bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fully automated blood typing system forhospital transfusion services
Authors: Sandler S.G. , Langeberg A. , Avery N. , Mintz P.D. ,   for the ABS2000 Study Group
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The results of routine blood bank testing by a fully automated blood typing system (ABS2000) were compared with those obtained by standard manual methods in six hospital transfusion services.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The ABS2000 system uses microtiter plates for determining ABO and D types, solid‐phase red cell adherence (SPRCA) assays for antibody detection, and modified SPRCA plates for IgG crossmatches. The transfusion services used their standard manual test tube methods.RESULTS: Of 3779 donors' samples tested for ABO types (red cell typings only), 3.0 percent could not be interpreted by the ABS2000 system's neural network, because of clots, hemolysis, or lipemic samples. The results for ABO types were concordant for 99.8 percent of the remaining samples. Of 3779 donors' samples tested for D types, the results were concordant for 98.7 percent. Of 7580 patients' samples tested for ABO types (red cell and plasma typings), 5.8 percent could not be interpreted by the ABS2000 system. There was 100‐percent concordance of ABO typing results for the remaining 7140 samples. There was 99.7‐percent concordance of results for patients' D types. The results of 96.7 percent of antibody detection tests and 98.8 percent of crossmatches were concordant. Neither method failed to detect a serologically incompatible crossmatch that was associated with a specific, clinically significant alloantibody. The ABS2000 system performed 45 confirmatory donor ABO and D types in 115 minutes, 22 antibody detection tests in 116 minutes, 16 patients' ABO/D types in 149 minutes, and 40 crossmatches in 140 minutes.CONCLUSION: The ABS2000 blood typing system automates routine blood bank tests with accuracy comparable to that of hospital transfusion services' standard manual methods.
Prevalence of the newly described human circovirus, TTV, in United States blood donors
Authors: Handa A. , Dickstein B. , Young N.S. , Brown K.E. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: A novel nonenveloped single‐stranded circular DNA virus (TTV) was recently identified. The prevalence of TTV in blood donors in the United States is, however, still unclear.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Viral DNA was detected in US blood donors from five cities by using two sets of TTV primers: NG059/NG061/NG063 primers, which amplified the conserved region of strains 1 and 2, and T801/T935 primers, which amplified the 5' end region of the TTV sequence. A TTV antibody assay system was based on the detection of the truncated open reading frame (ORF)‐1 (amino acids 1‐411) from type 1b. The truncated ORF‐1 was expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli, and the fusion protein was used as the antigen in the antibody assay system.RESULTS: Viremia was detected in 21 (8.4%) of 250 donors by use of NG059/NG061/NG063 primers and 104 (41.6%) of 250 by use of T801/T935 primers. There was little correlation among the assays, which suggests the preferential detection of different strains with the different primers. TTV antibody was detected in 38 of 100 donors: 32 (84%) of 38 with concurrent TTV viremia and 6 (16%) of 38 without TTV viremia. TTV viremia and/or TTV antibody‐positive samples were detected in 52 (52%) of 100 of US blood donors.CONCLUSION: Evidence of infection or exposure to TTV appears to be common among blood donors in United States.
Functional characteristics of neutrophils collected and stored after administration of G–CSF
Authors: Leavey P.J. , Thurman G. , Ambruso D.R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte transfusion may be used in neutropenic patients with severe bacterial or fungal infections that are unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. However, the inability to store granulocyte concentrates limits their clinical usefulness.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Neutrophil chemotaxis and NADPH oxidase activity and the integrity of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase system were examined after apheresis collection and during storage to 48 hours. Neutrophils were mobilized in vivo by G–CSF, collected by apheresis techniques, and stored in apheresis bags in the presence and absence of additional G–CSF. For all experiments, cells were further purified by standard techniques of dextran sedimentation and hypotonic RBC lysis.RESULTS: Neutrophil chemotaxis was preserved to 24 hours of storage but was not affected by the G–CSF added to storage units. The NADPH oxidase system was also preserved as a functioning complex, and both cytosolic proteins and membrane‐associated proteins were normal to 48 hours. However, there were divergent responses by intact cells to activating stimuli and reduced oxidase activity in the cell‐free system. G–CSF did not appear to significantly affect NADPH oxidase activity or NADPH oxidase system integrity during storage.CONCLUSION: Neutrophils collected after the administration of G–CSF retained functional and biochemical characteristics for at least 24 hours of storage, which suggests additional effects of G–CSF mobilization beyond enhancing PMN yields and the possibility of storage of these components after collection.
Absence of evidence of infection with divergent primate T‐lymphotropic viruses in United States blood donors who have seroindeterminate HTLV test results
Authors: Busch M.P. , Switzer W.M. , Murphy E.L. , Thomson R. , Heneine W. ,   for the Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Recent identification of divergent simian or primate T‐lymphotropic viruses (STLVs; PTLVs) in bonobos (formerly called pygmy chimpanzees; Pan paniscus; viruses: STLVpan‐p and STLVpp1664) and a baboon (Papio hamadryas; viruses: STLVph969 or PTLV‐L) have raised the possibility of human infection with these viruses. Divergent PTLV‐infected primate sera show p24 bands on HTLV‐I Western blots (WBs). It was investigated whether infection by divergent PTLV‐like viruses could explain a subset of United States blood donors who reacted on HTLV‐I EIAs and had indeterminate HTLV‐I WBs with p24 bands.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Epidemiologic characteristics of 1889 donors with HTLV‐I‐indeterminate WBs were compared to those of donors with confirmed retrovirus infections (393 with HIV, 201 with HTLV‐I, 513 with HTLV‐II) and 1.6 million donors with nonreactive screening tests. To directly probe for infection with divergent PTLVs, 2 HTLV‐I‐indeterminate donors born in Africa and 269 representative non‐African‐born donors with p24 bands on HTLV‐I WBs (previously shown to be negative for HTLV‐I and ‐II DNA by PCR) were selected for PTLV PCR analysis. DNA from peripheral blood MNC samples was tested for a proviral tax sequence by PCR using generic primers that amplify HTLV‐I, HTLV‐II, and the divergent PTLVs. Amplified tax sequences were detected by Southern blot hybridization to a 32P‐labeled generic PTLV probe. PCR‐positive samples could then be typed by hybridization with virus‐specific internal probes that differentiate HTLV‐I, HTLV‐II, PTLV‐L, and STLVpan‐p.RESULTS: In the epidemiologic analysis, HTLV‐indeterminate status was independently associated with age of at least 25 years (OR = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.93‐2.49), black (OR = 3.27; 95% CI, 2.90‐3.67) or Hispanic (OR = 1.82; 95% CI, 1.52‐2.16) race or ethnicity, and donation at one blood center (Baltimore) (OR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.11‐1.53). None of the 271 HTLV‐I WB‐indeterminate samples tested positive by generic PTLV PCR analysis.CONCLUSION: Although the epidemiologic data suggest the possibility of undiagnosed HTLV‐I, HTLV‐II, or a cross‐reactive virus such as PTLV among older, black, and Hispanic blood donors, the PCR data do not support the presence of divergent PTLV infection among US blood donors with HTLV‐I‐indeterminate results.¤
Mother‐to‐infant transmission of GB virus type C/HGV
Authors: Ohto H. , Ujiie N. , Sato A. , Okamoto H. , Mayumi M. ,   for the Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis Viruses Collaborative Study Group
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The potentially hepatotropic flavivirus‐like virus, GB virus type C (GBV‐C)/HGV, has been detected in a few patients with acute and chronic hepatitis and in a certain proportion of blood donors and recipients of blood or blood components.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sera from 2979 pregnant Japanese women were examined for the presence of GBV‐C/HGV RNA by nested RT‐PCR. Mothers who were positive for viral RNA and their 34 infants were followed and tested for infection.RESULTS: Of the 2979 women, 32 (1.1%) were positive for GBV‐C/HGV RNA. Twenty‐six (76.5%) of 34 babies born to these women were positive for the virus when first tested. A significantly higher titer of viral RNA was observed in mothers whose infants were infected than in those whose infants were uninfected (mean ± SD, 106.3 ± 0.9 vs. 104.6 ± 0.9/mL; p<0.001). Twenty‐three (96%) of 24 babies born to mothers whose serum viral titers were 106 mL or more were infected with the virus. Infants delivered by elective caesarean section had a lower risk (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02‐0.82) than those delivered vaginally or by emergency caesarean section. No other risk factors for mother‐to‐infant transmission were confirmed.CONCLUSIONS: GBV‐C/HGV is frequently transmitted from mothers to infants in the general population. The most critical factor is the titer of viral RNA in the maternal serum. By the use of elective caesarean section in women with high titers of viral RNA, vertical transmission of the virus may be lessened.
Determination of sibship by PCR‐amplified short tandem repeat analysis in Taiwan
Authors: Tzeng C.H. , Lyou J.Y. , Chen Y.R. , Hu H.Y. , Lin J.S. , Wang S.Y. , Lee J.C.I. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Sibship determination for any two persons whose parents have died is one of the most fundamental issues of personal identification, second only to those of a parent‐child relationship.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: By automated fluorescence analysis of a PCR‐amplified short tandem repeat (STR) system in conjunction with capillary electrophoresis, a panel of up to 15 polymorphic, autosomal, unlinked STR loci was used to investigate sibship index (SI) values in a cohort of 126 true sibling pairs. These SI values were then compared with those of 126 random pairs.RESULTS: The 15‐loci STR panel provides a cumulative power of exclusion of 0.9999997. Of the 126 random pairs, 124 (98.4%) had cumulative sibship indices (CSIs) of <1.0, and none had a CSI of >3.0 (median, 0.0101; range, 0.0000003‐2.5376). In contrast, 107 (85%) of the 126 sibling pairs had a CSI of >100 (median, 5,579.9853; range, 0.0747‐9,406,829,249.8461). However, five pairs (4%) of the sibling group had a CSI of <3.0. True sibship was confirmed for this particular group by additional paternity testing and mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis. Among a total of 1890 observations (15 loci × 126 pairs), two alleles per locus were shared 760 times (40.21%) (mean, 6.03 loci; range, 1‐10) in the sibling group, but only 192 times (10.16%) in the random group (mean, 1.52 loci; range, 1‐5) (p<0.001). No alleles were shared 696 times (36.83%) in the unrelated pairs, as compared to 176 times (9.31%) in the sibling group (p<0.001). A polarized distribution was not noted in the sharing of single alleles in either the random or the sibling group: 1002 observations (53.02%) and 954 observations (50.48%), respectively.CONCLUSION: Highly polymorphic STR analysis can be discriminative in most sibship determinations, and the sharing of two alleles per locus is most informative in indicating sibship. Complementary mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis is mandatory in a few cases to exclude or establish true sibship when CSIs are equivocal and neither parent is available.
Comparative performances of an HTLV‐I/II EIA and other serologic and PCR assays on samples from persons at risk for HTLV‐II infection
Authors: Poiesz B.J. , Dube S. , Choi D. , Esteban E. , Ferrer J. , Leon‐Ponte M. , De Perez G. Echeverria , Glaser J. , Devare S.G. , Vallari A.S. , Schochetman G. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II are related exogenous pathogenic human retroviruses. Until recently, ELISAs based on HTLV‐I antigens have been used to screen for the presence of HTLV‐I or ‐II antibodies. The HTLV‐I‐based assays have not been as sensitive in detecting antibodies to HTLV‐II as in detecting antibodies to HTLV‐I. The Abbott HTLV‐I/HTLV‐II ELISA uses a combination of HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II antigens to detect antibodies to the whole HTLV group. The performance of this ELISA was compared to that of several HTLV‐I‐based serologic assays and an HTLV‐II PCR assay in cohorts of South American Indians and New York City IV drug users (IVDUs) in whom HTLV‐II is endemic.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sera from 429 South American Indians and New York City IVDUs were evaluated for HTLV antibodies by the use of three ELISAs (rgp21‐enhanced HTLV‐I/II, Cambridge Biotech; Vironostika HTLV‐I/II, Organon Teknika; and HTLV‐I/HTLV‐II, Abbott), and a Western blot (WB) assay. Peripheral blood leukocyte DNA from each person was analyzed for HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II pol DNA via PCR. The HTLV‐II PCR‐positive samples were further subtyped via cloning and sequencing and/or oligomer restriction.RESULTS: Two hundred four samples (48%) were positive for HTLV‐II by serologic and/or PCR assays. All of the positive samples from the Indians and approximately one‐third of the positive samples from the IVDUs were of the HTLV‐IIB subtype. Comparative analyses indicate that the sensitivity and specificity of the various assays were: PCR, 98 and 100 percent; Abbott HTLV‐I/HTLV‐II, 78 and 95 percent; Cambridge Biotech HTLV‐I/II, 76 and 96 percent; Vironostika HTLV‐I/II, 71 and 98 percent; and WB, 73 and 100 percent, respectively.CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences among the sensitivities and specificities of the HTLV‐I/II ELISAs (p values, 0.056‐0.438). The WB and PCR assays were much more specific than the other serologic assays (p≤0.03). However, the PCR assay is significantly (p<0.001) more sensitive than any of the serologic assays in the detection of HTLV‐II infection. Thus, optimal detection of HTLV‐II infection would seem to require both serologic and DNA PCR assays.
In vivo effects of Hb solutions on blood viscosity and rheologic behavior of RBCs: comparison with clinically used volume expanders
Authors: Menu Patrick , Bleeker Wim , Longrois Dan , Caron Alexis , Faivre‐Fiorina Béatrice , Muller Sylvaine , Labrude Pierre , Stoltz Jean‐François 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Hb‐based oxygen carriers (HbOCs) have vasoactive effects that are still poorly understood. Factors known to have vasoactive effects, such as plasma, whole‐blood viscosity, and the rheologic behavior of RBCs, are modulated by HbOCs in vitro, but few in vivo studies have been performed.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Rabbits were phlebotomized (30%) and resuscitated with unmodified stroma‐free Hb (SFHb), dextran‐tetracarboxylate‐Hb (Dex‐BTC‐Hb), O‐raffinose‐polymerized Hb (OrpHb), HSA, or hydroxyethyl starch 200 (HES). Plasma viscosity was assessed with a capillary viscometer and whole‐blood viscosity with a rotational viscosimeter. RBC aggregation kinetics were determined by analysis of back‐scattered light in a rotating device.RESULTS : As compared to that in the control RBC suspension, resuscitation with SFHb, OrpHb, or HSA decreased plasma and whole‐blood viscosity as well as RBC aggregation; resuscitation with Dex‐BTC‐Hb increased whole‐blood viscosity at low shear rates as well as RBC aggregation, whereas that with HES decreased whole‐blood viscosity but increased RBC aggregation.CONCLUSION : HbOCs have different rheologic effects in vitro and in vivo. There are marked differences among the Hb solutions in their in vivo effects on viscosity and RBC rheologic behavior (especially at low shear rates encountered in the venous circulation and the microcirculation), which may be related to the chemical modifications applied to hemoprotein. These results could contribute to an understanding of the vasoactive effects of HbOCs.
Risk factors for infection with HBV and HCV in a largecohort of hemophiliac males
Authors: Soucie J. Michael , Richardson Lisa C. , Evatt Bruce Lee , Linden Jeanne V. , Ewenstein Bruce M. , Stein Sidney F. , Leissinger Cindy , Manco‐Johnson Marilyn , Sexauer Charles L. ,   for the Hemophilia Surveillance System Project Investigators
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Before the implementation of donor screening and the development of effective virus‐inactivation procedures, persons with hemophilia (PWHs) were at risk of infection with HBV and HCV transmitted through clotting factor concentrates.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data collected from the medical records of a cohort of 2,772 males with hemophilia who resided in six states of the United States were used to examine relations between demographic and clinical characteristics and laboratory markers of past or present infection with HBV and HCV using logistic regression.RESULTS: Test results were available for 60 percent of the cohort. Among those tested, 30 percent were positive for markers of HBV infection and 64 percent for HCV infection. Factors associated with increased odds of positive HBV markers and HCV infection were greater severity of hemophilia, larger amounts of factor use, and HIV infection. Markers of HBV infection persisted in birth cohorts as late as 1992 and those of HCV infections in birth cohorts through 1991. Compared to same‐age US males, PWHs born between 1987 and 1989 were more likely to have markers of HBV and HCV infection.CONCLUSION: PWHs who received clotting factor concentrates before 1990 may be at risk for infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C and should be tested.
Allogeneic blood transfusion and postoperative duration of mechanical ventilation
Authors: Vamvakas Eleftherios C. , Carven Joan H. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: In patients having open heart surgery, allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT) may be related to an enhanced inflammatory response and impaired pulmonary function, resulting in the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The records of 416 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital were reviewed. Possible predictors and the number of days of postoperative ventilation, as well as the number of RBC units transfused and the length of their storage, were recorded. The association between mechanical ventilation after the day of operation and the number of RBC units transfused was calculated by logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: The number of RBC units transfused, but not the length of their storage, differed (p<0.0001) among patients ventilated for 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more days after the day of operation. Patients taken off ventilation on the day of operation received (mean ± SE) 2.01 ± 0.14 RBC units; patients kept on ventilation for 4 or more days received 9.45 ± 1.83 units. After adjusting for the effects of 18 confounding factors, the number of RBC units transfused was not a significant predictor of ventilation past the day of operation. There was, however, a trend suggesting that the likelihood of such ventilation might increase by 26 percent per RBC unit transfused (p = 0.0628).CONCLUSIONS: Future studies of the outcomes of ABT should examine further the possibility of a relationship between the number of transfused RBCs and the likelihood of postoperative ventilation after the day of operation.
Labeling D+ RBCs for flow cytometric quantification of fetomaternal hemorrhage after the RBCs have been coated with anti‐D
Authors: Kumpel Belinda M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: D– patients may receive Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) before blood samples are taken for estimation of the volume of fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) by flow cytometry. Anti‐D bound to the fetal D+ cells may then block the binding of conjugated D MoAb. This may reduce the fluorescence of the D+ cells, which would lead to ambiguity over setting the positions of the markers on histograms and may result in erroneous values of FMH.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Labeling methods were compared by using FITC‐BRAD 3 (anti‐D) and/or FITC‐anti‐IgG (Fab fragment) with mixtures of D+ (R1r) and D– (rr) cells when the D+ cells had first been coated with various amounts (0 molecules/cell and 600‐13,000 molecules/cell) of anti‐D (RhIg). Variables examined were antibody concentrations, the order and times of incubation with the antibodies, and the effect of washing between the uptake of the antibodies used.RESULTS: In all cases, D+ cells were strongly labeled after incubation with 50 μL of FITC‐BRAD‐3 and then after washing with 50 μL of FITC‐anti‐human IgG, with both incubations being for 30 minutes at 37°C. With this double‐staining procedure, the fluorescence of D+ cells was found to be similar regardless of how much anti‐D (RhIg) was previously bound and greater than that with FITC‐BRAD‐3 alone, giving an enhanced signal‐to‐noise ratio.CONCLUSION: As the testing laboratory may not know if the patient has received prophylactic RhIg, this labeling method would be suitable for all samples.
Presence of Propionibacterium acnes in blood components
Authors: Kunishima Shinji , Inoue Chikako , Kamiya Tadashi , Ozawa Kazuo 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Sterility testing, as part of the QC of blood components at the Japanese Red Cross Aichi Blood Center between April 1998 and March 2000, showed that 10 of 5568 tested blood components (0.18%), all of which were RBC concentrates, were contaminated with bacteria. Nine isolates were Propionibacterium acnes and one was Staphylococcus capitis.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To investigate the molecular relatedness of eight available P. acnes isolates, 16S rRNA gene analysis and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis were performed.RESULTS: DNA sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that five isolates were identified as distinct strains and that three had identical sequences. RAPD analysis in the latter three isolates showed that two exhibited indistinguishable banding patterns that differed from that of the third isolate.CONCLUSION: P. acnes was the most frequent contaminant of blood components, and six of eight isolates were molecularly unrelated. Further studies are necessary to investigate the precise mechanisms of contamination.
Flow cytometric monocyte phagocytic assay for predicting platelet transfusion outcome
Authors: Lim Jihyang , Kim Yonggoo , Han Kyungja , Kim Myungshin , Lee Kyo‐Young , Kim Won‐Il , Shim Sang‐In , Kim Byung‐Kee , Kang Chang‐Suk 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: A new flow cytometric monocyte phagocytic assay (FMPA) was developed with 5‐chloromethyl fluorescein diacetate (CMFDA)‐labeled platelets for predicting the outcome of platelet transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twelve patients with a history of multiple platelet transfusions and 21 controls were enrolled in this study. Platelets labeled with CMFDA were incubated with patient serum and then incubated with monocytes. They were then analysed by flow cytometry. Monocytes that had phagocytized platelets (%) were detected as a CMFDA‐positive platelet population with a CD14+ monocyte gate. The performance of FMPA was evaluated in 29 transfusions by 1‐ and 24‐hour CCIs and platelet crossmatching. RESULTS: FMPA results were well correlated with 1‐hour (r = −0.818, p = 0.001) and 24‐hour (r = −0.782, p = 0.001) CCIs. In the group with high FMPA results (mean ± SD, 79.1 ± 7.3%), nine of 10 positive crossmatches revealed low CCIs, and six of seven negative crossmatches revealed high CCIs. The CCI predictability of crossmatching in the group with high FMPA results was high (88.2%). In the group with low FMPA results (mean ± SD, 34.6 ± 7.8%), all 12 transfusions revealed high CCIs even though in four transfusions there were positive results in both platelet antibody testing and platelet crossmatching. CONCLUSION: FMPA is designed with near in vivo conditions to measure an immune response to transfused platelets, including phagocytosis. This is a useful method for predicting the outcome of platelet transfusion.