bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ano‐rectal physiological changes after rubber band ligation and closed haemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Bursics A. , Weltner J. , Flautner L. E. , Morvay K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective  The effect of treatment for haemorrhoids on ano‐rectal physiology was studied in a prospective longitudinal follow‐up study.Methods  Thirty‐six consecutive patients having II–III degree (Group I, 18 patients) or IV degree (Group II, 18 patients) haemorrhoids were studied. Group I underwent rubber band ligation while Group II underwent closed scissors haemorrhoidectomy.Results  Patients in Group I had significantly lower maximum basal pressure (P < 0.05) and also significantly lower maximum squeeze pressure (P < 0.05) compared to Group II before treatment. Both basal and squeeze pressures dropped after haemorrhoidectomy (P < 0.001) whereas they remained unchanged after rubber band ligation (P > 0.1). The volume of first sensation was higher in Group II before treatment (P < 0.001) and remained so after treatment. Rectal compliance was higher (P < 0.005) in Group I before treatment. It increased significantly in both groups (P < 0.05, Group I; P < 0.001, Group II) after treatment.Conclusions  The results show a significant increase in anal pressures in constantly prolapsing (IV degree) haemorrhoids. Most of the physiological differences observed between the two groups were abolished after treatment. This suggests that these may be a consequence rather than a cause of haemorrhoids.
The role of positron emission tomography in the management of colorectal cancer
Authors: Tutt A. N. J. , Plunkett T. A. , Barrington S. F. , Leslie M. D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPositron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging modality that has made the transition from the research enviroment to the clinical enviroment over the last 10 years. Its major role is in the field of oncology where it is being used increasingly in the management of several tumour types including colorectal cancer. This review aims to outline the current and future role of PET scanning in the field of colorectal cancer.
Cultural Differences in Newcomer Feedback Seeking: A Comparison of the United States and Hong Kong
Authors: Morrison Elizabeth Wolfe , Chen Ya‐Ru , Salgado Susan Reilly 
Published: December 2003

Les travaux sur la recherche de feedback de la part des nouveaux arrivants peuvent s’appuyer sur des présupposés qui ne sont pas universellement valides, à savoir que les nouveaux arrivants font preuve d’auto‐affirmation, qu’ils jugent leur patron accessible (faible distance hiérarchique) et qu’ils doivent faire preuve d’initiative pour obtenir l’information dont il ont besoin, ce qui relève d’un processus de socialisation individuelle et informelle. Dans cette étude sur les nouveax arrivants, les Americains signalèrent plus de demandes de feedback que les gens de Hong Kong. Cette divergence est à rapporter aux différences culturelles dans l’auto‐affirmation et la distance hiérarchique. Ces résultats suggèrent que certains des présupposés implicites concernant la recherche de feedback de la part des nouveaux arrivants peuvent voir leur validité remise en cause en debors des Etats‐Unis. En particulier, les nouveaux arrivants vivant dans des sociétés communautariste et à grande distance hiérarchique sont moins susceptibles de faire appel à la rétroaction centrée sur le supérieur pour réduire l’incertitude et gérer leur efficacité professionnelle.Research on newcomer feedback seeking may be based on assumptions that are not universally valid: that newcomers are self‐assertive, that they perceive their boss as approachable (low power distance), and that they need to be proactive to obtain the information that they need (informal, individual socialisation process). In this study, individuals from the United States reported more newcomer feedback inquiry than individuals from Hong Kong. This difference was related to cultural differences in self‐assertiveness and power distance. These results suggest that some of the implicit assumptions about newcomer feedback seeking may be less valid outside of the US. In particular, newcomers within low‐individualism and high power distance societies may be less likely to rely on supervisor‐focused feedback inquiry for reducing uncertainty and managing their performance.
The Effect of Upward Feedback on Managerial Behavior
Authors: Heslin Peter A. , Latham Gary P. 
Published: December 2003

Un feed‐back de gratification a été donné par des subordonnés aux managers australiens d’une firme internationale de prestation de services. Dans cette recherche quasi‐expérimentale, la perfomance au travail de ces managers, a pu être observée six mois plus tard par les subordonnés comme s’étant accrue par rapport à la performance initiale et à ceux obtenus par un groupe de comparaison. L’efficacité personnelle modère la portée de ces résultats suggérant qu’elle joue un rôle clé en déterminant des réactions comportementales au feed‐back de gratification. L’orientation vers un but d’apprentissage fut corrélée de manière significative à leur performance subséquente.Upward feedback from subordinates was provided to Australian managers in an international professional services firm. The job performance of the managers in this quasi‐experimental study was observed by subordinates to be significantly higher six months later, compared to both initial performance and subordinate ratings of a comparison group. Self‐efficacy moderated this finding, suggesting that it plays a key role in determining behavioral reactions to upward feedback. The managers’ learning goal orientation correlated significantly with their subsequent performance.
Eastern versus Western Control Beliefs at Work: An Investigation of Secondary Control, Socioinstrumental Control, and Work Locus of Control in China and the US
Authors: Spector Paul E. , Sanchez Juan I. , Siu Oi Ling , Salgado Jesus , Ma Jianhong 
Published: December 2003

La théorie et la recherche concernant les croyances (LOC) et les perceptions du contrôle suggèrent que les Asiatiques tendent à obtenir des scores plus bas et àêtre plus passifs que les Américains, mais ces travaux ont été menés à l’aide de concepts et d’échelles développés principalement aux USA qui certifient une primauté du contrôle interne (ex: en changeant l’environnement pour l’adapter à soi). Une équipe de recherche internationale a étendu la notion de croyance dans le contrôle en développant des échelles qui permettent de reconsidérer la notion en faisant état de croyances secondaires dans le contrôle (ex: en adaptant le soi à l’environnement) et de faire état d’un concept nouveau de croyances socio‐instrumentales (ex: le contrôle par les relations interpersonelles) qui permettent de rendre compte de manière plus pertinente des croyances en un contrôle dans les cultures collectivistes. Nous nous attendions à ce que, par l’utilisation d’échelles culturellement appropriées, les Américains n’obtiennent pas une croyance en un contrôle plus importante que les Asiatiques. Les hypothèses ont été partiellement confirmées en ce que les Américains se sont montrés comme obtenant un contrôle plus bas que les Chinois (de Hong Kong et de RP de Chine) sur ces échelles. Il est suggéré que voir les Asiatiques comme évitant passivement le contrôle au travail peut être incorrect et dû aux insuffisances de contrôle socio‐instrumental.Research and theory concerning beliefs (locus of control) and perceptions of control suggest that Asians tend to be lower and more passive than Americans, but this work has been conducted mainly with US‐developed constructs and scales that assess primary control (i.e. changing the environment to adapt to the self). An international research team expanded the notion of control beliefs by developing scales to assess secondary control beliefs (i.e. adapting the self to the environment) and the new construct of socioinstrumental control beliefs (i.e. control via interpersonal relationships), both of which were thought to better fit the control beliefs of collectivist cultures than Western‐developed control scales. We expected that, when culturally appropriate scales were employed, Americans would not show higher control beliefs than Asians. Hypotheses were partially confirmed that Americans would be lower than Chinese (Hong Kong and PR China) on these new scales. It is suggested that views of Asians as passive avoiders of control at work may be incorrect and due to the overlooking of socioinstrumental control.
Components and Symbols of Ethnic Identity: A Case Study in Informal Education and Identity Formation in Diaspora
Authors: Cohen Erik H. 
Published: December 2003

L’identité des membres de groupes ethniques qui vivent dans de nombreux pays est influencée par la culture environnante. Ce travail développe un outil qui peit aider les chercheurs à comprendre la façon dont les individus vivent leur identité ethnique. On analyse les composantes et les symboles qui fixent l’dentification ethnique. L’application de techniques d’analyse multidimentionnelle à un ensemble de données empiriques révéla une structure identitaire sur deux axes (cognitif–affectif; particulier–universel). Cette structure permet de faire des comparaisons entre des sous‐populations nationales selon leurs perceptions et accentuations diversifiées de l’identité ethnique. On examine ici les cas de membres de l’enseignement relevant de l’éducation juive informelle. 2119 de ces personnes provenant de sept pays ont fourni des définitions d’elles‐mêmes et des symboles qui exprimaient leur lien avec l’héritage ethnique et religieux. Cette typologie de base pourrait être utilisée dans des études portant sur d’autres groupes ethniques dont les membres ont émigré dans divers pays d’acceuil.The ethnic identity of members of ethnic groups who live in a number of different countries is influenced by the surrounding cultures. This study develops a tool which can help researchers understand the ways in which individuals perceive their own ethnic identity. The components and symbols that determine ethnic identification are analysed. By applying multidimensional analysis techniques to a set of empirical data, we were able to uncover a structure of identity along two axes: the cognitive/affective and the specific/universal. This structure enables us to make comparisons between national sub‐populations in terms of their various emphases and perceptions of ethnic identity. We examine here the case of staff members in Jewish informal educational settings: 2,119 staff members from seven countries were surveyed on the self‐definitions and symbols that express their relationship with their ethnic and religious heritage. This basic typology could be used in studies of other ethnic groups whose members have emigrated to a number of host countries.
On Vision, Spectacle and Panorama
Authors: Rowe Dorothy 
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Michael Fried, Menzel's Realism: Art and Embodiment in Nineteenth‐Century BerlinJonathan Crary, Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle and Modern CultureWilhem S. Wurzer (ed), Panorama: Philosophies of the Visible
Excision of mature teratoma using culdotomy, with and without laparoscopy: a prospective randomised trial
Authors: Wang Peng‐Hui , Lee Wen‐Ling , Juang Chi‐Mou , Tsai Wen‐Ying , Chao Hsiang‐Tai , Yuan Chiou‐Chung 
Published: December 2003

Objective To compare the results of removing mature teratoma with laparoscopy or without laparoscopy.Design A prospective, randomised trial.Setting Medical centre.Participants Seventy‐nine women with mature teratomas identified using results of ultrasound examinations and biochemical markers.Intervention Cystectomy with laparoscopic approach or without laparoscopic approach through a culdotomy.Methods Patients were randomly assigned to have their cysts removed via vaginal cystectomy without laparoscopy (n=37, Group A) or laparoscopic cystectomy via culdotomy opening (n=42, Group B). Inclusion criteria were history of vaginal delivery, no previous abdominal surgery, no history of pelvic inflammatory disease, no medical illness, and no presenting symptoms. Eight women randomised to Group A withdrew before surgery. The laparoscopically resected tumours were each put into a cellulose bag, and tumours without laparoscopic‐assistance were removed directly via the vagina.Results Blood loss in Group A (88±37 ml) was significantly more than that in Group B (64±20 ml, P=0.000). The post‐operative recovery times were 20 and 17 hours, respectively (P=0.030). The rates of successful surgery were 58.6 and 97.6%, respectively (P=0.002). The spillage rates were 44.8% and 19.0%, respectively (P=0.006). There were no significant differences in tumour size, patient age, and operative time between groups.Conclusion Cystectomy without assistance of laparoscopy could be applied to manage mature teratoma of the ovary; however, because of the difficulty of this technique, we had high percentages of tumour spillage and more blood loss during operation and a high percentage of patients who required conversion to laparotomy compared with laparoscopic cystectomy. We favoured laparoscopically assisted cystectomy to manage mature teratoma.
Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerperium: incidence and additional risk factors from a London perinatal database
Authors: Simpson E.L. , Lawrenson R.A. , Nightingale A.L. , Farmer R.D.T. 
Published: December 2003

Objective To determine the incidence of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and the puerperium and to identify risk factors for pregnancy‐related venous thromboembolism.Design Cohort study and case–control study.Setting London, UK.Population 395,335 women with live births or pregnancies of 24 or more weeks of gestation between 1988 and 1997.Methods Data extraction from the St Mary's Maternity Information System database. Random sample of 5% for case–control study.Main outcome measures Incidence of venous thromboembolism; odds ratios for variables associated with venous thromboembolism.Results The incidence of venous thromboembolism was 85/100,000 maternities. There were approximately twice as many postpartum as antepartum events. Blood group A, multiple pregnancy, caesarean section, cardiac disease, delivery at gestational age of <36 weeks, a body mass index of ≥25, or more and maternal age of 35 or over were all found to increase incidence of venous thromboembolism.Conclusions Although venous thromboembolism is the leading cause of maternal deaths in the UK, it is still a rare event. Most of these events are deep vein thromboses occurring in the postpartum period. Antenatally multiple birth is an important risk factor. Postnatally women who have had a caesarean section, premature delivery or history of cardiac disease should be assessed carefully for venous thromboembolism.
Trends in risk factors for caesarean sections in France between 1981 and 1995: lessons for reducing the rates in the future
Authors: Guihard Pascal , Blondel Béatrice 
Published: December 2003

Objective To assess the effects of the characteristics of mothers, fetuses and maternity units on the trends in caesarean section use, especially for primiparae.Design Cross sectional surveys.Setting Maternity units.Population Two representative national samples of births including 5410 newborns in 1981 and 13318 in 1995.Method Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis.Results The overall rate of caesarean section rose from 10.7% in 1981 to 15.3% in 1995. This trend is mainly attributable to the increases in the proportion of previously sectioned women (from 4.1% to 8.2%) and in caesarean sections for primiparae (from 12.6% to 17.8%). Among primiparae several maternal risk factors such as late childbearing and obesity before pregnancy were more frequent in 1995 than in 1981. The increase in caesarean sections affected both the high risk group (25.4% to 32.4%) and the low risk group (8.1% to 12.0%).Conclusion A significant reduction in the overall rate cannot be achieved without regulating caesarean section use for primiparae. Strategies to change delivery patterns should be aimed at both high and low risk women.
A randomised controlled trial of epidural compared with non‐epidural analgesia in labour
Authors: Howell C.J. , Kidd C. , Roberts W. , Upton P. , Lucking L. , Jones P.W. , Johanson R.B. 
Published: December 2003

Objectives
To investigate possible short and long term side effects of epidural analgesia, compared with non‐epidural analgesia for pain relief in labour.Design
Randomised controlled study, with long term follow up by questionnaire. Analysis by intention‐to‐treat.Setting
Busy maternity unit within a district general hospital in England.Participants
Three hundred and sixty nine primigravid women in labour were included (randomised allocation: epidural n= 184, non‐epidural n= 185).Main outcome measures
Backache at three and twelve months after delivery, instrumental delivery rates and maternal opinion of pain relief in labour.Results
No significant differences were found in the reported incidence of backache between the groups at three months: middle backache [22%vs 20%, χ2= 0.057, P= 0.81; odds ratio (95% CI) 1.4(0.9‐2.3)]; low backache [35%vs 34%, χ2= 0.009, P= 0.92; odds ratio (95% CI) 1.0(0.6‐1.6)]. Nor were there significant differences at 12 months: [middle backache 16%vs 16%, χ2= 0.013, P= 0.91; odds ratio (95% CI) 1.0(0.5‐1.8)]; or low backache [35%vs 27%, χ2= 1.91, P= 0.17; odds ratio (95% CI) 1.4(0.9‐2.3)]. The incidence of instrumental delivery was somewhat higher in the epidural group [30%vs 19%, odds ratio (95% CI) 1.77 (1.09‐2.86)]. Maternal satisfaction was not significantly different between the groups.Conclusions
This study provided no evidence to support the suggestion of a direct association between the use of epidural anaesthesia in labour and the incidence of long term backache. Despite a significant proportion of women in each group not receiving their allocated analgesia, a significant difference in terms of instrumental delivery rates remained. Satisfaction in both groups of women was high.
Postpartum intrauterine pressure studies of the uterotonic effect of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrine
Authors: Chong Y.S. , Chua S. , El‐Refaey H. , Choo W.L. , Chanrachakul B. , Tai B.C. , Rodeck C. , Arulkumaran S. 
Published: December 2003

Objectives
To investigate the effect of oral misoprostol in dosages varying from 200 μg to 800 μg on postpartum uterine contractility and to establish their side effects.Design
A prospective descriptive study.Participants
Fifty‐seven women who delivered vaginally after spontaneous labours not requiring augmentation.Methods
Within 5 minutes of delivery of the placenta, a calibrated Gaeltec catheter with an intrauterine pressure transducer at its tip was inserted transcervically into the uterine cavity. Cumulative uterine activity was recorded for 30 minutes in each woman before administering the oral misoprostol tablets and continued for a further 90 minutes after its administration. Thus each woman acted as her own control regarding changes in uterine contractility. Uterine activity was recorded on a Sonicaid Meridian fetal monitor, which measures active contraction area automatically. The incidence of side effects was also recorded.Results
There was no statistical difference (P=0.887) in the adjusted mean difference in cumulative uterine activity following all the doses of oral misoprostol, compared with intramuscular syntometrine, the largest difference being seen in oral misoprostol 200 μg (adjusted mean difference –2282 kPas s, 95% CI –7954 to 3390 kPas s). The mean onset of action of oral misoprostol (6.1, SD 2.1 min) was significantly slower than that of intramuscular syntometrine (3.2, SD 1.5 min; P=0.002), but their durations of action were similar (P=0.637). In the misoprostol group the commonest side effects were shivering (36%) and a rise in body temperature above 38°C (40%). In the syntometrine group, the most commonly observed side effect was moderate uterine pain (nine out of ten women) and a rise in diastolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg (two out of ten women).Conclusion
The results of this study show that oral misoprostol has a definite uterotonic effect on the postpartum uterus. At doses of 200 μg to 400 μg, oral misoprostol has a similar uterotonic effect to intramuscular syntometrine. Higher doses of oral misoprostol are associated with significantly more side effects.
Collaboration in maternity care: a randomised controlled trial comparing community‐based continuity of care with standard hospital care
Authors: Homer Caroline S. E. , Davis Gregory K. , Brodie Pat M. , Sheehan Athena , Barclay Lesley M. , Wills Jo , Chapman Michael G. 
Published: December 2003

Objective To test whether a new community‐based model of continuity of care provided by midwives and obstetricians improved maternal clinical outcomes, in particular a reduced caesarean section rate.Design Randomised controlled trial.Setting A public teaching hospital in metropolitan Sydney, Australia.Sample 1089 women randomised to either the community‐based model (n= 550) or standard hospital‐based care (n= 539) prior to their first antenatal booking visit at an Australian metropolitan public hospital.Main outcome measures Data were collected on onset and outcomes of labour, antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal complications, antenatal admissions to hospital and neonatal mortality and morbidity.Results There was a significant difference in the caesarean section rate between the groups, 13.3% (73/550) in the community‐based group and 17.8% in the control group (96/539). This difference was maintained after controlling for known contributing factors to caesarean section (OR=0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9, P= 0.02). There were no other significant differences in the events during labour and birth. Eighty babies (14.5%) from the community‐based group and 102 (18.9%) from the control group were admitted to the special care nursery, but this difference was not significant (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.5‐1.1, P= 0.12). Eight infants died during the perinatal period (four from each group), for an overall perinatal mortality rate of 7.3 per 1000 births.Conclusion Community‐based continuity of maternity care provided by midwives and obstetricians resulted in a significantly reduced caesarean section rate. There were no other differences in clinical outcomes.
Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidases in miscarriage
Authors: Zachara Bronisław A. , Dobrzyński Waldemar , Trafikowska Urszula , Szymański Wiesław 
Published: December 2003

Objective
To investigate the selenium glutathione and glutathione peroxidase (glutathione‐Px) levels in blood in women who experience miscarriage.Design
An observational study.Participants
Forty women with miscarriage occurring in the first and second trimesters.Methods
Concentrations were measured in whole blood and plasma. Glutathione was measured in red cells and glutathione‐Px activity was measured in the red cells and plasma. The results were compared with 36 women in the same period of viable pregnancy and 28 age‐matched, healthy, non‐pregnant controls.Results
The selenium concentrations in whole blood and plasma of women following abortion were the same as in viable pregnancy, but were significantly lower compared with controls. The glutathione levels were significantly higher in women with miscarriage compared with viable pregnancies and with non‐pregnant women. Red cell and plasma glutathione‐Px activities of women who had had a miscarriage were significantly lower than in both normal pregnancies and the control group.Conclusion
The decreased activities of the antioxidant enzymes, red cell and plasma glutathione‐Px, may play an important role in the aetrology of spontaneous abortion.