bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistency issues of aqueous solubility data and solution thermodynamics of electrolytes
Authors: De Visscher Alex , Vanderdeelen Jan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
For the calculation of aqueous solubility of electrolytes, thermodynamic data from different sources are required. This can lead to errors if the data are inconsistent. This study reveals that some often-used semi-empirical equations for CO2 solubility and other equilibria are inconsistent with CODATA (Committee on Data for Science and Technology) key thermodynamic data. The equations were recalculated to make them consistent with CODATA. Combining standard thermodynamic data of NaCl with the Pitzer model leads to significant deviations from the accepted experimental value at 25 °C. Owing to the inadequacy of the Pitzer model at molalities exceeding 6 mol kg–1, this model leads to poor predictions of the HCl vapor pressure in equilibrium with highly concentrated aqueous HCl solutions. A long-standing inconsistency problem is related to the solubility of calcium carbonate. The main problem is disagreement on the existence of the CaHCO3
+ ion pair. It is shown that the inconsistency largely disappears if it is assumed that the CaHCO3
+ exists at low ionic strength, but becomes less stable at higher ionic strength.
Temperature effects on trimethylamine oxide accumulation and the relationship between plasma concentration and tissue levels in smelt (Osmerus mordax)
Authors: Treberg Jason R. , Bystriansky Jason S. , Driedzic William R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) were maintained in a long term acclimation study to elucidate temperature effects on the accumulation of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and to determine if the activity of trimethylamine oxidase (TMAoxi) plays a role in modulating the seasonally variable levels of TMAO. In the same experiment, the TMAO content was determined for several tissues at varying plasma TMAO concentrations. TMAO accumulation begins at 5–7°C, well above that which might be normally associated with an antifreeze response. The plasma concentration reached a plateau of 20 mM as temperatures reached 0°C. Plasma TMAO concentration drops to pre‐accumulation levels, less than 5 mM, when fish are held at elevated temperature (8–11°C) and increases when fish are chilled below ambient seawater temperatures. However, despite temperatures near or below 0°C, plasma TMAO decreases after the winter season. Changes in TMAoxi activity do not correlate with TMAO levels, suggesting that the activity of this enzyme does not play a key role in regulating TMAO concentrations in smelt. For the first time in any teleost fish, tissue TMAO contents in liver, kidney, brain, and intestine were found to strongly correlate with plasma TMAO concentrations. For these tissues, the intracellular and extracellular concentration of TMAO appears to be approximately equal. Conversely, the heart and white muscle accumulate TMAO, and in the case of white muscle, intracellular concentration is maintained at a constant level of approximately 35 mmol/kg, despite fluctuating plasma concentrations over a range from 0 to over 25 mM. J. Exp. Zool. 303A:283–293, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of pectinesterase activity in a commercial enzyme preparation by pulsed electric fields: comparison of inactivation kinetic models
Authors: Giner Joaquín , Grouberman Pascal , Gimeno Vicente , Martín Olga 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe inactivation of pectinesterase (PE) in a commercial enzyme preparation (CEP) under high intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) was studied. After desalting and water dilution of the raw CEP, samples were exposed to exponentially decay waveform pulses for up to 463 µs at electric field intensities ranging from 19 to 38 kV cm−1. Pulses were applied in monopolar mode. Experimental data were fitted to a first‐order kinetic model as well as to models based on Fermi, Hülsheger or Weibull equations to describe PE inactivation kinetics. Characteristic parameters for each model were calculated. Relationships between some of the parameters and process variables were obtained. The Weibull model yielded the best accuracy factor. The relationship between residual PE and input of electrical energy density was found to be that of exponential decay. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Trends in cpue and related changes in spatial distribution of demersal fish species in the Kattegat and Skagerrak, eastern North Sea, between 1981 and 2003
Authors: Casini Michele , Cardinale Massimiliano , Hjelm Joakim , Vitale Francesca 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
We explored the trends in ln-transformed catch per unit effort, defined as average weight (kg) per 1 h trawling, and the spatial distribution of 32 demersal fish species in the Kattegat and Skagerrak using International Bottom Trawl Survey data collected between 1981 and 2003. As in other areas, the biomass of roundfish species such as cod, pollack, hake, and ling drastically decreased during this period most likely owing to fishing pressure. However, other commercially important fish species, e.g. haddock, whiting, and some flatfish, showed a constant or increasing trend during the same period. Non-commercial species showed no or an increasing trend in ln-cpue, by as much as 40 times in hagfish. Furthermore, analyses of the spatial distribution of 14 selected fish species by means of distribution maps of ln-cpue suggested that fish stocks contracted and expanded in response to decrease and increase of the stock biomass, respectively, with some flatfish species (i.e. plaice and flounder) and hagfish representing the exceptions to this general pattern.
The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin. By ROBERT LAWRENCE KUHN. [New York: Crown Publishers, 2005. 688 pp.+two 16-page photo inserts. $35.00. ISBN 1-4000-5474-5.]
Authors: Gilley Bruce 
Published: March 2005

Robert Kuhn's lengthy biography of Jiang Zemin sets out to tell the inside story of this unlikely leader of China from 1989 to 2004. An American investment banker and television producer with business interests in China, Kuhn was given access to many of Jiang's closest friends, aides and political allies. Yet the long-anticipated result is short of expectations. Much of the book is a dry rehashing of Jiang's official schedule from year to year, with Trollopian chapter subtitles like “How could I not know?” The occasional glimpses into the inner political and personal world of the man are so fleeting as to leave the reader more frustrated than gratified.To be sure, the careful reader will turn up a host of interesting facts here that enhance our understanding of Jiang: for example, he began his life as an anti-drugs protestor not aware that the protests he joined were organized by the CCP. There is also a vivid James Bond-like scene of Jiang speeding a friend to safety in Shanghai at the wheel of an American jeep in 1948. And there are glimpses of real world politics. Jiang's chief mentor, Wang Daohan, commented candidly to Jiang in 1989 on the “many complications and contradictions” of politics in Beijing “especially all the subtle conflicts between different interest groups.” His sister notes of his elevation to Party chief: “We certainly didn't celebrate. His appointment wasn't worth celebrating.” Later, Jiang's wife, Wang Yeping, is quoted as saying she was always dismayed by the files on her husband's desk that suggested a daily crisis of governance. “Explosions here, rioting there. Murders, corruption, terrorism – little that was nice.” Unfortunately, these factional conflicts and governance crises are nowhere to be found in the narrative, which offers instead a steady diet of Jiang's meetings with foreign leaders and “important” speeches.
The Chinese Journalist. By HUGO DE BURGH. [London, RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. 248pp. £65.00. ISBN 0-415-30573-X.]
Authors: Gittings John 
Published: March 2005

One can obtain as wide a range of views on the state of health of the Chinese media as on any other subject these days. Chinese journalists who remember the press up to 25 years ago will assert how much greater freedom exists now. Even the reporting of traffic accidents was forbidden, as Hugo de Burgh points out, “until the taboo was broken around 1980” (p. 36). (In Shanghai, I was told, it was broken when the Jiefang ribao reported that a trolley bus had caught fire on Huaihai Road.)Younger journalists are more likely to chafe at the limits still imposed upon the media. Many seek to pursue media studies abroad, explaining that they hope to be better qualified if or when there is a new breakthrough in China. Others continue to push at the limits, sometimes getting sacked but often able to move on to another media outlet in another province. Those working for web-based media are often bolder than their print counterparts – including journalists on the People's Daily website who exposed the notorious Nandan tin mine disaster in 2001.This is a timely book which, as its title suggests, focuses on the Chinese journalist rather than on Chinese journalism – a distinction that would have been impossible to draw until recent years. It is based on fieldwork as well as wide reading although the value of some interview material is reduced by the necessity – revealing in itself – to mask the interviewees' identity.
The effects of shrimps on benthic material in a Brazilian island stream
Authors: DE SOUZA MARCELO L. , MOULTON TIMOTHY P. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. Shrimps are abundant in many tropical coastal streams. Studies in Central America and the Caribbean have demonstrated the importance of shrimps in removing sediments and altering the composition of the benthos. Previous work in our study area showed that ephemeropterans and not shrimps were important in removing benthic material.2. Here we used an experimental exclusion to test the hypothesis that shrimps exert strong influence on sediment dynamics with direct and indirect effects on the benthic algal and faunal community at a site where they are the predominant element of macrofauna. We used electricity to exclude Macrobrachium olfersi and Potimirim glabra from small quadrats (0.135 m2) for 34 days in a stream located at Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. We analysed benthic sediment dynamics and community colonisation during this period on artificial substrates in electrified and not‐electrified quadrats.3. Significantly higher sediment accrual had occurred in the electrified treatment after 14 days and persisted for the 34‐day course of the experiment; substrates protected from shrimps contained about four times as much ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) as those of the controls. After 34 days, significantly more pennate diatoms were present in the exclusion treatment, but chlorophyll was not significantly different between treatments. Densities of baetid ephemeropteran nymphs were significantly higher in the presence of shrimps.4. We attribute all these effects to the atyid P. glabra, the more abundant and active shrimp observed in the control treatment. Our results suggest that atyid shrimps played an important role related to sediment removal on hard substrate by direct ingestion and ‘bioturbation’. They reduced certain components of the periphyton (pennate diatoms) without affecting primary production (chlorophyll a). The activity of these shrimps on periphyton affected also faunal components such as baetid ephemeropterans and seems to determine the composition of the benthic community.
Modelling habitat associations with fingernail clam (Family: Sphaeriidae) counts at multiple spatial scales using hierarchical count models
Authors: GRAY BRIAN R. , HARO ROGER J. , ROGALA JAMES T. , SAUER JENNIFER S. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. Macroinvertebrate count data often exhibit nested or hierarchical structure. Examples include multiple measurements along each of a set of streams, and multiple synoptic measurements from each of a set of ponds. With data exhibiting hierarchical structure, outcomes at both sampling (e.g. within stream) and aggregated (e.g. stream) scales are often of interest. Unfortunately, methods for modelling hierarchical count data have received little attention in the ecological literature.2. We demonstrate the use of hierarchical count models using fingernail clam (Family: Sphaeriidae) count data and habitat predictors derived from sampling and aggregated spatial scales. The sampling scale corresponded to that of a standard Ponar grab (0.052 m2) and the aggregated scale to impounded and backwater regions within 38–197 km reaches of the Upper Mississippi River. Impounded and backwater regions were resampled annually for 10 years. Consequently, measurements on clams were nested within years. Counts were treated as negative binomial random variates, and means from each resampling event as random departures from the impounded and backwater region grand means.3. Clam models were improved by the addition of covariates that varied at both the sampling and regional scales. Substrate composition varied at the sampling scale and was associated with model improvements, and reductions (for a given mean) in variance at the sampling scale. Inorganic suspended solids (ISS) levels, measured in the summer preceding sampling, also yielded model improvements and were associated with reductions in variances at the regional rather than sampling scales. ISS levels were negatively associated with mean clam counts.4. Hierarchical models allow hierarchically structured data to be modelled without ignoring information specific to levels of the hierarchy. In addition, information at each hierarchical level may be modelled as functions of covariates that themselves vary by and within levels. As a result, hierarchical models provide researchers and resource managers with a method for modelling hierarchical data that explicitly recognises both the sampling design and the information contained in the corresponding data.
A 24‐year follow‐up of root filled teeth and periapical health amongst middle aged and elderly women in Göteborg, Sweden
Authors: Frisk F. , Hakeberg M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim  To describe the endodontic status amongst middle‐aged and elderly women longitudinally and cross‐sectionally over 24 years.Methodology  A random sample of 1462 women 38, 46, 50, 54 and 60 years old, living in Göteborg, Sweden, were sampled in 1968 for medical and dental examinations with a participation rate of 90.1%. The same women were re‐examined in 1980 and 1992 together with new 38‐ and 50‐year‐old women. The dental examination consisted of questionnaires, clinical and panoramic radiological survey (OPG). The number of teeth, number of root filled teeth (RF) and number of teeth with periapical radiolucencies (PA) were registered. The RF and PA ratios were calculated. Cross‐sectional data were analysed by means of anova and longitudinal data by a general linear model for repeated measures. Sample prevalences were compared and statistical inferences were made with the chi‐squared test. In all analysis, the confidence interval (CI) regarded mean difference between groups (95% CI).Results  The RF and PA ratio decreased over time as well as the frequency of edentulous subjects. Cross‐sectional analysis revealed a minor increase in frequency of RF and PA and loss of teeth with age. Longitudinally, loss of teeth was evident in all cohorts. In addition, there was a trend of lower number of teeth with PA, and the RF ratio increased with age.Conclusions  The prevalence of periapical disease did not increase with age, probably as a result of root canal treatment and extractions. Data showed that the prevalence of RF teeth and teeth with PA decreased for comparable age cohorts during the 24‐year follow‐up.
In vitro function of platelet concentrates prepared after filtration of whole blood or buffy coat pools
Authors: Turner C. P. , Sutherland J. , Wadhwa M. , Dilger P. , Cardigan R. 
Published: March 2005

Background/method  Data on the quality of platelet concentrates (PC) produced by the buffy coat method and stored beyond 5 days in plasma are limited. We therefore evaluated the quality of PCs prepared by leucocyte depletion of whole blood (Terumo WBSP, n = 10) or a buffy coat pool (Pall Autostop, n = 10), and stored for 7 days in plasma by assessing platelet parameters and markers of platelet activation.Results  In both types of PC, levels of glucose decreased during storage but were not totally depleted (> 11 mM on day 7). In contrast, lactate levels increased on storage and was consistently < 20 mM throughout, with pH maintained at > 6·8 in all units. Hypotonic shock response scores were > 47% in all units at day 7. On day 1, markers of platelet activation were significantly higher in WBSP PC, but by day 7 were similar for percentage CD63+ and CD62P + (40%) with levels of platelet microparticles and annexin V binding two‐fold higher in WBSP. The expression of CD61 did not alter during storage and the percentage of platelets expressing CD42b was > 88% in all units on day 7. RANTES (Regulated on activation, normal, T‐cell expressed and secreted) and TGFβ released from platelets by day 7 was < 800 ng/ml and 90 ng/ml, respectively. C3adesarg increased throughout storage in both types of PC, but without a commensurate increase in the terminal complex SC5b‐9 or activation of factor XII.Conclusion  Our data indicates that the in vitro characteristics of PCs prepared using these methods is maintained over storage for 7 days in plasma and is not associated with significant deterioration of platelet function.One sentence summary  In vitro function of platelet concentrates prepared by either filtration of whole blood, or pooled buffy coats
Management of early viable cervical pregnancy
Authors: Mesogitis Spiros , Pilalis Athanasios , Daskalakis George , Papantoniou Nikolaos , Antsaklis Aris 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To evaluate conservative management of early viable cervical pregnancy.Design  Prospective study.Setting  A tertiary teaching hospital.Population  All cases of cervical pregnancies with fetal cardiac activity presenting to our hospital over six years.Methods  All cases were managed with trans‐abdominal intra‐amniotic injection of 25 mg of methotrexate under ultrasound guidance. Follow up sonographic examinations and serum β‐hCG measurements were performed every three days. Cervical curettage was performed after two follow up ultrasound examinations had shown a dead fetus and a regressing gestational sac as well as declining β‐hCG levels. Patients were managed as outpatients.Main outcome measures  Successful management and need for hospitalisation.Results  Nine cases were encountered. Two required a second injection of methotrexate for persistent fetal cardiac activity and serum β‐hCG rise in the follow up examination. We did not observe any side effects and no patient required admission to the hospital.Conclusions  Intra‐amniotic methotrexate injection and subsequent cervical curettage after one week is a successful alternative for the management of cervical pregnancies.
Sequence changes in predicted promoter elements of STK11/LKB1 are unlikely to contribute to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Authors: Hearle Nicholas CM , Tomlinson Ian , Lim Wendy , Murday Victoria , Swarbrick Edwin , Lim Guan , Phillips Robin , Lee Peter , O'Donohue John , Trembath Richard C , Morrison Patrick J , Norman Andrew , Taylor Rohan , Hodgson Shirley , Lucassen Anneke , Houlston Richard S 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
Germline mutations or large-scale deletions in the coding region and splice sites of STK11/LKB1 do not account for all cases of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS). It is conceivable that, on the basis of data from other diseases, inherited variation in promoter elements of STK11/LKB1 may cause PJS.

Results
Phylogenetic foot printing and transcription factor binding site prediction of sequence 5' to the coding sequence of STK11/LKB1 was performed to identify non-coding sequences of DNA indicative of regulatory elements. A series of 33 PJS cases in whom no mutation in STK11/LKB1 could be identified were screened for sequence changes in the putative promoter defined by nucleotides -1090 to -1472. Two novel sequence changes were identified, but were found to be present in healthy individuals.

Conclusion
These findings indicate that promoter sequence changes are unlikely to contribute to PJS.
WASP deficiency leads to global defects of directed leukocyte migration in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Snapper Scott B , Meelu Parool , Nguyen Deanna , Stockton Britt M , Bozza Patricia , Alt Frederick W , Rosen Fred S , von Andrian Ulrich H , Klein Christoph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIntact cellular migration is critically important for the induction and regulation of the immune response. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) regulates surface receptor signaling to the actin cytoskeleton in hematopoietic cells and thus plays a pivotal role in cellular locomotion. WASP deficiency causes the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), characterized by immunodeficiency, thrombocytopenia, and eczema. Cell migration defects may contribute to the pathophysiology of WAS. In this study, we used a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays to comprehensively analyze migration properties of lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DC), and neutrophils from WASP-deficient mice. We provide evidence that WASP-deficient lymphocytes show a marked reduction in tethering in an in vitro flow chamber assay as well as decreased migration of T cells in response to the CC chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19). In vivo, compared with wild-type lymphocytes, WASP-deficient lymphocytes showed significantly impaired homing to Peyer's patches upon adoptive transfer into recipient mice. In addition, bone marrow-derived DC migrated less efficiently in response to CCL19. In vivo studies showed decreased migration of DC from skin to draining lymph nodes in WASP-deficient animals. Finally, we also document decreased neutrophil migration in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our studies suggest that WASP plays an important role in the locomotion of lymphocytes, DC, and granulocytes in vitro and in vivo and thus, reveal a crucial role of WASP in physiological trafficking of various hematopoietic cell lineages. These results further delineate immunological abnormalities in WASP-deficient mice, which will be useful to assess preclinical gene therapy studies.