bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anandamide induces cough in conscious guinea‐pigs through VR1 receptors
Authors: Jia Yanlin , McLeod Robbie L , Wang Xin , Parra Leonard E , Egan Robert W , Hey John A 
Published: November 2002

Endogenous neuronal lipid mediator anandamide, which can be synthesized in the lung, is a ligand of both cannabinoid (CB) and vanilloid receptors (VR). The tussigenic effect of anandamide has not been studied. The current study was designed to test the direct tussigenic effect of anandamide in conscious guinea‐pigs, and its effect on VR1 receptor function in isolated primary guinea‐pig nodose ganglia neurons.
Anandamide (0.3–3 mg·ml−1), when given by aerosol, induced cough in conscious guinea‐pigs in a concentration dependent manner. When guinea‐pigs were pretreated with capsazepine, a VR1 antagonist, the anandamide‐induced cough was significantly inhibited. Pretreatment with CB1 (SR 141716A) and CB2 (SR 144528) antagonists had no effect on anandamide‐induced cough. These results indicate that anandamide‐induced cough is mediated through the activation of VR1 receptors.
Anandamide (10–100 μM) increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration estimated by Fluo‐4 fluorescence change in isolated guinea‐pig nodose ganglia cells. The anandamide‐induced Ca2+ response was inhibited by two different VR1 antagonists: capsazepine (1 μM) and iodo‐resiniferatoxin (I‐RTX, 0.1 μM), indicating that anandamide‐induced Ca2+ response was through VR1 channel activation. In contrast, the CB1 (SR 141716A, 1 μM) and CB2 (SR 144528, 0.1 μM) receptor antagonists had no effect on Ca2+ response to anandamide.
In conclusion, these results provide evidence that anandamide activates native vanilloid receptors in isolated guinea‐pig nodose ganglia cells and induces cough through activation of VR1 receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 831–836. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704950
Evaluation of the Bone Injection Gun as a Method for Intraosseous Cannula Placement for Fluid Therapy in Adult Dogs
Authors: Olsen Dennis , Packer Brett E. , Perrett Jamis , Balentine Heather , Andrews Gordon A. 
Published: November 2002

Objective— To evaluate the Bone Injection Gun (BIG) for placement of intraosseous cannulas through impact penetration and compare it with a standard Jamshidi bone marrow needle (JBMN) and to compare fluid delivery dynamics through each device.Study Design— Randomized in vivo study.Animals— Forty‐eight mature dogs.Methods— During surgical laboratories, dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 24), and intraosseous access in the proximal tibial metaphysis was obtained using a BIG or JBMN. Variables measured during placement included insertion success, time required for placement, and alterations in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and systolic blood pressure. After placement, maintenance fluids were administered to 6 dogs from each group, and fluids were administered under pressure to 6 dogs from each group to compare rates of delivery through each device. After euthanasia, the tibiae were harvested to evaluate and compare the morphologic consequences of needle and cannula placement.Results— Successful placement occurred in 20 (83%) dogs for the BIG and 23 (96%) dogs for the JBMN, which was not significantly different (P= .3475). Time required for placement was significantly less (P= .0024) for the BIG (mean, 22.4 ± 8.2 seconds) compared with the JBMN (mean, 42.0 ± 28.1 seconds). Significant increases in RR occurred in both groups and in the HR for the BIG group, but significant differences were not noted between groups. Mean rate of pressurized fluid administration was similar for both groups. Two distinct patterns of cortical bone damage occurred, but the clinical significance of this observation is uncertain.Conclusions— The BIG provides more rapid access to the intraosseous space for fluid administration than the JBMN.Clinical Relevance— The BIG is an effective alternative for obtaining rapid access to the intraosseous space for emergency fluid and drug administration.
The Effect of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency on Caudal Cruciate Ligament Morphology: An Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Zachos Terri A. , Arnoczky Steven P. , Lavagnino Michael , Tashman Scott 
Published: November 2002

Objectives—To investigate the effect of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency on morphology of the canine caudal cruciate ligament (CdCL).Study Design—In vivo experimental study.Animals—Five adult foxhounds.Methods—Two years after CrCL transection, the histologic appearance of CdCLs from CrCL‐deficient and unoperated contralateral control (CrCL‐intact) stifle joints were evaluated using light and transmission electron microscopy.Results—CdCLs from CrCL‐deficient joints had extracellular matrix changes, characterized by chondroid metaplasia and disruption of cell architecture. Percent of small‐diameter fibrils in CdCLs from CrCL‐deficient joints was significantly greater (P<.05) than that in CdCLs from CrCL‐intact joints. Collagen fibril density in CdCLs from CrCL‐deficient joints (41.09 ± 5.39%) tended to be less than that in CdCLs from CrCL‐intact joints (52.96 ± 6.92%); however, this difference was not significant (P= .056). Mean eccentricity (ratio of minor to major diameters) of collagen fibrils was significantly (P< .0001) lower for CdCLs from CrCL‐deficient joints (0.85 ± 0.016) when compared with that for CdCLs from CrCL‐intact joints (0.87 ± 0.015).Conclusions—Significant alterations were found in the morphology of CdCLs from CrCL‐deficient joints. These changes may be associated with repetitive microtrauma to the CdCL secondary to instability or enzymatic degradation in the hostile synovial environment of an unstable joint.Clinical Relevance—Regardless of the cause, the switch to a predominantly small‐diameter collagen fibril profile may reflect compromised material properties of the CdCL. This should be taken into account when considering surgical techniques that rely on the CdCL to stabilize CrCL‐deficient stifles.
Epidemiologic Evaluation of Postoperative Wound Infection in Clean‐Contaminated Wounds: A Retrospective Study of 239 Dogs and Cats
Authors: Nicholson Matthew , Beal Matthew , Shofer Frances , Brown Dorothy Cimino 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To evaluate risk factors for development of postoperative wound infections in clean‐contaminated wounds.Study Design—Retrospective clinical study.Sample Population—Two hundred thirty‐nine dogs and cats that had clean‐contaminated surgical procedures.Methods—Records of animals that had a clean‐contaminated surgical procedure and were prospectively monitored for development of postoperative wound infection were reviewed. Prospective data included signalment, nutritional status, body weight, duration of surgery, surgical procedures, wound classification, surgical site clip time before surgery, hypotension during surgery, the presence of an active distant infection, endocrinopathy, administration of an immunosuppressive agent, administration of antibiotics, and the type of antibiotic used. Additional retrieved data included total anesthesia time, temperature variables, blood loss, and suture material used.Results—Intact males (P= .008) and animals with concurrent endocrinopathy (P= .008) were at a higher risk of development of postoperative wound infection. Total surgery time (P= .02) and total anesthesia time (P= .04) were longer in animals that developed postoperative wound infection. No other factors were statistically significant.Conclusions—Intact males and animals with a concurrent endocrinopathy were at higher risk of postoperative wound infection after clean‐contaminated surgical procedures.Clinical Relevance—Time under anesthesia and duration of surgery should be minimized to reduce the risk of wound infection in clean‐contaminated surgical procedures.
Survival and Prognostic Indicators for Dogs With Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts: 32 Cases (1990–2000)
Authors: Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Monnet Eric , Seim Howard B. 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To determine prognostic indicators for short‐term outcome and long‐term survival for dogs with intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (IPSS).Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Thirty‐two dogs of various breeds.Methods—Clinical data extracted from medical records of dogs with IPSS were reviewed and included gender, age at surgery, weight, preoperative packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein concentration (TP), albumin (ALB), serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), preprandial and postprandial bile acid concentrations (pre‐BA, post‐BA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose concentration, band neutrophils, per‐rectal nuclear scintigraphy shunt fraction, whether an angiogram was performed, shunt location at surgery, whether a partial or complete attenuation of the shunt was performed, rectal temperature at the end of surgery, and duration of surgical procedure. Follow‐up was determined from visits to the veterinary teaching hospital or by telephone communications with the owner or referring veterinarian.Results—Median survival time was 35.68 months, and 1‐ and 2‐year probabilities of survival were 60% and 55%, respectively. Body weight, TP, ALB, and BUN were identified as prognostic indicators for short‐term outcome. PCV and TP were identified as prognostic indicators for long‐term survival.Conclusions—PCV and TP were identified as prognostic indicators for long‐term survival, whereas body weight, TP, ALB, and BUN were identified as indicators for short‐term outcome in dogs with IPSS. Shunt location at surgery did not have any effect on short‐term outcome and long‐term survival.Clinical Relevance—Total protein, ALB, BUN, and PCV can be used to determine prognosis of dogs with intrahepatic shunt.
Comparison of Double Dynamic Compression Plating Versus Two Configurations of an Internal Veterinary Fixation Device: Results of In Vitro Mechanical Testing Using a Bone Substitute
Authors: Haerdi‐Landerer Christina , Steiner Adrian , Linke Berend , Wahl Dieter , Schneider Erich , Hehli Markus , Frei Reto , Auer Jörg A. 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To compare the mechanical properties of 2 configurations of a veterinary fixation system (VFS) for large animal long bones with dynamic compression plating (DCP).Sample Population—Eighteen pairs of Canevasit tubes (Canevasit; Amsler und Frei, Schinznach Dorf, Switzerland) (length, 170 mm; diameter, 47.5 mm; cortex thickness, 10 mm), aligned with a 10‐mm gap, and stabilized with 2 DCP or 2 VFS implants.Methods—Three groups (n = 6) were compared. Group 1 Canevasit tubes were stabilized with two 10‐hole, broad 4.5‐mm stainless steel DCP applied with both plates centered over the gap, in orthogonal planes parallel to the long axis of the tubes and staggered to allow bicortical fixation with ten 4.5‐mm, 52‐mm‐long cortex screws each. Group 2 tubes were stabilized similarly with 2 VFS implants, each composed of a stainless steel rod (length, 167 mm; diameter, 8 mm), and 10 clamps were applied in alternating fashion left and right on the rod and fixed bicortically with ten 4.5‐mm, 52‐mm‐long, cortex screws. Group 3 tubes were stabilized similarly, but using only 6 clamps/rod. All groups were tested initially in torsion within elastic limits and subsequently in 4‐point bending, with 1 implant on the tension side, until gap closure occurred.Results—None of the constructs failed, but all had plastic deformation after 4‐point bending. No statistically significant differences were found among the 3 groups in torsional stiffness. Double DCP fixation was significantly stiffer and stronger in 4‐point bending, compared with both configurations of double VFS fixation.Conclusions—The plate design was favored in this study. The VFS system may have to be adapted before further tests are conducted. Test modalities have to be chosen closer to clinical conditions (real bone, cyclic loading, closed gap).Clinical Relevance—The veterinary fixation system has not yet proven its advantages for large animal long bone fracture repair. From the pure mechanical point of view, double DCP is the favored method for the treatment mentioned.
The Effect of a Porcine‐Derived Small Intestinal Submucosa Product on Wounds With Exposed Bone in Dogs
Authors: Winkler James T. , Swaim Steven F. , Sartin Eva A. , Henderson Ralph A. , Welch Janet A. 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To determine the effect of a porcine‐derived small intestinal submucosa product (PSIS) on healing time, epithelialization, angiogenesis, contraction, and inflammation of wounds with exposed bone on the distal aspect of the limbs of dogs.Study Design—Prospective, controlled, experimental study.Animal Population—10 young adult, purpose‐bred, male Beagles.Methods—Small wounds with exposed bone were created on the lateral aspect of metatarsal V and the medial aspect of metatarsal II on both hindlimbs. Three sheets of PSIS were sutured into the wounds of the treated limb, and the other limb served as a control. On day 10, punch biopsies of the medial metatarsal wounds were collected and were evaluated microscopically after routine hematoxylin and eosin and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) staining. The lateral metatarsal wounds were evaluated by planimetry and laser Doppler perfusion imaging on days 7, 14, and 21. Time until complete wound healing was also recorded. The level of significance was set atP≤ .05for all statistical analyses.Results—Laser Doppler perfusion measurements were significantly higher in control wounds on day 7, but no differences were noted on days 14 and 21. No significant differences in planimetric values, histopathologic appearance, or time until complete wound healing were noted among treated and control groups.Conclusions—No objective differences in healing were noted between control wounds and wounds treated with PSIS.Clinical Relevance—There appears to be no contraindication to the use of PSIS on clean wounds with exposed bone on the distal limbs of dogs. However, our objective data provides no evidence that this product affects epithelialization, contraction, or time to complete healing in wounds with exposed bone.
Effects of Suture Tension and Surgical Approach During Unilateral Arytenoid Lateralization on the Rima Glottidis in the Canine Larynx
Authors: Bureau Stephane , Monnet Eric 
Published: November 2002

Objectives— To evaluate the effect of abduction suture tension and cricothyroid (CT) joint disarticulation on the area, height, and width of the rima glottidis (RG) during unilateral arytenoid lateralization.Study Design— Experimental study.Animals— Nine canine cadaver larynges.Methods— Left arytenoid lateralization was performed with high or low abduction suture tension. RG area, height, and width were measured by computerized planimetric analysis with the epiglottis in an open and closed position. The experiment was performed with the CT joint intact and disarticulated. The effects of suture tension, CT disarticulation, and their interaction on RG area with the epiglottis closed or open were evaluated by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results— RG area increased by 82% and 129% (P < .0001) with low and high suture tension, respectively. The aperture not covered by the epiglottis in a closed position was 467% larger with high suture tension than with low tension (P < .0001). CT disarticulation had no significant effect on RG geometry with either low or high suture tension (P= .4970).Conclusions— Low suture tension increased RG area when the epiglottis was in an open position without increasing RG aperture when the epiglottis was closed. Suture tension had a significant effect on RG opening when the epiglottis was closed. CT disarticulation did not modify the geometry of the RG.Clinical Relevance— Use of a low‐suture tension should be considered during arytenoid lateralization because it has the potential to reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia.
Influence of Bolt Tightening Torque, Wire Size, and Component Reuse on Wire Fixation in Circular External Fixation
Authors: Wosar Marc A. , Marcellin‐Little Denis J. , Roe Simon C. 
Published: November 2002

Objectives—To evaluate the effects of bolt torque, wire size, and component reuse on the ability to maintain wire tension in 3 external skeletal fixation systems.Study—Design Biomechanical study.Methods—Yield strength in tension of 1.0‐, 1.2‐, 1.5‐, and 1.6‐mm‐diameter wires, and yield strength in torque of Hofmann Small Bone Fixation (SBF) cannulated and slotted bolts and IMEX regular and miniature bolts were determined on a testing machine. The minimum bolt tightening torque needed to prevent wire slippage at clinically recommended wire tensions was determined. Components were tested 10 times, and loads at slippage were recorded.Results—The IMEX system required a mean of 8 Nm of bolt tightening torque to maintain 900 N (1.6‐mm wires). The SBF system required a mean of 3 Nm bolt torque to maintain 300 N (1.0‐mm wires) and 5 Nm to maintain 600 N (1.2‐mm wires). The SBF cannulated bolt required 9 Nm of torque to maintain 900 N (1.5‐mm wires). The SBF slotted bolts could only maintain 800 N before yield. The IMEX miniature system required a mean bolt torque of 1.1 Nm to maintain 300 N. The cannulated and slotted bolts from both manufacturers failed to maintain 70% of initial wire tension after 7 and 4 uses, respectively.Conclusions—The IMEX systems and the SBF system using 1.0‐ and 1.2‐mm wires could maintain clinically recommended wire tension safely. Only the IMEX system could maintain clinically recommended wire tension safely using 1.5‐ or 1.6‐mm wires.Clinical Relevance—The SBF system using 1.0‐ and 1.2‐mm wires and the IMEX system using all wire sizes can maintain clinically relevant wire tension. The SBF system using 1.5‐mm wires could not. Cannulated and slotted bolts should not be used more than 6 and 3 times, respectively. Nuts should not be reused.
Pasteurized Tumoral Autograft as a Novel Procedure for Limb Sparing in the Dog: A Clinical Report
Authors: Buracco Paolo , Morello Emanuela , Martano Marina , Vasconi Maria Elisabetta 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To evaluate use of a pasteurized tumoral autograft prepared from the resected primary bone neoplasm for limb sparing in a dog with distal radial osteosarcoma (OSA).Study Design—Clinical case report.Animals—A 9‐year‐old male Maremma shepherd dog.Methods—After right distal radial OSA removal, the tumoral autograft was pasteurized. The excised bone segment was placed in a sterile watertight box containing sterile saline solution preheated to 65°C in a water bath. The box was kept immersed in the water bath at 65°C for 40 minutes to kill the tumor cells. The autograft was then fixed in the host with a plate and screws based on standard AO/ASIF technique for carpal arthrodesis. Three doses of cisplatin (70 mg/m2intravenously) were administered, 3 weeks apart; the initial dose was administered the day after surgery.Results—The autograft was incorporated in a manner comparable to an allograft, and after 708 days, the metallic implants were removed. A 1‐month activity restriction as well as spoon splint to protect the leg from a full loading were used thereafter. Limb function was fair to good, and the dog remains disease free after 56 months.Conclusions—A pasteurized autograft consisting of the resected primary bone neoplasm is a valid alternative to a cortical bone allograft for limb sparing in dogs with appendicular OSA in terms of feasibility and pattern of healing.Clinical Relevance—This procedure can be an alternative method of limb sparing when difficulties are encountered in establishing and maintaining a canine bone allograft bank.
Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate in 92 Horses During High‐Speed Treadmill Examination (1993–1998)
Authors: Parente Eric J. , Martin Benson B. , Tulleners Eric P. , Ross Michael W. 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To evaluate the occurrence of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) during high‐speed treadmill (HSTM) exercise in racehorses, and determine treatment efficacy relative to the endoscopic findings observed during resting and HSTM endoscopic examination.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Ninety‐two racehorses (74 Thoroughbreds, 18 Standardbreds).Methods—The signalment, history (clinical and race), treatments, and video recordings made during resting and HSTM endoscopy were reviewed in 92 racehorses that developed DDSP during HSTM exercise. Only horses that completed 3 starts before and after HSTM examination were included in performance‐outcome analysis. Statistical associations were made between the independent variables (the historical findings and the resting and HSTM endoscopic findings) and performance outcome.Results—Forty‐five horses (49%) displaced their palate in an uncomplicated manner, whereas the other horses either had another upper‐respiratory abnormality in association with DDSP (35) or displaced after swallowing (12). Although respiratory noise was not recorded during HSTM exercise, only 57 horses (62%) that developed DDSP during HSTM examination had a history of abnormal upper‐respiratory noise. For the 45 horses that met the criteria for performance outcome analysis, there were no independent variables recorded during resting or HSTM endoscopy that had a significant association with performance outcome. Treatment for DDSP varied by clinician. Overall, 29 horses (64%) had improved average earnings per start after diagnosis and treatment.Conclusions—Thirty‐five horses (38%) that had DDSP during HSTM endoscopy had no previous history of abnormal upper‐respiratory noise, and 74 (80%) had no structural abnormalities noted on resting endoscopic examination.Clinical Relevance—HSTM examination is an excellent tool for diagnosis of DDSP and the manner in which it occurs. DDSP did not occur similarly in all horses, and was often associated with another upper‐respiratory abnormality. Thus, it is unlikely that a single treatment can be applied effectively for all horses that experience DDSP. Both surgical and medical treatments can be beneficial in improving a horse's performance after a diagnosis of DDSP is made. Neither resting nor HSTM endoscopic findings were clearly prognostic.
Malignant Transformation of an Aneurysmal Bone Cyst in a Dog
Authors: Barnhart Matthew D. 
Published: November 2002

Objective—To report malignant transformation of an aneurysmal bone cyst in a dog.Study Design—Case report.Sample Population—Client‐owned dog.Results—A 5‐year‐old male Labrador retriever was diagnosed with an aneurysmal bone cyst of the distal aspect of the right ulna. Surgical curettage resulted in remission of clinical signs for 33 months. Because of recurrence of clinical signs, a distal ulnar ostectomy was performed. Histopathologic examination of the excised specimen revealed a moderately differentiated chondrosarcoma at the level of the bone cyst. Limb function was normal for 17 months until a subcutaneous mass, determined to be a chondrosarcoma, occurred at the level of the shoulder. A right forequarter amputation was performed.Conclusions—Aneurysmal bone cysts are benign but may be transformed into a malignancy after surgical manipulation. Complete surgical excision should be attempted where possible. In this case, distal ulnar ostectomy was an effective means of preserving limb function and preventing local recurrence of chondrosarcoma.