bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law as Interpretation: The Jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin
Authors: Patterson Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without a doubt, ours is the age of interpretation. From the natural sciences to the social sciences, the human sciences, to the arts, overwhelming evidence exists that interpretation is a central organizing theme of the late twentieth century. In law, the importance of the “interpretive turn” can hardly be overestimated. In addition to a plethora of symposia, books, and articles by leading scholars in all fields of substantive law, the growth of interest in law on the part of academics in the humanistic disciplines confirms that questions of textual meaning are the central, if not the organizing, concern of many sophisticated legal theorists.
The Original Three Systems
Authors: Yaqub Aladdin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formalizing the revision theory of truth is not a sheer technical curiosity, rather it is part of our philosophical defense of the theory. One objective of our defense is to show that the theory is consistent; a second objective is to confirm its material adequacy. In Section 2.3 we established the consistency claim by producing a formal representation of the revision process within a mathematical theory, namely the theory of sets, which is evidently, though perhaps not demonstratively, consistent.1 The second objective can be met by developing a formal semantical system that is a “faithful” representation of the revision process, and then showing that it yields the intuitively correct results when it is applied to fairly expressive languages (so that a rich variety of problematic and unproblematic sentences can be formed). The task of producing such a semantical system is carried out in the next chapter. But in order to understand fully how that system succeeds in representing faithfully the revision process, we need to examine how other systems fail. This is our project in this chapter.
Sensory Ecology and Orientational Behaviors
Authors: Brownell Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensory organs are among the most intricately structured features that animals possess. Beyond structure, the biochemical, physiological. and integrative capacities of sensory tissues provide some of biology’s most exquisite examples of evolutionary adaptation to specialized environments. This intricacy of sensory structure and function has been shaped, through natural selection, for acquisition of information important to the animal’s survival in a particular environment. A major concern of sensory ecology is to determine how this sensory information is generated, transmitted, and altered by passage through the environment.
Encoded Walks and Correlations in Sequence Data
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The statistical analysis of sequence data has generated ongoing interest. The statistical properties of nucleic acid and protein sequences (see Doolittle, 1990; Volkenstein, 1994) provides important information on both the evolution and thermodynamic stability of biomacromolecules. In addition to conventional statistical approaches (for reviews, see, Karlin et al. (1991) and White (1994), fractal analyses of DNA and protein sequences have: given new insight into sequence correlations (Peng et al., 1992; Voss, 1992; Buldyrev et al., 1993; Dewey, 1993; Pande et al., 1994; Balafas and Dewey, 1995). In this chapter, we consider such analyses. They represent a problem in discrete dynamics very different from those discussed in the previous chapter. Lattice walks can be constructed from sequence information in a variety of ways. These encoded walks result from assigning a specific numerical value and spatial direction to the members in the sequence. For instance, in DNA problems it is common to give purines a+ 1 step on a one-dimensional lattice and pyrimidines a—1 step (Peng et al., 1992; Voss, 1992; Buldyrev et al., 1993). Similar walks have been studied in protein sequences and have been based on a specific chemical or physical property of the monomeric unit (Pande et al., 1994). The resulting trajectories of these encoded walks can be analyzed as diffusion problems. Deviation of the encoded walk from random behavior provides evidence for long-range correlations.
Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last forty years one of the most active areas of research in the history and philosophy of science has been the study of the Galilean revolution in physics. In particular, scholars have focused their attention on the relationship between the emergence of Galilean science and the scientific developments of the Middle Ages. Already Duhem at the beginning of the century in his ten-volume work Le Système du Monde had uncovered the existence of a vital scientific thought in the medieval period. In the English-speaking world, the work that has done most to bring about awareness of the deep links between medieval and seventeenth-century science has been Crombie’s Augustine to Galileo (1952). In this justly celebrated book, Crombie defends a strong version of the continuity thesis. In the preface to the second edition (1958), he describes his effort as follows: “Especially I have tried to bring out, what I believe to be the most striking result of recent scholarship, the essential continuity of the Western scientific tradition from the Greek times to the seventeenth century and, therefore, to our own day.” In his Robert Grosseteste and the Origins of Experimental Science, 1100-1700 (1953), Crombie singled out Grosseteste’s commentary on Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics as representative of a new conception of scientific methodology.
Descartes’ Géométrie
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier I claimed that the development of mathematics, and therefore of the philosophy of mathematics, in the seventeenth century is marked by the invasion of infinitary techniques and by the widespread use of analytic techniques. In Chapter 2 I dealt with the issue of Cavalieri’s appeal to infinitary techniques, now I shall analyze one of the most important texts in the complex development of the algebraization of geometry, Descartes’ Géométrie.
First, I shall present some of the most important results contained in the Géométrie and investigate the foundational assumptions on which the Cartesian project is founded. I hope to acquaint the reader with some important critical contributions. And I give a detailed analysis of Descartes’ most important foundational move—the exclusion of the mechanical curves from the geometrical realm. Secondly, I shall investigate the foundational problems raised by the algebraization of mathematics.
Paradoxes of the Infinite
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to Paradoxien des Unendlichen Bernard Bolzano remarked that most paradoxical results found in mathematics rest on the concept of the infinite. The seventeenth century provided many of the paradoxes of the infinite that constitute the topic of Bolzano’s treatise. If one restricts attention only to those paradoxes that generated foundational discussions, two classes emerge from the plethora of surprising results provided by seventeenth-century mathematicians and philosophers. First are the paradoxes having to do with what Bolzano would have called the general theory of magnitudes, especially the composition of continuous quantities. These will be analyzed with reference to the theory of indivisibles (Cavalieri, Galileo, Torricelli, Tacquet, and Leibniz). Second are the paradoxes relating to the theory of space. These will be investigated with reference to Torricelli’s cubature of an infinitely long solid and the varied philosophical reactions generated by this result, or plane versions of it. The use of infinity in the Leibnizian calculus is the topic of chapter 6.
Race, the American Language, and the Americanist Avant-Garde
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coincidence that The Waste Land and Harlem Shadows were published in the same year may seem merely to dramatize the differences between the literary movements these works have come to represent. After all, when Eliot and McKay both returned to the United States in the mid-1930s after long absences, transatlantic modernism was an accepted literary fact and Eliot was given a respectful and even distinguished reception, while McKay found the Harlem Renaissance virtually moribund and so few opportunities for himself he soon ended up in a state work camp. The distance between Eliot, delivering his most notoriously narrow-minded opinions on race and culture before an audience at the University of Virginia, and McKay, doing manual labor with a crew of partially detoxified alcoholics, could not be greater. Such differences are so hard to ignore that modernism and the Harlem Renaissance have come to seem not just mutually exclusive but even inimical terms. Yet there was a time when it seemed natural to couple the two, when at least some Harlem writers sought an alliance with their white compatriots in the modernist avant-garde, albeit a modernist avant-garde rather different from the one that Eliot had come to represent.
Responsibilities to Persons: An Explanation of Inescapable Moral Distress
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The detractors of the idea of “moral dilemmas” rightly suppose, as I argued in chapter 4, that it is incoherent to think correct conclusions of an agent’s moral deliberation about what to do could conflict with one another. For this reason, it is a mistake to think that there are situations in which an agent would violate a correct conclusion of moral deliberation no matter what. In this sense, moral wrongdoing cannot be inescapable. But it is a further question, as I argued in the last chapter, whether or not moral wrongdoing in any other sense is some times inescapable. With regard to this question, the remainders view asserts that there are moral conflicts in which, whatever the agent does, he or she will do something that is morally wrong in the sense of transgressing some moral value. On the other hand, the elimination view denies this: It maintains that there is no sense of ‘moral wrongdoing’ in which an agent will do something morally wrong no matter what. It is the debate between these two views with which I am presently concerned.
Utilitarian Critiques of the Phenomenological Argument
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I argued that the responsibilities to persons account shows how inescapable feelings of moral distress can be reasonable responses to situations in which a form of moral wrongdoing is inescapable. My argument was that this account provides a good explanation of these feelings, and hence that it gives us a good reason to accept the remainders view. But the phenomenological argument also requires that this be a better explanation than alternatives, in particular those that purport to give a good account of these feelings while denying the possibility of inescapable moral wrongdoing. Most of these explanations are rooted in the utilitarian or Kantian traditions. I I consider utilitarian critiques in this chapter and Kantian ones in the next. In each case, I argue that these critiques are unconvincing, both in their theoretical understanding of moral obligation and moral conflict and in their explanation of inescapable feelings of moral distress. I also suggest that, different as these traditions are, there are some similarities in the ways they go wrong. It will help to begin with some general and intuitive observations about the utilitarian and Kantian approaches. Both are associated with the covering law model. Utilitarians and Kantians commonly suppose that there is an abstract, first principle-such as the greatest happiness principle or the categorical imperative which, in conjunction with factual premises, entails particular conclusions of moral deliberation, conclusions that cannot conflict.
Genetic Determinants of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Dammerman Marilyn , Breslow Jan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, there has been little need to discuss in detail genetic issues related to cardiovascular disease prevention, except to state that a family history of premature atherosclerosis constitutes an independent risk factor and that several lipid abnormalities appear to be related to specific inherited defects. In recent years, however, there has been a remarkable increase in information on the role of genetics in a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases. As genetic testing becomes widely available, clinicians and their patients will be faced for the first time with critical information likely to have major importance for personal risk factor modification as well as reproductive decision-making. Thus, detailed discussions of genetic issues in cardiovascular disease prevention are now required so that the prevention-oriented physician can begin to integrate this developing field into daily practice.
In this chapter, several important cardiovascular disorders that have been linked to specific genes are discussed, while particular attention is given to the genetics of lipoprotein metabolism, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. In addition, genetic issues surrounding new markers of hemostatic and thrombotic risk are presented. While the utility of genetic screening for coronary heart disease in the general population is currently unknown, the information in this chapter should form a basis for deciding when to screen patients who have presented with premature atherosclerosis. In tum, identification of such genetically high-risk individuals provides a critical mechanism to single out families for whom early intervention and lifestyle changes should have disproportionate benefit.
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
Authors: Groostein Francine , Manson JoAnn E , Stampfer Meir J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in American women. Sev eral lines of evidence suggest that estrogen is an important mediator of women’s risk of heart disease. Rates of coronary heart disease (CHO) are relatively low among premenopausal women, but rise sharply with age. Furthermore, the ratio of rates be tween men and women grows narrower with increasing age (Figure 16.1). In addition, there is evidence of an increased risk of CHD among young women with bilateral oophorectomy (Stampfer 1990), unless they are treated with estrogen. Finally, accumulating data demonstrate that women who use estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) after menopause have lower rates of heart disease. In this chapter we review these data, including possible biologic mechanisms, and comment on the risk and benefit calculations which take into account all of the potential advantages and disadvantages of hormone use.
A Song
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They will not cough, but they’ll talk in their grave, Tis ominous to treat a poet ill, As tis our merry chimny guests to kill A poet like a cricket where he comes, Bodes good or ill, as he findes warmth or crums. Perhaps one cause, of mischief to mankind, Poets and saints, till dead no kindness find, The world admir’d, this mighty Cowleys wit But more admir’d, he had not bread to eat, Not only his, but Hudibras’s name, Serves to immortalize mans crying shame, In true necessity his days he pass’d, And by the parish, was inter’d at last.
Practical Oughts and Prohibitions
Authors: Greenspan P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us first turn to the problems raised by dilemmas for the logical principles governing ought-judgment. Williams’s early article focused attention on the clash between the principle that “ought” implies “can” and the principle of agglomeration-that OA and OB imply O(A & B)-both of which seem intuitively to characterize a strong action-guiding sense of “ought.” The same can be said of two other principles of standard deontic logic that later authors have brought into conflict on the assumption that dilemmas exist: the principle that “ought” implies “permissible” and the principle of deontic closure.
You Are What You Eat
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For years, scientists have been trying to convince us that what we eat or don’t eat-directly affects our health. This is certainly true during the years following menopause when women face increasingly high risks for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and some forms of cancer. These risks can be substantially magnified by dietary factors. For example, excess weight and a diet high in cholesterol, fat, and salt elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease. Excess use of alcohol and caffeine appears to increase the probability for both cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis.
Faraway Fields Are Green
Authors: Abraham William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people, when they hear that I was born and brought up in Northern Ireland, respond with a mixture of pity and curiosity. They feel pity because they are aware of the long history of strife and terror in Northern Ireland, and they wonder if I have lost friends or relatives. Unfortunately, this is indeed true. They express curiosity, partly because there is a natural interest in anything Irish and partly because they wonder how anyone could really take Christianity seriously given the connection between religion and conflict that has existed in Ireland for centuries. It is difficult to know how to react to this. Sometimes I am tempted to launch into a quick analysis of “The Troubles,” as we affectionately call the strife. Sometimes I want to provide a catalog of the extraordinary goodness of the people I know at home.
The Play of Language
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1981 Alan Schneider traveled to London with Danny Labeille to rehearse Billie Whitelaw in her dual role as Woman and Voice for a new play called Rockaby. He faced an impossible problem: how to make a complete evening of theater out of a technically complex drama whose performance time was to run slightly less than fifteen minutes. Beckett’s other play that dates from the same period, Ohio Impromptu, was clearly not a practical option for the kind of one-woman show the director had in mind. The evocation of this stage image was conceived for two seated male figures and required wigs, costume, makeup, and posture “as alike in appearance as possible.”1 That piece had in any case been promised to Stan Gontarski for the international Beckett symposium he was then organizing at the Ohio State University in Columbus. The solution Schneider came upon was ambitious but imperfect: with the playwright’s reluctant consent, Whitelaw would offer a staged reading of the short story Enough2as opener and preview.
Introduction
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February of 1997, the world was stunned to learn that a Scottish research group, headed by Ian Wilmut, had created a living lamb, Dolly, through cloning from an adult cell. The immediate reaction was a combination of wonder at this new scientific advance and of ethical concern about this new technological capacity. The ethics of research on cloning humans attracted particular concern. Throughout the world, political leaders (such as President Clinton of the United States, President Santer of the European Commission, and President Chirac of France) called upon their bioethics advisory committees to advise them about whether new official policies were needed to deal with this new issue of research ethics. These political leaders took for granted that new issues of research ethics were of concern to their governments and that there might be a need for new official ethics policies to be developed by official bioethics advisory boards.
Cooperative Phenomena
Authors: Scheiner Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of a H-bond causes certain changes in the internal geometries of each monomer. For example, the bridging hydrogen moves a little farther away from the donating atom. In addition to the deformations of the nuclear positions, the H-bond formation is accompanied by real redistributions in the electronic structure of each subunit. These polarizations are readily apparent from experimental spectra, as well as from molecular orbital calculations. Taking into account the above perturbations of the two molecules involved in a H-bonded dimer, it is reasonable to presume that the ability of either of these two molecules to form another H-bond is altered by their participation in the first bond.
A Latter-Day Lockean
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since my aim is to ascertain the particular kind of private property right that can still be successfully established on Lockean grounds, I shall have to relax the constraint, under which I was operating in the previous chapter, of considering only how far the Lockean argument succeeds ‘on its own terms.’ Relaxing this constraint requires me to bracket the contribution of those premisses of the Lockean argument that are no longer generally tenable and so to consider how far the argument succeeds without their support.
The Logic of Reliable Inquiry
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many proposed aims for scientific inquiry--to explain or predict events, to confirm or falsify hypotheses, or to find hypotheses that cohere with our other beliefs in some logical or probabilistic sense. This book is devoted to a different proposal--that the logical structure of the scientist’s method should guarantee eventual arrival at the truth given the scientist’s background assumptions. Interest in this methodological property, called “logical reliability,” stems from formal learning theory, which draws its insights not from the theory of probability, but from the theory of computability. Kelly first offers an accessible explanation of formal learning theory, then goes on to develop and explore a systematic framework in which various standard learning theoretic results can be seen as special cases of simpler and more general considerations. This approach answers such important questions as whether there are computable methods more reliable than Bayesian updating or Popper’s method of conjectures and refutations. Finally, Kelly clarifies the relationship between the resulting framework and other standard issues in the philosophy of science, such as probability, causation, and relativism. His work is a major contribution to the literature and will be essential reading for scientists, logicians, and philosophers
Fat
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1930 a young marine biologist called Alister Hardy returned from an Antarctic expedition and read a book by the eminent anatomist Professor Frederick Wood Jones. In it he came across the following passage:
The peculiar relationship of the skin to the underlying fascia is a very real distinction, familiar enough to anyone who has repeatedly skinned human sub jects and any other member of the Primates. The bed of subcutaneous fat adherent to the skin, so conspicuous in Man, is possibly related to his apparent hair reduction; though it is difficult to see why, if no other factor is involved, there should be such a basal difference between Man and the Chimpanzee.
Hardy was forcibly struck by what he read because he knew from first-hand experience that just such a layer of fat, bonded to the skin, was a common characteristic of most aquatic mammals.