bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visions of Eden
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA.J. Tomlinson and his fellow “bible missionaries” relocated to Culberson, North Carolina, a small town less accessible to the outside world and more accessible to the poor mountain whites they wanted to reach. The mission was a modest affair involving the distribution of religious literature, home visitation, and local revivals. Tomlinson sought to create an Eden in Appalachia, where mortals could unmake the fall and refashion the garden as it had been before shame entered.
Devī in the Saundarya Laharī
Authors: Clooney Francis X. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Saundarya Lahari is a hymn of 100 verses, composed in Sanskrit, in the Saiva tantric tradition, and voiced in praise of the great Goddess, Devi. It is attributed to Sankaracarya, the renowned 8th century theologian, although scholars deem its authorship and date uncertain. The hymn praises Devi as the consort of Siva, Herself the power who creates, sustains, and guides the world. From the perspective of tantra, She is also the vital force pervading the cakras (physiological and spiritual centers of energy in the body) and rising as the kundalini energy through them. She is visualized austerely and geometrically in the complex triangles, circles, and other figures comprising the design known as the sricakra, and She is invoked by many public titles but also by a secret mantra name of 16 syllables. She is most importantly the supremely beautiful Mother; contemplating Her in loving detail is an efficacious and even supreme religious act. The Saundarya Lahari thus appropriates a traditional view of the female form while yet transforming the power relationships related to beauty and insisting that male viewers too become involved in the drama of a world centered on Her. In order to support the practice of visualization, it argues that the superior mode of approach to Her is to gaze upon Her. As a hymn, it addresses the Goddess directly and teaches devotees how to conceive of Her, see Her, and reach Her. Mary, represented in the Stabat Mater, is likewise visualized as the powerful woman to whom one turns in seeking salvation.
A Question of Identity
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The riots of 1391 in Spain triggered a series of developments that would change the course of Jewish history as well as of Spanish history. Spanish society was not willing to accept the large group of Jews that succumbed to forced baptism at this time; this rejection led to ethnic discrimination, the establishment of the Inquisition, the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, and the forced conversions of the Jews in Portugal in 1497. Regardless of their outward religious affiliation, these Iberian conversos retained a strong sense of identity that was deeply connected to Iberia, an identity that became defined as being a member of the Nation. This identity remained with the converso, whether he or she resided in Iberia or emigrated; in the latter case, each emigrant had to contend with the reality of his or her new environment. While a destination like Holland allowed for a relatively free expression of one's new Jewish affiliation, France and England did not. By contrast, the emigrant in Italy faced an array of choices, from joining an existing Jewish community to forming one's own, to remaining Catholic to attempting to maintain an ambiguous commute between the two worlds. The ties between the members of the nation were first and foremost ethnic, but also economic, familial, and emotional. Later, when the descendants of some of these conversos faced modernity, unexpected changes transpired: in Majorca, intermarriages took place for the first time; in Belmonte, conversions to Judaism were recorded; in the Southwest, claims that are extremely difficult to substantiate have been made by supposed descendants of sixteenth-century conversos . Consequently, the question of identity among Iberian conversos has proven to be surprisingly long-lived, for debates on the topic are still taking place well into the twenty-first century.
The Aftermath and a New Reality
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Although the Church insists that a convert to Catholicism is to be fully accepted by his co-religionists, the socio-economic and ethnic situation in Spain did not allow the conversos to fully experience assimilation. Local laws were passed in the fifteenth century that essentially represented ethnic discrimination against the "New Christians," who were also deemed untrustworthy and insincere. As a result, the Church and Crown decided to establish a national (Spanish) inquisition in order to extirpate the Judaizing heresy. The development of the converso class resulted in serious repercussions for Church, State, and for the Jewish world.
The Expulsion and Its Consequences
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The rationale for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was ostensibly because they exerted a negative influence on the baptized conversos. In truth, Jewish-converso relations during the fifteenth century were extremely complicated. In 1492, the reluctance of so many Jews to abandon their homeland led them to choose baptism, creating a new group of New Christians far more knowledgeable about Judaism than the descendants of the conversos of 1391. At the same time, some of the Jews who chose exile subsequently regretted their decision; those who opted for baptism between 1492 and 1499 formed a group of returnees. At the turn of the century, a Judaizing messianic movement transpired in Spain that resulted in increased inquisitorial activity.
England
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Because the Jews had been expelled from England in 1290, the conversos could not openly live as Jews in this locale. Portuguese merchants began to settle in London in the seventeenth century and quietly began the task of building a community, forming the congregation of Shaar Asamaim, although at first they imported leaders (hahamim) from Amsterdam and elsewhere. Not all were able to commit themselves to the new and, at times, onerous demands of Jewish life. This, together with the open nature of British society, led to a considerable degree of assimilation and intermarriage. Regardless of the path they chose, the majority of the conversos had strong ethnic ties to their fellow members of the Nation.
Modern Manifestations
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Three examples of modern manifestations of converso identity have been chosen in order to examine how the passage of time has affected the converso experience. For centuries the first group, the Chuetas of Majorca, was stigmatized, was known for its endogamy, and lived separately while maintaining a sense of membership in the Nation despite the fact that the level of Judaizing of its members was unclear; recent immigration to Majorca has led to a previously unknown high rate of intermarriage. The conversos of Belmonte, Portugal, managed to perpetuate a crypto-Judaism of their own until the twentieth century; their encounter with modernity has led to many conversions to so-called normative Judaism although signs of syncretism with their “traditional” crypto-Judaism can be detected. The third manifestation originates in the Southwest portion of the United States where individuals are claiming to be the modern descendants of conversos who migrated to sixteenth-century Mexico and maintained secrecy over the centuries. This phenomenon is the most problematic, for there are as yet no clear-cut criteria for determining who is a descendant, if there is a common denominator for them, and what constitutes a converso identity.
Inconsistency, Asymmetry, and Non-Locality
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book has two principal aims: to investigate the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and show that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It focuses on two basic issues on the interaction between charged particles and classical fields. First, what is the equation of motion of a charged particle interacting with an electromagnetic field? Second, how does the presence of charged particles or sources affect the total field? The book is divided into two parts. Part I focuses on particles — different particle equations of motion and their properties. Part II focuses on fields and their symmetry properties in the presence of particles.
Introduction: Theories and Models
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with an explanation of the two main aims of this book: investigating the conceptual structure of classical electrodynamics, and showing that investigating a particular scientific theory can shed light on concerns in the general philosophy of science. It then provides a brief survey of philosophical accounts of scientific theorizing, focusing on the role of consistency conditions in these accounts. This is followed by an overview of the chapters in this volume.
Inconsistency
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that the main approach to modeling the interactions between classical microscopic particles and electromagnetic fields is inconsistent. Contrary to what many philosophers consider as ‘philosophical common sense’, a theoretical scheme can be inconsistent and yet be successful. Even without the certain prospect of a ‘correct’ theory waiting in the wings, very good and interesting physics can be done with an inconsistent theory.
Non‐Locality
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines several locality conditions. It argues that two of these principles are irreducibly causal: the principle that all causal propagation takes place at a finite velocity of which relativistic locality is a special case, and spatiotemporal locality, according to which no causal influences can be transmitted across spatiotemporal ‘gaps’. Neither of the two causal principles can be reduced to the noncausal condition of diachronic locality.
The Politics of Equity Finance in Emerging Markets
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
When evaluating emerging stock markets, analysts usually fit them into a model of corporate governance derived from Western industrial experience, one where shares are dispersed and shareholders influence firm management through the price mechanism, or one where shares are held in blocs and banks play a role. This book challenges this approach and the underlying assumptions, which are focused on economies at relatively high levels of development. It argues that the political dimension inherent in developing countries prevents the institutional formation of a price mechanism in corporate governance along Western lines. For these markets, stock is a political as well as an economic instrument that has negotiated the transitions associated with building and dismantling the state sector since the 19th century. The book begins with a historical overview of stock markets in developing countries and the international political circumstances that at times facilitated and at times hampered their growth. By focusing on the multiple possible connections between the ownership of shares of an individual firm and the control of rights attached to them, it details how those who wish to issue stock in emerging markets must comply simultaneously with the changing requirements of external actors and internal political constituencies. It then presents case studies of share issues from Latin America, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa, which build from the level of the firm, to the state, to the international system across the same time span. The book concludes with reflections on the role of equity finance in broader processes of privatization, development, and economic globalization.
Politics and the Extension of Equity Finance to Emerging Markets
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter sets forth an explanation for international convergence in state behavior in creating and promoting emerging stock markets. Focusing on the commanding heights of privatized industry, it uses the metaphor of a two-level game from international relations theory to argue that when political leaders privatize large enterprise, they must negotiate with individuals outside the state to seek outcomes that are acceptable to structural international necessity, and they must negotiate with domestic constituencies to seek outcomes that are politically acceptable at home. To do so, policymakers create the specific financial instruments, with specific ownership and control characteristics. Since the new offerings joined whatever shares may or may not have already been listed on a given exchange, the resulting financial institutional structures fail to converge on one “model” of corporate governance or another, as Western financial institutions have converged over time. This theoretical premise would thus predict a large number of new exchanges appearing, at least in name, yet having vastly different volumes and types of listings, relative to the size of the local economy.
Financing Joint-Stock Companies in the Colonial Era
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores the origins of global equity markets that in fact have deep historical roots. Stocks were created to finance trade and expansion overseas as part of the European imperial project, yet prior to the imposition of direct rule. Later, equity finance in the industrial era brought together large amounts of capital to finance industrial projects overseas such as railroads, electric projects and water projects. The structure of global equity markets mirrored the structure of the markets within the colonial metropole; hence the chapter emphasizes the role ofand linkages with British, French, and Dutch colonial rule.
Globalization without Integration: International Considerations
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The chapter explores both the role of international organizations in promoting equity market finance and the circumstances of the international market for equities, which make a local market necessary. It pays particular attention to the role of the International Finance Corporation (a part of the World Bank Group) in fostering convergence in the market for transnational equities. This market is really only available to large, multinational firms and sophisticated institutional investors. Hence, national or local markets become necessary for the creation of certain securities, particularly those associated with privatization programs.
Privatization and Share Supply in Emerging Markets
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The chapter considers domestic politics and share supply on emerging market stock exchanges. It argues that since the 1980s, states have created new exchanges not as vehicles to raise capital, but to reserve a role for local capital as it disengages from active management of the firm. Thus the state and the market do not act in opposition to each other; rather, the state creates a local market to allow its citizens access to ownership of local firms despite the fact that control of many of these firms lies overseas. The operative goal of the sale is thus corporate control, combined with revenue, and not just revenue alone. Structures respond to a myriad of domestic political concerns.
Russia and Eastern Europe
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter considers former Soviet bloc examples, three of which overtly modeled their securities market institutions on Anglo-American practice. These country examples contain cases of Ibusz, Cherkizovsky Group, and Harvard Capital that came from the Hungarian case-by-case program, the Russian mass-privatization program, and the Czech voucher program, respectively. In addition, it considers the Polish system, which emulated the German-Japanese example. The company case of Szczecin Shipyard in Poland also demonstrates that as large firms have sought to forge keiretsu-style conglomerates and failed, the state has re-entered their management.
Africa and the Middle East
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The examples in this chapter are chosen from the African region and diverge among countries as the Asian examples did. Firms on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange have responded to the opportunities presented by the international system to switch their listings to London; however, given the shareholding patterns of these firms, what little external pressure on management has occurred, has developed from the listing requirements of the London, and not Johannesburg exchange. The Cairo exchange in Egypt boomed in the 1990s along with other emerging markets, yet it boomed by selling minority shares of family-controlled firms. Finally, the two West African exchanges of Ghana and Senegal are examples of extremely small, thin markets dominated by issues of one or two privatized firms. The chapter examines the shareholder arrangements of Anglo-American, Olympic Group, Ashanti Goldfields, and Sonatel.
Stock Markets in the Global Political Economy
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up the argument of the book and considers contending views on stock exchanges as an independent variable where economic growth, financial contagion, and democracy in the semi-periphery and periphery of the world system become the dependent variable. It compares emerging stock markets and the price mechanism in corporate governance with developed markets in the core of the world economy. Finally, it considers the future of stock markets in broader processes of financial globalization.
The Lesser Trinitarian Treatises I
Authors: Turcescu Lucian 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This treatise points to some factors that are essential for the understanding of the concept of divine persons: (1) The relation of the divine persons to the divine substance is similar to the relation between the individual and the universal; (2) a divine person is understood as a unique collection of properties; (3) the divine persons are relational entities; (4) the main differences among the divine persons are that the Father is ungenerated, the Son is the only begotten of the Father, and the Holy Spirit proceeds forth from the Father; and (5) the divine persons are in a permanent and perfect communion with one another. This last factor makes them be living persons and not merely unique collections of properties.
Against Eunomius and the Refutation of the Confession of Faith of Eunomius
Authors: Turcescu Lucian 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The bulk of this chapter deals with the issue of divine relationality in the two treatises mentioned in the chapter title. As corollaries to this, I also study what I call Gregory’s theology of humanity’s exile and homecoming, with special attention to Gregory’s view of divine freedom and the issue of gender language in reference to the Holy Trinity. In his concept of divine relations, Gregory of Nyssa does not differ significantly from such patristic predecessors as the Alexandrian theologians (Origen, Dionysius, Alexander, Athanasius) or his brother, Basil of Caesarea. Moreover, all of them seem to be influenced by Aristotle’s category of relation that they apply to God. Thus, a father is both the name of a person and also points to a son—a reality that is different from the father but has the same nature.
Characters, Plots, and Motivations in Tibetan History
Authors: Powers John 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins with Tibetan origin myths and looks at the debates over the marriage of Songtsen Gambo and Wencheng: was she a cultural ambassador for China? Was she a war bride? Was he a barbarian who sought to eradicate his own culture and sinicize Tibet, or was he a military commander seeking to expand his empire? Or was he an incarnation of the buddha Avalokitesvara?
On Stating the Problem and Thesis
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter begins with presenting some background on the painting September 11 used on the cover of this book, which is by Russian artist Akmal Mizshakarol. It then presents the question posed by the book: how do we transcend the cycles of violence that bewitch our human community while still living in them? The chapter suggests that transcending violence is forged by the capacity to generate, mobilize, and build the moral imagination.
On Touching the Moral Imagination
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents four stories on transcending violence and discusses the morals behind them. The first story involves the emergence of peace amidst the ethnic conflict in Ghana during the 1990s. The second story details how women of Wajir — a district in northeastern Kenya — stopped a war. The third story tells how a group of peasants in Colombia dealt with the violence of numerous armed groups that traversed their lands and demanded their allegiance. The fourth story involves the Tajikistan civil war and how one professor talked philosophy with one of the warlords and convinced him to join peace negotiations with the government.
On Space
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses social webs. It presents three ideas that help to integrate the web of life for peacebuilding: (i) think, feel, and follow relationships; (ii) develop a capacity to see and think strategically about social spaces; and (iii) be smart flexible; the key to sustainability is not massive strength or greater force but adaptability: the capacity to recognize and then flexibly adapt processes of response that shift in form and shape while sustaining their core purpose of creating life.
On Mass and Movement
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses critical mass and social movements. It argues that critical mass is understood as a strategy for making things happen by mobilizing large numbers to effect a desired change. Driven by political, business, and military concepts, we seem to have an image that this kind of strategic thinking translates into maximizing output. Constructive social change requires a different image of strategy. Strategy in peacebuilding means thinking about what gives life and what keeps things alive. In the simplest terms, to be strategic requires that we create something beyond what exists from what is available but has exponential potential. In reference to social change, it means we must develop a capacity to recognize and build the locus of potential for change.
On Web Watching
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses a critical but overlooked component of peacebuilding: the craft of watching webs. The web approach suggests that the way out of the pattern of repeated violence goes through the web of relational spaces in the context. Finding the relational spaces will mean that the location for sustaining social change in the context can be found. The approach of web watching also suggests that the process of locating webs demands careful attention to how we are in and how we relate to the setting.
On Time
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that the moral imagination requires us to develop the art of living in multiple time and space spheres. Multi-dimensionality is present even in the moments of greatest crisis, when the urgency of the situation seems to hinge on quick short-term decisions. Thus, we need the imagination of the past that lies before us. This imagination involves the capacity to restory, to find the narrative that gives meaning to life and ongoing relationships.