bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urachal remnants in asymptomatic children: Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic findings
Authors: Özbek Süha Süreyya , Pourbagher Mir Ali , Pourbagher Ayşin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeWe undertook this study to evaluate the frequency of visualization and the sonographic appearances of urachal remnants (URs) in asymptomatic children.MethodsOne hundred eighty‐two children without any urachus‐related symptoms underwent sonography of the prevesical region and urinary bladder with high‐frequency transducers.ResultsA UR was visualized in 180 (99%) of the children. The URs had a mean length ± standard deviation of 13 ± 5 mm. Most of the URs were ovoid, and most demonstrated a moderate protrusion into the bladder cavity. The URs with a central echogenic area were larger than those without central echogenicity. In 36 (61%) of the 59 URs that were evaluated with color Doppler sonography, vascular signals were demonstrated within the lesion. The URs with internal vascular signals were significantly larger than those without internal vascular signals.ConclusionsThe gray‐scale and color Doppler sonographic characteristics of URs seem to be related to their size and their degree of involution rather than to the age of the child. We think that URs are present in almost all children. URs should be considered normal findings if they are asymptomatic and their length is not significantly greater than 22.5 mm, the 95th percentile in our study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:218–222, 2001.
Crayfish freshwater adaptation starts in eggs: Ontogeny of osmoregulation in embryos of Astacus leptodactylus
Authors: Susanto Gregorius N. , Charmantier Guy 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOsmoregulation was studied throughout the embryonic development of Astacus leptodactylus. Egg‐carrying females were held in freshwater (FW) and in three dilute seawater media (200, 400, 600 mosm kg–1, 6.8, 13.6, 20.4‰ salinity). In FW, changes in peri‐embryonic fluid (PEF) and (when available) embryonic hemolymph osmolality were followed from newly‐laid eggs to hatching (for an embryonic eye index, EI, of 430–450 μm) and in first‐stage juveniles. The PEF and/or hemolymph osmolality remained stable at about 360–380 mosm kg–1 from early to late (EI 410 μm) embryos; it decreased prior to hatching (EI 420 μm) and in newly‐hatched juveniles, down to 290 mosm kg–1. Artificial opening and removal of the egg membranes, followed by direct exposure to FW, demonstrated that the ability to hyper‐osmoregulate, and consequently to survive, in FW appears in embryos with EI ≥ 410 μm, i.e., only a few hours or days before hatching. Following a transfer to the dilute seawater media, the PEF/hemolymph osmolality increased slowly over 18–20 days and became isosmotic with the external media at 13.6 and 20.4‰. The embryos died at EI 380–395 μm in these media, and only at 6.8‰ was the development completed until successful hatch. These results demonstrate that (1) the embryos become able to osmoregulate in FW shortly before hatching, (2) the embryos are osmo‐protected in the eggs during their development, (3) embryonic development and hatching are possible up to a salinity of 7‰. These results are discussed in relation to freshwater adaptation of crayfish. J. Exp. Zool. 289:433–440, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disrupting the transforming activity of shrimp ras(Q61K) by deleting the CAAX box at the C‐terminus
Authors: Huang Chein‐Fuang , Chen Chau‐Huei , Chuang Nin‐Nin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBALB/3T3 cells were transformed by transfection with DNA encoding the mutated ras(Q61K) from shrimp Penaeus japonicus. Ras transcription and protein levels had increased significantly in the cells transfected with the S‐ras plasmid, compared to cells transfected with a control plasmid pcDNA3.1. The bacterially expressed GTP‐locked S‐Ras(Q61K) is successfully prenylated by rat protein geranylgeranyltransferase I (PGGTase I) and then polymerized with tubulin, in agreement with findings for GTP‐locked mammalian KB‐Ras(Q61K) in vitro. Shrimp protein farnesyltransferase (PFTase) of shrimp did not prenylate the GTP‐locked shrimp S‐Ras(Q61K) (Lin and Chuang. 1998. J Exp Zool 281:565–573), whereas rat PFTase efficiently catalyzed the farnesylation of GTP‐locked S‐Ras(Q61K). To investigate the effect of geranylgeranylation on cellular transformation, we generated S‐ras(Q61K) mutants with deletion of the CAAX box [S‐ras(Q61K)‐caax] or replacement of the CAAX box [S‐ras(Q61K)Kcaax] or replacement of the arginine‐rich domain [S‐ras(Q61K)K‐Lys] with corresponding sequences from rat KB‐ras(Q61K). BALB/3T3 cells transfected with DNA encoding S‐ras(Q61K), S‐ras(Q61K)KCAAX, S‐ras(Q61K)K‐Lys were transformed successfully, but S‐ras(Q61K)‐CAAX was defective in its ability to transform. Thus, prenylation at CAAX is required for transformation. Either the geranylgeranylated or the farnesylated S‐Ras(Q61K) was endowed with abilities to transform. The arginine‐rich region in S‐Ras or the lysine‐rich clusters from the rat KB‐Ras appear not essential for activity to transform. J. Exp. Zool. 289:441–448, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of photoperiod on pituitary gonadotropin levels in masu salmon
Authors: Amano Masafumi , Ikuta Kazumasa , Kitamura Shoji , Aida Katsumi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe examined the effects of photoperiod on pituitary levels of two types of gonadotropin (GTH), GTH I and GTH II, in masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou to study their mechanism of synthesis. In Experiment 1, the effects of long or short photoperiod combined with castration were examined using 8‐month‐old precocious males. Castration was carried out in early August and then the fish were reared under a short (8L16D) or long (16L8D) photoperiod for 60 days. In Experiment 2, the effects of photoperiod combined with testosterone treatment were examined using 12‐month‐old immature females. Silastic tubes containing testosterone (500 μg /fish) or vehicle were implanted intra‐peritoneally in early October. Fish were reared under 16L8D for 60 days, and then half of the fish were transferred to 8L16D, while the remaining fish were kept under 16L8D until Day 90. In Experiment 1, GTH I contents were higher under 16L8D than under 8L16D in the castrated group on Day 30. Moreover, GTH I contents were higher in the castrated group than the control group under 16L8D on Day 30. GTH II contents increased with testicular maturation in the control groups, whereas they remained at low levels in the castrated groups regardless of photoperiodic treatment. In Experiment 2, GTH I contents did not change remarkably in all the groups, while GTH II contents were remarkably increased by testosterone treatment regardless of photoperiodic treatment. These results indicate that the synthesis of GTH I and GTH II are differently regulated by photoperiod and testosterone in masu salmon. J. Exp. Zool. 289:449–455, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tenant characteristics and the choice of tenurial contracts in rural India
Authors: Chaudhuri Ananish , Maitra Pushkar 
Published: September 2002

AbstractExisting theoretical models of land tenancy predict that more experienced workers will be offered tenancy contracts while the less experienced ones will be offered wage contracts. Using data from three Indian villages we map from the set of agent and plot‐level characteristics to the set of contracts offered on each plot. We find that tenants are older than wage labourers. In the set of tenants, older workers tend to be cash renters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic use restriction technologies and the diffusion of yield gains to developing countries
Authors: Goeschl Timo , Swanson Timothy 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe focus of this paper is the analysis of genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs) from the perspective of the diffusion of crop improvements to developing countries. One of the possible consequences of genetic use restriction technologies is a distinct downward shift in the growth trajectories of agricultural productivity in developing countries by restricting the flow of innovations to which these countries have had access in the past. In this case, developing countries are likely to face cumulative losses in agricultural productivity growth as a result of widespread adoption of GURTs by crop innovators. This paper presents the results of a study on hybrid crops, a precursor technology, to establish the negative effect of use restriction technologies on diffusion and discusses the implications of widespread use of GURTs for developing countries. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rotation of middle ear ossicles during cetacean development
Authors: Kinkel M.D. , Thewissen J.G.M. , Oelschläger H.A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCetacean middle ears are unique among mammals in that they have an elongated tympanic membrane, a greatly reduced manubrium mallei, and an incudal crus longum that is shorter than the crus breve. Elongation of the tympanic membrane and reduction of the manubrium is thought to be related to an evolutionary rotation of the incus and malleus out of the plane of the tympanic membrane. We examined if rotation also occurs during ontogeny by comparing the middle ears of two species of dolphins (Delphinus delphis, Stenella attenuata) at different stages of development. We observed that: the incus has the body and crural proportions as in terrestrial mammals early in development; the incudomallear complex rotates approximately 90° following ossification; the tympanic membrane is not elongated until relatively late in development. Therefore, some of the unique characteristics of the cetacean middle ear develop as modifications of an initially terrestrial‐like morphology. J. Morphol. 249:126–131, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optical biosensor investigation of interactions of biomembrane and water‐soluble cytochromes P450 and their redox partners with covalently immobilized phosphatidylethanolamine layers
Authors: Ivanov Y. D. , Kanaeva I. P. , Gnedenko O. V. , Pozdnev V. F. , Shumyantseva V. V. , Samenkova N. F. , Kuznetsova G. P. , Tereza A. M. , Schmid R. D. , Archakov A. I. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA phospholipid‐containing biochip was created by covalently immobilizing phospholipids on the optical biosensor's aminosilane cuvette and employed to monitor the interactions of the membrane and water‐soluble proteins in cytochrome P450‐containing monooxygenase systems with planary layers of dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE) and distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), differing in acyl chain length. It was shown that the full‐length membrane proteins—cytochrome P4502B4 (d‐2B4), cytochrome b5 (d‐b5) and NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase (d‐Fp)—readily incorporated into the phospholipids. The incorporation was largely due to hydrophobic interactions of membranous protein fragments with the phospholipid layer. However, electrostatic forces were also but not always involved in the incorporation process. They promoted d‐Fp incorporation but had no effect on d‐b5 incorporation. In low ionic strength buffer, no incorporation of these two proteins into the DSPE lipid layer was observable. Incorporation of d‐b5 into the DLPE layer was abruptly increased at temperatures exceeding phospholipid phase transition point. Incorporation of d‐2B4 was dependent on its aggregation state and decreased with increasing protein aggregability. Water‐soluble proteins either would not interact with the phospholipid layer (adrenodoxin) or would bind to the layer at the cost of only electrostatic (albumin) or both electrostatic and hydrophobic (P450cam) interactions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

Ad

adrenodoxin

AS

aminosilane surface of biosensor cuvette

2B4 and b5

cytochromes 2B4 and b5

d‐ and t‐

full‐length and truncated forms of proteins

DLPE

1,2‐dilauroylphosphatidylethanolamine (C12:0)

DSPE

1,2‐distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (C18:0)

EDC

1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide

Fp

NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase

K (Na)P

K(Na)‐phosphate buffer

KP/E

K‐phosphate buffer with 0.25 g/l Emulgen 913

NHS

N‐hydroxysuccinimide

P450cam

cytochrome P450cam

PBS/T

potassium/Tween buffer
Pathogenicity of mumps virus in the marmoset
Authors: Saika Shizuko , Kidokoro Minoru , Ohkawa Tokitada , Aoki Atuko , Suzuki Kazuyoshi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe neurovirulence of two mumps virus strains was compared using marmosets. Marmosets were inoculated intravenously with the wild‐type mumps virus Odate strain, resulting in evident meningitis in 1 of 3 marmosets at each of the weeks 3, 4, and 5 postinoculation, representing a total of 3 out of 9 marmosets. Nephritis, parotitis, pancreatitis, and tonsillitis were manifest in addition to central nervous system (CNS) sequelae. On the other hand, the Jeryl Lynn vaccine strain did not induce histopathological changes in the CNS and multiplication of the Jeryl Lynn strain was distinctly lower compared to that of the Odate strain in the marmoset. This is the first report to describe the induction of meningitis in non‐human primates after peripheral inoculation of a wild‐type mumps virus, presenting findings useful for the elucidation of the mechanism of infection and pathology of mumps virus in the CNS. The distinction observed between the Odate and Jeryl Lynn strains suggests the applicability of the marmoset model for the evaluation of any neurovirulence potential of vaccine strains. J. Med. Virol. 66:115–122, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The spatial and temporal behaviour of the lower stratospheric temperature over the Southern Hemisphere: the MSU view. Part I: data, methodology and temporal behaviour
Authors: Compagnucci Rosa H. , Salles M. Alejandra , Canziani Pablo O. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe lower stratosphere monthly temperature anomalies over the Southern Hemisphere derived from soundings made by the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) between 1979 and 1997 are analysed. Specifically MSU channel 4 temperature retrievals are considered. Principal component (PC) analysis with the S‐mode approach is used in order to isolate grid points that covary in a similar manner and to determine the main features of their temporal behaviour. The first six PCs explain 81.3% of the variance and represent the different time variability patterns observed over the Southern Hemisphere for the ten area clusters determined by the method. The most important feature is common to all the PC score pattern–time series and corresponds to a negative linear trend present in almost all the Southern Hemisphere except over New Zealand and surrounding areas. The negative trend is largest over Antarctica. The remaining features of the temporal variability are different for each PC score and therefore for each cluster region over the Southern Hemisphere. The first PC score pattern shows the impact of the Chichón and Mt Pinatubo eruptions that each produced a 2‐year warming over the tropical and sub‐tropical lower stratosphere. This variability is orthogonal with the behaviour present over Antarctica. There are different anomalies between 1987 (El Niño) and 1988 (La Niña). This second PC does not show any evidence whatsoever of the volcanic eruptions. The semi‐annual wave is present in the anomaly recurrence at mid to high latitudes. Over very low latitudes, close to the Equator, the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) band of frequency is also present. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Climate variability in Malawi, part 1: dry summers, statistical associations and predictability
Authors: Jury M. R. , Mwafulirwa N. D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractClimate variability and predictability over tropical southern Africa is studied using a Malawi summer rainfall index. Thermodynamic and circulation patterns are examined and statistical associations are analysed. Links with El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) and quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) phase are significant and consistent with those found for southern Africa. Correlations are mapped with respect to the Malawi rainfall index, and the regional expression of ENSO emerges quite clearly. Negative r values for sea‐surface temperature (SST) in the west Indian Ocean contrast with positive r values in the east Atlantic and Agulhas region. The thermodynamic pattern ‘anchors’ a standing Rossby wave, comprised of northwest–southeast‐oriented centres of action across the Mozambique Channel and southern Africa, and east of Madagascar to East Africa. A meandering of the sub‐tropical jet stream is an expression of the standing Rossby wave, leading to vertical motions over southern Africa. The pattern develops at least one season in advance, and predictive indices are extracted in the July–September season for use in a multivariate model to predict the Malawi summer rainfall. The three‐area SST index, formulated to capture the ENSO‐modulated Rossby wave pattern, is the most influential predictor, followed by air pressure over the east Indian Ocean and the stratospheric zonal wind anomaly (QBO). Skilful results are found, with a 55% hindcast fit and two‐thirds of tercile categories correctly forecast in independent tests. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Dynamics and glass transition of a starburst polymer from its low‐wavenumber Raman spectrum: neat poly(propylene imine) DAB‐dendr‐(CN)64
Authors: Rothschild Walter G. , Perrot Michel , Cavagnat Raymond M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe obtained experimental correlation times, in the range 11–27 ps and at temperatures between 333 and 123 K, from the low‐wavenumber VH‐Raman spectra of starburst polymer poly(propylene imine) DAB‐dendr‐(CN)64 in its neat state which, we propose, quantify the deformational mobility of the entire system's propylene— N < [ethylene— CN]2 links of its branching pattern. An activation plot of the correlation times extrapolates to a crossover value of Tc≈225 K, which we assign as ‘spectral signature’ of the system's known, thermodynamic glass transition temperature TG = 233 K. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERS study of some novel metal complexes derived from D‐glucosamine
Authors: Ye Yong , Hu Jiming , Zeng Yun'e 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCopper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(III) and iron(III) complexes of D‐glucosamine, and their complexes with α‐glycine were synthesized. The eight novel metal complexes were characterized by means of IR, electronic absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of these complexes were studied and by comparison of the spectra information on the SER active sites and adsorption orientation of these complexes was obtained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A SERS probe for adenyl residues available for intermolecular interactions. Part II—Reactive adenyl sites in highly diluted DNA
Authors: Grajcar Lydie , Huteau Valérie , Huynh‐Dinh Tam , Baron Marie‐Hélène 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with an (Ag)n+ substrate detects picomoles of adenyl residues (Ayl) in a mildly salted aqueous medium (10−2 M NaCl). Chloride binding to Ayl enhances the Ayl affinity for silver. The SER spectral profile provides information on Ayl orientation. If silver plasmons are closely related, Ayl SERS intensities depend on the extent of the adsorption. This allows us to compare Ayl availability in poly(dA), d(CCA AAA ACC) and d(GCC GAC CCG), in the corresponding double strands or in the self‐complementary d(CGA TCG) oligomer. Single‐strand self‐association constrains Ayl reactivity but less than duplex arrangements. Ayl reactivity is notably amplified in A tracts. In highly diluted poly(dA)–poly(dT) mixtures Ayl adsorption is available along flexible bulges. In the d(GCC GAC CCG).d(CGG GC GGC) duplex, where a thymidine is missing, Ayl is not more accessible than in the canonical duplex. Mg2+–nucleic acid complexation has a dual activity on the nucleic bases. At specific Mg2+ to nucleotide ratios, C6N/N7 Ayl sides are hidden in Mg2+ cross‐bridged structures involving homologous or complementary strands. Alternatively, below these ratios a 1 : 1 Mg2+–phosphate interaction enhances Ayl but also thymyl and cytosyl interactions with the electron‐depleted sites. Exploring salt effects and concentration dependences on nucleic base reactivity is crucial to predict elementary conditions for topological recognition in ‘living’ DNA, especially when temporarily unpaired or coiled in hairpins. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose, fructose and sucrose content in broccoli, white cabbage and Portuguese cabbage grown in early and late seasons
Authors: Rosa Eduardo , David Manuela , Gomes Maria H 
Published: September 2002

AbstractConsumption of Portuguese cabbage and white cabbage is very high in Portugal, but diets including broccoli have been highly recommended owing to recognition of the health‐protective effects of secondary plant metabolites. Broccoli production is generally concentrated in the summer/winter season, but the demand for a fresh product throughout the year requires production in other seasons. Sugars might affect flavour and the acceptance of broccoli by consumers. This study reports the free fructose, glucose and sucrose content in primary and secondary inflorescences of 11 cultivars of broccoli, one white cabbage and four Portuguese cabbages grown in early (March–July) and late (August–January) seasons in the northern region of Portugal. On average the results show that the total free sugar content in the broccoli cultivars, except for cv Marathon, is significantly (P < 0.05) lower than in the other cabbages. Fructose was the major sugar in the three types of Brassica, representing between 48.8 and 56.9% of the total sugar content in broccoli cvs Marathon and Senshi respectively and between 48.7% (cv Mirandela) and 53.8% (cv Murciana) in the other cabbages. Glucose was the second major sugar, while sucrose represented a maximum of 20.5% in broccoli cv Shogun and 11.1% in cv Murciana. The growing season influenced the free sugar content, with generally higher levels in the spring/summer than in the summer/winter season in broccoli, while an opposite tendency was noted in the other Brassica species. In broccoli the sugar levels in the primary inflorescences were generally lower than in the secondary inflorescences, except for sucrose.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimisation of enzymatic esterification of soybean oil deodoriser distillate
Authors: Facioli Nara Lúcia , Barrera‐Arellano Daniel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe enzymatic esterification of free fatty acids from soybean oil deodoriser distillate with ethanol, catalysed by immobilised fungal lipase, was studied. The extent of conversion of free fatty acids to ethyl esters was optimised using a response surface methodology obtained through a second‐order factorial experimental design. The variables studied were reaction temperature (30–70 °C), enzyme concentration (7–23%) and ethanol/free fatty acid molar ratio (0.3–3.7:1). The optimal reaction conditions achieved were temperature from 46.4 to 53.6 °C, enzyme concentration from 13.6 to 16.5% and ethanol/free fatty acid molar ratio from 1.7 to 2.3:1, with conversions above 88%. No significant tocopherol losses were observed during the process. In conclusion, enzymatic fatty acid esterification was shown to be a technically viable process.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry