bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in sheep
Authors: Braun Ueli , Hausammann Karin 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The purpose of the study reported here was to get detailed information about the normal size and texture of the liver in sheep by means of ultrasonographic examinations. Structure, location, and shape of the liver, gallbladder, portal vein, and caudal vena cava were examined ultrasonographically in 100 sheep. Furthermore, 10 sheep were scanned 10 times within 2 weeks to determine reproducibility of findings. Examinations were performed on the right side of the abdomen in the seventh through twelfth intercostal spaces. In each intercostal space, the dimensions of the liver, and, if visible, the location and diameter of the caudal vena cava and portal vein were determined. The angle of the liver, and location and size of the gallbladder also were determined. Ultrasonographic measurements of liver size and location in healthy sheep can be used as references for changes in liver size attributable to illness.
Increased elastase activity in nasal mucus associated with nasal colonization by Pasteurella haemolytica in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-infected calves
Authors: Briggs Robert E. , Frank Glynn H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Four healthy calves were inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 by instillation of a broth culture into the middle nasal meatus of the left nostril. Four weeks later, calves were exposed to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus by aerosol into both nostrils. All calves became ill, from approximately day 3 through day 10 after virus exposure, and shed increased amounts of nasal mucus. Two calves were induced to shed P haemolytica by the virus infection, and 2 calves required reinoculation with P haemolytica for nasal passages to become actively colonized.
Elastase activity in nasal mucus increased about 15-fold within 3 days and peaked about 60-fold over baseline by 7 days after virus exposure. Activity of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, a measure of cell damage and serum leakage, increased slightly by day 3 and reached plateau on day 5, almost threefold over baseline activity. Protein and carbohydrate content increased at a rate similar to that of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activity with about 12-fold and sixfold increases, respectively. None of the variables returned to baseline by 19 days after virus exposure. Increased elastase activity preceded colonization by P haemolytica and decreasing elastase activity preceded decreasing P haemolytica concentration in the nasal secretions. A causal relation between elastase activity and P haemolytica colonization could be mediated by cleavage of epithelial cell surface fibronectin and exposure of receptors.
Modulation of thermal killing of bovine lymphocytes and preimplantation mouse embryos by alanine and taurine
Authors: Malayer Jerry R. , Pollard John W. , Hansen Peter J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Addition of alanine and taurine blocked killing of lymphocytes caused by culture at 45 C. The optimal concentration for thermoprotection was achieved at 12.5 mM for l-alanine and 5 mM for taurine. Both d and l forms of alanine provided thermoprotection. The effect of these agents was not simply to increase osmolarity of the culture medium, because NaCl did not provide thermoprotection at comparable concentrations. Alanine and taurine were each tested at concentration of 50 mM for ability to block heat shock-induced killing and developmental retardation of 8- to 16-cell mouse embryos. Both agents enhanced embryo development after exposure to high temperature, though development remained less than that for embryos not exposed to high temperature. In one experiment, for example, 81% of embryos cultured at 38 C advanced in development during culture vs 0% at 42 C, 15% at 42 C with alanine, and 32% at 42 C with taurine. The beneficial effect of alanine at high temperature may have been partly attributable to effects independent of thermoprotection, because development of embryos cultured at 38 C was also improved by alanine.
Investigation of antibodies to extractable nuclear antigens in dogs
Authors: White Stephen D. , Rosychuk Rod A. W. , Schur Peter H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Determination of antibodies to specific nuclear antigens, termed extractable nuclear antigen (ena), was investigated in healthy dogs and in dogs with autoimmune, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Using a counter-immunoelectrophoresis method, the dogs' sera were tested for antibodies against the nuclear antigens single-stranded dna, Sm, Ro, La, ribonucleoprotein, Scl, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Antibodies to the Ro antigen were found in 1 dog with discoid lupus erythematosus, in 1 dog with pemphigus erythematosus, and in 1 dog with facial pyoderma and chronic superficial keratitis. In 15 dogs, antibodies were detected to ena, but the precipitin lines were too weak to identify the specific ena. These antibodies were found in some dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus, pemphigus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, vitiligo, lymphoma; in the dog with facial pyoderma and chronic superficial keratitis; and in 1 healthy dog. The highest percentage of dogs with antibodies to ena in a large series (> 8) of this study was in dogs with systemic lupus erythematosus (4 of 13; 31%).
Morphologic and biochemical study of sternal cartilage autografts for resurfacing induced osteochondral defects in horses
Authors: Vachon Anne M. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Powers Barbara E. , McFadden Paul R. , Amiel David 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Using biodegradable pins, sternal cartilage autografts were fixed into osteochondral defects of the distal radial carpal bone in ten 2 to 3-year-old horses. The defects measured 1 cm2 at the surface and were 4 mm deep. Control osteochondral defects of contralateral carpi were not grafted. After confinement for 7 weeks, horses were walked 1 hour daily on a walker for an additional 9 weeks. Horses were euthanatized at 16 weeks. Half of the repair tissue was processed for histologic and histochemical (H&E and safranin-O fast green) examinations. The other half was used for the following biochemical analyses: type-I and type-II collagen contents, total glycosaminoglycan content, and galactosamine-to-glucosamine ratio. On histologic examination, the repair tissue in the grafted defects consisted of hyaline-like cartilage. Repair tissue in the nongrafted defects consisted of fibrocartilaginous tissue, with fibrous tissue in surface layers. On biochemical analysis, repair tissue of grafted defects was composed predominantly of type-II collagen; repair tissue of nongrafted defects was composed of type-I collagen. Total glycosaminoglycan content of repair tissue of grafted defects was similar to that of normal articular cartilage. Total glycosaminoglycan content of nongrafted defects was 62% of that of normal articular cartilage (P < 0.05). Repair tissue of all defects was characterized by galactosamine-to-glucosamine ratio significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of normal articular cartilage. These results at 16 weeks after grafting indicate that sternal cartilage may potentially constitute a suitable substitute for articular cartilage in large osteochondral defects of horses.
Hematologic values in newborn beef calves
Authors: Adams R. , Garry F. B. , Aldridge B. M. , Holland M. D. , Odde K. G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hematologic values were determined in 35 beef calves at birth, at 24 and 48 hours, and in 22 of these calves at 3 weeks after birth. Thirty calves did not have clinical signs of disease throughout the 3-week period. Variables that changed significantly over time in these healthy calves included hematocrit, rbc count, hemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume, mean cell hemoglobin concentration, wbc count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and plasma total protein and serum immunoglobulin concentrations.
Of the 35 calves, 5 had clinical signs of disease at 3 weeks. Comparison of hematologic values from these calves with values for healthy calves revealed significant differences at each sample collection time, although disease was not evident at the 3 early sample times. The band neutrophil count and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio differed between the 2 groups at birth. At 24 hours, the monocyte count was higher in the 5 ill calves. At 48 hours, total leukocyte, mature neutrophil, and monocyte counts, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio also were higher in the 5 calves. At 3 weeks when clinical signs of disease were detectable in the 5 calves, the total leukocyte, band neutrophil, and mature neutrophil counts, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and plasma total protein and fibrinogen concentrations were higher.
When calves were grouped and compared at each sample collection time on the basis of sex (male vs female) and meconium staining at delivery (no staining vs staining), significant differences in hematologic values were not observed between groups. When calves were grouped on the basis of delivery assistance (assistance vs no assistance), hematocrit, rbc count, and hemoglobin concentration were significantly lower in delivery-assisted calves during the first 48 hours of life.
Measurement of serum myoglobin concentrations in horses by immunodiffusion
Authors: Holmgren Nils , Valberg Stephanie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Quantitative immunodiffusion in one dimension was performed in 6-mm Duran tubes containing a 1% Nobel agar solution and various dilutions of antisera. A series of dilutions of pure myoglobin in equine sera as well as plasma from horses with rhabdomyolysis were tested. Standard curves were prepared of the migration distance of the formed precipitate from the meniscus of the gel after 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours. The clearest line of precipitate was formed with a 1:20 dilution of antisera in agar. Standard curves were nonlinear and plasma myoglobin could be detected at 2 μg of myoglobin/ml or greater. The test was optimal, with an error of 5.6%, when read at 24 hours at approximately 25 C. Tubes with agar could be stored for 6 months at 4 C without affecting the accuracy of the test. The specificity of myoglobin for skeletal or cardiac muscle, and its rapid clearance from serum after muscle necrosis, make it ideally suited for evaluating acute muscle damage and for testing the susceptibility of horses for rhabdomyolysis following an exercise test.
Isolation and characterization of α1-acid glycoprotein from horses, and its evaluation as an acute-phase reactive protein in horses
Authors: Taira Tomoko , Fujinaga Toru , Tamura Keiji , Izumi Minoru , Itoh Hiroshi , Tsunoda Nobuo , Yamashita Kazuto , Okumura Masahiro , Mizuno Shinya 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Equine α1-acid glycoprotein (α1ag) was isolated from equine serum by successive ammonium precipitation, anion- and cation-exchange chromatographies, and gel filtration. Purified equine α1ag had a molecular weight of 46,000 ± 1,000, and contained 31.4% carbohydrate. Gel isoelectric focusing revealed an isoelectric point range of 2.8 to 3.7. With immunoelectrophoresis, it was found that α1ag migrated to the α1-globulin region.
Single radial immunodiffusion was used for quantitative measurement of α1ag in equine serum. In clinically normal foals, serum α1ag was undetectable (≤ 20 ng/ml) in ≤ 7-day-old foals, but was detected by 14 days. The α1ag concentration (mean ± sd) increased to reach mean adult values of 99.23 ± 26.90 μg/ml by 1 year of age. The α1ag concentration in pregnant mares decreased at 2 to 3 months before parturition, then gradually increased until 1 day after parturition, when a brief decrease was observed. The concentration increased again at 2 weeks after foaling, then a decrease was observed, after which the α1ag concentration increased again by 2 to 4 months after parturition.
The concentration of serum α1ag quickly rose to peak values 2 to 3 days after castration and jejunojejunostomy in adult horses, returning to baseline values by 14 to 28 days after surgery. The α1ag was concluded to be an acute-phase reactive protein in horses.
Comparison of antibody responses in cattle to outer membrane proteins from Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 and from eight untypeable strains
Authors: Simons K. R. , Morton R. J. , Fulton R. W. , Confer A. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Membrane associated proteins from 8 untypeable Pasteurella haemolytica strains were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and compared with those of P haemolytica serotypes 1 and 2. Cattle antisera obtained from P haemolytica serotype 1 vaccine trials were used in immunoblotting assays to compare the membrane proteins from the 8 untypeable strains with those from P haemolytica serotypes 1 and 2. Densitometry was used to identify bands, and using linear regression analyses, the peak area optical densities (measuring antibody response) were correlated to lesion scores from the vaccinated calves. Significant antibody responses to proteins of 99, 69, 60, 55, 47, 45, 39, 33, 30, 16, and 14.5 kDa were detected for 4 or more of the 8 P haemolytica untypeable strains. Serotypes 1 and 2 of P haemolytica contained a comigrating 30-kDa protein. Antibody responses to proteins of 39, 33, and 32.5 kDa were significant for 3 of the untypeable strains and had significant correlation to lesion scores. Antibody responses to various other proteins were significant for 2 untypeable strains each.
Effects of intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate on normal articular cartilage and on healing of experimentally induced osteochondral defects in horses
Authors: Shoemaker R. Stuart , Bertone Alicia L. , Martin George S. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Roberts E. D. , Pechman Robert , Kearney Michael T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effects of intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate (mpa) on the healing of full-thickness osteochondral defects and on normal cartilage were evaluated in 8 horses. In group-1 horses (n = 4), a 1-cm-diameter, full-thickness defect was created bilaterally in the articular cartilage on the dorsal distal surface of the radial carpal bone. Cartilage defects were not created in group-2 horses (n = 4). One middle carpal joint was randomly selected in each horse (groups 1 and 2), and treated with an intra-articular injection of 100 mg of mpa, once a week for 4 treatments. Injections began 1 week after surgery in group-1 horses. The contralateral middle carpal joint received intra-articular injections of an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (scs), and served as a control. Horses were evaluated for 16 weeks, then were euthanatized, and the middle carpal joints were examined and photographed. Synovial and articular cartilage specimens were obtained for histologic and histochemical evaluation.
Gross morphometric evaluation of the healing defects in group-1 horses revealed that 48.6% of the defect in control joints and 0% of the defect in mpa-treated joints was resurfaced with a smooth, white tissue, histologically confirmed as fibrocartilage. This replacement tissue was a firmly attached fibrocartilage in control joints and a thin fibrous tissue in mpa-treated joints. The articular cartilage in joints treated with mpa had morphologic changes, including chondrocyte cluster formation, loss of palisading architecture, and cellular necrosis in both groups of horses. Histochemical (safranin-0) staining intensity was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) in all layers of articular cartilage in mpa-treated joints in groups 1 and 2. In the replacement tissue, intense safranin-0 staining was found only in the chondrocyte clusters deep in the tissue of control joints, confirming fibrocartilage repair. Intra-articular administration of mpa in this dosing regimen thus induced degenerative changes in normal articular cartilage and resulted in histomorphologic changes in the repair of full-thickness articular osteochondral defects in horses.
Biological properties and genetic analysis of the ompA locus in chlamydiae isolated from swine
Authors: Kaltenboeck Bernhard , Storz Johannes 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Eight strains of Chlamydia psittaci isolated from swine with pneumonia, pleuritis, pericarditis, and enteritis were characterized through analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene ompA by a two-step polymerase chain reaction, by their interactions with cells in culture, and the morphologic features and ultrastructure of intra-cellular inclusions. Amplified chlamydial ompA dna fragments were differentiated by restriction endonuclease digestion. Chlamydial isolates were separated into 2 types on the basis of ompA restriction fragment length polymorphism. Strains of type L71 had finely granular inclusions, whereas those of type 1710S contained pleomorphic reticulate bodies (rb) in the inclusions, which are characteristic of aberrant chlamydial developmental forms. Chlamydial types L71 and 1710S required centrifuge-assisted inoculation for efficient infection of cell cultures. Cultivation in cell culture medium containing cycloheximide increased the numbers of chlamydial inclusions about 1.5-fold. These strains formed few elementary bodies in yolk sac cells of chicken embryos. Ultrastructurally, unique doublet rb were observed, particularly in strains of the ompA type L71. These doublets consisted of 2 rb, bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane, contained within a common cell wall and an extended periplasmic space. Ultrastructural examination of strains of the ompA type 1710S confirmed the aberrant chlamydial developmental forms, but evidence of viral infection of the rb as a cause of these aberrant forms was not found. The strain S45 isolated from intestinal sites of swine was a trachoma restriction fragment length polymorphism type. With the mouse biotype, it represented the second isolate from animals of Chlamydia trachomatis.
Influence of conditioned media from bovine cotyledon tissue cultures on function of bovine neutrophils
Authors: Hoedemaker Martina , Lund Lisa A. , Weston Patricia G. , Wagner William C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Bovine fetal placental (cotyledon) tissue obtained from pregnant cows on days 255, 265, and 275 of gestation, as well as immediately after parturition (n = 5) was incubated in media for 48 hours, and the incubation media were collected. Neutrophils from 4 ovariectomized nonpregnant cows were incubated for 2 hours with conditioned media from placental tissue cultures or medium (control). Immediately after incubation, the neutrophils were subjected to the following leukocyte function assays: chemotaxis against zymosan-activated serum, chemotaxis against undiluted conditioned media (only neutrophils that were incubated in medium only), random migration, ingestion of 125I-iododeoxyuridine Staphylococcus aureus (125I-IdUR-S aureus), iodination of proteins, cytochrome C reduction, and antibody-independent and -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Conditioned media from cultured cotyledon tissue was chemoattractant for bovine neutrophils, and increased chemotactic response of neutrophils against zymosan-activated serum by 13%. The following neutrophil functions were decreased: random migration by 25%, iodination of proteins by 44%, cytochrome C reduction by 13%, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by 5%. Ingestion of 125I-IdUR-S aureus and antibody-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity were not influenced by coincubation of neutrophils and conditioned media. Time of gestation did not alter the effects of conditioned media on neutrophil function. It was concluded that chemotactic properties of cotyledon tissue extracts, as has been reported earlier, may be attributable to substances released by fetal placental tissue. Those substances might also locally or systemically influence the oxygen-dependent antimicrobial system of neutrophils, thereby causing an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections in the peripartum period.
Comparison of the nonionic contrast agents, iopromide and iotrolan, for positive-contrast arthrography of the scapulohumeral joint in dogs
Authors: van Bree Henri , Van Rijssen Bernadette , Tshamala M. , Maenhout T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Arthrographic quality and synovial inflammatory response were examined to compare the use of iopromide with that of iotrolan for arthrography of the scapulohumeral joint in 6 dogs. Radiographs obtained 1 and 3 minutes after injection of either nonionic compound were of similar quality, but radiographs obtained 5 minutes after injection of iotrolan were significantly (P < 0.05) better than those obtained after injection of iopromide.
Results of analysis of synovial fluid samples obtained at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after injection of contrast media were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Histologic examination of synovium and articular cartilage 2 weeks after injection of iopromide or iotrolan revealed minimal inflammatory response for both contrast agents. Injection of iopromide and iotrolan into the scapulohumeral joints of dogs had less effect on synovial fluid than that reported after injection of ionic compounds.
Protein kinase-C activity in phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated neutrophils from newborn and adult cattle
Authors: Doré Monique , Neilsen Nancy R. , Slauson David O. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Neutrophils from newborn calves have been shown to be deficient in ability to generate superoxide anion (O2-) after stimulation of the respiratory burst enzyme with the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma). This compound activates the O2--generating enzyme of bovine neutrophils through a pathway involving protein kinase C (pkc). To investigate the biochemical basis underlying this functional difference between neutrophils from newborn and adult cattle, we measured and compared the activity of the enzyme pkc in nonstimulated and pma-stimulated bovine neutrophils. Neutrophils from newborn calves (n = 5) and adult cows (n = 5) were stimulated with various concentrations of pma (0, 10, 100, and 500 ng/ml) for 3 minutes, and pkc activity was assayed in the cytosolic and the membrane fractions. In nonstimulated cells, most pkc activity was detected in the cytosolic fraction of neutrophils from newborn and adult cattle. Activity ofpkc in the cytosol was dependent on the presence of added calcium and phospholipids, whereas membrane-associated pkc in nonstimulated cells did not have such dependence. Significant differences in pkc activity were not observed between newborn and adult cattle in either the cytosolic or the membrane fractions from nonstimulated cells. Stimulation with pma caused redistribution of pkc activity in the cell (translocation) in newborns and adults, consisting of decrease in cytosolic pkc activity and increase in membrane-associated pkc activity. Similar to that in nonstimulated cells, pkc activity in cytosolic fractions from pma-stimulated neutrophils was dependent on the presence of cofactors (calcium and phospholipids), whereas pkc activity in the membrane did not have such requirement. Translocation of pkc from the cytosol to the membrane was expressed as percentage of decrease of activity in the cytosol and increase of activity in the membrane, compared with that in nonstimulated cells. Overall, significant differences were not evident in the ability of neutrophils from newborn and adult cattle to translocate pkc after stimulation with various concentrations of pma. Results indicate that differences in redistribution of pkc activity are not responsible for the difference observed in O2- production between neutrophils from newborn calves and adult cattle after cells are stimulated with pkc agonists.