bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral nerve fascicles: Anatomy and clinical relevance
Authors: Stewart John D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWithin a peripheral nerve, the individual nerve fibers are grouped together in fascicles. Whether there is somatotopic organization within these fascicles has long been of interest, the subject of many investigations, and somewhat controversial. Evidence from diverse sources now points to important somatotopic clustering of nerve fibers within most of the length of the nerve. Information is lacking regarding proximal segments, particularly the plexus and spinal nerve root levels. As a result of this somatotopic arrangement, partial focal nerve lesions can produce restricted clinical deficits that defy the classic rules of localization. Examples of such restricted nerve lesions are provided in this review. Recognition of fascicle somatotopy is also important in the surgical approach to disorders of peripheral nerves. Muscle Nerve 28: 525–541, 2003
Melas with point mutations involving tRNALeu (A3243G) and tRNAGlu(A14693g)
Authors: Tzen Chin‐Yuan , Thajeb Peterus , Wu Tsu‐Yen , Chen Shiu‐Ching 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe syndrome of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke‐like episode (MELAS) is typically associated with a single point mutation in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). Because mtDNA is known to have a higher mutation rate than nuclear DNA, we speculate that some patients with MELAS syndrome may harbor more than one mutation in mtDNA. For this purpose, mtDNA extracted from muscle containing dysmorphic mitochondria from a 32‐year‐old man with MELAS was sequenced in its entirety to identify all possible mutations. The result showed a homoplasmic A14693G and a heteroplasmic A3243G. The A14693G transition was not present in 205 unrelated control individuals, was not seen in 76 species randomly selected from GenBank, and appears to disrupt the base pairing within the T‐loop of mtDNA tRNAGlu. His asymptomatic siblings' blood showed wild‐type at these positions, whereas the blood of the patient's oligosymptomatic diabetic mother had a heteroplasmic A14693G and an apparent homoplasmic wild‐type A3243, suggesting an association of A14693G with diabetes mellitus. This case demonstrates the importance of sequencing the mtDNA in its entirety to evaluate the molecular basis of mitochondriopathy. Muscle Nerve 28: 575–581, 2003
Vasomotor dysfunction in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Wilder‐Smith Einar P.V. , Fook‐Chong Stephanie , Chew Soh Eng , Chow Adeline , Guo Yaling 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLittle attention has been paid to small‐fiber dysfunction in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) although its symptoms are common. This study investigates vasomotor dysfunction, which is controlled by small nerve fibers, in patients with CTS compared with control subjects. Vasomotor function was quantified by measuring, with laser Doppler velocimetry, skin vasoconstriction induced by a eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (EMLA) cream over digit tips 3, 4, and 5. Hands with CTS (n = 32) compared with controls (n = 19) demonstrated significantly reduced vasoconstriction in digits 3 and 4, but not digit 5. A blood flow ratio (digit 3/5) of less than 0.73 identified CTS in 69% with 68% specificity. Testing for vasomotor dysfunction in CTS allows for more comprehensive neurophysiological testing, which is heavily biased towards large nerve fibers. Muscle Nerve 28: 582–586, 2003
Strength training in older women: Early and late changes in whole muscle and single cells
Authors: Frontera Walter R. , Hughes Virginia A. , Krivickas Lisa S. , Kim Sang‐Kyu , Foldvari Mona , Roubenoff Ronenn 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn order to examine the relative contribution of neural‐ and muscle‐based adaptation to strength training, we studied early (2 weeks) and later (12 weeks) effects of strength training on muscle size and strength and type I single‐fiber size and contractility in 14 elderly women (aged 68–79 years) and seven young controls. Older subjects were randomized to training (n= 7) or control (n= 7) groups. Strength did not change, but whole muscle size increased significantly after 2 weeks. After 12 weeks, strength, whole muscle size, and specific force all increased. No changes occurred in the control group. In single fibers, no changes in size and contractility were noted after 2 weeks, but specific force was higher in the training group after 12 weeks. Early adaptations to strength training in elderly women cannot be attributed to changes at the cellular level and therefore occur primarily in the central nervous system. Later, cellular adaptations in specific force track closely whole muscle changes. Muscle Nerve 28: 601–608, 2003
Role of intertendinous connections in distribution of force in the human extensor digitorum muscle
Authors: Keen Douglas A. , Fuglevand Andrew J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe human extensor digitorum (ED) muscle gives rise distally to multiple tendons that insert onto and extend digits 2–5. It has been shown previously that the spike‐triggered average forces of motor units in ED are broadly distributed across many tendons. Such force dispersion may result from linkages between the distal tendons of ED and may limit the ability to move the fingers independently. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine the extent to which the connections between tendons of ED distribute force across the fingers. Stimulation of ED muscle fibers was performed at 107 different sites in four subjects. The isometric force exerted on digits 2–5 resulting from the stimulation was measured separately. Stimulus‐triggered averaging of each of the four force channels yielded the force contribution to each of the digits due to the stimulation at each site. A selectivity index from 0 (a site that distributes force equally across the fingers) to 1.0 (a site that produces force on a single finger) was computed to describe the distribution of force across the four fingers. The selectivity index resulting from electrical stimulation of ED averaged 0.70 ± 0.21. These selectivity index values were significantly greater (P < 0.001) than those obtained for single motor units using spike‐triggered averaging. These findings suggest that linkages between the distal tendons of ED probably play only a minor role in distributing force across the fingers and, therefore, other factors must be primarily responsible for the inability to move the fingers independently. Muscle Nerve 28: 614–622, 2003
The peripheral nerve complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Authors: Brew B. J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPeripheral nerve complications occurring in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are frequent and challenging. This review discusses these various complications according to the degree of advancement of HIV disease. Particular emphasis is placed upon emerging causes of neuropathy found in the context of HIV disease, such as infection with hepatitis C and human T‐lymphotropic virus type I, as well as neuropathies related to antiretroviral medications. Muscle Nerve 28: 542–552, 2003
Irreversible Markov processes for phylogenetic models
Authors: Bohl Erich , Lancaster Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA frequently used model in phylogenetics uses a discrete Markov process to model molecular drift as a cause of evolutionary diversification. Predictions are often based on eigenvalue computations which, we argue, only make sense if the process is reversible. Since there is no evidence (to our knowledge) to support the reversible nature of the process, a re‐examination is made of the model and necessary algorithms with emphasis on irreversible processes. The paper includes careful discussion of the underlying Markov processes, careful distinction between the properties of reversible and irreversible processes (including earlier widely accepted analysis) all in the language of linear algebra, a new least squares approach to data adjustments, and numerical examples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nested tetrahedral grids and strengthened C.B.S. inequality
Authors: Blaheta Radim 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe paper deals with nested two‐level decompositions of 3D domains into tetrahedra and the corresponding spaces of continuous piecewise linear finite element (FE) functions. The decomposition of the fine grid FE space into the coarse grid FE space and its complement can be used for the construction of various multi‐level iterative methods and preconditioners, which are efficient for the finite element solution of boundary value problems (BVP) in the considered domains. The constant in the strengthened Cauchy–Bunyakowski–Schwarz (C.B.S.) inequality for the coarse grid FE space and its complement determines the efficiency of these multi‐level methods and preconditioners. From this reason, this constant is investigated in this paper for the case of BVP with anisotropic Laplacian or elasticity operators. Special emphasis is given on getting universal estimates of the C.B.S. inequality constant, which are valid for all kinds of physical or discretization anisotropy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical validation of solutions of saddle point matrix equations
Authors: Chen Xiaojun , Hashimoto Kouji 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA numerical validation method for verifying the accuracy of approximate solutions of saddle point matrix equations is presented and analysed. The method only requires iterative solutions of two symmetric positive definite linear systems. Moreover, it is shown that preconditioning can be used to improve the error bounds. The method is illustrated by several examples derived from mixed finite element discretization of the Stokes equations. Preliminary numerical results indicate that the method is efficient. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory and numerics of geometrically non‐linear open system mechanics
Authors: Kuhl E. , Steinmann P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe present contribution aims at deriving a general theoretical and numerical framework for open system thermodynamics. The balance equations for open systems differ from the classical balance equations by additional terms arising from possible local changes in mass. In contrast to existing formulations, these changes not only originate from additional mass sources or sinks but also from a possible in‐ or outflux of matter. Constitutive equations for the mass source and the mass flux are discussed for the particular model problem of bone remodelling in hard tissue mechanics. Particular emphasis is dedicated to the spatial discretization of the coupled system of the balance of mass and momentum. To this end we suggest a geometrically non‐linear monolithic finite element based solution technique introducing the density and the deformation map as primary unknowns. It is supplemented by the consistent linearization of the governing equations. The resulting algorithm is validated qualitatively for classical examples from structural mechanics as well as for biomechanical applications with particular focus on the functional adaption of bones. It turns out that, owing to the additional incorporation of the mass flux, the proposed model is able to simulate size effects typically encountered in microstructural materials such as open‐pored cellular solids, e.g. bones. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel multipole implementation of the generalized Helmholtz decomposition for solving viscous flow problems
Authors: Brown Mary J. , Mammoli Andrea A. , Ingber Marc S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe evaluation of a domain integral is the dominant bottleneck in the numerical solution of viscous flow problems by vorticity methods, which otherwise demonstrate distinct advantages over primitive variable methods. By applying a Barnes–Hut multipole acceleration technique, the operation count for the integration is reduced from O(N2) to O(NlogN), while the memory requirements are reduced from O(N2) to O(N). The algorithmic parameters that are necessary to achieve such scaling are described. The parallelization of the algorithm is crucial if the method is to be applied to realistic problems. A parallelization procedure which achieves almost perfect scaling is shown. Finally, numerical experiments on a driven cavity benchmark problem are performed. The actual increase in performance and reduction in storage requirements match theoretical predictions well, and the scalability of the procedure is very good. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of 3D problems using a new enhanced strain hexahedral element
Authors: Areias P. M. A. , César de Sá J. M. A. , António C. A. Conceição , Fernandes A. A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe now classical enhanced strain technique, employed with success for more than 10 years in solid, both 2D and 3D and shell finite elements, is here explored in a versatile 3D low‐order element which is identified as HIS. The quest for accurate results in a wide range of problems, from solid analysis including near‐incompressibility to the analysis of locking‐prone beam and shell bending problems leads to a general 3D element. This element, put here to test in various contexts, is found to be suitable in the analysis of both linear problems and general non‐linear problems including finite strain plasticity. The formulation is based on the enrichment of the deformation gradient and approximations to the shape function material derivatives. Both the equilibrium equations and their variation are completely exposed and deduced, from which internal forces and consistent tangent stiffness follow. A stabilizing term is included, in a simple and natural form. Two sets of examples are detailed: the accuracy tests in the linear elastic regime and several finite strain tests. Some examples involve finite strain plasticity. In both sets the element behaves very well, as is illustrated in numerous examples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical evaluation of school‐based prevention programs that involve parents
Authors: Shepard Jon , Carlson John S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this review article is to provide education professionals with an overview of the current state of research in the area of school‐based prevention programs that involve parents in project objectives and methods. Prevention programs utilizing home‐school collaborative efforts cited within the literature were reviewed in the context of criteria espoused as demonstrating empirical support (Chambless et al., 1998; Lonigan, Elbert, & Bennett Johnson, 1998). To examine the state of the literature, 20 school‐based prevention programs that involved parents and were published between 1989 and 2001 were reviewed. Characteristics related to best practices in home–school collaboration (Christenson, Rounds, & Franklin, 1992). Parent involvement and methodological rigor are examined. A brief review of programs meeting “well‐established” and “probably efficacious” criteria are presented and discussed within the context of future research and practice related to meaningfully involving parents in school‐based prevention programs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 641–656, 2003.
Relaxation and guided imagery: A school‐based intervention for children with asthma
Authors: Peck Heather L. , Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAsthma, a disease of the respiratory system, is the most common chronic medical condition among children. School‐aged children with asthma evidence increased absenteeism, decreased school performance, restriction of various activities, poor peer relationships, and emotional and behavioral difficulties. Asthma can be triggered and exacerbated by emotions and stress, and therefore, it has been treated with psychological interventions. Relaxation and guided imagery (RGI), an intervention based on the theoretical position that the mind and body interact in determining health, has been shown to be effective in improving mental and physical health outcomes with a myriad of medical conditions, yet it has not been adequately studied with childhood asthma. This investigation analyzed the effect of RGI on lung function [forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow 25–75 (FEF25–75)] and anxiety by employing a multiple baseline design across four middle school students with asthma. With the introduction of the intervention, it was found that FEV1 improved and anxiety decreased in all students. FEF25–75 improved in three of the four participants. The effect sizes for the four participants ranged from −0.98 to −1.88 for FEV1, 0.20 to −1.93 for FEF25–75, and 2.19 to 4.06 for anxiety. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 657–675, 2003.
Does rational persuasion influence potential consultees?
Authors: Truscott Stephen D. , Richardson Robert D. , Cohen Celina , Frank Alicia , Palmeri Deanna 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSuccess in collaborative school‐based consultation depends on whether teachers implement interventions suggested by consultants. In business literature, Rational Persuasion (RP) has been identified as one potentially effective way to influence consultee perceptions about proposed interventions. RP includes intervention information, why it is important to decide to use the intervention, and potential objections to the intervention with arguments against those objections. The influence of these RP elements on potential school‐based consultees has not been studied. This preliminary analog study investigated whether presenting RP importance and objections for behavioral interventions influenced teachers' ratings of acceptability, effectiveness, and commitment‐to‐implement. Participants included 71 teachers enrolled in graduate education courses. The within‐subject design included three video vignettes of each of three conditions for three different behavioral interventions (total of nine possible videos, three presented to each group). Results suggest that the influence of RP on acceptability, perceived effectiveness, and commitment‐to‐implement ratings was inconsistent. Implications for research and practice are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 627–640, 2003.
Effect of Scale and Confinement on Gap Tests for Liquid Explosives
Authors: Jetté François‐Xavier , Yoshinaka Akio C. , Higgins Andrew J. , Zhang Fan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe factors influencing initiation of detonation in gap tests for liquid explosives are investigated experimentally. A calibrated donor charge (nitromethane) and PMMA attenuator disk arrangement are used to transmit shocks of known strength (2–10 GPa) into a test explosive of nitromethane sensitized with 5% diethylenetriamine. The test explosive is contained in capsules of different wall materials (PVC, Teflon, aluminum), and the dimensions of the charges vary from 25 mm to 100 mm in diameter. For the small‐scale charges, the presence of the confining wall of the test capsule is seen to have a pronounced effect on the detonation initiation. Certain wall materials (PVC, Teflon) exhibit a multi‐valued critical gap thickness, meaning that a weaker shock may result in initiation while a stronger shock does not. The effect of the wall materials could not be correlated with their acoustic or shock impedance, and the only way to eliminate these effects was to make the diameter of the test charge larger than the donor charge. When the size of the donor charge was increased, the critical pressure required for initiation decreased. These results could be correlated to “ideal” shock initiation experiments that use flyer plates as shock sources assuming that lateral rarefactions quench detonation initiation if they reach the central axis of the charge before the onset of detonation is complete.
Modelling Powder Compaction and Mixture Laws
Authors: Lamy Peggy , Brunet Luc , Erre René , Stempfer Berthe 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is related to the improvement of the manufacturing processes of pyrotechnic compositions by determining the relative influence of physical properties on the compressibility and the cohesion. The Heckel‐Gonthier four parameter model is used to assess the powder compressibility. This relationship is generally applied to the compression of pharmaceutical powders, but we show a good correlation with the behaviour of pyrotechnic compositions. The compact cohesion is assessed by the cohesion index and the breaking resistance. This study demonstrates that the mean diameter, generally used as a parameter to describe the particle size, is less reliable than the dispersion index. This approach makes it possible to formulate mixing behaviour laws that can reduce the required number of experiments to assess a new composition.
Dimensions of reengineering environment infrastructures
Authors: Ducasse S. , Tichelaar S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOver the last decade many research groups and commercial companies have been developing reengineering environments. However, many design decisions such as support for multiple models, incremental loading of information, tool integration, entity grouping, and their impacts on the underlying meta‐model and resulting environment have remained implicit. Based on the experience accumulated while developing the Moose reengineering environment and on a survey of reengineering environments, we present a design space defined by a set of criteria that makes explicit the different options and especially their dependencies and trade‐offs. Using this design space, developers of future environments should have a better understanding of the problems they face and the impact of design choices. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting the performance of the acoustic ground discrimination system RoxAnn™
Authors: Wilding Thomas A , Sayer Martin D.J , Provost Paul G 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The resolution, temporal variability and survey vessel speed dependence of the acoustic ground discrimination system RoxAnn™ was assessed over a 1 km2 area in Loch Linnhe on the west coast of Scotland. The resolution of the system was relatively poor and of the sediment parameters quantified (stone cover and sediment texture), only stone cover was consistently and significantly related to the RoxAnn™ output. The output showed considerable variability over the same ground when sampled within the same day and between days and months. The effect of survey vessel speed on the output was also significant but highly variable during all surveys. The apparent magnitude and unpredictable nature of the variation in the RoxAnn™ output have implications for the use of such systems in habitat mapping, particularly when surveying biological communities where there are only small differences in the physical properties of the seabed and also where monitoring temporal change. These aspects are discussed.