bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birthquake: The Baby Boom and Its Aftershocks. By Diane J. Macunovich. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002. Pp xiii, 314. $37.50.
Authors: Mills Judith Woerner 
Published: April 2003

Before I had even finished reading the first chapter of Diane Macunovich's new book, three things were crystal clear:People matter: a society's demographics need to be considered explicitly when trying to understand or to forecast its economic behavior.Einstein's conclusions about relativity apply to economies: changes in the relative size and age composition of a population can lead to major changes in its social and economic behavior.Economic demographers rule! From now on, users of long-term forecasting models will need to include information on changes in age structure and cohort size if they wish to forecast events more than a few years ahead.
Overview and analysis of methodologies for building ontologies
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-LÓPEZ MARIANO , GÓMEZ-PÉREZ ASUNCIÓN 
Published: April 2003

The use of methodologies in software and knowledge engineering is very extensive due to their important advantages. In the case of the development of ontologies, until now, several methodological proposals have been presented for building ontologies. Some of these methodologies are designed for building ontologies from scratch or reusing other ontologies without modifying them, concretely, the following cases can be mentioned: the Cyc methodology, the approach proposed by Uschold and King, Grüninger and
Fox's methodology, the KACTUS methodology, METHONTOLOGY and the SENSUS methodology. There is even a proposal for re-engineering ontologies, and several
proposals for collaborative construction of ontologies.In this article, we describe the methodologies and check their degree of maturity, contrasting them with respect to the IEEE standard for software development. Before
this, we justify to what extent this standard can be used. A conclusion to this study is that there is no completely mature methodological proposal for building ontologies, since there
are some important activities and techniques that are missing in all these methodologies. However, all the methodologies do not have the same degree of maturity. In fact, METHONTOLOGY is a very mature methodology. The other conclusion of this article is that, although work to unify proposals can be interesting, maybe several approaches should coexist.
Qualitative features of finger movement during the Halstead finger oscillation test following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Prigatano George P. , Borgaro Susan R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractQualitative and quantitative performance on the Halstead Finger Tapping test may help differentiate brain dysfunctional patients from normal controls. “Normal” and “abnormal” finger tapping patterns during this task have been characterized and illustrated pictorially. Data from 65 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 15 normal controls support the dual proposition that (1) abnormal finger tapping patterns are more commonly observed in TBI patients than in controls and (2) the frequency of abnormal finger movements may relate to the severity of TBI during the acute stages after trauma. Future prospective studies are needed to replicate these findings. (JINS, 2003, 9, 128–133.)
Gelatin Blends with Alginate: Gels for Lipase Immobilization and Purification
Authors: Fadnavis Nitin W. , Sheelu Gurrala , Kumar Bezavada Mani , Bhalerao Mahendra U. , Deshpande Ashlesha A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBlends of natural polysaccharide sodium alginate (5%) with gelatin (3%) cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde provide beads with excellent compressive strength (8 × 104Pa) and regular structure on treatment with calcium chloride. Lipases from porcine pancreas,Pseudomonascepacia, andCandida rugosawere immobilized in such a blend with excellent efficiency. The immobilized enzymes were stable and were reused several times without significant loss of enzyme activity both in aqueous and reverse micellar media. The beads were functionalized with succinic anhydride to obtain beads with extra carboxylic acid groups. These functionalized beads were then successfully used for 7.4‐fold purification of crude porcine pancreatic lipase in a simple operation of protein binding at pH 5 and release at pH 8.5.
Equivalent Models of Indanol Isomers Adsorption on Cellulose Tribenzoate
Authors: Kaczmarski Krzysztof , Zhou Dongmei , Gubernak Małgorzata , Guiochon Georges 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe adsorption isotherm data of ( R)‐ and ( S)‐1‐indanol and of their racemic mixture on cellulose tribenzoate were measured by frontal analysis. The experimental data for each enantiomers were fitted to the single‐component bilangmuir isotherm model. The competitive experimental data were fitted to the ideal adsorption solution model (IAS), the real adsorption solution model (RAS), and the bilangmuir thermodynamically consistent model (BTC). The mass transfer kinetic parameters were estimated from systematic comparisons between the experimental single‐component band profiles and profiles calculated using the general rate model (GR) of chromatography coupled with the generalized Maxwell‐Stefan equation (GMS). The validation of the isotherm model and of the mass transfer kinetic model was made by comparing the experimental band profiles obtained for solutions of the two enantiomers and those calculated with the competitive GR‐GMS model. The excellent agreement observed proves that a combination of the BTC isotherm model and the GMS kinetic model, using the best values of the BTC and GMS parameters estimated from single component experiments, allows an excellent prediction of the binary isotherm and the binary mass transfer kinetics.
Method for Lipase‐Catalyzed Carbonate Synthesis via One‐ and Two‐Step Alkoxycarbonylation Reactions
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sangeetha M. , Wangikar Pramod P. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation methods offer potential advantages over the currently practiced industrial scale chemical synthesis of carbonates. We report a method for synthesis of organic carbonates via lipase‐catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation between diphenyl carbonate and various alcohols in hexane. This method utilizes precursors that are readily available and does not involve extensive purification of the intermediate. In a two‐step process, the two phenyl groups of diphenyl carbonate were substituted by two alcohol nucleophiles. The approach was demonstrated for two‐step synthesis of 14 different disubstituted carbonate products. The rates of reaction for the two steps were much slower if the order of nucleophile addition was reversed. Under optimal conditions, complete conversion of diphenyl carbonate occurred within 8–15 h at 50 °C, which is a significant improvement from 50–90 h at 24 °C. A kinetic model for the alkoxycarbonylation reaction was derived based on the Michaelis‐Menten equation, which simplified to first‐order kinetics at low and equimolar concentration of substrates.
Adaptation of Clostridiumtyrobutyricum for Enhanced Tolerance to Butyric Acid in a Fibrous‐Bed Bioreactor
Authors: Zhu Ying , Yang Shang‐Tian 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBy immobilization in a fibrous‐bed bioreactor (FBB), we succeeded in adapting and selecting an acid‐tolerant strain of Clostridium tyrobutyricumthat can produce high concentrations of butyrate from glucose and xylose. This mutant grew well under high butyrate concentrations (>30 g/L) and had better fermentative ability as compared to the wild‐type strain used to seed the bioreactor. Kinetic analysis of butyrate inhibition on cell growth, acid‐forming enzymes, and ATPase activity showed that the adapted cells from the FBB are physiologically different from the original wild type. Compared to the wild type, the adapted cultureapos;s maximum specific growth rate increased by 2.3‐fold and its growth tolerance to butyrate inhibition increased by 29‐fold. The key enzymes in the butyrate‐forming pathway, phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB) and butyrate kinase (BK), were also more active in the mutant, with 175% higher PTB and 146% higher BK activities. Also, the mutantapos;s ATPase was less sensitive to inhibition by butyric acid, as indicated by a 4‐fold increase in the inhibition rate constant, and was more resistant to the enzyme inhibitor N, N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). The lower ATPase sensitivity to butyrate inhibition might have contributed to the increased growth tolerance to butyrate inhibition, which also might be attributed to the higher percentage of saturated fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids (74% in the mutant vs 69% in the wild type). This study shows that cell immobilization in the FBB provides an effective means for in‐process adaptation and selection of mutant with higher tolerance to inhibitory fermentation product.
Evaluation of Kinetic Models for Industrial Acetic Fermentation: Proposal of a New Model Optimized by Genetic Algorithms
Authors: González‐Sáiz José M. , Pizarro Consuelo , Garrido‐Vidal Diego 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe most important kinetic models developed for acetic fermentation were evaluated to study their ability to explain the behavior of the industrial process of acetification. Each model was introduced into a simulation environment capable of replicating the conditions of the industrial plant. In this paper, it is proven that these models are not suitable to predict the evolution of the industrial fermentation by the comparison of the simulation results with an average sequence calculated from the industrial data. Therefore, a new kinetic model for the industrial acetic fermentation was developed. The kinetic parameters of the model were optimized by a specifically designed genetic algorithm. Only the representative sequence of industrial concentrations of acetic acid was required. The main novelty of the algorithm is the four‐composed desirability function that works properly as the response to maximize. The new model developed is capable of explaining the behavior of the industrial process. The predictive ability of the model has been compared with that of the other models studied.
Effect of Flow Rate Pattern on Glucose‐6‐phosphate Dehydrogenase Synthesis in Fed‐Batch Culture of Recombinant Saccharomycescerevisiae
Authors: Miguel Ângelo Samir Melim , Neves Luiz Carlos Martins das , Vitolo Michele , Pessoa Adalberto 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA strain of genetically modified Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( S. cerevisiae) W303 181 was used to improve glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) production in aerobic culture. Fed‐batch cultures were carried out in a 5 L fermentor at variable values of the parameter K, namely, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.8 h−1. The highest G6PDH production (1164 U/L) and specific activity (517 U/gcell) were obtained using the following conditions: glucose, 5.0 g/L; adenine, 8 μg/mL; histidine, 8 μg/mL; tryptophan, 8 μg/mL; temperature, 30 °C; inoculum, 1.28 g/L; pH, 5.7; agitation, 400 rpm; aeration, 2.2 vvm; and K, 0.2 h−1. The exponential feeding pattern increased cell density (2.14 g/L), enzyme productivity (149.27), and biomass yield (0.18 gglu/gcell mass). The level of G6PDH in the genetically modified S. cerevisiae was ∼4.1‐fold higher than that found in a commercial strain.
An Assessment of Ethnocultural Beliefs Regarding the Causes of Birth Defects and Genetic Disorders
Authors: Cohen Leslie H. , Fine Beth A. , Pergament Eugene 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWith the expansion of genetic services to various cultural groups, genetic counselors encounter clients who hold diverse beliefs inscribed by their culture about health conditions. Thus, clients may attribute the cause of a birth defect or genetic condition to a culturally‐based health belief. This present study was conducted as a pilot study in order to assess the beliefs about the causes of birth defects and genetic disorders held by women of different ethnocultural backgrounds. This study proposed that women who do not have a family history of a disorder will differ in their knowledge about the cause of a birth defect or genetic disorder compared to women who have an affected child. In addition, this study determined to what extent culturally‐based health beliefs are attributed to being the cause of a birth defect or genetic disorder in the 1990s.
The Prophylactic Mastectomy Dilemma: A Support Group for Women at High Genetic Risk for Breast Cancer
Authors: Karp Jane , Brown Karen L. , Sullivan Margaret D. , Massie Mary Jane 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe goal of this pilot study was to test the usefulness of a six session psychoeducational support group for women at high genetic risk for breast cancer who were considering prophylactic mastectomy. The themes of the group sessions included overestimation of and anxiety about risk; desire for “hard data”; the emotional impact of watching a mother die of breast cancer; concerns about spouse reactions; self‐ and body image; the decision‐making process; and confusion over whom to trust in decision making. Both the participants and the multidisciplinary leaders concluded that as a supplement to individual counseling, a support group is a beneficial and cost‐effective treatment modality. Recommendations for the optimal format for such a group are described.
Recurrent Trisomies: Chance or Inherited Predisposition?
Authors: Ulm Janet E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTwo patients experiencing recurring trisomic pregnancies involving a different chromosome each time are presented. Mechanisms to explain recurrent trisomies include a gene or genes predisposing to nondisjunction in general or to nondisjunction of the acrocentric chromosomes, maternal age effects, and germ‐line mosaicism. Genetic counseling is complicated by the lack of a clear explanation for the recurrences, difficulty in quoting a specific recurrence risk, concern regarding the risk for uniparental disomy, and the frustration, grief and guilt reactions of the patients.
Psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for child crime victims
Authors: Cohen Judith A. , Berliner Lucy , Mannarino Anthony P. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractChildren may develop a variety of difficulties following victimization, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other anxiety symptoms, depressive disorders, externalizing symptoms, or substance use disorders. Some children appear to be resilient in the face of victimization and do not report significant difficulties. A growing number of treatment studies for child abuse victims has supported the efficacy of trauma‐focused cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT); however, more research is needed to determine the critical components and optimal dosage of CBT, and to evaluate the efficacy of this approach for other groups of child crime victims. Psychopharmacological treatments are widely used for childhood PTSD, but little research has evaluated such treatments. Treatment guidelines and future directions are discussed.
Update and Review: Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Brown Trisha , Schwind Elinor Langfelder 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most commonly inherited recessive disorders in U.S. Caucasians, with a carrier frequency of approximately 1 in 29. Genetic counseling and CF mutation analysis has traditionally been offered to the affected patient and his/her extended family, in keeping with policy statements from professional organizations (ASHG, NSGC, ACOG). The target population for CF testing and counseling may be evolving after the release of the 1997 National Institutes of Health Consensus Statement, Genetic Testing for Cystic Fibrosis, which recommends that CF screening be offered to all preconceptional and pregnant couples. Genetic counseling for CF is complicated by reports of polymorphisms in the CF gene that are associated with symptoms that do not meet the diagnostic criteria for CF, such as bilateral congenital absence of the vas deferens, bronchiectasis, and idiopathic pancreatitis. To aid genetic counselors with these issues, this review explores the symptoms of CF, patient management, gene function, genetics, genotype/phenotype correlation, and genetic counseling issues.
Genetic Counseling for Confined Placental Mosaicism: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Kathryn Spitzer 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNew technologies can lead to unforeseen discoveries which in turn can lead to diagnostic and counseling dilemmas. A case which involved confined placental mosaicism for trisomy 16 is presented to illustrate such a situation. While interpreting data and explaining a newly described phenomenon created uncertainties for the genetic counseling team, the patient and her husband were primarily dealing with grief surrounding the loss of a wanted pregnancy. It is important to recognize that the counseling issues may be different for the professionals and the families. Genetic counselors must be cognizant of their own reactions and those of their clients and be prepared to use all of their counseling skills to address these varying needs.
Youth Living with HIV as Peer Leaders
Authors: Luna G. Cajetan , Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCommunity‐based service providers often hire youth living with HIV (YLH) as peer leaders for delivering HIV education to uninfected adolescents. Life narratives were collected from 44 YLH during a hypotheses‐generating two‐year ethnographic study. About 30% of the youth were employed as peer educators. While 60% of the 44 youth had a lower‐class background, only 23% of the peer leaders were lower class. One‐fifth of the sample were female, but more than one‐half of the peer leaders were female. After identifying and categorizing difficulties experienced by the peer leaders, a frequency count of each theme was conducted. Issues about professional boundaries were evident in 38.5% of the youth's narratives, indicating conflicts in their roles as peer leaders; 23% of the youth engaged in substance use and sexual behaviors that placed themselves and uninfected youth in their peer educator programs at risk; and 8% of the youth reported relapse while peer leaders. The observations suggest reconsideration or restructuring of existing peer‐education models that employ YLH.
The Relationship Between Health and Human Services and the Personal Goal‐Directed Activities of Persons Living with AIDS
Authors: DuMont Kimberly A. , Rapkin Bruce D. , Smith Meredith Y. , Correa Arlene , Palmer Sara , Cohen Scott 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis study evaluates the relationship between the social climate from different services and the personal goal‐directed activities of 224 individuals with AIDS. The study's results supported the main hypothesis that “recipient” and “participatory” service involvement uniquely influence personal goal‐directed activities, even after considering individuals with AIDS' physical symptoms, psychological distress, income, and recruitment site. Income and involvement with participatory services were both positively related to the amount of personal goal‐directed activity. Longitudinal analyses suggest that personal initiative contributes to the subsequent amount of personal goal‐directed activities a person pursues. These results suggest further examination of factors contributing to the selection of different service types and of the processes underlying the relationship between participatory services and positive outcomes for clients with AIDS.
Genetic Counselors' Judgments of Patient Concerns: Concordance and Consequences
Authors: Michie Susan , Weinman John , Marteau Theresa M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe aims of this prospective study were to determine (a) the concordance between patient concerns and genetic counselors' judgments of these concerns, (b) the predictors of patient and counselor judgments, and (c) the relationship between concordance and patient outcomes. Patients' and counselors' views were sought before and after 131 routine genetic consultations. Before consultations, there was concordance about level of patient concern to within one point in 63% (82/131) of consultations and about type of patient concern in 60–84% of consultations. Lack of concordance in judging level and type of concern was associated with lower satisfaction with information and higher anxiety after the consultation. The biggest predictor of counselor judgment of concern was professional background: doctors judged patients to be more concerned than did nurses. Concordance of concern was predicted by counselors' experience in genetics: less experienced counselors overestimated patient concern. Future research needs to determine whether improving judgment of concern improves patient outcome.
Adolescent Substance Use: Preliminary Examinations of School and Neighborhood Context
Authors: Allison Kevin W. , Crawford Isiaah , Leone Peter E. , Trickett Edison , Perez-Febles Alina , Burton Linda M. , Le Blanc Ree 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn considering the influences of microsystems on adolescent substance use, familial and peer contexts have received the most extensive attention in the research literature. School and neighborhood settings, however, are other developmental contexts that may exert specific influences on adolescent substance use. In many instances, school settings are organized to provide educational services to students who share similar educational abilities and behavioral repertoires. The resulting segregation of students into these settings may result in different school norms for substance use. Similarly, neighborhood resources, including models for substance use and drug sales involvement, may play an important role in adolescent substance use. We briefly review literature examining contextual influences on adolescent substance use, and present results from two preliminary studies examining the contribution of school and neighborhood context to adolescent substance use. In the first investigation, we examine the impact of familial, peer, and school contexts on adolescent substance use. Respondents were 283 students (ages 13 to 18) from regular and special education classrooms in six schools. Although peer and parental contexts were important predictors of substance use, school norms for drug use accounted for variance in adolescent use beyond that explained by peer and parental norms. Data from a second study of 114 adolescents (mean age = 15) examines neighborhood contributions to adolescent substance use. In this sample, neighborhood indices did not contribute to our understanding of adolescent substance use. Implications for prevention are presented.
The Effect of Genetic Counseling on Knowledge and Perceptions Regarding Risks for Breast Cancer
Authors: Sagi Michal , Kaduri Luna , Zlotogora Joel , Peretz Tamar 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn 1994, a clinic for cancer risk counseling was opened at Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem. Most of the counselees have been women who had breast cancer and/or a relative with breast cancer. In order to evaluate the effect of this counseling on women's knowledge and perceptions regarding the risks for breast cancer, a questionnaire was given before and after the counseling session to 60 healthy women who came to the clinic because they have relatives with breast cancer. According to the genetic counselors' estimations, most of these women had a significantly increased risk (compared to the general population) of developing cancer. Before counseling, the women overestimated the population risk for breast cancer, the contribution of heredity to morbidity of cancer, and their own risks to get cancer. After counseling session, they gave reduced estimates, closer to the “real” ones. The subjective perceptions regarding these risks were reduced after counseling, except for the perceptions regarding their relativerisks which have not changed after the counseling. About 90% of the women who came to the clinic wanted to be tested for genetic predisposition to cancer. For most of these women, the expectations that the test can rule out a genetic predisposition to cancer became more realistic after the counseling. The option to first test an affected relative was offered to all families, and a test was actually conducted in 75% of the families.