bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission of tuberculosis from adults to children in a Paris suburb
Authors: Madhi Fouad , Fuhrman Claire , Monnet Isabelle , Atassi Kinan , Poirier Christine , Housset Bruno , Delacourt Christophe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTuberculosis in children is often acquired by contact with a family or household member. The aim of our study was to evaluate risk factors for latent infection and active disease in exposed children in a suburb of Paris. We examined medical records for the period 1997–2000 at six departmental centers for medical prevention in Val de Marne.Thirty‐nine patients aged 18 years or more with M. tuberculosis‐positive sputum samples, and living with children or adolescents, were identified. Ninety‐one children, aged 3 months–17 years, were exposed to these index cases. All the children initially underwent a tuberculin skin test and chest radiography, and children with no criteria for latent infection or active disease at time of initial evaluation were asked to attend a second evaluation 3 months later. Overall, 20 of the 91 (22%) children were infected, including 4 children identified only at the second evaluation. Eight (40%) of the 20 infected children had active disease, including 2 of the 4 children identified at the second evaluation. The risk of infection was not influenced by the children's age, but was significantly associated with three characteristics of the adult cases, i.e., age younger than 40 years, presence of cavitary lesions, and smears with more than 100 bacilli per microscopic field.In conclusion, our results call for early examination of all exposed children, in order to prevent infection and progression to active disease, and for a routine second evaluation after the adult contact has ended. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:159–163. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SWOG‐9510: evaluation of topotecan in hormone refractory prostate cancer: A southwest oncology group study
Authors: Klein Catherine E. , Tangen Catherine M. , Braun Thomas J. , Hussain Maha H.A. , Peereboom David M. , Nichols Craig R. , Rivkin Saul E. , Dakhil Shaker R. , Crawford E. David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer is the most common malignancy in American men, and as many as 70% of those initially treated for localized disease will ultimately progress and be considered candidates to receive therapy for metastatic cancer [Fuks et al.: Int J Radiat Oncol Bio Phys 21:537–547, 1991; Chodak et al.: N Engl J Med 330:246–248, 1994]. Although most will respond initially to hormone manipulation, essentially all will fail and require additional therapy. No standard chemotherapy approach has been shown to prolong survival significantly, and new agents are desperately needed. Topotecan is a new topoisomerase‐1 inhibitor whose early investigation suggested possible activity in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer.METHODSIn this phase II trial, patients having failed one or two prior androgen ablative therapies were treated with 21‐day continuous intravenous infusions of topotecan at a dose of 0.5 mg/m2 per day every 28 days.RESULTSTwenty‐six eligible patients were entered on the study. There were no confirmed tumor responses. Median survival was 9 months. The most common toxicities were hematologic, with 8 of 24 assessable patients experiencing grade 4 toxicity.CONCLUSIONTopotecan infusions at this dose are ineffective in the management of hormone‐refractory prostate cancer. Prostate 52: 264–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does amount or type of alcohol influence the risk of prostate cancer?
Authors: Albertsen Katrine , Grønbæk Morten 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men, and it is unknown whether alcohol is associated with the development of prostate cancer.METHODSThe relationship between amount or type of alcohol and prostate cancer was studied in a pooled prospective setting conducted from 1976 to 1994 in Copenhagen, Denmark. The study population consisted of 12,989 subjects drawn from three different cohorts. During a mean follow‐up of 12.3 yr, 233 subjects developed prostate cancer.RESULTSNone of the estimates for consumed amount of total alcohol diverged significantly from unity. Furthermore, drinkers of more than 13 beers, 13 glasses of wine, and 13 drinks of spirits had a risk of 1.03 (CI: 0.67, 1.60), 0.92 (CI: 0.42, 1.99), and 1.01 (CI: 0.52, 1.98), respectively, compared with abstainers of the given beverage of alcohol.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that neither amount nor type of alcohol is associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate 52: 297–304, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular dynamics simulations of a double unit cell in a protein crystal: Volume relaxation at constant pressure and correlation of motions between the two unit cells
Authors: Walser Regula , Hünenberger Philippe H. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEight molecular dynamics simulations of a double crystal unit cell of ubiquitin were performed to investigate the effects of simulating at constant pressure and of simulating two unit cells compared to a single unit cell. To examine the influence of different simulation conditions, the constant‐pressure and constant‐volume simulations were each performed with and without counterions and using two different treatments of the long‐range electrostatic interactions (lattice‐sum and reaction‐field methods). The constant‐pressure simulations were analyzed in terms of unit cell deformation and accompanying protein deformations. Energetic and structural properties of the proteins in the simulations of the double unit cell were compared to the results of previously reported one‐unit‐cell simulations. Correlation between the two unit cells was also investigated based on relative translational and rotational movements of the proteins and on dipole fluctuations. The box in the constant‐pressure simulations is found to deform slowly to reach convergence only after 5–10 ns. This deformation does not result from a distortion in the structure of the proteins but rather from changes in protein packing within the unit cell. The results of the double‐unit‐cell simulations are closely similar to the results of the single‐unit‐cell simulations, and little motional correlation is found between the two unit cells. Proteins 2002;48:327–340. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changing times in pharmaceutical statistics: 1980–2000
Authors: Day Simon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPharmaceutical statistics has changed significantly in the last twenty years. This paper reviews some of the changes in that time, from a past dominated by the P‐value to the present day. Although the last twenty years have seen significant improvements, statistical shortcomings are not a rarity, and the impact of the public perception of statistics, medicine and the pharmaceutical industry on pharmaceutical statistics is assessed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The utility of experimental design short courses?
Authors: Krebs‐Brown Axel J. , Yahyah Mohammad , Kempson Robert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the one‐day introduction to experimental design training course at GlaxoSmithKline. In particular, the use of paper helicopter experiments has been an effective and efficient method for teaching experimental design techniques to scientific and other staff. A good supporting strategy by which the statistics department provides back‐up following the course is essential. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer (In)Security 3. Computer system archive and restore
Authors: McDowall R.D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the third of an occasional series of articles for the QAJ, the author discusses requirements for computer system archive and restore activities. The Electronic Records and Electronic Signatures final rule (21 CFR 11) requires electronic records to be held electronically for the records retention period. How long records must be retained and the implications for organisations will be discussed in this article. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A qualitative examination of FDA warning letters ‐ what can we learn from GCP inspections?
Authors: Wilsher Colin R 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGood clinical practice (GCP) inspections are now a global reality and it may be timely to review the outcome of the largest set of detailed information (warning letters) from the foremost GCP inspectors (the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Looking at qualitative information, it provides us with a detailed insight into the workings of GCP inspections. From this information, we can learn what ‘pitfalls’ to avoid and how to pro‐actively build safeguards to prevent future problems. This review particularly highlights the fact that FDA inspectors do not limit themselves solely to traditional clinical records when verifying submitted data. Locating these ‘other’ sources and ensuring consistency is vital to pre‐inspection readiness. Sponsors, CROs and investigators must ensure that adequate procedures are in place and that staff are well trained on these procedures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of medical chart audits in evaluating resident clinical competence: lessons learned from the development and refinement of a study protocol (Implications for use in meeting ACGME evaluation requirements)
Authors: Proden Camille , Carravallah Laura , Taylor D. Kay 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMedical chart auditing, one strategy that may be employed to assess resident clinical competence, represents both a tool to evaluate performance, and a vehicle for change. It has been demonstrated that an ongoing chart audit and feedback system can successfully affect resident compliance with practice guidelines and is thus associated with improvements in performance. In the study described here, however, the vehicle for change was an enhanced curriculum, the success of which was subsequently measured via chart audits. Regardless of the primary purpose of such audits, the study investigators gleaned important information about the conduct of the audits that can be applied to current efforts by medical educators to incorporate chart audits into a comprehensive plan to meet new Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program evaluation mandates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum chemical study of several monocyclic complex β‐lactam C‐3, C‐4, and N‐derivatives, and β‐ring model molecules
Authors: Palafox Mauricio Alcolea , Iza Nerea , Gil Manuel , Núñez José Luís 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA quantum chemical study of several complex monocyclic 4‐benzoyl‐4‐phenyl‐β‐lactam derivatives was carried out using cyclobutane, azetidine, 2‐azetidinone, 1‐methyl‐2‐azetidinone, and 3‐methyl‐2‐azetidinone as model compounds. The optimum geometry was obtained for the different conformations. The planarity of the ring was discussed in terms of the influence of the substituents on the amide resonance. To better analyze the amide resonance and the activity of the β‐lactam ring, a vibrational study was also carried out. To examine the influence of solvent polarity on the carbonyl bands, the Fourier transform–infrared (FT‐IR) spectra of the β‐lactam monocyclic derivatives were recorded in CCl4, C6H6, and CHCl3 solutions. The normal vibrations of the β‐lactam ring in the model compounds were characterized and used in the analysis of the β‐ring of more complex derivatives. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
A posteriori corrections to multireference limited configuration interaction based on a Brillouin–Wigner perturbative analysis
Authors: Hubac̆ I. , Mach P. , Wilson S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new a posteriori correction to the method of limited configuration interaction is described that attempts to restore a linear scaling with particle number. The corrections are based on an analysis of the limited configuration interaction method in terms of the Brillouin–Wigner perturbation theory using a Lippmann–Schwinger‐like equation. The new correction procedure is general and, in this work, the application to the limited multireference configuration interaction approximation is considered in some detail. An illustrative application to the rigid rotation of the diimine molecule is presented and the results are compared with those obtained by employing Davidson‐like corrections and the corresponding full configuration interaction energies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Convergence of exchange lattice summations in direct‐space polymer calculations
Authors: Jacquemin Denis , Fripiat Joseph G. , Champagne Benoît 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe studied various stereoregular polymers [monoatomic (beryllium chains), diatomic (hydrogen fluoride chains and polyyne) and polyatomic (polyethylene and polymethineimine)] and monitored the effective convergence of the lattice summations, especially the one corresponding to the exchange contribution. The relations to geometry (bond length alternation), pseudo–linear‐dependencies, basis set, and band gap are addressed. In all cases, including for extremely conjugated systems, the exchange is found to present an exponentially decreasing, rather than 1/j2, behavior, although convergence, in some cases, can be very slow. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
On‐line on‐chip post‐column derivatisation reactions for pre‐ionisation of analytes and cluster analysis in gradient µ‐liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Spikmans Valerie , Lane Stephen J. , Leavens Bill , Manz Andreas , Smith Norman W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA system is presented that demonstrates the principle of on‐line and on‐chip post‐column derivatisation reactions in micro‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (µ‐HPLC) hyphenated to electrospray time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐TOFMS). In this µ‐HPLC‐chip‐MS set‐up, the analytes are separated using gradient µ‐HPLC and subsequently derivatised on‐chip and detected. One of the major limitations of MS detection is its dependency on the degree of ionisation, which is widely variable and compound‐specific. Optimising and controlling the degree of ionisation in a simple manner would allow MS detection to be truly generic. One way of achieving this is by pre‐ionisation of analytes using simple derivatisation procedures that are both rapid and quantitative. Performing this in situ on the system described here overcomes issues of sample handling and efficiency losses when time‐consuming “bench chemistry” is necessary prior to analysis.
The power of the system is demonstrated by the separation of primary and secondary amines, which are subsequently derivatised with a positively charged phosphonium complex and detected in an enhanced manner. Typically, molecular cations (M+) are detected showing that the ionisation process is dominated by the phosphonium species, leading to more constant ionisation for a variety of compounds. In addition, stable isotopically labelled (12C/13C)‐phosphonium reagent is used for the reactions, allowing for inherent signal/noise (S/N) improvement and automated data processing using cluster analysis. A similar reaction scheme is used for the derivatisation of ketones and aldehydes, also demonstrating dramatic increases in sensitivity, especially with increasing temperature. Minimal loss in chromatographic fidelity in terms of retention times is observed by the introduction of the micromixer chip into the system.
Optimal flow rates in µ‐HPLC and ESI‐MS are compatible with flow rates for the chip as well as a multitude of in‐line optical detectors including UV and fluorescence. In addition, the micromixer chip can be positioned pre‐column if preferred. The system is robust, easily fully automated and applicable to a wide variety of reactions. The system has a major advantage in its simple robust connection to the “normal scale” outside world. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Approach to Biological Treatment of Contaminated Water
Authors: Shirazi Fatemeh R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOver the past few years, the focus of our research has been to respond to the recognized needs for novel biological processes that are capable of destroying a wide range of biodegradable pollutants and providing the perfect environment for complex interspecies interactions required for the degradation of environmental contaminants. A new biotechnology process called Biological Permeable Barrier (BPB) was developed to provide high microbial density, stable environmental conditions, and protective measures for microbial activities for in‐situ bioremediation of contaminated groundwater. This patented technology (U.S. Patent 6,337,019) is based on the creation of a structured matrix, or Bio‐beads, that provides the perfect environment for organic‐degrading microorganisms to establish biofilms capable of destroying the contaminants in water with remarkable stability and control. For over 240 days, the viability and performance of the BPB (Bio‐beads) system were shown for biodegradation of a targeted contaminant, 2,4,6‐ trichlorophenol (TCP), under a variety of operating and stress conditions (Razavi‐Shirazi, 1997). Extensive batch experiments were also conducted to obtain necessary data to determine the rate of TCP diffusion into the Bio‐beads, adsorption properties of the Bio‐beads, and substrate‐use rate of the mixed bioculture as free cells and as immobilized cells (Bio‐beads). A simulated model of BPB was also characterized with its porosity, permeability, and compressibility or deformation under typical field conditions. Our extensive research showed that BPB takes advantage of a controlled biotechnology process to overcome the disadvantages and uncertainties associated with conventional biological processes. A summary of our investigation is presented here. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the Phytoremediation Potential of Tall Fescue and Sericea Lespedeza for Organic Contaminants in Soil
Authors: Chekol Tesema , Vough Lester R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe phytoremediation potential of using tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)
grass and sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata [Dum. ‐Cours.])
legume species was assessed using three different groups of organic contaminants in soil. One hundred parts per
million (ppm) each of a nitroaromatic compound (TNT), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
(Pyrene), and a polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1248) were used to contaminate the soils.
The experiments were conducted using soils with high and low organic‐matter content. The results
indicate that recoveries of Pyrene and TNT were very low in all treatments in soil with high
organic‐matter content (6.3 percent) compared with recoveries in soil with low
organic‐matter content (2.6 percent). In contrast, recoveries of PCB from soil were not
dependent on the soil's organic‐matter content. Planting both the legume and grass species had
significant effect on the transformations of TNT and PCB in the soil with low organic‐matter content and
did not affect the fate of Pyrene in both soils. The amount of TNT transformed in the four months of plant
growth was 63 percent in the tall fescue and 46 percent in the sericea‐planted soils, compared with only
a 15 percent unaccounted loss in the unplanted control soils. Furthermore, the grass species, with its massive
root system, was significantly better at causing TNT dissipation compared with the legume species, which has
less root vegetative mass. The plant biomass, particularly the shoot weight of the tall fescue grass, was
significantly increased as a result of TNT treatment. Tall fescue and sericea biomass did not appear to have
any significant effect on Pyrene transformation. Planting sericea provided a significantly high level of PCB
transformation in soils with either high or low amounts of organic matter. Tall fescue did not appear to have
any significant effect on PCB transformation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Meuse River: anthropogenic effects versus natural change
Authors: Usseglio‐Polatera Philippe , Beisel Jean‐Nicolas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA collaborative study among three nations (France, Belgium, Netherlands) along the Meuse River developed a consistent approach for collecting and interpreting macroinvertebrate data. Specific mesohabitats were sampled in 16 locations along an 800‐km stretch of this lowland regulated river. The objective was to assess the ‘river health’ using macroinvertebrate communities as indicators of biological and ecological variation in space. The main changes in assemblages were investigated using multimetric and multivariate approaches. The authors examined relationships between faunal variations and both physico‐chemical gradients and man‐made disturbances. We related species traits to faunal changes and habitat characteristics.Both a gradual shift from a macroinvertebrate assemblage dominated by insects to a community dominated by crustaceans and molluscs and a drastic decrease in biotic index values were observed along the longitudinal gradient. Taxa were distributed according to oxygen, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, pH, conductivity and summer hydraulic conditions. But major faunal differences among sites could not be explained simply by physico‐chemical variables. The trait analysis underlined the role of temporary habitats in structuring the summer macroinvertebrate community of sites of the uppermost French sector, which supported the most diverse community in terms of trait combination. Downstream the macroinvertebrate community exhibited a more simple and less stable functional organization.We concluded that the Meuse River exhibited both a high biodiversity and a ‘reasonably good’ water quality in the upper reaches. Two transition zones highlighted the influence of a high degree of human impact on stream integrity. Regulation for navigation, ship traffic and heavily polluted effluent discharges influenced instream conditions via multiple processes determining a decline of both habitat stability and diversity. However, the rare occurrence of habitat‐sensitive species in the lower reaches indicated that a partial recovery of communities may be predicted if restoration and protection of disturbed (especially riparian) habitats are fulfilled. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.