bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin‐D28K and calretinin in the lamprey retina
Authors: Dalil‐Thiney Najet , Pochet Roland , Versaux‐Botteri Claudine , Vesselkin Nicolas , Repérant Jacques , Nguyen‐Legros Jeanine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalbindin‐D28K and calretinin are homologous cytosolic calcium binding proteins localized in many retinal neurons from different species. In this report, location of cells immunoreactive to both proteins was investigated in the retina of the lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis. This organism constitutes one of the older representative vertebrates and possesses a peculiar organization, probably unique: two‐thirds of the ganglion cells are in the classical amacrine cell layer and the nerve fiber layer is located in the scleral part of the inner plexiform layer. Calbindin‐like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in large bipolar cells and in cell bodies located in the inner retina. Although the distinction between labelled ganglion cells and labelled amacrine cells was rendered difficult, we hypothetized that the majority of calbindin‐immunoreactive cells observed in the inner retina are ganglion cells, because of the high number of labelled fibers in the nerve fiber layer. Calretinin‐like immunoreactivity was detected in both large and small bipolar cells, and also in cells located in the inner retina. Since few calretinin‐immunoreactive fibers were observed in the nerve fiber layer, we assume that the latter category of cells are amacrine cells. Horizontal cells were both negative for calbindin and calretinin‐like immunoreactivities. Calbindin and calretinin, which are present in cones from many species, could not be detected in the photoreceptor layer favouring the rod‐dominated lamprey retina. Although their distribution differs from those observed in most vertebrates, the present results indicate the good conservation of both calcium binding proteins in the retina during the vertebrate evolution. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavior‐dependent activity labeling in the central complex of Drosophila during controlled visual stimulation
Authors: Bausenwein Bernhard , Müller Nicolas R. , Heisenberg Martin 
Published: January 2005

Abstract3H‐2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DG) is used as a histological marker to study the spatial distribution of neuronal activity in the central brain of Drosophila melanogaster under controlled stimulus conditions. Tethered flies injected with the label are kept for 45–90 minutes in the center of a rotating drum carrying on its periphery a singe black vertical stripe or a periodic grating. In either stimulus situation, one‐half of the flies walk on top of a small black styrofoam ball floating on ajet of air, and one‐half are kept flying 1.5 mm above the ball. (1) During walking on the styrofoam ball little 2‐DG accumulates in the central brain. The area in and around the ellipsoid body as well as several tracts are weakly labeled. (2) After flight, labeling patterns are more distinct. The following labeled structures can be identified: ventral bodies, ring neurons of the ellipsoid body, the region of the inferior bridge, fiber tracts connecting the central complex to other parts of the protocerebrum, and tracts in the subesophageal and dorsal brain. These contrast with fan‐shaped body and protocerebral lobes, which are only weakly labeled. (3) Not only flight and walking lead to distinct staining patterns but also the two visual stimuli. With the single stripe, in most flies the caudal layers of the ellipsoid body accumulate more 2‐DG than the rostral ones. With the striped drum, the ellipsoid body is uniformly labeled. (4) Other stimulus‐related features are found less regularly: Unilateral distribution of 2‐DG in or around the noduli was observed in several flies that had been exposed to a rotating single stripe. In one preparation, two strongly marked individual neurons of the protocerebral bridge can be tentatively identified. The labeling patterns support earlier notions that the central complex is involved in the initiation and organization of behavior and that it integrates visual data of the two brain hemispheres. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complex expression of keratins in goldfish optic nerve
Authors: Druger Robert K. , Glasgow Eric , Fuchs Chana , Levine Edward M. , Matthews James P. , Park Chong‐Yon , Schechter Nisson 
Published: January 2005

AbstractKeratins are the predominant intermediate filament proteins in the nonneuronal cells of the goldfish optic nerve. At least three different keratin pairs are expressed in this tissue, indicating an unexpected complexity. Expression of the type II keratin ON3 in goldfish opticnerve astrocytes predicts the expression of a type I keratin partner. Here we report the cDNA sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of two type I keratins from the goldfish optic nerve, designated GK48 and GK49. The GK48 protein is the goldfish equivalent of mammalian keratin 18 (K18) and is the most likely type I keratin partner to the ON3 protein. The GK49 protein is similar to the GK50 protein, a type I keratin characterized previously from the goldfish optic nerve. The GK48 and ON3 mRNAs are expressed in a variety of goldfish tissues, whereas the expression of GK49 mRNA has a more limited expression. In addition, in situ hybridization experiments show that the expression of the GK48 and ON3 mRNAs are evenly distributed throughout the optic nerve, while the GK49 mRNA is expressed along longitudinal lines. These results show that there is a diversity of keratin expression within different cell types in the goldfish optic nerve. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The origin of serotoninergic afferents to the cat's cerebellar nuclei
Authors: Kitzman Patrick H. , Bishop Georgia A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the cat, serotoninergic (5HT) axons and terminals form a dense plexus that is present throughout the granule cell and Purkinje cell layers of the cerebellar cortex and all of the cerebellar nuclei. The intent of the present study was to identify the source of 5HT fibers in the cerebellar nuclei. The medial, interposed, and lateral cerebellar nuclei were selectively injected with either rhodamine or fluorescein‐labeled latex microspheres that were retrogradely transported to brainstem neurons. Transverse sections of the brainstem were processed with a primary antibody to 5HT and secondary antibody tagged with either rhodamine or fluorescein. The location of neurons containing both serotonin‐like immunoreactivity and retrogradely transported microspheres was plotted. All three of the cerebellar nuclei receive 5HT afferents from the nucleus locus coeruleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus, and the dorsal tegmental nucleus. In addition, the medial nucleus receives projections from the superior central nucleus, the nucleus raphe obscurus, the nucleus raphe magnus, and the periolivary reticular formation. The interposed nuclei receive additional projections from the nucleus raphe magnus, whereas the lateral nucleus receives additional projections from the superior central nucleus. In conclusion, the 5HT projections to the cerebellar nuclei do not appear to be collaterals of those projecting to the cortex (Kerr and Bishop, J Comp Neurol 304:502–515, 1991). These findings suggest that, although the cortex and nuclei are anatomically and physiologically related, they do not process all information in parallel. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholinergic innervation of mouse forebrain structures
Authors: Kitt Cheryl A. , Höhmann Christine , Coyle Joseph T. , Price Donald L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry, we investigated regional and laminar differences in cholinergic innervation in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus of mice. In mice, unlike rats, the patterns of ChAT‐immunostained and AChE‐positive fibers are virtually identical in the cortex and are organized in a trilaminar pattern with cholinergic processes prominent in layers I and IV and within the lower portion of layer V and upper segment of layer VI. ChAT‐immunoreactive cells were not seen in cortex. In the amygdala, the basolateral nucleus showed the highest density of cholinergic processes. In the hippocampus, a thin, dense band of ChAT‐labeled processes was present in the inner segment of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and within the stratum oriens of CA1‐3, adjacent to the basal aspect of pyramidal cells. Within the thalamus, anteroventral, mediodorsal (lateral portion), intralaminar, and reticular nuclei showed high densities of cholinergic processes. The results of this study provide the basis for examining the effects of transgenes and age on forebrain cholinergic systems.
Electrical responses and synaptic connections of giant serotonin‐immunoreactive neurons in crayfish olfactory and accessory lobes
Authors: Sandeman D. C. , Sandeman R. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive pairs of identified 5HT‐IR cells in the deutocerebrum of the crayfish Cherax are known to have their synaptic endings in the accessory and olfactory lobes. Two of these cells, one on each side of the brain, are significantly larger than the others. Dye fills of these “giant” cells reveal each to be an interneuron with its branches confined to, but distributed throughout, the olfactory and accessory lobes on the side of the brain ipsilateral to its cell body and with no branches to the contralateral side. Intracellular recordings from the giant cells were made while stimulating the olfactory afferents and tracts within the brain in an attempt to discover the inputs and outputs to the cells. Electrical stimulation of chemoreceptor sensilla on the outer branch of the antennule does not excite the giant 5HT neurons. Focal extracellular electrical stimulation of the olfactory globular tract containing the axons of projection neurons from the olfactory and accessory lobes produces excitatory synaptic potentials and action potentials in the giant cells. Focal extracellular electrical stimulation of the deutocerebral commissure, the axons of which terminate in the glomeruli of the accessory lobes, also results in excitation of the giant cells. We conclude that the input to the giant cells is via axons in the deutocerebral commissure and collaterals from the projection neurons, ending in the glomeruli of the accessory lobes. The output of the giant cells is to the olfactory lobes, where it may serve to modulate olfactory signals.
Dendritic architecture of rat somatosensory thalamocortical projection neurons
Authors: Ohara P. T. , Havton L. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examines dendrites from physiologically characterized and intracellularly labelled thalamocortical projection (TCP) neurons from the rat ventrobasal complex (VB) and posterior nucleus (POm). The goals were to provide quantitative descriptions of TCP neuron dendrites, examine underlying design principles of dendritic morphology, and determine correlations between dendritic size parameters. Forty‐four dendrites from seven VB neurons and 21 dendrites from three POm TCP neurons that responded to low‐threshold mechanical stimuli were reconstructed and quantitatively analyzed at the light microscopic level. The dendritic architecture of the neurons was remarkably similar in most parameters studied, including the percentage of dichotomous branching, contribution of terminal branches to total dendritic length, and branching symmetry. There was a positive correlation between stem dendrite diameter and the length of the entire dendrite arbor, making it possible to estimate the total length of a dendritic arbor by measuring the stem dendrite diameter. The correlations of the VB and POm dendrites had different slopes. The path distance (the distance from the soma to a dendritic end point) of individual dendrites showed only a small variation with large differences in the total dendritic length of an arbor. The constant diameter of distal dendrites shows that dendrite diameter is a poor predictor of synaptic location on the dendritic tree.Although the morphology of neurons and their individual dendrites varied considerably in overall size and qualitative appearance, when examined qualitatively, many aspects of dendritic structure were similar within and between groups. We suggest that the rat somatosensory TCP neurons have a stereotyped dendritic architecture and present data which provide a base for future comparative, developmental, and plasticity studies.
Organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and neighboring regions: A PHA‐L study in the rat
Authors: Alden Marie , Besson Jean‐Marie , Bernard Jean‐François 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe organization of efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial (pPB) area to the forebrain rostral to the central nucleus of the amygdala (Ce) was studied in the rat by using microinjections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L), into subregions of the pPB area. The present study is a follow‐up of a former study (Bernard et al. [1993] J. Comp. Neurol. 329:201–229) which examines pPB projections onto the Ce.The results demonstrate that: (1) the pPB(m) region (the medial, the ventral lateral subnuclei and the waist area) diffusely projects to the lateral division (BSTL) of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), the Ce‐BSTL continuum (including, the dorsal portion of substantia innominata, the ventral portion of globus pallidus, the fundus striatum, and the substriatal area) and to a lesser extent the agranular insular cortex; (2) the pPB(1) region [the central lateral (pPBc1) and the outer portion of external lateral subnuclei] densely projects to the dorsal lateral subnucleus of BST (BSTdl); only the pPBcl subnucleus projects to the median, the anteroventral and the periventricular nuclei of the preoptic hypothalamus; and (3) the remaining pPB area (the dorsal lateral, part of the external lateral and the external medial subnuclei) projects to the nucleus of horizontal limb of diagonal band but does not project onto the BST and the preoptic hypothalamus.It is suggested that the pPB(m)‐BSTL “diffuse pathway” is mainly implicated in motivational and autonomic aspects of taste. The pPB(1)‐BSTdl and hypothalamic “concentrated pathways” could be implicated in autonomic and nociceptive processes.
Neurotensin receptor expression in the rat forebrain and midbrain: A combined analysis by in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography
Authors: Nicot Arnaud , Rostene William , Berod Anne 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine the distribution of the levocabastine‐insensitive high‐affinity neurotensin binding sites in the rat forebrain and midbrain in relation to the distribution of the cloned neurotensin receptor mRNA by using a combination of both high‐resolution in vitro receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization approaches. Groups of cells rich in neurotensin receptor mRNA were observed in the basal forebrain nuclei, the ventral tegmental area, the substantia nigra and in the interfascicular and caudal linear nuclei and the retrorubral field. Cells expressing lower levels of neurotensin receptor mRNA were found in several subdivisions of the cortex; the dentate gyrus; the septofimbrial, suprachias‐matic, medial habenular, and mammillary nuclei; the dorsal part of the lateral septum; the zona incerta; and the dorsomedial and perifornical hypothalamic areas. Most of the brain areas containing neurotensin receptor mRNA demonstrated a selective association of neurotensin binding sites with neuronal cell bodies. In contrast, in several telencephalic and diencephalic structures, the presence of neurotensin binding sites was not correlated with that of neurotensin receptor mRNA, suggesting that neurotensin receptors were mainly located on axon terminals.This study provides a better understanding of the anatomical organization of neurotensin receptor expressing systems in the rat brain and gives further insight into the pre‐vs. postsynaptic location of neurotensin receptors in various brain regions. Moreover, it indicates that all neurons expressing the cloned neurotensin receptor harbour neurotensin binding sites on their perikaryal membrane.
The rostral dorsal cap and ventrolateral outgrowth of the rabbit inferior olive receive a GABAergic input from dorsal group Y and the ventral dentate nucleus
Authors: De Zeeuw C. I. , Gerrits N. M. , Voogd J. , Leonard C. S. , Simpson J. I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe dorsal cap and ventrolateral outgrowth of the inferior olive are involved in the control of eye movements. The caudal dorsal cap is predominantly involved in the horizontal optokinetic reflex; it receives most of its GABAergic input from the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi. In the present study, we determined the source of a major inhibitory input to the rostral dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth, which are the olivary subnuclei mainly involved in the “vertical” optokinetic reflexes. We studied these subnuclei in the rabbit with the use of retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and anterograde tracing of wheat germ agglutinin‐coupled horseradish peroxidase combined with postembedding immunocytochemistry. The ventral dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and dorsal group y project contralaterally to the rostral dorsal cap and ventrolateral outgrowth; this projection is entirely GABAergic. The terminals of this input form predominantly symmetric synapses with extraglomerular and intraglomerular dendrites; the remaining terminals are axosomatic. In addition, the dorsal cap and ventrolateral outgrowth contain significantly more crest synapses than any other olivary subnucleus. The terminals that form these crest synapses are derived from dorsal group y and/or the ventral dentate nucleus. None of the terminals in the dorsal cap or ventrolateral outgrowth was glycinergic.
Immunocytochemical localisation of hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase in pineal photoreceptor cells of several fish species
Authors: Falcón Jack , Bégay Valérie , Goujon Jean Michel , Voisin Pierre , Guerlotté Jérome , Collin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMelatonin is an internal “Zeitgeber,” involved in the timing and control of a number of rhythmic functions and behaviours. Its synthesising cells remain to be identified in the fish pineal. The last step in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway is catalysed by the enzyme hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase. An affinity‐purified antibody, directed against chicken pineal hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase, was used in the present study to identify the melatonin synthesising cells in four fish species: a primitive chondrostean (sturgeon), a saltwater teleost (dorado), and two freshwater teleosts (pike, trout). Western blot immunolabeling of pike and trout pineal proteins revealed a single band at 38 KDa, which corresponds to the known molecular weight of the enzyme in bovine, rat, and chicken pineal. Regardless of the species, a specific immunocytochemical labeling, visualised by means of the peroxidaseantiperoxidase method, was exclusively associated with the photoreceptor cells. These results provide evidence that photoreceptors of the fish pineal are responsible for the biosynthesis of 5‐methoxyindoles, including melatonin. In the pike, reactions were less intense in the distal portion of the pineal vesicle than in the other regions of the organ. It is questioned whether this might be related to the existence of a germinative zone, generating new photoreceptor cells in this distal portion. Hydroxyindole‐O‐methyltransferase has been previously demonstrated in mammalian pinealocytes, and modified photoreceptors of the avian pineal. It is now demonstrated in pineal photoreceptors of a primitive fish and of more evolved saltwater and freshwater fish. The results strengthen the view that these cells are related through phylogeny and that their well conserved melatoninergic function appears early in the course of evolution.
Biotin staining in the giant fiber systems of the lobster
Authors: Ma Pokay M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe avidin‐biotin‐complex method is a popular immunocytochemical technique. This method labels consistently a group of neurons in the lobster ventral nerve cord in the absence of primary antibodies. The specific staining is due to a relatively high level of endogenous biotin (or biocytin) in these neurons. These biotin‐positive neurons are located in the supraesophageal, thoracic, and abdominal ganglia. Intraaxonal injection of Lucifer yellow followed by Texas red‐conjugated streptavidin staining reveals that the neurons are members of the medial giant (MG) and lateral giant (LG) systems, which are important in mediating rapid tail flipping during escape maneuvers. In neuronal somata, staining is restricted to the cytoplasm. Within MG axons, staining appears as punctate, subaxolemmal structures. Preincubating nerve cords in biocytin or direct intraaxonal injection of biocytin enhances staining of these punctate organelles. In LG axons, staining is localized to fragments of braided filamentous structures that also appear to be associated with the axolemma. Preincubation of ventral nerve cords in various concentrations of biocytin results in the appearance of additional groups of stained neurons, suggesting that there are subsets of neurons with specific biocytin‐uptake orretention mechanisms. In the crayfish, biotin‐positive staining is confined to the MG neurons; the LG neurons are not stained. In the earthworm, no staining is observed in the MG and LG axon escape systems. In the goldfish, no biotin‐staining is seen in the Mauthner neurons and their axons.The significance of specific localization of biotin or biocytin to subsets of neurons is unclear. It may reflect the presence of high levels of biocytin moieties on biotin‐dependent enzymes. Biotin is an important cofactor in the catalytic functions of several decarboxylases crucial in energy production and lipogenesis. Axons of the giant fiber systems in lobsters and crayfish may have high energy and fatty acid synthesis requirements. Increased levels of biotin accumulation may also be related to other functions of the giant axon systems, such as the formation of electrical synapses among themselves and with phasic motoneurons.