bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Making of a Modern Muslim Ruler: Abdulhamid II
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few leaders in world history have played such a crucial role in their societies and yet have been so maligned and so despised, not only by outsiders but even by their own successors. European literature has portrayed Abdulhamid (r. 1876–1909) as the “red” sultan who harshly put down internal revolts by the Armenians, as a reactionary who opposed Western civilization, and, especially, as an intriguer who concocted panislamism in order to subvert and undermine “civilizing” European rule over Muslims. He also was more or less generally condemned in Turkey during the Young Turk period and the Republic. In the Arab world, Abdulhamid was accorded a friendlier treatment than in the West and Turkey. The easing of government controls over the Turkish press in the 1950s, however, brought forth an avalanche of pro-Hamidian writings and gave new exposure to several friendly books published in the previous decades.
Turkishness of the Community: From Religious to Ethnic-National Identity
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Turkish nationalism remains a little understood political phenomenon because it has been studied out of its historical, social, and cultural context as just another imitation of its Western or Balkan counterparts. A particular difficulty in properly understanding Turkish nationalism derives also from the way its birth and evolution was perceived and presented by the two ideologues of Turkish nationalism. Indeed, the last version of Ziya Gökalp’s ideas on the origin of Turkish nationalism, which appeared in Türkçülüğün Esaslari in 1923, and Yusuf Akçura’s interpretation, published in Türk Yili in 1928, were framed to serve the policies of the government in power. There are of course fundamental differences between the two, as shall be discussed in more detail in the next chapter. Briefly, Gökalp envisioned a national Turkish elite that would turn the disparate ethnic categories of Turks into a homogeneous ethnic community—or nation—based on culture and language, while Akçura regarded the Ottoman Turks as already part of a political Turkish nation embracing all Turks in the world. The “them” for Turkish nationalists was not a foreign oppressor but the dynasty—and the dark forces of ignorance—that is, the religious establishment, and even the faith itself—that prevented the Turks from marching in tandem with contemporary civilization. Antihistoricism eventually became one of the key features of Turkish nationalism. The ideologues of Turkish nationalism, including Gökalp, as well as the early Turkish republican government, purposely denied the Selçuki and Ottoman historical roots of the emerging Turkish nation, to avoid the stigma Europeans put on everything “Ottoman,” “Turkish,” or “Muslim” and keep the nation from being identified with the dynasty-monarchy, and to eradicate the roots of irredentism and orient the nation toward the future. The state thus deprived the nation of its history or, in George Orwell’s terms, erased history in order to control the present.
Gold, Prophecy, and the Steal Treaty
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early fall of 1860, as Americans approached the most consequential election of their history, Washington Territory had its own excitement. The previous spring, a trader with Indians, Elias D. Pierce, had panned some gold along the Clearwater River in the northern part of the Nez Perce reservation. He found only a few flecks of dust, hinting of much richer deposits higher in the mountains. In mid-August, Pierce and ten others set off for a closer look.
Toward the Medicine Line
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was September 11 when Sturgis and Howard finally linked up on Clark’s Fork. Four days earlier, they had had the Nez Perces trapped between them. Now the Nez Perces were fifty miles ahead. Howard assumed command and the two men “entered into mutual explanations,” Sturgis wrote dryly, “and had the poor satisfaction of exchanging regrets over the untoward course events had taken.” A year after its tragedy on the Little Big Horn, the Seventh Cavalry had managed a farce, and Sturgis, clearly embarrassed, was determined to make it up. His horses’ “elastic tread” contrasted with Howard’s tired mounts, and Sturgis proposed a series of forced marches to try to catch the Nez Perces. Howard agreed and contributed fifty of his freshest cavalry and two mountain howitzers on mule- back; the command set off before dawn on September 12. The weather was miserable: cold, wet, and windy. “I’ll sure never forget that . . . day’s march,” a trooper recalled: “For breakfast we just sinched [sic] our belts one hole tighter.” By late evening, they had covered more than fifty miles.
Housing as a Key Economic Sector
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Comprehensiveness, insofar as it stands for the development of a policy and an institutional framework for managing the housing sector as a whole, is an essential feature of an enabling housing policy environment. It stands in sharp contrast to housing policies that focus, for example, only on the public provision of housing while neglecting the private sector and the informal sector; or to policies that focus on one or another component of housing policy-say housing finance or housing subsidies-while neglecting others.
Housing in Global Perspective
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In any given country, let alone in a single city, it is extremely difficult to compare housing policies or judge their effects, because there is usually only one policy in operation at any given time. This limits individual cities and countries to “before-and-after” comparisons of their own performance over time, a practice that usually hides the inherent structural weaknesses of their housing sectors. To move beyond these limitations, we must embark on a global analysis of the sector, comparing among different cities and countries with different policy regimes. Previously, in the absence of reliable international comparative statistics, this was impossible to do.
The Availability of Land
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first essential condition for a vibrant and well-functioning housing sector is the availability of residential land, in ample supply and at affordable prices. For example, throughout the twentieth, when land in the rapidly urbanizing developing countries was available and affordable, poor migrants to the cities could and did house themselves—gradually building houses and communities through self-help and mutual aid-without government aid, without access to mortgage credit, and without entering the formal housing market. Access to land in these cities was indeed the key to affordable housing, and in many places it still is.
Housing Conditions and the “Quantity” of Housing
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What finally matters in the conduct of housing policy is the reality of housing conditions-the actual houses, apartments, and other forms of shelter in which people live-even though housing policy must remain quite removed from this reality. The basic objective of housing policy is to meet real housing needs. It is therefore the quantity and quality of the material places we inhabit, as well as their suitability to our needs, that are the ultimate measures of the success or failure of housing policy. But housing policy, by its very nature, is and must be sweeping rather than particular. It cannot and should not attend to the form and function of every single house even though it is precisely the conditions of every single house that are its ultimate concerns. It must of necessity care for the state of the housing sector as a whole. This raises serious conceptual and practical difficulties, because it is not at all clear that the collection of houses as a whole can be grasped by housing policy makers as a single entity, and whether it can be measured in a manner that preserves and highlights the essential characteristics that matter to dwellers.
The Evolution of the Prevailing Interpretation
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the evidence presented here so thoroughly challenges and overturns the prevailing interpretation of the design and adoption of the Constitution, how could so many scholars be so wrong? Or are they? Do earlier studies merely approach and interpret the issues differently? Or are there some inherent biases in the earlier interpretations? A critical examination of the historiography of the making of the Constitution not only addresses these issues but also provides an essential introduction to a new economic interpretation.
Economics and the Constitution
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economics is a way of thinking about the choices individuals make. It presumes that individuals are motivated by self-interest to maximize the satisfaction received from their choices, given their preferences and constraints. This is the concept of economic rationality. But neither self interest nor rationality implies that individuals are concerned only with their financial or material well-being. Self-interest is applicable to choices over the entire range of human activities. More precisely, economics presumes that individuals take into account the benefits and the costs of their actions, making choices that are in their self-interest, broadly defined.
The Overall Ratification Vote in the Nation
Authors: Mcguire Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The present chapter offers a test of an economic interpretation of the Constitution employing a statistical analysis of the overall ratification vote in the nation, an examination that employs a sample of 1,212 delegates from the thirteen state ratifying conventions. There are several good reasons to argue that the contest over ratification represents the ultimate test of an economic interpretation of the Constitution. First, representatives from all thirteen states were given an opportunity to voice not only their support for the Constitution but also their opposition to it. Second, the eligible citizens of the thirteen states directly elected delegates to represent them at their state ratifying conventions.
Ends and means: the goals of health care
Authors: Callahan Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pluralistic societies, reflecting diversity and a love of freedom, have characteristically been wary of efforts to achieve agreement on goals and ends. Often enough, this wariness occurs even in ethics. Yet if ethics is to make a serious contribution to health policy, it must focus its attention as much on the substantive ends of medicine and health care as on the moral means of attaining them. The current ends of medicine and health care ensure not only that health policy will face intractable resource dilemmas and economic unsustainability, they ensure no less that the prevention of illness and the care of the sick will have no reflective goals. In particular, if justice is a primary aspiration for health care, then what kind of health care will be most conducive to making that possible? A health policy such as we have now, which has indiscriminately declared all-out war on death and disease, cannot be a sustainable policy.
Central Nervous System Regulation of the Heart
Authors: Andresen Michael c. , Kunze, Diana L , mendelowitz david 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The neural mechanisms that control cardiac function have attracted considerable research interest over the past century, starting with the discoveries of the first neurotransmitter by Otto Loewi103 and the earliest electroneurograms recording the discharge of single baroreceptor afferent axons by Lord Adrian.1 Despite this long and distinguished history, fundamental gaps in our understanding persist-gaps that, if filled, might hold valuable keys to the development of important new therapeutic ap­ proaches to cardiovascular diseases.
Neuronal Modulation of Atrial and Ventricular Electrical Properties
Authors: Cardinal Rene , Page Pierre L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As reviewed in Chapter 4, anatomically and functionally complex neuronal aggregates that are involved in coordinating regional cardiac function exist in intrathoracic extracardiac as well as intrinsic cardiac ganglia. It has been proposed that the intrinsic cardiac nervous system represents the final common pathway for the control of regional cardiac function. This system integrates afferent neuronal information arising from the heart to exert spatial and temporal control over cardiac efferent neurons regulating different cardiac regions. As such, it forms part of a hierarchy of intrathoracic and central neuronal feedback loops involved in regulating regional cardiac dynamics.6 In this scheme, neurons located in the various intrinsic cardiac ganglionated plexuses play a major role in beat­ to-beat regulation of regional cardiac function, a role that has traditionally been minimized to the benefit of local mechanical interactions (the Frank-Starling hypothesis). One outstanding issue in the field of neurocardiology concerns the patterns of efferent neuronal projections to various cardiac regions arising from the different ganglionated plexuses located in divergent atrial and ventricular regions. At present, this is a subject of considerable controversy. Some authors believe that neurons in the right atrial ganglionated plexus, for instance, subserve solely sinus nodal function whereas those in the inferior vena cavalinferior left ventricular ganglionated plexus exert predominant control over the atrioventricular node. In contrast, it has been our contention that the multiple neurons existing within a given ganglionated plexus modulate divergent car­ diac regions while displaying preferential control over regional cardiac function.
Highway Federalism
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On January 15, 1953, Charles E. Wilson, President and Chief Executive Officer of General Motors testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee, in connection with his nomination as President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Secretary of Defense. When one of the Senators on the panel suggested that Wilson’s extensive holdings of GM stock might present a conflict of interest, the auto executive responded thus: “For years I thought what was good for our country was good for General Motors, and vice versa. The difference did not exist.” This statement was—and remains—controversial, not just because it was arrogant but also because it rang shockingly true. By the early 1950s, even before the Interstate Highway legislation was passed, the automobile industry had, for decades, participated in a loosely organized but politically powerful group that could be known as “the highway lobby.” By the time of Wilson’s inflammatory utterance, carefully orchestrated efforts had already achieved long-lasting success, with the political and social consequences that we live with today. In the preceding half-century the United States had made crucial policy decisions about how to adapt to the new automotive technology, while the American public remained mostly unaware of the stakes.
Automobiles and a Small Town
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relentless growth of motor vehicle use has created highway needs that constantly exceed the money available. These problems resolve themselves into a simple business question of how to spend the public money so that it will give the greatest benefit to the most traffic. —Biennial Report of the Vermont State Highway Board, 1940 Background Middlebury is in the Champlain Valley, next to the western slope of the Green Mountains. Permanently settled in 1783, the community depended first on farming wheat. By 1800, when local leaders started Middlebury College, the town had grown to a population of one thousand and was the Addison County seat. The state’s renowned marble industry was born in Middlebury in 1802, attracting a steady flow of new settlers. By 1820 the population had doubled, and the 1830 census counted 3,468 residents, making Middlebury the largest town in the state. In 1832 the Village of Middlebury (within the larger Town of Middlebury) was incorporated, in order to provide public utilities in the more densely settled central areas. Consisting of about three hundred buildings, the village was clustered near the Otter Creek Falls, on both sides of the river.
The Indian Queen and The Indian Emperour
Authors: Hutner Heidi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
John Dryden’s collaboration with Robert Howard on The Indian Queen (1664) and its sequel, The Indian Emperour (1665), by Dryden alone, project the politics of imperialism and colonial discourse onto late seventeenth-century dramatic constructions of sex, love, and honor. Like The Tempest and its seventeenth-century redactions, The Indian Queen and The Indian Emperour appropriate Indian culture as a strategy for overcoming political and ideological instability in England. Dryden’s representation of the colonization of the Native American land and culture dramatizes the need to eradicate or at least control the wildness within the English man. During the Restoration, foreign expansion and trade held the promise of strengthening and unifying the English nation by increasing its economic as well as military power.1 Significantly, Dryden portrays the destruction of native culture ambivalently: Montezuma is no monstrous or barbaric Caliban, but a mimic of the qualities of an idealized English nobility. Other than his heroic son, Guyomar, however, Montezuma’s Indian subjects are rebellious and self-serving. And, with the exception of Cortes,2 the Spanish conquerors are portrayed as greedy, ambitious, and inhumane. Nevertheless, it is the Spanish Cortes who ultimately represents the ideal ruler in the play, and the colonization of the New World is presented as politically necessary and morally correct. The crucial difference between the two heroes lies in their relationships to the native woman: Cortes is able to resist her powers and to maintain self-control, while Montezuma is obsessed by his desire for the Indian Princess, and this passion causes him to lose his head and his kingdom. In this respect, the blame for the fall of Mexico is deflected from the colonizers and Montezuma onto the Indian Princess.
The Theory and Practice of Democratic Tragedy (1): Melville’s Metaphysics of Democracy: “Hawthorne and His Mosses”
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his preface to the 1855 Leaves of Grass Whitman likened America assuming its literary inheritance to an incoming tenant supplanting a deceased one, waiting patiently while “the corpse is slowly borne from the eating and sleeping rooms of the house,” honoring the deceased as “fittest for its days” even as he knows that “he shall be fittest for his days.” Although America, Whitman claimed, did “not repel the past or what it has produced under its forms or amid other politics or the ideas of castes or the old religions” (Preface 1855, 150), it did tend to regard Old World achievements as time-bound and ideologically suspect. Among the outworn glories of the past was the tradition of high tragedy, which not only dealt with “splendid exceptional characters and affairs” more appropriate to aristocratic than to egalitarian times but which seemed antithetical in spirit to the cosmic affirmation that progressive Americans saw as correlative to or foundational for the republic’s political affirmation. Democracy, proclaimed the Democratic Review in 1837, is “a cheerful creed ... of high hope and universal love” buoyed by faith in human nature and in divine nature, while tragedy, despite its ultimate vindication of Law, radiated terror and gloom. “Perverse solicitors of woe,’’ Emerson called the admirers of tragedy, ascribing their fascination to a morbid “appetite for grier’ and voicing a widespread impatience among contemporary Americans that was only superficially at odds with the stage and schoolroom popularity of Shakespeare.
Exiled Royalties
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the chapter “Moby Dick,” having established Ahab’s hunt as a surrogate action drawing on “the general rage and hate” of the human race “from Adam down” (MD184), having speculated, too, on the process of develop ment that generated and sustains Ahab’s monomania, Ishmael reaches the limits of all but his most searching imagination. “This is much,” he says, “yet Ahab’s larger, darker, deeper part remains unhinted” (MD185). What follows is as close as Ishmael will come to excavating the lowest layer of Ahab’s hunt: Winding far down from within the very heart of this spiked Hotel de Cluny where we stand-however grand and wonderful, now quit it; and take your way, ye nobler, sadder souls, to those vast Roman halls of Thermes; where far beneath the fantastic towers of man’s upper earth, his root of grandeur, his whole awful essence sits in bearded state; an antique buried beneath antiquities, and throned on torsoes! So with a broken throne, the great gods mock that captive king; so like a Caryatid, he patient sits, upholding on his frozen brow the piled entablature of ages. Wind ye down there, ye prouder, sadder souls! question that proud, sad king! a family likeness! aye, he did beget ye, ye young exiled royalties; and from your grim sire only will the old State-secret come.
Unworldly Yearners: Agnostic Spirituality in Clarel
Authors: Milder Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At once an epigraph and an epitaph, the passage is curious in several respects. It seems the voice of Melville’s narrator and only later is described as the “exhalings ... of one” (almost certainly Rolfe) standing by “the moundless bed” of the dead Nehemiah (C 3, I: 25, 27). Without undercutting the authority of the lines-the reader’s initial response survives largely intact-the belated attribution identifies them with one of the characters to whom they most fittingly apply. What Rolfe asks about others, Claretasks about Rolfe himself and about kindred ‘‘yearners,” “unworldly” not in their innocence like Nehemiah, a holy fool, but in what the Franciscan monk Salvaterra calls “The pure disdain / Of life, or holding the real, / Still subject to a brave ideal” (C 4, 14: 34-36). Fidelity to the ideal is what the poem means by “earnestness,” its touchstone for spiritual merit. Situationally, Rolfe’s musing looks back to the death of Nehemiah, which ended part ; figuratively, it looks ahead to the death of Mortmain, the most painfully earnest of Claret’spilgrims, which will end part 3. “Tried” suggests the probational agony of searching for God and ascertaining a ground for belief: “hard task Thou settest man / To know Thee,” the Syrian monk laments (C2, 18: 134-35); “God, my God, ISorely thou triest me the clod!” Clare! will exclaim (C 3, 21: 226---27). “Ransomed” would seem to imply the Atonement, but in Clare!the inconclusive process of trial is itself the vehicle for whatever ransoming occurs, if only by raising the sufferer above the profane and certifying a worthiness of immortality. If, as Mortmain says, “Religion ... / Is man’s appeal from fellow-clay” (C 3, 3: 54-55), then the idealistic doubter like Leopardi or Obermann may be as much the child of God as the orthodox believer.
To Try Her Fortune In London
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1870 and 1940, tens of thousands of Australian women were drawn to London, their imperial metropolis and the center of the publishing, art, musical, theatrical, and educational worlds. Even more Australian women than men made the pilgrimage “home,” seeking opportunities beyond those available to them in the Australian colonies or dominion. In tracing the experiences of these women, this volume reveals hitherto unexamined connections between whiteness, colonial status, gender, and modernity.