bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle Size Analysis by Transmission Fluctuation Spectrometry: Experimental Results Obtained with a Gaussian Beam and Analog Signal Processing
Authors: Shen Jianqi , Riebel Ulrich 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTransmission fluctuation spectrometry (TFS) is a method for the analysis of particle size distributions based on the statistical fluctuations of a transmission signal. Complete information on the PSD and particle concentration can be retrieved by a special transformation of the transmission signal, whereby the expectancy of the transmission square (ETS) is determined after the signal has been subjected to a procedure of spatial and temporal averaging. By varying the averaging parameters over a wide range, a spectrum of ETSs is obtained and introduced into a linear equation system, which yields the PSD. In the experimental realization presented here, variable temporal averaging is realized in the frequency domain with a series of low pass filters at different cutoff frequencies while spatial averaging inevitably occurs as the particles pass through a focused Gaussian beam of finite cross section. Experimental results on spherical particles (glass beads) and non‐spherical particles (SiC) are presented. The PSDs are resolved in 30 intervals within a particle size range from 1–1000 μm, employing a modified Chahine inversion algorithm. So far, the measurements are limited to moderate particle concentrations. Some influences affecting the measurements, especially for higher particle concentrations, are discussed in detail.
Development of a Method for the Measurement of Particle Size and Velocity based on Projection onto a Variable Frequency Grating
Authors: Card Jacqueline B. A. , Jones Alan R. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIrregular particles down to approximately 3.8 μm have been sized by imaging them onto a variable frequency grating using laser illumination. Velocity can also be determined. The method was successful for certain particle types that were rough or irregular, partly absorbing or translucent. It was not successful for transparent spheres that display glare spots in the image, or other particles that produce localised regions of high brightness.
A New Apparatus for Particle Impact Tests
Authors: Petukhov Yevgeny , Kalman Haim 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBreakage and chipping of particles due to collision with a hard surface is a common occurrence in many conveying and handling systems, such as pneumatic conveying and jet‐mills. Studies of the breakage mechanism of particles due to impact and the effect of impact velocity and the number of impacts have been investigated in depth both experimentally and theoretically. In this paper, a new concept and apparatus are introduced for conducting particle impact tests. In most of the published test rigs, particles were accelerated towards a target. In our apparatus, the target moves and hits the particles. Using this concept, the machine can operate in a vacuum, which will reduce errors caused by air streams and turbulence. The performance of the new apparatus is analyzed and the breakage phenomenon is discussed, to some extent, for two materials. The results are presented in terms of the increase in the weight percentage of the feed broken and the decrease in the weight median size as the impact velocity or number of impacts increases.
Fine Dry Grinding of Zeolite in a Laboratory Ball Mill
Authors: Ozkan Alper , Yekeler Meftuni 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the importance and usage of natural zeolites, which was recently recognized in the industry. Therefore, the grinding properties of natural zeolite were studied with the emphasis on a kinetic study in a ball mill. The experimental mill employed was laboratory sized, 200 mm diameter, 191 mm length, providing a total mill volume of 6000 cm3, with a total mass of 5.62 kg of steel balls of 25 mm diameter with a charge of 20% of the mill volume and with a rotation speed of 76 rpm. The breakage parameters were determined by using single sized feed fractions of −850+600 μm, −600+425 μm, and −425+300 μm for the zeolite samples. The Si (specific rate of breakage) and Bi, j (primary breakage distribution) values were obtained for those feed size fractions in order to predict the product size distributions by simulation for comparison to the experimental data. From the experimental results, Si values increased as the feed sizes became coarser, i.e., the highest Si value was 0.85 min−1 for −850+600 μm, while the lowest Si value was 0.65 min−1 for −425+300 μm feed ground in the mill. The Bi, j values obtained for the zeolite sample were γ=0.84, ϕ=0.61, and β=4.25. The breakage parameters obtained showed that the zeolite is broken faster than quartz and slower than calcite and barite in terms of the aT values reported previously at the same experimental conditions. The simulations of the product size distributions of zeolite were in good agreement with the experimental data using a standard ball mill simulation program. The slowing‐down effect was also seen in the mill after 4 min. of grinding.
Primary Break‐up of a Viscous Liquid Jet in a Cross Airflow
Authors: Birouk Madjid , Azzopardi Barry J. , Stäbler Thomas 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis article presents an experimental study of the primary break‐up of a viscous liquid jet interacting with a cross airflow. This experiment was carried out in an open circuit wind tunnel. The measurement test section was made of clear acrylic resin to allow optical access for visualizing and imaging the jet break‐up in the cross airflow. The working liquid used in the present experiment was the aero‐engine lubrication oil, which was injected at 90° into the airflow, via a nozzle from the top wall of the test‐section. The effects of liquid viscosity, and the jet and cross airflow velocities on the primary break‐up mechanisms of the jet were studied. The main results showed that different break‐up regimes were identified; column break‐up and bag break‐up separated by a transition zone, and new correlations have been proposed for predicting the jet transverse and streamwise penetrations before break‐up.
Spray Forming: Controlling the Atomization Result with Regard to Particle Properties
Authors: Ziesenis Jens , Bauckhage Klaus 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSpray forming is a new production process for manufacturing semi‐finished metal products. The procedure combines the liquid metal atomization with the compaction event of the generated metal droplets on a substrate. During spray forming, the heat emission of the molten metal particles is one of the most important transfer operations defining the thermal conditions in the spray and deposit. Definite thermal conditions throughout the manufacturing process lead to fine equi‐axed grain structures and therewith to characteristic and desired material properties. Thus, in particular, the disintegration of the molten metal occurring during spray forming is an essential step.
Femoro‐tibial and menisco‐tibial translation patterns in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament deficiency—a potential cause of secondary meniscal tears
Authors: von Eisenhart‐Rothe R. , Bringmann C. , Siebert M. , Reiser M. , Englmeier K.‐H. , Eckstein F. , Graichen H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractObjective: To analyze menisco‐tibial and femoro‐tibial translation patterns in healthy and ACL‐deficient knees in different knee flexion angles under muscle activity.Methods: The ACL‐deficient and contralateral healthy knees of 10 patients were examined with an open MR system at 30° and 90° of knee flexion, under isometric contraction of the extensors or flexor muscle groups. Translations between the tibia, the femoral condyles and the menisci were analyzed by three‐dimensional image postprocessing.Results: Posterior translation of the femur and menisci relative to the tibia occurred during knee flexion (30–90°) in all knees. In ACL‐deficient knees, posterior translation of the medial femoral condyle (+1.3 ± 3.8 mm) was significantly larger than in healthy knee (−0.9 ± 2.9 mm; p < 0.05), while the translation pattern of the menisci was similar (med, meniscus 0.6 ± 2.3 mm vs. 0.6 ± 2.7 mm). Under isometric contraction of the extensors (relative to the flexor muscle group), an increased posterior position of the femur and menisci was observed at 30° knee flexion, but not at 90°. This applied to ACL‐deficient and healthy knees.Conclusions: This study shows a significant increase of translation of the medial femoral condyle in ACL‐deficient knees, whereas menisco‐tibial translation remains almost unchanged. This difference in translation patterns indicates that the posterior horn of the medial meniscus might encounter shear, potentially explaining the high rate of secondary medial meniscal tears in patients with ACL‐deficiency. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
On asymptotic behavior of solutions of the Dirichlet problem in half-space for linear and quasi-linear elliptic equations
Authors: Denisov Vasily , Muravnik Andrey 
Published: September 2003

We study the Dirichlet problem in half-space for the equation

Δ
u
+
g
(
u
)

|

∇
u

|

2

=
0
,

{\Delta u+g(u)|\nabla u|^2=0,}

where

g
g

is continuous or has a power singularity (in the latter case positive solutions are considered). The results presented give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of (pointwise or uniform) limit of the solution as

y
→
∞
,

y\to \infty ,

where

y
y

denotes the spatial variable, orthogonal to the hyperplane of boundary-value data. These conditions are given in terms of integral means of the boundary-value function.
Predicting gene function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Clare A. , King R. D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Motivation: S.cerevisiae is one of the most important model organisms, and has has been the focus of over a century of study. In spite of these efforts, 40% of its open reading frames (ORFs) remain classified as having unknown function (MIPS: Munich Information Center for Protein Sequences). We wished to make predictions for the function of these ORFs using data mining, as we have previously successfully done for the genomes of M.tuberculosis and E.coli. Applying this approach to the larger and eukaryotic S.cerevisiae genome involves modifying the machine learning and data mining algorithms, as this is a larger organism with more data available, and a more challenging functional classification.
Results: Novel extensions to the machine learning and data mining algorithms have been devised in order to deal with the challenges. Accurate rules have been learned and predictions have been made for many of the ORFs whose function is currently unknown. The rules are informative, agree with known biology and allow for scientific discovery.
Availability: All predictions are freely available from http://www.genepredictions.org, all datasets used in this study are freely available from http://www.aber.ac.uk/compsci/Research/bio/dss/yeastdataand software for relational data mining is available from http://www.aber.ac.uk/compsci/Research/bio/dss/polyfarm.
Key words: yeast, S.cerevisiae, DMP, prediction, functional genomics, scientific discovery
Contact: afc@aber.ac.uk
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
A novel approach to fold recognition using sequence-derived
properties from sets of structurally similar local fragments of
proteins
Authors: Hvidsten Torgeir R. , Kryshtafovych Andriy , Komorowski Jan , Fidelis Krzysztof 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Comparative modeling methods can consistently produce reliable structural models for protein sequences with more than 25% sequence identity to proteins with known structure. However, there is a good chance that also sequences with lower sequence identity have their structural components represented in structural databases. To this end, we present a novel fragment-based method using sets of structurally similar local fragments of proteins. The approach differs from other fragment-based methods that use only single backbone fragments. Instead, we use a library of groups containing sets of sequence fragments with geometrically similar local structures and extract sequence related properties to assign these specific geometrical conformations to target sequences. We test the ability of the approach to recognize correct SCOP folds for 273 sequences from the 49 most popular folds. 49% of these sequences have the correct fold as their top prediction, while 82% have the correct fold in one of the top five predictions. Moreover, the approach shows no performance reduction on a subset of sequence targets with less than 10% sequence identity to any protein used to build the library.
Contact: janko@lcb.uu.se
*To whom correspondence shoudl be addressed.
Modeling sequencing errors by combining Hidden Markov models
Authors: Lottaz C. , Iseli C. , Jongeneel C. V. , Bucher P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Among the largest resources for biological sequence data is the large amount of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) available in public and proprietary databases. ESTs provide information on transcripts but for technical reasons they often contain sequencing errors. Therefore, when analyzing EST sequences computationally, such errors must be taken into account. Earlier attempts to model error prone coding regions have shown good performance in detecting and predicting these while correcting sequencing errors using codon usage frequencies. In the research presented here, we improve the detection of translation start and stop sites by integrating a more complex mRNA model with codon usage bias based error correction into one hidden Markov model (HMM), thus generalizing this error correction approach to more complex HMMs. We show that our method maintains the performance in detecting coding sequences.
Keywords: coding region prediction, sequencing errors, expressed sequence tags, hidden Markov models.
Contact: Claudio.Lottaz@molgen.mpg.de
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Current address: Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 73, D-14195 Berlin (Germany)
Finding subtle motifs by branching from sample strings
Authors: Price Alkes , Ramabhadran Sriram , Pevzner Pavel A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many motif finding algorithms apply local search techniques to a set of seeds. For example, GibbsDNA (Lawrence et al.. 1993, Science , 262, 208–214) applies Gibbs sampling to random seeds, and MEME (Bailey and Elkan, 1994, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB-94) , 28–36) applies the EM algorithm to selected sample strings , i.e. substrings of the sample. In the case of subtle motifs, recent benchmarking efforts show that both random seeds and selected sample strings may never get close to the globally optimal motif. We propose a new approach which searches motif space by branching from sample strings, and implement this idea in both pattern-based and profile-based settings. Our PatternBranching and ProfileBranching algorithms achieve favorable results relative to other motif finding algorithms.
Availability: http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/groups/bioinformatics/software.html
Contact: aprice@cs.ucsd.edu
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Estimating gene networks from gene expression data by combining Bayesian network model with promoter element detection
Authors: Tamada Yoshinori , Kim SunYong , Bannai Hideo , Imoto Seiya , Tashiro Kousuke , Kuhara Satoru , Miyano Satoru 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
We present a statistical method for estimating gene networks and detecting promoter elements simultaneously. When estimating a network from gene expression data alone, a common problem is that the number of microarrays is limited compared to the number of variables in the network model, making accurate estimation a difficult task. Our method overcomes this problem by integrating the microarray gene expression data and the DNA sequence information into a Bayesian network model. The basic idea of our method is that, if a parent gene is a transcription factor, its children may share a consensus motif in their promoter regions of the DNA sequences. Our method detects consensus motifs based on the structure of the estimated network, then re-estimates the network using the result of the motif detection. We continue this iteration until the network becomes stable. To show the effectiveness of our method, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations and applied our method to Saccharomyces cerevisiae data as a real application.
Contact: tamada@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Current affiliation: Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University.
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
Diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence in women
Authors: Bamber D J , Cockerill I M , Rodgers S , Carroll D 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To formulate diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence.Method:Fifty six adult female exercisers were interviewed about their exercise behaviour and attitudes. The eating disorders examination, a semistructured clinical interview, was used to diagnose eating disorders. Interviews were taped, transcribed verbatim, and analysed from a social constructionist perspective using QSR NUD*IST. Participants also completed the exercise dependence questionnaire.Results:Two diagnostic criteria emerged from analysis of the interview data: impaired functioning and withdrawal. Impaired functioning was manifest in four areas: psychological, social and occupational, physical, and behavioural. Impairment in at least two areas was considered necessary for diagnosis. Withdrawal was evident as either an adverse reaction to the interruption of exercise or unsuccessful attempts at exercise control. Either sufficed for diagnosis. The absence or presence of an eating disorder was used to distinguish between primary and secondary exercise dependence. Ten women met these criteria for exercise dependence. All 10 also exhibited eating disorders and, accordingly, should be regarded as showing secondary, rather than primary, exercise dependence. Exercise dependent women had significantly higher scores on the exercise dependence questionnaire than non-dependent women.Conclusion:These new diagnostic criteria should now be adopted and explored further, particularly among men and individuals with possible primary exercise dependence.
Effect of implementation of safety measures in tae kwon do competition
Authors: Burke D T , Barfoot K , Bryant S , Schneider J C , Kim H J , Levin G 
Published: September 2003

Background:Previous reviews of tae kwon do (TKD) tournaments have documented injury rates of 25/1000 to 12.7/100 athlete exposures. Most injuries have been reported to be to the head and the neck and are occasionally very serious. Many of these studies involved high level TKD competitions with minimal safety precautions. Recently, safety measures have been implemented in many TKD competitions.Objective:To evaluate retrospectively the incidence of injuries in TKD competitions involving a wide range of participants and featuring extensive safety precautions.Methods:A total of 2498 participants ranged in age from 18 to 66, included both men and women, and ranged in rank from yellow to black belt. Traumas, defined as any event requiring interaction with medical staff, were documented with respect to mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up recommendations. An injury was defined as a trauma that prevented a contestant from resuming competition on the day that the trauma occurred, according to National Collegiate Athletic Association criteria.Results:The injury rate was 0.4/1000 athlete exposures. This is lower than reported in previous studies of TKD tournaments and in many other sports.Conclusion:TKD tournaments that emphasise limited contact, protective equipment, and medical supervision are relatively safe and compare favourably with other sports.
Epidemiology of medically treated sport and active recreation injuries in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Cassell E P , Finch C F , Stathakis V Z 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To quantify and describe medically treated sport and active recreation injuries in a defined region of the Latrobe Valley from 7 November 1994 to 6 November 1995.Method:A geographic target area was defined, restricted to the six postcodes that fell wholly within the catchment area of the Latrobe Regional Hospital. Data describing medically treated sport and active recreation injuries to Latrobe Valley residents aged over 4 years (about 70 000) were selected by postcode from three sources: the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (hospital admissions), the Victorian Injury Surveillance System (presentations to hospital emergency departments), and the Extended Latrobe Valley Injury Surveillance (ELVIS) project (presentations to general practitioners).Results:At least 2300 cases of medically treated sport and active recreation injury were recorded. This corresponds to a hospital admission rate of 16/10 000 population, emergency department presentation rate of 169/10 000 population, and a general practitioner presentation rate of 187/10 000 population. There were more male patients than female, and younger age groups were also overrepresented, but these data may reflect the greater participation of these groups in sport and active recreation. Australian football was associated with the highest number of injuries (accounting for 24.0% and 22.0% of presentations to emergency departments and general practitioners respectively) followed by cycling (15.7% and 12.6%) and basketball (17.5% and 13.5%).Conclusions:This study shows that routine health sector data collections in defined populations can provide useful information on the size, distribution, and characteristics of the problem of sport and active recreation injuries at the community level. However, all current health sector systems for injury data collection and surveillance require attention to improve case capture and identification and data quality.
Effect of strength and proprioception training on eversion to inversion strength ratios in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability
Authors: Kaminski T W , Buckley B D , Powers M E , Hubbard T J , Ortiz C 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:To examine the effect of six weeks of strength and proprioception training on eversion to inversion isokinetic strength ratios (E/I ratios) in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability.Methods:Thirty eight subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: strength training (S); proprioception training (P); strength + proprioception training (B); control (C). Isokinetic strength was tested before and after training using a Kin Com 125 automatic positioning isokinetic dynamometer. Subtalar joint eversion and inversion motions were tested both concentrically and eccentrically through a range of motion involving 40°. All peak torque and average torque values were normalised for body mass. E/I ratios were calculated from average torque and peak torque measures by taking the concentric eversion value and combining it with the eccentric inversion value. Data were analysed using a mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures on the test factor. Average torque and peak torque E/I ratios at 30 and 120°/s were analysed separately.Results:There were no significant differences in average torque and peak torque E/I ratios of the functionally unstable ankle for any of the groups after training compared with before.Conclusions:Six weeks of strength and proprioception training (either alone or combined) had no effect on isokinetic measures of strength in subjects with self reported unilateral functional instability. Further studies examining this agonist (concentric) to antagonist (eccentric) muscle group strength ratio are needed.