bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining What to Monitor
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Quite often, and increasingly so, certain monitoring activities are required by governmental agencies that provide care, directly or indirectly; pay for it; and assume responsibility for its quality. When private insurance is available, the insurers themselves may require certain kinds of monitoring to control the cost of care and possibly also to supervise its quality. It is obvious that any monitoring system will find it necessary to comply with such requirements. But, in my opinion, the more important and meaningful activities are those that the providers of care establish and carry out themselves as part of their own responsibility to provide good care.
The Effectiveness of Quality Monitoring
Authors: Donabedian Avedis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is true of every one of the monitoring and remedial methods I have described. There is no one method (so far as I know) that in and of itself is uniformly effective or ineffective. Therefore, it seems to me that the secret of success is neither entirely in the method itself, nor entirely in the circumstances within which the method is implemented. The secret, rather, is perhaps in the interaction between the circumstances and the method; it is in the fit between the two.
Dream of The Good Life (I): The Puritan Enterprise
Authors: Cullen Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few in American history have been as consistently disliked as the Puritans. To be sure, they have always had relatively rare, if prominent, champions (usually direct heirs). and they have often received grudging respect for their tenacity. But that’s about as far as it goes. Some figures, like the Founding Fathers, quickly ascended into our pantheon of heroes; others, like leading Confederates of the Civil War, have had fluctuating reputations; still others, like the presidents of the late nineteenth century, rapidly fell into deserved obscurity. But the Puritans have had a consistently bad reputation that stands out like a scarlet letter in collective national memory.
There are a number of reasons for this. First, and most generally, the Puritans are widely regarded as very unpleasant people. Arthur Miller’s 1953 play The Crucible, which used the Salem witch trials of the seventeenth century as a metaphor for the McCarthyite witch hunts of the twentieth century, remains a fixture of high school literature classes, providing millions of American schoolchildren their most vivid image of Puritanism.
The Long Nineteenth Century (1775—1922)
Authors: Wachtel Andrew Baruch 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1775 the Balkan Peninsula was ruled by three empires. The Ottomans still controlled the lion’s share, though they had permanently lost Transylvania, Croatia, and Vojvodina to the Austrian Habsburgs by 1774. The Adriatic coast north of Albania was, for the most part, Venetian territory. Exceptions were the small merchant republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), whose precarious liberty was sustained by artful diplomacy, and Montenegro, where proud clans eked out a semi-independent existence on mountainous territory too poor to be worth subduing. By 1923, these three empires were a memory, and the political map of the Balkans had been transformed by the appearance of new states named for the peoples who dominated them: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Turkey, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Although nation builders throughout the region proudly pointed to classical and medieval ancestors for the nascent Balkan states, the models on which they were based had actually been imported recently from Western Europe.
Particularly important was the concept of the nation, defined primarily by shared linguistic and secondarily by cultural, historical, and/or religious features, and now perceived as the proper unit around which states should be organized. This view of the necessary congruence between state and nation did not fit comfortably with the political traditions of the region or with the reality of highly diverse communities.
The Politics Of Public Housing
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Black women have traditionally represented the canvas on which many debates about poverty and welfare have been drawn. For a quarter century after the publication of the notorious Moynihan report, poor black women were tarred with the same brush: “ghetto moms” or “welfare queens” living off the state, with little ambition or hope of an independent future. At the same time, the history of the civil rights movement has all too often succumbed to an idolatry that stresses the centrality of prominent leaders while overlooking those who fought daily for their survival in an often hostile urban landscape. In this collective biography, Rhonda Y. Williams takes us behind, and beyond, politically expedient labels to provide an incisive and intimate portrait of poor black women in urban America. Drawing on dozens of interviews, Williams challenges the notion that low-income housing was a resounding failure that doomed three consecutive generations of post-war Americans to entrenched poverty. Instead, she recovers a history of grass-roots activism, of political awakening, and of class mobility, all facilitated by the creation of affordable public housing. The stereotyping of black women, especially mothers, has obscured a complicated and nuanced reality too often warped by the political agendas of both the left and the right, and has prevented an accurate understanding of the successes and failures of government anti-poverty policy. At long last giving human form to a community of women who have too often been treated as faceless pawns in policy debates, Rhonda Y. Williams offers an unusually balanced and personal account of the urban war on poverty from the perspective of those who fought, and lived, it daily.
“Sunlight at Early Dawn” : Economic Struggles, Public Housing, and Welfare Rights
Authors: Williams Rhonda Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On a rainy day in 1966, Daisy Snipes and thirty-four other women rode a bus and cars to Annapolis, Maryland. Outside the Maryland State House, these members of Baltimore’s ﬁrst welfare rights group assembled and sang civil rights songs. Inside the capitol, representatives of Mother Rescuers from Poverty, whom Maryland’s legislative council had refused a hearing, walked unannounced into the council’s meeting, demanded higher grants, and charged that the welfare system “keeps us down” and that welfare mothers are “treated like dirt.”
What Is Dysthymia?
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When was the last time you felt vibrant and energized by a job well done, shared laughter and warmth with a loved one, hummed in the shower, and, although it may sound corny, felt that there was a skip in your step? Do you still feel that your life is purposeful, that you feel pretty much in control, and that you actively love—and feel loved by— your friends and family with trusting, positive relationships? That’s how you can—and should—feel.
The Spectrum of Dysthymia and Depression
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before we look at the causes of dysthymia and how to relieve a chronic blue mood, let’s first see what good mental health looks like and then look at the spectrum of depression—from minor depression to dysthymia and major depression. Feeling Good and Mental Health If you are mentally healthy and well balanced, on most days you feel pretty good. You’re more often in a good mood than not, have a sense of well-being, and feel pretty much in control of life. You’re generally productive, enjoy fulfilling relationships with others, and are somewhat resilient when life smacks you in the face with a loss or setback. You’re relatively confident and competent, and pursue various interests with a sense of purpose.
Who Gets Dysthymia and Why: Causes and Risk Factors
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What exactly causes dysthymia? What makes one person resilient and another vulnerable? Although you can’t do anything about some of the causes and risk factors, you certainly can do a lot about others, particularly monitoring self-talk and “automatic” thoughts that put you in bad and discouraging moods (chapter 5). But that’s getting ahead of ourselves. First, we’ll explore specific causes of dysthymia and factors that make you especially vulnerable. Causes of Dysthymia There is no simple, single reason why some people develop persistent depression and others don’t. Dysthymia is caused by a variety of genetic, biological, psychosocial, and circumstantial factors. Although each person’s profile of risk factors is unique, dysthymia can be thought of as a biopsychosocial disorder, like other forms of depression.
Dysthymia and Aging
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dysthymia and Depression in the Elderly Dysthymia and other forms of depression are the leading mental health problems in older adults but they are highly treatable. In fact, from one-fifth to one-third of those over 65 (depending on which survey you read) will suffer from some sort of depression, but only a fraction will get treatment for it. About one-quarter of older adults suffer from subsyndromal depression (two to three symptoms of dysthymia or depression rather than five or more, either short term or long term). About 15 percent of all older adults—twice as many women as men—suffer from dysthymia and other forms of mild depression. Some researchers, however, see the rates of dysthymia begin to balance more equally between the genders in the older population.
Staging Exclusion, 1906-1909
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the years following the South African War, a cluster of organizations emerged, creating a continuum along which militants enacted resistance. By early 1906, these militants had become known as “suffragettes” after the halfpenny mass-circulation Daily Mail derisively substituted the diminutive “ette” for “ist.” Suffragettes formed a number of organizations, including the Women’s Social and Political Union (1903), the Women’s Freedom League (1907), the Men’s Political Union (1910), and the Women’s Tax Resistance League (1909). Significant splits and regroupings would result in creation of the United Suffragists (1914), the East London Federation of Suffragettes (1914), the Suffragettes of the Women’s Social and Political Union (1915), and the Independent WSPU (1916) . Between 1906 and 1918, suffragettes refined the right of resistance to illegitimate government as a right grounded in British constitutional principles. In contrast, the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies, which in 1897 had united warring factions of the nineteenth-century movement and would become the largest suffrage organization of the Edwardian period, continued largely to confine itself to the assertion of women’s right to citizenship. Suffragettes’ assertion of resistance as a right drew upon the historically based right of the people to resist corrupt and tyrannical government and thus links the women’s suffrage movement to a long tradition of radical protest. Through the assertion of their right to resist constituted authority, suffragettes attempted to define citizenship as an active practice. Women, they urged, were fit for citizenship because they acted as citizens who would not be denied their place in the political nation.
The Ethics of Resistance, 1910-1914
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The years between 1910 and 1914 were ones of dialogue and innovation within the militant suffrage movement as suffragettes struggled among themselves to define the extent and limits of resistance. Suffragettes continued to understand resistance as a component of active citizenship, but its means of implementation came under great scrutiny. A minority escalated violence into forms of terrorism including arson and bombing, but the vast majority rejected the use of violence. In the attempt to recast militancy away from the use of violence, militants worked across organizational lines and created new groupings. Read thematically, and not merely as a roster of organizations, it is clear that resistance remained an active, if contested, component of suffragettes’ conception of citizenship well into the Great War.
Fear of Manipulation and Abuse
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even under the best of circumstances, the criminal-justice system is unpredictable and imperfect. Our limited knowledge of people and events being what it is, complete accuracy is an unattainable goal. This inherent imperfection is only magnified when participants in the system do not seek accurate results, but seek deliberately to exploit loopholes for the sake of victory. The wish to avoid such potential abuses is one reason commonly given for deviating from a purely desert-based system of criminal liability.
Criminal Justice Reforms
Authors: Robinson Paul H , Cahill Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Several of the possible reforms we have noted concern changes to the criminal-justice system. Specifically, we said in chapter 2 that shifting the burden of persuasion is a more rational way to prevent potential abuse than the existing deviating doctrines that are justified by the abuse concern — yet the Supreme Court’s constitutional case law appears to limit the ability of a jurisdiction to pursue this option. Similarly, in chapter 6, we pointed out that a more detailed verdict system would avoid the need for some deviating doctrines and might mitigate the moral credibility damage caused by others—yet Anglo-American criminal law has traditionally forbidden almost anything but a general verdict. We also argued, in chapter 7, that the current system of incarceration could be replaced with a more nuanced system that would allow, and even facilitate, use of various non incarcerative methods of punishment. In this chapter, we offer a more thorough discussion of these proposals.
Do Something
Authors: Davidson James West 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas Moss was as good a friend as any Ida had in Memphis. She had gotten to know him partly because he was a letter carrier—a job coveted in the African American community, a federal position, and one that paid decently. Moss delivered the mail to the Free Speech offices, so he saw Ida almost daily. Above and beyond the letters, he reported the talk of the town, incidents in the neighborhood, any clashes with police. Ida knew him from Avery Chapel as well, where both taught Sunday school. Tommie was quiet, polite, well spoken. He and his wife Betty had asked Ida to be godmother to their young daughter Maurine.
Strategic Penetration
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We now turn to the third period in our history of Russia’s grand strategy, that of the French Revolutionary wars, when the empire consolidated its hegemony in the Heartland, a hegemony it would retain until the unification of Germany in 1871. It was then that what may be called the cold war with France during much of the eighteenth century turned into an open conflict, when Napoleon challenged that hegemony and struck at the Muscovite core itself. The counteroffensive stirred Russia’s determination to resort to deep strategic penetrations once again in order to destroy French hegemony on the continent. It took the form of unprecedented offensive operations in Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and Holland, going far beyond those of 1735 and 1748, and ended with the occupation of Paris in 1814. Once French hegemony had been destroyed, the empire found itself facing a maritime British Empire claiming global hegemony, but forced to concede Russia’s hegemony in the Heartland as long as its periphery was neutralized.
The Political Awakening
Authors: Bonomi Patricia U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relationship between the Great Awakening and the American Revolution has long been one of the nicer perplexities of early American History. That the Awakening fostered a shift in political as well as religious consciousness is frequently asserted. Yet there has been little agreement about how the revival helped to prepare the provincial mind for revolution. A recent attempt to link the retrograde Calvinism of the Awakeners to the Revolutionary impulse—rather than the more “obvious” coupling of rationalist liberals and Revolutionaries—has struck some critics as improbable.For such an argument implies not only that most revivalist clergymen became supporters of the Revolution-which they did but also that the rationalist opposers of the revival became reluctant revolutionaries or outright loyalists-which they frequently did not. Should we move beyond theological differences, however, to consider the revival’s impress on patterns of leadership and on popular participation in organized opposition to authority, we might discover a more pivotal linkage between the Awakening and the Revolution.
Prologue: Texas and the World
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On June 17, 1527, a squadron of five ships with about six hundred men aboard set out from the port of San Lucar de Barrameda in southern Spain. The commander, Pamphilo de Narvaez, had a royal commission to “conquer and govern” lands along the north side of the Gulf of Mexico from the peninsula that now is Florida to about the Texas-Mexico border. Other Spaniards were named to lesser ofﬁces in the planned colony, and there were several Franciscan priests on board. There is no evidence that the Native American inhabitants of these lands would have any say as to who ruled them. The pope had divided the world between the Spanish and the Portuguese monarchies. Most Roman Catholics believed that the pope was God’s deputy on earth, the head of the one true church. Charles V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, was just beginning his long years of bitter struggle against the challenges to Catholicism of Martin Luther and his followers.
Islam and a Wider World, 1450–1490
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Ottoman forces outnumbered the defenders at least four to one, perhaps ten to one, and were far better organized. They had brought in materials by ship and built in a few weeks a strong stone fortress at the narrowest point of the Bosporus, the key strait between Constantinople and the Black Sea. They had built a wooden slipway and moved small ships overland into an inner harbor, bypassing a great chain protecting it. Their cannon were bigger and more intelligently used than anything inside the city. Several times the cannon had shattered a piece of the great walls, but each time the defenders had managed to repair the breach, which must have given the defenders some hope that God was on their side after all. In the city, religious services and processions, with the glorious singing of the Greek Orthodox tradition and the glowing colors of the icons, the sacred images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, and the saints, never stopped.
Settlers and Diasporas, 1610–1640
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the world of the 1500s and 1600s, most people never traveled more than 10 miles from home, or if they did they followed a set of completely familiar migration or trade routes from season to season. So people who did move, voluntarily or against their wills, to strange and distant places, often towns beside a distant sea, shaped the world in important ways. In 1650 Jamestown in what is now Virginia was the home of a variety of people from England, Scotland, and Ireland, some of whom had come with some money to try to ﬁnd a new way to get rich; the growing of tobacco was very promising.
Toward an Early Modern World, 1670–1700
Authors: Wills John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1528 Cabeza de Vaca, a product of a rapidly transforming Spanish-American world, was watching the hunter-gatherers of the Texas coast, who were following one of the oldest human ways of life. By 1700 those peoples, the Karankawa and others, were almost invisible in the historical record; the diseases brought by the Spaniards had taken a dreadful toll, and some remnants were disappearing into the northern frontier of the Spanish-surname, creole society. By 1700 there were not many peoples left in the world whose lives had not been drastically changed by the web of interaction and exchange; the few who remained included the peoples of Australia and New Guinea, the Maori of New Zealand, and the peoples of Hawaii and other Paciﬁc islands.
Life On The Brink: Mr. And Mrs. Wheeler
Authors: Moller David Wendell 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Upon arriving at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Wheeler for the first time, I was enthusiastically welcomed. The house was a rental property on the near east side of the city. It was located in a racially mixed area that was relatively safe despite the fact that drug sales, street prostitution, and gang activity took place nearby. Most of the streets were fairly clean, but stray animals often roamed and lived on the neighbor¬ hood porches. The exteriors of the houses ranged from moderately good condition to downright disrepair. Overall, the neighborhood was dismal and lacking in aesthetic appeal. Obviously absent were flowers, ornamental trees, well-kept lawns, and other forms of landscaping that provide beauty and order in more affluent communities. Obviously present were chain-linked fences, older model cars parked in the streets, crowded semiattached houses, small front yards, and alleys spotted with dumpsters. There was also a lack of pedestrians, children playing in the streets or yards, and other forms of community interaction. Neighbors typically seemed uninvolved in one another ‘s lives, tending to live in insular fashion without much connection to one another.
On Their Own Two Feet
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not everyone agrees about when, exactly, the family Hominidae came into existence—that is, when the last ancestor of Homo sapiens lived that was not also the ancestor of one or more of the great apes. Partly this is because the ancient fossil record of the hominids is sparse; partly it is because what there is of that record is difficult to interpret; and partly it is because there is no precise agreement right now on how much time the molecular (DNA) differences that have so far been measured among the living hominoids (humans and the greater and lesser apes) tell us has elapsed since our lineage went its own way. Still, we have made progress. In 1950, nobody had the slightest idea in calendar terms about how far back into time the hominid family could trace its roots.
Getting Brainier
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the richness of the African fossil record before about 1.5 million years ago, the evidence for later hominid evolution in that continent thins out considerably. This is largely for reasons of geo- logical accident, but it is also because the attentions of rather few pa- leoanthropologists have been spread out over a continent of vast size, so much of the record presumably remains unexplored. At the same time, for reasons of history as much as of their size and intrinsic importance, the Asian and European records have traditionally loomed larger in the hominid evolutionary story for the period following about 1.5 million years ago. Nonetheless, the logical place to begin our account of the phase of human evolution after the initial move out of Africa is still that continent, where a partial skull was found at the Ethiopian site of Bodo in 1976.