bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rationale of frequency of use of ciclopirox 1% shampoo in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis: Results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study comparing the efficacy of once, twice, and three times weekly usage
Authors: Abeck Dietrich ,   on behalf of the Loprox Shampoo Dosing Study Group
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disorder. Although the precise etiology of seborrheic dermatitis is uncertain, yeasts of the genus Malassezia have been implicated. Ciclopirox is a broad‐spectrum, hydroxypyridone‐derived, synthetic antifungal agent with anti‐inflammatory properties.Methods  A total of 183 patients were enrolled in this randomized, parallel‐group, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled trial designed to compare three different application frequencies of ciclopirox 1% shampoo: once, twice, and three times weekly. The main efficacy parameters were based on 6‐point ordinal scales describing the disease's signs and symptoms (scaling, inflammation and itching), global status of seborrheic dermatitis, and global change of seborrheic dermatitis.Results  Each application frequency of ciclopirox 1% shampoo was found to significantly improve the signs and symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp after 4 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, the therapeutic index calculated from the global change in seborrheic dermatitis score increased with increasing application frequency; therapeutic index scores increased from vehicle (1.25) to ciclopirox 1% once (3.30), twice (3.50), and three times (3.56) weekly. No serious adverse events were recorded during the course of the study.Conclusions  Ciclopirox 1% shampoo, applied once, twice or three times weekly, is a safe and acceptable preparation that improves seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, suggesting that this is an alternative treatment for this indication.
Safety and efficacy of ciclopirox 1% shampoo for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp in the US population: Results of a double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled trial
Authors: Lebwohl Mark , Plott Todd 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground  Seborrheic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disorder. Yeasts of the genus Malassezia have been implicated in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis, although this connection remains controversial. Ciclopirox is a synthetic, hydroxypyridone‐derived, broad‐spectrum antifungal agent with anti‐inflammatory properties.Methods  A total of 499 US patients with seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp were randomized to apply either ciclopirox shampoo 1% or vehicle twice weekly for 4 weeks. The main efficacy parameters were based on 6‐point ordinal scales describing the disease's signs and symptoms (scaling, erythema and itching) and a 6‐point scale providing a global evaluation of the status of seborrheic dermatitis.Results  Ciclopirox was significantly better than vehicle in effectively treating seborrheic dermatitis. ‘Effective treatment’ (score of 0 or 1 for disease status, scaling and erythema) was achieved in 26.0% of ciclopirox‐treated patients compared with 12.9% of vehicle‐treated patients (P = 0.0001; OR: 2.383, 95% CI: 1.494–3.799). The majority of subjects experienced adverse events that were mild in intensity, with skin and appendage reactions the most commonly reported, at similar frequency in both groups.Conclusions  Ciclopirox shampoo 1% is effective and safe in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.
Nicorandil associated anal ulceration
Authors: Watson A. , Suttie S. , Fraser A. , O'Kelly T. , Loudon M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective  Nicorandil is a vasodilator used to control angina. It has been associated with oral and anal ulceration that resolves upon withdrawal of the drug.Patients and methods  We report a series of 13 patients with nonspecific anal ulceration all of whom were receiving nicorandil for control of symptoms of ischaemic heart disease.Results  All the ulcers had similar clinical and histological appearances. All the ulcers healed on withdrawal of the drug.Conclusion  Nicorandil‐associated anal ulceration shouldbe considered in the differential diagnoses of nonhealing anal ulcers.
Anorectal physiology in relation to clinical subgroups of patients with severe constipation
Authors: Karlbom U. , Lundin E. , Graf W. , Påhlman L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective  The aim of this study was to evaluate anorectal physiology in relation to clinically defined subgroups of patients with idiopathic constipation and to analyse relationships between anorectal physiology and rectal evacuation.Subjects and methods  One hundred consecutive patients with idiopathic constipation were clinically categorized as slow transit (n = 19), outlet obstruction (n = 52) and a group with mixed symptoms (n = 29). They were examined by recording anal pressures and also rectal volumes in response to stepwise increases in rectal pressure (5–60 cm H2O). The manovolumetric results were compared with 28 sex and aged matched controls. Rectal evacuation was measured by computer‐based image analysis of rectal emptying rate in defaecography.Results  The rectal pressure thresholds for filling, urge and pain did not differ between the groups but there were proportionally more patients in the slow transit and mixed group with thresholds for filling exceeding 25 cm H2O (P = 0.04). In total, 18% of patients had impaired sensitivity which was associated with long duration of symptoms (P < 0.05). Patients with grossly impaired rectal sensitivity (filling threshold > 40 cm H2O) had impaired rectal evacuation (P < 0.05). The rectal compliance was increased in the slow transit and mixed group (P < 0.01–0.05) in the pressure interval 5–15 cm H2O. Anal resting and squeeze pressures did not differ between the groups although 7/19 in the slow transit group had values around the lower limit of controls. Slow wave frequency was lower in all patient groups (P < 0.001 vs. controls). Rectal evacuation was not related to sphincter function or to rectal compliance.Conclusions  Clinical categorization of constipated patients defines groups where altered anorectal physiology is not uncommon. Constipation with symptoms of infrequent defaecation may be associated with impaired rectal sensitivity and increased rectal compliance whereas outlet obstruction symptoms are not clearly related to changes in anorectal physiology.
Endoscopic morphological anticipation of submucosal invasion in flat and depressed colorectal lesions: clinical implications and subtype analysis of the kudo type V pit pattern using high‐magnification‐chromoscopic colonoscopy
Authors: Hurlstone D. P. , Cross S. S. , Adam I. , Shorthouse A. J. , Brown S. , Sanders D. S. , Lobo A. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective  Focal submucosal invasive colorectal cancers (submucosa‐sm1) can be managed by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) as local lymph node metastasis (LNM) are rare. Lesions are usually flat, depressed or mixed. In deeper vertical submucosal invasion (sm2–3) LNM rates exceed 10–15%. EMR within this group can be complicated by perforation, noncurative resection and may leave LNM untreated. It is therefore essential to differentiate accurately focal sm1 disease from submucosal sm2/3 disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the invasive type V pit pattern using high‐magnification‐chromoscopic‐colonoscopy (HMCC) and submucosal invasive depth for flat and depressed colorectal lesions.Methods  Total colonoscopy was performed by a highly selected single endoscopist using the Olympus C240Z on 850 patients between January 2001 and July 2003. Kudo type V pits were identified using 0.05% crystal violet (CV) applied directly to the lesion using a steel tipped catheter. Type V pits were graded into class V(n)A‐C as described by Nagata. Morphology was documented using the Japanese Research Society classification (JRSC). Histological sections, with reference to mucosal invasive characteristics, acquired using EMR or surgical excision were then compared with the pit pattern.Results  Fifty‐one lesions showed a type V pit pattern. The kappa coefficient of agreement between pit the type V pit pattern and histologically confirmed submucosal invasion was 0.51 (95% CI). Following resection, 97% of lesions were correctly anticipated to have sm2 + invasion using pit type Vn(B) and Vn(C) as clinical indicators of invasive disease. Specificity was low at 50% with an accuracy of 78%.Conclusions  The type V pit pattern is useful for the in vivo staging of submucosal invasive depth in flat and depressed colorectal lesions and is as sensitive as conventional 7.5 MHz EUS. There was a tendency to over‐stage lesions and hence the technique is limited by its low overall specificity.
Long‐term results of the antegrade continent enema procedure for constipation in adults
Authors: Lees N. P. , Hodson P. , Hill J. , Pearson R. C. , MacLennan I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective  The aim of this study was to evaluate the long‐term results of the Antegrade Continent Enema (ACE) procedure for treating severe constipation in adults.Methods  Over 10 years 37 ACE conduits were created in 32 patients (median age 35 years, 26 women) with constipation caused by slow transit, obstructed defaecation or both. Conduits were created from the appendix (n = 20, 54%), ileum (n = 10, 27%), neoappendix caecostomy (n = 5, 14%) or colon (n = 2, 5%). Clinical records were retrospectively reviewed to determine outcome.Results  After a median follow up of 36 (range 13–140) months, 28 (88%) required at least one further procedure on a primary conduit, including reversal in 19 (59%). Five patients had a second conduit fashioned, two successfully. Conduit type and constipation cause did not significantly influence the rates of ACE reversal or major revision. Ileal conduits were associated with fewer minor revision procedures for stenosis (1 in 7 patients) than appendix conduits (21 in 20 patients). There was one (3%) serious complication. Satisfactory ACE function was ultimately achieved in 47% of patients, at last follow up. After ACE reversal, 9 (28%) patients underwent formation of an end stoma and 3 patients had a colectomy.Conclusions  Revision procedures are common, but approximately half of patients can expect satisfactory long‐term ACE function. ACE conduit reversal does not preclude subsequent alternative surgical strategies to treat this difficult condition.
Fibrin glue in the management of anal fistulae
Authors: Hammond T. M. , Grahn M. F. , Lunniss P. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective  Fibrin glue has been used as a sphincter sparing approach for the treatment of anal fistulae for two decades. However, there is uncertainty about its short and long‐term efficacy. The objective of this review was to ascertain the role of fibrin glue in the management of anal fistulae, including assessment of recurrence rates, continence disturbance and other complications.Methods  We searched Medline (January 1966 to February 2004), the Cochrane database, and EMBASE using the terms anal fistulae, fistula‐in‐ano, and fibrin glue. Relevant papers from the reference lists of these articles and from the authors' personal collections were also reviewed. A systematic review of all articles relating to the use of fibrin glue in the treatment of anal fistulae was performed. This included 19 studies. Reviewers performed data extraction independently. Outcomes evaluated included recurrence rates, continence disturbance, septic complications, adverse drug reactions, and duration of follow‐up. Heterogeneity of the clinical trials made direct comparisons difficult and meta‐analysis impossible.Results  The success rates reported in published studies range from 0% to 100%. Differences in patient selection (including fistula aetiology and type), treatment protocols, and follow‐up duration may contribute to such diverse results.Conclusions  Fibrin glue is simple to use, has a minimal morbidity and should not affect later treatment options in the event of its failure. It is therefore theoretically attractive as a first line treatment in the management of those types of anal fistula in which it has been shown to work. However, further research into ‘biological’ glues is merited and these subject to randomised controlled study.
Face‐memory and emotion: associations with major depression in children and adolescents
Authors: Pine Daniel S. , Lissek Shmuel , Klein Rachel G. , Mannuzza Salvatore , Moulton John L. , Guardino Mary , Woldehawariat Girma 
Published: August 2004

Background:  Studies in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) document abnormalities in both memory and face‐emotion processing. The current study used a novel face‐memory task to test the hypothesis that adolescent MDD is associated with a deficit in memory for face‐emotions. The study also examines the relationship between parental MDD and memory performance in offspring.Methods:  Subjects were 152 offspring (ages 9–19) of adults with either MDD, anxiety disorders, both MDD and anxiety, or no disorder. Parents and offspring were assessed for mental disorders. Collection of face‐memory data was blind to offspring and parent diagnosis. A computerized task was developed that required rating of facial photographs depicting ‘happy,’‘fearful,’ or ‘angry’ emotions followed by a memory recall test. Recall accuracy was examined as a function of face‐emotion type.Results:  Age and gender independently predicted memory, with better recall in older and female subjects. Controlling for age and gender, offspring with a history of MDD (n = 19) demonstrated significant deficits in memory selectively for fearful faces, but not happy or angry faces. Parental MDD was not associated with face‐memory accuracy.Discussion:  This study found an association between MDD in childhood or adolescence and perturbed encoding of fearful faces. MDD in young individuals may predispose to subtle anomalies in a neural circuit encompassing the amygdala, a brain region implicated in the processing of fearful facial expressions. These findings suggest that brain imaging studies using similar face‐emotion paradigms should test whether deficits in processing of fearful faces relate to amygdala dysfunction in children and adolescents with MDD.
Do children with autism perceive second‐order relational features? The case of the Thatcher illusion
Authors: Rouse Helen , Donnelly Nick , Hadwin Julie A. , Brown Tony 
Published: August 2004

Background:  This study presents two experiments that investigated whether children with autism were susceptible to the Thatcher illusion. Perception of the Thatcher illusion requires being able to compute second‐order configural relations for facial stimuli.Method:  In both experiments children with autism were matched for non‐verbal and verbal ability with a group of children with moderate (non‐specific) mental retardation (MLD) and a group of typically developing children respectively. Participants were asked to detect the ‘unusual’ face in a two‐alternative‐forced‐choice version of the Margaret Thatcher illusion with grey‐scale (Experiment 1) and monochrome ‘Mooney’ face images (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1 participants also performed a control task where buildings had been doctored in the same way as the facial stimuli.Results:  Children with autism were as susceptible to the Thatcher illusion as both control groups, in terms of accuracy and reaction time to make decisions about which face was unusual. Children with autism performed more accurately than children with MLD in the buildings task.Conclusion:  Children with autism are able to compute second‐order configural features in faces and exhibit no difference in face processing, relative to appropriate control groups.
Event‐related brain potentials reveal anomalies in temporal processing of faces in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: McPartland James , Dawson Geraldine , Webb Sara J. , Panagiotides Heracles , Carver Leslie J. 
Published: August 2004

Background: Individuals with autism exhibit impairments in face recognition, and neuroimaging studies have shown that individuals with autism exhibit abnormal patterns of brain activity during face processing. The current study examined the temporal characteristics of face processing in autism and their relation to behavior.Method: High‐density event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded to images of faces, inverted faces, and objects from 9 individuals with autism spectrum disorder (15–42 years old) and 14 typical individuals (16–37 years old).Results: With respect to a face‐sensitive ERP component (N170), individuals with autism exhibited longer N170 latencies to faces than typical individuals but comparable latencies to objects. Typical individuals exhibited longer N170 latencies to inverted as compared to upright faces, whereas individuals with autism did not show differences in N170 latency to upright versus inverted faces. Neural speed of face processing, as reflected in N170 latency, correlated with performance on a face recognition task for individuals with autism.Conclusions: These data provide evidence for slowed neural speed of face processing in autism and highlight the role of speed of processing in face processing impairments in autism.
Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: a comparison of associated youth characteristics
Authors: Ybarra Michele L. , Mitchell Kimberly J. 
Published: August 2004

Background:  While most youth report positive experiences and activities online, little is known about experiences of Internet victimization and associated correlates of youth, specifically in regards to Internet harassment.Methods:  The Youth Internet Safety Survey is a cross‐sectional, nationally representative telephone survey of young regular Internet users in the United States. Interviews were conducted between the fall of 1999 and the spring of 2000 and examined characteristics of Internet harassment, unwanted exposure to sexual material, and sexual solicitation that had occurred on the Internet in the previous year. One thousand, five hundred and one regular Internet users between the ages of 10 and 17 years were interviewed, along with one parent or guardian. To assess the characteristics surrounding Internet harassment, four groups of youth were compared: 1) targets of aggression (having been threatened or embarrassed by someone; or feeling worried or threatened by someone's actions); 2) online aggressors (making rude or nasty comments; or harassing or embarrassing someone with whom the youth was mad at); 3) aggressor/targets (youth who report both being an aggressor as well as a target of Internet harassment); and 4) non‐harassment involved youth (being neither a target nor an aggressor online).Results:  Of the 19% of young regular Internet users involved in online aggression, 3% were aggressor/targets, 4% reported being targets only, and 12% reported being online aggressors only. Youth aggressor/targets reported characteristics similar to conventional bully/victim youth, including many commonalities with aggressor‐only youth, and significant psychosocial challenge.Conclusions:  Youth aggressor/targets are intense users of the Internet who view themselves as capable web users. Beyond this, however, these youth report significant psychosocial challenge, including depressive symptomatology, problem behavior, and targeting of traditional bullying. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Local Inflammation as a Mediator of Migraine and Tension‐Type Headache
Authors: Friedman Mark H. 
Published: August 2004

Objective.—To demonstrate the relationship of migraine and tension‐type headache to a localized maxillary gingival inflammation.Background.—Intraoral tenderness has been observed consistently in the most common types of primary headache disorders. The laterality and degree of tenderness is related to laterality and severity of reported symptoms, both during headache and in the interictal state.Methods.—Bilateral posterior maxillary palpation and local temperature recordings were performed during unilateral migraine and tension‐type headache. Local anti‐inflammatory techniques, ie, local chilling and a topical anti‐inflammatory gel, were used in these tender areas in episodic migraine and tension‐type headache patients.Results.—Ipsilateral intraoral tenderness and increased local temperature were consistently observed during unilateral migraine and tension‐type headache, suggesting local inflammation. Intraoral chilling and topical application of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug were highly effective for the treatment of migraine and tension‐type headache, both in the acute phase and for headache prevention.Conclusion.—These results suggest that a local intraoral inflammation may be associated with the pathogenesis of these common headaches.
Epidemiology and Symptomatology of Migraine Among School Children: Denizli Urban Area in Turkey
Authors: Zencir Mehmet , Ergin Hacer , Şahiner Türker , Kılıç İlknur , Alkış Esma , Özdel Lale , Gürses Dolunay , Ergin Ahmet 
Published: August 2004

Objective.—This study was aimed at finding the prevalence, associated factors, and symptomatology of migraine among 5 to 8 grades of secondary and 9 to 11 grades of high school children (age range between 11 and 18 years old) in the Denizli urban area in the western part of Turkey.Background.—Data from the developed countries indicate that migraine is the most common cause of recurrent headaches in children. Also, childhood migraine is sufficiently severe to prevent the half of the suffering children from carrying on their usual daily activities.Methods.—A cross‐sectional school‐based study was conducted between May 2000 and June 2000. There were 2,490 participants selected by a multistage stratified clustered sampling procedure. A validated self‐administered questionnaire designed according to the International Headache Society criteria was given to the school children of age between 11 and 18 years.Results.—Overall migraine prevalence was 8.8%; it was 6.7% in boys and 11.0% in girls (OR: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.3). Among girls, the highest prevalence (17.7%) occurred at 15 years of age, but among boys, the highest prevalence (11.9%) occurred at 16 years of age. Of children with migraine, 56.5% had a positive family history, and only 29.1% visited a doctor for headache.Conclusion.—Migraine is a common health problem among school children in Denizli urban area and it often goes underdiagnosed.