bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Blutgefäße der Urniere (Mesonephros) des Hausrindes (Bos taurus), eine korrosionsanatomische Untersuchung
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Reese S. , Roos H. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe blood vessels of the bovine mesonephros – a corrosion cast studyUsing scanning electron microscopy plastoid corrosion cast specimens of the mesonephros of 30–45‐day‐old bovine foetuses were investigated. The studies showed that the blood vessels of the mesonephros are organized in two separate networks similar to these of the teleosts and amphibians. The glomerula mesonephrica originate from the aorta implying that they belong to the high pressure system. The tubuli mesonephrici are surrounded by a filamentous independent capillary network which is shown for the first time in these studies. This capillary network originates from the caudal cardinal veins and represents a mesonephric portal system with a relatively low blood pressure. The blood from the two capillary networks diverts into terminal veins and into the subcardinal veins. The questions of haemodynamics in the mesonephros are discussed.
Mate Choice Copying in Female Humpback Limia (Limia nigrofasciata, Family Poeciliidae)
Authors: Munger Lisa , Cruz Alexander , Applebaum Scott 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMate choice copying is a mechanism of non‐independent mate choice that has important implications for models of evolution and sexual selection. In this study, we examined copying behavior in female humpback limia (Limia nigrofasciata). In three experiments, we allowed a focal female to choose between two males on opposite sides of an aquarium, then repeated the choice trial with the following modifications: (i) with no model female, (ii) with a model female added adjacent to the initially non‐preferred male, or (iii) with the model female adjacent to the initially preferred male. In the absence of other females, focal females displayed consistent mate preferences, measured as a significantly higher amount of time spent near the preferred male in both parts of the trial. When a model female was added adjacent to the initially non‐preferred male, focal females spent significantly more time near that male than they had in the first part of the trial, and significantly less time near the male they had initially preferred. When we placed the model female next to an initially preferred male as a control, the time spent by the focal female with the initially preferred or initially non‐preferred male did not change significantly. We conclude that female mate choice copying may be important in humpback limia, causing focal females to spend more time in preference zones of males they had not at first preferred.
The Effect of Previous Experience Over Control of Access to Food and Light on the Level of Frustration‐Induced Aggression in the Domestic Hen
Authors: Haskell Marie J. , Coerse Nancy C. A. , Taylor Polly Anna E. , McCorquodale Caroline 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAnimals have been shown to respond to frustration with increased aggression and activity. Aversive environmental conditions are also known to affect reaction to frustrating events. One pertinent and aversive environmental factor that has been shown to affect aggression is exposure to uncontrollable rewards and punishments. Although used largely in experimental contexts, this situation is similar to that found in modern intensive farming systems, where environmental and social conditions are largely controlled. The aim of this experiment was to determine if previous experience of lack of control influences the expression of aggression and frustration in domestic hens (Gallus gallus). The two treatment groups of hens used had previously been exposed to control (C) or lack of control (LC) over access to food and light, additional to a restricted regime, continuously for 9 wk. Dominant‐subordinate pairs of birds were tested under water deprivation. After training, the pairs were tested for two rotations of 4:3 d of free access to the water followed by a thwarting trial. Dominant birds showed significantly more aggression in thwarting trials compared with non‐thwarting trials. While there was no main effect of treatment on the aggression shown during non‐thwarting trials, an interaction between treatment and trial type (thwarting and non‐thwarting) indicated that the LC group showed a smaller rise in aggression from non‐thwarting to thwarting trials than the C birds did. However, there was a great deal of variation shown between birds in the amount of aggression. As the home pen conditions were set up to model those found in commercial practice, this possibility that a lack of control leads to some degree of learned helplessness in intensively farmed animals needs to be considered further as it has serious negative implications for animal welfare.
The Role of Lateral Blue Spots in Intrasexual Relationships Between Male Iberian Rock‐Lizards, Lacerta monticola
Authors: López Pilar , Martín José , Cuadrado Mariano 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVertebrate males often show breeding colours that may function as reliable signals of status in intrasexual competition. In many lacertid lizards, males show a conspicuous row of small but distinctive blue spots that runs along their body side on the outer margin of the belly. However, no study has examined the role of these blue spots. We first analysed in a field population of the Iberian rock lizard, Lacerta monticola, the relationships between number of blue spots and some morphological traits, which are known to be related to males’ fighting ability. The number of spots seems to be an character showing ontogenetic change as large (generally older) males showed more blue spots than small (generally younger) males. Males with a higher body condition also showed a higher number of blue spots. Thus, a higher number of blue spots may be used to signal size, age or body condition. Many contiguous blue spots would result in a visual artefact consisting of a continuous blue band, which might be a reliable size‐ or condition‐dependent signal in some social contexts. We further examined in the laboratory whether male characteristics are related to dominance status. In males with similar body size or age, those with relatively larger heads were more dominant, whereas the number of blue spots was not important. Moreover, the number of blue spots in nature was not related to relative head size. Finally, we experimentally manipulated the presence and the number of blue spots of intruding males, and examined the aggressive response of resident males. Intruder individuals manipulated to cover all their blue spots received a lower amount of aggression. However, males with different numbers of manipulated blue spots received a similar number of aggressive responses. These results suggest that, during agonistic encounters, the presence of blue spots, but not their number, may elicit aggressiveness. Thus, blue spots may serve to identify an individual as an adult male, and to enhance body size of larger males.
IMPACT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON NEURONAL SURVIVAL
Authors: Taylor Juliet M , Crack Peter J 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARY1. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative state are slowly gaining acceptance in having a physiological relevance rather than just being the culprits in pathophysiological processes. The control of the redox environment of the cell provides for additional regulation in relation to signal transduction pathways. Conversely, aberrant regulation of oxidative state manifesting as oxidative stress can predispose a cell to adverse outcome.2. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/akt pathway is one such pathway that is partially regulated via oxidative state and, in an oxidative stress paradigm such as ischaemic–reperfusion injury, may be inactivated, which can lead to exacerbation of cell death.3. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB has been associated with oxidative stress. The role of NF‐κB in neuronal cell death is widely debated, with major studies highlighting both a pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic role for NF‐κB, with the outcome being region, stimulus, dose and duration specific.4. Oxidative state plays a key role in the regulation and control of numerous signal transduction pathways in the cell. Elucidating the mechanisms behind oxidative stress‐mediated neuronal cell death is important in identifying potential putative targets for the treatment of diseases such as stroke.
COMPARISON OF ANGIOTENSIN II‐INDUCED BLOOD PRESSURE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN FISCHER 344 AND WISTAR KYOTO RATS
Authors: Blanc Jocelyne , Lacolley Patrick , Laurent Stéphane , Elghozi Jean‐Luc 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARY1. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the blood pressure (BP) response, the BP and heart rate (HR) components of the startle reaction and the structure of the carotid artery and the aorta during chronic infusion of angiotensin (Ang) II in Fischer 344 (F344) compared with Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, two in‐bred normotensive contrasted strains.2. Osmotic mini‐pumps filled with saline vehicle or AngII (120 ng/kg per min) were implanted subcutaneously in 8‐week‐old normotensive rats and infused for 4 weeks in F344 rats (saline, n = 10; AngII, n = 10) and WKY rats (saline, n = 10; AngII, n = 9). Basal BP, HR and the responses to an acoustic startle stimulus (duration 0.7 s, 115 dB) were recorded in conscious rats. The structure of the carotid artery and aorta was determined in 4% formaldehyde‐fixed arteries.3. Compared with WKY rats, vehicle‐treated F344 rats had lower bodyweight (BW; 266 ± 7 vs 299 ± 9 g; P < 0.05) and heart weight (0.80 ± 0.02 vs 0.98 ± 0.04 g; P < 0.05) and higher aortic systolic BP (SBP; 131 ± 1 vs 123 ± 5 mmHg; P < 0.001) and diastolic BP (98 ± 3 vs 89 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.001). In F344 rats, compared with the WKY rats, the wall thickness/BW ratio was increased in the carotid artery (156 ± 9 vs 131 ± 6 nm/g; P < 0.05) and abdominal aorta (264 ± 13 vs 217 ± 12 nm/g; P < 0.05) and decreased in the thoracic aorta (246 ± 13 vs 275 ± 8 nm/g; P < 0.05). There was no difference in elastin and collagen density. Angiotensin II differentially enhanced BP in both strains: (SBP: 163 ± 5 and 132 ± 4 mmHg in F344 and WKY rats, respectively; Pstrain × treatment < 0.05). Circumferential wall stress was increased in the aorta of F344 rats compared with WKY rats (1176 ± 39 vs 956 ± 12 kPa (P < 0.001) and 1107 ± 42 vs 813 ± 12 kPa (P < 0.001) in thoracic and abdominal aortas, respectively). The startle response was amplified in F344 rats, with enhanced increases in SBP and pulse pressure (PP) and bradycardia compared with responses of WKY rats (+44 ± 9 mmHg, +10 ± 2 mmHg and −40 ± 17 b.p.m., respectively, in F344 rats vs+28 ± 4 mmHg, + 4 ± 2 mmHg and −19 ± 10 b.p.m. in WKY rats, respectively; Pstrain < 0.05 for BP and PP). The startle response was not affected by AngII.4. These results indicate a higher BP producing an increase in wall thickness in F344 rats compared with WKY rats. We propose that an increase in sympathetic nervous activity causes these haemodynamic differences, as suggested by the excessive increase in BP during an acoustic startle stimulus. Angiotensin II increased BP in F344 rats, but did not exaggerate the increase in BP during the startle reaction.
HYPO‐OSMOTIC STRESS INHIBITS DOXORUBICIN‐INDUCED APOPTOSIS VIA A PROTEIN KINASE A‐DEPENDENT MECHANISM IN CARDIOMYOCYTES
Authors: D'Anglemont De Tassigny Alexandra , Ghaleh Bijan , Souktani Rachid , Henry Patrick , Berdeaux Alain 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARY1. The clinical use of doxorubicin is limited by the development of severe cardiomyopathies linked, at least in part, to an abnormal increase in the rate of apoptotic cell death. Because cell shrinkage is considered to be a crucial step at the onset of apoptosis, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether a brief hypo‐osmotic stress, which leads to an increase in cell volume, could interfere with the induction of apoptosis by doxorubicin in adult cardiomyocytes.2. Cell volume expansion results in intracellular accumulation of cAMP, so we secondarily tested whether the protective effect of hypo‐osmotic stress could be related to the cAMP pathway. Accordingly, apoptosis was induced by doxorubicin (1 µmol/L) in cardiomyocytes freshly isolated from New Zealand adult rabbit hearts.3. Exposure to doxorubicin in an iso‐osmotic medium (290 mOsmol/kg H2O) induced a rapid decrease in cell volume, as well as increases in annexin V labelling and caspase‐3 activity, two biological markers of apoptosis. These effects of doxorubicin were abolished by 15 min pretreatment with hypo‐osmotic stress at 220 mOsmol/kgH2O (HS 220).4. This cytoprotective effect of HS 220 was still observed when doxorubicin was added to the medium 60 min later, but it was abolished when the pretreatment by HS 220 was associated with the protein kinase A inhibitor KT 5720 (200 nmol/L).5. Conversely, 15 min pretreatment with either the cAMP analogue 8‐bromo‐cAMP (0.5 mmol/L) or the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (10 µmol/L) inhibited apoptosis induced by doxorubicin.6. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that: (i) apoptosis induced by doxorubicin can be counteracted by a hypo‐osmotic stress in adult cardiomyocytes; and (ii) activation of the protein kinase A‐dependent pathway plays a major role in the mechanism leading to the cytoprotective effect induced by a hypo‐osmotic stress.
CURRENT STATUS OF ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT FOR UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL STRICTURE: CHAIRPERSON's REVIEW
Authors: Inoue Haruhiro , Yao Kenshi 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTEndoscopic management for upper gastrointestinal stricture has been discussed. First‐line treatment for unresectable esophageal cancer is chemothepary (or chemoradiotheapy). When the first‐line treatment is not effective, intubation of self expandable metallic stent (SEMS) is considered. A poor‐risk patient who has no tolerance to radiochemotherapy is also a candidate for direct SEMS stenting. Prompt recovery from dysphagia is the major advantage to SEMS stenting. Nevertheless, SEMS stenting is a non‐curative treatment to the original disease and it induces a temporary relief only from dysphasia. Bleeding, perforation, and re‐stenosis are often encountered drawbacks after intubation of SEMS. Stricture after widespread EMR may also be successfully controlled by temporarily stenting of covered SEMS. Balloon dilatation or Botox injection is used to control stricture in achalasia, but the effectiveness is limited to short duration of relief from dysphasia. For complete response to stricture of achalasia, laparoscopic surgery is mandatory.Stenting to gastric outlet obstruction is one of the treatment choices that induces temporary but rapid recovery from dysphasia. However, the patient is still exposed to risks of bleeding, perforation, and re‐stenosis continuously after SEMS intubation. Its efficacy should be clarified by further studies. Chemotherapy is also recognized as a first‐line treatment for unresectable gastric cancer. Chemotherapy has a small chance to cure the disease, but stenting has no chance to cure the cancerous disease.
TREATMENT STRATEGIES FOR ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURE BEFORE OR AFTER CHEMORADIOTHERAPY FOR ADVANCED ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Authors: Muto Manabu , Ohtsu Atsushi , Yoshida Shigeaki 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTEsophageal stricture due to advanced cancer is one of the serious complications of esophageal cancer as it causes dysphagia. A self‐expandable metallic stent is easily inserted in such patients and provides immediate symptomatic relief of dysphagia. Alternatively, definitive chemoradiotherapy has demonstrated a significant improvement in local control and overall survival, and is now commonly used for not only unresectable esophageal cancer patients but also in resectable cases. However, little is known about its role in relief of dysphagia. Therefore, we reviewed our experience of patients with esophageal stricture who were treated with chemoradiotherapy. We expect that the findings in this article might be useful in future clinical practice.
CURRENT STATE OF SELF‐EXPANDABLE METALLIC STENT PLACEMENT FOR GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Maetani Iruru , Ikeda Masaki , Shimura Jun‐Ichi , Ukita Takeo , Sakai Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTSelf‐expandable metallic stents are being used increasingly to maintain luminal patency in patients with unresectable gastric outlet obstruction. Stent technology has facilitated placement of the stent in the pyloric or duodenal obstruction. An example of advances in technology is the innovative through‐the‐scope (TTS) stent, which is not yet commercially available in Japan. Enteral stents provide a high success rate, quick relief from symptoms, and an improvement in the performance score, although some complications remain. This article reviews the current status of stent placement for gastric outlet obstructions. The self‐expandable metallic stent seems to provide a potentially attractive alternative to surgical bypass, since most of these patients are terminally ill with a limited life expectancy. Available data is currently insufficient to clarify the use of stents for gastric outlet obstructions, therefore a prospective randomized comparison is required to compare this procedure with surgical alternatives.
STENT THERAPY FOR MALIGNANT ESOPHAGO‐GASTROINTESTINAL STRICTURE
Authors: Kida Mitsuhiro , Shimao Hitoshi , Saigenji Katsunori 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTAfter Charles Symonds first reported stent therapy for malignant esophageal stricuture in 1885, several kinds of endoprosthesis, such as latex, silicone has been introduced in the clinical fields and improved feeding problems, etc. After the introduction of self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) in the beginning of 1990s, SEMS has changed clinical treatment dramatically. It resolves the feeding problem, prolongs the period of living in ones own house, and improves quality of life. However, SEMS has several complications and problems such as dislocation, perforation, regurgitation. These need to be resolved in the near future.
BALLOON DILATION THERAPY FOR BENIGN PYLORODUODENAL STRICTURES
Authors: Matsui Toshiyuki , Matake Hiroaki , Ikeda Keisuke , Wada Yoko , Yao Tsuneyoshi 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTThe efficacy and prognosis of balloon dilation (EBD) therapy for various benign pyloroduodenal strictures was investigated. Subjects were 19 patients; nine with Crohn's disease, six with a duodenal ulcer, and four patients with duodenal second part strictures. Endoscopic EBD was started with through‐the‐scope (TTS) balloon with the primary endpoint being the endoscope passing through the lesions. All except one of the patients attained primary success from the EBD session. Long‐term prognosis was good for 11 of 15 with pyloric channel stenosis (73.3%), and excluded patients with second part stenosis during the observation period (average = 5.3 years). Prognosis for EBD for benign pyloroduodenal stricture is favorable and this procedure is recommended for such patients.
THE STATE‐OF‐THE‐ART OF ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT OF COLORECTAL STENOSIS IN JAPAN: SURVEY OF PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS IN ENDOSCOPY FORUM JAPAN
Authors: Tanaka Shinji , Igarashi Masahiro 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTIn order to verify the actual condition of endoscopic treatment of colorectal stenosis in Japan, 16 institutions participating in the Endoscopy Forum Japan participated in a survey with questionnaires concerning the number of stenting cases, the number of ballooning cases, the number of transanal ileus‐tube insertion cases, the technical success rate, and complications, and so on. Treatment with a stent was conducted in 31.2% of the institutions for malignant lesions and in 25.0% of the institutions for benign lesions. Ballooning was conducted in 12.5% of the institutions for malignant lesions and in 62.5% of the institutions for benign lesions. Transanal ileus‐tube insertion was conducted in 81.1% of the institutions for malignant lesions and in 18.7% of the institutions for benign lesions. The therapeutic success rate was excellent with each therapeutic technique and reached 86–100%. Complications included perforation and bleeding.
LONG‐TERM OUTCOME OF ENDOSCOPIC BALLOON DILATION IN OBSTRUCTIVE GASTROINTESTINAL CROHN's DISEASE
Authors: Matsui Toshiyuki , Tsuda Sumio , Matake Hiroaki , Ikeda Keisuke , Yao Tsuneyoshi 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTBackground:  Gastrointestinal strictures are the most often and serious complication in Crohn's disease. Because of the frequent postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease, endoscopic therapy of gastrointestinal stricture is one of the best therapeutic options.Method:  The present study sets out the results from a prospective study of endoscopic dilation therapy on 48 Crohn's disease patients with severe gastrointestinal stenoses. All patients who could not undergo endoscopic balloon dilation therapy (EBD) were operated on.Results:  Long‐term success was attained in 32 of the 48 patients; cumulative avoidance of surgery after EBD was 86% at one year and 71% at three. Second, the most hazardous factor was recurrent inflammation causing restenosis. Patients who had strictures with oral luminal dilatation and patients with frequent recurrence had a tendency to be operated on. As a complication, perforation occurred in two cases (3.3%).Conclusions:  EBD therapy for Crohn's stricture in the gastrointestinal tract is recommended before surgical intervention.
EXPERIENCES OF SELF‐EXPANDABLE METALLIC STENT FOR COLORECTAL OBSTRUCTIONS: 70 CASES
Authors: Saida Yoshihisa , Sumiyama Yoshinobu , Nagao Jiro , Nakamura Yasushi , Nakamura Yoichi 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTClinical utilization of self‐expandable metallic stent (EMS) endoprosthesis has come later for colorectal diseases than for other lesions. Recently, EMS has been used for palliative insertions for strictures caused by malignant diseases or as a ‘bridge to surgery’ for obstructive colorectal cancers, with good clinical results increasingly reported in many western countries. Its application for benign strictures has been reported, but we believe that the surgical indications require more careful analysis because of the absence of data concerning long‐term prognosis. The advantage of this technique in the treatment of colorectal strictures is that it limits invasiveness, such as in palliative or temporary stoma creation, thereby improving patient quality‐of‐life. Therefore, we believe that EMS endoprosthesis will play a key role in this field. We are awaiting the introduction of the metallic stent for the colon and the associated kit, as well as the Japanese government's approval for reimbursement for this procedure.
PRESENT STATUS and PERSPECTIVES OF SUBMUCOSAL DISSECTING METHOD OF ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION IN THE COLORECTUM IN JAPAN
Authors: Tsuda Sumio , Matsui Toshiyuki , Kikuchi Yousuke 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTEndoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is one of the endoscopic procedures for treatment of intramucosal cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. This method enables complete resection of a lesion, however, the size of lesions which can be resected en bloc has a limit. For lesions which can not be resected en bloc, endoscopic piecemeal mucosal resection (EPMR) are employed. However, it is often difficult to determine cancer invasion at holizontal and vertical cut end on pathological examination of resected specimens. Therefore, for the purpose of en bloc resection submucosal dissecting method of endoscopic mucosal resection (SDEMR) that is a method by which mucosa is dissected using some special devices after circumferential mucosal incision around the lesion was proposed. It enables us to resect large lesions which cannot be removed en bloc by EMR. Therefore, it is possible that this procedure is able to prevent residual cancer. Furthermore, sufficient pathological examination of resected specimens is possible, and it helps to determine a therapeutic plan after resection. It is now widely accepted as one of the endoscopic procedures for treatment of early gastric cancer, however, there have been few reports on its experience in the colorectum. Then, in order to consider the perspectives of SDEMR in the colorectum, the present status of it in Japan in August 2003 was analyzed and reviewed in this paper.