bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The basics
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mark Twain (1924) probably had politicians in mind when he reiterated Disraeli ‘s famous remark. Scientists, we hope, would never use data in such a selective manner to suit their own ends. But, alas, the analysis of data is often the source of some exasperation even in an academic context. On hearing comments like ‘the result of this experiment was inconclusive, so we had to use statistics ‘, we are frequently left wondering as to what strange tricks have been played on the data.
The sense of unease which many of us have towards the subject of statistics is largely a reflection of the inadequacies of the ‘cook-book ‘ approach to data analysis that we are taught as undergraduates. Rather than being offered a few clear principles, we are usually presented with a maze of tests and procedures; while most seem to be intuitively reasonable individually, their interrelations are not obvious. This apparent lack of a coherent rationale leads to considerable apprehension because we have little feeling for which test to use or, more importantly, why.
Fortunately, data analysis does not have to be like this! A more unified and logical approach to the whole subject is provided by the probability formulations of Bayes and Laplace. Bayes ‘ ideas (published in 1763) were used very successfully by Laplace (1812), but were then allegedly discredited and largely forgotten until they were rediscovered by Jeffreys (1939). In more recent times they have been expounded by Jaynes (1983, 2003) and others. This book is intended to be an introductory tutorial to the Bayesian approach, including modern developments such as maximum entropy.
Experimental design
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have now seen many examples of how probability theory can be used to make quantitative inferences based on all the (new) empirical information, and (past) prior knowledge, that is available. While this is the central task of data analysis, we have so far assumed that there is little choice in the actual conduct of the experiments. Let us turn our attention to this question, and consider how issues such as optimal instrumental design, and procedure, can be addressed.
Least-squares extensions
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Least-squares is probably the most widely used data analysis procedures in the physical sciences, and we saw how it could be justified from a Bayesian viewpoint in Chapter 3. The deeper understanding provided by the latter leads naturally to powerful extensions of the basic recipe. A consideration of the uncertainties in the characteristics of the implicit Gaussian likelihood, for example, yields simple prescriptions for dealing with ‘outliers ‘ and suspected noise correlations.
Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer
Authors: Knowles Margaret A , Selby Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“This new edition of Introduction to the Cellular and Molecular Biology of Cancer provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of cancer biology, covering the current status of both research and treatment. For the student or new researcher the breadth of cancer research can appear daunting, yet a broad understanding is essential for translation of laboratory findings into the clinic. Within the broad scope of the book, each topic is reviewed authoritatively by experts in the field, and the accompanying bibliographies allow rapid access to the relevant current literature. The book covers topics extending from the molecular alterations found in cancer cells and their causes to the current range of approaches to treatment. Since the publication of the previous edition in 1997 there has been unprecedented progress in cancer research: this is reflected by an extensive revision of all the material, and the addition of eight new chapters, covering DNA repair, epigenetic events, the cell cycle, cell immortalisation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, animal models, the genome, transcriptome and proteome, radiotherapy and molecular radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. The fourth edition of this popular book will serve as a text for both undergraduate and postgraduate use and also as an introduction for clinicians and scientists new to the field.”
Hormones and cancer
Authors: Bevan Charlotte L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hormone-dependent cancer is increasingly a major concern. In the United Kingdom, breast and prostate cancer are the commonest cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in women and men respectively, and their incidence is increasing (Cancer Research UK, 2003). They are also both tumours which arise in hormone-responsive tissues and which themselves require steroid hormones for growth, at least in the initial stages. Thus, the study of hormone action in cancer is of utmost importance. The fact that these tumours depend on hormones also means that manipulation of the hormonal environment should allow control of tumour growth.
Tumour angiogenesis
Authors: Tahtis Kiki , Bicknell Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now some 20 years since it became widely appreciated that the growth of solid tumours requires a functional vasculature and that dis- ruption of this functional vasculature could lead to novel anti-cancer therapies. This has led to the development of many anti-angiogenic drugs, the first of which are now completing clinical trial. The purpose of this chapter is to review our current understanding of tumour angiogenesis and what the prospects are for anti-angiogenic therapies.
Chemotherapy
Authors: Camidge D Ross , Jodrell Duncan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term chemotherapy, under its broadest definition, covers any therapeutic intervention utilizing chemicals and includes the use of any pharmaceutical compound. However, in common oncological parlance, the term is taken to relate to the administration of cytotoxic drugs, often with significant side effects, to patients as part of the treatment of malignant disease. This chapter will concentrate on the scientific and clinical basis of using these traditional cytotoxic drugs to ‘kill’ malignant cells. Newer agents will also be dis- cussed briefly to highlight the very significant changes in cancer drug discovery, development, and administration that are underway.
Radiotherapy and molecular radiotherapy
Authors: Kiltie Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiotherapy is the use of ionizing radiation (IR) to treat malignant diseases, by damaging and killing tumour cells, for tumour cure or palliation of symptoms. Radiotherapy may also be used in cer- tain benign conditions such as keloid scars, hyper- ostotic new bone formation, and hyperthyroidism. Treatment with radiotherapy has different aims in different clinical situations. Radical radiotherapy, as in head and neck cancer or bladder cancer, involves using radiotherapy to cure the tumour. It may be combined with chemotherapy before, dur- ing, or after radiotherapy as in lymphoma, rectal cancer, and anal cancer. Adjuvant radiotherapy, for example, following surgery in breast cancer or soft tissue sarcoma, is given to eradicate residual microscopic disease usually at a slightly lower than radical dose. Palliative radiotherapy is administered in short courses with lower doses, for example, for bone metastases to treat pain or spinal cord compression, to shrink tumour masses or relieve symptoms such as bleeding.
Constructive learning in the modeling of psychological development
Authors: Shultz Thomas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although many computational models of psychological development involve only learning, this paper examines the advantages of allowing artificial neural networks to grow as well as learn in such simulations. Comparisons of static and constructive network simulations of the same developmental phenomena bring this issue into clear focus. Constructive algorithms are found to be better at learning and at covering developmental stages and stage sequences. The relatively new sibling–descendant cascade-correlation algorithm (SDCC) decides whether to install each newly recruited hidden unit on the current highest layer or on a new layer.
Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy
Authors: Csibra Gergely , Gergely György 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We propose that humans are adapted to transfer knowledge to, and receive knowledge from, conspecifics by teaching. This adaptation, which we call ‘pedagogy’, involves the emergence of a special communication system that does not presuppose either language or high-level theory of mind, but could itself provide a basis for facilitating the development of these human-specific abilities both in phylogenetic and ontogenetic terms. We speculate that tool manufacturing and mediated tool use made the evolution of such a new social learning mechanism necessary.
When do 4-month-olds remember the ‘what’ and ‘where’ of hidden objects?
Authors: Mareschal Denis , Bremner Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dual stream hypothesis is one of the most important heuristic frameworks for understanding the development of early human infant– object interactions. Electrophysiological evidence suggests that both dorsal and ventral streams are at least partially functional from a very young age. However, the two streams may not be functionally integrated until well into the second year of life (DeLoache et al. 2004). In this chapter, we present evidence from early infancy that the two streams are initially poorly integrated.
The development of human conceptual representations: A case study
Authors: Carey Susan , Sarnecka Barbara W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses a uniquely human learning mechanism – conceptual-role bootstrapping – whereby external symbolic systems (especially language) enable the creation of new, internal representational resources. The process is described in general terms and is also illustrated with a specific case: the acquisition of concepts for positive integers (one, two, three, etc.). First, the core knowledge systems that have numerical content are described and it is shown that none of these systems alone is capable of representing the positive integers. Next, children’s typical pattern of acquisition of the positive integers is described.
Spatial cognitive development following early focal brain injury: Evidence for adaptive change in brain and cognition
Authors: Stiles Joan , Paul Brianna , Hesselink John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of developmental cognitive neuroscience has grown exponentially over the last two decades. The body of findings from both animal and human studies that has emerged has fundamentally changed the way we think about development. The age-old question of nature versus nurture is rapidly losing relevance as study after study demonstrates the essential role of the interaction between biology and experience in development. Development is principled, but dynamic, relying on the careful balance between progressive commitment to stable basic functional systems, while retaining the capacity for adaptation when the demands on the organism change.
Modules
Authors: Cameron Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A module bears the same relationship to a vector space as a ring does to a ﬁeld. As this suggests, modules exist in much greater profusion than do vector spaces. We know everything about a vector space over a given field F once we know its dimension; but to specify a module, more detailed information is required. One of the themes of modern algebra is that the modules for a given ring capture a good deal of the structure of the ring. Our main goal in this chapter is the description of modules over Euclidean domains. The structure theorem tells us about finitely generated abelian groups, and also gives us canonical forms for matrices over fields.
Quasiconformal Maps and Teichmϋller Theory
Authors: Fletcher A , Markovic V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on a series of graduate lectures given by Vladimir Markovic at the University of Warwick in spring 2003, this book is accessible to those with a grounding in complex analysis looking for an introduction to the theory of quasiconformal maps and Teichmüller theory. Assuming some familiarity with Riemann surfaces and hyperbolic geometry, topics covered include the Grötzch argument, analytical properties of quasiconformal maps, the Beltrami differential equation, holomorphic motions and Teichmüller spaces. Where proofs are omitted, references to where they may be found are always given, and the text is clearly illustrated throughout with diagrams, examples, and exercises for the reader.
Synthesizing ecological experiments and observational data with hierarchical Bayes
Authors: Clark James S , LaDeau Shannon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological field experiments rarely unfold as planned. The design and scale of observations can change due to unforeseeable changes in the environment and the emergence of new information. The subjects themselves can change in ways that make the original design untenable. Traditional models have limited flexibility to accommodate such complications, and they are not of much use for assimilation of information that comes from different sources.
Introduction
Authors: Katz Laura A , Bhattacharya Debashish 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microbial eukaryotes (i.e. protists), defined as eukaryotes that are neither plants, animals, nor fungi, are essential to many aspects of human health and the environment. These organisms represent at least 1500 million years of evolution, comprise the bulk of eukaryotic lineages, and include members with many key evolutionary innovations. Furthermore, because plants, animals, and fungi arose independently from within microbial groups, elucidating the origins and genetic developments within eukaryotic micro-organisms are necessary to understand fully the evolution of these macroscopic lineages. Hence, genomic studies of eukaryotic microbes are vital for deciphering the biodiversity of life on Earth.
The nuts and bolts of sequencing protist genomes
Authors: Bartholomeu Daniella C , Hall, Neil , Carlton Jane M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The availability of the complete genome sequence of an organism is an essential step towards obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the organism’s biology. In this regard, the species that make up the group Protista are important sequencing targets since: (i) many are human or animal pathogens of medical or veterinary importance, responsible for causing widespread morbidity and mortality; (ii) comparative genome analysis of freeliving versus parasitic protists may provide a deeper understanding of the evolution of pathogenic processes; (iii) genome sequencing of eukaryotic taxa will yield insights into key events in eukaryote evolution, such as cellular compartmentalization and origin of cytoskeletal structures; and (iv) due to their paraphyletic nature, sequencing protists from diverse groups representing successive lineages is of tremendous benefit for inferences in comparative genomics.
The genome of Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Clark C Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the parasitic microbial eukaryote, Entamoeba histolytica ranks second behind the malaria parasites as a cause of human mortality. The WHO (1998) estimates that as many as 70 000 people die each year from the diseases it causes – primarily amoebic colitis and amoebic liver abscess. The number of people infected is much higher, perhaps as high as 50 million. The reason why so few infections become symptomatic is unknown and all infected individuals are considered to be at risk of developing disease.
Hypnotic Regulation Of Consciousness And The Pain Neuromatrix
Authors: Boly Mélanie , Faymonville Marie-Elisabeth , Vogt Brent A , Maquet, Pierre , Laureys Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since mankind ‘s early history, hypnosis has been used as a therapeutic tool (De Betz and Sunnen 1985). Scientific papers have aimed to demonstrate its efficacy in the treatment of pain, gastrointestinal and dermatological pathologies, depression, anxiety, stress and habit disorders, to name but a few. Unfortunately, there is not a generally accepted definition of hypnosis. For many authors, it is seen as a state of focused attention, concentration and inner absorption with a relative suspension of peripheral awareness. We have all experienced similar states many times but do not usually call it hypnosis (e.g. being so absorbed in thought while doing something that we fail to notice what is happening around us). The Executive Committee of the American Psychological Association-Division of Psychological Hypnosis (1994) has constructed a definition from the multiplicity of positions of a number of researchers advocating differing theoretical perspectives.
On The Contribution Of Neurophysiology To Hypnosis Research: Current State And Future Directions
Authors: Burgess Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most interesting and productive developments in hypnosis research over the last 15 years has been the growth in the number of studies that incorporate measures of neurophysiological function. Typically these studies involve samples of extreme participants with high and low susceptibility measured before and after hypnotic induction with a concurrent neurophysiological measure such as the encephalogram (EEG)1 or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). These studies, which we might conveniently refer to as provocation tests as hypnosis is used to provoke a change in neural function, have often reported that highly susceptible participants show a change in brain physiology following hypnotic induction that is not seen before induction and is not seen in participants with low susceptibility even after induction. The inference made from these observations, either implicitly or explicitly, is that hypnotic induction effects a state change in the brains of participants who enter a hypnotized state. As such, these studies have been used as some of the most potent ammunition available in the long-standing controversy between state and non-state theorists.
The Experience Of Agency And Hypnosis From An Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Ray William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology is just beginning to come to grips with the manner in which evolutionary thinking can impact and shape our current conceptualizations of physiological processes. This is somewhat surprising since Darwin suggested over 150 years ago that the theoretical underpinning of psychology would come from evolutionary theory. However, the realization of this possibility has been delayed partly from an infatuation with a potentially simple scientific view that ignored internal processes and a metatheory that ignored bio- logical foundations of human behaviour and experience. At the beginning of the twenty- first century, we are again returning to a scientific exploration of internal process including consciousness and the hypnotic experience.
The emergence of consequential thought: evidence from neuroscience
Authors: Baird* Abigail A , Fugelsang Jonathan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One’s ability to imagine alternative outcomes and understand the consequences of those outcomes is an essential component of human reasoning. Such counterfactual thinking typically involves imagining a set of circumstances leading up to an event that may have had a different outcome if only a critical preceding event did not take place. For example, consider the case in which an individual runs over a pedestrian while taking an alternative route home to drop off a coworker. Had the coworker not requested a ride home, the driver might not have taken the alternative route, and thus not struck the pedestrian. Given this set of circumstances, an individual can mutate the events preceding the outcome and judge the degree to which certain mutations could change the outcome (e.g. the consequences of their behaviour).
Responsibility and punishment: whose mind? A response
Authors: Goodenough Oliver R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays collected in this issue demonstrate how the discoveries of cognitive neuroscience are rapidly expanding our understanding of the workings of the human brain. As our models of human mental processes improve, they are beginning to inform debates in other fields. In the law, the rules for assessing criminal responsibility have become the object of such an examination, both in essays within this issue (Baird & Fugelsang 2004; Greene & Cohen 2004; Jones 2004; Sapolsky 2004) and elsewhere (e.g. Lewis 1998; Reider 1998; Winslade 2002; see also Morse 2004).
Population Dynamics
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter is organized as follows. We begin in Section 7.1 with a discussion of the dynamics of the scattering cross-section and characterize this process in terms of a higher order transition process for a discrete scattering population. This is specialized to the case of the birth–death–immigration (BDI) model in Section 7.2. As the size of the population becomes asymptotically large, in Section 7.3, we obtain a corresponding limiting description in terms of a normalized continuous process, whose probability density obeys the Kramers–Moyal equation. In doing so we elucidate under what circumstances such a continuous process is a diffusion. As a special case we recover the diffusion model applied to scattering by Jakeman (1980) that corresponds to the BDI model, i.e. for the case of first-order transitions of birth, death and immigration.
Non-Linear Dynamics Of Sea Clutter
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We review experimental evidence for the non-linearity of sea clutter and the role of the z-parameter or Mann–Whitney rank-sum statistic in quantifying this nonlinear behaviour in the context of a hybrid amplitude modulation (AM)/frequency modulation (FM) model for sea clutter, viewed as a cyclostationary process. An independent theoretical derivation of the stochastic dynamics of radar scattering in a sea clutter environment, in terms of a pair of coupled stochastic differential equations (SDEs) for the received envelope and radar cross-section (RCS), enables the identification of non-linearity in terms of the shape parameter for the RCS. We are led to conclude that, from both experimental and theoretical points of view, the dynamics of sea clutter are non-linear with a consistent degree of non-linearity that is determined by the sea state.
Queues
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose now that the random walker of Exercise (1) delays its steps in the following way. When at the point n, it waits a random length of time having the exponential distribution with parameter 0n before moving to its next position; different ‘holding times’ are independent of each other and of further information concerning the steps of the walk.
Random variables and their distributions
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantities governed by randomness correspond to functions on the probability space called random variables. The value taken by a random variable is subject to chance, and the associated likelihoods are described by a function called the distribution function. Two important classes of random variables are discussed, namely discrete variables and continuous variables. The law of averages, known also as the law of large numbers, states that the proportion of successes in a long run of independent trials converges to the probability of success in any one trial. This result provides a mathematical basis for a philosophical view of probability based on repeated experimentation. Worked examples involving random variables and their distributions are included, and the chapter terminates with sections on random vectors and on Monte Carlo simulation.