bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical media work and the curriculum of the future
Authors: Watling Rob 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThis article considers the current range of contexts and pretexts for practical media work, principally in England. I argue that the current educational context in England requires us to broaden, rather than restrict the role that practical work is given in the curriculum. In particular I argue that practical media work has too often been associated with critical reflection (the ability to read between the lines of media texts) and critical authority (the ability to adopt the formal discourses of appreciation and judgement). It does this at the expense of critical autonomy (the ability to work with others to develop new, sustainable arguments) and critical action (the process of testing and refining these positions by applying them in real social settings). I argue that such a role is compatible with the development of pedagogies relevant to a ‘curriculum for the future’ (Young, 1998) which aims, among other things, to reconceptualize learning as a social, rather than an individual process.
A case‐study of the predictive validity and reliability of Key Stage 2 test results, and teacher assessments, as baseline data for target‐setting and value‐added at Key Stage 3
Authors: Moody Ian 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThis case‐study investigates the predictive validity and reliability of Key Stage 2 test results, and teacher assessments, for target‐setting and value‐added assumptions at Key Stage 3. (In England Key Stage 2 tests are taken in the core subjects of English, Mathematics and Science at the age of 11. Key Stage 3 tests are taken in the same subjects at the age of 14. Teacher assessments are also completed for these subjects at both key stages.) The study employed the type of linear regression analysis recommended in several government reports, to correlate Key Stage 2 test results, and teacher assessments, in core subjects, with Key Stage 3 test results, and teacher assessments, in both core and non‐core subjects. Following government recommendations that the use of any other form of testing ‐ such as the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT) ‐ was now no longer necessary to provide baseline data for value‐added calculations, or to set targets, correlations were also investigated between results on the CAT, and test results and teacher assessments at Key Stage 3, for both core and non‐core subjects, to see whether this recommendation was well founded. The results of the case‐study suggest that Key Stage 2 data, both in the form of test results and teacher assessments, have little or no predictive validity, or reliability, for test results or teacher assessments at Key Stage 3. Indeed, the predictive validity for non‐core subjects at Key Stage 3 was so low as to be negligible. However, the CAT average score correlated more highly with both teacher assessments and test results at Key Stage 3 in core subjects, although this relationship was not reflected in non‐core subjects. These findings suggest that the predictive validity and reliability of Key Stage 2 data is seriously open to question as baseline data for either value‐added, or target‐setting procedures, at Key Stage 3. It should be pointed out, however, that these findings are provisional, since they are based on data from two intake years, but preliminary analysis of data from a further three intake years appears to indicate that the concerns identified are well founded.
Compulsory citizenship for the disenfranchised: benchmarking students, schools, and social and political attitudes before the Citizenship Order
Authors: Morris Zoë Slote , John Peter , Halpern David 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the current state of the debate about the political orientation and social attitudes of young people. After cautioning against a pessimistic view of moral decline, the article reports the results from a survey of 1249 young people in Hertfordshire. While showing evidence of low levels of political knowledge, interest, trust and efficacy, the findings do not confirm a lack of engagement with the wider social world. They show that young people contribute to social capital, by volunteering, for example, and that young people have broadly developed moral awareness. We explore students' engagement in citizenship‐type activities both within and outside school; the extent to which they have covered the citizenship National Curriculum in school; and the degree to which they are active participants in their school. Our findings are generally positive, identifying reasonably high levels of engagement and integration. In short, there is a base from which to develop curricular reforms to promote political education.
'Under‐achieving boys' in English primary schools?
Authors: Warrington Molly , Younger Michael , McLellan Ros 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThere is increasing acknowledgement that differences exist in the levels of achievement of boys and girls in English primary schools, as evidenced by performances in National Curriculum tests at Key Stages 1 and 2. This article briefly examines the nature of these differences, both nationally and specifically within the context of a pilot study of four schools in different socio‐economic contexts. Some of the underlying factors behind these differential achievements are considered, particularly within the context of literacy issues and of boys' constructions of masculinity. An analysis of the approaches towards creating a context for achievement of both girls and boys in these four schools is then offered, with a focus on pedagogic, organizational and socio‐cultural strategies. It is suggested that, while intervention strategies which have the potential to raise the achievement levels of boys (and girls) are being successfully developed in each pilot school, there is as yet only limited evidence to suggest how and why these interventions are most effective, and indeed, how these interventions might be successfully adapted and transferred to other school contexts.
An evaluation of pupil perceptions of Ireland, Irish history and its contribution to history teaching in our multicultural society
Authors: Bracey Paul , Gove‐Humphries Alison 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThis article uses case‐study research to explore pupil perceptions of Ireland and its impact on learning an aspect of Irish history. The topic is linked to multicultural perspectives within both history and citizenship. Survey data is used to provide an insight into pupil knowledge and perceptions of Ireland by comparing it with their perceptions of England, Scotland and Wales. This is related to diary and focus study responses given by the children when studying a unit of work. The research suggests that the historical knowledge of the pupils registered poorly against other forms of knowledge, and is often related to recent events reported in the media; also, that family influences are as important as school. This does not appear to have adversely affected the children's response to studying about Ireland's past with respect to this particular study, although it is possible that family links could have some impact on pupil discourses. The overall conclusion is that the study of Ireland's past has the potential to enhance the quality of history and citizenship education in the context of our multicultural society.
Connecting with plants: lessons for life
Authors: Galbraith Jillian 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTGreater understanding of biodiversity and responsible behaviour towards conservation and sustainability are vital in the twenty‐first century. Education is the chief means of encouraging a deeper, more holistic way of thinking, a link between ecology and human ecology, and a change in mental models in order to think to the future. Education is necessary at all levels from the government to the individual. Botanic gardens are an important specialist resource for the development of such education programmes, both formal and informal. Evaluation, partnership, creative communication and an inclusive approach are essential to successful environmental education programmes.
The golden age of BTEC: the business education curriculum in 1980s further education
Authors: Fisher Roy 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThis article provides an account of ‘three generations’ of the Business Education Council (BEC)/Business and Technician (later Technology) Education Council (BTEC) curriculum as implemented in further education colleges between 1979 and 1992. There is discussion of aspects of the underlying philosophy of BEC/BTEC, the structure and content of the programmes, skills, assessment, work experience, learning strategies, and aspects of monitoring and quality control. It is argued that BEC/BTEC, through a form of vocational progressivism, successfully transformed pedagogic practices in FE during the 1980s. The advent of the National Council for Vocational Qualifications, however, and the subsequent introduction of General Advanced Vocational Qualifications in 1993 effectively marked the end of the ‘BEC/BTEC’ era and the establishment of a more directly instrumentalist approach to vocational education.
Teaching sustainable development in primary schools: theory into practice
Authors: Summers Mike , Kruger Colin 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTThe work described here is set in a context of considerable national and international debate about the nature of sustainable development and education for sustainable development (ESD). It describes how nine primary school teachers translated a particular conceptualization of ESD into classroom teaching. The conceptualization which informed the work was that set out in a report produced by the Panel for Education for Sustainable Development, a working group which advised on the introduction of ESD in the revised National Curriculum for the year 2000. The findings are based principally on interviews with teachers and pupils, both before and after teaching. Examples of pupil learning are given to illustrate what might count as ESD in these young children. A concluding section examines the teaching and learning in light of current literature on the nature of ESD.
Design of a decentralized detection of interacting LTI systems
Authors: Shankar Shamanth , Darbha Swaroop , Datta Aniruddha 
Published: September 2003

In this paper, the problem of designing a decentralized detection filter for a large homogeneous collection of LTI systems is considered. The collection of systems considered here draws inspiration from platoons of vehicles, and the considered interactions amongst systems in the collection are banded and lower triangular, mimicking the typical “look‐ahead” nature of interactions in a platoon of vehicles. A fault in a system propagates to other systems in the collection via such interactions.The decentralized detection filter for the collection is composed of interacting detection filters, one for each system. The feasibility of communicating the state estimates to other systems in the collection is assumed here. An important concern is the propagation of state estimation errors. In order that the state estimation errors not amplify as they propagate, a ℋ∞ constraint on the state estimation error propagation dynamics is imposed. A sufficient condition for constructing a decentralized detection filter for the collection is presented. An example is provided to illustrate the design procedure.
In Vivo ESR Study on Hepatic Reduction of a Nitroxide Radical after Administration of Glucose in Rats
Authors: Tada Mika , Yokoyama Hidekatsu , Toyoda Yoshiko , Ohya Hiroaki , Ogata Tateaki , Kamada Hitoshi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe in vivo reducing ability of a nitroxide radical, 4‐hydroxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐oxyl (TEMPOL), in the liver of rats was estimated by using an electron spin resonance spectrometer equipped with a surface‐coil‐type resonator following administration of glucose. Both oral and intravenous administration of glucose significantly enhanced the reduction capacity. In vitro studies show that the reduction site of TEMPOL in the hepatic homogenate is located in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and microsomal electron transport system. These findings indicate that the enhancement of activity of these systems caused by the glucose administration prompts reduction of TEMPOL in the liver.
Thiol‐Oxidizing Agent Diamide and Acidic pH Enhance Lipid Peroxidation of Rat Heart Mitochondria and Cardiolipin? Cytochrome c Complex
Authors: Iwase Hirotaro , Sakurada Koichi , Ikegaya Hiroshi , Hatanaka Kazuhito , Takeichi Hisako , Kobayashi Masahiko , Yoshida Kenichi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this study, we investigated lipid peroxidation in rat heart mitochondria hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and lipid peroxidation in a mitochondrial‐mimetic lipid peroxidation system, where phospholipids such as cardiolipin (CL) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) were first mixed together and then PLA2 and calcium chloride were added to the mixture (CL‐Cyt c‐PLA2 system). Production of hydroperoxy and hydroxy compounds of linoleic acid (LA)1
Do Rodents Have a Gene Encoding Glycogenin‐2, the Liver Isoform of the Self‐Glucosylating Initiator of Glycogen Synthesis?
Authors: Zhai Lanmin , Schroeder Jill , Skurat Alexander V. , Roach Peter J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe discovery of a second human gene, GYG2, encoding a liverspecific isoform of glycogenin, the self‐glucosylating initiator of glycogen biosynthesis, raised the possibility for differential controls of this protein in liver and muscle. The new protein, glycogenin‐2, had several properties similar biochemically to the muscle isoform, glycogenin‐1, but unlike glycogenin‐1, stable expression in fibroblasts led to a significant overaccumulation of glycogen. Ensuing attempts to generate reagents suitable for use with rodents, to examine the physiological regulation of glycogenin‐2 by nutritional and hormonal factors, have been unsuccessful. Proof of a negative is difficult but the weight of the evidence is beginning to mitigate against the existence of a second glycogenin gene in rodents leading us to hypothesize that the presence of the GYG2 gene is limited to primates.
Antioxidants in the Treatment of Graves Disease
Authors: Guerra Liliana N. , Moiguer Silvia , Karner Mirta , de Molina Ma del Carmen Rios , Sreider Claudia M. , Burdman José A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAn antioxidant mixture (LAROTABE) was evaluated in the treatment of Graves disease. Fifty‐six hyperthyroid patients were treated with methimazol (MMI) (A), LAROTABE (B), or MMI plus LAROTABE (C). According to a clinical score, improvement was obtained at 8 weeks in A and 4 weeks in B and C. Group A diminished their thyroid hormone concentration to normal levels, while patients with LAROTABE did not reduce T3 and T4 unless MMI was introduced. Hyperthyroid patients had increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and SOD activity and decreased catalase activity compared to controls. Within group A, MDA decreased to control values while SOD was reduced 38.3% and catalase increased 21.6%. Similar results were obtained for MDA and for both enzymes after treatment with LAROTABE. Signs and symptoms of Graves disease might be related to an increase in free radicals; antioxidants could be a new therapeutic tool to improve the clinical manifestation of this illness.
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Oxidative Stress in Bovine Oocyte In Vitro Maturation
Authors: Cetica P. D. , Pintos L. N. , Dalvit G. C. , Beconi M. T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a normal process of cell metabolism. In vitro environments usually increase cell production of ROS, which has been implicated as a main cause of cell damage. Nevertheless, the role of ROS in oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is controversial. In most cells, enzymatic antioxidant systems can attenuate the effect of oxidative stress by scavenging ROS. The aim of this work was to determine whether: (1) standard conditions of bovine oocyte IVM are responsible for oxidative stress; (2) cumulus cells participate in protection against oxidative stress of the oocyte; and (3) enzymatic antioxidant activity is present in oocytes and cumulus cells. Cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in TCM‐199 10% steer serum for 24 h at 39 °C in 5% CO2:95% humidified air. Oxidative stress was determined by the 2', 7'‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were measured spectrophotometrically.Under standard conditions of in vitro maturation, there was no increase in ROS production per COC (P > 0.05), but ROS level per cumulus cell diminished. There was no modification in ROS levels in oocytes matured in the presence versus the absence of their surrounding cumulus cells (P > 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, the presence of SOD, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were detected in oocytes and cumulus cells for the first time. Enzymatic units were lower in denuded oocytes with respect to cumulus (P < 0.05), accounting for 37% for SOD, 25% for glutathione peroxidase, and 11% for catalase of the total COC units. Specific enzyme activity diminished in cumulus cells (P > 0.05) and increased in oocytes due to maturation (P > 0.05). The presence of activity of an enzymatic antioxidant system in the bovine oocyte would regulate in part ROS levels during IVM. Oocytes could be capable of controlling the increase in ROS because of the presence of their own enzymatic antioxidant system, SOD having the highest specific activity with respect to cumulus cells.
Transient Up‐Regulation of Liver Mitochondrial Thymidine Kinase Activity in Proliferating Mitochondria
Authors: Elholm Morten , HollÅs Hanne , Issalene Carol , Barroso Joao Filipe Viegas , Berge Rolf Kristian , Flatmark Torgeir 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAdministration of the fatty acid analogue tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA) to rodents up‐regulates peroxisomal and mitochondrial lipid‐metabolizing enzymes and induces a proliferation of these organelles in hepatocytes. We show here that male NMRI mice fed a diet containing 0.3% (w/w) TTA revealed a transient two‐fold increase in the incorporation of [3
Intra‐ and Intercellular Distribution of Mitochondrial Probes and Changes after Treatment with MDR Modulators
Authors: Diaz Giacomo , Diana Andrea , Falchi Angela Maria , Gremo Fulvia , Pani Alessandra , Batetta Barbara , Dessì Sandra , Isola Raffaella 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFluorescent probes are currently used to evaluate the mitochondrial transmembrane potential in situ. However, in parallel experiments using the probes JC‐1 and TMRM in different cell types (human astrocytes, HEp‐2, Vero, KB, and HeLa cells), we found that the distribution of JC‐1 and TMRM is highly variable not only in different cell types but also in different cells of the same cell type, a condition that has never been documented until our work. This phenomenon depends on a hidden, widespread multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype that can be recognized only by comparative assays with MDR inhibitors (progesterone, verapamil, and cyclosporin A) and represents a serious risk of error in the evaluation of the mitochondrial potential.
Internally Located Signal Peptides Direct Hepatitis C Virus Polyprotein Processing in the ER Membrane
Authors: Wu Jim Zhen 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAn endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal peptide is an amino acid sequence motif that directs the translocation of nascent polypeptides to the lumen of ER membrane. Most of known ER signal peptides are either N‐terminal cleavable or internally uncleavable. In the structural protein region of hepatitis C virus (HCV) polyprotein, however, four internally located cleavable signal peptides are arranged in a tandem array. The published experimental results indicated that the nascent HCV polyprotein is processed in the ER membrane by host signal peptidase(s) to the respective viral proteins. Here we propose that the four ER signal peptides lead the nascent HCV polyprotein to ER membrane, and the four internally located cleavable signal peptides are the sole determinant for the compartment localization of the matured viral proteins. After cleavage at the C‐terminus, the signal peptides retain at the C‐terminus of mature proteins, and serve as ER membrane anchors. The signal peptide directed polyprotein processing in the ER membrane preludes the virion assembly and budding from the ER membrane. This unique processing may be a general mechanism adopted by many types of virus for virion assembly and replication. The revelation of signal peptidase involved in HCV polyprotein processing presents a novel drug target to suppress HCV viral replication for the much needed HCV therapy.
Precursor of a Novel Scorpion Venom Peptide (BmKn1) with no Disulfide Bridge from Buthus martensii Karsch
Authors: Zeng Xian‐Chun , Li Wen‐Xin , Wang San‐Xia , Zhu Shun‐Yi , Luo Feng 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA full‐length cDNA sequence encoding the precursor of a novel venom peptide (named BmKn1) with no disulfide bridge was first isolated from the venom gland cDNA library of Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. The encoded precursor consisted of 70 amino acid residues including two parts: a signal peptide of 23 residues, and a putative mature venom peptide (BmKn1) of 47 residues. The sequence of BmKn1 showed no similarity to those of other scorpion venom peptides. BmKn1 may be the first member of a new venom peptide family from scorpion. Future research will be interesting to unravel further the pharmacological function of this novel scorpion venom peptide.
Ironing Out Disease: Inherited Disorders of Iron Homeostasis
Authors: Anderson Gregory J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIron presents us with a paradox. Without it, cells simply cannot survive because iron is an essential cofactor for many enzymes in critical biochemical pathways. However, when iron is present in excess, it can be highly cytotoxic due to its propensity to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen radicals. To cater for this dual nature, cells and organisms have developed elaborate mechanisms for regulating iron intake and efflux. When these mechanisms are disrupted, as is the case in a number of inherited disorders of iron metabolism, the pathological consequences can be severe. Many of these disorders are characterized by iron overload and include relatively common diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, rare abnormalities of plasma protein synthesis (atransferrinemia and aceruloplasminemia), and the neuromuscular disease Friedreich ataxia. The few described inherited anemias in humans have yet to yield to molecular dissection, but the investigation of several rodent anemias has proved highly rewarding. This review will provide a summary of some of these disorders and describe how their analysis has provided important new insights into iron trafficking pathways and their regulation.
Does Inhibition of Trypanosoma cruzi Key Enzymes Affect Parasite Life Cycle and Geographic Distribution?
Authors: Salvati Luca , Bolognesi Martino , Ascenzi Paolo 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe hemoflagellate protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of the Chagas disease, a progressive fatal cardiomyopathy that afflicts more than 20 million people in Central and South America. The T. cruzi life cycle is affected by changes in temperature and pH, the parasite replication being facilitated in mammalian hosts rather than in insect vectors. Here, we postulate that the modulation of key enzymes by pH‐ and temperature‐dependent substrate inhibition may affect the T. cruzi life cycle and limit the geographic range covered by the parasite.