bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of scrapie transmission in sheep, using embryo transfer
Authors: Foote Warren C. , Clark Wilber , Maciulis Alma , Call Jay W. , Hourrigan James , Evans R. Cole , Marshall Michael R. , de Camp Margarete 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Reciprocal embryo transfers were made between scrapie-inoculated and scrapie-free sheep (Cheviot and Suffolk breeds) to measure scrapie transmission via the embryo (using offspring from embryos of scrapie-inoculated donors and scrapie-free recipients) and via the uterus (using offspring from embryos of scrapie-free donors and scrapie-inoculated recipients taken by cesarean section). Two control groups of offspring, 1 from scrapie-free parents (negative) and 1 from scrapie-inoculated parents (positive), also were included. All sheep were observed for clinical signs of scrapie until death or for a minimum of 60 months. Final diagnosis was made on the basis of histopathologic findings or results of mouse inoculation and/or proteinase-K-resistant protein analysis. Thirty to 61% of the scrapie-inoculated donor/recipient sheep within groups developed scrapie within 8 to 44 months after inoculation. None of the scrapie-free donor/recipients, including those gestating embryos from scrapie-inoculated donors, developed scrapie. Also, none of the offspring observed to ≥ 24 months of age from reciprocal cross, via embryo (0/67), or via the uterus (0/25), or from the negative-control group (0/33) developed scrapie. Fifty-six of the offspring via embryo, 19 of these via the uterus, and 31 negative controls survived to ≥ 60 months of age. Of the 21 sheep in the positive-control group, 2 (9.5%) developed scrapie, 1 at 31 months of age and 1 at 42 months of age. In the Cheviot offspring, the percentage of sheep carrying the short incubation allele ranged from 24 to 44% and the percentage in the Suffolk offspring ranged from 61 to 83%. These proportions indicate high degree of susceptibility to the disease. Results indicate that under the conditions of these experiments, scrapie was not transmitted to the offspring via the embryo or the uterus.
Sonographic brightness of the flexor tendons and ligaments in the metacarpal region of horses
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , Sehgal C. M. , Polansky M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Sonographic observations were made of the image mean gray scale (mgs) of the flexor tendons and ligaments in the left and right metacarpal regions of each of 10 clinically normal horses. In images made in the dorsal and sagittal planes, the mgs was measured at multiple sites in the superficial digital flexor tendon (sdft), deep digital flexor tendon (ddft), accessory ligament (al), and suspensory ligament (sl), and at single sites in the medial and lateral limbs of the sl, and the palmar ligament. Relative sonographic brightness of each tendon and ligament was calculated by dividing the value of its mgs by the mean value for the mgs of images of 3 soft tissue equivalent phantoms. When a multivariate repeated-measures of anova of the relative brightness values was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05), Tukey's method of multiple comparisons was used to determine which values were significantly different from each other. In the dorsal plane, the sl was significantly brighter than the ddft, sdft, and al; relative brightnesses of the ddft and sdft were similar, as were those of the sdft and al. In the sagittal plane, the sl again was the significantly brightest structure, followed by the al, and similar brightnesses of the ddft and sdft. In dorsal images made 25 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone, relative brightnesses of the sdft, ddft, and the medial and lateral limbs of the sl were similar. In images made 30 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone, relative brightness of the palmar ligament was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that of the sdft and ddft in the dorsal plane, but not in the sagittal plane, where it was significantly greater. Relative brightness values represented a unique sonographic characteristic of each structure and, in the future, may provide further insights into tendon and ligament structure and function.
Comparative effects of xylazine and propofol on the urethral pressure profile of healthy dogs
Authors: Combrisson Hélène , Robain Gilberte , Cotard Jean Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effects of 2 drugs, xylazine and propofol, on the urethral pressure profile were compared. Seven female dogs were sedated by administration of one drug, then the other, and urethral variables were measured. In the dogs sedated with propofol, the mean ± sd, maximal urethral closure pressure (51 ± 7.4 cm of H2O) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the value when dogs were sedated with xylazine (23.3 ± 7.6 cm of H2O). Results were compared with those obtained by various authors, in particular for nonsedated dogs. It is concluded that propofol is a good drug for investigation of the urethral pressure profile, whatever its effect on maximal urethral closure pressure.
Joint laxity and its association with hip dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Lust George , Williams Alma J. , Burton-Wurster Nancy , Pijanowski Gerald J. , Beck Kathy A. , Rubin Gail , Smith Gail K. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A study was done to determine whether radiographic-distraction measurement of coxofemoral joint (hip) laxity at 4 and 8 months of age can serve as a predictor of hip dysplasia in older Labrador Retrievers. The method of Smith, Biery, and Gregor was used for radiologic examination of hips and for evaluation of radiographs. Mean (± sem) distraction laxity (ie, distraction index) for 10 adult disease-free dogs was 0.29 ± 0.05, whereas a group of 8 dogs with dysplastic hips had mean distraction index of 0.60 ± 0.10 (P < 0.05). Mean distraction index at 4 months of age for 11 pups of 4 litters from matings between dogs with normal hips was 0.39 ± 0.07, and was 0.54 ± 0.04 for 31 pups of 7 litters from matings between dogs with hip dysplasia. The distraction index and, thus, joint laxity at that age was significantly (P = 0.0351) different for the 2 groups. The distraction index at 4 months correlated positively with the distraction index at a later age at necropsy (r = 0.43; P = 0.0289). Distraction index < 0.4 at 4 months of age predicted normal hips in 88% of cases and distraction index ≥ 0.4 predicted hip dysplasia in 57% of the dogs. Logistic regression modeling indicated that the odds of a hip being normal decreased with increasing distraction index, and thus, with increasing joint laxity. The logistic regression models provided a reasonable mathematical description of the data. Based on the logistic model of the data, distraction indexes between 0.4 and 0.7 at either 4 or 8 months of age were not associated strongly enough with evidence of disease to be clinically reliable in predicting, on an individual basis, the outcome for dysplastic hip conformation when dogs were older. Index > 0.7 was associated with high probability for developing dysplastic joints and distraction index < 0.4 predicted normal hips with high probability.
Effect of serum from dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat aorta in vitro
Authors: Lamb Victoria L. , Williams Jeffrey F. , Kaiser Lana 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Endothelium-dependent relaxation of canine femoral artery in vivo is depressed in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis (heartworms). In vitro, endothelium-dependent relaxation of aorta from rat is depressed in the presence of adult heartworms or heartworm-conditioned media. The depression of relaxation is attributable, in part, to a low molecular weight, biologically active product that is released by the adult parasites. Because heartworms reside in the right heart and pulmonary arteries, biologically active factors produced by the parasites could circulate and alter endothelial cell function. The hypothesis that filarial factors in serum from heartworm-infected dogs depress endothelium-dependent relaxation was tested. Rings of thoracic aorta from rats were constricted by use of norepinephrine, and cumulative dose-response relationships to methacholine and nitroglycerin were evaluated in the presence of serum from heartworm-infected dogs or serum from noninfected (control) dogs. Nitroglycerin relaxation was not different; however, methacholine relaxation was significantly depressed in rings exposed to serum from heartworm-infected dogs when compared with that of controls. These results supported the hypothesis and suggested that circulating filarial factors have the potential to influence the behavior of any endothelial cell surface.
Effect of dose and method of administration of endotoxin on cell mediator release in neonatal calves
Authors: Gerros Terry C. , Semrad Susan D. , Proctor Richard A. , LaBorde Alice 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The cellular response induced in the host animal by endotoxin contributes greatly to the morbidity and mortality of gram-negative infections in bovine neonates. We characterized the temporal sequence, magnitude, and duration of mediator release during endotoxemia and evaluated the effect of endotoxin dose and method of administration. Thromboxane B2 (TxB2), and 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (PGFlα) concentrations and tumor necrosis factor (tnf), and interleukin-1β (il-1β) activities were measured in 34 newborn calves given Escherichia coli endotoxin at dosage of 0 (saline solution), 0.2, 2.0, or 20 μg/kg of body weight, either by iv administered bolus or infusion over 50 minutes. In all groups and at each lipopolysaccharide dosage, mediators peaked in this sequence: TxB2 and tnf, followed by PGF1α, then il-1β. Neither dose nor method of administration affected the sequence of mediator release. The magnitude of eicosanoid reponse to endotoxin was dose-dependent. During induced endotoxemia, duration and/or magnitude of mediator response reflected the dose of endotoxin administered, indicating that the outcome of endotoxemia, in neonatal calves, may be related to the amount of circulating endotoxin.
Effects of dietary protein conditioning on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in healthy male dogs
Authors: Grauer Gregory F. , Greco Deborah S. , Behrend Ellen N. , Fettman Martin J. , Jaenke Roger S. , Allen Timothy A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Eighteen 6-month-old male Beagles with normal renal function were allotted at random to 3 groups of 6 dogs each. For 21 days, each group was fed a diet that was similar except for protein content (high protein, 27.3%; medium protein, 13.7%; and low protein, 9.4%). After the conditioning period, gentamicin was administered at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, IM, every 8 hours for 8 days, and the respective diet was continued. Clearance of endogenous creatinine, 24-hour urinary excretion of protein and enzymes (γ-glutamyltransferase, and N-acetyl- β-d-glucosaminidase, and fractional clearance of sodium and potassium (%) were determined before and after dietary protein conditioning and on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 of gentamicin administration. Additionally, trough serum gentamicin concentration was determined on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 of gentamicin administration. At the end of the study, all dogs were euthanatized; renal histologic features were graded, using a continuous ranking scale, and renal cortical gentamicin concentrations were measured. Data were ranked and analyzed, using a nonparametric equivalent of a two-way anova; P < 0.05 was considered significant.
After the dietary conditioning period (prior to gentamicin), dogs fed the high-protein diet had higher endogenous creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of protein, compared with dogs fed the low-protein diet. Differences existed among groups after 8 days of gentamicin administration. Dogs fed the high-protein diet had higher creatinine clearance, lower serum creatinine concentration, lower fractional clearance of sodium, lower urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and lower trough serum gentamicin concentration, compared with dogs fed the medium- and low-protein diets. Dogs fed the high-protein diet also had lower urinary excretion of protein and lower fractional clearance of potassium, compared with dogs fed the low-protein diet. There was no difference in urinary excretion of γ-gluta-myltransferase among groups on day 8 of the study. Proximal tubular necrosis was more severe in dogs fed the medium-protein diet, compared with dogs fed the high-protein diet; however, there were no differences in renal cortical gentamicin concentrations among groups. In conclusion, feeding the high-protein diet prior to and during gentamicin administration reduced nephrotoxicosis in these dogs.
Effect of building ventilation design on environment and performance of turkeys
Authors: DeBey M. C. , Trampel D. W. , Richard J. L. , Bundy D. S. , Hoffman L. J. , Meyer V. M. , Cox D. F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Environmental variables in 10 commercial turkey confinement buildings, representing 2 natural ventilation designs, were measured during summer and the following winter. Sliding doors spaced at intervals along the walls of 5 of the buildings provided about 35% opening, and continuous wall curtains provided 60 to 80% opening in the other 5 buildings. Environmental variables assessed included airspeed; temperature; relative humidity; gases; particle number, size, and mass per cubic meter of air; and colonies of bacteria, yeasts, and other fungi per cubic meter of air. Colonies of yeasts and other fungi were quantitated in feed and litter. For most of the variables evaluated, significant differences were not attributable to building ventilation design; however, in winter, the total mass of particulate matter per cubic meter of air was higher in the curtain-type houses, compared with sliding door-type houses. Ammonia concentration in the air of sliding door-type houses progressively increased during summer and winter sampling periods. A significant effect of building ventilation design on turkey performance was not detected when using mortality, average daily gain, feed conversion, condemnations at slaughter, or average individual bird weight as measures of production.
Inadequate superoxide production by canine neutrophils in response to the combination of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and cytochalasin B
Authors: Ing T. S. , Yu A. W. , Patel M. , Gupta V. , Khan M. A. , Agrawal A , Patel P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The formylated peptide, N-formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine, at concentration of 0.22 μM, failed to stimulate canine neutrophils to produce adequate amounts of superoxide. Furthermore, addition of cytochalasin B did not augment superoxide generation appreciably.
Ultrasonography of the reticulum in cows
Authors: Braun Ueli , Götz Manfred 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The reticulum and adjacent organs were examined ultrasonographically in 51 cows by use of a 3.5- MHz linear transducer applied to the ventral aspect of the thorax over the sixth and seventh intercostal spaces. Examination included assessment of the contour of the reticulum, of reticular contractions, and of the organs adjacent to the reticulum.
The normal reticulum appeared as a half-moon shaped structure with a smooth contour; it contracted at regular intervals and was situated immediately adjacent to the diaphragm and ventral portion of the abdominal wall when relaxed. Contents of the reticulum could not normally be imaged because of its partly gaseous composition. The ruminoreticular groove, craniodorsal blind sac of the rumen, and the ventral sac of the rumen were observed caudally. The distal aspect of the spleen and parts of the omasum, abomasum, and liver could be imaged.
Reticular motility was characterized by a biphasic contraction pattern. Four biphasic reticular contractions usually were observed during a 4-minute period. During the first (incomplete) contraction, the reticulum contracted by a mean of 7.2 ± 2.30 cm. There was then low-grade, incomplete relaxation of the reticulum, followed immediately by the second reticular contraction, during which the reticulum usually disappeared from the 17.5-cm-deep screen. The reticulum then reappeared in its normal position. The first reticular contraction lasted a mean of 2.6 ± 0.33 seconds and the second contraction lasted 3.9 ± 0.55 seconds. The mean interval between 2 biphasic contractions was 44.9 ± 10.53 seconds. The speed of the first reticular contraction was 5.4 ± 1.32 cm/s. Ultrasonography was useful for assessing the contour and motility of the reticulum.
Quantitative comparison of the stress response of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops and Morone saxatilis × Morone americana)
Authors: Noga E. J. , Kerby J. H. , King W. , Aucoin D. P. , Giesbrecht F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) exposed to a standardized confinement stress had markedly different clinical and endocrinologic responses, compared with hybrid striped bass exposed to the same stress. Plasma cortisol concentration increased at a faster rate and appeared to reach a higher value in striped bass than in hybrid bass. Mean plasma cortisol concentration was 742 ± 43 ng/ml in striped bass, compared with 490 ± 37 and 531 ± 40 ng/ml in striped bass × white perch (M americana) and striped bass × white bass (M chrysops) hybrids, respectively, after a 45-minute net confinement. Plasma cortisol concentration also remained significantly (P = 0.003) higher in striped bass for at least 48 hours after the net confinement. These hormonal differences were associated with a markedly lower survival and resistance to infection in striped bass, compared with the hybrids.
Effects of altered arterial carbon dioxide tension on quantitative electroencephalography in halothane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Smith Lesley J , Greene Stephen A. , Moore Michael P. , Keegan Robert D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Quantitative electroencephalography was assessed in 6 dogs anesthetized with 1.8% end-tidal halothane, under conditions of eucapnia, hypocapnia, and hypercapnia. Ventilation was controlled in each condition. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure, core body temperature, arterial pH, blood gas tensions, end-tidal CO2 tension, and end-tidal halothane concentration were monitored throughout the study. A 21-lead linked-ear montage was used for recording the eeg. Quantitative electroencephalographic data were stored on an optical disk for analysis at a later date. Values for absolute power of the eeg were determined for δ, θ, α, and β frequencies. Hypocapnia was achieved by hyperventilation. Hypercapnia was achieved by titration of 5% CO2 to the inspired gas mixture. Hypercapnia was associated with an increase in the absolute power of the δ band. Hypocapnia caused an increase in the absolute power of δ, θ, and α. frequencies. Quantitative electroencephalographic data appear to be altered by abnormalities in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Respiratory acidosis or alkalosis in halothane-anesthetized dogs may obscure or mimic electroencephalographic abnormalities caused by intracranial disease.
Age-related changes in skin color and histologic features of hairless descendants of Mexican Hairless dogs
Authors: Kimura T. , Doi K. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Age-related changes in skin color and histologic features of hairless descendants of Mexican Hairless dogs were investigated and compared with those of haired descendants of Mexican Hairless dogs and Beagles. According to age, dogs studied were allotted to 4 groups: 0 to 2 weeks, 4 to 5 months, 1 to 1.5 years, and 3 to 4 years old. Skin color, histologic features, and numbers of dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa)-positive melanocytes were examined. The luminance values measured, using a spectrophotometer, decreased with advancing age up to 1.5 years, but they increased again at 3 to 4 years in hairless dogs. The number of dopa-positive melanocytes in hairless dogs decreased with advancing age, whereas there were no dopa-positive melanocytes in haired dogs and Beagles. Histologically, the epidermis of newborn hairless pups was thick. The border between the epidermis and dermis was wavy, and epidermal ingrowths were found projecting into the dermis. As hairless dogs grew older, the epidermis became thinner and flatter. Although numbers of hair follicles and sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands were apparently fewer in hairless dogs than in haired dogs and Beagles, these structures were detected at least up to 4 years of age. On the other hand, haired dogs and Beagles had a thin epidermis at birth and aging had little effect on their epidermal structures. The dermis of hairless dogs contained fewer mast cells than did that of haired dogs and Beagles.
Influence of estrogen on antibacterial and immunoglobulin secretory activities of uterine fluids from ovariectomized mares
Authors: Johnson Jacqueline U. , Oxender Wayne D. , Berkhoff Herman A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effect of estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) on uterine antibacterial activity and immunoglobulin concentrations in mares was studied. In 2 in vitro experiments, 6 mixed-breed mares were ovariectomized, and uterine fluid and blood serum were analyzed. Antibacterial assay methods were used to determine inhibitory effects on Streptococcus zooepidemicus of uterine fluid samples collected on days 3, 5, and 8, and serum obtained on day 8 of treatment. Single radial immunodiffusion methods were used to quantify amounts of IgA and IgG in uterine fluid and serum on days 3, 5, 8, and 14 of treatment. Neither E2 nor P4 increased activity of serum and uterine fluid against S zooepidemicus. Numbers of colony-forming units per milliliter of bacteria were significantly (P < 0.01) lower in control Hanks’ balanced salt solution with 1.0% gelatin (hbssg) than in uterine fluids. Bacterial numbers were significantly (50%) greater in uterine fluids and serum than in hbssg controls for both treatments. Both fluids, especially serum, supported significantly (P < 0.01) more growth of S zooepidemicus than did hbssg when incubated for 0, 2, and 4 hours. These findings are in contrast to previous reports of antibacterial activity in the uterus of sexually intact mares undergoing an estrous cycle: great reduction of bacterial count in uterine fluid from mares in diestrus, and significant increases in bacterial numbers in uterine fluid or serum from mares in estrus. Treatment comparisons between serum and uterine fluid IgA and IgG concentrations were not significantly different, although overall IgA concentration in the uterus was higher than concentration in serum. The IgG concentration in uterine fluid was higher in P4- than E2-treated mares. However, IgG concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in uterine fluid on day 8 in P4-treated mares than on day 3 or 5. Results of this study indicate that neither immunoglobulin concentration nor hormone treatment has a direct effect on streptocidal activity.
Effects of dietary supplementation of fructo-oligosaccharides on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in dogs
Authors: Willard M. D. , Simpson R. B. , Delles E. K. , Cohen N. D. , Fossum T. W. , Kolp D. , Reinhart G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Sixteen IgA-deficient German Shepherd Dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth were randomized into 2 groups. One group was fed a chicken-based kibble diet; the other was fed the same diet, but with 1% fructo-oligosaccharides supplemented at the expense of cornstarch. After being exposed to the diets for 46 to 51 days, the group that ate the supplemented diet had significantly (P = 0.04) fewer aerobic/facultative anaerobic bacterial colony-forming units in fluid from the duodenum/proximal part of the jejunum, as well as in the duodenal mucosa. We could not detect significant differences in the species of bacteria found in the intestine of these 2 groups of dogs. We conclude that at least some dietary carbohydrates can affect small intestinal bacterial populations in dogs with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.