bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: Regional variations in the corpus callosum and cortical gray matter
Authors: Degaonkar Mahaveer N. , Pomper Martin G. , Barker Peter B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate regional variations of metabolite concentrations in normal adult brain cortical gray matter regions, and the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI).Materials and MethodsQuantitative, multislice proton MRSI (TR/TE = 2000/280 msec) was performed in 12 normal human volunteers (age = 39 ± 6 years, 7 male). Metabolite concentrations in selected cortical gray matter regions and the corpus callosum were estimated using the phantom replacement methodology.ResultsFrontal and parietal gray matter (PGM) showed strong differences in choline‐containing compound (Cho) concentrations; in particular, Cho was higher in mesial frontal gray matter than in both dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P < 0.0005) and PGM (P < 0.004). In contrast, both N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) and creatine (Cr) were relatively uniformly distributed in the cortical gray matter regions evaluated. Significant metabolic differences were found between the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Cho concentrations were significantly higher in genu than splenium (P < 0.005), while Cr was lower (P < 0.004). NAA showed a trend to be higher in the splenium than the genu (P = 0.05).ConclusionMetabolite concentrations, particularly Cho, showed strong regional variations both within cortical gray matter regions and between the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Mesial frontal regions showed the highest Cho signals. Differences in spectra presumably reflect underlying changes in structure and cellular composition. Normal spectral variations should always be considered when evaluating pathology within those brain regions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;22:175–179. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA by in situ hybridization in oral mucosa epithelial cells from anti‐HIV‐1 positive patients
Authors: Rodríguez‐Iñigo Elena , Jiménez Esther , Bartolomé Javier , Ortiz‐Movilla Nuria , Bartolomé Villar Begoña , José Arrieta Juan , Manzarbeitia Felix , Carreño Vicente 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSeveral in vitro studies have shown that HIV‐1 can infect CD4 negative epithelial cells of different origin including normal human oral keratinocytes, but whether this infection of mucosal epithelial cells occurs in vivo is still unclear. In this report, the presence and cell types infected by HIV‐1 in paraffin embedded oral mucosa biopsies from 17 anti‐HIV‐1 positive patients have been examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. As controls, oral mucosa biopsies from eight patients without HIV‐1 infection markers were also analyzed. The results showed that 8 out of the 17 anti‐HIV‐1 positive patients had HIV‐1 RNA detectable in plasma. Positive hybridization signals were observed in the mucosa biopsies from 14 of the 17 anti‐HIV‐1 patients (82.3%). The mean percentage of cells showing HIV‐1 RNA was 2.64% ± 1.77% (range: 1% to 5.5%). No differences in the mean percentage of HIV‐1 infected cells were found between patients with and without HIV‐1 RNA in plasma (3.01% ± 1.57% vs. 3.4% ± 1.27% respectively), or between untreated patients and patients under antiretroviral therapy (2.83% ± 1.63% vs. 3.42% ± 1.29% respectively). Immunohistochemical detection of S‐100 antigen, cytokeratin and CD4 showed that hybridization signals appeared in cytokeratin positive cells and CD4 positive cells but not in S‐100 positive cells. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that HIV‐1 infects and replicates in oral mucosa epithelial cells in vivo and that these cells could represent a reservoir of the virus that may escape to the currently used antiretroviral therapy. J. Med. Virol. 77:17–22, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depleted skeletal muscle mitochondrial DNA, hyperlactatemia, and decreased oxidative capacity in HIV‐infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Haugaard Steen B. , Andersen Ove , Pedersen Steen B. , Dela Flemming , Richelsen Bjørn , Nielsen Jens Ole , Madsbad Sten , Iversen Johan 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), especially stavudine, may deplete mitochondrial (mt) DNA in human tissues by inhibiting the mitochondrial polymerase gamma, a setting, which is associated with hyperlactatemia. The aim of the present study was to examine whether hyperlactatemia is associated with depletion of skeletal muscle (sm)‐mtDNA and decreased oxidative capacity in HIV‐infected patients on NRTI based highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and whether HIV infection itself is associated with sm‐mtDNA depletion. Sm‐mtDNA was determined in 42 HIV‐infected patients (35 patients on HAART including at least one NRTI (HIV‐NRTI) and 7 patients never treated with antiretroviral drugs (NAÏVE)) and 14 healthy controls. Whole body oxidative capacity (ΔGOX) was estimated in HIV‐infected patients by indirect calorimetry. Hyperlactatemia (≥2.0 mM) was detected in six HIV‐NRTI, who all used Stavudine (P < 0.01), displayed depleted sm‐mtDNA (P < 0.02) and decreased ΔGOX (P < 0.01) compared with normolactatemic HIV‐NRTI (n = 29). NAÏVE displayed decreased sm‐mtDNA (P < 0.05), increased HIV‐RNA (P < 0.01) and increased plasma TNF‐α (P < 0.05) compared to all HIV‐NRTI (n = 35), in turn displaying decreased sm‐mtDNA (P < 0.01) compared to healthy controls. Thus, hyperlactatemia in HIV‐NRTI may be associated with pronounced depletion of sm‐mtDNA, decreased oxidative capacity and current stavudine therapy. Further, HIV may deplete sm‐mtDNA of NAÏVE, which in part could be mediated through an enhanced pro‐inflammatory response. J. Med. Virol. 77:29–38, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for monitoring hepatitis C virus core protein during interferon‐α2b and ribavirin therapy in patients with genotype 1 and high viral loads
Authors: Enomoto Masaru , Nishiguchi Shuhei , Tamori Akihiro , Kohmoto Modoka , Habu Daiki , Sakaguchi Hiroki , Takeda Tadashi , Kawada Norifumi , Seki Shuichi , Shiomi Susumu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis study evaluated an updated chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein for monitoring viral kinetics during treatment with interferon (IFN)‐α and ribavirin. Using the CLEIA, serum levels of HCV core protein were measured in 17 patients with genotype 1 and high baseline viral loads during the first 4 weeks of combination therapy. HCV RNA was measured by the Amplicor Monitor test for comparison. At the start of therapy, the median HCV level (interquartile range) was 700 (540–940) kIU/ml of viral RNA and 11,310 (5,528–14,238) fmol/L of core protein. HCV RNA was above the upper limit of the linear range of the Amplicor Monitor test in 13 of the 17 patients, while the core protein level was within the linear range of the CLEIA in all patients. During therapy, the proportion of patients with HCV levels below the cutoff values at each time point was less with the Amplicor Monitor test than with CLEIA. Serum HCV core protein level decreased rapidly during the first 24 hr of therapy and more slowly thereafter, with median exponential decays of 1.08 and 0.046 log10/day, respectively. In the second phase, between day 1 and 28, the median decrease in HCV core protein level was higher in four patients with sustained virologic response (0.13 log10/day) than in 13 patients with no response (0.028 log10/day, P = 0.042). The wide linear range of the HCV core protein assay is appropriate for measuring viral loads during therapy with IFN‐α and ribavirin. J. Med. Virol. 77:77–82, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses detected by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analysis in a large sample of common warts in Japan
Authors: Hagiwara Keisuke , Uezato Hiroshi , Arakaki Hajime , Nonaka Shigeo , Nonaka Kimiko , Nonaka Hideo , Asato Tsuyoshi , Oshiro Minoru , Kariya Ken‐ichi , Hattori Akira 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThere have been no large‐scale epidemiological studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution of common warts in Japan. A total of 213 patients with common warts (104 males and 109 females) in Japan were studied to detect HPV genotype distribution by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing analysis. The results were as follows: 94 HPV‐1a (44.1%), 35 HPV‐4 (16.4%), 30 HPV‐65 (14.1%), 13 HPV‐27 (6.1%), 13 HPV‐2a (6.1%), 9 HPV‐57b (4.22%), 3 HPV‐16 (1.41%), 2 HPV‐6a (0.94%), 2 HPV‐63 (0.94%), and 1 case for each of HPV‐3, ‐5, ‐5b, ‐7, ‐10, ‐21, ‐29, ‐47, ‐56, ‐57, ‐62, and ‐92 (0.47%, respectively). Four cases (1.88%) were found in which two different HPV types were detected within the lesions: one case of HPV‐1a with HPV‐16, one case of HPV‐1a with HPV‐65, one case of HPV‐6a with HPV‐8, and one case of HPV‐65 with HPV‐16. There were seven cases of mucosal types (3.3%), that is, two HPV‐6a, three HPV‐16, one HPV‐56, and one HPV‐62, and three cases of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)‐related types (1.41%), that is, one HPV‐5, one HPV‐5b (both of which belonged to a high‐risk group), and one HPV‐47 (which belonged to a low‐risk group). To date, this is the largest sequencing‐based study of HPV for common warts in Japan. It is said that common warts are induced predominantly by HPV‐2, ‐27, and ‐57 in European population. However, the present results showed that in Japan they were induced mostly by HPV‐1, ‐4, and ‐65. This suggests that regional differences in HPV genotype distribution may exist between European and Japanese populations. J. Med. Virol. 77:107–112, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpected detection of simian SA11—human reassortant strains of rotavirus G3P[8] genotype from diarrhea epidemic among tribal children of Western India
Authors: Awachat Pinki S. , Kelkar Shobhana D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis investigation is in continuation with the earlier studies on diarrhea epidemic due to rotavirus, that occurred at Jawhar western India, among tribal children during Dec 2000–Jan 2001 published by National Institute of Virology, Pune. Three rotavirus strains were isolated in cell culture from fecal specimens of affected children. Monoclonal antibody ELISA and RT‐PCR typed the isolates as G3P [8]. Two isolates agglutinated guinea pig erythrocytes thereby indicating their animal origin. Antiserum against simian G3, SA11 neutralized both the isolates largely than antiserum against human G3 (YO). Nucleotide sequencing of VP7 gene, nested PCR product of three isolates, and two original fecal specimens showed 100% identity with both simian G3, SA11 prototype and ROSVP7, SA11 strains whereas, lower identity (82%) with human G3 (YO) strain. Partial sequence analysis of the VP4 gene of fecal specimen FS‐006964 & isolate I‐006964 showed 99% identity with G1P[8] strain, while 80% identity with simian G3P[2], SA11 strain. Thus, the strains appeared to be reassortants between human and simian origin. Serological studies further supported the identity of the causative agent as simian G3, SA11 like strains. Neutralizing antibody titers at very low level against simian G3, SA11 as well as human G3 (YO) strains among the population at Jawhar suggested an overall lack of immunity against the virus. Seroconversion against simian G3, SA11 was shown by six out of seven child patients. Thus, simian G3, SA11 like strains are claimed for the first time as etiological agents of diarrhea in humans. J. Med. Virol. 77:128–135, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonal records of climatic change in annually laminated tufas: short review and future prospects
Authors: Andrews J. E. , Brasier A. T. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMany Recent and fossil freshwater tufa stromatolites contain millimetre‐scale, alternating laminae of dense micrite and more porous or sparry crystalline calcites. These alternating laminae have been interpreted to represent seasonally controlled differences in the biotic activity of microbes, and/or seasonally controlled changes in the rate of calcification. Either way, couplets of these microbially mediated alternating calcified laminae are generally agreed to represent annual seasonality. Combined stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) and trace element (Mg, Sr, Ba) geochemistry from Recent tufa stromatolites show that seasonal climatic information is available from these calcites. Variability in δ18O (and in one case Mg concentration) has been shown to be controlled primarily by stream temperature change, usually driven by solar insolation. In arid climates, seasonal evaporation can also cause δ18O enrichment by at least 1‰. Variability in δ13C results potentially from: (1) seasonal change in plant uptake of 12C‐enriched CO2; (2) seasonal change in degassing of 12C‐enriched CO2 in the aquifer system; and (3) precipitation of calcite along the aquifer or river flow path, a process that increases δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the remaining water. Mechanisms 2 and 3 are linked because calcite precipitates in aquifers where degassing occurs, e.g. air pockets. The latter mechanism for δ13C enrichment has also been shown to cause sympathetic variation between trace element/Ca ratios and δ13C because trace elements with partition coefficients much greater than 1 (e.g. Sr, Ba) remain preferentially in solution. Since degassing in air pockets will be enhanced during decreased recharge when water saturation of the aquifer is lowest, sympathetic variation in trace element/Ca ratios and δ13C is a possible index of recharge and therefore precipitation intensity.High‐resolution geochemical data from well‐dated tufa stromatolites have great potential for Quaternary palaeoclimate reconstructions, possibly allowing recovery of annual seasonal climatic information including water temperature variation and change in rainfall intensity. However, careful consideration of diagenetic effects, particularly aggrading neomorphism, needs to be the next step. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of freezing/thawing conditions and long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes
Authors: Álvarez M Dolores , Fernández Cristina , Canet Wenceslao 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effects of freezing temperature (−80, −40 or −24 °C) and thawing mode (microwave or overnight at 4 °C) on quality parameters of mashed potatoes made from tubers (cv Kennebec) and from potato flakes were examined, as was the effect of long‐term frozen storage on the quality of mashed potatoes. Mashed potatoes were tested for texture profile analysis (TPA) and cone penetration, oscillatory and steady rheometry, colour, dry matter, Brix and sensory analyses. In natural mashed potatoes, TPA hardness and oscillatory parameters showed that processing resulted in a softer product than the fresh control. The parameters were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C than in those thawed by microwave at all the freezing temperatures used, which may be ascribed to gelatinisation of the starch released from damaged cells. Differences from the freshly prepared product decreased when the samples were frozen at −80 °C and thawed by microwave. No difference was found in sensory acceptability between samples frozen at −80 and −40 °C, which probably reflects the panellists' mixed preferences for air‐thawed versus microwave‐thawed samples. Increasing the time in frozen storage led to a natural mash with a firmer texture, higher L*/b* value and Brix; nonetheless, panellists found the samples at 0, 3 and 12 months of frozen storage equally acceptable. In commercial mash, penetration and oscillatory parameters showed that processing made for a firmer product than the fresh control, probably owing to retrogradation of gelatinised starch. Thawing mode had a significant effect on parameters, which were lower in the samples thawed at 4 °C. The structure and quality of commercial mash was more detrimentally affected by freezing and, therefore, we would not recommend either freezing or frozen storage of this mashed potato in the used conditions. Natural mash made from Kennebec potatoes should be frozen quickly and thawed by microwave in the conditions described to obtain a product more similar to that freshly made. If the samples are frozen by air blasting at −40 °C, the product can withstand frozen storage for one year. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Capillary electrophoresis separation of a mixture of chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides derivatized using a modified fluorophore conjugation procedure
Authors: Beaudoin Marie‐Eve , Gauthier Julie , Boucher Isabelle , Waldron Karen C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of small chitin and chitosan oligosaccharides. For detection purposes, the oligomers were derivatized with 8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (APTS), a well known fluorophore for oligosaccharides analysis. The detection was performed by laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) with an argon ion laser having an excitation wavelength of 488 nm and with emission monitored at 520 nm. Derivatization parameters such as reaction time and conditions were examined. Separation conditions were also varied by testing a range of buffer pHs and concentrations. The best conditions were found using an 80 mM borate buffer at pH 8.4. This CE‐LIF optimized method was used for the analysis of an enzymatically produced oligo‐chitosan sample composed of a complex mixture and having an average degree of polymerization of 3.7 monomer units and 80% deacetylation. The oligo‐chitosan sample was treated with a chitin deacetylase‐like enzyme, the products were derivatized with APTS, and then analyzed without purification. The goal was to determine whether the deacetylase‐like enzyme could increase the extent of deacetylation of the oligo‐chitosan sample.
Design of an automated multicapillary instrument with fraction collection for DNA mutation discovery by constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE)
Authors: Li Qingbo , Deka Chiranjit , Glassner Brian J. , Arnold Kevin , Li‐Sucholeiki Xiao‐Cheng , Tomita‐Mitchell Aoy , Thilly William G. , Karger Barry L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA fundamental goal in genomics is the discovery of genetic variation that contributes to disease states or to differential drug responses. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection has been the focus of much attention in the study of genetic variation over the last decade. These SNPs typically occur at a frequency greater than 1% in the human genome. Recently, low‐frequency alleles are also being increasingly recognized as critical to obtain an improved understanding of the correlation between genetic variation and disease. Although many methods have been reported for the discovery and scoring of SNPs, sensitive, automated, and cost‐effective methods and platforms for the discovery of low‐frequency alleles are not yet readily available. We describe here an automated multicapillary instrument for high‐throughput detection of low‐frequency alleles from pooled samples using constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis. The instrument features high optical sensitivity (1×10–12 M fluorescein detection limit), precise and stable temperature control (± 0.01°C), and automation for sample delivery, injection, matrix replacement, and fraction collection. The capillary array is divided into six groups of four capillaries, each of which can be independently set at any temperature ranging from room temperature to 90°C. The key performance characteristics of the instrument are reported.
GC separation of 2‐substituted ethyl propionate enantiomers on permethylated and 2,6‐dimethyl‐3‐pentyl β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrin stationary phases
Authors: Špánik Ivan , Zebrowski Wojciech , Májek Pavel , Skačáni Ivan , Krupčík Ján , Armstrong Daniel W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this work, the capillary gas chromatographic enantiomer separation of eight congeneric compounds with general formulae CH3‐HCX‐COOC2H5 (where X = Cl, Br, I, CN, OH, OC2H5, OC6H5 and NHCOCF3) on four different permethyl‐ and 2,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐pentyl‐ β‐ and γ‐CD stationary phases has been studied. The separation of enantiomers was evaluated in terms of the interactions of the X substituent of studied derivatives, as well as the nature of the 3‐O‐alkyl group in the 2,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐alkyl‐CDs and the CDs cavity size. The differences in thermodynamic data [ΔH and –ΔS] obtained for studied compounds and the selectivity of modified β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrin phases in gas chromatographic separation were evaluated. ΔH values were compared with a ΔH value of an achiral standard (ethyl propionate, where X = H) in order to obtain the contribution of a particular substituent to the overall interaction energy. It was shown that the variation in the enantiomeric separation with temperature and the retention order of these compounds on a given cyclodextrin capillary column depends on the nature of the substituents bonded to stereogenic carbon atom. It was found that the temperature dependencies of selectivity factors, ln α on 1/T, were both linear as well as non‐linear, inter alia depending on the number of glucopyranose units of the CD derivatives. The enantiospecific thermodynamic data [Δ21(ΔH)] and [–Δ21(ΔS)] which characterize the chiral recognition in the separation system were used to gain more insight into the mechanistic aspects of the enantioseparations on permethylated and 2,6‐di‐O‐methyl‐3‐O‐pentyl‐β‐ and γ‐cyclodextrins.
Utilization of capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MSn) for the study of anthocyanin dyes
Authors: Bednář Petr , Papoušková Barbora , Müller Lukáš , Barták Petr , Stávek Jan , Pavloušek Pavel , Lemr Karel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHyphenation of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was utilized for the monitoring of anthocyanins in wine and wine musts. CE/MS was performed in two electrolytes: 1) an acidic one (chloroacetate‐ammonium, pH 2) and 2) a basic one with high selectivity towards derivatives containing vicinal hydroxy groups (borate‐ammonium, pH 9). The setup of MS was optimized and the fragmentation of common anthocyanins was studied in detail. Attention was also focused on the fragmentation of anthocyanidin skeleton. The anthocyanidins substituted with hydroxy groups fragment via a cascade of neutral losses of water and carbon monoxide. Fragmentation of anthocyanidins containing a methoxy group on their B‐ring starts with the cleavage of methane and/or methyl radical. The optimized method was utilized for the monitoring of changes in anthocyanin profile in red wines as well as the process of release of anthocyanins to wine must.
Estimation of partition coefficients by MEKC Part 2: Anthocyanins
Authors: Müller Lukáš , Bednář Petr , Barták Petr , Lemr Karel , Ševčík Juraj 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe octanol‐water partition coefficients of seven anthocyanins (in neutral form, pH = 7.0) were measured by means of MEKC. A new iterative method for the estimation of migration time of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and micelles in MEKC is presented. This calculation is based on Gauss‐Newton linearization of the dependence between migration indices and migration times of a set of suitable standards and the application of an advanced statistical evaluation procedure. The values of partition coefficients obtained with the aid of an iterative process are compared with values obtained on use of EOF and micelle markers.