bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can cointegration‐based forecasting outperform univariate models? An application to Asian exchange rates
Authors: McCrae Michael , Lin Yan‐Xia , Pavlik Daniel , Gulati Chandra M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractConventional wisdom holds that restrictions on low‐frequency dynamics among cointegrated variables should provide more accurate short‐ to medium‐term forecasts than univariate techniques that contain no such information; even though, on standard accuracy measures, the information may not improve long‐term forecasting. But inconclusive empirical evidence is complicated by confusion about an appropriate accuracy criterion and the role of integration and cointegration in forecasting accuracy. We evaluate the short‐ and medium‐term forecasting accuracy of univariate Box–Jenkins type ARIMA techniques that imply only integration against multivariate cointegration models that contain both integration and cointegration for a system of five cointegrated Asian exchange rate time series. We use a rolling‐window technique to make multiple out of sample forecasts from one to forty steps ahead. Relative forecasting accuracy for individual exchange rates appears to be sensitive to the behaviour of the exchange rate series and the forecast horizon length. Over short horizons, ARIMA model forecasts are more accurate for series with moving‐average terms of order >1. ECMs perform better over medium‐term time horizons for series with no moving average terms. The results suggest a need to distinguish between ‘sequential’ and ‘synchronous’ forecasting ability in such comparisons. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of heterozygosity analysis: Practically and conceptually flawed?
Authors: Tomlinson Ian P.M. , Lambros Maryou B.K. , Roylance Rebecca R. , Cleton‐Jansen Anne‐Marie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Knudson “two‐hit” hypothesis has provided the rationale for studies that aim to identify tumor‐suppressor genes by mapping regions of allelic loss (loss of heterozygosity, LOH). Although LOH has been found in practically all types of tumors, very few such projects have been successful in identifying their tumor‐suppressor targets. The prime explanation for this failure is probably that researchers have, in general, been too credulous about the two‐hit hypothesis, and too willing to ignore factors such as intratumor heterogeneity, contamination by normal cells, karyotypic complexity, homozygous deletions, gene dosage changes, and polymerase chain reaction artifacts. We suggest ways of minimizing these problems. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee that existing or newer methods, such as genomic microarrays and in situ single‐nucleotide polymorphism analysis, will solve the difficulties of LOH analysis. The future prospects for LOH studies are, as ever, uncertain. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cDNA resource from the basal chordate Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Satou Yutaka , Yamada Lixy , Mochizuki Yasuaki , Takatori Naohito , Kawashima Takeshi , Sasaki Akane , Hamaguchi Makoto , Awazu Satoko , Yagi Kasumi , Sasakura Yasunori , Nakayama Akie , Ishikawa Hisayoshi , Inaba Kazuo , Satoh Nori 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSummary: The genome of the basal choradate Ciona intestinalis contains a basic set of genes with less redundancy compared to the vertebrate genome. Extensive EST analyses, cDNA sequencing, and clustering yielded “Ciona intestinalis Gene Collection Release 1,” which contains cDNA clones for 13,464 genes, covering nearly 85% of the Ciona mRNA species. This release is ready for use in cDNA cloning, micro/macroarray analysis, and other comprehensive genome‐wide analyses for further molecular studies of basal chordates. genesis 33:153–154, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microarrays and genetic epidemiology: A multipurpose tool for a multifaceted field
Authors: Dalma‐Weiszhausz Dennise D. , Chicurel Marina E. , Gingeras Thomas R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe advent of molecular technologies that allow the collection and analysis of large amounts of genetic data is rapidly transforming the field of genetic epidemiology. Whether monitoring infectious outbreaks or identifying genotypic variations that underlie disease susceptibility, genetic epidemiology relies heavily on the analysis of multiple, independently derived results. By allowing the simultaneous monitoring of thousands of genetic or expression data points, microarrays are emerging as particularly powerful tools. Several recent reviews have described array manufacturing and the types of scientific questions that can exploit this technology, but few have addressed how the intended use of an array can dictate its design. This review will focus on this latter issue, with particular emphasis on the genetic epidemiology of infectious disease. The design of arrays for genotyping, expression profiling, and fingerprinting are presented, and examples of recent epidemiological studies are used to illustrate the applications' strong points and limitations. In addition to discussing arrays' ability to provide global views of gene identity or function, the review will describe design options for creating arrays that detect multiple genetic variations. It will also examine the reliability of array‐generated fingerprints, assay accessibility, and possibilities for sharing and comparing data across studies. Although many challenges lie ahead, microarrays' multiple abilities appear uniquely poised to accelerate the advance of genetic epidemiology's multiple fronts. Genet. Epidemiol. 23:4–20, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease differ in Chinese and American patients
Authors: Chow T. W. , Liu C. K. , Fuh J. L. , Leung V. P. Y. , Tai C. T. , Chen Li‐Wen , Wang S. J. , Chiu H. F. K. , Lam L. C. W. , Chen Q. L. , Cummings J. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is similar across ethnic groups. To our knowledge, no comparison of behavioral symptoms has been addressed.ObjectiveThis cross‐sectional, retrospective, descriptive study compares neuropsychiatric symptoms of Chinese subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) at tertiary care centers in Taiwan and Hong Kong against Caucasian subjects in Los Angeles, California. We compared the frequency and severity of symptoms and caregiver responses to neuropsychiatric symptoms of AD using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). We hypothesized that Chinese patients do not seek care unless they have high severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms and that Caucasian Americans do not wait for behavioral disturbances to develop before coming to medical attention.ResultsThe Caucasian sample had the highest mean educational level and mildest Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale distributions of all four groups. Older age and lower educational levels contributed to higher CDR scale scores, which in turn correlated with higher total NPI scores. Only one of the Chinese samples had a higher frequency of severe neuropsychiatric symptoms than the Caucasian sample. Chinese caregivers reported anxiety and delusions more frequently (58.1%) than Caucasians (37.3% and 39.6%; χ2, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Caucasians reported appetite changes (47.3%) and apathy (59.2%) more frequently than the Chinese samples (χ2, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Caregivers at all four centers were distressed by behaviors qualified as severe.ConclusionWe found support for our hypothesis, in that Chinese subjects presented during a more severe stage of dementia than American subjects, but the delay in seeking care could not be correlated with significant differences in neuropsychiatric profiles of the demented subjects. Other barriers to dementia care warrant investigation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clock drawing test in mild and moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a comparative and correlation study
Authors: Heinik Jeremia , Solomesh Isaac , Shein Victoria , Becker Daniel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectives(a) To compare two different clock drawing tests (CDTs) in mild and moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT); (b) To examine presumed correlation between these CDTs and some demographic, cognitive and activities of daily living (ADL) variables in mild and moderate DAT.MethodsCross‐sectional study. Psychogeriatric outpatient clinic. 49 DAT patients, total; 26—mild, 23—moderate, mean age 77.8 and 80.6, respectively.Evaluations included the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL), and a Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)—dressing subscale. Severity of dementia was determined with the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Each clock was blindly scored by the same investigator, according to Shulman's and Freedman's methods.ResultsMild and moderate DAT groups were similar in age, gender and education. Performance on Shulman's clock was similar between groups while moderate DAT subjects performed significantly worse on Freedman's clock compared to mild DAT patients. Both clocks correlated highly in mild and moderate DAT. CDT scores correlated significantly with age and education only in mild DAT. Neither clock correlated with ADLs in either stage of dementia severity. CDTs correlated with the MMSE score, and the CAMCOG score in mild DAT, and only with the CAMCOG score in moderate DAT. These correlations were still significant after controlling for age and education.ConclusionsDifferent aspects of cognition and dementia severity are reflected depending on how a clock drawing is scored. Some scoring systems may have greater sensitivity than others in monitoring progression of cognitive deterioration. Correlation between different CDTs and the variables studied (demographic, cognitive, ADLs), when present, is not ubiqitous and changes with the dementia severity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can clock drawing test help to differentiate between dementia of the Alzheimer's type and vascular dementia? A preliminary study
Authors: Heinik Jeremia , Solomesh Isaac , Raikher Boris , Lin Ruth 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this preliminary study was to determine if clock drawing performance may help to differentiate between dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) and vascular dementia (VD) patients.MethodsEighty‐eight community‐dwelling outpatients were comprehensively evaluated and met DSM‐IV criteria for DAT or VD. Cognitive evaluation included the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). CAMCOG derived clock drawings were blindly evaluated by the same investigator, according to Freedman's method for clock drawing, and a total score as well as subscores (contour, numbers, hands and center) were determined.ResultsThere were no significant differences between DAT and VD patients in terms of demographic (age, gender, education) and cognitive (MMSE score, CAMCOG score) characteristics. On the average, the VD group showed slightly poorer performance on each of the clock drawing test (CDT) measures studied. With application of the Bonferroni correction, only Freedman's total score and hands subscore were statistically different between groups (p<0.003, p<0.004, respectively). Stepwise logistic regression analyses showed that the only significant variable was Freedman's total score (B=−0.273, p=0.005). Stepwise discriminant analysis identified Freedman's total score as the only significant predictor of diagnosis (Wilkes' lambda=0.903, p=0.003). This model correctly classified 65.9% overall into the respective DAT and VD groups.ConclusionsCDT scored according to a comprehensive technique may be of value in differentiating DAT from VD patients. We hypothesize that the classificatory ability of Freedman's method might be attributed to its presumed sensitivity to impaired executive functioning which is more pronounced in VD compared with DAT patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caregiver burden in mobile and non‐mobile demented patients: a comparative study
Authors: Miyamoto Yuki , Ito Hiroto , Otsuka Toshio , Kurita Hiroshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the impact of behavior disturbances on subjective burden of caregivers in demented patients attending day care services.MethodsSubjects were 379 primary caregivers of randomly sampled demented patients living at home, who attended geriatric day care programs. The caregiver burden of the mobile and non‐mobile demented patients were measured using the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI). The Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Personal Self‐Maintenance Scale (PSMS) were used to assess the patients' condition. The Troublesome Behavior Scale (TBS), originally developed in Japan, was used to assess the frequency of behavior disturbances exhibited by patients.ResultsThe caregivers of the mobile demented patients reported greater caregiver burden compared to those of the non‐mobile demented patients. The frequency of behavior disturbance was significantly higher in the mobile patients than the non‐mobile patients. For the mobile patient caregivers, wandering, interfering, aggression and repetition were the predictors of caregiver burden. For the non‐mobile patient caregivers, ‘repeating same questions and/or clinging’ was the only predictor of caregiver burden.ConclusionThe caregivers of the mobile demented patients reported higher burden due to the patients' behavior disturbance compared to those of the non‐mobile patients. These findings indicate a need for further development of interventions to prevent behavior disturbances that are especially burdensome for caregivers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution of Mini‐Mental State Examination scores in an older UK African–Caribbean population compared to MRC CFA study norms
Authors: Stewart Robert , Johnson Jo , Richards Marcus , Brayne Carol , Mann Anthony 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo describe normative data for the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) in a UK African–Caribbean population and compare these with norms for white UK‐born elders.DesignA comparison of MMSE data from two cross‐sectional surveys.MethodThe MMSE had been administered to a community UK African–Caribbean population and scores were compared to norms from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS). MMSE data were analysed for 248 African–Caribbean participants aged 55–75 and 5379 CFAS participants aged 65–74, without visual or auditory problems. Distributions of scores were tabulated and error rates for individual items compared.ResultsMedian MMSE scores were 25 (interquartile range 22–27) for the whole African–Caribbean sample, 24 (22–27) for those aged 65–75 in the African–Caribbean sample, and 27 (25–29) for CFAS. Differences in error rates were specific to particular items: naming the season, serial seven subtraction, phrase repetition, three‐stage command, and copying intersecting pentagons. These differences persisted when both samples were restricted to those with statutory duration of education, who were literate and who had worked in non‐manual occupations. Normative data are displayed for MMSE scores in both groups.ConclusionDifferent distributions of MMSE scores between UK African–Caribbean and Caucasian groups can be principally explained by cultural bias in certain items. If the MMSE is to be administered to older African–Caribbean people, specific normative data should be referred to or else a culturally modified version of the instrument should be used. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of diabetes on adult employment and earnings of Mexican Americans: Findings from a community based study
Authors: Bastida Elena , Pagán José A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEpidemiological studies indicate that minority populations in the US – including African Americans, Native Americans and Mexican Americans – are particularly at risk for diabetes and that their complications are more frequent and severe. Using microdata from a 1994–1999 population based study of middle aged and older Mexican Americans in the Southwest, this study analyzes the impact of diabetes on the employment and earnings outcomes of adults 45 years of age and older. The empirical results from estimating maximum likelihood employment and earnings models suggest that diabetes leads to lower productivity and earnings for women but has no statistically significant impact on their employment probability. In the case of men, however, diabetes leads to a lower employment propensity but has no effect on earnings. Thus, the problems associated with this condition could lead to potential future financial difficulties particularly for high‐risk populations in their later years. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distant metastases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands and the value of diagnostic examinations during follow‐up
Authors: van der Wal Jacqueline E. , Becking Alfred G. , Snow Gordon B. , van der Waal Isaac 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAdenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for approximately 10% of all neoplasms of the salivary glands. Late distant metastases and local recurrences are responsible for a rather low long‐term survival rate.AimTo study the metastasizing pattern of ACC of the salivary glands in 51 patients.MethodFifty‐one patients with an ACC in the intraoral/sublingual salivary glands (n = 30), parotid gland (n = 8), submandibular gland (n = 2), maxillary sinus (n = 6), and nasal cavity (n = 5) have been studied. The male–female ratio was 1:1, the mean age was 54.3 (range, 19–81) years. In 30 cases treatment consisted of surgery and radiotherapy. In 13 cases surgery alone was carried out. The average follow‐up time was 117.8 (range, 1–171) months.ResultsIn 28 cases (54.9%) distant metastases occurred, and in 3 patients (5.8%) regional lymph node metastases occurred. In 12 of the 28 patients with distant metastases (42.8%), only the lungs were involved, whereas in 5 of the 28 patients (17.8%), the distant metastases occurred in other organs (eg, bones and brain). In 11 of the 28 patients (39.2%) metastases were found both in the lungs and other organs. Twenty‐four of the 51 patients (47.0%) died because of their tumor. The average time between the occurrence of lung metastases and death was 32.3 months and between the occurrence of metastases elsewhere and death 20.6 months.ConclusionDistant metastases of ACC of the salivary glands occur most often in the lungs. Although these lung metastases are the first to occur, these patients die later than patients with distant metastases in other organs. The value of annual chest films or other tests for the presence of distant metastases during follow‐up after surgical removal of an ACC seems rather questionable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 779–783, 2002
Post‐training excitotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus attenuate forward trace, backward trace, and delay fear conditioning in a temporally specific manner
Authors: Quinn Jennifer J. , Oommen Santosh S. , Morrison Glenn E. , Fanselow Michael S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present study sought to determine whether post‐training excitotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus would disrupt retention of fear conditioned using a trace procedure. Rats were trained using one of six procedures. Forward trace conditioning consisted of 10 trials in which a 16‐s tone conditional stimulus (CS) was followed by a 28‐s stimulus‐free trace interval and then a mild footshock unconditional stimulus (US). We used two forms of delay conditioning where the tone and footshock co‐terminated. Short delay used a 16‐s tone and long delay used a 46‐s tone. Backward trace conditioning was the same as forward trace, except that the order of the CS and US was reversed. CS‐only and US‐only were similar to forward trace except that the footshock or tone, respectively, was eliminated. One day later, animals received either an N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced lesion of the dorsal hippocampus or sham surgery. One week later, the rats were tested for freezing to the tone in a novel context. The next day, they were tested for freezing to the original training context. Hippocampal lesioned trace conditioned rats showed significantly less freezing during the tone compared with their sham lesioned controls. The lesion did not affect freezing during the tone in delay conditioning, nor in the other training conditions. During the 1‐min period after tone offset, there was a trend in all hippocampal lesioned animals toward a deficit in freezing, compared with their corresponding sham lesioned controls, although only short delay, forward and backward trace groups showed a significant deficit. Hippocampal lesions also attenuated contextual conditioning. Thus, the hippocampus is critical for the consolidation and/or expression of a trace fear conditioned stimulus. Hippocampus 2002;12:495–504. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Informal risk‐sharing arrangements (IRSAs) in rural Burkina Faso: lessons for the development of community‐based insurance (CBI)
Authors: Sommerfeld Johannes , Sanon Mamadou , Kouyate Bocar A. , Sauerborn Rainer 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn resource‐poor environments, community‐based insurance (CBI) is increasingly being propagated as a strategy to improve access of poor rural populations to modern health care. It has been repeatedly hypothesized that CBI schemes need to be grounded in national as well as local traditions of solidarity. This paper presents a typology of informal risk sharing arrangements (IRSAs) in a rural area of North‐Western Burkina Faso and discusses their modus operandi as well as the underlying concepts of solidarity and reciprocity. The research was explicitly multi‐disciplinary, combining anthropological and economic as well as qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Focus group and interview data were complemented by a census of existing IRSAs. In addition to presenting the main features of existing institutions, the paper discusses whether IRSAs can serve as entry points for CBI schemes. In spite of the fact that existing IRSAs fulfil important solidarity functions in the rural Burkinian context, we conclude that they cannot serve as institutional models for more formalized CBI schemes. Community participation in a future CBI scheme will need to tap into existing notions of solidarity and mutuality. The CBI scheme itself, however, needs to be newly tailored. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutional and curricular characteristics of leading graduate HRD programs in the United States
Authors: Kuchinke K. Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHRD graduate programs form an important component of the system of human resource education in the United
States. This study investigated the institutional and curricular characteristics of fifty‐five leading
programs in this country, focusing on three areas: institutional arrangements, student enrollment, and core
curriculum content. Findings include a large degree of heterogeneity among program names, departmental
affiliations, and specializations. Compared to data from 1991, student enrollment has declined at the
master's level while part‐time course taking has increased. Analysis of the core curriculum at these
institutions showed a disparity between course offerings and much current writing in the field.