bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protesting for Freedom
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The democratic awakening began in the streets of Leipzig. Choking air, fouled water, and crumbling buildings plagued Saxon citizens and aroused resentment against East Berlin. On September 4, 1989, youthful peace protesters emerged from the sanctuary of the Nikolaikirche, shouting “We want to leave.” The secret police tore banners that demanded “an open country with free people” out of their hands, a picture captured by Western journalists who were attending the trade fair. Not intimidated, the restless groups grew larger during the peace service on the following Monday. Claiming that the “illegal assembly . . . disturb[ed] public order and safety,” the police proceeded more brutally and detained about one hundred demonstrators.1 Repression only bred further dissent. On September 18 protesters marched silently with candles in their hands, forming and reforming fluidly so as to offer no clear target to the security forces. About five thousand demonstrators ignored warnings in the press and assembled on September 25. In contrast to those who wanted to get out, they chanted “We are staying here!” Prodded by nightstick-wielding police, they circled the center city ring with shouts of “Gorbi, Gorbi” and called for the legalization of opposition groups. Time and again protesters broke through cordons, inviting those in uniform to “come and join us.” Curious spectators merged with the milling throng and the crowd gradually lost its fear. 2 Encouraged by growing support, this courageous minority reclaimed its right to free speech, singing “We shall overcome.”
Overthrowing Post-Stalinist Rule
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fortieth anniversary of the GDR failed to stabilize the tottering regime. Though the people hoped for a signal of change, the SEO staged elaborate celebrations to demonstrate the superiority of Communism. On October 3, veterans of the antifascist resistance gathered to demonstrate the historical legitimacy of the East German state. Three days later Erich Honecker regaled four thousand dignitaries, seventy foreign delegations, and a national TV audience with accounts of economic triumphs such as the production of a mega-chip. In response to the mass exodus, he denounced the “boundless slander campaign against the GDR.” When one hundred thousand members of the party youth FDJ marched with torches to affirm their undying loyalty, the crowd shouted “Gorbi, Gorbi” to express its disappointment with the immobility of the old guard. After the customary military parade on October 7, Mikhail Gorbachev tried to explain the logic of perestroika. But a rigid Honecker wanted only to be complimented on his life’s work. The Soviet visitor spoke frankly to the SED politburo about the need for courageous changes: “If we fall behind, life will punish us immediately.” When hostile protesters spoiled the official reception by demanding real reforms, the police brutally beat them down. In many East German eyes and in copious foreign media comments, the staged celebrations only demonstrated the weakness of the regime. Russian calls for action signaled a lack of international respect, and mass arrests illustrated a growing loss of domestic support. Even some SEO politicians began to realize that “Honecker must go.”
Searching for a Third Way
Authors: Jarausch Konrad H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early December 1989 the German Democratic Republic teetered on the brink of chaos. Partisans of unification and advocates of independence began to clash during demonstrations. With “the SEO collapsing and governmental structures crumbling,” radicalized mobs threatened to take matters into their own hands. Frightened by potential anarchy, moderates looked for a way to bring the opposition into dialogue with the Modrow cabinet. Neighboring Poland and Hungary had avoided bloodshed through an Anglo-American institution that facilitated discussion between opponents-the round table. Sitting around one table symbolized cooperation. By not specifying power, the circular arrangement facilitated constructive discourse. Avoiding confrontation required mutual respect, joint problem solving, and citizens’ input. Proliferating all through the GDR, round tables (runde Tische) formalized public dialogue and became the characteristic innovation of the civic revolution. They evoked the revolutionary Soviets of 1917, but by including representatives of the tottering regime aimed less at confrontation than at compromise. With direct participation and prepolitical spontaneity they presented an alternative to Stalinist repression and parliamentary formalism.
A Survey of Values of Risks to Life and Health
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The wage-risk studies considered in Chapter 3 outline the basic approach that has been reflected in what is now a considerable literature on the valuation of risks to life and health. Over the past two decades, there have been a large number of studies using a variety of data sets to assess the tradeoff between worker wages and fatality risks. These studies address not only risks to U.S. workers but also the implicit values of life reflected in the behavior of workers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Japan. A straightforward extension of these models has been to include a measure of nonfatal risks faced by the worker, enabling analysts to impute an implicit value per statistical injury in the workplace. There have also been attempts to analyze the price-risk tradeoff for several consumer products, yielding results somewhat similar to those reflected in wage equations.
Litigation and Inequality
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Purcell explores the dynamic relationship between legal and social change through the prism of litigation practice and tactics. He examines changing litigation patterns in suits between individuals and national corporations over tort claims for personal injuries and contract claims for insurance benefits. In this volume, Purcell refines the progressive claim that the federal courts favoured business enterprises during this time, and identifies specific ways and particular time periods in which the federal courts both advantaged and disadvantaged national corporations. He also identifies 1892-1908 as a critical period in the evolution of the 20th century federal judicial system.
The Federal Common Law
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tort and contract actions, whether brought in state or federal court, were governed by state law. Absent a controlling state statute, they were governed by the state ‘s common law, that is, by judge-made rules and principles embodied in earlier decisions of the state ‘s courts. Although legislation increased in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the common law remained a dominant force in both tort and contract law. And even when legislation altered or abrogated judge-made rules, the common law continued to provide the methodological and conceptual tools that the courts used to construe and apply statutory enactments.
The Battle for Forum Control, I: The Jurisdictional Amount and the Limits of Corporate Liability
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although most individuals who had claims against corporations never brought them to court, hundreds of thousands did. As the system of corporate diversity litigation formed in the 1870s and early 1880s, plaintiffs quickly recognized the disadvantages that removal imposed. The burdens of distance and delay were immediately obvious; the procedural and institutional disadvantages of removal quickly became apparent; and by the late 1880s and early 1890s the federal common law grew noticeably unfavorable in an increasing number of states. Plaintiffs felt ever more keenly the desirability, and in many cases the necessity, of avoiding removal at all costs. “It is a well recognized fact in judicial history, “ wrote a Nebraska federal judge in 1912, “that plaintiffs, in actions brought by employees against railway companies for damages resulting from personal injuries, have quite generally and for many years sought to bring and retain their actions in the state courts. “ The judge acknowledged frankly the practical motives at work. “The expense of trials and appeals in the federal courts have been deterrents, and the variance in the rules of law in such cases has also been well understood. “1 The threat of removal confronted every individual who sued a foreign corporation, and the dangers and burdens of a federal litigation often gave the threat compelling force. The pivotal legal issue in the system of corporate diversity litigation, then, was jurisdictional: Could plaintiffs somehow shape their actions to avoid federal jurisdiction and prevent removal? The system ‘s archetypal battle for forum control, the Nebraska federal judge noted, was “well attested by the multitude of applications to remand such cases which have been constantly presented to the federal courts. “
Contraction and Evolution: The System After 1910
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the system of corporate diversity litigation began to take shape in the 1870s and reached its harshest phase after 1890, so it began to contract in the years after 1910 while at the same time acquiring dynamic new characteristics. The overall scope of the system shrank; many of its major legal and nonlegal elements became less unfavorable to plaintiffs; and the tactics of its adversaries escalated sharply.
Tactical Escalation in Insurance Litigation
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although state statutes continued to encroach incrementally on the common law of insurance contracts, no legislation, state or federal, altered the law relevant to insurance actions in the system to the extent that the Federal Employers ‘ Liability Act (FELA) and workmen ‘s compensation statutes did for tort suits. Congress continued to leave insurance regulation to the states, and the Supreme Court continued to give the states broad but not unlimited regulatory freedom. For their part, the states maintained their general efforts to foster the private insurance system while protecting policyholders from harsh provisions.
The Emotional Role of the Family
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Today the emotional role of the family receives most attention. Things that could be done by other institutions (like feeding, sheltering, and “socializing” the young) are said to be done by the family in such a distinctive way that not to grow up in a family is to be deprived of something vital to emotional health. Even people who may not think that families are necessarily good pay them the tribute of blaming them for a great deal of psychological damage.
Between Strain and Boredrnn
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modern economics and psychology originated with the rationalist philosophers of the eighteenth century. Both disciplines claim Jeremy Bentham as an ancestor, although soon after his day they went their very separate ways. One of Bentham’s shrewd psychological observations was that the second cup of coffee or the second helping of a dish is less enjoy­ able than the first, and the economists enshrined it into their celebrated Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility. But in the twentieth century they expurgated even that tiny bit of psychology, and today the economist’s theory of consumer behavior is limited to exploring the logical implications of the assumption of man’s rationality. The same eighteenth-century philosophers who explained man’s behavior by the proud assumption of rationality at­ tributed the not very different behavior of dumb animals to instinct; the psychologists, luckily for them, chose instinct as their starting point for studying the motivation of behavior.
Comfort Venus Pleasure
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far we have been concerned with behavior aimed at securing comfort or, what is the same thing, relieving or forestalling dis­ comfort. That includes behavior which satisfies various bodily and mental needs and so lowers arousal that is too high; it also includes behavior which combats boredom and so raises arousal that is too low. Though somewhat different and of opposite sign, the two kinds of behavior are alike in that both aim at securing a negative good: freedom from pain, unpleasantness, or discomfort. The positive good is pleasure, and it is very different from comfort. Twenty years ago, neurophysiologists who were mapping the brain discovered the brain centers for reward and punishment. Working with animals wired so that by pressing a bar they could give mild electric shocks to specific areas of their own brains, researchers located one area whose stimulation is avoided and gives every sign of being painful, and two other, separate areas whose stimulation is sought and therefore must be pleasant.
The End of Sexism and Revival of the Generalist?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
God has created man and woman and tied them together by mutual attraction; but man has tried to keep them asunder by dividing their labor into man’s specialist and woman’s generalist tasks. He may have aimed at securing the lion’s share of leisure and comfort for himself, but that sexist division of labor had three other undesirable effects as well: it has tended to limit the sexes’ mutual attraction and enjoyment of each other’s company to the physical sphere, it has deprived women of economic independence, and it has deprived men of the stimulus satisfaction that accompanies the generalist’s tasks.
1968: Rip Tidese
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On January 30, 1968, enemy troops launched a ferocious attack on almost every ARYN and American outpost and most towns and villages controlled by the South Vietnamese government. In Saigon, the Vietcong stormed into the city, blasted government positions, and broke into the symbols of security-Tan Son Nhut Airport, national radio station, presidential palace, and the courtyard of the U.S. Embassy. In Hue, more than 7000 troops overran the city and hoisted their flag above the Citadel, the historic capital of the Annam Emperors. Fighting was brutal, door to door, and the beautiful city was left a “shattered, stinking hulk, its streets choked with rubble and rotting bodies.” The battle raged for over three weeks, and all the while the onslaught continued at Khe Sanh, an American outpost near the Laotian border. Since the end of 1967 crack units of the North Vietnamese Army had been assaulting the hill, conducting a diversion for Tet, and during February they intensified their attack in an attempt to repeat their famous victory over the French at Dienbienphu.
Chapter VI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Next day, at the usual hour, Dorcasina again prepared to meet her lover in the grove; and again she desired the attendance of Betty, who, silently and reluctantly followed her. There, firm to his purpose, she found her Hibernian; who, as soon as he descried her, flew towards her with all the raptures of an impassioned lover. “Divine charmer,” cried he, “how shall I ever repay this kind condescension? With what raptures my heart is filled, only at the sound of your foot-steps! I live, I breathe, I exist but in your presence. Separated from you, I should be in a state of annihilation, did not your idea, filling my mind, inform me that I still have an existence. I hope, my heavenly charmer, life of my soul, and light of my eyes, that you have now come with a determination to put an end to the torture of my suspense; for I am well assured, that so heavenly a form, and so immaculate a mind, can never take pleasure in tormenting the meanest of mankind; much less a person who adores her as I do.” Dorcasina was so delighted with this rhapsody, which she thought exceeded all that she had ever read of the most violent love, that she could scarcely refrain from throwing herself into his arms, and confessing a mutual flame. But having some shadow of discretion still left, she checked herself. One mystery hung upon her mind, which she wished to have cleared up before she consented to be his forever.
Chapter IX
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As soon as the day dawned, Dorcasina arose to pour into the faithful billet her disappointment and sorrow. Sitting down to her bureau, with nothing but a morning gown thrown about her, she penned the following lines to her adored lover: The receipt of this billet threw O’Connor into the utmost perplexity. He cursed the person, whoever it might be, that had informed Mr. Sheldon of his designs upon his daughter; and wished, from his soul, he had died when he was so near it, and not have returned again to life, to blast the fair expectations which he had been so near realizing. This was what he had always feared, as he was sure of meeting with infinitely greater difficulties, in managing a man who knew the world, than in deceiving his fond and credulous daughter.
Chapter XVI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We will now return to the mischief loving scholar, who, as the reader must have conjectured, was the identical person in woman’s clothes, that had so terrified her whom he had pretended so passionately to love. He returned to his lodgings extremely well pleased with his evening’s adventure; and set his brain immediately at work to invent some new plan, which would afford him equal amusement.
Chapter VIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
About three years after Mr. Cumberland’s unsuccessful attempt upon Dorcasina, Harriot Stanly received a pressing invitation from an intimate boarding school acquaintance, who was lately married, to pass the winter with her in Philadelphia. As she was fond of the city, and never had been there, except a few days at a time, since she left school, the request was highly gratifying to her. Her parents knowing the lady to be perfectly discreet, amiable and polite, and willing to gratify their beloved daughter, cheerfully consented to her accepting her friend’s invitation; though they were sensible they should severely feel the privation of her company.
Chapter X
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first symptom which Dorcasina shewed of recovery did not take place till towards spring; which was her calling for some of her favourite authors. This was to her affectionate maid, matter of great consolation, as she had for a long time despaired of her life. The book on which Betty happened to lay her hand was Roderic Random. As this was not so much to Dorcasina’s taste, as novels of a more modem date, it had lain untouched in her closet for more than twenty years; but being now in a manner new to her, she perused it with great avidity.
Beginnings
Authors: Clark E Culpepper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Understanding how “the system” works comes earlier for children of the disadvantaged. For African-Americans growing up in the segregated South, it is remembered from particular moments. It comes sharply, recalling what it meant to be ugly, to look in the mirror and wish to be different. Pollie Anne Myers knew what it meant to be ugly. Even in her all-black high school it always seemed that “the lighter-skinned girl got all the breaks.” She heard them call her “a black so and so” in the same way whites called her “nigger.” She saw it in the skin of her mother. Alice Myers did things Pollie ‘s darker-skinned father could not. Pollie remembered the bill collectors who called at their home and said, “Alice, where ‘s Henry?” It always began cheerfully enough. Alice would say, “He ‘s not here,” even though he was hiding in the house.
An Uneasy Calm
Authors: Clark E Culpepper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Except that February comes hard on its heels, January is the unhappiest of months. It is an ideal time for penance. Praying and fasting come easier in January because there are fewer alternatives. But January 1956 called for something more down South, especially for blacks. On the night of the 27th, a young black minister who found himself thrust to the front of the Montgomery bus boycott sat alone in his kitchen in total despair. He prayed for deliverance. Epiphany came instead. What else could God give? There was no escaping the white man ‘s system, no Red Sea beyond which lay a promised land. So epiphany would have to do, some divine manifestation that could bring inner peace for those about to enter the storm. What Martin Luther King, Jr., experienced that evening, all blacks similarly situated would have to find.1 Epiphany was becoming a necessary class action.
American Judaism: Changing Patterns in Denominational Self-Definition
Authors: Eisen Arnold 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American Judaism has been significantly transformed in the past two decades. All four of the principal religious movements-Reform, Conservatism, Reconstructionism and Modem Orthodoxy-have adopted new prayer books for use in their congregations. All but the Orthodox have issued new statements of principles; all, including the Orthodox, have engaged in an unprecedented degree of public self scrutiny and self-explanation. Thus, although we still know next to nothing about the religious beliefs and experiences of the average American Jew-survey data about synagogue attendance and ritual performance being of little help in this regard-we can document the transformation in the religious options among which American Jews may choose.
State and Real Estate: Territoriality and the Modern Jewish Imagination
Authors: Ezrahi Sidra DeKoven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Forgetting, like remembering, can be a collaborative effort, and may even be compounded rather than alleviated by the recuperative effort of translation. The above passage is from Saul Bellow’s famous translation of Isaac Bashevis Singer’s short story “Gimpel the Fool.” It is in this text, which has become something of a classic in modern Jewish literature, that Gimpel and his bride, the “virgin” Elka, stand under the canopy while the “master of revels makes a ‘God ‘a mercy’ in memory of the bride’s parents.” The distance between “God ‘a mercy” and El maleh ra/Jamim is, it seems, the terrain that Gimpel tam must cross in order to enter the pages of Partisan Review and become naturalized on American soil. The year is 1953.
The Postwar Economy of American Jews
Authors: Chiswick Barry R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Jews in the United States are a distinctive population. They are primarily the descendants of tum-of-the-century (1880-1924) immigrants from Eastern Europe and Russia, reinforced after the Second World War by displaced persons. They have ascended from economic deprivation to impressive achievements in cultural and economic matters. These achievements have often been cited and frequently celebrated in articles and books, both fiction and nonfiction, that recount the struggles and achievements of individual Jews in the arts, business, the professions, academia and public service.
A Test of Courage 1775-1779
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1775, the Anglo-American empire collapsed, smashing a relationship cherished by four generations of Lees. The courage of the family’s earlier personalities had been tested amid circumstances very different from those that tried Richard Henry and his brothers. They would be even more sternly challenged. Having to break with England grieved them, as it did most Americans.