bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On-the-Job Search and Matching
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies reviewed in previous chapters do not distinguish job-to-job transitions when measuring employment spells. Yet, as Tobin observed, a significant share of job changing involves no intervening spell of nonemployment-estimatcs vary across demographic groups and with economic conditions, but they indicate that roughly half or more of all job changes are direct in the United States and elsewhere. In this chapter, we shift our attention to employed worker behavior in the search framework. Most of the studies we review are based on simple on-the-job search and matching models of labor market mobility, so we will start with a sketch of their basic structures and empirical implications, and then compare these to the implications of on-the-joh training models. As in Chapter 2, we consider the case of a risk-neutral worker who discounts future earnings at a positive rate rover an infinite horizon and, for the moment, we also ignore any out-of-pocket costs that might be associated with on-the-job search and job changing.
Experimental Studies
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many economists, “empirical research” means the application of econometric techniques to data that are generated passively and typically collected in surveys or compiled by government agencies. In some rare cases, the data are generated by a social experiment, where subjects participate in a special program (e.g., negative income tax, job training, or search assistance). This description of empirical research applies to the studies discussed in previous chapters-but not to the research reviewed here. The data analyzed here are generated by controlled laboratory experiments-a relatively new endeavor in economic research.
Prologue: The Beginnings of a Plantation Community
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1851, ten years before secession, Samuel Newberry, a yeoman farmer and resident of Washington County, North Carolina, stood before a crowd of his neighbors and spoke of the grim future he foresaw: “Let this monstrous doctrine [secession] never come to maturity. This ill-timed step once taken can never be retraced, and you will bring upon the country all the horrors of civil war.” “[Y]ou will see your country overrun by a ravaging soldiery . . . your now flourishing land will be desolated . . . your slaves will be wrenched from you by military force, and made your equals.”
Secession
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Tuesday evening, October 16, 1860, about twenty Washington County slaves assembled at a shingle-maker’s camp in McRae’s swamp. The slaves proposed among themselves to “collect together about 300” who would join them, “march towards Plymouth at about 11 o’clock on some night,” “murder & destroy all they might encounter on the road, set fire to the town, kill all of the inhabitants that might oppose them, [and] seize what money there might be, also what ammunition & weapons” they might require. They then hoped to “take possession of vessels” which would take them to an unspecified destination where, presumably, they would find freedom.
The Yeoman Challenge
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Sunday, June 23, 1861, Ellsberry Ambrose attended services at Concord Church in the Newland neighborhood in south­ eastern Washington County. Afterwards, Ambrose stood in a crowd of his friends and relatives and neighbors chatting about crops, weather, livestock, and all manner of country concerns. Then, the talk turned to politics. A farmer named Durham Oliver told Ambrose that he would go with him and “carry the pole” if Ambrose would “bring it.” Andrew Bateman, standing nearby, inferred from the drift of the conversation that Oliver meant to dis­ play the “Old Union Flag.” Ambrose concurred in Oliver’s plan. Moreover, the two unionists declared that they would raise the federal flag on Bateman’s farm on July 4.
A Question of Sovereignty
Authors: Durrill Wayne K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By late February 1862, Charles Pettigrew stalked about his plantation “fully armed.” “The low whites are not to be trusted at all,” he believed. “They would betray or murder any gentleman.” The planter probably exaggerated only slightly. Many poor persons from Washington County had fled to Roanoke Island, seeking protection after the battle at Hatteras. In February, they returned to their homes feeling confident that Union troops would intervene if planters did unionists any harm. After all, federal gunboats controlled the entire Sound, and the federal commander for the Albemarle region had resolved “to arm these people and organize them as North Carolina’s reserve.”
High Yield Companies in Focus
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In assessing the impact of high yield financing on corporate performance, aggregate industry and economic data can help us identify general trends. But to learn how particular companies have benefited from the use of high yield financing, we need to look at the companies individually. In this chapter, we describe actual cases of high yield companies and the strategies they have pursued to maximize the value of their assets, labor force, products, and markets. Our examples show how businesses have responded to the pressures of economic change by modifying their strategies, adopting new technologies, and changing their supply and distribution channels. The companies studied also show how high yield issuers have responded to increasing competition in both domestic and international markets.
Toward a New Economy
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s, high yield securities played a constructive role in enabling the restructuring of companies in mature industries and the explosion of companies in new, innovative industries. As the 1990s begin, the future of high yield financing is uncertain. One thing is clear, however: Any actions that make it more difficult for small and midsized companies to obtain affordable capital also make it more difficult for the country’s economy to grow and compete. If the political forces that shape regulations do so from a narrow economic perspective, their actions could have a devastating effect on the viability of U.S. firms in highly competitive global markets.
Fujitsu: Process Control To Automated Customization
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The products Fujitsu made, as well as the concepts, tools, techniques, and organizations it used for software development, closely paralleled those at its Japanese competitors, but with somewhat different timing and emphases. Like Hitachi, NEC, and Toshiba, Fujitsu built on its knowledge of telephone-switching and electromechanical equipment to enter the computer industry in the mid-1950s. It adopted transistors and introduced commercial models a few years later than its leading Japanese competitors. Yet Fujitsu also proceeded without foreign assistance, at least until investing in Amdahl in the early 1970s, and instead relied heavily on its own talented designers as well as careful studies of U.S. technology.
Software Development: From Craft To Factory Practice
Authors: Cusumano Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quest for an absolute answer to whether software development is or should be managed more like an art or craft rather than like science, engineering, or manufacturing is probably moot. This is because the nature of software development, and the optimal process or organization, seem to depend on the specific tasks at hand. To the extent these tasks differ with product types, market segments, and competitive positioning, the appropriateness of managing software through a factory process or not becomes a strategic choice subject to management discretion.
Education and Technology Transfer: Recipient Point of View
Authors: Aharoni Yair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technology can be defined as knowledge about products, processes, or managerial actions that have applications in a business setting. Therefore, technology is knowledge related to the techniques and methods of the production of goods and services. To some, technology has a second meaning, namely, the goods themselves as well as the tools of production or the production systems that are the embodiment of technological knowledge.
Considerations on Revising Input-Output Concepts in the System of National Accounts and the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts
Authors: Stahmer Carsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is restricted to the revision of input-output concepts in the framework of the System of National Accounts (SNA) of the United Nations and the European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) (see United Nations, 1968, 1973; EUROSTAT, 1979). ft does not cover the revision of 1-0 in the Material Product System (MPS) (sec United Nations, 1971).The first part of the chapter focuses on the requirements for future input-output concepts. This is followed by a comparison of these requirements with the existing concepts. Finally, the chapter outlines proposals for future input-output concepts that meet the requirements as far as possible.
Some Macroeconomic Features of the Hungarian Economy Since 1970
Authors: Halpern L , Molnar G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In introducing the “New Economic Mechanism” in 1968, the reformers of the Hungarian economy hoped to solve the problem of efficiency in a socialist economy. We show that the survival of the structure of prices and accumulation that had existed before the reform, and the interrelationship between them --among other factor shindered the necessary transformation in the economic structure. In addition, slow adjustment, or in practice the refusal to adjust, to the explosion in world prices in the mid 1970s has led to a critical level of foreign indebtedness for the Hungarian economy. Cheap foreign loans financed investment projects of very low efficiency, while export capacity remained far below the level necessary for debt servicing. A critical point was reached in 1978, when economic policymakers decided to restrict imports, consumption, and investment to be able to service foreign debts. In 1980, simulation of world market prices was introduced to stimulate adjustment. Since then economic activity has been almost stagnant.
A Long-Term Projection of the Industrial and Environmental Aspects of the Hokkaido Economy: 1985-2005
Authors: Hamada Fumimasa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a study that attempts to predict industrial activity and its environmental effects in the central area of Hokkaido for the period 1985 through 2005. An input-output model linked with a small-scale macro econometric model of Hokkaido was constructed and environmental changes in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides (SOX), and carbon dioxide (COD) to be emitted by the industrial activities and also by the residents were estimated, to predict the degree of resulting environmental pollution. The study also estimated industrial demands for space, water, fuels, electric power, and workers by individual industries, and the demand of residents in this area for various public utilities.
The Death of the Irreparable Injury Rule
Authors: Laycock Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The irreparable injury rule, a fixture of Anglo-American law, has been the subject of much recent scholarly debate. The rule asserts that courts should not prevent a potential wrongdoer from causing harm unless the resulting damage would be ‘irreparable’ because the victim could not be compensated monetarily for it. Drawing on an analysis of hundreds of randomly selected cases, Douglas Laycock argues that the rule is defunct since it no longer constrains courts’ choice of remedy. Focusing on what courts do rather than what they say, Laycock proposes new injury rules based on actual practice and reconceives the law of remedies and the relationship between law and equity, two of the great divisions of Anglo-American civil law.
IT-Induced Business Reconfiguration
Authors: Venkatraman N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the structural and process changes required of a firm given the competitive threats and opportunities discussed in Chapter4 (see Figure 5-1). In terms of the 1990s model, this chapter focuses more on the internal “forces,” as shown below. Chapter4 developed a framework that allows any given business to understand the new competitive threats and opportunities presented by the new information technology.
Business Strategy Development, Alignment, and Redesign
Authors: macdonald K Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II of this book arguably contains the core of the results from the Management in the 1990s Research Program. The availability of new, powerful information technology is expanding the strategic options open to organizations. The nature of these new options has been discovered and reported upon by Rotemberg and Saloner in Chapter 4 and by Venkatraman in Chapter 5.
Introduction
Authors: Marcus Maeva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon undertaking his duties, John Jay, the first chief justice of the United States, noted that the Formation of the judicial Department. We had become a Nation,observed.
[A]s such we were responsible to others for the observance of the I.Aws of Nations; and as our national Concerns were to be regulated by national I.Aws national Tribunals became necessary for the Interpreta tion & Execution of them both. no Tribunals of the like kind and Extent had heretofore existed in this Country-from such therefore no Light of Experience, nor Facilities of usage and Habit were to be derived. our Jurisprudence varied in almost every State, and was accommodated to local not general Convenience; to partial not national Policy.
United States v. Joseph Ravara:“Presumptuous Evidence”,“To Many Lawyers,”and Federal Common Law Crime
Authors: Gordan III John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
United States v. Joseph Ravara1 is the first reported federal criminal case. It is also the last reported judicial proceeding at which John Jay presided as chief justice of the United States.
Ravara, who for two years had been consul general of the Republic of Genoa in the United States, was for a misdemeanor, in sending anonymous and threatening letters to Mr. Hammond, the British Minister, Mr. Holland, a citizen of Philadelphia, and several other persons, with a view to extort money.Although statutory jurisdiction under the Judiciary Act of 1789 was not controverted, whether the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Pennsylvania could constitutionally exercise that juris diction to entertain a prosecution of Ravara, given his consular status, was an issue that the prosecution and the defense disputed at
Electronic Integration and Strategic Advantage: A Quasi-Experimental Study in the Insurance Industry
Authors: Venkatraman N , Zaheer Akbar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of information technology (IT) and its potential for strategic advantage has gained currency in recent years. The evolving literature is largely dominated by conceptual frameworks (e.g., McFarlan, 1984; Porter & Millar, 1985; Wiseman; 1985) and detailed case studies of popular examples and applications such as McKesson’s Economost system (Clemons & Row, 1988), American Airlines’ SABRE reservation system (Copeland & McKenney, 1988), and American Hospital Supply’s ASAP system (Harvard Business School, 1985, 1988; Venkatraman & Short, 1990). It can be reasonably argued that a major reason for considering ITbased applications as potential sources of strategic advantage lies in the capability for electronic integration among firms that can change the basis of competition in a marketplace (Barrett & Konsynski, 1982; Cash & Konsynski, 1985; Johnston & Vitale, 1988). Electronic integration is defined as the integration of two or more independent organizations’ business processes by exploiting the capabilities of computers and communication technologies.1 We shall elaborate on this issue later.
Information Technology and Work Organization
Authors: crowston Kevin , Malone thomas w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since at least 1958, when Leavitt and Whisler (1958) predicted that the use of information technology (IT) would lead to the demise of middle management, researchers have speculated about the effects of IT on organizations. Even though many of the early predictions have not come true, new kinds of information technology are now increasingly affecting how people work, often in ways that we are just beginning to understand. As the cost of the underlying technology continues to drop, IT is almost certain to become more and more pervasive and may even make possible new kinds of work organization that we can as yet only barely imagine. In this chapter, we discuss the relationship between the use of IT and work organizations. We first review theories that can help analyze organizations, technology, and the link between the two. We suggest four perspectives on organizationrationalist, information processing, motivational, and political-that can be used to interpret organizational structure.
The Role of the CEO in the Management of Change: The Case of Information Technology
Authors: Schein Edgar H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few people would question the assumption that CEOs have a major impact on changes in their organizations. Yet there is surprisingly little analysis of just what this impact is likely to be; whether it will vary by industry, company, or the CEOs’ attitude and style; and what empirical data can be gathered to begin to shed some light on these issues. We decided in 1987 to interview CEOs in a variety of companies and, with the assistance of a number of our Sloan Fellows and other graduate students, were able to interview 94 executives, all of whom were current or past CEOs, and, in a few cases, COOs or presidents of divisions in conglomerates or multidivisional companies. What is distinctive about this research is that it draws exclusively on the responses of the chief executives, a point of some importance inasmuch as most of them felt that becoming a CEO changed their role and attitudes.
Information Technology in Marketing
Authors: Little John D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information Technology Is Everywhere Information technology pervades marketing When you answer the telephone, a computer may be calling with a sales message. If you buy shares of Intel, Microsoft, or another company listed with NASDAQ, you trade on an electronic market. NASDAQ has no physical location where traders meet. Instead, a network of securities dealers set bid and ask prices through connections to a common computer (see Figure 20.1). When I call Sears, Roebuck to place a catalog order, the Sears operator asks me my phone number. Then she tells me my name and address. Obviously she is sitting in front of a video terminal. Later, when I go to the store to pick up my order, I find another terminal. It too wants my phone number and tells me my name.
Religion and Morality
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My general concern in this book is the proper relation of morality to politics, in particular, the proper role of beliefs about human good in political deliberation and justification. My specific concern, however, is the role of religious beliefs: In elaborating and defending the ideal of ecumenical politics, I focus principally on religious beliefs about human good. (As I said in Chapter 3, ecumenical politics institutionalizes a particular conception of “the place of religion in American life” and of “how we should contend with each other’s deepest differences in the public sphere.”) I do so mainly because in American society the question of the proper relation of religion to politics poses the issues I want to address, about morality and politics, in their most controversial, difficult, and indeed urgent form. But because my focus on religion may be misleading, I want to emphasize here, as I did in the introduction to this book, that much of what I have to say is meant to respond to the general question of morality and politics as well as to the specific question of religion-religious morality-and politics.
Ecumenical Political Dialogue
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal constituents of ecumenical politics are two practices: a certain kind of dialogue and a certain kind of tolerance. In chapter 3, in which I introduced the idea of ecumenical politics, I began to elaborate and defend ecumenical political dialogue; I gave several reasons for taking such dialogue seriously. In this chapter I am principally concerned with two types of prerequisites to ecumenical political dialogue: situational or contextual prerequisites and existential prerequisites. Mindful, however, that ecumenical political dialogue is not always productive or even possible, that it does not always or even often lead to agreement-indeed, that it should not always lead to agreement, that agreement is not the true test or measure of the success of such dialogue (a point I develop later in this chapter)-! turn, in chapter 7, to the matter of tolerance (of positions and choices with which one disagrees). I elaborate and defend there the kind of tolerance constitutive of ecumenical politics.
Stochastic Specifications
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we outline several stochastic specifications that are important in empirical demand analysis and that form the basis of our empirical results in Chapters 6 and 7. In Section 1 we develop what we refer to as our standard stochastic specification for demand systems written in share form: additive, independent (across observations but not goods), normal errors with O mean and a constant nondiagonal contemporaneous covariance matrix. In Section 2 we extend this standard model to allow for first order vector autoregressive systems. We pay particular attention to the effects of including the initial observation in the estimation procedure. We consider two procedures that differ in their treatment of the initial observation: the generalized first difference method in which the initial observation is used only in differencing, and an alternative method in which full use is made of the initial observation. Almost all consumer demand studies in the literature that incorporate serial correlation do so using the generalized first difference method. In Section 3 we develop an error components model in the context of a time series of cross sections.
Germany
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considering Germany’s legacy of an apolitical and PTT-dominated broadcasting system during the Weimar years and a totalitarian system during the Hitler period, the modem German public broadcast system has evolved well in many respects. The public broadcasting system is structurally superior to those of most European countries, because its decentralization provides a greater diversity of approaches to broadcasting and a certain rivalry in performance and quality. The legal status of German broadcasting is more independent than that of the BBC, over which the British government has retained a variety of important residual powers. In practice, however, the German institutions are heavily politicized along party lines. This problem is the cancer that has weakened the system’s independence and legitimacy. The absence of institutional self-reform, together with the ascendancy of the highly concentrated publishing industry and the cable construction strategy of the telephone monopoly, led to a limited opening of broadcasting to private interests.