bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chance And Natural Selection
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One school of modern artists has been experimenting with a new technique of painting a picture. Standing several feet back from a canvas they pelt it with pigment, so the little drops fall in a haphazard arrangement of dots, dribbles, and splashes on the flat surface. We can imagine that the overwhelming majority of these compositions turn out to be failures as works of art and the conscientious artist quickly disposes of them. But once in a long while the paint lands in a way that creates a pleasing pat­ tern of shape and color. This one is selected and preserved. The chances of a fortuitous result increase with the number of tries; given enough tries, in fact, every possible combination of color and pattern would be produced. If the experiment were con­tinued over untold generations, perhaps the trillionth time would re-create Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa or Van Gogh’s Self Por­trait! In this way time can bring about arrangements of great improbability, but unless there is some mechanism for recogniz­ing and selecting out the rare favorable ones, the entire process will produce nothing of lasting value.
The Female Thermometer
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Female Thermometer is a collection of Professor Castle's liveliest essays on female identity from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Throughout the book are woven the themes which are constant in Castle's work: fantasy, hallucination, travesty, transgression, women, and sexual ambiguity. These essays form a coherent and provocative exploration of a range of issues pertinent to gender studies.
The Culture of Travesty: Sexuality and Masquerade in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the eighteenth-century moralist wished to decry the cheating and whorishness of contemporary life, he found a potent image close at hand. So ubiquitous were chicanery and vice, wrote Fielding in 174.’3 in his “Essay on the Knowledge of the Characters of Men,” the world was nothing more than “a vast Masquerade,” where “the greatest Part appear disguised under false Vizors and Habits.” Owen Sedgewick, in the same decade, entitled a lascivious compendium of modern evils The Universal Masquerade; or; The World Turn’d Inside Out, and later, in a Rambler essay describing the corruptions of wealth (No. 75), Samuel Johnson asserted that the rich and powerful “live in a perpetual masquerade, in which all about them wear borrowed characters.” “The world’s a masquerade!” wrote Goldsmith in his epilogue to Charlotte Lennox’s The Sister (1762), and “the masquers, you, you, you.”
The Carnivalization of Eighteenth-Century English Narrative
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The secret history of a carnival,” wrote Addison in his 1718 Re marks on Italy, “would make a collection of very diverting novels.” One might take such a comment simply as part of the ingenuous dis course of eighteenth-century tourism: like Mary Wortley Montagu, Horace Mann, and many other English visitors, Addison delighted in the masked balls and carnivals of Venice, Rome, and Florence and celebrated the “great diversion” (as he put it) of dressing “as a false personage.”But one might also take his remark, paradoxically, as bearing a certain proleptic relation to English literary history itself. Addison offers what could be called an advertisement for a theme-a theme that the eighteenth-century English novel was subsequently to provide. With the spectacular rise of carnivalesque activity in England in the second and third decades of the eighteenth century-marked by the institutionalization of the public, or subscription, masquerade-the novel took a cue from popular culture: the carnival set piece, or masquerade scene, became a standard, though highly problematic, fictional topos. To the degree that writers incorporated the novel institution of the masquerade into an existing world of representation, the masquerade became an institution of the novel, making the multifarious body of eighteenth-century English fiction a “secret history of a carnival” indeed.
Socratic Psychology
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This son of Cleinias [sc. Alcibiades] is one who says now this and now that, but Philosophy always says the same things. She says what now surprises you. … So either refute her, as I said just now, and show that doing injustice and doing injustice without punishment are not the greatest of evils, or, if you allow (what I say) to be unrefuted, by the dog, the god of the Egyptians, Callicles will not agree with you,0 Callicles, but will be in conflict in your whole way of living. But I think, 0 best of men, that it is better to have my lyre, or a chorus that I might produce, out of tune and discordant, and to have most people disagree with me and contradict me, than that I, one man, be discordant with myself and contradict myself. (Grg. 482a6–c3)
Rights, Welfare, and Mill’s Moral Theory
Authors: Lyons David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Lyons’s well-known essays on Mill’s moral theory are collected in this volume, with an introduction which relates the essays to prior and subsequent philosophical developments. The first essay defends the beneficiary theory of rights. The central set of essays develop new interpretations of Mill’s moral theory with the aim of determining how far rights can be incorporated in a utilitarian framework. They also provide a new reading of Mill’s theory of liberty. The last essay argues that the promise of Mill’s theory of justice cannot be fulfilled, as utilitarianism is unable to account for crucial features of moral rights, or even for the moral force of legal rights whose existence might be justified on utilitarian grounds.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 7 I argued that metaphysical time is primitive, absolute, all-embracing and is the only time series, all other time concepts being reductively definable in terms of nontemporal n-adic properties or in terms of these properties and the primitive temporal properties of metaphysical time. If these arguments are sound, then they justify one of the theses of presentism, namely, that presentness inheres in events absolutely, not relatively to a reference frame (or mind).
Ecology of Amazon Palms
Authors: Henderson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I review some of the ecological studies of palms that have been carried out in the Amazon region. As will become obvious, considering the size of the region and the abundance of the family, we know very little about ecology of Amazon palms. Nevertheless, these studies are of great interest to systematists because they provide explanations for morphologic and geographic patterns. Francis Kahn and co-workers have carried out extensive studies on the relationship of palms to their physical environment in the Amazon region (summarized in Kahn and de Granville, 1992). They noted that the palm flora of the western part of the Amazon was richer in species than that of the central or eastern regions, and that diversity of palms was greater in terra firmeforests than in inundated areas. Furthermore, most of the increase in diversity in the west was due to terra firmespecies; in general, inundated forests have a rather homogeneous palm flora. Overall, they found that most species of palms were small, understory plants; the number of tall, arborescent palms was very low. The reasons for this community structure were to be found in forest architecture and dynamics. Development of arborescent palms depended on high light intensity, and these conditions were found in inundated forests. Here such common arborescent palms as Mauritia lexuosaand Oenocarpus batauaoccurred. These palms were highly specialized for growth in waterlogged soils.
The TS Conception of Truth
Authors: Yaqub Aladdin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to one multilayered argument. The main purpose of the argument is to show that the thesis TS and the initial conditions mentioned on page 3 entail the revision theory of truth and to present a preliminary defense of this theory. The circularity argument (in Section 1.3) unpacks the TS conception: the concept of truth is circular and in a bivalent language containing its own truth predicate, this circularity gives rise to a process of revision that determines the truth status of each sentence of the language. The correctness of the revision theory is demonstrated by its ability to accommodate successfully the diverse patterns of behavior exhibited by the concept of truth. The next three chapters are devoted to that task, but in this chapter we give a preliminary justification for this theory by arguing (in Sections 1.1 and 1.2) that there are grounds for accepting the thesis TS and those initial conditions, which collectively entail the revision theory of truth.
The Revision System
Authors: Yaqub Aladdin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last phase of our defense of the revision theory of truth is to confirm its material adequacy. We said in the preceding chapter that we shall achieve this goal by developing a formal semantical system that correctly models the revision theory of truth, and then showing that it delivers the intuitively correct verdicts in a representative sample of cases. In this chapter, we make good our promise: we advance a system of stability semantics whose limit rule assignment is designed to deal successfully with the problem of ,-unstable sentences and the problem of initial excessive arbitrariness. We call this system the revision system. In Section 4.2 we describe the limit rule assignment that generates the revision system and explain its approach to these two problems. We show there that this system does not produce any of the CRASS or CHOP errors discussed in Chapter 3. Given the type oflimit rule that the system employs, it is very likely that this system is free from all artifacts. Hence, we conclude that the revision system of stability semantics confirms the material adequacy of the revision theory of truth. In Section 4.3, we carry this confirmation one step further. We define a notion of logical consequence that is appropriate for any formal language whose semantics is of the type described in Section 4.2, and we show that this logical consequence relation validates all modes of deductive reasoning that ought to be preserved.
Me Tarzan, You Jane: Linguistic Simplification In “Personal Ads” Register
Authors: Bruthiaux Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be truly illuminative linguistic theory must address the issue of those registers which appear to be “somewhere between the two extremes of order and chaos’(Ferguson 1982:51). A linguistic system may be deliberately (though not necessarily consciously) kept simple, among other purposes, “to reduce cognitive load, to save time and effort in communication, to give an appearance of ignorance, or to accommodate an interlocutor’‘(Ferguson 1982:59). Thus linguistic simplification might be defined as any strategy of language use which achieves optimal functional effectiveness while restricting form to what an encoder and/or decoder can handle.
Culture/Narrative/Power
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humboldt was saying that Stevenson was a man of real culture, the first really since Woodrow Wilson. But Wilson was inferior in this respect to Stevenson and Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln knew Shakespeare well and quoted him at the crises of his life. … If you could believe Humboldt (and I couldn’t) Stevenson was Aristotle’s great-souled man. In his administration cabinet members would quote Yeats and Joyce. The new Joint Chiefs would know Thucydides. Humboldt would be consulted about each State of the Union message. He was going to be the Goethe of the new government and build Weimar in Washington.
Theories of Desire
Authors: Clayton Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Philip Roth’s The Professor of Desire (1977) the protagonist, who is planning a lecture for a course he calls Desire 341, suggests that his students try not to think of literature in terms of plot, character, structure, or form; that they try to forget the critical terms that they have learned with such difficulty, words like symbol, epiphany, and persona; and that they try instead to talk about novels in the language that they would use with their grocer or their lover. Roth’s character hopes that the students’ familiarity with erotic impulses will help them “locate these books in the world of experience” rather than in a “manageable netherworld of narrative devices” (183). The unstated assumption is that desire itself is a language that all men and women speak. To be knowable, longings must conform to some conceptual model, but at least it is a model that has been proved on the pulse. Rather than refer to narrative devices, one can point to the complexities of actual experience, to the subtle structures of desire. The dream, in Roth’s version, is to find “a more referential relationship” (183) to literature. The dream, in more general terms, is to use the exploration of desire as a way to move beyond formalism and thus to draw connections between literature and life.
Introduction
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many ways of posing the question of the relationship between philosophy and mathematics during the seventeenth century. A favorite subject of research has been the influence of the mathematical method on other disciplines, such as philosophy, theology, or natural philosophy. It is well known that during the seventeenth century the mathematical method—either in its analytic or in its synthetic form—represented for many authors a guarantee of clarity and order in the development of a discipline. It is this fascination with the mathematical method that is responsible, to name but the most well-known example, for the structure of Spinoza’s Ethica More Geometrico Demonstrata.
This application of the mathematical method in the areas of philosophy, theology, and the natural sciences must be carefully distinguished from the application of mathematical techniques to specific areas of study. The mathematization of mechanics carried out in Galileo’s work is the paradigm of this type of approach, but attempts to extend calculations to several areas of knowledge, such as probabilistic thinking in theology, run deep through the seventeenth century. The philosophical problems generated by the so-called mathematization of physics are still problems of great philosophical importance.
Leibniz’s Differential Calculus and Its Opponents
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the mathematical advances of the seventeenth century, the discovery of the calculus is perhaps the most impressive. The techniques of the calculus enabled mathematicians to bridge two of the main areas of mathematical research: the determination of tangents and the computation of areas and volumes. The former is the object of the differential calculus and the latter of the integral calculus. The birth of the calculus coincides with the realization that the problems of determination of tangents and of computation of areas are inverses of each other. Most historians of mathematics agree in assigning to Newton and Leibniz the discovery of this fact.
Everyone has heard something about the fierce priority dispute that surrounded the paternity of the calculus in the early eighteenth century between Newton, Leibniz, and their followers. Today it is generally recognized that the two scholars arrived independently at the discovery of the calculus but that Leibniz published his results first in his 1684 “Nova Methodus pro Maximiset Minimise.” Given Newton’s slowness in publishing his results, it turns out that the foundational debates on the calculus in the latter part of the seventeenth century are mainly debates centered on the Leibnizian calculus. I should immediately qualify this judgement by noting that in Principia (1687) Newton had exposed a method of prime and last ratios that provides in classical garb some results related to the calculus.
Why Moore and Wittgenstein?
Authors: Stroll Avrum 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is almost entirely about Moore and Wittgenstein, and its concentration is on a spectrum of topics that they explored in the latter stages of their careers: whether there is a common sense view of the world and if so what it is; whether the propositions comprising such a view are known to be true, and known to be true with certainty; whether the common sense view is a specimen of folk thought-folk psychology, folk physics, and folk semantics-and accordingly whether it will and should be replaced by a world picture deriving from scientific inquiry. Each of these topics splinters into an array of others-when it is true and/or appropriate to say one knows, when doubting has or fails to have a point, what counts as a proof, and when the adducing of evidence is appositeso that the range we shall ultimately be dealing with covers most of the classical subject matter of epistemology and some aspects of metaphysics.
Moores Strategy
Authors: Stroll Avrum 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given this characterization we are now in a position to make a run at deciding whether Moore is right in holding that such propositions are known to be true with certainty, and this is the issue that I will focus on here. The matter is complex and raises all sorts of related and important conundra. It is obviously impossible to address all of these in this chapter, but I will at least touch on some and defer others until later. Among these are: In the situations in which he utters the words he does, is Moore really expressing a proposition? Clearly, the words “I am a human being” said by him without the accompanying scenario in which they would ordinarily make sense raises an issue of this sort-and indeed both Malcolm and Wittgenstein challenge him on this point. But keeping their caveats in mind for later discussion, I will here assume that Moore is right in thinking that there is a proposition these words express in their literal lexical use, and more generally that all the locutions he uses in his main papers are propositions. Further, is Moore justified in claiming to know that he is a human being when no doubt has been raised about this matter by others? This question I will table for the nonce. Is he justified in claiming to know something without being able to give supporting reasons for his claim? This is a major question of this book, so I will say a few words about it below.
Folk Theory, Standing Fast, and Scepticism
Authors: Stroll Avrum 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I mentioned at the beginning of this book that despite their differences Moore and Wittgenstein shared a philosophical outlook that is still relevant: a conviction that there is such a thing as certainty and that an accurate description of the world must take account of it. In Anglo-American philosophy this continues to be a minority point of view, though it has a substantial number of adherents. The converse, majority position has taken widely differing configurations in the twentieth century-beginning with semi-sceptics like Russell who saw philosophy as mostly dealing with undecidable questions through the logical positivists with their claim that any certain proposition is empty of factual content to the early anti-foundationalists, Popper and Quine.
The Nigger of the “Narcissus” as a Preface to Modernism
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to at least one suggested genealogy, modernism begins with the preface Joseph Conrad wrote after finishing The Nigger of the “Narcissus.” Written at the turn of the century, as Conrad himself turned decisively from the sea to literature, the preface has received the kind of rapt attention given to short, epoch-making statements like the preface to Lyrical Ballads. It even seems easier, somehow, to consider this brief essay as prefatory to a whole new century than to the novel of which it was an afterthought. Though most critics would agree with Michael Levenson’s levelheaded judgment, “If we are to consider the preface, we must consider that to which it is prefatory,” very few actually attempt to connect the preface to the subject of the novel, as announced in its title. Levenson himself hardly mentions James Wait and does not discuss his race. For all the rivers of ink that have flowed over the tortuous racial politics of Heart of Darkness, it is hard to find a critique of The Nigger of the “Narcissus” that takes seriously the race of its title character.
“Characteristics of Negro Expression”: Zora Neale Hurston and the Negro Anthology
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zora Neale Hurston’s first significant publication, the short story “Drenched in Light,” which appeared in Opportunity in December 1924, was autobiographical in more ways than one. Hurston had written into the story her past as a girl in Eatonville, Florida, and she had given to her protagonist, Isie Watts, a set of habits and aspirations she would later describe as her own. But she could not have known when she wrote the story how much the conclusion would come to seem autobiographical as well. The way that Isie is picked up and cosseted by a patronizing white traveler oddly predicts the way that Hurston herself, arriving in New York hard on the heels of “Drenched in Light,” was virtually adopted, first by Fannie Hurst and then by the grimly philanthropic Mrs. Charlotte Osgood Mason.
Methodological Issues: Reflective lntuitionism
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opposed views about “moral dilemmas” frequently reflect different methodologies of moral inquiry. Yet the debate about “moral dilemmas” has been conducted with little explicit consideration of methodological issues. This is surprising both because these issues are important for determining whether or not there are “moral dilemmas” and because contemporaneous with this debate there has been a significant discussion about methodology in moral philosophy. For the most part this discussion has not played a direct role in the debate about “moral dilemmas.” Though many arguments and objections concerning “moral dilemmas” have tacitly presupposed methodological positions, there has been little attempt to justify these positions in the context of the debate. My aim in this chapter is first to show the importance of methodological considerations for the question of “moral dilemmas” and second to develop and defend the methodology that informs my own approach.
The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and Acute Thrombosis: Relevance to Strategies of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Authors: Ridker Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding current concepts in the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is fundamental for practitioners concerned with the primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). Research completed during the past decade indicates that complex interactions between vascular injury, inflammatory response, oxidation of lipids, hemodynamic shear stress, and endogenous fibrinolytic activation are all involved in the initiation, progression, and acute rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Thus, the century-old “incrustation” and “lipid” hypotheses of atherogenesis first presented by Rokitansky (1852) and Virchow (1856) have been radically modified by recent findings. These modifications have led to a separation of atherogenic from thrombotic risk factors, to a broader understanding of both the chronic and acute phases of vascular occlusion, and to new concepts of plaque stabilization and regression. These concepts form the basis for understanding accepted preventive strategies as well as the framework for novel approaches to the prevention of CHD.