bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure–fungitoxicity relationships of some volatile flavour constituents of the edible mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus florida
Authors: Nidiry Eugene Sebastian J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe fungitoxicity of the diethyl ether extracts of two basidiomycete mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus florida, and 14 flavour constituents present in these mushrooms is being reported. Median effective molar concentrations (EC50) of the compounds for the mycelial growth inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on potato–dextrose–agar (PDA) medium were computed and compared. Among the constituents tested for fungitoxicity, 1‐octanol exhibited the highest activity. Structure–activity relationship studies of the constituents revealed that high hydrophobicity of the alkyl moiety, the presence of the primary alcoholic group and the absence of branching of the alkyl group are responsible for the high activity of 1‐octanol. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volatile constituents of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subsp. sylvatica
Authors: Kitic Dusanka , Palic Radosav , Ristic Mihajlo , Sojanovic Gordana , Jovanovic Tatjana 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe volatile constituents of Calamintha sylvatica Bromf. subs. sylvatica in the different development stages (pre‐blossom, full blossom and post‐blossom) have been analysed using GC and GC–MS. Thirty‐three constituents were identified. The most representative compound in all stages was cis‐piperitone oxide (66.6–74.6%). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of thiazolidines in guava: stereochemical studies
Authors: Fernandez Xavier , Duñach Elisabet , Fellous Roland , Lizzani‐Cuvelier Louisette , Loiseau Michel , Dompe Vincent , Cozzolino Francis , George Gérard , Rochard Sophie , Schippa Christine 
Published: September 2002

AbstractVolatile compounds from guava (Psidium guajava L.) were extracted using dichloromethane. Among these volatile compounds, methyl 2‐methyl‐thiazolidine‐4‐(R)‐carboxylate (cis and trans) and the ethyl 2‐methyl‐thiazolidine‐4‐(R)‐carboxylate (cis and trans) could be identified for the first time in fruits. The chemical synthesis of the reference compounds and other analogues allowed the further comparison with the guava extracted thiazolidines. The absolute configuration of the cis/trans isomers was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and by nuclear overhauser enhancement (2D NMR NOESY). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parallel pressure implicit splitting of operators algorithm applied to flows at all speeds
Authors: Bressloff N. W. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA parallel implementation of the pressure‐based implicit splitting of operators (PISO) method is described and applied to both compressible and incompressible flows. The treatment of variables at the interfaces between adjacent blocks is highlighted, and, for compressible flow, a straightforward method for the implicit handling of density is described. Steady state and oscillatory flow through a sudden expansion are considered at low speeds for both two‐ and three‐dimensional geometries. Extension of the incompressible method to compressible flow is assessed for subsonic, transonic and supersonic flow through a two‐dimensional bump. Although good accuracy is achieved in these high‐speed flows, including the automatic capturing of shock waves, the method is deemed unsuitable for simulating steady state high‐speed flows on fine grids due to the requirement of very small time steps. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative explicit simulation of 1D surges and dam‐break flows
Authors: Hsu Chih‐Tsung , Yeh Keh‐Chia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe one‐dimensional Saint Venant equations for shallow‐water flows are used to simulate the flood wave resulting from the sudden opening (or closure) of a gate or collapse of a dam. An iterative explicit characteristics‐based finite‐difference method, based on the explicit finite analytic method, is proposed to discretize the dynamic equation, and the conservative control volume method is used for the discretization of the continuity equation. Surge and dam‐break flows in a horizontal, rectangular and frictionless channel were first considered, under such conditions the analytic solutions exist. For the surge simulation, numerical results of the proposed scheme are nearly identical to those obtained from the Preissmann scheme. For the dam‐break simulations addressing three ratios of tailwater depth to water depth in the reservoir, the proposed scheme, as compared with the analytic solutions, yields better results than those obtained by the MacCormack scheme, the Gabutti scheme, and Jha et al.'s flux splitting scheme (J. Hydraul. Res. 1996; 34(5):605–621). As the depth ratio approaches zero, the accuracy of the proposed scheme is still satisfactory, even with the dry‐bed condition. Investigations then were made for more realistic dam‐break flow waves propogating in a sloped and frictional channel. Lacking analytic solutions, the simulating results from the proposed scheme as well as those from Chen's scheme (J. Hydraul. Div. 1980; 106(HY4):535–556) were compared with the laboratory data collected in 1960–1961 at the United States Army Engineer Waterways Experiments Station (WES). An assumed initial flow was required for the computer‐simulated condition in Chen's model. However, this is not the case in the proposed model, i.e., a real dry‐bed condition was set as the initial condition in the downstream channel of the dam. The consistency between the two simulated results is obvious compared with the experimental data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eddy resolving simulations of turbulent solar convection
Authors: Elliott Julian R. , Smolarkiewicz Piotr K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDeep convection occurs in the outer one‐third of the solar interior and transports energy generated by nuclear reactions to the surface.It leads to a characteristic pattern of time‐averaged differential rotation, with the poles rotating significantly slower (approximately 25 per cent) than the equator. This differential rotation results from Reynolds stresses that are associated with correlations of the longitudinal velocity with the radial and latitudinal velocities. One particularly interesting feature of the solar differential rotation is that it shows significant tilting of angular velocity contours away from the rotation axis (i.e. breaking of the Taylor–Proudman state of rotation rate constant on cylinders aligned with the rotation axis), in contrast to the results from early numerical simulations. In spite of such discrepancies, numerical simulations provide the best chance of making progress in understanding the observations. Many studies have adopted the DNS approach and have justified the artificially large viscosities and thermal diffusivities used as modelling transport by unresolved eddies. LES techniques (which use a turbulence closure to relate transport coefficients to local properties of the flow) offer a superior alternative, but face the problem of defining the turbulence closure, which is potentially difficult in the presence of stratification, rotation and other complicating factors. This problem can be avoided by shifting the responsibility for truncating the turbulent cascade from an explicit turbulence closure to the numerical scheme itself. Since this approach abandons the rigorous notions of the LES approach, we refer to it as a VLES (Very Large Eddy Simulation). This paper compares results of DNS simulations carried out with a spherical‐harmonic code, and preliminary results obtained using a VLES‐type code. Both make the anelastic approximation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A forecasting comparison of classical and Bayesian methods for modelling logistic diffusion
Authors: Bewley Ronald , Griffiths William E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA Bayesian procedure for forecasting S‐shaped growth is introduced and compared to classical methods of estimation and prediction using three variants of the logistic functional form and annual times series of the diffusion of music compact discs in twelve countries. The Bayesian procedure was found not only to improve forecast accuracy, using the medians of the predictive densities as point forecasts, but also to produce intervals with a width and asymmetry more in accord with the outcomes than intervals from the classical alternative. While the analysis in this paper focuses on logistic growth, the problem is set up so that the methods are transportable to other characterizations of the growth process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of asymmetric prediction intervals through causal forces
Authors: Armstrong J. Scott , Collopy Fred 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhen causal forces are specified, the expected direction of the trend can be compared with the trend based on extrapolation. Series in which the expected trend conflicts with the extrapolated trend are called contrary series. We hypothesized that contrary series would have asymmetric forecast errors, with larger errors in the direction of the expected trend. Using annual series that contained minimal information about causality, we examined 671 contrary forecasts. As expected, most (81%) of the errors were in the direction of the causal forces. Also as expected, the asymmetries were more likely for longer forecast horizons; for six‐year‐ahead forecasts, 89% of the forecasts were in the expected direction. The asymmetries were often substantial. Contrary series should be flagged and treated separately when prediction intervals are estimated, perhaps by shifting the interval in the direction of the causal forces. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the development of supply‐restricted telecommunications markets
Authors: Islam Towhidul , Fiebig Denzil G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA large proportion of the world telecommunications market can be characterized as supply restricted. In ITU (1999) official waiting lists numbered about 50 million worldwide with an average waiting time of two years. More than 100 countries had not eliminated the waiting list for telephone connections and hence a supply restricted market prevailed in all of these countries. Only about 25 countries have succeeded in eradicating their waiting list for basic telephone service. In terms of the pattern of diffusion, the subscriber's flow from waiting applicants to adopters is controlled by supply restrictions adding an important dimension that needs to be addressed when modeling and forecasting demand. An empirical analysis of the diffusion of main telephones in 46 supply‐restricted countries is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of a three‐stage Bass model that has been proposed to capture the dynamics of supply restrictions. We also compare the forecasting ability of different approaches to estimation when panel data are available. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular‐cytogenetic comparison of mucosa‐associated marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma and large B‐cell lymphoma arising in the gastro‐intestinal tract
Authors: Barth Thomas F.E. , Bentz Martin , Leithäuser Frank , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Siebert Reiner , Schlotter Magdalena , Schlenk Richard F. , Döhner Hartmut , Möller Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractExtranodal B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type may represent a model of lymphoma progression, because a small cell component frequently occurs in the large cell variants. We studied 52 extranodal B‐cell lymphomas: 18 extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphomas of MALT type (MZBL,MT), 7 MZBL,MT of the gastro‐intestinal tract with a diffuse large B‐cell component (giMZBLplusLBCL), and 27 diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas of the gastro‐intestinal tract without small cell component (giLBCL). Analytical techniques were comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The translocation t(11;18) was found as the sole aberration in two MZBL,MT only. In contrast to this, t(11;18)‐negative MZBL,MT were characterized by frequent gains on chromosome 3 and DNA amplifications on 2p13–p15. Furthermore, we found a clonal lymphoma progression from the small to the large cell component with accumulation of gains and losses of chromosomal material in the large cell component in giMZBLplusLBCL. Aberrations overlapping with MZBL,MT and giMZBLplusLBCL included losses on chromosome 13, amplifications of the REL proto‐oncogene, or gains on chromosome 12. In addition, the large cell component revealed gains on 8q24, including amplifications of the MYC proto‐oncogene, and losses on 2q. The giLBCL had frequent gains on chromosomes 12 and 9, as well as on 11q, and losses on 6q. We conclude that, based on the distinctive and partly overlapping patterns of genetic aberrations, MALT lymphomas can be divided into different genetic subgroups. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of loss of heterozygosity in lymphoma and leukaemia arising in F1 hybrid mice locates a common region of chromosome 4 loss
Authors: Meijne Emmy , Huiskamp Rene , Haines Jackie , Moody John , Finnon Rosemary , Wilding Jennifer , Spanjer Sylvia , Bouffler Simon , Edwards Alan , Cox Roger , Silver Andrew 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPrevious studies have identified five lymphoma‐related tumour suppressor gene regions on murine chromosome 4. Using detailed allelotype analysis on a range of lympho‐haematopoietic tumour types arising in F1 hybrid mice, we now show a consistent pattern of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) which identifies a common region of loss delineated by microsatellites D4Mit21 and D4Mit53 on proximal chromosome 4. This critical segment corresponds to the thymic lymphoma tumour suppressor region 5 (TLSR5) identified in an earlier study. Tumours of this type have also been reported as showing allelic loss from the Trp53 and Ikaros regions on chromosome 11. In the present study, only a small fraction of tumours showed LOH in the Ikaros region, while a minority of lymphomas, but not acute myeloid leukaemias, showed allelic loss of the chromosome 11 segment encoding Trp53. These and other data indicate strongly that the genomic regions identified as showing recurrent LOH depend on the genetic background of the mice. Overall, the results indicate a key role for a tumour suppressor gene(s) encoded in an ∼3 cM segment on proximal chromosome 4 and provide an experimental basis for the further investigation of the functional role of candidate genes which include Pax5 and Tgfbr1. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The fluvial and geomorphic context of Indian Knoll, an Archaic shell midden in West‐Central Kentucky
Authors: Morey Darcy F. , Crothers George M. , Stein Julie K. , Fenton James P. , Herrmann Nicholas P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIndian Knoll is the largest Archaic shell midden excavated by WPA archaeologists in Kentucky. Situated in a large alluvial valley, the site is not associated with a known river shoal as might be expected, making its fluvial and geomorphic setting of interest. Based on sediment cores and auger samples, undisturbed portions of the site remain despite extensive excavations. In undisturbed portions, a shell‐bearing layer is overlain by a shell‐free midden layer. Profiles of organic matter and calcium carbonate content for both layers are similar to those of other Green River shell middens. New radiocarbon determinations date the shell deposit at 5590–4530 cal yr B.P. Analysis of mussel species collected from the Indian Knoll indicates that shell fishing took place in a swiftly flowing, shallow to moderately deep setting of the main river channel. Overall, the prehistoric river setting adjacent to Indian Knoll was characterized by deeper water on average with variable but finer‐grained substrate compared to other Green River shell midden sites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparative electron microprobe study of “Aeginetan” wares with potential raw material sources from Aegina, Methana, and Poros, Greece
Authors: Dorais Michael J. , Shriner Christine M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractQualitative stylistic evidence from ceramic vessels and limited petrographic analysis suggested that a distinctive group of ceramics with visible inclusions of biotite (Gold Mica Fabric) was produced on the island of Aegina, Greece, during the Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I periods. To quantitatively evaluate this provenance, we sampled all potential source rocks on Aegina, Methana, and Poros. Electron microprobe analysis of amphibole in these samples revealed that each of these volcanic centers has its own unique mineralogical signature. Comparative analyses of amphibole in Zerner's original stylistic “Gold Mica Fabric” type sample with the reference samples reveal that two sherds are Aeginetan. Three additional sherds from this sample may have a non‐Aeginetan provenance, probably from a back‐arc setting outside the Saronic Gulf. These results suggest that the hypothesis of a single source production site for Aeginetan Ware should be reexamined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of polygenes on Xiong’s transmission disequilibrium test of a QTL in nuclear families with multiple children
Authors: Deng Hong‐Wen , Li Jing , Recker Robert R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe transmission disequilibrium test (TDT), originally developed for mapping disease genes, has recently been extended to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL). For quantitative traits important for human health, generally multiple QTLs are involved. In the investigation of the statistical properties of the TDT, background polygenes (QTLs other than the QTL under test) generally have not been explicitly considered. The effects of background polygenes on the statistical properties of the TDT are thus largely unknown. Investigation of these effects will provide more realistic analyses of the statistical properties of the TDT under biologically plausible situations, and thus provide more accurate guidelines on the application of the TDT in practice. A general TDT (TDTG) has been developed to test linkage of a QTL in nuclear families that may be composed of more than one heterozygous parent and multiple children. Using the TDTG as an example, we develop an analytical method to investigate the effects of background polygenes on the power of the TDT. The accuracy of our analytical method is validated by computation simulations. We found that the power of the TDTG is increased with background polygenes when more than one child is employed in nuclear families, and the effect is stronger with more children per family recruited for study. The power of the TDTG increases dramatically when the number of children recruited from each nuclear family increases from one to two or from two to three. The type one error rate is not affected by the presence of background polygenes. The results of this study should be of theoretical significance in generalizing the investigation of the TDT to biologically plausible situations with background polygenes. They should also be of practical values in providing guidance on the recruitment of nuclear families with multiple children with the TDTG. Genet. Epidemiol. 21:243–265, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrolysis of an isolable selenoseleninate under acidic and alkaline conditions
Authors: Ishii Akihiko , Takahashi Takeshi , Nakayama Juzo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAcid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of a selenoseleninate [TripSe(O)SeTrip](Trip = 9‐triptycyl) in 2 M HClO4‐1,4‐dioxane at room temperature yielded the selenenic acid (TripSeOH). Alkaline hydrolysis of TripSe(O)SeTrip gave the diselenide (TripSeSeTrip) and the seleninic acid (TripSeO2H), where air oxidations of the resulting selenol (TripSeH) and TripSeOH occur at a considerable rate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:198–203, 2001
Oxidation of 1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2,3‐benzodithiin
Authors: Sato Ryu , Takeda Eiji , Nakajo Shiduko , Kimura Takeshi , Ogawa Satoshi , Kawai Yasushi 
Published: September 2002

Abstract1,4‐Dihydro‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2,3‐benzodithiin (3), synthesized from 1,2‐bis(phenylmethyl)benzene (1), was subjected to oxidation to give 1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2,3‐benzodithiin 2‐oxide (4) as a mixture of diastereomers separable by column chromatography. (1R*,2R*,4S*)‐1,4‐Dihydro‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2,3‐benzodithiin 2‐oxide (4‐meso‐1) was obtained preferentially from (1R*,4S*)‐1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2,3‐benzodithiin (3‐meso) with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid (m‐CPBA). The 4‐meso‐1 stereoisomer afforded an unexpected product 1,3‐diphenylbenzo[c]thiophene (5) upon further oxidation with mCPBA. On the other hand, oxidation of 1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2,3‐benzodithiin 2‐oxides (4‐dl and 4‐meso), with Oxone gave 1,4‐dihydro‐1,4‐diphenyl‐2,3‐benzodithiin 2,2‐dioxide (7). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:209–216, 2001
Crystal structure of 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyltrichlorogermane and 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenylgermane
Authors: Unno Masafumi , Kawai Yuuki , Matsumoto Hideyuki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwo organogermanium compounds, 2,4,6‐(t‐Bu)3C6H2GeCl3 (1) and 2,4,6‐(t‐Bu)3C6H2GeH3 (2), were prepared, and the structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography. Compound 1 exhibits unusual structural parameters due to the strong repulsion of the bulky t‐butyl substituents and GeCl3 moiety; the benzene ring assumes a boat conformation, and the GeCl3 group as well as the o‐t‐butyl groups stay significantly away from the benzene ring. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:238–243, 2001
Limitations to enhancing the speed of onset of antidepressants — are rapid action antidepressants possible?
Authors: Artigas Francesc 
Published: September 2002

AbstractExisting antidepressant treatments suffer from a limited efficacy and a slow onset of action. Some first‐generation antidepressant drugs are still among the most effective treatments. Several neurobiological adaptive mechanisms are involved in the delayed action of antidepressants. Among these, a negative feed‐back involving somatodendritic autoreceptors plays an important role in such delay. In the case of the SSRIs, the prevention of this effect with 5‐HT1A autoreceptor antagonists enhances their effects at experimental level. Open‐label and placebo‐controlled trials with the mixed β‐adrenoceptor/5‐HT1A antagonist pindolol support that this agent reduces the latency to achieve a clinical improvement when used in combination with SSRIs. Displacement studies support that this action is mediated by its interaction with 5‐HT1A receptors. The design of clinical trials for the evaluation of fast‐acting antidepressants is critical. The use of loose criteria of response may result in a poor discriminating power. Conversely, stringent clinical criteria may be more helpful in revealing the differences between treatments. The data of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial comparing fluoxetine plus placebo and fluoxetine plus pindolol suggests that the use of sustained response (i.e., one maintained until the end of the trial) is critical for the establishment of differences between treatments. Other factors, such as a placebo lead‐in phase or the frequency of visits, appear to play a minor role. Overall, these data indicate that faster antidepressant drugs can be obtained through a better knowledge of their actions in CNS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of antidepressant drugs: the case of inositol
Authors: Nemets Boris , Fux Mendel , Levine Joseph , Belmaker R. H 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInositol is a second messenger precursor that is effective in depression and obsessive‐compulsive disorder via a mechanism different from serotonin reuptake inhibitors. However, controlled trials of inositol combined with serotonin reuptake inhibitors in depression or in reuptake inhibitor resistant depressed patients, or in partially responsive obsessive‐compulsive patients, did not reveal added benefit. This is comparable to results with combinations of other antidepressant treatments, such as tricyclics plus monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.