bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Behaviors of Risk exhibited by People with Dementia with Privacy Protecting Videos
Authors: Mishra Pratik K. , Iaboni Andrea , Ye Bing , Newman Kristine , Mihailidis Alex , Khan Shehroz 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBehavioural symptoms of dementia present a significant risk within long‐term care homes, resulting in difficulties supporting residents and monitoring their safety due to limited staffing resources. Existing video surveillance infrastructure can be used to monitor and automatically detect clinically important behaviours that can put the residents at risk. An anomaly detection approach can be used to detect behaviours of risk from videos due to their infrequent and diverse nature. However, most existing video anomaly detection approaches focus on appearance‐based features, which can put the privacy of a person at risk and is also susceptible to pixel‐based noise. In this study, we explored different privacy‐protecting approaches and present a conditional average neighbour score method to detect behaviours of risks in videos from a dementia care unit. The conditional average neighbour score method considers that behaviours of risk in people with dementia are sometimes momentary, but often they persist over time. In this study, we used semantic segmentation masks approach to protect participants’ privacy by obscuring them in the video. The privacy‐protecting inputs were used to train a customized spatio‐temporal convolutional autoencoder and identify behaviours of risk as anomalies. The video was collected on a dementia care unit and composed of approximately 21 hours of training data (normal activities) and 9 hours of test data (normal activities and behaviours of risk events). In comparison to RGB input (0.822), we obtained an equivalent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC ROC) performance of 0.823 for the segmentation mask‐based privacy‐protecting approach. Further, using the conditional average neighbour score method, we improved the AUCROC performance to 0.83 for the segmentation mask‐based privacy‐protecting approach. The results signify that it is possible to use surveillance videos from a dementia care unit to detect behaviours of risk as anomalies, and that privacy protecting methods work as well as methods using the raw videos. This research paves the way to improve the quality of life of residents and reduce injuries in residential care homes, while respecting their privacy.
Use of Expanded Non‐genetically Modified Natural Killer Cells (SNK01) with Enhanced Cytotoxicity in Patients with Advanced Alzheimer’s Disease – Interim Report of a Phase I trial
Authors: Gil Clemente Humberto Zúñiga , Gallo Blanca Isaura Acosta , Díaz Rufino Menchaca , Amescua Cesar Alejandro , Hui Lucia , Lee Hank , Mata Juan , Chang Paul , Song Paul Y 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundMisfolded protein deposits are known to illicit a cascade of autoreactive neuroinflammation and damage in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is clear that removing these proteins by themselves will not fully address this complex process. Natural Killer (NK) cells are an essential part of the innate immune system that have been shown pre‐clinically to slow progression of amyloid deposition as well as identify and eliminate autoreactive T‐cells and damaged neurons. SNK01 is a first‐in‐kind, autologous non‐genetically modified NK cell product with significant increased cytotoxicity and over 90% activating receptor expression that can be consistently produced from any donor. We hypothesize that SNK01 could be consistently produced from any advanced AD patient and that it would be safe and potentially beneficial.MethodIn this Phase 1 dose escalation study (NCT04678453), SNK01 was administered intravenously (IV) every three weeks for a total of 4 treatments using a 3+3 design in pts with advanced disease confirmed by complete evaluation including PET scan. The starting dose was 1×109 SNK01 cells and the highest dose was 4×109SNK01 cells. Primary endpoint was safety and secondary endpoints included changes in MMSE, immune cytokines, and CSF protein levels.ResultAs of January 1, 2023, 9 pts out of a proposed 12 with advanced PET scan confirmed Alzheimer’s disease have been enrolled. Median age is 79 (range 56 – 84) and five were female. Median MMSE baseline score was 14 (range 2 – 23). NK cells were successfully activated and expanded from every patient. No treatment related adverse events were observed. Two patients showed improvement in their MMSE at six‐months compared to their pre‐treatment baseline, three patients showed no deterioration in their MMSE at six‐months, two patients progressed but at a much slower rate than they previously had, and two patients did not return for their six‐month follow‐up.ConclusionSNK01 with high cytotoxicity and activating receptor expression can be consistently produced from patients with advanced AD. SNK01 was very safe and appears to have some clinical activity in advanced AD. This data warrants further investigation in a larger Phase II trial with a longer treatment dosing duration.
Perceptions of Shared decision making in cognitive impairment of LTC recipients
Authors: Doan Thao , Jung Jihye , Kim Jinju , Park Myonghwa 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundShared decision‐making (SDM) plays a dominant model in healthcare systems in bringing numerous benefits to healthcare settings, healthcare providers, and patients. Promoting SDM in long‐term care (LTC) is also crucial since the LTC recipients were vulnerable to cognitive impairments and received healthcare services from diverse health professionals. This study aimed to assess the perceptions of LTC recipients toward SDM in situations of cognitive impairment.MethodA survey and one‐to‐one interview were provided to LTC recipients which explored the role of patients and family members in the decision‐making process related to their health care in the condition of cognitive impairments.ResultThirty‐eight LTC recipients participated in the SDM survey. The participants had a mean age of 77.9 (years) and were diagnosed as eligible LTC recipients for 9.01 (years). In general, most participants expected their healthcare providers to share knowledge about their diseases, and information for medical treatments. The participants described their health symptoms to their healthcare providers in as much detail as possible when they arrived at the hospital since they understood their important role in engaging decisions related to their health. In particular, 65.8% preferred to have been informed about their health conditions, and diseases. 42.1% believed that they, family member(s), and their doctor(s) should be involved together in deciding the best option(s) for their treatment. 52.6% thought that they should be played as the most important person in deciding their treatments for their own health even in those with cognitive impairments.ConclusionThis study revealed the potential of implementing the SDM model in the LTC system, especially under the condition of cognitive impairments. The LTC recipients desire to be involved in the decision‐making process related to their health even if they are in cognitive impairments. Implementing the SDM model in the LTC system potentially results in promising person‐centred care, especially for enhancing the self‐control of the recipients with cognitive impairment and their families.
Elderly Role Performance Occupational Therapy
Authors: Choi Junsu , Jung Minye 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundDementia is a disease that is often seen in the elderly, and the elderly are less involved in their roles due to aging. Decrease in participation in various roles can cause physical and cognitive problems. Therefore, through systematic review of previous studies, we try to confirm the cognitive improvement and various positive effects of the elderly who participated in various roles.The purpose of this study was to identify the effects, role type, and dependent variables, and outcomes in studies on the role performance occupational therapy for the elderly.MethodThe databases were collected using RISS, RISS, Pubmed, CINAHL, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science. The studies were selected according to the PRISMA flow chart. Finally, seventeen studies were selected for analysis. The selected seventeen studies was evaluated using the qualitative level model of the evidence‐based study and CASP randomized controlled trial checklist, CASP case control checklist, and CASP qualitative checklist.ResultThere were 6 randomized controlled studies corresponding to level I, and 6 studies satisfied all items of the CASP checklist. Occupational therapy intervention was the most common with 13 studies on the role of self‐caregiver. The roles of hobbyist and organizational member were 9 studies, respectively, and the roles of friend was 7 studies in order. Mental health was the most common evaluation tool for the dependent side to derive the outcome of intervention with 8.Physical health and quality of life evaluation were found to be six each..ConclusionThrough this study, we learned about various roles and occupational therapy interventions that the elderly can play, and we learned evaluation tools that can measure the effectiveness of role performance. In addition, through the evaluation tool, the physical and cognitive effects of role participation, and social participation were known. Role‐oriented occupational therapy intervention should be induced to participate in various roles for the prevention of dementia and cognitive improvement of the elderly.
Toward standardizing family caregiving competencies based on the stage of dementia
Authors: Kim Jinju , Jung Jihye , Doan Thao , Park Myonghwa 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackground & PurposeDespite of the introduction of the formal care system such as long term care insurance system, informal family caregiving still takes an important part in caring for people with dementia. In an environment where family caregiving is not performed properly, the quality of life of both the dementia patient and the family caregiver deteriorates, leading to early admission to a facility and an increase in social costs. This study aimed to identify the importance of family caregiving competencies in different dementia stages from the perspective of the family caregiver.MethodsThis study recruited 210 family caregivers of people with dementia. Data collection was conducted by using a self‐report questionnaire. The participant scored the extent of the importance of dementia caregiving competency according to stages of dementia: early, middle, and advanced stage. The data were illustrated as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation.ResultsThe importance of family caregiving competency was statistically different according to age, gender, education level, and relationship between people with dementia and family caregivers. The family caregivers refer to the following items as critical competencies: using cognitive programs for people with dementia in the early stage; creating a safe living environment in the middle stage; and managing the physical symptoms such as bedsores, incontinence, and diseases of the people with dementia, and properly utilizing necessary long‐term care services in the advanced stage.ConclusionThis study indicated the differences of the importance of family caregiving competencies between each stage of dementia from the perspective of family caregivers. The results of this study are valuable data to standardize effective programs for family caregivers during the different stage of dementia.
Frontal versus temporal type memory deficit in amnestic mild cognitive impairment; predictive value in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease
Authors: Kim Yong Bum 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundRetention‐deficit in verbal learning test is attributed to the medial temporal lobe dysfunction and retrieval‐deficit to the frontal lobe. We tried to determine whether memory deficit patterns (the retention‐deficit amnestic mild cognitive impairment (rtn‐aMCI) vs. retrieval‐deficit aMCI (rtv‐aMCI)) can differentiate amyloid positive Alzheimer disease (AD) from non‐AD neurodegenerative diseases.MethodOne hundred and seventy‐four MCI patients were enrolled who underwent a set of neuropsychological assessments, brain MRI and flutemetamol amyloid PET. All MCI patients were diagnosed using the Petersen criteria. They were divided into the rtn‐aMCI (below ‐1.0SD on both delayed recall and recognition test) and rtv‐aMCI (below ‐1.0SD on delayed recall, above ‐1.0SD on recognition test) based on the results of Seoul Verbal Learning Test (SVLT).ResultOf 174 patients, 106 were classified as rtn‐aMCI group and 68 were as rtv‐aMCI. There was no significant difference in amyloid PET positivity between two groups (50.0% in rtn‐aMCI vs. 47.1% in rtv‐aMCI; χ2 = 0.143, p = 0.705). Forward digit span (6.06 ± 1.4 vs. 5.25 ± 1.6, p < 0.001) & backward digit span (3.68 ± 1.2 vs. 3.29 ± 1.4, p < 0.05) were lower in the rtv‐aMCI group. Word fluency and Stroop tests were not different between them.ConclusionThis study revealed that the temporal type memory deficit pattern in rtn‐aMCI patients is not predictive of AD pathology in amyloid PET scan. We should be aware that temporal type memory deficit can also be observed in patients with other non‐AD neurodegenerative disorders.
Prevalence and Severity Distribution of Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States from the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Monfared Amir Abbas Tahami , Chandak Aastha , Khachatryan Artak , De Benedetti Laura , Hummel Noemi , Zhang Quanwu 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited data regarding Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prevalence by severity across the AD continuum. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild, moderate, and severe AD in a representative sample of the United States (US) population.MethodData from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a bi‐annual national survey of older adults in the US, were analyzed (2014‐2018), applying cluster sampling weights. AD ascertainment from HRS was based on patient report of a clinical diagnosis (physician diagnosis‐based), or the test score of Modified Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS‐m) (cognitive performance‐based). Patients with MCI were identified with the cognitive performance‐based method only. MCI and AD severity stages were ascertained using a crosswalk between the scores of TICS‐m and the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE).ResultThe diagnosis‐based method identified 1.2%, 1.2%, 1.3% patients with AD in 2014, 2016 and 2018, respectively (2.2% pooled). The mean (SD) age was 79.4 (10.3) years, with 61% women and 22% had passed college education (combined across surveys). The cognitive performance‐based method identified 23%, 23%, 21% patients with MCI in 2014, 2016 and 2018, respectively (24% pooled), and 27%, 22%, 17% patients with AD in 2014, 2016 and 2018, respectively (30% pooled). For patients with MCI, the mean age was 67.3 (10.1) years, with 51% women and 36% passed college education; for patients with AD, the mean age was 72.8 (11.1) years, with 53% women and 28% had passed college education. Severity distributions are shown in Figure 1. Unweighted results were similar.ConclusionThe cognitive performance‐based method identified a substantially higher prevalence of AD than the diagnosis‐based method and enabled identification of MCI prevalence using HRS data. The prevalence of MCI was consistently higher than AD dementia severity categories over the years (2014, 2016, and 2018). The discordance in AD prevalence estimation between cognitive performance‐based and diagnosis‐based methods underscores a need for better understanding of clinical practice patterns in AD diagnosis, use of clinical assessment tools, and severity classification in the US.
Clinical Validation and Correlates of the Cingulate Island Sign Visual Rating Scale for the Diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Authors: Feng Linda Ruohua , Vogel Asmus , Jensen Clara Mellergaard , Waldemar Gunhild , Hasselbalch Steen G. , Law Ian , Henriksen Otto Mølby , Frederiksen Kristian Steen 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe cingulate island sign (CIS) is a metabolic pattern on [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) associated with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The aim of this study was to validate the visual CIS rating scale (CISRs) for the diagnosis of DLB and to explore the clinical correlates.MethodThis single‐center, retrospective study included 166 consecutive patients with DLB and 161 patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The CIS on [18F]FDG‐PET scans was rated using the CISRs (0‐4) independently by three readers blinded to other patient data.ResultThe optimal cut‐off to differentiate DLB from AD was a CISRs score ≥ 1 (sensitivity = 66%, specificity = 84%) whereas a CISRs score ≥ 2 (sensitivity = 58%, specificity = 92%) was optimal to differentiate amyloid positive DLB (n = 43 (82.7%)) and AD. To identify DLB with abnormal (n = 53 (72.6%)) versus normal (n = 20 (27.4%)) dopamine transporter imaging (DaT), a CISRs cut‐off of 4 had a specificity of 95% for abnormal DaT. DLB patients with a CISRs score of 4 performed significantly better in tests of free verbal recall and picture based cued recall, but worse in test of processing speed compared with DLB with a CISRs score of 0.ConclusionThis study confirms the CISRs as a valid marker for the diagnosis of DLB with a high specificity and a lower, but acceptable, sensitivity. Concomitant AD pathology does not influence diagnostic accuracy of the CISRs. In DLB patients, presence of CIS is associated with relative preserved memory function and impaired processing speed.
Program providers’ perception of caregiving competency of family caregivers according to dementia stage
Authors: Jung Jihye , Park Myonghwa , Kim Jinju , Doan Thao 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPurposeFamily caregivers take significant roles in helping their relatives with dementia to meet daily life needs. Various support programs have been developed to decrease family caregivers’ stress and burden. Among the studies conducted so far, there is a lack of programs developed based on caregiving competencies according to each stage of dementia. To prepare for the development of a program based on caregiving competencies for stages of dementia, this study aimed to investigate the appropriateness and importance of family caregivers’ caregiving competency from the perspectives of the program providers.Method175 program providers who participated in a support program for family caregivers of people with dementia were recruited in this study. We used a 40‐item questionnaire, which consisted of caregiving competencies according to stages of dementia: 14 items for the early stage, 14 items for the middle stage, and 12 items for the advanced stage. For each item, the participants were asked to score its appropriateness and importance using 5 Likert scale.ResultStudy findings indicated dementia caregiving competencies that scored as most appropriateness and importance in different dementia stages. Specifically, “Eliminating prejudice against dementia” (4.07±0.75, 4.14±0.74, respectively) were identified in the early stage, “Managing family caregivers’ stress” (4.07±0.76, 4.15±0.74, respectively) in the middle stage, and “Properly utilizing necessary long‐term care services” (4.19±0.77, 4.26±0.72, respectively) and “Decision making with other family members so that people with dementia can end their lives comfortably” (4.09±0.74, 4.14±0.73, respectively) in the advanced stage. Whereas, care competencies that gained the lowest scores of appropriateness and importance comprised: “Medical and legal documents required after diagnosis of dementia” (3.80±0.78, 3.87±.077, respectively) in the early stage, “Participating in self‐support groups” (3.79±0.79, 3.90±.078, respectively) in the middle stage, and “Share valuable memories with dementia” (3.75±0.77, 3.83±.078, respectively) in the advanced stage.ConclusionThis study figured out the importance of the caregiving competencies that should be delivered to the family caregivers of people with dementia from the perspectives of the program providers. Findings from this work would be valuable resources in developing effective family support programs to improve the dementia caregiving competency of family caregivers during their caregiving journey.
Developing an immersive gamification technology system for the management of patients with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (Phase 1 trial)
Authors: Anlacan Veeda Michelle M. , Jamora Roland Dominic G. , Panganiban Angelo Cedric F. , Galecio Bryan Andrei C. , Concepcion Florinda P. , Gonzales Juan Raphael , Salido Isabel Teresa O. , Tee Michael L. , Aguila Maria Eliza R. , Tee Cherica A. , Caro Jaime D. L. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundVirtual reality (VR) technology has been increasingly used in the management of people living with dementia, serving as a novel and important non‐pharmacologic approach to address the complex behavioral and psychological symptoms. The objective of this phase 1 study was to develop an immersive gamification technology system (ImGTS), specifically, a VR application, and describe its acceptability, usability, and safety in a cohort of healthy adults.MethodThe development of ImGTS included software and hardware designs appropriate for the local context and tested using two distinct set‐ups: head‐mounted display (HMD) and the Semi‐Cave automatic virtual environment (Semi‐CAVE). Qualitative and quantitative data questionnaires, with responses analyzed using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics were used to measure the sense of place, usability and safety of the two set‐ups.ResultParticipants who used the HMD (n = 15) and the Semi‐CAVE (n = 15) had positive impressions and clear recollections of the VR experience. Incidence of VR sickness symptoms was low, and the mean total VR sickness scores decreased across sessions. Participants in both groups were able to perform key tasks in the VR experience, and the majority performed these actions with ease by the final testing session (n = 15 for the HMD, n = 13 for the Semi‐CAVE). The three main activities were given a ‘neutral to positive’ description in terms of satisfaction.ConclusionThe technology we developed had a considerable level of impact in eliciting important aspects of cognition and emotion. Through self‐reported measures and researcher observations, we found that the HMD and Semi‐CAVE VR setups were safe, acceptable and usable by healthy adult participants.