bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of urinary nitrogen excretion in infants to changes in protein intake
Authors: Chan H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Thirty-six nitrogen-balance measurements were made on children recovering from malnutrition. Two types of diet were used: a high-protein diet providing from 1·25 to 6·0 g protein/kg per day which supported normal growth, and a low-protein diet providing 0·75 g protein/kg per day on which the children were approximately in N balance. Both diets provided 120 kcal/kg per day.2. The size of the labile protein pool was estimated from the N lost on changing from a high- to a low-protein diet. After the change of diet a new equilibrium was reached in about 3 days.3. Labile protein, as defined above, represented about 1·2% of the total body protein on changing from 6·0 to 0·75 g protein/kg per day, and about 0·2% of total body protein on changing from 1·5 to 0·75 g protein/kg per day. The magnitude of the labile protein pool did not appear to be related to the nutritional state of the child.4. It is concluded that the labile protein pool is not a reservoir which can be filled, but that losses of N which occur on reducing the protein intake of an infant reflect a lag in metabolic adjustment.
Polyethylene glycol as marker in piglet diets with a high dry-matter content
Authors: Manners M. J. , Kidder D. E. 
Published: June 2005

1. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of high molecular weight, used as a dietary marker, did not distribute uniformly in the water present in a high-casein diet as did glucose, a low-molecular-weight substance.2. This distribution effect also occurred with the contents of the stomach and, to a smaller extent, with the contents of the first quarter of the small intestine of piglets given such a diet.
Manganese in the nutrition and metabolism of the pullet
Authors: Mathers J. W. , Hill R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Groups of pullets were given a diet of high (106–107 μg/g) or low (6–7 μg/g) manganese content and killed either before sexual maturity, at the point-of-lay or after a 6- to 7-month laying period. The birds were dissected into six tissue fractions: skeleton, liver, kidney, ovary and oviduct, skin and feathers, and muscle with remaining tissue. Total Mn and concentration of Mn as μg/g dry fat-free tissue were determined for each fraction.2. There were no differences in live weight attributable to level of dietary Mn, and no differences in egg production.3. Mean total body Mn varied among groups over a fairly narrow range (528–738 μg), with the exception of birds given the high-Mn diet throughout the experiment, in which the mean was 2319 μg. This represented an increase in Mn content during egg laying of 244%. There was no significant difference in the Mn content of birds given the low-Mn diet whether they were killed at the point-of-lay or after the laying period.4. The effects of treatment on the weight of Mn in each of the tissue fractions are described. The very large increase in total Mn that occurred during egg production in birds given the high-Mn diet was accounted for largely by the increase in skin and feathers (1072 μg Mn).5. In general terms, the Mn content of liver, kidney and ovary and oviduct together constituted only just over 10% of total body Mn, the remainder being distributed about equally among skeleton, skin and feathers, and muscle with remaining tissue.6. There was a close parallel between the concentration of Mn of a tissue and the total weight of Mn it contained except in certain instances when stage of maturity or egg production influenced weight of the tissue.7. The effects of treatments on the Mn contents of these birds are discussed in relation to the retention of dietary Mn, and the withdrawal from and accumulation of Mn in individual tissues and the whole body.
Comparison of the weight gain and the composition of blood and saliva in sheep grazing timothy and ryegrass swards
Authors: Sinclair K. B. , Jones D. I. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. After a preliminary period of 2 weeks indoor feeding on hay, two groups of wethers grazed either a timothy pasture or a ryegrass-dominant pasture for 12 weeks. The timothy was particularly low in sodium and chlorine.2. Within a week of turning out, saliva sodium fell and potassium increased in the timothy group, and by the end of the experiment, the sodium: potassium ratio was 1.9:1. The changes in saliva were not reflected in blood composition. The rate of live-weight gain was similar in both groups of sheep.3. The results confirm those of a previous indoor experiment and show that timothy supplies insufficient sodium to maintain the normal saliva composition of sheep.
Long-term vitamin status and dietary intake of healthy elderly subjects
Authors: Rutishauser Ingrid H. E. , Bates C. J. , Paul Alison A. , Black Alison E. , Mandal A. R. , Patnaikt B. K. 
Published: June 2005

1. Long-term clinical and biochemical riboflavin status and dietary intake of riboflavin were monitored for 18 months in a group of twenty-three relatively-healthy elderly subjects living at home in the north of England.2. Both dietary intake and biochemical status, as measured by the activation coefficient (stimulated: basal activity) of NAD(P)H2: glutathione oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.4.2), remained fairly constant for each individual and for most subjects the usual intake and biochemical status were characterized quite accurately by a single week's intake dietary record and a single measurement of the activation coefficient.The expected relationship between biochemical status and dietary intake was present, but not strongly evident. There was a significant within-subject correlation between α values and the immediately preceding dietary intake; however the between-subject correlation between α values and dietary intake approached zero if the two subjects receiving long-term riboflavin supplements were omitted. Over the limited range of intakes observed in unsupplemented subjects, non-dietary factors evidently obscure the relationship.4. Although eight subjects had average values above 1.2 for the activation coefficient, no excessively high values were observed, and no subject showed any clear-cut clinical deficiency symptoms.
The differential effect of magnesium deficiency on isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1) in rat tissues
Authors: Nehlawi M. F. , Heaton F. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1) from many rat tissues was separated into two or three bands by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Ten of the bands had different electrophoretic mobilities, but some were present in more than one tissue.2. Bands from the corresponding tissues of magnesium-deficient and control rats were qualitatively similar, but there were quantitative differences in the distribution of enzyme activity between them.3. Mg deficiency had differential effects on the absolute activity of individual bands, but two main types of response were observed. There was an increase in the activity of the first bands from liver and kidney, the second band from femur and both bands from spleen, whereas the first band from femur, the first and second bands from intestinal mucosa and the second bands of serum, liver and kidney all decreased in activity during the deficiency.4. The change in total alkaline phosphatase activity of a tissue during Mg deficiency depended on the ratio between the enzyme components within it.
A comparative study of the absorption of calcium and the availability of phytate-phosphorus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the laboratory rat
Authors: Taylor T. G. , Coleman J. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Balance studies were carried out with rats and golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) given diets high and low in calcium (10.8 and 5.1–5.2 g Ca/kg respectively) and high and low in phytate (3.4 and 1.6 g phytate-phosphorus/kg respectively) in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment.2. Values for Ca absorption and phytate availability (relative to the amount ingested) and for urinary excretion of Ca and P were significantly higher in the hamster than in the rat for all four diets.3. Phytate availability was significantly greater on the low-Ca than on the high-Ca diets with both species.4. Ca absorption was greater on the low-phytate than on the high-phytate diets but the differences were significant only for the hamster.5. Absorption of both Ca and P was poorly controlled in the hamster compared to the rat.
Kinetics of native and modified Bowman–Birk soya-bean trypsin inhibitor on growth and enzymes activities of the chick pancreas
Authors: Madar Z. 
Published: June 2005

1. The Bowman-Birk soya-bean trypsin inhibitor (BBTI) begins to cause pancreatic enlargement and increased enzymic activity in the pancreas of chicks after a minimum of 7 d of feeding.2. The active inhibitory site of BBTI against trypsin is the factor involved in the pancreatic enlargement and increase of pancreatic nzesyme activity in chicks.
Effects of saponins on bile acids and plasma lipids in the rat
Authors: Oakenfull D. G. , Fenwick Dorothy E. , Hood R. L. , Topping D. L. , Illman R. L. , Storer G. B. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effects of feeding isolated saponins on plasma lipid concentrations and on concentrations of biliary and faecal bile acids and neutral sterols were studied in the rat.2. The animals were given one of four diets, i.e. a standard low-cholesterol synthetic diet, the diet+10 g saponins/kg, the diet+10 g cholesterol/kg, the diet+10 g cholesterol+10 g saponins/kg.3. Saponins partially reversed the hypercholesterolaemia caused by the high-cholesterol diet and increased both the rate of bile acid secretion and the faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols. The proportionate contribution of the primary bile acids (particularly chenodeoxycholic) to faecal excretion was also increased by saponins.4. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that saponins act by inducing the adsorption of bile acids by dietary fibre.
Effects of the protracted feeding of copper sulphate-supplemented diets to laying, domestic fowl on egg production and on specific tissues, with special reference to mineral content
Authors: Jackson N. , Stevenson Mary H. , Kirkpatrick G. McC. 
Published: June 2005

1. Two experiments are reported. In both experiments a cereal-based diet containing 5 mg copper/kg was fed to two breeds of laying hens for 336 d. In Expt I four other groups were given this diet with the addition of CuSO4.5H2O to give added levels of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg Cu/kg diet. In Expt 2 the levels of added dietary Cu used were 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg.2. In Expt I records were kept of food intake, water intake, body-weight and egg production for eight 28 d periods and body-weight and egg number only were recorded for the full twelve periods. In Expt 2 full records, excluding water intake, were taken for all twelve periods.3. Food and water intake showed a quadratic response to level of added dietary Cu, being enhanced at lower levels and depressed at higher levels of addition.4. There was a quadratic response of total egg weight, mean egg weight and egg number to added dietary Cu. In Expt I egg number was maximum at 235 mg added Cu/kg diet for Warren Studler SSL (breed I) and at 170 mg added Cu/kg diet for Shaver 288 (breed 2). In Expt 2 no breed effect occurred, the maximum egg number being calculated to occur at 176 mg added Cu/kg diet.5. Depression of body-weight gain occurred at high lelvels of Cu addition. The depression of liver and oviduct weight found at high levels of addition appeared to be directly related to body-weight. A marked amount of feather loss also occurred at a high inclusion of CuSO4in the diet.6. The reproductive systems of the hens did not appear to be adversely affected at the levels of additive used. Gross and microscopic examination of specific tissues revealed no pathological effects although gizzard and intestinal weights were increased and caecal weight decreased by high levels of added Cu. Those aspects of the blood chemistry examined did not reveal any consistent effect between the two experiments.7. The liver Cu analyses indicate that between 600 and 800 mg added Cu/kg diet liver Cu concentration rises sharply. Both liver Fe and Zn concentrations showed a positive linear response to added dietary Cu. In the kidney Cu and Zn concentrations were increased but only to a limited extent, while the concentration of Fe was unaffected.
Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs
Authors: Sambrook I. E. 
Published: June 2005

1. Seventeen pigs fitted with single re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum (posterior to the point of entry of the bile and pancreatic ducts), the mid-jejunum, or the terminal ileum, and a further twenty-four non-cannulated pigs were used.2. Three diets were used: these contained barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF); starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut meal (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. The quantities of total lipid (TL), acid-detergent fibre (ADF) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) passing through the re-entrant cannulas and excreted in the faeces in 24 h were measured. These were used to determine the net absorption (or synthesis or secretion) in the different regions of the intestine.4. There was substantial secretion of TL into the proximal small intestine and major absorption from the distal portion for all three diets. In the large intestine there was little or no further net absorption for diets SSG and SSC, but significant synthesis or secretion for diet BWF.5. Fibre digestion occurred in both the small and large intestines and the apparent absorption of ADF in the different regions studied was influenced by diet.6. There were detectable amounts of VFA at all sites but only at the ileum and in the faeces could they be accurately measured. Diet did not affect the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate in ileal digesta, but did have an effect on these VFA in the faeces.
Glucose metabolism in cattle given sugar cane based diets supplemented with varying quantities of rice polishings
Authors: Ferreiro H. M. , Priego A. , Lopez J. , Preston T. R. , Leng R. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Glucose entry rates were measured with [2−3H]glucose in groups of cattle given sugar-cane diets and between o and 1200 g rice polishings.2. In the first experiment measurements of glucose metabolism were estimated in four animals (one of each being given 0, 400, 600 and 1000 g supplement) over 24 h using a repeated single injection at 6 h intervals and sampling blood for 3 h.3. The results indicated that in a short time period of each isotope experiment relatively steady-state conditions existed since the plot of log specific radioactivity v. time was linear with a high correlation coefficient.4. The pattern of glucose entry rates was variable over the 24 h period being highest shortly after feeding and then declining to quite low levels immediately before the next feed, 24 h later. However, the more rice polishings that were made available to the cattle, the higher the glucose entry rate at 4–7 h, and it remained higher for a longer time.5. In the second experiment with nineteen animals there was a linear relationship between the glucose entry rate (measured 4–7 h after feeding) and the amount of rice polishings consumed by the animal.6. The results suggest that glucose is being made available in quite large quantities from the supplement. Using the means of these estimates over 24 h to predict glucose entry rate on a daily basis, it is suggested that at least 50% of the starch in the rice polishings was made available to the animal as glucose.7. The results are discussed in relation to the suggestion that the availability of glucose may be limiting nutrient in cattle given low-protein diets.
The effect of oral contraceptive therapy and of pregnancy on serum folate levels of rural Sri Lankan women
Authors: Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Sri Kantha Sachi S. , Corea S. M. X. 
Published: June 2005

1. Serum folate level, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration of apparently healthy rural Sri Lankan women, between 20 and 45 years and earning up to Rs. 500 (Sri Lankan Rs. 35 ⋍ £1 Sterling) per month, were estimated during pregnancy and when on oral contraceptive (OC) treatment with Ovulen 50 (ethinyl oestradiol 0·05 mg,ethinodiol diacetate 1 mg).2. Ovulen 50 administration led to a fall in serum folate levels which occurred very rapidly during the first 6 months and more slowly thereafter, stabilizing at 2·2 ng/ml in women of very low economic status and at 2·9 ng/ml in the more privileged.3. There was a steady fall in serum folate concentrations during pregnancy, the levels at the end of pregnancy being higher than those in women under OC treatment for 9 months.4. The need for folate supplementation during OC treatment is stressed.
A comparison of the influence on plasma lipids and platelet function of supplements of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Sanders T. A. B. , Hochland Michele C. 
Published: June 2005

1. A randomized double-blind crossover trial was carried out to compare the influence on plasma lipid concentrations, platelet thromboxane B2production and platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen and U46619 (a prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue), of a daily 10 g supplement of a fish-oil concentrate (MaxEPA), which provided (g): 1·7 20:5ω3, 0·3 22:5ω3 and 1·2 22:6ω3, taken for 2 weeks by ten healthy subjects, with one of vegetable oil providing 3·4 18:2ω6.2. A lower response to platelet aggregation induced by 0·5 μg collagen/ml but not by other aggregating agents was observed following both types of supplement. Platelet thromboxane B2production induced by collagen also tended to be lower following the supplements.3. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were unaffected by the supplements. The MaxEPA but not the vegetable-oil supplement lowered the concentration of plasma triglycerides and increased that of high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol.
The effect of chronic ethanol administration on lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue in the rat
Authors: Cascales Carmen , Benito Manuel , Cascales María , Caldés Trinidad , Santos-Ruiz Angel 
Published: June 2005

1. Rates of lipogenesisde novohave been studied in liver and epididymal fat pads of male rats chronically treated with ethanol. A solution of ethanol (150 ml/l) was administered as the only drinking fluid for 3 months with a standard solid diet; both food and drink were availablead lib.2. Lipogenesis in vivo was measured by the incorporation of tritiated water into lipid fractions: non-saponifiable lipid and fatty acids. Non-saponifiable lipid, both in liver and in adipose tissue, was unaffected by ethanol treatment. However, fatty acid synthesisde novowas significantly enhanced in both liver and adipose tissue, by 150 and 300% respectively.3. Plasma triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid levels were unchanged and plasma glucose concentration slightly increased by ethanol administration.4. The rate of lipogenesis increased when insulin: glucagon increased twofold due to the effect of ethanol.
Absorption of methionine and methionine sulphoxide in rat intestine and the effect of glutathione
Authors: Aksnes A. , Njaa L. R. 
Published: June 2005

1. The absorption of methionine and methionine sulphoxide was compared in inverted rings from three sections of rat intestine.2. In all sections, absorption of unoxidized methionine was 20–40% higher than that of methionine at low physiological substrate concentrations. At higher substrate levels, the difference was not so pronounced.3. Inhibition studies indicated that absorption of methionine and of methionine sulphoxide took place by different absorption systems.4. Glutathione increased the absorption of methionine and, to a greater extent, the absorption of methionine sulphoxide.
Nature of the effects of bran on digestive transit time in pigs
Authors: Bardon T. , Fioramonti J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Transit time of digesta, faecai volatile fatty acids (VFA) excretion and faecal output were measured in four pigs (initially of 90 kg live weight) fitted with chronic catheters inserted into the caecum.2. Each pig was given a basal milk diet (20 g/kg live weight per d) for 30 d and then received successively four further treatments: the basal diet with bran (100 g/d), the bran-supplemented diet with a daily administration of neomycin (100 mg/kg orally and 100 mg/kg intracaecally), the basal diet with continuous intracaecal infusion of either saline (9 g sodium chloride/1) or with VFA solution (100 mM/h) at the same rate.3. The mean retention time of the polyvinyl chloride marker was reduced from 98·6 h on the milk diet to 64·3 h on the milk + bran diet. This transit time was notsignificantly modified by neomycin treatment.4. Daily faecal excretion of VFA was significantly affected by the diet: the additionof bran induced a 167% increase from the milk diet; neomycin treatment reduced VFA excretion with the bran-supplemented diet from 11·3 mM/d to 6·3 mM/d whereas during VFA infusion, excretion levels were twice those of the basal diet.5. Infusion of VFA solution on the milk diet induced an 11% increase in transit time,without any change in faecal output and dry matter.6. In conclusion, it is suggested that the decrease in transit time associated with bran supplementation is mediated by direct mechanical factors rather than fermentation products, including VFA.
Dental and metabolic effects of lactitol in the diet of laboratory rats
Authors: Grenby T. H. , Phillips A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Because so little is known about the properties of lactitol as a possible alternative bulk sweetener to sucrose, it was tested in two large-scale experiments in laboratory rats. Matched groups of caries-active Osborne-Mendel rats were fed on uniform diets containing lactitol and compared with a sucrose control in both experiments, plus a xylitol control in the first experiment.2. In the early stages of the experiments weight gains and food utilization were better on the sucrose than on the lactitol regimens. Body-fat storage was higher on the sucrose than on the polyol regimens.3. At the end of 8 weeks the mandibular molars were examined for dental plaque accumulation and dental caries. The dental caries scores when 160 g sucrose/kg in the diet was replaced by lactitol were lower by a highly significant margin, bringing them down to the same low level as those on a 160 g xylitol/kg regimen.4. Testing lactitol in a manufactured food product, shortbread biscuits, in comparison with ordinary sucrose biscuits, showed differences in plaque scores (significant) and caries levels (highly significant), with 60% fewer lesions on the lactitol regimen.5. The results confirm the low cariogenic potential of lactitol, but show metabolic differences compared with sucrose.
Body composition of lactating women determined by anthropometry and deuterium dilution
Authors: Wong William W. , Butte Nancy F. , Smith E. O'brian , Garza Cutberto , Klein Peter D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Body fat, fat-free mass and total body water of ten lactating women were estimated from deuterium-dilution spaces and from skinfold thickness measurements. Deuterium-dilution spaces were calculated from the 6 h (equilibration) and zero-time (extrapolation) deuterium enrichments in saliva, urine, human milk and breath water vapour samples.2. The deuterium spaces obtained by equilibration were statistically larger than those obtained by extrapolation. Isotope dilution spaces derived from deuterium enrichments in saliva, breath water vapour and human milk did not differ with the exception of the 6 h equilibration value of milk, which was greater than that estimated from saliva. Deuterium-dilution spaces estimated from urine were consistently smaller than those derived from the other biological fluids.3. No significant differences in body fat, fat-free mass and total body water were observed between anthropometric measurements and deuterium-dilution methods, except for extrapolated values derived from deuterium enrichments in urine.