bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does exposure to and use of offensive language harm children?
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people think exposure to offensive language harms children, whereas censorship of children’s language and literature does not. Because such censorship is on the rise in the United States, it’s timely to consider its effects. And because so many truly thoughtful people are in favor of censorship, I believe it is my responsibility to present the other side of the debate.
Censorship of speech is often an attempt to control language change. When I was a child, for example, many words having to do with sexual reproduction were taboo; teachers would scold children (or do worse) for using them. The list of words I was not allowed to say included names of body parts, such as “penis” and “vagina,” words that are used in classrooms today. (Many of these words have since lost their nasty connotations.) Efforts to censor language, for reasons of religion or political correctness or anything else, aim to control language change by putting certain words out of use. Censorship is definitely a linguistic matter.
Southeast Asians in the Classical World, ca. 200 BCE—800 CE
Authors: Lockard Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians cannot be certain when the first sailing ships from India and China began making regular visits to the lands of Southeast Asia, but around 2,000 years ago tales of such expeditions were becoming common in India, offering information about strange and exotic lands such as Yavadvipa, an island said to be awash in silver and gold. The Ramayana (“Story of Rama”), an ornate Indian epic poem written some 2,500 or more years ago, but probably revised several times by the first century ce, mentions this island. Another ancient Indian book, the Vayu Parana, describes it as “full of varieties of flowers and fruits. . . . There are . . . towns where live men and women in happiness.[It is full] of mines of precious stones and gold, besides sandalwood. . . . It is a veritable paradise.” Scholars debate whether Yavadvipa refers to Java, Sumatra, or perhaps Borneo. The Indian adventurers reaching the region were chiefly merchants in search of wealth, and commerce fills their stories.
Colonial Impact and Changing Fortunes, 1800—1941
Authors: Lockard Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Achant popular among Vietnamese peasants in the 1930s lamented the results of colonialism: “Ill fortune, indeed, for power has been seized by the French invaders, who are bent on barbarous deeds. It’s criminal to set out the food tray and find that one has nothing but roots and greens to eat.” From a global perspective, colonialism served primarily to link Southeast Asia more firmly to a world economy dominated by the West and to introduce Western ideas and technologies. But colonial policies also profoundly affected all aspects of life, and Southeast Asians responded to the challenges of colonial “ill fortune” in creative ways.
Conquest proved a shattering experience throughout the region. Although it ultimately brought an end to many local conflicts, colonialism also transformed once autonomous Southeast Asians into masses of subject peoples who enjoyed few political rights, with their values and systems of authority challenged. The broad outlines of colonial policy were developed in London, Paris, Amsterdam, Madrid, and Washington, and according to a French saying, “The colonies were created by the colonizer for the colonizer.”
Revolutionary Wars and Nation Building, 1950—1975
Authors: Lockard Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1950 a small group of leading Indonesian writers published a moving declaration promoting “universal humanism” and “human dignity.” Their beliefs were shaped by the nationalist struggle against the Dutch as well as their familiarity with European Enlightenment values such as democracy, free thought, and tolerance. They claimed, “We are the legitimate heirs to the culture of the whole world, a culture which is ours to extend and develop in our own way. We are born of the common people. For us, revolution implies the discarding of old and outmoded values and their replacement by new ones. Our fundamental quest is humanity.” These writers hoped that Indonesia could combine the most humane ideas of East and West to become a beacon to the world, open to all cultures and showing respect for the common people. These bold and noble aspirations, with their recognition of a connection to the wider world, reflected a new sense of possibility as walls of colonialism crumbled or were knocked down. But the idealism was soon dashed by the realities of the years just after the end of World War II. Most nationalists argued that the longing for dignity could only be achieved after securing independence, either through negotiation or revolution, and by building new nations.
The Lost Words of La Malinche
Authors: Restall Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the morning of 8 November 1519, on a causeway crossing Lake Texcoco in the Valley of Mexico, a unique encounter in world history occurred. Moctezuma met Cortés. For centuries this meeting has been taken as symbolic of the great encounter of continents that was now in its third decade. And with good reason. For the very first time, a Native American emperor greeted a representative of the Europeans who had come to conquer and settle in his lands. The meeting was friendly, with both sides keen to display an unswerving commitment to diplomacy. Yet a clash of cultures was also immediately apparent.
Göran Roos: Recipes for Knowledge-Based Value Creation
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Göran Roos is continually developing some of the most advanced and yet readily usable approaches to leveraging the interrelated roles of intellectual capital and strategy in contemporary organizations. As both a thought leader and practitioner, he has made seminal contributions to the field of intellectual capital through his writings and his implementation of practical solutions.
He has created frameworks that enable making the intangible of intellectual capital understood as a very real asset to be cultivated, measured, and appropriately exploited for competitive advantage. He helps managers rethink how their strategies and practices determine and utilize the drivers for intellectual capital growth and how to rigorously evaluate and effectively use their intellectual resources throughout their enterprises to make significant differences.
Jac Fitz-Enz: Human Capital Is the Only Active Asset
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this conversation, Jae Fitz-enz examines the leveraging role of human capital in organizations. He views that human capital is the only capital that is active. Without human capital, nothing can happen in organizations. He demonstrates that we can measure the value of human capital and the return on investment of human capital. This is important to develop the set of measures that balances human and financial factors. This balance is the hallmark of effective organizations. Fitz-enz also warns that human capital, intellectual capital, and knowledge management are in danger of failing unless they become integrated into the way organizations do their business.
Thomas O. Davenport: People Are the Owners and Investors of Human Capital
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Davenport is a principal in Towers Perrin’s Organization and Employee Research Practice in San Francisco. He provides counsel on human capital strategy, change management, organizational effectiveness, and business strategy to clients in the service, financial, retail, manufacturing, and public sectors.
He has made a major contribution to the field by recognizing that the evolution of the new economy requires managers to think of people as owners and investors of their human capital, an asset they invest in the organizations where they work. This metaphor extends beyond the conventional thinking that people themselves are assets controlled by organizations.
Davenport focuses much of his attention on helping clients improve the people-focused elements of business strategy implementation. He is the author of the book Human Capital: What It Is and Why People Invest It, published by Jossey-Bass in 1999. Among the topics he covers is the challenge of attracting, retaining, and engaging workers in a fast-paced, turbulent environment.
Steven M. H. Wallman: A Level Playing Field for Intangibles
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steven Wallman is a recognized authority on securities markets and the challenge of revising financial reporting to account for the new drivers of wealth production. He is the founder and chief executive officer of FOLIOfn, an innovative financial services and brokerage firm, a senior fellow of the Brookings Institution, and a former commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
As an SEC commissioner from 1994 to 1997, Wallman organized the first symposium addressing the increasing role of intangible assets in the changing economy and the related need to make financial statements reflect this significant shift in business and financial activities. After leaving the SEC, he co-chaired the Brookings Institution study on intangibles that resulted in the report Unseen Wealth. The report serves as a foundation piece for legitimitizing intangible assets as a vital issue worthy of study and resolution. The report explored the public policy implications of the growing level of intangible assets in the U.S. economy and made recommendations on a number of specific issues.
Sharon oriel: Finding “the Hook”
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sharon Oriel is the director of the Global Intellectual Capital Management Technology Center of the Dow Chemical Company. She has been with the Dow Chemical Company for 29 years since receiving under graduate and graduate degrees in biology. Her career with Dow has included experience in central research, plastics technical service and development, plastics marketing, and for the last 11 years, intellectual capital management. Her focus is on aligning, leveraging, and creating intellectual assets and capital for value growth.
Oriel is one of the cofounders of Dow’s intellectual capital man agers gathering. She serves on the editorial board of the Intellectual Capital Journal. In addition, Oriel served on the research and development task force supporting the Brookings IC project, has been featured in CFO magazine, and Business Finance, and contributed chapters to numerous books. According to Oriel, the future is truly filled with intangible opportunities. Those who navigate these opportunities with wisdom will create a sustainable future. Oriel considers herself a tempered IC radical.
Stephen Denning: The Springboard Story
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stephen Denning was a key player in the strategic shift of the World Bank toward becoming a knowledge-based organization. AB the lead per son for instituting knowledge management at the World Bank, trying the generally accepted approaches to communicating the complex idea of knowledge management with marginal success, he discovered that story telling was the most effective vehicle for about “knowledge management.” This is not storytelling in the entertainment sense, but storytelling in the sense of conveying the kernel of a significant change experience. He has found that storytelling is a vital element for developing a knowledge sharing culture and a knowledge-based organization. Without it, he feels that the World Bank would not have achieved the change in emphasis to knowledge as a central pillar and resource that it has.
Knowing Your Relative Resource Position
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gillette, which had $8.4 billion in sales and approximately $1.2 billion in net income in 2002, is an example of a company with a strong resource position.1 Gillette’s high performance and strong market position in the razor blade industry can be explained by the firm’s ability to efficiently combine its unique resources to build an attractive and enviable position in the industry. Gillette’s development of the hightechnology razors, such as Mach3Turbo, is the case in point. Gillette’s new triple-blade shaving system, at the time of writing the most technologically advanced shaving system in the world, is based on a unique combination of resources, including 35 different new patents, improved lubrication systems, and customized manufacturing processes. The razor appears to be a simple gadget with three blades mounted on small springs. However, the product is significantly more “high tech” than it may seem. Its production is based on one-of-its-kind manufacturing equipment and innovative patents. The equipment, designed by Gillette, is very complex, and it is virtually impossible for a competitor in the razor industry to understand or recreate it. Although Schick, a major competitor, has won rights to some product designs, e.g., the lubrication strip, that could help it build a competitive product, the company is lacking the key manufacturing knowhow necessary to duplicate Gillette’s high-tech shaver. As a result, Gillette holds a very attractive and secure position in the industry.
A Voiding Rivals With Entrepreneurial Actions: Exploiting Competitive Uncertainty And Blind Spots
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FieldTurf Inc.’s rise as a major player in artificial turf for athletic playing surfaces came from its innovative and aggressive competitive moves. In 1997, Field Turf, led by a skillful, innovative, and experienced founder, “revolutionized” the artificial turf industry with entrepreneurial actions. FieldTurf’s actions included developing a new turf made of long synthetic fibers woven into a base made of sand and recycled rubber pellets-giving it the look, feel, and drainage of real grass and causing fewer injuries-and targeting it to low-profile fields (e.g., indoor soccer and high school fields). Gradually, the new turf started to sell itself, including to high-profile fields (e.g., college and professional football fields). It was a significant improvement over the traditional AstroTurf, sold by the industry leader Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc., which had dominated with about three-fourths of the U.S. market. Shortly, Southwest responded and introduced its own version of the new turf but was slowed considerably by FieldTurf’s legal actions citing patent infringement. Southwest and other rivals, who were blind to and uncertain of the wisdom of FieldTurf’s entrepreneurial moves, were somewhat slow to respond at first, providing a window of opportunity for FieldTurfto become one of the industry leaders.
Prenatal Growth In Pregnancy
Authors: Ekvall Shirley W , Ekvall, Valli K , Fowles Eileen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two major sources of developmental disabilities in prenatal growth are genetic inheritance and the intrauterine environment. The genetic disorders include single-gene disorders (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked) and chromosomal disorders (such as trisomy 21 and Down syndrome). The conditions affecting the intrauterine environment that give rise to developmental disorders include maternal infection (e.g., herpes simplex type II), maternal diseases, and maternal lifestyles (e.g., exposure to toxic substances in the workplace or home, drug abuse, malnutrition, and smoking).
Seizures And Epilepsy
Authors: Olson Donald , Westermarck, Tuomas , Ekvall Shirley W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seizures occur in 10% of people at some time during their lives. Seizures are sudden, discrete episodes of abnormal behavior caused by abnormal hypersynchronous firing of neurons in the cerebral cortex. They are classified as generalized when both hemispheres are involved or partial ( focal) when limited to an area in one hemisphere. Commonly recognized generalized seizure types are generalized tonic-clonic seizures (formerly called grand mal) and absence seizures (formerly called petit mal). Other types of generalized seizures are tonic, atonic, and myoclonic seizures as well as most infantile spasms. Under the right (or wrong) metabolic conditions, anyone can have a seizure. Relevant conditions include numerous metabolic and nutritional abnormalities. About 0.5%–1% of people have epilepsy. This is the underlying chronic condition that predisposes the individual to have seizures. Epilepsy can be either symptomatic (secondary) when there is a known underlying brain abnormality (such as a stroke or a brain tumor) or idiopathic (primary) when it occurs in an otherwise normal individual without other symptoms or signs of a brain disorder. The most common time for epilepsy to develop is in the first year of life; over half of epilepsy cases develop before 21 years of age. Another peak in epilepsy onset occurs in older age due to the accumulation of brain insults from such conditions as stroke, trauma, and tumors. Potential causes of epilepsy in infants and children include acute brain-injuring insults like perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, and hypoglycemia, as well as chronic causes like brain malformations and genetic disorders.
Myelomeningocele
Authors: Ekvall Shirley W , Cerniglia Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myelomeningocele (MM), a type of spina bifida, is a protruding lesion along the midline of the spinal cord. It arises when the neuroectoderm is transformed into a neural tube and becomes detached from the cutaneous ectoderm. It is the most common malformation resulting from a disturbance in neurotation and occurs when a child is born with a protruding lesion that blocks closure of the neural tube (Fig. 11–1). The defect takes form between 26 and 30 days’ gestation; the later its development, the lower the lesion. Removal of the sac and closure of the neural defect usually are performed within 24 hours of birth to avoid infection. The sac contains meninges, dura, cerebral spinal fluid, and other neural elements. The effects depend on the level of the sac or lesion. The higher the sac, the greater the extent of paralysis. Manifestations range from weakness in the lower extremity to complete paralysis and loss of sensation, and thereby bladder incontinence. Upper extremity fine motor problems are also usually present, although to a lesser degree than lower extremity involvement. Approximately 90% of the children with MM have hydrocephalus, which is not fatal if treated promptly before brain tissue is destroyed. A ventriculoatrial or ventriculoperitoneal shunt is used to relieve the pressure3 (Fig. 11–2). The median IQ of children with MM is 88. Even with normal intelligence, many children with MM have a learning disability. Trophic ulcers, spontaneous fractures, and deformities of lower extremities occur because of reduced ambulation. Obesity follows and usually is related to the level of the lesion; higher lesions produce the greatest amount of obesity. Myelomeningocele occurs in about 5 per 10,000 births in the United States and in 6.7 per 10,000 births in Ireland.6 It is found 2.5 times more frequently in whites than in blacks or Asians7 and more frequently in girls than boys in a ratio of 1.25:1.00. Recurrence in families where one child has spina bifida is 2.5 times greater than the incidence in the general population. However, the etiology of MM is unknown. It may involve both environmental and genetic factors. The first-born child is at greatest risk of developing MM.9 With surgical correction of hydrocephalus, removal of the lesion, prevention of renal damage, and provision of aggressive nutrition, orthopedic therapy, and other multidisciplinary therapy, survival may reach 80% to 95% rather than the earlier levels of 50% to 70%.
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Eating Disorders
Authors: Ekvall Valli K , Ekvall, Shirley W , Farrell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eating disorders affect over 5 million Americans. They involve abnormal behavior related to weight control, accompanied by an intense preoccupation with food, a great fear of gaining weight, and an obsession with becoming thinner. The three major categories of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS). (DSM-IV-TR) Eating disorders are not limited by socioeconomic class and are found in a wide demographic range. The term anorexia nervosa was coined in 1874 by Sir William Gull to describe a nervous disease characterized by a loss of appetite and severe wasting. The most notable features of AN are marked weight loss and the maintenance of low body weight.7 The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV-TR)3 establishes the criteria for AN as given in Table 22–. In early literature, AN was often seen as a form of rebellion against sexuality. Through maintenance of a low body weight, a young girl was able to delay sexual maturation. This view is still held today, although there is a higher rate of married women with AN today. Anorexia nervosa has been classified by some authors into primary and secondary or atypical forms. Patients with primary AN fear becoming obese, perhaps because of a disturbed body image, and make a variety of attempts to lose weight. Secondary or atypical AN often results from psychiatric disorders— conversion reaction, depression (unipolar or bipolar), schizophrenia—or from other medical diseases involving a true loss of appetite. The person with AN may be brought to the health professional when the body weight is 15% below normal.
Children With Cancer
Authors: Kalinyak Karen , Ora Ingrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though infrequent, childhood cancer is a leading cause of death in children older than 6 weeks of age, second only to accidental deaths. The overall incidence of cancer under the age of 15 years is 13 per 100,000 among white children and 10 per 100,000 among black children. Pediatric cancers differ from those found in adults with regard to type, biology, treatment, and prognosis. The most common pediatric cancers are acute leukemias and brain tumors. Other types of pediatric cancers, include lymphoma (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s), neuroblastoma (arises from the sympathetic nervous system), Wilms’ tumor (kidney), rhabdomyosarcoma (cancer arising from soft muscle tissue), retinoblastoma (eye), bone tumors (osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma), hepatoblastoma (liver), germ cell tumors, and other, less common tumors. The prognosis and outcome for children with cancer have improved dramatically over the past four decades. Currently, more than 75% of all children diagnosed with some form of cancer can be expected to enjoy more than 5 years of disease-free survival and are presumably cured of their disease (Fig. 31–1). In the past 30 years, the death rate from childhood cancer has decreased by 50% (from 50 to approximately 25 per million population), with a 25% decrease in childhood cancer mortality in the past decade alone. The overall 5-year survival rate in children diagnosed with cancer from the most recent national study is 77%.
Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Nelson David , Siomi Mikiko Chihara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fragile X syndrome was first recognized in 1943 by Martin and Bell as an X-linked form of mental retardation. The discovery in 1969 that affected males exhibit a fragile site at Xq27.3 was followed by the characterization of this site in the 1970s. The locus containing the genetic lesion that produces the fragile site was isolated in 1991, when it was found that an unstable trinucleotide repeat was massively expanded in fragile X chromosomes. The expanded repeat inhibits expression of the FMR1 gene, and loss of function of this gene is the primary cause of fragile X syndrome. While some attempts have been made to improve patients’ outcomes with alterations in nutrition, there is currently no treatment that is widely viewed as effective (Fig. 56–1).