bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying Heuristics: Inventions After Their Time?
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some time ago, a friend and I were having lunch. As was our custom, we tossed around several ideas to speculate about. The one we settled on was the origin of the phonograph. We knew that it was a radical invention, but how much so? Was it an invention before its time, an invention on time, or an invention after its time? We are all familiar with the idea of inventions before their time. These are the inventions of science fiction and speculation: The wrist radio of an earlier day, the space ships of the Star Trek sagas. A splendid historical example, discussed earlier, is Leonardo’s helicopter. It is a brilliant concept, but it could not have succeeded in his day. To be practical, the helicopter needed a small, light, and powerful engine, and that was centuries away. In addition, key aeronautical ideas of lift and control were needed, and they too were centuries removed from Leonardo’s time. It wasn’t as though people didn’t want to fly or had no purpose in doing so; to fly is an age-old dream that goes back at least to Daedaleus and Icarus. If Leonardo’s helicopter had worked, people would have known uses for it. That was certainly the case with the Montgolfier brothers and the first manned hot-air balloon ascent in 1783. Soon after the balloon’s launching, uses for it were found, from scientific and military observation to entertainment.
Correlations Between Species Traits and Allozyme Diversity: Implications for Conservation Biology
Authors: Hamrick J L , Godt M J W , Murawski D A , Loveless M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One goal of conservation biology is to preserve the evolutionary potential of species by maintaining natural levels of genetic diversity. Knowledge of the levels and distribution of genetic variation thus becomes a prerequisite for the establishment of effective and efficient conservation practices (Beardmore 1983; Frankel 1983; Allendorf and Leary 1986). Without such knowledge, the efforts of conservation biologists, no matter how well meaning, may not be effective (Asins and Carbonell 1987). For conservation purposes, information can best be obtained by empirically determining the level and distribution of genetic variation for morphometric and physiological traits, allozyme loci, and DNA sequences. However, since few endangered species have been studied, and since the resources for such studies are frequently limited, we must often rely on previously accumulated knowledge to make educated guesses pertaining to the genetic diversity of these species.
Tobacco Smoke Pollution
Authors: Repace James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inhaling the smoke from cigarettes, pipes, and cigars delivers nicotine to the brain more quickly and efficently than chewing tobacco leaf (Chapter l}. However, the practice of burning tobacco leaves indoors ex-poses other people to indoor air pollution from tobacco combustion products containing many chemicals known to be harmful to human health. Although society, in the interest of public health, has long imposed quality standards for food, water, and in-deed, for outdoor air, it has been slow to re-quire that the indoor air be of a quality that will prevent morbidity and mortality. In general, the same amount of contaminant deposited on the lung surface from inhaled air that we breathe has greater potential for harm than an equal amount ingested in food or water, due to differences in absorption efficiency between the pulmonary and gastro-intestinal membranes. For example, in a healthy adult, 5% of a gram of lead from a chip of accidentally ingested paint will be absorbed, while 95% of the same amount of lead inhaled as a fume from automobile exhaust will be absorbed.
Treating Nicotine Addiction in Patients with Other Addictive Disorders
Authors: Hurt Richard D , Eberman Kay M , Slade John , Karan Lori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern era of treatment for alcoholism has its origins in the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) over 50 years ago. Formal treatment of alcoholism became more widely available in the 1960s, and the chemical dependence (CD) field now encompasses a full range of treatment services provided by tens of thousands of experts. In most CD treatment settings, the “pure alcoholic” has become a less frequent occurrence as more and more patients present with dependence on more than one drug. The special challenge of treating patients with multiple addictions has required intro-spection and change on the part of treatment providers who have met this challenge with the flexibility, understanding, and vigor necessary to provide effective treatment.
The Naturalist Conception of Moral Knowledge
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A vision of future social order is …; based on a concept of human nature. If in fact man is an indefinitely malleable, completely plastic being, with no innate structures of mind and no intrinsic needs of a cultural or social character, then he is a fit subject for the “shaping behavior” by the state authority, the corporate manager, the technocrat, or the central committee. Those with some confidence in the human species … will try to determine the intrinsic human characteristics that provide the framework for intellectual development, the growth of moral consciousness, cultural achievement, and participation in a free community. Can there be moral knowledge? According to moral skepticism (not to be confused with moral relativism, discussed in the next chapter), there cannot be: Moral claims-claims about what is or is not (morally) good or bad, right or wrong, just or unjust-do not have truth value, they cannot bear the predicate true/false or any equivalent predicate, such as rationally acceptable/unacceptable
Making Law: The Problem of Coercive Legislation
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I noted in the introduction to this book, the moral culture of the United States is pluralistic. The existence of many different moral communities (including religious communities) in American society entails the existence of competing beliefs about human good, about what it is possible and most deeply satisfying for human beings-whether some human beings or all human beings-to be and to do. Those differences give rise to fundamental disagreements about many issues that engage legislators and other policymakers, like the issue of abortion. In politics, and therefore in law, moral discourse often runs out before agreement-consensus-is reached, especially in a morally pluralistic society like our own.
Clearing the Decks
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1600 the London physician William Gilbert, whose hobby was the study of lodestone, set the scene for understanding magnetism (Fig. 2-1). He was the first to confront the multi tude of superstitions that surrounded this phenomenon and performed several experiments that revealed some of the prop erties of magnets. His magnificent treatise was entitled “On the Magnet: Magnetic Bodies Also, and On the Great Magnet the Earth; a New Physiology, Demonstrated by Many Arguments and Experiments.” It is widely regarded as the first true work of modern science. In it he reported his greatest insight: that the earth was itself magnetic. Primarily, Gilbert undertook the work of sorting out the wheat of fact from the chaff of fiction about magnetism. He suggested new perspectives that might be useful if one were to arrive at a satisfactory explanation for the phenomenon.
Heinrich Hertz’s Grand Adventure
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The facts unearthed as a result of pure research was about to begin on a vast scale. Electricity was becoming widely available and its practical application was imminent. Arguments began to rage as to whether to use direct current or alternating current to supply homes and industry,although most physicists gave little thought to the commercial implications of their work. They continued to search for more comprehensive explanations for both electricity and magnetism, in particular within the context of the new science of electromagnetism.
The Spark that Bridged the Universe
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In dingy and dark laborato ries in the nineteenth century, discoveries were made by Faraday and Zeeman that some day would allow astronomers to probe into the nature of magnetism in stars, between the stars, and in distant galaxies. And the spark that Hertz discovered in his happy experiment would someday allow astronomers to bridge the universe, to peer back to the very beginning of time.
Do Nerve Cells Belong in the Cell Theory?
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although biologists quickly accepted Schwann’s formulation of the cell theory as a general proposition, there was plenty of room for exceptions to the rule. Foremost among these appeared to be the nervous system. The cell theory held that all cellular structures are formed from cells. Although Purkinje had suggested that the nerve fiber has its origin in the cell body, and Remark had asserted that this is so, it still remained to be demonstrated conclusively and in a variety of cells and species.
Ramón y Cajal: The Shock of Recognition
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point we have seen that the problem of the microscopic structure of the nerve cell had engaged many of the leading scientists of the nineteenth century; among them, Purkinje, Schwann, Kölliker, Helmholtz, Virchow, and His were particularly well known. These are among the greatest scientists of their respective countries, and among the founders of modern biology.
Confrontation in Stockholm
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1906, Golgi and Cajal were informed by telegraph that they had jointly been awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for that year, “in recognition of their work on the ‘anatomy of the nervous system,” which had made them “the principal representatives and standard bearers of the modern science of neurology” (Golgi, Nobel Lectures, 1906: English translation, 1967).
The Nature of the Memory Trace
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, people think of creativity, intellect, and imagination as our highest intellectual achievements. Individuals who “simply memorize” things rarely receive our highest accolades, and some may even be scorned. Yet rote memory was revered in the ancient world. Poets, scholars, and theologians who could memorize long passages were honored, admired, and held in highest awe by their peers and the populace in general.
Clive: The Man Who Continues to have Just Woken Up
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the age of 46 yr Clive was an outstanding musician, a gifted musical scholar, and one of the world’s leading authorities on Renaissance music. Wilson and Wearing (1995) describe the enthusiastic and exhaustive manner in which Clive would conduct his research, the excitement he obtained from his musical studies, and the manner in which he was able to pass on this excitement to others. Historians of music agreed that Clive’s concerts of early music were researched in the minutest detail and were considered to be the “next best thing to going back in time.” For example, Clive would investigate all aspects of the original performance, including local pronunciation, the manner in which voices carried in the concert room, and the tones of voice used by singers. With the aid of dictionaries and tracts he translated whatever he required, from medieval church Latin as prOnounced in Renaissance Bavaria to sixteenth century Neapolitan dialect. For his part in the British Broadcasting Company’s wedding day celebration of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, Clive chose to reconstruct the 1568 wedding of Duke Wilhelm of Bavaria: he unearthed the original music, translated a contemporary account of its performance, and edited the original score.
Martin: A More Complete Human Being
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Martin was described by his parents as “laid back, quite modem, long hair, flower-power, very peaceful, kind, and gentle”. He did not like sports, having been hit on the cheek by a cricket ball when he was a boy and thereafter unwilling to play. He loved animals and abhorred fox hunting. After he left school, Martin went to work as an animal technician in the laboratories of a nearby university. He enjoyed it there as he was looking after the animals’ welfare. After a time he went for an interview at a bigger animal laboratory in Huntingdon. He became very upset at what he saw and decided he no longer wanted to be an animal technician.
Bill: Learning to Communicate With Symbols Five Years After a Stroke
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first saw Bill in 1979 when he was 62 yr old. He had sustained a severe left hemisphere stroke 2 yr earlier. For the first few months after the stroke Bill had been an inpatient at the rehabilitation center but by the time I arrived he was attending as an outpatient 3 days a week. He spent part of his time there doing woodwork and part doing gardening. Although hemiplegic with no movement at all in his right hand and arm, Bill walked competently with a leg brace. He had no speech but acknowledged people with a raised hand and appeared to know all the staff and patients. He knew his way around and was an independent selfsufficient man. I saw Bill regularly but had no formal contact with him until 3 yr later by which time he was 65 yr old and 5 yr post stroke.
Angela: improving the self-care skills of a woman with quadriplegia and dysarthria
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angela was 30 yr old, married to a farmer, and the mother of two boys-one 6 yr old and the other 3 yr old, when she succumbed to encephalitis. She felt unwell one morning, became worse during the day, went to bed early in the evening, and could not be roused the following morning. Her husband called for an ambulance and Angela was admitted to her local hospital. The following day she was sent to a hospital specializing in neurological diseases where she was diagnosed with brain-stem encephalitis. The virus was not identified but it did not appear to be herpes simplex encephalitis which Clive and Jason (Chapters 6 and 9) had. Angela was in a deep coma for 10 days and initially was not expected to live. She gradually emerged from the coma, but had quadriplegia and severe dysarthria. Thus, she had very little movement in any of her four limbs and her speech was unintelligible. The speech problem was caused by loss of muscular control and not by damage to the language areas in the cortex.
Thermal History Of The Asteroid Belt: Implications For Accretion Of The Terrestrial Planets
Authors: Gaffey M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asteroid surface compositions derived from the analysis of spectral and other remote-sensing data indicate that the planetesimals in the inner portions of the asteroid belt underwent strong postaccretionary heating that produced extensive melting and magmatic differentiation. The intensity of the heating process-or the susceptibility of the bodies to that process-fell off steeply with increasing heliocentric distance, from 100% igneous bodies at 2.0 A.U. to 0% at 3.5 .A.U. Radiometric ages of igneous meteorites and the limitations on the heating of small bodies make it probable that the heating of these planetesimals occurred during the first few million years of solar system history. It may have been produced by electrical induction during the T-Tauri phase of solar evolution or perhaps by decay of the shortlived radioisotope Al. Heating took place after the growth of these planetesimals to sizes comparable with those of the present asteroids. It seems probable that most-if not all-of inner solar system planetesimals underwent a similar strong early heating. Models of terrestrial planet formation, thermal evolution, and core-mantle segregation that involve accretion times of more than a few million years from a population of asteroid­ sized ( or larger) planetesimals should assume that the accreting population was composed primarily of differentiated objects with chondritic bulk compositions and hot interiors.
Applications of Pedigree Analysis to Animal Models for Complex Diseases
Authors: Maccluer Jean W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major goal in genetic epidemiology is to understand the role of individual genes in disease susceptibility. As knowledge of the human gene map expands, research aimed at identifying and localizing disease genes will become increasingly successful. Single genes that affect a disease or a risk factor are often suggested first by formal genetic analysis, and later localized and characterized by molecular studies. Among the most obvious successes of this “top down” approach are single-gene disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis. Another striking example is familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), whose autosomal codominant mode of inheritance was postulated years before the molecular basis of the defect was clarified (Khachadurian, 1964).
Numerical Modeling Of Convective Clouds General considerations
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uses of numerical simulation
The observations of precipitating and nonprecipitating convective clouds, together with the theory of mixing in clouds presented in the preceding three chapters, show that the physical processes operating within real clouds are highly complex and nonlinear. Simple analytical techniques and laboratory experiments such as those discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 can­ not be expected to lend much insight into the nature of moist convective clouds. For this reason, most recent research on the dynamics and physics of cumulus convection has employed numerical simulation as a tool in understanding the behavior of convective clouds. As computers themselves be­ come increasingly powerful and as computational techniques become more refined, one may expect increased use of this technique.
Reading the Map: A Theory of Military-Industrial Places
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did this dramatic regional shift in military production occur? To track the development of the gunbelt and its constituent parts, we invite you on an odyssey through geographical space and historical time. As a guide for this journey, we need a road map. Geographers, like other travelers, use ordinary maps to find which highway to drive. But they also use an array of more specialized material that allows them to anticipate and interpret the landscape before them.
The Winning Transition Team: Props, Jets, and Avionics in New England
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone knows that New England is really Old New England1-the quintessential traditional industrial region that made a successful transition to high-technology manufacturing and services. Highly urbanized, the first region of the United States to experience the Industrial Revolution, it successfully reversed a long-run industrialization trend: from 1968 to 1975, it lost 252,000 manufacturing jobs; from 1975 to 1980, it created 225,000 new ones. This remarkable rate of job creation-far more rapid than in the United States as a whole-was dominated by high-technology sectors.
Relative Efficiencies of Different Tree-Making Methods for Molecular Data
Authors: Nei Masatoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different tree-making methods that can be used for molecular data (Nei, 1987a; Felsenstein, 1988). Each of these methods has some advantages and disadvantages, and the overall relative efficiencies of the methods in recovering the correct phylogenetic tree are still controversial. The major problem in studying the relative efficiencies is that the true tree is usually unknown for any set of real organisms or any set of real DNA sequences, so that it is difficult to judge which tree is the correct one. However, this problem can be avoided if we use computer simulation.
First-Grade Dialogues for Knowledge Acquisition and Use
Authors: Palincsar Annemarie Sullivan , Brown Ann L , Campione Joseph C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increased attention to the dialectical relation between the individual and the social aspects in the acquisition of knowledge has led to a burgeoning of interest regarding collaborative learning. Whether propelled by Piagetian theory regarding the role of cognitive conflict in the presence of differing per spectives or Vygotskian theory regarding the internalization of dialogues initially experienced in social contexts, there is interest in how increasingly divergent classrooms can become learning communities-communities in which each participant makes significant contributions to the emergent understandings of all members, despite having unequal knowledge concerning the topic under study.
Generation and Transmission of Shared Knowledge in the Culture of Collaborative Learning: The Fifth Dimension_, Its Play-World, and Its Institutional Contexts
Authors: Nicolopoulo Ageliki , Cole Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most central and distinctive principles of the Vygotskian perspective is that the formation of mind is essentially and inescapably a sociocultural process; consequently, it can be grasped only by situating individual development in its sociocultural context. However, as various scholars have recently pointed out-including the editors of this volume, as well as Wertsch (1985), Goodnow (1990), and Nicolopoulou (1991, 1993)-a great deal of the research that has associated itself with the ideas of Vygotsky has focused only on certain limited aspects of the social embeddedness of thought and intellectual development. In particular, with a few exceptions-among which we include some of our own earlier work (Newman, Griffin, & Cole, 1989; Nicolopoulou, 1989; Scribner & Cole, 1981)-it has tended to conceive of the “social” or interpsychological context of development exclusively in terms of face-to-face interaction in dyadic pairs (or, rarely, in small groups).
Cerebral Lateralization
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with one of the central issues of developmental neuropsychology: differential lateralization of behavioral functions between hemispheres. This topic has generated considerable dispute and mutually contradicto:ry theories. A recent critique of the research on hemispheric specialization (Efron 1990) points out that the initial studies using patients with lateralized lesions should be treated with caution because a functional deficit after such a lesion indicates that the damaged area “supports” the disturbed function, but does not necessarily imply that this function is “localized” in that area or even in that hemisphere. Efron warns that research with normal subjects, now opening a floodgate for new evidence, requires even more caution because the finding that a certain function, such as dichotic listening with verbal material, is performed better on the right side does not imply that the respective (in this case the left) hemisphere is specialized for this function; it shows merely a correlational ad vantage. The neural substrate remains unknown.