bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is periodontitis associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and preterm and/or low birth weight births?
Authors: Madianos Phoebus N. , Bobetsis Georgios A. , Kinane Denis F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe objective of this systematic review was to determine whether periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and preterm and/or low birth weight deliveries (PLBW). A literature search was performed to identify cross‐sectional, case‐control, and cohort studies as well as clinical trials addressing different aspects of periodontal disease (clinical, microbial, immunological) and clinical outcomes of CHD or PLBW. The periodontitis–CHD association was evaluated in eight cohort, four case‐control‐ and four cross‐sectional studies. Meta‐analysis was not performed due to the extensive heterogeneity of the studies, particularly with regard to periodontitis measures, which varied from full mouth probing assessments to questionnaires. Percentage‐wise, 50% of the cohort studies (4/8), 75% of the case‐control studies (3/4) and 50% of the cross‐sectional studies (2/4) reported a significant association between clinical measures of periodontitis and CHD (excess risk ranged from 0 to 3.3‐fold). The periodontitis–PLBW association was evaluated in one cohort and two case‐control studies. The cohort study as well as one of the two case‐control studies reported a significant association between periodontitis and PLBW (odds ratios 4.4–7.9). From two additional case‐control studies microbiological data could be extracted. Bacteroides forsythus was found to be associated with PLBW in both studies. In conclusion, the evidence linking periodontitis with an increased risk for CHD and PLBW is limited. There is a clear need for new, well designed observational and intervention studies to confirm the thus far observed associations, explore the validity of the associations in diverse populations, establish whether they are causal in nature and determine potential benefits of periodontal intervention in reducing the risk for these conditions.
A systematic review of efficacy of machine‐driven and manual subgingival debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Tunkel J. , Heinecke A. , Flemmig T. F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectives:  The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of machine‐driven compared with manual subgingival debridement in the treatment of periodontitis.Background:  Mechanical debridement of the periodontal pocket plays a pivotal role in the treatment of periodontitis.Methods:  A literature search for controlled clinical trials with at least 6 months' follow‐up comparing machine‐driven instruments with hand instruments for the treatment of chronic periodontitis was performed up to April 2001. Screening of titles and abstracts as well as data extraction was conducted independently by two reviewers (J.T. & T.F.F.). As primary outcome variable, the prevention of tooth loss was used; secondary outcome variables were the prevention of disease progression, the resolution of anatomical defects and the resolution of gingival inflammation. Efficiency was assessed by mean time needed to treat one tooth.Results:  From a total of 419 abstracts, 27 articles were included for the review. The weighted kappa score for agreement between the two reviewers was 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65–0.89, indicating substantial agreement. No study reported on the selected primary outcome variables. Using clinical attachment gain, probing pocket depth reduction or bleeding on probing reduction as outcome variables, there appeared to be no differences between ultrasonic/sonic and manual debridement. No major differences in the frequency or severity of adverse effects were found. However no meta‐analysis could be performed on any of the previously mentioned parameters. Ultrasonic/sonic debridement was found to take significantly less time, i.e. 36.6%, than debridement using hand instruments (P = 0.0002, 95% CI of the standardized effect estimate: 0.39–1.37, heterogeneity P = 0.77).Conclusions:  With respect to clinical outcome measures, the available data do not indicate a difference between ultrasonic/sonic and manual debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis for single‐rooted teeth; however, the evidence for this is not very strong. In addition, ultrasonic/sonic subgingival debridement requires less time than hand instrumentation. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of machine‐driven debridement on multirooted teeth and clinical outcome variables having tangible benefit to the patients should be used.
A systematic review of the  effect of surgical debridement vs.  non‐surgical debridement for the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield L. J. A. , Trombelli L. , Heitz F. , Needleman I. , Moles D. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjective:  To systematically review the evidence of effectiveness of surgical vs. non‐surgical therapy for the treatment of chronic periodontal disease.Methods:  A search was conducted for randomized controlled trials of at least 12 months duration comparing surgical with non‐surgical treatment of chronic periodontal disease. Data sources included the National Library of Medicine computerised bibliographic database MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Oral Health Group (COHG) Specialist Trials Register. Screening, data abstraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by multiple reviewers (L.H., F.H., L.T.). The primary outcome measures evaluated were gain in clinical attachment level (CAL) and reduction in probing pocket depth (PPD).Results:  The search provided 589 abstracts of which six randomized controlled trials were included. Meta‐analysis evaluation of these studies indicated that 12 months following treatment, surgical therapy resulted in 0.6 mm more PPD reduction (WMD 0.58 mm; 95% CI 0.38, 0.79) and 0.2 mm more CAL gain (WMD 0.19 mm; 95% CI 0.04, 0.35) than non‐surgical therapy in deep pockets (>6 mm). In 4–6 mm pockets scaling and root planing resulted in 0.4 mm more attachment gain (WMD −0.37 mm; 95% CI −0.49, −0.26) and 0.4 mm less probing depth reduction (WMD 0.35 mm; 95% CI 0.23, 0.47) than surgical therapy. In shallow pockets (1–3 mm) non‐surgical therapy resulted in 0.5 mm less attachment loss (WMD −0.51 mm; 95% CI −0.74, −0.29) than surgical therapy.Conclusions:  Both scaling and root planing alone and scaling and root planing combined with flap procedure are effective methods for the treatment of chronic periodontitis in terms of attachment level gain and reduction in gingival inflammation. In the treatment of deep pockets open flap debridement results in greater PPD reduction and clinical attachment gain.
A systematic review of guided tissue regeneration for periodontal furcation defects. What is the effect of guided tissue regeneration compared with surgical debridement in the treatment of furcation defects?
Authors: Jepsen Søren , Eberhard Jörg , Herrera David , Needleman Ian 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectives:  To systematically review the evidence of effectiveness of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) for furcation defects.Background:  The evidence for the effectiveness of GTR in furcation defects has not yet been systematically appraised.Methods:  We searched for randomized controlled trials with at least 6 months' follow‐up comparing GTR with surgical debridement (open flap debridement, OFD). Data sources included electronic databases, hand‐searched journals and contact with experts. Screening, data abstraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by multiple reviewers. The primary outcome measure was reduction in open horizontal furcation depth, secondary outcomes were frequency of furcation closure, gain in horizontal and vertical probing attachment and reduction of vertical probing depth.Results:  For the primary outcome, reduction in horizontal furcation depth assessed during re‐entry, the weighted mean difference between GTR and control was 1.51 mm (95% CI [0.39–2.62], chi‐square for heterogeneity 67.6 (df = 3), P < 0.001) in mandibular class II furcations, 1.05 mm (95% CI [0.46–1.64, chi‐square for heterogeneity 34.9 (df = 3), P < 0.001) in maxillary class II furcations, and 0.87 mm (95% CI [−0.08–1.82], chi‐square for heterogeneity 0.1 (df = 4), P = 0.991) in studies that had combined mandibular and maxillary class II furcations. For the secondary outcomes, GTR treatment led to significantly better results than open flap debridement. No meta‐analysis could be performed for frequency of furcation closure because of sparse data.Conclusions:  Overall, GTR was consistently more effective than OFD in reducing open horizontal furcation depths, horizontal and vertical attachment levels and pocket depths for mandibular or maxillary class II furcation defects. However, these improvements were modest, variable and there was only a limited number of studies available to appraise the effects, thus limiting general conclusions about the clinical benefit of GTR. Future studies should aim to identify factors associated with achieving consistent and more pronounced benefits over open flap debridement.
Evolutionary aspects of host plant specialisation – a study on bruchids (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Jermy Tibor , Szentesi Árpád 
Published: May 2003

We have studied the relationship of bruchids and their legume hosts by extensive field sampling throughout Hungary over 17 years and by rearing the beetles from the samples in the laboratory. The value of the system lies in the accuracy of host affiliations. A total of 138 species and subspecies of plants were sampled, representing approximately 87% of the Leguminosae in Hungary. Only 51 legume species (37.0%) harboured bruchids (12 Bruchus spp. and 15 Bruchidius spp). Bruchids occurred in 38.3% of the host plant samples. Thirty‐seven plant species congeneric with bruchid host species were unoccupied by bruchids.The degree of host specificity ranged from monophagy (at least ecological monophagy) to oligophagy. On the basis of presence/absence data we tested the null hypothesis assuming that plant taxa and seed consuming bruchid species form congruent phyletic relations at the species level. We argue that the case for coevolution between the beetles and their hosts is weak. A comparison of the available taxonomic relationships (and presumed phylogenies) best fits a case of sequential evolution, with stronger phylogenetic conservatism in Bruchus species than in Bruchidius species. Bruchid and host plant taxa showed rough congruence only at the tribe level. We suggest that host shifts are best explained by the changes in the bruchids’ chemosensory system that determines the females’ host selection behaviour.
Local adaptation and ecological genetics of host‐plant specialization in a leaf beetle
Authors: Ballabeni Pierluigi , Gotthard Karl , Kayumba Aline , Rahier Martine 
Published: May 2003

The tendency of insect species to evolve specialization to one or a few plant species is probably a major reason for the remarkable diversity of herbivorous insects. The suggested explanations for this general trend toward specialization include a range of evolutionary mechanisms, whose relative importance is debated. Here we address two potentially important mechanisms: (i) how variation in the geographic distribution of host use may lead to the evolution of local adaptation and specialization; (ii) how selection for specialization may lead to the evolution of trade‐offs in performance between different hosts. We performed a quantitative genetic experiment of larval performance in three different populations of the alpine leaf beetle Oreina elongata reared on two of its main host plants. Due to differences in host availability, each population represents a distinctly different selective regime in terms of host use including selection for specialization on one or the other host as well as selection for utilizing both hosts during the larval stage.The results suggest that selection for specialization has lead to some degree of local adaptations in host use: both single‐host population had higher larval growth rate on their respective native host plant genus, while there was no difference between plant treatments in the two‐host population. However, differences between host plant treatments within populations were generally small and the degree of local adaptation in performance traits seems to be relatively limited. Genetic correlations in performance traits between the hosts ranged from zero in the two‐host population to significantly positive in the single‐host populations. This suggests that selection for specialization in single host populations typically also increased performance on the alternative host that is not naturally encountered. Moreover, the lack of a positive genetic correlation in the two host‐population give support for the hypothesis that performance trade‐offs between two host plants may typically evolve when a population have adapted to both these plants. We conclude that although there is selection for specialization in larval performance traits it seems as if the genetic architecture of these traits have limited the divergence between populations in relative performance on the two hosts.
Nutrient and microbiological characteristics of fine benthic organic matter in sediment settling ponds
Authors: Bonin H. L. , Griffiths R. P. , Caldwell B. A. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY1. Fine benthic organic matter (FBOM, particles <1 mm) was collected eight times in 1995 and 1996 from settling ponds located at the base of five catchments, and assayed for total C, N and P, extractable ammonium, mineralisable N, organic P, labile polysaccharides, denitrification potential, acetylene reduction and respiration rates, and β‐glucosidase and phosphatase activities. The five catchments (10–101 ha in size) are located in the Pacific North‐west of the United States. They contain either old‐growth forests dominated by Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) or stands that were harvested 30 years ago and replanted with Douglas‐fir, with riparian zones dominated by red alder (Alnus rubra), bigleaf and vine maple (Acer macrophyllum; A. circinatum) and understory herbaceous plants.2. C : N ratios were significantly higher, and mineralisable N, extractable ammonium and labile polysaccharides were all significantly lower, in FBOM from old‐growth catchment sediment than in FBOM from catchments containing harvested stands, showing that the chemical characteristics of FBOM were influenced by forest harvest. C and N concentrations were greatest in sediment from old‐growth catchments, but microbial activities (respiration, denitrification potential, phosphatase and β‐glucosidase) tended to be greater in sediment from the harvested catchments.3. Levels of certain chemical components of harvested‐catchment FBOM were elevated relative to those found in old growth; specifically, organic and total P, extractable ammonium, mineralisable N and labile polysaccharides, suggesting that stream FBOM from harvested basins is more biodegradable than stream FBOM from old‐growth basins.4. In addition to effects of past timber harvest on FBOM characteristics, there were also significant seasonal differences in both logged and unlogged catchments in all variables except mineralisable N, labile polysaccharides and acetylene reduction rates.5. The results indicate that past timber harvest in five river basins influenced both composition of and seasonal fluctuations in fine benthic organic matter (FBOM) collected from stream sediments in settling ponds, suggesting a linkage between forest harvest and stream productivity.6. Comparisons between seasonal patterns in stream and settling pond sediment FBOM characteristics suggested that the readily decomposable organic matter entering sediments during a storm event are rapidly transported and decomposed during their movement through the catchment basin. It also showed the validity of studying settling pond sediments as a surrogate for mountain stream sediments.
A mixing model analysis of stream solute dynamics and the contribution of a hyporheic zone to ecosystem function*
Authors: Battin Tom J. , Kaplan Louis A. , Newbold J. Denis , Hendricks Susan P. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY1. We monitored streamwater and streambed sediment porewaters from White Clay Creek (WCC), SE Pennsylvania, for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved oxygen (DO) and conductivity to investigate organic matter processing within the hyporheic zone. Dissolved organic carbon and DO concentrations were higher in the streamwater than in the porewaters and, in many cases, concentrations continued to diminish with increasing depth into the streambed.2. Hydrological exchange data demonstrated that the permeability of the stream bed declines with depth and constrains downwelling, effectively isolating porewaters >30 cm from streamwater.3. End‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) based on conductivity documented a DOC source and DO sink in the hyporheic zone. We calculated hyporheic streambed DOC fluxes and respiration from the EMMA results and estimates of water flux. Based upon our calculations of biodegradable DOC entering the hyporheic zone, we estimate that DOC supports 39% of the hyporheic zone respiration, with the remaining 61% presumably being supported by entrained particulate organic carbon. Hyporheic respiration averaged 0.38 g C m−2 d−1, accounted for 41% of whole ecosystem respiration, and increased baseflow ecosystem efficiency from 46 to 59%.4. Advective transport of labile organic molecules into the streambed concentrates microbial activity in near‐surface regions of the hyporheic zone. Steep gradients in biogeochemical activity could explain how a shallow and hydrologically constrained hyporheic zone can dramatically influence organic matter processing at the ecosystem scale.
Effects of wildfire ash on water chemistry and biota in South‐Western U.S.A. streams
Authors: Earl Stevan R. , Blinn Dean W. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY1. We monitored streams within the Gila River drainage in south‐western New Mexico, U.S.A., over a 5‐year period, to investigate the influence of ash input on water quality and stream biota following forest wildfires.2. Nutrients [ammonium, nitrate, soluble reactive phosphate (SRP)], potassium and alkalinity were most affected by fires; all were increased in stream water following ash input. Concentrations of each returned to prefire conditions within 4 months. Ammonium and nitrate also increased in stream water as a result of atmospheric fallout (e.g. smoke) from fires outside the catchment.3. Periphyton biomass was not affected significantly by wildfires, although there was a shift in diatom assemblage to smaller more adnate taxa. Cocconeis placentula was frequently the dominant postfire species.4. The influence of wildfires on macroinvertebrates ranged from minimal to dramatic reductions in density depending upon the duration of ash flows and the characteristics of the ash material that entered each system. Macroinvertebrate densities returned to prefire conditions within 1 year.5. An in‐situ ashing experiment was conducted on a first‐order stream in the Gila River drainage to monitor on‐site physiochemical and biotic responses during and after fire ash addition, for comparison with ash delivery from real wildfires on monitored streams. Physical–chemical parameters and algae and macroinvertebrates were monitored in an ashed and upstream reference reach for 13 months. Results generally substantiated findings from monitored streams.6. Concentrations of major ions and nutrients, as well as turbidity, conductivity and pH, increased immediately in stream water below the point of ashing, while dissolved oxygen decreased. Changes in water chemistry were short‐lived (=24 h) except for SRP. The concentration of SRP in stream water was significantly higher in the ashed reach than the control reach for at least 1 month after ash input.7. Periphyton biomass and diatom assemblages were not significantly altered in the ashing study, whereas macroinvertebrate density was measurably lower in the ashed reach for nearly a year. Macroinvertebrate drift was over 10‐fold greater in the ashed reach compared with the reference reach during ashing. Dissimilarity between macroinvertebrate communities in the reference and ashed reaches was significantly greater than variation within reaches for nearly a year.
Nutrient limitation of epilithic and epixylic biofilms in ten North American streams
Authors: Tank Jennifer L. , Dodds Walter K. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY1. Nutrient diffusing substrata were used to determine the effect of added inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on the development of epilithic and epixylic biofilms in 10 North American streams. Four treatments of diffusing substrata were used: Control (agar only), N addition (0.5 m NaNO3), P addition (0.5 m KH2PO4), and N + P combined (0.5 m NaNO3 + 0.5 m KH2PO4). Agar surfaces were covered with glass fibre filters (for epilithon) or discs of untreated white oak wood veneer (for epixylon).2. We found that if algae showed significant response to nutrient addition, N limitation (either N alone or N with P) was the most frequent response both on GF/F filters and on wood. Despite the low dissolved nutrient concentrations in our study streams, more than a third of the streams did not show any response to N or P addition. In fact, P was never the sole limiting nutrient for algal biofilms in this study.3. Nutrient addition influenced algal colonisation of inorganic versus organic substrata in different ways. The presence of other biofilm constituents (e.g. fungi or bacteria) may influence whether algal biomass on wood increased in response to nutrient addition. Algae on organic and inorganic substrata responded similarly to nutrient addition in only one stream.4. Fungal biomass on wood was nutrient limited in six of 10 study streams. N limitation of fungal biomass (with or without secondary P limitation) was most frequent, but P limitation did occur in two streams.5. Our results show that biomass responses to nutrient addition by the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of the epixylic biofilm were different, though both experienced the same stream nutrient conditions. For algae and fungi growing on wood, limiting nutrients were rarely similar. Only three of nine streams showed the same biomass response to nutrient addition, including two that showed no significant change in biomass despite added nutrients.