bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased mammography use and its impact on earlier breast cancer detection in Vermont, 1975–1999
Authors: Vacek Pamela M. , Geller Berta M. , Weaver Donald L. , Foster Roger S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDA trend toward earlier breast carcinoma detection in the United States has been attributed to screening mammography, although direct evidence linking this trend to the increased use of mammography in a general population is lacking. This study examined the effects of mammography on tumor size and axillary lymph node metastasis in Vermont over 25 years.METHODSPathology and mammography data from 3499 Vermont women who were diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma during 1975–1984, 1989–1990, and 1995–1999 were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the effects of age, mammography use, and period on the odds of a tumor ≤ 2 cm and the odds of negative lymph nodes.RESULTSThe proportion of breast tumors that were detected by screening mammography increased from 2% during 1974–1984 to 36% during 1995–1999 (P < 0.001), and these tumors were more likely to measure ≤ 2 cm than tumors that were detected by other methods. Among women age > 50 years, the odds ratio (OR) was 4.5, with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 3.5–6.4. The effect was smaller in younger women (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1–3.0). Mammographic detection increased the odds of negative lymph nodes by a similar amount in both age groups, although women age > 50 years were more likely to have negative lymph nodes than younger women (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.6). Tumor size and lymph node metastasis also were related to the number of mammograms and to the mammographic interval.CONCLUSIONSMost of the trend toward earlier detection in Vermont was due to mammography. Mammography had a lesser effect on tumor size among younger women, which may be related to less frequent screening, although its effect on lymph node metastasis was not age dependent. Women age < 50 years were more likely to have positive lymph nodes, independent of the method of detection or the frequency of mammography. Cancer 2002;94:2160–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10459
Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1999, featuring implications of age and aging on U.S. cancer burden
Authors: Edwards Brenda K. , Howe Holly L. , Ries Lynn A. G. , Thun Michael J. , Rosenberg Harry M. , Yancik Rosemary , Wingo Phyllis A. , Jemal Ahmedin , Feigal Ellen G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute, the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries (NAACCR), the National Institute on Aging (NIA), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, collaborated to provide an annual update on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year's report contained a special feature focusing on implications of age and aging on the U.S. cancer burden.METHODSFor 1995 through 1999, age‐specific rates and age‐adjusted rates were calculated for the major cancers using incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, the National Program of Cancer Registries, and the NAACCR, and mortality data from NCHS. Joinpoint analysis, a model of joined line segments, was used to examine 1973–1999 trends in incidence and death rates by age for the four most common cancers. Deaths were classified using the eighth, ninth, and tenth revisions of the International Classification of Diseases. Age‐adjusted incidence and death rates were standardized to the year 2000 population, which places more emphasis on older persons, in whom cancer rates are higher.RESULTSAcross all ages, overall cancer death rates decreased in men and women from 1993 through 1999, while cancer incidence rates stabilized from 1995 through 1999. Age‐specific trends varied by site, sex, and race. For example, breast cancer incidence rates increased in women aged 50‐64 years, whereas breast cancer death rates decreased in each age group. However, a major determinant of the future cancer burden is the demographic phenomenon of the aging and increasing size of the U.S. population. The total number of cancer cases can be expected to double by 2050 if current incidence rates remain stable.CONCLUSIONSDespite the continuing decrease in cancer death rates and stabilization of cancer incidence rates, the overall growth and aging of the U.S. population can be expected to increase the burden of cancer in our nation. Cancer 2002;94:2766–92. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10593
Origins of callosal projections to the supplementary motor area (SMA): A direct comparison between pre‐SMA and SMA‐proper in macaque monkeys
Authors: Liu Jian , Morel Anne , Wannier Thierry , Rouiller Eric M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe two subdivisions of the supplementary motor area (SMA), the pre‐SMA (rostrally) and SMA‐proper (caudally), exhibit distinct functional properties and clear differences with respect to their connectivity with the spinal cord, the thalamus, and other homolateral motor cortical areas. The goal of the present study was to establish in monkeys whether these subdivisions also differ with regard to their callosal connectivity. Two fluorescent retrograde tracers (Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow) were injected in each animal, one in the pre‐SMA and the second in the SMA‐proper. Tracer injections in the pre‐SMA or in SMA‐proper resulted in significant numbers of labeled neurons in the opposite SMA, premotor cortex (PM), cingulate motor areas (CMA), and cingulate gyrus. Labeled neurons in M1 were rare, being observed only after injection in the SMA‐proper. The two subdivisions of the SMA differed in the proportion of labeled neurons found across areas providing their callosal inputs. The SMA‐proper receives about half of its callosal inputs from its counterpart in the other hemisphere (42–65% across monkeys). A comparable proportion of neurons was found in the pre‐SMA after injection in the opposite pre‐SMA (32–47%). The pre‐SMA receives more callosal inputs from the rostral halves of the dorsal PM, the ventral PM, and the CMA than from their caudal halves. In addition, the pre‐SMA, but not the SMA‐proper, receives callosal inputs from the prefrontal cortex. The SMA‐proper receives more callosal inputs from the caudal halves of the dorsal PM and ventral PM than from their rostral halves. The two subdivisions of the SMA receive callosal inputs from the same cortical areas (except the prefrontal cortex and M1), but they differ with respect to the quantitative contribution of each area of origin. In conclusion, quantitative data now support the notion that pre‐SMA receives more transcallosal inputs than the SMA‐proper. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:71–85, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen receptor‐β immunoreactivity in the midbrain of adult rats: Regional, subregional, and cellular localization in the A10, A9, and A8 dopamine cell groups
Authors: Creutz Lela M. , Kritzer Mary F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEstrogen modulates dopamine synthesis, release, and metabolism in corticolimbic and striatal targets of midbrain dopamine neurons. The relevant sites of receptor‐mediated action, however, had been elusive, because all available evidence suggested a paucity of intracellular estrogen receptors in the A8, A9, and A10 dopamine regions and their afferent targets. More recent evidence of a relative abundance of the β isoform of the estrogen receptor (ER) in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA), however, suggests that this newly described receptor may be important in estrogen's stimulation of midbrain DA systems. It is unknown, however, precisely how ERβ is distributed with respect to the functionally and neurochemically diverse cell populations of the ventral midbrain. To address these issues, this study used single‐ and double‐label immunocytochemistry to detail the regional, subregional, and cellular distributions of ERβ immunoreactivity in and around midbrain dopamine‐containing cell groups in hormonally intact adult male and female rats. These analyses revealed that ERβ‐immunoreactive nuclei were found only in neurons, more specifically, within subsets of both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons in the dorsal VTA, the parabrachial pigmented nucleus, the substantia nigra pars lateralis, the retrorubral fields, and to a lesser extent the linear midline nuclei. These regional and cellular receptor distributions thus place the ERβ isoform in anatomical register with midbrain dopamine systems known to participate in a spectrum of motor, cognitive, and affective functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:288–300, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactive astrocytes express estrogen receptors in the injured primate brain
Authors: Blurton‐Jones Mathew , Tuszynski Mark H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that estrogen may regulate the expression of genes related to the inflammatory response within the nervous system, particularly within glia. In the present study, we examined whether injury induces estrogen sensitivity in reactive glia in the primate brain. Three adult Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgous) monkeys received unilateral fimbria fornix transections followed by chronic intracranial cannula implants through which a vehicle solution was infused intracerebroventricularly for a 4‐week period. Astrocytes adjacent to areas of parenchymal disruption caused either by the lesion or by the instrumentation procedure became reactive, as evidenced by cellular hypertrophy and up‐regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunolabeling. Of note, specific estrogen receptor‐α immunolabeling also was induced adjacent to injured regions, and this labeling strictly colocalized with GFAP immunoreactivity upon double fluorescent confocal immunolabeling. Induction of estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in reactive astrocytes occurred in all monkeys examined, whereas nonreactive glia distant from disrupted regions did not exhibit estrogen receptor labeling. Thus, expression of estrogen receptors is up‐regulated in reactive astrocytes of the primate brain, potentially allowing estrogen to modulate aspects of the central nervous system's inflammatory response to injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:115–123, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new subdivision of anterior piriform cortex and associated deep nucleus with novel features of interest for olfaction and epilepsy
Authors: Ekstrand Jeffrey J. , Domroese Mark E. , Johnson Dawn M.G. , Feig Sherry L. , Knodel Susan M. , Behan Mary , Haberly Lewis B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe anterior part of the piriform cortex (the APC) has been the focus of cortical‐level studies of olfactory coding and associative processes and has attracted considerable attention as a result of a unique capacity to initiate generalized tonic‐clonic seizures. Based on analysis of cytoarchitecture, connections, and immunocytochemical markers, a new subdivision of the APC and an associated deep nucleus are distinguished in the rat. As a result of its ventrorostral location in the APC, the new subdivision is termed the APCVR. The deep nucleus is termed the pre‐endopiriform nucleus (pEn) based on location and certain parallels to the endopiriform nucleus. The APCVR has unique features of interest for normal function: immunostaining suggests that it receives input from tufted cells in the olfactory bulb in addition to mitral cells, and it provides a heavy, rather selective projection from the piriform cortex to the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO), a prefrontal area where chemosensory, visual, and spatial information converges. The APCVR also has di‐ and tri‐synaptic projections to the VLO via the pEn and the submedial thalamic nucleus. The pEn is of particular interest from a pathological standpoint because it corresponds in location to the physiologically defined “deep piriform cortex” (“area tempestas”) from which convulsants initiate temporal lobe seizures, and blockade reduces ischemic damage to the hippocampus. Immunostaining revealed novel features of the pEn and APCVR that could alter excitability, including a near‐absence of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic “cartridge” endings on axon initial segments, few cholecystokinin (CCK)‐positive basket cells, and very low γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter‐1 (GAT1)‐like immunoreactivity. Normal functions of the APCVR‐pEn may require a shaping of neuronal activity by inhibitory processes in a fashion that renders this region susceptible to pathological behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:289–307, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short and mid‐wavelength cone distribution in a nocturnal Strepsirrhine primate (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Dkhissi‐Benyahya Ouria , Szel Agoston , Degrip Willem J. , Cooper Howard M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStrepsirrhines are of considerable interest for understanding the evolution of cone photoreceptors because they represent the most ancestral living primates. The retina of nocturnal Strepsirrhines is reported to contain a single population of medium/long wavelength (MW/LW) cones whereas short wavelength (SW) cones are totally absent. The area centralis of nocturnal Strepsirrhines also lacks the degree of central specialization seen in the fovea of diurnal primates. In this study of a nocturnal Strepsirrhine, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), we used specific antibodies that recognize SW and MW/LW opsins to determine the presence of different cone subtypes and their distribution in relation to that of rods and ganglion cells. The results are compared to two diurnal Haplorhine species, a New World (Callithrix jacchus) and an Old World (Macaca fascicularis) monkey. In the mouse lemur, both antibodies to MW/LW cone opsin (COS‐1 and CERN956) label the same population of cones. A small proportion of SW cones is only stained by the JH455 antiserum whereas the monoclonal OS‐2 antibody shows negative staining. These two antibodies label the same SW cone population in other primates. The extracellular matrix of all cones is also labeled by the peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin. In mouse lemur retinal wholemounts, peak cone density is localized at the area centralis and ranged from 7,500 to 8,000 cones/mm2. SW cones represent less than 0.2 % of the total cone population and are mainly located in the nasal part of the retina. SW cones show an irregular distribution and densities never exceed 49 cones/mm2. The distribution of neurons in the ganglion cell layer shows a distinct centroperipheral gradient with a peak of 28,000 cells/mm2 at the area centralis. Rod distribution shows a centroperipheral gradient with the peak (850,000 rods/mm2) including and extending slightly dorsal to the area centralis. The theoretical spatial resolution of the mouse lemur (4.9 cycles/degree) is slightly lower to that of other nocturnal primates. The densities of rods, cones, and ganglion cell layer neurons represent a compromise between spatial resolution and sensitivity for both photopic and scotopic vision. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:494–504, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Taurine‐, aspartate‐ and glutamate‐like immunoreactivity identifies chemically distinct subdivisions of Kenyon cells in the cockroach mushroom body
Authors: Sinakevitch Irina , Farris Sarah M. , Strausfeld Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe lobes of the mushroom bodies of the cockroach Periplaneta americana consist of longitudinal modules called laminae. These comprise repeating arrangements of Kenyon cell axons, which like their dendrites and perikarya have an affinity to one of three antisera: to taurine, aspartate, or glutamate. Taurine‐immunopositive laminae alternate with immunonegative ones. Aspartate‐immunopositive Kenyon cell axons are distributed across the lobes. However, smaller leaf‐like ensembles of axons that reveal particularly high affinities to anti‐aspartate are embedded within taurine‐positive laminae and occur in the immunonegative laminae between them. Together, these arrangements reveal a complex architecture of repeating subunits whose different levels of immunoreactivity correspond to broader immunoreactive layers identified by sera against the neuromodulator FMRFamide. Throughout development and in the adult, the most posterior lamina is glutamate immunopositive. Its axons arise from the most recently born Kenyon cells that in the adult retain their juvenile character, sending a dense system of collaterals to the front of the lobes. Glutamate‐positive processes intersect aspartate‐ and taurine‐immunopositive laminae and are disposed such that they might play important roles in synaptogenesis or synapse modification. Glutamate immunoreactivity is not seen in older, mature axons, indicating that Kenyon cells show plasticity of neurotransmitter phenotype during development. Aspartate may be a universal transmitter substance throughout the lobes. High levels of taurine immunoreactivity occur in broad laminae containing the high concentrations of synaptic vesicles. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:352–367, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the substantia nigra pars reticulata to the motor thalamus of the rat: Single axon reconstructions and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Kha Hoa Ton , Finkelstein David Isaac , Tomas Doris , Drago John , Pow David Vaughan , Horne Malcolm Kenneth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis is a study in the rat of the distribution of specific neurotransmitters in neurones projecting from the substantia nigra reticulata (SNR) to the ventrolateral (VL) and ventromedial (VM) thalamic nuclei. Individual axons projecting from the SNR to these thalamic nuclei have also been reconstructed following small injection of the anterograde tracer dextran biotin into the the SNR. Analysis of reconstructions revealed two populations of SNR neurones projecting onto the VL and VM thalamic nuclei. One group projects directly onto the VM and VL, and the other projects to the VM/VL and to the parafascicular nucleus. In another set of experiments Fluoro‐Gold was injected into the VL/VM to label SNR projection neurones retrogradely, and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), γ ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate in Fluoro‐Gold‐ labelled SNR projection neurones. Most SNR‐VL/VM thalamic projection neurones were immunoreactive to acetylcholine or glutamate, whereas only 25% of the projection neurones were found to be immunoreactive to GABA. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:20–30, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic targets of thalamic reticular nucleus terminals in the visual thalamus of the cat
Authors: Wang Siting , Bickford Martha E. , van Horn Susan C. , Erisir Alev , Godwin Dwayne W. , Sherman S. Murray 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA major inhibitory input to the dorsal thalamus arises from neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), which use gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter. We examined the synaptic targets of TRN terminals in the visual thalamus, including the A lamina of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), the medial interlaminar nucleus (MIN), the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the pulvinar nucleus (PUL). To identify TRN terminals, we injected biocytin into the visual sector of the TRN to label terminals by anterograde transport. We then used postembedding immunocytochemical staining for GABA to distinguish TRN terminals as biocytin‐labeled GABA‐positive terminals and to distinguish the postsynaptic targets of TRN terminals as GABA‐negative thalamocortical cells or GABA‐positive interneurons. We found that, in all nuclei, the TRN provides GABAergic input primarily to thalamocortical relay cells (93–100%). Most of this input seems targeted to peripheral dendrites outside of glomeruli. The TRN does not appear to be a significant source of GABAergic input to interneurons in the visual thalamus. We also examined the synaptic targets of the overall population of GABAergic axon terminals (F1 profiles) within these same regions of the visual thalamus and found that the TRN contacts cannot account for all F1 profiles. In addition to F1 contacts on the dendrites of thalamocortical cells, which presumably include TRN terminals, another population of F1 profiles, most likely interneuron axons, provides input to GABAergic interneuron dendrites. Our results suggest that the TRN terminals are ideally situated to modulate thalamocortical transmission by controlling the response mode of thalamocortical cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:321–341, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formulation of colored fiber blends from Friele's theoretical model
Authors: Philips‐Invernizzi B. , Dupont D. , Cazé C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractColored fibers can be intimately blended in suitable proportions to achieve a specific color. This kind of formulation suffers from a lack of computer‐aided tool to assist the colorist attempting to find a good recipe to reproduce a target color. In this article a color‐matching system based on the theoretical model from Friele is proposed, which was tested for cotton blends. After an explanation of the derivation of Friele equation, the development of a color‐matching algorithm is outlined. This algorithm was run to formulate recipes for matching target colors chosen at random. Despite having obtained large color differences, the exploitation of the Friele equation for color‐matching purposes can be recommended. In fact, a colorist should work with a larger number of primary colors, between 40 and 50, and blend at least four components in order to obtain a close match. According to these suggested rules, a good starting recipe can be obtained from the Friele theory. A correction routine can be used, based on a perturbation method, which has been shown to increase the accuracy of the match. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 191–198, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10048
Semiclassical limit for the Schrödinger‐Poisson equation in a crystal
Authors: Bechouche Philippe , Mauser Norbert J. , Poupaud Frédéric 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe give a mathematically rigorous theory for the limit from a weakly nonlinear Schrödinger equation with both periodic and nonperiodic potential to the semiclassical version of the Vlasov equation. To this end we perform simultaneously a classical limit (vanishing Planck constant) and a homogenization limit of the periodic structure (vanishing lattice length taken proportional to the Planck constant).We introduce a new variant of Wigner transforms, namely the “Wigner Bloch series” as an adaption of the Wigner series for density matrices related to two different “energy bands.” Another essential tool are estimates on the commutators of the projectors into the Floquet subspaces (“band subspaces”) and the multiplicative potential operator that destroy the invariance of these band subspaces under the periodic Hamiltonian.We assume the initial data to be concentrated in isolated bands but allow for band crossing of the other bands which is the generic situation in more than one space dimension. The nonperiodic potential is obtained from a coupling to the Poisson equation, i.e., we take into account the self‐consistent Coulomb interaction. Our results hold also for the easier linear case where this potential is given. We hence give the first rigorous derivation of the (nonlinear) “semiclassical equations” of solid state physics widely used to describe the dynamics of electrons in semiconductors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.