bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical studies on the distribution and origin of candidate peptidergic primary afferent neurotransmitters in the spinal cord of an elasmobranch fish, the atlantic stingray (Dasyatis sabina)
Authors: Ritchie T. C. , Leonard R. B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe distribution and origin of four peptide neurotransmitter candidates of primary afferents (substance P, SP; somatostatin, SS; cholecystokinin, CCK; and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP) were studied in the stingray with peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemistry. This elasmobranch has virtually no unmyelinated primary afferents, having instead only large and small myelinated afferents. SP‐like immunoreactivity was distributed densely in the superficial aspect of the substantia gelatinosa (SG), particularly laterally, and was scattered in the nucleus proprius, the intermediate zone, and the ventral horn. The distributions of SS‐, CCK‐, and VIP‐like immunoreactivities were similar to each other, but different from that of SP. Stained fibers appeared to issue from a prominent tract in the dorsolateral funiculus to form a plexus at the lateral margin of the nucleus proprius. The fibers spread dorsally and medially through the SG to terminate in a thin band at the superifical margin of the SG. Both SS and CCK were more dense in the lateral third of the SG, while VIP was more diffusely distributed within this structure. The remaining regions of the spinal gray matter contained immunoreactive fibers and terminals in variable densities. Many SS‐positive cell bodies were observed in the ventral horn, in the deep dorsal horn, and in the ependymal layer. CCK‐positive cells were observed in the medial ventral horn, and VIP‐positive cells were observed subjacent to the SG and within the dorsolateral funiculus. After unilateral dorsal rhizotomies, SP‐like immunoreactivity in the SG was depleted, while SP staining elsewhere and all SS, CCK, and VIP staining was indistinguishable from control. Thus all four peptides are present in the stingray spinal cord, although only SP appears to be a candidate primary afferent transmitter.
Physiological response properties of cells labeled intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase in cat ventral cochlear nucleus
Authors: Rhode W. S. , Oertel D. , Smith P. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo determine the correspondence between anatomical and physiological cell types in the ventral cochlear nucleus of the cat, intracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase were made into cells whose extracellular and intracellular responses to sound had been studied.Three identified cells responded to a short tone burst at their characteristic frequencies with an onset pattern. This pattern is characterized by a strong response to the onset of the stimulus. One was an octopus cell. The second cell, located in the octopus‐cell area, was a giant cell with a few somatic spines and thin tapering dendrites; the intracellular record revealed that even in the absence of sound it received continuous synaptic input, while tones at characteristic frequency produced a sustained depolarization. A third cell, which had an onset response at low intensities and a chopper response at high intensities, was a stellate cell located in the intermediate acoustic stria with dendrites oriented parallel to the fiber tract. This cell had an unusually broad dynamic range in response to changes in intensity.Two cells with transient chopper response patterns were stellate cells in the posteroventral cochlear nucleus with many branched and beaded dendrites. Three cells with more sustained chopper response patterns were stellate cells in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus with fewer, less‐branched, smooth dendrites.Two cells with primarylike responses to tones were bushy cells with numerous short, thin, highly branched dendrites in the posterior division of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Intracellular responses to tones at the characteristic frequency consisted of large brief depolarizations, which were not sustained.Another cell, which responded to tones in a phase‐locked fashion, was also located in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. It was a small, stellate cell with relatively few, smooth dendrites.The labeled cells largely support previous attempts at physiological‐morphological correlations: (1) bushy cells exhibit primarylike pattern; (2) stellate cells exhibit chopper patterns; and (3) octopus cells exhibit an onset pattern. It was also demonstrated that more than one cell type can exhibit a particular response pattern.
Afferent and efferent pathways of the vibrissal region of primary motor cortex in the mouse
Authors: Porter Linda L. , White Edward L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe afferent and efferent connections of the vibrissal representation within the mouse primary motor cortex (Msl) were identified by using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and the anterograde transport of tritiated amino acids injected into Msl. Following aldehyde perfusion brains were frozen‐sectioned at 40 μm and reacted for HRP using the 3‐3′ diaminobenzidine‐cobalt chloride technique of Adams (77). Alternate HRP reacted sections were processed for autoradiography.HRP‐filled pyramidal cell somata and concentrations of developed silver grains above background levels were observed in both the vibrissal area of primary somatosensory cortex (SmI) cortex (i.e., the posteromedial barrel subfield; PMBSF cortex) and in the face region of Smll (area 40). In both regions labeled somata occurred predominantly in cortical layers II‐III and V. Autoradiographic label was superimposed over the regions containing labeled soinata but exhibited a less distinct laminar organization.A dense reciprocal projection connected the injection site with the hom‐otopic area in contralateral Msl; somata occurred for the most part in layers III and V. Developed silver grains were uniformly dispersed over the area containing labeled cell bodies. HRP‐labeled pyramidal somata were noted in contralateral PMBSF cortex, but no silver grains occurred in this region.Reciprocal projections linked Msl cortex with the ipsilateral thalamic nuclei: ventralis pars lateralis (VL) and centralis pars lateralis (CL) and with the zona incerta (ZI). Labeled cell bodies and developed silver grains were more dense in VL than in CL. The ipsilateral striatum and thalamic reticular nucleus (NRT) received afferents from the motor cortex but did not project to it.Thus, the vibrissal area of primary motor cortex is connected with a number of cortical and subcortical structures, each of which has been shown to play a role in motor performance. Identification of the afferent and efferent pathways of Msl cortex will now enable further investigation of the ultrastructural and synaptic organization of the vibrissal area of MsI.
The visual cells of the skate retina: Structure, histochemistry, and disc‐shedding properties
Authors: Szamier R. Bruce , Ripps Harris 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEarlier studies have shown that visual function in skate is subserved solely by the rod mechanism and that the retina of this elasmobranch contains only rod photoreceptors. Nevertheless, the skate retina is capable of responding to levels of illumination that extend well into the photopic range, and we have detected in histological sections (usually from younger animals) small, proximally displaced, conelike photoreceptors which possibly represent another class of visual cell. However, ultrastructural and histochem‐ical studies showed that the membranous discs of the outer segments of these cells were isolated from the plasma membrane, and that their synaptic terminals appeared immature and unlike those usually associated with cone receptors. In addition, the pattern of incorporation of 3H‐fucose, as revealed by radioautography, was similar for both the rods and the smaller visual cells; i.e., the label was concentrated along the basal discs of the outer segment. When we examined the disc‐shedding behavior of the visual cells in skates entrained for 2 weeks or longer to a 12‐hour light: 12‐hour dark cycle, enhanced phagocytic activity was seen only following light onset; there was no significant increase following light offset. On the available evidence, it seems reasonable to conclude that the small visual cells are rods that have recently differentiated, and are growing and being incorporated into the photoreceptor layer of the retina.
The neurotrophic analogue of ACTH(4–9) reduces the perineuronal microglial reaction after rat facial nerve crush
Authors: Ulenkate Herman J. L. M. , Verhagen Marc A. M. T. , Gispen Willem‐Hendrik , Jennekens Frans G. I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFollowing peripheral nerve cursh, microglial cells proliferate and migrate to motoneuron cell bodies of the injured nerves. Newly formed glial processes displace nerve terminals from the cell bodies. This process is known as synaptic stripping. In animal models of peripheral nerve diseases, the ACTH(4–9) analogue, ORG2766, was shown to facilitate axonal regeneration and to protect against experimental neuropathy. In the present study we examined the effect of ORG2766 on the microglial reaction. After facial nerve crush, rats were treated with either ORG2766 on the microglial reaction. After facial nerve crush, rats were treated with either ORG2766 (75 μg/kg/48 h) or saline and were killed on day 2–6 after operation. Blind counting of the number of perineuronal glial cells in the facial nucleus was used to assess the effect of ORG2766 treatment on the microglial reaction. In the saline‐treated animals the number of perineuronal glial cells per motoneuron cell body on the curshed side increased significantly. This number increased up to day 5 after operation and decreased significantly from day 5 to 6. After initial increase in the peptide‐treated animals, however, the number of perineuronal glial cells remained constant form day 3 onwards. Hece, on post‐operation days 4 and 5, this number was significantly less than that seen in saline‐treated animals. Microglial cells proliferate, presumably through signalling by injured motoneurons. It is suggested that the decrease in the number of perineuronal glial cells in the ORG2766‐treated animals is the result of a peptide‐induced reduction in the release of mediating signals/cytokines or, alternatively, increased protection of motoneurons by stress proteins. Further research should address the mechanism of action of ORG2766 in animal models of motoneuron disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping the musician brain
Authors: Sergent Justine 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe understanding of the relationships between music and the brain is a legitimate goal of neuroscientific research. In spite of an already large body of experimental investigation, however, the outcome has not been as satisfactory as expected, to the point that some have voiced their incredulity at the feasibility of mapping musical functions onto cerebral structures. There are indeed considerable inconsistencies in the literature bearing on the neurobiological substrates of musical functions. Before giving in to skepticism, though, it is appropriate to examine whether such inconsistencies are unavoidable and a necessary outcome of neuroscientific investigation into musical functions. This paper, therefore, examines some of the reasons that may be responsible for the inconsistencies. Beyond the superficial similarities between language and music, these two domains are functionally distinct, yet neuropsychological research in music and its neurobiological substrates has been modeled after that in verbal language, borrowing concepts and methods that were not entirely suited to the study of musical functions. An examination of the diverse factors inherent in any study of music‐brain relationships reveals a variety of potential sources of difficulties, which, if properly controlled, would guarantee higher consistency and enhance the reliability of experimental findings. It is thus suggested that progress in understanding music‐brain relationships may result from (1) explicitly outlining the structural cognitive architecture of musical functions; (2) formulating the problems in terms of underlying operations rather than in terms of vague and unspecified dichotomic views of hemisphere processing; (3) designing experiments that are musically valid and coherent, and that do not lend themselves to multiple strategies; (4) setting up appropriate controls to ensure that subjects are performing as expected; (5) restricting the investigation to musically literate individuals; (6) selecting, among such individuals, a homogeneous set of subjects sharing common musical abilities; and (7) using investigatory techniques that yield reliable evidence of local cerebral involvement in realizing the tasks under study. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Der Zusammenhang von Kalium‐ und Kohlehydratstoffwechsel bei der Hefe
Authors: Pulver R. , Verzár F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract1. Zwischen Kohlehydratstoffwechsel und Kaliumstoffwechsel der Hefezelle besteht ein enger Zusammenhang. In der ersten Phase der Gärung, bei der Glucose‐Aufnahme und Polysaccharidbildung, nimmt 1 g Hefe mit 10 mg Glucose etwa 0,5 mg Kalium auf. Wenn nach etwa 10 Minuten die Kohlendioxydbildung beginnt, wird Kalium wieder abgegeben, so lange die Gärung dauert.
Die Wirkungen einiger kreislaufaktiver Substanzen auf Fermente
Authors: Schär‐Wüthrich Bertha 
Published: December 2004

Abstract1. Die Imidazoline Privin, Otrivin und Priscol hemmen in der angeführten Reihenfolge die Monamin‐oxydase im Substrat‐Inhibitor‐Verhältnis von ea. 1 : 1, die Diamin‐oxydase 1 : 10, die Cholin‐esterase des Serums 1 : 100.
Formule glycoprotéidique du plasma sanguin
Authors: Jayle M.‐F. , Judas O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLe sucre protéldique se répartit en trois fractions principales dans le sérum sanguin. La première est représentée par un polyholoside qui précipite à 0,75 M du mélange de phosphates et nous émettons l'hypothèse selon laquelle ce mucoïde F se détacherait de la molécule de fibrinogène au moment de la coagulation.
Sur deux trichloro‐anisidines
Authors: de Traz Clément 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLa 2,5,6‐trichloro‐p‐anisidine (−OCH31) obtenue de manière certaine par la synthèse proposée, diffère de la x,x,x‐trichloroanisidine de M. et F. cette dernière est donc la 2,3,5‐trichloro‐panisidine.
Eine Dialysierkolonne zur Zerlegung von Gemischen niedermolekularer Stoffe. 2. Mitteilung: Die Berechnung von Dialysierkolonnen
Authors: von Tavel P. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract1. Die Wirkungsweise der Signer'schen Dialysierkolonne lässt sich berechnen. In einer einzelnen Dialysierzelle, wie sie mehrfach in der Dialysierkolonne enthalten ist, wird die Durchlässigkeitkonstante der Zelle für jede Komponente bestimmt. Mit den angegebenen Formeln können, wie in einem Beispiel gezeigt worden ist, die Ausbeute, die Dialysatmenge für jede Komponente und die Anreicherung berechnet werden.
Synthèse de l'acide ptéroysulfo‐L(+)‐glutamique
Authors: Viscontini Max , Meier Jean 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNous avons effectué la synthèse de l'acide ptéroylsulfoglutamique, produit semblable à l'acide folique, dans lequel le noyau benzoylé est remplacé par un noyau benzosulfoné. Cette synthèse a été effectuée avec la réductone comme produit intermédiaire.
Über die Oxydation von 3‐Oxyanthranilsäure durch Leberhomogenat
Authors: Viollier G. , Süllmann H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract3‐Oxyanthranilsäure, ein Zwischenprodukt bei der Bildung von Nikotinsäure aus Tryptophan, wird duch homogenisierte Rattenlberoxydiert. Das wirksame Enzym findet sich im Rückstand des zentrifugierten Homogenats. Es ist hitze‐ und cyanidempfindlich. Die Oxydation führt zu einem tief rot gefärbten Produkt. Kohlendioxyd und Ammoniak entstehen bei dieser Oxydation nicht.
Glykoside aus den Samen von Adenium multiflorum Kl.. Glykoside und Aglykone, 64. Mitteilung
Authors: Hunger A. , Reichstein T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Isolierung einer besonders wirksamen rohen Glykosidase aus den Samen von Adenium multiflorum Kl. wird beschrieben.
Über Andrographolid
Authors: Schwyzer R. , Biswas H. G. , Karrer P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Konstitutionsaufklärung des Andrographolids, eines Bitterstoffes der indischen Medizinalpflanze Andrographis paniculata Nees. Verschiedene, in der früheren Literatur vorkommende Widersprüche und Unstimmigkeiten konnten dabei abgeklärt werden.
Eine interferometrische Mikro‐Methode für Diffusionsmessungen
Authors: Labhart H. , Lotmar W. , Schmid P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEs werden Diffusionsmessungen mit einem interferometrischen Mikro‐Elektrophoreseapparat der Firma Kern & Co. beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse an zwei Testsubstanzen (Kaliumchlorid und Saccharose) stimmen auf 1,5% mit den Literaturwerten überein. Eine einfache Auswertemethode der erhaltenen Diagramme wird angegeben, sowie ein Vergleich mit andern Messmethoden gezogen.
Recherches sur la formation et les transformations des esters. II. Sur l'hydrolyse des esters phosphoriques et celle des esters en général
Authors: Cherbuliez Emile , Leber Jean‐Pierre 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFrom the study of the hydrolytic splitting of phosphoric esters the authors conclude that the saponification of an ester containing a hemipolar oxygen atom, and in which the acyl function is saturated in coordinative valency, proceeds by the intervention of a cation which fixes itself on this oxygen atom, thus giving rise to the formation of a complex cation. The further reaction may take place along the two following paths:

By interposition an anion replaces one OR− group of the complex; this OR− ion fixes a proton and gives ROH.
By dissociation one of the OR groups of the cation loses one R radical thus forming the compound “R‐anion”. The oxygen involved becomes hemipolar.
Recherches sur la formation et les transformations des esters. III. De l'action catalysatrice de l'ion calcium sur l'hydrolyse alcaline des esters et anhydrides phosphoriques. Sur la formation du phosphate quaternaire de calcium
Authors: Cherbuliez E. , Leber J.‐P. , Stucki P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe calcium ion is acting as a very active catalyst in the alcaline hydrolysis of pyrophosphoric acid, poly‐ and metaphosphoric acids, of ethylphosphate, ethyl pyrophosphate (splitting of the POP bond) as well as in the alcoholysis of the latter. We suggest that there may be a relation between this phenomenon and the fact that tricalcium phosphate is able to fix still one equivalent of calcium ion, giving tetrabasic calcium phosphate (PO4Ca2)OH. If this view is justified, the catalytic activity of calcium ion is a confirmation of the mechanism we have admitted for the hydrolysis of phosphoric esters (and anhydride functions).
Zur Kenntnis der Triterpene. 190. Mitteilung. Eine stereochemische Interpretation der biogenetischen Isoprenregel bei den Triterpenen
Authors: Eschenmoser A. , Ruzicka L. , Jeger O. , Arigoni D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe biogenetic isoprene rule in its application to the triterpenes is discussed from a stereochemical standpoint. On the basis of a well defined system of arbitrary assumptions a scheme has been developed leading from squalene to the formulae of the basic representatives of all known cyclic triterpene groups ‐ i.e. euphol, tirucallol, lupeol, taraxasterol, germanicol, β‐amyrin, taraxerol, friedelin, α‐amyrin, lanosterol ‐ in their full structural and configurational detail. This result is considered to support the squalene hypothesis of the biogenesis of cyclic triterpenes.
Über eine neue Synthese von Citral und verwandten Verbindungen
Authors: Saucy G. , Marbet R. , Lindlar H. , Isler O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new method for the preparation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes and α,β;γ,δ‐unsaturated ketones is described. The method is based upon the rearrangement of acetates of tertiary ethynyl carbinols to allenic acetates in the presence of acetic acid and silver or copper catalyst; partial conversion of the allenic acetates to diacetates takes place under the reaction conditions. In some cases enol acetates could be isolated.
Vollautomatische Anlage zur gleichzeitigen Bestimmung von Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff und Stickstoff in organischen Verbindungen an Milligramm‐ und Submilligramm‐Mengen unter Verwendung einer selbstintegrierenden Wärmeleitfähigkeitsmessmethodik
Authors: Clerc J. T. , Dohner R. , Sauter W. , Simon W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn analyser for the simultaneous determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in organic compounds is described. The samples are burned in a static system in oxygen and the combustion products are determined using a self‐integrating thermal conductivity method. Up to 16 previously weighed samples of 0.5 ÷ 2.0 mg are analysed without any manual help and the results are presented in digital form. One determination takes between 7 and 13 minutes. At present the standard error of a single determination is 0.20, 0.08 and 0.30% (absolute) for carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, respectively, but these figures may easily be improved by minor modifications.
Polarographie an Festelektroden V. Adsorptionskonkurrenz in binären metallischen Monoschichten an Festelektroden
Authors: Schmidt E. , Gygax H. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe simultaneous reduction of binary mixtures of the depolarizers Tl+, Pb2+, and Bi3+ from aqueous solutions on the surface of Ag‐ and Cu‐electrodes is studied chronoamperometrically in view of the behaviour of the metallic monolayer, using a chamber type cell. The current balance of the electrode reaction is verified by coulometrical evaluation of the chronoamperograms.
Photochemische Cycloadditionen von 3‐Phenyl‐2H‐azirinen mit kumulierten Doppelbindungen. Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Jackson B. , Gakis N. , Märky M. , Hansen H.‐J. , von Philipsborn W. , Schmid H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIrradiation of 2‐methyl‐ (1c) and 2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐phenyl‐2H‐azirine (1d) in benzene solution in the presence of carbon dioxide yields 2‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐ (3c) and 2,2‐dimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐3‐oxazolin‐5‐one (3d), respectively. Similar cycloadducts are observed (see table) when 2,3‐diphenyl‐2H‐azirine (1b) and 1d are irradiated in the presence of phenylisocyanate, o‐tolylisocyanate, phenylisothiocyanate or di‐o‐tolyl‐carbodiimide.
Ionisation Energies and the Electronic Structures of the N‐oxides of diazabenzenes
Authors: Maier John P. , Muller Jean‐François , Kubota Tanekazu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe ionisation energies and the HeI photoelectron spectra of the N‐oxides of diazabenzenes are presented. The valence electronic structures of the N‐oxides are discussed in view of the ionisation energies, and the profiles, of the bands. The interpreted data are compared to calculations which are in good agreement. The results are correlated to the physicochemical studies, and particularly to the electronic absorption spectroscopy, of the N‐oxides. The assignment of the photoelectron spectra of the azabenzenes are considered with reference to the spectra of their N‐oxides.
The Reduction of Some 1, 2‐Epoxides with Lithium Aluminium Hydride. Preliminary Communication
Authors: Mihailović Milhailo Lj. , Andrejević Vladimir , Milovanović Jovan , Janković Jovan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe factors influencing the ease of the lithium aluminium hydride reduction of various 1,2‐epoxycycloalkanes and 1,2‐epoxyalkanes are described and discussed.
Neutraler Ionophor für Flüssigmembranelektroden mit hoher Selektivität für Natrium‐ gegenüber Kalium‐Ionen
Authors: Güggi Marc , Oehme Michael , Pretsch Ernö , Simon Wilhelm 
Published: December 2004

Neutral Ionophore for Liquid Membrane Electrodes of High Selectivity for Sodium Over Potassium Ions.The preparation of a neutral ion carrier suitable as a component for liquid membrane electrodes is described. These sensors may be used for the potentiometric determination of sodium ion activities with a discrimination of potassium ions by a factor of up to 250.