bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Involving Vulnerable Subjects
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we examined the ethical questions raised by research on human subjects in Chapter Two, we noted a special set of concerns raised by research involving members of certain vulnerable classes of human subjects. On the one hand, we want to provide them with special protection from abuse and exploitation. On the other hand, we recognize that there may be a social need for research on these subjects and that they may personally benefit from participation, and we need to make sure that the special protections are not excessively onerous. How can these competing demands be met? This chapter will explore this issue in reference to three classes of vulnerable subjects: children, mentally infirm adults, and prisoners. We will see, at least in connection with the first two classes, a growing recognition of the need to support research involving such subjects.
The Boy from Cheraw
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From his first visit to France with Teddy Hill as a gauche nineteen-year-old to overseas tours with his own band in the 1950s, Dizzy became an indefatigable musical ambassador, a passion that never left him right up until the days of his United Nation Orchestra in the late 1980s. When Dizzy died in January 1993, the world lost the man who had taken over Louis Armstrong’s role as the father figure of the music; it also lost one of the major innovators in what became known as the modern jazz or “bebop” revolution of the 1940s.
The Big Band Records
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Also, the 1946-50 big band tended to play a repertoire so similar from one live session to the next that it was hardly more varied than that which straitjacketed Louis Armstrong’s All Stars for over twenty years. Dizzy’s commercial discs of some of his core arrangements are not necessarily his best, and many highlights of the band’s work can be found by sifting through its impressive legacy of live recordings.
Dee Gee, Paris, and Massey Hall
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dizzy’s cheerfulness was the more remarkable since he was suffering the after effects of a fall from his bicycle in New York. A car had hit him, scarring his arms and affecting his ability to play high notes. A meager compensation award eventually arrived, but meanwhile, not long after the Apollo week, the big band finally broke up, having played the Silhouette Club in Chicago.
The l 950s Bi Bands
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arturo “Chico” O’Farrill was a trumpeter himself, born in Havana in 1921, who had studied composition as a young man in Cuba, where he also dabbled in band leading. He came to the United States in the 1940s and studied composition with Bernard Wagenaar, Stefan Wolpe, and Hall Overton. Wagenaar was a Dutch composer who taught his students the elements of neoclassical style at the Juilliard School for many years from the 1920s to the 1960s, but both the other men were more directly involved in jazz.
Conclusion
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall conclude by reviewing the main conclusions for which I have argued in the course of this book, as well as the main lines of argument on which I have sought to rest these conclusions. I shall begin this review with a summary account of Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property, confining myself to a positive statement of my own interpretation. I shall then pass to a recapitulation of the principal arguments I have adduced in defence of this interpretation. Here I shall concentrate on the defence of the more novel or controversial aspects of the interpretation I have presented. Finally, I shall end by cataloguing the limits that inhere in Lockean property and by retracing the argument that establishes these limits as consequences of the logic of the Lockean argument itself.
Reliable Inquiry
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scientist starts out with some assumptions. Officially speaking, learning theory is not in the business of challenging these assumptions, though it might very well play a role in such a challenge should it turn out that assumptions nobody wants to grant are required for reliable inquiry. The scientist inquires because his assumptions are incomplete. We will employ a standard device and represent the scientist’s background assumptions as the set K of all possible ways the world could be that would make them true (Fig. 2.1). This is essentially what a probabilist does when he chooses a sample space. So far as the scientist is concerned, the actual world is in K If his assumptions are true, it really is.
The Demons of Passive Observation
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, several notions of logical reliability were introduced. It was proposed that degrees of underdetermination be defined as the impossibility of reliability in various different senses. In this chapter, I will categorize some inductive problems by their degrees of underdetermination. Thus, we will be engaged in questions of the third level, which demand that inductive problems be shown unsolvable by all possible methods.
So Much Time, Such Little Brains
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, we saw that recommendations that make perfect sense for ideal agents can be disastrous for Turing machines, and it was concluded that when computational agents cannot possibly satisfy a methodologist’s recommendations, it is the methodologist rather than the agent who is at fault. But this moral might very well be tossed back at me, for Turing computability is itself highly idealized. Turing machines have infinite tapes. Of course, the tape doesn’t have to exist all at once. The intention is that whenever the read-write head is about to fall off the end, a paper factory can glue on an extension just in time. When all the forests are used up, we have to start making paper out of the earth itself. When the earth is used up, neighboring planets are made into paper, and then neighboring solar systems, and so forth (Fig. 8.1). If there is finitely much matter in the universe, then we simply cannot implement all possible Turing computations.
Experiment and Causal Inferenee
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, I have represented the scientist as a passive observer who watches the world pass before his fixed and undirectable gaze. But in fact, an experiment is not just a question put to nature, it is an act that changes the state of the world under study in some way. This chapter examines active, experimental science from a logical reliabilist point of view. Since the issues that arise are more complex, the development will be correspondingly more heuristic and suggestive than in the preceding chapters. What follows may be thought of more as an outline than as a fully articulated theory.
The Cost of Walking Erect
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walking on two legs does not seem by any means a difficult trick to perform when you belong to a species that has been practising it for a few million years. Unless, that is, you are fourteen months old and have just tumbled down for the 65th time; or unless you have broken a leg and, not having three others to fall back on, are reduced to hopping or hobbling with a stick; or unless you are drunk, or suffering from backache, or growing old.
Conflicts of Rights
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of the previous chapter was the practical import of rights; more specifically, the duties implied by any given right. We have seen how these duties can be classified by the various ways they follow from an interpretation of some assumed right; accordingly, we have distinguished between correlative duties, associated duties, new duties, and supplementary duties. Recognizing the plurality of rights and the various duties implied by each, one may wonder whether all of these duties are compatible in practice. If not, what are the practical implications of rights when not all of the duties they imply can be real?
The Essence Requirement on Representation
Authors: Rocca Michael Della 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the causal requirement reveals a great deal about Spinoza’s theory of representation, we can and should dig deeper. Commentators have not appreciated the significance of a further requirement Spinoza places on representation, which I will call the essence requirement. According to this requirement, in order for an unconfused idea to be about an object x, the idea must involve the idea of x’s essence in a way I will explain presently. This requirement is significant because it can explain why Spinoza holds the causal requirement, and it can, indeed, shed light on all the questions about Spinoza’s theory of representation I identified in the previous two chapters.
Spinoza, Opacity, and the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Rocca Michael Della 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning and again at the end of this chapter, I develop some of the ramifications of my interpretation in chapter 7 for our understanding of the relations between Spinoza’s position on the mind-body problem and certain other important positions. In the first section, Spinoza’s position will encounter essentialism and an essentialist argument for dualism. The last section reveals the deep affinities between Spinoza’s view, as I have interpreted it, and Donald Davidson’s influential thesis of anomalous monism. Placed between these comparisons is my investigation of the extent to which Spinoza can justify acceptance of the wide range of intensional properties that is so crucial to his defense of and argument for the claim of mode identity. Spinoza does, I will argue, have a deep, revealing, and, unfortunately, ultimately unsatisfying reason for espousing this intensionality. His reason here will help prepare the way for my comparison of Spinoza and Davidson in the final section.
Introduction
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past two or three decades, studies of “compositional process “ have become a familiar staple of musicology. In a paper entitled “Sketch Studies, “ presented at the American Musicological Society meeting in I 98I ,Joseph Kerman traced the development of this sub-discipline within musicology.1 Listing some twenty composers whose sketches had received scholarly attention none earlier than Bach-he noted, “Then there wasJessie Ann Owens’s paper last year about Cipriano de Rore.Who would have thought of sketches surviving from that period? It just goes to show that if you know what you are looking for, you may find it. “2 Kerman’s remark reflects the view that prevailed until recently that none of the manuscripts actually used in composition of music from before I 600 had survived. Some composer autographs, of course, were known.3 During the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, autographs had become valuable objects, desired by collectors. Peter Jeffery, in his study of Francesco Cavalli’s autographs, traced the emergence of this phenomenon, and offered a useful overview of autographs or manuscripts alleged to be autograph from Cavalli’s period or earlier.
Prologue
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On May 10, 1981, a quiet, overcast spring afternoon, a score or more of the friends and admirers of American composer Alec Wilder gathered in Saint Agnes Cemetery in the small upstate New York village of Avon, not far from Wilder’s hometown of Rochester. They had come to honor a man with a song in his heart, a maverick who valued nothing so much as his independence, an old-fashioned knight who lived and died with his lance leveled against the tumultuous modem world. It happened to be Mother’s Day, and Wilder would have seen the irony of that.
His Mentor
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was also during the Eastman years that Wilder found a substitute for the father he never had, James Sibley Watson Jr., and through him would gain his first exposure to filmmaking and film scoring. Watson was a true renaissance figure: physician, major influence in American literature in the 1920s, translator of French poetry, pioneer in radiology and in amateur filmmaking, artist, flyer, expert marksman, inventor, millionaire philanthropist. This man of many brilliances would become mentor, father confessor, and financial backer to Wilder.
Homage in a Supper Club
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than Peggy Lee, more even than Mildred Bailey, Wilder worshipped Mabel Mercer and her exquisite artistry. She was, for him, “the guardian of the tenuous dreams created by the writers of songs.” It was a mutual love affair, and two Wilder songs from the second half of the 1940s would become particularly associated with her: Did You Ever Cross Over to Sneden’ s? with lyrics by Wilder, and Goodbye, John, lyrics by Edward Eager. As a supper-club or cabaret singer, Mercer had no peer, and many were the artists who sat at her feet and learned from her style, her taste, her phrasing.
The Letter Writer
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The letters of Alec Wilder to his friends are legion and legendary. Reading them is sometimes like walking into a confessional, sometimes like listening to an orator on a soapbox, sometimes like sitting in the shade of a tree whispering with the wind. Whatever the circumstances, whatever the tone-fiercely denunciatory or warm and tender-they arenearly always evocative and entertaining. The best of them are the stuff of autobiography. And the habit of sharing even his intimate thoughts was formed early. In March 1939, Wilder was writing from the Algonquin to tell Sibley Watson: “The phone rings with crazy persistence. People burst in and out of the room like drunken impulses. Appointments are so many and involved that long lists must be kept, daily.
The Young Believers
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1960s and 1970s, Wilder became an important generative force in the lives of many young American musicians he knew both professionally and personally. He was their conscience artistically, and sometimes their father confessor too. The striking thing about that conscience was the range of it: from formal music to jazz, and through the great middle ground of popular music. Always urging them on to higher endeavor, Wilder had a profound impact on these talented young men and women.
Defender of the Faith
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The days had to be affirmed, never just marked off on the calendar. In the course of a radio interview with Marian McPartland, Wilder cited singer Ray Charles as an example of a special human being. The man, he said, had everything wrong in his background-”enough to make him a basket case”-and yet he had come out of it smiling and happy. “He’s constantly affirming the glory of life.” Later in the same interview, McPartland noted that Wilder’s tastes ran from Ray Charles to Gunther Schuller to George Barnes. “That’s what I love about you. Your tastes go in every direction.” Responded Wilder: “Wherever there’s the sound of life.”
Beauties and Blemishes: David Hume
Authors: Dickie George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume’s “Of the Standard of Taste” (1757) brought the theory of taste closer to success than any other attempt before or after. Hume’s essay was published at almost the exact midpoint of the period during which the theory of taste flourished—thirty-two years after the 1725 publication of Hutche son’s An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue got the theory of taste off to a philosophical start and thirty-three years before the 1790 publications of Alison’s Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste and Kant’s third Critique derailed the theory of taste as a philosophical enterprise.
In his essay, Hume, on the one hand, finesses the difficulties of Hutche son’s less sophisticated theory and, on the other hand, avoids the obscurity and wrongheadedness of the third Critique and the bloated misdirectedness of associationism. It should be noted that Hume, well known for his use of the association of ideas, does not use or even mention this notion in “Of the Standard of Taste.”
Self-Expression in Sleep: Neuroscience and Dreams
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many think that neuroscientific accounts of mental phenomena destroy meaning or significance. There are several different kinds of meaning or significance thought to be at stake, ranging from the meaning or significance of life itself to the meaningfulness of particular kinds of mentation. The basic idea is an old one: the scientific image of humanity is the adversary of the manifest image of human personhood, the image that involves meaning, possibly transcendent meaning-meaning that matters beyond this world, this life, and my particular embodiment.
Identity and Reflection
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the connection between identity and reflection, between possession of an integrated, motivationally effective self and articulate self-comprehension? To what extent is ethical self-evaluation necessary for personhood and for ethical goodness itself? I want to discuss these fundamental questions of philosophical psychology by exploring a provocative and influential attempt to answer them. This influential answer goes wrong in certain subtle but consistent ways. It overstates the degree to which rich and effective identity, as well as moral decency, are tied to articulate selfcomprehension and evaluation. And it overstates the centrality of ethical identifications in human life.
Admirable Immorality and Admirable Imperfection
Authors: Flanagan Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The belief that moral considerations override all other considerations is a central assumption of secular, post-Enlightenment moral theory. Recently, several widely respected philosophers have questioned this assumption of the sovereignty of the moral good. One of the more interesting recent arguments in this regard involves the attempt to tap intuitions that support the existence of the phenomena of admirable immorality and admirable moral imperfection.
Palestrina as Reader: Motets from the Song of Songs
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palestrina’s fourth book of five-voice motets, Motettorum quinque vocibus fiber quartus (Rome, 1584), was one of his most unusual and interesting publications. The little information that has survived about its genesis can be quickly recounted. The book must have been in production by the end of 1583 because two of the five partbooks (tenor and bassus) bear this date. The printing was complete by 27 April 1584, the date when Palestrina sent “un libbro nuovo de Mottetti della Cantica” to Duke Guglielmo Gonzaga in Mantua. The volume was printed in Rome by Alessandro Gardano, heir with his brother Angelo of the firm established in Venice by Antonio Gardano. Gardano may have been working on commission from two Roman bookmen, the printer Giacomo Tornieri and the bookseller Giacomo Berichia. On 13 April 1584 Tornieri and Berichia received a privilege (a form of copyright) from Pope Gregory XIII; from this document it is reasonable to infer that they financed the print. Clearly it was a venture worth protecting: the Liber quartus achieved extraordi nary popularity even by Palestrina’s standards, being reprinted possibly as many as 15 times, in Milan, Venice, and Antwerp, as late as 1650.
On William Byrd’s: Emendemus in melius
Authors: Kerman Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two texts, rather different in nature, may serve as prologue: the celebrated apologia from William Byrd’s dedicatory letter in the Gradualia: In Sacred sentences (as I have learned from experience) there is such hidden and concealed power that to a man thinking about divine things and turning them over attentively and earnestly in his mind, the most appropriate measures come, I know not how, as if by their own free will, and freely offer themselves to his mind if it is neither idle nor inert. and a sorrowful, true confession by a reviewer, Imogene Horsley, of Wolfgang Boetticher’s massive Lassus monograph: [we lack] analytical vocabulary in dealing with 16th-century music. We have analyzed closely the melodic and rhythmic structure of the single lines, the dissonance treatment in the combination of these lines, and the modal-tonal structure. But we have no way of summarizing in a few words the total poly phonic construction. It is in the small details, in the subtle and intricate combinations of the parts, that one finds the essence of the style and perceives the skill of the composer.
Laser Doppler Velocimetry and Dynamic Light Scattering
Authors: Fuller Gerald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods described in this book are primarily concerned with the measurement of the microstructure of complex fluids subject to the application of external, orienting fields. In the case of flow, it is also of interest to measure the kinematics of the fluid motion. This chapter describes two experimental techniques that can be used for this purpose: laser Doppler velocimetry for the measurement of fluid velocities, and dynamic light scattering (or photon correlation spectroscopy) for the determination of velocity gradients.
The Rise of the Western AIDS Epidemic
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When AIDS emerged as an epidemic in the early 1980s, researchers scrambled to identify the virus and develop tests to diagnose infection and monitor world blood supplies. They also scrambled to trace the disease to its probable source by combing earlier medical literature and investigating old cases. Some brilliant work was done, but mistakes were made because of pressure, new techniques, and some prejudices. A crucial error in identification would go undiscovered for years, causing confusion and hampering progress.
The story of this error begins at the Institute Pasteur, where Frans;oise Barre-Sinoussi, Jean-Claude Chermann, and Luc Montagnier found the first AIDS virus. Its activity was detected in the lymph node of a young gay man who was given the code name “Bru.” He was infected but had not yet developed AIDS, a point that turned out to be very important.
The Pasteur group ran into trouble when it tried to grow and isolate the virus. Some organisms grow like weeds, but others must be coaxed like or­chids. The process can be especially tricky with a little-known organism, but a standard procedure is followed. On nutrient medium, a bit of fluid or tissue thought to contain the organism is grown, or cultured, with live cells
Searching for SIV in Monkey Mummies
Authors: Goudsmit Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To trace genetic changes that could have made SIV into a harmless virus of African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys, we needed to find SIV in an ancient and possibly harmful form. How can we do this?
When SIV infects white blood cells, its RNA converts to DNA and moves into the host cell genome. There it stays-harmless or not-for the life of the host, and sometimes in postmortem remains. Since SIV infects monkeys at reproductive age, its presence in host cells should persist as the animal ages, reaching a high level by the end of a typical life span. So our best chance to find ancient SIV was to find SIV-infected adult monkeys that died in ancient times but retained tissue that might contain white blood cells. In the DNA of such monkey cells we might find some integrated stretches of SIV DNA.
As this chapter will tell, monkey mummies twenty-five hundred to five thousand years old can be found and studied. Techniques exist to recover SIV DNA from the DNA of ancient monkeys, to amplify the viral material in the test tube, and to analyze its virulence and other characteristics. But before one can study ancient SIV DNA, one must find the right monkeys: