bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The production of organic nitrates from atmospheric oxidation of ethers and glycol ethers
Authors: Espada Cyntia , Shepson Paul B. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe production of organic nitrates from OH reaction (in the presence of NO) with methoxy propane, 1‐methoxy‐2‐propanol, ethoxy butane, and 2‐butoxyethanol was studied. The measured total organic nitrate yields were 1.8 (±0.4)%, 0.98 (±0.2)%, 7.7 (±2)%, and 9.6 (±1)%, respectively. The total organic nitrate yield for methoxypropane is 26% of that (7.0%) for n‐butane. The organic nitrate yield for ethoxy butane is 55% of that (14%) for n‐hexane. The peroxy radicals produced from OH reaction with the methylene groups α to the ether linkage have an organic nitrate branching ratio (k3b/k3) value ∼50% of those in analogous n‐alkanes. On the other hand, k3b/k3 values for peroxy radical functional groups not adjacent to the ether linkage (in γ and δ positions) are on average 1.7 times greater than for the analogous n‐alkyl peroxy radicals. The organic nitrate formation yield for 1‐methoxy‐2‐propanol is almost half that of methoxy propane, while for 2‐butoxyethanol it is 21% greater than that of butoxyethane. Our data lead us to the conclusion that the ether linkage imparts an inductive effect that decreases the value of k3b/k3 for peroxy radicals adjacent to it, yet has a stabilizing effect, from the additional vibrational modes for those peroxy radicals not adjacent to it, increasing their k3b/k3 values. The effect of both the O and OH groups in these molecules and the importance of their position relative to the peroxy group are discussed in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 686–699, 2005
Two new dammarane triterpenoids from Kageneckia angustifolia D. Don
Authors: López‐Pérez José Luis , Erazo Silvia , Delporte Carla , Negrete Rosa , Muñoz Orlando , García Rubén , Backhouse Nadine , San Feliciano Arturo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTwo new dammarane triterpenoids, 20R,21‐epoxydammar‐24‐ene‐3,23‐dione and 20R,21‐epoxy‐3β‐hydroxydammar‐24‐ene‐23‐one have been isolated from the aerial parts of Kageneckia angustifolia D. Don, Rosaceae, along with the previously reported triterpenoids oleanolic acid and 3β‐(β‐D‐glucosyloxy)‐16α,23α‐epoxycucurbita‐5,24‐dien‐11‐one and the phenolic prunasin. The structures of these compounds were established by MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments, and the structure of the new compounds were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of the phenolic profile of Boerhaavia diffusa L. by HPLC‐PAD‐MS/MS as a tool for quality control
Authors: Ferreres Federico , Sousa Carla , Justin Mulangu , Valentão Patrícia , Andrade Paula B. , Llorach Rafael , Rodrigues Alírio , Seabra Rosa M. , Leitão Anabela 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPhenolic acids and flavonols of nine leaf and three root samples of Boerhaavia diffusa L., collected at different locations and subjected to several drying procedures, were characterised by reversed‐phase HPLC‐PADESI/MS for the first time. Ten phenolic compounds were identified: 3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐methoxycinnamoyl‐rhamnoside, quercetin 3‐O‐rhamnosyl(1→6)galactoside (quercetin 3‐O‐robinobioside), quercetin 3‐O‐(2″‐rhamnosyl)‐robinobioside, kaempferol 3‐O‐(2″‐rhamnosyl)‐robinobioside, 3,5,4′‐trihydroxy‐6,7‐dimethoxyflavone 3‐O‐galactosyl(1→2)glucoside [eupalitin 3‐O‐galactosyl(1→2)glucoside], caffeoyltartaric acid, kaempferol 3‐O‐robinobioside, eupalitin 3‐O‐galactoside, quercetin and kaempferol. Quantification was achieved by HPLC‐PAD and two phenolic patterns were found for the leaves, in which quercetin 3‐O‐robinobioside or quercetin 3‐O‐(2″‐rhamnosyl)‐robinobioside was the major compound. Caffeoyltartaric acid was only present in the root material where it represented the main phenolic constituent. The results obtained demonstrated that the geographical origin (particularly the nature of the soil), but not the drying process, influences the phenolic composition. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction and evolutionary information analysis of protein solvent accessibility using multiple linear regression
Authors: Wang Jung‐Ying , Lee Hahn‐Ming , Ahmad Shandar 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA multiple linear regression method was applied to predict real values of solvent accessibility from the sequence and evolutionary information. This method allowed us to obtain coefficients of regression and correlation between the occurrence of an amino‐acid residue at a specific target and its sequence neighbor positions on the one hand, and the solvent accessibility of that residue on the other. Our linear regression model based on sequence information and evolutionary models was found to predict residue accessibility with 18.9% and 16.2% mean absolute error respectively, which is better than or comparable to the best available methods. A correlation matrix for several neighbor positions to examine the role of evolutionary information at these positions has been developed and analyzed. As expected, the effective frequency of hydrophobic residues at target positions shows a strong negative correlation with solvent accessibility, whereas the reverse is true for charged and polar residues. The correlation of solvent accessibility with effective frequencies at neighboring positions falls abruptly with distance from target residues. Longer protein chains have been found to be more accurately predicted than their smaller counterparts. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and control of MOVPE growth processes for devices using reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy and normalized reflectance
Authors: Zorn Martin , Zettler J.‐Thomas 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe use of the optical in situ techniques reflectance anisotropy (RA) and normalized reflectance (NR) for metal‐organic vapour‐phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growth processes of compound semiconductor devices is reviewed. The RA signal detects small deviations in the doping profile during growth of hetero‐bipolar transistors and correlates to the emission wavelength of edge‐emitting laser structure via its sensitivity to the quantum well composition. The NR signal is crucial for the alignment of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) in vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers. With simultaneously performed RA and NR measurements the doping profile as well as the DBR alignment can be determined in situ. The composition monitoring in quaternary InGaAsP grown on InP is demonstrated using the RA signal for the As:P ratio while the NR signal is used for the Ga:In ratio. For AlGaInP on GaAs the NR signal is sensitive to both the aluminium and the indium content. Therefore these effects have to be separated via the determination of the growth efficiency of the respective materials using the growth rate calculated from the NR signal. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Use of wafer temperature determination for the study of unintentional parameter influences for the MOVPE of III‐nitrides
Authors: Hardtdegen H. , Kaluza N. , Steins R. , Cho Y. S. , Sofer Z. , Zorn M. , Haberland K. , Zettler J.‐T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this paper we will first report on the use of real‐time determination of wafer temperature for transparent substrates. With this method we will study the unintentional influence of growth parameter variations on the surface temperature. The effect on nitride growth optimization will be discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fast Padé transform for optimal quantification of time signals from magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Belkić Dževad , Belkić Karen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe fast Padé transform (FPT) is both a parametric and a nonparametric estimator that is capable of quantifying the input raw time signals without any fitting. The FPT simultaneously interpolates as well as extrapolates, and this is expected to mitigate truncation artifacts. To assess performance, it is necessary to compare the main features of the FPT with the characteristics of other parametric estimators, as well as with the fast Fourier transform (FFT), which can yield only shape spectra. The FPT can also give the shape of a spectrum, but accomplishes this in two totally different ways, with and without computing the spectral parameters (complex frequencies and amplitudes). A number of other parametric estimators used in signal processing are unable to yield shape spectra without prior extraction of the fundamental frequencies and the corresponding amplitudes. The primary goal of the present study is to assess the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of the FPT for parametric and nonparametric estimations of experimentally measured time signals from in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Robustness and steadiness of the FPT are assessed relative to the FFT by monitoring the convergence rates of these two processors through a systematic and gradual decrease of the truncation level of the full signal length. Accuracy of the FPT is verified by performing error analysis of proven validity, using a gold standard, if available. Alternatively, comparison is made between the two complementary variants of the FPT that converge inside and outside the unit circle. Efficiency of the FPT is checked with respect to the FFT for estimation of the shape of a spectrum, as well as relative to other parametric processors, in the case of quantifications. To establish the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of the FPT within the outlined multi‐level strategy, we use a time signal encoded via MRS at 4T from the brain of a healthy volunteer. We also assess the overall usefulness of the FPT for signal processing of data acquired from patients, in light of the emerging appreciation that spectroscopy of the tissue metabolites offers a number of vital advantages over the corresponding anatomical imaging in diagnostics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Optimizing an ultrafast generic high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for faster discovery pharmacokinetic sample throughput
Authors: Dunn‐Meynell Kimberly W. , Wainhaus Samuel , Korfmacher Walter A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFor higher throughput screening, where the number of new chemical entities (NCEs) to test is rapidly increasing, fast sample turnaround time is essential. In order to increase efficiency a generic high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) method, with a cycle time of 85 s (42 injections/h), was created. This was accomplished through the use of a 1‐min ballistic gradient and the optimization of the autosampler. The gradient was optimized by varying the organic mobile phase concentration and examining its ballistic characteristics with respect to matrix ion suppression and compound retention time. The autosampler time could be reduced by optimizing several parameters and by determining the source of most of the carryover in order to reduce the number of syringe and injector washes. Finally, the reliability of the new generic method is demonstrated by comparison of sample data with a standard 2‐min linear gradient method that showed that the data sets were well correlated. For plasma AUC (ng.h/mL) of 28 NCEs, the regression line had a slope of 0.92 and the R2 was 0.929. The described method was found to be useful for both rat plasma and tissue samples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Termitaria are focal feeding sites for large ungulates in Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda
Authors: Mobæk Ragnhild , Narmo Anne Kjersti , Moe Stein R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn constructing large vegetated mounds,Macrotermestermites play a key functional role in many African savanna systems. This study focuses on ungulate feeding onMacrotermestermitaria vegetation in Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. With the exception of oribiOurebia ourebi, all the species studied (i.e. impalaAepyceros melampus, Burchell's zebraEquus burchelli, Defassa waterbuckKobus ellipsiprymnus, topiDamaliscus lunatus, bushbuckTragelaphus scriptusand warthogPhacochoerus africanus) grazed preferentially on mound areas compared to the adjacent savanna. Ruminant species grazed closer to termitaria than non‐ruminants and female impala both browsed and grazed closer to mounds than males. No sexual difference in grazing distance to mounds was found for waterbuck.
The short-term prognosis of severe primary infantile malnutrition
Authors: Garrow J. S. , Pike M. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Among a series of 343 children with severe primary malnutrition there were 248 for whom, on admission, there were reliable records of age, weight, height, liver size, severity of oedema, skin lesions and angular stomatitis, and concentration of total serum protein, haemoglobin and sodium. For eighty-four of these children the serum bilirubin concentration was also known.2. The correlations of these characteristics of the children on admission, with mortality, and with the rate of recovery were investigated.3. Age, weight, oedema and haemoglobin concentration were not significantly related to mortality or to rate of recovery. A multiple regression analysis showed that an increased serum bilirubin concentration and a decreased serum sodium concentration indicated a bad prognosis, and these two factors contributed almost the whole of the multiple correlation coefficient of 0.63 with respect to mortality and 0.59 with respect to speed of rccovery.4. We conclude that in our series of children death was more closely associated with liver failure or overhydration than with protein depletion, and suggest that the administration of ton much protein or water to an acutely ill malnourished child may precipitate death.5. This analysis shows that the mortality observed in our series cannot be adequately explained by any combination of the characteristics considered above; there must, therefore, be other factors of importance for which we do not have suitable measurements.
Effects of vitamin E deficiency on total polyunsaturated fatty acids in rats and chicks
Authors: Bunyan J. , Diplock A. T. , Green J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of tissues of vitamin E-deficient rats and chicks has been measured by the lipoxidase method.2. Vitamin E deficiency did not depress total PUFA in rat liver, kidney, heart, spleen, brain, adrenal and adipose tissue during experimental periods up to 13 months.3. Liver PUFA was not depressed by deficiency of vitamin E and selenium in rats at 9 weeks or 8 months of age.4. Rats given a muscular dystrophy-producing diet (containing oxidized cod-liver oil) showed a severe depletion of PUFA in muscle, but not in kidney or adipose tissue.5. Exudative diathesis induced in chicks by a deficiency of vitamin E and Se did not depress liver PUFA.6. It is considered that in vitamin E deficiency there is no general decrease in PUFA due to peroxidative loss. Changes of a more specific nature occur, as found by other workers.
Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Walker D. M. , Cook L. J. , Jagusch K. T. 
Published: September 2005

1. Thirty-three cross-bred lambs were given reconstituted dried whole cow's milk from 1 week of age at different levels of intake and at different frequencies of feeding.2. Feeding frequency had no effect on live-weight gain, N retention or total body composition.3. Lambs given two feeds daily had significantly heavier abomasums than pair-fed lambs given six feeds daily.4. The weights of fat, protein (N x 6.25) and water in the body were closely related to empty body weight; body composition (% of empty body) was not significantly affected by the level of milk intake or by the rate of growth.5. Live-weight gain was closely related to energy intake (r = +0.99) and to N retention (r = +0.97). A live-weight gain of 100 g was associated with an intake of 511 kcal and a N retention of 2.28 g N.
The effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on milk fat secretion in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Rook J. A. F. , Hall A. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments are described in which the effects of dietary fat on the synthesis of milk fat in the dairy cow have been investigated. In the first experiment a change-over design was used with two cows to study the effect of removing a mixed-oil supplement to a basal diet low in fat on the concentration and composition of plasma lipids and on the yield and composition of milk fat.2. Reducing the dietary fat intake from about 430 to 170 g/day caused falls in the concentrations in plasma of phospholipid and of free and esterified cholesterol and, in one cow, also of triglyceride. The changes in composition and concentration of the fatty acids in the plasma triglyceride fraction also reflected changes in dietary intake of fatty acids. No effect of dietary fat intake on the total synthesis of milk fat was observed, but the composition of the milk fat reflected that of the dietary fat, and the yields of lauric, myristic, stearic and oleic acids were decreased in association with a decreased dietary intake of these acids.3. In the second experiment the effect of supplementing a basal diet low in fat with either coconut, red palm or groundnut oil on the composition and yield of milk fat was studied in four cows using a 4 x 4 Latin square design balanced with respect to residual effects.4. With each oil, increasing the dietary fat intake from about 100 to 400 g/day significantly increased the total yield of milk fat. Also, coconut and red palm oils significantly increased the fat content of milk, and groundnut oil the yield of milk.5. With the exception of linoleic and palmitic acids, the increased dietary intake of the major fatty acids characteristic of the various oil supplements led to increased yields of these acids in the milk.
The water intake of ewes
Authors: Forbes J. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments were carried out with non-pregnant ewes in which individual drymatter intake (DMI) and total water intake (TWI) were measured. TWI was closely correlated with DMI; TWI/unit DMI was higher for silage than for cubed dried grass and with both foods water intakes were higher than with long hay.2. Twelve ewes were fed on silage and twelve on hay from the 9th to the 19th week of pregnancy. TWI/unit DMI of each feed doubled during this period. Another twenty-four ewes were fed on silage from the 14th to the 20th week of pregnancy. TWI/unit DMI was positively related to litter size.3. Fifteen ewes were fed on hay from the 4th week of pregnancy until the 7th week of lactation. Milk yield was estimated weekly. Six non-pregnant ewes were controls. TWI/unit DMI for the seven twin-bearing and the nine single-bearing ewes in the last 4 and 3 weeks of pregnancy respectively was significantly higher than that of the six non-pregnant ewes. In the control group TWI/unit DMI was closely related to environmental temperature. In the first 4 weeks of lactation TWI/unit DMI was greater than the sum of TWI/unit DMI of the non-pregnant ewes plus the water in the milk.4. The results supplement those used by the Agricultural Research Council (1965) to assess the water requirements of sheep.
Effects of dietary fat on the amounts and proportions of the individual lipids in turkey muscle
Authors: Neudoerffer T. S. , Lea C. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Lipid extracted from breast and leg muscle of 10-week-old turkeys was fractionated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and five individual ‘neutral’ and eight individual phospholipid fractions, representing 95% by weight of the extractable lipid, were recovered from the plates for analysis.The ‘neutral’ lipids from breast and leg muscle consisted mainly of triglyceride (202–497 and 1644–2333 mg/100 g), together with cholesterol (74 and 103 mg/100 g), free fatty acid (27 and 123 mg/100 g), diglyceride (17 and 66 mg/100 g) and cholesterol ester (9 and 12 mg/100 g).The phospholipids contained phosphatidylcholine (367 and 500 mg/100 g), phosphatidylethanolamine (157 and 279 mg/100 g), phosphatidylinositol (60 and 109 mg/100 g), sphingomyelin (43 and 62 mg/100 g), phosphatidylserine (31 and 61 mg/100 g), ‘cardiolipin’ (23 and 35 mg/100 g), lysophosphatidylcholine (9 and 11 mg/100 g) and ‘origin fraction’ (6 and 7 mg/100 g), accounting together (700 mg and 1070 mg/100 g for breast and leg muscle respectively) for 98% of the lipid phosphorus extracted.Partial replacement of carbohydrate in the cereal-based diet by beef fat (2·5%) or anchovy oil (2·5 or 5·0%) had no effect on the amount of any of the lipid fractions, except for triglyceride, which varied considerably and was lowest in tissue from groups receiving 2·5% anchovy oil.
Influence of the diet on the turnover of bile acids in germ-free and conventional rats
Authors: Gustafsson B. E. , Norman A. 
Published: September 2005

1. [24-14C]cholic acid was given to conventional and germ-free rats and the faecal isotope excretion studied for 8 days. The turnover, pool size and daily excretion of cholic acid and its metabolites were calculated for rats on three different diets, i.e. a commercial type diet (pellets), a semi-synthetic diet without (D7) and with 20% cellulose (D7+cellulose). The transit time of the intestinal contents was evaluated by following the excretion of an orally administered dose of carmine.2. The amount of bile acids excreted was two to three times higher in both conventional and germ-free rats receiving pellets than in those receiving diet D7. This difference in bile acid excretion between animals receiving different diets cannot, therefore, be caused by an influence of the diet on the gastro-intestinal microflora. This effect of the commercial diet could not be due to a high fibre content, since an increase in the fibre content of the semi-synthetic diet D7 by the addition of 20% cellulose did not reproduce the effect obtained with the commercial diet.3. The difference observed in bile acid excretion between germ-free and conventional rats on diet D7 was mainly ascribed to the much longer transit time of intestinal contents in germ-free as compared with conventional rats.
The influence of ruminal infusion of volatile fatty acids on milk yield and composition and on energy utilization by lactating cows
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Flatt W. P. , Moe P. W. , Munson A. W. , Hemken R. W. , Katz I. 
Published: September 2005

1. In an experiment of 3 x 3 latin square design, four lactating Holstein cows were given a basal ration designed to induce low percentages of milk fat. The treatments were (I) basal ration, a pelleted mixture of lucerne hay (20%) and concentrates (80%), with 40 l. of water infused intraruminally, (2) basal ration with acetic acid substituted for 15.4% of the metabolizable energy (ME) and (3) propionic acid substituted for 15.4% of the ME. In the last 3 weeks of the 6-week experimental period respiration trials were carried out in an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. The levels of feeding offered in the three periods were 325, 275 and 225 kcal ME/kg body-weight0.75in periods 1, 2 and 3 respectively.2. No differences were detected in the utilization of the energy of acetic and propionic acids, but there were differences in the partition of energy into milk or body tissues; with acetic acid infusion more energy was secreted as milk and with propionic acid infusion more was deposited in body tissue.3. There was an increase in milk fat percentage with acetic acid infusion, but not complete recovery to normal. The milk fat percentages were 1.96, 2.58 and 1.92 for treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Acetic acid infusion caused increases in the C12, C14 and C16 fatty acids of milk fat and decreased the proportion of C18:1 fatty acids.4. It is suggested that the low percentages of milk fat found when cows are given concen- trates could result from a decreased extent of fermentation in the rumen, allowing a greater proportion of the starch consumed to be absorbed as glucose in the small intestine.