Truyts Thomas 
Published: October 2023

PurposeTicket sales are an essential source of income for football clubs and federations. Analyzing the determinants of fans' willingness-to-pay for tickets is therefore an important exercise. By knowing the match- and fan-related characteristics that influence how much a fan wants to pay for a ticket, as well as to what extent, football clubs and federations can modify their ticket offering and targeting in order to optimize this revenue stream.Design/methodology/approachUsing a detailed discrete choice experiment, based on McFadden's random utility theory, this paper formulates a Bayesian hierarchical multinomial logit model. Such models are very common in the discrete choice modeling literature. The analysis identifies to what extent match and personal attributes influence fans' willingness-to-pay for games of the Belgian men's and women's football national teams.FindingsThe results show that the strength of the opponent, the type of competition, the location of the seats in the stadium, the day and kick-off time of the match and the ticket price exert an influence on the choice of the respondent. Fans are attracted most by competitive games against strong opponents. They prefer to sit along the sideline, and they have clear preferences for specific kick-off days and times. The authors also find substantial variation between socio-demographic groups, defined in terms of factors such as age, gender and family composition.Practical implicationsThe authors use the results to estimate the willingness-to-pay for match tickets for different socio-demographic groups. Their findings are useful for football clubs and federations interested in optimizing the prices of their match tickets.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, no stated preference methods, such as discrete choice analysis, have been used to analyze the willingness-to-pay of sports fans. The advantage of discrete choice analysis is that options and variations in tickets that are not yet available in practice can be studied, allowing football organizations to increase revenues from new ticketing instruments.
How does self-congruity foster customer engagement with global brands? Examining the roles of psychological ownership and global connectedness
Authors: Roy Bhattacharjee Debashree , Kuanr Abhisek , Malhotra Neeru , Pradhan Debasis , Moharana Tapas Ranjan 
Published: October 2023

PurposeDrawing on the self-congruity theory and customer engagement literature, this research accounts for the influence of the three dimensions of customer self-congruity on customer engagement with global brands by uncovering the mediating mechanism of brand psychological ownership and moderating mechanism of global connectedness. The research framework is tested across developed and developing country contexts to highlight any cultural differences in the drivers of customer engagement with global brands.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from developed (USA; n = 270) and developing (India; n = 273) countries through two online surveys and tested, employing structural equation modeling, across the two markets to investigate cross-cultural variations.FindingsSocial self-congruity has the strongest influence on customer engagement for USA consumers, while all three forms of self-congruity are equally important in India. Psychological ownership consistently works as the mediating mechanism across both contexts. While global connectedness accentuates the relationship between self-congruity and brand psychological ownership for Indian consumers, it attenuates the relationship amongst USA consumers.Originality/valueWhile prior literature mainly establishes a direct link between self-congruity and customer engagement, this study provides a deeper understanding of the self-congruity–customer engagement relationship by: a) investigating the mediating role of psychological ownership; b) examining the moderating role of global connectedness and c) studying all three forms of self-congruity (i.e. actual, ideal and social) simultaneously. The study, testing the framework in developing and developed country settings, highlights cultural nuances in forming customer engagement with global brands.
Online subject searching of humanities PhD students at a Swedish university
Authors: Golub Koraljka , Tan Xu , Liu Ying-Hsang , Tyrkkö Jukka 
Published: October 2023

PurposeThis exploratory study aims to help contribute to the understanding of online information search behaviour of PhD students from different humanities fields, with a focus on subject searching.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is based on a semi-structured interview within which the participants are asked to conduct both a controlled search task and a free search task. The sample comprises eight PhD students in several humanities disciplines at Linnaeus University, a medium-sized Swedish university from 2020.FindingsMost humanities PhD students in the study have received training in information searching, but it has been too basic. Most rely on web search engines like Google and Google Scholar for publications' search, and university's discovery system for known-item searching. As these systems do not rely on controlled vocabularies, the participants often struggle with too many retrieved documents that are not relevant. Most only rarely or never use disciplinary bibliographic databases. The controlled search task has shown some benefits of using controlled vocabularies in the disciplinary databases, but incomplete synonym or concept coverage as well as user unfriendly search interface present hindrances.Originality/valueThe paper illuminates an often-forgotten but pervasive challenge of subject searching, especially for humanities researchers. It demonstrates difficulties and shows how most PhD students have missed finding an important resource in their research. It calls for the need to reconsider training in information searching and the need to make use of controlled vocabularies implemented in various search systems with usable search and browse user interfaces.