bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mucosal immunization with inactivated HIV‐1‐capturing nanospheres induces a significant HIV‐1‐specific vaginal antibody response in mice
Authors: Akagi Takami , Kawamura Masaki , Ueno Masamichi , Hiraishi Katsuya , Adachi Masakazu , Serizawa Takeshi , Akashi Mitsuru , Baba Masanori 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMucosal secretory IgA is considered to have an important role in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) transmission through sexual intercourse. Therefore, substances that induce HIV‐1‐specific IgA antibody in the genital tract may become promising candidates for prophylactic vaccine against HIV‐1 infection. We have previously reported that concanavalin A‐immobilized polystyrene nanospheres (Con A‐NS) could efficiently capture HIV‐1 particles and gp120 antigens on their surface and that intravaginal immunization with inactivated HIV‐1‐capturing nanospheres (HIV‐NS) induced vaginal anti‐HIV‐1 IgA antibody in mice. In this study, various strategies for immunization with HIV‐NS were undertaken to induce HIV‐1‐specific IgA response in the mouse genital tract. HIV‐NS were administered intravaginally, orally, intranasally or intraperitoneally to mice. Progesterone treatment enhanced the anti‐HIV‐1 IgA response to intravaginal immunization significantly, but intranasal immunization with HIV‐NS was more effective compared with other immunization routes in terms of vaginal IgA response. In addition, vaginal washes from intranasally immunized mice were capable of neutralizing HIV‐1IIIB. Thus, application of HIV‐NS is a practical approach to promote HIV‐1‐specific IgA response by the vaginal mucosa in the mouse and intranasal appears to be an effective immunization route in this animal model. Intranasal immunization with HIV‐NS should be further pursued for its potential as an HIV‐1 prophylactic vaccine. J. Med. Virol. 69:163–172, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of HCV genotype by direct sequence analysis of quantitative PCR products
Authors: Gargiulo Franco , De Francesco Maria Antonia , Pinsi Gabriele , Pollara Caterina , Terlenghi Luigina , Perandin Francesca , Manca Nino 
Published: May 2003

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping, combined with quantitative evaluation of HCV RNA, may be beneficial for the management of chronic hepatitis C and in the selection of candidates for interferon treatment. In this study, the COBAS AMPLICOR HCV MONITOR™ test, a commercially available quantitative assay for HCV RNA, was used. Amplification products obtained from HCV‐positive cases were subjected to direct sequencing and genotyping based on seven phylogenetically informative regions within the 5′UTR. Results were compared with those obtained by INNO‐LiPA assay. Typing results yielded by both methods were in complete accordance for type and subtype assignment. Twenty‐nine of 500 specimens (5.8%) were unclassifiable and belonged to samples with a titer of <70.000 IU, as determined by quantitative assay. Despite this limitation, the overall gain in efficiency, the low rate of test failure and a better resolution of mixed genotypes all constitute a considerable advantage of this system over the commercial hybridization technique for routine clinical laboratory use. J. Med. Virol. 69:202–206, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inter‐subtype cross‐neutralizing antibodies recognize epitopes on cell‐associated HIV‐1 virions
Authors: Donners Helen , Davis David , Willems Betty , van der Groen Guido 
Published: May 2003

AbstractHIV‐1 infected individuals with cross‐neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV‐1 isolates belonging to Group M (env A‐H) and O, are identified. To investigate the neutralization‐kinetics of primary isolates with these antibodies, different neutralization assay conditions are compared. Each set is summarized as a/b/c where a is the time in hours for which antibody is incubated with virus, b is the time in hours allowed for virus to absorb to cells, c is the total culture period in days, from the cells' first exposure to virus, before antigen production (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) or number of fluorescent cells (GHOST) are measured. In HIV‐infected individuals, neutralizing antibodies can be detected against a wide range of primary isolates (Group M; A–H and Group O) in PBMC‐assays with short incubation phases (1/2/7 or 1/24/7). If cultures are extended (1/2/14 or 1/24/14), however, neutralization can be lost. In kinetic experiments, neutralization can even be seen without pre‐incubation (a = 0 hr). This study shows that neutralization of primary HIV isolates by cross‐reactive antibodies can continue after the virus has bound to its target cell. This neutralization, however, is not an all or nothing loss in virus infectivity. Most often it leads only to a reduction in viral replication rates. J. Med. Virol. 69:173–181, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystallization and Morphology of Poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylate) Containing Additives
Authors: Gao Xia , Liu Ruigang , Yu Ying , Jin Manna , Bu Haishan 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe influence of nucleating agents (AClyn®, Surlyn® and sodium benzoate (SB)) alone and together with nucleating promoter (Ceraflour® 993 and Ceraflour® 991 and poly(1,4‐butylene sebacate)) on the crystallization and morphology of poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylate) (PEN) was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimeter, polarized optical microscopy and small angle light scattering. It was revealed that AClyn, Surlyn and SB effectively accelerate nucleation and crystallization of PEN with increasing the ratio of nucleating agent up to 1 wt.‐%. A combination of nucleating agent and nucleating promoter leads to further increase in crystallization rate at low temperature, but only a slight change at high temperature. Hedrites were obtained in pure PEN and the addition of SB and Ceraflour 993 produces small crystals with poor perfection upon crystallization in high temperature region. When crystallization temperature was below 210 °C, spherulites were observed in pure PEN and also in the samples of PEN/Ceraflour 993 and PEN/SB but with smaller size.Crystal morphology of PEN crystallized at 240 °C for 40 min.magnified imageCrystal morphology of PEN crystallized at 240 °C for 40 min.
New electromagnetic bandgap nonlinear coplanar waveguides
Authors: Martín Ferran , Falcone Francisco , Bonache Jordi , Lopetegi Txema , Laso Miguel A. G. , Carreras J. L. , Sorolla Mario 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn this paper, nonlinear transmission lines (NLTLs) consisting of coplanar waveguides periodically loaded with shunt connected varactor diodes, periodically perturbed by varying the slot width, are studied. To our knowledge, this is the first time that these structures, combining a distributed nonlinearity with an electromagnetic bandgap (EBG), are investigated. A prototype device with a cutoff frequency near 1 GHz and designed to inhibit power transmission within a narrow frequency gap near cutoff has been fabricated. Harmonic balance simulations as well as nonlinear measurements indicate that power transfer to the second harmonic is enhanced if the third harmonic lies within the forbidden gap. The work opens the door to a major design flexibility of NLTL frequency multipliers and phase shifters by adding the EBG concept to the structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 397–401, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10929
A wideband meander‐line probe‐fed patch antenna
Authors: Ooi B. L. , Lee C. L. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn this paper, the characteristics of a bent meander‐line probe fed patch antenna are investigated. The air‐filled patches are designed at a height of about 9% of the wavelength and the bent meander‐line probe fed antenna is able to achieve an impedance bandwidth of about 31% for a VSWR of less than 2. The four basswoods, which support the microstrip patch, are noticed experimentally to have little effect on the overall performance. The in‐band return loss of the proposed antenna is found experimentally to be better than the recently proposed L‐shaped probe patch antenna. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 401–403, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10930
Characteristics of a compact CPW resonant cell
Authors: Xue Q. , Mo T.‐T. , Shum K. M. , Chan C. H. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel structure called a compact coplanar waveguide resonant cell (CCRC), which can exhibit slow‐wave and bandstop characteristics by only one single unit. The same pattern has been adopted in the compact microstrip resonant cell (CMRC) as reported previously and here is applied to CPW with both infinite and finite ground planes. Experimental results show quite good agreement with simulations. By alternating the slot width of the CCRC section from that of normal CPW, good transmitting characteristics can be achieved at a passband of low frequency. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 408–410, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10933
T‐coupled circular microstrip antenna with H‐shaped aperture for bandwidth and radiation‐gain improvements
Authors: Liu Ji‐Chyun , Wu Hui Chi , Chiang Meng Shan , Tsou Hsin‐Yi 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA novel design of a T‐coupled circular microstrip antenna with H‐shaped aperture for bandwidth and radiation gain improvements is presented in this paper. The circular patch determines the certain resonated frequency, the H‐shaped aperture structure is used to obtain a response for the desired (3.7–4.2 GHz) band, and then the T‐coupled feed line enhances the response of the band using the impedance‐matching technique. In addition, the available radiation gain (4.5–5.0 dBi) is also obtained. This design procedure is described and the simulated and experimental results, including frequency response and radiation patterns, are presented and discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 414–417, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10935
Study of a dual‐band packaged patch antenna on a PC card for 5–6 GHz wireless LAN applications
Authors: Kunda V. K. , Ali M. , Sheng‐Hwang Huan , Sittironnarit T. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA study of a dual‐band PC card mounted folded microstrip patch antenna is presented for use with a laptop computer. The antenna operates in the wireless local area network (WLAN) bands from 5.15–5.35 GHz and from 5.725–5.825 GHz within 2.5:1 VSWR. Three cases are considered. First, the PC‐card‐mounted antenna is studied without a laptop. Next, it is attached externally to a laptop and its characteristics are analyzed. Finally the antenna is studied as packaged within a laptop. Detailed antenna characteristics, including current distribution, VSWR, radiation pattern, and gain, are given. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 423–428, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10938
Attenuation characteristics of InP/InGaAsP deep‐ridge waveguide turning mirror
Authors: Park Jeong‐Woo , Beak Yongsoon , Song Jung‐Ho , Sim Eun‐Deok , Kim Seong‐Bock , Park Kyung‐Hyun 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAttenuation of a deep‐ridge waveguide turning mirror is analyzed using a simple overlap integral calculation. According to this analysis, loss of the fabricated mirror was improved by 1.1 dB and uniformity was also improved. Our analysis shows that more reduction of attenuation can be made by using the steep mirror facet through an optimization of the dry etch condition. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 428–431, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10939
An open‐cell layer approach for scattering and radiation
Authors: Chumachenko Vitaliy P. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA novel close approximation of a layer surrounding the scatterer which does not reflect outgoing waves is proposed. The layer consists of cells. Inside each cell, the scattered field is expended in terms of waves propagating from the sides of the cell, except the outer one. The realizability and appropriateness of the construction are checked by solving the scattering from circular and square conducting cylinders. The approach has the advantage of simplicity and provides sufficiently accurate results in a wide range of frequencies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 444–447, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10944
Printed uni‐planar dual‐band monopole antenna
Authors: Fang Chi‐Yin , Chen Hong‐Twu , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA printed dual‐band monopole antenna suitable for wireless local‐area network (WLAN) applications in the 2.4‐ and 5.2‐GHz bands is presented. The monopole antenna including the ground plane is printed on the same (front) surface of a narrow FR4 substrate (with no metallic portion in the back side of the substrate), which makes it easy to fabricate. In addition, the antenna also showed good radiation characteristics. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 452–454, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10947
An elliptic dielectric resonator antenna designed for circular polarization with single feed
Authors: Kishk Ahmed A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA single‐fed elliptic dielectric resonator antenna is designed for circular polarization. The feed is a coaxial probe chosen with the proper parameters to achieve wideband matching and good circular polarization properties. The analysis is performed numerically using WIPL‐D. The single‐fed DRA achieves 3.5% circular polarization bandwidth and 14% matching bandwidth. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 454–456, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10948
Width and thickness effects of dielectric overlay on even and odd mode resonance frequency of microstrip ring resonator
Authors: Jacob Julie , Nuangnum Chote , Aiyer R. C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe effect of perturbation on even‐ and odd‐mode resonance frequencies of a microstrip ring resonator (MRR) is studied. Overlay of alumina strips with variable width (1 mm to 4 mm) and thickness (0.635 mm to 3.175 mm) are used to perturb the MRR. The change in even‐ and odd‐mode resonance frequencies, due to width of the overlay, is found to be nonlinear. Odd‐mode frequency is observed to be independent of perturbation due to the thickness of the overlay. Even‐mode frequency variations tend to saturate for thickness greater than about four times the substrate height. Based on the experimental results, empirical equations for even‐ and odd‐mode resonance frequencies are reported. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 465–470, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10952
Linking data to electronic records
Authors: Longden Heather 
Published: May 2003

AbstractToday it is possible to maintain electronic records in a single application in compliance with 21 CFR Part 11. However, most electronic data for a sample in an analytical laboratory is spread across a number of software applications as well as traditional paper systems. This article will examine how it is possible to link both paper and electronic records together in hybrid systems. A case study is used to demonstrate the practical aspects of a totally electronic process. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New day: CQA
Authors: Winchell Terry 
Published: May 2003

AbstractMany CQA (clinical quality assurance) units were just being formed in the United States in the early 1980s, but are now commonly recognized components of Quality Assurance. CQA units operate in a unique environment when compared to GMP (good manufacturing practice) and GLP (good laboratory practice) units, and have vast responsibilities with regard to the magnitude and constantly changing nature of the clinical research activities they serve. The uniqueness and enormity of this task demands strategically planned activities that are designed to maximize the benefit of each CQA professional on staff. A number of methods are discussed in this article. Increased focus will deliver CQA into a new era of high impact. If properly focused and directed, CQA can serve as a small fulcrum to leverage big change in clinical research. This change is not limited to improved GCP compliance and quality, but can significantly improve company efficiency and profitability as well. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importance of biotic interactions in large rivers: an experiment with planktivorous fish, dreissenid mussels and zooplankton in the St. Lawrence River
Authors: Thorp James H. , Casper Andrew F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPhysical conditions are usually considered pre‐eminent in controlling river plankton, but biotic interactions may be important in slackwater areas. To begin testing this general hypothesis, we conducted a 12‐day, predator–prey experiment in 3500 litre mesh enclosures in a slackwater area of the St. Lawrence River using planktivorous, juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and Dreissena mussels. Results generally supported our hypotheses that: (1) perch would directly suppress large zooplankton via predation but benefit microzooplankton through indirect interactions; and (2) dreissenids would directly depress rotifer densities via predation and have indirect negative effects on macrozooplankton. Based on gut contents of experimental fish, cladocera were the principal prey of smaller yellow perch (c. 46–50 mm), followed by copepods, ostracods, and rotifers. Larger juvenile perch (c. 67–73 mm) fed almost exclusively on copepods and ostracods. Densities of calanoid copepodids, nauplii, and some cyclopoid copepods (Diacyclops thomasi) were significantly depressed by perch, and adult Eurytemora affinis (99% of adult calanoids) essentially disappeared from fish enclosures. Despite being a favourite prey item of small perch, densities of the small cladoceran Bosmina (Sinobosmina) spp. were significantly higher when fish were present (150% greater than control densities on Day 12). Densities of the very abundant rotifer Polyarthra were >300% greater in fish enclosures than controls by Day 12, and the rotifers Synchaeta and predaceous Ploesoma were significantly more abundant in the presence of perch. Increases in rotifers and cladocera suggest indirect, positive effects of fish related to significantly higher phytoplankton biomass or decreased densities of predaceous copepods. Densities of eight of ten zooplankton groups examined declined significantly when mussels were present, and calanoid copepodids also declined but not significantly. Chlorophyll‐a concentrations were slightly lower in mussel enclosures. This evidence suggests biotic interactions play important roles among potamoplankton in slackwater habitats, but river‐wide implications of these findings require further study. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macroinvertebrate community structure and function associated with large wood in low gradient streams
Authors: Johnson Lucinda B. , Breneman Dan H. , Richards Carl 
Published: May 2003

AbstractLarge woody debris (wood) plays a number of important roles in forested stream ecosystems. Wood in streams provides habitat and flow refugia for fish and invertebrates, and is a site of biofilm production that serves as food for grazing organisms. Logs added to streams are rapidly colonized by invertebrates, and this habitat alteration is accompanied by changes in community composition and functional processes. A multiple habitat, qualitative sampling approach was employed to evaluate macroinvertebrate communities associated with wood habitats in 71 stream reaches in central Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, two agricultural regions in the midwestern United States. Macroinvertebrate taxa were classified with respect to behaviour (e.g. sprawler, clinger, swimmer), as well as trophic/feeding characteristics. These traits were used to examine community structure as a function of wood abundance and distribution. Although wood is not abundant in these streams and logs are generally small in size, wood is a very important habitat in both Michigan and Minnesota: 86% and 95% of the total taxa encountered at Michigan and Minnesota study sites, respectively, were found in wood habitats. Differences in regional patterns in the distribution of taxa across habitats were observed between Michigan and Minnesota. These are believed to result from differences in the number of habitat types available, and the dominant substrate composition. Local invertebrate diversity increased in Michigan, but not Minnesota, with the presence of wood habitats in streams. The presence of wood at a site increased the average taxa richness by 15 and 10 taxa in Michigan and Minnesota, respectively. Macroinvertebrate behavioural attributes and functional traits associated with wood habitats suggest that community traits may vary due to both local difference in flow and the location of wood in the channel. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phylogeny, diet, and habitat of an extinct ground sloth from Cuchillo Curá, Neuquén Province, southwest Argentina
Authors: Hofreiter Michael , Betancourt Julio L. , Sbriller Alicia Pelliza , Markgraf Vera , McDonald H. Gregory 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAdvancements in ancient DNA analyses now permit comparative molecular and morphological studies of extinct animal dung commonly preserved in caves of semiarid regions. These new techniques are showcased using a unique dung deposit preserved in a late glacial vizcacha (Lagidiumsp.) midden from a limestone cave in southwestern Argentina (38.5° S). Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial DNA show that the dung originated from a small ground sloth species not yet represented by skeletal material in the region, and not closely related to any of the four previously sequenced extinct and extant sloth species. Analyses of pollen and plant cuticles, as well as analyses of the chloroplast DNA, show that the Cuchillo Curá ground sloth browsed on many of the same herb, grass, and shrub genera common at the site today, and that its habitat was treeless Patagonian scrub-steppe. We envision a day when molecular analyses are used routinely to supplement morphological identifications and possibly to provide a time-lapse view of molecular diversification.
Extending the limits of the Borrobol Tephra to Scandinavia and detection of new early Holocene tephras
Authors: Davies Siwan M. , Wastegård Stefan , Wohlfarth Barbara 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAnalyses of two infilled lakes in Blekinge, southeast Sweden, indicate the presence of at least three tephra horizons of Termination 1 and early Holocene age. Geochemical analyses confirm the presence of the Borrobol Tephra, the Askja Tephra (10,000 14C yr B.P.), and one previously unreported tephra of Icelandic origin. Extending the limits of the Borrobol Tephra to Scandinavia illustrates that this ash is far more widespread than previously realized and is therefore, an important marker horizon for determining the rate and timing of the initial warming at the start of Greenland Interstade 1 (GI-1) within Europe. The relatively unknown Askja Tephra and the newly discovered Hässeldalen Tephra are stratigraphically placed at the Younger Dryas/Preboreal transition. This paper demonstrates the suitability and success associated with the extraction techniques for tracing microtephra horizons in areas distal to volcanic sources.