bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidetector CT-generated virtual bronchoscopy: an illustrated review of the potential clinical indications
Authors: De Wever W. , Vandecaveye V. , Lanciotti S. , Verschakelen J.A. 
Published: April 2004

Multidetector computed tomography-generated virtual bronchoscopy (VB) is a recent technical development that allows visualisation of the lumen and wall of the trachea and proximal part of the bronchial tree. A dynamic image is produced that resembles what is seen with fibreoptic bronchoscopy (FB).Although the technique has not yet reached daily clinical practice and it can never replace FB, performing VB can be useful in well-defined clinical situations.In this paper, the value and limitations of virtual bronchoscopy will be reviewed, to illustrate the potential role of virtual bronchoscopy in the evaluation of trachea and bronchial tree pathology.
Exercise testing in pulmonary arterial hypertension and in chronic heart failure
Authors: Deboeck G. , Niset G. , Lamotte M. , Vachiéry J‐L. , Naeije R. 
Published: April 2004

Exercise capacity is reduced in pulmonary arterial hypertension and in chronic left heart failure, but it is not known whether the cardiopulmonary exercise testing profile is different in the two conditions at the same severity of functional limitation.Nineteen patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and 19 with chronic heart failure underwent a 6‐min walk test and symptom-limited maximal incremental cycle ergometry.The patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure did not differ in New York Heart Association Functional Class (mean±sem 2.8±0.1versus2.8±0.2), 6‐min walking distance (395±30versus419±20 m), peak work-rate, oxygen consumption, ventilation and cardiac frequency. However, patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension exhibited higher dyspnoea scores (5.8±0.6versus3.8±0.5) higher ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide (58±3versus44±3 at the anaerobic threshold) and lower peak oxygen pulse (5.9±0.4versus8.7±0.5 mL·beat−1, or 53±4versus64±4% of the predicted value).It is concluded that the cardiopulmonary exercise testing profile in pulmonary arterial hypertension differs from that in chronic heart failure by showing more dyspnoea at comparable work-rates, related to greater reductions in ventilatory efficiency and stroke volume.
Microbiology of cerumen in patients with recurrent otitis externa and cases with open mastoidectomy cavities
Authors: Pata Yavuz Selim , Öztürk Candan , Akbaş Yücel , Ünal Murat , Görür Kemal , Özcan Cengiz 
Published: April 2004

This study investigated the common flora of human cerumen in patients with recurrent otitis externa, and subjects who had been operated on and had an open mastoidectomy cavity from chronic otitis media.Cerumen samples were collected from three groups; group A (n = 20) consisted of patients with recurrent otitis externa, group B (n = 20) consisted of patients with an open cavity and group C (n = 30) consisted of healthy subjects.The mean of the microbial count was 3.4 × 104 in group A, 3.08 × 104 in group B and 2.48 × 104 in group C. The most commonly isolated microorganism from the three groups was Staphylococcus epidermidis. No growth was observed in five cases (25 per cent) in group A and in three cases (10 per cent) in group C. In groupB antimicrobial growth was observed in all samples. In 46 (65 per cent) of the cerumen samples,the isolates were monomicrobial and 24 (35 per cent) of the cerumen samples were polymicrobial.
The isolates were polymicrobial in 65 per cent of group A, 20 per cent in group B and 23.3 per cent in group C.In the process of investigating the microbial flora of cerumen in all the three groups, microbial growth was observed from all the samples from patients with an open cavity, unlike the other groups, and it was determined that the group with recurrent external otitis had the most abundant microbial flora.
Methoden der interferometrischen Formerfassung nicht-ruhender technischer Oberflächen (Methods for Interferometric Contour Measurement of Non Stationary Technical Surfaces)
Authors: Meixner Andreas , Purde Andreas , Schweizer Hans , Kirilenko Philipp , Riemenschneider Markus , Zeh Thomas , Koch Alexander W. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Die moderne Qualitätsprüfung technischer Oberflächen erfordert zunehmend berührungslose und zerstörungsfreie Messverfahren. Die Triangulation sowie die Weißlichtinterferometrie erfüllen hier die meisten Anforderungen bezüglich Messgenauigkeit. Zur Messung nicht-ruhender Objekte sind diese Verfahren jedoch meist nur begrenzt geeignet. Die Zwei-Wellenlängen-Speckle-Interferometrie bietet eine interessante Alternative für Einsatzgebiete, bei welchen besonders die Messzeit eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. Es wird ein Messsystem vorgestellt, das die simultane Aufzeichnung aller für die interferometrische Formerfassung notwendigen Daten ermöglicht und somit den Einfluss von Bewegungen weitgehend unterdrücken kann. Eine GPU-basierte (GPU = Graphic Processing Unit) Interferogramm-Auswertung ermöglicht eine hohe Messgeschwindigkeit und Messrate.
Selbstüberwachter Stellantrieb mit elektrochemischem Aktor (Self-Monitored Valve-Drive with Electrochemical Actuator)
Authors: Jelondz Dmitri , Horn Michael , Tränkler Hans-Rolf 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Am Beispiel eines Heizkörper-Ventilantriebes wird ein neues Aktor-Sensor-System unter Nutzung eines elektrochemischen Aktors (ECA) und eines induktiven Positionssensors beschrieben. Aufgrund des pneumatischen Wirkprinzips können ECAs große Kräfte bei kleinem Volumen und geringem Energiebedarf lautlos bereitstellen. Über digitale Signalverarbeitung ist das System fähig, sich bei Inbetriebnahme selbst zu kalibrieren, während des Betriebs automatisch zu überwachen und zu rekalibrieren. Durch Kontrolle der wichtigsten Parameter des ECA, wie Ladespannung, Ladestrom und Hub sowie der Kennlinie des Positionssensors, können bevorstehende Ausfälle des Systems rechtzeitig erkannt werden.
Neuartige Regelung eines Coriolis-Massedurchflussmessers (A Novel Control Algorithm for Coriolis Mass Flowmeters)
Authors: Schröder Thorsten , Kolahi Kourosh , Röck Helmut 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Coriolis-Massedurchflussmesser (CMD) zeichnen sich durch eine hohe Messgenauigkeit bei gleichzeitig kleiner Querempfindlichkeit gegenüber den Fluideigenschaften aus. Allerdings zeigt sich unter schwierigen Prozessbedingungen, insbesondere bei CMD mit einem einzigen geraden Messrohr, das Problem einer Änderung von Nullpunkt und Empfindlichkeit. In dieser Arbeit wird ein modellbasierter Ansatz zur On-line-Bestimmung dieser Kenngrößen des CMD vorgestellt. Er basiert auf der Kompensation sowohl der Corioliskräfte als auch der internen Kopplungen des CMD. Zur Realisierung des Kompensationsverfahrens wird eine neuartige Regelung, bestehend aus zwei kaskadierten Reglern, vorgestellt. Der äußere Regelkreis basiert auf einem Zeigerverfahren und einem optimalen Zustandsregler (LQ-Regler) für die Ausgangssignale des CMD. Der innere Kreis regelt die Phasendifferenz zwischen Ein- und Ausgangssignal des 1. Modes des Messrohres, indem die Antriebsfrequenz verstellt wird. Er gewährleistet den Betrieb des CMD in der Eigenfrequenz des 1. Modes.
X-ray reflectivity study of the influence of temperature fluctuations on the density profile of thin liquid films
Authors: Fendt Robert , Sprung Michael , Gutt Christian , Seeck Oliver Hermann , Tolan Metin 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
We report on X-ray reflectivity experiments of thin liquid heptane films. The films were examined using X-ray reflectivity and modelled both as a layered system using the Parratt algorithm and using a ´phase guessing´ inversion method. Our results combined with simulations of films of shrinking thickness show that small temperature instabilities during the investigation can cause artifacts in the electron density profile. These can easily be mistaken for density os cillations near the interface as might be expected for liquid molecules near a hard wall.
On the superstructure of KTiO2(OH)
Authors: Yang Qunbao B. , Wang Peiling L. , Li Yongxiang , Yin Qingrui R. , Werner Per-Erik , Moliterni Anna Grazia Giuseppina , Cheng Yi-Bing 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The superstructure of potassium titanate, KTiO2(OH), prepared by hydrothermal synthesis has been determined from synchrotron powder diffraction data. It is shown that the unit cell of the superstructure is rhombohedral: a = 11.13848 Å, α = 52.7336°. The structure has been determined and refined in space group R3̅c to R
F = 0.074. The distribution of hydrogen atoms as hydroxy groups can be explained from the crystal structure described by the supercell.
J-aggregate structures in crystals of three bisazomethine dyes
Authors: Matsumoto Shinya , Shirai Kazuko , Kobayashi Kimiko , Wada Tatsuo , Shiro Motoo 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The crystal structures of three bisazomethine dyes, which form J-aggregates in vapor-deposited films, were investigated. The characteristic two-dimensional arrangement of molecules proposed for J-aggregates was recognized in crystals of all three dyes. The observation of unusual bond lengths in one of the dyes at 298 K was resolved by a low temperature study, i.e. 93 K, that showed the existance of conformational disorder at the higher temperature.
Self‐monitoring of Blood Glucose
Authors: Skyler Jay S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSelf‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) is an essential tool in the management of diabetes. If properly used, SMBG values are employed by the patient to make immediate treatment decisions. The decisions are based on a predetermined action plan that consists of actions designed to achieve blood glucose values within a given target range. Optimal treatment of diabetes is guided by the knowledge of prevailing blood glucose levels. SMBG is an essential component of any intensive therapy program directed toward achieving meticulous glycemic control. SMBG enables therapeutic goals to be clearly defined and permits assessment of glycemic control during ordinary life, thus being complementary to glycated hemoglobin measurements. SMBG determinations are used on an ongoing basis by patients, to aid in the adjustment of the therapeutic regimen. Optimal use of SMBG requires the goals of treatment to be clearly defined and for patients to be taught proper interpretation of the data. Patients need to learn how to use the data to adjust food intake, exercise, or pharmacological therapy to achieve specific glycemic goals. SMBG is the only practical means of detecting asymptomatic hypoglycemia in the outpatient setting. SMBG may also be used to detect temporal glycemic patterns, so that therapy may be modified in an attempt to prevent hypoglycemia. A great advantage of SMBG is its use in intercurrent illness and other emergency situations, in which SMBG allows objective documentation of acute destabilization of diabetic control. Patients may be provided with a home management plan to use during illness. SMBG may be particularly important in children and adolescents who have wide day‐to‐day variations in activity.Instrumental to the use of SMBG is the choice of blood glucose targets. There should be defined blood glucose targets, individualized for the needs of each patient. Frequency of monitoring depends on the treatment program and varies considerably depending on the clinical situation. Knowledge of preprandial, bedtime, and nocturnal blood glucose concentrations is required to determine the appropriate basal and preprandial insulin doses. The best predictor of compliance with SMBG is the perception of improved control with such monitoring. Record keeping is essential to successful treatment, particularly if one is to consider the impact of previous responses. In response to blood glucose fluctuations, the patient must learn how to take appropriate action, predetermined with the diabetes management team.
Aging and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sinclair Alan J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDiabetes mellitus in older subjects is the commonest metabolic disorder and can have devastating consequences if left unchecked. Apart from the management of vascular complications, diabetes in the elderly requires attention to recognizing the often insidious onset of clinical depression, cognitive impairment, and the need to avoid where possible care home admission and debilitating metabolic decompensation. Specialist care for the vulnerable older adult with diabetes mellitus needs to be enhanced rather than sidelined into generalist care, and requires coordination of diabetes care between health and social services teams. Agreement on the goals of care is mandatory and should involve the patient and carer where appropriate. Geriatric diabetes is an exciting and challenging clinical discipline.
Formation and morphologies of ethylcyanoethyl cellulose/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blending films
Authors: Zhou Xuesong , Huang Yong 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe texture of ethylcyanoethyl cellulose [(ECE)C]/poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)/dichloroacetic acid (DCA) solutions and the morphology of the (ECE)C/PCL blending films were studied by polarizing optical microscope. The critical concentration of the (ECE)C/PCL/DCA solutions, at which the mesophase began to appear, was not influenced by the addition of PCL molecules, and the evolution of the cholesteric texture varied with different contents of PCL in the blends. Spherulites with a ringed extinction pattern in the (ECE)C/PCL blending films were formed below an (ECE)C concentration of 25 wt %. Moreover, the bright band distance of the alternative ringed extinction pattern decreased with increasing (ECE)C concentration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 550–554, 2004
Effective nucleating chemical agents for the crystallization of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Zhang Jialiang 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study focused on the crystallization promotion of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT), with an aim at engineering thermoplastics applications. The effects of organic sodium (Na) salts, including Na stearate, Na benzoate, disodium‐p‐phenolsulfonate (2Na‐p‐PS), disodium‐p‐hydroxybenzoate (2Na‐p‐HB), and the sodium ionomer of poly(ethylene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (Na‐EMAA), were investigated as nucleating chemical agents with differential scanning calorimetry and capillary viscometry. For comparison, the effect of fine talc powder was also examined. The chemical agents were generally more effective than fine talc powder. Na stearate and Na benzoate caused large‐scale decomposition of PTT. 2Na‐p‐PS was quite thermally stable and caused little decomposition. 2Na‐p‐HB was the most efficacious of the nucleating chemical agents and caused mild decomposition. Na‐EMAA was the most thermally stable and induced an increase in melt viscosity. A remarkable improvement in the crystallization rate of PTT was successfully attained at a minimum polymer decomposition cost by the introduction of a suitable amount of 2Na‐p‐PS, 2Na‐p‐HB, or Na‐EMAA or by the concurrent proper incorporation of both of the latter two agents. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 590–601, 2004
The evolution of molecular genetic pathways and networks
Authors: Cork Jennifer M. , Purugganan Michael D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThere is growing interest in the evolutionary dynamics of molecular genetic pathways and networks, and the extent to which the molecular evolution of a gene depends on its position within a pathway or network, as well as over‐all network topology. Investigations on the relationships between network organization, topological architecture and evolutionary dynamics provide intriguing hints as to how networks evolve. Recent studies also suggest that genetic pathway and network structures may influence the action of evolutionary forces, and may play a role in maintaining phenotypic robustness in organisms. BioEssays 26:479–484, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Nature of Intermolecular CuI⋅⋅⋅CuIInteractions: A Combined Theoretical and Structural Database Analysis
Authors: Carvajal M. Angels , Alvarez Santiago , Novoa Juan J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe nature of intermolecular interactions between dicoordinate CuIions is analyzed by means of combined theoretical and structural database studies. Energetically stable CuI⋅⋅⋅CuIinteractions are only found when the two monomers involved in the interaction are neutral or carry opposite charges, thus allowing us to speak of bonding between the components of the bimolecular aggregate. A perturbative evaluation of the components of the intermolecular interaction energies, by means the IMPT scheme of Stone, indicates that both the Coulombic and dispersion forces are important in determining the CuI⋅⋅⋅CuIbonding interactions, because only a small part of that energy is attributable to Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu interactions, while a large component results from Cu⋅⋅⋅ligand interactions. The electrostatic component is the dominant one by far in the interaction between charged monomers, while in the interaction between neutral complexes, the electrostatic component is found to be of the same order of magnitude as the dispersion term. Bimolecular aggregates that have like charges are repulsive by themselves, and their presence in the solid state results from anion⋅⋅⋅cation interactions with ions external to this aggregate. In these cases, the short‐contact Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu interactions here should be more properly called counterion‐mediated Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu bonds.
Surface‐Confined Single Molecules: Assembly and Disassembly of Nanosize Coordination Cages on Gold (111)
Authors: Menozzi Edoardo , Pinalli Roberta , Speets Emiel A. , Ravoo Bart Jan , Dalcanale Enrico , Reinhoudt David N. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA cavitand functionalized with four alkylthioether groups at the lower rim, and four tolylpyridine groups on the upper rim is able to bind to a gold surface by its thioether groups, and forms a coordination cage with [Pd(dppp)(CF3SO3)2] by its pyridine groups. The cavitand or the cage complex can be inserted from solution into a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of 11‐mercaptoundecanol on gold. The inserted molecules can be individually detected as they protrude from the SAM by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The cages can be reversibly assembled and disassembled on the gold surface. AFM can distinguish between single cavitand and cage molecules of 2.5 nm and 5.8 nm height, respectively.
Metallosupramolecular Zippers Generated by Self‐Organization of Self‐Complementary Molecular Clefts
Authors: Barboiu Mihail , Petit Eddy , Vaughan Gavin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe binding of Co2+ and Pb2+ ions to the terpyridine and pyridine subunits of the ligand 1 leads to the self‐complementary molecular clefts 2–6, which result from the crossover combination of orthogonal‐terpyridine and linear‐pyridine metal‐coordination subprograms and are stabilized by strong π–π stacking interactions. Four different cleft‐type entities, [Co2+2(1)2] (3), [Pb2+2(1)2] (4), [Co2+4(1)2] (5), [Pb2+4(1)2] (6), are generated in both solution and the solid state, and may be interconverted as a function of metal/ligand stoichiometry. One‐ and two‐dimensional metallosupramolecular zipper architectures result from self‐assembly in the solid state driven by a combination of different π–π stacking subprograms. The U‐shaped geometry of the ligand influences the possibility of zipping and thus, in turn, the generation of different zipper architectures. The structures of 2–5 have been confirmed by X‐ray crystallography; that of 6 is based on NMR spectral data.
Ionic Liquid Enable Sulfamoylation of Arenes: An Ambient, Expeditious and Regioselective Protocol for Aryl Sulfonamides.
Authors: Naik Prashant U. , Harjani Jitendra R. , Nara Susheel J. , Salunkhe Manikrao M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of γ‐Sultines with Electrophilic Reagents. Part 4. Chlorination of 5‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐3‐phenyl‐1,2‐oxathiolane 2‐Oxide.
Authors: Grigor'ev E. V. , Saginova L. G. , Kleimenova I. Yu. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthesis of 1,2,3,6,7,11b‐Hexahydro‐4H‐pyrimido[6,1‐a]isoquinolin‐4‐ones and 2,3,6,7,12,12b‐Hexahydropyrimido[1′,6′:1,2]pyrido [3,4‐b]indol‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Fisyuk Alexander S. , Mukanov Alexei Yu. , Novikova Elena Yu. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A reliability growth model for modular software
Authors: Okamura Hiroyuki , Kuroki Shingo , Dohi Tadashi , Osaki Shunji 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a probabilistic model for evaluating the reliability of software having modular structure. In particular, it proposes a new reliability‐evaluating model based on the structure of software by integrating the Jelinski–Moranda model, which is the most basic black box model, and the Littlewood model, which is a representative white box model. The performance of the proposed model is compared and studied in reference to the benchmark model of Cheung and the dependency of the architecture and the reliability growth in software reliability evaluation is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(5): 43–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20075
Allele‐specific loss of heterozygosity at the DAL‐1/4.1B (EPB41L3) tumor‐suppressor gene locus in the absence of mutation
Authors: Kittiniyom Kanokwan , Mastronardi Michelle , Roemer Martha , Wells Wendy A. , Greenberg E. Robert , Titus‐Ernstoff Linda , Newsham Irene F 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDAL‐1/4.1B (EPB41L3)is a member of the protein 4.1 superfamily, which encompasses structural proteins that play important roles in membrane processes via interactions with actin, spectrin, and the cytoplasmic domains of integral membrane proteins. DAL‐1/4.1B localizes within chromosomal region 18p11.3, which is affected by loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in various adult tumors. Reintroduction of this protein into DAL‐1/4.1B‐null lung and breast tumor cell lines significantly reduced the number of cells, providing functional evidence that this protein possesses a growth suppressor function not confined to a single cell type. For characterization of the mutational mechanisms responsible for loss of DAL‐1/4.1B function in tumors, the exon–intron structure of DAL‐1/4.1B was examined for mutations in 15 normal/tumor pairs of non–small cell lung carcinoma by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis. These studies revealed that small intragenic mutations are uncommon in DAL‐1/4.1B. Furthermore, LOH analysis on 129 informative early‐stage breast tumors utilizing a new intragenic C/T single‐nucleotide polymorphism in exon 14 revealed that LOH resulted in preferential retention of the C‐containing allele, suggesting that allele‐specific loss is occurring. These studies indicate that mechanisms such as imprinting or monoallelic expression in combination with loss of heterozygosity may be responsible for loss of the DAL‐1/4.1B protein in early breast disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.