bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Last Career
Authors: Heinz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
St. Jerome once referred to someone as pregnant with his own death. This metaphor invites reflection. Of what are the dying to be delivered? The art of dying may be thought of as the art of a good delivery. “Deathing” has emerged as an analogue of birthing, with accompanying Lamaze-like techniques and the participation of a coach. The substantial something to be delivered after the pregnancy of dying is the final form of the life we have lived. Death presents us with the urgency, nourished by our own anxieties about meaning, guilt, and finitude, to deliver a completed story. The gestation of dying is the time for life review and story completion.
Finishing the Story
Authors: Heinz Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty percent of deaths of the aged occur in the three months following their birthdays, while only 10 percent occur in the three months preceding their birthdays. People hold on to observe a final milestone. The completion of story has its own inner drive and promise. But we do not know what form it will take; sometimes we do not know how to begin. In recent decades there has been a recovery of the significance of narrative or story in theology.
The Woman Warrior versus the Chinaman Pacific,Must a Chinese American Critic Choose between Feminism and Heroism?
Authors: Cheung King-Kok 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Title O F The anthology notwithstanding, I will primarily be speaking not about topics that divide feminists but about conflicting politics of gender, as reflected in the literary arena, between Chinese American women and men.1 There are several reasons for my choice. First, I share the frustrations of many women of color that while we wish to engage in a dialogue with “mainstream” scholars, most of our potential readers are still unfamiliar with the historical and cultural contexts of various “minorities.” Furthermore, whenever I encounter words such as “conflicts,” “common differences,” or “divisive issues” in feminist studies, the authors more often than not are addressing the divergences either between French and Anglo-American theorists or, more recently, between white and nonwhite women. Both tendencies have the effect of recentering white feminism.
Place on the Edge
Authors: Lane Belden C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wild places have always tantalized the human imagination, captivating even as they unnerve. Vast and indifferent landscapes, from the Sinai Pen¬ insula in a bitter February to the rugged coast of Iona in rainy August, have a way of disarming one by with their austere beauty. In the eyes of poet and mystic, they become bearers of a forgotten yet insistent truth. Lawrence Kushner argues that: The memories of a place become a part of it. Places and things never forget what they have been witnesses to and vehicles of and entrances for. What has happened there happened nowhere else. Like ghosts who can neither forget what they have seen nor leave the place where they saw it, such are the memories tied to places of ascent.
Sinai and Tabor
Authors: Lane Belden C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 383/384 the Spanish nun and inveterate traveler Egeria concluded her famous pilgrimage to the Holy Land. She visited, among other places, two sacred mountains, making her way up the rough, granite slopes of Jebel Mussa in the barren desert of southern Sinai, and subsequently climbing Har Tavor, the lush, olive-green hill rising out of the plains of central Galilee in the north. By that time, in the late fourth century, these two sites were already associated by tradition with the great events of Moses’ encounter with Yahweh in Exodus 24 and Jesus’ transfiguration on the mount in Mark 9.3 According to legend, even Saint Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine, had been drawn there, building churches in both places.
Epilogue
Authors: Lane Belden C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desert demands the last word—even though it remains a silent place of forbidding mystery, absorbing the sound of all other voices in its fierce terrain. A group of white settlers learned this the hard way in the fall of 1849 as they set out from the Utah Territory toward gold fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California. They called themselves the Sand Walking Company, based upon their mispronunciation of the destination toward which they traveled. Taking a “shortcut” recommended to them by the leader of a passing pack train, they headed into a 140 mile-long stretch of desert waste known to us today as Death Valley. It was a tragic mistake.
William James and the Origins of Mystical Experience
Authors: Barnard G William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SEVERAL DECADES AGO, Western philosophers of religion frequently claimed that mystical experiences were the result of direct contact with an undefined, but usually vaguely Christian, Ultimate Reality. In recent years, however, a significant philosophical shift has taken place. In most contemporary philosophical discussions of mysticism, it is now almost axiomatic that mystical experiences are not so much revelations of a transcendent Ultimate Reality as they are highly refined, culturally produced, linguistically structured phenomena.
Saints’ Lives and the Rhetoric Of Gender
Authors: Kitchen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medieval lives of female saints have attracted wide attention in recent years. Some scholars have argued that such texts reveal a distinctive form of female sanctity which only female hagiographers managed properly to articulate, and important writings have been attributed to female authors on that assumption. In this revisionist work, John Kitchen tests such claims through a close examination of several texts--lives of both male and female saints, by authors of both sexes--from sixth century France. He argues that sometimes the “authentic voice” of the female writer or saint sounds emphatically male. This study gives examples of how both male and female authors sometimes depicted holy women talking, acting, or even dressing like their male counterparts. Ultimately, the author aims to cast doubt on the assumption that male authors were ignorant of or hostile toward certain—specifically female—concerns. By the same token, Kitchen’s work raises serious methodological problems with the gender approach to the hagiographic literature of the early Middle Ages.
Conclusion: A World Turned Upside-Down
Authors: Kitchen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The closing remarks in the previous chapter anticipate a few final observations that we can now make after having considered a significant body of hagiographic texts. Let us begin by summarizing the findings related to Gregory’s account of Monegund’s life because, of all the sources considered, this story offers the most unambiguous evidence. Certainly, there is a tendency among male writers to problematize gender when the subject of a biography is female. But a reference such as the one made by Gregory of Tours in his Life of Saint Monegund to women taking part in the manly contest for salvation is hardly out of keeping with what is now regarded as the “authentic voice” of some prominent holy women. If Gregory is negatively viewed on that count, then we shall also have to offer a similar assessment of sources such as those de­ scribing Perpetua’s vision or Caesaria’s letter to Radegund, texts highly regarded in the current research as documents that record the religious mentalite of early Christian women. However, the explicit reference to the “inferior sex” is something that we do not encounter even in those instances when women speak like men. Certainly, this attention to gender and the negative view of women as inferior mark a fundamental change in his rhetorical strategy. But aside from that phrase and initial focus, we cannot find other evidence that Gregory’s approach to the genre was significantly altered when he wrote about a female saint.
Maidservants of London: Sisterhoods of Kinship and Labor
Authors: Jones Ann Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Of Shakespeare’S Plays, comic and tragic, include ladies in waiting, often articulate ones such as Maria of Twelfth Night, who hatches a plot to protect her mistress against her steward’s ambition to marry her. Othello’s Emilia dies attempting to save her mistress’ reputation; Cleopatra’s Iras and Charmian, attendants so “conspicuously loyal” (as Elizabeth Brown reminds us in an essay in this volume) that they follow their queen in suicide. But ladies in waiting are gentlewomen, close in rank to the queens or aristocrats they serve. Companions to noblewomen in early modern courts and country estates historically constituted a very small percentage of women in service.
Women, Work, and Plays in an English Medieval Town
Authors: Wack Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although The Chester mystery cycle has been called the most “medieval” and conservative of the great dramatic cycles, when viewed from the perspective of women and work, it seems rather an uneasy negotiation between past and present, between medieval traditions and sixteenthcentury social commentary . Two scenes, often termed instances of “comic realism” added late in the cycle’s history and considered textually problematic, are powerful representations of change and loss in women’s lives that exemplify the liminal position of the Chester cycle. In the Noah play, Noah’s wife refuses to enter the ark when Noah orders her to board the boat. Verbal and physical sparring follow; in modern productions, this is usually played for comic effect.2 She then desires to join her friends and to divorce Noah. The passage concludes with a “good gossips’” drinking song sung as the waters of the flood rise and engulf the gossips before the eyes of Mrs. Noah and the audience (stanzas 25-31).
Women’s Networks and the Female Vagrant: A Hard Case
Authors: Mikalachki Jodi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing About Female vagrants and women’s networks might be described as an exercise in futility. The very term “female vagrant” evokes Wordsworth’s solitary wanderer, and perhaps the equally lonely career of Tess Durbeyfield, her descendant in the Victorian novel. The reflex of historicization, that is, looking to the research of early modern social and cultural historians to help us “get behind” Enlightenment and nineteenth-century constructions of gender and other social categories, initially offers no better hope for discussion of networks of female vagrants. Quantitative research on migrancy (including vagrancy) in early modern England informs us that networking among vagrants of either sex was a literary myth developed in the popular and wholly fictional genre of the rogue pamphlet. Furthermore, these statistical surveys suggest that women did not constitute an important part of the vagrant population; the surveys’ interpretive conclusions understandably concentrate on the dominant statistical profile of the single, young adult male laborer or servant, within fifty miles of his parish of origin, and travelling alone.1 Neither does the proscribed vision of a vagrant antisociety in the rogue pamphlets provide any framework for imagining women’s networks, depicting women largely in alliances with men.2 Even a recent feminist revision emphasizes the marginality of the female vagrant, comparing her to that great early-modern icon of the exceptional woman, Elizabeth I (Amussen, 1994).
The Appropriation of Pleasure in The Magnetic Lady
Authors: Ostovich Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Is True Pleasure, and who is allowed to have it? Or rather, who is allowed to have her? In The Magnetic Lady, Ben Jonson reduces these questions to matters of gender and class, allegorizing pleasure as two nubile fourteen-year-old girls, one the heiress Placentia, the other her foster-sister and waiting-woman Pleasance. Both names suggest delights ranging from sweet amiability to sexual gratification, although neither girl offers much beyond her own ignorance in the way of personality. But then Jonson does not offer them as anything other than figures of male fantasy, to be contemplated and competed for in the presence of other men, ratifying and ranking male victories or losses. The girls are conventional objects of desire, tokens of economic and social exchange, female bodies whose reproductive powers men appropriate as vehicles for transmitting and securing property. These blanket binaries inhibit more complicated characterizations that might otherwise mitigate the satirical context. But they do allow Jonson to establish the rightness of this system of feminine “nature” in the service of masculine “culture” by showing what happens when a household of women reappropriates maternity and motherhood in the course of their own pursuit of independent pleasure or profit.
Female Alliance and the Construction of Homoeroticism in As You Like It and Twelfth Night
Authors: Tvordi Jessica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Drama Tic Literature staged during the early modern period in England, female characters frequently form primary alliances with other women-alliances characterized by friendship, familial duty, socioeconomic dependence, service, the rejection of heterosexuality, and, in some cases, homoerotic desire. Although these alliances are often central to the plays that depict them, they are frequently dissolved in order to bring about heterosexual pairings, that work to limit female autonomy both socially and sexually. Rarely is there an effort by these female characters to resist this heterosexual imperative and acknowledge a space that privileges female alliances outside its purview. The alliances formed by Celia and Rosalind in As You Like It and Maria and Olivia in Twelfth Night are representative of this resistance. Characterized by a combination of female loyalty and socioeconomic dependence, the participants in these relationships support one another in the face of male challenges to female authority, and they rely upon one another to secure their positions within social and economic hierarchies. Whereas Rosalind and Olivia turn away from the security of the female alliance toward relationships with men, Celia and Maria oppose Rosalind’s and Olivia’s interests in heterosexual involvements, revealing that they are thoroughly invested in their friendships and are willing to take extreme measures to maintain them.
“Companion Me with My Mistress”: Cleopatra, Elizabeth I, and Their Waiting Women
Authors: Brown Elizabeth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Court Of Elizabeth I provides a useful model for the staged version of Cleopatra’s court in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra (Jankowski, 1989, 1992; Morris; Rinehart). Comparisons of Elizabeth and Shakespeare’s Cleopatra tend to focus on how these queens managed display and spectacle as a component of their political power. However, the differences in the ways they structured their courts, specifically their attendant women, are also striking. This investigation of the complex correspondences between the courts of these two queens focuses on the alliance between the monarch and her waiting women. Although historians have often discounted the role of Elizabeth’s female courtiers and critics have largely ignored the waiting women in Shakespeare’s play, an examination of the presence or absence of an extensive network of family members, courtiers, advisors, and servants who provide support for and validation of power reveals a surprising strength of Elizabeth’s use of her Privy Chamber and a corresponding weakness in Cleopatra’s use of her household as a strategy of power.
Tracing Women’s Connections from a Letter by Elizabeth Ralegh
Authors: Robertson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assembling Evidence Of Women’ s alliances presents a challenge because historical records tend to privilege male experiences as performed within the major institutional structures of a society. Evidence that women engaged in collective rather than singular activity remains frustratingly elusive; while men’s connections in early modern England were often marked by formal legal instruments such as indenture or guild membership, women’s groupings were often more informal and less frequently documented.1 Letters by and about women are a resource that can provide suggestions of women’s connections, even though women’s letters in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries tend to have somewhat restricted purposes and are often written to men, usually those with greater power in the patronage network. This essay considers one tantalizing example of collective activity by women: a list of women’s names added as an endorsement to the back of a letter written by Elizabeth Throckmorton, Lady Ralegh, soon after her husband’s conviction for treason. At first glance, the list of names seems arbitrary and difficult to identify, the titles and surnames uncontextualized by place or institutional rank. Identifying the names, in itself a difficult task, provides suggestive evidence that this list marks an informal alliance of women based in a kinship network.
The Dearth of the Author
Anonymity’s Allies and Swetnam the Woman-hater
Authors: Wayne Valerie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And undoubtedly, I thought, looking at the shelf where there are no plays by women, her work would have gone unsigned. That refuge she would have sought certainly. It was the relic of the sense of chastity that dictated anonymity to women even so late as the nineteenth century.... Thus they did homage to the convention that publicity in women is detestable. Anonymity runs in their blood. Virginia Woolf VIRGINIA WOOLF’S REMARK ABOUT anonymity is valuable not only as an observation on women’s probable condition in early modern print culture but also as a description of women’s recurring position as a subject of indeterminate gender, sexuality, and language, a subject never fully present or adequately articulated in texts-but notentirely absent, either. Yet however useful anonymity and pseudonymity might have been to women authors, those modes of publication prompt a host of questions for critics doing gender-based analysis.
Afterword: Producing New Knowledge
Authors: Howard Jeane. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Time Seems Right for this volume, focusing as it does on women’s alliances in the early modern period, partly because it allows us to mark the distance we as feminists have come since we unself-consciously embraced the slogan: “Sisterhood is powerful.” Sisterhood is powerful, of course, but it is also often achieved by some women at the expense of others and is notoriously unstable, because “woman” is not in any simple sense a unitary social category. What is particularly bracing about the present volume is its hardheaded acknowledgment of the many things that separate women from one another-status and class, age, race, marital status, geographical location-and at the same time its optimism about the ways in which such knowledge opens possibilities for forging more adequate collectivities.
Mahākāśyapa’s Smile Silent Transmission And The Kung-An (Koan) Tradition
Authors: Welter Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One THE most famous kung-an in the Ch’an tradition relates the story of how the Buddha’s disciple, Mahakasyapa, broke into a smile when the Buddha held up a flower to an assembly of the san:zgha on Vulture Peak. The standard version of this well-known story is recorded in one of the most widely used kung-an (koan) collections, the Wu-men kuan (J. Mumonkan).
Koan And Kensho In The Rinzai Zen Curriculum
Authors: Hori G Victor Sogen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a widely accepted model, a koan is a clever psychological device designed to induce satori or kensho. The koan is said to pose to the Zen practitioner a paradox unsolvable by the rational, intellectualizing mind. Driven into an ever more desperate corner by his repeated futile attempts to solve what cannot be rationally solved, the practitioner finally breaks through the barrier of rational intellection to the realm of preconceptual and prelinguistic consciousness variously called pure consciousness, no-mind, without-thinking, or emptiness. This breakthrough is called satori or kenshi5. The cleverness of the koan consists in the fact that rather than attacking reason and logic from outside, the koan uses reason to drive itself into a selfcontradiction and cause its own destruction. In this picture, the koan is fundamentally an instrument and has no use except as a means for psychologically inducing kensho. These two notions-the koan as nonrational, psychological instrument, and kenshi5 as the breakthrough to nonrational, noncognitive, pure consciousness-nicely support each other.
Prologue: August 1945
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 700 P.M. EWT (Eastern War Time) on August 14, 1945, President Harry Truman announced to a packed press conference that World War II had ended. It was Victory over Japan (V-J) Day. Hearing the news, crowds that had stood all day in front of the White House set up a chant, “We want Harry.” Truman, with his wife Bess at his side, shortly appeared on the lawn. “This is a great day,” he said. “The day we’ve all been looking for. ... We face the greatest task ... and it is going to take the help of all of you to do it.”
Veterans, Ethnics, Blacks, Women
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many things that middle-class Americans took for granted by the 1960s scarcely existed for the 139.9 million people who inhabited the forty-eight states in 1945 or for the 151. 7 million in 1950. Consider a few of these things: supermarkets, malls, fast-food chains, residential air-conditioning, ranch-style homes, freezers, dishwashers, and detergents. Also ballpoint pens, hi-fis, tape recorders, long-playing records, Polaroid cameras, computers, and transistors. And four-lane highways, automatic transmissions and direction signals, tubeless tires, and power steering. In 1945 only 46 percent of households had a telephone; to get long distance, people paid a good deal and asked for an operator. In 1950, 10 percent of families had television sets and 38 percent had never seen a TV program. Although 33 million of America’s roughly 38 million households in 1945 had radios, these were for the most part bulky things cased in wooden cabinets, and they took time to warm up. Some 52 percent of farm dwellings, inhabited by more than 25 million people, had no electricity in 1945.
Booms
Authors: Patterson James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic growth was indeed the most decisive force in the shaping of attitudes and expectations in the postwar era. The prosperity of the period broadened gradually in the late 1940s, accelerated in the 1950s, and soared to unimaginable heights in the 1960s. By then it was a boom that astonished observers. One economist, writing about the twenty-five years following World War II, put it simply by saying that this was a “quarter century of sustained growth at the highest rates in recorded history.” Former Prime Minister Edward Heath of Great Britain agreed, observing that the United States at the time was enjoying “the greatest prosperity the world has ever known.”