bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John Tyler: The Expelled President
Authors: Cash Jordan T. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
John Tyler served as president from 1841 to 1845 and was the first isolated president. As the first vice president to become president upon the death of his predecessor, Tyler faced questions about his political legitimacy and was soon expelled by his own political party, making him an anomaly of presidential history: the president without a party. Despite these disadvantages, Tyler managed to achieve notable successes in both domestic and foreign policy. This chapter gives an overview of Tyler’s administration, first by noting the state of the presidency in 1841 when Tyler unexpectedly came to office and examining Tyler’s pre-presidential thoughts on executive power. It then moves to Tyler’s presidency, focusing on his actions in domestic policy and then transitioning to discuss his activities in foreign policy. The chapter concludes by evaluating Tyler’s administration through the lens of the presidential roles.
Gerald R. Ford: The Appointed President
Authors: Cash Jordan T. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The final case study centers on Gerald R. Ford, who served as president from 1974 to 1977. Ford is the only president to have never been elected to either the presidency or vice presidency, having been appointed vice president and then made president when Richard Nixon resigned. Ford faced a difficult institutional situation as Democrats held large majorities in both houses of Congress and conservative Republicans vigorously opposed him, resulting in Ronald Reagan running for the Republican presidential nomination against him in 1976. Nonetheless, Ford was successful in significant ways and displays the continuing importance of constitutional presidential power in the modern era. This chapter begins by evaluating the state of the presidency when Nixon resigned and Ford’s own views on executive power prior to becoming chief executive. It then turns to Ford’s presidency, discussing his actions in domestic and foreign policy, before ending with an assessment of his administration.
Dancing with the Devil
Authors: Thomason Krista K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Bad feelings—feelings like anger, envy, spite, and contempt—are widely seen as obstacles to a good life. You’re supposed to do your best not to feel them or to get over them as quickly as you can, otherwise they’ll take over and turn you into a monster. Dancing with the Devil: Why Bad Feelings Make Life Good argues that we don’t have to battle our negative emotions or “channel” them into something productive. Bad feelings are expressions of the attachment you have for yourself and your life. You experience negative emotions because your life matters to you. Bad feelings aren’t obstacles to a good life; they are part of what makes life meaningful.
Taming the Beasts
Authors: Thomason Krista K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter Two introduces the second type of emotional saints: The Cultivated Emotions Saints. These saints argue that we don’t have to get rid of our negative emotions. We just have to train them correctly so that they don’t get out of control. In the history of philosophy, Confucius and Aristotle are representatives of the Cultivated Emotions Saints. Key to their arguments is the idea of emotional cultivation and appropriateness. But we lose something by trying to tame our bad feelings. Our emotions don’t always do what we want them to do, but this can be a good thing. The fact that we don’t feel what we think we should feel doesn’t mean our feelings are wrong. We should listen to what our feelings are trying to tell us rather than trying to make them speak our language.
Spite and Schadenfreude
Authors: Thomason Krista K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Both spite and Schadenfreude involve enjoying other people’s pain. Baruch Spinoza argued that emotions like these are the height of malice and irrationality. This chapter argues instead that they come along with being a self in social life. Schadenfreude is usually directed at people who think they’re above us—the braggarts and show-offs of the world. We laugh when they fail because we recognize that no one is above human folly. We feel spite when people try to boss us around or butt into our business. It might look imprudent or irrational, but we feel it because we want our lives to feel like ours. Even if you’re giving sound advice about my life, I might reject it just so I know the choice I made was really mine.
The Genius of their Age
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Genius of their Age provides an overview of the life and works of Ibn Sina and Biruni from Central Asia. Both thinkers achieved stunning breakthroughs in various fields, such as medicine, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, geography, and physics. Moreover, Biruni and Ibn Sina referenced the works of ancient Greeks and earlier Muslim thinkers to improve their respective canons. While Biruni produced precise measurements of the world, Ibn Sina's grand thesis of medical knowledge became the standard in Europe, the Middle East, and India for the next six centuries. The Genius of Their Age also paints a picture of the Arab enlightenment by considering the age when Muslim scientists and philosophers from Central Asia anticipated the Western renaissance of science by half a millennium.
Promise and Disruption
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the basic training, projects, and apprenticeships of Biruni and Ibn Sina. Both thinkers did not have to find regular employment, so they were free to dive into creative work and take advantage of any opportunities offered to them. Thus, Biruni and Ibn Sina were dependent on individual patronage, but they soon realized that their patrons' interests rarely coincide with their own. The chapter elaborates on some of their projects, such as Ibn Sina's A Compendium of the Soul and On the Rational Soul. It discusses how Biruni continued his academic journey focusing on astronomy, mathematics, and geography. However, the comfort, security, and intellectual freedom ended abruptly as their next period in life was a field of turmoil and strife.
Caught in the Whirlwind
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the radical changes in the lives of Biruni and Ibn Sina. It elaborates on how the collapse of the Samani's family dynasty affected their lives since they were born under the rule and values of Samani. Additionally, the Muslim Caliphate in Baghdad had entered a long period of decline, opening space for Bukhara which became the preeminent center of culture at the heart of Eurasia. The chapter clarifies that the turmoil merely showcases Ibn Sina and Biruni's commitment to their respective studies, which then resulted in their recognition across Central Asia and the Muslim East. Ibn Sina's office job did not stop him from pursuing his medical studies and philosophical treaties, while Biruni resigned himself to live as a pauper just to study under Khujandi, a great mathematician and astronomer.
Ibn Sina, Encyclopedist
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Ibn Sina, who worked as an encyclopedist. It starts with Ibn Sina's arrival in Gorgan and his subsequent job in the financial administration, citing that one of his Gorgan supporters was Abu Muhammad as-Shirazi. Meanwhile, Ibn Sina took in Abu Ubaid al-Juzjani as his student and asked him to create an autobiography covering his life story. The chapter also tackles some of the works Ibn Sina produced while working and Staying in Gorgan, which includes The Origin and Return. It elaborates on Ibn Sina's efforts to write an encyclopedia of medicine and based it on his logical structure, which subsequently resulted in the compendium called The Canon of Medicine.
Biruni’s Encore
Authors: Starr S. Frederick 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the uncertainty in Biruni's life in Ghazni after Mahmud fired his long-serving vizier who quietly protected Biruni. It expounds on the conflict between Muhammad and Masud after their father's health plummeted and triggered fear in the capital. Biruni, after his life improved under Masud's rule, dedicated Masud's Canon and India to Masud. The chapter acknowledges Biruni's highest official function to serve as court astrologer in Ghazni, which led to the advancement of astronomy as an independent science. It notes the correlation between the decline of Biruni's health and Masud's empire. Biruni remains to be an optimist and continued to conduct research until he took his final breath.
Out of the Shadows
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the rise in media coverage and political attention to medical debt in the early 2000s. Articles by The Wall Street Journal in 2003, focused in large part on the aggressive debt collection practices of Yale University’s teaching hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, drew the attention of Congressman James Greenwood. He chaired congressional hearings in which he sought to shame hospitals into being less punitive about debt collection. He highlighted some strange particularities of health care debt, such as the practice by some hospitals of pursuing people for the debts of their spouses. For a time, this spotlight led some hospitals to stop pursuing low-income patients so aggressively. The power of shame was on display, if only for a moment. At the same time, however, lobbyists and legislators were pushing for a new kind of health insurance plan, the high-deductible health insurance plan, which would leave many more Americans at risk of falling into medical debt.
An Incomplete Answer
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Affordable Care Act and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau were designed to remedy some of the problems with medical debt by expanding health insurance coverage and mandating closer enforcement of charity-care rules. The generosity of hospital financial assistance—or lack thereof—was the subject of a large class-action lawsuit against hospitals as well as powerful federal lawmakers. Medical debt did decline in states that expanded Medicaid eligibility, but it remained everywhere a pervasive burden. Still, both aggressive debt collection tactics and third-party debt purchasing have endured. As with many pathologies of American life, the pain of medical debt has followed the fault lines of class, race, and gender.
Chasing the Intact Mind
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In her 2006 memoir Strange Son, Cure Autism Now cofounder Portia Iversen described the “intact mind” she believed was buried within even the most cognitively impaired autistic individuals, like her son Dov. But the sentiment itself was not new. Emerging largely out of psychoanalytic theory dating back to the end of the nineteenth century, the intact mind was amplified in parent memoirs even as biomedical discourse consolidated in the 1970s around a very different depiction of autism: as a biologically based, intractable neurodevelopmental disorder. With as many as 1 out of every 44 American children now affected, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), discourse originally unique to autism has come to inform current debates at the heart of intellectual and developmental disability practice and policy in the United States—including battles over sheltered workshops, guardianship, and facilitated communication. This myopic focus, however, inadvertently reproduces historic patterns of discrimination that yoked human worth to intelligence. Only by making space for the impaired mind will it be possible to resolve these ongoing clashes—as well as even larger questions of personhood, dependency, and care.
Aloneness
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of aloneness according to the works of Donald Winnicott. The Primer shows how an infant internalizes experiences which, although not mentally represented, are stored in the ego and become a form of knowledge. Moreover, Winnicott believes that infants have the sensory illusion of creating their own birth. The chapter explains how foetus evolves from unaliveness to aloneness, a transition that affects perspectives on life and death. It notes the theory of true self, which highlights the distinction between being and aliveness. In The Primer, Winnicott recommends that the infant be allowed to have immediate contact with the mother.
The Uses of Illusion
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers a child’s dream as an illusion. It acknowledges dreams as the transition from the relative safety of the mother’s and father’s domain to the world of sleep. According to Donald Winnicott’s 1951 essay on transitional objects, illusion originates for the infant by virtue of the mothers near 100% adaptation to his needs. The chapter highlights illusion as the foundation of belief wherein the child discovers the value of giving in to faith. It cites how the celebration of the analysand’s communications is a form of interpretation, referencing a case of a little girl using imagery of a spider to express her instincts.
Object Relating
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on how a somatic demand drives the infant to represent a demand, which seemingly creates a corporeal object as a substance and a feeling. It clarifies that substantiality is another way to describe the process of incorporation and differentiate it from introjection. Donald Winnicott claims that his experience of working with mothers and their babies has enabled him to see patterns of relating to objects established in infancy. The chapter notes Winnicott’s suggestion that the baby takes in the mother’s technique of care, which is an act of introjection. It considers the possible effects of the object to give a way of thinking about the actions affecting the psyche.
The Use of an Object
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter notes that Donald Winnicott’s idea of the use of an object bears significance in his theory of object relationships. Winnicott believes there is no clear distinction yet for the baby between what is intended and what takes place. The mother primarily maintains the infant’s determination of division between environment mother and object mother. The chapter considers related theories from Sigmund Freud, Melanie Klein, and Paula Heimann. It expounds on how infants recover from the paranoid-schizoid position through the increasing internalization of a good object, referencing how all infants suffer temporary breakdown into the paranoid-schizoid position similar to adults.
Case Discussions
Authors: Bollas Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the case discussions surrounding working with an autistic child and the object relation of a hysterical patient. It acknowledges the difficulty of recognizing psychotic hysterics as they are so often diagnosed as schizophrenic, which often results in losing the lead on the specificity of hysteria. Meanwhile, faith is often relied on when dealing with autistic children or disturbed children. The chapter clarifies that potential space, regardless of its creation, cures nobody. It follows the narrative of the autistic child Anna through her life, self, and the emerging presence of her father after the death of her mother.
The Politics of Hope and the Politics of Skepticism
Authors: Leshem Oded Adomi , Ushomirsky Ilana , Paul Emma , Halperin Eran 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how hope and skepticism are used by leaders of nations in conflict, adding a top-down perspective to the research on hope amidst conflict. The authors first expand on the politics of hope and the politics of skepticism as strategies used by political elites to mobilize constituents and international actors. The authors then provide a brief history of the implementation of the two strategies by Israeli and Palestinian leaders and hypothesize that Israeli leadership has shifted in recent years to a politics of skepticism. In contrast, Palestinian leadership maintains, at least to some degree, the politics of hope. The analysis of expressions of hope for peace in forty-six speeches delivered by Israeli and Palestinian delegates speaking at the United Nations General Assembly supports our hypothesis. Specifically, Palestinian leaders express their desires for peace more frequently than Israeli leaders. Implications for top-down conflict resolution are discussed.
A Nation of ‘Aryans’?
Authors: Fulbrook Mary 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the normalization of racial discrimination in Germany in the mid-1930s. Social relations were profoundly affected by the legalization of discrimination in the Nuremberg Laws. Those Germans who were defined as Jews by descent (irrespective of self-identification) were deprived of their citizenship status; ‘full Jews’ and ‘half Jews’ were subjected to detailed regulations around permitted marriage partners and other matters including domestic employment. For ‘Aryan’ Germans, conformity now became a matter of compliance with state regulations defining who was in which category, and what this should mean for their own private lives and personal relationships; this therefore also redefined what it meant to be ‘German’. Moreover, younger Germans were increasingly being brought under the influence of Nazi ideology, education and youth organizations. The rifts between distinct communities were more sharply defined and further deepened.
David Spellman
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights one of the passengers of the hijacked Flight 119, David Spellman, who was a man in his mid-twenties seated in first class. Spellman worked as a field auditor in American’s Audit and Security Department and had always been fascinated by airplanes, dreaming of becoming an Air Force pilot when he was growing up. Although Spellman’s poor eyesight denied him his Air Force dream, his work at American kept him connected to airplanes and flight, and flying first class was one of the perks of the job. The chapter details how Spellman, who was moved to halfway back in coach when the passengers were shuffled around by the hijacker, overheard other passengers who planned to take matters into their own hands. As the plane prepared to land in St. Louis, the hijacker threatened to harm the passengers with the machine gun and grenade.
The Switch
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with the American 119 hijacker waiting for his demands to be met, taking nearly an hour for a fuel truck to arrive and another hour for the money and parachutes. It then describes Bob Meredith, an FBI agent with parachuting experience, who demonstrated for the hijacker how to put on the parachute and harness. When the hijacker was satisfied that he had everything he needed, he agreed to let the remaining passengers leave except for one and told that passenger and the stewardesses to move to the cockpit. The hijacked plane got ready to leave St. Louis for the third time after the pilots were replaced by Leroy Berkebile, Art Koester, and undercover pilot Tom Parker. The hijacker ordered the pilots to head to Toronto but not land and then climb back to cruising altitude and fly to Kennedy Airport in New York.
Snipers
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the American 119 hijacker’s plan to change planes. David Spellman, the American Airlines auditor who had volunteered to remain on the plane as a hostage, knew that transferring to the new plane would be the most dangerous part of the hijacking. Special agent in charge Bill Sullivan and his agents on the ground were making plans of their own, should an opportunity to take a shot at the hijacker present itself. The chapter recounts how the FBI had used snipers to take out hijackers before, considering the case of Richard Obergfell. Whether or not he knew the story of how Obergfell had been shot, the hijacker of American 119 was determined not to make the same mistake. When they changed planes, Flight 119 became Flight 821, though later everyone continued to refer to it by its original designation.
A Short History of Parachuting
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a short history of parachuting. Parachuting predates airplanes by more than a century, with the first jumps accomplished from balloons in the 1790s. Thomas S. Baldwin was a contemporary of the Wright brothers and one of the most famous balloonists and parachute jumpers of the time. The queen of early parachuting was Tiny Broadwick. She was among the first to parachute from an airplane, piloted by Glenn Martin, in 1913, and the first to jump with a modern backpack-style parachute a year later. World War II introduced thousands of servicemen to parachuting. Beginning in the 1950s, skydiving became an international sport. Equipment and safety standards improved, so that by the 1970s, parachuting was a recreational activity that just about anyone could try. The jump that the hijacker of American 119 had in mind, however, did not conform to anyone’s idea of safety.
Wheels Up
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts the events before the hijacker of American 119 jumped. Unlike the D.B. Cooper hijacking, this flight was in a cruise configuration, with the landing gear and flaps up. This meant that it could, indeed, had to, fly faster. Once the stairs were down, the hijacker told everyone to move to the cockpit. At 2:53 a.m., everyone in the cockpit felt a bump. The hijacker had jumped, causing the stairs to bounce and the pressure inside the cabin to fluctuate, much as it had when D.B. Cooper bailed out. In the Air Force chase plane, which was behind and above the Boeing 727, agent Ben Weaver, a former Navy pilot, saw “a small dark object” dart past and disappear beneath the wing—it was the hijacker, plummeting earthward.
Survivors
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines some hijacking cases in which the hijackers survived their jumps. It looks at the cases of Richard Charles LaPoint, George Ames (Frederick William Hahneman), and Robb Heady. LaPoint, Hahneman, Heady, and Richard McCoy had all survived their jumps with, at most, only minor injuries. Yet the FBI continued to believe that D.B. Cooper and the hijacker of American 119 had died when they jumped. Like the American 119 hijacker, McCoy and Hahneman eluded capture for some time after they landed. Cooper was never caught. Of the four—LaPoint, Hahneman, Heady, and McCoy—only LaPoint had a criminal record before becoming a hijacker, but they had all been traumatized by their experiences in Vietnam.
The Tip
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the tip given to Detroit Police Department Detective Robert Krichke concerning the hijacking case of American Flight 119. James Pawlzak told Krichke that he knew who the skyjacker was, though he would not give details over the phone and would need to meet him in person. According to Pawlzak, the skyjacker was Martin McNally, who was a friend of another friend of his. However, despite Krichke’s reports, FBI agents Larry Bonney and Richard Farley were unimpressed by his information and told him that the hijacker was almost certainly dead and drowned near Peru, Indiana. Krichke still attempted to stake out McNally’s house before his lieutenant told him to go home.