bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in goats
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Hooper R. Neil , Boothe Dawn M. , Hartsfield Sandee M. , Randoll Lynne A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate disposition of fentanyl in goats after IV and transdermal administration.

Animals
8 healthy 2-year-old goats weighing 31.8 to 53.6 kg (mean ± SD, 40.4 ± 7.5 kg).

Procedure
Each goat was given 2 treatments consisting of fentanyl administered IV (2.5 μg/kg of body weight) and via a transdermal patch (50 μg/h). There was a 2-month interval between treatments. Blood samples were collected at specified times and analyzed in duplicate to determine plasma fentanyl concentrations. Pharmacokinetic values were calculated, using a computerized modeling program.

Results
Administration of fentanyl was tolerated by all goats. Intravenous administration of fentanyl resulted in a transitory increase in rectal temperature that was not clinically important. Terminal elimination half-life after IV administration was 1.20 ± 0.78 h, volume of distribution at steady state was 1.51 ± 0.39 L/kg, and systemic clearance was 2.09 ± 0.62 L/kg/h. Transdermal administration of fentanyl resulted in variable plasma concentrations, with peak plasma concentrations ranging from 1.12 to 16.69 ng/ml (mean ± SD, 6.99 ± 6.03 ng/ml) and time to peak concentration ranging from 8 to 18 hours (mean ± SD, 13 ± 4.5 hours). After removal of the transdermal patch, mean ± SD terminal elimination half-life was 5.34 ± 5.34 hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Intravenous administration of fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg) in goats results in a relatively short half-life that will limit its use for management of pain. Transdermal administration of fentanyl (50 μg/h) in goats results in variable plasma concentrations that may exceed those anticipated on the basis of a theoretical delivery rate, but stable plasma concentrations of fentanyl may not be achieved. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:986–991)
Assessment of sodium status in large ruminants by measuring the sodium-to-potassium ratio in muzzle secretions
Authors: Singh S. P. , Rani Desi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a simple diagnostic test to assess sodium status in large ruminants on the basis of the sodium-to-potassium ratio (Na:K) and to determine its relevance.

Animals
7 buffalo heifers and 21 lactating, pregnant, and nonpregnant dairy cows and heifers.

Procedure
Buffalo heifers were subjected in 2 experiments to variable dietary sodium intake or sodium depletion and changes in sodium and potassium concentrations; Na:K was simultaneously monitored in various body fluids to study its value for indicating sodium status. Validity of the muzzle secretion test was assessed.

Results
Muzzle secretion and urinary Na:K and sodium concentration, but not serum electrolyte concentrations, reflected the sodium status of buffalo heifers in response to the widely variable intake of sodium (0.03 to 0.16% of dry matter [DM]). Progressive sodium depletion during an 11-day period, using saliva deprivation caused reciprocal changes in sodium and potassium concentrations in saliva and muzzle secretion, but not in urine. Decreasing urine sodium concentration was associated with decreasing urine potassium concentration. Saliva, urine, and muzzle secretion Na:K closely reflected the degree of sodium deficit.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Buffaloes or dairy cows maintained on optimal sodium intake had muzzle secretion and urine Na:K > 0.30. Muzzle secretion or urine Na:K < 0.20 or < 0.10, respectively, was indicative of sodium deficiency. Analysis of muzzle secretion Na:K, and to a large extent urine Na:K, may be used as a convenient diagnostic tool to assess sodium status in large ruminants. It has accuracy similar to that of saliva Na:K. [Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1074-1081)
Cardiorespiratory effects of a combination of medetomidine, midazolam, and butorphanol in dogs
Authors: Pypendop Bruno , Verstegen John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize cardiorespiratory effects for a combination of medetomidine, butorphanol, and midazolam and to compare magnitude of cardiorespiratory depression with that induced by a commonly used inhalation anesthetic regimen (acepromazine-butorphanol-thiopental-halothane).

Animals
10 clinically normal dogs (2 groups of 5).

Procedure
In treated dogs, medetomidine was administered (time, 0 minutes); midazolam and butorphanol were administered when effects of medetomidine were maximal (time, 20), and atipamezole was administered subsequently (time 60). In control dogs, drugs were administered after allowing effects of each agent to be achieved: acepromazine was given at time 0, butorphanol and thiopental were administered at time 35, and halothane was administered from time 45 until 110. Various cardiorespiratory and hematologic variables were measured or calculated.

Results
Respiratory rate, arterial and venous pH, venous oxygen content, oxygen consumption, and oxygen delivery decreased significantly below baseline values for treated dogs; end-tidal CO2, arterial and venous PCO2, and O2 extraction increased significantly above baseline values. Compared with data obtained after anesthesia, arterial HCO3− concentration, venous PO2 and SO2, cardiac output, oxygen extraction, and oxygen delivery appeared more modified in treated dogs. Oxygen consumption and physiologic shunt fraction were less modified in treated dogs than control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Medetomidine-butorphanol-midazolam combination induced respiratory depression, comparable in magnitude to that induced by a widely used inhalation anesthetic regimen. Respiratory variables remained within acceptable limits during anesthesia; however, those associated with cardiovascular function were more severely affected. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1148–1154)
Analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in conscious African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh)
Authors: Paul-Murphy Joanne R. , Brunson David B. , Miletic Vjekoslav 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate effects of butorphanol tartrate and buprenorphine hydrochloride on withdrawal threshold to a noxious stimulus in conscious African grey parrots.

Animals
29 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus erithacus and Psittacus erithacus timneh).

Procedure
Birds were fitted with an electrode on the medial metatarsal region of the right leg, placed into a test box, and allowed to acclimate. An electrical stimulus (range, 0.0 to 1.46 mA) was delivered to each bird’s foot through an aluminum perch. A withdrawal response was recorded when the bird lifted its foot from the perch or vigorously flinched its wings. Baseline threshold to a noxious electrical stimulus was determined. Birds then were randomly assigned to receive an IM injection of saline (0.9% NaCI) solution, butorphanol (1.0 mg/kg of body weight), or buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg), and threshold values were determined again.

Results
Butorphanol significantly increased threshold value, but saline solution or buprenorphine did not significantly change threshold values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Butorphanol had an analgesic effect, significantly increasing the threshold to electrical stimuli in African grey parrots. Buprenorphine at the dosage used did not change the threshold to electrical stimulus. Butorphanol provided an analgesic response in half of the birds tested. Butorphanol would be expected to provide analgesia to African grey parrots in a clinical setting. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1218–1221)
Isolation of bovine respiratory coronaviruses from feedlot cattle and comparison of their biological and antigenic properties with bovine enteric coronaviruses
Authors: Hasoksuz Mustafa , Lathrop Sarah L. , Gadfield Kathy L. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To isolate bovine coronaviruses from the respiratory tracts of feedlot cattle and compare antigenic and biological properties of these strains with bovine enteric coronaviruses.

Animals
5- to 8-month-old mixed-breed cattle at 4 feedlots.

Procedure
Samples were obtained from the nasal passages for testing. The 13 samples with the highest magnitude of positive values for bovine coronavirus (BCV) were cultured. Ten strains of bovine respiratory coronavirus (BRCV) were adapted successfully to serial passage. After observation of cytopathic effects (CPE) and confirmation of BRCV by immune electron microscopy and immunofluorescence testing, cell culture-adapted strains were cloned by limiting dilution. These isolates then were compared with a panel of bovine enteric coronaviruses (BECV), using hemagglutination (HA), receptor-destroying enzyme activity (RDE), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and virus neutralization (VN) assays. Antigenic relatedness values then were calculated.

Results
The BRCV were detected in 105 of 488 (21.5%) of the cattle tested. Of 13 strains tested, 10 were isolated in cell culture. Six of the BRCV strains were similar to 2 strains obtained from neonatal calves with diarrhea and 2 strains from adult cattle with winter dysentery. The other 4 BRCV isolates had high RDE activity against mouse erythrocytes but differed from other strains of BECV. Nine of 10 BRCV isolates had properties similar to the 2 BECV subtypes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The BRCV can be isolated from nasal passages of cattle entering feedlots. Most BRCV were similar to BECV strains, although a few had unique properties. Vaccines developed to protect against enteric strains also may protect against respiratory tract strains. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1227–1233)
Analysis of surface antigen expression and host defense function in leukocytes from calves heterozygous or homozygous for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Authors: Sipes Karen M. , Edens Heather A. , Kehrli Marcus E. , Miettinen Heini M. , Cutler Jim E. , Jutila Mark A. , Quinn Mark T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To analyze surface antigen expression and functional responses of leukocytes from calves heterozygous and homozygous for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD).

Animals
8 clinically normal calves, 4 calves heterozygous for BLAD, and 4 calves homozygous for BLAD.

Procedure
Surface antigen expression was examined by flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes stained with monoclonal antibodies. Neutrophil function analyses included phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans and measurement of respiratory burst activity using cytochrome c and dihydrorhodamine 123 assays. Differential leukocyte counts also were performed.

Results
Leukocytes from heterozygous calves were similar to those of clinically normal calves with respect to surface antigen expression, C albicans phagocytosis and killing, and respiratory burst activity. In contrast, neutrophils from calves homozygous for BLAD had significantly reduced phagocytic and yeast-killing capacity but had higher respiratory burst activity than cells from clinically normal or heterozygous calves. Homozygous calves also had extreme neutrophilia and significantly more immature neutrophils.

Conclusions
The heterozygous BLAD genotype does not cause detectable functional differences in leukocytes, compared with those of clinically normal calves. In contrast, leukocytes from homozygous calves seem to upregulate alternative host defense capabilities (eg, respiratory burst activity) to partially compensate for the lack of typical adherence-dependent host defense functions. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1255–1261)
Sequence of cardiovascular changes leading to pulmonary edema in swine fed culture material containing fumonisin
Authors: Smith Geoffrey W. , Constable Peter D. , Tumbleson Mike E. , Rottinghaus George E. , Haschek Wanda M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the sequence of cardiovascular and blood gas changes induced by ingestion of fumonisin-containing culture material in swine and to examine the temporal relationship of these changes to plasma sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations.

Animals
12 healthy castrated pigs (38 to 50 kg).

Procedure
Pigs were instrumented to permit cardiovascular monitoring and collection of blood samples. Baseline values were obtained, and pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Control pigs (n = 6) were fed a standard grower diet, whereas culture material that contained 20 mg of fumonisin B1/kg of body weight was added to the feed of treated pigs (n = 6) each day. Hemodynamic data, results of arterial and mixed venous blood gas analyses, and plasma sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were recorded every 12 hours until treated pigs were euthanatized because of impending death from pulmonary edema.

Results
Sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations were increased in plasma of treated pigs within 24 hours of initial fumonisin exposure and continued to increase dramatically until euthanasia. Fumonisin-treated pigs had increased respiratory rate, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary artery wedge pressure, along with decreased heart rate and cardiac output in the 12-hour period before euthanasia. Fumonisin-treated pigs also had systemic arterial hypotension, arterial and mixed venous hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, decreased oxygen delivery, and increased oxygen consumption immediately before euthanasia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema in swine is probably caused by acute left-sided heart failure. Onset of hemodynamic changes was associated with plasma sphinganine concentration ≥ 2.2 μM/L and plasma sphingosine concentration ≥ 1 µM/L (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1292–1300)
Corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and optical corneal diameter in Rocky Mountain Horses with cornea globosa or clinically normal corneas
Authors: Ramsey David T. , Hauptman Joe G. , Petersen-Jones Simon M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and optical corneal diameter in Rocky Mountain Horses with cornea globosa and those with clinically normal corneas.

Animals
129 Rocky Mountain Horses.

Procedure
Ultrasonic pachymetry was used to measure corneal thickness. Applanation tonometry was used to measure intraocular pressure. A Jameson caliper was used to measure optical corneal diameter.

Results
The central and temporal peripheral portions of the cornea were significantly thicker in horses with cornea globosa than in horses with clinically normal corneas, but corneal thicknesses in the dorsal, ventral, and medial peripheral portions of the cornea were not significantly different between groups. There were no differences in corneal thickness between male and female horses or between right and left eyes. However, there was a positive correlation between age and corneal thickness. Intraocular pressure was not significantly different between horses with cornea globosa and those with clinically normal corneas, or between right and left eyes, or male and female horses. Optical corneal diameter for horses with cornea globosa was not significantly different from diameter for horses with clinically normal corneas, but optical corneal diameter was positively correlated with age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Cornea globosa in Rocky Mountain Horses is not associated with increased intraocular pressure. Corneal thickness and optical corneal diameter increase with age in Rocky Mountain Horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1317–1321)
Effect of experimentally induced type II bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on platelet function in calves
Authors: Walz Paul H. , Steficek Barbara A. , Baker John C. , Kaiser Lana , Bell Thomas G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate platelet aggregation responses in calves experimentally infected with a thrombocytopenia-inducing type II bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) isolate (BVDV 890).

Animals
9 neonatal male Holstein calves.

Procedure
5 calves were inoculated with BVDV 890, and 4 were used as controls. Platelet aggregation studies and attempts to isolate BVDV from platelets were performed 2 days before, the day of, and every 2 days for 12 days after inoculation. Platelet function was assessed by means of optical aggregometry, using adenosine diphosphate and platelet-activating factor as agonists. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from purified platelet preparations by use of an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay.

Results
Maximum percentage aggregation and slope of the aggregation curve decreased over time in calves infected with BVDV. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was not isolated from platelets from control calves, but it was isolated from infected calves from 4 through 12 days after inoculation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results suggest that platelet function may be depressed in calves infected with type II BVDV. Although the mechanism for altered platelet function was not determined, it likely involved an increase in the percentage of aged platelets in the circulation, a direct virus-platelet interaction, or an indirect virus-platelet interaction. Platelet dysfunction, in addition to thrombocytopenia, may contribute to the hemorrhagic syndrome associated with acute type II BVDV infection in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1396–1401)
Effects of percutaneous liver biopsy in alpacas and llamas
Authors: Anderson David E. , Silveira Fernando 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine changes in results of selected serum biochemical tests after a single percutaneous liver biopsy and changes in results of hematologic and selected serum biochemical tests after multiple percutaneous liver biopsies in alpacas and llamas.

Animals
5 llamas and 10 alpacas.

Procedure
A single percutaneous liver biopsy was performed in 5 llamas and 6 alpacas. Blood samples were collected before and 1, 2, and 3 days after liver biopsy, and submitted for serum biochemical analysis. In the other 4 alpacas, liver biopsy was performed on day 0 and then weekly for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected at the time of each biopsy, and CBC and serum biochemical analyses were performed. Attitude and appetite of all animals were evaluated daily.

Results
None of the animals developed clinically apparent adverse effects. A mild decrease in sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was detected in animals that underwent a single liver biopsy, and mild decreases in plasma protein and albumin concentrations were detected in animals that underwent multiple biopsies. Other significant changes were not detected.

Conclusions
Results of this study suggest that liver biopsy is safe in healthy llamas and alpacas and that, if necessary, multiple weekly liver biopsies can be performed safely in healthy alpacas. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1423–1425)
Clinical, biochemical, and hygiene assessment of stabled horses provided continuous or intermittent access to drinking water
Authors: Freeman Douglas A. , Cymbaluk Nadia F. , Schott Harold C. , Hinchcliff Kenneth , McDonnell Sue M. , Kyle Beth 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare health, hydration status, and management of stabled pregnant mares provided drinking water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent delivery systems.

Animals
22 Quarter Horse (QH) or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 1); 24 QH or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 2).

Procedure
Stabled horses were provided water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent water delivery systems in 2 study periods during a 2-year period. Body temperature, attitude, appetite, water intake, and urine output were recorded daily. Hygiene of each horse and the stable were assessed weekly. Clinical and biochemical measures of hydration were determined 3 times during each study. Clinical measures of hydration included skin turgor, gum moisture, capillary refill time, and fecal consistency. Biochemical measures of hydration included PCV, plasma total protein concentration, serum osmolality, plasma vasopressin concentration, urine specific gravity, and urine osmolality.

Results
All horses remained healthy. Stable hygiene was worse when horses had continuous access to water. Clinical and biochemical measures of hydration did not differ among water delivery systems.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Various continuous and intermittent water delivery systems provided adequate amounts of water to stabled horses to maintain health and hydration status. Providing intermittent access to water may be preferable on the basis of stable hygiene. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1445–1450)
Effects of intra-articular injections of bufexamac suspension on amphotericin B-induced aseptic arthritis in horses
Authors: Suominen Mikko M. , Tulamo Riitta-Mari , Puupponen Leena M. , Sankari Satu M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate effects of intra-articular (IA) injections of bufexamac on amphotericin B-induced aseptic arthritis in horses.

Animals
24 Standardbred horses.

Procedure
Aseptic arthritis was induced in the right intercarpal joint by IA injection of amphotericin B (20 mg). One week later (day 0), horses were randomly assigned to four 6-horse treatment groups and treated with IA injection of 10, 20, or 40 mg of bufexamac suspension (20 mg/ml) or 2.0 ml of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control). The treatment was repeated once after 7 days. Clinical lameness examinations and synovial fluid (SF) analyses were done prior to induction and at weekly intervals for 5 weeks (days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28).

Results
Intra-articular injection of amphotericin B consistently resulted in aseptic arthritis with a lameness index (mean ± SEM; scale 0 to 5) of 2.7 ± 0.17 on day 0. Intra-articular injections of 20 and 40 mg of bufexamac significantly reduced the day-28 lameness index, compared with control values. Amphotericin B administration also resulted in a significant increase in SF β-glucuronidase (BGLUC) activity, and IA injections of bufexamac significantly reduced day-28 activity of this enzyme, compared with control values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
2 IA injections of 20 or 40 mg of bufexamac, at weekly intervals, were effective in reducing clinical signs of lameness and SF activity of BGLUC associated with amphotericin B-induced carpal joint arthritis. Bufexamac possesses anti-inflammatory properties useful for IA treatment of lameness associated with aseptic arthritis in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1467–1473)
Third molar eruption patterns and mandibular dental arch crowding
Authors: Sampson Wayne J. , Richards Lindsay C. , Leighton Barry C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Longitudinal cephalometric and study cast records were analysed for a sample of non-orthodontically treated Caucasians (31 male, 23 female) at two stages of mandibular dental arch development. Stage 1 represented earliest completion of the secondary dentition, with the exception of the mandibular third molars. Stage 2 was approximately 5 years later and was decided on the basis of emergence or, if impacted, at least three quarters root development of the third molars. Parameters at Stage 1 and Stage 2 and the changes between those stages were compared for 3 groups, subdivided for sex and status of third molar development — complete or partial eruption (Group 1), mesioangular impaction (Group 2) and absence (Group 3) of both mandibular third molars.
There were no significant sex differences in either third molar status or dental arch crowding changes between Stage 1 and Stage 2. Overall, it seemed to make little difference to the crowding whether the mandibular third molar erupted completely or partially, remained mesioangularly impacted or was absent. Rather than causing dental arch (incisor) crowding, the third molar appeared to be but one of many complexly interacting factors which affected dental arch crowding.