bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear STAT3 translocation in guinea pig and rat brain endothelium during systemic challenge with lipopolysaccharide and interleukin‐6
Authors: Rummel Christoph , Voss Thilo , Matsumura Kiyoshi , Korte Stefan , Gerstberger Rüdiger , Roth Joachim , Hübschle Thomas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring systemic inflammation, cytokines are released by immune‐competent cells into the circulation, which in turn signal the brain to mediate brain‐controlled signs of illness. Cytokine‐responsive brain cells can be mapped by histological analysis of cytokine‐induced transcription factors or transcription factor‐associated molecules revealing different cell phenotypes that respond to activation of the immune system. Critical sites mediating cytokine‐dependent immuneffector functions can be divided into two groups, one group of responding cells situated along a tight blood–brain barrier (BBB), and a second cell group in structures with an open BBB, e.g., the sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs). Previous reports from our group suggest that activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced systemic inflammation is mediated by interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and occurs in astrocytes of the rat CVOs. Here we show in the guinea pig a time‐dependent marked LPS‐induced STAT3 activation within astrocytes and endothelial cells of the CVOs, within astrocytes located in brain structures with a functional BBB and within the brain endothelium of the entire brain. In addition, systemic treatment of rats with either rat recombinant IL‐6 or LPS induced STAT3 activation in brain endothelial cells in a similar way as observed in the guinea pig brain, stressing the involvement of IL‐6 in this phenomenon in a more generalized way. The STAT3‐activated brain cells are located in critical target structures mediating cytokine action during LPS‐induced inflammation. STAT3‐controlled transcriptional activation with yet unknown cell‐specific functional consequences seems to be involved in this process. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:1–14, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Species differences in tachykinin receptor distribution: Further evidence that the substance P (NK1) receptor predominates in human brain
Authors: Rigby Michael , O'Donnell Ruth , Rupniak Nadia M.J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMarked species differences in the distribution of central tachykinin receptors are reported but uncertainty remains about the ability of available ligands to detect NK2 and NK3 receptors in human brain. We compared the distribution of NK1, NK2, and NK3 receptors in sections from rodent, primate, and human brain using the 125I‐labeled ligands substance P (SP) for the NK1 receptor, neurokinin A (NKA) for the NK2 receptor, and neurokinin B (NKB) and eledoisin for NK3 receptors. Duration of exposure to autoradiographic film was from 7 days for [125I]SP up to 90 days for the other ligands. High levels of specific [125I]SP binding were seen throughout the brains of all species studied. Specific [125I]NKA binding was detected in brains from neonatal rat, and to a lesser level in adult rat, gerbil, and guinea pig; it was not detected in monkey or human brain, but was present in circular muscle of human duodenum, confirming that this ligand binds to human NK2 receptors under our experimental conditions. Specific [125I]NKB and [125I]eledoisin binding was widespread in brain sections from rats, gerbils, and guinea pigs, and very low levels were also detected in marmoset, squirrel monkey, and rhesus monkey brain after prolonged (up to 90 days) exposure. We failed to identify specific eledoisin binding in human brain, even after prolonged exposures. These findings demonstrate that the NK1 receptor is the predominant tachykinin receptor expressed in primate and human brain, but that low levels of NK3 receptor are present in nonhuman, primate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:335–353, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of glossopharyngeal nerve section on the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in lingual taste buds of adult mice
Authors: Yee Cindy , Bartel Dianna L. , Finger Thomas E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe expression of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors is essential for the proper establishment and function of many sensory systems. To determine which neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors are expressed in taste buds, and in taste buds of mice following denervation, antibodies directed against the neurotrophins and their receptors were applied to adult mouse gustatory tissue. Immunohistochemistry reveals that nerve growth factor (NGF)‐like immunoreactive (LIR), tyrosine kinase (trk) A‐LIR, trkB‐LIR, and p75‐LIR elongated, differentiated taste cells are present within all lingual taste buds, whereas neither neurotrophin (NT)‐3‐ nor trkC‐LIR was detected in taste cells. Double‐label immunohistochemistry using markers of different taste cell types in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)LacZ mice reveals that BDNF (β‐gal) and trkB colocalize, mainly in type III taste cells. NGF, pro‐NGF, and trkA coexist in type II taste cells, i.e., those expressing phospholipase Cβ2 (PLCβ2). p75‐LIR also is present in both BDNF and NGF taste cell populations. To determine the neural dependence of neurotrophin expression in adult taste buds, glossopharyngeal nerves were cut unilaterally. During the period of denervation (10 days to 3 weeks), taste buds largely disappear, and few neurotrophin‐expressing cells are present. Three weeks after nerve transection, nerve fascicles on the operated side of the tongue exhibit BDNF‐LIR, NGF‐LIR, and ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (PGP 9.5)‐LIR. However, BDNF‐LIR staining intensity but not NGF‐LIR or PGP 9.5‐LIR is increased in nerve fascicles on the operated compared with the unoperated side. Five weeks following nerve transection, NT and NT receptor expression resumes and appears normal in taste buds and nerves. These results indicate that neurotrophin expression in taste buds is dependent on gustatory innervation, but expression in nerves is not dependent on contact with taste buds. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:371–390, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunological localization of Tritonia peptide in the central and peripheral nervous system of the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa
Authors: Pavlova Galina A. , Willows A.O. Dennis 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report here evidence that the pedal peptides (Peps) first discovered in mollusks may be neurotransmitters with a general role in control of molluscan somatic and visceral muscles. Using Tritonia peptide (TPep) antiserum we obtained morphological evidence for such a role in Helix aspersa. We localized 1,200–1,400 small and medium‐sized (5–40 μm) TPep‐IR neurons in the central nervous system of Helix and demonstrated the presence of these neurons in each ganglion. Many TPep‐immunoreactive (IR) neurons were motoneurons that sent axons to almost all peripheral nerves. TPep‐IR fibers innervated the foot, esophagus, hermaphroditic duct, optic tentacles, salivary gland, heart, and proximal and distal aorta. In peripheral tissues TPep‐IR fiber ramifications were mostly associated with muscles and with ciliated epithelia. In addition, TPep‐IR fibers were in the neuropil of the ganglia, the commissures, and the connectives, and they formed axosomatic terminals in the central nervous system. TPep‐IR neurons were found in the esophagus and hermaphroditic duct and as sensory receptors in the bulb of the optic tentacles. These results from Helix, and those reported elsewhere from other mollusks, suggest a general involvement of TPep‐like substances in control of muscle‐ and ciliary‐driven motor activities, including perhaps their antecedent sensory and central axosomatic integrative activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:15–26, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of unilateral noise exposure on the tonotopic distribution of spontaneous activity in the cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus in the cortically intact and decorticate rat
Authors: Imig Thomas J. , Durham Dianne 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEffects of unilateral noise exposure on spontaneous activity (SA) in the anteroventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei (AVCN and DCN) and the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICc) were studied in cortically intact and decorticate rats. SA was measured 1 week following exposure using uptake of 14C‐labeled 2‐deoxyglucose (2DG) in quiet. Optical density (OD) measurements were obtained in low‐ and high‐frequency (LF and HF) areas of each nucleus. We refer to the ipsilateral AVCN and DCN (side of the noise‐exposed ear) and the contralateral ICc as direct nuclei and to their opposite side counterparts as indirect nuclei. Noise exposure altered the tonotopic profile of SA in the direct pathway by causing a decrease in the ratio of HF OD to LF OD (HF/LF ratio). In intact animals, the decreased HF/LF ratio was due to decreased HF OD. In decorticate animals, it was due to decreased HF OD and increased LF OD, the latter occurring mainly in the DCN and ICc. Decorticate‐intact differences may reflect corticofugal feedback inhibition. Lesion of the dorsal acoustic stria caused a substantial decrement of SA in the contralateral ICc. Furthermore, strong positive correlations between HF/LF ratios in the DCN, AVCN, and contralateral ICc suggest that the cochlear nucleus is a major contributor to SA in the ICc. Noise exposure had opposite and weaker effects on 2DG uptake in the indirect pathway that were attributed to crossed inhibition. Noise‐induced changes in the tonotopic profile of SA may represent a neural correlate of tinnitus. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:391–413, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and neurokinin 1 receptor expression of spinothalamic lamina I neurons in the rat spinal cord
Authors: Yu Xiao Hong , da Silva Alfredo Ribeiro , De Koninck Yves 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDistinct morphological types of spinothalamic tract (STT) lamina I (LI) neurons have been identified in the cat and monkey spinal dorsal horn. Because these morphological types appear to differ in functional properties and receptor expression, we examined their distribution in the rat to test how their identification relates to earlier classification schemes. LI STT cells were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin subunit b (CTb). Three types were recognized on the basis of cell body shape and proximal dendrites in the horizontal plane: fusiform, multipolar, and pyramidal. The relative distribution of these types was: 43, 26, and 28%, respectively, similar to that observed in the cat and monkey. 3D reconstructions were used to view each cell in all three major projection planes: horizontal, parasagittal, and transverse. Most LI STT neurons appeared fusiform in the parasagittal plane even though they belonged to different types based on their appearance in the horizontal plane, except in the most lateral portion of the dorsal horn, where LI curves ventrally. The proportion of STT neurons within LI was quantified by using the optical dissector method. To label all LI neurons, we used an anti‐neuron‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN) antibody. We found that approximately 9% of LI neurons projected to the thalamus. We also investigated neurokinin 1 receptor (NK‐1r) expression in LI STT neurons. As in the monkey, most pyramidal STT neurons did not express NK‐1r. These results provide further evidence that distinct morphological types of neurons differ in phenotype but not in their projection pattern. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:56–68, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancing axon regeneration in peripheral nerves also increases functionally inappropriate reinnervation of targets
Authors: English Arthur W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe specificity of reinnervation of peripheral targets by regenerating motor axons was studied in mice by using retrograde fluorescent tracers applied to the cut ends of the tibial and common fibular nerves after transection and surgical repair of the sciatic nerve. When the nerve ends were aligned and secured with fibrin glue, more motoneurons labeled after application of tracer to the common fibular nerve were found in regions of the spinal cord that normally contain only tibial motoneurons. The magnitude of such inappropriate reinnervation did not change at different times after repair. Intentional misalignment of the cut nerve stumps at the time of repair resulted in more extensive inappropriate reinnervation of the different peripheral targets. If the proximal stump of the cut nerve was electrically stimulated at the time of repair, if the distal stump was treated with chondroitinase ABC, or if both protocols were applied, the number of motoneurons labeled was increased. This increase was accompanied by more extensive reinnervation of inappropriate targets than found after untreated nerve repair. Although alterations in the caudorostral distributions of labeled motoneurons observed were not as great as observed after purposeful misalignment of the cut nerve ends, the topographic relationship between the spinal locations of motoneuron somata and the peripheral targets of their axons is disrupted. Enhancement of motor axon regeneration by induction of growth‐promoting signaling pathways, reduction in growth inhibition in the environment of regenerating axons, or both, is accompanied by an increase in the amount of functionally inappropriate reinnervation of peripheral targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:427–441, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss and recovery of voluntary hand movements in the macaque following a cervical dorsal rhizotomy
Authors: Darian‐Smith Corinna , Ciferri Melanie M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe recovery of manual dexterity was analyzed in the macaque following a cervical dorsal root section that abolished cutaneous feedback from selected digits of one hand. Monkeys were trained to retrieve a target object from a clamp using thumb and index finger opposition. Dorsal rootlets containing electrophysiologically identified axons projecting from the thumb and index finger were then cut in two monkeys (Group 1). In four others (Group 2), additional rootlets shown to innervate the middle finger and thenar eminence were also transected. Three performance parameters were analyzed before and following the rhizotomy: 1) percentage of successful retrievals; 2) digital stratagem (the pattern of digit opposition); and 3) contact time (duration of digit contact with the object before its retrieval). During the first postoperative week, hand function was severely impaired in all monkeys. Over the following weeks, Group 1 monkeys recovered the ability to retrieve the object by opposing the index finger and thumb in >80% of trials. Group 2 monkeys also regained some function in the impaired hand: each monkey adopted a stratagem for grasping the target, using digits that were incompletely deafferented. In the terminal experiment, hand representation in the contralateral somatosensory cortex was electrophysiologically mapped to define hand deafferentation and cortical reactivation further. There was a close correspondence between the cortical map and digit use. Our data imply that the recovery of precision grip using the thumb and index finger depends on the survival of afferents innervating these digits, as well as the proliferation of their central terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 491:27–45, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initiation of convergence and extension movements of lateral mesoderm during zebrafish gastrulation
Authors: Sepich Diane S. , Calmelet Colette , Kiskowski Maria , Solnica‐Krezel Lila 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEmbryonic morphogenesis is accomplished by cellular movements, rearrangements, and cell fate inductions. Vertebrate gastrulation entails morphogenetic processes that generate three germ layers, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, shaped into head, trunk, and tail. To understand how cell migration mechanistically contributes to tissue shaping during gastrulation, we examined migration of lateral mesoderm in the zebrafish. Our results illustrate that cell behaviors, different from mediolaterally oriented cell intercalation, also promote convergence and extension (C&E). During early gastrulation, upon internalization, individually migrating mesendodermal cells contribute to the elongation of the mesoderm by moving animally, without dorsal movement. Convergence toward dorsal starts later, by 70% epiboly (7.7 hpf). Depending on location along the Animal‐Vegetal axis, an animal or vegetal bias is added to the dorsalward movement, so that paths fan out and the lateral mesoderm both converges and extends. Onset of convergence is independent of noncanonical Wnt signaling but is delayed when Stat3 signaling is compromised. To understand which aspects of motility are controlled by guidance cues, we measured turning behavior of lateral mesodermal cells. We show that cells exhibit directional preference, directionally‐regulated speed, and turn toward dorsal when off‐course. We estimate that ectoderm could supply from a fraction to all the dorsalward displacement seen in mesoderm cells. Using mathematical modeling, we demonstrate that directional preference is sufficient to account for mesoderm convergence and extension, and that, at minimum, two sources of guidance cues could orient cell paths realistically if located in the dorsal midline. Developmental Dynamics 234:279–292, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth hormone (GH) action in the developing lung: Changes in lung proteins after adenoviral GH overexpression
Authors: Beyea Jason A. , Olson David M. , Harvey Steve 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH) recently has been shown to be expressed in the neonatal rat lung during alveolarization. The possible functional importance of lung GH in lung function, therefore, has been assessed by determining changes in GH‐responsive proteins in the developing rat lung after the overexpression of the GH gene in this tissue. GH overexpression was achieved using an adenovirus that expressed the mouse GH gene. This adenovirus was effective in inducing mouse GH expression in cultured rat lung L2 epithelial cells. It was also shown to be strongly expressed in the alveoli of 14‐day‐old rat pup lungs 10 days after it was administered by intratracheal injection, during a period of rapid lung development. Expression of the transgene in these pups was accompanied by changes in lung protein concentrations determined by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The lung concentrations of specific enzymes (nucleotide diphosphate kinase B, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐S‐transferase, and aldehyde reductase‐1) were increased by the adenoviral expression of mouse GH, as were the concentrations of beta subunit G‐protein calponin 2, beta‐5 tubulin, retinoblastoma binding protein 4, and fetuin A. In contrast, the lung concentrations of haptoglobin and major acute phase alpha‐1 protein were reduced by adenoviral expression of mouse GH. Although most of these proteins have not previously been identified as GH‐responsive proteins, these results demonstrate actions of GH in the rat lung and support the possibility that GH acts as an autocrine/paracrine during early lung development. Developmental Dynamics 234:404–412, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transgenes as screening tools to probe and manipulate the zebrafish genome
Authors: Amsterdam Adam , Becker Thomas S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe zebrafish, originally an object of study as an inexpensive and prolific vertebrate embryological model with a plethora of genetic tricks, has over the past decade moved to large‐scale chemical mutagenesis and recently came of age as a high throughput transgenic model with a sequenced genome nearing completion. Insertional mutagenesis, gene trapping and enhancer detection are all contributing to the increasing speed with which research in this biomedical model is progressing. We review here some of the recent developments in the emerging field of zebrafish developmental genomics and transgenesis. Developmental Dynamics 234:255–268, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of SIP1 in positioning of somite boundaries in the mouse embryo
Authors: Maruhashi Mitsuji , Van De Putte Tom , Huylebroeck Danny , Kondoh Hisato , Higashi Yujiro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPeriodical production of somites provides an excellent model system for understanding genesis of metameric structures underlying embryonic development. This study reports production of somites with roughly half rostro‐caudal length in homozygous Sip1 (Smad‐interacting protein 1) knockout mouse embryos. This altered periodicity of somitogenesis is caused by the rostral expansion of the expression domain of genes involved in the maintenance of unsegmented state of paraxial mesoderm, e.g., Fgf8, Wnt3a, Dll3, and Tbx6. This is accompanied by the rostral extension of oscillatory gene expression such as L‐fng, Hes7, and Dll1, and the rostrally shifted termination of Raldh2 expression that continues from the anterior embryonic side. The phenotype of Sip1−/− embryo introduces a new molecular component SIP1 in positioning of somite boundaries, and provides support for the current “clock and wavefront” model. Developmental Dynamics 234:332–338, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Annexin XI co‐localises with calcyclin in proliferating cells of the embryonic mouse testis
Authors: Williams Louise H. , McClive Peter J. , Van Den Bergen Jocelyn A. , Sinclair Andrew H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMammalian sex determination relies on the expression of SRY, which triggers a tightly regulated cascade of gene expression leading to male differentiation. Many elements of this pathway remain to be identified. Here, we characterise Annexin XI (Anxa11), a gene whose major site of embryonic expression was within the undifferentiated and differentiating testis. Lower level expression was also observed in both sexes in the Müllerian and Wolffian ducts, the somitic dermamyotome, and the dorsal intermediate zone of the neural tube. Anxa11 transcripts were detected in the indifferent gonad from 10.5 days post coitum (dpc), becoming male specific as development proceeded. Expression was within the testis cords, initially in germ cells, and then in both Sertoli and germ cells. Annexin XI protein was seen in the testis cords from 12.5 dpc, localising to the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells. Expression of calcyclin (S100a6), shown previously to interact with annexin XI in vitro, was also observed in proliferating cells of the embryonic testis, supporting a possible in vivo interaction. Developmental Dynamics 234:432–437, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.