bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contraindications, Risks, and Safety Precautions
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A good deal of controversy has occurred over the safety of exercise in various population groups. Because Americans have gone on a health binge, with millions jogging and entering in organized runs, some understanding of the risks involved warrant discussion. Some of these same issues pertain to the prescribing of exercise and exercise testing. Shephard, of the University of Toronto, has taken the position that a certain level of risk is involved in initiating an exercise program for a sedentary asymptomatic middle-aged man. He advises against an exercise test because of the evidence that a high percentage of abnormal electrocardiographic (ECG) stress tests are falsepositives in this population, and he believes the information may lead to other unnecessary tests, such as angiography.
The American Heart Committee on Exercise, however, recommends stress testing prior to the initiation of exercise programs in normals older than 40 years of age or in others with risk factors for coronary artery disease. Fletcher and colleagues and others concur in this decision. Data from the Seattle Heart Watch study clearly indicate that in asymptomatic persons with two or more risk factors, stress testing can identify a cohort with a risk of a coronary event at least 15 times greater than the negative responders.
Stress Testing in Women
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early days of exercise stress testing, ST-segment depression has been the focus of interest as a marker for ischemia. The increased tendency for a false-positive ST response was first noted in women by Scherlis and associates as early as 1950 and confirmed by Lepeschkin and Surawicz in 1958 and Astrand in 1965. Because the trends in coronary artery disease (CAD) in women seem to parallel those of lung cancer, another disease often induced by smoking, we expect to be treating more women with this problem than ever before. Is there a way to deal with ST changes in women? What is the cause? Is ST depression in women with normal coronary arteries truly a false-positive? Is it due to ischemia?
This chapter reviews information available bearing on these perplexing problems, suggests some partial answers, and offers guidelines that we have found useful.
Computer Technology and Exercise Testing
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with computerized exercise stress test systems, which have become the method of choice in most stress testing laboratories. The arrival of powerful high-speed desktop microcomputers has led to the development of potent data processing systems at an increasingly more reasonable cost. During the period represented by the four editions of this book, the rapid expansion in digital computer technology has provided the tools for developing large databases of exercise test parameters in subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Such databases are now readily accessible for comparison with other computerized clinical, ECG, hemodynamic, nuclear perfusion/angiographic, and cineangiographic databases. The resting standard 12-lead ECG is ideal for recording and accurately measuring times and voltages of all ECG waveforms with these systems. The body surface ECG is the time history of excitation of the four chambers of the heart.
For the Love of Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power of music, the way it works on the mind and heart, remains an enticing mystery. Now two noted writers on classical music, Michael Steinberg and Larry Rothe, explore the allure of this melodious art--not in the clinical terms of social scientists--but through stories drawn from their own experience. In For the Love of Music, Steinberg and Rothe draw on a lifetime of listening to, living with, and writing about music, sharing the delights and revelatory encounters they have had with Mozart, Brahms, Stravinsky, and a host of other great (and almost-great) composers. At once highly personal and immediately accessible, their writings shed light on those who make music and those who listen to it--drawing readers into the beautiful and dangerous terrain that has meant so much to the authors. In recounting how they themselves came to love music, Steinberg and Rothe offer keys for listening. Here you will find the story of a boy discovering a lifelong passion as he huddled in an alley behind a movie theater in World War II England, listening to the Fantasia soundtrack. You will meet the man who created the sound of Hollywood’s Golden Age. You will learn how composers have addressed issues as contemporary as AIDS and the terrorist attacks of September 11. You will sit in on strange and enlightening listening sessions with one of America’s quirkiest music critics. And you will enter a world of mind- and soul-nourishing pleasures. Articulate and impassioned, sophisticated but never esoteric, Steinberg and Rothe offer invigorating reflections on music that will delight both the beginning and the seasoned listener.
Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) in Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington, USA: Response to Blister Rust Infection
Authors: Ettl Gregory J , Cottone Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decline of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) across North America is well documented (Tomback et al. 2001) and is attributed to fire exclusion, insect outbreaks, and various fungal blights and rusts (Arno and Hoff 1990, Hoff and Hagle 1990, Keane and Arno 1993, Keane et al. 1994). White pine blister rust is a major source of whitebark pine mortality throughout western North America, with the heaviest mortality rates in Washington, Idaho, and northwestern Montana (Kendall and Keane 2001). In early 1995, blister rust was present on all sampled sites in Mt. Rainier National Park (Rochefort 1995) and was a likely cause of mortality in many trees (DelPrato 1999). Whitebark pine is in danger of becoming locally extinct. Whitebark pine is a member of the stone pines (family Pinaceae, genus Pinus, subgenus Strobus, section Strobus, subsection Cembrae) that contain species with indehiscent cones and require birds for dispersal (McCaughey and Schmidt 2001). Whitebark pine is almost completely dependent on Clark’s nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana Wilson) for seed dispersal and successful germination (Tomback and Linhart 1990) through their extensive caching of seeds. Because squirrels cache whitebark pine seeds and bears often raid these caches, the decline of whitebark pine has important implicaions for many wildlife species. In Yellowstone National Park, whitebark pine cone crops have been linked to grizzly bear (Ursus arctos L.) sightings at lower elevations; when seeds are abundant, bears feed on seeds in the high country and avoid encounters with humans (Mattson et al. 1992). There is almost a doubling in mortality rates of grizzly bears in non-mast seed years than in mast years as grizzly bear–human conflicts increase, resulting in declining bear populations (Pease and Mattson 1999).
Woodland Brown Butterfly (Lopinga achine) in Sweden: Viability in a Dynamic Landscape Maintained by Grazing
Authors: Kindvall Oskar , Bergman Karl-Olof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Landscape changes are one of the most important factors affecting extinction risks among species (Caughley 1994). Despite this, most studies using population viability analysis (PVA) assume constant landscape scenarios in which the quality, size, and existence of habitat patches remain the same throughout the simulated time frame. In fact, there are very few examples of PVA where landscape changes have been considered (Gyllenberg and Hanski 1997, Akşakaya and Raphael 1998, Carlsson and Kindvall 2001, Wahlberg et al. 2002). Many species are associated with certain successional vegetation stages—for example, many butterflies (Thomas 1991, Bergman 2001). Grazing by cattle, sheep, or horses maintains grassland habitats in a successional stage that favors a majority of the butterfly species in Sweden. However, in many European countries the grazing becomes increasingly concentrated within certain areas, leaving huge areas to become overgrown with trees and bushes. Obviously, this landscape change will reduce the amounts of suitable habitat for many species living in pastures.
Sand Lizard (Lacerta agilis) in Central Sweden: Modeling Juvenile Reintroduction and Spatial Management Strategies for Metapopulation Establishment
Authors: Berglind Sven-åke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common consequence of habitat loss and fragmentation is the creation of nonequilibrium metapopulations in which the local populations have become so isolated that among-population dispersal no longer occurs (Harrison 1994, Gilpin 1996). Metapopulations that have reached this state are destined to extinction unless the loss and fragmentation of habitat is reversed (Hanski 1997). In this situation, restoration and reintroduction at the scale of metapopulations should be considered (Huxel and Hastings 1999). Since introduced populations in general are small—and thus highly susceptible to environmental fluctuations, catastrophes, demographic stochasticity, and inbreeding depression—it is crucial to maximize the efficiency of initial introductions in order to shorten the period during which the populations would be exposed to these risks (Komers and Curman 2000).
Southern Great Barrier Reef Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Stock: Consequences of Local Sex-Biased Harvesting
Authors: Chaloupka Milani 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is a marine species with a broad pantropical distribution (Bowen et al. 1992) and is the most abundant large herbivore in marine ecosystems (Bjorndal et al. 2000). The southern Great Barrier Reef (sGBR) green turtle stock is one of the most important breeding populations of green turtles in the western South Pacific region (FitzSimmons et al. 1997) with benthic foraging grounds in Australian, Indonesian, Papua New Guinean, Coral Sea, and New Caledonian waters (Limpus et al. 1992). The Great Barrier Reef and coastal Queensland benthic habitat component of this stock includes a spatially disjunct metapopulation with foraging grounds that span 12° latitude and 1800 km with foraging grounds that range from tropical waters in the northern Great Barrier Reef (nGBR) to warm temperate waters in southern coastal Queensland (Figure 30.1) (Chaloupka 2002a). Pelagic juveniles recruit to these benthic habitat foraging grounds after pelagic development in the western South Pacific Ocean (Limpus and Chaloupka 1997).
Language and Womans Place: Picking Up the Gauntlet
Authors: LIVIA ANNA 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I read Robin Lakoffs Language and Woman’s Place (LWP) in 1975. I was nineteen years old, studying French at University College London. Before the end of the year, I had formed the London Women and Language Group with fellow linguists Linda Shockey, Trista Selous, and Eva Eberhardt.
Public Discourse and the Private Life of Little Girls: Language and Woman s Place and Language Socialization
Authors: Cook-Gumperz Jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975), Robin Lakoff opens up new pragmatic perspectives on politeness by proposing that talking politely is an essential part of being a woman. Lakoff’s proposition answers a critical question in language socialization: how children create a gendered self through their own language practices. Women recognize the importance of relations with others, and as Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson (1987) point out, politeness provides the essential social mechanism for establishing positive bonds within a group. Politeness thus provides a blueprint for exploring the ways in which children’s early understanding of relations with others leads to an awareness of a gendered self. Children’s spontaneous talk shows how they differentiate life within the intimate relationships of the family from life in the more public domain of their peers and unfamiliar others outside of the home.
Language and Woman’s Place Blueprinting Studies of Gay Men’s English
Authors: LEAP WILLIAM L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I own two copies of Robin Lakoff’s Language and Womans Place (LWP) (1975). The first is a relatively new edition, part of a book order from a recent course in gender studies. The second copy is much older. Its now- browned pages give off a faint musty smell and the binding makes crackling sounds. This is a first printing, and it was one of the first books on language, sexuality, and gender that I added to my library. Today, it is surrounded by many other volumes addressing similar themes. But in 1975, when I purchased this copy, it occupied a more solitary place on the sociolinguistic bookshelf because of its subject matter and because of the approach to research that it details. Both of these anomalous qualities attracted me to LWP, and, as I explain below, they have continued to provide valuable orientation for my own work with language and sexual sameness.
Surgery of the Injured Peripheral Nerve and Brachial Plexus
Authors: Marzouk Shaden , Hamilton, H Bruce , Kline David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injury of the peripheral nervous system is common and often requires multiple treatment modalities. Surgical intervention is frequently a necessary step to ensure an optimal outcome in these patients. The neural response to injury, mechanisms, diagnosis, indications, and timing of surgical treatment, as well as some basic surgical options, are addressed in this chapter. A general treatment algorithm is constructed as a guide for the caregivers of these patients. An expanded discussion of injury to the brachial plexus is included, as these lesions are the most debilitating peripheral nerve lesions, the most challenging to manage, and the most frequent cause of questions directed to the peripheral nerve surgeon. The role and limitations of surgery in the successful care of the injured peripheral nerve completes our discussion of these traumatic lesions.
Whiplash Injuries
Authors: Evans Randolph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late comedian Rodney Dangerfield could have been the spokesman for whiplash injuries with his refrain, “I don’t get no respect.” Controversy is present among physicians57 and the general public4 about the pathology of the injury, cause of persistent symptoms, prognosis, medico-legal aspects, and treatment. As Fontanetta207 notes: The term “whiplash,” once introduced, quickly became a favorite of the legal profession and suitconscious patient. To the orthopedic surgeon, “whiplash” connotes a lack of findings on physical and x-ray examination, an often profuse symptomatology, and prolonged disability. The ubiquitous cervical collar became socially acceptable, and colors other than white made their appearance on some pretty female neck.
Athletic Spine Injury
Authors: Jarrell S Taylor , Chenelle Andrew , Ammerman, Joshua M , Polin Richard s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injuries to the spine from athletic activities frequently come to the attention of the medical practitioner. Because the majority of spine injuries resulting from athletic participation involve the cervical spine, that region is the focus of this chapter. However, injuries to the thoracic and lumbar regions also occur and are mentioned when appropriate. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, diagnosis and evaluation, management, and prognosis of a variety of sports-related spine injuries. By necessity, it focuses only on the highlights, as entire books have been written on the subject of athletic injury.
Electrical Injuries
Authors: Capelli-Schellpfeffer Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With power in the extra-low frequency (ELF) 50– 60 Hz range, the generation, transmission, and distribution of energy in industrial and public systems support virtually every aspect of daily living. Electricity is pervasive in modern environments and can be simply defined as “any effect resulting from the existence of stationary or moving electric charges.” Charge is an inherent property of electrons (negatively charged) and protons (positively charged). The motion of charge through a conductor is called electrical current.35 Electrical current is described by the units volts (electrical force), amperes (electrical flow), and ohms (electrical resistance).
The Neurologist as Expert Witness
Authors: Weintraub Michael I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American judicial system is sophisticated and complex. Thus, ideally, the courtroom is the arena to determine justice and provide compensation. It is essentially fault-based and adversarial. Injured claimants may bring a lawsuit in order to obtain financial compensation in state or federal courts. Both types of courts rely upon information and opinions provided by expert witness testimony to determine causality, permanence, disability, and so on. These opinions are offered on behalf of both plaintiffs and defendants, and the medical expert plays an indispensable role in determining the outcome of jury claims. Since medical expert testimony assumes such a central position, it is not surprising that testimonial abuse exists and that medical expertise is now a cottage industry. All medical societies have articulated positions and guidelines on the proper behavior and compensation of experts, and even the Supreme Court has attempted to address the issue of flawed and unreliable testimony in the Daubert decision.
Complications of Lumbar Puncture
Authors: Evans Randolph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although neurologists often evaluate the surgical complications of other physicians, they are responsible for complications of the lumbar puncture, the quintessential neurological procedure. Headache is the most common complication, usually lasting for 1 week or less, occurring in up to 40% of patients after lumbar puncture. Other complications, including headaches lasting for 8 days to 1 year, cranial neuropathies, prolonged backache, nerve root injury, and meningitis, are rare, following perhaps 0.3% of lumbar punctures.163 This chapter reviews historical aspects and the following coplications of lumbar puncture: cerebral and spinal herniation, postdural puncture headache, cranial neuropathies, nerve root irritation, low back pain, stylet associated problems, infections, and bleeding complications (Table 39.1).
Faculty Observations of Student Professional Behavior
Authors: Norcini John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faculty observation of students’ professional behavior can be designed to have many of the characteristics of an effective assessment as described in chapter 1. First, it can incorporate the judgments of multiple experts as they observe an individual’s natural behavior across multiple situations in time. Second, the evaluation will be made in a realistic setting, and this is important given the context-dependent nature of medical practice. Third, this form of evaluation will include the conflicts that arise naturally in an educational setting. Finally, transparency can be assured by including and informing students of the assessment system’s design, implementation, and feedback. In this chapter I address these characteristics by (1) describing approaches to collecting faculty judgments, (2) presenting the issues affecting faculty observation, (3) providing practical examples, and (4) outlining steps in administering a program of faculty evaluation.
Admission to Medical School: Selecting Applicants With the Potential for Professionalism
Authors: Wagoner Norma E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selecting applicants to medical school has been a longstanding endeavor with numerous attempts to make it scientific. Efforts to create a selection process that seeks to choose students who possess the qualities we desire in future physicians has led to a wealth of literature, innumerable discussions, and considerable controversy over valid and reliable selection criteria. Medical school admissions committees have long relied on cognitive measures in their selection. Academic leaders, proponents of humanism and professionalism, and the general public, however, have been advocating for physicians who possess not only cognitive skills but also professional characteristics that include good communication abilities, compassion, respect, empathy, and altruism. Their advocacy has prompted medical schools to search for a means of selecting candidates with the attributes that predispose them to become competent, caring physicians. Over the past several years, they have placed greater emphasis on codifying and employing noncognitive criteria to ensure the admission of more students with the potential for professionalism.
Nuclear Duality and the Genesis of Unusual Genomes in Ciliated Protozoa
Authors: Jahn Carolyn L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ciliated protozoa have two kinds of nuclei, micronuclei and macronuclei, which are functionally distinct. The genome of the macronucleus is derived from the micronuclear genome by a highly controlled developmental process of DNA rearrangements. In contrast to developmentally regulated genome rearrangements studied in other organisms, the ciliate rearrangements are global and occur throughout the genome. The diversity of rearrangement mechanisms apparent in different ciliates indicates that nuclear duality provides an unusual “playing field” for genome evolution. The characterization of genome remodeling in ciliates offers a completely different view of how genomes function and challenges our understanding of what a genome is. The biology of ciliates has spurred remarkable discoveries in the area of RNA splicing (the self-splicing rRNA intron of Tetrahymena), telomere biology (the first telomeres sequenced and the identification of telomerase in Tetrahymena), and the “histone code” (the functions of histone acetylation and methylation in transcription). The seemingly “bizarre” nature of their genome processing holds equal promise.
Editing Informational Content of Expressed DNA Sequences and Their Transcripts
Authors: Smith Harold C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A preliminary annotation of eukaryotic genomes has suggested that there are far fewer genes encoding mRNA than predicted from the number of proteins expressed in cells (the proteome). In fact, the coding capacity of genomes is expanded through conditionally activated mechanisms. These mechanisms are regulated in species- and tissue-specific manners and include, for example, mutation and recombination of DNA, use of alternative promoters, alternative pre-mRNA splicing, RNA editing, alternative polyadenylation, and mRNA turnover. It is likely that a substantial fraction of the genome encodes processes that diversify expressed sequences. The increasing awareness and acceptance that a simple linear analysis of DNA sequences is not sufficient to annotate the genome’s full coding capacity represents a significant change in the scope of hypotheses that will drive research in the twenty-first century.
Neurogenesis, Neuronal Migration, Maturation, and Function: Insights into Learning and Memory
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurons transmit signals and are in turn modified through this transmission. Activity-dependent changes in synapses and neurons underlie information storage in the brain. Problems at any step in the formation or function of neural circuits may lead to mental retardation. In this chapter, we will explore steps in the development of the nervous system: the generation of neurons, migration from place of origin, and maturation, including development of axons and dendrites and establishment of synaptic contacts. While synaptogenesis occurs primarily in prenatal life, it continues throughout childhood into puberty. There is evidence that neurogenesis continues at some level during adult life. Neurons are generated from stem cells that occur at a number of different locations in the adult brain. These neurons then become integrated into neuronal circuits.