bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Perspectives on Type a Behavior: A Psychiatric Point of View
Authors: Larson John A. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To propose an answer to Medicine's confusion about what Type A Behavior is. Method: To critically review early writings about Type A as well as current literature with a focus on five key articles which are frequently mentioned in medical and lay literature as containing relevant data undermining the Type A hypothesis. These five are critically evaluated for their definition of Type A, method of diagnosing Type A, nature of the cohort studied, and logic of their conclusions. Results: There is a failure in the literature to distinguish between Axis I symptoms and Axis II personality traits; the same term, Type A, being applied to quite different phenomena. Conclusions: Type A should be defined as a Axis II Personality Disorder, and a new term, Stress Disorder (or Hostility Disorder) to the Axis I symptoms. This opens up endless possibilities in Medicine for Stress Disorder research, since Medicine can rightly argue that the research is to better treat the Stress Disorder disease, that precedes Coronary Artery disease.
The Co-Occurrence of Mania with Medical and other Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Strakowski Stephen M. , McElroy Susan L. , Keck Paul W. , West Scott A. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The co-occurrence of mania with other medical and psychiatric disorders has been little studied. The authors reviewed the literature in order to clarify the current state of knowledge of this subject and to identify possible areas of future research. Methods: Published articles which specifically addressed associations of mania with medical disorders and other psychiatric syndromes were identified using the Paperchase® medical literature search system and by cross-referencing from other published work. The articles were then organized into three categories: 1) medical disorders associated with secondary mania; 2) medical comorbidity in bipolar disorder; and 3) psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar disorder. Results: The review of medical illness and secondary mania supports the hypothesis that injuries involving right-side and mid-line brain structures are associated with so-called secondary mania. Additionally, an association between bipolar disorder and migraine is identified. Several psychiatric disorders appear to occur with mania at rates higher than expected including obsessive-compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, impulse control disorders, and substance abuse. Conclusions: The authors discuss the potential implications of these findings and suggest research approaches to further examine the relationships between mania and other medical and psychiatric syndromes.
The Elderly Psychiatric Patient with Positive Syphilis Serology: The Problem of Neurosyphilis
Authors: Bharwani Ishwer L. , Hershey Charles O. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Older patients have a high prevalence of neurological and psychiatric disorders. They also have a baseline prevalence of late latent syphilis or positive syphilis serology. Thus the clinical question arises as to whether a neuropsychiatric disorder in a geriatric patient is neurosyphilis or if the positive serology is incidental. Method: An illustrative case example is used to illustrate this dilemma. The relevant literature is reviewed. Results: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein is an important indicator of inflammatory activity in the central nervous system and is used as a clinical guide in the diagnosis. Elderly patients have higher values of normal CSF protein than younger patients. Conclusions: Given the importance of CSF protein in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis, physicians must include this knowledge, that elderly patients have higher CSF protein values, in their clinical decision making in the differentiation between neurosyphilis and late latent syphilis in the elderly patient.
Methylphenidate in a Patient with Depression and Respiratory Insufficiency
Authors: Ayache Danusa Céspedes Guizzo , Júnior Renério Fráguas 
Published: May 2005

Objective: We report a case of severe depression in an elderly and critically ill patient with multiple medical complications who was treated with a combination of methylphenidate and sertraline. The objective of this report is to outline the usefulness of methylphenidate as an antidepressant in a patient with respiratory insufficiency. Method: Case description. Results: The patient had a positive clinical response with initial mental confusion due to methylphenidate. An initial dose of 2.5 mg/day allowed antidepressant response and improvement of respiratory function permitting the removal of mechanical ventilation. Conclusion: Methylphenidate may be useful for patients with severe medical conditions including ventilatory insufficiency.
Cognitive, Behavioral, and Psychiatric Symptoms in Two Children with Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum: Case Report
Authors: Párraga Humberto C. , Párraga Marianela I. , Jensen Alicia R. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To report two children, with normal intelligence, referred for evaluation of complex cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric problems, in which Agenesis of Corpus Callosum (ACC) was an incidental finding. Method: Case descriptions are used and a comprehensive differential diagnosis made with previous diagnoses of partial complex seizures (PCS), psychosis, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and behavior disorder. Results: Due to the presence of multiple biopsychosocial interactions a multimodal intervention including pharmacological, behavioral, psychotherapeutic, and social approaches was implemented, with good results. Conclusion: These cases underscore the importance of conducting a comprehensive neuropsychiatric evaluation in children with severe behavior problems and other confusing symptoms. Since the incidence of ACC in behaviorally disturbed children, with normal intelligence, is unknown, physicians must accept that a reasonable degree of suspicion is warranted. Further studies are needed to facilitate physicians' awareness.
Lithium-Induced Tremor Treated with Vitamin B6: A Preliminary Case Series
Authors: Miodownik Chanoch , Witztum Eliezer , Lerner Vladimir 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The occurrence of tremor in patients receiving lithium is well known, but the management of this side effect is a significant problem both for patients and physicians. Although some reports have suggested that beta-blockers may be useful in treating lithium-induced tremor (LT), these agents have different side effects which limit the possibility of their use. Vitamin B6 has been reported to be effective in treatment of patients suffering from different kinds of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders including parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia. Methods: This report presents the results of a preliminary four-week open-label clinical trial of five patients who suffered from LT and who were treated with vitamin B6 (900–1200mg/d). The severity of tremor was assessed using the tremor subscale from the Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) and Subjective Clinical Improvement Impression scale (SCII). Results: After the addition of vitamin B6 to their treatment, according to the SAS scores four patients showed an impressive improvement until total disappearance of tremor. The subjective scale, on which the patients' scored their impression of clinical improvement, showed similar results. None of the patients suffered from any side effects attributable to vitamin B6. Conclusions: The results suggest that vitamin B6 may alleviate LT, double-blind controlled trials are needed to establish this effect.
The Doctor's Wife: Mental Illness and Marital Pattern
Authors: Miles James E. , Krell Robert , Lin Tsung-Yi 
Published: May 2005

It is a clinical impression that physicians' wives present in disproportionately large numbers as psychiatric patients; that in the vast majority severe marital problems are present; and that the marital relationships show a similar pattern. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether the latter two impressions have any basis in fact. Accordingly, a random sample of twenty physicians' wives who had been in-patients in the University of British Columbia Health Sciences Centre Hospital during the period March 1, 1969 to May 31, 1973, and whose husbands had been interviewed, was selected. The records were reviewed to obtain personal data, pertinent psychiatric history, diagnosis, the personality of husband and wife and information on the marital relationship. These conclusions emerged: 1. Ninety per cent of the patients had a primary diagnosis of depressive neurosis. 2. Ninety-five per cent of the patients had a secondary diagnosis of personality disorder, hysterical personality and passive-aggressive personality in order of frequency. 3. In 90 per cent of the patients there was a history of suicidal preoccupation or attempt. 4. In 55 per cent of the patients there was a history of significant drug and/or alcohol abuse. 5. The patients were more frequently ward management problems. 6. A common marital pattern was noted: a dependent, histrionic wife and an emotionally detached husband. 7. The cases were characterized by their complexity, severity, long duration and difficulties involving the patient and spouse in an appropriate treatment plan. The authors discuss the implications of this study, particularly its significance in provoking examination of what measures might be utilized for early detection and intervention with those physicians and physician-marriages at risk.
Difference in Symptom Profile between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Anxiety Secondary to Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Iacovides Apostolos , Fountoulakis Konstantinos N. , Grammaticos Phillipos , Ierodiakonou Charalambos 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The differential diagnosis between subclinical hyperthyroidism and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is often a difficult problem to solve without laboratory examination. The aim of this pilot study was to assess whether there are differences in the symptom profile between these two disorders. Methods: Fifty patients took part in the study: Twenty-five were hyperthyroid patients, and twenty-five were GAD patients. The diagnosis was based on the TSH values and the DSM-IV criteria, respectively. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) and the list of fifty-one symptoms produced by the detailed expansion of HAS items were used to quantify the anxiety symptomatology. The differences in the frequencies between the two diagnostic groups were calculated at each categorical response for every item of both scales. Forward Stepwise Discriminant Function Analysis was performed twice using HAS items and the fifty-one-list items. Results: The symptoms of anxiety in subclinical hyperthyroidism were not identical to those of GAD. Four Hyperthyroid/Anxiety Indices (HAI I-IV) were developed. These indices reach optimum classification of patients (3 of them reach 100% sensitivity and specificity). Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that it is possible to differentiate between GAD and subclinical cases of hyperthyroidism by the careful study of clinical symptomatology. This may be of particular help in isolated areas without laboratory support, but replication of the indices in other samples is indicated.
Mode of Production and Population Patterns: Policy Implications for West African Development
Authors: Franke Richard W. 
Published: May 2005

Recent developments in population theory have made possible a re-examination of demographic evidence from West Africa which suggests that population growth and migration are primarily responses to changes in the nature of the production system. Precolonial, colonial, and independence period data provide a series of correlations consistent with the approach and suggest a possible new synthesis of the West African data. The poorest countries of West Africa are those bordering on the Sahara Desert, known as the “Sahel” region. In response to the drought and famine in that region from 1968–1974, numerous proposals have been made for increased attention to reducing population growth. The analysis presented in this paper leads to the conclusion that population policies other than those attempting to lower the birth rate are called for. These would include relocation of populations previously displaced by colonial labor migrations and the re-integration of herding and farming production systems, both of which policies should be considered as population policies. Data are presented from specific projects underway in Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali, to illustrate the argument.
Assessment of the World Food Situation-Present and Future
Authors: Almeida Silvio , Baytelman David , Chonchol Jacques , Collins Joseph , George Susan , Vieira Liszt Aragon , Von Der Weid Jean Marc 
Published: May 2005

The widespread bad harvests of 1972 in various regions of the world, the consequent reduction in grain reserves, the rapid rise in food prices almost everywhere and its impact on inflation, all have served to draw renewed attention to the problem of hunger which affects millions of human beings in the world today. During the 1974 United Nations World Food Conference many important matters relating to this problem were debated: the creation of international grain reserves; problems concerning world trade of foodstuffs; the current difficulties with certain key agricultural production factors, such as fertilizers; the necessity for organizing a worldwide information system on the situation; and prospects of various harvests and threats of famine in underdeveloped countries. It is often the case that discussion of the hunger problem does not correspond to the gravity of the crisis; true causes of the present situation are not examined, and measures are not adopted that will once and for all–for the first time–abolish hunger. In view of the prospect that the real issues are often ignored, the Transnational Institute provides this analysis in an attempt to clarify what must be done to abolish hunger in the belief that this is within the reach of humanity when and if we are determined to end the irrationalities of the present economic system and the relations of domination which some individuals and countries seek to continue.
A Prospective Study of the Effectiveness of Brief Professionally-Led Support Groups for Infertility Patients
Authors: Stewart Donna E. , Boydell Katherine M. , McCarthy Karolina , Swerdlyk Susan , Redmond Carol , Cohrs Wilma 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This study prospectively evaluates the effectiveness and patient acceptability of professionally-led support groups in alleviating psychologic distress in infertility patients. Method: Sixty-four consecutive patients in a university hospital infertility program were administered a battery of psychologic tests before and after attendance at an 8 weekly session support group. The comparison group consisted of 35 consecutive infertility referrals to the same unit who were not initially offered the support group and were similarly tested over an 8 week period. Results: Support group patients had significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.01) entry than exit scores on several measures of psychologic distress and depression (the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Global Severity Index, Anxiety, Depression, Hostility and Obsessive Compulsive Subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory). The Avoidance Coping Style on the Moos Coping Responses Inventory was correlated with a higher Global Severity Index ( p ≤ 0.01). Comparison group patients had similar psychometric scores to the support group patients at entry but showed no change over 8 weeks. Attenders expressed a high rate of satisfaction with the support group. Conclusions: Professionally-led support groups are a highly acceptable and effective intervention in self-referred patients in alleviating psychological distress related to infertility.
The Relationship between Drug and Alcohol Use and Peer Group Associations of College Freshmen as They Transition from High School
Authors: Leibsohn Jacqueline 
Published: May 2005

College freshmen responded to a drug and alcohol questionnaire. For drugs other than alcohol and marijuana, the best predictor of drug use at the beginning of college is drug use during a typical month of the senior year of high school. College freshmen, however, use marijuana less frequently than they did in high school and the use of alcoholic beverages increases early in college. While the frequency of alcohol use increases considerably, college freshmen do not increase the number of times they got drunk. It has been hypothesized that the likely change in peer relations between high school and college would alter subsequent rates of drug and alcohol use. However, the data shows that college and high school drug use are very similar and entering freshmen found new friends much like their high school friends to use drugs with and get drunk. Therefore, alcohol and drug use may be important determining factors in the choice of new college friends.
Fluoxetine-Induced Memory Impairment in Four Family Members
Authors: Huang Shu-Chi , Tsai Shih-Jen , Chang Joseph C. C. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant agent, has been implicated in learning and memory. Here, we report four cases from the same family of fluoxetine-related memory-impairment. Results: Memory-impairment resulted after fluoxetine treatment and disappeared after changing to another selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Conclusions: There may be a relationship between fluoxetine-related memory impairment and genetic factors, and this side-effect appears to be specific to fluoxetine treatment. Possible mechanisms underlying this effect may be the drug's influence on the central serotonergic system or brain-derived neurotrophic factor.
A National Survey of Hospice Bereavement Services
Authors: Demmer Craig 
Published: May 2005

Introduction: Historically, bereavement services have been viewed as the “poor stepchild” within hospice programs. In 1986, a survey was conducted of hospices to examine the nature and function of hospice bereavement services. This article presents the results of a similar survey that was conducted in 2002. The aim of this study was to provide updated information on several aspects of hospice bereavement services including staffing, training, services provided, issues, and obstacles. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire, with items adapted from the 1986 study, was mailed to a random sample of 450 Provider Members of the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO). The 23-item questionnaire took approximately 10 minutes to complete. There was a 58% return ( n = 260) of the questionnaires. Results: Hospices employed fewer bereavement personnel who served more bereaved individuals than compared to hospices in the 1986 study. Major obstacles were lack of time and too few bereavement staff. Bereavement programs tended to focus on less time intensive services such as mailings of letters and literature on grief versus phone calls and home visits. Bereavement staff expressed a desire to provide more groups and educational programs, as well as make more home visits, if they had more resources. Conclusions: Hospices are faced with difficult choices in an era of increased competition between hospices, insufficient reimbursement, and increased demands to document the effectiveness of services. Against this background, hospice bereavement services will continue to compete for attention and resources with other components of hospice programs.
Educational Technology in the Man-Made World
Authors: Lanagan T. P. , Piel E. J. 
Published: May 2005

The Man-Made World course was designed to develop technological literacy. It is appropriate therefore that TMMW use educational technology as a part of its instructional package in appropriate areas of the course. The educational technology involved consists of processes and products among which are the analog and digital computer as well as logic circuit boards and the usual projectors and tape players, including cassettes and film loops.
Health Planning as a Regulatory Strategy: A Discussion of its History and Current Uses
Authors: Tannen Louis 
Published: May 2005

Federally mandated health planning is one of the most significant responses to the cost crisis of American medicine. Portrayed as an objective and rational mechanism of determining the future, planning is a socially acceptable means of exerting third-party control over a sector of the economy long able to escape meaningful controls on its growth and development. However, far from being the neutral science which it is heralded to be, the planning process serves the interests that are able to control its use. Health planning agencies must be studied in the context of the current emphasis on cost containment and reorganization of health services. Supported and enfranchised largely by major third-party payors, planning smooths the implementation of changes in the health sector. Despite its progressive potential, planning serves the interests of these third-party payors by masking their attempts to control the future development of the health system.
Causal Attribution and Life-Threatening Disease
Authors: Mumma Christina , McCorkle Ruth 
Published: May 2005

When individuals are confronted with a diagnosis of serious disease, they try to understand why it has happened to them. The degree to which any individual can control his or her susceptibility to disease is not clear, but different diseases carry with them varying degrees of implied personal responsibility. For example, certain diseases (heart attack, stroke, cancer) have associated risk factors. Presumably, avoiding these risk factors will have some effect on a person's chance of developing those diseases. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to describe patients' attributed causes for two groups of individuals recently diagnosed with either lung cancer or myocardial infarction. Content analysis was done on the responses to an open-ended question about the cause of their disease for 108 subjects at Interview 1 and for 100 subjects at Interview 2. The most frequent causal explanations given by post myocardial infarction subjects in this study were related to life style, which could be interpreted as self-blame or self responsibility for what had happened to them. In contrast, the subjects with lung cancer more consistently said that they did not know what caused their disease, or mentioned a combination of life style (smoking) and external factors (exposure to noxious fumes or asbestos).
Why are Today's Technical Descriptions Still “A Journey through the Unknown?”
Authors: Tveito Sigmund 
Published: May 2005

In order to repair defective equipment in the shortest possible time, the repairman needs functional service manuals. These manuals are made by the technical communicator, who gets his “input” from the development engineer. Three different people, with different background and training. This article concentrates upon the relationship between the engineer and the communicator. How can they help each other in order to obtain a useful manual?