bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spike‐triggered dendritic calcium transients depend on synaptic activity in the cricket giant interneurons
Authors: Ogawa Hiroto , Baba Yoshichika , Oka Kotaro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between electrical activity and spike‐induced Ca2+ increases in dendrites was investigated in the identified wind‐sensitive giant interneurons in the cricket. We applied a high‐speed Ca2+ imaging technique to the giant interneurons, and succeeded in recording the transient Ca2+ increases (Ca2+ transients) induced by a single action potential, which was evoked by presynaptic stimulus to the sensory neurons. The dendritic Ca2+ transients evoked by a pair of action potentials accumulated when spike intervals were shorter than 100 ms. The amplitude of the Ca2+ transients induced by a train of spikes depended on the number of action potentials. When stimulation pulses evoking the same numbers of action potentials were separately applied to the ipsi‐ or contra‐lateral cercal sensory nerves, the dendritic Ca2+ transients induced by these presynaptic stimuli were different in their amplitude. Furthermore, the side of presynaptic stimulation that evoked larger Ca2+ transients depended on the location of the recorded dendritic regions. This result means that the spike‐triggered Ca2+ transients in dendrites depend on postsynaptic activity. It is proposed that Ca2+ entry through voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels activated by the action potentials will be enhanced by excitatory synaptic inputs at the dendrites in the cricket giant interneurons. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 234–244, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10032
Respiratory units of motor production and song imitation in the zebra finch
Authors: Franz Michele , Goller Franz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractJuvenile male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) learn a stereotyped song by imitating sounds from adult male tutors. Their song is composed of a series of syllables, which are separated by silent periods. How acoustic units of song are translated into respiratory and syringeal motor gestures during the song learning process is not well understood. To learn about the respiratory contribution to the imitation process, we recorded air sac pressure in 38 male zebra finches and compared the acoustic structures and air sac pressure patterns of similar syllables qualitatively and quantitatively. Acoustic syllables correspond to expiratory pressure pulses and most often (74%) entire syllables are copied using similar air sac pressure patterns. Even notes placed within different syllables are generated with similar air sac pressure patterns when only segments of syllables are copied (9%). A few of the similar syllables (17%) are generated with a modified pressure pattern, typically involving addition or deletion of an inspiration. The high similarity of pressure patterns for like syllables indicates that generation of particular sounds is constrained to a narrow range of air sac pressure conditions. Following presentation of stroboscope flashes, song was typically interrupted at the end of an expiratory pressure pulse, confirming that expirations and, therefore, syllables are the smallest unit of motor production of song. Silent periods, which separate syllables acoustically, are generated by switching from expiration to inspiration. Switching between respiratory phases, therefore, appears to play a dominant role in organizing the stereotyped motor program for song production. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 129–141, 2002
Sex differences in progesterone receptor immunoreactivity in neonatal mouse brain depend on estrogen receptor α expression
Authors: Wagner Christine K. , Pfau Jennifer L. , De Vries Geert J. , Merchenthaler Istvan J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAround the time of birth, male rats express higher levels of progesterone receptors in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) than female rats, suggesting that the MPN may be differentially sensitive to maternal hormones in developing males and females. Preliminary evidence suggests that this sex difference depends on the activation of estrogen receptors around birth. To test whether estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is involved, we compared progesterone receptor immunoreactivity (PRir) in the brains of male and female neonatal mice that lacked a functional ERα gene or were wild type for the disrupted gene. We demonstrate that males express much higher levels of PRir in the MPN and the ventromedial nucleus of the neonatal mouse brain than females, and that PRir expression is dependent on the expression of ERα in these regions. In contrast, PRir levels in neocortex are not altered by ERα gene disruption. The results of this study suggest that the induction of PR via ERα may render specific regions of the developing male brain more sensitive to progesterone than the developing female brain, and may thereby underlie sexual differentiation of these regions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 176–182, 2001
Regulation of the pharynx of Caenorhabditis elegans by 5‐HT, octopamine, and FMRFamide‐like neuropeptides
Authors: Rogers Candida M , Franks Christopher J. , Walker Robert J. , Burke Julian F. , Holden‐Dye Lindy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMore than fifty FMRFamide‐like neuropeptides have been identified in nematodes. We addressed the role of a subset of these in the control of nematode feeding by electrophysiological recording of the activity of C. elegans pharynx. AF1 (KNEFIRFamide), AF2 (KHEYLRFamide), AF8 (KSAYMRFamide), and GAKFIRFamide (encoded by the C. elegans genes flp‐8, flp‐14, flp‐6, and flp‐5, respectively) increased pharyngeal action potential frequency, in a manner similar to 5‐HT. In contrast, SDPNFLRFamide, SADPNFLRFamide, SAEPFGTMRFamide, KPSVRFamide, APEASPFIRFamide, and AQTVRFamide (encoded by the C. elegans genes flp‐1; flp‐1; flp‐3; flp‐9; flp‐13, and flp‐16, respectively) inhibited the pharynx in a manner similar to octopamine. Only three of the neuropeptides had potent effects at low nanomolar concentrations, consistent with a physiological role in pharyngeal regulation. Therefore, we assessed whether these three peptides mediated their actions either directly on the pharynx or indirectly via the neural circuit controlling its activity by comparing actions between wild‐type and mutants with deficits in synaptic signaling. Our data support the conclusion that AF1 and SAEPFGTMRFamide regulate the activity of the pharynx indirectly, whereas APEASPFIRFamide exerts its action directly. These results are in agreement with the expression pattern for the genes encoding the neuropeptides (Kim and Li, 1999) as both flp‐8 and flp‐3 are expressed in extrapharyngeal neurons, whereas flp‐13 is expressed in I5, a neuron with synaptic output to the pharyngeal muscle. These results provide the first, direct, functional information on the action of neuropeptides in C. elegans. Furthermore, we provide evidence for a putative inhibitory peptidergic synapse, which is likely to have a role in the control of feeding. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 235–244, 2001
A perturbation method for stochastic meshless analysis in elastostatics
Authors: Rahman S. , Rao B. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA stochastic meshless method is presented for solving boundary‐value problems in linear elasticity that involves random material properties. The material property was modelled as a homogeneous random field. A meshless formulation was developed to predict stochastic structural response. Unlike the finite element method, the meshless method requires no structured mesh, since only a scattered set of nodal points is required in the domain of interest. There is no need for fixed connectivities between nodes. In conjunction with the meshless equations, classical perturbation expansions were derived to predict second‐moment characteristics of response. Numerical examples based on one‐ and two‐dimensional problems are presented to examine the accuracy and convergence of the stochastic meshless method. A good agreement is obtained between the results of the proposed method and Monte Carlo simulation. Since mesh generation of complex structures can be a far more time‐consuming and costly effort than the solution of a discrete set of equations, the meshless method provides an attractive alternative to finite element method for solving stochastic mechanics problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aspects of the computational testing of the mechanical properties of microheterogeneous material samples
Authors: Zohdi T. I. , Wriggers P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we investigate topics related to the numerical simulation of the testing of mechanical responses of samples of microheterogeneous solid material. Consistent with what is produced in dispersion manufacturing methods, the microstructures considered are generated by randomly distributing aggregates of particulate material throughout an otherwise homogeneous matrix material. Therefore, the resulting microstructures are irregular and non‐periodic. A primary problem in testing such materials is the fact that only finite‐sized samples can be tested, leading to no single response, but a distribution of responses. In this work, a technique employing potential energy principles is presented to interpret the results of testing groups of samples. Three‐dimensional numerical examples employing the finite element method are given to illustrate the overall analysis and computational testing process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A splitting positive definite mixed element method for miscible displacement of compressible flow in porous media
Authors: Yang Danping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA miscible displacement of one compressible fluid by another in a porous medium is governed by a nonlinear parabolic system. A new mixed finite element method, in which the mixed element system is symmetric positive definite and the flux equation is separated from pressure equation, is introduced to solve the pressure equation of parabolic type, and a standard Galerkin method is used to treat the convection‐diffusion equation of concentration of one of the fluids. The convergence of the approximate solution with an optimal accuracy in L2‐norm is proved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17: 229–249, 2001
Family survivorship and quality of life following a cancer diagnosis
Authors: Mellon Suzanne , Northouse Laurel L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objectives of this study were: (a) to examine the quality of life of the family as a unit during the long‐term survivor phase of illness and (b) to test a family model of factors that may influence family quality of life. The family survivorship model, which includes illness survival stressors (family stressors, fear of recurrence, and patient somatic concerns), resources (family hardiness and family social support), appraisal (family meaning of the illness), and the outcome, family quality of life, was used to guide this exploratory cross‐sectional study. A random, stratified sample of 123 families (N = 246 individuals) was interviewed 1–5 years after treatment ended. The model explained 63% of the variance in family quality of life, with the strongest predictors being concurrent family stressors, family social support, family member fear of recurrence, family meaning of the illness, and patient employment status. The study findings suggest the importance of addressing cancer‐related stressors, family resources, and family meaning as key factors related to family quality of life. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:446–459, 2001
Prevalence, prevention, and treatment of pressure ulcers: Descriptive study in 89 institutions in The Netherlands
Authors: Bours Gerrie J.J.W. , Halfens Ruud J.G. , Abu‐Saad Huda Huijer , Grol Richard T.P.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to assess the prevalence of pressure ulcers and the use of Dutch guidelines for the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. A survey of 16,344 patients in 89 health care institutions on 1 day showed a mean prevalence of pressure ulcers of 23.1%. It was found that Dutch guidelines on some aspects of prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers were not being followed. Only 53% of the patients who should have been positioned on a support surface were positioned on such a device. Fewer than one‐third of the patients who should have been repositioned, should have received nutritional support, or should have been educated received these interventions, and only 33.6% of all pressure ulcers were dressed as recommended. More attention to the dissemination and implementation of the guidelines is needed to reduce this high prevalence of pressure ulcers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:99–110, 2002
National and supranational government–NGO relations: anti‐discrimination policy formation in the European Union
Authors: Bouget Denis , Prouteau Lionel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article explores the implications of internationalization for national government–NGO and national‐NGO and international NGO relations, and NGO policy influence at national and international levels. Internationalization is defined as supranational problem solving. Following a brief overview of national and international issues of government–NGO relations, the article describes European Union (EU)‐NGO interactions. A case illustration on the EU's policy directives on equal treatment and anti‐discrimination highlights a mutually supportive relationship between national and international NGO coalitions and their respective lobbying efforts at national and international levels. The case reveals how supranational governing bodies can play a role in galvanizing NGO activities and movements potentially contributing to cost‐effective, technically informed, and publicly supported policy initiatives. It further demonstrates how NGOs can create parallel federation structures to support policy influence at multiple levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The expression of Ki‐67, MCM3, and p27 defines distinct subsets of proliferating, resting, and differentiated cells
Authors: Endl Elmar , Kausch Ingo , Baack Martina , Knippers Rolf , Gerdes Johannes , Scholzen Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mini‐chromosome maintenance proteins (MCM), which are involved in the control of DNA replication, and the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors, such as p27/KIP1, represent two groups of proteins that are currently under investigation as diagnostic tumour markers. The expression of p27 and MCM3 was compared with the expression of the Ki‐67 protein, an approved marker for proliferating cells, extensively used in histopathology and cancer research. The expression pattern of all three proteins was assessed on germinal centres and oral mucosa, which display a well‐defined spatio‐temporal organization. The expression of the p27 protein was closely related to differentiated cells, whereas MCM3 and Ki‐67 were predominantly localized to the regions of proliferating cells. However, it is important to note that considerable numbers of cells that were growth‐arrested, as confirmed by the absence of the Ki‐67 protein, stained positive for the MCM3 protein. These results were verified in vitro using growth‐arrested Swiss 3T3. The MCM3 protein is therefore expressed in cells that have ceased to proliferate, but are not terminally differentiated, according to the absence of p27 protein expression. In conclusion, a combined analysis of Ki‐67, MCM3, and p27 protein expression may provide a more detailed insight into the cell proliferation and differentiation processes that determine individual tumour growth. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of basal cell keratins in human prostate cancer metastases and cell lines
Authors: van Leenders Geert J. L. H. , Aalders Tilly W. , Hulsbergen‐van de Kaa Christina A. , Ruiter Dirk J. , Schalken Jack A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWithin normal human prostate epithelium, basal and luminal cells can be discriminated by their expression of keratins (K). While basal cells express K5/14, luminal cells show expression of K8/18 and an intermediate cell population can be identified by co‐expression of K5/18. Prostate cancer is predominantly composed of luminal and neuroendocrine cells, while a minority of cells have a basal phenotype. In order to distinguish between basal and intermediate cells, and to assess the effects of androgen deprivation on prostate cancer, 56 human prostate cancer metastases and three cancer cell lines were characterized using antibodies to K5, K14, K18, and the neuroendocrine marker chromogranin A (ChA). The staining was performed on paraffin tissue and visualized by the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method. Protein expression was quantified as the number of positive cells in 20 high power fields (HPF; 400×). Keratin expression in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 was analysed by immunofluorescence with triple staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Prostate cancer metastases were consistently positive for K18 and negative for K14, irrespective of hormonal therapy. K5 expression was displayed in 28.9% of the tumours without treatment, in 75% after androgen deprivation, and in 57.1% of hormone‐escaped prostate carcinomas. After androgen deprivation, the number of K5‐expressing cells increased significantly. While androgen‐dependent prostate cancer showed a median of 0 cells/20 HPF (range 0–50), regressed tumours displayed 22.5 (range 0–65) and hormone‐escaped tumours 7.5 (range 0–361) positive cells/20 HPF. Expression of ChA was observed in 47.4% of the androgen‐dependent tumours. The number of neuroendocrine cells was not significantly affected in regressed or hormone‐escaped disease. The androgen‐dependent cell line LNCaP stained for K18, while the androgen‐independent lines DU145 and PC3 both expressed K5 and 18. Expression of K5 in the absence of K14 identifies the existence of an intermediate cell population in prostate carcinoma. Accumulation of intermediate cells in regressed and hormone‐escaped prostate cancer indicates that for their survival, these cells are androgen‐independent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative determination of ginsenosides by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Qin C. , Harkey Martha R. , Henderson Gary L. , Eric Gershwin M. , Stern Judith S. , Hackman Robert M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn HPLC‐MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of ginsenosides, which are the marker compounds for herbal products containing Panax ginseng (Korean or Chinese ginseng) and P. quinquefolius (American ginseng). Samples were extracted with BondElut® C18 HF extraction columns and the concentrations of seven major ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1) were determined by reversed‐phase HPLC‐MS/MS employing a quadrupole‐ion trap mass spectrometer. Both positive and negative electrospray ionisation techniques were evaluated. Positive ionisation spectra of these compounds gave strong sodium adduct molecular and sodium adduct dimer ions. Negative ionisation yielded the molecular ion primarily and was, therefore, used for analysis: quantitative determination was based on the most abundant product ions for each ginsenoside. The method was used to extract and analyse commercial samples of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of soy isoflavones and screening for novel malonyl glycosides using high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry
Authors: Gu Liwei , Gu Wenying 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHPLC combined with electrospray ionisation (ESI)‐MS and photodiode array detection has been employed to study the isoflavone components of soy. All of the known soy isoflavones separated by HPLC were identified and characterised, and three novel isoflavones were detected and screened out. These minor isoflavones were deduced to be isomers of 6″‐O‐malonyl isoflavone glycosides, based on the ESI‐MS and UV data, in which the malonyl group is attached at a position other than the 6″ position of the glycosyl moiety of the molecule. These novel malonyl glycosides are as thermally labile as the 6″‐O‐malonyl glycosides, being converted into known isoflavone glycosides after heating in aqueous ethanol. The advantages of HPLC‐ESI‐MS in detection of novel isoflavones from plant extracts are reviewed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative differential scanning calorimetric analysis of vegetable oils: II. Effects of cooling rate variation
Authors: Man Y. B. Che , Tan C. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of scanning rates (1, 5, 10 and 20°C/min) on the DSC cooling profiles of 11 vegetable oils have been determined in order to monitor peak transition temperatures, onset temperatures and crystallisation enthalpies. Triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and iodine value analyses were used to complement the DSC data. The melted samples exhibited complicated crystallising exotherms. As the cooling rate increased, the crystallisation temperature decreased and the breadth of the crystallisation exotherm on cooling from the melt increased. In addition, the intensity of the exothermic peak increased somewhat when the cooling rate was increased. At slow cooling rates, TAG had more time to interact. It is conceivable that, at a low cooling rate (1°C/min), a prominent exotherm would be observed on crystallisation of vegetable oils and fats. The occurrence of one exotherm upon cooling indicated the co‐crystallisation of the TAG upon slow cooling. On the basis of the corollary results obtained, vegetable oils may be differentiated by their onset temperature (Ton) values in the DSC cooling curves. Generally, there was a shift of Ton toward lower values with increasing cooling rates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of fetal gender on first trimester markers and on Down syndrome screening
Authors: Yaron Yuval , Wolman Igal , Kupferminc Michael J. , Ochshorn Yifat , Many Ariel , Orr‐Urtreger Avi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether a gender‐related difference exists in first trimester markers used for Down syndrome screening, namely nuchal translucency (NT), maternal serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A), and free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG), and whether this has an influence on screening performance.MethodsA total of 1325 patients with a singleton pregnancy underwent combined first trimester screening at 10–13 weeks' gestation. Maternal serum PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG were analyzed by fluoroimmunoassay, nuchal translucency (NT) was measured by transvaginal sonography. Only patients with normal outcomes and known fetal gender were included in the study. Data were categorized by gestational age and by fetal gender.ResultsThere were no significant gender‐related differences in NT and PAPP‐A levels. However, free β‐hCG was significantly higher (p=0.00004) in the presence of a female fetus than in the presence of a male fetus. Women with female fetuses had a higher median calculated Down syndrome risk (1:5490) compared to those having males (1:6451). This difference was not, however, statistically significant.ConclusionFirst trimester free β‐hCG is significantly higher in pregnancies with a female fetus. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duplex systems
Authors: M Whitten S. , Wilcox D. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuplex kidneys occur in 0.8% of the general population, many of whom are asymptomatic. Children with duplex kidneys may be prone to urinary tract infections because of vesico‐ureteric reflux or obstruction. Surgical management is usually required once symptoms occur. Increasing numbers of duplex kidneys are now prenatally diagnosed by ultrasound, resulting in the development of early postnatal strategies to try and reduce morbidity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.