bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Values and Interests in Attitudes toward Trade and Globalization: The Continuing Compromise of Embedded Liberalism
Authors: Wolfe Robert , Mendelsohn Matthew 
Published: July 2005

Abstract.Many analyses of public opinion regarding global integration, and by implication global governance, are based on the material factors or interests driving individual and collective political preferences. In contrast, we show that values and ideology offer a better explanation of attitudes toward trade liberalization than do economic interests, and that the material self-interest factors that do influence opinion about trade are not relevant for opinion about globalization. We use regression analysis of original Canadian public opinion data to show that individuals of whatever skill or educational level who trust multinational corporations and the market, who like the United States, who support more immigration, who oppose a larger welfare state, and who support Canada taking a more active role in the world are more likely to support globalization. We conclude that Canadians' continued support of free trade agreements but wariness about globalization indicates that the compromise of embedded liberalism, a compelling metaphor about the foundation of twentieth-century international organization, continues to shape their understanding of the world.Résumé.De nombreuses analyses de l'opinion publique concernant l'intégration mondiale, et logiquement la gouvernance mondiale, reposent sur les facteurs ou les intérêts matériels qui influencent les préférences politiques individuelles ou collectives. Par contraste, nous démontrons que les valeurs et l'idéologie offrent une meilleure explication des attitudes à l'égard de la libéralisation des échanges commerciaux que les intérêts économiques. Nous prouvons également que les facteurs matériels d'intérêt personnel modelant l'opinion des gens à l'égard du commerce n'ont aucun impact sur leur opinion à l'égard de la mondialisation. Nous recourons à l'analyse de régression des données originales sur l'opinion publique canadienne pour démontrer qu'indépendamment de leur niveau d'aptitudes ou d'instruction, les personnes, qui font confiance aux multinationales et au marché, qui aiment les États-Unis, qui soutiennent l'immigration, qui s'opposent à l'élargissement de l'État-providence, et qui encouragent la participation du Canada aux affaires mondiales, sont des partisans plus probables de la mondialisation. Nous concluons que le soutien continu des Canadiens pour les accords de libre-échange ainsi que leurs hésitations à l'égard de la mondialisation prouvent que le compromis du libéralisme tacitement enchâssé, métaphore puissante de la fondation de l'organisation internationale du 20esiècle, continue de façonner leur compréhension du monde.
Dialogue and Public Space: An Exploration of Radio and Information Communications Technologies
Authors: Dale Ann , Naylor Ted 
Published: July 2005

Abstract.The use of internet technologies, specifically interactive electronic dialogues, has the potential to revive the shrinking Canadian public sphere. Precedent for this assertion can be found in the historical effect of radio technology. The development of Canadian radio forums in the twentieth century such as the National Farm Radio Forum and the Citizen's Forum provided a crude two way interactive medium that helped to shape collective Canadian norms and values. The internet holds the potential to reintroduce national dialogues and reinvigorate the public sphere at a time when Canadians both need and want to address national issues such as environmental concerns and sustainable development. As such dialogue occurs in a “cyberspace” removed from the limitations of physical geography, internet dialogues allow participants from widely diverse groups to come together, surmounting traditional barriers to interaction. Though the danger exists that internet technologies will be abused to reinforce passive static forms of communication, the potential for highly interactive two way dialogue holds the promise of bringing the public into timely and necessary debates on public policy.Résumé.L'utilisation des technologies de l'Internet, spécifiquement les dialogues électroniques interactifs, a la capacité de ranimer le public canadien. Cette affirmation peut être prouvée en constatant l'effet historique de la technologie de la radio : au vingtième siècle, le développement canadien des tribunes radiophoniques tels que le forum de la ferme nationale et celui des citoyens ont aidé à mettre sur pied un média permettant un dialogue direct entre les participants sur les normes et les valeurs canadiennes collectives. L'Internet a la capacité de réintroduire les dialogues et de revigorer le public national à un moment où les Canadiens ont besoin et veulent discuter des problèmes nationaux tels que l'environnement et le développement durable. Lorsqu'un tel dialogue se produit dans un “ Cyberespace ”, les limites géographiques sont éliminées et ceci permet à des groupes de divers participants de s'unir, surmontant les barrières de communication traditionnelles. Bien que le danger existe où les technologies de l'Internet pourraient être abusées pour ainsi renforcer les formes passives et statiques de communication, le potentiel pour un média permettant un dialogue direct promet de rassembler le public pour des discussions nécessaires sur l'ordre public.
Establishing the Rules of the Game: Election Laws in
Democracies
Authors: MacIvor Heather 
Published: July 2005

Establishing the Rules of the Game: Election Laws in Democracies,
Louis Massicotte, André Blais and Antoine Yoshinaka, Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2004, pp. 191Whatever one may think of the 2000 American presidential election, it
did have one salutary effect: it drew worldwide attention to the
importance of fair and impartially applied election laws. The authors of
this work needed no such wake-up call; André Blais and Louis
Massicotte enjoy a well-deserved international reputation for expertise in
this arcane field. But it is likely that their new book, a compendium and
analysis of election laws in 63 countries, will attract wider notice
because of recent events in the United States. Unfortunately (though
understandably), the extreme decentralization and complexity of American
election laws prevented the authors from including the U.S. in their
comparative database. Happily, the remaining countries in the sample offer
more than enough food for thought. The field of election law has been
sadly neglected by political scientists and legal scholars (outside the
United States); if interest in the topic continues to grow over the coming
years, this book should help to nurture a flourishing academic debate.
The Network Society
Authors: Germain Gilbert 
Published: July 2005

The Network Society, Darin Barney, London: Polity, 2004, pp. 198In The Network Society, Darin Barney investigates the claim
that “the spirit of our age is the spirit of the network” (2).
This claim, the so-called “network society thesis,” announces
the birth of a new social order in which “identity, politics, and
economy are structured, and operate, as networks” (2). The argument
that networks form the organizational principle of social, political, and
economic configurations is a direct consequence, we are told, of the
communication and management technologies that mediate virtually all
contemporary societal practices. This being said, Barney sets out to
assess the status of the network society thesis as a truth claim: Does the
thesis in fact describe the arrival of a new societal order or does it
merely provide a script for its possible realization? Although he
concludes the rhetoric of the network society serves both functions,
Barney's ultimate concern is that its prescriptive capacity is
sufficiently powerful that the political will to offset the further
advance of the network society is fast disappearing.
Global Complexity
Authors: Hoffmann Matthew J. 
Published: July 2005

Global Complexity, John Urry, London: Polity, 2003 pp. xi,
172In Global Complexity, John Urry provides at once relatively
familiar discussions of globalization and complexity theory and a
series of new insights for how complexity theory can be deployed to
understand globalization. In fact Urry's discussion blends the
analysis of globalization and complexity theory so thoroughly that he
makes a convincing case that globalization is inexplicable without
complexity theory. The book is long on big (well-conceived) ideas,
description and anecdotal evidence and a bit short on specific
applications and direction for proceeding with a complexity research
agenda. Taken as a whole, Urry provides a compelling case for complexity
and Global Complexity should be considered an important entry in
both the globalization and complexity theory literatures.
Relationships between roost preferences, ectoparasite density, and grooming behaviour of neotropical bats
Authors: Ter Hofstede Hannah M. , Fenton M. Brock 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEvidence suggests that behavioural defences, such as habitat selection and grooming behaviour, have evolved in animals in response to the costs associated with ectoparasites. Bat fly and mite densities were compared among wild‐caught bats in Belize with different roosting preferences (cavity, foliage, or both), and grooming behaviour was analysed for bat species with high and low ectoparasite density. Ectoparasites of bats were removed using forceps, and bat grooming behaviour was recorded with a camcorder. Because bat flies pupate on the surface of host roosts, bats that use cavity roosts (a sheltered environment for the pupae) were predicted to have higher densities of bat flies than those that use foliage (exposed environment). Cavity‐roosting species generally had higher densities of bat flies and mites, although the relationship was more evident for bat flies. The grooming behaviour of bats was predicted to differ among species with high or low ectoparasite densities. Although there was no difference in the frequency of grooming behaviours for individuals with and without bat flies, there were differences in grooming behaviour at the species level. Bat species with high ectoparasite densities scratched more than those with low ectoparasite densities. These results suggest that ectoparasite densities and grooming behaviour are related to roosting preferences in bats.
Home range of giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil
Authors: Medri Ísis Meri , Mourão Guilherme 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTo obtain data on home range, movements, activity and habitat use by giant anteaters Myrmecophaga tridactyla, seven animals were captured, radio‐collared and monitored from March to December 2001 in a 104‐km2 study area in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Four of five males used areas that covered 4.0–7.5 km2 (5.7±1.7 km2), and one of two females monitored occupied a larger area (11.9 km2) than the males, but none of the curves of cumulative area unequivocally reached the asymptote. Generally, there was considerable overlap among individual areas used. The home‐range estimates were calculated using the 100% minimum convex polygon, and 95% adaptive kernel methods. The areas used by the giant anteaters in the Pantanal wetland were larger than home ranges of giant anteaters in the Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil. The habitat types were generally used in the same order as they occurred in each home range. Two giant anteaters previously monitored with VHF radio‐telemetry were subsequently tracked with a modified global positioning (GPS) system in different periods. The modified GPS acquired data on activity and habitat use for c. 9 days. Giant anteaters did not show a similar pattern of habitat use during the period of study using the modified GPS unit, but their activity patterns were similar. One of the ranges recorded over 9 days with this method was larger than the range obtained over 252 days by standard VHF radio‐telemetry.
Long‐term costs of using heavy shells in terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus) and the limits of shell preference: an experimental study
Authors: Osorno José Luis , Contreras‐Garduño Jorge , Macías‐Garcia Constantino 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTerrestrial hermit crabs use mollusc shells to protect their soft bodies from predation and desiccation, but their use is costly. The energetic short‐term cost of using shells has been demonstrated, yet this could theoretically be overcome by increasing feeding rate or food quality. In the long term, shells have the potential to constrain growth, which may in turn have a negative effect on fitness. Thus crabs should choose the lightest (least expensive to carry) shell amongst those of a size that permit growth. Since in nature lighter shells are also thinner‐walled, these may provide insufficient protection from predation or desiccation, facing the crabs with a trade‐off between protection and growth. This potential trade‐off was investigated in the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita compressus. Crabs were individually maintained in captivity for a variable period of between 1 and 7 months, during which light or heavy replicates of the preferred shell were available. In a second experiment, crabs were given a choice between a thick (and heavy) or a thin (and light) shell. In addition, the resistance and water retention capacity of thin and thick shells was compared. As predicted, crab growth was negatively correlated with the weight of the shell used, but crabs rejected the thin (light) shells. Thin shells were more likely to break when crabs used the normal ‘rolling’ behaviour in response to perceived threats. In addition, thin shells lost water at a faster rate than thick ones. Since two putative functions of shell use in terrestrial hermit crabs are protection against predation and against desiccation, it is inferred that the preference for shells of intermediate weight in C. compressus results from a balance between the need to grow and the cost of carrying a brittle shell that is not sufficiently water tight.
Molecular systematics and phylogeography in the fairy shrimp Tanymastix stagnalis based on mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Ketmaier Valerio , Mandatori Rita , De Matthaeis Elvira , Mura Graziella 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPatterns of sequence divergence in about 1 kb of mitochondrial DNA coding for two genes (16s rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I, COI) were analysed in 13 populations of the fairy shrimp Tanymastix stagnalis from Norway, Germany, France, Italy (northern and central Italy plus insular populations from Sardinia and the Tuscan Archipelago) and Spain, and in one presumed population of Tanymastix stellae from Corsica. The latter species was originally known only from a single locality in Sardinia, which has been destroyed by urbanization; the Corsican population was referred to T. stellae by some French authors on the basis of the collection of several cysts from mud. mtDNA data revealed a very low level of genetic divergence between the presumed population of T. stellae and the other T. stagnalis populations included in the study. Our genetic findings do not support the presence of T. stellae in Corsica and are in line with previous SEM studies revealing that all species belonging to the genus Tanymastix produce cysts with identical morphology. The results indicate complex phylogeographic relationships and pronounced genetic differentiation among T. stagnalis populations. The islands of Corsica and Sardinia on the one hand and the island of Capraia (Tuscan Archipelago) on the other were probably colonized independently at different times. Genetic relationships among continental populations do not follow a clear geographical trend, indicating that geographical distance is not the main force shaping the pattern of genetic structuring of the species. Stochastic factors such as multiple and independent founder events probably contributed to the striking pattern of genetic differentiation along with subsequent local adaptation. These results agree with previously published molecular work on several groups of aquatic organisms and further support the high potential for dispersal–low gene flow paradox shown by a large array of animals living in lentic habitats.
Ecomorphological analysis of the masticatory apparatus in the seed‐eating bats, genus Chiroderma (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Nogueira Marcelo R. , Monteiro Leandro R. , Peracchi Adriano L. , de Araújo Alexandre F. B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRecent data have shown that owing to their seed‐predator capacity Chiroderma doriae and Chiroderma villosum trophically depart from all previously studied species within the canopy fruit‐bat ensemble. In this paper, the hypothesis that morphological adaptations related to granivory have evolved in these bats is investigated and discussed. A canonical variate analysis was used to search for possible divergent trends between the masticatory apparatus of Chiroderma and other stenodermatines currently recognized in the same ensemble. A total of 142 specimens representative of eight species was included in the analysis. Species of Chiroderma can be discriminated from all other species in the sample based on the increased development of masseter‐related variables (height of the anterior zygomatic arch, masseter moment arm, and masseter volume), which, in conjunction with other morphological characteristics (dentition and gape angle) discussed herein, corroborates the evolution of durophagy in this group. A complementary analysis based on a Mantel test revealed that the pattern of morphological differentiation that emerged from the canonical variate analysis does not agree with the one expected based solely on the phylogenetic relationships adopted for the canopy fruit‐bats studied here. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that morphological adaptations related to granivory have evolved in Chiroderma.
Hoverfly mimicry deceives humans
Authors: Golding Yvonne , Ennos Roland , Sullivan Matthew , Edmunds Malcolm 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIt is believed that the resemblance of many hoverflies to stinging hymenopterans is a case of Batesian mimicry, though there is little experimental evidence that it is effective in protecting them from predators. In this study the effectiveness of hoverfly mimicry was investigated for humans by presenting groups of university students and schoolchildren with a questionnaire which included pictures of stinging hymenopterans, mimetic hoverflies and dipteran controls. More people thought that the mimics would sting than either of the control flies, though fewer than those who thought that the mimics' hymenopteran models would sting. This showed that the hoverflies' mimicry worked but was not 100% effective. More people thought that the good mimics would sting than poor mimics which were black and yellow, showing that the reaction was not just due to their warning coloration. Students' identification skills were poor; only 77%, 66% and 50% were able to correctly identify wasps, bumblebees and honeybees, respectively, but even knowledgeable students were confused by mimetic hoverflies. Significantly more of the students who had been stung thought that the Hymenoptera would sting and identified Hymenoptera correctly. Students who thought a hymenopteran would sting were in turn more likely to think that its mimic would sting. This suggests that the mimicry is partly mediated by experience. However, even students who had never been stung showed the same pattern of discrimination as those who had, suggesting that information is also passed on culturally. These results suggest that mimicry is effective and might help hoverflies avoid predation by birds but, as many of the subjects said they would kill a stinging insect, this would actually increase their chances of being killed by humans.
Determinants of death in an inpatient hospice for terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: TANG SIEW TZUH , MCCORKLE RUTH , ph.d. ELIZABETH H. BRADLEY 
Published: July 2005

Objective:Despite the strong emphasis on home-based end-of-life care in the United States and the recognition of dying at home as a gold standard of quality of care, hospice home care is not a panacea and death at home may not be feasible for every terminally ill cancer patient. Admission to an inpatient hospice and dying there may become a necessary and appropriate solution to distressing patients or exhausted families. However, the factors associated with death in an inpatient hospice have not been examined in previous studies.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate the determinants of death in an inpatient hospice for terminally ill cancer patients. Approximately two-fifths (40.8%) of the 180 terminally ill cancer patients in this study died in inpatient hospices over the 3-year study period.Results:Results from Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for covariates revealed several factors that were significantly associated with dying in inpatient hospice, as opposed to home, in a nursing home, or in the hospital. Patients were more likely to die in an inpatient hospice if they received hospice care before death (hazard ratio [HR] = 7.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.21–16.67), if they had a prestated preference to die in an inpatient hospice (HR = 4.86, 95% CI: 2.24–10.51), if they resided in New Haven County (HR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.00–2.93), or if they experienced higher levels of functional dependency (HR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02–1.08).Significance of results:The high prevalence of inpatient hospice deaths for terminally ill cancer patients in this study was related to the local health care system characteristics, health care needs at the end of life, and personal preference of place of death. Findings from this study may shed light on future directions for developing end-of-life care tailored to the needs of cancer patients who are admitted to hospices and eventually die there.
Spiritual issues and needs: Perspectives from patients with advanced
cancer and nonmalignant disease. A qualitative study
Authors: GRANT ELIZABETH , MURRAY SCOTT A. , KENDALL MARILYN , BOYD KIRSTY , TILLEY STEPHEN , RYAN DESMOND 
Published: July 2005

Objective: Health care professionals and policy makers
acknowledge that spiritual needs are important for many patients with
life-limiting illnesses. We asked such patients to describe their
spiritual needs and how these needs may impinge on their physical,
psychological, and social well-being. Patients were also encouraged to
explain in what ways their spiritual needs, if they had any, could be
addressed.Methods: We conducted two qualitative interviews, 3 months
apart, with 20 patients in their last year of life: 13 patients with
advanced cancer and 7 with advanced nonmalignant illness. We also
interviewed each patient's general practitioner. Sixty-six interviews
were tape-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed.Results: Patients' spiritual needs centered around their
loss of roles and self-identity and their fear of dying. Many sought to
make sense of life in relation to a nonvisible or sacred world. They
associated anxiety, sleeplessness, and despair with such issues, which at
times resulted in them seeking support from health professionals. Patients
were best able to engage their personal resources to meet these needs when
affirmed and valued by health professionals.Significance of results: Enabling patients to deal with their
spiritual needs through affirmative relationships with health
professionals may improve quality of life and reduce use of health
resources. Further research to explore the relationship between spiritual
distress and health service utilization is indicated.