bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-Cell Meta-Analysis of Neutrophil Activation in Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Reveals Potential Shared Immunological Drivers
Authors: Beltran Jan Vincent B. , Lin Fang-Ping , Chang Chaw-Liang , Ko Tai-Ming 
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND:
Kawasaki disease (KD) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) share similar clinical manifestations, including cardiovascular complications, suggesting similar underlying immunopathogenic processes. Aberrant neutrophil activation may play a crucial role in the shared pathologies of KD and MIS-C; however, the associated pathogenic mechanisms and molecular drivers remain unknown.

METHODS:
We performed a single-cell meta-analysis of neutrophil activation with 103 pediatric single-cell transcriptomic peripheral blood mononuclear cell data across 9 cohorts, including healthy controls, KD, MIS-C, compared with dengue virus infection, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and pediatric celiac disease. We used a series of computational analyses to investigate the shared neutrophil transcriptional programs of KD and MIS-C that are linked to systemic damage and cardiac pathologies, and suggested Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs to consider as KD and MIS-C treatment.

RESULTS:

We meta-analyzed 521 950 high-quality cells. We found that blood signatures associated with risks of cardiovascular events are enriched in neutrophils of KD and MIS-C. We revealed the expansion of CD177
+
neutrophils harboring hyperactivated effector functions in both KD and MIS-C, but not in healthy controls or in other viral-, inflammatory-, or immune-related pediatric diseases. KD and MIS-C CD177
+
neutrophils had highly similar transcriptomes, marked by conserved signatures and pathways related to molecular damage. We found the induction of a shared neutrophil expression program, potentially regulated by SPI1 (Spi-1 proto-oncogene), which confers enhanced effector functions, especially neutrophil degranulation. CD177 and shared neutrophil expression program expressions were associated with acute stages and attenuated during KD intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and MIS-C recovery. Network analysis identified hub genes that correlated with the high activation of CD177
+
neutrophils. Disease-gene association analysis revealed that the KD and MIS-C CD177
+
neutrophils' shared expression program was associated with the development of coronary and myocardial disorders. Last, we identified and validated TSPO (translocator protein) and S100A12 (S100 calcium-binding protein A12) as main molecular targets, for which the Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs methotrexate, zaleplon, metronidazole, lorazepam, clonazepam, temazepam, and zolpidem, among others, are primary candidates for drug repurposing.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our findings indicate that CD177
+
neutrophils may exert systemic pathological damage contributing to the shared morbidities in KD and MIS-C. We uncovered potential regulatory drivers of CD177
+
neutrophil hyperactivation and pathogenicity that may be targeted as a single therapeutic strategy for either KD or MIS-C.
Calculated Feelings: How Children Use Probability to Infer Emotions
Authors: Doan Tiffany , Friedman Ori , Denison Stephanie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Developing the ability to accurately infer others’ emotions is crucial for children’s cognitive development. Here, we offer a new theoretical perspective on how children develop this ability. We first review recent work showing that with age, children increasingly use probability to infer emotions. We discuss how these findings do not fit with prominent accounts of how children understand emotions, namely the script account and the theory of mind account. We then outline a theory of how probability allows children to infer others’ emotions. Specifically, we suggest that probability provides children with information about how much weight to put on alternative outcomes, allowing them to infer emotions by comparing outcomes to counterfactual alternatives.
US Soft Power and Value Transfer Modalities
Authors: Gevorgyan Nora 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The article underscores the conceptual nexus of diaspora and soft power. It analyses US soft power, its main operating mechanisms and tools, and the role of diaspora groups in the transfer of American values, using Armenia and the Armenian-American diaspora community as a case study. The paper argues that ethnic diaspora groups are increasingly important actors of soft power. Along with protecting and promoting the national interests of their country of origin, ethnic diaspora groups play a unique role in promoting the host country’s soft power by establishing links and enhancing mutual understanding between both societies and states and providing the transfer and network for the host country’s values and ideals abroad. The article highlights the role of the Armenian diaspora political parties, the Armenian-American sociopolitical and lobbying organisations, and the activities of prominent Armenian Americans and their charitable foundations in the spread of American values and ideals, and the advancement of American soft power in Armenia.
Steinernema yirgalemense inoculum size and timing impact on the population dynamics of in vitro liquid culture shake flask production
Authors: Dunn Murray D. , Malan Antoinette P. 
Published: October 2023

Summary
Optimising the in vitro liquid mass production process for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is a critical step in the development of a cost-effective EPN biopesticide product. Recording the nematode population and growth dynamics in an Erlenmeyer shake flask environment is essential to gaining a better understanding of which factors may influence the final yield. Although infective juvenile (IJ) inoculum concentration has previously been studied, no consensus yet exists as to whether it influences the final yield. This study sought to determine the impact of IJ inoculum concentration and timing on the recovery, growth and yield of the South African EPN isolate of Steinernema yirgalemense in shake flasks. The results indicated that the IJ inoculum concentration positively affects the final IJ yield of 2.88 × 155 IJ ml−1. Moreover, at higher IJ inoculum concentrations, a higher number of reproductive females and males are produced, when recovery percentages were similar. The lowest IJ inoculum concentration treatment was also the only treatment to show signs of an unwanted second generation in the final yield. The IJ inoculation timing trials confirmed that once the bacterium, Xenorhabdus indica, has ended the exponential growth phase and entered the stationary phase, it is ideal to then inoculate the IJ. However, it was found that the S. yirgalemense can be inoculated into the X. indica bacteria solution after 36 h of growth, instead of after 44-48 h. These trials demonstrated the need for further optimisation to produce consistent yields of the highly pathogenic South African EPN isolate of S. yirgalemense.
Beyond the Eye: Multisensory Contributions to the Sensation of Illusory Self-Motion (Vection)
Authors: Riecke Bernhard E. , Murovec Brandy , Campos Jennifer L. , Keshavarz Behrang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Vection is typically defined as the embodied illusion of self-motion in the absence of real physical movement through space. Vection can occur in real-life situations (e.g., ‘train illusion’) and in virtual environments and simulators. The vast majority of vection research focuses on vection caused by visual stimulation. Even though visually induced vection is arguably the most compelling type of vection, the role of nonvisual sensory inputs, such as auditory, biomechanical, tactile, and vestibular cues, have recently gained more attention. Non-visual cues can play an important role in inducing vection in two ways. First, nonvisual cues can affect the occurrence and strength of vection when added to corresponding visual information. Second, nonvisual cues can also elicit vection in the absence of visual information, for instance when observers are blindfolded or tested in darkness. The present paper provides a narrative review of the literature on multimodal contributions to vection. We will discuss both the theoretical and applied relevance of multisensory processing as related to the experience of vection and provide design considerations on how to enhance vection in various contexts.
Inferring Northern Hemisphere Continental Warming Patterns from the Amplitude and Phase of the Seasonal Cycle in Surface Temperature
Authors: McKinnon Karen A. , Huybers Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The seasonal cycle in temperature is a large and well-observed response to radiative forcing, suggesting its potential as a natural analog to human-caused climate change. Although there have been advances constraining some climate feedback parameters using seasonal observations, the seasonal cycle has not been used to inform about the local temperature sensitivity to greenhouse gas forcing. In this study, we uncover a nonlinear relationship between the amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycle and forced temperature trends in seven CMIP5-era large ensembles across the Northern Hemisphere extratropical continents. We develop a mixture energy balance model that reproduces this relationship and reveals the unexpected finding that the phasing of the seasonal cycle—in addition to the amplitude—contains information about local temperature sensitivity to seasonal forcing over land. Using this energy balance model framework, we compare the pattern and magnitude of the seasonally inferred sensitivity of the surface temperature response to anthropogenic radiative forcing. The seasonally constrained model largely reproduces the pattern of human-caused temperature trends seen in climate models (r = 0.81, p value < 0.01), including polar amplification, but the magnitude of the response is smaller by about a factor of 3. Our results show the relevance of both phasing and amplitude for constraining patterns of local feedbacks and suggest the utility of additional research to better understand the differences in sensitivity between seasonal and greenhouse gas forcing.

Significance Statement
Warming in response to increased greenhouse gases is not spatially uniform across land. We wanted to understand whether the familiar seasonal cycle in temperature could provide information about climate change. We found that climate models show a strong link between the seasonal cycle and future warming: places with a larger and more delayed temperature response to the seasonal cycle in solar forcing tend to warm more across the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. A very simple model for the climate system, whose parameters are based on the seasonal cycle, captures the pattern but not the magnitude of warming. Our findings suggest that there are some similarities between the processes that control temperature change on seasonal and climate change time scales, but that we must understand the difference between seasonal and longer-term sensitivity to warming before the seasonal cycle can be used to reduce uncertainty about climate change.
Causes of Diverse Impacts of ENSO on the Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon among CMIP6 Models
Authors: Lin Shuheng , Dong Buwen , Yang Song , He Shan , Hu Yamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study examines the fidelity of 47 models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in representing the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Southeast Asian summer monsoon (SEASM) during the ENSO decaying summer. The response of the SEASM to ENSO shows a large model spread among the models, some of which even simulate opposite signs of SEASM anomalies compared to the observed values. The bad-performance models (BPMs) are therefore selected to be compared with both the good-performance models (GPMs) and observations to explore the possible causes of the deficiency. Results show that in the BPMs, the ENSO-related warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies extend too far westward in the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) and they do not dissipate in the El Niño decaying summer in comparison with those in the GPMs and observations, interfering with the effect of ENSO on the SEASM. The slow decay of WEP SST anomalies from the El Niño mature winter to the decaying summer in the BPMs is mainly caused by a weak negative shortwave radiation feedback due to a low sensitivity of convection to local SST anomalies, which is related to the cold bias in climatological SST over this region. On the other hand, from the mature winter to the decaying summer of El Niño, the El Niño–related anomalous eastward current does not reverse to a westward current in the BPMs, which also contributes to the slow decay of WEP SST anomalies via inducing excessively persistent warm zonal advection.

Significance Statement
We investigate the possible causes of the diverse impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the Southeast Asian summer monsoon (SEASM) among 47 CMIP6 models. We find that a plausible reason for the deficiency of some models in simulating the influence of ENSO on the monsoon is that the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with ENSO are unrealistic in the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) in these models. Further diagnoses indicate that the unrealistic WEP SST anomalies are related to the cold bias of the climatological SST, which could lead to a weak negative shortwave radiation feedback and excessively persistent warm zonal advection. The information provided in this study is useful for improving the skill of the climate models in representing the ENSO–SEASM relationship.
Spatiotemporal Variations in Precipitation Forecasting Skill of Three Global Subseasonal Prediction Products over China
Authors: Liu Shiyuan , Li Wentao , Duan Qingyun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) predictions, which bridge the gap between weather forecasts and climate outlooks, have the great societal benefits of improving water resource management and food security. However, there are tremendous disparities in the forecasting skills of subseasonal precipitation prediction products. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations in the precipitation forecasting skill of three subseasonal prediction products from the CMA, ECMWF, and NCEP over China. Daily precipitation predictions with lead times ranging from 1 to 30 days and cumulative precipitation predictions over 1–30 days were evaluated in nine major river basins. The daily prediction skill rapidly declines with lead time. In contrast, the correlation coefficient between the cumulative precipitation predictions and corresponding observations increases at first and peaks at 0.7–0.8 after 3–5 days, then gradually decreases and settles at approximately 0.2–0.6. Among the three evaluated models, the ECMWF model demonstrates the best skill, maintaining a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.5 for 2-week cumulative precipitation. Moreover, the correlation coefficient of the model’s prediction is 0.2–0.5 higher than that of the climatological prediction over a large domain for the 30-day cumulative precipitation during the rainy summer. Similarly, the equitable threat score for forecasting below- and above-normal precipitation events presents good results in eastern China but is affected by biases of raw predictions. The variations in the subseasonal prediction skill at different time scales reveal the potential values of cumulative precipitation predictions. The findings of this study can provide practical information for applications that prioritize the long-term aggregation of hydrometeorological variables.

Significance Statement
The daily and cumulative precipitation prediction skills of three subseasonal prediction products were evaluated over China in this study. Our results reveal the spatiotemporal variations in prediction skill, especially with respect to time scale. Compared to daily precipitation predictions, cumulative precipitation predictions are more skillful, with correlation coefficients peaking at 0.7–0.8 after 3–5 days. These results can provide valuable information for water resource managers who are more concerned with the general conditions over a period than with hydrometeorological events occurring on a particular day. This study can guide end users in applying appropriate time scales to fully exploit numerical weather prediction information and satisfy their specific needs.
A New Closure Assumption and Formulation Based on the Helmholtz Decomposition for Improving Retrievals for Vortex Circulations from Single-Doppler Radar Observations
Authors: Tsujino Satoki , Horinouchi Takeshi , Shimada Udai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Doppler weather radars are powerful tools for investigating the inner-core structure and intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs). The Doppler velocity can provide quantitative information on the vortex structure in the TCs. The generalized velocity track display (GVTD) technique has been used to retrieve the axisymmetric circulations and asymmetric tangential flows in the TCs from ground-based single-Doppler radar observations. GVTD can have limited applicability to asymmetric vortices due to the closure assumption of no asymmetric radial flows. The present study proposes a new closure formulation that includes asymmetric radial flows, based on the Helmholtz decomposition. Here it is assumed that the horizontal flow is predominantly rotational and expressed with a streamfunction, but limited inclusion of wavenumber-1 divergence is available. Unlike the original GVTD, the decomposition introduces consistency along the radius by solving all equations simultaneously. The new approach, named GVTD-X, is applied to analytical vortices and a real TC with asymmetric structures. This approach makes the retrieval of axisymmetric flow relatively insensitive to the contamination from asymmetric flows and to small errors in storm center location. For an analytical vortex with a wavenumber-2 asymmetry, the maximum relative error of the axisymmetric tangential wind retrieved by GVTD-X is less than 2% at the radius of the maximum wind speed. In practical applications, errors can be evaluated by comparing results for different maximum wavenumbers. When applied to a real TC, GVTD-X largely suppressed an artificial periodic fluctuation that occurs in GVTD from the aliasing of the neglected asymmetric radial flows.

Significance Statement
In tropical cyclone (TC) wind retrievals from single-Doppler weather radar observations, closure assumptions are required for the retrieval equations. The present study proposes a new closure allowing asymmetric radial winds and improving retrievals for TC winds in the previously developed technique. The relative error of the axisymmetric tangential wind in idealized vortices from the new approach is less than 2% at the radius of the maximum wind speed. In applying to a real TC with an elliptical eyewall, we found that the new approach can largely suppress an artificial evolution of the tangential winds in the previous retrieval technique.
Malocclusion in cats associated with mandibular soft tissue trauma: a retrospective case–control study
Authors: Ziemann Daria , Mestrinho Lisa A , Gawor Jerzy 
Published: October 2023

Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether an association existed between cephalometric measurements, maxillomandibular dental arch distances and the occurrence of traumatic malocclusions in the mandibular soft tissues of cats. Methods Cats that had presented for dental consultations and that underwent cone-beam CT during diagnostic assessment were included in the study and categorised as cases and controls in a 1:2 ratio. Cases were designated as cats with a clinical diagnosis of malocclusion causing trauma to the buccal mandibular soft tissues or pyogenic granuloma secondary to the trauma, and controls were designated as cats with the absence of such diagnoses and without a history of other musculoskeletal anomalies in the head. Cephalometric measurements, including skull and facial indexes, as well as distances and angulations between dental crowns and crown tips, were calculated and analysed statistically. Results In total, 72 cats (24 cases and 48 controls) were included in the study. Cephalometric measurements revealed a significant association between the skull and facial indexes and the occurrence of traumatic malocclusions in the caudal teeth. Brachycephaly was a strong predictor of the occurrence of traumatic malocclusions. In addition, the space between crown tips and teeth angulations was a contributing factor to the trauma. Conclusions and relevance Cats with traumatic malocclusions in the cheek teeth tend to present a narrower interdental space between the maxillary and mandibular carnassial teeth, mostly attributed to skeletal and dental malocclusion. These findings can be used to help raise awareness about this disease in cats and its association with brachycephaly. Cut-off values have been proposed and could be used in the selection of cats by breeders to reduce the occurrence of this disease.
Peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures and the retinal nerve fiber layer thinning
Authors: Rabinovich Mark , Seray Samia , Amoroso Francesca , Madar Charles , Souied Eric H 
Published: October 2023

Aim We describe a report of three cases of bilateral Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-Like Structures (PHOMS), their respective multimodal imaging, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analysis over time. Methods We performed an elaborated multimodal imaging of three pediatric patients with PHOMS. We performed a visual acuity testing, followed by a biomicroscopic and fundus examination, an additional Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), infra-red (IR), fluorescein angiography (FA), Scanning laser Ophtalmoscopy (SLO), and retro-mode imaging. Furthermore, we analyzed RNFL thickness over several consecutive visits. Results The multimodal approach exhibited similar characteristics of PHOMS in all eyes, namely a torus-like shaped that was particularly demarcated and well visualized using SLO and retro-mode tool. In all the eyes, we found a downward trend of the RNFL over time. In both the right and left eye, RNFL at presentation averaged at 152.33 ± 25.42 and 130 ± 18.33 microns, respectively. Several weeks after, it averaged at 142 ± 30.34 and 125.67 ± 14.84 microns, respectively. Conclusions Our report shows a thinning trend of the RNFL thickness over time in patients with PHOMS.