bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term cannulation of the ovarian vein in mares
Authors: Linford Robert L. , McCue Patrick M. , Montavon Stephane , Lasley Bill L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A cannulation technique was developed to collect blood samples from the ovarian vein of mares over an extended period. Ovarian venous cannulae placed in 4 mares remained patent for a mean (± sem) duration of 36.8 (± 6.2) days. During mid-diestrus, concentrations of progesterone in the ovarian vein ipsilateral to the corpus luteum (1,663.8 ± 238.8 ng/ml) were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than concentrations measured in paired samples from the jugular vein (6.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml). Concentration of estradiol in the ovarian vein ranged from a mean of 1,053.2 ± 303.1 pg/ml during diestrus to 3,353.8 ± 1,052.8 pg/ml during estrus, whereas values for 74% of samples collected concurrently from the jugular vein were near or below the sensitivity of the assay (10 pg/ml).
Results of the study indicate that patent long-term ovarian vein cannulation can be achieved in mares. The cannulation technique provides access to important fundamental information on equine reproductive endocrinology, which to our knowledge, has not been available.
Use of end-tidal CO2 tension to predict arterial CO2 values in isoflurane-anesthetized equine neonates
Authors: Geiser Dennis R. , Rohrbach B. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were determined and compared in isoflurane-anesthetized spontaneously breathing equine neonates. End-tidal carbon dioxide and PaCO2 values increased with respect to time. Difference between values of PetCO2 and PaCO2 increased over time. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was useful to predict changes in and was more closely correlated with PaCO2 early in the anesthetic period (T ≤ 60 minutes). The dead space volume to tidal volume (Vd/Vt) ratio increased with respect to time, indicating increase in physiologic dead space in isoflurane-anesthetized foals. The data indicate that the increased difference between widening of the PetCO2 and PaCO2 values over time may have been attributable to hypoventilation and decreased pulmonary capillary perfusion of alveoli.
Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in cows
Authors: Strain George M. , Kraus-Hansen Ann E. , Tedford Bruce L. , Claxton-Gill Marjorie S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A method was developed to record cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (sep) from thoracic and pelvic limb stimulation in cows. Recordings were similar in latency and amplitude to those reported for horses. Correction for conduction pathway length did not alter the average latency values because the cows of the study were uniform in size; however, the data provided will enable use of this normative data with smaller or larger individual animals.
Although latency variability for the sep peaks was low, variability of the amplitude measurements was high. This observed variability was similar to that seen in other species. Validity of the recorded responses was indicated by lack of a tibial nerve sep in 1 cow that had been given a tibial nerve conduction block, using lidocaine, and by repeatability of the response in 2 recordings taken 1 year apart in the same cow.
Histochemical and morphologic changes of porcine airway epithelial cells in response to infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: DeBey Mary C. , Jacobson Carol D. , Ross Richard F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes pneumonia in pigs. The effect of infection by this organism on histochemical characteristics of airway mucin within epithelial cells was studied. Seven- to 10-week-old pigs were inoculated intratracheally with M hyopneumoniae or culture broth, and lung tissues were collected from inoculated and control pigs at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after inoculation. Tissue sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff/Alcian blue, pH 2.5 or high iron diamine/Alcian blue. Histologic features of randomly selected bronchi, bronchioles, and submucosal glands were compared in sections stained with periodic acid-Schiff/Alcian blue. Bronchial goblet cell sulfomucin and sialomucin were quantitated by image analysis of sections stained with high iron diamine/Alcian blue. Bronchi and bronchioles of infected pigs contained proportionately fewer goblet cells with mucin at all stages of infection than age-matched control pigs. Goblet cells in bronchi of infected pigs contained significantly less total mucin and sialomucin, and significantly more sulfomucin than goblet cells of control pigs. Increased sulfated mucin in bronchial goblet cells may reflect altered glycoprotein production or secretion in response to infection with M hyopneumoniae.
Single-step technique for staining Anaplasma marginale in bovine blood smears
Authors: Hart L. T. , Morris N. G. , Bessin R. , LePrince D. J. , Todd W. J. , Enright F. M. , Luther D. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three available differential stains, Camco-Quik, Diff-Quik, and Wright-Giesma were compared for detection of intraerythrocytic Anaplasma marginale in bovine blood smears. In samples where < 1% to more than 51% of the rbc were infected, statistical analysis of the data indicated no significant difference in the detection of A marginale with Camco-Quik or Diff-Quik stains. However, a significantly lower percentage of infected rbc were detected when blood smears were stained with the Wright-Giemsa stain, compared with the other 2 methods.
Determination of protein concentrations and their molecular weight in tears from cats with normal corneas and cats with corneal sequestrum
Authors: Davidson Harriet J. , Gerlach John A. , Bull Robert W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Protein concentration was determined, using the Bradford technique, in tears from cats with normal corneas and from cats with corneal sequestrum. Tears from the former group contained 5.81 ± 2.29 mg of protein/ml; those from corneal sequestrum-affected cats contained 6.21 ± 2.21 mg/ml. Difference between the 2 values was not significant. Molecular weight determination was made, using 4 to 20% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Molecular mass of proteins ranged from 263 to 14 kDa. There was no detectable difference in the band patterns for the 2 groups.
Evaluation of an automated system for hemoglobin measurement in animals
Authors: Callan Mary Beth , Giger Urs , Oakley Donna A. , Scotti Mary V. , Shofer Frances S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In veterinary medicine, pcv determined by centrifugation of blood in a microhematocrit tube is the most common clinical test used to initially assess and monitor anemic and polycythemic animals. In contrast, blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, rather than pcv, is generally determined in human patients. One automated system photometrically measures blood Hb concentration after conversion of Hb to azide methemoglobin without dilution and was found to be a simple and accurate instrument for use in human medicine. We evaluated the system for its accuracy in measuring blood Hb concentration in animals by comparing it with standard techniques and for its suitability in veterinary practice. Blood samples, anticoagulated with potassium edta, from 78 healthy animals (33 dogs, 17 cats, 13 horses, and 15 cows) and 58 dogs and 4 cats with various blood abnormalities (10 anemia, 11 polycythemia, 21 lipemia, 16 leukocytosis, and 6 icterus) were analyzed. In all species, blood Hb concentration of healthy animals determined by the system was comparable to that measured by standard cyanmethemoglobin methods (ie, an automated counter; rI = 0.987 to 0.998 and a hemoglobin kit, rI = 0.946 to 0.993). The aforementioned system also yielded similar values to those obtained by use of standard methods in anemic, polycythemic and icteric dogs and cats. Moreover, the system reads the absorbance at 2 wavelengths to correct for turbidity, and therefore, accurately measured Hb concentration in blood samples with severe lipemia (triglycerides concentration > 500 mg/dl) and marked leukocytosis (> 50,000 wbc/μl, whereas other standard Hb techniques are known to give falsely high results. We conclude that the automated system compares favorably to standard methods, and is a simple and accurate instrument to quickly measure Hb concentration in animals.
Arteriovenous differences for glutamine in the equine gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Duckworth Donna H. , Madison John B. , Calderwood-Mays Maron , Souba Wiley W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Glutamine has been shown to be an important metabolic substrate of enterocytes in many animals, including cats, dogs, hamsters, human beings, monkeys, rabbits, rats, and sheep. To determine whether glutamine is important in the metabolism of cells of the equine gastrointestinal tract, we examined transintestinal differences in glutamine concentrations in the arterial and venous circulation, and measured activity of the major glutamine catabolizing enzyme, glutaminase. Arteriovenous differences provide an index of the amount of a given substrate removed by the tissue across which the measurements are made, and commonly are expressed as a percentage of substrate removed, or percent extraction. Arteriovenous differences for glutamine were determined in 7 anesthetized adult horses (weight, 450 to 500 kg) before and after an iv glutamine infusion. The mean baseline arterial glutamine concentration (± sem) was 572 ± 24 μM; this concentration quadrupled (to 2,167 ± 135 μM, P < 0.01) 1 minute after iv bolus infusion of a 17.5-g glutamine load. Baseline extraction by the portal-drained viscera was 7.5 ± 1.5%; this value increased to 18 ± 2% at 1 minute (P < 0.01) and had returned to baseline values 60 minutes later. Arteriovenous differences were greatest across the jejunum (11.8 ± 1.8% in the baseline period vs 33.1 ± 3.1% at 1 minute, P < 0.001), with smaller differences across the colon, suggesting that the jejunum was the more avid utilizer of glutamine. Glutaminase activity was 4.38 ± 0.16 and 4.00 ± 0.60 μmol/mg of protein/h under standard conditions in jejunal and ileal mucosa, respectively. Kinetic studies of jejunal glutaminase revealed the enzyme to have a Km of 3.81 ± 0.35 mM and a Vmax of 8.08 ± 0.54 μmol/mg of protein/h, suggesting that the small intestine of horses has a high capacity to extract and metabolize circulating glutamine.
Retrospective evaluation of factors associated with the risk of seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii in horses in New York state
Authors: Atwill Edward R. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Dubovi E. , Lopez J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A retrospective study was designed to determine the distribution of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis among the equine population in New York state, and to identify factors associated with risk of disease. Serum samples submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the university during the period from January 1985 through December 1986 were examined for antibodies to Ehrlichia risticii, using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Factors evaluated included geographic origin and date of submission of the sample, and age, breed, and sex of the horse. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify which factors were significantly associated with the risk of seropositivity to E risticii, while simultaneously controlling for other factors.
Of the 2,579 tested samples, 1,950 (76%) had positive results. Factors significantly associated with risk of seropositivity to E risticii were: breed of the horse (Thoroughbreds were 3 times more likely to have been exposed to E risticii, compared with non-Standardbred, non-Thoroughbred breeds); sex (female horses were 2.7 times more likely to have been exposed, compared with male horses); age of the horse (the risk of being exposed to E risticii increased with age, peaked at around 12 years, and decreased thereafter); and month of submission (horses tested during November and December had the highest odds of being seropositive [odds ratio = 2.1], and horses tested during March through April were least likely to be seropositive [odds ratio = 0.5], compared with horses tested during January and February).
Role of memory B-cell responses in serum and mucosal fluids of swine for protective immunity against pseudorabies virus
Authors: Kimman T. G. , Oei-Lie N. , van Zaane D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We examined primary and memory isotype-specific antibody responses directed against pseudorabies virus in serum and mucosal fluids of pigs with and without passively acquired maternal antibody, and we studied the relationship between these responses and protection against virus challenge. Pigs were inoculated intranasally with the virulent NIA-3 strain or the avirulent Bartha strain, or they were inoculated im with an inactivated vaccine containing the Phylaxia strain. Ten weeks later, all pigs were challenge-exposed intranasally with strain NIA-3. Only pigs that were without passively acquired antibody at the time they were inoculated with virulent virus appeared to have complete protective immunity against challenge exposure, as evidenced by lack of clinical signs of pseudorabies and lack of virus excretion. In contrast, pigs inoculated with strain Bartha or with the inactivated vaccine developed fever, had a period of growth arrest, and excreted virus after challenge exposure. In pigs without passively acquired antibody, intranasal inoculation with strains NIA-3 or Bartha was followed by primary IgM and IgA responses in serum and in oropharyngeal fluid as well as primary IgG1 and IgG2 responses in serum. Intramuscular inoculation with the inactivated vaccine induced primary serum IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 responses, but no mucosal responses. Challenge exposure of pigs that had been inoculated with the Bartha strain or the inactivated vaccine was followed by clear memory responses in serum and in oropharyngeal fluid. In contrast, challenge exposure of pigs that had been inoculated by the virulent NIA-3 strain was not followed by memory responses. Passively acquired antibody decreased primary and memory responses in serum and in mucosal fluids and the induction of protective immunity. Thus, systemic and mucosal B-cell memory responses in vaccinated pigs were unable to prevent virus multiplication. In contrast, in pigs inoculated with virulent virus, challenge exposure failed to stimulate a secondary antibody response in memory B cells. This may have been attributable to inadequate stimulation of memory B cells as a consequence of early elimination of infected cells by T cells.
Evaluation of two test procedures for diagnosis of giardiasis in dogs
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Bowman Dwight D. , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Two commercially available tests, an antigen-capture elisa for use on fecal samples, and a peroral nylon string test for use in dogs, were compared with a zinc sulfate fecal concentration technique (zsct) for detection of giardiasis in dogs. Of 77 dogs and 164 fecal samples (from these dogs), 33 and 52, respectively were found to be Giardia-positive on the basis of results of the zsct. The elisa gave false-negative results for 10 and 14% of zsct-positive dogs and fecal samples, respectively, and false-positive results (relative to the zsct test results) in 13 and 10% of zsct-positive dogs and fecal samples, respectively.
Of the 18 string-tested dogs, 14 were positive by results of the zsct. Of the 4 dogs that were Giardia-negative by zsct, 2 were Giardia-positive by elisa. Dogs were sedated and given water and metoclopramide to aid passage into the duodenum of the capsule containing a nylon string. Of the 21 string tests performed on the 18 dogs, only 5 strings reached the duodenum, and 0 of the 5 yielded positive results for Giardia sp. Because the string broke in 1 dog (leaving most in the gastrointestinal tract and, therefore, producing a risk of string foreign body) further string tests were not done.
Ultrasonographic appearance of the uterus, placenta, fetus, and fetal membranes throughout accurately timed pregnancy in Beagles
Authors: Yeager Amy E. , Mohammed Hussni O. , Meyers-Wallen Vicki , Vannerson Leslie , Concannon Patrick W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 8 Beagle bitches from 20 to 60 days pregnant to determine time of first detection, appearance, and sizes of selected features of pregnancy. Gestation was timed from the day of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge. Findings related to gestational age were consistent among bitches.
Gestational ages at earliest detection of the following features were: chorionic cavity at day 20; placental layers in the uterine wall at day 22 to 24; zonary placenta at day 27 to 30; embryo and heartbeat at day 23 to 25; yolk sac membrane at day 25 to 28; allantoic membrane at day 27 to 31; choroid plexus of the brain at day 31 to 35; fetal movement at day 34 to 36; skeleton at day 33 to 39; bladder and stomach at day 35 to 39; kidney at day 39 to 47; and liver hypoechoic, compared with lung, at day 38 to 42.
Extra-fetal structures were measurable from day 20 or 22 through day 48. Chorionic cavity diameter increased from 0.2 ± 0.0 cm to 3.3 ± 0.2 cm, outer uterine diameter increased from 0.8 ± 0.03 cm to 4.8 ± 0.2 cm, length of chorionic cavity or zonary placenta increased from 0.3 ± 0.03 cm to 4.9 ± 0.05 cm, uterine wall thickness increased from 0.3 ± 0.03 cm to 0.8 ± 0.01 cm, and placental thickness increased from 0.1 ± 0.0 cm to 0.5 ± 0.05 cm. Chorionic cavity diameter, outer uterine diameter, and placental length each increased at a linear rate through day 37, after which time, each had a marked plateau in growth. Of the extra-fetal structures, chorionic cavity diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age.
All of the fetal structures studied increased at an increasing (second order) rate. Crown-rump length increased from 0.3 ± 0.05 cm on day 24 to 9.2 ± 0.2 cm on day 48. Body diameter increased from 0.2 ± 0.03 cm on day 24 to 4.6 ± 0.15 cm on day 60. Head diameter increased from 0.8 ± 0.05 cm on day 34 to 2.7 ± 0.04 cm on day 60. Of the fetal structures, head diameter was the most accurate for estimation of gestational age.
Epidemiologie investigation of a silage-associated epizootic of ovine listeric encephalitis, using a new Listeria-selective enumeration medium and phage typing
Authors: Vázquez-Boland J. A. , Dominguez L. , Blanco M. , Rocourt J. , Fernández-Garayzábal J. F. , Gutiérrez C. B. , Tascón R. I. , Rodriguez-Ferri E. F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The role of silage feeding in the origin of an epizootic of encephalitic listeriosis in a sheep flock was investigated by use of a new direct Listeria-selective isolation and enumeration medium, in combination with serotyping and phage typing. The silage contained high numbers (about 106 cells/g) of a L monocytogenes strain indistinguishable with respect to serovar and phagovar from that isolated from the brains of sick sheep. These results provided unambiguous bacteriologic evidence of the epidemiologic link between silage consumption and listeriosis in ruminants.
Intramammary administration of gentamicin as treatment or experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cows
Authors: Erskine J. , Wilson R. C. , Riddell M. G. , Tyler W. , Spears H. J. , Davis B. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In 8 Holstein cows, 50 colony-forming units (cfu) of Escherichia coli was administered into 1 mammary gland. Sections were established in all inoculated glands. In 4 of the 8 cows, 500 mg of gentamicin sulfate was administered by intramammary infusion 14 hours after inoculation; the other 4 cows were untreated controls. Infusions of gentamicin also were given after each of the 3 succesive milkings after the initial infusion, so that a total dose of 2 g of gentamicin was given to each of the treated cows.
During the 33-hour treatment period and for the first milking after the last infusion of gentamicin, the treated cows had a mean gentamicin concentration of ≥ 31.0 μg/ml in milk samples that were collected from inoculated quarters immediately before each milking. Concentrations of 0.34 and 0.69 μg of gentamicin/ml were detected in milk from 2 cows at 8 days after inoculation with E coli. Mean serum concentrations of gentamicin were ≥ 0.37 μg/ml throughout the treatment period and the first 0.2 hours after the last infusion, with a mean peak concentration of 0.96 μg/ml at 24.4 hours. The range of peak concentration of gentamicin detected in urine from all treated cows was 42 to 74.4 μg/ml.
Peak concentration of E coli in milk in the treated cows 6.08 ± 1.02 log10 cfu/ml) did not significantly (P > 0.05) differ from that of the control cows (5.26 ± 1.00 log10 cfu/ml). Similarly, mean duration of infection in the treated cows (54 hours) did not differ significantly from that of the control cows (48 hours). The treatment groups also did not differ significantly in peak concentrations of albumin or IgGl in milk, although mean concentrations of albumin and IgGl at 16 hours after inoculation, and of albumin at 20 hours, was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the milk from control cows than from the treated cows. Mean values of peak rectal temperature and of mean rectal temperature throughout the trial did not differ between the groups. At the end of the 4-week trial, 1 of 4 inoculated glands in treated cows and 3 of 4 in control cows had somatic cell counts less than or equal to preinoculation concentrations (5.18 log10 cells/ml).
Intramammary administration of gentamicin did not affect the duration or severity of experimentally induced E coli mastitis. In addition, substantial concentrations of gentamicin were detected in the serum of treated cows, suggesting that intramammary treatment may result in prolonged drug residues in tissue
Healing of segmental grafts of digital pad skin in dogs
Authors: Swaim Steven F. , Riddell Kay P. , Powers Robert D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pad grafts would be indicated in instances of severe paw trauma when there has been loss of the major weight-bearing pads (ie, metatarsal and metacarpal pads) as well as loss of the digital pads. A practical technique for replacing pad tissue on the remaining paw tissue could avert limb amputation for lack of weight-bearing tissue in the area.
Small segmental digital pad grafts were placed in granulation tissue beds in dogs. Although the grafts were from thick pad skin, they healed well. However, intervening wound areas did not become covered with the heavier keratinized epithelium of the pads. The thinner, more rapidly growing, less keratinized epithelium from the wound edges covered most of the wound.