bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Movements detection of deep seated gravitational slope deformations by means of InSAR data and photogeological interpretation: northern Sicily case study
Authors: Saroli M. , Stramondo S. , Moro M. , Doumaz F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe investigated the northern‐central portion of Sicily region (southern Italy) using aerial photographs and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data obtained by ERS1 and ERS2 satellites. This area shows a geological‐structural setting generated by the tectonic superposition of Apenninic‐Maghrebian carbonatic structures on terrigenous deposits. Such a structural setting favoured the development of large‐scale gravity‐driven phenomena (known in the geological literature as deep‐seated gravitational slope deformations) that are mostly responsible for the landscape evolution of the whole area. Morphological evidences such as landslides, sacking or rock‐flow, lateral spread and block slide can be detected from photogeological analysis. In order to understand the temporal behaviour and spatial distribution of such deformations we applied the interferometric SAR (InSAR) technique. Interferograms show fringe patterns spatially coinciding with some of the large‐scale gravitative phenomena previously identified by means of aerial‐photo analysis. The comparison between photogeological data and InSAR results allows delimiting the active sectors in the study area.
Growth, interaction and seismogenic potential of coupled active normal faults (Isernia Basin, central‐southern Italy)
Authors: Bucci Daniela Di , Naso Giuseppe , Corrado Sveva , Villa Igor M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe inception and growth of the active Carpino‐Le Piane Basin Fault System (CLPBFS; central‐southern Apennines, Italy) was analysed with respect to the neighbouring Isernia and Surrounding (ISFS) and Boiano Basin (BBFS) extensional Fault Systems.39Ar–40Ar dating showed that the BBFS was already active 649 ± 21 ka bpand that the ISFS was active at least 476 ±10 kabp, whereas the activity of the CLPBFS started certainly later than 253 ± 22 kabp, and very probably as recently as <28 kabp. These ages, combined with structural data (geometry and kinematics of the fault systems), indicate that the inception and development of the CLPBFS could be strictly related to the stress changes caused by earthquakes occurring on the BBFS.
Thermal maturity of the axial zone of the southern Apennines fold‐and‐thrust belt (Italy) from multiple organic and inorganic indicators
Authors: Corrado S. , Aldega L. , Di Leo P. , Giampaolo C. , Invernizzi C. , Mazzoli S. , Zattin M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe reconstruction of the thermal history of folded and thrust units is crucial to define the pattern of tectonic loading and the time‐space evolution of an orogen where tectonic exhumation processes occurred at shallow crustal levels. In the present study, a well‐constrained reconstruction of the thermal maturity in the axial zone of the southern Apennines has been achieved by the combined use of different thermal indicators in diagenesis. The major results are: (i) documentation of a jump in thermal maturity from the Apenninic Platform derived tectonic unit (from immature to early mature stages of hydrocarbon maturation) to the Lagonegro Basin derived tectonic units (late diagenetic zone); (ii) documentation of along‐strike slighter variations in the Lagonegro units, concerning thermal maturity (thus maximum burial temperatures). This can be related to changes in amounts of tectonic burial and erosion/exhumation because of the lack of cylindricity of contractional structures; (iii) recognition of an independent thermal evolution of the allochthonous chain compared with the Apulian Platform tectonic unit with Mt Alpi area (in the late mature stage of hydrocarbon generation) interpreted as a sector of localized, intense exhumation within the External Zone of the orogen.
Structural softening of the lithosphere
Authors: Schmalholz Stefan M. , Podladchikov Yuri Y. , Jamtveit Bjørn 
Published: March 2005

AbstractStructural softening is a decrease in the amount of stress needed to deform the lithosphere at a particular rate because of its structural reorganization while all true rheological properties remain constant. Structural softening is fundamentally different than material softening, where the decrease in stress is generated by a change in rheological properties with progressive deformation, such as grain size reduction resulting from large shearing strain. We study structural softening generated by folding of the crust‐mantle boundary, which is a structural instability that inevitably develops during compression of the mechanically layered lithosphere. For ductile rheologies, the stress decrease represents a decrease of the effective lithospheric viscosity, which is proportional to the ratio of stress to lithospheric shortening strain rate. We present analytical and numerical results quantifying the decrease in stress and effective viscosity that occur during shortening at a constant rate. The decrease in effective viscosity can be up to 10‐fold.
Direct observation of adakite melts generated in the lower continental crust, Fiordland, New Zealand
Authors: Stevenson James A. , Daczko Nathan R. , Clarke Geoffrey L. , Pearson Norman , Klepeis Keith A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAdakites have a distinct chemistry that links them to melting of a mafic source at high pressure. They have been attributed to melting of subducted oceanic crust or melting of the mafic crustal roots of thick continental arcs, and are an important contrast to mantle wedge melting as a means of generating continental crust. We report the first direct evidence for the generation of adakitic melts in mafic lower continental crust, in an exhumed Cretaceous arc in the South Island of New Zealand. The lower crustal Pembroke Granulite has the bulk chemistry and partial melting textures involving peritectic garnet appropriate for a source region for an adakitic melt. The melt migrated from the area through a fracture network now filled with trondhjemitic veins. Emplacement of the melt was in the upper crust of the Cretaceous section, illustrated by the presence of coeval adakites in the upper crustal Nelson‐Westland region.
Giant sandstone pipes record basin‐scale liquefaction of buried dune sands in the Middle Jurassic of SE Utah
Authors: Huuse Mads , Shoulders Simon J. , Netoff Dennis I. , Cartwright Joe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGiant sandstone pipes crop out over a 20 000 km2 area of SE Utah. They range from metres to decametres in diameter and crosscut more than 100 m of continental sediments. New and published observations, encompassing all known pipe localities in SE Utah, suggest that the pipes formed by upward movement of groundwater, sand and sediment blocks in response to liquefaction of buried dune sands. Pipe formation was most likely triggered by seismicity during a phase of Cordilleran shortening and regional tectonic reorganization in the late Middle Jurassic. The depth of liquefaction recorded by the pipes far exceeds depths usually considered in earthquake engineering.
Life cycle and potential gene flow of volunteer oilseed rape in different tillage systems
Authors: GRUBER S , PEKRUN C , CLAUPEIN W 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe study examined the effect of tillage (intensive vs. zero tillage) on potential gene flow during the life cycle of oilseed rape volunteers between July 2002 and August 2003. After growing oilseed rape, 4–29% of the seeds lost during harvest entered the soil seedbank when stubble tillage was performed immediately after the seed input. The seedbank was small (0–3%) when stubble tillage was delayed. Zero tillage resulted in seedbanks from 1 to 17% of the initial seed input. The seeds were distributed mainly in the upper soil layers after zero tillage or primary tillage with a rigid tine cultivator, whereas ploughing shifted most of the seeds into deeper layers. The highest number of volunteers (1 plant m−2) emerged and flowered in the following crop of winter wheat either when a large soil seedbank existed and/or the seedbank was located mainly in the upper soil layer. Outcrossing with other rape crops was unlikely as volunteers flowered 1 month later than rape crops sown at the normal timing. These volunteers produced a maximum of 8 viable seeds m−2. Ploughing preserved seeds in deep soil layers transferring the risk of gene flow to the future, whereas non‐inversion tillage can cause gene flow from high numbers of flowering volunteers within the first year following oilseed rape cultivation.
Competition between weeds and spring wheat for 15N‐labelled nitrogen applied in pig slurry
Authors: PETERSEN J 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe changes in weed:crop competition as affected by the interaction of slurry distribution pattern with crop sowing pattern was examined, using the parameters dry matter (DM) production, nitrogen (N) uptake and recovery of applied N in spring wheat and weeds. Pig slurry enriched with isotopic nitrogen (15N) was applied either fully incorporated or in concentrated bands. The two slurry distribution patterns were combined with either crop density or distance between the slurry band and seed row. Spring wheat and weeds were sampled separately seven times during the season. A high and fast crop recovery of applied N coincident with a low recovery in weeds may be obtained by at least three management elements: sowing the crop with a high seed density, sowing the crop row close to the band‐applied slurry N, and early sowing. The effects on crop DM, N‐uptake and 15N recovery of a high crop density and a narrow distance between the slurry band and crop row appear clearly at the beginning of the spring wheat elongation phase. For weeds the effects were most pronounced for 15N recovery, and using DM as the only response variable may cause insignificant results. However, methods for N application may be part of a strategy controlling weeds, but to obtain satisfactory weed control the N management needs to be supplemented with chemical or mechanical weed management.
Atrazine behaviour in the different pedological horizons of two Argentinean non‐till soil profiles
Authors: HANG S , BARRIUSO E , HOUOT S 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAtrazine behaviour was investigated in the different pedological horizons from profiles of two non‐tilled soils, a Typic Argiustoll and an Entic Haplustoll from the Argentinean pampas. As atrazine use in field conditions was associated with maize cropping, only one type of soil received atrazine every other year. Atrazine behaviour was characterized through the balance of 14C‐U‐ring atrazine radioactivity among the mineralized fraction, the extractable fraction and the non‐extractable bound residues. The composition of the extractable fraction was characterized. Atrazine mineralization was the main dissipation mechanism in the superficial horizon of the Argiustoll because of microbial adaptation after repeated atrazine applications. In contrast, little atrazine mineralization was found in the Haplustoll profile, and it decreased with depth. The capacity of the soil organic matter to form bound residues was characterized using soil‐size fractionation. Atrazine‐bound residues depended on the soil organic matter content and the size of the fraction. Organic matter in the largest size fractions had a higher capacity to form atrazine‐bound residues. In the Argiustoll profile, the atrazine degradation capacity decreased in the subsurface horizons (Bt1 and Bt2), where a large part of bound residues were formed. The deepest horizon (BC) of this profile had a high capacity to degrade atrazine reaching this horizon after a lag period. In the Haplustoll profile, atrazine mineralization and bound residue formation followed the organic carbon mineralization pattern.
Dormancy and viability of Phalaris minor seed in a rice–wheat cropping system
Authors: OM H , KUMAR S , DHIMAN S D 
Published: March 2005

SummarySeed placement, soil temperature and soil moisture content influenced the process of after‐ripening in Phalaris minor seeds. Seeds of P. minor collected from the soil just after wheat harvesting exhibited higher germination than seeds from P. minor threshed directly. There was a pronounced impact of periodic inhabitation of seed into the soil on germination after its dispersal. Germination was strongly inhibited when the seed was kept in soil at more than field capacity (FC) or in water. Maximum germination of seed incubated in soil at FC occurred at 30°C while a temperature of 40°C favoured after‐ripening of seed when mixed with dry soil or kept dry without any medium. Release from conditional dormancy was quicker in the seed retrieved from the soil kept at 20°C than at 10°C. Seed release from conditional dormancy and germination increased with a rise in temperature from 30 to 40°C when the seed was retrieved from incubation in soil at FC for 70 days. The seed kept immersed in water was least responsive to a rise in temperature. Seed recovered from dry soil, or kept without any medium, responded quickly at both temperatures. Light enhanced the germination of Phalaris minor seed. The seedbank subjected to rice (Oryza sativa) field management conditions lost vigour in comparison with the seed stored in laboratory. There was significant variability in seed viability when exposed to differential water management conditions in rice.
Productivity and persistence of perennial grass mixtures under competition from annual weeds in the alpine region of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: DONG S K , LONG R J , HU Z Z , KANG M Y 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIn the alpine region of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau four indigenous perennial grass species Bromus inermis (BI), Elymus sibiricus (ES), Elymus nutans (EN) and Agropyron cristatum (AC) were cultivated as three mixtures with different compositions and seeding rates, BI + EN, BI + ES + AC and BI + ES + EN + AC. From 1998 to 2001 there were three different weeding treatments: never weeded (CK); weeded on three occasions in the first year (1‐y) and weeded on three occasions in both the first and second year (2‐y) and their effect of grass combination and interactions on sward productivity and persistence was measured. Intense competitive interference by weedy annuals reduced dry matter (DM) yield of the swards. Grass combination significantly affected sward DM yields, leaf area index (LAI) and foliar canopy cover and also species composition DM and LAI, and species plant cover. Interaction between weeding treatments and grass combination was significant for sward DM yield, LAI and canopy cover, but not on species composition for DM, LAI or species plant cover. Grass mixture BI + ES + EN + AC gave the highest sward DM yield and LAI for both weeding and non‐weeding treatments. Species ES and EN were competitively superior to the others. Annual weedy forbs must be controlled to obtain productive and stable mixtures of perennial grasses, and germination/emergence is the most important time for removal. Weeding three times (late May, late June and mid‐July) in the establishment year is enough to maintain the production and persistence of perennial grass mixtures in the following growing seasons. Extra weeding three times in the second growing year makes only a slight improvement in productivity.
Factors influencing the weed flora in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan
Authors: KARAR R O , MOHAMED B F , MARRS R H 
Published: March 2005

SummaryAgriculture plays a major role in the economic and social development of Sudan. The most important agricultural area in Sudan is the irrigated Gezira Agricultural Scheme (GAS), which takes water from the Sennar Dam on the Blue Nile. This study investigated weed communities in relation to geographical location and crop rotation in 2000 and 2001. Five agricultural units were sampled from the central sector of the GAS; within each unit we surveyed weed communities in different phases of the crop rotation: cotton, groundnuts, sorghum, and a fallow. The distribution of weed species showed some similarities in the 2 years sampled, with most species being found in all agricultural units but their relative proportions differed. Broad‐leaved weeds were dominant, suggesting that herbicides selected for weed control in the Gezira scheme need to be effective against this group of species. Agricultural unit and crop type affected weed communities in both years. The weed flora was largest in cotton, intermediate in groundnuts and sorghum, and smallest in the fallow. Although most weeds were found in all agricultural units; however, their relative abundances differed greatly, either as a result of differences in management between the units, or some other spatial effect. As such, weed control programmes need to be tailored at the agricultural unit scale.
Early vigour and allelopathy – two useful traits for enhanced barley and wheat competitiveness against weeds
Authors: BERTHOLDSSON N‐O 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe objectives of this study were to identify traits in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) related to the competitive ability of the crop and to determine their importance. Weed biomass 1–2 weeks prior to ear emergence was used as a measure of genotypic differences in competitiveness against weeds. Crop trait measurements comprised early crop biomass, early shoot height, straw length, heading and maturity. Early crop biomass 1–2 weeks prior to ear emergence was used as an overall trait for the various characters related to early vigour. In addition to these morphological traits, the potential allelopathic activity of the tested cultivars was determined using an agar‐based bioassay with Lolium perenne (ryegrass). In both barley and wheat, multiple regression analysis revealed that early crop biomass and potential allelopathic activity were the only parameters that significantly contributed to competitiveness. In barley, early crop biomass explained 24–57% of the observed genotypic variance across 4 years, allelopathic activity explained 7–58% and combined they explained 44–69% of the observed genotypic variance. In wheat, the corresponding figures were lower: 14–21% for early biomass, 0–21% for allelopathic activity and 27–37% when combined. Model predictions suggested that new cultivars with increased early vigour and allelopathic activity offer a potential to further reduce weed interference.
Post‐dispersal seed predation of non‐target weeds in arable crops
Authors: MAUCHLINE A L , WATSON S J , BROWN V K , FROUD‐WILLIAMS R J 
Published: March 2005

SummaryField experiments were conducted to quantify the natural levels of post‐dispersal seed predation of arable weed species in spring barley and to identify the main groups of seed predators. Four arable weed species were investigated that were of high biodiversity value, yet of low to moderate competitive ability with the crop. These were Chenopodium album, Sinapis arvensis, Stellaria media and Polygonum aviculare. Exclusion treatments were used to allow selective access to dishes of seeds by different predator groups. Seed predation was highest early in the season, followed by a gradual decline in predation over the summer for all species. All species were taken by invertebrates. The activity of two phytophagous carabid genera showed significant correlations with seed predation levels. However, in general carabid activity was not related to seed predation and this is discussed in terms of the mainly polyphagous nature of many Carabid species that utilized the seed resource early in the season, but then switched to carnivory as prey populations increased. The potential relevance of post‐dispersal seed predation to the development of weed management systems that maximize biological control through conservation and optimize herbicide use, is discussed.
Using thermal and hydrothermal time to model seedling emergence of Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana in Spain
Authors: LEGUIZAMÓN E S , FERNANDEZ‐QUINTANILLA C , BARROSO J , GONZALEZ‐ANDUJAR J L 
Published: March 2005

SummaryHistorical records on the field emergence of seedlings of Avena sterilis in winter cereal crops were used to develop thermal/hydrothermal models to predict the emergence of this weed as a function of meteorological conditions. When water was not a limiting factor, a Weibull function provided a good description of the relationship between thermal time and seedling emergence. The variability in the rate of seedling emergence observed under these conditions was associated with variation in the differential between measured and base temperatures. When water was limiting in the soil, the rate of seedling emergence was reduced, a different function was required to describe the process. The use of a hydrothermal model enabled the use of a single function to describe the patterns of seedling emergence of the nine site‐years considered in the study. Using this model we can conclude that 70% seedling emergence will be reached, under very diverse conditions, within 300 hydrodegree days. The hydrothermal model proposed was validated with independent seedling emergence data, supporting the idea that this model is robust enough to be used as a predictive tool for seedling emergence of A. sterilis in a variety of conditions.
Linkage disequilibrium and selection response in two‐stage marker‐assisted selection of dairy cattle over several generations
Authors: Schulman N.F. , Dentine M.R. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryA stochastic simulation was carried out to investigate the advantage of marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in comparison with traditional selection over several generations. The selection goal was a sex‐limited trait or a linear combination of traits with a polygenic component, two unlinked additive QTL and a non‐genetic component. The simulated QTL were moderate or large and the allele frequencies were varied. Two stages of selection among the male offspring were carried out. In the first stage marker information was used to select among full sibs (MAS) or one full sib was chosen at random. In the second stage young bulls were selected based on a progeny test. The response in total genetic gain was faster with MAS than with traditional selection and persisted over several generations. With a QTL of moderate size and initial allele frequencies of the favourable allele of 0.05 the response with MAS was 6% higher than with traditional selection in the sires selected after progeny test. MAS in a within‐family two‐stage selection scheme improved the genetic merit of selected bulls even when linkage disequilibrium between QTL and polygenes was initially increased.
Antifungal effect of 5‐aminolevulinic acid PDT in Trichophyton rubrum
Authors: Kamp H. , Tietz H.‐J. , Lutz M. , Piazena H. , Sowyrda P. , Lademann J. , Blume‐Peytavi U. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryIn the present investigation, we have shown for the first time that the onychomycosis‐inducing dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum was able to metabolize 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in liquid culture medium. We have established and optimized the culture conditions and could show the typical PpIX‐induced red fluorescence which was evaluated qualitatively by Wood's light examination and fluorescent microscopic analysis. The optimum concentration of ALA was in the range of 1–10 mmol l−1. If used in higher concentrations, ALA leads to a significantly reduced growth rate and absence of PpIX formation due to highly acidic conditions. The first observation of red fluorescence was detected between 10 and 14 days poststimulation with ALA, increasing thereafter. Fluorescent microscopic examinations demonstrated that formation of PpIX was restricted to selected parts of the fungal mycelium. Repeated application of ALA in order to achieve the highest formation of PpIX in T. rubrum failed, probably due to the sustained low pH values. ALA treatment and irradiation of T. rubrum clearly demonstrated the growth‐inhibiting effect of ALA PDT, either leading to reduced numbers of colonies or reduced diameters of single fungal colonies. Summarizing our results, ALA PDT might be a promising approach in the reduction of T. rubrum colonization in onychomycosis.