bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supplemental Drugs for Motor Fluctuations and Dyskinesias
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Levodopa is a very effective drug for treating the symptoms of PD. However, after several years, the response often becomes uneven. The effect may no longer last around the clock (the long-duration effect); rather, the primary benefit lasts a few hours or less after each levodopa dose (the short-duration effect). This results in response fluctuations. In this chapter, we consider adding another medication to smooth the response and control the symptoms. Note that these drugs are supplemental and do not substitute for carbidopa/ levodopa. Levodopa is the most potent medication and remains the foundation of treatment. When to add another drug is sometimes an arbitrary decision. Simply adjusting the carbidopa/levodopa dosing scheme may fix the problem and would obviously be a cheaper solution. You often can fine-tune the levodopa dose quite precisely. In fact, my usual strategy is to do this first. If substantial fluctuations in the response persist, then I add a second drug.
Assessing the Ebb and Flow of Daily Life With an Accent on the Positive
Authors: Zautra Alex ]. , Affl,eck Glenn G , Davis Mary C , Tennen, Howard , Fasman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our research, we have embarked on the study of the positive by developing methodologies that we could use to chart stability and change in everyday life experiences. To do so, we needed to build a structure for assessment that could traverse a veritable ocean of experiences, be capable of sailing through both the currents and crosscurrents of social influence, and also stay afloat to record the sometimes violent upheavals in the patterns of engagement that occur on the open sea. The method should be able to record both the ebb and flow of daily life, and at the same time probe the waters for influences on behavior that are both still and deep.
“Riding the Dragon”
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a foreword to a book on identifying and avoiding defensive patterns in working with patients, Dame Lesley Southgate wrote,”The missing pieces about the failure of some doctors to incorporate best practice into the consultation may be addressed by paying attention to what the doctor is feeling rather than what he/she knows.” If acute and chronic secondary stress is to be limited and one’s personal and professional well-being is to be enhanced, self-knowledge and the enlightened behavior that it should give rise to are not a nicety in medical/nursing practice; they must be a given. Personal discipline and self-control are essential in nursing and medicine, as they are for all professionals responsible for the care for others. In the behavioral sciences, this is referred to as “self-regulation.” In a book for psychologygists on self-care, Baker writes, “Self-regulation, a term used in both behavioral and dynamic psychology, refers to the conscious and less conscious management of our physical and emotional impulses, drives and anxieties.
Loss of a Useful Function in Life: Work
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout history, occupation has defined one’ s subjective identity and place in the world. Its loss can leave a person bereft. Doing useful work is a central value for most middle-class persons. We are convinced that this also applies to a substantial portion of the population and is especially important to the generation that today is aging or already old. We remember the saying “Idleness is the Devil’ s playground.” It expresses the negative value our culture places on self-indulgent idleness. Our real message, however, is that it is usually risky and perhaps harmful not to have something interesting and, above all, useful to do—that is, something that makes a contribution to others, society, or the world, over and above any gain, monetary or otherwise. The danger from not having useful work can be boredom and a feeling of uselessness.
Psychological Treatment
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is mainly about psychological treatment for elderly people who might be in trouble functionally and emotionally. It also includes modest attention to the period usually referred to as the end of life. The term psychological treatment is employed because not all treatment is designed to be psychotherapeutic, which calls for change in one’ s understanding of oneself and one’ s coping pattern. Psychotherapy is usually centered on neurotic conflicts and defenses that have been getting in the way of effective coping and mental comfort. Other approaches to treatment consist of providing emotional support in a crisis, overcoming misconceptions, advice or counseling, and teaching. Often these objectives are combined.
Why Do Some Children Not Communicate?
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way we speak to these children, or, to be more accurate, our way of making sense a posteriori of our dealings with them, depends on what-ever hypotheses we have formulated about the possible sources of their disorder. This is especially pertinent when one goes from speech disorders to the area of childhood psychosis and autism, where the so-called disorder of communication becomes severe.
Introduction
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The volume you are about to read is a collection of essays from some of the foremost scholars from around the world who identify themselves with the new direction in the discipline called “positive psychology.” This direction is distinguished by an interest in the more desirable aspects of behavior—what used to be called the “virtues”—as opposed to the recently more prevalent focus on pathology. If we imagine human experience as following along a bell curve with illness and despair at the left tail of the slope, joy and creativity at the other end, and the great majority of experiences around a middle neutral point, one could say that for the past half century or so psychology in the United States has been focusing almost exclusively on the left-hand tail of the curve. The goal of most psychologists has been to bring people whose lives were spent in regions of misery far below the mean back into a semblance of normalcy. Yet increasing numbers in the profession have begun to feel that without understanding what happens on the right slope of the curve, the best we have been able to do for people was not good enough. Even “normal” people need to grow, to hope for a better life, to change themselves into what they consider to be better persons. It is in response to this realization that positive psychology started to take shape in the last decade of the 20th century as a loose confederation of thinkers and practitioners with overlapping interests in positive psychological states.
Pictorial Functions And Perceptual Structures
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Realistic representation has been one of the avowed goals of Western art for millennia. Moreover, realism has always been and continues to be a popular value in the pictures that are produced for mass consumption. There have repeatedly been significant departures from this goal, however, and it has not been even a discernible purpose of modern painting for most of the past century. In pursuit of realistic representation, artists have investigated the nature of light and pigments, the laws of optics, the physical structures that are to be represented (e.g., anatomy and botany), and the psychology of visual perception. There is therefore a rich set of problems that are shared by the perception psychologist and the studious or innovative artist.
Looking Ahead (One Glance At A Time)
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning how to make and reproduce pictures, from the working out of the depth cues in the Renaissance through the color-mixing concerns of printing and TV, taught us most of what we knew until recently about how we perceive the world, and also did much to shape philosophy and science. Today, moving pictures raise questions that must concern cognitive psychologists and neurophysiologists, and some of the answers to those questions should help the computer scientists who work at automating movie making. We need to understand how meaningful sequential views of objects, scenes, and events are combined and remembered and how the perceptual system’s anticipatory abilities help to integrate the many component processes that comprise that system.
Biological Motion:Point-Light Walkers and Beyond
Authors: Thornton Ian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review the role that Johansson’s (1973) pointlight stimuli have played in the study of biological motion. I begin by describing this type of stimuli and the techniques used to create them and then discuss the various reasons why I believe they have proven to be such a popular and powerful research tool. I will then consider two possible limitations with this technique and introduce additional methods that are becoming available for the study of biological motion. In the final sections I also take one general research theme from the area of biological-motion processing-the question of detern1ining gender from motion-and discuss some preliminary findings on how techniques other than point-light stimuli can be exploited.
Evidence for a Network of Brain Areas Involved in Perception of Biological Motion
Authors: Grossman Emily D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the images that we encounter on a daily basis, perhaps the most interesting are visions of other people. Much cognitive and psychological research has focused attention on the perception of faces, obviously a very important task in social perception. But another line of research has clearly shown that humans are remarkably sensitive to the kinematics of body motion. Biological motion perception refers to the recognition of people and animals in motion. Using a technique in which bodies are depicted solely by the motion of the joints, we can study biological motion perception in isolation from other visual cues, such as form, texture, and colors that naturally occur when we see bodies (described in more depth in chapter 13). Amazingly, human movement is readily recognized on the basis of the movement patterns of the joints, an indication of the robust and highly sensitive nature of our visual system for biological motion. It is natural, then, to wonder whether our brains have developed· specialized machinery for the perception of events involving bodies, such as face, body, and hand movements.
Reduction of Time-Independent Complexity
Authors: Suh Nam P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3, it was stated that there are four types of complexities: time-independent real complexity, time-independent imaginary complexity, time-dependent combinatorial complexity, and time-dependent periodic complexity. To make a system perform its intended functions within their specified design ranges, we must establish the FRs and constraints of the system correctly and then satisfy them with zero complexity. Any per­ formance problem that arises at the beginning of the system operation after it is designed is usually a result of poor design. Such a system has time-independent real complexity. Long-term performance, reliability, and safety issues arise when the design is encumbered with time-dependent combinatorial complexity problems.
Complexity of Biological Systems
Authors: Suh Nam P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As shown in table 3.1, many natural systems possess functional periodicity. Based on this observation and the behavior of engineered systems, a hypothesis was presented in chapter 3, which stated that For long-term stability of natural and engineered systems, the system must be either in an equilibrium state with its surrounding or have a functional periodicity. Systems without stability because of the lack of functional periodicity have a transitory existence or are in a chaotic state and eventually disappear or mutate into another system or matter which is either in equilibrium or is periodic.
Introduction to Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Composite materials are composed of two or more distinct constituents combined on a macroscopic scale to form a useful material. Composite materials are different from normal alloys. In the case of alloys, different materials can be combined on a microscopic scale, but the resulting material is macroscopically homogeneous. Composite materials are typically macroscopically inhomogeneous. Figure 2.1 shows the schematic drawing of phases of a composite material.
Composite Lamination Theory
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How Do We Design a Composite? Suppose we want to design and manufacture a composite with certain desired properties (i.e., functional requirements). The first thing we have to do is to design the composite that can satisfy the functional requirements (FRs), which are specified to satisfy customer needs. After the product is designed, we then determine the manufacturing process that can make the product. To design the composite, we need a basic mechanical understanding of multilayer composites that are manufactured by consolidating continuous fiber composite prepregs, which is the topic of this book. There are other kinds of composites, but they are not included in this chapter.
Automotive Parts and Infrastructures
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although continuous fiber-reinforced composite materials have about 10 times higher specific strength than low (SAE 1010) to high (SAE 4340) carbon steels, as shown in tables 2.2 and 2.3, they are not widely used in automotive or infrastructure applications due to their high cost. They are slowly becoming employed in the loadbearing structures of automotive parts and infrastructures such as bridges, guard rails, and special buildings, as the cost of composite materials becomes lower and efficient mass production methods are developed. The principal advantages of fiberreinforced polymeric matrix composites for automotive parts are weight savings, part consolidation, and improvement in NVH (noise, vibration and harshness). The absence of corrosion problems, which lowers maintenance cost for automotive parts and infrastructures such as bridges and sewage pipes, has enabled the fiberreinforced polymeric composites to be employed in these areas, although gradually. The randomly oriented chopped E-glass-fiber-reinforced polymeric matrix composites, which are not load-bearing structural materials, are mainly used in the automotive industry due to their low cost. The polymers for the matrix are either thermoplastics, such as nylon, ABS, and polypropylene, or thermosets, such as unsaturated polyesters, vinylesters, and polyurethanes. Shorter processing time is an important consideration because automotive parts are produced at a rate of one part per minute, unlike parts in the aerospace industry. Therefore, the preferred processing methods for automotive composite parts are injection molding, compression molding, reaction injection molding (RIM), structural reaction injection molding (SRIM), pultrusion, and resin transfer molding (RTM). All these methods are fast and highly automated, which compensates for the higher cost of composite materials (Mallick, 1997). However, there have been several attempts and some successful applications of fiber-reinforced composite structural members to various parts of passenger cars, including load-bearing structural parts (Beardmore, 1986; Weeton et al., 1986). Especially, glass-fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been used for static and dynamic load-bearing structures such as bumpers and leaf springs, thanks to their high specific strength (strength/density) and impact energy absorption characteristics (Mallick and Broutman, 1977; Cheon et al., 1999; Lee et al., 2000; Lee and Cheon, 2001).
Introduction:Why Focus on Mental Health Research?
Authors: DuBois James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental health research broadly understood refers to research on the state of mental health and the epidemiology, prevention, etiology, or treatment of mental disorders (including substance abuse and developmental disorders).1 Mental health research may include minimal risk procedures with so-called “normal” populations (e.g., observation of college students or telephone surveys of the general public). But mental health research is also conducted with participants who are labeled in a variety of ways, including “addicted,” “ADHD,” “demented,” “depressed,” “mentally retarded,” “schizophrenic,” and “seriously emotionally disturbed.” These labels can be stigmatizing and take the focus off of the person, yet research frequently targets people precisely insofar as they suffer from one or more mental disorders.
Research Ethics and Regulatory Compliance:Competing or Complementary Approaches?
Authors: DuBois James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical bioethics has succeeded in capturing the imagination of the American public. It engages topics of obvious importance—topics such as the removal of life support, prenatal genetic screening, and organ transplantation. Frequently clinical issues involve interesting intellectual puzzles such as the justification for procuring organs from patients who are pronounced dead using neurological criteria. How do we know whether such patients are dead or alive? On the one hand, so-called “brain death” is like a guillotine: it indicates the end of communication between the brain and the body because the brain has irreversibly lost all functions. On the other hand, brain-dead patients can maintain spontaneous circulation with ventilator support, and some brain-dead women have sustained a pregnancy for months.
Informed Consent
Authors: DuBois James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Wilmont makes an incision in Mr. Navarro and removes one of his kidneys. His kidney will be transplanted into a complete stranger who would die without it. Robert takes a yellow pill that looks just like the antidepressant medication he took for the past two years, but in fact it has no active ingredients. Shortly after seeing a film together, Jack engages in sexual intercourse with Barbara in the back of his camper van. Given the lack of details provided in these scenarios, we have no idea whether the actions described are good or evil. Mr. Navarro might be an altruistic living organ donor; Robert might have consented to participate in a placebo-controlled trial of a promising new drug; and Jack and Barbara could be amorous newlyweds. However, one variable could change everything: permission. Without giving their explicit or implicit permission, Mr. Navarro is the victim of organ theft, Robert is the victim of medical or pharmaceutical fraud, and Barbara is the victim of rape.
Citizen Soldiers
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1930s, with the nation still in the depths of the Depression, Americans hoped desperately to avoid involvement in the conflicts that were intensifying abroad. As soon as the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, however, support for war mobilization soared, not least among the millions of young Americans who became subject to the draft. Thus began for a generation of men the experiences that would later on qualify them for the G.I. Bill’s education and training benefits. “I thought it was a normal, natural course of events,” explained Isaac Gellert, who volunteered before he could be drafted. “There was a war and everybody was needed. It wasn’t a matter of patriotism, not any flag-waving patriotism. I just felt it was the appropriate thing to do, especially since the war seemed to be a good one.”
Beyond All Expectations
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I doubt very many kids in my [high] school ever considered college,” explained Richard Werner, “because in those days you had to be very well off to go And at the time, America was still in the web of the Depression, so I looked upon a college education [as] about as likely as my owning a Rolls-Royce with a chauffeur.” Growing up far removed from such luxury, Werner knew about chauffeurs only because his father had been employed as one, and that was before the Depression hit; after he lost that job, the family had to move to a cold-water flat in Queens. Werner dreamed of attending college but doubted he would have the opportunity.
Making Democracy
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After using the G.I. Bill, veterans fanned out across the nation and became the active citizens in peacetime for which the bill’s author, Harry Colmery, had hoped. In Atlanta, Georgia, James Johnson joined the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Methodist Church, and the Masons. In Indiana, George Josten became a devout member of the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal organization, which gave him the chance to “socialize with people who have a sense of morals and responsibilities,” and the Society of Mechanical Engineers. Near Boston, Massachusetts, Kermit Pransky coached Little League baseball and basketball, formed a Babe Ruth baseball league in his town, and started another baseball league for his temple, as well as joining the Veterans of Foreign Wars. In terms of political involvement, each man acquired a lifetime habit of voting, one widely shared among their generation. James Johnson voted “every time the poll opens,” and Josten noted that he never missed a primary or any other type of election. Both of them also wrote letters on occasion to their elected officials, and Josten served as a town trustee. Pransky, who worked in the electrical motor repair business, traveled to Washington, D.C., with others in his trade organization so that they could lobby members of Congress about issues concerning their industry. While these men’s involvements exemplified the most common balance of civic and political activities pursued by G.I. Bill beneficiaries, some spent less time on civic associations but became considerably more immersed in politics. John Mink, for example, grew intensely involved in working on political campaigns from the 1950s onward. He noted that many of those who actually ran for statewide public office during that time were G.I. Bill-educated veterans.
Created with the Men in Mind
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When asked about the G.I. Bill, Ann Bertini, who had served in the Army Nurse Corps, replied, “Oh, I think we viewed it as a policy for the men. I mean, they really created it with the men in mind, didn’t they?” Indeed, the story of the G.I. Bill’s effects is, in the main, the story of men of the World War II generation, just as our predominant image of the “greatest generation” is essentially masculine, captured by scenes of male soldiers in the trenches or of Shriners, Moose, Masons, and veterans marching in hometown Memorial Day parades. Though more women served in World War II than in any prior U.S. war, still they constituted only 2 percent of the armed forces, and a mere 132,000 women were among the 7.8 million veterans who utilized the G.I. Bill’s education and training benefits. The benefits themselves were not inherently sexist so much as the social norms and other policies of the era which encouraged male veterans’ usage while discouraging females.