bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Concise Atlas of Time Use: Twenty Countries, Thirty-three Years’ Change
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can now settle to the discussion of some more of the detail of the time use information in the multinational dataset. There is a mass of this detail to be summarized, and the analogy with the atlas is instructive: map makers must identify the most salient features of the landscape and simplify them. In this chapter we shall employ various different techniques to reduce the scale and simplify the dimensionality of our data. What follows should be viewed, as a concise atlas is, as no more than a partial guide to the real terrain. The tables and figures will also serve as an entry point for those who intend to make use of the survey data files.
Children and Intra-Household Inequality: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Kanbur Ravi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of intra-household inequality has received increasing attention over the past decade. A number of authors (e.g. Sen 1984) have argued that resources within the household are not distributed according to need, and this has led to attempts by others to model intra-household allocative behaviour (see e.g. the discussion in the recent survey by Behrman and Deolalikar, 1989). The question of what happens to intra-household inequality when total household resources increase has been raised by Haddad and Kanbur (1990c). They argue, on the basis of empirical evidence on calorie adequacy from the Philippines, that as households become better off intra-household inequality first increases and then decreases; in other words, there appears to be an intra-household Kuznets curve. The behaviour of intra-household inequality as the household becomes better off is clearly important for policy, since interventions are often restricted to the household level while the objective is to improve the welfare of the least well-off individuals. It is also important as a reduced-form test of alternative models of intra-household allocation.
Cointegration
Authors: Forni Mario , Lippi Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
9.1.1. As another important application of our method let us consider the problem of whether micro cointegration implies macro cointegration. We do not want to deal with the problem at a high level of generality. However, the reader will be easily convinced that our results, obtained in the two variable case, can be extended to any number of variables. whose denominators have no roots inside or on the unit circle. This means that (9.1) may be thought of as the result of pre multiplication by the autoregressive matrix.
State Intervention through Fiscal Policy
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Keynesian tradition has emphasised fiscal policy as the primary instrument of State intervention. Monetary policy, as Keynesians like Mrs Robinson were wont to argue (Robinson and Eatwell 1974), does not necessarily act in an effective manner, at any rate in an expansionary direction if not in a contractionary direction, but fiscal policy which directly impinges on the expenditure flows, provides a surer means of influencing the level of activity in the economy. Keynes himself had not remained content with underscoring the benefits of monetary expansion during the slump, but had urged the State to undertake a public works policy, ‘digging holes and filling them up’ if necessary, financed by budget deficits; it is this advocacy in a sense which constituted the differemia specificaofKeynesianism in the realm of policy.The more radical of Keynes’s followers, struck by the futility of ‘digging holes and filling them up’ and by the dangers of piling up armaments which would fulfil the same function of boosting demand, went on to argue: the need for welfare expend iture, an argument which dominated the intellectual discourse in economics for a whole generation.
Accumulation and Unequal Interdependence: A Fuller Discussion
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we assumed that the backward economy was producing only the primary commodity. The advanced economy’s interest lay entirely in its role as a supplier of that commodity. But of course the backward economy also produces some manufactured goods which are consumed within it or even outside. This gives the capitalists in the advanced economy a second kind of interest in the backward economy, as a potential market: to the extent that the manufactured goods produced by them can supplant those pro duced within the backward economy, they can enjoy a larger market than would have been possible otherwise. In the current chapter we incorporate this aspect of their relationship, which is logically quite distinct from the other aspect we had looked at earlier.
Beveridge meets Bismarck: Echo, Effects, and Evaluation of the Beveridge Report in Germany
Authors: Gründger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On his first visit to Germany in 1890, William Beveridge was too young to meet Prince Bismarck personally (Beveridge 1954: 30). On his second visit, in 1907, he was too late (ibid.: 55f.). He was not too late, however, to meet the spirit of this conservative revolutionist and to pay tribute to the heritage he had left in the form of the German social insurance. Meanwhile, Beveridge himself had become an expert and committed social security theorist. His study trip led him to intensive talks with the Reich Insurance Authority, the Reich Statistical Office and the Reich Ministry of the Interior. Besides Berlin he visited Nuremberg, Cologne, Munich and Frankfurt-on-Main (Harris 1977: 135).
Enterprise Autonomy and Incentives
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One objective of economtc reform in China since 1979 has been to increase the degree of autonomy of the enterprises in making decisions. Under the planning system the enterprise was, in principle, given instructions by the planning apparatus in respect of all aspects of production and sales. Since 1979 these constraints have been relaxed, and Chapter 1 documents this process from official Chinese sources. The purpose of Section 2 of this chapter is to describe the evolution of greater autonomy over time, differentiated by sector, location, and other characteristics of the enterprise. This is done by analysing the quantitative data provided by the enterprises for the period since 1980.
Employment and Wages
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we turn our attention to incentives for the labour force. Three areas are explored. The first is the relationship between the contribution of the workers to the value added of the firm, and the wage that they may expect to receive. ‘Wages ‘ are defined here to include not only time-wages, but also piece-work wages, bonuses related to cost reduction, and payments in kind (represented by the current cost of welfare provision, such as housing, health, and pensions). The expectation is that we would expect output and worker rewards to be more closely related as the reforms developed.
Flow of Funds Analysis
Authors: Hay Donald , Morris Derek , Liu, Guy , Yao Shujie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous empirical chapters have looked at the employment, production, and profit elements of the behaviour and performance of large Chinese state-owned enterprises. In order to complete the picture of their economic activities we now need to explore their financing and investment. In simple schematic terms we may think of labour, which we have examined, combining with existing capital stock to generate output, as indicated by our production function analysis, generating profits. The determinants of retained profit have also been explored, mainly in terms of overall profit and capital requirements. In this chapter and the next two we look at external sources of finance, the determinants of investment expenditure on new capital equipment and their interrelation with each other, and with internal financial flows. This then provides a basis for constructing a fully integrated model of the behaviour of such enterprises.
Innovation and the Sectoral Sources of UK Productivity Growth*
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Identifying the sources of productivity growth is a popular pastime that combines interesting intellectual challenges with pressing topicality. To the extent that innovation is the engine that drives increases in productivity, then many of the interesting questions about the sources of productivity growth are likely to centre on the generation and application of new information by agents in the economy. Identifying the sectoral origins of productivity-enhancing innovations raises several further questions. Some sectors are more innovative than others, and it is of interest to ask whether this translates into a rate of productivity growth in these sectors that is sufficiently high to account for much of the aggregate productivity-growth performance that one observes. More subtly, one might ask whether the innovations produced in these sectors also have a significant impact on productivity growth in other sectors.
Some Reflections
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The substance of this book is the seven individual studies contained in Chapters 3—9. They represent a slightly unsystematic and definitely incomplete exploration of the relationship between innovation, market structure, and corporate performance. Although these studies have some value taken individually, the premiss underlying this book is that they also have some value when considered as a group. My goal in this chapter is to provide some substance for this assertion. In particular, I should like to close the volume with some personal and slightly speculative reflections stimulated by the various results reported earlier. I shall group these under five headings: the relationship between competition and innovation; the relationship between corporate performance and innovation; spillovers and the interindustry flow of knowledge; and policy implications.
Introduction
Authors: Sargent Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989 the problem of ‘transition dynamics’ forced itself on economists and statesmen. Two generations of work on economic dynamics within parallel traditions in game theory, macroeconomics, and general equilibrium theory have given us theories of dynamics that have their best chance of applying when people are in recurrent situations that they have experienced often before. In Eastern Europe the transition is not like that: people there are confronted with unprecedented opportunities, new and ill-defined rules, and a daily struggle to determine the ‘mechanism’ that will eventually govern trade and production. Economists who dispense advice about governmental strategies to enable transitions to a market economy can do so with ample help from ‘equilibrium theories’ describing how to expect a system to operate after it has fully adjusted to a new and coherent set of rules and expectations, but with virtually no theories about the transition itself. We might have prejudices and anecdotes to guide our preferences among transition strategies, but no empirically confirmed formal theories.
Continuous Distillation and the Coffey Still
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before 1830 the most widely used distilling vessel was the pot still. The pot still’s great virtue was that it produced a full-flavoured spirit, but it also had several weaknesses. As a discontinuous process the still had to be filled, distilled, emptied, and recharged, which delayed the rest of the production process, limiting economies of scale from larger maltings, mash tuns, and fermenting backs. The first distillation produced a weak concentration of alcohol and a second or even third distillation was needed to raise the alcoholic strength. Recharging and inadequate concentration raised the cost of fuel and labour. Securing a proper fractionation of the spirit, so that the final product did not contain too large a proportion of secondary constituents, was difficult. When poor-quality raw materials were used, inadequate concentration and fractionation left the spirit tainted by their flavour. The pot still was heated by fire, and raising the contents to boiling-point was a slow process. Wear and tear from repeated heating and cooling were high, as was the danger of spoiling the spirit by charring the solid matter in the wash. It was these limitations that continuous distillation sought to overcome, and because the principle of distillation—that the boiling-point of alcohol was lower than that of water—was widely understood, the problem was how to turn principle into efficient practice.
The Capitalist and the Chemist Yeast-making and Marketing, 1881–1914
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1881 Dr W. S. Squire, a consultant chemical engineer, approached DCL with a new process for making yeast suitable for baking. The following month he made a preliminary offer ‘with the object, if his experiments were successful, of afterwards making a contract for the Company’s yeast in whole or in part’.1 In December, before the experiments had even begun, DCL signed a ten-year agreement with him for the manufacture of yeast for domestic purposes. Sales were to begin on 1 May 1882 and Squire was to receive 25 per cent of the profits from yeast after expenses. Thus began the relationship between Squire and DCL, between chemist and capitalist, which marked the tentative beginnings of a scientific approach to fermentation and the foundation of a vitally important source of revenue for DCL.
‘The Beginning of Bigger Things’, 1915–1918
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ironically, at the very moment Scotch Whisky Brands was formed, anti-drink measures were limiting competition much more effectively than the blenders could ever do. This was particularly true of the Immature Spirits (Restrictions) Act, passed on 19 May 1915, which made it compulsory to keep spirit in bond for two years, a limitation extended to three years in May 1916.1 Compulsory bonding had been rejected by two official inquiries. In 1890/1 the Select Committee on British and Foreign Spirits thought it would ‘harass the trade’ and was unnecessary because the increased value of mature spirit outweighed the cost of storage, giving the trade an incentive to supply a mature product. The Royal Commission on Whiskey of 1908/9 viewed bonding as a public health issue, but felt there was insufficient medical evidence to justify compulsion. It recognized that compulsory bonding would raise the price of spirits, possibly damaging the export trade, and believed there were practical difficulties in devising equitable arrangements for other types of spirit which did not require maturation, particularly gin. The Royal Commission also felt consumer choice would reward merchants who provided mature whisky.3 This assumed the public could discriminate between whiskies of different maturities and that some sections of the trade would not find it quite as profitable to sell raw spirit.
The Making of an Amalgamation
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The meeting on 17 November had a different outcome, because James Stevenson proposed that the Haig & Haig problem could be solved if the much larger question of amalgamation was finally tackled. A single firm would find it easier to decide which brands to promote and which to withdraw. Marketing was thus the dominant consideration. Although all agreed amalgamation was the ideal solution, two issues were fiercely contested: the choice (and location) of the holding company and the valuation of the firms. For the Big Three finance was the more important issue, but the choice of holding company embraced wider questions about the future of the Scottish economy. Buchanan-Dewar and Walker were English-registered companies, while DCL was Scottish, with its head office in Edinburgh. If one of the blenders became the holding company, and Buchanan-Dewar was the only real candidate, the amalgamation would contribute to the southward drift of industrial ownership and expand the influence of the London capital market over Scottish industry. National sentiment and business instinct conflicted. These issues were resolved by mid-February 1925, only to be followed by the threat of a legal challenge to the amalgamation and a row over compensation for Walker’s directors. For a time it seemed as if the amalgamation might not proceed. The press saw the amalgamation as inevitable. For the men who made the merger, this was far from true. At no time was the outcome certain, and this deflected their thoughts from the future management of what, by 1930, would be the sixth largest firm in British manufacturing industry.1 The men who made the merger were W. H. Ross (aged 62) for DCL, Lord Forteviot (68), A. J. Cameron (55), Peter Dewar (54) and William Harrison (63) for Buchanan-Dewar, and Sir Alexander Walker (55) and Lord Stevenson (51) for John Walker & Sons.
The Great Dictator? DCL and Industrial Alcohol, 1918–1945
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even at the end of 1930s power alcohol accounted for less than a third of the demand for industrial spirit. The other markets were many and varied: the May Committee listed fifty-six different uses and this was not exhaustive. Some, like the preparation of incandescent mantles and felt hats, belonged to the technology and fashion of an age that had passed, or was passing, and held out no prospect for long-term growth. That was not true of the use of alcohol in paints and lacquers for car bodies, or in the manufacture of artificial fibres and electrical cables: motor vehicles, man-made fibres, and electrical engineering were among the new industries of inter—war Britain catering for a rising standard of living and a buoyant consumer demand. Above all, it was not true of the expanding organic chemical industry, whose demand for alcohol, both as a solvent and an intermediate, made the 1930s ‘the golden age of fermentation alcohol’.
The Dual Structure of the Japanese Economy
Authors: Odaka Konosuke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “dual structure” refers to an economy where (1) large-scale firms based on imported foreign technology (production technology, production control, and product design), engaged in capitalistic management based on bureaucratic and rationalized organization, coexist with small-and-medium scale businesses based on traditional technology, engaged in family-communitarian management. The “rationalization” of the former system implies adopting computable accounting as the stand ard (Weber 1927: 275-8). In principle, it eliminates private “connections” and/or family relations as factors in business transactions.
Japanese Empire and Colonial Management
Authors: Yamamoto Yuzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Japanese colonialism has been the subject of numerous academic works, many have been ideologically inspired writings based on Hobbesian-Leninist theories of imperialism, containing little in the way of empirical research. Aside from such ideological biases, there are essentially two problems with the existing literature. First, previous works generally place too much focus on the specifics of the two major colonies of Korea and Taiwan, and consequently fail to grasp the overall structure of the Japanese colonial empire. Second, existing works fail to compare the economic structures and strategies of the various colonies, merely discussing the relationship of each colony to Japan proper in isolation from one another (Yamamoto 1992).
The Beginnings of High-speed Growth
Authors: Kosa Yutaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years 1945-55 are usually called the “economic recovery period.” This section summarizes the macroeconomic characteristics of this ten-year span. First, the postwar economy posted high growth rates of 9.2 percent for the period of 1946-55, and 11.0 percent for 1955-70 (long-term backward estimates) (Table 10.1). The difference between the two periods was less in the growth rates than in the qualitative aspects of economic activity.
Global Agro-Food Complexes and the Refashioning of Rural Europe
Authors: Whatmore Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The industrialization of agriculture in the post-war period has undermined its image as the mainstay of a traditional rural world in advanced industrial countries. At the same time, counter urbanization and a rural shift in secondary and tertiary employment against a steady decline in primary livelihoods has produced a dramatic, if uneven, reshaping of rural social and economic relations centred on the consumption of rurality as aesthetic and environmental capital for tourism, residence, and recreation (Cloke and Goodwin 1992). This dissociation of rural and agricultural space has produced a conceptual hiatus in research with the category rural repeatedly being declared theoretically redundant (Marsden et al. 1990). Critical research which has sought to engage with the theoretical projects of political economy and regulation theory has become increasingly bifurcated, with agriculture being reconceived in terms of a globally integrated industrial food complex (Friedland 1991), while those concerned with the restructuring of rural society have largely redefined their focus as the ‘non agricultural fractions (of capital]’ (Cloke 1989: 179).
Local and Regional Broadcasting in the New Media Order
Authors: Robins Kevin , Cornford James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To consider the media is to simultaneously raise questions of economics—production, distribution, and consumption—and questions of culture—meanings, identities, and ways of life. In the present period, both the media industries and media cultures are undergoing complex, and sometimes contradictory, processes of globalization. In this chapter, we trace out some of the consequences and implications of these processes for localities and regions. Using the example of place-based media policies and strategies in Britain, we are concerned to show how places are being forced to reconfigure and reimagine themselves in the context of the emerging global media order.
Global-Local Social Conflicts: Examples from Southern Europe
Authors: Hadjimichalis Costis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few years ago it may have sounded anachronistic, not so radical (or Marxist) or even wrong, to insert notions such as place and local into the analysis of the uneven geography of capitalist development. On the one hand there was the tradition of community studies and that of places for ‘their own sake’ which justified mistrust and criticism. On the other, the preoccupation of most radical and Marxist studies with structural or systemic processes of accumulation, and a focus on ‘wider systems’, reduced places and localities to simple arenas of production and reproduction.
Holding Down the Global
Authors: Amin Ash , Thrift Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book’s chief concern has been with the territorial dimensions of globalization. Most particularly, its theme has been the apparent reassertion of the importance of territory that has run in parallel with globalization. Yet, what is clear is that in the several literatures concerned with this theme there is considerable confusion over what is the precise role of territory in globalization. This book has offered one solution to this dilemma through identifying the role of territory with the process of institutionalization, that is with the way in which local initiatives structure responses to processes of globalization and themselves become a part of processes of globalization. The chapters in this book have identified a number of different aspects of this thesis through the consideration of examples as diverse as the north-east of England, central Italy, eastern Germany, and the Swiss Jura.