bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate‐ and crop‐responsive emission factors significantly alter estimates of current and future nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizer use
Authors: Flynn Helen C. , Smith Jo , Smith Keith A. , Wright Jim , Smith Pete , Massheder Jon 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default methodology (tier 1) for calculating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from nitrogen applied to agricultural soils takes no account of either crop type or climatic conditions. As a result, the methodology omits factors that are crucial in determining current emissions, and has no mechanism to assess the potential impact of future climate and land‐use change. Scotland is used as a case study to illustrate the development of a new methodology, which retains the simple structure of the IPCC tier 1 methodology, but incorporates crop‐ and climate‐dependent emission factors (EFs). It also includes a factor to account for the effect of soil compaction because of trampling by grazing animals. These factors are based on recent field studies in Scotland and elsewhere in the UK. Under current conditions, the new methodology produces significantly higher estimates of annual N2O emissions than the IPCC default methodology, almost entirely because of the increased contribution of grazed pasture. Total emissions from applied fertilizer and N deposited by grazing animals are estimated at 10 662 t N2O‐N yr−1 using the newly derived EFs, as opposed to 6 796 t N2O‐N yr−1 using the IPCC default EFs. On a spatial basis, emission levels are closer to those calculated using field observations and detailed soil modelling than to estimates made using the IPCC default methodology. This can be illustrated by parts of the western Ayrshire basin, which have previously been calculated to emit 8–9 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1 and are estimated here as 6.25–8.75 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1, while the IPCC default methodology gives a maximum emission level of only 3.75 kg N2O‐N ha−1 yr−1 for the whole area. The new methodology is also applied in conjunction with scenarios for future climate‐ and land‐use patterns, to assess how these emissions may change in the future. The results suggest that by 2080, Scottish N2O emissions may increase by up to 14%, depending on the climate scenario, if fertilizer and land management practices remain unchanged. Reductions in agricultural land use, however, have the potential to mitigate these increases and, depending on the replacement land use, may even reduce emissions to below current levels.
Characterizing interannual variations in global fire calendar using data from Earth observing satellites
Authors: Carmona‐Moreno César , Belward Alan , Malingreau Jean‐Paul , Hartley Andrew , Garcia‐Alegre Maria , Antonovskiy Mikhail , Buchshtaber Victor , Pivovarov Victor 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDaily global observations from the Advanced Very High‐Resolution Radiometers on the series of meteorological satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration between 1982 and 1999 were used to generate a new weekly global burnt surface product at a resolution of 8 km. Comparison with independently available information on fire locations and timing suggest that while the time‐series cannot yet be used to make accurate and quantitative estimates of global burnt area it does provide a reliable estimate of changes in location and season of burning on the global scale. This time‐series was used to characterize fire activity in both northern and southern hemispheres on the basis of average seasonal cycle and interannual variability. Fire seasonality and fire distribution data sets have been combined to provide gridded maps at 0.5° resolution documenting the probability of fire occurring in any given season for any location. A multiannual variogram constructed from 17 years of observations shows good agreement between the spatial–temporal behavior in fire activity and the ‘El Niño’ Southern Oscillation events, showing highly likely connections between both phenomena.
Alfred Russel Wallace, past and future
Authors: Smith Charles H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) has for many years been standing in the shadow of his more famed co‐discoverer of the principle of natural selection, Charles Darwin. Despite outward similarities between the two men's formulation of the principle, Wallace had fit his appreciation of natural selection into views on evolution that were quite different from Darwin's. A closer examination of what Wallace had in mind suggests a model of process in which natural selection per se acts as the negative feedback mechanism (actually, a ‘state‐space’) in the relation between population and environment, and environmental engagement as made possible by the resulting selection of traits acts as the positive feedback part of the cycle. Thus, it may be better to contextualize adaptive structures as entropy‐relaying biogeochemical facilitators that only ‘generate a potential for evolution’ than to portray them as the end results of evolution. This systems point of view better lends itself to appreciations of the biogeographical context of evolution than does the tree‐thinking of a more conventional style of speciation‐focused Darwinism, which sometimes confuses process with result.
Leakage of cardiac troponin I in aortic valve stenosis
Authors: KUPARI M. , ERIKSSON S. , TURTO H. , LOMMI J. , PETTERSSON K. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.Objective.  Degeneration and death of cardiomyocytes contribute to the genesis of heart failure (HF) in aortic valve stenosis (AS). We studied whether the ongoing myocyte damage in AS can be detected from circulating cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations.Design and setting.  A cross‐sectional cohort study in a university hospital.Subjects and methods.  We examined 131 adult patients undergoing echocardiography and cardiac catheterization for isolated AS. Blood was sampled from the aortic root and, in a subset of 49 patients, also from the coronary sinus for the determination of cTnI using a sensitive immunoanalysis.Results.  Seventy‐three patients (56%) had detectable aortic cTnI (≥5 ng L−1) with 30 of them (23% of the total group) having cTnI above the reference limit in healthy subjects (>14 ng L−1). Patients with detectable cTnI had a higher prevalence of HF than those with undetectable cTnI (42% vs. 19%, P = 0.004). Plasma cTnI rose from the aorta to the coronary sinus by ≥5 ng L−1 in 13 of 49 patients with AS (27%) versus in none of 12 control patients free of structural heart disease (P = 0.044). AS patients with transcardiac cTnI gradients ≥5 ng L−1 had lower left ventricular (LV) ejection fractions than AS patients with gradients <5 ng L−1 (mean ± SD, 52 ± 14% vs. 61 ± 11%; P = 0.011).Conclusions.  Detectable circulating cTnI is not uncommon in AS and shows a moderate association with the presence of HF. Leakage of cTnI into the coronary sinus associates with impairment of LV systolic function. Monitoring cTnI could provide a means to expose incipient clinical deterioration in AS.
A positive outcome in patient with massive acute pulmonary embolism and right atrial mobile thrombus fragmented during thrombolysis: a serial echocardiographic examination
Authors: LICHODZIEJEWSKA B. , JANKOWSKI K. , KURNICKA K. , CIURZYNSKI M. , LISZEWSKA‐PFEJFER D. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.The case report presents a patient with acute, massive pulmonary embolism diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography, with the mobile thrombus visualized in the right atrium. During the thrombolytic therapy the thrombus was fragmented and migrated to the pulmonary artery, with a rapid transient worsening of the clinical status of the patient. The continuation of thrombolysis led to the gradual improvement of the patient condition. In this case report the importance of serial echocardiographic examinations in revealing right heart masses, the right ventricle overloading and the effectiveness of treatment is shown.
Inequalities in birth outcomes in Russia: evidence from Tula oblast
Authors: Danishevski Kirill , Balabanova Dina , McKee Martin , Nolte Ellen , Schwalbe Nina , Vasilieva Natalia 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis paper describes pregnancy outcomes and identifies their determinants in a Russian region, in the year 2000. It includes all births and perinatal deaths recorded as occurring in Tula oblast. The socio‐economic correlates of adverse outcomes are explored using logistic regression; outcomes and their determinants are compared with other countries. Perinatal mortality in Tula in 2000 was 16.8/1000 births. The frequencies of low birthweight, low ponderal index and preterm birth were higher in Tula than in other industrialised countries. Mean birthweight increased with increasing education and was higher in married than in single mothers, and higher in ethnic Russians than in others. Survival in the perinatal period was substantially lower at all birthweights than in Sweden, which has the lowest neonatal mortality rate in Europe. There are wide inequalities in fetal development in Russia, especially in relation to maternal education, and the adverse outcomes appear to reflect a combination of adverse fetal development (implying the need for policies that improve the health of prospective mothers) and poor survival (implying the need for more effective care for newborn infants).
Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in postmenopausal women on continuous oestrogen/ progestogen therapy
Authors: FARISH ELIZABETH , FLETCHER COLIN D. , DAGEN MORAG M. , HART DAVID M. , AL‐AZZAWI FAROUK , PARKIN DAVID E. , HOWIE CATHERINE A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLevels of serum lipoproteins and apolipoproteins were monitored for 48 weeks in two groups of women taking part in a doubleblind trial of continuous oestrogen/progestogen with and without oestriol. There were no differences between the effects of the two treatments on the substances measured. Triglycerides did not change and there was a transient fall in very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol fell over the first 24 weeks but rose thereafter to pretreatment levels. There was a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol due to a transient fall in HDL2 cholesterol and a gradual decrease in HDL3 cholesterol. Consequently, the only change in lipid levels present after 48 weeks was a decrease in HDL3 cholesterol, the clinical significance of which is uncertain. There was, however, an increase in apoprotein B levels and decreases in apoprotein AI and All levels. These alterations in apoprotein levels may be unfavourable, since apoprotein B levels have been positively correlated and apoprotein AI and All levels negatively correlated with coronary heart disease.
A longitudinal study of circulating progesterone, oestradiol, hCG and hPL during pregnancy in type 1 diabetic mothers
Authors: STEWART M. O. , WHITTAKER P. G. , LIND T. , PERSSON B. , HANSON U. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerum progesterone, oestradiol, human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL) were determined serially throughout 27 pregnancies in insulin‐dependent diabetic patients from Newcastle (UK), 15 such patients from Stockholm (Sweden) and in 69 normal women having uncomplicated pregnancies. Mean progesterone, oestradiol and hCG concentrations were somewhat higher in the diabetic women during the third trimester but hPL values were not different from normal. The increased hormone concentrations did not relate to the increased birthweights or placental weights in the diabetic women. It is suggested that the usual physiological endocrine changes during normal pregnancy are relatively undisturbed by insulin‐dependent diabetes or the degree of diabetes control achieved.
Outcome of pregnancies complicated by severe hypertension and delivered before 34 weeks; stepwise logistic regression analysis of prognostic factors
Authors: DERHAM R. J. , HAWKINS D. F. , ELDER M. G. , VRIES L. S. DE , ABER V. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe outcome is described for 106 patients with severe hypertension in pregnancy requiring delivery between 26 and 34 weeks. Management was with methyldopa, hydralazine when required and delivery by caesarean section when indicated. Most patients were delivered for cardiotocographic fetal distress or unstable maternal blood pressure. Eighty‐five babies (80%) survived and were well at follow‐up at 1 year; the perinatal mortality was 123/1000 total births. One patient had postpartum eclampsia, one had pulmonary oedema and one had transient renal failure, but all mothers left hospital well. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the primary positive factor for survival of a healthy baby was gestational age, which was strongly correlated with birthweight. The need for caesarean section as an emergency, hypotension after parenteral hydralazine, intrauterine growth retardation, and severe proteinuria were adverse factors. Intraventricular haemorrhage had a major adverse effect on neonatal survival; it was predisposed to by prolonged maternal hypertension and by low gestational age.
A comparison of three methods of assessing interobserver variation applied to measurement of the symphysis‐fundal height
Authors: BAILEY SUSAN M. , SARMANDAL PURNIMA , GRANT JOHN M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis study assesses the inter‐observer variation of symphysis‐fundal height measurements by three methods—the coefficient of variation, the correlation coefficient and the limits of agreement. The coefficient of variation was 4% and the correlation coefficient 0·959, yet the limits of agreement were very wide. Applying these limits to centile charts of symphysis‐fundal height shows that the fundal height cannot be measured by different observers with sufficient agreement to separate small fundal heights from those which are not small, and this severely limits the usefulness of measurement of the symphysis‐fundal height as a screening test for intrauterine growth retardation. We conclude that inter‐observer variation should be assessed by the method of limits of agreement, and not by calculating the coefficient of variation or the correlation coefficient.
The relative risks of caesarean section (intrapartum and elective) and vaginal delivery: a detailed analysis to exclude the effects of medical disorders and other acute pre‐existing physiological disturbances
Authors: LILFORD R. J. , VAN COEVERDEN DE GROOT H. A. , MOORE P. J. , BINGHAM P. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract Objective–To compare maternal mortalities attributable to vaginal delivery, elective caesarean section (CS) and intrapartum CS. Design–The number of deaths associated with each method of delivery was ascertained among unselected and among low‐risk women by detailed retrospective review of the casenotes of women who died after delivery. The frequency of each method of delivery throughout the study period was ascertained from the computer database and enhanced by analysis of the case‐notes of unselected groups of women. Setting–The Peninsula Maternity Services (Cape Town) during the years 1975–1986 inclusive. Subjects–A total of 108 maternal deaths arising from 263 075 maternities provided accurate information. The relative frequency of vaginal and abdominal delivery was determined from the computer database. The ratio of elective CS to emergency prepartum CS to intrapartum CS was obtained by review of the first 200 operations in the years 1975, 1977, 1979, 1982 and 1984. Main outcome measures–(i) Mortality rates associated with the different methods of delivery in unselected women and in women who were healthy before surgery: (ii) mortality rates apparently attributable to the method of delivery. Results–The overall relative risk of mortality associated with caesarean section compared with vaginal delivery was 7 decreasing to 5 after the exclusion of women with medical or lifethreatening antenatal complications (eg, haemorrhage, hypertension). The relative risk associated with intrapartum compared with elective sections was 2.3 decreasing to 1.4 after the exclusion of women with medical disorders or life‐threatening complications. The relative risk of maternal mortality which was apparently attributable to intrapartum compared with elective sections was 1 .7. However, the 95% confidence intervals of these values, even from this large data‐set, are wide. Nevertheless, these rates arc in broad agreement with an approximation derived from the British confidential enquiries into maternal deaths. Conclusion–The attributable relative mortalities of caesarean section compared with vaginal delivery and of intrapartum compared with elective caesarean section are lower than the overall relative mortalities of these modes of delivery and are approximately 5:1 and 1.5:1 respectively. These data are crucially important in the decision to recommend elective caesarean section compared with trial of labour.
The effect of established and gestational diabetes on pregnancy outcome
Authors: JOHNSTONE FRANK D. , NASRAT AMR A. , PRESCOTT ROBIN J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract Objective–To study thc prevalence and type of glucose intolerance in pregnancy and the effect of different types on perinatal mortality and fetal size. Design–A prospective case‐control study with data collectcd by patient interview and examination of all available records during a 16‐months period between 1984 and 1986. Setting–A large maternily hospital in Kuwait where diabetes in pregnancy is common. Subjects–Thc cases were a consecutivc sample of 731 women, delivered during thc study period, recorded in the labour ward register as being diabetic or having abnormal glucosc tolerance, thc control group was formed from the next woman in the regisler (provided she was not known to be diabetic). Main outcome measures–Type of diabetes followed the WHO classification, with subdivision depending on level of fasting plasma glucose. Type of perinatal death was examined in detail and birthweight ccntilc calculatcd. Results–Of the 731 cases, 22% were established diabeties, most werc treated with oral hypoglycacmic drugs bcfore pregnancy and insulin during pregnancy. Of those discovered during pregnancy, 43% were classified as gestational diabetes and the remainder as impaired glucose tolerance. Overall, 50% of cases were treated with insulin. Established diabeties had a perinatal mortality rate nearly four timcs greater than non diabeties (RR, 3.7, 95% CI 2.6 to 6.4) and for gestalional diabeties RR was 2.0 95% CI l.2 to 3.7). Unexplained deaths were particularly common, both in established diabeties (RR, 18.4, 95% CI 3.9 to 85.7) and in gestational diabeties (RR, 13.4, 95% (CI 2.9 to 61.6). Cases with impaired glucose tolerance had no stillbirths and had a lower perinatal loss than the controls, though this was not statistically significant. Heavier babies were seen in all case groups compared with controls, though the impaired glucose tolerance group had lower birthweights than the other two case groups. Conclusions–Type 2 diabetes was found to be common, most cascs being diagnosed in pregnancy. Under the conditions found in Kuwait. diabetes, in the sense of a raised fasling glucose, is accompanicd by a high rate of perinatal loss from unexplained stillbirth. This applies whether the condition was present before pregnancy or was discovered during pregnancy. Fetal macrosomia was also common in both situations. Impaired glucose tolerance, where fasting levels remain normal, does not appear to increase fetal loss, but may be associated with fetal macrosomia. As these women age they are likely to develop overt diabetes in the non‐pregnant state, and subsequently to develop serious complications of this disease. Improving glycaemic control. both during pregnancy and subsequently, should be a priority.
Five years with continuous combined oestrogen/ progestogen therapy. Effects on calcium metabolism, lipoproteins, and bleeding pattern
Authors: CHRISTIANSEN CLAUS , RIIS BENTE JUEL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract Objective–To study the effect of long‐term continuous combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy on calcium metabolism, lipoproteins, and bleeding pattern in early postmenopausal women. Design–A prospective, open, controlled study. After initial examinations, control examinations were performed every three months for the first two years and every year for the following three (two) years, with determinations of bone mass, serum lipoproteins, and bleeding pattern. Setting– Out‐patient research clinic at The Department of Clinical Chemistry, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark. Participants–Eighteen healthy women between 6 months and 3 years after a natural menopause, entered in a trial of continuous long‐term hormone replacement therapy and a comparison group of 19 age‐matched untreated women. Intervention–The treated group received 2 mg of 17β‐oestradiol combined with 1 mg of norethisterone acetate orally each day continuously for 5 years with a 3 month therapyfree interval after the first 2 years. The women were investigated before treatment, then every 3 months for the first 2 years and every year for the next 3 years for determinations of bone mass, serum lipoproteins and bleeding patterns. The comparison group was followed‐up in parallel for the first 4 years. Forearm bone mass was measured with single photon absorptiometry. Blood and urine samples were taken in the morning after an overnight fast and tobacco abstinence. Main outcome measures–The effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral content in the forearm, on serum and urine indices of calcium metabolism, on serum levels of total, high (HDL‐C) and low (LDL‐C) density lipoprotein cholesterol, and bleeding pattern. Results–Bone mineral content in the forearm was stable during the 5 years of treatment, whereas it declined significantly averaging 10% after 4 years in the comparison group. The biochemical estimates of bone turnover decreased to premenopausal level in the hormone group, whereas they remained at a high level in the comparison group. In the hormone group total cholesterol and LDL‐C decreased by 20% whereas HDL‐C was virtually unchanged. The treatment was associated with minor irregular bleeding in nine women during the first 6 months of treatment, after which no bleeding was experienced. Conclusion–Continuous combined oestrogen/progestogen therapy can keep early postmenopausal women free of bleeding episodes for a period of 5 years, after the first 6 months in which spotting occurs in 25%. The therapy prevented bone loss completely. The changes in serum lipoproteins were concordant with a lipid profile associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.