bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic innervation of the cerebellum of rat, rabbit, cat, and monkey as revealed by choline acetyltransferase activity and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Barmack N. H. , Baughman R. W. , Eckenstein F. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cholinergic innervation of the cerebellar cortex of the rat, rabbit, cat and monkey was studied by immunohistochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and radiochemical measurement of regional differences in ChAT activity. Four antibodies to ChAT were used to find optimal immunohistochemical localization of this enzyme. These antibodies selectively labeled large mossy fiber rosettes as well as finely beaded terminals with different morphological characterization, laminar distribution within the cerebellar cortex, and regional differences within the cerebellum.Large “grape‐like” classic ChAT‐positive mossy fiber rosettes that were distributed primarily in the granule cell layer were concentrated, but not exclusively located in three separate regions of the cerebellum in each of the four species studied: (1) The uvula‐nodulus (lobules 9 and 10); (2) the flocculus‐ventral paraflocculus, and (3) the anterior lobe vermis (lobules 1 and 2). No intrinsic cerebellar neurons were labeled. No cells in either the inferior olive (the origin of cerebellar climbing fibers) or in the locus coeruleus (an origin of noradrenergic fibers) were ChAT‐positive.Thin, finely beaded axons, similar to cholinergic axons of the cerebral cortex of the rat, were observed in both the granule cell layer and molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex of the rat, rabbit and cat.The regional differences in ChAT‐positive afferent terminations in the cerebellar cortex was for the most part confirmed by regional measurements of ChAT activity in the rat, rabbit, and cat. The three cholinergic afferent projection sites correspond to regions of the cerebellar cortex that receive vestibular primary and secondary afferents. These data imply that a subset of vestibular projections to the cerebellar cortex are cholinergic.
Distribution of neurotensin immunoreactivity within the human amygdaloid complex: A comparison with acetylcholinesterase‐ and Nissl‐stained tissue sections
Authors: Benzing William C. , Mufson Elliott J. , Jennes Lothar , Stopa Edward G. , Armstrong David M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a previous study, we reported marked depletion of neurotensin‐immunoreactivity (NT‐IR) within selected regions of the amygdala of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The significance of these observations was partly obscured largely because we lacked a thorough understanding of the innervation pattern of neurotensin in the normal human amygdala. Accordingly, in the present study, we used a polyclonal antibody against neurotensin to characterize the distribution and morphology of neurotensin‐immunoreactive neuronal elements within the human amygdaloid complex. NT‐IR occurred in a topographic manner that respected the cytoarchitectural boundaries of the amygdaloid subregions as defined by Nissl staining and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. Most NT‐IR in the amygdala was contained within beaded fibers and dot‐like puncta. Within the subnuclei of the amygdala, immunoreactive neuritic elements were most dense within the central nucleus followed by the medial nucleus and intercalated nuclei. The anterior amygdaloid area, basal complex, paralaminar nucleus, cortical nucleus, cortical‐amygdaloid transition area, and amygdalohippocampal area contained moderate densities of immunoreactivity. The accessory basal and lateral nuclei exhibited scant NT‐IR. Immunoreactive neurons were found only within the anterior amygdaloid area and the central, medial, intercalated, and lateral capsular nuclei. The distribution of NT‐immunoreactive processes and cell bodies within selected regions of the amygdala provides an anatomical substrate that may explain, in part, the neuromodulatory actions of neurotensin upon autonomic, endocrine, and memory systems.
The hypothalamic paraventricular and lateral parabrachial nuclei receive collaterals from raphe nucleus neurons: A combined double retrograde and immunocytochemical study
Authors: Petrov Theodor , Krukoff Teresa L. , Jhamandas Jack H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetrograde tracer injections of fluorescein‐ and rhodamine‐labelled latex microspheres centered in the parvicellular zone of the hypothalamic/ paraventricular nucleus and pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus revealed that 36% of the labelled neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus send collaterals to both structures. These cells were organized in a wellx‐distinguishable cluster within the dorsal raphe nucleus. By combining retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry, it was found that less than 8% of the doublex‐labelled cells stained positively for serotonin. Of the remaining raphe nuclei that were examined, only the median raphe nucleus contributed a minor nonserotoninergic projection to the paraventricular or lateral parabrachial nuclei. Few of the retrogradely labelled cells in the median raphe nucleus contained both tracers. These results suggest that nonserotoninergic and serotoninergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, via collateral branching, may simultaneously influence the activity of two central nervous system nuclei involved in autonomic control.
The dorsal, posterodorsal, and ventral tegmental nuclei: A cyto‐ and chemoarchitectonic study in the human
Authors: Huang Xu‐Feng , Törk Istvan , Halliday Glenda M. , Paxinos George 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to verify the existence of the ventral and posterodorsal tegmental nuclei and to extend previous findings regarding the dorsal tegmental nucleus in the human brainstem, studies were conducted using cyto‐ and chemoarchitectonics, and computer reconstruction techniques.Serial sections of five brainstems from adults with no known neurological disorders were stained for Nissl substance, acetylcholinesterase, and substance P. The topography, cytoarchitecture, and acetylcholinesterase reactivity of the tegmental nuclei were presented in a mini‐atlas depicting sections cut in transverse and sagittal planes. The dorsal and posterodorsal tegmental nuclei were identified fully within the central grey matter while the ventral tegmental nucleus extended across the medial longitudinal fasciculus into the pontine reticular formation. The dorsal tegmental nucleus featured a cell‐poor pericentral part, strongly positive for acetylcholinesterase, and a central part comprised of densely packed small neurons that displayed moderate acetylcholinesterase reactivity and strong substance P‐like immunoreactivity. The posterodorsal tegmental nucleus, located in the same transverse plane as the rostral part of the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, was composed of diffusely arranged small to medium neurons with its neuropil displaying moderate acetylcholinesterase reactivity and strong substance P‐like immunoreactivity. The ventral tegmental nucleus, identified as a prominent structure in the pontine tegmentum immediately rostral to the genu of the facial nerve, contained predominantly large neurons and displayed intensive acetylcholinesterase reactivity and substance P‐like immunoreactivity.These studies showed that the tegmental nuclei, which displayed distinctive cyto‐ and chemoarchitectonic features, were fully present in adult human brainstem.
Immunohistochemical organization of the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus in the tree shrew
Authors: Agarwala Seema , Günlük Alev Erisir , May Jack G. , Petry Heywood M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) was differentiated into multiple subdivisions (dorsal cap, intergeniculate leaflet, parvicellular segment, and internal and external magnocellular laminae, the latter being further divisible into a lateral and medial division) on the basis of retinal projections, immunochemistry, and histochemistry. Retinal projections traced with intravitreal injections of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase revealed direct bilateral input to all subregions of the vLGN, except for the internal magnocellular lamina (which received only contralateral input) and the parvicellular segment (which was not retinorecipient). Furthermore, retinal inputs clearly distinguished the relatively heavily retinorecipient intergeniculate leaflet from the less prominently labeled dorsal cap. Immunohistochemical localization of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) perikarya revealed their prominence in the intergeniculate leaflet and the external magnocellular laminae with a concentration along the optic tract. NPY immunoreactive fibers were seen in all but the parvicellular subregion. Gamma amino butyric acid immunoreactivity was seen throughout the vLGN, but was most concentrated in the dorsal cap and the magnocellular laminae, followed by the intergeniculate leaflet. Histochemical studies of cytochrome oxidase and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)‐diaphorase localization revealed similar patterns of dense reactivity within the external magnocellular lamina, intergeniculate leaflet and dorsal cap, and somewhat less dense, but substantial reactivity in the internal magnocellular lamina. Within the external magnocellular lamina, cells reactive for cytochrome oxidase were noted in the lateral portion bordering the optic tract, whereas those specific for NADPH‐diaphorase were dispersed throughout the lamina. Poor reactivity for both histochemical markers was evident in the parvicellular segment. Overall, the markedly different patterns of retinal input and neurochemical organization between the subdivisions of the tree shrew vLGN suggest their involvement in diverse functions. Furthermore, the basic similarity of the organization of the tree shrew vLGN to that of the taxonomically unrelated ground squirrel may indicate a common mammalian scheme.
Changes in size and dendritic arborization patterns of adult cat spinal α‐Motoneurons following permanent axotomy
Authors: Brännström Thomas , Havton Leif , Kellerth Jan‐Olof 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study was performed to analyse quantitatively the changes in dimensions and dendritic branching patterns of adult cat spinal α‐motoneurons following permanent axotomy, i.e., in a situation in which the transected motoraxons are prevented from reinnervating their peripheral target muscle. After transection and ligation of the medial gastrocnemius nerve of adult cats, homonymous α‐motoneurons were intracellularly labelled with horseradish peroxidase and subjected to quantitative light microscopic analyses. The cell bodies and proximal dendrites were studied at 3, 6, and 12 weeks after the axotomy. An initial increase in cell body size at 3 weeks was followed by a gradual return towards normal values. The mean diameter of the stem dendrites was decreased at all time periods studied, and the combined diameter of the stem dendrites was reduced at 12 weeks after the axotomy. Entire dendritic trees were reconstructed at 12 weeks postoperatively, and the regression equations describing the correlations between dendritic stem diameter, on one hand, and the size of the entire dendrite, on the other, were used to calculate the total dendritic length, volume, and membrane area of whole axotomized motoneurons. The dendritic branching patterns were also analysed. In comparison with normal medial gastrocnemius α‐motoneurons, the dendritic membrane area and volume of the axotomized cells had decreased by 36% and 29%, respectively, at 12 weeks after the axotomy. This reduction in dendritic size was due to a loss of preterminal and terminal dendritic segments. Abnormal dendritic elongations were observed in 2 of 16 completely reconstructed dendrites.
Ultrastructural studies of retinal, visual cortical (area 17), and parabigeminal terminals within the superior colliculus of Galago crassicaudatus
Authors: Feig Sherry , Van Lieshout David P. , Harting John K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology and synaptic relationships of anterogradely labeled retinal, visual cortical (area 17), and parabigeminal terminals have been analyzed within the superficial gray (stratum griseum superficiale) of Galago crassicaudatus.Our data regarding the retinocollicular projection reveal two populations of terminals based upon size. The population of smaller terminals are found in clusters, while the larger occur in isolation. Both populations of retinocollicular terminals form synapses primarily with dendritic spines, but synapses upon pale vesicle filled (PVF) profiles and dendritic shafts also occur.Corticotectal terminals contain round vesicles and make asymmetrical synapses, primarily onto dendritic spines; few form synapses with PVF profiles. Our findings suggest the possibility that there are two populations of corticotectal terminals based upon differences in size and morphology.Parabigeminotectal profiles contain densely packed round vesicles and make asymmetrical synapses. These terminals, which are exclusively cholinergic in Galago, are presynaptic to dendrites of various sizes.Convergence of retinal and cortical terminals has been observed. This convergence occurs on distinctly separate regions of the postsynaptic membrane. In contrast, convergence of retinal and parabigeminal terminals occurs on the same region of the postsynaptic cell(s). © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of GABAergic immunoreactivity define subdivisions of the mustached bat's medial geniculate body
Authors: Winer Jeffery A. , Wenstrup Jeffrey J. , Larue David T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe anatomy and the spatial distribution of neurons and axonal endings (puncta) immunoreactive for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) were studied in the medial geniculate body of the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii). The principal findings are that: 1) most GABAergic neurons are present in the dorsal and ventral divisions with few, if any, in the medial division; 2) only a small fraction, about 1% or less, of auditory thalamic neurons are immunopositive; 3) the density of immunoreactive puncta is independent of the number of GABAergic neurons in the thalamic divisions, with the ventral division having the largest number/unit area, the medial division about 75% of this value, and the dorsal division only about 50%; and 4) the form of the puncta was unique to each division, those in the ventral division being medium‐sized and comparatively simple, those in the medial division predominantly large, coarse, and complex, while dorsal division endings were finer and more delicate. These patterns recapitulate, with some significant exceptions, those found in the rat and cat.The puncta could originate from several sources; while many may arise from intrinsic GABAergic Golgi type II local circuit neurons, these cells may not be the only or even the principal source. Thus, the dorsal division contains comparatively many immunopositive cells though fewer puncta than might be expected if the bulk of these were to arise from auditory thalamic interneurons. This suggests that other, extrinsic sources, such as the thalamic reticular nucleus, may be the source of such endings. A second point is that the form and density of the puncta is regionally specific within the medial geniculate complex. These local patterns might have a significant and regionally specific role in controlling the differential excitability of auditory thalamic neurons. The distribution of presumptive synaptic endings also has implications for the number and arrangement of glomeruli or synaptic nests. Thus, these circuit elements, which are common to the thalamic nuclei in other species, might play an important role in local synaptic circuits between different types of cells. If so, then the structural variations embodied in these patterns could subserve functional arrangements that differ among species. Such patterns might reflect concomitant physiological differences in the organization of local circuits within the microchiropteran medial geniculate body. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The melanin‐concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: An immuno‐ and hybridization histochemical characterization
Authors: Bittencourt J. C. , Presse F. , Arias C. , Peto C. , Vaughan J. , Nahon J.‐L. , Vale W. , Sawchenko P. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn addition to a nonadecapeptide homologous to the teleost melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH), the amino acid sequence predicted from a rat prepro‐MCH (ppMCH) cDNA suggested that at least one (neuropeptide EI, or NEI), and possibly a second (NGE), additional neuropeptide may be encoded by this precursor. Cross‐reactivity with epitopes of NEI or NGE can account for reported localization of α‐MSH, rat CRF, and human GRF in rat dorsolateral hypothalamic neurons. We have used antisera raised against rat MCH and NEI in immunohistochemical studies at the light and electron microscopic levels, along with hybridization histochemical localization of ppMCH mRNA, to define the organization of this system. As expected, ppMCH mRNA is prominently expressed in cells in the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. The MCH and NEI peptides were extensively colocalized in neurons in both of these areas. In addition, smaller cell groups in the olfactory tubercle and pontine tegmentum were also positively hybridized for ppMCH mRNA and immunostained for MCH and NEI. Fibers stained for MCH and NEI were similarly, and very broadly, distributed throughout the central nervous system in patterns that generally conformed with known projection fields of the lateral hypothalamic area and zona incerta. A differential distribution was seen in at least one region, the interanterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which contained a prominent terminal field stained for MCH but not NEI. At the electron microscopic level, MCH‐stained perikarya displayed a prominent staining associated with the Golgi apparatus; this was not encountered in NEI‐stained cells. Both peptides were distributed similarly in terminals in the lateral hypothalamic area and median eminence, with staining associated principally with dense‐cored vesicles. The results suggest that ppMCH‐derived peptides may serve as neurotransmitters or modulators of prominence in a surprisingly expansive projection field of incerto‐hypothalamic neurons. The terminal distributions of this system seem most compatible with functional roles in generalized arousal and sensorimotor integration, processes previously implicated as being subject to modulation by the lateral hypothalamic area. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noradrenergic innervation of the thalamic reticular nucleus: A light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study in rats
Authors: Asanuma C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFluoro‐ruby injections in the rat locus coeruleus result in scattered chain‐like arrays of varicose anterogradely labeled axons within the thalamic reticular nucleus of rats. An abundant meshwork of axons giving rise to en passant boutons is detected immunohistochemically within this thalamic nucleus by means of an antibody to dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH). The density of DBH‐positive axonal boutons within the reticular nucleus neuropil is greater than that found in the relay nuclei of the dorsal thalamus (with the exception of the anterior group nuclei). Single DBH‐positive axons appear to contact both proximal and distal dendrites and occasionally the somata of reticular nucleus neurons. Labeled axons are seen closely juxtaposed not only to the swollen segments of the beaded reticular neuron dendrites, but to the constricted segments as well. Electron microscopic examination of DBH‐positive axon terminals within the reticular nucleus neuropil indicates that many of the axonal boutons detected light microscopically participate in asymmetric synaptic contacts. The postsynaptic densities of these synapses are thicker than those of nearby symmetric synapses, but often subtend a shorter length of the postsynaptic membrane than the densities associated with other nearby asymmetric synapses. These observations indicate that the ascending noradrenergic system, in addition to influencing the dorsal thalamus and the cerebral cortex directly, is well situated to influence signal transmission through the nuclei of the dorsal thalamus indirectly via a moderately dense terminal projection upon the thalamic reticular nucleus. Published 1992 by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic and non‐GABAergic projections of accessory optic nuclei, including the visual tegmental relay zone, to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal accessory optic nucleus in rat
Authors: Giolli R. A. , Torigoe Y. , Clarke R. J. , Blanks R. H. I. , Fallon J. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study examines the non‐γ‐amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic (group I neurons) and GABAergic neurons (group II neurons) of the accessory optic system projecting to the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT)/dorsal terminal nucleus (DTN) of the accessory optic system in rat. These nuclei include the dorsal (MTNd) and ventral (MTNv) divisions of the medial terminal nucleus, the lateral terminal nucleus, the interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus, the posterior fibers, and the visual tegmental relay zone. GABAergic neurons of these nuclei that do not target the NOT/DTN (group III neurons) have also been observed. The fluorescent retrograde tracer fluoro‐gold was injected into the pretectum, targeting the NOT/DTN and the tissue prepared immunocytochemically to reveal neurons containing the neurotransmitter GABA.Three groups of neurons (groups I, II, and III neurons) were examined in terms of their distribution, density, and percentage present. Group I neurons are single‐labeled with fluoro‐gold and represent non‐GABAergic neurons projecting to the NOT/DTN. These neurons are of the highest density in the lateral terminal nucleus (204 neurons/mm2). Their densities are also substantial in the MTNv (120 neurons/mm2), interstitial nucleus of the superior fasciculus, posterior fibers (96 neurons/mm2), and visual tegmental relay zone (93 neurons/ mm2). Group II neurons are double‐labeled with fluoro‐gold and GABA. They form a system of GABAergic neurons projecting to the NOT/DTN, which are exceedingly dense in the MTNd (78 neurons/mm2) but are also dense in both the visual tegmental relay zone (49 neurons/mm2) and MTNv (33 neurons /mm2). Group III neurons are GABAergic neurons that do not target the NOT/DTN but must project to other brain nuclei and/or be interneurons. These are of extremely high concentration in the visual tegmental relay zone (316 neurons/mm2) and are also of substantial densities in the MTNd (77 neurons/mm2), lateral terminal nucleus (72 neurons/mm2), and MTNv (44 neurons/mm2).The MTNd has the highest percentage of GABAergic neurons projecting to the NOT/DTN (72%). GABAergic neurons also form significant percentages of the projections to the NOT/DTN from the visual tegmental relay zone (34%) and MTNv (21%). The percentage of the total GABAergic neurons that project to the NOT/DTN is the highest in the MTNd (50%) and MTNv (42%). The described GABAergic afferents to the NOT/DTN may function to process information concerned with the compensation for retinal slip. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.