bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Your body clock and mental activity
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At night, physical work seems harder to do than normal, and it is done less well. Does the same apply to ‘mental performance’? Here we consider mental performance to include using our senses to take in information about the external world (sensory input), understanding events in our external environment (cognitive performance), decision making and other intellectual processes, and producing coordinated muscular activity to achieve a particular task (motor performance).
We are likely to be concerned if we perform badly at some times, and the effects of poor performance will also be of interest to managers and the general public. Managers will wish to know if the body clock means that there are times when the output of their workforce is below standard; and the general public will be concerned about the possibility that safety in industrial processes, public services, transportation, and so on will be adversely affected at some times.
Food, metabolism, and the removal of waste
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circadian rhythm of metabolism is part of another group of rhythms, which includes also rhythms in the intake and digestion of food, and in the removal of waste material from the body. Metabolism, the processes by which food is broken down chemically to release its energy, has already been mentioned in Chapter 4. There, it was pointed out that metabolism is essential for enabling physical exercise to take place, and that it requires the uptake of oxygen into the body.
The animal and plant kingdoms provide examples of a wide range of eating habits. For example, fungi ‘eat’ continuously, and cause decay at all times. Many parasites probably do the same, feeding on their host throughout the 24 hours. Animals such as sheep and cattle tend to for- age throughout the daylight hours, whereas predators hunt whenever their prey is around, day or night. Green plants photosynthesize (make food by using the energy of sunlight) whenever it is light. Mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects feed whenever they are active, often in the evening.
Treatment of cognitive deficits in first episode psychosis
Authors: Keefe Richard S E , Kang Joseph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia. Compared to healthy controls, schizophrenia patients perform an average of two standard deviations below the mean of their healthy counterparts in several areas of cognition, especially attention, executive function, and memory (Addington and Addington 2002; Harvey and Keefe 1997). Impairment in these areas of cognition is an important factor in the long-term outcome and adaptive functioning of these patients (Green et al. 1996; Harvey et al. 1998; Velligan et al. 1997). Vigilance, memory, and card-sorting deficits have been found to be related to poor functional outcome in a large number of studies (see reviews by Green 1996, 2000).
Conservative Difference Scheme for Boussinesq Model of Surface Waves
Authors: Christov C I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After John Scott-Russell discovered the ‘great wave’ there were different attempts to find its appropriate model. Boussinesq [2] introduced the fundamental idea of balance between the nonlinearity and dispersion and derived the first approximate expression for the dispersion in the case of weakly nonlinear long waves. We call this balance the “Boussinesq Paradigm” together with the set of different Boussinesq equations that are derived under the said assumption. They are generalized wave equations which offers the opportunity to investigate the generic features of wave systems, such as head-on collisions of localized structures (solitary waves/ quasi-particles). Some of the Boussinesq equations are fully integrable, others possess just three conservation/balance laws: for mass, energy and momentum.
Multidimensional U pwinding and Grid Adaptation
Authors: Hubbard M E , Baines M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past ten years, multidimensional upwinding techniques have been developed with the intention of superseding traditional conservative upwind finite volume methods which rely on the solution of one-dimensional Riemann problems. The new methods attempt a more genuinely multidimensional approach to the solution of the Euler equations by considering a piecewise linear continuous representation of the flow with the data stored at the nodes of the grid. The schemes are then constructed from three separate components: a wave decomposition model, a conservative linearisation and a scalar fluctuation distribution scheme. A detailed description of these can be found in ([1],[2]) while some more recent developments are presented in these proceedings [3].
Unstructured Grid Generation and Flow Adaptation for External Aerodynamic Flows
Authors: Jahangirian A R , Johnston L J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generation of high-quality computational grids for complex aerodynamic configurations remains an important area of concern, hindering the routine application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The block-structured approach has proved to be highly successful, but it does in general require extensive user intervention and expertise. Alternatively, unstructured grids can be made to fit very complex geometries in a relatively straightforward manner and has been shown to be highly effective for grid adaptivity[4]. Therefore, much progress has been made over the past few years to develop fast and robust unstructured grid generators. Two well-known approaches commonly used for construction of triangular unstructured grids are the Delaunay criterion and the advancing front method. The Delaunay triangulation, although it has many interesting properties [7] does not address the issues of grid point creation and boundary conformity. Additionally this method is not naturally capable of generating high aspect ratio cells required for viscous flow calculations. The advancing front method has received much attention, particularly because of its self-sufficiency and grid quality ([1],[4]). However, special care must be taken when choosing the data structure to efficiently perform the relevant searches.
Adaptive Unstructured Grid Solutions of Hypersonic Viscous Flows
Authors: Lyra P R M , Hassan O , Morgan K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major problems which have to be faced in the area of hypersonic viscous flow modelling, when using unstructured methodologies, are the construction of suitable algorithms for the generation of unstructured meshes, the incorporation of suitable adaptive meshing and the development of robust and accurate flow solvers for implementation on such meshes. The ultimate goal is to develop numerical schemes having the desired high-order and high-resolution properties for generic grids.
Minimum Residual Methods for the Navier-Stokes Equations: Indefiniteness vs Asymmetry
Authors: Ramage A , Fischer B , Silvester D J , Wathen A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time-dependent linear systems which have the character of Stokes problems for creeping flow arise frequently in many areas of computational fluid dynamics. For example, they occur at each time-step in the solution of the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous flow. In particular, they result from methods of Lagrange-Galerkin type, including the modified method of characteristics and the transport-diffusion algorithm, both of which treat the viscous terms implicitly and approximate inertial terms explicitly via discretisation along trajectories. The operator-split ‘0-scheme’ also involves a time-dependent Stokes solve at each step, as well as the inversion of an advection-diffusion operator. It is therefore very important to be able to solva such systems efficiently.
Improved Accuracy and Effectiveness for Navier-Stokes Solvers on Unstructured Grids
Authors: Rexroth C -H , Wittig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the numerical calculation of flows the Finite-Volume approach is widely used. Applying this method the transport equations are usually evaluated on structured meshes. For domains of complex shape the generation of suitable structured grids is difficult and time consuming. In many cases the numerical computation suffers from distorted mesh cells or a division of the domain into several subdomains. A remedy for these problems is the application of unstructured grids. Here the possibility to construct meshes of arbitrary shape with triangles for two-dimensional flows and tetrahedra for three-dimensional flows is exploited. Unstructured meshes can easily be adapted to geometrical as well as to physical properties of the flow field.
Development and Use of an Advanced Numerical Model using the Volume of Fluid Method for the Design of Coastal Structures
Authors: Sabeur Z A , Roberts W , Cooper A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In coastal engineering, there is considerable interest in the study of breaking and overturning waves at impact. Knowledge of the internal dynamics of such waves is necessary for the computation of forces and jet velocities at impact so that good coastal defences and sea walls are designed.
A Combined Geometric Approach for Solving the Navier-Stokes Equations on Dynamic Grids
Authors: Slater J W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The computation of the unsteady flow about mechanisms with components in relative motion has become an important topic in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ([3], [1], [8], [6]). One such mechanism is the NASA Variable Diameter Centerbody (VDC) inlet in which the axisymmetric centerbody can translate and change diameter to adjust the mass flow rate and stabilize the flow.
Lying as an executive function
Authors: Halligan Peter W , Bass Christopher , Oakley David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sean Spence, Tom Farrow, David Leung, Samir Shah, Becky Reilly, Anna Rahman, and Amy Herford
A number of lines of evidence suggest that lying represents a ‘higher’, executive function supported by relatively recently evolved brain systems. However, brain activity during lying is only beginning to be elucidated. We developed an objective approach to its investigation, utilizing a computer-based ‘interrogation’ and tMRI. Interrogatory questions probed recent episodic memory in three cohorts of healthy volunteers (n = 30, 31, and 48, respectively) studied outside, and 10 volunteers studied inside the MR scanner. In a counter-balanced design subjects answered 36 questions both truthfully and with ‘lies’. Lying was associated with longer response times (P &lt; 0.001) and greater activity in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices (P &lt; 0.05, correc ted). Less significant foci were observed in other, dorsal and medial prefrontal regions (including anterior cingulate cortex).
Genetics of conventional stroke risk factors
Authors: Sagnella Giuseppe A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several of the major risk factors for stroke have long been recognized and include hypertension, vessel wall abnormalities, dyslipidemia, defects in haemostasis, diabetes and life-style factors such as smoking. This chapter focuses on the genetics of three major classical risk factors, namely hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia.
The genetics of paediatric stroke
Authors: Kirkham Fenella , Prengler Mara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike in adults atherosclerosis is a relatively uncommon cause of stroke in childhood, while Mendelian conditions, and some chromosomal abnormalities, causing stroke are much more common. There is a long list of inherited conditions which predispose to cerebrovascular disease and stroke in childhood (Natowicz and Kelley 1987, Pavlakis et al. 2000), but our understanding of the precise mechanisms has been limited until recently. Several conditions with cerebral vascular manifestations are now being intensively studied.
Economic evaluation of HIV prevention activities: dynamic challenges for cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Kumaranayake Lilani 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current estimates suggest that globally there about 40 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and 3 million people died of AIDs in 2004. Of the nearly 5 million new infections in 2004, 2.7–3.8 million occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where across the region the adult prevalence rates are between 6.9 and 8.3%. In a belt across Southern Africa, the epidemic is rampant, and population levels of HIV infection are high—antenatal HIV prevalence is levelling off at 40% in Gaberone, Botswana and Manzini, Swaziland, at 16% in Blantyre, Malawi, 18% in Maputo, Mozambique, 20% in Lusaka, Zambia and over 25% in Kinshasa, Zaire. Antenatal HIV prevalence is above 25% in South African 20–34 year olds, and in Windhoek, Namibia (UNAIDS 2004). However, there is also evidence of declining incidence—with declining HIV prevalence among 15–19 year olds attending antenatal services in Addis Abbaba, Kigali and Kampala. In other regions in sub-Saharan Africa, levels of infection are lower, but do not show signs of abating (UNAIDS 2004).
Complexity and the attribution of cost to hospital-acquired infection
Authors: Graves Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Estimates of the cost of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) have been used for two purposes. Haley (1998) argues they are required to create ‘political urgency’ and raise the profile of the various infections patients may acquire during their hospital stay. Also, champions for infection control activities use the estimates to argue that incremental investment in effective prevention programmes, which incur their own cost, are justified and might well lead to net benefits for the health care system (see Sperry and Craddock 1968; Sencer and Axnick 1975; Haley 1978; Lambert and February 1985; Haley 1986; Lambert 1987; Currie and Maynard 1989; Miller et al. 1989; Olsen 1990; Plowman et al. 1997, 2001).
Willingness to pay for insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Surat, India
Authors: Bhatia Mrigesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is the only type of economic evaluation to put costs and benefits in monetary terms. The valuation of benefits is not restricted to health gain and can incorporate non-health benefits. Therefore, CBA can compare interventions across sectors and is the only type of economic evaluation that can question the size of resources to the health sector. However, many challenges arise in putting monetary values on benefits.
Evaluating US food safety regulations which use benefit and cost information
Authors: Buzby Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights some of the key challenges and common themes in economic analyses for US food safety regulations. After a brief overview of economic analyses for US regulations, this chapter discusses three food safety rules which have incorporated the costs of food-borne illnesses in their economic analyses: (i) the 1996 Pathogen Reduction/Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR/HACCP) rule for meat and poultry; (ii) the 2000 Salmonella enteritis rule for shell eggs; and (iii) the proposed rule for ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry products (MPPs). One particular focus here is the valuation of premature deaths from food-borne illness because it can be a large component of the total costs of Federal food safety regulations. The discussion explains and illustrates how the economic methodology to handle the valuation of premature death is evolving. The chapter concludes with a forward-looking discussion about private and public incentives to improve food safety.
Good Vibrations
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I play a bit of jazz guitar in my spare time, and my great hero is Django Reinhardt. Django was a Belgian gypsy, and made his name as a jazz guitar genius in the late 1930s with the Quintette du Hot Club de France, pictured above. (Django is second from the right.) Despite losing the use of two fingers in a caravan fire, he had a devastating guitar technique, and was famous for blisteringly fast solos.
Not Quite the Indian Rope Trick
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics pops up in the most peculiar places. For instance, you wouldn’t think it had much to do with the Indian Rope Trick, would you? This is, perhaps, the most famous trick in the whole history of magic: a length of rope is thrown up into the air, and instead of falling back down again it stays up there, defying gravity. A small child then climbs up the rope, and disappears at the top.
Local Patterns of Persecution: England and Wales
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the many unexpected findings of the historical searches, particularly through examination of more than 1,500 parish records, has been the enormous differences in the intensity of persecution in different areas. Naturally, agricultural practices and systems vary from one part of the country to another, depending on climate, soils, altitude, etc. and these factors help to determine the species of mammals and birds that occur there, and those that have been regarded as pests, and are persecuted as vermin. In terms of wildlife management (aka vermin control), upland sheep-rearing areas, for example, have totally different priorities from corn-growing or fruit-growing ones. Nonetheless, the difference in the intensity of control, from almost wholesale slaughter in some counties to virtually none in others, is sometimes difficult to explain. Why should widescale control throughout many parishes in Kent and Hampshire, for example, not be matched by anything approaching that in East or West Sussex, where there was almost none? This chapter gives a brief summary of these regional differences.
Prenatal testing: 18–22 weeks
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are now approximately half way through your pregnancy. You will soon be able to feel your fetus move, or you may already have felt it. It is time for your last prenatal test—the ‘routine’ mid trimester ultrasound examination. This scan is much awaited, often a family event, and a major photo opportunity. But don’t forget that it is an important medical examination for your fetus. Within 30 years ultrasound has developed from primitive black and white images giving only the most basic information, to sophisticated images showing exquisite detail of the physical structure of a fetus.
Glossary of Terms
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a protein in the fetal circulation, some of which passes into the amniotic fluid, and an even smaller amount into the blood stream of the pregnant woman (maternal serum AFP). AFP levels rise in the maternal blood and amniotic fluid of fetuses with NTDs. The level tends to be low in the blood of the pregnant woman when the fetus has Down syndrome, and is one of the substances tested in screening for Down syndrome.
Probability structure
Authors: Tong Howell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us start with a simple example which illustrates the intimate relation between stability and stationarity. This important topic is often neglected in standard time series texts. Readers might wish to refresh their memories of 2.12. The idea of stochastic stability has been around in an implicit form in the theory of Markov chains for quite some time. although it was really.
D-optimum designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we list a variety of results for D-and G-optimum designs. In §11.2 an illustration is given of the use of the variance function in the iterative construction of a D-optimum design. The next section returns to the example of the desorption of carbon monoxide with which the book opened. A comparison is made of the design generating the data of Table 1.1 with several of the D-and /),-optimum designs derived in later chapters. The last two sections of the chapter list D-optimum designs which might be useful in practice, particularly for second-order models. But, to begin, we consider general properties of D-optimum designs.
Algorithms for the construction of exact D-optirnurn designs
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difference between exact and continuous designs was stressed in §9.1 and exemplified in Chapters 13 and 14 for models with both qualitative and quantitative factors. For such models it was shown that the continuous product designs are very different from the exact designs with a specified number of trials N. ln this chapter we describe algorithms for the construction of exact D-optimum designs. The emphasis is on the methods behind the KL exchange algorithm which was used to calculate many of the examples in this book. A Fortran version of the algorithm and its extension, the BLKL algorithm for blocking response surfaces designs, is given in Appendix A.
Discrimination between models
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far in this book it has been assumed that the model generating the data is known. Although the model may be quite general, for example a second-order polynomial in m factors, any of the terms in the model may be needed to explain the data. Experiments have therefore been designed to make possible the estimation of all the parameters of interest. In this chapter we consider instead design when a choice is to be made between two or more competing models neither of which is, in general, a special case of the other.
Further topics
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the topics covered in this chapter receive relatively brief treatment, this is not because they are of little practical importance. Indeed, the design of experiments for quality described in the next section has aroused appreciable interest in manufacturing industry, often under the name Taguchi methods’. One purpose of the experiments is to reduce the variability in performance of a product which is caused by variability in the environment in which the product is used. The requisite changes in the product are revealed by planned experiments which include environmental factors. A second application is to design products to be robust to fluctuations in the manufacturing process, a procedure sometimes called ‘off-line quality control’. The distinction is with ‘on-line control’, where production is monitored to remove substandard product. Off-line control removes the wastage caused by rejection of substandard product and by the effort in detecting it. The experimental designs for both purposes are often simple when compared with those of earlier chapters. Some suitably simple first-order designs are listed in §22.3. The designs of the following two sections are more complicated. In §22.4 optimum design is used for the sequential allocation of treatments to patients in a clinical trial. The method combines the iterative algorithm for the construction of optimum designs with randomization to provide allocations which have some balance but which also guard against biases in treatment allocation. The designs of the succeeding §22.5 have more in common with those of earlier chapters, but the methods are now extended to include generalized linear models. Designs are thus found for responses which might, for example, follow the gamma, Poisson, or binomial distributions. The examples given are for binary data.