bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serotonin‐induced phase advances of SCN neuronal firing in vitro: A possible role for 5‐HT5A receptors?
Authors: Sprouse Jeffrey , Reynolds Linda , Braselton John , Schmidt Anne 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSpontaneous firing rates of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) follow a consistent pattern, peaking near the midpoint of the light phase in a 12:12 light/dark schedule, and repeating this brief period of increased activity in subsequent circadian cycles. These carefully timed fluctuations reflect the output signal of the SCN, long recognized as the site of the endogenous biological clock in mammals. In rat hypothalamic slices, bath incubations of 8‐OH‐DPAT had previously been shown to elicit phase advances when applied at ZT6 (or 6 h following the onset of light), an action that could readily be attributed to 5‐HT7 receptor activation. The present studies set out with the simple goal of establishing that the same receptor mechanism was responsible for the phase‐shifting actions of 5‐HT itself. Surprisingly, the phase advances elicited by 5‐HT (0.5 μM, 1 h) at ZT6 were reduced by one 5‐HT7 antagonist, ritanserin (10 μM), but not by another, mesulergine (10 μM). Receptor binding studies demonstrated a 25‐fold greater affinity of ritanserin for h5‐HT5A sites compared to mesulergine (Ki = 71 nM vs. 1,800 nM), an observation suggestive of a 5‐HT5A mechanism for 5‐HT and consistent with earlier observations of robust labeling of 5‐HT5A sites in the SCN. 5‐HT generated by the addition of L‐tryptophan (10 μM, 1 h) to the slices displayed the same pattern of sensitivity, that is, blockade by ritanserin but not by mesulergine. Rp‐cAMPS, a cAMP antagonist, failed to block the phase shifts elicited by 5‐HT at a concentration (1 μM) previously shown to be effective against 8‐OH‐DPAT‐induced phase shifts, in keeping with the proposed negative coupling of 5‐HT5A receptors to cAMP production. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of both 5‐HT5A and 5‐HT7 receptors can produce phase advances of the circadian clock in vitro when they occur during mid‐subjective day. Synapse 54:111–118, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preconceptions versus experience of transvaginal ultrasonography in older women
Authors: Kew F. M. , Whittaker V. J. , Cruickshank D. J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether women find that having a transvaginal ultrasound scan is better or worse than they had expected.MethodsFifty‐four consecutive women in an ovarian cancer screening trial filled in linked questionnaires before and after having a transvaginal ultrasound scan.ResultsThe women found that having a transvaginal scan was less painful (P = 0.003) and less embarrassing (P = 0.001) than they had expected. They found it less uncomfortable than expected in comparison to having mammography (P = 0.013) or a cervical smear (P = 0.004).ConclusionsWomen attending for a transvaginal scan can be reassured that it will not be as painful or embarrassing as they fear, and that it is not as uncomfortable as having mammography or a cervical smear. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book Reviews
Authors: Glomset O. , Skaane P. , Abildgaard A. , Tikkakoski T. 
Published: August 2004

Radiation Exposure and Image Quality in X-ray Diagnostic Radiology. Physical Principles and Clinical Applications. By H. Aichinger, J. Dierker, S. Joite-Barfuss and M. Säbel. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004. ISBN 3-540- 44287-1. Hardcover. 212 pages, 199 illustrations, 78 tables, complemented by one CD-ROM. Price €79.95. Practical MR Mammography. Edited by Uwe Fischer. Thieme Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-13-132031-1. Hardcover. 211 pages, 398 illustrations. Price €99.00. How Does MRI Work? An Introduction to the Physics and Function of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, by D. Weishaupt, V. D. Koechli, and B. Marincek, with contributions from K. P. Preussmann and J. M. Froelich. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2003. ISBN 3-540-44094-1. 138 pages, 41 illustrations. Price €29.95. Diffusion-Weighted MR Imaging of the Brain. T. Moritani, S. Ekholm, and P.-L.Westesson. Berlin, Heidelburg: Springer-Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3 540 03439 0. 229 pages, 688 figures, 11 tables. Price hardcover: €99.95.
Complications following ultrasound‐guided thoracocentesis
Authors: Mynarek G. , Brabrand K. , Jakobsen J. Å. , Kolbenstvedt A. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To retrospectively register the number and type of complications following ultrasound‐guided thoracocentesis, and to evaluate the need for routine chest X‐ray after the procedure. Material and Methods: Complications were retrospectively registered from the radiological and clinical reports of 371 consecutive patients who had undergone thoracocentesis with a total of 711 procedures. Results: The mean volume evacuated was 823 ml (range 0–3600 ml). Twenty (2.8%) pneumothoraces were found after 711 thoracocenteses, but in no case was chest tube drainage necessary. Hemoptysis occurred in one patient. Conclusion: Ultrasound‐guided thoracocentesis was found to be a safe procedure. Based on these results, no reason was found to introduce an upper limit of the amount of fluid drained in one session. Routine follow‐up chest X‐ray is not justified in the absence of clinical symptoms.
Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver: correlative color Doppler US, CT, and MRI study
Authors: Coşkun A. , Öztürk M. , Karahan O. I. , Erdogan N. , Işin Ş. , Güleç M. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To determine and compare the imaging features of hepatic alveolar Echinococcosis using color Doppler US, CT, and MRI. Material and Methods: Abdominal CT and MRI with and without contrast agents and color Doppler US were performed on seven patients with hepatic alveolar Echinococcosis. The lesions were evaluated for location, features of echogenicity, intensity and density, calcification, and vascular, hilar, and perihepatic involvement. The diagnosis was confirmed histopathologically in all patients. Results: Six patients had solitary lesions, and one displayed multiple lesions. The lesions were generally seen as heterogeneous and hyper‐ or hypoechoic when imaged with color Doppler US, hypodense with CT, and hypointense with MRI, in comparison with the liver parenchyma. Calcification, central necrosis, and small peripheral cysts were observed in six, seven, and four patients, respectively. Vascular flow or contrast enhancement was not observed in any of the cases. A look at the respective advantages of each method reveals that calcification was best rendered visible via CT, small peripheral cysts with T2‐weighted MRI, central necrosis with CT and MRI, and perihepatic invasion with multiplanar MRI. Vascular involvement was revealed by all methods. Conclusion: Color Doppler US, CT, and MR imaging function extremely well as complementary methods in the diagnosis of HAE. Color Doppler US should be performed in these patients owing to its ability to efficiently detect the disease. Knowledge of imaging characteristics makes it possible to radiologically ascertain an early diagnosis.
Cuff‐compression of the proximal calf to reduce venous contamination in contrast‐enhanced stepping‐table magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Bilecen D. , Jäger K. A. , Aschwanden M. , Heidecker H. G. , Schulte A.‐C. , Bongartz G. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To minimize venous overlay at the calf station in contrast‐enhanced three‐dimensional (3D) stepping‐table magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) using a continuous cuff‐compression technique during MR data acquisition. Material and Methods: Within 14 months, 32 patients suffering from symptomatic peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) with a bilateral ankle‐brachial index (ABI) of 0.8 or below were consecutively enrolled in this study. Unilateral cuff‐compression of the proximal calf was applied in the study group ( n=14). The control group ( n=18) underwent no compression. All patients underwent three‐step 3D contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (3D CE‐MRA) according to the institute's protocol. Venous contamination scores (vcs) at the calf station were blindly ranked by a 1 to 3 rating score (3=major venous contamination). The vcs values of the control group were regarded as standard. Statistical significance between both groups was evaluated with a paired t test. Results: Symmetric venous contamination was observed within the control group with a mean vcs of 2.2±0.6 on the left side and 2.2±0.7 on the right side with Δvcsleft‐right of 0.1±0.2 ( P>0.1). In the study group, asymmetric venous contamination was determined with vcsmean=2.3±0.6 for the uncompressed side and vcsmean=1.4±0.5 for the compressed side and a Δvcsuncomp‐comp of 0.9±0.5 ( P<0.00005). The control group and the uncompressed side of the study group showed no significant difference in venous contamination ( P>0.1). Conclusion: Subdiastolic cuff‐compression of the proximal calf is an easily applicable and inexpensive technique by which to reduce venous contamination of the calf station in stepping‐table MR angiography and to improve evaluation of the infrapopliteal arteries.
Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging patterns in metabolic and toxic brain disorders
Authors: Sener R. N. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To evaluate metabolic and toxic brain disorders that manifest with restricted, elevated, or both restricted and elevated diffusion patterns on diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods: Echo‐planar diffusion MRI examinations were obtained in 34 pediatric patients with metabolic and toxic brain disorders proved by appropriate laboratory studies. The MRI unit operated at 1.5T with a gradient strength of 30 mT/meter, and a rise time of 600 μs. b=1000 s/mm2 images and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps with ADC values were studied. Results: Three patterns were observed: 1. A restricted diffusion pattern (high signal on b=1000 s/mm2 images and low ADC values); 2. an elevated diffusion pattern (normal signal on b=1000 s/mm2 images and high ADC values); and 3. a mixed pattern (coexistent restricted and increased diffusion patterns in the same patient). Disorders manifesting with a restricted diffusion pattern included metachromatic leukodystrophy ( n=2), phenylketonuria ( n=3), maple syrup urine disease (intermediate form) ( n=1), infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy ( n=1), Leigh ( n=2), Wilson ( n=3), and Canavan disease ( n=1). Disorders with an elevated diffusion pattern included phenylketonuria ( n=1), adrenoleukodystrophy ( n=1), merosin‐deficient congenital muscular dystrophy ( n=2), mucopolysaccharidosis ( n=2), Lowe syndrome ( n=1), Leigh ( n=2), Alexander ( n=1), Pelizaeus‐Merzbacher ( n=1), and Wilson ( n=3) disease. Disorders with a mixed pattern included L‐2 hydroxyglutaric aciduria ( n=2), non‐ketotic hyperglycinemia ( n=1), infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy ( n=2), maple syrup urine disease ( n=1), and Leigh ( n=1) disease. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the three different diffusion patterns reflect the histopathological changes associated with the disorders and different stages of a particular disorder. It is likely that the restricted diffusion pattern corresponds to abnormalities related to myelin, and the elevated diffusion pattern to disintegration of the tissue. The mixed pattern has contributions from both myelin abnormalities related to myelin disintegration of the tissue.
Multi‐slice computed tomography angiography in the detection of residual or recurrent cerebral aneurysms after surgical clipping
Authors: Teksam M. , McKinney A. , Cakir B. , Truwit C. L. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of multi‐slice computed tomography (MSCT) angiography compared to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in detecting residual or recurrent aneurysms in patients undergoing aneurysm clipping surgery. Material and Methods: Eight patients with nine aneurysms who had both MSCTA and DSA were included in the study. Two independent experienced neuroradiologists evaluated the examinations. Results: Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of detecting residual or recurrent aneurysms on MSCTA were 0.80, 0.60, and 1.00, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 1.00 and 0.71, respectively. Conclusion: MSCTA is a promising technique for evaluating residual or recurrent aneurysms in patients undergoing surgical treatment of aneurysm with titanium clips.
Validation of diagnostic imaging based on repeat examinations. an image interpretation model
Authors: Isberg B. , Thorstensen Ö. , Jorulf H. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To develop an interpretation model, based on repeatedly acquired images, aimed at improving assessments of technical efficacy and diagnostic accuracy in the detection of small lesions. Material and Methods: A theoretical model is proposed. The studied population consists of subjects that develop focal lesions which increase in size in organs of interest during the study period. The imaging modality produces images that can be re‐interpreted with high precision, e.g. conventional radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. At least four repeat examinations are carried out. Results: The interpretation is performed in four or five steps: 1. Independent readers interpret the examinations chronologically without access to previous or subsequent films. 2. Lesions found on images at the last examination are included in the analysis, with interpretation in consensus. 3. By concurrent back‐reading in consensus, the lesions are identified on previous images until they are so small that even in retrospect they are undetectable. The earliest examination at which included lesions appear is recorded, and the lesions are verified by their growth (imaging reference standard). Lesion size and other characteristics may be recorded. 4. Records made at step 1 are corrected to those of steps 2 and 3. False positives are recorded. 5. (Optional) Lesion type is confirmed by another diagnostic test. Conclusion: Applied on subjects with progressive disease, the proposed image interpretation model may improve assessments of technical efficacy and diagnostic accuracy in the detection of small focal lesions. The model may provide an accurate imaging reference standard as well as repeated detection rates and false‐positive rates for tested imaging modalities. However, potential review bias necessitates a strict protocol.
Detection of small implanted tumors growing during repeated magnetic resonance imaging of the rabbit liver: application of an interpretation model
Authors: Thorstensen Ö. , Isberg B. , Jorulf H. , Svahn U. , Westman L. , Venizelos N. , Nennesmo I. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To apply experimentally and further develop a new image interpretation model based on repeated imaging and aimed at improving assessments of technical efficacy and diagnostic accuracy in the detection of small lesions. Material and Methods: VX2 carcinoma was implanted in the liver of 14 rabbits as two 1.1–1.7 mm3 cores. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and 4 days after implantation and then every second day up to the 14th to 20th day. One T2‐weighted sequence (TSE T2) and three T1‐weighted sequences (SE T1, GE T1, and TFL T1) were used. Interpretation was performed stepwise: three readers independently interpreted image sequences chronologically (step 1). Tumors were included at the last examination (step 2). By concurrent interpretation of repeated examinations, the earliest day at which tumors became visible and tumor size were recorded (step 3). Records were corrected (step 4) and autopsy was performed (step 5). Two procedures for use in calculating repeated detection rates of tumors with different magnetic resonance imaging sequences are presented and discussed. Results: Of 40 macroscopic tumors, 34 were included. They were mainly small (size range SE T1: 1–3 mm, TSE T2: 1.5–5 mm) when they became visible as determined at step 3, which was consistently earlier than observed at step 1. TSE T2, SE T1, and GE T1 did not differ significantly regarding earliest day of detection (step 3), while TFL T1 revealed the tumors later. The initial repeated detection rates were higher with TSE T2 than with the other sequences. Frequency of false positives varied over time, indicating fluctuating criteria for reporting tumors. Conclusion: A theoretical image interpretation model previously described proved to be applicable for detection of experimental liver tumors. The model was improved by introducing calculations of repeated detection rates for initial image interpretation using an imaging reference standard.
Unusual enhancement pattern of liver lesions in hepatosplenic candidiasis
Authors: Rudolph J. , Rodenwaldt J. , Ruhnke M. , Hamm B. , Kopka L. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose: To describe an unusual enhancement pattern of hepatosplenic candidiasis (HSC) liver lesions in biphasic spiral liver computed tomography (CT). Material and Methods: Twenty‐one patients with suspected HSC were scanned with a biphasic liver CT perfusion protocol. The liver lesions detected were assessed for their morphology and enhancement pattern during both perfusion phases. A liver biopsy was performed in 11/21 patients. Results: The majority of hepatic lesions in 15/21 patients showed the well‐known abscess‐like pattern. In 6/21 patients an uncommon central contrast enhancement with a peripheral double ring was detected in the arterial phase. In some cases the lesions showed decreased diameter or even seemed to disappear completely in the portalvenous phase. Conclusions: CT in the arterial phase showed an unusual enhancement pattern of liver lesions in HSC. Scanning only in the portalvenous phase implies possible pitfalls, because lesions may be overlooked or undersized. Therefore, biphasic liver CT is considered essential in the diagnosis and follow‐up of HSC in clinical practice.
Human Malignant Gliomas Treated with Chemotherapy
Authors: Schiffer Davide , Giordana Maria Teresa , Buoncristiani Pio , Paoletti Pietro 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Twenty-one malignant cerebral tumors treated with chemotherapy after operation or clinical diagnosis were studied. The brains were cut in coronal slices that were embedded in paraffin. The histological picture of the whole tumor and of the adjacent normal tissue was carefully investigated, and it was compared with the histological features noted on biopsy. The general characteristics of glioblastoma, including wide central necrosis, were present in all of the cases. No specific alterations referable to chemotherapy were found. The increase of monstrous cells and the decrease of mitoses, although observable in some areas, were not of general importance. There was a statistical relationship between the occurrence of reactive astrocytes with bizarre nuclei and repeated chemotherapy or length of time after radiotherapy.
Pediatric Posterior Fossa Tumors
Authors: Epstein Fred , Murali Rajagopalan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Many neurosurgeons recommend a “preoperative” shunt for children with posterior fossa tumors. It has been reported that the definitive surgery is simplified and the postoperative course is more benign as a result of the cerebrospinal fluid diversion. The present report documents complications as a result of upward herniation and hemorrhage within the tumor after shunt placement. On the basis of this experience, we conclude that a shunt is potentially hazardous and should be restricted to that selected group of patients who are acutely ill from increased intracranial pressure that is refractory to temporizing pharmacological management.
Chronic Headache in the Shunt-dependent Adolescent with Nearly Normal Ventricular Volume
Authors: Epstein Fred , Marlin Arthur E. , Wald Alvin 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The shunt-dependent adolescent will occasionally manifest shunt malfunction by intermittent or chronic headache without any obvious signs of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). A small percentage of these patients will have nearly normal ventricular volume, making the diagnosis and treatment difficult. The authors present a comprehensive approach to this problem that uses computerized axial tomography (CT), ICP monitoring, positive contrast or isotope shunt scan, shunt revision, subtemporal craniectomy, or medical management as the individual situation dictates. The CT scan identifies patients with nearly normal ventricular volume. ICP monitoring then determines whether there is shunt malfunction. The shunt scan aids in localization of the malfunction. For distal obstruction, a simple revision is performed. When proximal shunt malfunction occurs, either subtemporal craniectomy or revision is carried out. It has been documented that occasionally ICP is episodically increased in the absence of shunt malfunction. This is secondary to abnormal brain compliance, and subtemporal craniectomy alone or in conjunction with corticosteroids is curative. This comprehensive approach is designed to provide a method for recognizing and treating intermittently increased ICP in the shunt-dependent child.
Treatment of Patients with Neurological Deficits Associated with Cerebral Vasospasm by Intravascular Volume Expansion
Authors: Pritz Michael B. , Giannotta Steven L. , Kindt Glenn W. , McGillicuddy John E. , Prager Richard L. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Four patients, including one preoperative patient, developed neurological deficits associated with angiographically proven cerebral vasospasm and were treated with intravascular volume expansion. Indicator dilution techniques were employed to monitor intravascular volume and cardiac functions during treatment. All four patients improved promptly. None of the patients developed cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction despite marked increase in intravascular volume and despite several risk factors such as cardiac symptoms, electrocardiographic abnormalities, and advanced age. The techniques of monitoring and controlling intravascular volume are described. We believe that this is an important therapeutic adjunct for certain aneurysm patients.
Colonic Ileus Complicating Laminectomy
Authors: Haimovic Itzhak C. , Arbit Ehud , Posner Jerome B. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Colonic ileus is an unusual form of adynamic ileus that often mimics true intestinal obstruction and that, if not recognized and adequately treated, may be fatal. We have encountered three patients in whom this syndrome followed apparently uncomplicated laminectomy for herniated disc or spinal stenosis. Two of our three patients required abdominal exploration for diagnosis and treatment of the complication. At operation, a large distended colon without volvulus or tumor was found. Cecostomy was performed in both patients. The third patient was treated conservatively. All three patients recovered without sequelae. The pathogenesis of the illness is unknown, but the most widely held view is that ileus results from increased sympathetic activity that inhibits the bowel. Conservative management consisting of correction of any fluid or electrolyte abnormalities, continuous gastric suction via nasogastric tube, and placement of a rectal tube may relieve the symptoms. Patients should, however, be followed carefully and, if distention of the cecum exceeds 12 cm, a decompressive operation is indicated.