bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Dysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, and X-Linked Inheritance
Authors: Torgerson Troy R , Gambineri Eleonora , Ziegler Steven F , Ochs Hans D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1982, Powell and colleagues reported on a large family with multiple affected males in a five-generation pedigree (Fig. 26.1). Affected males presented early in life with multiple endocrinopathies, severe chronic enteropathy, dermatitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and antibody-induced neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Most of the affected boys died before the age of 3 years of malabsorption, failure to thrive, infections, or other complications. Characteristic findings at autopsy of these and subsequently identified patients included lymphocytic infiltrates affecting the lungs and endocrine organs such as pancreas and thyroid, and increased lymphoid elements in lymph nodes and spleen (Powell et al., 1982; Wildin et al., 2002). Symptomatic therapy with immunosuppressive drugs provided some beneficial effects (Seidman et al., 1990).
Hyper-IgE Recurrent Infection Syndromes
Authors: Grimbacher Bodo , Puck Jennifer M , Holland Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hyper-IgE recurrent infection syndrome (MIM %147060, #243700) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent staphylococcal skin abscesses, pneumonias with pneumatocele formation, extreme elevations of serum IgE, eosinophilia, and distinct abnormalities of the connective tissue, skeleton, and dentition (Davis et al., 1966; Buckley et al., 1972; Hill and Quie, 1974; Donabedian and Gallin, 1983a; Belohradsky et al., 1987; Grimbacher et al., 1999a; Erlewyn-Lajeunesse, 2000). History “So went Satan forth from the presence of the Lord, and smote Job with sore boils from the sole of his foot unto his crown.” With this citation from Job II:7, Davis, Schaller, and Wedgewood coined the term Job syndrome in 1966 (Davis et al., 1966). They reported two red-haired, fair-skinned girls who had frequent sinopulmonary infections, severe dermatitis, and recurrent staphylococcal skin infections that were remarkable for their lack of surrounding warmth, erythema, or tenderness. The syndrome was further defined and clarified by Buckley et al. (1972), who noted similar infectious problems in two boys with severe dermatitis, distinctive facial appearance, and elevated IgE levels, leading to the term Buckley syndrome. Following this report, elevated levels of IgE and a defect in neutrophil chemotaxis were reported in the two girls from the initial report (Hill and Quie, 1974), showing that Job syndrome and Buckley syndrome represented the same condition. To avoid further confusion, the name hyper-immunoglobulin E recurrent infection syndrome (HIES) is now widely used. In 1999 a group at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) undertook to define further the phenotype of HIES. The incidence of 19 clinical features associated with HIES was published, based on a cohort of 30 patients with the disease (Table 34.1) (Grimbacher et al., 1999a).
Inherited Hemophagocytic Syndromes
Authors: Basile Geneviève De Saint 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several hereditary disorders of the immune system are characterized by the occurrence of a similar T lymphocyte and macrophage activation syndrome, also called hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) syndrome or accelerated phase of the disease, which is generally fatal in the absence of treatment. Hemophagocytic syndrome is characterized by lymphoid organ and extranodal infiltration by polyclonal activated T cells and activated macrophages that phagocytose blood cells (Table 41.1). HLH is in most cases triggered by a viral infection, especially of the herpes group (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], cytomegalovirus [CMV]). Four inherited disorders have been identified that lead to HLH syndrome (Dufourcq-Lagelouse et al., 1999b): the familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) (MIM 267700), the Griscelli syndrome (GS) (MIM 214450), the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) (MIM 214500), and the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (X-LP) (MIM 308240). Only FHL and GS will be discussed in this chapter, the two other disorders being addressed in other chapters (Chapters 19 and 31). The primary causes of HLH should be distinguished from lymphohistiocytic proliferation with hemophagocytosis, which develops secondary to severe infections in an immunocompromised host, or during the course of malignancies.
Judaism Resurgent? American Jews and the Evolving Expression of Jewish Values and Jewish Identity in Modem American Life
Authors: Ellenson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1943, at the height of the Holocaust and at a moment of intense agitation for the creation of a Jewish state, Joseph Proskauer, then president of the American Jewish Committee, authored an AJC-sponsored “Statement of Views.” Addressed to world leaders who would eventually frame the terms of an armistice and dictate postwar conditions of peace, the document stated: “We urge upon the United Nations and those who shall frame the terms of the peace the relief from the havoc and ruin inflicted by Axis barbarism on millions of unoffending human beings, especially Jews.” In commenting upon this statement, historian Marc Dollinger has observed that “the AJC’s decision to focus on ‘human beings’ first and list ‘Jews’ second reflected Proskauer’s universalist orientation.
The First Freedom and the Rehnquist Court
Authors: Noonan John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I must begin this chapter with a dissent-a dissent from the rubric under which the conference has placed the presentation: “Church and State.” We don’t have a Church in the United States. We have churches, mosques, synagogues, temples, zen sanctuaries. We have religions, at least 1,400 of them. We have believers, 167 million of them. We have consciences, 273 million of them. It is in relation to the 1,400 religions, the 167 million believers, the 273 million consciences that the activities of government stand. And we have units of government, not a State. We have a federal government, all three of whose parts, not excluding the judiciary, act upon religions, believers, and consciences. We have fifty states also divided into parts. We have thousands of school boards, municipalities, counties, zoning agencies, state universities, city transit systems, and so on, all of whose operations may impinge upon the fundamental constitutional freedom that is the first freedom secured by the Bill of Rights. Let us banish for good the obsolete European usage of speaking of Church and State.
The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Rehnquist Court
Authors: Chemerinsky Erwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was honored in 1997 when Bernard Schwartz called to ask me to present a paper on the constitutional jurisprudence of the Rehnquist Court. I have so admired Professor Schwartz’s work and tremendously looked forward to meeting him at this symposium. In our telephone conversation, my immediate response to the topic was to ask him if he thought that there was a constitutional jurisprudence of the Rehnquist Court. He chuckled and said that he’d be interested in what I had to say about that.
The Rehnquist Court and State Constitutional Law
Authors: Garibaldi Marie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 26, 1986, William Rehnquist was sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. At that time the renaissance in state constitutional law was at its peak and the Supreme Court had decided Michigan v. Long. My task today is to discuss how the Rehnquist Court affected state constitutional law. As background, I discuss some general principles concerning state constitutional law prior to the Long decision. Then, I examine the response of the Rehnquist Court and state courts to the plain-statement requirement of Long, focusing specifically on the vexing problem of how a state court determines that its constitution provides greater protection of individual rights than are afforded under similar or identical federal constitutional provisions. Finally, I hope to demonstrate that the “criteria approach” used by the Supreme Court of New Jersey best balances the dual concerns of a state court, which are (1) to prevent its state constitution from becoming a mere shadow of the federal Constitution, and (2) to ensure that its state constitution does not unduly expand its citizens’ rights so that they bear only a slight resemblance to the protections found under parallel provisions in the federal Constitution.
Solving Seizure Mechanisms by Simulations
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computers cannot discover what is, but they can define what may be-provided, of course, that the parameters incorporated in the program are congruent with reality. Most of our problems in cerebral biophysics are too complex and difficult to solve analytically, but they can be approached with numerical simulations. In view of the multitude of interacting variables governing brain function, when slide rules and adding machines are inadequate, digital computers are needed. The development of desktop computing power has brought realistic simulations within the reach of neuroscientists.
Solving the Puzzle of Spreading Depression by Computer Simulation
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several mathematical models of SD have been published (Grafstein, 1963; Nichol son, 1993; Reggia and Montgomery, 1996; Revett et al., 1998; Shapiro, 2001; Tuckwell, 1981; Tuckwell and Miura, 1978). These computations were more concerned with the propagation of SD than with its initiation and its biophysical membrane mechanism. This chapter first presents the results of our simulation of the membrane events producing SD-like depolarization in a single model neuron. Propagation of SD is the topic of a later section (“Mechanisms of spreading de pression propagation”).
Mechanism of Early, Reversible Hypoxic Synaptic Failure
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common manifestation of impaired blood flow to the brain is fainting, which can be caused by strong emotions, orthostatic hypotension, or a variety of other conditions, some benign, some not. Fortunately, in most cases it is readily reversible. Consciousness is lost in these cases by impairment of synaptic trans mission in critical neuron circuits.
Why Measurement Matters
Authors: Esty Daniel C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental decision-making has long been plagued by uncertainties and a lack of critical information. The data and analyses needed—by governments, companies, and individuals—for thoughtful and systematic action to minimize pollution harms and to optimize the use of natural resources are often unavailable or seem too costly to obtain. As a result, choices are made on the basis of generalized observations and best guesses, or worse yet, rhetoric and emotion. We stand, however, on the verge of an opportunity to transform our approach to pollution control and natural resource management through deployment of digital technologies in support of a more careful, quantitative, empirically grounded, and systematic environmentalism. This volume explores how better data and greater emphasis on statistical analysis might strengthen environmental problem solving in the policy and corporate worlds.
The social and financial burden of late-life depression to society and individuals
Authors: Lebowitz Barry D , Olin jason T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression in late life is common, serious, and underappreciated as a source of disability and suffering for older people and their families (Geriatric Psychiatry Alliance, 1997). Depression at any age is a matter of concern. In later life, depression is particularly important because of its widespread impact. Unrecognized and untreated depression in older persons is a significantly disabling condition in its own right. That clinical fact ought to be enough to merit significant attention. Beyond the suffering of depression, however, we have learned that depression is a source of considerable and unnecessary excess disability in older persons afflicted with a broad variety of chronic illnesses. Moreover, beyond even that, current studies have clearly shown that depression is a fatal illness in older people. Despite the compellingly solid and substantial body of research in this area, recognition of depression remains problematic and is often attributed to normal developmental changes in aging. Even when it is recognized, and despite the clear data on the efficacy and effectiveness of treatment, the adequacy and appropriateness of care are highly variable.
Bipolar disorders
Authors: Young Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elderly patients with mania and bipolar (BP) disorders constitute a substantial subgroup among elderly patients presenting for psychiatric treatment, and they often have severe illness that requires high use of services. These patients have diverse clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and presumed etiologies and pathophysiologies. Their illness courses and outcomes differ widely among individuals, and their response to interventions is difficult to predict. Age-associated factors contribute to these dimensions of heterogeneity and this discussion is organized around age and age-at-onset of illness.
Mixed cognitive and depressive syndromes
Authors: Lavretsky Helen , Small Gary W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression and dementia are the most frequently occurring psychiatric syndromes in elderly populations (Blazer and Williams 1980; Caine et al., 1994). The two disorders often coexist. There are multiple streams of evidence for a relationship between affective and cognitive symptoms and syndromes in elderly persons. However, our understanding of the pathophysiology and possible common pathways of both disorders is limited.
Basal Ganglia Disease And Depression
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan , Marder Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diseases of the basal ganglia are quintessential neuropsychiatric disorders, characterized by abnormal movements, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms and signs. Depression is common in these illnesses and may occur at presentation or during the course of the illness. Individuals may present to the psychiatrist before seeing a neurologist. Depression is an important target for research, as it affords a unique perspective on the pathophysiology of basal ganglia diseases as well as an alternative method of understanding the biology of mood disorders. Traditionally, basal ganglia diseases are diagnosed and treated by neurologists, who define their onset by specific motor manifestations. Psychiatric symptomatology has been considered peripheral to the understanding of the motor disorders that define basal ganglia diseases. There is growing evidence for the contrary view that mood and affect are integrally related to the evolution of these diseases. For example, in diseases such as Huntington’s disease or Wilson’s disease, where the genetic mutation has been identified, it is possible to identify presymptomatic individuals, prior to the development of motor signs, who are unaware of their genetic status, and determine whether cognitive or psychiatric manifestations occur more often in gene-positive than in genenegative individuals. Another way to examine the role of psychiatric impairment is to study individuals in the general population who have undergone psychiatric assessments and to determine if individuals with a history of affective disorder are more likely to develop specific basal ganglia diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) than individuals without mood disorders. This chapter includes a review of the epidemiology, prevalence, and correlates of depression in basal ganglia diseases and their treatment.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book offers broad understanding and unique insights into the REITs industry. Its scope is to analyze and synthesize the existing scholarly research on REITs in a way that will enable managers to improve their investments decisions and the operating performance of their REITs. It also provides up-to-date original research on REITs based on the authors' own database, which is the most extensive data base available on REITs that is free of suvivorship bias. This book helps investors evaluate REITs and identify those with the greatest investment potential. Finally, it provides the reader with a detailed discussion of likely future changes anticipated for this unique invetment vehicle.
The White Peril of Europe
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On May 26, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge signed the Johnson-Reed bill into law, severely reducing the numbers of southern and eastern Europeans permitted to migrate to the United States and excluding Japanese immigrants entirely. The bill’s passage came as the culmination of a decades-long rise in anti-immigrant racialism in the United States that greeted Italians as soon as they arrived in Chicago in magazines, in newspapers, in government reports, on the job, and in their neighborhoods. But ascendant anti-immigrant racialism leading to restriction and exclusion is only part of the story. A diverse set of alternative voices—from liberal intellectuals and scientists to “new” immigrants themselves—had existed for years and continued to contest racialist notions and dogma. This chapter explores some of the complex contours of this debate on “new” European immigration as it was fought out both nationally and in Chicago between the end of World War I and the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924. Because many of these debates took place at the national level, this chapter, more than others, will focus as much on events and people outside as inside Chicago.
Fascism, Empire, and War
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 3, 1935, dispensing with the formalities of war declarations and violating international law and a number of treaties, Italy invaded Ethiopia, the last-remaining independent African nation. At first, bad weather, rough terrain, economic sanctions from the League of Nations, and Ethiopian resistance frustrated Italian imperial designs. By May 1936, however, after sparing no expense and employing the most ruthless of weapons and military tactics, Italy proudly proclaimed itself victor of “the greatest colonial war known to history.” By this point, Italian troops had occupied the capitol of Addis Ababa, driven Emperor Haile Sellassie and his royal family into exile, and made Ethiopia the new crown jewel of Mussolini’s revived Roman empire.
The war was not limited to the high, dusty, desert plains of Ethiopia. Thousands of miles west across the Atlantic in scores of American cities, a diverse cast of characters—African Americans and Italian Americans, fascists and anti-fascists, elite and everyday folk, the Italian state and American mass culture—also battled over the meaning, merits, and outcome of the Italian-Ethiopian War and its implications for different social groups’ claims to power and prestige in America.
Introduction
Authors: Robin Corey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is seldom noted, but fear is the first emotion experienced by a character in the Bible. Not desire, not shame, but fear. Adam eats from the tree, discovers he is naked, and hides from God, confessing, “I was afraid, because I was naked.” Before this admission, God creates and sees that his creations are good. He sees that Adam is without a mate, which is not good. Eve sees that the tree of knowledge is “pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise.” But these are reports of antiseptic perception, with no warming murmur of appreciation or aversion. Everyone looks, everyone sees. Does anyone feel? Not until they eat the forbidden fruit do we hear of felt experience. And when we do, it is fear. Why fear? Perhaps it is because, for the authors of the Bible, fear is the most electric of emotions. Prior to being afraid, Adam and Eve exist and act in the world, but without any palpable experience of it. Afraid, they are awash in experience, with God promising even more— for Eve the pain of childbirth, for Adam the duress of work, for both the dread knowledge of death. Unafraid, Adam and Eve have only the laziest appreciation of the good and haziest apprehension of the bad. Their dim cognizance of evil makes them spectators to their own lives, semiconscious actors at best. Adam names, Eve succumbs, but neither really knows what it is that they do. Afraid, they know. Shallow temptation gives way to dramatic choice, inertial motion to elected action. Their story—our story—is ready to begin.
Terror
Authors: Robin Corey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hobbes wrote about fear in the midst of political collapse, when the centripetal forces of civil war could no longer be contained by established norms of religion or history. So unnerving was this experience of political entropy that he sought to have it permanently imprinted on the European mind, there being “nothing more instructive towards loyalty and justice than . . . the memory, while it lasts, of that war.” Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu—a French aristocrat born in 1689, a full decade after Hobbes’s death—took up the question of fear just as that memory began to fade. Montesquieu’s was a world suffering not from the confusion of disorder but from the clarity of established rule. By the time of Montesquieu’s birth, Louis XIV had turned a country that only narrowly escaped the revolution that wrecked Britain into the most orderly state in Europe. Convinced that “a little harshness was the greatest kindness I could do my subjects,” Louis concentrated political power in his own hands, subduing nobles and commoners alike. He seized control of France’s armies, turning semiprivate militias into soldiers of the crown. He banished the aristocracy from royal councils of power, relying instead on three trusted advisors and an efficient corps of officials in the countryside. He snatched veto power from local grandees accustomed to striking down royal edicts in regional parlements. He bankrupted the nobility through obscure methods of taxation; others he corrupted with frivolous titles, assigning them to positions of responsibility over his kitchen and stables.
“No Easy Walk to Freedom”
Authors: Berger Iris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as South Africa was intensifying racial exploitation in the late 1940s and 1950s, other countries throughout the world were successfully casting off the chains of colonialism and racial domination. During the mid-1950s, when D. F. Malan and Hendrik Verwoerd were taking steps to force women to carry passes, Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. were boycotting segregated buses, inaugurating massive civil rights protests in the United States. Elsewhere in Africa, nationalist leaders were organizing mass movements and guerrilla struggles that ousted British, French, and Portuguese colonial rulers. This context meant that criticism of apartheid came not only from internal opposition movements, but also from international sources, particularly after the massacre of anti-pass protesters at Sharpeville focused international attention on the brutality necessary to uphold South Africa’s