bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Description of Other Possible Mispricings
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten pricing anomalies are discussed in Chapters 2 through 11. However, there are many more perceived anomalies in financial markets— probably in the hundreds. Some of the so-called anomalies have little basis or research associated with them. For example, street folklore would have you believe that an NFC win in the Super Bowl is good for the stock market. Whether true or not, there is no scientific or economic basis for such an assertion. This chapter briefly discusses many other mispricings that have not been disproved by academic research. The list of references at the end of each mispricing allows the reader to learn more about that mispricing.
There are many mispricings that have been discovered by academic and practitioner research that have not been discussed in previous chapters. While it is not possible to list all possible anomalies and nonanomalies, a few popular or interesting anomalies are listed below, with a brief description relating to that anomaly.
Nanoscale Energy Transport And Conversion
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a graduate level textbook in nanoscale heat transfer and energy conversion that can also be used as a reference for researchers in the developing field of nanoengineering. It provides a comprehensive overview of microscale heat transfer, focusing on thermal energy storage and transport. Chen broadens the readership by incorporating results from related disciplines, from the point of view of thermal energy storage and transport, and presents related topics on the transport of electrons, phonons, photons, and molecules. This book is part of the MIT-Pappalardo Series in Mechanical Engineering.
Material Waves And Energy Quantization
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For macroscopic systems, we take the continuity of many variables for granted, including the continuity in energy. For example, the heat flux along a rod through conduction, according to the Fourier law, can be continuously varied to any desired value by controlling the temperature difference and the material properties. The microscopic picture of energy, however, is entirely different. According to quantum mechanical principles, the permissible energy levels of matter (electrons, crystals, molecules, and so on) are often discontinuous. Differences in allowable energy levels among materials are major factors that distinguish them from each other. For example, why is glass transparent in the visible light range but not silicon, and why are some materials electrical insulators but others are conductors? In this chapter, we introduce the basic quantum mechanical concepts necessary to appreciate various energy states found in different materials. It should be remembered that these energy states represent the range of possibilities for the matter but do not tell which state the matter will be in. The latter depends on the temperature, a topic we will discuss in chapter 4. Important concepts that should be mastered through this chapter include the wave-particle duality, the Schrodinger equation and the meaning of the wave function, the Pauli exclusion principle, quantum states, and degeneracy. Solutions of the Schr6dinger equation for various simple yet very common potentials will be given. Key concepts and results of this chapter are summarized in the last section of the chapter.
Energy States In Solids
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter introduced the energy levels in simple potential fields, such as quantum wells, harmonic oscillators, atoms, and molecules. In this chapter, we will discuss energy levels in solids. We focus our discussion on single crystals, which are the simplest form of solids because the atoms are regularly arranged. As we will see, crystal periodicity plays a central role in determining the energy levels. So we will start by discussing crystal structures, including lattices and the potentials binding the atoms into a crystal. Since atoms in solids are packed closely, the electron wave functions of individual atoms overlap and form new wave functions and, correspondingly, new electron energy levels. The interatomic forces bond nuclei together so that the vibration of the atoms inside the crystal is strongly coupled. The collective atomic vibration can be decomposed into normal modes extending over the crystal and the basic energy quantum of each normal mode is called a phonon, in the same way of that the basic energy quantum of an electromagnetic mode is called a photon. Each electron and phonon wave function is characterized by a frequency (or energy) and a wave vector. The relationship between the energy and the wave vector is called the dispersion relation, which plays a central role in determining the properties of the crystal. We limit mathematical derivations to the dispersion relations of electrons and phonons in one-dimensional periodic structures and explain the energy levels in real crystals without a more detailed mathematical derivation, because the dispersion relation in a real crystal can be appreciated on the basis of a sound understanding of the behavior of a one-dimensional periodic system. The energy levels in crystals are highly degenerate. A very useful tool that takes into account the degeneracy of the energy states is the density of states, which will be used repeatedly throughout the book and should be mastered.
Classical Size Effects
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In section 6.3.6, we discussed the premises of the diffusion laws. Generally, for the diffusion laws to be applicable, the length scale of the structures in which the transport occurs must be much larger than the mean free path and the time scale of the process must be much longer than the relaxation time. When one or both of these conditions is violated, the transport can no longer be described by diffusion theory. Chapter 5 examined interface and size effects from the wave propagation point of view. In this chapter, we will study size effects on transport processes by treating energy carriers as particles to which the Boltzmann equation is applicable. In this sense, we are dealing with classical size effects. However, even under the particle picture, quantum effects can be included to a certain extent, based on consideration of factors such as the density of states and statistical distributions. For example, when we take the energy of one phonon as hv, we are implicitly using the quantum concept. Classical size effects on transport processes and transport properties of all the energy carriers have been studied in the past. Classical size effects on electron transport were summarized in the book of Tellier and Tosser (1982). The transport of photons is inherently related to the conditions at the boundaries, due to the long photon mean free path in weakly absorbing and scattering media, and thus the vast literature on photon transport is always a good source to consult for solutions and solution methods of the Boltzmann equation. Another useful source of reference is the past literature on neutron transport (Davison, 1957), built on the neutron Boltzmann equation. Flow and heat transfer of rarefied gas has also been studied extensively in the past (Cercignani, 2000). Studies of size effects on phonon transport began in the 1930s through Casimir’s pioneering work (Casimir, 1938).
Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far most of our discussion of energy storage and energy transport has been built on the reciprocal space: the dispersion relations between wavevectors and frequencies. We discarded the history of the motion of individual particles (electrons and atoms) and focused on their collective modal behavior. However, the approximate trajectory of individual particles can be traced if the computational power is sufficient, and from the calculated trajectory of all the particles we can evaluate the desired macroscopic properties or examine the microscopic processes in real space. When the particles are individual molecules or atoms, the approach is typically called molecular dynamics simulation. In classical molecular dynamics, the equations of motion for each individual atom in the system are established on the basis of an empirical interatomic force (or potential) and Newton’s second law. These equations for all the atoms in the system are coupled through the interatomic potential and solved numerically. A quantum molecular dynamics simulation solves the coupled time-dependent Schrodinger equations for all the particles in the system. Exact direct numerical solution of the Schrodinger equations for a system comprising a large number of particles is impractical, and so various approximations have been used. For example, Car and Parrinello (1985) combined the classical atomistic simulation for atomic ions with the density function theory for electrons. Both classical and quantum molecular dynamic simulations require extensive computation but are becoming increasingly useful as computers become faster. The simulation results are usually analyzed on the basis of statistical mechanics principles. In this chapter, we focus on classical molecular dynamic simulations, since quantum molecular dynamics is still limited to a small number of atoms. Molecular dynamic simulation methods have been used as a basic tool in a wide range of fields. A single chapter will not be able to cover even a small number of potential applications.
Language
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, biologists have increasingly seen human beings as just one kind of animal. Darwin’s theory of evolution claims that we are descended from other, earlier kinds of animals by natural selection. Biologists are not surprised, therefore, that our respiration, nutrition, and reproduction are typically mammalian; and that our cells look very like the cells of other animals, with their nuclei and cytoplasm and the multiplicity of organelles that we can see under an electron-microscope. But even a biologist would have to agree that we have some important distinctive traits, and one of the most important is that we use language, to speak, to write, and, some would say, to think. So far as we know, we are the only animals, from the amoeba to the elephant, that naturally use language. Furthermore, many of the other distinguishing.
Science
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every day, in newspapers all around the world, astrologers tell people what life has in store for them. Under each of the star signs, which go with birthdates, there is a short message telling, say, Taureans to take special care in financial matters or Librans to expect progress in affairs of the heart. People make many kinds of criticism of these horoscopes: that they are vague, or that they are inaccurate, or that they make people fatalistic. All of these criticisms could have been made of astrological predictions any time in the last 2,500 years, anytime since Socrates. But there is one kind of criticism that is relatively modern and that is made very often nowadays. It is that astrology is unscientific.
Metaphysics
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first chapter of this book whose title is a technical philosopher’s word. That word—“metaphysics”—was first used as the name of a book by Aristotle, and what it means takes a certain amount of explanation. But it’s important to say something about metaphysics in any introduction to philosophy, because this subject is central to the Western philosophical tradition. The origin of the word “metaphysics” seems to have been this. The Greek adverb “meta” can mean “beyond.” Aristotle had written a book called the Physics, which was about what we would call “natural science.” Aristotle (or his students) called the book that followed his Physics “the book beyond the Physics.” So, etymologically at least, metaphysics is the subject that comes after natural science.
Inventing a Better Mousetrap
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old saying “Build a better mousetrap, and the world will beat a path to your door” is widely attributed to Emerson. In his article on the history of the mousetrap as an invention, writer JackHope points out that Emerson really wrote something quite different: “If a man has good corn or wood, or boards, or pigs, to sell, or can make better chairs or knives, crucibles or church organs, than anybody else, you will find a broad hard-beaten road to his house, though it be in the woods.” Emerson said nothing about mousetraps. In 1889, however— (seven years after Emerson died)—someone quoted him as having said, “If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap than his neighbor . . .” and so on.
After Modern
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern was not displaced by other ideas. Rather, it simply ranout of energy. Technological growth did not abate, nor didthe seemingly new technologies that arose in the near wakeof Modern—the space program and computers, for example—seem discontinuous with the past. Rocketry and computers could easily have lent themselves to the unique verve of Modern, and they had, indeed, been evolving for a long time as a part of Modern.
I might liken the end of Modern to a great caravan that reaches one river, perhaps a little more formidable than most of the previous rivers it has crossed. There the travelers finally lose their collective confidence and stop.
A Picture of Human Suffering
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1859, Brevet Major James Henry Carleton received the orders that would mark his place in Utah history. He and his First Dragoons were to escort Maj. Henry Prince, U.S. Army paymaster, on the first leg of his journey from California’s Fort Tejon to northern Utah’s Camp Floyd.1 But that was not all. “When I left Los Angeles,” Carleton later explained, “General [N. S.] Clarke, commanding the department of California, directed me to bury the bones of the victims of that terrible massacre” at the Mountain Meadows in southern Utah.
Exiles from Freedom
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mormons knew they were “peculiar” people. They had no prepared liturgies, no starched clerical collars, and no purchased pews. They accepted new scripture, including the Book of Mormon, and considered their church “the only true and living church upon the face of the whole earth”—the only one with God’s authority. They gathered themselves into their own communities, where their leaders preached that they should be one people— unified—and in those days that went for their politics, too. For them, social, political, and religious issues mingled as easily as they did for Puritans in seventeenth-century New England.
Restless and Excited Beings
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
West of South Pass in what became the state of Wyoming, most California-bound over landers turned toward what is now Idaho, avoiding all but the northwest corner of present-day Utah. Others drove southwest into Salt Lake City—and thereby added miles, trail time, and the worry of mingling with the reputedly fanatical Mormons. Despite the rumors, those who braved the Mormon capital found a bit of frontier civilization.
Make It an Indian Massacre
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along the California road some 250 miles south of Salt Lake City and 20 miles south of Parowan lay Cedar City, the heart of the Mormons’ Iron Mission. To Brigham Young and his people, iron making was almost a religious sacrament, as worthy a Saint’s consideration as preaching the gospel. Iron making even became a Mormon metaphor. “We found a Scotch party, a Welch party, an English party, and an American party,” reported Mormon apostle Erastus Snow after touring the area in 1852, “and we . . . put all these parties through the furnace, and run out a party of Saints for building up the Kingdom of God.”
Decoyed Out and Destroyed
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hours after nightfall on Thursday, the new detachments from Cedar City reached Hamblin’s ranch house at the north end of the Meadows and set up camp. A few key men “found Lee and others, and found how matters stood.” Lee “and some of the principal chiefs of the Indians were gathered” at Hamblin’s, awaiting word from Cedar. Higbee relayed the orders, saying they had come from Haight and Dame. The emigrants were “to be decoyed out and destroyed with the exception of the small children” who were “too young to tell tales,” Higbee said, “and if the Indians cannot do it without help, we must help them.”
Setting The Scene
Authors: Hunter Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s Symposium is the account of a (presumably fictional) gathering in the house of the Athenian tragic poet Agathon to celebrate his first victory in one of the great dramatic festivals of the city; the work itself was probably composed in the period and belongs to the same broad period as some of Plato’s other most famous works, such as Phaedo, Phaedrus, and Republic. The Symposium looks back to a remarkable period in Athenian history, shortly before the city undertook a major military expedition to Sicily which was to end in disaster and which, at least with hind-sight.
The Morning After
Authors: Hunter Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Symposium has always been one of Plato’s most read, most influential, and most imitated works. No doubt this has much to do with the universal appeal of its subject matter — no Greek text is, for example, cited more often in Roland Barthes’s famous Lover’s Discourse — but it is also the rich variety of the work, together with its accessibility to readers with little philosophical training, which have given it a place of honor in the reception of Platonic ideas. Unsurprisingly, of course, some parts — Pausanias’s “Two Venuses,” the speeches of Aristophanes (cited as early as Aristotle) and Diotima, the entry of Alcibiades (depicted by, inter alios, Rubens, Testa, and Feuerbach),2 Alcibiades’ night with Socrates — have proved more memorable and worthy of allusion than others, but the work as a whole has shaped the way that the “golden age” of classical Athens has been imagined.
The Enduring Ottoman Legacy
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand the origin and evolution of contemporary Turkish Islamic movements and their relationship with the Kemalist Republic, it is necessary to understand the formative impact of the Ottoman state tradition. This continuity of the state tradition continued through the Kemalist period, as the Republican regime consciously aggregated political and economic power in order to create a rationalized homogenous nation-state. Societal groups, however, reacted strongly against the Republican elite’s policies of forced homogenization and the displacement of Ottoman-Islamic institutions and traditions. This overt hostility was repressed during the early years of the Republic but surfaced after a multiparty political system tentatively was instituted in 1945-1946. In the case of Turkey, democratization and liberalization have brought Islamic and Ottoman traditions and idioms closer to the center of politics. The relationship between democratization and Islamic movements is not causal but rather constitutive. A diffuse Islamic political and cultural identity served as a focal point around which popular discontent with the authoritarian policies of the ruling Republican People’s Party (CHP: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi) rallied.
The Tempering of the kemalist Revolution
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1950s represent an ambiguous period for the Turkish Republic; the state gradually came to view religion as a possible antidote for coping with embryonic leftist/communist movements. During the period 1950-1980, as a result of the circumscribed emergence of participatory politics, the reinfiltration of Islam into public life became quite apparent. This was most striking in the case of the DP, which quickly trounced Mustafa Kemal’s own Republican CHP in the pivotal election of May 1950. The political opening in terms of a multiparty system in 1950 was a catalyst for Islamic groups to participate in the system. The 1961 constitution enabled associational life and created new autonomous institutions to curtail party politics. Islamic groups very much invested in party politics, whereas the leftist movement focused on the associational life. The 1971 coup tried to curtail this associational life and opened the way for conservative nationalist-Islamic groups to become politically active. When diverse groups started to penetrate the state and redefine it, the military intervened again to insulate the state from the society.
The Political Economy of Islamic Discourse
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary Turkish society is experiencing simultaneously the processes of economic growth and political liberalization on the one hand and the development of an assertive Islamic political movement on the other. This chapter seeks to address this seeming paradox by demonstrating how several decades of economic expansion and political liberalization have provided the grounds for the construction of a modem Islamic political identity. One must ask whether these processes are causal or constitutive. What is the impact of economic transformation on local, national, and Islamic identity? How do these identities, in tum, shape economic interests and policies?
The Role of Literacy and the Media in the Islamic Movement
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are always changing and becoming But this is to state another basic condition of making sense of ourselves, that we grasp our life in a narrative In order to have a sense of who we are, we have to have a notion of how we have become, and of where we are going.
Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self
The momentous transformation of primordial religious identity into a modem political identity in Turkey has been carried out via a revolution in mass printing and education and the creation of a new genre of Muslim intellectuals.1 This transformation, which promises paradoxically a renaissance of Turkish Islamic thought and culture and its internal secularization and pluralization, is the most profound phenomenon on the horizon, transcending any particular individual or movement. The locus for this, as well as much else, in terms of Turkish Islamic sociopolitical movements, has been the Nakşibendi order. It served as the conduit of change and allowed the transformation of orally based tekkes (Sufi lodges) into textual communities, a change made possible by the revolution in media technology and mediated by a new autonomous class of Muslim intellectuals. This process, in tum, has endowed the current generation of Turkish Muslims with a sense of agency, encouraging them to participate in politics so that they may better shape the society they live in.