bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF DELIVERY OPTIONS IN FUTURES CONTRACTS
Authors: Hranaiova Jana , Jarrow Robert A. , Tomek William G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe analyze the effect various delivery options embedded in commodity futures contracts have on the futures price. The two embedded options considered are the timing and location options. We show that early delivery is always optimal when only a timing option is present, but not so when joint options are present. The estimates of the combined options are much smaller than the comparable estimates for the timing option alone. The average value of the joint option is about 5% of the average basis on the first day of the maturity month. This suggests that joint options can increase deliverable supplies while potentially having only a small effect on basis behavior.
MARKET STRUCTURE, CHANGING INCENTIVES, AND UNDERWRITER CERTIFICATION
Authors: Dolvin Steven D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEarly studies find that higher quality underwriters are associated with lower underpricing; however, more recent evidence suggests the opposite relation. By controlling for influences associated with the changing market structure of the underwriter industry, I provide a potential explanation for this conflict, that is, that higher quality underwriters do certify initial public offerings, resulting in lower underpricing. However, effects associated with increasing market shares tend to offset certification benefits, particularly for issues underwritten by the largest investment banks.
Antipsychotic Medications and Drug‐Induced Movement Disorders Other Than Parkinsonism: A Population‐Based Cohort Study in Older Adults
Authors: Lee Philip E. , Sykora Kathy , Gill Sudeep S. , Mamdani Muhammad , Marras C. , Anderson Geoff , Shulman Ken I. , Stukel Thérèse , Normand Sharon‐Lise , Rochon Paula A. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:
To study the relationship between initiating therapy with an antipsychotic medication and a subsequent new diagnosis of a drug‐induced movement disorder other than parkinsonism in older adults with dementia.Design: Retrospective, population‐based cohort study.Setting: Ontario, Canada.Participants: Ontario residents aged 66 and older with a diagnosis of dementia newly started on treatment with typical or atypical antipsychotic therapy.Measurement: Estimated relative risk of developing a drug‐induced movement other than parkinsonism in the 1‐year follow‐up period after starting therapy with an antipsychotic medication.Results: From April 1, 1997, to March 31, 2001, 21, 835 older adults with dementia who were newly started on antipsychotic medications were identified. Nine thousand seven hundred ninety subjects were started on atypical antipsychotics and 12,045 subjects started on typical antipsychotics. Demographic characteristics were similar between the groups. There were 5.24 cases of tardive dyskinesia (TD) or other drug‐induced movement disorder per 100 person‐years on therapy with a typical antipsychotic and 5.19 cases per 100 person‐years on therapy with an atypical antipsychotic. The risk of developing drug‐induced movement disorder while being treated with an atypical agent was not statistically different from that with a typical antipsychotic (relative risk=0.99, 95% confidence interval=0.86–1.15; P<.93).Conclusion: Older adults with dementia who are treated with typical or atypical antipsychotic therapy are at risk for developing TD and other drug‐induced movement disorders.
Decisions to Hospitalize Nursing Home Residents Dying with Advanced Dementia
Authors: Lamberg Jennifer L. , Person Carmel J. , Kiely Dan K. , Mitchell Susan L. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of, timing of, and factors associated with decisions not to hospitalize nursing home residents with advanced dementia who were dying.Design: Retrospective cohort study.Setting: Six hundred seventy five–bed nursing facility in Boston.Participants: Two hundred forty residents in a teaching nursing home who died between January 2001 and December 2003 with advanced dementia.Measurements: The prevalence and timing of do‐not‐hospitalize (DNH) orders were determined from the medical record. Data describing demographic characteristics, health conditions, advance care planning, sentinel events, and health services usage during the last 6 months of life were examined. Factors associated with having a DNH order were identified.Results: At the time of death, 83.8% of subjects had a DNH order. The prevalence of DNH orders was 50.0% and 34.4%, 30 and 180 days before death, respectively. Hospital transfers were common during the last 6 months of life (24.6%). Factors independently associated with having a DNH order before death included surrogate decision‐maker was not the subject's child (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.39, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.52–12.66), eating problems (AOR=4.17, 95% CI=1.52–11.47), aged 92 and older (AOR=2.78, 95% CI=1.29–5.96), and length of stay 2 years or longer (AOR=2.34, 95% CI=1.11–4.93).Conclusion: For most institutionalized persons with advanced dementia, a decision to forgo hospitalization is not made until death is imminent. Thus, hospital transfers are common near the end of life. The finding that DNH orders are associated with patient and surrogate factors can help clinicians identify cases in which decisions to forgo hospitalizations may be facilitated.
A PANEL PERFORMANCE PROCEDURE IMPLEMENTED IN R
Authors: DERNDORFER EVA , BAIERL ANDREAS , NIMMERVOLL ELISABETH , SINKOVITS ELVIRA 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT Monitoring performance is essential for the efficient use of a sensory panel both during training and while carrying out product assessments. We present a concise procedure to monitor panel performance based on classical statistical methods. The program includes tests for the ability to discriminate between products, repeatability of assessments, scale use, agreement between panelists and a principal component analysis map of panelist means across attributes. The algorithm is implemented in R – a state‐of‐the‐art, freely available statistical software package. The program output is summarized in graphs and tables. This easily applicable panel performance procedure is aimed at improving sensory practice, especially in areas where the use of highly complex systems is not feasible.
Mutations of a Residue within the Polyproline-Rich Region of Env Alter the Replication Rate and Level of Cytopathic Effects in Chimeric Avian Retroviral Vectors
Authors: Chang Kevin W. , Barsov Eugene V. , Ferris Andrea L. , Hughes Stephen H. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTPrevious attempts to extend the host range of the avian sarcoma/leukosis virus (ASLV)-based RCASBP vectors produced two viral vectors, RCASBP M2C (4070A) and RCASBP M2C (797-8), which replicate using the amphotropic murine leukemia virus 4070A Env protein (2). Both viruses were adapted to replicate efficiently in the avian cell line DF-1, but RCASBP M2C (4070A) caused extensive cytopathic effects (CPE) in DF-1 cells whereas RCASBP M2C (797-8) induced low levels of CPE. The two viruses differed only at amino acid 242 of the polyproline-rich region in the surface (SU) subunit of the Env protein. In RCASBP M2C (4070A), an isoleucine replaced the wild-type proline residue, whereas a threonine residue was found in RCASBP M2C (797-8). In the present study, we show that other amino acid substitutions at position 242 strongly influence the CPE and replication rate of the chimeric viruses. There was a correlation between the amount of unintegrated linear retroviral DNA present in infected DF-1 cells and the level of CPE. This suggests that there may be a role for superinfection in the CPE. The treatment of RCASBP M2C (4070A)-infected cells with dantrolene, which inhibits the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), reduced the amount of CPE seen during infection with the highly cytotoxic virus. Dantrolene treatment did not appear to affect virus production, suggesting that Ca2+release from the ER had a role in the CPE caused by these viruses.
Characterization of Neuraminidase-Resistant Mutants Derived from Rotavirus Porcine Strain OSU
Authors: López José Agustín , Maldonado Antonio José , Gerder Marlene , Abanero José , Murgich Juan , Pujol Flor H. , Liprandi Ferdinando , Ludert Juan Ernesto 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT
Infection by some rotavirus strains requires the presence of sialic acid on the cell surface, its infectivity being reduced in cells treated with neuraminidase. A neuraminidase treatment-resistant mutant was isolated from the porcine rotavirus strain OSU. In reassortant strains, the neuraminidase-resistant phenotype segregated with the gene coding for VP4. The mutant retained its capacity to bind to sialic acid. The VP4 sequence of the mutant differed from that of the parental OSU strain in an Asp-to-Asn substitution at position 100. Neutralization escape mutants selected from an OSU neuraminidase-sensitive clone by monoclonal antibodies that failed to recognize the neuraminidase-resistant mutant strain carried the same mutation at position 100 and were also neuraminidase resistant. Neuraminidase sensitivity was restored when the mutation at position 100 was compensated for by a second mutation (Gln to Arg) at position 125. Molecular mechanics simulations suggest that the neuraminidase-resistant phenotype associated with mutation of OSU residue 100 from Asp to Asn reflects the conformational changes of the sialic acid cleft that accompany sialic acid binding.
Early Alpha/Beta Interferon Production by Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Response to UV-Inactivated Virus Requires Viral Entry and Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 but Not MyD88
Authors: Hidmark Åsa S. , McInerney Gerald M. , Nordström Eva K. L. , Douagi Iyadh , Werner Kristen M. , Liljeström Peter , Hedestam Gunilla B. Karlsson 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Alpha/beta interferons (IFN-α/β) are key mediators of innate immunity and important modulators of adaptive immunity. The mechanisms by which IFN-α/β are induced are becoming increasingly well understood. Recent studies showed that Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 expressed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) mediate the endosomal recognition of incoming viral RNA genomes, a process which requires myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Here we investigate the requirements for virus-induced IFN-α/β production in cultures of bone marrow-derived murine myeloid DCs (mDCs). Using recombinant Semliki Forest virus blocked at different steps in the viral life cycle, we show that replication-defective virus induced IFN-α/β in mDCs while fusion-defective virus did not induce IFN-α/β. The response to replication-defective virus was largely intact in MyD88
−/−
mDC cultures but was severely reduced in mDC cultures from mice lacking IFN regulatory factor 3. Our observations suggest that mDCs respond to incoming virus via a pathway that differs from the fusion-independent, MyD88-mediated endosomal pathway described for the induction of IFN-α/β in pDCs. We propose that events during or downstream of viral fusion, but prior to replication, can activate IFN-α/β in mDCs. Thus, mDCs may contribute to the antiviral response activated by the immune system at early time points after infection.
Effects of Ebola Virus Glycoproteins on Endothelial Cell Activation and Barrier Function
Authors: Wahl-Jensen Victoria M. , Afanasieva Tatiana A. , Seebach Jochen , Ströher Ute , Feldmann Heinz , Schnittler Hans-Joachim 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

Ebola virus causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates in humans and nonhuman primates. Vascular instability and dysregulation are disease-decisive symptoms during severe infection. While the transmembrane glycoprotein GP
1,2
has been shown to cause endothelial cell destruction, the role of the soluble glycoproteins in pathogenesis is largely unknown; however, they are hypothesized to be of biological relevance in terms of target cell activation and/or increase of endothelial permeability. Here we show that virus-like particles (VLPs) consisting of the Ebola virus matrix protein VP40 and GP
1,2
were able to activate endothelial cells and induce a decrease in barrier function as determined by impedance spectroscopy and hydraulic conductivity measurements. In contrast, the soluble glycoproteins sGP and Δ-peptide did not activate endothelial cells or change the endothelial barrier function. The VLP-induced decrease in barrier function was further enhanced by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which is known to induce a long-lasting decrease in endothelial cell barrier function and is hypothesized to play a key role in Ebola virus pathogenesis. Surprisingly, sGP, but not Δ-peptide, induced a recovery of endothelial barrier function following treatment with TNF-α. Our results demonstrate that Ebola virus GP
1,2
in its particle-associated form mediates endothelial cell activation and a decrease in endothelial cell barrier function. Furthermore, sGP, the major soluble glycoprotein of Ebola virus, seems to possess an anti-inflammatory role by protecting the endothelial cell barrier function.
Phylogeography, Population Dynamics, and Molecular Evolution of European Bat Lyssaviruses
Authors: Davis Patricia L. , Holmes Edward C. , Larrous Florence , Van der Poel Wim H. M. , Tjørnehøj Kirsten , Alonso Wladimir J. , Bourhy Hervé 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTEuropean bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2) are widespread in Europe, although little is known of their evolutionary history. We undertook a comprehensive sequence analysis to infer the selection pressures, rates of nucleotide substitution, age of genetic diversity, geographical origin, and population growth rates of EBLV-1. Our study encompassed data from 12 countries collected over a time span of 35 years and focused on the glycoprotein (G) and nucleoprotein (N) genes. We show that although the two subtypes of EBLV-1—EBLV-1a and EBLV-1b—have both grown at a low exponential rate since their introduction into Europe, they have differing population structures and dispersal patterns. Furthermore, there were strong constraints against amino acid change in both EBLV-1 and EBLV-2, as reflected in a low ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions per site, particularly in EBLV-1b. Our inferred rate of nucleotide substitution in EBLV-1, approximately 5 × 10−5substitutions per site per year, was also one of the lowest recorded for RNA viruses and implied that the current genetic diversity in the virus arose 500 to 750 years ago. We propose that the slow evolution of EBLVs reflects their distinctive epidemiology in bats, where they occupy a relatively stable fitness peak.
Molecular Epidemiology of Group C Viruses (
Bunyaviridae
,
Orthobunyavirus
) Isolated in the Americas
Authors: Nunes Marcio R. T. , Travassos da Rosa Amelia P. A. , Weaver Scott C. , Tesh Robert B. , Vasconcelos Pedro F. C. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

To date, no molecular studies on group C viruses (
Bunyaviridae
,
Orthobunyavirus
) have been published. We determined the complete small RNA (SRNA) segment and partial medium RNA segment nucleotide sequences for 13 group C members. The full-length SRNA sequences ranged from 915 to 926 nucleotides in length, and revealed similar organization in comparison with other orthobunyaviruses. Based on the 705 nucleotides of the N gene, group C members were distributed into three major phylogenetic groups, with the exception of
Madrid virus
, which was placed outside of these three groups. Analysis of the
Caraparu virus
strain BeH 5546 revealed that it has an SRNA sequence nearly identical to that of
Oriboca virus
and is a natural reassortant virus. In addition, analysis of 345 nucleotides of the Gn gene for eight group C viruses and for strain BeH 5546 revealed a different phylogenetic topology, suggesting a reassortment pattern among them. These findings represent the first evidence for natural reassortment among the group C viruses, which include several human pathogens. Furthermore, our genetic data corroborate previous relationships determined using serologic assays (complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition, and neutralization tests) and suggest that a combination of informative molecular, serological, and ecological data is a helpful tool to understand the molecular epidemiology of arboviruses.
Evidence for Frequent Reinfection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 of a Different Subtype
Authors: Chohan Bhavna , Lavreys Ludo , Rainwater Stephanie M. J. , Overbaugh Julie 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT
A major premise underlying current human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine approaches is that preexisting HIV-1-specific immunity will block or reduce infection. However, the recent identification of several cases of HIV-1 reinfection suggests that the specific immune response generated for chronic HIV-1 infection may not be adequate to protect against infection by a second HIV-1 strain. It has been unclear, though, whether these individuals are representative of the global epidemic or are rare cases. Here we show that in a population of high-risk women, HIV-1 reinfection occurs almost as commonly as first infections. The study was designed to detect cases of reinfection by HIV-1 of a different subtype and thus captured cases where there was considerable diversity between the first and second strain. In each case, the second virus emerged ∼1 year after the first infection, and in two cases, it emerged when viral levels were high, suggesting that a well-established HIV-1 infection may provide little benefit in terms of immunizing against reinfection, at least by more-divergent HIV-1 variants. Our findings indicate an urgent need for studies of larger cohorts to determine the incidence and timing of both intersubtype and intrasubtype reinfection.
Parenchymal Expression of CD86/B7.2 Contributes to Hepatitis C Virus-Related Liver Injury
Authors: Sun Jiaren , Tumurbaatar Batbayar , Jia Junhui , Diao Hong , Bodola Francis , Lemon Stanley M. , Tang Wendell , Bowen David G. , McCaughan Geoffrey W. , Bertolino Patrick , Chan Teh-Sheng 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global health problem. Hepatic expression of immune costimulatory signaling molecules (e.g., B7) is known to be associated with ongoing liver injury in hepatitis C patients. However, due to the general lack of viral culture systems and adequate animal models, the function of these molecules in disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. To investigate the role of CD86 in HCV-related liver injury, we developed two transgenic mouse lineages with inducible expression of HCV structural proteins and constitutive expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86/B7.2 in the liver. Using a hydrodynamic-based, nonviral delivery protocol, we induced HCV transgene expression in the livers of HCV and CD86 single- and double-transgenic mice. We found that hepatic CD86 expression resulted in increased activation of and cytokine production (e.g., interleukin-2 and gamma interferon) by CD4+T cells and that the retention of these cells was associated with more pronounced necroinflammatory lesions in the liver. Taken together, these data suggest that augmented, parenchymal antigen presentation conferred by hepatocyte CD86 expression alters homeostasis and effector functions of CD4+T cells and contributes to liver injury. This study provides an additional rationale for exploring immunomodulation-based therapies that could reduce disease progression in individuals with chronic HCV infection.
Science, Instruments, and Guilds in Early-Modern Britain
Authors: Stewart Larry 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe emergence of instrument-making trades in early-modern England tested the power of established guilds. From the seventeenth century, instrument makers were able to exploit growing markets for scientific apparatus and attempted to exploit connections with the Royal Society. Given the growth in both local and international demand, and in new methods of manufacture, instrument makers were frequently able to evade the diminishing power of guilds to police the efforts of the makers.
Overexpression of cathepsin K during silica-induced lung fibrosis and control by TGF-β
Authors: van den Brûle Sybille , Misson Pierre , Bühling Frank , Lison Dominique , Huaux François 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBackgroundLung fibrosis is characterized by tissue remodeling resulting from an imbalance between synthesis and degradation of extracellular organic matrices. To examine whether cathepsin(s) (Cat) are important in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, we assessed the expression of four Cat known for their collagenolytic activity in a model of silica-induced lung fibrosis.MethodsDifferent strains of mice were transorally instilled with 2.5 mg crystalline silica or other particles. Cat expression (Cat K, S, L and B) was quantified in lung tissue and isolated pulmonary cells by quantitative RT-PCR.In vitro, we assessed the effect of different cytokines, involved in lung inflammatory and fibrotic responses, on the expression of Cat K by alveolar macrophages and fibroblasts.ResultsIn lung tissue, Cat K transcript was the most strongly upregulated in response to silica, and this upregulation was intimately related to the fibrotic process. In mouse strains known for their differential response to silica, we showed that the level of Cat K expression following silica treatment was inversely related to the level of TGF-β expression and the susceptibility of these strains to develop fibrosis. Pulmonary macrophages and fibroblasts were identified as Cat K overproducing cells in the lung of silicotic mice.In vitro, Cat K was downregulated in mouse and human lung fibroblasts by the profibrotic growth factor TGF-β1.ConclusionAltogether, these data suggest that while Cat K may contribute to control lung fibrosis, TGF-β appears to limit its overexpression in response to silica particles.
Conjugative plasmid pAW63 brings new insights into the genesis of the Bacillus anthracis virulence plasmid pXO2 and of the Bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pBT9727
Authors: Van der Auwera Géraldine A , Andrup Lars , Mahillon Jacques 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background

Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis belong to the genetically close-knit Bacillus cereus sensu lato group, a family of rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria. pAW63 is the first conjugative plasmid from the B. cereus group to be completely sequenced.

Results
The 71,777 bp nucleotide sequence of pAW63 reveals a modular structure, including a 42 kb tra region encoding homologs of the Type IV secretion systems components VirB11, VirB4 and VirD4, as well as homologs of Gram-positive conjugation genes from Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Listeria, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. It also firmly establishes the existence of a common backbone between pAW63, pXO2 from Bacillus anthracis and pBT9727 from the pathogenic Bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian strain 97-27. The alignment of these three plasmids highlights the presence of well conserved segments, in contrast to distinct regions of high sequence plasticity. The study of their specific differences has provided a three-point reference framework that can be exploited to formulate solid hypotheses concerning the functionalities and the molecular evolution of these three closely related plasmids. This has provided insight into the chronology of their divergence, and led to the discovery of two Type II introns on pAW63, matching copies of the mobile element IS231 L in different loci of pXO2 and pBT9727, and the identification on pXO2 of a 37 kb pathogenicity island (PAI) containing the anthrax capsule genes.

Conclusion
The complete sequence determination of pAW63 has led to a functional map of the plasmid yielding insights into its conjugative apparatus, which includes T4SS-like components, as well as its resemblance to other large plasmids of Gram-positive bacteria. Of particular interest is the extensive homology shared between pAW63 and pXO2, the second virulence plasmid of B. anthracis, as well as pBT9727 from the pathogenic strain B. thuringiensis serovar konkukian strain 97-27.