bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation between intra-abdominal neoplasms and abscesses in horses, using clinical and laboratory data: 40 cases (1973-1988)
Authors: Zicker Steven C. , Wilson W. David , Medearis Ilsi 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The medical records of 25 horses with intra-abdominal neoplasms and 15 horses with intra-abdominal abscesses were reviewed. Common clinical signs of disease observed by owners of horses in both groups included anorexia, weight loss, fever, signs of colic, and depression. Clinical laboratory abnormalities included leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocalcemia. There was considerable overlap of laboratory test results within and between the 2 groups of horses. Peritoneal fluid was classified as an exudate in 12 of 15 horses with intra-abdominal abscesses and in 14 of 25 horses with intra-abdominal neoplasms. Cytologic examination of peritoneal fluid yielded an accurate diagnosis in 11 of 25 horses with neoplasia and in 3 of 15 horses with abscesses. A mean number of 1.45 cytologic analyses/horse was needed to diagnose neoplasms in the 11 horses in which the analysis was successful in definitively diagnosing the condition.
Decreased erythrocyte potassium concentration associated with exercise-related myopathy in horses
Authors: Bain Fairfield T. , Merritt A. M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
To investigate the possibility that a disorder of potassium balance may have a role in the development of equine rhabdomyolysis, the potassium concentration within erythrocytes (RBC [K+]) and plasma (P [K+]) was measured in 3 groups of horses: group 1, eight 2-year-old fillies that had postexercise muscle soreness within 48 hours of sample collection; group 2, ten 2-year-old fillies subjected to identical management and training conditions (as fillies of group 1) and that did not have signs of myopathy; and group 3, 32 yearlings of both sexes on the farm of origin of groups 1 and 2 that were pastured and not in training. Creatine kinase activity in serum from horses of groups 1 and 2 was also measured. The mean P [K+] was not significantly different between groups, whereas the mean RBC [K+] was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in group-1 fillies vs group-2 fillies and group -3 horses. Group-1 fillies also had markedly high serum creatine kinase activity. Results of the study revealed significantly lower RBC [K+] in horses that had had signs of myopathy within the preceding 48 hours. This does not prove a causal relationship between RBC potassium depletion and myopathy, but does suggest that decreased RBC [K+] may be observed in horses with exercise-related myopathy.
Prevalence of trichomoniasis among California beef herds
Authors: BonDurant R. H. , Anderson M. L. , Blanchard P. , Hird D. , Danaye-Elmi C. , Palmer C. , Sischo W. M. , Suther D. , Utterback W. , Weigler B. J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Sixty cow-half herds of more than 50 cows each were randomly selected for a prevalence survey of bovine trichomoniasis in California. Herd size, as judged by the number of bulls, ranged from 1 to 210 bulls (median = 8; mean = 59 ± 15.8). Preputial smegma was collected from 729 bulls (median = 6 bulls/herd) and cultured for Tritrichomonas foetus. Of 57 herds from which samples were collected, 9 (15.8%) had at least one infected bull. Of the 729 bulls from which samples were cultured, 30 (4.1%) were infected. Correcting for sensitivity of the diagnostic test yielded a prevalence of 5.0%. Infection rates for bulls >3 years old and ≤3 years old were 6.7% and 2.0%, respectively (P > 0.025). Median herd sizes were 14 bulls (range, 6 to 114) for infected herds and 7 (range, 1 to 210) for uninfected herds. These findings suggest that trichomoniasis is common in California beef herds. Because several bulls <4 years old were infected, we suggest that control measures stressing replacement of older bulls with younger ones should be combined with diagnostic procedures in those younger replacements, to ensure that they are not already infected.
Ultrasonographic findings in horses with cholelithiasis: Eight cases (1985-1987)
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Johnston Janet K. , Divers Thomas J. , Acland Helen 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Cholelithiasis and/or obstructive biliary tract disease was diagnosed ultrasonographically in 8 horses, 5 to 15 years old. Ultrasonographic findings revealed greater than normal amount of hepatic parenchyma in the right side of the abdomen in 8 horses and in the left side in 3 horses. The echogenicity of the liver was greater than normal, and thick distended bile ducts were seen in all horses. Choleliths were imaged ultrasonographically in 6 horses.
Subsequently, postmortem findings in 6 horses revealed periportal and intralobular fibrosis, moderate bile duct dilatation, proliferation, and cholestasis. One or more choleliths were found in all horses. Ultrasonographic findings accurately depicted the histologic changes in the hepatic parenchyma in horses with cholelithiasis.
Lack of supportive susceptibility data for use of ampicillin together with trimethoprim-sulfonamide as broad-spectrum antimicrobial treatment of bacterial disease in dogs
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Jang Spencer S. , Biberstein Ernst L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The combination of ampicillin together with trimethoprim-sulfonamide is sometimes used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial regimen for treatment of dogs with bacterial infections of unknown etiopathogenesis. To determine whether this combination is indeed broad spectrum, we analyzed susceptibility data derived from commonly encountered bacterial agents in dogs.
A total of 381 isolates from 344 cases was studied. Overall, 80 (20.9%) of the 381 isolates were resistant to ampicillin and to trimethoprim-sulfonamide; 159 (41.7%) were resistant to ampicillin, but susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfonamide; 131 (34.4%) were susceptible to both ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfonamide; and 11 (2.9%) were susceptible to ampicillin, but resistant to trimethoprim-sulfonamide. Of isolates susceptible to ampicillin and/or trimethoprim-sulfonamide, 290 (96.3%) were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfonamide (ampicillin increased the coverage by 3.7%). On the other hand, 142 (47.2%) were susceptible to ampicillin. In addition, with respect to agents most commonly encountered (members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and members of the genus Staphylococcus), combining ampicillin with trimethoprim-sulfonamide increased coverage by 2.2% over use of trimethoprim-sulfonamide alone.
We contend, therefore, that use of ampicillin together with trimethoprim-sulfonamide does not result in an acceptable broad-spectrum antimicrobial regimen for treatment of bacterial disease in dogs.
Evaluation of heartworm immunodiagnostic tests
Authors: Courtney Charles H. , Cornell John A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In this report, the use of appropriate statistical methods for the evaluation of heartworm immunodiagnostic tests is discussed. The evaluation of these tests is complicated by factors causing variation in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and predictive values of positive and negative test results. The primary sources of inconsistency are variation in the prevalence of heartworm infection among populations of dogs and the sensitivity of immunodiagnostic tests to various categories of heartworm infections (ie, patent, immune-mediated occult, unisex occult, and immature occult). Sample size (ie, number of dogs tested) affects the confidence limit values of sensitivity and specificity. At least 100 dogs should be used in each testing group (infected and uninfected) to generate values of sensitivity or specificity within reasonably narrow confidence limits. Use of more than 200 dogs in each testing group contributes little to further narrowing of confidence limits. The selection of appropriate statistical tests for comparison of tests or comparison of the sensitivity or specificity of a single diagnostic test to various categories of heartworm infections is critical. The McNemar paired χ2 test is appropriate for comparison of diagnostic tests, but it must be done by use of duplicate sera from each animal. A χ2 test of independence, or, in the case of a small sample size, the Fisher exact test, is appropriate for comparing the sensitivity or specificity of a single diagnostic test to various categories of heartworm infection.
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in horses
Authors: Spier Sharon J. , Carlson Gary P. , Holliday Terrell A. , Cardinet George H. , Pickar Joel G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Eleven horses (3 mares, 7 stallions, 1 gelding) with clinical and biochemical evidence of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis were studied. Each horse had history of episodic weakness, muscular tremors, or collapse, which lasted for periods of a few minutes to hours. Diagnosis was based on hyperkalemia in association with a spontaneous episode of paralysis or by precipitation of an episode by oral administration of potassium chloride. Clinical and biochemical events were documented during spontaneous and induced episodes of muscular weakness. During episodes, electrocardiographic findings were consistent with hyperkalemia. Electromyography performed between episodes revealed fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves, complex repetitive discharges, and myotonic discharges. Histologic changes in muscle biopsy specimens varied from no overt changes in some horses to vacuolation in type-2B fibers with mild degenerative changes in other horses. Electron microscopy of myofibers revealed dilatations of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Analysis of blood samples taken serially during induced attacks in 5 horses revealed marked hyperkalemia (5.5 to 9.0 mEq/L), with normal acid-base status, hemoconcentration, and modest changes in muscle-derived enzymes. Close correlation (r2 = 0.882) between total plasma protein and plasma potassium concentrations was observed and indicated a shift of fluid out of the extracellular fluid compartment. Treatment of either spontaneous or induced episodes by iv administration of calcium, glucose, or bicarbonate resulted in rapid recovery. Dietary management or daily administration of acetazolamide effectively controlled episodes.
An affected mare was bred to an affected stallion, and 3 affected offspring were produced by embryo transfer. Blood samples from another extended family of affected horses were analyzed for identification of a genetic marker. Blood typing, including 22 loci, revealed no linkage with erythrocytic or serum markers. Lymphocyte typing for equine lymphocytic antigen markers also failed to reveal any linkage.
Erythrocyte dyscrasia, anemia, and hypothyroidism in chronically underweight llamas
Authors: Smith Bradford B. , Reed Pamela J. , Pearson Erwin G. , Long Patrick , Lassen E. Duane , Watrous Barbara J. , Lovelady Sandy , Sims David E. , Snyder Stan P. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A syndrome characterized by anemia, erythrocyte dyscrasia, low body weight, and hypothyroidism was observed in 8 llamas (Lama glama). At initial examination (1 to 23 months of age; median, 7.5 months), llamas (3 males, 5 females) were markedly underweight (29 to 55 kg; median, 36 kg) and anemic (pcv, 12.9 to 25.5% [median, 19%]). Five of the llamas became progressively more anemic over time; in 2 of them, pcv decreased to < 10%. Erythrocyte changes included severe poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, asymmetric distribution of hemoglobin within the cytoplasm, and cytoplasmic extensions from one or both poles. Six llamas had moderate to severe valgus deformities of the carpus. All llamas had low baseline serum thyroxine concentration and diminished response to thyrotropin administration. Baseline and post-thyrotropin triiodothyronine concentrations did not have consistent patterns. Five llamas were hypophosphatemic and 7 had low serum iron concentration (iron concentration was not determined in 1 llama). Orally administered iron supplementation did not induce clinical improvement. Because 3 of the affected llamas were full sisters, a genetic basis for the problem has to be considered. It was not possible to evaluate the familial relationship of the other 5 affected llamas. Although the underlying cause of the problem was not established, the prognosis for affected llamas is guarded to poor.
Evaluation of relationship between plasma fibrinogen concentration and tuberculin testing in red deer
Authors: Cross J. P. , Reynolds G. E. , Mackintosh C. G. , Griffin J. F. T. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
After intradermal injection of bovine purified derivative (ppd), increases in plasma fibrinogen concentration and plasma viscosity developed in red deer (Cervus elaphus) with a history of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Serum haptoglobin concentrations were also found to increase under similar circumstances. The increases were reproducible and did not appear to be related to mustering, stress, or the handling associated with injection of ppd. A significant (P < 0.05) direct relationship was found between the increase in plasma fibrinogen concentration and various markers of bovine tuberculosis infection, such as stimulation of lymphocyte transformation in response to bovine ppd and the diameter of intradermal tuberculin skin test reactions. A stronger correlation (P < 0.01) was found with the volume of intradermal tuberculin skin test reactivity, and the strongest correlation (P < 0.001) was with the presence of circulating antibovine ppd antibody.
Spread of pseudorabies virus among breeding swine in quarantined herds
Authors: Duffy Sergio J. , Morrison Robert B. , Thawley David G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In theory, pseudorabies virus (prv) may be eliminated from any size of breeding herd by phased test and removal if replacement gilts are not infected with prv, culling decisions are partially based on prv status, and the cull rate is higher than the incidence rate of prv. Annual cull rates are commonly at least 50%, but little information exists on the incidence of prv within enzootically infected swine herds. The purpose of this study was to develop a method by which spread of prv could be detected among breeding swine within enzootically infected herds and to determine the incidence of prv infection in these herds. Data were collected from 17 herds that were quarantined for prv and ranged in size from 120 to 1,100 sows. At each herd, within the first 5 days of introduction, a group of approximately 30 replacement gilts was identified, vaccinated with a glycoprotein X-deleted prv vaccine, and blood sample was collected. The owner of 1 herd had a nonvaccinated breeding herd and elected to leave incoming gilts nonvaccinated. After vaccination, blood samples were collected every 1 to 2 months for an average of 13.6 months. Serum samples from vaccinated gilts were tested for antiglycoprotein X antibodies by a specific differential elisa. Samples from nonvaccinated gilts were evaluated by serum neutralization test. Product-limit method was used to estimate the probability of not becoming infected with prv. Spread was detected in 7 of 8 herds that had more than 400 sows and in 2 of 9 herds that had less than 400 sows. The minimal elapsed time between introduction and detection prv infection varied from 2 to 6 months. In the 9 herds in which spread was detected, the probability that a replacement gilt did not become infected ranged from 53% at month 10 after introduction to 95% at month 15. Annual incidence ranged from 61% to 4.7%, respectively. When prv was detected, it spread slowly and sporadically. Therefore, assuming that replacement gilts remain negative and that the culling decision could be made partially on prv status, phased testing and removal would be a viable method to eliminate prv from most of these herds.
Prevalence of nephrotoxicosis associated with a short-term saline solution diuresis protocol for the administration of cisplatin to dogs with malignant tumors: 61 cases (1987-1989)
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Straw Rodney C. , Powers Barbara E. , Cooper Mary F. , Withrow Stephen J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The study reported here was undertaken to determine the nephrotoxicosis associated with the administration of cisplatin, an antineoplastic agent, to dogs when administered during 6-hour saline solution diuresis. Cisplatin (70 mg/m2 of body surface, iv, every 21 days) was given to 61 dogs with malignant neoplasia with a total of 185 doses in 1 (n = 9 dogs), 2 (n = 26 dogs), 3 (n = 4 dogs), 4 (n = 9 dogs), 5 (n = 2 dogs), and 6 (n = 11 dogs) treatments. The cisplatin was given over a 20-minute period after 0.9% NaCl solution (saline solution) was administered iv for 4 hours at a rate of 18.3 ml/kg of body weight/h. After the cisplatin infusion, saline solution diuresis was continued at the same rate for 2 hours. Before each treatment with cisplatin, dogs were evaluated with at least a physical examination, cbc, determination of serum urea nitrogen concentration, and in most cases, determination of serum creatinine concentration and urine specific gravity. Four of the 61 dogs (6.6%) developed clinically evident renal disease after 2 (1 dog), 3 (2 dogs), and 4 (1 dog) doses of cisplatin were administered. Three of the 4 dogs had preexisting disease of the urinary tract prior to the start of treatment. The survival time in dogs that developed renal disease (median, 145 days; range, 15 to 150 days) was similar to that of all dogs in this study (median, 154 days; range, 30 to 500 days), with 13 dogs still alive at the conclusion of the study. Three of the 4 dogs that developed renal disease were euthanatized because of tumor-related causes and chronic renal failure, whereas the fourth died as a direct result of nephrotoxicosis. Therefore, the 6-hour saline solution diuresis protocol used in this study to administer cisplatin appears to be effective in preventing nephrotoxicosis in dogs with tumors without preexisting urinary tract disease.
Epizootic of pseudorabies among ten swine herds
Authors: Scheidt A. B. , Rueff L. R. , Grant R. H. , Teclaw R. F. , Hill M. A. , Meyer K. B. , Clark L. K. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
An epizootic of pseudorabies in 10 swine herds located near Greensburg in Decatur County, Indiana was investigated. Records of Decatur County swine herds previously quarantined because of pseudorabies were obtained. For the 1988 epizootic, clinical findings were considered, location of each of the 10 swine herds in relation to the other herds was determined, and potential fomites were considered. Meteorologic data prior to, during, and after the epizootic were obtained, correlated, and analyzed. A source-receptor model, based on wind direction and speed data, was used to determine whether weather conditions in the Greensburg area enhanced the potential for aerosol spread of pseudorabies virus between herds. On the basis of lack of other modes of spread of pseudorabies and on meteorologic and source-receptor data, aerosol transmission of pseudorabies virus between the 10 herds was probable.
Comparison of procedures for assessing adequacy of dog foods
Authors: Huber Thomas L. , Laflamme Dorothy P. , Medleau Linda , Comer Karen M. , Rakich Pauline M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Dog foods with similar claims for nutritional adequacy were tested by chemical analysis and the American Association of Feed Control Officials’ growth trial. All foods tested were similar chemically, however, dogs given one regionally marketed food had lower growth rate and food efficiency as well as suboptimal pcv and hemoglobin values during the growth trial. Pups fed this diet also had clinical signs typical of zinc and copper deficiencies. We concluded that American Association of Feed Control Officials’ approved feeding tests provide valid assessment of pet food quality, and procedures involving only chemical analysis or calculated values may not.
In situ observation of the ovaries of llamas and alpacas by use of a laparoscopic technique
Authors: Sumar Julio , Bravo P. Walter 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A laparoscopic technique was used to observe in situ the ovaries of llamas and alpacas. Use of this technique results in minimal surgical stress and allows repetitive observation of various reproductive stages in the same animal. Ovarian follicular activity before and after breeding, time of ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression, early embryo death, failure of ovulation, and the early events of pregnancy can be assessed quickly and safely. For 1,291 laparoscopies performed, postsurgical disturbance was not observed, and animals were released from the clinic 1 hour after laparoscopy.
Feline leukemia virus infection and diseases
Authors: Hoover Edward A. , Mullins James I. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Feline leukemia virus is a naturally occurring, contagiously transmitted and oncogenic immunosuppressive retrovirus of cats. The effects of FeLV are paradoxical, causing cytoproliferative and cytosuppressive disease (eg, lymphoma and myeloproliferative disorders vs immunodeficiency and myelosuppressive disorders). In the first few weeks after virus exposure, interactions between FeLV and hemolymphatic system cells determine whether the virus or the cat will dominate in the host/virus relationship—persistent viremia and progressive infection or self limiting, regressive infection will develop. The outcome of these early host/virus interactions is revealed in the diagnostic assays for FeLV antigenemia and viremia. The latter, in turn, predict the outcome of FeLV infection in cats. Known host resistance factors include age and immune system functional status. Known virus virulence factors are magnitude of exposure and virus genotype. Molecular analysis of FeLV strains indicated that natural virus isolates exist as mixtures of closely related virus genotypes and that minor genetic variations among FeLV strains can impart major differences in pathogenicity. The genetic coding regions responsible for cell targeting and specific disease inducing capacity (eg, thymic lymphoma, acute immunosuppression, or aplastic anemia) have been mapped to the virus surface glycoprotein and/or long terminal repeat regions for several FeLV strains. Infection by specific FeLV strains leads to either malignant transformation or cytopathic deletion of specific lymphocyte and hemopoietic cell population, changes that prefigure the onset of clinical illness. Another notable feature of the biology of FeLV is that many cats are able to effectively contain and terminate viral replication, an important example of host immunologic control of a retrovirus infection and a process that can be selectively enhanced by vaccination. Thus, FeLV infection serves as a natural model of the multifaceted pathogenesis of retroviruses and as a paradigm for immunoprophylaxis against an immunosuppressive leukemogenic retrovirus.