bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blastomycosis
Authors: Bradsher Robert W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Blastomycosis, one of the endemic mycoses in the United States, is caused by the dimorphic fungus, Blastomyces dermatitidis. The organism exists in nature in the mould or mycelial phase and converts to the parasitic or yeast phase at body temperature. The fungus may either produce epidemics of infection after a point-source exposure or cause disease in a sporadic manner in the endemic areas. Blastomyces dermatitidis can cause an infection with a subclinical illness and subsequent protection against progressive infection afforded by cellular immune mechanisms. By contrast, a patient may present with pneumonia or with extrapulmonary disease or both. Lung involvement in blastomycosis may mimic acute bacterial pneumonia, while chronic pulmonary presentations mimic lung cancer or tuberculosis. Skin disease, usually presenting as either verrucous or ulcerative lesions, is the most common extrapulmonary site followed by bone, prostate, and CNS disease. Diagnosis is often easily made by visualization of the yeast in smears, or in tissue specimens or by culture; recognition of B. dermatitidis by smear or culture provides a definitive diagnosis. Itraconazole has been shown to be the drug of choice for either pulmonary or extrapulmonary infection, except in cases of life-threatening infection when amphotericin B should be used. Gilchrist first described blastomycosis in Baltimore in the 1890s as a skin infection caused by a protozoan organism (Gilchrist, 1894) and the illness was known for a time as Gilchrist’s disease. There were some errors in the initial description. For example, blastomycosis is not common in the areas surrounding Balti-more, and infection of the skin occurs secondarily rather than primarily. Moreover, the organism is not a protozoan but a fungus. Gilchrist was the first to refute portions of his own descriptions when he isolated and named the fungus B. dermatitidis (Gilchrist et al, 1898). Because skin manifestations of blastomycosis are often very striking, the initial cases were perceived as mainly dermatologic in nature (Sarosi and Davies, 1979). The concept of primary pulmonary blastomy- cosis was not recognized until pathologic descriptions allowed the pathophysiologic mechanisms to be delineated (Witorsch and Utz, 1968). There are rare cases of cutaneous inoculation of B. dermatitidis in laboratory workers and veterinarians, but almost all cases of blastomycosis are considered to originate from a pulmonary portal of entry (Sarosi and Davis, 1979).
Chromoblastomycosis
Authors: Baddley John W , Dismukes William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues characterized by the presence of nodular, verrucous lesions often of the lower extremities. Upon histopathologic examination of infected tissues, the characteristic finding is single or multiple sclerotic bodies, which are dark brown septate fungal cells that resemble yeast forms (See Color Fig. 26–1 in separate color insert). Sclerotic bodies often are referred to as muriform cells, with the term muriform designating the presence of vertical and horizontal septa of the cells. While chromoblastomycosis is caused by several species of dematiaceous, or pigmented, fungi, the most common causative organism is Fonsecaea pedrosoi. The disease is usually chronic, localized, and is rarely life-threatening. Surgical resection and cryotherapy are effective for small lesions, while antifungal agents, including itraconazole and flucytosine, are sometimes effective in more extensive disease. For the purposes of this chapter, chromoblastomycosis is defined as a chronic infection of the skin or subcutaneous tissues caused by dematiaceous fungi and characterized by the presence of sclerotic bodies on histopathologic examination. Chromoblastomycosis is often referred to as chromomycosis, although these terms are not synonymous. The term chromomycosis has come to represent not only the classic definition of chromoblastomycosis, but also additional nonskin and subcutaneous infections due to dematiaceous fungi (Fader and McGinnis, 1988; Kwon-Chung and Bennett, 1992). Phaeohyphomycoses represent the broad group of fungal infections caused by dematiaceous fungi and are defined by the presence of yeast-like cells, hyphal forms, or pseudohyphae-like elements in tissue, but without the presence of sclerotic bodies as seen in chromoblastomycosis (Fader and McGinnis, 1988). Phaeohyphomycoses are distinct from chromoblastomycosis and are addressed in a separate chapter (See Chapter 17.).
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this fully-revised fourth edition of what has long been the standard textbook for the field, Dr. Richard Abrams once again demonstrates his unique ability to analyze and present a wealth of new(and often technical) material in a lucid, compelling, and highly readable fashion. Hundreds of new clinical studies called from the more than 1500 published since the third edition appeared have been analyzed in depth and incorporated throughout the book. An important new chapter has been added on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation(TMS) therapy, a treatment for depression that is widely-used in Europe and expected to become available soon for clinical use in the United States. Dr. Abrams exposes the scientific flaws in several widely-cited reports, while focusing on the few carefully-controlled studies that provide solid support for the results claimed. The sections on the electrical stimulus, seizing introduction, seizure quality, and treatment electrode placement have been completely revised and updated with new information on those clinical and technical issues that are presently of greatest concern to practitioners and researchers. A comprehensive critical assessment of the nature of the seizure threshold and the validity of the stimulus titration method for ECT dosing is presented for the first time, with conclusions and recommendations that many will find surprising. The continued controversy over the relative efficacies of unilateral and bitemporal ECT is revisited in light of the latest dosing strategies and treatment outcomes reported, and of the latest results obtained with bifrontal ECT. The potential clinical and theoretical advantages of the recently-rediscovered technique of ultrabrief pulse therapy are explained in detail. The chapter on the memory and cognitive consequences of ECT has been expanded to focus on the subjective memory effects of treatment, with new analysis of the possible biological basis for the improvement in subjective memory so often reported. Recently-published claims of persistent or permanent memory effects of ECT are refuted in detail. In full accordance with the American Psychiatric Association’s new guidelines for the practice of ECT, Dr. Abrams’ book remains the essential practical guide and reference work for all those who prescribe, perform, or assist with ECT, or are interested in learning more about the subject.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy (TMS)
Authors: Abrams Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is no such thing as magnetic stimulation therapy. The magnetic fields applied to the scalp in both nonconvulsive and convulsive magnetic methods induce electrical current to flow in the brain, and it is that current that has therapeutic properties; viewed in this way, there is no inherent difference between electrical and magnetic brain stimulation methods in psychiatry. Indeed, attempts to induce seizures in monkeys via magnetic fields were only successful when the intracerebral peak voltage levels induced matched those recorded during the conventional application of electric current for ECS (Lisanby et al., 2001a).
There are important practical differences between the methods, however, the most striking of which is that the skull, which deflects at least 90% of applied electrical current, is entirely transparent to magnetic fields. Thus, any “blurring” effects that might be attributable to skull impedance during electrical stimulation simply do not occur with magnetic fields, allowing for far more accurate focusing on the desired site of cortical stimulation with magnetic, as compared with electrical, methods.
Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown
Authors: Brown Henry Box , Newman Richard , Gates Henry Louis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was born about forty-five miles from the city of Richmond, in Louisa County, in the year 1815. I entered the world a slave— in the midst of a country whose most honoured writings declare that all men have a right to liberty— but had imprinted upon my body no mark which could be made to signify that my destiny was to be that of a bondman. Neither was there any angel stood by, at the hour of my birth, to hand my body over, by the authority of heaven, to be the property of a fellow-man; no, but I was a slave because my countrymen had made it lawful, in utter contempt of the declared will of heaven, for the strong to lay hold of the weak and to buy and to sell them as marketable goods. Thus was I born a slave; tyrants— remorseless, destitute of religion and every principle of humanity— stood by the couch of my mother and as I entered into the world.
Introduction: Why Dissent Matters to Literature
Authors: Sabin Margery 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I start with some explanation for what may appear an idiosyncratic selection of texts for analysis. This book is clearly not proposing a roll call of heroic dissenters in the history of British colonialism in India. As Edward Said and others have persuasively demonstrated, opposition to British rule in India (or elsewhere in the emerging empire) scarcely existed in England during the two centuries of British power.1 There is no heroic textual tradition of anticolonial dissent.
Privatizing Probation and Parole
Authors: Reynolds Morgan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of 1998, 3.4 million people in the United States were on probation and 705,000 were on parole.1 That’s one in fifty adult U.S. residents “under the supervision of the criminal justice system” yet free on the streets. A majority (57 percent) of those convicted and released to straight probation (nonincarceration) were convicted of a felony crime (crimes punishable by one year or more in prison), 40 percent were guilty of misdemeanors, and the remaining 3 percent were guilty of other infractions. With regard to parole, over four in five prisoners are released short of serving their full sentences in favor of some form of “community supervision.” Currently, a large public bureaucracy of probation and parole officers (there are 50,000 probation officers alone, many of them members of the American Probation and Parole Association [APPA]) is responsible for supervising these 4.1 million offenders.
Improving Bankruptcy Procedure
Authors: Aghion Philippe , Hart Oliver , Moore John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a widespread dissatisfaction with bankruptcy procedures throughout the world. Bankruptcy reform is being actively considered in the United Kingdom and France and is in the air in the United States. East European countries that must select a bankruptcy law for their new capitalistic economies have had a hard time making the choice and, in some cases, dissatisfied with their original decisions, they are already making changes. Russia has recently implemented a bankruptcy law that seems complex and apparently suffers from many of the disadvantages of Western procedures.
Three Conceptions of Nonarbitrariness
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ideal of freedom, as I have explained, gives rise to two powerful arguments against the arbitrary use of power, placing government under a burden of legitimation. Meeting this burden requires that government actions be based on reasons. In conjunction with the elemental ideal of treating persons with equal concern and respect, this basic rationality requirement in turn gives rise to a basic case for democracy. In addition, compatibly, the republican ideal of freedom from domination further demands that the government not have the capacity to exercise power arbitrarily. In light of these arguments, how should we understand the idea of non-arbitrariness? The basic case suggests a minimal interpretation. The use of government power-in particular power that purports to put citizens under duties-must be nonarbitrary at least in the sense that it rests on reasons. The republican ideal clearly demands more than this. Slaveholders and tyrants often have their reasons for what they do, after all. How, then, should we understand the kind of nonarbitrariness to which the basic case and the ideal of domination commit us? How we assess the threat of bureaucratic domination will hinge on our answer to this question. In this chapter, I will consider three ways of interpreting the republican demand for nonarbitrariness: an objectivist way, a welfarist way, and a liberal way. (The welfarist version itself has three variants that are important to discuss as they introduce themes that I will pursue throughout.) Although these three main variants do not exhaust the conceptual possibilities, they are influential interpretations that seem compatible with other democratic themes. I shall argue for the superiority of the liberal interpretation, concluding that liberalism should enter into the ideal of democracy at this point. Liberal ideas are needed to help give an appropriate rendering of the idea of nonarbitrary power. A liberal conception of democratic politics as a set of procedures that respects the freedom and equality of citizens is a necessary support, I shall claim, to an adequate understanding of nonarbitrary power.
Conclusion
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Democracy is a demanding ideal. If all of its demands are met in some jurisdiction, then its citizens will rule themselves by reasoning together about what to do. Then, too, bureaucracies will not dominate the citizens but rather will play an indispensable part in their figuring out what they ought to do. I have woven together the four strands of the democratic ideal-liberalism, republicanism, rationalism, and populism-into a conception of democracy as democratic autonomy. I have elaborated a conception of democratic reasoning both for its own sake, to help us understand what it is to reason together democratically, and also for the sake of addressing the problem of bureaucratic domination. In the end, the two problems converge. Only if all four of the component ideals of democracy are adequately and harmoniously realized can we decide what to do by reasoning together democratically; and only if all four ideals are adequately and harmoniously realized can bureaucratic domination be prevented. Whether these four aspects of democracy are anywhere adequately and harmoniously realized is an open question. I know of no jurisdiction that could serve as an obvious paradigm. Thus it is that although the ideal of democracy has triumphed in the world, the reality lags behind. Yet the four-part ideal of democracy as democratic autonomy is eminently realizable. To remind you of the reasons why all four aspects are necessary to democratic reasoning and to preventing bureaucratic domination, and to assess the distance that most existing regimes have yet to travel, I will briefly review each strand in turn.
The American Temptation
Authors: Hirsh Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly After September 11, General Richard Myers was asked at a congressional hearing why the mightiest military in history had failed to protect the heart of American power from a band of men brandishing box cutters. Why hadn’t he “scrambled:’ or launched, fighter planes? In those early, shell-shocked days, before the spin set in, the incoming chairman of the Joint Chiefs had no ready reply but the unvarnished truth. “We’re pretty good if the threat is coming from outside:’ Myers said. “We’re not so good if it’s coming in from inside:’ The fact that at this late date, in the age of globalization and a borderless world, many Americans still believe threats are divisible into those that are “outside” and those that are “inside” says a lot about the American sensibility. The historian John Lewis Gaddis points out that few other nations have had to worry so little about “homeland security” for as long as the United States. After all, before September 11 the country had not suffered a foreign attack on continental soil since the War of 1812. Other nations, such as Britain, have long accommodated themselves to domestic surveillance with agencies like Ml5, because of the infiltration of terrorists. America is just getting started on this very troubling road.
When Ideas Bite Back
Authors: Hirsh Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If Americans Know one thing for certain, it is that their values are right not just for them, but for the world. This is a bedrock belief that unites left and right, the Wilsonian internationalists of the Clinton administration and the powerful neoconservatives of the Bush administration. It is a sense that they can make the world a better and safer place by asserting America’s power and spreading cardinal American values such as democracy and free markets, if only the world would stand back and let them do it. This chapter is about why this practice is likely to fail in the future-ironically enough, because it has succeeded so well in the past. It is about why we Americans must depend on the institutions of the international system we built, such as the UN and WTO, to do the main work of continuing to promote these values, even though this rubs against our national grain. The alternative is that we will find ourselves caught up in endless self-contradiction and accusations of hypocrisy-at war with our own ideas.
Breakthrough, 1920–1940
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the 1920s, euthanasia was no longer a secret in America. The popular and medical press had run stories on mercy killing, the first signs of a debate that would mark much of American life for the rest of the century. A motion picture, titled The Black Stork, about withholding surgery from a deformed newborn, had been released and was being shown commercially throughout the country. Clarence Darrow ,Jack London, Eugene Debs, Helen Keller, and the editorial board of the New Republic had spoken out in favor of euthanasia.
Popular attitudes toward euthanasia also showed signs of movement. Most Americans in the interwar period agreed that there was something morally wrong about euthanasia as official policy, but that majority was growing slimmer as time went on. By 1939 roughly 40 percent of all Americans polled said they supported legalizing government-supervised mercy killing of the terminally ill. The times looked ripe for someone to exploit these shifts in popular sentiments.
Cohesion by Exclusion, Redux from Above
Authors: Marx Anthony W . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fanatical exclusion was not the only course open to or attempted by nation and state builders. In the aftermath of earlier exclusions and some achieved popular coherence, Spain, France, and England to varying degrees had all turned to an inclusive approach to state-building. Earlier fanaticism was put in abeyance to restore order within which central state authority could be built further toward absolutism. Imperatives from above eclipsed and held in check the passions, at least for a time. But the circumstances of popular exhaustion and elite pragmatism allowing for these inclusive efforts at state-building passed. Consolidation of institutional power and of popular allegiance remained incomplete, confronted anew by challengers and factions, themselves enflamed by both tolerance and greater central state power. To shore up authority and cohesion and to dampen potential discord, elites reengaged in the project of national consolidation during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the more conventional focus of analysis of such efforts. But this reengagement revived the pattern of using exclusion to bolster unity that had proven effective a century or more earlier. Thus, nationand state-building in the eighteenth century was neither as inclusive as much analysis has suggested nor explicable without reference to the earlier experiences as foundational.
Civil Rights Struggle and the Rise of Affirmative Action
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While training in the north Georgia hills Powell wanted to attend church services on Sundays. A simple request, but in order to do that he had to be driven to an African American church some miles away. The army summoned a white corporal to drive the black lieutenant to the closest Baptist church. On one Sunday, the corporal informed Powell that he also would like to attend services. Powell asked the preacher, but the kindly old minister said that he feared the reaction of local white folks. The “reality I wanted to ignore, was forcing its way into my life,” wrote Powell, “the lunatic code that made it wrong for two men to sit together in a house of God, or share a meal in a restaurant, or use the same bathroom.” “Racism was not just a black problem,” Powell continued. “It was America’s problem.” During the 1950s southern states continued to restrict black voting rights by gimmicks and various tests, so by 1958 only 9 percent of Alabama blacks were registered to vote; only 4 percent in Mississippi.
Demise of Affirmative Action in the Age of Diversity
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The Man from Hope,” declared one of Bill Clinton’s campaign slogans. Hope, Arkansas, was his birthplace, where his mother raised him, where he went to high school, and where he left for George-town University, then Oxford, and eventually Yale Law School. He returned to Arkansas with his wife, Hillary, and enough drive to be elected governor at age 33. Six years later he was stunned by Ronald Reagan’s overwhelming reelection in 1984, and along with other moderate Democrats, such as Sam Nunn of Georgia and Al Gore Jr. of Tennessee, he began to think that his party would be doomed to more defeats unless it changed its focus from the left to the middle and made a strenuous effort to woo white voters back to the party. A year later Clinton was one of the founders of the Democratic Leadership Council, a group of centrists, and the DLC began advocating welfare reform, a tougher stance on crime, smaller government, a middle-class tax cut, and a strong defense. Clinton embraced those themes in 1991 when he declared his nomination and presented himself during the campaign as a “New Democrat.” He was an energetic campaigner, a smooth speaker, and he fought off challenges from Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey, former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas, and former California Governor Jerry Brown. The South’s primary, “Super Tuesday,” in March 1992 catapulted Clinton into the lead. He won his party’s nomination easily, picked Al Gore as his running mate, and began his march to the White House.