bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 and IGF‐binding protein‐3 do not correlate with Gleason score or quantity of prostate cancer in biopsy samples
Authors: Ismail H.A. , Pollak M. , Behlouli H. , Tanguay S. , Bégin L.R. , Aprikian A.G. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo examine the relationship of serum insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 and IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) with histological cancer characteristics in men undergoing transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided biopsy.PATIENTS AND METHODSPatients (652), with either an elevated serum prostate‐specific antigen level or an abnormal digital rectal examination, were initially evaluated by TRUS and sextant prostatic needle biopsy. Blood was drawn before biopsy, serum extracted and stored frozen until IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 were measured. In all, 241 patients had prostate cancer (37%) and were included in this study. The number of positive biopsies, the volume of tumour in each positive biopsy and the Gleason score were recorded.RESULTSOf the 241 patients, 37 had five or six positive biopsies (from six), 128 had two to four and 76 had one. Serum IGF‐1 did not correlate with the number of positive biopsies, with means of 176.7, 178.3 and 164.4 ng/mL, respectively (P = 0.3), while the mean IGFBP‐3 was 2695, 2795 and 2572 ng/mL, respectively (P = 0.09). The additive percentiles of tumour volume in positive biopsies were assessed for each patient but serum IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 did not correlate (P = 0.7 and 0.9, respectively). In all, 92 patients had a Gleason score of < 7, 80 a score of 7 and 69 a score of > 7; the mean (sd) IGF‐1 levels for the three groups were 181 (39), 174.6 (35) and 176 (26) ng/mL, and the mean IGFBP‐3 2798 (240), 2735 (284) and 2647 (221) ng/mL, respectively, none of the differences being statistically significant.CONCLUSIONSSerum IGF‐1 and IGFBP‐3 do not correlate with quantity of cancer or Gleason score in biopsy samples from patients with prostate cancer.
The natural history of hydronephrosis after radical hysterectomy with no intraoperatively recognisable injury to the ureter: a prospective study
Authors: Paick S.H. , Oh S.J. , Song Y.S. , Kim H.H. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo investigate, in a prospective study, the natural history of hydronephrosis of the urinary tract after radical hysterectomy.PATIENTS AND METHODSFrom December 1997 to March 2001, 34 patients with localized cervical cancer underwent radical hysterectomy by one gynaecologist, with no intraoperatively identifiable injury to the ureter. Intravenous urography was used routinely before and at 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. The degree of hydronephrosis was graded I–IV.RESULTSUrography before surgery showed no abnormal finding in any of the patients, except in one with a unilateral duplex kidney. Hydronephrosis was found in 10 units in the upper tract (grade II in eight, III in one and IV in one) in seven patients (21%) 2 weeks after surgery (one right, three left and three bilateral). All the ureteric narrowing was in the distal ureter. The hydronephrosis disappeared in four units in three patients, but became worse in two units in two patients with bilateral pathology in the fourth week. At 3 months after surgery no hydronephrosis had deteriorated and the hydronephrosis in all units had disappeared by 6 months. The presence of hydronephrosis was significantly correlated with pathological stage and age (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONHydronephrosis was detected after radical hysterectomy even with no intraoperatively recognisable injury to the ureter, but in most the hydronephrosis improved spontaneously and needed no ureteric stenting or surgical intervention.
Investigation of neurokinin‐2 and ‐3 receptors in the human and pig bladder
Authors: Templeman L. , Sellers D.J. , Chapple C.R. , Rosario D.J. , Hay D.P.W. , Chess‐Williams R. 
Published: October 2003

Authors from Sheffield and the USA investigated the role of neurokinin receptors in mediating contraction of detrusor muscle strips from human and pig. They found that NK‐2 receptors subtypes mediate neurokinin A‐induced contraction of the detrusor muscle, and that the NK‐3 receptor appears not to have such a role.Another study, from a variety of European and American centres, determined the expression and plasma membrane location of isoforms of Na,K‐ATPase in the rat ventral prostate; they were localised in the lateral and basolateral plasma membrane domain prostatic epithelial cells, and the authors draw conclusions about the significance of these findings.Finally authors from Yale University investigated the effects of castration on the expressions of endothelins, endothelin receptors and converting enzyme‐1 in the rat seminal vesicle. Their findings led them to suggest that testosterone has a regulatory role in the expression of the endothelin receptor system in the rat seminal vesicle.OBJECTIVETo investigate the role of neurokinin (NK)‐2 and ‐3 receptors in mediating the contraction of detrusor muscle strips from human and pig, to determine whether the pig is a good model for the study of tachykinin receptors in the human bladder, as the biological actions of tachykinins, e.g. substance P and NKA are mediated via three distinct receptor subtypes, NK‐1, ‐2 and ‐3.MATERIALS AND METHODSStrips of detrusor muscle were obtained from the bladder dome and neck of female pigs and from patients undergoing cystectomy. Cumulative concentration‐response curves to NKA were obtained in the absence and presence of either the NK‐2 receptor‐selective antagonist SR48968 or the NK‐3 receptor‐selective antagonist SB223412.RESULTSNKA produced concentration‐dependent contractions in the human and pig detrusor muscle; the curves were shifted to the right by SR48968, with high affinity (pKB 8.9, 8.3 and 8.0 in the human, pig dome and pig neck, respectively), whereas SB223412 had a minimal effect (pKB 5.8, 5.8 and 6.3, respectively).CONCLUSIONThese data confirm that the NK‐2 receptor subtype mediates NKA‐induced contraction of the human and pig detrusor muscle. The NK‐3 receptor appears to have no role in detrusor contraction of either species. The results also provide evidence that the NK‐2 receptor in human and pig are the same, and the latter may be an appropriate species to study tachykinin‐induced contractions in human bladder.
The impact on health‐related quality of life of stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence
Authors: Coyne K.S. , Zhou Z. , Thompson C. , Versi E. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo examine the impact of each type of urinary incontinence (stress, urge, and mixed) on health‐related quality of life (HRQL).SUBJECTS AND METHODSThe USA National Overactive Bladder Evaluation (NOBLE) programme of prevalence was used to identify respondents with incontinence based upon telephone survey responses. A nested case‐control study was then conducted on respondents with symptoms of an overactive bladder (OAB), and on age and gender‐matched controls; this consisted of the respondents completing a series of questionnaires, including the OAB‐q (an HRQL scale for OAB), the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Short‐Form‐36 (SF‐36), the MOS Sleep Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies ‐ Depression (CES‐D) scale. Respondents were categorized into subgroups according to the primary cause of urine loss, i.e. sudden/uncomfortable urge to urinate (urge, UI), physical pressure (stress, SI), or both (mixed, MI). Descriptive analyses, t‐tests and analysis of variance with post hoc comparisons were used.RESULTSOf the 919 participants in the nested case‐control study, 171 reported incontinence, i.e. UI (69), SI (62) and MI (40). Among this cohort, 82.5% were female, 85.4% were Caucasian and the population had a mean age of 55.9 years. All OAB‐q subscale scores were significantly (P < 0.01) worse among those with MI than with SI. Respondents with UI reported significantly higher levels of symptom bother and lower sleep scores (both P < 0.001) than those with SI. There were no differences in HRQL between the MI and UI groups. Voiding frequency and nocturia episodes did not differ among the groups but compared with the SI group, both UI and MI groups reported significantly higher ratings of urinary urge intensity (P < 0.001) and rated their need for medical care significantly higher (P < 0.01). The MI group reported more incontinence episodes (P = 0.02) than the SI group.CONCLUSIONCompared with SI, respondents with UI and MI reported not only significantly greater ratings of urinary urge intensity and more incontinence episodes, but also significantly worse HRQL. These results are consistent with previous findings which indicated a greater impact on HRQL for the urge component of MI than for the stress component.
Pregnancy after lower urinary tract reconstruction for congenital abnormalities
Authors: Greenwell T.J. , Venn S.N. , Creighton S. , Leaver R.B. , Woodhouse C.R.J. 
Published: October 2003

Authors from London evaluated 20 women with treated and reconstructed congenital urinary tract abnormalities, and assessed the effect this might have on renal function, pregnancy and delivery. They found that pregnancy had no long‐term effect on renal function and did not compromise reconstruction. However, there was a substantial complication rate and an increased need for Caesarean section. Nevertheless they felt pregnancy in women such as these is safe for mothers and baby.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of pregnancy on renal function, and the effect of congenital urinary tract abnormality and reconstruction on pregnancy and delivery.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe case notes were reviewed of 20 women (median age 32.5 years) who had had 29 live babies. Data collected included patient demographics, congenital urological abnormality, urological reconstructive procedure(s) and any subsequent urological complications. Pregnancy details, including urological and obstetric complications, presentation and mode of delivery, were obtained via a postal questionnaire from the relevant obstetrician.RESULTSSeven patients had exstrophy‐epispadias, seven spinal dysraphism, two sacral agenesis, and one each cerebral palsy, epispadias, imperforate anus and small bladder with vesico‐ureteric reflux and congenital incontinence. They had had a mean (range) of 5.7 (1–12) urological reconstructive procedures each. Patients with exstrophy‐epispadias had significantly more operations (mean 7.8) than those with spinal dysraphism (mean 4.14) or other diagnoses (mean 2.6) (P < 0.01). At the last follow‐up 13 patients had an enterocystoplasty, six a neobladder and one an ileal conduit. Pregnancy‐related urological complications were urinary tract infection in 15, upper tract obstruction requiring nephrostomy and stent in three, Mitrofanoff difficulties in two and pyelonephritis in one. There was no significant deterioration in glomerular filtration rate or serum creatinine after pregnancy. Only 10 of the births were normal or assisted vaginal deliveries. Seven patients had emergency and 12 had elective Caesarean sections for obstetric indications, including four breech births in the seven patients with vesical exstrophy.CONCLUSIONSPregnancy has no long‐term effect on renal function and does not compromise reconstruction. Although there is a substantial complication rate and an increased need for Caesarean section, pregnancy in women with lower urinary tract reconstruction for congenital urological abnormalities is ultimately safe for both mother and baby. Interdisciplinary co‐operation is desirable for a successful outcome.
Regulatory effect of castration on endothelins, their receptors and endothelin‐converting enzyme in rat seminal vesicle
Authors: Takahashi W. , Yono M. , Wada Y. , Ikeda K. , Weiss R.M. , Latifpour J. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of castration on the expression of endothelins (ETs), ET receptors and ET converting enzyme‐1 (ECE‐1) in the rat seminal vesicle (RSV).MATERIALS AND METHODSSprague‐Dawley rats (3 months old) were surgically castrated or sham‐operated, and then killed 7 days after surgery. Biochemical and pharmacological properties and the location of ET receptors in the RSV were determined by a series of binding experiments with [125I]ET‐1, using membrane particulates and slide‐mounted frozen sections of RSV. Expression levels of ETA and ETB receptor subtypes, ET‐1, ET‐3 and ECE‐1 mRNAs were assessed by relative multiplex reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).RESULTSThe density of total ET receptors increased significantly in the seminal vesicle of the castrated rat. The predominance of the ETA receptor subtype in the RSV did not change with castration. Autoradiographic studies showed the presence of ET receptors on the smooth muscle and epithelium of the RSV. In addition, RT‐PCR showed an up‐regulation in the expression of ETA and ETB receptor subtypes, ET‐1 and ECE‐1 mRNAs in the seminal vesicle of the castrated rat. However, castration caused no significant change in the expression levels of ET‐3 mRNA.CONCLUSIONThese findings suggest a regulatory role for testosterone in the expression of the ET receptor system in the RSV.
Assessing self‐help issues for patients with prostate cancer, interstitial cystitis, erectile dysfunction and urinary diversion
Authors: Breau R.H. , McGrath P.J. , Norman R.W. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence of self‐help (which is widely available and can assist clinicians to educate and empower patients) for several urological diseases.PATIENTS AND METHODSUsing a structured interview, the prevalence of self‐help use and awareness was assessed in patients with prostate cancer, interstitial cystitis, erectile dysfunction and urinary diversion. Patients were also asked to report levels of support and information they required and to specify how well these needs were being met. Consecutive patients (120, 30 from each group) were recruited from an outpatient urology clinic in a tertiary‐care health centre.RESULTSPatients with interstitial cystitis and erectile dysfunction reported having the greatest need but were least satisfied with the level of support and information they currently receive. Inversely, patients with prostate cancer reported having the least need and were most satisfied. Excluding brochures, the use and awareness of self‐help were low in all groups but most patients claimed they would use many types of self‐help if they were available. Many patients are not directed to self‐help resources by their urologist or family physician.CONCLUSIONMost patients would like to use more self‐help but many do not. The low percentage of patients referred to self‐help by their physician probably contributes to, or causes, this problem. It is important for clinicians to encourage and refer patients to specific resources to ensure that the patient receives accurate and pertinent information. As most patients read brochures it is logical to use them to provide basic information and to direct them to other more sophisticated forms of self‐help. We have used urology patients as a model but consider that many of our findings could be applied to other medical and surgical specialities.
Immediate dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry reveals a high incidence of osteoporosis in patients with advanced prostate cancer before hormonal manipulation
Authors: Hussain S.A. , Weston R. , Stephenson R.N. , George E. , Parr N.J. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo examine the incidence of osteoporosis in patients with advanced prostate cancer (using forearm densitometry) before commencing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), as osteoporotic fractures are more frequent in patients with prostate cancer who have undergone either medical or surgical castration, because of rapid loss of bone mass.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 174 patients (mean age 74.6 years, range 46–90) with advanced prostate cancer presented over 2 years. Their forearm bone densitometry values were compared with those from 106 age‐matched controls (mean age 74.3 years, range 66–90).RESULTSOf the 174 patients, 73 (42%) were osteoporotic (t score ≤− 2.5) and 65 (37%) were osteopenic (t score − 1 to − 2.4). This compares with a 27% incidence of osteoporosis in the control group (P = 0.022). There were also no significant correlations between prostate specific antigen levels, Gleason score, tumour stage, biochemical markers and the presence or absence of osteoporosis risk factors.CONCLUSIONPatients with advanced prostate cancer requiring ADT have a high incidence of osteoporosis before treatment. In addition, osteoporosis in these men cannot be predicted from clinical or biochemical values. Therefore, bone densitometry should be used in all patients with advanced cancer requiring ADT, as the results have implications for the choice of cancer therapy and the prophylaxis for osteoporosis.
Influence of cranberry juice on the urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation
Authors: McHarg T. , Rodgers A. , Charlton K. 
Published: October 2003

Cranberry juice is popular remedy for many ills; apart from the pleasant tasting many people drink it to help in preventing UTIs and stones. Authors from Cape Town (where there is the added benefit of an excellent climate) assessed the influence of cranberry juice on urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate calculi in a randomized crossover trial, showing that it has anti‐lithogenic properties. In the second paper, authors from Jerusalem report on 14 patients with distal ureteric strictures after kidney transplantation, all of whom were treated endourologically. They found transurethral incision of the distal ureteric stricture to be effective.OBJECTIVETo investigate the potential influence of cranberry juice on urinary biochemical and physicochemical risk factors associated with the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones, as this product might affect the chemical composition of urine.SUBJECTS AND METHODSUrinary variables were assessed in a randomized cross‐over trial in 20 South African men (students) with no previous history of kidney stones. The first group of 10 subjects drank 500 mL of cranberry juice diluted with 1500 mL tap water for 2 weeks, while the second group drank 2000 mL of tap water for the same period. This was followed by a 2‐week ‘washout’ period before the two groups crossed over. During the experimental phase subjects kept a 3‐day food diary to assess their dietary and fluid intakes; 24‐h urine samples were collected at baseline and on day 14 of the trial periods, and analysed using modern laboratory techniques. Urine analysis data were used to calculate the relative urinary supersaturations of calcium oxalate, uric acid and calcium phosphate. Data were assessed statistically by analysis of variance.RESULTSThe ingestion of cranberry juice significantly and uniquely altered three key urinary risk factors. Oxalate and phosphate excretion decreased while citrate excretion increased. In addition, there was a decrease in the relative supersaturation of calcium oxalate, which tended to be significantly lower than that induced by water alone.CONCLUSIONCranberry juice has antilithogenic properties and, as such, deserves consideration as a conservative therapeutic protocol in managing calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
Effects on pain and anxiety of patients viewing their cystoscopy in addition to a detailed explanation: a controlled study
Authors: Kesari D. , Kovisman V. , Cytron S. , Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo compare the effect of allowing patients to watch their cystoscopy on closed‐circuit television and with an explanation during the procedure, with an explanation alone, as involving patients in the process of minimally invasive procedures like colonoscopy or colposcopy has been reported to alleviate pain and anxiety, but these effects may differ in patients who desire participation and those who do not.PATIENTS AND METHODSOf 51 patients undergoing cystoscopy for the first time, 27 watched the procedure and received explanations, and 24 received explanations alone. They completed an anxiety questionnaire and visual analogue scales (VAS) of anxiety before and after the procedure. Before the procedure they also completed an assessment of desire to be involved in medical decisions and procedures (Kranz Health Opinion Survey, KHOS), and afterwards recorded the pain they had experienced on a scale of 1–10.RESULTSAnxiety (assessed by VAS) declined after the procedure (P < 0.001) but the anxiety questionnaire showed no change. There was a positive correlation between the KHOS and VAS after the procedure; the more the patient was an ‘information seeker’ the higher the anxiety. Neither pain nor anxiety were affected by watching the monitor, whether or not KHOS scores were entered as a cofactor. Age and sex had no effect on the results. There were no complications.CONCLUSIONThere was no effect of watching the cystoscopy on anxiety and pain. Possibly the explanation received by both groups left no room for further improvement in the intervention group.
Tubularized incised‐plate urethroplasty for distal and proximal hypospadias
Authors: Samuel M. , Wilcox D.T. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo describe the tubularized incised‐plate (TIP) urethroplasty for distal and proximal hypospadias.PATIENTS AND METHODSTIP urethroplasty was undertaken in 83 consecutive boys (mean age 14.1 months, sd 7.8) within the past 3 years; 65 (78%) had distal and 18 (22%) proximal penile hypospadias. This was the primary attempt at hypospadias repair in all children.RESULTSAll patients were assessed 7 days after surgery at the time of dressing and catheter removal, and subsequently at a median of 4 months in the clinic, before being discharged. The overall late complication rate was 12% and 10% required a second operation. There was a urethrocutaneous fistula in three (5%) of those with distal and in one of the 18 with proximal penile hypospadias (P = 0.56). Glans dehiscence in distal hypospadias occurred in one (1%) and three, respectively (P = 0.01). Secondary surgery for fistula repair and glans closure was successful in all patients. All children void with a single straight urinary stream in a forward direction, and have a normally situated vertical slit‐like glanular meatus.CONCLUSIONSTIP urethroplasty is a versatile, simple operation with good cosmetic results, which uses the urethral plate to its maximum potential.
The clinical implications of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Marberger M. , Adolfsson J. , Borkowski A. , Fitzpatrick J. , Kirk D. , Prezioso D. , Rabaça C. , Solsona E. , Teillac P. 
Published: October 2003

The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial has been mentioned before in the Comment Section, but several questions were raised by the publication of the results of the trial. These are addressed here and the trial is described in some detail. This review is a good starting point for people interested in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer to review critically the results of the trial for themselves.Percutaneous nephrostomy for decompression of an obstructed kidney has become an essential part of urological practice, and nephrostomy tubes are also being used in many other endourological procedures. The authors give their opinion as to what constitutes an ideal nephrostomy tube, and comment on the pros and cons of various different types.The third mini‐review describes the use of trans‐oceanic telerobotics, and describes the development and current use of their new technology.Disclosures: This manuscript was an outcome of the European Prostate Cancer Forum, which is supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Merck & Co., Inc.