bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of natural systems to remediate groundwater: Department of energy experience at the Savannah river site
Authors: Blount Gerald C. , Caldwell Cathleen C. , Cardoso‐Neto Joao E. , Conner Karen R. , Jannik G. T. , Murphy Charles E. , Noffsinger David C. , Ross Jeff A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNatural remediation is moving toward the forefront as engineers clean groundwater at the Savannah River Site
(SRS), a major Department of Energy (DOE) installation near Aiken, South Carolina. This article
reviews two successful, innovative remediation methods currently being deployed: biosparging to treat chlorinated
solvents and phytoremediation to address tritium in groundwater. The biosparging system reintroduces oxygen into the
groundwater and injects nutrient compounds for in‐situ remediation. The system has greatly reduced the
concentrations of trichloroethylene (TCE) and vinyl chloride in wells downgradient from a sanitary
landfill (SLF). Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that promises effective and inexpensive cleanup
of certain hazardous wastes. Using natural processes, plants can break down, trap and hold, or transpire
contaminants. This article discusses the use of phytoremediation to reduce the discharge of tritium to an
on‐site stream at SRS. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Reprinted from Remediation Volume 12,
Number 3.
Treatment of perchlorate‐contaminated groundwater using highly selective, regenerable ion‐exchange technology: A pilot‐scale demonstration
Authors: Gu Baohua , Ku Yee‐Kyoung , Brown Gilbert M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTreatment of perchlorate‐contaminated groundwater using highly selective, regenerable
ion‐exchange technology has been recently demonstrated at Edwards Air Force Base, California. At an
influent concentration of about 450 μg/l ClO4‐, the bifunctional
anion‐exchange resin bed treated approximately 40,000 empty bed volumes of groundwater before a
significant breakthrough of ClO4‐ occurred. The presence of relatively high
concentrations of chloride and sulfate in site groundwater did not appear to affect the ability of the
bifunctional resin to remove ClO4‐. The spent resin bed was successfully
regenerated using the FeCl3‐HCl regeneration technique recently developed at the
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and nearly 100 percent of sorbed ClO4‐ was
displaced or recovered after elution with as little as about two bed volumes of the regenerant solution. In
addition, a new methodology was developed to completely destroy ClO4‐ in the
FeCl3‐HCl solution so that the disposal of perchlorate‐containing hazardous
wastes could be eliminated. It is therefore anticipated that these treatment and regeneration technologies may
offer an efficient and cost‐effective means to remove ClO4‐ from
contaminated groundwater with significantly reduced generation of waste requiring disposal. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. Reprinted from Remediation Volume 12, Number 2.
Designing and implementing global staffing systems: Part I—Leaders in global staffing
Authors: Wiechmann Darin , Ryan Ann Marie , Hemingway Monica 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe creation of global HR systems remains a real challenge. This article provides an indepth look at six
organizations—Agilent Technologies, Dow Chemical Company, IBM, Motorola, Procter and Gamble, and Shell
Oil—that have instituted globally standardized staffing tools and systems. The systems they have created and
the challenges they have faced are described. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Malignant thymoma in the United States: Demographic patterns in incidence and associations with subsequent malignancies
Authors: Engels Eric A. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe cause of thymoma is unknown. No population‐based study has described demographic patterns of thymoma incidence. Previous reports have linked thymoma with diverse subsequent malignancies, but these associations are uncertain. We used Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data to study the incidence of malignant thymoma by sex, age and race in the United States (1973–1998). Incidence was modeled with joinpoint regression (for age) and Poisson regression. We also used SEER data to compare malignancies following thymoma diagnosis with those expected from general population rates, calculating the standardized incidence ratio (SIR, observed/expected cases) to measure risk. The overall incidence of malignant thymoma was 0.15 per 100,000 person‐years (849 cases). Thymoma incidence increased into the 8th decade of age and then decreased. Incidence was higher in males than females (p=0.007) and was highest among Asians/Pacific Islanders (0.49 per 100,000 person‐years). Following thymoma, there were 66 malignancies (SIR 1.5, 95%CI 1.2–1.9). The most notable excess risk for subsequent malignancy was for non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B immunophenotype) where the SIR was 4.7 (95%CI 1.9–9.6, 7 cases). There were also excess digestive system cancers (SIR 1.8, 95%CI 1.1–2.9) and soft tissue sarcomas (SIR 11.1, 1.3–40.1). No other cancers were increased after thymoma. In conclusion, malignant thymoma is extremely rare. The peak in late adulthood deserves further study. Variation in incidence by race suggests a role for genetic factors. Our study did not demonstrate broadly increased risk for malignancies following thymoma. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of benign ovarian tumors
Authors: Thomas Nicola A. , Neville Phillippa J. , Baxter Simon W. , Campbell Ian G. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOvarian cancer represents a major cause of cancer death among women and yet remarkably little is known about its etiology. The paradigm established by the colorectal carcinogenesis model would suggest that ovarian cancers are likely to arise through malignant transformation of benign ovarian tumors. However, molecular genetic data that could answer this important question is lacking. In our study, we analyzed 80 benign ovarian tumors for TP53 and K‐ras mutations and for LOH on chromosomes 6, 7, 9, 11 and 17 using 56 microsatellite markers. Twenty‐five percent (5/20) of non‐epithelial tumors and 73% (44/60) of epithelial tumors exhibited LOH on at least 1 chromosome arm. A particularly high frequency of LOH was detected among the epithelial tumors on chromosome arms 6q (17%), 7p (17%), 7q (27%) and 11p (18%), which are also regions of frequent LOH among ovarian carcinomas. No K‐ras mutations were detected in any tumor but somatic TP53 mutations were detected in 2/34 (6%) serous and 1/26 (4%) mucinous epithelial tumors. In contrast to most previous studies our data is derived from a relatively large number of microdissected tumors and is likely to represent a more accurate picture of the frequency of alterations in these tumors. We conclude that LOH is common in benign ovarian tumors, suggesting that inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are pivotal in their development. The high frequency of alterations is consistent with their being precursors to malignant disease but does not unequivocally prove this continuum. It does however provide a framework for future analysis of the molecular genetic etiology of ovarian tumorigenesis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increasing incidence of childhood leukemia in Northwest Italy, 1975–98
Authors: Magnani Corrado , Dalmasso Paola , Pastore Guido , Terracini Benedetto , Martuzzi Marco , Mosso Maria Luisa , Merletti Franco 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAlthough some childhood cancer registries reported increasing incidence, the evidence and magnitude of time trends in the incidence of childhood leukemia are debated and the scientific evidence is conflicting. Only limited data have so far been supplied from Southern European countries. We present an analysis of the incidence trend of childhood leukemia in Piedmont (NW Italy) in 1975–98, based on data from the population‐based childhood cancer registry. The Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont has been recording cases of childhood neoplasms since 1967. Procedures have been uniform and are based on an active search for cases and relevant information. Only cases with confirmed residence in Piedmont at diagnosis are included. Eight hundred cases of leukemia (622 acute lymphoblastic [ALL], 133 acute nonlymphoblastic [AnLL], 45 other and unspecified) were recorded in the period 1975–98 considered in our study. Incidence trends were analyzed using piecewise regression and Poisson regression, based on annual incidence rates. As results from the 2 analyses were similar, only the former were reported. In the age group 1–4 years, a statistically significant annual 2.6% increase in incidence rate of ALL (adjusted by age and gender; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13–4.13) was estimated. There was no evidence of increase in other age groups. During 1980–98, a statistically significant 4.4% annual increase (95% CI 1.86–6.90) was seen for pre‐B‐All in the age group 1–4 years. An increase was also seen for T‐ALL that was not statistically significant. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, with no relevant differences from the main results. Our data suggest an increasing trend in ALL incidence for children between the ages of 1 and 4 years. These results are unlikely to be explained by changes in quality of data or exhaustiveness in reporting in the study period. The results were not changed in the sensitivity analyses we conducted. Possible causes to be investigated include environmental factors, changes in family size and parental age, socioeconomic conditions and geographical distribution of cases. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic significance of reduced expression of β‐N‐acetylgalactosaminylated N‐linked oligosaccharides in human breast cancer
Authors: Kitamura Noriaki , Guo Shanchun , Sato Takeshi , Hiraizumi Sen , Taka Junko , Ikekita Masahiko , Sawada Shuzo , Fujisawa Hirosuke , Furukawa Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOur previous studies showed that expression of the GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc group on N‐linked oligosaccharides is associated with functional differentiation of the bovine mammary gland. In the present study, the occurrence of the GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc group was established in human milk proteins and membrane glycoproteins from a human breast cancer cell line, MRK‐nu‐1, by structural analysis of oligosaccharides released by hydrazinolysis. Whether the expression level of the disaccharide group is affected upon malignant transformation was examined in human breast cancer specimens using Wistaria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) which interacts with oligosaccharides with N‐acetylgalactosamine at their termini. Lectin blot analysis of membrane glycoprotein samples from human breast cancer specimens showed that the number of protein bands reacting with WFA, as well as their intensities, are lower in samples from primary carcinoma lesions compared with samples from surrounding normal tissues. No lectin binding was observed when the blots were treated with jack bean β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase or N‐glycanase, indicating that WFA‐reactive oligosaccharides are N‐linked. A histochemical study of tissue specimens from 92 patients with breast cancer revealed that the reduced WFA staining levels in primary carcinoma lesions correlate with advancing clinical stages and prognostic status (i.e., 58% of patients in a group showing reduced/negative staining died of disease recurrence, whereas more than 90% of those in the positive staining group survived for 5 years after surgery). These results indicate that reduced expression of β‐N‐acetylgalactosaminylated N‐linked oligosaccharides on primary carcinoma lesions predicts a poor prognosis for patients with breast cancer. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximal sets of hamilton cycles in complete multipartite graphs
Authors: Daven Mike , MacDougall J. A. , Rodger C. A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA set S of edge‐disjoint hamilton cycles in a graph G is said to be maximal if the edges in the hamilton cycles in S induce a subgraph H of G such that G − E(H) contains no hamilton cycles. In this context, the spectrum S(G) of a graph G is the set of integers m such that G contains a maximal set of m edge‐disjoint hamilton cycles. This spectrum has previously been determined for all complete graphs and for all complete bipartite graphs. In this paper, we extend these results to the complete multipartite graphs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 49–66, 2003
Dipole moment, stress relaxation, and birefringence of viton fluoroelastomer
Authors: Krigbaum W. R. , Kaneko M. , Roig A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe dielectric constant of a crosslinked sheet of Viton was measured at two frequencies, 200 cycles/sec. and 100 kcycles/sec., for various elongations. The difference (ϵs − ϵ∞) decreased sharply when the sample was strained and then increased slowly during stress relaxation. Relaxation was slow at the temperature of these measurements (35°C.), so that we were only able to estimate the behavior at long time for the lowest elongations. Even under these conditions it was possible to demonstrate that the (ϵs − ϵ∞) values corresponding to long times decrease with elongation. The root mean square dipole moments for a C5F8H2 group are estimated from these data by both a modified form of the Onsager relation and the more recent treatment of Harris and Alder. Stress relaxation and birefringence measurements were performed with elongation and temperature as variables. Viton exhibits linear viscoelastic behavior up to an elongation a of 1.5. The isothermal data indicate a linear relationship between birefringence and stress, both during stress relaxation and recovery. The streas‐optical coefficient, C, is 2.35 × 10−4 cm.2/kg. at 28°C. Master curves could be constructed from both the reduced stress and birefringence data a t different temperatures for the same shift factors, aT. The apparent activation energy i s 56 kcal./mole and the characteristic temperature in the simplified WLF equation is TS, = 336 ± 5°C. The birefringence as measured under essentially equilibrium conditions at α = 1.23 was independent of temperature in the range 30–70°C.; however, the CT product measured during relaxation increased from 7 × 10−2 to 8.8 × 10−2 in the same temperature interval. The data were insufficient to determine whether this departure from Gaussian behavior arose from the time dependence or represented an equilibrium effect.
Radical‐Anion polymerization
Authors: Tobolsky A. V. , Hartley D. B. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTwo cases of initiation of vinyl polymerization by radical‐ions are considered. In the one case the transfer from radical‐ion to monomer is instantaneous and virtually complete. Here the relative amount of free radical propagation as compared to anionic propagation is negligibly small. In the second case a continuous feed of radical‐ion initiator is considered. Here the relative amount of free radical propagation as compared to anionic propagation may be considereable. Exact expressions are developed for this relative radical versus ionic propagation as a function of conversion. It is suggested that the results of lithium‐initiated copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene may be understood in terms of a model similar to the second case of radical‐ion initiation considered in this paper.
A kinetic analysis of swelling of rat tail tendon
Authors: Elden Harry R. , Feldman Marsha 
Published: April 2003

AbstractInteraction of water with connective tissue is an important biophysical process. The chemical and physical morphology of tendons is a complex syncitium of collagen (procollagen + collastromin), mucopolysaccharide (aqueous phase + dense phase), and water (free and bound). It is proposed that a kinetic analysis of swelling of tendons might add new facts concerning the properties of the above tissue system. The present study shows that although diffusion may be the transport basis for swelling, there exists an anomalous dependence of diffusion on time of swelling. It is proposed that the velocity of swelling (dW/dt) is equal to a term Ks(A/W − BW), the latter embodying a specific rate constant Ks, a driving factor A, and a retardation factor B which relates transitory tendon weight W to the initial weight W0, the equilibrium weight W∞ and time t. When this equation is integrated, a working expression is obtained that agrees satisfactorily with experimental data. It is supported further by theories of swelling of anisotropic gels. Data plotted in the form of log (W2∞ − W2)/(W2∞ − W20) versus t showed good agreement with linearity required by the above rate equation. Longitudinal stress decreased swelling ratio W∞/W0, but sped up attainment of equilibrium.
Molecular weight distribution of linear polyethylene by sedimentation velocity analysis
Authors: McCormick H. W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe molecular weight distribution of high density polyethylene and polymethylene has been measured by analysis of sedimentation velocity experiments carried out at high temperatures. The solvent, α‐bromonaphthalene, produced less sensitivity of flotation to molecular weight than could be expected for a highly desirable but presently impossible θ‐solvent. The molecular weight distributions obtained by this method are compared with those obtained by solution precipitation fractionation procedures.
Copolymerization of α‐pyrrolidone and ϵ‐caprolactam
Authors: Kobayashi Fumio , Matsuya Koichi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCopolymerization of α‐pyrrolidone and ϵ‐caprolactam has been carried out in the presence of sodium and acetyl compounds. A large amount of both catalysts is necessary to obtain a comparatively good yield. Infrared absorption measurement was adopted to obtain the polymer composition. The compositions of unreacting monomer were determined by equation: D958/D994 = 0.501(CclCpy), where D958 and D994 are optical densities at 958 and 994 cm.−1, which are characteristic absorptions of ϵ‐caprolactam and α‐pyrrolidone, respectively, and Ccl and Cpy, are concentrations of monomers in weight. The polymer composition was calculated from this composition of residual monomers. The polymerization was followed by this analysis and it was found that the α‐pyrrolidone polymerized a t the early stage of reaction while ϵ‐caprolactam reacts with a steady rate. Higher temperature made this phenomenon distinguishable and the degradation of α‐pyrrolidone was observed. The optimum temperature for polymerization was 90–110°C. The stability of α‐pyrrolidone anion explains these phenomena, as this anion promotes alkaline‐salt formation and degradation and reduces the chain numbers. The prepared copolymers have low melting points and good solubilities which vary according to composition. The melting point of the copolymer whose composition is 1 mole caprolactam: 1 mole pyrrolidone is as low as 140°C. and this polymer shows good solubility in ethanol. Apparent monomer reactivity ratios indicate that the copolymers formed are block copolymers.
Activity coefficients of small ions in ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Lakshminarayanaiah N. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCrosslinked phenol sulfonic acid resins in the form of rods have been prepared. Anion uptake by these resins in equilibrium with aqueous solutions of NaCl, NaBr, Na2CO3, and Na3C6H5O7 at 30°C. in the concentration range 0.001–3.0N, their density, water content, and exchange capacity have been determined. From these data, activity coefficients of small ions in the resin phase have been calculated and compared with the values derived by the existing theories of Mackie and Meares, and Lazare et al. The agreement between the observed and calculated values is not satisfactory.
Static electricity in polymers. II. Chemical structure and antistatic behavior
Authors: Shashoua Victor E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFrom studies of the rate of buildup and decay of positive and negative charges on the surfaces of vinyl and condensation polymers, a number of general observations were obtained correlating the polymer chemical structure with antistatic behavior. Polymers with functional groups such as COONa, SO3Na, HCONCH3, CONEt2, P (NMe2)3, and imidazole were found to have good antistatic properties. These functional groups were more effective in improving the antistatic properties of polymers when they were used as side chain substituents than when they were employed as part of the main polymer chain. A number of highly water‐sensitive and water‐soluble polymers were found to have extremely poor antistatic properties, indicating that there is no direct correlation of antistatic properties with hydrophilic character. A new parameter, the charge selective power of a substance, was devised to describe the charge polarity preference of a given substance. It is defined by the equation: σ = (τ+ – τ–)/τRMS, where τ+ is the halflife of charge decay for positive charge, τ− is the halflife of charge decay for negative charge, and τRMS is the root‐mean‐square halflife of charge decay. The charge selective power of a substance was found to correlate well with the assignments of substances in the tables of triboelectric series. The effect of impurities on charge decay properties and the charge selective power of polymers was found to be extremely important in influencing antistatic behavior. The synthesis of the following polymers with specific functional groups is described: polyvinylpentamethyl phosphoramide; the poly‐N‐dimethylurea derivative of polymethylolacrylamide; poly(N‐acrylyl morpholine); poly( N‐acrylyl pyrrolidine).
Radiation damage in oriented polyamides
Authors: Kashiwagi Michio 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOriented polyamides were irradiated with 1.5‐M.e.v. electrons and the paramagnetic resonance was examined to determine the radical species. The spectrum is composed of two radical species which decay at different rates. The predominant radical has a spectrum with three main lines (intensity ratio; 1:2:1), each split into two. The doublet splitting changes with the rotation of the magnetic field, while the triplet splittings undergo slight change. The spectrum indicates that the radical is of an unpaired electron interacting with one σ‐proton and two equal π‐protons. In addition, the width of the individual lines is broad (half width = ca. 18 gauss) and it is presumably due to the ill‐resolved hyperfine structure of NH group. These confirm that the radical is CONHCHCH2 as indicated by the findings of Burrell on irradiated amides. The other radical has a five‐line spectrum, which indicates that the radical may be of the type resulting from a CC bond scission, although not fully investigated.
A general kinetic scheme for ziegler‐type polymerizations
Authors: Reich Leo , Stivala S. S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA general kinetic scheme is postulated for Ziegler‐type polymerizations. The scheme may be used to explain either qualitatively or quantitatively the dependence of rate on monomer, alkyl, and metal halide concentrations, and on catalyst ratio. Molecular weight and temperature considerations are discussed in the light of the general kinetic scheme. Dual active sites, upon which monomer molecules may be adsorbed and oriented in a unique manner and which could explain the stereospecific polymerization of α‐olefins as well as the activities of Ziegler‐type catalysts are also discussed.