bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Industrial Kiln Drying and its Effect on Microstructure, Impregnation and Properties of Scots Pine Timber Impregnated for Above Ground Use. Part 1. Effects of Initial, Final Dryings and Preservative on Impregnation and Timber Quality
Authors: Terziev N. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planks were dried in industrial progressive, conventional batch and high temperature kilns. The quality of drying was assessed by measuring the final moisture content and its gradient, deformations, checks and internal stress of planks. The timber was rearranged in three charges and impregnated in an industrial autoclave with copper-based preservatives for above ground use (class AB):Kemwood ACQ 1900, Tanalith E and Wolmanit CX-8. The moisture content was determined after impregnation and the planks were divided into two charges; the first was dried in an industrial conventional batch kiln while the second was air dried. Assessment of the final product quality after kiln and air drying was carried out as after the initial drying. The penetration of preservatives was measured as well. The data were analysed by a statistical mixed model to ascertain the effects of drying and preservatives on the impregnation and timber quality.
A strong relationship was found between the initial drying of Scots pine timber and its quality after impregnation and drying. The conventional batch and high temperature kiln drying ensured similar drying quality regarding the final moisture content and gradient, bow, twist and checks, but the high temperature drying provided significantly better (94.4%of the total sapwood area) penetration of the preservatives tested. It is suggested that changes in wood structure could be provoked during the high temperature drying, thus improving the subsequent impregnation and secondary drying. The progressive and conventional batch kiln drying led to similar penetration of the preservatives; the conventional batch kiln drying ensured significantly lower final moisture content, less twist and surface checks of the timber than the progressive kiln drying. Wolmanit CX-8 penetrated significantly better into the pine sapwood (96.3%) than Kemwood ACQ 1900 and Tanalith E (83.5 and 88.5%, respectively). The planks impregnated with Wolmanit CX-8 achieved the best quality regarding the final moisture content, its gradient and cup. The planks impregnated with Kemwood ACQ 1900 and Tanalith E showed similar quality regarding the penetration and some deformations after drying, but Kemwood ACQ 1900 impregnated planks had highest moisture content and gradient.
Industrial Kiln Drying and its Effect on Microstructure, Impregnation and Properties of Scots Pine Timber Impregnated for Above Ground Use. Part 2. Effect of Drying on Microstructure and Some Mechanical Properties of Scots Pine Wood
Authors: Terziev N. , Daniel G. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planks were dried in industrial progressive, conventional batch and high temperature kilns. The timber was further impregnated in an industrial autoclave with three preservatives used for above ground use. Samples dried by the three test methods and control samples were thereafter processed for scanning electron microscopy observations. Small clear specimens were sawn for determination of impact bending strength, modulus of elasticity and rupture (MOE and MOR) and hardness. The high temperature dried wood (at 115 °C) was characterised by partially damaged apertures in some bordered pits and nano- (10–20 nm) and micro checks (1–2 μm) in the warty and S3 layers of the cell walls. It is probable that certain modifications in the structure of the wood polymer complex also occurred due to hemicellulose thermal degradation. The above-mentioned structural changes facilitated the penetration of the preservative during impregnation and its evacuation during the final stage of vacuum. The industrial progressive and conventional batch kiln drying had no visible effect on the microstructure of Scots pine wood. There was no critical reduction of the impact bending strength, hardness and MOE of the dried untreated wood regardless of the drying method. MOR was significantly decreased after the conventional kiln drying, but not following high temperature drying. Impregnation with Tanalith E and conventional batch kiln drying aggravated the MOE and MOR of the high temperature dried wood, but both MOE and MOR did not differ significantly from those of progressive and conventional batch kiln dried samples.
Effect of Growth Rate on Fibre Characteristics in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)
Authors: Mäkinen H. , Saranpää P. , Linder S. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
To study the effect of growth rate on fibre characteristics and their variations in Norway spruce,
trees were sampled in a nutrient optimisation experiment in northern Sweden. Data was collected
from 24 trees (40 years old) from fertilised and control plots after 12 years of annual nutrient application,
as well as from older trees outside the experimental area. Fibre length, fibre diameter,
cell wall thickness, lumen diameter and cell wall percentage were measured from every third annual
ring at breast height and at a height of 4 m. Fibre properties, as well as their standard deviation,
were closely related to ring number and distance from the pith. Intra-ring variation of fibre
characteristics was high compared to their variation between trees. Fertilisation reduced fibre
length and cell wall thickness, but increased fibre and lumen diameter in rings of the same age.
The difference in fibre width, cell wall thickness and lumen diameter between fertilised and control
trees was less apparent, but a greater difference in fibre length was found between the treatments
with regard to distance from the pith. There was a similar effect of fertilisation on fibre
properties in early- and latewood. The effect of enhanced growth rate was less pronounced at a
height of 4 m (near the pith) than at breast height (in older rings). It was demonstrated that it is
possible to model intra-tree variability of fibre characteristics using ring width and cambial age as
independent variables. Models presented are, however, limited by the relatively young age of the
sample trees used.
Techniques for Measuring Growth Stress on the Xylem Surface Using Strain and Dial Gauges
Authors: Yoshida M. , Okuyama: T. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Growth stress (growth strain) in trees is usually evaluated using either a strain gauge or a dial
gauge to measure the strain release. We summarize the techniques used to assess growth stress and
compare the two methods. The dial gauge method measures change in distance between two pin
targets when growth stress is released by sawing two grooves; from this the strain released is calculated.
The absolute values of the strain released depended on whether the two grooves were sawn
inside or outside the pin targets: the values in the first case were approximately twice those in the
latter. If the grooves were sawn outside the pin targets, the values for the strain released were
about the same as with the strain gauge method, in which the strain released by sawing a groove at
each end of a strain gauge is measured. The released strain values were consistent when the strain
gauge was glued to the outer surface of the secondary xylem after first fully removing the differentiating
xylem. To release most of the surface growth stress and maximize released strain values, the
optimal distance between the ends of the strain gauge and the grooves cut to release the growth
stress was 3 to 5 mm, and the optimal depth of the groove was 5 to 10 mm. Most of the growth
stress was released immediately when the grooves were sawn.
Surface Roughness and Color Change of Copper-Amine Treated Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Exposed to Artificial Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Kamdem D. P. , Grelier: S. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
UV absorbers were microwave-grafted onto copper-amine (Cu-MEA) treated maple. The so-treated
wood was weathered with UV light for various periods of time. Two weathering cycles
were used: one with only an irradiation step using a 175W medium pressure mercury lamp of
wavelength higher than 300 nm and a second with irradiation and a water spray step. The surface
color and the surface roughness were monitored and the biological performance of the UV absorbers
grafted on copper amine-treated maple evaluated as well. ∆E, the total color change was
measured and it increased from 0 to 14.7 after 317 h weathering for untreated maple. For Cu-MEA
treated and UV absorbers grafted on the surface, the values of ∆E range from 0.7 to 5.7. The higher
values of ∆E for both treated and untreated samples were associated with the weathering cycle
with the water spray step, suggesting that water plays an important role in the wood discoloration.
However, the microwave grafting of UV absorber on Cu-MEA treated maple did not prevent or
reduce the formation of rough surface or inhibit the biological performance of Cu-MEA. This laboratory
study indicates that phenolic UV absorbers can be microwave grafted on maple to improve
the color stability.
Differences in Resin Acid Concentration between Brown-Rot Resistant and Susceptible Scots Pine Heartwood
Authors: Harju A. M. , Kainulainen P. , Venäläinen M. , Tiitta M. , Viitanen H. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The concentration of individual resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content at a relative humidity
of 100% were studied in brown-rot resistant and susceptible Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
heartwood. About 90% of the resin acids in the heartwood were of the abietane type, abietic acid
being the most abundant. The concentration of resin acids was higher in the decay-resistant heartwood
than in the decay-susceptible heartwood. Resin acids are presumably in part responsible for
the decay resistance of Scots pine heartwood. However, no clear relationship was found between
the concentration of resin acids and the equilibrium moisture content. The role of resin acids may
also be ascribed to mechanisms other than their hydrophobic properties alone. The reasons for the
slight differences in moisture content between the decay classes require further study.
Antioxidant Activity of Abietane-Type Diterpenes from Heartwood of Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata
Authors: Wang S.-Y. , Wu J.-H. , Shyur L.-F. , Kuo Y.-H. , Chang S.-T. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Nine abietane-type diterpenes were isolated from the heartwood of Taiwania cryptomerioides and
their structures identified by spectral analyses. Among these nine compounds, six diterpenes were
isolated for the first time from T. cryptomerioides, including 6,7-dehydroferruginol, 6α-hydroxysugiol,
5,6-dehydro-6-hydroxysugiol, 11-hydroxyferruginol, secoabietane dialdehyde and isohinokiol.
We suggest that abietane-type diterpenes are the dominant diterpenes in the heartwood of T.
cryptomerioides. A possible biosynthesis pathway is proposed. In addition, a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) assay was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these diterpenes.
This study demonstrates that ferruginol exhibits the strongest antioxidant activity among the
diterpenes isolated from T. cryptomerioides heartwood.
Hydrothermolysis of Flavonoids in Relation to Steaming of Japanese Larch Wood
Authors: Ohmura W. , Ohara S. , Hashida K. , Aoyama M. , Doi S. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Four flavonoid compounds, ((+)-taxifolin, (+)-aromadendrin, quercetin and (−)-naringenin), from
Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) wood were heated at 170 ℃C for 60 min at pH=3.46 (hydrothermolysis
treatment). Alphitonin, four taxifolin steric isomers and quercetin were recovered from
the treatment of (+)-taxifolin, and maesopsin, four aromadendrin steric isomers and kaempferol
from (+)-aromadendrin. The reaction products from (−)-naringenin were found to be a mixture
with (+)-naringenin. Quercetin was not changed by the treatment. Possible pathways for the formation
of these products are discussed.
Impact of Pulping Conditions on FORMACELL Aspen Lignin: Investigation of Methoxyl and Ester Groups, Carbohydrates, Molar Mass and Glass Transition Temperatures
Authors: Lehnen R. , Saake B. , Nimz H. H. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThe influence of reaction time, reaction temperature and acid concentration on the yield and characteristics of FORMACELL aspen lignins were investigated. 18 samples were quantitatively isolated from the black liquor by precipitation. The samples were analysed regarding their contents of carbohydrates, methoxyl and ester groups. All samples had low carbohydrate contents and the amount of methoxyl and ester groups was continuously reduced under more severe pulping conditions. Molar mass distributions and glass transition temperatures were determined. Molar masses of lignins were continuously reduced during pulping resulting in low weight average molar masses from 2.500–3.200 g/mol. Glass transition temperatures varied from 123.6 to 154.5°C, depending on the reaction conditions. Comparison of the thermograms with those of the lignins from the Kraft or Sulfite process confirmed that in the FORMACELL process a very uniform lignin with few impurities is obtained.
Ethanol-Enhanced Alkaline Pulping of Arundo donax L. Reed: Influence of Solvent on Pulp Yield and Quality
Authors: Shatalov A. A. , Pereira H. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The effect of solvent on yield and properties of ethanol-alkali pulps from Arundo donax L. was
studied. Selectivity of pulping was significantly improved with increase in solvent proportion in the
cooking liquor. A rise in ethanol concentration from 20 to 60% (by vol.) increased pulp yield from
44.0 to 48.9%, while decreasing residual lignin from 5.0 to 3.0%. Ethanol addition had a positive
effect on preservation of carbohydrate complex against degradation in alkaline medium. Intrinsic
viscosity of cellulose was improved up to 35% and xylan content increased from 8.6 to 12.1% with
increase in ethanol concentration from 20 to 60%. The preservation of minor non-cellulosic polysaccharides
with solvent addition was also observed. The papermaking properties of ethanol-alkali
pulps were best for 20% ethanol content. An increase in solvent charge led to a drop in burst,
tear and tensile pulp strength. Solvent addition assisted the conversion of glucuronic to hexenuronic
acids, whereas the content of HexA in ethanol-alkali pulps of Arundo donax (about
10 μmol/g) was substantially lower than reported for kraft pulps from wood.
Reflectance FTIR Microspectroscopy for Studying Effect of Xylan Removal on Unbleached and Bleached Birch Kraft Pulps
Authors: Ristolainen M. , Alén R. , Malkavaara P. , Pere J. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The effect of the partial removal of xylan on unbleached and bleached birch kraft pulps was investigated
by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy and the resulting data were analyzed
by multivariate data analysis, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA) and maximum likelihood
principal component analysis (MLPCA). Isolated model substances (xylan, cellulose and
lignin) were used to calibrate these methods. Clear chemical changes in the relative proportions of
the main constituents and functional groups on the pulp fiber surface were observed as a function
of the amount of xylan removed. In addition, due to the partial removal of xylan, indications of
some physical changes were observed.
Detection on Incipient Fungal Attack in Wood Using Magnetic Resonance Parameter Mapping Wood Studied by Liquid State NMR Measurements
Authors: Müller U. , Bammer R. , Teischinger: A. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Magnetic resonance imaging delivers excellent, high-resolution spatial images of damp or wet
wood that can supply information on internal defects of logs to optimise cutting patterns. In normal
wood, the image contrast of magnetic resonance images is primarily influenced by the distribution
of moisture content within the specimen. In the case of fungal attack, it is also affected by the inherent
Spin-Lattice (T1) and Spin-Spin (T2) relaxation times. We investigate changes in relaxation
times in beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) caused by fungal attack (Coniophora puteana (Schum.)
Karst.) over 6 weeks. In addition, loss of compressive strength and mass loss were tested, allowing
comparison to conventional methods. Magnetic resonance imaging showed superior sensitivity in
detection of early stage of fungal decay in comparison to mass or strength loss assessment.
Wood Density Determination by X- and Gamma-Ray Tomography
Authors: Macedo A. , Vaz C. M. P. , Pereira J. C. D. , Naime J. M. , Cruvinel P. E. , Crestana S. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Wood density measurement is related to several factors that influence wood quality. In this paper,
a CT image calibration procedure which allows image quantification in terms of dry bulk density is
presented for three different X- and gamma-ray energies (28.3, and 59.5, and 662.0 keV). The mass
attenuation coefficients measured for a set of eight wood species did not vary significantly, allowing
a single calibration for determination of bulk density of air-dried wood samples at each energy.
The equation for bulk density calibration obtained was validated using a second set of twelve
wood species. Comparison of bulk density determined by CT images, using the calibration procedure
proposed, with values obtained by gravimetric methods, presented a very good linear correlation
coefficient (R2=0.94). The main advantage of CT imaging over conventional techniques for
wood bulk density determination is that it allows detection and quantification of heterogeneities
and internal defects. At the sub-millimetric spatial resolution level, it is possible to identify morphological
and structural aspects of wood samples.
The Influence of Wood Specimen Surface Coating on Moisture Movement during Drying
Authors: Baronas R. , Ivanauskas F. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
A model of wood drying under isothermal conditions taking into consideration coating of the surface
of a specimen is presented in this paper in a two-dimensional formulation. The influence of
the surface coating degree as well as geometrical shape of a wood specimen on the dynamics of
drying is investigated. Exponentials, describing the dependence of the halfdrying time on the degree
of coating of the edges, as well as on the ratio of the width to the thickness of the transverse
section of specimens from the northern red oak (Quercus rubra), are presented for drying from
above the fiber saturation point. This paper describes the conditions of usage of the two-dimensional
moisture transfer model in contrast to the one-dimensional model for accurate prediction of
the drying process taking into consideration the coating of edges of specimens having a rectangular
transverse section. A measure of reliability of the one-dimensional model to predict the wood
drying process of sawn boards is introduced in this paper.
Study of the System Wood – Coating Material. Part 2.Wood – Solid Coating Material
Authors: Liptáková E. , Kúdela J. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
This paper deals with the intermolecular forces in the system wood-solid coating, which primarily
condition the stability of the system. Further, it points out a series of secondary factors that significantly
distort the results of interactions between surface forces; not only influencing the phase
boundary wood-coating material in the liquid phase, but also negatively impacting the wood-solid
coating system stability.
Flake Drying Temperature Affects Mat Properties during Pressing
Authors: Martino C. J. , Shrauti S. , Banerjee S. , Otwell L. P. , Price E. W. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The contact angle of water on wood rises sharply as the wood approaches dryness. The general shape
of the rise can be reproduced through thermodynamic calculations that consider the presence of extractives
on the surface. SEM work confirms that extractives move progressively to the surface with
increasing drying temperature. Other factors such as pore closure also contribute to surface hydrophobicity.
The temperature profile within a stack of flakes during accelerated pressing shows a
break at 100°C when flakes dried at high temperature are processed. Moisture is known to be driven
from the outer layers of the stack to the core during early pressing. If the flake surface is hydrophobic
then this moisture would film on the surface rather than penetrate into the flake. Subsequent evaporation
of the moisture would lead to high pressure. Hence, flakes dried at high temperature should be
more prone to delamination. High-temperature drying also promotes VOC emissions and there
should be operational and environmental benefits to drying at lower temperature.
Molecular Identity of Species and Isolates of the Coniphora Cellar Fungi
Authors: Schmidt O. , Grimm K. , Moreth U. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Within the genus Coniophora, C. puteana and the less common species C. marmorata, C. arida and
C. olivacea form a group of domestic brown-rot fungi (“cellar fungi”), which cause considerable
decay in the woodwork of buildings. The fungi are difficult to distinguish by their fruit bodies. Traditional
methods fail to identify species in a pure culture. Also with regard to decay of wood in use,
the basidiomes rarely develop, and the surface mycelium on wood is sparse except for the fine dark
strands. Thus, molecular techniques were applied to obtain a reliable method for differentiation
and detection and to aquire a greater knowledge of the domestic Coniophora species. Isolates obtained
from decayed wood and from culture collections and identified as domestic Coniophora
species were used. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA was amplified by
polymerase chain reaction, sequenced and restricted by the endonuclease TaqI. The ITS sequences
characteristic of C. puteana, C. arida, C. marmorata and C. olivacea were obtained and entered into
the international databases. The sequence size ranges from 525 to 729 bp. The data supplement our
collection of ITS sequences from domestic wood decay fungi built for the characterization of
mycelium in culture. Most isolates belong to C. puteana and some to C. arida, C. marmorata and C.
olivacea. Two other isolates belong to a further Coniophora species close to C. olivacea. Obviously,
at least five Coniophora species occur within European buildings. Many of the isolates were not
correctly identified. Consequently, the traditional characterization methods used, viz., growth rate,
temperature influence and wood weight loss, were less suitable for the differentiation of Coniophora
species as formerly anticipated.
Modification of Spruce Lignans with Trametes hirsuta Laccase
Authors: Buchert J. , Mustranta A. , Tamminen T. , Spetz P. , Holmbom B. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The effect of Trametes hirsuta laccase on isolated spruce wood lignans was evaluated. Lignans
were isolated from the heartwood of spruce branches and treated with different laccase dosages
and treatment times. The effect of the treatment was monitored by gas chromatography, size exclusion
chromatography and ionization difference UV spectroscopy. Lignans were efficiently oxidized
by T. hirsuta laccase. About half of the phenolic groups present in lignans remained intact
during the treatment. The oxidation of phenolic groups in lignans produced oligomeric structures
containing approximately 4–5 lignan units (i.e., 8–10 phenyl propane units). Precipitation of the
formed oligomeric structures probably prevented further polymerization.