bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between Religion and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every major religion of the world has expressed at some point, through its leaders and thinkers, a commitment to the value of peace, both in classical texts and modern reformulations.1 Furthermore, religious actors are playing an increasingly important and valuable role in resolving international conflicts. These include Mennonites, Quakers, and Catholics, who have successfully intervened in and mediated African, Asian, and Latin American conflicts, and key Buddhist leaders, such as Maha Gosananda from Cambodia, Thich Nhat Hanh from Vietnam.2 But a faith-based commitment to peace is a complex phenomenon. While some believers creatively integrate their spiritual tradition and peacemaking, many others engage in some of the most destabilizing violence confronting the global community today. The purpose of this chapter is to outline what will be necessary for a new course of study of religion that will examine its relationship to conflict and conflict resolution methodologies.
Introduction
Authors: Patton Laurie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pages of this book glitter with the images of jewelry. Yet its chapters are not concerned only with the colorful worlds of Indian myth, epic, and poetry. They are also the ritual manuals of the ancient Indian sacrifice, the legal texts of the Dharma Sastras, the Tamil commentaries of medieval Vaisnavas, and the Hindi manuals of contemporary organizations of Hindu nationalists. Why does jewelry bring together such disparate topics? If there is any one thing that symbolizes the relationship between women and the brahminical textual tradition of India, it is their jewelry.
Ascetic Traditions of Buddhist Saints
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far this study has dealt primarily with two of the three dimensions of the Buddhist saints, their hagiographic paradigms and their cults. This chapter raises the issue of the third dimension, the specific ascetic traditions typically followed by the saints themselves. The preceding chapters have already indicated what is most important about these ascetic traditions: they are traditions of forest renunciation. The Buddha himself emerges from a tradition of retirement to the forest and homeless wandering. Mahakasyapa, at least in most sources, also follows a wandering, ascetic way of life in the forest. The later patriarch Upagupta is a forest saint who lives on Mount UrumuQ.(ja-famed for meditation-far from Asoka ‘s capital. PiQ.(jolabharadvaja is a forest saint who wanders about, begging food and meditating. Devadatta is a forest renunciant, who is criticized for wanting to reconfirm the ancient forest way of life in its purity in the face of change. And even Sariputra, prototypical embodiment of settled monastic values and orientation, has forest features in his history and personality.
Introduction
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Wesley stood in the shadow of his more famous (and more forward) brother John. John’s overshadowing, which characterized to some degree their relationship in life, has been exaggerated by history’s forgetfulness about Charles Wesley. Methodists in particular and Protestants in general have venerated John Wesley as one of the brightest lights of eighteenth-century Christianity, but the deeds of Charles have not often come to the forefront. History’s preference for John over Charles has reflected, in part, the temperaments of the two men; Charles shunned the limelight, John was attracted toward it. In addition, Charles’s lifelong allegiance to the Church of England caused Methodists of his own day to treat him with suspicion, and suggests why their more modem descendants turned toward the other Wesley as their hero, champion, and patriarch.
/ The First Fruits of the Methodist Revival
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Wesley’s conversion began in him a tidal wave of spiritual energy and action. Two days after his personal Pentecost, Charles began spreading the good news about salvation by faith. In the afterglow of his own experience he spoke to a few friends, and ministered in intercessory prayer, serving most directly through spiritual conversation. As his health returned he stepped into his ministerial vocation with renewed strength and vigor. His journal for the days following the conversion finds him writing sermons, officiating at vespers, and speaking to others about spiritual formation. This personal dimension of his ministry would continue in the work of the Methodist Societies, but soon he would return to the pulpits of important churches and the university. Gradually the religious establishment closed both of those avenues of ministry, and then Charles followed his brother and George Whitefield into that innovation-open air preaching. His journal reports worsening relations with the Anglican establishment, and painful interviews with bishops of the church and leaders of the university whom Wesley held in deep regard.
Hidden Gospels
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was Jesus really a subversive mystic whose true teachings were suppressed by an authoritarian church? Has the real nature of Christianity been deliberately obscured for centuries? Do recently discovered texts such as the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Mary, and even the Dead Sea Scrolls undermine the historical validity of the New Testament? In this incisive critique, Philip Jenkins thoroughly and convincingly debunks such claims. Jenkins places the recent controversies surrounding the hidden gospels in a broad historical context and argues that, far from being revolutionary, such attempts to find an alternative Christianity date back at least to the Enlightenment. And by employing the appropriate scholarly and historical methodologies, he demonstrates that the texts purported to represent pristine Christianity were in fact composed long after the canonical gospels found in the Bible. Produced by obscure heretical movements, these texts offer no reliable new information about Jesus or the early church. They have attracted so much media attention chiefly because they seem to support radical, feminist, and post-modern positions in the modern church. Indeed, Jenkins shows how best-selling books on the “hidden gospels” have been taken up by an uncritical, scandal-hungry media as the basis for a social movement that could have dramatic effects on the faith and practice of contemporary Christianity. Brilliantly researched and sharply argued, Hidden Gospels unearths both the complex agendas and flawed methods of scholars who have created a whole new mythology about Jesus and the early church.
Reflections on Twenty Years in Peacebuilding
Authors: Kraybill Ron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting On Twenty Years devoted to the task of building peace raises the question: Is the story my own or that of my community of faith? Central to Mennonite understandings of human life is the conviction that the web of existence is seamless, that individuals dwell in communities that in tum, nurture individuals. The Christian Gospel is “good news” only if it addresses both. Thus, this account conveys both a personal odyssey and a communal journey.
Mennonite Central Committee Efforts in Somalia and Somaliland
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Somalia Represents What Might Be considered among the worst-case scenarios of post-Cold War internal conflict. The Somali people have experienced nearly a decade of fighting. The country is flooded with weapons of every kind, mostly supplied by the superpowers during the Cold War. So maliland was mined to the tune of 1.5 million land mines. For years, Somali president Siad Barre successfully manipulated clanism as a tool to set clans against each other and to keep himself in power. When he fell in January 1991, the opposition movements, based on clan affiliation, turned on one another. Since then, the infrastructure of the country has virtually collapsed, and there has been no functioning vocational government.
In this context, the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) faced decisions about appropriate activities to undertake. MCC had the benefit of the long-standing program in the country of the Eastern Mennonite Missions (EMM), especially its efforts at education and health. Past Mennonite programs and people—and their relationships with Somalis—have had a remarkable history and still have a place in the minds of many Somalis.
Mennonite Peacebuilding and Conflict Transformation
Authors: Merry Sally Engle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HOw Does The Mennonite Approach to peacebuilding and conflict transformation differ from other forms of conflict resolution? Although it shares many features of process and structure with other forms of domestic and international conflict resolution, there is a distinctive culture to Mennonite mediation and peacebuilding. I have long thought that conflict resolution processes take shape within particular cultural frameworks, which de-fine the nature of personhood, community, conflict, and social justice. The chapters in this book provide rich evidence of the wide variety of Mennonite mediation and peacebuilding initiatives in international settings, but they also indicate that there are underlying similarities in the cultural frameworks that inform them. This chapter endeavors to describe the fundamental concepts and practices embedded in Mennonite peacebuilding as revealed in the accounts in this book. It also describes the dilemmas and contradictions inherent in the Mennonite approach to peacebuilding.
These practices grow out of a long Mennonite spiritual tradition and history. Mennonite religious faith, conceptions of community, and theories of social justice shape the practices of Mennonite peacebuilding. The religious foundation of the process affects standards of success and effectiveness, modes of entering into conflict situations, notions of the speed of conflict resolution, and assessments of the importance of building relationships or negotiating settlements. One critical difference between those parts of Mennonite peace-building that rely on mediation and secular versions of mediation is the continuing commitment of Mennonite mediators to leave control of the process in the hands of the parties.
Mennonite Approaches to Peace and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unofficial Efforts To Make Peace between warring adversaries have a longer history than is sometimes supposed. In some cases, peace-makers, both intra- and international, have been secular, but in many others the protagonists in such efforts have come from religious backgrounds or represented religious institutions.
Some religiously inspired peacemaking practices have taken the form of direct involvement as intermediaries, as when the Vatican successfully undertook a mediating role in the Beagle Channel dispute between Chile and Argentina. Others have involved limiting on the destructive effects of conflict and war by attempting to provide sanctuaries, safe havens, and zones (or times) of peace. Probably the best known of these were the thirteenth-century efforts by Pope Gregory IX to have certain categories of individuals—including pilgrims, merchants, and peasants tilling the soil—be given “full security against the ravages of war” by incorporating such immunities into Christian canon law. Still other activities have involved the elaboration of complex schemes for societies that would be inherently peaceful; they were often regional or even “universal.” Among many such efforts are the writings of Quakers William Penn and John Bellers, respectively, who within two decades of one another, produced works on Essays towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe (1693) and Some Reasons for an European State (1710).
Compassion as Public Covenant
Authors: Gilman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
wHAT BOTHERED THE LAWYER MOST, as he listened to Jesus’ story about the Samaritan, was not that religious leaders were disparagingly depicted nor that as a Jew he should be required to show compassion even toward his enemies. What bothered him was a gradual realization that, according to this rabbi at least, his duty to show compassion places him on equal moral footing with people of other, even hostile, traditions. What bothered him was that fact that in remaining faithful to his own religious commitment and community he would be obligated to share common moral ground with Samaritans and Romans.
A
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ancient Mesopotamia, the absu, or apsu, was the realm beneath the earth that contained a freshwater ocean. Like many ancient peoples, the Mesopotamians believed the salt sea encircled the earth. But the absu, they believed, contained another ocean, an ocean that had existed long before the creation of mankind and that provided the source of water for all the springs, wells, streams, rivers, and lakes of the world.
M
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Magellanic Clouds are two small, irregular galaxies visible as hazy patches in the southern sky, near the Milky Way. The Polynesians used them as navigational aids and often as weather indicators, because their position and relationship to one another varied with the seasons and the wind changes. Myths of the Magellanic Clouds were told throughout the Polynesian lands, where the names of these two galaxies varied, though many had connections to mist and vapor. Because the Magellanic Clouds were always visible above the southern horizon at night, the Polynesians apparently considered them important enough to immortalize in their myths.
Q
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The feathered serpent of Mesoamerican lore, Quetzalcoatl, was a god of Heaven and earth, light and darkness, and life, death, and rebirth. He was a culture hero, some say a deified king, but he gained primary significance as a mythical figure who died and was resurrected as Venus, the Morning Star. The Maya identified this feathered serpent as Kukulcan; Quetzalcoatl was an Aztec deity. He had many aspects, and the Aztecs connected him not only with Venus, but with earth, sky, and water and with rain, wind, and rebirth.
T
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Polynesian lore, Tane was one of the sons of Rangi, the sky god, and Papa, the earth goddess. He was the son who succeeded in separating his parents and thus in raising the sky to allow light into the world. In some traditions, Tane was considered the god of light, but more commonly he was known as the god of trees and forests. Tane, along with his brothers, featured in many Polynesian myths as one of the most active deities in the pantheon.
X
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xiuhtecuhtli was the Aztec fire god, who some said presided over the birth of the sun, raised the four trees that held up the sky, and cast Tezcatlipoca, as the sun god, into the four cardinal directions. Also referred to as Huehueteotl, the Old God, the fire god was the oldest of gods. The Aztec understood fire as the sole reason for their advancement. So they placed Xiuhtecuhtli at the center of their world and considered him the driving force of the cosmos.
R
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The religion of ancient Egypt was dominated by sun worship, and Ra, or Re, was the primary sun god. Ra was the primeval sun called Atum, and he existed in the waters of Nu, the primordial ocean, then emerged to create the other eight principal gods. Ra and these other gods formed a group of deities called the Ennead, who were worshipped at Heliopolis, the City of the Sun. But the worship of Ra entered into the rituals of every cult. The sun god was a cosmic hero. He battled the forces of evil each night in the Underworld, and then renewed the world each morning as he emerged reborn from the womb of Nut, the sky goddess.
Hoofprint of the Ox
Authors: Sheng-yen Master , Stevenson Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to the Chan (Japanese, Zen) Buddhist Path. The author, Chan Master Sheng-yen, is a revered figure in the Chinese Buddhist diaspora who divides his time between institutions in Taipei and New York. Although Zen Buddhism originated and evolved in China and is experiencing a revival there today, most Westerners are far more familiar with its Japenese manifestation as popularised by D.T. Suzuki. Master Sheng-yen hopes this book will rectify this situation. Most of the book is given over to normative instructions on the Buddhist path, intended for readers with a personal interest in Buddhist thought and practice. Sheng-yen offers readers a course that blends academic learning, study of Buddhist doctrine, and rigorous meditation practice. The title of the book refers to the Ten Ox-herding Pictures - a set of diagrams used by Buddhists in East Asia since at least the 12th century to chart the stages of spiritual progress on the Chan Path. In the early stages of practice, the learner has to follow the "hoofprints of the ox", which represents the teachings offered by scripture and oral tradition. The ox itself is the Buddha nature, which the practitioner must first recognise and ultimately master. The final chapter of the book consists of an exegesis of these famous diagrams. Throughout the book, master Sheng-yen takes care to place Chan within its proper context in relation to other traditional froms of Buddhist teaching and practice.
Prologue: The “True Egyptains”
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Copts perceive Egypt’s geography in their own way, through their own religious memory of the journey of the Holy Family in flight from Judah and the early Christian luminaries, saints, and martyrs who resided in Egypt. Its spatial dimension is therefore experienced differently by them than by their Muslim compatriots, inasmuch as, to borrow a conceptual term introduced to us by Pierre Nora, their sites of memory (lieux de memoire) are a merger of both places and topics, the concrete and abstract.1 Rituals and commemorations of specific events, of sufferings and sacrifices with which that community can identify, are as much part of these sites of memory as are certain landscapes and material remnants of Christian civilization in Egypt during late antiquity. In short, the Copts’ collective memory is both action and representation in Maurice Hallwach’s sense.2 Coptic history, in tum, is a combination of both written and oral history, which can be continuously reconstructed, or in Benedict Anderson’s terms “imagined” to answer their circumstances and suit the times.
Coptic Cultural Nationalism
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the hypotheses informing this work is that the church under Pope Shenuda has capitalized on the great value placed on religious identity in fin de siecle Egypt, to outbid the state for the loyalty of its beleaguered Christian citizens. It has done so by organizing a plethora of communal activities, by clericalizing laymen on a massive scale and above all by nurturing a potent religious culture. The numerous religio-cultural activities of the Bishopric of Youth aim, in part, to imbue the faithful with the conviction that the church is the social space where one receives one’s true identity and that spaces that exclude it are a negation of the Coptic patrimony.
Conclusions—The Nexus of Athletics, Religion, Gender, and Eros
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The individual chapters of this work have examined some ways in which Greek athletics was connected with religion and cults, with the shaping of male and female youth in their transition to adulthood, and with homo- and hetero-erotic phenomena. I begin my conclusions with a chronological overview of these phenomena. and some suggestions regarding their broader interrelationship over time. I then proceed to general observations on the ways in which athletics, religion, paideia, and erōs both link us to and distance us from the ancient Greeks. affording us some insights into our own culture.
Explanations of British Abolitionism
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of british abolitionism has long been controversial, complex, and even baffling. It also raises the issue of moral progress in history— whether groups of reformers and even nations can succeed in eliminating deeply entrenched forms of human oppression, and if so, by what methods, misconceptions, and under what conditions? We now know that with respect to economic self-interest, British humanitarianism, at least in its abolitionist form, did not pay.
Introduction
Authors: Zagzebski Linda , Fairweather Abrol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name “virtue epistemology” has come to designate a class of recent theories that focus epistemic evaluation on properties of persons rather than properties of beliefs or propositions. The direction taken by this approach and the issues it raises are strikingly different from those that dominated American epistemology at the beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. At that time it was almost always taken for granted that knowledge is justified true belief, and epistemic discourse was dominated by competing analyses of the concept of justification. The demise of the definition had already been initiated when Edmund Gettier published his famous essay in 1963,1 generating a long series of attempts to respond to his counterexamples without giving up the essence of the definition. Perhaps the best of these attempts was the defeasibility theory, which was proposed when it was noticed that in typical Gettier cases in which one has a justified true belief B that is not knowledge, B depends upon or otherwise “goes through” a false proposition. When the false proposition is corrected and added to the reasons justifying B,B is no longer justified.2
Corning and the Craft of Innovation
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For 150 years, Corning Incorporated has repeatedly succeeded in their quest to create new products for an ever-changing marketplace. Corning and the Craft of Innovation is the story of the extraordinary research and development strategy that propelled this company to its leadership position in leading-edge technologies for the new world economy. Since its founding in the mid-nineteenth century, Corning has placed a premium on research and development in tandem with an unending spirit of innovation. Corning's innovations made possible such essential items as light bulbs, television, Pyrex, catalytic converters for cars, and high-speed telecommunications through fiber optics. Most impressive is Corning's evolution into a highly innovative producer of specialty materials. In its early days, Corning developed specialty glass for use in railroad signal lenses that had to withstand the rigors of high and low temperatures; and developed its high speed Ribbon Machine - still used today - to produce glass envelopes for light bulbs more quickly and efficiently than anyone else. Today Corning leads the world in fibre optics and is a premier provider of cable and photonic products. In 1999 Wired magazine nominated Corning for its coveted Wired Index, confirming Corning's astonishing staying power as a leading-edge company. Corning and the Craft of Innovation examines how Corning fostered a culture of innovation while showing extraordinary patience in backing long-term projects. The book illustrates how a pattern of deliberate, regular, and profitable innovation begun 150 years ago has put Corning at the vanguard of leading-edge technologies for the fastest-growing markets of the global marketplace. It will be essential reading for anyone interested in strategic management, innovation, science and technology or knowledge management.