bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and spectrally distinct in vivoimaging: embryonic stem cells and mice with widespread expression of a monomeric red fluorescent protein
Authors: Long Jonathan Z , Lackan Chantal S , Hadjantonakis Anna-Katerina 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
DsRed the red fluorescent protein (RFP) isolated from Discosoma sp. coral holds much promise as a genetically and spectrally distinct alternative to green fluorescent protein (GFP) for application in mice. Widespread use of DsRed has been hampered by several issues resulting in the inability to establish and maintain lines of red fluorescent protein expressing embryonic stem cells and mice. This has been attributed to the non-viability, or toxicity, of the protein, probably as a result of its obligate tetramerization. A mutagenesis approach directing the stepwise evolution of DsRed has produced mRFP1, the first true monomer. mRFP1 currently represents an attractive autofluorescent reporter for use in heterologous systems.

Results
We have used embryonic stem cell-mediated transgenesis to evaluate mRFP1 in embryonic stem cells and mice. We find that mRFP1 exhibits the most spatially homogenous expression when compared to the native (tetrameric) and variant dimeric forms of DsRed. High levels of mRFP1 expression do not affect cell morphology, developmental potential or viability and fertility of animals. High levels of widespread mRFP1 expression are maintained in a constitutive manner in embryonic stem cells in culture and in transgenic animals. We have used various optical imaging modalities to visualize mRFP1 expressing cells in culture, in embryos and adult mice. Moreover co-visualization of red, green and cyan fluorescent cells within a sample is easily achieved without the need for specialized methodologies, such as spectral deconvolution or linear unmixing.

Conclusion
Fluorescent proteins with excitation and/or emission profiles in the red part of the visible spectrum represent distinct partners, or longer wavelength substitutes for GFP. Not only do DsRed-based RFPs provide a genetically and spectrally distinct addition to the available repertoire of autoflorescent proteins, but by virtue of their spectral properties they permit deeper tissue imaging. Our work in generating CAG::mRFP1 transgenic ES cells and mice demonstrates the developmental neutrality of mRFP1 in an organismal context. It paves the way for the use of DsRed-based monomeric RFPs in transgenic and gene targeted approaches which often necessitate spatially and/or temporally restricted reporter expression. Moreover animals of the CAG::mRFP1 transgenic strain serve as a source of RFP tagged tissue for the derivation of cell lines and explant, transplant and embryo chimera experiments.
Development of ERK Activity Sensor, an in vitro, FRET-based sensor of Extracellular Regulated Kinase activity
Authors: Green Harry M , Alberola-Ila José 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Study of ERK activation has thus far relied on biochemical assays that are limited to the use of phospho-specific antibodies and radioactivity in vitro, and analysis of whole cell populations in vivo. As with many systems, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be utilized to make highly sensitive detectors of molecular activity. Here we introduce FRET-based ERK Activity Sensors, which utilize variants of Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein fused by an ERK-specific peptide linker to detect ERK2 activity.

Results
ERK Activity Sensors display varying changes in FRET upon phosphorylation by active ERK2 in vitro depending on the composition of ERK-specific peptide linker sequences derived from known in vivo ERK targets, Ets1 and Elk1. Analysis of point mutations reveals specific residues involved in ERK binding and phosphorylation of ERK Activity Sensor 3. ERK2 also shows high in vitro specificity for these sensors over two other major MAP Kinases, p38 and pSAPK/JNK.

Conclusion
EAS's are a convenient, non-radioactive alternative to study ERK dynamics in vitro. They can be utilized to study ERK activity in real-time. This new technology can be applied to studying ERK kinetics in vitro, analysis of ERK activity in whole cell extracts, and high-throughput screening technologies.
Serum resistin is associated with C-reactive protein and LDL- cholesterol in type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in a Saudi population
Authors: Al-Daghri N , Chetty R , McTernan PG , Al-Rubean K , Al-Attas O , Jones AF , Kumar S 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Aims
Resistin is an adipocyte-derived factor implicated in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study examines the association between human serum resistin, T2DM and coronary heart disease.

Methods
One hundred and fourteen Saudi Arabian patients (male: female ratio 46:68; age 51.4 (mean ± SD)11.7 years; median and range: 45.59 (11.7) years and BMI: 27.1 (mean ± SD) 8.1 Kgm2 median and range: 30.3 (6.3) were studied. Serum resistin and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation CRP levels, were measured in all subjects. (35 patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); 22 patients had coronary heart disease (CHD).

Results
Serum resistin levels were 1.2-fold higher in type 2 diabetes and 1.3-fold higher in CHD than in controls (p = 0.01). In addition, CRP was significantly increased in both T2DM and CHD patients (p = 0.007 and p = 0.002 respectively). The use of regression analysis also determined that serum resistin correlated with CRP levels (p = 0.04, R2 0.045).

Conclusion
The findings from this study further implicate resistin as a circulating protein associated with T2DM and CHD. In addition this study also demonstrates an association between resistin and CRP, a marker of inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients.
Measurement of vaccination coverage at age 24 and 19–35 months: a case study of multiple imputation in public health
Authors: Santibanez Tammy A , Barker Lawrence E , Shaw Kate M 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Aim
Childhood immunization coverage in the United States (U.S.) is often measured at age 24 months or, in the National Immunization Survey (NIS) at age of interview, which is between 19 and 35 months. This paper compares these standards.

Methods
Data from the NIS is used to compare immunization coverage at time of interview, retrospectively among all children aged 24 or more months at time of interview, and obtained via multiple imputation (with 10 imputations) for all children, both nationally, by state, and by demographic groups.

Results
At the national level, the difference between the 19–35 month estimate and the 24 month complete-case estimate was 1.9 percentage points. For most but not all states and subgroups, the 19–35 month estimate was higher than the 24 month complete-case estimate. The difference between vaccination coverage measured at 19–35 months and 24 months ranged from -2.3 to 7.5 percentage points among states. For three states, the difference between the 19–35 month and 24 month complete-case estimate was more than 6 percentage points, in twelve states there was a 4–6 percentage point difference, and in sixteen states a 2–4 percentage point difference. Conversely, five states had higher 24 month complete-case estimates than 19–35 month estimates.

Conclusion
We found that the coverages at 19–35 and 24 months differ such that they would rarely be adequate surrogates for one another, particularly at a state level. Multiple imputation, which is easily implemented, increases precision of estimates of coverage at age 24 months.
UV irradiation induces homologous recombination genes in the model archaeon, Halobacterium sp. NRC-1
Authors: McCready Shirley , Müller Jochen A , Boubriak Ivan , Berquist Brian R , Ng Wooi Loon , DasSarma Shiladitya 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
A variety of strategies for survival of UV irradiation are used by cells, ranging from repair of UV-damaged DNA, cell cycle arrest, tolerance of unrepaired UV photoproducts, and shielding from UV light. Some of these responses involve UV-inducible genes, including the SOS response in bacteria and an array of genes in eukaryotes. To address the mechanisms used in the third branch of life, we have studied the model archaeon, Halobacterium sp. strain NRC-1, which tolerates high levels of solar radiation in its natural hypersaline environment.

Results
Cells were irradiated with 30–70 J/m2 UV-C and an immunoassay showed that the resulting DNA damage was largely repaired within 3 hours in the dark. Under such conditions, transcriptional profiling showed the most strongly up-regulated gene was radA1, the archaeal homolog of rad51/recA, which was induced 7-fold. Additional genes involved in homologous recombination, such as arj1 (recJ-like exonuclease), dbp (eukaryote-like DNA binding protein of the superfamily I DNA and RNA helicases), and rfa3 (replication protein A complex), as well as nrdJ, encoding for cobalamin-dependent ribonucleotide reductase involved in DNA metabolism, were also significantly induced in one or more of our experimental conditions. Neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic excision repair gene homologs were induced and there was no evidence of an SOS-like response.

Conclusion
These results show that homologous recombination plays an important role in the cellular response of Halobacterium sp. NRC-1 to UV damage. Homologous recombination may permit rescue of stalled replication forks, and/or facilitate recombinational repair. In either case, this provides a mechanism for the observed high-frequency recombination among natural populations of halophilic archaea.
Predicting Garden Path Sentences*
Authors: Milne Robert William 
Published: July 2005

This work is an investigation into part of the human sentence parsing mechanism (HSPM). The major test of the psychological validity of any model of the HSPM is that it fail on precisely those sentences that humans find to be garden paths. It is hypothesized that the HSPM consists of at least two processes. We call the first process the syntactic processor, and the second will be known as the semantic processor.It is hypothesized that the syntactic processor is unconscious, deterministic and fast, but limited. While most ambiguities are resolved on the basis of syntactic information, when the syntactic processor can no longer guarantee a correct analysis, semantic information is used to help resolve the ambiguity. This model leads to a better prediction and explanation of which sentences will cause people to garden path.
Use of Tetraethylammonium Bis(oxalato)borate as Electrolyte for Electrical Double-layer Capacitors
Authors: Ebina Takahito , Uno Hiroyuki , Ishizawa Saki , Nanbu Noritoshi , Sasaki Yukio 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The development of halogen-free electrolyte salts for electrochemical devices is desirable from the viewpoint of safety and cost. We have investigated the performance of electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) composed of activated carbon electrodes as a positive and a negative electrode, tetraethylammonium bis(oxalato)borate (TEABOB) as an electrolyte salt, and propylene carbonate (PC) as a solvent. In spite of the larger anion size and lower ionic conductivity of the TEABOB, rate capability of a 2025-type coin cell utilizing a PC solution containing 1 mol dm−3 TEABOB is more excellent than that obtained for tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4).
Suppression of Electrochemical Decomposition of Electrolyte in Lithium Ion Batteries: An Electrolyte Containing Acetate Group
Authors: Ghimire Parvati , Nakamura Hiroyoshi , Yoshio Masaki , Yoshitake Hideya , Abe Koji 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A group of acetate compounds has been studied as electrolyte additive for lithium ion batteries in order to suppress the electrolyte decomposition on graphite electrode. The amount of 1 wt % additives (acetic anhydride, 1-acetoxy-2-methoxyethane, isopropenyl acetate, and phenyl acetate) facilitates the electrochemical performance of the cell by the suppression of the decomposition of electrolyte. Molecular orbital calculation is used as screening tool for the selection of additives.
Enhanced Visible Light Sensitivity of Nitrogen-doped Nanocrystalline Si-modified Titania Prepared by the Glycothermal Method
Authors: Ozaki Hirotaka , Iwamoto Shinji , Inoue Masashi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Nanocrystalline silica-modified titania prepared by the thermal reaction of titanium tetraisopropoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate in 1,4-butanediol was treated in an NH3 flow at high temperatures. The thus-obtained nitrogen-doped silica-modified titania showed a strong absorption in the visible region (400–500 nm) and exhibited a high photocatalytic activity for decomposition of acetaldehyde under visible light irradiation.
Convenient Route for Synthesis of Bifunctional Chelating Agent: 1-(p-Aminobenzyl)ethylenediaminetetramethylphosphonic acid–Folate Conjugate (Am-Bz-EDTMP–Folate)
Authors: Mishra Anil Kumar , Chopra Madhu , Jain Viney 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The present work describes a convenient and efficient approach for the synthesis of bifunctional chelating agent, 1-(p-aminobenzyl)ethylenediaminetetramethylphosphonic acid (Am-Bz-EDTMP). The key steps involved are functionalization of l-phenylalanine to give ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid derivative and its conversion to phosphonic acid followed by the reaction with NHS-folate to give 1-(p-aminobenzyl)-EDTMP–folate conjugate to be used for targeted radio imaging and therapy. Radiolabeling with 111In and 153Sm of Folate–Bz-EDTMP conjugate showed very high stability under physiological conditions.
Application of Palladium-catalyzed Amination to the Synthesis of Polyazamacrocycles Containing 3,5-Disubstituted Pyridine
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P , Averin Alexei D , Ulanovskaya Olesya A , Fedotenko Ilya A , Borisenko Anatolii A , Serebryakova Marina V , Denat Franck , Guilard Roger 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The synthesis of a new family of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing macrocycles, which employs palladium-catalyzed amination of 3,5-dihalopyridines, is described. Synthetic approaches to cyclodimers have been elaborated via bis(pyridyl)substituted polyamines and bis(polyamino) substituted pyridines.
High Dependence for Reaction Pressure on Ru/(MgO–CeO2)/Ag–Pd Ammonia Synthesis Membrane Reactor
Authors: Itoh Masahiro , Saito Makoto , Li Cheng Yu , Iwamoto Jun , Machida Ken-ichi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Ammonia production characteristics were conducted on Ru/(MgO–CeO2) catalysts loaded on Ag–Pd-hydrogen-permeable membrane, in which the ammonia formation rate on the membrane reactor was more increased than that on conventional flow reaction. This result is responsible for the high reactivity of atomic hydrogen supplied from the Ag–Pd-permeable membrane to retard the hydrogen poisoning generally observed on Ru-based ammonia synthesis catalysts.
Novel Separation System of Trivalent Actinides-combined Effects of Substituted Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine Ligand and Hydrophobic Counter-anion
Authors: Ishimori Kenichiro , Watanabe Masayuki , Kimura Takaumi , Yaita Tsuyoshi , Yamada Takashi , Kataoka Yumiko , Shinoda Satoshi , Tsukube Hiroshi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Stereochemical substitution on tripod ligand significantly offered efficient separation of trivalent actinides from trivalent lanthanides. Liquid–liquid extraction using chiral tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine ligands as an extractant exhibited high efficiency and selectivity for trivalent actinides. A combination of chiral ligand and 2-bromodecanoic acid further enhanced extraction performance for trivalent actinides.
Elucidation of Phosphorus Co-doping Effect on Photoluminescence in Ce3+-activated SiO2 Glasses: Determination of Solvation Shell Structure by Pulsed EPR
Authors: Saitoh Akira , Murata Shuhei , Matsuishi Satoru , Oto Masanori , Miura Taisuke , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Photoluminescence (PL) due to Ce3+ in SiO2 glass is strongly influenced by co-doping of phosphorus (P), whose features such as peak energy and fluorescence lifetime are very close to those in phosphate glass. The origin for this striking effect of the P co-doping has been clarified through the elucidation of the coordination structure around a Ce3+ by pulsed EPR ESEEM spectroscopy. Analysis of the observed ESEEM pattern with simulation revealed that the number of P-ions in the coordination sphere is larger by an order of magnitude than that expected from the uniform distribution of P, demonstrating the formation of a solvation shell structure. It has been found that two types of the coordination manner of P–O bonds co-exist in the solvation structure, corner-sharing and edge-sharing. This solvation shell structure is almost the same as that for the calcium phosphate glass.
Synthesis of a sec-Precursor and Analogues of Macrolactin A
Authors: Xiao Xiangshu , Li Shukun , Yan Xuebin , Liu Xuejun , Xu Rui , Bai Donglu 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A highly convergent and efficient route to sec-precursor 26 of macrolactin A has been developed. In the synthesis, Wittig and Horner–Emmons reactions were utilized to construct the conjugated dienes and control the right configurations of E,Z- and E,E-dienes. The segment 2 and 3 were prepared from the known compound 4 and 15 respectively. The coupling of segments 2 and 3 proceeded in the presence of NaHMDS. The analogues 7 and 32 were synthesized by the same strategy.
General practitioners’ referral pattern for children with acute facial paralysis
Authors: El-Hawrani A S , Eng C Y , Ahmed S K , Clarke J , Dhiwakar M 
Published: July 2005

Introduction: The relative incidence of paediatric Bell’s palsy is two to four times less than the condition in adults. The number encountered in our otolaryngology department falls short of the above prediction. This could either reflect the general practitioners' (GPs) patterns of referral or a lower incidence in our locality.Methods: Postal questionnaires were sent to our local GPs to determine their referral practice when managing children presenting with acute facial paralysis.Results: Of 233 questionnaires, 172 (74 per cent) were returned and analysed. Fifty-four per cent of GPs referred their patients to the local paediatric services, 22 per cent to an otolaryngologist, and the remaining 24 per cent of GPs were confident in diagnosing and managing Bell's palsy in children themselves.Discussion and Conclusion: Of the GPs surveyed 78 per cent did not refer children presenting with acute facial paralysis to an otolaryngologist. We suggest minimum investigations for acute facial paralysis in children before diagnosing Bell's palsy and stipulate otolaryngology referral for all.
Sore throat in adults – does the introduction of a clinical scoring system improve the management of these patients in a secondary care setting?
Authors: Woolley S L , Bernstein J M , Davidson J A , Smith D R K 
Published: July 2005

Objective: To audit sore throat management in adults, introduce proforma-based guidelines and to reaudit clinical practice.Setting: Adult emergency department of an inner city teaching hospital.Methods: A literature search was carried out to identify relevant guidelines. In stage one, patients presenting to the emergency department with sore throat were identified retrospectively from the emergency department attendance register. Proformas were completed retrospectively. In stage two, new guidelines were introduced and staff educated about the guidelines. In stage three, patients presenting with sore throat were identified at triage and proformas were completed at time of consultation.Outcome Measures: (1) appropriate clinical assessment of the likelihood of bacterial infection using the clinical scoring system, (2) appropriateness of antibiotic prescription, (3) recommendation of supportive treatments to patients.Results: Introduction of a clinical scoring system reduced the inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics from 44 per cent to 11 per cent. Correct antibiotic prescription rose from 60 per cent to 100 per cent. Although the variety of advice given about supportive treatment increased, the actual number of patients receiving documented supportive advice fell from 67.8 per cent in stage one to 58 per cent in stage three.Conclusion: The introduction of clinically based guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sore throat in adults can reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing.
Understanding Conflict in Geographically Distributed Teams: The Moderating Effects of Shared Identity, Shared Context, and Spontaneous Communication
Authors: Hinds Pamela J. , Mortensen Mark 
Published: July 2005

Geographically distributed teams are increasingly prevalent in the workplace, and research on distributed teams is ever more available. Despite this increased attention, we still know surprisingly little about how the dynamics of distributed teams differ from those of their collocated counterparts and how existing models of teams apply to this new form of work. For example, although it has been argued that distributed as compared with collocated teams have more severe conflicts that fester longer and resist resolution, few comparative studies investigate dynamics such as conflict in both distributed and collocated teams. In this study, we examine conflict, its antecedents, and its effects on performance in distributed as compared with collocated teams. Our goal is to understand how conflict plays out in distributed and collocated teams, thus providing insight into how existing models of conflict must be augmented to reflect the trend toward distributed work.We report the results of a field study of 43 teams, 22 collocated and 21 distributed, from a large multinational company. As expected, the distributed teams reported more task and interpersonal conflict than did the collocated teams. We found evidence that shared identity moderated the effect of distribution on interpersonal conflict and that shared context moderated the effect of distribution on task conflict. Finally, we found that spontaneous communication played a pivotal role in the relationship between distribution and conflict. First, spontaneous communication was associated with a stronger shared identity and more shared context, our moderating variables. Second, spontaneous communication had a direct moderating effect on the distribution-conflict relationship, mitigating the effect of distribution on both types of conflict. We argue that this effect reflects the role of spontaneous communication in facilitating conflict identification and conflict handling.
Tempos of Gene Locus Deletions and Duplications and Their Relationship to Recombination Rate During Diploid and Polyploid Evolution in the Aegilops-Triticum Alliance
Authors: Dvorak Jan , Akhunov Eduard D 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The origin of tetraploid wheat and the divergence of diploid ancestors of wheat A and D genomes were estimated to have occurred 0.36 and 2.7 million years ago, respectively. These estimates and the evolutionary history of 3159 gene loci were used to estimate the rates with which gene loci have been deleted and duplicated during the evolution of wheat diploid ancestors and during the evolution of polyploid wheat. During diploid evolution, the deletion rate was 2.1 × 10−3 locus−1 MY−1 for single-copy loci and 1.0 × 10−2 locus−1 MY−1 for loci in paralogous sets. Loci were duplicated with a rate of 2.9 × 10−3 locus−1 MY−1 during diploid evolution. During polyploid evolution, locus deletion and locus duplication rates were 1.8 × 10−2 and 1.8 × 10−3 locus−1 MY−1, respectively. Locus deletion and duplication rates correlated positively with the distance of the locus from the centromere and the recombination rate during diploid evolution. The functions of deleted and duplicated loci were inferred to gain insight into the surprisingly high rate of deletions of loci present apparently only once in a genome. The significance of these findings for genome evolution at the diploid and polyploid level is discussed.