bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary lung tumors in cats: 86 cases (1979–1994)
Authors: Hahn Kevin A. , McEntee Michael F. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To classify histologic type and morphology of primary lung tumors in cats, to describe clinical findings in these cats, and to determine whether clinical findings were associated with histologic type or morphology.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
86 cats with histologically confirmed primary lung tumors.

Procedure
Medical records for cats treated between 1979 and 1994 at any of 14 participating veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed.

Results
Weight loss, lethargy, and dyspnea were the most common clinical signs. Solitary or multiple pulmonary masses were seen on radiographs from 53 of 79 cats; effusion was seen on radiographs from the other 26. In 45 cats, tumors involved a single lung lobe. Caudal lung lobes were more commonly affected than were cranial lung lobes. Sixty-five cats had metastases. Tumors were classified as bronchial (n = 65), bronchiolar-alveolar (9), or other (12) and as poorly differentiated (59), moderately differentiated (20), or well differentiated (7). Breed, age, sex, weight, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, and radiographic findings were not associated with histologic type or morphology.

Clinical Implications
To identify possible occult primary lung tumors, thoracic radiography should be performed on cats with clinical signs of long duration, including weight loss, lethargy, and dyspnea. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1257–1260)
Evaluation of a test for identification of Arabian horses heterozygous for the severe combined immunodeficiency trait
Authors: Shin Euy Kyun , Perryman Lance E. , Meek Katheryn 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether a recently developed test would correctly identify horses heterozygous for the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) trait.

Design
Case series.

Animals
17 healthy Arabian horses that had previously produced foals with SCID, 1 healthy Arabian foal whose dam and sire had produced foals with SCID, 4 foals with SCID, and 1 healthy non-Arabian foal.

Procedure
DNA was extracted from leukocytes or fibroblasts, amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction, and hybridized with probes specific for the normal and mutant alleles of the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase, the factor whose absence is responsible for SCID in Arabian foals.

Results
Amplified DNA from the healthy non-Arabian foal hybridized only to the probe specific for the normal allele, whereas amplified DNA from the 4 foals with SCID hybridized only to the probe specific for the mutant allele. Amplified DNA from the 2 stallions and 15 mares hybridized with both probes, as did amplified DNA from the healthy foal whose dam and sire had previously produced foals with SCID, indicating that these horses were all heterozygous for the SCID trait.

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that the genetic test will be useful in identifying Arabian horses heterozygous for the SCID trait and foals with SCID, provided that all Arabian horses with SCID have the same genetic mutation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1268–1270)
Complications associated with use of a one-hole subpalpebral lavage system in horses: 150 cases (1977–1996)
Authors: Sweeney Corinne R. , Russell Gail E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine type and frequency of complications associated with use of a one-hole subpalpebral lavage (SPL) system in horses.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
150 horses with 156 SPL systems.

Procedure
Signalment, primary complaint, method used for placement, time SPL system was in place, and complications were retrieved from medical records.

Results
Complications were not associated with placement, maintenance, or removal of 66 of 156 (42%) SPL systems. A minor complication was reported in association with 53 (34%) SPL systems, and a serious complication was reported in association with 37 (24%). The 3 most common minor complications were mild swelling of the eyelid (31 horses), tearing of SPL system tubing (20), and loss of the injection cap (30). Serious complications included problems with the SPL system requiring its premature removal and possible replacement (26 horses), removal of the SPL system by the horse (6), infection of the eyelid (4), loss of the footplate in the eyelid (5), and cornea ulceration (1).

Clinical Implications
Proper attention to the size of the footplate and placement of the SPL system in the eyelid should decrease the risk of serious complications. Minor eyelid swelling should be expected in the first 48 hours after SPL system placement. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1271–1274)
Concentration of ionized calcium in plasma from cats with urethral obstruction
Authors: Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hughes Dez 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To measure ionized calcium concentration in plasma from cats with urethral obstruction and to correlate these values with results of clinical biochemical analyses and physical examinations.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
24 male cats.

Procedure
Blood samples were obtained from each cat on admission, and PCV, pH, and concentrations of ionized calcium, total calcium, glucose, total solids, sodium, potassium, BUN, creatinine, chloride, magnesium, albumin, and phosphorus were determined. Mentation, tissue perfusion, and ECG recordings were also assessed.

Results
18 (75%) cats had low ionized calcium concentrations (reference range, 2.4 to 2.8 mEq/L). Hypocalcemia was considered mild (2.0 to 2.36 mEq/L) in 9 (37.5%) cats, moderate (1.6 to 1.98 mEq/L) in 6 (25%), and severe (< 1.6 mEq/L) in 3 (12.5%). Significant positive correlations were found between ionized calcium concentration and heart rate, pH, and concentrations of sodium, chloride, and total calcium. Significant negative correlations were found between ionized calcium concentration and concentrations of potassium, BUN, creatinine, and phosphorus.

Clinical Implications
Most cats with urethral obstruction had a low concentration of ionized calcium. This may contribute to cardiac electrical and mechanical dysfunction in some severely affected cats. Although effects of IV administration of calcium were not evaluated, results of this study strengthen the rationale for its use in cats with urethral obstruction. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1392–1395)
Risk factors for acquired megaesophagus in dogs
Authors: Gaynor Alison R. , Shofer Frances S. , Washabau Robert J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify risk factors associated with acquired megaesophagus in dogs.

Design
Case-control study.

Animals
136 dogs with acquired megaesophagus (case dogs); 272 dogs from the general hospital population and 151 dogs that underwent thyroid-stimulating hormone response tests (control dogs). All dogs were more than 6 months old.

Procedure
Medical records of dogs in which megaesophagus was diagnosed during a 10-year period were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included regurgitation or vomiting, onset of clinical signs at more than 6 months of age, and radiographic evidence of generalized esophageal dilatation. Dogs with intra- or extraesophageal obstructive disease, brain stem disease, or neck trauma were excluded from analyses. Statistical analyses included odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and two-tailed t-tests. Control dogs were frequency matched to case dogs on the basis of year of diagnosis.

Results
Dogs with megaesophagus ranged from 0.75 to 18 years old (mean, 8.1 years) and were significantly older and heavier than control dogs. More males than females were affected, but sex and reproductive status were not associated with megaesophagus. German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, and Irish Setters were at increased risk for developing megaesophagus. Peripheral neuropathies, laryngeal paralysis, acquired myasthenia gravis, esophagitis, and chronic or recurrent gastric dilatation with or without volvulus were associated with an increased risk of developing megaesophagus. Hypothyroidism was not associated with megaesophagus.

Clinical Implications
Dogs with acquired megaesophagus should be evaluated for peripheral neuropathies, laryngeal paralysis, acquired myasthenia gravis, esophagitis, and chronic or recurrent gastric dilatation with or without volvulus. These dogs may be evaluated for hypothyroidism; however, this study did not reveal a clear association between hypothyroidism and acquired megaesophagus. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1406–1412)
Sedative effects of medetomidine and its reversal by atipamezole in llamas
Authors: Waldridge Bryan M. , Lin Hui-Chu , DeGraves Fred J. , Pugh David G. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine a dose of medetomidine that will induce sedation in llamas, to assess effects of medetomidine sedation on arterial blood gas variables, and to determine efficacy of atipamezole in reversing medetomidine-induced sedation.

Design
Prospective, randomized clinical trial.

Animals
15 clinically normal adult llamas.

Procedure
9 llamas received various doses of medetomidine (0.01, 0.02, or 0.03 mg/kg [0.005, 0.009, or 0.014 mg/lb] of body weight, IM). Heart and respiratory rates and sedative effects were recorded. Using the lowest dose that induced deep sedation, 6 different llamas were used to assess effects of medetomidine on arterial blood gas variables. These same 6 llamas were later given atipamezole (0.125 mg/kg [0.057 mg/lb], IV) 30 minutes after medetomidine injection. Heart and respiratory rates, sedative effects, and time from atipamezole injection to standing were recorded.

Results
Sedation began 6.67 ± 1.15 minutes (mean ± SD) after medetomidine administration (0.03 mg/kg, IM). Arterial blood gas variables measured 30 and 60 minutes after injection were not different from baseline. Llamas that did not receive atipamezole remained recumbent for 91.50 ± 24.68 minutes. After atipamezole administration, llamas were able to stand in 5.80 ± 3.27 minutes.

Clinical Implications
Medetomidine induced light to deep sedation in a dose-dependent manner in clinically normal llamas. A dose of 0.03 mg/kg induced deep sedation with a short period of analgesia. Atipamezole rapidly reversed effects of medetomidine, and llamas recovered quickly and were soon able to stand. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1562–1565)
Clinical and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome in cattle with osteochondrosis: 29 cases (1986–1996)
Authors: Trostle Steven S. , Nicoll Robert G. , Forrest Lisa J. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To summarize the radiographic and clinical findings, treatment, and outcome in cattle with osteochondrosis diagnosed radiographically.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Sample Population
29 cattle with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis.

Procedures
Medical records were reviewed, and owners or referring veterinarians were contacted for outcome assessment. Data were analyzed for potential interactions between osteochondrosis classification (osteochondritis dessicans vs subchondral cyst-like lesions), clinical and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome, using Fisher’s exact test and descriptive statistics.

Results
Osteochondrosis was associated with young, male, purebred cattle, clinical evidence of lameness, and radiographic evidence of concurrent degenerative joint disease. Osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral cyst-like lesions had similar clinical findings and outcomes but varied significantly in their radiographic distribution among joints. Osteochondrosis often manifests clinically as a unilateral condition, but bilateral lesions were often found (88%) when limbs were radiographically examined. Cattle managed conservatively tended to be culled (within 6 months of diagnosis because of lameness) more often than those managed surgically, despite the lack of treatment bias.

Clinical Implications
Osteochondrosis in cattle is often associated with lameness or degenerative joint disease. Conservative management does not result in a favorable clinical prognosis for long-term, lameness-free survival, and more studies need to be completed to evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment of osteochondrosis in cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1566–1570)
Effectiveness of tolazoline in reversing xylazine-induced sedation in calves
Authors: Powell Jim D. , Denhart Joseph W. , Lloyd W. Eugene 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To test effectiveness of IV administration of tolazoline hydrochloride in reversing xylazine hydrochloride-induced sedation in calves.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
12 female and 12 male Friesian-cross calves from 5 to 7 months old.

Procedure
Calves were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups. Calves were given xylazine (0.3 mg/kg [0.14 mg/lb] of body weight, IM). Twenty minutes later, calves were treated with saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (1 ml/50 kg (1 ml/110 lb], IV) or tolazoline (1, 2, or 4 mg/kg [0.45, 0.9, or 1.8 mg/lb], IV). Behavioral and physiologic measurements included elapsed time from xylazine administration to recumbency, arousal and standing times after reversal drug administration, heart rate, and respiratory rate.

Results
Mean (± SD) recumbency time for all calves was 5.4 ± 1.8 minutes. Compared with administration of saline solution, all 3 doses of tolazoline significantly decreased arousal and standing times. Mean arousal time for calves receiving saline solution was 27.8 ±11.5 minutes. Administration of tolazoline at 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg resulted in mean arousal times of 4.7 ± 3.8, 0.9 ± 0.5, and 0.7 ± 0.3 minutes, respectively. Mean standing time for calves receiving saline solution was 38.8 ± 2.8 minutes. Administration of tolazoline at 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg resulted in mean standing times of 14.0 ± 11.0, 3.0 ± 1.2, and 2.4 ± 1.1 minutes, respectively.

Clinical Implications
For routine use, tolazoline doses of 1 to 2 mg/kg should suffice. In cattle, IV administration of tolazoline reverses pharmacologic effects of xylazine, thereby hastening recovery from xylazine-induced sedation. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:90–92)
Monitoring adequacy of ventilation by capnometry during thoracotomy in dogs
Authors: Wagner Ann E. , Gaynor James S. , Dunlop Colin I. , Allen Sandra L. , Demme Wendy C. 
Published: December 2023

ObjectiveTo determine whether end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Petco2) was a reliable estimate of Paco2 in dogs undergoing thoracotomy.
DesignCase series.
Animals18 dogs that underwent thoracotomy.
ProcedurePaco2 and Petco2 were measured shortly after induction of anesthesia, while dogs were breathing spontaneously; 5 minutes prior to initial skin incision, while dogs were receiving intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV); 5, 30, and 60 minutes after the thoracic cavity was opened, while dogs were receiving IPPV; and after the thoracic cavity was closed and evacuated, when dogs were again breathing spontaneously. For each period, arterial-end-tidal difference in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Paco2-Petco2) was compared with Paco2-Petco2 for the preceding period.
ResultsSignificant changes in Paco2-Petco2 from one period to the next were not detected except when values obtained 5 minutes after the thoracic cavity was opened were compared with values obtained 5 minutes before incision. The Paco2-Petco2 was not constant for individual dogs.
Clinical ImplicationsPetco2 was not a reliable indicator of adequacy of ventilation during thoracotomy in these dogs, because it differed greatly from Paco2, and Pac02-PETC02 was not consistent. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:377-379)
Cardiovascular evaluation of lowland gorillas
Authors: Junge Randall E. , Mezei Leslie E. , Muhlbauer Michael C. , Weber Martha 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To design a diagnostic protocol that uses appropriate techniques, including ultrasonography, to assess cardiovascular health and detect primary cardiac diseases in gorillas and to establish a database of reference values for cardiac measurements in clinically normal gorillas.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
5 adult male lowland gorillas from 11 to 18 years old.

Procedure
A complete cardiac evaluation was performed on anesthetized gorillas, including physical examination, thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, echocardiography, blood pressure determination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and serologic assay for viral diseases. Standard cardiac measurements were made from images collected during ultrasonography.

Results
Cardiac measurements derived from ultrasonographic images were consistent with those considered normal in human beings. Results of other diagnostic tests were also considered normal.

Clinical Implications
Cardiac disease is the primary cause of mortality in old captive gorillas. The technique used here provided excellent evaluation of cardiac function. Use of these techniques will allow early detection of cardiac disease, making treatment or medical management possible. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:413-415)
Relationship between race start characteristics and risk of catastrophic injury in Thoroughbreds: 78 cases (1992)
Authors: Leah Estberg , Stover Susan M. , Gardner Ian A. , Johnson Bill J. , Jack Robert A. , Case James T. , Ardans Alex , Read Deryck H. , Anderson Mark L. , Barr Bradd C. , Daft Barbara M. , Kinde Hailu , Moore Janet , Stoltz James , Woods Leslie 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To investigate relationships of several racehorse characteristics and race conditions with risk of a catastrophic musculoskeletal injury (CMI) resulting in euthanasia in Thoroughbreds during racing in California in 1992.

Design
Retrospective longitudinal study.

Animals
Thoroughbreds that incurred CMI during racing and all California race entrants in 1992.

Procedure
Necropsy records were reviewed, and race start information was obtained. Incidence risk of CMI/1,000 race entrants was estimated. Relationships between CMI during racing and race-meet, entrant age and sex, race type and length, and racing surface type and condition were evaluated by use of logistic regression.

ResultsIncidence risk of CMI was 1.7/1,000 entrants. A higher risk of CMI was found at 2 fair race-meets, with incidence risks of 4.9 and 5.5/1,000 entrants. Risk of injury in male horses was 1.7 times greater than that in female horses, and influence of age on risk depended on race type. Risk of injury for horses 2 to 5 years old was two times greater for claiming horses than for maiden horses. Race length or racing surface type (dirt vs turf) or condition (fast, muddy, yielding) were not significantly associated with risk of CMI.

Clinical Implications
Incidence of CMI was similar among 12 of 14 major and fair race-meets and among various race lengths and racing surface types and conditions, whereas incidence of CMI was influenced by entrant age and sex as well as race type. Investigators should consider controlling for age and sex, race-meet, and race type whenever possible in studies of risk of CMI. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:544-549)
Combined parenteral and oral administration of oxytetracycline for control of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Eastman Timothy G. , George Lisle W. , Hird David W. , Thurmond Mark C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether combined parenteral and oral administration of oxytetracycline would ameliorate a herd outbreak of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) and to compare efficacy of this regimen with that of subconjunctival administration of procaine penicillin G.

Design
Randomized field trial.

Animals
119 Hereford calves in a herd undergoing a naturally occurring outbreak of IBK.

Procedure
Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups: oxytetracycline treatment, procaine penicillin G treatment, and control. After initial treatment, calves were examined 3 times/wk for 7 weeks. The surface area of all corneal ulcers was measured during each examination. Ocular secretions were collected from all calves at least weekly and were tested for Moraxella bovis.

Results
Calves treated with oxytetracycline had a lower prevalence of IBK than did calves treated with procaine penicillin G or control calves and required fewer additional treatments than did calves treated with procaine penicillin G. Mean time for healing of corneal ulcers was significantly less for calves that received oxytetracycline or procaine penicillin G than for control calves. Calves treated with oxytetracycline developed fewer corneal ulcers and fewer recurrent ulcers than did calves in the other groups. Moraxella bovis was isolated less often from ocular secretions collected from calves in the oxytetracycline group than from calves in the other groups.

Clinical Implications
Combined parenteral and oral administration of oxytetracycline appears to be an effective method of reducing severity of a herd outbreak of IBK and may be superior to treatment of affected animals with procaine penicillin G. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:560-563)
Effects of extensive crossfostering on performance of pigs on a farm
Authors: Straw Barbara E. , Bürgi Esther J. , Dewey Catherine E. , Duran C. Oliver 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare mortality and growth rates of pigs subjected to continuous or limited crossfostering.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
80 litters containing 879 pigs.

Procedure
In half of the litters, crossfostering was limited to the first 2 days of life. In the other litters, pigs were crossfostered throughout the lactation period to maintain uniform body weights within litters.

Results
Restricting crossfostering to the first 2 days of life resulted in a 20% increase in body weight at weaning, compared with crossfostering throughout the nursing period. Mortality rates did not differ between the limited and continuous crossfostering groups.

Clinical Implications
The emphasis placed on reducing variation of body weights within litters is unwarranted and veterinarians should advise limiting crossfostering to the first 2 days of life. Excessive crossfostering late in the nursing period may be identified by low within-litter SD of mean body weight. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:855-856)
Surgical repair of patellar luxation in llamas: 7 cases (1980-1996)
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Snyder Jack R. , Vasseur Philip 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate anatomy of the stifle in llamas and determine outcome of llamas that underwent surgery for repair of patellar luxation.

Design
Anatomic and retrospective study.

Animals
6 llamas with unilateral patellar luxation and 1 llama with bilateral luxations.

Procedure
6 stifles from llama cadavers were dissected to determine anatomy. Medical records were reviewed to identify history, procedure, outcome, and complications of llamas that underwent surgery.

Results
6 llamas had lateral patellar luxation (including the llama with bilateral luxations), and 1 had medial patellar luxation. Six llamas had a history of trauma before onset of clinical signs. Two llamas underwent tibial tuberosity transposition, but luxation recurred in both and 1 had problems with breakage of implants. The other 5 llamas underwent imbrication and release procedures; however, luxation recurred in 4 of the 5. Surgery was repeated in 2 llamas, with successful outcomes.

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that imbrication and release procedures may be useful for correction of patellar luxation in llamas without other bony abnormalities. However, long (20 cm) imbrication and release incisions are needed for a successful outcome. Use of a sling after surgery, to allow a gradual return to weight bearing and exercise, may also be important. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:860-865)