bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport of low‐aH2O dehydration products to melt sites via reaction‐zone networks, Milford Sound, New Zealand
Authors: BLATTNER P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe gabbroic/dioritic Pembroke Hornblende Granulite (PHG) of Milford Sound displays a geometrically simple mesoscopic network of sub‐planar garnet reaction zones (GRZ) in which the meta‐igneous hornblende granulite has been depleted of Na, Si, and H2O, and c. 25 vol.% almandine‐rich garnet has formed. Some studies postulate the initial presence of melt along the centres of all GRZ, explaining the frequent absence of feldspathic veins by selective melt loss. A more parsimonious model is necessitated by structural evidence and, together with chemical data, suggests a relationship between mid‐range metasomatic transport and anatexis. The Pembroke outcrops show a process of incipient melting of gabbro/diorite in an environment of relatively low aH2O in lithologies that have limited free quartz. A non‐equilibrium steady state is proposed, in which a sodic dehydration fluid moves some distance via the GRZ network towards areas of partial melting. Only in these areas are Na and Si reconstituted as albite, with more garnet as byproduct, having avoided the need for melt percolation. The combined structural and chemical evidence directs a focus on mass transport in low‐aH2O gabbroic environments. In subsequent events of shearing and complete transposition, both sets of garnet – the atypical GRZ residue and partial melt melanosomes – were inherited by the Milford Gneiss ‘facies’ of the PHG.
Aging in the United Kingdom and Europe—A Snapshot of the Future?
Authors: Carpenter George Iain 
Published: August 2005

The implications for society of increasing life span to 120 years can only be guessed, but comparing the diversity of responses to aging in different countries may give insights into the possible effect. A European Union–funded study of the recipients of community care services in 11 European countries illustrates how such studies can help identify some of the issues.The study, made possible by the availability of a multidimensional standardized assessment for community care, illustrates how diversity of social and political history and culture results in widely different patterns of dependency in those cared for at home, different levels of formal care, and informal caregiver burden.There is wide variation in living arrangements, marital status, and dependency between countries. The average age of recipients of community care is approximately 82, regardless of the average age of the national population. In Italy, which has the oldest population in Europe, dependency in people supported at home in extended families is high, with little formal care and significant levels of informal caregiver burden. In contrast the Nordic countries have lower levels of dependency and greater proportions of people with no informal caregiver. In Germany, informal caregiver burden may be related to the regulatory mechanisms rather than dependency and levels of formal care.With a life expectancy of 120, it will be these 80‐year‐olds who will be caring for their parents. Although humankind is resourceful, it will require a unified approach to aging to overcome the challenging diversity in our societies.
Extended Producer Responsibility for Waste Electronics: An Example of Printer Recycling in the United Kingdom
Authors: Mayers C. Kieren , France Chris M. , Cowell Sarah J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn February 2003, European Union (EU) policy makers implemented a Directive that will make producers responsible for waste electrical and electronic equipment at end‐of‐life (known as the “WEEE” Directive). Under this new legislation, producers are required to organize and finance the take‐back, treatment, and recycling of WEEE and achieve mass‐based recycling and recovery targets. This legislation is part of a growing trend of extended producer responsibility for waste, which has the potential to shift the world's economies toward more circular patterns of resource use and recycling. This study uses life‐cycle assessment and costing to investigate the possible environmental effects of the WEEE Directive, based on an example of printer recycling in the United Kingdom.For a total of four waste management scenarios and nine environmental impact categories investigated in this study, results varied, with no scenario emerging as best or worst overall compared to landfilling. The level of environmental impact depended on the type of material and waste management processes involved. Additionally, under the broad mass‐based targets of the WEEE Directive, the pattern of relationships between recycling rates, environmental impacts, and treatment and recycling costs may lead to unplanned and unwanted results. Contrary to original EU assumptions, the use of mass‐based targets may not ensure that producers adapt the design of their products as intended under producer responsibility.It is concluded that the EU should revise the scope of consideration of the WEEE Directive to ensure its life‐cycle impacts are addressed. In particular, specific environmental objectives and operating standards for treatment and recycling processes should be investigated as an alternative to mass‐based recycling and recovery targets.
Immunization to minor histocompatibility antigens on transfused RBCs through crosspriming into recipient MHC class I pathways
Authors: Zimring James C. , Hair Gregory A. , Deshpande Seema S. , Horan John T. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Increased rates of graft rejection after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) are observed in patients whose illnesses— such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia—necessitate chronic transfusion before BMT. Because BM transplants in these patients are routinely HLA matched, any immunization responsible for increased rejection is likely against minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAs). It has been assumed that contaminating leukocytes in red blood cell (RBC) units are the main sources of immunization to mHAs. However, in this report, we demonstrate that antigens on donor RBCs are presented in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway of recipient antigen-presenting cells, resulting in activation and expansion of recipient CD8+ T cells specific for donor mHAs. Given that human hematopoietic progenitor cells express many of the known mHAs, this observation provides a mechanism by which chronic transfusion of even stringently leukoreduced RBCs may result in sufficient mHA immunization to increase the frequency of BMT rejection.
Scanning phononic lattices with surface acoustic waves
Authors: Vines Robert E. , Wolfe James P. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We have examined the propagation of surface acoustic waves across structures with periodically varying elastic properties. These so-called phononic lattices include a) alternating layers of aluminum and polymer in a multilayer structure, b) a 2-d hexagonal lattice of holes drilled in an aluminum substrate and filled with polymer, and c) a 2-d hexagonal array of Al posts surrounded by polymer. A simple method is employed for probing the elastic properties of these periodic structures with ultrasound in the 0.5–5 MHz range. Ultrasonic surface waves are introduced and detected by water-immersion transducers, cylindrically focused to a line on the sample surface. Transmission and reflection patterns are observed by continuously scanning the wavevector angle with respect to the symmetry axes of the lattice. By Fourier transforming the transmitted signals using a broadband source, we obtain the frequency responses of the lattices as a function of propagation angle. Phononic band gaps, waveguide channeling and Scholte-like interface modes are observed. The results are compared to models of the propagation of transverse waves through analogous bulk structures, for which theories are available. These preliminary models explain the basic features of the experimental results, such as frequency gaps and wave channeling. A number of observations, however, remain to be explained. The angle-scanning technique provides a powerful probe of these modulated structures.
Surface acoustic wave band gaps in micro-machined air/silicon phononic structures — theoretical calculation and experiment
Authors: Wu Tsung-Tsong , Huang Zi-Gui , Liu Shih-Yang 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the band gaps of micro-machined air/silicon phononic structures both theoretically and experimentally. Based on the plane wave expansion method, dispersion relations of the surface and bulk modes with square lattices in air/silicon two-dimensional phononic structures are calculated and discussed. Band gap widths due to the filling fraction and temperature variation are also analyzed. On the experimental side, generation and reception of high frequency surface acoustic wave in this band structure are realized by a pair of interdigital transducers (IDT) with frequency around 200 MHz. Details of the fabricating process of the phononic structure and the high frequency surface wave generating and receiving IDTs are given. The results demonstrate clearly the existence of SAW band gap in the micro-machined phononic structure and this study may serve as a basis for studying the band gap of SAW in micro-machined phononic structure with the dimension in the order of micrometer and find applications in the RF SAW devices.
The layer multiple-scattering method applied to phononic crystals
Authors: Sainidou Rebecca , Stefanou Nikolaos , Psarobas Ioannis E. , Modinos Antonis 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
After a brief description of the layer multiple scattering method as applied to phononic crystals, we present some results obtained by this method, relating to: crystals of polystyrene spheres in water; crystals of silica spheres in air; and crystals of steel spheres in polyester. We relate the transmission characteristics of slabs of these ma terials to the complex band structure of the corresponding infinite crystals. We emphasize aspects of the underlying physics which have not been discussed previously.
DOCUMENTING LOCAL CULTURE: AN INTRODUCTORY FIELD SCHOOL
Authors: Stafford Philip B. 
Published: August 2005

This chapter provides a detailed description of a three‐week summer residential field school conducted in Bloomington, Indiana, in 2000 and 2001. Following a model developed by David A. Taylor of the American Folklife Center, the school provided instruction and hands‐on experience to students interested in learning methods of cultural fieldwork including interviewing, photography and participant‐observation. Additionally, students learned methods of documentation including archiving and exhibition through radio, video, and other public displays. Each field school was organized around a salient local theme: the public square, in year 1 and community and disability, in year 2.This chapter summarizes the multiple practical challenges that students and instructors face in conducting a successful fieldwork school, with reference to transportation, supervision, field ethics, meals, residential accommodations, equipment, teamwork, and exiting the field.
Industrial Hygiene: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Clayton George D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHistory is the systematic recording of past events. A decade has passed since publication of the 4th Edition of the Patty series on industrial hygiene and toxicology. This decade has had an explosion of technical advances in our profession, and this mountain of new information provides a solid platform for future development.Prior to the 1950s, industrial hygienists were frequently asked “What is an industrial hygienist?” As we reach the end of this century, recognition of the profession has improved. In both government and industry identity of the profession is well established. In fact, it is one of the highest paid professions in the health related field.The current definition of industrial hygiene states that it is “the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of workplace environmental factors that may affect the health, comfort, or productivity of the worker.” Earlier definition defined it as both a science and art, and also included discomfort and inefficiency among workers or citizens of the community. The early goal of the industrial hygiene profession, to educate the public, unions and workers, concerning the importance of protecting the health of mankind has been achieved. Although progress was at a creeping pace prior to the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, it has accelerated as a result of that Act and the communication explosion.In the past, the introduction of modern production of chemicals was blamed for the resulting occupational diseases. Some people believed that prior to 1950 there was very little activity in the field of industrial hygiene. Among other fallacious beliefs was that unhealthful conditions are inherent in certain trades. Time has proven that with the proper design of facilities and equipment, along with correct ventilation, design, and good practice, no industry need be considered “unhealthy.”
Workplace Sampling and Analysis
Authors: Soule Robert D. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Industrial hygiene sampling is done to identify and quantify specific contaminants present in the environment, determine exposures of workers in response to complaints, assess compliance with respect to various occupational health standards, evaluate the effectiveness of engineering controls installed to minimize workers' exposures, and for other purposes. The reasons for sampling dictate to some extent the sampling strategy that should be used. Sampling can be conducted in a strategic pattern throughout an area to document the environmental characteristics of the workplace. Personal breathing zone samples can be obtained to document actual exposure conditions. The substances being evaluated determine the type of sampling devices to be used, and the analytical requirements specify time and perhaps flow rate of sampling. The occupational health standard or reference indicates whether continuous or instantaneous sampling is appropriate. In short, consideration must be given to a number of variables pertaining to the fundamental purpose of the sampling.
Many analytical methods available to the industrial hygienist have become so standardized and simplified that they require relatively little experience to apply. On the other hand, many seemingly simple tests call for a basic understanding of solubility and gas laws, partial pressures, and chemical reactions. In many instances, questions arising from such considerations can be answered only by qualified specialists. The ultimate method of analysis to be used depends on the problem at hand rather than mere application of a standard method. The trend in recent years has been toward development of methods that give relatively prompt results with a high degree of accuracy. The latter aspect has increased in importance because of legal significance given to occupational health standards, particularly as promulgated under authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
This chapter presents a discussion of overall strategy for sampling in the workplace, statistical bases for industrial hygiene sampling, sampling techniques for gaseous and particulate contaminants, summaries of techniques available for analyzing atmospheric samples, and a discussion of biological monitoring as it relates to industrial hygiene sampling. Many of the early descriptions of industrial hygiene sampling/analysis still serve as foundations for modern, more sophisticated methods.
Interpreting Levels of Exposures To Chemical Agents
Authors: Rappaport Stephen M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe past half‐century has witnessed great advances in the characterization of exposures to toxic chemicals in the workplace. With the development of robust personal monitors, it is now a relatively simple matter to measure the daily air levels among various workers in an observational group (a group of workers sharing observable factors such as job, location, department, etc.).Unfortunately, the interpretation of levels of exposure has not achieved the same degree of sophistication. In fact, decisions still tend to rely upon one‐to‐one comparisons of the highest measured air concentration with occupational exposure limits (OELs), much as they did 50 years ago (see, for example, Refs. 10–14). If the highest air concentration is less than the OEL, then exposure is acceptable (in compliance) and vice versa. While such interpretations would be reasonable if occupational exposures were relatively constant, they seem remarkably naïve when considered in light of daily exposure levels which vary between 10 and 4000 fold.Because exposures must be evaluated in the face of great variability within and between workers in observational groups, statistical methods are central to proper assessment procedures. Likewise, since monitoring is motivated by, and must ultimately relate to, exposure limits, the impact of exposure variability on the interpretation of OELs is important. The purpose of this chapter is to integrate statistical methods and the philosophical bases for exposure limits within a conceptual framework for interpreting exposure data. The methods will be illustrated with the four sets of exposure data depicted in graphical form. The sources and characteristics of these measurements are summarized and all data are listed in Appendix A for those who wish to work through the various examples in the text.
The Emission Inventory and Dilution Ventilation
Authors: Harris Robert L. , Arp Earl W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn emission inventory for an industrial or commercial enterprise is a compilation of information from which one can calculate or estimate the rates (quantity per unit time) at which pollutants are released to the environment. For purposes of this chapter, only the emissions that contaminate workroom or community air are considered; emissions to surface or ground water, to soil, or to other environmental receptors are treated only as they may, in turn, result directly in emissions to workplace or community air.An emission inventory may be simple or complex. A rudimentary inventory may consist of source location, date, identification of process, a qualitative listing of materials used, and an index of size (e.g. annual production rate) for the subject enterprise. Such an inventory, along with emission factors generated by studies of similar processes, will permit the making of an estimate of annual emissions. A comprehensive emission inventory, on the other hand, may contain sufficient detail to permit quantification of emissions, including temporal variations, for a number of specific materials from each point of release in a complex industrial process.An inventory of emissions, along with various other kinds of companion information, discussed in this chapter, permits the making of estimates of the nature, and sometimes the intensity, of exposures to airborne agents in workplaces or in the community. The level of detail needed and achievable for the inventory depends both on the purposes for which it is to be used and the data sources, or data generating efforts, which can be utilized.
Asbestos Management In Buildings
Authors: Coffman Michael A. , Singh Jaswant 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Since the late 1970s, asbestos, perhaps more so than any other environmental or occupational health issue, has had a profound impact on our society. The management of asbestos in buildings has been the subject of considerable litigation, legislation and regulation not only in the United States, but worldwide. In a broader sense, asbestos has provided a focal point for the national and international debate on how best to evaluate and respond to environmental health risks.
It is likely that this debate will continue for many years to come and it is not the intent of this chapter to provide further input to this debate, but rather to deal with the issue on a more practical basis. For the owner or manager of a building containing asbestos, the issue is not one of intellectual or philosophical curiosity or of regulatory agendas. For the building owner or manager, asbestos is an issue which must be dealt with on a day‐to‐day basis. The building owner or manager is faced not only with the realities of effectively managing a known human carcinogen, but also in dealing with a public perception (or misperception) which has been heavily influenced by two decades of media attention and complying with a myriad of federal, state and local regulations.
Management of asbestos in buildings requires the input of professionals in many disciplines, including industrial hygiene, toxicology, medicine, law, risk management, engineering, architecture, construction, and administration. The professional industrial hygienist, as a key member of this team, is uniquely qualified to coalesce all input into meaningful informed decisions.

In asbestos management, the industrial hygienist plays multiple roles:

As a health professional, the industrial hygienist understands the health risks of asbestos and can relate that risk to human exposure.

As an air monitoring specialist, the industrial hygienist has a firm grasp of the sampling and analytical techniques to ensure a clear and meaningful interpretation of sampling results.

As an engineer, the industrial hygienist has an understanding of the practical issues involved in contamination control, work area isolation, work practices, and the use of personal protective equipment.

As a teacher, the industrial hygienist is routinely called upon to communicate technical and health risk information to laypersons and to instruct workers in safe work practices.

As a project manager, the industrial hygienist has experience in working with a team to achieve specific goals.
Cost‐Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Approach To Loss Control and Prevention Programs
Authors: Stockman Judith F. , Johnson Ted C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Internal occupational safety and health programs, managed by professionals in the field and employed by business, are in jeopardy. With corporate staff downsizing due to the competitiveness of the global market, occupational safety and health professionals must demonstrate cost‐effectiveness or face the real possibility of elimination of their positions. It is no longer sufficient for such professionals to be retained solely to ensure regulatory compliance or as a value‐added service.
Currently, the United States spends more than $1.3 trillion annually on health care. A recent study by the Health Care Financing Administration warns that this figure may nearly double to $2.1 trillion by 2007. Because these expenses have a significant impact on the corporate balance sheet, management has begun to search for ways to contain and even reduce the spiraling growth of these expenditures. It is possible to limit expenses related to employee health and safety; however, it requires a new, coordinated, and multidisciplinary approach to loss prevention and control.
A truly effective loss control program must integrate the occupational health and safety team with that of risk management. The occupational health clinician, industrial hygienist, and safety professional must coordinate their efforts with the risk manager and workers' compensation claims professional. As a team, goals must be established. With senior management's input and support, policies must be created and programs designed and implemented. Ultimately, to monitor program effectiveness, accurate data must be collected and organized so that reductions in costs related to health and safety are documented.