bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations on 1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone by laser excitation
Authors: Umadevi M. , Ramakrishnan V. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractOptical absorption and fluorescence emission spectra of 1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone (1,5‐DAAQ) in different solvents and the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum of 1,5‐DAAQ in silver sol were investigated. Optical absorption and fluorescence emission studies revealed that the internal and external hydrogen bonds and reorientation of the solvent molecule around the excited state fluorophore are responsible for the observed bathochromic shift and the non‐radiative decay process in polar solvents. SERS studies showed that 1,5‐DAAQ molecules are chemisorbed through carbonyl groups and the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen. The orientation of the molecule on the silver surface is found to be stand‐on. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra and structures of fluoroalkyl and fluoroaryl compounds of tellurium: Te2(CF3)2, Te2(C6F5)2 and Te(C6F5)2
Authors: Hoge B. , Naumann D. , Pohl H. , Shamir J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRaman and infrared spectra of Te2(CF3)2, Te2(C6F5)2 and Te(C6F5)2 were studied and their structures determined. Polarization measurements of Raman lines of the neat liquid Te2(CF3)2 and of CCl4 solutions of Te2(C6F5)2 and Te(C6F5)2 were also performed, allowing the assignment of symmetric and asymmetric vibrations. The observed coinciding wavenumbers supported the skeletal C2 symmetry structure for the Te2R2 compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of phase transitions in Li3PO4
Authors: Popović L. , Manoun B. , de Waal D. , Nieuwoudt M. K. , Comins J. D. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAlthough three forms of lithium phosphate are known, a complete structural description of the highest temperature polymorph has not yet been given. In the present work, the phase transitions of lithium phosphate were investigated at high temperatures using Raman microscopy and x‐ray powder diffraction. Both transitions were observed by following the temperature dependence of the totally symmetrical Raman stretching vibration of PO43−. Currently available structural information on the α form, resulting in P—O bond lengths of 1.787–1.899 Å, as determined by valence bond calculations, are disputed here. A correlation between Raman wavenumber and bond length in inorganic phosphates estimates the P—O bond length in α‐Li3PO4 to be around 1.57(1) Å, which is in closer agreement with values for other orthophosphates of between 1.50 and 1.58 Å. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal changes in phospholipids of mussel (Mytilus edulis Linne)
Authors: Lin Hong , Jiang Jie , Xue Chang‐hu , Zhang Bin , Xu Jia‐chao 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe phospholipids of mussels (Mytilus edulis Linne) from the coast of Qingdao were extracted, fractionated and analysed over a 12 month period. The contents of total lipids, neutral lipids, polar lipids and phospholipids were measured. The composition of phospholipids was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and their fatty acid composition was analysed by gas chromatography. The phospholipid content ranged from 3.6 to 6.4 g kg−1 soft tissue. PE (phosphatidyl ethanolamine) and PC (phosphatidyl choline) were the major constituents. C16:0, C20:5 and C22:6 were the major fatty acids. C20:5 (5.25–23.10%) and C22:6 (6.05–20.42%) varied regularly with the seasonal factors. Their total amounts were high from January to June, which would be an optimal time for the utilisation of the phospholipids of mussels.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Pastoral and species flavour in lambs raised on pasture, lucerne or maize
Authors: Young Owen A , Lane Geoffrey A , Priolo Alessandro , Fraser Karl 
Published: January 2003

AbstractVariations in diet, age and castration were employed to generate a range of flavours that were chemically analysed to find the cause of ‘pastoral’ flavour in sheepmeat and its relationship to species flavour. Lambs were raised on pasture (ram or castrate) or on a maize‐based or lucerne‐based concentrate diet (ram only). They were slaughtered at 132 and 232 days. Fat from animals raised on concentrates had lower proportions of fat‐hardening stearic acid and higher proportions of oxidation‐prone fat‐softening oleic and linoleic acids. Concentrations of species‐characterising short branched‐chain fatty acids (BCFAs), typified by 4‐methyloctanoic acid, were lower for pasture‐fed lambs, particularly at 232 days, although between‐animal variation was high. Castration did not statistically affect BCFA concentration at this age. Correlations between BCFAs and testes weight were not significant, suggesting that they were not acting as sex pheromones. Concentrations of 3‐methylindole (skatole) in perirenal fat were higher for the pasture diet at both slaughter dates. Concentrations of 4‐methylphenol in the fat were not affected by diet. However, 3‐methylphenol was more abundant in pasture treatments. A sensory panel found that the intensity of ‘sheepmeat’ flavour was higher for pasture‐raised animals, but that associations of ‘barnyard’ flavour (which has been linked to pastoral flavour) with diet were more complex. The issue was resolved by fat sniffing. Panel responses to heated subcutaneous fat were recorded as frequency of descriptive terms drawn from a limited lexicon. Volatiles from fats pooled by treatment were resolved on a gas chromatographic column whose effluent was monitored by odourport sniffing. Compounds were identified by parallel chromatographic/mass spectrometric runs. The headspace concentrations of these compounds were then measured for individual animals. These data were related to frequency data by the principal component method. ‘Mutton’ and ‘sheepmeat’ odour notes were clearly linked to indoles (skatole particularly) and, to a lesser extent, methylphenol, setting these notes apart from ‘lamb’, an odour note more associated with lucerne and maize diets through higher concentrations of BCFAs. It was concluded that 3‐methylindole was the major cause of pastoral flavour in sheepmeat, and that fat oxidation products represented a background flavour that varied quantitatively but not qualitatively with fatty acid profile.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydration and physicochemical properties of small‐particle cassava starch
Authors: Sanguanpong Varangkana , Chotineeranat Sunee , Piyachomkwan Kuakoon , Oates Christopher G , Chinachoti Pavinee , Sriroth Klanarong 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAcid hydrolysis followed by ball milling was applied to cassava starch in order to fracture the granules. Lintnerisation led to degradation first in the amorphous domains and increased the crystallinity. The resulting increase in internal defects and brittleness made the granules more susceptible to breakage upon milling. Ball milling, although leading to some degree of crystallinity loss, could effectively reduce the size of acid‐hydrolysed starch while the total double helix remained relatively unchanged. The resulting small‐particle starch was structurally more heterogeneous (wider Tm range). Swelling of small‐particle starch was accompanied by solubilisation of water‐soluble fragments at a temperature greater than 60 °C. The properties of individual granules are strongly influenced by the hydration and physicochemical properties of their amorphous and crystalline domains.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of microbial transglutaminase on rheological properties of oxidised and non‐oxidised natural actomyosin from two species of bigeye snapper
Authors: Visessanguan Wonnop , Benjakul Soottawat , Tanaka Munehiko 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe contribution of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) to the thermal gelation of non‐oxidised and oxidised natural actomyosin (NAM) from two species of bigeye snapper was studied by dynamic rheological testing. Under two‐step heating, the addition of MTGase increased the gel‐forming ability of both species. During setting at 40 °C, Priacanthus macracanthus NAM seemed to show higher reactivity to MTGase than P tayenus NAM, resulting in a higher rate and magnitude of G′ development. An increase in final G′ of NAM from P macracanthus and P tayenus by 13.7–24 and 6.6–10.8 times respectively was observed compared with NAM alone. Iron‐catalysed oxidation substantially decreased the gel‐forming ability of P tayenus NAM but enhanced that of P macracanthus NAM. However, oxidation decreased the reactivity of both NAM types to added MTGase. The results suggested that the native NAM structure was essential for MTGase to maximise the setting response. The gel‐forming ability and setting response of denatured NAM were partially recovered by the addition of MTGase.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle proteins during iced and frozen storage
Authors: Tejada Margarita , Huidobro Almudena , Mohamed Gamal Fouad 
Published: January 2003

AbstractGilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and hake (Merluccius merluccius) muscle behave differently during storage, whether in ice or deep frozen. Rapid changes have been observed in the texture of hake muscle during frozen storage, while gilthead sea bream has proved to be more stable. In order to ascertain the role of muscle proteins in the changes observed during storage, parameters related to protein functionality and the properties of extracted natural actomyosin (NAM) were studied initially and during storage in ice or at −20 °C. Initially, the parameters related to functionality had higher values in hake muscle and extracted NAM than in gilthead sea bream. At the end of iced storage (22 days), less myosin heavy chain (MHC) and actin were extracted from hake, but there was practically no change in gilthead sea bream. This decrease was not accompanied by lower Ca2+‐ATPase activity. Freezing produced no drastic changes, with lower values for gilthead sea bream. However, this species was more stable after 1 year, except for the Ca2+‐ATPase activity of NAM. This suggests that the changes that hake proteins underwent during storage particularly affected properties related to aggregation, whereas in gilthead sea bream the changes hardly affected the formation of soluble or insoluble aggregates but did affect the active sites of myosin.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A new video compression algorithm for different videoconferencing standards
Authors: Al‐Asmari Awad Kh. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn this paper, a new and simple predictive coding algorithm for video compression and multimedia communication for different network applications is investigated. This algorithm is called semi‐hexagonal absolute moment block truncation coding (SH‐AMBTC). It enjoys better objective and subjective qualities over the standard square shaped AMBTC. This technique based on the prediction of the bit‐map of the middle frames in a sequence from the bit‐map of the end frames (the first and the last frames in the group). It is of very low complexity comparing to the standard algorithm MPEG. The new algorithm adds no complexity to the existing AMBTC algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global optimization of SDH networks: a practical application
Authors: Beckmann Dirk , Thurow Jörn 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe describe in this paper how the backbone network of a major German telecommunication company has been globally optimized using the so‐called branch‐and‐bound algorithm. The described optimization approach enables significant reductions of expenses for leased lines compared to manually derived planning results. This gain achieved by the presented optimization approach is also demonstrated by the comparison with a heuristic algorithm which is used for the simulation of a human network planning process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of badly behaved routers on Internet congestion
Authors: Curran Kevin , Woods Derek , McDermot Nadene , Bradley Colleen 
Published: January 2003

AbstractFrom an exhaustive series of trace packets to a diverse set of destinations, our research has discovered that specific routers are the cause of bottlenecks in the Internet. We found that packets took the same route each time towards their destination. Our research has also found that over periods as large as seven days these routers continue to cause bottlenecks with no re‐routing of packets to alleviate congestion. This research begs the question as to why these bottlenecks occur at the same places and for so long a period and also queries the extent of implementation of dynamic routing algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School adjustment of first‐generation Chinese‐American adolescents
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Peverly Stephen T. , Xin Tao , Huang Annie S. , Wang Weidong 
Published: January 2003

AbstractGuided by Perry and Weinstein's (1998) conceptual model of school adjustment, first‐generation Chinese‐American adolescents' school adjustment was compared with that of Mainland Chinese and European American adolescents in two domains of functioning, academic (attitudes to school and teacher; their sense of academic adequacy) and behavioral (depression, anxiety and social stress), using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC). Results indicated that Chinese‐American adolescents reported more negative attitudes toward teachers than European American and Mainland Chinese students, had more negative perceptions of the school environment than students in Mainland China, and reported more feelings of inadequacy in academics than European American students. Chinese‐American adolescents reported higher levels of depression and social stress than the other two groups, and more anxiety than Mainland Chinese students. Feelings of academic inadequacy were related to depression, anxiety and social stress for all three cultural groups. In addition, Chinese‐American adolescents reported that they did not trust their teachers and their peers who were not Chinese‐American, and felt that adults at school and home did not understand them. This feeling coupled with their fear, anger and frustration at being bullied frequently in school could be related to Chinese‐American adolescents' negative perception of school and teachers. Implications of the study are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 71–84, 2003.
Societal and school influences on student creativity: The case of China
Authors: Niu Weihua , Sternberg Robert J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractChinese students outperform American students in many international competitions in mathematics and the natural sciences. Does this superiority of Chinese students over American students also apply in other domains? Our previous research has shown that compared with their American counterparts, Chinese students' artwork is perceived as less creative by both Chinese and American judges. In a new study, we find that Chinese students' creativity is increased when given direct instructions to be creative or guidance on how to be creative. Three different factors are posited to be responsible for the discrepancy in rated creativity between Chinese and American students, namely, social values, school pedagogic practices, and educational testing systems. This article argues that high‐stakes standardized tests could impair the development of students' creativity. Although there is a general tendency for school educators in both China and the United States to overemphasize analytical skills at the expense of the development of creative abilities, in general, the tendency for the Chinese to do so is stronger than it is for the American. Suggestions are proposed to educators on how to foster students' creativity. Furthermore, the article suggests that school and national leaders in the United States and China, as well as elsewhere, should learn from one another's educational successes, while maintaining their unique cultural and educational characteristics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 103–114, 2003.
Social moral reasoning in Chinese children: A developmental study
Authors: Fang Ge , Fang Fu‐xi , Keller Monika , Edelstein Wolfgang , Kehle Thomas J. , Bray Melissa A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe present study investigated developmental changes in moral reasoning about sibling and parental relationships in Mainland Chinese children. More specifically, motives of a protagonist with conflicting obligations in the family were examined. Results suggested universal stage‐like progression in moral judgment from superficial (stages 1 and 2) to profound (stage 3). However, culture‐specific moral reasoning also existed. For example, in comparison to children in Kohlberg's studies, Chinese children's moral decisions emphasized respect for authority, altruism, and concern over their sibling's moral correctness. The authors argued that Chinese children's moral characteristics are influenced by the cultural context. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 125–138, 2003.
CLASSES OF WIRING DIAGRAMS AND THEIR INVARIANTS
Authors: GARBER DAVID , TEICHER MINA , VISHNE UZI 
Published: January 2003

Wiring diagrams usually serve as a tool in the study of arrangements of lines and pseudolines. Here we go in the opposite direction, using known properties of line arrangements to motivate certain equivalence relations and actions on sets of wiring diagrams, which preserve the incidence lattice and the fundamental groups of the affine and projective complements of the diagrams. These actions are used in [GTV] to classify real arrangements of up to 8 lines and show that in this case, the incidence lattice determines both the affine and the projective fundamental groups.
MINOR MARRIAGES AND KHIYĀR AL-BULŪGH IN OTTOMAN PALESTINE: A NOTE ON WOMEN'S STRATEGIES IN A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY
Authors: Yazbak Mahmoud 
Published: January 2003

AbstractSharī'a court records (sijills) are legal documents that summarize discussions that took place in the courtroom. They also contain a wealth of detail on various aspects of Muslim society. Drawing on different sijills from nineteenth-century Palestine and fatwās of Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī, I examine the phenomenon of child marriage and the practice of khiyār al-bulūgh, literally "option of puberty". If a natural guardian contracts a marriage for a minor child, male or female, the child may not subsequently have the contract annulled. Whereas a boy enjoys the right to divorce his wife through the mechanism of talāq as soon as he reaches his majority, a girl who reaches her majority must approach the court if she wants to dissolve a marriage (faskh), and she may do so only if she was married while a minor by a non-natural guardian. In this case, she may exercise her right of khiyār al-bulūgh immediately upon reaching her legal majority, i.e., at the onset of her first menstruation. But she must make a public declaration of the occurrence of menstruation so that the persons who hear the declaration may serve as witnesses on her behalf.
WOMEN IN DAMASCENE FAMILIES AROUND 1700
Authors: Pascual Jean-Paul , Establet Colette 
Published: January 2003

Abstract449 inventories of deceased Damascenes around 1700 help us to approach a subject which is related to gender studies, since it allows us to compare the economic, social and even cultural domains of feminine and masculine worlds. In this society, the social differences were still signi cant, and women received a patrimony which was clearly inferior to that of men. It consisted of certain items: some real estate, but primarily jewelry and domestic goods. There are few objects that indicate public activities by women and which match men's inventories of this period. Women ruled, with more or less variety and fantasy, the furniture of the house which was used not only for rest and sleep, but also as a venue for receiving guests. 449 inventaires après décès damascènes, vers 1700, aident à aborder un sujet qui s'inscrit dans les gender studies, en permettant la comparaison entre le monde féminin et le monde masculin, dans le domaine économique, social, voire culturel. Dans cette société, où les différences sociales restent déterminantes, les femmes possèdent un patrimoine nettement inférieur à celui des hommes et dont les éléments sont bien particuliers: quelques biens immobiliers, mais avant tout des bijoux et des biens domestiques. Peu d'objets qui ouvrent vers le monde et le temps: les femmes dominent, avec plus ou moins de variété et de fantaisie, l'intérieur textile de la maison destiné aux fonctions du repos, du sommeil, mais aussi de la réception.
LE CONTRAT D'AFFRÈTEMENT MARITIME EN MÉDITERRANÉE: DROIT MARITIME ET PRATIQUE COMMERCIALE ENTRE ISLAM ET CHRÉTIENTÉ (XVIIe-XVIIIe SIÈCLES)
Authors: Panzac Daniel 
Published: January 2003

AbstractFrom the end of the 17th to the beginning of the 19th century, the domestic Ottoman seaborne trade was largely ensured by European merchantmen chartered by Muslims traders. This practice suggests that the written contracts, signed by both partners, were consistent with the islamic law. This study will analyse these contracts and confront them with the principles and rules of the Islamic maritime law, elaborated since the upper Middle Ages, in order to evaluate the influence of the Islamic law upon the Christian maritime law which made it acceptable by Muslims. De la fin du XVIIe au début du XIXe siècle, le commerce maritime à l'intérieur de l'Empire ottoman a principalement été assuré par des navires européens affrétés par des négociants musulmans. Cette pratique suggère que les contrats écrits, signés par les deux parties, étaient compatibles avec le droit musulman. Cette étude se propose d'analyser ces contrats et de les comparer avec les principes et les règles du droit maritime musulman, élaboré depuis le haut Moyen-Age. L'importance de son influence sur le droit maritime chrétien explique pourquoi celui-ci est devenu acceptable par des musulmans.
The Speed of Fright: Temporal Dramas in Dante's Inferno
Authors: Costa Dennis 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis article is in two parts. It opens with a synoptic view of how Dante-poet connects the particular purview of his fictive character (whom critics typically name 'Dante-pilgrim') with a worldview - a philosophical theology, a cosmology and an ethics - shared fairly commonly among Christian intellectuals in the late Middle Ages. This worldview includes certain general assumptions about the nature of time and some detailed ideas about how a human person, an individual psyche, is contextualized by time. Included are some reflections on the medieval figure of the cosmos as God's "book" and of divine creativity and providence as a 'narrative' art. Dante, particularly in the Paradiso, is perhaps the greatest elaborator of that figure. The article's second part is a detailed textual analysis of the episode of the barrators (those who illicitly offer or receive political favors) in Inferno XXII-XXIII. A psychology of uncertainty and terror is dramatized poetically in these cantos in terms of the differences (and some likenesses) between one trapped sinner's experience of time and the pilgrim's participation in it. Virgil's guidance, fidelity and extraordinary discernment are also figured by Dante in temporal terms.
CANIS LUPUS COSMOPOLIS: WOLVES IN A COSMOPOLITAN WORLDVIEW
Authors: Lynn William 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe subject of wolf recovery in North America sparks heated controversy, both for and against. This paper explores how this subject is informed by cosmopolitan worldviews. These worldviews pull nature and culture into a common orbit of ethical meaning, with implications for the normative relationships that ought to pertain in landscapes shared by people and wolves. This theoretical outlook is illustrated using the controversy over wolves in the northeastern region of the United States. I conclude with a set of reflections on theorizing the cosmopolis, the interpretation of cosmopolitan landscapes, and living with cosmopolitan wolves.