bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTEOSE INTOXICATIONS AND INJURY OF BODY PROTEIN
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Van Slyke Donald D. 
Published: June 2004

The acute intoxication following an injection of a toxic proteose is usually associated with a large increase (40 per cent or more) in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood. This increase is found chiefly in the blood urea nitrogen, but the amino and peptide nitrogens also may show small increases. The changes observed in the blood non-protein nitrogen are identical with those which follow the feeding of large amounts of meat (8).
These facts indicate that the proteose intoxication causes an abnormally rapid autodigestion of tissue proteins, but that the nitrogenous end-products are, in chief part at least, the same that result from normal catabolism of food proteins. There is no evidence that the autolytic products play any part in causing the intoxication. The possibility of such a part and a resultant vicious circle is not excluded, but from the available facts the autolysis appears more as a result rather than cause of the intoxication.
It appears possible that in disease or intoxication tissue catabolism may be enormously accelerated and yet yield the end-products of normal protein metabolism.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Hemolytic streptococci produce more or less severe inflammations of the udders of cows. Frequently infected quarters are swollen, firm, hot, and tender. In a number of instances it has not been possible to detect gross changes in the mammary gland.
The streptococci isolated from the invaded quarters have produced clear zones of hemolysis immediately surrounding the colonies when cultivated in horse blood agar plate cultures. The hemolytic zone has varied from a clear, narrow band up to zones 1.7 to 2 mm. wide.
When the streptococci are classified according to their action upon carbohydrates, they fall into two broad groups: the larger consists of nineteen strains fermenting dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, and salicin; and a smaller number comprising ten species produces acid in dextrose, lactose, saccharose, and maltose and fails to ferment salicin. One of the non-salicin-fermenting strains did not attack saccharose. In no instance was acid production noted in raffinose, inulin, or mannite.
All streptococci except three were agglutinated by an antiserum obtained from a rabbit immunized with a single strain.
Freshly isolated cultures when injected intravenously into rabbits possess but slight pathogenicity. Localizations in the joints occurred in two instances. The others either failed to affect the general condition of the animals or produced only a slight febrile reaction.
THE ETIOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Tsen Edgar T. H. 
Published: June 2004

Streptococci have been isolated from the central nervous system of monkeys dead of poliomyelitis.
Streptococci have also been isolated from the central nervous system of monkeys dead of other causes as well as from the brains of normal rabbits.
Streptococci isolated from poliomyelitic monkeys do not differ from those isolated from monkeys and rabbits dead from other causes.
An etiological relation has not been established between streptococci and poliomyelitis.
We have at several times isolated an organism that was similar to the globoid bodies culturally, morphologically, and in staining reaction, but have not been able to carry it along for more than three generations. The pathogenicity of these organisms has therefore not been tested on monkeys.
We have not been able to produce typical lesions of poliomyelitis in rabbits by the injection of either the poliomyelitic virus or streptococci.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE UPON THE VELOCITY OF THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION IN SYPHILIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Examination of syphilitic serum or cerebrospinal fluid can be made at any temperature between 23° and 37°C. The velocity of the fixation reaction, including the fixation of complement and subsequent hemolysis, is greater at a higher temperature, the optimum point being 37°C. The maximum reaction is also reached, however, when the mixture of lipoids, syphilitic serum, and complement is allowed to stand for a long enough period at a lower temperature, the minimum thermal point being near 23°C. For the optimum temperature (37°C.) an incubation of 30 minutes is sufficient, while for the minimum temperature (23°C.) 2 hours are necessary. At the temperature of 30°C. the reaction proceeds with moderate velocity and is complete within 60 minutes.
Guinea pig complement gave a sharper reaction with the sera which contained less than one unit of the fixing substance. Fixation is complete, however, at any of the three temperatures within 20 minutes when there are more than two units present. A serum containing one unit of fixing substance will complete reaction within 30 minutes at 37°C., 60 minutes at 30°C., and 2 hours at 23°C., irrespective of whether human or guinea pig complement is used.
For many reasons a properly adjusted thermostat for 37°C. is recommended for conducting the serum diagnosis of syphilis when possible, but it should not be overlooked that at a temperature near 30°C. an entirely reliable result can be obtained without a special incubator. Even at a temperature as low as 23°C. the test can be carried out if sufficient length of time is allowed.
The foregoing conclusions refer only to the systems in which the acetone-insoluble fraction of tissue lipoids is used as antigen.
AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF NUZUM'S ANTIPOLIOMYELITIC SERUM
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Eberson Frederick 
Published: June 2004

The antistreptococcic serum of Nuzum and Willy has failed to show in the monkey neutralizing or therapeutic power when applied by their methods against small doses of the virus of poliomyelitis. Under the same conditions the serum of monkeys recovered from experimental poliomyelitis proved neutralizing and protective.
The experimental and other evidence adduced by those who regard the streptococcus as playing an essential part in the pathology of epidemic poliomyelitis and the antistreptococcic sera as exhibiting therapeutic properties for man and monkeys is regarded as imperfect and inconclusive.
A PLEOMORPHIC BACILLUS FROM PNEUMONIC LUNGS OF CALVES SIMULATING ACTINOMYCES
Authors: Smith Theobald 
Published: June 2004

A bacillus was found associated in pure culture with an extensive lobar bronchopneumonia in calves. It occurs in the exudate as a minute bacillus in small groups. In cultures it appears in three forms: as a bacillus, as a coccus-like endospore or arthrospore, and as a conglomerate Actinomyces-like flake or colony with peripheral clubs. The bacillar and coccoid forms occur on agar, the Actinomyces form in the condensation water of coagulated serum (horse). The coccoid form is probably a spore state, the minute refringent spore being contained in a roundish, unstainable mass representing either the remnants of bacillar substance or some capsular material. The somewhat striking similarities between this organism and Actinomyces are expressed by the massed growth with terminal clubs, the bacillar and coccoid stages, all of which are characteristic of Actinomyces.
Sealing the tubes is essential for multiplication. Cultures must be renewed within a few days, otherwise multiplication fails. The substance which forms the bulk of the radiate flocculi is probably of capsular nature, greatly overproduced in serum tubes and scarce or absent on agar. Its nature is unknown.
The organism is not appreciably pathogenic when injected into certain small laboratory animals.
THE OPTIMUM HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION FOR THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dernby K. G. , Avery O. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration for the growth of the various types of pneumococcus is a pH of about 7.8.
2. The limiting hydrogen ion concentrations for the growth of pneumococcus are a pH of 7.0 and a pH of 8.3.
3. Phosphates used in adjusting reactions of media retard growth if present in a concentration greater than 0.1 molecular.
4. Culture media for pneumococci should, therefore, have an initial reaction between a pH of 7.8 and 8.0 and a total salt concentration not exceeding 0.1 M.
A FURTHER STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL PAROTITIS
Authors: Wollstein Martha 
Published: June 2004

A new series of inoculations into cats of the filtered sterile salivary secretions derived from cases of parotitis has been described. They confirm the observations made in 1915–1916 and extend them to include the epidemic parotitis occurring in our military forces.
Incidentally confirmatory evidence of the filterable nature of the causative agent of mumps has been obtained.
It has been determined that the saliva of man and of inoculated cats, and the inoculated glands of the latter animals, contain the filterable, infective agent.
The lesions present in the inoculated organs conform to those described in our first publication. In addition, the lymph glands adjacent to the salivary glands on the uninoculated side were sometimes found to be swollen and to exhibit microscopic lesions. Probably the involvement resulted from salivary and lymphatic infection.
The "virus" of parotitis was detected most readily in the saliva during the first 3 days of the disease, less easily on the 6th day, and not at all on the 9th day. It was detected also in the blood of patients showing marked constitutional symptoms, and in the saliva of a case of recurrent mumps at the periods of enlargement of the parotid glands, but not 2 weeks after the swelling had subsided. It was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid.
SPIROCHÆTA HEBDOMADIS, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF SEVEN DAY FEVER (NANUKAYAMI)
Authors: Ido Yutaka , Ito Hiroshi , Wani Hidetsune 
Published: June 2004

A new species of spirochete which we have called Spirochæta hebdomadis has been described as the specific etiological agent of seven day fever, a disease prevailing in the autumn in Fukuoka and other parts of Japan.
This spirochete is distinguishable from Spirochæta icterohæmorrhagiæ to which it presents certain similarities.
Young guinea pigs are susceptible to inoculation with the blood of patients and to pure cultures of the spirochete, and those developing infection exhibit definite symptoms suggestive of those of seven day fever in man.
The blood serum of convalescents from seven day fever contains specific immune bodies acting spirochetolytically and spirocheticidally against the specific spirochetes, but not against Spirochæta icterohæmorrhagiæ.
The field mouse (Microtus montebelli) is the normal host of the spirochetes, which have been detected in the kidneys and urine of 3.3 per cent of the animals examined.
The endemic area of prevalence of seven day fever corresponds with the region in which field mice abound.
THE STABILITY OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE BLOOD IN NATURALLY NEPHROPATHIC ANIMALS AND THE EFFECT ON RENAL FUNCTION OF CHANGES IN THIS EQUILIBRIUM
Authors: MacNider William deB. 
Published: June 2004

1. A 0.9 per cent solution of sodium chloride when given intravenously to anesthetized naturally nephropathic animals is not effective in preventing the development of an acid intoxication and the associated kidney injury.
2. A solution of sodium carbonate equimolecular with a 0.9 per cent solution of sodium chloride when given intravenously to anesthetized naturally nephropathic animals confers a variable degree of protection to the kidney.
3. The degree of protection conferred by the alkaline solution is associated with the ability of the solution to maintain a normal acid-base equilibrium of the blood of the anesthetized animal.
ACID PRODUCTION GRAPHICALLY REGISTERED AS AN INDICATOR OF THE VITAL PROCESSES IN THE CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

We may formulate the results as follows:
1. Bacillus paratyphosus in lactose-peptone-water causes a fall in the curve. The explanation of this must be left to later investigations.
2. Bacillus paratyphosus in glucose-peptone-water shows at the beginning a rise similar to that produced by coli, but a fall in the curve follows.
3. If Bacillus coli is added to a 24 hour paratyphosus lactose culture a very long latent period is obtained before the formation of acid by coli becomes apparent, presumably due to accumulated basic metabolic products.
4. If Bacillus coli is added to a 24 hour paratyphosus glucose culture the curve is not changed from the normal to any perceptible degree.
5. Bacillus coli communis and Bacillus paratyphosus in lactose in mixed cultures give a longer latent period than coli alone. The first ascending part of the curve is due to acid formation by the coli which in the beginning is dominant. Later paratyphosus dominates and causes an ultimate decline in the curve.
6. Bacillus coli communis and Bacillus paratyphosus in glucose in mixed culture behave like Bacillus paratyphosus in pure culture.
The purpose of these investigations has been for the present to show the usefulness of the method. It is hoped that by these investigations material of particular interest relating to the biochemical and physiological processes within the bacterial culture will be obtained.
EFFECT OF INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION OF SOLUTIONS OF SOME INORGANIC SALTS
Authors: Wollstein Martha , Meltzer S. J. 
Published: June 2004

Intrabronchial injections of isotonic as well as of hypotonic solutions of sodium chloride or even of distilled water cause no pulmonary lesions.
Intrabronchial injections of mercuric chloride even in a dilution of 1:10,000 cause a marked pulmonary lesion. The lesion is not of an inflammatory character; it consists of congestion, formation of thrombi, and hemorrhage.
Intrabronchial injections of hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride as well as of sodium sulfate cause, in most instances, no lesions whatsoever. In a smaller number of cases in which moderate lesions were present they may have been due either to a previous infection (distemper) or to some predisposing cause (winter months).
Intrabronchial injection of magnesium salts apparently tends to cause moderate pulmonary lesions (bronchopneumonia). This seems especially true of magnesium sulfate.
A SPECIFIC POISON IN THE LIVER EXTRACTS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH TYPHOID AND PRODIGIOSUS BACILLI INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The livers of rabbits inoculated with cultures of Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus under certain conditions contain a toxic substance extractable with salt solution. When the toxic extracts are injected intravenously into normal rabbits the latter animals develop symptoms resembling those of anaphylactic shock and succumb. The lethal doses of the toxic extracts are far smaller than those of normal liver extract.
2. The livers of rabbits injected with typhoid antigen also yield a toxic extract.
3. Boiling as well as filtration through a Berkefeld filter only partially detoxicates the extract.
4. Tolerance to one to two lethal doses of the poisonous extracts can be induced by cautious immunization.
5. Rabbits actively immunized to Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus usually resist one lethal dose of the homologous liver poison; and animals tolerant to the typhoid liver poison resist one minimum lethal dose at least of Bacillus typhosus.
6. Typhoid immune serum is not detoxicating either in vivo or in vitro for the typhoid liver poison.
7. The liver poisons are specific, since rabbits actively immunized to either Bacillus typhosus or Bacillus prodigiosus withstand at least one minimum lethal dose of the homologous but not of the heterologous-liver poisons.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING SUGAR UPON THE ESTERASE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD SERUM AND ORGANS IN PHOSPHORUS POISONING
Authors: Simonds J. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Clear, filtered glycerol extracts of chopped liver, spleen, and kidney contain an ester-splitting ferment.
2. The esterase content of extracts of the liver and spleen of normal dogs is reasonably constant.
3. The amount of esterase in the liver does not appear to vary to any great extent from the normal, in poisoning with chloroform and phosphorus.
4. Feeding large quantities of sugar and increasing the amount of glycogen in the liver is accompanied by a marked increase in the esterase content of that organ. This increase is also evident in phosphorus-poisoned animals which have been fed large amounts of sugar.
5. The feeding of sugar does not prevent the increase in esterase in the blood serum of animals poisoned with phosphorus.
6. The esterolytic power of extracts of the kidney varies considerably in different dogs.
RELATIVE IRRITANT PROPERTIES OF THE CHLORINE GROUP OF ANTISEPTICS
Authors: Cullen Glenn E. , Taylor Herbert D. 
Published: June 2004

1. The use of the ears of rabbits is proposed in testing the irritant effect of antiseptics.
2. It is necessary, because of individual variations, to use solutions having definite irritant actions as controls.
3. 0.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solutions have minimum irritant effects over a range of alkalinity of from about 100 to 1,000 times that of water (pH about 9 to 10). Solutions may be adjusted within these limits by use of the end-points of powdered phenolphthalein, of alcoholic solutions of either o-cresolphthalein or phenolphthalein.
4. Sodium hypochlorite solutions kept within the above range of alkalinity by either borate or carbonate buffer salts, i.e. Dakin's solution, show the same irritative properties whether made from bleaching powder and sodium carbonate, or from chlorine and sodium carbonate.
5. Electrolytically prepared solutions of the same concentration have similar irritant action.
6. Solutions, however, that have an alkalinity less than that indicated by the end-point of alcoholic phenolphthalein solutions (pH of 8.5 to 8.8) or greater than that indicated by the end-point to powdered phenolphthalein (pH of 10.2) are intensely irritating.
7. 0.5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solution from which most of the calcium has been precipitated and calcium hypochlorite solution of equivalent hypochlorite concentration are only slightly irritating.
8. 2 per cent chloramine-T solution has no irritant action.
9. 5 per cent dichloramine-T in chlorcosane and chlorcosane alone irritate rabbit ears to a slight degree only.
STUDIES IN BOVINE MASTITIS
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The principal sources of streptococcic infection, aside from clinical cases, are apparently normal cows which carry the virus in the udder.
2. These carriers may be grouped as follows: (a) those that have been infected recently and have not yet developed symptoms; (b) those that have suffered from inflammation of the udder and after recovery still harbor streptococci; (c) those that have had no clinical history of mastitis. There is some evidence to lead one to regard the latter group as naturally immune.
3. A milker may readily carry streptococci on his hands from an infected to an uninfected cow.
4. The vaginae of 34 of the 64 cows examined contained non-hemolytic streptococci. Of the 34 strains isolated 32 differed in their cultural characters and agglutination affinities from those associated with mastitis. The other two strains may be regarded as of etiological significance.
5. In no instance have hemolytic streptococci been isolated from the vagina.
THE SURVIVAL OF THE HOG-CHOLERA VIRUS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS, PARTICULARLY THE RAT
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl 
Published: June 2004

The attempts to demonstrate the virus of hog-cholera in rabbits 12 days after intravenous and intraabdominal inoculations were unsuccessful. Likewise the attempts to show that the virus might be found in the guinea pig 6 and in the pigeon 7 days after inoculation were negative. It was shown, however, that the virus can be found in the bodies of white rats for at least 7 days after either intraabdominal or intracerebral inoculations. One attempt to demonstrate it after 10 days was negative. From the fact that the rats show no evidence of illness such as loss in weight, pyrexia, or visible pathological changes, and that after either intraabdominal or intracerebral inoculation the virus is only found in the abdominal organs and possibly only in the spleen, it seems likely that it does not multiply but that in the rat tissue, particularly in the spleen, it is not destroyed so rapidly as in the organs of other animals. Careful study of the records fails to show that passing one strain of virus alternately through pigs and rats for three transfers in each species changes the virulence for swine or causes the virus to become virulent for rats.
Attempts to introduce the virus into the body of the rat by feeding virulent material and an attempt to pass the virus from one lot of rats to another were unsuccessful, so that we have evidence from the experiment that the rat does not play a part in the transmission of hog-cholera.
THE SOURCE OF THE LYMPHOCYTOSIS INDUCED BY MEANS OF HEAT
Authors: Nakahara Waro 
Published: June 2004

A striking number of mitotic figures have been observed in the germinal center of the spleen and lymph glands during the regeneration of the cellular elements of these organs after the destructive effect of heat. This enhanced cell proliferation is interpreted as more than compensating for the degenerated cells, because of the subsequent enlargement of the organs. It has also been pointed out that the characteristic decrease in the number of lymphocytes immediately after the heat treatment is always accompanied by an extensive cell degeneration in spleen and lymph glands at the corresponding period.
On this basis it seems evident that the pronounced lymphocytosis induced by means of heat treatment of the animal is due, at least in part, to the enhanced proliferative activity of germinal centers in the spleen and lymph glands, reacting to the destructive effect of heat upon lymphoid cells.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro 
Published: June 2004

1. The small dose of x-rays applied to the rabbit has no appreciable destructive effect on the lymphoid tissue.
2. Indications of stimulation of the lymphoid tissue appear immediately after the treatment, become most pronounced in 2 (in lymph glands) to 4 (in the spleen) days, and persist, in a slight degree, up to the 14th day.
3. These facts suggest that the lymphocytosis induced by the small dose of x-rays is due to a primary stimulative effect upon the lymphoid tissue of the animal.