bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocalization in the cat and kitten
Authors: Brown Kenneth A. , Buchwald Jennifer S. , Johnson Judith R. , Mikolich Dennis J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVocal responses of kittens and mature cats were recorded in a variety of standard behavioral situations. Sonographic analysis of these responses showed similarities of responses obtained repeatedly from different cats within each recording situation. Marked differences in responses patterns were noted in different recording situations. The kitten and cat vocal repertoires thus include a variety of specific responses to particular motivational or behavioral circumstances.
Sensory regulation of maternal behavior in rats: Effects of pup age
Authors: Stern Judith M. , Mackinnon Diane A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMaternal behavior (retrieving, crouching, and licking) was induced in Sprague‐Dawley virgin female rats by constant exposure to pups aged 1‐2, 3‐4, 5‐6, 7‐8, 9‐10, 11‐12, 13‐14, or 15‐16 days. The incidence of spontaneous components of maternal behavior, notably retrieving, was geater towards pups 1‐8 days of age than towards older pups, whereas the occurrence of cannibalism did not differ as a function of pup age. With pups 1‐2 through 13‐14 days, the latency to onset of full maternal behavior was shortest with 1‐2‐day‐old pups (2‐day median) and longest with 13‐14‐day‐old pups (7‐day median). Females exposed to pups aged 3‐4 through 11‐12 days did not differ significantly in their latencies, the medians of which ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 days. Only 1 female out of 8 exposed to pups aged 15‐16 days became fully maternal, but 5 more displayed components of maternal responsiveness. The optimal nature of neonates and the general attractiveness of a wider range of pup ages as stimuli for the elicitation of maternal behavior in rats, as well as comparisons to mice and hamsters, were discussed.
Effects of rearing in different environments on subsequent environmental preference in rats
Authors: Will Bruno , Pallaud Berthille , Ungerer Arielle , Ropartz Philippe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEnvironmental preference of male rats reared during 2 months after weaning either in a complex and changing environment (EC) or in empty laboratory cages (SC) was assessed in 4 different experiments. For 2 weeks after differential rearing, rats were placed in groups of 6 in testing cages which were divided into 2 compartments with communicating holes. One of these compartments was empty; the other contained 6 objects (complex compartment). Daily, 3 objects were moved from 1 compartment to the other and replaced by new ones. The preference for any of the compartments was chiefly assessed by the localization of feces (Experiments I and II) and directly by the localization of the animals through videorecording (Experiments III and II) and directly by the localization of the animals through videorecording (Experiments III and IV). Both EC and SC rats showed a significant preference for the empty compartment during both light and dark portions of the daily cycle, but particularly during the light portion. Moreover, EC and SC animals differed from one another in that the SC rats showed a stronger preference for the empty compartment than the EC rats, especially when active. General preference for the empty compartment seemed to diminish slowly, but EC and SC rats tended to remain distinct in habitat selection, at least during the period tested. This behavioral difference, tentatively interpreted in terms of neophobia, might constitute a possible mechanism for automaintenance of differential rearing effects.
Long‐term effects of propylthiouracil‐induced neonatal hypothyroidism
Authors: Schalock R. L. , Brown W. J. , Smith R. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHypothyroidism was induced in neonatal Sprague‐Dawley rats by adding propylthiouracil to the lactating female's food and water. Behavioral evaluation on a 6‐item battery occurred from 70 to 114 days of age. Results indicated long‐lasting behavioral changes in the neonatal hypothyroid animals characterized by increased activity and decreased performance on avoidance and escape learning. Serum thyroxine levels were reduced in the hypothyroid animals throughout the 120‐day period. Experimental animals also had fewer synaptic contacts in the cerebellar cortex when analyzed at 90 days of age.
Role of the nursing order in social development of mountain lion kittens
Authors: Pfeifer Sharon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEarly patterns of social interaction, including fighting while nursing, social grooming, and social play, were analyzed in a litter of mountain lion kittens to determine if interactive patterns formed during nursing persist into subsequent social stages (i.e., social grooming and social play). The data suggest that the nursing order established by mountain lion kittens has an important role in early social development by initially directing interactive patterns among littermates.
The ontogenesis of defensive reactions to shock in preweanling rats
Authors: Collier Alexis C. , Bolles Robert C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBehavioral observations were made on the reaction to tailshock and footshock in 5‐ to 20‐day‐old hooded rats. For detection thresholds, age differences were found for footshock but not for tailshock. During intershock intervals, more generalized activity and freezing were elicited by footshock, whereas more responding directed to the shock source was elicited by tailshock. The unconditional responding to shock indicated that the older animals had a larger behavioral repertoire of defensive reactions and responded differentially to different shock intensities. The younger animals appeared to have a more limited and stereotyped repertoire of defensive reactions and to be more sensitive to the same nominal shock level. These normative data should prove useful in evaluating motivational and response repertoire problems when assessing learning processes developmentally.
A model for development of social behavior in vervet monkeys
Authors: Bramblett Claud A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolynomial regression was used to construct linear descriptive models for age‐related behavioral changes among socially‐living, captive vervet monkeys. Seventeen social acts were divided by gender into performer (director) and recipient to produce 68 predictive equations. The aptness of these models was examined by an analysis of residuals, including a lack‐of‐fit F test. Consistency was further validated by a sign test comparison of predicted and observed means. A log10 (Y + 1) transformation produced satisfactory fits for 51 of the 68 parameters. Only 1 behavior (male gape D) had a nonsignificant cumulative F value and low coefficient of multiple determination. Although the remaining 16 acts did show age relationships, they exhibited a significant lack of fit to the proposed model. A table of predictive equations is presented as a mathematical model of behavioral development in vervet monkeys.
The effects of social isolation on the behavior of juvenile domestic cats
Authors: Guyot Gary W. , Bennett Thomas L. , Cross Henry A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of social isolation on the behavior of juvenile domestic cats were assessed by rearing 4 male and 4 female infant kittens in each of the following rearing conditions: (1) mother‐littermate; (2) mother‐only; (3) brooder‐littermate; and (4) brooder‐only. They were then tested twice a week individually and twice a week socially from 2 to 6 1/2 months of age in a playroom, utilizing multiple categories of behavior. The mother‐only‐reared juveniles were hyperactive in both object play (when tested individually) and social play. The brooder‐only‐reared kittens displayed enhanced socially directed behavior and were generally hypergregarious, whereas the brooder‐littermate‐reared kittens displayed retarded social behavior. Observations indicated that littermate‐deprived kittens did not learn social communication skills and that some prolonged separation effects existed for littermate‐reared kittens. The results suggest that the determinants of social play are more complex than the determinants of object play.
Gender differences in visual discrimination by rats in response to malnutrition of varying durations
Authors: Galler Janina R. , Manes Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVisual discrimination of hooded rats was tested at 3 months of age by a Lashley procedure. Three groups of rats were used: those with histories of protein deprivation for up to 20 generations, those with protein deprivation for a single generation, and well‐nourished controls. Growth retardation was present to a similar degree in both genders of the 2 malnourished groups. Deficits in visual discrimination were observed in female animals with intergenerational malnutrition, but not in females with single‐generation malnutrition. Males with intergenerational and single‐generation malnutrition showed equal deficits in visual discrimination. These findings demonstrate that the performance of female rats is impaired only after prolonged exposure to malnutrition, whereas males are vulnerable after shorter periods.
Early perceptual selectivity in the swamp sparrow
Authors: Dooling Robert , Searcy Margaret 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cardiac orienting response to species‐specific songs was measured in young swamp sparrows and song sparrows. Swamp sparrows respond with significantly greater deceleration to conspecific songs than to songs of the sympatric song sparrow. This discriminatory ability is operating during the sensitive period for song learning and is evident upon initial exposures to conspecific song. These results are the 1st direct evidence for a sensory component in the process of selective vocal learning in birds.
Gender and early environmental influences on activity, overresponsiveness, and exploration
Authors: Joseph Rhawn , Gallagher R. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOne hundred eighty‐five rats reared in either an enriched or restricted environment were tested during adulthood to determine the influence of gender and rearing environment on 3 related response characteristics, activity, overresponsiveness, and exploratory behavior. Eight experiments were performed. It was found that although females are more active than males, rearing environment does not influence behavior in the running wheel or open field. When tested in a complex compartmentalized open field, females in general and restricted rats are significantly more active than enriched males. In addition, over subsequent testing, restricted animals are increasingly responsive and fail to habituate to the testing stimuli. When tested and retested for maze learning ability, males excel over females; enriched rats maintain their ability to outperform restricted rats, although both groups had previously learned the problem. Moreover, enriched rats demonstrate a greater tendency to explore and make irrelevant section entries on a maze that is problem free. Restricted rats, specifically, and females generally, have difficulty suppressing a learned repetitious pattern of rewarded responding when it is subsequently punished; restricted rats were deficient in the ability to passively avoid or escape noxious stimuli. These experiments, as well as supporting evidence in the literature, indicate that rats reared in a restricted environment develop a limited behavioral repertoire which is characterized by a generalized tendency to overrespond, a propensity towards perseverating in repetitious patterns of limited and circumscribed responding, and a failure to habituate to repeated contact with novel stimuli.
Peer and maternal influences on the expression of foot‐clasp mounting by juvenile male rhesus monkeys
Authors: Wallen Kim , Goldfoot David A. , Goy Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe display of adultlike foot‐clasp mounts by male rhesus monkeys occurs during the 1st year of life in animals reared with their mothers in social groups where peer interaction is possible 24 hr per day. In contrast, this form of mount is rarely displayed if infants are separated from their mothers at 3 months of age and allowed daily. 5‐hr periods for peer interaction. To distinguish between maternal and peer access‐time influences upon the development of this response, we housed rhesus monkeys with their mothers and allowed either. 5‐hr or 24‐hr daily access to peers in the presence of their mothers during the 1st year of life. Male infants restricted to .5‐hr periods with peers rarely or never foot‐clasp‐mounted peers, although 3 of 6 males foot‐clasp‐mounted their mothers. In contrast, males given 24‐hr access to peers regularly mounted peers using the foot‐clasp mount. Males from the 2 groups did not differ in total frequencies of all mount types displayed, only in the display of foot‐clasp mounts. After maternal separation at the end of the 1st year, rearing effects on the display of mounting persisted into the 2nd year. Males that received 24‐hr daily peer access during the 1st year continued to foot‐clasp‐mount peers whereas .5‐hr males failed to do so, indicating that the experience of mounting one's mother with the adult posture was not sufficient to support peer‐oriented foot‐clasp mounting at a later age. In addition to deficits in peer‐oriented foot‐clasp mounting, .5‐hr infants displayed higher frequencies of threat and withdrawal behaviors to peers and presented to peers less frequently than did infants from the 24‐hr rearing condition. These results contradict a motor deficiency hypothesis to account for the rare display of foot‐clasp mounts to peers by males receiving .5‐hr daily access to peers during the 1st year of life. Instead, data support the view that .5‐hr animals either failed to develop positive response patterns necessary for the execution of the foot‐clasp mount, or learned negative patterns of social interaction that prevented the display of this cooperative behavior.
Home‐orienting behavior in rat pups: The effect of 2 and 3 generations of rehabilitation following intergenerational malnutrition
Authors: Galler Janina R. , Seelig Cheryl 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn an earlier study in this laboratory, we examined home‐orienting ability in rats with histories of intergenerational malnutrition that were rehabilitated postnatally with an adequate protein diet (Galler, 1979). Despite increased size and activity, 1st‐generation rehabilitated pups showed no improvement in homing ability when compared to malnourished pups. In the current study, offspring of rats with intergenerational malnutrition were rehabilitated for 2 additional generations and tested for homing ability from postnatal Day 4 through Day 12. The pups rehabilitated for 2 and 3 generations did not perform as well as control pups, even though growth and activity returned to normal levels. Furthermore, the rehabilitated pups failed to demonstrate any preference for the nest on all days of testing; in contrast, control pups favored the nest quadrant by Day 8 of life. No significant improvement was evident on any measure from the 2nd to the 3rd generation of rehabilitation.
Effect of cross‐rearing on species identification in zebra fish and pearl danios
Authors: McCann Lee I. , Carlson Canute C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractZebra fish and pearl danios were either cross‐reared or raised with conspecifics and tested as adults for species preference over 4 days. Subjects were then placed with conspecifics by group for 30 days and retested over 2 days. Initial testing showed less preference (species identification) for conspecifics by cross‐reared subjects and less conspecific preference by pearls than zebras. At retesting pearls showed a great increase in preference for conspecifics whereas zebras showed little change.
Brainstem‐evoked responses of guinea pigs exposed to high noise levels in utero
Authors: Cook Reginald O. , Konishi T. , Salt A. N. , Hamm C. W. , Lebetkin E. H. , Koo J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant guinea pigs were exposed to loom room noise at 115 dB A for 7.5 hr/day for various periods during the last one‐third of pregnancy. When the hearing of their offspring was tested by auditory brain stem‐evoked response techniques at 6‐dB intervals, peak IV latencies of exposed pups were found to be significantly longer than those of otherwise similar control pups. The latency differences corresponded to a 5‐dB increase in stimulus at medium stimulus levels and 10–12 dB near threshold. The results indicate that it is possible for noise‐induced hearing loss to occur in utero in mammals whose auditory maturation process is complete, or nearly so, before birth.
Generalization after form discrimination in light‐reared and dark‐reared rats
Authors: Tees Richard C. , Midgley Glenda , Nesbit John C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 2 experiments the performance of 90‐ and 150‐day‐old light‐reared and dark‐reared rats was compared under appetitive reinforcement conditions on rigorous tests of form discriminative abilities. Although early stimulatory history had little impact on either the ability to discriminate shapes on the basis of contour orientation or to generalize from that initial experience to lines in other orientations, lack of visual experience did have significant consequences with respect to a comparable task in which the relationship between lines was the significant feature. Little change in the initial deficits was observed with exposure to a normal light environment for 60 days following the period of early visual deprivation in the case of this 2nd complex pattern discrimination task.
Differential effects of upper gastrointestinal fill on milk ingestion and nipple attachment in the suckling rat
Authors: Lorenz Dennis N. , Ellis Susan B. , Epstein Alan N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMilk intake and nipple attachment behaviors were studied in the natural suckling situation after gastrointestinal preloading. Rat pups, deprived of their dam for 9 hr at 1, 10, or 20 days of age, were preloaded by gavage with volumes ranging from 2 to 16% of their body weight and returned to suckle. Preloads of artificial bitch's milk decreased the intake of mother's milk in a volume‐related manner at all ages. At 1 and 10 days 4% preloads decreased milk intake without affecting attachment behaviors; larger prelods of 8 and 16% decreased intake and reduced the incidence of attachment. At 20 days of age small and large preloads decreased both incidence of attachment and milk intake. Preloads up to 8% of body weight had no effect on latency to attach at any age.Complete subdiaphragmatic bilateral vagotomy increased milk intake of 7–9–day‐old pups fed automatically through an anterior mouth cannula in a nonsuckling situation. Vagotomy combined with spinal cordotomy (T2‐T3) resulted in a synergistic hyperphagia and massive distension of the upper GI tract.The results indicate that suckling rats can control their intake of mother's milk while remaining attached to a nipple as early as 1 day of age. The suppression of ingestion in response to GI filling appears to be mediated by visceral afferent activity. Conversely, attachment behaviors are less affected by GI fill. This suggests that ingestive behaviors and attachment behaviors have different controls during the 1st 10 days of postnatal development.
Effects of body build and arousal on newborn infant stepping
Authors: Thelen Esther , Fisher Donna M. , Ridley‐Johnson Robyn , Griffin Nora J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNewborn stepping is widely believed to be a “primitive reflex” whose disappearance signals cortical maturation. Observations of normal newborns showed that the number of steps was directly related to generalized behavioral arousal. In less highly distressed infants, those who were relatively heavier for their length stepped less. These results challenge the view that stepping is reflexively released by the upright posture and support the hypothesis that the movements disappear because infants' muscle strength may not be sufficient to lift their increasingly heavy legs.
Ultrasounds in neonatal rats: Novel, predator and conspecific odor cues
Authors: Lyons David M. , Banks Edwin M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeonatal rat ultrasound repetition rates were monitored in response to 6 odor cues, including 1 novel, 2 predator, and 3 conspecific olfactory stimuli. Contrary to predictions of previous studies, predator odor did not elicit consistently low call rates. A significant difference was detected between litters tested with the same odor cue for the foreign and predator odor treatments. Odor was the only significant effect to explain differences in neonatal ultrasonic responses to conspecific odor treatments. Call rates recorded for the novel lactating female odor were significantly greater than those for the home bedding and adult male odors. Odors associated with the home cage or with an adult male elicited low call rates.
Olfactory contributions to dehydration‐induced anorexia in weanling rats
Authors: Bruno John P. , Hall W. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBy 20 days of age, dehydration produces a clear anorexia, even though weanling rats have had only limited feeding and drinking experience. Their lack of ingestive experience makes weanlings good subjects for studying the physiological mechanisms subserving anorexic phenomena because learned contributions are unlikely to add significant complications. Twenty‐day‐old rats dehydrated by hypertonic saline injection were anorexic when offered milk or solid food (rat chow), but not when offered sucrose solutions (Experiment I). However, when the scent of almond was associated with sucrose solutions, or with water, intake of these solutions was depressed by dehydration (Experiment II). Thus for dehydrated rats, olfactory stimulation may help produce dehydrationinduced anorexia. Making rats anosmic by intransal lavage with ZnSO4 (Experiment III) eliminated the anorexia to almond‐scented water and partially eliminated that to milk. For these fluids, an odor cue seems a requirement for the occurrence of dehydration‐anorexia. In Experiment IV, we found that dehydration‐anorexia did not occur when milk was infused directly into pups' mouths. This finding suggests that the inhibitory process mediating dehydration‐anorexia influences the approach to food and not the actual consumatory response that occurs once food is in the mouth. The inhibition of feeding produced by dehydration, therefore, may depend largely on olfactory cues, and seems to operate at a distance, as rats locate and approach food.