bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progressive neuronal differentiation in the submandibular ganglia of a series of human fetuses
Authors: Crouse Gail S. , Cucinotta Anthony J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSerial sections of a series of 20 human fetuses, ranging in age from 4+ weeks (6 mm C.R.) through full term (470 mm C.H.) were studied from the standpoint of progressive development changes in the the submandibular ganglion neuroblasts. The basic staining technique used was the silver nitrate method of Holmes, with luxol fast blue, toluidine blue, gallocyanin and H&E employed as alternate counterstains.General topography and the formation of roots in relation to the developing ganglion were studied.Morphological changes in the neuroblasts were related to time of first appearance in the series. Neuroblasts were easily distinguished from non‐nervous ganglion cells at the 79 mm stage. Neuroblastic multipolarity was present at the 79 mm stage also, and the cells were predominantly multipolaar at the 278 mm stage. Neurofibrillae, Nissl bodies, well‐formed capsules and the reduction of the number of nucleoli to one or two were characteristics first observed in the 120 mm fetus.Preganglionic terminal arborizations were observed as early as the 25 mm stage.Counts of ganglion neuroblasts of four selected fetuses indicated a progressive reduction in numbers from 12,128 at 17 weeks (120 mm) to 5,988 at full term.Measurements of ganglion neuroblasts of four selected fetuses revealed a progressive increase in the cytoplasmic/nuclear ratio from 1.38 at 15 weeks (97 mm) to 2.05 at full term.
A fine structural analysis of the ventral nerve cord and associated sheath of Lumbricus terrestris L.
Authors: Coggeshall Richard E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study is a fine structural analysis of the earthworm nervous system and its sheath. The bulk of the findings consists of the addition of fine structural detail to the extant descriptions of the general organization of this system. These findings were of particular interest, (1) that the nervous system possesses one basic type of supportive glial cell, (2) that the zonula occludens was not found anywhere in the structures studied here, and (3) that the sheath of the ventral giant axon is not myelin but consists of a thick covering of many tiny axons and synaptic terminals.
Ascending connections of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus in the rat
Authors: Harrison J. M. , Irving R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the experiment was to determine the connections of the three regions of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus in the rat. Lesions were placed in the regions of the nucleus in 11 rats. After 25 days each animal was sacrificed and its brain impregnated by the protargol method of Bodian. The superior olivary complex, the lateral lemniscus and the dorsal acoustic stria were examined for diminution of synaptic endings, thinning of neuropil and debris of degeneration.Complete destruction of region III of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus produced degeneration in the ipsilateral lateral superior olive and in the medial superior olive of both sides. Destruction of other regions of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus, region III remaining intact, had no effect upon the lateral or medial superior olive.Destruction of region II of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus produced degeneration in the anterior halves of the ipsilateral lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body and the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. Complete destruction of other regions of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus, region II remaining intact, was without effect upon the lateral and medial nuclei of the trapezoid body.No degeneration was detected following destruction of region I of the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus.
The lateral geniculate complex of the owl monkey Aotes trivirgatus
Authors: Jones Arthur E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe lateral geniculate complex of 38 normal, one borgne, and one enucleated Aotes trivirgatus were studied to determine the number of laminae present, the laminar organization, and the cell content of the geniculate complex. The optic tract does not display apparent fasciculation. The pregeniculate nucleus consists of two laminae and the lateral geniculate of four, with two magnocellular layers and two parvocellular layers. Layers 1 and 4 receive the terminals of contralateral ganglion cells and layers 2 and 3 receive those of ipsilateral ganglion cells. Approximately, a 4:3 numerical relationship between retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate nucleus cells exists in one animal in which cell counts were made.
The cortico‐nigral projection in the cat an experimental study with silver impregnation methods
Authors: Rinvik Eric 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFollowing lesions of various parts of the cerebral cortex in cats the terminal distribution of cortico‐nigral fibers has been studied by means of silver impregnation methods.A modest number of cortico‐nigral fibers have been traced from the gyrus proreus, the “supplementary motor” area, the “primary sensory‐motor” area and the “secondary sensory” area. Lesions of the remaining regions of the cerebral cortex did not give rise to terminal degeneration in the substantia nigra. The number of cortico‐nigral fibers was considerably less than expected from the data available in the literature.The cortico‐nigral projection system is chiefly homolateral. A few crossed cortico‐nigral fibers were found following lesions of the gyrus proreus or the “supplementary motor” area. The majority of the corticofugal fibers from these two cortical region and the “secondary sensory” area terminate on the somata or the proximal dendrites of the cells in the nigra complex. Following lesions of the “primary sensory‐motor” area of the cerebral cortex, terminal degenerating fibers were only seen in the neuropil of the substantia nigra. The findings are discussed briefly.
Somatic Sensory Representation in the thalamic ventrobasal complex of the virginia opossum
Authors: Pubols Benjamin H. , Pubols Lillian M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate the topographic organization of somatic sensory representation in the thalamic ventrobasal complex (Vb) of the Virginia opossum. Tungsten and stainless steel micro electrodes were used to record the electrical activity of single units or single unit clusters in response to mechanical stimulation of the body surface, and the obtained data were used to construct maps of somatic sensory representation in transverse planes of the ventrobasal complex. The general pattern is similar to that found in eutherian mammals. A relatively large contralateral head and face representation is located throughout the entire anterior‐posterior extent of the ventrobasal complex, while a relatively smaller representation of contralateral trunk and limbs is located laterally only in the middle regions of the ventrobasal complex. Representations of middorsal head and trunk are located dorsally while those of limb apices are located ventrally. Activity was also recorded in the posterior nuclear region of the thalamus (Po) and in the subthalamic zona incerta (ZI), and there is a suggestion of topographic organization in these nuclear regions as well.
The origin, course and termination of corticospinal fibers in the slow loris, Nycticebus coucang (boddaert)
Authors: Campbell C. Boyd G. , Yashon David , Jane John A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe origin and distribution of corticospinal fibers in the slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) were studied with the aid of the Nauta‐Gygax technique following selected ablations of portions of the left cerebral cortex. Reconstruction of the cortical area which contributes to the corticospinal tract reveals a “motor” area which approximates that of Perodicticus, another lorisiform lemur, mapped by electrophysiological methods. Degenerated corticospinal fibers found in the contralateral lateral funiculus were traced caudally to sacral segments. A small number of degenerated fibers were also found in the ipsilateral lateral funiculus as far caudally as the lumbar cord. Preterminal fiber degeneration was most abundant in the contralateral dorsal horn and zona intermedia. Similar, but less abundant, degeneration was found in the contralateral ventral horn. Some degenerating fibers re‐crossed through the dorsal and ventral gray commissures to the ipsilateral gray matter where preterminal fiber degeneration was most abundant in the medial portions of the ventral horn. Degenerating corticospinal fibers could be seen among the large, laterally‐placed cells of the contralateral ventral horn.
Efferent connections of the olfactory bulb in the cat. An experimental study with silver impregnation methods
Authors: Mascitti Tomás Andrés , Ortega Susana N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAfter lesions of the olfactory bulb with some involvement of the anterior olfactory nucleus in the cat the ensuing degeneration was studied with both the Nauta and the Glees silver impregnation techniques. Preterminal and terminal degeneration was found in the anterior olfactory nucleus, pars lateralis and pars externa; the rostrolateral part of the olfactory tubercle; prepyriform and periamygdaloid cortices; anterior amygdaloid area; nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and nucleus corticalis of amygdala, homolaterally. On the contralateral side the degeneration was restricted to the pars externa of the anterior olfactory nucleus and to the granular layer and the inner part of the internal plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb.In the olfactory tubercle and pyriform cortex the degeneration was located in the plexiform layer in which there were seen degenerating axo‐dendritic synaptic contacts on the ascending dendrites of the pyramidal cells.The olfactory projection fibers which reach the contralateral anterior olfactory nucleus and bulb course through the anterior limb of the anterior commissure. In the olfactory bulb the fibers were found to end not only among the neuropil of the internal pleximorm and granular layers but also as axo‐somatic contacts on the granular cells. The mitral cells and the periglomerular layer were completely free from degeneration.No degeneration was observed homolaterally in the rest of the amygdaloid complex, septal areas, bed nucleus of the anterior commissure, interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis or hippocampus.
Ponto‐sacral connections in the medial reticulo‐spinal tract subserving storage of urine
Authors: Kuru Masaru , Iwanaga Takesi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAt high intravesical pressure, electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral reticular formation of the rostral pons provokes relaxation of the urinary bladder in cats (Iwanaga, '61). After confirming the vesico‐relaxer response a minute lesion was made electrically corresponding to the tip of the electrode and the descending degenerations were traced by the Marchi technique. From this region originate a special group of ponto‐sacral connections, which, participating in the medial reticulo‐spinal tract, terminates in the ventral horn cells of the lumbo‐sacral division of tie cord. Lesion on one side causes bilaterally descending degeneration, the contralaterally descending component being predominant. These ponto‐sacral connections have collaterals to the homolateral pontine detrusor nucleus (Kuru and Yamamoto, '64), to the contralateral ventrolateral reticular formation of the rostral pons and to the bulbar vesico‐relaxer center (Kuru et al., '60), Since electrical stimulation of this pontine region results in an augmentation of discharge in the external urethral sphincter (Kuru et al., '63) in addition to vesical relaxation at high intravesical pressure, this kind of ponto‐sacral connections is concluded to subserve storage of urine.
An experimental study of the spino‐olivary fibers in the rabbit and the cat
Authors: Mizuno Noboru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe spinal afferents to the inferior olive were investigated in 15 rabbits and 17 cats, in which lesions of various extent were made at various levels of the spinal cord and the ensuing degeneration of the spino‐olivary fibers was studied by the Marchi and Nauta methods.The organization of the spino‐olivary system of the rabbit is essentially similar to that of the cat, except for some details concerning the lateral cervical nucleus.The spino‐olivary fibers take origin chiefly in the posterior horn and possibly also in the intermediate zone at practically all levels of the spinal cord and ascend bilaterally through the anterior and the adjacent part of the anterolateral funiculus in close topographical relationship with the spinoreticular fibers and Gowers' fasciculus to terminate in the medial and the dorsal accessory olives. The termination in the olive is bilateral, but more marked contralateral to the nuclei of origin. The fibers from the lumbosacral cord are more numerous than those from cervicothoracic cord. While the majority of the fibers are considered to be collaterals chiefly of the spinoreticular and partly of the spinothalamic fibers, a considerable amount of true spino‐olivary fibers appears to terminate in the caudal region of the medial and the dorsal accessory olives.The lateral cervical nucleus cannot be considered the main source of the spino‐olivary fibers.Some details concerning the terminal distribution of the spino‐olivary fibers are discussed.
Morphological changes occurring in the developing chick choroid plexus
Authors: Smith Diane Elizabeth 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to observe the morphological changes which take place during the histogenetic development of the chick telencephalic choroid plexus between the eighth and twentieth day of embryonic life. The plexuses were removed under the dissecting microscope and processed by freezedrying. The paraffin‐embedded sections were stained according to Cowdry's method for mitochondria and with Periodic Acid Schiff's reagent for glycorgen. The sections were viewed using bright light and phase optics.The most pertinent findings involved (1) a change in the epithelium from a pseudostratified to a low columnar cell type and (2) an increase in the number of mitochondria with their final distribution pattern being at the brush border of the choroidal epithelium. These changes developed between the ninth and twelfth day and became stabilized by the sixteenth day. The significance of the morphological changes and the possible correlation between the mitochondrial location and number and some physiological features of active transport is discussed.
Myeloarchitectonics of the occipital cortex in dog and general remarks on the myeloarchitectonics of the dog
Authors: Kreiner Jerzy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe paper presents an analysis of the occiptal lobe of the dog from the point of view of myeolarchitectonics based on the author's own scheme. Thirty‐three areas have been distinguished in the region studied. The principles of the new scheme for the description of the myeloarchitectonics and the new notion of the myeloarchitectonic area and its division into sub‐areas are offered and discussed. The correlation of different myeloarchitectonic elements within an area is stressed. Three types of areas are distinguished in the cortex, namely, gyral, fissural and paragyral areas; attention is given to their occurrence not only in gyri and fissures but in regions of unfolded cortex, also whereby they form crypto‐gyri and crypto‐sulci. On the basis of this division some suppositions are made as to the mechanism of formation of gyri and sulci.
Changes of photically‐evoked potentials in lateral geniculate body during retrograde degeneration
Authors: Dewson James H. , Chow Kao Liang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPotentials evoked both by light flash and by electrical shocks to the optic chiasma and optic tract were recorded from the lateral geniculate body during retrograde degeneration. Six rabbits and six cats were studied for up to 22 weeks following ablation of primary visual cortex. Results indicate that amplitude changes over time show the same general trends for both species, although specific differences were noted. Interpretation of the electrophysiological data is made with regard to the histological findings reported in the preceding study.
A quantitative study on the postnatal development of the cerebellar vermis of mouse
Authors: Haddara M. A. , Nooreddin M. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe postnatal changes in the cross‐sectional area of the cortex and white matter in the median sagittal section of the cerebellum of mouse were studied quantitatively. That of the cortex increases about 20 fold from birth to maturity, increasing slowly during the first five days following birth, then sharply during the next five days to resume slow increase again after the tenth day. There is very little increase after the fifteenth day. That of the white matter increases only four‐fold during the same period. By the end of the second week it has attained only half of its adult value and continues to increase even after the thirtieth day.The increase in the cross‐sectional area of the cerebellar cortex is mainly due to rapid expansion of the cortical surface which forces the white matter to be arranged into medullary rays (actually ridges) to keep in contact with the rapidly expanding cortex, thus cerebellar fissures are formed.The number of mitotic figures (uncorrected for fragments) in the superficial granular layer in a median sagittal section 10 m̈ thick increases from about 22 at birth to a peak of 230 at seven days then falls to less than 36 at 15 days of age, after which the entire layer disappears.
Neurofibrillar differentiation during embryonary growth
Authors: Vazquez‐Nin G. H. , Sotelo J. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe spinal cord and the acoustic primordium of the chick embryo (3 to 7‐day‐old) were investigated by electron microscopy. Special attention was devoted to the structure of neurofilaments and tubules in the neuroblasts and cells of the crista acustica.The neurofilaments were observed to be related at early stages of development to the RNA particles of the cytoplasm (Palade's particles). This relationship is observed in particular fields which are clearly distinguished because they show fewer particles than the surrounding cytoplasm. The first stage is characterized by the presence in these fields of short branched filaments, which frequently are in contact with the ribosomes. The filaments grow in length and become ordered during a later period. At the same time, the fields become free of the basophilic particles.Tubules about 300 Å thick were found in neuroblasts and their prolongations (central nervous system); in the acoustic nerve, fibers of the “tubule type” or of the “neurofilament type” are described. Filaments and tubules showing similar morphology were also observed in the acoustic epithelium (crista acustica). The filaments seem to originate in the same way as in the neuroblasts. A close relationship between tubules and centrioles was found. The origin of the neurofilaments is discussed in relation to the filaments of proteinic nature described in other cell types.
Monoamine‐containing neurons in the nerve cord and body wall of Lumbricus terrestris
Authors: Rude Sonia 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study represents an attempt to reconcile recent quantitative findings of large amounts of monoamines in the earthworm with early histological findings of only small numbers of chromaffin cells in that animal. Using the highly sensitive and specific fluorescence method for the histochemical localization of monoamines, it has been demonstrated that the earthworm nervous system contains large numbers of monoaminergic neurons. At least one‐tenth of the motor and interneuronal population in a typical ganglion of the ventral nerve cord contain either serotonin or primary catecholamines. In addition a large number of neurons containing a primary catecholamine form an extensive sensory system with their cell bodies in the epidermis and their axons terminating in the ventral nerve cord.
The diencephalon of the opossum in stereotaxic coordinates. I. The epithalamus and dorsal thalamus
Authors: Oswaldo‐Cruz E. , Rocha‐Miranda C. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis investigation consists on the identification of diencephalic cellular groups in the opossum and their fit to a standard brain. A statistical survey of the stereotaxic coordinates of neuroanatomical landmarks (commissura anterior, commissura posterior, nucl. habenulae medialis, sulcus striopallialis and the pedamentum) from coronal sections of brains of 19 South American (D. aurita) and four North American opossums (D. virginiana) was first performed. Speical precautions were taken to obtain sections at planes parallel to those of the stereotaxic instrument, or to ensure that any deviation thereof was accounted for in the measurements. The reconstruction of the standard brain is based on average coordinates from landmarks of the South American species. Estimates of the S. D. of each set of coordinates give a scatter no larger than 0.8 mm and as small as 0.1 mm from the average.Identification and outlining of nuclei and main fiber tracts was achieved from the study of three series of the aurita species cut in coronal sections and one in horizontal, adjusted to the coordinates of the standard brain. Inter‐ and intraspecies adjustments are made possible by correlating certain reference points with craniometric or body weight measurements.Thirteen representative figures provide the core of this work, together with a brief description of cellular groups pertaining to the epithalamus and dorsal thalamus. Data on the ventral thalamus and hypothalamus is given in a second paper (Oswaldo‐Cruz and Rocha‐Miranda, '67).
The diencephalon of the opossum in stereotaxic coordinates. II. The ventral thalamus and hypothalamus
Authors: Oswaldo‐Cruz E. , Rocha‐Miranda C. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis is a second paper on the diencephalon of the opossum (see Oswaldo‐Cruz and Rocha‐Miranda, '67), providing information on cell type and nuclear configuration of the ventral thalamus and hypothalamus (including area preoptica). Stereotaxic coordinates, resulting from a statistical survey, are given.
Observation on the supra‐optic decussations, in the albino rat
Authors: Minderhoud J. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing the experimental method of fiber degeneration the fibers crossing the midline in the supra‐optic decussations were differentiated. The fibers of the supra‐optic decussations proved to be decussating fibers arising in the reticular formation of the pons and the midbrain and commissural fibers of the superior colliculus and of the globus pallidus. The longest fibers arise in the spinal cord. A topographical arrangement of all fibers, according to their place of origin or according to the place where they join the tract was found. The function of the majority of the supra‐optic fibers could be described in terms of the reticular formation of the cranial part of the brainstem.