bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orexin Expression and Function: Glucocorticoid Manipulation, Stress, and Feeding Studies
Authors: Ford Gemma K. , Al-Barazanji Kamal A. , Wilson Shelagh , Jones Declan N. C. , Harbuz Michael S. , Jessop David S. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We investigated the effects of glucocorticoid manipulation on orexin-A-induced feeding and prepro-orexin mRNA levels in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the rat brain. Adrenalectomy (ADX) reduced orexin-A-induced feeding over 4 h by about 60%, compared with shams, an effect that was reversed by corticosterone (CORT) replacement. ADX had no effect on prepro-orexin mRNA levels in the LHA in either the morning or the evening; however, message was up-regulated by CORT in the morning but not the evening. An increased number of emulsion grains per cell in the LHA suggests that this is a specific increase in prepro-orexin mRNA and is not due to an increased number of cells expressing message. Prepro-orexin mRNA levels in the LHA were elevated 4 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide, compared with saline-injected controls. Partial but not complete abolition of orexin-A-induced feeding by ADX suggests that orexin-A-induced feeding may be mediated through glucocorticoid-dependent and glucocorticoid-independent pathways. In the morning increased prepro-orexin mRNA after CORT replacement demonstrates that orexin expression is sensitive to increased concentrations of glucocorticoids. However, the lack of effect of ADX on prepro-orexin mRNA levels suggests that endogenous glucocorticoids are not involved in tonic regulation of basal prepro-orexin expression. Overall our data constitute a body of evidence for an integrated relationship between central orexin expression, stress, glucocorticoid manipulation, and feeding patterns in the rat.
New Reference Intervals for Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones Based on National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Criteria and Regular Ultrasonography of the Thyroid
Authors: Kratzsch Juergen , Fiedler Georg Martin , Leichtle Alexander , Brügel Matthias , Buchbinder Susanne , Otto Lothar , Sabri Osama , Matthes Gert , Thiery Joachim 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground: The aim of our present study was to establish new reference intervals for thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormones based on National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) criteria and regular thyroid ultrasonography. We also assessed the effect of potentially confounding factors to modulate the limits of these intervals.Methods: We investigated 870 apparently healthy persons and excluded, step by step, those with a family history of thyroid disease, pathologic thyroid ultrasonography results, and increased anti-thyroid peroxidase or anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Accordingly, only 453 of the 870 persons in the entire group were finally included as reference collective. We measured serum concentrations of TSH, total and free thyroxine (T4 and FT4), and total and free triiodothyronine (T3 and FT3) of the whole and the reference collective on the ELECSYS system assays (Roche Diagnostics) and calculated the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for comparison.Results: The calculated lower limit for TSH differed significantly between the reference intervals for healthy persons with an assessed normal thyroid gland vs the nonselected group of healthy blood donors. Age was the only independent factor and was significantly inversely associated with TSH (P &lt;0.0001). Use of oral contracep-tives was a significant predictor for variation in T4 concentrations (P &lt;0.001). Age and oral contraceptives were independently associated with T3 variations (P &lt;0.05). For FT4 vs FT3 variation, gender and (inversely) age (P &lt;0.01) were independent modulating factors.Conclusions: The selection of healthy persons according to NACB criteria combined with sonographic confirmation of a normal thyroid gland provide a valid basis for the reference interval for TSH. Factors indicating a preclinical disease state, such as family history, pathologic ultrasonography result, or increased anti-thyroid peroxidase and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, can be associated with normal hormone concentrations. Additionally, patient age and gender as well as use of contraceptives should be considered in diagnostic evaluation of thyroid diseases.
Concept of chemical immaturity in body composition estimates: Implications for estimating the prevalence of obesity in childhood and youth
Authors: Lohman T. G. , Gonig S. B. , Slaughter M. H. , Boileau R. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper estimates the prevalence of obesity in 6–8‐year‐old children, 13–15‐year‐old youth, and 18–19‐old adults by using skinfold data of the National Nutrition and Health Examination Survey. Obesity is defined as above 25% fat in males and above 32% fat in females. Skinfold equations used to estimate the fat cotent at each age were based on a multicompontent approach that used body density, body water, and bone mineral. The prevalence of obesity in the U.S. population was found to be much lower in children than in youth and young adults and to increase from 1 in 20 in childhood to 1 in 5 in adulthood.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism‐dementia of Gaum: Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic patterns
Authors: Garruto Ralph M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe strikingly high incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and parkinsonism‐dementia (PD), two uniformly fatal neurodegenerative disorders which often occur in the same families and occasionally in the same individual, was recognized on Guam more than three decades ago. Since the first systematic observations began, nearly 800 Guamanian Chamorro patients have been clinically diagnosed as having either disease. The original incidence rates for ALS and PD accounted for one in five deaths among Chamorros over ago 25. During the past 30 years, however, the incidence and mortality rates have dramatically declined and today the risk to Guamanian chamorros is only several‐fold higher than that for non‐Chamorro residents of the continental United States. The accumulating epidemiological and genetic data strongly suggest that environmental factors are primarily involved in the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders. The high incidence focus of ALS and PD on Guam and similar, but less well‐studied, foci in West New Guinea and the Kii Peninsula of Japan represent natural paradigms of chronic degenerative disease that have provided new information and insights for understanding not only ALS and PD, but other neurological disorders such as classical ALS, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and early neuronal aging, insights that might otherwise not have been forthcoming from studies of low incidence sporadic disease in large cosmopolitan Western communities.
Do reproductive patterns affect maternal nutritional status?: An analysis of maternal depletion in Lesotho
Authors: Miller Jane E. , Huss‐Ashmore Rebecca 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPoor pregnancy outcomes in developing countries have often been blamed on maternal depletion or on the cumulative nutritional drain of many closely spaced pregnancies. Despite its widespread acceptance, the maternal depletion hypothesis remains unproven. This study examines nutritional status and fertility history for 873 women in highland Lesotho. Parity, age, pregnancy status, length of last closed birth interval, open interval, and median birth interval were used to predict nutritional status (BMI, triceps skinfold, arm muscle area). While there is evidence that both short‐term and long‐term nutritional depletion are related to lactation and pregnancy spacing, both BMI and triceps fat increase with parity. For this population, then, the assumption of cumulative depletion due simply to high fertility is not supported.
X‐linked pattern of inheritance for serial measures of weight/stature2
Authors: Byard Pamela J. , Siervogel Roger M. , Roche Alex F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe pattern of family resemblance for long‐term serial measures of weight/stature2 (W/S2) in approximately 500 individuals from the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study suggests that X‐linked genes may be contributing to the variability in this trait among children, particularly during the prepubertal age range of 2–9 years. In this data set, W/S2 was measured serially at the same ages in all family members. Thus, a parent‐child correlation at a specific age can be determined even though the measurements were made on the child a generation later than on the parent. The pattern of family resemblance at each annual age up to 10 years and at ages 14–18 years is consistent with the presence of an X‐linked genetic effect. Opposite‐sex parent‐child pairs are more similar than same‐sex pairs, and sister‐sister pairs are more similar than brother‐brother or brother‐sister pairs at these ages. Furthermore, when the distribution of W/S2 is examined separately in boys and girls, there is evidence of commingling in the distribution of boys from 5 to 8 years of age but not in girls. This is consistent with the existence of a major X‐linked gene with a frequency of about 3%. This pattern of family resemblance and commingling suggestive of partial X‐linkage for W/S2 has not been detected previously because cross‐sectional family studies generally compare individuals at different stages of growth.
Semai Senoi fertility and population dynamics: Two‐census method
Authors: Fix Alan G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe fertility and parameters of population growth of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia are studied by using a two‐census method based on nonstable population theory. Semai fertility is shown to be moderately high; female completed fertility is 7.42 children and the crude birth rate is greater than 0.050. Previous estimates of Semai mortality rates are also moderately high but are insufficient to balance birth; thus, the overall rate of growth is presently nearly 2%. Compared with an earlier description of the pre‐1969 Semai population, fertility has increased markedly leading to a nearly threefold increase in the annual growth rate.
Semai Senoi mortality: Two‐census method
Authors: Fix Alan G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe mortality pattern of a subpopulation of Semai Senoi of Malaysia is studied by using a two‐census method. The method yields abridged life tables for both sexes as well as an estimate of the birth rate. The life tables show that Semai mortality is reduced compared to estimates based on stable population methods for the population prior to 1969. Increased health care availability seems to account for this lower mortality.
Sibling correlations for skeletal age assessments by the Fels method
Authors: Xi Huanjiu , Roche Alex F. , Guo Shumei 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSibling correlations are reported for Fels skeletal ages from 2,622 mixed longitudinal hand‐wrist radiographs of 285 boys and 276 girls. Because the observed correlations were irregular across age, they were smoothed by using kernel regression. The brother‐sister correlations were generally lower than those for the other types of silbling pairs, but they were similar to the brother‐brother correlations after 11 years. The sister‐sister correlations were considerably higher than the brother‐brother and brother‐sister correlations after 12 years. The present data do not provide clear evidence of involvement of the X chromosome in the timing of skeletal maturation, but after 12 years the present data suggest such an involvement.
Relationship of disease characteristics and nutritional status to patterns of growth in children with Crohn disease
Authors: Cronk Christine E. , Stallings Virginia A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCrohn disease is one type of inflammatory bowel disease with frequent occurrence before maturity. Many children with Crohn disease experience linear growth retardation. However, the prevalence and contribution of various factors to growth failure have not been adequately investigated. The purpose of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of growth deficiency by using multiple criteria based on longitudinal data and to simulatneously evaluate the contribution of disease, demographic, and treatment characteristics to the growth failure in this group of children.A sample of 78 patients assessed retrospectively and 41 patients followed prospectively were drawn from the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Data on growth, nutritional status (hematocrit and albumin levels), disease characteristics (severity, site, duration, and age of onset), and steroid dosage were collected for both groups. For the prospective sample, measurements of height, weight, and four skinfold thicknesses were taken. A 24 hour recall and 3 day food record estimated kcal intake. Parental size was taken by report from the accompanying caregiver.When three criteria were used, prevalence of growth retardation was 67% in the retrospective group, higher than most available figures. In the prospective sample, reductions in height adjusted for midparental size were greater than those for weight, and depletion of lower body fat was greater than that of upper body fat.Multiple regression analyses showed that degree of growth retardation as measured by the parent adjusted z score for height was associated with higher steroid dosage and later age of disease onset, but not disease severity or the anatomical site of the disease. Of the nutritional status variables, degree of growth retardation was most closely associated with degree of reduction in lower body fat stores.
Technical error of mesiodistal diameters for the permanent and deciduous dentition
Authors: Buschang Peter H. , Demirjian Arto 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMethod errors and reliabilities are given for mesiodistal measurements of the permanent and deciduous dentitions. Method errors, describing random measurement error, range between 0.04 and 0.12 mm. Reliabilities, describing the proportion of true variance to true plus error variance, are lowest for measurements taken on the canines. Mesiodistal measurements of the incisors are more reliable than those taken on the (pre)molars. The different reliability estimates reflect disparities in true rather than error variance. The method error and reliability statistics serve different purposes and lead to different interpretations.
Selective neutrality of surname, distribution in an immigrant indian community of Houston, Texas
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Schwartz Robert J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom survey data on surnames in an immigrant community of Indians in Houston, Texas, it is shown that the family size distribution and the distribution of the number of male children per family are independent of the surnames of the parents. This provides a direct test of selective neutrality of surname distributions. A genetic theory of sampling distribution of neutral alleles is employed to estimate the parameter of the surname distribution, and analytical results for the expectation and variance of the frequencies of surnames with a different number of copies in a sample are provided. It is also shown that the surname distribution may indicate presence of mixture in a sample, which can be examined by such theoretical approaches. The transition of surname distributions in two successive generations is shown to follow the pattern predicted by random extinction of surnames.
Stresses of conquest: A study of Wilson bands and enamel hypoplasias in the Maya of Lamanai, Belize
Authors: Wright Lori E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the prevalence of Wilson bands and hypoplasias in the dental enamel of a sample of Postclassic and Historic Maya Indian remains from the archaeological site of Lamanai, Belize. Mandibular canines were removed from 23 individuals from the two periods. The surface of a polished, acid etched, longitudinal section of each canine was examined with scanning electron microscopy for the presence of enamel malformations.A large number of Wilson bands and shallow hypoplasias were identified; however, more severe macroscopic hypoplasias were rare. The two kinds of defects were found to be temporally associated in only 25–50% of instances, indicating that circumstances leading to their formation are likely distinct.The mean number of both Wilson bands and shallow hypoplasias was found to be significantly different between samples, indicating an increase in developmental stress in the Historic occupation. As dietary differences have not been detected between the occupations, the observed differences in enamel defect prevalence can be attributed to the effects of changing epidemiological patterns following the Spanish conquest.
Commingling analysis of blood pressure in the Tecumseh community health study
Authors: Province M. A. , Keller J. , Higgins M. , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA commingling analysis of the distribution of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was performed on measurements from 9,226 individuals living in Tecumseh, Michigan during 1962–1965. Even after correcting for skewness in the distributions, multiple normal distributions fit the data significantly better than a single normal one, suggesting some level of commingling. The exact nature of the components differed depending on the phenotype, and the number of components entertained, suggesting a possibly complex etiology, but with some definite qualitative effects. Segregation analysis under the mixed model is needed to address the nature of blood pressure in this community more definitively.
Reduction in birth weight associated with smoking among young and older‐age women
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Smith Shelley L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the combined effects of maternal smoking and maternal age on birth weight. A sample of 1,851 white, full‐term infants (37 to 42 weeks) born to primiparous mothers ranging in age from 18 to 41 years was derived from the database of the Child Health and Development Studies (CHDS), available through the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The mothers were classified into three age groups—young, middle‐aged, and older‐aged—corresponding respectively to values below the 15th, between the 15th and 85th, and at or above the 85th percentile of age.Analyses of the data show that the reduction in birth weight associated with maternal smoking when compared with nonsmoking averaged 181 gm for the young group (18 to 20 years), 162 gm for the middle‐aged group (21 to 29 years), and 154 gm for the older‐aged group (30 to 41 years). These differences are independent of total income. Hence it appears that the birth weight–reducing effect of smoking is not enhanced among women of older reproductive ages (30 to 41 years). Furthermore, the reduction in birth weight is dose responsive. That is, the greater the number of cigarettes smoked per day, the lower is the resulting mean birth weight and the higher is the proportion of low‐birth‐weight infants.
Dynamic and static measures of growth among pre‐ and postmenarcheal females in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Riley Ann P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHeight and weight for age and height and weight velocity are examined in a sample of Bangladeshi adolescents aged 10–20 years with an average age at menarche of 15.8 years. Interpopulation differences between pre‐ and postmenarcheal girls are assessed and age patterns are compared to standards of U.S. and British adolescents. Bangladeshi adolescents are shorter and lighter for their age and lighter for their height than are U.S. adolescents. The growth spurt in height and weight is delayed and spread out over time, and growth rates are lower throughout the spurt when compared to British and U.S. girls. As in developed countries, most girls attain menarche after peak height velocity, while weight gain per year is highest around the time of menarche. There is no significant relationship between age at menarche and height or weight at menarche.
Introduction
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA basic premise of studies conducted in the 1950s and 1960s was that humans exhibited a uniform set of biological responses to the high altitude environment. Since then, investigations have been carried out in the North American Rockies, South American Andes, and the Himalayas by researchers from a variety of disciplines—biological anthropology, respiratory physiology, cardiology, hematology, and nutrition. These studies have contributed important insights for understanding the mechanisms involved in adaptation to high altitude and have revealed possible differences in the strategies of adaptation exhibited by the world's various high altitude populations. However, the findings have sometimes been slow to percolate across disciplinary boundaries, given the tradition among the biological sciences to conduct research and present findings in specialized groupings. This symposium breaks this pattern by bringing together from several disciplines investigators who are actively involved in the conduct of high altitude studies. The interaction afforded enables us to realize that understanding the process of human adaptation to high altitude requires a holistic approach whereby the expertise of various scientific disciplines needs to be utilized in a synchronized and integrated manner.
Report on the natural interruption of pregnancy related to menarche in the population of Madrid
Authors: Prado Consuelo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAll cases of spontaneous abortion which were registered between June 1982 and June 1984 in the Ciudad Sanitaria de la Paz have been studied in Madrid (n = 1,259). Together with the women who had miscarriages, a control sample of women (n = 1,016) of similar socioeconomic status and ages was analyzed. The main aim of this study is the analysis of the link between the age of menarche and the incidence of miscarriage, as well as morphological characteristics of women. Our results demonstrate that the average age of menarche is earlier in the sample of women who have a miscarriage (P > .001). When women are classified by early, middle, or late age at menarche, it was observed that, for the sample of women who had a miscarriage, there is a higher percentage of both early and late age at menarche. No significant differences were found in the rest of the morphological variables which were considered. The cycles of women who had miscarriages were more irregular than those in the control group.
Biological variability in a migrating isolate, the Tokelau Islands: Child growth in different environments
Authors: Ramirez M. E. , Brauer Gerhard W. , Prior I. A. M. , Ward R. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe magnitude and rates of growth have been compared among two cross‐sectional samples of Tokelau children on the basis of 26 anthropometric dimensions. One of the samples consisted of children living on the Tokelau Islands. The migrant sample consisted of children of Tokelau descent who were living in New Zealand. The comparison between samples suggest significant differences in the rate of linear growth at the younger ages. However, most differences were not significant among 17 year olds. The results support the hypothesis that even when the original environment is favorable, qualitative changes in the environment may affect the general pattern of growth. The effects of an accelerated growth pattern cannot be determined at this time.