bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of [2.2]Paracyclo- and [2.2](1,4)Naphthaleno-(3,6)carbazolophanes
Authors: Tani Keita , Matsumura Koh , Hori Kazushige , Tohda Yasuo , Takemura Hiroyuki , Ohkita Hideo , Ito Shinzaburo , Yamamoto Masahide 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
[2.2]Paracyclo(3,6)carbazolophane (1a) and [2.2](1,4)naphthaleno(3,6)carbazolophane (1b) were prepared. The structures of 1a and 1b were characterized by 1H NMR. X-ray analysis of 1a revealed that the carbazole ring extremely deviates from the conjugated plane. Electronic spectra of 1a and 1b showed the broadening and bathochromic shift compared with the references.
Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility
Authors: Solon Gary 
Published: September 2002

International studies of the extent to which economic status is passed from one generation to the next are important for at least two reasons. First, each study of a particular country characterizes an important feature of that country's income inequality. Second, comparisons of intergenerational mobility across countries may yield valuable clues about how income status is transmitted across generations and why the strength of that intergenerational transmission varies across countries. The first section of this paper explains a benchmark measure of intergenerational mobility commonly used in U.S. studies. The second section summarizes comparable empirical findings that have accumulated so far for countries other than the United States. The third section sketches a theoretical framework for interpreting cross-country differences in intergenerational mobility.
Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link
Authors: Roy Tirthankar 
Published: September 2002

This paper argues that to restore the link between economic history and modern India, a different narrative of Indian economic history is needed. An exclusive focus on colonialism as the driver of India's economic history misses those continuities that arise from economic structure or local conditions. In fact, market-oriented British imperial policies did initiate a process of economic growth based on the production of goods intensive in labor and natural resources. However, productive capacity per worker was constrained by low rates of private and public investment in infrastructure, excessively low rates of schooling, social inequalities based on caste and gender and a delayed demographic transition to lower birthrates and the resultant heavy demographic burden placed on physical capital and natural resources.
Retrospectives
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F 
Published: September 2002

This feature addresses the history of economic words and ideas. The hope is to deepen the workaday dialogue of economists, while perhaps also casting new light on ongoing questions. If you have suggestions for future topics or authors, please write to Joseph Persky, c/o Journal of Economic Perspectives, Department of Economics (M/C 144), University of Illinois at Chicago, 601 South Morgan Street, Room 2103, Chicago, Illinois 60607-7121. Until recently, the standard story line in history of thought textbooks was that a triumvirate of British and Continental writers established demarcation between classical economics and neoclassical economics in the early 1870s. The authors raise two objections to this potted history. The first is that the tools of neoclassical economics were invented earlier. Recent work has demonstrated that the tools of neoclassical analysis were widely available across Europe well before 1870. The notion that neoclassical economics experienced a tripartite immaculate conception around 1870 cannot stand. The second objection is that the method of neoclassical economics was invented later. As it stands, the legend undervalues the key contribution of Alfred Marshall, who put an indelible stamp on neoclassical economics by defining the appropriate method of economic inquiry. When we refer to neoclassical economics today, we usually mean the collection of tools of economic knowledge available to (and invented by) Marshall, channeled and directed into uses dictated by Marshall's view of economic science. Yet as we shall see, Marshall had an eminent predecessor in method as well, in the person of Jules Dupuit.
The effects of mental context reinstatement on children's accounts of sexual abuse*
Authors: Hershkowitz Irit , Orbach Yael , Lamb Michael E. , Sternberg Kathleen J. , Horowitz Dvora 
Published: September 2002

AbstractForensic interviewers guided 46.4‐ to 13‐year‐old alleged victims of sexual abuse to recall the context in which the reported incidents had taken place. A comparable group of 50 alleged victims were interviewed using an interview protocol that was identical except that the mental context reinstatement (MCR) techniques were not included. MCR did not increase the total number of event‐related details reported, but it did lead children to reported proportionally more details (55% versus 46%) in response to invitations rather than focused prompts. Such information is more likely to be accurate. MCR had an especially powerful effect on the youngest children (4‐ to 6‐year‐olds) studied. The results suggest that non‐suggestive contextual cues may indeed be useful in forensic interviews. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of postevent information on adults' eyewitness reports
Authors: Sutherland Rachel , Hayne Harlene 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe present experiment examined the conditions under which adults' reports of an event are influenced by information encountered after the event occurred. Adults were exposed to neutral, leading, and misleading postevent information about a target event 24 hours after that event. Twenty‐four hours after exposure to postevent information, participants were first asked a general, open‐ended question (free recall test procedure) and were then asked a series of specific questions. Some participants were asked to select their response from two possible alternatives (recognition test procedure) and some participants were required to generate their own answers to the same questions (directed recall test procedure). The nature of the original information, the nature of the postevent information, and the specificity of the questioning procedure influenced the number of correct responses and the number of misleading errors that participants made. These findings have important implications for interviewing adult witnesses. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of perceptual elaboration and individual differences in the creation of false memories for suggested events
Authors: Drivdahl Sarah B. , Zaragoza Maria S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWitnesses who are exposed to false or misleading information in the course of an investigation are often asked follow‐up questions designed to elicit more detailed information about the alleged objects/events. The results of the present study showed that pressing witnesses to elaborate on the perceptual characteristics of suggested events increased false memory for these events. Specifically, participants who were asked about the perceptual details of suggested events (e.g. their location, physical appearance, etc.) were much more likely to later claim they ‘definitely’ remembered witnessing the fictions events than participants who were exposed to the same suggestions but were not probed about additional perceptual details. In addition, the present study examined the role of individual difference variables in susceptibility to suggestion. The results showed that scores on the Tellegen Absorption Scale (but not the Dissociative Experiences Scale and the Creative Imagination Scale) were correlated with susceptibility to false memory in this paradigm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commonsense beliefs and the identification of familiar voices
Authors: Yarmey A. Daniel , Yarmey A. Linda , Yarmey Meagan J. , Parliament Lisa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwo experiments are reported in which participants attempted to reject the tape‐recorded voice of a stranger and identify by name the voices of three personal associates who differed in their level of familiarity. In Experiment 1 listeners were asked to identify speakers as soon as possible, but were not allowed to change their responses once made. In Experiment 2 listeners were permitted to change their responses over successive presentations of increasing durations of voice segments. Also, in Experiment 2 half of the listeners attempted to identify speakers who spoke in normal‐tone voices, and the remainder attempted to identify the same speakers who spoke in whispers. Separate groups of undergraduate students attempted to predict the performance of the listeners in both experiments. Accuracy of performance depended on the familiarity of speakers and tone of speech. A between‐subjects analysis of rated confidence was diagnostic of accuracy for high familiar and low familiar speakers (Experiment 1), and for moderate familiar and unfamiliar normal‐tone speakers (Experiment 2). A modified between‐subjects analysis assessed across the four levels of familiarity yielded reliable accuracy‐confidence correlations in both experiments. Beliefs about the accuracy of voice identification were inflated relative to the significantly lower actual performance for most of the normal‐tone and whispered‐speech conditions. Forensic significance and generalizations are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecological and person‐oriented aspects of metacognitive processes in test‐taking
Authors: Kleitman Sabina , Stankov Lazar 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study examines critical aspects of both the ecological and the person‐oriented accounts of observed biases in confidence judgements on tests of cognitive abilities. These biases reflect metacognitive processes involved in test‐taking. According to the ecological approach, poor realism of confidence judgements is due to the nature of the items included in general knowledge tests (test‐driven biases). The person‐oriented approach, however, argues that biases in confidence judgements may be due to a general self‐monitoring trait. The present study employed the ‘de‐biasing’ procedure proposed by Juslin (1994) for the selection of general knowledge test items, and used a newly developed geographical knowledge test suitable for the Australian population. Two other cognitive tests (Raven's Progressive Matrices and Line Length) were administered in order to determine whether there is a consistency in confidence ratings across diverse tasks. Statistical procedures traditional to both approaches‐calibration curves and factor analysis ‐ were employed. The results, with minor qualifications, support both perspectives. The study found a separate confidence factor, indicative of a self‐monitoring trait. Two other potential metacognitive factors (i.e. ‘expectation’ and ‘evaluation’, corresponding to self‐assessment/planning and self‐evaluation) could not be separated from accuracy and speed measures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drawing and showing: helping children to report emotionally laden events
Authors: Wesson Michaela , Salmon Karen 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis study examined the effectiveness of drawing and re‐enactment as means of facilitating children's verbal reports about emotionally laden events. Sixty children, aged 5 and 8 years, were interviewed about times when they had felt happy, sad and scared in one of three interview conditions; drawing, in which they were asked to draw and tell, re‐enactment, in which they were asked to re‐enact and tell, or verbal, in which they were simply asked to tell. For children of both age groups, drawing and re‐enactment enhanced the amount of information reported relative to a verbal interview. Further, drawing and re‐enactment elicited a greater number of items of descriptive information than did the verbal interview. The possible mechanisms underlying these findings and their implications for interviewing children in clinical contexts are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The discrimination of graphical elements
Authors: Hollands J. G. , Spence Ian 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA model is proposed to account for how people discriminate quantities shown in pie charts and divided bar graphs (i.e. which proportion is larger, A or B?). The incremental estimation model assumes that an observer sequentially samples from the available perceptual features in a graph. The relative effectiveness of sampled perceptual features is represented by the spread of probability distributions, in the manner of signal detection theory. The model's predictions were tested in two experiments. Participants took longer with pies than divided bars and longer with non‐aligned than aligned proportions in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, participants took longer with divided bars than pies when graphs were of unequal size. Generally, graphical formats producing longer response times incurred a greater time penalty when the difference between proportions was reduced. These results were in accordance with the model's predictions. Implications for graphical display design are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computerized test of speed of language comprehension unconfounded by literacy
Authors: May Jon , Alcock Katherine J. , Robinson Louise , Mwita Christina 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA computerized version of the Silly Sentences task developed for use with children is found to be equivalent to the pencil‐and‐paper version from the SCOLP test with UK undergraduates, and is usable by a sample of young UK children. Because the sentences are presented aloud instead of being written, the computerized test is not affected by literacy skills. Translated into Kiswahili, the task was used in Tanzanian schools, despite the absence of an electricity supply and a very different cultural background. The decision latencies had a test–retest reliability of 0.69 over 5 months, and were independent of age and baseline decision speed. The task appears appropriate for longitudinal studies, including those in developing countries. Given its simplicity and the correlations with the original SCOLP version of the task, it may also be useful in studies on literate adults. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Watching the birdie watching you: eyewitness memory for actions using CCTV recordings of actual crimes
Authors: Woolnough Penny S. , MacLeod Malcolm D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper we describe a method of assessing eyewitness performance for actual crimes that could prove a valuable addition to more traditional experimental and field‐based approaches to the study of eyewitnessing. We present the findings of the first reported attempt to assess the accuracy of information contained in police statements given by eyewitnesses to actual criminal episodes using CCTV as a means of verification. Employing the criterion of using only those items that could be verified against CCTV recordings (largely action details), both victims and bystanders from eight incidents of assault were found to be highly accurate in their accounts (96% accurate). These results are discussed in terms of what they might indicate about the relationship between arousal and eyewitness performance and how they compare with laboratory and other field‐based approaches to the study of eyewitness memory. In addition, we consider some of the methodological, technological and practical constraints associated with this novel approach and its possible future applications to the study of everyday memory as well as memory for unusual events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matching the faces of robbers captured on video
Authors: Henderson Zoë , Bruce Vicki , Burton A. Mike 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRecent research has shown that unfamiliar face matching from both high‐ and low‐quality closed circuit television video images to photographs is highly prone to error, even when viewpoint and expression are matched as closely as possible. The current experiments made use of a filmed, staged reconstruction of a bank raid that was captured on CCTV and on high‐quality broadcasting video. Experiment 1 tested the ability of members of the public to match actors captured on CCTV to photo‐spreads containing similar‐looking distractors. Further experiments, each testing different groups of subjects, investigated matching ability using both high‐quality photographs (Experiment 2) and broadcast‐quality video material (Experiment 3). Experiment 3 also investigated the effect of disguising hairstyle, and varied whether or not the target was present in the photo line‐up. The results of these experiments confirm those of previous work, that matching the identity of unfamiliar faces is highly fallible, even when high‐quality footage is used. Experiments 4 and 5 tested matching ability using two‐alternative forced‐choice and single‐item verification tasks. Performance remained highly error‐prone even with the simplest question asked. The legal implications of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auditory substitution of vision: pattern recognition by the blind
Authors: Arno P. , Vanlierde A. , Streel E. , Wanet‐Defalque M.‐C. , Sanabria‐Bohorquez S. , Veraart C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPattern recognition in a computer environment was investigated in 6 early blind and 6 blindfolded sighted subjects using auditory substitution of vision. Subjects had to scan visual patterns displayed on a PC screen by moving the pen of a graphics tablet, which lead to corresponding displacements of the cursor on the screen. A small screen area centered on the pointer was then translated into sounds according to a visual‐auditory transcription code. Subjects were trained to learn this code during 12 one‐hour sessions. Performance of both groups significantly increased with practice. This indicates that mental representations of visual patterns can be acquired through the auditory channel, even in the absence of visual experience. Moreover, blind subjects performed significantly better than sighted subjects did. This could be interpreted as a result of partial compensation for their loss of vision. Pattern recognition in a computer environment is thus possible using a fairly natural vision‐to‐audition coding scheme. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indexing space and time in film understanding
Authors: Magliano Joseph P. , Miller Jason , Zwaan Rolf A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe investigated the extent to which understanders monitor shifts in time and space during film comprehension. Participants viewed a feature‐length film and identified those points in the film in which they perceived a change in situation. We performed an a priori analysis of the films to identify the shifts in time, the movement of characters, and region. The relationship between the theoretical analysis of the films and the participants judgements of situational change was assessed. The results provide support for the Event Indexing Model and suggest that situation models for filmed events are indexed along multiple dimensions of situational continuity. Furthermore, the pattern of results was similar for narrative film as they are for narrative text. This finding suggest that there are general mechanisms for event understanding that operate independently of medium or mode of experience. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive style and learning: performance of adaptors and innovators in a novel dynamic task
Authors: Pounds Julia , Bailey Larry L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe influence of cognitive style on performance in a novel dynamic task modelled on the task of controlling air traffic was investigated. It was hypothesized that participants who preferred a more adaptive cognitive style would maintain better rule adherence and safe distances between aircraft in a low‐fidelity air traffic control task than those who preferred a more innovative style. Problems were presented to participants using computer‐based scenarios in screening, practice, and experimental trials. Performance was measured by the number of times the participant violated two types of scenario rules. Screening, practice, and experimental performance were analysed separately. Cognitive style had a significant effect on performance only during experimental trials. Performance of individuals who preferred a more adaptive style improved across experimental trials while those preferring a more innovative style did not. Results suggest that the more innovative participants, although perhaps having some initial advantage, may not be able to sustain performance in this type of task. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of question type on self‐contradictions by children in the course of forensic interviews
Authors: Lamb Michael E. , Fauchier Angèle 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwenty‐four forensic interviews of seven alleged victims of child sexual abuse were examined to elucidate the circumstances in which the children contradicted forensically relevant details they had provided earlier. Suggestive questions by the interviewers elicited a disproportionate number of contradictions, whereas open‐ended invitations never elicited contradictions. Because contradictions necessarily imply that details were stated inaccurately at least once, these close analyses of forensic interviews demonstrate that, as in analogue contexts, open‐ended prompts yield more accurate information than do focused questions, particularly option‐posing and suggestive prompts. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship of life event stress and working memory capacity
Authors: Klein Kitty , Boals Adriel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe relationship between life stress and working memory capacity (WM) was examined in three studies. Participants with more life event stress performed more poorly on Turner and Engle's (1989) operation‐word span WM task, and this impairment was more pronounced on longer operations. Life event stress also predicted intrusion errors. Finally, self‐reports of intrusive and avoidant thinking predicted functional WM capacity as did the recency of negative life events. The results are interpreted using a limited capacity model of WM in which cognitive representations of stressful life events compete with task demands for attentional resources. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interviewing children and adults: the effect of question format on the tendency to speculate
Authors: Waterman Amanda H. , Blades Mark , Spencer Christopher 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn formal interviews it is important that interviewees indicate when they do not know the answer, rather than speculate. In this study we investigated whether question format affected the tendency to speculate. One hundred and twenty‐eight 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds, and 23 adults, were told two short stories, and were then asked questions about the stories. Half of the questions were answerable based on the information provided; the other half were not answerable. Within these categories, half of the questions were closed questions (i.e. only required a yes/no response), and half were wh‐questions (i.e. requested particular details to be provided). All participants performed at ceiling with the answerable questions. With the unanswerable questions, there was an effect of format. The majority of children and adults correctly indicated that they did not know the answer when asked unanswerable wh‐questions. However, the majority of children, and just over one‐fifth of adults, provided a response (i.e. ‘yes’ or ‘no’) to the closed unanswerable questions. The implications for interviews, particularly within a forensic context, are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.