bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentration of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite in alveolar macrophages and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of dogs
Authors: Hawkins  , Boothe  , Guinn  , Aucoin  , Ngyuen  
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in alveolar macrophages (AM) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lungs in comparison to plasma concentrations in healthy dogs. Eleven dogs were given a single oral dose (5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin. Four hours later, plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected. Cells were separated from the BAL fluid and lysed for determination of drug concentrations within AM. Supernatant was used to determine concentrations of drugs in ELF. Drug assays were performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of enrofloxacin (mean ± SD) was 0.33 ± 0.14 μg/mL in plasma, 3.34 ± 2.4 μg/mL in AM and 4.79 ± 5.0 μg/mL in ELF. The concentration of ciprofloxacin was 0.42 ± 0.26 μg/mL in plasma, 1.15 ± 1.03 μg/mL in AM and 0.26 ± 0.26 μg/mL in ELF. Mean concentrations of both drugs in AM were greater than in plasma (AM to plasma ratio, 10.3 for enrofloxacin and 4.7 for ciprofloxacin). Mean concentrations of enrofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, in ELF were greater than in plasma (ELF to plasma ratio, 13.5 for enrofloxacin and 0.52 for ciprofloxacin). Enrofloxacin concentrations in AM and ELF largely exceeded the MICs of the major bacterial pathogens and surpassed by about two times the breakpoint MIC of that drug, and ciprofloxacin concentrations in AM surpassed the MIC of many susceptible organisms. These results suggest that sufficient antimicrobial activity is present in AM and ELF of dogs following oral administration of enrofloxacin to be effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections involving susceptible organisms.
Norfloxacin pharmacokinetics in lactating cows with sub‐clinical and clinical mastitis
Authors: Gips M. , Soback S. 
Published: March 2003

Single‐dose pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin after intravenous administration of norfloxacin nicotinate at 10 mg norfloxacin/kg body weight was investigated in cows with healthy udders and in cows with chronic subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis. An HPLC method was used to determine the norfloxacin concentrations in serum and milk. Significant differences were observed in norfloxacin pharmacokinetics when administered to cows with infected udder quarters. The clearance (Cl) values were 10.4 ± 2.5, 13.2 ± 1.9 and 14.2 ± 2.1 mL/min/kg (mean ± SD) in the control (healthy udder) cows and in cows with subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis, respectively. There appeared to be a trend of increasing clearance according to severity of the disease. The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) in the respective groups was 3.1 ± 0.7, 2.2 ± 0.6 and 1.3 ± 0.2 L/kg. The volume of distribution was significantly decreased in the cows with postacute clinical mastitis. The half‐lives (t1/2) and mean residence times (MRT) of norfloxacin were 353, 206 and 115 min (harmonic means) and 306 ± 76, 168 ± 39 and 95 ± 9 min in control cows or in cows with subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis, respectively. The half‐lives in the clinical mastitis group were significantly shorter than in the control group and the mean residence times were significantly shorter in the two mastitis groups when compared to the control group. Norfloxacin concentrations in milk were extremely high when compared to the respective serum concentrations. The area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) of norfloxacin in milk was 23899 ± 6206 mg/L×min in the control cow group. The AUC in milk was significantly lower in the infected udder quarters of the mastitis groups (5075 ± 1887 mg/L×min and 7484 ± 4645 mg/L×min in the subclinical and the clinical group). The AUC values were significantly lower in milk from the infected udder quarters of the cows with chronic subclinical and postacute clinical mastitis when compared to the values in milk from the healthy quarters of the same udder. Norfloxacin was marginally bound to serum protein. The binding was concentration dependent and was 19, 13 and 6% at 0.2, 1.0 and 8.4 mg/L, respectively. Binding to milk protein was 46–51% and concentration independent. An in vitro dialysis model was used to simulate drug transport between serum and milk as a function of protein binding. The results showed that the rate of norfloxacin disposition from milk to serum was slower than from serum to milk, which was in agreement with the findings obtained in the pharmacokinetic study. Norfloxacin was poorly soluble in organic solvents and our results suggest that changes in the degree of ionization of the drug in different body fluids considerably affect its disposition.
Comparative disposition of tripelennamine in horses and camels after intravenous administration
Authors: Wasfi I. A. , Abdel Hadi A. A. , Elghazali M. , Boni N. S. , Alkatheeri N. A. , Barezaig I. M. , Al Muharami A. M. , Hamid A. M. 
Published: March 2003

The pharmacokinetics of tripelennamine (T) was compared in horses (n=6) and camels (n=5) following intravenous (i.v.) administration of a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. Furthermore, the metabolism and urinary detection time was studied in camels. The data obtained (median and range in brackets) in camels and horses, respectively, were as follows: the terminal elimination half‐lives were 2.39 (1.91–6.54) and 2.08 (1.31–5.65) h, total body clearances were 0.97 (0.82–1.42) and 0.84 (0.64–1.17) L/h/kg. The volumes of distribution at steady state were 2.87 (1.59–6.67) and 1.69 (1.18–3.50) L/kg, the volumes of the central compartment of the two compartment pharmacokinetic model were 1.75 (0.68–2.27) and 1.06 (0.91–2.20) L/kg. There was no significant difference (Mann–Whitney) in any parameter between camels and horses. The extent of protein binding (mean±SEM) 73.6±8.5 and 83.4±3.6% for horses and camels, respectively, was not significantly statistically different (t‐test).Three metabolites of T were identified in urine samples of camels. The first one resulted from N‐depyridination of T, with a molecular ion of m/z 178, and was exclusively eliminated in conjugate form. This metabolite was not detected after 6 h of T administration. The second metabolite, resulted from pyridine ring hydroxylation, had a molecular ion of m/z 271, and was also exclusively eliminated in conjugate form. This metabolite could be detected in urine sample for up to 12 h after T administration. The third metabolite has a suspected molecular ion of m/z 285, was eliminated exclusively in conjugate form and could be detected for up to 24 h following T administration. T itself could be detected for up to 27 h after i.v. administration, with about 90% of eliminated T being in the conjugated form.
Study of the plasma pharmacokinetics and faecal excretion of the prodrug olsalazine and its metabolites after oral administration to horses
Authors: KNOLL U. , STRAUHS P. , SCHUSSER G. , UNGEMACH F. R. 
Published: March 2003

Olsalazine sodium (Dipentum*) has been used therapeutically against inflammatory bowel disease in human medicine as an alternative to sulphasalazine over the past 20 years. Bacteria in the colon split this prodrug into two molecules of the locally effective 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA). Considering the potential therapeutic use in equine colitis, the pharmacokinetics of olsalazine (OLZ) after single oral administration to six horses at a dosage of 30 mg/kg was investigated. Plasma concentrations of OLZ, 5‐ASA, and its main metabolite N‐acetyl‐5‐aminosalicylic acid (Ac‐5‐ASA) were analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography methods. Evaluation of the plasma pharmacokinetics revealed a rapid, but low extent of absorption of OLZ (peak concentrations around 1 μg/mL at 0.5–1.5 h), and a delayed minimal absorption of 5‐ASA (concentrations < 0.2 μg/mL, at 11–35 h), which is immediately metabolized to Ac‐5‐ASA. As indicators of the local availability in the colon, high faecal water concentrations of 5‐ASA and Ac‐5‐ASA (mean Cmax about 300 and 130 μg/mL, respectively), but only traces of OLZ were found in faeces excreted 18–50 h after dosing. Of the administered OLZ dose 26% could be recovered from faeces, almost completely as 5‐ASA and Ac‐5‐ASA.Routine clinical examination of the horses and assay of standard haematological and serum chemistry parameters before and after OLZ administration confirmed that a single dosage of 30 mg/kg was well tolerated.To estimate the systemic availability of 5‐ASA liberated from OLZ, 5‐ASA was administered i.v. at a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg to four horses and plasma concentrations of 5‐ASA and Ac‐5‐ASA were determined. The pharmacokinetic evaluation showed a very low bioavailability of 2.4% for 5‐ASA, released from orally administered OLZ.Furthermore, in an in vitro experiment, the metabolic transformation of 5‐ASA to Ac‐5‐ASA mediated by bacteria in the caecal content of horses was determined at 38 °C for 31 h and compared with the metabolism data of the in vivo study. The markedly lower degree of acetylation in vitro supports the assumption that biotransformation of 5‐ASA in vivo occurs not only by colonic bacteria, but also at other sites.
Increased effective immunogenicity to high‐dose and short‐interval hepatitis B virus vaccination in individuals with chronic hepatitis without cirrhosis
Authors: De Maria N. , Idilman R. , Colantoni A. , Van Thiel D. H. 
Published: March 2003

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination is recommended for individuals with chronic liver disease. However, the response to standard doses of hepatitis B vaccines in such individuals has been poor. The aim of the present study was to assess the response to high‐dose short‐interval HBV vaccination in individuals with chronic liver disease of different aetiologies. A total two hundred and 24 subjects with chronic liver disease (138 chronic active hepatitis and 86 cirrhosis) and 26 healthy controls were vaccinated using a high‐dose (40 μg) short‐interval (monthly for 3 consecutive months) HBV vaccination schedule.One hundred and thirty‐eight of the 224 subjects with chronic liver disease (62%) seroconverted to anti‐HBs antibody positivity (>10 mIU/mL) after the third dose of vaccine as compared with 24 of the 26 controls (92%) (P < 0.01). The response rate was reduced in individuals with cirrhosis (36/86, 42%), particularly in alcohol‐induced cirrhosis (2/17, 12%), as compared with individuals with chronic hepatitis (102/138, 74%) (P < 0.001). No significant HBV vaccination‐related adverse effects were seen in individuals with or without cirrhosis as well as in the controls.High‐dose short‐interval HBV vaccination is safe and efficacious in individuals with chronic liver disease. The response to HBV vaccination is reduced in cirrhotics, particularly those with alcoholic cirrhosis. These data suggest that HBV vaccination should be accomplished early in an individual cause of chronic liver disease prior to the development of cirrhosis.
Distribution and conservation of the Gaur Bos gaurus in the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: CHOUDHURY ANWARUDDIN 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe Gaur Bos gaurus ranges from India to peninsular Malaysia. Its distribution, status and conservation in the Indian subcontinent are reviewed here on the basis of available information, both published papers and unpublished census reports of forest departments, and field survey data from north‐eastern India and parts of Bhutan and Nepal. The Gaur is found in three disjunct regions, south‐western India, central India and north‐eastern India (including Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh). Within these regions the distribution is highly fragmented and includes a number of small non‐viable isolated populations. The habitat in north‐eastern India is still contiguous with that in Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh and to some extent with Nepal. Although the estimated population of the Gaur is 23 000–34 000, it is declining alarmingly. Populations outside the protected areas may not last long. An action plan has been proposed for its conservation.
Evolution of group size in the superfamily Delphinoidea (Delphinidae, Phocoenidae and Monodontidae): a quantitative comparative analysis
Authors: Gygax Lorenz 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTPredictors of group size in Delphinoidea were investigated in a comparative study. Possible predictors included phylogenetic variables, variables of the physical environment, the diet, correlates of predation pressure and life‐history parameters. The strongest predictors were the variables species and subfamily, which explained most of the observed variation in group size. Group size also increased with openness of the habitat and showed a U‐shaped relationship with temperature. In conclusion, phylogeny seems to play the most crucial role in the evolution of group size in Delphinoidea. The simplest interpretation of this result is that group size resulted from a historical (random) process and has only been marginally shaped by direct selection.
Mesocyclops longisetuseffects on survivorship ofAedes aegyptiimmature stages in car tyres
Authors: Manrique‐Saide Pablo , Ibáñez‐Bernal Sergio , Delfín‐González Hugo , Tabla Victor Parra 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.The effect of the introduction of the entomophagous copepod Mesocyclops longisetus (Acuacultura F.C.B. strain) on the survival of Aedes aegypti immature stages in car tyres was evaluated under semi‐natural conditions in the municipality of Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. Life tables were constructed for the immature stages of the mosquito in the presence and absence of M. longisetus, and the survival data were compared using log–linear models. The data set was adjusted using the GLIM statistical package and the quality of adjustment was evaluated with a chi‐squared test. Survivorship curves were constructed for each treatment.In the absence of M. longisetus, the survivorship of Ae. aegypti immature stages averaged 9%. The highest mortality rate was observed during the fourth larval instar (54%) and the resulting survival pattern corresponded to a type II survivorship curve. The mortality rate of Ae. aegypti first‐instar larvae (fifty per tyre) increased more than 200‐fold in the presence of M. longisetus (twenty per tyre) and the highest mortality was during the first two larval instars, where it reached 98.9%, with a resulting survivorship of 0.2%. Overall mortality was sixfold greater in the presence of the copepod than in its absence. The survival pattern of immature stages of Ae. aegypti in the presence of the copepod corresponded to a type III survivorship curve. As M. longisetus was so effective against Ae. aegypti immature stages in tyres under semi‐natural conditions, its long‐term effectiveness should be evaluated under socially and ecologically realistic field conditions in Mexico.
Abundance of house dust mites in relation to climate in contrasting agricultural settlements in Israel
Authors: Mumcuoglu K. Y. , Gat Z. , Horowitz T. , Miller J. , Bar‐Tana R. , Ben‐Zvi A. , Naparstek Y. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe correlation between climatic conditions and mite numbers in houses from rural areas was studied in 13 agricultural communities (kibbutzim and moshavim) in nine geo‐climatic subregions of Israel. Mites were present in 97% of the dust samples. The average number of mites per gram of dust in the different localities ranged between 84 and 2053. The maximum number of mites (7440/g dust) was found in a carpet from a house in Geva Carmel in the northern coastal region. The most prevalent species of mites were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, which were found in 85.6% and 71.3% of the samples, respectively. The house dust mites D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei constituted 94.8% of the mites. Most of the mites were isolated from the carpets and sofas (37.0% and 33.7%, respectively), and a smaller number from beds (29.3%). The smallest number of mites (≤ 250/g dust) were found at a minimum relative humidity (RH) of 30% and lower, with a maximum temperature of 32°C and higher, i.e. in the Jordan valley and Negev mountains. A greater number of mites (250–500/g dust) were found at a minimum ambient RH of 35–40% and a maximum temperature of 32°C and higher, i.e. the Hula valley. A large number of mites (500–1000/g dust) were found at a minimum RH of 35–40% with a maximum temperature of 30°C and lower, i.e. in the Judean and Samarian range, as well as in upper Galilee. The largest number of mites (1000–2000/g dust) was found at a minimum RH of 45% and higher, with a maximum temperature ranging between 30 and 32°C. These conditions occur in the coastal strip, the coastal plain and in the Judean and Samarian foothills. A monthly examination of two houses in Zova, a kibbutz in the Judean hills next to Jerusalem, and two houses from Palmachim, a kibbutz in the coastal region, revealed that the highest prevalence of mites was found in the months April–November and May–November, respectively. In Zova, the highest number of mites were found during the months of June and July while the highest concentrations of D. pteronyssinus‐antigen (Der p I) were measured during the month of September. A positive correlation between mite numbers and the quantity of Der p I in house dust was found.
Diapause, pupation sites and parasitism of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans, in south‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Mendes J. , Linhares A. X. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn order to verify the occurrence of diapause, preference for pupation sites and hymenopteran parasitism, the pupae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae), were collected from undisturbed cattle dung pats in pastures, and adults of the fly were sampled from cattle in São Paulo State, south‐eastern Brazil, from April 1993 to July 1994. Diapause was verified in 7.7% of pupae sampled from pastures in June and July of 1993 and in 9.9% of those sampled in May, June and July of 1994 (overall rate of 9.1%). Approximately 8.3% of the pupae were parasitized by microhymenopterans, mostly Spalangia nigroaenea and S.cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Horn fly pupae were found almost exclusively inside the pat or in the soil immediately beneath and adjacent to it, and very few were collected elsewhere. Pupa mortality was 54.4% and did not change significantly during the year, but mortality was greater among pupae collected in pastures when compared to those obtained from experimental pats, lacking natural enemies.
Scanning electron microscoscopy of the second‐instar larva of Gasterophilus nasalis
Authors: Leite A. C. R. , Scott F. B. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe second‐instar larva of the bot fly Gasterophilus nasalis (L.) (Diptera: Gasterophilidae) is described for the first time, based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies. On the pseudocephalum the larva bears an anteno‐maxillary sensory complex formed by the antenna (coeloconic sensilla) and the maxillary palp with a set of six coeloconic sensilla and four basiconica sensilla. The oral opening is latero‐posteriorly limited by small spines, and exhibits strongly ornamented maxillae and mandibles. The thoracic and abdominal segments are circled by two bands, each with two rows (except the last segment that has one row) of backwardly pointed spines, and have cuticular depressions. Trichoid and campaniform sensilla surround the larval segments. The anterior spiracular opening is a small aperture. The terminal end of the eighth abdominal segment shows a spiracular cavity, lateral tubercles, eight basiconic and two trichoid sensilla. Each spiracular plate has two slightly curved slits, each with a serrated rima. There is a probable ecdysial scar. The findings of this ultrastructural study are compared with those other of larval flies.
Elevated oxidase and esterase levels associated with permethrin tolerance in Anopheles gambiae from Kenyan villages using permethrin‐impregnated nets
Authors: Vulule J. M. , Beach R. F. , Atieli F. K. , Mcallister J. C. , Brogdon W. G. , Roberts J. M. , Mwangi R. W. , Hawley W. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe permethrin tolerance (PT) of a population of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) increased following the introduction of permethrin‐impregnated nets for malaria control in certain villages near Kisumu, western Kenya. Using a biochemical test that indirectly measures oxidases associated with permethrin resistance, we found that this population had higher oxidase levels than a comparison population from villages without impregnated nets. Mosquitoes from a colony of An. gambiae selected for PT, the RSP (reduced susceptibility to permethrin) strain, were exposed to permethrin with or without the oxidase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PB). Significantly higher mortality rates occurred when permethrin was synergized by PB, presumably by suppression of oxidases responsible for PT. An unselected (UNS) colony of An. gambiae that was more susceptible than RSP in a permethrin‐susceptibility bioassay (i.e. LT50 22 min for UNS, vs. 42 min for RSP) was compared with the RSP colony for levels of oxidases and esterases. The levels of both enzymes were very significantly higher in the RSP strain (P < 0.0001). We speculate that use of impregnated nets selected for higher oxidase and esterase levels in An. gambiae to metabolize permethrin acquired from the nets. Both oxidase and esterase mechanisms could confer cross‐resistance to other pyrethroids.
Responses of Glossina austeni to sticky panels and odours
Authors: Vreysen M. J. B. , Saleh K. M. , Zhu Z. ‐R. , Suleiman F. W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe responses of male tsetse Glossina austeni Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae) towards blue and white sticky legged panels, baited with odour attractants, and towards modified panels were studied in the Jozani forest of Unguja Island, Zanzibar. Increasing the height of the body of a standard panel from 30 to 60 or 90 cm, increased the catch two‐fold. Increasing the height of the legs (from 15 to 60 or 120 cm) or raising the device more than 5 cm above the ground reduced the catch significantly. The legs of the panels were the preferred landing sites of the flies, irrespective of the height of the body of the panel. Acetone (300 mg/h) combined with cow urine (60–130 mg/h) significantly increased the catches two‐ to threefold during the rainy season, but not during the dry season. Acetone had no effect during the dry season and its effect during the rainy season was less consistent. There was no effect of octenol (2.5–12.5 mg/h), used alone or in combination with acetone. Likewise, the catch did not increase through the addition of cow sebum, pig urine (60–860 mg/h), pig urine combined with acetone and octenol. The observed seasonal differences in the response of G. austeni towards odours are discussed in relation to host location strategies.