bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
There’s No Business Like the Body Business: Food, Dieting, and Recovery
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because women feel their bodies fail the beauty test, American industry benefits enormously, continually nurturing feminine insecurities. Ruling patriarchal interests, like corporate culture, the traditional family, the government, and the media also benefit. If women are so busy trying to control their bodies through dieting, excessive exercise, and self-improvement activities, they lose control over other important aspects of selfhood that might challenge the status quo. In the words of one critic, “A secretary who benchpresses 150 pounds is still stuck in a dead-end job; a housewife who runs the marathon is still financially dependent on her husband.” In creating women’s concept of the ideal body image, the cultural mirror is more influential than the mirror reflecting peer group attitudes. Research has shown that women overestimate how thin a body their male and female peers desire. In a recent study using body silhouettes, college students of both sexes were asked to indicate an ideal female figure, the one that they believed most attractive to the same-sex peer and other-sex peer. Not only did the women select a thinner silhouette than the men, but when asked to choose a personal ideal, rather than a peer ideal, the women selected an even skinnier model.
From Disorderly Eating to Eating Disorder: The Cultural Context of Anorexia and Bulimia
Authors: Hesse-Biber Sharlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words of a popular song echo a powerful message in our culture-that only the beautiful and the thin are valued and loved. Reiterated by families, peers, and the school environment, this notion is taken seriously by many young women. So seriously, in fact, that anorexia nervosa (obsession with food, starvation dieting, severe weight loss) and bulimia (compulsive binge eating, followed by purging through self-induced vomiting or laxatives) occur ten times more frequently in women than in men. These syndromes usually develop during adolescence and, until recently, were more prevalent among upper- and upper-middle class women.
The Unexpected
Authors: Rusch Frederik L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On an April evening in 1926, having taken a friend home, I was on my way back to my rooms. The first stage of the return trip had brought me onto the platform of the 66th Street “L” station; and there I stood, waiting, I would have said, for a downtown train. Surely I had no sense of waiting for anything else. Spring was in the air. After the confinement of winter it was good to be out of doors; so I just rested there, leaning against a railing as one does on shipboard.
Breeding seasons in feral pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproduction in birds involves a large number of behavioral and endocrinological events in complex ecologic settings. In no other aspect of avian biology must so many hormonal and behavioral variables satisfactorily interact with environments that are not wholly predictable. The neuroendocrine system is sensitive not only to astronomic, climatic, and habitat variation, but also to intraspecific and inter specific events, and includes feedback loops on itself.
Nestsites and nestbuilding
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of the Columbidae have a reasonably well-deserved reputation of making poorly constructed nests. Their nests certainly show less attention to detail than those of passerines, but that is true of many other kinds of birds. Most pigeons surely do not qualify as master architects, but the natural history of the nestlife of juveniles includes behavior that frequently augments the nest building efforts of parents. This applies to feral pigeons, who have nests that can be decidedly flimsy, but who may use a nest long enough to have it become monumental in size and in longevity.
Diet
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quality and quantity of available food is of course one of the most important biological factors in the life of feral’ pigeons. An individual pigeon will lose about 5 per cent of its body weight after three days without food, and requires about five days of feeding to regain the original body weight (Griminger 1983); pigeons, being granivorous, must be intensive feeders. In the summary of feral pigeon diets presented below, some findings may be surprising and surely will contrast with the general public opinion that pigeons eat virtually anything.
Control of pigeon populations
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Populations increase by adding new individuals through birth and immigration; they decrease by subtracting individuals in excess of any additions, through death and emigration. There are no alternative phenomena. Resources-nutrition for growth, maintenance and reproduction, and shelter for relief from environmental pressures-dictate whether populations increase, stabilize, or decrease. Therefore, if a program of control of a feral pigeon population is envisioned, the aim should be to reduce or eliminate pigeon resources-food and shelter. Phrased this way, which is intentionally oversimplified, it would seem that any control program should be easy to bring to success.
First-order linear dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solutions to linear dynamical systems with applications When modeling the real world, we first consider only the most basic assumptions. This often leads to a linear (possibly nonhomogeneous) dynamical system. The good news is that in general we can find solutions to these linear dynamical systems. These solutions can lead us to a better understanding of the situation we are modeling. We then try to make our model more realistic by adding secondary assumptions. These assumptions often lead to nonlinear dynamical systems. Unfortunately, we can rarely find solutions to nonlinear dynamical systems. We will see in Chapter 6 that while we cannot find solutions, we can determine the long term behavior of many nonlinear systems using the techniques we develop in studying linear systems. We must comment that there are still a great many types of nonlinear systems for which the behavior is still not understood. To understand the world better, mathematicians need to develop means for understanding these equations better. A major part of this book will be devoted to finding solutions to linear systems. This is not because linear systems are more important or more common than nonlinear systems, but because we know more about linear systems.
Probability and dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multiplication and addition principles Many of the applications in the later chapters require the use of some basic concepts of probability, particularly the multiplicationprinciple and conditional probability. In this Chapter we introduce those concepts from probability that are needed for these later applications. Readers that are familiar with some of these concepts may skip parts of this chapter. In this chapter, we are going to learn some methods for counting the number of ways of performing a given task, and use these techniques to compute the probability of certain events occurring. This knowledge will then be combined with dynamical systems to study applications. Our approach is fairly standard. Suppose we have some task to perform such as picking several books from a bookshelf or choosing a group of people at a meeting to form a committee. Our aim in this section is to count the number of ways this task can be performed. For example, if a bookshelf contains five hooks and we wish to pick one of them, there are five possible outcomes. If we have three people, Tom, Dick, and Harry, at our meeting, there are three ways in which we can choose a committee of two of them, specifically, Tom and Dick, Tom and Harry, or Dick and Harry.
Dynamical systems of several equations
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In section 5.10, we developed a model for population growth in which the population was divided into three age groups. With a(n), b(n), and c(n) representing the first, second, and third age groups, respectively, in time period n, we derived the following dynamical system of three equations: In this chapter we will learn how to use matrix algebra to study dynamical systems of several such as this one.
Delusions, Action, and Insight
Authors: Buchanan Alec , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do psychotic patients act on their delusions? Not in the opinion of Bleuler (1924):
They really do nothing to attain their goal; the emperor and the pope help to manure the fields; the queen of heaven irons the patients’ shirts or besmears herself and the table with saliva. (p. 392)
Bleuler’s contemporaries shared his view (Kant, 1927; Jaspers, 1963). Since then, those writers who have not ignored the issue have argued that delusional action is rare (Anderson & Trethowan, 1973; Fish, 1974; Merskey, 1980; Slater & Roth, 1969). We are unaware of any major text or paper suggesting that acting on delusions is a common occurrence.
There are few data to support this conclusion, however, and some suggestions that it may not be correct. In a study of pretrial prisoners, Taylor ( 1985) noted associations between delusions and violent offending and between violent behavior and the presence of passivity experiences. In Gibbens’ (1958) review of 115 cases of homicide admitted to New Jersey State Hospital, one third of insane murderers had well-structured delusional motives for their crimes. And Lanzkron (1963) reported that 40% of insane homicide occurred “as offspring of a delusional system.”
Dynamical Systems
Authors: Easton Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When scientists and engineers create models of the world, they use dynamical systems, and with these systems they predict how certain aspects of the world change. Their mathematical models allow them to see into the future and into the past. The (planar) pendulum is a simple example to keep in mind as a physical system whose states and evolution can be modeled. The position of the pendulum bob is described by an angle and its velocity by the rate of change of the angle. These two quantities form the state of the pendulum system. As the pendulum moves, its state changes. The “state” of a system collects exactly the information needed to deter mine its evolution. A “metric” is used to determine the distance between states. It is natural to assume that close initial states determine similar evolutions of the system at least over some appropriate period of time. The reader who is not familiar with the topology of metric spaces should read Appendix A in con junction with this chapter since we consistently use metric spaces to model states of systems.
Hyperbolic Fixed Points
Authors: Easton Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A local analysis of orbits near fixed points of smooth maps is the primary focus of this chapter. The sets of points which converge to hyperbolic fixed points are called stable manifolds. They are shown to be Euclidian spaces nonlinearly imbedded in the given state space. Near a hyperbolic fixed point, the orbit structures of a map and its linear approximation are the same up to a homeomorphic change of coordinates.
Invariant Measures
Authors: Easton Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A measure is a generalization of what we mean by area in the plane and volume in three dimensions. A measure assigns a “size” to a set. Thus, for example, the measure of disjoint sets should be the sum of the measures of each. It turns out that there are some sets so “bad” that they cannot be assigned a measure in a natural way. The collection of “‘good” sets forms what is called a sigma algebra and a measure assigns a nonnegative number to each set in the sigma algebra. Measure and integration theory are standard topics taught in first-year graduate mathematics courses in analysis. Some definitions that are needed in the next section are given below for reference. The reader who is not familiar with measure theory may just skip this section and keep in mind that good sets in a Euclidian space are approximated by disjoint unions of generalized boxes, and that the volume of a box is the product of the lengths of its edges.
Biotic Feedbacks from the Warming of the Earth
Authors: Woodwell George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The data from the Vostok Core (Barnola et al. 1987; Lorius et al. 1990; Raynaud et al. 1993) show that during the cycles of warming and cooling of the past 160,000 years temperature, CO2 concentrations, and methane concentrations have marched together. The data do not reveal cause and effect, but they do indicate that the overall pattern of climatic change recorded in that period was dominated by a positive feedback: a warming was associated with an increase in CO2 and CH4 levels in the atmosphere, and a cooling, whatever the initial cause, was correlated with a removal of CO2 and CH4 from the atmosphere. During the cooling phases the temperature changes led the changes in the concentrations of gases.
Methane Output from Natural and Quasinatural Sources: A Review of the Potential for Change and for Biotic and Abiotic Feedbacks
Authors: Nisbet E G , Ingham B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methane output from “natural” sources has changed rapidly in the recent geological past, is changing at present under human influence, and may change further as the earth warms. Unfortunately, the causes, feedback processes, and extent of geological changes are still only poorly understood, the relative strengths of modem sources of CRi remain controversial, and prediction is virtually impossible. One of the most difficult problems is in linking accurate but very imprecise, qualitative, and often anecdotal field biogeochemical observations with precise but not necessarily accurate quantitative synthetic models.
Perturbations to the Biospheric Carbon Cycle: Uncertainties in the Estimates
Authors: Fung Inez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renewed focus on the contemporary CO2 budget, especially on the partitioning of the anthropogenic CO2 sink between land and sea, has greatly expanded our understanding of both terrestrial and oceanic carbon dynamics. Nevertheless, many uncertainties remain about the processes that maintain the present-day carbon balance and about how those processes may change in the future. In this chapter, I briefly review estimates of biospheric carbon fluxes derived from atmospheric observations and models, as well as the processes that may be responsible.
Daily and Within-Day Event Measurement
Authors: Eckenrode John , Bolger Niall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review methods that assess stressful experiences at the daily level, primarily through self-reports using some form of daily diary or record. Although other forms of self-recording devices are available to measure bodily states, such as blood pressure (see Chapter 10), these techniques are less relevant to the assessment of exposure to stressors or the cognitive or behavioral responses to stress and, as such, will not be emphasized here.
In the Service of His Country
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The Spring of 1775, with the relationship between Britain and her American colonies rapidly worsening and war seeming ever more likely, most Philadelphians, regardless of age or condition, sensed something was in the air. James Forten was no exception. A lively and inquisitive child, he ranged about the city and the adjoining district of Southwark in search of work, pausing to watch the ship traffic on the Delaware, picking up scraps of conversation, and glancing at anything—newspapers, pamphlets, or handbills—that came his way. He was proud of his hook-learning, anxious to put it to good use, and ready to show it off whenever the chance arose.
That he read anything he could get his hands on is obvious. His prose style as an adult, his love of the written word, and his experiments in honing language to move his audiences all testify to that. He took his words from two main sources, the King James Bible and the great political theorists of the Revolution. So much for the adult James Forten. What the child James made of what he read is another matter.
Death of a Patriarch
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Last few years of his life James Forten confronted a series of crises that tested his religious faith, his confidence in the power of reform to regenerate America, and his hopes for his community. He faced personal tragedies and business difficulties. He fought unsuccessfully against legal assaults on the rights of men and women of color, and he agonized over bitter divisions among old allies. He saw his long-cherished beliefs assailed, and even occasionally found himself the target of veiled criticism from within the African-American community. Through it all he struggled for a sense of inner calm, reconciling himself to those things he could not change, offering advice even when he feared it would not be heeded, and accepting debilitating illness and death with a dignity that drew admiration from friend and foe alike.
The Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe: Relating Political and Social Concepts to Structural Change
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the GG can be fully understood and assessed, its origins must be contrasted to what it has become during the quarter of a century required for its completion. The GG’s program, the scope of its theoretical concerns, its periodization, and its foci cannot be understood in isolation from its original setting both in German history and historiography. Yet, as I seek to establish in this chapter, there are good reasons for believing that the GG is most no table, not so much for the initial programmatic statements and metatheory of its editors, as for its substantive findings derived from the detailed analysis of a corpus of materials not previously put to such uses. Indeed the perspectives of the principal editors themselves changed during the strenuous process of completing this lexicon, as they applied to their own work the standards they were setting for other contributors. The project took on a life of its own as it grew from the original plan for short histories of concepts within a single book to its ultimate format of eight volumes, with more than seven thousand pages of text, as well as a separate index volume.
“By the Sufferance of Wise Men”: A Call for a History of Political and Social Concepts in English
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, I state the case for a project comparable to the GG, Handbuch, and HWP, but focused upon the history of political and social concepts in English-speaking societies. Admittedly, there already exist many competing conceptions of how to write intellectual history in general, and the histories of political and social thought in particular. But as has been remarked earlier, the issue is not whether conceptual history ought to supersede all other methods in these subjects. Here pluralism is desirable and necessary. The interest of political and social thought is heightened when considered from different angles of vision.
Introduction
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some Trees And Birds Are Made For Each other. Take for example the white bark pine, a timberline tree that graces the moraines and ridgetops of the northern Rockies and Sierra Nevada-Cascades system (Plate I.1). This lovely five-needled pine, long-lived and rugged though it is, cannot reproduce without the help of Clark’s Nutcracker. And the nutcracker, though it captures insects in the summer and steals an occasional bit of carrion, cannot raise its young in these alpine habitats without feeding them the nutritious seeds of the white bark pine. Between them, these dwellers of the high mountains provide for each others’ posterity, which leads biologists to label their relationship symbiotic, or mutualistic. But there is more to it than that, because in playing out their roles these partners change the landscape. The environment they create provides life’s necessities to many other plants and animals. Working in concert, Clark’s Nutcracker and the white bark pine build ecosystems.
The Genus of Pines
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alapp Reindeer Herdsman Approaching Rovaniemi. A Oaxacan campesino piling firewood sticks on his burro. A turpentiner from the Landes of Gascony, an Evenki truck driver, an Alabama short-order cook. A vintner of Ravenna, a Harbin dentist, Scottish harpers playing old ballads in a minor key. A seemingly diverse lot with little in common to bind them? Perhaps. Yet all were probably raised, if not in the shadow, then at least within resin-scent or pollen-flight of the trees we call pines. The baobab may have been, as Peter Matthiessen would have it, the tree where man was born; but it was at the foot of the pine tree that man came of age.
Who Needs Clark:’s Nutcracker?
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The Late 1970S It Was Clear That Several pines in the Old and New Worlds owed at least some of their regeneration to corvids. A long tradition of such observations could be found in ornithological reports from the Alps and Siberia that acknowledged the Eurasian Nutcracker’s role as an establisher of stone pine seedlings by virtue of germination in seed caches. European investigators, for example, had described the European Nutcracker as “an essential help in reforestation,” without which stone pine regeneration is “scarcely conceivable.” Similar findings were beginning to appear from western North America.
Deviations
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologists Are Often Perceived As People who give complex answers to simple questions. But biology is almost never simple. Take for example the preference of Clark’s Nutcracker for large, wingless pine seeds. At first glance, the preference makes perfect sense: large seeds have more nutrition and energy resources than smaller ones, and if all other things are equal, the bird increases its for aging efficiency by harvesting fewer and larger seeds. Wingless seeds should also be a wiser choice than winged ones. For one thing, a winged seed is unlikely to stay put when the cone opens, but will soon flutter to the ground. A wingless seed, on the other hand, is far more likely to remain in the cone where the nutcracker can find it. And before a winged seed is ingested, the wing must be removed. On the whole, this simple pattern is observed, but there are exceptions. It has already been mentioned that Clark’s Nutcrackers feed on the winged but relatively large seeds of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines, and those of Douglas-fir. But Diana Tomback once saw these corvids taking seeds from lodgepole pine cones, and lodgepole pine seeds are among the smallest in the genus, as well as being winged. A lodgepole seed may have only one-fiftieth the heft of a whitebark pine seed.
Is the Keystone Slipping?
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conservation Biologists Have In Recent years adopted the concept of the “keystone mutualist” to call attention to interdependence among the plants and animals of an ecosystem. A keystone mutualist is so closely involved with other organisms that if it becomes extinct, or even seriously depleted, the effects will ramify throughout the ecosystem. Norman Myers has probably expressed this concept most starkly: If a keystone mutualist is eliminated as a result of human disturbance of forest ecosystems, the extinction of several other species will follow inevitably.