bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mozart Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mozart once wrote a waltz in which he specified 11 different possibilities for 14 of the 16 musical bars of the waltz, and 2 possibilities for another bar. How exciting that Mozart gave us such freedom! This gives 2 × ll14 variations of the waltz. What percentage of the number of these waltzes have humans heard? What percentage of the waltzes could a human hear in a lifetime? For more information on the formula for Mozart symphony numbers, see “Further Reading.”
Triangular Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was lecturing the Spice Girls, a famous all-girl British rock band popular in the late 1990s. The sun shone brightly as they sat together on a bench beside Abbey Road. “Let’s talk about triangular numbers,” Dr. Googol says to Baby Spice, the blond-haired woman in the band. (Dr. Googol speculates she received her nickname because of her innocent, youthful appearance.)
Mr. Fibonacci’s Neighborhood
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Replicating Fibonacci numbers are also sometimes called Keith numbers after their inventor, Michael Keith (see, for example, Journal of Recreational Mathematics, 1994, vol. 26, No. 3.) Dr. Googol finds these numbers fascinating for several reasos. For one thing, they are very hard to find and seem to require exhaustive computer searches. Some techniques are available to speed up the search, but there is no known technique for finding a Keith number “quickly.” They are in some ways reminiscent of the primes in their erratic distribution among the integers. However, Keith numbers are much rarer than the primes—there are only 52 Keith numbers less than 15 digits long. Here they are:
Subject Positions
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of this work, I have examined the AgrS and CP syntactic spaces, analyzing how many projections build up these structural portions and which elements occupy which positions in NIDs. In this chapter, I discuss the problem of the preverbal subject position(s), leaving aside postparticipial subjects, as I am concentrating on the higher portion of the sentence structure. In chapter 2, I propose the idea that what is called the AgrS position in languages like standard Italian corresponds to at least two SCL positions inside IP (the postnegative ones) and that one more position (the one realizing the [+/-speaker] value) is occupied by the inflected verb. Two more types of SCLs are merged inside the CP layer and located higher than the position in which the complementizer is merged.
I now discuss the problem of the preverbal subject position in the light of the structural hypothesis I have made concerning the agreement field, which has been shown to be a discontinuous set of SCL positions, some of which are realized in IP, others in CP.
Moro’S Reflex
Authors: Wennekes Rianne J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ernst Moro was born the youngest of eight children, in Leibach (Austrio-Hungarian Empire) on 8 December 1874.1-3 He planned to study botany but changed his mind and started his medical studies at the University of Graz. Following graduation in medicine, he became assistant to Theodor Escherich (1857-1911), professor of pediatrics. In 1899 he took his doctoral degree and in 1902 he followed Escherich to Vienna. In June 1904 he married Margarete Mathilde Honigswald, and they had one daughter. He returned to Graz in the same year, and became a pediatrician in 1906.
Mobilizing the Home Front
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the belligerents, World War I was a total war, mobilizing not only young men in the armed forces, but all sectors of society, who regarded work on the “home front” as a significant contribution to the war effort and as an expression of patriotism analogous to the efforts of men on the battlefield. Like Jews in Germany, France, and England, Jews in Austria participated actively on the Austrian home front in the First World War, their actions demonstrating their loyalty to the state in which they lived. They not only sent their sons to die on the field of honor but also gave their money, time, and devotion to help their country fight its enemies. Middle-class Austrian Jews believed that their patriotic war work—buying war bonds, preparing linens and woolens for soldiers, working for the Red Cross, volunteering as nurses, caring for the widows and orphans of the millions of fallen soldiers—demonstrated their support for the Austrian war effort. They hoped that, like valor on the battlefield, war work would dispel anti-Semitism and prove their loyalty to Austria.
Clinging to the Old Identity, 1916–1918
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the old Emperor Franz Joseph died on November 21, 1916 at the age of 86, Manès Sperber’s father sobbed while saying his morning prayers. He declared to his son that “Austria has died with him. He was a good emperor for us. Now everything will be uncertain! It is a great misfortune for us Jews!” At the turn of the century, many had predicted that the Monarchy would dissolve when Franz Joseph died. Eric Fischer, for example, recalled that when he was a child everyone would say, “as long as the old gentleman . . . is alive, the Monarchy will keep together; then it will break up immediately.” The Habsburg Monarchy did not collapse when Franz Joseph died in the middle of World War I, but its future, and the future of the Jews within it, were “uncertain,” as Herr Sperber said.
Persons, Emotional Responses to Situations
Authors: Brandstaätte Hermann , Eliasz Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Csikszentmihalyi at the University of Chicago (Csikszentmihalyi, Larson, & Prescott, 1977) and Brandstaätter (1977), then at the University of Augsburg, independently started their research on emotional experience in everyday life situations with different kinds of time sampling techniques, emotions were not yet as important a topic of psychological research as they have become in the past 15 years. However, the coincidence of the onset of these two research programs is probably not purely accidental, but somehow indicative of a more general uneasiness about the long-standing neglect of emotions in psychological research.
Positive Psychology, Positive Prevention, and Positive Therapy
Authors: Seligman Martin E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology after World War II became a science largely devoted to healing. It concentrated on repairing damage using a disease model of human functioning. This almost exclusive attention to pathology neglected the idea of a fulfilled individual and a thriving community, and it neglected the possibility that building strength is the most potent weapon in the arsenal of therapy. The aim of positive psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life. To redress the previous imbalance, we must bring the building of strength to the forefront in the treatment and prevention of mental illness.
Resilience in Development
Authors: Masten Ann S , Reed Marie-Gabrielle J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 1970, a pioneering group of developmental scientists turned their attention to the observable phenomenon of children at risk for problems and psychopathology who nonetheless succeed in life (Masten, 1999). These investigators argued that understanding such phenomena, the study of “resilience,” held the potential to inform programs, policies, and interventions directed at promoting competence and preventing or ameliorating problems in the lives of children. These pioneers inspired three decades of research on resilience in development that has provided models, methods, and data with implications for theory, research, and intervention.
The Social Construction of Self-Esteem
Authors: Hewitt John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the psychology of William James to the contemporary industry dedicated to its study and promotion, self-esteem has held a central place in the scholarly and popular understanding of the person in the United States. In this chapter, I will put self-esteem under a new microscope, focusing as much on its cultural resonance as its psychological essence. I will examine self-esteem as an element of a culture that nourishes a belief in the importance of the individual self even while making the self problematic; suggest reasons why the experience and discourse of self-esteem have been socially constructed; and show how this approach to selfesteem adds to our understanding of the individual in contemporary society.
Creativity
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People are almost universal in their appreciation of creativity (Sternberg & Lubart, 1996). This is true in home and at school, and whether at work or at play. Rarely is creativity perceived as a negative quality for a person to possess. Likewise, people vary considerably in the magnitude of creativity that they can or usually do display. Whereas some students put together rather humdrum papers and projects, others fulfill the same course requirements with impressive imagination and wit. While some inventors may rest content with making minor improvements in already established chnologies, others devise revolutionary inventions that dramatically transform our daily lives.
How We Become Moral The Sources of Moral Motivation
Authors: Schulman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The front-page stories in our newspapers pro- vide us, almost daily, with horrific descriptions of murders, assaults, rapes, and tyrannies. Yet there are other stories—usually deeper in the pages of the paper, with smaller headlines—that recount extraordinary acts of moral courage, kindness, and self-sacrifice.
A Scientific Paradigm for Family Psychology
Authors: Pinsof William M , Lebow Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology as a science is approximately 100 years old. Family psychology is now approaching its 25th birthday. It is a very young science that is just beginning to come into its own. In this chapter, we present a new scientific paradigm to facilitate and guide the development of family psychology as a science. This paradigm builds on prior work, particularly Pinsof’s (1992) preliminary version of the foundations for a scientific paradigm for family psychology.
The Mismeasure of Therapy: Treatment Outcomes in Marital Therapy Research
Authors: Gottman John , Ryan Kimberly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review outcome measures in marital therapy research, to suggest that these measures are fatally flawed, to propose an alter-native measurement package, and to demonstrate that differential treatment and relapse effects are a function of the outcome measurement package. The major construct for assessing the effect of couples’ intervention has been relationship quality, usually assessed by some form of the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (MAT; Locke & Wallace, 1959), or the very closely related Spanier Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976).1 Effect sizes in meta-analyses of couple and marital therapy studies have been estimated almost entirely based upon these two scales (Shadish, Montgomery, Wilson, Bright, & Okuwambua, 1993; Shadish, Ragsdale, Glaser-Renita, & Montgomery, 1995; see Hahlweg & Markman, 1988, and Bray & Jouriles, 1995, for a summary of these meta-analyses).
Evolutionary Change of DNA Sequences
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolutionary change of DNA sequences is more complicated than that of protein sequences, because there are various types of DNA regions such as protein-coding regions, noncoding regions, exons, intrans, flanking regions, repetitive DNA sequences, and insertion sequences. It is therefore important to know the type and function of the DNA region under investigation. As mentioned in chapter 1, the mutational change of DNA varies extensively with DNA region. Even if we consider protein coding regions alone, the patterns of nucleotide substitution at the first, second, and third codon positions are not the same. Furthermore, some regions are subject to natural selection more often than other regions, and this also contributes to variation of evolutionary pattern among different regions of DNA.
Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of DNA or protein sequences has become an important tool for studying the evolutionary history of organisms from bacteria to humans. Since the rate of sequence evolution varies extensively with gene or DNA segment (Wilson et al. 1977; Dayhoff et al. 1978), one can study the evolutionary relationships of virtually all levels of classification of organisms (e.g., kingdoms, phyla, families, genera, species, and intraspecific populations) by using different genes or DNA segments. Phylogenetic analysis is also important for clarifying the evolutionary pattern of multigene families (e.g., Atchley et al. 1994; Goodwin et al. 1996; Nei et al. 1997a) as well as for understanding the process of adaptive evolution at the molecular level (e.g., Jermann et al. 1995; Chandrasekharan et al. 1996; Zhang et al. 1998).
Reimagining Indians
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reimagining Indians investigates a group of Anglo-American writers whose books about Native Americans helped reshape Americans’ understanding of Indian peoples at the turn of the twentieth century. Hailing from the Eastern United States, these men and women travelled to the American West and discovered “exotics” in their midst. Drawn to Indian cultures as alternatives to what they found distasteful about modern American culture, these writers produced a body of work that celebrates Indian cultures, religions, artistry, and simple humanity. Although these writers were not academically trained ethnographists, their books represent popular versions of ethnography. In revealing their own doubts about the superiority of European-American culture, they sought to provide a favourable climate for Indian cultural survival in a world indisputably dominated by non-Indians. They also encouraged notions of cultural relativism, pluralism, and tolerance in American thought. For the historian and general reader alike, this volume speaks to broad themes of American cultural history, Native American history, and the history of the American West.
Charles Fletcher Lummis And The Fight For The Multicultural Southwest
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Had Charles Fletcher Lummis been born with less ambition, he might have become a pugilist rather than a publisher. As it was, he found a way to combine his literary talents with his combative temperament. Through much of his career Lummis took up not fists but pen to defend Indians and to battle for recognition of the Southwest and California’s diverse archaeological, historical, and cultural heritage. A New Englander by birth and education, Lummis literally walked through the heart of New Mexico, Arizona, and California in 1884. From that point on, his allegiance and his soul belonged to the South-west.
Sisters Of The Southwest: Mary Austin and Anna Ickes
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something about the southwest attracted independent, unconventional women. In part, the desert climate and the landscapes appealed. So too did the open vistas, swept clean of obtrusive vegetation, allowing an unimpeded view of the distant horizon. Most compelling of all, however, were the Indian occupants of the region. In particular, the Pueblos of the Rio Grande fascinated these women who believed that in those small northern New Mexico communities, they had found nearly perfect societies. Agrarian, domestic, seemingly peaceful, rooted, artistically and spiritually vital, the Pueblos attracted the feminine eye. No other geographical region, not the Pacific Northwest, the Northern Rockies, or even California, packed quite the same punch. No other Indian group, not the Blackfeet, Nez Perces, Crow, or Yavapais, had quite the same appeal. Only in the Southwest and among the comparatively sedentary, agricultural Pueblos did women comfortably settle in and join men in reimagining Indians.
Climate-Driven Variability and Change
Authors: Magnuson John J , Benson Barbara J , Lenters John D , Robertson Dale M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamics of climate and the differences in how lakes respond to these dynamics are the focus of our North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) on climatic variability and change. We regard climate and climatic variability as external drivers, or, in a sense, signals that impart their mark on the status and dynamics of the lakes (Fig. 5.1). Status is the average conditions of the lake. Variations in solar radiation, cloudiness, air temperature, wind, and humidity cause changes in water temperature, lake mixing, stratification, and ice cover. These variations, along with changes in precipitation, cause changes in the lakes’ water budgets, water levels, and geochemical cycles. The biology and chemistry of the lakes respond, in turn, to these limnological dynamics. Climatic variability affects lakes at all time and space scales. The lakes respond to climatic factors over days, seasons, years, decades, and longer time scales. These lake responses or dynamics have some patterns that are similar among lakes and some that are different among lakes. These patterns of similarities and differences extend between adjacent lakes, across a lake district, and across Wisconsin, the Great Lakes region, and the Northern Hemisphere, in part, owing to differences in cli mate and climate dynamics.
The Politics of Language
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Important aspects of the history of language in the United States remain shrouded in myth and legend. The notion of “one nation, one language” is part of the idealized history of the United States, although in its short history it has probably been host to more bilingual people than any other country in the world. Language is more than a means of communication. It brings into play an entire range of experiences and attitudes toward life. Furthermore, language is a potent symbolic issue because it links power and political claims of ownership with psychological demands for group worth. How people belonging to different language and cultural communities live together in the same political community and how political and structural tensions arise to divide them along language lines, are questions addressed in The Politics of Language. This book analyzes the historical background and recent controversy over language in the United States and compares it to two official multilingual societies: Canada and Switzerland. It’s accessibility as a survey of this topic makes it ideal for courses in linguistics, political science, and sociology.
Historical Background of Language Protection and Restriction
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English-Only legislation first appeared in 1981 as a constitutional English Language Amendment. The measure has never come to a congressional vote, however. Since 1991, English-Only advocates have promoted a statutory form of Official English, which would apply only to the federal government (Crawford 2000). The Constitution of the United States does not contain a provision giving official status to English. Neither the Articles of Confederation nor the Constitution made English the “official” or “national” language of the United States, nor has any subsequent federal law explicitly legislated English as an official language (Kloss, 1977: 28-33). There have been several recent attempts to pass Official English legislation. English may be the common, de facto national language of the United States; however, it has never been the exclusive language of the country. Chapter 2 provides a historical interpretation of the rising dominance of English—in spite of the fact that, in its short history, the United States has probably been host to more bilingual people than any other country in the world (Hakuta, 1986). The founding fathers and later policy makers held ambivalent attitudes toward languages other than English, ranging from pragmatic acceptance to deliberate policies of forced extermination and assimilation.
Understanding the Origins of Autism and Its Meaning for Development
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will begin by exploring the fundamentals of how children with autistic spectrum disorders can be developmentally different from others. One of the first things that I find parents of children with autism grappling to understand is the fact that their children’s brains are developing differently. At first this can sound scary and absolute in a nihilistic way. But, really, it isn’t. All brains are different, just the way everyone’s face is a little different. Infant faces look more similar to one another than 40-year-old faces do because experience and learning are reflected in one’s face. The same process occurs with the brain. Infants are born with different potentials for development: It is not a coincidence that Picasso’s father was a painter, and Mozart’s father was a musician. Children with autism also inherit some predilections from their parents, but some of these things can also direct development in the characteristic ways that we’ve come to call “autism.” In order to understand these things that direct development in characteristically autistic ways, it can be helpful to start at the beginning of development and review what we have come to understand so far about how autism comes to be expressed in a particular child.
Autistic Learning Disabilities of Communication: Treatments for the Preverbal and Nonverbal Child
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we discussed the many ways in which the autistic child’s world and what he perceives of it can be altered by specific communication-based autistic learning disabilities. These difficulties, a well as the common compensations children with autism make when they have such difficulties are a road map to treatment. The approach taken here is a developmental one. Children with autism can be seen as having communicative difficulties that may begin with the earliest emerging aspects of nonverbal communication, including difficulties understanding and using paralinguistic systems that should provide amplification to spoken language via the message embedded in gaze, gesture, body language, and vocal tone. Since these deficits, when they exist, are notable even before spoken language should be emerging, I take the point of view that construction of communication skills needs to start from the bottom up and must include teaching these paralinguistic skills as well as words. We start this chapter, therefore, with understanding what typically supports the earliest emerging aspects of communication in typically developing children and how we can use that information to inform therapeutic efforts with children with autism.