bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Catalogue Raisonné in the Art Market
Authors: Kraus Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Catalogue raisonné is a rather grand-sounding name for what is in fact a somewhat pedestrian object — a list. It can be a list of paintings, of sculptures, of Fabergé eggs, or of cookie jars. It can be the list of the works of a single artist or, occasionally, of a group of artists. Or it can even be a list of fakes. No matter what the subject, a catalogue raisonné is just a dry list whose goal should be comprehensiveness, objectivity, and above all accuracy. To qualify as a catalogue raisonné, the list should contain as much information as possible about the things listed: a physical description, the current location and ownership, provenance, and bibliography are the standard requirements. There is no room for abstract thought, no allowance for controversial critical opinion, no place at all for the personality of the compiler. A catalogue raisonné should be all about what is being catalogued, and not about the cataloguer. This being the case, why should so many of these lists be the subject of such heated and bitter controversy, and even, increasingly, of litigation? The answer is twofold. First, catalogues are compiled by humans, and humans are prone to error. Second, and more important, money, often vast sums, can depend on whether something is included in or omitted from a given catalogue raisonné.
Introduction
Authors: Okpewho Isidore 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There Are Few Works outside of the Western canon that have received anything close to the attention given to Things Fall Apart, and for good reasons. In its home continent of Africa, it is arguably the most widely read book, next to the Bible and the Quran. Outside Africa, it has become part of a global literary canon; it exists in close to sixty languages (including English), with total sales of nearly nine million copies since its publication in 1958, and it is included in some of the most prestigious literary series across the world. It would be hard to find many institutions of higher learning in the English-speaking world that have not listed the novel in courses across the humanities and social sciences, at both undergraduate and graduate levels; at the secondary school level, it is also a highly favored text. It occupies an important place in critical as well as cultural discourse because it inaugurated a long and continuing tradition of inquiry into the problematic relations between the West and the nations of the Third World that were once European colonies.
Okonkwo and His Mother
Authors: Jeyifo Biodun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Okonkwo’s mother? Within the total narrative space of Things Fall Apart, there is only one direct, substantive mention of our hero’s mother. As for as I know, this has never been formally registered in the extensive discussions and commentaries on the novel, let alone critically explored, and this seems quite consistent with the author’s more evident interest in the complex, tortured relationship of Okonkwo with his father and, later in the concluding sections of the novel, with his son Nwoye.
Decision Markets
Authors: Hanson Robin D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The human part of any large intelligent system is by far the most intelligent part. As long as this remains true, the biggest system advancements will come from aids that fill big holes in human abilities, rather than from artifacts that stretch engineers’ abilities. Consider Post-it Notes or, better yet, plain paper notepads. These probably seemed like trivial ideas, but they turned out to be terribly useful. Why? Because the marvel that is the human brain has a horrible short-term memory, which means that dumb-as-dirt memory aids can make people substantially smarter.
Empowering Investors: A Market Approach to Securities Regulation
Authors: Romano Roberta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The U.S. securities laws have repeatedly been assailed as burdensome or ineffective. Reform efforts have conversely been attacked for undermining an effective mechanism by which shareholders can discipline management. Moreover, even reformers have been dissatisfied with the effectiveness of their product. For example, after enacting the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995,1 members of Congress became concerned that their efforts to rein in frivolous private lawsuits under the federal securities laws were being circumvented by state court filings and introduced legislation to preempt such action. There is some validity to their concern: In a report to President Clinton on the impact of the 1995 act, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) cited preliminary studies indicating a decrease in federal court filings and an increase in state court filings.
Introduction
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Democracy is everywhere triumphant, yet no one truly believes in its existence. In all parts of the world, the trappings of democracy abound, yet nowhere is it credible to believe that the people rule. Because it possessed a popularly elected legislature, the Soviet Union in its heyday proclaimed itself a democracy. Rightly, no one believed that claim. Today, while the leading nations of the world can with somewhat more justice claim to be democracies-affording freedom, as most of them do, for multiple political parties in addition to popularly elected legislatures-still the claim that the people rule rings hollow. A politician all too often seems a member of an alien breed, not “one of us. “ Instead of ruling ourselves, it is thought, we are ruled by politicians, bureaucrats, and the special interests that hold the politicians and bureaucrats captive. Conversely, those suspicious of officials sometimes suppose that as long as “we “ control them, perhaps by being able to “vote the bastards out, “ that is all we can hope for from democracy.’ Yet, as I will show, there is serious question as to who “we “ are in that formulation. “We “ are certainly not to be identified with the majority in a given election. However one conceptualizes democracy, it is plain that bureaucracy poses a threat to it. The policy-making power held by officials in the large and complicated administrative agencies that are relied on by all modern states- and by both provincial and transnational governments-is difficult to control in practice and to reconcile with our democratic ideals. Given how much discretionary decision-making power rests in executive agencies, it is everywhere a serious question whether we as citizens are subject to the kind of domination that consists in being vulnerable to the arbitrary power of others.2 The reasons for the existence of discretionary administrative power are various. Sometimes the discretionary power falls to bureaucrats because of a considered legislative judgment that matters of a certain kind are better left to experts at some remove from the fray of democratic politics. Central
The Stupidity of the Cost-Benefit Standard
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ends settled on by legislatures being often too vague and abstract to provide sufficient guidance for a noncontroversial form of instrumental reasoning to take over, the natural next move for the instrumentalist is to suggest collecting additional information about individuals’ ends in order to help agencies make difficult trade-offs. As I argued in chapter 7, there is no objective basis on which to commensurate the many competing goods and values that matter to us.’ Reaching out to individuals’ preferences about how trade-offs should be dealt with accommodates this fact. By further taking individuals’ views into account, such an approach better fulfills the populist ideal than does agency instrumentalism. With collective, legislative agreement about the ends of policy only taking us so far, the hope is to get further-not by attempting to deepen or extend that agreement by means of further collective reasoning but instead by taking direct account of the disagreeing views of individuals, which are what create trouble for agency instrumentalism. Instead of treating the government as a single macrosocial subject with its own set of values, the approach I am now considering attempts to achieve an ersatz populism within the agencies by aggregating individual preferences. There are various approaches to policy reasoning that take this tack, involving varied ways of conceiving of and gaining access to individuals’ prac- tical commitments. By far the most influential of these approaches, however, is cost-benefit analysis. I shall argue that (M2), the model constraining agency reasoning to follow the standard of cost-benefit analysis (CBA), suffers from a severe intellectual defect that, for reasons I shall explain, counts as a form of stupidity. Now, a stupid way of achieving the ideals of democracy as democratic autonomy is perhaps better than none at all. Hence a final judgment on (M2) must await your verdict on my defense of a more robust rationalist populism in the following chapters. If my defense at all succeeds, however, we must judge (M2) to offer a rather poor “second-best “ form of policy reasoning.2
Deep Compromise
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last few chapters’ emphasis on how to conceive of the rational constraints that should apply to agency policy-making, while moving us toward a broader understanding of democratic reasoning, may have given the impression that democracy as democratic autonomy would be as civil as a proverbial gentleman’s club, as free of intractable internal conflict as a herd of sheep, and as disinterestedly rational as an academic seminar.1 It is time to correct this impression. Citizens in any democracy will have deeply conflicting interests that unavoidably lead them to argue in self-interested ways. The depth of their conflicts and the depth of existing injustices may rightly call for angry protests, unrestrained verbal attacks on opponents, and ways of trying to combat the entrenched powers that exercise domination. The conception of democracy that I am pursuing has not forgotten these facts. The republican insistence on dispersing power among a number of different institutions so as to reduce the possibility that the government itself dominates or is captured by one dominant social force is what motivated my looking into the structure of agency decision-making in the first place. Accepting the need for the republican device of dispersing powers, I turned away from a unitary conception of democracy and from an idealized, monistic conception of popular sovereignty. The need to rely on majority rule to bring closure to political debates has not been forgotten, either: I will discuss its place in due course. We will not und&lt;::rstand its place aright, however, unless we recognize how democratic deliberation can begin to cope with the many kinds of disagreement that divide us. Democracy has a dual role with respect to disagreement; one is to lessen it so that we can come to decisions that are workable, the other is to accommodate us to disagreement so that we can recognize as legitimate even decisions we disagree with. While different theorists of deliberative democracy have laid the emphasis more on one of these roles than the other, I am not aware of any who have wholly neglected either.2 Who seriously thinks that democratic deliberation can remove all disagreement, and what theorist
The Dirty Work
Authors: Hirsh Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Shamali Plain north of Kabul, nestled in the foothills of the Hindu Kush, was once Afghanistan’s breadbasket. A broad expanse of shimmering green lushness set against white-shrouded towers of rock, the Plain was famous for its beauty as well. As recently as the 196os-a relatively rare interval of peace for Afghanistan -it had a sylvan loveliness reminiscent of Japanese rice fields, says the author Rod MacLeish, who visited there during the reign of Zahir Shah, the lately returned king. Babur, a seventeenth-century descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane who became the first Moghul emperor and, by the end of his life, master of south-central Asia, kept a villa in those foothills. A poet and devoted diarist, Babur once wrote that in all his vast domain it was this region that he pined for most. “If there is a paradise on earth,” he exclaimed, “this is it! This is it! This is it!” But the Shamali’s golden age was the age of empire, and this is the age of failed states and political dis-integration. If you are one of the sour skeptics who still believes that history has no forward progress, don’t invoke Europe in 1914; better to compare the Shamali Plains of Babur’s time to what they look like now.
Superimposing Democratic Inclusion On Forgotten Exclusions
Authors: Marx Anthony W . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The end of the eighteenth century would see greater national cohesion in support of more democratic state authority in France and England. And as historians have long argued, such popular solidarity was indeed expressed in terms of inclusion and greater religious tolerance, and for France even in the rejection of all official connections to faith. Amid consolidated images of the nation’s civicness, elites and followers purposefully dismissed and forgot past sectarian foundations, finally asserting secular authority supposedly free of a prior religious crutch. And as religious fanaticism had forged cohesive identity then indirectly bolstering allegiance to the state, the denials of a direct connection were plausible. Representative state power was then reinforced by popular cohesion, projected and legitimated as inclusive, and the earlier attempted tolerance in state-building was revived, this time with more persistence. But even these assertions of civicness were not so freestanding. Projections of inclusion would be possible only because past religious antagonisms and exclusions had built sufficient solidarity and unity; intolerance had provided the foundation for civicness. Secular allegiance had been forged on the basis of religious sectarianism. Liberal inclusiveness was consolidated on the basis of prior illiberalism. But by then, the work of building national cohesion had been more fully completed or at least provided a strong enough foundation on which to build further, with state strength and reach consolidated in its varying forms.
Crowded Spaces in The House of Mirth
Authors: Kaplan Amy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The House of Mirth opens in a crowded train station when Selden glimpses Lily Bart in the midst of the afternoon rush. In the “act of transition between one and another of the country-houses,” the main character does not first appear ensconced in one of their interiors along with the other ladies of her class. Instead, she stands out as a “highly specialized” product against a throng of “sallow-faced girls in preposterous hats and flat-chested women struggling with paper bundles and palm-leaf fans” (5). Although Lily remains “apart from the crowd,” her relation to that crowd is enigmatic. On the one hand, it forms a background that outlines her brilliance: “her vivid head, relieved against the dull tints of the crowd, made her more conspicuous than in a ball-room” (4). On the other hand, the passers-by constitute an audience of spectators, “who lingered to look; for Miss Bart was a figure to arrest even the suburban traveller rushing to his last train” (4).
“The Word Which Made All Clear”: The Silent Close of The House of Mirth
Authors: Benstock Shari 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The House of Mirth was not the first of Edith Wharton’s nineteen novels and novellas to be serialized. It was, however, the work that first brought her to the attention of a large reading public and established her reputation as a critic and satirist of American society. She was to have a long career in the pages of literary and popular magazines, earning vast sums (in the millions of dollars at today’s rates) from the serial rights to her works. She later said that writing The House of Mirth under pressure of editors’ deadlines and printers’schedules had taught her “the discipline of the daily task” and transformed her “from a drifting amateur into a professional.” Made at thirty years’ remove from the period in which The House of Mirth appeared in the pages of Scribner’s Magazine (January to November 1905), this statement seems disingenuous. Wharton had produced nine books in the eight years preceding 1905, including a two-volume historical novel set in eighteenthcentury Italy (The Valley of Decision, 1902). But there was a difference: during the two decades of her literary apprenticeship she had followed, more or less, her own thematic interests in fiction and had set her own timetable for writing and publication.
Extinction, Taxidermy, Tableaux Vivants: Staging Race and Class in The House of Mirth
Authors: Kassanoff Jennie a. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
But what is your story, Lily? I don’ t believe any one knows it yet.” Gerty Farish’s question, coming as it does near the end of Edith Wharton’s 1905 best-seller The House of Mirth, is certainly ironic. In the context of a novel that labors to tell the whole story of Lily Bart, Gerty’s question suggests the absence or concealment of the text’s central narrative. Lily’s response, moreover, is disconcertingly opaque: “From the beginning?” Miss Bart gently mimicked her. “Dear Gerty, how little imagination you good people have! Why, the beginning was in my cradle, I suppose—in the way I was brought up, and the things I was taught to care for. Or no— I won’ t blame anybody for my faults: I’ ll say it was in my blood, that I got it from some wicked pleasure-loving ancestress, who reacted against the homely virtues of New Amsterdam, and wanted to be back at the court of the Charleses!” (226) Lily decides that her flaws are not the work of her environment; rather, they are hereditary traits in the blood, passed down from a sybaritic ancestress. Such logic is a prime example of belief in what Laura Otis calls “organic memory”—the idea that “repeated patterns of sensations, whether of the recent or distant past, had left traces in the body, making the individual an epitome of his or her racial history” (3).
The Components of Quality in Health Care
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is possible to conceive of quality as the product of two factors. One is the science and technology of health care, and the second is the application of that science and technology in actual practice. The quality of care achieved in practice is the product of these two. As is shown in Figure 1.1, that product can be characterized by several attributes that include efficacy, effectiveness, efficiency, optimality, acceptability, legitimacy, and equity. These, taken singly or in a variety of combinations, constitute a definition of quality and, when measured in one way or another will signify its magnitude.
Determining Priorities in Monitoring
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anyone setting out to monitor the quality of care is likely to be confronted with many things vying for attention; so many that one may not know where to begin. It is important, therefore, to have some guidelines for selection. In this section of my exploration, I shall try to offer such a guide. For convenience of discussion, I shall organize it as follows: importance to patient welfare ... additional institutional interests ... feasibility. These I shall take up in order.
The Balkans in World History
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the historical and literary imagination, the Balkans loom large as a somewhat frightening but ill-defined space. Most attempts at definition focus on geography (the actual mountain range that gives the area its name and the lands surrounding it) or, more recently, on the set of prejudices attached to the term by local and outside observers. There has been far less concern with attempting to define this space in positive terms, taking as a starting point not geography as such but rather the cultural, historical, and social threads that could allow us to see what might be merely contiguous places as a coherent, though complex, whole. The goal of this volume is to do precisely that. The Balkans should probably be defined as that borderland geographical space in which four of the world’s greatest civilizations have overlapped in a sustained and meaningful way to produce a complex, dynamic, sometimes combustible, multi-layered local civilization. It is the space in which the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome, of Byzantium, of Ottoman Turkey, and of Roman Catholic Europe met, clashed and sometimes combined. The history of the Balkans can be seen as a history of creative borrowing by local people of the various civilizations that have nominally conquered the region. Each civilization has thus been hybridized, modified, and amplified by other voices and traditions.
Psychotherapy
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How Do You Know If You Need Professional Help? Consider seeking professional help when you recognize that you are unhappy—lonely, depressed, anxious, agitated, distressed over difficult relationships at work and at home, stuck in your life, losing ground, losing your enthusiasm, giving up more and more often, feeling helpless and passive. A good time to seek professional help is when you wish you felt more vital and alive, more joyful and purposeful, and less down all the time. Before active therapies were available, people didn’t have the opportunities we have today to learn how to change their outlook on life but had to accept their view of the world as normal. This situation is analogous to life before the invention of glasses. You usually could get by, but life was often out of focus and much more difficult to cope with, yet normal. Normal swiftly changed, however, to 20/20 as soon as glasses were invented.
Supplemental Strategies
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In addition to learning better coping strategies, combating negative styles of thinking, taking medication, exercising as often as possible, and perhaps taking herbal or nutritional supplements with your doctor’s approval, you can help yourself in other ways as well. These self-help strategies include Relaxation and stress management Seeking social support Sleep and light Other strategies that involve treatment by professionals include biofeedback and acupuncture. An area for which there is little scientific research but appears to be safe is homeopathic remedies. Let’s discuss these strategies in more detail.
The Religious Prospect
Authors: Bonomi Patricia U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The skylines of our eastern cities in, say, 1760 were in their way just as striking as they are now, perhaps more so. But what drew the eye then, and gave the horizon its definition, was a very different sort of edifice from those that mark it today—not skyscrapers but church spires—and beneath that contrast lies a fundamental shift in the spiritual perspective of the American population during the more than two centuries that have intervened. The seaboard cities of colonial America, though relatively small, were amply supplied with places of worship. You walked no distance at all, in any of them, without passing a meetinghouse, and you were never beyond earshot of church bells. The sights and sounds of today’s cities are not primarily symbolic of religion. But in eighteenth-century America—in city, village, and countryside—the idiom of religion penetrated all discourse, underlay all thought, marked all observances, gave meaning to every public and private crisis. There was hardly a day of the week, to say nothing of the Sabbath, when colonial Americans could not repair to their churches for some occasion or other, all of which gave a certain tone to everything they did in their collective and communal capacity.