bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Narrative Test Types
Authors: Emmott Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narrative is usually defined as a succession of events but another important feature of narrative texts is that some or all of the events are described as they take place within a particular context. As a result, these events are ‘brought to life’ for the reader, being ‘acted out’ rather than presented in summary form. This type of presentation I term ‘framed’ text, since the reader needs to monitor the context by means of a contextual frame (see Chapter 4). Another type of presentation, termed here ‘unframed’ text, is when events are summarized and presented as background to the main action. It is important for the reader to be aware of these different types of text because for events-in-context, assumptions need to be made about the continuity of the participant set, place and time, whereas the same assumptions do not need to be made for background summaries. Since one type of text can be embedded within another, readers must be able to recognize signals of a switch between text types.
Introduction
Authors: Schirn Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Philosophy of Mathematics Today-the title of this collection is meant to convey a twofold objective: first, to document important approaches, tendencies, and results in current philosophy of mathematics, and second, to provide fruitful impulses for future work in several of its areas. In my view, the volume reflects, to a considerable extent, the different methods and viewpoints of current research in the field. If one were to attempt to characterize the essays collected here in terms of a feature they all share, one would probably appeal to their being essentially concerned with foundational issues. Questions regarding the historical development of mathematics or the growth of mathematical knowledge play little role in these essays.
Beyond Definitionism-But Not Too Far Beyond
Authors: Hellman Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim here is twofold: first, to identify the principal advantages and disadvantages of the definitionist foundational programme of predicativist mathematics (originating with Poincaré and Wey1, and developed by Fefer man et al.), and second, to propose a recipe for liberalizing that programme which overcomes the disadvantages identified while preserving most of the advantages, and which synthesizes (arguably the best of) nominalism.
Holistic Mathematics
Authors: Resnik Michael d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By holism I shall mean epistemic or confirmational holism, that is, the thesis that no claim of theoretical science can be confirmed or refuted in isolation but only as part of a system of hypotheses. Duhem’s remarks on the law of inertia and similar scientific claims make a strong case for a version of holism restricted to the theoretical branches of natural science; but, as several philosophers of mathematics have noted,2 Quine’s extension of Duhemian holism to include mathematics and logic is much more problematic. Recently Penelope Maddy3 and Elliott Sober* have tied difficulties with Quine’s holism to his indispensability argument for the existence of mathematical objects. My purpose here is to defend Quine’s thesis, or at least a close variant of it.
‘ A people exists and that people has its language’: Language and Nationalism in the Balkans
Authors: Carmichael Cathie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the purposes of this chapter the term ‘the Balkans’ is used to denote Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, Macedonia, Kosovo, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia-Montenegro), Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia. It is unlikely that the inhabitants of the latter two would define themselves as ‘Balkan’; indeed the call to be part of’Europe’ formed an important part of the process of rejection of Yugoslavia (and in particular of Slobodan Milosevic’s vision for a future Yugoslavia) in the two northern republics in the countdown to the break-up of 1991. Despite different traditions and orientations, all of these states are products of relatively recent political changes (the most important of which occurred during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries), but all also enjoy rich cultural and linguistic histories that are infinitely more complicated than the individual back grounds to state formation would suggest.
Method
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As argued in the preceding chapter, the link between the explanans and the explanandum is weakened by the fact that students of language are free to take their explanation from any area that appears suitable to them. The connection between language and the extralinguistic world would be more compelling if this freedom were curtailed by restricting the pool of possible explanations to a single area, viz. psycholinguistics. This restriction should make it possible to gauge more precisely the contribution that language processing can make to the explanation of linguistic structure. While this procedure by no means negates the importance of other disciplines, it focuses upon only one in an attempt to ascertain how far this one takes us. Implicationally, interactions among various disciplines have to be ignored.
Language Structure
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main body of this monograph is organized as follows. The first part is about language structure (Chapter 4), the second about language change (Chapter 5), and the third about poetic language (Chapter 6). Qualitatively and quantitatively, the first and second parts are much more important than the third. Its main function is to illustrate the diversity of domains for which relevant hypotheses may be developed. The logic of the argument is quite similar across the individual sections. A review of psycholinguistic evidence serves as the background against which pertinent predictions as to language structure are derived. These predictions are subsequently put to the test and evaluated. This procedure will be adopted irrespective of whether the linguistic data are taken from the relevant literature or presented for the first time. The logic of the argumentation is reflected in the somewhat unconventional structure of the individual sections: psycholinguistic evidence ࢐ predictions as to language structure ࢐ test and evaluation. My major objective is to assess the value of the processing approach, not the value of more linguistically oriented approaches. This precludes an exhaustive review of the linguistic literature on each topic. Alternative accounts are only considered when they are immediately relevant to the issue at hand, in particular when they am be directly contrasted with the approach advocated here. Unless stated otherwise, the hypotheses advanced below should not be taken automatically to invalidate other claims made in the literature. Rather, they should be construed as additive in two respects. Because of the multiple causation of linguistic phenomena, one explanation does not rule out another, as mentioned. The approach taken here may also provide a deeper understanding of well-known linguistic phenomena by showing how the empirical data follow naturally from a particular conception of language, and how the extant theoretical claims may benefit from being placed in a wider perspective.
A Psycholinguistic Model of Language Structure and Change
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall objective of this work has been to establish a relationship between language processing and language structure. Thus far, all the attention has been focused upon identifying linguistic patterns which are predictable on psycholinguistic grounds. The weakest interpretation of this procedure would be to say that correspondences have been uncovered. For example, iconicity corresponds to parallel information processing. In a similar vein, the regularization of irregular verbs in history corresponds to the ‘majority rule1 in language processing. While interesting in themselves, it might be held that these correspondences do not suffice to demonstrate the relationship between process and product. What has to be specified is the exact mechanism whereby processing principles impinge upon the linguistic system. This is what Clark and Malt (1984) termed the linkage problem. According to them, an essential requirement of a theory is that it specify precisely how a given psychological constraint brings about a particular linguistic phenomenon. How important this requirement is can be seen from the fact that a processing principle may be a necessary though not a sufficient cause. As it alone cannot be held responsible for the existence of a given linguistic pattern, a certain indirectness between assumed cause and effect has to be acknowledged.
The Overall Perspective: Reductionist or Non-Reductionist?
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central question addressed in this work is how far the psycholinguistic approach takes us in explaining language. The overall conclusion is that it takes us quite a long way. Of course, this does not mean that the psycholinguistic approach is omnipotent: language cannot be reduced to psychology, in much the same way as phonology cannot be reduced to phonetics. This is because language is more than a psychological phenomenon. All the other facets discussed in Chapter 2 also have a role in this game. Unfortunately, it is not known how far these non-psychological approaches take us, because their impact upon the structure of language has not yet been investigated systematically and comprehensively. We are even more in the dark as to the multifarious interactions that may exist among the various dimensions of language. There are two reasons why relatively little explanatory work has been forthcoming. For one thing, the relevant disciplines have not progressed to the point where a direct and systematic link with language can be established. The paradigm case exemplifying this state of affairs is the neurosciences. For another, researchers in the disciplines in question have been intent on setting themselves off against the philosophy of autonomous linguistics; their attempts to establish their relative independence from formal linguistics have distracted their attention from issues of language structure. Therefore, the results of their research are often not directly transferable to the issues that are of major concern in the present study.
Introduction
Authors: McGregor William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arguably the single most fundamental and significant notion Ferdinand de Saussure promoted in his posthumously published Cours de linguistique generale was the revolutionary insight that language is a semiotic phenomenon, and thus that linguistics is a part of a more general science of semiotics, or semiology, as Saussure himself called it (Saussure 1959/1974: 16). By this is meant that language is a system of signs that are used by people for expressing and communicating ideas; and as such, it is both a social and a psychological phenomenon. It is not merely a formal system (e.g. a set of sentences), as mainstream linguistics would have it; nor is it simply a functional system (e.g. a system of disembodied purposes or uses) as some functional theories envisage it. In a sign system form and function are inseparably connected and must be studied as aspects of a single Janus-faced entity, the sign.
Enough Ain’t Enough: The Grammar of Nominal Tautologies in English
Authors: McGregor William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of how to interpret sentences such as Boys will be boys may seem minor or unimportant. I think, however, that the consequences of one’s stand on this point are far-reaching; they determine one’s entire idea of linguistics, its boundaries, its capacities, and its responsibilities. (Wierzbicka 1987: 95)
We have now discussed in some detail the SG theory of grammar and the classification of grammatical signs which it proposes. As remarked in Chapter 1, one of the criteria of adequacy of a grammatical theory is whether it provides insights into the analysis of novel grammatical constructions, constructions which it was not initially developed to deal with. Accordingly, in this chapter we confront the theory with a somewhat unusual grammatical phenomenon and explore ways in which this can be accounted for and analysed. (See also Malczewska and McGregor (1991) and McGregor (forthcoming a) for discussion of two other rather unusual grammatical phenomena—inalienable possession and noun incorporation, respectively—and how they can be accounted for within the parameters of SG.) In the process of doing this we are drawn into a consideration of the boundaries and limits of grammar, semantics, and pragmatics.
The Verbal and the Locational Strategy
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we have delimited the scope of our investigation to the encoding of main predicates of intransitive sentences. Given that the semantic domain covered by these predicates can be divided into four (prototypically defined) categories, we can start our inquiry by documenting the ways in which these four semantic categories are formally encoded in each language in the sample. Following that, we should be able to group the languages of the sample into types, on the basis of whether or not they show differentiation in the encoding of the domain.
The Model of Intransitive Predicate Encoding
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing parts of this study have explored the cross-linguistic encoding of intransitive predicates from several perspectives. In doing so, we have identified a number of parameters and tendencies which are operative in shaping the stratification of the domain of intransitive predication in individual languages. In this chapter I aim at an integration of these descriptive results, in the form of a general, universally applicable model. This model should be able to demonstrate how the domain of intransitive predication finds its formal encoding in natural languages, and it should provide a principled and coherent account of the universal limitations imposed on this encoding.
Rongorongo The Easter Island Script
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rongorongo, Easter Island's enigmatic script and Oceania's only known pre-twentieth-century writing system, is here comprehensively documented for the first time. The author tells the full history of rongorongo's exciting discovery and the many attempts at a decipherment. Pre-missionary traditions surrounding rongorongo are described from previously unpublished material. Full transcriptions of all the 25 surviving rongorongo inscriptions are provided, along with detailed photographs of nearly every incised artefact. In over six years of full-time research that took the author from St Petersburg to Easter Island, a wholly new picture of the rongorongo phenomenon has emerged. This book is the definitive study of one of the world's most fascinating and eloquent graphic achievements.
William Judah Thomson and Ure Va‘e Iko
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the most important informant material about rongorongo ever gathered was that which the Rapanui Ure Va’e Iko furnished the Americans on the island during the visit of the USS Mohican in 1886. Paymaster William Judah Thomson (1843-1909), keenly interested in rongorongo, included in his justly celebrated report about Rapanui for the Smithsonian Institution-one of our principal sources of early history for the island-a detailed survey of what was known about the script at the time (Thomson, 1891: 513-26). With other members of the Mohican’s crew, Thomson had visited Bishop Jaussen on Tahiti in November 1886, just one month after Jaussen had completed his transcription of the manuscript “Empire des Maori”. Here the Americans had even examined and photographed seven of Jaussen’s rongorongo tablets-”all in excellent state of preservation” (ibid., p. 513).
Introduction
Authors: Jones Mari C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous instances are attested of languages going out of use: Cornish in the eighteenth century, Dalmatian in the nineteenth, and today many indigenous languages throughout the world. Thorough documentation of the stages leading to their extinction would be of great interest to historical linguistics. For many languages of which we know are now extinct; the steps to their extinction may be understood more clearly if we have thorough descriptions of languages now on the way to extinction. The publication of Coteanu’s Cum dispare o limba? in 1957 is generally considered to mark the official emergence of language death as a field of enquiry. However, it is the work of Nancy Dorian on East Sutherland Gaelic which has contributed most to its status and credibility as a separate sphere of study and established its importance to the field of language change. Her pioneering study has been followed by a host of similar investigations (such as Schmidt 1985; Dressler 1982; Campbell and Muntzel 1989) which show that, essentially, linguistic change during language death is no different from that taking place elsewhere (Orlowski 1971: 187 ff.). What sets it apart from that occurring in ‘healthy’ languages is the rate, context, and amount of change.
Some Basic Concepts of Hpsg
Authors: Kathol Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of some of the major concepts of HPSG that form the basis of the exposition in the later chapters. Besides introducing notational conventions that are commonly used in descriptive practice, it illustrates some of the design properties of HPSG grammars, such as the reliance on valence features of verious kinds. Of special importance for the chapters that follow is the relationship between constituent structure and linear order laid out in the ‘standard’ version described in Pollard & Sag (1987, 1994).
Beyond German
Authors: Kathol Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I attempt to outline how a topology-based approach can be developed for other Germanic languages, specifically the Scandinavian languages and Yiddish. There are at least two reasons why such an undertaking may be of interest. First of all, if a level of linear organization that is to some degree disconnected from constituency and/or categorial status is available for a language like German, we should expect that other languages may also exhibit symptoms of syntactic organization along linear, as opposed to strictly phrase structure-based, lines. I.e., if Universal Grammar, the range of possible human languages, includes the option of a language exhibiting linearly defined principles of syntactic arrangement, then it is unlikely that German should be the only such language. Second, because of the close historical relationship with German, Scandinavian and Yiddish are prime candidates for languages with structural properties that to some degree overlap with those operative in German.
To Everything there is a Season? Are there Medical Grounds for Refusing Fertility Treatment to Older Women?
Authors: Fisher Fleur , Sommerville Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1994 the High Court upheld the decision of a District Health Authority not to provide publicly funded fertility treatment for a woman aged 36, on the grounds of her age. Although the court case centred primarily on the debate about what constitutes a reasonable use of public resources, it also raised much wider issues about the criteria for women’s access to or exclusion from fertility treatment.
‘Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest’: The New English Dictionary
Authors: Mugglestone Lynda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pioneer, in the figurative sense selected by James Murray in his account of the complex demands which the making of the New English Dictionary1 was to place upon the lexicographer, receives its formal definition in the fascicle Ph to Piper, edited by Murray himself, and published in June 1906: ‘One who goes before to prepare or open up the way for others to follow; one who begins, or takes part in beginning, some enterprise, course of action, etc.; an original investigator, explorer, or worker, in any department of knowledge or activity.
Making the OED: Readers and Editors. A Critical Survey
Authors: Knowles Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there is one single image associated with the dictionary, it is that of the elderly James Murray in his Scriptorium, standing in front of shelves overflowing with slips. In one sense this is regrettable; while it properly represents Murray’s enormous individual contribution, it obscures the significant part played by a large number of people who may never have visited the Scriptorium, or even met Murray face-to-face. It is the intention in this chapter to look more closely at the way in which their work was done, and the implications which this has for the project as a whole. In considering the question of readers, subeditors, and editors there is one key fact to be borne in mind: the typical contributor was an unpaid volunteer who was not only working ‘out-of-house’, but was in fact often living at a considerable geographical distance, with instruction and comment being supplied largely through the written word.
Accent
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Accent’ has proved to be one of the most controversial of the prosodic features, generating a considerable amount of theoretical debate. There has been-and continues to be-disagreement about the phonetic nature of the phenomenon, its phonological role, and the appropriate mode of its description, as well as its relationship to morphological and syntactic features in specific languages. In particular, much attention has been given to the rules required for assigning accentual features to English words and phrases. The aim of the present chapter is to examine some of these issues, and to evaluate the more important claims made and views expressed as to the nature and role of accent, and the means of representing and specifying it.
Sophistic Parmenideanism in the Sophist
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Sophist, the Eleatic Visitor quotes Parmenides B7. 1-2 as having provided the basis for the parallel problems of appearance and falsehood. Appearing but not really being and saying things that are not the case both involve an assumption that what-is-not somehow is. Parmenides, the Visitor says, expressly forbade any such assump- tion: ‘when we were young, my boy, the great Parmenides used to maintain this firmly from beginning to end, so saying on each occasion both in plain speech and in verse – “for never will this be made acceptable,” he says, “that things that are not are; but as you inquire1 restrain your thought from this path”‘ (Sph. 237a4-9). Later, at 241d, as he sets out to explain the nature of appearance and falsehood, the Visitor says he hopes Theaetetus will not consider him a ‘parricide’ for forcibly asserting, against Parmenides’ injunction, that what-isnot is in some respect and that what-is is not in some respect.
Sophistic Parmenideanism in the Sophist and in the Parmenides’s Dialectical Exercise
Authors: Palmer John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato presents the dialectical exercise that constitutes the second part of the Parmenides as an examination by Parmenides himself of his own thesis (Prm. 13761-4). Thus one naturally expects the exercise to have significant implications for Plato’s understanding of Parmenides at this time. Unfortunately, one might also expect that determining exactly what these implications are will be quite difficult, for the second part of the Parmenides has been without doubt the most puzzling and controversial text in the Platonic corpus. Already in antiquity it was the locus of strong disagreement, and there have been deep divisions throughout the period of modern Platonic scholarship over the exercise’s ultimate meaning. The unity of the dialogue remains the dominant problem.