bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy of archaeological samples from the Barber‐Surgeon's medicine chest on the Mary Rose
Authors: Edwards H. G. M. , Sibley M. G. , Derham B. , Heron C. P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNon‐destructive Raman spectroscopic analysis of the contents of the Barber‐Surgeon's medicine chest from the Mary Rose, which sank in 1545, revealed some useful chemical structural information about the materials (materia medica) used for the treatment of wounds in the 16th century. This study reinforces the protocol for the Raman spectroscopic examination of important relics from archaeological excavations in conjunction with their characterisation using more destructive analytical procedures, such as XRF, GC–MS and NMR spectroscopy. Of the 19 specimens submitted for analysis, five from the medicine chest were predominantly organic and five inorganic in nature; nine either fluoresced too greatly or gave spectra of such poor quality that they could not be subjected to database correlation. The organic specimens consisted of mixtures of resins, based on terpenoids, whereas the inorganic materials gave simple spectra which could be related to sulfates, carbonates and oxides. The presence of amorphous carbon deposits in samples could be attributed to airborne soot in the ship's interior. In most samples, the presence of minerals associated with silt deposition in the wreck was noted, particularly limestone and quartz. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy logic system for band detection in Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Perez‐Pueyo R. , Soneira M. J. , Ruiz‐Moreno S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRaman spectroscopy can be used to identify artistic materials on the basis of their characteristic Raman spectra. The acquisition of the wavenumber position of the Raman bands is frequently carried out by visual inspection. Obviously this is a slow, imprecise and non‐automatic process. In this paper, a fuzzy logic system to locate Raman bands in an automated way, avoiding subjective errors, is presented. The proposed fuzzy logic system is based on a set of rules, which give the processing strategy for detecting the wavenumber position of Raman bands. The fuzzy rule‐based system performs the location of Raman bands in a spectrum in the same way as an observer who examines a spectrum visually and tries to localize the Raman bands. That is, he/she compares the possible bands that he has seen with a function that, as known a priori, is representative of a Raman band. Depending on the comparison, he/she establishes that the peak is actually a Raman band. Bearing this in mind, the fuzzy Raman band location system is based on the following statement: when some zone of the spectrum stands out from the nearby background with a characteristic shape, it is established that this zone contains a distinguishable Raman band. In order to know when one zone of the spectrum ‘stands out from the nearby background’, the parabolic approximation of the spectrum in this zone is calculated. The band detection is based on this approximation. The membership functions, which characterize the fuzzy sets at the input and output of the system, and the inference mechanism suitable for the problem are chosen. In the visual process, the knowledge and experience of the observer control the decision‐making process; however, fuzzy logic provides a powerful technique in the decision‐making environment since it incorporates this knowledge. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman and scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive x‐ray techniques for the characterization of colouring and opaquening agents in Roman mosaic glass tesserae
Authors: Galli S. , Mastelloni M. , Ponterio R. , Sabatino G. , Triscari M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMosaic tesserae, part of Roman villa floor decorations, from north‐eastern Sicily and the Aeolian Islands, were analysed by means of micro‐Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive x‐ray techniques. Archaeologists considerate these ‘villa’ floor decorations (ranging from the 2nd century BC to the 4th century AD) as a stylistic product of North African workers or North African‐style design that were imported from abroad. Much attention is paid in the technology of glass making in order to understand the capability of local workers to produce the same glassy material. Since the other coloured tesserae are definitively recognized as polished limestones and/or calcscists of well‐known Sicilian geological formations, the glassy materials could be hypothetically interpreted in the same way. Spectroscopic and mineralogical techniques were applied to the materials in order to define both the colouring and opaquening agents. Bindheimite (Pb2Sb2O7), well known in past as ‘antique yellow’, was always found in both green and yellow glass tesserae, acting either as a colouring and/or an opacifier agent. Investigations were made in order to consider the possibility of local manufacturing techniques on the basis of widespread easy‐to‐find complex sulfide ore deposits in the area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman analysis of pigments from the Egyptian Old Kingdom
Authors: Ambers J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRaman spectrometry, with its small sample size requirements and high spatial resolution, has proved an invaluable means of identifying the pigments used in ancient Egyptian art. This paper describes the use of the technique to investigate the pigments on a group of objects and paintings from the Old Kingdom period held within the British Museum collections. A wide range of typical ancient Egyptian pigments, including haematite, goethite, carbon, Egyptian Blue, gypsum and anhydrite, have been found, together with others previously thought of as ‘rare’ in this context, such as huntite and jarosite. The jarosite occurs in a context which makes it extremely unlikely to be an alteration product, as had been suggested previously. There is also evidence of sophisticated mixing of a range of raw materials to produce desired colours. Additionally, huntite appears to have been used as a ground under some of the less opaque pigments to produce a stronger hue. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fourier transform Raman spectra of Czech and Moravian fossil resins from freshwater sediments
Authors: Jehlička J. , Jorge Villar S. E. , Edwards H. G. M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFourier Transform (FT) Raman spectra were obtained from 10 fossil resin specimens differing in localities, precise paleoecological situation and geological age. The series investigated includes amber from Moravia and Bohemia designated by local names: valchovite, retinite, neudorfite, schauffite and muckite. All fossil resins originate from freshwater deposits of Cenomanian age (Mesozoic). Non‐altered amber from Jantarnaja (Baltic Russia), highly matured amber, rumanite and simetite and also přílepite of Westphalian age (Carboniferous) were investigated for comparison material. The FT‐Raman spectra indicates the similarity between Bohemian and Moravian fossil resins and Baltic (Eocene) and Lebanon (Cretaceous) ambers. Important differences exist among the FT‐Raman spectra obtained. Similarities between spectra of fossil resins of different ages, and differences between similar materials sampled at close localities, suggest the importance of the post‐depositional conditions and alteration on the character of the resulting fossil resin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of pigments on a 16th century Persian manuscript by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Hayez V. , Denoël S. , Genadry Z. , Gilbert B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectroscopy was used in combination with other analytical techniques for the in situ study of a Persian Herati lacquered manuscript dated 1530 AD. The text is calligraphied on sized and polished folios, framed in papers tinted in various shades and sparkled with gold leaf, according to a specific gilding technique. The palette of pigments used for the illumination, the coloured frames and the cover was established. Lead white, amorphous carbon, lapis lazuli, red lead and cinnabar were unambiguously identified. The green bottom layer of the lacquer decoration appeared to be composed of mixed orpiment and lapis lazuli. Another green pigment present in the illumination could not be identified although a Raman spectrum was recorded. In order to determine the composition of the different elements of the cover and regions realised with the Marqash technique, complementary analysis was carried out, using x‐ray photoelectron and x‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained by these analyses can be put in parallel with the Arabic treatises describing the realization of these manuscripts from Persian workshops. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of pigments from dynastic Egyptian funerary artefacts
Authors: Edwards Howell G. M. , Jorge Villar Susana E. , Eremin Katherine A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAs part of a comprehensive analytical survey, Raman spectra were obtained of pigments from ancient Egyptian funerary artefacts dating from the 17th Dynasty to the Graeco‐Roman period, using several laser excitation wavelengths. A wide colour palette has been identified with mineral pigments and pigment mixtures; several variations were detected with dynastic changes. The artefacts include sarcophagi, coffin lids, shroud covers and mummy face‐masks. Haematite was in universal use throughout the dynastic period studied here, which represents some 2000 years of Egyptian history, but minerals such as cinnabar and minium appear only in artefacts from the Ptolemaic and Graeco‐Roman periods. Different pigments were used to produce similar colours on some associated artefacts and several artefacts have mixtures of pigments for a single colour. One 17th Dynasty sarcophagus, dating from ca 1600BC, had an unusual suite of pigments, with the blue pigment lazurite and a mixture of crocoite, limonite and calcite used as a yellow pigment. This coffin was heavily restored in the 20th Century and these unusual pigments could have arisen from this restoration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐quantitative analysis of alizarin and purpurin by surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) using silver colloids
Authors: Shadi Iqbal T. , Chowdhry Babur Z. , Snowden Martin J. , Withnall Robert 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSurface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) was used for the semi‐quantitative analysis of the anthraquinone dyes alizarin and purpurin, using aggregated citrate‐reduced silver colloids. Laser excitation wavelengths of 514.5 and 632.8 nm were employed. The limits of detection for the analysis of alizarin, by SERRS, were 4 ppm (632.8 nm excitation) using the vibrational band at 1265 cm−1 and 39 ppm (514.5 nm excitation) for the vibrational band at 1334 cm−1 and those for the analysis of purpurin, by SERRS, were 42 ppb (514.5 nm excitation) using the vibrational band at 1330 cm−1 and 8 ppm (632.8 nm excitation) for the vibrational band at 1070 cm−1. For the first time, the ability to differentiate between purpurin and alizarin using SERRS is reported. Multiple molecular species of both dyes were detected, as evidenced by several isosbestic points in a SERRS pH study using both laser‐exciting wavelengths of 514.5 and 632.8 nm. Unusually, for dye molecules, equally intense SERRS signals can be obtained for alizarin at both acidic and alkaline pH values. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of mural painting pigments from the Thubchen Lakhang temple in Lo Manthang, Nepal
Authors: Mazzeo R. , Baraldi P. , Lujàn R. , Fagnano C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVery few publications are available on materials and techniques used by ancient Nepalese artists to paint mural decorations. This paper presents the first results of scientific examination aimed at characterizing the composition of the pigments present in paint samples collected from the south and east wall decorations of the 15th century Thubchen Lakhang monastery located in Lo Manthang, upper Mustang, Nepal. The temple was built in rammed mud and wood by order of King bKra.shis.mgon in 1470 and completed by 1472. Cross‐sections of the 14 collected samples were prepared and the pigment composition was analysed stratigraphically. The same samples were also investigated, without preparation, for surface pigment characterization. The first results of the micro‐Raman analyses showed that different blue pigments were used, sometimes alone, as in the case of azurite, and sometimes in combination with lazurite. The red and orange paint layers are constituted of orpiment and vermilion, both alone and in combination. A very interesting gilding technique that makes use as mordant of pararealgar with traces of orpiment and vermilion has been identified. Red ochre is present in the brown colour decorations. Malachite was used to paint the green decorations. Some samples also showed the presence of the copper sulfate hydrate brochantite, which may represent an alteration product of malachite. Further research will be needed in order to characterize the organic binding media composition that, in conjunction with these results, will guide restorers in the identification of the most appropriate restoration procedures to be adopted. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy of ancient ceramics: a study of French sigillata wares
Authors: Lofrumento Cristiana , Zoppi Angela , Castellucci Emilio Mario 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectroscopy was applied to the study of some French sigillata wares dating back to the end of the 1st century AD and coming from two important Roman ceramic production centres at La Graufesenque (Aveyron) and Glanum in Saint Rémi de Provence. The differentiation between the mineralogical composition of the reddish bright slip and the porous ceramic body underneath was accomplished, confirming the previous hypothesis by the CNRS research group at Toulouse that a different and finer clay material was used for the coating. This was primarily suggested by the highly heterogeneous body matrix mineralogy due to the presence of a large variety of minerals such as haematite, quartz, rutile and feldspar species, while the slip coating was basically made of haematite alone. The phase analysis results also gave an indication of the firing for insight into the production technology: an oxidizing atmosphere and a firing range between 850 and 1000°C could be suggested, in good accordance with the acknowledged Roman sigillata pottery production procedure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic analysis of an English soft‐paste porcelain plaque‐mounted table
Authors: Edwards Howell G. M. , Colomban Philippe , Bowden Bryan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRaman spectroscopic studies were made of a porcelain fragment of a unique 18th century table with inlaid porcelain plaques prior to its restoration and compared with the body and glaze of a damaged, marked porcelain plate from the Rockingham factory. The spectra are consistent with the two specimens having the same manufacturing source around 1840. The analysis of the body of the plate and the plaque fragment shows that both contain β‐wollastonite, feldspar and calcium orthophosphate; in addition, a trace of gypsum was found on the bottom surface of the plaque fragment, indicating that plaster was used as an adhesive and bedding agent for the plaques on their wooden table‐top substrate. The porcelain bodies of the plaque and the plate are classified as English soft‐paste porcelain with bone‐ash additive and differences in the spectra can be ascribed to changes in the firing temperature and kiln cycles. The glaze compositions are also very similar with the identification of borax in each specimen. It is concluded analytically that the porcelain plaques were derived from the Rockingham factory around 1835–40, which can be correlated with historical provenancing. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of Raman microspectroscopy to problems in the conservation, authentication and display of fragile works of art on paper
Authors: Wise David , Wise Andrea 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the application of Raman spectroscopy to the examination and analysis of a range media commonly found on works of art on paper. In this case all of the works are from the National Gallery of Australia's collection. Discussion specifically focuses on the practical benefits that a detailed knowledge of inks and pigments can have for both conservators and curators. Through the use of several case studies, different aspects of these benefits are highlighted. Consideration is given to the way in which Raman spectroscopy can supplement the commonly used technique of polarized light microscopy in the identification of inorganic and organic pigments. Comparative results using scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry and Fourier transform IR microspectroscopy are also discussed. Works examined include an important but previously undisplayed pastel drawing by the Australian modernist painter Grace Cossington‐Smith, a sketchbook by the 19th century Aboriginal artist Tommy McRae and an early 20th century European lithographic poster. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward the comprehensive spectrochemical imaging of painted works of art: a new instrumental approach
Authors: Weis Tahlia L. , Jiang Yanan , Grant Edward R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper introduces novel technologies that will be instrumental in the development of new methods for the Raman spectrochemical imaging of painted works of art. We show that second‐derivative preprocessing diminishes interference from fluorescence. Normalization and mean‐centering of such second‐derivative spectra cast them in the form of unit vectors, the displacement of which from library standards serves as a basis for the instantaneous on‐line identification of artistic pigments and binders. Multivariate measures of displacement are shown to function well in difficult cases such as spectrally similar fatty acid media and pigments diluted to varying degrees in uncharacterized binders. A self‐calibrating technique for background subtraction extracts pure component spectra from pigment–acrylic mixtures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Gustave Moreau's black drawings: identification of the graphic materials by Raman microspectrometry and PIXE
Authors: Pagès‐Camagna Sandrine , Duval Alain , Guicharnaud Hélène 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe identification of graphic materials with the naked eye is not always straightforward. A new collaboration with the Gustave Moreau museum in Paris offered the opportunity to test the combination of two analytical techniques in order to improve the knowledge of the materials used by this artist. The French painter Gustave Moreau (1826–98) made many monochromatic drawings on paper with black materials containing carbon such as black chalk, graphite or inks, and sometimes both materials on the same sheet. The nature of the support and that of the materials used prohibits any sampling and visual examination alone is not sufficient to identify all the materials. In order to provide a reference for the identification of the graphic technique, a first series of six drawings stored in the Gustave Moreau museum was brought to the Centre for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France for an extensive investigation. Examinations under a binocular microscope, using IR radiation, combined with PIXE analyses with the external beamline of the ion beam analysis facility and by Raman microspectrometry resulted in the identification of graphite pencil, pure graphite, reconstituted black chalk and two inks, one of which was probably a 19th century ink and made with logwood. The analysis of this first set of drawings enabled us to determine the graphic techniques of 10 other drawings by simple visual observation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Origanum syriacum L var bevanii
Authors: Tepe Bektaş , Daferera Dimitra , Sökmen Münevver , Polissiou Moschos , Sökmen Atalay 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe present work examines the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the essential oil and various extracts from the herbal parts of Origanum syriacum L var bevanii. Polar subfractions of methanol extracts from both deodorised and non‐deodorised materials showed the highest DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐l‐picrylhydrazyl) radical‐scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 21.40 and 26.98 µg ml−1 respectively, whereas the IC50 of the essential oil was 134.00 µg ml−1. The antioxidant potential of the extracts appeared to be closely related to the presence of polar phenolics. However, the inhibitive effect on linoleic acid oxidation might be promoted by the presence of non‐polar phenolics, as both hexane and dichloromethane extracts showed high antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was superior to those of the other extracts. Nineteen compounds representing 962 g kg−1 of the essential oil were identified; carvacrol (669 g kg−1) was the main component. Overall, the results suggest that the essential oil and extracts from the herbal parts of O syriacum could be used as natural preservative ingredients in the food industry. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of temperature on the physicochemical properties of starches extracted from microtubers grown from different potato cultivars
Authors: Tester Richard F , Yusuph Mahyinur , Millam Stephen , Davies Howard V 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTwelve potato cultivars were grown as microtubers in constant environment chambers at two temperatures in total darkness for 28 days. For starch extracted from microtubers grown at 12 or 22 °C, the amylose content ranged from 25.0 to 29.0% (average 27.3 ± 1.4%) or 29.5 to 32.7% (average 30.9 ± 1.4%), the amylose/amylopectin ratio from 1:2.5 to 1:3.0 (average 1:2.7) or 1:2.1 to 1:2.4 (average 1:2.2) and the phosphorus content from 0.41 to 0.93 g kg−1 (average 0.72 g kg−1) or 0.38 to 1.67 g kg−1 (average 0.97 g kg−1) respectively. Two major fractions (F1 and F2) were obtained for isoamylase‐debranched starch (amylopectin), with the chain length (CL) averaging 56 ± 3 or 55 ± 1 for F1 and 20 ± 1 or 21 ± 1 for F2 from 12 or 22 °C growth temperature respectively. Peak gelatinisation temperature (Tp) and enthalpy (ΔH) were influenced strongly by growth temperature, with Tp ranging from 60.8 to 64.5 °C (average 62.1 ± 1.0 °C) or 66.9 to 69.6 °C (average 68.2 ± 0.9 °C) and ΔH from 13.3 to 16.9 J g−1 (average 14.8 ± 1.0 J g−1) or 11.3 to 19.5 J g−1 (average 16.3 ± 2.4 J g−1) from 12 or 22 °C growth temperature respectively. The collective data generated at 12 °C were generally more comparable to data published elsewhere (but discussed in the text) for the same potato cultivars grown in field plots (Perthshire). However, there were cultivar specific responses to field or constant environment chambers which make direct comparisons between starches produced from the two systems subject to some variation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry