bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of product inhibition in alcohol fermentation‐temperature effect in the “sake” brewing
Authors: Aiba S. , Shoda M. , Nagatani M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOne of the kinteic equations derived previously from a series of sophisticated batch and continuous alcohol fermentations by using a respiration‐deficient mutant of baker's yeast is as follows:

where dp/dt = ethanol production rate, v0 = specific rate of ethanol production at p = 0, k2 = empirical constant, K′s = saturation constant, S = glucose concentration, and X = cell mass concentration. The above equation was confirmed in the previous paper to fit, the brewing of “sake.”The temperature of the specific brewing is not always constant (10 to 18°C). The effect of temperature on v0 was assessed from the Arrhenius plot, assuming that k2 was independent of temperature. Values of dp/dt taken from the “sake” brewing data were rearranged, taking the temperature change into account. These datu, corrected for the temperature, were found to follow quite favorably the kinetic equation mentioned above. So far, a prediction of the ethanol production rate in practice was rectified to the extent of p = 19%.
Formation of propylene oxide by Nocardia corallina immobilized in liquid paraffin
Authors: Miyawaki Osato , Wingard Lemuel B. , Brackin Judy S. , Silver Richard S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNocardia corallina B276 cells were immobilized by emulsification with liquid paraffin and an antifoam agent at room temperature. The immobilized cells were studied for their ability to carry out the formation of propylene oxide from propylene and oxygen. The evaluations were done with the cells in a bubble‐type reactor with a continuous gas feed of 5% propylene and 11.6–95% oxygen, with the balance nitrogen. By using liquid paraffin and antifoam, both the epoxidation activity and the stability were improved, especially for the P‐1‐200 strain, over that for nonimmobilized cells. The N. corallina cells showed an apparent preference for a hydrophobic, as compared to a hydrophilic, environment. The propylene‐oxide‐forming activity of the immobilized cells was higher at 40 than at 30°C reactor temperature and with 20% (versus 95%) oxygen in the feed. The stability was markedly better at 30°C and with 20% oxygen. High gas flowrates gave increased apparent activity probably because of less resistance to substrate mass transfer. The effects of pH were minor. The role of glucose as the energy source for regeneration of cofactors for the monooxygenase system also is discussed.
Heat and microbial treatments for nutritional upgrading of wheat straw
Authors: Milstein O. , Vered Y. , Sharma A. , Gressel J. , Flowers H. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe ligninolytic activities of four cellulolytic organisms were compared using straw. Only Aspergillus japonicus and Polyporous versicolor appreciably degraded lignin with A. japonicus yielding the most protein. In solid culture, most protein was produced by P. versicolor, closely followed by A. japonicus. Pretreatment of the straw by hot water facilitated biodegradation and protein production. The nutritional value of the residual straw was also increased by some fungal cultures. The greatest amount of degradable polysaccharide in the straw was made available by A. japonicus in liquid media and Pleurotus ostreatus in solid media.
Effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on penicillin fermentations: Mycelial growth and penicillin production
Authors: Ho Chester S. , Smith Mark D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effect of dissolved carbon dioxide on the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate of Penicillium chrysogenum was examined experimentally. The dissolved carbon dioxide was found to inhibit the specific growth rate and the penicillin production rate when the aerated submerged penicillin fermentation was exposed to influent gases of 12.6 and 20% carbon dioxide, respectively. Upon exposure to influent gases of 3 and 5% carbon dioxide, no pronounced metabolic inhibition was noted.
Behaviors of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a mild sulfuric acid hydrolysis
Authors: Tran Ai V. , Chambers Robert P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRemoval and modification of southern red oak hemicelluloses and lignin in a 0.05%(w/v) sulfuric acid hydrolysis were investigated. The hydrolysis profile was to raise the reaction from room temperature to 150°C for in 38 min and to extend the hydrolysis at 150°C for 1 h. At the end of the hydrolysis, 25.5% of red oak components were dissolved, of which 58% was xylose and 17% lignin. As the hydrolysis proceeded from room temperature to 150°C, a part of red oak xylan was removed to yield an oligomer fraction having maximal yield and average molecular weight of 3460 at 150°C. This fraction and the bulk xylan extracted during the first 30 min at 150°C were further degraded to give a lower molecular weight oligomer fraction, of which the yield and average molecular weight (2610) were highest at the end of the bulk removal of xylan. Red oak lignin, syringyl and guaiacyl units in particular, was increasingly removed with the progress of the hydrolysis. Lignin derivatives and a part of red oak extractives soluble in the hydrolysate were identified.
Experimental design for parameter estimation from batch culture
Authors: Yoo Young J. , Marino‐Galarraga M. , Hong J. , Hatch R. T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn experimental design to estimate the parameters in a Monod‐type equation from batch culture data was examined. Consideration was given to the design of experiments to estimate accurate values of the parameters. Sequential experimental design with the information index was used for this purpose. With this approach the standard deviation of the parameter values was reduced using simulated batch culture data.
Analysis of exponential growth data for yoghurt cultures
Authors: Oner M. D. , Erickson L. E. , Yang S. S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObtaining accurate estimates of maximum specific growth rate, growth yield, and product yield is important for many fermentation processes. A systematic procedure is presented to select the exponential growth region and estimate the maximum specific growth rate using the covariate adjustment method with all the available measured variables (i.e. biomass, substrate, and product). The procedure is applied to data collected during growth of pure and mixed cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus on 3% dry milk under anaerobic conditions. The estimation procedure gives good estimates with relatively narrow confidence intervals even though biomass concentration is measured by an indirect method. The estimated values of maximum specific growth rate range from 0.2805 h−1 for S. thermophilus (ATCC‐19258) to 0.4672 h−1 for S. thermophilus (Microlife). Growth and product yields are estimated using regression analysis and the data for the exponential growth region. The growth yields are compared to their theoretical maximum values.
Saccharification of explosively dried corn
Authors: Robertson G. H. , Zaragosa E. M. , Pavlath A. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractVery rapid or explosive drying of grains such as corn leads to obvious physical changes in the macrostructure of the grain kernel, probable alteration in starch molecular structure, and reduction in starch average molecular weight. These changes lead to greater susceptibility to attack by liquefying and saccharifying enzymes. Rates of formation of nonreducing and reducing sugars by liquefying and saccharifying enzymes applied to explosively dried and milled yellow dent corn and small‐kernel flint corn were 3.3–10.6 times greater than rates for the normally milled grains. The enzymatic conversion of explosively dried flint corn containing absorbed ethyl alcohol, as would be the case if it had been used as an adsorbent to dewater aqueous ethyl alcohol, was not significantly different from that of ethyl‐alcohol‐free flint corn.
Cultivation of microorganisms in an air–solid fluidized bed fermentor with agitators
Authors: Tanaka Mitsuo , Kawaide Akihito , Matsuno Ryuichi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe productivity of a cell mass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and enzymes of Eupenicillium javanicum increased by cultivation in anair–solid fluidized bed fermentor with agitators. The usefulness of the apparatus for the fluidized bed culture was verified. The productivity of amyiase and protease of the fungus by fluidized bed culture was twice as high as that by stationary culture, considering the dry weight of cells and the enzyme activity. Physiological properties of yeast cells were changed buy the fluidized bed culture; there was a decrease in the cell size of yeast and the changes to the aerobic properties of the yeast cells resulting from excessive supply of oxygen with a high flowrate of air.
Pilot‐plant production of prednisolone using calcium alginate immobilized Arthrobacter simplex
Authors: Kloosterman J. , Lilly M. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe maximum conversion of hydrocortisone suspensions at initial substrate concentrations greater than 4 g/L by immobilized Arthrobacter simplex in a batch reactor was 80–85%. By feeding hydrocortisone suspensions continuously to either a fed‐batch‐operated stirred tank reactor or to a continuous‐flow airlift loop reactor, at a rate such that the soluble hydrocortisone concentration in the reactor remained ca. 0.05 g/L, 95% conversion of substratewas obtained at final product concentrations exceeding 4 g/L.
Ethanol production from starch by a coimmobilized mixed culture system of Aspergillus awamori and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kurosawa Hiroshi , Nomura Noboru , Tanaka Hideo 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe development of a coimmobilized mixed culture sys tem of aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms in Ca‐alginate gel beads and the production of useful metabolites by the system were investigated. A coimmobilized mixed culture system of Aspergillus awamori (obligate aerobe) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (facultative anaerobe) in Ca‐alginate gel beads was used as a model system, and ethanol production from starch by the system was used as a model production. Mold Asp. awamori is an amylolytic microorganism while yeast S. cerevisiae is an ethanol producer. The two microorganisms grew competitively in the oxygen‐rich surface area of the gel beads because they had similar oxygen demands in aerobic culture conditions. Neither microorganism exhibited “habitat segregation” in the gel beads and leaked yeast cells grew aerobically without ethanol production in the broth. Ethanol productivity was low under these conditions.A more desirable coimmobilized mixed culture system of Asp. awamori and S. cerevisiae was established by adding Vantocil IB (a biocidal compound) to the production medium. The antimicrobial activity of Vantocil IB was more effective with S. cerevisiae than with Asp. awamori, so that a dense mycelial layer of Asp. awamori formed in the surface of the gel beads While S. cerevisiae grew densely in the more inner areas of the gel beads. Also, yeast cell leakace was repressed and ethanol productivity was improved. The system with Vantocil IB produced ethanol of 4.5 and 12.3 g/L from 16 and 40 g/L starch, respectively. A continuous culture using this system with Vantocil IB was also carried out, and a stable steady state could be maintained for six days without leakage of yeast cells and contamination. The selection of a factor suitable for producing “habitat segregation” enabled the development of a coimmobilized mixed culture system of an aerobe and a facultative anaerobe. In this study, total habitat segregation was used to denote a tendency to exhibit denser growth in different parts of one gel bead.
Cultivation of hybridoma cells in continuous cultures: Kinetics of growth and product formation
Authors: Ray N. G. , Karkare S. B. , Runstadler P. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMouse hybridoma cells were grown in suspension in continuous stirred bioreactors. Cell growth, substrate utilization, and monoclonal antibody (MAb) production were studied using serum‐free medium. Steady‐state data were obtained at different dilution rates, between 0.012 and 0.039 h−1 Viability was profoundly affected by dilution rate, particularly near the lower end of the dilution‐rate range investigated. MAb concentration and productivity went through a maximum with respect to dilution rate. Lactate yield on glucose declined with in creasing dilution rate. Experiments were carried out to study the effects of medium glucose concentration on cell growth, product formation, and lactate yield on glucose. Reduction of glucose concentration in the feed medium did not considerably affect cell density and MAb concentration in the culture, but lactate levels dropped sharply; lactate yield on glucose declined substantially, indicating alterations in cell metabolic path ways for energy metabolism. Optimization strategy for continuous cell culture is discussed.
Protein release from Escherichia coli cells permeabilized with guanidine–HCl and Triton X100
Authors: Hettwer David , Wang Henry 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn important factor complicating the recovery of recombinant proteins from Escherichia coli is their intracellular location. An alternative to the commonly used method of releasing these proteins by mechanical disruption is to chemically permeabilize the cells. The objective of this research was to characterize the protein release kinetics of a permeabilization process using guanidine–HCl and Triton X100. The protein release rate and yield were determined as a function of the guanidine and Triton concentrations. The initial release rate increased monotonically with increasing concentrations of Triton and guanidine whereas the release yield varied in a complex manner. Electron microscopy indicated that the permeabilization process involves a solubilization of the inner membrane and molecular alteration of the outer wall. Some advantages of this process over mechanical disruption include avoiding extensive fragmentation of the cells and retainment of nucleic acids inside the cell structure.
Functional properties of hemoglobin immobilized in coacervates prepared from gelatin A and polyanionic carbohydrates
Authors: Brouwer Marius , Cashon Robert , Bonaventura Joseph 
Published: May 2005

AbstractComplex coacervation is a phenomenon of phase separation that may occur in a solution of positively and negatively charged polyions. The resulting two phases are distinguished by the total concentration of both polyions, with the concentrated phase often containing vesicular structures composed of the two polyelectrolytes. We have used this phenomenon in an attempt to‐prepare a hemoglobin‐based red blood cell analog. Hemoglobin‐containing coacervate vesicles have been prepared from gelatin A and the polyanionic carbohydrates acacia, pectin, or dextranstilfate. Hemoglobin seems to be anchored into the vesicle walls through interaction of its polyanion binding site with the negatively charged residues on the carbohydrates. Oxygen binding by the immobilized HbA is reversible and cooperative, with p50 values at 20°C of 2.8, 6, and 24 mm Hg for the acacia‐ (pH 7.5), pectin‐ (pH 6.6), and dextransulfate‐(pH 6.6) derived coacervates. Kinetic studies on CO binding show that the rate of CO uptake by the coacervates (t½ = 13–27 ms at 0.5 mM CO) is similar to that of human erythrocytes.The HbA‐containing coacervates slowly dissolve in isotonic salt solutions (145 mM NaCl, pH 7.4), but they can be stabilized by treatment with glutaraldehyde. Oxygen binding by HbA incorporated into the stabilized coacervates derived from dextran sulfate is very similar to oxy gen binding by human red blood cells: p50 = 26 mm Hg and n = 1.89 at 37°C in isotonic salt. These results show how a novel approach, based on an old concept, has led to the preparation of immobilized HbA, with functional properties similar to those of intraerythrocytic HbA.
Macroporous and hydrophilic polymer resins modified with isothiocyanate groups for immobilization of enzymes
Authors: Hasegawa Masanori , Kitano Hiromi , Nishida Ryosuke , Kobashi Toshiyuki 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHydrophilic and macroporous polymer resins composed of glycerylmethacrylate, styrene, and divinylbenzene were quite easily modified with isothiocyanate groups using a Friedel–Crafts reaction with 3‐chloropropionyl chloride and subsequent nucleophilic reaction with KSCN. Alkaline phosphatase and trypsin could be covalently bound to the isothiocyanate‐carrying polymer resins, and the immobilized enzymes obtained were sufficiently active and stable due to a covalent bonding via a spacer group between the carrier resins and the enzymes and also due to a hydrophilic environment around the enzymes. A heterogeneity of the immobilized enzyme was taken into account to interpret the thermal denaturation process of the enzyme immobilized onto the resins.
Production of essential L‐branched‐chain amino acids in bioreactors containing artificial cells immobilized multienzyme systems and dextran–NAD+
Authors: Gu Kang Fu , Chang Thomas Ming Swi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe prepared artificial cells each containing leucine dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.9), urease (EC 3.5.1.5), soluble dextran–NAD+, and one of the following coenzyme regenerating dehydrogenases: glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47); yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1); malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37); or lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27). Artificial cells were packed in small columns. L‐Leucine, L‐valine, and L‐isoleucine were continuously produced with simultaneous dextran–NADH regeneration. The maximum production ratios depended on the coenzyme regenerating systems used: 83–93% for D‐glucose and glucose dehydrogenase system; 90% for ethanol and yeast alcohol dehydrogenase system; 45–55% for L‐malate and malate dehydrogenase system; and 64–78% for L‐lactate and lactate dehydrogenase system. Kinetic experiments were also carried out. The apparent Km values are as follows: 0.33 mM for α‐ketoisocaproate (KIC); 0.51 mM for α‐ketoisovalerate (KIV); 0.58 mM for DL‐α‐keto‐β‐methyl‐n‐valerate (KMV); 3.52 mM for urea; 27.82 mM for D‐glucose; 3.89 mM for ethanol; 3.02 mM for L‐malate; and 16.67 mM for L‐lactate. Kinetic analysis showed that KIC, KIV, and KMV were all competitive inhibitors in the reactions catalyzed by leucine dehydrogenase. Their inhibitor constants were the corresponding Km values.
Simultaneous ultrafiltration and affinity sorptive separation of proteins in a hollow fiber membrane module
Authors: Molinari R. , Torres J. L. , Michaels A. S. , Kilpatrick P. K. , Carbonell R. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA protein separation scheme combining affinity or ion exchange sorption with hollow fiber cross‐flow filtration is described. Sorptive gel particles were loaded into the shell side of a hollow fiber membrane module. In the adsorption step, crude protein mixtures were passed through the lumen and permeating proteins passed through the membrane to bind on the gel particles in the shell. During elution, a buffer of adequate ionic strength to desorb the bound proteins was passed through the lumen and permeated through the shell. The eluant was then collected at the outlet to the shell of the hollow fiber module. The concept is illustrated by two examples: the purification of butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) from raw horse serum using the affinity gel procainamide–Sepharose as the packing and the separation of carboxylesterase (EC 3.1.1.1) from beef liver homogenate using DEAE–Sephadex as the packing. The technique has the advantage of high volumetric throughputs typical of hollow fiber membrane modules as well as the high capacity characteristic of chromatographic packings. In addition, cross‐flow filtration of particulates, agglomerates, and debris in passing protein from lumen to shell side can help eliminate the need for extensive pretreatment.
The process utility of thermotolerant methylotrophic bacteria: II. An evaluation of transient responses
Authors: Al‐Awadhi Nader , Egli Thomas , Hamer Geoffrey , Mason C. Anthony 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn Part II, the process utility of a thermotolerant methylotrophic bacterium is evaluated with respect to its dynamic response when various substrate or nutrient pulses are imposed on it while growing under steady‐state conditions in a chemostat. The pulses investigated were methanol pulses on methanol‐, methanol/formaldehyde‐, and dual methanol/ammonia‐limited cultures and an ammonia pulse on a severely nitrogen (ammonia)‐limited culture. The results obtained, although exemplifying the complex biochemistry of such bacteria, clearly demonstrate the bacteriums flexibility and versatility in handling process transients. Its lack of fastidiousness in unsteady state continuous culture make it a most promising candidate for inclusion in process cultures for elevated temperature industrial wastewater treatment.
Die Politisierung der Biologie zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus [1]
Authors: Bäumer Änne 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBetrachtet man die in der Zeit zwischen 1933 und 1945 in Deutschland erschienene Literatur, die sich mit biologischen Inhalten oder der Definition des Faches Biologie auseinandersetzt, lassen sich zwei Pole der Biologie unterscheiden. Zum einen bleibt die Biologie, d. h. sowohl ihre Inhalte als auch ihre Vertreter, mehr oder weniger unbeeinflußt vom Nationalsozialismus. Zum anderen wird die Biologie zum Werkzeug des Nationalsozialismus; ihre Aufgabe ist es dann, seine Ideologie mit biologischen Kenntnissen zu stützen und zu bestätigen. Natürlich läßt sich nicht in jedem Fall eine klare Grenze zwischen diesen beiden Tendenzen ziehen. Oft werden an sich rein wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse an die NS‐Ideologie „verkauft”︁; so wird z. B. die Bedeutung einer biologischen Methodik NS‐ideologisch begründet [2].
Zelle und Umwelt— Wie wirken sich Umweltgifte auf Zellen aus?
Authors: Braunbeck Thomas , Storch Volker 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOrganische Chemikalien werden heute in einem Umfang hergestellt und in die Umwelt entlassen wie nie zuvor: Die weltweite Produktion, die sich im Jahre 1950 noch auf 7,5 Millionen Tonnen belief, hat 1980 die 150 Millionen Tonnen‐Grenze überschritten [11]. Nach Angaben des Statistischen Bundesamtes betrug 1985 die jährliche Produktion an chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen allein in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 10 000 t, an Carbamaten 13 500 t und an organischen Phosphorverbindungen 24 300 t, was einem Umsatz von etwa 800 Millionen DM entsprach. Schätzungen zufolge belief sich der Welthandel mit chemischen Pestiziden im Jahre 1985 auf 14,3 Milliarden US‐Dollar, wobei 6 Milliarden US‐Dollar auf Herbizide, 4,7 Milliarden US‐Dollar auf Insektizide und 2,7 Milliarden US‐Dollar auf Fungizide entfielen.
Das Experiment: Die Quantifizierung organismischer Ähnlichkeit
Authors: Kremer Bruno P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDie Wahrnehmung der Vielgestaltigkeit der Dinge aus der unbelebten und der belebten Umwelt, erst recht aber die nähere Beschäftigung mit der Vielfalt der natürlichen Erscheinungen, fordern dazu heraus, übersicht und Ordnung in die zunächst verwirrende Fülle der Phänomene zu bringen. Das Ordnen umfaßt dabei die Unterscheidung von Typen, Formen, Gruppen oder beliebigen Kategorien durch Beschreibung und Vergleich. Das Ergebnis solchen Tuns ist eine Klassifikation, in der mit Hilfe von Gliederungen und Benennungen nach unterschiedlichen Aspekten ein Ordnungsgefüge geschaffen wird, in das sich die zunächst so entmutigende Vielfalt widerspruchsfrei einsortieren läßt.