bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ACTION OF EXTREME COLD ON LEUKEMIC CELLS OF MICE
Authors: Breedis Charles 
Published: June 2004

Suspensions of leukemic cells of mice from three different strains of leukemia were subjected to rapid or slow freezing and rapid or slow thawing.
Suspensions rapidly frozen to –196°C. were in all cases innocuous, whereas those frozen slowly were capable of transmitting leukemia. The infectivity of slowly frozen material varied from an estimated 0.0001 per cent to 1 per cent of that of fresh material, and this figure probably represents the percentage of surviving leukemic cells.
Particles of spleen and lymph node reacted to slow and rapid freezing in the same manner as suspensions prepared from them.
For one of the strains rapid thawing was less injurious than slow thawing; for the other two the rate of thawing seemed to be immaterial.
Infectivity was equally well preserved after freezing to –21°C. whether freezing occurred spontaneously after supercooling or was initiated near the freezing point by inoculation with ice, or whether thawing was slow or rapid.
Suspensions already slowly frozen at temperatures of –2° or lower, whether spontaneously or by inoculation with ice, could no longer be completely inactivated by subsequent rapid cooling to –196°C. Unfrozen suspensions initially above the freezing point or supercooled to –2°C. or –8°C. and then rapidly cooled to –196°C. were inactivated. This protective action of previous slow freezing was most marked when the initial temperature of the frozen suspension was –15°C. or lower; when it was –2°C. protection was barely detected.
These observations indicate that the changes which are peculiar to rapid freezing alone and lead to complete inactivation take place during rapid transition from the liquid to the solid state, in a range of temperature lying between –15°C. and the freezing point. Temperature measurements carried out in this range showed that suspensions were about equally infections whether the temperature at their centers dropped from 0°C. to –15°C. in 30 minutes or in 1 minute; when the drop occurred in 12 seconds or less, the suspensions became innocuous.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE SITE OF RENIN FORMATION IN THE KIDNEY
Authors: Kaplan A. , Friedman Meyer ,   With the Technical Assistance of Eleanor Williams
Published: June 2004

1. Renin was found in both the mesonephric and metanephric kidneys of the smallest hog fetuses examined. These were from 17 to 24 mm. in length in the case of the former, and 25 to 49 mm. in that of the latter.
2. No evidence was found in either type of kidney of juxtaglomerular cells described by Goormaghtigh as the probable site of renin formation.
3. The renin content in both the mesonephros and the metanephros was found to be independent of its arteriologlomerular component but directly dependent upon the number, size, and functional state of the tubular component. It increased in amount with increasing tubular proliferation during the course of embryonic development, and decreased with the progressive tubular atrophy and degeneration incident thereto.
4. The site of renin formation is discussed.
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE DIETARY DESTRUCTION OF N,N-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE (BUTTER YELLOW) AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANEMIA IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Tomarelli Rudolph , Ostergard Robert P. , Brown J. B. 
Published: June 2004

Crude linoleic acid incorporated with or without butter yellow in a synthetic diet proved to be toxic for rats. The toxic effect manifested itself in loss of weight, progressive anemia of the secondary type, leucopenia, and pediculosis. It could be neutralized preventively and therapeutically by administration of yeast. The toxicity of the diet containing linoleic acid appears to be due to oxidative break-down products of the unsaturated fatty acid.
The color of the same diet when it contained crude linoleic acid supplemented with butter yellow faded progressively in the presence of air (O2), even at room temperature. Purified preparations of linoleic acid and, to a less degree, purified preparations of arachidonic and oleic acids have shown the same destructive effect on butter yellow in vitro.
Brown (unpolished) or white rice contains a stabilizer (antioxidant) for the preservation of butter yellow.
In experiments on the production of hepatoma in rats following the ingestion of butter yellow, rice on one hand and crisco or butter fat on the other hand have proved to be procarcinogenic. These results would seem to be correlated with the preservation of butter yellow in the diet and in the intestine, because of the antioxidant in rice and the low supply of unsaturated fatty acids,respectively.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF PNEUMONIC SPUTA
Authors: Tripp J. T. , Frisch A. W. , Barrett C. D. , Pidgeon B. E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The average specific polysaccharide content of rusty or bloody sputa in Type III was 91 times greater than the average for Types I, II, VII, and VIII pneumonia.
2. Those Type III sputums which were classified as reticulated contained an average S concentration of 1,360 mg. per cent or 170 times more than the amount found in other types.
3. Those Type III sputa which were classified as non-reticulated contained an average S concentration of 45 mg. per cent or 5.5 times more than the amount found in other types.
4. The amount of specific polysaccharide in the sputa of patients with Type III pneumonia furnishes an index to the severity of the disease and an aid in prognosis.
THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF PNEUMONIC LUNGS
Authors: Frisch A. W. , Tripp J. T. , Barrett C. D. , Pidgeon B. E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The specific polysaccharide content of pneumonic lungs in Type III pneumonia was 60 times greater than in Type I, II, VII, and VIII cases.
2. The highest values were obtained from gray hepatized lobes, but the red hepatized and edematous areas also contained large quantities of S.
3. Comparable yields of polysaccharide were recovered from the sputa and lungs of fatal cases.
4. Preliminary peptic digest of lung exudates increased the S yields.
5. The data support the hypothesis that the outcome in Type III pneumonia is related to the ability of the pneumococci to produce capsular polysaccharide.
HYPOPROTEINEMIA AS PROTECTION AGAINST MERCURIC CHLORIDE INJURY IN DOGS
Authors: Holman Russell L. , Donnelly G. L. 
Published: June 2004

Twelve control dogs receiving a single intravenous injection of mercuric chloride, 3.0 mg. per kg., all died within 4 to 11 days afterwards with marked nitrogen retention and extensive necrosis and calcification of the epithelium lining the proximal convoluted tubules.
Three dogs of comparable age and weight were reduced to a standard hypoproteinemic state by repeated plasmapheresis. Each dog then received the same dose of mercuric chloride as the controls. None of these dogs became sick, none showed any elevation of non-protein nitrogen, and the kidneys— both in the gross and histologically—appeared normal when they were examined 8 to 45 days later.
As tested thus far intensive plasmapheresis following the injection of mercuric chloride has been without effect in preventing the classical changes of mercuric chloride injury observed in the control dogs.
The simplest explanation for these phenomena is that mercuric chloride acts on a more or less specific substance (presumably fabricated or concentrated in the renal cortex) which is depleted in the standard hypoproteinemic state. Other possibilities are mentioned.
These findings are in sharp contrast to the results of similar experiments with uranium nitrate. The hypoproteinemic state appears to render the animals more susceptible to uranium injury (3). This probably indicates that the mode of action of the two heavy metals is different.
A NATURAL ANTIBODY THAT REACTS IN VITRO WITH A SEDIMENTABLE CONSTITUENT OF NORMAL TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Kidd John G. , Friedewald William F. 
Published: June 2004

Continued serological investigations of the sedimentable constituents of normal and neoplastic tissues have shown that the blood serum of normal rabbits will fix complement in mixture with saline extracts of normal rabbit tissues. The phenomenon has proved referable, not to anticomplementary effects of serum or antigen nor to so called non-specific complement fixation, but to a naturally occurring serum principle, hitherto unrecognized, which reacts specifically in vitro with a sedimentable constituent of normal tissue cells.
The principle exists in the blood of nearly all adult rabbits but is absent from that of rabbits less than 1 month old. It can be salted out from serum with ammonium sulfate and is destroyed when heated at 65°C. for 20 to 30 minutes. Its titer was found to run parallel in general with that of two natural antibodies also present in normal rabbit's blood (natural Wassermann reagin, natural anti-sheep hemolysin); but absorption tests showed it to be distinct from these. Because of its properties, the serum principle has been termed the natural tissue antibody.
The substance with which the natural tissue antibody reacts is regularly present in saline extracts of many normal tissues,—those of rabbits and of other species as well. Kidney and liver tissues always yield it in abundance, while spleen, brain, and testicle provide somewhat less; heart and voluntary muscle extracts contain relatively little, and non-nucleated erythrocytes and skin are practically devoid of it. The results of affinity and absorption tests indicate that it is nearly or quite the same from whatever tissue or species derived. It is readily sedimentable in the high-speed centrifuge, little or none remaining in the supernatant liquid of potent suspensions spun at 25,000 R.P.M. (45,400 g) for 1 hour. It either does not come away into alcohol or is inactivated thereby, is readily destroyed by heat (56–70°C. for 30 minutes), and diminishes notably in antigenic potency upon standing overnight in saline suspension or when the tissues containing it are kept in glycerol. Its properties suggest that it may be a protein.
The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the formation of the natural antibody and its place amongst serological phenomena, to so called "non-specific" fixation of complement and other serological complexities, and with particular reference to the character of the sedimentable constituents of normal and neoplastic tissue cells.
THE OCCURRENCE OF MUCOID POLYSACCHARIDE IN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI OF HUMAN ORIGIN
Authors: Seastone C. V. 
Published: June 2004

1. A rapid method for the roughly quantitative estimation of mucoid polysaccharide in hemolytic streptococci has been described.
2. Using this method, about 94 per cent of strains from moderate or severe streptococcal infections in man have been found to produce mucoid polysaccharide in greater or less amount. In a group of streptococci from normal throats only about 8 per cent produced this substance, all of the producers falling into Lancefield's group A.
3. Of the Lancefield group A strains from both normal and infected sources, 92 per cent showed the presence of mucoid polysaccharide in culture dilutions of 1:10 or higher.
4. The probable significance of the mucoid polysaccharide in streptococcal virulence is indicated.
SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE SUIS AND THE SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS ON THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Bang Frederik B. 
Published: June 2004

The synergistic effect of Hemophilus influenzae suis and swine influenza virus in the pig can be reproduced by the inoculation of these agents on the chorioallantoic membrane of 9 to 10 day old chick embryos. Two strains of human influenza virus that were studied failed to substitute for the swine virus in the synergistic reaction. No loss of synergistic effect was noted when the swine influenza virus was put through 11 chick embryo passages. Recently isolated and old stock strains of Hemophilus were equally able to enhance the effect of the virus. Heat-killed cultures of H. influenzae suis can be substituted for the bacterial component of the reaction. Infection of the embryo with swine influenza virus predisposes to infection with H. influenzae suis.
The combination of H. influenzae suis and swine influenza virus causes a selective destruction of the embryo lungs, not produced by the individual components. This pneumonia exhibits the essential features of the natural disease.
AN IMMUNOLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBODY TO C POLYSACCHARIDE AND THE C-REACTIVE PROTEIN OF ACUTE PHASE SERUM
Authors: Perlman Ely , Bullowa Jesse G. M. , Goodkind Ruth 
Published: June 2004

1. Studies of the precipitation reaction of C polysaccharide with C protein, and of C polysaccharide with C antibody are reported. The similarity between these two systems in this respect is demonstrated.
2. The differences between C protein and C antibody are emphasized. The differences between this protein and antibodies in general have been reported previously by others.
3. Electrophoretic studies show that C antibody is in the gamma globulin fraction of serum whereas C protein migrates with the alpha1 globulin fraction of acute phase protein.
THE INACTIVATION OF THE VIRUS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS BY SOAPS
Authors: Stock C. Chester , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

The capacities of certain compounds at pH 7.3–7.5 to inactivate the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis have been demonstrated. Among the more effective substances were the fatty acids chaulmoogric, linolic, linolenic, myristic, oleic, and ricinolic, and the detergents zephiran, duponol LS, and aerosol OT.
Upon the oleic acid inactivation of the virus, studies have been made of such variables as pH, rate of inactivation, and relative amounts of virus and oleate for removal of the infectivity. The rôle of oxidation in the process was determined as negligible.
Attempts to recover infectious virus from oleate-inactivated mixtures have been unsuccessful.
It has been found that neither oleate nor ether-inactivated virus was capable of producing immunity in mice under the experimental conditions in which untreated virus induced a moderate immunity.
THE DETECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN FLIES COLLECTED DURING EPIDEMICS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R. 
Published: June 2004

During the summer and fall of 1941, 19 samples of flies were collected in epidemic areas both during and after epidemics of poliomyelitis.
Of 8 samples collected for the most part during the latter part of a local epidemic but within 10 days of the onset of a local case of poliomyelitis, 4 yielded the virus; whereas of 8 samples collected more than 10 days from the onset of the last local case, none yielded the virus.
In 4 instances there was a potential (though not proven) source of virus (in the form of "exposed" human feces of recent origin) within a few yards or few feet of the site where fly collections were made. Collections of flies from 3 of these sites yielded the virus.
No attempt is made in this paper to develop epidemiological implications from this finding.
HYPOTENSION AND LOSS OF PRESSOR RESPONSE TO ANGIOTONIN AS THE RESULT OF TRAUMA TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SEVERE HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Angiotonin refractoriness and hypotension follow upon injury to the central nervous system in dogs and cats. Refractoriness does not develop when the nervous system is quickly and expertly destroyed or the activity of the nervous system depressed by widespread injection into it of a local anesthetic. The syndrome develops in the absence of the kidneys and the suprarenal glands.
2. Glycine, methyl isothiourea, and rest are the only agents studied which tend to restore responsiveness, and the first two of these have only an irregular and temporary effect.
3. There is a marked degree of specificity in the syndrome since undiminished pressor responses to adrenalin, tyramine, methyl isothiourea are observed during complete angiotonin refractoriness.
4. Despite the prolonged hypotension, change in the amount of plasma proteins and in the hematocrit readings is not striking.
5. Parallelism seems to exist between the fall in blood pressure after trauma to the nervous system and development of angiotonin refractoriness. After the syndrome has developed, elevation of the blood pressure by the injection of gum acacia solution or whole blood does not restore the responsiveness to angiotonin.
6. Angiotonin refractoriness and hypotension also develop after marked hemorrhage. Suprarenalectomy or nephrectomy does not prevent its appearance.
REACTIONS IN SKIN AND IN INTERNAL ORGANS OF RABBITS SENSITIZED WITH STREPTOCOCCUS OR WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ANTIBODIES
Authors: deGara Paul F. , Angevine D. Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. Homologous vaccine was injected into abdominal organs of rabbits after different intervals following sensitization by a single or by repeated intracutaneous injections of heat-killed pneumococci Type I or of formalin-killed hemolytic streptococci (Strain AB13).
2. Local inflammation with or without necrosis was observed in the liver and in the spleen of most of the rabbits. Injections into the kidney and into the anterior wall of the stomach usually caused hemorrhagic lesions at the site of injections, frequently accompanied by slight or moderate inflammation and seldom by necrosis.
3. No correlation was found between the skin and the organ reactions of the animals sensitized with killed streptococci or with killed pneumococci. There was also no correlation between skin or organ reactions and antibody titre of serum.
4. Allergic reactions occur in those organs, namely, liver and spleen, in which antibodies are demonstrable in a high titre, and they are usually absent in kidney and stomach wall in which the antibody titre is low or negative. It is probable that the reactions are caused by the union of antigen and its specific antibody in the tissue.
ADSORPTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS ON CELLS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the reaction between influenza virus and the cells of the excised and perfused ferret lung has yielded the following results: (1) The cells of the lung rapidly adsorbed large amounts of intratracheally inoculated virus. (2) After a short interval the pulmonary cells began spontaneously to release the adsorbed virus, and in the case of influenza B the release was 75 per cent complete after 5 hours. (3) The Lee strain was more completely released from pulmonary cells after 5 hours than was the PR8 strain. (4) After the cells released the adsorbed virus they appeared incapable of adsorbing virus as before. (5) When the mouse-infecting capacity of the virus had been done away with by heat or formalin, the virus was adsorbed by the pulmonary cells but was not released.
In all except the last of the characteristics listed the interaction between influenza virus and the pulmonary cells closely resembles that between influenza virus and avian red blood cells.
In the living ferret inhaled influenza virus was also rapidly adsorbed by the lung, but in a very short time the adsorbed virus which at first could be readily eluted (after perfusion and excision of the lung) became so much more firmly fixed as not to be released by this method. Free virus could not be demonstrated in the living ferret until 24 hours after the animal had been exposed to the inoculum.
On the basis of these and previous experiments it is postulated that the destruction of a specific receptor substance,—which may involve an enzymatic reaction,—may be a necessary preliminary event in the parasitism of susceptible cells by influenza virus.
LABORATORY TRANSMISSION OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS BY THREE GENERA OF MOSQUITOES
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. St. Louis virus has been successfully transmitted in the laboratory by the following 9 species of mosquitoes from 3 genera: Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens, Culex coronator, Aedes lateralis, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Aedes vexans, Aedes nigromaculis, Theobaldia incidens, and Theobaldia inornata.
2. Though transmission has not been demonstrated, survival of the virus for more than a few days was shown to occur in Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex stigmatosoma, Psorophora ciliata, and Anopheles maculipennis freeborni.
3. In experiments with Culex tarsalis, infection occurred from feeding on chickens and ducks which had been previously inoculated by the subcutaneous route. After an incubation period these mosquitoes infected other chickens and virus was in turn demonstrated in the blood of these. This is interpreted as proof that fowl may serve as reservoirs of virus in nature.
Since mosquitoes have been repeatedly found naturally infected with St. Louis virus and epidemiologic evidence supports their incrimination, their rôle as vectors is now established. The fully incriminated species is Culex tarsalis.
THE PNEUMOCOCCAL CAPSULAR SWELLING REACTION, STUDIED WITH THE AID OF THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Heinmets Ferdinand , Anderson Thomas F. 
Published: June 2004

Electron micrographs indicate, in harmony with previous findings, that the pneumococcal capsule is a gel of low density outside of and closely applied to the bacterial cell wall. Interaction with homologous immune rabbit serum greatly increases the thickness and density of this capsular gel; the increase in thickness of the specifically swollen pneumococcal capsule may exceed by 25-fold the thickness of the surface deposit caused by rabbit immune serum on the cell walls and flagella of homologous non-capsulated bacteria.
Conclusions drawn from these and earlier data are that homologous immune serum permeates the pneumococcal capsular gel; the specific antibody combines with the capsular polysaccharide; non-specific serum components are secondarily adsorbed to or combined with the specific antigen-antibody complex. The relatively low antibacterial titers characteristic of pneumococcal antisera can be explained in part by the permeation of the capsule by antiserum, in part by the high combining capacity of pneumococcal carbohydrate for antibody (17).
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL VAPOR ON MICROORGANISMS SUSPENDED IN AIR
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Robertson O. H. , Lemon Henry M. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the conditions which affect the bactericidal action of propylene glycol vapor on air-suspended microorganisms has been carried out. The killing process was found to be more effective when both the total number of air-borne droplets and the number of organisms in the bacterial suspension are small. A temperature below 80°F. and an atmospheric relative humidity between 45 and 70 per cent were found to constitute the most favorable conditions for the lethal action of the vapor.
Experiments were performed to test the bactericidal efficiency of propylene glycol vapor in both small and large enclosed spaces. These studies revealed that equally marked bactericidal action is obtained when propylene glycol is dispersed in an 800 cubic foot room as occurs in chambers of 2 cubic foot capacity. The susceptibility to vapor action of bacteria re-suspended in saliva was just as great as when broth was used as the suspending medium. Both partially and completely dehydrated bacteria also succumbed to the effects of the vapor. However, when unsterile dust collected from inhabited rooms was dispersed into the air, little reduction of the natural microbic population contained in this material was observed.
Data are presented showing the minimum glycol concentration necessary for effective bactericidal action on various microorganisms. Pneumococci were killed by amounts of propylene glycol as low as 1 gm. in 20 million cc. of air. Concentrations of 1 to 5 million to 1 to 10 million were required to produce the same degree of killing of streptococci and staphylococci.
The observations here reported add further support to the previously proposed conception of the mechanism of the lethal action of propylene glycol vapor, namely, that a bactericidal concentration of the glycol accumulates in the bacterial droplet as a result of contact with and absorption of glycol molecules from the surrounding atmosphere.