bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How rheumatologists and patients with rheumatoid arthritis discuss exercise and the influence of discussions on exercise prescriptions
Authors: Iversen Maura D. , Eaton Holley M. , Daltroy Lawren H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo describe how patients and their rheumatologists discuss exercise, and to identify predictors of exercise prescriptions.MethodsTwenty‐five rheumatologists and 132 patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed questionnaires and were audiotaped during a subsequent clinic visit. Chi‐square andt‐tests assessed associations between variables. Principal components analysis identified patterns of talk about exercise. Multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of an exercise prescription.ResultsSeventy of the 132 patients (53%) discussed exercise. Of these, 18 (26%) received an exercise prescription. Principal components analysis identified 3 patterns of talk about exercise. Aerobic exercise discussions contained more information about drawbacks, side effects, pain, and bargaining than did discussions about general exercises, and referral to physical therapy for exercise. Significant predictors of a prescription included rheumatologist‐initiated discussion about exercise (odds ratio [OR] 4.6;P= 0.03); talk about exercise in improving function, exercise instructions, opinions about the usefulness of exercise (OR 3.1;P= 0.01); and discussions about non‐exercise treatments (OR 1.6;P= 0.01).ConclusionExercise and referral to physical therapy for exercise are discussed differently and are 4 times more likely to occur when the rheumatologist initiates the discussion. These discussions strongly impact on the likelihood a patient receives an exercise prescription.
Psychopathic traits in adolescent offenders: an evaluation of criminal history, clinical, and psychosocial correlates
Authors: Campbell Mary Ann , Porter Stephen , Santor Darcy 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAlthough a large body of research has established the relevance of psychopathy to adult offenders, its relevance to adolescent offenders is far less clear. The current study evaluated the clinical, psychosocial and criminal correlates of psychopathic traits in a sample of 226 male and female incarcerated adolescent offenders. According to an 18‐item version of the Psychopathy Checklist—Youth Version (PCL‐YV; Forth, Kosson, & Hare, 2003), only 9.4% exhibited a high level of psychopathic traits (PCL‐YV≥25). Consistent with past research, higher PCL‐YV scores were positively associated with self‐reported delinquency and aggressive behavior and were unrelated to emotional difficulties. Although higher PCL‐YV scores were associated with the experience of physical abuse, the only psychosocial factor to predict PCL‐YV scores was a history of non‐parental living arrangements (e.g. foster care). In terms of criminality, a violent/versatile criminal history was positively associated with psychopathic traits. However, PCL‐YV scores were unrelated to participants' official criminal records for total, non‐violent, violent, and technical violation convictions. In conclusion, the data partially support the construct validity of psychopathy with adolescent offenders, but some inconsistencies with prior adult and adolescent psychopathy research were evident. These issues are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors affecting clinical referral of young children with a subdural haemorrhage to child protection agencies
Authors: Sanders Tom , Cobley Cathy , Coles Lisa , Kemp Alison 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe research on which this paper is based aimed to identify the social and legal consequences when young children sustain a suspected non‐accidental subdural haemorrhage; and to examine the clinical and social factors that impact on clinical referral decisions. Data were collected from medical, social services, police and court ﬁles for information on the management of children with these injuries by various agencies in the South West of England and South Wales. Data were collected on the case management of young children from time of presentation to hospital through to referral to police and social services. The paper shows that children who are most at risk of shaking injuries are likely to be very young babies between 3 and 5 months of age. They are most likely to come from deprived households where parental stability is weak and where social support for the carers is limited. Referral of children by paediatricians to child protection agencies is not always carried out in cases where coexisting signs indicate a strong reason for referral. It is recommended that paediatricians and other clinicians involved in the care of young children should embark on a multidisciplinary process of assessment and training in the identiﬁcation of non‐accidental head injury in very young children and babies, to reduce their risk of future harm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fractures in infants: one in four is non‐accidental
Authors: Hoskote Aparna U. , Martin Katherine , Hormbrey Philip , Burns E. Claire 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe study examines the cause of fractures in infants under a year of age presenting to an Accident and Emergency (A&E) department in order to ascertain the proportion of non‐accidental (NA) to accidental fractures. It also considers whether there were any child protection concerns in either group in the 4–5 years following the fracture. The study involved a retrospective review of notes of infants presenting with fractures over a 2‐year period. Health visitors (HV) completed a questionnaire regarding the well‐being of these children 4–5 years after the fracture occurred. The study identiﬁed 28 infants with fractures, seven NA and 21 accidental. Of the seven NA cases, ﬁve were diagnosed on presentation but two only on subsequent referral (2 days and 5 weeks later). On second presentation, one of these had more severe injuries. Six of the seven with NA fractures were male, ﬁve were less than 4 months of age and in four a skeletal survey revealed other fractures. Information from the HV questionnaire revealed that one of those considered to have had an accidental fracture in infancy was later put on the Social Services child protection register. It was concluded that fractures in infants under a year of age have a high risk of being NA and distinguishing these cases from accidental fractures can be difﬁcult. The younger the infant, the greater the risk of a fracture being NA. A missed diagnosis may result in a child sustaining more severe injuries. A&E departments should have clear guidelines on the assessment of infants with fractures. Liaison with HVs and general practitioners is important to ensure primary care advice on accident prevention and to allow for surveillance regarding possible neglectful care. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic review of instruments designed to predict child maltreatment during the antenatal and postnatal periods
Authors: Peters Rebecca , Barlow Jane 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this review was to identify instruments designed to predict future child maltreatment and to evaluate their predictive accuracy. A number of electronic databases were searched to identify published studies. Only studies that had utilized a prospective methodology and tested at least one standardized instrument designed to identify families during the antenatal or postnatal periods who are at increased risk of maltreatment were included in the review. Eight studies were included that had prospectively tested a standardized instrument to predict child maltreatment during the antenatal or postnatal periods. Only six of the included studies followed up the entire sample, and of these only two did not provide an intervention for some or all of the high‐risk group. While many of the included instruments obtained sensitivity and speciﬁcity above 80%, only two of the included instruments combined speciﬁcity over 80% with a positive predictive value above 25%. Currently available instruments have limited accuracy, suggesting that they should only be used to focus non‐punitive interventions. These ﬁndings, in conjunction with other issues such as the stigma attached to the use of such instruments and difﬁculties in their application within a clinical and research context, suggest the need for a new approach to the identiﬁcation of parents in need of higher levels of intervention. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shaken baby syndrome—an introduction to the literature
Authors: Wheeler Philip L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractShaken baby syndrome is not a new phenomenon, with changes in the brains of abused children having been described as early as the nineteenth century. It is, however, a complex condition in which controversies abound. This introduction to the literature includes both medical and sociolegal perspectives on the history, prevalence and nature of shaken baby syndrome. Both diagnosis and management require a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach, including input from ophthalmology and radiology. All professionals involved in managing shaken baby syndrome need to be aware of the many debates on the subject, including issues around a lucid interval following the trauma; the degree of trauma required; the mechanism of the injury; and differential diagnoses that need to be considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Potential of Surfactant Modified Supercritical Fluids for Dissolving Polar Dyes
Authors: Lewin‐Kretzschmar U. , Harting P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe solubility of different polar dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide and ethane (scCO2 and scC2H6), both modified and unmodified with various surfactants and solvents was determined at temperatures from 323–373 K and in pressure range from 10–45 MPa. The solubility data were correlated with some empirical equations. Furthermore, dyeing experiments with wool and cotton dyes were conducted in order to characterize the impact of modifiers on the dyeing procedure and coloring properties and to prove the practicability of modified fluid systems for commercial procedures.
Investigation of Liquid Flow in Adjacent Permeable Conduits
Authors: Aliev M.R. , Aliev R.Z. , Aliev A.R. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractStationary liquid flow in long (to l/d = 1250) adjacent conduits separated by a permeable membrane was studied for Π and Z flow geometries and input Reynolds numbers from 2870 to 9363. The distributions of water pressure along and pressure difference between the conduits were obtained. Experimental data were compared with the numerical solution of equations derived from the momentum equation and the three‐range formula for the friction coefficient. Changes in the liquid flow regimes in the conduits are taken into account; the boundary‐layer Re numbers for three ranges where the friction coefficient was calculated – Re < 2500, 2500 < Re < 4000, and Re > 4000 – are given.
Temperature Effect on Removal of Sulfur Dioxide and Benzene in Humid Air by DC Corona Discharge
Authors: Sano N. , Fukuoka M. , Kanki T. , Tanthapanichakoon W. , Charinpanitkul T. , Tamon H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA DC corona discharge reactor was applied to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) and benzene (C6H6) from N2‐O2‐H2O mixed gas in the temperature range from room temperature to 400 °C. When SO2 was removed, the temperature elevation caused the decrease of the removal efficiency of SO2. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of C6H6 was not significantly influenced by the temperature elevation. In the simultaneous removal of SO2 and C6H6 in the relatively low temperature range below 200 °C, the removal efficiency of SO2 is significantly inhibited by coexisting C6H6. When the simultaneous removal was conducted in the high temperature range, the removal efficiency of SO2 was not sensitive against the coexisting C6H6. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of C6H6 was almost independent of coexisting SO2 at all temperatures. A hypothesis of reaction mechanism was discussed based on radical reactions with SO2 and C6H6 to explain the trend observed in the experiment.
Microwave‐Assisted Heterogeneous Gas‐Phase Catalysis
Authors: Will Heiko , Scholz Peter , Ondruschka Bernd 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article reviews microwave‐assisted heterogeneous gas‐phase catalysis. To date, this special means of non‐classical energy input by microwave radiation is still a fringe area of catalysis research, and alternative reaction engineering in chemistry and chemical engineering. However, microwave‐assisted heterogeneous gas‐phase catalysis is expected to gain significant popularity in academia and industry in the near future. Experimental set‐ups that have been described in literature are critically reviewed, and concepts for the design of improved experimental set‐ups are provided in this article. Historical developments, current tendencies, and a short introduction to the theory of dielectric heating are discussed.
Kinetics of Photocatalyzed Gas Reactions Using Titanium Dioxide as the Catalyst – Part I: Photocatalyzed Total Oxidation of Olefines with Oxygen
Authors: Haeger A. , Kleinschmidt O. , Hesse D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn order to obtain a useful expression for the kinetics of the photocatalyzed total oxidation reaction of olefines with TiO2 as the catalyst, the dependence of reaction rate on the concentration of the educt species, the absorbed irradiation intensity, the wavelength of the light and the temperature was investigated. The experiments were performed in a CSTR system. The results obtained for steady‐state conditions showed that besides the photocatalytic activity, the TiO2 powder fixed on one wall of the reactor has, in addition, a thermal activity for higher temperature. Although the reaction behavior of the system is relatively complex, it can be modeled straightforward by a concept proposing a cooperative coadsorption of oxygen and the olefine species mediated by the electron/hole pairs generated by the absorbed light on the semiconductor's surface.
The Role of Mass Transfer in the Kinetics of Chemical Oxidation of Anthracine Slurry to Anthraquinone in a Batch Stirred Tank Reactor
Authors: Amin N.K. , Nosier S.A. , Hassan M.S.M. , Sedahmed G.H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of chemical oxidation of anthracine powder by acidified dichromate in a batch agitated vessel stirred by a 45° four pitched blade turbine impeller was studied under different conditions. Variables studied were impeller rotation speed, solution physical properties and temperature. The rate of anthracine oxidation was found to increase with temperature according to the Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 3.98 cal/mole. The rate of anthracine oxidation was found to increase with 0.56 power of impeller rotation speed. The value of the activation energy and the sensitivity of the rate of oxidation to stirring lend support to the diffusion‐controlled nature of the reaction. The data were correlated by the equation:Sh = 0.5 · 10–3 Sc0.33 · Fr0.33Implication of the above equation for the operation of industrial reactors was noted.
Effect of Ultrasound on the Production Reaction Kinetics of Sodium Thiosulfate
Authors: Ingeç T. , Tekin T. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIt is known that the production reaction of sodium thiosulfate which consists of the reaction of Na2SO3 with sulfur is considerably slow. Ultrasound energy was used to increase the conversion fraction of sulfur and to accelerate the production reaction of Na2S2O3, and the effect of ultrasonic energy on the reaction kinetics was investigated. The particle size, reaction temperature, concentration of Na2SO3 solution and amplitude of ultrasound power were chosen as parameters. The experiments were performed in the absence and presence of ultrasound. Considering the results the reaction is chemically controlled first order and the activation energy is equal to 42 kJ/mol in both cases. The results indicated that the ultrasound energy increased the reaction speed but it did not vary the activation energy. The effect of ultrasound is on the pre‐exponential factor A. Finally, an empirical relation is given which relates the rate constant to ultrasound power.
Comparative cellular distribution of GABAA and GABAB receptors in the human basal ganglia: Immunohistochemical colocalization of the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor, and the GABABR1 and GABABR2 receptor subunits
Authors: Waldvogel Henry J. , Billinton Andy , White Julia H. , Emson Piers C. , Faull Richard L.M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe GABAB receptor is a G‐protein linked metabotropic receptor that is comprised of two major subunits, GABABR1 and GABABR2. In this study, the cellular distribution of the GABABR1 and GABABR2 subunits was investigated in the normal human basal ganglia using single and double immunohistochemical labeling techniques on fixed human brain tissue. The results showed that the GABAB receptor subunits GABABR1 and GABABR2 were both found on the same neurons and followed the same distribution patterns. In the striatum, these subunits were found on the five major types of interneurons based on morphology and neurochemical labeling (types 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) and showed weak labeling on the projection neurons (type 4). In the globus pallidus, intense GABABR1 and GABABR2 subunit labeling was found in large pallidal neurons, and in the substantia nigra, both pars compacta and pars reticulata neurons were labeled for both receptor subunits. Studies investigating the colocalization of the GABAA α1 subunit and GABAB receptor subunits showed that the GABAA receptor α1 subunit and the GABABR1 subunit were found together on GABAergic striatal interneurons (type 1 parvalbumin, type 2 calretinin, and type 3 GAD neurons) and on neurons in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. GABABR1 and GABABR2 were found on substantia nigra pars compacta neurons but the GABAA receptor α1 subunit was absent from these neurons. The results of this study provide the morphological basis for GABAergic transmission within the human basal ganglia and provides evidence that GABA acts through both GABAA and GABAB receptors. That is, GABA acts through GABAB receptors, which are located on most of the cell types of the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra. GABA also acts through GABAA receptors containing the α1 subunit on specific striatal GABAergic interneurons and on output neurons of the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:339–356, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative morphological analysis of the motoneurons innervating muscles involved in tongue movements of the frog Rana esculenta
Authors: Birinyi András , Szekely George , Csapó Krisztina , Matesz Clara 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe give an account of an effort to make quantitative morphological distinctions between motoneurons of the frog innervating functionally different groups of muscles involved in the movements of the tongue. The protractor, retractor, and inner muscles of the tongue were considered on the basis of their major action during the prey‐catching behavior of the frog. Motoneurons were selectively labeled with cobalt lysin through the nerves of the individual muscles, and dendritic trees of successfully labeled neurons were reconstructed. Each motoneuron was characterized by 15 quantitative morphological parameters describing the size of the soma and dendritic tree and 12 orientation variables related to the shape and orientation of the dendritic field. The variables were subjected to multivariate discriminant analysis to find correlations between form and function of these motoneurons. According to the morphological parameters, the motoneurons were classified into three functionally different groups weighted by the shape of the perikaryon, mean diameter of stem dendrites, and mean length of dendritic segments. The most important orientation variables in the separation of three groups were the ellipses describing the shape of dendritic arborization in the horizontal, frontal, and sagittal planes of the brainstem. These findings indicate that characteristic geometry of the dendritic tree may have a preference for one array of fibers over another. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:409–421, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunoreactive TRPV‐2 (VRL‐1), a capsaicin receptor homolog, in the spinal cord of the rat
Authors: Lewinter Robin D. , Skinner Kate , Julius David , Basbaum Allan I. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe vanilloid receptor‐like 1 protein (VRL‐1, also called TRPV2) is a member of the TRPV family of proteins and is a homolog of the capsaicin/vanilloid receptor (VR1, or TRPV1). Although VRL‐1 does not bind capsaicin, like VR1 it is activated by noxious heat (>52°C). Unlike VR1, however, VRL‐1 is primarily expressed by medium‐ and large‐diameter primary afferents, which suggests that nociceptive processing is but one of the functions to which VRL‐1 contributes. To provide information on the diverse spinal circuits that are engaged by these VRL‐1‐expressing primary afferents, we completed a detailed immunocytochemical map of VRL‐1 in rat spinal cord, including light and electron microscopic analysis, and generated a more comprehensive neurochemical characterization of VRL‐1‐expressing primary afferents. Consistent with previous reports, we found that VRL‐1 and VR1 are expressed in different dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cell bodies. Almost all VRL‐1‐expressing cells labeled for N52 (a marker of myelinated afferents), consistent with VRL‐1 expression in Aδ and Aβ fibers. EM analysis of the DRG and dorsal roots confirmed this and revealed two categories of neurons based on the intensity of immunolabeling. The densest VRL‐1 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord was found in lamina I, inner lamina II, and laminae III/IV. This is consistent with the expression of VRL‐1 by myelinated nociceptors that target laminae I and IIi and in nonnociceptive Aβ fibers that target laminae III/IV. Dorsal rhizotomy reduced, but did not eliminate, the immunostaining in all dorsal horn laminae, which indicates that VRL‐1 expression derives from both DRG cells and from neurons intrinsic to the brain or spinal cord. Spinal hemisection reduced immunostaining of the ipsilateral dorsal columns in segments rostral to the lesion and in the dorsal column nuclei, presumably from the loss of ascending Aβ afferents, but there was no change caudal to the lesion. Thus, supraspinal sources of dorsal horn VRL‐1 immunoreactivity are likely not significant. Although we never observed VRL‐1 immunostaining in cell bodies in the superficial dorsal horn, there was extensive labeling of motoneurons and ventral root efferents—in particular, in an extremely densely labeled population at the lumbosacral junction. Finally, many ependymal cells surrounding the central canal were intensely labeled. These results emphasize that VRL‐1, in contrast to VR1, is present in a diverse population of neurons and undoubtedly contributes to numerous functions in addition to nociceptive processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 470:400–408, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on the growth and optical characterization of dysprosium gadolinium oxalate single crystals
Authors: Elizebeth A. , Thomas V. , Jose G. , Jose G. , Unnikrishnan N. V. , Joseph C. , Ittyachen M. A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPreparation and optical characterization of dysprosium gadolinium oxalate (DGO) single crystal is reported. The crystals were grown using silica gel technique, by the controlled reaction of rare earth nitrates with oxalic acid. Crystals were characterized using X‐ray powder diffraction, optical absorption and fluorescence studies. Radiative transition probability, fluorescence branching ratio and radiative lifetime of Dy3+ in the crystal are evaluated by the parameterization of the absorption spectrum by the Judd‐Ofelt theory. The recorded fluorescence spectrum showed two well resolved peaks at 480 nm and 571 nm and are assigned to the transitions from 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 6H13/2 of Dy3+. Stimulated emission crossection and optical gain of these transitions are also evaluated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)