bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparities in Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Neighborhood Variations in Poverty and Excess Mortality Among Black Populations in Massachusetts
Authors: Subramanian S.V. , Chen Jarvis T. , Rehkopf David H. , Waterman Pamela D. , Krieger Nancy 
Published: January 2005

Objectives. We analyzed neighborhood heterogeneity in associations among mortality, race/ethnicity, and area poverty. Methods. We performed a multilevel statistical analysis of Massachusetts all-cause mortality data for the period 1989 through 1991 (n=142836 deaths), modeled as 79813 cells (deaths and denominators cross-tabulated by age, gender, and race/ethnicity) at level 1 nested within 5532 block groups at level 2 within 1307 census tracts (CTs) at level 3. We also characterized CTs by percentage of the population living below poverty level. Results. Neighborhood variation in mortality across CTs and block groups was not accounted for by these areas’ age, gender, and racial/ethnic composition. Neighborhood variation in mortality was much greater for the Black population than for the White population, largely because of CT-level variation in poverty rates. Conclusions. Neighborhood heterogeneity in the relationship between mortality and race/ethnicity in Massachusetts is statistically significant and is closely related to CT-level variation in poverty.
Social Anatomy of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Violence
Authors: Sampson Robert J. , Morenoff Jeffrey D. , Raudenbush Stephen 
Published: January 2005

We analyzed key individual, family, and neighborhood factors to assess competing hypotheses regarding racial/ethnic gaps in perpetrating violence. From 1995 to 2002, we collected 3 waves of data on 2974 participants aged 18 to 25 years living in 180 Chicago neighborhoods, augmented by a separate community survey of 8782 Chicago residents. The odds of perpetrating violence were 85% higher for Blacks compared with Whites, whereas Latino-perpetrated violence was 10% lower. Yet the majority of the Black–White gap (over 60%) and the entire Latino–White gap were explained primarily by the marital status of parents, immigrant generation, and dimensions of neighborhood social context. The results imply that generic interventions to improve neighborhood conditions and support families may reduce racial gaps in violence.
Addressing the Childhood Asthma Crisis in Harlem: The Harlem Children’s Zone Asthma Initiative
Authors: Nicholas Stephen W. , Jean-Louis Betina , Ortiz Benjamin , Northridge Mary , Shoemaker Katherine , Vaughan Roger , Rome Michaela , Canada Geoffrey , Hutchinson Vincent 
Published: January 2005

Objectives. We determined the prevalence of asthma and estimated baseline asthma symptoms and asthma management strategies among children aged 0–12 years in Central Harlem. Methods. The Harlem Children’s Zone Asthma Initiative is a longitudinal, community-based intervention designed for poor children with asthma. Children aged 0–12 years who live or go to school in the Harlem Children’s Zone Project or who participate in any Harlem Children’s Zone, Inc, program were screened for asthma. Children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms were invited to participate in an intensive intervention. Results. Of the 1982 children currently screened, 28.5% have been told by a doctor or nurse that they have asthma, and 30.3% have asthma or asthma-like symptoms. To date, 229 children are enrolled in the Harlem Children’s Zone Asthma Initiative; at baseline, 24.0% had missed school in the last 14 days because of asthma. Conclusion. The high prevalence of asthma among children in the Harlem Children’s Zone Project is consistent with reports from other poor urban communities. Intensive efforts are under way to reduce children’s asthma symptoms and improve their asthma management strategies.
Comparative study of the mechanical and flame‐retarding properties of polybutadiene rubber filled with nanoparticles and fly ash
Authors: Mishra S. , Sonawane S. H. , Badgujar N. , Gurav K. , Patil D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA comparative study was performed of fly ash and nano‐CaCO3 as fillers in polybutadiene rubber with 0, 4, 8 and 12% fly ash and nano‐CaCO3. Uniform sheets were prepared of well‐compounded rubber. Nano‐CaCO3 was synthesized by in situ deposition. The CaCO3 nanoparticles as reinforcing agents improved the tensile strength more than 50% than fly ash, and the toughness and hardness also increased significantly. Up to a 75% reduction in flammability and a 100% improvement in the tear strength were observed with nano‐CaCO3.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 6–9, 2005
Preparation and surfactancy of branched copolymers from poly(oxyalkylene)‐amine and trichlorotriazine coupling
Authors: Lin J. J. , Huang B. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA family of branched and block copolymers consisting of poly(oxyalkylene) segments was prepared by using 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine as the amine coupling agent. The copolymers were characterized to have a high molecular weight of up to 22,600 g/mol (Mn) and be thermally stable due to the presence of triazine cores and reactive chloride functionalities. Using the trifunctional poly(oxypropylene)‐block amines as the starting material and a two‐step coupling process, the prepared copolymers are star‐shape or branched, multiple‐block copolymers, with a versatile solubility in water or organic solvents. Further variation in amine structures of hydrophobic poly(oxypropylene) (POP‐) and hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene) (POE‐) blocks may allow the prepared copolymers to be amphiphilic. As an example, the triazine/POP T‐5000/POE ED‐2001 copolymer behaves as a surfactant and exhibits the capability of reducing toluene/water interfacial tension until 1.3 mN/m at critical association concentration as low as 0.001 wt %. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 29–36, 2005
Adsorption of hexavalent chromium by chitosan‐based polymeric surfactants
Authors: Lee Moo‐Yeal , Hong Kyung‐Jin , Shin‐Ya Yoshitsune , Kajiuchi Toshio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChitosan‐based polymeric surfactants (CBPSs) were prepared by the partial N‐acylation of amine groups on chitosan with acid anhydrides. To apply the CBPSs for the removal of Cr(VI) commonly found in wastewater, a batch test was conducted to evaluate the adsorption capacity. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) by the CBPS depended on several factors, including the solution pH, CBPS dose, and ionic strength. Our results show that the CBPSs exhibited a greater adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) than have other modified chitosans reported in the literature. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was 180 mg/g of CBPS at a final pH of 5.3. From the results of dynamic light scattering, we propose that the removal mechanism of Cr(VI) by the CBPSs was mainly through the adsorption of negatively charged chromium ions by positively charged amine groups on the CBPSs followed by colloidal precipitation because of its lower solubility. Conclusively, we found that the CBPS was significantly effective for the removal of Cr(VI). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 44–50, 2005
Synthesis and characteristics of semi‐interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels based on chitosan and poly(hydroxy ethyl methacrylate)
Authors: Kim Seon Jeong , Shin Su Ryon , Shin Dong Ik , Kim In Young , Kim Sun I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSemi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs), composed of chitosan and poly(hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) hydrogels, were prepared and the effects of various pH, temperatures, and an electric‐field on the swollen hydrogels were investigated. The swelling kinetics increased rapidly, reaching equilibrium within 60 min. Semi‐IPN hydrogels exhibited relatively high swelling ratios, 150∼350%. The swelling ratio increased when the pH of the buffer was below pH 7 as a result of the dissociation of ionic bonds. Semi‐IPN hydrogels showed electroresponsiveness by shrinking when an electric field was applied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 86–92, 2005
Processing, structure, and mechanical properties of as‐spun polypropylene filaments—A systematic approach using factorial design and statistical analysis
Authors: Yang Ruodan , Mather Robert R. , Fotheringham Alex F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolypropylene filaments spun under a factorial experimental design were characterized with respect to filament tenacity, elongation, and specific secant modulus. These quantities were assessed quantitatively as responses to seven selected processing parameters using standard statistical methods. It was found that among all the significant factors identified, the draw‐down ratio, which combines metering pump speed (MPS) and filament winding speed (WS), exerts the most significant effects on all the three responses. The grade of polypropylene used, as denoted by its melt flow index (MFI), also significantly influences tenacity and modulus. Spinning temperature, too, influences modulus. In addition, the significant influence of two interaction effects, MPS*WS and MFI*WS, is demonstrated. A further feature of the study is systematic correlation of physical properties with microscopic structure as well as processing conditions. The study has demonstrated that the statistical approach to the development of fiber process technology has the advantages of a one‐step overall design, considerably reduced experimental size, and systematic analysis leading to concise models with known levels of confidence. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 144–154, 2005
Shielding‐effectiveness modeling of carbon‐fiber/nylon‐6,6 composites
Authors: Janda Nicholas B. , Keith Jason M. , King Julia A. , Perger Warren F. , Oxby Troy J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have formulated a linear theory for the shielding effectiveness of composite matrix materials and have tested the theory for various amounts of ThermalGraph DKD X carbon fiber within nylon 6,6. The theory predicts that the most important parameters for the shielding effectiveness of a sample are the carbon‐fiber volume percentage and the frequency of the wave to be shielded. Although we expected the model to be valid at low filler‐loading levels, it actually performs remarkably, covering an electrical‐resistivity range of 1016 (at low filler‐loading levels) to 101 Ω cm (at high filler‐loading levels), well above the percolation threshold of electrical‐resistivity theory. The model performs much better than those reported in the literature and can be used to determine filler loadings needed to provide a certain level of shielding of electromagnetic waves. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 62–69, 2005
Secretion without membrane fusion: Porocytosis
Authors: Silver Robert B. , Pappas George D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have recently proposed a mechanism to describe secretion, a fundamental process in all cells. That hypothesis, called porocytosis, embodies all available data and encompasses both forms of secretion, i.e., vesicular and constitutive. The current accepted view of exocytotic secretion involves the physical fusion of vesicle and plasma membranes; however, that hypothesized mechanism does not fit all available physiological data. Energetics of apposed lipid bilayers do not favor unfacilitated fusion. We consider that calcium ions (e.g., 10−4 to 10−3 M calcium in microdomains when elevated for 1 ms or less), whose mobility is restricted in space and time, establish salt bridges among adjacent lipid molecules. This establishes transient pores that span both the vesicle and plasma membrane lipid bilayers; the diameter of this transient pore would be ∼ 1 nm (the diameter of a single lipid molecule). The lifetime of the transient pore is completely dependent on the duration of sufficient calcium ion levels. This places the porocytosis hypothesis for secretion squarely in the realm of the physical and physical chemical interactions of calcium and phospholipids and places mass action as the driving force for release of secretory material. The porocytosis hypothesis that we propose satisfies all of the observations and provides a framework to integrate our combined knowledge of vesicular and constitutive secretion. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 282B:18–37, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No effect on cognitive function from daily mobile phone use
Authors: Besset Alain , Espa Fabrice , Dauvilliers Yves , Billiard Michel , de Seze René 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe increasing use of mobiles phones (MP) has raised the problem of the effects of daily electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure on human health. To date several studies have been published concerning the effects of acute MP exposure on psychomotor performances. This study investigated the effects of daily exposure to GSM 900 type MP on cognitive function. Fifty‐five subjects (27 male and 28 female) were divided into two groups: a group with MP switched on and a group with MP switched off. The two groups were matched according to age, gender, and IQ. This double blind study lasted for 45 days and was divided in three periods: baseline (BLP, 2 days), exposure (EP, 27 days), and recovery (RP, 13 days). Subjects were exposed during EP and sham exposed during RP for 2 h/day, 5 days/week. The neuropsychological test battery composed of 22 tasks screened four neuropsychological categories: information processing, attention capacity, memory function, and executive function. This neuropsychological battery was performed four times on day 2 (BLP), day 15 (EP), day 29 (EP), and day 43 (RP). Our results indicate that daily MP use has no effect on cognitive function after a 13‐h rest period. Bioelectromagnetics 26:102–108, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A theoretical study of the effects of RF fields in the vicinity of membranes
Authors: Barnes F. , Kwon Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this article the forces associated with the gradients of a radio frequency (RF) field at the boundary between fluids and cell membranes are calculated, and it is shown that they can be large enough to affect the particle motion by amounts that are on the same order of magnitude as the random diffusion motion when the energy imparted to the particles is a reasonable fraction of the thermal energy. The induced dipole moment is assumed to track the alternating RF so that the force exerted by the gradient is in a constant direction; and this in turn leads to a modification of the particle distribution, even when the energy added to the particle is very small. For RF fields of 45 V/m the energy acquired by an induced dipole moment is expected to be on the order of a micro electron volt and small compared to the average thermal energy. Bioelectromagnetics 26:118–124, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure chamber for determining the biological effects of electric and magnetic fields on dairy cows
Authors: Nguyen Duc Hai , Richard Louis , Burchard Javier F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn exposure chamber was designed to study the effects of electric and magnetic fields (EMF) on oestrous cycles, hormonal profile during gestation, pineal function, quantity and quality of milk production, feed intake, and central nervous system of dairy cattle. The chamber was 15 × 10 × 3 m; and the control system was fully computerized so that the field intensities can be varied and monitored continuously, on site or remotely. During exposure to EMF, milk production, feed consumption, and health were monitored closely and blood and cerebral spinal fluid were continuously sampled. The chamber characteristics allow use of a wide range of exposure such as electric fields (0–30 kV/m) and magnetic fields (0–100 μT) at frequencies ranging from 45 to 3000 Hz. Bioelectromagnetics 26:138–144, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual behaviors among children and adolescents with acquired brain injury: an incidence survey at a community‐based neurorehabilitation center
Authors: Luiselli James K. , Sherak Donald L. , Dunn Erin K. , Pace Gary M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe conducted a survey to identify the incidence of sexual behaviors among a community sample of children and adolescents with acquired brain injury (ABI). The survey was completed by professional staff at a residential pediatric neurorehabilitation setting and included behaviors observed directly during their employment tenure (1–6 years). The five highest ranked categories of sexual behaviors from a sample of 24 students were (1) masturbation, (2) sex talk, (3) attempted or actual ‘petting/fondling’;, (4) attempt to solicit sex, and (5) verbal sexual threat. Staff identified relatively few students who exhibited sexually coercive or aggressive behaviors. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critical analysis of data‐based studies examining behavioral interventions with children and adolescents with brain injuries
Authors: Gurdin Lisa Selznick , Huber Sara A. , Cochran Cynthia R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper is a review and critical analysis of 20 data‐based studies examining the effects of behavioral interventions with children and adolescents with brain injuries in the rehabilitation, residential, and educational settings. First, the selection criteria and article search methods that were used to locate the studies are described. The procedures for each of the studies are then discussed. The studies are evaluated along several dimensions related to experimental control and are discussed for their significance to both the brain injury and behavioral disciplines. Future areas of research are also proposed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing staff performance measures in an acquired brain injury setting: combating the habituation to organizational behavioral interventions
Authors: Guercio John M. , Dixon Mark R. , Soldner James , Shoemaker Zach , Zlomke Kimberly , Root Shannon , Small Stacey 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe current study examines the utility of a range of behavioral strategies involving group and individual performance feedback for direct care staff in an in‐patient acquired brain injury setting. We first assessed the level of staff completion of behavioral programs for persons with brain injury who resided in one of two residential houses. A weekly percentage score for the entire house was obtained that reflected the completion of behavior programs in each residence. In a multiple baseline fashion across houses we varied the types of feedback intervention introduced to staff, which included in‐service training on the importance of completing behavior programs, a weekly public posting of overall program completion by house, and a weekly public posting of completion of programs by specific staff members. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced sensitivity of Cypridina luciferin analogue (CLA) chemiluminescence for the detection of .O2− with non‐ionic detergents
Authors: Osman Ahmed Mohamud , Laane Colja , Hilhorst Riet 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSuperoxide anion‐triggered chemiluminescence of Cypridina luciferin analogue (CLA), 2‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐3,7‐dohydroimidazo[1,2‐α]pyrazin‐3‐one, is enhanced by non‐ionic detergents such as Tween 20, Triton X‐100 and Tween 80. At the concentration of 0.6% (v/v) the largest increase (2.7‐fold) of CLA light intensity was obtained with Tween 20, followed by Tween 80 and Triton X‐100. Using this detergent‐amplified CLA chemiluminescence, the detection limits of xanthine and xanthine oxidase were examined at pH 7.4 and reinvestigated at pH 5.5. At pH 5.5, concentrations of xanthine and xanthine oxidase as low as 5 nmol/L and 3.85 × 10−7 U/mL, respectively, could be accurately determined, whereas, under the experimental conditions used, at pH 7.4 the lowest concentrations of xanthine and xanthine oxidase detectable were 10 nmol/L and 3.85 × 10−6 U/mL. The lowest detectable values of xanthine and xanthine oxidase obtained at pH 5.5 are about 400 and 10 times lower than those previously reported. The detection limit of xanthine (5 nmol/L) by this chemiluminescent‐based method is about 200 and 20 times more sensitive than the determination of xanthine by enzymatic means or by HPLC with detection limits of 1 µmol/L and 0.1 µmol/L, respectively. Our data suggest that this chemiluminescent probe can detect concentrations of superoxide anion below the nanomolar range. Copyright ­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondria and calcium homeostasis: a tale of three luminescent proteins
Authors: Magalhães Paulo J. , Rizzuto Rosario 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn recent years the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has provided the scientific community with a pair of tools of exceptional usefulness: aequorin and the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Whereas the former has played a major role in the study of calcium signalling, the latter has sparked the imagination of researchers into a myriad of elegant experiments. The firefly Photinus pyralis has also been of great use, providing a third luminescent protein, luciferase, which is mostly known for its role as a reporter protein. Concurrent use of these three proteins provides a powerful means of elucidating biological processes with fine spatio‐temporal detail. Here we will illustrate how specific molecular engineering of these three proteins provided a set of biological tools capable of generating important data in the field of calcium homeostasis. First, we will show how the use of specifically targeted aequorin chimeras enabled the measurement of regional Ca2+ concentrations; second, how the use of GFP (and derived chromatic mutants) permitted detailed morphological analyses in living cells; third, how luciferase was used to analyse energetic requirements at the subcellular level. Together, these three experimental approaches have provided important details on how mitochondria participate actively in calcium homeostasis. A final note regarding clinical implications demonstrates the practical usefulness of the data obtained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of luminol for oxidase‐based fibre‐optic biosensors
Authors: Marquette Christophe A. , Leca Béatrice D. , Blum Loïc J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe luminol electrochemiluminescence has been exploited for the development of several fibre‐optic biosensors allowing the detection of hydrogen peroxide and of substrates of H2O2‐producing oxidases. Electro‐optical flow injection analysis of glucose, lactate, cholesterol and choline are thus described. To perform the experiments, a glassy carbon electrode was polarized at a fixed potential. Luminol was then electrochemically oxidized and could react in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to produce light. Several parameters had to be optimized to obtain reliable optical biosensors. An optimum applied potential of +425 mV between the glassy carbon electrode and the platinum pseudo‐reference electrode was determined, allowing the best signal: noise ratio to be obtained. It was also necessary to optimize the experimental conditions for the immobilization of the different oxidases involved (preactivated membranes, chemically activated collagen membranes, photopolymerized matrix). For each biosensor developed, the optimum reaction conditions have been studied: buffer composition, pH, temperature, flow rate and luminol concentration. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits (S/N = 3) were 30 pmol, 60 pmol, 0.6 nmol and 10 pmol for lactate, glucose, cholesterol and choline, respectively. The miniaturization of electrochemiluminescence‐based biosensors has been realized using screen‐printed electrodes instead of a glassy carbon macroelectrode, with choline oxidase as a model H2O2‐generating oxidase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.