bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of spherical and hemispherical sugar‐containing poly(ornithine) dendrimers
Authors: Baigude Huricha , Katsuraya Kaname , Okuyama Kohsaku , Hatanaka Kenichi , Ikeda Emi , Shibata Naokazu , Uryu Toshiyuki 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA novel sugar‐containing poly(ornithine) dendrimer is synthesized for possible antigen delivery and related applications. The dendrimer contains an ornithine dendron as interior scaffolding and oligosaccharides on the periphery, which provide an attachment site for a peptide antigen. Maltose or lactose is bound to both hemispherical and spherical poly(ornithine) dendrimer generation 3 (G3) by reductive amination between its reducing end and the peripheral amino group of the dendrimer using a borane‐pyridine complex in a buffer solution at 50 °C. The degree of substitution of sugar is changed by varying the molar ratio of sugar to dendrimer. When the surface of spherical poly(ornithine) dendrimer G3 is modified by binding β‐alanine to the 16 amino groups, highly substituted maltose‐ or lactose‐β‐alanine‐poly(ornithine) dendrimer G3 is obtained in high yield after 7 days of reaction. The structures of these sugar‐containing dendrimers are characterized by NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analyses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1400–1414, 2004
Synthesis of polyesters by the polyaddition of bis(oxetane)s with active di(ester)s
Authors: Kudo Hiroto , Kurakata Tomohiko , Sasaki Masaki , Nishikubo Tadatomi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe polyaddition of bis(oxetane)s 1,4‐bis[(3‐ethyl‐3‐oxetanylmethoxymethyl)]benzene (BEOB), 4,4′‐bis[(3‐ethyl‐3‐oxetanyl)methoxy]benzene (4,4′‐BEOBP), 1,4‐bis[(3‐ethy‐3‐oxetanyl)methoxy] ‐benzene (1,4‐BEOMB), 1,2‐bis[(3‐ethyl‐3‐oxetanyl)methoxy]benzene (1,2‐BEOMB), 4,4‐bis[(3‐ethyl‐3‐oxetanyl)methoxy]biphenyl (4,4′‐BEOMB), 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethyl‐[4,4′‐bis(3‐ethyl‐3‐oxetanyl)methoxy]biphenyl (TM‐BEOBP) with active diesters di‐s‐phenylthioterephthalate (PTTP), di‐s‐phenylthioisoterephthalate (PTIP), 4,4′‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)terephthalate (NPTP), 4,4′‐di(p‐nitrophenyl)isoterephthalate (NPIP) were carried out in the presence of tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (TPPC) as a catalyst in NMP for 24 h, affording corresponding polyesters with Mn's in the range 2200–18,200 in 41–98% yields. The obtained polymers would soluble in common organic solvents and had high thermal stabilities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1528–1536, 2004
Synthesis and properties of photoalignable aromatic polyesters containing phenylenediacrylate units in their backbones and n‐alkyl moieties in their side groups
Authors: Woo Lee Seung , Ree Moonhor 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA series of poly[oxy(4‐n‐alkyl‐3,5‐benzoate)oxy‐1,4‐phenylenediacryloyl]s (PPDA‐CnBZ polymers) with high molecular weights was synthesized. These polymers exhibit excellent solubility in some common organic solvents and produce good quality films using conventional spin‐casting and drying processes. The polymers are thermally stable up to 357–362 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere; their glass transition temperatures are greater than 121 °C. The photoreactions and photoalignments of the polymers were investigated using ultraviolet‐visible and infrared spectroscopy, and their liquid crystal (LC) alignment properties were examined. The phenylenediacrylate (PDA) chromophores in the polyesters were found to mainly undergo photocyclization upon ultraviolet light irradiation. Irradiation of the polyester films with linearly polarized ultraviolet light (LPUVL) induces preferential orientation of the polymer main chains, while the unreacted PDA chromophores are aligned along the direction perpendicular to the electric vector of the LPUVL. All the films irradiated with LPUVL were found to align LCs in a direction perpendicular to the electric vector of the LPUVL. Moreover, these LC alignments persisted even on irradiated films annealed at temperatures up to 210 °C, which is much higher than the glass transition temperatures of the polyesters. These LC alignment characteristics are due to the anisotropic interactions of the LC molecules with the oriented polymer chains and with the unreacted PDA chromophores. LC alignments on the polyester film surfaces have homeotropic to homogeneous characteristics, depending on the length of the n‐alkyl side group, providing strong evidence that the n‐alkyl side groups of the polyesters play a critical role in determining the pretilt angles of the LCs. The LC pretilt angles were also found to be influenced by the thermal annealing history of the irradiated films. In summary, the excellent properties of the PPDA‐CnBZ polymers make them promising candidate materials for use as LC alignment layers in advanced LC display devices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1322–1334, 2004
Radical copolymerization of 2‐trifluoromethylacrylic monomers. I. Kinetics of their copolymerization with norbornenes and vinyl ethers as studied by in situ1H NMR analysis
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Miller Dolores C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRadical copolymerizations of electron‐deficient 2‐trifluoromethylacrylic (TFMA) monomers and electron‐rich norbornene derivatives and vinyl ethers with azobisisobutyronitrile were investigated by analyzing the kinetics in situ with 1H NMR. Although none of the monomers underwent radical homopolymerization under normal conditions, they copolymerized readily, producing a copolymer containing 60–70 mol % TFMA. Terpolymerization involving these monomers was also investigated. The rates of copolymerization and kinetic chain lengths were determined in some cases on the basis of the in situ kinetics analysis. These radial copolymerizations of TFMA provide a basis for the preparation of chemical‐amplification resist polymers for emerging 157‐nm lithography. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1468–1477, 2004
Lectures on the plane‐wave string/gauge theory duality
Authors: Plefka J.C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThese lectures give an introduction to the novel duality relating type IIB string theory in a maximally supersymmetric plane‐wave background to 𝒩 = 4, d = 4, U(N) super Yang‐Mills theory in a particular large N and large R‐charge limit due to Berenstein, Maldacena and Nastase. In the first part of these lectures the duality is derived from the AdS/CFT correspondence by taking a Penrose limit of the AdS5 × S5 geometry and studying the corresponding double‐scaling limit on the gauge theory side. The resulting free plane‐wave superstring is then quantized in light‐cone gauge. On the gauge theory side of the correspondence the composite super Yang‐Mills operators dual to string excitations are identified, and it is shown how the string spectrum can be mapped to the planar scaling dimensions of these operators. In the second part of these lectures we study the correspondence at the interacting respectively non‐planar level. On the gauge theory side it is demonstrated that the large N large R‐charge limit in question preserves contributions from Feynman graphs of all genera through the emergence of a new genus counting parameter – in agreement with the string genus expansion for non‐zero gs. Effective quantum mechanical tools to compute higher genus contributions to the scaling dimensions of composite operators are developed and explicitly applied in a genus one computation. We then turn to the interacting string theory side and give an elementary introduction into light‐cone superstring field theory in a plane‐wave background and point out how the genus one prediction from gauge theory can be reproduced. Finally, we summarize the present status of the plane‐wave string/gauge theory duality.
Geography and segmented assimilation: examples from the New York Chinese
Authors: Newbold K. Bruce , Foulkes Matthew 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDrawing upon the segmented assimilation framework, and using the 1990 5% PUMS file, the paper compares the assimilation of selected Chinese immigrant cohorts, based upon age and period of entry. Including a spatial component within the framework, we examine whether differences in the organisation and assimilation of immigrant groups exist across space. For each cohort, contrasts are made with reference to location in the New York Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA), with the analysis focusing upon differences in spatial assimilation with respect to acculturation, socioeconomic characteristics, internal migration, and immigrant characteristics relative to other immigrant and native‐born groups. The analysis is updated using Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data files from the 1990s. Results suggest that space, and location in space, alter the assimilation trajectory of similarly defined groups. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualifikationsbedarf Oberflächentechnik: Unternehmen, Universitäten, Fachhochschulen. Need of qualification surface technology: enterprises, universities, universities of applied sciences
Authors: Baron Waldemar 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMit stetig wachsenden Ansprüchen an Forschung, Entwicklung und Anwendung hat sich die moderne Oberflächentechnik zu einer interdisziplinären Schlüssel‐ und Querschnittstechnologie entwickelt. Bedarfsgerechte Qualifizierung ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung, um das Innovationspotenzial dieses Zukunftsfeldes voll auszuschöpfen. Nicht ausreichende Angebote der Aus‐ und Weiterbildung und mangelnde Qualifizierung des betrieblichen Personals können die industrielle Anwendung der Oberflächentechnik behindern. Der Beitrag nennt Qualifikationsanforderungen der Unternehmen im Bereich Oberflächentechnik und macht deutlich, wie sich Universitäten und Fachhochschulen zukunftsorientiert auf den Qualifikationsbedarf einstellen und zur Verbreiterung der technologischen Leistungsfähigkeit beitragen. Als Basis dienen aktuelle Studien, die im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung durchgeführt und vom VDI Technologiezentrum Düsseldorf im Rahmen einer Qualifizierungsinitiative Oberflächentechnik koordiniert worden sind.
Cost‐Utility Analysis for Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Wang Pa‐Chun , Chu Chia‐Chen , Liang Shu‐Cheng , Tai Chih‐Jaan 
Published: January 2004

OBJECTIVETo undertake cost‐utility analysis for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in order to analyze the cost‐effectiveness of different chronic sinusitis severity groups.METHODSOne hundred ninety‐two patients with chronic sinusitis were evaluated with a Chronic Sinusitis Survey (CSS) before and 1‐year after ESS. Direct health care cost data during the first year after operation were retrieved. The utility gain is defined as change in the CSS total score. The cost‐utility ratio was defined as cost per utility gain. Patients are stratified by disease severity using the Harvard Staging System.RESULTSThe average total direct cost attributable to ESS is NT $40,829 in the first postoperative year and the average cost‐utility ratio is NT $2194.42. The high cost‐utility ratio of NT $3246.45 for pansinusitis cases is due to the higher cost and limited utility gain.CONCLUSIONSTreating mild and moderate chronic sinusitis are most cost‐effective because of their favorable utility gain and relatively reasonable cost. However, there is no proportional linear relationship between disease severity and cost‐utility ratio.
Endoscopic Management of Retained Airgun Projectiles in the Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Brinson George M. , Senior Brent A. , Yarbrough Wendell G. 
Published: January 2004

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESISThis article presents 3 cases to illustrate the appropriate management of airgun injuries with retained projectiles in the paranasal sinuses. The indications, techniques, and potential complications of removal of these foreign bodies from the paranasal sinuses are discussed. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a case series consisting of 3 patients and a review of the literature. METHODS: Three consecutive patients who sustained airgun injuries to the face with retained bullets in the paranasal sinuses are presented. Projectiles were present in the maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. The literature pertaining to this subject is reviewed.RESULTSAll retained projectiles were removed endoscopically without complications. Stereotactic guidance was used in 2 cases.CONCLUSIONSAirgun injuries to the paranasal sinuses are relatively uncommon. Projectiles can safely be removed using endoscopic techniques in selected cases. When possible, foreign bodies in the paranasal sinuses should be removed to prevent long‐term sequelae.
Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Modified Technique
Authors: Massegur Humbert , Trias Enric , Ademà Juan Manuel 
Published: January 2004

BACKGROUNDDacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a surgical technique that has been increasingly used by otolaryngologists in recent years due to the improved endonasal approach with endoscopes. Although it was first described in 1893 by Caldwell, it has been performed by ophthalmologists.OBJECTIVESEven though permeability results are similar in long‐term follow‐up, we present some modifications that in our opinion contribute to the improvement of the results and the simplification of the surgical technique: mucosal flap design that helps to improve the postoperative mucosal recovery, careful dissection of the bony suture between the frontal process of the maxillary bone and the lacrimal bone, and osteotomy using a Smith‐Kerrison forceps.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGTwo groups are compared. In the first group (96 DCRs), patients underwent chisel osteotomies without a mucosal flap of the lacrimal duct, and in the second group (40 DCRs), the modified technique was applied.RESULTSFinal permeability results are similar (92.7% versus 87.5%). No major complications were found, and the most common minor complication was postoperative eyelid hematoma in cases where orbital fat was exposed (5 cases versus 7 cases).CONCLUSIONSThere are no differences in final results, but the modified technique is easier to perform, improves postoperative mucosal recovery, is more functional and less aggressive, and improves the cost‐benefit ratio.
CD40 Monoclonal Antibody Activation of Antigen‐Presenting Cells Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of Tumor‐Specific T Cells
Authors: Bergstrom Richard T. , Silverman Damon A. , Chambers Kathleen , Kim Julian A. 
Published: January 2004

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to determine whether CD40 ligation of antigen presenting cells (APCs) enhances the anti‐tumor effector function of tumor draining lymph node (TDLN) T lymphocytes in an adoptive immunotherapy model.STUDY DESIGNMCA 205 TDLNs were culture activated both in the presence and absence of a stimulatory anti‐CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) and effector cell phenotype, cytokine secretion in vitro and therapeutic efficacy in vivo were compared.RESULTSAnti‐CD40 mAb induced upregulation of APC cell surface activation markers that promoted generation of T cells that demonstrated an increase in tumor‐specific IFN‐gamma secretion and a statistically significant reduction in the number of pulmonary tumors (p< 0.01) after adoptive transfer.CONCLUSIONCD40 ligation of APCs in vitro results in the generation of T cells with enhanced effector function against established pulmonary tumors in vivo.SIGNIFICANCEThese findings have direct implications in the development of effective T cell‐based immunotherapy of malignant conditions in human beings.
Attenuation correction constraint for single‐polarisation weather radar
Authors: Nicol J. C. , Austin G. L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA new method of constraining divergent attenuation corrections for weather radar systems is presented. This was motivated by the need for reliable attenuation corrections when making quantitative precipitation estimates using a small, mobile X‐band radar at short range. The approach is suitable for systems requiring attenuation correction in real‐time and requires no auxiliary data. An outline of the literature on attenuation and its correction for single‐polarisation weather radar is presented. The traditional form of correction is known to be problematic due to the divergence, which may occur in its estimation. The form of constraint presented is based on the representation of attenuation correction originally derived for space‐borne radar configurations. This method determines when divergent estimates will occur and allows a more realistic application of the constrained correction. Examples of attenuation correction applied to X‐band radar observations in comparison with ground clutter returns are presented, showing good agreement and hence good absolute calibration. Selected profiles are then used to determine the influence of measurement errors on attenuation estimation in the context of this representation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the practical limitations and considerations in applying an attenuation correction to quantitative weather radar rainfall estimates. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Seasonality in the statistics of surface air temperature and the pricing of weather derivatives
Authors: Jewson Stephen , Caballero Rodrigo 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe pricing of weather derivatives motivates the need to build accurate statistical models of daily temperature variability.Current published models are shown to be inaccurate for locations that show strong seasonality in the probability distribution and autocorrelation structure of temperature anomalies. With respect to the first of these problems, we present a new transform that allows seasonally varying non‐normal temperature anomaly distributions to be cast into normal distributions. With respect to the second, we present a new parametric time‐series model that captures both the seasonality and the slow decay of the autocorrelation structure of observed temperature anomalies. This model is valid when the seasonality is slowly varying. We also present a simple non‐parametric method that is accurate in all cases, including extreme non‐normality and rapidly varying seasonality. Application of these new methods in some realistic weather derivative valuation examples shows that they can have a very large impact on the final price when compared to existing methods. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
The Theory and Practice of Chinese Grassroots Governance: Five Models
Authors: HE BAOGANG 
Published: January 2004

Theories of governance and Chinese understandingsThere is a vast and eclectic literature about many forms of governance, including markets, bureaucratic hierarchies, associations and different types of networks. The Commission on Global Governance, for example, defines governance as ‘the sum of the many ways individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs. It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and cooperative action may be taken. It includes formal institutions and regimes empowered to enforce compliance, as well as informal arrangements that people and institutions either have agreed to or perceive to be in their interest’. Thus, ‘at the global level, governance has been viewed primarily as intergovernmental relationships, but it must now be understood as also involving non-governmental organizations (NGOs), citizens' movements, multinational corporations and the global mass of dramatically enlarged influence’.
Racial Discrimination and Racial Identity as Risk or Protective Factors for Violent Behaviors in African American Young Adults
Authors: Caldwell Cleopatra Howard , Kohn-Wood Laura P. , Schmeelk-Cone Karen H. , Chavous Tabbye M. , Zimmerman Marc A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis study examined the influences of racial discrimination and different racial identity attitudes on engaging in violent behavior among 325 African American young adults. The contributions of racial discrimination and racial identity attitudes in explaining violent behavior during the transition into young adulthood while controlling for the influences of prior risk behaviors at ninth grade were examined separately for males and females. In addition, the buffering effects of racial identity attitudes on the relationship between racial discrimination and violent behavior were tested. Results indicated that experience with racial discrimination was a strong predictor of violent behavior, regardless of gender. The centrality of race for males and the meaning others attribute to being Black for both males and females were moderators of the influence of racial discrimination on violent behavior.
The one‐dimensional approximation for infiltration in heterogeneous soils
Authors: Protopapas Angelos L. , Bras Rafael L. 
Published: February 2004

Appendix is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. Document W91–004; $2.50. Payment must accompany order.By using analytical solutions to the problem of one‐ and two‐dimensional linearized unsteady infiltration from a strip source in a soil with saturated hydraulic conductivity varying exponentially in space, explicit criteria for the validity of the one‐dimensional approximation are derived, in terms of parameters describing the soil type, the uniformity of the infiltrating source at the surface, and the soil heterogeneity. Numerical solutions for the linearized infiltration problem are developed for any variation of hydraulic conductivity in space. Extensive simulations suggest that for a sizable strip source and moderate variation of hydraulic conductivity, a set of independent neighboring soil columns represents well the multidimensional infiltration problem. The possibility of defining sufficient parameters controlling the accuracy of the one‐dimensional approximation is discussed.
Dating of vein Specularite using internal (U+Th)/4He isochrons
Authors: Wernicke Rolf S. , Lippolt Hans J. 
Published: February 2004

Hematite, an ubiquitous iron oxide, is commonly found enriched with uranium and other elements supplied by the ore solution from which it had formed. The decay of the incorporated uranium to stable lead produces alpha particles which become 4He atoms via electron capture. In hematite this helium production may provide a convenient ‘clock’ which records the time elapsed since the iron oxide became closed enough to prevent quantitative helium escape (Wernicke and Lippolt, 1993a; 1993b). Recently, Lippolt et al. (1993) reported high retention qualities of specular hematite for 4He over geologic periods of time (activation energies above 116 [KJ/mol] and diffusion coefficients smaller than 10−30 [m2 s−1] at room temperature, and closure temperatures above 200°C).Here the concentrations of U and Th have been measured together with radiogenic 4He at four different locations inside two specularites. The U‐He concentrations co‐varied sufficiently among the locations for an internal helium isochron of Late Jurassic age to be obtained from each specularite. The study suggests that specularite is a prolific chronometer and might allow a routine approach of the helium (isochron) method to obtain crystallization/cooling ages.