bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative examinations for human arm trajectory planning in three‐dimensional space
Authors: Yamanaka Kazuhiro , Wada Yasuhiro , Kawato Mitsuo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe following two characteristics of point‐to‐point human arm movement on a plane have been well demonstrated: (1) The path is roughly a straight line but slightly curved. (2) The velocity profile is bell shaped with a single peak. Several models have been proposed to explain these features. Four criteria for trajectory planning based on optimal principles have been proposed: the minimum hand jerk criterion, the minimum angle jerk criterion, the minimum torque change criterion, and the minimum commanded torque change criterion. It has been shown that trajectories generated by the minimum commanded torque change model correspond well with measured trajectories in a horizontal and sagittal work space. However, it was very difficult to establish a robust method for obtaining an optimal trajectory based on the minimum commanded torque change criterion, because of the need to solve a nonlinear optimization problem. Recently, Wada and colleagues proposed a new method to stably calculate optimal trajectories based on the minimum commanded torque change criterion. The method can obtain trajectories satisfying the Euler–Poisson equations with sufficiently high accuracy. We show that optimal trajectories based on the minimum commanded torque change criterion in three‐dimensional space can be calculated by applying the method. Finally, we show that the measured trajectory is closest to the minimum commanded torque change trajectory by statistical examination of many point‐to‐point trajectories in three‐dimensional space. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 43–54, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10323
Does the vestibular (otolith) system contribute to stabilizing vision during linear transient head movement?
Authors: Hikita Shinichi , Kasai Takeshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWhen the head is suddenly translated, eye movement of the vestibular (otolith) system and of the visual (smooth pursuit) system possibly contribute to stabilization of vision. To investigate how these two systems work together, we compared the eye velocity while fixating on a visual target (LVORv) or a remembered target (LVORr) during head translation with that of smooth pursuit (SP). Latency of LVORv and LVORr responses proved much shorter than that of pursuit. The eye velocity of LVORv response was close to the addition of those in LVORr and SP responses until 216 ms from motion onset. These findings suggest that the neural command signal of the otolith system is linearly added to those of the pursuit system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 1–9, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10400
Multiclass composite N‐gram language model based on connection direction
Authors: Yamamoto Hirofumi , Sagisaka Yoshinori 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe authors propose a method to generate a compact, highly reliable language model for speech recognition based on the efficient classification of words. In this method, the connectedness with the words immediately before and after the word is taken to represent separate attributes, and individual classification is performed for each word. The resulting composite word class is created separately based on the distribution of words connected before or after. As a result, classification of classes is efficient and reliable. In a multiclass composite N‐gram, which uses the proposed method for the variable‐order N‐gram to bring in chain words, the entry size is reduced to one‐tenth, and the word recognition rate is higher than that of a conventional composite N‐gram for particles or variable‐length word arrays. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(7): 108–114, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1210
The relationships between intangible organizational elements and organizational performance
Authors: Carmeli Abraham , Tishler Ashler 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDespite the growing awareness of the importance of researching core strategic resources and activities, the work that has been done to date has largely taken the form of anecdotal reports and case study analysis. We have yet to see large‐sample studies demonstrating how organizational elements, independently, complementarily and interactively, may or may not enhance the organization's performance. Moreover, little attention has been given to researching this topic in public sector organizations. The present study aims to bridge this gap by examining the impact of a set of independent intangible organizational elements and the interactions among them on a set of objective organizational performance measures in a sample of local government authorities in Israel. The results of a multivariate analysis indicate that organizational performance (measured by self‐income ratio, collecting efficiency ratio, employment rate, and municipal development) can be well explained by six intangible organizational elements (managerial capabilities, human capital, internal auditing, labor relations, organizational culture, and perceived organizational reputation) and the interactions among them, which need to be taken into account in any cost effective development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoscale Morphology of Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene‐Based Bulk‐ Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Hoppe H. , Niggemann M. , Winder C. , Kraut J. , Hiesgen R. , Hinsch A. , Meissner D. , Sariciftci N. S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe relation between the nanoscale morphology and associated device properties in conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk‐heterojunction “plastic solar cells” is investigated. We perform complementary measurements on solid‐state blends of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(3,7‐dimethyloctyloxy)]‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene (MDMO‐PPV) and the soluble fullerene C60derivative 1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl) propyl‐1‐phenyl [6,6]C61(PCBM), spin‐cast from either toluene or chlorobenzene solutions. The characterization of the nanomorphology is carried out via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), while solar‐cell devices were characterized by means of current–voltage (I–V) and spectral photocurrent measurements. In addition, the morphology is manipulated via annealing, to increase the extent of phase separation in the thin‐film blends and to identify the distribution of materials. Photoluminescence measurements confirm the demixing of the materials under thermal treatment. Furthermore the photoluminescence of PCBM clusters with sizes of up to a few hundred nanometers indicates a photocurrent loss in films of the coarser phase‐separated blends cast from toluene. For toluene‐cast films the scale of phase separation depends strongly on the ratio of MDMO‐PPV to PCBM, as well as on the total concentration of the casting solution. Finally we observe small beads of 20–30 nm diameter, attributed to MDMO‐PPV, in blend films cast from both toluene and chlorobenzene.
Charge Storage Capability in Nanoarchitectures of V2O5/Chitosan/Poly(ethylene oxide) Produced Using the Layer‐by‐Layer Technique
Authors: Huguenin F. , dos Santos D. S. , Bassi A. , Nart F. C. , Oliveira O. N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe electrochemical and electrochromic properties of layer‐by‐layer nanoarchitectures of V2O5/chitosan and V2O5 alternated with a blend of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and chitosan have been examined. Using a blend was important, since multilayers of PEO/V2O5 could not be built. The number of electrochemically active V2O5 sites was estimated to be around 3.4 × 10–8 mol cm–2 and 4.4 × 10–8 mol cm–2 for V2O5/chitosan and V2O5/blend, respectively, based on the UV‐vis absorbance attributed to the intervalence V4+→V5+ transfer. A pronounced effect from PEO was observed in the migration/diffusion process, according to cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy data. The charges injected were 3.29 mC cm–2 and 8.02 mC cm–2 for V2O5/chitosan and V2O5/blend, respectively, at 20 mV s–1. For V2O5/blend, the chronopotentiometric curves show that x in LixV2O5 is about 1.77. Evidence of enhanced ionic transport was provided by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, which indicated lithium complexation by PEO and formation of a larger amorphous phase of PEO within the V2O5 matrix. The importance of these results for the production of Li secondary microbatteries and electrochromic devices is discussed.
Pyridylamino‐β‐cyclodextrin as a Molecular Chaperone for Lipopolysaccharide Embedded in a Multilayered Polyelectrolyte Architecture
Authors: Jessel N. B. , Schwinté P. , Donohue R. , Lavalle P. , Boulmedais F. , Darcy R. , Szalontai B. , Voegel J.‐C. , Ogier J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLayer‐by‐layer self‐assembled polyelectrolyte films containing a charged cyclodextrin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are developed for the first time as a potential model for local endotoxin antagonist delivery. We have examined the biological activity of a lipopolysaccharide from E. coli incorporated into multilayered architectures made of poly‐(L‐lysine) and poly‐(L‐glutamic acid). Used in such build‐ups, a polycationic cyclodextrin, heptakis(6‐deoxy‐6‐pyridylamino)‐β‐cyclodextrin showed molecular chaperone properties by enabling restoration of the LPS biological activity whenever lost upon interaction with poly‐(L‐lysine).
Effects of Crystallinity in Spin‐On Pure‐Silica‐Zeolite MFI Low‐Dielectric‐Constant Films
Authors: Li Z. J. , Li S. , Luo H. M. , Yan Y. S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLow‐dielectric‐constant (low‐κ) materials are a critical requirement for future generations of computer microprocessors. As a unique class of porous silicas, pure silica zeolites (PSZs) have been shown to be a promising low‐κ material with excellent mechanical strength (e.g., elastic modulus of 16–18 GPa) due to their crystalline nature. In the present study, we show for the first time that higher crystallinity of spin‐on PSZ MFI films leads to lower κ values and less moisture sensitivity—two critical properties of a porous low‐κ material. We have also advanced the two‐stage synthesis method to produce zeolite nanoparticles with high yield (77 %) and a small diameter (&&num;60; 80 nm). A κ value of 1.6 is obtained from the silylated highly crystalline PSZ MFI film and the κ value only increases by 12.5 % after exposure to ambient conditions for a period of 24 h.
Singlet and Triplet Exciton Diffusion in a Self‐Organizing Porphyrin Antenna Layer
Authors: Kroeze J. E. , Koehorst R. B. M. , Savenije T. J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe have studied the photoinduced charge separation in a double layer consisting of a 50 nm thick, discotic antenna layer, i.e., free‐base tetra‐para‐octylphenyl porphyrin (H2TOPP), spin‐coated onto a smooth layer of anatase TiO2 using the electrodeless “flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity” technique (FP‐TRMC). This method enables the investigation of the relationship between the morphology of the antenna layer and the exciton diffusion dynamics. Photons absorbed by the porphyrin result in the formation of free mobile electrons in the conduction band of the TiO2. The freshly spin‐coated double layer shows an incident‐photon‐to‐charge‐separation efficiency (IPCSE) of 10 % on excitation at 430 nm. From the amplitude and the temporal shape of the photoconductivity transients we conclude that for the freshly spin‐coated double layer, electron injection occurs both from the singlet and the long‐lived triplet excited state. These triplet states can travel by (Dexter) energy transfer over distances of at least 9.6 nm. After heating the sample above the crystalline–discotic‐lamellar (C–DL) phase‐transition temperature of H2TOPP and subsequent cooling, changes in the optical absorption spectrum are observed, while the IPCSE drops to ca. 1 %. These results are explained in terms of a transition of the morphology of the antenna layer from a predominantly random distribution of the porphyrin molecules just after spin‐coating to a lamellar arrangement upon annealing, consisting of domains of ordered porphyrin stacks. Since the porphyrin macrocycles are perpendicularly oriented with respect to the plane of the lamellae, the center‐to‐center distance between neighboring lamellae disables efficient triplet energy transfer, leaving only the lamella directly adjacent to the TiO2 layer photoactive.
Synthesis and characterization of the novel block copolymer poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) by the combination of coordination and controlled free‐radical polymerizations
Authors: Li Zhongyu , Lu Guangqiang , Huang Junlian 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA novel block copolymer, poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), was synthesized with a bifunctional initiator strategy. Poly(ε‐caprolactone) prepolymer with a 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) end group (PCLT) was first obtained by coordination polymerization, which showed a controlled mechanism in the process. By means of ultraviolet spectroscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, the TEMPO moiety was determined to be intact in the polymerization. The copolymers were then obtained by the controlled radical polymerization of 4‐vinyl pyridine in the presence of PCLT. The desired block copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy in detail. Also, the effects of the molecular weight and concentration of PCLT on the copolymerization were investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2280–2285, 2004
Is there a functional link between gene interdigitation and multi‐species conservation of synteny blocks?
Authors: MacKenzie Alasdair , Miller Kerry Ann , Collinson Jon Martin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIt is often overlooked that, in addition to the integrity of protein‐coding sequences (PCSs), human health is crucially linked to the normal expression of genes by cis‐regulatory sequences (CRSs). These CRSs often lie at some considerable distance from the PCSs whose expression they control and often within other genes. The resulting gene interdigitation can make long‐range CRS identification and characterisation difficult. We propose that the need to conserve long‐range CRSs in cis with their target PCSs through evolution, in combination with gene interdigitation and co‐regulation of many genes by individual CRSs, has contributed to the persistence of conserved synteny blocks between diverse species. We further hypothesise that examination of the varying extents of synteny blocks between multiple species in combination with phylogenetic footprinting to find CRSs might provide important clues to the existence of crucial functional CRS–PCS linkages. Identifying CRS–PCS linkages crucial to human health will lead to a better understanding of how their disruption by CRS mutation or chromosome translocation might contribute to many distressing human diseases. BioEssays 26:1217–1224, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From modulator to mediator: rapid effects of BDNF on ion channels
Authors: Rose Christine R. , Blum Robert , Kafitz Karl W. , Kovalchuk Yury , Konnerth Arthur 
Published: October 2004

AbstractNeurotrophins (NTs) are {?AUTHOR} a family of structurally related, secreted proteins that regulate the survival, differentiation and maintenance of function of different populations of peripheral and central neurons.1,2 Among these, BDNF (brain‐derived neurotrophic factor) has drawn considerable interest because both its synthesis and secretion are increased by physiological levels of activity, indicating a unique role of this neurotrophin in coupling neuronal activity to structural and functional properties of neuronal circuits. In addition to its classical neurotrophic effects, which are evident within hours or days and which usually result from changes in cellular gene expression, BDNF exerts acute effects on synaptic transmission and is involved in the induction of long‐term potentiation. Many of these rapid effects of BDNF are mediated by its modulation of ion channel properties following TrkB‐mediated activation of intracellular second messenger cascades and protein phosphorylation. However, recent reports have shown that BDNF not only acts as a modulator of ion channels, but can also directly and rapidly gate a Na+ channel, thereby assigning BDNF the properties of a classical excitatory transmitter. Thus, BDNF, in addition its role as a potent neuromodulator, emerges as an excitatory transmitter‐like substance which acutely controls resting membrane potential, neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission and participates in the induction of synaptic plasticity. BioEssays 26:1185–1194, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Floral zygomorphy, the recurring evolution of a successful trait
Authors: Cubas Pilar 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe flowers of the primitive angiosperm plants were radially symmetrical (actinomorphic). Flowers with bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic) evolved in several clades independently as an adaptation to specialized methods of pollination and played an important role in the diversification of flowering plants. In the model species Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), the related genes CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH) are key in the development of this trait. This raises the question of whether they played a role in the evolution of floral bilateral symmetry. To address this, the evolution of CYC in relation to the evolution of zygomorphy is being investigated. Phylogenetic and functional analyses of CYC‐like genes are being carried out in groups either closely related to Antirhinum or in families where zygomorphy evolved as an independent event. In addition, the origin of zygomorphy is being studied by comparing the function of CYC‐like genes in species with zygomorphic flowers with their function in species with radially symmetrical flowers. BioEssays 26:1175–1184, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The genetics of Drosophila transgenics
Authors: Roman Gregg 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn Drosophila, the genetic approach is still the method of choice for answering fundamental questions on cell biology, signal transduction, development, physiology and behavior. In this approach, a gene's function is ascertained by altering either the amount or quality of the gene product, and then observing the consequences. The genetic approach is itself polymorphous, encompassing new and more complex techniques that typically employ the growing collections of transgenes. The keystone of these modern Drosophila transgenic techniques has been the Gal4 binary system. Recently, several new techniques have modified this binary system to offer greater control over the timing, tissue specificity and magnitude of gene expression. Additionally, the advances in post‐transcriptional gene silencing, or RNAi, have greatly expanded the ability to knockdown almost any gene's function. Regardless of the growing experimental intricacy, the application of these advances to modify gene activity still obeys the fundamental principles of genetic analysis. Several of these transgenic techniques, which offer more precise control over a gene's activity, will be reviewed here with a discussion on how they may be used for determining a gene's function. BioEssays 26:1243–1253, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromosome rearrangements resulting from telomere dysfunction and their role in cancer
Authors: Murnane John P. , Sabatier Laure 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTelomeres play a vital role in protecting the ends of chromosomes and preventing chromosome fusion. The failure of cancer cells to properly maintain telomeres can be an important source of the chromosome instability involved in cancer cell progression. Telomere loss results in sister chromatid fusion and prolonged breakage/fusion/bridge (B/F/B) cycles, leading to extensive DNA amplification and large deletions. These B/F/B cycles end primarily when the unstable chromosome acquires a new telomere by translocation of the ends of other chromosomes. Many of these translocations are nonreciprocal, resulting in the loss of the telomere from the donor chromosome, providing a mechanism for transfer of instability from one chromosome to another until a chromosome acquires a telomere by a mechanism other than nonreciprocal translocation. B/F/B cycles can also result in other forms of chromosome rearrangements, including double‐minute chromosomes and large duplications. Thus, the loss of a single telomere can result in instability in multiple chromosomes, and generate many of the types of rearrangements commonly associated with human cancer. BioEssays 26:1164–1174, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An intracellular actin motor in bacteria?
Authors: Graumann Peter L. , Defeu Soufo Hervé Joël 
Published: October 2004

AbstractActin performs structural as well as motor‐like functions in eukaryotic cells. Orthologues of actin have also been identified in bacteria, where they perform an essential function during cell growth. Bacterial actins are implicated in the maintenance of rod‐shaped cell morphology, and appear to form a cytoskeletal structure, localising as helical filaments underneath the cell membrane. Recently, a plasmid‐borne actin orthologue has been shown to perform a mitotic‐like function during segregation of a plasmid, and chromosomally encoded actin proteins were found to play an important role in chromosome segregation. Based on the findings that actin filaments are dynamic structures in two bacterial species, we propose that actins perform motor functions rather than a purely structural role in bacteria. We suggest that an intracellular motor exists in bacteria that could be derived from an ancestral actin motor that was present in cells early in evolution. BioEssays 26:1209–1216, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How consistent are expression chip platforms?
Authors: Jordan Bertrand R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDNA arrays are now widely used in academia and industry, and expression profiling is recognised as a major tool for basic research as well as for drug development. It is also likely, in the near future, that DNA arrays will be used in clinical laboratories for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Since several types of arrays are being used, the coherence of results obtained using these diverse platforms becomes an important issue: to what extent can data obtained in different laboratories and with different equipment be combined? Several recent papers address this issue and demonstrate that the expected agreement is not necessarily found. Consistent results can be obtained, but this requires careful identification of the genes assessed by the arrays, and scrupulous adherence to strict experimental procedures. BioEssays 26:1236–1242, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Repair of exocyclic DNA adducts: rings of complexity
Authors: Hang Bo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractExocyclic DNA adducts are mutagenic lesions that can be formed by both exogenous and endogenous mutagens/carcinogens. These adducts are structurally analogs but can differ in certain features such as ring size, conjugation, planarity and substitution. Although the information on the biological role of the repair activities for these adducts is largely unknown, considerable progress has been made on their reaction mechanisms, substrate specificities and kinetic properties that are affected by adduct structures. At least four different mechanisms appear to have evolved for the removal of specific exocyclic adducts. These include base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and AP endonuclease‐mediated repair. This overview highlights the recent progress in such areas with emphasis on structure–activity relationships. It is also apparent that more information is needed for a better understanding of the biological and structural implications of exocyclic adducts and their repair. BioEssays 26:1195–1208, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.