bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Coalitions with Heterogeneous Countries: Burden-Sharing and Carbon Leakage
Authors: Botteon Michele , Carraro Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of climate change control is still high on the agenda of the governments of many countries. Indeed, it is widely recognized that the existing situation cannot yet be considered sufficient to keep under control concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (cf. Nordhaus, 1999). Despite the agreement on targets achieved in Kyoto, many issues remain unresolved. First, the protocol is not yet ratified, and ratification depends on the way policies are going to be designed to achieve the Kyoto targets (e.g. on the role of flexible instruments). Second, the protocol has to be implemented, and legal and economic issues, including monitoring and reporting, compliance, and sanctions, have to be discussed. Third, and most important, it is clear that the Kyoto protocol is only a first important step to keep GHG concentrations under control and that most of the work has yet to be done.
Centre and Provinces: China 1978–1993
Authors: Li Linda Chelan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This project was first conceived in spring 1989, before the traumatic events in Beijing unfolded to a tragic climax. The original thinking was to contribute towards the identification of factors which underlie the ‘cyclical’ pattern of national integration and disintegration throughout Chinese history, and thereby to explore the possibilities of qualitative change in political processes.
The main body of the book, which is based on my doctoral thesis at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, has, however, a narrower focus and a humbler objective. It examines how two apparently atypical provincial-level governments, Guangdong and Shanghai, have sought to achieve their objectives in investment expansion and economic development since 1978 within the constraints of the central government. The findings of this examination have, however, indicated that the central—provincial interface may be the locus where qualitative changes in political processes will first occur in China.
Dependency, Alienation, or Partnership1 The changing relatedness of the individual to the enterprise
Authors: Miller Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Group Relations Programme of the Tavistock Institute, initiated in the late 1950s, was based on and contributed to the system psychodynamic framework that had emerged from the Institute’s early studies of work organization. From 1980 onwards, OPUS (an Organization for Promoting Understanding of Society) used this framework to explore underlying processes in large systems and also at the societal level (cf. Khaleelee and E. J. Miller 1985; E. J. Miller 1986). One prominent theme was the changing world of employment and work at that time. The present chapter draws on studies both of the Tavistock Institute and of OPUS, as well as of others, to review implications of past and future change for the organization and management of enterprises in the contemporary world.
A Fresh Look at Authority and Organization: Towards a spiritual approach for managing illusion
Authors: Chattopadhyay Gouranga P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I take a fresh look at authority and organization by enquiring into the nature of some of the fundamental notions on which our image of authority is based: boundaries, process, hierarchy. Having introduced the idea, fundamental to the chapter, that all boundaries are illusions, I offer a case example which illustrates the damaging effects of treating boundaries as though they are real and fixed, rather than created in the mind. Boundaries that are intended to enable engagement with a task are shown to become a major impediment to its implementation. Since management is largely about creating and providing boundary conditions appropriate for engaging with tasks, it may be considered as the process of managing illusions (Chattopadhyay 1999 forthcoming). In addition, the notion of process is usually lost sight of while managing one’s experience as one engages with tasks. As a result, the approach becomes reductionist and many of one’s experiences are denied, largely unconsciously.
The Recovery of Meaning
Authors: Armstrong David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is written from the perspective of an organizational consultant working within a tradition grounded in the experience of psychoanalysis and the practice of ‘group relations’. The link between these two domains, as I see it, lies not so much in their theoretical underpinning as in their method of enquiry which focuses on mental acts of attending to, formulating, and seeking to interpret emotional experience within a bounded setting. In psychoanalytic work that setting is defined by the meeting between analyst and analysand; in group work by the meeting between group members and one or more ‘consultants’. In both, the object of study is what happens within this relational space: what is put into it or withheld from it or enacted within it, and why.
In the Nick of Time: Reactivating an organization through leader-initiated interactions with members of staff
Authors: Boethius Siv Boalt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The object of this chapter is to give examples of and to discuss some strategies for positive organizational change. I take as my starting-point the critical fact that any leader in any organization will, by virtue of his or her role, often become enmeshed in expectations and demands of various kinds. These constraints, conscious and unconscious, develop by interaction between employees and leader and in relation to the primary task of the organization, the structure of the work activity, and the environment of the workplace. If incorrectly handled, the constraints, by their force, can easily lead to situations in which both leader and employees lose their autonomy, creativity, and effectiveness. In the long run, as individuals or entire groups lose touch with their potential resources as well as with the primary task, the organization, in part or as a whole, may stagnate (Boalt Boethius 1983).
The Inner Drama of Role Taking in an Organization
Authors: Triest Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking a role in an organization inevitably produces an inner drama in which internalized past figures, which are related in some way or another to the ‘role in the mind’, are brought back to life. These charged introjects meet—sometimes, clash—with the representation of the ‘organization in the mind’ and therefore influence the perception of organizational reality, the experience of the ‘self’ in the role, and finally the actual way the role is carried out (Gould 1991; Hirschhorn 1985; E. J. Miller 1985; 1993d).
Small- and Medium-Size Industrial Enterprises in France 1900-1975
Authors: Lescure Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the ways used by French small and medium-size manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) to adapt themselves to the new economic context of the twentieth century. It must be recalled that at the beginning of the twentieth century most French industrial sec tors were composed mainly of small- and medium-size enterprises. In 1906, France had 58 per cent of its factory labour in very small plants (employing fewer than 10 wage-earners). No more than 12 per cent of the labour force was employed in plants with more than 500 wage-earners.
Religious Values, Dependencies, and Fertility: Evidence and Implications from Israel
Authors: Goldscheider Calvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fertility levels among Muslims living in Israel have been higher than for other religious-national groups in Israel. The sustained higher levels among Israeli Muslims and relatively recent decline raise important questions about the role of religious value changes and how these values interact with shifts in economic development to influence fertility patterns. This chapter first documents the changing levels of fertility of Muslim Israeli women and examines some of the critical correlates of Muslim Israeli fertility change. A review is made of the long-term relative stability of Muslim fertility in Palestine and in the state of Israel, and the subsequent reduction from the mid-1970s. These changes are compared to changes in the fertility of Christian, Druze, and Jewish women in Israel.
Crisis Mortality in Seventeenth-Century Indonesia
Authors: Boomgaard Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population growth in Early Modern Indonesia is generally held to have been low to very low, probably not exceeding 0.1% per annum on average. Migration was negligible and birth-rates were probably in most areas fairly high,1 which implies that the death-rate also must have been rather high. If forced to give an estimate, I would say that both (crude) rates must have been around 50 per thousand on average (Reid, 1988: 14-18; Boomgaard, 1989: 175). With the exception of a number of relatively small areas, such as Amboina, Banda and the Minahasa, reliable figures which could support this opinion are, however, not available. In this article, I look at a number of (mostly) qualitative data for the Indonesian Archipel ago, which can be used as demographic indicators, particularly as indicators for high mortality. The same data serve to arrive at a broad grouping of factors to which high mortality can be attributed and at a periodization of peaks and troughs in the death-rate.
Entrepreneurial Strategies in New Organizational Populations
Authors: Aldrich Howard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first organization of its kind faces a different set of challenges than one which simply carries on a tradition pioneered by thousands of predecessors in the same industry. Given the conditions facing pioneering founders, are different strategies needed for them than for imitators and borrowers? Focusing on the period during which a new form emerges is a crucial theoretical issue, because the struggle to carve out a niche for a new population involves such strong forces that the events of that period may be forever imprinted on the form that persists (Boeker, 1988, Stinchcombe, 1965). Defeat of opposing populations and co-optation of institutional actors, in particular, may cement a form in place that is resistant to change.
Innovation in Large and Small Firms
Authors: Arrow Kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is intended to begin the elaboration of a theme: the interaction between the observed sizes of firms and their internal decision-making procedures. This theme is a major one in the symphony of entrepreneurial activity. The entrepreneur, as the maker and changer of economic and productive life, is usually envisaged as an individual. In the neoclassical tradition, he (or, rarely, she) is the lightning calculator, the individual who rapidly scans the field of alternative productive processes and chooses the optimum at any given set of prices. In the Austrian tradition, most notably in the work of Schumpeter,1 he is endowed with a special psychology that makes him all the more an individual in the strict sense of the word-he cannot be replaced by a machine or by a multiplicity of individuals, who would inevitably slow him down. “He travels fastest who travels alone,” says an ancient proverb.
Entrepreneurship and Culture: The Case of Freddy, the Strawberry Man
Authors: Montoya Monica Lindh de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article discusses the contribution that anthropology, and especially the notion of culture, can make to the study of entrepreneurship.1 In it, I will draw on ethnographic material I collected about a rural-urban entrepreneur dealing in strawberries, and try to show how anthropology can illuminate fundamental issues in entrepreneurship, and some of the processes involved in starting and running a business. Because of the nature of my data I am concerned with small-scale businesses, primarily in the developing world, but I believe that the phenomena I observed have their counterparts in modern economies, and that my discussion therefore has a general relevance.
Ethnic Entrepreneurs
Authors: Waldinger Roger , Aldrich Howard , Ward Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revival of small business has been widely accompanied by the infusion of new ethnic owners into the ranks of petty proprietorship. By 1980, self employment already accounted for a substantial share of employment among those newcomers who had moved to the United States in the years since the renewal of large-scale immigration in 1965. In four of the five principal immigrant receiving metropolitan areas-New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco-immigrant self-employment rates among males were close to or above the 10% mark, as can be seen in Table 15.1. The immigrant imprint is most dramatic in Miami, where a 30-year influx of Cuban refugees has transformed a decaying, stagnant city into a booming economy that some analysts have called the “capital of Latin America” (Rieff 1987; Levine 1985). Elsewhere, it has been more a matter of immigrants finding niches where small businesses could thrive. In industries like garments, restaurants, petty retailing, taxis, and so on, newcomers have found a supportive environment in which entrepreneurial activity has flourished-as will be seen in the chapters that follow.
Introduction
Authors: Dunford Michael , Hall Ronald , Smith Alasdair , Tsoukalis Loukas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional economic theory concentrates on questions of efficiency and the maximization of global welfare, while considerations about: equity and t:he distribution of the economic pie are usually refit to more ‘nonnative’ disciplines; alternatively, they are simply assumed away as problems. But everyday politics is largely about the distribution of gains and losses among participants in any system. Depending on the nature of the latter, the relevant participants can be countries, regions, different social groups, or even individuals.
The Underestimated Contributions of Political Science to Organizational Learning
Authors: Palombara Joseph La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizational theory and, therefore, organizational learning, an important dimension of the former, have rarely attracted the attention of political scientists. Etheredge (1981) noted this situation two decades ago, but he added that ‘Government learning is a new interdisciplinary field of social science inquiry’ (p. 73). This judgment was premature for political science, even though in those same years the discipline moved sharply in the direction of trying to provide improved explanations for what encouraged or impeded ‘effective’ government. A good deal of the attention focused on the executive branch, which was Etheredge’s primary focus as well (1981: 76-82).
Media Choice and Organizational Learning
Authors: Buchel Bettina , Raub Steffen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A growing number of companies rely on new media1 to improve their performance (Davenport 1997). This trend can be observed across various countries and in companies of different size. There are two major reasons for the increased attention given to media within organizations. The first is that managers spend 70 to 80 per cent of their time managing information by using a wide range of media (Mintzberg 1973). The time allotted to managing information has been validated for both industrialized (Kurke and Aldrich 1983; Mintinko and Gardner 1990) and developing countries (Montgomery 1986). In addition, with the introduction of computer-mediated media, the effective and efficient use of media has become an ever more difficult task. As Davenport, Eccles, and Prusak (1992) state, ‘broadening information access and usage and enhancing the quality are key to improving business performance’ (p. 53). Although this argument sounds convincing, the efficiency and effectiveness of information management through media usage has improved little despite the fact that U.S. companies have invested $1 trillion in information technology (Malhotra 1997).
A Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Univariate Models for Forecasting Macroeconomic Time Series
Authors: Stock James H , Watson Mark w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is inspired by four themes that run through Clive Granger’s extraordinary body of research on time series analysis and economic forecasting. First, it is plausible that the complicated forces that drive economic events introduce nonlinear dynamics into aggregate time series variables, so an important research program is modeling and exploiting these nonlinearities for forecasting (Granger, 1993; Granger and Terasvirta, 1993; Granger, Terasvirta, and Anderson, 1993; Granger and Lin, 1994; Terasvirta et al. 1994). Second, a dominant feature of economic time series data. is the considerable persistence, or long-range dependence, of those series (Granger, 1966), and the correct modeling of this persistence is a critical step in constructing reliable forecasts over medium- and long-term forecasting horizons (Granger and Newbold, 1977).
Order Selection in Testing for the Cointegrating Rank of a VAR Process
Authors: Pohl Helmut Lütke , Saikkonen Pentti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the invention of cointegration by Granger (1981, 1986) and Engle and Granger (1987), time series econometrics has changed considerably. In multiple time series analysis investigating the cointegration properties at an early stage of the analysis has become standard practice by now. For this purpose! Johansen’s (1988, 1991, 1995) likelihood ratio (LR) tests are used frequently (see also Reinsel and Ahn, 1992). In that approach a vector autoregressive (VAR) process or error correction model (ECM) of some finite order is usually fitted to the data and the tests are then performed conditionally on the order being the true one. In some studies it was found, however, that the choice of the lag order or truncation lag can have an important impact on the outcome of unit root and cointegration tests (see, e.g., Schwert, 1989, Ng and Perron, 199.5, Agiagloglou and Newbold, 1996, for unit root tests in univariate time series and Reimers, 1992, and Haug, 1996: for cointegration tests in vector processes). Therefore it is of interest to investigate the relation between the choice of truncation lag and the properties of the resulting cointegration tests based on a model with a prespecified order.
From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics
Authors: Blattberg Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The moral and political philosophy of pluralism has become increasingly influential. To pluralists, when values genuinely conflict we should aim to strike an appropriate balance or trade-off between them, though this means accepting that compromise will be inevitable. Politics, as a result, appears as a thoroughly tragic affair. Drawing on a 'hermeneutical' conception of interpretation, the author develops an original account of practical reasoning, one which assumes that, though making compromises in the face of conflicts is indeed often unavoidable, there are times when reconciliation, as distinct from compromise, is feasible. For this to be so, however, citizens must strive to converse - and not just negotiate - with each other, thus fulfilling the good that is at the heart of their shared political community. This is the central message of the patriotic alternative to pluralist politics that the author defends here.
Globalization and ‘Risk Society’
Authors: Hanseth Ole , Braa Kristin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globalization is widely acknowledged to be an important contemporary phenomenon. Globalization and technology are mutually reinforcing drivers of change. The role of IT as a key factor to bring about this change is often thought of as an opportunity to enhance control and coordination, while opening access to new global markets and businesses (Ives and Jarvenpaa 1991). Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) claim that firms operating in these global markets will be at a serious strategic disadvantage if they are unable firmly to control their worldwide operations and manage them in a globally coordinated manner. According to their model, corporations are focusing on closer coordination of increasingly more complex and global processes.
Conservative Success: Organization and Infrastructure Evolution at SKF
Authors: Dahlbom Bo , Hanseth Ole , Ljungberg JAn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SKF is world leader in the production of ball and roller bearings, having 15-20 per cent of the world market. Ever since it was established in 1907 it has been a global, production- and distribution-focused company, selling the very same type of products all over the world. Of course SKF has changed throughout this period. However, what is most striking with the company—in particular compared with the picture of modern global organizations painted by current management literature—is its stability. SKF is changing, but in small steps. As with the overall company, the information technology (IT) infrastructure has evolved slowly and in relative harmony with the organizational changes. This chapter will outline the successful co-evolution of SKF and its infrastructure. We shall see how, in recent decades, SKF has relied on a strategy for building infrastructures focusing on standardization and hence stability, in effect having an institutional perspective on its organization, focusing on inertia and the cultivation of entrenched infrastructures (Hanseth 1996). This is in obvious conflict with the focus of modern management literature on dynamics and flexibility and on radical and rapid organizational change, designing infrastructures from scratch.
Infrastructure Strategy Formation: Seize the Day at Statoil
Authors: Monteiro Eric , Hepsø Vidar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oil and gas operations are a key industry in Norway, representing 15.5 per cent of GDP. At the time of writing, Statoil is the largest producer in Norway and the second largest exporter of oil worldwide. Statoil-the State of Norway’s Oil Company Ltd. (Den norske stats oljeselskap A/S)-is in themiddle of a metamorphosis. After years sheltered from unbiased competition guaranteed through a broad, political coalition, Statoil is transforming itself into an internationally oriented, competitive enterprise. Statoil is learning to operate in a competitive market at the same time as it diversifies. It is no longer only an oil producer, but supports a whole chain of businesses from exploration of oil and gas fields, to the development of field installations and transportation systems, and the operation and maintenance of a number of offshore production platforms and pipeline systems. Statoil is changing into an integrated energy supplier.
Global and Local Dynamics in Infrastructure Deployment: The Astra Hassle Experience
Authors: cordella Antonio , Simon kai A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the millennium has represented a period of substantial change in the pharmaceutical industry. The wave of mergers and acquisitions is an obvious indicator of a changing sector. The creations of Novartis, Pharmacia & Upjohn, and AstraZeneca have emphasized the fact that business in the pharma-industry is no longer what it used to be. The industry has faced a radically shifting client base and revised business economics that have squeezed profits. As a result, drug-makers have had to downsize, consolidate, and reorganize. In an industry where a product’s life cycle rarely lasts more than a dozen years, and profits are no longer guaranteed, efficiency has taken on a new urgency.