bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of ovarian nuclei with the parameter of power ratio
Authors: Wu Hai‐Shan , Gil Joan , Deligdisch Liane , Kalir Tamara 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe nucleoli and chromatin clumps of ovarian cells contain important features in discriminating malignant cells from normal ones. In geometric properties, the ovarian nucleoli and chromatin clumps appear as irregularly shaped dark spots in the nuclear images from specimens immunohistochemically stained with antibody to Mib‐1. Malignant cells often have more active and larger nucleoli and chromatin clumps. However, estimating the size of the nucleoli or chromatin clumps is a difficult task since it is not easy to recognize and accurately separate the regions of nucleoli and chromatin clumps from the rest of the nuclei that are highly irregular and variant in contents and intensities. In this paper, we develop a method to derive a parameter called power ratio that is proportionally related to the size of nucleoli and chromatin clumps based on an ideal nuclear model without the region segmentation of nucleoli or chromatin clumps. Results of characterization of the parameter and comparison between malignant and normal cells are provided. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:287–292, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microstructure of MmM5/Mg multi‐layer hydrogen storage films prepared by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Ouyang L.Z. , Wang H. , Zhu M. , Zou J. , Chung C.Y. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMulti‐layer hydrogen storage thin films with Mg and MmNi3.5(CoAlMn)1.5 (here Mm denotes La‐rich mischmetal) as alternative layers were prepared by direct current magnetron sputtering. Transmission electron microscopy investigation shows that the microstructure of the MmNi3.5(CoAlMn)1.5 and Mg layers are significantly different although their deposition conditions are the same. The MmNi3.5(CoAlMn)1.5 layer is composed of two regions: one is an amorphous region approximately 4 nm thick at the bottom of the layer and the other is a nanocrystalline region on top of the amorphous region. The Mg layer is also composed of two regions: one is a randomly orientated nanocrystalline region 50 nm thick at the bottom of the layer and the other is a columnar crystallite region on top of the nanocrystalline region. These Mg columnar crystallites have their [001] directions parallel to the growth direction and the average lateral size of these columnar crystallites is about 100 nm. A growth mechanism of the multi‐layer thin films is discussed based on the experiment results. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:323–329, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of carotenoids in ripe jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) kernel and study of their bioconversion in rats
Authors: Chandrika UG , Jansz ER , Warnasuriya ND 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVitamin A deficiency is of public health importance in Sri Lanka. Carotenoids are a significant source of provitamin A. The objective of this study was to analyse the carotenoid composition of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus sinhala: Waraka) kernel using MPLC and visible spectrophotometry and to determine the bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids present in jackfruit kernel by monitoring (i) the growth and (ii) levels of retinol and carotenoids in the liver and serum of Wistar rats provided with jackfruit incorporated into a standard daily diet. Carotenoid pigments were extracted using petroleum ether/methanol and saponified using 10% methanolic potassium hydroxide. Six carotenoids were detected in jackfruit kernel. The carotenes β‐carotene, α‐carotene, β‐zeacarotene, α‐zeacarotene and β‐carotene‐5,6‐epoxide and a dicarboxylic carotenoid, crocetin, were identified, corresponding theoretically to 141.6 retinol equivalents (RE) per 100 g. Our study indicated that jackfruit is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids, though not as good as papaya. Serum retinol concentrations in rats supplemented with jackfruit carotenoids were significantly higher (p = 0.008) compared with the control group. The same was true for liver retinol (p = 0.006). Quantification was carried out by RP‐HPLC. These results show that the biological conversion of provitamin A in jackfruit kernel appears satisfactory. Thus increased consumption of ripe jackfruit could be advocated as part of a strategy to prevent and control vitamin A deficiency in Sri Lanka. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of enzymatic aroma release on the volatile compounds of white wines presenting different aroma potentials
Authors: Rocha Sílvia M , Coutinho Paula , Delgadillo Ivonne , Cardoso António Dias , Coimbra Manuel A 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWines from Maria Gomes (Fernão Pires) and Bical varieties were treated with an enzymatic preparation, Lallzyme de Lalvin, with β‐glucosidase, pectinase, arabinosidase and rhamnosidase activity. The reference and enzyme‐treated wines were submitted to a process of continuous liquid–liquid extraction with dichloromethane and analysed by GC‐MS. The volatile contents of the wines were 199 and 188 mg l−1, respectively, for Maria Gomes and Bical. Both varieties contained aliphatic and aromatic alcohols, terpenoids, esters, aliphatic acids and lactones. Enzymatically treated wines showed an increase of 9% in the total amount of volatile compounds of Maria Gomes, due, mainly, to the increase of geraniol (67%), terpendiols (96%), phenols and aromatic alcohols (26%) and esters (32%). Some of them were within their perception limits and may have a contribution to the floral and fruity notes. Conversely, no significant modifications were introduced by enzymatic treatment in the total amount of volatile compounds of Bical wine. The presence of aromatic alcohols in significant amounts, which may represent an interesting characteristic in Bical wines, was not increased by the treatment used. This study with two white varieties grown in the same Appellation shows that the effectiveness of aroma release by enzymatic treatment, using a broad range of enzymatic activities, is closely dependent on the varietal aroma potential, knowledge of which is a key determinant for full exploitation of wine qualities. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Leaf:fruit ratio and irrigation supply affect seasonal changes in minerals, organic acids and sugars of mango fruit
Authors: Léchaudel Mathieu , Joas Jacques , Caro Yanis , Génard Michel , Jannoyer Magalie 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo determine the effects of assimilate and water supply on the determination of mango fruit quality, the seasonal variations of minerals, acids and sugar concentrations were investigated over two successive years. To manipulate the assimilate supply, selected branches were girdled to provide ratios of 10, 25, 50 and 100 leaves per fruit. Irrigation was managed to provide two types of water supply treatments. Fruit growth rate was greater when increasing the leaf:fruit ratio. Structural dry matter content and total dry matter content of flesh were higher in fruit with higher leaf:fruit ratios. Treatments had no effect on the structural to total dry matter ratio of flesh. Potassium and magnesium to structural dry weight ratios were not affected by treatments, whereas the calcium to structural dry weight ratio was higher in the flesh of fruit grown under low leaf:fruit ratios. Low assimilate supply increased the ratios of malic and citric acid to structural dry weight. This treatment had little effect on acid concentrations. Glucose and fructose to structural dry weight ratios were higher when assimilate supply was lower. Low leaf:fruit ratios increased fructose concentration but not glucose concentration. Irrigation treatment strongly affected fructose concentration. Sucrose concentration, based either on structural dry matter or on fresh matter, was significantly increased by higher leaf‐to‐fruit ratios. When the fruit was close to maturity, levels of sucrose storage and starch breakdown were positively correlated with assimilate supply. Levels of starch breakdown were correlated with irrigation supply. The effects of these treatments on sugar concentrations may change fruit taste. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Two simple and efficient displacement‐based quadrilateral elements for the analysis of composite laminated plates
Authors: Zhang Y. X. , Kim K. S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTwo simple 4‐node 20‐DOF and 4‐node 24‐DOF displacement‐based quadrilateral elements named RDKQ‐L20 and RDKQ‐L24 are developed in this paper based on the first‐order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for linear analysis of thin to moderately thick laminates. The deflection and rotation functions of the element sides are obtained from Timoshenko's laminated composite beam functions. Linear displacement interpolation functions of the standard 4‐node quadrilateral isoparametric plane element and displacement functions of a quadrilateral plane element with drilling degrees of freedom are taken as in‐plane displacements of the proposed elements RDKQ‐L20 and RDKQ‐L24, respectively. Due to the application of Timoshenko's laminated composite beam functions, convergence can be ensured theoretically for very thin laminates. The elements are simple in formulation, and shear‐locking free for extremely thin laminates even with full integration. A hybrid‐enhanced procedure is employed to improve the accuracy of stress analysis, especially for transverse shear stresses. Numerical tests show that the new elements are convergent, not sensitive to mesh distortion, accurate and efficient for analysis of thin to moderately thick laminates. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential quadrature domain decomposition method for problems on a triangular domain
Authors: Wu Xionghua , Liu Shuting 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe differential quadrature method (DQM) has been studied for years and it has been shown by many researchers that the DQM is an attractive numerical method with high efficiency and accuracy. The conventional DQM is mostly effective for one‐dimensional and multidimensional problems with geometrically regular domains. But to deal with problems on a triangular domain, we will meet difficulties. In this article we will study how to solve problems on a triangular domain by using DQM combined with the domain decomposition method (DDM). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Generalized Newton methods for crack problems with nonpenetration condition
Authors: Hintermüller M. , Kovtunenko V. A. , Kunisch K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA class of semismooth Newton methods for unilaterally constrained variational problems modeling cracks under a nonpenetration condition is introduced and investigated. On the continuous level, a penalization technique is applied that allows to argue generalized differentiability of the nonlinear mapping associated to its first‐order optimality characterization. It is shown that the corresponding semismooth Newton method converges locally superlinearly. For the discrete version of the problem, fast local as well as global and monotonous convergence of a discrete semismooth Newton method are proved. A comprehensive report on numerical tests for the two‐dimensional Lamé problem with three collinear cracks under the nonpenetration condition ends the article. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Intravenous 6‐mercaptopurine decreases salvage after relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Children's Cancer Group study CCG 1922
Authors: Tolar Jakub , Bostrom Bruce C. , La Mei K. , Sather Harland N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPurposeTo compare outcomes of patients with NCI standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who relapsed after being randomized to receive either oral or intravenous 6‐mercaptopurine (6MP) in the Children's Cancer Group study CCG 1922.Patients and MethodsCCG 1922 accrued patients from March 1993 to August 1995. A total of 1,060 patients were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: oral 6MP plus prednisone (OP), intravenous 6MP plus prednisone (IP), oral 6MP plus dexamethasone (OD), and intravenous 6MP plus dexamethasone (ID). During the 2nd through 4th month of therapy groups OP and OD were treated with 75 mg/m2/day of oral 6MP for 70 days and groups IP and ID with 1,000 mg/m2/week of intravenous 6MP over 10 hr for 11 doses. All patients received a single delayed intensification and all received oral 6MP in maintenance.ResultsPatients randomized to oral 6MP had significantly better 5‐year overall survival (96 ± 1% vs. 92 ± 1%; P = 0.008). There was, however, no statistically significant difference in the event‐free survival (EFS). Of the 179 patients who relapsed, 84 had a second or later event and 68 have died. Forty of the 84 second events were a death. Survival after relapse was significantly greater for patients randomized to oral 6MP during consolidation than those receiving intravenous 6MP (P = 0.002, log rank test) with 4‐year survival post‐relapse of 67 ± 6% vs. 48 ± 6%. The steroid randomization had no influence on outcome. Post‐relapse therapy details are not available and if different between groups may have influenced the outcome.ConclusionTreatment with intravenous 6MP during a brief period of total therapy had a significant negative impact on the prognosis in childhood ALL even though oral 6MP was used during maintenance. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005; 45:5–9. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyurethanes from 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and poly(ethylene glycol)s. II. Crystallographic data, heats of melting and crystallization, thermal stability, crystallinity and density
Authors: Vatalis Argyris S , Stergiou Anagnostis C , Kehayoglou Aristides H , Delides Costas G 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWide‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis, heats of melting, crystallization and re‐melting, thermogravimetric analysis and density measurements have been used to study the crystallographic data and degree of crystallinity of linear polyurethanes (PUs) prepared by the polymerization of 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) of various number‐average molecular weights (Mns) (106, 200, 400, 1000, 2000 and 4000 g mol−1) in equivalent molar ratios. The crystallinities of polyurethanes PU1000 to PU4000 are shown to be due to the polyoxyethylene segments of the PEGs, while PU400 and PU200 appeared to be amorphous. However, PU106, similarly prepared from diethylene glycol (PEG106), is highly crystalline with a different crystal structure. Thermogravimetric analysis of PU106, PU400 and PU1000 exhibited high thermal stabilities up to 260 °C for these materials under the conditions of measurement (10 °C min−1). The heat of melting for the 100 % crystalline structure of PU106 has been indirectly obtained. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Direct pyrolysis mass spectrometry analysis of fresh and aged $\hbox{PF}_{6}^{-}$‐doped polythiophenes
Authors: Gozet Tuba , Hacaloglu Jale 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this study, pyrolysis mass spectrometry has been applied for the investigation of thermal characteristics of $\hbox{PF}_{6}^{-}$‐doped polythiophene (PTh) films. Thermal degradation of PTh showed behaviour identical with $\hbox{BF}_{4}^{-}$‐doped polythiophene (BF4‐PTh), indicating that the effects of the dopants in question on the thermal characteristics of the PTh are not significant. Besides the oligomer peaks (up to hexamer), peaks indicating decomposition of the thiophene ring have also been detected as in the case of BF4‐PTh. However, the data also indicated that the oxidation of the $\hbox{PF}_{6}^{-}$ dopant was much more effective, yielding mainly POF3, H3PO4 compounds even for the freshly prepared samples. Upon ageing, the yield of these products increased and exposure to air for more than 50 days also caused degradation of the PTh chains. Furthermore, substitution of the thiophene (Th) ring by fluorine has been recorded and was associated with reactions of Th with the reactive oxidation products of the dopant. Analyses of the de‐doped samples showed that although de‐doping was effective to a certain extent, inward diffusion of the counter ion (C4H9)4N+ has also occurred. This diffusion was more efficient than that was observed for BF4‐PTh samples. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of clay on the properties of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Hong‐Wen , Chang Kung‐Chin , Chu Hsuan‐Chih 
Published: October 2004

AbstractClay‐dispersed poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) nanocomposites (PSAN) were synthesized by a free radical polymerization process. The montmorillonite (MMT) was modified by a cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride. The structures of PSAN were determined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. The dispersion of silicate layers in the polymer matrix was also revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was confirmed that the clay was intercalated and exfoliated in the PSAN matrix. The increased thermal stability of PSAN with the addition of clay was observed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dielectric properties of PSAN were measured in the frequency range 100 Hz to 1 MHz at 35–70°C. It was found that the dielectric constant from the dipole orientation had been suppressed due to the intercalation of clay. The dielectric loss is strongly related to the residual sodium content of clay, which increases as the sodium content increases by the addition of clay. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Phase behavior of ternary blends containing dimethylpolycarbonate, tetramethylpolycarbonate and poly[styrene‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)] copolymers (or polystyrene)
Authors: Kim JW , Yoo JE , Kim CK 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe miscibility and phase behavior of ternary blends containing dimethylpolycarbonate (DMPC), tetramethylpolycarbonate (TMPC) and poly[styrene‐co‐(methyl methacrylate)] copolymer (SMMA) have been explored. Ternary blends containing polystyrene (PS) instead of SMMA were also examined. Blends of DMPC with SMMA copolymers (or PS) did not form miscible blends regardless of methyl methacrylate (MMA) content in copolymers. However, DMPC blends with SMMA (or PS) blends become miscible by adding TMPC. The miscible region of ternary blends is compared with the previously determined miscibility region of binary blends having the same chemical components and compositions. The region where the ternary blends are miscible is much narrower than that of binary blends. Based on lattice fluid theory, the observed phase behavior of ternary blends was analyzed. Even though the term representing the Gibbs free energy change of mixing for certain ternary blends had a negative value, blends were immiscible. It was revealed that a negative value of the Gibbs free energy change of mixing was not a sufficient condition for miscible ternary blends because of the asymmetry in the binary interactions involved in ternary blends. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of amorphous copolyesters based on 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol
Authors: Turner S. Richard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol and the modification of poly(1,4‐cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) with ethylene glycol or isophthalic acid retard the crystallization of the copolyester backbone, and over a wide range of comonomer concentrations, very slowly crystallizing, essentially amorphous copolyesters are formed. These amorphous copolyesters possess attractive physical properties such as toughness, low color, and chemical resistance, and since their first commercial introduction in 1977, these copolyesters have become the basis of a large and growing plastics business for Eastman Chemical Co. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 5847–5852, 2004
An intimate polycarbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl acetate) ternary blend via coalescence from their common inclusion compound with γ‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Rusa Cristian C. , Uyar Tamer , Rusa Mariana , Hunt Marcus A. , Wang Xingwu , Tonelli Alan E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this study, we successfully report an intimate ternary blend system of polycarbonate (PC)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) obtained by the simultaneous coalescence of the three guest polymers from their common γ‐cyclodextrin (γ‐CD) inclusion compound (IC). The thermal transitions and the homogeneity of the coalesced ternary blend were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The observation of a single, common glass transition strongly suggests the presence of a homogeneous amorphous phase in the coalesced ternary polymer blend. This was further substantiated by solid‐state 13C NMR observation of the T1ρ(1H)s for each of the blend components. For comparison, ternary blends of PC/PMMA/PVAc were also prepared by traditional coprecipitation and solution casting methods. TGA data showed a thermal stability for the coalesced ternary blend that was improved over the coprecipitated blend, which was phase‐segregated. The presence of possible interactions between the three polymer components was investigated by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis indicates that the ternary blend of these polymers achieved by coalescence from their common γ‐CD–IC results in a homogeneous polymer blend, possibly with improved properties, whereas coprecipitation and solution cast methods produced phase separated polymer blends. It was also found that control of the component polymer molar ratios plays a key role in the miscibility of their coalesced ternary blends. Coalescence of two or more normally immiscible polymers from their common CD–ICs appears to be a general method for obtaining well‐mixed, intimate blends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4182–4194, 2004
Crystallization and structure formation of block copolymers containing a glassy amorphous component
Authors: Takeshita Hiroki , Ishii Naoto , Araki Chie , Miya Masamitsu , Takenaka Katsuhiko , Shiomi Tomoo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFormation of higher‐order structure in crystallization from microphase‐separated melts was studied for polystyrene–polyethylene (PS–PE) diblock copolymers and PS–PE–PS triblock copolymers with time‐resolved synchrotron small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SR–SAXS) techniques. The PE block was crystallized at temperatures when the PS block was in the glassy state. In both crystallization and melting processes, only the peak intensity in the SR–SAXS curve changed, however, the peak positions including higher‐order peaks did not change. This means that the microphase‐structure in the crystalline state was completely the same as that in the molten state. These behaviors were observed regardless of any melt microphase structure. Also, once a stable microphase structure was formed in the molten state, the structure was not changed even if crystallization and melting were repeated. Behavior of crystallization from such microphase‐separated melts was also studied. Apparent activation energies of crystallization were high for all block copolymers, compared with that for the PE homopolymer. In particular, the triblock copolymers showed higher apparent activation energies than the diblock copolymers. Both degrees of crystallinity and Avrami indices were greatly suppressed in crystallization from the cylindrical domain. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4199–4206, 2004