bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethers of Ethylene Glycol and Derivatives
Authors: Kelsey Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
E series Glycol ethers are alkyl ethers of ethylene glycol along with their acetate esters. They are commonly used in paints and cleaners and typically have a higher boiling point in conjunction with the favorable solvent properties of lower‐molecular weight ethers, esters, and alcohols. They are colorless liquids that have mild earthy or fruity odors. The ethers are miscible with water and/or with numerous organic solvents making them useful as solvents in oil‐water compositions. Their relatively slow rate of evaporation also makes them useful as solvents and coalescing agents in paints and inks. The surface tension and solvent properties of the ethers make them useful in cleaners. Other uses of the ethers include process solvents and deicers. The ethers of the higher glycols are used as hydraulic fluids. Occupational exposure to glycol ethers occurs dermally and by inhalation. Most glycol ethers have low acute, single‐dose toxicity to humans. The most notable and well‐known effect relevant to humans is toxicity to male fertility and developmental toxicity produced by those glycol ethers that can metabolize to produce significant amounts of methoxyacetic acid such as methoxy ethanol and the methyl glymes.
Polyvinyl Acetate, Alcohol and Derivatives, Polystyrene, and Acrylics
Authors: Kim Sang‐Tae 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

The focus of this chapter is polymers with a carbon–carbon backbone chain. The polymers discussed consist primarily of vinyl monomers, CH
2
CH

x

. The chapter also considers the family of styrene polymers, including polystyrene, copolymers or styrene with other vinyl monomers, polymer derivatives of styrene, and mixtures of polystyrene and styrene‐containing copolymers with elastomers. Many styrene derivatives have been synthesized but only a few are found to be of commercial importance.
Cadmium Compounds
Authors: Saghir Shakil A. , Ewert Donald H. , Shekh Kamran , Alfuraih Saleh , Javed Saleem , Ansari Rais A. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a soft, malleable, silvery bluish‐gray, relatively rare metal, occurs mainly with Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium is used in nickel–cadmium batteries; pigments, protective plating on steel, ceramics, and glass; stabilizers for PVC; and as a component in various alloys. Production of Cd was ∼20 tons in 1920 and is well over 25,000 tons now. Cadmium is released into the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic sources. In workplace, Cd dust and fume arise from smelting nonferrous metals and in the production of Cd‐containing materials. Cadmium in air range 0.1–5 ng/m3in rural, 1–20 ng/m3in urban, and 15–150 ng/m3in industrialized areas. Little or no differences are noted in Cd levels between indoor and outdoor air; however, smoking substantially increases indoor air Cd concentrations as it is present in tobacco. Cadmium can cause severe acute or chronic toxicity; although, acute toxicity is less common. Most cases are from chronic exposure; even low‐level chronic exposure can affect many organs with the kidneys and bones being the principal targets. OSHA has three occupational exposure limits for Cd: AL of 2.5 μg/m3(8‐h TWA), PEL of 5 μg/m3, and SECAL of 15 or 50 μg/m3, depending on the processes involved. SECAL requires that the levels are achieved by combination of engineering and work practice control methods and respirators to the extent feasible to protect workers from exposures above PEL. This chapter covers toxicity of a number of Cd compounds along with regulations based on the available data.
Miscellaneous Organic Polymers
Authors: Skoglund Robert , Roy Robert 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPolymers are advanced materials composed of many repeating monomer units; organic polymers are polymers that essentially contain carbon atoms in the backbone. Significant volumes of organic polymers are manufactured each year. Plastic products manufactured from these polymers can be as simple as toilet seats and single‐use grocery bags, or as tough as bulletproof materials, space suits, chemical resistant gaskets, or as sophisticated as implantable medical devices. Key features of plastics are modified by the selection of the resins, the manufacturing processes, and the additives used. Plastics are divided up into three main groups: thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, and elastomers. Exposure to monomers, polymers, resins, and plastics can occur during the initial polymerization and manufacturing of the resins, the subsequent polymerization and manufacturing of the plastics and finished products, during use of the finished product, and during the product's end‐of‐life stage. This chapter focuses on the human health hazard profile of several miscellaneous organic polymer resins used to form thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics. These polymers include phenolic resins, aminoplastic resins, furfuryl alcohol resins, polyvinylpyrrolidone resins, polybenzimidazole resins, and polylactic acid resins. Most of the plastics manufactured from these resins are resistant to biodegradation; however, a few can be biodegraded. In addition to the toxicology profiles, this chapter discusses production and use, potential exposures, hazard classification, sensitive applications such as food‐contact and medical applications, and exposure guidelines.
Magnesium
Authors: Williams Grace R. , Downs John W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal that is an essential element for human life. Magnesium compounds have both pharmacologic and industrial uses. Oral medicinal formulations of magnesium include magnesium citrate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium hydroxide, indicated primarily for catharsis or gastric acid neutralization. In industrial settings, magnesium is found in metal alloys, often with aluminum to produce light and strong materials. Acute magnesium toxicity typically results from excessive pharmacologic use and may manifest as diminished deep tendon reflexes, weakness, hypotension, and cardiac arrhythmias. Acute human toxicity from industrial exposure is most often the result of inhalation of magnesium oxide fumes manifesting as a spontaneously resolving influenza‐like illness for about 24 h after cessation of exposure, so‐called “metal fume fever.” Studies of chronic magnesium exposure in occupational settings are limited but do not appear to show chronic toxicity related to magnesium. Occupational exposure limits for magnesium are based on studies of magnesium oxide inhalation and are intended to protect against metal fume fever. Much of the foundation of this chapter is credited to Dr. Mary Beth Genter, who authored The Metals chapter in the fourth edition of Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.
Second Language Pragmatics
Authors: Roever Carsten 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
L2 pragmatics investigates second language users' ability to engage in extended interaction with others and use language appropriately to the interlocutor, discourse context, and physical context. It was traditionally informed by speech act theory and politeness theory, but the theoretical framework has in recent years shifted toward conversation analysis. Mirroring research in second language acquisition, the main interest of second language pragmatics is learners' development. The impact of individual difference factors has also been investigated, with the roles of proficiency and the learning environment drawing most research attention. Research on L2 pragmatics and interaction has the potential to inform pedagogy and assessment, and L2 pragmatic and interactional abilities have been shown in research studies to be teachable and assessable. However, the integration of findings from L2 pragmatics and interaction research in curricula and test instruments is still lacking. This entry discusses these subtopics of L2 pragmatics research.
Composite Quasi‐Solid‐State Electrolytes with Organic–Inorganic Interface Engineering for Fast Ion Transport in Dendrite‐Free Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Tian Wenyue , Li Zhaopeng , Miao Licheng , Sun Zhiqin , Wang Qinglun , Jiao Lifang 
Published: December 2023

AbstractQuasi‐solid‐state electrolytes (QSSE) are a promising candidate for addressing the limitations of liquid and solid electrolytes. However, different ion transport capacities between liquid solvents and polymers can cause localized heterogeneous distribution of Na+ fluxes. In addition, the continuous side reactions occurring at the interface between QSSE and sodium anode lead to uncontrollable dendrites growth. Herein, a novel strategy is designed to integrate the composite electrospun membrane of Na3Zr2Si2PO12 and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) into QSSE, aiming to introduce new fast ion conducting channels at the organic–inorganic interface. The efficient ion transfer pathways can effectively promote the homogenization of ion migration, enabling composite QSSE to achieve an ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 4.1 mS cm−1 at room temperature, with a Na+ transference number as high as 0.54. Moreover, the PVDF‐HFP is preferentially reduced upon contact with the sodium anode to form a “NaF‐rich” solid electrolyte interphase, which effectively suppresses the growth of dendrites. The synergistic combination of multiple strategies can realize exceptional long‐term cycling stability in both sodium symmetric batteries (≈700 h) and full batteries (2100 cycles). This study provides a new insight for constructing high performance and dendrite‐free solid‐state sodium metal batteries.
Nano‐Regulator Inhibits Tumor Immune Escape via the “Two‐Way Regulation” Epigenetic Therapy Strategy
Authors: Liang Shuang , Liu Meichen , Mu Weiwei , Gao Tong , Gao Shuying , Fu Shunli , Yuan Shijun , Liu Jinhu , Liu Yongjun , Jiang Dandan , Zhang Na 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTumor immune escape caused by low levels of tumor immunogenicity and immune checkpoint‐dependent suppression limits the immunotherapeutic effect. Herein, a “two‐way regulation” epigenetic therapeutic strategy is proposed using a novel nano‐regulator that inhibits tumor immune escape by upregulating expression of tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) to improve immunogenicity and downregulating programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression to block programmed death‐1 (PD‐1)/PD‐L1. To engineer the nano‐regulator, the DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor zebularine (Zeb) and the bromodomain‐containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor JQ1 are co‐loaded into the cationic liposomes with condensing the toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine (CpG) via electrostatic interactions to obtain G‐J/ZL. Then, asparagine–glycine–arginine (NGR) modified material carboxymethyl‐chitosan (CMCS) is coated on the surface of G‐J/ZL to construct CG‐J/ZL. CG‐J/ZL is shown to target tumor tissue and disassemble under the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME). Zeb upregulated TAAs expression to improve the immunogenicity; JQ1 inhibited PD‐L1 expression to block immune checkpoint; CpG promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation and reactivated the ability of tumour‐associated macrophages (TAM) to kill tumor cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the nano‐regulator CG‐J/ZL can upregulate TAAs expression to enhance T‐cell infiltration and downregulate PD‐L1 expression to improve the recognition of tumor cells by T‐cells, representing a promising strategy to improve antitumor immune response.
High shear reactor for glycerolysis—Interesterification palm stearin‐olein blend: Reaction kinetics and physical properties
Authors: Wangi Inasanti Pandan , Supriyanto  , Sulistyo Hary , Hidayat Chusnul 
Published: December 2023

AbstractStructured lipids containing high monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) (SLs‐MDAG) were synthesized by chemical glycerolysis‐interesterification using sodium metasilicate as the catalyst in High Shear Reactor (HSR). The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of temperature on the glycerolysis‐interesterification kinetics at relatively low temperatures in an HSR and the physical product properties. The reaction was performed using immiscible and highly viscous reactants at various temperatures (80–120°C) and a mixing rate of 2000 rpm for 5 h. Results showed that the reaction rate constant exponentially increased as temperature increased. Triacylglycerol (TAG) conversion was 2.5 fold greater at 110 and 120°C compared to lower reaction temperatures (80 and 90°C). MAG and DAG increased by about 18.3% and 13.4%, respectively, as the reaction temperature increased from 80 to 120°C. The product's melting point, hardness, and color were also improved by increasing temperature. In summary, SLs‐MDAG could be produced at a relatively low temperature (110°C) using HSR. The glycerolysis‐interesterification kinetic displayed an exponential relationship, even though it did not precisely fit the Arrhenius model.
Do fossorial water voles have a functional vomeronasal organ? A histological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Ruiz‐Rubio Sara , Ortiz‐Leal Irene , Torres Mateo V. , Somoano Aitor , Sanchez‐Quinteiro Pablo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe fossorial water vole, Arvicola scherman, is an herbivorous rodent that causes significant agricultural damages. The application of cairomones and alarm pheromones emerges as a promising sustainable method to improve its integrated management. These chemical signals would induce stress responses that could interfere with the species regular reproductive cycles and induce aversive reactions, steering them away from farmlands and meadows. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the water vole vomeronasal system, both in its morphological foundations and its functionality, making it imperative to understand the same for the application of chemical communication in pest control. This study fills the existing gaps in knowledge through a morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of the fossorial water vole vomeronasal organ. The study is primarily microscopic, employing two approaches: histological, using serial sections stained with various dyes (hematoxylin–eosin, Periodic acid‐Schiff, Alcian blue, Nissl), and immunohistochemical, applying various markers that provide morphofunctional and structural information. These procedures have confirmed the presence of a functional vomeronasal system in fossorial water voles, characterized by a high degree of differentiation and a significant expression of cellular markers indicative of active chemical communication in this species.
Diet supplementation with sodium pyruvate increases sleep time and lifespan in Drosophila model
Authors: Xu Yifan , Liu Xingyou , Jin Hui , Li Xiangyu , Shen Jie 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSodium pyruvate is a natural metabolite commonly used in biological fields, including cell culture. This study investigated the effects of sodium pyruvate on the lifespan and other physiological characters of Drosophila melanogaster, by measuring feeding, fecundity, and spontaneous activity. The results indicated that 0.2 mol/L of sodium pyruvate increased the median lifespan of female flies by 8.33%. Moreover, the group sleep duration of female flies significantly increased by 53.98% when exposed to the sodium pyruvate concentration. However, the intake of sodium pyruvate did not significantly affect the fecundity or food intake of female flies. Our results also show that the effect of extending lifespan and increasing sleep time was dose‐dependent and sex‐specific. Our data provides the role of sodium pyruvate as an insect culture additive by enhancing survival.
A combined approach of structure‐based virtual screening and NMR to interrupt the PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis: Biphenyl‐benzimidazole containing compounds as novel PD‐L1 inhibitors
Authors: Donati Greta , Viviano Monica , D'Amore Vincenzo Maria , Cipriano Alessandra , Diakogiannaki Isidora , Amato Jussara , Tomassi Stefano , Brancaccio Diego , Russomanno Pasquale , Di Leva Francesco Saverio , Arosio Daniela , Seneci Pierfausto , Taliani Sabrina , Magiera‐Mularz Katarzyna , Musielak Bogdan , Skalniak Lukasz , Holak Tad A. , Castellano Sabrina , La Pietra Valeria , Marinelli Luciana 
Published: December 2023

AbstractImmunotherapy has emerged as a game‐changing approach for cancer treatment. Although monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) axis have entered the market revolutionizing the treatment landscape of many cancer types, small molecules, although presenting several advantages including the possibility of oral administration and/or reduced costs, struggled to enter in clinical trials, suffering of water insolubility and/or inadequate potency compared with mAbs. Thus, the search for novel scaffolds for both the design of effective small molecules and possible synergistic strategies is an ongoing field of interest. In an attempt to find novel chemotypes, a virtual screening approach was employed, resulting in the identification of new chemical entities with a certain binding capability, the most versatile of which was the benzimidazole‐containing compound 10. Through rational design, a small library of its derivatives was synthesized and evaluated. The homogeneous time‐resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assay revealed that compound 17 shows the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50) in the submicromolar range and notably, differently from the major part of PD‐L1 inhibitors, exhibits satisfactory water solubility properties. These findings highlight the potential of benzimidazole‐based compounds as novel promising candidates for PD‐L1 inhibition.
Magnetometer mapping of drowned prehistoric landscapes for Archaeological Heritage Management in the Netherlands
Authors: van den Brenk Seger , Huisman Hans , Willemse Nico W. , Smit Bjørn , van Os Bertil J. H. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractCoastal areas can contain a highly valuable archaeological record because of post‐glacial drowning of previously inhabited land surfaces. Such records are increasingly under threat because of a range of economic activities. Archaeological Heritage Management (AHM) is hampered by a lack of detailed data on the buried landscapes. This makes it difficult to fully assess and deflect threats to this record. Here, we present a novel way of using under water magnetometer surveys to map and characterize buried Mesolithic/Neolithic landforms in high detail. Magnetometer maps from the IJsselmeer area (Netherlands) show patterns of paired linear anomalies that resemble banks or levees that straddle channel‐like features. Sub‐bottom profile transects and sediment core analyses confirm that the observed linear features are Mesolithic and Neolithic submerged buried channel and bank/levee systems that connect to known onshore buried channel systems from that age. Although the origin of the magnetic signal is still subject of study, the observed patterns clearly indicate areas or geomorphological phenomena of high archaeological potential, and make it possible to take measures for protection and research.
Recent advances of organic emitters in deep‐red light‐emitting electrochemical cells
Authors: Zhao Zhiqin , Gao Anran , Wang Zhi , Liu Zhicheng , Xiong Wenjing , Xu Yanzi , Meng Lingjie , Dang Dongfeng 
Published: December 2023

AbstractLight‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are kind of easily fabricated and low‐cost light‐emitting devices that can efficiently convert electric power to light energy. Compared with blue and green LECs, the performance of deep‐red LECs is limited by the high non‐radiative rate of emitters in long‐wavelength region. While various organic emitters with deep‐red emission have been developed to construct high‐performance LECs, including polymers, metal complexes, and organic luminous molecules (OLMs), but this is seldom summarized. Therefore, we overview the recent advances of organic emitters with emission at the deep‐red region for LECs, and specifically highlight the molecular design approach and electrochemiluminescence performance. We hope that this review can act as a reference for further research in designing high‐performance deep‐red LECs.
Evaluating ChatGPT as a self‐learning tool in medical biochemistry: A performance assessment in undergraduate medical university examination
Authors: Surapaneni Krishna Mohan , Rajajagadeesan Anusha , Goudhaman Lakshmi , Lakshmanan Shalini , Sundaramoorthi Saranya , Ravi Dineshkumar , Rajendiran Kalaiselvi , Swaminathan Porchelvan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe emergence of ChatGPT as one of the most advanced chatbots and its ability to generate diverse data has given room for numerous discussions worldwide regarding its utility, particularly in advancing medical education and research. This study seeks to assess the performance of ChatGPT in medical biochemistry to evaluate its potential as an effective self‐learning tool for medical students. This evaluation was carried out using the university examination question papers of both parts 1 and 2 of medical biochemistry which comprised theory and multiple choice questions (MCQs) accounting for a total of 100 in each part. The questions were used to interact with ChatGPT, and three raters independently reviewed and scored the answers to prevent bias in scoring. We conducted the inter‐item correlation matrix and the interclass correlation between raters 1, 2, and 3. For MCQs, symmetric measures in the form of kappa value (a measure of agreement) were performed between raters 1, 2, and 3. ChatGPT generated relevant and appropriate answers to all questions along with explanations for MCQs. ChatGPT has “passed” the medical biochemistry university examination with an average score of 117 out of 200 (58%) in both papers. In Paper 1, ChatGPT has secured 60 ± 2.29 and 57 ± 4.36 in Paper 2. The kappa value for all the cross‐analysis of Rater 1, Rater 2, and Rater 3 scores in MCQ was 1.000. The evaluation of ChatGPT as a self‐learning tool in medical biochemistry has yielded important insights. While it is encouraging that ChatGPT has demonstrated proficiency in this area, the overall score of 58% indicates that there is work to be done. To unlock its full potential as a self‐learning tool, ChatGPT must focus on generating not only accurate but also comprehensive and contextually relevant content.
Fatal myocardial infarction investigated using contrast‐enhanced postmortem computed tomography: A case report
Authors: Aoe Kohei , Orita Yuichi , Oshita Chikage , Date Shuji , Teragawa Hiroki 
Published: December 2023

Key Clinical MessageConventional autopsies are considered standard methods for clarifying cause of death. However, because of the increasing use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other diagnostic imaging techniques, autopsy imaging is now more frequently adopted to identify diseases with unknown causes and sudden deaths. A 84‐year‐old man was diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction using coronary angiography. After taking oral antiplatelet medication in the catheterization laboratory, the patient suddenly coughed violently, lost consciousness, and was diagnosed with cardiac arrest. Spontaneous circulation did not return after 50 min of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. To elucidate the cause of the cardiac arrest, we performed contrast‐enhanced postmortem computed tomography (PMCT), which revealed cardiac tamponade due to cardiac rupture of the inferior myocardium. Our findings reaffirm the effectiveness of contrast‐enhanced PMCT in the diagnosis of sudden death in the clinical setting.