bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dual adversarial deconfounding autoencoder for joint batch-effects removal from multi-center and multi-scanner radiomics data
Authors: Cavinato Lara , Massi Michela Carlotta , Sollini Martina , Kirienko Margarita , Ieva Francesca 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMedical imaging represents the primary tool for investigating and monitoring several diseases, including cancer. The advances in quantitative image analysis have developed towards the extraction of biomarkers able to support clinical decisions. To produce robust results, multi-center studies are often set up. However, the imaging information must be denoised from confounding factors—known as batch-effect—like scanner-specific and center-specific influences. Moreover, in non-solid cancers, like lymphomas, effective biomarkers require an imaging-based representation of the disease that accounts for its multi-site spreading over the patient’s body. In this work, we address the dual-factor deconfusion problem and we propose a deconfusion algorithm to harmonize the imaging information of patients affected by Hodgkin Lymphoma in a multi-center setting. We show that the proposed model successfully denoises data from domain-specific variability (p-value < 0.001) while it coherently preserves the spatial relationship between imaging descriptions of peer lesions (p-value = 0), which is a strong prognostic biomarker for tumor heterogeneity assessment. This harmonization step allows to significantly improve the performance in prognostic models with respect to state-of-the-art methods, enabling building exhaustive patient representations and delivering more accurate analyses (p-values < 0.001 in training, p-values < 0.05 in testing). This work lays the groundwork for performing large-scale and reproducible analyses on multi-center data that are urgently needed to convey the translation of imaging-based biomarkers into the clinical practice as effective prognostic tools. The code is available on GitHub at this https://github.com/LaraCavinato/Dual-ADAE.
Distribution, composition and risk assessment of hydrocarbon residue in surficial sediments of El-Dakhla, El-Kharga and El-Farafra oases, Egypt
Authors: Said Tarek O. , Ragab Safaa , El Sikaily Amany , Hassaan Mohamed A. , El Nemr Ahmed 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis work examined the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes quantities, sources, and hazards in sediments collected from the Egyptian Western Desert Oases namely: Dakhla, Kharga and Farafra oases. The n-alkane (C9–C20) residue concentrations have ranged from 0.66 to 2417.91 µg/g recorded for the three Oases. On the other hand, the total n-alkane ranged from 448.54 µg/g to 8442.60 µg/g. Higher carbon preference index (CPI) values (> 1.0) proposed that the natural sources could be the main contributor to n-alkanes in the Oases sediment. GC-MS/MS (selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method) was used for the determination of the ΣPAHs concentrations in the studied sediments. The ΣPAHs concentrations (ng/g, dry weight) in the studied three Oases varied from 10.18 to 790.14, 10.55 to 667.72, and from 38.27 to 362.77 for the Kharga, Dakhla and Farafra Oases, respectively. The higher molecular weight PAHs were the most abundant compounds in the collected samples. Assessing potential ecological and human health issues highlighted serious dangers for living things and people. All the investigated PAHs had cancer risk values between 1.43 × 10–4 and 1.64 × 10–1, this finding suggests that PAHs in the samples under study pose a moderate risk of cancer. The main sources of PAHs in this study are biomass, natural gas, and gasoline/diesel burning emissions.
Lightweight neural network for smart diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma using histopathological images
Authors: Chakrabarti Shubhadip , Rao Ummity Srinivasa 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTraditional Cholangiocarcinoma detection methodology, which involves manual interpretation of histopathological images obtained after biopsy, necessitates extraordinary domain expertise and a significant level of subjectivity, resulting in several deaths due to improper or delayed detection of this cancer that develops in the bile duct lining. Automation in the diagnosis of this dreadful disease is desperately needed to allow for more effective and faster identification of the disease with a better degree of accuracy and reliability, ultimately saving countless human lives. The primary goal of this study is to develop a machine-assisted method of automation for the accurate and rapid identification of Cholangiocarcinoma utilizing histopathology images with little preprocessing. This work proposes CholangioNet, a novel lightweight neural network for detecting Cholangiocarcinoma utilizing histological RGB images. The histological RGB image dataset considered in this research work was found to have limited number of images, hence data augmentation was performed to increase the number of images. The finally obtained dataset was then subjected to minimal preprocessing procedures. These preprocessed images were then fed into the proposed lightweight CholangioNet. The performance of this proposed architecture is then compared with the performance of some of the prominent existing architectures like, VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50 and ResNet101. The Accuracy, Loss, Precision, and Sensitivity metrics are used to assess the efficiency of the proposed system. At 200 epochs, the proposed architecture achieves maximum training accuracy, precision, and recall of 99.90%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The suggested architecture's validation accuracy, precision, and recall are 98.40%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. When compared to the performance of other AI-based models, the proposed system produced better results making it a potential AI tool for real world application.
Application of multi-extruded fuel injectors for mixing enhancement of hydrogen gas at scramjet engine: computational study
Authors: Abdollahi Seyyed Amirreza , Ranjbar Seyyed Faramarz , Aminian Saman , Fattahi M. , Uyen P. D. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractScramjet engines are considered a highly promising technology for improving high-speed flight. In this study, we investigate the effects of using multi-extruded nozzles on fuel mixing and distribution inside the combustion chamber at supersonic flow. Additionally, we explore the impact of an inner air jet on fuel mixing in annular nozzles. To model fuel penetration in the combustor, we employ a computational technique. Our study compares the roles of three different extruded injectors on fuel diffusion and distribution at supersonic cross-flow. Our findings reveal that the use of an inner air jet increases fuel mixing in the annular jet, while the use of extruded nozzles improves fuel distribution by enhancing the vortices between injectors. These results demonstrate the potential benefits of incorporating multi-extruded nozzles and inner air jets in the design of scramjet engines.
Fabrication and performance of highly stacked GeSi nanowire field effect transistors
Authors: Chen Yu-Rui , Liu Yi-Chun , Lin Hsin-Cheng , Tu Chien-Te , Chou Tao , Huang Bo-Wei , Hsieh Wan-Hsuan , Chueh Shee-Jier , Liu C. W. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHorizontal gate-all-around field effect transistors (GAAFETs) are used to replace FinFETs due to their good electrostatics and short channel control. Highly stacked nanowire channels are widely believed to enhance drive current of these devices and improve overall transistor density due to their small footprint. Here we demonstrate the fabrication and characterization of nanowire FETs with stacked 16 Ge0.95Si0.05 nanowires and stacked 12 Ge0.95Si0.05 nanowires without parasitic channels. The device has the high on current (ION) of 190 μA per stack (9400 μA/μm per channel footprint) at overdrive voltage (VOV) = drain-source voltage (VDS) = 0.5 V and the high maximum transconductance (Gm,max) of 490μS (24000μS/μm) at VDS = 0.5 V among reported Si/Ge/GeSi 3D nFETs. Note that the transistor performance can be evaluated by the delay, which is depicted as CV/I. If the transistor ION is improved, the delay of standard cell can be reduced, leading to faster operation of the circuit. The subthreshold slope reduction and ION/IOFF improvement are achieved by the parasitic channel removal. In technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulation, the wrap around contacts are useful to reduce the current difference between the channels. With the proper design of transistor height, the gate delay can be also improved.
Modified magnetic equivalent circuit of double‐stator single‐rotor axial flux permanent magnet machine considering stator radial‐end flux‐leakage
Authors: Chen Jixuan , Hua Wei , Shao Lingyun , Wu Zhongze , Yan Xueyi , Zhang Wentao 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA modified non‐linear magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model is presented for double‐stator single‐rotor axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) (DSSR‐AFPM) machine considering stator radial‐end flux‐leakage, which is severer under a heavier load. Compared to the conventional MEC model for DSSR‐AFPM machine, the proposed model can predict the electromagnetic performance more accurately when the machine operates under a heavy load. The proposed MEC model is verified by the finite element analysis (FEA) on a 24‐slot/20‐pole DSSR‐AFPM machine. The comparison results show that the relative error between the proposed MEC model and FEA is <4% for back electromotive force and <5% for average electromagnetic torque, respectively. Specifically, the relative error of the average torque for the modified MEC model is 4.92% at 28.30 Arms/mm2 slot current density, which is lower than the conventional MEC model, that is, 7.75%.
The synergistic health impacts of exposure to multiple stressors in Tulare County, California
Authors: Gee Michael , McKone Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tulare County is located in the Central Valley region of California (CA). Its population is exposed to stressors that include high levels of air, water, and soil pollution, socioeconomic strain, and poor access to walkable areas and healthy foods. As a result, this population suffers from a high disease burden compared to other CA counties. We hypothesize that environmental and socioeconomic stressors interact in complex ways to raise the burden of disease in the Tulare population beyond additive impacts. We used CalEnviroScreen to select Tulare County as the subject of the study and characterized the geographical interaction of stressors. The CalEnviroScreen indicators provided the basis for population-weighted average calculations to determine the most critical environmental and socioeconomic stressors in Tulare County. We also analyzed and interpreted walkability and dietary access through open-source data. In addition, we compared disease-based mortality in Tulare County to CA state averages. Our evaluation reveals that the population living within the census tracts of Tulare County is exposed to environmental stressors at significantly higher levels relative to many other Californian census tracts, specifically for fine particulate matter, ozone, and drinking water quality. Relatively high exposures to socioeconomic stressors can compound resulting health impacts. We use dose–response curves and stressor mapping to characterize how multiple stressors may augment a population’s vulnerability and effective doses from exposure to multiple stressors. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Data, the differences in mortality rates between Tulare and CA were not significant. However, notable differences in mortality between CA and Tulare occur for Alzheimer’s disease, diseases of the circulatory system, influenza, and pneumonia, which were all statistically higher in Tulare County, and for diabetes, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and neoplasms, which were statistically lower Tulare. Previous health-impact studies have linked individual environmental stressors to their respective measures of disease. However, many communities continue to be exposed daily to numerous stressors that individually are within regulatory limits but could significantly magnify risk due to the synergistic effects. Dose–response curves tailored to population vulnerability provide a basis for quantifying the synergistic risks of multiple stressors on specific measures of disease.
Response of CO2 and CH4 emissions from Arctic tundra soils to a multifactorial manipulation of water table, temperature and thaw depth
Authors: Best K , Zona D , Briant E , Lai Chun-Ta , Lipson D A , McEwing K R , Davidson S J , Oechel W C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Significant uncertainties persist concerning how Arctic soil tundra carbon emission responds to environmental changes. In this study, 24 cores were sampled from drier (high centre polygons and rims) and wetter (low centre polygons and troughs) permafrost tundra ecosystems. We examined how soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes responded to laboratory-based manipulations of soil temperature (and associated thaw depth) and water table depth, representing current and projected conditions in the Arctic. Similar soil CO2 respiration rates occurred in both the drier and the wetter sites, suggesting that a significant proportion of soil CO2 emission occurs via anaerobic respiration under water-saturated conditions in these Arctic tundra ecosystems. In the absence of vegetation, soil CO2 respiration rates decreased sharply within the first 7 weeks of the experiment, while CH4 emissions remained stable for the entire 26 weeks of the experiment. These patterns suggest that soil CO2 emission is more related to plant input than CH4 production and emission. The stable and substantial CH4 emission observed over the entire course of the experiment suggests that temperature limitations, rather than labile carbon limitations, play a predominant role in CH4 production in deeper soil layers. This is likely due to the presence of a substantial source of labile carbon in these carbon-rich soils. The small soil temperature difference (a median difference of 1 °C) and a more substantial thaw depth difference (a median difference of 6 cm) between the high and low temperature treatments resulted in a non-significant difference between soil CO2 and CH4 emissions. Although hydrology continued to be the primary factor influencing CH4 emissions, these emissions remained low in the drier ecosystem, even with a water table at the surface. This result suggests the potential absence of a methanogenic microbial community in high-centre polygon and rim ecosystems. Overall, our results suggest that the temperature increases reported for these Arctic regions are not responsible for increases in carbon losses. Instead, it is the changes in hydrology that exert significant control over soil CO2 and CH4 emissions.
The infection control committee
Authors: Mehtar Shaheen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the infection control committee The role of the Infection Control Committee (ICC) is to: Formulate and monitor patient-care policies. Advise on the purchase of clinical and non-clinical equipment (as this may be involved, directly or indirectly, in cross-infection). Liaise with nursing and medical staff on new policies and procedures. Educate all hospital staff in the infection control programme. Realize savings resulting from the infection control programme and redeploy these funds to improve patient care. Take part in medical audit, as well as being subject to medical audit itself.
Outbreaks
Authors: Mehtar Shaheen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any increase in the isolation rate of a particular organism, or any clustering of clinical cases should be investigated by the IC team. Infection rates and isolates of particular interest may be monitored by: a daily report from the Microbiology Department; a prevalence survey of infection; notification from the national surveillance centre (the communicable diseases centre), which reports national epidemics. If an outbreak occurs the aim of investigation is to: discover how the outbreak arose;treat the infected patients; prevent spread of the infection with the minimum of disruption to the patients and staff.
Design of wards and specialized units
Authors: Mehtar Shaheen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most hospital in-patients are treated in wards, which require considerable planning to minimize the risk of cross-infection. The ward layout depends on whether a pre-existing building has been converted, or whether the unit has been purpose-built. There are three main designs: Nightingale wards. These are dormitory in style, with toilets, bathrooms, sluice areas, etc., at both ends and a nursing station in the centre. There may be a few rooms off the main wards, which are used as treatment rooms, offices, or isolation cubicles. Wash-hand basins are usually at either end of the ward and near the nursing station.
Other departments
Authors: Mehtar Shaheen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The IC team should be involved with the tender for contracts for domestic and associated services, advising on: general cleaning schedules; terminal cleaning requirements; high-risk or dependency area cleaning; cleaning of the bedpan disinfector; cleaning schedules for dirty areas;cleaning the wash-hand dispensers and replacing stocks on the wards; damp dusting schedules; the use of disinfectants.
The development of health care technology
Authors: Banta H David , Luce Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new technology results from a long and complicated set of activities. In summary, this can be referred to as the process of technological change. This process covers the wide range of interacting events by which technology evolves over time, and includes not only scientific activities, but empirical observations, and is based not only on rational experimentation but on serendipity.
Lipids and lipoproteins
Authors: Neil Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cholesterol is a sterol which is essential for the synthesis of cell membranes and various hormones. It is transported in the plasma in macromolecular solubilizing complexes termed lipoproteins. The cholesterol concentration is an aggregate measure of the total amount of cholesterol carried in the various lipoproteins. About two-thirds of cholesterol in plasma is transported as low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. In excess it is potentially atherogenic which explains the relationship between elevated total cholesterol concentrations and coronary heart disease (CHD). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol accounts for 15-25 per cent of the total plasma cholesterol. It plays a major role in the mobilization and removal of tissue cholesterol and its concentration has been shown to be inversely related to the incidence of CHD. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) accounts for only about 10 per cent of total cholesterol but for over half of triglyceride concentration in the normal subject with the remaining triglycerides transported by other lipoproteins.
Antioxidants
Authors: Silagy Chris , Mant David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now considerable biochemical and experimental animal evidence in support of oxidative modification of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) playing an important causative role in atherosclerosis. More recently, this has been strengthened by some impressive epidemiological evidence. The oxidative process depends on the presence of free radicals. The main contribution of antioxidants appears to be in scavenging these free radicals and converting them to inactive substances. As a result, antioxidants have been postulated as potential protective agents which help to guard against atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Antioxidants can be classified into two main groups:
Prevention of stroke
Authors: Mant Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is considerable overlap between the risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke. The major modifiable risk factors for stroke are smoking1 and hypertension2 (see Chapters 1 and 2). Other modifiable risk factors include alcohol consumption and lack of exercise. Diabetes and coronary heart disease6 are also risk factors. Lowering serum cholesterol does not appear to protect against stroke. Risk factors which relate largely to cerebrovascular disease rather than coronary heart disease include atrial fibrillation, a past history of a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or stroke, and presence of carotid artery stenosis.
Multiple risk
Authors: Muir John , Mant David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The combined effect of all risk factors on risk is striking. The difference in incidence between the highest and lowest deciles (of multivariant risk) is thirty-fold for men and seventy-fold for women.’ This quotation, taken from an early report of the Framingham Study in 1967, indicates why it is important not to consider individual risk factors in isolation. Many commonly recognized risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, such as smoking, blood pressure, and diet, exert a largely independent effect on risk and their overall effect is cumulative. The Framingham investigators recognized not only the epidemiological importance of their observation but also its implication for clinical practice: ‘Programmes require a rational method for identifying persons at high risk so as to focus attention on them and to avoid needlessly alarming persons at lower risk, because of a single stigma. By the same token, it is important not to provide false reassurance to persons with multiple marginal risk factors who may be at a much greater than average risk’.
Taking the initiative: strategies and implications
Authors: Agass Martyn , Mant David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical practice has traditionally been a demand led service. Until recently, the accepted role of primary health care teams was to respond to patients’ requests for help but seldom to take the initiative. This attitude is changing rapidly. The quality of clinical care is often better if health professionals are prepared to take the initiative in both the primary and secondary prevention of chronic disease. In addition, many factors which affect the health of our society, such as attitudes, unhealthy life-styles, and social inequalities, are no longer judged to be beyond the professional concern and influence of health professionals.
Introduction
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skill in the arts of history taking, physical examination and record keeping is essential for good medical care. Although taught at length at medical school, pressures on the curriculum may mean that not enough emphasis is given to trauma and other musculoskeletal problems. Preregistration house officer appointments are usually in general medicine and surgery and therefore many ‘casualty officers’ begin their work in accident and emergency with little knowledge of trauma and musculoskeletal problems.
Medical history
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main aim of taking a history from a patient is to establish a diagnosis and to ensure that there are no factors in the past medical history which would interfere with treatment. There are also other aims which may be as important. Treatment, and certainly the explanation of the injury and the advice which one gives to a patient will usually need to be individualized depending on the patient’s age, occupation, interests, intelligence, etc.
Pain
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain, of various sorts, is the commonest presenting symptom in A& E departments and in many other medical specialties. Adequate pain relief must be sought, not just for humanitarian reasons but because pain has adverse effects on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuroendocrine systems. Also, from the practical point of view, the patient in pain is anxious and difficult to manage. If pain is to be adequately controlled its severity before and after analgesia must be measured in some way.