bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetal Development of the Human Tympanic Ossicular Chain Articulations
Authors: Whyte J.R. , González L. , Cisneros A.I. , Yus C. , Torres A. , Sarrat R. 
Published: April 2003

<i>Objectives:</i> To obtain further knowledge on the morphogenesis of the articulations in the tympanic ossicular chain in humans. <i>Material and Methods:</i> In 25 temporal bones of human fetuses the structural development of incudomallear, incudostapedial and stapediovestibular articulations was studied. The chronological ages were between the 7th week (21 mm) and the 29th week (270 mm). <i>Results and Discussion:</i> Incudomallear articulation showed diarthrosis and sellar joint characteristics. It showed a homogenous interzone in the 7th week of development, a three-layered interzone in the 8th week, the first cavitation signs in the 9th week and the presence of an articular cavity in the 10th week. The presence of a hyaline cartilage covering articular surfaces was observed starting in the 20th week of development. Incudostapedial articulation showed typical characteristics of a diarthrosis and spheroidal joint with a homogenous interzone at the 7th week, showing similar characteristics for 12 weeks, and completed its cavitation at the 16th week. We observed hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces from 29 weeks. Stapediovestibular articulation showed typical characteristics of syndesmosis. The annular ligament primordium derived from cartilage differentiation, both from stapedial footplate and from the surrounding otic capsule, into mesenchyme and its subsequent transformation into fibrous tissue, reaching definitive characteristics from the 12th week.
Exanthems in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: Concordance between Pediatric and Dermatological Diagnoses
Authors: Soriano-Hernández Yaara L. , Orozco-Covarrubias Luz , Tamayo-Sánchez Lourdes , Durán-McKinster Carola , Sosa-de-Martínez Cristina , Ruiz-Maldonado Ramón 
Published: April 2003

<i>Background:</i> Exanthems in children often represent a diagnostic challenge. <i>Purpose:</i> To determine the concordance between pediatric and dermatological diagnoses of exanthems. <i>Design:</i> Prospective study. <i>Procedure:</i> Exanthems that appeared in hospitalized pediatric patients were diagnosed by pediatricians. Pediatric dermatologists, by consensus, either confirmed or modified the diagnoses. Whenever possible, laboratory tests were used to confirm the final clinical diagnoses. Age and evolution were compared with the Kruskal-Wallis test; the ĸ coefficient was used to determine concordance. <i>Setting:</i> Institutional tertiary referral pediatric care center. <i>Results:</i> Concordance between pediatric and dermatological diagnoses was found in only 44 patients. When pediatric and dermatological diagnoses of exanthems were classified, the concordance between both diagnoses was very low (ĸ = 0.165). <i>Conclusions:</i> Pediatric specialists, other than dermatologists, failed to diagnose common skin diseases. This may be a consequence of insufficient training in dermatology by medical schools and pediatric residency.
Hyperosmolality Induced by Betaine or Urea Stimulates Endothelin Synthesis by Differential Activation of ERK and p38 MAP Kinase in MDCK Cells
Authors: Kramer H.J. , Hashemi T. , Bäcker A. , Bokemeyer D. 
Published: April 2003

We have previously shown that cultured porcine inner medullary collecting duct cells produce endothelin (ET) which suppressed arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation in an autocrine/paracrine feedback-like fashion. Moreover, hyperosmolality, e.g. induced by sodium chloride and urea, stimulated ET synthesis. Since others showed that hyperosmolality also activates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and that p38 MAP kinase facilitates cellular influx of betaine to protect the cell from high extracellular solute (urea) concentrations, we were tempted to investigate a potential interaction of MAP kinases with ET production in cultured MDCK cells in response to extracellular hyperosmolality induced by betaine and urea, respectively. Increased extracellular tonicity (602 ± 8 vs. control of 323 ± 3 mosmol/kg H<sub>2</sub>O) induced by betaine stimulated ERK and, more strongly, p38 kinase activity at 0.5–2 h of incubation with a rise in ET-1 synthesis to 1,713 ± 68 vs. 378 ± 51 fmol/mg protein/24 h under control conditions (p < 0.01). The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 suppressed the rise in betaine-induced ET-1 synthesis by 91% to 494 ± 38 fmol/mg protein/24 h, whereas the MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 suppressed it moderately by 34%. Hypertonicity induced by urea moderately stimulated ERK but not p38 MAP kinase activity at 0.5–2 h and at 24–48 h and resulted in a modest rise in ET-1 synthesis to 681 ± 61 fmol/mg protein/24 h (p < 0.05) which was significantly suppressed by U0126 to 484 ± 16 fmol/mg protein/24 h. These results suggest that a functional interaction between the MAP kinases ERK and p38 MAP kinase and ET-1 synthesis is involved in betaine’s protection of MDCK cells in vitro which may represent an in vivo mechanism of protection from hyperosmotic stress induced by high extracellular solute concentrations.
Who Develops Acute Stress Disorder after Accidental Injuries?
Authors: Kjær Fuglsang Annette , Moergeli Hanspeter , Hepp-Beg Sofia , Schnyder Ulrich 
Published: April 2003

<i>Background:</i> Acute stress disorder (ASD) is still a much discussed diagnosis, and research on predictors of ASD is sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of ASD in a random sample of accident victims and to investigate the associations between different independent variables and ASD symptomatology with the objective to find a regression model best explaining the variance in ASD symptom level. <i>Methods:</i> We collected a randomized sample of hospitalized accident victims (n = 323). ASD was assessed using the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire and the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Correlations and multiple regression analyses were computed with four groups of variables. This yielded the variables entered into a final multiple regression analysis. <i>Results:</i> Thirteen patients (4.0%) met all criteria for a diagnosis of ASD. Thirty-two patients (9.9%) met the criteria for a diagnosis of subsyndromal ASD. Thirty-eight percent of the variance in ASD symptom level was explained with a regression model including stay at the intensive care unit, preexisting psychiatric disorder, sense of coherence, sense of death threat, appraisal of accident severity, preventability of the accident by others, pain and appraisal of coping ability regarding physical recovery. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study furthers the discussion about the requirements for the ASD diagnosis. It also points to the importance of not only assessing objective accident-related variables in the aftermath of an accident but also of giving more consideration to the subjective experience and appraisal of the accident in the prevention of ASD.
Morphological Analysis of Iodoacetic Acid-Induced Cataract in the Rat
Authors: Matsumoto Miho , Morita Tetsuya , Hirayama Saori , Uga Shigekazu , Shimizu Kimiya 
Published: April 2003

<i>Purpose:</i> To clarify the mechanism underlying the development of cataract in the rat lens after intraperitoneal administration of iodoacetic acid (IAA). <i>Methods:</i> (1) The 2% IAA dissolved in saline solution was injected at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight into the rat peritoneal cavity. The retina and lens were intermittently extirpated and were examined by light and electron microscopy. (2) Two kinds of tracer, Evans blue (EB) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP), were injected into the tail veins and anterior chamber, and were observed with dissecting and electron microscopes. <i>Results:</i> (1) Four weeks after administration, a part of the lens epithelium at the lateral side of the lens was degenerated, and the lens nucleus developed faint turbidity after 8 weeks. After 16 weeks, the nuclear turbidity could not be observed because mild cortical opacity was developing. The epithelial degeneration recovered from around 12 weeks, and instead of spherical nuclei, elliptical nuclei appeared. (2) The EB dye injected into the tail vein significantly stained the ciliary body, where the anterior and posterior ciliary arteries anastomosed. EB injected from the lateral side of the lens was seen to move towards the lens nucleus. Electron microscopically, the epithelial degeneration of the ciliary body was observed. The incorporated HRP substance was found in the cytoplasm of the nonpigmented cells of the ciliary epithelium at an early stage after IAA administration. <i>Conclusion:</i> IAA injected intravenously first developed epithelial degeneration at the lateral side of the lens. This change induced swelling of the lens fibers in the lens nucleus. Recovered epithelial cells had a transformed nucleus, and in turn the cortical cataract was induced by a differentiation disorder of the lens fibers. These results indicate that the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier in the nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary body is a trigger to cause the cataract. The IAA-induced cataract may be useful as an animal model of human age-related cataract.
Transendothelial Transport of Low-Density Lipoprotein and Albumin Across the Rat Peritoneum in vivo: Effects of the Transcytosis Inhibitors NEM and Filipin
Authors: Rosengren Bert-Inge , Al Rayyes Osama , Rippe Bengt 
Published: April 2003

This study was performed to investigate the mechanisms responsible for the transport of albumin and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) across capillary walls in vivo. To separate transcytosis from passive, ‘porous’ transport, we tested the effects of the transcytosis inhibitors N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and filipin given intraperitoneally on the peritoneal capillary clearance of LDL and albumin in anesthetized rats undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Radiolabeled human albumin or LDL was given intra-arterially, and <sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA was infused intravenously. A 2-hour peritoneal dialysis dwell was performed using 16 ml of conventional 1.36% glucose-based dialysis fluid. The clearance of LDL and albumin to the dialysate and the peritoneal mass transfer coefficient for <sup>51</sup>Cr-EDTA were assessed. Following intraperitoneal NEM incubations (0.5–5 m<i>M</i>), there were marked increases in the peritoneal transport of albumin and LDL for NEM doses exceeding 1 m<i>M</i>. For lower NEM doses, there were no reductions in clearance. Filipin incubations (0.2–4 µg/ml) did not affect the clearance of either macromolecule. In conclusion, neither NEM nor filipin caused reductions in albumin or LDL clearance across the peritoneal capillaries. The present data clearly show that NEM and filipin are unsuitable as transcytosis inhibitors in vivo.
Coordination of Histamine H<sub>3</sub> Receptor Antagonists with Human Adrenal Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
Authors: Yang Richard , Hey John A. , Aslanian Robert , Rizzo Charles A. 
Published: April 2003

Optical difference spectroscopy was used to identify and quantify human adrenal microsomal and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme interactions with the histamine H<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists thioperamide, clobenpropit and ciproxifan. Addition of these structurally diverse imidazole H<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists to cytochrome-P450-containing human adrenal microsomal and mitochondrial preparations resulted in concentration-dependent type II optical difference spectra. Respective spectral dissociation constants (K<sub>S</sub>) for the drug interactions with human adrenal microsomal and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 were 1.5 and 1.6 µmol/l for thioperamide, 3.1 and 0.28 µmol/l for clobenpropit and 0.10 and 0.11 µmol/l for ciproxifan. The three compounds demonstrated a similar activity profile in cytochrome-P450-containing bovine adrenal microsomal and mitochondrial preparations. Findings indicate direct coordination of these imidazole-containing H<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonists with the heme moiety of human adrenal cytochrome P450 isozymes.
Michael Adducts of Palmitoylascorbic Acid: Effects on the Oxidative Burst of Neutrophils and the Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Monocytes
Authors: Gütschow Michael , Hauschildt Sunna , Benard Stefan , Reichl Sabine , Witt Uta G. , Eger Kurt , Arnhold Jürgen 
Published: April 2003

The effects of Michael adducts of 6-O-palmitoyl-<i>L</i>-ascorbic acid (compounds 1–4) on the phosphorylation-dependent response of stimulated monocytes and neutrophils was investigated. The pyranosyl derivative 3 increased the production of tumor necrosis factor-α in human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Compound 3 also enhanced the release of tumor necrosis factor-α from nonstimulated monocytes. Michael adducts 1–4 inhibited the formation of reactive oxygen species in fMLP-stimulated human neutrophils as measured by luminol chemiluminescence. Treatment with 6-O-palmitoyl-<i>L</i>-ascorbic acid (compound 5) also led to a decreased luminescence response of neutrophils. Results are discussed with respect to the inhibitory activity of Michael adducts of ascorbic acids towards protein phosphatases PP1/PP2A.
Standard Heparin versus Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
Authors: Stefoni Sergio , Cianciolo Giuseppe , Donati Gabriele , Colì Luigi , La Manna Gaetano , Raimondi Concettina , Dalmastri Vittorio , Orlandi Valentina , D’Addio Francesca 
Published: April 2003

<i>Background:</i> To compare standard heparin (SH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in terms of anticoagulation, platelet activation and lipid metabolism, we selected 54 patients who had been on 4-hour hemodialysis three times weekly for at least 12 months, without bleeding disorders or dyslipidemic diseases. 28 were on hemodialysis with Polysulfone low-flux, 26 were on hemodiafiltration with Polysulfone high-flux. All patients underwent EPO. <i>Methods:</i> During the first 18 months, we administered SH 1,500 IU on starting dialysis and 1,500 ± 500 IU in continuous intradialytic infusion per session. In the following 18 months, we administered LMWH 64.6 IU/kg on starting dialysis in a single arterious bolus. We assessed aPTT, anti-factor Xa activity, TAT and FPA, β-TG and PF4. Blood samples were taken monthly at times 0, 30, 60, 180 and 240 min, as well as 1, 4 and 20 h after dialysis end. Predialysis cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) were checked monthly. <i>Results:</i> During both LMWH and SH sessions no clotting or major bleeding complications were observed. APTT with LMWH was lower than that found with SH (p < 0.001); aFXa using LMWH was higher than when using SH (p < 0.001); TAT and FPA were lower in LMWH sessions (p < 0.01) than in SH sessions. We also detected lower β-TG (p < 0.05) and PF4 levels (p < 0.05) using LMWH than using SH. As regards lipids, we only observed a significant decrease in triglycerides after 18 months of LMWH treatment. <i>Conclusions:</i> Routine use of LMWH during hemodialysis affords a safe and effective alternative to SH, and causes reduced platelet activation.
Decreased Phagocytic Capacity of Cord Blood Monocytes in Second- and Third-Born Multiplets
Authors: Pomberger Gerhard , Hallwirth Ulrike , Strohmer Heinz , Spittler Andreas , Wald Martin , Zaknun Daniela 
Published: April 2003

<i>Objective:</i> To assess the risk to second- and third-borns of developing perinatal infections based on a diminished first-line immune response in comparison to the first-born. <i>Study Design:</i> 11 sets of twins and 2 sets of triplets (27–39 weeks of gestation, 740–3,560 g birth weight) admitted consecutively to our neonatal care unit were investigated. All were delivered by cesarean section. Phagocytosis and the expression of TNF-α and IL-1 in cord blood were determined immediately and 72 h after birth from peripheral blood monocytes by FACS analysis and ELISA. <i>Results:</i> In all second- and third-borns, phagocytosis of cord blood monocytes was significantly decreased in comparison to the first-borns (p < 0.001, p < 0.015). 72 h after birth phagocytosis determined from peripheral blood showed no significant difference between the first-borns and the second- and third-borns. Cytokine expression revealed no significant differences dependent on birth order. <i>Conclusion:</i> We suggest that the observed temporarily diminished first-line immune response of second- and third-born multiplets might be the result of a short-term reduced cellular oxygenation during delivery, but has no influence on further immunological deficiency leading to a higher risk of perinatal infections.
LiCl Attenuates M<sub>1</sub>AChR-Mediated Intrathecal Pilocarpine-Induced Reciprocal Hindlimb Scratching in Mice
Authors: Martinez Rebecca P. , Raffa Robert B. 
Published: April 2003

Pretreatment of mice with a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of LiCl (1, 3, 10 mmol/kg) 18 h prior to testing produced dose-related attenuation of the reciprocal hindlimb scratching (RHS) response induced by intrathecal (i.t.) administration of pilocarpine. LiCl (10 mmol/kg, 424 mg/kg) pretreatment shifted the pilocarpine (2 µg)-induced RHS dose-response curve about 5-fold to the right compared to vehicle-injected controls (ED<sub>50</sub> = 2.97 and 0.56 µg, respectively). Coadministration of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>; 5, 10, 20 µg), but not inositol hexaphosphate (0.03–3 µg), myo-inositol (10 µg) or EDTA (1.33 µg), produced dose-related reversal of the LiCl effect. IP<sub>3</sub> administration alone neither produced RHS nor enhanced the pilocarpine-induced RHS in animals not pretreated with LiCl. These findings provide in vivo evidence for a possible link between RHS and a LiCl-sensitive, possibly phosphoinositide-related, effector pathway.
Renoprotection following Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism with Percutaneous Ethanol Injection in Pre-Dialysis Patients
Authors: Chen Han-Hsiang , Chen Yi-Chou , Yeh Jui-Chi 
Published: April 2003

What could be done for patients with chronic renal failure are marginally beneficial. Among 58 pre-dialysis patients, we found 24 of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) with serum creatinine >5 mg/dl and intact parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) >200 pg/ml. In this study, we determined if the residual renal function could be preserved when hyperparathyroidism was corrected by either low-dose calcitriol treatment or ethanol injection. The 58 CGN patients were divided into three groups. The first group, which comprised 11 cases with i-PTH >200 pg/ml and had parathyroid mass, were treated by ultrasonography-guided percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT). The second study group composed of 13 cases with i-PTH >200 pg/ml without parathyroid mass were treated by calcitriol 1 µg every other day. The third group made up of 34 cases with i-PTH <200 pg/ml, who did not receive calcitriol or ethanol therapy. All patients were followed up within 2 years or until dialysis. The average rate of decline in renal function (slope of reciprocal serum creatinine vs. time) was 0.0025 ± 0.0026 dl/mg month in group 1, 0.0054 ± 0.0024 in group 2, and 0.0067 ± 0.0025 in group 3 (p = 0.018 in group 1 vs. group 2, p < 0.001 in group 1 vs. group 3). The declines of i-PTH, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase, and the increase of calcium were all significantly different between group 1 and group 3. Two cases of group 1, 6 cases of group 2, and 20 cases of group 3 entered into dialysis during this study. In conclusion, selective PEIT guided by color Doppler flow mapping is an effective therapy for treating hyperparathyroidism and protecting the residual renal function.
Potential of Sanguiin H-6 against Oxidative Damage in Renal Mitochondria and Apoptosis Mediated by Peroxynitrite in vivo
Authors: Yokozawa Takako , Chen Cui Ping , Rhyu Dong Young , Tanaka Takashi , Park Jong Cheol , Kitani Kenichi 
Published: April 2003

Potential of sanguiin H-6, a component of Sanguisorbae Radix, to protect against oxidative damage in renal mitochondria and apoptosis mediated by peroxynitrite (ONOO<sup>–</sup>) was examined using a model in which rats were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then subjected to renal ischemia followed reperfusion (LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion). Ischemia-reperfusion was achieved by occluding bilateral renal artery for 60 min and then releasing for 350 min. At 50 min after ischemia started, LPS was injected intravenously. LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion induced a large amount of 3-nitrotyrosine, an oxidative product of protein that is produced via ONOO<sup>–</sup> nitration, which was not detectable in normal group. Oxidative damage of mitochondria was indicated by an accumulated thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-reactive substance, glutathione (GSH) depletion and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) inactivation in the mitochondria. Treatment of rats with sanguiin H-6 (10 mg/kg body weight/day) for 30 days prior to LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion attenuated the oxidative damage in the mitochondria. The amount of TBA-reactive substance was decreased and the GSH levels significantly increased as compared with that in control group. However, its effect on GSH-Px activity was much weaker. Apoptosis induced by LPS plus ischemia-reperfusion was detected by fluorescence staining, TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling and electrophoretic analysis. Sanguiin H-6 appeared to inhibit apoptosis, and this was associated with the suppression of caspase-3 activity. These beneficial effects of sanguiin H-6 against oxidative damage in mitochondria and apoptosis contributed to the improvement in renal function by reversing the elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine caused by ONOO<sup>–</sup>.
Novel Candidate Genes for Atherosclerosis Are Identified by Representational Difference Analysis-Based Transcript Profiling of Cholesterol-Loaded Macrophages
Authors: Andersson Tove , Boräng Stina , Larsson Magnus , Wirta Valtteri , Wennborg Anders , Lundeberg Joakim , Odeberg Jacob 
Published: April 2003

<i>Objectives:</i> To analyze the early gene expression in macrophages accompanying the phenotypic changes into foam cells upon exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. To identify candidate genes and markers for further studies into the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. <i>Methods:</i> Cells of the monocytic cell line THP-1 were activated by PMA and exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Gene expression profiles were investigated after 24 h, using a solid phase cDNA representational difference analysis (RDA) method and shotgun sequencing. Results were verified by microarray hybridization, and analyzed in the virtual chip display of a novel software tool for transcript profile exploration. <i>Results:</i> By comparing transcript profiles of exposed/unexposed cells, 1,984 transcript sequences, representing a total of 921 genes with altered expression levels in response to oxidized low-density lipoprotein exposure, were identified. Genes that are central to cell cycle control and proliferation, inflammatory response, and of pathways not previously implicated in atherosclerosis were identified. The data obtained is also made available on-line at http:// biobase.biotech.kth.se/thp1a for further exploration. <i>Conclusion: </i>The identification of new candidate genes for atherosclerotic disease through RDA-based transcript profiling facilitates further functional genomic studies in coronary artery disease. Candidate genetic polymorphism markers of potential clinical relevance can be identified by filtering information in genome variation databases through the virtual chip analysis of the transcript profiles and subsequently tested in association studies.