bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hague Conference’s Judgments Project
Authors: McClean” David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One thing that Sir Peter North and I have in common is the fact that we owe our interest in the conflict of laws to John Morris, and especially to his lectures to BCL candidates in a notably unprepossessing lecture room in Magdalen College. Although Peter was never able to join the Dicey and Morris editorial team, the three of us did collaborate briefly in preparing the Conflicts title for Halshury’s Laws, and Peter wrote an affectionate memoir of John Morris for the Proceedings of the British Academy.
Making English Private International Law
Authors: Morse CGJ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Peter North has pointed out on several occasions that one of the most significant changes in privare inrernarional law in the twentieth cenrury is the replacement of rules largely developed in the common law with rules contained in statutes. Sir Petn has been prominent in tlwse changes, not least through his work a a Law Commis ioner, and ha explained the influences and agencie which have led to chem.2 Sir Peter has also been author or cu-author of six editions of what is now Cheshire and North’s Prwate lnternatwnal Law.
Banking with Multinationals: British Clearing Banks and the Euromarkets’ Challenge, 1958-1976
Authors: Battllossl Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of the Eurodollar system was an epitome of the awakening of international banking in the l 960s. From that time, its power to contribute to the international transmission of inflation and to oil the wheels of international speculation became a source of both theoretical and political controversies. Until recently, such debates have given a back-seat to the far-reaching consequences of the emergence of Eurodollar banking on strategies, organization, and business techniques of Western banks. Likewise, later developments-namely the recycling of petrodollars and the explosion of international lending to sovereign borrowers-have overshadowed the role that the demand for innovative banking services stemming from internationally-oriented companies played in the growth of the market. In fact, until the early 1970s, Eurobanking meant essentially banking with multinationals.
European Aspirations and Market Reality: Paribas, the Credit Lyonnais, and their European Strategies in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Bussiere Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to analyse the way in which French banks envisaged their development strategies in the context of the construction of Europe in the l 960s and 1970s. The main feature of the period for the six-member Community was the recent establishment of the Common Market which, from the customs point of view, had become a reality. At the time those involved saw it as leading to the introduction of European-scale firms, a development which, as we have seen, has taken place much more slowly than expected. Europe was then still very heterogeneous, largely because of the lack of a homogeneous monetary and banking framework.
The Reintegrative Shaming Experiments: Research Design and Methodology
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States and other modern nations should be ready for an experimental approach to social reform, an approach in which we try out new programs designed to cure specific social problems, in which we learn whether or not these programs are effective, and in which we retain, imitate, modify or discard them on the basis of apparent effectiveness, (p. 409)
Interests and Identities in Cosmopolitan Politics
Authors: Tomlinson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cosmopolitanism is still largely a speculative discourse. The massive social and technological shifts that separate our world from that of the great cosmopolitan thinkers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries have not—in the crucial area of the cultural-political organization—increased our confidence a great deal. Writing about these issues can thus be a disconcerting business, as what begin as apparently plausible deductions and arguments soon seem to peter out into possibilities and conditionals, and the subjunctive mood comes to dominate. Part of the problem is in coming to terms with the political implications of the sheer complexity of globalization.
Introduction
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi , Ciborra Claudio , Land Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social study of information and communication technology Information systems (IS) is an area of research positioned between management studies and applied computing, where it is influenced by numerous kindred and reference disciplines. In this book, we bring together a collection of papers that exemplify the current state of one of the strands of this hybrid field, the social study of information and communication technology (ICT) .The book broadly reflects the continuing engagement of the Information Systems Department at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) in this area of research.
The Market for ‘Lemons’: Qyality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper relates quality and uncertainty. The existence of goods of many grades poses interesting and important problems for the theory of markets. On the one hand, the interaction of quality differences and uncertainty may explain important institutions of the labor market. On the other hand, this paper presents a struggling attempt to give structure to the statement: ‘Business in underdeveloped countries is difficult’; in particular, a structure is given for determining the economic costs of dishonesty. Additional applications of the theory include comments on the structure of money markets, on the notion of ‘insurability,’ on the liquidity of durables, and on brand-name goods.
The Economics of Caste and of the Rat Race and Other Woeful Tales
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a standard model of economic behavior, the Arrow-Debreu general equilibrium model of perfect competition. While this model may not be entirely adequate as a description of economic reality, it is most useful as a standard of comparison. For in equilibrium in this model, subject to the careful qualifications of Pareto optimality, peoples’ lives are as pleasurable as they possibly can be, given their tastes and productive capabilities.
An Analysis of Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing in the United States
Authors: Akerlof George A , Yellen Janet L , Katz Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Daniel Moynihan wrote his famous report, The Negro Family [U.S. Department of Labor 1965] the black out-of-wedlock birth rate was 24 percent. Twenty-five years later this rate, defined as the percentage of births to unmarried women, had more than doubled, to 64 percent. Over the same period the white out-of-wedlock birth ratio experienced yet faster growth-albeit from a lower-level-more then quintupling, from 3.1 percent to 18
Richard T. Ely Lecture Procrastination and Obedience
Authors: Akerlof By George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this lecture I shall focus on situations involving repeated decisions with time inconsistent behavior. Although each choice may be close to maximizing and therefore result in only small losses, the cumulative effect of a series of repeated errors may be quite large. Thus, in my examples, decision makers are quite close to the intelligent, well-informed individuals usually assumed in economic analysis, but cumulatively they make seriously wrong decisions that do not occur in standard textbook economics.
Looting: The Economic Underworld of Bankruptcy for Profit
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s, a number of unusual financial crises occurred. In Chile, for example, the financial sector collapsed, leaving the government with responsibility for extensive foreign debts. In the United States, large numbers of government-insured savings and loans became insolvent-and the government picked up the tab. In Dallas, Texas, real estate prices and construction continued to boom even after vacancies had skyrocketed, and then suffered a dramatic collapse. Also in the United States, the junk bond market, which fueled the takeover wave, had a similar boom and bust.
Irving Fisher on his Head: The Consequences of Constant Threshold-Target Monitoring of Money Holdings*
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The monetary theory of Irving Fisher [1911], and also of the inventory theorists, Baumol (1952], Tobin [1956], and Miller and Orr (1966], views money holding as the consequence of two types of decision. The first type of decision concerns payments that are made independent of money holdings and that are, for this reason, denoted autonomous. The second type of decision concerns the monitoring rule which determines the payments that are made dependent on the level of the bank account, which payments prevent the bank account from becoming either too high or too low. Because of their dependence on the bank account, such payments will be denoted induced.
The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment*
Authors: Akerlof George A , Yellen’ Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper explores the consequences of a hypothesis concerning worker behavior, which we shall call the fair wage-effort hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, workers have a conception of a fair wage; insofar as the actual wage is less than the fair wage, workers supply a corresponding fraction of normal effort. If e denotes effort supplied, w the actual wage, and w* the fair wage, the fair wage-effort hypothesis says that where effort is denoted in units such that l is normal effort.
The Macroeconomics of Low Inflation
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a natural unemployment rate has been central to most modern models of inflation and stabilization. According to these models, inflation will accelerate or decelerate depending on whether unemployment is below or above the natural rate, while any existing rate of inflation will continue if unemployment is at the natural rate. The natural rate is thus the minimum, and only, sustainable rate of unemployment, but the inflation rate is left as a choice variable for policymakers.
Organized Uncertainty: An Introduction
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What do the following activities have in common: catching the train to work, mountaineering, lending money, investing in new technology, drilling for oil, taking children on school trips, smoking, buying a personal pension? Years ago the answer would have been—very little. And yet we have come to think of these things as having something very important in common, namely the taking of risk, both by individuals and organizations. In 2006, risk ‘talk’ seems to be all around us and the risk-based re-description of organizational and personal life has become conspicuous.
Turning Organizations Inside Out: The Rise of Internal Control
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 December 1992, the concept of corporate governance acquired a new organizational and public policy significance. On that day, Sir Adrian Cadbury, chairman of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, a committee convened by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, published his report and code of principles (‘The Cadbury Code’). Thirteen months earlier, Robert Maxwell had been found dead and the pension fund of his Mirror Group was discovered to have a £440 million deficit. Prior to this, the Bank of England had closed the Bank of Credit and Commerce International and other UK corporate scandals had already created a climate of unease about the financial transparency of large corporations entrusted with public assets.
Putting Categories to Work: The Invention of Operational Risk
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime during the 1990s, the category of ‘operational risk’ emerged as a taken for granted label in banking and insurance discourses worldwide. Operational risk was conceived as a composite term for a wide variety of organizational and behavioural risk issues which were traditionally excluded from formal definitions of market and credit risk. The explosion of operational risk discourse gave new structure and rationality to what had traditionally been regarded as a risk management residual and negatively described as ‘non-financial risk’.
Governing Reputations: The Outside Comes in
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as 1995 was a critical year for the category of operational risk, it is also important for the emergence and intensification of managerial discourses about organizational reputation. Efforts to create a distinctive practice of ‘reputational management’ were catalyzed by the experience at Shell in that year (Fombrun and Rindova, 2000). The company planned to dispose of the Brent Spar oil container in the North Sea and had considered the environmental impact of different options at some length in arriving at its decision. However, Shell failed to take account of likely public attitudes to water-based disposal, and of the role of a body like Greenpeace in activating that opinion.
Right Not To Be Subject To Torture Or Inhuman Or Degrading Treatment
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a general discussion of Article 3, see Pretty v United Kingdom (2002) 12 8.14 BHRC 149, paras 50-4. n36: The principle that Article 3 enshrines one of the fundamental values of a democratic society was recently emphasized in Labia v Italy Judgment of 6 April 2000).
Good-Time’ Girls:And Quintessential Aliens
Authors: Rose Sonya O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nation was depicted as one in which ‘ the people’ were sacrificing their private pleasures and individual interests and concerns and devoting themselves to the war effort. It is not surprising, then, that self-interestedness or selfishness came to be portrayed as antithetical to the wartime spirit. For some selfishness during the war became the epitome of sin. Canon A. Linwood Wright, Vicar of St Mark’s, Leicester, wrote for example, ‘We must root out all selfishness, for it is destructive of com munity life. The power to achieve victory does not lie primarily in money, men or machinery but in the enthusiasm and will to accept total responsibility with total sacrifice-to give and not to count the cost.’
Second Move: Redistributing the Local
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By equipping inquirers’ toolboxes with different instruments (oligopticas and panoramas), we have allowed them to localize the global and to accompany it safely back inside the circuits in which it now circulates back and forth. Whenever the urge to go away from local interactions manifested itself, and instead of trying some saltomortale toward the invisible rear-world of the social context, I proposed to trudge toward the many local places where the global, the structural, and the total were being assembled and where they expand outward thanks to the laying down of specific cables and conduits.
The Present State of the Common Law
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Court of Appeal in Macmillan Inc v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc (No. 3) confirmed what conflicts texts had until then suggested (with varying degrees of clarity) but never actually said, that the choice of law rule for issues of proprietary rights to shares is the law of their situs (lex situs). The case came after an arid spell of more than a hundred years in judicial consideration of the choice of law rule for shares. Its precursor by a century was the case of Colonial Bank Ltd v Cady and Williams, London Chartered Bank of Australia v Cady, a rather difficult decision of the House of Lords.
Analysis of Choice of Law Rules which have been Applied to Shares
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is evident from the earlier chapters that the conflicts analysis of share transactions cannot be adequately addressed without taking a step back, and considering what a share actually is. The problem with shares is that it seems so obvious what a share is that rarely have courts or textbooks attempted to put a definition to it. Investors, be they investment banks or housewives, seem all too familiar with them, and courts dealing with disputes arising from share transactions usually seem able to make decisions tolerably well without separately considering what shares are.
The Indirect Holding System
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shares that were once traded only in a given domestic market may now be traded in several markets. The internationalization of the capital markets has resulted in shareholders located throughout the world being involved in such transfers. Thus X, the investor in Chapter 4, is likely to have in his investment portfolio not just the shares in Widget Co. Ltd, but also shares of US, Italian, French, and other nationalities. If X is an active trader rather than a long-term investor, it is likely that he holds most of those shares through an intermediary to facilitate rapid resale and to ensure that secured margin credit can be extended to him from time to time.
European Legislation
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider in turn each of the European measures which have a bearing on the choice of law issue with regard to securities indirectly held. These are Directive 98/26/EC on Settlement Finality in Payment and Securities Settlement Systems (the ‘Finality Directive’), Council Regulation (EC) No. 1346/2000 of 29 May 2000 on Insolvency Proceedings (the ‘Insolvency Regulation’), Directive 2001/24/EC on the Reorganization and Winding up of Credit Institutions (the ‘Winding up Directive’) and Directive 2002/47/EC on Financial Collateral Arrangements (the ‘Collateral Directive’).
Reformulation of Choice of Law Rules
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But for continued reverberations in writings of the law of the situs (lex situs) as the established choice of law rule for establishing title and priorities for shares and other intangibles, there is very little on record of its actual pedigree. The Court of Appeal in Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust plc (No. 3) applied the law of the situs, but as window-dressing for disparate rules. Further, authority for its application was largely derived from cases which were not concerned with inter vivos voluntary dealings in shares at all.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Hand John r. M , lev Baruch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wealth and growth in modern economies are driven primarily by intangible assets, defined as claims to future benefits that do not have a physical or financial form. Patents, bioengineered drugs, brands, strategic alliances, customer lists, a proprietary cost-reducing Internet-based supply chain—these are all examples of intangible assets. The more traditional physical and financial assets are rapidly becoming commodities, since they are equally accessible to competitors, and consequently yield at best a competitive return on investment. Dominant market positions, abnormal profits, and even temporary monopolistic advantages are today most effectively achieved by the sound deployment of intangible assets.
A Trillion Dollars a Year in Intangible Investment and the New Economy
Authors: Nakamura Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The US economy is often called a new economy. One reason is that newly developed products are everywhere: Microsoft’s Windows2000, AOL/Time Warner’s movie ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’, Pfizer’s Viagra, and Gillette’s Mach3 razor blades are four prominent examples. Developing each product required its corporate sponsor to invest hundreds of millions of dollars. For example, Gillette invested $700 million to develop the Mach3 razor blade from 1990 to 1998. AOL/Time Warner spent over $150 million to bring J. K. Rowling’s vision of ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ to the screen.
Why Does Fixation Persist? Experimental Evidence on the Judgement Performance Effects of Expensing Intangibles
Authors: Luft Joan L , Shields Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both managerial and financial accounting research examine whether individuals fixate on accounting or can ‘see through’ or ‘unscramble’ the effects of alternative accounting methods (see reviews by Wilner and Birnberg, 1986; Libby et al., forthcoming; Kothari, forthcoming).
The Boundaries of Financial Reporting and How to Extend Them
Authors: Lev Baruch , Zarowin Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study we investigate the usefulness of financial information to investors in comparison to the total information in the marketplace.1 Our evidence indicates that the usefulness of reported earnings, cash flows, and book (equity) values has been deteriorating over the past twenty years. We document that this deterioration in usefulness, in the face of both increasing investor demand for relevant information and persistent regulator efforts to improve the quality and timeliness of financial information, is due to change. Whether driven by innovation, competition, or deregulation, the current reporting system does not adequately reflect the impact of change on firms’ operations and economic conditions.
The Regulatory Framework
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the regulatory framework in seven European countries and the USA. Extensive descriptions of the regulatory regime in each country are provided in the appendix to the chapter. The topics covered include the following:regulatory authorities;capital requirements;separation of clients’ assets; disclosure; enforcement; audit;compensation;insurance;complaints;authorization; and supervision.
Literature Review
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the various strands of academic literature that are relevant to a study of capital regulation of asset managers. There are three that are of particular significance. The first is the corporate finance literature on how firms make capital structure decisions in an unregulated environment. The second examines the role of capital adequacy requirements in the banking sector. The third is regulation of quality and the professions.
Work and Welfare: Toward a Capability Approach
Authors: Salais Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a capability approach to work and welfare, what matters for public policies is what a person can do and be with the resources over which she has command. In other words, what matters is her achievement as a person (and, as a consequence, the effective freedom she has to do so), compared with what is judged normal (i.e. conventionally agreed) in a given society.