bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory tract disease and mucosal colonization by Pasteurella haemolytica in transported cattle
Authors: Frank Glynn H. , Briggs Robert E. , Loan Raymond W. , Purdy Charles W. , Zehr Emilie S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To follow incidence of Pasteurella haemolytica (PH) in the upper respiratory tract of healthy calves at the farm and through the marketing process, and to determine the effect of vaccination on PH colonization of the upper respiratory tract and on the incidence of respiratory tract disease (RTD).

Animals
2- to 5-month-old calves (n = 104) from 4 farms.

Procedure
Calves were vaccinated with a killed PH serotype-1 product. Nasal secretion and tonsil wash specimens were cultured for PH, and serum antibody was measured by indirect hemagglutination. Calves with RTD were treated with tilmicosin phosphate.

Results
At the feedyard, 73 calves had RTD. The incidence of RTD was significantly related to the farm of origin, and was inversely related to the PH serum titer at the farm, but was not influenced by vaccination. Isolations of PH serotype 1 however, were reduced by vaccination. The major serotypes of PH encountered were 1 and 6.

Conclusion
Vaccination can reduce the frequency of colonization of the uoper respiratory tract by PH. (Am J Vet Res 1936;57:1317-1320)
Muscle biopsy as a tool for assessing muscular adaptation to training in horses
Authors: Rivero Jose-Luis L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe an applied method for quantitative estimation of training condition in horses.

Animals
17 sedentary adult (5 to 14 years old) stallions of several breeds endurance trained for 3 months.

Procedure
Muscle biopsy specimens from 2 depths (20 and 60 mm) of the gluteus medius muscle were obtained before and after training and were analyzed for fiber type distribution, mean cross-sectional area, relative fiber area, and mean number of capillaries in contact with each fiber type relative to their mean area. Fiber types were designated as types 1, 2A, and 2B (high, low, and moderate myosin ATPase activities at pH 4.5, respectively). Data were subjected to discriminant and principal component analyses.

Results
77% of the observations were correctly discriminated according to training condition of horses by use of discriminant analyses when histochemical and morphometric data from the 2 muscle biopsy specimens were used. Principal component analysis indicated that the most efficient variables describing muscular adaptation to training are fiber area and number of capillaries in contact with type-1 and type-2A fibers, particularly from the deepest sampling site of the muscle.

Conclusion
It is possible to satisfactorily classify an individual horse in a given training category on the basis of a physiologic muscle index.

Clinical Relevance
These methods could become a useful aid for evaluation of the individual horse's response to training. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1412-1416)
Nonlinear dynamics stability measurements of locomotion in healthy Greyhounds
Authors: Marghitu Dan B. , Kincaid Steven A. , Rumph Paul F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To characterize normal locomotion of dogs, using nonlinear dynamic stability measurements to analyze two-dimensional kinematic data.

Animals
5 healthy, orthopedically sound Greyhounds.

Procedure
Data were studied by sequentially constructing phase plane portraits from the angular velocity and displacement data; creating first-return (Poincare) maps from periodically sampled data; and evaluating the dynamic stability of the gait, using Floquet multipliers calculated from the assembled data. Retroreflective markers were placed on the left craniodorsal aspect of the iliac spine, greater trochanter, lateral epicondyle of the femur, lateral malleolus, and fifth metatarsophalangeal joint. Each dog was repeatedly led at a trot along a 10-m runway. Data were collected, using a video-based, two-dimensional motion measurement and analysis system. Dogs were considered a nonlinear system and were represented by the joint angular displacements and velocities. Phase plane portraits and first-return maps were constructed to analyze the smoothed data. The Floquet theory was then used to investigate the local stability of critical points of the discrete map.

Results
The femorotibial joint had the highest angular velocity, ranging from −2.5 to 4.9 radians/s. Tarsal joint velocity ranged from −2.7 to 3.2 radians/s, and the coxofemoral angle had the lowest range of −2.2 to 2.2 radians/s. The points on the first-return maps converged to the 45° diagonal line and were clustered together. The largest Floquet multiplier averaged 0.452, which characterized the stability of this population and will be used to draw a comparison between this and future work.

Conclusions
Nonlinear dynamics can be effectively used to analyze two-dimensional kinematic data from animal models to quantify the dynamic stability of animal locomotion through precise mathematical measurements. The method is general and can be applied to normal or abnormal gaits.

Clinical Relevance
Point mapping and quantitative measurement of joint movement have several advantages associated with the application to animal and human locomotion. The clinician can visually distinguish the normal gait pattern from abnormal patterns to assist in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal abnormalities (diseases). (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1529–1535)
Bacterial killing by use of once daily gentamicin dosage in guinea pigs with Escherichia coli infection
Authors: Campbell Bonnie G. , Bartholow Steven , Rosin Eberhard 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether the antibacterial activity of 6 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight given SC once daily, is equivalent to the standard gentamicin dose of 2 mg/kg given SC every 8 hours.

Animals
Guinea pigs with infected thigh wound: 5 in an untreated control group and 12 in 6 and 2 mg/kg gentamicin treatment groups.

Procedure
Guinea pigs were inoculated with 109 Escherichia coli in the thigh muscle. Gentamicin treatment (2 mg/kg, SC, q 8 h or 6 mg/kg, SC, q 24 h) was begun 4 hours after E coli inoculation and continued for 72 hours. Four hours after the last gentamicin treatment, all guinea pigs were euthanatized and the cranial thigh muscle containing the entire inoculum was removed. Colony forming units were counted to determine the E coli concentration in each thigh.

Results
Mean ± SD log10 colony-forming units was 9.293 ± 0.074 in the control group, 8.161 ± 0.478 in the 2 mg/kg treatment group, and 7.796 ± 0.182 in the 6 mg/kg treatment group. One-way ANOVA revealed a significant (P < 0.05) difference between the control group and both treatment groups, and between both treatment groups.

Conclusion
Bacterial killing did not differ between gentamicin given at a dosage of 6 mg/kg once daily, compared with 2 mg/kg every 8 hours in guinea pigs infected with E coli.

Clinical Relevance
Gentamicin dosage regimens with high peak concentration and long dosing interval are as efficacious as divided dosage regimens. These data support the concept that once daily administration of gentamicin for treatment of E coli infection should be investigated clinically. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1627–1630)
Efficacy of prosthetic laryngoplasty with and without bilateral ventriculocordectomy as treatments for laryngeal hemiplegia in horses
Authors: Tetens Joanne , Derksen Frederik J. , Stick John A. , Lloyd James W. , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the efficacy of prosthetic laryngoplasty with and without bilateral ventriculocordectomy for treatment of experimentally induced left laryngeal hemiplegia (LLH).

Animals
15 adult Standardbreds.

Procedure
Horses were allotted to 3 equal groups. Sham operation (group 1), prosthetic laryngoplasty (group 2), or prosthetic laryngoplasty with bilateral ventriculocordectomy (group 3) was performed after induction of LLH. Upper airway function testing was performed prior to left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (LRLN), 14 days after LRLN, and 60 and 180 days after surgical treatment. Measurements were obtained at rest and at treadmill speeds corresponding to 75 and 100% of maximal heart rate. Videoendoscopy was performed at rest and during exercise in all horses prior to LRLN and 60 and 180 days after surgical treatment. Upper airway endoscopy was performed immediately after LRLN to document induction of grade-IV LLH. Also, horses in group 3 were endoscopically examined at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 120 days after surgical treatment to evaluate healing of the ventriculocordectomy sites.

Results
When horses were at rest, significant differences were not apparent between groups at any period or between periods for any measured variable. LRLN induced airway obstruction in all horses during exercise. In sham-operated horses, this obstruction was unaffected by time. In contrast, 60 and 180 days after surgical treatment, inspiratory flow limitations induced by LRLN were reversed in horses of groups 2 and 3. There were no significant differences between the 2 treatment groups. Endoscopy revealed the left arytenoid cartilage abducted beyond the intermediate position, but not touching the pharyngeal wall in all horses with a laryngeal prosthesis. After surgical treatment, 4 group-2 horses had filling of both ventricles with air during exercise. There was moderate to marked swelling of the ventriculocordectomy sites immediately after surgery, and this swelling resolved by 7 days after surgery. The ventriculocordectomy sites looked best at 14 and 180 days.

Conclusions
60 and 180 days after prosthetic laryngoplasty, upper airway function returned to pre-LRLN values in horses with experimentally induced LLH exercising at 100% of maximal heart rate. Combining ventriculocordectomy with prosthetic laryngoplasty does not further improve upper airway function in these horses. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1668–1673)
Effects of a high-protein diet on mineral metabolism and struvite activity product in clinically normal cats
Authors: Funaba Masayuki , Hashimoto Masashi , Yamanaka Chieko , Shimogori Yoichiro , Iriki Tsunenori , Ohshima Seinosuke , Abe Matanobu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine effects of high-protein diets (>50% crude orotein of dry matter) on urinary mineral excretion and struvite activity product ([Mg2+] × [NH4+] × [PO43-]).

Animals
14 clinically normal cats, 4 adult female and male cats for experiments 1 and 2, respectively, and 6 female kittens aged 4 months for experiment 3.

Procedure
Relations between dietary protein amount (25.9, 38.3, 51.4, and 65.4% crude protein [dry matter]) and urinary excretion of Mg, P, and Ca were examined in a 4 × 4-Latin square design (experiment 1). Struvite activity product, the index of solubility of struvite crystals, was determined when a high-protein diet (54.9%) was fed (experiment 2). Utilization of minerals in cats fed a high-protein diet long term was examined (experiment 3).

Results
Water intake and urine volume increased with increasing dietary protein concentration. Urinary Mg2+ excretion was not affected (experiment 1) or was decreased (experiment 3) by higher protein intake, leading to lower urine Mg2+ concentration in groups fed higher protein amounts. Urine pH was decreased by high-protein intake. As a result, PO43- concentration was decreased by high-protein intake (experiment 2), although total daily urinary excretion of P was increased. Consequently, struvite activity product tended to decrease in cats fed high-protein diets, indicating increase in struvite solubility. High-protein intake decreased Ca and P retention by increasing their fecal and urinary excretions, respectively.

Conclusion
As a consequence of the increase in urine volume and urine acidification, high-protein diets have potential ability to increase solubility of struvite crystals. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1726–1732)
Alterations in specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase in laboratory rats after leptospiral exposure followed by triiodothyronine administration
Authors: Dobrosielski-Vergona Kathleen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of leptospirosis on thyroid hormone induction of the specific activity of hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase in laboratory rats.

Animals
Male Fisher 344 rats, 6 and 24 months old, healthy and infected with leptospirosis.

Procedure
The maximal velocity of glucose-6- phosphatase in intact and detergent-disrupted hepatic microsomes was assayed in duplicate or triplicate at 5 substrate concentrations, by monitoring the release of inorganic phosphate at 0-, 5-, and 10-minute intervals. The method of least squares was used to determine the velocity of the reactions. The level of statistical significance was determined, using the Student's t-test for unpaired data. Thyroid hormone (40 µg of T3/100 g of body weight) was administered for 5 consecutive days prior to sacrifice.

Results
Leptospirosis significantly increased the specific activity of the translocase component of glucose-6-phosphatase in old, but not young, rats. The activity of the translocase increased more than threefold in untreated, infected old animals, compared with untreated, healthy old animals. Thyroid hormone induced a two- and threefold increase in the specific activities of the translocase in young and old healthy animals, respectively. Thyroid hormone did not increase the activity of the translocase in old animals infected with leptospirosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Leptospirosis alters the specific activity and induction by thyroid hormone of the translocase component of hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase in old male Fisher 344 rats. It is necessary to be aware of possible alterations in hepatic membrane-bound enzymes after leptospiral infection of older laboratory animals. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:143–145)
Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol infusion in llamas
Authors: Duke Tanya , Egger Christine M. , Ferguson James G. , Frketic Magda M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate selected cardiopulmonary responses to propotol 2 infusion rates in nonpretreated llamas breathing room air.

Animals
5 adult llamas (3 males, 2 females) with mean ± SD body weight of 135 ± 17.7 kg.

Procedure
After anesthesia induction with propofol (2 mg/kg of body weight, IV), llamas received either propofol infusion 0.2 mg/kg/min (group 1) or 0.4 mg/kg/min (group 2) for 60 minutes. Measurements, taken before anesthesia induction and at regular intervals during infusion were: direct blood pressures, heart and respiratory rates, cardiac output, and arterial blood gas tensions. Systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, cardiac and stroke indices, and plasma bicarbonate and base excess concentrations were calculated.

Results
At 3 to 60 minutes after either dosage of propofol, PaCO2 and heart rate increased in all llamas; at the same time, PaO2 and arterial pH decreased. Mean pulmonary artery and central venous pressures, and stroke index decreased at 3 to 60 minutes after either dosage of propofol. Mean arterial pressure decreased at 30 to 60 minutes after infusion of 0.4 mg of propofol/kg/min; pulmonary arterial wedge pressure decreased at 20 to 40 minutes and 3 to 60 minutes after infusion of 0.2 and 0.4 mg of propofol/kg/min, respectively. Mean time from termination of infusion to sternal recumbency was 7 (group 1) and 13 (group 2) minutes. Standing was achieved in a mean 11 (group 1) and 22 (group 2) minutes.

Conclusion
Propofol infusion rate of 0.2 mg/kg/min was considered too low to maintain a suitable depth of anesthesia, but 0.4 mg/kg/min was considered sufficient for noninvasive procedures with minimal cardiopulmonary depression. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:153–156)
Decreased pulmonary arterial endothelium-dependent relaxation in heartworm-infected dogs with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Matsukura Yoshihito , Washizu Makoto , Kondo Motoki , Motoyoshi Shigekatsu , Itoh Akiko , Nakajyo Shinjiro , Shimizu Kazumasa , Urakawa Norimoto 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the contractility of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle and the relation between pulmonary hypertension and endothelium-derived relaxing factor in canine heartworm disease.

Animals
18 noninfected control and 9 heartworm-infected dogs.

Procedure
Mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure was measured in vivo, and tension of pulmonary arterial strips was measured by use of the isometric tension method.

Results
After phenylephrine (10−5M)-induccd contraction of the pulmonary vascular smooth muscle, carbamylcholine chloride (CCh, 10−6M) caused more relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle of noninfected dogs than that of heartworm-infected dogs. Furthermore, the degree of CCh-induced relaxation was inversely correlated with mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the noninfected and the heartworm-infected dogs. The CCh-induced relaxation was inhibited by pretreatment with Ng-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (10−5M), and in reversed dose-dependent manner by l-arginine (10−4 to 3 × 10−2M). Sodium nitroprusside (10−8 to 10−5M) caused a dosedependent relaxation in all vessels, and there was no significant difference in the relaxation responses in both groups except at 10−7M for vessels with intact endothelium from noninfected dogs.

Conclusion
The depression of endothelium-dependent relaxation is correlated with the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in heartworm-infected dogs, suggesting that the decrease is one of the essential factors for the genesis of pulmonary hypertension in canine filariasis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:171–174)
Active and passive immune responses to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in swine inoculated with recombinant baculovirus-expressed TGEV spike glycoprotein vaccines
Authors: Shoup David I. , Jackwood Daral J. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
Baculovirus-expressed transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) spike (S) glycoprotein vaccines were inoculated parenterally in swine to determine whether such vaccines could induce serum and whey virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies and protective lactogenic immunity for TGEV-challenge-exposed pigs.

Animals and Procedures
3 recombinant baculoviruses that expressed full or partial length TGEV Miller strain S glycoproteins were inoculated SC in 17 conventionally raised 11-day-old TGEV-seronegative pigs to determine whether the recombinant S glycoproteins would elicit serum VN antibodies. Eleven TGEV-seronegative pregnant sows were inoculated SC or intramammarily with subunit vaccines (R2-2 or R3-5) or control proteins. Pigs born to 9 of the 11 sows were challenge exposed at 4 to 5 days of age with the virulent Miller strain, and passive immunity was assessed. Serum and whey antibody responses to TGEV were analyzed by VN and ELISA testing.

Results
Recombinant S glycoproteins (R2-2 or R3-5) containing the 4 major antigenic sites induced similar VN antibody titers to TGEV in serum and colostrum, but low (some sows) or no VN antibody titer was detected in milk. Subcutaneous inoculation of sows with R2-2 or R3-5 elicited IgG, but not IgA antibodies to TGEV in colostrum. Morbidity was 100%, and mortality ranged from 20 to 80% in TGEV challenge-exposed pigs nursing sows inoculated SC or intramammarily with TGEV S glycoprotein vaccines.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Parenterally administered TGEV S glycoprotein vaccines elicit VN antibodies to TGEV in serum and colostrum that do not fully provide active or passive immunity in swine. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:242–250)
Effect of bilateral tenectomy of the tensor veli palatini muscle on soft palate function in horses
Authors: Holcombe Susan Jane , Derksen Frederik Jan , Stick John Alan , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effect of bilateral tenectomy of the tensor veli palatini muscle on soft palate and nasopharyngeal function in exercising horses.

Animals
5 Standardbreds.

Procedure
Treadmill videoendoscopy was performed on 5 Standardbreds exercising at 50, 75, and 100% of the speed that produced maximum heart rate; tracheal and pharyngeal pressures were measured before and after surgery, Tenectomy of the tensor veli palatini muscle was performed bilaterally on each horse while under general anesthesia, using a transoral approach.

Results
Peak inspiratory tracheal pressures were significantly (P = 0.016) more negative and there was a trend (P = 0.06) for peak pharyngeal inspiratory pressure to be less negative following bilateral tenectomy of the tensor veli palatini muscle, compared with preoperative values. The rostral half of the soft palate was unstable and collapsed dorsally into the nasopharynx during inspiration, causing partial obstruction of the nasopharynx. The caudal free margin of the soft palate remained ventral to the epiglottis, and dorsal displacement of the soft palate did not occur in any horse.

Conclusions
Bilateral tenectomy of the tensor veli palatini muscle did not cause dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses while exercising at maximum heart rate, but resulted in collapse of the nasopharynx during inspiration.

Clinical Relevance
Results of our study indicate that the tensor veli palatini muscle functions to support and dilate the nasopharynx during intense inspiratory efforts in horses by tensing the palatine aponeurosis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:317–321)
Purification and characterization of bovine complement component C3 and its cleavage products
Authors: Di Carlo A. L. , Paape M. J. , Hellman J. , Lilius E-M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To purify complement component C3 from bovine serum, characterize and analyze NH2-terminal amino acid sequences from its various cleavage products, and do cross-species homology comparisons.

Animals
2 healthy lactating Holstein cows, and 2 healthy adult female New Zealand White rabbits.

Procedure
Bovine C3 was isolated from serum, and was cleaved to C3b. The resulting protein was analyzed to determine apparent molecular mass of resulting protein segments. Bands were electroblotted onto a membrane and excised, then NH2-terminal amino acid sequences were determined.

Results
The C3 preparation consisted of 6 segments, with molecular mass of 30, 40 (2 bands, a and b), 70, 75, and 115 kd. Via sequence comparisons, the 115-kd band was identified as the α chain; the 75-kd segment was determined to be the NH2-terminal portion of α chain; the 70-kd piece was identified as the intact β chain; and the two 40-kd bands are believed to be located at the C-terminal portion of the α chain, at the cleavage site that yields C3f. The 30-kd band is the NH2-terminal portion of the α chain (minus the C3a segment). Sequence analysis of each band revealed a high degree of homology with human, rat, mouse, and horse C3. Polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits yielded sera that reacted to the purified sample in manner similar to that of commercially available antibodies.

Conclusions
The purified preparation contained intact C3, C3b, and the degradation products iC3b and C3c, which had high sequence homology with those of other species. The C3a and C3d, and C3g segments of the protein were not detected and may have been lost during the purification, lyophilization, or transfer steps. Structure and cleavage characteristics of bovine C3 can be used to better understand immune responses to bacterial pathogens in the mammary gland. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:585–589)