bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-point resistances in symmetric bracelet resistor networks: accurate estimates and exact expressions
Authors: Perrier Frédéric , Girault Frédéric 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Resistor networks, used to model new types of natural or artificial matter, also provide generic examples for practising the methods of physics for obtaining estimates, revealing the main properties of a system and deriving exact expressions. Symmetric bracelet resistor networks are constructed by connecting n identical resistors in a circle, and then connecting two such circles by another set of n identical resistors. First, using van Steenwijk’s method, we establish that the equivalent resistance or two-point resistance (TPR) between any two nodes is derived when the layer-to-layer resistance R
0n
is known. We then determine R
0n
by an elementary recurrence relation which converges rapidly to its large n limit. Using this reference value of R
0n
, accurate estimates of other TPRs follow for all values of n, characterised by a leading 1/n variation. In addition, exact explicit expressions of the TPRs can be calculated for any value of n. These networks, prototypes of three-dimensional networks considered in research, can be used to illustrate the diversity of the physical approach, the power of elementary methods, and to learn to be comfortable with approximations. Easy to make and use for experimental tests, they can support hands-on activities and conceptual changes.
Production of twisted particles in magnetic fields
Authors: Zou Liping , Zhang Pengming , Silenko Alexander J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The use of a (quasi)uniform magnetic field opens new possibilities for the production of twisted particles having orbital angular momenta. We ascertain these possibilities. Quantum states suitable for the creation of charged particles in a uniform magnetic field are determined. The particle penetration from a solenoid to vacuum or another solenoid is analyzed in detail. It is shown that a previously proposed approach can be utilized for the successful production of twisted positrons and positroniums. We also find a new effect of increasing the uncertainty of the phase of the particle rotation with the distance passed by the particle in the solenoid. This effect, based on the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, leads to exciting new possibilities for the production of twisted particles in real solenoids without additional particle sources therein.
Magnetic toroidicity
Authors: Xu Xianghan , Huang Fei-Ting , Cheong Sang-Wook 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Directional non-reciprocity refers to the phenomenon where the motion in one direction differs from the motion in the opposite direction. This behavior is observed across various systems, such as one-way traffic and materials displaying electronic/optical directional dichroism, characterized by the symmetry of velocity vectors. Magnetic toroidal moments (MTMs), which typically arise from rotational spin arrangements, also possess the symmetry of velocity vectors, making them inherently directionally non-reciprocal. In this paper, we examine magnetic point groups (MPGs) that exhibit MTMs, subsequently leading to off-diagonal linear magnetoelectricity. Our focus is on the induction of MTMs through electric fields, magnetic fields, or shear stress, while enumerating the relevant MPGs. The findings of our study will serve as valuable guidance for future investigations on directional non-reciprocity, MTMs, and off-diagonal linear magnetoelectric effects.
Soft measurement model for wet gas flow rate based on ultrasonic and differential pressure sensing
Authors: Zheng Dandan , Shao Simin , Liu Anna , Wang Maosen , Li Tao 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Non-separation measurement of gas–liquid two-phase flow is of great significance to industrial production and theoretical research on two-phase flow. In this paper, a soft measurement method of wet gas flow rate based on ultrasonic and differential pressure (DP) sensors is proposed. A total of 129 sets of experimental data are obtained in DN50 horizontal pipe, the superficial velocity of gas and liquid ranging from 5 m s−1 to 33 m s−1 and 0.015 m s−1 to 0.6 m s−1, respectively. Ten feature parameters of ultrasonic signals such as the time difference between two echoes and kurtosis factor are proposed from time and frequency domain. As well as the power spectral density, mean value and standard deviation value are analyzed based on DP signals. Furthermore, the Spearman correlation coefficient is introduced to evaluate these feature parameters quantitatively. And nine parameters which are highly correlated to gas–liquid flow rate are selected as the inputs of the soft measurement model. Finally, Decision Tree, least square support vector machines and artificial neural network (ANN) models are established through training with the experimental data. Comparison results show that ANN has the lowest prediction errors on the test set, with the mean absolute percentage errors of 1.49% and 3.2% for gas and liquid, respectively.
Polarization-doped n-p-i-p-n GaN-based parallel phototransistor with thick GaN absorption layer for achieving high responsivity
Authors: Zhu Zhengji , Chu Chunshuang , Tian Kangkai , Xuan Zhan , Xie Zhiwei , Jiang Ke , Zhang Yonghui , Sun Xiaojuan , Zhang Zi-Hui , Li Dabing 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this report, we propose a polarization-doped n-p-i-p-n GaN-based parallel phototransistor with thick GaN absorption layer. We employ an Al-composition-graded AlxGa1–xN layer for achieving p-type doping feature. We have studied the light propagation in the unintentionally doped GaN (i-GaN) absorption layer with different thicknesses, and the optimized thickness is 2 μm. As a result, the photo current of 10−2 A cm−2 and the responsivity of 2.12 A W−1 can be obtained at the applied bias of 5 V. In our fabricated device, during the current transport process, the photo-generated carriers are not along the device surface. Therefore, the photoconductive effect will be absent, and hence our device achieves a response speed with a rise time of 43.3 ms and a fall time of 86.4 ms.
Evolution of phase slips with wire width and observation of critical-voltage feature without high-impedance environment in NbN nanowires
Authors: Wang Xiaoni , Xu Zulei , Liu Xiaoyu , Xu Fei , Liu Yixin , Gao Wanpeng , Wu Yu , Yang Ming , Peng Wei , Wang Zhen , Mu Gang , Lin Zhi-Rong , Xie Xiaoming 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Quantum phase slip (QPS) is an important effect that occurs in one-dimensional (1D) or quasi-1D superconducting (SC) materials. Due to the extremely high requirements on the uniformity and quality of SC nanowires, it is currently very challenging to obtain repeatable and controllable QPS devices. Here, we report a systematic study of the QPS effect in NbN SC nanowires. High-quality NbN nanowires with different widths are fabricated by combining the processes of photo-lithography, electron beam lithography, and inductively coupled plasma etching. It is found that the electrical transport of the nanowires showed a systematic variation with the wire width, and a clear evolution from single to multiple QPS events with the decrease in wire width is uncovered at low temperatures. Based on these experimental results, the phase diagram reflecting the evolution of the physical states of the nanowires with wire width and temperature is obtained. In addition, we observed the features of the critical voltage, which is a characteristic of the occurrence of coherent QPS (cQPS), in samples with a width of 36 nm in the multiple QPS region. It is worth noting that this cQPS behavior was detected in a non-high-impedance environment.
New strategy to improve the accuracy of quantitative analysis of energy dispersive spectroscopy
Authors: Moon Won-Jin , Yu Seul Gi , Kim Yang Soo , Park Byung-Kyu , Jung Wan-Gil , Song Ho-Jun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Elemental quantification of several single crystalline TEM samples of intermediate thickness range that cannot be quantified by the thin-film approximation method and the ZAF correction were investigated using wedge-shaped samples of known thickness fabricated by the FIB technique. ‘Thickness factor (T

F
)’ and ‘Thickness correction coefficient (T

C
)’ were proposed as error correction items of ‘thin-film approximation method’ to minimize the quantitative error that occurs when quantifying samples of intermediate thickness with TEM-EDS. As the result of T

F
correction, the quantification error in an Al2O3 TEM sample by TEM-EDS was reduced from about 52.15% to less than 3.28 (± 2.57) % by the correction of only one time. The self-absorption corrected line profiles and self-absorption corrected elemental mapping images in TEM samples of intermediate thickness range were also obtained by T

F
correction. As an example of application by T

F
correction, we proposed a novel method measuring thin-film thickness in normal TEM without the EELS system. The T

F
correction technique is a unique method to overcome the limitation of EDS quantification in the intermediate thickness range. This technique can effectively quantify characteristic x-ray lines less than 1,000 eV in the sample having intermediate thickness ranges using the conventional TEM-EDS system. It is expected to contribute significantly to understanding various characteristics or material nature related to material composition and sample thickness in nanomaterials because it provides more precise quantitative analysis information than current commercial EDS systems.
Degradation of dyes using reactive species of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge formed by a pencil plasma jet
Authors: Rathore Vikas , Pandey Akanksha , Patel Shruti , Dave Heman , Nema Sudhir Kumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The dye degradation efficacy of the cold plasma pencil jet is presented in the present investigation. Dye degradation studies were performed using air plasma, six different types of selected dyes (erythrosine, metanil yellow, sudan I, crystal violet, rhodamine B, and Indigo). The degradation of dyes is analyzed using UV visible spectroscopy, total organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand. The results showed complete degradation of all types of dyes in UV visible analysis with minimum time for indigo (3 min) and maximum time for erythrosine (45 min). Moreover, erythrosine (k = 1.08 mg l−1 min−1), sudan I (k = 3.46 mg l−1 min−1), rhodamine B (k = 3.955 mg l−1 min−1), and Indigo (k = 18.915 mg l−1 min−1) follows approximate zeroth-order degradation kinetic, and metanil yellow (k = 0.094 min−1) and crystal violet (k = 0.25 min−1), closer to first-order degradation kinetics. Additionally, a substantial enhancement in mineralization and reduction in chemical oxygen demand of all the dyes occurs after plasma treatment. In this study, air plasma is produced in the cylindrical coaxial dielectric barrier discharge configuration. Electrical characterization of plasma is performed and the plasma species are identified using optical emission spectroscopy. The toxicity of plasma degraded dyes solutions toward freshwater algae species (Chlorella Sorokiniana and Chlorella Pyrenoidosa) are significantly low compared to virgin dyes solutions. The study reveals that pencil plasma jet substantially degrades dyes as well as converts the dyes solutions non-toxic.
Constraining below-threshold radio source counts with machine learning
Authors: Todarello Elisa , Scaffidi Andre , Regis Marco , Taoso Marco 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We propose a machine-learning-based technique to determine the number density of radio
sources as a function of their flux density, for use in next-generation radio surveys. The method
uses a convolutional neural network trained on simulations of the radio sky to predict the number
of sources in several flux bins. To train the network, we adopt a supervised approach wherein we
simulate training data stemming from a large domain of possible number count models going down to
fluxes a factor of 100 below the threshold for source detection. We test the model reconstruction
capabilities as well as benchmark the expected uncertainties in the model predictions, observing
good performance for fluxes down to a factor of ten below the threshold. This work demonstrates
that the capabilities of simple deep learning models for radio astronomy can be useful tools for
future surveys.
Probing reheating with graviton bremsstrahlung
Authors: Bernal Nicolás , Cléry Simon , Mambrini Yann , Xu Yong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We investigate the stochastic gravitational wave (GW) spectrum resulting from graviton
bremsstrahlung during inflationary reheating. We focus on an inflaton ϕ oscillating around a
generic monomial potential V(ϕ) ∝ ϕn
, considering two different reheating
scenarios: i) inflaton decay and ii) inflaton annihilation. We show that in the case of a
quadratic potential, the scattering of the inflatons can give rise to larger GW amplitude than the
decay channel. On the other hand, the GW spectrum exhibits distinct features and redshifts in
each scenario, which makes it possible to distinguish them in the event of a
discovery. Specifically, in the case of annihilation, the GW frequency can be shifted to values
higher than those of decay, whereas the GW amplitude generated by annihilation turns out to be
smaller than that in the decay case for n ≥ 4, due to the different scaling of radiation
during reheating. We also show that the differences in the GW spectrum become more prominent with
increasing n. Finally, we highlight the potential of future high-frequency GW detectors to
distinguish between the different reheating scenarios.
Quantum dense coding with gravitational cat states
Authors: Haddadi Saeed , Ghominejad Mehrdad , Czerwinski Artur 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A protocol of quantum dense coding with gravitational cat states is proposed. We explore the effects of temperature and system parameters on dense coding capacity and provide an efficient strategy to preserve the quantum advantage of dense coding for these states. Our results may open new opportunities for secure communication and insights into the fundamental nature of gravity in the context of quantum information processing.
Impact of breech geometry and propellant flow on the release of large pellets for the ITER disruption mitigation system
Authors: Gebhart T.E. , Baylor L.R. , Dibon M. , Ericson M.N. , Felske E.J. , Frank S.S. , Gardner W.L. , Ghiozzi A.G. , Jachmich S. , Kruezi U. , Lehnen M. , Velez D.A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Studies have been performed on the release mechanism for large pellets using high pressure gas in a shattered pellet injector. Typically, pellets are dislodged from the cryogenic surface and accelerated down a barrel using high pressure gas delivered by a fast-acting propellant valve. The pellets impact an angled surface which shatters the pellet into many small fragments before entering the plasma. This technique was initially demonstrated on DIII-D (Commaux et al 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56 046007) and is now deployed on JET, KSTAR, ASDEX-Upgrade, and other tokamaks around the world in support of ITER’s disruption mitigation system design and physics basis. The large hydrogen, 28.5 mm diameter, 2 length-to-diameter ratio, pellets foreseen for ITER SPI operation have low material strength and low heat of sublimation, which cause the pellets to be fragile and highly reactive to the impact of warm propellant gas. Due to the size of the pellets, significantly more propellant gas is required to dislodge and accelerate them. This creates a potentially significant propellant gas removal issue as 2–6 bar-L of gas is expected to be required for release and speed control. The research presented in this paper is an in-depth exploration of the parameters that are keys to reliable pellet release and speed control. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of propellant flows through various breech designs was conducted to determine the force generated on the back surface of a pellet. These simulations assumed the use of the ORNL designed flyer plate valve. CFD modeling combined with experimental measurements provide adequate insight to determine a path to an optimal valve and breech design for ITER SPI pellet release and speed control while minimizing propellant gas usage.
Relationship between magnetic field and tokamak size—a system engineering perspective and implications to fusion development
Authors: Federici G. , Siccinio M. , Bachmann C. , Giannini L. , Luongo C. , Lungaroni M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
High temperature superconductors (HTSs) offer the promise of operating at higher magnetic field and temperature. Recently, the use of high field magnets (by adopting HTS) has been promoted by several groups around the world, including new start-up entries, both to substantially reduce the size of a fusion power reactor system and as a breakthrough innovation that could dramatically accelerate fusion power deployment. This paper describes the results of an assessment to understand the impact of using high field magnets in the design of DEMO in Europe, considering a comprehensive list of physics and engineering limitations together with the interdependencies with other important parameters. Based on the results, it is concluded that increasing the magnetic field does not lead to a reduction in device size with relevant nuclear performance requirements, because (i) large structures are needed to withstand the enormous electromagnetic forces, (ii) thick blanket and n-shield structures are needed to protect the coils from radiation damage effects, and (iii) new divertor solutions with performances well beyond today’s concepts are needed. Stronger structural materials allow for more compact tokamaks, but do not change the conclusion that scalability is not favourable when increasing the magnetic field, beyond a certain point, the machine size cannot be further reduced. More advanced structural support concepts for high-field coils have been explored and concluded that these solutions are either unfeasible or provide only marginal size reduction, by far not sufficient to account for the potential of operating at very high field provided by HTS. Additionally, the cost of high field coils is significant at today’s price levels and shows to scale roughly with the square of the field. Nevertheless, it is believed that even when not operated at high field and starting within conventional insulated coils, HTS can still offer certain benefits. These include the simplification of the magnet cooling scheme thanks to increased temperature margin (indirect conduction cooling). This in turn can greatly simplify coil construction and minimize high-voltage risks at the terminals.
Multi-stable hidden attractor chaotic system and its analog coexistence circuit realization
Authors: Su Qinfei , Dong Chengwei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a multi-stable chaotic system with relatively complex hidden attractors. The dynamic performance of chaotic systems is under investigation via numerical simulations such as Lyapunov exponents, division diagrams, and phase diagrams, and it has been further found that the chaotic system with hidden attractors can switch between the two cases of having no equilibrium or having two stable equilibria. Due to the system’s symmetry, multiple co-existing attractors can be obtained by choosing appropriate parameters and initial values. It is demonstrated that the system exhibits a multi-stability phenomenon, which means that different initial conditions generate two or more different dynamics. In addition, the variational method is used to explore short-period orbits of a topological length up to 3, which provides a deeper understanding of the essential components of a chaotic system. Finally, circuit implementation verifies its correctness and feasibility.
Improving rodents and humans cardiac cell maturity in vitro through polycaprolactone and polyurethane nanofibers
Authors: Iwoń Zuzanna , Krogulec Ewelina , Kierlańczyk Aleksandra , Baranowska Patrycja , Łopianiak Iwona , Wojasiński Michal , Jastrzębska Elżbieta 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Currently, numerous studies are conducted using nanofibers as a scaffold for culture cardiac cells; however, there still needs to be more research evaluating the impact of the physicochemical properties of polymer nanofibers on the structure and function of cardiac cells. We have studied how poly(ϵ-caprolactone) and polyurethane nanofibrous mats with different physicochemical properties influence the viability, morphology, orientation, and maturation of cardiac cells. For this purpose, the cells taken from different species were used. They were rat ventricular cardiomyoblasts (H9c2), mouse atrial cardiomyocytes (CMs) (HL-1), and human ventricular CMs. Based on the results, it can be concluded that cardiac cells cultured on nanofibers exhibit greater maturity in terms of orientation, morphology, and gene expression levels compared to cells cultured on polystyrene plates. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of nanofibers affecting the functionality of cardiac cells from different species and different parts of the heart were evaluated. These studies can support research on understanding and explaining mechanisms leading to cellular maturity present in the heart and the selection of nanofibers that will effectively help the maturation of CMs.
Simulated responses and feedbacks of permafrost carbon under future emissions pathways and idealized solar geoengineering scenarios
Authors: Chen Yangxin , Moore John C , Ji Duoying 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The carbon-rich northern high-latitude permafrost is a potential climate tipping point. Once triggered, its thawing and release of carbon dioxide and methane might unleash irreversible changes in the Earth’s climate system. We investigate the response of permafrost under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) with no mitigation (SSP5-8.5), moderate mitigation (SSP2-4.5) and delayed mitigation (SSP5-3.4-OS), and three solar geoengineering scenarios applied to each experiment to prevent global warming from exceeding 2 °C above pre-industrial. The long-term negative emissions in SSP5-3.4-OS preserves much more frozen soil than SSP5-8.5, but shows nearly as much permafrost carbon loss this century as SSP2-4.5 due to its mid-century temperature overshoot. Solar geoengineering to meet the 2 °C target above pre-industrial effectively suppresses permafrost thawing and reduces subsequent carbon release from the soil. However, the carbon emission from permafrost still continues after the temperature is stabilized, due to the decomposition of thawed permafrost carbon. More solar insolation reduction is required to compensate the positive permafrost carbon feedback, which exerts greater impacts on the efficiency of solar geoengineering under a scenario with strong climate policy and lower carbon emissions.