bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Obligation
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines four principle questions about moral obligation raised by key philosophers: (1) Plato asks in The Republic ‘Will a man be better off for doing his duty?’; (2) Plato then asks ‘Ought man to do his duty?’; (3) we may also ask ‘What is the criterion of a duty?’; and (4) we may ask ‘What is moral obligation?’ Rejecting the last question as unreal, Prichard then argues against the connection between duty and happiness or duty and personal or general advantage. After critiquing both teleological and quasi‐teleological theories of obligation, he ends by contrasting goodness and obligation.
Green: Political Obligation
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Analyses Green's rather obscure treatment of two important questions: (1) ‘Why does a subject have the duty to obey the ruler or sovereign?’; and (2) ‘Why is the receipt of an order backed by a threat sufficient to establish this duty when the order comes from a ruler?’ Prichard considers Green's position regarding the grounds and justification for obedience to law to be part of a larger theory of moral obligation that is inconsistent with our ordinary moral ideas. To Green's seeming denial of the existence of any natural rights or duties, Prichard responds that Green in fact has failed to state a sense in which there really are natural rights and obligations. Moreover, Green's denial that we can answer the question ‘Why ought we to obey the government?’ can be formulated only by maintaining the existence of an obligation independent of our government's commands. The core of truth in Green's position, according to Prichard, lies in his recognition that a factor necessary to secure obedience is the subject's unselfish interest in the welfare of other members of her community.
The Time of an Obligation
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In discussing the fact that it takes time to perform an action, distinguishes statements such as ‘I shall do x’ from statements such as ‘I shall be under an obligation to do x’ and ‘I was doing x’ from ‘I was under an obligation to do x’. The truth of the ‘ought’ statements is independent of whether the action is done, as it is not necessary that one not do the action at the time required in order to be under an obligation to do it at that time. For some contrasts between ‘ought’ and ‘is’ statements, the obligation, such as the obligation to go to bed, refers to the future. The statement ‘I am under an obligation to go to bed’ is equivalent to ‘from now on I shall be under an obligation to go to bed’, and does not require either that I shall not do the action or that I have not done the action for it to be true.
The Psychology of Willing
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Often an action causes both evil and benefit for the agent. No general account can be given for what happens when one considers in light of this evil and benefit whether to undertake the action in question. Prichard maintains that in willing a movement, there are two acts of will. First, there is the willing to think more of what one shall gain in willing x (than one shall lose in willing x), which results from the desire to will x. Second, there is the willing of the change x.
The Price of Indifference
Authors: Helton Arthur C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To prevent or mitigate refugee catastrophes, more effective international cooperation is needed in advance of crises. In this connection, new mechanisms are needed to marshal resources to promote the sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons, and successfully undertake post‐conflict recovery.
Where prevention fails, more can be done to protect the displaced and help them find new homes. A greater degree of concerted action is needed among governments, international organizations, and NGOs in order to ensure the human security of the uprooted.
Based on the experience of the last decade, institutional reform is a key determinant of effective cooperation. In particular, the author urges the consolidation of humanitarian functions within the U.N., and the creation of a single U.S. government Agency for Humanitarian Action, or AHA. As a first step in that direction, a proposal is made to establish Strategic Humanitarian Action and Research (SHARE), an operations‐oriented think tank designed to promote coherent responses and make humanitarian action more effective.
Whether it is called humanitarian diplomacy or something else, a new form of statecraft is clearly needed in order to conduct effective humanitarian action in today's world. Success in this humanitarian management endeavour would surely mitigate the refugee problem and help us to avoid paying the high human, economic, political, and security costs –— the price of indifference.
The Last Decade's Refugee Story
Authors: Helton Arthur C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the 1990s, new conflicts broke out, particularly in connection with the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as several places in Africa. Initiatives were invented and re‐invented, and policy responses reverted to a largely reactive mode.
Ethnic and internal conflicts, which produced displacement emerged as key features of the decade, and sorely tested the capacity of the international community to respond to crises of forced displacement. The so‐called ‘CNN effect”’ led to engagement as well as disengagement (Somalia) and the term ‘nation building’ came into vogue and then later became an epithet. At the outset of the twenty‐first century, refugee policy is driven by selective apathy and creeping trepidation.
Humanitarian Action and New Complexities in Refugee Protection: The Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Helton Arthur C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The delivery of humanitarian assistance in the midst of armed conflict, the creation of putative safe areas, and arrangements for temporary relocation and stays abroad were policy innovations tested in the case of the former Yugoslavia over the past decade. While increasingly prevalent, ‘state building’ in connection with the return and reintegration of refugees resulted in uneven outcomes over the past decade. Despite the mixed outcomes, the international community is likely to resort to such approaches in the future. Recent experience, however, teaches that expectations relating to state building should be modest. But the UN system and other international organizations must strengthen their capacities to meet even modest expectations.
Variations on State Building and Refugees: Myth and Reality
Authors: Helton Arthur C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
During the 1990s, modesty in expectations remained the leitmotif of international humanitarian operations in places like Cambodia, Haiti, and East Timor. In Cambodia, human rights violations littered much of the recent past and remain a continuing problem. Following Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, a 1995 lessons‐learned report noted that there is no US government doctrine integrating the military component of a complex humanitarian operation with the civilian agencies responsible for recovery. As for East Timor, while quite limited as a policy precedent, it will probably be considered the paradigmatic test case for international state building.
Refugee policy needs to be more proactive, and a greater degree of international cooperation and a preventive orientation should animate humanitarian responses.
Teleological Explanations of Actions
Authors: Schueler G. F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is argued here that reference to the agent's purpose or purposes is essential to action explanations and that in fact the belief‐desire theory presupposes such purposes in any case. Action explanations are thus essentially teleological. The suggestion is explored that reference to character traits can be used to meet ‘Davidson's Challenge’ to explain how reasons explanations could work without including a non‐teleological, causal mechanism.
Explanations in Terms of the Agent's Reasoning
Authors: Schueler G. F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPractical reasoning has been misrepresented by the so‐called practical syllogism as not essentially involving evaluations. Correcting this error helps show why it is implausible to hold, as e.g. J. David Velleman and others have, that an underlying proper desire is always required to explain actions done on the basis of practical deliberation. The principle of charity is essential to making sense of the actions of others since it is essential to understanding what their reasons are when they act.
The Inherently Normative Nature of Action Explanations
Authors: Schueler G. F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThere is a crucial difference between explaining actions on the basis of the agent's actual or possible practical deliberation (the deliberative model) and explaining them on the basis of some motivating desire (the direct desire model). The former applies the model of one's own rational deliberation to others in roughly the way Dennett's ‘intentional stance’ model suggests. It views the agent as genuinely rational and requires ascribing evaluations to the agent whose actions are being explained. It also entails that action explanations are themselves irreducibly normative.
Liberal Democracy and the Critical Alternative
Authors: Dryzek John S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRecounts the roots of the deliberative turn in democratic theory in liberalism and critical theory. Losing sight of its critical theory origins, deliberative democracy gains an ever‐closer association with the institutions of the liberal state. As an alternative, this chapter lays the foundations for an account of discursive democracy grounded in a critical theory of communicative action.
Minimal Democracy? The Social Choice Critique
Authors: Dryzek John S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some social choice theorists attempt to turn the science of politics against democracy in general and deliberative democracy in particular. They claim the arbitrariness and instability of democracy will be exacerbated by unconstrained deliberation. The response shows that there are mechanisms endogenous to deliberation that can respond to the social choice theory critique, emphasizing the construction of public opinion through the contestation of discourses in the public sphere and its transmission to the state by communicative means, including rhetoric.
Insurgent Democracy: Civil Society and State
Authors: Dryzek John S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractComparative historical analysis of democratization is deployed to show that sometimes it makes sense to highlight the state as the best home for deliberative democracy, sometimes civil society, and sometimes both. Everything depends on the particular configuration of state imperatives and social movement interests, as well as the kind of inclusion that the state can offer to groups. Exclusive states sometimes prove surprisingly positive when it comes to the democratic vitality of the public sphere. Guidelines are developed for the strategic choices facing social movements.
The Demands of Liberal Education
Authors: Levinson Meira 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDevelops a liberal political theory of children's education provision. It argues that all children have a right to an autonomy‐promoting education, and that this right is best satisfied through a state‐regulated ‘detached school’ that aims to help children develop their capacities for autonomy. Parents have the privilege to direct their children's upbringing in substantial and pervasive ways, but they do not have the right to prevent their children from developing the capacity for autonomy. There are nonetheless ways to encourage parental involvement and permit school choice. Although political liberals suggest that autonomy is too divisive of an aim, and that liberal schools should simply promote civic virtue, political liberalism and political liberal education are shown to be both theoretically and empirically inferior to weakly perfectionist liberalism and liberal education. Correctly conceived, autonomy‐promoting education contributes to the development of civic virtue, nurtures children's capacities for cultural coherence as well as for choice, and promotes equality.
Introduction
Authors: Levinson Meira 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe goal of this book is to develop a coherent liberal political theory of children's education provision. This goal is motivated by three observations: although people's intuitions about liberalism already guide their approach to education policy, their intuitions (and hence their policy stances) are often wrong; in liberal states, liberal political principles should and do have important ramifications for education policy; and educational outcomes have important ramifications for the health and preservation of the liberal polity. The book does not justify liberalism's value—instead takes that as given—but it does address the relationship between formal schooling and other forms of education, as well as discusses the difference between liberal and democratic theories of education.
The Development of Autonomy
Authors: Levinson Meira 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses the relationship between the exercise and development of autonomy and analyses their implications for liberalism and liberal education. Section 2.1 proves that since the liberal state values adults’ exercise of autonomy, it must also value children's development of autonomy. Section 2.2 argues that state paternalism towards children, in particular, state efforts to help children develop the capacity for autonomy even against their parents’ wishes, is consistent with liberal principles. Section 2.3 argues that parents have privileges rather than rights to control their children's upbringing, but that these privileges nonetheless offer ample scope for parents to exert independent paternalistic control. Finally, Section 2.4 argues that the liberal ideal of autonomy not merely permits but requires the intrusion of the state into the child's life, specifically in the form of compulsory, ‘detached’, autonomy‐driven schools.
Culture, Choice, and Citizenship: Schooling Private Citizens in the Public Square
Authors: Levinson Meira 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAnalyses the relationships between cultural coherence, cultural pluralism, civic education, and autonomy. Section 4.1 argues that the skills, habits, values, and beliefs that underlie the capacity for autonomy also underlie the capacity for citizenship; hence, education for citizenship and for autonomy are mutually reinforcing. Section 4.2 develops an ‘English’ model of political liberal education, contrasting it with an ‘American’ model developed in Section 4.3 and a ‘French’ model in Section 4.4. Section 4.5 concludes that all of these political liberal models of education, which attempt in different ways to balance cultural coherence and civic virtue without promoting autonomy, are inferior—on both theoretical and empirical grounds—to weakly perfectionist liberal education.
Schumpeter's Plea for Reasoned History
Authors: Freeman Chris , Louçã Francisco 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter summarizes some of the main characteristics of Schumpeter's evolutionism, discussing his own evolution in some detail, since the early days of the Methodenstreit between Menger and Schmoller, and the participation of Schumpeter along the Walrasian side.Yet he tried to surpass what he recognized as the limits of that side: the analysis of capitalism from the point of view of statics, and consequently the understatement of the dynamic role of innovation, the main endogenous drive for change and adaptation of the economic system.Schumpeter's non‐Darwinist evolutionism is analysed, and his contributions are compared to his main rival and bête‐noir, J. M. Keynes; in spite of the conflicting views of both men, some essential points of proximity are indicated: both interpreted modern industrial relations as part of a dynamic, nonlinear, complex system, emphasizing the emergence of uncertainty (Keynes) or change (Schumpeter).Their closely related understanding of the cyclical nature of capitalism is indeed one of the crucial contributions of the first half‐century economics.
Nikolai Kondratiev: A New Approach to History and Statistics
Authors: Freeman Chris , Louçã Francisco 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNikolai Kondratiev was one of the Russian economists whose work had most impact on the academic profession in the early twentieth century; after following courses by Tugan‐Baranovsky, he joined in the development of new approaches to economic statistics.As the natural follower of Clément Juglar, who first analysed the industrial or business cycle, he led the Institute of Conjuncture in Moscow in the twenties while analysing the statistics of long cycles in prices, interest rates, and trade in the principal countries.Kondratiev was later a victim of one of the bloody purges of the Stalinist era and, after eight years in prison, was finally shot.Yet his short period in the Institute and his rare publications, some of them translated into German and then into English, became known to many western colleagues: Simon Kuznets, Wesley Mitchell, Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen, and especially Joseph Schumpeter, who named the long waves of industrial change ‘Kondratievs’ or ‘Kondratiev cycles’.Kondratiev became the only Russian‐born economist to be part of the foundation of the Econometric Society in spite of living in jail at that time and his contribution, his hypotheses and statistical demonstrations, and the fierce debate with his own colleagues at the Institute are discussed in detail in this chapter.
The Strange Attraction of Tides and Waves
Authors: Freeman Chris , Louçã Francisco 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA number of recent authors challenged Kondratiev's tentative conclusions, using modern statistical and econometric techniques, or indicating alternative processes of causation—the case of W. Rostow, arguing for the long‐term evolution of relative prices, being one of the best known.In an overview of the field, this chapter considers the available statistical and econometric techniques for the analysis of fluctuations, their theoretical underpinnings and the implicit structure they postulate: trend deviation techniques and other smoothing procedures, spectral analysis and other theory‐free devices, and simulation models are considered and criticized.The chapter concludes that the apparent lack of statistical evidence for these long periods of characteristic change is frequently imposed by the very methods used to demonstrate their non‐existence, rather than by sensitive historical analysis of firms, markets, social institutions and their evolution.Other authors who concentrated on the schedule of the rate of profit and discussed the social environment and processes of change that influence the lasting effects of clusters of radical innovations and the creation of new industries are reviewed.Ernest Mandel, the forerunner of the revival of the Kondratiev hypothesis in the sixties, argued for a comprehensive approach to the phenomenon based on the dynamics of economic change and social conflict.
The Emergence of a New Techno‐Economic Paradigm: The Age of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Authors: Freeman Chris , Louçã Francisco 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUS technological leadership and domination of the world economy were further enhanced by the extraordinarily rapid rate of technical change and output growth in the semiconductor, computer, and telecommunications industries in which American firms played a leading role and to which American universities made a vital contribution.Whereas some historians have cast doubts on the pervasiveness and the magnitude of the effects of earlier technological revolutions, such as the railways, few doubt the significance of the Information Technology Revolution and some, such as Castells, see it as ushering in a new type of economy and even a new civilization.Just as in the 1920s the Hoover Report had stressed that changes in mass production technology and other business developments had given rise to a new style of management, so many economists and management consultants today stress the ways in which the new ICT infrastructure and especially the Internet are bringing in a new type of firm—the ‘network firm’ organizing both production and distribution in entirely new ways.Great uncertainty still attends more profound social and political changes associated with ICT including the diminished capabilities of national governments to tax and regulate powerful multinational firms and the rise of a new culture of ‘virtual reality’.
The Engines of European Integration
Authors: Pollack Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe European Union is composed of its member states, yet these states have created and delegated increasing powers to a number of supranational organizations, including the executive Commission, the European Court of Justice and the European Parliament. Drawing from principal‐agent analyses of delegation, agency and agenda setting, this book seeks to analyse and explain the delegation of powers by governmental principals to supranational agents, as well as the subsequent role played by those agents in the process of European integration. The book is divided into two parts. The first part of the book analyses the historical and functional patterns of delegation to the Commission, the Court of Justice and the Parliament, suggesting that delegation to the first two is motivated by a desire to reduce the transaction costs of policy‐making, as predicted by principal‐agent models. By contrast, the delegation of powers to the Parliament fits poorly with such models, and primarily reflects the concern of member governments to enhance the democratic legitimacy of the Union. The second part of the book focuses on the role of supranational agents in both the liberalization and re‐regulation of the European market, and suggests that the Commission, Court and Parliament have played a causally important role alongside member governments as the ‘engines of integration’, but that their ability to do so has varied historically and across issue‐areas as a function of the discretion delegated to them by the member governments.
The Commission as an Agent: Delegation of Executive Power in the European Union
Authors: Pollack Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEuropean Union governments have delegated executive and agenda‐setting powers to the Commission primarily to reduce the transaction costs of policy‐making, and they have designed complex control mechanisms to limit the discretion of the Commission in the policy process. Examines the record of delegation to the Commission throughout the EU's history, measuring the extent of delegation and Commission discretion across 35 different issue‐areas. Almost without exception, member states delegate to the Commission precisely the functions hypothesized by principal‐agent models, including most notably monitoring compliance, setting the legislative agenda and laying down expert and credible market regulations. Similarly, however, the Commission is closely monitored by member governments, which have adopted a carefully designed and calibrated system of appointment and censure mechanisms, ‘comitology’ or oversight committees and administrative law and judicial review by the European Court of Justice.