bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Male Chivalry: Heyne’s Eighteenth-Century Commentary
Authors: Skoie Mathilde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three editions of Christian Gottlob Heyne’s commentary on the Corpus Tibullianum published between 1755 and 1798 are the first commentaries to give Sulpicia ‘a room of her own’.1 The Sulpicia poems are mentioned in the title, given a separate preface, and even visual room in the form of a depiction of Sulpicia herself. Heyne is also one of the first to question the Tibullan authorship of these poems and the very first to suggest that these poems might have been written by an Augustan Sulpicia. Thus this book is an important step in the development of Sulpicia’s reception and an obvious choice of text for investigation. Heyne’s commentary also marks a significant stage in Tibullan scholarship generally.
Introduction
Authors: Fowler† Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of narrative has a history almost as long as narrative itself, and it is not difficult to find passages in ancient commentators like Servius which ‘anticipate’ (to use a word which self-reflexively emphasizes the omnipresence of plot) later observations. The modern discipline of ‘narratology’ however is a twentieth-century phenomenon. One branch of the subject begins with the Morph ology of the Folk Tale of V. Propp, and has as its most famous practitioner C. Levi-Strauss. Propp and Levi-Strauss, however, though they have had great influence through the Paris School on structuralist readings of Greek literature,3 were concerned primarily with the analysis of story-patterns themselves, rather than the relation between a particular story and its tellings, an approach which found its most abstract and algebraic representation in the work on narrative positions of A.-J. Greimas.
Picturing the Future: The Proleptic Ekphrasis from Homer to Vergil*
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work of modern literary theory on narrative has since the 1980s come to be applied with some fruitfulness to the texts of classical antiquity. One aspect which has drawn particular attention is that of ekphrasis or description, and its role within narrative: do passages of formal description, often long and apparently digressive, play an organic or functional role in the narratives in which they appear, or are they mere decorations, examples of ‘narrative pause’? Don Fowler, in an important treatment of the theoretical aspects, has indicated that the organic view is clearly correct for at least some classical instances; the purpose of this paper is to support this notion through practical analysis and an attempt at categorization.
A False Dilemma: Thucydides’ History and Historicism*
Authors: Moles John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a laboratory on historicism, Thucydides, greatest and most influential of ancient historians, yet still today an immensely controversial figure, seemed an appropriate case-study. This participant had only murky notions about ‘historicism’, and consultation of a range of co11eagues elicited two (and only two) responses: ‘Historicism? I’m confused’; ‘Historicist? That’s what Don Fowler calls people he disagrees with.’ Nor are such reactions confined to the ignorant. E. H. Carr complained that ‘Popper uses the word historicism as a catch-all for any opinion he dislikes’, and as late as 1988 John Cannon dismissed historicism as ‘a confused and con fusing word, which should be abandoned, since it obscures more than it illuminates’. Such typically British poverty of response to theory was fecund ground for the conference’s educative work.
Giants on the Shoulders of Dwarfs? Considerations on the Value of Renaissance and Early Modern Scholarship for Today’s Classicists
Authors: Smet Ingrid A R De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The list of contributors at the beginning of the recently published Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism (1996) reveals three specialists of English, three ‘straightforward’ historians, and three ‘curators or librarians’. Of the remaining six, four are professionally occupied with (respectively) comparative literature, the history of philosophy, Renaissance studies, and Italian. Only the professional description of the last two experts in this alphabetical list points to the discipline of ‘classical studies’, and in one case indirectly: they are the ‘Director of the Warburg Institute and Professor of the Classical Tradition at London University’ (Nicholas Mann, who is of course a well-known Petrarch specialist) and a ‘Professor of Latin at Cambridge’ (Michael Reeve, who needs no further introduction here). Obviously, this list reveals the heterogeneity, widespread appeal, and interdisciplinary potential of the field of Renaissance humanism. It is indeed one of the aims of the volume ‘to counter the view that Renaissance human ism was a narrowly philological exercise, concerned only with the technicalities of classical scholarship and with a definable curriculum consisting of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history and moral philosophy’.
Buildings and Discipline
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The architectural and disciplinary record of the late Ottoman schools reveals the state’s program to distinguish its educational offerings from the competition by adopting a conspicuously Ottoman and Islamic stance. The use of symbolically powerful architectural motifs matched the politico-moral policies of the Hamidian regime. Complementing the schools’ external forms and lesson content was a state agenda that sought to instill a suitably Islamic mode outside the classroom. As both the buildings and the disciplinary agenda of the Hamidian schools are subjects that must be situated in the context of relations between the Ottoman Empire and the West, this chapter begins with a poignant scene taken from one of the most important contemporary literary attempts to address the issue of education against the backdrop of the East-West dynamic.
Maps
Authors: Fortna Benjamin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how the aggressive presence of Western educational competition spurred Ottoman officialdom to create its own educational system. The increasingly adversarial Ottoman approach to education manifested itself very clearly in the way the system envisioned during the preceding period of the Tanzimat reforms was refitted or “Ottomanized’’ in the Hamidian period (1876-1909). Some measures, such as the restructuring of curriculum to include more patently religious material for instruction while eliminating subjects like Western philosophy, were relatively overt. Others were more subtle. Geography is one area where it is possible to discern a significant movement away from the construct of the Tanzimat-and one with far-reaching consequences.
Putting the Dons in Their Place: A Restoration Oxford Terrae Filius Speech*
Authors: Henderson Felicity 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford dons who processed into the Sheldonian Theatre on Saturday 10 July 1669 must have felt distinctly uneasy. They were taking part in the Act, or graduation ceremony, held for the first time in their imposing new Theatre, which had been dedicated to academic use only the day before. However, it was not the auditorium, but the knowledge that sometime during the morning they were likely to become objects of ridicule to those around them that would have caused their dismay. As part of the ceremonial disputations they had come to witness, a member of the university chosen for the occasion would make a humorous and satirical speech which painted the dons in a very different light from the way they appeared to the audience in all the pomp of their university regalia. This speaker was the terrae filius (lit. son of the earth), an Act disputant who, instead of being obliged to address the disputation question seriously, was licensed to say what he pleased about members of the university. Traditionally, he was pleased to be extremely scurrilous indeed-and this occasion was no different. The speaker on this particular morning in 1669 was Henry Gerard, a master of Arts from Wadham College who seems to have had an otherwise undistinguished university record.1 However his speech as terrae filius, delivered in Latin to the crowd of scholars, visitors and dons gathered in the Sheldonian, was so inflammatory that Gerard was subsequently expelled from the university. His speech was immediately popular, copied into student notebooks and apparently disseminated in manuscript far more widely than any other of the terrae filius speeches given throughout the century.
Kant’s Streit der Fakultäten and Conditions in Konigsberg*
Authors: Pozzo Riccardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a paper published in 1975, Giorgio Tonelli raised the question of the relation between conditions in Königsberg and the making of Kant’s philosophy. Given the prestige of a local tradition of Aristotelian studies, Tonelli proposed that the long survival of Aristotelianism at the Alma Albertina (or Albertus-Universitat, Königsberg) explains ‘Kant’s familiarity with Aristotelian terminology at a time when it was almost completely obsolete, and for its partial revival in the Critique of Pure Reason’ .1 This paper follows Tonelli in highlighting the importance of institutional history for understanding Kant as a philosopher rooted in his university, especially when he is treating academic issues. The paper will present new evid-ence originating in the Albertina to support a re-interpretation of the Streit der Fakultäten2 as a treatise reflecting a stage in which Kant was active as a professor, a dean, and a rector. On the basis of documents scarcely known to Kant scholars, the paper argues that since the time of Karl Rosenkranz the Streit has been generally misinterpreted as presenting a theory of the university.3 In fact, though it does indeed offer a general interpretation of the nature of intellectual conflicts, its focus is the specific setting of Konigsberg, one of the four Prussian universities at the end of the eighteenth century.
The Reformation of the Colleges in the Early Republic, 1800-1820*
Authors: Geiger Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Reverend Samuel Miller, minister of New York’s First Presbyterian Church and a rising force within his denomination, the dawning of the 1800s provided an occasion to take stock of the remarkable century that had passed. His extraordinary compendium, A Brief Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century, celebrated the intellectual milestones of the era: the achievements of the physical and economic sciences and the unprecedented diffusion of knowledge, refinement, and free inquiry. But Miller also noted the unfulfilled promise of much enlightened thought as well as the disappointments linked with these ideas. Miller consigned the American colleges, despite undeniable progress during the century, to this second category. ‘Collegiate honours’, he observed, had become ‘more cheap and common … than in any former age;’ and the colleges seemed ‘so numerous in many parts of the country, as to produce effects directly the reverse of what were intended’. The first person to study the American colleges (see Inset I), Miller sought to analyse why ‘what is called a liberal education in the United States is … less accurate and complete’ than that found in Great Britain.1
Introduction
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time I thought that people in Rome did nothing except talk about my quaestorship. I had dispatched a large quantity of corn at a time of great shortages; I’d been friendly to the businessmen, fair to the traders, generous to the tax-farmers, not predatory in relation to our allies, and had appeared to everyone extremely careful in fulfilling all obligations; various novel honours had been devised for me by the Sicilians. And so I’d left the province in the hope that the Roman people would, unasked, give me everything I desired. But, on coming to Puteoli, in order to continue my journey to land, which as it happened I did just when it was full of fashionable people, I almost collapsed, gentlemen of the jury, when someone asked me what day I’d left Rome and what the news there was. I told him I’d come from my province: he said, ‘Of course, yes, Africa I believe.’ And I, now getting angry, said disdainfully, ‘No, Sicily’, someone else, acting as though well informed, added, ‘Didn’t you know that our friend here was quaestor at Syracuse?’ Well, what more can I say? I stopped being angry and pretended I was there to take the waters. But I rather think, gentlemen of the jury, that the episode did me much more good than if everyone had congratulated me. After I’d realized that the Roman people were a bit deaf, but had very sharp and keen eyesight, I stopped worrying about what men would hear concerning me and made sure that they would see me every day: I lived in the public eye, I frequented the Forum, I didn’t allow either sleep or my doorkeeper to keep anyone from my presence ... and so whatever reputation I might have has been won in Rome and acquired in the Forum, and public events too have justified my private plans, with the result that the vital interests of the state needed me as their agent in Rome, and the city needed me to save it by action in the city.
Romans in the provinces: power, autonomy, and identity
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CICERO’s repetundae speeches provide some of our best evidence for how the empire worked on a day-to-day basis during the Republic, with a mass of detail about the activities of provincial governors and their staff in dispensing justice, over-seeing the taxation system, and defending Rome’s possessions from external threats. Moreover, for this type of forensic case we are in the unusual position of having a prosecution by Cicero, that of Verres, as well as defence speeches. From this material it is possible to explore the ways in which Cicero presents Romans as good or bad within provincial contexts. Here I shall concentrate particularly on men behaving badly: on Romans behaving in provincial contexts in ways that can be presented in order to rouse hostile feelings in Cicero’s audiences. The judgements are based, of course, not solely on the actual behaviour of the men he talks about, but on the particular case that Cicero is arguing; but the terms which he uses to attack and defend, whatever their truth value, indicate the sorts of actions which were considered unacceptable, and the range of issues which could provoke anxiety about Rome’s imperial activities.
Controlling the uncontrollable: Cicero and the generals
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter I turn to the key imperial issue of the late Republic: the generals who rewrote the rules for holding commands, added huge tracts of land to the empire, and, on most accounts, precipitated the end of the Republic.1 The plight of provincial victims of misgovernment, or of aspirants to the citizenship whose claims were subject to challenge, simply did not have the same influence on events. It was not the provincials who brought about the transformation in the form of Roman government. And even though this assessment depends on the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that at the time commands of the sort granted to Pompeius and Caesar were felt to be a new phenomenon. While repetundae and citizenship cases continued to be dealt with through the standing courts, the allocation of provinces and the military commands which went with them became a matter for tribunician law, and heated, even violent, public debate, rather than, as before, one of the functions of the Senate.
Careers Creating Industries: Some Early Evidence from the Biotechnology Industry
Authors: Higgins Monica C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, the literature on careers has focused on understanding the determinants of individual-level career outcomes such as professional advancement, work satisfaction, and career choice and change (e.g. Kilduff and Day 1994; Malos and Campion 2000). Such research has led to a host of interesting findings regarding the psychological, sociological, and organizational factors that affect individuals’ career trajectories. Rarely, however, have researchers studied how individuals’ career trajectories or sequences of work experiences affect outcomes that extend beyond the individual-to the organization or industry levels. This missing link, from the micro-level of individuals’ careers to the macro-level of the development of organizations in an industry, is the focus of the present chapter. Both the quantitative and qualitative data I introduce here suggest that the careers of executives in the biotechnology industry-and, especially, tvvo central employment affiliations-played a major role in the industry’s development.
Aristotle and Stoic Logic
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Were Aristotle’s logical writings known to the early Stoic logicians, and did Aristotle’s logical ideas have any influence on the development of Stoic logic? The evidence which bears on this question is perplexing: there are numerous pertinent texts which favour an affirmative answer; yet as we approach them they seem, like so many will-o’-the-wisps, to retreat—and we are stumbling in a treacherous marsh.
But the question is not without its fascination, in as much as it concerns the historical relations between two magnificent monuments to Greek philosophical acumen; and it may stand some discussion. Section I presents some general ruminations. Section II deals with the preliminary question of whether the Stoics could in principle have read Aristotle. Section III assembles a sample of the evidence which suggests that the Stoics did in fact read and study their Aristotle. And the remaining sections try to assess the value of this evidence.
The Stoic-Platonist Debate on kathêkonta
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to uncover a debate about the teaching of practical ethics which, unless I am altogether mistaken, must have been conducted early in the third century BC, between the last generation of the early Platonic Academy and the first generation of the new Stoic school.
The focal concept will be that of kathêkonta—the ‘duties’, ‘obligations’, or ‘proper functions’ which generation after generation of Stoics so laboriously classified and analysed. A kathekon is the proper thing to do, either exceptionlessly or in certain defined circumstances. In its developed form, the doctrine of kathekonta set out to cover every kind of social, political, economic, and familial relation. Codes of conduct were prescribed for the interaction of relative with relative, young with old, rulers with subjects, buyers with sellers, citizens with foreigners. And every significant area of choice was addressed.
The Stoic Origin of Natural Rights
Authors: Mitsis Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that we, as individual human beings, have intrinsic natural rights is often taken to be a distinctive achievement of the late medieval or early modem periods, and hence unknown to antiquity. Whatever particular explanation scholars offer for its origin—for example, the rise of late medieval nominalism with its emphasis on concrete individuals; nascent capitalism and its concern to protect the interests of propertied classes; Hobbes’s eschewal of explanations in terms of a natural telos and his attempt to explain human action in terms of efficient causes and, consequently, to find a source of rights in the ‘efficient motions’ of desire; the attempts of the Levellers to secure religious freedom; etc.—the notion of intrinsic human rights is widely held to be as foreign to antiquity ‘as the internal combustion engine’. However, I want to suggest that for a variety of historical and philosophical reasons the Stoics offer the most appropriate starting point for considering the origins of natural-rights theories.
Transformation and IdentiWcation Motifs
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky To mas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another set of references to mythical characters can be shown, like those discussed in the previous chapter, to be Plautine additions. Here again the evidence is the fact that the dramatic dialogue reaches beyond the sphere proper to bourgeois comedy, and that the allusion to those exalted figures of legend is linked to quite specific modes of thought peculiar to Plautus. In considering this, we will do well to leave aside the particular subject matter and turn our attention to a uniform σ χ ?ηαμ δαο í?ας (‘characteristic form of thought’) capable of accommodating various kinds of content. In the night scene with the false and the real Sosia, Mercury says to his Wsts, speaking loudly so that the slave cannot avoid hearing it (Amph. 303): iam pridem videtur factum, heri quod homines quattuor in soporem collocastis nudos (‘It now seems a long time, that yesterday you put to sleep four men— naked’). To which Sosia replies: formido male, ne ego hic nomen meum commutem et Quintus Wam e Sosia; quattuor nudos sopori se dedisse hic autumat: metuo ne numerum augeam illum (‘I’m horribly afraid that I may change my name and be made Quintus out of Sosia; this fellow claims he put to sleep four naked men: I fear I may increase that number’).
Mythological Material
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point in our investigation we have considered mythology only as far as it occurred in certain forms of expression. Plautus’ treatment of mythological material is, however, of considerable intrinsic importance, not only in judging his artistic independence, but also in the picture one can and must gain of his own and, indirectly, of his public’s cultural level—this means the degree to which they have been hellenized. In the colourfully eclectic Plautine world it is rarely possible to decide solely on the basis of the content what is originally Hellenic and what is Italic in the areas of manners and private law, of warfare and trade, indeed in almost all of man’s institutions;1 there is, however, no doubt about the origin of Phrixus and Bellerophon, the Trojan horse and Dirce’s bull, rich Iasion, and Penelope anxious about her husband. We know that ultimately all these figures come out of a rich complex of legends from Hellas, created and elaborated by great poets, but this fact does not provide the slightest information about the way references to this mythological world came to feature in the plays of Plautus.
Reaction and Resistance: Romance in the 1930s and under the Occupation
Authors: Holmes Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of war in 1914 made it difficult to pursue internal political conflicts, and most feminists, along with the majority of the population, rallied behind the ﬂag. Although, at a practical level, the absence of most of the active male population opened up new areas of employment to women, their fulfilment of the traditional roles of nurturing mother, nurse, provider of emotional solace became all the more imperative as a generation of young men found themselves suddenly in the raw, brutal world of battlefield and trenches. Wartime fiction written by women contains many strong female characters, but on the whole ‘for them, autonomy and self-determination [are] inseparable ... from ... maternal compassion and dedication’ (Goldberg 1999: 2). Love is a central element of women’s writing in the 1914 – 18 war, but the drama of meeting, desire, and its fulfilment takes second place to stories of painful separation from a beloved companion, or courageous sacrifice that alleviates the soldiers’ suffering, or motherly devotion.