bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malocclusion in the Kwaio, a Melanesian group on Malaita, Solomon Islands
Authors: Lombardi A. Vincent , Bailit Howard L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the present investigation, a number of occlusal variables which contribute to malocclusion were quantified among the Kwaio people of Malaita, Solomon Islands. Angle classification, overjet, overbite, openbite, crossbite, rotation, crowding, and spacing were assessed from dental casts of 180 persons (94 males, 86 females) who had complete permanent dentitions anterior to the first molar. Males had significantly more overjet and mandibular incisor crowding than females, and significantly less posterior openbite and mandibular canine‐premolar spacing. The frequency of openbite, rotation of maxillary teeth, and crowding of anterior teeth increased with advancing age. The frequency of posterior crowding decreased after age 30. Spacing, in general, increased with advancing age. In the distribution of the Angle classes of occlusion, the Kwaio resembled Australian aborigines living in technologically primitive circumstances.
Independence of brachymesophalangia‐5 from brachymesophalangia‐5 with cone mid‐5
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Nagy Jerrold M. , McCann Mary B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnalysis of hand radiographs of juvenile siblings of juvenile propositi indicates that brachymesophalangia‐5 alone (without cones) is separately inherited without apparent sex bias while brachymesophalangia‐5 with the cone‐epiphysis of mid‐5 and the cone‐epiphysis of mid‐5 alone are both apparently inherited as a complex and with a marked excess of females over males.
Reduced sexual dimorphism in upper arm muscle circumference associated with protein‐deficient diet in a South American population
Authors: Stini William A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnimal experiments have demonstrated that individuals exhibit differing tendencies to arrest growth and resorb muscle tissue under nutritional stress. Since placental and adrenocortical hormones are active in promoting muscle tissue resorption, sex differences may exist.In order to identify such sex differences, the upper arm circumferences of 362 individuals, aged one to 60 years, living in an area of chronic protein‐calorie malnutrition were compared by age and sex with published data collected from U.S. and highland Peruvian populations.Sexual dimorphism for arm muscle circumference in the malnourished population is less than in U.S. samples of comparable age‐categories. The highland population is closer to U.S. samples in the degree of dimorphism. The reduction in muscle circumference of males in the malnourished population appears to be the cause of the comparatively greater similarity of the sexes where protein‐calorie malnutrition is experienced from infancy through adolescence. High muscle relief and excellent tonus in these same males indicate that reduced muscle circumference is not the result of flaccidity or higher ratios of compressible fat to muscle tissue.Reduction of muscle tissue in undernourished males is a reduction in total metabolic demand. Such reductions are adaptive in areas of chronic nutritional stress.
Prenatal growth of long bones in rhesus and squirrel monkeys (Macaca mulatta and Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: McKim Donald , Hutchinson Thomas C. , Gavan James A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFetal long bone growth was studied from 59 radiographs representing 35 macaques and 79 radiographs representing 16 squirrel monkeys. From lateral abdominal radiographs of pregnant females total lengths of long bone shadows were measured to the nearest millimeter with a sliding caliper.A linear regression line was fitted to the data for each species. The high correlation coefficients (min. = 0.92) indicated not only that over 80% of the variance in longbone length was associated with the regression but also that linear regression was an acceptable model. It was determined that the macaque long bones grew more rapidly prenatally than the squirrel monkey long bones. Saimiri long bones grew at a faster rate during the second half of gestation than would be expected considering that the macaque long bones were approximately twice the length of Saimiri long bones at birth and that the duration of their gestation was about the same. Thus squirrel monkeys must achieve a greater percentage of their birth size during the second half of gestation.
Craniofacial growth in juvenile Macaca mulatta: A cephalometric study
Authors: Elgoyhen Jose C. , Riolo Michael L. , Graber Lee W. , Moyers Robert E. , McNamara James A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a study of normal craniofacial growth of the juvenile rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Serial data of 13 young monkeys of specific dental age were studied for a five month period by cephalometric radiography and the metallic implant technique. Growth patterns were described and localized growth changes quantified to determine the range of variability. Variability was found within areas of specific bones, e.g., the gonial region of the mandible, and in the relative degree of change of interbony relationships, e.g., maxillo‐mandibular. There was generally less variability for most measures in this study than usually found in man.Compensatory factors, such as the adaptability of the dentition and the selective apposition and resorption of osseous surfaces minimized the occlusion expression of this observed variation, for all animals maintained a constant Class I molar relationship during the period studied.
Age‐Related variability in occlusal wear planes
Authors: Butler Ronald J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInvestigation of two populations of 136 individuals shows several patterns of occlusal wear plane change which are positively correlated with age. For individuals up to the age of 18, there is a characteristic pattern in which the occlusal wear planes of the mandibular teeth are lingually sloped and those of the maxillary dentition buccally sloped, with the exception of the maxillary premolars, which are also lingually sloped. The long axes of the mandibular teeth give them a lingual orientation relative to the maxillary teeth, and the long axes of the maxillary molars, by contrast, are buccally oriented. In the 18‐30 age range for all sexes, the mandibular M1 becomes buccally sloped on its occlusal surface while the occlusal wear plane on the maxillary M1 becomes lingually sloped. Later age changes indicate a trend for the mandibular premolars to become buccally sloped, while the wear planes of the maxillary premolars remain lingually sloped. There is a corresponding tendency for the maxillary and mandibular second molars to undergo changes in the initial orientation of the occlusal wear planes.
Tyrosinase positive oculocutaneous albinism among the Zuni and the Brandywine triracial isolate: Biochemical and clinical characteristics and fertility
Authors: Witkop Carl J. , Niswander Jerry D. , Bergsma Donald R. , Workman Peter L. , White James G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractZuni albinos develop increased pigmentation in hair and eyes, and decreased nystagmus and photophobia with age. Hair bulbs cultured in l‐tyrosine produced pigment. Ultrastructure of melanocytes demonstrated a predominance of Stage II and early Stage III premelanosomes that readily converted to mature Stage IV melanosomes after incubation in 1‐tyrosine. Eleven obligate heterozygotes failed to demonstrate diaphanous irides. Data on the fertility of Zuni and Brandywine male albinos did not indicate that they had more offspring than pigmented males. As the physical features of this form of albinism overlap those of many normal Caucasians, it is probably not a particularly deleterious trait with high selective value under the recent conditions of Zuni life.
Lumbo‐sacral malformations and spina bifida occulta in a group of proto‐historic Modoc Indians
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA complex lumbo‐sacral malformation has been found in an unusually high frequency in a group of proto‐historic Modoc Indians. Following a short review of vertebral abnormalities in general, the condition is described. It is suggested tentatively that inbreeding might be in part responsible for the high frequency.
Economic impact on postnatal ossification
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Sandusky Sam T. , Rosen Nancy N. , Trowbridge Frederick 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe magnitude of economic impact on postnatal ossification timing in generally lower‐income boys and girls of European ancestry was found to be 0.21 standard deviation units or Z‐scores for a difference of approximately $2200.00 in per‐capita income. Both boys and girls were equally affected.
Genetic and socio‐cultural differentiation in the aborigines of Arnhem Land, Australia
Authors: White N. G. , Parsons P. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFour tribes of Arnhem Land were surveyed for dermatoglyphics; based on pattern intensity indices, total ridge‐counts, and a distance statistic combining the two, it was shown that the tribes can be arranged into western (Tiwi, Gunwinggu) and eastern (“Murngin” and Andilyaugwa) groups. This substantiates observations made on Arnhem Land by linguists and social anthropologists.From a survey of allele frequency traits of blood factors and P.T.C. tasting, distance statistics were computed between the four tribes. These confirmed the relative isolation of the extreme Arnhem Land tribes. Distance statistics were also computed between the four tribes and two Central Australian tribes, the Aranda and Wailbri. The Aranda and “Murngin” were relatively close together agreeing with theories that the Aranda are derived from a not too remote southwards migration from north Arnhem Land, as supported by linguistic data.Correlations between the biological, geographical and linguistic distances were positive, and generally agreed with the expectation that socio‐cultural and linguistic barriers are important in regulating gene flow between populations. This study emphasizes the need to consider biological distances in association with ecological and socio‐cultural factors.
Microevolutionary change in arikara crania: A multivariate analysis
Authors: Jantz Richard L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMeasurements of human crania from five archaeological sites were subjected to canonical analysis. The five sites form a temporal sequence, ranging from prehistoric (ca. 1600 A.D.) to late historic (1830 A.D.), and belonging archaeologically to the Coalescent Tradition, which in South Dakota encompasses the historic Arikara Indians and their prehistoric ancestors. One canonical variate in each sex arranges the sites in their appropriate temporal sequence, presumably reflecting systematic microevolutionary change. The hypothesis that the morphological change resulted from gene flow from either White or Mandan Indian sources was tested using a two‐group discriminate function. The function is found to effectively discriminate a Mandan sample and prehistoric Arikara, but becomes progressively less effective on the historic Arikara crania. This would suggest that Mandan gene flow into Arikara populations is responsible for the observed temporal variation. A similar analysis using British White crania suggests the possibility of slight White influence, but the effect is minimal compared to Mandan.
Albumin Mexico (AlMe) in the Guatemalan highlands
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Alarcon Odette , Benedict Frances , Dary Miguel , Galbraith Martha , Gindhart Patricia S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe examination of the sera of two samples of Guatemalans (total n = 386) revealed the presence of albumin Mexico (AlMe) among unrelated individuals from the western highlands near the Mexican border. The frequency in the putatively less admixed sample, from Quiché, was 0.008. This is the first report of albumin polymorphism among American Indians south of Mexico. The presence of the AlMe allele among Indians of the Guatemalan highlands argues for a zone of gene flow between contiguous groups of Mexico and Guatemala. The failure to detect albumin polymorphism among lowland populations of the Yucatan peninsula may likewise be significant, but more testing of samples is required before definitive statements can be made with respect to contacts among and within highland and lowland groups.
Lansing man: A half century later
Authors: Bass William M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne of the major fossil man finds from the Plains Area of the United States and one of the few from Kansas are the “Lansing Man” skeletons. The discovery was in February 1902 on the west bank of the Missouri River, south of Leavenworth near the town of Lansing, Kansas. Much was written about this skeleton following its discovery and Aleš Hrdlička's only trip to Kansas in October 1902 was to observe the skeletons and the site of its discovery. Numerous articles were written suggesting that “Lansing Man” was many thousands of years old. Geologists could not agree on an age of the skeletons, an adult male and a six to seven year old child, because they were discovered in deposits of slumped loess, confusing the geological picture.Hrdlička states that the skeletons were physically identical to Indians of that region at the period of historical contact. William Holmes had the skull sent to the U. S. National Museum and the remaining bones were placed in the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas. While on the staff of the University of Kansas, I had Carbon‐14 tests conducted on bones from the lower limbs by three separate laboratories. These dates range from 2660 to 5020 B.C. with an average date of four samples (1 each from Geochron Laboratories and the University of Michigan and two from the Smithsonian Institution) of 3579 B.C. This suggests that the “Lansing Man” skeletons are Early Middle Archaic and not Paleoindian. They do, however, represent the oldest known human skeletons from Kansas.
Physical Anthropology and the biobehavioral approach to child growth and development
Authors: Katz Solomon H. , Rivinus Heidelise , Barker William 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent progress in primatology, neurology and psychology has made it possible to begin to synthesize and combine the data and concepts from these fields into the physical anthropological approach to child growth and development. This paper attempts to conceptualize this new biobehavioral approach, reviewing two studies which exemplify it, already under research at the Krogman Growth Center. The first, which deals with mother‐newborn social interaction, explores neonate attachment behaviors and predictable maternal response. The methodology of this study relies heavily on ethological techniques. The second study, involving pre‐pubescent and post‐pubescent same sex twins, aims to delineate the genetic and environmental components of certain human behavioral qualities, such as intelligence, using the genetic approach to human variation. The problem of how this possibly interacts with the secular trend is also discussed.
Physical growth and development, neurological maturation and behavioral functioning in two Ecuadorian Andean communities in which goiter is endemic. I. Outline of the problem of endemic goiter and cretinism. Physical growth and neurological maturation in the adult population of La Esperanza
Authors: Greene Lawrence S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnimal experiments indicate that chronic dietary iodine deficiency can have a marked effect on neurological maturation and the consequent behavioral capacities of the individuals so affected. Goiter, enlargement of the thyroid gland, is hyperendemic throughout the Andean region of Ecuador and is associated with an insufficient dietary intake of iodine. In these populations there is also a strikingly high prevalence of gross mental and physical developmental retardation that has been classified under the rubric of “endemic cretinism.”Anthropometric measurements and Bender Gestalt productions were collected from 44 deaf‐mute “cretin” and 344 “normal” adult individuals in the parroquia of La Esperanza. The anthropometric data were generally comparable to that of other Ecuadorian Andean populations which have been studied. The deaf‐mute “cretin” group showed retardation in physical growth and marked retardation in visual motor maturation compared to the “normal” population. Seventeen percent of the “normal” population showed clear signs of neurological deficit in visual motor perception. The data suggest that in addition to the large number of grossly retarded “cretins” in these populations, many of the “normal” individuals show some degree of neurological deficit, thus forming a continuum from frankly retarded, through moderately and slightly affected, to normal individuals.The socio‐cultural adaptations to the presence of a large number of retarded individuals in the community are discussed.
Arm lengths and arm reaches: Some interrelationships of structural and functional body dimensions
Authors: Stoudt Howard W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStructural measurements of the human body have for the most part been of little practical use as indicators of such functional body dimensions as arm reaches. These dimensions, which define the area around the body to which a person can reach given certain specified conditions and constraints are often critical for the design and layout of workspaces. However, they are relatively difficult and time‐consuming to obtain, usually requiring specially constructed measuring systems for each differing design situation, as well as resurveys for each physically distinct population.An alternate approach, described here, investigates the interrelationships between these two classes of measurements with the aim of predicting functional reaches from structural body dimensions. In the present study traditional structural measurements and 117 functional arm reaches were obtained on 100 subjects. Correlations between the two types of measures are reported. Regression equations are presented which can predict functional arm reaches from two structural body dimensions on anthropometrically differing populations under a fixed set of workspace conditions.
Inventory of remains of Hominidae from Pliocene/Pleistocene formations of the lower Omo basin, Ethiopia (1967–1972)
Authors: Howell F. Clark , Coppens Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSince its initiation in 1966 the Omo Research Expedition has recovered a series of hominid fossils, in association with many vertebrate taxa, from formations of Pliocene/Pleistocene age from the lower Omo basin, southern Ethiopia. These fossiliferous formations span a time range from over 4.2 m.y. to about 1.4 m. y. on the basis of K/A age determination. Hominid remains have been found so far to occur at two localities in the upper part of the Usno Formation (∼ 2.9 m.y.) and in the Shungura Formation at 79 localities from successive Members B through levels postdating J, a time span between 3 m.y. and 1.4 m.y. The remains—inventoried here according to skeletal part, locality and stratigraphic level, age and situation—include numerous isolated and associated teeth, mandibles, partial maxillae, portions of crania, and elements of the postcranial skeleton.
Facultative terrestrial hand postures in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and pongid evolution
Authors: Susman Randall L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn adult male orangutan at the Chicago Zoological Park utilizes various knuckle‐walking hand postures in terrestrial bipedal‐squatting and quadrupedal diagonal‐sequence, diagonal‐couplet gaits. A study was conducted in order to discern the circumstances surrounding the subject's terrestrial locomotor modes. It was found that various locomotor behaviors correlate with specific conditions of the substrate and the subject's motivation. Biomechanical properties of orangutan knuckle‐walking are discussed in terms of their relevance for modelling hominoid phylogeny.
Amino acid compositions of the tryptic peptides comprising the β‐hemoglobin chain of Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Nute Peter E. , Pataryas H. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe tryptic peptides comprising the aminoethylated β‐hemoglobin chain of Macaca nemestrina were isolated by paper electrophoresis and chromatography. The results of stains for specific amino acids, comparison of peptide maps with those produced by aminoethlated β chains from human hemoglobin A, and amino acid analyses of all peptides in the macaque β chain support the conclusion that the primary structure of the β chain of M. nemestrina is identical to that of the corresponding chains of M. fuscata fuscata and M. fascicularis. The apparent evolutionary conservatism of macaque β chains is discussed in relation to the wide degree of structural variation previously observed among the α‐hemoglobin chains of several species of Macaca.
Behavior of an all‐juvenile group of rhesus monkeys
Authors: Loy James , Loy Kent 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe behavior and organization of a group of 33 juvenile rhesus monkeys removed from a single free‐ranging group were found to parallel closely intact rhesus social groups. Dominance ranking among the juveniles was 95% predictable from prior knowledge of mothers' ranks. Grooming, sitting close together, sitting touching, and play were found to occur much more frequently between matrilineal kin than expected from random selection of partner. Some estrous behavior was observed, including two instances of peri‐menstrual estrus. One lengthy homosexual interaction between two two‐year‐old females was observed. The basis of much of the behavior and organization shown by the juveniles was found to be the matrilineal kin bonds brought from their natal group.
Changes in metatarsal robusticity following experimental surgery
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhen a marginal metatarsal (M1 or M5) is amputated in neonatal rats, robusticity increases in all other metatarsals in both sexes. The robusticity increase is greatest in the metatarsal adjacent to the operation and declines in the direction away from it. The tripod structure of the rat's foot with its maximum robusticity of the marginal metatarsals is retained. When both marginal metatarsals are removed, this tripod arrangement is less clearly retained. When robusticity of all remaining metatarsals is averaged in a total robusticity quotient, total robusticity increase is greater in M1 than in M5 removal and greatest when both are removed. Total increase is greater in females than in males.Metatarsal robusticity increases result from retardation of longitudinal growth and increase of weight. The fact that some robusticity increases coincide with lesser length but not with increased weight suggests that in the process of robusticity increase longitudinal growth retardation precedes that of weight increase.Lesser length and greater weight of a long bone occurs also when hypofunction is produced in neonatal rats. However, in hypofunction the thickness of the compacta is increased leading to an obliteration of the medullary canal, while in the experimental metatarsals of this study, submitted to greater weight‐bearing stresses, this canal is never reduced or obliterated.
The dermatoglyphics of American Negroes
Authors: Steinberg Florence S. , Cereghino James J. , Plato Chris C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDigital and palmar dermatoglyphics of 184 male and 224 female normal American Negroes were evaluated for digital patterns, digital ridge counts, palmar patterns, palmar main line terminations, accessory triradii and palmar creases. All subjects were seven year olds examined and found free of chronic or other genetic diseases. The results were presented for the left and right hand for the most part comparable to those of the African and other American Negro groups reported earlier. The distributions of the various dermatoglyphic features among the Negroes taken as a group were compared to those of the other racial groups and their differences were discussed.