bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of the distribution of the upstream probe support on performance of compressor cascade
Authors: Hou Kuanxin , Xiang Honghui , Gao Jie , Lin Binbin , Dai Qiulin , Fu Yaoming , Yang Yong , Huang Lei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Aiming at the problem of aerodynamic coupling interference between disturbance of the built-in measurement probe and internal flow of high load compressor, the experiment of axial position and structure dimension of cylindrical probe support effect on the performance of the compressor cascade was carried out on the transonic plane cascade test facility. The effect characteristics of the distribution of probe support on aerodynamic performance of downstream cascade under different inlet Mach numbers were analyzed through the experimental data. The experimental results show that the axial position of probe support has little impact on the total pressure loss coefficient of cascade under the low-speed inlet flow condition. However, the variety of the axial position of probe support has a great impact on the total pressure loss coefficient of cascade under the high-speed inlet flow condition. With the decrease of the axial distance between probe support and cascade, the total pressure loss coefficient of cascade increases. Under different inlet flow conditions, the variety of the structure dimension of probe support has a significant impact on the total pressure loss coefficient of cascade. With the increase of the structure dimension of probe support, the total pressure loss coefficient of cascade increases.
Development and application of a profile loss model considering the low-Re effect in low-pressure turbine
Authors: Jia Wei , Kong Qingguo , Xiao Guanyu , Mu Handong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To improve the prediction accuracy of profile loss at low Reynolds number, a typical low-pressure turbine cascade T106D-EIZ was selected to numerically investigate the effect of Reynolds number on turbine cascade flow. A detailed analysis of profile loss was performed and a profile loss model considering the low-Re effect was developed. Results showed that the incidence angle has a great effect on the inlet and outlet Mach number at low Reynolds number, and the variation of inlet and outlet Mach number further affects the blade profile loss. A correction factor was introduced to consider the effect of incidence angle and Mach number on the profile loss. The profile loss coefficient and stalling incidence angle were both extended to lower Reynolds number based on the numerical results. A Smart Through Flow Analysis Program (STFAP) was developed using the finite volume method to solve the circumferentially averaged Euler equations of S2 surface. Aerodynamic performance of E3 5-stage low-pressure turbine was predicted by STFAP coupled with low-Re profile loss model. Compared with K-O model, the prediction accuracy of efficiency of low-pressure turbine last stage is improved by nearly 1.1 percentage points when the 5-stage low-pressure turbine is in a low Reynolds number state.
CPT Update: Interprofessional Telephone/Internet/Electronic Health Record Referral Services
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: January 2024

This article reviews a change in reporting instructions for 99452 (interprofessional telephone/internet/electronic health record [EHR] referral service[s] provided by a treating/requesting physician or other qualified health care professional [QHP], 30 minutes). Instructions are reviewed for the following:
Reporting a stand-alone referral service Reporting a referral service provided on the same date as another evaluation and management (E/M) service
Neonatal Coding Review: Daily Intensive or Critical Care Services
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics
Published: January 2024

Distinct categories of evaluation and management (E/M) codes allow physicians and other qualified health care professionals (QHPs) to report the highest level of service provided on each date of a neonate’s hospital stay. This article reviews the codes and guidelines for reporting intensive and critical care services.
General guidelines for daily intensive and critical care services Codes for daily intensive care Codes for daily and concurrent neonatal critical care Diagnosis coding pointers
Expert knowledge-guided feature selection for data-based industrial process monitoring
Authors: Uribe Cesar , Isaza Claudia 
Published: January 2024

Indrustial processes are characterized to be in open environments with uncertainty, unpredictability and nonlinear behavior. Rigorous measuring and monitoring is required to strive for product quality, safety and finance. Therefore, data-based monitoring systems have gain interest in academia and industry (e.g. clustering). However industrial processes have high volumes of complex and high dimensional data available, with poorly defined domains and sometimes redundant, noisy or inaccurate measures with unknow parameters. When a mechanistic or structural model is not available or suitable, selecting relevant and informative variables (reducing the high dimensionality) eases pattern recognition to identify functional states of the process. In this paper, we address the feature selection problem in data-based industrial processes monitoring where a mathematical or structural model is not available or suitable. Expert knowledge-quidance is used inside a wrapper feature selction based on clustering. The reduced set of features is capable of represent intrinsic historical-data structure integrating the expert knowledge abput the process. A monitoring system is proposed and tested on an intesification reactor (OPR)', over the thiosulfate and the esterifictation reaction. Results show fewer variables are needed to correctly identify the process functional states.
Seroprevalence and Genotypic Distribution Patterns of Hepatitis C Virus among Infected Patients from Sulaimaniyah Province: Iraq
Authors: Hasan Awat , Ramzi Zhian , Alshekhani Mohammed 
Published: January 2024

Background: The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a prevalent cause of liver illness. The virus displays a high degree of genetic variability, with documented geographical differences in genotype predominance. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes among people who lived in Sulaimaniyah province, Kurdistan region of Iraq. Patients and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 229 individuals identified as having a confirmed positive HCV antibody and who had been referred to the Public Health Laboratory in Sulaimaniyah city by medical professionals for genotyping from July 2021 to December 2022. Following the extraction of the viral RNA, a PCR-based genotyping kit was used to identify the HCV genotype. Results: The most prevalent genotype was GT1a (31.6%), followed by GT1 and GT4 (23.6%) and then GT1b (7.9%). Mixed genotypes were observed in 10.4% of samples. Males were affected mainly by HCV (58.5%) than females (41.5%). The frequency of GT1a was higher in males (32.1%) compared to females (30.5%). On the other hand, males exhibited a more excellent distribution of GT4 and GT1 than females, while GT1b and GT5 were observed more in females than males. Among mixed genotypes, GT5 or 6 was the most prevalent infection type (no.=8, 3.5%), while GT1a, 3 reported the lowest rate (no.=1, 0.4%). Conclusion: This study assesses the HCV genotype distribution among infected HCV patients in Sulaimaniyah, which is distinct from the prevalent distribution in Iraq and Middle Eastern Arab nations, but it is equivalent to the distribution worldwide.
Ventilator associated pneumonia: unravelling prevalence risk factor and antibiotic usage
Authors: Venkataraman Rajesh , Manuel Gloriya Grifth , S.R. Akshay , Paul Eldho , Sanib Muhammed , S. Shahasanu R. , Rai Jeevan 
Published: January 2024

Background: Hospital acquired infections, are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Ventilator associated pneumonia, one of the hospital acquired illnesses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors, causative organism, and antibiotic usage for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Methods: Between May 2022 and October 2022, 50 patients participated in an ambispective and observational study conducted across several ICU departments at Adichunchanagiri Hospital, BG Nagara, Karnataka. Reviewing and evaluating daily patient case sheets, laboratory results, and treatment charts of participants who were hospital inpatients provided pertinent data needed for the study. Volunteers were enrolled after taking consent from each of them, a suitably designed data collection form was used to collect all the necessary information. Microsoft Excel was used to enter the data. Version 28 of SPSS was used to analyze the data. Statistical significance was determined by using a P-value of less than 0.05.
Results: The study included 50 patients and discovered a 60% prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the general community. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 26.7% of all gram-positive bacteria, whereas Enterobacter and Klebsiella species accounted for 16.7%. Metronidazole was given in 64% of instances, with accidents being the most frequent risk factor (40%).
Conclusions: Within the specified population, the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia is 60%, with Staphylococcus aureus identified as the most predominant bacterial pathogen. Metronidazole is the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, and accidents are the key risk factors that cause ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for Ensuring the Authenticity of Organic Legume Products in Supply Chains
Authors: Kim Si-Yeong , AlZubi Ahmad Ali 
Published: January 2024

Background: The increasing demand for organic legume products has raised concerns about the validity of supply chains. This research explores the integration of blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies as a robust solution for ensuring the accuracy of organic legume products in supply chains. Leveraging the immutable and transparent nature of blockchain, the study establishes a decentralized ledger to record and validate each stage of the supply chain, from crop husbandry to distribution. Methods: Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are used in tandem to examine data points and identify irregularities that can signal the existence of fake goods. Through the integration of various technologies, the research aims to offer an advanced and flexible system that can anticipate and detect any risks to the validity of the product. Smart contract implementation on the blockchain enables automated verification procedures assuring, adherence to organic norms and laws. Result: Through case studies and empirical evidence, this paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed blockchain and AI integration in mitigating the risks associated with counterfeit organic legume products. This research contributes to the burgeoning field of blockchain and AI applications in supply chain management, offering a novel approach to fortify the integrity of organic food supply chains.
Smart Application of Acoustic Technology to Acquire Cost-Effective Surveillance Data in Brown Fields
Authors: Chaudhry M. Hassaan , Ullah H. M. Arsalan , Azeem Aijaz D. , Ahmad Noor , Iqbal Fauzan , Khan Zaeem H. , Ahmed Raheel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There is no such thing as "enough data" in oil and gas industry. During field life cycle, significant capital is invested in gathering bottom-hole surveillance data through rig-less interventions. In late life of a field, any intervention becomes challenging due to economics. This study discusses journey of operator from testing to implementing acoustic survey technology for low-cost wellbore surveillance through establishment of in-house acquisition procedures such that wide-scale utilization across the asset was made possible.
Acoustic surveys utilize a high-pressure gas gun installed at wellhead to create a pressure transient that travels down the tubing or any annuli to determine wellbore characteristics. Any irregularities of the wellbore cross-section or a gas-liquid interface creates an echo that is recorded by the equipment and is correlated with well depth with respect to the transit times of respective echoes. Information that could be acquired includes 1) real-time liquid level monitoring in producing and static conditions, 2) static and flowing bottom-hole pressures, 3) flow regimes in gas wells, 4) identification of irregularities in wellbore.
Acoustic surveys were acquired in brown fields of Lower Indus Basin and the results were subsequently validated by acquiring bottom-hole data. This included comparison of acquired information with bottom-hole pressure data acquired through memory gauges to assess and improve the accuracy of acoustic survey interpretations. Additionally, utilization was made to identify anomalies in wellbore completions (scale build-ups, failure points, depositions, etc.). Low-cost and fairly accurate surveillance through acoustic surveys allowed the operator to minimize operational and production downtime, paving way for aggressive implementation of the technology.
Acoustic equipment provided fast, non-intrusive and cost-effective alternative to costly surveillance activities in marginal oil and gas wells. Critical data was acquired, which otherwise would not have been economically feasible due to marginal production of respective wells.
Comprehensive Liner Inspection Using Smart Integration of Acoustic and Caliper Logs
Authors: Tanveer Muhammad Sohaib , Bari Abdul , Zubair Talha , Khan Mohammad Rasheed , Asif Aleeza Tahoor , Inam Sahir , Hussnain Muhammad Sana ul , Ullah Rafi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A well integrity system is comprised of a complete evaluation of both cement placement and tubular condition. In this regard, casing degradation evaluation is of primary importance to ensure that the well is capable of producing for its complete lifecycle. Evaluation techniques include mechanical calipers which have been the traditional and conventional technology in the past half century or so are capable of assessing the internal pipe condition. More recently, high resolution ultrasonic imaging has been introduced that determines casing thickness by transmitting pulse-echo waveforms to excite the casing in its thickness mode through the principles of resonance. In the work this paper presents, a holistic interpretation approach is used by integrating two technologies of acoustic and mechanical measurements for identifying the liner tortuosity in a deep exploratory well in Pakistan.
This work pertains to the production liner section (7-inch) across which the operator was facing problems while running the string down. The well was a newly drilled exploratory well and the operator wanted to ensure the integrity of the well and identify possible bottlenecks restricting the tool movement within the wellbore. Therefore, it was decided to acquire extended data and not rely on a mono-source evaluation. A six-arm mechanical caliper log was acquired subsequently followed by an ultrasonic acoustic pulse-echo measurement; data from both the sources was integrated to obtain the borehole profile for detailed evaluation and analysis.
Comprehensive corrosion evaluation was performed using ultrasonic and caliper data. Ultrasonic data was processed and oriented by using industry-standard software to azimuthally identify the damaged zone across the 7-in liner section. In addition, caliper data was also analyzed in detail through borehole section plots at individual depths of the damaged zone. Resultantly, both datasets were integrated into a single log display to diagnose and identify the liner buckling with the observed metal loss.
Dynamic and integrated corrosion evaluation helped to holistically identify the well's tubular integrity concerns. As a result, with this unique integration, accurate borehole geometrical profiling was assessed that would allow for more robust planning of future well intervention and completion activities.
Smart Well Completions: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies, Applications and Challenges
Authors: Khan Mudassir , Inam Sahir , Hussnain Sana ul , Aijaz Muhammad Jahanzaib , Ullah Rafi , Shafee Imran , Haider Mateen , Ahmad Haiwad , Qureshi Haris Ahmed , Bashir Ibtihaj Atiq 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of smart well completion technologies. These technologies are being effectively utilized around the globe for production enhancement, effective reservoir monitoring and management, and reservoir performance, which has always been the main focus of oil and gas industry. Efficacy for the applications of such technologies in specific cases is discussed and the associated challenges are analyzed.
Extensive literature review of the past and contemporary technologies has been conducted to understand the evolution of smart completions. Thorough review has been conducted to grasp the specific applications and challenges associated with it. As the application of technology is widespread, specific cases pertaining to multilayered and compartmentalized reservoirs were selected where the solutions were deployed for better control and reservoir management. The operational complexity in these completions related to deployment and future well interventions is also covered. Further, review of smart completion system, its components and implementation, challenges faced during the designing and execution and different applications to address major problems such as, auto gas lift, production optimization production of thin and high water cut reservoirs, effective reservoir management and remote operations is also taken into account.
As the industry embraces digitalization and automation, smart well completion is poised to play a pivotal role in shaping the future of oil and gas operations. Successful application of smart or intelligent completions globally have enabled operators to manage complex subsurface reservoirs effectively. Moreover, a combination of such technologies has proved to be vital in multilateral wells enabling downhole monitoring and control. The solutions provide downhole monitoring, enabling real time analysis and on spot decision making.
Based on different solutions and technologies available, an analogy has been derived to deploy a tailored solution for multilayered reservoir. Selection of equipment based on different requirements and applications has been presented to derive cost benefit as well as to keep challenges at bay by reducing interventions. Also, the specific application of fiber optics for real-time monitoring of acoustic and temperature measurements is compared as a substitute of production logging tools can prove beneficial and provide monitoring requirements over the life of the well.
Geomechanics Application in the North of Pakistan: Unlocking Drilling Excellence - A Comprehensive Analysis of 10 Years
Authors: Khan Shahjahan , Awan Ahmad Nawaz , Sarfraz Zaman , Muhammad Irfan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper highlights the inherent challenges of drilling in highly tectonic area of Pakistan and covers effectiveness of geomechanics modelling and associated learnings which can be useful for other operators working in the similar stress regime. Over 10 years of drilling performance data is analyzed to compare the pre-geomechanics and post geomechanics application results. Overall comparison showed a significant improvement in total NPT reduction and stark drop in side-track ratio per well, however, losses related NPT was found to be increasing.
MOL Pakistan adopted the concept of constructing Mechanical Earth Models (MEMs) for a better understanding of Geo-mechanical behavior of rock strata from already drilled wells termed as ‘post drill models’ to predict a stable mud weight window for a well to be drilled – called ‘pre-drill model’.
In this paper, Wells with geomechanics application are compared with the offset wells without MEM application to quantify the value of geomechanics in this geologically complex and tectonically active area of Pakistan. Key Performance Indicators used for comparison purpose include downhole NPT%, sidetrack ratio per well and cost per meter. Wellbore stability related challenges particularly in low permeability, fractured formations and in weak bedding planes are area of focus. Mud weight management strategy (Dos and Don'ts) are presented to minimize the downhole NPTs.
Due to inherent geological uncertainties and certain constraints related input data availability, reliability of pre-drill model was not always high. To cope up with this uncertainty aspect, concept of Pseudo Realtime Geomechanics (P-RTGM) was introduced whereby model updates were acquired to fine tune mud weight management strategy; coupled with mechanisms for wellbore stability monitoring and evolving improved hole cleaning practices.
Effect of multi-cycle combustion on NOx emission formation of hydrogen fuel in pulse detonation engine
Authors: Warimani Mahammadsalman , Bellary Sayed Ahmed Imran , Alam Noor , Teli Shivagond , Azami Muhammad Hanafi , Khan Sher Afghan , Muthuswamy Sonachalam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Pulse Detonation Engines (PDE) have higher temperature combustion, which results in higher Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions. The current study will investigate the formation of NOx using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method for multicycle combustion processes. The CFD model is created by varying the boundary conditions for hydrogen fuel. According to the CFD simulation, the maximum value of Nitrous oxide produced was 27000 ppm in the middle of the combustion tube during the first cycle, with a minimum range of 0–20 ppm produced at the start and end of both cycles. The computed results of a maximum rate of Nitrous Oxide of 100 microseconds are consistent with previous literature. In the PDE analytical analysis, hydrogen fuel had the highest Emission Index of Nitrous Oxide (EINOx) of 58.64 g/kg of fuel, and methane fuel had the lowest EINOx of 10.06 g/kg of fuel. In CFD analysis at 10 microseconds, RAM-jets produced around 100 g/kg of fuel, while PDE produced 50 g/kg of fuel in EINOx.
Controlling competing outcomes of a single-molecule reaction
Authors: Purkiss Rebecca M. , Keenan Pieter J. , Klamroth Tillmann , Sloan Peter , Rusimova Kristina R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

The ability to programme matter on the scale of individual molecules is a long-standing goal in nanoscience. The atomic resolution of scanning tunnelling microscopy and its ability to excite a molecule locally can give control over the probability of inducing a single-molecule reaction. Moreover, selectivity in the reaction outcome can be ensured by exciting different electronic states [1–3], changing the excitation location [4–9], or exciting different molecular vibrations [10, 11]. These schemes are used to synthesize normally unstable molecular structures [12, 13]. In these examples, the reaction outcome is controlled by changing the initial conditions of the excitation: only one reaction outcome is possible, but that outcome can be chosen by tuning the excitation properties. Here we show it is possible to control the outcome of a single molecule reaction that has multiple competing outcomes. By precise injection of electrons from an STM tip, toluene molecules chemisorbed on the Si(111)−7×7 surface at room temperature are induced to react one at a time with two outcomes: the molecules either desorb, or switch to an adjacent surface site. The branching ratio between these two outcomes is dependent on the excess energy the exciting electron carries. Using known values and ab initio DFT calculations to support our findings, we conclude that the excess energy of the exciting electron leads to a heating of the intermediate physisorbed state and hence gives control over the two reaction outcomes via their energy barriers and pre-factors [14]. This opens the way to control more complex single-molecule reactions via manipulation of the excited state.