bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of regional blood volume and intra‐extracapillary water exchange in human myocardium using Feruglose: First clinical results in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Wacker Christian M. , Wiesmann Frank , Bock Michael , Jakob Peter , Sandstede Jörn J.W. , Lehning Anja , Ertl Georg , Schad Lothar R. , Haase Axel , Bauer Wolfgang R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this pilot study in humans was to investigate the effect of an intravascular contrast agent (CA) on relaxation rate in myocardium (R1,myo) in the steady state. The dependence of R1,myo on R1,blood was characterized and compared with a theoretical model which allowed determination of the intra‐ extracapillary water proton exchange frequency (f = 0.48 s−1) and the intracapillary blood volume (RBV = 12.9 %). A linear response range of ΔR1,myo on ΔR1,blood was estimated which in future studies will allow the determination of RBV with intravascular CA. Magn Reson Med 47:1013–1016, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo imaging of the neutron capture therapy agent BSH in mice using 10B MRI
Authors: Bendel Peter , Koudinova Natalia , Salomon Yoram 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBoron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an experimental cancer treatment modality requiring the targeting of 10B‐enriched compounds to the tumor, which is then irradiated by low‐energy neutrons. One of the boron‐containing compounds used for this purpose is the mercaptoborane Na2B12H11SH (BSH). The first in vivo MR images of 10B‐enriched BSH are presented here. BSH, injected into the tail vein of mice with implanted M2R melanoma xenografts, was imaged using 3D gradient echo 10B MRI. 10B NMR spectroscopy, localized mainly to the tumor by virtue of the use of a small surface coil, was applied to measure the T1 (2.9 ± 0.3 ms) and T2 (1.75 ± 0.25 ms) values of the 10B signal. The MRI experiments detected levels of about 20 ppm (μg boron / g tissue) at 6 × 6 × 6 mm spatial resolution in a total scan time of 16 min. Magn Reson Med 46:13–17, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal dose of Gd‐DTPA in dynamic MR studies
Authors: Rusinek Henry , Lee Vivian S. , Johnson Glyn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between the administered dose d of Gd‐DTPA and the accuracy of measurements of the glomerular filtration rate G and the cardiac output O was investigated. For a wide range of values the concentration of Gd‐DTPA can be uniquely derived from MR signals and precontrast longitudinal relaxation time. Fixed and random errors in these measured variables were analyzed. Depending on noise level and the level of renal function, errors in G reach a minimum for d = 1.4–2.8 mmol. Random errors in G are relatively insensitive to d as long as d > 1.5 mmol. These results establish the feasibility of dynamic MR measurements using doses of Gd‐DTPA that are several times lower than current standards. Magn Reson Med 46:312–316, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability analysis and design of automatic frequency control system for in vivo EPR spectroscopy
Authors: Hirata Hiroshi , Luo Zhi‐Wei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStability analysis and design of an automatic frequency control (AFC) system for in vivo continuous‐wave EPR spectroscopy is described. The open‐loop function of the feedback control system for the AFC was derived and the stability of the feedback loop systematically examined. A stability analysis of the system is demonstrated and a systematic design procedure is proposed. The design is started from the required system specifications (phase margin, steady‐state error, and system bandwidth) and clear guidelines for designing an AFC system are given. A case study of the design is presented based on the specific needs of in vivo EPR measurements. A phase margin of 53°, a steady‐state error of 1.6%, and a system bandwidth of up to 1.8 kHz were obtained in the designed AFC system. The system specifications defined in advance are satisfied in this case study. Magn Reson Med 46:1209–1215, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of experimental muscle pain on electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in the rat
Authors: Ro Jin Y. , Svensson Peter , Capra Norman 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of noxious chemical stimulation of a jaw muscle on postural electromyographic (EMG) activity from several masticatory muscles in lightly anesthetized rats. Unilateral injection of a substance known to induce acute muscle pain (5% NaCl) or longer duration of pain with inflammation (mustard oil) was made into the masseter muscle. The changes in EMG activity following the injection were recorded from the injected and contralateral masseter muscles and the ipsilateral digastric muscle. The algesic chemicals produced a significant but transient increase in EMG activity in all three muscles. The data from the present study and similar observations from clinical and experimental human studies suggest that increased activity from muscle nociceptors is not sufficient to produce a prolonged increase in postural EMG activity. Therefore, the development and maintenance of chronic jaw muscle pain does not appear to result from a feedback cycle mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Dendritic reorganization in pyramidal neurons in medial prefrontal cortex after chronic corticosterone administration
Authors: Wellman Cara L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChronic stress produces deficits in cognition accompanied by alterations in neural chemistry and morphology. For example, both stress and chronic administration of corticosterone produce dendritic atrophy in hippocampal neurons (Woolley C, Gould E, McEwen BS. 1990. Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 531:225–231; Watanabe Y, Gould E, McEwen BS, 1992b. Stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. Brain Res 588:341–345). Prefrontal cortex is also a target for glucocorticoids involved in the stress response (Meaney MJ, Aitken DH. 1985. [3H]Dexamethasone binding in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res 328:176–180); it shows neurochemical changes in response to stress (e.g., Luine VN, Spencer RL, McEwen BS. 1993. Effect of chronic corticosterone ingestion on spatial memory performance and hippocampal serotonergic function. Brain Res 616:55–70; Crayton JW, Joshi I, Gulati A, Arora RC, Wolf WA. 1996. Effect of corticosterone on serotonin and catecholamine receptors and uptake sites in rat frontal cortex. Brain Res 728:260–262; Takao K, Nagatani T, Kitamura Y, Yamawaki S. 1997. Effects of corticosterone on 5‐HT1Aand 5‐HT2receptor binding and on the receptor‐mediated behavioral responses of rats. Eur J Pharmacol 333:123–128; Sandi C, Loscertales M. 1999. Opposite effects on NCAM expression in the rat frontal cortex induced by acute vs. chronic corticosterone treatments. Brain Res 828:127–134), and mediates many of the behaviors that are altered by chronic corticosterone administration (e.g., Lyons DM, Lopez JM, Yang C, Schatzberg AF. 2000. Stress‐level cortisol treatment impairs inhibitory control of behavior in monkeys. J Neurosci 20:7816–7821). To determine if glucocorticoid‐induced morphological changes also occur in medial prefrontal cortex, the effects of chronic corticosterone administration on dendritic morphology in this corticolimbic structure were assessed. Adult male rats received s.c. injections of either corticosterone (10 mg in 250 μL sesame oil;n= 8) or vehicle (250 μL;n= 8) daily for 3 weeks. A third group of rats served as intact controls (n= 4). Brains were stained using a Golgi‐Cox procedure and pyramidal neurons in layer II‐III of medial prefrontal cortex were drawn; dendritic morphology was quantified in three dimensions. Sholl analyses demonstrated a significant redistribution of apical dendrites in corticosterone‐treated animals: the amount of dendritic material proximal to the soma was increased relative to intact rats, while distal dendritic material was decreased relative to intact animals. Thus, chronic glucocorticoid administration dramatically reorganized apical arbors in medial prefrontal cortex. This reorganization likely reflects functional changes and may contribute to stress‐induced changes in cognition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 245–253, 2001
Essential oils from micropropagated plants of Lavandula viridis
Authors: Nogueira J. M. F. , Romano A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe essential oils of Lavandula viridis were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. Comparisons were made between three types of plant material from the same clone: field‐grown plant, in vitro shoot cultures and micropropagated plants of the same clone. The most common components usually found in lavender oils were present in the oil samples analysed and more than 45 constituents were identified, representing more than 80% of the essential oil. The essential oils analysed consisted mainly of monoterpenes (75.4–76.3%), where oxygenated and hydrocarbons identified ranged from 41.8 to 57.3% and 18.1 to 34.2%, respectively. The major components found were 1.8‐cineole (18.2–25.1%), camphor (9.1–15.7%), α‐pinene (8.8–14.1%), borneol (4.1–4.8%), β‐pinene (1.2–5.6%), Δ3‐carene (1.0–6.5%) and α‐terpineol (0.8–4.2%). The monoterpene fraction of the in vitro shoot cultures showed different relative amounts of hydrocarbons and oxygenated components in relation to the parent plant and to micropropagated plants. In the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon fraction of the oil samples analysed (6.1–8.2%), 7‐epi‐α‐selinene (1.6–4.8%) was the most important component and the oxygenated sesquiterpenes were found in small amounts (1.1–1.7%). The essential oils from field‐grown plants of L. viridis, when compared with those obtained from in vitro shoot cultures or micropropagated plants of the same clone, demonstrated that the same major components were found without significant compositional variations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytogenetic analysis of trophoblasts by comparative genomic hybridization in embryo‐fetal development anomalies
Authors: Tabet A. C. , Aboura A. , Dauge M. C. , Audibert F. , Coulomb A. , Batallan A. , Couturier‐Turpin M. H. , Feldmann G. , Tachdjian G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCytogenetic studies of spontaneous abortions or intrauterine fetal death depend on conventional tissue culturing and karyotyping. This technique has limitations such as culture failure and selective growth of maternal cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific probes permits diagnosis of aneuploidies but is limited to one or a few chromosomal regions. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) provides an overview of chromosomal gains and losses in a single hybridization directly from DNA samples. In a prospective study, we analyzed by CGH trophoblast cells from 21 fetuses in cases of spontaneous abortions, intrauterine fetal death or polymalformed syndrome. Six numerical chromosomal abnormalities including one trisomy 7, one trisomy 10, three trisomies 18, one trisomy 21 and one monosomy X have been correctly identified by CGH. One structural abnormality of the long arm of chromosome 1 has been characterized by CGH. One triploidy and two balanced pericentromeric inversions of chromosome 9 have not been identified by CGH. Sexual chromosomal constitutions were concordant by both classical cytogenetic technique and CGH. Contribution of trophoblast analysis by CGH in embryo‐fetal development anomalies is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC)‐based prenatal diagnosis for tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Bénit Paule , Bonnefont Jean‐Paul , Kara Mostefa Ali , Francannet Christine , Munnich Arnold , Ray Pierre F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTuberous sclerosis (TSC) is a frequent autosomal‐dominant condition (affecting 1 in 6000 individuals) caused by various mutations in either the hamartin (TSC1) or the tuberin gene (TSC2). This allelic and non‐allelic heterogeneity makes genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis difficult, especially as a significant proportion of TSC cases are due to de novo mutations. For this reason the identification of the disease causing mutation is mandatory for accurate counseling, yet current mutation detection methods such as single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are labor intensive with limited detection efficiency. Denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) is a high‐throughput, semi‐automated mutation detection system with a reported mutation detection rate close to 100% for PCR fragments of up to 800 bp. We used a recently described DHPLC assay allowing the efficient detection of mutations in TSC1 to analyze the DNA extracted from a chorion villus sample in order to perform a prenatal diagnosis for TSC. The fetus was found not to have inherited the deleterious mutation and the DHPLC diagnosis was confirmed by haplotype analysis. This represents the first DHPLC‐based prenatal diagnosis of a genetic disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution properties of hyperbranched polymers and synthetic application for amphiphilic star‐hyperbranched copolymers by grafting from hyperbranched macroinitiator
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Mori Akihide 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHyperbranched polystyrenes (PS) were prepared by living radical photopolymerization of N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamoylmethylstyrene (DTCS) as an inimer under UV irradiation. Branched PS with an average chain length between branching points of four styrene units was also prepared by living radical copolymerization of DTCS with styrene. The ratio of radius of gyration to hydrodynamic radius RG/RH for these hyperbranched polymers was in the range 0.82–0.89 in toluene. The translational diffusion coefficient D(C) showed a constant value in the range of 0–14 × 10−3 g ml−1 in toluene. It was found from these dilute solution properties that hyperbranched PSs formed a unimolecular structure even in a good solvent because of their compact nature. These hyperbranched PSs exhibited large amounts of photofunctional carbamate (DC) groups on their outside surfaces. Subsequently, we derived amphiphilic star‐hyperbranched copolymers by grafting from hyperbranched macroinitiator with 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone. These star‐hyperbranched copolymers were soluble in water and methanol.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A new type of imine α‐anion derived from 3‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole 1,1‐dioxide. Tautomerization and dimerization reactions
Authors: Aimone Silvia L. , Caram José A. , Mirífico María V. , Vasini Enrique J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProton abstraction from 3‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole 1,1‐dioxide (1b) in basic non‐aqueous media generated a resonance‐stabilized anion (1b−) that added to 1b producing a dimer, 3‐phenyl‐4‐(4‐phenyl‐3‐methylene‐1,2,5‐thiadiazolin‐2‐yl 1,1‐dioxide)‐4‐methyl‐1,2,5‐thiadiazoline 1,1‐dioxide (2). The anion and the dimer were also electrochemically generated by the cathodic reduction of 1b in acetonitrile solution. The neutralization of basic ethanolic solutions containing 1b− caused the precipitation of the tautomer of 1b, 3‐phenyl‐4‐methylene‐1,2,5‐thiadiazoline 1,1‐dioxide (3). The anion 1b−, and the new compounds 2 and 3 were characterized and identified by NMR, IR and UV–VIS spectroscopic techniques. Their voltammetric behavior was also investigated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled polymerization of acrylic acid under 60Co irradiation in the presence of dibenzyl trithiocarbonate
Authors: Hong Chun‐Yan , You Ye‐Zi , Bai Ru‐Ke , Pan Cai‐Yuan , Borjihan Gereltu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe polymerization of acrylic acid (AA) was performed under 60Co irradiation in the presence of dibenzyl trithiocarbonate at room temperature, and well‐defined poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with a low polydispersity index was successfully prepared. The gel permeation chromatographic and 1H NMR data showed that this polymerization displays living free‐radical polymerization characteristics: a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.07–1.22), controlled molecular weight, and constant chain‐radical concentration during the polymerization. Using PAAS C(S)SPAA as an initiator, the extension reaction of PAA with fresh AA was carried out under 60Co irradiation, and the results indicated that this extension polymerization displayed controlled polymerization behavior. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3934–3939, 2001
Novel pyridinium salts as cationic thermal and photoinitiators and their photosensitization properties
Authors: Takahashi Eiji , Sanda Fumio , Endo Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNovel pyridinium salts [N‐(α‐phenylbenzyl)‐, N‐(1‐naphthylmethyl)‐, or N‐cinnamyl p‐ or o‐cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonates] were synthesized by the reaction of p‐ or o‐cyanopyridine and the corresponding bromides followed by anion exchange with KSbF6. These pyridinium salts polymerized epoxy monomers at lower temperatures than previously reported for N‐benzyl‐2‐cyanopyridinium hexafluoroantimonate. The o‐substituted pyridinium salts showed higher activity than the p‐substituted ones, and the crosslinked epoxy polymers cured with these initiators showed higher glass‐transition temperatures. These pyridinium salts photoinitiated radical polymerization as well as cationic polymerization. The photopolymerization was accelerated by the addition of aromatic ketones as photosensitizers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1037–1046, 2002
New liquid‐crystal alignment agents based on fluorinated polyimides with trifluoromethyl‐substituted benzene or diphenylether in the side chain
Authors: Liu J. G. , Li Z. X. , Wu J. T. , Zhou H. W. , Wang F. S. , Yang S. Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFluorinated copolyimides derived from 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (ODPA) with 4,4′‐oxydianline (ODA) and trifluoromethyl‐containing aromatic diamines have been synthesized and characterized. The trifluoromethyl‐containing diamines include 2,4‐diamino‐3′‐trifluoromethylazobenzene, 2,4‐diamino‐1‐[(4′‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) phenyl] aniline, 3,5‐diamino‐1‐[(4′‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) phenyl] benzamide, 3,5‐diamino‐1‐[(3′‐trifluoromethyl) phenyl] benzamide, 1,4‐bis(4′‐aminophenoxy)‐2‐(3′‐trifluoromethylphenyl) benzene, 3,5‐diaminobenzenetrifluoride, 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐(p‐trifluoromethyl phenoxy) triphenylamine, and 4‐[(4′‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) phenyl]‐2,6‐bis(4″‐aminophenyl)pyridine. Strong and flexible copolyimide films, produced by casting the polyamic acid solution followed by thermal imidization, exhibited great thermal stability and high mechanical properties. The polyimides had an ultraviolet–visible absorption cutoff at 330–340 nm and pretilt angles as high as 20° for nematic liquid crystals, making them great potential candidates for advanced liquid‐crystal display applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1583–1593, 2002
Thermoelectric behavior (PTC) of carbon black‐containing TPX/UHMWPE and TPX/XL‐UHMWPE blends
Authors: Mironi‐Harpaz I. , Narkis M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes the structure and electrical performance of positive‐temperature‐coefficient/negative‐temperature‐coefficient (PTC/NTC) effects of the following three‐component blends: poly(4‐methyl pentene‐1)/ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene/carbon black (TPX/UHMWPE/CB), poly(4‐methyl pentene‐1)/crosslinked‐ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene/carbon black (TPX/XL‐UHMWPE/CB), and γ‐irradiated, compression‐molded plaques of these blends. CB particles are preferentially attracted to the UHMWPE and XL‐UHMWPE particles, which constitute the dispersed phase within the TPX matrix, but practically cannot or can only very slightly penetrate them because of their extremely high viscosity. Thus, CB particles initially form conductive networks on the UHMWPE phase; this is followed by distribution in the TPX matrix, electrically connecting the CB‐covered UHMWPE particles. This unusual CB distribution results in a reduced percolation threshold of all blends. A double‐PTC effect is exhibited by the XL‐UHMWPE‐containing samples. Irradiation of compression‐molded plaques improves their thermoelectric behavior by amplifying the PTC effect and reducing the NTC effect. A schematic model of the double‐PTC effect is suggested, describing the morphological changes of 70TPX/30XL‐UHMWPE/CB blends at different stages of heating with respect to their thermoelectric behavior. Irradiation of TPX/UHMWPE/CB plaques converts these systems into high‐intensity PTC materials free of the NTC effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1415–1428, 2001
Effect of crystallization on oxygen‐barrier properties of copolyesters based on ethylene terephthalate
Authors: Polyakova A. , Stepanov E. V. , Sekelik D. , Schiraldi D. A. , Hiltner A. , Baer E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of crystallization from the glassy state (cold crystallization) on the oxygen‐barrier properties of copolyesters based on ethylene terephthalate with up to 10 mol % isophthalate, phthalate, or naphthalate was examined. Generally, crystallization affected diffusivity D more than solubility S; thus, the reduction in permeability P reflected primarily a reduction in D. Systematic changes in crystallinity made it possible to test free‐volume concepts in which permeation of a small gas molecule through a semicrystalline polymer is viewed as proceeding through the amorphous regions with an increased pathway (tortuosity) imposed by plateletlike crystallites. Of the copolymers studied, those with the highest isophthalate or phthalate content (10 mol %) conformed to the simple two‐phase model with constant densities of an impermeable crystalline phase and a permeable amorphous phase. Within the two‐phase model, solubility S correlated linearly with the volume fraction of the amorphous phase, and diffusivity D depended on crystallinity in accordance with the Nielsen model for randomly dispersed platelets with an aspect ratio of 4. The reduction in permeability of the other examined copolyesters could not be described only by the filler effect of crystallites. Data on solubility demonstrated a decrease in amorphous‐phase density upon cold crystallization (de‐densification) like that previously reported for polyethylene terephthalate. Increasing the isophthalate or phthalate content reduced the de‐densification effect, and 10 mol % of these comonomers was sufficient to eliminate the effect altogether. In contrast, 10 mol % naphthalate did not prevent de‐densification. This was attributed to different effects of kinked and linear comonomers on chain packing in the amorphous phase. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1911–1919, 2001
Synthesis and ionic conductivity of hyperbranched poly(glycidol)
Authors: Xinling Wang , Jianjun Chen , Ling Hong , Xiaozhen Tang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel hyperbranched poly(glycidol) (HPG) was prepared and characterized. The synthesized HPG was used as a substrate of a polymer electrolyte. The ionic conductivity of a blend of HPG, polyurethane (PU), and salt was studied. The ionic conductivity of HPG/PU/LiClO4 was about 6.6 × 10−6 S · cm−1 at 20 °C and 6.3 × 10−4 S · cm−1 at 60 °C. The results indicated that HPG showed higher solubility for salt than linear polyether when both had the same [O]/[Li+] molar ratio. The main reason was that more cavities and a lower degree of chain entanglement in HPG resulted in a lower glass‐transition temperature and were beneficial for decreasing the aggregation of salt or enhancing the ionic conductivity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2225–2230, 2001