bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noesis: Plato on Exact Science
Authors: Tait William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dedicated to Howard Stein on the occasion of his 70th birthday . There are two places in Plato’s Dialogues in which he discusses his conception of scientific explanation: the passages on the ‘second-best method’ in the Phaedo and the passages on noesis in the Divided Line simile in Book VI of the Republic. I have written about the first of these in Tait (1986b), and I discuss the second of them here. The conception in question is of what we would call exact science. Some exact sciences, the so-called mathemata, were already in existence in the fourth century B.C. in Greece, and Plato was concerned to argue for a proper foundation for them. The reason why is part of my story of the Divided Line. The Line itself, I will argue, is a rhetorical argument for foundations.1 Plato was also concerned with extending the scope of exact science to other domains, including political science, but that is not part of my story, although it should be a substantial part of any accurate account of the Republic as a whole.
Pope’s Imitations of Horace and the Authority of Inconsistency
Authors: Noggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A skeptical current runs through Pope’s Imitations of Horace (published from 1733 to 1738) that determines their most complicated ideological functions, especially his presentation of himself as a poet at once aloof from and mixing in the bewildering cultural forces driving 1730s Robinocracy. Pope’s skepticism in the Horatian poems, equivocal as it is, elaborates on the desire expressed in An Essay on Man for his authority to disappear, no longer by losing himself in the neutral, unknowable structure of the universe but now by presenting a specific poetic voice that detaches him from his own beliefs and feelings through the very candor with which he expresses them. This detachment resembles skeptical attitudes discussed in earlier chapters, a modest rejection of the self-confidence and positivity of rationalist dogmatism, as Pope expresses it in his Thoughts on Various Subjects (1727): “Since ‘tis reasonable to doubt most things, we should most of all doubt that Reason of ours which wou’d demonstrate all things.”1 But though resembling the Anglo-Catholic fideism of Dryden, or Swift’s embrace of commonplaces of Anglican intellectual modesty, or the Pascalian humility modified by the Essay, Pope’s Horatian discursive world is shaped not so much by religious controversy as by the explorations of virtue modeled in the Hellenistic philosophical schools, among them Pyrrhonistic and Academic skepticism.
Prologue: Who Was Peter Mitchell?
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The life of Peter Dennis Mitchell (19w-1992), like that of most people, is characterized by complexities, contradictions, and paradoxes. Giographers, to the extent that they succeed, can capture only partially the richness of the phenomenon of another human being and his or her action in the world. Our knowledge is limited, no matter how much detailed information is available. Thus this biography inevitably represents an interpretation of Mitchell’s life from Sf’Veral of the mmwrous perspectives possible. This problem is compounded by the fact that the subject was a scientist, and much of Mitchell’s creativity and passion were engaged in activities that required both a technical and a specialist knowledge.
The Early Cambridge Years 1939-1947
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Mitchell arrived, loaded Home Guard revolver in pocket, in time for the Michaelmas (first of three) term at Jesus College to a Cambridge1 already altered by the war. Although the colleges were still functioning, there was a reduction in numbers of both staff and students, while portions of the colleges and other facilities had been requisitioned for war-related use. A part of Jesus College was USE’d for pilot training, for instance. Although only one minor air raid actually occurred, the townlived under blackout conditions. Mitchell took up residence at the college and joined an ambulance service, spending one night a week on duty.Partway through the first year, Mitchell moved from the college to a rented room nearby in a quiet terrace house, built in 1810, at 58 Jesus Luw to enjoy a less commm1al lifestyle. Music was still an important aspect of his life. He played the violin unacunnpanied, as well as with Maurice Sugden, whom he met at Jesus and who lived just annmd the corner in Malcolm Lane. Sugden, a chemist, went on to become a fellow of the Royal Society and was ultinutely knighted. Together they played through the Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven violin sonatas. One of Mitchell’s zoology instructors, Cyril Smith, also accompanied him and introduced him to Brahms and the late Romantics, as well as teaching him more advanced interpretation.
The Creation of Glynn 1962-1965
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Helen and Peter had a desire for a retreat further south. At Carrington they found the autumn and winter very lovely, Carrington being above the snow line for some three months in the year. However, they felt that there was no spring: winter simply dissolved into summer. More seriously, Helen feared that Pat Robertson might not allow Daniel and Vanessa, the children from her first marriage, to travel to Scotland, where the legal system is slightly different In October 19ri1, while PetE’rwas in the UnitE’d State’s for a meeting of the Society for Cell Biology, Helen saw an advertisement in the S1111dny Times offering two cottages for sale in Cornwall-Clynn Mill and Clynn Mill Cottage.
Testing the Theory 1965-1968
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period starting in 1965 marks a point when Mitchell’s life became dominated by the need to explore the dwmiosmotic theory. ln addition, putting Mitchell’s concept of the private reSf’arch institute into effect in the second half of the twentieth century was a formidable task. He had made a massive investment of time, money, and personal energy in Glynn. Could such a small institute’ operate, successfully in a world in which science was increasingly carried out in large university departments and research institutes many times the size of Clynn? The prospect does not seem to have daunted Mitchell, who appears to have had total confidence in his ability to make the project succeed. ft is true he regarded it as somewhat of an experiment-nevertheless, an experiment with an anticipated positive outcome. Among Mitchell’s interests, which still included fanning, was the refurbishment of old houses. He had carried out a major refurbishment of Carrington while dt Edinburgh and then had undE’ftaken the restoration of Glynn. These refurbishments SE’em to have given him an enthusiasm for this type of work, and he wantE’d another propE’fty to support this enthusiasm. He acquired Illisland Manor (now Illisland Mansion), where reputedly Queen Elizabeth l had stayed. The village of Blisland is some ten miles or so from Glynn on the western edge of Bodmin Moor. The property was in need of major renovation, which Mitchell undertook over a period approaching ten years, using some of the craftsmen employed on Glynn. On completion it was sold, although not without some difficulty. Mitchell’s concern was to restore the building
Exploring the Implications of the Theory 1969-1973
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Mitchell had put forward his dwmiosmotic theory with a feeling that it could well be proved wrong, by 1969 he had acquired a certain amount of confidence in its validity. lt is tnw that in conversation with others he openly discusstcd the importance of finding experiments that might prove the theory wrong. Nevertheless, there were indications at the annual gc 1wral meeting of Glynn Rese&gt;arch Limite’d in Jmw 1919 that he believed he had solved the central issue of oxidative phosphorylation.
From Review to Nobel Prize 1977—1978
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arguments on the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation became increasingly like stet pieces, with various workers having adopted entrenched positions between the chemiosnwtic viewpoint and the conformational viewpoint Although the chemical theory had never quite died, it was now a minor part of the debate. Some in the field felt unable to accept the physiological concepts underlying the chemiosmotic theory, concepts that had not been part of mainstream biochemical thinking. The importance of the debate was not just a question of understanding the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation; in many cases it was the driving force for the design of experiments. lnevitably, Mitchell was in the center of the debate. He adopted a stance of forthright ddense of the chemiosmotic theory on the ground that no experiment had yet falsified it even though it had been put to the test extensively.
Rhythmic Pharmacology
Authors: Palmer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental rate at which chemical reactions proceed is a function of temperature: As heat is applied, chemical changes take place more rapidly. Heat increases the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules, causing them to collide more frequently, permitting them to react with one another. An obvious example is the time required to turn liquid pancake batter into a solid pancake; the conversion depends on how hot the griddle is. Looking at it the other way, we keep food in the refrigerator to slow down the reactions that cause rancidity and spoilage.
Our lives depend on the myriad chemical reactions that take place within our tissues and organs, beginning with the digestion of meals we consume and moving to the conversion of the digestive products into human tissue. The warmer our deep-body temperature, the faster our internal chemistry churns; and as discussed in the previous chapter how warm we are at any time of day is in part dictated by our living clocks. Thus, because of our temperature rhythms, other factors being constant, dinners are digested faster than breakfasts because our temperature rhythm peaks around dinner time. The temperature rhythm also contributes somewhat to the additional prowess we exhibit in athletic events that are scheduled in the late afternoon and early evening; the change is produced in part by the chemistry of muscle contraction being speeded up at the temperature-rhythms maximum.
Jet Lag Can Be A Drag
Authors: Palmer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are creatures of habit. Most people’s day is organized around the eating of three meals, with each meal pretty much scheduled to the same time of day. We also tend to retire and arise on the same schedule.
On top of these basic biological dictates is the imposition of earning a living, an endeavor usually accomplished from 9 A.M. to 5 P.M. There are several niggling reinforcements associated with this schedule. Steady employment is difficult if one habitually comes late to work or leaves early; and long lunches are out unless you happen to be eating with the boss. I guess it is safe to say that individuals and society have forced themselves and itself into a rut ... but this is not necessarily bad. Following a routine makes life a bit easier and much more efficient: It is not necessary to make decisions over the timing of fundamental events like eating and sleeping, and much more can be accomplished when we work in focused groups. And notice how a routine benefits older people, especially those whose minds are not functioning as well as they used to; they stick pretty much to rote behavior and thus glide through each day with only a minimal need for decision making and leadership. Of course, the rigidity can be overdone: Try and find a restaurant that will serve you a bowl of breakfast cereal at 7 P.M.
Leuctra [July 37] B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After Athens’ defeat in the Peloponnesian Wars in 404 B.C., Sparta assumed the dominant role among che Greek poleis, or city-states. Although chat may have been a good thing from a military point of view-Sparta had long fielded the finest army in Greece-it was not a good ching politically or socially. The discipline practiced in Spartan society did not translate to other regions, and the ocher poleis began chafing under Spartan domination. When Sparta, as defender of the Greeks, began experiencing some setbacks in a conflict in Asia Minor against their former ally Persia, citystates such as Athens and Thebes saw an opportunity to strengthen their positions.
Metaurus River 207 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carthage, near the site of modern Tunis, started as a colony of Phoenicia. As the Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon waned because of invasions, many of their wealthy citizens emigrated to Carthage. Soon, it was the dominant city in northern Africa, controlling western Mediterranean trade and the grain production of the region. Carthage’s wealthy merchant class fielded armies of mercenaries recruited primarily from Spain. With these, they subdued local tribes and enforced their trading monopoly. Economic rivalry with the Greek colony of Massilia (Marseilles) led to raids on the city and its shipping, but Massilia’s ties to Rome led to war.
Zama 202 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 218 B.C., the Second Punic War had just gotten under way. Hannibal Barca, Carthaginian commander in Spain, had challenged Roman power in 219 B.C. by laying siege to the city of Saguntum. According to the treaty concluded at the end of the First Punic War, the city lay within a region recognized as under Carthage’s suzerainty, but the fact that Saguntum had a pro-Roman government brought a Roman declaration of war. Hannibal responded by capturing the city and then staging a brilliant forced march through the Pyrenees, southern Gaul (France), and through the Alps into northern Italy.
Alesia July October 52 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 60 B.C., Julius Caesar entered into the Triumvirate, a political alliance with the two most powerful men in Rome, Crassus and Pompey. All three worked together to wield power in the Roman Empire, while each at the same time worked to maneuver himself into a dominant position within the government. To do this, it was necessary for each man to have not only wealth and political influence, but military experience and support as well. Crassus already was an experienced general, making himself famous by putting down the slave uprising led by Spartacus. That was insufficient for his ambition, however, and he had himself appointed governor of Syria so he could win more laurels and wealth in a war against the Parthians. He died in the attempt, however. Caesar, meanwhile, took the position as governor of Gaul, both Cisalpine and Transalpine (northern Italy and southern France). In Gaul, Caesar hoped to gain the military and financial power that he needed to improve his political position.
Pharsalus 9 August 48 B.C.
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the Punic Wars, Rome under went significant changes. Politically, the Senate, which had long ruled the city of Rome and immediate areas, found itself unable to deal with foreign possessions, as if in the United States a city council found itself governing all of America. This coincided with a shift in the economy of Rome as well because the huge influx of slaves in the wake of the wars against Carthage transformed a nation of freehold farmers into a nation of estate owners, working slaves instead of peasants. The country folk, without employment, moved to the cities and caused a severe drain on public resources while the rich got richer with the newly expanded overseas trade.
Milvian Bridge 21 October 312
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rarely has the course of events followed such a convoluted path to a single decisive event as those that took the forces of the western Roman Empire to the battle at Milvian Bridge. In the 49 years between 235 and 284, Rome was ruled by no less than 26 emperors. Almost anyone with the support of a legion or two battled for, seized, and lost the position of supreme ruler of the Roman Empire. Finally, in 284, Diocletian seized and kept power. Although a soldier from Illyria (along the eastern Adriatic coast), Diocletian, once in power, spent most of his time trying to institute reforms that would stabilize the empire. This involved increased taxation, but the collection was done in a much more equitable fashion than in previous decades. The money was spent on increased bureaucracy and military to the point that some believed there to be more employees of the government than there were taxpayers.
Lechfeld 9August 955
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aside from the legend of a Middle Eastern origin, the Magyars in reality seem to have had FinnUgaric origins with traces of TurcoTartar elements. They had long practiced a nomadic lifestyle in central Asia and finally migrated westward past the Ural, Volga, Don, Dnieper, and at last the Danube Rivers. In chis movement, they had to successively fight and defeat ocher nomadic tribes, such as the Bulgars, Khazars, and Pecchenegs. le was finally the pressure of the Pecchenegs and Bulgars who drove the Magyars into Europe. As they entered eastern Europe, they encountered the power of the Byzantine Empire, which hired them as mercenaries and introduced them to Christianity; likewise, Germanic kings hired chem to aid in fighting the Slavs.
Hastings 14 October I 066
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When King Edward the Confessor died in January 1066, his succession was disputed. The witan, the governing council of English nobles and religious leaders, named Harold God­winsson as the next king because he was the strongest of the nobles and his sister was Edward’s wife; further, Edward on his deathbed apparently named Harold as his successor. Almost immediately, a challenge to this announcement came from across the English Channel. Duke William of Normandy claimed that Edward had years earlier named him as successor. Edward had spent 30 years in Normandy before his ascension to the English throne and was heavily influenced by that long stay, introducing many aspects of Norman society into England.
Second Battle Of Taraori 1192
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first time a Moslem set foot in India was shortly after Mohammed the Prophet established the faith. The original practitioners of Islam that visited India were merchants, whose voyages along the northern rim of the Arabian Gulf had been taking them to India for some years. Not until the reign of the caliph Omar, second successor to Mohammed, was a military expedition launched (637), not only to spread the faith but also to pillage the Indian wealth, of which the merchants had so long spoken. For the next several decades, only raids were conducted, with no intent at conquest or colonization. In 712, however, Chaldaean governor Al-Hajjaj sent his 17-year-old cousin Mohammed ibn Kasim to establish a Moslem presence in India. He invaded the province of Sind, bordering the mouth of the Indus River. After some brilliant campaigning, he succeeded in conquering the region, but it proved poor in both economy and prospects. Unsupported to any great extent from home, however, the colony slipped from the notice of chose who had dispatched it. A few centuries later, Moslem families still dominated the government of Sind, but had become Indianized and had spread neither their faith nor their power into the Indian interior.
Hsiang-Yang 1268-1273
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sung dynasty in China began in 960, succeeding theT’ang dynasty. For a time, the Sung controlled territory stretching from the southern reaches of modern Manchuria to the northern borders of Vietnam, with their power extending westward 1,000 miles from the China Sea. In 1127, they lost their northern lands to the Jurchen Mongols and concentrated their authority in the richer southern China by building a new capital city at Hangchow, at the mouth of the Yangtze River. The Southern Sung dynasty came to be regarded as something of a golden age in China, with expanding trade routes bringing in immense wealth as well as from Annam a new type of rice, which led to improvements in agriculture. Culturally, they reintroduced an interest in Confucianism, which had gradually been losing popularity to Buddhism and Taoism; that in turn led to a new form of bureaucracy, with examinations on Confucian principles becoming the basis of gaining a position in the civil service, a practice that was maintained almost until the twentieth century.
Brusa 1317-1326
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peoples known as Turks originated not in the Turkey of today but in Turkestan in central Asia. In the middle of the sixth century A.O., they formed themselves into a large tribal confederation and then shortly thereafter split into eastern and western factions. The eastern Turkic tribes interacted strongly with the Chinese, most notably the T’ang dynasty, and alternately aided or were defeated by the Chinese. The western Turkic tribes, however, were better known as conquerors for their occupation of territory stretching from the Oxus River to the Mediterranean Sea.
Cajamarca 16 November 1532
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francisco Pizarro was a conquistador, one of the warrior class that emerged in Spain during the wars between the Christians and Moors. After the Christians came to power in 1492, Spain was lucky enough to almost immediately sponsor Christopher Columbus, whose discovery (from the European perspective) of the Americas led to Spain being the most powerful nation on earth. Pizarro was a soldier in the expedition ofVasco Nufiez de Balboa to Panama in the 1520s, but found himselflittle richer for the experience. Hearing rumors of a land to the south with immense wealth and, like all conquistadors, fired by the stories of the success of Hernan Cortes in Mexico, Pizarro formed a partnership with three other men to explore the west coast of South America. His confederates were Diego de Almagro, Fernando Luque (the vicar of Panama), and Pedrarias Davila (the governor of Panama). All were in their fifties by this time, and, if they were going to be rich, they needed to do something soon. Pizarro was more the soldier; Almagro, the supplier; and Luque, the diplomat. They entered into a contract with Bartolome Ruiz, an experienced ship captain, to sail along the coast and find what they may.
Spanish Armada 29 July 1588
Authors: Davis Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne of England in 1558, she ruled a disjointed and rather weak nation, having many discontented factions within and few friends without. One of those friends, however, was the most powerful nation in the world at the time: Spain, ruled by Philip IL Philip had lately been tied to the English throne through his marriage to Elizabeth’s predecessor, Mary. When she died, Philip proposed marriage to her surviving sister to maintain his influence in a country with a number of Protestants (which he hated) and a burgeoning naval strength (which he coveted). Elizabeth turned down his proposal, but at first the two kept friendly relations, Philip even offering to aid in recovering Calais, England’s last possession on the Continent. It was not long before the two countries became bitter enemies.