bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF U.S. AND SWEDISH MULTINATIONALS
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Lipsey Robert E. 
Published: March 2005

While the U.S. and Sweden both lost more than 20 percent of their shares of world and developed countries’ exports of manufactures between the mid‐1960s and mid‐1980s, the export shares of their multinational firms stayed fairly stable or even increased. The multinationals raised the proportion of their worldwide exports that they supplied from their overseas affiliates. These developments suggest that the declines in the trade shares of the US. and Sweden were not due mainly to deterioration in the innovativeness or inventiveness of American and Swedish firms, their management ability or their technological capabilities, but rather to economic developments in the firms’ home countries.The finding that firms have done better as exporters than their home countries is strengthened when we look at different industry groups. In both the U.S. and Sweden, and in all industry groups, with one exception, the multinationals’ export shares increased relative to those of their home countries. The margins were often wide, and were mostly larger for Swedish firms than for U.S. firms.Part of the explanation for the growth of each country's exports and those of its multinationals is the initial composition of exports, or the comparative advantages of the countries and their firms. These were skewed, in the mid‐1960s, to industries that were to enjoy rapid growth in the next decade or so. Despite these initial comparative advantages, the exports of both countries fell far behind world export growth.The comparative advantages of both countries’ multinationals were even more biased toward fast‐growth industries than those of the countries. That fact partly accounted for the better export performance of the multinationals relative to their home countries, but the multinationals outperformed their countries within each industry as well as for manufacturing as a whole.
THE WELFARE STATE AND POVERTY IN FINLAND AND SWEDEN FROM THE MID‐1960s TO THE MID‐1980s
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Uusitalo Hannu 
Published: March 2005

Using poverty lines representing the fixed basket of goods and services, the development over time of poverty in Finland and Sweden are compared. In both countries, poverty decreased rapidly between the mid‐1960s and the mid‐1970s, after which changes have been less dramatic. During the first part of the 1980s poverty continued to decrease in Finland, but increased in Sweden. Comparisons for age‐groups showed large reductions in poverty rates among the aged in both countries. Poverty has shifted from the permanent old age poverty towards a more temporary poverty in young adulthood.International comparisons show that in the early 1980s both Finland and Sweden had poverty rates below the average of the affluent Western nations. Furthermore, these comparisons suggest that cross‐national variations in poverty rates are partly explained by the size of the welfare state. Also, time series analysis shows that income transfers have taken an increasing number of people out of poverty in both countries.
EASTERN PROBLEMS AND WESTERN SOLUTIONS
Authors: REICH UTZ‐PETER 
Published: March 2005

A Review of O. Blanchard, R. Dornbusch, P. Krugman, R. Layard and L. Summers, Reform in Eastern EuropeG. Sinn and H.‐W. Sinn, Jumpstart: The Economic UniJication of GermanyJ. M. Kovács and M. Tardos (Ed.), Reform and Transformation in Eastern Europe: Soviet‐type Economics on the Threshold of ChangeR. Layard, 0. Blanchard, R. Dornbusch and P. Krugman, East‐West Migration: The Alternatives
NEW DATA AND THE MEASUREMENT OF OUTPUT FOR THE SERVICE SECTOR IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Mansell Ken 
Published: March 2005

Despite the growing importance of the service sector in the economies of most countries, the range of statistical information available falls well short of requirements. This paper outlines international developments in this area and describes what has been done in the United Kingdom to fill some of the gaps, essentially for the national accounts, including collection of monthly or quarterly turnover and price data, and also the derivation of quarterly estimates of current price GDP by industry. The paper also looks briefly at certain aspects relating to the use of the new data.The growth in the importance of the services sector in economic activity in most industrialized countries has increased the range of statistical information now collected in this area. Increasing demand from businesses has also been an important factor in the development of these statistics. Nonetheless, the range of data available still falls well short of requirements in scope, frequency and quality. This is true of both annual and short‐period information.This paper begins by taking a look at recent developments, internationally, in the field of service sector statistics. It then considers how service sector statistics are evolving in the U.K. with particular reference to data required for national accounts, and including reflections on some initial work on the collection of price information. There follows some brief discussion of the various approaches to the measurement of the movement in constant price value added, together with a description of some recent work in the U.K. on deriving an equivalent quarterly current price series. Finally, a short section considers possible future developments in the U.K., particularly with respect to prices.
The Potential for Bonding Titanium Restorations
Authors: Lorey Robert E. , Edge Marion J. , Lang Brien R. , Lorey Hilary S. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The use of titanium for implants has shown the biological acceptance of the metal. Recently, methods of using titanium for restorations, crowns, and bridges have been introduced using both cast and spark erosion systems for fabrication. A potential also exists for using titanium for bonded (Maryland) bridges.Materials and Methods In this study, the potential for bonding titanium was investigated by cementing with various adhesives: (A) metal to metal, (B) metal to enamel, and (C) comparing with a known procedure of bonding nickel‐chromium. Truncated cones of pure titanium were fabricated with a 5‐mm circular face for bonding to a larger titanium disc embedded in a plastic ring. A special jig was used to pull the bonded cone from the disc on an Instron tensile testing machine (Instron Corporation, Canton, MA). The resin‐metal adhesives used were: (1) Infinity, (2) Metabond, (3) All‐Bond 2, and (4) Panavia. These were compared with (5) nickel‐chromium cones sandblasted and bonded to nickel‐chromium with Panavia. Titanium cones were also bonded to human enamel with (6) Panavia and (7) Metabond. The 10 samples in each group were subjected to tensile force, and point of fracture was recorded. The data were subjected to an analysis of variance with a Scheffe F test at the 95% level of significance.Results The results of tensile forces in MPa were (1) Infinity, 28.1 ± 3.6; (2) Metabond, 28.1 ± 1; (3) All‐Bond 2, 49.5 ± 4.3; (4) Panavia, 57.9 ± 3.1; (5) Panavia to nickel‐chromium, 42.9 ± 6.6; (6) Panavia to enamel, 18.5 ± 4.7; and (7) Metabond to enamel, 19.3 ± 3.5. Titanium was most effectively bonded with All‐Bond 2 and Panavia, with Panavia samples significantly better than Panavia to nickel‐chromium samples.Conclusions It was concluded that titanium bonded restorations with certain adhesive cements were a definite possibility.
Determination of the Existence of Hinge Movements of the Temporomandibular Joint During Normal Opening by Cine‐MRI and Computer Digital Addition
Authors: Yustin Daniel C. , Rieger M.R. , McGuckin R.S. , Connelly M.E. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of the first phase of this two‐part investigation was to determine if the opening motion of the mandible could be illustrated and described using a dynamic imaging method. The purpose of the second phase of the investigation was to determine if a center of rotation would be discovered.Materials and Methods Five volunteer subjects, 2 female and 3 male, whose temporomandibular joints had previously been determined to be asymptomatic, were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during opening from a standardized position. The serial static images were reconstructed by the MRI's computer in “cine mode'’to simulate dynamic motion, similar to a motion picture. For the second phase, each patient's series of static images were digitally added and manipulated by a computer graphics program to locate the center of hinge motion.Results After reviewing the animated images recorded on videotape, three independent dentist observers confirmed that the opening movement of the mandible was initially rotational, followed by translation within the glenoid fossa. A center of rotation was calculated to be in the anatomic center of the condylar head of all of the subjects in this study.Conclusions This study showed that opening dynamics of the mandibular condyle could be studied by cine‐MRI and that an opening hinge axis appears to be located in the anatomic center of the condylar head.
Verifying the Reliability of Interchanging Casts Between Hanau Modular Articulators
Authors: Sanchez Robert A. , Moore Dorsey J. , Cowan Robert D. , Spencer Paulette 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this study was to test the Hanau Modular Articulator system with programmed fossae to determine its interchangeability.Materials and Methods Eight Hanau Modular Articulators were tested using the same measuring system as previously developed in a similar investigation on a different instrument.Results It was determined that the Hanau Modular System with programmed fossae did possess accuracy when a measuring device was transferred between the eight articulators tested.Conclusions Laboratory procedures for multiple restorations can be accomplished with accuracy when master casts and mountings are transferred between Hanau Modular Articulators.
The Effect of Tooth Preparation on Retention and Microleakage of Cemented Cast Posts
Authors: Lund Peter S. , Wilcox Lisa R. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeVibration from the high‐speed handpiece may adversely affect the cement layer between a casting and a tooth, causing loss of retention or increased microleakage. This study assessed the effect of crown preparation on retention and microleakage of cemented cast post and cores.Materials and MethodsPost and cores were fabricated for extracted teeth and cemented. Specimens were prepared for crown restorations, varying the preparation time and the rotary diamond instrument used. After thermocycling and immersion in a dye bath, tensile unseating force and linear dye penetration were measured.ResultsIn general, retention decreased with increased severity of crown preparation; however, differences were not statistically significant (α= .05). Although the differing preparation conditions resulted in significant differences in microleakage, no consistent trends were evident.ConclusionsCrown preparation using high‐speed rotary diamond abrasives of cast post and cores luted with zinc phosphate cement had no significant effect on their retention, but had varying effects on subsequent microleakage at the cement‐tooth interface.
Surface Cracking Identified in Polished and Self‐Glazed Dental Porcelain
Authors: Edge Marion J. , Wagner Warren C. 
Published: March 2005

PurposePolishing and glazing porcelain surfaces of restorations is thought to help reduce the wear on the opposing occlusion because of reduced roughness.Materials and MethodsTo test this theory, samples of a variety of dental porcelains were prepared and subjected to various polishing and self‐glazing treatments commonly used in dentistry and then viewed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fine cracks were discovered in the surface of the samples that had been polished and then self‐glazed. These cracks were typically greater than 50 μm in length with submicron surface openings and crack depths less than 20 μm. To establish the treatments responsible for the formation of these cracks, a more controlled study was performed. Samples of Vita VMK 68 no. 559 incisal porcelain (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Såchingen, Germany) were prepared and subjected to six treatments (sample size = 3): treatment no. 1, as‐fired condition; treatment no. 2, self‐glazed (32°C per minute to 960°C, then cooled); treatments no. 3 and 4, wet ground followed by 1 μm diamond polish (no. 4 was then self‐glazed); treatments no. 5 and 6, ground and polished using a Shofu porcelain adjustment kit (Shofu Inc, Kyoto, Japan) (no. 6 was then self‐glazed). The samples were observed using SEM.ResultsTreatments no. 1, 2, 3, and 5 showed no cracking; however, treatments no. 4 and 6 showed cracking in all specimens (approximate levels 5,100 μm/mm2 and 3,600 μm/mm2, respectively).ConclusionsPolishing followed by self‐glazing produces fine surface cracks. The rougher surface resulting from the surface cracks and subsequent porcelain chipping may cause wear of opposing occlusal surfaces.
An Investigation of the Rhelogical Properties of Several Interocclusal Registration Materials
Authors: Chai John , Leong Dennis K. , Pang Iok‐Chao 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo study the viscosities of eight interocclusal registration materials at 30 seconds after the start of mixing and to compare the time (Tcv) required for various interocclusal registration materials to reach a proposed critical viscosity of 5,000 poise.Materials and MethodsOne zinc‐oxide eugenol, one polyether, and six vinyl‐polysiloxane interocclusal registration materials were studied. The viscosities of the polymerizing materials were monitored with a cone and plate viscometer.ResultsOne‐way analysis of variance showed significant difference in the viscosity at 30 seconds and in the Tcv among the materials. A zinc oxide eugenol interocclusal registration material was found to possess the lowest viscosity at 30 seconds and the longest Tcv.ConclusionsThe criteria for the selection of an interocclusal registration material should include its viscous properties because all materials behaved differently.
A Comparison of Impression Techniques for the CeraOne Abutment
Authors: Schmitt James K. , Adrian Eric D. , Gardner F. Michael , Gaston Max L. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis study measured the accuracy of two impression techniques recommended by Noblepharma to be used with their CeraOne single tooth implant restoration. The first technique was to lute the impression transfer coping to the impression tray with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. The second was to leave the transfer coping free‐standing in the impression material.Materials and MethodsThirty‐five samples were made of a polyvinyl impression of the CeraOne transfer coping free‐standing in the set impression material. Thirty‐five samples were made of a polyvinyl impression of the CeraOne transfer coping luted to the impression tray with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. A jig was fabricated and used to record the spatial relations of the impressions and the transfer copings in reference to the jig. A light microscope was used to measure the distance between fixed markings on pressure sensitive paper, representing impression variations.ResultsThe mean discrepancy in the horizontal plane for nonluted impressions was 0.094 mm, and for luted impressions, it was 0.275 mm. The mean discrepancy in the vertical plane for nonluted impressions was 0.154 mm, and for luted impressions, it was 0.192 mm. The differences found between the group with the luted impression tray and the group with the nonluted impression tray were found to be statistically significant.ConclusionsThe more accurate of the two techniques is to transfer the impression coping without luting it to the impression tray.
Bonding of Composite Resin to Contaminated Human Enamel and Dentin
Authors: Powers John M. , Finger Werner J. , Xie Jianxiu 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strengths of a bonding agent and composite resin system to human enamel and dentin treated with five contaminants (saliva, plasma, zinc oxide–eugenol cement, noneugenol zinc oxide cement, and handpiece lubricant) using air, moisture, and water as controls.Materials and Methods A commercial bonding agent (Gluma 2000; Bayer AG, Dormagen, Germany) and its composite (Pekafill; Bayer AG) were applied to tooth structure under two conditions (contaminated and re‐etched). Samples were debonded in tension after 24 hours using an inverted, truncated cone bond test.Results Among the controls, the highest bond strengths were obtained to enamel (20 MPa) and dentin (12 MPa) with air drying. Contaminants lowered the bond strength by 20% to 100%. Re‐etching without additional mechanical preparation resulted in bond strengths similar to the air control.Conclusions Bond strength of Gluma 2000/Pekafill to tooth structure is sensitive to common forms of contamination but can be improved by re‐etching after contamination occurs.
Evaluation of a New Silicone Elastomer for Maxillofacial Prostheses
Authors: Polyzois Gregory L. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose Although numerous advances in maxillofacial materials have been made in the past several years, the need for improvement continues. Currently, the most widely used materials are the silicones, especially the room temperature‐vulcanizing type. This study compared the physical properties of a new silicone material Cosmesil K10 (Cosmedica Ltd, Cardiff, United Kingdom) with those of MDX4‐4210 (Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Ml), a popular material for maxillofacial prostheses.Materials and Methods The properties that were investigated were tensile strength, modulus at 100% elongation, percentage of elongation, tear strength, and hardness. The properties tested were selected because of their clinical significance for fabricating maxillofacial prostheses. Tensile strength and elongation were measured with a Monsanto Tensometer (Monsanto Ltd, Swindon, England) and dumbbell‐shaped specimens according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) specification no. 37. The tear test was performed on the Monsanto machine with unnicked 9° angle–shaped specimen following the ISO specification no. 34. The type A Shore durometer was used to measure hardness on specimens 25 × 25 × 10 mm according to the American Society for Testing Materials specification no. D2240.Results The results showed that MDX4‐4210 had a greater tensile strength and modulus (P= .0002; P= .0015). No significant difference (P= .1986) was found for the percentage of elongation between MDX4‐4210 and Cosmesil K10. Cosmesil K10 had a greater tear strength and was slightly harder (P= .0022; P= .0421) than MDX4‐4210.Conclusions Cosmesil K10 showed physical properties similar to those of MDX4‐4210. An improvement in the predictability of the mechanical behavior of Cosmesil K10 would further enhance the value of the material.
Comparison of Strains Transferred to a Bone Simulant Among Implant Overdenture Bars with Various Levels of Misfit
Authors: Clelland Nancy L. , Papazoglou Efstratios , Carr Alan B. , Gilat Amos 
Published: March 2005

Purpose To measure and compare strains transferred to a bone simulant by screw‐fastening implant overdenture bars with various levels of fit or misfit.Materials and Methods Photoelastic resin was cast directly to two 3.75 × 13‐mm Branemark fixtures (Nobelpharma USA Inc, Chicago, IL) situated 20 mm apart in a silicone mold of an edentulous mandible. Two strain‐gauge rosettes were also incorporated in the resin to allow precise determination of principal stresses at two locations. Four groups of three overdenture bars with 0‐, 180‐, 360‐, and 500‐μm vertical gaps were fabricated. These bars were sequentially secured to the abutments with gold slot screws tightened to 10 N · cm. Strain indicator readings were recorded at a standardized time following the initial fastening of each bar. The test was repeated three times for each overdenture bar.Results Mean principal stresses and strains at the location of the rosettes were determined. The magnitude of these stresses and strains increased significantly with each increase in gap size. Strains were several times larger mesial to the fixture than they were distal.Conclusions Strains are transferred to the bone when misfitting prostheses were secured. Some of the strains mesial to the fixture appeared to be unfavorable for regions of lower bone density when the groups with designed gaps were secured. These data will be compared with those in ongoing animal studies regarding the cellular response to prosthesis misfit.
Book Reviews
Authors: Kaugars George 
Published: March 2005

Current Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging Thomas F. Razmus, DDS, MS, and Gail F. Williamson, RDH, MS. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1996. ISBN 0‐7216‐4805‐2. (279 pages, with numerous radiographic images, price $35.00)
The Effect of the Use of Dental Gloves on Mixing Vinyl Polysiloxane Putties
Authors: Matis Bruce A. , Valadez Domingo , Valadez Elena 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the delay in setting times that occurs with selected brands of gloves or residual powder from those gloves on eight popular brands of vinyl polysiloxane putties.Materials and Methods The putties were mixed and rolled into a round 3‐inch‐long cylinder without gloves on hand, with gloves on hand, and with powder residue on hands, immediately after degloving. The end of a cement spatula was drawn over the putty at various intervals with a force of 3 ounces. The setting time was recorded to be when no permanent indentation of the putty occurred.Results All materials set within 5 minutes without gloved hands. Eighty‐eight percent of the putties set within 5 minutes when mixed with Friction Grip Powder Free and Medical Gloves on hands. When mixed with Pharmaseal gloves on hands, 50% of the putties set in 5 minutes. When mixed with Micro‐Touch Latex Medical Gloves, 38% of the putties set in 5 minutes. When the putties were mixed with the residual powders left on ungloved hands, the same results occurred with the above‐mentioned gloves. With residual powder on hands from Natraflex and Medical Exam Tex, 25% of the putties set in 5 minutes.Conclusions Gloved hands interfered with the setting of more brands of putties than did residual powder on hands immediately after degloving. There are gloves available that do not interfere with the setting of most of the vinyl polysiloxane putties.