bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representations of HIV and AIDS: The Building Blocks of Meaning
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stan is a 48-year-old bank clerk. A quiet and shy man, he had never told anyone in his life that he was gay.Then he learned he was HIV-positive. Since finding out, he has done a complete turnabout, dispensing with his long-ingrained style of secrecy and guardedness. The results have been dramatic: At 48 and with crashing T-cells, he is just now, in his words, “coming alive:” He describes learning that he was positive as the most transformative event of his adulthood.
At 27, Jules has known of his seropositivity for four years. These have been difficult years for him—a time of increasing isolation and loneliness, of anxiety and depression, of deepening separation from friends and family. He says, “I don’t fit anywhere:” He finds no sense of connection with his work colleagues, with other gay men, or even with other HIV-positive individuals. Jules has never lost a friend to AIDS and remains robustly healthy. Yet concerns about AIDS enshroud his life.
Transformation: A Journey of Growth
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some men transform the somber, inescapable reality of HIV infection into a deeper capacity to appreciate life. They maintain a life-affirming framework of meaning in the face of potential despair. They have learned to stay afloat in waters of great emotional turbulence.
Anthony and Kyle are two men whose lives reflect the style of adaptation to HIV I call Transformation. Let’s spend some time here looking at their stories.
Anthony seemed an expert on issues of HIV. He was well informed, almost glib, about AIDS’ impact—medically, psychologically, socially. He had ruminated over issues of life’s meaning long before our interview. No matter what the topic—sex, death, religion—he spoke to me rapidly, animatedly, at times with a startling frankness. His manner seemed to be that of a quick intellect infused with, but not overpowered by, emotional vitality.
More about Moral Dilemmas
Authors: Marcus Ruth Barcan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “Moral Dilemmas and Consistency,” I argued that moral dilemmas need not signify an inconsistency in the set of principles under which we define our obligations. I also argue that consistency of principles does not entail that dilemmas are resolvable in both a weak and a strong sense. The weak sense is that even where principles, including priority principles, favor one alternative in a dilemma, the original obligation with respect to the other is not erased. The strong sense is that there is no reason to suppose that any set of moral principles will be sufficient to provide grounds for making a choice in every case of conflict. In so claiming, I am not also claiming that there is a right choice to be arrived at, by intuition independent of principle or the like. I am claiming that there may be cases of dilemma for which there is no morally justified resolution at all. As explained below, there may be non-moral grounds for choosing. I do not count tossing a coin or using a lottery as clearly morally justified grounds for choice.
Prima Facie Incoherence
Authors: D’Agostino Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recall the problem. The liberal account of political legitimacy is based on the concept of public justification. No regime is legitimate for a community unless that regime is reasonable from every point of view. This concept is too vague to provide a basis for actually determining, for arbitrary specifications of regime and community, whether or not a given regime is legitimate, and therefore whether or not its demands ought to be honored or resisted. As in other familiar cases, we must interpret or articulate this concept, we must find a conception of public justification, in order to apply it to problematic cases.
Responses to and Diagnosis of Prima Facie Incoherence
Authors: D’Agostino Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us review the situation. I am concerned with the problem of public justification with identifying a political regime that is, in some sense, ‘dominant’, that is, a regime that everyone would find reasonable, whatever her thinking about what is necessary if a regime is indeed to be a reasonable one. This problem is thrown up by the multiplicity of competing demands that are relevant to the judgment that a given regime is reasonable, and by the many different ways in which these demands might be ‘balanced’ by different individuals. Some individuals might, quite reasonably, prefer a regime that satisfies moralistic requirements. Other individuals might, quite reasonably, prefer a regime that satisfies realistic requirements. Perhaps no regime satisfies both kinds of requirements. But unless all individuals prefer the same regime, none is ‘dominant’, and the demand for public justification cannot be met.
Accessible Culture for Depressed Times
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the conventional view, American intellectuals generally moved to the left during the Great Depression—and cultural critics did so especially. That supplies us with not one but two orthodoxies that require some modification. There is more than a kernel of truth to both views, of course, and the evidence supporting them is not trifling. In recent years, however, the shrewdest interpretations of American culture during the 1930s emphasize the “complexities and contradictions” of that decade along with the confusions caused by flux and change. More specifically, they find a startling degree of acquiescence in the social and political status quo, an unexpectedly modest degree of radicalism, and a widely shared willingness to be patient.
Commerce, Communications, and Criticism
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Seldes produced no major works during the final decade of his career, he wrote a number of extended essays that epitomized and emended his enduring concerns with the mass media and public entertainment. There is a sense in which his professional life unraveled during the 1960s: He did not complete a projected work on the social consequences of advertising; he underwent a challenging but sometimes difficult period as founding dean of the Annenberg School of Communications at Penn; and when interruptions and illhealth did not dog him, he wrestled intensely with a memoir that he never pulled together, an attempt at coming to terms with his major endeavors and the cultural transformations he had witnessed.
Constructing Love, Desire, and Care
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to an ancient Indian legend, wise men were once troubled about the power of sexuality in the life of the world. Blaming the situation on Siva, the erotic god, they cried out in irritation, “May his penis fall to the ground.” Siva’s penis promptly fell to the ground. Sexual intercourse and sexual desire were no longer. This was more than the wise men had bargained for, and they begged him to put his penis back on again. Siva said, “If gods and humans will worship my penis, I will put it back, not otherwise.” They could not bring themselves to go that far, so they refused. As the legend tells it, the penis lay there in the snow, “frost-bitten, knobby, and sleekly black, glistening in the spring thaw ... while Siva passed over the final ridge of grief and was lost to the world on the far side.” With intercourse thus removed, the story continues, “there then ensued 3600 years of peace and quiet” in the worldand if Siva had only stayed away, this peace would be with us still.
The Visit and The Video: Publication and the Line Between Sex and Speech
Authors: Estlund David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the recent debates over the constitutional status of pornography, there has been a strand of argument to the effect that pornography is not covered by the First Amendment because it is relevantly like sexual activity itself, or alternatively, like vibrators or other sexual devices. As Fred Schauer puts the point, if a contact-free visit to a prostitute for sexual purposes (e.g., voyeuristic) is not covered by the First Amendment, then why think that a video with similar content and used for similar purposes is covered? This strategy would avoid the need to show that pornography is regulable on the traditional narrow grounds involving harm or obscenity. The argument contends that (at least hard-core) pornography is, in this sense, “not a free speech issue.” l want to consider an interpretation of the First Amendment that would be able to meet Schauer’s challenge, though it raises problems and questions of its own. One relevant difference between the voyeuristic visit and the video is that the video is published material. 1 want to consider what relevance this has under the First Amendment, as well as how much relevance it should have under a good constitution, and why. The basis for its actual relevance will be an interpretation of the press clause of the First Amendment. l will see how far it can be argued that the meaning of the press clause must be to protect publication in general-not just journalistic material, as the received meaning of “freedom of the press” would have it. The basis for thinking publication in general ought to be strongly protected in a good constitution will be located wherever the reader chooses to locate the rationale for a If the publication test is accepted as a sufficient condition for First Amendment coverage, then published material ought apparently to be protected as strongly as “speech,” whether or not the published material can be found to count as speech. Published pornography, then, would indeed be a free-speech issue since it would be constitutionally protected as if it were speech. This would be the legal difference between the visit and the video.
Shaping and Sex: Commentary on Parts I and II
Authors: Estlund David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern culture has been deeply impressed by the extent to which we ourselves are the makers. Even Rousseau, who accepted the traditional view that nature provides authoritative standards, knew that nature is not necessity. A constant question has been what limits there are, if any, to what we can make. An intermittent question has been, ‘Who’s this “we,” paleface? Just as Tbnto may not share the Lone Ranger’s vulnerability to the attacking tribe, “we•’ are not all equally responsible for what our culture has made. This challenge has been posed not only in the context of race, but also of class, and increasingly, of gender and sexual preference. Even apart from these questions, the practical question is, “What can be changed and what should be?” The first part of this book concerns “‘shaping” or ‘‘construction” in the context of sex, preference, and family. Many of the chapters in the book, including each of the essays in the first part, could as well have been placed in a different one of the four parts. Their collection under the heading “Shaping” is intended to call attention to a theme they have in common, encouraging the reader to isolate !hat theme for consideration and allowing the editors in their commentary to address that theme directly.
Acute Yet Non-Emergent Patients
Authors: Sugarman Jeremy , Harland Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Treating acute yet non-emergent patients poses a unique set of challenges to the surgeon. These patients typically have only recently learned of their disease, sometimes without feeling ill. For example, occult blood detected in stool obtained as part of a routine physical examination may lead to colonoscopy that in tum leads to the detection of polyps that are precancerous. Such a patient is suddenly given diagnostic information and may not yet have had time to apprehend the ramifications of the diagnosis. The patient may respond in a variety of ways to this situation, from denial to indifference to a rapid, not-so-well thought through request for surgical management even though there is usually adequate time for patients to form well-considered personal preferences regarding appropriate management. Because management decisions are likely to have profound implications for patients, creating a situation in which such preferences can be formed is most desirable. The manner that surgeons use to heighten the possibility that patients participate meaningfully in medical decision making requires clinical acumen. For instance, surgeons may need to educate patients about their clinical condition. For patients who have not manifested clinical symptoms, education should include information about why further diagnostic tests are needed and the implications of decision making in this regard.
Patients Who Are Family Members, Friends, Colleagues, Family Members Of Colleagues
Authors: Moreno Jonathan D , Lucente Frank E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The provision of surgical or medical care to those with whom one shares bonds of marriage, kinship, collegiahty, or friendship seems to raise issues that distinguish such patient care from caring for patients with whom one is not otherwise associated. These issues are both ethical and psychodynamic in nature and have long been recognized as such. In general, while ethical traditions counsel caution in such practices, they also stress that doctors have a special obhgation to make their skills available to those in need, perhaps especially those close to them, an obligation that is often couched in terms of duties of professional courtesy. Because of the ambiguity inherent in traditions of medical ethics on these issues, a more finely tuned analysis that speaks to various sets of circumstances is required.
Research and Innovation in Surgery
Authors: Prader Joel E , Caniano Donna A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The art and craft, as well as the science, of surgery create challenges for those who want to systematically evaluate surgical outcomes and progress. Even on the same day, with similar patients, a single surgeon may perform ‘‘the same’’ procedure somewhat differently, due to anatomic or physiologic differences among patients or for other reasons. If one patient has a better result, the surgeon may want to try to reproduce what he or she did with that patient when next performing the operation. At some point these adaptations become ‘‘innovation.’’ How much change has to occur to constitute an innovative approach and call forth an open and unbiased effort to assess the effectiveness of the new treatment? Surgeons have frequently resisted such evaluative questions, citing the difficulties, discussed below, of adequately judging their work. Even as mundane, not to mention novel, medical therapies and diagnostic technologies have been increasingly subjected to audit regarding their efficacy, effectiveness, and cost/ benefit ratios, surgeons have not been held similarly accountable as they continue to employ procedures of uncertain worth or invent new operations. But the era of limitations on health care expenditures and renewed concern about the human burden of unproven medical interventions may herald a sea change in attitudes toward surgery.
Hybrid Themes and Compound Themes
Authors: Caplin William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sentence and period are presented by Schoenberg and his followers as fundamentally opposing theme-types. Indeed, Ratz regards the two forms as distinct not only structurally but also aesthetically: This distinction between two fundamental theme-types notwithstanding, the actual compositional practice is considerably more complex. Many themes are difficult to classify within the sentence/period model. To be sure, some bear little relation to either form; however, a sizable number combine features of both types. These latter themes have received little theoretical discussion. At best, someone familiar with Schoenberg ‘s ideas might observe that a given theme is “more like a sentence than a period” (or vice versa) but could not describe precisely how the theme fits into a theoretical framework consisting exclusively of two fundamental types.
Death of a Cell
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The average adult human being is composed of something more than a hundred trillion-1014-individual cells, each with a life of its own. The death of a human being is a direct, irreducible consequence of the death of his or her component cells. But what does death mean at the level of a single cell? And how many of our cells have to be dead before we are dead? In a complex multicellular organism like a human being, are some cells more important for being alive than others? What do we really know about these elusive “atoms of life”?
The Fragmentation of Free Will
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I sketched the argument that free will in the sense that is supposed to justify moral responsibility is a term that has only subjectivist reference that skews from speaker to speaker. Just as there is no ‘right answer’ to the question of who the jerks are, there is no right answer to whether this kind of free will is compatible or incompatible with determinism. The four statements that constitute the prototypical positive and negative claims of the incompatibilists and compatibilists are equally ‘true,’ despite the fact that they appear to logically conflict. This is to say that there is no answer to the question of whether determined choices can be free. Consequently, there can be no answer to the question of whether Classical Incompatibilism, Classical Compatibilism, the NoFree-Will-Either-Way Theory, or the Free-Will-Either-Way Theory is correct. The reason there is no truth to the matter is that free will, defined in terms of moral responsibility, is a logically incoherent term that cannot denote a unified class of real entities outside of the subjective predilections of users of the term.
At the Margins of Women’s Space in Medieval Europe
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marginals have constituted the newest social group within medieval society to be discussed over the last two decades, beginning with Bronislaw Geremek’s study of vagrants and other “low life” who lived in late medieval Paris. With such a prestigious beginning, we might assume that a definition of what constituted marginality among medieval people is by now well established. To Geremek, who was working within a Marxist framework at the time of writing his book, marginals were those people and groups who fell outside the social and economic or the legal and political categories that were acceptable to the mainstream of society. They may have been criminals, but they included bohemians and some clerks, tricksters, con-men, prostitutes, and even urban hermits. Geremek characterized their status by such attributes as having no settled home or family ties and being vagrants. Their place of association was the tavern. In contemporary parlance they were “of no account” or “not of good fame,” that is, they were not a part of the social and economic power structure. Such a definition of marginality contains a built-in Marxist limitation, for it presumes that the only social marginals will be those who are at the bottom of society and regarded as morally reprehensible by the more fortunate classes.
Separation Anxieties in Late Medieval London: Gender in “The Wright’s Chaste Wife”
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries, the occupations of soldier, sailor, merchant, architect, and builder have required long periods of separation from wives and families. Those situations have produced a variety of anxieties. Since those occupations were all dangerous, a wife might fear losing both a husband and a means of support. Perhaps even worse was the possibility that a husband would simply be unaccounted for because no one reported the sinking of the ship on which he sailed or because he had been taken prisoner. If her widowhood were in doubt, a wife would not have the legal right to collect the dower from her husband’s estate, and she might have to carry on her husband’s business even if she was ill-equipped to do so. Other times she might be responsible for raising a large ransom to get her husband out of prison or for paying his debts so that he could come home. Husbands worried about the deterioration of their businesses, the training of their apprentices, and the rearing of their children while they were gone. But these financial and practical considerations were not the stuff of medieval stories that dealt with separation anxieties. Rather, both men and women wrote and spoke about the sexual continence of their conjugal partners during absences. While a husband was away, his wife might have lovers or he himself might have a family in another port or city. Perhaps the expressed anxieties over unfaithfulness masked deeper anxieties about the real risks that separation entailed.
Analysis Of Georeferenced Epidemiological Variables
Authors: Griffith Daniel A , Layne Larry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For years the geographic dimension of community health has been considered important when studying the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases. Medical researchers and practitioners repeatedly have found the mapping of diseases to be illuminating. One of the most frequently cited examples of this cartographic benefit is the 1855 map of London cholera cases drafted by John Snow, a pioneer in the field of epidemiology, who then was able to establish the source of this water-born disease to be the Broad Street pump (Golden Square). Another celebrated geographic observation, made in 1909 by a community of dentists, was that naturally occurring fluoride in the water of Colorado Springs, Colorado, was fortifying the teeth of its residents against decay. The outcome of this geographic observation was the widespread fluoridation of municipal drinking water. More recently, spatial statistics-principally point pattern analysis-has become very topical in medical circles, with one of its goals being to discriminate between random geographic clusters and hot spots (i.e., locations of exceptionally high incidence due to the presence of a particular source) of disease incidences (see, inter alia, Diggle 1993). One of the more famous medical geography studies involving a spatial autoregressive perspective was completed by Cliff et al. (1981), which describes the geographic diffusion of measles in Iceland. More recently, a CAR specification has been used to explore lung cancer death rates in Ohio (Waller et al. 1997). Geostatistical approaches also can be found in the literature (e.g., Carroll et al. 1997).