bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jewish Music Sound-Recording Collections in the United States
Authors: Pinnolis Judith S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines several significant Jewish music sound-recording collections in the United States, most of which originated as private collections but are now housed at academic institutions. Their origins provide insight into individual agency tied to different understandings of Jewish music. A discussion of their complexities from a library-science perspective focuses on conservation and preservation as well as bibliographic control and other issues in which the complexities of Jewish music unfold more clearly. Authenticity, comprehensiveness, and other constructions demonstrate how sound-recording collections reflect the overall difficulties of defining and delimiting Jewish music. Subsequent discussions and observations on access and audiences inside and outside the academy ultimately reveal the fine line of individuality and collectivity that Jewish music sound-recording collections navigate.
“I Say She Is a Muṭriba”
Authors: Wenz Clara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the Syrian city of Aleppo, this chapter discusses the ethno-historical memory of the Khūjahs, local women musicians who performed songs in Arabic and whose primary performance context was Muslim women wedding celebrations. Though many of Aleppo’s Khūjahs were Jewish throughout the past century, their history is largely missing from official records. Examining the different reasons for this absence—from a history of national conflict, approaches within existing scholarship, to moral concerns over women’s public music making—reveals how the memory of Aleppo’s Jewish Khūjahs nevertheless endures in the personal accounts of their descendants and constituencies. By associating the Khūjahs with a musical community known in Arabic as the ahl al-ṭarab, these memories expose forms of musical belonging that challenge the often-drawn distinction between “male” and “female,” “Arab” or “Muslim” and “Jewish,” as well as “folkloric” and “classical” musical practices.
Singing at the Sabbath Table
Authors: Cohn Zentner Naomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the different modalities of collective musical experience in the Jewish home, through the prism of zemiroth repertoires practiced in Ashkenazi families in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It does so in the context of mapping the sources of zemiroth and their transmission. Examining the zemiroth repertoire of one individual belonging to the religious Zionist community reveals that life story and social affiliations interlink with collectives of different kinds; indeed, the zemiroth repertoire sung at home can serve as a weekly connection to various social webs of geographic, familial, religious, and even political nature in the course of a single meal. And yet while certain melodies in a family’s zemiroth repertoire signify their belonging to ethnic and regional collectives, others show their affiliation to innovative religious, social, or national movements (specific Hasidic courts, yeshivas, and national religious youth movements).
The Concept of Harmony in Pre- and Early Modern Jewish Literature
Authors: Cerveux Alexandre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that the world resounds with a song of praise to the divine is present in the Torah, in which all the work of creation, all beings, give thanks to God. In late antiquity, this idea was imbued with the Pythagorean theory, known as Harmony of the Spheres. Subsequently, Jewish thinkers adopted it for the discussions of biblical ideals. This chapter unravels the recurring themes of early mystic texts that relate to music, such as the perpetual praise in heaven, celestial liturgy, and praise in the lower part of the cosmos. It analyzes the conceptualizations of harmony in major texts written by renowned thinkers, such as Philo, Abraham Ibn Ezra, Maimonides, and Yohanan Alemanno. This corpus, conceived between late antiquity and the early Renaissance, uncovers the role music played in the general economy of Jewish knowledge, not simply as a discipline or an art, but more concretely as an activator of metaphorical thinking. The treatment of the concept of harmony in premodern Jewish literature also reveals that in Jewish circles thinking about the subject of music is part of the process of developing the philosophical mind and enables analogical reasoning. As such, music, and especially harmony, ties into the people of Israel, understood as a collective body in itself and part of a greater collectivity האנשים)), and its connections with the shekhinah.
Sonic Transformations
Authors: Pierce J. Mackenzie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how ghettoization transformed the musical culture of Warsaw Jews. Focusing on the period between the creation of the ghetto and the mass deportations to Treblinka in the summer of 1942, it situates ghetto music-making within the urban space of the city, as well as within longer lineages of Warsaw’s musical culture. Its analysis is based on rarely considered sources from the clandestine archive of the Warsaw Ghetto, or Oyneg Shabes (also known as the Ringelblum Archive). These sources highlight the emergence of public and semi-public performance spaces, such as courtyards and cafés, within the ghetto, as well as a discourse that deployed music to comment on ghetto society more broadly. While traces of prewar Warsaw’s musical life remained in the ghetto, the listening and interpretative practices of commentators also evolved in response to the noise, misery, and poverty that defined the ghetto’s public spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Frühauf Tina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A critical reflection on historical developments and current realities related to Jewish music studies as an emerging field that revisits the much-debated term “Jewish music” and its ideologies and contexts, asserting that Jewish music studies does not need embrace a given definition, thereby circumventing the limits of any one claim. It departs from definition of Jewish music through (surrogate) theories and proposes to understand Jewish music studies in a different way, as a complex field that takes account of all the many factors that form the context of and are indissolubly bound together in the experience of Jewish music. The chapter then continues to discuss issues of theory and methodology of Jewish music studies in the broader context of music studies and Jewish studies, including major trends. It problematizes the related issue of institutionalization. A model for Jewish music studies is then proposed that draws on the concepts of spatiality, temporality, and collectivity (rather than identity) as pillars and with the aim to veer away from previously established binaries (Jewish/non-Jewish, Sephardi/Ashkenazi, and so on). Taking space as a primary lens, it explains a prototype approach to the proposed model by way of eight spatial domains: land, city, ghetto, collection, and sacred and ritual spaces, as well as phenomenological spaces such as destruction and remembrances, as well as the shekhinah.
Homa in Jain Traditions
Authors: Gough Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the narratives, histories, and rituals associated with the performance of two different modern Jain fire offerings (homa, havana, āhuti, yajña): one Śvetāmbara worship of the protector deity Māṇibhadra and another Digambara propitiation of the yāgamaṇḍala, a ritual diagram made of synthetic colored powder into which the enlightened founders of Jainism, the jinas or tīrthaṅkaras, have been invited. Both fire ceremonies resemble non-Jain “tantric” homas that are performed alongside, or to conclude, offerings made to ritual diagrams (maṇḍala, yantra). Śvetāmbaras developed the fire rites for Māṇibhadra in the early modern period as a reaction to the tantric propitiation of powerful non-Jain deities like Bhairava, and Digambaras developed their yāgamaṇḍala rites in the medieval period by drawing upon non-Jain tantric image consecration practices and instructions in the ninth-century Jain history of the universe, the Ādipurāṇa. Despite early Jain scriptures’ admonitions against the ritual use of fire, Jains of both image-worshiping sects—Digambara and Śvetāmbara—have used fire in ritual for hundreds of years, developing various strategies to continue to reject the Vedic fire sacrifice while integrating homas into the Jain path to liberation.
Cosmic Process, Philosophy, and Soteriology in the Works of Abhinavagupta
Authors: Timalsina Sthaneshwar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An early eleventh-century polymath from Kashmir, Abhinavagupta developed groundbreaking work on metaphysics, epistemology, and aesthetics. However, he is perhaps best known as a mystic, writing on tantrism and Trika Śaiva philosophy. This chapter contextualizes the cosmology, epistemology, and soteriology of Abhinavagupta in light of particular contemporary scholarship. Explaining the world as an expression of the freedom (svātantrya) of the absolute, Śiva, who actualizes the manifold, Abhinava proposed a model of nondualism that recognizes the reality of the world, confirming it as an articulation of the absolute. Through both independent and commentarial works, he developed philosophy from tantric visualization and ritual practices, yogic and mystical experiences, and aesthetic experience, synthesizing these within the framework of Trika philosophy. This expresses the transcendence of the absolute from its creation, while remaining embodied and immanent. Materiality in this light is not expunged of the luminosity of consciousness or the exuberance of bliss. For Abhinava, embodiment and materiality were not the intrinsic nature (svabhāva) of the absolute.
Ednah Dow Cheney: Philosopher of Human Progress
Authors: Dykeman Therese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contends that the philosophy of Ednah Dow Cheney (1824–1904) is foundational to her theoretical works on aesthetics, feminism, religion, and nature and to her practical life as teacher, reformer, innovator, and member of the human family. This philosophy provided her with an understanding of the universe and all that exists as one and many, matter and spirit, an understanding of the Divine as male and female and as a force within all living things, and an understanding of all humanity as being of value and equal in race and sex. Hers was a philosophy of reason, freedom, evolution, and relationality, influenced by Plato, the transcendentalism of both Emerson and Fuller, Enlightenment thinkers, the romanticism of Coleridge and Goethe, and nineteenth-century science. This chapter also demonstrates Cheney’s character and her contributions to education in New England and the South, to women’s advancement, to the discipline of art, and most importantly to how to live life.
Jane Addams, the Settlement Women of Hull House, and the Feminist Pragmatist Orientation
Authors: Lowe Barbara J. , Kiefer Fenton Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jane Addams and the settlement women of Hull House lived and acted as public intellectuals at the turn of the twentieth century but were written out of many of the professions and fields of study they shaped. With special attention to the work and writings of Jane Addams, this chapter offers an overview of the feminist pragmatist orientation that defined these women’s public intellectualism, delineating five themes that frame this orientation and the kind of community engagement and public intellectualism that Jane Addams and the settlement women of Hull House exemplified. These five themes are the relationally interconnected self, democracy as a way of life, place-based and empathetic inquiry through cooperative action, narrative-informed social scientific method, and lateral progress toward cosmopolitan humanitarianism. The chapter closes with a discussion of the value of recovering a feminist pragmatist orientation for contemporary public-facing scholarship.
Fanny Jackson Coppin and Oberlin College
Authors: Perkins Linda M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fanny Jackson Coppin was a prominent educator of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Born a slave in Washington, DC, in 1837, her freedom was purchased by a devoted aunt when she was thirteen. She moved to Newport, Rhode Island, where she worked as a servant in the mansion of the Calverts, descendants of Lord Baltimore and Mary Queen of Scots. From 1860 to 1865, Coppin attended Oberlin College in Ohio. When she graduated in 1865, she was the second known Black woman college graduate in the country. Upon graduating, she became a teacher and later principal of the Quaker-founded private classical high school in Philadelphia, the Institute for Colored Youth, working there for thirty-seven years. Under Coppin’s leadership, the school became renowned for its high academic offerings and outstanding students. This chapter discusses her philosophy of education and race.
Transcendentalism
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter focuses on three women who played central roles in American transcendentalism. Mary Moody Emerson (1774–1863) inaugurated transcendentalism’s characteristic themes, and she was the dominant educational influence on a central figure in the movement, her nephew Ralph Waldo Emerson. Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (1804–1894), known today mainly as an educational reformer, was also a significant theologian and philosopher in her own right. The most prominent woman in the movement is Margaret Fuller (1810–1850), who edited The Dial and authored Woman in the Nineteenth Century. The dominant concern for all three writers is the development of the mind. They thematized the innocence of childhood and perfectibility of humans through education, the dialectic of mind and nature in the service of spiritual growth, and the idea that we achieve the millennium in reforming our social institutions.
American and British Women Peace Activists
Authors: Chmielewski Wendy E. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American and British women peace activists in the nineteenth century were members of organized peace groups from 1815 onward. They worked with male activists but were rarely allowed leadership positions. Some men blamed the female sex for the continuation of war as an institution. As a result, some women formed women-only groups to work against war. They networked with other women peace and social reform activists to achieve their goals. To make their ideas public many published short stories, poems, hymns, essays, and pamphlets through women’s magazines and the reform press. These writers often emphasized how war and militarization of society negatively affected women, children, and families. Women often connected this to other social issues, such as economic deprivation, mental illness, sexual violence, and slavery and racial violence. Some peace women connected their own lack of a voice in public affairs to the continuation of war.
Lydia Maria Child on Truth, Beauty, and Reform
Authors: Moland Lydia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American abolitionist Lydia Maria Child (1802–1880) philosophized throughout her life about the relationship of truth and beauty and how that relationship could help eradicate the evils of our world. In her 1836 novel Philothea, set in ancient Greece, she weaves together themes from Plato and Emanuel Swedenborg, suggesting that beauty, as a symbol of the divine, can lead us to truth and then to justice. Her correspondence as well as other publications, including Letters from New York, confirm this philosophical belief as a guiding principle that supported Child’s lifelong activism. This chapter presents background from Child’s life, gives an explication of Philothea and its philosophical influences, and links Philothea to themes in Child’s philosophical life and to her struggles within the antislavery movement.
The Church of England and Protestant Established Churches in Europe (1648–1800)
Authors: Gunn T. Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost all European states and many of their colonies maintained established churches. Such established churches were financed by the state and received both legal and social privileges. The established churches in turn provided religious support and legitimacy for the states. With the rise of the Protestant Reformation, Lutheran and Calvinist establishments emerged in Europe. Although no established Protestant Church was a model or representative of others, the Church of England illustrates the wide range of conflicts and issues that arose in Protestant establishments during the period. Conflicts emerged not only between the established church and dissenting religious groups but within established churches over questions of doctrine, ritual, and hierarchy, as well as of influence over political leaders of the state. It is often observed that both political and religious leaders used their comparative positions to enhance their power and influence over others.
Christianity and Law in the Post-Soviet Space and Eurasia Today
Authors: Brüning Alfons 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity and law in what in geographical terms is now “Eurasia” reflects political developments of the twentieth century, from the end of the Russian Empire via the Soviet Union to the current Commonwealth of Independent States. Although the space of Eurasia has always been home to a multitude of religions and various Christian denominations, Russian Orthodoxy was always dominant, including in relation to the state. The atheist Soviet Union was no exception to this rule, and the Soviet experience, in various ways, has influenced developments since the 1990s and up to the present day. The main conceptual opposition, already inherited from tsarist Russia, had been the one between “freedom” and “morality,” i.e. between law as the codification of moral norms and “public morality” on the one hand and law as rights and freedoms of citizens on the other hand. More recent developments display an increasing prevalence of the “moral” approach and of new concepts of “traditional values”—to the detriment of freedoms and of adaptations of human rights inside the countries and adaptations of international law to the outside.
Christianity and Law in Southeast Asia Today
Authors: Goh Daniel P. S. , Neo Jaclyn L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity is a minority religion in Southeast Asia as a whole, albeit a significant and influential one. It is professed by a majority of the population only in the Philippines and Timor Leste. Historically, the spread of Christianity and Christian values is closely linked with European colonialism in the region. Christian morality and ideas of law were introduced via legal transplants by the European colonials. The most evident example is the criminal codes that the British enacted in their colonies, which are still being administered today in Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, and, to some extent, Brunei. Within colonial Indochina, French civil, penal, and commercial codes interacted with local legal systems and customs. This chapter examines the influence of Christianity on laws in Southeast Asia through three lenses. The first is the Christian foundations of the legal categories of the individual and the family, highlighting tensions between local customs and modernizing developments but also intrinsic tensions between individual rights and familial traditions. The second discusses Christian influences on the law through the ongoing shaping of public morality by Christian institutions and actors, especially in the modern arena of abortion rights, reproductive health, and homosexuality but also in the traditional fields of family reforms. The third analyzes how Christianity has influenced the very conception of religion, privileging Catholicism through canon law concepts in the Philippines but also posing specific problems for arguably the most secularist state in the region, Vietnam.
Christianity and Procedural Law
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias , Witte John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legal procedure helps determine what is just in a case. This is true for both civil cases that resolve disputes between private parties and criminal cases that determine whether a party is guilty of a crime. Both civil and criminal procedural laws are of ancient vintage in the Western tradition. Early Christians were subject to both Roman and biblical procedural laws, as the trials of Jesus, Saint Paul, and other New Testament figures attest. Already in the first centuries, however, the church developed its own internal procedural laws, too, for the application of its canon law. In the second millennium, these canonical procedural laws were combined with Roman law precedents to form a sophisticated “Roman-canonical” law of procedure as well as an inquisitorial form of procedure that dominated Western law until the reforms of the Enlightenment and the modern legal codification movements. While civil and criminal procedural laws are now set out in detail in modern state procedural codes, these state laws still have vestiges of earlier Christian procedural teachings. Moreover, modern Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant church laws still maintain a good deal of traditional Roman-canonical procedure for the governance of the church and its members. This chapter sketches briefly these Christian forms of procedural law in different eras of the Western tradition and the vestiges of that influence still today.
Christianity and the Law of Taxation
Authors: Calhoun Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christian thinking about taxation generally falls into two camps, one reading Christ’s admonition to “render unto Caesar” as a principle of separation between the rule of Christ and that of civil authorities, the other reasoning that taxation is good or bad depending on its use. Christian thinkers in the late Roman world reacted against the burden and regressivity of fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-century taxes. Bishops in the western part of the Empire also succeeded in subverting society’s understanding of poverty and poor relief. Ascetics like Jerome renounced wealth so that their lives could be identified with Christ’s absolute poverty. Ambrose and Augustine insisted that property wrongly used was property wrongfully possessed, and property wrongfully possessed belonged to the poor. After the disappearance (around 700) and then reappearance of tax (around 1000) in Rome’s successor states in the West, theologians fashioned theological doctrines that limited the purpose of taxation to things necessary for the common good but at the same time justified taxation as necessary to achieve that purpose. Thomas Aquinas developed these doctrines systematically. William of Ockham’s tax theories, however, resembled those of the earlier eastern ascetics. Martin Luther advocated for redistributive taxation for poor relief, managed by the civil authorities, in place of almsgiving. John Calvin saw taxes as part of the overall circulation of goods necessary to bind society together. Modern Christian perspectives on taxation show the influence of the prevailing utilitarian assumption that tax policies should balance efficiency (minimal distortion of market dynamics) and equity (fair allocation of the tax burden).