bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE POLITICS OF PLURALISM AND ASSIMILATIONIST POLICY IN ANN ARBOR'S BLACK ENGLISH TRIAL: SOCIOLINGUISTICS AS A POLICY SCIENCE
Authors: Swearingen C. Jan , Jacobs David L. , Sledd James 
Published: June 2005

Sociolinguistics has generally promoted assimilationkt language policy even though many sociolinguists are ardent supporters of cultural and linguistic pluralism, and have been politically active in support of the languages and cultures of their research subjects. The 1978 Ann Arbor Black English Trial‐the King decision depended heavily upon the testimony given by sociolinguists in support of the plaintiffs, who argued that they had been denied an equal educational opportunity. The King decision exemplifies a problematic and unresolved conflict between linguistic research as a descriptive enterprise and applications of linguistic research which, by and large, implement assimilationkt language policy. Many sociolinguists favor the retention of cultural and linguistic pluralism, yet their research is utilized to design programs which will promote literacy in standard written English.The King decision suggests that the participation of sociolinguists in policymaking processes simultaneously improves the data base underlying policy decisions, and complicates the implementation of new policy by disseminating linguistic data which clash with mainstream cultural values, thereby generating a backlash against the new policy.
TWO FACES OF BAIL REFORM: AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PRETRIAL STATUS ON DISPOSITION PRETRIAL FLIGHT AND CRIME IN HOUSTON
Authors: Wheeler Gerald R. , Wheeler Carol L. 
Published: June 2005

Bail reform is under attack by public officials historically identified with the cause of social justice. Release on personal recognizance is increasingly assailed as significantly contributing to the problem of pretrial flight and crime. Are these observations valid or have such reforms represented a step toward equal justice‐without seriously threatening public safety? To test the argument against bail reform, the authors analyzed the outcome of randomly selected felony cases in Houston, Texas. All defendants were monitored by a computerized information system for athirty month period.The results of the major hypotheses were mixed. Pretrial status was found to have no significant effect on conviction outcome. However, as expected, a significantly higher proportion of convicted detained defendants were sentenced to prison than their bonded counterparts. While failure to appear rate was found relatively high for both defendants released on recognizance and money bail, the actual fugitive rate (2%) and pretrial crime rate (7%) for total bonded defendants were low. Finally the results indicated that bail reform, as experienced in this major southwestern jurisdication, has not significantly affected pretrial flight or crime.
THE INFORMATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE REGULATORY REVIEW: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EPA LEAD STANDARD
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip 
Published: June 2005

The shortcomings of the EPA lead standard were largely determined by the requirements of the Clean Air Act. EPA's analysis was inadequate since the underlying risks were modelled in terms of critical thresholds irrespective of the particular probability of the adverse health outcome associated with the exposure. The informational requirements for meaningful review are compared with the actual benefit and cost data provided by EPA.The misplaced EPA approach prevented the generation of appropriate information on which to base a policy decision and hampered the subsequent review efforts by the White House oversight group. It is doubtful whether any oversight effort can be fully effective without a major change in the Clean Air Act.
DIFFERENTIAL PROGRAM IMPACT AS A FUNCTION OF TARGET NEED: OR WHY SOME GOOD POLICIES OFTEN SEEM TO FAIL
Authors: Hofferbert Richard I. 
Published: June 2005

A growing body of evaluation research has been reporting negative or lack of positive effects from a wide range of social policies and programs. Yet within the data presented one can frequently detect that relative ineffectiveness is far from uniform across time periods and/or population groups.Evidence may be gleaned from existing research to suggest that some policies have differential effectiveness, being most effective where and when the need is greatest, with “need” measured as the change in conditions reasonably assumed to be the policy goal.The essay cautions policy analysts against over‐aggregation of data on policy impact. It also argues that a substantial amount of money and public effort could be saved, without sacrificing net positive effect, by fitting policy efforts to demonstrable need/effectiveness curves.
THE LIMITS OF ENERGY POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Costain W. Douglas 
Published: June 2005

Glenn R. De Souza, Energy Policy and Forecasting: Economic, Financial, and Technological DimensionsRaymond C. Scheppach and Everett M. Ehrlich, (Eds.), Energy‐Policy Analysis and Congressional ActionAaron Wildavsky and Ellen Tenenbaum, The Politics of Mistrust: Estimating American Oil and Gas Resources
POLICY RESPONSES TO CITIZEN ATTITUDES
Authors: Benton J. Edwin 
Published: June 2005

Though many studies have provided only limited support for the idea of policymaker “responsiveness,” the present study indicates that constituents do have some impact on public policy decisions, though not directly. With the aid of data on decisionmaking of country property appraisers in Florida, I was able to demonstrate that constituency preferences affect policy decisions indirectly through the effect of decisionmaker attitudes, thus suggesting an intervening model of decisionmaking.Specifically, I found that constituency tax preferences impacted on property appraiser tax attitude and through it on the property assessment ratio. More importantly, I was able to isolate some of the potential factors which accentuate those relationships posited by an intervening model of decisionmaking. In particular, I found that the more policymakers (the property appraisers) were immersed into their social and political context or engaged in “social interaction” activities the more likely they and their own attitudes were to be influenced by prevailing constituency tax sentiment.
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS AND PRIVATE MARKETS IN REEMPLOYING DISPLACED WORKERS
Authors: Bendick Marc 
Published: June 2005

This paper is about the reemployment difficulties of “mainstream” workers dislocated in mid‐career by structural economic change. Contrary to popular assumptions, empirical evidence suggests that most workers in this category do not encounter extraordinary reemployment difficulties.For those that do, the root problem is not dislocation per se but rather such well‐known failures of the private labor market as geographic immobility, underinvestment in training, and inefficient labor exchange institutions. Public policy should be structured in terms of correcting these market failures, not in terms of dislocated workers as atarget group.
POLITICS, PROFITS AND INNOVATION IN THE DRUG INDUSTRY
Authors: ZENTNER JOSEPH L. 
Published: June 2005

Henry G. Grabowski and John M. Vernon. The Regulation of Pharmaceuticals: Balancing the Benefits and Risks Meir Statman. Competition in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Declining Profitability of Drug Innovation Milton Silverman, Philip R. Lee and Mia Lydecker. Prescriptions for Death: The Drugging of the Third World
GOVERNMENTS IN BUSINESS
Authors: Weaver R. Kent 
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this articleNeil W. Hamilton and Peter R. Hamilton. Governance of Public Enterprise: A Case Study of Urban Mass TransitR. Joseph Monsen and Kenneth D. Walters. Nationalized Companies: A Threat to American BusinessLloyd Musolf. Uncle Sam's Private, Profitseeking CorporationsW.T. Stanbury and Fred Thompson (Eds.). Managing Public Enterprises
Acheiving Full Employment: Four Perspectives
Authors: Schantz Harvey L. , Schmidt Richard H. 
Published: June 2005

Books reviewed in this article.Samuel Bowles, David M. Cordon, and Thomas E. Weisskopf, Beyond the Wasteland: A Democratic Alternative to Economic Decline Economic Report of the President 1981 Helen Cinsburg, Full Employment and Public Policy: The United States and SwedenElliot Jaques, Free Enterprise, Fair Employment
DEALING EFFECTIVELY WITH CROWDED JAILS: THE JUDGES' ROLE
Authors: Juszkiewicz Jolanta 
Published: June 2005

That there is a jail crowding problem is well documented. The problem of jail crowding must b e acknowledged as one demanding the involvement of all key criminal justice actors. Judges have been identified as key decisionmakers playing a pivotal role in managing case flow and influencing jail population levels. What, then, is or should be the role of judges in dealing specifically with jail crowding? Conventional responses to this question have focused on either the role of the federal judge, who in the course of presiding over a case involving jail conditions is called upon to manage a facility, or the role of a trial judge in making sentencing decisions. Recent research efforts have recognized that a nexus exists between judicial and correctional systems that extends beyond overseeing and sentencing roles. This paper intends to expand the notion o f interdependence to encompass the entire criminal justice system with emphasis on the judge's contribution.Judges' decisions concerning the issuance of summonses, setting and reviewing bail, continuances and sentencing bear directly on the number of offenders in jail and/or length of the ir confinement. In numerous jurisdictions, judges have been instrumental in instituting changes aimed at dealing with the jail crowding problem and resulting in improvements in case processing.Judicial system‐wide leadership has resulted in the establishment of guidelines for pretrial services personnel to be used in releasing certain defendants pretrial and in making pretrial release recommendations for others in one jurisdiction and the institution of a policy prohibiting the detention of misdemeanor defendants—a major factor in reducing the jail population–in many other jurisdictions. Increased use of nonfinancial pretrial release options by judicial officers was a key element in achieving a substantial drop in the jail population in several communities. Judges have introduced delay reduction strategies which have served to expedite case processing as well as minimize the number of detainees in jail. Judges have also successfully implemented a full range of sentencing atternatives, including community service, restitution and treatment programs for persons convicted of alcohol or drug‐related offenses.This paper provides information on specific policies and procedures which have had a demonstrated impact on jail population levels without detracting from the operations of courts and, in most instances, contributing to improvements in judicial administration.
METHODS OF THE SECOND TYPE: COPING WITH THE WILDERNESS OF CONVENTIONAL POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Dunn William N. 
Published: June 2005

Policy analysts, like allegorical homesteaders, face the seemingly unmanageable task of coping with the wilderness of ill‐structured problems, while concurrently attending to well‐structured problems, which can be addressed with conventional methods of policy analysis. What has appeared thus far as an unmanageable task may become manageable once analysts acknowledge the principle of methodological congruence: The appropriateness of a particular type of method is a function of its congruence with the type of problem under investigation.To be sure, conventional methods of the first type are appropriate and useful for solving first‐order problems, which are relatively well‐structured. Contexts of practice, however, are pervaded by second‐order problems which, variously described as squishy, messy, or ill‐structured, are the class of all first‐order problems. Just as methods of the first type are congruent with the simple analytic demands of first‐order problems, so are methods of the second type congruent with the complex analytic demands of second‐order problems. When policy analysts fail to observe this principle of methodological congruence they are likely to solve the wrong problem.Methods of the second type are not limited to general heuristics, but include specific and readily comprehensible procedures for estimating the boundaries and structure of ill‐structured problems. Since these estimation procedures appear to satisfy requirements of inductive estimates in general, policy analysts can assess their own performance in providing approximate answers to the right question, thus coping with the enemies who lurk in the wilderness of conventional policy analysis.
Why Dance? Towards a Theory of Religion as Practice and Performance
Authors: LaMothe Kimerer 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article engages the dancing and writing of the American modern dance pioneer, Isadora Duncan (1877-1927), and the phenomenology of religion and dance authored by the Dutch phenomenologist, theologian, and historian of religion, Gerardus van der Leeuw (1890-1950), in order to argue that "dance" is a valuable resource for developing theories and methods in the study of religion that move beyond belief-centered, text-driven approaches. By setting the work of Duncan and van der Leeuw in the context of the emergence of the field of religious studies, this article not only offers conceptual tools for appreciating dance as a medium of religious experience and expression, it also plots a trajectory for the development of a theory of religion as practice and performance. Such a theory will benefit scholars eager to attend more closely to the role of bodily being in the life of "religion."
Year-to-Year Variations of the Stable Isotopes in Precipitation in February at Cuiabá, Located on the Northern Fringe of Pantanal, Brazil
Authors: Matsuyama Hiroshi , Miyaoka Kunihide , Masuda Kooiti 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Large year-to-year variations of δ18O were found in the precipitation recorded in the International Atomic Energy Agency/Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (IAEA/GNIP) database for February at Cuiabá, located on the northern fringe of Pantanal, Brazil. Three depleted years (1963, 1978, and 1968) and three enriched years (1966, 1984, and 1983) were chosen to investigate this phenomenon and to correlate the amount of precipitation, the occurrences of storm precipitation, and the vapor flux field. In the depleted years, precipitation exceeding the long-term mean was observed at Cuiabá, while the southward vapor flux from the Amazon basin was less than the long-term mean. Since d-excesses in these years were large in general, fast evaporation must contribute to the greater precipitation observed in these depleted years. In contrast, such common features were not found in the vapor flux field in the enriched years. The occurrences of storm precipitation are important in 1966, while the amount effect is responsible for 1984. In 1983, enriched meteoric water is attributed to both the occurrences of storm precipitation and vapor flux field.
Development of a Coupled Land Surface and Groundwater Model
Authors: Maxwell Reed M. , Miller Norman L. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Traditional land surface models (LSMs) used for numerical weather simulation, climate projection, and as inputs to water management decision support systems, do not treat the LSM lower boundary in a fully process-based fashion. LSMs have evolved from a leaky-bucket approximation to more sophisticated land surface water and energy budget models that typically have a specified bottom layer flux to depict the lowest model layer exchange with deeper aquifers. The LSM lower boundary is often assumed zero flux or the soil moisture content is set to a constant value; an approach that while mass conservative, ignores processes that can alter surface fluxes, runoff, and water quantity and quality. Conversely, groundwater models (GWMs) for saturated and unsaturated water flow, while addressing important features such as subsurface heterogeneity and three-dimensional flow, often have overly simplified upper boundary conditions that ignore soil heating, runoff, snow, and root-zone uptake. In the present study, a state-of-the-art LSM (Common Land Model) and a variably saturated GWM (ParFlow) have been coupled as a single-column model.
A set of simulations based on synthetic data and data from the Project for Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes (PILPS), version 2(d), 18-yr dataset from Valdai, Russia, demonstrate the temporal dynamics of this coupled modeling system. The soil moisture and water table depth simulated by the coupled model agree well with the Valdai observations. Differences in prediction between the coupled and uncoupled models demonstrate the effect of a dynamic water table on simulated watershed flow. Comparison of the coupled model predictions with observations indicates certain cold processes such as frozen soil and freeze/thaw processes have an important impact on predicted water table depth. Comparisons of soil moisture, latent heat, sensible heat, temperature, runoff, and predicted groundwater depth between the uncoupled and coupled models demonstrate the need for improved groundwater representation in land surface schemes.
Mechanical Characterization of Composites with Embedded Optical Fibers
Authors: Silva José M.A. , Devezas Tessaleno C. , Silva AbíLio P. , Ferreira José A.M. 
Published: June 2005

The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate quantitatively and comparatively the effect of embedding optical fibers (OF) on the mechanical behavior of a carbon fiber-epoxy composite in order to verify whether their presence can possibly degrade the mechanical performance of the host material. The existing literature on this subject is not conclusive about the nature and intensity of this effect. Adding more reliable data to our systematic study contributes to this discussion favoring the conclusion about a harmful influence as a consequence of optical fiber embedment. Three kinds of mechanical tests have been performed in this work: impact tests, static flexural tests, and fatigue tests. The results of some experiments point to a possible detrimental influence related to the presence of the OF, being it different in nature and intensity for each of these tests. The mechanical behavior in static loading conditions seems to be not significantly affected as a consequence of the presence of the OF, while that in impact and fatigue tests are strongly affected, even though this influence being physically distinct from each other. Based on these results, some discussion is made about the possible failure mechanisms that can explain the detected differences.
Catalytic Tricarbonylation of Alkynes with Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Izawa Yusuke , Shimizu Isao , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A novel catalytic process of introducing three CO units into alkynes by palladium-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation was developed. Based on the fundamental studies on the behavior of organopalladium complexes, mechanisms to account for the mono- and tricarbonylation processes are proposed.
Systematically reviewing qualitative and quantitative evidence to inform management and policy-making in the health field
Authors: Mays Nicholas , Pope Catherine , Popay Jennie 
Published: June 2005

Policy-makers and managers have always used a wide range of sources of evidence in making decisions about policy and the organization of services. However, they are under increasing pressure to adopt a more systematic approach to the utilization of the complex evidence base. Decision-makers must address complicated questions about the nature and significance of the problem to be addressed; the nature of proposed interventions; their differential impact; cost-effectiveness; acceptability and so on. This means that Cochrane-style reviews alone are not sufficient. Rather, they require access to syntheses of high-quality evidence that include research and non-research sources, and both qualitative and quantitative research findings. There is no single, agreed framework for synthesizing such diverse forms of evidence and many of the approaches potentially applicable to such an endeavour were devised for either qualitative or quantitative synthesis and/or for analysing primary data. This paper describes the key stages in reviewing and synthesizing qualitative and quantitative evidence for decision-making and looks at various strategies that could offer a way forward. We identify four basic approaches: narrative (including traditional ‘literature reviews’ and more methodologically explicit approaches such as ‘thematic analysis’, ‘narrative synthesis’, ‘realist synthesis’ and ‘meta-narrative mapping’), qualitative (which convert all available evidence into qualitative form using techniques such as ‘meta-ethnography’ and ‘qualitative cross-case analysis’), quantitative (which convert all evidence into quantitative form using techniques such as‘quantitative case survey’ or ‘content analysis’) and Bayesian meta-analysis and decision analysis (which can convert qualitative evidence such as preferences about different outcomes into quantitative form or ‘weights’ to use in quantitative synthesis). The choice of approach will be contingent on the aim of the review and nature of the available evidence, and often more than one approach will be required.
Assessing cognitive representations of mental health problems. II. The illness perception questionnaire for schizophrenia: Relatives' version
Authors: Lobban Fiona , Barrowclough Christine , Jones Steven 
Published: June 2005

Objective. To design a questionnaire to assess cognitive representations of mental health problems held by relatives of people diagnosed with schizophrenia.Background. The ways in which relatives respond to patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia has been shown to impact on outcome. Understanding variation in relatives' responses is essential if successful interventions are to be developed. This study builds on previous research exploring attributions that relatives make about symptoms. The development of a new measure to assess beliefs that relatives have about schizophrenia is reported; The Illness Perception Questionnaire for Schizophrenia – Relatives version (IPQS‐Relatives).Method. Sixty‐two relatives completed the IPQS‐Relatives, along with measures of general psychopathology, burden, appraisal of coping, and expressed emotion. The psychometric properties of the IPQS‐Relatives were analysed, including internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and discriminant and concurrent validity.Results. IPQS‐Relatives subscales were shown to be internally consistent and stable over time. Correlations with measures of general psychopathology, distress, burden, coping, and criticism indicate that the subscales have good concurrent validity.Conclusions. The IPQS‐Relatives can be used to assess relatives' beliefs about schizophrenia. This measure may aid family interventions that target beliefs associated with negative outcome for patients and their relatives.