bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Gut Microbiota in Statin-Associated New-Onset Diabetes—A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Analysis of the FINRISK 2002 Cohort
Authors: Koponen Kari , Kambur Oleg , Joseph Bijoy , Ruuskanen Matti O. , Jousilahti Pekka , Salido Rodolfo , Brennan Caitriona , Jain Mohit , Meric Guillaume , Inouye Michael , Lahti Leo , Niiranen Teemu , Havulinna Aki S. , Knight Rob , Salomaa Veikko 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND:
Dyslipidemia is treated effectively with statins, but treatment has the potential to induce new-onset type-2 diabetes. Gut microbiota may contribute to this outcome variability. We assessed the associations of gut microbiota diversity and composition with statins. Bacterial associations with statin-associated new-onset type-2 diabetes (T2D) risk were also prospectively evaluated.

METHODS:
We examined shallow-shotgun-sequenced fecal samples from 5755 individuals in the FINRISK-2002 population cohort with a 17+-year-long register-based follow-up. Alpha-diversity was quantified using Shannon index and beta-diversity with Aitchison distance. Species-specific differential abundances were analyzed using general multivariate regression. Prospective associations were assessed with Cox regression. Applicable results were validated using gradient boosting.

RESULTS:

Statin use associated with differing taxonomic composition (R
2
, 0.02%; q=0.02) and 13 differentially abundant species in fully adjusted models (MaAsLin; q<0.05). The strongest positive association was with
Clostridium sartagoforme
(β=0.37; SE=0.13; q=0.02) and the strongest negative association with
Bacteroides cellulosilyticus
(β=−0.31; SE=0.11; q=0.02). Twenty-five microbial features had significant associations with incident T2D in statin users, of which only
Bacteroides vulgatus
(HR, 1.286 [1.136–1.457]; q=0.03) was consistent regardless of model adjustment. Finally, higher statin-associated T2D risk was seen with
[Ruminococcus] torques
(ΔHR
statins
, +0.11; q=0.03),
Blautia obeum
(ΔHR
statins
, +0.06; q=0.01),
Blautia
sp
. KLE 1732
(ΔHR
statins
, +0.05; q=0.01), and beta-diversity principal component 1 (ΔHR
statin
, +0.07; q=0.03) but only when adjusting for demographic covariates.

CONCLUSIONS:
Statin users have compositionally differing microbiotas from nonusers. The human gut microbiota is associated with incident T2D risk in statin users and possibly has additive effects on statin-associated new-onset T2D risk.
Lexical Field Theory and the Translation of Philosophical Works into Chinese
Authors: Kwan Tze-wan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The translation of philosophical works is a topic that merits our attention both in respect of philosophical understanding and linguistic structure, although it is the former rather than the latter that prevails in discussions in Chinese academia. By drawing upon that branch of modern linguistics known as the lexical field theory, this paper attempts to analyze a host of related problems, including the following: readability as a basic requirement of translation, difficulties in translation caused by the syntactic-typological distance of source and target languages, consistency of translated terms in general, consistency of semantically related terms in translation, consistency of translated terms regarding the syntagmatic axis and the paradigmatic axis, the use of monosyllabic, disyllabic, or polysyllabic Chinese terms in translation, translation of long or rare terms into Chinese, the middle way between ‘under-translation’ and ‘over-translation,’ identification of lexical fields for the systematic treatment of translated terms, and finally the in-depth understanding of original texts in their source languages as a prerequisite of any serious attempt of translation.
The Reception and Enforcement of International Law in the EU Legal Order
Authors: Cremona Marise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contribution focuses on one aspect of the complex relationship between EU law and international law: the reception and enforcement of international law in the EU legal order, from the perspective of EU law itself. Starting with the principles through which the EU’s international treaties and customary international law are declared to be “part of the EU legal order”, it turns to the place of international treaty obligations in the EU’s hierarchy of norms. The enforcement of international law norms is then considered from different jurisdictional perspectives: enforcement in national courts, judicial review proceedings before the Court of Justice and enforcement actions against Member States. Threading through these questions of reception and enforcement we find a certain level of ambivalence and ambiguity: while international law may be characterised as “an integral part” of EU law, the principle of the autonomy of EU law leads to an emphasis on the separation between EU and international law and influences the real impact of the latter.
Treaty Interpretation in the EU: Ensuring Consistency with the bona fide Principle and jus cogens
Authors: Baratta Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Treaty interpretation in the EU involves not only the observance of principles governing the interpretation of international agreements, but also the observance of substantive rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. While compliance with the former rarely presents an issue for the EU Court of Justice, perhaps because of the open-ended character of rules on treaty interpretation, its judicial practice shows the importance of carefully interpreting treaties so as to ensure their full consistency with customary international rules of a peremptory nature, such as the principle of self-determination of peoples. The Western Sahara saga is illustrative in this regard. These issues are addressed by the article.
Sanctions, Collective Countermeasures and the EU
Authors: Gestri Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The invasion of Ukraine has prompted the EU, together with other like-minded States, to adopt unprecedented economic sanctions against Russia; the international legality of autonomous sanctions is consequently under the spotlight. This article discusses EU practice concerning the adoption of sanctions (or “restrictive measures”) against non-member States with a view to determining its influence upon the development of international law. After a concise overview of EU sanctions law and policy, the article underlines that, if the majority of EU measures can be qualified as retorsions, some appear to be in conflict with international obligations deriving from treaty or customary international law. Particular attention is given to the issue of whether EU autonomous sanctions can find a legal justification, under customary international law, in an independent sanctioning competence of the EU, as a regional organisation and a multilateral actor, or in the notion of “collective countermeasures”. The article concludes that de lege lata these legal foundations are controversial. On the other hand, it underscores the unique contribution given by EU practice to the development in international law of the concept of collective countermeasures and to the consolidation of the principles of the indivisibility of human rights, democracy and the rule of law.
The Conflict in Ukraine and Its Implications for the United Nations System of Collective Security
Authors: Arcari Maurizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The armed conflict following the decision of Russia to launch a “special military operation” in Ukraine has put under severe stress the whole system of collective security of the United Nations. The Security Council was deadlocked from the very beginning of the crisis by the Russian veto, and any operative decision by that organ proved impossible. The General Assembly was convened in emergency special session and, within the first year of the conflict, managed to adopt six resolutions, inter alia determining that the Russian military operation against Ukraine constituted an aggression and declaring the invalidity of the attempts by Russia to alter the status of the Ukrainian territory under military occupation. The International Court of Justice was the only UN principal organ that proved able to issue a binding order on the matter, by indicating provisional measures demanding the immediate cessation of hostilities. The present article considers the impact of the conflict in Ukraine on the functioning of the UN organs involved, the legal implications of the actions attempted by these organs to manage the crisis, as well as the legal hurdles that impaired the effectiveness of such attempts.
How does jus contra bellum apply to States in their Relations with the Self-proclaimed Republics in the Donbass?
Authors: Lagerwall Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The escalation in February 2022 of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia that first began in 2014 has not been the subject of particularly divergent opinions from an international legal perspective. The overwhelming majority of States and authors condemn the Russian military operations as a blatant act of aggression pursued in violation of the United Nations Charter. Yet, it might be useful to examine the reactions prompted by the main argument deployed by Russia as to the right of the Peoples’ Republics of Donetsk and Luhansk to benefit from military assistance by virtue of collective self-defence recognized in customary international law and codified in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This argument raises the question of the applicability of the jus contra bellum regime to relations between States and secessionist entities which has already been debated. This contribution argues that the war in Ukraine sets a precedent which confirms that self-defence is a justification exclusively available to States and that secession or territorial annexation secured through forceful means cannot be recognized, while addressing how one can understand, from an international legal perspective, that this has sometimes been the case in the past.
The Conflict in Ukraine and its Implications for International Refugee and Migration Law
Authors: Nesi Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The massive flow of people from the territory of Ukraine as a consequence of Russia’s recent aggression has been met with a strong and prompt reaction by States, international organizations, and public opinion. Even though conventional international refugee law does not provide for its automatic application to people fleeing armed conflicts, in this case the essential elements to apply that law are present for the overwhelming majority of Ukrainians. Does the case of Ukraine pave the way for a further evolution of international refugee law?
The 2022 “Environmental Reform” of the Italian Constitution and International Law
Authors: Greco Donato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present contribution deals with the amendment to Article 9 of the Italian Constitution introduced by Constitutional Law No. 1 of 11 February 2022 which foresees a duty for the Italian Republic to protect the environment, biodiversity and ecosystems, also in the interest of future generations. The contribution pursues a twofold objective. First, it aims to analyse the content of the reform to appraise its impact on environmental protection in the Italian legal system, also in light of the previous case law of the Italian Constitutional Court. Second, it intends to assess the influence of international (environmental) law on the amendment to the Constitution. In this respect, it will be argued that the relationship between domestic law and international law follows two main trajectories: on the one hand, the constitutionalisation of international law and, on the other, the internationalisation of constitutional law.
On the markedness of tense-aspect stems in Classical Armenian
Authors: Kocharov Petr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper offers a synchronic and diachronic account of markedness of the oppositional tense-aspect stems in Classical Armenian. The synchronic part explores the correspondence between markedness and productivity of verb classes as attested in the Armenian Bible translation, as well as the correspondence between markedness and token frequency of a selection of fifty most frequent verbs in the same text. The default pattern, characterized by an unmarked present and marked aorist stems, constitutes some two-thirds of the entire dataset but is less common in the most frequent verbs. By contrast, the two patterns with the unmarked aorist are significantly better represented and the token frequency of their aorist stems is typically higher for such verbs. This evidence is discussed in the context of a typological generalization predicting the lower markedness of more frequently used forms. An outlook on the historical grammar of Classical Armenian suggests that the attested system reflects a transition from aspect- to tense-oriented marking of stems.
Outcomes of Preperitoneal Packing and Angioembolization for Hemorrhage Control in Hemodynamically Unstable Pelvic Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Martinez Brian , Breeding Tessa , Katz Joshua , Patel Heli , Santos Radleigh. G. , Elkbuli Adel 
Published: November 2023

Background Hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures are often life-threatening injuries; however, the optimal management remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the most appropriate primary management of hemorrhage in adult patients with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures by comparing outcomes following the initial use of preperitoneal packing (PPP) vs angioembolization (AE). Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and ProQuest databases was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Studies assessing hemorrhage management in trauma patients with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures were included. The data extracted from selected articles included patient demographics, study design, and outcomes such as 24-hour PRBC transfusions, in-hospital mortality, and DVT rate. Results Eight articles were included in the systematic review. Among the included studies, 2040 patients with hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures were analyzed. Meta-analyses revealed that treatment with PPP was associated with fewer 24-hour PRBC transfusions (mean difference = −1.0, 95% CI: −1.8 to −.2) than AE. However, no significant differences were noted in in-hospital mortality (RR: .91, 95% CI: .80-1.05) and the rate of deep vein thrombosis (RR: .89, 95% CI: .62-1.28) between groups. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that primary management with PPP was associated with fewer 24-hour PRBC transfusions compared to AE. The choice of primary management with PPP or AE did not significantly impact in-hospital mortality. Future studies should address clinical outcomes and the factors that affect them to better understand the impact of different management strategies and direct the creation of practice management guidelines.
Real world utilisation of doravirine among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in England (DRIVE-REAL)
Authors: O’Halloran Charlotte , Gilleece Yvonne , Leung Suki , Canuto Veronica , McAlpine Connor , Ross Sophie , Norcross Claire , Gaffney Stuart , Siani Nipur , Hickey William , Moore Adam , Rajkovic-Hooley Olivera , Milinkovic Ana 
Published: November 2023

Background Doravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor recommended for the treatment of virologically suppressed and treatment naïve people living with HIV. The DRIVE-REAL study aimed to describe the characteristics, treatment patterns, and virological outcomes of doravirine users in a real-world cohort in the UK. Methods A retrospective, observational, multi-centre chart review was conducted for 300 adults living with HIV initiating doravirine-containing antiretroviral therapy. Results At baseline 83% of individuals were male, 45% aged ≥50 years, 65% white ethnicity. Median time since HIV diagnosis was 12 years. 96% were antiretroviral therapy-experienced, 87% had a HIV viral load <50 copies/ml, and 15% had resistance to at least one antiretroviral drug. 66% had comorbidities, most commonly depression (26%), and 70% were taking at least one co-medication. At six months, 94% ( n = 283/300) were still receiving doravirine. Viral load data were available for n = 266/300 individuals and 95% ( n = 253/266) had viral load <50 copies/ml. Conclusions Individuals initiating doravirine in this cohort are predominantly treatment-experienced white middle-aged males, with a high frequency of comorbidities and co-medication. The majority of individuals at 6 months remained on doravirine and maintained or achieved HIV viral suppression. This study provides epidemiologic characteristics that can inform clinical care and subsequent hypothesis-testing studies.
Effects of CPAP treatment on electroencephalographic activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome during deep sleep: Preliminary findings of a cross-sectional study
Authors: Li Yiran , Li Qi , Zou Xueliang , Zhong Zhijun , Ouyang Qian , Zeng Qinghong , Hu Yinyin , Wang Mengmeng , Luo Yaxing , Yao Dongyuan 
Published: November 2023

Study objectives: To investigate whether electroencephalographic (EEG) activities during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 3 (N3) in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients were changed with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. Methods: A cross-sectional study of EEG activity during N3 sleep was conducted in 15 patients with moderate to severe OSAS without and with CPAP treatment compared to 15 normal controls. The amplitude, and absolute and relative power of delta, theta, alpha and beta waves as well as the absolute power ratio of slow to fast EEG waves (i.e., absolute power of delta and theta waves/absolute power of alpha and beta waves) and the spectral power density of 0-30 Hz EEG activities were analyzed. Results: CPAP significantly increased N3 sleep, the absolute and relative powers, amplitudes of delta and theta waves, and absolute power ratio of slow to fast EEG waves, but decreased relative alpha and beta powers during N3 sleep. However, there were no significant differences in those parameters between the OSAS patients with CPAP treatment and normal controls. Conclusions: CPAP prolongs N3 sleep and increases the power and amplitude of slow EEG waves during N3 sleep, which indicates an improvement in sleep quality and further provides evidence for recommendation of CPAP treatment for OSAS patients.
Exploring the key genomic variation in monkeypox virus during the 2022 outbreak
Authors: Zhu Jie , Yu Jian , Qin Hao , Chen Xinlei , Wu Chuanchang , Hong Xiaodan , Zhang Yafei , Zhang Zhenhua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Background
In 2022, a global outbreak of monkeypox occurred with a significant shift in its epidemiological characteristics. The monkeypox virus (MPXV) belongs to the B.1 lineage, and its genomic variations that were linked to the outbreak were investigated in this study. Previous studies have suggested that viral genomic variation plays a crucial role in the pathogenicity and transmissibility of viruses. Therefore, understanding the genomic variation of MPXV is crucial for controlling future outbreaks.

Methods
This study employed bioinformatics and phylogenetic approaches to evaluate the key genomic variation in the B.1 lineage of MPXV. A total of 979 MPXV strains were screened, and 212 representative strains were analyzed to identify specific substitutions in the viral genome. Reference sequences were constructed for each of the 10 lineages based on the most common nucleotide at each site. A total of 49 substitutions were identified, with 23 non-synonymous substitutions. Class I variants, which had significant effects on protein conformation likely to affect viral characteristics, were classified among the non-synonymous substitutions.

Results
The phylogenetic analysis revealed 10 relatively monophyletic branches. The study identified 49 substitutions specific to the B.1 lineage, with 23 non-synonymous substitutions that were classified into Class I, II, and III variants. The Class I variants were likely responsible for the observed changes in the characteristics of circulating MPXV in 2022. These key mutations, particularly Class I variants, played a crucial role in the pathogenicity and transmissibility of MPXV.

Conclusion
This study provides an understanding of the genomic variation of MPXV in the B.1 lineage linked to the recent outbreak of monkeypox. The identification of key mutations, particularly Class I variants, sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed changes in the characteristics of circulating MPXV. Further studies can focus on functional domains affected by these mutations, enabling the development of effective control strategies against future monkeypox outbreaks.
Genome-wide analysis of lectins in cyanobacteria: from evolutionary mode to motif patterns
Authors: Xu Tongli , Cui Yulin , Qin Song , Wang Yin-Chu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLectins are glycoproteins that can bind to specific carbohydrates, and different lectin families exhibit different biological activities. They are also present in the cyanobacteria and many of them have shown excellent therapeutic effect, which deserve for bioprospecting. However, in comparison to those from terrestrial plants, the current knowledge on cyanobacterial lectins is very limited. To this end, genome-wide analyses were performed to find out their evolutionary mode and motif patterns in 316 genomes of representative taxa. In results, 196 putative cyanobacterial lectins were dig out and 105 of them were classified into known families. Seven lectins were found to be belonged to distinct two lectin families, and they may have the potential activities of both lectin families. Whereas no MFP-2, Chitin, and Nictaba family lectins were found. What’s more, the Legume lectin-like lectin family was found to be the richest and most complex in cyanobacteria, which could be a main research direction for future cyanobacterial lectin bioprospecting and development. Our classification and prediction of cyanobacteria lectins is expected to provide assistance in the development of lectin-based medicine and provide solutions to the current thorny viral and tumor diseases in humans.
Streptococcus strain D19T as a probiotic candidate to modulate oral health
Authors: Zhang Wen Xiao , Xiao Chun Ling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Background
As probiotics protect host cells, they are used to treat bacterial infections. It has been indicated that probiotics may prevent or reduce the attachment of pathogens to host cells. In this study, Streptococcus strain D19T was isolated from the oropharynx of a healthy child, and its adhesion performance and Staphylococcus aureus adhesion inhibition effect were analysed using human bronchial epithelial (16-HBE) cells, as an in vitro cell model. We evaluated the probiotic properties of the D19T strain based on its acid–base, bile salt, and lysozyme tolerance; antibacterial activity; cytotoxicity; antibiotic sensitivity; in vitro adhesion to 16-HBE cells; and competitive, exclusion, and displacement effects against S. aureus.

Results
Streptococcus strain D19T showed tolerance to a PH range of 2–5 and 0.5–1% bile. However, it was more tolerant to 0.5% bile than to 1% bile. The strain also demonstrated an ability to adapt to maladaptive oropharyngeal conditions (i.e., tolerating 200 µg/mL lysozyme). It was resistant to 0.8 mM H2O2. The results also demonstrated that D19T exhibited inhibitory activities against various common pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, D19T was not toxic to 16-HBE cells at different multiplicities of infection and was sensitive to most antibiotics tested. The adhesion rate of D19T cells to 16-HBE cells was 47% ± 1.2%, which was significantly higher than that of S. aureus to 16-HBE cells. The competition, exclusion, and displacement assay results showed that D19T has good inhibitory effect against S. aureus adhesion.

Conclusions
The present study revealed that Streptococcus strain D19T has the potential to be developed as a respiratory microbiota preparations.