bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL‐1β induces COX2, MMP‐1, ‐3 and ‐13, ADAMTS‐4, IL‐1β and IL‐6 in human tendon cells
Authors: Tsuzaki M. , Guyton G. , Garrett W. , Archambault J. M. , Herzog W. , Almekinders L. , Bynum D. , Yang X. , Banes A. J. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractOveruse injuries and trauma in tendon often involve acute or chronic pain and eventual matrix destruction. Anti‐inflammatory drugs have been used as a treatment, however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the destructive processes in tendon are not clearly understood. It is thought that an inflammatory event may be involved as an initiating factor. Mediators of the inflammatory response include cytokines released from macrophages and monocytes. Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) is a candidate proinflammatory cytokine that is active in connective tissues such as bone and cartilage. We hypothesized that tendon cells would express receptors and respond to IL‐1β in an initial „molecular inflammation”︁ cascade, that is, connective tissue cell expression of cytokines that induce matrix destructive enzymes. This cascade results in expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases that may lead to matrix destruction. Normal human tendon cells from six patients were isolated, grown to quiescence and treated with human recombinant IL‐1β in serum‐free medium for 16 h. Total RNA was isolated and mRNA expression assessed by semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR. IL‐1β (1 nM) induced mRNAs for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐13 and aggrecanase‐1 as well as IL‐1β and IL‐6, whereas mRNAs for COX1 and MMP‐2 were expressed constitutively. The IL‐1β‐treated tendon cells released prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the medium, suggesting that the inducible COX2 catalyzed this synthesis. Induction of PGE2 was detectable at 10 pM IL‐1β. IL‐1β also stimulated MMP‐1 and ‐3 protein secretion. Induction of MMP‐1 and ‐3 was detectable at 10 pM IL‐1β. Post‐injury or after some other inciting events, exogenous IL‐1β released upon bleeding or as leakage of local capillaries may drive a proinflammatory response at the connective tissue cell level. The resulting induction of COX2, MMP‐1 and ‐3 may underscore a potential for nonlymphocyte‐mediated cytokine production of MMPs that causes matrix destruction and a loss of tendon biomechanical properties. Endogenous IL‐1β might contribute to the process through a positive feedback loop by stimulating expression and accumulation of MMPs in the tendon matrix.© 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neurotrophin‐like immunoreactivity in the human pre‐term newborn, infant, and adult cerebellum
Authors: Quartu Marina , Serra Maria Pina , Manca Annalisa , Follesa Paolo , Lai Maria Letizia , Del Fiacco Marina 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe immunohistochemical occurrence of the neurotrophin (NT) proteins nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin‐4 (NT‐4), and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) is shown in the pre‐term newborn, infant, and adult human post‐mortem cerebellum. The NT‐like immunoreactive structures were unevenly distributed and showed regional differences among cerebellar lobules and folia. NGF‐, NT‐4‐, and NT‐3‐positive neuronal perikarya were observed in all specimens examined. At variance with the other neurotrophins, the BDNF antiserum labelled neuronal cell bodies only in newborn life and infancy, as well as extensive nerve fibre systems, whose density increased with age. The NT‐antibodies, tested by Western blot on human cerebellum homogenates, revealed immunoreactive bands corresponding to proteins of heterogenous molecular weight. The results obtained provide a first demonstration of the tissue localization of the NTs in the human cerebellum from perinatal to adult age, thus suggesting their involvement in the development, differentiation and maintenance of the cerebellar connectivity. Codistribution of the four NTs or sets of them was observed in cortical and deep nuclei neurons. Multiple trophic roles for NTs, encompassing the classic target‐derived and local mechanisms of support, are envisaged as significant in development, differentiation, and maintenance of the human cerebellar connectivity.
Developmental expression of calretinin‐immunoreactivity in the thalamic eminence of the fetal mouse
Authors: Abbott Louise C. , Jacobowitz David M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAn investigation of the developmental expression of calretinin immunoreactivity and mRNA expression was carried out in the developing mouse diencephalon. Attention was focused on the thalamic eminence, which is a prominent structure previously described in the thalamus of the fetal mammalian diencephalon and adult lower vertebrates. Calretinin‐positive staining was first observed in the thalamic eminence beginning at embryonic day 11. In situ hybridization histochemistry confirmed the presence of calretinin mRNA in the thalamic eminence. During subsequent embryonic development calretinin expression was very intense in neurons in the thalamic eminence though embryonic day 17, and thereafter, was increasingly difficult to distinguish. By postnatal day 0 the thalamic eminence was no longer discernable.Additional neurons within the murine diencephalon also expressed calretinin positive cell bodies and/or neuronal processes, including the stria medullaris, the habenular commissure and the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. It is possible that the thalamic eminence may form during development in order to act as an organizing center for the diencephalon.
Neoplastic change in Onchocerca volvulus and its relation to ivermectin treatment
Authors: DUKE B. O. L. , MARTY A. M. , PEET D. L. , GARDON J. , PION S. D. S. , KAMGNO J. , BOUSSINESQ M. 
Published: February 2003

A pleomorphic neoplasm (PN) is described from sections of Onchocerca volvulus worms in nodules excised from Cameroonian patients. PN is confined to older, non-fecund, female worms, and those classed as moribund/dead. It is mainly composed of small, roundish, basophilic cells of diverse sizes, often forming a ‘rosette’ pattern around amorphous eosinophilic centres. The cells have a high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio and up to 2–3 mitoses/high-power field; some become grossly enlarged, highly polymorphic and contain large, irregular blocks of chromatin. The eukaryotic PN cells first appear posteriorly in the pseudocoelom, probably from ovarian cells; they spread anteriorly, invading or compressing the uteri. Ivermectin treatment increased the prevalence PN from 3.7% of 1422 female worms in 637 patients before treatment to 17.5% of 1134 worms in 511 patients after 3 years treatment. Ivermectin at 400–800 μg/kg annually, or at 150 μg/kg or 400–800 μg/kg 3-monthly, over 3 years, did not increase the PN prevalence significantly, as compared with standard doses of 150 μg/kg annually. In other small series of African patients, PN prevalence increased in worms 2, 4, 6 and 10 months after ivermectin treatment; but there was no increase after treatment with amocarzine, albendazole or diethylcarbamazine and suramin. PN may partly account for the increased macrofilaricidal action of ivermectin on female O. volvulus in patients treated for 3 years at 3-monthly intervals.
Seasonality of symptom onset in first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: OWENS NICHOLAS , McGORRY PATRICK D. 
Published: February 2003

Background. There have been numerous reports of seasonal trends in psychotic illnesses. In schizophrenia, seasonal trends in incidence have been shown to be especially apparent in first-episode cases. Most previous research has used date of admission as a proxy for date of incidence of disorder; we present results of an investigation into seasonal trends in dates of onset of symptoms in a group of 295 first-episode cases of schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder.Method. Data were analysed using statistical methods appropriate for detecting seasonal trends in pooled data over 6 years.Results. Only male cases of schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder showed a significant seasonal distribution to dates of onset of symptoms, with a peak in August (winter).Conclusion. True seasonal patterns are present in schizophrenia incidence, but their consistency with other published studies and wider significance, is difficult to ascertain because of different methods used in dating incidence of disorder.
Psychiatrists' attitudes to maintenance medication for patients with schizophrenia
Authors: PATEL M. X. , NIKOLAOU V. , DAVID A. S. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Maintenance antipsychotic medication is the mainstay of relapse prevention in patients with schizophrenia. Long acting depot antipsychotics were developed to promote treatment adherence and yet their utilization is variable, perhaps due to negative attitudes of both patients and psychiatrists. Recently, a shift away from depots has occurred, in favour of the newer atypical oral antipsychotics.Method. This study investigated the current attitudes and knowledge concerning depots, with a newly designed questionnaire, in a cross-sectional postal survey of qualified psychiatrists working in south-east England.Results. A substantial minority of psychiatrists believe that depots are old fashioned (40%), stigmatizing (48%) and are associated with more side-effects than typical oral antipsychotics (38%). Many believe that depots are as efficacious as oral medication (91%) but are less acceptable to patients (69%) and relatives (66%). A large majority consider depots enhance patient compliance (81%) and prevent relapse (94%). Psychiatrists would be persuaded to prescribe depots if they were associated with fewer side-effects, in patients where compliance is an issue, and if atypical depot antipsychotics were available, presumably because they would have a lower incidence of side-effects. Additionally, psychiatrists' knowledge about depots was positively associated with attitudes. More favourable patient-centred attitudes were reported by psychiatrists with higher depot use.Conclusion. Practising psychiatrists have several strongly endorsed attitudes towards depot medication that are associated with knowledge and prescribing habits. By updating psychiatrists' knowledge about depots, in turn their attitudes may become more positive and prescribing practices may subsequently change.
The family and compliance in schizophrenia: the influence of clinical variables, relatives' knowledge and expressed emotion
Authors: SELLWOOD W. , TARRIER N. , QUINN J. , BARROWCLOUGH C. 
Published: February 2003

Background. A variety of factors are related to compliance with medication in schizophrenia, but little attention has been paid to the role of families. Carers' knowledge or expressed emotion (EE) may be related to compliance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relevance of these two factors, as well as their relationships with other variables for the prediction of compliance.Method. A sample of patient–carer pairs (N=79) involved in a family intervention for schizophrenia trial was recruited. Compliance, symptoms, social functioning and attitudes to their carers were assessed in patients. Carers' EE, knowledge and psychopathology were also evaluated.Results. A number of factors were related to compliance, including carers' EE and patients' psychotic symptoms, which contributed independently to not taking medication. Carers' knowledge about schizophrenia and other groups of symptoms was not related to compliance.Conclusions. EE may be an important factor to account for in the understanding of patients' compliance and the direction of the relationship between EE and compliance should be the subject of further study.
Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease and in the healthy elderly
Authors: PORTER R. J. , LUNN B. S. , O'BRIEN J. T. 
Published: February 2003

Background. The cholinergic system is profoundly impaired in senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT) and replacement therapy produces only modest clinical benefits. The serotonergic system is also impaired and may contribute both to cognitive and non-cognitive symptoms in SDAT. To investigate this further we assessed the effects of lowering brain serotonin using the technique of acute tryptophan depletion on cognitive function in patients with SDAT and in age matched control subjects.Method. Sixteen patients with probable SDAT and 17 healthy elderly subjects received two amino acid drinks in a within subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled, counterbalanced, crossover design. One of the drinks was nutritionally balanced and contained tryptophan (placebo), the other was identical but contained no tryptophan. A battery of detailed neuropsychological tests was performed between 4 and 6 h after the drink. Mood rating scales and other ratings of behavioural and emotional symptoms were also performed on both occasions.Results. Acute tryptophan depletion resulted in impairment on tasks of working memory in both groups. There was no group specific effect. Female SDAT subjects performed better on a task of pattern recognition during acute tryptophan depletion compared with placebo. There were no changes in behavioural symptoms during acute tryptophan depletion in either group.Conclusion. Compromised serotonergic function may be an important contributor to cognitive decline in SDAT and in ageing. Strategies targeting specific 5HT receptors may be helpful in SDAT.
2[18F]‐Fluoro‐2‐Deoxy‐D‐Glucose Positron Emission Tomography is a Sensitive Tool for the Detection of Occult Primary Cancer (Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Syndrome) with Head and Neck Lymph Node Manifestation
Authors: Jungehulsing Markus , Scheidhauer Klemens , Damm Michael , Pietrzyk Uwe , Eckel Hans , Schicha Harald , Stennert Eberhard 
Published: February 2003

BACKGROUNDThe neck lymph nodes are a common site of metastases from carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP syndrome). 2[18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography (18‐FDG‐PET) has been shown to be a sensitive tool for detecting primary malignant lesions as well as metastatic spread. We have prospectively investigated the sensitivity of 18‐FDG‐PET in detecting occult primary carcinomas with manifestation in the head and neck lymph nodes.METHODSFrom May 1994 to July 1998, in 723 patients a cancer of the head and neck was diagnosed at the University of Cologne ENT outpatient clinic. The routinely performed staging procedures were chest radiography; full blood count; cervical and liver ultrasound; endoscopy of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and esophagus; and laboratory analyses. After the staging workup, in 27 of 723 patients (3.7%) CUP syndrome had to be presumed because the primary cancer could not be detected. In these patients 18‐FDG‐PET was performed, and images were reconstructed with a transmission‐emission fusion technique.RESULTSIn 7 of 27 patients (26%) 18‐FDG‐PET revealed an unknown primary: in 2 a bronchial carcinoma, in 2 a nasopharyngeal carcinoma, in 1 a squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland, in 1 a squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx, and in 1 a carcinoma of the tonsil. In 4 of 7 patients the occult primary tumor was removed surgically. In 8 of 27 patients therapeutic strategy was changed as a result of the 18‐FDG‐PET findings.CONCLUSION18‐FDG‐PET should be performed in all patients with CUP syndrome after conventional diagnostic workup fails to identify the primary.
Acoustic Rhinometry and Computed Tomography Scans for the Diagnosis of Nasal Septal Deviation, With Clinical Correlation
Authors: Mamikoglu Bulent , Houser Steven , Akbar Imran , Ng Bernard , Corey Jacquelynne P. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVE:The aim in this study was to analyze the efficiency and reliability of acoustic rhinometry (AR) readings in recognition of nasal septal deviation.METHOD:We compared 24 patients' AR readings with their sinus CT scans. The patient data were analyzed by comparison with normative data, area, and percentage differences between the two sides. Additionally, the data further analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve and Spearman correlation of CT and AR in determining nasal septal deviation.RESULTS:The sensitivity of AR in detecting anterior septal deviations was found to be 54%, with a specificity of 70%. A very highly significant correlation (P ≤ 0.001) was found between minimal cross‐sectional area (CSA) 1 values and CT results.DISCUSSION:In the interpretation of AR readings, comparison of each CSA value should be included, in addition to use of the total absolute CSA values.CONCLUSION:According to our findings the diagnosis of nasal septal deviation can be supported by AR readings. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000; 123:61‐8.)
Middle Turbinate Medialization and Preservation in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Friedman Michael , Landsberg Roy , Tanyeri Hasan 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS:Lateral synechia formation between the middle turbinate (MT) and the lateral nasal wall is the most common complication of endoscopic sinus surgery. In an attempt to prevent this complication, a simple technique to preserve and medialize the MT was studied.METHODS:Five hundred patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery with MT medialization and preservation. The caudal end of the MT and the opposing septal mucosa were abraded with a microdebrider for controlled synechia formation in an attempt to avoid lateralization of the MT. Follow‐up ranged from 6 to 18 months, with a mean follow‐up of 10 months.RESULTS:Ninety‐three percent of the patients had successful MT medialization with a well‐defined synechia between the septum and the MT.CONCLUSIONS:MT medialization with a microde‐brider is simple, is reliable, and should be considered an alternative to turbinate resection or to other turbinate medialization techniques.
Endoscopic Optic Nerve Decompression for Traumatic Blindness
Authors: Kountakis Stilianos E. , Maillard Alberto A. J. , El‐Harazi Sherif M. , Longhini Luca , Urso Richard G. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVES:The goal of this study was to compare the outcome of patients with traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) treated with high‐dose steroids with the outcome of patients with TON treated with endoscopic optic nerve decompression (EOND) after failing high‐dose steroid treatment.METHODS:During this retrospective review of patients with TON seen from 1994 to 1998, all patients were first treated with megadose methylprednisolone for 48 hours. Patients with no improvement or with worsening visual acuity were offered EOND.RESULTS:Eleven of 34 (32%) patients treated with high‐dose steroids showed improvement, and 23 (68%) did not. Seventeen of the 23 patients without improvement after high‐dose steroid treatment underwent EOND. Fourteen of 17 (82%) surgically treated patients had improved visual acuity, and 3 (18%) did not, with an overall improvement in 25 of 34 (74%) patients (χ2 = 11.338, P = 0.0007).CONCLUSION:EOND is an appropriate treatment technique for patients with TON in whom high‐dose steroid treatment has failed. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:34‐7.)
Tympanic Membrane and Middle Ear Pathologic Correlates in Mucoid Otitis Media
Authors: Tekin Muhammet , Mutlu Cemil , Paparella Michael M. , Schachern Patricia A. , Jaisinghani Vikram J. , Le Chap T. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to correlate tympanic membrane (TM) and middle ear (ME) pathologies in mucoid otitis media (MOM).METHODS AND MATERIALForty ears with MOM and 56 control ears were retrospectively evaluated for TM and ME pathologies. Comparisons of TM thicknesses in MOM versus control ears were correlated with the Student t test; χ2 analysis was used to correlate pathologic findings of the TM and ME.RESULTSThicknesses in all quadrants except the umbo were increased in MOM because of infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrosis. The most common ME pathologies were granulation tissue and fibrosis. Significant correlations included (1) TM retraction and ME granulation tissue and fibrosis and (2) pars flaccida, posterosuperior, and anteroinferior thickness and ME granulation tissue and fibrosis.CONCLUSIONTM changes are likely to occur in patients with otitis media with effusion (MOM), and their presence is a strong indication of underlying ME pathology.
Influence of Height on the Spatial Orientation and Equilibrium of the Body
Authors: Nakahara Haruka , Takemori Setsuko , Tsuruoka Hisashi 
Published: February 2003

The sway of the center of gravity for 30 seconds with a stabilometer was examined in 30 volunteers under 3 visual conditions (eyes open with and without fixation and eyes closed) at heights of 0, 1, and 2 m and under 2 visual conditions (eyes open with fixation and eyes closed) at a height of 10 m 22 cm. Eight of the subjects had acrophobia. The sway worsened at 10 m 22 cm but showed no change at 1 or 2 m. The acrophobic group became clearly worse at 10 m 22 cm. In another group of 12 volunteers, the subjects were guided to the roof with the eyes closed, and sway was measured. Sway was also measured with the eyes uncovered and open and again with the eyes closed. The first measurement with the eyes closed showed worse sway, and the second with the eyes open was better, except in 2 subjects who were acrophobic. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:501‐4.)
Quantification of Rebound Edema After Steroid Treatment
Authors: Odland Rick , Wigley Terry , Kim Tom , Kizziar Ron , Davamony David 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVE:Return of edema after abrupt discontinuation of steroid treatment has never been studied or quantified. The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of abrupt cessation and tapering doses of steroids on tissue water content (TWC) in a rat skin flap model.DESIGN:A randomized controlled animal trial was designed to study the effects of discontinuation of steroid on skin flap edema. The animals were assigned to a control group (C), a steroid group (S), an abrupt steroid cessation (SC) group, or a tapering steroid (ST) group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:In each group the skin flaps were biopsied at 30 and 36 hours. TWC was determined by a biopsy‐drying technique.RESULTS:A significant difference (P = 0.05) was found between the C and S groups and between the SC and S groups at both 30 and 36 hours, with the C group having the highest TWC. No significant difference was noted between the SC and C groups. The ST group had significantly less edema than the C group and similar TWC to that of the S group.CONCLUSION:Edema rebounded in the skin flaps after abrupt cessation of steroids (SC was not different from C), presumably because of destabilization of inflammatory mediators. The rebound effect was not observed in the ST group. The control of rebound edema by a tapering steroid protocol may be important in skin flap survival and may have implications for the management of airway edema.