bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Calprotectin Level in Gingival Crevicular Fluid With Gingival Index and the Activities of Collagenase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in Adult Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Nakamura Teruo , Kido Jun‐ichi , Kido Reiko , Ohishi Keiji , Yamauchi Noriyuki , Kataoka Masatoshi , Nagata Toshihiko 
Published: February 2005

Background: Calprotectin, a major cytosol protein of leukocytes, exists in plasma and other body fluids of healthy human subjects. Since the calprotectin concentration rises markedly in some inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, this protein has been thought to be a marker of inflammatory disease. Recently, we identified calprotectin in human dental calculus and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and found that the calprotectin concentration in GCF from patients with periodontitis was significantly higher than that in GCF from healthy subjects. In the present study, the association of GCF calprotectin level with GCF volume, gingival index (GI), and levels of biochemical markers including collagenase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in GCF was investigated to clarify the relationship between GCF calprotectin level and periodontal inflammation.Methods: Ninety GCF samples collected from periodontal pockets with a probing depth of more than 4 mm in 54 patients with adult periodontitis were used for these assays. The GCF volume was measured, and GI in each site was recorded. The calprotectin content in GCF samples was determined by ELISA using a specific antibody. The activity of collagenase or AST was measured by a respective assay kit.Results: The total amount of calprotectin and GCF volume showed a highly significant correlation (r = 0.64, P <0.0001), whereas the calprotectin concentration had no correlation with the GCF volume (r = 0.01, P = 0.924). The mean calprotectin concentration in GCF increased with the degree of GI, and the concentration in individual samples was significantly correlated with the GI score (r = 0.56, P <0.0001). Significant positive correlations were observed in GCF calprotectin versus collagenase (r = 0.57, P <0.0001) and GCF calprotectin versus AST levels (r = 0.40, P <0.005).Conclusions: From the present results and our previous findings, it is shown that the GCF calprotectin level significantly correlates not only with clinical indicators but also with current biochemical marker levels and that calprotectin may be a useful marker for periodontal inflammation. J Periodontol 2000;71:361‐367.
Bactericidal Activity of a Monoclonal Antibody Against a Recombinant 40‐kDa Outer Membrane Protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Katoh Mitsunobu , Saito Shigeno , Takiguchi Hisashi , Abiko Yoshimitsu 
Published: February 2005

Background: We have cloned the gene for a 40‐kDa outer membrane protein (40‐kDa OMP) from Porphyromonas gingivalis 381. The recombinant (r)40‐kDa OMP has become the subject of considerable interest because of its potential role in the development of a vaccine useful for passive immunization. To develop such a vaccine, it is essential to fully understand the functions of anti‐r40‐kDa OMP antibody in the host defense against P. gingivalis. To that end, we developed a panel of monoclonal antibodies by immunizing mice with purified r40‐kDa OMP. The objective of this study was to determine the bactericidal activity on P. gingivalis by the IgG1 monoclonal antibody Pg‐ompA2.Methods: Bacterial growth measurement, a complementmediated anti‐P. gingivalis assay based on [3H]thymidine uptake, and a 14C‐release assay were performed to test the bactericidal activity of Pg‐ompA2 to P. gingivalis.Results: In the presence of complement, Pg‐ompA2 was lethal to P. gingivalis 381 as well as to the more virulent P. gingivalis strains, including ATCC 53977 and W83. Using component‐defi‐cient complement, we determined that Pg‐ompA2 killed P. gingivalis by activating both the classical and alternative complement pathways.Conclusions: Pg‐ompA2 has an in vitro complement‐mediated bactericidal activity to P. gingivalis. Pg‐ompA2 may contribute to the development of a local immunotherapy that can be applied in the gingival crevice of a patient with P. gingivalis related periodontitis, or be a vaccine candidate. J Periodontol 2000;71:368‐375.
Herpesviruses and Periodontopathic Bacteria in Trisomy 21 Periodontitis
Authors: Hanookai Delaram , Nowzari Hessam , Contreras Adolfo , Morrison John L. , Slots Jørgen 
Published: February 2005

Background: Little is known about the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease in Trisomy 21 patients. This study determined the occurrence of herpesviruses and putative periodontopathic bacteria in Trisomy 21 periodontitis.Methods: Nineteen Trisomy 21 patients (17 to 37 years of age) contributed subgingival samples from molar and bicuspid teeth presenting interproximal periodontitis lesions (probing depths, 5 to 8 mm) and from shallow periodontal sites (probing depths, 1 to 3 mm). Samples were obtained at baseline, and at 1 and 4 weeks after subgingival debridement by means of hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers. Epstein‐Barr virus type 1 and 2 (EBV‐1 and EBV‐2), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) were identified by sensitive and specific nested polymerase chain reaction. Putative periodontopathic bacteria were identified by means of non‐selective and selective culture.Results: Of 19 Trisomy 21 periodontitis lesions, 6 (32%) were positive for EBV‐1, 5 (26%) were positive for HCMV, 3 (16%) were positive for HSV, and 2 (11%) showed viral co‐infection. Of 19 shallow periodontal sites, only one revealed HCMV. Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythus, and Capnocytophaga species were detected in higher proportions in deep than in shallow periodontal pockets (P = 0.02). Subgingival debridement did not reduce genomic herpesvirus presence but caused a decrease in proportions of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Capnocytophaga species.Conclusions: Periodontal herpesvirus‐bacteria coinfections may play important roles in the pathogenesis of destructive periodontal disease in Trisomy 21 patients. Herpesviruses may reduce the periodontal defense and promote growth of subgingival bacteria capable of causing periodontal breakdown. J Periodontol 2000;71:376‐384.
Changes in the Periodontal Status of Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Pattni R. , Walsh L.J. , Marshall R.I. , Cullinan M.P. , Seymour G.J. , Bartold P.M. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Patients receiving an HLA‐matched bone marrow transplant (BMT) from a relative or unrelated donor undergo a permanent alteration of their immune system, followed by a prolonged period of immunodeficiency. This study aimed to examine alterations in the periodontal status of patients over 6 months post‐bone marrow transplantation.Methods: Thirty‐seven patients scheduled for bone marrow transplantation participated in this study. One calibrated examiner carried out periodontal examinations (clinical and radiographic) immediately prior to and at 3 and 6 months after transplantation. All patients followed an intense oral care program. Subgingival plaque samples were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella intermedia. Data were subjected to statistical analyses to determine the relationships between the frequency distribution of the radiographic and clinical variables over time.Results: Gains in clinical attachment level (CAL) of ≤2 mm at 4 or more sites from baseline to 6 months post‐BMT were noted in 9/16 patients (56%), while 6/16 (38%) patients experienced a loss of CAL ≤2 mm at 4 or more sites in the same period. At a site level, 4.8% of sites exhibited a gain in CAL ≤2 mm between baseline and 3 months post‐BMT while 2.3% of sites showed a loss of CAL ≤2 mm in the same period. From baseline to 6 months, a gain in CAL of ≤2 mm was recorded at 3.1% of sites, and 2.4% of sites experienced a loss of ≤mm. A significant improvement in the gingival index occurred between all sequential time periods when assessed at a site level. At a patient level, 11/18 (61%) patients showed a significant change in gingival index between baseline and 3 months and 10/16 (63%) between baseline and 6 months. There was no significant relationship between clinical changes and the prevalence of the periodontal pathogens at the various time periods.Conclusions: An improvement in periodontal health was recorded between baseline and 6 months post‐transplantation. Most of the improvement in periodontal status was noted in the first 3 months after BMT, with a slight decline in periodontal health between 3 and 6 months post‐transplant. No significant alteration was noted in the prevalence of periodontal pathogens during the study period. J Periodontol 2000;71:394‐402.
Tissue Engineered Bone Formation Using Chitosan/Tricalcium Phosphate Sponges
Authors: Lee Yong‐Moo , Park Yoon‐Jeong , Lee Seung‐Jin , Ku Young , Han Soo‐Boo , Klokkevold Perry R. , Choi Sang‐Mook , Chung Chong‐Pyoung 
Published: February 2005

Background: Chitosan is a biodegradable natural polymer that has been shown to improve wound healing. This study aimed to develop chitosan/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) sponges as tissue engineering scaffolds for bone formation by threedimensional osteoblast culture.Methods: The sponges were prepared by freeze‐drying and cross‐linking a mixture of chitosan solution with TCP. Fetal rat calvarial osteoblastic cells were isolated, cultured, and seeded into the sponges. The cell‐sponge constructs were cultured for 56 days. Cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity, and calcium deposition in the cell‐sponge constructs were measured at 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Histologic examination was performed with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Results: Chitosan/TCP sponges supported the proliferation of osteoblastic cells as well as their differentiation as indicated by high ALPase activities and deposition of mineralized matrices by the cells. Light and scanning electron microscopic examination indicated that seeded osteoblastic cells were well attached to sponge matrices and proliferated in a multi‐layer fashion. Small bone‐like spicules were observed on the sponge matrix at 14 days. Seeded cells appeared to be embedded in the newly formed tissue matrix, which is characteristic of the osteoblast differentiation and their progression into osteocytic cells. The amount of mineralized tissue formed in the sponge at 56 days was significant.Conclusions: These results suggest that the chitosan/TCP sponge is a feasible tool as a scaffolding material to grow osteoblast in a three‐dimensional structure for transplantation into a site for bone regeneration. J Periodontol 2000;71:410‐417.
Volatile Components of Cigarette Smoke: Effect of Acrolein and Acetaldehyde on Human Gingival Fibroblasts In Vitro
Authors: Cattaneo V. , Cetta G. , Rota C. , Vezzoni F. , Rota M.T. , Gallanti A. , Boratto R. , Poggi P. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Tobacco and some of its volatile and non‐volatile components have been found to affect many types of cells including gingival fibroblasts. Since normal gingival fibroblast functioning is fundamental to the maintenance of the periodontal connective tissue, as well as to wound healing, we examined the effect of acrolein and acetaldehyde, volatile components of cigarette smoke, on proliferation, attachment, and ultrastructure of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) in culture.Methods: Human gingival fibroblast (HGF) strains derived from healthy individuals with non‐inflamed gingiva were used in this study. The cells were incubated in the presence of different concentrations of acrolein and acetaldehyde. Cell attachment and proliferation were evaluated after incubation for 3 hours and 5 days, respectively. In addition, the cells were examined with a transmission electron microscope in order to evaluate their morphology.Results: The results show that acrolein and acetaldehyde produced dose‐dependent inhibition of HGF attachment and proliferation. The cytotoxic effect was, however, reversible when both substances were removed, after 3 days, from the medium. The main ultrastructural finding for the HGF cytoplasm was the presence of vacuoles and lysosomal structures that became prominent with increasing concentration of acrolein and acetaldehyde.Conclusions: Our experimental data suggest that acrolein and acetaldehyde, volatile components of tobacco smoke, are detrimental to HGF survival and consequently to the oral connective tissue. According to our morpho‐functional evidence, these findings corroborate clinical and epidemiological investigations demonstrating smoke as a risk factor in the development of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2000;71:425‐432.
Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Periodontitis. A Case Report
Authors: Hokett Steven D. , Cuenin Michael F. , Peacock Mark E. , Thompson Stevan H. , Van Dyke Thomas E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: We describe an unusual case of extranodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma that developed in the maxillae associated with localized severe periodontitis in a 64‐year‐old Caucasian male. The lymphoma was diagnosed less than 2 years following routine periodontal surgery and 8 weeks after the extraction of hopeless teeth in the associated area.Methods: Two months following the extractions, the patient experienced pain and swelling in the maxillary right edentulous area mimicking an abscess, and reported for emergency care. An expansile lesion measuring 2.0 × 2.5 cm in diameter was noted on radiographic examination to extend into the right maxillary sinus. A definitive biopsy diagnosis of highgrade, small, non‐cleaved, diffuse non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the right posterior maxillae was established. The patient was subsequently treated by a combination of radiation, chemotherapy, and bone marrow transplantation.Results: The maxillary tissues healed uneventfully, and the patient has been closely observed for approximately 5 years without symptoms or recurrence of the lymphoma.Conclusions: This case highlights the need for careful debridement of extraction sockets associated with severe periodontitis and argues for the routine submission of extracted teeth with adjacent soft tissue for microscopic analysis, to assist in the early diagnosis of potentially life‐threatening malignancies. J Periodontol 2000;71:504‐509.
The Effect of Interleukin‐11 on the Progression of Ligature‐Induced Periodontal Disease in the Beagle Dog
Authors: Martuscelli Gianluca , Fiorellini Joseph P. , Crohin Constant C. , Howard Howell T. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The rate of progression of periodontal disease is dependent on the complex regulatory interactions between bacteria and the immune modulators of the host response. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if recombinant human interleukin‐11 (rhIL‐11), known to downregulate several inflammatory modulators, has the ability in subcutaneous administration to reduce the rate and/or extent of periodontal attachment loss and radiographic bone loss in a ligature‐induced periodontal disease beagle dog model.Methods: Twenty 18‐month‐old female beagle dogs were brought to optimal periodontal health over a 2‐week period. Periodontal disease was induced by placing 2.0 silk ligatures around the mandibular first molar and premolar teeth. The dogs were divided into 3 treatment groups and one control group. The 3 treatment groups received subcutaneous injections of either 15, 30, or 80 µg/kg of rhIL‐11 in saline buffer twice a week. The placebo group received buffer only subcutaneously twice a week. The gingival health of each animal was measured by recording the presence or absence of gingival inflammation, plaque, and bleeding upon probing. Attachment levels and bone height were also measured. Treatment administration and clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed in a masked fashion.Results: At week 8, the placebo group had 3.89 mm of attachment loss and 73.8% radiographic bone remaining. The 15 µg/kg group had 1.99 mm attachment loss and 89.5% bone remaining; the 30 µg/kg group had 0.84 mm attachment loss and 92.5% bone remaining; and the 80 µg/kg group had 1.05 mm attachment loss and 85.5% bone remaining. All 3 treatment groups lost significantly less attachment and retained significantly more bone than did the placebo group.Conclusions: The study indicates that subcutaneous injections of rhIL‐11 were able to slow the progression of attachment and radiographic alveolar bone loss in a ligature‐induced beagle dog model. J Periodontol 2000;71:573‐578.
Clinical Validation of a New Subtraction Radiography Technique for Periodontal Bone Loss Detection
Authors: Nummikoski Pirkka V. , Steffensen Bjorn , Hamilton Kathy , Brent Dove S. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Diagnostic subtraction radiography (DSR) is a new digital radiographic image subtraction method designed to enhance detection of crestal or periapical bone density changes and to help evaluate caries progression in teeth. In this clinical study, the performance of the DSR method was evaluated for its ability to detect periodontal bone loss and was compared with that of conventional evaluation of radiographs and the standardized cephalostat‐guided image acquisition and subtraction technique (LRA) which served as the “gold standard.”Methods: In each of 25 subjects with alveolar crestal bone loss created by periodontal surgery, one set of DSR radiographs and one set of LRA radiographs were obtained before and after the surgery. Subtraction images were then generated by both the proprietary DSR and the LRA techniques. Four viewers evaluated the paired film sets and both subtraction image sets using a 5 point confidence scale to determine the presence or absence of crestal bone loss. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) statistical procedures were applied to analyze the diagnostic accuracy and statistical differences between the three imaging modalities.Results: The DSR subtraction viewing generated an ROC area of 0.882. For 2 of the viewers this represented a statistically significant gain (P <0.05) over the conventional viewing of the radiographs which had an average ROC area of 0.730. In comparison, the LRA method achieved an area of 0.954. The differences between the LRA and the DSR subtraction methods were not statistically significant, but the statistical power for claiming equality was low ranging from 0.2 to 0.6.Conclusions: The use of the DSR technique in clinical radiographic image acquisition and subsequent subtraction analysis clearly enhanced the accuracy of alveolar crestal bone loss detection when compared to conventional film viewing. Because this methodology is less resource demanding than LRA and the film exposure techniques and computer‐based image analysis skills may be acquired with only a few hours of training, the DSR has potential in clinical practice. J Periodontol 2000;71:598‐605.
Osteoporosis and Implant Failure: An Exploratory Case‐Control Study
Authors: Becker William , Hujoel Philippe P. , Becker Burton E. , Willingham Harold 
Published: February 2005

Background: Osteoporosis has been suggested as a risk factor for implant failure, but data supporting such a link are limited.Methods: A case‐control study was designed to evaluate the association between osteoporosis and dental implant failure. Cases (n = 49) and controls (n = 49) were selected from a private practice. The following measures were collected for each patient: 1) peripheral dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (pDEXA) bone measurements at the distal and proximal radius and ulna; 2) classification of bone quality and quantity at the time of implant placement; and 3) questionnaire data regarding potentially confounding variables. Generalized estimating equations were used to relate the likelihood of having at least one implant failure in an individual to osteoporosis measures.Results: The results suggested that there was no association between pDEXA scores at the radius and ulna and the risk for implant failure. For every 1‐unit increase in bone density as measured by pDEXA t‐score at proximal and distal radius and ulna, the risk for a patient to lose at least one implant changed by +14% and ‐6%, respectively (odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.80‐1.62 and odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.71‐1.23). The simple visual assessment of local bone quality had a moderately sized relationship to implant failure. Implants placed in sites with thin cortical bone increased the chance for a patient to lose at least one implant by 130% when compared to implants placed in a thick cortical layer or compact bone (odds ratio, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0‐5.4).Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that a simple visual assessment of bone quality at the site of implant placement may be more informative regarding implant failure than pDEXA bone density measures obtained at peripheral bones. In order to determine whether peripheral osteoporosis measurements have a small or moderate association with implant loss, studies with larger sample sizes will be required. J Periodontol 2000;71:625‐631.
In Vivo and In Vitro Natural Frequency Analysis of Periodontal Conditions: An Innovative Method
Authors: Lee Sheng‐Yang , Huang Haw‐Ming , Lin Ching‐Yi , Shih Yung‐Hsun 
Published: February 2005

Background: When measuring periodontal disease, various types of equipment for making objective measurements of tooth mobility have been proposed. However, these devices and methodology are insufficient in terms of reliability. An innovative method using vibrational theories to assess the periodontal attachment level of natural teeth is presented in this study.Methods: Modal testing technique, a non‐destructive and time‐saving method, was used for non‐invasive and quantitative measurement of the natural frequencies of the upper central incisor in vivo and in vitro. A finite element model was established, and modal testing experiments were simulated to assess the relationship between bone level and teeth.Results: The first dominant natural frequency of healthy human upper central incisors ranges from 710 Hz to 3,360 Hz, with an average of 1,701 ± 679 Hz. Both in vitro experiment and finite element simulation showed that lowering of the attachment level causes a significant decrease in the natural frequencies, and a strong relationship (r = ‐0.99, P <0.01) was observed between the frequency and the bone level height.Conclusions: Our results suggested that natural frequency is an important parameter for assessing the periodontal condition and that the modal testing technique is a useful supplemental method for assessing the attachment conditions of the periodontium. J Periodontol 2000;71:632‐640.