bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wave interaction with a vertical cylinder:
spanwise flow patterns and loading
Authors: YANG Y. , ROCKWELL D. 
Published: July 2002

A vertical cylinder is located in a free-surface wave, and a two-camera version
of high-image-density particle image velocimetry is employed to characterize the
spanwise modes of the flow structure in terms of instantaneous velocity and vorticity.
These modes are classified according to organized patterns of velocity in the near
wake, and are further interpreted in terms of distinctive arrangements of streamwise
vorticity concentrations.At low Keulegan–Carpenter number, which corresponds to small wave height,
locally two-dimensional vortices having small scale and circulation tend to form as
a symmetrical pair and remain attached, or in close proximity, to the surface of the
cylinder. Along the span of the cylinder, the near wake shows either a sinuous S or
a unidirectional U mode. The spanwise wavelength λ of the S modes, relative to the
cylinder diameter D, lies in the range 1 [lsim ] λ/D [lsim ] 4:5. These values of λ/D represent
the spacing between extrema of patterns of cross flow velocity, as well as between
clusters of streamwise vorticity of like sign. As the free surface is approached, the
value of λ/D scales with the ratio of the minor to major axes of the elliptical particle
trajectory of the wave.At moderate values of the Keulegan–Carpenter number, locally two-dimensional
vortices having large scale and circulation are shed from the cylinder in an asymmetric
arrangement. The corresponding spanwise mode represents the phase variation of this
shedding along the span of the cylinder. These sinuous S modes involve large-scale
distortions of patterns of both cross flow velocity and streamwise vorticity, which
have wavelengths in the range 10 [lsim ] λ/D [lsim ] 110, in contrast to the spacing between
individual concentrations of vorticity, which is 1:5D to 4D. Remarkably, it is possible
to attain a unidirectional U mode, whereby the phase of the locally two-dimensional
vortex shedding is preserved along the entire extent of the cylinder.
Signatures of the moments due to the transverse and in-line forces on the cylinder
were acquired simultaneously with the patterns of instantaneous velocity and vorticity.
Severe modulations of the moment due to the transverse force are associated with
spontaneous transformations between basic forms of the sinuous S and unidirectional
U modes. The overall form of the signature of the moment due to the in-line force is,
however, not generally affected by the spontaneous transformation between modes,
but distortion of its peaks is evident.
Vortex multipoles in two-layer rotating
shallow-water flows
Authors: BAEY JEAN-MICHEL , CARTON XAVIER 
Published: July 2002

The stability of elliptically perturbed circular vortices is investigated in a two-layer
shallow-water model, with constant background rotation. The fluid is bounded above
and below by rigid and at surfaces. The linear stability analysis shows that elliptical
perturbations are most unstable for moderate Burger numbers and vorticity
shears. Shorter waves dominate for more sheared vortices. Shallow-water and
quasi-geostrophic growth rates exhibit a striking similarity, except at each end of the Burger
number domain. There, cyclones (anticyclones) with finite Rossby numbers are more
(less) unstable than their quasi-geostrophic counterparts. A simple model gives a
first-order trend for this bias.Nonlinear model runs with initially perturbed vortices also show the similarity
between the two dynamics. In these runs, elliptically deformed vortices stabilize as
stationary rotating tripoles for moderate linear instability; on the other hand, strongly
unstable vortices break as dipoles. During these nonlinear processes, energy transfers
indicate that barotropic instability is at least as active as the baroclinic one. For tripole
formation, the modal analysis of the perturbation exhibits a dominant contribution
of the original wave and of the mean flow correction. The ageostrophic and divergent
parts of the flow are respectively weak and negligible. The Lighthill equation proves
that few internal gravity waves are generated during tripole formation or dipolar
breaking. Finally, the effects of triangular perturbations on circular vortices and the
formation of quadrupoles are briefly addressed.
Quantification of hepatic thrombopoietin mRNA transcripts in patients with chronic liver diseases shows maintained gene expression in different etiologies of liver cirrhosis
Authors: Tacke Frank , Trautwein Christian , Zhao Shourong , Andreeff Michael , Manns Michael P. , Ganser Arnold , Schöffski Patrick 
Published: July 2002

Abstract:Background/Aims:Platelet production is regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO), which is primarily synthesized in the liver. The TPO in patients with liver diseases could possibly be owing to impaired hepatic TPO production. As we reported previously, TPO serum levels are not decreased in patients with liver diseases compared with healthy controls and do not depend on the stage of cirrhosis or platelet count, but are highly elevated in patients with chronic virus hepatitis.Methods:To study possible mechanisms, we measured hepatic TPO mRNA levels in liver tissue samples from 31 liver cirrhosis patients by quantitative TaqMan real‐time RT–PCR and corresponding serum TPO concentrations by ELISA.Results:Median TPO serum levels were elevated in patients with viral hepatitis (n = 12) compared with patients with a biliary (n = 10), alcoholic (n = 6) or other (n = 3) disease etiology, while hepatic TPO mRNA levels did not differ. The TPO mRNA levels in patients with chronic liver diseases were not different from normal liver tissue sample. The TPO mRNA and TPO serum level did not correlate.Conclusions:We conclude that hepatic TPO gene expression appears to be maintained on a constitutive transcriptional level in patients with liver diseases and does not change dependent on disease etiology.
The highly selective CRF2 receptor antagonist K41498 binds to presynaptic CRF2 receptors in rat brain
Authors: Lawrence A J , Krstew E V , Dautzenberg F M , Rühmann A 
Published: July 2002

Novel analogues of antisauvagine‐30 (aSvg‐30), a selective antagonist for CRF2 receptors, have been synthesized and characterized in vitro and in vivo.
The analogues were tested for their ability to compete for [125I‐Tyr0]Svg binding and to inhibit Svg‐stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, permanently transfected with cDNA coding for the human CRF1 (hCRF1), hCRF2α and hCRF2β receptor. One analogue [D‐Phe11, His12, Nle17]Svg(11‐40), named K41498, showed high affinity binding to hCRF2α (Ki=0.66±0.03 nM) and hCRF2β (Ki=0.62±0.01 nM) but not the hCRF1 receptor (ki=425+50 nM) and decreased Svg‐stimulated cAMP accumulation in hCRF2 expressing cells. In conscious Wistar‐Kyoto rats, K41498 (1.84 μg, i.v.) antagonized the hypotensive response to systemic urocortin (1.4 μg, i.v.), but did not block the pressor response to centrally administered urocortin (2.35 μg, i.c.v.).
K41498 was subsequently radio‐iodinated, and in autoradiographic studies, specific (sensitive to rat urocortin, astressin and aSvg30, but insensitive to antalarmin) binding of 125I‐K41498 (100 pM) was detected in the heart and in selected brain regions including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), spinal trigeminal nucleus, lateral septum and around the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
Following unilateral nodose ganglionectomy, binding of 125I‐K41498 was reduced by 65% in the ipsilateral NTS, indicative of presynaptic CRF2 receptors on vagal afferent terminals.
These data demonstrate that K41498 is a useful tool to study native CRF2 receptors in the brain and periphery.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 896–904. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704783
P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors are coupled to the NO/cGMP pathway to vasodilate the rat arterial mesenteric bed
Authors: Buvinic Sonja , Briones René , Huidobro‐Toro J Pablo 
Published: July 2002

To assess the role of nucleotide receptors in endothelial‐smooth muscle signalling, changes in perfusion pressure of the rat arterial mesenteric bed, the luminal output of nitric oxide (NO) and guanosine 3′,5′ cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) accumulation were measured after the perfusion of nucleotides.
The rank order of potency of ATP and analogues in causing relaxation of precontracted mesenteries was: 2‐MeSADP=2‐MeSATP>ADP>ATP=UDP=UTP>adenosine. The vasodilatation was coupled to a concentration–dependent rise in NO and cGMP production. MRS 2179 selectively blocked the 2‐MeSATP‐induced vasodilatation, the NO surge and the cGMP accumulation, but not the UTP or ATP vasorelaxation.
mRNA encoding for P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y6 receptors, but not the P2Y4 receptor, was detected in intact mesenteries by RT–PCR. After endothelium removal, only P2Y6 mRNA was found.
Endothelium removal or blockade of NO synthase obliterated the nucleotides‐induced dilatation, the NO rise and cGMP accumulation. Furthermore, 2‐MeSATP, ATP, UTP and UDP contracted endothelium‐denuded mesenteries, revealing additional muscular P2Y and P2X receptors.
Blockade of soluble guanylyl cyclase reduced the 2‐MeSATP and UTP‐induced vasodilatation and the accumulation of cGMP without interfering with NO production.
Blockade of phosphodiesterases with IBMX increased 15–20 fold the 2‐MeSATP and UTP‐induced rise in cGMP; sildenafil only doubled the cGMP accumulation. A linear correlation between the rise in NO and cGMP was found.
Endothelial P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors coupled to the NO/cGMP cascade suggest that extracellular nucleotides are involved in endothelial‐smooth muscle signalling. Additional muscular P2Y and P2X receptors highlight the physiology of nucleotides in vascular regulation.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 847–856. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704789
Attenuation of morphine tolerance after antisense oligonucleotide knock‐down of spinal mGluR1
Authors: Sharif Reza N , Osborne Michael , Coderre Terence J , Fundytus Marian E 
Published: July 2002

Chronic systemic treatment of rats with morphine leads to the development of opioid tolerance. This study was designed to examine the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) infusion of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) antisense oligonucleotide, concomitant with chronic morphine treatment, on the development of tolerance to morphine's antinociceptive effects.
All rats received chronic (6 day) s.c. administration of morphine to induce opioid tolerance. Additionally, rats were treated with either mGluR1 antisense (AS), missense (MIS) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) by i.t. infusion via chronically implanted i.t. catheters connected to osmotic mini‐pumps. The effects of acute i.t. or s.c. morphine on tail‐flick latencies were assessed prior to and following chronic s.c. morphine treatment for all chronic i.t. infusion groups. mGluR1 protein level in the spinal cord was determined by Western blot analysis for all treatments, assessing the efficiency of knock‐down with AS treatment.
Acute i.t. morphine dose‐dependently produced antinociception in the tail‐flick test in naïve rats. Systemic morphine‐treated rats administered i.t. ACSF or MIS developed tolerance to i.t. morphine. Chronic i.t. infusion with mGluR1 AS significantly reduced the development of tolerance to i.t. morphine.
In contrast to i.t. morphine, tolerance developed to the antinociceptive effects of s.c. morphine, in all i.t. infusion groups, including the mGluR1 AS group.
The spinal mGluR1 protein level was dramatically decreased after mGluR1 AS infusion when compared to control animals (naïve and ACSF‐treated animals).
These findings suggest that the spinal mGluR1 is involved in the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of morphine. Selective blockade of mGluR1 may be beneficial in preventing the development of opioid analgesic tolerance.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 136, 865–872. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704792
Use of enzyme treatment to enhance reactivity of HLA and platelet‐specific antibodies in solid‐phase RBC adherence assays
Authors: Leach Miriam Fogg , AuBuchon James P. 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND: Solid‐phase RBC adherence (SPRCA) assays (Immucor) detect HLA and/or platelet‐specific antibodies. Pretreatment of reagent platelets with enzymes was investigated to determine whether the sensitivity of the assay could be increased. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: SPRCA testing, following the manufacturer's directions, was performed on 51 sera from patients with either a positive SPRCA antibody screen, suboptimal clinical responses to platelet transfusions, and/or suspected immune thrombocytopenic purpura; testing was also performed following pretreatment of the reagent platelets with bromelin, papain, or ficin. Sera from 23 patients having negative routine SPRCA antibody screens and good clinical responses to transfusion were tested as controls. Lymphocytotoxic antibody testing was also performed on selected samples. The effectiveness of enzyme treatment was judged by the increase in the proportion of reagent platelets reacting with the sample and the observed reaction strengths. RESULTS: Pretreatments of reagent platelets with all three enzymes increased the reactivity of known antibodies and detected some HLA and platelet‐specific antibodies that had not reacted in routine testing. The clinical significance of the antibody specificities detected only after enzyme pretreatment was verified by a correlation with results from transfusing antigen‐negative units. Only occasional false‐positive results after enzyme pretreatment were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The use of enzyme pretreatment of SPRCA screening strips can provide information that is useful in selecting appropriate units for transfusion.
Syndromic Diagnosis at the Epilepsy Clinic: Role of MRI in Lobar Epilepsies
Authors: Lee Byung In , Heo Kyoung , Kim Jang Sung , Kim Ok Joon , Park Sun Ah , Lim Sung Ryong , Kim Dong Ik , Yoon Pyung Ho , Kim Dong Kee 
Published: July 2002

Summary:  Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential diagnostic tool for the management of epilepsy at modern epilepsy clinics. This study was conducted to incorporate MRI features into the international classification of epilepsies and epilepsy syndromes (ICEES) proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE).Methods: Three hundred consecutive patients newly registered in the Yonsei Epilepsy Clinic underwent stepwise classifications based on clinical features, clinical EEG, and clinical EEG–MRI correlations. The patients were required to have epilepsy and have undergone both EEG and MRI for inclusion in the study. Interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in the EEG were divided into lobar, multilobar, and generalized. MRI lesions were divided into lobar and multilobar lesions. Lobar epilepsies (LEs) were divided into temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital, rolandic, temporoparietooccipital junctional, multilobar, and nonlocalized LEs.Results: Two hundred forty‐nine patients satisfied the inclusion criteria. In the first‐step diagnosis, 190 patients were classified as having localization‐related epilepsy; 24 patients, generalized epilepsy; 34 patients, undetermined epilepsy; and one patient, a special syndrome. EEG revealed IEDs in 124 (50%) patients, and the second‐step diagnosis changed the diagnostic categories of 79 (32%) patients. MRI detected lesions in 106 (43%) patients, and the third‐step diagnosis changed the diagnostic categories of 30 (12%) patients. The nonspecific diagnostic categories of ICEES decreased from 49% to 37% and then to 29%, as diagnosis progressed from steps one to three. In cases of LE, MRI was superior to EEG in its clinical correlation. Additionally, the diagnostic precision in temporal lobe epilepsy was far better than that for other LEs.Conclusions: The impact of MRI on ICEES was only modest in terms of changing diagnostic categories, although MRI provided a structural substrate for epilepsy in 38% of patients with negative EEGs. In LE, MRI was as sensitive as EEG, and its clinical correlation was superior to that of EEG, which strongly supports the rationale of incorporating MRI into ICEES.
Hybrid alignment: high-performance with universal statistics
Authors: Yu Yi-Kuo , Bundschuh Ralf , Hwa Terence 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The score statistics of a recently introduced `hybrid alignment' algorithm is studied in detail numerically. An extensive survey across the 2216 models of protein domains contained in the Pfam v5.4 database (Bateman et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 28, 263–266, 2000) verifies the theoretical predictions: For the position-specific scoring functions used in the Pfam models, the score statistics of hybrid alignment obey the Gumbel distribution, with the key Gumbel parameter λ taking on the asymptotic value 1 universally for all models. Thus, the use of hybrid alignment eliminates the time-consuming computer simulations normally needed to assign p-values to alignment scores, freeing the users to experiment with different scoring parameters and functions. The performance of the hybrid algorithm in detecting sequence homology is also studied. For protein sequences from the SCOP database (Murzin et al., J. Mol. Biol., 247, 536–540, 1995) using uniform scoring functions, the performance is found to be comparable to the best of the existing methods. Preliminary results using the PfamA database suggest that the hybrid algorithm achieves similar performance as existing methods for position-specific scoring systems as well. Hybrid alignment is thereby established as a high performance alignment algorithm with well-characterized, universal statistics.
Contact: yyu@fau.edu
* Present address: Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, 174 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1106, USA
DMLE+: Bayesian linkage disequilibrium gene mapping
Authors: Reeve Jeff P. , Rannala Bruce 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: The program DMLE+ allows Bayesian inference of the location of a gene carrying a mutation influencing a discrete trait (such as a disease) and/or other parameters of interest (such as mutation age) based on the observed linkage disequilibrium at multiple genetic markers. DMLE+ uses either individual marker genotypes, or haplotypes, integrates over uncertain population allele frequencies, and can incorporate prior information about gene location from an annotated human genome sequence.
Availability: DMLE+ is available in both Windows GUI and portable UNIX command line versions at http://dmle.org
Contact: queries@dmle.orgbrannala@ualberta.ca
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Distinct Physiological Roles of Fructokinase Isozymes Revealed by Gene-Specific Suppression of Frk1 and Frk2Expression in Tomato
Authors: Odanaka Saori , Bennett Alan B. , Kanayama Yoshinori 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
There are two divergent fructokinase isozymes, Frk1 and Frk2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants. To investigate the physiological functions of each isozyme, the expression of each fructokinase mRNA was independently suppressed in transgenic tomato plants, and the respective phenotypes were evaluated. Suppression of Frk1 expression resulted in delayed flowering at the first inflorescence. Suppression ofFrk2 did not effect flowering time but resulted in growth inhibition of stems and roots, reduction of flower and fruit number, and reduction of seed number per fruit. Localization ofFrk1 and Frk2 mRNA accumulation by in situ hybridization in wild-type tomato fruit tissue indicated thatFrk2 is expressed specifically in early tomato seed development. Fruit hexose and starch content were not effected by the suppression of either Frk gene alone. The results collectively indicate that flowering time is specifically promoted by Frk1 and that Frk2 plays specific roles in contributing to stem and root growth and to seed development. Because Frk1 andFrk2 gene expression was suppressed individually in transgenic plants, other significant metabolic roles of fructokinases may not have been observed if Frk1 and Frk2 play, at least partially, redundant metabolic roles.
Ethylene Emission and Responsiveness to Applied Ethylene Vary among Poa Species That Inherently Differ in Leaf Elongation Rates
Authors: Fiorani Fabio , Bögemann Gerard M. , Visser Eric J.W. , Lambers Hans , Voesenek Laurentius A.C.J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A plant's ability to produce and respond to ethylene is essential for its vegetative growth. We studied whole-shoot ethylene emission and leaf growth responses to applied ethylene in fourPoa spp. that differ inherently in leaf elongation rate and whole-plant relative growth rate. Compared with the fast-growingPoa annua and Poa trivialis, the shoots of the slow-growing species Poa alpina and Poa compressa emitted daily 30% to 50% less ethylene, and their leaf elongation rate was more strongly inhibited when ethylene concentration was increased up to 1 μL L−1. To our surprise, however, low ethylene concentrations (0.02–0.03 μL L−1) promoted leaf growth in the two slow-growing species; at the same concentrations, leaf elongation rate of the two fast-growing species was only slightly inhibited. All responses were observed within 20 min after ethylene applications. Although ethylene generally inhibits growth, our results show that in some species, it may actually stimulate growth. Moreover, in the two slow-growingPoa spp., both growth stimulation and inhibition occurred in a narrow ethylene concentration range, and this effect was associated with a much lower ethylene emission. These findings suggest that the regulation of ethylene production rates and perception of the gas may be more crucial during leaf expansion of these species under non-stressful conditions and that endogenous ethylene concentrations are not large enough to saturate leaf growth responses. In the two fast-growing species, a comparatively higher ethylene endogenous concentration may conversely be present and sufficiently high to saturate leaf elongation responses, invariably leading to growth inhibition.
Leucine-Derived Cyano Glucosides in Barley
Authors: Nielsen Kirsten Annette , Olsen Carl Erik , Pontoppidan Katrine , Møller Birger Lindberg 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings contain five cyano glucosides derived from the amino acid l-leucine (Leu). The chemical structure and the relative abundance of the cyano glucosides were investigated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses using spring barley cultivars with high, medium, and low cyanide potential. The barley cultivars showed a 10-fold difference in their cyano glucoside content, but the relative content of the individual cyano glucosides remained constant. Epiheterodendrin, the only cyanogenic glucoside present, comprised 12% to 18% of the total content of cyano glucosides. It is proposed that the aglycones of all five cyano glucosides are formed by the initial action of a cytochrome P450 enzyme of the CYP79 family convertingl-Leu into Z-3-methylbutanal oxime and subsequent action of a less specific CYP71E enzyme converting the oxime into 3-methylbutyro nitrile and mediating subsequent hydroxylations at the α-, as well as β- and γ-, carbon atoms. Presence of cyano glucosides in the barley seedlings was restricted to leaf tissue, with 99% confined to the epidermis cell layers of the leaf blade. Microsomal preparations from epidermal cells were not able to convertl-[14C]Leu into the biosynthetic intermediate, Z-3-methylbutanal-oxime. This was only achieved using microsomal preparations from other cell types in the basal leaf segment, demonstrating translocation of the cyano glucosides to the epidermal cell layers after biosynthesis. A β-glucosidase able to degrade epiheterodendrin was detected exclusively in yet a third compartment, the endosperm of the germinating seed. Therefore, in barley, a putative function of cyano glucosides in plant defense is not linked to cyanide release.