bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral fluid as a diagnostic tool
Authors: Choo Robin E. , Huestis Marilyn A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTechnological advances over the past decades have enabled oral fluid to expand its usefulness in the diagnosis of disease, prediction of disease progression, monitoring of therapeutic drug levels and detection of illicit drugs. The easy non-invasive nature of collection and the relationship between oral fluid and plasma levels make oral fluid a valuable clinical tool. This review describes advances over the past 5 years in the area of oral fluid as a diagnostic tool, its use in therapeutic and illicit drug monitoring, including proposed guidelines for cut-off values, and methods of collection.
Position of immunological techniques in screening in clinical toxicology
Authors: George Steve 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere is a continuing increase in the use of immunological techniques in the field of clinical toxicology. This is primarily due to the rapidity by which analytical results are now required, and can be obtained, following the testing of individuals for drug use. There has recently been an increase in the repertoire of assays now available to testing laboratories (e.g., buprenorphine and heroin metabolite assays), with the techniques themselves becoming increasingly more specific for the drugs and/or metabolites being monitored (e.g., methadone metabolite assays). The near patient testing (NPT), or point-of-care testing (POCT), devices are now several generations forward from their inception, with some tests now approaching the sensitivity and specificity of automated laboratory-based methods. This review has been collated from the literature to illustrate some of the possible reasons for the move towards the increasing use of immunological techniques, and to highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with such drug screening methods. In particular, it has been shown that it is important to determine, monitor and review the knowledge and training of the individual using the technique. In addition, quality control and quality assessment are paramount to ensure the validity of any drug testing being performed. It has also been shown that it is vital to maintain and develop the relationships between the staff performing the testing, the laboratory (if the testing is performed using NPT devices), and the clinicians utilising the results obtained from drug testing. Without these links, interpretive errors could arise which could adversely affect the diagnosis and management of patients.
Systematic toxicological analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD)
Authors: Pragst Fritz , Herzler Matthias , Erxleben Björn-Thoralf 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn recent years, photodiode array detectors (DADs) have been much improved with respect to wavelength accuracy and resolution, sensitivity, linearity and software operation. UV spectra of drugs measured with up-to-date DADs from different manufacturers are in excellent agreement, have the same quality as measured by a conventional UV spectrometer and are highly reproducible. The calculation of similarity parameters by the DAD software includes the entire range of the spectra compared and allows recognition of very small differences. It was shown in a systematic study of more than 2500 toxicologically relevant substances that UV spectra have a very high specificity with respect to substance structure. Therefore, HPLC-DAD in combination with a comprehensive database of UV spectra and retention parameters is one of the most efficient techniques used in systematic toxicological analysis (STA). Furthermore, the method is advantageous for the identification of metabolites, since in many cases they have the same or very similar UV spectra compared with their respective parent substances and their retention times on reversed-phase columns are shifted in a manner typical of the particular biotransformation reaction. Beside these general aspects, practical applications of HPLC-DAD for STA are reviewed with respect to sample preparation and chromatographic conditions. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated for an example of a routine procedure using liquid-liquid extraction with CH
Making a Mark: Rock Art Research
Authors: Conkey Margaret W. 
Published: November 2004

The Hunter's Vision: The Prehistoric Art of Zimbabwe. Peter Garlake. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1995. 176 pp.Rock Art Studies in the Americas. Jack Steinbring. ed. Oxford, England: Oxbow Books, 1994. 186 pp.L'art pariéetal Paléolithique. Techniques et méthodes d'étude. Le Groupe de Réflexion sur l'Art Pariétal Paléolithique. Documents Préhistoriques, 5. Paris: Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, 1993. 427 pp.
On the Margin of the Periphery: Culture and Race in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Fischer Edward F. 
Published: November 2004

Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, volume 1. Norman E. Whitten. Jr. and Arlene Torres, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. 520 pp.Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean, volume 2. Norman E. Whitten. Jr. and Arlene Torres, eds. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998. 557 pp.
Catalogs from the Wheelwright
Authors: Schevill Margot Blum 
Published: November 2004

Bernstein. Bruce D. and Susan Brown McGreevy 1988 Anil Anáádaalyaa'igíí (Recent Ones That Are Made): Continuity & Innovation in Recent Navajo Art. Exhibition Catalog. Santa Fe: The Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. PO. Box 5153, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87502. 20.5. 20.5 cm. 47 pages. 35 black‐and‐white photographs, one map, wrap‐around cover, paperback, exhibition objea list, selected Navajo arts bibliography and references, end notes.Baizerman. Suzanne 1989 Ramona Sakiestewa. Patterned Dreams: Textiles of the Southwest. Exhibition Catalog. Santa Fe: The Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian. 9.5. 21.5 cm. 59 pages, 21 color plates,. black‐and‐white photographs, footnotes, references.
Combining advice: the weight of a dissenting opinion in the consensus
Authors: Harries Clare , Yaniv Ilan , Harvey Nigel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe present two studies that evaluate how people combine advice and how they respond to outlying opinions. In a preliminary study, we found that individuals use discounting strategies when they encounter an extreme opinion in a small sample of opinions taken only once (a one‐shot advice‐taking situation). The main study examines the influence of outlying opinions (which may or may not be accurate) within a learning paradigm with feedback. This study shows that it is easy to reinforce a discounting strategy (with feedback) whereas it is more difficult to counteract this default strategy. In the discussion we consider cognitive, statistical, and strategic justifications for discounting opinions, from both theoretical and practical points of view. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MINERVA‐DM and subadditive frequency judgments
Authors: Neil Bearden J. , Wallsten Thomas S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere is considerable evidence that frequency (and probability) judgments are often subadditive. That is, the frequency judgment assigned to an event is often less than the sum of the frequency judgments assigned to the mutually exclusive component events that together form it. Explanations for subadditive judgments have typically relied on relatively high‐level cognitive constructs such as the availability and representativeness heuristics. A lower‐level explanation of subadditivity is presented in this paper through a model of memory and judgment processes, MINERVA‐DM. Under MINERVA‐DM, subadditivity is influenced by the similarity of the representations of the judged component events in memory to one another and by the placement of decision criteria. Results from two experiments support the model predictions. The first examines the effects of component event similarity on subadditivity. The second replicates the first and also provides support for the model's prediction of the effects of payoffs on similarity criteria. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of rational and experiential information processing of expert testimony in death penalty cases
Authors: Krauss Daniel A. , Lieberman Joel D. , Olson Jodi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPast research examining the effects of actuarial and clinical expert testimony on defendants' dangerousness in Texas death penalty sentencing has found that jurors are more influenced by less scientific pure clinical expert testimony and less influenced by more scientific actuarial expert testimony (Krauss & Lee,2003; Krauss & Sales,2001). By applying cognitive–experiential self‐theory (CEST) to juror decision‐making, the present study was undertaken in an attempt to offer a theoretical rationale for these findings. Based on past CEST research, 163 mock jurors were either directed into a rational mode or experiential mode of processing. Consistent with CEST and inconsistent with previous research using the same stimulus materials, results demonstrate that jurors in a rational mode of processing more heavily weighted actuarial expert testimony in their dangerousness assessments, while those jurors in the experiential condition were more influenced by clinical expert testimony. The policy implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gravity‐induced convective flow in microfluidic systems: Electrochemical characterization and application to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests
Authors: Morier Patrick , Vollet Christine , Michel Philippe E. , Reymond Frédéric , Rossier Joël S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA way of using gravity flow to induce a linear convection within a microfluidic system is presented. It is shown and mathematically supported that tilting a 1 cm long covered microchannel is enough to generate flow rates up to 1000 nL·min‐1, which represents a linear velocity of 2.4 mm·s‐1. This paper also presents a method to monitor the microfluidic events occurring in a covered microchannel when a difference of pressure is applied to force a solution to flow in said covered microchannel, thanks to electrodes inserted in the microfluidic device. Gravity‐induced flow monitored electrochemically is applied to the performance of a parallel‐microchannel enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) with electrochemical detection. A simple method for generating and monitoring fluid flows is described, which can, for instance, be used for controlling parallel assays in microsystems.
Immobilized microfluidic enzymatic reactors
Authors: Křenková Jana , Foret František 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe use of enzymes for cleavage, synthesis or chemical modification represents one of the most common processes used in biochemical and molecular biology laboratories. The continuing progress in medical research, genomics, proteomics, and related emerging biotechnology fields leads to exponential growth of the applications of enzymes and the development of modified or new enzymes with specific activities. Concurrently, new technologies are being developed to improve reaction rates and specificity or perform the reaction in a specific environment. Besides large‐scale industrial applications, where typically a large processing capacity is required, there are other, much lower‐scale applications, benefiting form the new developments in enzymology. One such technology is microfluidics with the potential to revolutionize analytical instrumentation for the analyses of very small sample amounts, single cells or even subcellular assemblies. This article aims at reviewing the current status of the development of the immobilized microfluidic enzymatic reactors (IMERs) technology.
Parallel isoelectric focusing II
Authors: Zilberstein Gleb V. , Baskin Emmanuil M. , Bukshpan Shmuel , Korol Leonid E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA miniature electrophoretic device is developed on the basis of a new isoelectric focusing (IEF) method, namely parallel isoelectric focusing. We report here the theory and the results of operation of a new parallel isoelectric device (PID). The main advantages and limitations of the method are discussed for miniaturization purposes. It is shown that the method guarantees the fast and complete separation of any complex protein mixtures under acceptable conditions, such as voltage source, temperature, size of the device, and separation process duration. It is shown that the main problem of PID miniaturization is the buffer design, and the relation between Immobiline buffer capacity and solution buffer capacity. The main experimental limitation of PID resolution is protein sensitivity to pH changes.
The persistence in international real interest rates
Authors: Rapach David E. , Wohar Mark E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the degree of persistence in quarterly postwar tax‐adjusted ex post real interest rates for 13 industrialized countries using two recently developed econometric procedures. Our results show that international tax‐adjusted real interest rates are typically very persistent, with the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval for the sum of the autoregressive coefficients very close to 0.90 for nearly every country. A highly persistent real interest rate has important theoretical implications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of industry conduct with a latent structure
Authors: McCluskey Jill J. , Quagrainie Kwamena K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEmpirical industrial organization economists have long been concerned with measuring the degree of competition in markets and understanding its underlying determinants, but they have faced serious difficulties, including data requirements and misspecification issues. This paper offers an alternative method of estimating market power and industry conduct. Market power is estimated for the fresh apple industry with a latent modelling structure. Specifically, variations of the MIMIC model are adapted to this problem. These variations are the multiple‐indicators (MI) and the filtered‐measure (FM) approaches. The results suggest that although the Washington apple industry has a large market share, it does not exercise market power. Factors that mitigate the exertion of market power in the fresh apple market include competitor shipments and retailer power. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of substrate bias and argon flux on the structure of titanium nitride films deposited by filtered cathodic arc plasma
Authors: Zhang Y. J. , Yan P. X. , Wu Z. G. , Zhang W. W. , Zhang G. A. , Liu W. M. , Xue Q. J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHigh‐quality titanium nitride (TiN) films with nano‐structure were prepared at ambient temperature on (111) silicon substrates by filtered cathodic arc plasma (FCAP) technology with an in‐plane “S” filter. The effects of substrate bias and argon flux on the crystal grain size, roughness and preferred orientation were systematically investigated. It was found that the substrate bias and argon flux can affect the properties of TiN films effectively. Transmission electron microscope images showed that the crystal grain size was uniform and ranged from 10 nm to 5 nm. The results of X‐ray diffraction and electron diffraction indicated that the degree of preferred orientation was more evident under high substrate bias and high argon flux. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Weg mit dem Silodenken
Authors: Füser Karsten , Bopp Robert E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBanken sind derzeit mit tief greifenden Veränderungen ihres Wettbewerbsumfelds konfrontiert. Bedeutend sind hierbei vor allem drei Entwicklungen: Outsourcing, Securitization und Basel II. Im Folgenden wird aufgezeigt, welche Schnittstellen diese drei Themen aufweisen und wie sich durch die integrierte Behandlung Synergiepotenziale realisieren lassen. Der erste Teil der Serie charakterisiert dabei die Herausforderungen, die mit der Auslagerung von Geschäftsprozessen (Outsourcing) verbunden sind. Im zweiten Teil (erscheint in der RISKNEWS 01/2005) werden zunächst die entsprechenden Fragestellungen diskutiert, die sich durch die Forderungsverbriefung (Securitization) sowie im Zusammenhang mit Basel II ergeben. Außerdem wird ein Ansatz zur integrierten Behandlung dieser drei Fragestellungen beschrieben werden.
How much you know versus how well I know you: selecting a supplier for a technically innovative component
Authors: Hoetker Glenn 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHow do firms select a supplier for an innovative component? Three literatures speak to this question. Transaction cost economics focuses on the value of internalization, the literature on inter‐firm relationships on the value of past relationships, and the firm capabilities literature on the value of superior capabilities. Choosing a supplier means choosing a bundle of these characteristics—internal vs. external, amount of prior transactions, and capabilities—but no study has integrated all three characteristics, making it impossible to understand the trade‐offs involved either theoretically or managerially. I propose and test a model integrating all three factors, allowing us to understand the trade‐offs involved. I find that when uncertainty is low, the decision is made primarily on the basis of differences in technical capabilities. As uncertainty increases, prior relationships and a supplier being internal take on greater positive significance relative to the importance of technical capabilities. At extreme levels of uncertainty, the value of internal supply relationships becomes very high and past relationships lose their significance. While adherents of each literature have criticized the others for what they omit, this model moves beyond this mutual recrimination by incorporating the key concerns of each literature, setting the stage for future research that draws upon the strength of each. The model provides guidance for any situation where a firm must chose a partner under uncertainty. Lastly, it addresses the strategic question of how companies should organize in the long run to access the capabilities needed for competitive success. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemolymph melanization and alterations in hemocyte numbers in Lymantria dispar larvae following infections with different entomopathogenic microsporidia
Authors: Hoch Gernot , Solter Leellen F. , Schopf Axel 
Published: November 2004

Abstract Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larvae can be infected in the laboratory with a variety of entomopathogenic microsporidia. In many cases, however, L. dispar is only a semi‐permissive host for such infections. In this study, we analyzed changes in the melanization of hemolymph and hemocyte numbers in L. dispar larvae after inoculation with various entomopathogenic microsporidia. We compared the infections produced by microsporidia isolated from L. dispar and infections produced by isolates from other Lepidoptera to which L. dispar is only a semi‐permissive host. Microsporidiosis induced a significant activation of the prophenoloxidase system leading to melanization; activation was highest when the pathogen caused heavy infections of the fat body, which was the case with two microsporidia originally isolated from L. dispar. Infection of only the silk glands or light infection of the fat body by two Vairimorpha spp. from other lepidopteran hosts elicited a lower response. Very light infections caused by a microsporidium isolated from Malacosoma americanum were not accompanied by elevated hemolymph melanization activity. Heavy infections by Endoreticulatus spec. that remained restricted to the gut tissue likewise did not elicit melanization. One Vairimorpha spec. from L. dispar induced a significant increase in total hemocyte numbers; the other infections led to temporarily decreased numbers. Microscopic examinations showed that parts of infected tissue were encapsulated by hemocytes. We conclude that measured alterations in hemolymph melanization and hemocyte numbers were likely to be induced by the damaging effects of heavy infections. Observed defense responses did not prevent the progression of infections.
Trichome‐based host plant resistance of Lycopersicon species and the biocontrol agent Mallada signata: are they compatible?
Authors: Simmons Aaron T. , Gurr Geoff M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTrichome‐based host plant resistance of Lycopersicon (Solanaceae) species offers the potential to reduce pesticide use in tomato production, but its compatibility with biocontrol agents is largely unknown. The effect of trichome‐based host plant resistance on the lacewing biocontrol agent, Mallada signata, was assessed for five accessions of L. cheesmanii, four accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum, two accessions of Lycopersicon pennellii, and one Lycopersicon esculentum cultivar. An intact leaf was isolated from the whole plant using Tangletrap to coat the petiole and 20 green peach aphids [Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)] were placed on the leaf surface. After 24 h, 10 lacewings were placed on the leaf. The numbers of dead, trapped by exudates, untrapped and predated lacewings and aphids, and the numbers that had left the leaf were recorded a further 24 h later. Differences in insect designations between accessions were analysed using ANOVA. A General Linear Model (GLM), consisting of the densities of each trichome type and leaf area, was fitted to the data to determine the role of trichomes on the observed effects on lacewings and aphids. Lacewing mortality was greater on one accession of L. pennellii and one accession of L. hirsutum than on L. esculentum. The GLM indicated that type IV trichomes decreased the numbers of aphids predated, and increased cannibalism and, along with type III trichomes, increased entrapment‐related predator mortality. Although there were no differences in the numbers of predated aphids, with the majority predated for all accessions, the compatibility of trichome‐based host plant resistance of Lycopersicon species and the biocontrol of aphids by lacewings is questionable.
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and lipoprotein compositions in patients with Behçet's disease
Authors: Tursen Umit , Eskandari Gulcin , Kaya Tamer Irfan , Tamer Lulufer , Ikizoglu Guliz , Atik Ugur 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground  Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic relapsing oral–genital ulcers and uveitis. Some abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism have been described in patients with BD.Methods  In this study, apolipoprotein E (apo E) polymorphism and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in 30 patients with BD were compared with those of 27 control subjects.Results  Both patients and controls were found to be normolipidemic. Patients with BD had significantly higher concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol than those of controls (P < 0.05); however, there was no difference in serum triglyceride, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations. The distribution of apo E genotypes and alleles was the same in both groups. There were slight differences in allele frequency between the groups, but this was not statistically significant.Conclusions  The high HDL cholesterol levels observed in our patients were not related to abnormalities in apo E alleles.