bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Spraying with Micronutrients using Different Types of Nozzles on the Growth and Yield of Corn (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Al-Shaheen Madyan Shallal Radhi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in the north of Basra Governorate during the fall season of 2019 to determine the effect of the nozzles type and spraying of zinc and iron on the growth, yield, and quality of maize (Al-Maha cultivar). The first factor was (spraying zinc 90 mg L-1 F1, iron 300 mg L-1 F2, and zinc 90 mg L-1 + iron 300 mg L-1 F3). The second factor (Nozzles type: Tip Nozzle N1, Flat fan Nozzle N2, Hollow Cone Nozzle N3). R. C. B.D design with three replications was utilized. The application of micronutrients through spraying yielded positive outcomes. Specifically, treatment F2 exhibited the tallest stem height, measuring 139.68 cm. Treatment F4 demonstrated the largest stem diameter, measuring 1.91 cm. Furthermore, treatment F4 resulted in the highest mean values for grain yield (5.44 tonne ha-1), chlorophyll content (31.73 spad), and protein content (11.039%). Regarding the second factor, it was observed that N1 exhibited superior performance in stem diameter, measuring 1.889 cm. The F2N2 treatment demonstrated superior performance in stem height, with an average measurement of 148.05 cm. Conversely, the F4N2 treatment exhibited excellence in stem diameter, with an average measurement of 1.94 cm.
Physiological Effects of Green Coffee on Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Male Rats
Authors: Mohiuddin Ahmed S. , Mohammed Mohammed J. , Jassim Mohammed A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted on green coffee beans obtained from the local markets in Salah Al-Din Governorate. Several tests were conducted to detect the active substances (antioxidants, phenolic compounds and caffeine) present in green coffee seeds, and to study the effect of their uses on male laboratory rats infected with type 2 diabetes (induced by alloxan). Results of blood sugar confirmed a decrease in glucose levels in the diabetic group treated with green coffee by oral administration throughout the experimental period (28) days. In addition, the percentage of insulin increased in the infected group treated with green coffee compared to the affected (positive) control group during the study period. The current study aimed to investigate the preventive effects against diabetes. As it was found that consuming green coffee, within the permissible concentrations of 200-300 mg / kg per day, reduces blood sugar and contributes to weight loss and obesity, due to the nutrients and active ingredients contained in coffee, as its consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, and reducing the blood glucose level.
Effect of Partial Substitution of some Vegetable Sources for Animal Fats in the Manufacture of Low-Calorie Beef Burger and Evaluation of its Qualitative Characteristics
Authors: Saber Yasser A. , Mohammed Mohammed J. , Ayed Hani Sabbar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
this study aimed to find out the effect of partial replacement of some vegetable sources, namely oat flour and chia flour, instead of beef fat to manufacture a low-fat, low-calorie burger, to Preserving the burger patties by freezing at a temperature of (-18 ± 2 C) for a period of 60 days and following up on their characteristics during the storage period by (1, 30, 60) days, and following up on their characteristics during the storage period (1, 30, 60) days, The study also included identifying the characteristics of the beef burger in terms of (calories-physical characteristics - qualitative characteristics) and a comparison of the factory-controlled burger with the commercial burger available in the market. The beef burger was made from 80% lean veal and 20% beef fat, which is the standard treatment. The fat was replaced with 50% oat flour and 50% chia flour to make the beef burger. The results showed that all the quality active at has improved in a clear and noticeable way. Therefore, the study recommends the use of oatmeal and chia flour as a substitute for beef fat in the manufacture of burgers.
The Use of Crude Alpha-Galactosidase in the Removal of Semi-Complex Raffinose Sugars from some Types of Legumes
Authors: Al-Daheri Sabah Nassif Jassim , Al-Attar Eman J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study measured the proportions of the semi-complex raffinose group in selected types of legumes using active yeast Saccharomyces as a source to obtain the enzyme alpha-galactosidase in its raw form and adding this enzyme to different levels of legumes soaked under different soaking conditions of temperature, pH, and soaking period. The rates of removal of semi-complex raffinose sugars were estimated. The study aims to remove the group of semi-complex raffinose sugars (which is one of the most important anti-nutritional compounds in legumes) to obtain some types of legumes that are largely free of these compounds in order to be ready for consumption by humans, especially children. The results of the table show that the amount of semi-complex sugars of the family of RFOs, represented by raffinose. It was 0.03 gm in chickpeas, and 0.03 gm in beans, and it was concluded that the best result was obtained when using the pure enzyme α-galactosidase at a temperature of 30 ° C and a concentration of 20 mg of enzyme during 8 hours of treatment with the enzyme pH = 4 in chickpeas. As for white beans, the best result was reached when using the pure enzyme α-galactosidase at a temperature of 40°C and at a concentration of 20 mg of enzyme during 8 hours of treatment with enzyme pH = 4.
Possibility of Prolonging Chicken Meat Shelf Life by Coating with Protein Concentrate of Quinoa Seeds
Authors: Kubbaa Farah A. , Al-Obaidi Laith F. H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research encompassed the production of protein casings derived from concentrated quinoa seed protein at varying concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). The objective was to investigate the mechanical characteristics of the produced casings and their potential application in packaging refrigerated chicken breast pieces at a temperature of 4°C, with the aim of extending the storage duration for different time intervals (10, 5, 15 days). The findings pertaining to the mechanical properties of the protein casings being investigated revealed that the thickness of the membrane, tensile strength, elongation, and solubility exhibited an upward trend as the concentration increased. The findings of the microbial analysis also indicated that the application of protein casings derived from quinoa seed protein concentrate, at concentrations of 6% and 8%, on chicken breast pieces and subsequent refrigeration at 4°C, resulted in a significant reduction in the total bacterial count and the count of psychrophilic bacteria, in comparison to the control treatment where chicken pieces were left uncoated. In addition, it was observed that chicken breast portions that were coated with protein coatings exhibited no growth of coliform bacteria during the storage period, in contrast to the uncoated counterparts. The emergence of the phenomenon was observed on the tenth day of the storage period. The application of protein films on chicken breast parts resulted in a notable reduction in both the peroxide number (PV) and the value of thiarebiobutyric acid (TBA) as compared to the uncoated control treatment. The control treatment exhibited the highest values on the 15th day of refrigerated storage.
Relationship of the Mutation (C2006A) in the GDF9 Gene in the Productive Performance of Local and Shami Goats
Authors: Hussein Dalaf A. , Al-Khazraji W.J. , Ajeel H. M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted at the Ruminant’s Research Station, Office of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq, For the period from 20/12/2021 to 1/9/2022, to detect GDF-9 gene polymorphism in Local and Shami goat, The genetic material was separated and nucleotide sequencing technology was used to detect mutations in the studied segment of (GDF9) gene, to determine the relationship of the resulting genotypes to the characteristics of growth, milk production and Litter size. The results of the study showed the presence of the mutation (C2006A) in the GDF-9 gene in both local and Shami goats. And it appeared with two genotypes were identified, wild (CC) and hybrid (CA), as the percentage of individuals carrying the wild genotype was (90.91, 92.31)% compared to the hybrid individuals (9.09, 7.69)% in the local and Shami samples, respectively, and the allelic frequency of the wild allele C was superior in Both strains (95, 96% balanced by the mutant allele A (4,5%). The results showed a significant effect of the polymorphism of the mutation (C2006A) in the characteristics of the weaning weight and the current weight in the local sample and in favor of the individuals carrying the hybrid genotype CA (19.25, 38.19) kg, while in the Shami goat sample, a significant effect was found for the genetic variation caused by the mutation (C2006A) in weight at birth for the benefit of individuals carrying the hybrid genotype (2.93) kg, and the results showed a significant effect of the multiplicity of genetic manifestations of the mutation (C2006A) in producing Total milk and Litter size in local and Shami goats in favor of individuals carrying the hybrid genotype CA (454.23, 497.39) kg and (1.57, 1.89) Kids/litter, compared to individuals carrying the wild genotype CC (450.10, 441.27) kg (1.21, 1.11) Kids/litter in the local and Shami samples, respectively.
The influence of onshore harbour layout on coastal sedimentation and erosion at Pekalongan
Authors: Fattah Z A , Suharyanto  , Sangkawati S 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Pekalongan City is an area that experience floods. Therefore, the government launched program for flood management in the Pekalongan area. The program requires the PPN Pekalongan to be relocated. The construction of the Pekalongan Onshore Harbour will change the hydrodynamics pattern and transport sediments. To overcome this problem, it is necessary to conduct a study of these changes. High current speeds and high waves will cause high sediment transport, but it can have a different impact. The first impact is high erosion, like in the existing condition T3. The second impact is high sedimentation, such as in T1 layout 1. The third impact is experiencing slight erosion or sedimentation at the end of modelling, but fluctuations during the modelling process are very large, such as in T5 layout 2. The bed level change is -313.5 mm, 20.88 mm, and -13.66 mm, respectively. Slow currents with high waves cause large sedimentation such as T4 layout 2 or high erosion such as T2 in existing conditions with bed level changes of 41.53 mm and -332.07 mm, respectively. Layouts 1 and 2 are in accordance with regulations because it has current speeds below 0.4 m/s and wave heights below 0.5 m.
The Arab Revolutions of 2011: Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen
Authors: Goldstone Jack A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A wave of revolutions swept across North Africa and the Middle East in 2011, driving long-standing dictators from power. While they began with peaceful protests seeking democracy, all failed to deliver that outcome. Although the dictators were overthrown (except in Syria), they were replaced by new authoritarian regimes or states of civil war that are still ongoing a decade later.
Whiteness is not enough: South Africa and the 1922 responsible government referendum in Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Cussans Charlton Francis 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the 1922 referendum White Southern Rhodesian voters rejected the Union of South Africa in favour of becoming a self-governing part of the British empire. This article will examine White Southern Rhodesian perceptions of South Africa during the referendum, considering historiographic ideas, particularly the ‘British world’, using contemporary newspapers and letters. The argument of this article is that White Southern Rhodesians saw themselves as distinct from White South Africans and that this is emblematic of the complicated nature of the ‘British world’ idea. The ‘British world’ is a useful idea, but it is hindered by the ambiguity of its parameters.
Minimum methionine requirement in adult cats as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation
Authors: Pezzali Júlia Guazzelli , Lambie Jocelyn G , Verbrugghe Adronie , Shoveller Anna K 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
There is a lack of empirical data on the dietary Met requirement, in the presence of Cys or cystine, in adult cats. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the Met requirement, in the presence of excess Cys, in adult cats at maintenance using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Six adult neutered male cats were initially selected and started the study. Cats were adapted to the basal diet sufficient in Met (0.24% dry matter, DM) for 14 d prior to being randomly allocated to one of eight dietary levels of Met (0.10%, 0.13%, 0.17%, 0.22%, 0.27%, 0.33%, 0.38%, and 0.43% DM). Different dietary Met concentrations were achieved by supplementing the basal diet with Met solutions. Alanine was additionally included in the solutions to produce isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. Cats underwent a 2-d adaptation period to each experimental diet prior to each IAAO study day. On IAAO study days, 13 meals were offered corresponding to 75% of each cat’s daily food allowance. The remaining 25% of their daily food intake was offered after each IAAO study. A bolus dose of NaH13CO3 (0.44 mg kg−1) and l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine (13C-Phe; 4.8 mg kg−1) were provided in fifth and sixth meals, respectively, followed by a constant dose of 13C-Phe (1.04 mg kg−1) in the next meals. Breath samples were collected and total production of 13CO2 was measured every 25 min through respiration calorimetry chambers. Steady state of 13CO2 achieved over at least three breath collections was used to calculate oxidation of 13C-Phe (F13CO2). Competing models were applied using the NLMIXED procedure in SAS to determine the effects of dietary Met on 13CO2. Two cats were removed from the study as they did not eat all meals, which is required to achieve isotopic steady. A breakpoint for the mean Met requirement, with excess of Cys, was identified at 0.24% DM (22.63 mg kg−1) with an upper 95% confidence limit of 0.40% DM (37.71 mg·kg−1), on an energy density of 4,164 kcal of metabolizable energy/kg DM calculated using the modified Atwater factors. The estimated Met requirement, in the presence of excess of Cys, is higher than the current recommendations proposed by the National Research Council’s Nutrient Requirement of Dogs and Cats, the Association of American Feed Control Officials, and the European Pet Food Industry Federation.
Supplementing honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies with pollen increases their pollinating activity on nectariferous crops with anthers isolated from stigmas
Authors: Chabert Stan , Morison Nicolas , Buffière Marie-Josée , Guilbaud Laurent , Pleindoux Céline , de Premorel Géraud , Royer Philippe , Harruis Marie , Vaissière Bernard E 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) is the most globally used managed pollinator species, but it can have limited pollinating activity on nectariferous crops displaying anthers isolated from stigmas, i.e., when anthers are spatially or temporally separated from stigma within or between flowers. We supplemented honey bee colonies with pollen in the combs or in paste form laid on top of the hive frames to test if these treatments could reduce their pollen foraging and increase their pollinating activity in a monoecious and nectariferous cultivar of cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L.), in comparison with control colonies not supplemented. We recorded the pollen forager density per flower, the number of pollen grains deposited per stigma and their resulting fruit set, seed set and fruit mass, before and after the colony pollen supplementations. The number of pollen grains deposited by honey bees on stigmas increased gradually after pollen supplementation in the combs. But pollen foraging decreased only moderately, and no effect could be observed on any yield component except the seed set. On the other hand, there was no effect of the pollen paste laid on top of the frames either on stigmatic pollen loads, on colony pollen foraging or on any yield component. Supplementing honey bee colonies with pollen in the combs can therefore be an effective means for increasing their pollinating activity in nectariferous crops displaying anthers isolated from stigmas, e.g., Amaryllidaceae, Apiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, avocado, all hybrid seed productions. The context for the potential use of pollen substitutes is discussed.
Co-Location, Good, Bad, or Both: How do New Entries of Discount Variety Stores Affect Local Grocery Businesses?
Authors: Evensen Charlotte B , Steen Frode , Ulsaker Simen A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We analyse 69 entries and relocations by the largest Norwegian discount variety chain Europris during the period 2016–2019, and measure how its location choices affect local grocery stores’ performance. We use detailed data from a major Norwegian grocery chain, which enables us to combine local grocery stores’ sales and traffic with travelling distance to new or relocated Europris stores, and a two-way fixed effects strategy. Our findings suggest that entries and relocations have significant effects and that the sign of the effect depends on the distance between the stores, creating a non-linear relationship between the effect of entry and the distance between the stores. Sufficiently close entries and relocations increase local demand since more customers are attracted to the market, but as the distance increases, the competitive effect of a new discount variety store dominates, and local grocery store sales and traffic are reduced. As we move further away, the entry effect is gradually reduced to zero.
Does current legislation provide for adequate compensation in cases of unjustified preliminary injunctions? Originator–generic conflicts in the context of patent infringement proceedings
Authors: Stief Marco , Geller Anja 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In Germany, preliminary injunctions are frequently granted for pharmaceutical patents. If a granted preliminary injunction later proves to be unjustified, under section 945 ZPO (German Code of Civil Procedure), the defendant generic company can claim damages on a strict liability basis. However, attempts to enforce such claims are rare, and, even when they are enforced, originators have little to fear because their profits routinely exceed the losses of the generic companies by a significant margin. Yet, delayed market entry by generic companies not only harms generic companies themselves but also leads to the unjustifiable maintenance of high prices for patent-protected medicines. The resulting higher costs place a burden on the already strained healthcare system as well as on the health insurance companies. Section 945 ZPO does not take account of these higher costs, raising the question of the need for further legal bases for claims.
Xiongnu
Authors: Miller Bryan K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book raises the case of the world’s first nomadic empire, the Xiongnu, as a prime example of the sophisticated developments and powerful influence of nomadic regimes. Launching from a reconceptualization of the social and economic institutions of mobile pastoralists, the collective chapters trace the entire course of the Xiongnu Empire starting from before its initial rise, leaping into its founding conquests, shedding light on the peoples and communities that maintained its Inner Asian realms, traversing the wars that challenged it and the reformations that made it stronger, and at last reflecting on the legacies that lived on after its eventual fall. By weaving together archaeological examinations with historical investigations, the book presents a more complex and nuanced narrative of how an empire based firmly in the steppe more than two thousand years ago managed to formulate a robust political economy and a complex political matrix. The nomadic regime capitalized on the mobilities of resources and agents and fostered alternative forms of political participation, allowing the Xiongnu to consume and dominate vast realms of central Eurasia and to have lasting geopolitical effects on the many worlds around them.
Extending Play
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Extending Play examines the ubiquity of brand partnerships within the contemporary music industries. Though brand partnerships exist across all media industries, they are a distinct phenomenon for the music business because of their associations with fan club merchandise, concert merchandise, and lifestyle branding. The book also foregrounds women’s participation in shaping these economies through fan labor and image management. While brand partnerships are common among male and female musicians, Extending Play focuses specifically on how female-identified musicians use them tactically to extend their commercial and creative longevity after they have established their recording careers by commodifying their creative acumen with either hegemonically feminine cultural knowledge or traditionally masculinized skills. They do this through branded consumer goods that they make in partnership with companies associated with the beauty, fashion, food, or musical equipment industries. Through textual and discourse analysis of artists’ songs, music videos, interviews, social media usage, promotional campaigns, marketing strategies, and business decisions, Extending Play investigates how female-identified musicians co-create branded feminine-coded products like perfume, clothes, makeup, and cookbooks, as well as masculine-coded products like music equipment as resources to work through their own ideas about gender and femininity as workers in industries that often use sexism and ageism to diminish women’s creative authority and diminish the value of the recording in order to incentivize musicians to internalize the demands of industrial convergence.
Mapping the Conditions for Feminized Collaborative Music Merchandise
Authors: Vesey Alyxandra 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 lays out the industrial conditions that established music merchandise as its own sector by the 1980s. It pays particular attention to merchandise’s diversification through mail-order distribution at the end of the twentieth century and the rise of e-commerce during the twenty-first century’s first two decades. It also identifies the rise in brand partnerships throughout the 1990s with televised home shopping and hip-hop fashion. This chapter posits that all of these activities rely on feminized labor and consumer groups, which contribute to music merchandise’s connotative femininity and create a context for female-identified musicians’ contemporary work as brand partners for collaborative music merchandise.