bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of human intravenous immunoglobulin on canine monocytes and lymphocytes
Authors: Reagan William J. , Scott-Moncrieff Catharine , Christian John , Snyder Paul , Kelly Kathy , Glickman Larry 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate interactions of human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) with canine lymphocytes and monocytes.

Sample Population
Heparinized blood samples from 4 clinically normal Beagles.

Procedure
Binding ability of IVIG to canine lymphocytes and monocytes was measured by flow cytometry and an indirect immunofluorescent assay. Dualstaining fluorescent assays were done to determine lymphocyte subsets that bind IVIG. Competitive assays were done, using intact canine IgG and Fc fragments, and inhibition of binding was compared with that of F(ab)2 fragments. Ability of IVIG to inhibit phagocytosis of antibody-coated canine RBC also was determined, using a canine mononuclear cell phagocytic assay.

Results
IVIG concentrations (10, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/ml) bound to (mean ± SD) 99.6 ± 0.4, 92.4 ± 6.1, 20.4 ± 24.6 and 2.0 ± 5.1% of canine lymphocytes, respectively, Dual staining analyses with IVIG and canine lymphocyte markers indicated that IVIG bound to CD4, CD8, and B lymphocytes. The aforementioned 4 IVIG concentrations bound to 98.0 ±2.1, 85.5 ± 13.5, 64.7 ± 32.8, and 26.5 ± 17.1% of monocytes, respectively. Inhibition of IVIG (0.01 mg/ml) binding to monocytes was significant (P < 0.05) in the presence of 1 and 10 mg of canine IgG/ml and 1 mg of canine Fc fragments/ml. In the presence of F(ab')2 fragments of canine IgG, inhibition was not significant, suggesting that binding is Fc mediated. Co-culturing of monocytes, opsonized RBC, and the 4 concentrations of IVIG and no IVIG resulted in 11.8 ± 5.1, 27.7 ± 12.3, 31.8 ± 15.1, 53.8 ± 6.7, and 45 ± 12% of the monocytes containing RBC, respectively. Phagocytosis inhibition was significant (P < 0.05) at an IVIG concentration of 10 mg/ml.

Conclusions
IVIG binds to canine lymphocytes and monocytes; binding to the latter is Fc mediated. IVIG also inhibits Fc-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-coated RBC.

Clinical Relevance
Owing to its ability to inhibit Fc-mediated phagocytosis of antibody-coated RBC, IVIG may be an effective short-term treatment for dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1568-1574)
Viral excretion in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate
Authors: Niezgoda Michael , Briggs Deborah J. , Shaddock John , Rupprecht Charles E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine susceptibility, incubation and morbidity periods, clinical signs of infection, serologic response, and excretion of virus in domestic ferrets inoculated with rabies virus of raccoon origin.

Animals
54 domestic ferrets.

Procedure
5 groups of ferrets were inoculated IM with the rabies virus. Oral cavity swab specimens and saliva were obtained for virus isolation. Blood was obtained for virus-neutralizing antibody determination. If clinical signs were severe, ferrets were euthanatized immediately. Salivary gland and brain tissue was collected for virus isolation and rabies diagnosis, respectively.

Results
Of 51 inoculated ferrets, 19 (37%) were euthanatized with clinical signs of rabies. Mean incubation period was 28 days (range, 17 to 63 days). Clinical signs included ataxia, cachexia, inactivity, paresis, paraparesis, bladder atony, tremors, hypothermia, lethargy, constipation, paralysis, and anorexia. Two rabid ferrets manifested aggressive behavior. Mean morbidity period was 4 to 5 days (range, 1 to 8 days). Virus antigen was detected in brain tissue from all rabid ferrets (n = 19). Two rabid ferrets had detectable virus-neutralizing antibody. Of 32 ferrets that survived, only 1 seroconverted; survivors remained clinically normal throughout the observation period. Rabies virus was isolated from salivary glands of 12 of 19 (63%) rabid ferrets, and 9 (47%) shed virus in saliva. Initiation of virus excretion ranged from 2 days before onset of illness to 6 days after onset.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Rabies should be considered in the differential diagnosis for ferrets that have acute onset of paralysis or behavioral changes and a condition that rapidly deteriorates despite intense medical intervention. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1629-1632)
Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and measurement of total body water content by deuterium oxide dilution for estimating body composition in dogs
Authors: Son Hyran R. , d'Avignon D. André , Laflamme Dorothy P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare percentage of body fat (%BF) estimates from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with those derived from total body water (TBW) determination by deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution.

Animals
31 healthy, adult, purebred dogs of various ages and breeds (body weight, 15 to 39 kg).

Procedure
The TBW was measured by D2O dilution and subsequent analysis via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Blood was collected before and 2 hours after IV administration of 275 mg of D2O/kg of body weight. Plasma was separated and stored at −30 C until analysis by deuterium NMR. The DEXA scans were obtained immediately after blood collection from dogs under general anesthesia.

Results
Measurements of %BF by DEXA averaged 15.8% higher than calculated estimates of TBW content by D2O dilution. The linear regression of %BF by TBW content on %BF by DEXA had a slope of 1.04 and a correlation coefficient of 0.84, indicating excellent relative agreement between methods despite the significant difference in absolute agreement between the 2 methods. The average difference between methods did not differ by breed, sex, body condition score, body weight, or %BF, as measured by DEXA.

Conclusion
Comparability of our data with those of previous studies suggest that DEXA is useful for in vivo estimation of body composition in healthy dogs. Body fat estimated by D2O dilution will be less than that determined by DEXA, despite excellent relative agreement between methods. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:529–532)
Assessment of intestinal function in cats with chronic diarrhea after infection with feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Papasouliotis K. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Werrett G. , Brown P. J. , Hopper C. D. , Stokes C. R. , Harbour D. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify consistent relevant mechanisms of small intestinal dysfunction in cats with experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection (FIV) that developed chronic diarrhea during the time they were being used in studies of pathogenicity and transmission of FIV.

Animals
10 cats.

Procedure
The following investigative tests and techniques were performed on each of the cats: routine hematologic and serum biochemical analyses; urinalysis; fecal parasitologic and microbiologic examinations; breath hydrogen lactulose (BH2LT) and xylose (BH2XT) tests; intestinal permeability test; endoscopic examination of the intestinal mucosa; bacteriologic culture of endoscopically collected small intestinal juice; and histologic examination of endoscopically obtained intestinal biopsy specimens.

Results
Neutrophilia was evident in 3 cats, and lymphopenia was detected in 2 cats. Serum biochemical abnormalities were not observed. Urinalysis results were unremarkable. Fecal bacteriologic and parasitologic results were normal, except for isolation of Campylobacter sp from 1 cat. Abnormal BH2XT values suggestive of d-xylose malabsorption were identified in 2 cats, and BH2LT values indicated evidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in 1 cat. Finally, permeability test results, quantitation of bacterial flora from the proximal part of the small intestine and histologic examination of biopsy specimens did not reveal any abnormalities.

Conclusions
Enteric pathogens did not account for the development of diarrhea in cats with experimentally induced FIV infection, and consistent relevant mechanisms of small intestinal dysfunction were not identified. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:569–574)
Protein and calorie effects on progression of induced chronic renal failure in cats
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott A. , Brown Cathy A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Sunvold Gregory , Cooper Tanya L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effects of dietary protein and calories on progression of induced chronic renal failure in cats.

Animals
28 young adult female cats.

Procedure
Renal mass was reduced surgically, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined. Cats were allotted to 4 groups of 7 with similar mean GFR (1.52 to 1.55 ml/min/kg of body weight). Diets were formulated to provide: low protein and calorie (diet A), low protein and high calorie (diet B), high protein and low calorie (diet C), and high protein and calorie (diet D) intakes. Cats were fed their prescribed diet for 12 months, then blood and urine biochemical variables were measured, after which kidney specimens were examined microscopically.

Results
Protein intake by cats of groups C and D (9.0 g/d/kg) was substantially greater than that by cats of groups A and B (5.3 and 5.2 g/d/kg, respectively). Caloric intake by cats of groups B and D (73 and 71 calories/d/kg, respectively) was greater than that by cats of groups A and C (58 and 55 calories/d/kg, respectively). Renal glomerular lesions were mild and not affected by protein, calories, or their interactions. Nonglomerular lesions, though mild, were significantly influenced by calorie intake, but not by protein or calorie-protein interactions. The GFR did not decrease in any group. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio increased significantly in all groups after reduction of renal mass, but values from all groups remained within the reference range (0 to 0.3).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Diets replete in protein were not associated with increased severity of glomerular or nonglomerular renal lesions, increased proteinuria, or decreased GFR. Diets replete in calories were not associated with increased severity of glomerular lesions, but were associated with mild increase of nonglomerular lesions. Factors other than protein and calorie intake must be considered potential causes of progression of renal failure in cats. Results raise questions about the practice of restricting quantity of protein in the diet of cats with chronic renal failure, with the intention of ameliorating development of further renal damage. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:575–582)
Urolithiasis in dogs II: Breed prevalence, and interrelations of breed, sex, age, and mineral composition
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E. , Ruby Annette L. , Johnson Deedra L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To analyze selected breed-related data for canine urinary calculi.

Sample Population
11,000 specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from males, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

Procedure
Information was compiled for all canine urinary calculi submitted between July 1981 and January 1994. Results for a mixed-breed group and 26 of the most common breeds of stone-forming dogs were analyzed. Interrelations of breed, sex, and age of affected dogs and mineral composition of the specimens were determined.

Results
Prevalence of 5 specific mineral types was significantly correlated between the sexes of 27 common breed groups: struvite, calcium phosphate (apatite), calcium oxalate, brushite, and urate. Struvite-containing calculi were seen in high proportions in both sexes of 7 breeds, and in low proportions in both sexes of 7 other breeds. Male and female Lhasa Apsos, Cairn Terriers, and 5 other breeds had high proportions of oxalate-containing calculi; values in males were substantially higher. Low numbers of oxalate-containing calculi were seen in both sexes of 7 breeds; Dalmatians had the lowest numbers. Males and females of 6 breeds had high numbers of urate-containing calculi, Dalmatians and English Bulldogs had the highest numbers. Low amounts of urate were found in calculi from males and females of 6 breeds, Samoyeds had the lowest numbers. Highest proportions of cystine-containing calculi were seen in male Dachshunds, English Bulldogs, and Chihuahuas. Males of 8 breeds had no specimens that contained cystine; only 2 such specimens were obtained from females.

Conclusions
Prevalence of uroliths differs among breed, age, and sex of affected dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Breed, sex, and age of dogs; mineral types of calculi in males versus females; and their anatomic location within the tract are important considerations for clinicians when evaluating risk in dogs with urolithiasis and in identifying areas that need further in-depth applied or clinical investigation, or both. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:630–642)
Urolithiasis in dogs III: Prevalence of urinary tract infection and interrelations of infection, age, sex, and mineral composition
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E. , Johnson Deedra L. , Ruby Annette L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compile and statistically analyze selected data from a large number of canine urinary calculus specimens that were subjected to quantitative, layer-by-layer mineral analysis.

Sample Population
11,000 canine urinary calculus specimens: 5,781 from female dogs, 5,215 from male dogs, and 4 from dogs of unrecorded sex.

Procedure
Records of the Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California were used to compile information regarding all canine urinary calculus specimens submitted for analysis between July 1981 and January 1994. Interrelations of sex and age of the affected dogs, mineral composition of the specimens, and associated urinary tract infections were analyzed statistically.

Results
Urolithiasis was associated with growth of bacteria isolated from urine or calculi, or both, in 65% of females and nearly 44% of males. Staphylococcus intermedius was isolated most often from either sex (54% for females, 30% for males). In addition to staphylococci, 22 other bacterial species were isolated from specimens from females, and 17 other bacterial species and 1 species of yeast were isolated from males. A single bacterial species was isolated from 87.6% of cultures from females and from nearly 90% of cultures from males. Among females, nearly 98% of pure cultures of staphylococci were associated with calculi that contained struvite; this was true for 80% of pure cultures of staphylococci from males.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
There are wide sex differences in prevalence of urolithiasis- and specific mineral-associated bacterial infections. In several instances, bacterial infections were significantly related to urinary calculus location. These variables should be considered in any evaluation of canine patients that have uroliths. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:643–649)
Plasma amino acid profiles in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure
Authors: Goldstein Richard E. , Marks Stanley L. , Cowgill Larry D. , Kass Philip H. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize potential changes in preprandial plasma amino acid concentrations in cats with naturally acquired chronic renal failure (CRF), compared with healthy cats, and to assess potential effects of the severity of renal failure on plasma amino acid concentrations in these cats.

Animals
62 adult cats.

Procedure
Preprandial plasma amino acid concentrations were evaluated in 38 cats with mild, moderate, or severe CRF and in 24 apparently healthy cats. Effects of severity of renal failure, amount of dietary protein, degree of weight loss, appetite, and body condition on plasma amino acid profiles were evaluated.

Results
Cats with various stages of CRF had significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma concentrations of o-hydroxyproline, glutamate, proline, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and arginine, and significantly increased plasma concentrations of asparagine, citrulline, ornithine, 1-methylhistidine, and 3-methylhistidine. Significant (P < 0.05) alterations in amino acid concentrations also were identified when cats with CRF were grouped by appetite or severity of renal disease. Amount of dietary protein, body condition, or degree of weight loss had no significant effect on plasma amino acid concentrations.

Conclusions
Compared with those in healthy cats, preprandial plasma amino acid profiles in cats with mild, moderate, or severe CRF are abnormal.

Clinical Relevance
Despite frequency of altered plasma amino acid concentrations in cats with CRF, the magnitude of these changes is mild and of little clinical relevance. Short-term use of a commercial protein-restricted diet has no deleterious effects on plasma amino acid concentrations. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:109–113)
Effect of coat on rate of temperature increase in muscle during ultrasound treatment of dogs
Authors: Steiss J. E. , Adams C. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effect of coat during ultrasound treatment and to establish a protocol to achieve adequate thermal effects.

Animals
9 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure
A standardized area was treated on the semitendinosus muscle of sedated dogs. Needle thermistors were inserted in the biceps femoris muscle to depths of 5 and 10 cm and in the ultrasound gel in the treatment area. Each dog was given 4 randomized 10-minute treatments (intensities of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 W/cm2). Temperatures were measured at 30-second intervals during treatment and at 1- to 2-minute intervals after treatment.

Results
Baseline temperatures (mean ± SD) were 30.6 ± 1.8 C for coat, 38.2 ± 1.2 C at a depth of 5 cm, and 39.0 ± 0.7 C at a depth of 10 cm. At the 5-cm depth, an increase of > 1.6 C was obtained only with the maximum intensity when coat was clipped. Treatment with maximum intensity through short and long coats yielded mean increases at a depth of 5 cm of 0.7 and 0.4 C, respectively. Temperature at the 10-cm depth increased < 0.6 C for all treatments. Temperatures within the coat increased approximately 8.3 C and 22.2 C for short and long coats, respectively, with intensities of 1.5 and 2.0 W/cm2.

Conclusions
Ultrasound treatment applied through an intact coat considerably warmed the coat with loss of thermal effects in underlying tissues. Inappropriate heating was apparently affected by selection of intensity, duration, and size of treatment area.

Clinical Relevance
Coat can impede successful use of ultrasound treatment of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:76–80)
Effects of R and S enantiomers and a racemic mixture of carprofen on the production and release of proteoglycan and prostaglandin E2 from equine chondrocytes and cartilage explants
Authors: Armstrong Sarah , Lees Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine effects of carprofen (enantiomers and a racemic mixture) on the metabolism of equine chondrocytes.

Sample Population
Cartilage from clinically normal horses.

Procedure
Effects of carprofen on proteoglycan neosynthesis, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and prostaglandin (PG) E2 production by unstimulated chondrocyte monolayers and cartilage explants were examined, as were similar variables in monolayers and explants exposed to carprofen and recombinant human interleukin 1β (IL-1). Carprofen (enantiomers and racemic mixture) was used alone or along with IL-1 on monolayers and explant cultures. Medium was collected 48 to 96 hours later, and cartilage was digested. Proteoglycan synthesis was assessed as the amount of 35S-labeled proteoglycan in medium and digested cartilage. Total GAG content of the medium and digested cartilage was measured, and proteoglycan degradation was calculated. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure PGE2 production.

Results
Carprofen significantly decreased PGE2 production by unstimulated chondrocytes and antagonized an IL-1-induced increase in PGE2 production. Carprofen significantly increased proteoglycan synthesis in unstimulated monolayers and explants. Concurrently, there was a decrease in GAG release by explants. Use of IL-1 significantly decreased proteoglycan synthesis, but the highest concentrations of carprofen partially reversed this effect in chondrocyte monolayers.

Conclusions
Carprofen had a potentially beneficial effect on proteoglycan metabolism of equine chondrocytes. This effect was sufficiently strong at the highest concentrations to overcome inhibitory effects of IL-1 on proteoglycan synthesis. Carprofen also inhibited PGE2 production by unstimulated and IL-1-stimulated chondrocytes. Carprofen induced these enantiomer-specific effects.

Clinical Relevance
Use of carprofen in osteoarthritic horses may induce beneficial changes in articular cartilage matrix. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:98–104)
Evaluation of temporal and spatial clustering of horses with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection
Authors: Doherr Marcus G. , Carpenter Tim E. , Wilson W. David , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether horses with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections that were examined at a veterinary medical teaching hospital between July 1, 1992, and June 30, 1994 had patterns of temporal or spatial clustering.

Animals
134 case and 800 control horses randomly selected from all non-case horses admitted during the study period.

Procedures
Admission date and geographic location were determined. Scan, Cuzick & Edwards’, and Knox tests were applied to determine whether case horses had patterns of temporal or spatial clustering.

Results
For all windows ≥ 3 days (134 case horses) and ≥ 7 days (subset of 69 case horses), results of the Scan test were significant. Results of Cuzick & Edwards’ test were significant for all data sets. A significant spatial cluster of case horses was observed for October, November, and December 1992. Results of the Knox test were significant for temporal intervals between 7 and 56 days and spatial intervals between 4.3 and 6.5 km. Higher Knox(x) proportions were observed for temporal intervals of 0 to 7, 8 to 14, 22 to 28, and 29 to 35 days.

Conclusions
Significant spatial and temporal clustering of horses with C pseudotuberculosis infection was detected.

Clinical Relevance
Analysis of the results strongly indicates that this disease is directly or indirectly (ie, short distance and time) transmitted. In addition, data analyses indicated an incubation period of 3 to 4 weeks. The disease could be transmitted through horse-to-horse contact or from infected to susceptible horses via insects, other vectors, or contaminated soil. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:284–291)
Influence of fermentable fiber on small intestinal dimensions and transport of glucose and proline in dogs
Authors: Buddington Randal K. , Buddington Karyl K. , Sunvold Greg D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether intestinal dimensions and nutrient absorption are influenced by different types of dietary fiber.

Animals
10 adult Beagles of both sexes.

Procedure
Dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups and fed a diet with fermentable fibers (beet pulp and oligofructose) or a nonfermentable fiber (cellulose) for 6 weeks. Effects of the diets on small intestinal dimensions were measured, and transport rates for glucose and proline were determined. Kinetics of glucose and proline uptake were defined in the proximal and middle regions of the small intestine, respectively.

Results
Small intestines of dogs fed fermentable fiber had 28% more nominal surface area and 37% more mucosal mass, were 35% heavier, and had 95% higher capacity for carrier-mediated glucose uptake than those of dogs fed a diet with cellulose. Differences were more pronounced in the proximal portion of the intestine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Diets containing fermentable fibers increase small intestinal dimensions and the capacity for nutrient absorption in dogs. These changes may reduce the risk of enteric infections or aid in treatment of intestinal diseases, particularly those involving reduced nutrient absorption.(Am J Vet Res 1999;60:354–358)