bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Test of the Effectiveness of the Revised Maxillary Suture Obliteration Method in Estimating Adult Age at Death
Authors: Ginter JK 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The effectiveness of the original maxillary suture method for estimating age at death, introduced in 1987 by Mann and colleagues, has been tested (4,5), but their revised maxillary suture method (1991) has not been subject to similar scrutiny. The purpose of this study is to test the accuracy of the revised maxillary suture method (2) in estimating age at death on a genetically diverse skeletal sample of 155 maxillae (96 males, 59 females, aged 26 to 100 years) of known age at death from the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa. Results from a prior study of the original maxillary suture method will be compared. With age category correctly estimated for 83% of this sample, the results of this study indicate that the revised method is more effective in estimating age at death than the original method. The revised method appears to perform best for older individuals and tends to underestimate age for individuals of all age groups. The results suggest that the revised method is useful as a method for age estimation when it is used conjunction with other estimators.
Population Data of 15 STR in Chinese Han Population From North of Guangdong
Authors: Zhu J , Li J , Guo Y , Liu K , Zhu B , Liu Y 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The samples were obtained from 102 unrelated, healthy individuals of Chinese Han population living in north of Guangdong province of China. Genomic DNA was extracted using the Chelex100 protocol as described by Walsh et al. (1). Fifteen STR loci and Amelogenin locus were co-amplified by using the AmpFLSTR Identifiler kit following the amplification conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Detection and genotyping of all PCR products were accomplished using ABI3100 DNA Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystem). Allele designation was done using GeneScan 3.7 and Genotyper 3.7. Evaluation of Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium expectations was carried out using the exact test and further statistical parameters of forensic interest were determined by using Arlequin version 1.1 (2).
Evaluation of Shear Strength Functions Based on Soil Water Characteristic Curves
Authors: Babu GLS , Rao RS , Peter J 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to examine the variation of shear strength with respect to suction and develop a simple method for prediction of suction from shear strength data. The measured values of total suction and the shear strength of the soils are used to predict a fitting parameter that defines the nonlinear variation of suction with shear strength. The equation proposed by Vanapalli and Fredlund is used. The parameter is estimated for two types of soils, red soil and black cotton soil, available in the state of Karnataka, using measured values of total suction and unconfined compressive strength by nonlinear regression analysis. The nonlinear equations developed between suction and unconfined shear strength are useful in unsaturated soil engineering practice.
Mathematical model of real‐time PCR kinetics
Authors: Gevertz Jana L. , Dunn Stanley M. , Roth Charles M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSeveral real‐time PCR (rtPCR) quantification techniques are currently used to determine the expression levels of individual genes from rtPCR data in the form of fluorescence intensities. In most of these quantification techniques, it is assumed that the efficiency of rtPCR is constant. Our analysis of rtPCR data shows, however, that even during the exponential phase of rtPCR, the efficiency of the reaction is not constant, but is instead a function of cycle number. In order to understand better the mechanisms belying this behavior, we have developed a mathematical model of the annealing and extension phases of the PCR process. Using the model, we can simulate the PCR process over a series of reaction cycles. The model thus allows us to predict the efficiency of rtPCR at any cycle number, given a set of initial conditions and parameter values, which can mostly be estimated from biophysical data. The model predicts a precipitous decrease in cycle efficiency when the product concentration reaches a sufficient level for template–template re‐annealing to compete with primer‐template annealing; this behavior is consistent with available experimental data. The quantitative understanding of rtPCR provided by this model can allow us to develop more accurate methods to quantify gene expression levels from rtPCR data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Food intake in Antarctica
Authors: Easty D. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Body-weight, skinfold thickness and food intake were measured at regular intervals in twenty-five young men while on an Antarctic expedition.2. The mean calorie intake over the year was 3600 kcal/man per day; 12.1% of these calories were supplied by protein, 39.8% by fat, and 48.1% by carbohydrate.3. The calorie intake was equivalent to that which would be expected in a moderately active worker living in a temperate climate. The chemical composition of the diets did not differ from average values for young men in the United Kingdom.4. There was a significant fall in food intake during the winter months, when the outside temperatures were greatly reduced and there was polar night. During this period the men were largely confined to the limits of the base hut and the levels of physical activity showed a marked fall.5. During the year there was a gain in body-weight of 2.7 kg. Of this gain 2.5 kg occurred in the first 2 months.6. Skinfold thickness followed the trend of the body-weights except for the April-May increment which was unaccompanied by a weight change. This dissociation could not be explained.
The relationship between nutritive value of dietary protein and activity of liver arginase and kidney transamidinase enzymes
Authors: Kean E. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The protein efficiency ratio of three protein sources was determined with rats by a depletion-repletion method. The sources were: a groundnut product, a methionine-supplemented groundnut product and lactalbumin.2. Livers obtained from the test animals were assayed for arginase activity, and kidneys for transamidinase activity (glycine amidinotransferase).3. The measurements indicated that there was an inverse relationship between arginase activity and the nutritive value of the dietary protein.4. Transamidinase activity was also influenced by nutritive value. Only the unsupplemented groundnut product, which had the lowest nutritive value, failed to produce a significant increase of transamidinase activity over basal levels.5. The findings are discussed from the standpoint of physiological function and needs. It is suggested that observed levels of arginase activity are not necessarily related to amounts of urea excreted; similarly, transamidinase activity may be well in excess of physiological requirements.
Changes in the tissues of guinea-pigs fed on a diet free from vitamin A but containing methyl retinoate
Authors: Howell J. McC. , Thompson J. N. , Pitt G. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Forty-eight guinea-pigs were fed from weaning on a semi-synthetic diet free of retinol and carotenoids. Twenty-two of these animals received a twice-weekly supplement of methyl retinoate and fifteen received a twice-weekly supplement of retinyl acetate. The remaining eleven animals were fed on the vitamin A-free diet without supplementation.2. At varying times throughout the experiment, animals died or were killed by chloroform inhalation. Testes and seminal vesicles were weighed and these tissues together with trachea, lungs, salivary glands, bladder, eyes and vagina were examined histologically.3. The eleven guinea-pigs that received the unsupplemented diet developed signs of vitamin A deficiency after being fed on the diet for 3 or 4 weeks. Many epithelia showed a metaplastic change to the stratified squamous form often with keratinization.4. The guinea-pigs given supplements of either methyl retinoate or retinyl acetate grew at a normal rate and developed none of the signs of vitamin A deficiency that appeared in the animals on the unsupplemented diet. Evidence of metaplastic change in epithelia was not seen in any of these animals.5. Thirteen males were fed on the deficient diet and methyl retinoate. The testicles and seminal vesicles of these animals weighed less than those of the ten males fed on the deficient diet and retinyl acetate. The testes of the former showed severe histological degeneration of the seminiferous epithelium. The testes of the guinea-pigs fed on retinyl acetate were normal.6. Fifteen guinea-pigs fed on the deficient diet and retinyl acetate were mated to normal males. Eleven were thought to have become pregant. Eight of these gave birth to twenty-four pups. One died in advanced pregnancy with five apparently normal pups in utero and one produced three living young and died with one still in utero. Sixteen guinea-pigs fed on the deficient diet and methyl retinoate were mated to normal males. Twelve were thought to have conceived but all resorbed their foetuses.7. The vision of guinea-pigs fed on the synthetic diet and methyl retinoate deteriorated progressively, and after 150 days on the experiment the pupils did not respond to light. However, degeneration of the retina, such as had been seen in rats fed on a vitamin A-deficient diet containing methyl retinoate, was not seen in any of the guinea-pigs.
Studies on the active transport of D-glucose and L-histidine by rats and golden hamsters fed on a penicillin-enriched diet
Authors: Hindmarsh J. T. , Kilby D. , Wiseman G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of a penicillin-enriched diet (100 mg or 1000 mg penicillin-G/kg food) on the active transport of D-glucose and L-histidine has been investigated by the use of sacs of everted small intestine of normal young adult rats and golden hamsters. The antibiotic was given for up to several weeks.2. The penicillin made no difference to the final concentration gradients of D-glucose or L-histidine achieved by rat small intestine, although with the hamster these appeared somewhat improved. Water entry into the serosal fluid remained unchanged.3. The lengths and the dry weights of the small intestines of both species were not altered by the dietary regimen.
Protein-calorie malnutrition: Effect of deficient diets on enzyme levels of jejunal mucosa of rats
Authors: Solimano G. , Ann Burgess E. , Levin B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of low-protein and protein-free diets on the levels of disaccharidase, peptidase and aldolase activities in the jejunal mucosa of rats were studied.2. Maltase, palatinase and sucrase activities increased significantly after both types of feeding, although there was an initial fall with the protein-free diet.3. The rise in lactase levels was, however, not so marked.4. Glycyl-glycine and glycyl-leucine dipeptidase levels fell consistently with both diets.5. Aldolase activities were generally unaltered, but tended to fall if the period of low-protein feeding was prolonged.6. Enzyme levels rapidly returned to normal when the rats were given a normal diet after a period on a protein-deficient one.7. It is suggested that the rise in disaccharidase and fall in peptidase levels are adaptive changes to the high-carbohydrate, low-protein diet, with diminished enzyme synthesis, due to lack of nitrogen, contributing to the lowered peptidase activities. The relevance of these results to disaccharide intolerance in chronic malnutrition, kwashiorkor and gastro-intestinal infection is discussed.
Lysosomal enzymes and vitamin E deficiency
Authors: Bunyan J. , Green J. , Diplock A. T. , Robinson D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The activities of several lysosomal hydrolases have been measured in tissues of rats with nutritional liver necrosis. Incipient or actual liver necrosis did not alter total, free or unsedimentable activities of cathepsin, β-glucuronidase, β-galactosidase or acid phosphatase of liver and kidney. Free hydrolytic activity towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate was slightly raised in liver, and serum β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase were moderately elevated. These results suggest that lysosomal hydrolases are not directly implicated in the causation of liver necrosis.2. Testicular degeneration was studied with reference to changes in β-giucuronidase activity. This enzyme activity, total, free and unsedimentable, was raised in deficient rat testis at 6 months old and did not decline even after a year. Raised values were also found in serum.
Protein quality of feeding-stuffs
Authors: Boyne A. W. , Price S. A. , Rosen G. D. , Stott J. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Samples of whale, meat, fish, groundnut and soya-bean meals and skim-milk powders were assayed microbiologically with Tetrahymena pyriformis W and Streptococcus zymogenes for available methionine and available lysine.2. Detailed collaborative studies on the assay of available methionine with Strep. zymogenes were conducted on the effects of dry- or wet-grinding the test meals, the use of crude or purified papain for predigesting the ground meals and the use of optical density or titratable acidity as criteria of bacterial growth response.3. Wide differences were observed in the available methionine and available lysine contents of a variety of meals in the preliminary studies, with a promising measure of interlaboratory agreement in the assay of available methionine with Strep. zymogenes.4. As a result of detailed collaborative studies a provisional method is proposed for the assay of available methione with Strep. zymogenes, adopting dry-grinding and predigestion with an agreed level of papain in the preparation of the meals. No general recommendation could be offered on the comparative merits of optical density and titratable acidity as criteria of bacterial growth response.
The effect of uncooked and roll-dried maize starch, alone and mixed in equal quantity with sucrose, on dental caries in the albino rat
Authors: Green R. M. , Hartles R. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. One hundred and ten weanling rats were distributed between five dietary groups in randomized blocks. Each block was constructed from within a litter and each member of the block received a different diet.2. The main features of the diets were: group I (twenty-six rats) 72% sucrose, group 2 (sixteen rats) 72% uncooked maize starch, group 3 (sixteen rats) 72% roll-dried maize starch, group 4 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% uncooked starch, group 5 (twenty-six rats) 36% sucrose and 36% roll-dried starch.3. The animals were killed after 20 days on the diets and assessed for dental caries. The rats of group 1 (sucrose) had significantly more caries than all other groups, the rats of group 2 (uncooked starch) had significantly less caries than any of the other groups. Roll-dried starch (group 3) produced significantly more caries than uncooked starch (group 2). The mixture of uncooked starch and sucrose (group 4) was significantly more cariogenic than the mixture of roll-dried starch and sucrose (group 5).
Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Walker D. M. , Cook L. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sixteen male cross-bred lambs were given four diets, which differed in the ratio of protein to energy. The protein contents of the diets (on a dry-matter basis) were: 6.1% (diet A), 11.9% (diet B), 17.5% (diet C) and 22.9% (diet D).2. The experimental period of 7 weeks was divided into two 2-week periods (periods 1 and 2), and one 3-week period. The diets given to the lambs were changed between period 1 and period 2. In period 3 all the lambs were given the same dietary treatment as in period 2.3. The daily feed intake of the lambs was regulated according to live weight. Adjustments were made at the beginning of period 1 and of period 2. The level of feeding was 121 kcal/kg live weight 24 h. In period 3 the intake was the same as in period 2.4. Diet digestibility, live-weight gain, and nitrogen and sulphur balances were calculated for each lamb on each diet in all the periods. Wool growth on sample areas was measured over a 2-week and a 4-week period. These wool growth periods corresponded to treatment period 1, and treatment periods 2 and 3, respectively. At the end of the experiment the lambs were slaughtered and the composition of carcass and organs was determined.5. The mean digestibilities of energy, N, ether extractives and dry matter increased significantly as the protein content of the diet increased.6. The live-weight gain increased with increasing protein content of the diets, but only the difference between the means for diet A and all other diets was significant.7. The N and S balances increased with increasing intake of apparently digested N and S, and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant.8. There was a significant correlation between N balance and live-weight gain for each diet. However, when compared at the same late of gain, N balance increased as the protein content or the diet increased.9. Wool growth on the sample areas increased with an increase in the protein content of the diet and all differences between the means for individual diets were highly significant. There were no significant differences between the dietary treatments in their effect on the N and S contents of the wool. The mean values were 15.7% N and 2.87% S.10. The retention of N in the wool grown did not account for the increased N retention on the diets of higher protein content. The lambs given diet A, retained more N and S in wool than was supplied by the diet.11. The percentage of fat in the carcass decreased, and the percentage of protein increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The percentages of moisture and ash were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments.12. The percentages of moisture in the liver, pancreas and muscle decreased and the percentages of protein in the liver and muscle increased as the protein content of the diet increased. The ratio of N in the organs (with the exception of the spleen and pancreas) to N in the carcass was highest for lambs given the diet with least protein (diet A).
The effect of the protein value of the diet on the neurological manifestations produced in rats by β,β-iminodipropionitrile
Authors: Morcos Sabry Riad 
Published: September 2005

1. The ‘landing’ and ‘swimming’ tests have been used to detect the onset of the neurological manifestations of toxicity of β,β-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in rats.2. Rats on diets of net percentage of dietary protein calories (NDpCal%) of 10.1, 6.2 or 4.6 developed the syndrome later than those on diets of lower protein value.3. L-Thyroxine did not prevent the development of the ECC-syndrome, but only delayed the onset of the action of IDPN.
Vitamin B12deficiency and the excretion of ether-soluble acids in the rat
Authors: Armstrong B. K. 
Published: September 2005

1. Urinary excretion of total ether-soluble acids and of methylmalonic acid was studied in rats on vitamin B12-deficient diets with and without a vitamin B12supplement.2. It was shown that urinary excretion of total ether-soluble acids and methylmalonic acid was increased in vitamin B12-deficient rats and that this increase was somewhat variable between individual animals, males and females, and rats from different litters.3. The increased excretion of these acids could readily be reversed by supplementing the diet with vitamin B12.
Vitamin C synthesis in rats fed on diets deficient or normal in iron content
Authors: Rajalakshmi R. , Subbulakshmi G. , Mehta Tara 
Published: September 2005

1. Iron deficiency was induced in albino rats by a milk-powder diet. Control groups were given milk powder plus an iron source.2. The haemoglobin content of the blood was determined once each month. When the haemoglobin level fell to 10 g/100 ml or less in the deficient animals, determinations were made of the vitamin C content of 24 h urine as well as of liver, kidney, adrenals, brain and blood. Additional studies were made of in vitro synthesis of the vitamin by liver homogenate.3. The urine and tissues of the deficient animals were found to have a higher concentration of the vitamin than those of the control animals. The difference in enzyme synthesis was in the same direction, but was not statistically significant.4. The results are interpreted as suggesting an increased requirement, by rats, of the vitamin in iron deficiency; this increased requirement is met by increased synthesis.
The problem of goitre in Ceylon
Authors: Mahadeva K. , Senthe Shanmuganathan S. 
Published: September 2005

1. A survey of the incidence of goitre in Ceylon was carried out in the years 1947–9 and goitre was found to be endemic in the south-west sector of the Wet Zone of Ceylon.2. In response to a request by the Ceylon Government to the World Health Organization for advice, Dr Dagmar Wilson in 1950 confirmed our earlier findings and as a short-term policy recommended the provision of iodine as KI tablets to the stress groups in the Wet Zone. This was initiated in August 1951.3. A second survey was carried out in 1963 in nine of the villages in the Wet Zone that had been studied previously.4. Statistical analysis showed that the incidence had significantly increased amongst the females in all nine villages and amongst the males in two villages.5. A survey of the incidence amongst mothers attending antenatal clinics confirmed the existence of a strip of country where goitre was endemic.6. The critical level of iodine intake from drinking water below which goitre becomes endemic has been shown to be 10 μg/1.7. The low iodine content of the water in the Wet Zone has been shown to be due to the persistent heavy rainfall, associated with high drainage into the ocean, by which the soil is leached.8. The mean annual escape of water per square mile of a river basin (the yield factor) has been shown to be directly proportional to the intensity of endemic goitre in that basin.9. The aetiological factors related to the problem of goitre are discussed. The prophylactic method failed as it was not sustained.10. Iodization of kitchen salt is recommended for use by the general population. The amount of iodine added to the salt should not be great enough to produce any side-effects. Potassium iodate is suggested as the most suitable source of iodine for use in tropical regions with high humidity.