bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposal of magnetic circuit using magnetic shielding with bulk‐type high‐Tc superconductors—evaluation of magnetic circuits using toroidal core
Authors: Fukuoka Katsuhiro , Hashimoto Mitsuo , Tomita Masaru , Murakami Masato 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecently, bulk‐type high‐Tc superconductors (HTSs) having a characteristic of critical current density over 104 A/cm2 in liquid nitrogen (77 K) and at 1 T have been produced. They are promising for many practical applications such as a magnetic bearing, a magnetic levitation, a flywheel, a magnetic shielding, and others. In this research, we propose a magnetic circuit that can be used as a magnetic shield for several superconductors as an application of the HTS. It is a closed magnetic circuit by means of a toroidal core. Characteristics of the magnetic circuit surrounded with HTSs are evaluated and the possibility is examined. Because the magnetic circuit of the ferrite core is surrounded with HTSs, the magnetic flux is shielded even if it leaks from the ferrite core. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(4): 1–10, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10337
Organolead‐Mediated Arylations: 2‐(3,3‐Diphenylallyloxy)phenyllead Triacetate as an Internal Free‐Radical‐Trap‐Containing Reagent
Authors: Fedorov Alexey Yu.  , Finet Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2004

Abstract2‐(3,3‐Diphenylprop‐2‐enyloxy)phenyllead triacetate, an arylating reagent containing an internal free radical trap, was synthesised and its behaviour studied in base‐catalysed C‐arylation reactions and in copper‐catalysed N‐arylation reactions. The absence of benzofuran derivatives among the products of C‐ and N‐arylation reactions excludes the involvement of radical species in these two processes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Total Synthesis of Subarine, a Marine Alkaloid Related to the Pyridoacridine Family
Authors: Bijeire Laurent , Legentil Laurent , Bastide Jean , Darro Francis , Rochart Christelle , Delfourne Evelyne 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of the marine alkaloid subarine has been accomplished in four steps in 70% overall yield starting from 4‐bromo‐1,10‐phenanthroline. The natural compound and three intermediates in the synthesis were tested at six concentrations on six different human cancer cell lines, including various histopathological types. None of these compounds exhibits significant antitumor activity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Distribution of single DNA molecule electrophoretic mobilities in semidilute and dilute hydroxyethylcellulose solutions
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshinori , Todorov Todor I. , Morris Michael D. , Larson Ronald G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe distribution of center of mass electrophoretic mobility mobilities and normalized migration time of up to 1080 λ DNA molecules per experiment were measured in both semidilute hydroxyethylcellulose HEC/0.5× Tris‐borate‐EDTA (TBE) solutions and dilute HEC/0.5×TBE solution by high‐speed video microscopy. Measurements were made microscopically over a short migration distance in homogeneous DNA HEC/0.5×TBE solution and after electrophoretic migration of a plug of DNA through 7 cm. Video at 120 frames/s (semidilute HEC solution) and 236 frames/s (dilute HEC solution) allowed visualization with adequate resolution for single molecule mobility measurements. The electrophoretic migration times and band shapes predicted from the measurements corresponded well with those measured by conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE) in both semidilute and dilute HEC. In semidilute solution, the band width predicted by a square root of time scaling is in good agreement with the results of conventional CE. However, in dilute solution the precision of the measurements was not good enough to allow scaled estimates of band widths.
An electroelution apparatus for sequential transfer of sodium dodecyl sulfate‐proteins into agarose and mass spectrometric identification of Li‐Na‐dodecyl sulfate‐proteins from solubilized agarose
Authors: Buzás Zsuzsanna , Antal József , Gilligan John J. , Backlund Peter S. , Yergey Alfred L. , Chrambach Andreas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSeparated protein bands are sequentially electrophoresed into low melting agarose plugs distributed in an apparatus of original design along the surface of a plastic drum. The rotation of the drum is synchronized to migration of electrophoretic bands to receive each band individually. Agarose plugs are dissolved enzymatically for transfer into the mass spectrometer. One μL of the agarose solution containing 1 pmol of each of three lithium and natrium salts of dodecyl sulfate (Li‐Na‐DS)‐proteins were applied to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) without any prepurification. It yields a signal indistinguishable from that obtained in the absence of agarose.
Typing dinucleotide repeat loci using microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis: Proof of principle
Authors: Rodríguez Santiago , Chen Xiao‐he , Day Ian N. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPolymorphic dinucleotide repeat loci (‘microsatellite markers’) are found in varying abundance throughout the genomes of most organisms. They have been extensively used for genetic studies, but conventional techniques used for their genotyping require sophisticated equipment. Microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis (MADGE) has previously been extended to economical high‐throughput genotyping of trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellite amplicons. However, the capability of this technique to resolve the alleles of dinucleotide repeat loci has not been explored previously. Here we show that a modified microsatellite‐MADGE approach can provide sufficient resolution for dinucleotide repeat typing. This enables economical and convenient set up for analysis of single markers in many samples in parallel, suitable, for example, for population association studies.
Strategies for environmental site closeout: If you don't have a strategy, you need one!
Authors: Lundquist Dennis E. , Hunter Philip M. , Price Fred T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe Air Force has been involved in closing environmental sites for several decades. Over time, environmental programs have matured at bases around the country, particularly at closure installations. As a result, the Air Force has accumulated numerous lessons learned and success stories. This article presents a working paradigm for environmental site closeout, drawing on extensive information collected over the decades, as well as the authors' experiences in the environmental site closeout process. The fundamental theses are that early planning is critical for efficient and effective site closeout, opportunities exist for improving the site closeout process if current methodologies are reexamined and new approaches are considered, and establishing a closeout documentation trail and archival system is essential for focusing and facilitating the site closeout program. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reconstruction of the pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of central Corinth, Greece
Authors: Hayward Chris L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe pre‐8th century B.C. palaeotopography of the center of Corinth, southern Greece, was reconstructed using a combination of geological and geomorphological observation and archaeological evidence. Preserved areas of calcrete and overlying calcareous soil, which represent surviving remnants lying close to the pre‐8th century B.C. land surface, were mapped. The geology of the site was also mapped. The topography of Corinth in pre‐8th century B.C. times was radically different from that observed today. Most topographic modification occurred as a result of quarrying from a line of Pleistocene oolitic sand dunes for construction‐stone during antiquity. The reconstruction presented differs in key respects from previously published palaeotopographies, which did not include geological evidence. The results of the new reconstruction illustrate the importance of combining geological, geomorphological, and archaeological evidence and have implications for the urban development of Corinth in post‐8th century B.C. times. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reconstruction of Quaternary pluvial environments and human occupations using stratigraphy and geochronology of fossil‐spring tufas, Kharga Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Smith Jennifer R. , Giegengack Robert , Schwarcz Henry P. , McDonald Mary M. A. , Kleindienst Maxine R. , Hawkins Alicia L. , Churcher Charles S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe carried out a geologic survey and a preliminary archaeological survey of four fossil‐spring tufa localities in Kharga Oasis, Egypt, to constrain the timing of pluvial episodes in the Western Desert, and to document prehistoric occupation contemporaneous with times of increased rainfall. Uranium‐series dating of the tufas confirms that at least five episodes of tufa deposition are represented in Kharga, although not every event is represented at each locality. Across the region studied, tufas were most frequently deposited as part of a fluvial barrage system, characterized by terraced, vegetated pools impounded by arcuate tufa dams and separated by small waterfalls. Available water resources during pluvial phases would have included not only spring‐fed streams but also small freshwater lakes. While Earlier Stone Age (ESA) and Middle Stone Age (MSA) lithic artifacts may be found either as surficial lags on tufas, or, less commonly, encased within tufas, Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic artifacts are generally found in or on silts within surface deflation depressions in the tufas, principally at Wadi Midauwara. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of burrowing activity on archaeological sites: Ndondondwane, South Africa
Authors: Fowler Kent D. , Greenfield Haskel J. , van Schalkwyk Leonard O. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBurrowing activity is a widely recognized source of site modification. Most taphonomic studies of burrowers emphasize their destructive aspects on the archaeological record. Excavations at Ndondondwane, South Africa, suggest burrowing activity is destructive in some ways, but may also preserve cultural behavior. Drawing on both direct and indirect sources of evidence, we discuss how burrowing activity by rodents, earthworms, and termites can inform about pedogenic and depositional processes at archaeological sites and both preserve and destroy evidence of intra‐settlement patterns and early African cultigens. Specifically, we demonstrate the limited effect of earthworms on site stratigraphy, how the localized activity of termites have preserved casts of early African cultigens, and how the ability of archaeologists to distinguish the devastating effects of rodent burrowing from remains of architectural features have permitted important inferences about social and ritual life in early African farming communities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the role of winter grazing in historic land degradation, Mývatnssveit, northeast Iceland
Authors: Simpson Ian A. , Guðmundsson Garðar , Thomson Amanda M. , Cluett Jonathan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper assesses the contribution of historical and traditional winter grazing to long‐term land degradation in northeast Iceland. To do so, indicators of soil erosion from two contrasting historical winter grazing areas, set in a tephrochronological framework, are compared against their temporal and regional land degradation contexts. The observations made indicate distinctive and different landscape responses to historical winter grazing depending on location. In both study areas, there is an accelerated level of wind and water erosion with settlement at ca. A.D. 874 through to A.D. 1477. One of these areas had a subsequent reduction in erosion rates to considerably below the regional average, possibly as a result of adaptive land management; the second, more inherently sensitive area, is now subarctic desert. These findings confirm early land management practices as a major factor in Icelandic land degradation, they contribute to explanations of early settlement success and failure, and highlight the significance of historical approaches in addressing contemporary issues of land degradation and conservation responses. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parallel activation of field CA2 and dentate gyrus by synaptically elicited perforant path volleys
Authors: Bartesaghi Renata , Gessi Tiziana 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPrevious studies showed that dorsal psalterium (PSD) volleys to the entorhinal cortex (ENT) activated in layer II perforant path neurons projecting to the dentate gyrus. The discharge of layer II neurons was followed by the sequential activation of the dentate gyrus (DG), field CA3, field CA1. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether in this experimental model field, CA2, a largely ignored sector, is activated either directly by perforant path volleys and/or indirectly by recurrent hippocampal projections. Field potentials evoked by single‐shock PSD stimulation were recorded in anesthetized guinea pigs from ENT, DG, fields CA2, CA1, and CA3. Current source‐density (CSD) analysis was used to localize the input/s to field CA2. The results showed the presence in field CA2 of an early population spike superimposed on a slow wave (early response) and of a late and smaller population spike, superimposed on a slow wave (late response). CSD analysis during the early CA2 response showed a current sink in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare, followed by a sink moving from stratum radiatum to stratum pyramidale, suggesting that this response represented the activation and discharge of CA2 pyramidal neurons, mediated by perforant path fibers to this field. CSD analysis during the late response showed a current sink in middle stratum radiatum of CA2 followed by a sink moving from inner stratum radiatum to stratum pyramidale, suggesting that this response was mediated by Schaffer collaterals from field CA3. No early population spike was evoked in CA3. However, an early current sink of small magnitude was evoked in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of CA3, suggesting the presence of synaptic currents mediated by perforant path fibers to this field. The results provide novel information about the perforant path system, by showing that dorsal psalterium volleys to the entorhinal cortex activate perforant path neurons that evoke the parallel discharge of granule cells and CA2 pyramidal neurons and depolarization, but no discharge of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Consequently, field CA2 may mediate the direct transfer of ENT signals to hippocampal and extrahippocampal structures in parallel with the DG‐CA3‐CA1 system and may provide a security factor in situations in which the latter is disrupted. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of theta power in hippocampal EEG during bar pressing and running behavior in rats during distinct behavioral contexts
Authors: Wyble Bradley P. , Hyman James M. , Rossi Christina A. , Hasselmo Michael E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThese experiments examine changes in theta power as measured by wavelet analysis in five rats performing a conditional visual discrimination task and a simple running task. In the conditional task, rats were trained to press one lever to initiate a trial and then to press one of two choice levers, each corresponding to one of two cue lights. Analysis of theta power in this operant task found a large decrease in theta power during the choice bar presses, in contrast to the increase in theta power during trial initiation bar presses. This result seems to stand counter to results that propose consistent relationships between motor actions and theta power (Vanderwolf, EEG Clin Neurophys 26:407–418, 1969), as well as studies suggesting that the lack of bar‐press theta is the result of habituation. However, these data can be seen as being in broad agreement with the theoretical framework of sensorimotor integration (Bland and Oddie, Behav Brain Res 127:119–136, 2001). To investigate further the power of theta observed at the termination of type 1 motor activity, a runway task was devised in which rats ran back and forth between two ends of a linear track, one of which was always rewarded and the other never rewarded. Theta power decreased sharply 240 ms before movement ended at the rewarded end, but not at the unrewarded end of the track. These data extend the current scope of theory in demonstrating that hippocampal theta activity can end abruptly 200–400 ms prior to the end of type 1 motor movement when approaching the end of a motor sequence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered hippocampal short‐term plasticity and associative memory in synaptotagmin IV (−/−) mice
Authors: Ferguson Gregory D. , Wang Hongbing , Herschman Harvey R. , Storm Daniel R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSynaptotagmin IV (Syt IV) is an activity‐inducible, secretory vesicle protein that is thought to function as an inhibitor of neurotransmitter release (Littleton et al. Nature 400:757–760, 1999). To test this hypothesis in neurons of the mammalian CNS, we measured field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in hippocampal slice preparations from Syt IV (−/−) mice. At Schaffer collateral synapses, the basal properties of neurotransmission are largely normal. However, two forms of short‐term plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) and post‐tetanic potentiation (PTP), are significantly enhanced in area CA1 of Syt IV (−/−) slices. Similarly, the early stages of long‐term potentiation (LTP) are also enhanced at these synapses. Consistent with the low levels of Syt IV observed in dentate granule cells, the mossy fiber synapses in Syt IV (−/−) slices display largely normal PPF and LTP. In addition, we find that Syt IV (−/−) mice have deficits in the associative passive avoidance memory paradigm, but are normal in the novel object recognition paradigm. The synaptic architecture and connectivity of Syt IV (−/−) brains is indistinguishable from wild‐type mice as indicated by immunohistochemical analysis. These results suggest Syt IV is a presynaptic negative regulator of short‐term plasticity in area CA1 of the hippocampus and is required for some, but not all, forms of hippocampus‐dependent memory. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential modulation by carbachol of four separate excitatory afferent systems to the rat subiculum in vitro
Authors: Kunitake Ayumi , Kunitake Takato , Stewart Mark 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe subiculum is a limbic cortical region that receives inputs from hippocampus and other parahippocampal regions. We used horizontal brain slices to study the modulatory effects of muscarinic receptor activation on excitatory afferent systems of the subiculum. Multiple inputs are preserved in these slices. Carbachol (CCh, applied to the bath) induced a decrease in the field responses (40–50% at 50 μM; 60% at 100 μM) to CA1, presubicular (PreS), and medial entorhinal (MEC) stimulation. Subicular responses to lateral entorhinal (LEC) stimuli were not depressed. The M1 receptor antagonist pirenzepine at 1 μM was sufficient to reverse most of the CCh‐induced depression of afferent excitation, but 10 μM concentrations were required to eliminate the CCh‐induced firing in the isolated subiculum. A partial reversal of the CCh‐induced depression of afferent excitation was achieved by the M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine (1 or 10 μM), but these concentrations did not prevent CCh‐induced firing. When CA1 afferents were repetitively activated with submaximal stimuli in the presence of CCh, population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) showed modest summation, but every response was smaller than a corresponding events in normal media. Population spikes, particularly late spikes in a train, showed pronounced facilitation during CCh exposure. The NMDA receptor antagonist CPP (10 μM) prevented facilitation of responses to repetitive stimulation in the presence of carbachol. We conclude that CA1, PreS, and MEC afferents to the subiculum exhibit CCh sensitivity similar to that established for area CA3 afferents to CA1, and LEC afferents to subiculum exhibit CCh resistance. Our data suggest that much of the hippocampal formation circuitry is modulated by CCh and the properties of this modulation can explain some specific firing characteristics of hippocampal formation neurons in “cholinergic” versus “noncholinergic” brain states. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An observational measure of children's behavioural style: Evidence supporting a multi‐method approach to studying temperament
Authors: Karp Jennifer , Serbin Lisa A. , Stack Dale M. , Schwartzman Alex E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study demonstrates the potential utility of the Behavioural Style Observational System (BSOS) as a new observational measure of children's behavioural style. The BSOS is an objective, short and easy to use measure that can be readily adapted to a variety of home and laboratory situations. In the present study, 160 mother–child dyads from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project (CLRP) were observed during an 11‐min behavioural sample. Videotaped interactions were coded using the BSOS for children's mood, activity level, vocal reactivity, approach to toys, mood consistency and adaptability. Comparisons between the BSOS observational ratings and mothers' ratings of the child on the EAS Temperament Survey (EAS) provided support for modest congruence between these two measurement systems, and revealed a differential predictive pattern of children's functioning. Specifically, the observation‐based BSOS predicted children's cognitive performance and adaptive behaviour during testing, whereas the mother‐rated EAS predicted maternal ratings of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Both measures were found to independently predict mothers' ratings of parenting stress. Overall, the findings imply that neither observational measures nor maternal ratings alone are sufficient to understand children's behavioural style, and that comprehensive evaluations of children's temperament should optimally include both types of measures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.