bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical and Archaeological Network Data
Authors: Lemercier Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the shared peculiarities of historical and archaeological network data. It lists the main types of sources that have been fruitfully used to produce historical data on interactions and relationships. It presents the main questions that we should keep in mind during the construction of network data, understood as a process of translation of a source into relational terms. The first four parts present four types of historical network data and their archaeological equivalents: data based on legal and quasi-legal records, networks of words from texts, two-mode networks from membership lists, and data built from past narratives on past ties. The fifth part addresses research projects that use several types of source, and the last part lists general practical advice applicable to any type of historical and archaeological data.
Linked Data Networks
Authors: Vitale Valeria , Simon Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to Linked Open Data (LOD), a method for publishing structured data on the web. It explains what the goals, motivation, and foundational technologies of LOD are, presents its uses in the humanities, and discusses how LOD relates to network analysis. In particular, this chapter adopts a more user-centered perspective of LOD: what are the challenges, opportunities, and potentials of LOD for network analytical tasks in humanities scholarship? How can tools help tackle LOD’s notorious lack of usability, and lower the barrier to entry for a wider audience? The chapter concludes with an exemplary workflow, from scholarly source to qualitative analysis, using open source tools.
The Antiquities Trade and Digital Networks
Authors: Graham Shawn , Huffer Damien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The internet facilitates the trade in antiquities, both licit and illicit, but not necessarily in the ways we might first expect. The recommendation algorithms of the major platforms push buyers and sellers together, eliminating the need for brokers. The so-called “darknet” is therefore not necessary for the vast majority of people involved in the trade. Network analytic approaches are a valuable tool in studying this trade. In this chapter we consider how network perspectives on social media and e-commerce provide a foundation upon which the illicit antiquities trade can flourish and illustrate this approach with case studies drawn from our own research, and adjacent approaches. Such research also requires careful ethical planning, and we point to an available framework to consider these dilemmas.
Maritime Networks
Authors: Leidwanger Justin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ease of movement by sea, particularly over longer distances and with bulky loads, situates maritime networks centrally within the study of large-scale interaction in many past societies. Because these connections were deeply bound not only to environmental and technological factors but also to social, economic, and political processes, maritime network approaches represent simultaneously spatial and social phenomena. This chapter selectively surveys maritime network studies to identify the challenges and opportunities they present, from their dynamic environments to the archaeological datasets—moving objects, ports, ships—on which they are often based. A closer examination of Mediterranean seaborne interaction under the Roman Empire helps to reveal the potential of network thinking and analysis as well as productive areas for future development. Maritime network approaches can facilitate new historical inquiry into interaction with and across the seas and oceans that have been fundamental to the movements of people, goods, and ideas.
Constitutionalism
Authors: Wiener Antje 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses constitutionalism as a concept used to explain and understand principles and terms of governance and especially constitutionalization beyond modern nation-states accounting for distinct intellectual traditions. It is argued that constitutionalism beyond the State including post-national and global constitutionalism gained traction against the background of the EU’s dynamics of constitution-building in the West and its massive enlargement towards the East. And against this background, distinct intellectual traditions contributed to establish innovative and novel interdisciplinary perspectives on the much more elusive concept of global constitutionalism. Following the introduction, the chapter then highlights the contested quality of constitutionalism as an approach with distinct intellectual traditions and political purposes. It goes on to recall scholarly moves towards common conceptual frames for research on constitutionalism beyond the State including global constitutionalism. The chapter then offers an outlook on the field of global constitutionalism as an agora for interdisciplinary and international debate about constitutional change.
Indonesian Strategic Resettlement and Development Policies in East Timor
Authors: Gerlach Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter explores relationships between ‘development’ and violence, using the example of the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, 1975–1999. As a means of anti-guerrilla warfare, Indonesian forces forcibly resettled large parts of East Timor’s population to camps and villages, in combination with a policy of food denial, until the early 1980s. Many tens of thousands died as a result of this violent social engineering. At that time, such policies of starvation or of neglect in famine were no longer in use in other parts of Indonesia. But Indonesian authorities also applied to East Timor development policies pursued and structures used elsewhere in the country, bringing in tens of thousands of transmigrants from other islands, giving priority to food crops rather than cash crops, channelling considerable resources to this annexed region and improving living conditions in what remained a poor province. Many East Timorese came to work for the Indonesian state in one way or another. Relationships between ‘development’ and violence were thus close and complex. The chapter discusses how far these contradictory practices can be understood as colonial.
‘More an Inspiration than a Deterrent’? Capital Punishment and British Colonial Counter-Insurgency, c.1916–1973
Authors: Hynd Stacey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capital punishment operated in the British Empire as the apogee of colonial law and punishment, but during counter-insurgency its role within the wider framework of colonial violence was more contested. This chapter provides the first comparative analysis of the role of the death penalty in British late-colonial counter-insurgency, focusing on the targeting and timing of the use of executions. It demonstrates how rather than just a legal sentence, capital punishment was an expressly political penalty whose use was shaped by shifting socio-political climates, military contexts, and legal frameworks. Both capital sentencing and executions themselves had multiple functions—gathering intelligence, deterrence, individual punishment, revenge—because the death penalty had multiple audiences: insurgents, colonized society, settlers and security forces, imperial authority, and public/international opinion. The chapter shows that whilst capital punishment was purported to be a targeted, legalistic assertion of the rule of law, it was in fact an emotional, irrational punishment and a sign of the weakness of colonial states rather than their strength. The shifting usage of capital punishment reveals the significance of the internationalization of anticolonial insurgencies, the growth of human rights discourses, and the vulnerability of British colonial rule to public and international opinion.
Gender, Mobilization, and Insurgency in South Africa
Authors: Bridger Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the mobilization and participation of young men and women in the 1980s township uprisings in South Africa—a period of unprecedented protest and political violence that preceded the country’s transition to democracy in 1994. Much of the existing research on the young ‘comrades’ who became the shock-troops of the country’s liberation struggle during these years focuses on boys and young men, taking males as the default agents of protest and political violence. This is something common to many studies of insurgency, which often take male experience as the norm in theorizing why people join rebel groups or participate in conflict. Drawing on oral history interviews with former young activists from South Africa, this chapter asks what motivated girls and young women in the country’s townships to make the unconventional decision to become a ‘comrade’. It argues that while both young men and women shared many grievances that drew them towards the liberation movement, and shared similar emotional benefits from their participation, both these push and pull factors were shaped by and experienced through young people’s gender. While young women did not generally join the struggle in the hopes of advancing gender equality, they nevertheless found that engaging in activism and violence provided them a means of challenging the gendered inequality and victimization they experienced as girls.
Sources, Methods, and the Violence of Insurgency in Northern Ireland
Authors: Caroline Kowalski Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of violence perpetrated by non-state groups is a burgeoning field of research. Across the disciplines scholars debate the character and impact of political violence. This chapter will introduce the various research methods employed to examine the disparate actions of violent individuals or groups during contemporary and past insurgencies, civil wars, or terrorist campaigns. It will explore the debate that persists among researchers concerning methodological best practice, using the violence perpetrated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) between 1969 and 1998 as a case study. Studies of every scale, scope, and methodological approach—qualitative and quantitative—have distinct strengths and merits; but they also have limitations. Studies that rely on a single research method or limited pool of evidence may, therefore, produce findings that are misleading without further qualification. This chapter argues that a mixed-method approach can potentially minimize the impact of the shortcomings of either qualitative or quantitative research. But the accuracy of claims based on academic research will always be subject to the quality of the sample of evidence selected and critical analysis that is employed to interrogate it. Accordingly, it is researchers’ awareness of and transparency regarding the specific limitations of their work that is of paramount importance.
Strategic Resettlement
Authors: Feichtinger Moritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Mao Zedong is right that a revolutionary needs to move among the civilian population like a fish in the water, removing the water will deprive the fish of its element. This simple and compelling logic was one of the reasons why forced resettlement of large parts of the rural population became integral to colonial counter-insurgency in the second half of the twentieth century. In some ways, this was nothing new: colonial troops had resorted to displacement and devastation of rural settlements to crush local resistance during colonial conquests since the eighteenth century. Paralleling repression, colonial powers attempted to civilize and modernize colonized societies. This combination of repression and reformist zeal gave birth to demarcated reservations for a displaced indigenous population, colonial model villages laid out along European blueprints and mission-led education and health programmes. The counter-revolutionary resettlement programmes of the second half of the twentieth century, however, eclipsed these predecessors, both in terms of the scale and scope of their transformative interventions and in terms of their lasting effects. During the years of decolonization and the Cold War, the politics of forced removal not only sought to curb anti-colonial uprisings, but to challenge them with veritable counter-revolutions. Late colonial relocation schemes were often embedded in ambitious plans to transform the economic system and social fabric of colonized societies. They were driven not only by the urgency of political unrest, but also by a technocratic belief in progress and social engineering prevalent in Western thinking during the 1950s and 1960s. In consequence, late colonial resettlement programs irreversibly altered settlement patterns, modes of production, social relations, and the cultures of affected societies.
Hanoi’s National Liberation Strategy, 1954–1975
Authors: Asselin Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the strategies and tactics used by Vietnamese communist leaders to defeat the United States and its allies in the Vietnam War. It demonstrates that the guerrilla that has come to define the war in the West was in fact only one aspect of a highly sophisticated campaign to ‘liberate’ the Southern half of the country and bring about national reunification under communist aegis. To prevail in the contest with the Americans and the rival regime in Saigon, Hanoi waged a multifaceted war that rallied not only fighters but also partisans at home and abroad to support them materially and morally. In the final analysis, the United States lost the Vietnam War owing less to its own shortcomings than to the experience, resourcefulness, and ingenuity of its adversaries.
Fibril structures of TFG protein mutants validate the identification of TFG as a disease-related amyloid protein by the IMPAcT method
Authors: Rosenberg Gregory M , Abskharon Romany , Boyer David R , Ge Peng , Sawaya Michael R , Eisenberg David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We previously presented a bioinformatic method for identifying diseases that arise from a mutation in a protein's low-complexity domain that drives the protein into pathogenic amyloid fibrils. One protein so identified was the tropomyosin-receptor kinase–fused gene protein (TRK-fused gene protein or TFG). Mutations in TFG are associated with degenerative neurological conditions. Here, we present experimental evidence that confirms our prediction that these conditions are amyloid-related. We find that the low-complexity domain of TFG containing the disease-related mutations G269V or P285L forms amyloid fibrils, and we determine their structures using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). These structures are unmistakably amyloid in nature and confirm the propensity of the mutant TFG low-complexity domain to form amyloid fibrils. Also, despite resulting from a pathogenic mutation, the fibril structures bear some similarities to other amyloid structures that are thought to be nonpathogenic and even functional, but there are other factors that support these structures' relevance to disease, including an increased propensity to form amyloid compared with the wild-type sequence, structure-stabilizing influence from the mutant residues themselves, and double-protofilament amyloid cores. Our findings elucidate two potentially disease-relevant structures of a previously unknown amyloid and also show how the structural features of pathogenic amyloid fibrils may not conform to the features commonly associated with pathogenicity.
Associations of gut microbiome richness and diversity with objective and subjective sleep measures in a population sample
Authors: Holzhausen Elizabeth A , Peppard Paul E , Sethi Ajay K , Safdar Nasia , Malecki Kristen C , Schultz Amy A , Deblois Courtney L , Hagen Erika W 
Published: November 2023

AbstractStudy ObjectivesAlterations in gut microbiota composition have been associated with several conditions, and there is emerging evidence that sleep quantity and quality are associated with the composition of the gut microbiome. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the associations between several measures of sleep and the gut microbiome in a large, population-based sample.MethodsData were collected from participants in the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin from 2016 to 2017 (N = 720). Alpha diversity was estimated using Chao1 richness, Shannon’s diversity, and Inverse Simpson’s diversity. Beta diversity was estimated using Bray-Curtis dissimilarity. Models for each of the alpha-diversity outcomes were calculated using linear mixed effects models. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance tests were performed to test whether gut microbiome composition differed by sleep measures. Negative binomial models were used to assess whether sleep measures were associated with individual taxa relative abundance.ResultsParticipants were a mean (SD) age of 55 (16) years and 58% were female. The sample was 83% non-Hispanic white, 10.6% non-Hispanic black, and 3.5% Hispanic. Greater actigraphy-measured night-to-night sleep duration variability, wake-after-sleep onset, lower sleep efficiency, and worse self-reported sleep quality were associated with lower microbiome richness and diversity. Sleep variables were associated with beta-diversity, including actigraphy-measured night-to-night sleep duration variability, sleep latency and efficiency, and self-reported sleep quality, sleep apnea, and napping. Relative abundance of several taxa was associated with night-to-night sleep duration variability, average sleep latency and sleep efficiency, and sleep quality.ConclusionsThis study suggests that sleep may be associated with the composition of the gut microbiome. These results contribute to the body of evidence that modifiable health habits can influence the human gut microbiome.
Hybrid effectiveness-implementation study of two novel spectrally engineered lighting interventions for shiftworkers on a high-security watchfloor
Authors: Bessman Sara C , Harrison Elizabeth M , Easterling Alexandra P , Snider Michelle N , Preilipper Sebastian M M , Glickman Gena L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shiftwork leads to myriad negative health and safety outcomes. Lighting countermeasures can benefit shiftworkers via physiological effects of light (e.g. alerting, circadian adjustment), and short-wavelength light is the most potent for eliciting those responses; however, limited work indicates it may not be required for alerting. We developed similar-appearing light boxes (correlated color temperature: 3000–3375 K; photopic illuminance: 260–296 lux), enriched (SW+, melanopic EDI: 294 lux) or attenuated (SW-, melanopic EDI: 103 lux) in short-wavelength energy, and implemented them on a high-security watchfloor. Efficacy and feasibility of these two novel lighting interventions were assessed in personnel working 12-hour night shifts (n = 47) in this within-participants, crossover study. For each intervention condition, light boxes were arranged across the front of the watchfloor and illuminated the entire shift; blue-blocking glasses were worn post-shift and before sleep; and sleep masks were used while sleeping. Comparisons between baseline and intervention conditions included alertness, sleep, mood, quality of life (QOL), and implementation measures. On-shift alertness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale) increased in SW- compared to baseline, while changes in SW+ were more limited. Under SW+, both mood and sleep improved. Psychomotor vigilance task performance did not vary by condition; however, perceived performance and QOL were higher, and reported caffeine consumption and sleep onset latency were lower, under SW-. For both interventions, satisfaction and comfort were high, and fewer symptoms and negative feelings were reported. The addition of spectrally engineered lights to this unique work environment improved sleep, alertness, and mood without compromising visual comfort and satisfaction. This paper is part of the Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Management of Fatigue in Occupational Settings Collection.
Hydroa Vacciniforme Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Young Spanish Woman: An Infrequent Case With Fatal Outcome
Authors: Garcia-Garcia Mar , Morales Moya Ana Luisa , Val Ignacio Sancho , Prieto-Torres Lucía 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hydroa vacciniforme (HV) lymphoproliferative disorder is a rare NK/T-cell lymphoma mainly affecting children and with a clinical resemblance to HV, which is mostly reported in Latin American and some Asian countries. Overall, the mature T cell and NK-cell neoplasms are now grouped into 9 families based on diverse concepts: cell of origin/differentiation state, clinical scenario, disease localization, and cytomorphology. HV lymphoproliferative disorder is listed within the group of Ebstein Barr Virus-positive T-cell and NK-cell lymphoid proliferations and lymphomas of childhood according to the fifth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of mature lymphoid neoplasms. We report the extraordinary case of a 22-year-old white woman, native of Spain, first presented in 2016 when she started suffering from recurrent facial edema. Four years later, the disease progressed with lymph node spreading and a fatal outcome. Here, we describe the clinical and histological presentation of the lymphoma throughout its evolution. Cases like this can be difficult to classify posing a real challenge to clinicians and pathologists. So, it is vital to be aware of the rare presentation of this disease to be able to identify the clinical and histological picture to make a correct diagnosis and establish an early treatment.
Pitfalls of PRAME Immunohistochemistry in a Large Series of Melanocytic and Nonmelanocytic Lesions With Literature Review
Authors: Turner Noel , Ko Christine J. , McNiff Jennifer M. , Galan Anjela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) immunohistochemistry is currently used to facilitate distinction of benign and malignant melanocytic proliferations. We hypothesized that evaluation of 1 institution's experience with PRAME labeling in a large number of consecutive cases might elucidate additional strengths and potential pitfalls and reveal base rates of positivity versus negativity in 1 academic practice. Pathology reports for all specimens on which PRAME labeling was performed at our institution between January 2021 and May 2022 were retrieved from our database. Eighty percent of conventional malignant melanomas were labeled diffusely positive with PRAME; there were no significant differences in mean age, sex, site, Breslow depth, ulceration status, or American Joint Committee on Cancer pathological tumor stage when comparing diffusely PRAME-positive malignant melanomas with those that lack diffuse labeling. Although no banal melanocytic nevi were labeled with PRAME, 13% of dysplastic nevi were diffusely PRAME positive, with junctional proliferations, severe atypia, male gender, and older age being associated with PRAME positivity. As some but not all ambiguous melanocytic lesions in which malignancy could not be excluded based on morphology alone were diffusely PRAME positive, PRAME's accuracy in predicting malignancy remains unclear to the authors; further study is needed to assess the precision to which PRAME immunohistochemistry can separate benign borderline lesions from their malignant counterparts. Among nonmelanocytic lesions, some poorly differentiated tumors, including atypical fibroxanthomas, can be PRAME positive. This series underscores the importance of clinicopathologic correlation and shows that diffuse PRAME positivity is highest in conventional malignant melanomas (∼80%, or 8 of 10 lesions), is seen in about half of challenging borderline lesions at our institution, and can be observed in lesions diagnosed as dysplastic nevi by our group (∼10% or 1 in 10 lesions), as well as in rare poorly differentiated malignancies.