bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust adaptive control for uncertain time‐delay systems
Authors: Hua Changchun , Guan Xinping , Shi Peng 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe problem of robust stabilization for uncertain dynamic time‐delay systems is considered. Firstly a class of time‐delay systems with uncertainties bounded by high‐order polynomials and unknown coefficients are considered. The corresponding controller is designed by employing adaptive method. It is shown that the controller designed can render the closed‐loop system uniformly ultimately bounded stable based on Lyapunov–Krasovskii method and Lyapunov stability theory. Then the proposed adaptive idea is applied to stabilizing a class of large‐scale time‐delay systems with strong interconnections. A decentralized feedback adaptive controller is designed which guarantees the closed‐loop large‐scale systems uniformly ultimately bounded stable. Finally, numerical examples are given to show the potential of the proposed techniques. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Terrain Vague: Interactive Space and the Housescape
Authors: Weinstock Mike 
Published: February 2005

Abstract‘Only connect!’ Despite the proliferation of interactivity technologies for domestic spaces, current commercial models for the smart house remain focused on the supply of gizmos and multimedia flatscreens. What is the design potential for connectivity in the home? Mike Weinstock asks how interactive technologies might achieve a new level of topographical and environmental change and enhance the spaces in which we live. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“There has always been a relationship between design and technology”: Ron Arad on Interactivity and Low‐Res Design
Authors: Bullivant Lucy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBest Known for his tactile and colourful furniture designs, Ron Arad also experiments with multimedia technologies in his interactive installation and built work. Lucy Bullivant talks to Arad and discovers how he transfers the pleasures of one medium over to another: his impulse to ‘bounce’ physical objects such as his tempered steel ‘rolling shells’, translating into low‐res interactive responses on demand – a technological tactility. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lighter Living in the 21st Century: FjordParken Himmerland and Marina Fjordparken, Egholm, Denmark
Authors: Briginshaw Jane 
Published: February 2005

AbstractJane Briginshaw visits a housing scheme in northern Jutland, where the use of timber has tackled concrete's stranglehold over the Danish building industry. A mixed‐used scheme, providing social housing and provision for a local cooperative of the marina's sailing‐club members, it caters in its internal planning to occupants' needs. Despite being architecturally accomplished, is its cool anonymity devoid of the ‘wow’ factor that Brits are starting to expect from newbuild? Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Submarine on the Hill
Authors: Heathcote David , Barr Sue 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOur intrepid autotravellers, David Heathcote and Sue Barr, continue their quest across Europe in search of that illusive holy grail – the 1970s house. They remain undeterred, or almost, by the number that are hidden and shuttered, with absentee owners. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture, Liquid, Gas
Authors: Bouman Ole 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWireless, embedded communication technologies with their emphasis on human connectivity rather than the networking of place to place, no longer require the interface of bricks and mortar. Ole Bouman discusses the implications of this for architecture in an age in which people rather than place become the interface. He also describes how his own curatorial work has, in recent years, engaged with time‐based rather than location‐based technologies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactivity at the Centre of Avant‐Garde Architectural Research
Authors: Saggio Antonino 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe onset of digital technologies is often cited as the determining force behind the recent paradigm shift in architecture. Here, Antonino Saggio makes the case for interactivity. He argues that it is interactivity rather than hardware or software that has been the essential catalyst, providing the fundamental precepts underlying contemporary communications and bringing with it a new configuring of relationships in which the subject takes centre stage and shifts the object to the periphery. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoporous Ultra‐Low‐Dielectric‐Constant Fluoropolymer Films via Selective UV Decomposition of Poly(pentafluorostyrene)‐block‐Poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymers Prepared Using Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Fu G.‐D. , Yuan Z. , Kang E.‐T. , Neoh K.‐G. , Lai D. M. , Huan A. C. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBlock copolymers of poly(pentafluorostyrene) (PFS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (PFS‐b‐PMMA) have been synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Then, nanoporous fluoropolymer films have been prepared via selective UV decomposition of the PMMA blocks in the PFS‐b‐PMMA copolymer films. The chemical composition and structure of the PFS homopolymers and copolymers have been characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS), and molecular‐weight measurements. The cross‐sectional and surface morphologies of the PFS‐b‐PMMA copolymer films before and after selective UV decomposition of the PMMA blocks have been studied using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The nanoporous fluoropolymer films with pore sizes in the range 30–50 nm and porosity in the range 15–40 % have been obtained from the PFS‐b‐PMMA copolymers of different PMMA content. Dielectric constants approaching 1.8 have been achieved in the nanoporous fluoropolymer films which contain almost completely decomposed PMMA blocks.
Novel Conjugated Organic Dyes for Efficient Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hara K. , Sato T. , Katoh R. , Furube A. , Yoshihara T. , Murai M. , Kurashige M. , Ito S. , Shinpo A. , Suga S. , Arakawa H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNovel conjugated organic dyes that have N,N‐dimethylaniline (DMA) moieties as the electron donor and a cyanoacetic acid (CAA) moiety as the electron acceptor were developed for use in dye‐sensitized nanocrystalline‐TiO2 solar cells (DSSCs). We attained a maximum solar‐energy‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency (η) of 6.8 % under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm–2) with a DSSC based on 2‐cyano‐7,7‐bis(4‐dimethylamino‐phenyl)hepta‐2,4,6‐trienoic acid (NKX‐2569): short‐circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) = 12.9 mA cm–2, open‐circuit voltage (Voc) = 0.71 V, and fill factor (ff) = 0.74. The high performance of the solar cells indicated that highly efficient electron injection from the excited dyes to the conduction band of TiO2 occurred. The experimental and calculated Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) absorption spectra clearly showed that these dyes were adsorbed on the TiO2 surface with the carboxylate coordination form. A molecular‐orbital calculation indicated that the electron distribution moved from the DMA moiety to the CAA moiety by photoexcitation of the dye.
Single‐Source Precursors For Synthesizing Bifunctional Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas
Authors: Hunks W. J. , Ozin G. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new class of bifunctional periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) composed of organosilicate building blocks with two different silicon sites have been synthesized from the single‐source bifunctional organosilica precursors tris(triethoxysilylethyl)ethoxysilane and bis(triethoxysilylethyl)diethoxysilane, respectively denoted MT3‐PMO and DT2‐PMO. The synthesis of these PMOs is achieved by the co‐assembly of a triblock‐copolymer Pluronic P123 template with the bifunctional organosilica precursor under acid‐catalyzed and inorganic‐salt‐assisted conditions. After template removal through solvent extraction, the MT3‐PMO and DT2‐PMO so obtained show well‐ordered mesopores and display large pore diameters (6–7 nm) and pore volumes (0.6–0.8 cm3 g–1) with a narrow pore‐size distribution and high surface areas (700–800 m3 g–1).
First Microwave‐Accelerated Hiyama Coupling of Aryl‐ and Vinylsiloxane Derivatives: Clean Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Chlorides within Minutes
Authors: Clarke Matthew L 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe first microwave‐accelerated Hiyama cross‐coupling reactions are reported. The reactions of aryl bromides and activated aryl chlorides with PhSi(OMe)3 [or C2H3Si(OMe)3] are complete within minutes using a modified catalyst system that can be prepared from commercially available reagents in situ. The microwave‐accelerated reactions proceed under relatively mild conditions (110–115 °C)
Monolithic Disk‐Supported Metathesis Catalysts for Use in Combinatorial Chemistry
Authors: Mayr Monika , Wang Dongren , Kröll Roswitha , Schuler Norbert , Prühs Stefan , Fürstner Alois , Buchmeiser Michael R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo metathesis catalysts, RuCl2(PCy3)(NHC)(CHPh) (1) [NHC=1‐(2,4,5‐trimethylphenyl)‐3‐(6‐hydroxyhexyl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene] and Mo(N‐2,6‐i‐Pr2‐C6H3)(CHCMe2Ph)(BIPHEN) (2) [BIPHEN=(R)‐3,3′‐di‐t‐butyl‐5,5′,6,6′‐tetramethyl‐2,2′‐biphenolate) have been immobilized on polymeric, monolithic discs using a “grafting from” protocol. Monolithic discs were prepared via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) from norborn‐2‐ene (NBE), tris(norborn‐5‐ene‐2‐ylmethyleneoxy)methylsilane [(NBE‐CH2O)3‐SiCH3], 2‐propanol, toluene and RuCl2(PCy3)2(CHPh). Catalyst loadings of 0.55 and 0.7 wt %, respectively, were obtained. Monolithic disc‐immobilized 1 was used in various metathesis‐based reactions including ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), ring‐opening cross metathesis and enyne metathesis. Using 0.23–0.59 mol % of supported 1, turnover numbers (TONs) up to 330 were achieved. Monolithic disc‐immobilized 2 was used in various enantioselective RCM and desymmetrization reactions. Using 9–13 mol % of supported catalyst, excellent yields up to 100% and high enantiomeric excess (ee≤88%) were observed. In both cases, metal leaching was low (≤3 and ≤2%, respectively). In addition, 1 catalyzed the cyclopolymerization of diethyl dipropargylmalonate (DEDPM) to yield poly(ene)s consisting of 5‐membered rings, i.e., cyclopent‐1‐ene‐1‐vinylene units. The polymerization proceeded via non‐stoichiometric initiation yielding polymers with unimodal molecular weight distribution. Using a catalyst to monomer ratio of 1 : 170, molecular weights of Mw=16,400 and Mn=11,700 g/mol, PDI=1.40 were obtained.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroamination of Alkenes (AHA)
Authors: Hultzsch Kai C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe hydroamination of unsaturated carbon‐carbon linkages allows a facile and highly atom‐economical access to industrially relevant nitrogen‐containing basic and fine chemicals as well as naturally occurring alkaloid skeletons. Significant research efforts have led to the development of efficient catalyst systems for intra‐ and intermolecular hydroamination reactions. Of particular interest are hydroaminations promoted by chiral catalysts, in which a new chiral center is generated or chiral substrates are kinetically resolved. This review will give an overview on the current state of the art in this rapidly evolving field of catalysis.
Cobalt(II)‐Azabis(oxazoline)‐Catalyzed Conjugate Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Geiger Christian , Kreitmeier Peter , Reiser Oliver 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAzabis(oxazolines) prove to be superior ligands for the enantioselective, cobalt(II)‐catalyzed conjugate reduction of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with sodium borohydride. β‐Trisubstituted α,β‐unsaturated esters and amides as well as γ‐butenolides are readily converted to their corresponding saturated counterparts with enantioselectivities up to 97% ee.
Synthesis of Coumarins in a Molten n‐Bu4NOAc/n‐Bu4NBr Mixture through a Domino Heck Reaction/Cyclization Process
Authors: Battistuzzi Gianfranco , Cacchi Sandro , De Salve Ilse , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Parisi Luca M. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract4‐Arylcoumarins can be prepared in good to high yields by reacting readily available methyl or butyl 3‐(o‐hydroxyaryl)acrylates with aryl iodides and bromides in an n‐Bu4NOAc/n‐Bu4NBr mixture at 100 °C in the presence of Pd(OAc)2.
Rationalisation of Solvent Effects in the DielsAlder Reaction Between Cyclopentadiene and Methyl Acrylate in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Vidiš Ana , Ohlin C. André , Laurenczy Gábor , Küsters Ernst , Sedelmeier Gottfried , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate in ionic liquids has been studied in detail. The effect of contamination of the ionic liquids by common impurities, viz. sodium and chloride ions, and water, on the selectivity has been investigated. The presence of high concentrations of chloride was found to decrease the selectivity. Anion and, in particular, cation effects have been investigated using an extensive series of air‐stable room temperature ionic liquids, and kinetic parameters have been determined. It has been found that strongly interacting groups, particularly electrophilic moieties on the cation, accelerate the formation of the endo products. Substrate solubility intimately connected to the selectivity was found to be mainly anion dependent. An NMR‐based solvent parameter scale and semi‐empirical models are used to analyse the results and provide a tool for the prediction of selectivities in ionic liquids.
Optimal production and scheduling of a process with decaying catalyst
Authors: Bizet Véronique M. , Grossmann Ignacio E. , Juhasz Nikola M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA multiperiod mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) optimization model is presented to schedule catalyst changeovers and determine the best operating policy for a chemical process with decaying performance. Two solution strategies are proposed to reduce the effect of nonconvexities and to reduce the solution time: (1) a search strategy that relies on partitioning the time horizon and (2) a strategy that makes use of the Generalized Benders Decomposition (GBD). Examples are presented for different time horizons to illustrate the performance of the proposed methods. The same objective value is reached with both strategies, which find better solutions than the full‐space MINLP. For small models, the GBD algorithm is faster than the partitioning search strategy, whereas the latter method is faster for larger models. Comparison with the operating strategy used in a real plant is also presented. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51:909–921, 2005
Optimal transition and robust control design for exothermic continuous reactors
Authors: Flores‐Tlacuahuac Antonio , Alvarez Jesús , Saldívar‐Guerra Enrique , Oaxaca Guillermo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe problem of jointly designing the optimal steady‐state transition and the related tracking controller for a representative class of exothermic continuous chemical reactors is addressed. The combination of optimal, constructive, and conventional control ideas yields a design methodology with: the identification of the underlying solvability conditions with physical meaning, the construction of the optimal transition, a controller to robustly perform the associated tracking task, and a closed‐loop stability criterion coupled with conventional‐like tuning guidelines. The controller is driven by a temperature measurement, simultaneously manipulates the heat exchange and reactant feed rates, and its implementation does not require the chemical kinetics model. The control scheme consists of a decentralized feedforward–feedback temperature loop and a ratio‐type reactant dosage controller. The proposed transition and control design approach is illustrated with an application example treated with numerical simulations. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers; AIChE J, 51: 895–908, 2005.
Recursive estimation in constrained nonlinear dynamical systems
Authors: Vachhani Pramod , Rengaswamy Raghunathan , Gangwal Vikrant , Narasimhan Shankar 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn any modern chemical plant or refinery, process operation and the quality of product depend on the reliability of data used for process monitoring and control. The task of improving the quality of data to be consistent with material and energy balances is called reconciliation. Because chemical processes often operate dynamically in nonlinear regimes, techniques such as extended‐Kalman filter (EKF) and nonlinear dynamic data reconciliation (NDDR) have been developed for reconciliation. There are various issues that arise with the use of either of these techniques. EKF cannot handle inequality or equality constraints, whereas the NDDR has high computational cost. Therefore, a more efficient and robust method is required for reconciling process measurements and estimating parameters involved in nonlinear dynamic processes. Two solution techniques are presented: recursive nonlinear dynamic data reconciliation (RNDDR) and a combined predictor–corrector optimization (CPCO) method for efficient state and parameter estimation in nonlinear systems. The proposed approaches combine the efficiency of EKF and the ability of NDDR to handle algebraic inequality and equality constraints. Moreover, the CPCO technique allows deterministic parameter variation, thus relaxing another restriction of EKF where the parameter changes are modeled through a discrete stochastic equation. The proposed techniques are compared against the EKF and the NDDR formulations through simulation studies on a continuous stirred tank reactor and a polymerization reactor. In general, the RNDDR performs as well as the two traditional approaches, whereas the CPCO formulation provides more accurate results than RNDDR at a marginal increase in computational cost. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 946–959, 2005
Increased biofilm activity in BGAC reactors
Authors: Herzberg Moshe , Dosoretz Carlos G. , Green Michal 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn bioreactors systems granulated activated carbon (GAC) was proven to be an advantageous biofilm carrier over inert media with similar physical properties (nonadsorbing carbon) under conditions of pollutant partial penetration in the biofilm. Results from laboratory experiments using atrazine degrading bacteria (Pseudomonas ADP) and modeling assuming GAC adsorption/desorption mechanism, showed higher atrazine degradation rate resulting in better effluent quality in the biofilm granulated activated carbon (BGAC) reactor. Increased biofilm activity due to the double flux of substrate from the bulk liquid and from the GAC can explain the better performance of the BGAC reactor. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 1042–1047, 2005
Concentration enrichment in confined, gradient energy systems
Authors: Kosto Timothy J. , Nauman E. Bruce 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe enrichment or depletion of components near bounding surfaces in confined geometries was estimated using the generalized chemical potential for a molecule in a binary mixture. The chemical potential depends on concentration gradients and the local concentrations. Mean‐field–based parameter estimates were combined with regular solution thermodynamics to calculate the enrichment of the favored component near an attractive bounding surface in confined geometries arising from weak van der Waals attractions. Partition coefficients from 2 to 3000 were calculated for pores of small but realistic diameter in contact with a reservoir of the binary mixture. Critical wetting transitions, like those reported for unconfined systems, occurred in confined pores. In such a transition, the material inside is near the upper binodal concentration when the reservoir concentration is below the lower binodal. The corresponding partition coefficient is then very large; appreciable concentration enrichment occurs even in pores that do not exhibit wetting transitions. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 1032–1041, 2005
Support for association between ADHD and two candidate genes: NET1 and DRD1
Authors: Bobb Aaron J. , Addington Anjene M. , Sidransky Ellen , Gornick Michele C. , Lerch Jason P. , Greenstein Deanna K. , Clasen Liv S. , Sharp Wendy S. , Inoff‐Germain Gale , Wavrant‐De Vrièze Fabienne , Arcos‐Burgos Mauricio , Straub Richard E. , Hardy John A. , Castellanos F. Xavier , Rapoport Judith L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, multifactorial disorder with significant genetic contribution. Multiple candidate genes have been studied in ADHD, including the norepinephrine transporter (NET1) and dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1). NET1 is implicated in ADHD because of the efficacy of atomoxetine, a selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, in the treatment of ADHD. DRD1 is primarily implicated through mouse models of ADHD. DNA from 163 ADHD probands, 192 parents, and 129 healthy controls was used to investigate possible associations between ADHD and polymorphisms in 12 previously studied candidate genes (5‐HT1B, 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2C, ADRA2A, CHRNA4, COMT, DAT1, DRD1, DRD4, DRD5, NET1, and SNAP‐25). Analyses included case‐control and family‐based methods, and dimensional measures of behavior, cognition, and anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of the 12 genes examined, two showed a significant association with ADHD. Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis revealed significant association of two NET1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with ADHD (P ≤ 0.009); case‐control analysis revealed significant association of two DRD1 SNPs with ADHD (P ≤ 0.008). No behavioral, cognitive, or brain MRI volume measurement significantly differed across NET1 or DRD1 genotypes at an alpha of 0.01. This study provides support for an association between ADHD and polymorphisms in both NET1 and DRD1; polymorphisms in ten other candidate genes were not associated with ADHD. Because family‐based and case‐control methods gave divergent results, both should be used in genetic studies of ADHD. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystallographic report: [N,N‐Methylethylaminopropylalane]2
Authors: Hecht Elmar 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDimeric and centrosymmetric [MeEtN(CH2)3AlH2]2 comprises aluminum centers, coordinated in a distorted trigonal bipyramidal fashion by three hydrogen atoms, one nitrogen atom and one carbon atom. The aluminum atoms are bridged by hydrogen atoms, creating a planar, four‐membered Al2H2 ring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and X‐ray single‐crystal structure study of bis(2‐methoxy‐ethanolato)‐bis(8‐quinolinato)titanium(IV)
Authors: Mirzaee M. , Amini M. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractReaction of Ti(OCH2CH2OR)4 (RCH3 and C2H5) with 8‐hydroxyquinoline in benzene at room temperature resulted in the formation of Ti(C9H6NO)2(OCH2CH2OR)2, characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, UV and mass spectroscopies. The molecular structure of Ti(C9H6NO)2(OCH2CH2OCH3)2 has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. The geometry at titanium is a distorted octahedron, with the nitrogen atoms of quinolinate occupying the trans position with respect to oxygens of the 2‐methoxyethoxy groups. The prepared quinolinate derivatives of titanium alkoxides are very stable towards hydrolysis and harsh conditions are required for hydrolytic cleavage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.