bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell interactions underlying notochord induction and formation in the chick embryo
Authors: Healy Katherine H. , Schoenwolf Gary C. , Darnell Diana K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe development of the notochord in the chick is traditionally associated with Hensen's node (the avian equivalent of the organizer). However, recent evidence has shown that two areas outside the node (called the inducer and responder) are capable of interacting after ablation of Hensen's node to form a notochord. It was not clear from these studies what effect (if any) signals from these areas had on normal notochord formation. A third area, the postnodal region, may also contribute to notochord formation, although this has also been questioned. Using transection and grafting experiments, we have evaluated the timing and cellular interactions involved in notochord induction and formation in the chick embryo. Our results indicate that the rostral primitive streak, including the node, is not required for formation of the notochord in rostral blastoderm isolates transected at stages 3a/b. In addition, neither the postnodal region nor the inducer is required for the induction and formation of the most rostral notochordal cells. However, inclusion of the inducer results in considerable elongation of the notochord in this experimental paradigm. Our results also demonstrate that the responder per se is not required for notochord formation, provided that at least the inducer and postnodal region are present, although in the absence of the responder, formation of the notochord occurs far less frequently. We also show that the node is not specified to form notochord until stage 4 and concomitant with this, the inducer loses its ability to induce notochord from the responder. The coincident timing of these changes in the node and inducer suggests that notochord specification and the activity of the inducer are regulated through a negative feedback loop. We propose a model relating our results to the induction of head and trunk organizer activity in the node. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Msx2 is a repressor of chondrogenic differentiation in migratory cranial neural crest cells†
Authors: Takahashi K. , Nuckolls G.H. , Takahashi I. , Nonaka K. , Nagata M. , Ikura T. , Slavkin H.C. , Shum L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDuring early mouse embryogenesis, cranial neural crest cells (CNCC) emigrate from the posterior midbrain and rhombomeres 1 and 2 of the anterior hindbrain into the first branchial arch‐derived maxillary and mandibular processes and there provide cell lineages for several phenotypes, including cartilage, bone, and tooth. Here, we report that Sox9 and Msx2 were coexpressed in a subpopulation of CNCC during their migration. Because Sox9 is a transactivator of chondrogenesis, and Msx genes can act as transcriptional repressors, we hypothesized that Sox9 expression indicates the determination of CNCC‐derived chondrogenic cell lineage and that Msx2 represses chondrogenic differentiation until CNCC migration is completed within the mandibular processes. To test whether Msx2 represses chondrogenesis, we designed experiments to inhibit Msx2 function in migratory CNCC in primary cultures through the expression of loss‐of‐function Msx2 mutants. We showed that infection of migratory CNCC with adenovirus Msx2 mutants accelerated the rate and extent of chondrogenesis, as indicated by the expression level of type II collagen and aggrecan, and the amount of alcian blue staining. Adenovirus infections did not apparently interfere with CNCC proliferation or migration. These findings suggest that an important early event in craniofacial morphogenesis is a transient expression of both Sox9 and Msx2 during emigration into the forming mandibular processes followed by restricted expression of Sox9 within CNCC‐ derived chondroprogenitor cells. We conclude that Msx2 serves as a repressor of chondrogenic differentiation during CNCC migration. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of stratum intermedium and its role as a Sonic hedgehog‐signaling structure during odontogenesis
Authors: Koyama Eiki , Wu Changshan , Shimo Tsuyoshi , Iwamoto Masahiro , Ohmori Tomoharu , Kurisu Kojiro , Ookura Tetsuya , Bashir Muhammad M. , Abrams William R. , Tucker Thomas , Pacifici Maurizio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractStratum intermedium is a transient and subtle epithelial structure closely associated with inner dental epithelium in tooth germs. Little is known about its development and roles. To facilitate analysis, we used bovine tooth germs, predicting that they may contain a more conspicuous stratum intermedium. Indeed, early bell stage bovine tooth germs already displayed an obvious stratum intermedium with a typical multilayered organization and flanking the enamel knot. Strikingly, with further development, the cuspally located stratum intermedium underwent thinning and involution, whereas a multilayered stratum intermedium formed at successive sites along the cusp‐to‐cervix axis of odontogenesis. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that stratum intermedium produces the signaling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Maximal Shh expression was invariably seen in its thickest multilayered portions. Shh was also produced by inner dental epithelium; expression was not constant but varied with development and cytodifferentiation of ameloblasts along the cusp‐to‐cervix axis. Interestingly, maximal Shh expression in inner dental epithelium did not coincide with that in stratum intermedium. Both stratum intermedium and inner dental epithelium expressed the Shh receptor Patched2 (Ptch2), an indication of autocrine signaling loops. Shh protein, but not RNA, was present in underlying dental mesenchyme, probably resulting from gradual diffusion from epithelial layers and reflecting paracrine loops of action. To analyze the regulation of Shh expression, epithelial and mesenchymal layers were separated and maintained in organ culture. Shh expression decreased over time, but was maintained in unoperated specimens. Our data show for the first time that stratum intermedium is a highly regulated and Shh‐expressing structure. Given its dynamic and apparently interactive properties, stratum intermedium may help orchestrate progression of odontogenesis from cusp to cervix. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endogenous origin of the lymphatics in the avian chorioallantoic membrane
Authors: Papoutsi Maria , Tomarev Stanislav I. , Eichmann Anne , Pröls Felicitas , Christ Bodo , Wilting Jörg 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe lymphatics of the intestinal organs have important functions in transporting chyle toward the jugulosubclavian junction, but the lymphangiogenic potential of the splanchnic mesoderm has not yet been tested. Therefore, we studied the allantoic bud of chick and quail embryos. It is made up of endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm and fuses with the chorion to form the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) containing both blood vessels and lymphatics. In day 3 embryos (stage 18 of Hamburger and Hamilton [HH]), the allantoic mesoderm consists of mesenchymal cells that form blood islands during stage 19 (HH). The endothelial network of the allantoic bud, some intraluminal and some mesenchymal cells express the hemangiopoietic marker QH1. The QH1‐positive endothelial cells also express the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3 (VEGFR‐3), whereas the integrating angioblasts and the round hematopoietic cells are QH1‐positive/VEGFR‐3–negative. The ligand, VEGF‐C, is expressed ubiquitously in the allantoic bud, and later predominantly in the allantoic epithelium and the wall of larger blood vessels. Allantoic buds of stage 17–18 (HH) quail embryos were grafted homotopically into chick embryos and reincubated until day 13. In the chimeric CAMs, quail endothelial cells are present in blood vessels and lymphatics, the latter being QH1 and VEGFR‐3 double‐positive. QH1‐positive hematopoietic cells are found at many extra‐ and intraembryonic sites, whereas endothelial cells are confined to the grafting site. Our results show that the early allantoic bud contains hemangioblasts and lymphangioblasts. The latter can be identified with Prox1 antibodies and mRNA probes in the allantoic mesoderm of day 4 embryos (stage 21 HH). Prox1 is a specific marker of the lymphatic endothelium throughout CAM development. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic value of duration of illness and early intervention in bulimia nervosa: A systematic review of the outcome literature
Authors: Reas Deborah L. , Schoemaker Casper , Zipfel Stephan , Williamson Donald A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveEarly intervention is often regarded as an important step for the prevetion of a chronic eating disorder. The primary aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the outcome literature and to better describe the effects of early intervention on the course of bulimia nervosa.MethodTwenty‐four follow‐up studies were subjected to nine “best‐evidence” criteria for methodological soundness. Of these 24 studies, 5 met all methodological criteria and were considered in more detail.ResultsOnly one of these five studies found a significant association between duration of illness and outcome. These studies were re‐examined to exclude studies that included patients who were not first admissions in order to distinguish between the effect of duration of illness versus early intervention. This re‐examination excluded four of the five studies, and the remaining study provided no data regarding prior treatment.DiscussionBased on this selection of studies, it was concluded that there is no consistent evidence to support that early intervention necessarily implies a better long‐term outcome. Due to the multiple methodological problems that plague follow‐up studies, future research would be improved by employing designs that directly test the impact of early versus late intervention. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 1–10, 2001.
Changing patterns of hospitalization in eating disorder patients
Authors: Wiseman Claire V. , Sunday Suzanne R. , Klapper Fern , Harris Wendy A. , Halmi Katherine A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated the changing patterns of hospitalization of eating disorder patients over the past 15 years.MethodThe records of 1,185 eating disorder patients between 1984 and 1998 were examined on several variables.ResultsOver the 15 years, the number of first admissions increased from 20 to 182. There was a concomitant decrease in length of stay from 149.5 days in 1984 to 23.7 days in 1998. Readmissions increased markedly from 0% during the first year to 27% of total admissions in 1998. The discharge weight of anorectic patients significantly decreased from a body mass index (BMI) of 19.3 in 1984 to 17.7 in 1998. These changes were particularly salient in the past 3 years, concurrent with a dramatic rise in managed care cases.ConclusionsOver the past 15 years, eating disorder hospital treatment has metamorphozed from long‐term treatment of a disorder to stabilization of acute episodes. For some patients, this change has been deleterious and not cost effective. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 69–74, 2001.
The use of ecological momentary assessment approaches in eating disorder research
Authors: Smyth Joshua , Wonderlich Stephen , Crosby Ross , Miltenberger Raymond , Mitchell James , Rorty Marcia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveEating disorder (ED) research is increasingly focusing on the proximal antecedents to disordered eating behavior. Such antecedents may include cognitions, environmental stimuli, social interactions, and affective states. Current ED theories suggest that the relationships between antecedents and eating behavior may be complex, including interaction associations, time‐lagged effects, and associations that persist only for brief periods of time. Similarly, these theories often include the consequences of behavior‐influencing variables of interest (e.g., short‐term reductions in negative affect). Careful examination of such theories, however, has been limited by a reliance on data collection methods not appropriate for testing these effects.MethodThis study examines alternative methods for data collection and analysis that overcome previously noted limitations, using data collected in several studies with eating‐disordered participants.ResultsThe development of a technique called ecological momentary assessment (EMA) allows the ongoing study of behavior in its natural context and reduces biases associated with retrospective recall. The development of technology that allows the sophisticated collection and storage of such data (e.g., palm‐top computers), along with statistical procedures for analyzing hierarchically nested, repeated measures data, allow precise testing of complex theoretical models.DiscussionWe demonstrate several important features of this research: (1) patients are willing and able to engage in EMA studies, (2) data not possible to collect using other designs are obtainable, (3) complex theoretical models can be evaluated using these data and appropriate statistical methods, and (4) the collection and analysis of EMA data present unique difficulties to ED researchers. Finally, we endorse and provide recommendations for the use of EMA in future ED research and practice. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 83–95, 2001.
Stage of change as a predictor of response to psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Wolk Sara L. , Devlin Michael J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study was designed to test the hypotheses that stage of change is a useful predictor of dropout and that it is related to treatment outcome in patients receiving brief psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa.MethodOne hundred ten patients with bulimia nervosa were randomly assigned treatment with cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy (IPT). On initial screening, patients were classified as being in the stage of precontemplation, contemplation, or preparation.ResultsInitial stage of change was not related to dropout either before or following randomization. Among all treatment completers, stage of change was related to outcome. Of the patients assigned to CBT, stage of change was not related to outcome. However, stage of change was related to outcome in patients randomized to IPT.DiscussionThis study suggests that initial stage of change may, under certain circumstances, be a useful predictor of outcome and that its utility as an outcome predictor may vary according to treatment. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30:96–100, 2001.
Can steroid use be a precipitant in the development of an eating disorder?
Authors: Fornari Victor , Dancyger Ida , La Monaca Gianluca , Budman Cathy , Goodman Beverly , Kabo Linda , Katz Jack L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveCorticosteroids have a wide range of clinical indications in the treatment of both acute and chronic medical illnesses, and weight gain is a well‐documented side effect of their use. In this paper, we describe eight individuals with an eating disorder, which appeared following steroid administration for a medical condition.MethodThese findings, support the possibility that the excessive weight gain resulting from steroid use can be a precipitating factor in the development of an eating disorder, particularly among female adolescents and young women who are preoccupied with their appearance and weight.ResultsPhysicians caring for women receiving corticosteroids should therefore familiarize themselves with these patients' pre‐morbid and current eating habits, as well as their weight, dieting and body image histories.DiscussionThe relevance of these cases for furthering our understanding of the development and treatment of eating disorder is also discussed. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 118–122, 2001.
A three‐dimensional morphological filter using spatial partitioning representations
Authors: Nishio Koji , Kobori Ken‐ichi , Kutsuwa Toshiro , Nishikawa Yoshikazu 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMorphological filters have mainly been used for two‐dimensional (2D) image processing. Recently, there has been an increased need for filter processing of 3D images. In this paper, the morphology is expanded to three dimensions for application to 3D image processing. If a morphological operation developed for 2D images is directly applied to a 3D operation, however, its computation cost increases significantly. Therefore, the octree data structure (a spatially divided model) and the node‐address method (a high‐speed search method) are applied to the method so as to reduce the computation cost. The method has been verified experimentally. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 29–37, 2001
Mercury‐free, high‐luminance and high‐efficacy flat discharge lamp for LCD backlighting
Authors: Shiga Tomokazu , Mikoshiba Shigeo , Shinada Shinichi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe liquid‐crystal displays having a 4‐ to 7‐inch diagonal used in car navigation systems demand strict conditions of at least 10,000 cd/m2 luminance and a –30 to 80 °C operating temperature range for backlights for use in a variety of environments. To satisfy these conditions, a flat discharge lamp that offered high luminance, high efficiency, and a high degree of balance was developed by employing a simple structure that used a rare gas instead of mercury, which has a strong temperature dependence. Narrowing the pulse width of the drive voltage pulse and limiting the amount of current made it possible to obtain uniform emitted light that spreads throughout the entire discharge space. When the maximum luminance of 9200 cd/m2 was obtained, the emission efficiency was 20.4 lm/W. When the luminance was 1080 cd/m2, the maximum emission efficiency of 34.1 lm/W was achieved. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 55–63, 2001
Characteristics of local helical coil system for dynamic ergodic divertor
Authors: Kikuchi Yusuke , Kojima Hiroki , Taniyama Tomonori , Toyoda Mitsuhiro , Uesugi Yoshihiko , Takamura Shuichi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHeat and particle flux control is one of the most important and difficult problems in steady‐state fusion devices. The Dynamic Ergodic Divertor (DED) is an advanced concept in which a rotational perturbed magnetic field is applied to make the tokamak edge magnetic structure stochastic so that it may decrease the heat and particle flux onto the local target in the conventional divertor. This rotational perturbed field is created by two sets of local helical coils (LHC) with a phase difference of 90° in the supplied ac currents. In DED experiments, it is important to study the perturbed magnetic field structure generated by these coil currents. In this paper, a new coil configuration is considered, which has an additional series of return windings so as to improve the mode quality of the rotating helical field (RHF). We obtain the mode structure of RHF using a new Fourier analysis. From this result, we confirm that the parasitic mode of RHF and the coil self‐inductance are decreased by the new coil configuration. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 16–23, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1142
Development of a new adaptive PSS system for automatic parametric modeling techniques for power system oscillation waveforms
Authors: Michigami Tsutomu , Hayashi Kunitake , Hiyoshi Sakae , Okamoto Takashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn Japan, since the development of large power systems, there have been spontaneous low‐frequency oscillation and local mode oscillation. The conventional PSS has been applied to generators in a trunk power system as a measure to improve the damping power oscillation. However, it is difficult for this PSS to improve the damping power system oscillation because of the hardware and the design of fixed PSS control constants. It has therefore become necessary to develop a new adaptive PSS system. This paper explains the development of a new adaptive PSS system and the simulation of low‐frequency and local mode oscillation for this new PSS system. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 24–34, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1143
Analysis of harmonic propagation in a power distribution system: An application of a distributed constant‐circuit model
Authors: Wada Keiji , Fujita Hideaki , Akagi Hirofumi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses harmonic propagation and damping in a long‐distance distribution feeder having many capacitors for power factor correction, and presents harmonic damping characteristics of a shunt active filter based on voltage detection. A distributed constant‐circuit model for the feeder is derived to perform analysis with the focus on harmonic propagation and damping. As a result, it is clarified by theory and experiment that harmonic propagation throughout the feeder can be mitigated by installing the active filter, which acts as a harmonic terminator, on the end terminal of the feeder. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(1): 73–81, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej.1148
Empathy‐induced altruism in a prisoner's dilemma II: what if the target of empathy has defected?
Authors: Batson C. Daniel , Ahmad Nadia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhat if participants in a one‐trial prisoner's dilemma know before making their decision that the other person has already defected? From the perspective of classic game theory, a dilemma no longer exists. It is clearly in their best interest to defect too. The empathy‐altruism hypothesis predicts, however, that if they feel empathy for the other, then a dilemma remains: self‐interest counsels defection; empathy‐induced altruism counsels not. This motivational conflict should lead at least some empathically aroused individuals not to defect. To test this prediction, we placed 60 undergraduate women in a one‐trial prisoner's dilemma in which they knew the other had already defected. Among those not induced to feel empathy, very few (0.05) did not defect in return. Among those induced to feel empathy for the other, almost half (0.45) did not defect. These results underscore the power of empathy‐induced altruism to affect responses in a prisoner's dilemma. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of traits and group memberships
Authors: Trafimow David , Finlay Krystina A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAnglo‐Americans and Mexican‐Americans were asked to list five of their traits and five of their group memberships. They were also asked to rank (relative to each other) and rate (on an absolute scale) the importance of these traits and groups. Consistent with the distinction between individualist and collectivist cultures, Mexican‐Americans ranked and rated their groups as being more important than did Anglo‐Americans. In addition, although participants from both cultural groups gave greatly decreased ratings for less important groups, this decrease was more pronounced for Anglo‐Americans than for Mexican‐Americans. Finally, the data indicated that the perceived importance of group memberships is only weakly related to their cognitive accessibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.