bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A histological description of pigment distribution in the eyes of guinea‐pigs of various genetic types
Authors: Gregory P. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA histological study was made in the guinea‐pig of the distribution of melanin pigment in the normal dark‐eye and in various mutant types, such as the brown type of dark‐eye (b), light and dark salmon‐eye (sm), dark red‐eye (crB), brown red‐eye (crb), albino (ca), pink‐eye (p), and pseudopink‐eye (P sm b). The genes which affect pigmentation in the eye have definite qualitative or quantitative effects on the production of melanin. Eyes of the genetic constitution ca, p, or sm possess very little pigment. But eyes which have the dominant allelomorphs of these genes, C, P, or Sm, have a large amount of pigment. The non‐yellow gene, cr, and the brown gene, b, cause the deeper retinal layer, which is normally intensely pigmented throughout its entirety, to become less pigmented. There is a corresponding reduction in the melanin in the pigmented areas of the iris and choroid. In all types of eyes with reduced pigment, such as the albino, pink‐eye, and pseudopink‐eye, pigment persists in the deeper retinal layer even when it is almost absent from other regions. Moreover, in all eyes which have less pigment than the normal type there is a decided tendency for chromatophores to be located adjacent to blood vessels. This tendency is outstanding in the iris and quite noticeable in the choroid.
The comparative anatomy of the lips and labial villi of vertebrates
Authors: Anson Barry J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn attempt is made to define lips, and on Danforth's interpretation of homology, homologous lips are found at certain stages of development in some representatives of all classes of vertebrates. The primary lips characteristic of selachians, after the maxillary and premaxillary bones have developed within the territory of the upper lip (toadfish, cod), may disappear (trout, Spelerpes), accompanied by a forward migration of the lower jaw. The secondary lips of higher forms are first indicated in certain teleosts and amphibians. Lips vary in structure to accord with their physiological functions, whether sensory, prehensile, or adhesive. Lips of the cod are highly sensory; those of the tadpole and of grazing animals, in different ways, are notably prehensile; the lips of petromyzon and the vampire, having abundant villi, are most effectively adhesive. Therefore, the smaller villi of the lips of suckling animals are presumably for tight adhesion to the nipple. The opossum and rat, however, nurse before their lips have developed. No free macroscopic villi are found on human lips, but there is a zone of thick epithelium tending to form villi. Such a zone is shown to be a widespread feature of vertebrate lips.
The leucocytes and leucocytopoietic organs of an oligochaete, pheretima indica (Horst)
Authors: Kindred James E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe perivisceral fluid of Pheretima indica (Horst) contains five types of leucocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, lamprocytes, and linocytes. The granulocytes differentiate either from free lymphocytes, from peritoneal epithelial cells lining the leucocytopoietic organs, or from lymphocytes (hemocytoblasts) embedded in these organs. The lymphocyte is a hemocytoblast. The eosinophilic granulocyte is the most numerous of the several types of granulocytes. Morphologically and tinctorially, it resembles the eosinophil of fishes. The eosinophil granule is thought to arise either by a ripening of a basophil granule and to pass through a metachromatic phase during this process, or by being formed immediately without such a ripening process in small hemocytoblasts. The stimulus for the excessive production of eosinophils is thought to be the degree of infection of the leucocytopoietic organs by a species of the gregarine, Monocystis.A series of segmentally arranged leucocytopoietic organs is described for the first time in the oligochaetes. These organs are essentially foldings of the septa and offer sacculations in which leucocytopoiesis may take place.A discussion of the possible phylogeny of the hemocytopoietic organs of the invertebrates and vertebrates is given.
Reaction of certain cytoplasmic inclusions to vital dyes and their relation to mitochondria and Golgi apparatus in the flagellate Peranema trichophorum
Authors: Hall Richard P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo types of cytoplasmic inclusions, differing in reactions to vital dyes and to osmic fixation and impregnation have been demonstrated in Peranema trichophorum. The mitochondria are rod‐like and lie in more or less spiral rows, forming a single layer beneath the periplast. They are stained supravitally with Janus green, but not with neutral red. They may be demonstrated by staining in iron hematoxylin after Mann‐Kopsch fixation. They are also blackened in prolonged osmic impregnation, but are bleached readily with hydrogen peroxide.The small spherical osmiophilic inclusions are scattered in distribution, although sometimes more numerous in the anterior third of the organism. These bodies are stainable supravitally with neutral red, neutral violet, and brilliant cresyl blue. They are densely blackened in osmic impregnation, and are not bleached in the usual treatment with hydrogen peroxide. They are not however, demonstrated by Mann‐Kopsch fixation and iron hematoxylin. After being stained supravitally with neutral red, these inclusions may be blackened under direct observation by exposure to osmic vapor in hanging‐drop preparations.
Seasonal cycles of the interstitial cells in the testis of the horned toad (Phrynosoma solare). Seasonal variations in the number and morphology of the interstitial cells and the volume of the interstitial tissue
Authors: Blount Raymond F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA histological study has been made of a series of Phrynosoma testes taken at frequent intervals throughout the year. As it was important to differentiate between the amount of interstitial tissue and the number of cells, it was necessary to take into account the percentage of tissue, total testis volume and the number of cells per unit volume.The results show a definite interstitial‐cell cycle. Volume of interstitial tissue and size of individual cells are greatest during the breeding season, but the interstitial‐cell number is then minimal. The maximal number of interstitial cells occurs after the close of the breeding season. There is, apparently, no reversion of interstitial cells to a connective‐tissue‐cell type.The above changes are correlated with the spermatogenetic cycle and with increases in total tubule length, in tubule diameter, and in testis volume. The time in which important changes in ovarian volume occur and at which ovulation takes place is coincident with the testicular changes.Interstitial cells have been stated to have no endocrine function for the reason that their number is at a minimum during the breeding season. If, however, interstitial tissue is responsible for sex characters and activity, the present work would indicate that it is the volume of tissue, and not the number of cells, that is important.
Intersexuality in Rana cantabrigensis
Authors: Cheng Tso‐Hsin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe specimen described presents a typical intersexual condition, in which not only the primary sex characters, but also the accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characters are of a mixed type. Both gonads are ovotestes, in which the ovarian as well as the testicular tissues are morphologically normal, but functionally underdeveloped. Stromal hyperplasia is distinct, especially so in the left gonad; it is probably a functional factor in the generative process of the spermatic tissue.Sex transformation in the intersexual frogs may probably be initiated by an abnormality in sex differentiation or in the genetical constitution of sex, and is only subsequently influenced and modified by environmental action. Absolute dominancy of male sex in the process of sex transformation is questionable. There are indications that in frogs sex transformation may possibly occur in a female direction.
The neutral‐red reaction
Authors: Koehring Vera 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA general survey of the reaction of neutral red upon a selected series of living animal organisms is made, and the rationale indicates that neutral red is an indicator of proteolytic enzyme action, whether this be intra‐ or extracellular. Cellular hydrolytic and cellular synthetic systems are thus manifested. The neutral‐red reaction also reveals the course of assimilation and secretion in organisms, the nature of fertilization, and the beginning of embryological differentiation.
The early development of Haemichromis bimaculata, with special reference to factors determining the embryonic axis
Authors: McEwen Robert S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHaemichromis bimaculata is a tropical teleost fish which will produce eggs practically throughout the year at intervals of from three to four weeks. These eggs are of suitable size and character for embryological study, the features of special interest so far discovered being as follows: (1) The egg is oval; (2) it is attached to a substratum by its side, the blastopore being at one end; (3) the embryo always tends to develop along the side opposite that originally next to the substratum.Results obtained by reorienting the eggs previous to cleavage, and by centrifuging them, seem to show that the relation of the embryonic axis to the egg is determined either previous to laying or very soon afterward, possibly by the relation to the substratum, and is not subsequently affected by gravity or other known factors. There may be some tendency for the first cleavage plane and the sagittal plane of the embryo to coincide, but such coincidence is not at all constant or exact.
The morphology of the amphibian endolymphatic organ
Authors: Dempster W. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn extensive survey of the anatomy of the endolymphatic organ (i.e., endolymphatic sac and duct) has been made on thirty‐four species of amphibians.The histological structure is similar throughout the group; the sac being formed of cubical cells, which grade into the columnar cells of the duct. A part or the whole of the duct is formed of peculiar ‘ependyma‐like’ cells.The organ typically arises from the sacculus, extends to the endolymphatic foramen by which it enters the endocranial cavity. Here the sac‐like expansion of the organ lies in the extradural space.Six morphological types of endolymphatic organ may be recognized in the Amphibia.The development of the endolymphatic organ of four of these types has been followed. The structure in each case may be considered to have reached its definitive condition at the time of metamorphosis.The types of sac structure cannot be readily correlated with any habit of the animals possessing them.A discussion is given of the homology, comparative morphology, and function of the organ throughout vertebrates.
A cytological study of the changes occurring in the oenocytes of Galerucella nymphaeae Linn. during the larval and pupal periods of development
Authors: Albro Helen T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA study of the cytological changes occurring in the larval oenocytes of Galerucella nymphaeae Linn., correlating those changes with the molting cycles. Preceding each larval molt, vacuoles, apparently of nuclear origin, are found in the cytoplasm from which they are eliminated at the time of the molt. The accumulation of vacuoles is not so striking at the times of pupation and the emergence of the imago, but occurs nevertheless. Beginning with pupation or just previous to it, the larval oenocytes seemingly undergo a process of deterioration, decreasing in size and presenting a ragged appearance.The fat‐cells are closely associated morphologically with the larval oenocytes, and it seems that there is a probable physiological relationship also, since the fat‐cells undergo a series of changes at the same time the oenocytes are exhibiting their cyclic behavior. Furthermore, it has been observed that in many instances there is a greater accumulation of vacuoles in that part of the cytoplasm of the oenocytes which is adjacent to the fat‐cells than elsewhere.
Chromosome studies. II. Synapsis in the Tettigidae, with special reference to the presynapsis split
Authors: Robertson W. R. B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHomologous chromosomes entering parasynapsis are already split. This split evidently originates in each chromosome in the resting period prior to the last spermatogonial division. In the prophase of this division the daughter chromonemata in each halfchromosome were probably incompletely separated, but the succeeding telophase effects the completion of their separation. These processes are accompanied and suceeded by an elongation, straightening, and general paralleling of the split threads and by an elongation of the cell and its nuclear space.Parasynapsis begins with intimate approximation of the daughter threads in each homologue and is continued by approximation of the homologues at the usual [bouquet] and [zygotene] periods. There results the [diplotene] thread, which therefore consists of four completely distinct strands, but which exhibits a [two‐strand] appearance due to parasynapsis between daughter chromonemata being further advanced than that between homologues.The pairing process begins at the distal ends and proceeds proximally. With parasynapsis complete, the nucleus enters the [diffuse] stage On emergence, disjunction is seen to have progressed from the distal ends to near the proximal ends in each pair and the [tetrads] have taken form. In the prephase that follows each strand in a tetrad may [crimp] independently, and with the condensation and matrix (?) formation that accompany it there results the spermatocyte ‘tetrad.’
Observations on the ‘renal‐portal’ perfusion in etherized birds
Authors: Das B. K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis investigation was made to demonstrate the direction of the current of a perfusing fluid (hence that of blood in nature) inside the so‐called [renal‐portal] vein of birds and to determine if this vein has any fine capillaries in the kidney substance. A domesticated male duck was anaesthetized with ether, and a warm saline (mixed with a little urea and urine) was passed through the aorta. The [renal‐portal] vein was also perfused with the same fluid through the left internal iliac vein. At first the kidneys actively secreted semisolid urine, but gradually the strength of the latter varied from a milky to a watery fluid.Later, a warm carmine solution was perfused through the left internal iliac vein, and the path of the dye could be easily traced along the whole length of the left renal afferent (left [renal‐portal] vein) and its final exit through the postcaval vein. The posterior lobe of the left kidney was partially tinged with red, probably due to diffusion, since the kidney substance should have taken a uniform red hue if there was any definite capillary system. The coccygeomesenteric vein contained no dye.These results (coupled with actual caliber measurements of the two [renal‐portal] veins in duck and pigeon examined, the calibers of these veins increasing gradually posteroanteriorly) indicate that: 1) blood flows anteriorly in the [renal‐portal] vein; 2) this vein does not break up into capillaries in the kidney substance, but receives larger affluent veins; 3) there is no [renal‐portal] system in birds; 4) the urine secreted by birds is always semisolid.
Blood formation in the african lungfish, under normal conditions and under conditions of prolonged estivation and recovery
Authors: Jordan H. E. , Speidel C. C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe blood cells of the African lungfish, Protopterus ethiopicus, are very large and resemble those of urodeles. Leucocytes are especially plentiful and rich in variety, including eosinophils, special eosinophils, [meta‐eosinophils] with atypical granules, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils.The chief hemocytopoietic organs are the spleen, intestine, and kidneys. The lungfish spleen, embedded in the wall of the stomach, represents an intermediate phylogenetic stage between the disperse intra‐enteral type of the hagfish and the compact extra‐enteral type of other vertebrates.Erythrocytes are formed in the spleen pulp, granulocytes in the granulocytopoietic organ of the intestine and in the capsules of kidneys, gonads, and spleen. Thrombocytes and monocytes are differentiated in the spleen and general circulation. Basophils arise in the spleen and intestine. Lymphoid cells of all types arise in the spleen. Evidence is presented bearing upon the hemocytopoietic capacity of the various types. Cells with [Russell bodies] also occur in the spleen.In lungfishes subjected to long periods of dry estivation, erythrocytopoiesis practically ceases. Granulocytes, however, appear to play an important rǒle, possibly in fat metabolism. The large variety of meta‐eosinophils, a unique feature of the lungfish, appears to be associated with the habit of estivation.Recovery from estivation may show numerous amitoses of erythrocytes in the general circulation. Other cells which divide in this manner are young thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid hemoblasts.
Recovery from immersion in water. An index of metabolism and the condition of the gonads in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Popillia japonica Newm.
Authors: Eddy Milton Walker 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn some insects the selection of individuals which recover in equal periods of time from immersion in water may be used to obtain material of approximately uniform physiological state; Drosophila melanogaster, Meigen, was found to have a mean of recovery for the males 0.97 ± 0.542 minute later than the females, which would indicate a lower metabolic rate for the males. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., was found to have a mean of recovery from immersion in water of both sexes the same in August, while in September the males were retarded by 8.1 as compared with females. This would indicate that the males have and equal me abolic rate in August with the females and a lower rate in September. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen produce in the flies a condition of asphyxiation similar to immersion in water. [Vestigial] flies recover from immersion in water in a fashion similar to ‘wild’ flies.The recovery periods from immersion in water in the flies can be used to group individuals into those possessing approximately equal egg‐laying capacities and to isolate spent individuals from others still capable of laying eggs. Yeast appears to be more of a stimulant to egg laying than it is to larval growth. Groups of flies which were fed yeast were found to average 71 per cent increase in egg laying over groups of flies that were not fed yeast. The O2 consumption of the groups of flies actively laying eggs, as contrasted with the groups which were not so active, was found in the former to be 32.9 per cent greater.
History of the germ cells in Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.)
Authors: Woods Farris H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStudy of living and sectioned material throughout the life cycle shows the germ‐cell history from fertilized egg to sexual maturity. This can be divided into the following five periods with definite limits: Original appearance during cleavage, period of inactivity, period of multiplication, maturation, and fertilization. Primordial germ cells of characteristic structure can be recognized just before gastrulation, when there is one large germ cell in the mass of mesoderm on either side of the blastocoel. After one division in each of these two cells, the four daughter cells remain inactive, while the remainder of the mesoderm differentiates, until division is resumed in the developing gonad. An indefinite number of gametes is produced. All are direct descendants of the two original primordial germ cells. Transformation of somatic cells into germ cells does not occur nor do germ cells become somatic cells. Cell lineage shows the two primordial germ cells to be derived from the third division of the paired mesoderm cells which have arisen by an equal division of the fourth micromere produced by cell D of the four‐cell stage. Details of meiosis have not been ascertained, because of the small size of the chromosomes, their large number, and the difficulty of fixation. Nothing forecasts which primordial germ cells will become ova and which spermatozoa.
Cytoplasmic structures in binucleate opalinids, with special reference to the Golgi apparatus
Authors: Richardson K. C. , Horning E. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree types of cell inclusions are demonstrated within the general protoplasm of the binucleated Protoplina, parasites of Hyla aurea. These are considered to represent mitochondria, together with associated, synthesized vegetative granules and Golgi bodies, as evidenced by their behavior, morphology, and staining reactions.The Golgi material is shown to consist of irregularly twisted rods and granules scattered at random in the cytoplasm, but possessing a very distinctive morphology and reaction to different techniques when compared with the mitochondria. No relationship could be detected between these vegetative structures and the cilia, as has been previously described.These observations have also been extended to a similar study of the cytoplasmic organs of Nyctotherus cordiformis, and it has been possible to demonstrate Golgi bodies of a similar appearance within this organism as well as to show again the nature of the basal granules and their relationship to the cilia.The procedure of identifying the mitochondria elements with great care is recommended as a preliminary means of studying the Golgi apparatus of Protozoa, particularly where osmication techniques are used exclusively.
The anatomy of diplodinium medium
Authors: Rees Charles W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this paper evidence is given in support of the author's statements (Rees, '30) that in ciliates in the genus Diplodinium a neuromotor apparatus, as described and figured by Sharp ('14), could not be differentiated. For the study of minute anatomy ciliates were cut into serial sections 3 μ thick. The body which in D. medium appeared to correspond to the motorium of D. ecaudatum was shown to be a fold of the middle layer of ectoplasm. Fibers, described and figured by Sharp as connecting the motorium to the organelles of locomotion and of food taking and to a ring about the esophagus, could not be differentiated. Other fibers which Sharp designated as opercular were shown to be part of a fibrillar complex extending throughout the middle layer and the inner boundary layer of ectoplasm. The walls of the esophagus were shown to be formed by the fused middle and inner layers of the ectoplasm. The esophageal fibers therefore belong also to the above‐mentioned fibrillar complex. In D. medium a system of esophageal membranelles was differentiated, described, and figured. The ciliary systems of Paramaecium ecaudatum and of Diplodinium medium were shown to be strikingly similar. The principle of descent from a common ancestor adequately explains the above similarity, but is out of harmony with the discrepancies between Sharp's account of D. ecaudatum and this account of D. medium.