bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the 3D Orientation of Vascular Canals in Cortical Bone
Authors: Pratt Isaac Vorster , Cooper David Michael Lane 
Published: November 2023

The orientation of vascular canals in cortical bone is thought to reflect the loading experienced by a bone during the time when those canals were formed. This orientation is also thought to be related to the growth rate of cortical bone, creating different patterns such as longitudinal, laminar, or radial. The presence of these different patterns would then reflect faster or slower growth in that region of the cortex. Most of our understanding of vascular canal orientation comes from studies using histology: a method which relies on 2D sections, and which can only calculate the orientation of canals relative to the plane of sectioning. In this poster we present a new method, using micro computed tomography and custom developed software, to quantify the orientation of vascular canals in three dimensions. Using this method, two independent angles are measured: the orientation of the vascular canal relative to the long axis of the bone (phi), and relative to a plane of section perpendicular to the long axis (theta). These two angles together can be used to classify each vascular canal in the cortex into categories such as longitudinal, circumferential, or radial, or their oblique variant. This method is the first that can measure both theta and phi. Measuring these angles provides information on the processes that shape cortical bone microarchitecture, and provides the potential to extract biological information on the growth rate and loading of the bone. Disentangling the connection between growth rate, loading, and the organization of cortical porosity is a complex problem, and this method has the potential to help investigate and aid our understanding of these relationships through both natural and controlled experiments.Support or Funding InformationSupport for this research was provided by NSERC via a Discovery grant to DMLC and a post‐graduate scholarship to IVP.
Comparative Examination of Forelimb Skeletons of Deer in South Korea
Authors: Ahn Dongchoon , Sim Jeoungha , Park Byung‐Yong , Kim In‐Shik 
Published: November 2023

Two species of deer, Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus) and Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), are the most popular wild deer in South Korea. Recently, it was reported that the Siberian roe deer living in Jeju island (Jeju roe deer) differed with the roe deer living in Korean peninsula (Inland roe deer) in morphology of body and mitochondrial gene. This study examined the morphological differences of forelimb skeletons among the 3 species of deer in South Korea. The skeletons were obtained from 23 carcasses of adult Korean water deer, 14 of Inland roe deer, and 13 of Jeju roe deer during last 10 years. The bone shapes were very similar each other, but the cranial border line scapula of Jeju roe deer was curved like ‘S’ while straight line in the other species. The lengths of skeleton of Inland roe deer were biggest among those of 3 species. Sometimes the first carpal bone was not observed in the both of Siberian roe deer, while it was always appeared in the Korean water deer. Very tiny sesamoid bone in the second and the fifth metacarpophalangeal joints were observed in two subspecies of Siberian roe deer. The numbers of proximal sesamoid bone in the joints were 1 or 2 in Inland roe deer while 0 or 1 in Jeju deer. These results suggest that the morphology of skeletons of forelimb was different in among 3 species deer, and, in addition, supported the argument that the Jeju roe deer is different subspecies with Inland deer.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (NRF‐2015018819).
Sternum Morphology and Locomotor Adaptation in Anthropoid Primates
Authors: Alwell Morgan Taylor , Middleton Emily R , Ward Carol V 
Published: November 2023

Trunk shape varies among anthropoid primates and is thought to reflect locomotor adaptation. Hominoids, who are orthograde, below‐branch primates that rely on suspensory behaviors, have broader, deeper rib cages than do pronograde quadrupedal anthropoids. Apes have more cranially‐oriented glenohumeral joints than do humans, thought to orient the joint for use in suspensory postures during locomotion. The sternum represents a key part of the thoracic skeleton and contributes to overall rib cage morphology, yet variability in sternal shape across primates is undocumented.In particular, hominoids should be expected to have a relatively broader manubrium and sternum than do monkeys. Further, apes should have more cranially‐oriented sterno‐clavicular joints than do humans, reflecting the higher position of the shoulder joint indicated by scapular morphology. In this study, we examined proportions of the manubrium and sternum in 199 anthropoid primates by taking linear measurements of the sternum from a series of calibrated digital photographs using the ImageJ software package. We also measured orientation of the sterno‐clavicular joint across hominoids.Results indicate that, as expected, manubrium and sternum breadth are absolutely and relatively greater in hominoids than in both Old and New World monkeys, correlated with the transversely broader ribcages of hominoids. The semisuspensory New World monkeys Lagothrix and Ateles show similarities to hominoids in manubrial proportions, supporting a hypothesized link between thoracic breadth and suspensory locomotion. In terms of sterno‐clavicular orientation, humans have more laterally‐facing articular surfaces than most apes. Contrary to expectations, Symphalangus resembled humans in average angle of the sterno‐clavicular joint, suggesting a different configuration of the pectoral girdle in these apes that warrants further investigation. Overall, manubrial and sternal proportions appear related to locomotor adaptation in anthropoid primates, but relations between thoracic and pectoral morphology may be more varied than previously appreciated.
Havers‐Halberg Rhythms in Canis familiaris
Authors: Hogg Russell , Bromage Timothy , Hu Bin 
Published: November 2023

Our objective in this study is to assess variation in Havers‐Halberg oscillation (HHO) periodicities among domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). The HHO is hypothesized to be a biological rhythm controlled by the hypothalamus, acting as a central coordinator of multiple life history variables including body size, metabolic rate, and reproductive output. The periodicity of this clock varies among and within species, but not within individuals. It has been studied in detail among primates, though very little among other mammals. In monkeys and apes, the periodicity is strongly correlated with body mass, but lemurs show a restricted range of variation in HHO rhythm despite having a comparable range of body sizes. This raises the question of how HHO rhythms and body size evolution can be decoupled. Domestic dogs represent a potential means to shed light on this area, due to their wide range of body sizes accompanied by low variation in life history variables such as lifespan. Based on this, we hypothesize that dogs will resemble lemurs in HHO variation.To test this, we sectioned teeth of 11 previously deceased Canis familiaris from a university collection, representing a variety of breeds. Teeth preserve a histological marker of the HHO rhythm in the form of growth increments known as striae of Retzius, and the HHO rhythm can be quantified by counting the number of 24‐hour growth lines between them. Teeth were cleaned, embedded in acrylic resin, thin sectioned, and mounted to microscope slides following standard dental histology protocols. They were then imaged using circularly polarized light microscopy so that their growth increments could be measured to assess HHO periodicity. Next, HHO periodicity was regressed against body mass estimate data acquired via estimation from mandibular length measurements.As predicted, domestic dogs have a low range of HHO periodicity variation for their body size range, falling between 4 and 6 days (with a modal value of 5). This suggests that dog body size variation is attributed to mechanisms beyond the HHO; conversely, the narrow range of variation in HHO can potentially explain the lack of variation in life history factors such as lifespan among dogs. Since body mass variation among domestic dogs is postulated to result from a mutation in IGF‐1, this provides a possible explanation for the high body mass / low HHO variation seen in lemurs as well.Support or Funding InformationProject funded by the 2010 Max Planck Research Award, endowed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in respect of the Hard Tissue Research Program in Human Paleobiomics.
Trans differentiation of Chondrocytes to Osteoblasts during Endochondral Ossification in the Healing Mandible
Authors: Wong Sarah Anne , Hu Diane , Miclau Theodore , Bahney Chelsea , Marcucio Ralph 
Published: November 2023

A new model of endochondral ossification has recently emerged, in which chondrocytes of the cartilage intermediate undergo a transient stem cell‐like state and ultimately trans differentiate into osteoblasts/cytes that form the new bone. This model has been established by studying long bones during development and fracture healing. However, it has yet to be determined if the same mechanism translates to mandible fracture healing. Contrary to long bones, the mandible develops primarily through intramembranous ossification; however, it heals through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. We sought to determine whether fracture stability directs the relative contribution of each ossification mechanism during mandible healing and to determine whether chondrocytes $trans differentiate into osteoblasts/cytes during mandibular endochondral fracture healing. We hypothesized that stable mandible fractures heal through intramembranous ossification and unstable fractures heal through endochondral ossification, in a manner analogous to appendicular fractures, and that chondrocytes trans differentiate into osteoblast/cytes during endochondral ossification. To test this, we generated mandible fractures with different levels of stability by creating either 1mm trephine defects or unstable transverse fractures in the mandibular rami of C57BL/6 mice and compared the ossification process at multiple time points using histology and immunohistochemistry. Preliminary data demonstrate minimal cartilage formation in stable fractures compared to the robust cartilage formation in unstable fractures, supporting our hypothesis that mobility promotes endochondral ossification. Our data illustrate maximum cartilage formation in unstable fractures at 10 days post‐fracture. At this time point, hypertrophic chondrocytes at the chondrosseous junction, termed the “transition zone,” stained positive for the pluripotency factors Oct4 and Sox2 by immunohistochemistry. These data parallel our studies of tibia fracture repair where we have performed genetic lineage tracing experiments with inducible Col2, Oct4, and Sox2 reporter mice. Taken together these data suggest that motion during mandible fracture repair promotes endochondral ossification and that chondrocytes trans differentiate into osteoblasts by acquiring what appears to be a transient pluripotent state. Future studies will elucidate the mechanisms that regulate chondrocyte trans differentiation during mandible repair and test novel therapeutic strategies designed to treat hypertrophic non‐unions.Support or Funding InformationNIH: NIAMS: F32AR062469 to C.B., R01‐AR057344 to T.M., NIA: R01‐AG046282 to R.M. MTF Junior Investigator Award to C.B.
Developmental and Injury‐Induced EphB3 Expression in Bone
Authors: Kamath Rajay A. D. , Szczerba Mark , Xiang Lilin , Benson M. Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Defects in bone growth underlie common congenital malformations such as craniosynostoses, and contribute to osteoporosis and poor fracture repair. Thus, a thorough understanding of bone formation is vital to effective treatment of such conditions. Mounting evidence points to a central role for the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane‐bound ephrin ligand in the regulation of developmental and homeostatic bone growth. However, which members of this receptor family are the central players in bone growth remains unknown. We therefore examined the expression patterns of several candidate Ephs in mouse calvaria and long bones. We used engineered mouse lines to determine the expression of Ephs B1–3 in long bones and in intact and injured calvaria. The EphB1 and EphB2 lines harbor LacZ cDNAs fused to truncated Eph coding regions. The EphB3rtTA line contains an EphB3 gene‐controlled tetracycline transactivator that drives LacZ expression from a tetOP LacZ transgene. A 3 mm defect was administered to the parietal bones of these mice, and the mice were sacrificed after one to three weeks. Their bones were then stained for beta‐galactosidase. Although EphB2 is expressed in late embryonic calvaria, we observed no significant expression in intact or injured adult bones. EphB1 was similarly absent. EphB3, however, was highly expressed in suture mesenchyme and periosteum of young adult mice, and was upregulated at the margins of calvarial injury. EphB3 was also found in the proliferative and hypertrophic cartilages of femora and tibiae. These data identify EphB3 as a likely mediator of bone growth. Our ongoing gene knockout studies will define the role of EphB3 in bone growth and healing and focus further mechanistic studies that will ultimately facilitate clinical treatments of bone pathologies.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH/NIDCR R01DE022804 to MDB and the Baylor Oral Health Foundation
Stronger Composite Dental Restoration Results from Inclusion of Extracellular Matrix Protection Factor‐2 (ECPF‐2), a New Class of Matrix Metalloprotease 8 (MMP‐8) Inhibitor
Authors: Persky David William , Tuloglu Nuray , Ghanta Haritha , Kitagaito Kaz , Ciccarelli Haley , Clauss Gary , Datillo Victoria , Selim Abdulhafez , Ozer Fusun , D'Angelo Marina 
Published: November 2023

Each year in the United States alone, the prevention and restorative treatment of tooth decay exceed costs of $100 billion. A considerable percentage of these costs arise from the need for retreatment and replacement of failed restorations. An innovative means of preventing the failure of dental restorations would ease the financial burden associated with retreatment procedures. Although bacterial enzymes contribute to the degradation of the layer between the composite and dentin, current research indicates a role for endogenous Matrix Metalloprotease‐8 (MMP‐8), a collagenase enzyme, in degradation of the hybrid layer, the region between the dentin and composite resin material.It has been demonstrated that acid etching of the tooth in preparation for administration of the adhesive bonding agent will activate endogenous MMPs in the hybrid layer. The contemporary clinical solution to hybrid‐layer degradation is the use of a nonspecific protease inhibitor, Chlorhexidine Gluconate (0.12%), at the time of treatment. Since MMP‐8 is primarily responsible for the degradation of the organic component of dentin, which is composed predominantly of type I collagen fibers. A more specific targeted protease inhibition should increase bond strength in restorations.To address this notion, our laboratory has developed a proprietary compound, Extracellular Matrix Protection Factor‐2 (ECPF‐2), to specifically inhibit the interaction of MMP‐8 and collagen type I. Utilizing a novel tooth‐restoration model, we treated non‐carious, extracted human third molars with 5μg ECPF‐2 after acid etching and before application of the adhesive. Following placement and curing of the composite material, teeth were either immediately prepared for bond strength testing or first exposed to one‐year of artificial accelerated aging prior to the bond strength testing.Beams (dimensions of 1mm X 1mm) were cut with a milling tool and subjected to microtensile bond strength testing with a single‐speed actuator. Teeth treated with ECPF‐2 exhibited statistically significant increased bond strength (39.6 Megapascals [MPa]) compared to Chlorhexidine treated preparations (20.3 MPa) and bond strength was improved even after one‐year accelerated aging (ECPF‐2 28.9 MPa versus Chlorhexidine 24.0 MPa) even though, as expected, the absolute values were reduced. The enhanced bond strength in ECPF‐2‐treated preparations indicates the importance of this novel inhibitor with respect to clinical and commercially‐available applications in extending the lifespan of dental restorations.Support or Funding InformationCenter for Chronic Disorders of Aging Small Grant, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic MedicineSchonleber Foundation Grant, University of Pennsylvania
Expression of CGRP, Osteopontin and VEGF in embryonic mouse mandible
Authors: Sato Iwao , Azuma Yuri , Miwa Yoko , Hara Setuhiro , Sunohara Masataka 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveNeuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is a marker neurotransmitter related to vasculargensis in muscle differentiation and development of organ. The CGRP was first appeared at mouse embryonic day 16.5 (E16.5) and localization around blood vessels and closely cartilaginous bone matrix in the mouse limb (Bidegain et al., 1995). However, expression of CGRP and angiogenesis markers were unknown in developed mandible during craniofacial formation. Moreover, Osteopontin (OPN) detects in fibroblasts, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, odontoblasts and bone marrow cells. We try to clearly the relation between CGRP, bone morphological marker, and angiogenesis marker in terminating the differentiation of mouse mandible.MethodsWe analyzed the expression and localization of CGRP, VEGF, OPN by in situ hybridization in the developing mouse mandible during embryonic days at E14.5 and E17.5. We also detected the mRNA abundance of various markers (Collagen I, VEGF, CD31, LYVE‐1, MMP‐2, OPN, and CGRP) from embryonic stages by real‐time RT‐PCR. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for mouse mandible in different early postnatal stages and the expression of the following 7 mRNA CGRP, OPN, CD31, LYVE‐1, VEGF, Collagen I, and MMP‐2.ResultsThe antisense probe for VEGF, OPN and CGRP was detected in mesenchymal cells surrounding area of mandible (Meckel's cartilage) at E14.5, and clearly localization was seen at E17.5 in the embryonic mouse masseter by in situ hybridization. These data suggested that angiogenesis markers may effect to influence during mouse Meckel's cartilage development and morphogenesis. These findings provide direct insight into the origins and potential prevalent development affecting the mandibular formation.Support or Funding Informationnone
Bat Development: Interspecies Differences in Baculum Ossification Patterns
Authors: Herdina Anna Nele , Nugraha Taufiq Purna , Semiadi Gono , Haase Astrid , Lina Peter H. C. , Godlevska Lena , Vlaschenko Anton , Metscher Brian D. 
Published: November 2023

Developmental studies are fundamental to understanding specialized morphologies. The baculum (os penis) is a heterotopic bone in the glans penis, which is probably subject to sexual selection and may play a role in reproductive isolation between closely related species. In this ongoing study, the pre‐ and postnatal development of the reproductive organs will be compared between species of the bat genera Pipistrellus, Eptesicus, and Cynopterus histologically and with 3D X‐ray microtomography (microCT) imaging. We aim to show how bacula with different shapes start to calcify at different ossification centers and to compare soft tissue development of bat reproductive organs.Bat organ system development has mainly been studied using histological methods, dissection, or clearing and staining. The skeletal system has also been studied with x‐ray techniques including microCT. Here, we will use 1% (w/v) elemental iodine in 100% ethanol (I2E) to study the development of reproductive organs in a sample of 14 Cynopterus brachyotis (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) embryos from the collection of the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (Indonesia), and several juvenile and subadult bats of the species Cynopterus sphinx (Indonesia), Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, Netherlands), and Eptesicus serotinus (Netherlands and Ukraine). Iodine contrast staining has been used successfully in a number of studies on fetal and adult vertebrates, because soft tissues can thus be differentiated in microCT images.Preliminary results show different patterns of ossification. In Pipistrellus pipistrellus the distal part of the baculum reaches its adult shape before the proximal part. The different states of medullary cavity development found in our samples suggest the medullary cavity first forms from the ventral side of the baculum, where the branches of the base meet the shaft and that it is later replaced by a secondary medullary cavity. The baculum of Eptesicus serotinus calcifies from both lateral sides, while four different calcification centers can be shown in a developing baculum of Cynopterus sphinx.
The Birth and Evolution of Modern Anatomy
Authors: Barbieri Charles , Lugar Catherine , Nusse Gloria , Summers Orianna 
Published: November 2023

Andreas Vesalius is considered by many to be the father of modern human anatomy because his work in De Humani Corporis Fabrica shifted anatomical education away from a 1200 year old, hands‐off tradition of analog dissections to a modern humanistic; cadaver center approach. De Humani Corporis Fabrica was revolutionary for artists and anatomists alike because it provided the first accurate, detailed images of human anatomical systems, at a time when most medical texts contained minimal graphical representations. An in depth analysis of Vesalius’ anatomical models reveal a lasting influence his methods have had on modern anatomical practice. With many of the current anatomical dissection methodology and presentation having evolved though Vesalius’ work.The aim of this study was to create a bridge between modern anatomy and its origins within De Humani Corporis Fabrica, with the primary focus on the educational methods that transcended his work and became some of our current teaching methods anatomy.One of Vesalius’ major contributions was the creation of meticulously accurate diagrams that went on to evolve into the models and diagrams that play an essential role in today's anatomical education. This primarily began with his work on the “Muscle Men” plates with the artist Titian. These plates showed his dedication to creating a medium that could innovate the education methods of his time. The “Muscle Men” are a series of anatomical depictions that when placed side‐by‐side show a progressive dissection of a man in the Euganean Hills surrounding the Padua University in Italy. This method of showing progressive dissections is now commonplace in modern anatomy education, but was absent before Vesalius’ work. To show how powerful these can be, the images were digitally stitched together then colorized to show the original panoramic view of the euganean hills.Vesalius’ method of dissection evoked a fundamental shift in anatomical study has carried over 500 years, into the modern anatomical laboratory where instructor‐led student dissections play a major role in teaching anatomy. De Humani Corporis Fabrica provided detailed descriptions of the tools and methods used for the dissections. While many of the protocols and tools have been refined over time their initial incorporation into dissection was largely wrought out of his work.