bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN UROLOGIC PROCEDURE : A COMPREHENSIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Amal Ramadhani Rizkia , Fithri Rofifa Amira 
Published: February 2024

Background: Antibiotics are synthetic molecules that can destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms without harming the host. They can be used for prophylactic purposes to reduce the incidence of postoperative infection of which duration should not exceed 24hrs in many procedures given one hour prior to incision. Also antibiotics for treatment purposes are given when an established infection has been identified. Urologists commonly prescribe antimicrobial agents before, during, and after urologic procedures.
The aim: This study aims to show about antibiotic prophylaxis in urologic procedure.
Methods: By comparing itself to the standards set by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020, this study was able to show that it met all of the requirements. So, the experts were able to make sure that the study was as up-to-date as it was possible to be. For this search approach, publications that came out between 2014 and 2024 were taken into account. Several different online reference sources, like Pubmed and SagePub, were used to do this. It was decided not to take into account review pieces, works that had already been published, or works that were only half done.
Result: In the PubMed database, the results of our search brought up 34 articles, whereas the results of our search on SagePub brought up 77 articles. The results of the search conducted for the last year of 2014 yielded a total 26 articles for PubMed and 55 articles for SagePub. The result from title screening, a total 16 articles for PubMed and 25 articles for SagePub. In the end, we compiled a total of 10 papers. We included five research that met the criteria.
Conclusion: Antibiotic therapy should be considered only for procedures in which studies have shown a clinical benefit in the prevention of infection. It is important to establish the duration and type of treatment for antimicrobial therapy for surgical prophylaxis in patients with AB who are going to receive urological invasive procedures.
Addressing the Issues and Approaches to Reduce Youth Smoking in Indonesia
Authors: Ilmaskal Radian , Daswito Rinaldi 
Published: February 2024

This article examines prominent concerns regarding adolescent smoking in Indonesia and investigates diverse strategies targeted at mitigating this public health issue. Indonesia is confronted with an escalating epidemic of tobacco consumption among young people, which is worsened by inadequate legislation and assertive marketing strategies employed by tobacco corporations. This article addresses the difficulties associated with the cultural acceptability of smoking, the restricted availability of quitting resources, and the lack of comprehensive anti-smoking programs. The paper emphasizes the significance of enhancing more stringent tobacco control legislation and implementing cross-sector collaboration activities specifically designed for the Indonesian context to address the problem of individuals who start smoking for the first time. This article emphasizes the importance of protecting the health and future of Indonesia's youth population by tackling these challenges and applying different prevention techniques.
Echos in der Spektroskopie. Grundlagen und Anwendungen
Authors: Blümich Bernhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEchos werden nicht nur in der Akustik, sondern auch in der Spektroskopie in vielfältigen Situationen beobachtet. Für spektroskopische Echos läuft die Zeit scheinbar rückwärts, und es kommt im Echo zu einem Signalverlust, aus dem auf Bewegungen und Wechselwirkungen im Bereich der Moleküle geschlossen werden kann.
Lithiumbatterien I. Chemische Grundlagen
Authors: Eichinger Günter , Semrau Günter 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie stürmische Entwicklung der Mikroelektronik zu immer mehr Speicherkapazität bzw. höherer Integrationsdichte bei immer geringerem Platzbedarf wird zu Recht als neue industrielle Revolution bezeichnet. Diese Entwicklung führt auch zu sehr kleinen tragbaren Geräten mit großer elektrischer Leistungsfähigkeit. Bei ihnen stößt man unweigerlich auf das Problem der netzunabhängigen Energieversorgung mit kleinsten Batterien. Über allgemeine Probleme bei der Batterie‐Entwicklung und ‐Miniaturisierung wird hier am Beispiel der vielversprechenden Lithiumbatterien berichtet. Teil II im nächsten Heft wird sich mit den Lithiumzellen befassen, die heute bereits industriell gefertigt werden.
Chemische Kriegslisten zur Abwehr von Schadinsekten
Authors: Marner Franz‐Josef 
Published: December 2004

AbstractViele Eigenschaften, mit deren Hilfe sich Pflanzen dagegen wehren, gefressen zu werden, sind offensichtlich und uns bestens bekannt. Pflanzen mit Stacheln oder Dornen haben eine gute Chance, von größeren Tieren in Ruhe gelassen zu werden. Brennesseln berührt niemand gern, und spätestens die Erfahrung lehrt, daß übel riechende, unangenehm schmeckende oder giftige Pflanzen fü den Verzehr nicht geeignet sind. Trotzdem werden Pflanzen, die solche physikalischen oder chemischen Abwehrstrukturen entwickelt haben, häufig von Insekten befallen und in erheblichem Maß geschädigt. Andere Pflanzen dagegen, die ganz wehrlos aussehen, sind gegen Fraßschädlinge sehr resistent und werden nur äußerst selen in größerem Ausmaß von Insekten heimgesucht. Deshalb stellt sich die Frage: „Wie wehren sich diese scheinbar wehrlosen Pflanzen eigentlich, wenn sie von Insekten gebissen oder gestochen werden?”︁
Photoelektronenbeugung
Authors: Schindler Karl‐Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDieser Aufsatz sollte in einführender Weise zeigen, wie mit Hilfe der Photoelektronenbeugung die geometrische Struktur von Adsorbaten bestimmt werden kann. Aus der Vielzahl bekannter Strukturen wurden drei ausgewählt, die für ein Verständnis von Reaktionen in der heterogenen Katalyse wichtig sind, und bei denen gleichzeitig die Vorzüge der Methode deutlich werden. Durch Weiterentwicklung der Photoelektronenbeugung und Anwendung neuer Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen (sog. Wiggler und Undulatoren) wird man in der Zukunft zunehmend mehr Reaktionsmechanismen der heterogenen Katalyse verstehen.
Einfluss der Partikelgeometrie auf die optischen Eigenschaften stark absorbierender Farbstoffteilchen
Authors: Felder B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe extinction coefficients of spherical and ellipsoidal modelparticles of complex index of refraction have been measured. In the case of spherical particles the results are in good agreement with the predictions of the MIE theory. An empirical relationship has been worked out which relates the optical behaviour of needle‐shaped ellipsoidal particles of defined eccentricity and size to an equivalent MIE diameter. The measurements have been performed in the range of size 0,2 < D0 < 1,3 μ and eccentricity 1 ⩽ p < 10.
Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 66.Mitteilung [1]. Die Struktur des Granaticins und des Granaticins B. 1. Teil: Spektroskopische Eigenschaften und chemischer Abbau
Authors: Keller‐Schierlein W. , Brufani M. , Barcza S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUV.‐, IR.‐ and NMR.‐spectra of the antibiotic granaticin and several of its derivatives and degradation products are discussed. The spectroscopic properties agree with the formula XX for the antibiotic, which was fully elucidated by an X‐ray structural analysis (see following communication).
Photochemische Reaktionen. 47. Mitteilung [1]. Zur photochemischen Umwandlung eines α,β‐ungesättigten γ,δ‐Epoxyketons: 3‐Oxo‐6α, 7α‐oxido‐17β‐acetoxy‐Δ4‐androsten
Authors: Saboz J. A. , Iizuka T. , Wehrli H. , Schaffner K. , Jeger O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe α,β‐unsaturated γ,δ‐epoxyketone 7 is isomerized almost exclusively to the δ‐diketone 9 both upon irradiation in the n → π* absorption band with light of wavelengths above 310 nm (in anhydrous dioxane or benzene solutions) and upon triplet sensitization using acetophenone in benzene. The reaction may be formulated by the cleavage of the CγO oxide bond and the shift of the δ‐hydrogen to the γ‐position, and thus bears a formal “double bond homology” to the photochemical α,β‐epoxyketone rearrangement.Excitation in the π → π* absorption band of 7 with light of wavelength 253,7 nm (in anhydrous dioxane solution) leads to the formation of product 10 as well as to the triplet rearrangement to 9. With this result a novel partial synthesis of O‐acetyl‐B‐nortestosterone has been accomplished, which has the advantages of fewer steps and higher product yield (7 → 10: ∼30% yield) than previously published syntheses. On the basis of the presently available experiments, the mechanism of the transformation 7 → 10, which constitutes one of the still few examples of enone photoreactions induced selectively from the π,π* excited singlet, remains unknown.
Beiträge zur Chemie der 6‐Methy1‐8‐ergolen‐8‐carbonsäure. 69. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide [1]
Authors: Troxler F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt is shown that several chemical transformations, well known from the chemistry of lysergic acid, can be applied to derivatives of 6‐methyl‐8‐ergolene. Under suitable conditions no appreciable rearrangement to the corresponding 9‐ergolene derivatives (lysergic acid derivatives) is observed. These transformations include preparation of amides via the acyl‐chloride, alkylation of the free acid and of its amides in position 1, bromination in position 2 and reduction of the aminocarbonyl group by means of LiAlH4. Some investigations about the stability of 8‐ergolene derivatives with regard to rearrangement to 9‐ergolenes are reported.
Die systematisch koinzidierenden RÖNTGEN‐Reflexe bei Pulveraufnahmen
Authors: Bürki Hans 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOn every line of a X‐ray powder‐diagram there is more than one reflection, at least there are hkl and hkl. In the tetragonal, trigonal‐hexagonal and cubic crystalsystems, these systematically coinciding reflections generally have different intensities (2 or 4 kinds), except in the highest‐symmetry LAUE class.So in structure determination, the conventional reliability quotient R has to be replaced by

where the \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde F^{2,}s $\end{document}2's are the sums of the 2 or 4 (LP‐corrected) intensities coinciding on a line. An IBM‐1620 program was written to calculate \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\tilde R} $\end{document}, starting with the output of ICR‐4 structure factor program. An application is given in the immediately following paper by LUDI,GÜDEL and BÜRKI.
Über Blei (II)‐oxidhydrat der Zusammensetzung 3PbO·H2O
Authors: Oswald H. R. , Günter J. R. , Stählin W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLead oxide hydrate mentioned in the earlier literature with several formulas between PbO · H2O and PbO · 0.33 H2O has been synthesized and investigated by high resolution X‐ray powder methods, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The unit cell was found from 62 powder reflections to be tetragonal with a = 8.009 ± 0.003 Å, c = 9.312 ± 0.005 Å, Z = 12 [PbO · 0.33 H2O]. These data were confirmed by WEISSENBERG and Precession photographs of single crystals grown as a corrosion product on metallic lead. The space group is D–P4/mnc or C–P4 nc. Thermogravimetric measurements, corrected for a slight content of superficially bound carbon dioxide detected by infrared spectroscopy, lead to the most probable formula 3 PbO · H2O or PbO · 0.33 H2O. As infrared spectra show the presence of a HOH deformation vibration, the compound is considered to be an oxide hydrate and not an oxide hydroxide of lead.
Über das alkaloid Eripin aus Hunteria umbellata. 128. Mitteilung über Alkaloide [1]
Authors: Morita Y. , Hesse M. , Schmid H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEripine, a new indole alkaloid, was isolated from the leaves of Hunteria umbellata. The spectral data of the alkaloid, of eripinic acid and the O‐acetyl and 19, 20‐dihydro derivatives of the alkaloid led to the structure II. Heating of II gave a mixture (ratio 3,5:1) of the known alkaloid erinine (I) and its stereoisomer, isoerinine (VII), which is not found in nature. The same mixture was obtained on heating either erinine or isoerinine.
Structure de la benzo [c]‐naphto [2,1‐f] dithiazépine et obtention d'un dimère
Authors: Gansser Ch. , Rumpf P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDescription of the synthesis of benzo [c]‐naphto [f] dithiazepine starting from N‐phenyl β‐naphthylamine and S2Cl2. Studies on its structure by infrared spectroscopy favour an angular shape of the molecule in contrast to earlier formulas in the literature. Comparison with spectra of similar compounds. Discussion of the spectra and tentative assignment of a mechanism to the formation of the compound. Isolation of a dimer and its identification by mass spectroscopy.
Untersuchungen über die Struktur von Formazanen I. 15N‐H‐Kopplung des Chelatwasserstoffatoms
Authors: Fischer P. B. , Kaul B. L. , Zollinger H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract15N‐H‐Coupling in 1, 3, 5‐triphenylformazan derivatives demonstrates that these compounds are not resonance hybrids but tautomeric pairs. The position of the tautomeric equilibrium is a function of the substituents present in the phenyl nuclei on N‐1 and N‐5.
Stereochemie des Übergangszustandes aliphatischer CLAISEN‐Umlagerungen. Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Vittorelli P. , Winkler T. , Hansen H.‐J. , Schmid H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe stereochemistry of the transition state in the CLAISEN rearrangement of crotyl propenyl ethers (2) has been established. By heating trans, cis‐, cis, cis‐ and trans, trans‐crotyl propenyl ether at 142,5°, erythro and threo 2, 3‐dimethylpent‐4‐en‐1‐al (3 and 4) were obtained. From the ratio 3/4 it was shown that the rearrangement of the three ethers largely involves (97–98%) a chair‐like transition state.
Reaktion von α‐Chlorpropionyl‐chlorid mit Triäthylamin Bildung eines Säurechlorid‐enolesters
Authors: Giger R. , Rey M. , Dreiding André S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPrevious and new data are interpreted to mean that the two isomeric products C6H7Cl3O2 obtained by the selfcondensation of α‐chloropropionyl chloride (I) in the presence of about 0.5 moleequivalent triethyl amine are acid chloride enolesters, namely cis‐ and trans‐1. 2‐dichloropropenyl‐α‐chloropropionate (VIII). Similarly, dichloroacetyl chloride (X) was converted to trichlorovinyl‐dichloroacetate (XI).
Über Pterinchemie. 26. Mitteilung [1]. Synthesen von 6‐substituierten Pterinen: Herstellung von reinem (−)‐L‐Neopterin und (−)‐D‐Monapterin
Authors: Viscontini M. , Provenzale R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie Synthese von 7‐isomerfreien 6‐(Hydroxypropyl)‐pterinen wird anhand der Darstellung von (−)‐L‐Neopterin und (−)‐D‐Monapterin beschrieben. Die Methode beruht auf der Herstellung von reinen, beständigen Aminoketosen und ihrer Kondensation mit 2,4,5‐Triamino‐6‐hydroxy‐pyrimidin (IV) in wasserfreien Alkoholen. Die Reinigung erfolgt durch Chromatographie auf Dowex 1 X4 und Trennung der entstandenen 6‐substituierten Tetrahydropterine X von den begleitenden Pterinen, insbesondere von den unbeständigeren 7‐substituierten Tetrahydropterinen XVII. Eine anschliessende Oxydation mit O2 der Tetrahydropterine X und eine nochmalige Chromatographie auf Dowex 1 erbringt die gewünschten Pterine in reinem Zustand.
Photochemische Reaktionen. 62. Mitteilung [1]. Die Photofragmentierung von O‐acetyljervin
Authors: Baggiolini E. , Berscheid H. G. , Bozzato G. , Cavalieri E. , Schaffner K. , Jeger O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOn ultraviolet irradiation O‐acetyljervine (1) is subjected to several parallel fragmentations. From the complex reaction mixtures obtained in a variety of solvents (dioxan, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, iso‐octane, benzene) the major alicyclic products 6–8 and the heterocyclic compounds 12–16 have been isolated. Products 6–8 undergo further photochemical changes, e.g., decarbonylation of 7 to 9 and hydrolytic cleavage of 8 to 10.These photofragmentations are initiated almost specifically upon selective π → π* excitation at 2537 Å with a quantum yield of Φ2537 = 0.145 for conversion of starting material. Reaction upon irradiation in the long‐wavelength n → π* absorption band is very much less efficient (Φ3660 = 0.611 · 10−3, both determinations for O‐trimethylsilyl‐jervine (2) in tetrahydrofuran). A high degree of photostability is observed also at 2537 Å on N‐protonation of O‐acetyljervine (1) in acetic acid. Furthermore, reactivity is greatly reduced for the N‐methyl (3) and N‐acetyl (4) derivatives in neutral solvents at 2537 Å. N‐Chloro‐O‐acetyljervine (5) in dioxan at 2537 Å gave preferentially O‐acetyljervine hydrochloride.
Thermische, nichtkatalysierte Cycloadditionen der Acrylverbindungen an Cycloheptatrien
Authors: Belluš D. , Helferich G. , Weis C. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe cycloaddition reactions of cycloheptatriene with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate have been investigated in some detail. The exo (1) and endo (2) adducts resulting from the [2+2+2]‐cycloaddition of acrylic components to the 2,5‐positions of cycloheptatriene have been separated and the structures have been elucidated by NMR. The by‐products are 7‐endo‐substitued derivatives of bicyclo[4,2,1]nona‐2,4‐diene (3), resulting from the formal [6+2]‐cycloaddition to the 1,6‐positions of cycloheptatriene. The mechanism of their formation is discussed.Irradiation (λ = 253,7 nm) of 3 in various solvents gave an almost quantitativ yield of [2+2]‐cyclodimers of the 14 type. No intramolecular photocyclization of 3 to cyclobutenes 13a and/or 13b was observed.
Ursachen der Harnstoffkatalyse einer Dis‐Azokupplung. 23. Mitteilung zur kenntnis der azokupplungsreaktion
Authors: Gloor B. , Zollinger H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of the second step in the formation of a dis‐azocompound from 4, 4′‐bis‐diazobiphenyl (bisdiazotized benzidine) with 2‐naphthol‐3, 6‐disulfonic acid have been investigated in the presence of various concentrations of urea up to 6,6 M in aqueous buffers. The catalytic action of urea is due to a disaggregation of the diazonium ion aggregates, a base catalysis and a dielectric medium effect.
Acetylacetonat‐Komplexe des SiIV und TiIV, brenzcatechinat‐komplexe des SbIII, SiIV, TiIV und SnIV in methanolischer Lösung
Authors: Gut R. , Schmid Eduard , Serrallach Jorge 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe complex formation of acetylacetone with SiIV and TiIV and of pyrocatechol with SbIII, SiIV, TiIV and SnIV have been investigated by pH‐measurements in absolute methanolic solutions containing (CH3)4NCl, LiCl of Litiumtosylate (μ = 1; 20,0°).
Die optische Aktivität von chiralen Dienen, Enonen und α‐Diketonen
Authors: Hug W. , Wagniére G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe ground state and excited states of butadiene, acrolein and glyoxal are calculated by the SCF‐CNDO‐CI method. The gauche conformers of these molecules, obtained by a twist about the formal CC single bond, have served as models for the study of the optical activity of dienes, α,β‐unsaturated ketones and α‐ and β‐diketones. An analysis of the molecular orbitals of the ground state and of excited states leads to the conclusion that the sign of a Cotton effect is determined primarly by the nodal properties and the helicity of the ground and excited state orbitals [20]. In cyclopentenones the longest wavelength Cotton effect does not obey the rule deduced from the twisted acrolein model. This apparent anomaly is explained on the basis of the altered nodal properties of cyclopentenones as compared to cyclohexenones. Concerning diones, the comparison of experimental CD. and UV. spectra with the calculated data allows the assignment of the five lowest Cotton effects of camphor quinone. It is found that α‐diketones have only two singletsinglet transitions in the region from 500 nm to 250 nm. In contrast, the next strong UV. absorption between 220 nm and 190 nm consists of three distinct electronic transitions, the nature of which is discussed. These findings are correlated with the previously calculated [8] symmetry properties and ordering of the energy levels of the ground state and excited states of planar trans and cis glyoxal. From these results the most likely conformations of a number of α‐diketons are derived.
Eine photochemisch ausgelöste Reduktion von N‐Nitrosomorpholin
Authors: Härter H. P. , Neuenschwander M. , Schindler O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractN‐Nitroso‐N′‐methyl‐piperazin (I) lagert sich bei der Bestrahlung in alkoholischer Salzsäure in 1‐Methyl‐3‐oximino‐piperazin (II) um. Dagegen entsteht aus N‐Nitrosomorpholin (IIIa) unter gleichen Bedingungen N‐Acetamidomorpholin (IVa). Acethydrazide des Typs IV liegen bei Raumtemperatur als Gemische zweier Rotamerer vor, deren Verhältnis stark lösungsmittelabhängig ist. In (CD3)2SO wurden Koaleszenztemperaturen und freie Aktivierungsthalpien der Rotation um die CONBindung bestimmt.
Neuartige massenspektrometrische Zerfallsreaktionen bei α,ω‐disubstituierten Alkanen. 15. Mitteilung über das massenspektrometrische verhalten von stickstoffverbindungen [1]
Authors: Veith H. J. , Guggisberg A. , Hesse M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe mass spectral behaviour of α,ω‐disubstituted alkanes and, especially, that of different N‐substituted α,ω‐diaminoalkanes has been investigated. It was found that the two amino groups which are separated by CH2‐groups can fragment only to a small extent indepently from each other. Yet those fragmentation reactions are predominant in which both functional groups participate. The main reactions of this type are:
Loss of the N‐substituent (R) from the molecular ion, leading to the [M+—R]‐ions.
Loss of NH3, primary or secondary amines from the [M+—R]‐ion in the case of monodi‐, tri‐ and tetra‐substituted diamino compounds respectively.
α‐Cleavage to the non charged nitrogen atom by forming the ions magnified image
SNi‐type fragmentation.
The mechanisms of these fragmentation patterns were deduced by using D‐labelled derivatives, from metastabile peaks and high resolution mass spectrometry. These reactions seem to be typical for disubstituted alkanes.
Identification de la damascénone et de la β‐damascone dans le tabac Burley
Authors: Demole Edouard , Berthet Dominique 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe successful identification of damascenone (I)DORICENONE (trade mark of Firmenich & Cie, Geneva).
and β‐damascone (III)DORINONE (trade mark of Firmenich & Cia, Geneva)
in Burley tobacco oil was achieved through the use of an efficient vapour phase chromatography/mass spectrometry combination. Thus, the occurrence of β‐damascone in nature and the presence of damascenone in an essential oil not related to rose oil were demonstrated.
Etude par RMN. de polyaminocarboxylates de terres rares, II. Nitrilotriacétates de scandium, yttrium, lanthane et lutécium
Authors: Merbach A. , Gnaegi F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProton nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the chemistry of the diamagnetic nitrilotriacetate complexes of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and lutecium in aqueous solution. Complexes with ligand‐to‐metal ratios of 1 and 2 are present depending of the solution conditions. The ligand exchanges by spontaneous and by acid catalysed dissociation of the metal‐bis‐nitrilotriacetate, and also by a bimolecular process involving the free ligand and the complex. The ligand exchange rate constants decrease with the ionic radii:lanthanum > yttrium > lutecium > scandium.
Recherches en vue de la synthèse de barbiturates organostanniques
Authors: Maire Jean‐Claude , Van Rietschoten Jurphaas 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTriphenyl and tributyltin hydrides have been found to add to the terminal double bond of unsaturated ethyl malonates to give organotin substituted ethyl malonates. Attempted cyclisation of the latter into barbituric compounds failed.