bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bail
Authors: Newton Ben 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The right to bail is firmly enshrined within both Article 5 and the Bail Act 1976, and at first glance the similarities are more striking than the differences. Differences there are though, and the way in which each has developed over time (Article 5 through the jurisprudence of the European Court, and the Bail Act primarily through amendment by Parliament) means that a careful analysis of the interplay between the two remains essential to any understanding of what the right to bail actually means for a criminal defendant.
Victims of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Gerry Alison 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the rights of victims and their treatment within the criminal justice system. It will first briefly set out relevant international and regional human rights instruments and standards concerning the rights of victims of crime, and then look specifically at the European Convention on Human Rights and measures in place in England and Wales aimed at ensuring that victims’ rights are recognized and respected within the criminal justice system.
Path to the New World
Authors: Philp Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas Paine (1737–1809), author and revolutionary, was born in Thetford, Norfolk, on 29 January 1737, the first of two children of Joseph Pain (1708–1787), stay-maker and tenant farmer, and Frances Cocke (1697–c .1790), daughter of Thomas Cocke, attorney and town clerk of Thetford. Paine’s only sibling, Elizabeth, born a year later, died aged seven months. Paine’s father was a Quaker and his mother an Anglican, and it is likely that Paine was baptized into the Anglican church, as was his sister. Paine’s father retained his Quaker principles and, though Thomas was confirmed, his father forbade him to learn Latin when he attended the local grammar school at the age of seven.
National Banks of Belgium and the Netherlands: Happy with the Euro
Authors: Maes Ivo , Verdun Amy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Financial integration and monetary union have affected the functions, structures, and powers of European central banks. The scope and content of central bank policies have changed, as has the central focus of the policies. With the creation of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurosystem, European national central banks have become part of a collective system in which monetary policy is set centrally by the Governing Council. The ESCB consists of the European Central Bank and all the EU national central banks (NCBs). The Eurosystem comprises the ECB and the NCBs of EU Member States that have adopted the euro. Given that they are now part of a larger system that sets monetary policy of the euro area, as such, the individual national central banks of the Eurosystem have no sovereignty to set independent national monetary policies as had been the case in the past.
Dispute Settlement in the WTO
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inevitably, the WTO system of dispute settlement builds on the practices in the GATT as they had evolved over five decades. But whereas those practices had grown up largely in a series of informal or ‘pragmatic ‘ arrangements based on two articles of the General Agreement that gave little guidance—indeed did not even mention the idea of panels—the Understanding on Dispute Settlement is set out in an elaborate treaty of 27 articles and four appendices subscribed to by all member states of the World Trade Organization and applicable to virtually all of the WTO agreements. Moreover, the WTO system of dispute settlement contains two major innovations—provision for appellate review of panel decisions by a standing Appellate Body, and provision for compensation or retaliation if a respondent party found to be out of compliance does not repeal or modify its objectionable practice.
The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj
Authors: Onley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj is a study of one of the most forbidding frontier zones of Britain’s Indian Empire. The Gulf Residency, responsible for Britain’s relationship with Eastern Arabia and Southern Persia, was part of an extensive network of political residencies that surrounded and protected British India. Based on extensive archival research in both the Gulf and Britain, this book examines how Britain’s Political Resident in the Gulf and his very small cadre of British officers maintained the Pax Britannica on the waters of the Gulf, protected British interests throughout the region, and managed political relations with the dozens of Arab rulers and governors on both shores of the Gulf. James Onley looks at the secret to the Gulf Residency’s effectiveness – the extent to which the British worked within the indigenous political systems of the Gulf. He examines the way in which Arab rulers in need of protection collaborated with the Resident to maintain the Pax Britannica, while influential men from affluent Arab, Persian, and Indian merchant families served as the Resident’s ‘native agents’ (compradors) in over half of the political posts within the Gulf Residency.
A Constrained Future for Gas in Europe?
Authors: Honoré Anouk , Stern Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Natural gas was virtually unknown in Western Europe until after the Second World War, when fields began to be developed in France and Italy. Dutch gas was discovered in 1959 and gas was found in the North Sea, by England and Norway, in the 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, gas markets developed as a consequence of the 1973/4 and 1979/80 oil price shocks, in order to substitute gas for oil products. Its uses were concentrated in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. The use of gas for power generation was predominantly based on domestic gas, but was limited in most countries as it was believed to be an inefficient use of a ‘premium fuel’.
Climate Change Negotiations: Past and Future
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the history of large-scale, international negotiations, no issue has attracted as much attention as global climate change (the previous record holder was the Law of the Sea negotiations). For over 15 years, numerous negotiating sessions have been held, involving huge delegations, supported in turn by countless domestic meetings among specialized agencies and ministries, colossal efforts by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to synthesize the scientific evidence, and the further attentions of environmental groups, businesses, and academics. The input into this process has been unprecedented.
Introduction
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Philipp Hartmann , Mayer Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book brings together leading economists and financial experts from around the world to provide a European perspective on developments in financial markets and institutions. Since Walter Bagehot and Joseph Schumpeter, it has been well known that financial systems are critical for economic productivity, growth, and welfare. Europe is a particularly interesting continent to analyse because of its size and importance in the world economy, the recent introduction of the euro—already today one of the world’s two key currencies—the historically high degree of fragmentation and diversity of its financial systems, and the pace of integration that has been recently pursued.
Finance and growth A macroeconomic assessment of the evidence from a European angle
Authors: Papaioannou Elias 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent research has provided compelling evidence that financial development exerts a significantly positive efiect on economic growth. Ross Levine (2005) provides a thorough review of both the theoretical and empirical work linking the depth and breadth of capital markets to economic performance. The current study aims to be complementary to Levine’s extensive review. It does so by trying to place the, This chapter was written when the author was working at the Financial Research Division of the European Central Bank.
Financial Integration And Economic Welfare
Authors: SøRensen Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan Bent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Across the world financial markets are becoming increasingly more integrated. Economists usually consider this a good thing while to the general public ‘globalization’ sometimes has a sinister ring. Being written by economists, this essay will stress the advantages of financial integration. For a more comprehensive discussion, see Obstfeld and Taylor (2004) who provide an excellent account of the many issues surrounding global capital markets. Most academic economists argue that financial integration has positive efiects on growth and risk sharing for most countries although exact, or even approximate, quantification of these efiects is elusive for researchers.
Monetary Policy Implementation
Authors: Nyborg Ulrich Bindseil Kjell G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monetary policy implementation is one of the most significant areas of interaction between central banking and financial markets. Historically, how this interaction takes place has been viewed as having an important impact on the ultimate objective of monetary policy, for example price stability or stimulating economic growth. In this chapter, we survey difierent approaches to monetary policy implementation. We cover briefly some of the historical trends, but give particular attention to the practice that is now (again) very common worldwide; namely, targeting short-term interest rates.
The Magician
Authors: Ryrie Alec 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gregory Wisdom was, of course, a trickster, a liar, and a thief. He made much of his living by weaving illusions, the most lucrative of which was the illusion of magical power. All his dealings with Henry, Lord Neville were built around boasts that he could do things which in fact he could not do. And clearly, a great deal of this was deliberate fraud. But all?
The picture which Lord Henry painted from his prison cell was not one of a wholly cynical charlatan. The final episode, of the attempted murder, only makes sense if Wisdom had believed he might actually be able to do it. Only if the old earl had died would he have been able to lay his hands on a really substantial slice of the Neville family fortune, and there is no sign that he was offered any cash up front.
From the Heart of Darkness to Twenty-First-Century Guilt
Authors: Taithe Bertrand 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Writing in 1934 on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the French arrival on the river Niger, a commemoration which had brought back to Soudan the survivors of the conquest, de Trentinian, Gouraud, Gaden, Quinquandon, and Peltier ‘whose youth was galloping next to our door to escort our symbolic convoy’, the humanist colonial administrator Robert Delavig-nette nailed down the contrast between old and new, between colonial administrators and conquerors. Archinard had his statue in Bamako—but it is that other statue, the living one of the abandoned African lover that matters here. The memory of the colonial encounter was one inscribed on more than one body.
Conclusion: A New Shelf-Life?
Authors: Swift Helen J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An anonymous late medieval trial debate introduces Le Procés des femmes et des pulces, composé par ung frere mineur pélerin, retournant des Hirrelendes, où il apprint la vraye recepte pour prendre et faire mourir les pulces, laquelle sera déclairée cy après à la diffinitive dudict Procès. The poem stages a dispute between a Woman and a Flea. The plaintiff, La Femme, submits to the jurisdiction of a Cordelier her case against La Pulce, recommending that the Flea should face the death penalty for his incessant torment of her tender skin. The Cordelier decides this ‘matiere criminelle’ in the Woman’s favour and concludes proceedings by presenting his promised recipe for flea-repellent ointment.
Declaring Independence
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The famous woman’s rights activists of the nineteenth-century United States, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, have seldom been considered contributors to economic theory. The issues they pursued, including gender inequality and family law, were not of interest to most economists. Their ideas were presented, for the most part, in speeches and newspaper articles, rather than in weighty tomes. Their style was often narrative and discursive rather than analytical. Within the realm of political economy, their formidable English allies Harriet Martineau, John Stuart Mill, and Harriet Taylor upstaged them.
The Icy Waters
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By most Eurocentric accounts, the nineteenth was the most capitalist of centuries. The expansion of trade and technological change in the now affluent countries of Britain, France, and the U.S. gained visible momentum. The factory became the iconic site of production, and the corporation its iconic legal form. Karl Marx, largely responsible for the term “capitalism”, became its most iconic critic. The German political economist spent most of his life in London, the epicenter of the new and apparently dominant mode of production, trying to understand its laws of motion. He enjoyed the friendship, support, and collaboration of his countryman, Friedrich Engels, whose father was a financially successful factory owner.
Human Capitalism
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world is not so governed from above that private and social interest always coincide. It is not so managed here below that in practice they coincide. It is not a correct deduction from the principles of economics that enlightened self-interest always operates in the public interest. Nor is it true that self-interest generally is enlightened; more often individuals acting separately to promote their own ends are too ignorant or too weak to attain even these.
The Demand for Money
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The demand for money is closely related to functions and to the definition of money. As we have seen, ‘money’ can be defined in quite different ways. Thus, the demand for ‘money’ will be different depending on the combination of assets that are included in a specific monetary aggregate. The standard approaches to the demand for money focus on a narrow concept of money as it is defined by the money stock Ml. Thus, in the basic models it is assumed that money is a non-interest-bearing asset. However, with some modifications, a theory of the demand for broader monetary aggregates can also be developed.
Autonomy and Incentives in Chinese State Enterprises
Authors: Groves Theodore , Hong Yongmiao , McMillan john , Naughton Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In deciding the best way to reform a planned economy, one of the crucial questions is about the prospects for improvements in state-owned firms’ notoriously low productivity. Can changes in policy induce state firms to perform better? We shall offer evidence that in one reforming economy, China, state-owned firms’ productivity has been significantly improved by the introduction of some elementary incentives.
Corporate Income Tax and Other Business Taxes
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A major problem for a book of this kind is that issues relating to the corporation income tax base tend to be complicated and technical—more so than those of any other major tax. Also, country practices sometimes change almost yearly regarding the various possible adjustments to the tax base. Most of those details are provided in annual reports put out by large accountancy firms and are not covered here. Another group of important policy choices affecting countries with imputation systems are also omitted because of their technical complexity, but since such systems appear to be in decline, this is perhaps not too important. The almost universal trend towards lowering nominal rates and widening the base has already been discussed in Section 2.4.4. Trends in the share of corporation income tax (CIT) in total tax revenues were reviewed in Chapter 3.
Pension Reform and Demographic Trends: Is Funding the Solution?
Authors: Attanasio Orazio P , Violante Giovanni L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The issue of pension reform has recently received a considerable amount of attention both in developed countries and in developing ones. In most developed countries, the debate was stimulated by the fact that the current demographic trends, which project a dramatic increase in dependency ratios in the next 20-40 years, make the unfunded pay-as-you-go (PAYG) systems, that are in place in most of these countries, simply unsustainable. Some countries in Latin America, on the other hand, have pioneered the move towards pension systems that are funded and private. Chile was the first country to go into that direction, followed in recent years by several countries, including Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina. The issue of the future liabilities of pension benefits is also being discussed in other large countries, such as Brazil.
Regional Integration Agreements: A Force for Convergence or Divergence?
Authors: Venables Anthony J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We examine the way in which the benefits-and costs-of a free trade area (PTA) are divided between member countries. Outcomes depend on the comparative advantage of member countries, relative to each other and relative to the rest of the world. We find that free trade agreements between low-income countries tend to lead to divergence of member country incomes, while agreements between high-income countries will cause convergence. These comparative advantage induced changes may be amplified by agglomeration effects. Our results suggest that developing countries are likely to be better served by ‘north-south’ than by ‘south-south’ free trade agreements.
The Precautionary Principle: Different Cases and Viewpoints
Authors: Godard Olivier , Gouyon Pierre-Henri , Henry, Claude , Lagadec Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the past, health and environmental protection policies, on the one hand, and competition and international trade rules, on the other, have always developed along largely separate lines, both nationally and internationally, even though certain more or less disparate interactions can be observed, such as the impact of environmental policies on trade restrictions, as in the case of endangered species; the EU directive on state aids, based on the principle that the polluter pays while avoiding distortion of competition that would trigger a public assistance bidding war; as well as apparent attempts at protectionist measures cloaked in environmental considerations, such as the selective obligation to use reusable packagings for beverages, a measure that can penalize imported drinks.
Determinants of the Fertility Transition in Bangladesh
Authors: Caldwell Barkat-E-khuda John C , Caldwell Bruce K , Pieris Indrani , Caldwell Pat , Ahmed Shameem 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Demographic theory has failed to keep up with the spread of fertility transition to most parts of the world. There is still a tendency to exclude the role of national family planning programmes and to regard their activities as extraneous or artifi cial, lying outside the scope of the socioeconomic theory of demographic transition. This paper will argue that the programmes are indeed a social phenomenon and an integral part of the larger social process that constitutes the fertility transition.
Strategic Experimentation: the Undiscounted Case
Authors: Bolton Patrick , Harris Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bolton and Harris (1999) consider a game of strategic experimentation. In this game, each player divides her time in any given period between a ‘safe’ action and a ‘risky’ action. The underlying pay-off of the safe action is known. The underlying pay-off of the risky action is unknown, and can be higher or lower than that of the safe action. The actual pay-off received by any player from an action is the underlying pay-off plus noise. Once players’ actions have been chosen and pay-offs realized all players observe all choices and pay-offs. Through these observations they are able to learn about the underlying pay-off of the risky action and thus revise their common beliefs and optimal choice of action. In other words, players can learn from others’ current experimentation as well as their own.
Adjusting One’s Standard of Living: Two-Period Models
Authors: Diamond P , Mirrlees J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1967, Jim and I began collaborating on optimal taxation. Our paper was essentially finished that summer, although it was a number of years before it appeared in print. Since then, we have collaborated continuously and have published eight more papers plus one forthcoming. At one point, we contemplated writing a graduate text. We got as far as a table of contents and an allocation of who would write the first version of each chapter for our working style, after initial results, was to alternate writing complete drafts. But, neither of us was really interested in taking on a task of the magnitude needed to write a book we would be satisfied with, and the project had a mercifully quick ending.
Who Should Provide Public Goods?
Authors: Itaya Jun-Ichi , Meza David De , Myles Gareth D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper asks a simple question: who should provide public goods? It may seem surprising that we do not yet have a satisfactory answer to what is one of the core issues of public policy. We know the quantity of public goods that should be provided (Samuelson 1954), how successful private provision would be under a variety of motives for giving (Andrconi 1990; Comes and Sandler 1996), and how taxes interact with provision when either the government (Atkinson and Stern 1974) or private individuals (Itaya, de Meza, and Myles 1996) provide the public goods. But there has been no analysis of how private and public provision should be best combined. This is a significant gap in our understanding of a major policy question.
A Reconsideration of the Optimal Income Tax
Authors: Roberts Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Following on from the seminal work of Mirrlees (1971), an extensive literature on the design of optimal non-linear tax schedules has developed. Whilst some of this literature (e.g. Sadka 1976) has dealt with easily understandable properties possessed by such schedules, a major drawback of the ‘state-of-the-art’ is that formulae used to characterize optimal schedules are defined in terms of functions that, whilst open to limited interpretation (Atkinson and Stiglitz 1979), lack the straightforwardness of direct supply elasticities, etc., that have become a commonplace of linear tax formulae.
Chinese Reforms from a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Hussain Athar , Stern Nicholas , Stiglitz Joseph 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have been profoundly influenced by our intellectual interactions with Janies Mirrlees for more than three decades.1 This paper, our contribution to the volume in his honour, provides an account of two decades of policy reform in China, making comparisons with the transition (in the last decade) from command towards market economies in the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Thus, at first sight, it might seem a far cry from the formal analysis of highly focused policy models that many would associate with Jim. But we see it as firmly in the Mirrlees tradition.