bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosmic Connections: Defining the Arena of Power
Authors: Edwards Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Images of the divine world permeated ancient society. Connecting with the divine world was serious business and occupied persons at almost every level. Members of elite classes in the Greek East and those associated with them actively sought the continuing benevolence of a god or gods. Many appropriated symbols associated with the divine world to bolster, maintain, or redefine their relation to political, social, and economic arenas of power. The stakes could be high. Tax breaks, acquisition of prestige, or the right to provide asylum could go to those cities whose elites argued effectively for legitimate and long-standing cosmic connections. Those who fell outside “proper” channels of divine power could suffer severe social, political, and economic sanctions. The gods had to be appeased. Jewish and Christian groups, who claimed to have access to a power greater than any other, also had their adherents in the larger society.
The Power of the Future
Authors: Edwards Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symbols associated with the future occurred through media with longstanding traditions. Oracles, prophecies, votive offerings, cultic practices of the mystery cults, architecture, tombs, games, festivals, and treaties often framed images and symbols of the future that informed or expressed concerns that persons had in the present. Symbols of the future in antiquity often centered on “personal religion” or personal piety that sought salvation “through closeness to the divine” as persons selected from a plethora of options to cope with the future. Yet “personal religion” meant more than an individual concern for one’s future salvation after death. The benefactor who provided funds for a festival dedicated to a local deity may well have obtained “personal” as well as political satisfaction. Personal religion was also invariably associated with assorted webs of power. Rarely did one make a decision that did not include participation in a whole network of social, political, and cultural forces.
The Demotic Lady Gregory
Authors: McDiarmid Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, in 1888, Wilfrid Blunt was imprisoned in Galway Gaol for speaking out against evictions of Irish tenants at a banned meeting in Woodford, County Galway, his former lover Lady Gregory wrote four poems inspired by that happy event. It was indeed a happy event for Blunt: he had sought it, challenging the police as they pulled him from the platform, “Are you all such damned cowards that not one of you dares arrest me?” His first night in detention, he proudly wrote, offered “the first recorded instance, in all the four hundred years of English oppression, of an Englishman having taken the Celtic Irish side in any conflict, or suffered even the shortest imprisonment for Ireland’s sake:’ For Lady Gregory, Blum’s imprisonment offered a literary opportunity: she got an imaginative charge from the combination of erotic memories and rebel politics.
The Protestant Ethic and the Melancholy Spirit
Authors: Rubin Julius H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doris Lessing has produced a contemporary version of Bernard de Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees in a series of five radio addresses reprinted under the compelling title, Prisons We Choose to Live Inside. Lessing uncovers a fundamental irony, a coda of modern sociology: when viewed from the perspective of studied detachment of the outside observer, the actions of individuals and groups who pursue rational ends appear irrational in their consequences. The political ideologies that mobilized masses in incessant warfare in this century—socialism, fascism, imperialism, anti-imperialism, nationalism—contain this irony. So it is with cultural revolutions, countercultures, movements toward modernization, and anti-modern protests; and with religious awakenings, reformations, and revitalizations in Islam, Christianity, and other faiths.
Prologue
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Br āhmanical tradition uses the term ā śrama with reference to what it sees as four distinct and legitimate ways of leading a religious life. The four ā śramas are the modes of life of a celibate student, a married householder, a forest hermit, and a world renouncer. Brāhmanical theology considers these ā śramas as constitutive and interre­lated parts of an organic whole made up of the rules (dharmas) that govern human con­duct; this organic whole is often simply referred to as dharma. The two cornerstones of dharma are the systems of ā śrama and va111a (“social classes”). The totality of the Brāhmanical dharma is often referred to simply as va111asramadhanna, an expression that modem scholars and native interpreters alike have seen as the closest approxima­tion within the tradition to what we have come to call Hinduism: “Even now,” observes the eminent Indian sociologist G. S. Ghurye (1964, 2), “Varn ā ś ramadharma, duties of castes and ā śramas, is almost another name for Hinduism.”
Background and Context
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theological scheme of the asrama system originated against the background and within the context of several religious, social, and economic developments.1 If we are right in assigning the creation of the system to a period during or soon after the fifth century B.C.E. (see section 3.4), its socio-religious background would include the fully developed vedic tradition represented by the Brahmar:ias and the ritual Siitras. Its immediate context would include the socio-economic changes that gave rise to cities, monarchies, and a merchant class, as well as the emergence of rival religious ideologies and life styles both within and outside the vedic tradition. An understanding of these changes is especially significant in studying an institution such as the asrama system, because, as I shall argue, it was created as a hermeneutical device to incorporate socio-religious changes within the vedic world. In this chapter, therefore, I briefly examine these three major elements of the background and context of the asrama system.
The Origins
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major problem in studying the origins of the asrama system stems from the sources. There are no extant texts composed by the creator(s) of the system orby anyone belonging to the tradition or milieu within which the system was created. The earliest descriptions of the system we possess are made by the authors of the Dharmasiitras, who either explicitly rejected its legitimacy or had serious doubts regarding some of its ramifications. Gautama and Baudhayana, two of the earliest authors to record the system, present it as an opponent’s position-a piirvapak a in traditional terminology-which they set out to refute. Apastamba appears to accept the legitimacy of the system, but with deep reservations.
The Ā Śramas and Other Br āhmal)ical
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although, as we shall see in the next chapter, debates and disputes continued to surround the asrama system, nevertheless, by at least the middle of the first millennium C.E. the system had become fully integrated into and assumed a central position within the Brahma9ical world. Its centrality is evidenced by the increasing use of the expression vaIT)āśramadharma even in epigraphy, drama, and poetry1 as a shorthand term for the totality of the Brahma9ical dharma. It was only natural, therefore, that the asrama system came to be related to other aspects and institutions of that dharma within the theological discourse of Brahma9ism. In this chapter I examine these evolving relationships that permit us to gain further insights into both the history of the asrama system and the development of Brahma9ical theology.
The ĀŚrama System in Medieval Theology
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major developments and changes in the āśrama system took place roughly between the fifth century B.C.E. and the fifth century C.E. Medieval theology and law inherited the system so developed. Even though drastic changes in that system did not take place, discussions and debates of interest concerning the āśramas continued during the medieval period. They will be the subject of this last chapter in our investigation of the history of the āśrama system.
Introduction
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this book is not as paradoxical as it first seems. After all, it is perfectly reasonable to try and make sense of chaos ( adharma) and perhaps discover the lurking irrationality of order (dharma). Still, there is something subversive about suggesting that adharma might somehow make more sense than dharma. And at the same time, the tip of the hat to Merleau-Ponty shows a deference to a prominent tradition that cannot be accused of a deconstructive agenda. The following brief introduction will explain both our mild subversion of common sense in the study of Hinduism, and the choice of existential phenomenology for a job it has not yet been assigned.
Boundaries in Space and Time
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have repeatedly emphasized the phenomenological obligation to concentrate on images in our study of religious symbolism. Symbols, we have seen, derive their force from the resonance between a temporal ideational and experiential levels of awareness. This resonance takes place because sensory images contain a prefigured meaning imparted by the most elementary acts of consciousness and perception.
Playing the Field: Adultery as Claim Jumping by Wendy Doniger
Authors: Glucklich Ariel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the bride has crossed the boundary into marriage, and is fully identified with her husband, she has still not reached the end of her journey nor crossed the final boundary line. The dharmic construction of her real self is incomplete until she bears her husband a son. Indeed, even then it is not over; ideally, the perfect wife will die before her husband (hence the perception of widows as, at best, failures, and, at worst, murderers), having lived her whole life in complete faithfulness to him as a pativrata, a woman who keeps her vow to her husband and is hence regarded as chaste. This is the cultural ideal of Sita.
Persons and Agents
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the caution that dualism lays against any use of concepts of God drawn from the finite ontological context, the concept of ‘person’ has historically been used by Jewish and Christian theology for the One whom they regard as Lord and Savior. The fact that such personal imagery has not only been regularly employed but also that it has the highest orthodox credentials is not in question, even for a dualist. What is in question is the precise meaning ‘per son’ has when applied to God.
Refining the Concept of God as Agent
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What would a notion of God as supreme Agent, literally understood, and as conformable to what a community of faith would want to say, based on its experience of God, look like? Let’s sketch out such a notion and then see in what respects it fails to conform to classical theistic notions and in what ways it compensates for these alleged ‘failures’.
The Birth of Nations: Europe After Charles
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Abbasid caliphate centered in Baghdad controlled, at least nominally, the entire Muslim empire except Spain. Here a rival caliph, the descendant of the Umayyads, presided over a florid , cosmopolitan civilization. Its capital Cordoba, once the Roman provincial capital, straddled the Guadalquivir in the vast fertile plain of Andalusia on the ancient route that crossed the peninsula from Cadiz to Narbonne.
Istanbul and Venice
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tenochtitlan fell to Cortes' conquistadors in 1521. In that same year, the armies of Suleyman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottoman Turks, captured Belgrade and moved into Hungary. The world in the opening decades of the sixteenth century was not what it used to be. Europe had reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and Asia bordered on Austria.
The Popes as Planners: Rome, 1450-1650
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We define the See of the Holy Apostle and the Roman pope to hold primacy in all the world, and the pope to be the successor of St. Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, and the true Vicar of Christ and head of the universal church and father and teacher of all Christians.
Introduction
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chicago Tribune headline read: “Stray Bullet Kills Young Girl Watching Fireworks.” The tragic climax to Janet McClain’s life occurred around ten o’clock on a Saturday night, the Fourth of July, in the Albany Park neighborhood of Chicago. She was watching teenagers set off fireworks across the street when someone fired a small-caliber bullet into the crowd at curbside. When Janet slumped over, those closest to her hardly took notice. Was she faint? Tired? Then the bleeding, and frantic people rushed her to a hospital.
Communitarian Ethics
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The horror occurred early one October morning at Bluewater Lake, New Mexico. Michael Volkman had scarcely left his five-year-old daughter, Sage, asleep in a camper to go fishing with his son when they heard barking dogs and saw smoke rising from the campsite. They ran back to find their camper burning. Moments before it exploded, Volkman pulled out his lifeless daughter. He administered CPR, and Sage resumed breathing. She was flown to the burn center at the University of New Mexico Hospital and two weeks later was transferred to the Shriners Burns Institute in Galveston. Third- and fourth-degree burns covered almost half of Sage’s body. Her taut, melted skin would not permit her to stretch her limbs fully or to close her mouth. She could not walk or feed herself. Her fingers were gone, and her left eye was nearly blinded. No longer the pretty greeneyed girl with a broad smile, Sage needed massive skin grafts and physical therapy.
Organizational Culture
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hundred sins belong to journalists alone. Sexist and racist comments are wrong. Exploiting the privacy of grief-stricken parents is inexcusable. Misquoting a speech or incorrectly identifying a police officer is wretched practice. If individual reporters “are ignorant, naive, lazy, sloppy, cowardly, vain, over-ambitious, prejudiced, dishonest, greedy-whatever professional faults derive from such failings are their own. Some of them will soon be fired by a watchful editor.” These personal failures send shock waves through the news craft as a whole. Female and black journalists were stung by the Janet Cooke caper. A legal counsel who provides incompetent or shady advice besmirches other lawyers assigned to news organizations. Jingoistic sportswriters degrade their colleagues. Unfortunately, others suffer for the malfeasance of a few.
Normative Pluralism
Authors: Christians Clifford G , Ferre John P , Fackler P Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an ancient fable, a dragon is urgently summoned to defend the king’s castle. It pulls together its mighty frame and draws deep inside for a torrent of fire to scorch the attackers. Nothing happens. The flames in its stomach have died. At the moment of challenge, the dragon is little more than a puffing hulk with its fire gone out. Today, when the demands are most intense, the great communications enterprise rouses itself for battle. Ethics committees crop up in professional associations. Alarmists point to opinion polls that show plummeting press credibility, and they demand more responsible performance. Books, magazines, and television series are urging professional virtue, decency, prima facie duties, and compassion. The dragon is rumbling, heaving, puffing. But the fire flickers and fades. At the critical moment, when one should see roaring flames, the blaze inside sputters out.
Hasan Al-Banna And The Founding Of The Society Of The Muslim Brothers
Authors: Mitchell Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hasan Al-Bann A was born in October 1906, in the province of Buhayra, in the small town of Mahmudiyya, about ninety miles north-west of Cairo. His father, Shaykh Ahmad ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Banna al-Sa’ati, was the local ma’dhun, imam and teacher for the mosque, and student and author of various works on the hadith; he had been educated at Azhar University at the time of Shaykh Muhammad ‘Abduh. In between his religious duties, reading, and studying, he practised the art of watch repairing, which, along The primary source for the life of Banna is his own autobiographical material collected and compiled from the pages of the Society’s newspapers and magazines. The first book of memoirs, presumably gathered together by a Syrian (see MDA (15 Apr. 1951), 8), appeared in Beirut and was called Mudhakkarat Hasan al-Banna, vol. I (n.d.). It dealt with the life of Banna and the first few years of the history of the movement. A Cairo edition, Mudhakkarat al-da’wa wa’l-da’iyya (n.d.), is the original text of the Beirut edition with additions by an Egyptian which take the story to the beginning of World War II. Presumably the first text appeared in Beirut shortly after the first major dissolution of the Society in I 948 and the second in the early period of its reorganization after 1950. The Cairo edition will be used for this study and will be noted hereafter simply as Mudh. Because this chapter is largely based on this material, references will be noted, in parentheses, in the body of the study. Unfortunately, there are no critical sources, to our knowledge, with which to compare this autobiographical material.
Cairo: The Rise To Power
Authors: Mitchell Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The minor crisis which marred Banna’s departure from Isma’iliyya did not impair the sense of elation and expectation which accompanied the move to Cairo. Banna shared his time between the demands of his school and the new organization. We have seen that the merger with the Society for Islamic Culture provided an operational starting-point for the latter. The branch in Isma’iliyya declared the transfer of the headquarters to Cairo, and continued to assist the Cairo operation financially. Banna claims to have rejected, as early as this period, offers of ‘aid’ in exchange for support of ‘the political status-quo’ made by Isma’il Sidqi Pasha, the perennial palace strong man and foe of the Wafd.
Re-Formation: The Second Phase
Authors: Mitchell Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The government of Ibrahim ‘Abd al-Hadi was replaced on 26 July 1949 by that of Husayn Sirri Pasha, in which the Wafd participated until November, when a new cabinet was formed, parliament was dissolved, and preparations were begun by Sirri to hold new elections. On 3 January 1950 the Wafd emerged victorious at the polls and formed the new government on the 12th. The palace had bowed to the inevitable.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitchell Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT now remains to focus on some of the special questions raised by this study of the Muslim Brothers and to attempt an assessment of its meaning. Accordingly, in this chapter, we will look more closely at the organization, especially the leadership phenomenon so integral to the Society’s dynamic, the question of political action and the related motif of violence, the place of the Society in Islamic modernism, and, finally, the type of member who responded to the appeals of the Society and the significance of these data for a final evaluation.
“To Your Tents O Israel!”: The Advance of Puseyism and the lliir Within the Church, 1839-1852
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the 1830s, High Churchmen and authoritative Evangelicals had made a tenuous peace. High Church bishops originally opposed to Mcllvaine’s election must have been pleased by his stand against radical revivalism, his defense of the episcopacy, and his participation in the church’s missions organization. By the 1830s, the orderly Evangelicals had secured their position within the Episcopal Church’s institutions and hierarchy.
‘The Ship in Tempest’: Rationalism, Ritualism, and the Post-Civil War Evangelical Worldview, 1866-1874
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years immediately following the Civil War, northern evangelicals, like Charles Mcllvaine, expressed conflicting emotions about the future. Elation, optimism, and triumph mixed with worry, doubt, and confusion. It seemed clear that American society, and the Episcopal Church along with it, was moving in new and different directions. But, in the 1860s and early 1870s, no one seemed quite sure which direction postwar America would take. ‘‘We are living,” wrote Mcllvaine, “in very difficult times. What is it the Lord intends? The ship in tempest, but He is on the Mount. Will he wait before he comes in power for us to get so near perishing?” In 1865, the abolition of slavery and the end of the war boosted the confidence of northern evangelicals. “The news came this morning,” wrote Mcllvaine to an English friend, “that yesterday the vote was taken in the House of Representatives . . . abolishing slavery.” God has overruled the terrible calamity of civil war to that end. He shook the nation, as the earthquake shook the prison at Philippi, till every door flew open, and every man’s bonds were loosed. The nation is filled with joy.
Conclusion: Whither Evangelicalism?
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly every history c,f the Episcopal Church ends the story of the Evangelical party with the baptismal crisis and the Reformed Episcopal schism, as if the Evangelicals disappeared overnight. “As a great party struggling hopefully for the mastery within the Church,” pronounced John Henry Hopkins, Jr., in 1872, “the old Evangelical party is dead, dead, dead.” Hopkins’s announcement may have been premature: the Evangelical party did not simply die at the 1871 General Convention. It was, however, wounded and seriously divided. Although most Evangelicals agreed on issues of the new birth, spirituality, millennialism, and Scripture, their party splintered along very deep, old lines: their view of and relationship to the Episcopal Church.
Introduction
Authors: Chen Xiaomei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years since its introduction, Edward Said’s celebrated study, Orientalism, has acquired a near paradigmatic status in the Western academic world as a model of the relationships between Western and non-Western cultures. Said seeks to show how Western imperialist images of its colonial others-images that, of course, are inevitably and sharply at odds with the self-understanding of the indigenous non-Western cultures they purport to represent-not only govern the West’s hegemonic policies, but were imported into the West’s political and cultural colonies, where they affected native points of view and thus themselves served as instruments of domination. Said’s focus is on the Near East, but his critics and supporters alike have extended his model far beyond the confines of that part of the world. Despite the popularity of Said’s model, however, comparatists and Sinologists have not made extensive use of it in their attempts to define China’s self-image or the nature of Sino-Western social, cultural, and political relationships.