bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colonists and Immigrants
Authors: Byron Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 4 million people from Ireland settled in the United States in the nineteenth century. More than a million arrived in just seven years, from 1847 to 1854, nearly twice as many as had emigrated to the United States during the previous half-century. Their impact on American society was enormous, in some places transforming the previous social fabric in less than a decade. One of these places was Albany, New York. By 1855, a quarter of the city’s population was Irish-born, and by 1875 this former Dutch colonial outpost and British garrison town had become one of the most Irish and Catholic places in the United States. Why so many Irish immigrants settled in Albany, and how they became integrated into American society has much to do with the circumstances of the city’s historical development: what kind of social order the Irish encountered in the midnineteenth century, what economic conditions then prevailed, and how its political and religious institutions received them.
Irish-Catholic-Democrat
Authors: Byron Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the rank-order of American cities, Albany was second only to Boston in the proportion of the population reporting themselves to be of Irish ancestry in the 1980 US Census.1 Nearly all those people to whom we spoke in Albany, and who identified themselves as Irish, said that they were Roman Catholics, despite the care we took in our methodological procedures to guard against any bias in our assumptions about what might constitute Irishness in Albany. This makes Albany an atypical place, since across the country as a whole, only 33 per cent of the Irish-ancestry population are Roman Catholic. Albany also has a history of ward politics and clientelism that is very reminiscent of Boston and New York.
The Importance of being Irish
Authors: Byron Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You didn’t have to think of who you were. Everyone around you was the same. We all went to mass together. We all went out on Monday night to a novena and had a Coca-Cola afterwards. Everybody you knew was Irish; everybody that you went to school with. We didn’t know very many Protestants. And the old joke in our house, more than a joke, was if you went around with someone we asked, ‘What does her father do?’ and ‘What is his name?’ and ‘Who are they?’ They had to be a certain way or else you weren’t supposed to go around with them. I had a few girlfriends that were Protestants but it never went too far. Mama found out that I once went with a girlfriend to St Peter’s Episcopal church to some sort of function. She said, ‘Well, you really don’t have to go there again, do you?’ This is how it was. You didn’t go around with people who weren’t your own kind.
The Wearing of the Green
Authors: Byron Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Irish immigrants, and their descendants, have formed a large part of Albany’s population since the mid-nineteenth century, the St Patrick’s Day parade is a recent civic invention dating only from 1951. Since then, the parade has become one of the city’s biggest annual events. Several hundred people march in the parade, and thousands more line the streets to watch the spectacle and celebrate the day in the city’s Irish bars and social clubs. Tens of thousands of other people in Albany and other towns and cities in upstate New York participate vicariously in the festivities by watching the event on television in their local Irish bar, or at home with friends. The day is one of intense sociality. The normally deserted winter streets are filled with people ‘wearing the green’; throughout the day and late into the evening, the city’s bars, clubs, and restaurants are thronged with people drinking, dancing to Irish tunes, eating Irish food, and having a riotously good time. Most of the people of Irish ancestry taking part will have driven into Albany from the suburbs, since few of them still live in the old city-centre neighbourhoods.
Evenkis in the Lower Yenisei Valley
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE PURPOSE OF this book is to answer the primary question of my field hosts: who are the Evenkis of Taimyr As the following chapters will show, this is a complex question which will consider the history of a single reindeer brigade, the nature of identity when it is questioned by bureaucratized organs of power, and the utility of nationalist rhetoric for making political claims. Although Evenkis in the lower Yenisei valley are far from articulating a nationalist project in a classic sense, their recent circulation of claims to national pedigrees, exclusive territories, and kin linkages illuminate the origins of social movements focused upon national identity. Through identifying three ways in which Evenkis wield their identities, I present an ethnographic account of the everyday life, culture, and economy for Evenkis in this region of Arctic Siberia. The key foci for national identity in Taimyr are an inflated concept of nationality, a consciousness of territory, and a feeling of solidarity for one’s kollektiv.
The State Ethnographers
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
UNDERLYING THE SPECTACULAR mountains surrounding the Khantaika, there are said to be rich lodes of valuable metals. Their precise location is a secret known only to certain tundroviki who have long ago moved on to the Upper World and the brusque geologists who map these veins for eventual sale on foreign markets. Nevertheless the effects of the buried metals are pervasive. According to local rumour, the radio static which blocks communication between the settlement, the city, and neighbouring communities for days on end emanates from magnetic anomalies hidden below the surface. A less subtle impact of the metal ore is in the oxide taste of the north wind wafting down from Noril’sk.
National Inflation
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CONTEMPORARY NATIONAL RIVALRY on the Khantaika is expressed in murmured accusations over tea or as a cold acknowledgement on the street. People demonstrate their group of belonging through the company that they keep, the guests whom they entertain, or the choice of a partner for a voyage on the land which may last several months. Sometimes, always after the consumption of much alcohol, differences erupt into a fight with fists, knives, or hunting weapons. In such instances it is difficult to assign a reason for an injury or death, but recently these fighters have often cited nationality as their cause. It is not an unusual phenomenon that a community recognizes difference between its members. Difference was felt and expressed on the Khantaika well before the resettlement and political reforms of the last two decades. However, the current political context now encourages people to imagine their differences vociferously, using categories crafted by ethnographers and statesman rather than achieved in practice. It has now become thinkable to demand the expulsion of a particular nationality or to divide land exclusively amongst certain residents. The possibility and indeed the necessity of the division of a common territory between groups only arose with the privatization initiatives originating from the centre. Perhaps for the first time in the history of the lower Yenisei valley differences of origin, accent, and behaviour imply solidarity with others living apart at great distances and also differing rights to territory and goods to those who live side by side.
Sentient Ecology
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE PROPER RELATIONSHIP of people to land has always been a central concern for Evenkis when hunting, travelling, or even living the stationary lifestyle of the villagers. In times past, before the redistributive state took responsibility for providing food and shelter for the citizens within its reach, Evenkis maintained an intense and constant relationship with the land both to subsist but also to gain technical and spiritual knowledge. The provision of central state subsidies through a complex and bureaucratized division of labour has displaced most Khantaika Evenkis from a day-to-day relationship with the land, but this has not made the land any less important in their lives. Apart from receiving salaries which are in some way underwritten by activities on the territories of the state farm, most Evenkis place the land prominently in discussions over their future when the talk turns to the centrally imposed policy known as privatization [privatizatsiia]. With more anxiety, but with less preciseness, there is also a growing worry over the chaotic movement of wild deer herds due to the airborne pollution from Noril’sk.
The Purification Ritual of Javanese Shadow Puppet Theatre
Authors: Headley Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Murwa Kala, this play deemed so significant by the Dutch anthropologist W. H. Rassers, dramatizes a myth known as the Birth of Kala, one of a family of myths with branches throughout Austronesia. In Java a version of this myth, in either dramatic or narrative form, is a traditional vehicle for a ruwatan, or purification rite. The Birth of Kala myth and its ritual use have displayed remarkable vitality and adaptability through three centuries, surviving political upheavals, challenges from Islam, and a host of disruptive influences.
The Cosmogony in the Mantras
Authors: Headley Stephen c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My analysis of the role of the mantras at the end of the Birth of Kala myth relies on their references to a cosmogony. Although these references are found in the texts of the mantras, they have value purely for the scholar, because they remain largely incomprehensible to the ruwatan participants. When Javanese listen to these invocations, they focus on the origin of their bad destiny and not on the words used to accomplish the purification.
(Naipaul 1990: 81)
The Emergence of Philosophical Interest in Cognition
Authors: Lesher J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the famous ‘autobiographical’ passage of Plato’s Phaedo Socrates mentions in passing some of the questions his predecessors used to ask concerning the physical substances and processes involved in thought: ‘Is it blood that we think with, or air or fire? Or is thought due to something else, namely the brain’s providing our senses of hearing, sight, and smell, which give rise to memory and opinion, and ultimately, when memory and opinion have acquired stability, to and the summaries of early views of the soul given by Aristotle and Theophrastus confirm the accuracy of Socrates’ (or Plato’s) listing. and in so far as Presocratic interests appear to have been focused on the physical elements and processes.
Kosman on Activity and Change
Authors: Heinaman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN a well-known paper L.A. Kosman has argued that Aristotle’s distinction between change and activity can be clarified by noting an important difference in their respective potentialities:
(A) the potentiality actualized in change is destroyed or ‘consumed’ at the end of the change, whereas the potentiality for an activity is not destroyed by its actuality but, on the contrary, is brought fully into being, preserved, and strengthened. This claim concerns the potentiality actualized by the subject of a change or activity rather than the potentiality actualized by the agent of a change or activity. For example, it asserts that the potentiality of bricks and stones to be built into a house disappears at the end of the process of housebuilding, not that the house-builder’s capacity for building houses must vanish at the same time.
Does the Evaluative Supervene on the Natural?
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the few claims accepted by nearly everyone writing about the nature of value is that the evaluative features of things supervene on their natural features. Take any two persons, actions) characters, or states of affairs that are identical in all of their naturalistic features: every naturalistic feature that is a feature of the one is a feature of the other, and vice versa. These two persons, actions, characters, or states of affairs must be identical in evaluative respects as well. There can be no evaluative difference without a naturalistic difference. So, at any rate, it is said.
The Central Conflict: Morality and Self-Interest
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflection on the nature of morality, the sources of its normativity, and the motivation people have, or should have, to abide by it, often centres on the problems posed by the possibility of conflict between morality and self interest. It is sometimes said that the central question of morality is: why is it that we must conform with morality even when doing so involves significant sacrifice of our own interests?1 The answer, it is thought, would explain the normativity of morality. It would explain why it is binding, and why every person has reason to conform with it.
Self and Morality in Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In numerous passages, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche rather startlingly deny that there are selves, subjects or egos, even individuals or persons. They are, as I shall put it, ‘self-deniers’. As we will shortly see, Schopenhauer wants and needs to retain what we might refer to as the Self in the shape of his ‘knowing subject’.
Aristotle and Stoic Logic
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Were Aristotle’s logical writings known to the early Stoic logicians, and did Aristotle’s logical ideas have any influence on the development of Stoic logic? The evidence which bears on this question is perplexing: there are numerous pertinent texts which favour an affirmative answer; yet as we approach them they seem, like so many will-o’-the-wisps, to retreat-and we are stumbling in a treacherous marsh.But the question is not without its fascination, in as much as it concerns the historical relations between two magnificent monuments to Greek philosophical acumen; and it may stand some discussion. Section I presents some general ruminations. Section II deals with the preliminary question of whether the Stoics could in principle have read Aristotle. Section III assembles a sample of the evidence which suggests that the Stoics did in fact read and study their Aristotle. And the remaining sections try to assess the value of this evidence.
Rules and Reasoning in Stoic Ethics
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stoic ethics is often criticized for its impractical rigidity and pointless idealism. Its most prominent feature seems to be its proneness to paradoxical theses, such as claims that all moral errors are equal, that only the wise man is free, and that all human passions should be eliminated rather than moderated. Stoic ethics demands that human beings achieve perfect virtue and act accordingly; the alternative is the complete unhappiness from which all of us suffer. And yet at first sight it appears to offer very little in the way of realistic hope or guidance for people who wish to be happy. It seems to be an abstract and Procrustean dogmatism, which deduces from general principles conclusions which have little bearing on the kind of striving and thinking which normally characterizes ethics. It seems to leave little room for progress in an ethics which (like most others in the ancient world) is centred on the improvement of human character.Since the mid-196os more sympathetic and sophisticated accounts of Stoic ethics have, of course, begun to tell a different story. But there is still a gap which remains to be filled. One of the issues on which the Stoics have seemed to be most inflexible and unrealistic has been the role of rules, or laws, in Stoic ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The status of transcendental arguments within the current philosophical debate is curiously hard to fix unequivocally. On the one hand, in most theoretical or meta level treatments of them, there has been a considerable decline in the high hopes expressed for such arguments in the I96os and early I97os; on the other hand, there has nonetheless been an ever growing willingness by philosophers to use such arguments within epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, moral and political philosophy, and elsewhere, where these arguments have been proposed by those who are currently highly influential in the field (such as Davidson, Putnam, Searle, and Burge).
Self-Directed Transcendental Arguments
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transcendental arguments aim to spell out the necessary conditions of thought or experience. Some arguments of this form are world-directed.I They start with the assumption that there is thought or experience of some particular kind, and argue that for thought or experience of this kind to be possible, the world in which these thoughts or experiences occur must be a certain way. World-directed transcendental arguments are generally intended as anti-sceptical, since the necessary conditions which they purport to uncover include the truth of propositions which have been called into question by familiar forms of scepticism.
Transcendental Arguments from Content Externalism
Authors: Brueckner Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there a viable transcendental argument that proceeds from an externalist theory of the content of intentional mental states? According to such a theory, a thinker’s external, causal environment figures in the individuation of his mental states’ contents. The sort of transcendental argument I am looking for is anti-Cartesian in nature, in that its conclusion would be that there is an external world of mind-independent physical objects located in space. Insofar as the Cartesian sceptic denies that one can know that such a world exists, a viable transcendental argument of the desired kind would refute this sceptic.
Self-identity and Self-regard
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN his discussion of personal identity Hume draws a distinction to which his readers have not paid much attention. It is a distinction between ‘personal identity, as it regards our thought or imagination, and as it regards our passions or the concern we take in ourselves’.1 I want in this paper, to examine this distinction and the use Hume makes of it. Although in doing so, I will be commenting some of the time on questions of Humean exegesis, my main concern is to try to throw some light on the role that the idea of oneself plays in our thinking about some of the areas of the emotional life that Hume considers.
Let us first see why Hume introduces this distinction where he does. It appears in the Section ‘Of Personal Identity’ (Section VI of Part IV of Book I of the Treatise), and he says he must make it in order to answer a question about self-identity which he says, correctly, will carry his readers ‘pretty deep’. The question he wants to ask is this:
Truth and Historicity
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Campbell elucidates the concept of truth by tracing its history: from the ancient Greek idea that truth is timeless, unchanging, and free from all relativism, up to the seventeenth-century crisis which led to the collapse of that idea, and then on through the emergence of historical consciousness to the existentialist, sociological, and linguistic approaches of our own time. He gives a scholarly but vivid and economical exposition of the views of a remarkably wide range of thinkers, always showing how their ideas engage with our contemporary concerns. He argues that current problems with truth arise from the way differing past conceptions continue to resound in our contemporary use of the word, and suggests that we must formulate a new conception of truth, compatible with awareness that through our actions we constitute who we are - with awareness of our own historicity.
Doing the Truth
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the difficulties encountered in the attempt to incorporate the Platonic Ideas within a Christian theology, the stature of Augustine was such that, through-out the medieval period, the identification of Truth with God remained sacrosanct. In this way, the Platonic conception of truth as a state of the really real continued to influence profoundly the development of Christian theology. Indeed, the kind of argument Augustine deployed to show the existence of God in his De Libero Arbitrio could only have been conceived by someone for whom truth was not fundamentally propositional in its logical status; only If he understood from the Platonic tradition that truth has this ‘objectual’ status, could it possibly have occurred to him that showing the existence of truth would amount to showing the existence of God. The Platonic strains in Augustine’s thinking are what made it possible for him to invoke with such familiarity the notion of truth in this way.
A ‘Philosophical Hero’? Anaxagoras and the Eleatics
Authors: Furth Montgomery 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My title invokes a splendid image from David Furley: ‘My picture of Anaxagoras is of a kind of Ajax among the Presocratics, unable to appreciate the advantages of modern, more flexible ways, and heroically adhering to the strictest interpretation of the Parmenidean code.’ That seems to me excellent, but not sufficiently positive; on the account I shall recommend, Anaxagoras is hero enough, but deep and clever and definitely no thick-witted Ajax.
Socrates’ Elenctic Mission
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of Socrates’ defence in Plato’s Apology is the claim that the very activities for which he has been brought to trial constitute what is actually a religious mission. As he presents his case to the jury, it becomes clear just how complex his mission is: he must free people from their pretence of wisdom (23 B 7, 37E 5–38A 6), exhort them to care for actually attaining wisdom by concerning themselves foremost with truth and the perfection of their souls (290 7–E 3), and similarly to exchange their predominant interests in material things, reputation, and honour (29E 3–3on 4) for the pursuit of the most precious of goods, virtue (30A 1–2, 31B 4–5). Given the evidence of the Apology and that of Plato’s other early dialogues, we know that Socrates performs his ‘service to the god’ by daily examining those around him, for he is convinced that ‘the unexamined life is not worth living for humans’ (38A 5–6).
Politics And Philosophy In Stoicism
Authors: Vander Waerdt Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stoic reflection on this subject aims to disarm Socrates’ paradox in the ‘third wave’ of the argument of Plato’s Republic-that until philosophers rule as kings, or kings philosophize, and political power and philosophy coincide, there will be no cessation of evils for the human race (5, 473 c—o). Plato’s formulation of this problem, if not his solution, set the agenda for subsequent reflection on the relation between politics and philosophy. Thus Aristotle’s doctrine concerning the form of rule most suited to promote the life of philosophy to which his best regime is dedicated represents an answer to this Platonic paradox. And each of the Hellenistic schools adopts a position on the question of whether the sage will participate in politics and, if so, under what cicumstances. The Stoics agree with Plato that only the wise possess the knowledge of good and evil that constitutes the natural title to rule (D.L. 7. 121-2), but they face none of his difficulties in explaining the sage’s motivation to take part in politics.