bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimax two‐stage‐designs with applications to tissue banking case‐control studies
Authors: Shuster Jonathan , Link Michael , Camitta Bruce , Pullen Jeanette , Behm Fredrick 
Published: August 2002

Abstract‘Tissue banks’ are created, at least in part, to help medical scientists learn about disease biology on the basis of samples provided by patients on treatment protocols that were competed years earlier.The bank inventory consists of precious non‐renewable patient material (such as frozen diagnostic blood or bone marrow), which can be linked to both clinical data and long term follow‐up information. Case‐control studies, where cases represent clinical failures and controls clinical successes, are ideal for rapidly learning if a laboratory marker might have prognostic significance. While group sequential (multi‐stage) methods are widely used in clinical trials, they have rarely been applied in case‐control studies. Further, unlike clinical trials where safety and efficiency may actually be in conflict, case‐control studies can focus on efficiency. Hence, minimizing the expected sample size is a desirable goal in such a setting. Since the true effect size is never known, and since no prior distribution can be postulated for the effect size, we have opted for the minimax solution. A strategy is developed to determine amongst all two‐stage designs with given type I and type II errors, the one for which the maximum expected sample size is minimized. The user is provided with simple tables, whereby one can determine everything necessary to conduct the study from the corresponding calculation for a single‐stage design. A matched pair example is given where the suggested design can be modified, to obtain a superior ‘two‐plus’ stage design. The basic idea is to conduct the first stage as planned, but use the estimate of variance to redesign the study, without using the estimate of effect size in the redesign. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Likelihood methods for measuring statistical evidence
Authors: Blume Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFocused on interpreting data as statistical evidence, the evidential paradigm uses likelihood ratios to measure the strength of statistical evidence. Under this paradigm, re‐examination of accumulating evidence is encouraged because (i) the likelihood ratio, unlike ap‐value, is unaffected by the number of examinations and (ii) the probability of observing strong misleading evidence is naturally low, even for study designs that re‐examine the data with each new observation. Further, the controllable probabilities of observing misleading and weak evidence provide assurance that the study design is reliable without affecting the strength of statistical evidence in the data. This paper illustrates the ideas and methods associated with using likelihood ratios to measure statistical evidence. It contains a comprehensive introduction to the evidential paradigm, including an overview of how to quantify the probability of observing misleading evidence for various study designs. The University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP), a classic and still controversial multi‐centred clinical trial, is used as an illustrative example. Some of the original UGDP results, and subsequent re‐analyses, are presented for comparison purposes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflation of type I error rate in two statistical tests for the detection of publication bias in meta‐analyses with binary outcomes
Authors: Schwarzer Guido , Antes Gerd , Schumacher Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of meta‐analysis to combine results of several trials is still increasing in the medical field. The validity of a meta‐analysis may be affected by various sources of bias (for example, publication bias, language bias). Therefore, an analysis of bias should be an integral part of any systematic review. Statistical tests and graphical methods have been developed for this purpose. In this paper, two statistical tests for the detection of bias in meta‐analysis were investigated in a simulation study. Binary outcome data, which are very common in medical applications, were considered and relative effect measures (odds ratios, relative risk) were used for pooling. Sample sizes were generated according to findings in a survey of eight German medical journals. Simulation results indicate an inflation of type I error rates for both tests when the data are sparse. Results get worse with increasing treatment effect and number of trials combined. Valid statistical tests for the detection of bias in meta‐analysis with sparse data need to be developed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking Rouse and Daellenbach's rethinking: isolating vs. testing for sources of sustainable competitive advantage
Authors: Levitas Edward , Chi Tailan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a recent paper, Rouse and Daellenbach (1999) provide a five‐step methodological approach which they feel will cure alleged inadequacies in empirical resource‐based research. We suggest, however, that their methodology can provide only a useful aid for expanding our understanding of potential sustainable competitive advantages but will not allow researchers to effectively verify those hypothesized advantages. Specifically, we argue that Rouse and Daellenbach's methodology is plagued by three major shortcomings: (1) it confuses the important distinction between knowing‐how and knowing‐what; (2) it fails to recognize the importance of observable variables in verifying the sources of sustainable competitive advantage; and (3) it calls for sampling on the dependent variable. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More thinking on research methods for the resource‐based perspective
Authors: Rouse Michael J. , Daellenbach Urs S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe re‐examine the benefits of using a broader set of research methods to address key questions associated with the resource‐based view (RBV) of the firm. In responding to Levitas and Chi, we consider how research inside organizations can complement and augment research relying on secondary data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive forces and strategic choice decisions: an experimental investigation in the United States and Japan
Authors: Song Michael , Calantone Roger J. , Di Benedetto C. Anthony 
Published: August 2002

AbstractManagers operate in a complex, uncertain environment and tend to form simplified models in order to cope with this environment and make competitive strategic decisions (i.e., cost‐leadership, differentiation, or focus). In this study, we use an experimental design to examine the strategic choice decision‐making process in firms located in the United States and Japan. We develop several main‐effect propositions regarding managerial selection of competitive strategies, depending on the competitive forces (buyer power, threat of substitutes, threat of new firm entry, and high intensity of rivalry) they are facing. We propose a main effect due to country of origin: Japanese managers prefer a cost‐leadership strategy more than American managers do. We also propose several interaction effects regarding cross‐national differences in strategy selection between Japanese and U.S. managers. To test our propositions, we collected experimental data from 316 U.S. executives and 459 Japanese executives. We assessed relative impacts of the competitive forces on strategic decision‐making using a multilevel regression analysis. The research findings indicated that high buyer power and high substitution threat were associated with a preference for cost‐leadership strategies, and Japanese managers were significantly more likely to prefer a cost‐leadership strategy than U.S. managers. We also found that, under conditions of high buyer power, U.S. managers were less likely than Japanese managers to enter a market with a differentiation or focus strategy. We found little support for other interaction hypotheses, suggesting points of similarity between U.S. and Japanese managers. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and managerial implications of our results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomy and dependence of international cooperative ventures: an exploration of the strategic performance of U.S. ventures in Mexico
Authors: Robins James A. , Tallman Stephen , Fladmoe‐Lindquist Karin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResearchers have begun to view international cooperative ventures as complex, multiparty organizations in which foreign and local firms and the venture itself all have distinctive roles. This approach has important implications for the venture strategies of foreign firms in emerging economies. This study explores relationships between the resource contributions of parent firms and U.S. managers' assessment of venture performance in a sample of established U.S.–Mexican ventures. The research suggests that mature cooperative ventures are expected to achieve autonomy from parent firms in key areas at the same time that certain forms of strategic dependency also are important to success. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contract, cooperation, and performance in international joint ventures
Authors: Luo Yadong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines how contract, cooperation, and performance are associated with one another within international joint ventures (IJVs). We argue that contract and cooperation are not substitutes but complements in relation to IJV performance. An IJV contract provides an institutional framework guiding the course of cooperation, while cooperation overcomes the adaptive limits of contracts. Our analysis of 293 IJVs in a dynamic market demonstrates that previous cooperation bolsters contractual adaptability, which in turn nurtures current cooperation between the same partners. We find that contract completeness and cooperation drive IJV performance both independently and interactively. When contracts are more complete, cooperation contributes more to performance. Contract and cooperation differ in their quadratic effects such that the contribution of contract completeness to performance declines as completeness increases but the contribution of cooperation remains linear. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value creation and destruction in cross‐border acquisitions: an empirical analysis of foreign acquisitions of U.S. firms
Authors: Seth Anju , Song Kean P. , Pettit R. Richardson 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe conduct an investigation of the sources of gains and losses in cross‐border acquisitions in light of different motives for undertaking these transactions: synergy‐seeking, managerialism and hubris. We find that the data are consistent with the expectation that multiple sources of value creation exist in synergistic cross‐border acquisitions: asset sharing, reverse internalization of valuable intangible assets, and financial diversification. Gains accrue to bidder firm shareholders only for the least fungible of these sources of gains, i.e., reverse internalization. For value‐destroying acquisitions that are expected to be driven by managerialism, we find that the data are consistent with only one of the sources of value destruction that we examine, i.e., risk reduction. In these acquisitions, the evidence also suggests that the relative size of the target to the bidder mitigates the negative effects of risk reduction. Our results underscore the importance of considering the implications of alternative behavioral assumptions in empirical strategy content research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PLEIADES: An Internet‐based parallel/distributed system
Authors: Koulopoulos D. , Papoutsis K. , Goulas G. , Housos E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of LAN‐based clusters of computers for computational purposes has been in use for several years with significant success and acceptability. The introduction of the Internet infrastructure as the interconnection medium of the cluster allows for additional flexibility and transparency of such systems. PLEIADES is an Internet‐based parallel/distributed system whose purpose is to allow users to use distant computational resources in order to form virtual clusters. In addition, PLEIADES can be used as a computational infrastructure service provider for applications in need of computational resources. PLEIADES uses a tiered architecture with particular emphasis on the existence of a middle tier, whose task is to assist in the communication between the interface and the resource management tiers. The existence of the middle tier allows for the creation of an open system that is able to easily integrate with new resource management platforms and tools. Since the use of a mature resource management system for parallel/distributed computing was a prerequisite of the PLEIADES architecture, the Condor resource management environment was used. The design and implementation characteristics of PLEIADES together with some experimental uses of the system are also presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic form generation
Authors: Mamrak Sandra A. , Pole Sheetal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Acuity project, in support of a collaborative brain‐tumor research effort, provides WWW‐based input forms implemented as Java applets for updating a WWW‐accessible database. The continuing need to develop new, but closely related, input forms motivated the design and implementation of the Acuity Form Generator (AFG), an automatic form‐generation tool. This paper documents the AFG technology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drawing database schemas
Authors: Di Battista Giuseppe , Didimo Walter , Patrignani Maurizio , Pizzonia Maurizio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA wide number of practical applications would benefit from automatically generated graphical representations of database schemas, in which tables are represented by boxes, and table attributes correspond to distinct stripes inside each table. Links, connecting attributes of two different tables, represent referential constraints or join relationships, and may attach arbitrarily to the left‐ or to the right‐hand side of the stripes representing the attributes. To our knowledge no drawing technique is available to automatically produce diagrams in such a strongly constrained drawing convention. In this paper we provide a polynomial time algorithm for solving this problem, and test its efficiency and effectiveness against a large test suite. Also, we describe an implementation of a system that uses such an algorithm and we study the main methodological problems we faced in developing such a technology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CASiNO: component architecture for simulating network objects
Authors: Battou Abdella , Khan Bilal , Lee Daniel C. , Marsh Spencer , Mountcastle Sean , Talmage David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe the Component Architecture for Simulating Network Objects (CASiNO) useful for the implementation of communication protocol stacks and network simulators. This framework implements a rich, modular coarse‐grained dataflow architecture, with an interface to a reactor kernel that manages the application's handlers for asynchronous I/O, real timers and custom interrupts. These features enable developers to write applications that are driven by both data flow and asynchronous event delivery, while allowing them to keep these two functionalities distinct. We provide an example program and expository comments on the program to illustrate the use of the CASiNO framework. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buckling analysis of buildings braced by frameworks, shear walls and cores
Authors: Zalka K. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simple hand method is presented for the three‐dimensional stability analysis of buildings braced by frameworks, coupled shear walls, shear walls and cores. Sway buckling behaviour is characterized by three types of deformation: the full‐height ‘local’ bending of the individual columns, wall sections, shear walls and cores, the full‐height ‘global’ bending of the frameworks and coupled shear walls, which is associated with the axial deformations of the column and wall sections, and the shear deformation of the frameworks and coupled shear walls. Based on the stiffnesses associated with these three types of deformation, a closed formula is derived for the calculation of the sway critical load. An analogy between bending and torsion is used to carry out the pure torsional buckling analysis. The interaction between the bending and shear modes as well as among the basic buckling modes (sway in the principal directions and torsion) are taken into account. A worked example with step‐by‐step instructions shows the easy use of the method. The results of a comprehensive accuracy analysis involving 73 multistorey buildings are also given together with comparisons with other analytical methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Realistic face animation for speech
Authors: Kalberer Gregor A. , Van Gool Luc 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRealistic face animation is especially hard as we are all experts in the perception and interpretation of face dynamics. One approach is to simulate facial anatomy. Alternatively, animation can be based on first observing the visible 3D dynamics, extracting the basic modes, and putting these together according to the required performance. This is the strategy followed by the paper, which focuses on speech. The approach follows a kind of bootstrap procedure. First, 3D shape statistics are learned from a talking face with a relatively small number of markers. A 3D reconstruction is produced at temporal intervals of 1/25 seconds. A topological mask of the lower half of the face is fitted to the motion. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the mask shapes reduces the dimension of the mask shape space. The result is twofold. On the one hand, the face can be animated; in our case it can be made to speak new sentences. On the other hand, face dynamics can be tracked in 3D without markers for performance capture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological gait controls with a neural pattern generator
Authors: Kuriyama Shigeru , Kurihara Yoshimi , Irino Yusuke , Kaneko Toyohisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a control methodology for human gait with a pattern generator. The pattern generator generates cyclic signals via a couple of mutually inhibited neurons, and drives a proportional derivative controller that supplies joint angles of a virtual human. The state of the pattern generator is entrained by the signal of the controller, and such mutual feedback stabilizes the generation of rhythmic signals for variable conditions. Legs and arms can automatically synchronize their periodical movements without using a central supervisor because the corresponding neural oscillators mutually feed their output signals. Our system generates various gaits in a common mechanism with a small number of parameters, which is well suited for real‐time, interactive and on‐the‐fly controls. Moreover, the movements obtained from motion capture data can be controlled by introducing adjustable non‐linear filters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning characters' behaviour in interactive storytelling
Authors: Cavazza Marc , Charles Fred , Mead Steven J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a method for implementing the behaviour of artificial actors in the context of interactive storytelling. We have developed a fully implemented prototype based on the Unreal Tournament™ game engine, and carried experiments with a simple sitcom‐like scenario. We discuss the central role of artificial actors in interactive storytelling and how real‐time generation of their behaviour participates in the creation of a dynamic storyline. We follow previous work describing the behaviour of artificial actors through AI planning formalisms, and adapt it to the context of narrative representation. In this context, the narrative equivalent of a character's behaviour consists of its role. The set of possible roles for a given actor is represented as a hierarchical task network (HTN). The system uses HTN planning to dynamically generate the character roles, by interleaving planning and execution, which supports dynamic interaction between actors, as well as user intervention in the unfolding plot. Finally, we present several examples of short plots and situations generated by the system from the dynamic interaction of artificial actors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Animating real‐time explosions
Authors: Martins Claude , Buchanan John , Amanatides John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAny sufficiently powerful explosion in air creates an expanding blast wave that propagates outwards from the source. The paper explores the physically based simulation of a blast wave impact on surrounding objects. The emphasis is on simplifying the underlying physical and chemical governing equations in order to achieve a visually believable result that performs in real time. A connected voxel model is used to represent objects, so that realistic solid debris is generated instead of flat polygons. The model permits arbitrary voxel shapes, which allow the creation of more complex objects with a lower number of voxels when compared to models using uniform voxel shapes. This model also overcomes certain limitations of the spring–mass particle model when it comes to representing rigid bodies. The paper also explores auxiliary visual effects caused by the blast wave, such as flame, smoke and dust. Each of these cues increases the visual plausibility of the explosion being simulated without being rigorously physically based or computationally intensive. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of the fundamental parameter method for x‐ray fluorescence analysis of rocks
Authors: Borkhodoev V. Ya. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe accuracy of quantitative X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of rocks by means of the fundamental parameter (FP) method is predetermined by the completeness of the characteristic X‐radiation model, the degree of uncertainty in the FPs and the correctness of the calculation algorithms. This paper contains the results of a study of these factors for the XRF analysis of rocks that differ greatly in their elemental compositions. In order to improve the model of characteristic X‐radiation, the significance of photoelectrons is thoroughly examined in this paper, and the effects of divergence of the primary radiation beam is assessed. The FP uncertainties are studied in this paper, and equations are derived to calculate the fluorescence yield, probabilities of serial line radiation and absorption jumps. Equations are proposed to calculate the mean electron energy and spectral intensity of X‐ray tube radiation. A numerical integration algorithm is optimized by wavelengths, with allowance for the X‐ray tube bremsstrahlung radiation. A software program is developed to calculate the characteristic radiation intensity and element compositions. Metrologic characteristics of the FP method based XRF analysis allow for its use in rock studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of waste water by x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Eksperiandova L. P. , Blank A. B. , Makarovskaya Y. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMethods of specimen preparation for the x‐ray fluorescence analysis of water are described. For direct determination of impurities in waste water samples, quasi‐solid specimens based on gelatin (agar) are proposed. Such specimens may also be used after extractive enrichment of impurities and their re‐extraction into the aqueous phase. For organic specimens, those in the form of organogels or thin polymer films can be obtained directly. For group impurity concentration it is proposed to use low‐temperature directed crystallization of water with subsequent obtaining of glassy saccharose‐based specimens from aqueous concentrates. The techniques developed were applied to determine Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn impurities in waste waters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.