bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thracian Knights And The Macedonian Conquest
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Thracian Warrior Aristocracy Reached its apogee in the fourth century BC. Although some of its members continued to prosper under the Mace donian protectorate with the opening up of the Thracian Plain to more intensive commerce with the Aegean and Pontic coasts, and were honoured after death in elabor ate built tombs, the appearance of social continuity is deceptive. The imposition of Macedonian administration had a differential effect on the continuing elaboration of social distinctions, the growth of technological skills, and the nature of internal networks. Throughout the fourth century grave goods, whether native or imported, became more varied and less socially exclusive.
Introduction
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Narrative’ is hardly the first word to come to mind when thinking about Horace’s Odes. Why is this? Because ostensibly the Odes are lyric, and narrative belongs to other genres. Because Horace speaks as a lyric ego, as if to persuade rather than inform or entertain his addressee (and his reader). Because the central didactic message of the Odes is carpe diem, a maxim that not only enjoins us to live in the present, but evokes the poetry of the present: its locus is the symposium (Davis 1991). Sympotic poetry entails conversation and song, but song that keeps to the moment, inscribes its own occasion, and does not go on at length about the events of the mythic past. Such is a simplified version of commonplace assumptions about the genre and philosophy of the Odes — assumptions that are reasonable, if not entirely correct. We may, however, raise objections: Horace does tell stories, and myth is central to epinician — to name only the most conspicuous of the lyric subgenres to contain extended narrative. Moreover, telling stories is one mode of discourse. And the digressions into myth hardly amount to an interest in the past per se, but rather aim to tell us something of present relevance.
History and Epic: The Roman Odes
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The personal narratives discussed in the last chapter herald Something Big: the Roman Odes. These poems fly on the wings of a swan (C. 2. 20) over all of Horace’s self-imposed, loudly promulgated boundaries. The Ars Poetica states a problem: sectantem levia nervi / deficiunt animique; professus grandia turget (‘sinews and spirit fail the one who pursues levity; he who professes grandeur swells’, 26 – 7). The solution is for a professus levia (one who has professed levity) to show nervi animique (sinews and spirit). C. 3. 3, 3. 4, and 3. 5 embrace high style narrative, epic colouring, public moralizing, and praise of Caesar. Praise of Caesar? All three poems situate his name immediately before a mytho-historical exemplum. The urgent question facing my analysis is whether the struggle between lyric and narrative authority fragments the coherence of any possible praise-making. The answer will depend on what we mean by praise-certainly nothing direct, unmediated, unqualified. Lyric throws up discursive obstacles.
Introduction
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first book of his Histories Herodotus tells the story of Adrastus, the unfortunate exile who killed Croesus’ son by accident after promising to protect him. At three key points in the story –Adrastus’ arrival, Croesus’ request for help, and Adrastus’ appearance before the bereaved monarch — Herodotus switches from third-person narrative to direct speech, and the characters use vocatives to address one another.
Favorinus: The Man of Paradoxes
Authors: * Leofrance Holford-Strevens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato and Platonism, as Dr Sedley has reminded us, emerge none the worse from the institutional demise of the Academy; the name of ‘Academic’ (in Greek normally ‘AKα δ η μ α їkós but in Latin Academicus) may stil1 be heard in the second century of our era, albeit less frequently than ‘Platonist’ (Π λ αtwvikós, Platonicus).
The Soul of a Plutarchan Hero
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we begin our case studies of pairs of Lives in which moral values are explored and challenged, it is worth pausing to consider some aspects of the value-system which informs Plutarch’s work, the overall moral framework running through the Lives as a whole. This framework functions to reinforce certain key values which are implicit in all the Lives: transgression of, or adherence to, these norms both determines the moral status of the subject and reinforces the norms themselves. The value system implicit in the Lives can be related to Plutarch’s back ground in Platonic thought: in particular, Platonic conceptions of human psychology.
The Lives of Pyrrhos and Marius
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of our case studies of the moralism of the Parallel Lives consists of a pair of biographies in which there is a clear and largely unproblematic moral message. The Pyrrhos-Marius poses few problems of overall interpretation. A single moral theme runs through both Lives. Together they form an illustration and warning of the dangers of discontent. Though Plutarch never states this explicitly, Pyrrhos and Marius should most probably be seen as ‘ great natures’ : men with great natural endowments, and indeed of great achievements, but whose characters are perverted through a bad environment or bad education. They thus fulfil the function of negative examples of that rather specific kind to which Plutarch alludes in the prologue to the Demetrios-Antony.
Synkrisis and the Synkriseis in the Parallel Lives
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synkritic modes of thought seem to have run deep in the Greek mentality. The tendency to conceive the world in polarized terms is strong in pre-Sokratic and Hippokratic writings; Hippokratic medical treatises, for example, conceive the body in terms of a series of opposites, such as hot and cold, wet and dry, which should be in balance for good health. The Greeks of the fifth and fourth centuries bc constructed their own identity by means of a set of mutually exclusive polarities: Greek-barbarian, male-female, citizen-alien, free-slave. Synkrisis became an important means of moral characterization.
Rams, Fleece, and Gold
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kantharos-rhyton in Hamburg by Sotades (Figs. 21-3, Cat. LI) holds special interest because of the challenge it poses to an iconological approach. The pictures on its bowl yield little apparent sense even at the iconographic level, and the form of the vase is itself unusual: a powerful ram’s head attached to a flaring kantharos bowl. It is, in fact, a combination of two different shapes, a kantharos and a rhyton. The unusual conjunction of two vase forms in a single vessel is perhaps best understood through the analogy of Greek rhetoric, which employs duplication-or redundancy to emphasize a point.
Deep Play
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a fairly prevalent Greek view, instability and risk are the very essence of existence, or reality (hyparxis). Heroism is dangerous, but it is through danger that life ceases to be banal. Both tragedy and comedy depend on this insight for their substance and effect. In the following I shall draw on Athenian vase-painting and the evidence of Sophokles and three Presocratic philosophers to explore the Greek attitude to risk, a focal anthropological concept and culturally conditioned idea. My point of departure will be two joining bowl fragments of a Sotadean cup-skyphos in a Swiss private collection. As chance would have it, the two fragments preserve most of the vessel’s picture decoration (Fig. 79, Cat. C3).
The Urban Landscape
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A modern-day traveller through the countryside of Mesopotamia does not see the remains of majestic stone temples and funerary monuments, as is the case in Egypt, but encounters nothing other than earthen mounds, distinguished from their surroundings only by their height. These mounds, usually referred to with the Arabic term tell, are the remnants of great and small cities, the accumulation through millennia of the debris of mud-brick houses, palaces, and temples. To recognize the layout of the ancient cities of Mesopotamia from these remains is not an easy task. Although aerial photographs can provide us with a map of their main features, this map will always be a palimpsest with details from many different eras. The collection of datable objects on the surface of the tell, usually pottery shards, permits to some degree the determination of when certain zones were occupied, but still in a very imprecise way. Only excavation guarantees the clear recognition of buildings and their date of occupation. It is, however, an extremely expensive and time-consuming procedure, and not a single urban site in Mesopotamia has been completely excavated. In fact, most excavations have uncovered only a very small percentage of the total area of the site under investigation.
Credit and Management
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most commonly recorded transaction in Mesopotamian con¬ tracts is the loan. Thousands of documents detailing the receipt of goods or silver and the obligation for their repayment, with or without interest, are preserved from the late third millennium on in Babylonia and Assyria. The format of the loan contracts varied enormously. The creditor could be an individual, several persons, an individual together with an institution, or an institution by itself. The debtor could be a single person or a group of people. The commodities loaned could be silver, consumables such as corn or dates, or a mixture of both. The loans could be repaid in kind, consumables could be given for silver, or silver could be paid for with agricultural produce.
Cities as Centres of Religion and Learning
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is something of a truism to state that the centres of culture in Mesopotamia were the cities, since I started this book by saying that Mesopotamian culture as known to us was an urban culture. Yet it is remarkable that there is no trace at all of an awareness or recognition of culture outside the cities. Non-urban people had a culture; oral tradition, religion, and art are found universally among villagers and nomads. In Mesopotamian tradition there is no acknowledgement of the fact that they had or could have influenced the urban culture. This is especially true with regard to religion and literacy, where the urban bias is absolute.
Prologue
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most comprehensive visual representations of the Ilioupersis to survive from antiquity is found on a small Graeco-Roman relief plaque now in the Capitoline Museum, one of a group of such plaques known collectively as the Tabulae Iliacae (Cat. no. 1*-Fig. 1). Theodoros, as the artist identifies himself in an inscription, allotted approximately one-half of the tablet’s figured surface to the capture of Troy, represented in the form of a walled city, viewed from a nearby elevated perspective. The walls outline a roughly square area, within which the artist has distributed several familiar components of the myth among three horizontal registers, each demarcated by a significant architectural element. The trapezoidal precinct of Athena, framed by a three-sided colonnade embracing the goddess’s temple within, forms the uppermost of the three registers. Here stands the wooden horse, and directly in front of the temple Aias attacks the Trojan princess Kassandra. The middle register is defined by the royal palace and two flanking temples. In the courtyard of the palace King Priamsits in supplication at the altar of Zeus, under attack from Neoptolemos, and to the right of the palace Menelaos recovers his wife Helen at the temple of Aphrodite. The lower register of the city consists of an open area dominated by the massive Skaian gates.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two remarkably similar human sacrifices are recorded within the Trojan epic poems. Before setting sail from Aulis, the Achaian army sacrifices Iphigeneia to Artemis, and after conquering Troy, they sacrifice Polyxene to the shade of Achilles. The victim in each case is the daughter of a commander: Iphigeneia is a child of Agamemnon, most powerful of the Achaian chieftains, and Polyxene is a daughter of Priam, king of Troy. Achilles plays a part in both sacrifices: Iphigeneia is lured to Aulis upon the pretext of marriage with the hero, and Polyxene is sacrificed upon his tomb to serve as his concubine in death. Furthermore, each sacrifice is performed as a pre requisite to the departure of the Achaian fleet: they must sacrifice Iphigeneia in order to sail to Troy, and they must sacrifice Polyxene in order to sail home. Finally, the two sacrifices stand at complementary positions within the saga: the sacrifice of Iphigeneia comes at the beginning of the war, that of Polyxene at the war’s conclusion.
Exile
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero’s letters from exile have typically been viewed as extreme and somewhat embarrassing outpourings of emotion. The extremity has frequently been seen as betraying a peculiar and inadequate personality, or at any rate an unusual mental state. These reactions descend from the moral criticism of Cicero’s grief voiced in antiquity itself. A moral strain is often audible in modern comments on the letters; psychological categories are sometimes offered or imposed as explanations. Pervasive in most discussion is an assumption of the author’s passivity. It is as if weak Cicero, the unresisting slave of feeling, was driven simply to transcribe his emotions onto the page, unaffected by his addressee and unconcerned with any organization of his experience in words. The idea itself seems dubious on every level (how can one even write of one’s feelings without thought?); a careful look at the letters shows how little justice it does them. So the letters which seem most like pure self-expression also emerge as potent communication.
Consolation
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advancing still further into the regions of gloom, we pass from exile to bereavement. In the last chapter we saw Cicero writing from within a terrible experience. In this chapter, we shall look at Cicero and others writing from outside a still more terrible experience to those within it; we shall see them attempting to handle, and to modify, strong emotion in others. The theme is intrinsically interesting, and the letters that treat it include some of the most impressive in the collection.
The subject of consolation enables comparisons between letters and between writers: we can observe Cicero consoling different people, and different people consoling Cicero. We have an opportunity to see how Cicero’s stylistic and personal manner, in this difficult situation, compares with that of contemporaries. The discussion will begin from two letters by Cicero, and proceed to two letters by others. The comparison between the letters, as we shall see, is by no means straightforward.
Humour
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humour is one of the most attractive ingredients of Cicero’s letters. But it would be misguided to view it as a straightforward feature of artless conversation, which allows us to escape from the artificialities of premeditated expression. It would be misguided too to approach the humour in a void as disembodied jokes, without relation to the particular circumstances in which each letter originates. One must appreciate the importance of both an aesthetic and a personal dimension. The first section of this chapter will begin from the aesthetic aspect; it will then look at the personal aspect, and set the humour of the letters in the larger context of Cicero’s reuvre. The section is sadly protracted; but some unkind god has joined together, Z:mpacata consanguimtate, in ever-warring kinship, humour and explanation.
Introduction
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lucan’s Pharsalia is a document of fundamental importance for students of the history and literature of Rome in the early imperial period. By taking as his theme the civil war sparked by Caesar’s invasion of Italy in 49 BC, Lucan engages with the coming of the autocratic political system under which Rome has lived for a century and of which his own family connections give him intimate experience.
Pharsalus-Wishing and Watching
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the narrator of the Pharsalia is repeatedly subject to intense emotional involvement in the various crises of the Spanish campaign. there is nevertheless a discernible heightening of engagement as the ep1c reaches its decisive conflict, Pharsalus. One passage from the Pharsalus narrative, 7, 185-213, has already been discussed as a programme for Lucan’s anguished and involved narrative voice; two others, 7. 1-44 and 7. 647-711. provide the focus for investigation in the following chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to consider three further points in Book 7 where the narrator invades the world of the action, or the action that of the narrator. These are all analysed with a view to their complexity and reflexivity. Once again, the impassioned manner of the narrator is contrasted with an alternative perspective, that of the indolent spectator Jupiter.
Pompey-The View from the Hill
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dissenting voice with which Lucan narrates the Phrasalia emphasizes the degree of its engagement by contrasting itself with others and deploring their inaction. Frequently the contrasting figure of disengagement is represented as simply watching the action, as a spectator. When that spectator is clearly the Jupiter of the Augustan poets, the refusal to intervene is testimony not just to a generalized apathy but actually to a culpable complicity with the politics of the regime Lucan detests. These are the principal conclusions to be drawn from the previous two chapters. As the three chapters that follow examine the enthusiasm of Caesar’s army to transform the civil wars into a show to be performed for the sake of their general, the ideological significance of spectacle will become ever more apparent Meanwhile the mentality to be examined in this chapter stands at a revealing point between the poles that have been established: a Republican general who can bear neither to watch a civil war nor to engage, and whose perspective on the civil war betrays his underlying bad faith; a Republiccan narrator whose instinct to praise that general can never be carried through with complete conviction.
Aeschines
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most celebrated, and possibly the most eloquent political opponent, forensic adversary, and personal enemy of Demosthenes, Aeschines also maintained a rival, or at least an alternative tradition in Greek oratory. He never wrote speeches for others to deliver and probably did not receive any form of systematic training, and his career became that of the non-professional (but not amateur) orator, whose speeches were concerned with his own affairs or his public career. Comparison with Andocides has often been made, and with reason, but Aeschines had a technical advantage over his predecessor: he was one of a number of actors who turned from the stage to the rostrum, bringing with them their natural gifts of stage presence, strong, clear voice, and good delivery. He could also draw on his experience in another job: he served for a short time as a junior secretary (hypogrammateus) to the Assembly. From the second of these early careers he acquired useful knowledge of laws and decrees,3 and how to present them in legal arguments-an ability which he needed in all three of the lawsuits for which he composed his surviving speeches.
Conclusion
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundations of a flexible and sophisticated rhetorical system, embracing argument, interpretation of the law, and emotional appeal, were laid before the first extant practical oratory appeared shortly before 420 BC. Antiphon developed certain lasting techniques, notably the application of probability-argument to behaviour, the use ofhistorical examples, and addressing the jury in terms of earnest adjuration. Andocides, an enigmatic figure, opted initially to ignore some of the basic rules. Later he acknowledged their efficacy, but also gave rein to his natural talent as a raconteur, at some sacrifice of structural discipline. The establishment of narrative as a distinct and occasionally dominant part of the speech is seen for the first time in the oratory ofLysias, where it serves purposes other than the mere presentation of factual evidence. These include characterization, the creation of an atmosphere favourable to his client or unfavourable to his opponent, and stimulation of the jury’s sense of history and civic solidarity. While the literary form of oratory was thus shaped by Lysias, Isaeus is not only a major source for historians of inheritance law, but also introduces a new level of persistence and logical thoroughness into argumentation, and launches character-assaults with unprecedented vehemence.
Introduction
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Idea of Ancient Literary Criticism is a book about an important episode in critical history stretching from the archaic Greek period to late antiquity. It is a study of literary criticism in antiquity as the collected, edited, anthologized, translated, historicized, and explicated body of ancient texts that supposedly helps us in understanding what the ancients thought art and literature were and that assists us consequently, as seems reasonable, in reading this literature.
Krisis and Agōn: The Etymology of Criticism
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In love with Tartarus through golden Aphrodite monstrous Gaia bore Typhon, her youngest [or ‘most capable of bearing arms’] child. The powerful god’s hands have works of strength and his feet are tireless; from his shoulders descend a hundred heads of a snake, of a terrible serpent, flashing with dark tongues; from the eyes of his wondrous heads fire flashes forth under his brow; from all of his heads fire burned as he looked around. In all his terrible heads were voices producing every manner of wonderous utterance. Sometimes they spoke as to be understood by the gods; at other times [they uttered] the voice of a bellowing, proud bull irrepressible in strength; at other times, of a lion which possesses an unabashed heart; at still other times, utterances like those of puppies, wondrous to hear; or sometimes he whistled and the long mountains rang out.
Dislocating States and the Sublimity of Criticism
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where the previous chapter considered the way in which ancient authors and contemporary scholarship characterize the Roman empire as a space of repression that needs to be negotiated either through silence or through self-selecting discourses, my present concern is to see how another aspect of criticism in the Ruman period continues to negotiate the post-Aristotelian project of cultural discrimination and appropriation. The critical scenario I now consider is the privileged public discourse of rhetoric. The work of Ahl, Bartsch, and others has drawn attention to the ways in which discourse and authority are in conflict in imperial Rome in poetic and historical texts, and also to the ways in which rhetoric highlights this predicament. ‘. My particular concern in this chapter is to consider how one of the most tantalizing, if also one of the most puzzling and apparently idiosyncratic, texts about literature enacts criticism in the rhetorical domain.