bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relevance of attachment theory to a contemporary Jungian view of the internal world: internal working models, implicit memory and internal objects
Authors: Knox Jean 
Published: March 2003

In this paper I examine the various meanings of the term ‘internal object’, and the differences between various theoretical models for the formation of internal objects. I suggest that the idea in attachment theory of ‘internal working models’ emphasizes the internal world as one consisting of unconscious internalized patterns of emotional relationship. The term ‘internal object’ lacks this clarity and the different meanings it carries within differing theoretical frameworks are a source of confusion.I describe the role which implicit memory plays in the formation of ‘internal working models’ and suggest that these offer us an alternative explanation for unconscious fantasy and for object relationships to that of instinctual drives. This model is then brought to bear on contemporary Jungian concepts of the internal world, with a suggestion that, seen in this light, Jung's formulation of the concept of the complex has many features in common with the ‘internal working model’ of attachment theory.
Aristotle’s ontogenesis: a theory of individuation which integrates the classical and developmental perspectives
Authors: Horne Michael 
Published: March 2003

The effects of the classical/developmental split in analytical psychology are described. No underlying issues explaining the nature of the split have been clearly enunciated. The schools can, however, be distinguished by their differing epistemologies. These are the hermeneutic and transcendental branches of phenomenology. The use of these epistemologies leads their proponents to either an immanent or transcendent concept of the divine, respectively.The theoretical break between Freud and Jung can, in part, be attributed to their espousal of determinism and teleology, respectively. This conflict has been continued in analytical psychology with the developmentalists most often advocating determinism, and the classicists usually championing teleology. The dissimilar causal theories lead to different concepts of the nature of individuation.Aristotle’s fourfold theory of causality, of which determinism and teleology are two categories, can be seen to be an ontogenic theory rather than a classification of causal influences. Applying his theory to the process of individuation provides an ontogenesis that more accurately describes the process itself, and unifies the developmental and classical theories.Intimations of this formulation in Jung’s work are described. More explicit conceptions of this idea in the work of two contemporary analytical psychologists and that of Wilfred Bion are also presented.
Playing with the Pieces: Deconstruction and the Loss of Moral Culture
Authors: Feldman Steven P. 
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the assumptions and implications of the notion of deconstruction as they are found in writers concerned with organization theory and organization ethnography. Deconstruction, and postmodernism generally, is shown to be a continuation of modernity’s attack on cultural authority and its celebration of the ideology of individualism with its concomitant of endless criticism. Deconstruction posits the oppositional nature of language and symbolism as a ‘violent hierarchy’ and seeks to overturn this hierarchy to achieve human freedom. This reading of the repressive aspects of culture is shown to undermine the essential dynamic of culture, which is a recurrent splitting of what is from what is not in the process of forming meaning.By opening up structures of meaning to expose their repressed contents, deconstruction aspires to question all authority. This is particularly threatening to the ethical aspects of organizational culture, because it suggests a continuous attempt to question the boundary between right and wrong. Indeed, orders of right and wrong are seen by deconstruction as mere political attempts at controlling an organization. Ethics is reduced to politics; authority is confused with power.I argue here, instead, that stable structures of meaning are needed over time to found a traditional and thus legitimate base for business ethics. Contrary to deconstruction’s goal of opening meaning to its repressed opposite, I assert that memory should be seen as a moral decision based on past experience. Business ethics requires stable moral standards and, no less, the capacity to believe in them.
The Transition from Strategic Technology Alliances to Mergers and Acquisitions: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Hagedoorn John , Sadowski Bert 
Published: March 2003

This paper studies a number of research topics derived from the basic question: do interfirm alliances change into mergers and acquisitions as companies that were previously co‐operating become integrated? The analysis is limited to the group of strategic technology alliances, i.e. those interfirm agreements for which joint technology development or technology sharing is part of the agreement.The paper first explores the literature that refers to the possible transition from strategic technology alliances to mergers and acquisitions. Based on this we formulate a number of hypotheses regarding the change in modes of governance and several dimensions of this process related to the international distribution of transformed alliances, their industry specificity, the size of firms, and the distribution of contractual and equity agreements. The major finding of our research is that the transformation from strategic technology alliance to merger and acquisition hardly ever takes place. This suggests that alliances and mergers and acquisitions are not part of a rather smooth continuum but they are first of all different modes of governance where one mode certainly does not lead to the other
EAST MEETS EAST AND EAST MEETS WEST: THE CASE OF SINO‐JAPANESE AND SINO‐WEST JOINT VENTURES IN CHINA
Authors: LI JI , KARAKOWSKY LEONARD , LAM KEVIN 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study tests the effects of cultural differences on the behaviour and performance of joint‐ventures. We first study the relationship and predictions of two relevant theories, i.e., the theory about cultural diversity and that about cultural distance. After that, we apply the theories to study the behaviour and performance of Sino‐Japanese and Sino‐West joint ventures (JVs). Processing data from 2718 such JVs in different parts of China, we show evidence supporting our arguments. Our paper concludes with a discussion on the implications of the findings.
On the Reasonableness of Compelling Citizens to ‘Vote’: The Australian Case
Authors: Hill Lisa 
Published: March 2003

The legitimacy of compelling citizens to vote is rarely explored beyond claims about partisan benefit or infractions of liberty and democratic freedom of choice. Using the Australian model as a particularly successful and well administered case, I explore more deeply the issue of whether the state imposed obligation to vote is a legitimate one. The problem is approached via a number of questions, among them: Does compulsion have any properties that make it superior to a voluntary system? Does compulsion place an undue burden on voters? Is voting in the interests of individuals? Does voting do any good? Is there an obligation to vote? And, if so, to whom is the obligation owed? I conclude that compulsion is reasonable because it yields collective (and ultimately individual) goods and protects a number of democratic, liberal and moral values. It is suggested that although there may be an obligation (but not a duty) to vote, this obligation is not owed to the state but rather to other citizens. An important effect of compulsory voting is its capacity to make voting a more ‘rational’ activity because it limits informational uncertainty and reduces opportunity costs. Compulsion removes most, if not all, the barriers to voting normally experienced by abstainers in voluntary systems. In doing so it releases or generates a variety of positive values, utilities and capabilities.
Reflexive Watchdogs? How Supreme Audit Institutions Account for Themselves
Authors: Pollitt Christopher , Summa Hilkka 
Published: March 2003

Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) such as the UK National Audit Office and the French Cour des Comptes play important roles within the institutional mechanisms of the democratic state. They are given high independence in order to secure public accountability for, first, the probity and legality of public spending and, second, economy, efficiency and effectiveness. During the last twenty years several SAIs’ mandates have been adjusted to reflect the latter, more managerialist, concerns.This article asks two questions: first, what evidence do these SAIs offer as to the quality and effectiveness of their activities in carrying out their mandates and, second, to what extent does their self–reporting appear to have been influenced by the precepts of the ‘New Public Management’ (NPM)? To address these questions an analysis is carried out of the annual reports and other relevant documents of the Finnish, Swedish, French and UK SAIs, and of the European Court of Auditors. The analysis shows considerable differences of approach. These may well be related to the differing constitutional positions and administrative cultures of the SAIs concerned. In conclusion we identify different concerns which are associated with either a fervent embracing of NPM criteria by SAIs or, alternatively, with an apparent rejection of those approaches.
The importance of a common project management method in the corporate environment
Authors: Mulder Louwrens 
Published: March 2003

Like so many other major companies in the world today, Ericsson runs most of its product development operations as projects. The increasing complexity of telecommunication solutions often requires that many technologies are brought together in one turnkey project, such as telephone switching, mobile radio networks, DECT radio Access and others. Competence centres within Ericsson, spread out over many countries need to work together in‘cross functional’ projects.While the advantage of the project concept is obvious, carrying out projects in which various Ericsson companies participate, in different countries, can prove to be a very complex undertaking. Many such projects are running simultaneously and often compete for resources and priority with ever increasing time constraints. In order to succeed we need a common methodology for managing projects.This methodology must provide Ericsson with a shared view on how we allocate scarce (human) resources, the roles that need to be played by all those involved in the project and the supporting line functions, the criteria to be used for decisions to be taken inside the project and in relation to other projects, and many more issues that require a common view. A shared view on project management is also a prerequisite for handling conflicts within an organization in which the project, as a working form, is predominant. Various Ericsson companies and units have achieved different degrees of maturity in their management of projects. This combined experience has produced a methodology called ‘PROPS’ that Ericsson uses today. The widespread use of PROPS has given Ericsson a common terminology and common perspective of projects. This contributes to shorter lead‐time, time to market and time to customer. In this article is explained some of the PROPS features and how PROPS is applied.
Analysing clusters of skills in R&D — core competencies, metaphors, visualization, and the role of IT
Authors: Klein Jeremy , Gee David , Jones Howard 
Published: March 2003

Though it is now universally accepted that companies should try to align their R&D activities with their business objectives, achieving this alignment is notoriously difficult in practice. The rise of the core competence framework has been very helpful in creating, and legitimizing, a language in which issues of technical competence and R&D strengths can be followed through to their consequences for competitive advantage. Companies are starting to express their R&D priorities explicitly in terms of core competencies.Without effective IT support, core competence concepts are often applied arbitrarily. This has led to accusations that core competence theory can become yet another battlefield upon which companies play out their internal political battles. Computer‐based techniques can help counteract this danger by enabling large volumes of relatively objective data to be collected, then making it possible to analyse and draw out patterns from this data, and finally enabling the data to be represented effectively.It is in this last area of data representation that information technology is now of particular benefit. In order to make the core competence approach sufficiently robust as a basis for decision making, it is necessary to collect and process large volumes of data. However, this data is normally difficult to represent in such a way that managers can assimilate it. In our recent experience, we have come to realize the particular importance of effective representations and metaphors, and have started to shift our own emphasis towards these areas in addition to analysis per se.The paper shows how core competence approaches can support R&D management decision making by exploring the roles of data collection, analysis and representation. Information technology is an integral part of these approaches, and we draw out some generalized lessons for the successful use of IT in decision support.
Irreversibility, sunk costs and investment under incomplete information
Authors: Bellalah Mondher 
Published: March 2003

Despite its importance to economic growth, the investment behavior of firms remains poorly understood. Existing models ignore irreversibility and the opportunity to wait for new information. Even if some recent literature accounts for these two characteristics, these models ignore information costs. This paper presents a framework for the valuation of investment opportunities accounting for information costs regarding the project cash‐flows.We develop some basic models of irreversible investment to illustrate the option‐like characteristics of investment opportunities under incomplete information. We show how optimal investment rules can be obtained using option pricing theory under incomplete information. It is possible to value real options and investment decisions using our approach in a context of incomplete information. Simulations are provided to illustrate our main results.
The Trinity: A New Wave?
Authors: Kilby Karen 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Bruce Marshall, Trinity and TruthBoris Bobrinskoy, The Mystery of the Trinity: Trinitarian Experience and Vision in the Biblical and Patristic TraditionDavid S. Cunningham, These Three are One: The Practice of Trinitarian TheologyDenis Edwards, The God of Evolution: A Trinitarian Theology
The Transition to Market Economies in an Endogenous Growth Model with Altruistic Agents
Authors: Zhang Jie 
Published: March 2003

This paper considers an endogenous transition from a self‐sufficient traditional economy to a market economy and its consequences on fertility and growth. The transition can occur if private intergenerational transfers are unable to secure old‐age consumption as adequately as savings on capital markets; otherwise individuals stay in the traditional economy unless the mass‐production technology in the market economy is sufficiently more advanced than individually accessible technologies. Markets emerge only if per capita output exceeds a certain level given a fixed cost of forming markets. The transition reduces fertility and promotes growth under plausible restrictions. JEL Classification: E20; J13; O10
CES Production Functions and Economic Growth
Authors: Klump Rainer , Preissler Harald 
Published: March 2003

We examine inconsistencies and controversies related to the use of CES production functions in growth models. First, we show that not all variants of CES functions commonly used are consistently specified. Second, using a simple growth model, we find that a higher elasticity of substitution leads to a higher steady state and makes the emergence of permanent growth more probable. It is also pointed out that the effect of a higher elasticity of substitution on the speed of convergence depends on the relative scarcity of the factors of production. Finally, we discuss possible explanations of variations in the elasticity of substitution.JEL classification: O41; O11
Reputation and Reciprocity: Consequences for the Labour Relation
Authors: Gächter Simon , Falk Armin 
Published: March 2003

Recent evidence highlights the importance of social norms in many economic relations. However, many of these relationships are long term and provide repeated game incentives for performance. We experimentally investigate interaction effects of reciprocity and repeated game incentives in two treatments (one‐shot and repeated) of a gift‐exchange game. In both treatments we observe reciprocity, which is strengthened in the repeated game. A detailed analysis shows that, in the repeated game, some subjects imitate reciprocity. Thus, reciprocity and repeated game incentives reinforce each other. Observed behaviour is robust against experience. We conclude that long‐term interaction is a “reciprocity‐compatible” contract enforcement device. JEL classification: J30; C91
Financial Market Imperfections, Labour Market Imperfections and Business Cycles
Authors: Arnold Lutz G. 
Published: March 2003

A Greenwald–Stiglitz (1993a) style rational expectations business cycle model is introduced in which uncorrelated productivity shocks or monetary shocks generate autocorrelated employment fluctuations due to financial constraints. The propagation mechanism is carefully modelled: because of capital market imperfections (only standard debt contracts are traded), firms' labour demand changes in response to changes in their balance‐sheet position; because of labour market imperfections (efficiency wages), employment and unemployment fluctuate in response to shifts in labour demand. The virtue of the model is its simplicity. Despite the fact that unemployment is endogenous, the dynamic behaviour of the model under rational expectations can be characterised analytically. JEL classification: E32
Relative Prices in Monetary Union and Floating
Authors: Vartiainen Juhana 
Published: March 2003

The setting is a small open economy with an open sector and a sheltered sector. If the unions that operate in each sector coordinate their wage claims within the sector, the choice of monetary regime—monetary union or floating with an inflation target—affects the relative prices of tradables and non–tradables as well as real wages and employment. EMU membership results in lower prices of tradable goods and lower relative wages in the open sector, while opposite results hold for sheltered sector prices and wages. JEL classification: E5; E24; E42; J5; J31
Product Market Integration and Wages in Unionized Countries
Authors: Munch Jakob Roland , Skaksen Jan Rose 
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the effects of product market integration on wages. We develop a two–country general equilibrium model of international trade with imperfectly competitive product markets and unionized labor markets. Integration is modelled as either a fall in fixed or variable trade costs. A reduction in fixed trade costs leads to an unambiguous decrease in wages, whereas a reduction in variable trade costs has an ambiguous effect on wages. JEL classification: F15; J5; L13
Effects of Fiscal Contractions: The Importance of Preceding Exchange Rate Movements
Authors: Hjelm Göran 
Published: March 2003

We examine the importance of exchange rate and money supply movements for the macroeconomic outcome of fiscal contractions and find: (i) contractions associated with a favorable macroeconomic outcome have been preceded by significantly higher real depreciations as compared to contractions associated with a less favorable macroeconomic outcome and (ii) contractions preceded by real depreciations improve expectations about future income and generate higher private consumption growth. We discuss policy implications for countries both outside and inside the EMU. JEL classification: E21; E63; H30
When Environmental Policy is Superfluous: Growth and Polluting Resources
Authors: Schou Poul 
Published: March 2003

In a research–driven endogenous growth model, a non–renewable resource gives rise to pollution. Consumption may either grow or decline along the optimal balanced growth path, but the (flow) pollution level necessarily diminishes continuously. Any positive balanced growth path is sustainable. Utility may improve, even though consumption declines. Although positive growth is optimal, the market economy may nevertheless result in permanently declining consumption possibilities. At the same time, a growth–enhancing government policy may improve long–run environmental conditions. The pollution externality does not distort the decisions of the market economy, so that a specific environmental policy is superfluous. JEL classification: O41; Q20; Q28; Q32
Unemployment and Migration: Does Moving Help?
Authors: Pekkala Sari , Tervo Hannu 
Published: March 2003

The migration behaviour of the unemployed in Finland is analysed in terms of the causal effect of moving on individual employment status. In 1994, 17 percent of the labour force was unemployed and the unemployment rate exhibited a very slow decline in 1994–1996. Over half of those who were unemployed at the end of 1994 were still unemployed two years later. The propensity to find a job is somewhat greater among migrants. However, the positive effect of moving diminishes once other personal characteristics are accounted for. Moreover, when controlling for endogenous migrant selectivity, an insignificant or even negative effect on employment status emerges. This indicates that the relatively better “quality” of the migrants (e.g. age, education, human capital and unobserved ability), rather than the act of moving itself, causes an improvement in re–employability. Hence, migration alone may not be a very effective mechanism for alleviating individual unemployment. JEL classification: J61; J64