bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anogenital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees of Gombe National Park
Authors: Wallis Janette , Goodall Jane 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious studies show that anogenital swelling patterns of pregnant chimpanzees in captivity are correlated with the female's age during pregnancy and are associated with changes in social behavior. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the anogenital swelling patterns of free‐ranging pregnant chimpanzees resemble those reported for captive chimpanzees. We reviewed the records of 47 pregnancies experienced by 20 female chimpanzees living in Gombe National Park from 1975 to 1992. Percentage scores for swelling during each trimester and for the overall occurrence of various levels of swelling were obtained by dividing the frequency by the total number of days the subject was observed (i.e., 28 days of swelling/165 days observation = 17.2% anogenital swelling for that pregnancy). Subjects exhibited anogenital swelling an average of 25.1% of the days observed during pregnancy, yet reached maximum only 9.4% of the time. Anogenital swelling occurred less frequently as pregnancy progressed, averaging 40.8, 27.3, and 2.7% in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. As seen in captive chimpanzees, young pregnant females at Gombe showed anogenital swelling more often than did older ones (r = −.65, P < .0001). These findings are consistent with reports of behavior associated with anogenital swelling (e.g., intercommunity transfer of young females exhibiting anogenital swelling). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rank, relationships, and responses to intruders among adult male vervet monkeys
Authors: Schuster Richard , Raleigh Michael J. , McGuire Michael T. , Torigoe David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe examined the influences of dyadic relationships among captive adult male vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) on behavior directed toward caged “intruder” males placed inside subjects' enclosures. Subjects were all 9 adult male residents from three stable social groups, each of which contained 3 adult males, at least 3 adult females, and their immature offspring. Every male was observed in two 3‐hour sessions, each time with one of the 2 other adult males from his group. Observation sessions consisted of six consecutive 30‐min stages in which group composition and the presence of the intruder were manipulated. All groups exhibited a stable, linear male dominance hierarchy prior to and throughout the study. In each group, there was one pair of males, when together, in which each member exhibited higher rates of intruder‐directed approach and aggressive behaviors than when either animal was paired with the third male of his social group. Such pairs were also distinguished by high levels of within‐pair agonistic interactions. The higher‐ranking member of each dyad was the most aggressive male toward the intruder in his social group, although only one of these animals was the dominant male of his group. Mutual facilitation of aggression against intruding males is interpreted as cooperative behavior benefitting both males by increasing the likelihood of repelling a potential competitor for resident females. Such cooperation provides further evidence in nonhuman primates for cohesive male‐male dyads between animals whose social interactions are characterized by agonism. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of urinary gonadotropins in callitrichid monkeys with a sensitive immunoassay based upan a unique monoclonal antibody
Authors: Ziegler Toni E. , Matteri Robert L. , Wegner Frederick H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA radioimmunological method for measuring urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) excretion in the family Callitrichidae is described. The method uses a monoclonal antibody that will be available in virtually unlimited quantity. Several polyclonal antisera that have been useful for the detection of callitrichid gonadotropins are near depletion. The monoclonal antibody‐based RIA provided similar results when compared with the mouse Leydig cell bioassay for LH and a previously validated polyclonal antibody‐based RIA. When the monoclonal antibody is used for immunodetection of Saguinus oedipus LH by non‐reducing SDS‐PAGE, a single entity is recognized that corresponds with the molecular weight range of bioactive LH and appears to be in the normal range for LH in nonhuman primates. LH and CG were detected by the monoclonal antibody‐based RIA in urine from representatives of species from all genera of callitrichids. Hormonal profiles of daily urine samples revealed the detection of the preovulatory LH surge by both RIA methods in the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus Oedipus) and pygmy marmoset (Cebuella pygmea) and the increase CG due to pregnancy in both species. Serial dilutions of midcycle and pregnancy urine from Saguinus, Callithrix, Leontopithecus, and Cebuella exhibited parallelism when compared with our in‐house reference standard of rhesus monkey CG. Cultured Saguinus oedipus pituitary cells showed an increased release of LH when challenged by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) providing further support that the monoclonal antibody‐based RIA measures LH in this species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selected endocrine parameters of the adult male chimpanzee
Authors: Young Leona G. , Gould Kenneth G. , Smithwick Eleanor B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study provides baseline data on reproductive endocrine parameters of the male chimpanzee. A colony group of 47 male chimpanzees were classified by age as juvenile, ages 4–6 years (n = 7); adolescent, ages 7–9 (n = 9); and adult, ages 10–33 years (n = 31). Blood samples (n = 112) obtained from these animals [juveniles (n = ll), adolescents (n = 25), and adults (n = 76)] were analyzed for testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). There was a significant increase (mean ± SE) in T (ng/ml) between the juvenile (0.2 ± 0.1) and adolescent group (2.4 ± 0.3) and between the adolescent (2.4 ± 0.3) and the 10–14‒year‐old adult age group (4.2 ± 0.2). T peaked at 15–24 years of age and then declined. There was a significant difference in T between animals aged 20–24 years (5.3 ± 0.4) and 25–29 years (3.0 ± 0.4). There was no significant change in serum LH (mlU/ml) with age. Serum FSH (mlU/ml) increased significantly between 4–6 years of age (90.0 ± 11.6) and 10–14 years of age (120.5 ± 8.3), plateaued between 10 and 19 years of age and was significantly lower in males older than 20 years (92.6 ± 4.2).Blood samples (n = 5) obtained from an experimental group of six adult male chimpanzees, ages 10 to 15 years, were analyzed for T, LH, and FSH, Pituitary response to challenge with exogenous GnRH and to hypotha‐lamic stimulation with NMA also was assessed. T, LH, and FSH in the experimental group did not differ significantly from animals of equivalent age in the colony group. Challenge with 50, 100, 200, and 500μg GnRH stimulated LH release. The response was not directly dose related. Challenge with 3 and 6 mg/kg NMA stimulated LH release. The response was dose related. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progressive improvement in the transfer of maternal antibody across the order Primates
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R. , Izard Kay M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAntibody levels were determined in adults and newborn offspring of five primate species. This cross‐species comparison of intant IgG levels indicated that prosimians and New World monkeys transfer lower levels of maternal antibody via placental transmission than do Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. The evolutionary trend toward an increased reliance on prenatal antibody transfer in the higher primates appears to be most pronounced in the human infant, because our placenta has evolved an active transport process that elevates IgG in the full‐term fetus over maternal levels. Higher IgG levels in the young infant ensure a more prolonged and successful period of passive immunity against pathogens previously encountered by the mother. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring female reproductive function by measurement of fecal estrogen and progesterone metabolites in the white‐faced saki (Pithecia pithecia)
Authors: Shideler S. E. , Savage A. , Ortuno A. M. , Moorman E. A. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA simple method for extracting and measuring ovarian steroids in feces is applied to the ovarian cycle, pregnancy, parturition, and period of lactational amenorrhea in Pithecia pithecia. Small amounts of wet, unmixed feces were combined with a modified phosphate buffer, shaken, centrifuged, and decanted, and the supernatant was directly measured for estrogen and progesterone metabolites by enzyme immunoassays. Urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolite measurements were compared to paired fecal measurements to determine the degree to which fecal hormone levels detected the same ovarian events as urinary measurements. The correlation coefficients for the relationship between urinary and fecal hormones for individual animals studied (n = 5) were found to be statistically significant in every case except one sexually immature animal. The application of the method presented here demonstrates that simple solubilization and non‐radiometric measurement of ovarian steroids excreted in feces reliably reflect reproductive events in Pithecia pithecia. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ecological strategies of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) at Tinigua National Park, Colombia
Authors: Stevenson Pablo R. , Quinones Marcela J. , Ahumada Jorge A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInformation on the use of space, activity patterns, diet, and social interactions were recorded for a group of woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) during 13 months at Tinigua National Park, Macarena, Colombia. In this region, fruit abundance changes throughout the year with a peak during March–April (beginning of the rainy season) and less fruit during September‐November (end of rainy season). Woolly monkeys spent most of their time in mature forest where fruit abundance is higher than in opendegraded or flooded forests. Changes in habitat used by monkeys were coupled with changes in fruit supply across vegetation types. On an annual basis, woolly monkeys spent 24% of point samples locomoting, 36% resting, 36% feeding, and 4% on other activities. However, these proportions varied across the year depending on fruit availability. Based on instantaneous samples, the diet consisted mostly of fruits (60%), arthropods (23%), vegetative parts and flowers (17%), and other items (1%). Non‐lactating females and juveniles spent more time eating insects than adult males and lactating females; however, significant differences between classes were detected only during the period of fruit scarcity. These differences are probably due to the high extent to which non‐lactating females and juveniles were excluded from fruiting trees by males. The high proportion of arthropods in their diet is unusual for primates with large body size and is a possible factor influencing group cohesiveness in woolly monkeys. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effective use of a joystick by an infant monkey
Authors: Andrews Michael W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe acquisition of the ability to use a joystick to maintain contact between a cursor and moving target is described for an infant bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata). The infant was first exposed to a very elementary joystick task while living in a social group at the age of 3.5 months. With task difficulty increased in small increments over a total of only 9 weeks of access to the tasks, the infant was able to maintain contact with a small moving target for over 2.5 sec by the age of 7.5 months. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benefits and costs of resident males to females in white‐faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus
Authors: Rose Lisa M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSome benefits and costs of resident males to females are examined in white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at Santa Rosa National Park, Costa Rica. A total of 380 hours of focal data were collected on adults in two groups, between January and July 1991. The results of this study suggest that for females, males provide some greater benefits, and impose some higher costs than do other females. Males are more vigilant than females, and are somewhat more successful in detecting predators. To the extent that predator protection is a major benefit of group living, this benefit seems to derive more from males than from females. Increased contest competition is the major cost of group living, and the study suggests that females bear a higher proportion of this cost than males. More foraging related agonism occurs between males and females than between females, more aggression occurs between than within sexes, and female foraging success is negatively associated with agonistic interactions involving males. However, female foraging success is negatively affected by the proximity of other females, and not by the proximity of males. Differences in the distribution of male benefits and costs according to female dominance rank are suggested. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐specific birth rate and lifetime reproductive success of chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea
Authors: Sugiyama Yukimaru 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPreliminary calculations of the age‐specific birth rate for wild female chimpanzees were based on demographic records from a long‐term study at Bossou, Republic of Guinea. Primiparous age was 12‐14 years. Birth rate for a female reached a peak of 0.333 a year at 20‐23 years, and then decreased until menopause at more than 40 years of age. Mean birth rate for a female of more than 12 years was 0.197 a year. Mean interbirth interval was 4.6 years overall, but 5.1 years, if all cases in which the previous infant had died within its first three years were excluded. Infant survival rate for the first four years was 0.727 and that of juveniles (four to seven years) was 0.714; however, that of adolescents (eight to 11 years) was only 0.222. Some adolescents who disappeared from Bossou are thought to have migrated to adjacent habitats. From age‐specific birth rate and survival rate, the lifetime reproductive success was calculated as only 0.74 offspring per female. This rose to 2.39 when adolescent survival rate was assumed to be the same as that of juveniles. This must be less than the minimum reproductive success required for continued survival of the population. The recent and continuing degradation of the environment will lead to the extermination of this species from the area in the near future. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predation on a yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) by a lioness in the Tana River National Primate Reserve, Kenya
Authors: Condit Vicki K. , Smith E. O. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPredation on an adult female yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus) by a lioness is reported. This predation occurred in full daylight within 10 m of the observer. The high incidence of disappearances of adult females from the study troop during a one‐year period is reported and the potential long‐term demographic effects upon the troop resulting from this one year's high number of disappearances discussed. These disappearances may be due to predation. We suggest that lion predation upon baboons, and baboon deaths and disappearances in general, in the Tana Reserve, may be inversely related to rainfall. We also report that there does not appear to be a long‐term sex difference in vulnerability to death or disappearance. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heart rate patterns under stress in three species of macaques
Authors: Clarke A. Susan , Mason William A. , Mendoza Sally P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCardiac responses during one hour exposures to three stressful experimental conditions were compared among juvenile females of three species of the genus Macaca (M. mulatta, M. radiata, and M. fascicularis). M. fascicularis showed the highest overall heart rate, and M. mulatta the lowest, in all three conditions. The principal difference between species was in the pattern of change in heart rate over the test sessions. Heart rate declined during the hour for all three species in the first two conditions (home cage novel environment), and the change was most rapid in M. mulatta and slowest in M. fascicularis. In the third and most stressful condition (physical restraint), each species showed a distinct temporal pattern. Heart rate increased over the hour in M. fascicularis, declined in M. radiata, and increased rapidly then declined gradually in M. mulatta. Individual differences in heart rate tended to be consistent within and across conditions. Correlations between behavioral measures of somatic activity and heart rate were generally modest. The results are in accord with other behavioral and physiological differences obtained for the same subjects, and suggest that responses to environmental stimuli reflect fundamental aspects of temperament that may vary substantially even among closely related species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Callicebus torquatus is not a white‐sand specialist
Authors: Defler Thomas R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe hypothesis of Kinzey and Gentry [Primate Ecology: Problem Oriented Field Studies. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1979] that Callicebus torquatus may be specialized for living in vegetation on white sand was evaluated by reviewing all observations I made of this species, where the substrate had been noted, and including some collection sites of J. Hernández Camacho. There was no evidence for the white‐sand hypothesis. Instead, Callicebus torquatus was found to prefer upland and flooded forests that are tall and well stratified, and growing on many soil types, including white sand. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How big were early hominids?
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe recent discovery of new postcranial fossils, particularly associated body parts, of several Plio‐Pleistocene hominids provides a new opportunity to assess body size in human evolution.1 Body size plays a central role in the biology of animals because of its relationship to brain size, feeding behavior, habitat preference, social behavior, and much more. Unfortunately, the prediction of body weight from fossils is inherently inaccurate because skeletal size does not reflect body size exactly and because the fossils are from species having body proportions for which there are no analogues among modern species. The approach here is to find the relationship between body size and skeletal size in ape and human specimens of known body weight at death and to apply this knowledge to the hominid fossils, using a variety of statistical methods, knowledge of the associated partial skeletons of the of early hominids, formulae derived from a modern human sample, and, finally, common sense. The following modal weights for males and females emerge: Australopithecus afarensis, 45 and 29 kg; A. africanus, 41 and 30 kg; A. robustus, 40 and 32 kg; A. boisei, 49 and 34 kg; H. habilis, 52 and 32 kg. The best known African early H. erectus were much larger with weights ranging from 55 kg on up. These estimates imply that (1) in the earliest hominid species and the “robust” australopithecines body sizes remained small relative to modern standards, but between 2.0 and 1.7 m.y.a. there was a rapid increase to essentially modern body size with the appearance of Homo erectus; (2) the earliest species had a degree of body size sexual dimorphism well above that seen in modern humans but below that seen in modern gorillas and orangs which implies (along with other evidence) a social organization characterized by kin‐related, multi‐male groups with females who were not kin‐related; (3) relative brain sizes increased through time; (4) there were two divergent trends in relative cheek‐tooth size—a steady increase through time from A. afarensis to A. africanus to the “robust” australopithecines, and a decrease beginning with H. habilis to H. erectus to H. sapiens.
Primate ecology, rainforest conservation, and economic development: Building a national park in Madagascar
Authors: Wright Patricia C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAt the end of the twentieth century, the future of primate ecology is interlocked with that of the world's tropical forests. Most primate species occur in rainforests, which are disappearing at an astounding rate.1,2 It is clear that conservation of tropical forests and their rich faunas must take place within the context of the economic development of the countries in which they are situated. Further, the conservation of these resources must prove valuable to the peoples who own them.3–6 The international community, including World Bank and USAid, have made it a priority to fund projects combining rural development programs linked with park management.7 In 1987, the Malagasy government asked me to help them establish a national park at Ranomafana, in southeast Madagascar. This article provides a brief description of the route we followed establishing this park. Undoubtedly, many of the problems and opportunities we faced, and the solutions we arrived at, were unique to Madagascar at this particular time; others, I hope, will be broadly applicable to conservation efforts throughout the world.
Pedigree discriminant analysis of two French Canadian Tay‐Sachs families
Authors: Keats Bronya J. B. , Elston Robert C. , Andermann Eva , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo French Canadian families among whom the Tay‐Sachs allele is segregating are analyzed to investigate whether there is residual phenotypic familial covariation over and above that from major gene segregation. The traits analyzed are functions of hexosaminidase A (HEXA) and hexosaminidase B (HEXB) levels, and a combination of segregation and discriminant analysis is used to find a function of HEXA and HEXB levels to discriminate between carriers and noncarriers in this French Canadian population. We found that residual familial covariation is significant for the ratio HEXA/(HEXA + HEXB), the statistic generally used to determine if an individual is likely to be a carrier of the Tay‐Sachs allele in Ashkenazi Jewish populations. This suggests that the ratio may not be appropriate for the French Canadian group and that the mutation may be different from that in Ashkenazi Jews. A linear function is calculated that gives improved discrimination between carriers and noncarriers for the two French Canadian pedigrees studied.
Genetic etiology of gastric carcinoma: II. Segregation analysis of gastric pH, nitrate, and nitrite
Authors: Bonney George E. , Elston Robert C. , Correa Pelayo , Tannenbaum Steven R. , Haenszel William , Zavala Diego E. , Fontham Elizabeth , Zarama Guillermo , Gordillo Guido , Cuello Carlos , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA study of gastric pH, nitrate, and nitrite in 110 families collected as part of a cohort from the Narino region of Colombia is presented. All three traits are familial and have a significant linearly increasing age trend. Gastric pH has a clear bimodal distribution but does not show Mendelian segregation. The nitrate distribution is slightly skewed, but generational heterogeneity explains the data best. Gastric nitrite is also biomodal with a clear break at concentration 1.08 μg/ml, and 74% of the observations at zero concentration; it shows a recessive Mendelian segregation with significant residual spouse correlation. This model also fits the data best when nitrite is dichotomized into detected (measurable) and undetected values. The estimated frequency of the recessive allele is .57, so that an estimated 32% of the population sampled are recessives. Recessives whose spouses have measuarable nitrite have an estimated penetrance of 99.3% at age 30 years, whereas those whose spouses have zero or undetected nitrite have a penetrance of only 8.8% at age 30 years. It appears that gastric nitrite, and, from our previous study of these families, chronic atrophic gastritis are important biologic markers for the early identification of persons predisposed to gastric cancer.