bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality project to prevent delirium after hip fracture
Authors: Wong Tin Niam Dorothy M , Bruce Jennifer J , Bruce David G 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:  It has been demonstrated that a series of strategies supervised by a geriatrician can reduce the incidence of delirium in elderly hip fracture patients. The aims of this project were to determine if a geriatric registrar could introduce these strategies and alter the incidence of delirium in our orthopaedic unit. Methods:  The program used quality improvement methods and included staff education and the use of a checklist to facilitate the use of the strategies. We counted the number of recommendations made, the subsequent adherence to the recommendations and the before and after monthly incidence of delirium. Results:  The geriatric registrars made 424 recommendations (average six per patient) during a 3‐month intervention period, of which 89.9% were adhered to. Baseline data indicated an incidence of delirium of 10/28 cases (35.7%). Following introduction of the strategies, subsequent monthly incidences of delirium were 4/28 cases (14.3%), 3/22 cases (13.6%) and 2/21 cases (9.5%) (P < 0.035 compared with baseline).Conclusions:  We conclude from this short program that methods proven to prevent delirium can be introduced into routine clinical practice and that this appears to prevent cases of delirium.
Grandparents parenting their grandchildren
Authors: Orb Angelica , Davey Margaret 
Published: August 2005

Objectives:  This study aims to describe the perceptions of grandparents parenting their grandchildren on full‐time bases. Method:  The paper uses a descriptive qualitative approach to depict grandparents’ parental experience. Seventeen grandparents, including four couples, were interviewed. Data were analysed and interpreted using content analysis. Results:  The findings indicated that grandparents parenting their grandchildren found that this unexpected role brought several emotional, social and financial problems into their lives. They actively looked for resources that could provide them with support to overcome the stressors of their parental role. Many expressed concerns about the future of their grandchildren and frustration when they were dealing with government institutions. Conclusion:  A number of important areas are identified that have policy implications.
Benchmarking the living standards of older Australians using budget standards
Authors: Saunders Peter , Patulny Roger , Lee Adeline 
Published: August 2005

Objectives: To demonstrate how a budget standards framework can provide valuable information on the income needed by older Australians to attain a specific standard of living in retirement. Methods: A budget standard is derived by specifying the items required to achieve a specific standard of living and pricing them to estimate how much is needed to buy them. This paper updates earlier estimates and develops a new comfortably affluent but sustainable (CAS) budget that represents the lifestyles and aspirations of self‐funded retirees. Initial updating was in line with movements in the consumer price index, followed by revisions guided by data on actual expenditure patterns and by three sets of focus group interviews with 21 people aged between 61 and 76 years. Results: The low cost standard for a 70‐year‐old women living alone in September 2003 was $253 a week. The modest but adequate standard is $330 a week, while the new CSA standard is $611 a week. Conclusions: The paper demonstrates that employing both quantitative and qualitative dimensions is necessary to give credibility to the complex task of estimating the income needed to attain a specific standard of living.
Patterns and predictors of nursing home placement over 14 years: Dubbo study of elderly Australians
Authors: McCallum John , Simons Leon A , Simons Judith , Friedlander Yechiel 
Published: August 2005

Objective:  To describe patterns and predictors of nursing home placement. Methods:  This is a longitudinal study of an elderly cohort living in Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia. A total of 1233 men and 1572 women aged 60 years and older living in the community were examined in 1988 and followed for 14 years. The incidence of nursing home placement and underlying clinical diagnoses were assessed. Results were modelled for baseline predictors of placement using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results:  From 2805 subjects in the study there were 244 (8.7%) nursing home placements, 95 in men (7.7%) and 149 in women (9.5%). A total of 44% placements were primarily due to dementia, but dementia was a secondary diagnosis in another 20% of cases. The other principal diagnoses were stroke (16%) and coronary heart disease (14%). Median time to death in a nursing home was 10.5 months in men and 9.0 months in women. In a Cox proportional hazards model using baseline characteristics, the hazard of nursing home placement increased significantly with age (hazard ratio = 1.13), urinary incontinence (1.66), impaired peak expiratory flow (3.19), physical disability (1.59) and depression (1.85). The hazard of placement was significantly reduced by alcohol intake (0.55) and female gender (0.55). Socioeconomic factors were not significant. Conclusions:  Dementia and disability‐related care burdens rather than other health conditions are the dominant causes of nursing home placement in an unselected elderly community. Risk factors such as incontinence, impaired respiratory function and depression have been identified and these are potentially amenable to intervention.
Adult day groups: addressing older people's needs for activity and companionship
Authors: Tse Tamara , Linsey Howie 
Published: August 2005

Objective: Adult day groups (ADGs) are used by older adults living at home in the community in Australia. Their aim is to prevent social isolation and to maintain independence through supporting social networks and providing a program of activities that enhance the physical, intellectual and social well‐being of the participants and carers. The purpose of this study was to examine the experience of and reasons why older people attend ADGs. Methods: An ethnographic study of four ADGs in Victoria, Australia was conducted over a 4‐month period. The study included observation of the four ADGs and interviews with eight clients, comprising five women and three men. Findings: Four major themes were derived from data analysis. The first was related to the importance of companionship with staff and clients of the ADGs. The second revealed how participants valued keeping occupied in activities not achievable at home, while the third identified how home was experienced as a place where time passed slowly and there were insufficient things to do. Lastly, participants identified dissatisfactions with ADGs. Conclusion: Community based programs that foster companionship and meaningful and purposeful occupations in older age are desirable. Improvements to ADGs to better meet the occupational and activity needs of older people living at home are suggested.
Temperate and tropical algal‐sea anemone symbioses
Authors: Muller‐Parker Gisèle , Davy Simon K. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract. In this review, we seek to develop new insights about the nature of algal‐sea anemone symbioses by comparing such associations in temperate and tropical seas. Temperate seas undergo pronounced seasonal cycles in irradiance, temperature, and nutrients, while high irradiance, high temperature, and low nutrients are seasonally far less variable in tropical seas. We compare the nature of symbiosis between sea anemones (= actinians) and zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.) in both regions to test tropical paradigms against temperate examples and to identify directions for future research. Although fewer anemone species are symbiotic in temperate regions, they are locally dominant and ecologically important members of the benthic community compared to the tropics.Zooxanthella densities tend to be lower in temperate anemones, but data are limited to a few species in both temperate and tropical seas. Zooxanthella densities are far more stable over time in temperate anemones than in tropical anemones, suggesting that temperate symbioses are more resistant to fluctuations in environmental parameters such as irradiance and temperature. Light‐saturated photosynthetic rates of temperate and tropical zooxanthellae are similar, but temperate anemone hosts receive severely reduced carbon supplies from zooxanthellae during winter months when light is reduced. Symbiont transmission modes and specificity do not show any trends among anemones in tropical vs. temperate seas.Our review indicates the need for the following: (1) Investigations of other temperate and tropical symbiotic anemone species to assess the generality of trends seen in a few “model’ anemones. (2) Attention to the field ecology of temperate and tropical algal‐anemone symbioses, for example, how symbioses function under seasonally variable environmental factors and how zooxanthellae persist at high densities in darkness and winter. The greater stability of zooxanthella populations in temperate hosts may be useful to understanding tropical symbioses in which bleaching (loss of zooxanthellae) is of major concern. (3) Study of the evolutionary history of symbiosis in both temperate and tropical seas. Continued exploration of the phylogenetic relationships between host anemones and zooxanthella strains may show how and why zooxanthellae differ in anemone hosts in both environments.
Observations of Delayed Gravity Response in Partially Penetrating Wells
Authors: Mock Peter , Merz Jeanne 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTA 72‐hour aquifer test was conducted at the Sweet‐water Recharge site in Tucson, Arizona for the purpose of estimating aquifer parameters using the graphical curve‐matching technique of Neuman (1974). These parameter estimates will be used to estimate the movement of ground water under seasonal recharge and recovery operations at the site. The lithology of the saturated sediments at the site appears to be relatively uniform and homogeneous from the water table at about 100 feet below land surface to about 600 feet below land surface. The aquifer base is a finegrained unit which extends from 600 feet to an unknown depth below the site. Poorly sorted sandy gravels and gravelly sands are predominant above 600 feet. A well was pumped at an average rate of 2,020 gallons per minute for 72 hours. Drawdown and recovery measurements of water levels were made in five shallow monitoring wells and one deep monitoring well.The log‐log drawdown versus time plots indicated delayed gravity response. The method of Neuman (1974) was used to estimate aquifer parameters from the test results. Because the pumped and monitoring wells were characterized by varying degrees of partial penetration, the computer program code developed by Neuman (1974) called DELAY2 was used to generate type curves for the unique arrangement of wells at the site.
Extraction of TCE‐Contaminated Ground Water by Subsurface Drains and a Pumping Well
Authors: Meiri David , Ghiasi Mansour , Patterson Ronald J. , Ramanujam Narayan , Tyson Mary P. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTGround water in a shallow glacial till aquifer and a deeper weathered shale aquifer at a site near Rock Creek, Ohio has been contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE). Evaluation of remedial alternatives indicated that a system of subsurface drains would be most effective for decontaminating the shallow ground water. The performance of the proposed subsurface drainage system for the shallow aquifer was simulated using finite‐element flow and transport models. Model results indicate that the drains should reduce TCE concentration in the shallow aquifer to about 8 ppb in approximately 24 years.A single extraction well was the selected alternative to remediate trichloroethylene concentrations in the deeper weathered shale aquifer. The performance of the proposed well was analyzed by an analytical method. Results of the analysis indicated that the extraction well should reduce contamination in less time than required for the shallow glacial till aquifer. Validation of the predicted performance of the remedial system will be assessed following installation of the system and collection of field data.
A Laboratory and Numerical Investigation of Solute Transport in Discontinuous Fracture Systems
Authors: Robinson J. W. , Gale J. E. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTMixing of fluids at fracture intersections was examined using both a series of plexiglass models and a two‐dimensional, finite‐element, discrete fracture model. The physical laboratory models included 12 models having two continuous, fully intersecting fractures with different intersection angles and apertures, a single model consisting of a single continuous fracture offsetting a second fracture, and a fracture system model consisting of parallel fractures in two intersecting sets. The plexiglass model results indicated essentially no mixing occurred in the fully intersecting fracture models when the apertures were equal. Mixing was found to be dependent only upon the relative size of the inlet and outlet fractures even with multiple intersections.For transport of a conservative solute in a discontinuous, random, discrete fracture system, the numerical model used the mixing algorithm for fracture intersections, developed from the physical model study. At each four‐way intersection, a novel approach was used to uncouple and recouple the nodal points to ensure the proper assignment of concentrations to each fracture element. Using the laboratory‐determined mixing algorithm, the numerical model demonstrated that more longitudinal and less lateral dispersion takes place than when complete mixing at fracture intersections is assumed. In addition, more longitudinal transport takes place in discontinuous than in continuous fracture systems. These findings indicate that contaminants migrating through fractured media, where the fracture walls are not in contact, will not be dispersed and diluted to the extent that previous numerical models have predicted; hence, the contaminant will be discharged to the biosphere in much greater concentration than expected.
Simulated Effects of Quarry Dewatering Near a Municipal Well Field
Authors: Eberts Sandra M. , Bair E. Scott 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe City of Columbus, Ohio, obtains nearly 15 percent of its municipal water supply from four radial‐collector wells located along the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. Upstream from the three wells located adjacent to the Scioto River are five uncontrolled landfills and two aggregate mines that operate quarry‐dewatering systems. Flow paths along which leachate could migrate from the landfills, under existing conditions and under various hypothetical conditions related to the cessation of quarry dewatering, were simulated with a two‐layer, steady‐state, ground‐water flow model incorporating spatially variable recharge, transmissivity, and hydraulic conductivity. The model was calibrated with two sets of water‐level data and with the results of a seepage study along the Scioto River and Scioto Big Run. Results of simulations indicate that water levels near the quarries and landfills will rise to an altitude sufficient to saturate some of the landfill wastes. Predicted flow directions associated with all the hypothetical conditions indicate that leachate migrating from the landfills will not discharge directly into the capture zones of the collector wells; rather, the leachate will be diverted into one or the other quarry‐dewatering systems and/or into the Scioto River. The model simulations also indicate that approximately 60 percent of the ground water discharged within the study area is by quarry dewatering, and about 13 percent of the yield of the collector wells under normal pumping rates is from induced stream infiltration.
Volume Estimation of Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Porous Media
Authors: Farr A. M. , Houghtalen R. J. , McWhorter D. B. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAn analytic method is described for estimating the volume of mobile Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPL) in porous media from observed LNAPL thicknesses in monitoring wells. Static (mechanical) equilibrium of fluids in a homogeneous porous medium is the key condition on which the method is based. Both the Brooks‐Corey and van Genuchten equations, with parameters derived from laboratory column experiments reported in the literature, are used to relate fluid contents to capillary pressures. The calculations show that LNAPL in the vadose zone does not distribute itself as a distinct layer floating on the top of a capillary fringe. Rather, the traditional concept of a capillary fringe is not applicable when LNAPL is present. Further, neither the LNAPL level nor the water level in monitoring wells is equal to the water‐table elevation. The water table, being the surface on which the water pressure is zero gage, is located above the LNAPL‐water interface in the well, and LNAPL in the porous media will reside below the water table.It is shown that finite volumes of LNAPL theoretically can exist in materials with positive entry pressures (e.g., Brooks‐Corey porous media) without revealing their presence in the form of an LNAPL layer in monitoring wells. However, LNAPL in porous media with zero entry pressure will always appear in monitoring wells, regardless of the volume of LNAPL in the porous medium. In addition, the theory shows that the ratio of the volume of LNAPL per unit area in the vadose zone to the thickness of LNAPL in monitoring wells is strongly dependent upon the capillary properties of the porous medium. Only in porous media with very uniform pore sizes is the volume of LNAPL in the vadose zone approximately proportional to the thickness of LNAPL in monitoring wells.
Estimation of Free Hydrocarbon Volume from Fluid Levels in Monitoring Wells
Authors: Lenhard R. J. , Parker J. C. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTUnder the assumption of local vertical equilibrium, fluid pressure distributions specified from well fluid levels in monitoring wells may be used to predict water and hydrocarbon saturation profiles given expressions for air‐water‐hydrocarbon saturation‐pressure relations. Vertical integration of the oil‐saturation profile yields the actual oil volume in porous media per unit area adjacent to the well. Three‐phase fluid distributions are predicted using a scaling procedure which requires knowledge of two‐phase air‐water saturation‐pressure relations, hydrocarbon density, and hydrocarbon surface tension. Air‐water saturation‐pressure relations are parameterized by either the Brooks‐Corey or van Genuchten expressions. Parameters in the models are estimated from grain‐size distribution data for two hypothetical soils.Results reveal that whereas the distance above an oil‐water table at which oil saturations become zero may be independent of soil type, estimated light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) volumes per unit area may differ substantially. Hence, estimates of LNAPL volume cannot be inferred directly from soil LNAPL thickness or well LNAPL thickness data without consideration of effects of soil properties. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that no simple linear conversion scheme can be employed to relate the height of LNAPL in a monitoring well to the LNAPL volume in porous media. Effects of grain‐size distribution and well LNAPL thickness on the ratio of actual LNAPL thickness in the aquifer to well LNAPL thickness are shown.
Well‐Purging Criteria for Sampling Purgeable Organic Compounds
Authors: Gibs Jacob , Lmbrigiotta Thomas E. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTGround‐water‐sampling protocols generally recommend that a well be purged prior to sampling. This recommendation is based on the assumption that the water quality of the water standing in the casing is not the same as that in the aquifer. Three criteria that have been used to determine when a well has been purged sufficiently to yield “representative” water‐quality samples are (1) flushing an arbitrary number of casing volumes, usually a minimum of three, (2) flushing the well until field water‐quality characteristics‐temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen‐in the purge water are stable, and (3) flushing until hydraulic equilibrium between casing water and aquifer water is achieved. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of these criteria in sampling for purgeable organic compounds.Wells, screened in unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers at six sites, were sampled during a total of 10 purgings. The discharge from each well and the field characteristics were monitored as a function of time and number of casing volumes flushed. Grab samples for purge‐able organic compounds, chloride, and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nanometers wavelength‐a gross indicator of the presence of aromatic organic compounds‐were taken each time a set of field measurements was taken. The variation of field characteristics, purgeable organic compounds, chloride, and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nanometers was compared with time and number of casing volumes flushed.The results indicate that (1) purgeable organic compound concentrations sbailized when three casing volumes were purged in only 55 percent of the cases evaluated in this study, (2) purgeable organic compounds concentrations did not consistently follow the temporal variation of, nor stabilize at the same time as, the measured field characteristics, and (3) purging to achieve hydraulic equilibrium between casing and aquifer water consistently underestimated the time and casing volumes needed to achieve stable values of water‐quality measurements in highly transmissive aquifers. The conclusion from these data is that none of the previously recommended criteria for purging a well can be applied reliably to collecting a “representative” sample of purgeable organic compounds. These results indicate that the criteria for purging a well prior to sampling for purgeable organic compounds must take into account other factors, such as the unique hydrogeologic characteristics of a site, the nature and extent of purgeable organic compounds present, the areal extent of the contamination, the well construction, and the sampling objectives of the investigation.
A Compatible Single‐Phase/Two‐Phase Numerical Model: 1. Modeling the Transient Salt‐Water/Fresh‐Water Interface Motion
Authors: Ledoux Emmanuel , Sauvagnac Serge , Rivera Alfonso 
Published: August 2005

Abstract A numerical model (NEWVAR) to simulate the transient movement of a discrete interface between salt water and fresh water has been developed. NEWVAR is designed to allow the analysis of a regional two‐dimensional ground‐water flow in coastal aquifers. The numerical solution permits the prediction of both regional fresh‐water levels and two‐dimensional fresh‐water/salt‐water interface by using nested square meshes.The numerical solution is based on the finite‐difference method; the Gauss‐Jordan direct method is used for solving steady‐ and unsteady‐state linear equations. Different procedures are used to avoid numerical difficulties in the transient position of the interface toe for two‐dimensional areal flow.The numerical solution was tested against the analytical ones for the cases of an advancing interface and of a floating fresh‐water lens over sea water. These tests showed good agreement, thus verifying the finite‐difference approximation. The results of an application of this model to a real aquifer are discussed in a companion paper entitled: “A Compatible Single‐Phase/Two‐Phase Numerical Model 2. Application to a Coastal Aquifer in Mexico.”