bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In search of a golden blend: perspectives on the marketing of fair trade coffee
Authors: Golding Kirsty , Peattie Ken 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFair trade markets for commodities have considerable potential to contribute to the achievement of sustainable development goals, but realizing this potential will depend upon ‘scaling up’ fair trade's impact. Unfortunately, from a marketing and consumer behaviour perspective, fair trade markets remain relatively under‐researched and poorly understood in comparison to the mainstream. Using fair trade coffee as an example, this paper proposes an alternative to the dominant view that the key to expanding fair trade market share is a focus on greater ‘commercialization’. It highlights the potential of social marketing to promote the principles of fair trade, in a way that complements the emphasis on brand‐building strategies for fair trade products. An approach that blends a commercial and social marketing orientation perhaps has the greatest potential to maintain fair trade's distinctive nature, while contributing to the achievement of its social and economic goals. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Biochemical and clinical studies of a new case of α‐aminoadipic aciduria
Authors: Casey R. E. , Zaleski W. A. , Philp M. , Mendelson I. S. , MacKenzie S. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA mentally retarded, 10‐year‐old female with obesity, hypotonia, clumsiness and mild ocular abnormalities excreted in her urine large amounts of α‐aminoadipic acid. Amino acid analyser studies and gas‐liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) confirmed the presence of α‐aminoadipic acid in both urine and plasma but, in contrast to most other patients with this disorder, failed to demonstrate significant levels of α‐ketoadipic acid in urine. Other known causes of α‐aminoadipic aciduria were eliminated by showing that levels of lysine, saccharopine and pipecolic acid in plasma and urine were normal and that the activity of glutaryl‐CoA dehydrogenase was also normal.Loading with L‐lysine and L‐tryptophan both increased the concentration of α‐aminoadipic acid in blood and urine compatible with a primary deficiency of α‐ketoadipate dehydrogenase, in spite of the absence of α‐ketoadipic aciduria. Dietary restriction of lysine and administration of vitamins B1 and B6 were unsuccessful in correcting the biochemical abnormality.
Transient B cell immaturity with intractable diarrhoea: A possible new immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Lie S. O. , Frøland S. , Brandtzaeg P. , Vandvik B. , Steen‐Johnsen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA male boy is described, who suffered from an intractable diarrhoea and several infections and who died in a severe marasmic state at the age of 8 months. Immunological studies revealed a block in the normal differentiation of B cells to Ig‐producing plasma cells. After the age of 5 months, however, this block disappeared, leading to a dramatic increase in circulating Ig, most pronounced in the IgM class. In the intestine, plasma cells could only be detected after the age of 5 months, and then with a marked preponderance of IgM cells.Our results thus indicate a reversible block in the normal maturation of B cells in our patient. An older brother may have had a similar disease, suggesting a possible genetic basis for the disorder.
Biochemical studies of a human low‐activity galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase variant
Authors: Ng W. G. , Kline F. , Lin J. , Koch R. , Donnell G. N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA low activity galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyl transferase (transferase) variant in a newborn infant has been demonstrated by biochemical studies in erythrocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts. The newborn infant was a galactosaemic suspect identified in a neonatal metabolic screening programme. On breast feeding, he did well without clinical symptoms of galactosaemia during the first 15 days of life. However, substantial amounts of erythrocyte galactose‐1‐phosphate and urinary galactitol corresponding to the levels in untreated galactosaemic patients, along with mild amino aciduria, were found. The transferase activity, as measured by a sensitive micro kinetic radioisotopic method, was about 7–10% of the normal. On starch gel electrophoresis, the enzyme from the haemolysate had similar mobility as the normal in Tris‐glycine buffer, pH 8.8 and phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, but had a slower mobility than that of the normal in the histidine buffer, pH 7.8. The mobility difference was much clearer in a semipurified enzyme preparation. The transferase enzyme in the haemolysate appeared to be more heat labile.
Heart Transplantation: The Contributions of Christiaan Barnard and the University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital
Authors: Brink Johan G. , Cooper David K.C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChristiaan (Chris) Neethling Barnard was born in South Africa and qualified in medicine at the University of Cape Town in 1946. Following surgical training in South Africa and the USA, Barnard established a successful open‐heart surgery program at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town in 1958. In 1967, he led the team that performed the world’s first human‐to‐human heart transplant. Although the first heart transplant patient survived only 18 days, four of Groote Schuur hospital’s first 10 patients survived for more than one year, two living for 13 and 23 years, respectively. This relative success amid many failures worldwide did much to generate guarded optimism that heart transplantation would eventually become a viable therapeutic option, Barnard then developed the operation of heterotopic heart transplantation (the socalled “piggy‐back” transplant), which had some advantages in the pre‐cyclosporine era when immunosuppressive therapy was limited. His group was the first to successfully transport donor hearts using a hypothermic perfusion storage device in 1981. Several studies on the haemodynamic and metabolic sequelae of brain death were carried out in his Department’s cardiovascular research laboratories at the University of Cape Town, and the concept of hormonal replacement therapy in organ donors was developed. An active heart transplant program still continues in the Chris Barnard Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, but the thrust of clinical activity within the Division and the research within its state‐of‐the‐art cardiovascular research laboratories is now directed towards valvular and ischaemic heart diseases, which are common in the African population.
Inversion, error analysis, and validation of GPS/MET occultation data
Authors: Steiner A. K. , Kirchengast G. , Ladreiter H. P. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The global positioning system meteorology (GPS/MET) experiment was the first practical demonstration of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based active limb sounding employing the radio occultation technique. This method measures, as principal observable and with millimetric accuracy, the excess phase path (relative to propagation in vacuum) of GNSS-transmitted radio waves caused by refraction during passage through the Earth's neutral atmosphere and ionosphere in limb geometry. It shows great potential utility for weather and climate system studies in providing an unique combination of global coverage, high vertical resolution and accuracy, long-term stability, and all-weather capability. We first describe our GPS/MET data processing scheme from excess phases via bending angles to the neutral atmospheric parameters refractivity, density, pressure and temperature. Special emphasis is given to ionospheric correction methodology and the inversion of bending angles to refractivities, where we introduce a matrix inversion technique (instead of the usual integral inversion). The matrix technique is shown to lead to identical results as integral inversion but is more directly extendable to inversion by optimal estimation. The quality of GPS/MET-derived profiles is analyzed with an error estimation analysis employing a Monte Carlo technique. We consider statistical errors together with systematic errors due to upper-boundary initialization of the retrieval by a priori bending angles. Perfect initialization and properly smoothed statistical errors allow for better than 1 K temperature retrieval accuracy up to the stratopause. No initialization and statistical errors yield better than 1 K accuracy up to 30 km but less than 3 K accuracy above 40 km. Given imperfect initialization, biases >2 K propagate down to below 30 km height in unfavorable realistic cases. Furthermore, results of a statistical validation of GPS/MET profiles through comparison with atmospheric analyses of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are presented. The comparisons indicate the high utility of the occultation data in that very good agreement of upper troposphere/lower stratosphere temperature (better than 1.5 K rms, <0.5 K bias) is found for a region (Europe+USA) where the ECMWF analyses are known to be good, but poorer agreement for a region (Southern Pacific) where the analyses are known to be degraded.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pressure; density and temperature), Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (instruments and techniques), Radio science (remote sensing)
Concerning the generation of geomagnetic giant pulsations by drift-bounce resonance ring current instabilities
Authors: Glassmeier K.-H. , Buchert S. , Motschmann U. , Korth A. , Pedersen A. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract. Giant pulsations are nearly monochromatic ULF-pulsations of the Earth's magnetic field with periods of about 100 s and amplitudes of up to 40 nT. For one such event ground-magnetic observations as well as simultaneous GEOS-2 magnetic and electric field data and proton flux measurements made in the geostationary orbit have been analysed. The observations of the electromagnetic field indicate the excitation of an odd-mode type fundamental field line oscillation. A clear correlation between variations of the proton flux in the energy range 30-90 keV with the giant pulsation event observed at the ground is found. Furthermore, the proton phase space density exhibits a bump-on-the-tail signature at about 60 keV. Assuming a drift-bounce resonance instability as a possible generation mechanism, the azimuthal wave number of the pulsation wave field may be determined using a generalized resonance condition. The value determined in this way, m = - 21 ± 4, is in accord with the value m = - 27 ± 6 determined from ground-magnetic measurements. A more detailed examination of the observed ring current plasma distribution function f shows that odd-mode type eigenoscillations are expected for the case ∂f / ∂W > 0, much as observed. This result is different from previous theoretical studies as we not only consider local gradients of the distribution function in real space, but also in velocity space. It is therefore concluded that the observed giant pulsation is the result of a drift-bounce resonance instability of the ring current plasma coupling to an odd-mode fundamental standing wave. The generation of the bump-on-the-tail distribution causing ∂f / ∂W > 0 can be explained due to velocity dispersion of protons injected into the ring current. Both this velocity dispersion and the necessary substorm activity causing the injection of protons into the nightside magnetosphere are observed.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (energetic particles , trapped; MHD waves and instabilities) · Space plasma physics (wave-particle interactions).
Ionospheric measurements during the CRISTA/MAHRSI campaign: their implications and comparison with previous campaigns
Authors: Laštovicka J. , Pancheva D. , Altadill D. , Benediktov E. A. , Boška J. , Bremer J. , Dick M. , Igarashi K. , Mlch P. , de la Morena B. A. , Rapoport Z. T. , Vyakhirev V. A. , Vugmeister B. O. , Zhang X. , Zolesi B. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract. The CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment on board a space shuttle was accompanied by a broad campaign of rocket, balloon and ground-based measurements. Supporting lower ionospheric ground-based measurements were run in Europe and Eastern Asia between 1 October-30 November, 1994. Results of comparisons with long ionospheric data series together with short-term comparisons inside the interval October-November, 1994, showed that the upper middle atmosphere (h = 80-100 km) at middle latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere in the interval of the CRISTA/MAHRSI experiment (4-12 November, 1994) was very close to its expected climatological state. In other words, the average results of the experiment can be used as climatological data, at least for the given area/altitudes. The role of solar/geomagnetic and "meteorological" control of the lower ionosphere is investigated and compared with the results of MAP/WINE, MAC/SINE and DYANA campaigns. The effects of both solar/geomagnetic and global meteorological factors on the lower ionosphere are found to be weak during autumn 1994 compared to those in MAP/WINE and DYANA winters, and they are even slightly weaker than those in MAP/SINE summer. The comparison of the four campaigns suggests the following overall pattern: in winter the lower ionosphere at northern middle latitudes appears to be fairly well "meteorologically" controlled with a very weak solar influence. In summer, solar influence is somewhat stronger and dominates the weak "meteorological" influence, but the overall solar/meteorological control is weaker than in winter. In autumn we find the weakest overall solar/meteorological control, local effects evidently dominate.Key words. Ionosphere (ionosphere · atmosphere interactions; mid-latitude ionosphere)
Observations of day-to-day variability in precursor signatures to equatorial F-region plasma depletions
Authors: Fagundes P. R. , Sahai Y. , Batista I. S. , Abdu M. A. , Bittencourt J. A. , Takahashi H. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract. In December 1995, a campaign was carried out to study the day-to-day variability in precursor signatures to large-scale ionospheric F-region plasma irregularities, using optical diagnostic techniques, near the magnetic equator in the Brazilian sector. Three instruments were operated simultaneously: (a) an all-sky (180° field of view) imaging system for observing the OI 630 nm nightglow emission at Alcântara (2.5°S, 44.4°W); (b) a digisonde (256-Lowell) at São Luis (2.6°S, 44.2°W); and (c) a multi-channel tilting filter-type zenith photometer for observing the OI 630 nm and mesospheric nightglow emissions at Fortaleza (3.9°S, 38.4°W). During the period December 14-18, 1995 (summer in the southern hemisphere), a good sequence of the OI 630 nm imaging observations on five consecutive nights were obtained, which are presented and discussed in this study. The observing period was geomagnetically quiet to moderate (Kp = 0+ to 5+; Dst = 18 nT to -37 nT). On four nights, out of the five observation nights, the OI 630 nm imaging pictures showed formations of transequatorial north-south aligned intensity depletions, which are the optical signatures of large-scale ionospheric F-region plasma bubbles. However, considerable day-to-day variability in the onset and development of the plasma depleted bands was observed. On one of the nights it appears that the rapid uplifting of the F-layer in the post-sunset period, in conjunction with gravity wave activity at mesospheric heights, resulted in generation of very strong plasma bubble irregularities. One of the nights showed an unusual formation of north-south depleted band in the western sector of the imaging system field of view, but the structure did not show any eastward movement, which is a normal characteristic of plasma bubbles. This type of irregularity structure, which probably can be observed only by wide-angle imaging system, needs more investigations for a better understanding of its behaviour.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (airglow and aurora) · Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere; ionospheric irregularities)
Effects of violence exposure and daily stressors on psychological outcomes in urban adolescents
Authors: Self‐Brown Shannon , LeBlanc Monique , Kelley Mary Lou 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRelations between adolescent violence exposure, daily stress, and psychological outcome were examined. Parent/adolescent dyads (N = 80) completed questionnaires, which included parent ratings of adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems and adolescent self‐ratings of emotional adjustment. Severity of daily stress moderated the relation between levels of violence exposure and extent of adolescent externalizing and internalizing problems. The relation was significant at higher levels of daily stress, but nonsignificant at lower levels of stress. In contrast, daily stress did not emerge as a moderator in the relation between violence exposure and adolescent emotional adjustment. Results suggest that adolescents experiencing high levels of violence exposure and daily stress should be considered at great risk for poor psychological outcome.
Is it an accident? Recurrent traumatic life events in level I trauma center patients compared to the general population
Authors: Ramstad Sarah M. , Russo Joan , Zatzick Douglas F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe trauma history screen developed for the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) was used to assess prior trauma in a representative sample of injured acute care inpatients (n = 251). Adjusted logistic regressions compared the trauma histories of intentionally (n = 66) and unintentionally (n = 185) injured patients with NCS participants (n = 5873). Whereas only 11% of NCS respondents reported 4 or more lifetime traumas, 61% of intentionally injured patients (Adjusted OR = 7.97, 95% CI = 4.33. 14.68) and 40%, of unintentionally injured patients (Adjusted OR = 4.26, 95% CI = 2.94, 6.16) reported 4 or more lifetime traumas. In adjusted analyses, inpatients were at increased risk for reporting all types of trauma except combat. Screening and intervention procedures that address the unique characteristics of this high‐risk patient population are needed in the acute care setting.
In vitro developmental expression of dystroglycan and laminin‐α2 in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Chen Lie , Burgunder Jean‐Marc 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe α‐subunit of dystroglycan, a member of the dystrophin associated protein complex, binds to extracellular laminin‐α2, while its β‐subunit interacts with cytoskeletal dystrophin. The exact biological role of dystroglycan, especially during human skeletal muscle development, has not been fully explored. Here, we analysed the distribution and expression characteristics of both dystroglycan subunits and laminin‐α2 in primary human skeletal muscle cells. During development, expression levels of all three proteins increased with differentiation. The proteins were relocated from the sarcoplasm to the sarcolemma. The size of α‐dystroglycan decreased from 150–220 kDa at the proliferation stage to 100–120 kDa at the late developmental stage. Both α‐ and β‐dystroglycan were involved in forming a complex with their respective partners laminin‐α2 and dystrophin/utrophin. Our data show that, during development, cells may employ tightly regulated post‐translational species‐specific modification to produce different isoforms of α‐dystroglycan to participate in appropriate functions.
Robyn Carston on semantics, pragmatics and ‘encoding’
Authors: BURTON-ROBERTS NOEL 
Published: June 2005

Robyn Carston,Thoughts and utterances: the pragmatics of explicit communication. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. Pp. x+408.Robyn Carston's Thoughts and utterances is, in every sense, a big book. The result of years of thinking about communication from a relevance-theoretic perspective, it is long, wide-ranging, rich, intricate, demanding and radical. And it is (or should be) controversial. Essential reading therefore for anyone with any interest in language and communication, philosophy of language, semantics and pragmatics.
Management of records in Nigerian universities
Authors: Basil Iwhiwhu Enemute 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the management of records in Nigerian universities, in line with the Management Information Systems (MIS) programme put in place in federal universities by the Federal Government of Nigeria, through the National University Commission to ensure effective and efficient decision making, based on available data.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on the management of records in Nigerian universities.FindingsThe study reveals that records management programmes or policy on records are not available in Nigerian universities; hence the administration of records is without recourse to the principles of records management. There is no University Records Manual, no records retention and disposition schedule, personnel handling the records are not trained in records management, inadequate facilities for the preservation, storage, and retrieval of records, no filing manual, inadequate computers to manage the volume of records generated and the attitude of administrators towards records and records management constitute the problems of records management in Nigerian universities.Originality/valueThe article notes a number of recommendations made to improving records management practices in Nigerian universities. The university management and administrators and personnel handling the records should develop a positive attitude towards records and implement records management programmes in Nigerian universities. Records have “life”, and should be allowed to live through their life cycle process. Above all, the use of these records in solving problems and taking far‐reaching decision, will reduce crises in Nigerian universities.
Comparing US and European perspectives on B2B repair service quality for mission‐critical equipment
Authors: Peterson Mark , Gregory Gary , Munch James M. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo evaluate the cross‐regional equivalence of repair service quality for mission‐critical equipment.Design/methodology/approachUsing the five dimensions of SERVPERF as a framework, clinical laboratory directors across Europe and the USA were surveyed about repair service for mission‐critical equipment. Assessment of construct equivalence across the two regions was then performed using item bias analysis. Following this, assessment of model equivalence across the two regions was conducted using both the Chow test of model equivalence and regression in structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsResults suggest that service quality in this B2B domain is perceived to be remarkably the same in both the USA and Europe.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could focus on repair services for other types of mission‐critical equipment, and another region of the world, such as Asia. Both of these steps would boost the generalizability of the study's findings.Practical implicationsThe practical implications of the study's results suggest not only the applicability of the SERVPERF framework across these two regions, but also standardization possibilities in repair service for mission‐critical equipment because of the homogeneity evident in these markets regarding service quality.Originality/valueThis study should be valuable reading for those interested in issues related to service quality, as well as international services. The paper provides new insight into the relative importance of service quality dimensions, as the “responsiveness” dimension was found to be more than twice as important as any other dimension – even the “reliability” dimension.