bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Indo-European Nominals
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gender. The distinction of three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) is characteristic of G and L, together with most of the other IE languages. This is grammatical gender, that is, a purely formal and syntactic system of morphology and concord. The IE languages vary in the degree to which the natural gender of beings aligns with grammatical gender. Of course, words for most objects and abstractions are ‘masculine’ and ‘feminine’ rather than neuter, and it is commonplace for words for babies to be neuter. But in, say, German there is the additional peculiarity that personal nouns like Weib ‘woman’ and Miidchen ‘young lady’ are grammatically neuter, Hoheit ‘Highness’ is feminine, and cats and dogs are grammatically feminine and masculine, respectively, regardless of reproductive details. In G and L there is an accommodation of the grammatical gender of animate nouns to natural gender by means of epicene nouns, that is, nouns that are both masculine and feminine like L filis ‘cat’ and canis ‘dog’, ditto G 0t.’iA.ov­ poc; and Kvwv.
R-Stems And N-Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In PIE there were consonant stems ending with -r- (paradigms given in 283). Masc. and fem. nouns thus formed are attested in all varieties of IE. Neut. inflection is more fugitive. In lndic, the reflex of the nomenagentis suffix “-tor builds a kind of future participle (555); a few neut. forms are actually attested, but not before the Brahmal)as. In Hitt., with a more original state of affairs, there are neuter r-stem nouns as well, and a few primary adjectives. Parallel stems in -n- (see 283 and 285) formed nouns in all three genders, and (at most) one or two primary adjectives. In G and L, the PIE neut. r-stems have disappeared as a type; G has one n-stem primary adjective, cxp&lt;JrJv, Att. cxppr,v (“warsen-) ‘male’ (= Ved. vt[an- ‘vigorous, macho’); but bahuvrihi compounds formed from both r­ and n-stem nouns are abundant, like uw&lt;ppwv ‘sane, of sound mind’ &lt; &lt;10t.fo­ ‘sound’ and &lt;pp v ‘diaphragm’).1
Greek T-Stem Forms in Other Neuters
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its presumed beginnings in connection with n- and r/n-stem neuters (288, 290-2), an oblique stem in -7- spread to a wide range of neuter nouns which originally had one or another quite different inflection. This took place especially in Attic, and spread even further in the later KOLVYJ. By way of secondary 7-stem neut. inflection Hom. has our;, ovaTOc; (Att. wToc;) ‘ear’; Ion. KOtP’Y/ nom./acc.n. ‘head’ (poe,t.; elaborated from &p &lt; “krH2, like Kp’i0 f. ‘barley’ next to Kp’i n.), gen. KpctaToc; (“ krasat- &lt; 1j-t-; cf. Ved. obl. stem ffri -), contracted KpEiToc;; there are also conflations like KOtP’Y/Toc; and Kap aTOc;. Additionally, there were patterns like -yovv ‘knee’, “(Ol)ll&lt;X.TOc; (“gonwatos) and oopv ‘tree’, oovpaTOc; (‘ dorwatos), Att. “(0/J&lt;X.TOc;, oopmoc; (190.1). Originally these nouns were ablauting (proterokinetic) u­ stems, of a type (311) lost in both G and L: “gonu nom./acc., “gnew-s gen. They had already been remodeled once as simple consonant stems, -yovv
Greek Reciprocal Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stem a.A.A.aA.o- (Att.-Ion. a.A.A.’Y/A.o-) ‘one another’, occurring only in oblique cases of the du. and pl., are developments from phrases, “i:’x),.),.or; i:’xAA.ov, “i:’x),.,),.,oi i:’xAA.ovr;, and so on, parallel to L alter alterum, ali’f alias, Indic “anyds anydm, containing a nominative and an accusative (or some other oblique case). Dissimilation accounts well enough for the shortening of the second *-A.A.-; the -&- is surprising, however, and much discussed. It could arise automatically only in certain feminine and neuter forms, such as *cx’AA.a cxA.A.&11 (*&’A’Afi.’A’Aa11). But feminines were certainly less common than masculines, and neuter plurals in any such function were rare abso­ lutely. One possibility is that the intermediate forms were something like *&’A’A’a.A.A.011, with the ending of the first element truncated (as in Ka.T’fXw ‘hold back’) rather than contracted. If the result was felt as a compound, the lengthening of the -a.- could be a case of Wackernagel’s Law (87), as in aTpa.Ta-yor; (aTpa.rq-yor;) &lt; *a7pa.TO-a.-y-. Finally, there may be a connection between the shortening of the -A.A.- and the lengthening of the -a.-: unlike L, G had no system of trading off length between a vowel and a following consonant, but such a trade-off is a very general feature of language change (it is the underlying principle of compensatory lengthening).
Denominative Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Denominative” -f / o-Stems. The usual formation of denominatives is by the addition of the suffix “-f / o- to the stem of the noun. The formation is most transparent in Ved., where the -ya- (usually in fact -yd-) is everywhere preserved, while in G and L and other IE languages it is disguised by the loss of intervocalic -y-, contraction, and other phonetic changes. Note that in PIE the o-stems do not appear as such; most appear in the e-grade, while many others make denominative verbs to a stem “-eH2- which does not otherwise appear in nominal paradigms. 461. Functions OF DENominatives. Most denominatives fall into broad functional categories, such as factitive (to enslave, to shred, to steady); ingressive (inchoative) (to age; not a common type in NE, but abundant in L); agentives (to dog, to shepherd, to doctor ‘to do what a dog/shepherd/doctor does [in some specific regard]’); instrumentives (to force ‘to employ force’; to rope; these include the numerous denominatives meaning ‘to use X in the usual way’, as to bandage, to paint, to phone, to wedge); locatives (to center, to list), ablatives (to seed, to gut, to skin), and others.
The Future
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in 417, what is called the future tense might better be called the simple future or the like. Other ways of talking about events that have not yet taken place include promises, commands, and what collectively might be called modals: conditionals, conatives, purposives, necessitaives, precatives, desideratives, and others. PIE had special forms for some of these, but no simple future tense. The so-called present tense--more accurately the non-past tense--served also for ordinary future events, as it continued to do to some extent in G, as Eiµi which, like its English gloss ‘I am going (to) .. .’, often refers to the future. 500. In a number of IE languages, the PIE desiderative (457) is the basis for a simple future. This is the source of two different-looking but originally identical G formations: the a-future and the ‘liquid futures’ in r. The original desiderative formation was formed directly from the root, by means of the desiderative element “-H1s-, which inflected athematically.
The Punctual Eventive (Aorist)
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only distinctively aorist stem in PIE was the s-aorist, formed by the addition of “-s- and athematic secondary endings (419-31). In G there is no gradation of the root syllable, which if not in the e-grade has the same grade as the present. There is evidence however that the G s­ aorist originally ablauted in a fashion more like the Vedic paradigms (459). The other types of aorist are formally indistinguishable from imperfects; see 413 and 497 regarding what ‘makes’ a given stem imperfect or aorist. So E”(pcx&lt;f:,ov is the imperfect of “fp&&lt;f:,w, while identically formed ETpmrov is the aor. to rpETiW (imperf. ETpnov); E&lt;PYJP is imperf. (&lt;f:&gt;riµi; aor. E&lt;PYJ&lt;m), while identically formed E{3rJP is aor. ({3cxivw); and so on. The same thing is true of Vedic: dpiit ‘protected’ is the imperf. to p!iti pres., but identically formed ddhiit ‘put’ is an aor. (dddhiiti pres.). Of course, a form like EAlTiOJJ, even if nothing else were known about it, would be much more likely to be an aor. than an imperf. The reason for this is not formal but statistical: zero grade of the root is very much more common in thematic aorists than in thematic presents.
Colonial Antecedents
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European nations intruding themselves into the world of the Indians had two practical problems to solve. First, they must occupy the land and defend their occupations against the indigenous tribes and other European powers. In the second place, they found it prudent to devise procedures by which title to the land could pass in an orderly manner from Indians to Europeans.
The Formative Years
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the Indians residing within the boundaries of the new nation, the transfer of sovereignty from a monarchy to a republican form of government had no immediate significance. Both sides in the colonial struggle for independence sought to neutralize the tribes by promising to respect their territorial boundaries, and even the Iroquois Confederacy, ancient allies of the English, became divided on the question of helping one white man against another. From the Indian point of view, neither of the contending parties could be trusted, in land matters especially. Political philosophy seemed not to affect the white man’s penchant for taking what he wanted.
A Time Of Reassessment
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Indian condition deteriorated greatly as the nation prospered. The United States Court of Claims, in reviewing an Indian case at the end of the last century, indicated frank puzzlement. The court found the legal situation anomalous, a situation “unknown to the common law or the civil law or to any system of municipal law. [The Indians] were neither citizens nor aliens; they were neither persons nor slaves; they were wards of the nation, and yet, . . . were little else than prisoners of war while war did not exist.”
The Tribal World
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their resistance to the policy of withdrawing or terminating federal responsibility, the Indian tribes were not expressing a desire to continue indefinitely in a state of dependency, although an obdurate Senator Watkins might make that charge. They would not acknowledge themselves to be dependent in any respect. The protection of their lands and of their right of community control, which outsiders took as evidence of backwardness, was seen by Indians as a contractual relationship not terminable by unilateral decision. And with respect to their trust-held lands and tribal governments, Indian leaders had for some years been urging the federal government to relax its restrictive controls and permit greater participation in planning and decision-making. This, of course, was the promise of the Indian Reorganization Act.
A Closing View
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After these many years of inter-ethnic contact in the New World, it is not yet possible to say that the relationship between white man and Indian is free of the presumptuous bias that marked its beginnings. Indians may no longer be expected to vanish before a competition “they had not the means of sustaining,” but their moral right to remain a separate and identifiable people is far from assured.
Alienation: From Gratitude to Despair
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As We have seen, the predominant religion in North America has been Protestant-that particular form of Protestantism which is rooted in the Calvinist branch of the Reformation. From the Low Church Episcopalians and Anglicans of Virginia and Canada, to Puritan New England, to the great churches of the frontier (the Methodist and the Baptist), the theological theme on this continent has been played in a Calvinistic key.1 Something drastic, however, happened to Calvinism in North America. By the middle of the nineteenth century it became apparent that a form of Christianity quite different from any known on the Continent or in the British Isles had not only asserted itself but had become the typical religion of North America. As early as 1800, Jedidiah Morse had exhorted his flock to “guard against the insidious encroachments of innovation-that evil and beguiling spirit which is now stalking to and fro in the earth, seeking whom it may devour.”2 Despite that warning and the famous boast of Charles Hodge that no new idea had ever originated at Princeton,3 innovation was encroaching on every theological front, and new ideas, outside the precincts of Princeton, were out of control.
Large-Scale Plasma
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The state of the plasma at 1 AU is given by the bulk speed V, the proton number density N, the proton temperature T, and the electron temperature Ye. This section describes typical values of these basic quantities, the uncertainties in the measurements, and some fundamental parameters derived from them. Since the values vary with solar activity, this section aims only to present representative values, including both some early results of historical interest and some more modern results.
Large-Scale Fluctuations
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “large-scale fluctuations” in the heliosphere are defined as fluctuations in the plasma and magnetic field having periods from several hours to the solar rotation period (Burlaga and Goldstein, 1984). A distinction between low frequency and intermediate frequency large-scale fluctuations was made by Burlaga et al. (1987b, 1989).
The Underlying Problem of Child Welfare: Families that are Not Economically Self-Supporting
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lack of family-sustaining jobs denies many young men the possibility of forming an economically self-reliant family, the traditional American mark of manhood. Partially in response, the young men’s peer groups emphasize sexual prowess as a sign of manhood, with babies as evidence. A sexual game emerges as girls are lured by the (usually older) boys’ vague but convincing promises of love and marriage. When the girls submit, they often end up pregnant and abandoned.
Introduction
Authors: lembke Janet , Reckford kenneth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A revenge play gone askew, Shakespeare’s Hamlet has misled numberless theatergoers, readers, and critics into seeking some definite answer to what seemed the obvious question: why doesn’t Hamlet get on with the job? After Hamlet learns from his father’s ghost how Claudius poisoned his brother the king and stole his queen-wife (Hamlet’s mother), and after Hamlet confirms that tale by staging the play-murder and play-sequction, all he need do is kill his uncle. Surely Elsinor will support him, so why delay? Is it because Hamlet has a flawed character? Is he overly intellectual and given to melancholy brooding? Or is it because his Oedipal strivings lead him to identify unconsciously with Claudius? All these possibilities may be correct, for Shakespeare gives wide scope to directors, actors, and critics to superimpose their own interpretation. But this odd tragedy of hesitation, of vengeance delayed, has other underlying motivations. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is no hothead, no Laertes. He is a thoughtful, self-aware person in a thoughtless world. Uneasily he finds himself cast in what might have been-in what in an earlier period was the typical revenge play, where the hero outwits and kills the usurper. Hamlet rushes into nothing. He probes and tests. Very sensibly he demands reassurances that his informant was an honest ghost, not a tempting devil. Wisely, too, he forbears killing a villain at his (seeming) prayers. Certainly his mind is clouded-by shock, by sexual disturbance, and by a madness only half feigned; it only clears in Act 5, when resolution is still outpaced by events. But he has also been thinking all this time-about himself, about family and friends, about Denmark, and about what May nard Mack has called the “pervasive inscrutability” of things. It is not just that Hamlet is unready for revenge, but that, for this intelligent and sensitive hero, the call to revenge opens up a host of questions that require but do not receive a simple answer.
Some Indo-European prayers: Cato’s lustration of the fields
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The landowner is then enjoined to pronounce a preliminary prayer with a libation to Janus and Jupiter and to address a prayer with fixed wording to Mars. This prayer to Mars had been justly qualified by Risch 1979 as ‘the oldest Latin text preserved,’ ‘actually older than Early Latin literature,’ the monuments of authors of the third and second centuries B.C., considerably before Cato’s time (ca. 234 - 149 B.C.).
Umbria: Tables of Iguvium
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the most interesting texts that antiquity has left us are the seven bronze tablets discovered in 1444 in Gubbio, Latin Iguvium, a small town of Umbria, where they still remain. The Iguvine tables, by far our most extensive source of information for the Umbrian language, are no less important for the study of religion in ancient Italy, for they consist of an extremely detailed set of liturgical and cultic instructions for a college of priests, the Atiedian Brethren.
Further Indo-European comparisons and themes
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any case it is tempting to see the traces of an older thematic nexus in these Greek and Germanic collocations, though here with FIRST as with SLEEP, and for that matter LIE and SLAY/BE SLAIN, the role of universality cannot be excluded. FIRST is widespread in the mythological narrative of the manly deeds of the HERO, referring to his SLAYING of the SERPENT.
Introduction
Authors: Valeri Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “serious” and “puzzling subjects” under consideration in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s 1869 novel Oldtown Folks were the dogmas of Calvinism, recalled through the story of Grandmother Badger and her “blue book.” An old-style New Englander, Grandmother allowed herself one diversion from “the daily battle of existence.” She read her favorite volume, “by the Rev. Dr. Bellamy of Connecticut, called ‘True Religion delineated, and distinguished from all Counterfeits.’” As described by Stowe’s fictional narrator, Joseph Bellamy’s book “was written in a strong, nervous, condensed, popular style, such as is fallen into by a practical man speaking to a practical people, by a man thoroughly in earnest to men as deeply in earnest, and lastly, by a man who believed without the shadow of a doubt, and without even the comprehension of the possibility of a doubt.”
Original Sin
Authors: Valeri Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1758 Bellamy traveled to Boston to hear Thomas Frink (1705–1777) deliver the annual election day sermon for Massachusetts. Bellamy had been to New England’s largest town and most active port before, and he knew of its reputation as a commercial center rife with riches and commodities, poverty and indebtedness. Accustomed to life in a small village, Bethlehem’s pastor must have viewed the culture of the city and its market economy as twin vexations. Less than a week after Frink gave a millenarian depiction of the war between England and France, Bellamy preached at a Boston church on different concerns. He spoke of the need to give alms to the poor. Pursuit of profits, he argued, diverted Bostonians from their duties to an increasing number of “poor people that need our help.” He called for charity and, more tellingly, for “a new benevolent principle” of “disinterested benevolence” that rightly “ordered our loves” and produced “an inward free propensity to do good, prompting us … where there is no desert—yea, where there is ill desert.” Only this change of heart, he insisted, would motivate people to sacrifice their interest in money for the good of the poor.
The Former Soviet Union and its Jews
Authors: Mendelsohn Jonathan Frankel Peter Y Medding Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may simultaneously welcome these four books devoted to Soviet Jewry, even while expressing the hope that works like them will never be published again. They are all products of the immediate pre-glasnost era (although the Levin volume does glance presciently ahead) when the contemporary history of Soviet Jewry was still a spornyi vopros (“controversial subject”) within the U.S.S.R. and off-limits to researchers both foreign and domestic. Consequently, the work of Levin and Pinkus are devoid of Soviet archival material. Kozlov, relying on officially published Soviet population statistics, complains of the inadequate methodology that often underlays the compilation of such materials in the U.S.S.R. Mordechai Altshuler’s more specific study demonstrates how creativity and imagination were once required to stitch together a demographic portrait of Soviet Jewry from scattered and incomplete sources.
Introduction
Authors: Henry Madeleine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aspasia of Miletus, a key figure in the intellectual history of fifth century Athens, is without question the most important woman of that era. Aspasia left no written works of her own, was lampooned in comedy, and was an important figure in Greek philosophical dialogue-all things she shares with Socrates, a better known and more revered icon, and whose teacher she is said to have been. Aspasia’s reputation as teacher has repeatedly been connected with her sexual reputation as a courtesan and the mistress of the statesman Pericles. The historical possibilities for her life and the ebb and surge of her biographical tradition have never before been seriously and comprehensively examined; they are the subject of my study. It is time to remember Aspasia’s place in the history of women and of feminist epistemology.
The Story Told by Comedy
Authors: Henry Madeleine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attic comedy, a genre full of commentary about politics, provides the only known contemporary evidence for Aspasia’s life. Old Comedy, as this earliest attested phase of Greek comedy is known, is paramount to Aspasia’s biographical tradition: though frequently surreal and fantastic, it was nonetheless treated as a historical source by later ancient historians such as Duris and Plutarch. Comedy is also the premier nexus of discourses on sexuality, power, and intellect in the fifth century, discourses to which Aspasia is crucial. Unfortunately, only eleven of Aristophanes’ plays have survived intact, and the fragmentary remains of the rest of Old Comedy are exceedingly difficult to date.
Energy and Tension Changes with PMS, Drugs, Social Interaction, Weather, and Life Events
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a controversial concept, but one that many women feel very strongly about and are very interested in. (It is also known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and late luteal phase dysphoric disorder.) Dozens of studies of this condition have been published in the scientific literature, the majority of which sup port the existence of increased tension as well as other physical symptoms appearing late in the menstrual cycle, generally just before the menstrual flow begins.