bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liberal Protestantism at Michigan: New England Intentions with Jeffersonian Results
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When in 1888 the Rev. Francis Horton of Oakland attacked the University of California for its religious heterodoxy, the contrast he cited was the University of Michigan. “That institution does not teach religion any more than does ours, but its prevailing sentiment is favorable to revealed religion, as here it is against it.”1 Horton’s reference was typical. Michigan was often mentioned hopefully as a model for the future of religion in higher education. The Ann Arbor example showed not only that a state school could be openly sympathetic to Christianity-the same could be said of most state universities2-but also that such sympathy was in fact displayed by a leader among the new research universities. In this era when presidents ran institutions almost singlehandedly, Michigan’s reputation as a Christian university was closely related to the express Christian piety of James Burrill Angell, president from 1871 to 1909. Angell was from Rhode Island and had studied at Brown under Francis Wayland and subsequently taught there. Like most university reformers, he had been ardently pro-Lincoln. During the Civil War he edited a Republican newspaper. He then served as president of the University of Vermont before going to Michigan. As a student he had thought seriously about a ministerial career and clearly carried that sense of calling into his work in higher education. When Angell was being considered for Michigan, Professor George P. Fisher of Yale described him as “a religious man, without the least taint of bigotry.”3 In Angell’s case, this was no pro forma stance. Unlike some of his peers who largely kept their piety under wraps, Angell made Christianity in the university a major cause. He spoke about it, conducted surveys on it, wrote articles and edited a book on Christianity, facilitated the growth of campus ministries, and continued through the first decade of the twentieth century to preach Christ to Michigan.
The Low-Church Idea of a University
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the trends in the formation of the university as a modern American institution were accelerated with the spectacular emergence of the University of Chicago in the 1890s and early 1900s. Armed with John D. Rockefeller money and the brilliant imagination of the former wunderkind President William Rainey Harper, Chicago came to epitomize American pragmatism and enterprise applied to higher education. Like the great World’s Columbian Exposition that opened on the adjacent Midway in 1893 during the university’s first academic year, the school that seemed to arise from nowhere on a south-side marsh signaled that anything was possible in the modern world. And like the city of Chicago itself, the university embodied the startling American principle that there was no advantage in being bound by tradition. As the imposing Gothic architecture suggested, one could buy the appearance of tradition and thus duly impress a midwestern constituency.1 The university proved also that one could buy a first-rate faculty and immediately become a leading national institution. This was the American way. William Rainey Harper added a passion for innovation. Although not all of his schemes worked, his university anticipated many of the traits of the twentieth-century multiversity. In addition to the Graduate School and Divinity School, the university in its early decades included a College of Commerce and Administration, a College of Education, a Medical College, a Law School, and a College of Religious and Social Service. The undergraduate program was divided into a Junior College and a Senior College and was to be fed by affiliated high schools and lower schools. The university also introduced a summer school and was widely known for conducting an elaborate extension and correspondence program to broaden the base of higher education. Moreover, it moved toward affiliation with existing colleges around the country that were to become part of the Chicago system.
Reform Gathers Momentum
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To assess what the reformers achieved in New York, one must examine what was there before the 1920 act. As already mentioned, New York had long had a comprehensive arbitration statute contained in its Code of Civil Procedure. It provided, among other things, that parties could by a writing, duly acknowledged or proved, and certified, in like manner to a deed to be recorded, submit to arbitration any existing controversy that might be the subject of an action. The common law rule of revocability was modified to the limited extent that the submission could not be revoked after the allegations and proofs of the parties had been closed and the matter finally submitted to the arbitrators for decision. In submissions under the code, arbitrator unanimity was not required for an award to be effective; a majority would do unless the submission agreement provided otherwise.
Constitutionalism and the Nationalist Discourse: The Indian Experience
Authors: Raychaudhuri Tappan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In India the colonial state, with its representative institutions and written constitutions, encountered after 19 I 9 a nationalism bent on dismantling the system of which that constitutional structure was an integral part.1 Indigenous politics in general and nationalism in particular were inevitably drawn into the constitutional processes in their encounter with the imperial power. But in the crucial phase of the political developments that led to decolonization, the involvement of mainstream nationalism in constitutional experiments was the result of reluctant and ambivalent decisions. Almost until independence itself in 1947, nationalism’s ostentible posture was one of rejection; involvement in the representative institutions was seen as a tactical measure, part of a wider strategy for the achievement of independence. Although the interchanges with the Raj inevitably focused attention on the degree of devolution to be demanded, these interchanges all occurred within the framework of perceptions that emphasized the overwhelming necessity for persistent agitation outside, and generally in opposition to, the constitutional order. Even the 1928 effort to devise a draft constitution for an independent India was partly in response to a British challenge that the Indians were incapable of agreeing on a constitutional future. In short, constitution making was in no sense central to the nationalist discourse in India. It is essential to recognize in this context that Indian politics was never a monolithic structure and that nationalism was but one element in its complex structure. Indian nationalist consciousness, contrary to popular perceptions formed by the post-1920 developments, was intensely loyal to British rule. Being subjects of an empire on which the sun never set was a matter of pride and joy.
Antecedents
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Realist movement is conventionally thought to have been confined to the period between the two world wars. Realism did not, however, emerge fully formed in 1918. Many of the ideas that figured prominently in the Realists’ teaching and writing were first developed-some­ times in rudimentary form, sometimes elaborately-by dissidents among the preceding generation of scholars.
By far the most important of these forerunners was Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. Holmes was more than simply an incipient Realist. Partly because of his brilliance, partly because of his long tenure as a justice of the United States Supreme Court, and partly because of his aphoristic, even cryptic, writing style, Holmes heavily influenced American legal theorists of many stripes. But the Realists were especially indebted to him.
Despite their avowedly patricidal inclinations, most of the Realists were eager to acknowledge this debt. They cited Holmes’ works constantly. They frequently used long quotations from his books and articles as epigraphs for their own. They celebrated his judicial opinions.Even Jerome Frank, who had little patience for “father worship,” pro­ claimed Holmes “the Completely Adult Jurist.”
The Struggle over the Meaning of Realism
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A debate over the meaning of Realism was carried on in the law reviews during the 1930s. Its most famous exchange, between Roscoe Pound and Karl Llewellyn, may be the best short guide to the Realist movement, its strengths and flaws alike. That exchange is also an epitome: the older essayist, whose remarks are judicious, even high flown, is challenged by a younger debater, who is brash, colloquial, at times disorganized, but who is always on the scent and will yield on no point of logic. Their exchange bodies forth both the generational conflict that gave rise to the movement and some of the spirit of the age; by implication, it also allows a reader to evaluate many smaller matters, such as what the Realists considered fitting subjects and styles for academic writing.
The exchange began in 1930, when Karl Llewellyn, a thirty-seven­ year-old professor at Columbia Law School, published “A Realistic Jurisprudence. The Next Step.” He had been working on parts of his essay for at least five years, and that over lavish attention shows: his argument is disproportioned, a scattershot of ideas without thematic unity. Llewellyn was already moderately well-known for his work in commercial law. His “Effect of Legal Institutions on Economics” (1925)2 had provoked debate; so too would his contentious book of advice for law students, The Bramble Bush (1930). His compendious Cases and Materials on the Law of Sales (1930) was a casebook in the newest mode, with the editor’s digests far outnumbering the cases themselves, the whole worked up with extensive annotations and reprinted statutes.
Legal Reasoning
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the Realists’ writings were devoted to the questions of how lawyers and judges should think about and seek to resolve cases. In retrospect, their reflections on those matters seem to fall into two categories: criticisms of what the Realists took to be the then-dominant style of reasoning, and suggestions as to how disputes could be resolved more intelligently.
The foundation of the critical aspect of the Realist credo was a positivist theory of the nature of law. They denounced the various meta­ physical definitions of law that figured prominently in classical jurisprudence, offering in their place the empirical definition developed by Oliver Wendell Holmes: “The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by law.”1 More specifically, the Realists argued that an accurate statement of the law governing a given case consists of an assessment of the probability that a judge or jury would grant relief to the plaintiff. In Karl Llewellyn’s words: “a right ... exists to the extent that a likelihood exists that A can induce a court to squeeze, out of B, A’s damages.”
Law as Social Science
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Science” was powerfully attractive to the social scientists of the 1920s. The leftists among them had concluded that the progressive effort to educate the poor to rework capitalism had failed. Politics had given them Harding and his “return to normalcy,” the Teapot Dome scandal, and the collapse of the League of Nations. The people could not be taught to lead themselves. Walter Lippman had argued as much in his sardonic Public Opinion (1922). John Dewey came to a complementary conclusion in The Quest for Certainty (1929), claiming that people clung hardest to “eternal truths” when the times were most uncertain; their hold must be broken through scientific method. Others put the matter more strongly still-that scientific study of contemporary problems and their solution was the only sure means of social control. The new world or­ der, considered by intellectuals as diverse as Edward Bellamy and Justice Holmes, amounted to this-here, in the words of a leading social scientist of the 1920s, Charles Merriam:
We are very rapidly approaching a time when it may be possible to decide not merely what types of law we wish to enact, but what types of person we wish to develop, either by the process of education or of eugenics ... to determine what sorts of creature are to be born, within important limits at least.
Introduction: The Final Revolution
Authors: Weigel George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Revolution of 1989—the collapse of the communist regimes in central and eastern Europe—was one of the most extraordi nary events in a century filled with the unexpected. What was this historic cataclysm that changed the very meaning of the word revolution? How did the Lenin Shipyards in Gdansk become the twentieth century’s version of the Bastille? How could a nonvio lent resistance movement topple an empire that had been built on violence, cruelty, and repression? How did people divided by an iron curtain for forty years come to dance together atop the Berlin Wall?
Introduction
Authors: Sered Susan Starr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A bent old woman, wearing two colorful kerchiefs, indiscriminately kisses books in the back of the House of Study, and then kisses the shelf on which the books rest. Her friend, making an eloquent gesture with her arm, blesses all of the young men who are engaged in studying sacred texts. These same women will return home, spend hours preparing traditional Jewish foods, and then in the evening go to synagogue to attend a prayer service of which they understand no more than a few words. At several times during the service they will hold their hands palms upward, kiss their fingers, and be seech God to grant their children, grandchildren, and all of the Israeli Defense Forces, health and happiness. Following the service, they will distribute perfume to the other women in the ladies ‘ gallery of the synagogue, and all will anoint themselves with the perfume, proudly declaring the Hebrew blessing said for sweet smells. Despite their own poverty, on their way home from synagogue they will be careful to give small sums of money to every beggar that they pass.
Between Woman and God
Authors: Sered Susan Starr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It is not necessary to be theologically self-conscious to be religiously sophisticated ... the disquieting sense that one ‘s moral insight is inadequate to one ‘s moral experience is as alive on the level of so called ‘primitive ‘ religion as it is on that of the so-called ‘civilized, “ ‘ worte Clifford Geertz in an essay entitled “Religion as a Cultural System. “1 In the same essay, Geertz defined religious action as “the imbuing of a certain specific complex of symbols with a persuasive authority. “2 This chapter examines some of the symbols that are most important for the women of the Day Center. Issues of belief, of ultimate concerns, will be addressed from the perspective of a group that cannot present us with their own sacred writings (the women are illiterate) or with complex explanations of their personal theology (women are not expected to have the language to talk about such things). Much of what the women believe must be deduced from comments they make about seemingly mundane subjects, from their diurnal and their ritual behavior, from their hand gestures, and from the symbols that seem to them to have a “persuasive authority. “
The examples, illustrations, parables, explanations, and anecdotes through which the women express their beliefs are often drawn from the female domain.
The Liberation of Widowhood: From the Private to the Public
Authors: Sered Susan Starr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters the religious world of the Middle Eastern women has been presented as if it were static; I have argued that “they “ reinterpret, that “they “ domesticate, that “they “ describe religion in interpersonal terms. It is axiomatic to the social scien tific study of religion, however, that religious beliefs develop and are expressed within very specific social contexts. In the last two chapters, we will look at the religious lives of these women within two different contexts of change: change in the life cycle and modernization.
Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book shows that U.S. commercial broadcasting’s emergence in the late 1920s and early 1930s was met by organized opposition and a general level of public antipathy that has been almost entirely overlooked in previous scholastic publications. McChesney highlights the activities of the broadcast reform movement, and shows that although it failed, it provides important lessons for communication historians, and policymakers today.
Introduction
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radio broadcasting emerged dramatically between 1920 and 1922 in the United States, capturing the popular imagination in a manner that was rare, if not unprecedented. By the end of the decade the modem networkdominated, advertising-supported system of radio broadcasting had come into existence. By 1935 the system was entrenched economically, politically, and ideologically, and it would provide the basis for the eventual development of television in the 1940s and 1950s. Between 1928 and 1935, however, some elements of American society actively opposed the emerging commercial set-up and attempted to have a significant portion of the ether set aside for noncommercial and nonprofit utilization. Elements of education, labor, religion, the press, civic groups, and the intelligentsia created the opposition and reflected a general social dissatisfaction with the contours of the emerging commercial system. This opposition coalesced, more or less, into a broadcast reform movement that generated a significant critique of the limitations of network-dominated, advertising-supported broadcasting for the communication requirements of a democratic society. It also struggled to rouse public opinion to support federal legislation that would markedly recast U.S. broadcasting. The passage of the Communications Act of 1934, which still remains the reigning statute for radio and television, effectively ended whatever opportunity for legitimate opposition to commercial broadcasting had existed during these years.
The Broadcast Reform Movement I: The Payne Fund and Ferment Among the Educators
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of General Order 40, the contours of the network-dominated, advertising-supported broadcasting system fell into place with astonishing speed. Almost as quickly, a coherent and organized opposition to commercial broadcasting emerged in the United States. This chapter and the next will profile the elements of the broadcast reform movement that dotted the political landscape between 1930 and 1935, focusing on clarifying the origins, structures, and programs of the various groups that came to oppose commercial broadcasting. This chapter will concentrate upon those activities subsidized by the Payne Fund: The NCER and the Ventura Free Press. Through the NCER the Payne Fund hoped to capitalize upon educators’ dissatisfaction with commercial broadcasting and to mobilize momentum for broadcast reform. Similarly, through the campaign directed under the aegis of the Ventura Free Press, the Payne Fund attempted to enlist newspaper publishers and the general public to the cause of broadcast reform.
The Broadcast Reform Movement II: Nonprofit Broadcasters, Civic Organizations, and Intellectuals
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the activities sponsored by the Payne Fund, the NCER, and the Ventura Free Press radio campaign would play a paramount role in the broadcast reform movement of the early 1930s, they were by no means alone. The broadcast reform movement enjoyed the participation of three other displaced and harassed non profit broadcasters: the Chicago Federation of Labor’s WCFL, which was the official station of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the New York-based Paulist Fathers’ WLWL, and the PacificWestern Broadcasting Federation of Pasadena, California. Each of these three stations began in the 1920s with lofty ambitions for public service, only to face in short order the same financial and political crises that decimated the ranks of the university broadcasting stations.
The Cowboy
Authors: Allmendinger Blake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cowboy uses literary, historical, folkloric, and pop cultural sources to document the cowboy’s role in the culture of the American West. In doing so, Allmendinger makes use of early oral poems recited by cowboys in the course of their work, and later poems, histories, and autobiographies written by cowboys-most of which have never before been studied by scholars.
Introduction
Authors: Allmendinger Blake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cowboy is defined by the work that he does. Any man lays claim to that name if he lives on a ranch and works--drives, brands, castrates, or nurtures-a cattleman’s herd. In addition, working accounts for ways in which cowboys portray themselves in their art: in nineteenth-century poems that they orally composed and sang on the range, in twentieth-century poems that they write, in books that they publish, and in art objects that they fashion, cowboys always represent themselves as engaging in some form of labor. This book’s threefold purpose is, first, to look at art that cowboys produce--art that has never been studied before--and, second, to demonstrate that cowboy art values historically documented labor routines that cowboys have traditionally acted out in their work culture.
Where Seldom Is Heard A Discouraging Word: Orphanhood and Orality at Home
Authors: Allmendinger Blake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No author ever fooled his or her audience more successfully than Will James did when he published his autobiography. Already famous because of his work in the 1920s as a western illustrator, novelist, and short-story writer, James capped his career in 1930 by issuing Lone Cowboy and by representing himself to the public as an orphan who had survived on his own in the West and had grown up to become a celebrity. In Lone Cowboy he wrote-and for a long time his readers believed-that his parents had sold their cattle in Texas at the tum of the century and that they had migrated north with the intention of relocating in Canada. In Montana, his mother had given birth to James, and his father had decided to raise his family there, instead of up north. His mother’s death a year later and his father’s death shortly thereafter had left James on his own, as the book’s title, Lone Cowboy, suggested. However, his subsequent informal adoption by a French Canadian trapper named Bopy had enabled the young boy to survive and live in the West with the protection of a surrogate father. Referred to by James as “the Old Timer,” the elderly man had introduced James to cowboys, mountain men, fur traders, and trappers while shepherding James through the Canadian and American wilderness. But according to James, the Old Timer had died in 1906, once again leaving James on his own as an orphan.
The Nachlass of Kurt Gödel: an overview
Authors: Dawson John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nachlass of Kurt Gödel was bequeathed by him to his wife Adele, who donated it to the Institute for Advanced Study in his memory prior to her death in 1981. Under terms of her will, literary rights to the papers are also vested in the Institute for Advanced Study. The papers comprise documents relating to all periods of Godel’s life, including scientific correspondence, notebooks, drafts, unpublished manuscripts, academic, legal, and financial records and all manner of loose notes and memoranda.