bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PLANNING: LESSONS FROM THE U.S.S.R.
Authors: Deber Raisa B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTEvaluation of the success of a plan requires the collection of statistics and indicators for monitoring purposes. In the health care field, outcomes are notoriously difficult to measure.To the extent that a successful program of prevention should result in providing less of a service, a conflict exists between planning and prevention: in the absence of outcome measures, success will be indistinguishable from failure, as in both cases, planned targets would not be met. To avoid this dilemma, an indicator‐oriented planning system would be predicted to operationalize prevention in countable terms requiring increased inputs, or increased numbers of processes, regardless of the payoffs in health benefits. Screening, check‐ups, and one‐on‐one contacts with health professionals would be emphasized at the expense of group‐oriented activities or societal changes. Planning can thus have counter‐productive policy implications.This theory is illustrated by reference to the current health care system in the U.S.S.R., including their anti‐smoking and anti‐alcoholism programmes.
THE HIGHER EDUCATION POLICY RESEARCH AGENDA
Authors: Gove Samuel K. , Stauffer Thomas M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTSubstantial opportunities exist for social scientists, humanists practitioners, and other scholars to contribute to research on higher education policy. Not only is the university or college an interesting study objective itself but also with higher education in the United States and worldwide so immersed in public policy considerations, the relations between academe and government raise many political, economic and other Questions. Some issues currently on the research agenda are listed here. The consequences of higher education policy research are also considered.
THE CAPITAL AND THE CAMPUS—EACH IN ITS PROPER PLACE
Authors: Marcus Laurence R. , Hollander T. Edward 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTA tension exists between government and the academy. State and federal agencies demand that colleges and universities demonstrate their accountability for public funds and to public policy initiatives. The campuses hold that such requirements have come to represent an inappropriate intrusion into institutional affairs and that they present a serious challenge to academic freedom. While a reduction and redirection of regulation may serve the colleges veil, a review of history indicates that the important developments in higher education have occurred during periods of government involvement. Perhaps, then, the real fear that should be felt on campus is the‐ recent trend of government disinterest in higher education.
STATE‐LEVEL COORDINATION AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Greers Darryl G. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTGeneral propositions about the policy resources of a state higher education coordinating board, some determinants of state–level coordination of institutions of higher education, the function of conflict in coordination, the role of a coordinating board in policy making., and conditions under which coordination of institutions and policy implementation may be successful are presented. The conclusion is that a coordinating board, plays an important system–maintenance function and that it is an active rather than passive policy actor, that there are several conditions under which coordination and policy implementation may occur, and that a coordinating board's ability to implement policy in especially dependent upon the political support that it receives and its ability to mobilize resources outside the higher education system.
HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP IN STATE LEGISLATURES
Authors: Rosenthal Alan , Fuhrman Susan 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe distribution of higher education leadership in state legislatures is examined. It is based on questionnaire and interview information from 285 legislators who exercise influence on education policy in the fifty states, and one‐third of whom give special attention to issues of higher education. These higher education leaders differ from education leaders generally in terms of their experience, their location within the legislature, and their effort and relationships. What explains higher education leadership as much as anything else, however, is the nature of the environment in which legislators find themselves. In focusing on eleven states, where higher education is of considerable salience, it is possible to discern how environment combines with other factors to produce such leadership.
BRINGING THE INDEPENDENT SECTOR INTO STATEWIDE HIGHER EDUCATION PLANNING
Authors: Odell Morgan , Thelin John 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe ideal of a comprehensive higher education planning agency was only partially fulfilled in the 1970's. It was especially limited in its ability to bring independent colleges and universities into statewide planning. The unfulfilled comprehensive statewide planning model makes an attractive case for decentralised decision–making. State planning, usually characterized by the so–called “bureaucratic model,” might be balanced by increased use of an “incentive model.” The work of the state agency would be to encourage and reward fair market competition among the institutions and segments of higher education. Such an approach is based on the conviction that “…intelligent planning can diminish the role of government in the academic and administrative affairs of all sectors, while improving accountability to the public and to the diverse constituencies our institutions serve.”
LONG‐TERM EXPECTATIONS FOR FINANCING HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Chambers M. M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIt is an error to base higher education enrollment projections solely on birth statistics of twenty years earlier. Nationwide enrollment may show substantial increases during the present decade, and ultimately very great gains are probable. Federal support will. in the long run come to exceed the contribution of the states. The view of higher education as a private purchase of a consumers1 good, for private gratification and aggrandizement, is slowly changing to the salutary view that higher education is a public service whose benefits accrue chiefly to the whole society. An interlude of emphasis of federal tax‐cuting need not necessarily mean that the fifty states will abandon themselves to fiscal austerity for higher education.
FORCES FOR CHANGE IN THE GOVERNANCE OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES
Authors: Gardner David P. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTGovernment control of colleges and universities has been increasing in recent years. The challenge for higher education is how to make institutions properly accountable but less controlled by government. The experience in this regard in the United Kingdom and the United States is compared. The danger in both nations is that left unchecked, control will leave universities resembling regulated public utilities. American and British academics can learn from each other on how to avoid such a fate.
POLITICIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE
Authors: Ambler John S. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe more highly politicized nature of French, as compared to British universities can be explained only partially in terms of such cultural and Political differences as the greater strength of the revolutionary tradition in France and the more conservative tenor of French governments in the l960's and 1970's. Political tensions in French higher education are also in Dart the result of policy choices, notably the greater speed of expansion of enrollments in France as compared to Britain and the form of French university elections, which strengthened politicized unions.
MANDATING AS A POLICY ISSUE – THE DEFINITIONAL PROBLEM*
Authors: Neiman Max , Lovell Catherine 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTMandating of state policies by agencies of the federal government and of local government policies by both state and federal agencies has emerged in recent years as an important policy issue. This conceptualization of mandating behavior offers a typology based upon (1) substantive aspects of the mandate; (2) the method by which a mandate is imposed; and (3) the mode of application. Problems associated with different types of mandates suggest multidimensional effects of intergovernmental relations on state and local policy formulation and Implementation.
SCHOOL DISTRICT BUDGETARY ELECTIONS: A COST REDISTRIBUTE PROCEDURE?
Authors: Ertur Omer S. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines, theoretically and empirically, school district budgetary election voting behavior. In the study it is argued that the change from fiscally independent to state‐funds dependent school district operations may have altered the traditional cost/quantity‐based school budgetary voting behavior. With the assumption of state aid schemes to school districts, the school district budgetary election processes may have become political procedures by which the cost of school district operations has been distributed to broader tax bases.
RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR EVALUATING THE ADOPTION POTENTIAL OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES*
Authors: Berry Linda , Bronfman Lois Martin 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe completely novel nature of some energy technology innovations sometimes makes prospective economic analysis of adoption potential neither desirable nor feasible. Three noneconomic models evaluating adoption potential are examined for technological innovations whose diffusion potential is not yet known. Applications of the general models are suggested with specific references to development of solar total energy systems.
U.S. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICY – THE URBAN‐RURAL DIMENSION
Authors: Barsh Russel L. , Gale Jeffrey 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTEconomic development in the U.S. context from the federal level is reviewed with emphasis on the urban‐rural dimension. “Economic development” is theoretically discussed and defined. Appropriate intervention into free market processes is examined as to justifications and unit of analysis. U.S. economic development policy history is reviewed in its broader form of subsidy and risk reallocation under several conceptual schemes to show constituencies, complexity, urban‐rural emphasis, and biases toward industrialization. A series of sociopolitical scenarios are introduced to explain these patterns. The relationship between economic policy and federalism is explored. A conception of “rural development” is developed and reconceptualization of development along a systemic perspective is urged.
THE DECLINE OF CALIFORNIA'S NORTH COAST REDWOOD REGION
Authors: Burton Dudley J. , Alpert Irvine 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe Redwood Timber Region of Northern California has experienced a gradual decline in its natural resource base combined with intensified struggles over preservation and conservation. This region is used as a case study for examining the historic pattern of resource decline, the ambiguous roles of environmentalist pressure, the failure of public regulation, and a range of regional responses to economic decline. In this case, more intense forest management techniques (herbicides, fertilizer, thinning), more public investment in timber regeneration programs, and the emergence of an underground economy in marijuana growing are core elements of the response to resource decline. Theoretical, political, and environmental problems with these approaches are examined.
THE INCIDENCE AND REGULATION OF PLANT SHUTDOWNS*
Authors: Harrison Bennett , Bluestone Barry 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the proposed plant closing legislation, together with other complementary approaches to the orderly regulation of private capital disinvestment, especially as it occurs in the form of large‐scale plant or store shutdowns. The authors also provide a review of the recent data on the incidence and employment impact of shutdowns during the 1970's, in particular industries, by region and by form of ownership.
WORKER OWNERSHIP AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Blasi Joseph R. , Whyte William Foote 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines the development of expanding support for worker ownership in the United States. The authors provide a brief review of the various types of legislation, both at the state and federal levels, drafted on worker ownership. They also provide a discussion of the problems in establishing and maintaining a worker‐owned firm such as worker access to the idea of worker ownership, time to evaluate, discuss, and learn about the proposal, and judge if it is applicable to their situation. Other problems include training workers for new skills, such as management, and improving productivity. Finally, the authors present various requirements for implementation of wide‐scale workers ownership. The requirements include consulting groups which can help workers design, establish, and evolve participation in worker‐owned firms, the development of worker ownership programs in all unions to identify ownership opportunities, and the development of federations of worker‐owned firms to identify common problems, work to loosen credit sources and even evolve their own banks for capital.
THE BEHAVIORAL COSTS OF ECONOMIC INSTABILITY*
Authors: Catalano Ralph , Dooley David 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the literature reporting a connection between economic change and behavioral disorder. The literature is separated into individual and aggregate based research and the methodological issues raised by each approach are described. The implications of the research findings for illness prevention, remedial services and economic policy making are discussed. The authors argue that the social costs of mobile capital should be accounted and internalized because social justice as well as Economic and Psychological theory assume that an individual should bear the costs of his or her behavior.
RESTRUCTURING LOCAL ECONOMIES THROUGH NEGOTIATED INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
Authors: Kunde James E. , Berry Daniel E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article examines an experimental process called the Negotiated Investment Strategy (NIS). The NIS, a method for coordinating federal, state, and local (public and private) expenditures at the community level, has been tested in three midwestern communities: St. Paul, Minnesota; Columbus, Ohio; and Gary, Indiana. The article describes the assumptions which underlie the concept, results of the three‐city experiments, and speculates on the potential of the NIS for restructuring local economies. Particular attention is given to evaluating the SIS as a process intervention which could assist communities undergoing traumatic economic change.
ASSESSING THE PRODUCTS OF GOVERNMENT: WHAT GETS DISTRIBUTED?*
Authors: Jones Bryan D. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe literature on the provision and distribution of urban public services has recently stressed the study of impacts rather than outputs. Impacts are conventionally conceived as the final stage of an orderly production process. Benefits are produced only after impacts are achieved. This paper argues, to the contrary, that costs and benefits stem from each stage of the public service production process. Consequently, a focus on the impact stage alone can be grossly misleading.
SUBJECTIVE INDICATORS AND DISTRIBUTIONAL RESEARCH ON PUBLIC SERVICES
Authors: Shin Doh C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article uses data from 15 U.S. cities to explore the ways in which the use of subjective measures of service satisfaction can redirect distributional research from the question of who gets how much to the more policy‐relevant question of who gets how much of what is needed. It suggests a useful approach to the use of subjective indicators to provide more valid and meaningful measures in distributional research.
THE USE OF SURVEYS OF SATISFACTION FOR EVALUATIONS
Authors: Rosentraub Mark S. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe use of surveys by cities for planning or evaluation requires attention to several problems identified by users. An assessment of the impact of these issues was made using three surveys by the city of Dallas. It was determined that surveys may be particularly valuable in evaluating service delivery patterns for services which offer delivery agents a high level of discretion. For these services, non‐whites reported higher levels of dissatisfaction than whites, a pattern not evident when low discretion services are evaluated. The study also allowed development of specific suggestions regarding the structure of survey questions and the evaluation of services by non‐users.
ARE ACADEMIC MODELS OF URBAN SERVICE DISTRIBUTIONS RELEVANT TO PUBLIC POLICY?: LESSONS FROM NEW YORK
Authors: Sanger Mary Bryna 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTStudies identifying and explaining the patterns of service allocations within cities have proliferated in recent years. Methodologies have been refined and the quality of data has improved. Theories of service distribution tested in the research are largely of three types: (1) those that stress “underclass” explanations of racial, economic and/or political discrimination; (2) those that stress service conditions or neighborhood needs; and (3) those that stress bureaucratic decision rules. This article presents findings on the determinants of intra‐city distribution patterns for sanitation, fire and police services in New York. These findings highlight some of the difficulties of existing explanations and suggest that a bureaucratic decision rule (BDR) model provides more guidance in interpreting frequently confusing and contradictory results. Though specific rules are hard to identify, use of the BDR model enables more meaningful policy recommendations.
SERVICE NEEDS AND MUNICIPAL EXPENDITURES*
Authors: Lewis Carol W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe difficulties involved in assessing the meaning of municipal expenditures are examined in view of the fact that dependency upon municipal services varies among and within jurisdictions. A cross‐sectional analysis of spending in the five largest cities in Connecticut illustrates how considerations of human needs can affect the interpretation of spending (although they do not alter legal obligations or the financial reality of fiscal conditions). The possibilities and limitations associated with this approach to municipal expenditures are conveyed in terms of questions of public policy.
POLITICS, LABOR RELATIONS, AND PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT: RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Authors: Sulzner George T. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe establishment of collective bargaining in the government service necessarily heightens the political context of public personnel administration. The personnel process becomes a more open system for decision‐making and consequently subject to a greater variety of influences. Especially in the implementation of policy, the personnel specialist acting as part of the management team shares responsibility with union representatives. Generally, human resource management is characterized by more give and take bilateral relations but the areas of greatest union impact are pay and discipline policies and practices. The viability of public sector labor relations will be severely tested in the eighties as governments face the dual demand for smaller work forces and increased productivity. The outcome will have a direct bearing on the work of public personnel administrators.
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Authors: Rich Richard C. , Manheim Jarol B. 
Published: September 2005

BOOK REVIEW ESSAY Stephen Breyer, Regulation and Its Reform Kenneth W. Clarkson and Timothy J. Muris, eds., The Federal Trade Commission Since 1970: Economic Regulation and Bureaucratic Behavior Susan M. Phillips and J. Richard Zecher, The SEC and the Public Interest BOOK REVIEWS Robert G. Healy and James L. Short, The Market for Rural Land – Trends. Issues, Policies John J. Kirlin, The Political Economy of Fiscal Limits T. J. Pempel, Policy and Politics in Japan: Creative Conservatism Forest W. Horton and Donald A. Marchand, eds., Information Management in Public Administration BOOKNOTES L. H. Gann and Peter Duignan, Africa South of the Sahara: The Challenge To Western Security Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann, The Middle East and North Africa: The Chaknge to Western Security Rosalie L. Tung, U.S.‐China Trade Negotiations Richard L. Gordon, Reforming the Regulation of Electric Utilities
THE EVALUATION OF COPRODUCTION PROGRAMS
Authors: Brudney Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article evaluates the benefits and costs of local coproduction of services. Coproduction is understood as active participation beyond the normal requirements of citizenship by individuals or groups in the delivery of municipal services intended to raise the quality and/or amount of their provision. The benefits and costs of coproduction programs are examined in six areas: tax savings, service effectiveness, citizen participation, motivating service‐directed behavior, training and coordination arrangements, and service equity.
Industrial Policy: Conservative, Liberal and Radical Views
Authors: Connerly Charles E. 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles: Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Fiscal 1982 Budget Revisions Ira C. Magaziner and Robert B. Reich, Minding America's Business; The Decline and Rise of the American Economy Robert B. Reich, The Next American Frontier
Educational Policy Analyses: Three Recent Works
Authors: Bullock Charles S. 
Published: September 2005

Books reviewed in this articles: Derrick Ben, ed., Shades of Brown; New Perspectives on School Desegregation Michael E. Manley‐Casimir, ed., Family Choice in Schooling Michael A. Rebell and Arthur R. Block, Educational Policy Making and the Courts: An Empirical Study of Judicial Activism
POLICY COMMUNITIES: THE BRITISH AND EUROPEAN POLICY STYLE
Authors: Jordan A. G. , Richardson J. J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIt seems possible to formulate broad characterizations of the British and European policy processes in terms of the relationship between government and interest groups. There is a preferred type of machinery in Britain, reflecting normative values, which is to avoid electoral politics and public conflict in order to reach consensus or “accommodation” in the labyrinth of consultative machinery. This style is aptly labelled “bureaucratic accommodation” and is a system in which the dominant actors are groups and government departments. Departments readily recognize the “relevant” groups in a given policy area and seek to mobilize the community around agreed policies. The predilection for the avoidance of conflict seems equally apparent in other Western European nations.
STRATEGIES OF SINGLE‐ISSUE INTEREST GROUPS
Authors: Oberstar Gloria Toivola 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTUsing traditional models of electoral behavior one would not expect single‐issue interest groups to have the impact on the American electoral system evident in recent elections. The difficulty in understanding their success lies in the assumption that the rational voter merely maximizes utility by choosing between the positions offered by the candidates/ political parties. Single‐issue interest group activity has demonstrated, to the contrary, that it is possible for an assertive rational voter to successfully force candidates/ parties to take specific positions on issues and to form winning coalitions.