bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin blood vessels are simultaneously innervated by sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic fibers
Authors: Ruocco Isabella , Cuello A. Claudio , Parent André , Ribeiro‐Da‐Silva Alfredo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDespite the known major role of skin blood vessel innervation in blood flow control, particularly in disease, little information on the co‐innervation of blood vessels by sensory and autonomic fibers and the relationships of these fibers to one another is available. To fill this gap, we performed a light and electron microscopic analysis of the innervation of skin vessels by sensory and autonomic fibers by using the rat and monkey lower lips as a model. In rats, double‐labeling immunocytochemistry revealed that combinations of fibers immunoreactive for substance P (SP) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DβH), SP and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), as well as DβH and VAChT occurred only around blood vessels in the lower dermis. All fiber types travelled in parallel and in close proximity to one another. In the upper dermis, blood vessels were innervated by SP‐containing fibers only. Although nerve terminals displayed synaptic vesicles, synaptic specializations were never observed, suggesting that, in this territory, these fibers do not establish synaptic contacts. Quantification of the distance between the various immunoreactive terminals and their presumptive targets (smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells) revealed that both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers were significantly closer to the endothelial cell layer and smooth muscle cells compared with sensory fibers. In monkeys, double‐labeling immunocytochemistry was performed for SP‐DβH and SP‐VAChT only. The results obtained are similar to those found in rats; however, the fiber density was greater in monkeys. Our findings suggest that the regulation of skin microcirculation might be the result of the coordinated functions of sensory and autonomic fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:323–336, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide projections in the ventral midbrain: Colocalization with γ‐aminobutyric acid, melanin‐concentrating hormone, dynorphin, and synaptic interactions with dopamine neurons
Authors: Dallvechia‐Adams Stephanie , Kuhar Michael J. , Smith Yoland 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo date, cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) peptides have been found to influence feeding, locomotor activity, and conditioned place preference. A common brain structure that could mediate these effects is the ventral tegmental area (VTA). For a better understanding of the anatomical substrates that might underlie CART peptides' role in these behaviors, we performed a series of experiments to elucidate the source, synaptic connectivity, and neurochemical content of CART peptide‐immunoreactive (CARTir) terminals in the rat VTA. Double‐labeling immunofluorescence revealed that approximately 15% of CARTir terminals in the VTA contain the hypothalamic neuropeptide, melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH). Furthermore, CART peptides were also found to colocalize with GABA and, to a small extent, with dynorphin in nerve terminals in both the VTA and the substantia nigra (SN). In the VTA, CARTir terminals form both symmetric and asymmetric synapses onto dopaminergic and nondopaminergic distal dendrites, suggesting that various sources contribute to this innervation. About 30% of CARTir terminals in the VTA and only 15% in the SN appose or form synaptic contact with DA neurons, which support our previous data showing that GABAergic basal ganglia output neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) receive strong CARTir input from the accumbens core. Results of these studies suggest that the most significant behavioral states influenced by CART peptides, feeding and locomotion, may be mediated by direct and/or indirect modulation of VTA dopaminergic neuronal activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:360–372, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern of synaptic excitation and inhibition upon direction‐selective retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Jeon Chang‐Jin , Kong Jee‐Hyun , Strettoi Enrica , Rockhill Rebecca , Stasheff Steven F. , Masland Richard H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe distributions of excitatory and inhibitory synapses upon the dendritic arbor of a direction‐selective retinal ganglion cell were compared by triple‐labeling techniques. The dendrites were visualized by confocal microscopy after injection of Lucifer yellow. Excitatory inputs from bipolar cells were located by using antibodies against kinesin II, a component of synaptic ribbons. Inhibitory inputs were identified by antibodies against γ‐aminobutyric acid‐A receptors. The combined images were examined by visual inspection and by formal, automated analyses, in a search for anisotropies that might contribute to a directional preference of the ganglion cell. Within the limits of our analysis, none was found. If an anatomic specialization underlies direction selectivity, it appears to lie in the geometry and spatial positioning of the neurons afferent to the ganglion cell and/or the microcircuitry among its afferent synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:195–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of neuronal calcium sensor‐1 in the developing chick retina
Authors: Bergmann Mathias , Grabs Detlev , Roder John , Rager Günter , Jeromin Andreas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNeuronal calcium sensor‐1 (NCS‐1) is a Ca2+ binding protein that has been implicated in the regulation of neurotransmission and synaptogenesis. In this study we investigated the developmental expression and localization of NCS‐1 in the chick retina. Single‐ and double‐labeling experiments with three‐dimensional reconstruction as well as ultrastructural data of the distribution of NCS‐1 suggest that this protein is also involved in axonal process outgrowth. We found an early expression of NCS‐1 in ganglion cells and their axons, in amacrine, and in horizontal cells, whereas photoreceptors were immunonegative at embryonic stages. In the early posthatching days we found strong immunostaining for NCS‐1 in horizontal cells and their processes in the outer plexiform layer. In contrast, synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2) was prominent only in photoreceptor synaptic terminals. Ultrastructural analysis confirmed that NCS‐1 was localized postsynaptically in horizontal cell processes, whereas presynaptic terminals were immunonegative. However, at late posthatching days we observed that photoreceptor ribbon synapses (from rods and/or cones) also expressed NCS‐1. Thus the results support the notion that NCS‐1 is involved in neuronal process outgrowth and is localized in pre‐ and postsynaptic compartments including mature photoreceptor synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:231–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuromodulatory complement of the pericardial organs in the embryonic lobster, homarus americanus
Authors: Pulver Stefan R. , Marder Eve 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe pericardial organs (POs) are a pair of neurosecretory organs that surround the crustacean heart and release neuromodulators into the hemolymph. In adult crustaceans, the POs are known to contain a wide array of peptide and amine modulators. However, little is known about the modulatory content of POs early in development. We characterize the morphology and modulatory content of pericardial organs in the embryonic lobster, Homarus americanus. The POs are well developed by midway through embryonic (E50) life and contain a wide array of neuromodulatory substances. Immunoreactivities to orcokinin, extended FLRFamide peptides, tyrosine hydroxylase, proctolin, allatostatin, serotonin, Cancer borealis tachykinin‐related peptide, cholecystokinin, and crustacean cardioactive peptide are present in the POs by approximately midway through embryonic life. There are two classes of projection patterns to the POs. Immunoreactivities to orcokinin, extended FLRFamide peptides, and tyrosine hydroxylase project solely from the subesophageal ganglion (SEG), whereas the remaining modulators project from the SEG as well as from the thoracic ganglia. Double‐labeling experiments with a subset of modulators did not reveal any colocalized peptides in the POs. These results suggest that the POs could be a major source of neuromodulators early in development. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:79–90, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution three‐dimensional imaging of the lateral plasma membrane of cochlear outer hair cells by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Le Grimellec Christian , Giocondi Marie‐Cécile , Lenoir Marc , Vater Marianne , Sposito Gérard , Pujol Rémy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe outer hair cells (OHCs) from the mammalian organ of Corti are assumed to enhance the sensitivity and the selectivity of the cochlea via an electromotile response to sound stimulation. These OHC mechanical changes feed energy back into the cochlea before completion of the transduction process by inner hair cells. OHC electromotility is thought to depend on specific transmembrane motor proteins. Electron microscopy has been used previously to image the OHC lateral plasma membrane, where voltage sensors and motors are located. A very specific and regular organization of membrane particles has been described, together with an equally specific submembraneous meshwork of cytoskeleton anchored to the plasma membrane. To confirm and extend these observations, we have used, for the first time on the OHC lateral wall, atomic force microscopy (AFM). As a result of an improved tapping mode technique as well as the unique ultrastructural organization of the OHC plasma membrane, we have obtained high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) images of a markedly enhanced quality, allowing high‐resolution 3D imaging. Tapping‐mode AFM confirmed the presence of regularly aligned particles (presumably transmembrane proteins) on both faces of the OHC plasma membrane. It also revealed the presence of markedly different membrane domains, smooth and undulating. The differences between these zones probably are due to local differences in cytoskeleton–membrane interactions. Moreover, 3D reconstructions allowed us to distinguish between globular and pore‐like particles, a distinction that may be of great functional significance. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:62–69, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the central nervous system innervation of the rat spleen using viral transneuronal tracing
Authors: Cano Georgina , Sved Alan F. , Rinaman Linda , Rabin Bruce S. , Card J. Patrick 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSplenic immune function is modulated by sympathetic innervation, which in turn is controlled by inputs from supraspinal regions. In the present study, the characterization of central circuits involved in the control of splenic function was accomplished by injecting pseudorabies virus (PRV), a retrograde transynaptic tracer, into the spleen and conducting a temporal analysis of the progression of the infection from 60 hours to 110 hours postinoculation. In addition, central noradrenergic cell groups involved in splenic innervation were characterized by dual immunohistochemical detection of dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase and PRV. Infection in the CNS first appeared in the spinal cord. Splenic sympathetic preganglionic neurons, identified in rats injected with Fluoro‐Gold i.p. prior to PRV inoculation of the spleen, were located in T3–T12bilaterally; numerous infected interneurons were also found in the thoracic spinal cord (T1–T13). Infected neurons in the brain were first observed in the A5 region, ventromedial medulla, rostral ventrolateral medulla, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, and caudal raphe. At intermediate survival times, the number of infected cells increased in previously infected areas, and infected neurons also appeared in lateral hypothalamus, A7 region, locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus region, nucleus of the solitary tract, and C3 cell group. At longer postinoculation intervals, infected neurons were found in additional hypothalamic areas, Edinger‐Westphal nucleus, periaqueductal gray, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and area postrema. These results demonstrate that the sympathetic outflow to the spleen is controlled by a complex multisynaptic pathway that involves several brainstem and forebrain nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:1–18, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fast, one‐equation integration algorithm for the Lemaitre ductile damage model
Authors: de Souza Neto E. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper introduces an elastic predictor/return mapping integration algorithm for a simplified version of the Lemaitre ductile damage model, whose return mapping stage requires the solution of only one scalar non‐linear equation. The simplified damage model differs from its original counterpart only in that it excludes kinematic hardening. It can be used to predict ductile damage growth whenever load reversal is absent or negligible—a condition met in a vast number of practical engineering applications. The one‐equation integration scheme proves highly efficient in the finite element solution of typical boundary value problems, requiring computation times comparable to those observed in classical von Mises implementations. This is in sharp contrast to the previously proposed implementations of the original model whose return mapping may require, in the most general case, the solution of a system of 14 coupled algebraic equations. For completeness, a closed formula for the corresponding consistent tangent operator is presented. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated by means of a numerical example. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective adaptation technique for hexahedral mesh
Authors: Wada Yoshitaka , Okuda Hiroshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a simple and effective adaptive technique for mesh refinement in finite‐element method models. The proposed refinement method is based on a modified octree refinement approach, and can be applied to an arbitrary hexahedral unstructured mesh. The implementation, Hex‐R, is used in conjunction with the finite‐element viewer GPPView, and applied to a complex model. The proposed method is demonstrated to be capable of easily and reliably generating an adaptive mesh. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy automata and life
Authors: Reiter Clifford A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBoolean cellular automata may be generalized to fuzzy automata in a consistent manner. Several fuzzy logics are used to create 1‐dimensional automata and also 2‐dimensional automata that generalize the game of life. These generalized automata are investigated and compared to their Boolean counterparts empirically and using rule entropy and repeated input response functions. Fuzzy automata offer new mechanisms for classification of classical automata and can be used for insight into their qualitative behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Karyotyping of comparative genomic hybridization human metaphases using kernel nearest‐neighbor algorithm
Authors: Yu Kai , Ji Liang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundComparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a relatively new molecular cytogenetic method that detects chromosomal imbalances. Automatic karyotyping is an important step in CGH analysis because the precise position of the chromosome abnormality must be located and manual karyotyping is tedious and time‐consuming. In the past, computer‐aided karyotyping was done by using the 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole, dihydrochloride (DAPI)‐inverse images, which required complex image enhancement procedures.MethodsAn innovative method, kernel nearest‐neighbor (K‐NN) algorithm, is proposed to accomplish automatic karyotyping. The algorithm is an application of the “kernel approach,” which offers an alternative solution to linear learning machines by mapping data into a high dimensional feature space. By implicitly calculating Euclidean or Mahalanobis distance in a high dimensional image feature space, two kinds of K‐NN algorithms are obtained. New feature extraction methods concerning multicolor information in CGH images are used for the first time.ResultsExperiment results show that the feature extraction method of using multicolor information in CGH images improves greatly the classification success rate. A high success rate of about 91.5% has been achieved, which shows that the K‐NN classifier efficiently accomplishes automatic chromosome classification from relatively few samples.ConclusionsThe feature extraction method proposed here and K‐NN classifiers offer a promising computerized intelligent system for automatic karyotyping of CGH human chromosomes. Cytometry 48:202–208, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic value and cost‐effectiveness of on‐site evaluation of fine‐needle aspiration specimens: Review of 5,688 cases
Authors: Nasuti Joseph F. , Gupta Prabodh K. , Baloch Zubair W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) has proven to be a safe, economical, accurate, and rapid diagnostic technique. A successful FNA requires a specimen with adequate cellularity, high‐quality preparation, an experienced aspirator, and cytopathologist. Up to 32% of FNAs in various organs (thyroid, breast, lung, etc.) may be nondiagnostic due to scant cellularity and poor preparation. On‐site immediate evaluation of FNA specimens can be beneficial in determination of adequacy: triage for ancillary studies and provide a preliminary diagnosis of the specimen, which often facilitates rapid clinical decisions. In this study, we compared the on‐site FNA interpretation with the final diagnosis and calculated its cost benefit. Reports of 5,688 on‐site FNA cases from the files of the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center over a 5‐yr period (1/1/96–12/31/00) were reviewed. Data of the immediate on‐site interpretation and the final diagnosis in each case were compared to determine the diagnostic accuracy, clinical utility, and cost‐effectiveness of on‐site FNA evaluation. At our institution the average cost per FNA based on laboratory technical and professional fees ($1,743) and the weighted average cost, based on utilization, of ancillary laboratory studies ($328) and guidance procedures ($1,025) is $3,096. An additional fee of $231 per case is charged for on‐site FNA evaluation by an attending cytopathologist. The average reported rate of nondiagnostic FNAs without on‐site evaluation is 20%. Our own nondiagnostic rate for FNAs with on‐site evaluation is 0.98%. If one assumes that patients will undergo a repeat FNA for each nondiagnostic specimen, the estimated additional cost in direct institutional charges is $2,022,626 over 5 yr or $404,525 per yr without on‐site evaluation. This potential cost savings would be realized by utilizing on‐site evaluation despite the additional fee due to a higher rate of specimen adequacy. Based on this study, on‐site cytopathologic evaluation of FNA specimens is accurate, cost‐effective, and has improved patient care at our institution. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:1–4. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder‐washing cytology of metastatic ovarian granulosa cell tumor
Authors: Vodovnik Aleksandar 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn 86‐year‐old Caucasian female presented with two weeks history of discomfort discharging urine, occasional hematuria, and suprapubic pain. The patient had a history of left salpingo‐oophorectomy for an ovarian tumor, performed four years earlier. Ultrasound showed a solid mass surrounding the orifice of the left ureter. Bladder washing cytology yielded single, loosely cohesive syncytial aggregates of rather uniform cells. A few discretely grooved nuclei (“coffee bean nuclei”) were seen. Histologic examination revealed muscular tissue infiltrated by oval to round cells, arranged in solid and follicular structures. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for estrogen receptor, inhibin, vimentin, and calretinin. The use of antibodies to pancytokeratin, inhibin, estrogen receptor, S‐100, calretinin, and chromagranin could help confirm granulosa cell tumor. To my knowledge, there was no previous report on bladder washing cytology of metastatic granulosa cell tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:387–388. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Litigation cells: Their incidence and classification in gynecologic smears
Authors: Sun Wei , Grafton Warren D. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract“Litigation cells” are defined as benign cells which may mimic dysplasia or cancer and might be used by plaintiffs' witnesses to imply that the cytotechnologist or pathologist “missed” cells of dysplasia or cancer. We reviewed 180 cervical smears from 166 patients who had hysterectomy for benign leiomyomas. All smears were performed within 12 months prior to hysterectomy. None of the uteri contained dysplasia or cancer on histologic examination. 90.6% of smears reviewed had at least one cell or cell group with atypia mimicking dysplasia or cancer. These “litigation cells” were classified as follows: parabasal cells, metaplastic squamous cells, degenerated endocervical cells, reactive endocervical cells, endometrial cells, neutrophils, histiocytes, and air‐dried cells. Diseases mimicked by these cells included squamous cell carcinoma, high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, adenocarcinoma, and glandular dysplasia. These “litigation cells” can be correctly classified by experienced cytotechnologists and cytopathologists and recognized as benign. We recommend that in all cases of alleged malpractice against cytotechnologists and/or pathologists the smears should be reviewed by a panel of individuals trained and experienced in cytopathology. The smears should be reviewed without knowledge of the clinical outcome and in an environment that simulates the normal screening practice. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:345–348. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphine administration selectively facilitates social play in common marmosets*†
Authors: Guard Heather J. , Newman John D. , Roberts R. Lucille 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) form extended families, and several cohorts of young may reside together. Play is shown extensively among the offspring. We hypothesized that opiate activity modulates social play, and predicted that administration of morphine (0.5 mg/kg) would facilitate social play, whereas pretreatment with naloxone (0.5 mg/kg) would block morphine's effects. Morphine administration was associated with significantly increased social play, and the effect of morphine was attributable to the focal subject, since play initiated by others was unaffected by treatment. Non‐social categories of play, such as object manipulation and locomotor play, and affiliative behaviors, such as time spent huddled, were unaffected by treatment. Twittering and play face, behaviors used by young during play, also increased after morphine administration. Pretreatment with naloxone blocked morphine's effects. Total activity was significantly increased by morphine administration. We conclude that social play is specifically facilitated by opiate activation, whereas other categories of play behavior and social behavior were unaffected by morphine. Thus, social play represents a distinct category of social behavior in juvenile common marmosets with regulatory processes that are unique from other types of social behavior. Published 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 37–49, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10043