bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bakewell becomes a celebrity
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Revolutionary breeding programmes, carried out behind stable doors and high hedges, excited passionate curiosity, not only among fellow countrymen in Britain but also soon across the Channel. Experienced farmers, skilled breeders and distinguished landowners in their own countries travelled vast distances, from as far away as Russia and outlying territories of the Hapsburg monarchy, to defer to the wisdom of this most unusual farmer and, if possible, discover his secrets.
Merinos in German-speaking countries and Australia
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The release of Merino breeding stock beyond the borders of Spain created no greater impact than upon the countries of central Europe. Within little more than half a century, Saxony, Prussia and Austria-Hungary had become major European producers. Then, on the other side of the world, Australian colonists woke up to the breed’s potential.
Conduction in electrolytes and gases
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 1890, Hertz’s waves occupied the forefront of electrodynamics. In this limited context, the deeper nature of the electric current, or the precise relation between ether and matter, did not need to be known. Maxwell’s British and German followers could confine themselves to the macroscopic field phenomenology favored by Maxwell. Yet they expected the atomic structure of matter to play a role in electric conduction, in the magnetic properties of matter, and in a number of optical phenomena. On the continent, Weber had championed this belief much earlier. No one could ignore his microscopic explanations of magnetism, no matter how unpopular the electric fluids had become after Hertz’s discovery. Even Clausius and Helmholtz, who favored a phenomenological approach to physics, could not dispense with atomistic considerations.1
The electron theories
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of Maxwell’s readers, his most impressive success was the unification of optics and electromagnetism. Yet Maxwell had left this topic in a very incomplete state. For optical refraction, dispersion, magneto-optical effects, and the optical behavior of moving bodies he had no fully electromagnetic explanation. He judged that these phenomena required a more detailed consideration of the molecular structure of matter, but performed little work of that kind. As we saw in the previous chapter, some of Maxwell’s heirs, especially Lodge and J. J. Thomson, did introduce atomistics in Maxwell’s theory. But they were mostly concerned with the mechanism of electric conduction. In optics and magneto-optics, the Maxwellians favored the macroscopic approach that was dominant in the Treatise. The physicists who first developed atomistic considerations in this domain either lived on the continent (Lorentz, Helmholtz, and Wiechert), or disagreed with important aspects of Maxwell’s theory (Larmor). Toward the end of the century, their efforts converged toward a new, microphysical approach of electromagnetism which Larmor called ‘the theory of electrons.’ This chapter recounts the multiple formation of this theory.
The fusion of electromagnetism with mechanics and thermodynamics
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Sections 51-52 we formulated fi ve principles of continuum mechanics: conservation of mass, Euler’s two laws, the law of energy balance and the entropy inequality. A theory capable of describing the dynamic and thermal effects of electromagnetic fields requires a certain generalization of these principles. Finally, of course, the principles of electromagnetism must be added.
Is Blindsight Motion Blind?
Authors: Cowey Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cynic who declared that ‘As soon as something is widely believed it is almost certain to be wrong’ had a point. We tend not to question beliefs that make sense and that the community of colleagues accept, even when loose ends remain. In the context of this book, one such belief is that the detection of motion and the discrimination of its direction is spared in blindsight, or is less impaired than other aspects of visual processing such as the detection and discrimination of pattern, luminance contrast, wavelength, orientation, size, and so on. Lest anyone quibbles that the distinction we have drawn applies only to pure blindsight (i.e. good discrimination in the absence of any acknowledged awareness) or to residual vision (i.e. involving a visual percept, however faint) let us say that our analysis embraces both. It was Riddoch (1917) who threw down the gauntlet by declaring that some patients with dense scotomatous field defects as a result of gunshot wounds to the occipital lobes could detect movement but not other qualities of a visual stimulus. He concluded that there was therefore something special about motion perception; although he was not sure what it was. His pioneering observations remain unchallenged but his interpretations were questioned by several investigators, notably his contemporary Holmes (1918), and by Teuber et al. (1960). The latter in particular pointed out that the selective sparing may merely reflect the fact that motion stands out in normal visual perception and that when striate cortex is extensively but incompletely damaged, any residual sensitivity is most easily revealed by the stimulus we normally detect most easily, i.e. motion. Unfortunately there was no means at that time of establishing whether the damage to striate cortex was incomplete; structural brain imaging was still decades away. Throughout a debate that spluttered on for three-quarters of a century, no-one attempted to evaluate the possibility that the apparent selectivity of sparing was caused by ‘ceiling effects’, that is, that the motion tasks were perceptually easier and had not been equated with non-motion tasks for difficulty of discrimination, although in the investigation by Azzopardi and Cowey (1998) the range of d’s (indicating sensitivity) obtained with moving stimuli was similar to that previously obtained with static stimuli. Unfortunately, they did not measure the relative threshold elevations required to achieve this. This crucial question therefore remains open. Nor has the perception of the direction of motion been disentangled from the perception of a change in position that can be used to infer motion. It is the latter that is investigated in this chapter.
Principles of protein-DNA recognition
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sequence information within DNA exists to be replicated, read and translated into gene products, depending on the nature of the cell type, its progression through the cell cycle, and its response to external stimuli and factors. The processes of packaging DNA in the cell, regulating the expression of individual genes, and then reading/translating the encoded sequences, requires the interplay of large numbers of non-specific and specific proteins. It is thus unsurprising that the study of DNA-protein interactions has developed into a major area in its own right, of which structural studies are one important part. This chapter concentrates on the underlying principles of recognition as found by structural methods (principally X-ray crystallography), and how DNA structure itself copes with a wide range of protein and functional requirements. The reader is directed to the extensive primary literature for detailed descriptions of individual structures.
Some general points about bandstructure
Authors: Singleton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us compare the lowest band of the nearly-free-electron model in Fig. 3.3 with a one-dimensional tight-binding band (cf. Equation 4.9) where Eo is a constant. Note that, both bands look qualitatively similar, i.e., both bands have minima and maxima (i.e. points where dE /dk = 0) at the Brillouin-zone centres and boundaries respectively;, both bands have the same k-space periodicity;, the tops and bottoms of both bands are approximately parabolic (i.e. E is proportional to (k - ko)2 plus a constant, where ko is the point in k-space at which the band extremum occurs).
The shaping of a pioneer
Authors: Gray Jeremy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the force of the Hilbert Problems, and their power to attract other mathematicians, derived from the reputation of their proposer, which was already considerable in 1900 and grew considerably thereafter. At 38, Hilbert was at the height of his abilities, and with a number of remarkable successes to his credit. To understand his bid to lead the mathematical profession, it is first necessary to know much more about him.
Glutathione reductase
Authors: Aki Kenji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glutathione reductase (ECI .6.4.2) catalyses the reduction of GSSG by NADPH, producing 2 mol GSH from 1 mol GSSG. The enzyme contains FAD and redox-active disulfide at the active centre (1). The optimum pH is broad and centred at pH 7.6. The reaction is irreversible reduction of GSSG and its metabolic function is, therefore, to supply GSH. GSH is utilized in two types of reaction—it is the substrate for enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase and it is a non-enzymatic reducing equivalent in the cell. The enzyme is distributed widely in aerobic life forms and is located in the cytoplasm of cells.
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase
Authors: Ikeda Yoshitaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
2. Add double-distilled water (DDW; 350 mL). 3. Add glycylglycine (1.32 g) and dissolve. 4. Add Tris HCI (pH 9.0-9.5, 0.5 m, 100 mL). 5. Adjust pH to 8.0 with HCI. 6. Dilute volume to 500 mL with DDW
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity assay: determination of produced NADP+
Authors: Fujii Junichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) consume L-arginine, NADPH, and O2 and produce NO, L-citrulline, and NADP+. This chapter describes a method of measuring NOS activity by quantitating the NADP+ produced. The enzymatic reaction is terminated by addition of HC1, and the enzymes and NADPH are inactivated by heating. The NADP+ produced is converted to a strongly fluorescent compound, and the fluorescence is measured.
Caeruloplasmin
Authors: Sugiyama Toshihiro , Kawarada Yoshihiko , Hirasawa Fujiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The procedures most commonly used are based on the oxidase activity of the protein towards p-phenylenediamine (1, 2) or o-dianisidine dihydrochloride (3). These methods are more sensitive than measurement of the intrinsic blue colour (4) or measurement of the caeruloplasmin content by an immunological method, and are more precise than measuring ferroxidase activity (5).
Xanthine oxidase
Authors: Akaike Takaaki , Miyamoto Yoichi , Sawa Tomohiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase is widely distributed among mammalian species and is expressed mainly in vascular endothelial cells, hepatocytes, epithelial cells of the intestine, and the secretory cells of the mammary gland. Expression of the enzymatic activity of XO/XD depends on the animal species. XO/XD activity is, for example, high in the blood of mice and rats, whereas very low levels of XO/XD activity are detected in human blood. This enzyme, however, is also distributed in human tissues, particularly in endothelial cells. We must, therefore, employ a highly sensitive and selective method for detection of the activity of this enzyme in human specimens.
L-Gulono-γ-lactone oxidase
Authors: Nlsiiikimi Morjmitsli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
L-Gulono-γ-lactone oxidase (GLO), terminal enzyme in the pathway of l-ascorbic acid synthesis, is expressed in the liver of most mammals, some exceptions being man, monkey, and guinea pig. Most mammalian cell lines have no such enzymic activity, but they are normally cultured in media without supplementation with this vitamin. Because of the importance of L-ascorbic acid as a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, we attempted to express GLO in mammalian cells. Procedures for transfection of the guinea pig cell line 104C1 with a GLO-expressing plasmid and for micro-determination of GLO activity are given below.
ROS damage to protein
Authors: Cchjda Koh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that protein oxidation by free radicals and the subsequent accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins, which could be an early indication of oxygen radical-mediated tissue damage, have been found in cells during ageing, after oxidative stress, and in various pathological states including premature ageing diseases, muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis (1). Furthermore, free radical-mediated oxidative inactivation of enzymes, especially by metal-catalysed oxidation systems, have been postulated as marking steps in enzyme turnover.
Model for ageing: longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ishii Naoaki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a small, rapidly growing organism that can easily be raised in the laboratory on the bacterium Escherichia coli. C. elegans has received much attention as a model for dissecting the genetics and, hence, the mechanisms that underlie ageing. Here we describe a method for measuring the life-span of wild and oxygen-sensitive mutants under different oxygen concentrations.
How conductors shape an electric field
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Materials which contain charged particles that are free to move are called electrical conductors. Such material has a profound effect upon the shape and strength of electric fields both within the material and immediately around it. In this chapter the modification of a static electric field in a vacuum, which is caused by the presence of conductors, is discussed. Also discussed is an electric capacitor as an example of a charge storage device, and different geometries of capacitor are described. The plasma membrane of an animal cell is shown to act as a capacitor.
Ionic conductors
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a voltage is applied across the ends of a conductor an electrical current is caused to flow. In this chapter Ohm’s law, which governs the current flow, is discussed and the concepts of conductivity and resistivity of a conducting material are introduced. In biology the most important conductors consist of liquids which contain ions which are mobile particles bearing charges. The laws which determine the thermally activated passive diffusion of such particles are discussed, as is the driven motion when an electric field is applied.
Induced electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter it is shown that a time-varying magnetic field will give rise to a time-varying electric field and a time-varying electric field will give rise to a time-varying magnetic field. Thus when the fields vary with time it is no longer possible to separate electricity and magnetism as was possible for static fields. Faraday’s law, which governs the generation of an electric field by a time-varying magnetic field, will give rise to electric fields in the form of closed loops which can penetrate conductors, unlike the static electric fields dealt with in Chapter 2. Thus the generation of an electrical current within a living biological cell is often accomplished by applying an external time-varying magnetic field. The realization that a time-varying electric field will generate a magnetic field enabled James Clerk Maxwell to formulate a set of equations called the Maxwell equations that govern electric and magnetic fields under any circumstances.
An electrostatic model of a proton/ion or an ion/ion coport or counterport
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ionic coport is a trans-membrane protein or group of proteins that uses the drop across the cell membrane of the electrochemical potential of one type of ion to power the transfer of a second type of ion across that membrane in the same direction but against its trans-membrane electrochemical potential gradient. Any such simultaneous transfer can only occur spontaneously if the Gibbs free energy of the combined process falls, as described in Appendix 3. For definiteness we consider a coport that uses the transfer of the cation X + across the membrane, resulting in a change − ΔµX in its electrochemical potential, to power the transfer of another type of cation Y + across the membrane in the same direction when the change in its electrochemical potential is Δ+ µY .
Atom interferometry
Authors: Foot C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possibility of interferometry with atoms follows directly from wave particle duality. The wave-like propagation of particles, such as atoms, means that they undergo interference and diffraction in an analogous way to light. This chapter explains how such matter waves have been used in interferometers that measure rotation and gravitational acceler ation to a precision comparable with the best optical instruments. As in many important developments in physics, atom interferometry relies on simple principles-the first part of this chapter uses only elementary optics and the de Broglie relation.
Wavelets on irregular point sets
Authors: Daubechies Ingrid , Guskov Igor , Schröder Peter , Sweldens Wim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wavelets are a versatile tool for representing general functions and datasets, and they enjoy widespread use in areas as diverse as signal processing, image compression, finite-element methods and statistical analysis (among many others). In essence we may think of wavelets as building blocks with which to represent data and functions. The particular appeal of wavelets derives from their representational and computa­tional efficiency: most datasets exhibit correlation both in time (space) and frequency, as well as other types of structure. These can be modelled with high accuracy through sparse combinations of wavelets. Wavelet representations can also be computed fast, because they can be built using multiresolution analysis and subdivision.
Wavelets and the theory of non-parametric function estimation
Authors: Johnstone Iain M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within statistics, the first applications of wavelets were to theory. While the potential for statistical application to a variety of problems was also apparent, and is now being realized (as surveyed in other articles in this issue), it was in the theory of non-parametric function estimation that progress was initially fastest. The goal of this article is to survey some of this work retrospectively.
Wavelets in time-series analysis
Authors: Nason Guy P , Sachs Rainer von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reviewing the role of wavelets in statistical time-series analysis (TSA) appears to be quite an impossible task. For one thing, wavelets have become so popular that such a review could never be exhaustive. Another, more pertinent, reason is that there is no such thing as one statistical time-series analysis, as the very many different fields encompassed by TSA are, in fact, so different that the choice of a particular methodology must naturally vary from area to area. Examples for this are numerous: think about the fundamentally different goals of treating comparatively short correlated biomedical time-series to explain, for example, the impact of a set of explanatory variables on a response variable, or of analysing huge inhomogeneous datasets in sound, speech or electrical engineering, or, finally, building models for a better understanding and possibly prediction of financial time-series data.
Wavelets, vision and the statistics of natural scenes
Authors: Field D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade, the wavelet transform in its various incarnations has grown to be a highly popular means of analysis, with a wide range of applications in processing natural signals. Although there is some debate regarding who developed the first wavelet transform, most of the claims of priority apply to only this century. In this paper, we consider wavelet-like transforms that pre-date these recent studies by possibly as much as several hundred million years. These wavelet-like transforms are found within the sensory systems of most vertebrates and probably a number of invertebrates. The most widely studied of these is the mammalian visual system. This paper focuses on recent work exploring the visual system’s response to spatial patterns and on recent theories of ‘why’ the visual system would use this strategy for coding its visual environment.
Application of wavelets to filtering of noisy data
Authors: Pen Ue-Li 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In astronomy, the collection of data is often limited by the presence of background noise. Various methods are used to filter the noise while retaining as much ‘useful’ information as possible. In recent years, wavelets have played an increasing role in astrophysical data analysis. It provides for a general parameter-free procedure to look for objects of varying size scales. In the case of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), one is interested in the non-Gaussian component in the presence of Gaussian noise and signal. An application of wavelets is presented by Tenorio et al.(1999). This paper generalizes their analysis beyond the thresholding approximation. X-ray images are also frequently noise dominated, caused by instrumental and cosmic background. Successful wavelet reconstructions were achieved by Damiani et al.(1997a, b).
Approximation and compression of piecewise smooth functions
Authors: Prandoni Paolo , Vetterli Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wavelets have had an important impact on signal processing theory and practice and, in particular, wavelets play a key role in compression, image compression being a prime example (Vetterli & Kovačević 1995). This success is linked to the ability of wavelets to capture efficiently both stationary and transient behaviours. In signal processing parlance, wavelets avoid the problem of the window size (as in the short-time Fourier transform, for example), since they work with many windows due to the scaling property.
The contribution of wavelets to the analysis of economic and financial data
Authors: Ramsey James B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a dynamical system that is characterized by the decentralized interactions of a large number of participants. Participants make decisions about their future behaviour facing enormous degrees of freedom using only local information over both time and space. Imagine further that this system is constantly evolving, open and non-isolated so that its performance over time reflects its reactions to external stimuli and even the manipulation of the fundamental relationships of the system. Imagine yet again that attempts to control the system generate anticipatory reactions by the participants, each of whom is trying to optimize their position within the system. Imagine also that each agent is operating on several time-scales at once, so that not only current events affect behaviour, but the distant past as well as the agent’s anticipation of the distant future.
Mappings And Graphs
Authors: Carbone Alessandra , Semmes Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce basic machinery for comparison and interaction between oriented graphs and their visibilities, through mappings between graphs. Some of the basic definitions and lemmas will follow standard ideas about covering spaces from topology, and they will enable us to provide effective witnesses for the visibility recognition and isomorphism problems, as discussed in Sections 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4. In Chapter 11 we shall look at the way that mappings between graphs can be used to compare calculations and constructions lying below feasibility graphs (Section 7.1).