bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bio-Critical Introduction, State of The Art, and Outlook
Authors: Stephen Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Great Day” after “The Long Night,” in Ann DuCille’s words (1995: 23), refers to Fall 1993 when, after a long period of dearth and endurance, the novelist Toni Morrison won the Nobel Prize in Literature and her Ohio compatriot, Rita Dove, was installed as poet laureate of the United States. Both authors had previously won Pulitzer Prizes: Dove in 1987 for Thomas and Beulah (1986) and Morrison in 1988 for Beloved (1987). These prestigious awards and posts marked momentous events of empowerment in American letters, for the two recipients were not only female but African American as well. It was a time of great communal significance, of personal and public, national, racial, and engendered honor. “Rooms of Their Own: Toni Morrison, Rita Dove” was the title of Paul Gray and Jack E. White’s accolade in Time 18 (Oct. 1993: 86–89).
Crossing Color is meant as a critical inquiry into the transcultural spacings and spatiotemporal relations of Dove’s oeuvre from the beginning of her career in the late 1970s into the late 1990s. This first book-length study on her work addresses academics as well as the wide audience she was able to reach during her successful two years as the Library of Congress Consultant in Poetry (1993–1995).
London Medical And Surgical Training, 1836–1838
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In August 1836 Snow left behind his family and his temperance activities in York to continue his medical training in London. He took a circuitous route, however, traveling first to Liverpool, perhaps to visit teetotal acquaintances. Thereafter, according to Richardson, he “trudg[ed] it afoot from Liverpool through the whole of North and South Wales, turned London-ward, calling at Bath on the way, on a visit to his uncle, Mr. Empson.” Like his uncle, who had hiked from New York to Montreal and back a few years earlier, Snow enjoyed walking. This tour from Liverpool to London covered almost 400 miles and probably took four or five weeks (Fig. 3.1).
It is likely that Snow’s visit with Uncle Charles had a purpose beyond familial duty and personal friendship. Snow intended to be a full-time student, and it is improbable that he could have saved enough during his three years as an apothecary assistant to cover fees, books, and room and board for as much as two years of medical training. He probably received financial help from Uncle Charles and perhaps from his parents as well.
Snow and the Sanitarians
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Snow’s Work As A Scientist and physician in the 1840s was concurrent with some significant formulations of sanitary theory. Edwin Chadwick’s Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) and two reports by the Parliamentary Commissions on the Health of Towns (1844 and 1845) proposed that the endemic and epidemic diseases ravaging the poor of Great Britain could be controlled only by government action. The ultimate results of the sanitary reform movement—publicly-financed water supplies and sewerage in cities, disposal of garbage, and a public health infrastructure—produced profound public health benefits, but not during Snow’s lifetime. Later in the century, when the sanitary reform movement eventually adopted the insights from epidemiology that it had initially spurned, and also accepted the new bacteriology that it had been slow to acknowledge, great improvements in public health did take place. Sanitary reform would have borne fruit much sooner, however, had it linked disease to class distinctions, slum housing, and industrial exploitation of the working classes.
Continuity of Form, Change in Substance: Dynasty, State, and Islamism
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abdulhamid’s efforts to intensify the unity of the Muslims living within the Ottoman boundaries and to increase his influence among Muslims living abroad have been cited by the sultan’s admirers as proof of his dedication to Islam, and by his critics as evidence of his subversive pan-Islamic designs. It should be emphasized that Sultan Abdulhamid’s “Islamic” and “pan-Islamic” activities remained confined mostly to religious matters, although their ultimate purpose was political; and Abdulhamid, as had his predecessors, used religious rituals of authority to secure popular acceptance for and loyalty to the emerging territorial (national) state. Indeed, the crucial process of acculturating the Muslim masses to a hitherto nonexistent territorial statehood (nationhood) would not have been possible without the manipulation of traditional symbols of authority through the medium of Islam. This chapter, therefore, will demonstrate how European symbols of territorial statehood were assimilated into the Ottoman political culture and will provide a synopsis of the sultan’s main “Islamic–pan-Islamic” activities designed to adapt the cultural system to new conditions.1
Falling into History
Authors: Linenthal Edward T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Things like this aren’t supposed to happen in places like Oklahoma City.” “Downtown Oklahoma City looked more like Beirut than America.” Whether in immediate reaction or in comments people offered some years later, incomprehension characterized people’s response to the bombing, which violated the assumed security and sanctity of the “heartland.” Per- haps, people would say, this kind of thing might be expected to happen in New York or Los Angeles, hybrid cities at the nation’s periphery, but not in middle America.
“A New World”: The Inner Life of a Wounded Community
Authors: Linenthal Edward T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During my first visit to Oklahoma City in the spring of 1997, I was intrigued when Timothy O’Connor, executive director of Associated Catholic Chari- ties said, “A new world began in Oklahoma City after the bombing.” I am familiar with the rhetoric of new beginnings emerging out of the carnage of death and destruction. This is, after all, one of the dominant images used to interpret America’s wars: a new nation emerging from the blood sacrifice of its warriors. Images of a new world certainly accompanied the dawn of the atomic age, and as O’Connor and I continued to talk, I thought about Herman Hagedorn’s 1946 epic poem, “The Bomb That Fell on America,” his attempt to emphasize how the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima had profoundly transformed American life.
Marks of Friendship
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and their men were the first whites the Nez Perces saw in their homeland. On September 20, 1805, Clark and an advance party of the Corps of Discovery came on three boys, who hurried to alert the villagers who had camped nearby at Weippe Prairie for one the season’s last camas harvests. The boys carried the nation’s first gifts to the Nez Perces, small pieces of ribbon. The Corps had crossed Lolo Pass, already choked with snow, and they were in miserable shape, starving and frostbit. The Nez Perces fed them salmon and berries, and the corps proceeded on to a large village on the upper Clearwater for the first extended exchanges between the Nez Perces and whites.
Maneuvering and Scrapping
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The next three weeks were confused, even for a war that often seemed like men chasing cats in a dark room. Howard sent for troops from the Departments of the Columbia and of California to launch a wholly unanticipated campaign. Eventually, he would assemble nearly a thou- sand men—ten companies of cavalry, six companies of infantry, and five artillery batteries. Officers closer by were quickly assembled. “I left Walla Walla at 2 hours notice,” one wrote later, “just walked out of my house and left the Chinaman cooking dinner.” The assistant quarter- master scrambled to find mules and muleteers, blacksmiths, saddlers, and wheelwrights. Local liveries demanded and got sharp prices and ironclad indemnities. Government mules arrived, but “in a great measure worth- less, from old age & service.” Civilian packers and freighters signed on for good wages but chafed at army discipline and often quit, forcing the redeployment of enlisted men. Wagons were ordered and sent post haste. They arrived disassembled and in batches, some with all front wheels and none for the back, others vice versa.
Ways of Life, Ways of War
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After Perry finally relieved the Brave Seventeen, the bands moved northeastward down Cottonwood Creek to where it met the Clearwater River. Along the way, warriors raided farms and ranches, burning houses and fences and destroying crops. At the Clearwater, they were joined by Looking Glass and the Alpowais, raising the number in camp to around 750. Their plans at that point are uncertain, and probably were uncertain even to themselves. They could not expect to settle up on anything but punitive terms. If not that, what? The army was about to force an answer. Civilian scouts found the camp on the Clearwater and decided to stay near it, concealed, until Howard could be notified and come up. When one of them spoiled the plan by accidentally firing his rifle, they withdrew to a flat-topped, rock-rimmed ridge and dug rifle pits. The Nez Perces knew the place as Possossona (Water Passing, because of a spring). Whites would dub it Misery Hill. Warriors assembled around it and with awful yells and hoots fired vigorously and crawled close, but they could get no clear shots and did no damage. They returned at night and stole more than forty horses, mostly mounts that whites had taken a week earlier from Looking Glass’s village, and then fired again on the volunteers for a few hours before heading back to the river.
Production and Investment, Vacancy, and Mobility
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Looking at quantitative and qualitative aspects of the housing stock as a whole is of little interest to home builders, developers, investors, and lenders, because their entire activity in any given year is largely focused on marginal additions to the housing stock and not on the stock as a whole. To encompass these important perspectives, this chapter focuses on changes in quantity rather than on the absolute dimensions of quantity, and on the growth of the housing stock or on the creation of new housing assets rather than on their present size or value. We are not, however, dealing here with the distinction between stocks and flows, between housing as an asset and housing as a flow of housing services. In large measure, the two—stocks and flows—are indeed exchangeable, because the value of a house is determined by the discounted value of the services it provides to dwellers over its lifetime. What is of interest to us here are the changes taking place in the housing sector as a whole, whether in its size or value or in the overall flow of services from the stock as a whole.
Tenure
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What are the rights of dwellers to the houses they occupy and how protected are those rights? Do dwellers have the right to occupy their homes without the arbitrary threat of eviction? Do they have the right to own houses as private property that can be exchanged at will? Is the right to a minimum dwelling guaranteed by the state? How do these specific bundles of rights affect housing conditions? To what extent are they protected by existing legislation and enforcement? There is little doubt that the issues surrounding these tenure rights to housing have been central to the housing policy debate. Indeed, from a comprehensive perspective on housing policy, each dwelling unit must be perceived of as a bundle of rights, and housing policy must concern itself with the tenure composition the housing stock-in other words, with ensuring that the bundle of rights associated individual housing units meets societal objectives and expectations.
All About Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteoarthritis afflicts about 25 million people in the United States--two-thirds of all people over 65--and the numbers will only grow in the coming years as baby boomers age. Yet few who suffer from this disease know much about it--how to relieve the pain, what exercises might help lessen their suffering, how to cut down on visits to the doctor. In All About Osteoarthritis, two leading authorities on the disease--Nancy E. Lane and Daniel J. Wallace--join forces to provide the most up-to-date and comprehensive discussion of osteoarthritis available, explaining what osteoarthritis is, how patients can help themselves, and how to find the best resources to manage the disorder. The authors offer information in a clear and accessible style, with detailed illustrations showing how key joints--knees, hips, fingers, backs, hands, and necks--degenerate. They take readers through the steps of diagnosis, how the body is affected, and ways to manage the disease. In user-friendly language, they describe all of the established treatment options, including new medications and their side effects, and help readers determine when surgery may be necessary. The authors also examine alternative treatments, clarifying which work, which may work, and which definitely do not. And they outline recent advances in the field and discuss where these breakthroughs may lead us. While osteoarthritis most acutely affects the elderly, it starts years before, and many people suffer the aches and pains of the condition well before old age. For aging baby boomers, much can be done before osteoarthritis becomes chronic and debilitating. This comprehensive guide will provide an excellent resource for patients and their families, caregivers, and medical professionals.
To Form A More Perfect Union
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a quantitative reexamination of the behavior of the Founding Fathers during the creation of the United States’ Constitution. It employs cliometric analysis, formal economic analysis, and modern statistical techniques, to explain the choices the founders made during the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. These include: What form of government did the founders intend for the Constitution? What factors motivated them to adopt particular clauses in the Constitution? What factors led them to ratify the Constitution? The author argues that the findings challenge the prevailing interpretation of the formation of the Constitution.
Medical ethics in the courts
Authors: Bloche M Gregg 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Judges are America’s health policy makers of last resort. Ambiguous statutes and contract terms, legal challenges to administrative decisions, and gridlock in Congress and state legislatures give courts a large role by default in the governance of health-care provision. Judges with cursory understandings of the ethics and economics of medical care define the environment within which market forces operate. In so doing, courts answer questions of distributive justice, disclosure and consent, and professional duty that are staples of medical ethics discussion. The managed care revolution has deepened judges’ engagement in matters at the heart of medical ethics discourse about the doctor-patient relationship and the role of the market. Health plans routinely seek to manage costs by influencing physicians’ clinical judgments and recommendations. Financial rewards for limiting care, prior authorization requirements, clinical practice protocols, and practice profiling aimed at identifying (and discouraging) high-cost providers are among the methods that spark legal conflict concerning the governance of doctor-patient relations and the appropriate scope of the market paradigm.
Health Policy making: the role of the federal government
Authors: Boufford Jo Ivey , Lee Philip R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his chapter of this volume, Churchill notes that “ethics can serve the very important function of clarifying and examining the larger goals and purposes of health policies.” If we accept this function for ethics, then the role of ethics in policy matters, he continues, is “fundamentally, one of identifying the ends sought in policies, examining the values embedded in these ends, [and] asking whether they are in keeping with social values.” Yet, as we shall see, fulfilling these tasks when it comes to an ethical framework for health policy making at the federal level immediately leads to a series of complications, both historical and operational. The most important ones, in our view, and the ones we will explore here are incrementalism, pluralism and federalism. These are all powerful characteristics of the American political system that have made it difficult, if not impossible, to “clarify and examine the larger goals of health policies.”
Accountability: regulating health care as a public good
Authors: Cassel Christine K , Mcparland Elaine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A new ethic for health professionals, including a new understanding of accountability, is required by the reality of today’s medical marketplace. We do not have a well-developed notion of accountability for the current health care environment, where the physician-patient relationship occurs in the context of more complex systems, where the physician has less control, and where the patient is also seen as a “consumer.” Traditional models of accountability are no longer adequate as the dyadic nature of the relationship between physicians and patients has changed. Accountability is a central notion in a modern approach to quality and to the ethical relationships required by transformations in health care. This chapter will first describe the traditional accountability structure and its evolution and then examine the construction and potential advantages and disadvantages of a new accountability structure more consistent with the realities of current clinical practice. A newly articulated ethic for health-care professionals, which recognizes the centrality of the patient as an individual but is more consistent with social priorities such as cost containment and population health, is warranted in today’s medical marketplace.
Health resource allocation for vulnerable populations
Authors: Brock Dan W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Should vulnerable populations receive special moral concern in the prioritization and allocation of health care and other resources and programs that affect health? The meaning of this question is not clear on its face. By “vulnerable populations” I shall follow both the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) account as populations with special needs for or barriers to care from a variety of conditions or circumstances and less able than others to safeguard their own needs and interests and Lu Ann Aday’s account of at-risk populations as populations or groups at high relative risk of suffering poor physical, psychological, and/or social health (AHRQ, 1999; Aday, 1993).
Mortuaries And The Law Of Custom
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Medieval churches and the men who ministered within them held rights in a great deal of property, real and personal, from which they received sizable returns.The canon law did not prohibit this. Nor had the Roman law. Biblical injunctions against the corrosive effects of aspiring to wealth were distinguished away, or at any rate allowed to percolate quietly at the edges of Christian theology,2 and in most circles it was recognized that the members of clergy had to be guaranteed a sufficient income if they were to survive. Indeed, they needed more than a claim to subsistence if they were to flourish. The hospitality they were expected to provide for their neighbors and the alms they were encouraged to bestow upon the poor required that they them- selves possess an adequate income.3 Men in holy orders were forbidden to undertake secular occupations, and they could not altogether depend upon the fluctuating and uncertain alms of their parishioners if they were to meet their pastoral obligations. Few doubted this in principle, although there was some grousing about the material consequences of these conditions in fact.
Contesting (Colonial) Men’s Imperial Power Australian Women’S Metropolitan Activism And Commonwealth Feminism
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most prestigious of all the imperial institutions in London was the Royal Colonial Institute, founded in 1868. While far from alone as a site of white colonial men’s networking, business transactions, and other power-brokering in the metropolis, the Royal Colonial Institute, stood as an exemplar of the physical and social embodiment of that networking. Originally called the Colonial Society, before receiving royal endorsement in 1869 (and later royal charter and patronage), the institute aimed to be a rendezvous for colonial men and to promote the importance and the interests of the colonies in Britain itself. It also sought to “occupy as regards the colonies the position filled by the Royal Society with regard to science, or the Royal Geographical Society with regard to geography.” To this end, it built a library, arranged the regular presentation of papers on colonial subjects, and emphasized serious discussion. The institute adopted the motto “United Empire,” which title it also gave to its journal. By the 1920s it had spawned branches in the provinces, Australia, and other dominions.
Dreams & Dead Ends
Authors: Shadoian Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The second edition of this classic study provides a reintroduction to some of the major films and theoretical considerations of film noir and gangster films in twentieth-century America. Ranging from Little Caesar (1930) to Things to Do in Denver When You’re Dead (1995), Shadoian guides the reader through twenty classic movies of the genre. His approach is to use brief introductions to introduce distinct eras of the gangster films in each of seven chapters. Moving chronologically, he offers plot synopses and close readings of such definitive examples as Bonnie and Clyde, The Public Enemy, D.O.A. and The Godfather, each accompanied by photographs and author’s critiques. Compenendia of facts on each film are also provided. This updated version looks a newer films as well as how the genre has moved into the new century. Appendices look at the movie Criss Cross as an epitome of the genre while others offer different lists of gangster films, including the author’s top fourteen alltime, fifty post-Godfather films worth seeing, and fifty vintage films.
Young Man Lincoln
Authors: Wilson Douglas L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To do for Abraham Lincoln what Erik Erikson did for Martin Luther in his famous book Young Man Luther may appear to be the goal of this essay, but its aim is more modest. Erikson was a professional psychologist with his own theory of human development, a theory that focused his observations and prompted his insights into Martin Luther’s young manhood. While I am not a psychologist and come at my subject from a different direction, I share Erikson’s belief that we gain a better understanding of the mature person by studying the events of his childhood and youth.