bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminaries
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1948, I undertook to put together the Festschrift in honor of Einstein’s seventieth birthday [R1]. In a letter to prospective contributors, I wrote, ‘It is planned that the first article of the volume shall be of a more personal nature and, written by a representative colleague, shall pay homage to Einstein on behalf of all contributors’ [Pl]. I then asked Robert Andrews Millikan to do the honors, as the senior contributor.* He accepted and his article is written in his customary forthright manner.
The Photon
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I now continue the tale of the light-quantum, a subject on which Einstein published first in 1905, then again in 1906. Not long thereafter, there began the period I earlier called ‘three and a half years of silence,’ during which he was again intensely preoccupied with radiation and during which he wrote to Laub, ‘I am incessantly busy with the question of radiation This quantum question is so uncommonly important and difficult that it should concern everyone’ [El). Our next subject will be two profound papers on radiation published in 1909. The first one [E2] was completed while Einstein was still a technical expert second class at the patent office. The second one [E3] was presented to a conference at Salzburg in September, shortly after he had been appointed associate professor in Zurich. These papers are not as widely known as they should be because they address questions of principle without offering any new experimental conclusion or prediction, as had been the case for the first light-quantum paper (photoeffect) and the paper on specific heats.
Interlude: The BKS Proposal
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1924, Niels Bohr, Hendrik Anton Kramers, and John Clarke Slater submitted to the Philosophical Magazine an article [Bl] that contained drastic theoretical proposals concerning the interaction of light and matter. It was written after Compton’s discovery, yet it rejected the photon. It was also written after Einstein and Bohr had met. This chapter on the BKS proposal serves a twofold purpose. It is a postscript to the story of the photon and a prelude to the Bohr Einstein dialogue which will occupy us more fully later on. I have already mentioned that Einstein was immediately and strongly impressed by Bohr’s work of 1913. The two men did not yet know each other at that time. A number of years were to pass before their first encounter; meanwhile, they followed each other’s published work.
Of Tensors and a Hearing Aid and Many Other Things: Einstein’s Collaborators
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of Einstein’s major papers are his alone. However, over the years he had a remarkably large number, more than thirty, of co-workers. Einstein did not like crowds, never cared for teaching classes, and did not create a school. But he loved to talk physics, as was illustrated in such delightful ways during the session of the Einstein symposium in Princeton devoted to ‘working with Einstein’ [Wl]. The four men who reminisced on that occasion had all worked with him during the 1930s and 1940s. Their respective collaborative efforts all dealt with general relativity and unified field theory, Einstein’s exclusive interests during that period. All of them were men much younger than Einstein who had come to him in the formative stages of their development.
Portrait of Walton
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Walton's place in 20th-century music cannot easily be decided only a few years after his death. Regarded in his youth as an experimentalist and then hailed as Elgar's successor, he was increasingly 'written off' by some critics for repeating himself and for failing to fulfil the promise of his early masterpieces. He was displaced by Britten and later by Tippett. Yet he had champions among international conductors and soloists and his works retained their popularity with audiences. From Michael Kennedy's illuminating study Walton's personality emerges as complex and contradictory: appearing to deprecate himself, and to take life lightly, he was, in fact, profoundly conscientious and self-critical, easily hurt and depressed, prone to jealousy of others' achievements, and, at the end, frustrated by his creative impotence. But at the same time he was witty and generous, bore no grudges, and enjoyed the loyalty of a host of friends. Michael Kennedy draws on the composer's correspondence with influential figures of the day - among them Siegfried Sassoon, Benjamin Britten, Malcolm Arnold, and André Previn - and assesses Walton's life and music candidly and compassionately.
Emotion
Authors: Evans Dylan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was love invented by European poets in the Middle Ages or is it part of human nature? Will winning the lottery really make you happy? Is it possible to build robots that have feelings? These are just some of the intriguing questions explored in this guide to the latest thinking about the emotions. Drawing on a wide range of scientific research, from anthropology and psychology to neuroscience and artificial intelligence, Emotion: The Science of Sentiment takes the reader on a fascinating journey into the human heart.
Short cuts to happiness
Authors: Evans Dylan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an attempt to answer this question, psychologists have compiled a huge database on what makes people happy. Happiness is not the same as joy, but it is closely linked. Joy is a basic emotion, and, like the other basic emotions, a single episode lasts only a few seconds, rarely more than a minute. Happiness is a mood, and moods last much longer—from several minutes to several hours. Moods are background states that raise or lower our susceptibility to emotional stimuli. In a happy
The head and the heart
Authors: Evans Dylan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People have long been interested in the way that emotions affect our cognitive capacities. In his book on rhetoric, Aristotle noted that ‘feelings are conditions that cause us to change and alter our judgements’. In recent years, a growing amount of experimental work has helped to pinpoint the nature of these effects. This chapter explores some of this work in relation to three cognitive capacities: attention, memory, and logical reasoning.
Play: A Context for Mutual Regulation Within Mother-Child Interaction
Authors: Mccune Lorraine , Dipane Donna , Fireoved Ruth , Fleck Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mothers and their infants are linked in a process of interaction whereby each continually affects the other (Maccoby & Martin, 1983). The characteristic of mutual regulation within mother-child interaction can be addressed by focusing on two dynamic aspects of the interchange. The first aspect deals with the child’s developing maturity, as evidenced by level of cognition, language, and independence. The second involves the mother’s calibration of her own role in relation to the child’s level of functioning, which can be seen in her responsive and initiating actions with the child (Clarke-Stewart, Vanderstoep, & Killian, 1979; Rocissano & Yatchmink, 1983, 1984). Play situations provide the ideal opportunity for such mutual regulation to grow because rules, goals, and limits are established by the play partners rather than by external experiences. The goal of this chapter is to explore these two aspects in relation to their influence on the process of mutual regulation within the mother child interaction in a play setting. We will describe developmental trends in the character of mutual regulation and examine individual differences that are not immediately apparent in group findings.
Windows on Social Worlds: Gender Differences in Children’s Play Narratives
Authors: Tarullo Louisa B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each of these brief stories paints a world of human relationships. But in the first story, life is perilous; there is more concern with ritual after death than with motivation for violence. The vivid scene is external, focusing on action rather than psychological experience. In the second story, we hear the conversations, internal and mutual, of the characters; we are privy to their worries and to their reconciliation. The first narrator is a boy, the second a girl. Their sharply contrasting narratives are not necessarily average, or typical, of their gender and social groups. Instead, they are narratives of a boy and a girl “at the extremes,” who let us see the subtle differences that may grow into different adult orientations toward relationships and morality.
Learned Helplessness in People
Authors: Peterson Christopher , Maier Steven F , Seligman Martin E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we spelled out in Chapter 2, the controversy with regard to animal helplessness revolves around the adequacy of the learned helplessness model to explain the deficits produced in the laboratory by uncontrollability. In contrast, researchers investigating helplessness in people have proceeded differently, and controversy with regard to human helplessness reflects different issues. Human helplessness research started with an explanation for why people show deficits following uncontrollability: the cognitive account known as the learned helplessness model. The task of the researcher has been to produce in the laboratory the phenomenon explained by this model.
The physiological basis of selective attention: implications of event-related potential studies
Authors: Woods David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selective attention (SA)refers to the preferential detection, identification, and recognition of selected stimuli in an environment containing multiple sources of stimulation. SA is engaged at some level in almost all tasks, since even if a subject attends to only one object, proprioceptive and interoceptive inputs compete for attentional resources.
Biochromes: Pigments and Photoreception
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photosensitivity of living organisms depends on the absorption of light by a pigment molecule or a system of pigment molecules. Living organisms synthesize pigments to capture the energy of light. What are these pigments and how are they chemically structured for photoreception? We will identify these photoreceptor pigment molecules with their biosynthesis, chemical structure, and absorption spectra. Later, we will apply this information in our discussions of how they function in the photo processes of photosynthesis, phototropism, phototaxis, vision, and other photobiological phenomena.
Bird and Fish Eyes
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have previously discussed vertebrate eyes and how they are structured for vision. Here, I would like to indicate how birds and fish have eyes that are structured differently from those of land vertebrates.
In the evolutionary development of animal phyla (Figure 7.1), the chordates (fish, birds, and mammals) arose via separate pathways. Ancestral reptiles gave rise to modern reptiles and birds. Birds therefore have a reptilian origin, and the avian eye has many structural features in common with the reptilian eye.
Invertebrate Eyes: Variations in Structural Design for Vision
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Invertebrates are the most numerous and diverse among all animal groups, and their eye structures and optical and photoreceptor systems are equally diverse. Image forming compound eyes evolved in arthropods (insects, arachnids, and crustacea) and are generally restricted to them.
Compound eyes are structured of eye facets, ommatidia (Figure 12.1). The number of ommatidia varies from only a few in certain species of ants to more than 2,000 in the dragonfly. Each ommatidium is a complete eye, containing two functional systems: the dioptric, or optical, system and the photoreceptor rhabdom system. The optical system is the corneal lens and the crystalline cone that transmit the image on to the rhabdom.
Light That Controls Behavior: Extraocular Photoreception
Authors: Wolken Jerome J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eyes are not the sole means of photoreception, for photosensors are located over the general body surface. As a result eyeless and blind animals can sense light. This diffuse photosensitivity over the whole or parts of the animal’s skin is described as the dermal light sense. But, even deeper tissues in the body, such as neural and brain cells, are remarkably photosensitive. The photoreceptors that are outside the eye are referred to as extraocular or extraretinal.
The Central Nervous Organization of Reflex Circulatory Control
Authors: Spyer K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cardiovascular system plays an essential role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment (homeostasis) during the life of the individual. As indicated in Chapter 11, there are close similarities between the central organization of the nervous control of cardiovascular and respiratory activities as their fundamental role is the supply of oxygen to the tissues. This strong interrelationship extends even further to the reflex regulation of the two systems (see Daly, 1985 for review). Regulation of the cardiovascular system invariably involves the activation of several groups of receptors whose inputs to the CNS result in negative feedback reflex loops (see Heymans and Neil, 1958).
Adolescence and Puberty: An Overview
Authors: Potts D Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prime objective of this book is to distill a few generalizations from the many insights gained into human adolescence and to apply them to the social and family issues facing modern America. The papers and discussions cover a wide range of issues, from the exquisite cytochemical study of hypothalamic neurons loaded with GnRH in the monkey hypothalamus (Cameron, Chapter 1), to the most depressing statistics about the current epidemic of unintended pregnancies in the United States (Forrest, Chapter 14). From a larger, biological perspective, this book covers a limited phase of reproduction in a small number of primates that probably had a common ancestor ten or twenty million years ago. Here I suggest some important themes that can be identified from among the many and diverse topics covered in this text.
The Free Energy and the Gruneisen Parameter
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A logical way to have constructed this book would have been to use the first chapter to define all required parameters of equations of state by means of derivations arising from a statistical mechanical approach. This is not done here, because it is important first to define the basic parameters of the equation of state in physical terms. I save the statistical mechanics presentation that is necessary to define high temperature and low temperature properties for Chapter 2. In Chapter 1 I also emphasize the relationships of physical properties to the thermodynamic functions. Although I think this organization will be helpful to students, there is a certain flaw in the logical flow of ideas. On three occasions I must define a property in terms of derivations yet to be made in Chapter 2. My decision is based on the observation that a number of students in geophysical disciplines and ceramics science who want to learn about equations of state have not been trained in statistical mechanics. For them, Chapter 1 will be helpful in learning the contents of Chapter 2.
Shocked Solids
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generation of high pressures by shock waves relies on the inertial response to rapid acceleration, instead of equilibrium of forces as in a fixed static experiment. Although the time interval is short, very large pressures ( 300 GPa) can be achieved with simultaneous high temperatures. The shock wave can be visualized as a single stress discontinuity traveling in an undisturbed medium followed by an approximately uniform stress and subsequently by a relaxation of pressure. This is the shock-front profile. There is a connection between the physical properties of the solid and the structure of the shock front. The study of the behavior of solids under extreme shock conditions is rooted in hydrodynamics, finite elasticity, and plasticity. A highly stressed solid is not a fluid, although, as a good approximation, much of the mathematics of fluid hydrodynamics is applied to a shocked solid. Experimental data on solids are usually analyzed as though the total stress is a pressure and the total strain is a volume change, without regard to shear stresses. But the success of the hydrodynamic approach applied to many shocked solids should not lull the student away from the basic fact that the shock is a one-dimensional plane wave, and further that shear stresses and yield points are involved in the complete description of the state of the material under shock.
The Founding Of Israeli Democracy, 1948-1967
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the twenty-one countries which established democratic states after 1945, only Israel has remained a functioning democracy, despite the adverse conditions under which it was founded. In this study of Israel's founding years from 1948 to 1967, Peter Medding, a highly regarded scholar of Jewish society and politics, asks why this was the case. He provides a lucid account of the political and historical background to this distinctive period, the political relations which characterized it, and the changes in the balance of forces which brought it to an end. He describes the state-building process and the role played by David Ben-Gurion and other politicians in moving from consensus politics to a majoritarian democracy. Medding's analysis is further enriched by his comparisons of the development of Israeli democracy with that of other countries.
Mamlakhtiut: Partisan Interests and the Establishment of Centralized and Legitimate State Public Authority
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 6 we were concerned with the capacity of the leading political party to control decision making within the political structures, which often involved a considerable degree of centralization. In this chapter, we examine another aspect of the same process: the establishment of centralized, that is, state, political and administrative structures to perform functions and provide services in place of other social frameworks, be they voluntary, partisan, or private.
Academician L. V. Kantorovich (19 January 1912 To 7 April 1986)
Authors: Makarov V L , Sobolev S L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outstanding Soviet scholar Leonid Vital’evich Kantorovich made invaluable contributions to the development of contemporary mathematics and economic science. His groundbreaking research in various branches of mathematics is still very important for its development and application to important applied problems. His students observe [1] that Kantorovich “liked to cook in fifty cauldrons.” This interest, often simultaneous, in many diverse areas of mathematics-and not only mathematics, but economics, computing technology, programming, mechanics, transportation problems, price formation, etc.-was characteristic of Leonid Vital’evich since his early years.
My Journey In Science (Supposed Report To The Moscow Mathematical Society) 1
Authors: Kantorovich L V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of the society are well familiar with the works of Moscow mathematicians whom they heard as students and met many times after­ wards. Mathematicians from out of town are far less known. Therefore my purpose is to introduce myself to the Mathematical Society. Incidentally, my first such introduction was in January 1930, when I gave my first report to the society, although hardly anybody from those present then is in the audience now.
When Each Continuous Operator Is Regular
Authors: Abramovich Yuri A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter briefly surveys the development of a subject related to these theorems and poses several problems. Some of the terms used will be explained as they occur. All others may be found in Refs. [3)-[7). We remark that in Soviet mathematical literature Dedekind complete vector lattices are known as K-spaces (Kantorovich spaces).
Least Norm Solution Of Nonmonotone Linear Complementarity Problems
Authors: Mangasarian O L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider the fundamental linear complementarity problem [1] where M is an arbitrary n x n real matrix and q is in the real n-space Rn. Since M is arbitrary it may not be copositive plus [1] nor positive semidefinite, and hence the affine function Mx + q need not be monotone. Consequently, fundamental algorithms for solving (14.1), such as Lemke’s algorithm [1], fail in general, and the problem is known to be NP-complete [2]. Obviously there is no simple way of solving the problem then. When the problem is solvable, we propose the solution of a sequence of decreasingly perturbed quadratic programs (see (14.3)), the solutions of which have an accumulation point that is a least 2-norm solution of (14.1).
On Duality Results In Nonconvex Optimization
Authors: Elster K -H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the theory of linear and convex optimization was established, considerable effort was made to treat nonconvex optimization problems, where theoretical and numerical results could be obtained. Nearly 50 years ago Kantorovich’s seminal paper [1] concerning linear optimization problems in connection with organization and planning of production ushered in a new and important part of mathematics, called mathematical optimization (mathematical programming). The development of optimization methods in the USSR and the GDR, especially in connection with economical applications, was treated in the 1985 book by Kantorovich et al. [2], which contains one of the last papers written by Kantorovich. Since dual optimization problems are not only of theoretical interest but are also important for describing economical models and processes, several duality concepts arose in linear and, especially nonlinear, optimization.
On The Core Of The Assignment Game
Authors: Balinski M L , Gale Dayid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The games of our title are also called matching games, assignment problems, or marriage problems, and they come in two types: ordinal [1] and cardinal [2]. The games involve two sets of players, P and Q, variously interpreted as firms and workers, buyers and sellers, students and colleges, or men and women. Each player of each set has a preference ordering over members of the opposite set. In the ordinal case this is simply a (strict) total ordering. In the cardinal case each player places a real value on each of the opposite members, this being some sort of measure of the satisfaction a player of P (of Q) receives from being “matched” with a player of Q (of P).
Optimum Patterns Of Capital Accumulation And External Indebtness In A Two-Sector Model Of Economic Growth
Authors: Uzawa H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most puzzling problems in the theory of economic development is concerned with finding the extent to which processes of industrialization have to be financed through external debts. It is closely related to the problem of characterizing the pattern of resource allocation between the production of investment goods and consumption goods within the domestic economy. The latter problem has been discussed extensively in the literature of the theory of optimum economic growth, to note only a few: Ramsey (1928), Koopmans (1965), Cass (1965), Srinivasan (1964), Uzawa (1964), and von Weizsiicker (1965).