bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur computerbasierten Schulung von Anlagenfahrern in der Chemischen Industrie (On Computer-based Training of Operators in the Chemical Industries)
Authors: Kroll Andreas , Nußko Marina 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Der Einsatz von Computer-based Training (CBT) gewinnt an praktischer Bedeutung. Neben Fortschritten in der Informationstechnologie liegt dies daran, dass CBT Unternehmen helfen kann, geänderte Qualifikationsziele im Kontext eines gewandelten Arbeits-, Aufgaben- und Gesellschaftsumfeldes mit begrenzten Mitteln zu erreichen. Der Beitrag geht auf die Besonderheiten der Zielgruppe der Anlagenfahrer in der Chemischen Industrie ein. Ihre Arbeit hat sich insbesondere durch die Fortschritte in der Prozessautomatisierung grundlegend verändert. In der Zielgruppen- und Bedarfsanalyse werden Ergebnisse zweier deutschlandweiter Umfragen vorgestellt. Das verfügbare Angebot wird durch einige Produktbeispiele illustriert.
Mass Azithromycin Distribution to Prevent Child Mortality in Burkina Faso
Authors: Oldenburg Catherine E. , Ouattara Mamadou , Bountogo Mamadou , Boudo Valentin , Ouedraogo Thierry , Compaoré Guillaume , Dah Clarisse , Zakane Alphonse , Coulibaly Boubacar , Bagagnan Cheik , Hu Huiyu , O’Brien Kieran S. , Nyatigo Fanice , Keenan Jeremy D. , Doan Thuy , Porco Travis C. , Arnold Benjamin F. , Lebas Elodie , Sié Ali , Lietman Thomas M. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceRepeated mass distribution of azithromycin has been shown to reduce childhood mortality by 14% in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the estimated effect varied by location, suggesting that the intervention may not be effective in different geographical areas, time periods, or conditions.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of twice-yearly azithromycin to reduce mortality in children in the presence of seasonal malaria chemoprevention.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cluster randomized placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of single-dose azithromycin for prevention of all-cause childhood mortality included 341 communities in the Nouna district in rural northwestern Burkina Faso. Participants were children aged 1 to 59 months living in the study communities.InterventionsCommunities were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive oral azithromycin or placebo distribution. Children aged 1 to 59 months were offered single-dose treatment twice yearly for 3 years (6 distributions) from August 2019 to February 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was all-cause childhood mortality, measured during a twice-yearly enumerative census.ResultsA total of 34 399 children (mean [SD] age, 25.2 [18] months) in the azithromycin group and 33 847 children (mean [SD] age, 25.6 [18] months) in the placebo group were included. A mean (SD) of 90.1% (16.0%) of the censused children received the scheduled study drug in the azithromycin group and 89.8% (17.1%) received the scheduled study drug in the placebo group. In the azithromycin group, 498 deaths were recorded over 60 592 person-years (8.2 deaths/1000 person-years). In the placebo group, 588 deaths were recorded over 58 547 person-years (10.0 deaths/1000 person-years). The incidence rate ratio for mortality was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.67-1.02; P = .07) in the azithromycin group compared with the placebo group. The incidence rate ratio was 0.99 (95% CI, 0.72-1.36) in those aged 1 to 11 months, 0.92 (95% CI, 0.67-1.27) in those aged 12 to 23 months, and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.57-0.94) in those aged 24 to 59 months.Conclusions and RelevanceMortality in children (aged 1-59 months) was lower with biannual mass azithromycin distribution in a setting in which seasonal malaria chemoprevention was also being distributed, but the difference was not statistically significant. The study may have been underpowered to detect a clinically relevant difference.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03676764
Maternal Tobacco Use During Pregnancy and Child Neurocognitive Development
Authors: Puga Troy B. , Dai Hongying Daisy , Wang Yingying , Theye Elijah 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceMaternal tobacco use during pregnancy (MTDP) persists across the globe. Longitudinal assessment of the association of MTDP with neurocognitive development of offspring at late childhood is limited.ObjectivesTo examine whether MTDP is associated with child neurocognitive development at ages 9 to 12 years.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study included children aged 9 and 10 years at wave 1 (October 2016 to October 2018) and aged 11 to 12 years at a 2-year follow-up (wave 2, August 2018 to January 2021) across 21 US sites in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Data were analyzed from June 2022 to December 2023.ExposureMTDP.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes of interest were neurocognition, measured by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox Cognition Battery, and morphometric brain measures through the region of interest (ROI) analysis from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI).ResultsAmong 11 448 children at wave 1 (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.6] years; 5990 [52.3%] male), 1607 children were identified with MTDP. In the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, children with MTDP (vs no MTDP) exhibited lower scores on the oral reading recognition (mean [SE] B = −1.2 [0.2]; P &amp;lt; .001), picture sequence memory (mean [SE] B = −2.3 [0.6]; P &amp;lt; .001), and picture vocabulary (mean [SE] B = −1.2 [0.3]; P &amp;lt; .001) tests and the crystallized cognition composite score (mean [SE] B = −1.3 [0.3]; P &amp;lt; .001) at wave 1. These differential patterns persisted at wave 2. In sMRI, children with MTDP (vs no MTDP) had smaller cortical areas in precentral (mean [SE] B = −104.2 [30.4] mm2; P = .001), inferior parietal (mean [SE] B = −153.9 [43.4] mm2; P &amp;lt; .001), and entorhinal (mean [SE] B = −25.1 [5.8] mm2; P &amp;lt; .001) regions and lower cortical volumes in precentral (mean [SE] B = −474.4 [98.2] mm3; P &amp;lt; .001), inferior parietal (mean [SE] B = −523.7 [136.7] mm3; P &amp;lt; .001), entorhinal (mean [SE] B = −94.1 [24.5] mm3; P &amp;lt; .001), and parahippocampal (mean [SE] B = −82.6 [18.7] mm3; P &amp;lt; .001) regions at wave 1. Distinct cortical volume patterns continued to be significant at wave 2. Frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes exhibited differential ROI, while there were no notable distinctions in the occipital lobe and insula cortex.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, MTDP was associated with enduring deficits in childhood neurocognition. Continued research on the association of MTDP with cognitive performance and brain structure related to language processing skills and episodic memory is needed.
Electrospun Biomimetic Periosteum Capable of Controlled Release of Multiple Agents for Programmed Promoting Bone Regeneration
Authors: Zhao Xingkai , Zhuang Yu , Cao Yongjian , Cai Fengying , Lv Yicheng , Zheng Yunquan , Yang Jianmin , Shi Xianai 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe effective repair of large bone defects remains a major challenge due to its limited self‐healing capacity. Inspired by the structure and function of the natural periosteum, an electrospun biomimetic periosteum is constructed to programmatically promote bone regeneration using natural bone healing mechanisms. The biomimetic periosteum is composed of a bilayer with an asymmetric structure in which an aligned electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone)/gelatin/deferoxamine (PCL/GEL/DFO) layer mimics the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum, while a random coaxial electrospun PCL/GEL/aspirin (ASP) shell and PCL/silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) core layer mimics the inner cambial layer. The bilayer controls the release of ASP, DFO, and SiNPs to precisely regulate the inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic phases of bone repair. The random coaxial inner layer can effectively antioxidize, promoting cell recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization, while the aligned outer layer can promote angiogenesis and prevent fibroblast infiltration. In particular, different stages of bone repair are modulated in a rat skull defect model to achieve faster and better bone regeneration. The proposed biomimetic periosteum is expected to be a promising candidate for bone defect healing.
E‐Selective Radical Difunctionalization of Unactivated Alkynes: Preparation of Functionalized Allyl Alcohols from Aliphatic Alkynes
Authors: Wang Jie , Wu Xinxin , Cao Zhu , Zhang Xu , Wang Xinxin , Li Jie , Zhu Chen 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRadical difunctionalization of aliphatic alkynes provides direct access to valuable multi‐substituted alkenes, but achieving a high level of chemo‐ and stereo‐control remains a formidable challenge. Herein a novel photoredox neutral alkyne di‐functionalization is reported through functional group migration followed by a radical‐polar crossover and energy transfer‐enabled stereoconvergent isomerization of alkenes. In this sequence, a hydroxyalkyl and an aryl group are incorporated concomitantly into an alkyne, leading to diversely functionalized E‐allyl alcohols. The scope of alkynes is noteworthy, and the reaction tolerates aliphatic alkynes containing hydrogen donating C─H bonds that are prone to intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer. The protocol features broad functional group compatibility, high product diversity, and exclusive chemo‐ and stereoselectivity, thus providing a practical strategy for the elusive radical di‐functionalization of unactivated alkynes.
Backbone Engineering of Polymeric Catalysts for High‐Performance CO2 Reduction in Bipolar Membrane Zero‐Gap Electrolyzer
Authors: Li Geng , Huang Libei , Wei Chengpeng , Shen Hanchen , Liu Yong , Zhang Qiang , Su Jianjun , Song Yun , Guo Weihua , Cao Xiaohu , Tang Ben Zhong , Robert Marc , Ye Ruquan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBipolar membranes (BPMs) have emerged as a promising solution for mitigating CO2 losses, salt precipitation and high maintenance costs associated with the commonly used anion‐exchange membrane electrode assembly for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, the industrial implementation of BPM‐based zero‐gap electrolyzer is hampered by the poor CO2RR performance, largely attributed to the local acidic environment. Here, we report a backbone engineering strategy to improve the CO2RR performance of molecular catalysts in BPM‐based zero‐gap electrolyzers by covalently grafting cobalt tetraaminophthalocyanine onto a positively charged polyfluorene backbone (PF‐CoTAPc). PF‐CoTAPc shows a high acid tolerance in BPM electrode assembly (BPMEA), achieving a high FE of 82.6 % for CO at 100 mA/cm2 and a high CO2 utilization efficiency of 87.8 %. Notably, the CO2RR selectivity, carbon utilization efficiency and long‐term stability of PF‐CoTAPc in BPMEA outperform reported BPM systems. We attribute the enhancement to the stable cationic shield in the double layer and suppression of proton migration, ultimately inhibiting the undesired hydrogen evolution and improving the CO2RR selectivity. Techno‐economic analysis shows the least energy consumption (957 kJ/mol) for the PF‐CoTAPc catalyst in BPMEA. Our findings provide a viable strategy for designing efficient CO2RR catalysts in acidic environments.
Functional characterization of a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in the leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica
Authors: Song Xuan , Liu Chang , Dhiloo Khalid H. , Yi Chao‐qun , Zhang Tian‐tao , Zhang Yong‐jun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGeranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) as the short‐chain prenyltransferases for catalyzing the formation of the acyclic precursor (E)‐GGPP has been extensively investigated in mammals, plants, and microbes, but its functional plasticity is poorly understood in insect species. Here, a single GGPPS in leaf beetle Monolepta hieroglyphica, MhieGGPPS, was functionally investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that MhieGGPPS was clustered in one clade with homologs and had six conserved motifs. Molecular docking results indicated that binding sites of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), (E)‐geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), and (E)‐farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) were in the chain‐length determination region of MhieGGPPS, respectively. In vitro, recombiant MhieGGPPS could catalyze the formation of (E)‐geranylgeraniol against different combinations of substrates including isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP)/DMAPP, IPP/(E)‐GPP, and IPP/(E)‐FPP, suggesting that MhieGGPPS could not only use (E)‐FPP but also (E)‐GPP and DMAPP as the allylic cosubstrates. In kinetic analysis, the (E)‐FPP was most tightly bound to MhieGGPPS than that of others. It was proposed that MhieGGPPS as a multifunctional enzyme is differentiated from the other GGPPSs in the animals and plants, which only accepted (E)‐FPP as the allylic cosubstrate. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding the functional plasticity of GGPPS in M. hieroglyphica and the novel biosynthesis mechanism in the isoprenoid pathway.
Vorfertigung von Stahlbeton während des Ersten und Zweiten Weltkriegs
Authors: Haka Andreas T. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDas Buch zu „Bemessungsverfahren für Beton‐ und Stahlbetonbauteile“ prägte den praktischen Stahlbetonbau wie kaum ein anderes, und das nicht nur in Deutschland. Über seinen Autor, den Bauunternehmer und Hochschullehrer Benno Löser (1878–1944), ist jedoch bisher kaum etwas bekannt. Bereits früh befasste er sich mit Fragen zur Vorfertigung und Montagelogistik im Betonbau, und eine Vielzahl der von ihm konstruierten Bauwerke sind heute Baudenkmäler mit konstruktivem Pioniercharakter. Dies gilt auch für seine Arbeiten während des Ersten und Zweiten Weltkriegs, wo er für verschiedene Instanzen das Themenfeld der Vorfertigung von Betonfertigteilen fokussierte und sich dabei schließlich im nationalsozialistischen Unrechtsstaat verstrickte. Er setzte seine fachliche Expertise auch an Orten der Vernichtung ein, wie z. B. Auschwitz und Dyhernfurth. Es werden hier die ersten Forschungsergebnisse aus dem aktuellen Forschungsprojekt zur Geschichte der Verbundwerkstoffe im Bauwesen des Lehrstuhls für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und Technik der Universität Stuttgart vorgestellt. Basierend auf bisher für die Forschung komplett unbekannten Bild‐ und Schriftdokumenten aus dem Nachlass von Benno Löser, welcher zwischen Hochschulbetrieb und den praktischen Herausforderungen im Baubetrieb pendelte, wird ein Einblick in den Betonfertigteilbau während zweier Weltkriege gegeben.
Prevalence of craniosynostosis in Finland, 1987–2010: A population‐based study
Authors: Vuola Pia , Pakkasjärvi Niklas , Ritvanen Annukka , Heliövaara Arja , Tukiainen Erkki , Gissler Mika 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundCraniosynostosis is a prevalent craniofacial malformation in Finland; however, comprehensive population‐based epidemiological data are limited. This study aimed to estimate the total and birth prevalence of craniosynostosis in Finland from 1987 to 2010 and examine temporal trends.MethodsWe collected the data from nationwide registers maintained by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and Statistics Finland, as well as treating hospitals, encompassing live births, stillbirths, terminations for fetal anomalies, and infant deaths with suspected or diagnosed craniosynostosis or skull deformation. A craniofacial surgeon and a clinical geneticist reviewed 1878 medical records for diagnostic confirmation.ResultsOut of 877 craniosynostosis cases, 83% were single‐suture synostoses (all live births), 10% craniosynostosis syndromes, and 7% multisutural non‐syndromic synostoses. Live birth prevalence from 1987 to 2010 was 6.0/10,000 live births, ranging from 5.0/10,000 in 1987 to 7.5/10,000 in 2010. Total prevalence, including live births, stillbirths, and terminations, varied from 5.0/10,000 in 1987 to 8.0/10,000 in 2010. Sagittal synostosis was the most common synostosis, with a prevalence of 3.9/10,000 live births, followed by metopic (0.6/10,000), unicoronal (0.4/10,000), and unilambdoid (0.1/10,000) synostoses.ConclusionsThe total combined prevalence of all craniosynostosis types significantly increased driven by a nonsignificant rise across all subgroups and a significant increase in the syndrome group. In live births increase was significant only within the syndrome subgroup, primarily due to an increase in Muenke syndrome patients. The rising prevalence of syndromes necessitates further investigation. Contrasting with trends in Europe, Australia, and the USA, Finland showed no significant increase in metopic craniosynostosis.
‘Where do you feel it most?’ Using body mapping to explore the lived experiences of racism with 10‐ and 11‐year‐olds
Authors: Barnes L. Gorell , Podpadec T. , Jones Verity , Vafadari J. , Pawson C. , Whitehouse S. , Richards M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the arts‐based methodology used in a research project that aimed to explore the impact of the lived experiences of racism on 10‐ and 11‐year‐old children in the United Kingdom. The research responds to the relative lack of literature concerning the racialised experiences of young children. We discuss how we developed the arts‐based method of body mapping as an ethical approach to foregrounding the children's voices. We consider that this approach contributes to knowledge and understanding about exploring the nuanced and complex relationship between the children's external worlds and their internal feelings, and supporting them to process and communicate this. We suggest that the method presented is transferable, and present our ethically engaged, arts‐based planning framework that can be used if others wish to adopt this way of working.
Experimentelle Untersuchung von Stahlbetonbalken ohne Bügelbewehrung unter Stoßbelastung
Authors: Máca Petr , Leicht Lena , Schubert Thomas , Beckmann Birgit 
Published: February 2024

AbstractVersuche an Stahlbetonbalken ohne Bügel dienen häufig als vereinfachte Grundlage zur darauf aufbauenden numerischen Simulation von Stahlbetonplatten. In diesem Beitrag wird eine experimentelle Studie des Verhaltens von Stahlbetonbalken unter Stoßbelastung vorgestellt. Die Versuche wurden im 11 m hohen Fallturm des Otto‐Mohr‐Laboratoriums der TU Dresden mit zylindrischen Impaktoren von 100 mm Durchmesser durchgeführt, welche mit Druckluft auf Geschwindigkeiten zwischen 2,7 m/s und 25,8 m/s beschleunigt wurden. Die verwendeten Impaktoren wogen 14,22 kg und 21,66 kg. Die Impaktor‐ und Auflagerkräfte, die Balkenverschiebungen und ‐beschleunigungen wurden an ausgewählten Stellen erfasst. Die Sensordaten wurden durch digitale Bildkorrelation (DIC) ergänzt. Die Balken wiesen je nach Aufprallgeschwindigkeit und ‐masse unterschiedliche Versagensarten auf. Scherrisse bildeten sich ab Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten von etwa 11 m/s, was beim leichteren Impaktor einer kinetischen Impaktorenergie von 860 J entspricht. Unter Aufprallgeschwindigkeiten von etwa 22 m/s wurde die Bildung eines Durchstanzkegels in der Nähe des Belastungspunkts beobachtet. Diese Ergebnisse liefern wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Bewertung von Stahlbetonbalken ohne Querkraftbewehrung unter Impaktbelastung. Weiterhin dienen die Ergebnisse der Verbesserung von numerischen Modellen, sodass diese präziser und verlässlicher komplexe Großstrukturen abbilden können.
Prevalence of the use of prescription stimulants as “study drugs” by UK university students: A brief report
Authors: Jones Ffinian , Newton Philip M. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIntroductionThere is media concern over students using prescription stimulants as “cognitive enhancers” to try and improve their academic performance. However, there is limited evidence about the prevalence of this behaviour in the United Kingdom, or whether it has increased in recent years.MethodsWe review survey studies on students' use of cognitive enhancers.ResultsOverall reported use is low, with some inconclusive evidence that it is increasing. Use of modafinil appears to be higher than that of methylphenidate or dexamphetamine.ConclusionThere is a clear need for large‐scale research in this area, using representative sampling and survey methods that protect student anonymity.
Serum Galectin‐1, Galectin‐9, and YKL‐40 levels in bipolar disorder and their relationship with cognitive functions
Authors: Selahaddin Elcicek , Bahadir Demir , Sengul Sahin , Seyithan Taysi , Hasan Ulusal , Gülcin Elboga , Abdurrahman Altindag 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPurposeThe number of studies conducted on the role of neuroinflammation in the etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder has been increasing in recent years. The role of Galectin‐1, Galectin‐9, and YKL‐40, which are considered to play roles in neuroinflammation and the etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder, and the relationship of these parameters with cognitive functions were investigated in the present study.MethodSerum Galectin‐1, Galectin‐9, and YKL‐40 levels were measured with the ELISA Method in 64 bipolar euthymic patients and 64 healthy controls. The Stroop and trail‐making tests were administered to assess cognitive functions in all participants.ResultsSerum Galectin‐1, Galectin‐9, and YKL‐40 levels were statistically and significantly lower in the patient group when compared to the healthy control group. The scores of the Stroop test and trail‐making tests were statistically higher in the patient group than in the healthy control group. There was a weak and positive correlation between serum Galectin‐1, Galectin‐9, and YKL‐40 levels and cognitive performance in all participants.Discussion and conclusionStatistically significant low levels of serum Galectin‐1, Galectin‐9, and YKL‐40 detected in the patient group suggest that these parameters have important roles in neuroinflammation. The statistically higher Stroop and trail‐making test scores of the patient group compared to the control group indicates that the cognitive performance of the patient group was weaker. Also, the positive correlation between Galectin‐1, Galectin‐9, and YKL‐40 levels and cognitive performance suggests that these molecules may have a neuroprotective role. We think that the present study will contribute to this field where there is very limited data in the literature.