bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of species richness and introduced species in native freshwater fish faunas of a Mediterranean‐type basin: the Guadiana River (southwest Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Corbacho Casimiro , Sánchez Juan Manuel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we analysed the factors affecting species richness and introduced species component patterns in native fish faunas of 30 streams of the Middle Basin of the Guadiana River. From a principal component analysis and a stepwise multiple regression analysis performed on a data matrix composed of ten hydrological and biotic variables, we showed that: (1) fish species richness increased with stream length and watershed area, (2) the number of native species in a stream declined as channelizations and river regulation (constructions of dams) are higher, whereas introduced species increased in the same way, (3) the two main negative factors affecting native ichthyofaunas affected dissimilar ecological areas: channelizations, which depend on land‐use intensity of floodplain, mainly occurred in lower reaches of streams, but construction of dams mainly took place in upper sections of rivers, (4) the length of the remaining well‐preserved reaches in a stream appeared to be the only factor accurately predicting native fish species richness, and (5) native fish faunas of small isolated streams are more vulnerable to habitat alteration than those of large streams. Both isolation and fragmentation of populations were recorded, so the conservation status of native and highly endemic fish fauna of the study area is extreme. Protection of the few still extant, well‐preserved small streams and upper reaches, habitat restoration of channeled areas, and inclusion of the need for native fish fauna conservation in long‐term public planning of water use become a priority. Fish communities appear to be a sensitive indicator of biological monitoring to assess environmental degradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulated Rivers: Research & Management, Volume 17 Issue 4/5 ‘Understanding natural patterns and processes in river corridors as the basis for effective river restoration’ by J.V. Ward, K. Tockner, U. Uehlinger and F. Malard.
Authors: Ward J.V. , Tockner K. , Uehlinger U. , Malard F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe incorrect version of this article was published previously. Please find the correct version, which retains the original pagination, on the next page.The publisher wishes to apologise for this mistakeRunning water ecology is a young science, the conceptual foundations of which were derived largely from research conducted in Europe and North America. However, virtually all European river corridors were substantially regulated well before the science of river ecology developed. While regulation of North American river systems occurred later than in European systems, river ecology also developed later. Therefore, there is a general impression of rivers as being much less heterogeneous and much more stable than they actually are in the natural state. The thesis of this paper is that established research and management concepts may fail to fully recognize the crucial roles of habitat heterogeneity and fluvial dynamics owing to a lack of fundamental knowledge of the structural and functional features of morphologically intact river corridors. Until quite recently, most concepts in river ecology were based on the implicit assumption that rivers are stable, single‐thread channels isolated from adjacent floodplains. Unfortunately, many rivers are in just such a state, but it should be recognized that this is not the natural condition. This incomplete understanding constrains scientific advances in river ecology and renders management and restoration initiatives less effective. Examples are given of the high level of spatio‐temporal heterogeneity that may be attained in rivers where natural processes still operate on a large scale. The objective of this paper is to promulgate a broader and more integrative understanding of natural processes in river corridors as a necessary prelude to effective river conservation and management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of distance learning system by using satellite communication network
Authors: Tanigawa Takeshi , Ikeura Shigeo , Anzai Masahiro , Kaneko Isao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing a satellite communication network, we developed a distance learning system to be used in the human resources development of communication and information technology in the Asian‐Pacific area. The combined use of a distance learning system and individual learning by CAI is effective in overcoming the weak point that students fail to gain a deep understanding because distance learning tends to fall into one‐sided communication from the teacher to the students. For the transmission of CAI materials on a satellite communication network, a transmission mechanism that does not cause data congestion on the network is required. We had mainly developed two technologies for the real‐time transmission of CAI materials on a satellite communication network. One is an error control mechanism for situations in which we cannot ignore the delay time. The other is a technique for reduction of the amount of transmitted data. We conducted experimental international distance learning in cooperation with China and Thailand and confirmed the effect of our developing technology for real‐time transmission of CAI materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(8): 41–50, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10040
Trace generation from a radiogram of the temporomandibular joint by optimization
Authors: Fukushima Shigehiro , Kojima Minako 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method has been developed for computational trace generation of the temporomandibular joint on a radiogram in order to support its morphological study. Four elements were traced. While such a radiogram is deteriorated by blur, the shape and the geometrical configuration among the elements are rather stable. Therefore, the model‐based approach was adopted. Periodicity‐based preprocessing removes the grid image. Each element is enhanced by model‐based mask operation, and then traced by optimizing a model‐based objective function by using dynamic programming. Feasibility was studied by proposing two features for numerical characterization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(8): 84–97, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1149
Quantitative study of shear modulus and interfacial shear strength by combining modulated lateral force and magnetic force modulation microscopies
Authors: Piétrement O. , Troyon M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) is currently used to map the qualitative differences of surface properties and is becoming a technique to determine quantitatively the friction and elastic properties, although measurements often are very delicate and need a lot of precaution. A few studies have attempted to determine quantitatively the interfacial shear strength from friction measurements but they require the Young's modulus or the shear modulus to be known. To our knowledge, the shear modulus has never been determined directly by AFM. We propose here a method for measuring this by combining modulated lateral force microscopy (MLFM) and magnetic force modulation microscopy (MFMM), without the need to determine the Young's modulus. The method involves measurements of normal contact stiffness by MFMM and lateral contact stiffness by MLFM, and the use of mechanical contact theory. Once the shear modulus is known, it is possible to determine the shear strength from friction force and lateral contact stiffness measurements by studying its dependence on mean contact pressure. The method is tested on high‐ and low‐density polyethylene and measurements of shear modulus and shear strength are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calibrated scanning force microscope with capabilities in the subnanometre range
Authors: Hasche K. , Herrmann K. , Mirandé W. , Seemann R. , Vitushkin L. , Xu M. , Yu G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper refers to quantitative scanning force microscopy (SFM) and dimensional measurement being traceable to metrological standards. The traceability to the unit of length is achieved by calibration of several thousands of selected and sufficiently defined reference positions within the three‐dimensional measuring range by three miniature laser interferometers and their output signals at distances of λ/2 (λ corresponds to the wavelength of the He/Ne laser radiation). The expanded uncertainty U of the laser interferometer output signals is estimated to be ⩽1 nm. The results reported here refer to the reduction of uncertainty in the subnanometre range by comparisons of measured periods of one‐dimensional sinusoidal gratings using optical diffractometry with expanded uncertainties ⩽0.1 nm, as well as SFM with an uncertainty originally estimated to be 1 nm. The goal is to reduce as far as possible the uncertainty of the SFM measurement results, e.g. the thickness of films or the pitch of gratings. The present state of work allows to estimate an expanded uncertainty of <0.4 nm and it is hoped to reach a value near the picometre range.The practical goal is to apply this microscopy to evaluations (calibrations) of dimensional parameters of objects in the semiconductor technology and other dimensional micro‐ and nanostructures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Imaging the surface details of red blood cells with atomic force microscopy
Authors: Nowakowski Robert , Luckham Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in situ to study the topography and mechanical properties of red blood cells. When imaging the surface of the blood cells in topographic mode, the underlying cytoskeleton of the cell could be observed. This is a result of the different compressibility of the cell, depending on whether the underlying cytoskeleton is under the tip, which would be relatively hard, or just the cell membrane, which would be soft. The modulation technique confirms that the places where the cytoskeleton is directly underneath the membrane are raised as a result of the harder character and therefore the smaller tip indentation. The results obtained for the normal doughnut‐shaped and swollen cells have been compared. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of outcome misclassification and measurement error on the design and analysis of therapeutic equivalence trials
Authors: Kim Mimi Y. , Goldberg Judith D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn any clinical trial, the use of imperfect diagnostic procedures or laboratory techniques may lead to misclassification and measurement error in the primary outcome. Although the effects of non‐differential outcome misclassification and measurement error on conventional superiority trials have been extensively investigated, less is known about the impact of these errors on the results and interpretation of therapeutic equivalence trials. In this paper we formally investigate the effects of outcome misclassification and measurement error on the estimates of treatment effects, type I error rate, and power of equivalence trials. Our results indicate that, contrary to what one may expect based on the well known attenuating effects of non‐differential error in conventional studies, these errors do not always favour the goal of demonstrating equivalence. The magnitude and direction of the influence depend on a number of factors including the nature of the outcome variable, specific formulation of equivalence, size of the error rates, and assumptions regarding the true treatment effect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marginal estimation for multi‐stage models: waiting time distributions and competing risks analyses
Authors: Satten Glen A. , Datta Somnath 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe provide non‐parametric estimates of the marginal cumulative distribution of stage occupation times (waiting times) and non‐parametric estimates of marginal cumulative incidence function (proportion of persons who leave stage j for stage j′ within time t of entering stage j) using right‐censored data from a multi‐stage model. We allow for stage and path dependent censoring where the censoring hazard for an individual may depend on his or her natural covariate history such as the collection of stages visited before the current stage and their occupation times. Additional external time dependent covariates that may induce dependent censoring can also be incorporated into our estimates, if available. Our approach requires modelling the censoring hazard so that an estimate of the integrated censoring hazard can be used in constructing the estimates of the waiting times distributions. For this purpose, we propose the use of an additive hazard model which results in very flexible (robust) estimates. Examples based on data from burn patients and simulated data with tracking are also provided to demonstrate the performance of our estimators. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nociceptive responses to chronic stress of restraint and noxious stimuli in sucrose fed rats
Authors: Mukherjee K. , Mathur R. , Nayar U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStress produces analgesia and sucrose ingestion immediately relieves the stress in both the rat and human models, however the effect of sucrose feeding on chronic stress of repeated varying pain is not known. Adult male rats were subjected to a stress regimen of restraint and various degrees of noxious stimuli given repeatedly during 58 h in six sessions with a rest of 32 h. In a 4‐h session, the rats were subjected to the stress of thermal noxious stimulation, pin prick and electrical stimulation of nociceptive afferents (six, one and nine times at intervals of 5 min) in addition to the restraint stress. The effect of this stress on their nociceptive responses was noted as hind paw lick latency, HPL; tail flick latency, TFL; threshold of tail flick, TF; vocalization during stimulus, SV and vocalization after discharge, VA. On the fourth day, the rats received sucrose solution (20 percent orally) ad libitum, which was withdrawn after session IV. During session II–IV in pre‐sucrose fed state, the TFL remained unaffected as compared to session I, while the HPL decreased (18.53 ± 4.96 s, 12.01 ± 4.64 s in sessions I, VI respectively); and the thresholds for TF, SV and VA (0.34 ± 0.16 and 0.71 ± 0.32 mA in session I, VI respectively) progressively increased. After sucrose ingestion during sessions II–IV, the above‐mentioned decrease in HPL and increase in thresholds was not observed. However, they appeared after discontinuation of sucrose during sessions V and VI. The results of our experiment suggest that exposure to our novel model of chronic (58 h) albeit intermittent stress of noxious stimuli and restraint produced an analgesic response in the threshold of TF, SV and VA, an hyperalgesic response in HPL and no effect in TFL; which were attenuated by ingesting a palatable sucrose solution ad libitum. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial work environment and psychological well‐being: assessment of the buffering effects in the job demand–control (–support) model in BELSTRESS
Authors: Pelfrene Edwin , Vlerick Peter , Kittel France , Mak Rudolf P. , Kornitzer Marcel , Backer Guy De 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Karasek Job Demand–Control model has as its central tenet the so‐called ‘strain hypothesis’, stating that the most adverse health outcomes are to be expected in ‘high strain’ jobs characterized by high job demands and low job control. Later, this model was elaborated, stating that ‘isolated’ high strain workers experiencing low worksite social support are even more worse off. This is labelled the ‘iso‐strain hypothesis’. However, in the literature, the question was raised whether a high level of job control may (1) mitigate or buffer the effects of high job demands on psychological well‐being, or alternatively whether (2) a high level of social support may buffer the negative impact of high strain on psychological well‐being. In this study among 16 335 male workers and 5084 female workers in Belgium, four indicators of psychological well‐being are considered: feelings of depression, feelings of fatigue, sleep problems and use of psychoactive drugs. Both in men and in women, the general strain hypothesis and the iso‐strain hypothesis alike are corroborated regarding the cross‐sectional associations adjusted for age, level of education and living situation. This is most clear with respect to feelings of depression, less so with respect to the use of psychotropic drugs. The buffer hypotheses however are definitely not supported by our data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product diversification in international joint ventures: performance implications in an emerging market
Authors: Luo Yadong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study extends product diversification research to a new organizational form (IJV) and a new environmental context (emerging market). It explores the extent to which product relatedness with both foreign and local parents affects IJV performance as perceived by venture managers. After controlling for relevant variables, analysis of the data containing 134 IJVs in China validates our major premise: the relatedness of an IJV's products with that of its foreign and local parents is positively associated with its performance. An IJV maintaining bilateral related diversification (i.e., with both parents) performs better than a venture maintaining a unilateral related linkage (i.e., with one parent), which in turn outperforms an IJV which is unrelated to either parent. When resource complementarity or goal congruity between parents is higher, there is a stronger positive relationship between product relatedness and IJV performance. When structural opportunities are fewer or institutional deterrence is higher, there is a weaker positive relationship between product relatedness and IJV performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the effect of complexity in strategic group knowledge structures on firm performance
Authors: Mcnamara Gerry M. , Luce Rebecca A. , Tompson George H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA developing stream of research in the strategy field explores the competitive structure of industries from the perspective of industry participants. This work has demonstrated that managers develop strategic group knowledge structures in order to make sense of their competitive environment. This study extends this line of research by examining the complexity evident in the strategic group knowledge structures developed by firms' top management teams and assessing the relationship between complexity in these knowledge structures and subsequent firm performance. Specifically, we examine the complexity of top managers' knowledge structures regarding their competition using a sample of 76 top management teams from banks in three U.S. cities. Using hierarchical regression, we find a significant relationship between the complexity of cognitive strategic groups and subsequent firm performance. These results suggest that the structure of the cognitive templates that top managers use to understand their environment and the actions of their competitor influence the degree of strategic success of their firm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning, design, and action: creating the conditions for Evolutionary Learning Community
Authors: Laszlo Kathia Castro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an inquiring process conceived as learning for action. The focus of the inquiry was the creation of some initial conditions considered necessary for the design of Evolutionary Learning Community (ELC)—an ideal alternative learning system that seeks to catalyze the purposeful creation of sustainable and evolutionary futures. These conditions included: (1) an idealized operational definition of ELC; (2) a description of the personal attributes of the potential designers of ELC; and (3) the design of a learning framework for empowering designers of ELC. The particular approach used was Evolutionary Systems Design: a systemic heuristic based on social systems design and complemented with an evolutionary and critical systems perspectives. The inquiry involved a theoretical exploration that was enriched with the experiences and perspectives of a group of individuals—who are involved in areas of work relevant for the design of ELC, such as systems design, community development, educational change, and environmental sustainability—who engaged with the author and principal researcher in learning conversations. Copyright © 2001 International Society for the Systems Sciences.
Intraoperative ultrasound and other techniques to achieve negative margins
Authors: Henry‐Tillman Ronda , Johnson Anita T. , Smith Lanette F. , Klimberg V. Suzanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOver the past few decades new procedures and technologies have been introduced into clinical practice for the evaluation and management of breast disease. Ultrasound is rapidly becoming a valued tool in the armamentarium of the breast surgeon. The use of ultrasound by radiologists and breast surgeons to evaluate nonpalpalable detected breast lesions has increased dramatically. With its easy portability and improvements in the technology, the use of ultrasound has now expanded into the operating room. In this work we review the value of intraoperative ultrasound and other techniques in obtaining and assessing margin status. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:206–213, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Permissive role of neurokinin NK3 receptors in NK1 receptor‐mediated activation of the locus coeruleus revealed by SR 142801
Authors: Bert Lionel , Rodier Daniel , Bougault Isabelle , Allouard Nathalie , Le‐Fur Gérard , Soubrié Philippe , Steinberg Régis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present experiments investigated the role of neurokinin‐1 (NK1) and neurokinin‐3 (NK3) receptors on the activity of the locus coeruleus (LC)‐noradrenergic system by using a dual probe microdialysis technique in anesthetized guinea pigs. The local application in the LC of the selective NK1 receptor agonists [SAR9,Met(O2)11]‐SP (10 μM) and septide (1 μM) as well as the selective NK3 receptor agonist senktide (1 μM), enhanced the extracellular norepinephrine (NE) levels in the prefrontal cortex. The enhancing effect of [SAR9,Met(O2)11]‐SP was completely blocked by the peripheral administration of the selective non peptide NK1 and NK3 receptor antagonists, GR 205171 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) and SR 142801 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively, whereas SR 142806 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) the inactive enantiomer of SR 142801 had no effect. Moreover, the [SAR9,Met(O2)11]‐SP‐induced increase in LC DOPAC concentrations, is only antagonized by GR 205171. In contrast, only SR 142801 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) could block stereoselectively the senktide‐evoked increase in NE levels. Both [SAR9,Met(O2)11]‐SP and senktide effects were blocked by local infusion into the LC of SR 142801 (10−9 M). These results demonstrate that stimulation of NK1 and NK3 receptors located in the LC area modulates the activity of the LC‐NE system, and that the excitatory effects of NK1 receptor agonists require NKB/NK3 receptor activation in the LC. Synapse 43:62–69, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.