bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fixed Expressions and Idion1s in English
Authors: Moon Rosamund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a text-based study of fixed expressions, or idioms. Rosamund Moon's central argument is that fixed expressions can only be fully understood if they are considered together with the texts in which they occur. She provides an overview of this area of lexis in current English. Writing from a lexicologicalrather than a computationalpoint of view, she gives a detailed, descriptivist account of the findings of research into several thousand fixed expressions and idioms, as evidenced in the corpus text, including information about frequencies, syntax, lexical forms and variations, and metaphoricality. The author argues that examination of corpus text raises questions about many received ideas on fixed expressions and idioms, and suggests that new or revised use-centred models are required. Later chapters of the book demonstrate the ideological and discoursal significance of idioms, paying particular attention to the ways in which they convey evaluations and have roles with respect to the information structure and cohesion of texts. Series information Series ISBN: 0-19-961811-9 Series Editors: Richard W. Bailey, Noel Osselton, and Gabriele Stein Oxford Studies in Lexicography and Lexicology provides a forum for the publication of substantial scholarly works on all issues of interest to lexicographers, lexicologists, and dictionary users. It is concerned with the theory and history of lexicography, lexicological theory, and related topics such as terminology, and computer applications in lexicography. It focuses attention too on the purposes for which dictionaries are compiled, on their uses, and on their reception and role in society today and in the past.
Introduction
Authors: Levy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) may be defined as ‘the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning’. The name is a fairly recent one: the existence of CALL in the academic literature has been recognizable for about the last thirty years. The subject is interdisciplinary in nature, and it has evolved out of early efforts to find ways of using the computer for teaching or for instructional purposes across a wide variety of subject areas, with the weight of knowledge and breadth of application in language learning ultimately resulting in a more specialized field of study.
On the nature of CALL
Authors: Levy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This reflection on the nature of CALL begins by considering the oft¬ stated maxim that developments in CALL should not be technology-led (e.g. Murison-Bowie 1993). Quite rightly, such statements are motivated by a widely held concern that practitioners should not be blindly led by the latest technological innovation, but should have a carefully conceived set of principles to act as a guide. However, once the decision has been made to introduce technology, at a fundamental level it must be acknowledged that we are technology-led, at least in the sense that on the whole the technology is presented to us first, before we conceive of it, or consider what we might do with it. For example, the hardware we use in education, typically popular microcomputers of the IBM PC or Apple Mac style, or the communications systems and protocols that enable us to communicate with each other around the globe, have been conceived by engineers who are not primarily concerned with education, let alone language learning.
Gradient Retreat
Authors: Pulleyblank Douglas , Turkel William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Principles and Parameters theory (Chomsky 1981), languages vary along a finite number of finitely valued dimensions known as parameters. Under such an account, a significant part of the process of language acquisition is to use evidence from the ambient language to determine the correct setting of each of the parameters. The learning algorithm proceeds via a number of hypothesized grammars, searching through a space of possible languages. The goal of this search is to arrive at a grammar for which all and only the sentences of the ambient language are grammatical. When such a target grammar is reached, the learning process has been successful, and the learner is said to have converged. In a variety of cases, however, successful convergence may be prevented by a trap, a property of the parametric space which can prevent the convergence of the learning algorithm.
A Theory of Linguistic Signs
Authors: Keller Rudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to drive a Cadillac? What does 'cuckoo' suggest about the bird? -- two examples explored in this investigation of the history of language signs and of what philosophers, linguists, and others have had to say about them. Rudi Keller shows how signs emerge, function, and develop in the permanent process of language change. He recombines thoughts and ideas from Plato to the present day to create a new theory of the meaning and evolution of icons and symbols. By assuming no prior knowledge and by developing his argument from first principles, Rudi Keller has written a basic text which includes all the necessary features: easy style, good organization, original scholarship, and historical depth. This is a non-technical book which will interest linguists, philosophers, students of communications and cultural studies, semioticians/semanticists, sociologists, and anthropologists.
Identifying the Linguistic Foundations for Lexical Research and Dictionary Design
Authors: Hudson Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of a paper by Jim McCawley (1986) puts the main theme of my chapter in a nutshell. His paper is called ‘What Linguists might Contribute to Dictionary-Making if they could Get their Act Together’, and I shall argue that linguists in some of the better-known schools (such as are described in most introductory textbooks) have not yet ‘got their act together’ on a number of questions which are of crucial concern to dictionary makers.
Approaches to Lexical Semantic Representation
Authors: Levin Beth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An essential component of the lexical entry of a word is a definition of its meaning, yet arriving at an adequate representation of the meaning of a word is a notoriously difficult task. This chapter reviews efforts to represent semantic information, but it cannot hope to do justice to all the attempts at representing meaning in all its forms. Instead it restricts itself to works in lexical semantics that propose representations of the linguistically relevant aspects of the meaning of verbs. Specifically, these works grapple with the special problems presented by verbs as argument-taking lexical items.
Case Marking and Reanalysis
Authors: Allen Cynthia L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonly stated that the loss of case marking distinctions between Old and Middle English had profound consequences for the syntax of the language. In particular, linguists have attributed both the loss of the 'impersonal' constructions such as methinks and the introduction of new passives such as he was given a book directly to the loss of case marking distinctions. However the existing analyses generally suffer form empirical inadequacies: insufficient available information concerning the case marking systems (as opposed to the forms) makes it difficult to determine exactly when crucial case marking distinctions disappeared. Dr Allen makes a careful examination of the primary evidence for how the loss of case distinctions proceeded, and of the temporal relationship between changes in morphology and particular syntactic changes. She demonstrates that morphological change had a less direct role in the triggering of syntactic change than is usually assumed, and that some changes traditionally considered to be the result of syntactic reanalysis are better treated in other ways. Some changes to grammatical relations were not the result of syntactic reanalysis, but were caused by changes in verbal semantics, while others which have been treated as syntactic reanalyses in fact involved no change to grammatical relations, but only to the possible case marking associated with subjects. On a topic of central theoretical interest in the history of the English language.
Typological Comparison: Towards a Historical Perspective
Authors: Ramat Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the concept of cross-linguistic comparison ('Vergleichung') has its historical roots in the domain of philosophy. Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) in his Abhandlung uber den Ursprung der Sprache (1772) refers to a 'philosophische Vergleichung' of languages in order to arrive at an understanding of the mentality and spiritual characteristics of their speakers. Today, such an approach would be called ethnolinguistic (Ramat 1990: 200). Later on, in the eighth edition (1834) of Boiste's Dictionnaire Universe/ (1st edn. 1800), edited by Charles Nodier, the first president of the Societe de Linguistique de Paris, under the entry 'linguistique' we still read 'etude comparative, philosophique des langues, de leur origine et de leur filiation; clef de l'histoire et de la philosophie' (cf. Auroux 1987: 448).
Prague School Typology
Authors: Sgall Petr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term 'typology' is used in different ways in linguistics, and it is crucial to distinguish between (i) those cases where the term corresponds to different notions (i.e. subdomains of linguistics dif fering in their aims) and (ii) those where different approaches to a single goal, to a single object of description, etc., are concerned (see Sgall 1971).
Typological Research on Actancy: The Paris RIVALC Group
Authors: Lazard Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the program called RIVALC ('Recherche interlinguistique sur les variations d'actance et leur correlats') is to investigate, in languages as different as possible, actancy variations, that is, variations of the grammatical relations which link the verbal predicate and the main noun phrases (the actants), and to detect the relevant factors which correlate with these variations, the final aim being, if possible, to reach what are presumably universal invariants.
The St Petersburg/Leningrad Typology Group
Authors: Nedjalkov Vladimir p. , Litvinov viktor p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in the early 1960s that the Group for the Typological Study of the Structure of Languages began its work at the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Professor Alexander A. Xolodovic headed the group. The volume on the typology of causative constructions (Xolodovic 1969) was the first major publication of the group, and it may be taken as an open statement of the 'collective method in typology' in the Leningrad sense.
Dynamics of a Contact Continuum
Authors: Mian-Lian Ho , Platt John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Singaporean English is an indigenized variety of the language which has developed chiefly through English-medium education. The authors of this book investigate the various factors influencing the indigenization of the language and its use in the family and the wider community. They present the results of quantitative research based on recordings of spontaneous speech of ethnically Chinese Singaporeans who have received an English-medium education. They also trace the influence on Singaporean English of Chinese, Malay, and Indian language characteristics, and examine certain linguistic features in detail, such as the formation of plurals, the use of the past tense, and the verb be. This study will be invaluable for linguistic researchers; it also has important pedagogical implications for curriculum planners and language teachers.
Women in Control?
Authors: Heidensohn Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How far have women progressed in the `unfeminine' career of policing? How far do they want to go and how far will their male colleagues, and the public, let them? Women in Control? breaks new ground by discussing the role of women in relation to controlling crime and disorder. Since the early twentieth century, women have struggled to gain influence in policing, but progressed only slowly until the 1970s, when equal opportunities legislation brought integration and some measure of success. Based on a series of interviews with British and US officers, Women in Control? examines their experiences in dealing with crime, vice, and everyday incidents, and with the hostility and harassment of their male colleagues, and highlights both the role of women in law enforcement in two societies and the importance of gender in social control.
The Common Law and English Jurisprudence 1760–1850
Authors: Lobban Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Michael Lobban argues that a proper understanding of English law and jurisprudence in the period is needed to clarify the nature of common-law practice and the way in which it was envisaged by its practitioners. He questions some commonly-accepted views of the nature of the common law itself and argues that attempts - notably those by Blackstone and Bentham - to expound or to criticize common law in essentially theoretical terms were mistaken. His approach is not a philosophically-based one, but he is concerned with the evolution and spread of judicial ideas which were grounded upon the work of moral and political philosophers, and makes a valuable corrective contribution to our historical understanding of a critically important period in legal history.
The Principle of Utility and the Criterion of Moral Judgement
Authors: Kelly P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to providing the basis of Bentham’s psychological theory, the ‘two sovereign masters’ of pleasure and pain also provide the foundation of his moral theory. Thus he wrote: ‘It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do.’ This chapter is concerned with Bentham’s principle of utility which is built upon the concepts of pleasure and pain.
Synthesis
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asynthesis between Roman law and Aristotelian and Thomistic moral philosophy was finally achieved in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. It was part of a larger intellectual movement: the revival of Thomistic philosophy.’ The movement began in 1503, when a professor at the University of Paris named Pierre Crockaert underwent an intellectual conversion. He rejected the nominalist philosophy of William of Ockham in which he had been educated and turned to that of Thomas Aquinas. He joined the Dominican order to which Thomas himself had belonged. In 1512 he published a commentary on the last part of Thomas’s Summa theologica with the help of his pupil Francisco de Vitoria. Vitoria returned to his native Spain where, as a professor at the University of Salamanca from 1526 until his death in 1546, he founded the so-called Spanish natural law schoo1. He publish. d nothing himself, and his ideas are known only through the handwritten notes of his lectures that have survived. Nevertheless, he trained scores of highly influential pupils. Among them were the jurist Diego de Covarruvias (1512-77) and the theologian Domingo de Soto (1494-1560), the latter a fellow Dominican who had been his pupil in Paris and became his colleague in Salamanca.
The Settlement Of Disputes In International Law
Authors: Collier John , Lowe Vaughan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years it was said that the weakness of international law was the lack of a system for the enforcement of legal obligations. Commentators pointed to the paucity of cases in the International Court and the unwillingness of States to undertake binding obligations to settle their disputes. This position has now changed beyond recognition. The number of international tribunals has increased and many of them, such as ICSID and the International Court of Justice, are busier than at any time in their history. Increasingly, the classical procedures of diplomatic protection are circumvented as corporations and individuals litigate in their own right against States in international tribunals. This book surveys the range of procedures for the settlement of international disputes, whether the disputes arise between States or between States and corporations or individuals. The first part of the book examines non-judicial procedures such as negotiation, mediation, fact-finding, as well as judicial procedures. Among the tribunals covered are ICSID, the UNCC and the Iran-US Claim Tribunal, the WTO disputes panels, ad-hoc inter-State and international commercial arbitral tribunals and the International Court of Justice. In the second part of the book the emerging principles of procedural law applied in these tribunals are discussed. Here the authors go through the entire settlement process from the agreement to submit to a settlement procedure and the constitution of the tribunal, through to the determination of the law applicable to the merits and to the procedure of the tribunal, to the review, and ultimately the recognition and enforcement of tribunal awards.
Masculinity and the British Organization Man since 1945
Authors: Roper Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-war period is often regarded as a time when Britain underwent its managerial revolution, the family firm and the "gentleman amateur" giving way to the large bureaucracy and the trained management expert. Yet the conception of modern management as an objective process could hardly be further from the truth. Drawing on detailed life-history interviews with the post-war generation of "organization men", this study explores the intimacies that operate among men in management. It argues that despite the rise of professional management, relations between managers continue to function in highly subjective ways. The pleasure of technical innovation or of seeing a new product through to the market, the mixture of rivalry and patronage that surrounds management succession, the hard bargaining of industrial relations: at every level, managerial functions involve the dramatization of emotions among men. By challenging the enduring myth of the rational organization man, this book sheds new light on gender segregation in management. It argues that the exclusion of women from senior positions cannot be understood simply as the outcome of unprofessional practices. A focus on the emotional relations between male managers reveals the psychic dimensions of exclusionary behaviour. An "emotional economy" flourishes among men in management, but its workings have been hidden by the myth of the rational organization man.
‘Entertainment for Men’: What It Is and What It Means
Authors: Itzin Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the USA in 1984 the pornography industry grossed $8 billion, said to be more than the music and the movie industry combined. Six of the ten most profitable newsstand monthlies were ‘male entertainment magazines’ and the combined circulation of Playboyand Penthouse was greater than Time and Newsweek. Pornography is an international industry with an estimated worldwide value of several billion pounds. Midwest Content Analysis: Playboy, Penthouse, Hustler In 1985 an organization in the USA called Organizing Against Pornography put together an educational slide show entitled Pornography: A Practice of Inequality. It aimed to inform people about what pornography was available, what it communicated about women: to explain its meaning.
Pornography and Addiction: A Political Issue
Authors: Sweet Corinne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three heterosexual men interviewed on BBC Radio 4’s Woman’s Hour described how early exposure to pornography had influenced their lives.1 They had all first come across it when young (seven, nine and thirteen years). They had found it through friends, home, school or public places and all still felt profoundly affected by it, although now in their thirties. One man said: ‘The important thing is that the pornographic images burn themselves into your brain and they pop up or you can replay them inside your head whenever you want to. These pornographic images are so powerful that they’re always filed away ready for use.’ The most difficult ‘after-effects’ were how the early exposure to pornography had shaped their perception of women and women’s sexuality and, also, how it had impacted on their own developing sexualities and relationships. In youth they had ‘innocently’ imbibed these pornographic messages as the ‘truth’ about women, sex and sexuality. Although in adulthood they each had become ‘conscious’ of how sexism is constructed and perpetuated, all still experienced ‘gut’ responses to women and pornography which they believed came from their early exposure to it: ‘I used to vehemently regret it in my early twenties, because I felt I had missed out on a whole era of innocent exploration ’.
The Effects of Violent Pornography, Nonviolent Dehumanizing Pornography, and Erotica: Some Legal Implications from a Canadian Perspective
Authors: Check James V P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until about the mid-1970s, the pornography question for the most part centred around the moralistic issue of whether or not the distribution of sexually explicit materials per se would have a tendency to adversely affect the viewer (see e.g. Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 1970). Moreover, the implicit assumption underlying this ‘negative effects’ hypothesis was that there was something immoral or antisocial about sexuality, and therefore about the public display of sexuality. In the past fifteen years, however, several important changes have taken place in various countries around the world, changes which have had a profound effect on the pornography debate. Perhaps the most important of these is the fact that contemporary researchers currently tend to focus much more on the social content of pornography rather than on the sexual explicitness of these materials. It is the purpose of this chapter to document the profound effect that this change has had on the ‘pornography effects’ debate, with particular reference to Canadian obscenity laws.
A Legal Definition of Pornography
Authors: Itzin Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pornography is an industry which manufactures and markets a very profitable product. The people who make it, sell it, buy it and use it know exactly what pornography is, but the belief has been fostered that it is somehow indefinable and that defining it for purposes of legislation would be difficult or impossible. ‘I can’t define pornography, but I know it when I see it,’ said a US Supreme Court judge. The challenge certainly has been how to formulate a legal definition which includes only pornography. But once removed from the moral realm and placed in the context of structures of power, pornography is not inherently indefinable. The task – of looking and describing what exists – had just not, until recently, been undertaken, arguably because no one wanted it done.
Pornography and Civil Liberties: Freedom, Harm and Human Rights
Authors: Itzin Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the fiercest resistance to campaigns against pornography as a women’s issue has come from civil libertarians who express concern about censorship. Free speech is certainly a fundamental human right, and political and sexual censorship is a genuine concern. During ten years of Conservative government in the UK, for example, ‘civil liberties have not just been eroded; they have been deliberately attacked and undermined’. According to Peter Thornton, writing on behalf of the National Council for Civil Liberties: ‘The state has increased its own power at the expense of individual freedom ... the government has taken away basic rights in order to stifle legitimate protest ... has strengthened the power of servants of the state and reduced their accountability ... has created a climate of intolerance with institutional prejudice and discrimination’, and has imposed the greatest ever peacetime controls on broadcasting.