bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomographic Perfusion in the Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: New Application of an Existent Technique
Authors: Harrigan Mark R. , Magnano Christopher R. , Guterman Lee R. , Hopkins L Nelson 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) alterations are common after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia in this setting depends on timely and accurate diagnosis. Techniques to measure cerebral blood flow are useful and important. Computed tomographic (CT) perfusion imaging is a technique for the measurement of CBF, cerebral blood volume, and time to peak. It is a fast and inexpensive brain imaging modality that offers promise in the management of patients with SAH.

METHODS:
CT perfusion imaging was performed in 10 patients with aneurysmal SAH when neurological changes raised suspicions of cerebral ischemia. Quantitative values for CBF, cerebral blood volume, and time to peak were obtained in each study. The case history, CT perfusion results, and an analysis of how patient management was influenced are presented for each patient.

RESULTS:
A total of 17 CT perfusion studies were performed. Five studies showed evidence of cerebral ischemia, leading to endovascular treatment of vasospasm. Eight studies excluded cerebral ischemia, and two studies identified cerebral hyperemia, resulting in adjustments in hyperdynamic therapy. CT perfusion was used to help predict a poor prognosis and withhold aggressive intervention in two patients with poor Hunt and Hess grades. Time-to-peak values identified regions of cerebral ischemia more readily than CBF or cerebral blood volume values.

CONCLUSION:
CT perfusion imaging can be used to identify patients with delayed cerebral ischemia after SAH and to guide medical and endovascular therapy. The findings can lead to alterations in patient management.
Softwareagenten: Von den Eigenschaften zur Architektur (Software-Agents: From Properties to Architectures)
Authors: Lockemann Peter C. , Nimis Jens 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Das moderne Prinzip der Dienstorientierten Architektur scheint ideal auf den Entwurf von Softwareagenten zugeschnitten. Gibt es ein gemeinsames Verständnis für die Eigenschaften von Softwareagenten, so müsste sich nach diesem Prinzip sogar eine Referenzarchitektur finden lassen als eine Art Handlungsanweisung für die Entwicklung konkreter Agenten. Dieser Beitrag schlägt auf der Grundlage allgemein akzeptierter Eigenschaften eine solche Referenzarchitektur vor und illustriert, wie sich bekannte Architekturen dort einpassen lassen.
Mikroprozessor im Hardware-/Software-Codesign (Microprocessor by Hardware-/Software-Codesign)
Authors: Menge Matthias 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
An der TU-Berlin ist die skalare 32-Bit Mikroprozessor-Architektur Nemesis entwickelt und in unterschiedlichen, sich in Komplexität und Geschwindigkeit signifikant unterscheidenden Varianten als IPs (Intellectual Properties) für FPGAs von Xilinx realisiert worden. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die leistungsfähigste Implementierung Nemesis X, in der durch Verwendung der so genannten Dynamic-Binary-Translation, trotz geringer Komplexität, bis zu drei Instruktionen pro Takt ausgeführt werden.
Volumenvisualisierung auf handelsüblicher Grafik-Hardware (Volume Rendering Techniques for General Purpose Graphics Hardware)
Authors: Rezk Salama Christof 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Techniken der Volumenvisualisierung werden zur räumlichen Darstellung dreidimensionaler Skalarfelder benötigt, wie sie beispielsweise in der Medizin in Form von tomografischen Daten entstehen. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Ansätzen, hochqualitative Bilder solcher Volumendaten in Echtzeit mithilfe handelsüblicher Grafikkarten zu erzeugen.
Sacred Sites: Nature and Nation in the U.S. National Parks
Authors: Ross-Bryant Lynn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe U.S. National Parks, which first developed as the nation fragmented during the civil war, have played a central role in the unifying discourse of America. The parks are able to serve this role because of the close alliance between nature and nation in U.S. discourse. Nature “set apart” in the parks becomes the embodiment of an archetypal America, which is the ever-pristine source of the greatness of the nation and the people. As such, it serves as a sacred site and a unifying symbol in U.S. American culture.By approaching the parks as pilgrimage sites, we can examine the American values that have been embodied in them. Using a model that assumes the heterogeneity of any religio-cultural event, we can see the often conflicting values both in the spiritual, scientific, national and economic discourses that make up the parks and in the embodiment of those discourses in the physical developments in the parks. Central to both is the paradoxical ideal behind the parks: to preserve wilderness.The goal of the essay is two-fold: 1) as part of the comparative study of religions, to suggest the usefulness of a heterogeneous, spatialized model for analyzing sacred places and to apply the model to the study of American culture in order to understand more about how the embodiment of nature and nation in the National Parks has worked as a unifying symbol while at the same time disclosing contested and conflicting values in American society, and 2) to show how the meanings surrounding this symbol are being transformed today.
The Radicalization of the Social Gospel: Harry F. Ward and the Search for a New Social Order, 1898–1936
Authors: Rossinow Doug 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA vigorous Protestant left existed throughout the first half of the twentieth-century in the United States. That Protestant left was the left wing of the social gospel movement, which many historians restrict to the pre-1920 period and whose radical content is often underestimated. This article examines the career of one representative figure from this Protestant left, the Reverend Harry F. Ward, as a means of describing the evolving nature and limits of social gospel radicalism during the first four decades of the twentieth century. Ward, the main author of the 1908 Social Creed of the Churches, a longtime professor at Union Theological Seminary (UTS) in New York, and a dogged activist on behalf of labor and political prisoners through his leadership of the Methodist Federation for Social Service, sought a new social order from the early years of the century through the Great Depression of the 1930s. This new order would be the Kingdom of God on earth, and, in Ward's view, it would transcend the competitive and exploitative capitalism that dominated American society in his time. Before World War I, Ward worked to bring together labor activists and church people, and, after the war, he shifted his work toward less expressly religious efforts, while continuing to mentor clerical protégés through his teaching. Ward's leftward trajectory and ever-stronger Communist associations would eventually bring about his political downfall, but, in the mid- 1930s, he remained a respected figure, if one more radical than most, among American Protestant clergy. Organic links tied him and his politics to the broader terrain of social gospel reform, despite the politically driven historical amnesia that later would all but erase Ward from historical memory.
TaqMan Real Time–Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Determination of Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human N‐Acetyltransferase‐1 (NAT1) and ‐2 (NAT2)
Authors: Hein David W. , Doll Mark A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractN‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) exhibit allelic variation and genetic polymorphism associated with increased susceptibility towards drug toxicity and environmental disease. TaqMan allelic discrimination methods are described to rapidly determine NAT1 and NAT2 genotypes. The SNPs selected for NAT1 genotype determinations are: C97T (R33Stop), C190T (R64W), G445A (V149I), C559T (R187Stop), G560A (R187Q), A752T (D251V), T1088A (3′UTR), and C1095A (3′UTR). The SNPs selected for NAT2 genotyping determinations are: G191A (R64Q), C282T (silent), T341C (I114T), C481T (silent), G590A (R197Q), A803G (K268R), and G857A (G286T). All NAT2 and NAT1 alleles, except very rare ones, are detected with these assays. Major advantages of the methods described in this unit are that they do not require post‐PCR processing (such as enzyme digestion) or the use of radioactivity. Since the methods amplify relatively small segments of NAT1 or NAT2, they are effective for human DNA samples derived from buccal cells or paraffin‐embedded tissues.
Collection of Bile and Urine Samples for Determining the Urinary and Hepatobiliary Disposition of Xenobiotics in Mice
Authors: Manautou José E. , Chen Chuan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOne of the most simple and informative method commonly used by researchers in the field of xenobiotics metabolism and dispostion to investigate the fate of chemicals in living organisms involves identification and/or quantitation of metabolites in excreta such as urine and bile. This method can be performed on dogs and larger rodents such as rats and hamsters rather easily. However, many investigators find it difficult to collect bile samples from mice. This unit describes, in detail, how to collect urine and bile samples from a mouse for further metabolite analysis.
Morphological Measurement of Neurotoxic Injury in the Peripheral Nervous System: Preparation of Material for Light and Transmission Electron Microscopic Evaluation
Authors: Hancock S.K. , Hinckley J. , Ehrich M. , Jortner B.S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn important method of assessing experimental neurotoxic injury is the pathologic examination of the nervous system. Methods for fixation, sampling, and preparation of peripheral nervous system tissues for critical pathological neurotoxicology studies are presented. Fixation of tissue is carried out using either perfusion‐fixation of laboratory animals or immersion‐fixation of dissected nerve segments. Dissection of the peripheral nervous system (from perfusion‐fixed animals) is done to allow for multilevel sampling. Focus is on use of epoxy resin embedding tissue sections for optimal light microscopic resolution. Protocols for processing, sectioning, and staining for light and transmission electron microscopy are provided. A protocol for teasing and microscopic study of individual myelinated fibers is provided.
Measuring the Activity of Cytolytic Lymphocytes
Authors: Lawrence B. Paige 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe protocols in this unit describe how to measure the activity of the two most common types of lymphocytes that have cytolytic activity: cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells. Measurement of CTL activity requires priming of cells, which can be performed either in vivo or in vitro. Priming leads to a population of differentiated, antigen‐specific CTL. Protocols in which CTL are primed in vivo and in vitro are included in this unit. In contrast to CTL, the cytolytic activity of NK cells can be measured in the absence of antigen priming. In all of these protocols, single‐cell suspensions of effector and target cells are prepared separately. The target cells are labeled with 51Cr, and then the effector and target cells are co‐cultured for several hours. The amount of target cell lysis is determined by measuring the amount of 51Cr released into the culture medium. For all of the protocols, the effector cells are derived from mouse spleen. The target cells are either spleen cells from mice of a different MHC haplotype, virus‐infected cells, tumor cells, or cultured cell lines. These protocols provide a methodological framework that can be adapted for measuring the activity of cytolytic lymphocytes in a variety of experimental paradigms.
A study of polyurethane ionomer dispersant
Authors: Hsaing M. L. , Chang C. H. , Chan M. H. , Chao D. Y. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnionic polyurethane ionomers as the dispersant in water‐soluble acrylic baked paint were successfully synthesized at our lab and these ionomer structures have been proven by infrared spectra. In aqueous solution, the surface tension for polyurethane ionomer molecules with different ionics was found to increase with increasing the concentration of ionics, as a result of the hydrophobics of ionomer molecules adsorbed at the air–water interface becoming even more ordered. It was also found that the viscosity is higher for polyurethane ionomer with L‐2,5‐diaminovaleric acid hydrochloride than for polyurethane ionomer with sodium 4,4‐dihydroxy‐l‐butane sulfonate (DS200) or with dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) in water. For the wettability and dispersion of titanium dioxide pigment present in water‐soluble acrylic baked paint, the polyurethane ionomer molecules with respective sodium 4,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐butane sulfonate, DMPA, DS200 containing 3% 1,3‐propane sultone (ES200) and DMPA containing 3% ES200 are considered to be better dispersants. The titanium dioxide pigment was found to become finer, as the agitation time and the ionic concentration of anionic polyurethane ionomer were increased. In addition, the system with DS200 or dimethylol propionic acid will make the dispersion of titanium dioxide pigment stable in water‐soluble acrylic paint. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 103–111, 2005
Bradykinin B2 receptor signaling: Structural and functional characterization of the C‐terminus
Authors: Piserchio Andrea , Zelesky Veronica , Yu Jun , Taylor Linda , Polgar Peter , Mierke Dale F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOver the last few years the importance of the intracellular C‐terminus in the signaling of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCR) has become increasingly evident. In an effort to provide a structural framework for biological function, we have determined the conformation of the C‐terminus of the bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor. Using a uniformly 15N‐ and 13C‐enriched sample of the BKB2 receptor [309–366], NMR results clearly define three α‐helices lying on the zwitterionic surface of the dodecylphosphocholine. The proximal helix consisting of residues 311–326 was previously predicted based on homology modeling with rhodopsin. This corresponds to what is often called helix‐8 of the GPCRs. The two distal helices, residues 333–345 and 348–363, are clearly borne out by the NMR data. The functional importance of these secondary structural elements was probed by determination of the signaling properties (inositol phosphate formation) of mutant BKB2 receptors lacking the domains (deletion mutants) or containing the corresponding region from the related GPCR, angiotensin II AT1a (chimera receptors). We demonstrate that the regions between the helices (residues 327–333 and 346–347) can be exchanged without loss of signaling. In contrast, modification of the three helices, particularly the hydroxyl‐containing residues, has drastic effects on the signaling profile of the BKB2 receptor. By coupling of the structural features with the functional data, the molecular mechanisms of signaling by the BKB2 receptor are beginning to be established.© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
High‐Throughput Mass‐Spectrometry Monitoring for Multisubstrate Enzymes: Determining the Kinetic Parameters and Catalytic Activities of Glycosyltransferases
Authors: Yang Min , Brazier Melissa , Edwards Robert , Davis Benjamin G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel high‐throughput screening (HTS) method with electrospray time‐of‐flight (ESI‐TOF) mass spectrometry allows i) rapid and broad screening of multisubstrate enzyme catalytic activity towards a range of donor and acceptor substrates; ii) determination of full multisubstrate kinetic parameters and the binding order of substrates. Two representative glycosyltransferases (GTs, one common, one recently isolated, one O‐glycosyltransferase (O‐GT), one N‐glycosyltransferase (N‐GT)) have been used to validate this system: the widely used bovine β‐1,4‐galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22), and the recently isolated Arabidopsis thaliana GT UGT72B1 (EC 2.4.1.‐). The GAR (green/amber/red) broad‐substrate‐specificity screen, which is based on the mass ion abundance of product, provides a fast, high‐throughput method for finding potential donors and acceptors from substrate libraries. This was evaluated by using six natural and non‐natural donors (α‐UDP‐D‐Glucose (UDPGlc), α‐UDP‐N‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), α‐UDP‐D‐5‐thioglucose (UDP5SGlc), α‐GDP‐L‐fucose (GDPFuc), α‐GDP‐D‐mannose (GDPMan), α,β‐UDP‐D‐mannose (UDPMan)) and 32 broad‐ranging acceptors (sugars, plant hormones, antibiotics, flavonoids, coumarins, phenylpropanoids and benzoic acids). By using the fast‐equilibrium assumption, KM, kcat and KIA were determined for representative substrates, and these values were used to determine substrate binding orders. These screening methods applied to the two very different enzymes revealed some unusual substrate specificities, thus highlighting the utility of broad‐ranging substrate screening. For UGT72B1, it was shown that the donor specificity is determined largely by the nucleotide moiety. The method is therefore capable of identifying GT enzymes with usefully broad carbohydrate‐transfer ability.
Novel Insights into Siderophore Formation in Myxobacteria
Authors: Gaitatzis Nikolaos , Kunze Brigitte , Müller Rolf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe myxochelins are catecholate‐type siderophores produced by a number of myxobacterial strains, and their corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters have been identified in Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15,1 and Sorangium cellulosum So ce56; the latter being presented in this work. Biochemical and genetic studies described here further clarify myxochelin biosynthesis. In addition to the myxochelin A biosynthetic complex, the aminotransferase MxcL is required in order to form myxochelin B, starting from 2,3‐dihydroxy benzoic acid and L‐lysine. Additionally, the substrate specificity of the myxochelin A biosynthetic complex was analyzed in vitro; this led to the formation of novel myxochelin derivatives. Furthermore, MxcD was over‐expressed and its function as an active isochorismic acid synthase in Escherichia coli was verified by complementation studies, as was activity in vitro. The organization of the myxochelin gene cluster of S. cellulosum So ce56 was compared to that of the Sg a15 gene cluster. The comparison revealed that although the organization of the biosynthetic genes is completely different, the biosynthesis is most probably extremely similar.
Nucleoside‐Based Phospholipids and Their Liposomes Formed in Water
Authors: Choi Seung Kyu , Vu Tran Khac , Jung Jin Mi , Kim Su Jeong , Jung Hun Rok , Chang Taihyun , Kim Byeang Hyean 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPhospholipids and liposomes have been the subjects of considerable attention because of their importance in biological systems. We have efficiently synthesized novel nucleoside‐based phospholipids in six‐step sequences starting from their corresponding nucleosides. These nucleoside‐based phospholipids self‐assemble into liposome‐like structures in aqueous solutions. We have analyzed the structures of these liposomes by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy.
The fate of heterologous CD4+ T cells during Leishmania donovani infection
Authors: Polley Rosalind , Zubairi Soombul , Kaye Paul M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLittle is currently understood about the consequences of chronic parasitic infection for the fate of memory CD4+ T cells that recognize heterologous antigens, e.g. resulting from prior infections or vaccination. Here, we address how Leishmania donovani infection affected the fate of non‐cross‐reactive (OVA)‐specific memory CD4+ T cells. DO11 cells were adoptively transferred into naive recipient mice, which were then immunized to generate memory DO11 cells. After 6 weeks, mice were infected with L. donovani and the fate of DO11 cells was determined. L. donovani infection stimulated an approximately threefold expansion in the total number of CD4+ T cells and DO11 cells, compared to that observed in uninfected mice. DO11 T cells were more actively dividing in infected mice, as judged by 5‐bromo‐2′ deoxyuridine labeling, whereas their rate of apoptosis in control and infected mice was identical. Both CD45RBhiCD44lo naive T cells and to a greater extent CD45RBloCD44hi memory DO11 cells increased in number in the spleens of infected mice, whereas no changes occurred to DO11 cell number or phenotype in the draining lymph nodes. These data indicate that heterologous CD4+ T cells may actively divide during chronic infectious diseases, with important implications for how chronic infection may impact on heterologous immunity.
B7‐H3 promotes acute and chronic allograft rejection
Authors: Wang Liqing , Fraser Christopher C. , Kikly Kristine , Wells Andrew D. , Han Rongxiang , Coyle Anthony J. , Chen Lieping , Hancock Wayne W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe B7 homolog B7‐H3 is important for the regulation of immune responses though its functions in vivo are controversial. We report the first clinical and experimental data concerning expression and function of B7‐H3 in alloresponses. Immunohistological and molecular analyses showed B7‐H3 expression by cells mediating rejection of human and mouse allografts. To analyze the significance of B7‐H3 in rejecting allografts, we generated B7‐H3–/– mice and showed that targeting of B7‐H3 was synergistic with other forms of immune modulation; e.g. a regimen of rapamycin gave 12–14 days of survival in wild‐type controls but led to permanent cardiac and islet allograft survival in B7‐H3–/– mice. Cardiac allografts in treated B7‐H3–/– mice showed markedly decreased production of key cytokine, chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNA transcripts as compared to wild‐type controls. The incidence of chronic rejection in two different cardiac allograft models was also inhibited in B7‐H3–/– as compared to wild‐type recipients. Lastly, in addition to the expected antigen‐presenting cell expression of B7‐H3, CD4 and CD8 T cells showed B7‐H3 induction upon cell activation, and both dendritic cell‐ and T cell‐expressed B7‐H3 each enhanced T cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that B7‐H3 promotes T cell‐mediated immune responses and the development of acute and chronic allograft rejection.
Prenatal tolerance – a role for regulatory T cells?
Authors: Izcue Ana , Powrie Fiona 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRegulatory T cells (TR cells) play a major role in controlling immune self reactivity. However, little is known about their occurrence and functions in early developmental stages. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Cupedo et al. report the presence of functional CD4+CD25+ TR cells in the human fetus. In contrast to previous studies, the analysis is performed on fetal thymus, spleen and lymph node samples in addition to cord blood cells. Interestingly, TR cells are present in all these organs from 14 weeks of gestation, along with FoxP3 (forkhead box protein 3) RNA, a marker for naturally arising TR cells. The fetal TR cells show, however, phenotypic differences depending on their location, possibly because of variations in their activation state. The emergence of TR cells so early in fetal development raises a number of questions about the mechanisms of self reactivity and tolerance in the prenatal stages, which may have important implications for our understanding of childhood pathologies.See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425763