bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semantic segmentation network stacking with genetic programming
Authors: Bakurov Illya , Buzzelli Marco , Schettini Raimondo , Castelli Mauro , Vanneschi Leonardo 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSemantic segmentation consists of classifying each pixel of an image and constitutes an essential step towards scene recognition and understanding. Deep convolutional encoder–decoder neural networks now constitute state-of-the-art methods in the field of semantic segmentation. The problem of street scenes’ segmentation for automotive applications constitutes an important application field of such networks and introduces a set of imperative exigencies. Since the models need to be executed on self-driving vehicles to make fast decisions in response to a constantly changing environment, they are not only expected to operate reliably but also to process the input images rapidly. In this paper, we explore genetic programming (GP) as a meta-model that combines four different efficiency-oriented networks for the analysis of urban scenes. Notably, we present and examine two approaches. In the first approach, we represent solutions as GP trees that combine networks’ outputs such that each output class’s prediction is obtained through the same meta-model. In the second approach, we propose representing solutions as lists of GP trees, each designed to provide a unique meta-model for a given target class. The main objective is to develop efficient and accurate combination models that could be easily interpreted, therefore allowing gathering some hints on how to improve the existing networks. The experiments performed on the Cityscapes dataset of urban scene images with semantic pixel-wise annotations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Specifically, our best-performing models improve systems’ generalization ability by approximately 5% compared to traditional ensembles, 30% for the less performing state-of-the-art CNN and show competitive results with respect to state-of-the-art ensembles. Additionally, they are small in size, allow interpretability, and use fewer features due to GP’s automatic feature selection.
Characterizing Bone Phenotypes Related to Skeletal Fragility Using Advanced Medical Imaging
Authors: Whittier Danielle E. , Bevers Melissa S. A. M. , Geusens Piet P. M. M. , van den Bergh Joop P. , Gabel Leigh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Summarize the recent literature that investigates how advanced medical imaging has contributed to our understanding of skeletal phenotypes and fracture risk across the lifespan.

Recent Findings
Characterization of bone phenotypes on the macro-scale using advanced imaging has shown that while wide bones are generally stronger than narrow bones, they may be more susceptible to age-related declines in bone strength. On the micro-scale, HR-pQCT has been used to identify bone microarchitecture phenotypes that improve stratification of fracture risk based on phenotype-specific risk factors. Adolescence is a key phase for bone development, with distinct sex-specific growth patterns and significant within-sex bone property variability. However, longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate how early skeletal growth impacts adult bone phenotypes and fracture risk. Metabolic and rare bone diseases amplify fracture risk, but the interplay between bone phenotypes and disease remains unclear. Although bone phenotyping is a promising approach to improve fracture risk assessment, the clinical availability of advanced imaging is still limited. Consequently, alternative strategies for assessing and managing fracture risk include vertebral fracture assessment from clinically available medical imaging modalities/techniques or from fracture risk assessment tools based on clinical risk factors.

Summary
Bone fragility is not solely determined by its density but by a combination of bone geometry, distribution of bone mass, microarchitecture, and the intrinsic material properties of bone tissue. As such, different individuals can exhibit distinct bone phenotypes, which may predispose them to be more vulnerable or resilient to certain perturbations that influence bone strength.
Pion and photon beam initiated backward charmonium or lepton pair production
Authors: Pire Bernard , Semenov-Tian-Shansky Kirill M. , Shaikhutdinova Alisa A. , Szymanowski Lech 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHard exclusive reactions initiated by pion or photon beams within the near-backward kinematical regime specified by the small Mandelstam variable $$-u$$

-
u

can be studied to access pion-to-nucleon and photon-to-nucleon transition distribution amplitudes (TDAs). Checking the validity of collinear factorized description of pion and photon induced reactions in terms of TDAs allows to test the universality of TDAs between the space-like and time-like regimes that is the indispensable feature of the QCD collinear factorization approach.In this short review, we consider the exclusive pion- and photo-production off nucleon of a highly virtual lepton pair (or heavy quarkonium) in the near-backward region. We first employ a simplistic cross channel nucleon exchange model of pion-to-nucleon TDAs to estimate the magnitude of the corresponding cross sections for the kinematical conditions of J-PARC. We then illustrate the flexibility of our approach by building a two parameter model for the photon-to-nucleon TDAs based on recent results for near threshold $$J/\psi$$

J
/
ψ

photoproduction at JLab and provide our estimates for near-backward $$J/\psi$$

J
/
ψ

photoproduction and timelike Compton scattering cross sections for the kinematical conditions of JLab and of future EIC and EIcC.
Implication of gender mainstreaming on policy-making for sustainable fisheries development in China
Authors: Lu Jie , Zou Leilei 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCurrently, gender mainstreaming is widely recognized by the international community as an essential component of social development. Increasing attention is also being directed toward its significant role in the field of marine and fisheries, especially because gender equality-responsive fisheries development is believed to be a significant impulse for the continued advancement of this field. An analysis of the role of gender mainstreaming in fisheries development reveals that the long-term challenges faced by Chinese women in fisheries are closely tied to the absence of the gender perspective in existing fishery policies. In recent years, international organizations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, along with various regions and countries, have accumulated extensive experience and achieved notable progress in promoting gender mainstreaming in fisheries. Furthermore, they have established successful models for the scientific implementation of gender mainstreaming from the top down and with diverse perspectives, thus providing valuable insights for China to incorporate gender mainstreaming in policymaking. As China endeavors to foster high-quality marine and fisheries development while positioning itself as a responsible fishery power, it is imperative for the country to proactively address gender issues within the fisheries sector. Drawing on international best practices and considering China’s national conditions, this paper proposes the integration of a gender perspective into China’s fisheries policy by raising policymakers’ gender awareness, conducting dynamic monitoring and evaluation of the status of women in the fisheries sector, encouraging the active involvement of women and fisheries organizations in policymaking, and promoting research on gender issues in fisheries, all of which can bridge the gap in gender responsiveness within China’s fisheries policy system.
An Attribute Perspective on Regulatory Regimes in Risk Governance
Authors: Langøy Morten A. , Braut Geir Sverre 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIncreasing interest from stakeholders has brought new focus on risk governance and risk regulation, such as the regulator’s execution of duty and tangible results on safety and environmental protection in oil and gas industry. One recent example, from 2019, is the Office of the Auditor General Norway’s (OAG) investigation of the Petroleum Safety Authority’s (PSA) follow-up on health, safety and the environment in the petroleum industry, where the regulatory regime in Norway resting on functional requirements was questioned. Simplistically speaking, there are two current traditions or main schools in regulatory regimes: use of functional requirements associated with co-regulation and use of normative requirements associated with prescriptive regulation. In this paper, we introduce a generic model from an attribute perspective on contrasting, gauging or evaluating the two different regulatory regimes. Furthermore, this approach may explain the controversy regarding the favouring of functional or prescriptive regulatory regimes by the different players in the industry. Our case is based on regulations relating to offshore oil and gas operations, in particular focusing on the Norwegian sector. We use the OAG’s investigation of the PSA and the public reaction as our material because this material is proposed to provide a thorough and valid description of how the effects of the Norwegian regulatory regime are perceived from the outside. We believe that the generic concept presented here is applicable when performing investigations in other industries involved in hazardous activities.
Ciceronian Jurisprudence and the Law of Nations
Authors: Dymond Jeffrey 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAt the turn of the seventeenth century, jurists such as Alberico Gentili (1552–1608) and Hugo Grotius (1583–1645), began to advance a novel account of the law of nations (ius gentium) as a law that binds a world of sovereign states. That they would produce such a theory is surprising, however, considering that sovereign states were neither the dominant form of political organization at the time, nor did conventional medieval jurisprudence treat them as the normative standard. This article traces this evolution to a broader transformation in legal interpretation. In an effort to put Roman law on a more rational foundation, jurists such as François Connan (1508–51) and Hugues Doneau (1527–91) connected the origin of law to the unfolding of a certain account of human sociability, with the result that a conception of the state as an autonomous body acquired a normative status within their version of the global legal order. It then argues that we should see Gentili’s work on the ius gentium as part of this tradition. In so doing, the article demonstrates how the innovations of a particular school of legal interpretation, by combining Roman law with a distinctive social theory, contributed to making the sovereign state the legal norm.
Programming language semantics: It’s easy as 1,2,3
Authors: HUTTON GRAHAM 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Programming language semantics is an important topic in theoretical computer science, but one that beginners often find challenging. This article provides a tutorial introduction to the subject, in which the language of integers and addition is used as a minimal setting in which to present a range of semantic concepts in simple manner. In this setting, it is easy as 1,2,3.
Navigation of Helicopters
Authors: Davies D M 
Published: October 2023

The Chairman, in introducing the Lecturer, said Mr DAVIES was a member of the Association and had been interesting himself for many years in operational, navigational and other problems associated with the helicopter He took first class honours in the Mechanical Sciences Tripos at Cambridge in 1942, and for four years afterwards was with the Ministry of Aircraft Production, mainly on project and performance analysis of high-speed AircraftHe left to join Mr N E Rowe in his research and special development department at British European Airways in 1946 Later he was in charge of a great deal of experimental work on the Clear Air Gust Project, and during this investigation he flew some 40 hours as navigator-observer on high-altitude flights in Mosquito and other aircraft
Design, Development, Production and Servicing of Rotor Blades
Authors: Price R Allen , Stulen Frank L 
Published: October 2023

The Chairman said that this was a very important occasion for the Association since it was the opening lecture of the Session It had become the custom of the Association to invite eminent persons from abroad to deliver the inaugural lecture, which frequently took the form of a broad survey by operators or manufacturers This year the Council had decided to focus attention on an engineering aspect of the helicopter, and what more important aspect was there than that of the rotor blade?The Paper to be given was prepared jointly by Mr Price and Mr Stulen, of the Parsons Corporation, Michigan, USA, who had had extensive experience in this work Mr Price was Assistant Manager of the Aircraft Division engaged in the development and the manufacture of rotor blades and Mr Stulen was Director of Research
“On the Generalized Simple System for Automatic Stabilisation of a Helicopter in Hovering Flight”
Authors: Willmer M A P 
Published: October 2023

SummaryThis paper deals with the instability of a hovering helicopter with controls fixed The generalized simple stabilization system, which is composed of rods, springs, dampers and masses and uses the rotor shaft to generate gyroscopic forces, has been analysed Special cases of a Second Order System have been considered and show that good stability can be achieved, thus overcoming the limitations of First Order Systems
“The Design Study of a Spring Tab Rotor System”
Authors: Banister Thurstan H 
Published: October 2023

SummaryIn this essay the projected design for a spring tab rotor system is discussed for a particular size of rotor The size of rotor discussed is one designed to lift a comfortable 2,000 lb all up weight, for a single rotor helicopterThe behaviour of the rotor system collectively and the tab particularly is discussed under various conditions with respect to performance, vibration, weight, etcSome possible applications are considered, and suggestions for simple helicopter configurations to which the rotor system might apply are put forwardFinally there is a technical appendix, in which the assumptions made and the formulae used to get results are stated In some cases where necessary the formulae have been derivedGraphs are presented to demonstrate the necessary parameters and the behaviour of the system
Part I Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Collomosse H 
Published: October 2023

In this part of the paper the theoretical considerations underlying the design of an autopilot system for helicopters are discussed, in particular, the system investigated has three modes of operation, viz —(i)StabiliserIn this mode, whilst the pilot still exercises overall control, the autopilot introduces artificial stabilisation so that the helicopter becomes more easy to fly(ii)CruisingHere the pilot establishes a desired attitude and heading in straight-line flight, on selection the autopilot maintains this mode of flight automatically(iii)Automatic HoverAssuming that signals are available defining the plan-position of the helicopter with respect to the point on the ground over which the pilot wishes to hover, on selection the autopilot maintains this hover condition automatically
Installation Problems
Authors: Kitson M P 
Published: October 2023

The problem of installing a V H F communications equipment in a helicopter is the fitting into the aircraft of a transmitting and receiving unit and associated parts The installation should be planned with three considerations in mind, namely, operating efficiency, crew comfort and maintenance I intend to amplify these three considerations but before doing so let us look at two examples of modern V H F equipment on display here tonightOutwardly they are of similar pattern and in both cases consist of a rack-mounted, quickly detachable, transmitter/receiver unit, which incorporates the frequency selector switch, an aerial and various types of cable connector The Murphy MR 80, MR 100 equipment has a backplate or junction box attached to the rear of the rack into which the main unit slides All control unit, aerial, and battery cable connections terminate in the backplateThe Standard Telephones STR9X is of similar form except that the cable connectors terminate on the front of the main unit
Canadian Research in the Field of Helicopter Icing
Authors: Stallabrass J R 
Published: October 2023

The CHAIRMAN, in opening the meeting, said that the paper, which Mr Stallabrass had come over from Canada to present, dealt with a very important subject in the helicopter field, having as a practical objective the eventual achievement of all-weather helicopter operation The National Research Council of Canada had been studying the problem of aircraft icing long before it was necessary to devote attention to the special problems of helicopter de-icing, no doubt the climate in that part of the world having had something to do with thisMr Stallabrass had served in the Royal Air Force from 1941 to 1947 and had experience as a pilot with Coastal Command in anti-submarine operations Later, he took an honours degree at London University in electrical engineering and worked for a year on guided missiles with the General Electric Company In 1952 he went over to Canada, where he worked on various aspects of icing research at the low temperature laboratory of the National Research Council
The Fairey Rotodyne
Authors: Hislop G S 
Published: October 2023

The President of the Royal Aeronautical Society (Sir Arnold Hall) invited Professor J A J Bennett (Chairman, Lecture Committee, of the Helicopter Association of Great Britain) to introduce the LecturerProfessor J A J Bennett said that this was a very important occasion, both for the Royal Aeronautical Society and for the Helicopter Association of Great Britain Tonight, they were to hear about the development of an aircraft which was certainly not an aeroplane, and it was certainly not a helicopter according to present-day definitions To accept the F A I nomenclature, it was in an intermediate class, the so-called “Convertiplane” category As, however, there was neither a Convertiplane Association of Great Britain nor yet a Convertiplane Section of the Royal Aeronautical Society, it was appropriate that the two societies should get together and discuss the project
Numerical Calculations of Charging Threshold at GEO Altitudes With Two Temperature Non‐Extensive Electrons
Authors: Javed Saba , Rubab Nazish , Zaheer Sadia , Poedts Stefaan , Jaffer Ghulam 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSurface charging at geosynchronous altitude is one of the major concerns for satellites and spacecrafts. Spacecraft anomalies are often associated with extreme surface charging events, especially during substorms in which the GEO plasma is better modeled as two temperatures non‐Maxwellian plasma. In such case, we employ two temperature q‐non‐extensive distribution function to determine the onset of spacecraft surface charging which becomes complex since many parameters control the surface charging. We developed a current balance equation which better explains the charging threshold in comparison to a Maxwellian distribution function. The effect of non‐extensive parameters, temperature and density ratio on the current balance equation has been explained. The modified current balance equation predicts the critical and anti‐critical temperatures for various space‐grade materials both analytically and numerically. A significant change is observed in the quantities characterizing the charging current, average yield and density ratio in the presence of non‐extensive two temperature electrons. The mechanism underlying different charging behaviors at or near the threshold is also indicated at various plasma parametric domains. Furthermore, the general conditions of potential jump are also obtained theoretically which predicts the sudden or smooth potential transition.
Impact of Storm‐Time Enhanced O2 Absorption on Disk Viewing N2 LBH Spectra: TIMED GUVI Observations
Authors: Zhang Y. , Paxton L. J. , Yee S. , Hecht J. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA comparison between storm‐time TIMED/GUVI FUV spectra in thermospheric composition disturbed (O/N2 <∼140 km> depleted and NO <∼110 km> enhanced) and undisturbed regions reveals the following features: (1) A clear decrease in N2 LBHS (140–150 nm) band intensities compared to that between 150 and 160 nm; (2) A significant spectral decrease around O 164.1 nm; (3) Two enhanced peaks between 170 and 185 nm. The feature (2) is clearly due to atomic oxygen density decrease in the low thermosphere. The feature (3) is caused by storm‐time production and transport of nitric oxide. An AURIC simulation reproduced feature (1) confirming that storm‐time enhancement in O2 density (∼120–170 km) and the wavelength dependent O2 absorption cross section are the source of observed feature (1). On the other hand, the feature (1) was not observed in the regions without O/N2 depletion. This further supports that O2 density enhancement is responsible for feature (1).
Orbital and In Situ Observation of Transverse Aeolian Ridges at Zhurong Landing Site
Authors: Liu Jia , Liu Yang , Wan Wenhui , Zhou Xiang , Zhao Zhenxing , Wu Yuchun , Zhang Chaolin , Wang Xiyu , Wu Xing , Zou Yongliao 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA large amount of transverse aeolian ridges (TARs) bedforms exist in the Zhurong rover landing region. The acquisition of high‐resolution data from the orbiter and the rover from Tianwen‐1 mission provides an excellent opportunity to study the geological characteristics of TARs. The length, width, and density of a total of 8,274 TAR samples at the landing site were analyzed. The orientation of TARs at the landing region is dominated in the E‐W direction. Analysis of Mars Climate Station (MCS) data on the Zhurong rover shows that the present‐day wind direction is inconsistent with the wind forces that promoted the formation of TARs, suggesting that the formation of TARs is dependent on the ancient wind direction. With the help of the Zhurong MarSCoDe shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrometer data, we investigate the composition of materials including TARs, soil, and rocks, and the results show that their spectra display similar distinct absorptions consistent with the presence of hydrated minerals such as hydrated sulfates. The cemented and dusty crust covering the TARs indicates that the TARs have not migrated for a period of time in the landing site area. Some of the TARs have been eroded into small sand ridges or ripples due to the change in the prevailing wind directions, which may indicate the climate change on Mars.