bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New pricing models for generic medicines to ensure long-term sustainable competition in Europe
Authors: Francois Clement , Gawlik Gabriela , Mestre-Ferrandiz Jorge , Pana Adrian , Perelman Julian , Yfantopoulos John , Simoens Steven 
Published: October 2023

Background: Price erosion of generic medicines over time as a result of existing pricing policies in combination with increasing operational costs of these products due to high inflation, undermine long-term sustainable competition in European off-patent medicines markets. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify new potential pricing models for retail generic medicines in Europe, examine their pros and cons, and illustrate them with examples inside or outside the pharmaceutical sector.Methods: A targeted literature review, one-to-one interviews and a joint advisory board meeting with experts from five European countries were carried out to assess potential pricing models for generic medicines.Results: We identified ten pricing models that can be applied to generic medicines. The tiered pricing model is viewed as a sustainable solution ensuring competitiveness, but requires market monitoring using a supportive IT infrastructure. De-linking the price of generic medicines from that of the off-patent originator medicine prevents the originator from forcing generic medicines’ prices to unsustainable levels. Higher costs due to inflation can be compensated in the automatic indexation model. Other pricing models that have less implementation potential include the one-in-one/multiple-out model, tax credits, value-based pricing, volume for savings and guaranteed margin/fee models. The hypothecated tax and cost allocation models, which add a patient fee to generic medicines prices, are not likely to be socially acceptable.Conclusion: When considering a new pricing model for generic medicines, the impact on innovative medicines and the characteristics of the healthcare system in a given country need to be taken into account. Also, there is a need to continuously follow up the level of competition in off-patent medicines markets and to identify sustainability risks.
Reactivity of the triple task on writing processes and product in adults with dyslexia
Authors: Olujić Tomazin Marina , Kuvač Kraljević Jelena , Alves Rui A. 
Published: October 2023

IntroductionThe triple task (TT) is a method for assessing the dynamics of writing processes. It involves three tasks in one: writing a text, responding to a sound, and reporting the process. Previous research has mostly shown that the TT does not affect the writing process or the product. However, individuals with dyslexia often show difficulties in tasks that require organization, automation, integration of multiple processes, inhibition, and shifting/cognitive flexibility. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate whether TT affects the writing process and written product differently in adults with dyslexia compared to a control group of adults with typical reading skills.MethodsTwo groups of adult native Croatian speakers were included in this study: 20 adults with developmental dyslexia and 20 adults with typical reading skills; evenly distributed by: age (18–38 years), gender (13 males, 7 females per group), educational level, and nonverbal cognitive abilities. All participants wrote one text with a TT and another without. The writing of the text was tracked with a keystroke logging program – Inputlog. The two texts were compared at process and product level.Results and discussionThe results showed that measures of writing processes and text quality in the groups of adults with dyslexia and adults with typical reading skills were unlikely to be differentially affected by TT. However, in the condition without TT, the total number of characters per minute was higher, more keys were typed per minute and more words were deleted. As expected, adults with dyslexia produced shorter texts of lower quality and with more errors; they also produced fewer characters per minute, used fewer keystrokes and typed fewer.ConclusionThe study suggests that TT is unlikely to have a different impact on the writing process or written product in adults with dyslexia compared to adults with typical reading skills.
Appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors in the United States now and 50 years ago
Authors: Eriksson Kimmo , Strimling Pontus , Vartanova Irina 
Published: October 2023

IntroductionA crucial aspect of social norms pertains to determining which behaviors are considered appropriate. Here we consider everyday behaviors. Some everyday behaviors are rated as more appropriate than others, and ratings of the appropriateness of a given behavior may vary over time. The objective of this study is to elucidate the reasons behind variation in appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors in the United States. Our theory focuses on how the evaluation of the appropriateness of a behavior is influenced by its potential for externalities and internalities, and how this influence may cause a change in norms over time.MethodEmploying a preregistered design, we asked American participants to rate 37 different everyday behaviors based on their appropriateness in a range of common situations, as well as their potential negative externalities (e.g., being loud, being aggressive, taking up space) and positive internalities (e.g., pleasurability). Changes over time were calculated as the difference between mean ratings obtained in this study and ratings of the same behavior in a similar study conducted 50 years ago.ResultsAs expected, overall appropriateness ratings of everyday behaviors are associated both with their externalities and their internalities, so that the least appropriate behaviors tend to have considerable potential for negative externalities and little potential for positive internalities. Moreover, behaviors that have considerable potential for negative externalities are perceived as less appropriate now than 50 years ago.DiscussionBy describing how social norms for everyday behaviors depend on the externalities and internalities of behaviors, this study contributes to theories about the emergence and change of social norms.
Socioeconomic inequality in organized and opportunistic screening for gastric cancer: results from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey 2009–2022
Authors: Luu Xuan Quy , Lee Kyeongmin , Jun Jae Kwan , Suh Mina , Choi Kui Son 
Published: October 2023

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic inequality in gastric cancer (GC) screening in Korea. Socioeconomic inequality was assessed using both organized and opportunistic screening according to income and educational level.MethodsGC screening data were obtained from the 2009–2022 Korean National Cancer Screening Survey. The final analysis included 47,163 cancer-free men and women. The weighted cancer screening rate was estimated using joinpoint regression. The inequality indices were measured in terms of both the absolute slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII) using the Poisson regression model.ResultsThe organized screening rate for GC increased from 38.2% in 2009 to 70.8% in 2022, whereas the opportunistic screening rate decreased from 18.8 to 4.5%. Regarding educational inequality, a negative SII value was observed [−3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI), −7.63–0.83%] in organized screening, while a positive SII (9.30%; 95% CI, 6.69–11.91%) and RII (1.98%; 95% CI, 1.59–2.46) were observed in opportunistic screening. Furthermore, income inequality was not found in organized GC screening; however, overall SII and RII for opportunistic screening were 7.72% (95% CI, 5.39–10.5) and 1.61 (95% CI, 1.42–1.81), respectively.ConclusionOrganized screening rates have grown gradually over time and account for the majority of GC screenings in South Korea. While no socioeconomic inequalities were found in organized screening, significant socioeconomic inequalities were found in opportunistic screening.
Screening and detection of antibiotic residues on broiler meat based on trade system variations, seasonal differences, and the impact on final consumer safety in Romania
Authors: Pogurschi Elena Narcisa , Grigore Daniela-Mihaela , Ianitchi Daniela , Bahaciu Gratziela , Popa Dana Catalina , Dragomir Nela , Pet Ioan 
Published: October 2023

IntroductionOne key factor contributing to microbial resistance is the deliberate and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human and animal health management. Recent studies point out various ways to tackle this controversy to mitigate the unnatural rapid evolution of pathogenic bacteria. Chicken meat remains at the top of Romanian consumers' preferences, being the most consumed type of meat, desired for its nutritional and dietetic attributes.MethodsThis research was conducted in 2022, aiming to evaluate the antibiotic residues (quinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracycline, and sulfonamides) in broiler chicken meat with various trade strategies [retail market (RM), n = 40, traditional market (TM), n = 185, and door-to-door vendors (DTD), n = 121] during two seasonal periods, spring (March–April) and summer (July–September). An efficient and precise protocol was employed for determining the meat organoleptic attributes, qualitative screening, and quantitative assay antibiotic of six antibiotics (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole), consumers' antibiotic exposure (estimated daily intake), and potential risk assessment (hazard quotient).ResultsThe antibiotic quality assessment revealed an overall antibiotic residue presence in groups TM (75%) and DTD (82%), while no antibiotic residues were detected in the RM group. Our results show that 32% (n = 110) of the total chicken meat samples were free of antibiotic residues, 4.5% (n = 16) contained antibiotic residues belonging to one class of antibiotics, 40% (n = 139) had two antibiotics groups, 22% (n = 77) had three antibiotics groups, and 1.5% of the chicken meat samples presented four groups of antibiotics.DiscussionDuring the spring season, the enrofloxacin antibiotic residue present in the meat samples was higher, showing an 84% presence in TM meat samples group when compared with the DTD meat sampled group (75%). The analysis data processing showed a strong correlation between the antibiotic residue's meat samples origin (trade market and door-to-door traded meat antibiotic residue variations) and seasonal variations. As a result of the hazard quotient assay, the meat antibiotic residue levels had subunit values, indicating the meat quality was proper for consumption. It is mandatory to strengthen the level of knowledge by continuously monitoring and providing updated information to each group of farmers to increase their understanding of and adherence to the proper handling of antibiotics when growing chickens. Regarding the use of prohibited growth-promoting antibiotics in chicken-rearing systems, local authorities should increase the guard level, at antibiotic supplier and end user levels.
Sample Uncertainty Analysis of Daily Flood Quantiles Using a Weather Generator
Authors: Beneyto Carles , Vignes Gloria , Aranda José Ángel , Francés Félix 
Published: October 2023

The combined use of weather generators (WG) and hydrological models (HM) in what is called synthetic continuous simulation (SCS) has become a common practice for carrying out flood studies. However, flood quantile estimations are far from presenting relatively high confidence levels, which mostly relate to the uncertainty of models’ input data. The main objective of this paper is to assess how different precipitation regimes, climate extremality, and basin hydrological characteristics impact the uncertainty of daily flood quantile estimates obtained by SCS. A Monte Carlo simulation from 18 synthetic populations encompassing all these scenarios was performed, evaluating the uncertainty of the simulated quantiles. Additionally, the uncertainty propagation of the quantile estimates from the WG to the HM was analyzed. General findings show that integrating the regional precipitation quantile (XT,P) in the WG model calibration clearly reduces the uncertainty of flood quantile estimates, especially those near the regional XT,P. Basin size, climate extremality, and the hydrological characteristics of the basin have been proven not to affect flood quantiles’ uncertainty substantially. Furthermore, it has been found that uncertainty clearly increases with the aridity of the climate and that the HM is not capable of buffering the uncertainty of flood quantiles, but rather increases it.
The Natural Consequences of Land Use Change on Transformation and Vegetation Development in the Upper Odra Floodplain
Authors: Czajka Agnieszka , Rahmonov Oimahmad , Szypuła Bartłomiej 
Published: October 2023

River channels are regulated in various ways and the fertile soils of valleys are occupied for agricultural purposes, accompanied by human settlements. In many places on the floodplains, gravel or sand is mined and former pits fill with water. The consequences are changes in water relations, changes in land use and land cover. Natural riparian ecosystems gradually disappear. In addition, river valleys are susceptible places for the spread of invasive plant species. In the section of the Upper Odra Valley discussed in this article, all of the aforementioned factors have played roles in shaping modern habitats. The present study shows the impact of human-induced changes on the transformation of the plant cover of the Upper Odra Floodplain. In designated transects, we studied land use changes from 1910 to the present day and examined plant species diversity. The results show that the more heavily transformed floodplain adjacent to the channelized channel has a higher level of species diversity than agricultural areas located along a section of the river with a natural channel course. Most of the river valleys are colonized by geographically invasive alien species, such as Reynoutria japonica, Reynoutria sachalenesis and Impatiens glandulifera, which have contributed to the fact that all of the species typical of the ash, poplar and willow riparian forests characteristic of this habitat type have retreated, which is the main reason for the very low biodiversity.
Sorption of copper (II) ions by a composite sorbent based on chitosan and montmorillonite
Authors: Nikiforova T. E. , Gabrin V. A. , Kozlov V. A. 
Published: October 2023

A composite sorbent based on chitosan and montmorillonite has been developed for the extraction of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The optimal chitosan / montmorillonite ratio for obtaining sorbent granules has been determined. Equilibriumkinetic studies of the process of copper (II) ions extraction in the heterophase system "aqueous solution of metal sulphate - modified sorbent" have been carried out.The treatment of sorption isotherms of copper (II) ions by the initial chitosan and a chitosan based composite according to the Langmuir equation made it possible to determine the maximum sorption capacities of these materials (А∞). It has been established that A∞ of the chitosan/montmorillonite composite sorbent exceeds the maximum sorption capacity for the original chitosan by more than two times.The effect of pH on the sorption of copper ions by chitosan-based sorbents is due to the competition of metal cations and protons for sorption sites. In the course of competitive chemisorption, protons deactivate amino groups - the main sorption centers, converting them into an inactive, H-salt form, which leads to a decrease in the sorption capacity of chitosan in relation to copper ions.Changes in the composition of the modified sorbent compared to the original chitosan are confirmed by infrared spectroscopy data. Microscopic studies using the method of scanning electron microscopy show the presence of changes in the surface structure of chitosan granules when montmorillonite is introduced into the composition of the sorbent.
Diversifikasi Olahan Rumput Laut Protein Tinggi Dalam Upaya Penurunan Angka Stunting di Kabupaten Pangkep, Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: Litaay Magdalena , Syahribulan  , Agus Rosana , Nur Kurniati Umrah , Tuwo Mustika , Fauziah St , Septiningsih4 Early , Sanusi St. Nurliah , Alfian Agung , Mastan  , Fausia  , Anriani Putri , Dwyana Zaraswati 
Published: October 2023

Kebutuhan masyarakat Indonesia saat ini akan bahan pangan sudah semakin meingkat seiring dengan dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk. Kebutuhan gizi masyarakat harus selalu terpenuhi, tetapi seiring dengan waktu sumber bahan pangan semkin berkurang sehingga perlu untk mengantisipasi kebutuhan gizi terutama protein. Saat ini kebutuhan akan protein dibuat dengan mengolah daging buatan, dari berbagai sumber dan sekarang yang menjadi pusat perhatian adalah rumput laut. Kabupaten Pangkep termasuk daerah penghasil berbagai jenis rumput laut. Euchema dan Gracillaria adalah jenis rumput laut yang sudah dikenal oleh masyarakat, akan tetapi banyak jenis rumput laut berprotein tinggi yang belum dikenal oleh masyarakat yang dapat diolah menjadi produk makanan bergizi tinggi. Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan di Dinas Pengendalian Penduduk Keluarga Berenca Pemberdayaan Perempuan Perlindungan Anak (DP2KBP3A) Kabupaten Pangkep Sulawesi Selatan. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah melaksanakan pelatihan diversifikasi produk rumput laut adalah dengan melakukan inovasi produk pangan bergizi. Solusi yang ditawarkan melalui penyuluhan tentang jenis rumput laut yang berprotein tinggi dan pelatihan pembuatan produk bahan pangan berbasis rumput laut, selain menambah penggunaan fungsi rumput laut dan melatih ketrampilan untuk membuat produk inovasi dan dapat dijadikan usaha untuk menambah pendapatan rumah tangga. Keterlibatan mitra dalam kegiatan ini DP2KBP3A Kabupaten Pangkep adalah menyediakan sarana dan prasarana yang dibutuhkan selama kegiatan berlangsung dan mengkordinir kehadiran peserta pelatihan pada saat kegiatan pengabdian. Evaluasi untuk mengetahui penguasaan materi peserta pelatihan mulai dari produksi dan penggunaan produk tersebut di masyarakat diberikan dalam bentuk kuisioner. Luaran dari kegiatan ini berupa publikasi pada jurnal pengabdian pada masyarakat indeks Sinta dan produk inovasi rumput laut.
Peningkatan Kompetensi Menyusun Legal Drafting Bagi Aparatur dan Badan Permusyawaratan Desa di Desa Cigugurgirang
Authors: Milanti Ajeng Ayu , Sumiyati  , Sulistia Suwondo  , Ita Susanti  , M. Yunus Maulana  
Published: October 2023

Legal Drafting merupakan instrumen penting dalam tata kelola pembangunan dan pengembangan tingkat desa secara berkelanjutan, yang memastikan keadilan dan melindungi hak-hak masyarakat lokal. Peraturan tersebut menjadi wewenang bagi aparatur dan badan permusyawaratan desa. Namun, pada hasil observasi awal diketahui bahwa sebesar 66.7% belum mengetahui tata cara pembuatan Legal Drafting. Hal ini tentunya dapat memberi resiko besar, manakala produk regulasi yang dihasilkan tidak mencerminkan kebutuhan dan kepentingan aktual dari masyarakat desa. Oleh karena itu, program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini ditujukan untuk memberikan pelatihan dalam upaya meningkatkan kompetensi menyusun Legal Drafting bagi aparatur dan badan permusyawaratan desa di Desa Cigugurgirang. Pelatihan diselenggarakan pada bulan Juli 2023 bertempat di gedung aula kantor desa. Metode pelaksanaan yakni dalam bentuk pelatihan dan pendampingan selama 40 jam dalam waktu 7 hari kegiatan. Pelaksanaan pelatihan diikuti oleh 20 orang peserta yang merupakan aparatur dan anggota badan permusyawaratan desa. Berdasarkan penilaian hasil evaluasi kegiatan pelatihan terdapat peningkatan pemahaman dan teknis keterampilan penyusunan Legal Drafting sebesar 85.7%. Hal ini terbukti dari terbentuknya empat draft Legal Drafting baru saat pelatihan. Keempat Legal Drafting tersebut sesuai dengan kebutuhan aktual masyarakat desa sehingga draft peraturan tersebut dapat menjadi produk regulasi yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah desa tersebut.

Kata Kunci: Peraturan-Desa; Aparatur; BPD: Drafting; Desa.
Evaluation of radiative and nonradiative recombination lifetimes in c-plane InGaN quantum wells with emission colors ranging from blue to red
Authors: Mori-Tamamura Keito , Morimoto Yuya , Yamaguchi Atsushi A. , Kusanagi Susumu , Kanitani Yuya , Kudo Yoshihiro , Tomiya Shigetaka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this study, we investigate In composition and the carrier density dependences of radiative and nonradiative recombination lifetimes for a series of c-plane InGaN quantum well (QW) samples with different emission wavelengths (450 nm to 620 nm). The two lifetimes can be separately evaluated using photoluminescence (PL) decay time, obtained by time-resolved PL measurement, combined with the value of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) obtained by simultaneous photoacoustic and PL measurements. It is found that the decrease in IQE with increasing In composition is caused by the reduction in radiative recombination lifetime, not by the enhancement of nonradiative lifetime, which shows little dependence on In composition. In addition, it is found that the carrier density dependence of IQE is also mainly determined by the change in radiative recombination lifetime. These findings will lead to a comprehensive understanding of carrier dynamics in InGaN-QW optical devices.
IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM MERDEKA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI MADRASAH ALIYAH NEGERI 1 KENDARI
Authors: Nisa Ainy Khairun , Al Ghifary Mujahid 
Published: October 2023

<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Education is something that a person needs to gain useful knowledge and form a character with good morals. The implementation of the independent curriculum has been implemented optimally, but of course, the form of implementation is still being carried out in stages. This research aims to describe the implementation of the independent learning curriculum at MAN 1 Kendari, which is identical to religious subjects based on KMA 183 and KMA 184 in 2019. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative method, which explains something real by looking at the situation. Occurs and leads to direct activity. Research techniques use observation and interview techniques. The results of the research have identified that the implementation of the independent learning curriculum at MAN 1 Kendari has gone well. However, there is still a need for cooperation between students and teachers as well as all Madrasah parties to develop an independent learning curriculum that is already running. Motivation is needed from the school principal to be able to continue straighten out when there are mistakes in learning, especially in Arabic subjects.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"> </p>
Daun Sirih Merah Sebagai Perawatan Tradisional Dalam Penyembuhan Luka Perineum
Authors: Johan Reza Bintangdari , Noviyanti Nur Indah , Kustiningsih Kustiningsih , Gusriani Gusriani 
Published: October 2023

Perineal tears can occur during labor. This tear causes an injury. This situation can be an entry point for microorganisms that can cause infection if not treated properly. The wound-healing process varies from person to person. However, there are several ways to treat perineal wounds are traditional and non-traditional. This study aimed to determine the perineal wound healing period with red betel leaves. Quasi-experimental research with a posttest-only design approach with non-equivalent groups. In this study, 22 postpartum mothers, the experimental group using red betel leaves, and the control group using clean-dry dressing treatment, which would assess the wound healing process with the REEDA scale. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling. The data analysis used is an independent-Sample T-test. The results, perineal wounds using red betel leaves (5.45 days) were two days faster than dry clean treatment (7.55 days). The REEDA sign was no longer visible in the red betel leaf group on the eighth day. It was still possible to see the control group on the ninth day. Moreover, proper wound care, a healthy diet, and good hygiene contribute to wound healing. Mothers should be confident in their abilities and think positively.