bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kidney
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Urinary Bladder
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Urethra
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Retinoblastoma
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
New aspects of aging in epoxy networks. II. Hydrothermal aging
Authors: Bockenheimer Clemens , Fata Davis , Possart Wulff 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAn amine cured epoxy is prepared in two different network states for hydrothermal aging. The “low‐crosslinked” network has a considerable amount of residual reactive groups and a relatively high‐molecular mobility. The low‐crosslinked matrix contains high‐crosslinked regions. In contrast, the “highly crosslinked” epoxy system has little reactive groups and a lower molecular mobility. Here, low‐crosslinked regions are found in a high‐crosslinked matrix. Hydrothermal loading for both networks is performed in demineralized water at temperatures below their glass transition. The water plasticizes both kinds of networks which remain in the glassy state, however. As a consequence, in the low‐crosslinked epoxy, the increased molecular mobility promotes an ongoing curing reaction leading to the consumption of epoxy groups until an almost complete network has formed. As a new aging process, phase separation occurs in the highly crosslinked epoxy. The new phase is more mobile than the matrix because it has its own glass transition at a lower temperature. In addition, thermooxidative degradation is observed for both network states. Certainly, these chemical and structural changes in the epoxy networks should influence the performance of an adhesive joint, a coating, or a fiber‐reinforced composite. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 369–377, 2004
New polymeric Schiff base and its metal complexes
Authors: Kaliyappan T. , Rajagopan S. , Kannan P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA novel polymeric Schiff base was synthesized by the reaction of a Schiff base from 2,4‐dihydroxy benzaldehyde and aniline with acryloyl chloride and was polymerized in methyl ethyl ketone at 70°C with benzoyl peroxide as a free‐radical initiator. Polychelates were obtained in an alkaline solution of poly(2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxy‐N‐phenylbenzylidine) with aqueous solutions of metal ions such as Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Ca(II), Cd(II), Mn(II), and Zn(II). The polymeric Schiff base and polychelates were characterized with elemental analysis and spectral studies. The elemental analysis of the polychelates suggested that the metal‐to‐ligand ratio was 1:2. The IR spectral data of the polychelates indicated that the metals were coordinated through the nitrogen and oxygen of the phenolic OH group. Diffuse reflectance spectra, electron paramagnetic resonance, and magnetic moment studies revealed that the polychelates of the Cu(II) complex were square‐planar, those of the Ni(II), Mn(II), and Co(II) complexes were octahedral, and those of the Ca(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) complexes were tetrahedral. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that the polychelates were highly crystalline. The thermal properties of the Schiff base and polychelates were also examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 494–500, 2004
Butadiene polymerization with vanadium–titanium–aluminum catalytic systems
Authors: Mullagaliev I. R. , Kharitonova E. Y. , Urazbaev V. N. , Monakov Y. B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractButadiene polymerization in the presence of mixed vanadium–titanium–aluminum catalytic systems containing various organoaluminum compounds (OACs) was investigated. The main factors influencing the activity and stereospecificity of the [VOCl3–TiCl4–OAC1]–(heating)–OAC2 catalysts [where OAC1 and OAC2 were Al(i‐Bu)3, Al(i‐Bu)2H, or Al(i‐Bu)2Cl] were considered. The kinetic parameters of the process were determined. The high activity and stereospecificity of the multicomponent systems probably accounted for the formation of polymerization active sites with both transition‐metal derivatives in their structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 211–217, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of graft copolymers of hydroxypropyl cellulose with acrylamide and some comonomers
Authors: Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Sharma Rajeev , Lal Harinder 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo obtain new polymeric materials for environmental management, we used pine needles from the huge forest of the Western Himalayas as a source of cellulose. Cellulose was derivatized to hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), a useful water‐soluble cellulose ether. HPC was graft‐copolymerized with acrylamide (AAm) with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator. At optimum grafting conditions, five different concentrations of the comonomers glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile were grafted with AAm. Networks of HPC and AAm were also synthesized by crosslinking reactions with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker over a range of four different concentrations of crosslinker under acidic conditions. Crosslinked networks of HPC with AAm and a comonomer at one comonomer concentration were also synthesized. Graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and swelling behavior. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 545–555, 2004
Thermal stability and dynamic mechanical behavior of acrylic resin and acrylic melamine coatings
Authors: Chattopadhyay D. K. , Rohini Kumar D. B. , Sreedhar B. , Raju K. V. S. N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAcrylic polyols of different hydroxyl numbers consisting of hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene were prepared by free‐radical solution as well as suspension polymerization techniques in the presence of benzoyl peroxide initiator. These polyols were crosslinked with butoxy methyl melamine at a ratio of 85 : 15 in the presence of acid catalyst. The thermal stability of polyols and their corresponding crosslinked films was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) technique. The Broido and Coats–Redfern methods were used to calculate the activation energy of thermal decomposition from standard TG curves. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was used to study the dynamic mechanical properties and determination of glass‐transition temperature of acrylic/melamine crosslinked films. The results indicate that the thermal stability of polyols and crosslinked films strongly depends on the hydroxyl number of the acrylic polyols. It was found that acrylic polyols synthesized by suspension polymerization methods upon crosslinking yield more thermally stable and flexible films than polyols prepared by solution polymerization methods. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 27–34, 2004
Effect of electrical field on dipoles in polymer composites
Authors: Švorčík V. , Gardášová R. , Rybka V. , Hnatowicz V. , Červená J. , Plešek J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOrientation of two bipolar compounds embedded in polymer composites was studied. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) dissolved in acetone was doped with a cobaltborane derivative of 1,2‐dimethylimidazole and polystyrene (PS) dissolved in toluene was doped with the 3‐(1,2‐dimethyl imidazole)‐borane. To orient the dipoles, the composites were exposed to external electrical field: PMMA composite at the temperature of glass transition (Tg) and PS composite during evaporation of the toluene solvent. The degree of dipole orientation was estimated by the change in relative permittivity (ε) of the resulting composite film. The dependence of the ε on the temperature, frequency, voltage, and dipole concentration was studied. It was found that the dipole's distribution in the composite film was not homogenous. At the Tg, the dipoles in PMMA became oriented by external direct electrical field and the orientation was conserved after cooling to lower temperatures. In a PS‐based composite, the significant permittivity increase was observed already at low‐dopant concentrations. The dipole orientation achieved during solvent evaporation was also permanent and the composite permittivity was an increasing function of the film thickness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 40–45, 2004
The role of preconditioning on morphology development in layered silicate thermoset nanocomposites
Authors: Tolle Tia Benson , Anderson David P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe impact of preconditioning constituent materials on the morphology development of organically modified montmorillonite–epoxy nanocomposites is examined to determine the sensitivity of exfoliation to material conditions. In situ synchrotron small‐angle X‐ray scattering studies were performed to relate the initiation and levels of exfoliated morphologies with various silicate preconditioning processes. Significantly, exfoliation could be achieved in systems initially considered intercalated by preconditioning through epoxy–silicate mixture aging. The resulting morphologies lead to slightly improved toughness. Implications for nanocomposite morphology development models include the necessity of further investigation of the complexities of both local and global morphologies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 89–100, 2004
Compatibilization of a poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene octene) copolymer blends with different amounts of an epoxy resin
Authors: Aróstegui A. , Nazábal J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNew toughened poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) materials were obtained by melt blending with 20 wt % poly(ethylene octene) (PEO) copolymer and different levels of a difunctional epoxy resin in a twin‐screw extruder followed by injection‐molding. The presence of neither PEO or epoxy influenced either the phase nature of the two amorphous phases of the blends or the crystallization process of PBT, despite the slight reaction of epoxy with PBT as stated by the observed torque increases. The addition of epoxy led to a decrease in the particle size that stopped due to the concomitant viscosity increase. Supertough PBT‐based blends with an impact strength more than 18‐fold that of PBT were obtained without previous chemical modification of any of the blend components at 1.0 wt % epoxy contents. The interparticle distance was the parameter that controlled notched toughness in these PBT/PEO blends. The adhesion at the interphase was the parameter on which the critical interparticle distance appeared to depend. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 260–269, 2004
Reinforced poly(ether sulfone) materials by blending with a semiaromatic liquid crystalline copolyester
Authors: García M. , Eguiazábal J. I. , Nazábal J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBlends based on poly(ether sulfone) (PES) and a semiaromatic liquid crystalline copolyester (R5) were obtained by injection molding across the entire composition range. The blends showed two pure amorphous phases. The fibrillar structure of the skin led to enhancements in the stiffness. The break properties, however, decreased at low LCP contents, due to the expected lack of adhesion between the phases. The increase in the modulus at increasing LCP content led to improvements in tensile strength. The notch sensitivity of PES decreased after the addition of low LCP levels, giving rise to enhancements of almost 600% in the notched impact strength. The unusually enhanced performance of the 20/80 blend, which has been seen previously in another thermoplastic/LCP blend, suggests that the dispersed PES phase in this blend may act as rubber particles do in rubber toughened thermoplastics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 52–59, 2004
Enhanced toughening of poly(propylene) with reclaimed‐tire rubber
Authors: Tantayanon Supawan , Juikham Sukunya 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe dynamic vulcanization of reclaimed‐tire rubber (RTR) and homopolypropylene (PP) was performed by melt‐mixing using either a sulfur crosslinking agent, maleic anhydride (MA), dicumyl peroxide (DCP), or the combination of MA and DCP, in two consecutive machines, first a two‐roll mill and then a counterrotating twin‐screw extruder. In the case of applying a sulfur crosslinking agent, it was demonstrated that the RTR/PP blend at the ratio of 30/70 had the highest impact strength. This could be attributed to the limitation of carbon black in the blend. When the combination of MA and DCP was applied, the result was higher impact strength of the blend at the same ratio. This could be attributed to not only the cohesion between the polymer chains in each phase, PP phase and rubber phase, but also the interfacial adhesion between PP and RTR chains in these two phases. For comparison, the GRT/PP blends with and without sulfur crosslinking agent were prepared as well. All these blends showed low impact strength, which was nearly the same as that of PP. The effects of different crosslinking agents on dispersion and distribution of rubber domain size, viscosity, and percentage crystallinity were also studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 510–515, 2004
Phase structural analyses of polyethylene extrusion coatings on high‐density papers. I. Monoclinic crystallinity
Authors: Furuheim Knut Magne , Axelson David E. , Antonsen Henrik W. , Helle Torbjørn 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn the present work the morphology of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) extrusion coating layer on high‐density paper (HDP) has been investigated. An uneven layer with a high content of crystallinity against the paper surface was discovered. The methods applied were solid‐state 13C NMR Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. The highly crystalline layer was found to be mainly monoclinic crystallinity. The formation of the monoclinic crystallites was probably initiated by orientation of the polyethylene molecules by drawing, adhesion to the fibrous paper surface, and pressure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 218–225, 2004
Phase structural analyses of polyethylene extrusion coatings on high‐density papers. II. Influence of paper surface properties on the polyethylene morphology
Authors: Furuheim Knut Magne , Axelson David E. , Antonsen Henrik W. , Helle Torbjørn 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPaper samples of three different qualities were extrusion coated with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). The morphological phases of the polyethylene layers have been quantified by 13C solid‐state high‐resolution NMR. Shear forces in the process initiate the formation of the monoclinic crystallites. The surface tensions of the high‐density papers have influence on the degree of interaction between the two materials and how these shear forces work. The paper surface properties will thus have an influence on properties and the size of the monoclinic crystalline mass fraction of the polyethylene coating. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 226–234, 2004
n‐Butyl acrylate based latex interpenetrating polymer networks used as processing modifiers and impact modifiers of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Zhang Liucheng , Pan Mingwang , Zhang Jian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA latex interpenetrating polymer network (LIPN), consisting of poly(n‐butyl acrylate), poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐ethylhexyl acrylate), and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐ethyl acrylate) and labeled PBEM, with 1,4‐butanediol diacrylate as a crosslinking agent was synthesized by three‐stage emulsion polymerization. The initial poly(n‐butyl acrylate) latex was agglomerated by a polymer latex containing an acrylic acid residue and then was encapsulated by poly(n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐ethylhexyl acrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐ethyl acrylate). A polyblend of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and PBEM was prepared through the blending of PVC and PBEM. The morphology and properties of the polyblend were studied. The experimental results showed that the processability and impact resistance of PVC could be enhanced considerably by the blending of 6–10 phr PBEM. This three‐stage LIPN PBEM is a promising modifier for manufacturing rigid PVC. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1168–1173, 2004
Effects of surfactants on acrylonitrile polymerization initiated by a Cr(VI)–cyclohexanone redox system: A kinetic study
Authors: Patra Manabendra , Behera Ajay K. , Behera Rajani K. , Sinha Bijoy K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe polymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) was kinetically studied with a Cr(VI)–cyclohexanone (CH) redox system as an initiator from 25 to 45° C in the presence of a surfactant. The rate of polymerization and the percentage of the monomer conversion increased as the concentration of the anionic surfactant [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)] increased above its critical micelle concentration. However, the cationic surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) reduced the rate considerably at higher concentrations, whereas the nonionic surfactant (TX‐100) had no effect on the rate. The effects of the Cr(VI), CH, AN, and H+ concentrations and the ionic strength on the rates were also examined. The presence of 0.015M SDS reduced the overall activation energy of the polymerization by 5.55 kcal/mol with respect to that in the absence of the surfactant. With increasing SDS concentration, the viscosity‐average molecular weight also increased. A suitable mechanistic scheme was proposed for the polymerization process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1147–1153, 2004
Blends of poly(ε‐caprolactone‐b‐lactic acid) and poly(lactic acid) for hot‐melt applications
Authors: Stolt Mikael , Viljanmaa Mikko , Södergård Anders , Törmälä Pertti 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe condensation reaction product of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and a hydroxyl‐terminated four‐armed poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) was studied by size‐exclusion chromatography, DSC, and NMR. The use of both L‐lactic acid (LLA) and rac‐lactic acid (rac‐LA) was studied and the use of two different catalysts, stannous 2‐ethylhexanoate [Sn(Oct)2] and ferrous acetate [Fe(OAc)2], was also investigated. The thermal stability and adhesive properties were also measured for the different formulations. The characterization results suggested the formation of a blend of PLA and a block‐copolyester of PLA and PCL. The results further indicated partial miscibility in the amorphous phase of the blend showing only one glass‐transition temperature in most cases, although no randomized structures could be detected in the block‐copolymers. The polymerization in the Fe(OAc)2‐catalyzed experiments proceeded slower than in the Sn(Oct)2‐catalyzed experiments. The discoloring of the polymer was minor when Fe(OAc)2 was used as catalyst, but significant when Sn(Oct)2 was used. The ferrous catalyst also caused a slower thermal degradation. Differences in the morphology and in the adhesive properties could be related to the stereochemistry of the poly(lactic acid). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 196–204, 2004
Studies on double networks in natural rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Aprem Abi Santhosh , Joseph Kuruvilla , Thomas Sabu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe concept of double networks is a rather new idea, by which one imparts chain orientation in elastomers. Double networks were made in natural rubber vulcanizates cured with a single and a new binary accelerator system. Double networks with different extensions were prepared and their effects on tensile properties were analyzed. The influence of extent of initial cure on double‐network formation was examined. Thermal stability of the double network formed was analyzed by ageing of the double networks and was found to improve with residual extension. Crosslink density of the networks formed was determined by swelling methods and stress–strain analysis. It was found that crosslink density increased with double‐network formation and residual extension. The stress–strain behavior and moduli were analyzed to study the effect of these properties on double‐network formation. Double networks were hardly affected by the binary accelerator system. Based on the studies it was found that residual extension was the major factor determining the final properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1068–1076, 2004