bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphoid Malignancies
Authors: Teitell Michael A. , Pandolfi Pier Paolo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMalignant transformation may occur at any point during lymphoid cell maturation, resulting in stage‐ and lineage‐specific cancers of the immune system. Many in‐bred and engineered mouse strains develop specific lymphoid cancers, providing potentially useful models of human malignancy with insight for pathogenetic mechanisms. Newer techniques, targeting dysregulated gene expression to specific developmental stages portend newer, more accurate mouse models in the future. These models will likely have an increasing role in evaluating targeted therapeutic strategies for efficacy.
Genetic Modifiers
Authors: Threadgill David W. , Hunter Kent W. , Zou Fei , Manly Kenneth F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCancer is caused by a complex interaction between an individual's intrinsic genetic composition and extrinsic environmental exposures. Cancer modifiers, a special class of cancer genes that accounts for the majority of the intrinsic genetic differences in cancer susceptibility among individuals, contribute to a significant proportion of all human cancers. Modifiers are often normal allelic variants of genes that do not produce abnormal phenotypes alone, but rather “modify” the action of other cancer genes. Frequently, these genes are also called low‐penetrance cancer genes since, individually, they typically have small effects on cancer phenotypes. However, cumulatively, they can have major influences on all stages of cancer development from initiation through response to therapy. Similar to the unique characteristics that distinguish cancer modifiers from high‐penetrance cancer‐causing genes, the methods used to identify these genes are distinct. Because of the low‐penetrance nature of their actions, this class of cancer gene is particularly difficult to detect using human populations. As such, the mouse has become the predominant model to identify cancer modifiers. The unique characteristics, methods for detection and identification of cancer modifiers, and their use in human studies are described in this chapter.
Modeling Blood Vessel Formation in the Mouse
Authors: Benezra Robert , Rafii Shahin , Lyden David 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Much of our current understanding of the development and maintenance of blood vessels in mammals comes from the analysis of mice. We summarize our current understanding of the developmental, cell, and molecular biology of blood vessel formation both in the mouse embryo and postnatally. The reader is provided with an understanding of how this information may impact on our ability to control blood vessel formation for the management of human cancers.
Metastasis
Authors: Chandler Dawn S. , Lozano Guillermina 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMetastasis is a compilation of many steps, a process mediated by numerous genes involved in cell adhesion, motility, degradation of the extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis. The most commonly used models to study metastasis alter expression of specific genes in human tumor cell lines and measure migration and colonization in a nude mouse. These studies are limiting because several steps in the metastatic pathway cannot be analyzed in these models. The use of genetically engineered mice has recently been exploited to study metastasis. For example, clear and direct roles for E‐cadherin, L‐selectin, and the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) in metastasis have been identified with these models. However, few models have been developed to study metastasis, and a flurry of activity in this important area is needed. In particular, genes directly involved in the process of metastasis need to be identified and examined as possible therapeutic targets.
Immunologic Study of Tumors in Mouse Models
Authors: Merghoub Taha , Houghton Alan N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMouse tumor models have played a central role in the history of cancer immunology and more broadly in immunology. Studies of transplantable tumors opened the field of transplantation immunology. Serologic analyses of antibodies against tumors led to the discovery of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens that determine transplantation immunity as well as other alloantigens and lymphocyte subset markers, including the well‐known CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of T cells. In the present era, genetically manipulated mice are crucial tools to (1) understand the role of various components and cells of the immune system in promoting, accelerating, or rejecting tumors; (2) investigate immunity against cancers at different stages of tumor progression; and (3) develop and test new prevention and therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Micro–Computed Tomography of Mouse Cancer Models
Authors: Weichert Jamey P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAs mouse cancer models continue to more accurately depict the human disease, the ability to detect and monitor tumor development and regression has become increasingly important. Recent developments in microimaging techniques now offer researchers the ability to accurately detect and monitor tumors less than a millimeter in diameter in live mouse models. Introduced commercially in 2000, micro–computed tomography (CT) scanners are now capable of scanning live mice with spatial resolution exceeding 20 µm. Although X‐ray computed tomography provides exquisite skeletal images due to the inherent high density of bone, this chapter is intended to provide an overview of microCT imaging of mouse cancer models, including soft‐tissue tumors, which are particularly challenging. A further goal is to highlight the strengths and expose the weaknesses of this amazing new technology.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Mouse Cancer Models
Authors: Muruganandham Manickam , Koutcher Jason A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractCurrently MRI is the imaging modality of choice for a wide variety of medical diagnostic questions and has an important role in the study of small‐animal tumor physiology. We provide a brief overview of the physical principles of MRI and describe some of the areas wherein new developments in MRI affect preclinical oncology studies.
Bioluminescence Imaging of Mouse Models of Human Cancer
Authors: Contag Christopher H. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe increasing sophistication of rodent models of human neoplastic disease has led to models that more closely approximate human disease where lesions can arise at various times and locations. The uncertainty of initiation and progression of disease and the complexity of these models have necessitated advancement and refinement of noninvasive imaging technologies that can reveal cellular and molecular changes in the context of the living animal. One of these technologies, in vivo bioluminescent imaging, uses internal biologic sources of light, luciferases, as reporters of biologic change in these models. This optical imaging modality is based on the transmission of light through mammalian tissues, and the sensitivity of detecting photonic signals from within the body, as with other optical modalities, is governed by the absorbing and scattering properties of tissue. In vivo imaging of luciferase activity has been used to reveal patterns of transcription, levels of protein–protein interaction, extent of tumor burden, sites of metastatic disease, location of immune cell migration, and mechanisms of oncogenesis. High signal‐to‐noise ratios result in sensitive in vivo measurements, and the ability to label a variety of steps in oncogenesis enables unprecedented in vivo cellular and molecular dissection of disease processes.
Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Treatment Response
Authors: Ross Brian D. , Chenevert Thomas L. , Moffat Bradford A. , Rehemtulla Alnawaz , Hall Daniel E. , McConville Patrick , Moody Jonathan 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Rodent cancer models have become indispensable in the discovery and assessment of new anticancer agents. These models allow for easy quantitation of tumor growth and treatment response monitoring using caliper measurements of tumor volume. It is essential to use noninvasive imaging to facilitate the evaluation of the responsiveness of orthotopic tumors in preclinical therapeutic studies. We provide some examples and strategies for using imaging to quantitate the treatment response of orthotopically located tumors in rodent preclinical trials.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling
Authors: Yang Raymond S. H. , Dennison James E. , Andersen Melvin E. , Ou Ying C. , Liao Kai H. , Reisfeld Brad 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
We introduce the general concept and background knowledge of physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling. Examples of application of PBPK/PD modeling are provided. We illustrate the utility of PBPK/PD modeling, particularly in the pharmaceutical drug development process. We project future development on “second‐generation” PBPK/PD modeling and In silico toxicology. An emphasis is given to introducing the concepts of PBPK/PD modeling rather than the details of its techniques and processes.
Trial Design and Biostatistics
Authors: Festing Michael F. W. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Better design and statistical analysis of experiments could save research resources and minimize ethical issues when they involve animals or humans. Each experiment should have clearly stated objectives, should avoid bias, have high power to detect treatment effects, and have a wide range of applicability but should not be so complex that mistakes are made in its execution. This can be achieved by choosing uniform material, such as healthy isogenic strains of rodents, and controlling all sources of extraneous variation using a formal experimental design. Wherever possible, sample size should be determined using power analysis calculations.
Cancer Drug Development in the Modern Era
Authors: Sellers William R. , Matter Alex 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
For several decades the development of anticancer therapeutics has focused largely on the identification of compounds capable of interfering with the process of cell division. The completed human genome sequence, the use of comprehensive genetic studies in lower organisms, and the robust definition of signaling, death, motility, metabolic, hypoxia, DNA repair, stress response, and other pathways have enabled and are reinvigorating both the selection of rational targets and the application of small‐molecule drug design to the problem of cancer therapeutic development.
Preclinical Trials in Mouse Cancer Models
Authors: Weiss Brian , Shannon Kevin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe goals of this chapter are to address general principles involved in testing cancer therapeutics in the mouse with an emphasis on how murine cancer models might be deployed to overcome some of the difficulties involved in evaluating new agents in human beings. We compare xenograft systems with genetically engineered models and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each. We suggest criteria that should be considered in designing and implementing preclinical trials in mouse models.
Display Technology
Authors: Theis Dietmar 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDisplays are the visual interface between human and electronically generated signals. Since the advent of the cathode ray tube, many other technical solutions for displays have been investigated and optimized to specific user requirements. This article attempts to structure the complexity of display categories and is focused on technology, that is, the engineering and material science aspects of electronic display devices. The fundamental technical features of cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are outlined. The larger part of the article, however, deals with flat‐panel technologies that have been developed to overcome two of the major drawbacks of CRTs, bulkiness and high weight. Flat panel displays are distinguished as either light‐generating or (external) light‐modulating devices. In the first group, the underlying basic technologies are light generation from gas discharge, cathodoluminescence, and electroluminescence. The exploitation of gas discharge for display purposes has led to the flat, direct‐view large‐area plasma displays. Cathodoluminescence—light generation through electron impact on phosphors—is used in CRT and flat‐panel devices such as vacuum fluorescence displays and field‐emission displays. Electroluminescence is the light emission caused by the action of electronic fields in solid inorganic or organic material. In the group of light‐modulating devices, the dominating technology is based on the unique optical properties of liquid crystal material. In conjunction with additional enabling thin films (e.g., orientation layers and polarizers), these devices are used in reflective, transmissive, or transflective modes. For high performance, they rely on a matrix of active switches associated with each pixel. Other technologies in the light‐modulating group make use of a variety of microparticles, which could give way to the eventual realization of electronic paper. The article ends with a short survey on projection display technologies.
Electron Diffraction
Authors: Cowley John M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe diffraction of high‐voltage electrons (with energies of a few hundred keV) by small particles or thin films of solids shows many interesting analogies with diffraction phenomena for visible light and X rays. The electron wavelengths are about one hundred times smaller than the interatomic distances so that electrons show mostly forward scattering. The strong interaction with matter makes the scattering from single atoms detectable, and multiple scattering effects are common. In conjunction with electron microscopy, electron diffraction allows a detailed study of matter at the atomic level. Electron‐diffraction structure analysis, analogous to X‐ray crystallography, and studies of defects or local structural variations, may be applied to small particles or crystalline regions having dimensions in the nanometer range. High‐precision studies on electron distributions in bonds in small crystals are also possible. Many determinations have been made of the structures of the surface layers on crystals, and the diffraction by gases has added greatly to the knowledge of molecular structure.
Monochromators
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio , Staehli Jean‐Louis 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
An overview on monochromators for electromagnetic radiation is presented. Instruments working in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectral regions and for soft and hard X rays are briefly described, starting from the fundamental concepts and definitions. The major advantages, difficulties, and limits of the different designs are mentioned. An important part of the article is devoted to the very widely used grating monochromators.
Ultrashort‐pulse Phenomena
Authors: Powers Peter E. , Spence David E. , Tang Chung L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractUltrashort‐pulse phenomena are generally processes that occur on the subpicosecond to femtosecond time scale. The availability of lasers that generate ultrashort optical pulses has made possible the study of effects and processes that occur on ultrashort time scales. These measurements have led to a more fundamental understanding of processes in fields ranging from chemical kinetics to semiconductor physics. The high peak powers attainable with ultrashort‐pulse lasers has also led to new applications such as soft X‐ray generation and multiphoton microscopy. In this article, we review the generation, characterization, and a few of the applications of ultrashort optical pulses. We briefly introduce these topics with the goal of presenting an overview of the fundamental ideas. An extensive list of references is provided for each topic to give a starting point for further research.
Photography, Digital
Authors: Kriss Michael A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDigital photography, with the advent of reasonably priced mega‐pixel digital cameras and high quality inkjet printers, is starting to challenge conventional, silver halide based imaging systems in the profitable consumer markets. This article is designed to provide a systematic review of all the technologies required to support digital photography. The digital imaging chain provides the flow and structure for reviewing the important imaging technologies including camera optics, imaging sensors and architectures, sensor speed, color reproduction, compression, image processing and digital hardcopy. In addition to the evaluation of individual imaging technologies, a systematic, system‐wide image quality assessment is provided that takes into account image quality (sharpness) and the most common image artifacts associated with digital photography.
Motion Picture and Video Lenses
Authors: Hope Thomas W. , Laikin Milton 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The origin of the motion picture lens is traced to the modern state of the art. Motion picture camera lenses of all types are detailed with schematics. Image formation, effective focal length, photometry, depth of field, image aberrations, antireflection, stray‐light reduction, and camera formats are explained. Projection lenses are examined by prime and anamorphic lenses with details of wide‐screen systems. Video camera lenses and types are studied by the following, commercial and consumer plus projectors from consumer to high‐end. The article concludes with video conferencing and security/surveillance camera lenses.
White Organic Light‐Emitting Devices for Solid‐State Lighting
Authors: D'Andrade B. W. , Forrest S. R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWhite organic light‐emitting devices (WOLEDs) have advanced over the last twelve years to the extent that these devices are now being considered as efficient solid‐state lighting sources. Initially, WOLEDs were targeted towards display applications for use primarily as liquid‐crystal display backlights. Now, their power efficiencies have surpassed those of incandescent sources due to improvements in device architectures, synthesis of novel materials, and the incorporation of electrophosphorescent emitters. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of several WOLED architectures in terms of efficiency and color quality. Hindrances to their widespread acceptance as solid‐state lighting sources are also noted.
Assessment of the Water and Habitat Quality of a Mediterranean River (Kalamas, Epirus, Hellas), in Accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive
Authors: Lekka Evanthia , Kagalou Ifigenia , Lazaridou‐Dimitriadou Maria , Albanis Triantafilos , Dakos Vasileios , Lambropoulou Dimitra , Sakkas Vasilis 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the present study, the water quality of Kalamas river (NW Greece) was evaluated using physicochemical and hydromorphological parameters and benthic macroinvertebrates. Statistical analyses (Cluster and FUZZY analyses) were performed and two biotic scores (BMWP' and HS) were used in order to classify the sites according to water quality. Kalamas river appeared to have excellent tomoderate water quality at all sampling sites except one (close to the delta area) which was ”fairly or significantly polluted”. During the low flow season water quality appeared poorer than during the high flow season. The ecological parameters (hydromorphological, chemical, and biological) used for this integrated approach are the ones proposed by the New Water Directive 2000/60 EC for an efficient surveying monitoring of running waters.
Sorption Behaviour of Phenols on Natural Sandy Aquifer Material during Flow‐through Column Experiments: The Effect of pH
Authors: Amiri Fariba , Rahman Md. Mokhlesur , Börnick Hilmar , Worch Eckhard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFlow‐through column experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of pH on the sorption of three phenols (2‐methyl‐4, 6‐dinitrophenol, 2, 4, 6‐trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol) onto a natural sandy aquifer material collected from a bank filtration site of River Elbe, Germany.For the phenols investigated, an increase in sorption (retardation) with decreasing pH is observed indicating a stronger sorption of the neutral species in comparison to that of the anions formed by dissociation. The anions of 2‐methyl‐4, 6‐dinitrophenol and 2, 4, 6‐trichlorophenol do not show significant sorption. On the contrary, pentachlorophenol showed sorption not only in neutral form but also in ionic form significantly which should be taken into account while assessing the fate and transport of such compound.A linear model based on the degree of protonation (calculated from pH and pKa) can be used to resolve the apparent (observed) sorption coefficient (Kd, app) into its neutral (Kd, n) and ionised (Kd, i) components. Knowing pKa, Kd, n, and Kd, i the apparent sorption coefficient for pH values other than experimentally investigated can be predicted.
Factors Influencing the Bacteriological Water Quality in Mountainous Surface and Groundwaters
Authors: Schaffter Nicole , Zumstein Jacques , Parriaux Aurèle 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe presence of pathogenic bacteria in water, along with the factors that act upon them, constitutes a field that has been little investigated in natural environments. It is clear, however, that these pathogens do have a significant effect on the quality of drinking water. Selected bacteria such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Listeria were searched for in groundwaters of mainly mountainous regions. Waters of one or two brooks in the catchment area of each spring were also analysed. Our results show that Campylo bacter and Listeria are frequent in all of these waters, even when land use in the catchment area is extensive (mountain pastures). Salmonella, on the other hand, was never found. Factors influencing the presence of Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Listeria were tested using Spearman rank correlations. The results suggest that the presence in water of some species of these bacteria (C. jejuni, L. monocytogenes 4b, and L. ivanovii) is related to a contaminant input, i.e. to the presence of cattle in the catchment area. For other species (C. coli, L. monocytogenes 1/2a, and Yersinia enterocolitica), however, one is forced to admit that no such connection between the presence of these species and that of an identified, potential contaminant input exists. We are therefore obliged to conclude either that these bacteria multiply in a natural way in the environment, or that they are able to survive in it for a long time. Finally, the present study shows that pathogenic bacteria are not always accompanied by indicators of faecal contamination (Escherichia coli, entero cocci); for this reason, they could potentially pose a risk to public health.
The Tragedy of the Karama Dam Project/Jordan
Authors: Salameh Elias 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe Karama Dam, with a capacity of 55 Mio m3, was constructed in 1995 on Wadi Mallaha in the Jordan Valley area in order to store water for irrigational uses. The dam was constructed in spite of experts' warnings that this dam geologically, hydrogeologically, seismically, and from the points of view of salinity of its water, its management and the water resources to fill it is totally irrelevant, and that the dam will fail to fulfill its purposes.Now after 9 years of its construction the dam fails to collect water because there are no sources available to fill it. The water the farmers were deprived of to partially fill the dam to demonstrate its success became in the dam reservoir highly saline (20 000 μS/cm). Reservoir bottom collapses due to dissolution of salts took place and large water amounts were lost to the underground. Not a single drop of water from the dam has been of any use for any purpose until now. Equipment to pump water for irrigational uses has been corroding, and the government is paying the depreciation, capital, and running cost of a fiasco project.