bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Slavery, Beyond Race
Authors: Haynes Stephen R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter traces the way Noah's curse has been interpreted by Christians seeking to establish the relevance of Genesis 9–11 in a post‐Civil Rights age. While race steadily receded into the background of American commentary on Genesis 9–11 during the twentieth century, Bible readers continued to commend Noah's prophecy as a “remarkable unfolding of the future destinies of the new humanity.” As such, the passage was read as a delineation of the character and destiny of the great human “types” stemming from Shem, Japheth, and Ham. Attention is also given to the way the biblical tale of the Tower of Babel came to function as an explanation for the origins of human difference.
Introduction
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Followers of given religious traditions tend to assume that sacred stories of other religious traditions, however beautiful and stirring, are myths. In this sense, myths are seen as false stories. Yet, understanding that all of our sacred stories are mythic helps us to rediscover the universal relevance of all mythologies and to understand that all myths – not just our own – are in some sense true. Modern understandings challenge our religious mythmakers to discover new metaphors for reality.
Capitalists against Markets
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Challenges the conventional wisdom that welfare state builders take their cues solely from labor and other progressive interests. It argues instead that pragmatic social reformers in the U.S. and Sweden looked for support from above as well as below, taking into account capitalists’ interests and preferences in the political process. Legislation associated with the American New Deal and Swedish social democracy was built, consequently, on cross‐class alliances of interest. Capitalists in both countries appreciated the regulatory impact of reformist social and labor legislation. Their interests in such legislation derived from their distinct systems of labor market governance. Thus, new theory and historical evidence in this book illuminate the political conditions for greater equality and security in capitalist societies.
Solidarity, Segmentation, and Market Control
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter develops an alternative theory about welfare state development, which posits that reformers try to root their legislation in cross‐class alliances intersecting the internally diverse interests of capital and labor. Reformers appeal to interests in progressive reform deriving from capitalists’ desire for regulation of markets. The theory about the politics of the welfare state draws on labor economics, arguing that macroeconomic shocks to systems of labor market governance (various forms of collective bargaining and managerial relations) create an opportunity for politicians to enlist capitalist support for regulatory assistance through social insurance and labor reform.
Managerial Control
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter begins the historical analysis of welfare state development by tracing the origins of American segmentalism, a pattern of labor market control marked by decentralized industrial relations, relatively high and downwardly rigid wages paid by many large employers (efficiency wages), and extensive use of company benefits (welfare capitalism). Leading employers in America embarked on their segmentalist strategy early in the 20th century by breaking with existing and emerging centralized regulation of labor markets (multiemployer collective bargaining), desiring in part to assert absolute management rights against the militant claims of labor unions. For reasons analyzed in Ch. 2, success of the employers gave rise to heightened interests in regulatory social reform in response to the deflationary macroeconomic shock of the Great Depression.
Employers Unite
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter turns to the dramatically different turn of events in early 20th century. Sweden, where highly centralized collective bargaining took hold, largely at the behest of employers, accomplished with their effective use of sweeping multifirm and multiindustry lockouts. Securing absolute management rights despite union input in collective bargaining, employers achieved a solidaristic system of labor market regulation in which wages were held below market equilibrium for most firms and wages were standardized or compressed within many industries. The employer confederation was not successful, however, in achieving a desired compression of wages across industries, a goal that was to require labor union help and political intervention, discussed in the following chapter.
Cross‐Class Alliance
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter picks up where the last left off, in the 1930s, when the Swedish Social Democratic Party took power, and instead of undermining solidarism, actually helped employers achieve their long sought‐after solidaristic goal of compressing wage levels across industries. During the Great Depression, Social Democratic intervention against militant unions in the building and construction trades brought their wages down to levels long sought by employers, and inaugurated a decade‐long period of labor‐management harmony and consensual politics despite Social Democratic domination. This harmony was based on a cross‐class alliance of interest between major export‐oriented sectors of Swedish industry and the social democratic labor movement, reflected in the details of achievements of other political and industrial relations of the decade: the Social Democratic government's crisis program against unemployment and the famous 1938 Basic (Saltsjöbaden) Agreement between the labor and employer confederations.
World War and Class Politics
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Wraps up the analysis of labor market developments in the U.S. through the 1940s showing how and why employers abdicated their segmentalist autonomy and submitted temporarily to state‐imposed solidarism, including intersectoral wage compression similar to what Sweden's normal peace time system brought about. During the prewar and interwar periods, the same employers actively sought another kind of intersectoral control, especially over wages in the building and construction trades, because high wages in this sector disrupted major manufacturers’ otherwise workable system of labor market governance just as they did in Sweden. Unlike in Sweden, however, major American manufacturers were unable to find allies for a cross‐class alliance against the building trade unions, and thus political relations between capital and labor remained far more hostile than in Sweden despite the Swedish labor movement's explicitly anticapitalist ideology.
The New Deal for Market Security
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Constructs an explanation of welfare state development in the U.S. from analysis of segmentalism and cartelism, analyzed in earlier chapters, which characterized key components of its labor market system. Segmentalists (implicitly) and cartelists (explicitly) contracted with workers to hold wages and benefits higher than what market mechanisms alone would have set them; thus, these employers were vulnerable to the deflationary macroeconomic shock and unemployment of the Great Depression, which allowed competitors to threaten their profits by more freely lowering wages and therefore charging lower prices. New Dealers, having learned from the Progressive era as well as more recent reform about the potential for capitalist support ignored vocal opposition from business organizations and proceeded with regulatory social security, unemployment insurance, minimum wage, and labor law reform that would level the competitive playing field upward, stabilizing ruinous competition for cartelists and segmentalists, and thereby securing a cross‐class alliance for the New Deal.
Whose Business Were the New Dealers Minding?
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Submits additional evidence for the cross‐class alliance theory of welfare state development in order to challenge competing theories, especially those that deny the positive role that capitalist power plays in determining the timing and shaping of reform. It shows, contrary to influential institutionalist theory, that the New Dealers did not act in bold defiance of monolithic opposition from capitalists, for in fact business organizations were internally divided; that corporate progressives were not disappointed with the New Deal; and that the New Dealers were not interested in building or defending state institutions that would endow bureaucrats and policy experts with the autonomous power to execute progressive policy without regard to capitalist interests. The discussion also challenges other theories that focus on the following: the loss of capitalist power due to the Depression and therefore politicians’ supposed new freedom to ignore business confidence; horse trading between internationalist business interests with little to lose from progressive legislation, and labor groups with little to lose from free trade; and direct pressure from capitalists for regulatory social reform.
From Solidarism to Social Democracy
Authors: Swenson Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter turns to an explanation of welfare state development in Sweden, where ironically, the major strides had to wait until the 1940s and 1950s, although Sweden's progressive political forces seemed stronger than America's in the 1930s. First it looks at why. Because of their solidaristic system of labor market governance, capitalists in Sweden would benefit from progressive reforms in times of acute labor scarcity (associated with postwar macroeconomic conditions) rather than the reverse as in the U.S. Then it analyzes how the Social Democratic government's very modest unemployment insurance and pension reforms of the 1930s served solidarism's need for low levels of militancy and heightened labor mobility, and thus helped forge the kind of cross‐class alliance that was to secure a long reign of peaceful relations between labor and capital under a leftist government.
The Theological Context of Mark
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSearches for the origins of Mark in Early Judaism, taking up the questions of its authorship, provenance, and genre. In the process, Sabin discusses the Papias fragment that links Mark with Peter, the Aramaic and semitisms of Mark's language, and the relevance of midrashic methods of composition to the shape of Mark's Gospel. She connects her conclusions to the Christian tradition, evident in the church fathers, of seeking to preserve the gospel's Jewish roots. She presents her own hermeneutical method as one of retrieval and dialog: retrieval of what the text might have meant to its original author and audience, and dialog with that meaning in relation to the present Christian community. In the rest of the book she proposes to reconstruct the reading‐frame of first‐century Judaism and place the consequent interpretation of Mark in conversation with other reading‐frames that have been used by Christians over the centuries.
Scripture Intersecting History: Mark's Eschatology
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSabin challenges the idea that the eschatology of Mark 13 warrants calling it “The Little Apocalypse,” showing how its outer frame begins with Jesus’ prediction of the destruction of the Temple, but ends with two parables that indicate its restoration. She sees Jesus’ Parable of the Returning Householder as a scriptural reference to God's return to his dwelling, and the Parable of the Fig Tree in bloom as a scriptural sign of God's kingdom. She also shows how the inner frame of Mark 13 begins with the disciples asking a question about the End Time typical of apocalyptic writing, but concludes with Jesus’ nonapocalyptic response of not knowing. She argues that while Jesus’ central discourse is filled with apocalyptic conventions warning about the End, they are immediately defused by Jesus’ reassurances. She notes that at the center of his discourse, Jesus describes the core evil not as Satan, but as “the desolating sacrilege,” a reference to the destructive acts of Antiochus IV as type or symbol of Rome's corruption of Temple worship.
From the Temple to the Cross: An Exegetical Journey
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSabin reads the Temple‐cleansing scene in the framework of Maccabees, The Parable of the Fig Tree in the context of Genesis, and the Parable of the Vineyard in the context of the Prophets, seeing these linked episodes as a midrashic lexicon stressing the hope that the Temple would be restored. Reading Jesus's debates in the Temple in the framework of the four sons’ questions in an ancient Passover liturgy, she sees them serving to discriminate between the righteous and the unrighteous within Judaism, with Jesus himself in perfect agreement with the righteous Temple scribe. Sabin perceives the accusations that Jesus planned to destroy the Temple to be false, in keeping with a pattern evident in the Psalms, Lamentations, and the Wisdom of Solomon, all of which describe false witnesses who condemn God's righteous one through untruthful accusations. In conclusion, she discusses the rending of the sanctuary veil in Mark 15:38, suggesting that the verb Mark uses here – schizo – recalls Isaiah's prayer to God to take back his sanctuary (Isa 63), as well as the opening up of the heavens in Mark 1:10. Sabin argues that by means of these interweaving scriptural frameworks, Mark takes the reader on an exegetical journey that moves from cleansing the Temple of its profanation to the revelation of where God dwells – not in a majestic building but in human life and death, even death on a cross.
The Discipleship of Wisdom: A Process of Transformation
Authors: Sabin Marie Noonan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSabin argues that Mark's characterization of the Jesus community must be understood in the context of the Wisdom traditions, where it is common to pose an antithesis between the wise and the foolish; within the Markan narrative, she argues, the obtuse and faithless behavior of the male disciples constitutes a metaphor for folly. Mark dramatizes their folly by showing how they repeatedly fail to comply with the instruction of their teacher, Wisdom/Jesus; they are symbolic fools in respect to their self‐aggrandizement, their greed, and their failure to “watch” for God's kingdom. At the same time, Mark sets up a foil to their foolishness in the actions of the women who, in their faithful following of Wisdom/Jesus, become symbols of the wise. First the women, who start out as social pariahs (the mother‐in‐law, the menstruating woman, the dead child) are all “raised up” to a new status through Jesus’ miraculous intervention; then they act out the roles the male disciples have failed to perform (they anoint,follow, and watch). If the authentic ending of Mark (Mk 16:1–8) is translated properly, they are shown to be so transformed by Jesus’ resurrection that they become its first witnesses, and bearers and symbols of God's renewed Creation.
Doing Things for Reasons
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What are the reasons for which people do things? A common answer is “the pairing of a desire and a belief within the agent”. Arguing that the desire‐belief‐theory is supported only by an old philosophical tradition, and not by good reasons, this book defends the idea that a reason is a state of affairs in the world, and that what is done for a reason is a response to that state of affairs. It then follows that explanation of action by the reasons for which it was done is historical explanation. It also follows that – in contrast to what most philosophers have held –there is nothing normative about reasons. Finally, Bittner concludes that doing things for reasons is not a human privilege and that higher animals are capable of it as well.
Doing Things for Reasons—The Idea
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe central idea of the book is this: a reason for which people do things is a state of affairs or event in the world, and the action is a response to that state of affairs or event. The present chapter introduces this idea by means of examples. It explains the term “response” and argues that it is historical knowledge that allows us to tell what some action is a response to. It argues, moreover, that this idea makes the best sense of how we ordinarily think and speak of reasons for which people do things.
Reasons One Has for Doing Something
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter takes up reasons one merely has, in contrast to reasons for which one does something. Rejecting the usual terminology of motivating and justifying reasons, the chapter argues that merely having a reason for doing something amounts to one's being in a situation where there is a state of affairs or event that could be a reason for which one did something. A reason one has is just the initial part of a history of one's doing it for that reason – an initial part, though, that may not get completed. On this account, a plurality of reasons one has for doing something, or for doing different things, is readily intelligible, as is one's doing something for one of the reasons one has rather than for another. The phenomena of advice and of deliberation can also be accounted for on this understanding of the reasons one has.
Are Reasons Internal? and Are They Normative?
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter defends the present account of reasons one has against challenges by internalism and normativism. Internalists like Bernard Williams hold that one does not have a reason for doing something unless one has also a motivation to do it or could acquire such motivation by sound deliberation on the basis of the motivation one has. However, the argument for this claim is based on the premise that only what motivates agents can explain actions, and nothing speaks in favor of accepting this premise. On the other hand, it is a consequence of the present account that reasons are not normative, contrary to the view of most of the literature, and the arguments offered by Korsgaard and Broome for the received view do turn out to be defective.
The Animal Question
Authors: Cavalieri Paola 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat we call moral progress can for the most part be seen as the history of the replacement of hierarchical visions in favor of equality. Yet, we currently use nonhuman animals as means to our ends – in fact, we treat them in ways that we would deem profoundly immoral were they human beings. Is such a position warranted? This book's aim is to show that it is not. I argue that, just like the past justifications of intra‐human discrimination, the justifications of discrimination against nonhumans are indefensible. I first discuss the problem of moral status in the context of rational, nonreligious ethics; then, after criticizing the philosophical sources of the present double standards, I challenge both the appeal to species membership and the appeal to mental complexity as defenses of humanism – the limiting of equal basic moral protection to human beings. I then turn to the task of redefining the moral community without inconsistency or prejudice. The argument I put forward is not a freestanding one, but rather is derived from the most universally accepted of contemporary ethical doctrines – human rights theory. What I claim is that, if we take the egalitarianism of such theory seriously, we cannot but extend the institutionalized protection of the basic interests in life, freedom, and welfare, to (most) nonhuman animals. I conclude that, at the social level, such a reform would require the constitutional abolition of the mere property status of nonhuman animals, and the prohibition of all the practices that are today made possible by such status.
The Problem of Moral Status
Authors: Cavalieri Paola 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAfter defending the idea that ethics is a theoretical enquiry endowed with autonomous standards of justification and criticism, within which criteria coming from other domains have no direct relevance, I dwell on the structure of the moral community. The notions of moral agent and moral patient are clarified, and a distinction is drawn between possible levels in moral status. Within this framework, I consider a set of often quoted criteria for inclusion into the moral community. My conclusion, which is widely shared within contemporary moral philosophy, is that, thanks to its connection with the role‐shift test, the criterion of consciousness remains the only plausible candidate criterion for the status of moral patient.
A Minimal Normative Proposal
Authors: Cavalieri Paola 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFinally, I argue that we already have at our disposal a theory that settles some of the moral questions of a decent coexistence, namely, human rights doctrine. I suggest that basic human rights have three main features: they are political and institutional in character; they refer to narrow morality and are thus negative rights; they are not justified by reference to rationality, self‐consciousness, or any other ”higher” characteristics, but instead by reference to the mere intentionality of the individual. In the light of the moral irrelevance of species membership, I conclude that consistency demands that we expand human rights doctrine to include all those intentional animals whom we currently treat as little more than mere things, and that we alter our institutions accordingly.
The Book of Evidence
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What is required for a fact to be evidence for a hypothesis? In this book Achinstein introduces four concepts of evidence, which he calls potential, veridical, epistemic‐situation, and subjective. He defines the last three by reference to the first, and then characterizes potential evidence using a new objective epistemic interpretation of probability. The resulting theory is used to provide solutions to four ”paradoxes of evidence” (grue, ravens, lottery, and old evidence) and to a series of questions, including whether explanations or predictions furnish more evidential weight; whether individual hypotheses or only entire theoretical systems can receive evidential support (the Duhem‐Quine problem); and what counts as a scientific discovery and what evidence it requires. Two historical scientific cases are examined using the theory of evidence developed: Jean Perrin's argument for molecules (did he have noncircular evidence for their existence?), and J.J. Thomson's argument for electrons (what sort of evidence did this argument provide?).
The Dean's Challenge
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The claim is made that standard philosophical accounts of evidence are and ought to be ignored by scientists for two reasons. First, they are too weak, allowing facts to count as evidence for hypotheses even if they provide no reason whatever for believing those hypotheses. Second, they mistakenly make the question of whether a fact is evidence for a hypothesis settleable entirely a priori, by calculation, whereas, in general, this is an empirical issue.
What's Wrong With These Probabilistic Theories of Evidence?
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Counterexamples are presented against the two standard probabilistic theories of evidence of Ch. 3. Various responses of defenders of these probabilistic theories are considered. It is argued that evidence, by contrast to probability, is a threshold concept that requires a certain amount of probability before any evidence is present. Patrick Maher's defense of the positive relevance view of evidence is presented and rejected.