bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time–concentration–mortality modeling of the synergistic interaction of Beauveria bassiana and imidacloprid against Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Feng Ming‐Guang , Pu Xiao‐Ying 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInteractions between the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana SG8702, and imidacloprid on Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) were studied in laboratory bioassays by spraying suspensions of unformulated conidia (assay 1) and aqueous dilutions of emulsifiable conidia formulation alone (assay 2) or together with imidacloprid at the sub‐lethal rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µg ml−1 (assays 3–5). Each assay consisted of five conidia concentrations plus an appropriate control and three replicates, each including 30–40 third‐instar nymphs, so as to generate time–concentration–mortality data for modeling analysis. A mineral oil‐based emulsion used to formulate B bassiana slightly enhanced fungal activity but had no significant impact on the background mortality of N lugens. On the basis of LC50 estimates and associated variances on days 4–12 after spraying, synergistic interactions of both agents or formulations were determined by estimating relative potencies of assay 2 over assay 1 (1.2–9.0), assay 3 over assay 2 (1.3–1.7), assay 4 over assay 2 (7.5–9.6), assay 5 over assay 2 (22.7–101), assay 4 over assay 3 (3.8–5.8), assay 5 over assay 3 (16.1–61.0), and assay 5 over assay 4 (3.0–10.5). The time–concentration–mortality modeling method was not only mathematically but also biologically robust to evaluate the interactions of B bassiana and imidacloprid on N lugens. Compared with their counterparts, enhanced fungal formulations displayed consistently earlier or greater activities against the pest species based on LC50 and LT50 estimates determined from their time–concentration–mortality relationships. The results highlight a potential for pest control by combined formulation or application of B bassiana and imidacloprid. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pretilachlor and fenclorim on carbohydrate and protein formation in relation to their persistence in rice
Authors: Scarponi Luciano , Del Buono Daniele , Vischetti Costantino 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe persistence of pretilachlor applied to rice singly or in combination with the safener fenclorim was investigated in connection with starch, glucose and protein formation. The addition of fenclorim to pretilachlor did not reduce the accumulation of the latter, but reduced its persistence in rice shoots, while the presence of pretilachlor did not affect the persistence of fenclorim, but significantly increased its accumulation in the shoots. Therefore the safening effect of fenclorim consisted of a more rapid detoxification of pretilachlor. Over the period of pretilachlor and fenclorim detoxification, decreases in starch content, partially counterbalanced by increases of free glucose, and decreases in total protein content were observed in pretilachlor‐treated shoots; decreases in both starch and free glucose, as well as in total protein content, were observed in fenclorim ‐treated shoots compared with the untreated controls. The decreases in starch and total glucose appeared to be a direct consequence of reduced glucokinase and ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase activity, and the decrease in total protein an indirect consequence of reduced glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase activity, in response to pretilachlor and fenclorim treatments. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Oligo[methyl(phenyl)silane] ion–radical conformations calculated by the B3LYP method
Authors: Toman Petr , Nešpůrek Stanislav , Jang Jae Won , Lee Cheol Eui 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA quantum mechanical study of ion–radical conformations in oligo[methyl(phenyl)silane] (OMPSi) was performed. The conformations of the neutral, positively, and negatively charged OMPSi were optimized by means of the Hartree‐Fock (HF) and B3LYP methods. The common result of both methods is that the anion–radical conformation shows a significant stretching of the chain, whereas the cation–radical conformation is contracted. This fact is associated with changes of electron density distribution. On the other hand, the conformations of OMPSi calculated by the HF and B3LYP methods significantly differ in the spatial extent of the conformational defect associated with the presence of the introduced charge. The experimental and calculated infrared vibrational spectra of the cation–radical are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Molecular impurities in crystals: (ReO4)2− Jahn‐Teller ion in KCl
Authors: Vieito I. , Iglesias M. , García‐Lastra J. M. , Aramburu J. A. , Moreno M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFirst density functional calculations on ReO molecules embedded in KCl are reported. The results on the isolated ReO molecule confirm the existence of a strong Jahn‐Teller effect induced by the e vibrational mode and favoring a squashed D2d tetrahedron as stable geometry, where the unpaired electron is placed in an ∼3z2‐r2 orbital. Calculations carried out on an 81 atom cluster reveal that the Jahn‐Teller distortion in KCl is essentially the same as that for the free ReO molecule, which is thus in agreement with the geometry inferred from EPR data on KCl: ReO. Despite this fact, the Cl− → ReO replacement is shown to produce outwards or inwards relaxations on close ions in the KCl lattice, whose origin is briefly discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
The sperm, a neuron with a tail:‘neuronal’receptors in mammalian sperm
Authors: Meizel Stanley 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTA number of plasma membrane receptor types originally thought to be specific to neurons have been found in other somatic cells. More surprisingly, the mammalian sperm and neuron appear to share many of these‘neuronal’receptors. The morphology, chromosome number, genomic activity, and functions of those two cell types are as unlike as any two cells in the body, but they both achieve their highly disparate goals with the aid of a number of the same receptors. Exocytosis in neurons and sperm is essential to the functions of these cells and is strongly influenced by similar receptors.‘Neuronal’receptor types in sperm may also play a role in the control of sperm motility (a function of course not shared by neurons).This review will consider the evidence for the presence of sperm plasma membrane‘neuronal’receptors and for their significance to mammalian sperm function. The persuasiveness of the evidence varies depending on the receptor being considered, but there is strong experimental support for the presence and importance of a number of‘neuronal’receptors in sperm.
The granin family of uniquely acidic proteins of the diffuse neuroendocrine system: comparative and functional aspects
Authors: Helle Karen B. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe chromogranins A (CgA) and B (CgB) and secretogranin II (SgII) constitute the main members of a family of uniquely acidic secretory proteins in elements of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. These genetically distinct proteins, CgA, CgB, SgII and the less well known secretogranins III–VII are collectively referred to as‘granins’and characterised by numerous pairs of basic amino acids as potential cleavage sites for processing by the co‐stored prohormone converting enzymes PC 1/3 and PC2.This review is directed towards comparative and functional aspects of the granins with emphasis on their phylogenetically conserved sequences. Recent developments provide ample evidence of widely different effects and targets for the intact granins and their derived peptides, intracellularly in the directed trafficking of storage components during granule maturation and extracellularly in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine interactions. Most of the effects assigned to the granin derived peptides fit into patterns of direct or indirect inhibitory modulations of major functions. So far, peptides derived from CgA (vasostatins, chromacin, pancreastatin, WE‐14, catestatin and parastatin), CgB (secretolytin) and SgII (secretoneurin) are the most likely candidates for granin‐derived regulatory peptides, of postulated relevance not only for homeostatic processes, but also for tissue assembly and repair, inflammatory responses and the first line of defence against invading microorganisms.
The evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds
Authors: Roulin Alexandra 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe hypothesis that ornaments can honestly signal quality only if their expression is condition‐dependent has dominated the study of the evolution and function of colour traits. Much less interest has been devoted to the adaptive function of colour traits for which the expression is not, or is to a low extent, sensitive to body condition and the environment in which individuals live. The aim of the present paper is to review the current theoretical and empirical knowledge of the evolution, maintenance and adaptive function of colour plumage traits for which the expression is mainly under genetic control. The finding that in many bird species the inheritance of colour morphs follows the laws of Mendel indicates that genetic colour polymorphism is frequent. Polymorphism may have evolved or be maintained because each colour morph facilitates the exploitation of alternative ecological niches as suggested by the observation that individuals are not randomly distributed among habitats with respect to coloration. Consistent with the hypothesis that different colour morphs are linked to alternative strategies is the finding that in a majority of species polymorphism is associated with reproductive parameters, and behavioural, life‐history and physiological traits. Experimental studies showed that such covariations can have a genetic basis. These observations suggest that colour polymorphism has an adaptive function. Aviary and field experiments demonstrated that colour polymorphism is used as a criterion in mate‐choice decisions and dominance interactions confirming the claim that conspecifics assess each other's colour morphs. The factors favouring the evolution and maintenance of genetic variation in coloration are reviewed, but empirical data are virtually lacking to assess their importance. Although current theory predicts that only condition‐dependent traits can signal quality, the present review shows that genetically inherited morphs can reveal the same qualities. The study of genetic colour polymorphism will provide important and original insights on the adaptive function of conspicuous traits.
ENSEMBLE COMPETITIVE LEARNING NEURAL NETWORKS WITH REDUCED INPUT DIMENSION
Authors: KIM JONGWAN , AHN JESUNG , CHO SEONGWON 
Published: November 2004

Conventional neural networks utilize all the dimensions of the original input patterns for training and classification. However, a particular attribute of the input patterns does not necessarily contribute to classification and may even cause misclassification in certain cases. A new ensemble competitive learning method using the reduced input dimension is proposed. In contrast to the previous ensemble neural networks which adjust learning parameters, the proposed method takes advantage of the information in each dimension of the input patterns. Since the degree of contribution of each attribute to classification is not known beforehand, the different input data sets with one dimension reduced are presented to multiple neural networks. The classification information from each competitive learning neural network is then combined to make a final decision for classification. In order to improve classification accuracy, the ambiguous output neurons are eliminated which cannot be assigned to any class after training. We use three consensus schemes to judge the classification using ensemble neural networks. The experimental results with remote sensing and speech data indicate the improved performance of the proposed method.
THE GENERALIZED GROSS-NEVEU MODEL ON THE LIGHT-CONE
Authors: PESANDO IGOR 
Published: November 2004

We investigate the generalized Gross-Neveu model using the discretized light-cone quantization and we find that the vacuum of the bare theory is nontrivial in the presence of vectorial current coupling when the simplest and most natural form of quantum constraints is used. Nevertheless the vacuum of the renormalized theory is trivial. In the thermodynamic the Bethe-Salpeter equations which are obtained contain all the terms needed to make them finite.
HALL EFFECT, THERMOPOWER AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF DOPED RuSr2GdCu2O8 SYSTEM
Authors: ILONCA G. , BEIUSAN F. , POP A. V. , MATEI I. , MACOCIAN E. , YANG T. R. 
Published: November 2004

Polycrystalline samples of Ru 1-x Sb x Sr 2 GdCuO 8 doped with Sb , in which magnetic order and superconductivity coexist with T magnetic ≫T c , were prepared by a solid state reaction technique. Lattice parameters, electrical resistivity, Hall and thermopower coefficients measurements on the same sintered ceramic samples are presented. Both Hall effect and thermopower show anomalous decreases below T magnetic which might be explained with a simple two-band model in the RuO 2 layer at T magnetic . It was also observed that the Sb doping reduce the conductivity of the system and the transition temperature decreases with increasing Sb content. This may be due to a distortion of RuO 6 octahedra which is responsible for the increase of hole localization.
SPATIOTEMPORAL STRUCTURES IN DISCRETELY-COUPLED ARRAYS OF NONLINEAR CIRCUITS: A REVIEW
Authors: MUÑUZURI A.P. , PÉREZ-MUÑUZURI V. , GÓMEZ-GESTEIRA M. , CHUA L.O. , PÉREZ-VILLAR V. 
Published: November 2004

Spatiotemporal pattern formation occurring in discretely-coupled nonlinear dynamical systems has been studied numerically. Reaction-diffusion systems can be viewed as an assembly of a large number of identical local subsystems which are coupled to each other by diffusion. Here, the local subsystems are defined by a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. While for continuous systems, the characteristic time scale corresponding to the diffusion is slower than that corresponding to the local subsystems, in discretely-coupled systems, both time scales can be of the same order of magnitude. Discrete systems can exhibit behaviors different from those exhibited by their equivalent continuous model: the wave propagation failure phenomenon occurring in nerve-pulse propagation due to transmission blockage is a case in point. In this case, it is found that the wave fails to propagate at or below some critical value of the coupling coefficient. Systems of coupled cells can be found to occur in the transformation and transport processes in living cells, tissues, neuron networks, physiological systems and ecosystems, as well as in all forms of chemical, biochemical reactors and combustion systems. In this paper, we review the possibilities of using arrays of discretely-coupled nonlinear electronic circuits to study these systems. The possibility of building large arrays of these circuits via VLSI technology makes this approach a unique tool for real time applications. Classical examples occurring in other continuous media, such as spiral wave initiation and propagation, and Turing pattern formation, are depicted here. Because of the discrete nature of our system, the influence of inhomogeneities arising from damaged cells, or from an anisotropic media, is analyzed for spiral wave propagation. Spiral wave initiation and vulnerability effects are considered and compared with their corresponding effects in continuous media. More complex spatiotemporal structures are also studied via three-dimensional arrays of discretely-coupled circuits. Straight and twisted scroll waves, as well as scroll ring waves, are shown to exist in these arrays, where their properties can be easily measured. Sidewall forcing of Turing patterns is shown to be capable of driving the system into a perfect spatial organization, namely, a rhombic pattern, where no defects occur. The dynamics of the two layers supporting Turing and Hopf modes, respectively, is analyzed as a function of the coupling strength between them. The competition between these two modes is shown to increase with the diffusion between layers.
A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENTS OF THE CHAOTICITY OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC BRAIN ACTIVITY
Authors: KOWALIK ZBIGNIEW J. , ELBERT THOMAS 
Published: November 2004

The degree of complexity of the cortical processes related to different cognitive actions should logically produce an image in the electric and magnetic signals of the human brain. Hence, those measures of chaoticity will depend on the particular task being investigated. In many cases, the duration of a brain process does not allow for the generated signal to be treated as stationary. Therefore, the application of the standard method of nonlinear system theory is often questionable. The chaoticity of the process has to characterize the predictability of future state of the system. In the stationary case, such a quantity can be directly expressed by the largest Lyapunov exponent or by K-S entropy. In this study, we performed a test for the applicability of the local Lyapunov exponent for the description of the chaoticity of the brain processes measured in EEG and MEG experiments. We demonstrate an algorithm for computation of chaoticity based on the local Lyapunov exponent and present possible applications of this method for specific cases with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or of tinnitus. We also show that chaoticity is able to detect critical transitions (phase-transition-like phenomena) which occur in the dynamics of neural mass activity at a specific point in time.
COMPARISON OF EEG TIME SERIES FROM RAT OLFACTORY SYSTEM WITH MODEL COMPOSED OF NONLINEAR COUPLED OSCILLATORS
Authors: KAY LESLIE , SHIMOIDE KOJI , FREEMAN WALTER J. 
Published: November 2004

The so-called “spontaneous,” background, or “basal” time series of electroencephalographic (EEG) data from rat olfactory cortex are compared with those generated by a model of the ol-factory system, denoted KIII, composed of nonlinear coupled second order ODEs with feedback delay. Each ODE (KO) represents a neural mass having either excitatory or inhibitory output to the ODEs to which it connects. Connected mutually inhibitory or mutually excitatory pairs represent populations of similar neurons interacting to form one structure (KI set). A connected set (KII set) of excitatory and inhibitory KI sets (KIe and KIi) represents the activity of a gross structure in the olfactory system (the olfactory bulb—OB, anterior olfactory nucleus—AON, and prepyriform cortex—PPC or PC). The set of KII sets connected with dispersion-delay feedback pathways (KIII set) form a model of the first central stage of olfactory perceptual processing upon olfactory stimulation, with transition on receptor input from a self-sustained basal state of activity to an induced burst. Both basal and stimulated states are studied using amplitude histograms, power spectra, attractor reconstruction, visual inspection of traces, and correlation. A comparison shows that the two systems are similar, having broad spectra, correlation functions that rapidly go to zero, and gaussian amplitude histograms. Activity is nearly periodic and higher amplitude in the excited state and aperiodic, lower amplitude in the basal state with close to 1/f falloff. Cross spectra between OB and PPC show wide frequency bands of coherent high frequency activity in both the model and rat. The excited state nearly periodic frequencies differ between the KIII model and rat (30–60 Hz in KIII, 50–100 Hz in rat EEG), because the KIII model was developed for the cat and the rabbit, which have lower frequencies than the rat. These benchmarks may be used to evaluate the physiological validity of the output produced by a proposed model, as all components of the system and its connectivity were derived from or evaluated by physiological data.
THE CONLEY INDEX AND GLOBAL BIFURCATIONS I: CONCEPTS AND THEORY
Authors: KAPPOS EFTHIMIOS 
Published: November 2004

The Morse index is defined for a hyperbolic equilibrium point of a vector field as the dimension of its unstable manifold. This paper presents the theory of the Conley index, which is a farreaching generalization of the Morse index. It also outlines how this new index can be used to solve global bifurcation problems. In fact, we shall argue that the Conley index methods constitute the most appropriate and natural set of tools for studying global aspects of flows. The reason for this is that we have known since the time of Poincaré that global questions have always involved topological considerations. (A typical elementary question involving topology is the following: in what subsets of Euclidean space is it possible to define a "potential function" if we are given its "gradient" — in the form of a smooth vector field, say?) The presentation we give is elementary and is addressed to those with no more than a passing acquaintance with the problems and methods of topology. The aim will be to motivate the concepts introduced, to give a number of examples and to only present the theory that is needed for applications. A second part will present illustrative applications in greater detail.
LOW-DIMENSIONAL CHAOS IN A PERTURBED KORTEWEG–DE VRIES EQUATION
Authors: TIAN X. , GRIMSHAW R. H. J. 
Published: November 2004

Spatial chaos has been observed in the steady state from a numerical study of a perturbed Korteweg–de Vries equation. The onset of chaos is due to a subharmonic bifurcation sequence. A second route to chaos is also observed via a period-doubling sequence generated from each fundamental subharmonic state. In this paper, the question of determining low-dimensional chaos in this perturbed KdV equation is addressed. The dimension of this system in the steady state is estimated from the corresponding ordinary differential equation via the Lyapunov spectrum, and also from a numerical investigation via a reconstructed attractor using a spatial series.
ON BIFURCATIONS IN THE SCHRÖDINGER PROBLEM ADMITTING OF AN EXISTENCE OF NONLINEAR SHIFT OPERATORS
Authors: ELEONSKY V. M. , KOROLEV V. G. 
Published: November 2004

The problem of reconstruction of one-dimensional potentials with a given spectrum that is strictly equidistant except for one gap of a specified size and location is solved. This problem leads to a necessity of a nonlinear generalization of spectral shift operators. The solvability condition for an equation for these operators generates a dynamical system for possible potentials. Two classes of symmetric and regular in ℛ1 potentials obeying this equation are found and investigated in detail. The first class is a countable set of one-parameter families of anharmonic oscillators with a spectrum as described above. The second class is a countable set of two-parameter families of complicated potentials with asymptotics that oscillate with linearly increasing frequency and amplitude. The spectrum of that class is a combination of three strictly equidistant sequences of levels with the ground states shifted arbitrarily relative to each other. Bifurcations of those potentials under changes of structure parameters as well as bifurcations of corresponding spectra have been studied.