bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liabilities Analysis and Structuring
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now our focus has been mainly to critique the contemporary framework for rating structured securities and propose a replacement framework. In this section, we introduce some basic concepts related to the cash flow modeling of liability structures—the “structure “ of structured finance. We will return to this topic in our concluding remarks. There are two reasons for this book’s emphasis on asset analysis. The first is the priority of complexity. Because bond structures are logical constructs rather than statistical estimates, liability modeling involves the application of simple rules of logic to the distribution of periodic cash collections. It is relatively straightforward. By contrast, faithful replication of asset behavior is less straightforward, and requires the knowledge and use of numerical methods, such as those introduced in part III and demonstrated in chapters 20 through 22.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest discovery in linear algebra may well be the existence of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. In addition to underlying much of numerical and statistical analysis, eigenvectors are particularly critical to the study of the long-run properties of the Markov chain, an extremely versatile tool with wide application to cash flow simulation. As a result, eigenvalue and eigenvector concepts are pivotal to the proper understanding of cash flow modeling in structured finance.
Divisions of Labor
Authors: Robin Corey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking for repressive weapons to arouse political fear, elites and their collaborators often turn to the state, with its laws and trials, punishments and prisons, but that state is not necessarily the one described by Hobbes and his realist successors or by Montesquieu and his liberal successors. It need not be lawless, centralized, or unified, monopolizing the means of coercion. It can be fragmented by the separation of powers and federalism, and constrained by the rule of law, conforming to the most basic strictures of our constitutional faith. Elites and their collaborators also work through pluralist, autonomous institutions of civil society—schools and churches, private associations and the family, civic groups and political organizations, and the workplace—where they find a sizeable armory of repressive weapons. These weapons are seldom as violent or physically coercive as those possessed by the state, though sometimes they are; one thinks of private organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, or the Mafia threatening workers on the waterfront. But often the weapons are non-violent: firing; blacklisting; denials of promotion and economic opportunity; ostracism; exclusion or expulsion from favored circles of intimates, associates, and friends; and everyday forms of humiliation and degradation. Because the Constitution makes it difficult for the state to wield physical weapons of fear with abandon, elites must turn to these nonviolent weapons of civil society, which are not subject to much constitutional restraint. We best approach the distinction between state and society, then, as a division of labor or joint venture between the public and private sectors: what government officials cannot do well or with efficient ease, private elites do instead, and vice versa.
Constructing a Regulatory Framework That Respects Parental Liberty
Authors: Peters Philip G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a reproductive technology poses a serious risk of harm to future children, the initial regulatory question is whether lawmakers should trust parents and providers to use that technology responsibly or whether lawmakers should, instead, limit the circumstances in which the risky practice is permitted. This chapter explains why lawmakers should start with a presumption that parents will choose responsibly. This presumption is justified both by our tradition of deferring to parents on matters affecting their children and by the ultimate subjectivity of decisions about a decent quality of life. To help parents make these decisions wisely, we should reinforce the laws obliging clinics to give prospective parents all of the information needed to make responsible decisions.
Common Causes of Pain
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When evaluating a child with knee pain, it is important to separate mechanical problems from problems resulting from infections or inflammation. Most knee pain is initially thought to be the result of an injury. If we do not remember having seen a fall, we assume the child must have twisted it. If your child is complaining of knee pain, here is a list of ques­tions to which you should know the answers before you go to the doctor’s office.
Juvenile Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two important points always must be remembered whenever considering the diagnosis of juvenile arthritis. First, fever and rash should not be present except in children with systemic onset arthritis. If a child with arthritis has fever or a rash, an extensive effort must be made to exclude infectious causes. Fever and rash may be present in Lyme disease, reactive arthritis, and a variety of other diseases that are not juvenile arthritis.
Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Billy was a three-year-old boy who had always been in good health. Ten days before he was sent to my office, his mother noted that he appeared irritable. He had a low-grade fever and the next day he was taken to the pediatrician to be checked for an ear infection. The pediatrician noted that he had conjunctivitis (red, irritated eyes) and gave the mother drops. The pediatrician explained this was probably the result of a viral infection. Over the next two days Billy remained irritable. Although his eyes got better, his fever continued. His mother noted a tender lump under his chin. She brought him back to the pediatrician. The pediatrician diagnosed cervical adenitis (an infection of a lymph gland in the neck area). Billy was started on antibiotics. He developed a rash the next day and the antibiotic was changed because he was possibly allergic. Three days later the mother returned to the pediatrician because Billy was not getting better. He still had fever; the tender lump under his chin was getting larger. Now his lips were dry and beginning to split. His tongue was red and irritated.
Benign Hypermobile Joint Syndrome and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benign hypermobile joint syndrome is not really a disease at all. Instead, it is an inherited variation on normal. Children with benign hypermobile joint syndrome are often referred to as double-jointed. Many children have loose joints or joints that pop out easily. The diagnosis of benign hypermobile joint syndrome requires that a child be able to do each of the following.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, Reflex N eurovascular Dystrophy, and Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fourteen-year-old Cindy was the ultimate figure skater. Her parents had met while skating in college. Briefly after college, her father had skated professionally, but shortly after graduating from college her mother stopped skating so they could start a family. Cindy’s father was now a successful businessman, and Cindy’s mother stayed home to promote Cindy’s development as a figure skater. Cindy had been skating for as long as she could remember. But for the past six months Cindy had been unable to skate because of ankle pain. There was no doubt about how Cindy’s ankle was injured. Hundreds of spectators witnessed her fall at the regional skating championships. X rays did not show a fracture but her orthopedist immediately placed her foot in a cast to rest the ankle and make sure it healed properly.
The Care Of vulnerable Populations
Authors: Pearson Steven D , E.Sabin James , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deborah Jones is a single mother of three children: 5, 3, and 1 years old. She burst into tears in the pediatrician’s office when the doctor reminded her that the two younger children were behind in their immunizations. Ms. Jones had been worried about this, but she already had missed too much work caring for the kids when they were ill, and she was afraid she would lose her job (and thus her health insurance) if she took any additional time for their well-child care appointments. Unfortunately, there didn’t seem to be an easy solution to her problems. She left the office with a fistful of new weekday appointments with the pediatrician, but she had already decided that she would have to try another option: she would take the kids to the emergency room on the weekend with “sore throats “ and hope they could get their vaccinations then. Yefimia Shlapakova is a 63-year-old woman who recently immigrated to the United States from Russia. She arrived with empty bottles of “heart “ pills labeled in Russian. Having qualified for a state managed care Medicaid program, she was taken to her first doctor’s appointment by her nephew, who had been in the United States for three years but still did not speak English well. Nervous yet proud, Ms. Shlapakova spoke forcefully in her native language to her doctor, Dr. Crocker, who smiled and turned to the nephew for a full translation but got only a fraction of what the patient said. The physical examination soon revealed, however, that Ms. Shlapakova had severe hypertension and showed signs suggesting chronic renal failure as well. Ms. Shlapakova nodded affirmatively, and pointed meaningfully to her empty pill bottles. Her nephew said these medicines were the only ones that had ever worked for her and that other hypertension medicines made her very sick. Ms. Shlapakova made clear by her gestures that she would only take the medicines she was familiar with. Dr. Crocker picked up the empty bottles, squinted at them, and sighed. Even when he had Ms. Shlapakova read the names out loud, he didn’t recognize any of them. Dr. Crocker stepped out of the exam room, called the Russian interpreter’s office located in the clinic, and asked that an interpreter be sent over to help sort things out. Dr. Crocker knew that the Russian interpreters always took new patients like Ms.
Introduction Knowledge as Competitive Advantage in the Age of Increasing Globalization
Authors: Ichijo Kazuo , Nonaka Ikujiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reflects our contention that the knowledge-based management of corporations is at the center of what management has to do in today’s fast-changing global environment. It is the fundamental purpose of the book to provide managers with the understanding and tools for successfully employing knowledge management in their organizations. In this phase of globalization, much manufacturing and back office work is being transferred across geographical boundaries, often to countries with newly developing technological capabilities. At the same time, many firms are moving operations to the more developed world to create and offer knowledge and knowledge-based services that, at least at the present time, can be done only in these countries. This emphasis on change in the global environment puts knowledge management at the heart of what organizations need to do to cope with today’s fast-changing environment. Therefore, the success of a company in the twenty-first century will be determined by the extent to which its leaders can develop intellectual capital through knowledge creation and knowledge-sharing on a global basis. Knowledge constitutes a competitive advantage. Knowledge creation and imagination have never been more important than in this age of globalization since, in the flat world described by Thomas L. Friedman, so many of the inputs and tools for collaboration are becoming commodities, available to everybody.
Does the approach of menopause mean the end of fertility?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an age-related decrease in fertility. As the biological clock ticks toward the menopausal years, women have a lower and lower chance of becoming pregnant, regardless of whether this probability is calculated on the basis of an annual or monthly chance of establishing a pregnancy by age or on the basis of chances of conception with a single act of sexual intercourse. Fertility potential declines rapidly after the age of 35 and even more dramatically after 40 (table 7.1). At the start of perimenopause, the irregularity of ovulation begins to lower fertility: the fewer the eggs, the fewer the opportunities to establish a pregnancy. However, even perimenopausal women who continue to have regular menstrual periods find that their fertility is substantially reduced. For a long time scientists, unable to come up with a provable theory to explain this, shrugged it off as the “aging egg” phenomenon, with no further elucidation of why it happens. Now, research is delving into more rational and detailed explanations.
Why should men consider androgen supplementation therapy?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has not escaped men’s attention that physical, mental, and emotional changes mark their advancing years. It may hit home when friends joke about their midlife crisis, senior moments, lack of concentration, tiredness, nervousness, or irritability. The idea that something can be done about these age-related symptoms is appealing and has sparked growing interest. Some men start to use androgens with great expectations, ranging from enhanced sexual prowess to youthful physical robustness. Elderly males hope that taking hormones will help them dodge the fate of old age: lethargy, memory loss, and frailty. Hormone therapy is gaining popularity among men, but the benefits they anticipate from this therapy are sometimes unrealistic. The reality is that androgen replacement is no more of a pathway to eternal youth for men than HT is for menopausal women. Like any other medication, androgens carry benefits and risks and should be considered in this context. As men age, their body composition changes. Lean body mass (mainly muscle) decreases while fat increases; muscle strength and energy levels also decline. There is no single cause for these changes. It is a delusion to think that such changes can be put off indefinitely by so simple a solution as testosterone supplementation. The search for the golden testicle has proven as futile as the quest for the fountain of youth.
What are the AST choices for men?
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy for the aging man has a rich vocabulary. Some terms have been invented to fit specific products, and others are meant to convey a particular point of view about aging in men. Terms have even been adopted from the vernacular of the body-building cult, to whom the anabolic merits of testosterone are not unfamiliar. The term “male menopause” is probably the easiest understood by the general public, even though it is derived from the words meaning the “end of menstruation.” If mentioning andropause causes a puzzled gaze, adding, “male menopause” serves to clarify quickly. The old-fashioned term “male climacteric,” also adopted from its female counterpart, still survives. Specialists in the field of andrology (the male equivalent of gynecology) have favored “andropause.” Yet, it is still more likely to be found in crossword puzzles than in Florida cocktail party conversation. Conveying greater precision, “androgen deficiency in the aging male” (ADAM), or “partial androgen deficiency in the aging male” (PADAM) have evolved in professional usage. Even more precise is the term “partial endocrine deficiency in the aging male” (PEDAM). Although it is not often used, this term conveys the most complete information. It differs from the others because it encompasses endocrine changes other than androgens, such as the drop in thyroid hormone production, growth hormone, or insulin fluctuations with aging.
Questions about andropause
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not exactly, but many men experience aging changes similar to some of the changes of a woman’s menopause. They tend to lose muscle mass and strength and gain abdominal fat. Their bones lose density because of calcium depletion so that they can develop osteoporosis or the less severe degree of the condition known as osteopenia. Men do not experience hot flashes as they age, but mood changes, memory loss, and impairment of other brain cognitive functions are not different from the experience of aging women. Unlike the female menopause, which is part of women’s genetic constitution, this set of changes is not predestined to happen to all men. A man’s testes can keep working throughout his lifetime but, with aging, the function of the testes may become impaired because of aging conditions that block blood supply to either the testes or the pituitary gland or interfere with nerve systems.
Introduction
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin with a comment on the title of this book. In the eighteenth century, as today, the word “speculative” could be used to belittle, but normally it was not. In 1797 the Encyclopaedia Britannica gave the object of natural philosophy as “speculative truth.” The natural philosopher was, at times, the “speculative philosopher” and his work “speculative philosophy.” Likely to be concerned with forces and the properties of matter,2 a speculative philosopher was one who contemplated nature within a scientific framework, and who undoubtedly also made experiments and observations.
Natural Philosophers
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we consider the difference there is between natural philosophers, and other men, with regard to their knowledge of phenomena, we shall find it consists not in an exacter knowledge of the efficient cause that produces them, for that can be no other than the will of the Deity; but only in a greater and more enlarged comprehension, by which analogies, harmonies, and agreements are described in the works of nature, and the particular effects explained; that is, reduced to general rules, which rules grounded on the analogy and uniformness observed in the production of natural effects, are more agreeable, and sought after by the mind; for that they extend our prospect beyond what is present, and near to us, and enable us to make very probable conjectures, touching things that may have happened at very great distances of time and place, as well as to predict things to come; which sort of endeavour towards omniscience is much affected by the mind.
Theories
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural philosophers expressed their convictions with various degrees of forcefulness: great confidence, bordering on mathematical certainty; prudent open-mindedness, inviting criticism; and tentativeness, often in the form of questions. Newton had a just appreciation of the power of the question. “This brilliant genius,” Einstein wrote of Newton, “who determined the course of western thought, research, and practice like no one else before or since,” was led to his greatest achievement by a “question”: Is there a simple rule by which the motions of the planets can be calculated? His answer to this question was, as we know, a book, the Principia. Like Einstein, drawn to riddles, Newton viewed the universe as a hard riddle indeed. He did not solve it completely, but he gave it a clear formulation, and he turned the riddle into a productive genre of scientific exchange, “Queries.” Through his queries, he left challenges and hints for his successors, backed by his infectious curiosity about the universe and his optimism about science.
Henry Cavendish’s Researches
Authors: Mccormmach Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the start, let us have before us an image of the man: Illustration 4 shows how Cavendish looked near the end of his life. As he walks, his left arm is bent around the small of his back, while his right arm is crooked across his chest, his hand wedged inside the collar of his coat, as if applying torsion to his upper body, conveying the idea of a taut spring. Leaning slightly forward, looking dead ahead, he goes directly after whatever it is he desires. He is not heavy, but beginning to thicken, his rumpled coat hitching over his hips. Emerging from beneath a three-cornered hat, hanging down his back, is a knocker-tailed wig, long out of date. His appearance is decidedly unprepossessing. The sketch from which we learn these particulars was made surreptitiously, since he steadfastly refused to sit for portraits.
From one language to the next: Why is it hard to learn a second language? Why is translation so difficult?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter we looked at first language acquisition. There are important differences between acquiring a first language—a process that happens naturally to any child who is not linguistically deprived—and learning a second. The use of “acquiring” in one case and “learning” in the other is not accidental. Scholars debate, in fact, whether or not the cognitive faculties that are employed in second language learning are distinct from those employed in first language acquisition, and most of the evidence suggests that they are.
Do men and women talk differently? and who cares?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, I discussed three important factors that influence language change: the fact that people don’t all hear the same (chapter 7), the fact that people don’t all repeat in the same way (also chapter 7), and contact among different languages (chapter 8). But even if there were a linguistic community in which people actually did all hear and repeat language in the same way and even if that community were monolingual and totally isolated from other linguistic communities, its language would change over time because other factors influence language change, factors internal to a society. In this chapter we’ll look at the interaction of gender roles and language, but first let’s briefly face a larger question.
Under the Lordship of the King
Authors: Restall Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some wars have two names. What Russians call the Great Patriotic War is known in the West as the Second World War. The Mexican-American War is, to those south of the border, the War of the North American Invasion. But the Conquest of Mexico has no other name. Nobody has ever called it, at least in print, the War of the Spanish Invasion, or the Spanish-Mexica War. The same is true for the Conquest of Peru, the Conquest of Yucatan, and so on. These conventional titles to the components of the Conquest are taken for granted as simple, neutral descriptions. But they are hardly that. For in assigning “conquest” to the entire process of Spanish exploration, expansion, discovery, and invasion, that process is placed within a framework in which events move inexorably toward the inevitable climax of Spanish victory. Conquest history turns on symbolic Spanish accomplishments—such as a particular victory (or massacre) or the founding of a city.