bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of on‐line techniques and novel processing systems for the monitoring and handling of the evolution of microstructure in nonreactive and reactive polymer systems
Authors: Sakai Tadamoto 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe use of newly developed polymer processing technologies to enable the microstructure control of nonreactive and reactive polymer systems, which up to now have been manufactured with conventional chemical polymerization processes, has been rapidly becoming popular, particularly in the field of polymer alloy systems. In this article the mechanisms of morphological development and its control for polymer alloys used mostly in a twin‐screw extruder have been reviewed mainly from our studies. And furthermore, on‐line monitoring and handling techniques developed at The Japan Steel Works are described in relation to the evolution of microstructure of polymer systems in a twin‐screw extruder. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Progress in numerical modeling of the thermoforming process
Authors: D'oria Francesco , Bourgin Pierre , Coincenot Ludovic 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA finite element code to simulate the thermoforming process was developed. A dynamic approach, a membrane hypothesis, and a second order explicit integration method were considered in developing the code. Tensile tests were carried out on a servohydraulic Instron device to validate hyperelastic and memory integral constitutive laws. An original experimental approach was designed and built to measure the displacement of the surface of the sheet at several points during the forming stage. A validation mold was instrumented to measure the in‐mold pressure profile during the forming process. Some preliminary attempts were carried out to consider the transient sheet heating stage and to evaluate its influence on the subsequent forming step. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An expert system for injection mold cost estimation
Authors: Chin Kwai‐Sang , Wong T. N. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn recent years, the notion of the expert system (ES) has become very popular, and its enormous potential to industry and ways in which it could improve decision‐making have been recognized. This article presents the research work of an expert system (ESIMCOST) the authors developed to assist the manufacturers in the injection mold cost estimation at the early product design stage. The system domain is concerned with the concurrent decision‐making of the plastic part design, injection mold design, and mold‐making process planning during the cost estimation process. Numerous interrelated variables and technical data for estimating the injection mold cost are well organized. With the inputs of the features of a plastic part, the ESIMCOST will generate an estimated cost of the injection mold required to produce the part. Some of the projected benefits from the system implementation are addressed in the article. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Injection molding, mechanical properties, and morphology of a compatibilized polycarbonate blend in the presence of weld lines
Authors: Mekhilef N. , Ait‐Kadi A. , Ajji A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWeld lines are known to present serious problems, especially in injection molding processes. They usually represent the weakest region in a molded part in terms of mechanical properties. They are also known to be even weaker in the case of blends. In this work, the mechanical properties and the morphology of injection molded polycarbonate (PC), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), and their blends (PC/PE) were investigated. This typically immiscible blend was compatibilized by the addition of small amounts (<5% by weight) of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) containing 60% by weight vinyl acetate. The modified and nonmodified blends were injection molded in the presence of weld lines using a double‐gate dogbone‐shaped tensile bar mold. The weld line strength and its morphology were investigated as a function of injection temperature. In the case of pure polycarbonate, the weld line strength was found to be very sensitive to injection temperature whereas for polyethylene no difference was observed between the strength of the nonwelded and the welded specimens. For the 80/20 PC/PE blend, the weld line strength is lower compared to that of the blend components. The addition of less than 1% of EVA increased the strength of the weld line above that of the neat blend. The morphology of the nonmodified blend was similar to that of a typical immiscible blend (i.e., PE spheres dispersed in a rigid matrix of PC). However, addition of the copolymer to the blend resulted in a better phase dispersion and finer PE particles. In addition, the V‐notch in the middle of the sample was greatly reduced by the addition of the copolymer. This was experimentally investigated by scanning electron microscopy in the region of the weld line. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reactive dual‐component compatibilizers for polycarbonate/high‐density polyethylene blends
Authors: Mascia L. , Valenza A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEnhanced compatibility for blends of polycarbonate with high‐density polyethylene has been achieved with the addition of 5 wt% compatibilizers composed of 1 : 1 mixtures of phenoxy and the sodium ionomer of an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer at two different levels of neutralization. Both components of the compatibilizer have been found to be capable of reacting with the polycarbonate phase to produce branched polymer chains. These impart a degree of compatibilization in polycarbonate/high‐density polyethylene blends, however at higher levels of sodium in the compatibilizer the polycarbonate phase undergoes crosslinking reactions, causing severe embrittlement. Compatibilization effects are confirmed by morphological examinations, dynamic rheological data, and dielectric loss spectra. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Marketing research and new product development success in Thai food processing
Authors: Suwannaporn Prisana , Speece Mark 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMarketing plays an important role in new product development (NPD) through several mechanisms. One is crossfunctional communication and collaboration so that marketing issues are integrated into the NPD process. Another is the strategic orientation of NPD, which includes marketing strategy issues such as customer orientation and market fit. Third, marketing research plays a specific role, as it provides the information and knowledge which marketing brings into its NPD roles. We show that use of marketing research is the most important determinant of higher NPD success in Thailand's food processing industry. Crossfunctional communication is also an important success factor, but strategy and planning elements are not very critical in this industry in Thailand. [EconLit classification: M310; Q130.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 169–188, 2003.
Modeling coupon values for ready‐to‐eat breakfast cereals
Authors: Price Gregory K. , Connor John M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis study identifies the determinants of coupon values at the brand level within the context of a complex marketing program. A two‐equation, fixed‐effects, panel‐data model accounts for the bidirectional causality between brand prices and discount levels. The empirical model is fitted with data on household purchases of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) breakfast cereals and captures the industry's 1996 price cuts and discount reductions. Higher brand prices cause coupon values to rise, supporting the price discrimination hypothesis. Coupon values fall with in‐store displays and more intense advertising but rise when couponed products are featured in store flyers. Discount levels are positively related to brand market share and the size of discounts redeemed for rival cereals. Coupon values fall with increasing brand loyalty among RTE cereal purchasers. Cereal prices are positively affected by coupon values, advertising expenditures, input costs, and the prices of competing brands. Inventory levels are negatively correlated with brand price. [EconLit citations: Q130, D120, L130]. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 223–243, 2003.*
Analyses of consumers' dietary behavior: An application of the AIDS model to supermarket scanner data
Authors: Jones Eugene , Akbay Cuma , Roe Brian , Chern Wen S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNationwide food consumption surveys often find no difference in the diets of lower and higher income Americans, while studies of particular food commodities find major differences. These contrasting results represent a consumption paradox. We attempt to gain an understanding of this paradox by using supermarket scanner data to examine food purchases and, by extension, consumption patterns for consumers in two, geographically distinct, income areas. These areas are part of the larger Columbus, OH, metropolitan area (CMA) and six stores are selected for purchase and consumption analyses—three from the lowest income areas of the CMA and three from the highest income areas. Seven product categories are analyzed in this study and these categories are subdivided into meaningful nutritional classes. An Almost Ideal Demand System is employed and the empirical results reveal major differences in consumption behavior for the two groups. [EconLit citations: D120 and D190.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 203–221, 2003.
The effect of trust on public support for biotechnology: Evidence from the U.S. Biotechnology Study, 1997–1998
Authors: James Harvey S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which trust directly affects public support for biotechnology, particularly in applications to food production and genetic modification of crop plants. Unlike previous research in which trust is assumed to be exogenous, this article posits that trust is endogenously determined. An econometric model is developed that controls for the endogeneiy of trust using instrumental variable and selection correction techniques. Using data from the U.S. Biotechnology Study, this study finds that the effect of trust on public support is substantially stronger than previous estimates. [JEL Codes: Q13, Q16, Q18.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 155–168, 2003.
An economic analysis of California raisin export promotion
Authors: Kaiser Harry M. , Liu Donald J. , Consignado Ted 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe effectiveness of the California raisin industry's export promotion programs in Japan and in the United Kingdom is addressed in this article. An econometric import demand equation was estimated for each of the two foreign markets. The results indicate that the export promotion programs have increased the demand for California raisins in both Japan and the United Kingdom. The benefit‐cost ratios for the Japanese and the United Kingdom markets were computed to be 5:1 and 15:1, respectively; indicating that the benefit of export promotion in terms of expanding export revenue was greater than the cost of the programs. Optimality analysis suggest that, while the current export promotion spending level in Japan is about optimal, the industry should explore the option of investing more money in its export promotion activities in the United Kingdom. [EconLit citations: Q130: Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness; Q170: Agriculture in International Trade; Q180: Agricultural Policy; Food Policy.] © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 19: 189–201, 2003.
Closed‐loop recycling of postused PP‐filled garden chairs using the restabilization technique. Part 2: Material performance during accelerated heat aging
Authors: Kartalis C. N. , Papaspyrides C. D. , Pfaendner R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe long‐term thermal stability of postused CaCO3‐filled Polypropylene was evaluated through accelerated heat aging tests for about 2000 h. The material from old garden chairs was recycled by applying the remelting‐restabilization technique while using different stabilization systems in selected concentrations. To study the effect of heat aging on the material properties, crystallinity content, tensile strength, and tensile impact strength together with time to embrittlement were monitored. The results illustrate that the restabilization recipe is of crucial importance for improving the long‐term thermal stability of the postused chair material, ensuring its reuse in the original application. Best long‐term performance is achieved by combining a filler deactivator with appropriate heat and light stabilizer systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3033–3044, 2003
Empirical viscosity model for polymers with power‐law flow behavior
Authors: Chen Zwea‐Long , Chao Ping‐Yi , Chiu Shih‐Hsuan 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study is the creation of an empirical model that can be used to predict the viscosity of a semicrystalline polymer melt for polymer process control. We have developed an empirical viscosity equation from both analysis and experimentation that takes into consideration the effect of temperature on both the flow behavior and the consistency index in the power law. The analysis is based on previously published literature, whereas the experimental data have been obtained from both the literature and laboratory investigations. The coefficients of the empirical model for low‐density polyethylene and polypropylene have been obtained from the experimental data derived from capillary rheometer measurements in the laboratory. This empirical model is able to produce results matching the experimental data with remarkable accuracy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3045–3057, 2003
Poly(propylene)–poly(propylene)‐grafted maleic anhydride–organic montmorillonite (PP–PP‐g‐MAH–Org‐MMT) nanocomposites. II. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics
Authors: Xu Weibing , Liang Guodong , Wang Wei , Tang Shupei , He Pingsheng , Pan Wei‐Ping 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(propylene) (PP), PP–organic‐montmorillonite (Org‐MMT) composite, and PP–PP‐grafted maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MAH)–Org‐MMT nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at various cooling rates. Avrami analysis modified by Jeziorny and a method developed by Mo well‐described the nonisothermal crystallization process of these samples. The difference in the exponent n between PP and composite (either PP–Org‐MMT or PP–PP‐g‐MAH–Org‐MMT) indicated that nonisothermal kinetic crystallization corresponded to tridimensional growth with heterogeneous nucleation. The values of half‐time, Zc; and F(T) showed that the crystallization rate increased with the increasing of cooling rates for PP and composites, but the crystallization rate of composites was faster than that of PP at a given cooling rate. The method developed by Ozawa can also be applied to describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of PP, but did not describe that of composites. Moreover, the method proposed by Kissinger was used to evaluate the activation energy of the mentioned samples. The results showed that the activation energy of PP–Org‐MMT was much greater than that of PP, but the activation energy of PP–PP‐g‐MAH–Org‐MMT was close to that of pure PP. Overall, the results indicate that the addition of Org‐MMT and PP‐g‐MAH may accelerate the overall nonisothermal crystallization process of PP. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3093–3099, 2003
Structure and properties of hybrid poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/SiO2 monoliths
Authors: Ji Xiang‐Ling , Jiang Shi‐Chun , Qiu Xue‐Peng , Dong De‐Wen , Yu Dong‐Hong , Jiang Bing‐Zheng 
Published: April 2003

AbstractHybrid poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)/SiO2 monoliths were synthesized via a sol–gel process of the precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and the in situ free‐radical polymerization of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). The weight ratio of the starting chemicals, TEOS to HEMA, was varied between 100/0 and 0/100. Structural analysis was performed by IR and NMR. The NMR results indicated that the introduction of PHEMA in the silica networks gave rise to a lower degree of condensation of TEOS. The resulting monoliths showed more than 75% transmittance in the visible region, that is, good transparency. Mechanical properties were studied with an Instron tester, and the monoliths exhibited better compressive strength and modulus than did bulk PHEMA. Surprisingly, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data showed greater than 50 wt % solid residue up to 700°C, possibly related to some degree of chemical crosslinking between the polymer and the silica moiety, which would greatly improve the thermal stability of such hybrid monoliths compared with a pure PHEMA. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3168–3175, 2003
Synthesis and gelation of novel fluoroalkyl end‐capped N‐(1,1‐dimethyl‐3‐oxobutyl)acrylamide copolymers containing triol segments—Interaction of these fluorinated gels with various hydrophilic compounds
Authors: Sawada Hideo , Fujisawa Akiko , Kawase Tokuzo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFluoroalkyl end‐capped N‐(1,1‐dimethyl‐3‐oxobutyl)acrylamide (DOBAA) copolymers containing triol segments were prepared by the reactions of fluoroalkanoyl peroxide with the corresponding monomer and N‐tris(hydroxymethyl)methylacrylamide (NAT). These obtained fluorinated copolymers [RF‐(DOBAA)x‐(NAT)y‐RF] were found to cause gelation in water, dimethyl sulfoxide, and N,N‐dimethylformamide under the non‐crosslinked conditions, although the corresponding nonfluorinated DOBAA–NAT copolymer [‐(DOBAA)x‐(NAT)y‐] could cause no gelation in these solvents. This gelation is governed by the synergistic interaction of strong aggregations of end‐capped fluoroalkyl segments and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between triol segments. We also studied the uptake and release of a variety of hydrophilic compounds such as methylene blue, methyl orange, 4‐hydroxyazobenzene‐4′‐sulfonic acid sodium salt, 2,4‐dihydroxyazobenzene‐4′‐sulfonic acid sodium salt, acriflavine hydrochloride, acridine hydrochloride, lucigenin, and fluorescein by this fluorinated copolymer gel and fluoroalkyl end‐capped NAT homopolymer gel [RF‐(NAT)n‐RF] for comparison. It was demonstrated that the uptake and release ratios of these hydrophilic compounds by RF‐(DOBAA)x‐(NAT)y‐RF gel become generally lower than those of RF‐(NAT)n‐RF gel. Interestingly, RF‐(DOBAA)x‐(NAT)y‐RF gel has no releasing power toward methylene blue, acridine hydrochloride, lucigenin, and fluorescein, although RF‐(NAT)n‐RF gel has a good releasing power toward these compounds. Additionally, RF‐(DOBAA)x‐(NAT)y‐RF gel was applied to the controlled release of anticancer drugs such as methotrexate (MTX), and the releasing ratios of MTX became higher with increasing pH values (from pH 4.3 to 9.1). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88:3212–3217, 2003
Changes in orientation caused by UV irradiation of nylon 6 fibers
Authors: Fouda I. M. , Shabana H. M. , El‐Sharkawy F. M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe effect of UV radiation on the structural parameters that relate to the optical properties of nylon 6 fibers are investigated using interferometry. When the optical parameters are known, we can use them to calculate various orientation functions given by Hermans and de Vries. The properties of concern are the surface reflectivity, transparency, stress optical coefficient, stress due to UV irradiation, optical configuration parameter, segment anisotropy, dielectric constant, and susceptibility. The number of molecules per unit volume, isotropic refractive index, polarizability of a monomer unit, specific refractivity of the dielectric (along and across the fiber axis) and the form birefringence were obtained. The results are established by relationships designed to relate the calculated structural parameters to the time of exposure. The study demonstrates how the structural parameters change during exposure to UV radiation. Illustrations are given using graphs and microinterferograms. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3202–3211, 2003
Mechanical and dielectric properties of polymer composites containing tubules
Authors: Chiou Bor‐Sen , Lankford Andrew R. , Schoen Paul E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe thermal, dynamic mechanical, and dielectric properties of copper‐coated lipid tubules incorporated into three polyurethane matrices with varying surface tensions have been examined. The tubules did not affect the glass‐transition temperature of the polymer matrices, indicating that the tubule–polymer interactions may not be strong enough to restrict the mobility of polymer chains near the filler surface. The composite's elastic modulus can also be adequately modeled using the Nielsen equation. In addition, the real part of the permittivity for the composites increased monotonically over the tubule concentration range. All samples had a small imaginary part of the permittivity, indicating the tubule concentrations were below the percolation threshold concentration. Also, the three types of matrices had comparable permittivity values at each tubule concentration, suggesting the polymer surface tension did not affect the tubule distribution in the composite. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3218–3224, 2003
Investigation of microstructure of 4‐vinyl pyridine–methacylonitrile copolymers by NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Hooda Sunita , Brar A. S. 
Published: April 2003

Abstract4‐Vinyl pyridine–methacrylonitrile (V/M) copolymers of different composition were prepared by bulk polymerization using benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The copolymer composition was determined from quantitative 13C{1H}‐NMR spectra. The reactivity ratios for V/M copolymer obtained from a linear Kelen‐Tudos method (KT) and nonlinear error‐in‐variables method (EVM) are rV = 0.79 ± 0.12, rM = 0.38 ± 0.09 and rV = 0.79 ± 0.13, rM = 0.38 ± 0.07, respectively. The complete spectral assignment in term of compositional and configurational sequences of these copolymers were done with the help of distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT), two‐dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy (HSQC). Total correlated spectroscopy (TOCSY) experiment was used to assign the various three‐bond 1H‐1H couplings in the V/M copolymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3232–3238, 2003
Synthesis and characterization of degradable copoly(trans‐4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline/ϵ‐caprolactone)
Authors: Lee Ren‐Shen , Yang Jen‐Ming 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe melt polycondensation reaction of N‐protected trans‐4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline (N‐Z‐Hpr) and ϵ‐caprolactone (ϵ‐CL) over a wide range of molar fractions in the feed produced new and degradable poly(N‐Z‐Hpr‐co‐ϵ‐CL)s with stannous octoate as a catalyst. The optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of the copolymers were obtained with 1.5 wt % stannous octoate at 140°C for 24 h. The synthesized copolymers were characterized by IR spectrophotometry, 1H NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, and Ubbelohde viscometry. The values of the inherent viscosity (ηinh) and glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymers depended on the molar fractions of N‐Z‐Hpr. With an increase in the trans‐4‐hydroxy‐N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐proline (N‐CBz‐Hpr) feed from 10 to 90 mol %, a decrease in ηinh from 2.47 to 1.05 dL/g, and an increase in Tg from −48 to 49°C were observed. The in vitro degradation of these poly(N‐CBz‐Hpr‐co‐ϵ‐CL)s was evaluated from weight‐loss measurements. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3176–3182, 2003