bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pair diffusion and kick‐out: Contributions to diffusion of boron in silicon
Authors: Jung M. Y. L. , Gunawan R. , Braatz R. D. , Seebauer E. G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDiffusion of boron in silicon has great technological relevance to microelectronic processing. Despite considerable effort spanning over many years, the dominant mechanism for this diffusion remains strongly debated, together with the values of key activation energies. Some evidence indicates that the principal mobile species is a B‐Si complex (so‐called “pair diffusion”), whereas other evidence points to a lone boron interstitial (“kick‐out”). An attempt to resolve the question is made by formulating a comprehensive kinetic model that incorporates both mechanisms. Rate parameters for the elementary steps are estimated systematically, based on literature reports or physical arguments. In the frequent cases where reports conflict, maximum likelihood estimation is employed to determine the best value, and multivariate statistics to quantify its accuracy. A Monte Carlo technique is used to show that kick‐out very likely dominates pair diffusion in both implanted Si and unimplanted silicon. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3248–3256, 2004
Fatal lymphoproliferative disorder in a child with Schimke immuno‐osseous dysplasia
Authors: Taha Doris , Boerkoel Cornelius F. , Balfe John Williamson , Khalifah Mohammed , Sloan Emily A. , Barbar Maha , Haider Abdulrazzaq , Kanaan Hassan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSchimke immuno‐osseous dysplasia (SIOD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, nephrotic syndrome, and cell‐mediated immunodeficiency. Mutations in the SMARCAL1 gene (SW1/SNF2‐related, matrix‐associated, actin‐dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a‐like1) cause SIOD. We report a patient with SIOD and SMARCAL1 mutations, who presented with fever of unknown origin secondary to B‐cell lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an SIOD patient with a primary lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intron 7 retention and exon 9 skipping EAAT2 mRNA variants are not associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Flowers Joanna M. , Powell John F. , Leigh P. Nigel , Andersen Peter , Shaw Christopher E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGlutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity is implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The astroglial glutamate transporter EAAT2 plays a major role in maintaining low levels of extracellular glutamate in the central nervous system. Multiple EAAT2 mRNA transcripts have been described, but those retaining intron 7 or skipping exon 9 are reported to be specific to the motor cortex, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients. We sought to verify these findings using a TaqMan (Elmer Biosystems, Warrington, UK) real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay, which provides a sensitive and reliable quantitative measure of EAAT2 transcript copy ratios. We analyzed RNA extracted from frozen postmortem tissue from affected and unaffected central nervous system regions dissected from 17 sporadic ALS patients, 7 Alzheimer's disease patients, and 19 control subjects. We have demonstrated unequivocally that intron 7 retaining and exon 9 skipping variants can be detected in all individuals and in all central nervous system regions studied. The mean ratio of “variant” to “normal” transcripts did not differ significantly between patient and control groups. Although our assay could detect transcript concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid as low as 10 pg/ml, none were detected in 17 ALS and 8 control samples. We conclude that ALS is not associated with elevated levels of EAAT2 transcripts retaining intron 7 and skipping exon 9. An alternative explanation must be sought for the disturbance of glutamate homeostasis reported in ALS.
Cardiac and respiratory failure in limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy 2I
Authors: Poppe Maja , Bourke John , Eagle Michelle , Frosk Patrick , Wrogemann Klaus , Greenberg Cheryl , Muntoni Francesco , Voit Thomas , Straub Volker , Hilton‐Jones David , Shirodaria Cheerag , Bushby Kate 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMutations in the gene encoding fukutin‐related protein cause limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy 2I. In this multicenter retrospective analysis of 38 patients, 55.3% had cardiac abnormalities, of which 24% had developed cardiac failure. Heterozygotes for the common C826A mutation developed cardiac involvement earlier than homozygotes. All patients initially improved while receiving standard therapy. Independent of cardiac status, forced vital capacity was below 75% in 44.4% of the patients. There was no absolute correlation between skeletal muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy or respiratory insufficiency. These complications are a primary part of this specific type of limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy, with important implications for management. Ann Neurol 2004;56:738–741
Cure characterization of unsaturated polyester resin by fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Grunden Bradley L. , Sung Chong Sook Paik 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA strong fluorescence emission was observed during cure of an unsaturated polyester resin containing about 30% styrene by weight. As the cure proceeded, the emission intensity at 306 nm increased. Model compound studies confirmed that the unsaturated polyester component exhibited negligible fluorescence when excited at 250 nm where styrene has strong absorption. Based on the studies of styrene/polystyrene mixtures, the fluorescence emission at 306 nm was attributed to a reduced inner‐filter effect of styrene monomer. Fluorescence intensity changes following cure at 75°C were correlated to the extent of styrene conversion determined by FT‐IR spectroscopy, demonstrating that the fluorescence measurement is more sensitive to styrene conversion in the later stages of cure than conventional IR measurements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2446–2450, 2004
Application of hindered piperidine amine and/or tertiary amine in the modification of polyamide 6
Authors: Guo Xitao , Zhao Yaoming , Ning Ping , Ai Xiying 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPA 6 resin was produced in a hydrolytic‐polymeric process in which ε‐caprolactam was polymerized in the presence of water as initiator, isophthalic acid and benzoic acid as chain regulators, by polymerizing caprolactam in the presence of 7.5% by weight of water, 0.2% by weight of isophthalic acid, 0.1% by weight of benzoic acid, each percentage being based on caprolactam. By adding hindered piperidine amine and/or tertiary amine to the polymeric system, the effects of additives on the polymer were studied. The results showed that: the addition of 0.1 ∼ 0.2% additives can improve the melt stability of polyamide 6; the addition of 0.2% additives can protect mechanical properties of polyamide 6 fibers after exposure to high temperature; and the addition of 0.05 ∼ 0.25% additives can increase the amino end group content of polyamide 6 and thereby increase the dyeability of polyamide fibers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2489–2493, 2004
Role of alendronate in therapy for posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I of the lower extremity
Authors: Manicourt Daniel‐Henri , Brasseur Jean‐Pierre , Boutsen Yves , Depreseux Geneviève , Devogelaer Jean‐Pierre 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of the antiresorptive agent alendronate at a daily oral dose of 40 mg in patients with posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) of the lower extremity.MethodsForty patients were enrolled in this 8‐week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of alendronate therapy for CRPS I, a condition associated with regional osteoclastic overactivity. An optional 8‐week open extension of alendronate therapy (weeks 12–20) was available after a 4‐week period without therapy. Clinical assessments included joint mobility, edema of the lower extremity, tolerance to pressure in the lower extremity, and levels of spontaneous pain. Urinary levels of type I collagen N‐telopeptide (NTX) were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were examined at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24. Statistical analysis included two‐way factorial analysis of variance.ResultsIn contrast to placebo‐treated patients (n = 20), all of the alendronate‐treated patients (n = 19) exhibited a marked and sustained improvement in levels of spontaneous pain, pressure tolerance, and joint mobility, as well as a significant reduction in urinary levels of NTX at weeks 4 and 8. The improvement was maintained at week 12. Twelve patients from each treatment group volunteered for the 8‐week open trial, and all of them had a positive response to alendronate.ConclusionOur findings support the use of oral alendronate in posttraumatic CRPS I. By reducing local acceleration of bone remodeling, alendronate might relieve pain by effects on nociceptive primary afferents in bone, pain‐associated changes in the spinal cord, and possibly also through a central mechanism.
Association between nuclear antigens and endogenous retrovirus in the generation of autoantibody responses in murine lupus
Authors: Tucker Rebecca M. , Roark Christina L. , Santiago‐Raber Marie‐Laure , Izui Shozo , Kotzin Brian L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective(NZB × NZW)F1(NZB/NZW) mice and other strains of mice with experimental lupus frequently produce autoantibodies to both chromatin constituents and murine leukemia virus envelope gp70. These autoantibody responses are involved in the glomerulonephritis that develops in these mice. This study was undertaken to explore possible connections between these 2 antigen systems.MethodsWe used monoclonal antibodies (mAb) derived from unmanipulated NZB/NZW mice to investigate the specificity of anti‐gp70 and antichromatin autoantibodies for chromatin constituents, recombinant gp70, NZB retroviruses, and retrovirally infected cells. NZB mice were also immunized with retroviral particles and followed up for study of autoantibody responses.ResultsSpontaneous autoantibody production in NZB/NZW mice reflects high‐level autoimmune responses to nuclear antigens and gp70 that do not cross‐react with the other antigen. However, both types of autoantibodies have the capability to bind to the endogenous xenotropic virions NZB‐X1 or NZB‐X2. The mAbs to recombinant gp70 cross‐reacted only with the NZB‐X2 virus, whereas the antichromatin mAb frequently bound to both retroviruses. The binding of antichromatin autoantibodies was mediated by nuclear material complexed to the retrovirus, and studies showed that this material can be acquired through the budding process. Immunization with NZB‐X1 or NZB‐X2 virions induced strong responses to gp70 and was much more effective than chromatin at inducing autoantibody responses to chromatin and double‐stranded DNA in NZB mice.ConclusionThese studies suggest that retroviral virions may harbor nuclear antigens and may link together the autoimmune responses to the disparate antigens, chromatin and gp70.
Identification of new quantitative trait loci in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Bauer Kristin , Yu Xinhua , Wernhoff Patrik , Koczan Dirk , Thiesen Hans‐Juergen , Ibrahim Saleh M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectiveCollagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in the mouse is one of the most widely used autoimmune experimental models, with many features similar to rheumatoid arthritis. This study sought to identify potential genetic regulatory mechanisms of CIA in major histocompatibility complex–matched (H2‐q) F2 hybrid mice.MethodsWe used 126 polymorphic markers to perform simple sequence‐length polymorphism analysis on 290 F2 hybrids of arthritis‐susceptible (DBA/1J) and arthritis‐resistant (FVB/N) inbred mouse strains. The major clinical traits (disease severity and onset) were assessed, and serum antibodies specific to type II collagen (CII) were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 270 F2 mice. Lymph nodes from 94 F2 mice were used to test the ratio of CD4 to CD8 by fluorescence‐activated cell sorter analysis, and cell proliferation was determined by XTT test.ResultsTwo quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in previous studies were confirmed; these were severity‐controlling Cia2 and onset‐controlling Cia4 on chromosome 2. Moreover, we identified 5 new QTLs, 1 for CII‐specific IgG2a antibodies on chromosome 5, 2 controlling the CII‐specific IgG1 antibody response on chromosomes 10 and 13, 1 for the CD4:CD8 ratio on chromosome 2, and 1 for cell proliferation (measured by XTT test) on chromosome 16. Complement component C5 was identified as the probable main candidate gene for the QTLs Cia2 and Cia4. F2 mice carrying a 2‐basepair deletion of C5, the FVB/N allele, had low incidence and less severe disease as compared with those carrying the DBA/1J allele.ConclusionThis genome scan provides additional evidence confirming the role of C5 as a probable candidate gene for Cia2 and Cia4 loci, and identifies new QTLs controlling new traits in autoimmune arthritis.
Passive transfer of Sjögren's syndrome IgG produces the pathophysiology of overactive bladder
Authors: Wang Fang , Jackson Michael W. , Maughan Vicki , Cavill Dana , Smith Anthony J. , Waterman Sally A. , Gordon Tom P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe presence, in patients with primary and secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS), of autoantibodies that acutely inhibit M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R)–mediated bladder contractions is difficult to reconcile with the fact that symptoms of detrusor overactivity and other features of cholinergic hyperresponsiveness occur in this disease. This study was undertaken to examine the in vivo effects of these autoantibodies on bladder function by examining bladder responsiveness and compliance following passive transfer of patient IgG to mice.MethodsContractile responses of isolated bladder strips both to the muscarinic agonist carbachol and to electrically evoked acetylcholine release were measured 48 hours after injection of mice with patient or control IgG. A whole bladder assay with intact neuronal pathways was developed to assess bladder wall compliance on filling cystometry. Expression of M3R in bladders from IgG‐injected mice was assessed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsPassive transfer of SS IgG with inhibitory anti‐M3R activity produced a paradoxical increase in contractile responses of detrusor strips to cholinergic stimulation. Cystometry of whole bladders revealed a corresponding decrease in bladder wall compliance and phasic detrusor contractions upon filling, replicating the urodynamic features of an overactive bladder. The features of cholinergic hyperresponsiveness were associated with increased postsynaptic M3R expression and were reproduced by injecting mice with a rabbit antibody against the second extracellular loop of M3R.ConclusionThese findings are consistent with the notion that there is initial inhibition of parasympathetic neurotransmission by antagonistic autoantibodies to M3R, which produces a compensatory increase in M3R expression in vivo. The enhanced cholinergic responses during bladder distention result in detrusor overactivity. We conclude that the overactive bladder associated with SS is an autoantibody‐mediated disorder of the autonomic nervous system, which may be part of a wider spectrum of cholinergic hyperresponsiveness.
Bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor β inhibitory Smads 6 and 7 are expressed in human adult normal and osteoarthritic cartilage in vivo and are differentially regulated in vitro by interleukin‐1β
Authors: Kaiser Martina , Haag Jochen , Söder Stephan , Bau Brigitte , Aigner Thomas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectiveBone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) are potent anabolic factors in adult articular chondrocytes. In this study, we investigated whether intracellular inhibitors of BMP and TGFβ signaling, inhibitory Smad6 (I‐Smad6) and I‐Smad7, are expressed in articular chondrocytes in normal and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, and whether their expression shows a correlation with the anabolic activity of OA chondrocytes in vivo and after interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) stimulation in vitro.MethodsRNA isolated directly from normal and OA human knee cartilage as well as from cultured articular chondrocytes was analyzed by (quantitative) polymerase chain reaction technology. Immunolocalization of the I‐Smads was performed on tissue sections and compared with the anabolic cellular activity as documented by in situ hybridization experiments for aggrecan and type II collagen.ResultsBoth Smad6 and Smad7 were expressed in all samples of normal and OA cartilage. Immunostaining (including confocal microscopy) confirmed the presence of Smad6 and Smad7 in the majority of normal and degenerated articular chondrocytes; localization was mostly cytoplasmic. No correlation between expression of the main anabolic genes and expression of the I‐Smads was found. In cultured articular chondrocytes, stimulation with IL‐1β showed up‐regulation of Smad7, whereas Smad6 was down‐regulated.ConclusionBoth Smad6 and Smad7 are expressed in adult human articular chondrocytes. The primarily cytoplasmic localization suggests permanent activation of the I‐Smads in articular cartilage in vivo. No evidence was found that up‐regulation or down‐regulation of I‐Smads in OA cartilage correlates directly with the anabolic (or catabolic) activity of articular chondrocytes. The regulation in chondrocytes of Smad6 and Smad7 expression by IL‐1β suggests a potentially important role of IL‐1β signaling in chondrocytes, via indirect influencing of the BMP/TGFβ signaling cascade.
Kinetics of baculovirus replication and release using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Rosinski Matthew , Reid Steven , Nielsen Lars Keld 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe study of viral‐based processes is hampered by (a) their complex, transient nature, (b) the instability of products, and (c) the lack of accurate diagnostic assays. Here, we describe the use of real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to characterize baculoviral infection. Baculovirus DNA content doubles every 1.7 h from 6 h post‐infection until replication is halted at the onset of budding. No dynamic equilibrium exists between replication and release, and the kinetics are independent of the cell density at the time of infection. No more than 16% of the intracellular virus copies bud from the cell. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 476–480, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10126
An experimental and theoretical study on the dissolution of mural fibrin clots by tissue‐type plasminogen activator
Authors: Wootton David M. , Popel Aleksander S. , Rita Alevriadou B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDuring thrombolytic therapy and after recanalization is achieved, reduction in the volume of mural thrombi is desirable. Mural thrombi are known to contribute to rethrombosis and reocclusion. The lysis rate of mural thrombi has been demonstrated to increase with fluid flow in different experimental models, but the mechanisms responsible are unknown. An experimental and a theoretical study were developed to determine the contribution of outer convective transport to the lysis of mural fibrin clots. Normal human plasma containing recombinant tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA; 0.5 μg/mL) was (re)perfused over mural fibrin clots with fluorescently labeled fibrin at low arterial, arterial, or higher wall shear stresses (4, 18, or 41 dyn/cm2, respectively) and lysis was monitored in real time. Flow accelerated lysis, but significantly only at the highest shear stress: The average lysis front velocity was 3 × 10−5 cm/s at 41 dyn/cm2 vs. almost half of that at the lower shear stresses. Confocal microscopy showed fibrin fibers dissolving only in a narrow region close to the surface when permeation velocity was predicted to be low. A heterogeneous transport‐reaction finite element model was used to describe mural fibrinolysis. After scaling the effects of outer and inner convection, inner diffusion, and chemical reactions, a simplified inner diffusion/reaction model was used. Correlation to fibrin lysis data in purified systems dictated higher rates of plasmin(ogen) and tPA adsorption onto fibrin and a decreased catalytic rate of plasmin‐mediated fibrin degradation, compared with published parameters. At each shear stress, the model predicted a temporal pattern of lysis of mural fibrin (similar to that observed experimentally), and protease accumulation in a narrow fibrin region and significant lysis inhibition by plasma α2‐antiplasmin (according to the literature). Increasing outer convection accelerated mural fibrinolysis, but the model did not predict the big increase in lysis rate at the highest shear stress. At higher than arterial flows, additional mechanisms not accounted for in the current model, such as fibrin collapse at the fibrin front, may regulate the lysis of mural clots and determine the outcome of thrombolytic therapy. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 405–419, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10127
Inline characterization of cell concentration and cell volume in agitated bioreactors using in situ microscopy: Application to volume variation induced by osmotic stress
Authors: Camisard V. , Brienne J.‐P. , Baussart H. , Hammann J. , Suhr H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA new in situ microscope (ISM) was developed and tested to perform in‐line monitoring of average cell volume and cell concentration in agitated cultures subjected to osmotic stress. The ISM is directly immersed into the agitated broth in a bioreactor and generates still images of cells by using pulsed luminescent diode illumination and a virtual probe volume defined by depth of focus. This technique allows the acquisition of microscopic still images without mechanical sampling techniques. The front end of the sensor fits into a standard 25‐mm port and it can be steam sterilized together with the bioreactor. The automatic image evaluation generates signals of the cell concentration and the average cell volume with a time resolution of a few minutes per data point (if a 200 MHz PC is used). Without the need for evaluation, the images can be acquired and stored at a rate of one image per 0.6 s. Hansenula anomala was cultivated as batch fermentation and monitored inline with the ISM. The ISM signal of the cell concentration agreed well with referential growth curves that were obtained from counting with a hemocytometer. The ISM signal of the average cell volume shows a gradual volume reduction as a result of the aging of the culture, and it monitors an abrupt and strong cell contraction if osmotic shocks are generated in the bioreactor. Systematic in vitro studies of osmotic shocks were performed by applying the ISM to agitated culture samples of H. anomala. The volume signal of H. anomala during osmotic shocks showed a very fast cell contraction within less than a second. Within half an hour after the shocks, no signal drifts were observed, which would indicate volume restoration. These findings suggest that the ISM volume signal can be used as an inline indicator of osmotic stress in cell cultures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 73–80, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10178