bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How sensitive are river systems to climate and land‐use changes? A model‐based evaluation
Authors: Coulthard T. J. , Macklin M. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSimulated Holocene sediment discharges from a high‐resolution cellular model of river evolution in northern England, driven by a peat‐bog proxy climate and palynological based land‐cover record, show a very close similarity to alluviation phases evident in British river valleys. Independent validation of the model indicates that British river systems have been surprisingly sensitive to short term (ca. 102 yr) climate fluctuations, although river dynamics also have been modulated by land‐use change and sediment supply. This has important implications for understanding alluvial system evolution, establishing controlling factors and, most importantly, forecasting river response to future climate and land‐use changes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Holocene dinoflagellate cysts as indicators for short‐term climate variability in the eastern Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)
Authors: Kunz‐Pirrung Martina , Matthiessen Jens , de Vernal Anne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA sediment sequence from the eastern Laptev Sea shelf (Siberian Arctic, Russia) has been studied for dinoflagellate cysts in order to reconstruct sea‐surface conditions during the late Holocene. Variability of assemblage composition and derived sea‐surface temperature estimates indicate that the neoglacial cooling was not a gradual climate change from 2510 to 900 cal. yr BP. Relatively stable conditions, with temperatures that were warmer than today, were punctuated by a few cooling events in summer on centennial time‐scales. During these events temperatures reached modern values. This suggests that modern conditions may have been established abruptly within a short period in the past 1000 yr, which is not documented in our record. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotope and disorder effects in the Raman spectra of LiHxD1−x crystals
Authors: Plekhanov V. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMost of the physical properties of a solid depend on its isotopic composition in some way or another. Scientific interest, technological promise and increased availability of highly enriched isotopes have led to a sharp rise in the number of experimental and theoretical studies with isotopically controlled crystals. A great number of stable isotopes and well‐developed methods for their separation have made it possible to grow crystals of C, LiH, ZnO, ZnSe, CuCl, GaN, GaAs, CdS, Cu2O, Si, Ge and α‐Sn with a controllable isotopic composition. Among these compounds, LiH possesses the largest value of the isotope effect. The great number of theoretical and experimental data suggest that the isotopic composition of a crystal lattice exerts some influence on the vibrational properties of crystals. These effects are fairly large and can be readily measured by modern experimental techniques (ultrasound, Brillouin and Raman scattering and neutron scattering). In addition, crystals of different isotopic compositions possess different Debye temperatures. This difference between an LiH crystal and its deuterated analogue exceeds a 100 K. Very pronounced and general effects of isotopic substitution are observed in phonon spectra. The scattering lines in isotopically mixed crystals are not only shifted (the shift of LO lines exceeds 100 cm−1) but are also broadened. This broadening is related to the isotopic disorder of the crystal lattice. It is shown that the degree of a change in the scattering potential is different for different isotopic mixed crystals. In the case of germanium and diamond crystals, phonon scattering is weak, which allows one to apply successfully the coherent potential approximation (CPA) for describing the shift and broadening of scattering lines. In the case of lithium hydride, the change in the scattering potential is so strong that it results in phonon localization, which is directly observed in experiments. The common nature of the isotopic and disorder effects in a wide range of crystals is emphasized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational equilibria, Raman and infrared spectra and ab initio calculations of dichloromethylmethyldichlorosilane
Authors: Aleksa V. , Gruodis A. , Powell D. L. , Klaeboe P. , Nielsen C. J. , Guirgis G. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe infrared spectra of dichloromethylmethyldichlorosilane (Cl2CHCH3SiCl2) were recorded in the vapour, amorphous and partly crystalline phases and when isolated in argon, nitrogen and krypton matrices at 5 K. Raman spectra of the liquid were recorded at various temperatures between 295 and 147 K. Spectra of the amorphous and annealed crystal deposited on a copper finger at 80 K were obtained. The spectra showed the existence of two conformers, anti and gauche, in the vapour and in the liquid. Approximately 12 infrared bands were reduced in intensity, and six of the same bands present in the fluid phases in the Raman spectra vanished upon crystallization. From the intensity variations of two band pairs with temperature, a ΔH° value of 0.4 ± 0.3 kJ mol−1 between the conformers was obtained in the liquid, anti being the low‐energy conformer. Small increases and decreases in the IR band intensities were observed in the matrix spectra after annealing to 32 K (nitrogen), 36 K (argon) and 50 K (krypton). The enthalpy difference between the conformers is low in the matrices, but the anti conformer had lower energy than the gauche conformer. Ab initio calculations were performed at the HF/6–311G* level and gave optimized geometries, vibrational wavenumbers and infrared and Raman intensities for the anti and gauche conformers. The conformational energy derived was 4.4 kJ mol−1 with anti being the low‐energy conformer. The dipole moments were calculated to be 1.2 and 3.1 D for the anti and gauche conformers, respectively. Correlation between the observed and calculated wavenumbers of both conformers revealed that anti was present in the crystal, and complete assignments of the spectra were carried out. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of electrolytes on the structure of cysteamine monolayer on silver studied by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Michota Agnieszka , Kudelski Andrzej , Bukowska Jolanta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMonolayers of cysteamine (2‐aminoethanethiol) frequently work in aqueous solutions of electrolytes as linkage layers for adsorption of other molecules on metal surfaces. We determined the influence of various ions on the structure of the cysteamine monolayer with surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The surrounding (pH, electrolytes) considerably influences the conformation of adsorbed cysteamine molecules. Direct spectral evidence of the interaction of cysteamine with an Ag surface through AgN bonds in the gauche conformation is given. It was found that chlorides and iodides significantly increase the proportion of the gauche conformer. Probably these anions additionally stabilize the gauche conformer by the formation of hydrogen bonds with NH2 groups in addition to the direct NAg bond. Raman measurements also revealed that cations, which can form strong coordination bonds with amino groups (Cu2+, Ni2+ or Co2+), change the structure of the cysteamine layer by transforming the trans into a gauche conformer. In contrast, an increase in the proportion of trans conformers is observed with increase in the concentration of H+ in the ambient electrolyte. Possible explanations for these experimental findings are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐resonance Raman excitation profile of the 3400 cm−1 mode of liquid water
Authors: Ahmad S. R. , Iles A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe absolute differential Raman scattering cross‐section of the 3400 cm−1 symmetric vibrational mode of liquid water was measured for the excitation wavelength range 450–200 nm. Available data on the Raman cross‐section are critically reviewed. Although the values obtained by most authors at 488 nm excitation are in good agreement, the values are widely different for a few other reported excitation wavelengths. Direct comparison of these results with those measured in this work is not strictly valid owing to the large differences in experimental procedures and methods of data analysis. The excitation wavelength dependence of the Raman cross‐section (excitation profile) was fitted to a single‐term Albrecht A‐term pre‐resonance approximation formula (AATPA). A best fit was obtained for the value of the resonant state, νe = 89 100 cm−1 and the coupling constant, K = 39.2 × 10−27 cm2 (integrated). The data show consistent lower (than predicted) values for wavelengths down to about 220 nm and higher values below this. The imponderable errors in the implementation of corrections at very short wavelengths could well have given rise to a systematic error in this excitation wavelength region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural effects on the vibrational behaviour of N,N′‐Diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine
Authors: Mevellec J.‐Y. , Quillard S. , Boyer M. I. , Buisson J.‐P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA vibrational study of two crystalline forms of the N,N′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine molecule is reported. This compound shows polymorphism in its solid state, i.e. either an orthorhombic or a triclinic structure is obtained depending on the conditions of crystallization. Three conformational isomers are evidenced in these structures, showing significant differences between their geometric parameters, especially their torsional angles. These observations are also supported by the vibrational features characteristic of the conformers in the crystals. Several changes are observed in the infrared absorption (ir) and Raman scattering data. This work concerns mainly the polarized Raman measurements on these two crystalline forms. A detailed analysis and a good knowledge of phenyl compounds allow a very precise assignment of the vibrational modes and also reveals the structure–properties (especially molecular conformations–vibrational properties) relationships in these systems. In particular, the effect of the crystalline arrangement and of the local symmetry between neighbouring molecules is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudo gap and its relation to anomalous features in underdoped Bi2212
Authors: Machtoub L. H. , Robinson L. , Shimoyama J. , Suemoto T. , Kishio K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report detailed resonance Raman investigations of the pseudo gap and the anomalous modes observed in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8±δ. We observed similarity in the resonance profiles of the B1g 600 cm−1 peak and the A1g 630 cm−1 phonon mode, which provides strong evidence for the origin of the 600 cm−1 feature to be in some part a vibrational mode. At low temperatures we observed an increase in intensity in the feature and depletion in spectral weight. We attribute the origin of the anomalous feature to two independent components, vibrational and electronic, with coincidental overlapping. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous preparation of SERS‐active metal colloids and plates by laser ablation
Authors: Lee Inhyung , Han Sang Woo , Kim Kwan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe prepared Ag and Au colloids by laser ablation of pure metals in water. The colloids were stable for several weeks without any extra stabilizing agents. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra could be obtained reproducibly using these metal colloids. In addition, the SERS enhancement factors on these colloids were comparable to those on chemically prepared colloids. After the laser ablation, roughened features with holes and irregular protrudes were observed in the remaining metal plates. The roughness of the laser‐ablated plate increased as the laser pulse energy increased. The SERS spectral measurements showed that the remaining metal plate after the laser ablation could also be used as an efficient and reproducible SERS‐active substrate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence background suppression in Raman spectroscopy using combined Kerr gated and shifted excitation Raman difference techniques
Authors: Matousek P. , Towrie M. , Parker A. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn exceptionally high level of fluorescence rejection from resonance Raman spectra was achieved using a combination of two techniques, namely Kerr gated temporal rejection with shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. The method was able to recover the resonance Raman spectrum from the intense fluorescence background with a signal‐to‐noise ratio at least 10 times higher than that achievable with either of the two approaches used individually. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique we obtained the resonance Raman spectrum of the laser dye rhodamine 6G (1 × 10−3 mol dm−3) in methanol by excitation at 532 nm and measuring under the maximum of fluorescence emission at 560–590 nm. The method reached the photon shot noise limit of the residual fluorescence providing a detection limit for Raman spectra 106 times lower than the original fluorescence intensity in an accumulation time of 800 s. A unique feature of the experiment was the way in which the optical parametric amplifier light source was configured to alternate automatically between the two excitation wavelengths using an optogalvanic mirror arrangement. The ultra‐high sensitivity of the combined approach holds great promise for selective probing of complex biological systems using resonance Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climbing Bridalveil Falls: organization change, process and re‐engineering
Authors: Collins David 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
This paper offers a metaphorical analysis of organization change, which argues that our understanding of the problems and processes of change reflects a representation of a fluxing reality, frozen by limiting assumptions.
In an attempt to break free from these restrictive assumptions the paper sets out to encourage readers to re‐imagine change in a qualitatively different manner—as the essence of organization.
Offering a comparative analysis of the contributions, the paper argues that the more conservative contribution offered by the latter offers a more faithful appreciation of the complexities of organization change.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell wall polysaccharides of bush butter (Dacryodes edulis (G Don) HJ Lam) fruit pulp and their evolution during ripening
Authors: Missang Crépin Ella , Renard Cathérine M G C , Baron Alain , Drilleau Jean‐François 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell wall material was isolated as alcohol‐insoluble solids (AIS) from bush butter endocarp tissue at different stages of ripeness. AIS were then extracted with 0.05 M CDTA followed by increasing concentrations of KOH (0.05, 1 and 4 M respectively). The chemical extractions solubilised a total of 51.6–60.6% of AIS, the yields of CDTA extracts accounting for approximately 9.6–12.2% of AIS. The extracts as well as the residues were analysed for their sugar composition and protein and starch contents. CDTA extracted the bulk of uronic acid in AIS, but the uronic acid content (after dialysis) of these extracts showed a significant decrease as the fruits ripened (from 439 to 252 mg g−1 between the first and the last degree of ripeness). Analysis of the CDTA extracts by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography showed a gradual appearance of new pectic populations at low degrees of methylation and low molecular weights, indicating that CDTA‐soluble pectins are demethylated and depolymerised during ripening. The dilute alkali (0.05 M KOH) extracts were essentially composed of proteins in addition to a minor quantity of pectin. The 1 M KOH and principally 4 M KOH treatments led to the extraction of hemicelluloses, mainly xyloglucan‐like and mannan‐like polymers. These extracts also contained substantial amounts of protein and starch. No variation related to the degree of ripeness was visible in the sugar composition of the alkali extracts. The molecular weight distribution of the hemicelluloses did not change with the degree of ripeness. The final residues accounted for 21.4–27.3% of AIS and were mostly composed of glucose (827–908 mg g−1). All these results suggested that only CDTA‐soluble pectins were involved in bush butter fruit softening.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability and ruminal degradation of ensiled pea/wheat bi‐crop forages treated with two microbial inoculants, formic acid or quebracho tannins
Authors: Salawu Mustapha B , Warren Elizabeth H , Adesogan Adegbola T 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of two commonly used microbial inoculants (Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)), formic acid (FA) and quebracho tannins (QT) on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in situ rumen degradation of pea/wheat bi‐crop forages. Precision‐chopped spring pea (Pisum sativum, var Magnus) and wheat (Triticum aestivum, var Axona) bi‐crops (3:1 pea/wheat ratio) harvested at a combined dry matter (DM) content of 301 g kg−1 were used for the study. The bi‐crops were conserved without (Control) or with inoculants based on lactic acid bacteria (LB (105 CFU g−1 fresh weight (FW)) or LP (106 CFU g−1 FW)), QT (16 g kg−1 FW) or FA (2.5 g kg−1 FW) in laboratory silos of 1.5 kg capacity, with each treatment being replicated six times. The pH, chemical composition, aerobic stability and in situ rumen degradation of DM, nitrogen (N) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) after 112 days of ensilage were measured. The average pH at silo opening was 4.0, suggesting that the silages were well fermented. There were no significant effects of additive treatment on water‐soluble carbohydrate, total N, soluble N, ammonia N and NDF. Lactic acid and acetic acid were the main fermentation products. High concentrations of acetic acid were found in all the treatments, indicating a heterofermentative pathway. Although FA treatment gave the most aerobically stable silage, the Control and QT‐treated silages did not heat up by more than 1 °C until after 6 days of exposure to air. There were no effects of additives on DM degradation characteristics. However, the inoculants increased the rate of N and NDF degradation in the rumen, and both FA and QT reduced the effective and potential degradation of N.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Adhesion molecules in human pancreatic cancer*
Authors: Tempia‐Caliera Adrien A. , Horvath Laszlo Zs. , Zimmermann Arthur , Tihanyi Tibor T. , Korc Murray , Friess Helmut , Büchler Markus W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAdhesion molecules are cell surface glycoproteins that are important in cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐extracellular matrix interactions. In the present study, we analyzed the adhesion molecules ICAM‐1 (intercellular adhesion molecule‐1), VCAM‐1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1), and ELAM‐1 (endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule‐1) in human pancreatic cancer.MethodsICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and ELAM‐1 were analyzed in 20 pancreatic cancer specimens and 20 normal pancreatic tissues. mRNA expression encoding ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and ELAM‐1 was assessed with Northern blot analysis. The distribution and localization of ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and ELAM‐1 was determined in the pancreatic specimens by immunohistochemistry.ResultsNorthern blot analysis revealed a 5.4‐fold increase of ICAM‐1 (P < 0.01) and a 3.7‐fold increase in VCAM‐1 (P < 0.01) mRNA expression in cancer samples in comparison with normal controls. In contrast, ELAM‐1 mRNA levels did not show significant differences between the cancer and the normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of cancer tissues showed strong immunostaining for ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1, and faint immunostaining for ELAM‐1 in the pancreatic cancer cells. Fibrotic or noncancerous pancreatic tissue adjacent to the cancer mass was devoid of any immunoreactivity for ICAM‐1, ELAM‐1, and VCAM‐1. In contrast, the normal pancreas exhibited no immunoreactivity of ICAM‐1, ELAM‐1, and VCAM‐1.ConclusionsEnhanced expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 in human pancreatic cancers suggests a role in tumor pathogenesis. The increase of these adhesion molecules might influence the detachment of cancer cells in the primary tumor, might contribute to cancer cell migration and the spread of cancer cells to distant organs, or both. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:93–100. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postoperative complications after pelvic lymphadenectomy for the surgical staging of endometrial cancer
Authors: Franchi Massimo , Ghezzi Fabio , Riva Cristina , Miglierina Massimiliano , Buttarelli Marco , Bolis Pierfrancesco 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether pelvic lymphadenectomy at surgical staging for endometrial carcinoma is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of postoperative complications.MethodsWomen with uterine cancer who underwent radical abdominal hysterectomy type I or II of Piver–Rutledge with or without pelvic lymph nodes dissection were considered. The occurrence of intraoperative and early postoperative complications (deep vein thrombosis, lymphocysts, febrile morbidity, extraoperative site infections, wound dehiscence, rela‐parotomy, and death) was prospectively recorded. Non parametric tests, receiver characteristic curve analysis, and multiple logistic regressions were used for statistical purposes.ResultsTwo hundred six subjects were enrolled, of whom 133 underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy. The rate of postoperative complications was 26.7% (55 of 206). Women with complications had a higher median (range) number of lymph nodes removed than those without complications (17 [3–62] versus 11 [1–74], P < .01). The performance of a type II hysterectomy (OR = 2.49, P < .05) and the removal of more than 14 lymph nodes (OR = 3.05, P < .005) were significantly associated with the occurrence of at least one complication. Multiple logistic regression revealed that, after adjustment for the type of surgery, the removal of more than 14 nodes was the only condition associated with postoperative complications (OR = 2.56, P < .01). The only variable significantly associated with the development of two postoperative complications was the removal of more than 19 nodes (OR = 9.7, P < .01).ConclusionsThe extension of retroperitoneal lymph nodes (more than 14) dissection is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgical staging for endometrial carcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:232–240. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small business— small minded? Training attitudes and needs of the tourism and hospitality industry
Authors: Becton Sue , Graetz Brian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Australian tourism and hospitality industry consists of at least 80% small business operators scattered over a wide range of urban and rural environments, consequently it has not been easy for training providers to assess accurately the needs of the industry as a whole and provide specialised programmes. During 1996, Tourism Training Victoria conducted a survey of training needs of tourism and hospitality operators. Results indicate that there is a shortage of skilled staff and owner‐managers with little management training or qualifications, who nonetheless recognise their shortcomings and needs for further education and training, particularly in the marketing and business areas. Barriers to further training include the cost of training and inflexibility of hours and place of delivery. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.