bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhetorics Of Free Competition, 1980-1992: Free Market Imagery, Corporate Control, And The Problem Of Equality
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1980, the Supreme Court had turned away from the Warren era’s ethic of substantive equality. Yet, no clear position on equality had replaced that ethic. Perhaps the most striking example of the resulting quandary was the Court’s Bakke (1978) decision.1 On the one hand, the University of California’s affirmative action program to set aside a number of positions for minority candidates in the medical school’s entering class was outlawed as racial discrimination. On the other, it was permissible for admissions committees to take race and other characteristics into account. Similar quandaries about equality also emerged in the Court’s First Amendment speech jurisprudence, producing sharp-angled changes in the treatment of corporate and commercial speech.
Television Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the media has been awash in exuberant tales of the arrival of the information superhighway, when television will explode with exciting possibilities, offering some 500 channels as well as a marriage of TV and computer that will provide, on command, access to the latest movies, magazines, newspapers, books, sports events, stock exchange figures, your bank account, and much, much more. And the major TV networks, pundits add, will be doomed to extinction by this revolution in cable, computers, and fiber optics. But in Television Today and Tomorrow, Gene Jankowski--former President and Chairman of the CBS Broadcast Group--and David Fuchs--also a former top executive at CBS--tell a different story. They predict a bumpy road ahead for the information superhighway, and the major networks, they say, are abundantly healthy and will remain so well into the next century. The information superhighway, Jankowski and Fuchs admit, will dramatically increase the distribution channels, but it will have little impact on the amount of programming created--and this may spell disaster. The authors show how the networks began as a way to provide programs to local stations (who could not afford to produce their own), who in turn provided the distribution that gave networks access to mass audiences and ultimately large advertising dollars. They then offer us an inside look at television production--showing us, for instance, a veteran scriptwriter putting together a breakfast table scene for "Cloud Nine"--to underscore how much effort goes into producing just two minutes of primetime programming. They reveal that the present 20 channels require some 20,000 hours of programming each year, which is more than all the Broadway plays produced in this century, and they conclude that without a dramatic increase in programming (which won't happen if only because of the very finite supply of talent), the superhighway will be jammed bumper-to-bumper with reruns, old movies, and inexpensive programming aimed at tightly focused audiences ("narrowcasting" as opposed to "broadcasting"). This is hardly the bonanza the pundits have promised. The authors point out that the media blitz about the new technology has hardly focused on programming, or on funding, or on what needs these 500 channels will fill. The major networks, on the other hand, will remain the only means of reaching the whole country, and the only channels that offer a full schedule of current, live, and original programs, free of charge. And thus they will continue to attract most of the audience of TV viewers. The real loser in the cable revolution, the authors contend, is PBS, whose role as an alternative to network TV has been usurped by cable stations such as The Discovery Channel and Nickelodeon. This is a brass tacks look at television with an eye on the bottom line by two men who boast over sixty years of experience in the medium. If you want to understand television in America, where it came from and where it is going, you will need to read this book.
Introduction
Authors: Hawley John Stratton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of sati has long been a central feature in the Western image of India. Suttee, as Westerners have often spelled the word, describes the ritual according to which a Hindu wife follows her husband to his death by ascending his pyre with him or ascending one of her own shortly afterward. Yet words can be deceiving, particularly when they travel from one language to another. For many Hindus, sati is not a woman’s deed but the woman herself. More of that in a moment—and throughout this book. For now, let us return to the Western idea of sati: sati the practice.
Melville and Repose
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bryant’s book is a strong and significant argument for the centrality of humour in Melville’s novels. The purpose of Melville and Repose is dual: to ground the uses of humour in Melville in sensitive readings of contemporaneous European and American writings, and to offer a definitive account of humour as the shaping force of Melville’s narrative voice for the duration of his literary career. Bryant argues that Melville fused a “rhetoric of geniality” adopted from the British with a “rhetoric of deceit” borrowed from the American tall tale in order to create his own amiably cosmopolitan “rhetoric of aesthetic repose.” Thorough research, an engaging style, and full, scholarly readings of the oeuvre combine to make this book a welcome addition to the libraries of Melville scholars and enthusiasts.
America’s Repose
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These words conclude Melville’s opening to a letter to Hawthorne. The letter itself is an expansive ramble that begins with farming, ends with Goethe, and in between touches upon democracy, aristocracy, literary fortune (“Dollars damn me”), head, heart, and intellectual “unfolding.” Melville’s jaunty but obsessive tone--”I feel cheerfully disposed, and therefore I write a little bluely” (Letters, 128)—echoes Ishmael, and understandably so; Moby-Dick was near completion. Shandyean in its pronouncements and tentative reversals, the heft of the letter obliged Melville to invert the postal custom of that day and pay the freight himself. At issue in these lines is Melville’s reversal of Shaftesbury’s familiar comic test for truth. Melville’s good-natured humor makes a political point even as it suggests the failure of the amiable mode to survive amid the hurly-burly of democratic politics. The amiable undoing of amiability strikes to the heart of America’s comic debate.
The Anxieties of Humor
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melville’s first book is really three. Or rather, one must read Typee with triple vision. Typee is unique in the Melville canon, first because it is one of the few texts for which extensive manuscripts exist. Second, it is the only Melville book to go through several significant editions during the author’s life, so that the changes from one edition to the next provide a fascinating record of Melville’s writing process. And third, one such edition, the heavily expurgated ‘‘ American Revised,’’ affords a special glimpse at Melville’s anxious interaction with his earliest audience. Typee is as much an event as it is a text. In stressing the creative phases of this event, a trifocal reading of Typee reveals the anxieties of that creation. Melville had seen “strange and romantic” sights during his four years at sea; he had witnessed political horrors; he had exposed himself to liberated sexual practices—aboard ship, in port, on the islands—that few could reconcile with Victoria’s world. He had become an enthusiast for other worlds. And he had messages: Primitive life was not savage but amiable; imperialists were forcing islanders to commit savageries that allowed Westemers to call them savage and rationalize their extermination; missionaries were destroying Eden in the name of God. Just as he was coming to see what it was he wanted to say, Melville was also rushing to make his mark in the literary world. He had appalling messages, but a public to please. He added chapters at his British editor’s insistence; he sacrificed others for America. Melville was also learning his craft: how to dramatize, how to transform experience into art, how to transcribe another culture, how to translate himself for readers. To gain a fuller sense of the triple “event” of Typee—its inchoate ideologies, emerging aesthetics, and experimental rhetoric—we must know the way Melville created it, from manuscript to first edition to revised. Reading Typee three ways illuminates how an American forged ideology out of real and aesthetic experiences in the midst of the literary marketplace.
Typee in Manuscript
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Typee fragment, a working draft manuscript covering Chapters 12-14, is thirty sheets of long blue paper crammed with words on both sides. To casual readers, the scribbled revisions are chaos; to scholars, they are the verbal equivalent of a fugue. If writing is a fluid process of composition destined never to be completed and prematurely frozen into print, then this manuscript of Melville’s is sweet music indeed. In places we find the flowing melody of unimpeded thought rushing to be set confidently into words; elsewhere is the staccato of false starts, erasures, fresh starts, and cancellations. There are shifts in language and voice, and modulations of humor and insight. In piecing together Melville’s revisions, we see the the many Prufrockian decisions and indecisions of word choice he entertained, from which we may infer the rhetorical strategies he developed to control himself and readers. Reading Melville in manuscript is a chance to retrieve moments of growth; it is our closest link to his creative process and rhetoric.1
Tommo’s Rhetoric of Deceit
Authors: Bryant John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Typee is an amiable novel with an amiable voice but a most unamiable end. Hobbling down to the shore, Tommo is permitted to search for Toby, who he thinks may have returned with a group of sailors to rescue him. Two reckless acts seem out of character. Taking a bolt of cloth from a boat, he tosses the material to Fayaway as if to pay for services rendered, saying with frantic self-righteousness, “Here, woman, cover yourself.’’ Next, he makes a sudden dash for freedom. This sparks a ferocious mêlée, turning the shore (that marginal territory emblematic of Melville’s balanced repose) into a battle scene. Pursued beyond the breakers, Tommo shows no reluctance to commit an act of “horror” (T, 252) by pitching a boathook at the warrior Mow-Mow, who sinks in agony. In an instant, Tommo has resumed the hypocrisies of the West: the violent reaction against the “other,” the shame of sexual freedom, the betrayal of a brother. Tommo’s amiable Eden dissolves like a dream, the stuff for more tranquil future reflections.’
Mark Twain and the Art of the Tall Tale
Authors: Wonham Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mark Twain and the Art of the Tall Tale is a study of a peculiarly American comic strategy and its role in Mark Twain’s fiction. Henry Wonham examines how Mark Twain used the oral genre of the tall tale to experiment with narrative structure throughout his career. Wonham argues that in his major fiction Twain manipulated conventional approaches to reading and writing by engaging his audience in a series of rhetorical games, whose rules he adapted from the conventions of tall tale performance and response. The book offers a history of the tall tale in American oral and written language, and shows how Twain’s appropriation of the genre developed from the early works such as The Innocents Abroad through Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn, and Pudd’nhead Wilson.
Sanctity in the Cloister: Walter Daniel’s Vita Sandi Aelredi and Rhetoric
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aelred, the saintly abbot of Rievaulx, died at approximately ten-thirty P.M. on the twelfth of January 1167, the day before the ides of January on the feast of St. Hilarius (d. 368), bishop of Poitiers, and within the solemnity of the feast of the Epiphany. His biographer, Walter Daniel, tells us that his death was not unexpected; that year’s exceptionally bitter Northumbrian winter had sapped much of the elderly man’s remaining vitality.1 Aelred’s fellow Cistercians knew that his death signaled a great passing. They believed the moment of his death was of major historical significance. Aelred was, after all, the acknowledged leader of the first generation of English Cistercians. He had met St. Bernard during his journey to the Roman Curia in 1142. Moreover, it was the great abbot of Clairvaux himself who had insisted that, although only the novice master at Rievaulx, Aelred must write what was to become his famous analysis of the Cistercian religious life, the Speculum Caritatis.2 Lastly, Aelred’s monastic brethren knew that his reputation for sanctity was well deserved. Not only did they weep, then, for the passing of a beloved monastic companion, but they wept for the loss of a great spiritual teacher, and, perhaps most importantly, they wept because they believed that they were present at the passing
Introduction
Authors: Lucey Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1920s Andre Gide, by then in his fifties and one of the most well established literary figures in France, began publishing writings that insisted on his homosexuality. (Earlier writings such as Elmmoraliste [1902] or Les Caves du Vatican [1914] had hinted at this aspect of his life but stopped well short of the explicitness he aimed at in the 1920s and thereafter.) In addition, throughout the 1920s and 1930s Gide increasingly advocated a variety of left-wing causes, declaring his allegiance to communism in the early 19.’30s and visiting the Soviet Union in 19.’36. Gide’s sexuality continually troubles discussions of his work, even when those discussions consciously avoid mentioning it. If, for many commentators, Gide’s explicitly political interests of the 1920s and 1930s-in anticolonialist struggles, feminism, communism, and the Soviet Union-represent a decline in his “literary” interest or value, for many others his sexuality lessens not only his “literary” value but his political reliability as well. These kinds of judgments are, as we will see, sometimes explicit, sometimes discreetly implied. The alliance of politics, sexuality, and literature in Gide’s case almost inevitably has a discomfiting effect. That effect is the subject of this book.
Gribouille En Afrique: Gide’s Voyage Au Congo
Authors: Lucey Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin du Gard is responsible for checking the proofs and takes care of most of the duties attendant on the novel’s publication, which took place while Gide was away. The first time Martin du Gard sees Gide after his return from Africa roughly a year later, Gide seems changed and nervous. In his journal Martin du Gard remarks on Gide’s “unhealthy and unaccustomed feverishness”: But then Martin du Gard revises himself and decides that this behavior is merely some sort of frenzied cover, some overcompensation for the difficulties of readjusting to Parisian life, a symptom of the difficulties of the last exhausting stages of Gide’s African voyage. This revision comes as Gide begins suddenly to talk of his current project, a report on the present situation in French colonial Africa. In the course of this oration, Gide calls Martin du Gard’s attention to an official report from 1902 that he has been reading. The report tells of an African tribe oppressed by the French and of the taxation, forced labor, and other miseries imposed on them. At a certain point, reading from the report, Gide becomes so emotional that he can no longer continue: Martin du Gard is astonished by what he deems the excessive and atypical nature of Gide’s response to the facts of the report (twenty-four years old after all). In order to explain the changes in his friend, the oddness of his behavior, his queer tears, Martin du Gard tells how he later learned the details of the final stages of Gide’s voyage, details that might explain how Gide ended up in such a nervous state. Suffering from dysentery, with his traveling companion suffering from fever, Gide was obliged near the end of his voyage to backtrack to a medical post they had already passed.
Americans Learn to Play and Religion Learns to Let Them
Authors: Moore R Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The truth is, the need of amusement is much less than people commonly apprehend, and, where it is not necessary, it must be sinful.
Reverend John Witherspoon, 1757
Let our readers, one and all, remember that we are sent into the world, not for sport and amusement, but for labor; not to enjoy and please ourselves, but to serve and glorify God and be useful to our fellow men. That is the great object and end of life.
Religious leaders played innovative roles during the consolidation of America’s market economy in the first half of the nineteenth century, especially in shaping the culture industry. The transformation of many cultural activities into commodity transactions meant that to improve themselves, to learn who they were, and especially to entertain themselves, Americans were given a large number of shopping options with respect to products and services.1 Religion was itself rapidly taking on aspects of a commodity. It developed marketing strategies, ways of advertising itself, and distribution networks. Methodist circuit riders by themselves invented forms of religious proselytizing that could be adapted to the selling of virtually any product. They were not alone in their innovative cleverness, not in a land of fierce denominational competition. Religious entrepreneurs made aggressive use of technological changes in the media that were later copied by businessmen and politicians. Religion’s systematic and expansive complicity in mechanisms of market exchange is surely the most important aspect of the particular kind of secularization that has characterized the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Chautauqua and Its Protective Canopy: Religion, Entertainment, and Small-Town Protestants
Authors: Moore R Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many beautiful values can be made to live for all mankind by gaily marching children, by youths contending in athletic games, by maidens winding round the Maypole, by lively music quickening and dissolving the quaint formations of the folk dances, by free families released to wander with romping children through the parks or over the green of the countryside?
The Invisible God
Authors: Finney Paul Corby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of early Christian (first three centuries C. E.) attitudes toward art. The traditional view is that the early Christians produced no art because they were opposed in principle to visual images. When Christian art finally does appear, it has been considered a popular development and a decline from earlier, more austere spiritual values. Corby Finney here refutes these traditional understandings, through a close examination of the archaeological and literary evidence in its cultural and social context. He finds that it was primarily the Christian belief in the invisibility of God that inhibited the production of images, rather than opposition to images as such. A contributory factor, he believes was the relative invisibility of the Christians themselves within Roman society. Christina art “came out” chiefly when the Christian acquired a legal status and the capacity to own property and to build (and hence to decorate) places of worship. Before this, says Finney, very little differentiated the Christians from society at large, and certainly not outward signs. When they did use decorated material objects (seals and lamps) they drew on symbols already in use. Offering an important corrective to prevailing views about early Christianity, this study will be of great importance not only to scholars and students of Christian theology and history, but to art historians as well.
Religion and the Symbolics of Power: Message and Significance
Authors: Edwards Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious symbols permeated the Roman world. Visual displays and rhetorical flourishes on public and private monuments, coins and in literary texts provide ample testimony for the ways local elites in the Greek East acquired or consolidated power during imperial Roman rule. Local elites and their affiliates had at their disposal many religious symbols (the “symbolics of power”) to mediate the intersection between religion, society, and politics. Studies that have examined that intersection-most notably on the imperial cult of Asia Minor, the power of images in the Age of Augustus, and the images associated with Roman arches in Rome-illustrate how invisible but real “webs of power” bound rulers and ruled in networks of visual and verbal discourse.
The Power Game: Setting the Stage
Authors: Edwards Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between Augustus and Hadrian, something changed in the Greek East. A century and a half of imperial rule had altered both the nature of Roman rule and the manner in which those in the Greek East responded to it. Imperial power still revolved around the emperor, a power based on decades of precedents. Senators and equestrians from Italy continued to play important roles in the maintenance of the empire. Yet, the faces and families who ruled had changed substantially. The senatorial and equestrian classes had huge turnovers each generation: up to 75 percent for senatorial families and even more for equestrian families.
Broadcasting News from Nowhere R. B. C:unninghame Graham and the Geography of Politics in the 1890s
Authors: Gogwilt Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Karl Marx, in one of his less famous writings arguing against a utopian project of emigration to America, concluded: “I cry out to the communists in every country: Brothers, stay at the battlefront of Europe. Work and struggle here, because only Europe has all the elements to set up communal wealth. This type of community will be established here, or nowhere!’ This imperative against utopia marks the general cultural predicament producing that problem of the geography of politics in the 1890s which I explore in this essay: the theoretical and practical limit, implied in Marx’s rhetorical appeal, to realizing a new globalism of social and political relations. In order to reflect on how the “battlefronts” of revolutionary struggle were drawn in the 1890s, I consider, in counterpoint to that imperative “here, or nowhere;’ the oddly representative example of R. B. Cunninghame Graham and the distinctive form of his own geography of politics as revealed in his sketch artistry.
What Hath God Wrought? Religious Melancholy in the Second Great Awakening
Authors: Rubin Julius H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will explore the case of Benjamin Noyes, a Yale College undergraduate enthralled by the promises and antimonies of evangelical religion in an age of wondrous visitation by the Holy Spirit—an age of revivals. Noyes’s life and untimely death need to be viewed against the wider context of how evangelicals were enjoined to fashion a life and personality consistent with evangelical values.