bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carmen Barahona
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the case of Carmen Barahona and the twins. It elaborates on the extent of coercive control of Barahona’s husband, Jorge, over her, which ultimately resulted in her plea deal to escape a death sentence for the death of their adopted daughter Nubia. Despite the extent of the abuse, Jorge was economically and emotionally dependent on Carmen. However, Carmen suffered the corruption of her moral capacity at the very core of humanity due to the duress of coercive control. The chapter details the controversy surrounding the twins, Nubia and Victor, starting from their adoption, mistreatment, severe psychiatric and cognitive problems, and death.
Metaphysician and Naturforscher at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter sketches a portrait of Schopenhauer as a metaphysician who not only had a solid grasp of science but was also a practitioner of scientific research. He engaged with Schelling’s Naturphilosophie on the role of science in metaphysics and adopted methodological and epistemic views from scientists interested in philosophy—like Kielmeyer and Blumenbach. He contributed to scientific discussions on evolution in nature, spiritism, and vision and colors. In these, he proposed scientific views that challenged alternative theories and were based on experiments and experience. His involvement in scientific debates was not superficial or merely interested in selecting theories and ideas that seemed to fit his metaphysics of nature. He was genuinely curious about scientific explanations of natural phenomena, especially in the fields of biology and physiology. His many writings on scientific subjects are strong evidence of his engagement with science.
In Dialogue with Kant and Schelling
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schopenhauer’s conception of philosophy of nature as a conceptual space for the dialogue of science and metaphysics emerged from a close examination and discussion of Kant and Schelling’s views on the role of the sciences in the philosophical discourse. This chapter traces his analyses in his manuscripts of the 1810s and assesses his reception of Kant’s metaphysics of nature and Schelling’s Naturphilosophie. Book 2 of The World as Will and Representation summarizes the results of these encounters and discussions. Schopenhauer’s growing perplexity with Kant and Schelling’s project for integrating science into philosophy led him to an original, more complex conception of the relationship between science and metaphysics—wherein science would be more independent of philosophy. This view, however, created tensions—which the chapter explores—within his original project of a philosophy of nature.
On Will in Nature
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The question of whether Schopenhauer’s philosophy evolved after 1819 still hovers among scholars, but there are no detailed analyses to determine what changed in the system. Hints of this issue recurrently emerge when the concept of will is examined, since the two volumes of The World as Will and Representation seem to offer different accounts of the will. This chapter argues that an answer to this question must include an analysis of On Will in Nature (1836). It is a treatise with valuable metaphysical content: it explored a new approach to metaphysics and responded to the new course of the sciences and their growing independence from philosophy. It thus introduced important novelties: confirmation as a new kind of relationship between science and philosophy, the elimination of the Ideas as objectivations of the will in metaphysics of nature, and a new demonstration of the will as the thing in itself.
The Great Inland Sea
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter keys off of Fernand Braudel’s epochal study of the Mediterranean. The Great Lakes Basin and its massive watershed determined a North American economic, social, and cultural zone that was formative for the Brethren transfer of dispensational concepts to North America. That is where they did their missionary work, and their concentration of effort relates directly to radical evangelical apocalypticism’s developing first in the urban North, and only much later in the South. John Nelson Darby’s mission, which began in 1862, first concentrated in British North America (Canada, 1867). This was the initial missionary stage of the transatlantic migration of Dispensational concepts to the New World, and it was in Canada that Darby learned to adjust to a new social reality.
Riding an Everyday Diaspora
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A central theme of this book is that when viewing a diaspora of a religious faith, one must deal both with its ideational content and with individual human agency. In this chapter, we continue to use direct archival material concerning the faith missions by the Brethren, and here also we point to a form of agency rarely noted in the historiography of the period: the continuous migration of second- and third-generation Canadians to the northern states. This was extraordinarily high (exceeded in proportional terms only by the parallel cohorts of Ireland and Norway). John Nelson Darby and his associates understood this everyday diaspora and used the Canadian influx into the southern part of the Great Lakes Basin as a way to quickly create Brethren assemblies in the United States.
Import Licences
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the first of two that focuses on the direct importation into North America of the ideational program of proto-Dispensationalism. A major mode of import was texts—books, pamphlets, printed lectures—of Brethren (both sorts) published in the British Isles: a form of transnational ideational diaspora. The key figure was James Inglis (1812–1872), a migrant from Scotland who came of a distinguished Free Church family. For a time he was a Baptist minister and then an independent who rejected the concept of ordination. In 1852 he established a publishing house in Hamilton, Ontario. He wrote books heavily influenced by Brethren theology, and in 1854 founded Waymarks in the Wilderness. Peripatetic, he settled in New York in 1864, where his firm (and his elegant and compelling character) was the conduit for the assimilation of Brethren-inflected theology by a cohort of American pastors who subsequently led the flowering of the American prophetic movement.
The Mist That Was Moody
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter adopts and expands David Bebbington’s view that revivalism in the last quarter of the nineteenth century was a transatlantic affair. This is especially important with Dwight L. Moody, who is built into the historiography of American evangelicalism as an example of American Exceptionalism. In fact, as documented here, in the years 1868–1872 he self-consciously acquired his theological education from Open Brethren in Dublin, notably at Merrion Hall. In the period 1872–1875, he engaged in an “experiment” in the United Kingdom. He learned the techniques of urban revivalism in the British Isles and these he brought back to North America where he was spectacularly successful. So too were the educational institutions that he founded, based upon English models. Moody’s theology was vague, but compelling. He preached the need for a decisive conversion, the permanency of salvation, and the loving nature of the Almighty. He affirmed the literal Second Coming and the millennium, but did not endorse any specific dispensational scheme.
The Long Prophetic Party, 1875–1895
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Although the term “Dispensationalism” did not come into use until the 1920s, we adopt the usage of most historians and speak of the belief system as being operational in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. This chapter suggests that there were three main forms. First, the Dispensationalism pur laine of the Brethren (both schools) that demanded separation from all existing denominations, failures that they all were. Second, there was the mainline “American Dispensationalism” that was associated with James Hall Brookes and reached its high point in the Niagara Conferences. Third, Dwight L. Moody and his co-evangelists preached a form that can be labelled Dispensationalism Lite. This chapter spends most attention on the Niagara Conferences, which, though often cited, are scantily built into the recent historiography. The Niagara brand was the most-adopted form in the US evangelical community, and it led directly to the Scofield Bible.
Checking behind the Curtain
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
As a guard against taking the Dispensationalism of the mid-1890s as an inevitable victor in the world of American apocalyptic evangelicals, this chapter engages in a brief jump to the year 1905; this brings to the surface a deep division that had only been papered over. At that point, the movement was clearly split between those who believed in the Rapture before the Great Tribulation (the classic Darbyite position) and those who believed the church would have to go through at least part of the Tribulation (the original Open Brethren view). These were labelled, respectively, pre-tribulationism and post-tribulationism. Here we follow the figure of Robert Cameron who from the late 1880s onward had refused to accept the pre-tribulational view. He wrote books and articles (he owned Watchword and Truth) that cannily undercut the pre-tribulationist system by showing that it had not existed in the Christian world until John Nelson Darby put it together in the 1830s.
Yet More Helpful Friends
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In putting together his Bible, Cyrus Scofield had the help not only of Arno Gaebelein (who was niggled at not being denominated “associate editor”), but of three women, none of whom is mentioned in acknowledgments: his second wife, Hettie; Ella Pohle, Scofield’s longtime secretary for his correspondence course; and Emily Farmer, an editor loaned from the Brethren firm of Loizeaux. As for the actual acknowledgments, there is scant evidence of the honored names doing much; his “consulting editors” consisted of well-known evangelical leaders, useful window dressing on the title page. And the same held for the small-print acknowledgments of two Oxford professors and one from Princeton. The unresolved question is what, if any, help Scofield received from the much-superior Marginal Chain Reference Bible by the Methodist Rev. Dr. Frank C. Thompson. This long-term project, published by Henry Frowde in 1908, had been acquired for publication before Scofield came along.
Unto the Last Day
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter recognizes The Scofield Reference Bible as an extremely strong text. It is a case of the frame taking precedence over the picture that it encases. Scofield’s powerful interpretations precede the biblical text and provide its conclusion. Along the way, directive notes tell what the scripture really means—within the rules of Brethren-derived Dispensationalism. Scofield was careful to minimize Exclusive Brethren terms and ideas that most evangelicals found unpalatable: for example, concepts such as the secret-Rapture are approached through mild synonyms, and he slides in the Brethren definition of the Christian church (as a set of local assemblies, not denominations) without emphasis. Through Henry Frowde’s overall project management, the SRB was a typographic and visual triumph. Because Scofield’s commentary was presented on the pages of the Bible itself, his words, though contact with the inerrant infallible word of God, themselves were frequently granted the same honour.
Audit: Taking It All In
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The reflections in this chapter revolve around The Scofield Reference Bible’s being a text that is strong, creative, and domineering—so strong that it sometimes is considered to be a new Bible. A prerequisite for its success is that it adopts the narrative form: Scofield’s notes and his typological interpretations turn the scriptures into a continuous story, from pre-creation to eternity. Scofield follows the “grammar of invention” that underlies all successful Judaeo-Christian scriptures. (This grammar is discussed in the chapter.) The chapter also points to a puzzling, apparently last-minute, addition to the SRB: the introduction of a sequence of eight “covenants” that are pushed in beside Scofield’s seven dispensations. The covenant sequence is incompatible with Scofield’s basic dispensational template. Probably the introduction of the sequential covenants was aimed at mainline Protestants whose affirmation of covenantal theology meant they would not accept Dispensationalism without some modification.
HeartMath
Authors: Walker Elsie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 applies the scientifically documented findings of HeartMath to Dancer in the Dark. The freeze-frame technique of HeartMath can be most usefully applied to the film’s musically driven pull. This close analysis focuses on Björk’s extraordinary original score and the orchestral overture of the film’s beginning in particular. Björk’s character (Selma) dies tragically before the film’s end, but her music shows audioviewers how to live and breathe with Selma in upliftingly heartening ways. Like a strong pendulum clock pulls other clocks into rhythm alignment with itself, Selma’s music entrains the rhythms of audioviewers’ hearts into alignment with it, offering audioviewers an overwhelming feeling of access to her spirit that can outlive the film.
“The Dyuers Wittes of Man”: The Multiplicity and Materiality of Numbers
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The men and women of early modern England lived in a culture where multiplistic numeracy was the norm: they had a variety of different symbols to choose from when they needed to record or manipulate quantitative data. This chapter introduces the most common symbolic systems, which can be categorized as performative, object-based, or literate. It examines how early modern men and women chose to use each symbolic system and argues that these uses correspond with the systems’ material characteristics. It also explores early modern patterns in Arabic numeral adoption to demonstrate how they reflect this culture of multiplistic numeracy. People chose to adopt Arabic numerals for specific contexts, rather than all their numerical needs, and continued to employ other symbolic systems side by side and interchangeably with the new Arabic numerals.
“Finding Out False Reckonings”: Trust and the Function of Numbers
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the way early modern English account-keepers made decisions about whether to trust a symbolic system for recording numerical information or performing calculations. For recording, they preferred systems whose symbols resisted after-the-fact alterations and developed strategies to increase symbols’ permanence. For calculation, they looked for the opposing characteristic of manipulability to facilitate arithmetical operations. Although Arabic numerals had the potential to be used for both recording and calculating, they were not the optimal system for either function and were often considered untrustworthy. This chapter explores both the incentives and disincentives to Arabic numeral adoption, particularly in the fraught arena of financial transactions, where trust in numbers was vital.
“According To Our Computation Here”: Quantifying Time
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
While English men and women had long used numbers as a way to locate themselves in time, this chapter demonstrates how these methods became more complex and abstracted over the course of the early modern period. The religiously contested calendar reforms of the late sixteenth century led people to adopt the notation of mathematical fractions to accommodate disagreements over the date. In the seventeenth century, almanacs brought the multiplicity of early modern calendars directly into the English households and raised awareness of the relativity of time over space. By the eighteenth century, these changes led calendars and times to be popularly understood as numerical constructs. Time was not itself sacred, but merely a tool people could employ to order their sacred and secular lives.
“Davids Arithmetick”: Quantifying the People
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how new ways of thinking with numbers led to the transformation of early modern government data collection and analysis. Censuses were an ancient practice of collecting population information for fiscal-military purposes, but early modern beliefs about the biblical story of David discouraged innovation. Census data were generally applied only toward immediate fiscal and military goals in the sixteenth century. During the seventeenth century, however, people increasingly made social or political arguments based on the evidence provided by demographic data. After the Reformation, this led to the practice known as “political arithmetic,” which began as a method of governing by numbers and eventually transformed into a more general method of reasoning by numbers.
The Ethics of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Lanterman Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Public health crises and risk mitigation measures require individual, organizational, and societal responses that are replete with ethical decision-making. The public health crisis represented by the COVID-19 pandemic raised numerous ethical issues and dilemmas at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. How people and organizations chose to act in these situations influenced the trajectory of the pandemic. Individual and professional ethics played a role in those choices. This chapter begins with a discussion of a brief theoretical framework and of ethics in public health. Next, the chapter is organized into sections on individual behavior, decision-making by medical professionals, leadership, and the economy. Each section highlights select ethical issues and dilemmas and provides initial points to consider in subsequent ethical analyses. This chapter also identifies areas for research related to individual behavior, decision-making by medical professionals, leadership, and the economy.
Morality in Times of Crisis
Authors: Gjoneska Biljana 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates pandemic-related behaviors of citizens by drawing on well-studied concepts from moral and social psychology: moral panic, grandstanding, disengagement, and outrage. It presents real-world examples as a way to tackle relevant questions and contemplate solutions. Specifically, the study discusses: (a) how the spread of the virus coincided with waves of moral panic around the world; (b) how the lack of scientific consensus and distrust in public authorities resulted in moral grandstanding and disengagement in some citizens and refusal to comply with health measures; and (c) how moral outrage was born as a reaction aimed toward those who refuse by those who chose to adhere with the measures. Crucially, the chapter focuses on some common themes and underlying causes, including the interplay between external (societal) events and internal (group) processes, as well as the inflammatory content, unchecked reactions, and polarized stances that were freely disseminated on and amplified by the Internet. The summary conclusions serve to inform future research on the morality of masses in times of massive crises.
Temporal Discounting, Uncertainty, and COVID-19
Authors: Nese Mattia , Riboli Greta , Sassi Valentina , Brighetti Gianni , Borlimi Rosita 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Health behaviors can be a trade-off between immediate versus longer term benefits. These longer term health benefits are often more uncertain than immediate outcomes. People are more likely to discount future events when they are uncertain. This affects decisions to violate the restrictions imposed by the lockdown to receive immediate gratification (e.g., meeting other people) while exposing others to the risk of contracting COVID-19. People who are more certain they will contract COVID-19 in the future will be more likely to adhere to social distancing behaviors than people who are not certain they will contract COVID-19. Even so, compliance with COVID-19 restrictions can wane over time. This chapter discusses the influence of time and uncertainty on protective behaviors with implications about public health policy.
An Objectification Theory Lens for Understanding Compliance With COVID-19 Safety Measures
Authors: Prusaczyk Elvira , Earle Megan , Choma Becky , Calogero Rachel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Public opinion polls and research consistently demonstrated that women were more likely than men to adhere to COVID-19 safety precautions. This chapter draws on objectification theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) to potentially explain this gender difference. According to objectification theory, sexual and self-objectification encourage vigilance about one’s physical safety. Safety anxiety, in turn, predicts restricted movement in public spaces, a behavior that presumably protects against the threat of sexual harm. Earle et al. (2021) showed that the safety anxiety that stems from sexual and self-objectification also predicted greater compliance with COVID-19 safety measures. Critically, women scored higher than men in sexual and self-objectification, safety anxiety, and safety measure compliance. Thus, men’s lower adherence to safety precautions might be due, in part, to their relatively lower levels of sexual and self-objectification and concern for their physical safety, processes that promote the adoption of risk-reducing behaviors. In sum, sexual objectification processes and gender were germane predictors of people’s pandemic-related behaviors. We used these findings to offer suggestions for research and social policy.
Crafting Effective Messages to Encourage COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Devereux Paul G. , Hartzell Sarah Y. T. , Hagen Molly M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Social science theories can help develop public health messages that encourage people to take action to minimize harm related to COVID-19 and other crises. For the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to be contained, millions worldwide will need to be vaccinated. Achieving this outcome in an era of misinformation and resistance to vaccinations will be difficult. This chapter draws on examples from mass inoculations in history to show how to work with diverse communities to enable and mobilize them to act. Relevant theories are discussed that describe multiple influences on human behavior, such as the health belief model, the social learning theory, social networks, and community engagement approaches like community-based participatory research. By using these theories, researchers can identify and modify factors related to vaccination uptake, help overcome resistance to vaccines, and promote the successful containment of COVID-19. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.