bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The View from ere: The Nonsymbolic Structure of Spatial Representation
Authors: Farber Ilya , Peterman Will , Churchland Patricia Smith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the great challenges facing the cognitive and neural sciences right now is to figure out how nervous systems understand and represent space. Besides being intrinsically complex and fascinating, spatial representation is an important entry point to a range of large-scale questions of enduring philo sophical interest For starters, there is clearly a close relationship between the representation of space and the representation of one’s own body, and if Antonio Damasio (1994) is correct body representation in turn underpins other forms of self-representation. Related questions involve the nature of coherence and unity in perceptual experience and motor control, and the processes whereby one modality can “trump” another for the sake of coher ence. These lead to questions about modularity and how best to characterize such specialization as is seen in brains of mature animals, especially given interactive effects in brain development and in perception (Ballard 1991, Aloimonos 1993), and recent results concerning plasticity in the developing and adult brain (Elman et al. &gt;1996; Finlay, Hersman and Darlington 1998). Finally, the study of spatial representation provides a fresh perspective on traditional debates about the nature and structure of mental representation, debates that have tended to focus exclusively on examples from the visual and propositional domains.
Introduction
Authors: Rogers G A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That a volume should be published to mark the fourth centenary of the birth of Thomas Hobbes needs no excuse. He remains perennially in the highest ranks of political theorists and a philosopher of great ability and considerable originality who coloured the thought of his and subsequent ages in a way uniquely his own. The essays published here testify to his continuing fascination for us today and to the relevance of his ideas to the late twentieth century.
The Science in Hobbes’s Politics*
Authors: Sorell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Epistle Dedicatory to De Corpore Hobbes remarked on the immaturity of science or philosophy as he knew it. Writing in 1655 he observed that natural philosophy was then ‘but young’, being no older than the researches of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Harvey. As for civil philosophy, it was still younger. Hobbes claimed that the subject had not existed before the appearance of his De Give in 1642. He meant that no genuine science of morals and politics had existed. There had been a large pre-scientific literature, stretching back to the Romans and Greeks and even earlier writers. But this was comparable to work in celestial and terrestrial physics before Copernicus and Galileo: it was uncertain, unclear, and unprofitable. Only a new kind of political philosophy could instruct men in lheir civil duties, and only a new kind of natural philosophy could identify the causes of phantasms.
Hobbes and Individualism
Authors: Ryan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Hobbes was one of the begetters of modern individualism is widely asserted. Quite what it was that he thus begat is equally widely disputed. Herc I try to show that Hobbes espoused a consistent (though not in all respects persuasive) form of individualism in intellectual, moral, and political matters. I draw on two earlier essays of mine, though I do so in order to advance beyond them, not to rest on them.’ One problem is gestured at by my title: what kind of an individualist was Hobbes? Was he the ‘economic’ individualist and booster for capitalism that C. B. Macpherson described? Was he perhaps less a ‘market-oriented’ individualist than the advocate of the self-centred but self-abnegating bourgeois moral style depicted in Leo Strauss’s famous account, or of the ‘privatized’ individualism described in Sheldon Wolin’s Politics and Vision? I suggest at the end of this essay that Hobbes’s individualism was moral and intellectual, not economic, a doctrine of moral and intellectual autonomy- in essence, the individualism of the ‘modern’ character described in Michael Oakeshott’s essay On Human Conduct.
Practical Advice on Tactics
Authors: Walton Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the argumentation schemes for the four types of slippery slope argument presented in Chapters 2 through 5, along with the analysis of the dialectical structure of slippery slope arguments given in Chapter 6, a rational critic can criticize an instance of this type of argument as weak or faulty in specific respects, posing critical questions about the unsupported premises. But in some cases, this approach is not good enough to rebut the argument.
Mechanizing aristotle: leibniz and reformed philosophy
Authors: mercer Christia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leibniz scholars have made much of this passage. First, they use it as evidence of Leibniz’s youthful conversion from scholasticism to mechanism. Second, they sometimes attribute to him a memory lapse and insist that the walk must have occurred at least two or three years later than Leibniz says; that is, in 1663-5 and not in 1661-2.
Goodman, Density, and the Limits of Sense Perception
Authors: Raffman Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Nelson Goodman, artworks and their scores, scripts, diagrams, blueprints, sketches, and even performances are symbols. The members of this eclectic group instantiate virtually every symbolic relation under the sun: they denote, refer, represent, notate, exemplify, express, describe. In his seminal and difficult book, Languages of Art, Goodman undertakes to provide an analysis of these various relations, sharply segregating his theoretical concerns from merely ‘applied’ or ‘practical’ (e.g. psychological) ones. The following remarks are characteristic: The ... stated requirements for a notational system are all negative and general, satisfiable by systems with null or even no [syntactic] characters A good many other features that might be thought essential are not covered ... No requirement of a manageably small or even finite set of atomic characters, no requirement of clarity, of legibility, of durability, of maneuverability, of ease of writing or reading, of graphic suggestiveness, of mnemonic efficacy, or of ready duplicability or performability has been imposed. These may be highly desirable properties, and to some degree even necessary for any practicable notation; and the study of such engineering matters could be fascinating and profitable. But none of this has anything to do with the basic theoretical function of notation systems. (154)
The Nature of Indian Logic
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a work devoted to the concept of reason, a theory of inference must occupy a central place. In a pre-eminent sense, reason is exercised in reasoning, which is what a theory of inference theorizes about. A theory of consciousness (cit) and a theory of (linguistic) meaning (śabda) are, of course, presupposed in any reasoning. The two preceding chapters therefore, have set the stage for a discussion on inference. We exclude perception (pratyaksa)) from consideration: reasoning in the strict sense begins where perception ends. The idea of an unconscious (e.g. associative) reasoning that is embedded in perception is alien to most Indian philosophies. The Buddhists alone have a semblance of it, but they, in effect, reduce perception to inference.
Remarks on the Pramiina Theory
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A philosophical theory or darśana not only elaborates a view about the nature of things, but also backs up this account with a theory of evidence, rational justification, and critical appraisal. It not only uses such evidence, rational justifications, and critical appraisals, but also has a theory of these theoretical practices—that is to say, a theory of rationality. We may want to look in it for generalized answers to such questions as: When is a cognitive claim valid? What sorts of justificati1on of beliefs are acceptable? In critically appraising rival claims, what criteria are admissible? Where there are conflicting criteria, what are their relative strengths and weaknesses? These are the tasks to which the pramii7Ja theory addresses itself. It is a singular sign of the high level of intellectual sophistication of the darśanas that they all, at some time or other in course of their development, came up with their theories of pramānas.
Introduction
Authors: Sifianou Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the great significance of ‘politeness’, it is only in recent years that this concept has become a major issue in linguistics. This is evidenced in the vast array of publications which followed Brown and Levinson’s (1978) original extended essay on politeness phenomena, including both confirming and disconfirming findings for their theory. In fact, it was probably this wave of renewed interest which led to the republication in 1987 of the same essay, now accompanied by an extensive introduction. This introduction critically examines all relevant subsequent research, and concludes with Brown and Levinson’s conviction that broadly speaking their initial findings still appear to be justified. Interestingly enough, this reissue coincided with the establishment of 2 October as ‘National Courtesy Day’ in England. This growing interest in and continuing development of the theory of politeness clearly point to the importance of the issue in human interaction and, consequently, in the study of language in its social context.
Speech Act Theory and Politeness: Requests
Authors: Sifianou Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech act theory has also touched on the question of politeness, particularly as it has been advanced by Austin and Searle. Both of these philosophers consider linguistic communication to be not just a means of conveying information, but a tool people use to achieve a variety of goals. When people use language, they do things or have others do things for them: they apologize, promise, request, thank, and so on. The things people can do linguistically have been grouped into a few categories, each with its own subcategories. Regrouping Austin’s extensive list, Searle (1979) proposed a system of five different categories of speech acts. These are: assertives, whose function is to describe states or events in the world, such as asserting, boasting, and claiming; directives, whose function is to direct the addressee to perform or not to perform an act, such as ordering and requesting; commissives, whose function is to commit the speaker to a future course of action, such as promising and threatening; expressives, whose function is to express the speaker’s attitudes and feelings about something, such as thanking, pardoning, and congratulating; and declarations, whose function is to change the status of the person or object referred to by performing the act successfully, such as christening and sentencing.
Requests: Form and Function
Authors: Sifianou Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have already observed, requests can be performed with a variety of constructions. In the previous chapter we focused upon prominence devices and indirectness in relation to requests and politeness. In dealing with the form and function of requests, we shall move on from these considerations to more straightforward request constructions such as imperatives and interrogatives, and later with their possible modification.
Conflicting Appearances: Theaetetus 153d-154b
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient and modern philosophers alike have been fascinated by the so-called problem of conflicting appearances. The problem is simply this. There are, or at least seem to be, conflicting appearances: the wind seems cold to me, but not to you; the honey seems sweet to me, but not to you; abortion seems right to me, but not to you. What should we infer? Numerous answers have been proposed. In this essay, I consider the answer Plato attributes to Protagoras in Theaetetus 153d-154b. The passage has been analysed in detail by Myles Burnyeat, in his fascinating and stimulating paper ‘Conflicting Appearances’; and I shall accordingly spend some time exploring his account, as well as proposing my own.
Morphology I: Nouns and Adjectives
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only actual distinction between noun and adjective in lndo European is that the adjective can show different forms according to gender, whereas with the noun this is the case only exceptionally and in a much more limited way (Lat. equus: equa). The inflexion of the two groups is otherwise identical.
Swinburne on Faith and Belief
Authors: Alston William p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Faith and Reason1 Swinburne sets out an ambitious and impressive account of religious faith and the epistemology thereof, one that is based on a general account of belief and of rational belief in particular. In this chapter I will take issue with his general theory of belief, arguing that it is untenable. I will also make a few remarks on his discussion of the rationality of belief, but, though I do have some rather serious reservations about this account, I will refrain from going into them in detail. Since I will have given what I take to be conclusive reasons for rejecting Swinburne’s account of the nature of belief, I feel called upon to consider what modifications, if any, this demands in his admirably balanced, acute account of religious faith. Fortunately, so far as I can see, little change is called for. Aside from some minor rewriting, the treatment of faith survives unscathed the demise of the general theory of belief on which it is putatively based.
Language Revival, Integration, and Élitism
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rabbi Yonatan of Bet Guvrin (Elentheropolis) describes the linguistic-cultural reality of Palestine during the second century AD as follows: ‘There are four languages which are worthy of common use-Greek for poetry, Latin for battle, Syriac (Aramaic) for lamentation, and Hebrew for speech’ (quoted by Greenfield 1978: 154). The description of the dominant culture in contemporary Israel offers a picture of no fewer contradictions. This culture has been shaped by immigrants who had experienced the crisis of East European Jewry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (see Vital 1975). ‘Prior to independence (1948),’ say Horowitz and Lissak, ‘the waves of immigration to Palestine were, for the most part, ideologically motivated [which] fueled the separatist tendencies that made the Yishuv [the pre-state Jewish community of Palestine] a quasi-autonomous society’ (Horowitz and Lissak 1989: 6). Zionist ideology, which consists of the Jewish nationalism defining Israel as the motherland of all Jews in the world, continues to determine fundamental political positions in Israel today.
Languages and Ethnicity
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociological approaches to ethnicity variously emphasize types of domination (Mason 1970), religious orientations (Hoetinck 1972; Van den Berghe 1978), or processes of acculturation (Glazer 1983). Parsons (1975) and Shils (1956) describe deethnicization as a necessary development. Ethnic identity may, however, survive through symbolic tokens (Gans 1979), ultimately accounted for by the political profitability of ethnic mobilization (Bell 1975; Barth 1969), or the social support that ethnic communities are able to offer their members (Glazer and Moynihan 1975), but a connection between ethnicity and class is explained in terms of the ethnics’ predispositions to modernity (Lenski 1972), discrimination (Simpson and Yinger 1958), power relations (Kuper 1965), or competition between subordinate groups (Bonacich 1980). Ethnic boundaries, primarily defined by primordial attributes, compete with societal identification, though when ethnic groups become socially heterogeneous by mobility, they may undergo heterogenization of ethnic consciousness as well. The better-off have more contacts with outsiders and tend to acculturate and assimilate to the dominant culture more than others (Burgess 1978; Lal 1983). Yet ethnics also react to dominant cultures, which, on their own, encourage either pluralism or uniformity (Tabory and Lazerwitz 1983; Hoetinck 1972; Van den Berghe 1978).
The Languages of the Religious Cleavages
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that Israel’s ethnic divisions are germane to additional segmentations of this society, in particular, the religious cleavages. Among analyses of Israeli society, the class model of ethnicity pays little attention to religion (Swirski 1981), and the pluralist approach (Smooha 1978) deals with the division between religious and secular Jews as a separate division. Religion has been a more central focus of the cultural perspective on ethnicity (Deshen and Shokeid 1974; Shokeid and Deshen 1982).
The Diffusion of Arabic
Authors: Ben-Rafael Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arabic widely dominates the space extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Persian Gulf; within this space, Israel appears as one of the few enclaves where Arabic is not the dominant language. However, Arabic is an important language in this country, too. There are about 1,200,000 Arabic-speaking Palestinians in the Territories (the lands occupied by Israel since 1967); a minority of734,000 Arabs (ICBS 1989) are citizens of the State of Israel (when including East Jerusalem). According to J. M. Landau (1987), Arabic is spoken as a first language by nearly two-fifths of the inhabitants of Israel and the Territories taken together. Furthermore, over 40 per cent of the Jewish population originate from Arabic-speaking countries. Among the Jews, one out of eight still use Arabic as a first or second daily language.
The Foundations of Knowledge and the Logic of Substance: The Structure of Locke’s General Philosophy
Authors: Ayers M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gassendi, Hobbes, and Locke all categorically asserted the independent authority of the senses as knowledge-producing faculties. As Hobbes put it, ‘Knowledge of Fact ... is nothing else but Sense and Memory, and is Absolute Knowledge.’ Locke announced the senses’ immediate authority on questions of existence just as bluntly: they are ‘the proper and sole Judges of this thing’. On the other side, Platonistic or Augustinian philosophers such as Mersenne, Descartes, and Arnauld firmly subordinated the senses to the intellect. This division constitutes one of the great watersheds of early modern epistemology, and is well illustrated by Locke’s response, as we may suppose it to be, to an argument in the Port Royal Logic. The Logic had argued, in effect, that the doctrine of transubstantiation does not contradict the senses, since even ordinarily the senses must be interpreted by reason. In the case of the Eucharist we simply have special reasons for taking the body of Christ to be behind a wafer-like
The Sources of Descartes’s Procedure of Deduaive Demonstration in Metaphysics and Natural Philosophy
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often assumed that the deduction of truths from first principles that one finds in the Meditations and the Principles of Philosophy derives from an attempt to model metaphysical and natural philosophical reasoning on a mathematical, and more specifically geometrical, prototype. In the first section of this chapter I shall show that, if this is taken to mean that these truths are to be discovered deductively, then the axiomatic arguments of geometry cannot be the model, for Descartes explicitly rejects the idea that one can discover truths in geometry by deduction from first principles. I shall then look briefly at another possible model, a humanist-Aristotelian approach to the deduction of truths from basic principles. This model, as we shall see, is even less promising than the geometrical one. In the third section I shall argue that Descartes never in fact used deduction from first principles as a method of discovery, or even suggested that it should be used as such, but he did use it as a method of presentation. Consequently, what we need is a model for a method of presentation. In the final section I suggest a model for the use of deduction as a method of reconstructing and systematizing metaphysical doctrines and natural-philosophical results, namely the scholastic disputationes of Toletus, Fonseca, and the Coimbra commentators, which aimed at reconstructing Aristotle from first principles.
God without Cause
Authors: Rovane Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descartes’s heavy reliance on a version of the principle of sufficient causation (henceforth ‘the Principle’) in his first proof of the existence of God is bound to frustrate —if not alienate —readers of the Meditations. However intuitive the Principle might be, its truth is not so evident (at the point of its introduction) as to meet the stringent requirements Descartes himself sets for rational credence. Granted, Descartes begins with what must have seemed in his time an absolutely straightforward point about sufficient causation: Now it is manifest by the natural light that there must be at least as much [reality] in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause.
Truth, Error, and the Order of Reasons: Descartes’s Puzzling Synopsis of the Fourth Meditation
Authors: Cress Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After he had decided to publish his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes sent pre-publication copies of the work to several philosophers and theologians who were asked to study it and to forward to him their queries and objections (letter to Mersenne of 13 November 1639: AT II 622, CSMK 141; letter to Mersenne of 30 July 1640: AT III 126-7, CSMK 149-50; letter to Mersenne of 30 September 1640: AT III 183-4, CSMK 153). Eventually Descartes decided to append these queries and objections to the printed edition of the Meditations, along with his own replies to each set of queries and objections (letter to Mersenne of 24 December 1640: AT III 265-7, CSMK 163-4). Descartes had hoped that, by raising and answering in advance problems voiced by learned critics in their own words, he could pave the way for greater acceptance of the method and the doctrines espoused in his Meditations. Moreover, to assist them in locating various doctrines and arguments and in better grasping the work’s order of reasons, Descartes forwarded to his readers an abstract which would eventually become the Synopsis that has accompanied that has accompanied the printed editions of the Meditations (letter to Mersenne of 24 December 1640: AT III 268, CSMK 164; letter to Mersenne of 31 December 1640: AT III 271-2, CSMK 165).
Human Nature, Reason, and Will in the Argument of Descartes’s Meditations
Authors: Schouls Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is human nature such that it allows human beings to know, that is, to be absolutely certain in matters both of everyday life and of science whether applied or pure? Since all human knowledge necessarily requires human activity, one way in which we may approach this question is through another one: are human beings capable of the requisite activity and are they capable of discerning when, or whether, they are so active? That is the question which I shall use as my Ariadne’s thread in the reading of the Meditations which I am about to present. ‘I realized that it was necessary … to demolish everything completely and start again right from the foundations if I wanted to establish anything at all in the sciences that was stable and likely to last.’2 Much has been written about these words from the opening paragraph of the Meditations, as commentators have paid attention to the grounds for the ‘necessity’ of the ‘demolition’, to the intended extent of the ‘demolition’ (how inclusive is ‘everything’ meant to be?) and to the ‘foundations’ and the ‘sciences’ to be (re-)constructed on them.