bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF TRANSFUSED BLOOD
Authors: Ashby Winifred 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented to show that there is no hemolytic toxin producing the anemia in pernicious anemia.
Partial evidence is presented to show that the periods of active blood destruction which are seen as the exception in pernicious anemia cases during a series of transfusions are due to the activity of the blood-destroying organs of the body rather than to the intrinsic weakness of the pernicious anemia blood corpuscle.
It is questionable whether blood destruction is as important a factor in producing the anemia of pernicious anemia as it is at present usually assumed to be.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Sherman H. C. , Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. A simple diet is presented which regularly induced rickets in young rats.
2. The substitution of 0.4 per cent secondary potassium phosphate for a small part of calcium lactate in this diet completely inhibited the development of rickets.
3. Quantitative determinations of calcium in the bodies of parallel rats showed a marked increase of calcium content in the rats receiving the added phosphate over those which developed rickets.
4. While it is thus shown by x-rays and by histological examinations and by quantitative chemical analysis that added potassium phosphate increased the assimilation and normal deposition of calcium, it may be the quantitative relationship between the inorganic ions rather than actual deficiency of any one of them which was here the determining factor in the cause or prevention of rickets. Our experiments and conclusions do not exclude the possibility of other causes of rickets than those here discussed.
DATA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA IN THE FOWL
Authors: Graybill H. W. 
Published: June 2004

In observations on the development of the ova of Heterakis papillosa in cultures, it was found that they failed to develop at a temperature ranging from 2.5–8°C., but developed slowly at a temperature of 11.5–13.5°C. The minimum temperature for development seems to lie between 8° and 11.5–13.5°C. At temperatures ranging in various cultures from 18–29°C. ova developed to their final stage in 7 to 12 days.
Undeveloped ova subjected to a freezing temperature for a period of 4 days were viable at the end of that time. Fully developed ones remained alive when exposed out of doors for a period of 7 days at a temperature ranging from 5–62°F.
Undeveloped ova survived desiccation at room temperature for a period of 16 days, but not for 41 days. Fully developed eggs were alive after desiccation for 18 days, but not after 49 days. In another instance they were no longer viable after 10 days.
Embryos within ova kept in physiological salt solution at room temperature survived during a period of a little over 12 months. Fully developed ova kept in soil outdoors under circumstances approaching natural conditions contained living embryos after a period of 8 months.
From a study of a series of artificially infested chickens killed at short intervals it appears that the ova of Heterakis hatch in the small intestine and the larvæ pass by way of the small and large intestines to the ceca where they undergo development to maturity. Larvæ found in the mucosa of the ceca were not in an encysted condition.
Feeding of numerous artificially incubated ova may lead to a light infestation, the cause of which has not been definitely determined.
A period of 57 days was required for larvæ to reach maturity in a host. The entire cycle from egg to adult requires a minimum time of about 64 days.
A brief study of the growth and development of larvæ within the host has been made. No evidence was found of a migration through the tissues. A few penetrate into the mucosa of the ceca.
WANDERING CELLS, ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, AND FIBROBLASTS IN CULTURES FROM HUMAN LYMPH NODES
Authors: Lewis Warren H. , Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

Wandering cells migrate from cultures of human lymph nodes after 2 or 3 hours incubation; they are actively ameboid and phagocytic.
Endothelial cells appear in the plasma clot after 24 to 48 hours incubation. They are relatively inactive and less phagocytic.
Fibroblasts are seen after 48 hours incubation. They are inactive and not phagocytic.
The probable origin of wandering cells from endothelial cells is discussed.
CICATRIZATION OF WOUNDS
Authors: Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

As long as the wounds were protected by a connective tissue dressing against mechanical, chemical, and bacterial irritations, no evidence of cicatrization was found. The complete or partial failure of four experiments was due to the slipping of the inner dressing from the wound, mechanical irritation by the gauze, and infection. In the two experiments in which the connective tissue was maintained at the surface of the wound, there was no beginning of cicatrization, although 25 and 18 days respectively had elapsed since the operation, while in the control wound the duration of the latent period did not exceed 5 or 6 days. The experiments were interrupted after the second or third inspection, on account of the technical impossibility of again applying to the wounds a non-irritant dressing. It is probable that the wounds could have been kept for a much longer time in a condition of quiescence. While it is not known whether cicatrization could be prevented for an indefinite period, there is no doubt that the mechanism of regeneration is not set in motion at the usual time, when all external irritations are suppressed. It appears, therefore, that under ordinary conditions, cicatrization is not initiated by an internal factor.
On the contrary, the application of turpentine, chick embryo pulp, and staphylococci decreased markedly the length of the latent period, which was often reduced to less than 2 days. This fact demonstrated the importance of external factors in the initiation of cicatrization. It seems that the mechanism of regeneration has become adapted to the ordinary conditions of life of the animals. A small wound will begin to cicatrize sooner if slightly infected, as practically always happens, than if it were thoroughly protected by a non-irritant dressing.
REMOTE RESULTS OF COMPLETE HOMOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE CORNEA
Authors: Ebeling Albert H. , Carrel Anne 
Published: June 2004

1. A flap composed of the entire thickness of the cornea of a cat was transplanted to the cornea of another cat, and was found to be perfectly transparent 2 years after the operation.
2. The curvatures of the cornea appeared to be normal.
A STUDY OF THE RELATION OF TREPONEMA PALLIDUM TO LYMPHOID TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

A widespread dissemination of Treponema pallidum from a local focus of inoculation in the rabbit constantly occurs by way of the lymphatics. Spirochetes were regularly recovered from the satellite lymph nodes by animal inoculation after scrotal inoculation; they were present as early as 2 days, when no specific primary reaction was detected, and at later periods of from 5 to 61 days after inoculation. Other superficial nodes at remote sites such as the popliteals and with no syphilitic lesions in the drainage area have also been shown to harbor active organisms. Although spirochetes were found in relatively few of the lymph node emulsions, the orchitis resulting from their injection was of a rapidly progressive type with an incubation period but slightly longer than that produced by a testicular or skin nodule emulsion rich in spirochetes.
It has further been shown that a syphilitic infection is sufficiently established in the rabbit body within 48 hours after scrotal inoculation so that the primary lesion is no longer essential for its maintenance.
Active treponemata survive in the popliteal lymph nodes for long periods of time and have been regularly recovered from them in cases of true latency. The lymph nodes, therefore, function as reservoirs of the organisms. The ability to recover the spirochetes from lymphoid tissue through successive generations is seen in the serial passage of lymph node emulsion to testicle during an 18 months period.
The persistence of spirochetes in lymphoid tissue irrespective of the presence or absence of syphilitic lesions is a characteristic and fundamental feature of syphilis of the rabbit. The existence of infection, therefore, may be demonstrated at any time by the recovery of spirochetes from the popliteal lymph nodes by animal inoculation. This fact is of great practical importance in the therapy of the infection and may be profitably utilized in determining the ultimate effect of a therapeutic agent.
These experiments demonstrate that the disease is not confined to the site of local inoculation but that lymphogenous dissemination of treponemata regularly takes place, and that during the course of this process organisms become localized in the lymph nodes and exist there indefinitely irrespective of the occurrence of manifestations of disease. The intimate relation of Treponema pallidum to lymphoid tissue is an essential concept of syphilis of the rabbit, and from this point of view, the infection is primarily one of lymphoid tissue.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

We have presented experiments to show that the typhus virus in the tissues of the guinea pig during the height of reaction to the experimental disease does not lose its infecting power when the cells of the brain or of the spleen are disintegrated by repeated freezing and thawing, or by freezing and desiccating, or by crushing by mechanical means, or by grinding into a homogeneous pulp with sand. The virus after such treatment is as actively infective as in the same tissue not subjected to the disintegrating influences. The possibility exists, therefore, of an extracellular condition of the typhus virus.
Fourteen attempts to filter through Berkefeld V and N candles the virus contained in the disintegrated tissue have all resulted in failure.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMONIC EXUDATE
Authors: Nye Robert N. 
Published: June 2004

1. Washed cellular suspensions of pneumonic lungs, previously preserved with chloroform and toluene, contain a protease or proteolytic ferment, derived chiefly from the leucocytes of the exudate.
2. This protease is able to convert horse fibrin to a non-coagulable split product. In a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 the digestion is slight at the most acid end. With decrease in acidity there is a gradual rise in activity to pH 6.0, and then a sharp increase up to the maximum digestion at pH 8.0. Judging from the amino nitrogen determinations, the most complete splitting occurs at pH 7.0. The degree of autolysis occurring in the pneumonic lung cellular suspension controls suggests that the active enzyme is identical with that causing the digestion of the fibrin.
3. Washed cellular suspensions of normal lungs, previously preserved with chloroform and toluene, contain a proteolytic enzyme which is active in a moderately acid medium (pH 4.0) and essentially inactive in less acid, neutral, and slightly alkaline media.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Exposure to large doses of x-rays will cause notable increase in the speed of autolysis of the crypt or secretory epithelium of the dog's small intestine. These changes can be demonstrated readily in material obtained from dogs killed 2, 24, 48, 72, or 96 hours after the initial radiation (Text-figs. 1 and 2).
In the radiated dogs the secretory crypt epithelium of the small intestine autolyzes first and the epithelium of the villi last, while the reverse is true in the normal control small intestine. These abnormalities of autolysis associated with lethal Roentgen ray exposures can be demonstrated for the small intestine over the whole 4 day period subsequent to radiation.
The colon shows little change and the stomach no demonstrable changes in autolysis under like conditions. The kidney likewise is negative.
The spleen, lymph glands, liver, and pancreas show a moderate increase in speed of autolysis in tissues taken from radiated animals within 48 hours of the initial exposure.
What the significance of this disturbance of cell ferments in the intestinal mucosa may be, we cannot pretend to say. At least these observations strengthen one's confidence in the profound functional disturbance of this important intestinal epithelium—a disturbance which we believe is responsible for the clinical abnormalities and fatal intoxication.
THE RELATION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS TO ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: Cutler Elliott C. 
Published: June 2004

An operative technique was evolved permitting successful partial hypophysectomy in guinea pigs.
Such animals, when immunized to Bacillus typhosus, produced specific agglutinins in the same quantity and at the same rate as unoperated and operation controls immunized at the same time and by the same method.
In guinea pigs previously immunized to Bacillus typhosus and hen red blood corpuscles partial hypophysectomy had no effect on the continued production and persistence of typhoid agglutinins, hemagglutinins, and hemolysins.
In guinea pigs immunized to Bacillus typhosus both the continued ingestion and the intraperitoneal injection of the whole pituitary gland extract (Burroughs Wellcome) had no effect on the subsepuent agglutinin titers as compared to that of normal animals.
The experiments would appear to show either that the hypophysis does not play an important direct or indirect part in the production of and persistence in the blood of typhoid agglutinins, hemagglutinins, and hemolysins, or that the amount of hypophysis left behind in the operation in order to maintain life is adequate also to exercise the degree of functional influence on these processes which the entire hypophysis conceivably exercises.
EXPERIMENTAL GENERALIZED ANALGESIA AFTER EXPOSURE TO SOME WAR GASES
Authors: Auer John 
Published: June 2004

Cats gassed with dimethylsulfate or chloropicrin in such concentration that death generally results within 4 days, usually exhibit a marked generalized analgesia, both superficial and deep.
Gassed cats react with no obvious sign of pain to operative interferences, including laparotomy and gentle friction of the parietal-peritoneum.
The analgesia develops within a few hours after gassing, and reaches its maximum in about 24 hours. With dimethylsulfate the analgesia may persist for 6 months; with chloropicrin practically normal sensitiveness has been observed 7 days after gassing.
This analgesia is considered to be caused and maintained largely by a general, low grade, tissue aspbyxia which is chiefly of pulmonic origin.
CONSTRUCTION OF AN OXYGEN CHAMBER FOR THE TREATMENT OF PNEUMONIA
Authors: Stadie William C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The construction of an oxygen chamber is given. This chamber can be quickly filled with oxygen to any concentration up to 65 per cent and maintained at the desired concentration for an indefinite time.
2. The construction of ventilating system, cooling device, carbon dioxide remover, automatic oxygen analyzer, and filling and maintenance devices is given.
3. The chamber is designed so that pneumonia patients with anoxemia may be placed in it and breathe an atmosphere containing 40 to 60 per cent of oxygen.
4. The chamber is easy of ingress and egress, is economical in cost of operation, and comfortably accomodates patient and attendants so that adequate nursing and medical attention can be given at all times.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , McCann G. F. , Zucker T. F. ,   With the Collaboration of M. Stanley-Brown, M. Strauss, B. Stimson, and E. Klein.
Published: June 2004

1. Rachitic bone lesions may be produced in rats by a diet containing an excess of calcium, but deficient in phosphates.
2. Similar lesions follow a diet deficient in calcium, but containing an excess of phosphates. The endochondral lesions, however, are less pronounced.
3. A diet deficient in both calcium and phosphate induces atypical rickets.
4. Inorganic salts other than calcium or phosphate seem to be without influence upon the development or prevention of rachitic lesions.
5. The minimal amount of phosphate (calculated as P) required for normal calcification in young growing rats (30 to 50 gm.) on the diets used in these experiments is approximately 160 mg. per 100 gm. of diet. At 135 mg. individual variations come into play; at 110 mg., or less, rickets invariably follows.
6. An excess of calcium is not necessary to the production of the rachitic lesions. A reduction of the calcium lactate of Diet 84 to 0.6 per cent (111 mg. of Ca per 100 gm. of diet) still results in the development of typical rickets.
7. Adult rats react to a deficiency of phosphate in the diet by the production of calcium-free osteoid in abnormal amount about the spongiosa and cortex. There is not produced any alteration of the epiphyseal cartilage, as in growing animals.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Liu J. Heng , Sturm Ernest , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

An erythema dose of x-rays given direct to the exposed subcutaneous tissue and muscle greatly diminishes the susceptibility of the exposed area to transplanted cancer. The same dose given over the intact skin does not affect the resisting power of the underlying subcutaneous tissue.
Histological examination shows that a few days after the exposure of the subcutaneous tissue there is a lymphoid infiltration of this tissue, which infiltration sometimes includes the muscle layers as well.
THE ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTION OF GERMANIUM DIOXIDE
Authors: Hammett Frederick S. , Nowrey Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

A histological comparison of the liver, spleen, bone marrow, circulating young erythrocytes, and differential count in mature male and female albino rats receiving germanium dioxide with their litter controls not receiving this compound was made.
It was found that the livers of the test animals in most cases showed a condition of capillary dilatation and that more erythrocytes were in these capillaries than were in those of the controls. There was no evidence of any red cell formation by the liver.
The spleens of the test rats gave the impression of being slightly more congested and of having a slightly more dense concentration of cells in the Malpighian corpuscles than those of the controls. There was no evidence of an increased red cell destruction nor was there any evidence of splenic erythropoiesis.
In the bone marrow of the rats which had received the germanium dioxide injections there was evidence of a marked stimulation in formation of nucleated erythrocytes, in that many more of these cells were found here than in the marrow sections of the controls.
The circulating blood of the test rats contained more young red cells as demonstrated by the increased number of erythrocytes taking the polychromatic stain than did the blood of the controls.
No noteworthy differences in the values for the various types of white cells in the circulation determined by the differential count could be found between the two groups.
Using, then, as an acceptable criterion of erythropoiesis an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the circulation which is accompanied by an increase in the number of young red cells, and an increased number of nucleated erythrocytes in the bone marrow, we consider ourselves justified in concluding that germanium dioxide is a potent erythropoietic agent and the source of the erythrocythemia produced by this compound is the increased production of red cell precursors by the bone marrow stimulated to increased activity by the compound used.
SPONTANEOUS DECREASE OF THE SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM. I
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

1. Over 3,000 measurements of surface tension of sera have been made with the ring method, and they have yielded a new phenomenon, the spontaneous and rapid decrease of the surface tension of a serum in function of the time.
2. Generally, after 10 minutes the surface tension reaches a value which is practically constant. At least, the decrease is very much slower. After stirring, a rise occurs and a similar phenomenon takes place; but stability is not obtained as rapidly, requiring about 25 minutes. By stirring again, the same thing happens repeatedly, the slope of the curve being less marked each time, the rise in surface tension being slightly below each previous value, and the phenomenon undergoing a sort of damping.
3. An equation was established which expresses the experimental facts with an accuracy of about 0.2 per cent. It applies to the whole phenomenon, before and after stirring. It has only one characteristic constant,
See PDF for Equation
This formula, by simply changing t to c (concentration), expresses satisfactorily in general the phenomenon of adsorption in the surface layer; that is, the decrease in surface tension in function of the concentration.
4. Prolonged heat, at 55°C., and time seem to inhibit this phenomenon.
5. When precipitation occurs in a serum, the bottom of the liquid, which contains the precipitate, has the highest surface tension. When stirred, the surface tension rises a little every time. The upper part, clear, with lower surface tension, shows the reverse phenomenon; after every stirring, the surface tension becomes a little lower.
VIRULENCE AND MUTATION OF THE BACILLUS OF RABBIT SEPTICEMIA
Authors: De Kruif Paul H. 
Published: June 2004

Type D, bacillus of rabbit septicemia, exhibits marked fixity of the character of virulence. This is true for cultures that are regularly transplanted on serum agar or in broth. It is also to be observed when organisms of this variety are subjected to unfavorable conditions; e.g., remaining for 9½ days without transplant in plain broth. Under such conditions no decrease in virulence was observed. G forms which arose in the same culture during this time exhibited characteristic lack of invasibility.
Different individuals of a given culture of Type D do not vary to a noticeable extent in virulence. This was ascertained by test of virulence of cultures arising from six individuals fished from Type D cultures by Barber pipette.
A Type D culture subjected to passage in plain broth undergoes D → G mutation. Type D and G individuals can be demonstrated to be present in the same culture. The virulence of such a mixed culture is proportional to the relative member of Microbes D and G present. This throws light on certain mechanisms of attenuation.
The virulence of Type G can be raised to a considerable titer by animal passage. Such organisms do not, however, lose their characteristic of granular growth. This last, on the other hand, appears to intensify by animal passage. The acid agglutination zone of Type G strains which have been passed through animals shows a marked broadening.
Microbe D owes its superior invasive power at least in part to its antiphagocytic activity, a property apparently not possessed by Microbe G.
COLLODION SACS FOR AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL CULTIVATION
Authors: Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

A simple and convenient method is described for the preparation and use of collodion sacs for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial cultivation in vitro.
The sacs are suitable for the study of various problems in bacterial growth and metabolism. By their use with the Smith-Noguchi tissue medium, certain microorganisms may be grown in the absence of the confusing, antigenic protein precipitate characteristic of cultures containing fresh tissue, and thus the organisms are obtained in a suitable condition for serological study.