bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of species identification in ducklings: X. Perceptual specificity in the wood duck embryo requires sib stimulation for maintenance
Authors: Gottlieb Gilbert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA critical acoustic feature of the wood duck maternal assembly call is the descending frequency modulation (FM) of its notes. To determine the role of exposure of wood ducklings to conspecific vocalizations in the development of selective responsiveness to the descending FM of the species maternal call, the behavioral response of embryos to synthetic descending and ascending maternal calls was examined. Previous work indicated that selective responsivenness of newly hatched wood ducklings to the descending FM of the maternal call is dependent upon prior exposure to descending FM calls of siblinngs. In advance of auditory experience the youngest embryos were responsive to both ascending and descending call notes, but older aurally isolated embryos became selectively responsive to the descending FM. However, even though the wood duck hatchling vocalizes considerably in aural isolation, self‐stimulation is ineffective in maintaining the perceptual selectivity in the neonate. Unlike the mallard, in which self‐stimulation is adequate, the wood duckling must be exposed to sib vocalizations in order to remain selectively responsive to the critical acoustic feature of the maternal call of its species.
The influence of age and experience on salt preference of the rat
Authors: Midkiff Eleanor E. , Bernstein Ilene L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe degree to which adult taste preferences can be influenced by early taste exposure is a matter of some debate. The present studies characterize the developmental course of saline preference during maturation in the rat and examine whether adult saline preference is influenced by postweaning exposure to saline solutions. Saline intake from weaning to adulthood was examined in Wister rats allowed continuous access to demineralized water and either.0,.9, 1.8, or 2.7% sodium chloride (NaCl) w/v solutions. When rats were immature they expressed greater preference for saline solutions than they did as adults. It is hypothesized that the over consumption of saline by young animals is related to lower sensitivity of the taste system to NaCl in the early postweaning period. Animals that had had continuous access to saline from weaning were compared to those that had not received saline exposure early in life, in life, in order to determine whether extensive experience with salt solutions leads to alterations in adult salt preference. These studies failed to reveal any evidence that rearing condition affects adult salt preference; thus adult salt preference may be maturationally determined and relatively independent of postweaning environmental influences.
The development of self‐recognition: A review
Authors: Anderson James R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of self‐recognition has been studied mainly by examining infants' responses to their reflections in mirrors. The definitive test is whether or not the infant is capable of using the reflection to notice and respond to a mark on the face or head by touching the mark. The mark should be inconspicuous to the infant not looking in a mirror. In general, studies agree that this response appears in some infants around 15 months of age and is shown by a majority of infants by 24 months of age. There is less agreement over the existence of a “withdrawal” component in the second year, or the presence of a “social” phase analogous to the reaction of many animals confronted with a mirror. Infants as young as 3 months are differentially responsive to a self‐reflection and a live peer. Various “self‐conscious” reactions and self‐labelling may also indicate self‐recognition in the second year, but their validity is not well established. Studies using videotapes of the self and others show that contingency of mevement is a salient cue which is learned early, and that attempts to engage in contingent play and to imitate representations of oneself are useful measures of early self‐recognition. The validity of the response of turning to look at an object first seen in a mirror as a sign of self‐recognition is questioned. The age at which self‐recognition in still pictures first appears is less clear. Verbal comprehension of self‐relevant labels appears earlier than active self‐labelling. A few studies have addressed the question of cognitive correlates of self‐recognition, but a variety of behaviors that imply self‐awareness and the corrresponding ability to impute mental states to others remains to be studied in relation to self‐recognition. Continued research into self‐recognition and associated abilities in nonhuman primates enhances the overall understanding of the development of self‐awareness.
Sucking behaviors of normal 3‐day‐old female neonates during a 24‐hr period
Authors: Rybski Debra A. , Almli C. Robert , Gisel Erika G. , Powers Joann , Maurer Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFeeding behaviors were measured during six feeding sessions distributed throughout a 24‐hr period in 10 normal 3‐day‐old female infants. Infants were individually videotaped during feeding sessions at 13:00, 17:00, 21:00, 01:00, 05:00, and 09:00 hours. Total mealtime, nutritive sucking time, pause time, number of nutritive sucks, and amounnt of nutrient consumed were measured. None of these feeding variables were affected by the time of day an infant was fed. Maternal interactions with their infants such as auditory stimulation, caretaking touches or tender touches were unaffected by the time of a feed. These maternal behaviors did not correlate with any of the feeding variables. These findings suggest that 3‐day‐old infants experiencing routine nursery care do not express specific day‐night feeding differences and that certain maternal behaviors do not influence the infants' feeding pattern.
PKU, Learning, and models of mental retardation
Authors: Strupp Barbara J. , Levitsky David A. , Blumstein Lisa 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExperimental phenylketonuria was induced in male rats by daily injections of α‐methylphenylalanine and phenylalanine on postnatal Days 3–31. Beginning at 8 weeks of age, the animals were subjected to a test of observational learning followed by a test of latent learning (two tests of “advantageous” learning). The animals subjected to the PKU treatment early in life showed significant learning deficits in both tests. The importance of these studies lies in the fact that unlike conventional tests of learning, tests of advantageous learning are sensitive to the kinds of biological insults which cause mental retardation in humans. This differential sensitivity evident in studies of animal models of cognitive pathology is analogized to the areas of dysfunction which characterize human mental retardation. Suggestions for the development of appropriate models of intellectual development of appropriate models of intellectual development are made.
Effects of age of chick on social transmission of pecking preferences from hen to chicks
Authors: Bartashunas Carl , Suboski Milton D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA “pecking” arrow releases and directs pecking by neonatal chicks. Distinctive stimuli placed on or near the tip of the moving arrow lead to pecking that is selectively directed to matching stimuli. A total of 3 min of exposure to such modeling conditions results in remarkable persistence of imitative behavior. Matching stimuli are preferentially pecked 3 days later after three intervening tests without modeling. In contrast to the sensitive period for filial imprinting within the first 3 days posthatch, age of chick at training has no permanent effect on the development of pecking preferences. If anything, filial imprinting inteferes with released‐directed pecking, suggesting that separate processes are in volved.
Spatial memory in preschool infants
Authors: Foreman Nigel P. , Arber Margaret , Savage Joe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to test the spatial competence of preschool infants, two groups, aged 2 years and 4 years, were tested on a version of the “radial maze” task. They were required to obtain a chocolate sweet from each of eight identically labelled positions in an unfamiliar room. Four‐year‐olds accomplished this with considerable accuracy, rarely revisiting previously sampled positions. Two‐year‐olds performed marginally above chance. Variants of the task were employed, including rotation of the room configuration so that labelled positions were rendered ambiguous with respect to all other environmental stimuli. The latter caused a marked fall in performance in those infants that had been scoring above chance. By these criteria, infants clearly possess a form of intuitive “spatial memory” that is likely to mature during the second and third years. Parameters of performance were remarkably similar to those seen in comparable studies with nonhumans. It is likely that hippocampal development in early infancy underies this evolving skill, assuming cross‐species similarity in the organization of spatial behavior, and that locomotor competence is required for its development.
The effects of retroactive and proactive interference on learning and memory in old and young rats
Authors: Winocur Gordon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of interference on learning and memory in old and young rats were compared using a visual discrimination task. In Experiment I, discrimination training was followed by one of three interference treatments and finally by retesting on the discrimination task. There were no age differences in original learning but old rats were significantly impaired in remembering the visual discrimination when a high‐interference treatment involving similar stimuli was introduced between original learning and retesting. In Experiment II, old rats were impaired on discrimination learning when the high interference treatment was administed before discrimination training. Analysis of response patterns showed that the exaggerated susceptibility of old rats to interfence effects resulted in a general behavioral inflexibility similar to that observed in young adult rats with damage to the hippocampal region.
Ontogenesis of learning: IV. Dissociation of memory and perceptual‐alerting processes mediating taste neophobia in the rat
Authors: Vogt Mark B. , Rudy Jerry W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe rat's neophobic response to tastes can be conceptualized as depending on two processes: memory processes That store a representation of an experienced taste so that it can be recongnized as familiar on subequent encounters, and perceptual‐alerting processes that respond differentially to novel versus familiar tastes. We investigated the ontogeny of these processes by studying the preweanling rat's behavioral reaction to a 10% sucrose solution. Experiments I and II suggest that the memory processes mature earlier (by 7–8 days of age) that the perceptual‐alerting processes (about 11 days of age). Experiment III suggests that pups do not acquire and aversion to sucrose paired with illness until they are 12‐days‐old, implying a close correspondence between the maturation of processes mediating neophobia and taste aversion learning. These findings are consistent with our previous work (Vopgt & Rudy, 1984), and our view that ontogenetic dissociations in taste‐guided beghavior reflect caudal‐to‐rostral maturation in the ascending gustatory system.
The effects of early handling on latent inhibition in male and female rats
Authors: Weiner I. , Schnabel I. , Lubow R. E. , Feldon J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLatent inhibition (LI) is a behavioral paradigm in which repeated exposure to stimuli not followed by meaningful consequences renders these stimuli ineffective for subsequent learning. The development of LI is considered to reflect learning not to attend to, ignore, or tune out irrelevant stimuli. The present study investigated the differences in the development of LI between handled and nonhandled males and females. Infantile handled (Days 1–22) and nonhandled, male and female Wistar rats were tested in maturity in the LI paradigm. The LI procedure consisted of two stages: pre‐exposure, where animals received 60 presentations of the to‐be‐conditioned stimulus (tone) and test, where the animals acquired a two‐way active avoidance response with the tone serving as the warning signal. Handled animals reached higher percentage of avoidance responses as compared with nonhandled animals. Latent inhibition was obtained in both the handled and the nonhandled females, but only the handled males showed the LI effect. Nonhandled males failed to develop LI. The results indicate that (a) the effects of handling are evident in learning tasks that do not involve motivational‐emotional variables, i.e., learning to ignore irrelevant stimuli; (b) handling differentially affects males and females, with a much greater impact on males and (c) the nonhandling procedure has significant deleterious consequences on adult behavior.
The effect of age on two kinds of aggressive behavior in inbred strains of mice
Authors: Puglisi‐Allegra Stefano , Cabib Simona 
Published: January 2005

AbstractShock‐induced aggressive behavior is absent or very weak in C57BL/6 mice at the age of 12 weeks, increases at the age of 16 weeks and reaches the highest levels at the age of 20 weeks. This age‐dependent increase of aggressive responses is absent in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice at the three ages examined in our experiments. Social isolation induces a clear age‐dependent increase of aggressive behavior in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice (the highest level being evident at 20 weeks of age) but not in C57BL/6 mice which are characterized by the lowest or absence of aggressive responses. These results are discussed in terms of the role of developmental and genetic factors in the expression of shock‐ and isolation‐induced aggressive behavior in the laboratory mouse.
The ontogeny of independent ingestion in mice: Or, why won't infant mice feed?
Authors: Hall W. G. , Browde Joseph A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUnlike infant rats, which show deprivation‐related ingestion in several different test situations, infant mice appeared to be relatively unwilling to feed independently of suckling until 12 days of age. We tested mouse pups that were deprived (of food, water, suckling, and maternal care) for 1, 7, or 24 hr in ingestive tests in which a milk diet was spread on the floor of their test container (Experiment 1). Pups at 3, 6, and 9 days of age consumed small amounts of the diet and showed little increase in intake when deprivation was increased. In contrast (and like rat pups of all ages), mouse pups 12 and 15 days of age actively ingested the diet and increased their intake with increased deprivation. Six‐day‐old mouse pups were similarly unwilling to ingest a 5% sucrose solution, though 12‐day‐old pups showed deprivation‐related intake (Experiment 2). Cellular dehydration (produced by hypertonic saline injection), a potent stimulus for ingestion in infant rats, did not stimulate ingestion in mice younger than 12 days of age (Experiment 3). Finally, when ingestion was tested with diet infusions made through oral cannulas, mouse pups at 6 and 9 days of age showed only a slight increase in intake with increased deprivation. However, by 12 days of age, pups' ingestion increased markedly with deprivation (Experiment 4). Thus, mouse pups seem to be very different from rat pups with respect to the early existence of ingestive systems. The neural substrates for the ingestive responses that subserve independent ingestion are only minimally present in infant mice or are somehow inhibited.
The development of cyclic motility in fetuses of diabetic mothers
Authors: Robertson Steven S. , Dierker Leroy J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cyclic organization of spontaneous movement was stuied longitudinally in 22 fetuses of diabetic mothers (FDMs) during the third trimester of gestation and quantified with spectral analysis. Cyclic motility at frequencies between. 08 and 1.22 cycles/min was found in all fetuses, although it was temporarily absent in 12 of the 22 fetuses at some time between 25 and 38 weeks. While some parameters of cyclic motility changed little, the frequency of the dominant motility cycle doubled from .24 to .48 cycle/min between 28 and 36 weeks, and the relative strength of motility cycles in the band between .18 and 1.02 cycles/min decreased temporarily at 36 weeks. These developmental changes and the common absence of cyclic motility contrast sharply with previous findings in normal fetuses, and (except for its absence) are accounted for by a subgroup of FDMs whose mother's blood glucose levels were least well controlled during the third trimester of gestation. The presence of cyclic motility in all FDMs provides futher evidence that cyclic activation is a basic property of the developing central nervous system in the human, as it appears to be in other vertebrates. However, the differences between FDMs and normal fetuses suggest that the development of cyclic motility is sensitive to disturbances in the fetal metabolic environment.
Prenatal stress affects mother–infant interaction in norway rats
Authors: Moore Celia L. , Power Karen L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant Long‐Evans rats were stressed by crowding, and subsequent mother–infant interactions were described after cross‐fostering. Prenatally stressed pups elicited less maternal licking from unstressed forster dams than controls, and previously stressed dams licked unstressed forster pups less than controls. No other differences in mother–infant interactions were detected. Adult offspring reared by foster dams that were stressed during pregnancy were more active in an open field than controls, but prenatally stressed and unstressed animals reared by control dams did not differ. Thus, stress during pregnancy can alter the maternal behavior of stressed dams, and the differential maternal stimulation can affect adult open‐field behavior. Because prenatally stressed pups elicit different maternal care, cross‐fostering does not eliminate the possibility that maternal stimulation may mediate some prenatal stress effects.
Visually imprinted maternal preference in ducklings is redirected by social interaction with siblings
Authors: Lickliter Robert , Gottlieb Gilbert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examined the influence of social interaction with broodmates on a visually imprinted maternal preference in domestic mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) during the first three days of postnatal life. Twenty‐four‐hour‐old ducklings were allowed to follow a stuffed mallard hen for 30 min. This experience resulted in a visually imprinted preference for the familier stuffed hen over 4 stuffed ducklings in simultaneous choice tests at 48 and 72 hr after hatching, but only if the imprinted birds were kept in social isolation. Imprinted ducklings reared in a social group containing either (a) same‐age siblings or (b) the stuffed mallard hen and same‐age siblings displayed a visual preference for the stuffed ducklings over the familiar mallard hen at 48 and 72 hr tests. As a first step in the analysis of the features of the social exposure to siblings that are necessary for the redirection of the visually imprinted maternal preference, it was found that direct social interaction is essential to establish the preference for ducklings, but even mere visual exposure to siblings does away with the imprinted maternal preference. These results provide striking evidence of the ready redirection of a species‐specific maternal preference in otherwise imprinted ducklings.
Behavior of infant Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with congenital limb malformations during their first three months
Authors: Nakamichi Masayuki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLocomotion and mother‐infant interactions of a severely malformed, a slightly malformed, and a normal infant were observed in a free‐ranging group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). The severely malformed infant had no feet and had hands consisting of 2 digits. The slightly malformed infant had normal feet and hands consisting of 2 digits. The severely malformed infant was more retarded in development of posture and locomotion than the other infant; however, it developed locomotor patterns appropriate to its defects. All infants spent approximately the same amount of time in contact with their mothers. High mother–infant contact of malformed infants was maintained because their mothers were very attentive and carried and held them. Mothers reared their handicapped infants even though the infants lacked the movement necessary for clinging.
A comparison of children's performance on two recognition memory tasks: Delayed nonmatch‐to‐sample versus visual paired‐comparison
Authors: Overman William H. , Bachevalier Jocelyne , Sewell Frank , Drew Jana 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough 4‐ to 6‐month‐old children have a significant tendency to look at new stimuli in a visual paired‐comparison task (VPC), they have difficulty in consistently choosing novel objects in a delayed nonmatch‐to‐sample task (DNMS). To evaluate which factors could account for this difficulty, we tested human infants (10–107 months) and adults (17–25 years) in a DNMS task while monitoring eye fixations. The results indicated that children at all ages reliably looked at (VPC scores) or chose (DNMS scores) the new stimuli about 60% of the time, indicating that both tasks measure visual recognition memory. A videotape analysis of visual attention revealed that children younger than 22 months, but not older children, spent significanlty more time visually exploring the objects rather than looking at the food reward under it. Although this visual attraction to objects in children younger than 22 months of age may have impaired the formation of stimulus‐reinforcer association needed to solve the DNMS task, this was not the case for older children, since beyond 22 months of age children consistently looked at the reward while displacing the objects. These results suggest that other cognitive abilities required by the DNMS task may not be fully functional even in children 22 months and older. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Social rearing effects on HPA axis activity over early development and in response to stress in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Clarke A. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have found evidence of behavioral and psychophysiological differences between nonhuman primates reared in different social environments, however, few of these have employed longitudinal study of the animals over early development. In this study, HPA axis activity was assessed via measurement of ACTH and cortisol values over the first 6 months of life and in response to two stressful housing transitions in 48 infant rhesus monkeys that were either mother‐ or peer‐reared. ACTH and cortisol values declined over the first 6 months in both rearing groups. Peer‐reared monkeys showed lower levels of ACTH over the first 6 months of life than mother‐reared, but the rearing groups did not differ in basal cortisol values over this period. Mother‐reared animals showed a greater ACTH response to the mild stress of being moved to a new cage, and male monkeys showed higher values than females. Mother‐reared animals showed the largest cortisol increase in response to the caging transition. Both groups showed increases in ACTH and cortisol in response to the more severe stress of separation from their rearing partners and housing with unfamiliar agemates. Mother‐reared animals again showed the largest increase in ACTH in response to these events, but increases in cortisol were similar among both sexes and rearing groups. These results suggest an interaction of sex and rearing history in response to stressful events. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc.