bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Otolaryngologic Needs of Individuals with Oral Clefts
Authors: Antonelli Patrick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral clefts can profoundly impact the physiology of the entire upper aerodigestive tract. Although disorders of the upper aerodigestive tract are central to the field of otolaryngology, patients with oral clefts are best managed by a multidisciplinary team. Many of the issues related to the otolaryngologic needs of individuals with oral clefts have been addressed in other chapters (e.g., velopharyngeal insufficiency). Accordingly, this chapter focuses on the ear, nose, and throat issues for which individuals with oral clefts most commonly seek otolaryngologic care (Table 30.1). Disorders of the ear are the most common reason that children with cleft palate seek care from an otolaryngologist. Otologic problems in individuals with oral clefts, like those in individuals without clefts, change with age. In early childhood, the primary concerns include acute otitis media, chronic otitis media with effusion, and the cognitive sequelae of hearing loss. With advancing age, otologic concerns shift to the middle ear sequelae of chronic eustachian tube dysfunction and its treatment. Otitis media is defined as any inflammation within the middle ear. The sine qua non of otitis media is effusion within the middle ear space. Further classification is based largely on duration, the nature of the effusion, and the presence or absence of symptoms (Table 30.2). Though these definitions may seem unambiguous, there are no clear distinctions in clinical practice.
Reducing Harm to Smokers: Methods, Their Effectiveness, and the Role of Policy
Authors: Warner Kenneth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, efforts at tobacco control have focused on three strategies to diminish the toll of smoking: preventing the initiation of smoking by children, reducing nonsmokers’ involuntary exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and encouraging adults who smoke to stop. The first of these is necessary to avoid future smoking-produced illness in the youngest generation and to break the seemingly endless cycle of childhood addiction followed by premature adult death. The second is essential to protect the innocent, nonsmoking victims of ETS. The last is crucial to minimize the near-future damage on smoking adults caught in the cycle of addiction and disease decades ago.
In general, tobacco control policy has focused on the first two objectives, with relatively little policy directed at adult cessation, at least little explicitly identified as motivated, even in part, by the objective of encouraging adults to quit smoking.
The Battle at Blackburn’s Ford
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An hour later, Tyler’s lead brigade entered Centreville and found the Confederates had retreated toward Mitchell’s and Blackburn’s Ford. “Desiring to ascertain the extent” of the Confederate force near these fords, Tyler directed his lead brigade, commanded by Colonel Israel Richardson, down the Manassas-Centreville road. It was now 10:00 a.m. After two hours Tyler ordered six cannon to unlimber on the northern ridge, about one-and-a-half miles away from the fords. At 12:00 p.m. the Union cannoneers opened fire on Mitchell’s and Blackburn’s Fords. Tyler hoped the Confederates would return fire so he could assess their infantry strength and battery positions. Yet, for nearly half-an-hour the Confederate guns were silent. Finally, at 12:30 p.m., Confederate artilleryman Captain Del Kemper fired back six shots and then retreated across Mitchell’s Ford.
Hunter’s and Heintzelman’s Flank March
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 5:30 a.m. Colonel Ambrose E. Burnside’s brigade, lead unit of Colonel David Hunter’s flanking column, finally crossed Cub Run. Four regiments formed his brigade: 2d New Hampshire, 1st and 2d Rhode Island and the 71st New York Militia.
Summary
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Robert L. Wilson of Illinois walked with President Lincoln toward the White House he asked the president about the news from the battlefield. Lincoln politely stated he could not provide any information at that time due to military security. Wilson then inquired whether the news was good or bad. Lincoln grasped Wilson, placed his face near his ear, and in a shrill, subdued voice exclaimed, ‘It’s damned bad!’1
“We cannot carry virginia for you” Political Earthquake, 1844
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American Politics Had Not Stood Still as Congress wrestled with Tyler’s Texas initiative. The political landscape was rarely placid in the middle of the nineteenth century, and it certainly was far from peaceful in the spring of 1844. In fact, it was a particularly tense time even by the highly combative standard that had been established over the previous twenty years. Political leaders and their followers had a great deal to fight about. The angry drama of the battle over the treaty of annexation had significantly roiled the waters in Washington as well as in much of the country at large. At the same time, the run-up to the imminent election to replace John Tyler, with all of the widespread confrontation, provocative bluster, and divisive rhetoric usually associated with such contests, added to the noise and rancor as it assumed a critical role in the unfolding course of national affairs.
A Psychometric Assessment of the Minnesota innovation Survey
Authors: Ven andrew H Van de , Chu Yun-han 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the measurement properties of an innovation questionnaire developed and being used as one of several measurement instruments to observe the development of a wide variety of innovations over time by the Minnesota innovation Research Program (MIRP). Evidence of the reliability and validity of the Minnesota innovation Survey (MIS) is provided by applying standard psychometric The authors are grateful for the cooperation of their colleagues who provided data from their innovation studies for this chapter, particularly John Bryson, Raghu Garud, Daniel Gilbert, Alfred Marcus, John Maurie!, Douglas Polley, Michael Rappa, Peter Ring, William Roering, Roger Schroeder, and Gary Scudder. This research was supported in part with a major grant to the Strategic Management Research Center to study the management of innovation from the Program on Organizational Effectiveness of the office of Naval Research under contract No. N000l4-84-K-0016. Additional support for the research program is being provided by ADC Telecommunications, Bemis, CENEX, Control Data, IBM, Dayton-Hudson, Dyco Petroleum, Farm Credit Services, First Bank System, Honeywell, and 3M Corporations and by the McKnight and Bush Foundations. procedures for evaluating tests and measurement instruments. Such a psychometric assessment is a necessary prerequisite to developing or testing substantive theories based on the MIS data, and provides important information about the strengths and weaknesses of the MIS instrument to other potential users who wish to use the survey to conduct research on the management of innovation.
The Development of innovation Ideas
Authors: Schroeder Roger G , Ven andrew H Van de , Scudder Gary D , Polley Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how innovation ideas develop over time based on findings emerging from seven innovations included in the Minnesota innovation Research Program. These observations are very different from typical We greatly appreciate the willingness of our colleagues involved in the Minnesota innovation Research Program to make this chapter possible by giving permission to use their research cases and data on their innovations: Harold Angle, Jeanne Buckeye, Roger Hudson, Raghu Garud, Daniel Gilbert, Mary Knudson, Karen Lindquist, John Maurie!, William Roering, and Vernon Ruttan. This research was supported in part by a grant to the Strategic Management Research Center at the University of Minnesota by the Organization Effectiveness Research Programs, office of Naval Research, under Contract No. N00014-84-K-0016. Additional research support for this research has been provided by the Underseas Systems Division of Honeywell Corporation. An earlier version of this chapter appeared in Agribusiness Management Journal 2, 4 (1986): 501-523.
Processes of New Business Creation in Different Organizational Settings
Authors: Ven andrew H Van de , Douglas S Venkataraman , Garud Polley Raghu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizational structures for business creation are different for small company startups and joint interorganizational ventures and within the large diversified corporation. It is widely We greatly appreciate comments on earlier drafts of this chapter from M. Scott Poole (University of Minnesota), Robert Burgelman (Stanford University), John Hake and Robert Schoenecker (Qnetics), William Coyne, Sheldon Klasky, Robert Oliveira, and Keith Wilson (3M), Michael Mirvis (Sams), and James Bray (Millipore), as well as other colleagues involved in the Minnesota innovation Research Program. in addition, we greatly appreciate the intensive and ongoing access provided to us by the 3M, Sams, Millipore, and Qnetics corporations to conduct the real-time longitudinal studies of business creation reported here. Funding for this research was provided by the Program on Organization Effectiveness in the office of Naval Research, under contract N00014-84-K-0016. held that the processes of business creation in these organizational settings are also different. We question this conventional belief for two reasons.
Externally-induced innovation
Authors: Marcus Alfred A , Weber Mark J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
innovation can come into being when individuals in an organization see an opportunity that necessitates a new approach (andrews 1971; Child 1972; Bourgeois 1984). However, it also can come into being when an external threat or challenge occurs that has not been anticipated. The stimulus to most innovation is external, according to March and Simon (1958), who attribute it primarily to necessity not to opportunity. Terreberry (1968) maintains that innovation is largely a matter of external inducement as do Downs (1967), Kelly and Kranzberg (1975), and Zaltman and Duncan (1977).
Mobilizing innovation Efforts: The Case of Government Strategic Planning
Authors: Bryson John M , Roering William D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government leaders have become increasingly interested in strategic planning as a result of An earlier and shorter version of this chapter appeared as John M. Bryson and William D. Roering, “The initiation of Strategic Planning by Governments,” Public Administration Review, vol. 48, no. 6, 1988, pp. 995-1004.
Toward A General Theory of innovation Processes
Authors: Scott Marshall , Ven Poole andrew H Van de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter advances a theoretical framework that is emerging from the Minnesota innovation Research Program studies. MIRP started with a set of sensitizing concepts, a few tentative models, and a research strategy that emphasized detailed, longitudinal study of a wide variety of innovations. The methodology was designed to measure and analyze innovation processes with all their real-world complexities in order to correct for the natural tendency to oversimplify and to fit observations to whatever theories a researcher is enamored with. The result is a complicated, somewhat unruly set of empirical observations that describe the multifaceted nature of innovations and that are often We gratefully appreciate the helpful comments of Harold Angle on a previous draft of this chapter. Support for this research program has been provided in part by a grant to the Strategic Management Research Center at the University of Minnesota from the Program on Organizational Effectiveness, office of Naval Research (code 442OE), under contract no. N00014-84-K-0016, as well as other sources. beyond the explanatory capabilities of existing innovation theories.
Suggestions For Managing the innovation Journey
Authors: Angle Harold L , Ven andrew H Van de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in Chapter 1, we stated that the applied purpose for undertaking the Minnesota innovation Research Program (MIRP) is to provide the innovation manager a road map that indicates how and why the innovation journey unfolds, and what paths are likely to lead to success or failure. Such a road map is needed because, heretofore, very few studies have directly examined the innovation process in real time. As a result, very few empirically substantiated statements are available about how and why the innovation journey emerges, develops, proceeds, and terminates over time. Yet an appreciation of the temporal sequence of events along this journey is fundamental to the management of innovation.
The Peripheral Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The temporal bone contributes to the base and lateral wall of the skull and forms part of the middle and posterior fossae.1,2 It is divided into four parts: the squamous, tympanic, petrous, and mastoid areas. The squamous portion forms part of the lateral bony wall of the middle cranial fossa. The tympanic portion, the smallest, segment of the temporal bone, forms the anterior, inferior, and part of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal. The petrous portion, or pyramid, contains the sense organs of the inner ear. The seventh and eighth cranial nerves enter the petrous portion through the internal auditory canal; the facial nerve exits via the stylomastoid foramen of the mastoid portion (Fig. 2–1). The internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein enter the skull through the temporal bone, their bony canals forming part of the anteroinferior wall of the middle ear.
Immune-Mediated Diseases
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The endolymphatic sac is the key structure for immunoregulation within the inner ear. Ultrastructural studies have identified lymphocytes and macrophages within the endolymphatic sac and a surrounding network of lymphatic vessels containing these mononuclear cells.1 Injection of exogenous antigens into the inner ear of a guinea pig is as effective for initiating systemic immunity as intraperitoneal injection. When an antigen is placed into the inner ear of animals that have been immunized against the antigen, immunocompetent cells infiltrate the ear and there is local production of antibody.2,3 The inner ear is damaged during the immune response even though the antigen is not expressed in the inner ear. Surgical ablation of the endolymphatic sac or blockade of the endolymphatic duct markedly curtails the immunological response and inner ear damage.4 Lymphocytes engaged in the immune response within the inner ear are recruited from the circulation, presumably via the spiral modiolar vein. With this secondary immune response, there is activation of spiral modiolar vein endothelium and up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression.5,6
Introduction
Authors: Goldberg Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1838, an indigent tailor arrived at the Eberbach asylum terrified, dazed, and repeatedly crossing himself. At home before his committal, Martin M. had become violent and been bound and beaten. He had experienced, as he later explained, “an irresistable urge to spit in people’s faces and hit them.” Now, during his eleven-month incarceration, he incessantly begged for “mercy” from the asylum physicians.1 Rituals of authority and submission were built-in features of doctor-patient relations in an institution where doctors wielded almost absolute power and where acts of submission were a necessity for any patient who wanted to leave the place. Curiously, Martin M. understood this fact in a language foreign to the medical designs of the asylum-a language (“mercy”) of the prisoner or penitent, of criminal justice or the church, not that of the patient. Martin M., it seems, felt he needed either divine salvation or judicial clemency, not medical treatment.
Take Stock of Human Capital
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properly evaluating the human side of the merger or acquisition and getting the management team in place is critical to the success of these transactions. Setting up and evaluating a human balance sheet is a tricky proposition, but that is what we recommend companies do when contemplating a merger. At the outset of merger discussions, at least a preliminary investigation of how management teams will fit together—including strengths, weaknesses, and gaps—is important. After that initial phase, if and when discussions become more serious, the human capital assessment must become more rigorous as well.
Cycles and Sensibilities
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capital punishment, indiscriminate private possession of handguns, and mass imprisonment of black men in early twenty-first century America will someday be widely deplored and deeply regretted. Nearly all Americans regret and deplore the past subordination of black people in the American South, and yet it was approved and accepted by most southern whites for at least a century after the Civil War. The moral, religious, and social policy arguments against slavery did not change but people’s beliefs and values did, and now human slavery and deliberate racial or ethnic subjugation are, almost literally, unthinkable. In most Western countries today, adoption of American policies on capital punishment, handguns, and mass imprisonment is almost as unthinkable as adoption of slavery would be. Prevailing sensibilities elsewhere attach greater importance to ideas about human rights and the value of human lives and life chances than do prevailing American sensibilities.
Health Plans and Contract Liability
Authors: Morreim E Haavi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contract law has played a much larger role for health plans than it has for physicians because, although technically the physician-patient relationship begins in contract,1 thereafter it is generally addressed in tort-a “contorts” approach, so to speak..2 In contrast, the relationship between health plans and their enrollees is permeated by contract issues. Whether via indemnity reimbursement for incurred health care expenses or via a prepaid HMO that delivers a particular set of services, health plans perform insurance functions.’
The Law of Compurgation
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the law of sanctuary, the law of procedure, both civil and criminal, provided abundant opportunities for interchange and conflict between the medieval English common law and the ius commune. Today, it provides an equally good vantage point for anyone interested in comparative legal history. The two legal systems took diver­ gent paths on a central aspect of procedural law: settling upon the best way to decide questions of fact. The one chose jury trial, the other judicial evaluation of evidence. However, the divergence between the two systems was never total. Not everything was decided in the same way within either system. In some circumstances, each system used one or another of the special procedural forms that were also used by the other.
Very often, these shared and special procedural forms had sprung from identical roots. Virtually always, they were subject to the same influences in the course of their later development. This chapter examines one of the most famous of these parts of procedural law, the history of compurgation. The chapter’s aim is to show that a comparison of what the canon law called canonical purgation and the common law called wager of law yields useful information about both institutions.
Health-Care Justice and Agency
Authors: Mann Patricia S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The failure of the United States to provide basic health-care coverage for a growing number of its citizens is one of those startling public facts-along with our huge prison population, and our continued use of capital punishment-that leads international commentators to shake their heads and puzzle over an American barbarian streak. Moreover, within U.S. society, there is a large gap between how this issue is understood by actual policymakers, and how it is understood by philosophers analyzing issues of just distribution. For many political philosophers, including John Rawls, Ronald Dworkin, and Amartya Sen, it is a simple matter to show that distributive justice requires universal health-care coverage in a society with the material and technological resources of the United States. Indeed, all other affluent democratic societies today provide such coverage. Yet despite media attention to the suffering of the millions of children and adults who lack adequate access to basic medical and dental treatment, universal coverage does not appear to be on the immediate political agenda in this country. Why not? If, as a problem of distributive justice, universal health care is a “nobrainer,” then what other vectors of analysis are necessary to portray it as the difficult political decision it is today in the United States?
Miracle On 174th Street
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In seven days during early October 1977, the South Bronx became the most notorious inner-city neighborhood in the United States. It had fallen into the abyss long before and languished—except for occasional hell-on-earth exposés—in disreputable semi-obscurity. The fateful week began when President Jimmy Carter, in search of an urban slum, came to the South Bronx and stood among the rubble and ruins of Charlotte Street, shocked by the devastation that surrounded him. That night an announcer on the CBS network news declared the South Bronx the worst slum in America.
In The Rust Belt: Can the Ghetto Be Rebuilt?
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earnest Gates, as hard-nosed and practical a person as you will ever meet, was walking through the luxurious apartment and deciding whether to buy it when a voice spoke to him. “What,” the voice asked incredulously, “are you doing?” Here was Gates, who had grown up on the tough Near West Side of Chicago, built a successful trucking business, and now could take his wife and children out of his run-down neighborhood and live pretty much wherever they wanted. And what they wanted could very well be this apartment in the Americana Towers in the fashionable Old Town neighborhood.
New Immigrants Transform The Old City
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a late spring afternoon in the West’s most sprawling metropolis, a golden sun beams on Pueblo de Los Angeles, an incongruous collection of ancient structures—a Spanish mission church, an open-air market, and a row of adobe houses—tucked behind the glistening downtown of modern Los Angeles. A stream of people pushes down historic Olvera Street against the tide of homebound office workers. In ones and twos and threes, the men and women enter the mission-style confines of El Paseo Restaurant, passing under the dark wooden ceiling beams until they reach a stuccoed room off the main dining hall. Here they drop their business cards in a large fish bowl and pick up margueritas and plates of enchiladas. As they nibble and sip, the thirty or so people at the semiannual social mixer of the Food Industry Business Roundtable, or FIBR, chat cheerfully with one another, at times exchanging business cards or scribbling the names and phone numbers of people and companies.
Why People Trade
Authors: Harris Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People trade to invest, to borrow, to exchange assets, to hedge risks, to distribute risks, to gamble, to speculate, or to deal.We consider each of these objectives in this chapter and explain how markets help traders achieve them. You must understand why people trade in order to use markets effectively. Markets provide many valuable opportunities. To take advantage of them, you must first recognize them.