bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Lithology Identification Methods for Rock Images Based on Object Detection
Authors: Zhenlong Hou , Jikang Wei , Jinrong Shen , Xinwei Liu , Wentian Zhao 
Published: October 2023

AbstractLithology identification is a crucial step in geological research. In recent years, the development of artificial intelligence technologies has provided new insights into solving problems associated with subjectivity and labor intensity of traditional manual identification. However, when rocks are identified in situ, existing algorithms cannot accurately identify them if the image features of different types of rocks are similar or the rock textures are varied. In this regard, the study of lithology identification for the rock images captured from the field was carried out. First, the object detection algorithm of single shot multibox detector was improved by adding residual net and adaptive moment estimation, and a lithology identification model was constructed. Second, based on the above improved algorithm, the technologies of database and geographic information system were combined to develop an integrated identification method. Third, the proposed methods were applied to 12 types of rocks in Xingcheng area, China, for testing their validity, and feasibility in field geological surveys. Finally, the effects of learning rate and batch size on the identification were discussed, as the epoch number was increased. We found that the average accuracies of the improved single shot multibox detector and integrated method were 89.4% and 98.4%, respectively. The maximum accuracy could even reach 100%. The identification results were evaluated based on accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and mean average precision. It was demonstrated that the integrated method has a strong identification ability compared with other neural network methods. Generally, a small learning rate can lead to low loss and high accuracy, whereas a small batch size can lead to high loss and high accuracy. Moreover, the newly proposed methods helped to improve the lithology identification accuracy in the field and support the study of intelligent in situ identification for rock images.
On the problem of the purchasing power of money by A. A. Konüs and S. S. Byushgens: translation and commentary
Authors: Diewert Erwin , Zelenyuk Valentin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn 1939, Econometrica published an English translation of Konüs (1924). Since then, Konüs (1924 [1939]) has become a classic work on the theory of the cost of living index, inspiring many other studies in the field. On the other hand, very few scholars have had the opportunity to read another, equally important, work by Konüs (co-authored with Byushgens) published in 1926 by the same Institute. This other paper of Konüs also pioneered several fundamental concepts and results in economics (including duality theory, the theory of inverse demand functions and the theory of exact index numbers), yet somehow it appears that it has never been translated into English (or any other language). We bridge this gap by offering a translation and a commentary on this important paper.
Retraction in public settings
Authors: Almagro Manuel , Bordonaba-Plou David , Villanueva Neftalí 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSeveral recent studies (see Knobe & Yalcin, 2014; Khoo, 2015; Marques, 2018; Kneer, 2021a) address linguistic retraction from an experimental perspective. In these studies, speakers’ intuitions regarding the mandatory nature of retraction are tested. Pace MacFarlane, competent speakers (of English) do not consider retraction to be obligatory. This paper examines two methodological features of the above-mentioned studies: they do not take into consideration the difference between public and private contexts; neither do they incorporate the distinction between evaluative and descriptive statements. In this paper, we report the results of two studies conducted to empirically test the hypothesis that retraction is, above all, a public phenomenon. Our findings show that context exerts a significant effect on speakers’ attitudes toward retraction.
Current cases of AI misalignment and their implications for future risks
Authors: Dung Leonard 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHow can one build AI systems such that they pursue the goals their designers want them to pursue? This is thealignment problem. Numerous authors have raised concerns that, as research advances and systems become more powerful over time,misalignmentmight lead to catastrophic outcomes, perhaps even to the extinction or permanent disempowerment of humanity. In this paper, I analyze the severity of this risk based on current instances of misalignment. More specifically, I argue that contemporary large language models and game-playing agents are sometimes misaligned. These cases suggest that misalignment tends to have a variety of features: misalignment can be hard to detect, predict and remedy, it does not depend on a specific architecture or training paradigm, it tends to diminish a system’s usefulness and it is the default outcome of creating AI via machine learning. Subsequently, based on these features, I show that the risk of AI alignment magnifies with respect to more capable systems. Not only might more capable systems cause more harmwhenmisaligned, aligning them should be expected to be more difficult than aligning current AI.
Comparative analysis of animal lifespan
Authors: Riddle Nicole C. , Biga Peggy R. , Bronikowski Anne M. , Walters James R. , Wilkinson Gerald S. ,   IISAGE Consortium, Duan Jingyue Ellie , Gamble Anthony , Larschan Erica , Meisel Richard P. , Singh Ritambhara , Webb Ashley 
Published: October 2023

AbstractComparative studies of aging are a promising approach to identifying general properties of and processes leading to aging. While to date, many comparative studies of aging in animals have focused on relatively narrow species groups, methodological innovations now allow for studies that include evolutionary distant species. However, comparative studies of aging across a wide range of species that have distinct life histories introduce additional challenges in experimental design. Here, we discuss these challenges, highlight the most pressing problems that need to be solved, and provide suggestions based on current approaches to successfully carry out comparative aging studies across the animal kingdom.
Extra-axial cranial nerve enhancement: a pattern-based approach
Authors: Moltoni Giulia , Romano Andrea , Blandino Antonella , Palizzi Serena , Romano Allegra , D’Arrigo Benedetta , Guarnera Alessia , Dellepiane Francesco , Frezza Valentina , Gagliardo Olga , Tari Capone Francesca , Grossi Andrea , Trasimeni Guido , Bozzao Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCranial nerve enhancement is a common and challenging MRI finding that requires a meticulous and systematic evaluation to identify the correct diagnosis. Literature mainly describes the various pathologies with the associated clinic-radiological characteristics, while the radiologist often needs a reverse approach that starts from the radiological findings to reach the diagnosis. Therefore, our aim is to provide a new and practical pattern-based approach to cranial nerve enhancement, which starts from the radiological findings and follows pattern-driven pipelines to navigate through multiple differential diagnoses, guiding the radiologist to reach the proper diagnosis. Firstly, we reviewed the literature and identified four patterns to categorize the main pathologies presenting with cranial nerve enhancement: unilateral linear pattern, bilateral linear pattern, unilateral thickened pattern, and bilateral thickened pattern. For each pattern, we describe the underlying pathogenic origin, and the main radiological features are displayed through high-quality MRI images and illustrative panels. A suggested MRI protocol for studying cranial nerve enhancement is also provided. In conclusion, our approach for cranial nerve enhancement aims to be an easy tool immediately applicable to clinical practice for converting challenging findings into specific pathological patterns.
What is New in Augmented Renal Clearance in Septic Patients?
Authors: Baptista Laura , Moura Inês , Silva Catarina Mendes , Baptista João Pedro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Purpose of Review
In this narrative review encompassing relevant scientific publications regarding critically ill patients in the last 5 years, we discuss key questions regarding the concept, pathophysiology, identification, epidemiology, and implications of augmented renal clearance (ARC) in the treatment of sepsis.

Recent Findings
Mathematical estimates of renal function show low accuracy when evaluating renal function in the intensive care unit, jeopardizing the correct dosing of antimicrobials. The description of ARC in critically ill patients in several, distant geographical areas worldwide reveals that this condition is more frequent than anticipated. Several new risk factors have been recently reported, needing future confirmation. Pathophysiology is still largely unknown; however, intact kidney physiology, inflammatory mediators, and tubular secretion seem to play a role. Several studies have demonstrated the association between ARC and subtherapeutic levels of several β-lactams, vancomycin, and fluconazole. Lately, there have been recommendations of dosage regimen adjustments for patients with ARC, namely, through increases in total daily dose or prolonged infusion for various antimicrobials. Literature is scarce describing the influence of ARC on clinical outcomes of patients receiving antibiotics, and results are contradictory.

Summary
Growing body of evidence supports that measured creatinine clearance based on time-defined urine output is strongly recommended for the identification of ARC and for reliable evaluation of its prevalence and risk factors. Clinicians should be alert for the need to use off-label dosing of antimicrobials in septic patients showing ARC. Concise recommendations for antibiotic dosage regimens, based on clinical data, are still needed.
Exploring soil property spatial patterns in a small grazed catchment using machine learning
Authors: Barrena-González Jesús , Gabourel-Landaverde V. Anthony , Mora Jorge , Contador J. Francisco Lavado , Fernández Manuel Pulido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAcquiring comprehensive insights into soil properties at various spatial scales is paramount for effective land management, especially within small catchment areas that often serve as vital pastured landscapes. These regions, characterized by the intricate interplay of agroforestry systems and livestock grazing, face a pressing challenge: mitigating soil degradation while optimizing land productivity. This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of eight topsoil (0–5 cm) properties (clay, silt, sand, pH, cation exchange capacity, available potassium, total nitrogen, and soil organic matter) in a small grazed catchment. Four machine learning algorithms—Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Cubist, and K-Nearest Neighbors (kNN)—were used. The Boruta algorithm was employed to reduce the dimensionality of environmental covariates. The model’s accuracy was assessed using the Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Additionally, uncertainty in predicted maps was quantified and assessed. The results revealed variations in predictive model performance for soil properties. Specifically, kNN excelled for clay, silt, and sand content, while RF performed well for soil pH, CEC, and TN. Cubist and SVM achieved accuracy in predicting AK and SOM, respectively. Clay, silt, CEC, and TN yielded favourable predictions, closely aligning with observations. Conversely, sand content, soil pH, AK, and SOM predictions were slightly less accurate, highlighting areas for improvement. Boruta algorithm streamlined covariate selection, reducing 23 covariates to 10 for clay and 4 for soil pH and AK prediction, enhancing model efficiency. Our study revealed spatial uncertainty patterns mirroring property distributions, with higher uncertainty in areas with elevated content. Model accuracy varied by confidence levels, performing best at intermediate levels and showing increased uncertainty at extremes. These findings offer insights into model capabilities and guide future research in soil property prediction. In conclusion, these results urge more research in small watersheds for soil and territorial management.
Fluoride passivation of ZnO electron transport layers for efficient PbSe colloidal quantum dot photovoltaics
Authors: He Jungang , Ge You , Wang Ya , Yuan Mohan , Xia Hang , Zhang Xingchen , Chen Xiao , Wang Xia , Zhou Xianchang , Li Kanghua , Chen Chao , Tang Jiang 
Published: October 2023

AbstractLead selenide (PbSe) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are suitable for the development of the next-generation of photovoltaics (PVs) because of efficient multiple-exciton generation and strong charge coupling ability. To date, the reported high-efficient PbSe CQD PVs use spin-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) as the electron transport layer (ETL). However, it is found that the surface defects of ZnO present a difficulty in completion of passivation, and this impedes the continuous progress of devices. To address this disadvantage, fluoride (F) anions are employed for the surface passivation of ZnO through a chemical bath deposition method (CBD). The F-passivated ZnO ETL possesses decreased densities of oxygen vacancy and a favorable band alignment. Benefiting from these improvements, PbSe CQD PVs report an efficiency of 10.04%, comparatively 9.4% higher than that of devices using sol-gel (SG) ZnO as ETL. We are optimistic that this interface passivation strategy has great potential in the development of solution-processed CQD optoelectronic devices.
Graphical Abstract
Compassionate Mind Training for Caregivers in Residential Youth Care: Investigating their Experiences Through a Thematic Analysis
Authors: Santos Laura F. S. M. , Pinheiro Maria do Rosário C. N. M. M. , Rijo Daniel M. B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Objectives
Compassion can be valuable in demanding help settings, both to professionals and clients. Nevertheless, compassion-based interventions have not yet been investigated in residential youth care. This qualitative study aimed to examine the caregivers’ experiences with the Compassionate Mind Training program for Caregivers (CMT-Care Homes), as well as their perceptions regarding the barriers/enablers, transfer of learnings, and impact at individual, group, and organizational levels.

Method
Three focus groups were conducted, enrolling 19 caregivers after their participation in the CMT-Care Homes. Data were examined using thematic analysis.

Results
Four overarching themes, 10 themes, and 14 subthemes were identified. The CMT-Care Homes seemed to enable the development of the three flows of compassion (i.e., compassion towards others, receive compassion from others, and self-compassion). While the program’s acceptability, practice, and transfer of learnings seem to facilitate compassion, reported difficulties with some formal practices and fears, blocks, and resistances to compassion might be barriers to its development. Knowledge and practices were transferred to work, both at individual and collective levels, increasing caregivers’ emotional health and strengthening team functioning. The program also contributed to improve care practices and to promote an affiliative organizational climate. Indirect impact on youth was also reported, regarding their reactions to the caregivers’ compassionate attitudes.

Conclusions
Findings demonstrated promising benefits of the CMT-Care Homes in residential youth care settings, at personal, team, and organization levels. Compassion was helpful in working with youth, and in regulating caregivers’ own emotions at work. Limitations regarding method and data analysis should be considered.
Protecting China’s major urban bird diversity hotspots
Authors: Li Li , Yan Mingxiao , Hong Yixuan , Feng Weijia , Xie Dong , Pagani-Núñez Emilio 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework puts forward a new conservation target to enhance urban biodiversity. Cities have a great potential for sustaining biodiversity and nurturing a healthy relationship between people and our nearest nature. It is especially important in developing countries such as China, which has a rich biodiversity and a rapidly growing urban population. Using citizen science data, we show that 48% of the national bird diversity and 42% of its threatened species have been recorded in the top-20 most avian-diverse cities of China. Urban bird diversity hotspots clustered along the eastern coast, indicating the importance of establishing an inter-city conservation network along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. This urban conservation network would be a starting point to promote social recognition of biodiversity’s relational value in a country with a vast population and an increasingly important role in meeting UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.
Mucus-penetrating and permeation enhancer albumin-based nanoparticles for oral delivery of macromolecules: Application to bevacizumab
Authors: Pangua Cristina , Espuelas Socorro , Martínez-Ohárriz María Cristina , Vizmanos José Luis , Irache Juan M. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe oral administration of therapeutic proteins copes with important challenges (mainly degradation and poor absorption) making their potential therapeutic application extremely difficult. The aim of this study was to design and evaluate the potential of the combination between mucus-permeating nanoparticles and permeation enhancers as a carrier for the oral delivery of the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, used as a model of therapeutic protein. For this purpose, bevacizumab was encapsulated in PEG-coated albumin nanoparticles as a hydrophobic ion-pairing complex with either sodium deoxycholate (DS) or sodium docusate (DOCU). In both cases, complex formation efficiencies close to 90% were found. The incorporation of either DS or DOCU in PEG-coated nanoparticles significantly increased their mean size, particularly when DOCU was used. Moreover, the diffusion in mucus of DOCU-loaded nanoparticles was significantly reduced, compared with DS ones. In a C. elegans model, DS or DOCU (free or nanoencapsulated) disrupted the intestinal epithelial integrity, but the overall survival of the worms was not affected. In rats, the relative oral bioavailability of bevacizumab incorporated in PEG-coated nanoparticles as a complex with DS (B-DS-NP-P) was 3.7%, a 1000-fold increase compared to free bevacizumab encapsulated in nanoparticles (B-NP-P). This important effect of DS may be explained not only by its capability to transiently disrupt tight junctions but also to their ability to increase the fluidity of membranes and to inhibit cytosolic and brush border enzymes. In summary, the current strategy may be useful to allow the therapeutic use of orally administered proteins, including monoclonal antibodies.
Graphical Abstract
Characterization of additively manufactured parts for direct screwing
Authors: Moritzer E. , Held C. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe combination of additive manufacturing and direct screwing can minimize the limitations in additive manufacturing such as long manufacturing times and high costs for expanding building spaces. Direct screwing allows smaller components to be assembled into larger components and attachable to assemblies with high functional integration. Thus, large building spaces can be avoided, and integration of additive components into serial production is possible. Although there are guidelines for direct screwing of injection-molded thermoplastic components by the Deutscher Verein für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren e.V. (German Welding Society), there are currently no recommendations that can be directly applied to additively manufactured components. The layered manufacturing process of additively manufactured components is highly anisotropic as the strength of the components strongly depends on the build orientation. Thus, the compatibility of additive manufactured components for direct screwing was investigated at the Kunststofftechnik Paderborn. The characterization of additively manufactured screw bosses was considered with respect to the existing guidelines. For the characterization, screw domes were additively manufactured according to the geometry recommendations of the guidelines with the fused deposition modeling and the selective laser sintering. To account for the anisotropy, the screw domes were built in three different orientations. The compatibility of additively manufactured screw domes was evaluated through a comparison to injection-molded screw bosses. For the comparison, the joining parameters, the pull-out strength, and the component strength were investigated. The results showed there are significant differences in the investigated criteria based on the manufacturing technique and the build orientation.
Increase of electrode life in resistance spot welding of aluminum alloys by the combination of surface patterning and thin-film diffusion barriers
Authors: Brechelt S. , Wiche H. , Junge J. , Gustus R. , Schmidt H. , Wesling V. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWhen resistance spot welding aluminum alloys, high electrode forces are required to reduce the electrical contact resistances between the electrodes and the sheet metals. The high contact resistances and the resulting thermal load cause extensive degradation of the electrode working faces. Weld spatter occurs after only a few weld cycles, significantly reducing the quality of the weld. Conventional resistance welding machines are limited in terms of maximum electrode force and weld current. As a result, weld quality and electrode life are inadequate. The aim is to increase the achievable electrode life by surface patterning the electrode working faces and creating thin-film diffusion barriers by physical vapor deposition (PVD). Patterning is intended to penetrate the oxide layers of the aluminum sheets and increase the proportion of electrically conductive contact areas. The different influences of patterning by particle blasting and contour turning will be investigated. As a further approach, thin-film diffusion barriers of up to 3 μm are deposited on the electrodes to prevent direct Al-Cu contact. Therefore, metallic coating materials (Ni and W) and an electrically highly conductive ceramic coating material (TiB2) are investigated. The combination of electrode patterning and thin-film diffusion barriers is tested in electrode life studies. It is shown that these modified electrode working faces can limit degradation effects and contribute to an increase in electrode life. In addition, the weld quality can be improved compared to the reference condition.