bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of fructose and ethanol from media with high sucrose concentrations by a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Atiyeh Hasan , Duvnjak Zdravko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe production of enriched fructose syrups and ethanol from a synthetic medium with high sucrose concentrations was studied in a batch process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36858. The results showed that the fructose yield was above 92% of theoretical values in synthetic media with sucrose concentrations between 180 g dm−3 and 726 g dm−3. Ethanol yield was about 82% in media with sucrose concentrations up to 451 g dm−3. A product containing 178 g dm−3 fructose, which represents 97% of the total sugar content, and 79 g dm−3 ethanol was obtained using a medium with 360 g dm−3 sucrose. The fructose fraction in the carbohydrates content in the produced syrups decreased with increases in the initial sucrose concentration. In a medium with initial sucrose concentration of 574 g dm−3, the fructose content in the produced broth was 59% of the total carbohydrates. Glycerol and fructo‐oligosaccharides were also produced in this process. The produced fructo‐oligosaccharides started to be consumed when the concentration of sucrose in the media was less than 30% of its initial value. Complete hydrolysis of these sugars was noticed in media with sucrose concentrations below 451 g dm−3. These findings will be useful in the production of ethanol and high fructose syrups using sucrose‐based raw materials with high concentrations of this carbohydrate.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Mortality among workers at a plastics manufacturing plant
Authors: Sathiakumar Nalini , Delzell Elizabeth , Cole Philip , Larson Rodney 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study evaluated the 1970–1993 mortality experience of 2550 of white and black men employed at a Texas plastics plant that made polyethylene, polypropylene, K‐resin (a copolymer of 1,3‐butadiene and styrene) and other materials. Of particular interest was the relationship between work in plastics manufacturing and colorectal cancer, as certain epidemiological investigations have reported an increase in this form of cancer among workers with potential exposure to polypropylene.Overall, subjects had fewer than expected deaths from all causes combined (269 observed/364.3 expected), from all cancer (79/89.3) and from colorectal cancer (5/9.5). Polypropylene workers had one observed compared with 0.4 expected death from colorectal cancer. A two‐fold increase in deaths from accidents among hourly men was attributable to an explosion in the polyethylene area. Certain subgroups of workers had a slight increase in lung cancer deaths. These results were not statistically significant, did not display marked patterns with duration of employment or time since hire and were not clearly attributable to occupational exposure. Some subgroups of employees had more than expected deaths from oesophagus cancer, pancreas cancer and prostate cancer. These findings were based on small numbers, and there is no persuasive evidence that the excesses were due to chemicals at the plant. However, longer follow‐up will be necessary to obtain more precise results for subjects with long‐term employment and with long potential induction time. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pododermal angioarchitecture of the bovine claw in relation to form and function of the papillary body: A scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Hirschberg Ruth M. , Mülling Christoph K. W. , Budras Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe region‐specific angioarchitecture of the bovine pododerma was examined using systematic scanning electron microscopy of micro‐corrosion casts of juvenile and adult bovine claws. Particular emphasis was laid on the demonstration of specialised vascular structures such as arteriovenous anastomoses. Comparing the results of main and dew claws, respectively, of juvenile and adult claws, a relation between burdening of the claw and density and differentiation of the pododermal papillary and lamellar blood vessels was detected. The results suggest a possible influence of body weight (or age) and weight‐bearing on the formation and vascularisation of the pododermal papillary body. The lamellar and papillary microvascularisation and microcirculation are discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:375–385, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective enhanced phosphorylation of shrimp β‐tubulin by PKC‐δ with PEPtaxol, a synthetic peptide encoding the taxol binding region
Authors: Chen Wen‐Yi , Yang Yu‐Ming , Chuang Nin‐Nin 
Published: August 2002

Abstractβ‐tubulin cDNA from the shrimp Penaeus japonicus was isolated by homology cloning. Expression of cDNA in Escherichia coli yielded a 55 kDa polypeptide, positive for monoclonal antibodies against mammalian β‐tubulin. Autoradiography demonstrated the bacterially expressed hepatopancreas β‐tubulin of P. japonicus is specifically phosphorylated by the δ isoenzyme of protein kinase C (PKC‐δ) purified from the plasma membrane of the shrimp heart, in the presence of the receptor for activated PKC (RACK), but not in its absence. Purified shrimp heart PKC‐δ is able to phosphorylate bacterially expressed shrimp β‐tubulin without the presence of Ca++, but requires Mg++. The kinase activity of purified PKC‐δ on bacterially expressed β‐tubulin was enhanced by incubation with PEPtaxol, a synthetic peptide encoding the taxol‐binding region of β‐tubulin. In other words, PEPtaxol modulates the kinase activity of PKC‐δ through RACK. J. Exp. Zool. 292:376–383, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular anatomy of the fish gill
Authors: Olson Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fish gill is the most physiologically diversified vertebrate organ, and its vasculature the most intricate. Application of vascular corrosion techniques that couple high‐fidelity resins, such as methyl methacrylate, with scanning electron microscopy yields three‐dimensional replicas of the microcirculation that have fostered a better appreciate gill perfusion pathways. This is the focus of the present review. Three vascular networks can be identified within the gill filament. The arterioarterial (respiratory) pathway consists of the lamellae and afferent and efferent segments of the branchial and filamental arteries and lamellar arterioles. The body of the filament contains two post‐lamellar pathways: the interlamellar and nutrient. The interlamellar system is an extensive ladder‐like network of thin‐walled, highly distensible vessels that traverses the filament between, and parallel to, the lamellae and continues around the afferent and efferent borders of the filament. Interlamellar vessels are supplied by short, narrow‐bore feeder vessels from the medial wall of the efferent filamental artery. A myriad of narrow‐bore, tortuous arterioles arise from the basal efferent filamental artery and efferent branchial artery and anastomose to form the nutrient circulation of the arch and filament. In the filament body, nutrient capillaries and interlamellar vessels are often closely associated, and the former may ultimately drain into the latter. Many of the anatomical characteristics of interlamellar vessels are strikingly similar to those of mammalian lymphatic capillaries, with the exception that interlamellar vessels are directly fed by arteriovenous‐like anastomoses. It is likely that gill interlamellar and mammalian lymphatics are physiologically, if not embryologically, equivalent. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Globin gene transfer for the treatment of severe hemoglobinopathies: a paradigm for stem cell‐based gene therapy
Authors: Sadelain Michel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe prospect of treating blood disorders with genetically modified stem cells is highly promising. This therapeutic approach, however, raises a number of fundamental biological questions, spanning several research fields. Further investigation is required to better understand how to isolate and efficiently transduce hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), while preserving optimal homing and self‐renewing properties; how to design safe vectors permitting controlled expression of the transgene products; and how to promote host repopulation by engrafted HSCs. This article addresses basic issues in stem cell‐based gene therapy from the perspective of regulating transgene expression, taking globin gene transfer for the treatment of severe hemoglobinopathies as a paradigm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recursive constructions for triangulations
Authors: Grannell M. J. , Griggs T. S. , Širáň J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree recursive constructions are presented; two deal with embeddings of complete graphs and one with embeddings of complete tripartite graphs. All three facilitate the construction of 2) non‐isomorphic face 2‐colourable triangulations of Kn and Kn,n,n in orientable and non‐orientable surfaces for values of n lying in certain residue classes and for appropriate constants a. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 87–107, 2002
Total choosability of multicircuits II
Authors: Kostochka Alexandr V. , Woodall Douglas R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA multicircuit is a multigraph whose underlying simple graph is a circuit (a connected 2‐regular graph). In this paper, the method of Alon and Tarsi is used to prove that all multicircuits of even order, and some regular and near‐regular multicircuits of odd order have total choosability (i.e., list total chromatic number) equal to their ordinary total chromatic number. This completes the proof that every multicircuit has total choosability equal to its total chromatic number. In the process, the total chromatic numbers of all multicircuits are determined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 44–67, 2002
Tension polynomials of graphs
Authors: Kochol Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe tension polynomial FG(k) of a graph G, evaluating the number of nowhere‐zero ℤk‐tensions in G, is the nontrivial divisor of the chromatic polynomial χG(k) of G, in that χG(k) = kc(G)FG(k), where c(G) denotes the number of components of G. We introduce the integral tension polynomial IG(k), which evaluates the number of nowhere‐zero integral tensions in G with absolute values smaller than k. We show that 2r(G)FG(k)≥IG(k)≥ (r(G)+1)FG(k), where r(G)=|V(G)|−c(G), and, for every k>1, FG(k+1)≥ FG(k)˙k / (k−1) and IG(k+1)≥IG(k)˙k/(k−1). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 137–146, 2002
(Physio)logical circuits: The intellectual origins of the McCulloch–Pitts neural networks
Authors: Abraham Tara H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article examines the intellectual and institutional factors that contributed to the collaboration of neuropsychiatrist Warren McCulloch and mathematician Walter Pitts on the logic of neural networks, which culminated in their 1943 publication, “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity.” Historians and scientists alike often refer to the McCulloch–Pitts paper as a landmark event in the history of cybernetics, and fundamental to the development of cognitive science and artificial intelligence. This article seeks to bring some historical context to the McCulloch–Pitts collaboration itself, namely, their intellectual and scientific orientations and backgrounds, the key concepts that contributed to their paper, and the institutional context in which their collaboration was made. Although they were almost a generation apart and had dissimilar scientific backgrounds, McCulloch and Pitts had similar intellectual concerns, simultaneously motivated by issues in philosophy, neurology, and mathematics. This article demonstrates how these issues converged and found resonance in their model of neural networks. By examining the intellectual backgrounds of McCulloch and Pitts as individuals, it will be shown that besides being an important event in the history of cybernetics proper, the McCulloch–Pitts collaboration was an important result of early twentieth‐century efforts to apply mathematics to neurological phenomena. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Finance for the poor: from microcredit to microfinancial services
Authors: Matin Imran , Hulme David , Rutherford Stuart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reviews the achievements of the ‘microfinance revolution’, through reference to the now extensive literature. It finds that there are many opportunities to improve and innovate. To illustrate this finding, the paper concentrates on examining what we need to know to design and deliver better financial products to the poor, especially the poorest. It argues that financial services for the poor are essentially a matter of helping the poor turn their savings into sums large enough to satisfy a wide range of business, consumption, personal, social and asset‐building needs. The range of such ‘swaps’ should be wide enough to cater for short, medium and long‐term needs, and they must be delivered in ways which are convenient, appropriate, safe and affordable. Providing poor people with effective financial services helps them deal with vulnerability and can thereby help reduce poverty. However, the relationship is driven by complex livelihood imperatives and is not simple. Microfinance is not a magic sky‐hook that reaches down to pluck the poor out of poverty. It can, however, be a strategically vital platform that the poor can use to raise their own prospects for an escape from poverty. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gut‐associated cells of derocheilocaris remanei (crustacea, mystacocarida)
Authors: Fernández Isabel , Herrera‐Álvarez Letizia , Pardos Fernando , Benito Jesús 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe gut‐associated cells (GA‐cells) of the mystacocarid Derocheilocaris remanei were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. These cells are characterized by a dense cytoplasm, the presence of clear vesicles adjacent to the gut epithelium, glycogen, and lipid droplets. GA‐cells envelop the midgut and hindgut and send blunt cytoplasmic extensions to the gut epithelium through its basal lamina. The GA‐cells also extend dorsolateral projections to the body wall by means of intermediate cells. In addition to a mechanical function of suspending and stabilizing the gut, these cells may affect the flow of the hemocoelic fluid and may be implicated in the processes of transport, assimilation, and storage of nutrients. J. Morphol. 251:276–283, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible ctenophoran affinities of the precambrian “sea‐pen”Rangea
Authors: Dzik Jerzy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Namibian Kuibis Quartzite fossils ofRangeaare preserved three‐dimensionally owing to incomplete collapse of the soft tissues under the load of instantaneously deposited sand. The process of fossilization did not reproduce the original external morphology of the organism but rather the inner surface of collapsed organs, presumably a system of sacs connected by a medial canal. The body ofRangeahad tetraradial symmetry, a body plan shared also by the White Sea Russian fossilBomakelliaand possibly some other Precambrian frond‐like fossils. They all had a complex internal anatomy, smooth surface of the body, and radial membranes, making their alleged colonial nature unlikely. Despite a different style of preservation, the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale frond‐likeThaumaptilonshows several anatomical similarities toRangea. The body plan of the Burgess Shale ctenophoreFasciculus, with its numerous, pinnately arranged comb organs, is in many respects transitional betweenThaumaptilonand the Early Cambrian ctenophoreMaotianoascusfrom the Chengjiang fauna of South China. It is proposed that the irregularly distributed dark spots on the fusiform units of the petaloid ofThaumaptilonrepresent a kind of macrocilia and that the units are homologous with the ctenophoran comb organs. These superficial structures were underlain by the complex serial organs, well represented in the fossils ofRangea. The Precambrian “sea‐pens” were thus probably sedentary ancestors of the ctenophores. J. Morphol. 252:315–334, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time course of contrast enhancement patterns after Gd‐BOPTA in correlation to myocardial infarction and viability: A feasibility study
Authors: Sandstede Joern J.W. , Beer Meinrad , Lipke Claudia , Pabst Thomas , Kenn Werner , Harre Kerstin , Neubauer Stefan , Hahn Dietbert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur objective was to analyze contrast enhancement patterns (CEP) and their time course after myocardial infarction (MI) following injection of Gd‐BOPTA in correlation with recovery of regional function. Seven patients with subacute MI (18 ± nine days) were examined before, as well as three and six (n = six) months after, revascularization of the infarct‐related artery. Regional wall motion abnormalities were assessed by cine‐MRI, and repetitive images of one representative slice were acquired up to 45 minutes after 0.05 mmol/kg Gd‐BOPTA using a T1‐w TSE‐sequence. Two patients showed mid‐wall/subendocardial, one patient subendocardial enhancement of MI associated with mechanical improvement after revascularization. Three patients without improvement revealed a mid‐wall hypoenhanced zone within the first five minutes after injection, which was unchanged at follow‐up. One patient with partial functional improvement showed transmural enhancement and a mid‐wall hypoenhanced zone in adjacent areas. With this feasibility study, we concluded that mid‐wall and/or subendocardial enhancement after Gd‐BOPTA was associated with viable myocardium, whereas detection of microvascular obstruction correlating with scar formation is suggested by mid‐wall hypoenhancement within the first five minutes after injection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:789–794. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of free‐breathing three‐dimensional magnetic resonance coronary angiography with hybrid ordered phase encoding (HOPE) for the detection of proximal coronary artery stenosis
Authors: Bunce Nicholas H. , Jhooti Permi , Keegan Jennifer , Rahman Shelley L. , Bunce Catherine , Firmin David N. , Davies Simon W. , Lorenz Christine H. , Pennell Dudley J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe evaluated free‐breathing, prospective navigator‐gated, three‐dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) with hybrid ordered phase‐encoding (HOPE), in the detection of proximal coronary artery stenosis. The coronary arteries were imaged in 46 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. The mean scan time was 48 minutes. The mean arterial length (mm) visualized was left main stem (LMS) 11.7 (SD 4.5), left anterior descending (LAD) 30.1 (SD 11.1), circumflex (LCx) 15.5 (SD 8.6), and right (RCA) 56.2 (SD 20.8). Twenty‐three patients had coronary artery disease with 47 significant stenoses on cardiac catheterization. All LMS were normal on both catheterization and MRCA. MRCA sensitivity was highest for the LAD (89% CI 65%–99%) and RCA (76% CI 50%–93%), but lower for the LCx (50% CI 21%–79%). Specificity ranged from 72%–100%. Improvements in image quality, length of vessel seen, and specific imaging of the LCx are required for MRCA to become an alternative to cardiac catheterization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:677–684. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR perfusion, diffusion and BOLD imaging of methotrexate‐exposed swine brain
Authors: Mäkiranta Minna J. , Lehtinen Satu , Jauhiainen Jukka P.T. , Oikarinen Jarkko T. , Pyhtinen Juhani , Tervonen Osmo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the methotrexate (MTX)‐exposed swine brain, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including perfusion, diffusion, and blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging, was used.Material and MethodsJuvenile pigs received either 2 × 5 g/m2, or 5 × 2 g/m2 MTX intravenously within one month. MRI was performed (sedative: propofol) before (14–17 kg, N = 6) and after (21–27 kg, N = 4) the MTX exposure. Also, age‐matched controls (22–27 kg, N = 4) were imaged.ResultsAfter the MTX exposure, reduced (from 2%–4% to 0%–1%) or negative (−2% to −3%) BOLD responses were detected; apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) or relative perfusion values did not change.ConclusionThis study suggests that MTX‐related changes in the brain may be detected as changes in flow‐metabolism coupling as reduced or negative response (for somatosensory activation) in the BOLD contrast MRI. The contrast agent perfusion MRI, without absolute quantification, may not show global damage in brain perfusion related to the MTX exposure in the swine model used. ADC (in one direction) may not indicate MTX‐related changes in the brain. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:511–519. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion‐weighted MRI of cholesteatomas of the petrous bone
Authors: Fitzek Clemens , Mewes Torsten , Fitzek Sabine , Mentzel Hans‐Joachim , Hunsche Stefan , Stoeter Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo investigate if primary cholesteatomas of the petrous bone show high signal in diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI).Materials and MethodsIn this blinded study, we compared 15 patients with clinically certain cases and later surgically proven cholesteatomas vs. 12 patients with clinically acute otitis of the middle ear and 20 volunteers without petrous bone disease. Two blinded readers without knowledge of the clinical data decided in consensus agreement whether there was a pathologic signal increase in the petrous bone in an anisotropic single‐shot echo‐planar imaging (EPI) DWI sequence, an artifact, or no signal increase.ResultsThirteen of 15 patients with cholesteatomas showed bright signal in EPI DWI, whereas 10 of 12 patients with acute otitis media and all volunteers presented the usual low signal of petrous bone.ConclusionEPI DWI is a fast diagnostic method that may be an additional valuable tool in the workup of suspected cholesteatomas. The ability of this technique to differentiate between cholesteatomas and granulomas or chronic otitis is not yet available. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:636–641. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D contrast‐enhanced MR angiography of the run‐off vessels: Value of image subtraction
Authors: Ruehm Stefan G. , Nanz Daniel , Baumann Andreas , Schmid Michaela , Debatin Jörg F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe diagnostic gain associated with image subtractions was assessed regarding contrast‐enhanced 3D magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) image sets of the pelvic and lower extremity arteries. The MRA strategy combined a dedicated vascular coil with a single injection, two‐station protocol. Voxel‐by‐voxel signal intensity subtraction was performed on MRA image sets obtained before and during dynamic infusion of a para‐magnetic contrast agent. Non‐subtracted and subtracted MRA image sets were assessed for the presence of occlusive (four grades) disease, using DSA as the standard of reference. In addition, SNR and CNR were recorded for each vascular segment on both the non‐subtracted and subtracted images. While CNR values of subtracted images exceeded those of non‐subtracted images (P < 0.05), there was no difference in diagnostic performance. For the detection of hemodynamically significant disease, non‐subtracted and subtracted MRA provided overall sensitivity and specificity of 90.2%/90.3% and 95.1%/95.6%, respectively. Concordance between non‐subtracted and subtracted MRA was excellent (Kappa = 0.86). J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:402–411. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation: Characterization with time‐resolved ultrafast 3D MR angiography
Authors: Goyen Mathias , Ruehm Stefan G. , Jagenburg Andreas , Barkhausen Jörg , Kröger Knut , Debatin Jörg F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo avoid potentially deadly consequences from paradoxical emboli, early detection and accurate characterization of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is highly desirable. We report on a patient with a suspected pulmonary AVM who underwent ultrafast time‐resolved 3D MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries. The case documents the suitability of the MRA technique as a noninvasive alternative to computed tomographic angiography and digital subtraction angiography for accurate pre‐therapeutic characterization of pulmonary AVMs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:458–460. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.