bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Providing Bridges from Known to New
Authors: Rogoff Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II discusses processes of guided participation in which caregivers and children collaborate in arrangements and interactions that support children in learning to manage the skills and values of mature members of their society. Guided participation is presented as a process in which caregivers’ and children’s roles are entwined, with tacit as well as explicit learning opportunities in the routine arrangements and interactions between caregivers and children.
Structuring Situations and Transferring Responsibility
Authors: Rogoff Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caregivers and children arrange for socializing experiences through choice of situations and arrangements for structuring them, at a distance as well as in explicit social interaction. Both caregivers and children are responsible for determining children’s activities and roles, through tacit and pragmatic adjustment to children’s skills and interests, as well as through more explicit arrangements for children’s growing participation in the activities of their culture.
The Evolutionary Theory of Aging
Authors: Rose Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aging is a puzzling phenomenon for the theory of evolution by natural selection. The basic intuition of Darwin was that adaptation could be explained by the enhanced survival rates of individuals with heritable attributes that fostered survival and reproduction. Therefore, these heritable attributes should spread through species because of their higher rates of transmission. Mathematically, it has been shown that, in the absence of unusual patterns of selection, natural selection often acts so as to increase the mean fitness of a population (Nagylaki, 1977; Ewens, 1979). This result formally illustrates the validity of Darwin’s basic idea. So how does it happen that evolution has so frequently produced organisms with survival and reproductive rates that decline with adult age? It is not enough to assert that evolution by natural selection cannot achieve perfection, and thus aging is a reflection of the limits to its success in enhancing survival and reproduction.
The Exploration Play
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the last chapter, I mentioned the contribution made to the body of assessment techniques by the discovery process modelers who studied the behavior of exploration plays. The purpose of this chapter is to examine more closely the behavior of wildcat drilling and the discovery rates within exploration plays. The analysis of the behavior of exploration plays began with the splendid work of J. J. Arps and T. G. Roberts (1958) on the economics of exploratory and development drilling on the eastern flank of the Denver basin. Although the main focus of their study was on exploration and development economics, the behavior they modeled was that of an exploration play. In addition, this paper contained several insightful remarks about the nature of the parent size population of oil and gas fields.
The Parent Population of Oil and Gas Fields Is Log-Geometric
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we started our work on the Gulf of Mexico, we had hoped that we would be successful in simultaneously estimating the parameters in the Arps and Roberts discovery process model. In Chapter 7, the story was told about how we acquired the data and of our partial success in achieving our goal of simultaneously estimating two parameters in the Arps and Roberts model for each field size class. As mentioned at the end of that chapter, we found out that the data contained other, far more important information. It is the purpose of this chapter to tell the story of the revelation of this information and how it was initially accepted in the fields of discovery process modeling and oil- and gas resource assessment. The results of the assessment of the undiscovered oil and gas resources in the Miocene-Pliocene and the Pleistocene trends in the Gulf of Mexico are presented at the end of this chapter.
Patterns of Connections of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Rhesus Monkey Associated with Cortical Architecture
Authors: Barbas Helen , Pandya Deepak N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey is situated rostral to the premotor cortex and extends from the arcuate sulcus to the frontal pole on the lateral surface, anterior to the supplementary motor cortex on the medial surface, and rostral to the temporal pole and the anterior insula on the basal surface. It is a heterogeneous region composed of several anatomic and functional subdivisions.
The Circuitry of Working Memory Revealed by Anatomy and Metabolic Imaging
Authors: Goldman-Rakic Patricia S , Friedman Harriet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in anatomical, behavioral, and physiological techniques have produced new infornation about the nature of prefrontal function, its cellular basis, and its anatomical underpinnings. A major advance in our understanding of prefrontal function is the recognition that prefrontal subdivisions such as the principal sulcus (Walker’s area 46) are embedded in a complex but delimited network involving a large number of other cortical areas and subcortical structures (Fig. 4-1) (Goldman-Rakic, 1988; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1988).
Intentional Motor Disorders
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Watson Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major efferent pathway from the brain that activates motor units in the brain stem and spinal cord is the corticospinal or pyramidal motor system. For the most part the cell bodies of the neurons in this system can be found in the precentral frontal areas or Brodmann’s area 4. This system can mediate an almost infinite number of movements. However, since the purpose of motor systems is to interact with the environment, the pyramidal motor neurons need to be guided by instructions or programs.
Learning Impairments Following Excisions of the Primate Frontal Cortex
Authors: Petrides Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will review a series of studies demonstrating that the human frontal cortex plays a major role in the learning of conditional associative tasks (Petrides, 1985a; 1990). In such tasks, the subjects are faced with a situation in which there are various possible responses that can be performed on any given trial, but each one of these responses is correct only when it is performed in the presence of the appropriate sensory signal.
The Role of the Frontal Lobes in Affective Disorder Following Stroke
Authors: Starkstein Sergio E , Robinson Robert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the large amount of experimental and clinical evidence indicating that the frontal lobes play an important role in behavior and emotion, the frontal lobes remain one of the most enigmatic areas of the brain. Using laboratory animals, the initial investigations of the role of the frontal lobes in behavior con ducted in the early 1900s generally produced negative findings. Compared with the clear motor or sensory deficits produced by lesions around the central sulcus, more anterior lesions in the frontal cortex produced no obvious behavioral changes.
Dementia of the Frontal Lobe Type
Authors: Neary David , Snowden Julie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-Alzheimer forms of primary cerebral atrophy are well documented pathologically but are rarely diagnosed clinically as the cause of dementia. There would appear to be several reasons why this is so. First, there is an absence of adequate clinicopathologic correlation: In pathologic reports citing morphologic findings the neuropsychologic description is insufficient to permit recognition of the corresponding clinical syndrome.
A Context For Invention
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’m looking at a computer screen while my fingers are busily tapping at a keyboard made of a plastic. The entire computer is an artifact rather than a natural form. To be sure, natural materials are used to make the plastic of the keyboard and case, the chips inside the computer, the metal wires that connect the keyboard and the computer, and the glasslike face of the computer screen. But these natural materials are then processed into forms that do not occur in nature. Nor are particular natural materials essential to the computer as artifact. Almost certainly the present materials will be replaced in a few years with other materials, such as fiber optic cable instead of metal wire and a different plastic for the case. Ultimately, the computer is an artifact or invention of the mind. It consists of many fabricated materials that are new under the sun (and will be replaced by other new materials) and a concept. The concept is much more enduring than the physical components; it includes the ability to store and manipulate symbols, a perceptual interface to the human mind through a display (now visual output from the computer screen), and an interface for human motor activity (now a keyboard input).
Evaluating and Comparing Inventions
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A mental lightning storm is going on in my head. I’m acting as the psychological coach for the chess master, and he keeps ignoring my advice. I want him to consider more candidate moves before making an actual move, and he fights my suggestions and insists on considering only three or four moves, carefully evaluating each one in tum. He can make scores of moves but persists in only considering a few. He shouldn’t be evaluating his moves until he has generated a number of candidates. Why won’t he listen to his brainstorming coach? Brainstorming as a method tells us that we should put off evaluation until we have generated a number of ideas. In certain contexts it can be quite useful. However, contrary to the advice of brainstorming, a useful skill that promotes invention, as it does chess, is the ability to evaluate quickly, realizing that we may need to backtrack if our chosen move is unsatisfactory. Similarly, in invention a rapid evaluation identifies those aspects that are wanting and can then become candidates for further invention and improvement. For any given invention, the potential forms of evaluation usually are numerous. Let’s look at some fairly general ones, without any necessary order of importance.
Ecological Implications of Genetic Variation in Plant Populations
Authors: Huenneke Laura Foster 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the protection of genetic diversity within species has become a priority for conservation efforts. The long-term objective is to maintain the evolutionary viability of the taxon, maximizing its chances for persistence in the face of changing environments. Genetic considerations may also have short-term importance in our strategies for managing rare plants. When taxa have become critically endangered, and direct manipulations of field populations or the establishment of ex situ populations are being planned, what genetic factors should be considered? Here I review evidence concerning the relevance of genetic variation to the ecology and persistence of plant populations, with the goal of developing guidelines for the genetic management of rare plants.
Sampling Strategies for Genetic Variation in Ex Situ Collections of Endangered Plant Species
Authors: Brown H D , Briggs J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategies for the sampling of genetic resources should rest on a clear statement of the purposes for which the material is to be used. For ex situ collections of rare and endangered species, various purposes have been proposed (e.g., Given 1987). The major actual or potential roles for such collections are to provide material (1) to cultivate for study and display in botanic gardens; (2) to exploit commercially in horticulture, plantations, or forestry, and thereby replace commercial harvesting from natural populations; (3) to reestablish or enrich wild populations; (4) to be a source of single genes or characters for future transfer to domesticated species; and (5) to act as a refuge of last resort against extinction.
The Economics of Tobacco
Authors: Warner Kenneth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The leading cause of premature mortality and avoidable morbidity, tobacco, is also the fuel of a powerful economic engine. The financial yield from sales of tobacco products, primarily cigarettes, marks the cultivation of tobacco and the manufacture, distribution, marketing, and retailing of tobacco products as one of this nation’s leading economic activities. The relationship between tobacco’s health toll and its economic yield is not coincidental. The profitability of the enterprise-both its absolute magnitude and its rate of re-turn-have provided the tobacco industry with economic incentive and political clout that have contributed to high rates of addiction to nicotine, and hence to tobacco’s unique burden of disease (Taylor 1984; White 1988). Given the role of economics in the etiology of nicotine addiction and dis-ease, this chapter examines essential ingredients in the economics of tobacco and tobacco products.
Older Smokers
Authors: Rimer Barbara K , Orleans C Tracy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The older population is growing steadily, and by the year 2010 will represent 20% of the total U.S. population. Only recently has special attention been paid to the needs of older smokers. Older smokers experience many significant health consequences from continued smoking and derive a number of important health benefits when they stop smoking. However, they also may face special barriers when they attempt to quit after a lifetime of smoking. This chapter reviews smoking prevalence rates for older smokers, examines the health effects associated with continued smoking, the health benefits of quitting, and suggests programmatic strategies for intervention. The role of physicians is pivotal and will be discussed.
Worksite and Community Intervention for Tobacco Control
Authors: Gruman Jessie , Lynn William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over 25 years, cigarette smoking has been identified as a primary cause of disease and death. Traditionally, models for treatment of communicable disease have been based on ridding the host or individual of the pathogen causing the disease. While many contemporary chronic diseases are not caused by a single identifiable external pathogen, the models for their treatment have developed in parallel to those of communicable diseases. Past approaches to the understanding and treatment of cigarette smoking have been consistent with this conventional model: smoking behavior has been viewed as an individual problem requiring an individual solution. Thus, smoking behavior was seen as a disease that posed a threat to the health of the smoker. Treatment of this disease was conceived of as short-term and highly tailored to the needs of the individual. This view has long shaped the behavioral and clinical investigations of smoking: most research in the field has explored individual smoking behavior and developed and tested strategies and skills by which people who smoke can be assisted in the cessation process (i.e., cured). This model has also dominated the way in which the results of such research have been practically applied: the commonly accepted means for intervening to reduce smoking has been to make cessation services available to smokers who seek help in stopping smoking, just as patients who are ill seek medical care for relief.
On the Magnetical Philosophy
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Facts are necessary to tran scend points of view rooted in pure thought. Facts, however, are hard to come by. It was one thing for Gilbert to alter his point of view about magne tism; it was quite another for the study of the phenomenon to be placed on a quantitative footing. But since his book caused such a stir, readers wanted to make use of the ideas. This they proceeded to do with a vengeance. For at least half a century following the publication of De Magnete (in 1600), Gilbert’s in sights were at the heart of what came to be called the Magnet ical Philosophy, which allowed a wide range of phenomena to be erroneously accounted for in terms of magnetism. For ex ample, proselytizers of both the earth-centered (geocentric) and the sun-centered (heliocentric) views of the heavens were to draw upon it for inspiration.
Let the Experimentation Begin
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first step on the long journey of subsequent discovery regarding the nature of both magnetism and electricity was taken in 1660, when Otto von Guericke (1602-1686) built the first electric generator that made plenty of sparks when you needed them. His device consisted of a large ball of sulfur mounted on a long shaft with a hand crank. When the sulfur ball was rotated at high speed and a cloth applied, sparks would leap about, particularly between a spark gap connected to two brushes that touched the spinning sphere. Von Guericke car ried this device from place to place in his laboratory and ap plied the electricity where he wanted it.
Oersted and Ampere:The Birth of Electromagnetism
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Curious minds now began to make major break throughs in understanding magnetism that would, at first, be based on keen perception of unexpected phenomena in the lab oratory. Not all the minds involved were ready to see what ser endipity placed before them, however. For example, during the twenty years following the invention in 1800 of the voltaic cell, no experimenter recognized the magnetic effects associated with electric currents.An exception was a French chemist, Nicholas Gautherot, who in 1801 noticed that two wires connected to the ends of a voltaic cell tended to adhere to one another. But nei ther he nor any of the others who later reported that they had seen this phenomenon paid any further attention to it.
The Wages of Curiosiry
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Childhood memories of my fear of lightning came flooding back to me as I considered the question “What is mag netism?” It began to look almost self-evident that, like so many other questions in the history of the natural sciences, explana tions for magnetism were originally rooted in superstition. Yet, over the millennia, curious people managed to transcend su perstition as they began to find answers that had a bearing on reality; that is, the way the universe really is, as opposed to the way someone might have wished it to be. How they did so in regard to magnetism is the theme of this book. Significant and rather sudden progress in understanding this phenomenon during the early nineteenth century marked a great watershed in human thought, a divide that signaled the end of a primitive fascination with, and reliance upon, untested beliefs for providing answers to fundamental questions. That was the time when experimentation began in earnest. The break throughs in understanding magnetism that resulted were ac companied by giant steps forward in astronomy and in physics in general, and set the scene for our modern scientific era in which experiment and observation (which go hand-in-hand) are recognized as the primary means for getting at truth.
Some Movement Disorders
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Middle Ages, a number of “movement” disorders that affected groups of people were witnessed. One type, referred to as the dancing manias, was typically associated with religious gatherings where the multitudes would congregate and then dance. The frenzied dancers often experienced delusions and hallucinations of a religious nature and sometimes fell to the ground completely delirious and exhausted. This “hysteria” was seen in Aixla-Chapelle, France, in 1374 and spread rapidly throughout Europe during the time of the plague (Barbeau, 1958).
The Emergence of the Concept of Cerebral Dominance
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current concept of cerebral dominance can be thought of as having evolved in a number of stages. The first stage involved occasional speculations about the two hemispheres being functionally different in the face of a strong majority, who maintained that the hemispheres were structurally and functionally identical. These ideas of equivalence were based more on philosophical notions than on careful observations, and this type of thinking extended from the time of the early Greeks well into the 1800s.
Patients and their Problems
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many neurological conditions give rise to brain damage. Most patients referred to neuropsychologists are likely to have experienced one of the following Traumatic head injury following a road traffic accident, fall, industrial or sporting accident, or assault.Cerebral vascular accident (stroke). Viral infection of the brain, particularly encephalitis. Hypoxic brain damage following, for example, such insults as myocardial infarction, respiratory arrest, carbon monoxide poisoning, or anesthetic accident. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome following chronic alcohol abuse and poor nutrition.
Jay: Compensating for Amnesia
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jay was born in 1965. After leaving school he went to a university to study law. During his 2nd yr there, at the age of 20 yr, he sustained an epileptic seizure and collapsed during a tutorial. He was admitted to the accident and emergency department of the local hospital where he had two further seizures. A computed tomography (CT) scan carried out soon afterwards, showed a large subarachnoid hemorrhage arising from the left occipital region. A subsequent arteriogram showed a left posterior cerebral artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was clipped 3 wk later.
Laurence: Listening to the Message and Not the Words
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laurence developed epilepsy when he was approximately 11 yr old. He had about one seizure a year for a number of years but was otherwise well. He liked sports and was a good football player. One day early in 1982 at the age of 25 while playing football, he felt strange. There was a pressure in his head and he lost his balance and fell. A local doctor was called. Laurence was told he just had a headache. He said, “No, it’s more than that.” The doctor gave Laurence some tablets and sent him home to his wife and children. Later that day Laurence’s mother called. She noticed that Laurence’s eyes were crossed and told him to go to the local hospital. He was kept in and had some eye tests. The following day Laurence was sent to a university teaching hospital about 20 miles away. A tumor was discovered-an intraventricular giant cell astrocytoma in the left hemisphere. Surgery was carried out in January 1982. Laurence was said to have made a good recovery although he had both expressive and receptive dysphasia.