bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-A-8 The Effect of Rumen Capacity Manipulation on Dry Matter Intake on Diets Differing for Processing Level
Authors: Privett Grady A , O’Malley Micah L , Royer Lillian R , Holder Amanda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rumen fill is a driving force behind intake in ruminant animals consuming unprocessed forage. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of rumen available capacity on feed intake of diets processed to different levels. To evaluate the effect of rumen capacity, intake of a fistulated Angus heifer (716 kg, 4 yr) was evaluated at full rumen capacity and one-half capacity on the same diet processed to three different fiber lengths: unprocessed, long-stemmed hay, processed in a bale buster to fiber lengths of 15 cm, and ground hay with fiber lengths of 3 cm. The heifer was housed in a drylot pen with ad libitum access to water and consumed the diet out of a SmartFeed individual intake unit. The intake unit was filled twice a day at 0700 and 1700 h. The heifer consumed each diet for a period of 10 days. The first 5 days of each period the heifer consumed the diet at full rumen capacity, for the remaining 5 days of each period, two weather balloons were inserted into the rumen and distended with water to reduce rumen capacity to 50% capacity. As expected, the heifer consumed more of the diet when the diet had some form of further processing (P &lt; 0.05). Rumen capacity affected intake in a linear manner related to the level of processing in the diet (P &lt; 0.05).
Is “4 for $16” Better than “4 for $15.30”? The Price Divisibility Effect in Multipack Purchases
Authors: Park Hanyong , Kwon JaeHwan , Bagchi Rajesh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While much is known about product bundles comprised of different items, much less is known about multipacks—a product set comprised of multiple identical items (e.g., a 4-pack body washes). Using the context of multipacks, the authors propose a novel price divisibility effect, which suggests that a multipack’s price that is easily divisible (vs. non-divisible) by the number of component items in the multipack will increase its purchase likelihood. For example, purchase likelihoods of a four-pack body wash multipack will be higher when its price is $16 (easily divisible by 4) versus $15.30 (non-divisible by 4). This occurs because a divisible versus non-divisible price shifts consumers’ attention to the unit and creates a belief that each unit item in the multipack will be consumed quickly, which, in turn, helps justify purchasing multiple units. The authors report findings from 15 studies (including a field experiment), where they demonstrate the effect and its underlying mechanism and delineate several moderators and boundary conditions. This research contributes to several literature streams, including those on product bundling, multiple-unit pricing, product consumption, and numerical cognition.
TDM copyright for AI in Europe: a view from Portugal
Authors: Pereira Alexandre L. Dias 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) justified the introduction at the level of the European Union (EU) of a new copyright exception regarding text and data mining (TDM) for purposes of scientific research conducted by research organizations and entities responsible for cultural heritage. This exception is binding and mandatory, as Member States have to provide it in their domestic laws and it cannot be excluded by contract nor by technical measures. In addition to this exception for scientific purposes, a general TDM exception is provided, which is also binding but only applies by default, meaning that it can be excluded by contract and/or by technical measures. The default TDM exception also applies to computer programs, raising the question whether acts allowed under the Software Directive can now be excluded by contract and/or technical measures. It is far from clear whether the new regime extends or, on the contrary, restricts freedom of innovation in AI and whether and how the TDM copyright will contribute to the development of AI and encourage ‘machine learning’ in Europe. The Portuguese implementation of the new ‘TDM copyright’ has been faithful to EU law, and therefore, AI development in Portugal will be carried out under the copyright terms of the Digital Single Market Directive, which seeks a fair balance between the principle of high-level protection of rightholders, the rights and freedoms of users and the good functioning of the digital market in the EU.
How people’s concepts of marriage, childbearing, childrearing, and child education affect their fertility willingness and behaviour under the three-child policy in China?
Authors: Guo Qingmin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fertility is not only related to childbearing but also relevant to marriage, childrearing, and child education. To explore how Chinese people’s concepts of marriage, childbearing, childrearing, and child education affect their fertility willingness and behaviour in the context of the three-child policy, an empirical investigation was conducted through a questionnaire survey of 507 respondents and semi-structured interviews with 40 respondents in 2022. Some key issues are revealed: First, betrothal gifts are commonly recognized; late marriage is widely accepted; and out-of-wedlock birth is largely disapproved. Secondly, the importance of traditional reproductive purposes has declined but still significantly affects some respondents. Fertility willingness is very low for three children but relatively high for two children. The four most important reasons for not having three children are: limited economic conditions; shortage of childcare; high costs of raising children; and concerns about career development. Thirdly, grandparents are the primary child caregivers in addition to parents. Women undertake more childcare compared with their spouses. Inclusive and high-quality childcare services are highly needed. Fourthly, the family is over-reliant on school education but undervalues family education. The costs of education and training are the primary financial burden of childrearing. This article puts forward four recommendations following a discussion of the investigation.
ATCA study of Small Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant 1E 0102.2–7219
Authors: Alsaberi Rami Z E , Filipović M D , Dai S , Sano H , Kothes R , Payne J L , Bozzetto L M , Brose R , Collischon C , Crawford E J , Haberl F , Hill T , Kavanagh P J , Knies J , Leahy D , Macgregor P J , Maggi P , Maitra C , Manojlović P , Martín S , Matthew C , Ralph N O , Rowell G , Ruiter A J , Sasaki M , Seitenzahl I R , Tokuda K , Tothill N F H , Urošević D , van Loon J Th , Velović V , Vogt F P A 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We present new and archival Australia Telescope Compact Array and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array data of the Small Magellanic Cloud supernova remnant 1E 0102.2–7219 at 2100, 5500, 9000, and 108 000 MHz; as well as H i data provided by the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder. The remnant shows a ring-like morphology with a mean radius of 6.2 pc. The 5500 MHz image reveals a bridge-like structure, seen for the first time in a radio image. This structure is also visible in both optical and X-ray images. In the 9000 MHz image, we detect a central feature that has a flux density of 4.3 mJy but rule out a pulsar wind nebula origin, due to the lack of significant polarization towards the central feature with an upper limit of 4  per cent. The mean fractional polarization for 1E 0102.2–7219 is 7 ± 1 and 12 ± 2  per cent for 5500 and 9000 MHz, respectively. The spectral index for the entire remnant is −0.61 ± 0.01. We estimate the line-of-sight magnetic field strength in the direction of 1E 0102.2–7219 of ∼44 µG with an equipartition field of $65\pm 5\, \mu$G. This latter model uses the minimum energy of the sum of the magnetic field and cosmic ray electrons only. We detect an H i cloud towards this remnant at the velocity range of ∼160–180 km s−1 and a cavity-like structure at the velocity of 163.7–167.6 km s−1. We do not detect CO emission towards 1E 0102.2–7219.
Infliximab biosimilar-induced lupus nephritis: A case report
Authors: Shidahara Kenta , Katsuyama Takayuki , Hirose Kei , Matsumoto Kazuya , Nawachi Shoichi , Nakadoi Takato , Asano Yosuke , Katayama Yu , Miyawaki Yoshia , Katsuyama Eri , Takano-Narazaki Mariko , Matsumoto Yoshinori , Sada Ken-Ei , Wada Jun 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
We present a case of microhematuria, proteinuria and hypocomplementemia which developed in a 55-year-old female who was being treated with an infliximab biosimilar for rheumatoid arthritis. Renal biopsy showed lupus nephritis (ISN/RPS classification class IV + V). Treatment with the infliximab biosimilar was discontinued, and treatment with prednisolone, hydroxychloroquine and abatacept was started, resulting in clinical remission of lupus nephritis and RA. Although tumour necrosis factor-α α inhibitors are known to induce production of autoantibodies, symptoms are usually limited to skin involvement or arthritis, and renal complications are rare. Physicians should be aware of the risk of lupus nephritis and carefully monitor patients for the development of renal involvement during treatment with tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors.
Structural and functional investigation of GajB protein in Gabija anti-phage defense
Authors: Oh Hyejin , Koo Jasung , An So Young , Hong Sung-Hyun , Suh Jeong-Yong , Bae Euiyoung 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria and archaea. To fend off invading phages, the hosts have evolved a variety of anti-phage defense mechanisms. Gabija is one of the most abundant prokaryotic antiviral systems and consists of two proteins, GajA and GajB. GajA has been characterized experimentally as a sequence-specific DNA endonuclease. Although GajB was previously predicted to be a UvrD-like helicase, its function is unclear. Here, we report the results of structural and functional analyses of GajB. The crystal structure of GajB revealed a UvrD-like domain architecture, including two RecA-like core and two accessory subdomains. However, local structural elements that are important for the helicase function of UvrD are not conserved in GajB. In functional assays, GajB did not unwind or bind various types of DNA substrates. We demonstrated that GajB interacts with GajA to form a heterooctameric Gabija complex, but GajB did not exhibit helicase activity when bound to GajA. These results advance our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying Gabija anti-phage defense and highlight the role of GajB as a component of a multi-subunit antiviral complex in bacteria.
A protein engineering approach toward understanding FKBP51 conformational dynamics and mechanisms of ligand binding
Authors: Lerma Romero Jorge A , Meyners Christian , Rupp Nicole , Hausch Felix , Kolmar Harald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most proteins are flexible molecules that coexist in an ensemble of several conformations. Point mutations in the amino acid sequence of a protein can trigger structural changes that drive the protein population to a conformation distinct from the native state. Here, we report a protein engineering approach to better understand protein dynamics and ligand binding of the FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), a prospective target for stress-related diseases, metabolic disorders, some types of cancers and chronic pain. By randomizing selected regions of its ligand-binding domain and sorting yeast display libraries expressing these variants, mutants with high affinity to conformation-specific FKBP51 selective ligands were identified. These improved mutants are valuable tools for the discovery of novel selective ligands that preferentially and specifically bind the FKBP51 active site in its open conformation state. Moreover, they will help us understand the conformational dynamics and ligand binding mechanics of the FKBP51 binding pocket.
Gender bias in team formation: the case of the European Science Foundation’s grants
Authors: Pezzoni Michele , Visentin Fabiana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates gender bias (if any) when teams are formed. We use data from the European Science Foundation to estimate if female scientists have the same opportunities as their male colleagues to join a team when applying for funds. To assess gender bias, we construct a control group of scientists with the competencies for being invited to join the team but who do not join. By comparing the proportion of female scientists in the control group with the one in the observed teams, we find a gender bias against female scientists. Exploring heterogeneity across teams, we find that gender bias is less pronounced in teams led by women, junior scientists, and in more recently formed teams. We also observe differences across disciplines.
Silicon dioxide-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress of alveolar macrophages and its role on the formation of silicosis fibrosis: a review article
Authors: Li Shuang , Zhao Jiahui , Han Guizhi , Zhang Xin , Li Ning , Zhang Zhaoqiang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Silicosis is a chronic lung inflammatory disease induced by long-term inhalation of high concentrations of silicon dioxide (SiO2), characterized by pulmonary fibrosis. Inhalation of silica invades alveolar macrophages (AMs) and changes the micro-environment of the cell, resulting in abnormal morphology and dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once beyond the range of cell regulation, the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) will occur, which will lead to cell damage, necrosis, and apoptosis, eventually causing silicosis fibrosis through various mechanisms. This is a complex and delicate process accompanied by various macrophage-derived cytokines. Unfortunately, the details have not been systematically summarized yet. In this review, we systematically introduce the basic two processes: the process of inducing ERS by inhaling SiO2 and the process of inducing pulmonary fibrosis by ERS. Moreover, the underlying mechanism of the above two sequential events is also be discussed. We conclude that the ERS of alveolar macrophages caused by silica dust are involved deeply in the pathogenesis of silicosis. Therefore, changing the states of SiO2-induced ERS of macrophage may be an attractive therapeutic target for silicosis fibrosis.
Alteration of cholesterol content and oxygen level in intestinal organoids after infection with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mergani AhmedElmontaser , Meurer Marita , Wiebe Elena , Dümmer Katrin , Wirz Katrin , Lehmann Judith , Brogden Graham , Schenke Maren , Künnemann Katrin , Naim Hassan Y. , Grassl Guntram A. , von Köckritz‐Blickwede Maren , Seeger Bettina 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe pathogenicity elicited by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus, one of the best‐studied bacteria, in the intestine is not well understood. Recently, we demonstrated that S. aureus infection induces alterations in membrane composition that are associated with concomitant impairment of intestinal function. Here, we used two organoid models, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived intestinal organoids and colonic intestinal stem cell‐derived intestinal organoids (colonoids), to examine how sterol metabolism and oxygen levels change in response to S. aureus infection. HPLC quantification showed differences in lipid homeostasis between infected and uninfected cells, characterized by a remarkable decrease in total cellular cholesterol. As the altered sterol metabolism is often due to oxidative stress response, we next examined intracellular and extracellular oxygen levels. Three different approaches to oxygen measurement were applied: (1) cell‐penetrating nanoparticles to quantify intracellular oxygen content, (2) sensor plates to quantify extracellular oxygen content in the medium, and (3) a sensor foil system for oxygen distribution in organoid cultures. The data revealed significant intracellular and extracellular oxygen drop after infection in both intestinal organoid models as well as in Caco‐2 cells, which even 48 h after elimination of extracellular bacteria, did not return to preinfection oxygen levels. In summary, we show alterations in sterol metabolism and intra‐ and extracellular hypoxia as a result of S. aureus infection. These results will help understand the cellular stress responses during sustained bacterial infections in the intestinal epithelium.
Associations of Race With Sedation Depth Among Mechanically Ventilated Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ramadurai Deepa , Kohn Rachel , Hart Joanna L. , Scott Stefania , Kerlin Meeta Prasad 
Published: October 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the association of race with proportion of time in deep sedation among mechanically ventilated adults.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study from October 2017 to December 2019.

SETTING:
Five hospitals within a single health system.

PATIENTS:
Adult patients who identified race as Black or White who were mechanically ventilated for greater than or equal to 24 hours in one of 12 medical, surgical, cardiovascular, cardiothoracic, or mixed ICUs.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The exposure was White compared with Black race. The primary outcome was the proportion of time in deep sedation during the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation, defined as Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale values of –3 to –5. For the primary analysis, we performed mixed-effects linear regression models including ICU as a random effect, and adjusting for age, sex, English as preferred language, body mass index, Elixhauser comorbidity index, Laboratory-based Acute Physiology Score, Version 2, ICU admission source, admission for a major surgical procedure, and the presence of septic shock. Of the 3337 included patients, 1242 (37%) identified as Black, 1367 (41%) were female, and 1002 (30%) were admitted to a medical ICU. Black patients spent 48% of the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation in deep sedation, compared with 43% among White patients in unadjusted analysis. After risk adjustment, Black race was significantly associated with more time in early deep sedation (mean difference, 5%; 95% CI, 2–7%; p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS:
There are disparities in sedation during the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation between Black and White patients across a diverse set of ICUs. Future work is needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings, given the known poorer outcomes for patients who experience early deep sedation.
Typology of ICU-Healthcare Providers Who Delayed or Declined COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Azoulay Elie , Pochard Frédéric , Dumas Guillaume , Kentish-Barnes Nancy ,   FAMIREA Study Group
Published: October 2023

OBJECTIVES:
To assess COVID-19 vaccination rates in ICU-healthcare providers (HCPs) in France and to identify the typology of those who delayed or declined vaccination.

DESIGN:
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING:
Twenty-one ICUs in France.

SUBJECTS:
Members of the nursing and medical staff and other allied professionals.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Six hundred ninety-six of the 950 respondents (73.3%) had undergone a full vaccination schedule. Other HCPs either declined vaccination (n = 112) or delayed vaccination until it became mandatory (n = 142). Factors independently associated with full vaccination were age older than 50 years (odds ratio, 0.25 [95% CI, 0.12–0.51]), more than 5 years of ICU experience (0.66 [0.47–0.93]), increasing working time during the surge (0.94 [0.88–1.00]), and spending time with the family (0.92 [0.85–0.99]). Conversely, being a nurse (1.94 [1.25–2.99]) or a nurse assistant (2.77 [1.62–4.73]), and feeling not supported by hospital and ICU directors (1.49 [1.01–2.20]) was independently associated with not being vaccinated.

CONCLUSIONS:
These results are important to take into account to better implement vaccination strategies in HCPs for existing or future pandemics.
EUS–guided versus percutaneous liver biopsy: A prospective randomized clinical trial
Authors: Ali Ahmad H. , Nallapeta Naren S. , Yousaf Muhammad N. , Petroski Gregory F. , Sharma Neal , Rao Deepthi S. , Yin Feng , Davis Ryan M. , Bhat Ambarish , Swi Ahmed I. A. , Al-Juboori Alhareth , Ibdah Jamal A. , Hammoud Ghassan M. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACTBackground and ObjectivesProspective studies comparing EUS–guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) to percutaneous LB (PC-LB) are scarce. We compared the efficacy and safety of EUS-LB with those of PC-LB in a prospective randomized clinical trial.MethodsBetween 2020 and 2021, patients were enrolled and randomized (1:1 ratio). The primary outcome was defined as the proportion of patients with ≥11 complete portal tracts (CPTs). The sample size (n = 80) was calculated based on the assumption that 60% of those in the EUS-LB and 90% of those in the PC-LB group will have LB with ≥11 CPTs. The secondary outcomes included proportion of patients in whom a diagnosis was established, number of CPTs, pain severity (Numeric Rating Scale—Pain Intensity), duration of hospital stay, and adverse events.ResultsEighty patients were enrolled (median age, 53 years); 67.5% were female. Sixty percent of those in the EUS-LB and 75.0% of those in the PC-LB group met the primary outcome (P= 0.232). The median number of CPTs was higher in the PC-LB (17 vs 13;P= 0.031). The proportion of patients in whom a diagnosis was established was similar between the groups (92.5% [EUS-LB] vs 95.0% [PC-LB];P= 1.0). Patients in the EUS-LB group had less pain severity (median Numeric Rating Scale—Pain Intensity, 2.0 vs 3.0;P= 0.003) and shorter hospital stay (2.0 vs 4.0 hours;P< 0.0001) compared with the PC-LB group. No patient experienced a serious adverse event.ConclusionsEUS–guided liver biopsy was safe, effective, better tolerated, and associated with a shorter hospital stay.
Infectious Keratitis After Keratoplasty in the United States: Analysis of a National Medicare Claims Data Set
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Dun Chen , Cho Kyongjin , Soiberman Uri , Woreta Fasika , Makary Martin A. , Jhanji Vishal , Srikumaran Divya 
Published: October 2023

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to assess the incidence, trends, and risk factors of infectious keratitis (IK) and subsequent repeat keratoplasty after penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and endothelial keratoplasty (EK).

Methods:
Using a retrospective cohort study design, IK cases within 6 months of keratoplasty were identified using billing codes among 100% Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older who underwent either PK or EK between 2011 and 2020. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with postkeratoplasty IK.

Results:
We identified 115,588 keratoplasties, of which 20.0% (n = 23,144) were PK and 80.0% (n = 92,444) were EK. IK developed within 6 months with a rate of 3.32% (n = 769) post-PK and 0.72% (n = 666) post-EK. Overall rates of IK decreased from 16.05 to 9.61 per 1000 keratoplasties between 2011 and 2020 (P < 0.001). The median interval between keratoplasty and diagnosis of IK was 73 days (interquartile range: 29–114 days) for PK and 74 days (interquartile range: 38–116 days) for EK. After IK, 22.9% (n = 176) and 23.8% (n = 159) eyes underwent repeat keratoplasty within 1 year for PK and EK, respectively. The occurrence of IK after PK was associated with age 85 years and older [odds ratio (OR): 1.38; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–1.68] relative to patients aged 65 to 74 years. The occurrence of IK after EK was also associated with age 85 years and older (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.14–1.82) relative to patients aged 65 to 74 years.

Conclusions:
IK was 4 times more common after PK than EK and the complication was associated with older age. Our findings may help corneal surgeons in counseling patients at higher risk and guiding their postoperative care.