bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roller coaster reflux: definition and clinical significance
Authors: Gradman W S 
Published: August 2004

Objective: Duplex scanning readily identifies typical proximal venous reflux that descends directly to varices. Occasionally, reflux may first descend in a saphenous or deep vein, and then reverse direction to ascend 10 cm or more in a tributary or varicose vein before descending again to clinically evident varicose veins. This pattern, here defined as roller coaster reflux (RCR), can be difficult to establish, since no immediate superior source of reflux feeds the uppermost varices. This study reviews recent clinical experience with RCR and illustrates the phenomenon in two patients. Methods: Over a two-year period in a solo phlebology practice, duplex ultrasound was used on patients with varicose veins to identify the initial descending reflux and the point of reversal where flow began to ascend. A Trendelenburg manoeuvre with direct compression over the point of reversal was used to prove whether the source of venous distention lay 10 cm or more below the most superior varices. Results: A total of 12 patients showed evidence of RCR with flow ascending 10-23 cm to feed the uppermost varices. The sources of descending reflux were the femoral (3), popliteal (2), great saphenous (4), short saphenous (2) and tibial (1) veins. The ascending veins were the great saphenous (3), Giacomini (2) or varices (7). Elimination of the source of reflux along with the varices routinely resulted in clinical success. Conclusions: Roller coaster reflux should be sought in individuals whose reflux does not appear to arise from a superior source.
The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood
Authors: Tiggemann Marika , Kuring Julia K. 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: The study aimed to extend tests of objectification theory into the realm of depression. The theory's applicability to men was also investigated.Design: A cross‐sectional study.Method: A sample of 115 men and 171 women completed questionnaire measures of self‐objectification, depressed mood, disordered eating, as well as the proposed mediating variables of body shame, appearance anxiety, flow and awareness of internal states.Results: For women, it was found that depressed mood and disordered eating were both predicted by self‐objectification and its corollary of habitual self‐surveillance. Path analysis gave strong support to the mediational relationships of the theoretical model. With one major exception (the role of self‐objectification), the pattern of relationships was similar for men.Conclusion: Objectification theory provides a useful framework for identifying predictors of depressed mood.
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample
Authors: Crawford John R. , Henry Julie D. 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988b) and provide normative data.Design: Cross‐sectional and correlational.Method: The PANAS was administered to a non‐clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1,003). Competing models of the latent structure of the PANAS were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Regression and correlational analysis were used to determine the influence of demographic variables on PANAS scores as well as the relationship between the PANAS with measures of depression and anxiety (the HADS and the DASS).Results: The best‐fitting model (robust comparative fit index = .94) of the latent structure of the PANAS consisted of two correlated factors corresponding to the PA and NA scales, and permitted correlated error between items drawn from the same mood subcategories (Zevon & Tellegen, 1982). Demographic variables had only very modest influences on PANAS scores and the PANAS exhibited measurement invariance across demographic subgroups. The reliability of the PANAS was high, and the pattern of relationships between the PANAS and the DASS and HADS were consistent with tripartite theory.Conclusion: The PANAS is a reliable and valid measure of the constructs it was intended to assess, although the hypothesis of complete independence between PA and NA must be rejected. The utility of this measure is enhanced by the provision of large‐scale normative data.
The use of a cognitive battery to predict who will fail an on‐road driving test
Authors: McKenna Pat , Jefferies Luke , Dobson Adrian , Frude Neil 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: There is a growing need to find a valid and reliable neuropsychological battery to screen out those people who are clearly unsafe to drive following brain injury or pathology, and thus alleviate the need to refer for an on‐road assessment.Design: A battery of cognitive tests fine‐tuned for their relevance to driving was examined in terms of its sensitivity and specificity for predicting who would fail an on‐road test following brain injury or pathology.Method: Performance on the battery was compared to the results of an on‐road driving test in a consecutive series of 142 clients referred to a driving assessment centre following brain injury or pathology. The group represented diverse neurological conditions which affect brain functioning.Results: The overall accuracy rate of the battery in predicting a fail on‐road was 92% and in predicting a pass on road was 71%. It was more accurate for those under 70 with 100% accuracy in predicting a fail on‐road and 85% accuracy in predicting a pass on‐road, but less accurate for those aged 70 or above with 85% accuracy in predicting a fail on‐road and 37% accuracy in predicting a pass on‐road.Conclusion: The battery is a useful tool in helping to determine whether someone is safe to drive following brain injury but needs to be used with far more caution for the older driver.
Viewing behaviour of spider phobics and non‐phobics in the presence of threat and safety stimuli
Authors: Lange W. G. T. , Tierney K. J. , Reinhardt‐Rutland A. H. , Vivekananda‐Schmidt P. 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: To determine whether spider phobics and spider non‐phobics differ in attending to threat and safety stimuli in close proximity, or spatially separated.Method: A sample group of 16 spider‐phobic and 16 spider‐non‐phobic volunteers were drawn from a student population on the basis of their scores on Watts and Sharrock's Spider Phobia Questionnaire. Attention was assessed by way of participants' viewing behaviour using an ASL 501 head‐mounted eye‐tracking system. In a control condition, participants viewed a neutral stimulus (a TV video) in the absence of the threat stimulus. In two experimental conditions, the threat stimulus (a live Chilean rose tarantula) was introduced (a) immediately beside the safety stimulus (the only exit of the experimental room), or (b) away from the safety stimulus.Results: In the experimental conditions, phobics reduced their viewing of the TV and increased their viewing of the tarantula and of the exit; the biggest changes occurred when tarantula and exit were together. Phobics also made more eye motions across the experimental room.Conclusion: Our results are consistent with previous research employing reaction time to a neutral stimulus as dependent measure. In addition, our results suggest that phobics scan the environment as part of safety behaviour. We suggest that exposure treatments to reduce spider phobia may be facilitated by encouraging patients to stop environmental scanning.
Concepts for Development of a Service Life Prediction Methodology for Sealed Building and Construction Joints—Review and Roadmap for Future Research
Authors: Wolf AT 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Despite extensive research on durability of building materials and components performed over the past two decades, no reliable quantitative method of service life prediction (SLP) has gained wide acceptance. Generic guidance is provided in documents published by ASTM, RILEM, EOTA and ISO. Although the methodology is logical and easy to understand, its application is not simple, since much judgement is required in the interpretation of the results. Recently, a more specific method of estimating the service life of sealed joints has been proposed. The paper discusses the key requirements relevant to any service-life-prediction methodology, critiques the preliminary method proposed in the literature, and proposes a possible extension of this method.
Evolution of the Development of the Chicago Facade Inspection Ordinance
Authors: Chin IR , Gerberding H 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In Chicago, IL, there are hundreds of high-rise buildings that were constructed starting in the 1890s. The exterior facade on these buildings includes terra cotta panels, thick stone panels, thin stone panels, brick veneer, precast concrete, poured-in-place concrete, steel panels, aluminum panels, and glass/aluminum curtain wall. After pieces of a terra cotta facade fell from a building in 1974 and killed a pedestrian, Chicago prepared its 1978 facade inspection. This ordinance was the first facade inspection ordinance in the United States. This ordinance was subsequently repealed. Due to subsequent facade failures, Chicago prepared its 1996 facade ordinance and amended this ordinance in 2000, 2001, and 2002. The amended ordinance is currently the most comprehensive facade ordinance in the United States. Approximately 70 % of eligible buildings in Chicago have complied with the ordinance. This paper presents information on the evolution and development of the ordinance.
Facade Inspections a Must for Both New and Old Buildings—A Case Study of Two High Rise Structures
Authors: McGinley WM , Ernest CL 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
To the untrained eye of a nonprofessional and even to the trained eye of many professionals, it is not uncommon for casual observance of the facade of a high-rise structure to suggest all is well. However, one must look deeper to uncover obscure telltale signs that may reveal underlying problems of great significance. Two case studies illustrate that what is not readily obvious may be critical to public safety in facade inspection. These two studies include a 20-story building built in the mid 1920s with a steel frame and masonry cladding that had developed vertical cracking extending up the corners and a 29-story building barely a decade old which signaled distress when a panel of brick masonry veneer fell to the sidewalk below.
Durability by Design: Load Carrying Silicone Bonding, Herz Jesu Church, Munich
Authors: Hagl A 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe design of conventional glass façades in Germany is typically based on the extensive use of point supports that keep the glass panels in position and which provide the load transfer of the façade. Besides the aesthetic disadvantage of discrete elements being visible in the glass façade, the application of point supports leads to highly concentrated stress regions substantially affecting sizing and durability of the façade components. In order to overcome these limitations, a new approach has been chosen for the design of the glass façade of the Herz Jesu Church, Munich. One peculiarity of the overall glass façade of this box-shaped building consists in horizontal and vertical glass beams used for the support of the façade. Silicone adhesives bond steel stringers along the main edges of the horizontal and vertical glass beams in order to establish load paths between beams and façade. The hereby-realized bonding design offers special features being favorable for the durability of the building. Load carrying capacities have been provided by line-type connections, substantially reducing stress concentrations. Major attention has been given to the geometric layout of the bonding. Thus, detailed finite element (FE) analysis has guided the careful selection of an adequate channel cross section for the stringers. The design philosophy of the bonding is characterized by a small exposed surface of the silicone adhesive, offering only a very small area of attack for environmental degradation. Additionally, the exposed surface is only stressed at a low level avoiding the critical combination of highly loaded areas exposed to aggressive environmental conditions. Furthermore, two principal load paths (tension and shear) are established, leading to a fail-safe design principle of the bonding. These key considerations provide major contributions to the high durability design of the glass façade bonding.
Harmonization and Optimization of Weathering Test Methods for Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives
Authors: Searle ND 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Sealants and adhesives play a vital role in building engineering and are expected to perform well for at least 20 years. However, many fail prematurely, partly because of inadequate information on their long-term resistance to the effects of solar radiation, heat/cold, moisture, atmospheric pollutants and mechanical strain. The laboratory accelerated weathering tests, a necessity for determining in a short time whether products are suitable for the intended use, often fail to identify products with poor in-use performance. The validity of the test results depends on optimization of the test parameters so that aging effects of field conditions on sealants can be closely simulated. Simulation of the spectrum of solar radiation by the artificial light source is a critical factor. Simulation of the temperature, amount and type of moisture and mechanical strain that sealants experience under use conditions is also significant.
Silyl-Terminated Polyurethanes for Construction Sealants
Authors: O'Connor AE , Kingston T 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Construction sealants produced through the curing of silyl-terminated oligomers (STO) display properties similar to conventional polyurethanes, but they possess several distinct advantages. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of silane-functional polymers for sealants in construction. Properties of silyl-terminated polyurethanes (STPU) are compared with traditional polyurethanes as well as silyl-terminated polyether (STPE) sealants. Urethane prepolymers, prepared from the reaction of a diisocyanate and a conventional polyol, are end-capped with an organo-functional silane. As a consequence, there are no free isocyanate molecules in the sealant. These sealants show improved adhesion to glass, UV stability, and weatherability. Sealants based on STPU chemistry are presently in use for industrial and transportation applications, which require medium to high modulus. Current work explores methods to reduce the modulus and increase elongation while retaining good cohesive properties. STPU sealants have been prepared with varying isocyanates, polyols, and silanes. They have been evaluated in accordance with several ASTM tests, including those in the ASTM Standard Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants (C920). The glass-transition temperatures and rheological characterizations of STO-based sealants are presented. Correlations are made between these fundamental material properties and the sealant's behavior in use, as measured by ASTM test methods. These measurements could provide a method for identifying candidate formulations that are expected to pass more extensive ASTM testing. These material characterizations as well as the results of mechanical property testing are compared for selected STPU, STPE, polyurethane, and silicone sealants.
Fiber-Matrix Adhesion Measured By the Micro-Indentation Test: Data Reduction Based On Real Time Simulation
Authors: Al-Ostaz A , Drzal LT , Schalek RL 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In this paper, we present a real time data reduction technique for calculating the interfacial shear stress measured by the micro indentation test in real composite samples, which can significantly improve the quality of the data. The model takes into account selected local geometric distribution of the fibers, shape and size of the indenter, friction between the indenter and the fiber, and residual stresses due to thermal loading. Material properties can be nonlinear and non-isotropic. As a result, fiber selection for testing is less restrictive, residual stresses can be included in the IFSS calculation, indenter size and shape are included in the calculation, and the fiber end/free surface singularity is taken into account. In addition to the Interfacial Failure Shear Stress (IFSS) calculation, the tensile stress in the fiber is calculated, and the load-displacement curve is generated. As a result, this real-time model significantly reduces the standard deviation and covariance compared to the conventional model, thermal and mechanical contributions to the measured interfacial shear strength are decoupled, and incorporation of continuous loading testing is possible.
A Test Method to Determine the Fiber and Void Contents of Carbon/Glass Hybrid Composites
Authors: McDonough WG , Dunkers JP , Flynn KM , Hunston DL 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Hybrid composites are increasingly being used in infrastructure, oil recovery, and aerospace applications. These hybrids generally combine two different types of fibers to reinforce the resin, thereby gaining some of the advantageous properties of both fibers. Typically, carbon and glass are used since this combines the high performance of the carbon with the low cost of the glass. The performance of such materials depends on a number of factors, including the mix ratio of the fibers as well as the fiber and void contents. At present, there is no simple way to determine these features. Although a number of techniques exist for measuring such parameters when only a single reinforcement is present, extension of these methods to hybrids can be difficult. The work here, however, shows that one technique, the burn off test in ASTM D 3171-99, can be extended to characterize carbon/glass hybrids. To verify this procedure, data were obtained for a series of samples with known compositions, and the agreement was excellent. The proposed method has minimal equipment requirements and provides a simple way to obtain important compositional information.
Investigation of Burning Iron in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres through Microanalysis Techniques
Authors: Suvorovs T , DeWit JR , Osborne BP , Steinberg TA 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Promoted-ignition testing of 3.2-mm diameter iron rods was performed in high purity oxygen at 0.69 and 6.9 MPa, with the samples subjected to a comprehensive visual and compositional microanalysis. Scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis, utilizing both energy and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy, were performed to clarify the burning process and aid in the development of a qualitative model of the burning iron rod system. The detached drops and rods of both self-extinguished and quenched samples were examined revealing that a drop, on detachment, is comprised of a significant proportion of unreacted metal. A high concentration of oxygen was detected within the unburned (melted and resolidifed) metal, enhancing the combustion process within the detached slag. The analysis also revealed a detached sphere of melted and resolidified (but unreacted) iron within the attached molten oxide drop on a quenched rod.
Developmental Validation of a Single-Tube Amplification of the 13 CODIS STR Loci, D2S1338, D19S433, and Amelogenin: The AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® PCR Amplification Kit
Authors: Collins PJ , Hennessy LK , Leibelt CS , Roby RK , Reeder DJ , Foxall PA 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Analysis of length polymorphism at short tandem repeat (STR) loci utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process has proven to be an ideal assay for human identification purposes. The short length of STR loci coupled with the amplification of target sequence through PCR allows for a robust, sensitive, and specific assay for highly polymorphic markers. A multiplex containing fifteen STR loci plus the gender-determining locus Amelogenin was developed to provide a single amplification/detection of all CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) STR loci (CSF1PO, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, FGA, THO1, TPOX, and vWA) as well as two internationally-accepted STRs (D2S1338 and D19S433). By incorporating five-dye fragment analysis technology and non-nucleotide linkers, previously optimized AmpFℓSTR® kit primer sequences have been maintained. This kit has been developed in accordance with the standards of the forensic community as defined by the DNA Advisory Board. Validation studies were performed to include developmental validation, and the results support the use of the AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® PCR Amplification Kit for human identity and parentage testing.
Specificity of Sibship Determination Using the ABI Identifiler Multiplex System
Authors: Reid TM , Wolf CA , Kraemer CM , Lee SC , Baird ML , Lee RF 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Fifty known siblings and fifty unrelated pairs were genotyped using the ABI Identifiler STR system and sibship indices computed for each pair. Combined sibship indices (CSIs) for the known siblings ranged from less than 10 to greater than 1 billion. CSIs for the unrelated pairs ranged from 4.5 x 10-8 to 0.12. In the known sibling group the percentage of loci where both alleles matched was approximately 40%, while the percentage of loci where neither matched was approximately 10%. In the non-sibling group, the percentage of loci where both alleles matched was approximately 6%, while the percentage of loci where neither matched was approximately 45%. Interestingly, the percentage of loci where a single allele matched was the same in both the known siblings and unrelated pairs, approximately 50%.
A Mobile System for Postmortem Genital Examinations with Colposcopy: SART-TO-GO
Authors: Crowley SR 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The interpretation of genital findings in the deceased is a vital and timely issue. A paucity of information exists on the nature and appearance of the anogenital tissues in the postmortem interval. The traditional postmortem genital examination consists of gross visualization, which may preclude detection of the subtler trauma that usually constitutes injury in sexual assault. The mobile system grew out of a need to bring the examiner to the patient, e.g., in jurisdictions that lack a centralized morgue. The theoretical framework of the methodology lies in the sexual activity that culminates in the death of the sexual homicide victim. This sequential methodology was based on the Sexual Assault Response Team (SART) model, with adaptation to the autopsy milieu. Colposcopy is well-established for the medical-legal investigation of living sexual assault victims. During the author's initial rape-homicide examinations, only gross visualization was available. It soon became apparent that a system that facilitated detailed scrutiny of the anogenital tissues at various postmortem intervals was needed. Colposcopy was selected as the examination method because of its magnification, photodocumentation, and peer review potential. The sequential protocol was developed and refined during an ongoing accumulation of baseline cases. The role of the forensic nurse examiner is described within a defined scope of expertise and as a collaborative member of the homicide investigative team.