bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formal and Informal Interpersonal Power in Organisations: Testing a Bifactorial Model of Power in Role‐sets
Authors: Peiró José M. , Meliá José L. 
Published: March 2003

Cet article porte sur la structure et les propriétés des bases du pouvoir dans les situations organisationnelles. On y présente et y teste une théorie bifactorielle du pouvoir élaborée à partir des sources du pouvoir identifiées par French & Raven. Cette theorie pose: a) le pouvoir formel englobe la légitimité et la possibilité d’imposer et de récompenser, le pouvoir informel l’arbitrage et l’expertise, b) le pouvoir formel est liéà la hiérarchie, c) il est asymétrique alors que le pouvoir informel est réciproque, d) et en relation négative avec le conflit. Un échantillon de 155 sujets a décrit ses relations de pouvoir et ses conflits avec les 1093 membres de son milieu professionnel, supérieurs, subordonnés et collégues. Une analyse bidirectionnelle des relations de pouvoir agent‐cible en situation conforte ces hypothèses. Les résultats sont repris à partir du modèle pouvoir/interaction et de l’idée de l’acquisition du pouvoir dan les relations d’influence.This paper focuses on the structure and properties of power bases in organisational settings. Based on the sources of power identified by French and Raven, a Bifactorial Theory of Power is formulated and tested. According to this theory it is predicted that (a) Formal power includes legitimate, reward, and coercion power bases and Informal power includes referent and expert power bases, (b) Formal power is associated with hierarchy, (c) Formal power is antisymmetrical and Informal power reciprocal, and (d) conflict is negatively related with Informal power. A sample of 155 subjects reported their power and conflict relationships with their 1,093 role‐set members, including superiors, subordinates, and peers. A bidirectional analysis of the agent–target power relationships in role‐sets gives support to these hypotheses. Results are discussed in terms of the Power/Interaction model and the empowerment approach to power relationships.
Effects of balance relations between objects on infant’s object segregation
Authors: Huettel Scott A. , Needham Amy 
Published: March 2003

Young infants are sensitive to support relations between objects. However, the types of contact perceived to be sufficient for object support change over development. At 4.5 months of age, infants expect an object to be adequately supported when in contact with another object. By 6.5 months, this simple contact/no‐contact distinction is refined to account for proportion of contact: an object is perceived to be supported when 70% of its bottom surface is in contact with another object, but it is not perceived to be supported when 15% is contacted. Here, we employ an object segregation paradigm to investigate whether 8‐month‐old infants’ judgments of support relations are mediated by assessments both of the proportion of contact and of the position of contact.Infants in the current experiments viewed test displays consisting of two objects, a long thin object (a box) and a smaller roughly cubic object (a box in Experiment 1, a cylinder in Experiments 2 and 3). Two basic positions of contact were used, such that either the centers or the lateral edges of the two objects were aligned. The proportion of contact was manipulated across experiments by having the smaller object support the larger or the larger object support the smaller. There was a significant effect of position of contact when only a small proportion of the upper object was contacted by the lower object. However, position of contact was found not to matter when all of the upper object was in contact with the lower object.We conclude that 8‐month‐old infants’ judgments of support relations are influenced by both proportion and position of supporting contact. We integrate the findings from the current experiments into the general developmental framework proposed by Baillargeon and colleagues.
Children’s understanding of the mind’s involvement in pretense: do words bend the truth?
Authors: Sobel David M. , Lillard Angeline S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMany have thought that children have an early appreciation of the role of the mind in pretense, fitting with the notion that pretend play is, in general, a ‘zone of proximal development’ (Vygotsky, 1978). Although results from several experiments are against this hypothesis, the evidence from that line of research has been questioned because the experiments thus far have always used the word ‘pretend’. Young children might have a perfectly clear understanding that pretense involves the mind, but have mismapped the word ‘pretend’ onto non‐mental correlates of pretending, like action and costume. Two experiments tested this possibility. Four‐year‐olds were shown videos of people engaging in real and pretend activities and asked questions regarding the role of mind; for half the children the word ‘pretend’ was used to describe the activity, and for half it was not. Contrary to the hypothesis, even when the word ‘pretend’ was not used, roughly half of the 4‐year‐olds failed to designate pretense as involving mental activity. Consistent with prior work, more children of this age were cognizant of the mind’s involvement in pretense than were cognizant of the mind’s involvement in physical actions.
Birth, kind and naïve biology
Authors: Solomon Gregg E.A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMuch recent debate concerning the acquisition of naïve theories of biology and of race has turned on the claim that even preschoolers understand biological inheritance. At issue is what is implied by the belief that offspring will have the characteristic features of their kind. The present paper argues that such an essentialist belief in innate potential need not indicate a domain‐specific understanding of the biological inheritance of human kinds (or race). In Study 1, preschoolers in a Switched‐at‐birth task were found to be as likely to judge an adopted girl to resemble her birth parents on the color of their shirts as on their race. In Study 2, a variant on the task, 4‐year‐olds were found to be more likely to judge the girl to resemble her adoptive parents, suggesting that the concept of birth origin was not central to their reasoning. Though the results are consistent with the claim that preschoolers reason about human kinds in an essentialist manner, they undermine the broader claim that such reasoning is anchored by a naïve theory of biology. The finding is of cultural as well as cognitive consequence.
Asymmetry in infant hemispheric readiness after exposure to a visual stimulus
Authors: Catherwood Di , Cramm Amanda , Foster Helen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis experiment assessed whether prior exposure to one visual stimulus could result in differential hemispheric responsiveness to a subsequent visual stimulus. The latency of saccadic orientation to a star‐shaped stimulus in the left or right visual field was assessed for 24 infants (mean age 22 weeks, SD 4.5) after exposure to either an upright or inverted facial pattern in the central visual field. The response to the lateral stimulus was equivalent in either visual field after exposure to the inverted facial pattern, but was significantly slower (p = 0.043) in the LVF (RH) than the RVF (LH) following presentation of the upright facial pattern. The outcome confirms that the processing of one visual stimulus may lead to differential hemispheric readiness to engage with a subsequent visual stimulus.
Application of EEG, ERP and intracranial recordings to the investigation of cognitive functions in children
Authors: Taylor M.J. , Baldeweg T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNeurophysiological measures can provide important information about the substrate of cognitive function in children, and most importantly, can give precise temporal information about ‘on‐line’ brain function. These measures can be readily used in infants and children, and we present some examples of their application to understanding cognitive development. The most widely used of these techniques for developmental research is the method of event‐related potentials (ERPs). In addition, the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the more rarely used invasive, intracranial investigations are also important to furthering our knowledge of how the brain–behaviour relations develop. The paper summarizes practical issues and presents some selected examples of experimental and clinical research.
Applications of ERP and fMRI techniques to developmental science
Authors: Haan Michelle de , Thomas Kathleen M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging are both measures of functional brain activation that have been applied to developmental questions. However, the two measures are not identical and reflect different aspects of neuronal function at a physiological level. There is increasing interest in using these methods in combination because of the complementary information they provide about brain activation. ERPs provide more detailed information about the timing of neural activity, while fMRI provides more detailed information about its spatial location. Thus, their combined use may provide more detailed spatio‐temporal information than either method alone. In this paper, we review the basic principles of ERP and fMRI and present selected studies from our own work to illustrate their strengths for studies of development. In addition, we discuss the potential benefits and special challenges of the combined use of electrophysiological and functional MRI techniques.
Crop Failure in Dalocha, Ethiopia: A Participatory Emergency Response
Authors: Howell Philippa 
Published: March 2003

This case study of an NGO’s response to a food crisis due to crop failure focuses on the extent of active community participation at each stage of the project. With the current debate on the relationship between relief and development, and in particular the focus on encouraging more active community participation in relief responses, this study has relevance both in the Ethiopian context and beyond.In this example the participation process was greatly facilitated by the prior relationship between the international NGO and the communities, and also by the high level of staff input into the project. Where resources or conditions are less favourable, as might be the case in similar responses by local NGOs or government agencies, the paper suggests that the participatory approach can be adapted or partially implemented and still result in a more effective and locally relevant operation.
Public Nutrition in Emergencies: An Overview of Debates, Dilemmas and Decision‐making
Authors: Young Helen 
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces and discusses the main themes and issues arising from the workshop ‘International Public Nutrition in Emergencies: The Potential for Improving Practice’.Good co‐ordination within the nutrition sector of the international humanitarian response system has led to a range of achievements in recent years. Major constraints to improving programme impact remain, however, including misconceptions about the scope of nutrition among the wider humanitarian system, which tends to give it a narrow focus on malnutrition and feeding people. In contrast to this limited view, the Public Nutrition approach brings a more broad‐based emphasis to assessing and responding to nutritional problems in emergencies, and takes into account the wider social, economic and political causes of malnutrition.Six case study presentations illustrated the various components of a Public Nutrition approach, including in‐depth assessment, analysis and tailoring programmes accordingly. Additional presentations considered the nature of vulnerability, the concept of Public Nutrition, the responsibilities for addressing nutritional problems and some of the operational tools and frameworks in current use.Participants agreed on the necessity of raising levels of awareness and understanding among all actors in the humanitarian sphere about the impact of their actions on nutrition. Strategies for achieving this included developing better multi‐sectoral working relationships and also strengthening relationships with donors and key decision‐makers in the humanitarian system. Other related strategies included institutional learning, training and capacity building, particularly in relation to institutions based in developing countries and building upon initiatives such as the Sphere Project, which has successfully brought together the various actors within the humanitarian system in order to improve quality of response.
Review of Policies and Guidelines on Infant Feeding in Emergencies: Common Ground and Gaps
Authors: Seal Andrew , Taylor Anna , Gostelow Lola , McGrath Marie 
Published: March 2003

Recent crises in regions where exclusive breastfeeding is not the norm have highlighted the importance of effective policies and guidelines on infant feeding in emergencies. In 1993, UNICEF compiled a collection of policy and guideline documents relating to the feeding of infants in emergency situations. In June 2000 Save the Children, UK, UNICEF and the Institute of Child Health undertook a review of those documents, updating the list and identifying the common ground that exists among the different policies. The review also analysed the consistency of the policy framework, and highlighted important areas where guidelines are missing or unclear. This article is an attempt to share more widely the main issues arising from this review.The key conclusions were that, in general, there is consensus on what constitutes best practice in infant feeding, however, the lack of clarity in the respective responsibilities of key UN agencies (in particular UNICEF, UNHCR and WFP) over issues relating to co‐ordination of activities which affect infant‐feeding interventions constrains the implementation of systems to support best practice. Furthermore, the weak evidence base on effective and appropriate intervention strategies for supporting optimal infant feeding in emergencies means that there is poor understanding of the practical tasks needed to support mothers and minimise infant morbidity and mortality.We, therefore, have two key recommendations: first that the operational UN agencies, primarily UNICEF, examine the options for improving co‐ordination on a range of activities to uphold best practice of infant feeding in emergencies; second, that urgent attention be given to developing and supporting operational research on the promotion of optimal infant‐feeding interventions.
La Configuration Stratégique de l’entreprise mixte: pour la distinction public vs privé au plan organisationnel
Authors: Bédard Michel G. , Tereraho Max N. , Bernier Luc 
Published: March 2003

The present document attempts to provide a global understanding of the ways in which the mixed corporation differs from public and private firms. Its main objectives are to: 1) identify how organizational theory specialists distinguish mixed firms from those which are purely public or private; 2) redefine the lines of thought which can serve to classify public, mixed and private firms from an organizational perspective; 3) formulate research proposals related to the functioning and survival of mixed firms operating alongside public and private firms.This document aims to constitute a synthesis of the ideas and empirical knowledge already acquired about the nature and functioning of mixed firms, in order to identify the means by which this type of firm can become specific and distinct from public and private firms as an object of study. Specifically, our review of the literature is intended to lead to the development of an organizational approach which will distinguish between public, mixed and private enterprises.We undertake the integration of hybrid, resource dependence, strategic choice, organizational ecology and institutionalism theories in order to develop criteria of distinction between the public, mixed and private categories, as well as between sub‐categories of mixed firms, so as to arrive at a strategic configuration perspective of the organization.Use of the model is illustrated by examples taken from observation of a number of mixed Western European and Canadian firms. Research proposals on the distinctive character and variety of mixed firms are also outlined in view of future empirical verification.
Vagabond Capitalism and the Necessity of Social Reproduction
Authors: Katz Cindi 
Published: March 2003

A vagabond, as is well known, moves from place to place without a fixed home. However, vagabondage insinuates a little dissolution—an unsettled, irresponsible, and disreputable life, which indeed can be said of the globalization of capitalist production. This paper reframes the discussion on globalization through a materialist focus on social reproduction. By looking at the material social practices through which people reproduce themselves on a daily and generational basis and through which the social relations and material bases of capitalism are renewed—and the havoc wreaked on them by a putatively placeless capitalism—we can better expose both the costs of globalization and the connections between vastly different sites of production. Focusing on social reproduction allows us to address questions of the making, maintenance, and exploitation of a fluidly differentiated labor force, the productions (and destructions) of nature, and the means to create alternative geographies of opposition to globalized capitalism. I will draw on examples from the “First” and “Third Worlds” to argue that any politics that effectively counters capitalism's global imperative must confront the shifts in social reproduction that have accompanied and enabled it. Looking at the political‐economic, political‐ecological, and cultural aspects of social reproduction, I argue that there has been a rescaling of childhood and suggest a practical response that focuses on specific geographies of social reproduction. Reconnecting these geographies with those of production, both translocally and across geographic scale, begins to redress the losses suffered in the realm of social reproduction as a result of globalized capitalist production.The paper develops the notion of “topography” as a means of examining the intersecting effects and material consequences of globalized capitalist production. “Topography” offers a political logic that both recognizes the materiality of cultural and social difference and can help mobilize transnational and internationalist solidarities to counter the imperatives of globalization.
Stock Market Development, Liquidity Constraint and Investment: A Case of Korean Jaebol and Non‐Jaebol Manufacturing Firms in the 1980s
Authors: Kong Myungjai 
Published: March 2003

The Korean stock market experienced sudden growth in mid‐1986. Since then, Korean firms have begun to rely on the stock market as a reliable source of funds. This paper analyses the change in financing behaviour after the 1986 Korean stock market development. Many researchers argue that in developed countries, the liquidity constraint binds a firm's investment decisions. What then is the effect of liquidity on firms in developing countries?These issues will be examined by using a Tobin’s Q model of investment. A total of 171 Korean manufacturing firms, both Jaebol and Non‐Jaebol, are investigated for the 1980s. Most empirical studies have not shown an economically large and significant Q effect when cash flow is used in the model. However, empirical results here show that with a strong liquidity effect, Q is large and statistically significant, implying a moderate adjustment cost.
Do Doctors Undertreat Pain?
Authors: Ruddick William 
Published: March 2003

Routinely, physicians discount patients' pain reports and provide too little analgesia too late. Critics call them callous, sadistic, and Puritanical, but the causes of these clinical practices are different — namely, a psychological need to distance themselves from the pain they encounter and inflict, and more subtly, a peculiar concept of pain acquired in medical training.Physicians learn to think of pain as a symptom to observe and explore in diagnosing and monitoring disease — not as a complaint to relieve quickly or fully. Moreover, pain‐relief is regarded as subordinate to, and competing with efforts to cure or maintain the life of a patient. This training, I suggest, gives physicians a new, clinical concept of pain at odds with their prior, lay concept of pain whose manifestations standardly call for sympathetic efforts at relief.The conceptual nature of this difference is obscured by thinking of pain as a solely private sensation, rather than as a sensation with public and social aspects (a la Wittgenstein). Although suppressed in certain clinical circumstances, these standard public and social aspects are shown in the very tests used in clinical pain research.This clinical pain concept is rooted in Medicine conceived as preeminently curative and life‐prolonging. Physicians are, however, themselves undermining this professional self‐definition (by treating AIDS and Alzheimer's patients; by no longer pressing their patients to ‘fight to the end’; by collaborating with non‐medical healers). Accordingly, pain‐relief may gain greater therapeutic status, and, so too, the ordinary concept of pain that medical training has suppressed.
Attitudes towards Abortion in the Danish Population
Authors: Norup Michael 
Published: March 2003

This article reports the results of a survey, by mailed questionnaire, of the attitudes among a sample of the Danish population towards abortion for social and genetic reasons. Of 1080 questionnaires sent to a random sample of persons between 18 and 45 years, 731 (68%) were completed and returned.A great majority of the respondents were liberal towards early abortion both for social reasons and in case of minor disease. In contrast, there was controversy about late abortions for social reasons and in the case of Down syndrome. Further there was strong reluctance to accept late abortion in case of minor disease.An analysis of the response patterns showed that most of the respondents had gradualist views on abortion, i.e. they would allow all early abortions, but only abortions for some reasons later in pregnancy. It was also found that the number who would find an early abortion acceptable in general was much higher than the number who would accept it in their own case. These findings suggest that a great part of the resistance towards abortion does not rest on a concern for the rights and interests for the fetus. Instead it may be explained on a view according to which fetal life is ascribed intrinsic moral value.
Classroom studies into cognitive style in mathematics for pupils with dyslexia in special education in the Netherlands, Ireland and the UK
Authors: Chinn Steve , McDonagh Donna , Elswijk Rob van , Harmsen Hans , Kay Julie , McPhillips Therese , Power Angela , Skidmore Les 
Published: March 2003

The project reported here was designed to explore the cognitive style used by pupils with dyslexia when answering a range of mathematical questions. The research involved 132 pupils aged between 9 and 13 years, including 66 pupils in mainstream and 66 pupils in specialist schools, in three countries in Europe.Detailed studies of the methods used by pupils attempting the given questions on a test of cognitive style suggested that they fell into two main categories. These pupils were observed when completing the test and their responses were categorised accordingly. The resulting numerical data were then analysed for differences between pupils within each country and between their non‐dyslexic counterparts.The results showed significant differences in the balance of cognitive styles employed by pupils with dyslexia as opposed to their non‐dyslexic counterparts. Also there were interesting differences occurring between the pupils with dyslexia within the three countries on initial testing. Further differences were established after a six‐month intervention period, suggesting that the characteristics of different curriculum models do have an impact upon pupils' flexibility as learners.