bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Size and shape of the hominoid distal femur: Fourier analysis
Authors: Lestrel Pete E. , Kimbel William H. , Prior Fred W. , Fleischmann Marianne L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA quantitative description of the shape of the distal femur is provided by Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis also facilitates the separation of the size and shape components which allows the removal of the distorting effect of size. Hence, comparisons between the hominoid groups can be based solely on shape.A sample of 91 hominoid distal femora from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History was used to make comparisons based on size and shape as well as shape only.It is suggested that unless the effect of size is minimized or removed, generally not possible with the traditional metrical approach, measures of biological distance will be distorted.
Probable malignancy in a Sadlermiut Eskimo mandible
Authors: Cassidy Claire M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe mandible of a Sadlermiut Eskimo woman, age at death 28 to 30 years, displays numerous well‐formed foramina concentrated bilaterally around the mental foramina. Differential diagnosis identifies this lesion with highest probability as a metastatic cancerous lesion; of less likelihood are sarcoma, hyperparathyroidism, hemangioma, and osteomyelitis. The specimen deserves attention because identification of malignancy in paleopathological material is uncommon and difficult, and because malignancies in aboriginal Eskimo populations are reputed to have been rare or absent.
Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf‐monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos)
Authors: Fleagle John G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSympatric Malaysian leaf‐monkeys, Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos show quantitative differences in their use of different locomotor patterns during daily activities. P. obscura primarily moves quadrupedally along large boughs; P. melalophos relies more on leaping between smaller supports. P. melalophos also uses forelimb suspension more than does P. obscura. Comparison of the muscular anatomy of the shoulder, arm, trunk, hip and thigh show numerous statistically significant differences between the two species in relative mass of individual muscles and in details of muscular origin and insertion. In almost all instances these differences accord with the types of differences in muscular anatomy predictable from either biomechanical analyses of locomotor behavior or comparative anatomical studies of other mammalian species.
Stress and the etiology of osteoarthritis
Authors: Jurmain Robert D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlthough degenerative joint disease is an old and exceedingly common problem, clinical investigators have not reached a consensus regarding the etiology of this disease. Comparative osteological analysis of the knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow joints of 798 individuals from four human skeletal populations (Black and White Americans, Pueblo Indians, and Alaskan Eskimos) indicates that age of onset, frequency, and location of degenerative changes are directly related to the nature and degree of environmentally associated stress, as reflected by the variable life styles of the populations sampled. Eskimos have the earliest onset and most severe involvement for all four joints studied, the right side is usually more affected than the left, and Blacks are more frequently involved than Whites in the knee, shoulder, and elbow. Functional stress, when constant and severe in nature, becomes the primary focus of degenerative disease, but other background contributing agents such as age, sex, and hormonal influence must not be ignored.
Chromosomes of lemuriformes. II. Chromosome polymorphism in Lemur fulvus collaris (E. Geoffroy 1812)
Authors: Hamilton Andrew E. , Buettner‐Janusch John , Chu Ernest H. Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo previously unreported diploid numbers, 2N = 50 and 2N = 51, from five individual Lemur fulvus collaris are described. In both chromosome complements, the nombre fondamental is 64. The 2N = 50 complement is composed of 7 pairs of bi‐armed chromosomes, 17 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes with small short arms, and acrocentric sex chromosomes. The 2N = 51 complement is identical with these exceptions: Only one member equivalent to bi‐armed pair 6 of L. f. collaris (2N = 50) is present, and two extra acrocentrics are found in the 2N = 51 complement. G‐banding analyses suggest that these chromosomes are a heteromorphic pair of the Robertsonian type. This conclusion is supported by evidence from studies of meiotic pairing relationships of the three chromosomes and the complements of hybrids resulting from interspecific matings. Comparison of the 2N = 50 and 2N = 51 complements with a published 2N = 48 complement suggests that these new karyotypes do not provide a lineal link between the 2N = 52 and 2N = 48 karyotypes (Rumpler, Y., and R. Albignac 1969 C. R. Soc. Biol., 163: 1989‐1992).
Analysis of developmental processes possibly related to human dental sexual dimorphism in permanent and deciduous canines
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Moss‐Salentijn Letty 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnalysis of published odontometric data on human dental sexual dimorphism indicates that this characteristic is most clearly expressed by the canine teeth. Review of the several processes involved in coronal odontogenesis suggests that such dimorphism is related to an absolutely longer period of amelogenesis for both deciduous and permanent dentitions.
Defective enamel histology of prehistoric teeth from illinois
Authors: Rose Jerome C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHistological enamel defects have been used as indicators of childhood morbidity and nutritional inadequacy. However, the usefulness of these defects has been hampered by a lack of clear criteria for differentiating normal and defective enamel. This report demonstrates that the criteria of abnormal prism structure can accurately differentiate defective enamel (i.e., pathological bands) from normal enamel. In addition, pathological bands can be divided into three distinct subtypes: distorted structure bands, black spot pathological bands, and structureless pathological bands.It has been assumed that the patterning of pathological bands and enamel hypoplasia is the same for all populations. Comparisons between populations show that each population has its own unique pattern. It has also been assumed that striae of Retzius, pathological bands, and enamel hypoplasias represent three grades of severity of the same phenomenon. Correlations between these three features demonstrate instead that this patterning is possibly influenced by the morphology of the teeth.
Functional implications of primate enamel thickness
Authors: Molnar Stephen , Gantt David G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent evolutionary interpretations of Hominoidea have postulated functional relationships between tooth form, diet and masticatory biomechanics. A major consideration is the durability of the tooth under certain dietary conditions. Teeth with low cusps and thicker enamel are able to withstand heavy mastication of abrasive food bolus for a longer period. When comparisons are made between species of higher primates the variables of tooth size, cusp morphology, and enamel thickness appear to be related but until now no systematic analysis has been made to determine the functional relevance of several dental dimensions.This study provides data gained from comparisons of dentition of nine species of primates. Histological sections were made of the post canine teeth and 21 dimensions were compared. The relevant dimensions identified serve to withstand dental wear. The distribution of thicker enamel corresponded to the observed wear planes.Humans had thicker enamel than pongids while the macaque had the thinnest. These preliminary results tend to support theories which explain low, thick, enameled cusps in hominids.
Immunoglobulin (Gm) allotypes in a sample of Canadian Ashkenazic jews
Authors: Field L. Leigh , Lowden J. Alexander , Ray Ajit K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGm typing on the serum specimens of 507 Ashkenazic Jews (predominantly of Polish‐Russian ancestry) from Toronto, Canada has established the presence of haplotypes Gm3;5, Gm1;21, Gm1,2;21, and Gm1,17;5, and the absence of haplotypes Gm1;13,15,16, Gm1;5,6, and Gm1;5,6,24 which have been found in other Jewish peoples. It is suggested that Ashkenazic populations have lower frequencies of haplotype Gm1,17;5 than non‐European Jewish populations, and that some eastern European Jewish populations have acquired the Gm1;13,15,16 haplotype through gene flow from Central Asia. Thus Jewish populations show differences in the Gm system; many of the differences may be in the direction of similarities to neighbouring non‐Jewish populations.
Genetic variation in transferrin alleles of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Devor Eric J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe rhesus macaque displays an extensive polymorphism at the transferrin locus. A principal components analysis describes the variance and covariance of alleles at the transferrin locus in eight widely dispersed sample populations. Using an eigenvectorial representation of the covariance matrix and systematically approximated geographical locations the distribution of populations and transferrin alleles is compared. Alleles with high variance prove to be the determining factor in the placement of populations in a “genetic map” and provide a means for interpreting the low congruence of genetics and geography found.
Developmental abnormalities of the permanent dentition in prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe frequencies of developmental abnormalities in size, shape, number of teeth, and enamel formation are presented for a sample of 389 prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians from the following cultural complexes: Glacial Kame, Adena, Ohio Hopewell, Cole, Fort Ancient, and Erie (Whittlesey Focus). In addition, the magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry is determined for each tooth and for individuals of these groups.Tests of association indicate complexes with Late Diffuse economic adaptations (Glacial Kame, Adena, Hopewell) exhibit significantly higher frequencies of numerical abnormalities of M3 and M3 enamel pearls, while Late Focal complexes (Cole, Fort Ancient, Erie) exhibit a higher frequency of severe, general linear enamel hypoplasia. The magnitude of fluctuating asymmetry is, however, generally the same in the Late Diffuse and Late Focal groups.The occurrence of two rare abnormalities with large genetic components, essentially limited to one Hopewell and one Adena mound, raises the possibility that the individuals interred in these mounds are biologically related. Since it is widely held that mound burials represent a status class of the population, it is likely that the Late Diffuse sample is biased in favor of a number of highly select population segments each of which contains biologically related individuals. Accordingly, the lower frequency of severe, general linear enamel hypoplasia in Late Diffuse groups is hypothesized as the result of the more advantageous circumstances expected for high status individuals, and the higher frequencies of numerical abnormalities of M3 and M3 enamel pearls are hypothesized primarily as the result of mitigated selection on masticatory complex integration, and/or a biased sample.Comparisons with the deciduous dentition show the permanent teeth exhibit higher frequencies of developmental abnormalities. This result is explicable in terms of the more favorable developmental environment of the primary teeth, or a stronger developmental canalization.
Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in pre‐Columbian Chileans
Authors: Munizaga Juan , Allison Marvin J. , Paredes Claudio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo cases of gallbladder disease found in Chilean mummies are presented. The cholesterol gallstones in these cases produced in one individual a localized peritonitis and in the other a probable duct obstruction. No cases of this disease have been seen in Peruvian mummies while in Chile it seems quite common, suggesting some environmental factor in the etiology.
Analysis of the hominoid os coxae by Cartesian coordinates
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study is based upon 48 3‐dimensional coordinates taken on 4 fossil hominid and 127 extant hominoid coxal bones. The fossils include Sts 14, SK 3155, MLD 7, and MLD 25. The comparative sample consists of 42Homo sapiens, 27Pan troglodytes, 29Gorilla gorillaand 29Pongo pygmaeus. The coordinates improve the metrical representation of the bone beyond what can be done with linear measurements because the shape complexity of the os coxae is so great. The coordinates are rotated and translated so that all bones are in a standard position. The coordinates are then standardized for each specimen by dividing all coordinates by the pooled standard deviation of X, Y, and Z coordinates. These data are treated to standard statistical analyses including analysis of variance, Penrose size and shape statistics, principal coordinates and components, and canonical variates analysis. The data are then further altered by using some specimen as a standard and rotating each specimen until the total squared distance between its coordinates and those of the standard are minimized. The same statistics are applied to these “best fit” data. The results show a high degree of agreement between the methods. The hominid os coxae are fundamentally different from the other hominoids and the fossil hominids share the basic hominid configuration but with some unique differences.
Estimation of age from the pubic symphysis by means of multiple regression analysis
Authors: Hanihara Kazuro , Suzuki Takao 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study has been carried out to assess the age from the pubic symphysial surface employing a multiple regression analysis and a quantification theory model I analysis. Using partial regression coefficients and/or normalized scores obtained from the analyses, ages of skeletal remains can be quantitatively estimated with a fairly high reliability. The use of this method is, however, limited to the samples between 18 and 38 years of age, because age changes in the symphysial surface show large variations after about 40 years. The reliability of this method was also examined.
Aging in the lumbar spine. III. L5
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe fifth lumbar vertebra, like the other units of the lumbar spine, shows a significant trend toward lowering and broadening of the body with age. In most individuals the pedicles of L5 arise from the lateral surface of the body, rather than posteriorly as in the other lumbar vertebrae, and the increase in body breadth is very often associated with the formation of reinforcing columns of bone between the bases of the pedicles and osteophytes bordering the inferior endplate. In L5 midbody breadth shows a greater gain than endplate breadths, so “flaring” is decreased with age, a change that is statistically significant in Black males and White females. This vertebra shows no significant change in endplate biconcavity or posterior wedging with age.
Changes in somatotypes of European males between 17 and 24 years
Authors: Carter J. E. Lindsay , Pařízková Jana 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn order to examine the possible changes in somatotype of young males, 14 boys who had been somatotyped annually from 11 to 18 years by the Heath‐Carter anthropometric rating method were re‐somatotyped at 24 years. The analysis focused on years 17, 18 and 24. Discriminant analysis, somatotype dispersion indices and distances, and the I‐index were used to analyze the data. The findings showed a significant shift in somatotype from ectomorphmesomorph towards endo‐mesomorphy between 17 and 24 years. This shift was greater than that observed by Zuk ('58), and was in the same direction. It is hypothesized that the somatotypes of males become more endo‐mesomorphic from 17 years to the mid‐twenties.
Evolutionary significance of the mandibular foramen area in neandertals
Authors: Smith Fred H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn unusual morphology of the mandibular foramen area is described, and its incidence determined for several fossil and modern hominid skeletal samples. This morphology, designated the horizontal‐oval type mandibular foramen, is found in 46.2% of the 26 Neandertal foramina examined and in 23.1% of a European Upper Paleolithic sample of 13 foramina. In a total of 747 foramina from five modern skeletal samples, the highest incidence is 3.72%.Possible explanations for the presence of the H‐O trait and its unusually high incidence in Neandertals are examined. It is concluded that this feature is probably a genetic trait which either (1) might be selected for in Neandertals as a part of a massive masticatory apparatus, or (2) represents a discrete cranial trait without functional significance that simply reflects the high incidence of certain genes in Neandertal gene pools.
An ethmoid exposure (os planum) in the orbit of Indri indri (Primates, Lemuriformes)
Authors: Cartmill M. , Gingerich P. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn 6 of 17 skulls of Indri indri retaining distinct sutures in the medial orbital wall, a small separate bony element intervenes between the frontal and the maxillolacrimal suture. This element is demonstrably continuous with the ethmoid on one such skull. The occurrence of an ethmoid exposure in the orbit of Indri suggests that this trait is not a simple function of orbital size and convergence. Since such an exposure is found in non‐cheirogaleine lemuriforms, its distribution provides no support for the hypothesis that lorises and galagos are derived from cheirogaleines.
Masses, centers‐of‐gravity, and moments‐of‐inertia of the body segments of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSegmental parameters (mass, center‐of‐gravity, and moment‐of‐inertia) are necessary for biomechanical analyses of a species' locomotor behavior. Seven male and eight female adult rhesus monkey cadavers were dismembered in order to determine segmental parameters. Mean values for the segment masses and moments‐of‐inertia are presented for males and females, separately and together. Statistical tests revealed significant differences between the sexes for these parameters. Regression equations for predicting segment masses and moments‐of‐inertia were developed for the sexes separately and pooled. For most segments the male and female equations did not differ significantly in slope or y‐intercept. The center‐of‐gravity for each segment is presented as a mean percentage of the distance between the proximal and distal joint centers. The regression equations and center‐of‐gravity locations presented here permit biomechanical investigations of rhesus monkey locomotion without the necessity of subsequent sacrifice.The segmental parameter values determined for the rhesus monkey are compared with available data for other primate and mammalian species and the biomechanical and adaptive implications of such comparisons are discussed.
Paleopathologic evidence for the evolution of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Klepinger Linda L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA human skeleton recovered from a Sicilian archaeological site and dating from the Hellenistic period (330–210 B.C.) presents a pathological pattern suggesting a transition between ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis, providing evidence in support of the hypothesis that rheumatoid arthritis may have recently evolved out of ankylosing spondylitis.
Relationships between non‐metric skeletal traits and cranial size and shape
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. , Twichell Elizabeth 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA long‐standing controversy exists about the comparative utility of metric and non‐metric traits as biological indicators in population studies. We hypothesize that the underlying scale which determines the presence or absence of a cranial non‐metric trait is an expression of general and/or local size variation in the cranium. Therefore metric and non‐metric traits will share a common developmental determination. The hypothesis implies that the underlying scale of a non‐metric trait will be correlated with measures of cranial size and shape. Forty‐eight cranial metric and twenty‐five cranial non‐metric traits were scored on the left side of adult male crania from four North American Indian populations. New threshold traits were generated for each non‐metric trait by dichotomizing discriminant scores produced by discriminant function analysis. The discriminant analysis was performed using metric traits to discriminate between groups formed by non‐metric trait presence or absence. Every non‐metric trait tested was significantly correlated with its threshold trait in at least one population. The correlations were of moderate to high levels depending on the trait and population sample studied. This implies that metric and non‐metric traits share a moderate to high degree of developmental determination. The cause of these correlations may lie in the common effects that growth and development of the soft tissue and functional spaces of the cranium exert on both metric and non‐metric traits.
Comparative and functional morphology of hominoid fingers
Authors: Susman Randall L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComparisons of hominoid metacarpals and phalanges reveal differences, many of which are closely linked to locomotor hand postures. The African apes display features of the metacarpals and phalanges which distinguish them from the other Hominoidea. These features are most evident in digits III and IV. The orangutan hand is demonstrably less well adapted to knuckle‐walking and is distinctive in its adaptation to power and hook grasping of vertical and horizontal supports, respectively. Orangutan fingers possess a “double‐locking” mechanism (Napier, '60), and a slight ulnad shift in the axis of the hand which results in lengthened phalanges of ray IV. Hylobatid apes are more like orangutans in their finger morphology than any of the other Hominoidea, but exhibit unique features of their own. These include elongate phalanges of fingers II‐V. Human metacarpals II‐V form two sets composed of II‐III, and IV‐V. The heads of both metacarpals II and III are characterized by axial torsion. This reflects the enhanced manipulatory role of the third finger in humans. Human distal phalanges are unique in the development of pronounced apical tufts.Multivariate analysis of metacarpal III and proximal III yields variables that array the extant apes along an arboreal‐terrestrial axis, from hylobatid apes to male gorillas. The positions of taxa on this discriminant concur with observations on the locomotion of free‐ranging apes.
Population genetic data on properdin factor B (Bf) in Northern Germany
Authors: Püschel K. , Schmidt M. , Söder R. , Brinkmann B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractProperdin factor B phenotypes were determined in 1,112 unrelated individuals and in 151 mother/child combinations from Northern Germany. Gene frequencies were: F = 0.1960, S = 0.7905, F1 = 0.0072, S1 = 0.0063. The data of the mother/child combinations are in full accordance with the postulated gene model.