bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working Memory in Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Reznick J Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomena that we identify as referents for the term memory are varied, complex, and salient aspects of our personal experience and our interactions with others. Memory’s prominence has produced a rich psychological tradition with descriptions of relevant phenomena, insights into mechanisms, and well-established dimensions of development and individual difference. Unfortunately, memory’s overabundance of sense meaning has sometimes interfered with our commitment to rigorous measurement and definition, leading to a virtual Tower of Babel in which conversations about memory can occur with shared terms that do not have shared meanings. My main goal in this chapter is to advance the discussion of memory development by clarifying the theoretical and operational meaning of the term working memory as it applies to infants and toddlers. The aspect of memory that is the theme of this chapter has been investigated by psychologists for well over a century.
Individual Differences in the Development of Working Memory During Infancy
Authors: Bell Martha Ann , Morasch Katherine C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental scientists have produced data to demonstrate that the prefrontal cortex has a prolonged developmental pattern relative to other brain areas and may not be physiologically mature until young adulthood (Davis, Segalowitz, & Gavin, 2004; Diamond, 2001; Huttenlocher, 1994; Nelson, 1995; Sowell, Thompson, Tessner, & Toga, 2001). This prolonged period of development gives researchers a wide window during which to examine the functional emergence and development of prefrontally mediated cognitive behaviors. Indeed, in the last few years there has been increasing focus on prefrontal cognitive behaviors during early and later childhood (Diamond, Prevor, Callender, & Druin, 1997; Luciana & Nelson, 1998; Segalowitz & Davis, 2004; Wolfe & Bell, 2004). Cognitive skills associated with prefrontal brain areas allow children to keep two or more rules in mind, update memory with constantly changing information, sustain attention over a brief period of time in the face of distraction, and suppress a dominant response tendency (Gerstadt, Hong, & Diamond, 1994), much as adults do on classic prefrontal tasks.
Things to Remember:Limits, Codes, and the Development of Object Working Memory in the First Year
Authors: Leslie Alan M , Ka.Loy Zsuzsa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cognitive revolution of the 1960s had its roots in breakthroughs in the mathematics of machine theory, cybernetics, information, and formal systems associated with Turing, Weiner, van Neumann, Shannon, and Chomsky. For the first time, it was possible through the science of computation to glimpseat least in principle-a physical basis for mind and mental phenomena. When Miller (1956) published his famous article on memory, it was to proclaim two things that have now become familiar. The first was that we can actually measure mental phenomena without white coats and large machines but, best of all, without embarrassment. The second was that some human memory systems have an astonishingly severe limit. There was also a third finding. Though we can (fairly) easily attach a number to this limit, and measure it in that sense, it is much harder to characterize what exactly are the twits that are the subject of this limit. Miller believed the number was around seven; but he quickly showed that it was not seven of Shannon’s bits but seven of something else, which he called chunks. The human memory system was not simply a channel carrying input passively but a complex system that actively recoded its throughput, as digits, letters, words, phrases, and so on, according to the goals of the task. The limit of seven reflected the structure of these codes. The twin properties of limit and code still define short-term memory research: how much can be stored and how much of what can be stored.
Neural Mechanisms of Attention and Memory in Preferential Looking Tasks
Authors: Snyder Kelly A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term preferential looking refers to a class of behavioral methods that rely on an infant’s inherent preference for viewing novel stimuli (i.e., novelty preferences) to provide evidence for learning, memory, or discrimination. Despite wide use of these tasks across different domains of development, there is a long history of debate about how to interpret infants’ performance in preferential looking tasks (e.g., Bogartz, Shinskey, & Speaker, 1997). For instance, to what extent do novelty preferences reflect knowledge that the infant has brought to the experiment versus knowledge acquired during the course of the experiment? What is the nature of this knowledge? Is the infant conscious or aware of such knowledge? Does the infant have access to this knowledge for further reasoning and reflection? How flexible is this knowledge, and to what extent can the infant generalize this knowledge across different contexts? One approach to resolving this debate has been to investigate whether the neurobiology underlying novelty preferences reflects brain systems involved in explicit or implicit memory. The task most widely investigated using this approach has been the visual paired comparison (VPC). By current accounts, the VPC is considered a measure of infants’ visual recognition memory (see chapter 7, this volume). I refer to this as the explicit memory hypothesis of novelty preferences.
The Poems
Authors: Rao Velcheru Narayana , Shulman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tell him this one thing. Distant rivers always reach the sea. Being far is just like being near. Would I think of him if I were far? The sun in the sky is very far from the lotus. From a distance, friendship is intense. Distant rivers reach the sea. The moment he looks at me, I look back at him. My face is turned only toward him. Clouds are in the sky, the peacock in the forest. Longing is in the look that connects.
Freedom Summer
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Savio the civil rights battle that the black-led student movement, headed by SNCC leader Bob Moses, waged in Mississippi was nothing less than heroic. Having rooted themselves in local black communities since 1961, these civil rights workers conducted voter registration campaigns that proved extremely dangerous because they challenged Mississippi’s tradition of black disenfranchisement that dated back to the nineteenth century, antagonizing violent white supremacists. SNCC organizers had been beaten and shot, Freedom Houses bombed, and local black community members lost their lives when they allied themselves with the movement—among them Herbert Lee, gunned down in broad daylight by a segregationist state legislator. Moses himself had demonstrated incredible courage, not only continuing his voter registration work after arrests by racist police and repeated beatings by white supremacists but pressing charges against one of his assailants even while still bleeding from the assault. By 1964 Moses had become convinced that racist violence had gotten so out of hand that it threatened the survival of the Mississippi freedom movement. It was with this in mind that he launched the Freedom Summer Project, inviting college students from across the country to come to Mississippi in 1964 to assist the voter registration drive and teach in Freedom Schools. He hoped Freedom Summer would generate national publicity that could reduce racist violence. While white America had proven indifferent to the racial terror visited upon blacks in Mississippi, Moses believed that the nation would react differently if hundreds of white college students were involved in the movement.
Consolida Ting The Movement And Negotiating For Free Speech
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Berkeley revolt departed dramatically from the conventions of American politics in many ways, the most obvious of which was its youthful leadership. In contrast to the middle-aged and senior politicians who dominated America’s traditional Part-y politics, a twenty-one-year-old undergraduate and a mass movement of students even younger took over Berkeley’s political stage. With youth came an abundance of energy, drive, and idealism. Savio, like the movement he helped lead, was not bound by most of cold war America’s old habits and prejudices; he could and did imagine new kinds of political arrangements, far more democratic than mainstream politics. His (and the FSM’s) eagerness to involve the whole student community in the movement and its decision- making processes translated into a highly Participatory organizational culture. This style of politics helped make the movement attractive to students, as FSM organizer Robert Hurwitt recalled: “The continuing experiment in developing a workable form of representational democracy for the burgeoning, mostly unorganized masses of demonstrators was one of the most exciting day-to-day aspects of the FSM and one of its major contributions to the development of the movements that followed.” Savio and his fellow movement leaders rejected the exclusionary practices—the banning of Communists and the tendency toward Red-baiting—that marred cold war American politics. This enabled them to preside over a movement in which all kinds of radicals—who ordinarily were rivals—worked well together and built bridges to nonradicals.
Questioning The Vietnam War
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is going to be a very different style speech from the speeches which we’ve been listening to, because I don’t have a very set idea just how history’s going to turn out, nor what brought it to be the way it is right now, nor how we are going to change it, if we are going to. So, all I really have is a lot of questions, and I hope they are questions similar to ones that have been troubling other people who are here. Maybe if we can at least get our questions out in the open, we can begin to talk about the answers.
Resisting Reaganism And War In Central America
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thing in my childhood—which most people here have some familiarity with—that moved me the most deeply, were the pictures of the piles of bodies. I am not Jewish. Those were mostly Jewish bodies. There were a lot of children’s bodies in those piles. There were people of all ages; they were very thin. I remember seeing those pictures as a very young child. I could not understand those pictures as a young child, and I do not understand those pictures now. And I got an idea that I got stuck with for a number of years. If people had really noticed the bodies, the piles of bodies, if they’d seen the pictures as I had, then they would have changed the way we lived with one another. But I could see that nothing all that much had been changed about the way we lived with one another.
A Moment to Move Against
Class- Ridden Barbarism
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is going to be a report: what caused things to change? Well, it was the appalling election. Everyone here found that election dreadful and appalling, and I was worrying, would it also be the case that it would be so daunting that it would result in a feeling of apathy and despair? But quite evidently that is not what has happened. I love voting. I have voted in almost every election that I could vote in, local, state, national. I did not vote in this election. I knew how it would turn out. I examined all of the things I could vote for, all of the positions and candidates, and I knew, I predicted this is the way it’s all going to turn out, and it all turned out the way I knew it would.
California at the crossroads: social strife or social unity?
Authors: Cohen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prompted by deep concern over the conduct and results of the 1994 California and national elections, a group of women and men of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds—students, faculty members and non-academic staff of the California Community Colleges, the California State University and the University of California—has come together on a basis of full equality to form the Campus Coalitions for Human Rights and Social Justice.
Changing Welfare as We Know It
Authors: Cherry Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any history of the Clinton administration, Donna Shalala figures centrally as the cabinet member directly responsible for developing and implementing welfare policies. Moreover, unlike a number of her senior staff, she did not resign in outrage when President Clinton chose to sign the 1996 welfare bill. Instead, she soldiered on to ensure that its implementation and subsequent adjustments were as helpful as possible to the vulnerable women and children who were affected.
Welfare Reform during the Economic Boom
Authors: Cherry Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the initial objections to welfare reform were legitimate. For many, reform certainly appeared to be an unnecessary overhaul that would only cause more hardships for vulnerable families. Not mentioned in the public debates, however, was that critics based their assessment on a combination of short-term projections and long-term implications. In the short run, many critics forecasted that the labor market would be unable to absorb the volume of women leaving welfare, especially a large number of black women whose barriers to employment seemed insurmountable. Even if employment problems could be minimized during boom periods, critics feared what would happen during periods of high unemployment that would necessarily occur over time.
Vocational Training that Works
Authors: Cherry Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Welfare reform has moved many single mothers from poverty to near poverty once government income supports are included. Absent a four year college degree, however, only a very small proportion of single mothers can attain family incomes of $30,000, the income necessary to completely avoid basic material hardships. As a result, if the objective is to allow single mothers to be independently self-sufficient, it seems imperative that they must have four-year college degrees. A college-for-all perspective, however, often sets students up for failure. It also disregards the value of vocational training, maligned by critics but a much more effective stepping stone to meaningful employment for many mothers.
Strengthening Partner Relationships and Child Support
Authors: Cherry Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2004, nearly one out of every three children was born out of wedlock, and many of these single mothers have difficulty earning enough to support their families. Indeed, a child born to a never-married mother is seven times as likely to be poor as one born to a married couple. Children living with a single mother often have more psychological and learning problems than do children living in a two-parent family. For these reasons, many policy analysts across the political spectrum believe that strengthening the relationships between a child’s parents, as well as the child support received from noncustodial fathers, should be important components of the policy mix.
Maya Civilization And Archaeology
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pre-Columbian Maya civilization spans a period of nearly 2,000 years. Well before all the salient features of this civilization were completely developed, the Maya were building monumental ceremonial and civic centers. This urban tradition endured from 600 B.C.E. until 1524, when the Spanish Conquest of the Maya began. Maya civilization began to evolve in the Middle Preclassic Period (1000 B.C.E.–300 C.E.), flourished in the Classic Period (250–900 C.E.), which many archae ologists and art historians consider its apogee, and redefined itself during the Postclassic Period (900–1524) to overcome regional wars, droughts, and even cultural collapse, persisting in new ways for two millennia. Maya civilization is admired for more than its endurance, however. It is among the most sophisticated pre-Columbian cultures in the New World and is renowned for its artistry and achievements in astronomy and hieroglyphic writing.
Funerary Beliefs And Customs
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maya funerary practices were determined, in part, by a belief in souls and an afterlife and, more important, by the practice of ancestor worship. Ancestor worship can be traced back to the Olmec horizon, and it is suggested in the earliest burials of lowland Maya culture (c. 1000 B.C.E.). The worship is clearly present through the various developmental stages of Maya civilization, and it continues today in well-known Day of the Dead ceremonies on November 1, when the Maya (and other people inhabiting what was once Mesoamerica) visit the graves of the dead to make offerings to them.
Architecture And Building
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archaeologists have argued that civilization requires urban centers and that the measure of a civilization can be made by the architecture of its cities. The more time consuming and sophisticated in construction the architecture, and the more massive the city, the more complex was the society that built them. Although this hypothesis has been challenged in regard to some details, there is little doubt that monumental construction requires the political where-withal and development to organize labor and material. Based on its architectural remains, Maya civilization ranks as one of the great preindustrial cultures of the world.
Graph Theory and Food Webs
Authors: Cartozo Cecile Caretta , Garlaschelli Diego , Caldarelli Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently the study of complex networks has received great attention. One of the most interesting applications of these concepts is found in the study of food webs. Food webs provide fascinating examples of biological organization in ecological communities and display characteristic and unexpected statistical properties. In particular, comparison to other complex networks shows that food webs lack the scale-free properties observed in almost all other artificial and natural networks. That is, the frequency distribution for the degree (number of different predators per species) does not display scale-free behavior. Nevertheless, we show here that self-similar and universal behavior are still present. By considering food webs as transportation networks (for the flow of resources between species), we can recover scaling properties typical of other transportation systems, such as vascular and river networks. The importance of these properties for models of structure in food webs is discussed.
Paul the Convert
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But even more important, Paul did not understand that he was leaving one religion in order to adopt another. In his view, faith in Jesus as the messiah was the fulfillment and correct understanding of the religion that he had always embraced, the religion of his Jewish ancestors: it was, in a sense, “true” Judaism. To say he converted, therefore, is simply to say that he changed his view about one important aspect of his understanding of Judaism, an aspect that had enormous implications for everything else. He changed his views about Jesus, coming to think that he was God’s messiah, who had died for the sins of others and then been raised from the dead.
Paul the Apost
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be easy to argue that after Jesus himself, Paul was the most important figure in the history of Christianity. It was Paul’s missionary work that helped transform the followers of Jesus from a small Jewish sectarian movement in Palestine to a worldwide religion comprising both Jews and Gentiles. It was his theological reflections on the significance of the death and resurrection of Jesus that came to form the heart of the Christian message for all time. And it was his writings that were to play such an enormous role in the canon of the new Christian Scriptures, the New Testament, of whose twenty-seven books thirteen are attributed to Paul.
Mary Magdalene in Popular Culture and History
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between Peter, Paul, and Mary, there is no question about who is the media star. Peter may be a sentimental favorite among faithful readers of the New Testament, who can identify with his rash behavior but basically good heart. Paul has intrigued and occupied serious theologians for centuries and is still widely revered by laypeople, who perhaps read him more often than they understand him. But neither Peter nor Paul is big news on Broadway, in Hollywood, or at Barnes and Noble. With Mary Magdalene it is a different story. Here is an early follower of Jesus about whom we know very, very little but who has drawn the spotlight for many, many years as a star performer in plays, movies, and novels.
Mary and Her Revelations
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes the course of one’s entire life is determined by a solitary incident— some kind of defining moment that changes everything. Mary’s decision to anoint Jesus’ body for burial on the third day after his death was just such a moment. When she arrived, she found that his body was not there. She went and told the others. They came to believe that he had been raised from the dead. And so Christianity started.
Epidemiologic Proﬁles of Global Health and Disease
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle , Pillay Yogan , Holtz Timothy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have seen the importance of, and the limits to, data collection, we turn to global, national, and local patterns of health and disease. While all causes of mortality and morbidity have natural histories and pathogenic processes, these causes are often neither natural nor inevitable, but shaped by larger political, economic, and demographic in Nuences.
Pilgrimage as Social Process in Roman Catholic and Protestant Culture
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Strict sense pilgrimage does not exist in Protestant society or culture. One of the “abuses” renounced by the Reformers at the time of the Protestant Reformation was that of pilgrimage, which was said to support the theology of salvation by works, one that the Protestant theologians deplored. If one looks more closely, however, at how Protestant individuals and families move across the landscape of the Southern United States and the south of Scotland both strongholds of Reformed Christianity one finds that a pattern of travel to sacred places in honor of revered saints and ancestors does exist. This is, after all, the classical Oxford English Dictionary definition of a pilgrim: “one who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion.” Yet in Protestant culture these journeys are not so defined; they are certainly not called pilgrimages by their devout participants. I intend to explore in this chapter why this is true. Pilgrimage does, in fact, exist in Protestantism, and it is an important symbolic statement for its adherents.1 The pilgrimage centers to which I refer in the travel pattern of devout Protestants are connected not with a salvation by works or with the propitiation of saints or intercessors, but with a salvation based on faith alone, accompanied by good works because of the person’ s having been saved by the grace of God.