bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter One
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
His statue still stands in the city of New Orleans, untouched by the hurricane disaster of 2005. In the town square named after him, he sits astride a horse that has risen to an anatomically impossible position and waves his hat in triumph over something or someone—perhaps the British, or the Indians. A replica of the statue faces the White House in Washington, and another may be seen at the state capitol in Nashville, Tennessee.
Was the Best Defense a Good Offense? Jefferson Davis and Confederate Strategies
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Generals Joseph E. Johnston and Pierre G. T. Beauregard wrote that the Confederacy had possessed more than sufficient resources to win the Civil War, their thinly veiled message was that responsibility for failure rested on the shoulders of Jefferson Davis. The former Confederate president, who endured several such accusations in the postwar years, did not deign to reply to them directly in the twelve hundred pages of his own memoirs, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. Instead, he declared loftily that he would tell the truth in full confidence “that error and misrepresentations have, in their inconsistencies and improbabilities, the elements of self-destruction, while truth is in its nature consistent and therefore self-sustaining.”
The Last Rebel: Jesse James
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One Of The Enduring Myths of American folklore is that Jesse James was a home-grown Robin Hood who “stole from the rich and gave to the poor,” in the words of “The Ballad of Jesse James,” which enjoyed a revived popularity among the romantic Left in the 1960s. Supported by Hollywood movies, pulp fiction, and even serious scholarship, this image has dominated our understanding of the post–Civil War James gang and other Western out-laws. The British historian Eric J. Hobsbawm placed James squarely in the category of “social bandit.” He was a “primitive rebel,” a “noble robber” who championed “a special type of peasant protest and rebellion.” He was one of the “peasant outlaws… who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice.”
Unvexed to the Sea: Lincoln, Grant, and the Vicksburg Campaign
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In November 1861, According to One Story, President Abraham Lincoln met with several of his military advisers to discuss strategy for gaining control of the Mississippi River. Lincoln pointed to a map of this great valley that stretched from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico and placed his finger on the town of Vicksburg, Mississippi. “See what a lot of land those fellows [Confederates] control of which Vicksburg is the key,” he said. “The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket.”
Brahmins at War
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The 1970s General John A. Wickham of the U.S. Army, commander of the famed 101st Airborne Division, visited the Civil War battlefield of Antietam. There he gazed at Bloody Lane, where Union soldiers had attacked repeatedly before finally breaking through after suffering casualties greater than 50 percent in some regiments. “You couldn’t get American soldiers today to make an attack like that,” he said.
Mountain Farmer
Authors: Barney William L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Walter fell in love with his mountain farm, which he came to see as “perhaps the prettiest place in all the wild mountains.” Part of its appeal to him was its solitude, the sense of isolation he craved as he sought to prove to himself and others that his crippling wound had not robbed him of his manly independence. Crab Orchard, as Walter called his farm, was a few miles above Tom and Lizzie’s place on the East Fork of the Pigeon River. He set up house in a drafty, windowless, one-room cabin infested with vermin. Trying to make it habitable, he spent the first two weeks daubing cracks in the siding, setting the floor of the cabin closer to the ground, and making a bedstead so he would not have to sleep on the floor. His nine slaves were packed into an even smaller cabin, which also served as a kitchen. The outbuildings consisted of a dilapidated corncrib and a chicken coop that Walter converted into a smokehouse. No lots had been fenced for livestock and the ditching and fencing were badly in need of repair.
Concluding Comments Tracing Behavioral Modernity in the Levantine Record
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paleoanthropologists interested in the Middle Paleolithic often emphasize the monotonous nature of the material culture of this period. In the Levant, however, lithic variability is a long-recognized feature of the Middle Paleolithic record. Accordingly, at the core of this study are attempts to identify the unifying rules and processes that led to the diverse facies of a single, clearly defined prehistoric entity, the Levantine Mousterian. The sequence of assemblages from the terrace of Qafzeh Cave has served as the main case study.
It’s the ’60s, Stupid”
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1960s marked a critical breaking point, a cultural divide that would shape American politics and culture for the rest of the century and beyond. Many young protestors took to the streets to demonstrate their frustration with the slow pace of civil rights reform, the growing fear of nuclear war, and the widening commitment to Vietnam. The clashes between protestors and police in the streets of Berkeley, Chicago, and Detroit were far less violent than the bloody battles between Union and Confederate armies that took in place at Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg. Both civil wars, however, produced a generation that was scarred by the memory of the struggle, deeply divided over its meaning, and determined to win a long-term fight for the hearts and minds of the American people.
The standard narrative of the 1960s tells the story of a monolithic generation of young people rising up to stamp out racism, end the Vietnam War, and expand opportunities for women. It is true that many in the generation who came of age in the prosperous postwar years rejected the moderation and conformity of their parents’ world, focused their attention on a new set of social and cultural questions, and shared a sense of impatience. Unprecedented prosperity served as the midwife of cultural revolution.
Newt Gingrich: Wedges and Magnets
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Newt Gingrich Entered the House in 1979, a key moment in the evolution of the Republican Party. Just five years earlier the Watergate scandal had engulfed the Nixon White House, damaged the party, and demoralized its leadership in Congress. By 1979, however, the mood had shifted. Jimmy Carter was fighting a losing battle against stagflation at home while struggling to establish his credibility as a strong leader abroad. Gingrich, and the other thirty-five Republican freshmen elected that year, brought a new set of attitudes and ideas to Congress. A confidential internal report commissioned by the Republican congressional leadership observed: “Freshmen had not been exposed to the demoralizing impact of Watergate, the Agnew and Nixon resignations, the Ford defeat, and maneuvering in a Congress dominated by two-to-one Democrats. Where older members saw persistence and shrewdness, the freshman saw timidity and indecision.” The report noted that among younger members “there is widespread support for more vigorous, determined, and strategically managed leadership.” It concluded: “The circled wagons era of staving off the Democratic assault and surviving Watergate has ended.” The Republicans wanted “to play the role of attacking Indians, while the Democrats circle their wagons for awhile.”
The Revolution
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On Tuesday Morning, September 27, 1994, Newt Gingrich, smiling broadly, strutted across the west lawn of the Capitol, stopping occasionally for photographs and to greet bystanders. “You made us proud, Newt!” shouted an admirer. “Way to go, Mr. Speaker,” said another. “Not yet,” he responded. “We’ve still got an election to win.” A few minutes later he joined 350 Republican House candidates gathered on a three-tiered stage constructed on the steps of the Capitol for the signing of the “Contract with America.” After a prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, Gingrich took the podium. He could barely contain his enthusiasm at the prospect that Republicans had a fighting chance of picking up the forty seats needed to gain control of the House. “Clinton is in such trouble with the American people that our job is to go out and offer a clear, positive alternative,” Gingrich told the crowd. He pledged that if the Republicans won the majority, within the first 100 days they would bring to the House floor bills based on each of the ten items in their highly touted “Contract with America.” For Gingrich, however, the goal was much more grand. “Today on these steps we offer this contract as a first step towards renewing American civilization.”
“Monica Changed Everything”
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early on Wednesday Morning, January 21, Erskine Bowles arrived at his office in the White House at his usual 7:00 am starting time. He liked to spend a few hours getting caught up on the news in preparation for his daily 9:00 am briefing with the president. The day was already packed with events, and Bowles was trying to wrap up the details of the State of the Union address scheduled for the following week. While some White House officials had learned the previous evening that the Washington Post was running a story about the president having an illicit affair with an unnamed White House intern, Bowles learned about it for the first time when he opened the paper sitting on his desk. There across four columns at the top of the paper read the headline: “Clinton Accused of Urging Aide to Lie; Starr Probes Whether President Told Woman to Deny Alleged Affair to Jones’s Lawyers.”
The story, and investigations that followed, revealed the intrigue taking place behind the scenes to bring down the Clinton presidency. After their initial encounter on November 15, 1995—the second day of the government shutdown—the president and Monica Lewinsky continued their clandestine meetings for the next twenty months.
The End of Reform
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly after 9:00 am on Friday, December 18, Illinois Republican Ray LaHood gaveled the House Chamber to order. Gingrich did not want his last act as Speaker to be presiding over the impeachment of a president, and Speaker-designate Robert Livingston did not want it to be his first act, so they selected LaHood for the task. The chaplain opened the session with a brief prayer: “Where there is hatred, let us sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is discord, union; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; where there is sadness, joy.”
The proceedings were pushed back by a day following the president’s announcement that he was ordering a military strike on Iraq for violating its agreement on arms inspections. The military maneuvers only added to the tension in the hall. Republicans were convinced that Clinton had ordered the strike to distract attention from the impeachment proceedings; Democrats were angry that Republicans would attempt to undermine the authority of the commander in chief while American troops were still in harm’s way. While most Republican leaders questioned the timing of the attack, Gingrich supported the president’s decision. “We have a chance today to say to the world: no matter what our constitutional process, whether it is an election eve or it is the eve of a constitutional vote, no matter what our debates at home, we are, as a nation, prepared to lead the world.”
Interpretation of Instruments
Authors: Kurkela Matti S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Credits and guarantees are credits and guarantees and not traditional contracts although contracts and their interpretation are perhaps the closest reference. They are very close to ordinary service contractsexcept that the services as a whole constitute “a facility”. Sometimes the interpretation of an instrument or contract relates to its classification: is it a credit or something else? “The adjective “definite” is taken from the UCP. It approves cases that deny letter of credit status to documents that are unduly vague or incomplete. See, e.g. Transparent Prods. Corp. v Paysaver Credit Union, 864 F.2d 60 (7th Cir. 1988). Note, however, that no particular phrase or label is necessary to establish a letter of credit. It is sufficient if the undertaking of the issuer shows that it is intended to be a letter of credit, In most cases the parties’ intention will be indicated by a label on the undertaking itself indicating that it is a “letter of credit,” but no such language is necessary.”
Jurisdiction and Choice of Law
Authors: Kurkela Matti S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lex mercatoriahas become an evergreen topic of discussion and there is not very much one can say about it which would not have already been said or commented on a number of times in literature and articles. Despite criticism it continues to emerge, continues to gain force, and increasingly takes a written form. Increasingly, also, it is being codified. Supranational law is emerging.
In Town
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Village and Town population of the South grew by five million people between 1880 and 1910. The growth came fastest in the 1880s, slowed in the 1890s, and then accelerated again in the first decade of the new century. Villages, settled places with populations under 2,500, accounted for about a quarter of that increase. Thousands of new villages came into being between 1880 and 1910 and hundreds more passed over the line into official “urban” status even as larger towns grew into ambitious small cities. In 1900, about one of every six Southerners—in some subregions, one of every four—lived in a village or town.
Every subregion contained its landmark cities. The Atlantic coastal plain claimed the ports of Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, and Jacksonville; the Gulf plain had the ports of Mobile, New Orleans, and Houston. The Piedmont could boast Richmond and Raleigh, plus some of the fastest growing cities of the South—Charlotte, Winston-Salem, Columbia, Augusta, and Atlanta—along with many smaller but flourishing towns. The cities within the recesses of the mountains, Knoxville and Asheville, developed steadily, but Roanoke, Chattanooga, and Birmingham, on the edge of the highlands, grew more impressively.
Faith
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The South is by a long way the most simply and sincerely religious country that I ever was in,” Sir William Archer wrote. “It is not, like Ireland, a priest-ridden country; it is not, like England, a country in which the strength of religion lies in its social prestige; it is not, like Scotland, a country steeped in theology. But it is a country in which religion is a very large factor in life, and God is very real and personal.” Indeed, “there is a simple sincerity in its appeal to religious principle which I have often found really touching.”
Religious faith and language appeared everywhere in the New South. It permeated public speech as well as private emotion. For many people, religion provided the measure of politics, the power behind law and reform, the reason to reach out to the poor and exploited, a pressure to cross racial boundaries. People viewed everything from courtship to child-rearing to their own deaths in religious terms. Even those filled with doubt or disdain could not escape the images, the assumptions, the power of faith.
Out in the Country
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Formerly The Farmers of the South were the most independent people in the world,” an observer sadly commented in the 1890s. “Now the division of labor and cheap transportation have restricted the number of commodities which can be produced at a profit.” Western meat, flour, com, oats, and hay swamped local products, and the results were obvious: “The old homesteads are going to rack, lands are washing away, and the young girls and boys are hastening to the towns and cities.” Those who remained on the farms “feel deeply humiliated at their growing dependence.” Their parents and grandparents had never faced such a situation, such dependence.
Part of the problem, some said, was that the New South generation had higher expectations, expectations fed by the stores growing up in their midst.
Alliances
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Southern Farmers thought that public policy and private enterprise favored almost everyone in America other than themselves. Even though they produced more goods, paid more taxes. and cast more votes than any other group of Gilded Age Americans, farmers’ voices often seemed to go unheard. Farmers felt abused by both of the major parties and exploited by every level of business from national corporations to local storekeepers.
Soon after the Civil War farmers launched crusades to correct some of the wrongs that had developed in rural life during the tmmoil of the war and Reconstruction. The Patrons of Husbandry-popularly known as “the Grange”—made a strong impression on the rural South even before Redemption, pulling in nearly a quarter of a million members at its peak in the mid-1870s. In states across the region, farmers eagerly joined this national organization in the hope that it could help them deal with the problems of chronic debt and rural decline; by 1875, over 50,000 Grangers had enlisted in Kentucky, over 30,000 each in Mississippi, Tennessee, and Texas, and about 20,000 in both Arkansas and Georgia.
Turning of the Tide
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During The Years the Farmers’ Alliance and the Populists grew across the South, signs of hard times became ever more obvious in the international economy. Farmers from Russia to Rumania, from Spain to Ireland, from Alabama to Nebraska watched helplessly as the prices for their products dropped. Countries throughout Europe erected trade barriers and tariffs to protect their economies from the vicissitudes of the world market, and the United States joined them in 1890 with the McKinley tariff. Weak economies on the periphery of the industrial world tottered on the edge of default, and in 1890 the English government saved a major banking house entangled in Argentinean finance. Skittish European investors began to pull capital out of the United States after 1890. The nation’s rail system, a voracious consumer of capital, material, and men throughout the 1880s, found that it had built too far too fast. Exports from the United States fell. Credit tightened as fears of a depression grew.
Judicial Independence
Authors: Resnik Judith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Around the world, constitutions and transnational conventions now insist that judges be “independent” from the authorities that employ them. Consider first a few such statements. The courts are independent and subject only to the Constitution and the law, which they must apply impartially and without fear, favour or prejudice. No person or organ of state may interfere with the functioning of the courts. Organs of state, through legislative and other measures, must assist and protect the courts to ensure the independence, impartiality, dignity, accessibility and effectiveness of the courts.
Separation of Powers and Parliamentary Government
Authors: Claus Laurence P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Government under the U.S. Constitution is not parliamentary. To be certain of this, we need notice only two features of American government. First, the person primarily responsible for administering the American government is chosen independently of the national legislature in most circumstances. Second, that person does not depend for continuation in office on majority support in the House of Representatives. During the century of the American founding, the British government was evolving a practice whereby the national legislature’s choice of per- sons to administer the nation from day to day was consistently accepted by the monarch. Those who could assemble majority support in the elected chamber of the British Parliament were appointed by the monarch as his ministers. Those appointees served formally at the monarch’s pleasure, but in fact their appointments depended on parliamentary support and did not last longer than Parliament’s confidence in them. Parliamentary systems of government are distinguished by their conformity with the British proto- type in four respects, the first two essential and the other two usual. First, the choice of those who will administer government is directly or indirectly determined by a legislature in most circumstances, and second, the chosen ministers depend for their continuation in office on continued majority support in the legislature.
Review of Laws Having a Disparate Impact Based on Gender
Authors: Jackson Vicki C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The U.S. Constitution is one of the world’s oldest. Its principal provisions were drafted by representative bodies in which women did not participate, and it was rati!ed through processes that, for the most part, also excluded women. See also Kathleen M. Sullivan, Constitutionalizing Women’s Equality, 90 Calif. L. Rev. 735 (2002). (“The U.S. Constitution is the only major written constitution that includes a bill of rights but lacks a provision explicitly declaring the equality of the sexes,” in contrast to those of France, Germany, India, Canada, and South Africa.)
Free Speech and the Incitement of Violence or Unlawful Behavior: Statutes Not Specifically Directed at Speech
Authors: Gey Steven G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Issues of incitement or verbal instigation of breach of the peace are often raised in prosecutions under statutes that have nothing to do with dangerous ideas or political radicalism. These issues are often litigated under statutes relating generally to public decorum or breach of the peace, as in the Australian decision Coleman v. Power, which is excerpted below. Although the legal contexts in which these issues are raised differ widely from the speech-specific statutes discussed in the previous chapter, the basic principles of free speech (and the ways in which courts discuss these principles) are often strikingly similar in each context. One of the questions raised by these cases is whether the prosecution of antisocial or offensive speech is just a cover for official suppression of the government’s ideological adversaries. Many of the statutes used against disruptive speakers involve public order or public decorum mandates. Should legal regimes protecting freedom of speech recognize a legitimate governmental interest in protecting the public from gratuitously abusive or insulting language? If so, should political dissenters nevertheless receive broader protection from official attempts to regulate the style of a speaker’s discourse? How would Mr. Coleman be viewed in this regard? Although his pamphlet complained of police corruption, he was not engaged in what would traditionally be considered political advocacy or political dissent. Viewed from this angle, these cases raise the question whether rules protecting free speech should treat generalized antiauthoritarianism in the same manner as more traditional political dissent.