bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroceramics
Authors: Tuller Harry , Avrahami Ytshak 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCeramics have traditionally been admired for their mechanical, chemical, and thermal stability; however, their unique electrical, optical, and magnetic properties have become of increasing importance in many key technologies including communications, energy conversion and storage, electronics, and automation. Such materials are now classified aselectroceramicsas distinguished from other functional ceramics such as advanced structural ceramics. It is the combination of the traditional ruggedness of conventional ceramics and the exceptional functionality of select electroceramic materials that make electroceramics particularly attractive assmart materialsand as components ofsmart systems.Electroceramics, exhibit a wide range of properties that make them ideally suited to serve as transducers in the form of sensors and/or actuators. In some cases, as in the PTCR self‐regulated heater, the device is inherently smart and requires no microprocessor to respond appropriately to a stimulus. In the vast majority of cases, a microprocessor is needed for the appropriate feedback. Here, the start of a trend toward integrating electroceramics into microelectronic and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) will hasten the development of self‐contained miniaturized smart systems. The microhotplate gas sensor array represents a graphic example. We emphasized transduction to and from electrical forms of energy because this is what most signal handling systems need to operate. This is beginning to change, particularly as all optical systems develop. Here again, given the electro‐optic, piezo‐optic, thermo‐optic, magneto‐optic effects that are exhibited by electroceramics, this group of materials should make important contributions to smart optical systems.
Fiber Optics, Theory and Applications
Authors: Udd Eric 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMost fiber‐optic smart structure applications fall into one of four major categories. The first is smart manufacturing where fiber‐optic sensors are embedded or attached to parts during the manufacturing process. They are then used to monitor such parameters as temperature, pressure, viscosity, degree of cure, and residual strain. After the parts have been made, the same sensors or another set may be used for the second application area of nondestructive testing. Here, the fiber sensors may be used to measure acoustic signatures, changes in strain profiles, delamination, and other indications of changes in the structural characteristics of fabricated parts. The third aspect of fiber‐optic smart structures that has been the focus of many efforts is health and damage assessment systems for structures. In the parts of the structure that have been assembled, fiber‐optic sensor technology is used to monitor the overall health of the structure. Examples include the status of buildings, bridges, and dams and checks to support the maintenance of aircraft. Finally, fiber‐optic smart structures may be used to support control systems. Unlike health and damage assessment systems, which simply monitor changes in the structure, these control systems measure the environmental effects that act on the structure and then react to them. Examples of these types of structures are buildings that sense and readjust to earthquakes to minimize damage and airplanes that are designed to react to structural changes by adjusting their flight envelopes.Fiber‐optic sensors that are particularly useful for smart structures are briefly overviewed, followed by examples of applications.
Electrorheological Fluids
Authors: Hao Tian 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
An electrorheological (ER) fluid is a colloidal system in which one kind of particulate material is dispersed in a nonconductive liquid base. When an electric field of several kilovolts per millimeter is applied, ER fluids reversibly change from a liquid state to a solid crystallized state within a millisecond. The purpose of this article is to draw a logical relationship between the dielectric properties of the materials used for making an ER fluid and the ER mechanism. To achieve this goal, the dielectric investigation that was done to characterize an ER fluid and the related ER models that were developed to describe ER phenomena are reviewed. Attention is paid to the ER models proposed on the basis of the dielectric studies; other ER models are only briefly described.
This article attempts to provide a clear physical picture of the ER response mechanism through dielectric analysis of ER phenomena. It begins with a general description of the dielectric properties of heterogeneous systems. Experimental evidence of the way dielectric parameters change the ER effect are discussed, and an empirical dielectric criterion for designing high‐performance ER fluids is proposed. A theoretical treatment on the dielectric criterion is described and an ER mechanism is proposed. A yield stress equation based on the ER mechanism is theoretically derived and comparisons with currently available experimental results are also made. Final conclusions are discussed.
Frequency Dependent Electromagnetic Sensing (FDEMS)
Authors: Kranbuehl D. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The use of polymeric materials in extended use structures such as airplanes, bridges, and pipelines, where expected lifetimes are 20 to 40+ years and where failure can be catastrophic, is rapidly expanding. Because of this, there is a clear need to develop

in situ

intelligent processing to ensure the highest quality “smart” fabrication and to monitor

in situ

any changes in the parts' performance properties while in use. This article describes the progress in developing frequency‐dependent dielectric sensor measurements that can detect change in the physical and chemical state of a polymeric material

in situ

, that is, those changes that occur during processing and fabrication and during aging in the field environment.

Frequency‐dependent dielectric measurement sensing (FDEMS) provides a sensitive, automated,

in situ

sensing technique for quality control monitoring, intelligent processing, and monitoring of durability and degradation of polymers during use. FDEMS

in situ

sensing can be designed and calibrated to monitor changes in the mechanical service life properties of polymer materials during aging in the field environment. The FDEMS technique has advantages over other monitoring techniques because it is nondestructive, sensitive,

in situ

, remote, and automated.
Polymer Blends, Functionally Graded
Authors: Agari Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMany reports have been published on functionally graded materials made of metals and ceramics. These graded materials have improved strength against thermal stress, electromagnetic, and optical properties. There have been particularly many reports on a functionally graded ceramic, which can be called a smart material. In this article a detailed description of the preparative mechanism for functionally graded polymer blends in the dissolution–diffusion method is given. An explanation is given of how the optimum conditions are determined for the several types of functionally graded polymer blends, polyvinyl chloride/polymethyl methacrylate, polyhexyl methacrylate (PHMA), or polycaprolactone, and bisphenol A type polycarbonate/polystyrene. Graded structures of the blends are characterized by measuring FTIR spectra, Raman microscopic spectra, thermal behaviors around the glass transition temperature by the DSC method or by SEM‐EDX (Scaning Elecro Microscopy‐Energy Disperisive X‐ray Spectrometer). Further, several types of functional properties, especially smart performance, are discussed, which result from the graded structure. Finally, the prospects of functionally graded polymer blends for applications are discussed.
Highways
Authors: Dianatkhah Kambiz 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe number of automobiles has increased dramatically as a result of population and job growth during the past several decades. During the same period, the commuting distance has also increased. This in turn has resulted in congestion in many suburban areas. This increase in traffic flow translates into higher cost for accident expenses, a rise in fuel consumption, and air pollution. The Department of Transportation has estimated that the volume of traffic will increase by 50% in next 25 years. The loss of time and productivity and health issues caused by increased carbon monoxide and dioxide are the predominant factors that call for building smart highway systems. Smart materials are defined as materials whose properties alter predictably in response to external stimuli. Smart materials can be divided into several categories: shape‐memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, electrorheological fluids, and photochromic glasses.In this article, the advantages of smart materials are described for application to smart highways, structures and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Through the application of new technology, there is potential to integrate multiple modes of travel and to focus on demand as well as transportation supply throughout the world. The field of smart highways and structures consist of many areas of innovation in developing superhighways, bridges, modem cars that have built‐in computer‐aided navigation equipment, and a central control unit within each highway system to assist in traffic management.
Giant Magnetostrictive Materials
Authors: Eda Hiroshi , Zhou Libo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The importance of an interface that associates the macroworld and the microworld is indicated. The interface is composed mainly of actuators, sensors, and microcomputers. It enables users to feel the microscopic phenomenon as if they were in the macroworld.
In life sciences and medical and biological engineering, there are increasing demands for implementing fabrication, assembly, inspection, modification, and/or evaluation at the micron or submicron scale. To achieve this, the development of new materials and devices that can realize the required functions and movements at a microscopic level becomes mandatory. For instance, great power output, large displacement, and quick response are often required for functional materials, and safety, stability, and flexibility are the primary concern for structural applications. The gap between the macroworld and the microworld needs to be bridged naturally by using advanced devices and smart materials. In these respects, it is believed that giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) is one of the most promising materials for satisfying such requirements.
Although there are some drawbacks in GMMs such as expensive material cost, rather poor corrosion resistance, heat generation by the driving coil, and eddy currents at high frequency excitation, however, fairly stable and robust performance can be obtained by choosing driving conditions according to the applications to be used.
Ken‐Materials
Authors: Yanagida Hiroaki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The R&D on so‐called intelligent materials now performed in academe was started in the industrial sector. In February 1994 a group of manufacturing companies gathered to form a research consortium for R&D on intelligent materials. The author was appointed chairman of the consortium. From discussions about the concept and naming of the consortium, the consortium came to be called Ken Materials Research Consortium. This article describes the objectives of the consortium and gives some typical results of R&D that the consortium has sponsored. The objectives of R&D of ken‐materials safety, the environment, and user‐friendliness. “Ken” stems from the pronunciation of some Chinese characters meaning wisdom (self‐control), sensing (functional capability), structure (reliability), integration, simplicity, soundness (supported by people), and ecology.
Some examples are the carbon‐fiber and glass‐fiber reinforced plastics (CFGFRP) with improve mechanical performances and capabilities of self‐monitoring of damage soil‐ceramics by INAX where the humidity and temperature‐adjusting capability of soil is combined with the mechanical strength of ceramics to save energy during fabrication and during actual duties, and electric cable trolleys for Shin Kansen that can monitor damage through the addition of sensors by JR Tokai.
Neural Networks
Authors: Darsey Jerry A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe first part of this article introduces the reader to the fundamentals of artificial neural network (ANN) computing, but it is, in no way, comprehensive. Some of the references at the end of this article will be of great value in this regard. In two sections, examples of the way an artificial network may be used for predictive purposes are presented. It is felt that the most efficient way to familiarize a reader with the power and beauty of artificial neural networks is through presentation of examples.The use of an ANN for extrapolating heat capacity data of polymers to a temperature range where measurements are difficult is discussed. It is an example of using ANN to predict parameters outside the range of data on which it was originally trained. This shows that predictions can be made accurately, even outside the training range of the data.The “power” of ANN in correlating vast amounts of input parameters with output parameters oriented to physical properties is then illustrated. The basic principles used can generally be applied to a wide range of problems in material sciences for a large number of chemical and physical systems.
Piezoelectricity in Polymers
Authors: Vinogradov Aleksandra 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe diverse group of “smart” piezoelectric materials is distinguished by their ability to react actively to changing stimuli as a result of converting mechanical to electrical energy and vice versa. Synthetic piezoelectric polymers, an integral part of the “smart” materials group, exhibit a type of behavior that is often compared with biological reactions involving transformations of the sensed information into the desired response. Due to such special qualities, piezoelectric polymers have been increasingly used in a rapidly expanding range of applications. At present, these materials continue to offer unprecedented design opportunities, leading to the belief that the industry is on the verge of major technological breakthroughs.The diverse group of piezoelectric materials includes a variety of synthetic polymers such as polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate); semicrystalline polyamides such as nylon‐11; and amorphous polymers such as vinyl acetate. However, piezoelectric effects in these materials are relatively weak, often unstable, and are considered of limited practical significance. Strong piezoelectricity has been observed only in the synthetic polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) and PVDF copolymers.
Polymers, Biotechnology and Medical Applications
Authors: Galaev I. Yu. , Mattiasson B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe applications of smart polymer in biotechnology and medicine are discussed in this article. The highly nonlinear response of smart polymers to small changes in the external medium is of critical importance for the successful functioning of a system. Most applications of smart polymers in biotechnology and medicine include biorecognition and/or biocatalysis, which take place principally in aqueous solutions. Thus, only water‐compatible smart polymers are considered; smart polymers in organic solvents or water/organic solvent mixtures are beyond the scope of the article. The systems discussed in the article are based on either soluble/insoluble transition of smart polymers in aqueous solution or on the conformational transition of macromolecules physically attached or chemically grafted to the surface. Systems that have covalently cross‐linked networks of macromolecules, called smart hydrogels, are not considered.One could define smart polymers used in biotechnology and medicine as macromolecules that undergo fast and reversible changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic microstructure triggered by small changes in their environments. These microscopic changes are apparent at the macroscopic level as precipitate formation in solutions of smart polymers or changes in the wettability of a surface to which a smart polymer is grafted. The changes are reversible, and the system returns to its initial state when the trigger is removed.
Self‐Diagnosing of Damage in Ceramics and Large‐Scale Structures
Authors: Matsubara Hideaki , Okuhara Yoshiki , Yanagida Hiroaki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The government is always faced with problems of maintaining municipal buildings and infrastructure facilities that support modern urban existence. Buildings, bridges, highways, tunnels, and other large or important structures need to be assessed objectively or scientifically to ensure their safety and long‐term utilization. Today new systems and materials are being developed that can assist in such tasks. Currently most tested ideas and materials are too complicated or too expensive to be utilized in real situations. The concept behind the development of new systems is that materials should have the ability to evaluate their own condition after serious loading or relatively long service times.
The study of smart or intelligent materials has grown enormously throughout the world. The means of introducing self‐diagnosis or self‐monitoring functions into modern materials have become various and wide‐ranging. For example, piezoelectric ceramics, shape‐memory alloys, and optical fibers can all be used to give materials a certain degree of intelligence. In heavy construction, however, where large volumes of material are required, it is essential to avoid high complexity and high cost. The use of electrical conductivity or resistance is perhaps the most straightforward way of obtaining a relatively simple material system as compared with other high‐tech materials.
Fracture detection using fiber‐reinforced plastics (FRP) embedded in structural materials as a reinforcement has been reported.
In the author's recent work, composites containing a continuous structure of electrically conductive particles, or a so‐called percolation structure, have been designed and fabricated. FRP composites and ceramic matrix composites (CMC) with high performances in the low‐strain region caused by the “percolation structure” of conductive particles in a matrix phase have been successfully produced. These self‐diagnosis functions were evaluated from the changes in resistance with applied strain. It was found that the FRP composites with a self‐diagnosis function are fairly useful for the measurement of damage and fracture in concrete blocks and piles.
Shape Memory Alloys, Applications
Authors: Rice Carolyn 
Published: November 2003

AbstractShape‐memory alloys have been engineered for applications and devices since the first discovery of the shape‐memory effect in the 1930s. The majority of this design activity was initiated by the discovery of Nitinol (nickel–titanium alloy) in 1962, and since then more than 10,000 patents have been issued for applications using shape‐memory alloys. This article reviews a number of these applications, discusses aspects of design, and illustrates representative examples.
Vibration Control in Ship Structures
Authors: Koko T.S. , Akpan U.O. , Berry A. , Masson P. , Besslin O. , Szabo J. , Sponagle N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe dominant sources of noise radiation in water are from ship engines and machinery—the propeller cavitation noise, the noise radiation from propeller blades, and the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuations induced by turbulent water flow along the ship's hull. At speeds below propeller cavitation inception, a ship's acoustic signature is generally dominated by structurally transmitted noise from onboard machinery. Reduction or control of ship noise has traditionally been implemented by passive means, such as by the use of vibration isolation mounts, flexible pipe‐work, and interior acoustic absorbing materials. However, these passive noise control techniques are effective mostly for attenuating high‐frequency noise; they are generally ineffective for controlling low‐frequency noise. There are, on the other hand, active noise control methods that have been proven to be effective in controlling low‐frequency and tonal noise. These active control methods could be used instead of, or in combination with, passive techniques, for controlling or reducing ship noise.Active noise control (ANC) involves the reduction or elimination of noise by modification of the dynamic properties of a system or by noise cancellation through linear superposition of a secondary noise field of equal but opposite strength. An active noise control system will typically consist of all or some of the following ingredients: sensors, actuators, and controllers.
Vibrational Analysis
Authors: Steinberg Dave S. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Vibration is present almost everywhere one travels in modern society. Vibrationally induced failures are very common in products such as television sets and computers that are shipped by trains and trucks. Vibrational failure in a television set may be just an inconvenience. However, vibrational failure in a large passenger airplane can lead to many deaths. Methods of vibrational analysis are available that are accurate and can reveal weak structural areas. Steps can then be taken either to repair or replace critical items. Vibrational analysis is a combination of science and art. The science uses sophisticated computers extensively to solve large complex problems. This method requires extensive training and often takes a long time to reach a satisfactory solution. The art uses approximations, short cuts, and test data to reduce the time needed to reach a satisfactory solution. The approximations and short cuts can sharply reduce the time required for a solution, but it also reduces the accuracy of the analysis. Vibrational analysis can be used to make some materials work smarter by making small changes in their physical properties. These changes can often increase the fatigue life of critical structural members without a significant increase in the size, weight, cost, or impact on production and delivery schedules.
Windows
Authors: Bell J.M. , Skryabin I.L. , Matthews J.P. , Matthews J.P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe term Smart Window was introduced in the mid 1980s to describe optically switchable electrochromic glazings. These devices exemplify the fundamental characteristic of all “smart windows”: controllable variation in the optical transmittance of the window. The variation in optical transmittance of electrochromic smart windows occurs through the simultaneous injection of electrons and ions into an electrochromic material. This leads to the development of either a broad absorption band or a reflection edge (depending on the details of the material preparation) that leads to a low transmittance state. The process is reversible; extraction of the ions and electrons returns the material to a transparent state. The control of the process is accomplished by applying a small voltage (or passing a small current) that controls ion injection and extraction. Since the initial discovery of electrochromism in thin film WO3in 1969, an enormous amount of research has been directed toward the goal of large area switchable windows for architectural applications. This initially focused on electrochromic systems that covered a wide range of materials and device structures. During the 1980s and subsequently, several alternate optical switching systems were developed that fall into the general category of smart windows. These include other electrically activated systems such as suspended particle devices and phase dispersed liquid crystals temperature controlled switchable devices such as thermochromic and thermotropic devices, and recently developed gasochromic devices that are controlled by using reducing or oxidizing gas mixtures in a window unit.