bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Trends 1800 – 2000
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last part of this book examines the period from the early nineteenth century to the late twentieth century when, step by step, Europe became an urban continent. After the Second World War the majority of the European population, in some countries the great majority of the population, was living in towns rather than villages, and conurbations became increasingly numerous. In 1990, according to one estimate, Europe had 225 cities with over 200,000 inhabitants and forty of its cities counted more than a million people.
Social Life 1800 – 2000
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caroline Luckhurst was the daughter of a middle-class family in late Victorian London. Her father was a prosperous railway official wearing a top hat on public occasions and residing in a spacious semi-detached villa in the leafy suburbs of Blackheath. A younger child, apparently disadvantaged in the family, Caroline moved out of the capital to the countryside, worked as a servant in a large house, and met there the youngest son of a small farmer. Much to her family’s anger, they married, had several children, and fell into relative poverty.
Culture And Landscape 1800 – 2000
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Hjalmar Söderberg’s novel Doktor Glas (1905), the Swedish doctor declares: ‘Never have I felt happier and prouder to be from a city than when I returned from the countryside as a child one autumn evening and saw the lights glowing … Now I thought those poor devils back in the country will have to … trudge about in the dark and the dirt’. During the modern period, European city culture, increasingly self-assured and multifaceted, wiped off the last traces of rural tradition, and European cultural life turned urban.
What if I get Side-Effects?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in bleeding patterns are probably the most frequently reported side-effects of the pill, particularly when the pill is first started. Let the pill packet rule your pill taking, not the bleeding pattern—whatever that may be. Do not stop taking pills before the end of a packet because of bleeding, even if it seems like a period. Pregnancies have happened that way.
Popular Opinion in Nazi Germany as a Factor in the Policy of the ‘Solution of the Jewish Question’: The Nuremberg Laws and the Reichskristallnacht
Authors: Kulka Otto Dov 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two sample cases of the interrelation between radical expressions of German popular opinion and the policy of the totalitarian racialist regime of the Third Reich concerning the ‘Jewish Question’. A systematic examination of this relation became possible following the publication of a digital edition of all available secret Nazi reports on the German population’s attitudes toward the Jews and the anti-Jewish policy of the regime between 1933 and 1945. Here, a text-analytical approach will be combined with quantitative, computer-based research.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Kham
Authors: Watters David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language treated in this chapter is the Takale dialect of Kham (spoken in Taka village), something of a lingua franca in Kham territories. Kham is a complex of Tibeto-Burman languages centered primarily around a knot of 4,000-metre ridges at the western end of the Dhaulagiri Massif in the remote highlands of Rukum and Rolpa Districts, ‘Mid-western Nepal’, and in the north-western corner of Baglung District. The total population of all dialects is estimated to be about 60,000 speakers. The language is vigorous in all domains of life; most pre-school children speak only Kham, and there are more speakers now than ever before.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Konso
Authors: Mous Maarten , Oda Ongaye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Konso is a Cushitic language of about 200,000 speakers spoken in southern Ethiopia not far from the Kenyan border. Its closest relatives are Dirayta (or Gidole) and Oromo. Konso society is divided into farmers (etanta) and traders or craftsmen (xawdáa); farmers are in higher esteem. The people live in walled towns and their social organization is both by clan and by locality. The clan rulers also have some religious functions. The Konso are famous for their statues (waakkaa) for deceased heroes and clan leaders. The people live in a hilly area which is heavily overpopulated. Every inch of land is used for agriculture and river banks are protected against erosion to save farm land. The farmers grow many different crops which are often intermingled in the fields. Fields are family owned, fenced with low stone walls and have their own proper names. Konso culture has been extensively studied; some major publications are Hallpike (1972), Amborn (1989), and Watson (1998).
Isolation of anaerobes from clinical material
Authors: Levett P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the notable exceptions of the clostridial diseases such as tetanus and botulism, infections caused by obligate anaerobes are endogenous in origin. Such infections are invariably caused by non-sporing anaerobes derived from the normal flora of the large intestine, the female genital tract, or the oropharynx (1). Because of their origin these are usually mixed infections involving several species of anaerobes in addition to facultative anaerobes such as colifonns. Experience throughout the world during the last 20 years has shown that obligate anaerobes are usually the principal components of such infections and that effective therapy depends upon eradication of the anaerobes (2).
Methods for biochemical studies
Authors: Forsythe S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous methods of quantitative and qualitative biochemical analysis are now available for the study of anaerobic micro-organisms. Fortunately, most biochemical studies use standard protocols and thus the major problem for the anaerobic microbiologist is being able to grow sufficient quantities of the organism. Certain procedures, however, such as rcductase enzymes, require strictly anaerobic assay conditions, but even this problem can be overcome through the use of anaerobic cabinets, anaerobic cuvettes, and artificial electron carriers. This chapter will concentrate, therefore, on the analysis of oxygen¬ sensitive components from anaerobic micro-organisms.
Identification of protein sequence motifs
Authors: Saqi Mansoor A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main aims of computational biology is to address the question: “Given a newly-determined sequence what can be said about the structure and function of the corresponding protein”. If a similarity search (1–3) against the sequence database reveals a global similarity with another sequence of known function, much can immediately be inferred (see Chapter 2). If the similarity is with a sequence of known three-dimensional structure homology modelling studies can be initiated (4) (see Chapter 6).
Identification of common post-translational modifications
Authors: Krishna Radha G , Wold Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considering that some of the 20 primary, encoded amino (imino) acids can be converted to something close to 200 secondary amino acids in post-translational reactions (1), it should not be surprising to find that the number and complexity of the methods involved in recognizing and characterizing these secondary amino acids are quite impressive. The chemical properties of the secondary amino acid derivatives vary broadly and complicate any attempts to extract some general rules and approaches.
Immunochemical analysis of protein conformation
Authors: Friguet Bertrand , Djavadi-Ohaniance, Lisa , Goldberg Michel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibodies can be used to study protein conformation in two ways. One, already outlined in Chapter 3, is to take advantage of their specificity and of the sensitivity of immunochemical detection methods to trace the protein after an appropriate analytical procedure. This approach is particularly useful when the biological activity of the protein is not easy to test. This is the case for instance with engineered proteins that have lost some of their original properties. Using immunochemical detection, it is possible to determine, even with crude extracts, such physicochemical parameters as molecular weight (by electrophoresis; see Chapters 1 and 8), diffusion coefficient (by gel filtration; see Chapter 9), or sedimentation coefficient (by sucrose gradient), ligand fixation (by immunoprecipitation of the ligand-bound protein), and stability (by irreversible heat precipitation). In this approach, polyclonal as well as monoclonal antibodies can be used, as long as the antibodies are able to detect the protein with sufficient efficiency and specificity.
Fusion protein purification methods
Authors: Brewer Stephen J , Glatz Charles E , Dickerson Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic engineering has provided scientists and technologists with the opportunity to change the properties of proteins so that their purification properties can be improved. By the insertion of DNA sequences on either the 3’ or 5’ ends of translated DNA, the amino acid sequences on either end of a protein can be changed to provide a purification fusion. These fusions may be used to simply stabilize the protein from attack by proteases by helping the protein form an inclusion body. The fusion might also impart specific purification properties on the protein, making it suitable for immunoaffinity, metal chelate, ion exchange, hydrophobic chromatography, or partition. Alternatively, for well-characterized proteins, specific amino acids may be changed within the protein to introduce patches with a specific affinity for an adsorption matrix.
Initial purification of inclusion bodies
Authors: Violand Bernard N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology has made possible the production of many proteins which were previously available in only limited quantities from natural sources. This technology has resulted in the generation of many therapeutically important protein products and large numbers of other commercially significant proteins. High level expression of both heterologous and homologous proteins frequently results in the formation of dense amorphous insoluble aggregates, named inclusion bodies, in the host cytoplasm. This chapter discusses some of the properties of inclusion bodies and also describes the most frequently used methods for preparing them. Because the majority of this data has been generated in E. coli, this chapter will concentrate on production of inclusion bodies from this host cell.
Efficacy and Safety of a Polypill to Reduce Cardiovascular Events: A Review of Clinical Trials
Authors: Kelly Michael S. , Dacey Ana , Siana Audrey , Ojeda Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract:
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of mortality globally. Modifiable risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, can be managed through lifestyle and pharmacotherapy treatments to reduce the risk of primary and secondary major cardiovascular events in patients with elevated risk. Despite effective and available medications to manage and mitigate cardiovascular risk factors, control rates of hypertension and dyslipidemia are suboptimal, and greater efforts are needed to reduce cardiovascular event rates worldwide. A polypill containing several classes of medications proven to lower cardiovascular risk in a single-dose form has been associated with improved medication adherence over multiple single-ingredient medications and may lead to reduced cardiovascular events. The goal of this article is to review available data from clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of polypills compared with placebo or usual care for cardiovascular risk reduction. Three databases were searched (PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, and ScienceDirect) for randomized trials that compared a single polypill with usual care or placebo and reported major adverse cardiovascular events for each study group. A total of 6 trials were selected for inclusion. Several polypill formulations were compared with placebo or usual care with multiple single-ingredient medications in study populations consisting of both primary and secondary prevention patients. Overall, the polypill seems to be associated with reduced major adverse cardiovascular event and comparable safety with usual care treatment with an added benefit of improved adherence over multiple single-ingredient medications. The polypill has potential to be a cost-effective intervention to reduce the global burden of cardiovascular disease.
Attentional bias toward fearful faces is associated with maternal postnatal distress and alterations in white matter microstructure in 5-year-old females
Authors: Kumpulainen Venla , Kataja Eeva-Leena , Pulli Elmo P. , Copeland Anni M. , Silver Eero A. , Haikio Tuomo , Saukko Ekaterina , Korja Riikka , Karlsson Linnea , Karlsson Hasse , Tuulari Jetro J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe development of face processing system is paramount for social interaction and communication skills. Eye-tracking provides a viable means to investigate face processing even in very young children and can be used to derive indices of affective processing biases that are adaptive in supporting preparedness for emotional encoding. The neural correlates of early-emerging attentional biases have not been explored.In the current study, we gathered diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and eye-tracking data (attention disengagement from neutral, happy, fearful faces, and control pictures towards distractor stimuli) to investigate the association of white matter (WM) microstructural alterations and attentional biases in 117 (55 female) typically developing 5-year-old children. We estimated fractional anisotropy (FA) and used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) before conducting voxel-wise analyses testing associations between attentional biases and brain diffusivity.We found that reduced WM integrity (indexed as decrease in FA) in widespread WM regions, including the splenium of corpus callosum, left anterior limb of internal capsule (ALIC), left posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), left posterior thalamic radiation and optic tract, predicted higher attentional bias toward fearful expressions in females (adjusted for potential confounders). Further, maternal postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms were detected to associate positively with attentional bias toward fearful expression, but only in females.Based on these findings and prior results on association between maternal distress and reduced WM integrity in female offspring, it is possible that alterations in WM microstructure may transmit the long-term effects of maternal mental distress during early life to increased vigilance towards negative emotional expressions. These hypotheses and sexual dimorphism in the observed associations require replication and are potential focus areas for future studies.
Transferability of ecological forecasting models to novel biotic conditions in a long-term experimental study
Authors: Dumandan Patricia Kaye T. , Simonis Juniper L. , Yenni Glenda M. , Ernest S. K. Morgan , White Ethan P. 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTEcological forecasting models play an increasingly important role for managing natural resources and assessing our fundamental knowledge of processes driving ecological dynamics. As global environmental change pushes ecosystems beyond their historical conditions, the utility of these models may depend on their transferability to novel conditions. Because species interactions can alter resource use, timing of reproduction, and other aspects of a species’ realized niche, changes in biotic conditions, which can arise from community reorganization events in response to environmental change, have the potential to impact model transferability. Using a long-term experiment on desert rodents, we assessed model transferability under novel biotic conditions to better understand the limitations of ecological forecasting. We show that ecological forecasts can be less accurate when the models generating them are transferred to novel biotic conditions, and that the extent of model transferability can depend on the species being forecast. We also demonstrate the importance of incorporating uncertainty in forecast evaluation with transferred models generating less accurate and more uncertain forecasts. These results suggest that how a species perceives its competitive landscape can influence model transferability, and that when uncertainties are properly accounted for, transferred models may still be appropriate for decision making. Assessing the extent of the transferability of forecasting models is a crucial step to increase our understanding of the limitations of ecological forecasts.Open Research StatementData (10.5281/zenodo.8436468) and code (10.5281/zenodo.11053744) used to conduct data analyses are archived in Zenodo and supplementary results (10.6084/m9.figshare.25733691.v1) in Figshare.
Ciliary intrinsic mechanisms regulate dynamic ciliary extracellular vesicle release from sensory neurons
Authors: Wang Juan , Saul Josh , Nikonorova Inna A. , Cruz Carlos Nava , Power Kaiden M. , Nguyen Ken C. , Hall David H. , Barr Maureen M. 
Published: November 2023

SummaryCilia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain signaling proteins and act in intercellular communication. Polycystin-2 (PKD-2), a transient receptor potential channel, is a conserved ciliary EVs cargo.Caenorhabditis elegansserves as a model for studying ciliary EV biogenesis and function.C. elegansmales release EVs in a mechanically-induced manner and deposit PKD-2-labeled EVs onto the hermaphrodite vulva during mating, suggesting an active release process. Here, we study the dynamics of ciliary EV release using time-lapse imaging and find that cilia can sustain the release of PKD-2-labeled EVs for a two-hour duration. Intriguingly, this extended release doesn’t require neuronal synaptic transmission. Instead, ciliary intrinsic mechanisms regulate PKD-2 ciliary membrane replenishment and dynamic EV release. The ciliary kinesin-3 motor KLP-6 is necessary for both initial and extended ciliary EV release, while the transition zone protein NPHP-4 is required only for sustained EV release. The dihydroceramide desaturase DEGS1/2 ortholog TTM-5 is highly expressed in the EV-releasing sensory neurons, localizes to cilia, and is required for sustained but not initial ciliary EV release, implicating ceramide in ciliary ectocytosis. The study offers a comprehensive portrait of real-time ciliary EV release, and mechanisms supporting cilia as proficient EV release platforms.
One-carbon unit supplementation fuels tumor-infiltrating T cells and augments checkpoint blockade
Authors: Xu Xincheng , Chen Zihong , Bartman Caroline R. , Xing Xi , Olszewski Kellen , Rabinowitz Joshua D. 
Published: November 2023

SummaryNucleotides perform important metabolic functions, carrying energy and feeding nucleic acid synthesis. Here, we use isotope tracing-mass spectrometry to quantitate the contributions to purine nucleotides of salvage versusde novosynthesis. We further explore the impact of augmenting a key precursor for purine synthesis, one-carbon (1C) units. We show that tumors and tumor-infiltrating T cells (relative to splenic T cells) synthesize purinesde novo. Purine synthesis requires two 1C units, which come from serine catabolism and circulating formate. Shortage of 1C units is a potential bottleneck for anti-tumor immunity. Elevating circulating formate drives its usage by tumor-infiltrating T cells. Orally administered methanol functions as a formate pro-drug, with deuteration enabling control of formate-production kinetics. In MC38 tumors, safe doses of methanol raise formate levels and augment anti-PD-1 checkpoint blockade, tripling durable regressions. Thus, 1C deficiency can gate antitumor immunity and this metabolic checkpoint can be overcome with pharmacological 1C supplementation.Statement of significanceCheckpoint blockade has revolutionized cancer therapy. Durable tumor control, however, is achieved in only a minority of patients. We show that the efficacy of anti-PD-1 blockade can be enhanced by metabolic supplementation with one-carbon donors. Such donors support nucleotide synthesis in tumor-infiltrating T cells and merit future clinical evaluation.
Partitioning the Impacts of Spatial-Temporal Variation in Demography and Dispersal on Metapopulation Growth Rates
Authors: Schreiber Sebastian J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSpatial-temporal variation in environmental conditions is ubiquitous in nature. This variation simultaneously impacts survival, reproduction, and movement of individuals and, thereby, the rate at which metapopulations grow. Using the tools of stochastic demography, the metapopulation growth rate is decomposed into five components corresponding to temporal, spatial, and spatial-temporal variation in fitness, and spatial and spatial-temporal covariation in dispersal and fitness. While temporal variation in fitness always reduces the metapopulation growth rate, all other sources of variation can either increase or reduce the metapopulation growth rate. Increases occur either by reducing the impacts of temporal variation or by generating a positive fitness-density covariance where individuals tend to concentrate in higher-quality patches. For example, positive auto-correlations in spatial-temporal variability in fitness generate this positive fitness-density covariance for less dispersive populations, but decrease it for highly dispersive populations, e.g. migratory species. Negative auto-correlations in spatialtemporal variability have the opposite effects. Positive covariances between movement and future fitness, on short or long time scales, increase growth rates. These positive covariances can arise is unexpected ways. For example, the win-stay, lose-shift dispersal strategy in negatively autocorrelated environments can generate positive spatial covariances that exceed negative spatial-temporal covariances. This decomposition of the metapopulation growth rate provides a way to quantify the relative importance of fundamental sources of variation on metapopulation persistence.