bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional studies on East African herbivores
Authors: Arman Pamela , Hopcraft D. , McDonald I. 
Published: September 2005

1. A series of nitrogen-balance trials was done using groups of four animals of various species of wild and domesticated ruminants using pelleted diets (Arman & Hopcraft, 1975)2. Various herbivores were given grass or grass hays, legumes, herbs and shrubs. Food and faecal samples were analysed for N3. With the pelleted diets, the N content of the faecal dry matter (DM) was low for eland (Taurotragus oryx Pallas), high for sheep and cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and intermediate for the three small antelope species (hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokei Günther), Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsonii Günther) and duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia L.)). With the natural fodders, similar relationships were found, together with variations associated with the type of diet4. Three forms of equation were used to express the relationship between faecal N and food N. One of the forms, the linear regression of g faecal N/kg DM intake v. g food N/kg DM intake, fitted the results less well than did the other two and was not used to estimate metabolic faecal N (MFN) losses5. MFN was calculated by extrapolation of linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g N intake/kg faecal DM for the pelleted diets. The range of values was (g N/kg faecal DM): Friesians 7·6, eland 8·1, zebu cattle 11·0 and small antelope and sheep 11·5–12·6. There were significant differences (P < 0·001) between species in slopes and intercepts6. MFN was calculated from linear regressions of g faecal N/kg faecal DM v. g food N/kg food DM for all diets. This method gave the best fit for the pelleted diets. Values for these diets were (g N/kg faecal DM): eland 8·3, cattle and sheep 9·3–11·0 and small antelope 11·6–12·3. Species differences were significant (P < 0·001). With grasses, values ranged from 5·9 for non-ruminants (rabbit (domesticated), warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus Pallas) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius L.)) plus eland and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Burchell), to 8·4 for the other ruminants (sheep, goat, hartebeest, gazelle, duiker, buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman)), kob (Adenota kob thomasi Sclater), reedbuck (Redunca redunca Pallas) and topi (Damaliscus korrigum Ogilby). For ruminants (sheep, hartebeest, duiker and kob), excluding eland, given legumes the value was 8·6, and for sheep and duiker given herbs the value was 14·7. With shrubs, faecal-N losses were variable and sometimes high7. With the pelleted diets, true digestibilities of crude protein (N×6·25) varied from 0·84 to 0·918. The results are discussed in relation to the digestive physiology and feeding habits of the various species, and there is an examination of the feasibility of using linear regressions of crude protein in the diet v. N in the faecal DM for evaluating the quality of the diets selected by free-ranging East African herbivores.
The effect of dietary lipids on lipolysis in rat adipose tissue
Authors: Larking P. W. , Nye E. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rats were fed for 8 weeks on one of five diets differing in the amount of fatty acids 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3. Lipolysis, in vitro, of epididymal fat from fed and fasted rats was measured both basally and in the presence of noradrenaline with and without prostaglandin E12. Lipolysis was markedly influenced by the type of dietary fat. In particular, lipolysis in adipose tissue from rats given diets rich in the fatty acid 18:3 was higher than in the rats given diets containing 18:23. Results showing the effects of fasting on adipose tissue lipolysis are also presented4. The results are discussed in relation to the known effects of unsaturated fats on hyper-plasia and protein synthesis in adipose tissue and on the possible role of prostaglandins.
Endogenous nitrogen excretion and utilization of dietary protein
Authors: Nicol B. M. , Phillips P. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The endogenous nitrogen losses of men of different ethnic, ecological and socio-economic backgrounds are similar when calculated per unit body-weight or per unit basal energy consumption. The hypothesis that endogenous N losses, adjusted upwards by a factor of 0.30 to equate them with N equilibrium, can be used to derive man's physiological requirements for proteins of high quality, e.g. those of egg and milk, was studied..2. Men living in Nigeria, accustomed to eat diets which provided mixtures of protein only slightly higher than the ‘safe level of intake’ proposed by the Joint FAO/WHOad hocExpert Committee on Energy and Protein Requirements (FAO/WHO, 1973), were found to use absorbed N more efficiently than University of California students who habitually consume diets which supply a great excess of protein over that ‘safe level’..3. The greater protein-sparing effect of carbohydrates than of fats and oils may play a part in this more efficient use of protein by men living in developing countries. Also, man possesses mechanisms in intermediary metabolism which allow him to adjust to low levels of protein intake..4. Thus it appears that all apparently healthy men cannot be considered equal in regard to their requirements for protein.
Serum protein fractions from children of differing nutritional status analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroimmunoassay
Authors: Schelp F. P. , Migasena P. , Saovakontha S. , Pongpaew Praneet , Supawan Venus 
Published: September 2005

1. The nutritional status of children showing no clinical signs of malnutrition, from the University School of Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen province, north-east Thailand and from two villages nearby, was tested. The children were grouped according to their body-weight expressed as a percentage of expected weight-for-height (Harvard standards (Stuart & Stevenson, 1959), as given by Jelliffe (1966))..2. The differing prealbumin concentrations indicated that nutritional status differed between the groups..3. The urinary urea: creatinine ratio was significantly lower in the village children compared with the children from Khon Kaen, indicative of the higher dietary protein intake of the latter..4. α1-Acid glycoprotein and the first ‘post-albumin peak’ (obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum and containing mainly Gc-globulin, α1-antichymotrypsin and α1-B-glycoprotein) were found to be significantly higher in the village children compared with children from Khon Kaen..5. The three main proteins of the first ‘post-albumin peak’ from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum were tested separately using the electroimmunoassay method. There was no significant difference in Gc-globulin between the children from Khon Kaen and the village children. The concentration of α1-B-glycoprotein from those Khon Kaen children whose body-weight was more than 95% expected weight-for-height was significantly lower compared with that of village children. α1-Antichymotrypsin concentration was significantly higher in serum from Khon Kaen children than in serum from village children.
Screening for risks of cardiovascular disease in children. A preliminary report
Authors: Marktl W. , Rudas Barbara 
Published: September 2005

1. The results obtained for 236 Viennese schoolchildren between 11 and 12 years of age indicated that 38% of children had an increased concentration of cholesterol in their serum and 3% had an increased serum triglyceride concentration..2. The results of the preliminary study suggested that, by extending the dimensions of the screening, further problems, for example the correlation between different ‘risk’ factors and the significance of nutritional habits, might be studied.
Enzymic evaluation of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of parturient women and their newborn infants
Authors: Bamji M. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of ‘low-income-group’ mothers and their newborn infants was assessed by analysing paired samples of maternal and umbilical cord blood for erythrocyte transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) (ETK), erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) (EGR), and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) (EAA) activities..2. The vitamin status of the infants was better than that of the mothers..3. Most of the mothers and some of the infants had biochemical evidence of thiamin and riboflavin defciency..4. The pregnant women had a higher EAA activity and also higher stimulation with pyridoxal-5-phosphate than the non-pregnant women of the same community..5. There was a significant correlation between maternal and umblical blood samples for ETK and EGR activities, but not for EAA activity or any of the coenzyme stimulation tests.
Thermic effect of glucose in obese subjects studied by direct and indirect calorimetry
Authors: Pittet Ph. , Chappuis Ph. , Acheson K. , De Techtermann F. , JÉquier E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The thermic effect of a glucose load (50 g) was studied in ten control and eleven obese female subjects, using both direct and indirect calorimetry simultaneously. Experiments were done under conditions of thermal equilibrium (28° and 30% relative humidity)..2. Thermal balance (heat production measured by indirect calorimetry minus heat losses measured directly) was negative in the control group during the fasting period (heat deficit – 14.2 ± 5.0 kJ/m2per h), whereas that of the obese group was in equilibrium (+ 1.4 ± 4.8 kJ/m2per h)..3. After the glucose load, metabolic rate increased 13.0 ± 1.5 and 5.2 ± 1.3% in the control and obese groups respectively..4. In contrast to the metabolic rate, total heat losses were not significantly altered in either group after the glucose load. Total heat losses of the obese group were significantly lower than those of the control group throughout the experimental period..5. During the experiments the amount of heat stored was increased in both groups. Thermal balance in the control group became positive while that of the obese group remained positive..6. During the fasting period, the control subjects oxidized more carbohydrates (90.4 mg/min) than lipids (68.8 mg/min), whereas obese subjects oxidized more lipids (103.7 mg/min) than carbohydrates (50.2 mg/min). After the glucose load, the oxidation rate of carbohydrates was increased in both groups to 158.1 mg/min in control subjects and 95.6 mg/min in obese subjects..7. The mean skin temperature of the control subjects was significantly higher than that of the obese subjects and remained higher throughout the postprandial period..8. These results indicate that: (a) during the fasting period, the energy sources utilized and the thermal balance of the two groups were different; (b) the thermic effect of glucose was less in the obese subjects and, therefore, might be a factor contributing to their low energy expenditure.
C18unsaturated fatty acid hydrogenation patterns of some rumen bacteria and their ability to hydrolyse exogenous phospholipid
Authors: Hazlewood G. P. , Kemp P. , Lander D. , Dawson R. M. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. A number of rumen bacteria isolated because of their ability to deacylate phosphatidyl-choline, were found, in addition, to hydrogenate polyunsaturated fatty acids..2. The most active lipolytic organisms had an unusual pattern of hydrogenation of dietary fatty acids in that α-linolenic acid was hydrogenated only as far astrans-11,cis-15-octadeca-dienoic acid.
Energy losses associated with oven-drying and the preparation of rat carcasses for analysis
Authors: Lofti Mahshid , MacDonald I. A. , Stock M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of oven-drying on the heat of combustion of rat carcasses was studied and found to produce losses of 10% of the original energy content. Oven-drying also produced a small loss of nitrogen.2. A method of carcass preparation not involving oven-drying was tested and found to produce suitably homogeneous samples for analysis without any loss of energy.
The use of pivalic acid as a reference substance in measurements of production of volatile fatty acids by rumen micro-organisms in vitro
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. A procedure is described for using pivalic acid as an inert reference substance in determination of changes in concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA).2. Pivalic acid in concentrations of up to 80 mmol/l had no effect on production of methane or VFA by rumen contents.3. Pivalic acid was inert during incubation with rumen contents from sheep given different diets and with samples taken at different times with respect to feeding.
The effect of acute illness on leucocyte and plasma ascorbic acid levels
Authors: MacLennan W. J. , Hamilton Judith C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Serial estimations of plasma (PAA) and leucocyte (LAA) ascorbic acid concentrations were made in geriatric patients in a stable phase of their illness, and compared with a similar (‘unstable’) group suffering from acute illness.2. In the ‘unstable’ group, though PAA levels were unchanged, LAA levels were reduced.3. In the ‘follow-up’ period of 7-8 d there was much greater variation in both PAA and LAA levels in the ‘unstable’ group.4. Acute illness was often accompanied by an increase and then a decrease in LAA levels. Recovery was associated with an increase in LAA levels.
On the role of higher plant and microbial lipases in the ruminal hydrolysis of grass lipids
Authors: Dawson R. M. C. , Hemington N. , Hazlewood G. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. The galactolipids of heat-treated,14C-labelled rye grass S24 administered intraruminally to a sheep fed on an autoclaved diet were rapidly catabolized.2. When grass was homogenized with rumen contents devoid of higher plant lipases the grass galactolipids were rapidly metabolized, but were not metabolized when the rumen contents were boiled to destroy microbial galactolipases.3.14C-labelled monogalactosyldiglyceride, digalactosyldiglyceride and triolein were metabolized, with the release of14C-labelled fatty acids when incubated with a homogenate (100 g/l) of grass or clover in rumen fluid from a starved sheep, but not when the rumen fluid was heat-treated to destroy microbial enzymes.4. It is concluded that in the sheep the lipases of rumen micro-organisms play a major part in the ruminal degradation of ingested complex lipids of pasture.
The effect of in utero protein malnutrition and subsequent renutrition on rat saliva and some salivary enzymes
Authors: Watson R. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rat pups developed chronic protein insufficiency resulting from malnutrition diet in utero while their dams received 40 g protein/kg diet.2. Before weaning they were found to have decreased salivary amylase (EC3.2.1.1) and aminopeptidase activities.3. A complete diet (250 g protein/kg) rapidly restored salivary amylase activity before weight normalization. However, renourished pups (malnourished pups given 250 g protein/kg for 14 d) still had increased numbers ofStreptococcus mutansin their plaque.
Iron absorption from a cereal-based meal containing cane sugar fortified with ascorbic acid
Authors: Derman D. , Sayers M. , Lynch S. R. , Charlton R. W. , Bothwell T. H. , Mayet Fatima 
Published: September 2005

1. The feasibility of improving iron nutrition by fortifying cane sugar with ascorbic acid was studied.2. The absorption of Fe added to maize-weal porridge was measured in 116 volunteer multiparous Indian women using the radio-Fe erythrocyte utilization method. The meals were fed with and without tea or coffee and with and without varying amounts of ascorbic acid.3. The mean absorption of Fe from maize-meal porridge was very low (3.8 %), being even further reduced (2.1 %) when tea was drunk with the meal.4. The addition of 50 or 100 mg ascorbic acid to maize-meal porridge caused approximately a 10-fold increase in Fe absorption. The increase was much less when tea was present, being 2-fold and 5-fold with 50 and 100 mg ascorbic acid respectively. The inhibitory effect of tea on Fe absorption could, however, be overcome by giving larger doses of ascorbic acid (250 and 500 mg).5. When contaminating Fe (2.5 mg) in the form of labelled rust (Fe2O3) or ferric hydroxide was added to maize-meal porridge it was poorly absorbed (mean values were 0.01 % and 1.5 % respectively). The addition of 100 mg ascorbic acid increased the mean Fe absorption rates to 0.5 % and 6.7 % with Fe2O3 and Fe(OH)3 respectively. Fe(OH)3 was found to be absorbed about half as well as the intrinsic Fe present in maize-meal porridge.6. It is concluded that ascorbic acid is capable of improving Fe absorption from a cereal source. It can partially overcome the inhibitory effect of tea and might be expected to facilitate the absorption of at least some forms of Fe that may contaminate food.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins. 8. The role of sucrose in the susceptibility of protein foods to heat damage
Authors: Hurrell R. F. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. A high-protein yeast cake, based on ovalbumin and lactalbumin, and containing 200 g sucrose/kg was baked and toasted as previously described by Block, Cannon, Wissler, Steffe, Straube, Frazier & Woolridge (1946). This caused a severe reduction in its protein quality for rats, and in its fluorodinitrobenzene (FDNB)-reactive lysine content. The damage appeared to be caused by inversion of sucrose to glucose and fructose during fermentation by the yeast followed by Maillard reactions. Processing an albumin-sucrose mixture in a similar way but without fermentation caused no loss in nutritional value for rats and a small reduction in FDNB-reactive lysine.2. Sucroselysine solutions were prepared and heated as previously described by El-Nockrashy & Frampton (1967). Contrary to their findings, we detected no loss of lysine after storage for 16 h at 35° or after heating for 2 h at 100°, although after heating for 4 h at 121° about 0.7 of the original lysine remained. At an alkaline pH, sucrose hydrolyses only slowly even at 121°, and this is catalysed to some extent by the presence of lysine.3. A ‘dry’ albumin-sucrose mixture (10-200 mg moisture/g) was heated in sealed glass ampoules under a range of conditions. The loss of FDNB-reactive lysine was stongly dependent on the processing conditions; in particular it was decreased by an increase in pH. After 2 h at 121°, lysine damage caused by sucrose was similar to that caused by glucose. Lysine damage due to sucrose was believed to follow on from its breakdown to glucose and fructose.4. Although the presence of sucrose does not make proteins highly sensitive to Maillard reactions and loss of nutritive value, it must not be considered entirely inert. Our results confirm earlier work indicating that its presence at relatively high levels in oil seeds may be largely responsible for the damage to protein quality observed when they are severely processed.
Amino acid uptake in chickens subjected to increasing levels of quantitative food restriction
Authors: Gous R. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Three groups of cockerels were reared from 3 to 11 weeks of age on increasingly severe quantitative food restriction treatments, resulting in body-weight values of 12, 19 and 27% below that of a control group which was fed ab lib.2. The rate of uptake of L-arginine, glycine, L-lysine and L-phenylalanine was measured in vitro using intestinal rings, over a 5 min incubation period.3. Uptake of L-arginine was significantly increased with increasing degrees of body-weight restriction. This amino acid and L-lysine were the only two to show a significantly enhanced uptake rate as a result of the restriction treatments.4. No significant differences were noted in the case of glycine or L-phenylalanine uptake following food restriction, indicating a certain selectivity in the alteration of absorption rates following food restriction, when such tests are conducted in vitro.
Studies of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens: dynamics of glucose metabolism
Authors: Balnave D. , Wolfenden J. , Ball F. M. , Cumming R. B. , Leng R. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS) was induced in a proportion of a group of 4-week-old chickens by giving a diet of meat meal and wheat; inclusion in the diet of animal tallow for 54 h substantially reduced the occurrence of FLKS.2. Measurements of dynamic aspects of glucose metabolism were made with single injections of [2-3H]glucose which indicated that birds given the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet and showing physical symptoms of FLKS had significantly lower rates of synthesis of glucose than birds given either the same diet supplemented with tallow or a commercial diet.3. In a second series of experiments glucose metabolism was studied in birds (1) with or without physical symptoms that were given the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet and (2) birds given the same diet supplemented with tallow or biotin. Affected birds fed the ‘FLKS-inducing’ diet had significantly lower plasma glucose concentrations, pool sizes and synthesis rates than birds fed the same diet and not showing symptoms, or birds fed the supplemented diets.4. It is suggested that the cause of death in birds with FLKS is a low rate of gluconeogenesis during periods without feed which results in a lack of glucose to meet essential functions.
Morphological changes in skeletal muscles in vitamin E-deficient and refed rabbits
Authors: Chan A. C. , Hegarty P. V. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Nutritional muscular dystrophy was induced in young rabbits by giving them a vitamin E-deficient diet. Dystrophic animals were rehabilitated by the addition of vitamin E to the diet. Controls were fed on a supplemented diet containing 50 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate/kg.2. Muscle weight and fibre diameter were determined in seven skeletal muscles, from the fore-limb (biceps brachii), the trunk (pectoralis descendens), the hind-limb (gastrocnemius, semitendinosus, soleus, plantaris and tibialis cranialis). Muscle weights, except for those of the soleus and semitendinosus, were significantly reduced in vitamin E-deficient animals when compared with the control animals. A monophasic fibre diameter distribution was obtained for all muscles from all the groups studied. Distribution curves for vitamin E-deficient muscles showed a consistent decrease in fibre diameter. The extent of change in distribution varied among different muscles. On refeeding, the redistribution curve returned to the normal pattern in the biceps brachii, semitendinosus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, tibialis cranialis and pectoralis descendens but not in the soleus.3. No significant changes in bone length or weight were detected in the humerus, femur and tibia in vitamin E-deficient rabbits compared to the control animals.4. Transverse and longitudinal sections of the seven muscles were studied by light microscopy. In the vitamin E-deficient animals, typical hyaline degeneration was observed with much infiltration of collagen and lymphocytes. The extent of degeneration varied among muscles, the gastrocnemius being most affected and the semitendinosus least affected. Muscles in the rabbits refed vitamin E showed that the infiltration with collagen and lymphocytes had almost disappeared.