bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sp1 and Sp3 regulate the basal transcription of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand gene in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Liu Jianzhong , Yang Hongmei , Liu Wei , Cao Xuemei , Feng Xu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractReceptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), a potent regulator of osteoclast formation and function, is expressed by osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying RANKL expression in osteoblast/stromal cells remains largely unclear. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanism controlling RANKL basal transcription in osteoblast/stromal cells. We cloned a 1,103‐bp murine RANKL promoter (from −953 to +150, relative to the transcription start site). Using a series of deletion mutants of the 1,103‐bp promoter, we identified a 100‐bp region (−154 to −54) mediating RANKL basal transcription in both osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) using five overlapping oligonucleotides (Probes 1–5) spanning the 100‐bp region showed that Probes 1 and 2 specifically bound nuclear proteins with high affinity from both cell types. Computer analysis revealed that Probes 1 and 2 contain a putative Sp1‐binding site. Supershift assays with Sp1 and Sp3 antibodies confirmed that the nuclear proteins binding to Probes 1 and 2 are Sp1 and Sp3. Functionally, the mutation of the Sp1/Sp3 site in Probe 1 profoundly reduced the basal promoter activity while the mutation of the one in Probe 2 resulted in moderate reduction in the basal promoter activity. Moreover, the mutation of both sites abrogated the RANKL basal promoter activity, indicating that Sp1 and Sp3 play a key role in the RANKL basal transcription in osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PARP‐1‐dependent 3‐nitrotyrosine protein modification after DNA damage
Authors: Siles E. , Martinez‐Lara E. , Núñez M.I. , Muñoz‐Gámez J.A. , Martín‐Oliva D. , Valenzuela M.T. , Peinado M.A. , Ruiz de Almodóvar J.M. , Javier Oliver F. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract3‐nitrotyrosine (NO2‐Tyr) is thought to be a specific marker of cell injury during oxidative damage. We have evaluated the role of poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) in protein nitration after treatment of immortalized fibroblasts parp‐1+/+ and parp‐1−/− with the alkylating agent 2′‐methyl‐2′‐nitroso‐urea (MNU). Both cell lines showed increased iNOS expression following MNU treatment in parallel with a selective induction of tyrosine nitration of different proteins. PARP‐1 deficient cells displayed a delayed iNOS accumulation, reduced number of nitrated proteins, and a lower global nitrotyrosine “footprint.” We have identified the mitochondrial compartment as the major site of oxidative stress during DNA damage, being MnSOD one of the NO2‐Tyr‐modified proteins, but not in parp‐1−/− cells. These results suggest that NO‐derived injury can be modulated by proteins involved in the response to genotoxic damage, such as PARP‐1, and may account for the limited oxidative injury in parp‐1 knockout mice during carcinogenesis and inflammation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accurate mass measurement for the determination of elemental formula—A tutorial
Authors: Bristow Anthony W.T. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe application of accurate mass measurement for the determination of elemental formula has its origin in the 1950s and for many years was only carried out using magnetic sector mass spectrometers. The availability of such measurements was limited due to the cost and complexity of the instrumentation and the need for considerable expertise to acquire and interpret the spectra. In recent years the incredible pace of instrumental development has changed this, particularly with the renaissance of time of flight mass spectrometry. This has resulted in instrumentation capable of making accurate mass measurements in a robust fashion becoming available to most practitioners of (mass spectrometry) MS, without some of the earlier technical challenges and at lower cost. In this review the variety of accurate mass measurement instrumentation and techniques and their relative capabilities are discussed, along with a range of applications requiring the determination of elemental formula. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of capillary‐scale LC–NMR with alternative techniques: spectroscopic and practical considerations
Authors: Lewis Richard J. , Bernstein Michael A. , Duncan Sara J. , Sleigh Chris J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractExperimental and practical details for the use of capillary LC (CapLC)–NMR are reported. The capillary NMR probe has high sensitivity and excellent flow characteristics and we found CapLC–NMR to be best suited to samples that are truly mass limited. CapLC–NMR relies on good capillary‐scale chromatography where highly concentrated peaks with a volume closely matched to the NMR flow cell are achievable. Provided that the loading capacity of the capillary column is not limiting, the combination of high sensitivity and high solvent suppression quality makes CapLC–NMR an excellent choice. For many real samples, however, the loading is limiting and we found the combination of LC–SPE–MS–NMR with a cryoprobe enables more material to be purified for NMR analysis, while retaining sensitivity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nuclear magnetic resonance coupled microseparations
Authors: Webb A. G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe increased separation efficiency afforded by reducing the size of the separation column has resulted in ‘microseparations’ becoming an important component in many chemical and biochemical applications. The coupling of microseparations with NMR detection is an area of increasing interest owing to the high structural information of NMR. In order to couple efficiently with the separation, the NMR detector must be reduced in size to correspond to that of the separation peak. This paper summarizes some of the approaches used in coupling NMR detection with pressure‐driven and electrophoretic microseparations, the design of small NMR detectors and applications of this technology. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design of an on‐line semi‐preparative LC–SPE–NMR system for trace analysis
Authors: Xu Feng , Alexander Anthony J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the design of an on‐line semi‐preparative LC–SPE–NMR system and its use in the structural analysis of mixture components at the 0.02–1% level. The combination provides at least a five fold mass sensitivity increase over that obtained from typical analytical LC–SPE systems and a >30‐fold total NMR sensitivity enhancement over analysis by LC–NMR. This is accomplished by using a novel on‐line device to store, dilute (1–100‐fold) and deliver (at an optimized flow‐rate) the isolated component of interest to an SPE trap unit. The SPE unit consists of two cartridges connected in parallel to increase the overall SPE capacity and also to decrease the flow‐rate through each trap for enhanced trapping efficiency. As the coupling of semi‐preparative LC with NMR (through SPE) is well matched in terms of optimal mass loading for both techniques, only one LC–SPE cycle is required to enrich a 50 µg ml−1 component (1% in a 5 mg ml−1 mixture) for the acquisition of heteronuclear 1H–13C NMR data using a conventional NMR flow probe. Furthermore, analytes at the 0.02% level (∼1 µg ml−1) can be studied using 2D 1H NMR techniques if peak cuts from replicate sample injections (≥3) are accumulated into the storage/dilution unit and the resulting solution processed by just one SPE trap and elute cycle. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LC–NMR coupling technology: recent advancements and applications in natural products analysis
Authors: Exarchou Vassiliki , Krucker Manfred , van Beek Teris A. , Vervoort Jacques , Gerothanassis Ioannis P. , Albert Klaus 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn overview of recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coupled with separation technologies and their application in natural product analysis is given and discussed. The different modes of LC–NMR operation are described, as well as how technical improvements assist in establishing LC–NMR as an important tool in the analysis of plant‐derived compounds. On‐flow, stopped‐flow and loop‐storage procedures are mentioned, together with the new LC–SPE–NMR configuration. The implementation of mass spectrometry in LC–NMR is also useful on account of the molecular weight and fragmentation information that it provides, especially when new plant species are studied. Cryogenic technology and capillary LC–NMR are the other important recent developments. Since the plant kingdom is endless in producing potential drug candidates, development and optimization of LC–NMR techniques convert the study of natural products to a less‐time‐consuming task, speeding up identification. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smad3 signalling plays an important role in keloid pathogenesis via epithelial–mesenchymal interactions
Authors: Phan TT , Lim IJ , Aalami O , Lorget F , Khoo A , Tan EK , Mukhopadhyay A , Longaker MT 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSmad signalling plays important roles in developmental and cancer biology as well as in fibropathogenesis. Its role in keloid biology is not known. Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions, originally described in normal skin, have recently been established to play a significant role in keloid pathogenesis, and demonstrate the important influence of keratinocyte paracrine factor signalling on fibroblast behaviour. The present study investigated the role of downstream Smad cascade induction in this interaction. Normal fibroblasts (NF) and keloid fibroblasts (KF) were co‐cultured in serum‐free medium with normal keratinocytes (NK) or keloid keratinocytes (KK) for 5 days, after which fibroblast cell lysates were subjected to western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis to quantify the levels of Smad and Smad2/3/4 binding complex. In another set of experiments, wild‐type (wt), Smad2‐null (Smad2−/−) and Smad3‐null (Smad3−/−) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were assayed for cell proliferation and collagen production after serum‐free co‐culture with KK or exposure to conditioned media collected from serum‐free KK/KF co‐culture. Compared to normal skin, keloids expressed high basal levels of TGFβR1 and TGFβR2, Smad2, 3 and 4 and phospho‐Smad2. Upregulation of TGFβR1 and TGFβR2, Smad3 and p‐Smad2 was observed in KF co‐cultured with KK, together with enhanced Smad3 phosphorylation and Smad2/3/4 binding complex production. When MEF‐wt, MEF‐Smad2−/− or MEF‐Smad3−/− were co‐cultured with KK or exposed to KK/KF co‐culture conditioned media, enhanced proliferation and collagen production were seen in MEF‐wt and MEF‐Smad2−/− but not in MEF‐Smad3−/− cells. The activation of Smad signalling, importantly that of Smad3, appears to be one facet of the complex epithelial–mesenchymal interactions in keloid pathogenesis, resulting in active KF proliferation and collagen‐ECM production in co‐culture with KK. This finding suggests the suppression of Smad signalling as a novel approach in keloid therapy. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of piezoelectric PVDF polymers for use in space environments. II. Effects of atomic oxygen and vacuum UV exposure
Authors: Dargaville Tim R. , Celina Mathew , Martin Jeffrey W. , Banks Bruce A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effects of atomic oxygen (AO) and vacuum UV radiation simulating low Earth orbit conditions on two commercially available piezoelectric polymer films, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) P(VDF‐TrFE), have been studied. Surface erosion and pattern development are significant for both polymers. Erosion yields were determined as 2.8 × 10−24 cm3/atom for PVDF and 2.5 × 10−24 cm3/atom for P(VDF‐TrFE). The piezoelectric properties of the residual material of both polymers were largely unchanged after exposure, although a slight shift in the Curie transition of the P(VDF‐TrFE) was observed. A lightly cross‐linked network was formed in the copolymer presumably because of penetrating vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation, while the homopolymer remained uncross‐linked. These differences were attributed to varying degrees of crystallinity and potentially greater absorption, and hence damage, of VUV radiation in P(VDF‐TrFE) compared with PVDF. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2503–2513, 2005
Immer auf Kurs – Wertorientierte Unternehmensführung: Risikomanagement, Strategie und Controlling verbinden
Authors: Gleißner Werner 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWertorientiertes Management zeichnet sich durch seine Orientierung am langfristigen Erfolg und die Berücksichtigung von Risiken durch die Unvorhersehbarkeit der Zukunft aus. Ein so verstandenes wertorientiertes Management findet man häufig auch bei mittelständischen Unternehmen – allerdings ohne, dass diese ihre Unternehmensführung zwingend mit “wertorientiert” beschreiben würden. Unternehmensziele, wie ein “nachhaltiges profitables Wachstum” sind jedoch eng mit dem Unternehmenswert verwandt.
A DFIG wind turbine ride‐through system. Influence on the energy production
Authors: Petersson A. , Lundberg S. , Thiringer T. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe influence of a voltage sag ride‐through system on the energy production of a doubly‐fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine is investigated. Using simulations, a candidate ride‐through system based on insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules with high current rating and with the option of having antiparallel thyristors, which can quickly disconnect the stator of the DFIG from the grid, is developed. It has been found that, by increasing the current rating of the converter IGBTs, the losses of the converter can be reduced. However, if antiparallel thyristors have to be connected between the stator and the grid in order to achieve a fast disconnection of the stator circuit, the overall losses of the total system increase instead. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grid interaction of offshore wind farms. Part 1. Models for dynamic simulation
Authors: Morren Johan , Pierik Jan T. G. , Haan Sjoerd W. H. de , Bozelie Jan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this contribution, dynamic wind farm models suitable for fast simulation of power systems are presented. While deriving the models, special attention has been paid to increasing the computational speed of the simulation program. An important increase in speed is realized by the use of the well‐known dq0 transformation (Park transformation) not only for the generator but also for all other electrical components. The use of the Park transformation is common practice in electrical machine models, but not in the modelling of other electrical components. For single turbines, simulations in the dq0 reference frame are 100 times faster than simulations in the abc reference frame. After a discussion of the Park transformation and its most important properties, it is explained how models in the dq0 reference frame can be obtained. The dq0 models of the most important electrical components are presented. The mechanical and aerodynamic models that are needed for dynamic simulation of wind turbines are discussed briefly. The models are applied in Part 2. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International comparison of requirements for connection of wind turbines to power systems
Authors: Jauch Clemens , Matevosyan Julija , Ackermann Thomas , Bolik Sigrid 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPower production from wind turbines has increased considerably during the last decade. Therefore today's wind turbines, which are typically set up in wind farms, have a significant influence on the operation of power systems. The efficient and secure operation of power systems is supported by grid codes, which are sets of requirements for all network users (suppliers, customers, etc.). In Europe, several transmission network operators have introduced special grid connection requirements for wind farms. These requirements are mainly based on existing grid codes, initially written for conventional power plants usually equipped with synchronous generators. This article presents a comparison of grid connection requirements for wind farms issued, or proposed as a draft, by transmission network operators in Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Scotland and Ireland. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of robust converter interface for wind power applications
Authors: Magueed Fainan A. , Sannino Ambra , Svensson Jan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAs the amount of wind power and other distributed generation with power electronic interface in the grid grows, it becomes unacceptable to disconnect generating units every time a disturbance occurs, as was common practice in the past. Keeping the voltage source converter on‐line during unbalanced voltage dips thus becomes a very critical issue. In this article the design of a robust converter interface for wind turbines is investigated. Based on the classification of unbalanced faults that can occur in the grid, resulting in voltage dips at the bus where the turbine is connected, the maximum current that the converter valves must be able to withstand is calculated. The effect of phase angle jumps during faults is also investigated. It is demonstrated that, ultimately, the converter design can be optimized by using statistics of voltage dips and the wind speed distribution for the specific site considered. This is shown by a design example. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field tests and modelling of a wind farm with doubly fed induction generators
Authors: Meisingset Magne , Ohnstad Trond M. , Uhlen Kjetil , Strand Leif R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHavøygavlen is Norway's second wind farm and started operation in 2002. Several new wind farms are currently under planning at various sites along the Norwegian coast. The Norwegian transmission system operator (TSO) Statnett SF and Sintef Energy Research have jointly developed a dynamic simulation model for Havøygavlen in order to analyse the interaction between wind farms and the transmission grid. Full‐scale field tests have been conducted to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the wind farm and to verify the model by comparing simulations with measurements. This article presents results from the field tests, model validation work as well as operating experiences for Havøygavlen wind farm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of selective predation by Mesocyclops pehpeiensis on a zooplankton community: experimental analysis using mesocosms
Authors: Chang Kwang‐Hyeon , Hanazato Takayuki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPredation by cyclopoid copepods is an important factor affecting zooplankton communities in freshwater habitats. Experiments provide strong evidence of the role of selective predation by cyclopoid copepods in structuring zooplankton communities. To assess the predation impact of a cyclopoid copepod, Mesocyclopspehpeiensis, we conducted a mesocosm experiment using 20‐l polyethylene tanks in which the density of the predator and the food available to herbivorous zooplankton varied. M. pehpeiensis had a notable but selective effect on the zooplankton community. The population of a small cladoceran, Bosmina fatalis was affected negatively, but M. pehpeiensis did not have any apparent impact on the population dynamics of another Bosmina species, B. longirostris. On the other hand, the population of small rotifers responded positively to the presence of M. pehpeiensis, and their densities increased in mesocosms with a high density of M. pehpeiensis. It seems that suppression of B. fatalis by M. pehpeiensis predation indirectly affected rotifers by releasing them from competition with B. fatalis. The results suggest that copepod predation is a powerful factor regulating zooplankton communities directly and indirectly.
Diabetes mellitus and cardiogenic shock in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Lindholm M.G. , Boesgaard S. , Torp‐Pedersen C. , Køber L. ,   on behalf of the TRACE registry study group
Published: July 2005

AbstractAimsCardiogenic shock is the leading cause of in‐hospital mortality after acute myocardial infarction (MI). This study investigates the importance of age and preexisting diabetes mellitus on the incidence and prognosis of cardiogenic shock in a large group of consecutive patients with MI.Methods and resultsBaseline characteristics and in‐hospital complications to the infarction were prospectively recorded in 6676 patients with MI. Ten‐year mortality was collected. Diabetes was present in 10.8% of the total population. A total of 443 developed cardiogenic shock with an incidence of 6.2% among nondiabetics and 10.6% among diabetics. Age, wall motion index, reinfarction, and the absence of thrombolytic treatment were significant independent predictors of mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock. Intriguingly, diabetes was not a significant predictor for short‐ and long‐term mortality in this population. The 30‐day and 5‐year mortality rate was equally poor in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients with cardiogenic shock (diabetics: 30‐day 63%, 5‐year 91%; nondiabetics: 30‐day 62%, 5‐year 86%; p>0.05).ConclusionsCardiogenic shock develops approximately twice as often among diabetics as among nondiabetic patients with acute MI. The prognosis of diabetics with cardiogenic shock is similar to the prognosis of nondiabetic patients with cardiogenic shock.
Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression in a sample of chronic heart failure patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Haworth J.E. , Moniz‐Cook E. , Clark A.L. , Wang M. , Waddington R. , Cleland J.G.F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression in patients with heart failure due to Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (LVSD).BackgroundPsychological adjustment to Chronic Heart Failure (CHF) can be poor, with the prevalence of depression in out‐patients ranging from 13% to 48%. The prevalence of anxiety disorders in this population is unknown and the factors that predict anxiety and depression are not well understood.Methods100 out‐patients from a community heart failure programme completed a clinical diagnostic interview—the Structured Clinical Interview (SCID‐I), to evaluate anxiety and depression. Mean age was 67 ± 11 years, 17% were women and 91% were NYHA Class II or III. Other standardised measures were of cognition, biomedical status, social support and previous physical and mental health history.ResultsThe prevalence rates of anxiety and depression (all subtypes) were 18.4% and 28.6%, respectively. Predictors of depression included a reported history of mental ill‐health and NYHA class. Predictors of anxiety included a reported history of mental ill‐health, co‐morbid physical illness (diabetes and angina) and NYHA class. Severity of LVSD did not predict either anxiety or depression.ConclusionsBoth anxiety and depression are common in CHF patients. The data on the predictors of poor psychological adjustment might assist in targeting bio‐psychosocial intervention for patients who are at most at risk of anxiety and depression, within community CHF disease management programmes.