bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vortex method with meshless spatial adaption for accurate simulation of viscous, unsteady vortical flows
Authors: Barba L. A. , Leonard A. , Allen C. B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA vortex method has been developed where spatial adaption of the Lagrangian vortex particles is provided by the technique of radial basis function interpolation. In this way, the meshless formulation of the vortex method is preserved throughout. Viscous effects are provided by the core spreading method, where core size control is accomplished in the spatial adaption, thus ensuring convergence. Numerical experiments demonstrate considerable increase in accuracy, in comparison with standard remeshing schemes used with vortex methods. Proof‐of‐concept is achieved successfully on a problem of quasi‐steady tripole vortex flow, and parallel implementation of the method has permitted high‐accuracy computations of vortex interactions at high Reynolds number. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic, isothermal, turbulent swirling flow in a complex combustor geometry
Authors: Jones L. N. , Gaskell P. H. , Thompson H. M. , Gu X. J. , Emerson D. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe performance of popular second moment closure (LRR, SSG) turbulence models is assessed and compared against experimental data for anisotropic swirling flow in a cylindrical combustion chamber. In contrast to previous studies, where the dissipation anisotropy is correlated with the stress anisotropy, the benefit of approximating the former for swirling flows in terms of the mean strain and vorticity is investigated. Second moment closure models are found to predict mean and turbulent flow quantities reasonably well everywhere except near the wall. The anisotropic dissipation model is found to improve prediction of mean flow quantities near the chamber axis and acts to preserve turbulence further downstream. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution simulation of inviscid flow in general domains
Authors: Hall Oskar , Schroll Hans Joachim , Svensson Fredrik 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper, a high‐resolution finite volume method for calculating solutions to a hyperbolic conservation law is presented. The method works in two space dimensions on general domains and uses curvilinear meshes. A non‐trivial estimation of gradients needed for the reconstructions is presented. The paper contains examples of numerical solutions of the Euler gas dynamics equations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Splitting methods for high order solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in 3D
Authors: Brüger Arnim , Gustafsson Bertil , Lötstedt Per , Nilsson Jonas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe incompressible Navier–Stokes equations are discretized in space by a hybrid method and integrated in time by the method of lines. The solution is determined on a staggered curvilinear grid in two space dimensions and by a Fourier expansion in the third dimension. The space derivatives are approximated by a compact finite difference scheme of fourth‐order on the grid. The solution is advanced in time by a semi‐implicit method. In each time step, systems of linear equations have to be solved for the velocity and the pressure. The iterations are split into one outer iteration and three inner iterations. The accuracy and efficiency of the method are demonstrated in a numerical experiment with rotated Poiseuille flow perturbed by Orr–Sommerfeld modes in a channel. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit subgrid‐scale models in space–time variational‐multiscale discretizations
Authors: Hulshoff S. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe behaviour of space–time variational‐multiscale discretizations is investigated using a moving‐wave solution of the one‐dimensional viscous Burgers equation. Effects of spatial discretization parameters are demonstrated using time‐converged numerical results. Two approaches for estimating implicit subgrid‐scale energy dissipation are described, and the dependence of implicit dissipation on spatial discretization parameters is examined. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On numerical flux evaluation using coupled reconstruction based on entropic redundant variables
Authors: de Felice G. , Mazzotti G. , Meola C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a novel approach to the simulation of conservation systems based on redundant variables constraints. This allows the imposition of more physical conditions to obtain a better determination of the reconstruction problem. The results achieved for a passive scalar transport and a Burgers equation test case are illustrated. Reported numerical simulations of simple 2D incompressible flows also indicate the good quality of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a CFD real gas flow solver for hybrid grid
Authors: Cirri Massimiliano , Adami Paolo , Martelli Francesco 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the development and the testing of a CFD real gas flow solver. In the first part of the paper is the description of the analysis performed to define the best approach to a real gas flow solver and the various solution considered. In the second part the various solution adopted are described, in the last part of the paper the CFD solver tests are presented together with results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precise FEM solution of a corner singularity using an adjusted mesh
Authors: Burda P. , Novotný J. , Šístek J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWithin the framework of the finite element method problems with corner‐like singularities (e.g. on the well‐known L‐shaped domain) are most often solved by the adaptive strategy: the mesh near the corners is refined according to the a posteriori error estimates. In this paper we present an alternative approach. For flow problems on domains with corner singularities we use the a priori error estimates and asymptotic expansion of the solution to derive an algorithm for refining the mesh near the corner. It gives very precise solution in a cheap way. We present some numerical results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel ILU preconditioning and parallel mesh adaptation with load balancing for general domain decompositions for the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Staff Ørnulf , Wille S. Ø. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA complete framework for solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in parallel is presented. An unstructured mesh is decomposed into non‐overlapping subdomains corresponding to the number of processors. Each subdomain is adaptively refined independently based on local Reynolds number estimates. Computational load is balanced by transferring element‐octrees between subdomains.A parallel conjugate gradient solver with ILU preconditioning is achieved by resolving node dependencies based on mesh structure. Each node is sorted by category giving an a priori pivoting suited for parallel solution. The parallel solver has convergence rates comparable to serial solvers with a similar ILU strategy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gisbornian (Caradoc) graptolites from New South Wales, Australia: systematics, biostratigraphy and evolution
Authors: Rickards Barrie , Sherwin Lawrence , Williamson Penelope 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe biodiversity record of graptolites from the Cheeseman's Creek Formation, considered herein as late Gisbornian (Caradoc) in age, has been substantially increased to fifteen taxa, including the new species Dicellograptus praemorrisi sp. nov. and Climacograptus vandenbergi sp. nov. Some of the records have global correlative significance enabling us to identify the wilsoni Biozone ( = calcaratus Biozone of eastern Australia). Several evolutionary lineages have been recognized:

Dicellograptus moffatensis (Carruthers, 1858) →  D. praemorrisi sp. nov → D. morrisi Hopkinson, 1871
Glossograptus hincksi Hopkinson, 1872 → Glossograptus? sp.
Climacograptus bicornis (J. Hall, 1847) → C. vandenbergi sp. nov. → C. lanceolatus VandenBerg, 1990.
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodiversity on land and in the sea
Authors: Benton Michael J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLife on land today is as much as 25 times as diverse as life in the sea. Paradoxically, this extraordinarily high level of continental biodiversity has been achieved in a shorter time and it occupies a much smaller area of the Earth's surface than does marine biodiversity. Raw palaeontological data suggest very different models for the diversification of life on land and in the sea. The well‐studied marine fossil record appears to show evidence for an equilibrium model of diversification, with phases of rapid radiation, followed by plateaux that may indicate times of equilibrium diversity. The continental fossil record shows exponential diversification from the Silurian to the present. These differences appear to be real: the continental fossil record is unlikely to be so poor that all evidence for a high initial equilibrial diversity has been lost. In addition, it is not clear that the apparently equilibrial marine model is correct, since it is founded on studies at familial level. At species level, a logistic family‐level curve probably breaks down to an exponential. The rocketing diversification rates of flowering plants, insects, and other land life are evidently hugely different from the more sluggish rates of diversification of life in the sea, perhaps as a result of greater endemism and habitat complexity on land. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolutionary radiation of modern birds: systematics and patterns of diversification
Authors: Dyke Gareth J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe timing of the evolutionary radiation of the modern, or neornithine, birds is controversial. The fossil record has indicated that the radiation occurred mainly in the aftermath of the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) extinction event. However, recent estimates of lineage divergence times calculated from molecular data have instead indicated that most of the major clades of modern birds originated in the Cretaceous. Because the known Mesozoic fossil record of modern birds is poor, fossils from the early Tertiary provide the first opportunity to document the pattern of the radiation. The limited phylogenetic hypotheses produced to date and including this post‐KT fossil material suggest that only some of the ‘more basal’ clades of modern birds were, most likely, present during the Mesozoic Era, and that the radiation of the ‘more derived’ landbird group of clades occurred in the early Tertiary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What are Lazarus taxa?
Authors: Fara Emmanuel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe many definitions and interpretations associated with the ‘Lazarus effect’ have considerably confused this notion. While several authors regard the Lazarus effect as the temporary disappearance of taxa from the fossil record in any given time interval, many others consider the Lazarus effect as a pattern restricted to mass extinction episodes. The adequacy of the fossil record is the key for interpreting the Lazarus pattern: either Lazarus taxa reflect the incompleteness of the fossil record (the ‘stratigraphic alternative’), or they illustrate genuine extinction‐linked phenomena (the ‘biological alternative’). The latter option includes two traditional hypotheses implying existence of refugia and post‐extinction low population diversity. Differences between these two biological explanations seem to be more rhetorical than substantiated. In addition, the sampling intensity is an external factor commonly linked with both the stratigraphic and the biological alternatives. Interpreting the Lazarus effect is an asymmetrical procedure because the biological alternative is only favoured when the stratigraphic one cannot be documented. Consequently, analytical techniques assessing the completeness of the fossil record are critical to understand the meaning of Lazarus taxa. In particular, gap distributions are better compared with extinction and origination rates rather than with total diversity estimates. Finally, the Lazarus effect should be defined broadly to include range gaps from any given time interval. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do all mass extinctions represent an ecological crisis? Evidence from the Late Ordovician
Authors: Brenchley P. J. , Marshall J. D. , Underwood C. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe high rate of species extinction in recent decades is seen by many ecologists as heralding an extinction of catastrophic magnitude in the near future. The ecological consequences of such a biodiversity crisis are hard to predict, but some indication of likely effects can be gained from the knowledge of mass extinctions in the past. The Late Ordovician extinction was one of the five great extinctions in the geological record. It occurred in two phases about 0.5–1million years (Ma) apart and resulted from climatic and related environmental changes associated with the rapid growth and decay of the large Gondwanan ice cap. Overall, an estimated 86% of species became extinct, 61% of genera and 12–24% of families, but few or no orders or higher taxa. The extinction severely affected both marine benthos and plankton. Using brachiopod data as a measure of ecological change, it can be seen that the number of within‐habitat species (alpha diversity) was severely reduced and the number and distinctness of benthic communities (beta diversity) on marine shelves also declined sharply. Concurrently the number of palaeogeographic provinces fell from ten to five, possibly as a result of a loss of endemic species and preferential survival of cosmopolitan species. At the peak of extinction, following the second extinction phase, the ecological structure of both benthic and planktonic ecosystems had been severely disrupted and downgraded in complexity as a wide variety of niches were ‘vacated’. In spite of the profound biodiversity and ecological crisis within this ‘survival’ interval, communities returned to their pre‐extinction levels of alpha and beta diversity during the subsequent ‘recovery’ interval. In spite of the large amount of vacant ecospace to be filled there was very little innovation in terms of adaptive strategy, so that the structure of the emerging Silurian communities was similar to that of the Ordovician. In these terms the ecological recovery was remarkable, but it was also prolonged over about 4–5 Ma. On a geological time scale the biosphere returned to ‘normal’, but on a human time scale the mass extinction produced a very severely degraded biosphere. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompleteness of the Permian–Triassic fossil record: a consequence of productivity decline?
Authors: Twitchett Richard J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnalysis of published data shows that, for most animal groups, the fossil record in the immediate aftermath of the end‐Permian biotic crisis is less complete than during the Late Permian or Middle Triassic. Completeness is measured by the Simple Completeness Metric. The interval of poor quality fossil record spans the entire Lower Triassic and may have serious consequences for our perception of the magnitude of the end‐Permian event. A model is presented which seeks to explain this phenomenon. There is abundant evidence that levels of primary productivity were severely reduced in the very latest Permian. In response to this, animal biomass must also have been reduced. The biomass of a particular taxon is the product of the size of individual organisms multiplied by the number of individuals. Those taxa that reduced population size, but maintained original body size, would tend not to be preserved (apparent extinction) and would also be more prone to ‘real’ extinction. Those taxa that retained large population sizes, but reduced body size, would resist extinction and would also maintain their presence in the fossil record. One testable prediction is that taxa present in the fossil record in the immediate aftermath of the end‐Permian crisis will have smaller body size than their pre‐event relatives, regardless of their initial size. Anecdotal evidence supports this prediction. Such a biomass reduction model may also be applicable to other mass extinction events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colonization of the deep‐marine environment during the early Phanerozoic: the ichnofaunal record
Authors: Orr Patrick J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTemporal changes in the ichnogeneric diversity and ethological structure of 50 Cambrian to Carboniferous deep‐marine ichnofaunal assemblages were quantified. Assemblages of Cambrian age are distinctive: their diversity is lower, pascichnia and agrichnia relatively unimportant, and ‘shallow‐marine’ ichnotaxa more common, than in subsequent periods. There appear to be no environmental reasons that would have precluded more extensive colonization of the deep‐marine environment during the Cambrian. The significant restructuring of deep‐marine communities at, or near, the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary is therefore attributed to competition for ecospace and/or resources within shallow‐marine environments during the early Phanerozoic, as a result of which ichnotaxa, including examples of pascichnia and agrichnia, were displaced offshore. The Nereites ichnofacies, as traditionally understood, is thus characteristic of only deep‐marine environments younger than the Cambrian. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palaeozoic brachiopod extinctions, survival and recovery: patterns within the rhynchonelliformeans
Authors: Harper David A. T. , Jia‐Yu Rong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe brachiopod‐dominated seabeds of the Palaeozoic were modified by a series of biotic extinctions and recoveries. The ecologic and taxonomic dynamics of the Cambrian and Paleozoic Evolutionary Faunas were interrupted during the late Cambrian, end‐Ordovician, late Devonian and end‐Permian by a multiple series of extinctions. While the balance between the deltidiodont and cyrtomatodont rhynchonelliformeans was maintained during the Palaeozoic, the dominant role of the orthides and strophomenides during the early to mid‐Palaeozoic was usurped by the productides during the late Palaeozoic. The deltidiodont morphology did not survive the end‐Permian extinctions; the modern articulated brachiopod fauna is dominated by cyrtomatodonts with crurae and loops. Nevertheless, a recurring trend is the long‐term success of brachiopod taxa with widespread distributions and the demise of the more specialized and highly adapted morphs having more restricted distributions commonly evolved during interregna between phases of extinction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodiversity and the history of reefs
Authors: Wood Rachel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCurrent biodiversity estimates suggest that modern coral reefs house between 4 and 5% of all described species, although increasingly sophisticated molecular techniques may reveal the actual diversity to be far higher. The origins and maintenance of this considerable taxonomic biodiversity remain, however, poorly known, particularly as the relative importance of controls that maintain the structure of reef communities differ according to the scale of consideration. The diversity of local coral reef communities is strongly correlated with water depth and differences between habitats. Ecological structure is considered to be ordered mainly by interspecific interactions and differential responses to disturbance, whereas determinants of diversity at regional geographical scales include variation in rates of dispersal and recruitment from the available metapopulation. On evolutionary timescales, historical events such as unique radiations of key taxa and mass extinctions appear to be the main controls on biodiversity change. All these processes operate simultaneously, and must be integrated in order to gain an understanding of the evolutionary perspective. Depending upon the scale of population considered, reef communities may operate as both individualistic assemblages of taxa with similar requirements, and as more tightly integrated ecological entities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A facile stereoselective synthesis of (E)‐1,2‐disubstituted vinylic selenides via hydromagnesiation of alkylarylacetylenes
Authors: Cai Mingzhong , Xia Jun , Hao Wenyan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHydromagnesiation of alkylarylacetylenes 1 in diethyl ether gave (E)‐α‐arylvinyl Grignard reagents 2, which reacted with arylselenenyl bromides 3 in THF to afford stereoselectively (E)‐1,2‐disubstituted vinylic selenides
4 in good yields. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:65–68, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20066
Syntheses, characterizations and crystal structures of new triorganotin complexes with 2‐mercaptopyrimidine and 4‐amino‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Shi Yang , Jiang Qin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour triorganotin(IV) complexes with 2‐mercaptopyrimidine (HSpym) and 4‐amino‐2‐mercaptopyrimidine (HSapym) of the type, R3SnL (L= Spym, R=Ph, 1; R=PhCH2, 2; L=Sapym, R=Ph, 3; R=PhCH2, 4), were synthesized. All the complexes 1–4 have been characterized by elemental, IR, 1H NMR, and X‐ray crystallography diffraction analyses, which revealed that the structures of 1–4 are penta‐coordinated with R3Sn‐coordinated to the thiol S and heterocyclic N atoms, and the structural distortion for each is a displacement from tetragonal toward trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The complex 1 is a one‐dimensional chain complex, while compounds 3 and 4 are dimers due to the existence of N···H hydrogen bonding. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:69–75, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20068
New access to pyrazole, oxa(thia)diazole and oxadiazine derivatives
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , El‐Shaieb Kamal M. , Shaker Raafat M. , Döpp Dietrich 
Published: January 2005

Abstract1,4‐Disubstituted thiosemicarbazides 1b–f reacted with ethenetetracarbonitrile (5) in di‐ methylformamide with formation of 2‐substituted 5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles 2a–f and 2‐substituted 5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles 4a–f. Upon addition of 5 to 1c–e in chlorobenzene, 3‐amino‐2‐benzoyl‐4,5,5‐tri‐ cyano‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazole‐1‐[N‐(4‐tricyanovi‐nyl)phenyl]carbothioamide (12), 5‐benzylamino‐, and 5‐allylamino‐4‐benzoyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐[1,3,4]thiadiazol‐ 2,2‐dicarbonitrile (13a,b) and 5‐amino‐1‐benzoylpyrazole‐3,4‐dicarbonitrile (14) as well as 2‐phenyl‐ 4H‐[1,3,4]‐oxadiazine‐5,6‐dicarbonitrile (15) were formed. Rationales for the role of the solvent and the conversions observed are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:12–19, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20071
Synthesis of 3‐aryl(hetaryl)‐1,2,3‐diazaphospholines
Authors: Chaikovskaya Aleksandra A. , Kudrya Tamara N. , Lakhtadir Aleksandr I. , Smaliy Radomir V. , Pinchuk Aleksandr M. , Tolmachev Andrei A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA reaction of cyclohexanone phenylhydrazone with (het)aryldihalogenophosphines has been studied. As shown, cyclohexanone phenylhydrazone reacts with phenyldibromophosphine and 5‐methyl‐2‐furyldibromophosphine to provide the corresponding 1,2,3‐diazaphospholines in high yields. The diazaphospholines thus obtained have been derivatized. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:81–83, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20074