bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexity in economic processes
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section, we will continue to look at how the approach of complexity has been applied, presenting several examples of models of economic processes constructed according to this new vision of systems. Economics, in fact, is actually one of the fields of research in which the concepts of instability, chaos, and complexity that we have discussed in this book, can best be applied, and it is one of the areas that has most attracted the attention of scholars who have adopted the new concepts proposed by complexity science (see, for example, Barkley Rosser, 1991; Brock, Hsieh and Le Baron, 1991; Benhabib, 1992; Nijkamp and Reggiani, 1993, 1998; Krugman, 1996; Thiel, 1998; Batten, 2000a).
Model selection
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have been concerned with the problem of parameter estimation. In studying the linear relationship between two quantities, for example, we discussed how to infer the gradient and intercept of the associated straight line. Often, however, there is a question as to whether a quadratic, or even cubic, function might be more appropriate. In this chapter, we go on to consider such cases when there is uncertainty as to which one of a set of alternative models is most suitable.
The causes of cancer
Authors: Allen Naomi , Newton Robert , Gonzalez Amy Berrington de , Green Jane , Banks, Emily , Key Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 2000, cancer was diagnosed in 10 million people worldwide and caused 6.2 million deaths, an increase of about 22% since 1990 (Ferlay et al. 2001). Cancer causes 10% of all deaths worldwide and is second only to cardiovascular disease as the main cause of death in developed countries. Although cancer is usually regarded as a problem of the developed world, about two-thirds of all cancer occurs in the three-quarters of the world’s population who live in developing countries.
From transcriptome to proteome
Authors: Debernardi Silvana , Craven Rachel A , Young Bryan D , Banks Rosamonde E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid advance of the Human Genome Project is leading to the identification of the 30,000–35,000 genes that make up our genetic complement. The combination of this sequence information and associated bioinformatic tools together with technological advances in both nucleic acid-based microarray technology and proteomic technologies has opened up the possibility of highly parallel and complementary approaches to investigations of the cancer cell.
Groups
Authors: Cameron Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Groups resemble rings in many ways. The main diﬀerence is that the conditions deﬁning a group are less stringent (only one operation and four axioms, half as many as for rings), so that examples of groups are more numerous and varied. But also, there is no ‘canonical example’ of a group, corresponding to the ring Z, on which to base our deﬁnitions and test our intuition.
Comparative genomics of Plasmodium species
Authors: Carlton Jane M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of comparative genomics of malaria parasites has recently blossomed with the completion of the whole genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and three species of rodent malaria model. With several more genome sequencing projects of primate, human, and bird Plasmodium species close to completion, comparing genomes from multiple Plasmodium species promises to provide a wealth of new data that can be used to develop a better understanding of the biology of the parasite.
Hypnosis And The Unity Of Consciousness
Authors: Bayne Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypnosis appears to generate unusual—and sometimes even astonishing—changes in the contents of consciousness. Hypnotic subjects report perceiving things that are not there, they report not perceiving things that are there, and they report unusual alterations in the phenomenology of agency. In addition to apparent alterations in the contents of consciousness, hypnosis also appears to involve alterations in the structure of consciousness. According to many theorists—most notably Hilgard—hypnosis demonstrates that the unity of consciousness is an illusion (Hilgard 1977).
Lagrangian formalism and field theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our treatment of integrable systems in the first three chapters made essential use of the Hamiltonian formalism both in finite and infinite dimensional settings. In the next two chapters we shall concentrate on classical field theory, where the covariant formulation requires the Lagrangian formalism. It is assumed that the reader has covered the Lagrangian treatment of classical mechanics and classical field theory at the basic level [102, 187]. The aim of this chapter is not to provide a crash course in these subjects, but rather to introduce less standard aspects.
Examples Of Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin the chapter with some general remarks concerning the physical motivation for the application of stochastic differential equation (SDE) theory to problems in the mathematical description of scattering from random media. Such scattering problems are characterized by two essential ingredients. First, the existence of a random population, whose size fluctuates in time. A measure of the size of this population (in the continuum limit) is what is referred to as the scattering cross-section and its statistical characteristics are independent of those of any external electromagnetic radiation that might be used to indirectly probe the properties of the population. From an experimental point of view, the cross section is usually the object of primary interest and various experiments are designed to infer its behaviour from the properties of electromagnetic radiation that scatters from or propagates through the random medium.
Experimental Tests
Authors: Field Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study two independent examples of data gathered from electromagnetic scattering from random media. The first example involves scattering from a uniform randomizing optical phase screen, which is applied as a calibration tool for the intensity volatility in our diffusive model of K-distributed noise. The second example consists of ocean surface radar scattering data that contains K-distributed sea clutter, a multitude of ‘clutter spike’ anomalies, and a genuine target for which our methodology is used to isolate the anomaly with respect to range.
Descriptive statistics
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Descriptive statistics is the typical starting point for a statistics course, and it can be tricky to teach because the material is more difficult than it first appears. We end up spending more class time on the topics of data displays and transformations, in comparison to topics such as the mean, median, and standard deviation that are covered more easily in the textbook and homework assignments. Data displays and transformations must be covered carefully, since students are not always clear on what exactly is to be learned. In presenting the activities in this chapter, we focus on specific tasks and topics to be learned. Also, as always, the activities are designed to be thought-provoking and relate in some way to the world outside the textbook.
Multiple regression and nonlinear models
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Nolan Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near the end of the semester, we cover multiple regression, linking statistical inference to general topics such as lurking variables that arose early in the course. Many examples can be used to illustrate multiple regression, but we have found it useful to come to class prepared with a specific: example, with computer output (since our students learn to run the regressions on the computer). Section 9.1 steps through a continuation of the study of height and income from Section 4.1.2. In Section 9.2 we discuss how to involve the class in models of exam scores. It is also a good strategy to simply find a regression analysis from some published source (for example, a social science journal) and go through the model and its interpretation with the class, asking the students how the regression results would have to differ in order for the study’s conclusions to change.
Evolutionary problems and global solutions
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the foregoing challenges, controversies, and paradoxes of evolutionary biology can be tested and resolved by analysing global, regional, and local experiments of convergent evolution originating due to shared ecological stresses on unrelated taxa. One of the most dramatic experiments of convergent evolution in nature is the evolution of subterranean mammals across the planet (Fig. 2.1, colour figure section). This global experiment originated mainly in Oligocene times, following drastic Eocene—Oligocene climatic changes of aridization, causing remarkable biotic evolution (Prothero and Berggren, 1992). These have driven representatives of several mammalian orders and families to partial or total life in the underground adaptive zone (Van Valen, 1971), a process that continued later throughout Neogene times. Currently, subterranean mammals involve three orders (marsupials, insectivores, and rodents), or four orders if the order Insectivora is partitioned on molecular grounds and the two African families (golden moles and tenrecs) are placed in a new order. The African superordinal clade now includes six orders of placental mammals (Stanhope et al., 1998; De Jong, 1998); 11 families; and at least 250 species (Nevo, 1979, 1995d), but probably many more based on the new evidence of molecular biology, chromosomal evolution, and behavioural ecology (e.g. Nevo, 1991). The stressful life underground resulted in diverse adaptive strategies to cope with the unique physical and biotic environmental conditions of the subterranean ecotope (Dubost, 1968; Pearson, 1959; Nevo, 1979, 1991, 1995d; Nevo and Reig, 1990). Convergent evolution in subterranean mammals intimately coupled regressive evolution of molecular, genetic, morphological, physiological, and behavioural characters with distinct parallel progressive evolutionary phenomena in all the above organizational levels.
Biota evolution in the Cenozoic
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major parallelism in marine biotic turnover, caused by progressive intensification of cooling near the middle-late Eocene, is seen in all marine groups, both microfossils (phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthic microfauna) and macrofossils (invertebrates and marine vertebrates) (see several papers and controversial explanatory models in Prothero and Berggren, 1992). For example, the largest turnover in planktonic for aminifera affecting most of the older Eocene tropical and equatorial surface groups, a gradual extinction over 80% during 14 million years, occurred near the middle-late Eocene boundary, with 33 biotic turnover events, 18 extinctions, and 33 originations (Aubry in Prothero and Berggren, 1992). Sequential, stepwise extinction pattern during the mid-Eocene to Oligocene characterizes benthic foraminifera (Thomas in Prothero and Berggren, 1992). In gastropods and bivalves of the Gulf Coast of North America, there was a middle Eocene peak of diversity followed by a severe extinction (84 and 89%, respectively) of warm-water molluscs at the end of the middle Eocene (Hansen, 1987). In echinoids, the biggest extinction, correlated with temperature decline, was at the Terminal Eocene Event, when over 50% of the species became extinct (McKin ney et al., in Prothero and Berggren, 1992). Fish diversity, at least in some families, also declined during the middle or late Eocene (Raup and Sepkoski, 1986) but whale diversity increased dramatically by the late Eocene, possibly due to
Rodents: herbivorous subterranean mammals
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pocket gophers, Geomyidae, are endemic, North American, subterranean rodents (see Wood, 1959, for a discussion on rodent classification) adapted to life underground (Hill, 1937) and located predominantly in western, central, and southern North America (Figs 2.1, 7.1, 7.2 colour figure section). Their skull and external form are modified for subterranean life (Fig. 9.1). They currently involve nine genera (Merriam, 1895); eight genera and 40 species (Anderson, S. 1966), or, in later revisions, six genera and 35 species (Hall, 1981; Thaeler, 1980) or five genera and 36 species (Patton, 1993a). Specific boundaries within all pocket gopher genera are often difficult to define because of an apparent inability to subdivide the subterranean ecotope and thus resultant allopatric distribution patterns (see Patton, 1990a, 1993a,b). These estimates are debatable (e.g. Honeycutt and Williams, 1982), and new, geographically isolated taxa were recently described on molecular, karyotypic, and morphological differences (e.g. Smolen et al., 1993; Wilkins, 1984).
Statistical analyses
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Univariate and multivariate statistics were conducted utilizing the SPSS (1991) and HUDAP (1997) packages. The analyses involved 63 variables (see detailed variables below) categorized into ecological (17 variables; one ecological variable that appears in the Questionnaire, Nest depth was excluded from the analysis because of very scarce data); genetic (5), morphological (14); physiological (4); 2 additional variables, heart rate and breathing rate, that appear in the Questionnaire, Appendix 3, were excluded from the analysis because of very scarce data); behavioural (6); demographic (9); and life history (7). The data set appears in Appendix 2 (ecological and genetics); 3 (morphology and physiology) and 4 (behaviour, demography and life history).
Conclusions and prospects
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extensive convergent evolution of subterranean mammals across the planet began during the global climatic transition from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene. It involved cooling, drought, and seasonality stresses proceeding progressively throughout the Cenozoic. The ecological theatre of open country biota set the stage for a rapid evolutionary play of recurrent adaptive radiations of unrelated mammals on all continents to the subterranean ecotope. These comprise marsupial and placental mammals (both insectivores and herbivores), involving hundreds of small mammalian species belonging at present to 50 genera, 11 families, and three (or four) mammalian orders.
Peripheral chemoreceptor function in the fetus and neonate
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pattern of breathing movements in utero is described together with the role of the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors. In the near-term sheep fetus the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors are active and probably represent the main groups of peripheral arterial chemoreceptors in the primary defence in blood gas homeostasis by their effects on the circulation. The reflex vascular effects include constriction in the limbs. Since the control of the umbilical circulation is largely passive, the flow being dependent almost entirely on the level of the arterial blood pressure, the chemoreceptors in conditions such as arterial hypoxaemia help to maintain blood pressure reflexly and hence umbilical blood flow. The control of the cardiovascular system by the carotid and aortic bodies in the early neonate is complicated by the gradual resetting of the hypoxic sensitivity of the carotid and aortic bodies from the fetal range (normal fetal PaO2 of about 24 mmHg) to the adult range (PaO2 about 80 mmHg) that occurs within the first few days of birth, and by the gradual maturation of the respiratory system.
General conclusions
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The control of the cardiovascular system by the peripheral arterial chemoreceptors is the result of a complex series of integrative mechanisms between, on the one hand, the input from the chemoreceptors themselves and, on the other, a number of inputs from other cardiovascular receptors, activity of the brainstem defence areas, inputs from visceral receptors (such as the urinary bladder), and secondary mechanisms arising from the concomitant changes in pulmonary ventilation (central inspiratory drive, activity of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors, and changes in PaC02). One consequence of these various mechanisms is that the contribution of the chemoreceptors tends to differ quantitatively in different conditions depending on the changes in magnitude of the many individual inputs. Another is that there are species differences in the respiratory responses to any given input from the arterial chemoreceptors, or level of hypoxaemia, being greater in the dog and monkey than cat, rabbit, or rat, which in turn are greater than in the seal.
Relationships
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘To regard nomenclature as more than a means to an end is pedantry and to take a minority course in a matter of convention is merely a nuisance.’ (Thomson 1964) ‘To be confronted with an avian humerus nearly two feet long and distinguish it by a name that means simply “Miocene Seabird” requires an unenviable dullness of spirit.’ (Olson 1985a on the name Pelagornis miocaenus)
Behaviour
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These introductory remarks apply also to the behaviour sections of the General Family Accounts. Many ethologists see little point in further descriptive comparative studies of bird behaviour. Lorenz and Tinbergen long ago established major principles. For example, ritualized behaviour, so evident in pelecaniform display, evolves from simple precursors or ‘building blocks’; it is remarkably stereotyped and species-specific; communicative in function; in large part genetically programmed; its form often reflects a balance between conflicting motivations, principally aggression and fear; ‘displacement activities’ often arise and may themselves become ritualized; ritualized behaviour is often a reliable indicator of taxonomic affinity.
Breeding ecology
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns some major aspects of pele-caniform breeding biology such as coloniality, tim-ing and frequency of breeding, clutch and brood size, chick growth, and breeding success. The diver-sity of the Pelecaniformesaffords particular insight into inter-related aspects of seabird breeding biol-ogy such as the adaptive web based on feeding and foraging regimes. Some cormorants and pelicans breed outwith the marine environment altogether, in the interiors of continents from sea-level to hundreds of metres above it, a range of habitats unmatched by any other seabird taxon. Pelecaniforms have adapted to most breeding habitats including flat ground, cliffs and slopes, trees, bushes and other vegetation.
Pelecaniforms and man
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pelecaniforms face the same formidable problems as many other seabirds and, like them, require active management based on legislation and education, global databases and monitoring, and coordinated international research (see Nettleship 1991; Nettleship and Duffy 1992). Technology offers powerful new tools not only for following the activities of the birds themselves but for modelling population dynamics and the interactions between seabirds and fisheries, and much else. Unfortunately we lack the most basic information: the numbers of the commoner and widespread seabirds. We know only that they are decreasing.
Gannets and Boobies
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Black trailing edge of wing thus stops c. 12 cm short of body. Primary coverts usually black, may contain some white. Humerals, scapulars, tertials white. Alula black. Tail, usually 10 or 12 feathers, white except (usually) 4 central blackish but variable; 3–10 black feathers, outer 2 always white. Often, 1 or 2 variegated feathers separate white from black (see Broekhuysen and Liversidge 1954). The 4 black centrals with 4 white on each side does not indicate a more mature bird than one with variegated feathers. Head and neck golden buff varying with season. Bill and face as in Atlantic and African with black gular strip much as former.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We commence with a definition of 'stress' to be used in this book because this term can take a number of meanings in a wide range of contexts. Discussions of stress in biology recognize two components, external or internal forces that are applied to organisms or other biological systems, and changes in biological systems that occur as a consequence of these forces. These two components are usually con sidered together because the impact of a force cannot be defined without reference to a biological system, and the term 'stress' has been applied to the change in the biological system, the force or both components simultaneously.
Genetic variation in stress response
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organisms respond to environmental stress with behavioural, physiological or morphological adjustments to counter its effects and maintain normal functioning. These adjustments can take the form of stress evasion or phenotypic changes to increase stress resistance (Section 1.3). Evasion reduces contact with the stress; resistance involves one of a complex of physiological or morphological responses that enable organisms to survive and reproduce under stressful conditions.
Stress response, costs, and trade-offs
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the discussion already presented, it is clear that individual differences in performance under stressful conditions will normally have a genetic basis. We now consider costs associated with increased stress resistance or evasion as expressed in a non-stressful environment. In other words, is there a trade-off between performance under stressful conditions and performance under other environmental conditions such that individuals that perform well under stress perform poorly in optimal environments? We start by discussing the physiological costs of stress resistance, then examine phenotypic variation in resistance and stress evasion. The evidence for trade-offs at the genetic level will be examined by considering specific genotypes and quantitative genetic variation. This includes a discussion of the association between genetic variation in stress resistance and life-history traits, and a consideration of the effects of stress on correlations among life history traits.
Stress, species margins, and conservation
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have demonstrated and analysed the features of genetic variation for stress responses within populations. Here we link genetic variation with the ecological considerations of the first two chapters. A number of theories of range expansion will be reviewed, emphasizing the role of genetic variation for stress response traits in limiting species distributions. The preservation of genetic variation for these traits is also considered. Adaptation to environ mental stresses is particularly important in the long term conservation of populations and species. An understanding of genetic changes under lying stress responses may clarify the ability of organisms to survive rapid environmental changes resulting from human activities, including the global warming predicted under the greenhouse scenario, the increasing impact of chemical pollutants, and the increased perturbations of the physical environment following habitat destruction.