bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Road to Extinction Is Paved with Good Intentions
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AROUND half a million years ago a clan of people lived in some of the valleys of northern Spain, close to today’s cathedral city of Burgos. To all intents and purposes they were recognizably human. They were intelligent, tall, and well built: they averaged 1.75 metres in stature, weighed around 95 kilos, had brains of comparable size to ours, lived in social groups, and were probably able to speak. More than 5,000 human fossils belonging to at least 28 individuals have now been recovered in the Sima de losHuesos (the Pit of the Bones), a shaft within a cave in the hills of Atapuerca, and it has been estimated that they represent 90% of all the known human fossils from this period (Figure 3). ow did the bones get there? That is a question that remains cloaked in uncertainty and, like so many of prehistory’s enigmas, wrapped up in controversy. One group of scientists working here believe that the large numbers of human fossils, in the virtual absence of other animal remains except those of cave bears, is proof that this was not a place in which people sheltered and brought the animals that they had hunted. It was, instead, a place where they buried their dead, proof of the complexity of their behaviour and of self-awareness. The discovery, in 1998, of a beautifully-carved hand-axe among the human remains supposedly added weight to the argument as it suggested that this was a special implement that had formed part of the burial ritual. It was the only implement found in the pit and it was made of a red quartzite rock unknown in the caves of the area. The discoverers called it Excalibur. To me the logic behind the claim reveals the extent to which some scientists are prepared to romanticize and delude themselves, when all they have are glimpses of what must have been a complex past.
If Only ...
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN I first got involved with our origins back in 1989, the gospel went something like this: anatomically modern humans, our ancestors, descended from a common ancestor— ‘mitochondrial Eve’—who had lived 200 thousand years ago in tropical Africa. They emerged from this home and conquered the world. It was beyond question that these moderns had replaced each and every other population of human on the planet as they swept across the land. To even consider the merits of the alternative, multiregional, model made you an instant heretic. Different versions tried to explain how the replacement happened. In its most extreme edition the story was fairly recently described as ‘the modern human race’s first and most successful deliberate campaign of genocide’. This may make great headline material but where is the evidence of such genocide? There is none, just as there is no evidence of any kind of Ancestor competitive superiority over any other people that they came across. We saw in Chapter 3 how Neanderthals and proto-Ancestors were both present in the Middle East at a similar time even though we could not be certain that they had met. What we do know is that the proto-Ancestors disappeared and the Neanderthals remained and that, in itself, should raise some alarm bells regarding their predicted superiority. Could this presumption of superiority be wrong The idea of a single origin of the Ancestors is not new. It dates to the 1950s and was revived in the 1970s under the term ‘Noah’s Ark’ hypothesis.
Ilion between Greece and Rome
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 190 Be the Romans were about to pursue the defeated Antio-chos into Asia. C. Livius Salinator was taking the fleet to the Hellespont to prepare for the crossing of the land army under the command of the Scipio brothers. Landing at the so-called ‘Har-bour of the Achaians’ he ,vent to Ilion, where he offered sacrifice to Athena llias. This is the first recorded visit of a Roman to the ancestral home. Shortly afterwards the consul, L. Scipio, arriving with the army, also sacrificed to the goddess.
Understanding the Roman Nude
Authors: Hallett Christopher H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to this book I noted that Roman nude portraits have in the past received surprisingly little attention. I also quoted a few choice descriptions of these works from earlier scholarship, in order to illustrate the strong antipathy generally felt towards these images by art historians. But the feeling that these portrait statues are somehow ‘problematic’, or ‘incongruous’, is not confined to specialists; it is experienced by expert and layman alike. To conclude the present study I would like to pose the question: ‘Why do these Roman nude portraits elicit such a powerful negative response from most modern viewers?’ As we shall see, these works violate some of modern western culture’s most deeply held beliefs of what is and what is not permissable in art—and especially in portraiture.
Maps, Gaps, and Traps
Authors: Gulick Robert Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The explanatory gap metaphor occurs so often in the recent discussion of consciousness that we might easily lose sight of its metaphoric status, but we would be unwise to do so. Indeed, we would do well to step back and reflect a little about what points of view might lie behind it. The problem has been with us longer than the label. The problematic link between subjective mind and objective physical world has been front and centre stage since at least 1974, when Thomas Nagel famously asked us to imagine what it’s like to be a bat as a means of illustrating the subjective/ objective gulf. Nagel (1974) wrote, ‘At the present time the status of physical ism is similar to that which the hypothesis that matter is energy would have if uttered by a Presocratic philosopher.
Moments of Creation: Pregnancy and Parturition as Cosmological Idiom
Authors: Little Wood Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An explicit parallel between the human body and the religious cosmos is commonplace in the findings of comparative religion. Dreaming, excretion, pain, and bodily movement, for instance, have long been argued to make possible quite specific local categories as well as more general understandings of creation, causality and space, illness and agency.1 Without attributing ontological or epistemological primacy either to the biological body, or to the cosmic or social order, to bodily experience or to cultural practice, we can certainly note the individual deployment of novel idioms to figure the cosmic world which may, for instance, draw on
Structure and Process in the Corporate Village
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patterns of daily life outlined in Ch. 1 are embedded in the durable social procedures described in this chapter. Despite the many similarities between Pellaport and other villages on the Plateau of Levier, there are significant differences among neighbouring villages. A historical perspective shows that village organization has changed, sometimes slowly, sometimes abruptly. This spatial and temporal variation raises interesting theoretical issues about the construction of social life. The British anthropologist Radcliffe-Brown argued the activities of individuals could be generalized as customs, and that customs were connected by the structure of social relations. Radcliffe-Brown hoped to demonstrate the scientific character of anthropology through the discovery of sociological laws predicting how customs would be related.
Agency and Structuration in the Evolution of Co-operation
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns to the issues posed by the variable social organization of villages on the Plateau of Levier that were identified in Ch. 2 and discusses them in the light of the ideas developed in Chs. 3 to 6. It will try to identify the processes that guide the historical trajectory of a social system, to explain why villages on the plateau, in common with many other villages in the region of the Alps, have retained a more highly corporate structure and a denser web of interpersonal relations than have characterized English villages over the last two hundred years. Examples will be given of the way in which strategies drawn from the cultural repertoire have been implemented to cope with changing economic and social conditions.
On Generation and Corruption I. 2
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This second chapter of GC has been widely discussed as evidence for the nature and inferential basis of Democritean atomism, and, not infrequently, for Aristotle’s own response to Democritus’ argument. Much less has been said about the chapter’s overall strategy. At the risk of seeming to perpetuate this imbalance, I shall read the chapter from the centre outwards. I aim to establish just how Democritus’ argument is presented and criticized, before moving on to Aristotle’s broader goals. Unlike the majority of earlier discussions, mine will not be concerned with the question whether authentically Democritean material can be recovered from the chapter. However, my findings would, if accepted, have significant consequences for those asking that question.
Simple Genesis and Prime Matter
Authors: Charles David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of 1 3. 319a29-h5 Aristotle asks a series of questions. I shall begin with a translation, which is, at some points, controversial.1Someone may ask: is that which is not (without qualification) one of the contraries: e.g. earth or the heavy, while the other contrary (e.g. fire or the light) is what is’? Or is it rather that earth is also a case of being, while the matter of earth and fire are both alike what is not? Further, is the matter of each of these two different, for otherwise they would not come to be out of one another or out of contraries (for the contraries belong to fire, earth, water, and air)? Or is the matter of each of these in some way the same, and in another way different: for the thing, whatever it is, that underlies is the same, although it is not the same in being. That is enough on these topics.
A Note on Aristotle on Mixture
Authors: Cooper John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Aristotle mixtures are homoeomerous or ‘like-parted’ stuffs, and their ingredients are physically more basic like-parted stuffs. According to his account of the nature and composition of flesh, for example, any quantity of flesh is divisible indefinitely into parts that have the same nature as each other and as any expanse of flesh of which they are parts. Further, flesh and all the other naturally occurring mixtures are composed of all the simple bodies (fire, air, water, and earth), and each of these ingredients is similarly like-parted. When the right proportions of some quantities of fire, air, water, and earth are combined to form some flesh, he tells us, each of these acts on and is acted upon by the others so that their differences in terms of what are for him the basic elements, namely the fundamental opposed material qualities of hot and cold, wet and dry, are brought into a specific unity characteristic of flesh, in particular.
Against Equality of Opportunity
Authors: Cavanagh Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Against Equality of Opportunity deals with the ways in which opportunities - education, jobs and other things which affect how people get on in life - are distributed. Take jobs: should the best person always get the job? Or should everyone be given an equal 'life chance'? Or can we somehow combine these two ideas, saying that the best person should always get the job, but that everyone should have an equal chance to become the best? These seem to be the standard views, but this book argues that they are all flawed. We need to understand meritocracy for what it is - a technical rather than a moral ideal; and we need to accept that equality just isn't something we should be striving for at all in this area. We also need to rethink our approach to the related issue of discrimination. We tend to assume discrimination is wrong because it violates either meritocracy or equality, when in fact it is wrong for quite different reasons. In all these areas, then, Cavanagh aims to loosen the grip of established ways of thinking, in order that other ideas might find room to breathe. This is particularly important in the case of meritocracy, which after the recent conversion of the centre-left now dominates the debate more than ever. This book will be of interest to students and teachers of political philosophy, but ultimately it is aimed at anyone who cares about the fundamental values that lie behind the way society is organized. Though the argument is rigorous, it does not require a professional philosophical training to follow it.
Discrimination
Authors: Cavanagh Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of Part 2 I suggested that while we often say that everyone should have an equal chance of getting a job, we might only mean that their chances shouldn’t depend on other people’s prejudices; in other words, we might only mean that they shouldn’t be discriminated against on the basis of things like race1 or sex. I pointed out that as an idea this is really quite different to that of equal chances; and therefore that we should try to keep the two ideas separate. But I also noted that keeping these ideas separate raises the question of what exactly is wrong with discriminating against people on the basis of things like race or sex, if not that it leaves them with unequal chances. The question of what exactly is wrong with discriminating against people on the basis of things like race or sex might seem like the kind of question only a philosopher would ask. Isn’t it enough that we know discrimination is wrong, never mind exactly why? I don’t think so. For one thing, there are different ways of discriminating on the basis of race or sex-different reasons why people do this. Some of these ways might be obviously wrong, others less so. Consider, for example, the kind of case where an employer discriminates against women not because he doesn’t like them, but because he genuinely thinks they tend to be less good at the job. Is this wrong? And if so, is it wrong in exactly the same way as it would be wrong for him to discriminate against women because he didn’t like them? We will have no way of answering such questions unless we have already thought about the ‘obvious’ question of why it is wrong to discriminate against certain kinds of people simply because you don’t like them.
Islands and Form-Identity
Authors: Merchant Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having established that sluicing involves a CP and a null IP, I turn now to documenting a wide range of data that bears on the dual questions of where the wh-phrase in SpecCP has its origin site, and, concomitantly, how the null IP comes to be null. This chapter sets the stage for the discussion to come in Chapters 4 and 5 by defining the central novel puzzle of this book: I will present a body of evidence that suggests that the wh-phrase does not come to occupy SpecCP via movement, and an apparently contradictory body of evidence that suggests that the wh-phrase has moved from an origin site internal to the null IP. This evidence can be summarized as follows: sluicing appears not to respect islands, while the wh-phrase remnant in sluicing displays a language-specific regularity in grammatical form. The theoretical import of these empirical findings will be examined in detail in the following two chapters.
The Blowpipe Indians: Variations on the Theme of Blowpipe and Tube among the Yagua Indians of the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Chaumeil Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty years ago, Peter Rivière (1969b) published an essay comparing two specialized objects, the blowpipe and the hair tube, found in several indigenous cultures of southern Guyana and northern Brazil, a region divided into savannah and forest. He observed that groups located in the north of this region possessed blowpipes but no hair tubes, while those in the south had hair tubes but no blowpipes. He showed that the complementary distribution of these two tubular objects reflected not so much the history or the mode of subsistence of these groups, but, rather, a broader set of ideas contained in their myths. Moreover, he proposed that the hollow tubes found in this cultural area should be interpreted as energy ‘transformers’ (they transform untamed, dangerous energy into controlled, socialized energy). According to this interpretation, the hollow tube is one of the means imagined by southern Guyana and northern Brazil indigenous societies to conceptualize dynamically the relationship between nature and culture.
Piercing Distinctions: Making and Remaking the Social Contract in the North-West Amazon
Authors: Chernela Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an essay written in honour of his mentor, Peter Rivi ère recalls Evans-Pritchard’s definition of Nuer boundaries as the area beyond which feud becomes warfare (Rivi ère 1971a: 306; Evans-Pritchard 1940). The delineation brings into relief an essential fault line —the limit of moral commitment, beyond which there is no recourse to dispute. Nothing, that is, but warfare itself.
Finding One’s Body: Relationships between Cosmology and Work in North-West Amazonia
Authors: Griffiths Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ethnology of indigenous Amazonian societies the theme of human work has normally been dealt with as part of the ethnographic analysis of the gendered division of labour in the domestic economy. The resulting literature has generated considerable discussion about how gendered work roles determine the relative status of women and men in Amerindian societies. As well as investigating gender issues relating to human labour, Amazonian anthropologists have explored the importance of cultural attitudes towards work in social organization, leadership, and political economy. Numerous studies evaluate the efficiency of labour in providing nutritional and material needs. Some monographs also include indigenous ideas about work as a lexical category encompassing specific types of activity and excluding others.
Conscious Awareness of Intention and of Action
Authors: Haggard Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This conversation offers a good example of the problem of ‘efferent binding’. Efferent binding refers to the process of associating intentions with the actions or physical effects that they produce. Pooh cannot bind the physical action of shouting to his intention to shout. In this case, he is right to do so, because the shout was Piglet’s rather than his own, and he detects a mismatch. But normally, efferent binding proceeds straightforwardly and unconsciously: we have no difficulty in discriminating things we did from things we did not do. In this case it breaks down because an action occurred which might plausibly have been caused by Pooh’s intention, but in fact was not. Interestingly, the failure of efferent binding is worrying for Pooh, and appears to threaten the stability of his sense of self.
The Development of Young Children’s Action Control and Awareness
Authors: Frye Douglas , David Zelazo Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first half-dozen years of life, there are regular-and often remarkable-changes in children’s ability to control their own actions (see Zelazo et al., 1997, for a review). For example, consider the familiar game of ‘Simon Says’, in which players must listen to commands to perform simple actions but are required to carry out only those commands that are preceded by the phrase ‘Simon says’. Young children have a particularly difficult time complying with these instructions even though they seem to understand them. Usually, they perform all of the actions, including those they should ignore. Indeed, 4-year-olds may err on almost every occasion, and consistent success is typically only achieved by children several years older (Strommen, 1973).
The Development of Self-Consciousness
Authors: Lewis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of agency implies an active organism, one who desires, one who makes plans, carries out actions, and compares their actions to their desires. Such a concept of agency requires consciousness. There is little question that in adults, such conscious processes exist. The question is, from a developmental perspective when do they arise? In our work on the development of self-awareness, we have developed measures which are related to this concept. They include self-recognition, personal pronoun usage (me and mine), and pretend play.
Peter Kropotkin
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.’ This maxim of social responsibility was first enunciated by Louis Blanc in 1839 and was taken up by Karl Marx in 1875. Neither of them thought it necessary to provide a theoretical grow1d for the principle of distribution according to need. They were concerned with the practical polemics of social reformers, not with abstract philosophy. Louis Blanc’s formulation arose from his criticism of Saint-Simon, who advocated, as socialist doctrine, the desert principle that the pay of workers should match the value of their contribution. Blanc thought that justice required instead ‘the law written by God’ in the human constitution:‘ à chacun selon ses besoins, de charnn selon ses faculté s’;but he did not explain why the following of needs rather than desert is the God-given law of human nature. Karl Marx’s repetition of the maxim occurs, again as if obvious, in a passage where he distinguishes between a first and an eventual ‘higher’ phase of communism. If and when the latter is attained, ‘only then can the narrow horizon of bourgeois right be crossed in its entirety and society inscribe on its banners: “From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!”‘
Zeal conquers all
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three decades of Nicholas’s rule came to be regarded as a particularly dark period of Russian history. But even at its worst, in the last seven years of his life, most Russians accepted his way of doing things as quite appropriate for Russia. Strong tsars had always been preferred to weak tsars, and the state of the Empire was such that intensification of the autocratic system seemed just as viable a way forward as any other. But Nicholas, despite an almost maniacal attachment to the idea of duty and zeal, was only human; he insisted on having a finger in every pie but had only ten fingers like everybody else. Even if he had been adequately educated, he would have been unable to cope with the regimental-style system of rule which he evolved.
Russia in Asia
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helped by its location on a river network, Muscovy had expanded over centuries. Under Peter the Great the growth continued, mainly in the north and west, and under Catherine it was towards the Black Sea. Because of the lack of natural frontiers, there was always an urge to expand one more stage, so as better to protect the most recently conquered zone. Alexander I had thought it necessary to conquer barren Finland from the Swedes simply to help protect St Petersburg.