bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MORE SPATIAL GAMES
Authors: NOWAK MARTIN A. , BONHOEFFER SEBASTIAN , MAY ROBERT M. 
Published: November 2004

We extend our exploration of the dynamics of spatial evolutionary games [Nowak & May 1992, 1993] in three distinct but related ways. We analyse, first, deterministic versus stochastic rules; second, discrete versus continuous time (see Hubermann & Glance [1993]); and, third, different geometries of interaction in regular and random spatial arrays. We show that spatial effects can change some of the intuitive concepts in evolutionary game theory: (i) equilibria among strategies are no longer necessarily characterised by equal average payoffs; (ii) the strategy with the higher average payoff can steadily converge towards extinction; (iii) strategies can become extinct even though their basic reproductive rate (at very low frequencies) is larger than one. The equilibrium properties of spatial games are instead determined by “local relative payoffs.” We characterise the conditions for coexistence between cooperators and defectors in the spatial prisoner’s dilemma game. We find that cooperation can be maintained if the transition rules give more weight to the most successful neighbours, or if there is a certain probability that cells may remain unoccupied in the next generations when they are surrounded by players with low payoffs. In this second case the cooperators can survive despite a very large payoff advantage to defectors. We also compute average extinction times for random drift in neutral spatial models. Finally we briefly describe the spatial dynamics of an interaction among three species which dominate each other in a cyclic fashion. The emphasis of this paper is presenting a variety of ideas and possibilities for further research in the evolutionary dynamics of spatial games. The overall conclusion is that interactions with local neighbours in 2- or 3-dimensional spatial arrays can promote coexistence of different strategies (such as cooperators and defectors in the Prisoner’s Dilemma), in situations where one strategy would exclude all others if the interactions occurred randomly and homogeneously.
INELASTIC INTERACTION OF BOUSSINESQ SOLITONS
Authors: CHRISTOV C.I. , VELARDE M.G. 
Published: November 2004

Two improved versions of Boussinesq equation (Boussinesq paradigm) have been considered which are well-posed (correct in the sense of Hadamard) as an initial value problem: the Proper Boussinesq Equation (PBE) and the Regularized Long Wave Equation (RLWE). Fully implicit difference schemes have been developed strictly representing, on difference level, the conservation or balance laws for the mass, pseudoenergy or pseudomomentum of the wave system. Thresholds of possible nonlinear blow-up are identified for both PBE and RLWE. The head-on collisions of solitary waves of the sech type (Boussinesq solitons) have been investigated. They are subsonic and negative (surface depressions) for PBE and supersonic and positive (surface elevations) for RLWE. The numerically recovered sign and sizes of the phase shifts are in very good quantitative agreement with analytical results for the two-soliton solution of PBE. The subsonic surface elevations are found to be not permanent but to gradually transform into oscillatory pulses whose support increases and amplitude decreases with time although the total pseudoenergy is conserved within 10−10. The latter allows us to claim that the pulses are solitons despite their “aging” (which is felt on times several times the time-scale of collision). For supersonic phase speeds, the collision of Boussinesq solitons has inelastic character exhibiting not only a significant phase shift but also a residual signal of sizable amplitude but negligible pseudoenergy. The evolution of the residual signal is investigated numerically for very long times.
Add-on therapy options in asthma not adequately controlled by inhaled corticosteroids: a comprehensive review
Authors: Kankaanranta Hannu , Lahdensuo Aarne , Moilanen Eeva , Barnes Peter J 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMany patients with persistent asthma can be controlled with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). However, a considerable proportion of patients remain symptomatic, despite the use of ICS. We present systematically evidence that supports the different treatment options. A literature search was made of Medline/PubMed to identify randomised and blinded trials. To demonstrate the benefit that can be obtained by increasing the dose of ICS, dose-response studies with at least three different ICS doses were identified. To demonstrate whether more benefit can be obtained by adding long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), leukotriene antagonist (LTRA) or theophylline than by increasing the dose of ICS, studies comparing these options were identified. Thirdly, studies comparing the different "add-on" options were identified. The addition of a LABA is more effective than increasing the dose of ICS in improving asthma control. By increasing the dose of ICS, clinical improvement is likely to be of small magnitude. Addition of a LTRA or theophylline to the treatment regimen appears to be equivalent to doubling the dose of ICS. Addition of a LABA seems to be superior to an LTRA in improving lung function. However, addition of LABA and LTRA may be equal with respect to asthma exacerbations. However, more and longer studies are needed to better clarify the role of LTRAs and theophylline as add-on therapies.
Effect of Addition of Adjuvant Paclitaxel on Radiotherapy Delivery and Locoregional Control of Node-Positive Breast Cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9344
Authors: Sartor Carolyn I. , Peterson Bercedis L. , Woolf Susan , FitzGerald Thomas J. , Laurie Frances , Turrisi Andrew J. , Bogart Jeff , Henderson I. Craig , Norton Larry 
Published: November 2004

Purpose We compared radiotherapy (RT) delivery and locoregional control in patients with node-positive breast cancer randomly assigned on Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9344 to receive adjuvant doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide (AC) with patients assigned to receive AC followed by paclitaxel (AC+T). Methods Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive adjuvant AC versus AC+T chemotherapy. RT was required if breast-conserving surgery was performed but was elective after mastectomy. Information about RT delivery was retrospectively collected. Cumulative incidence of locoregional recurrence (LRR), use of elective RT, and RT delivery were compared between treatment arms. Results For patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and RT, the 5-year cumulative incidence of isolated LRR was 9.7% in the AC arm and 3.7% in the AC+T arm (P = .04) and of LRR as any component of failure was 12.9% versus 6.1%, respectively (P = .04). Although LRR rates in patients who did not receive postmastectomy RT were lower in the AC+T arm, the difference was not statistically significant. Despite the lack of protocol guidelines, RT use did not differ between arms, nor did RT dose, treatment interruption, or completion. Conclusion Despite the delay to RT during additional chemotherapy, adjuvant AC+T afforded better local control than AC alone in patients treated with breast-conserving therapy. Addition of paclitaxel did not adversely affect delivery or ability to tolerate RT, as indicated by similar rates of completion of timely, full-dose RT between arms.
Auf dem Wege zu gebrauchstauglichen Eye-Tracking-Systemen (Towards Usable Eye-Tracking Systems)
Authors: Schimpfky Nicole 
Published: November 2004

Zusammenfassung
Eye-Tracking-Systeme könnten für die Untersuchung von Nutzungsproblemen, die Benutzer mit Anwendungssoftware haben, besser eingesetzt werden, wenn bestimmte technische und methodische Voraussetzungen erfüllt wären. In diesem Artikel werden methodische Anforderungen an die Nutzung solcher Systeme entwickelt. Mit Blick auf diese Anforderungen werden technische Defizite aufgedeckt. Die Integration methodischer und technischer Anforderungen für die Anwendung von Eye-Tracking-Systemen in Usability-Laboratorien wird angeregt.
Flexible phases, modulated structures and the transmission electron microscope
Authors: Withers Ray L. , Norén Lasse , Liu Yun 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A review of the application of transmission electron microscopy to the study of interface, composite and displacively modulated structures is given. The distinctly different mechanisms underlying structural modulation in each case are emphasized as is the practical application of transmission electron microscopy to problems such as pseudo-symmetry and twinning, to indexation in (3 + d)-dimensional superspace and to overall superspace symmetry and structural characterization.
X-ray diffuse scattering as precursor of incommensurate Peierls transitions in one-dimensional organic charge transfer conductors
Authors: Pouget Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Quasi-one dimensional (1D) conductors of the TTF-TCNQ family of charge transfer salts exhibit a Peierls transition which stabilizes a periodic lattice distortion (PLD), accompanied by a charge density wave (CDW) modulation, with an incommensurate 2k
F (and sometimes 4k
F) wave vector related to the band filling of the 1D electronic subsystem. The Peierls instability is announced on an extended temperature range by 1D structural fluctuations giving rise to an X-ray diffuse scattering consisting of diffuse sheets in the reciprocal space. In this paper, we analyse quantitatively the thermal dependence of the correlation length of these 1D structural fluctuations, given by the inverse half-width of these diffuse sheets, and of the peak intensity of the diffuse scattering, using the correct treatment of the thermodynamics of the Peierls chain. From this analysis we are able to extract some microscopic parameters of the electron gas undergoing the Peierls instability, and, in particular, to quantify the importance of the electron-electron Coulomb repulsions. Finally, we examine the effect of the disorder on the Peierls instability and we show that defects modify the pretransitional fluctuations through the formation of Friedel oscillations whose development is controlled by the PLD-CDW response function of the Peierls chain.
The study of incommensurate structures as a probe to reveal atomic interactions in crystals
Authors: Chapuis Gervais , Arakcheeva Alla 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The structure of aperiodic crystals which in cludes incommensurate, quasi- and composite crystals is usu ally described in spaces of higher dimension, the so called su perspace. The main advantage of the superspace formalism is that an aperiodic structure in three dimensions recovers its full periodicity in higher dimensions. The symmetry prop erties of aperiodic crystals are obviously more convenient to describe in superspace too. The origin of the incommensurate nature of structures can often be found in competing inter atomic interactions. From molecular dynamics simulation of a simple three dimensional model with close-packed layers and a single degree of freedom for each particle, it is pos sible to find the existence conditions of commensurate and incommensurate phases. Incommensurate phases can already be predicted on the basis of nearest and next nearest neigh bour particle interactions only. We illustrate this principle of interactions with two examples of structures, Na2CO3 and K3In(PO4)2. These examples shows clearly the importance of non-oxygen interactions i.e. next nearest interactions for the formation of incommensurate structures.
Many P-Element Insertions Affect Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Weber Kenneth , Johnson Nancy , Champlin David , Patty April 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A screen of random, autosomal, homozygous-viable P-element insertions in D. melanogaster found small effects on wing shape in 11 of 50 lines. The effects were due to single insertions and remained stable and significant for over 5 years, in repeated, high-resolution measurements. All 11 insertions were within or near protein-coding transcription units, none of which were previously known to affect wing shape. Many sites in the genome can affect wing shape.
Referential process–reaction curve for batch operations
Authors: Marchetti J. L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn extension of the well‐known process–reaction curve method to empirically determine reduced‐complexity models aimed to the design and tuning of feedback controllers for nonstationary batch processes is reported. The basic idea is to isolate the dynamics associated with the manipulated variable from the main time‐variable behavior that characterizes the operation, by taking the time evolution of a previous run as reference. One or more input‐perturbed evolutions can then be compared to the previous dynamic pattern yielding referential reaction curves. This modeling approach cancels out most of the nonstationary behavior, allows capturing the dominant manipulated‐variable dynamics, and the use of available tuning rules for integrating systems. The effectiveness of this procedure is illustrated by using a nonlinear model of a bioreactor that simulates the production of xanthan gum. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3160–3168, 2004
First Example of Molecular Iodine Catalyzed Allylation and Alkynylation of Cyclic Allylic Acetates.
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Reddy B. V. S. , Rao K. Vishweshwar , Raj K. Sarita , Rao P. Purushothama , Prasad A. R. , Gunasekar D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Thiourea Inhibitors of Herpesviruses. Part 3. Inhibitors of Varicella Zoster Virus.
Authors: Di Grandi Martin J. , Curran Kevin J. , Feigelson Gregg , Prashad Amar , Ross Adma A. , Visalli Robert , Fairhurst Jeanette , Feld Boris , Bloom Jonathan D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Simple Primary or Secondary Amines, Aldehydes and Trimethylsilylacetylene: Preparation of Propargylic Amines.
Authors: Sakaguchi Satoshi , Mizuta Tomoya , Furuwan Masuyuki , Kubo Takashi , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nano‐scaled Biomolecular Field‐Effect Transistors: Prototypes and Evaluations
Authors: Maruccio Giuseppe , Visconti Paolo , Biasco Adriana , Bramanti Alessandro , Della Torre Antonio , Pompa Pier Paolo , Frascerra Vanessa , Arima Valentina , D'Amone Eliana , Cingolani Roberto , Rinaldi Ross 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAs modern electronics rapidly approach the ultimate level of integration (typically thought to be at the nanoscale level), the fascinating world of biomolecules provides new opportunities and directions for further miniaturization. In this work we review our results in the field of biomolecular electronics, starting from the fabrication of nanojunctions up to the implementation of hybrid devices.
Atomic Force Microscopic and Electrochemical Investigations of an Electrostatically Fabricated Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes Modified Electrode
Authors: Qu Xiaohu , Peng Zhangquan , Wang Yuling , Dong Shaojun 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSingle‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) sub‐monolayer film has been prepared by simply electrostatically adsorbing nanotubes onto a 2‐aminoethanethiol self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) on a gold bead electrode. Tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy (TM‐AFM) is used to characterize the SWNT film, which exhibits that the orientation of SWNTs on the SAM is horizontal and the surface coverage is quite low. The SWNTs modified electrode shows nearly ideal electrochemical response to Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{3-}}}$/Fe(CN)$\rm{ {_{6}^{4-}}}$ redox probe. The electrode with such a low SWNTs coverage, however, shows good electrocatalytic behavior to cytochrome c.
Numerical simulation of water quality response to nutrient loading and sediment resuspension in Mikawa Bay, central Japan: quantitative evaluation of the effects of nutrient‐reduction measures on algal blooms
Authors: Anggara Kasih G. A. , Kitada T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEutrophication is caused by large influxes of nutrient into closed or semi‐closed water bodies due to agricultural runoff, urban waste disposal, and resuspension from the sediment itself. The objective of this study is to examine how effectively various nutrient‐reduction measures can improve water quality in Mikawa Bay, central Japan. Both hydrodynamic and water quality variables were simulated using a model which includes a series of hydrodynamic equations and 13 mass conservation equations related to water quality, such as chlorophyll‐a, dissolved oxygen, etc. The calculated spatial distribution and temporal variations of the chlorophyll‐a, nutrient, dissolved oxygen, as well as temperature and salinity, showed generally good agreement with field observations. Analysis of various nutrient‐reduction measures suggested that nutrient reduction from sediment resuspension can more effectively reduce chlorophyll‐a compared with nutrient loading reduction through rivers from land areas. For suppression of alga growth in Mikawa Bay, control of inorganic nitrogen, especially that of NH4, was a key factor. That is why a decrease in nutrient resuspension from sediment was more effective for reducing chlorophyll‐a, since nitrogen resuspension occurred mostly in the form of NH4. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a distributed hydrological model and weather radar observations for flood management in the upper Tone River of Japan
Authors: Yang Dawen , Koike Toshio , Tanizawa Hiroshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThrough utilizing weather radar measurements, the present research explores the possibility of applying a coupled distributed hydrological model with reservoir operations to flood forecasting and control in the Okutone basin, located in the upstream region of the Tone River. The Tone River basin often suffers from heavy rainfall events as a result of rainy season frontal activity, typhoons and cumulus cloud activity associated with the local circulation. The reservoirs located in the Okutone basin play an important role in flood regulation. The simulation of a flood event in August 2001 shows the potential applicability of the distributed hydrological model and weather radar measurements for real‐time flood control. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrate behaviour in the groundwater of a headwater wetland, Chiba, Japan
Authors: Tang Changyuan , Azuma Kazuaki , Iwami Yoshifumi , Ohji Baku , Sakura Yasuo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA wetland is an important part of the headwater in the discharge area of a basin. It controls not only groundwater discharge such as seepage or springs, but also the migration of chemical matter from the basin. In order to make clear how and where natural attenuation processes happen in wetlands, a typical headwater in Chiba, Japan, was chosen for an investigation of the behaviour of nitrate in groundwater. From the viewpoint of hydro‐geomorphology, the wetland in the study site can be divided into three zones: the shallow water‐table zone, the seepage zone, and the spring zone along the downstream direction. There were six piezometer groups; each group contained four piezometers, individually set at depths of 1, 2, 3 and 4 m. Major ions and δ15N of groundwater from piezometers, wells and springs were analysed. It was found that nitrate in groundwater mainly came from the fertilizers used in the upstream recharge area of the study site. When the groundwater moved up across the wetland, nitrate concentration in the groundwater decreased rapidly in the shallow water‐table zone due to denitrification. Nitrate‐free water can be found at the seepage zone. However, the behaviour of nitrate in the spring water was different from that in the seepage zone, since both dilution and denitrification processes were involved in the decrease of nitrate concentration in groundwater. In particular, the dilution process mainly controlled the decline of nitrate at the location where the nitrate‐free groundwater flowing horizontally from the seepage zone mixed with the high‐nitrate groundwater flowing upward before emerging as a spring. It was also found that denitrification only occurs suddenly in a narrow zone or a thin layer of the order of a few metres. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis of different meteorological data and resolutions using MaScOD hydrological model
Authors: Shrestha Roshan , Tachikawa Yasuto , Takara Kaoru 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDistributed meteorological data collected from different sources are rarely identical within the same domain of space and time. Discrepancies of these data in magnitude, pattern, and resolution play an important role in hydrological simulation. Using four different sets of distributed meteorological data (from the HUBEX‐Intense Observation Period and GAME experimental products at different resolutions), hydrological simulations are conducted through a distributed hydrological model called MaScOD (macro‐scale OHyMoS assisted distributed) hydrological model. The model's performance is measured using 12 different indexes. Based on these indexes, a relative normalized score is calculated to evaluate the overall performance of the result from each data set. Three sub‐basins of the Huaihe River basin in China, taking the cases at Bengbu (132 350 km2), Wangjiaba (29 844 km2) and Suiping (2093 km2), are used for numerical experiments. This study shows the competence of coarse‐resolution meteorological data, the GAME reanalysis 1·25° data, to apply in hydrological simulations of large catchments. However, that data failed to simulate the hydrograph in smaller catchments. The results are significantly improved by including spatial variability at finer resolution in that data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrophysiological studies of myoclonus
Authors: Shibasaki Hiroshi , Hallett Mark 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAs myoclonus is often associated with abnormally increased excitability of cortical structures, electrophysiological studies provide useful information for its diagnosis and classification, and about its generator mechanisms. The electroencephalogram–electromyogram polygraph reveals the most important information about the myoclonus of interest. Jerk‐locked back‐averaging and evoked potential studies combined with recording of the long‐latency, long‐loop reflexes are useful to investigate the pathophysiology of myoclonus further, especially that of cortical myoclonus. Recent advances in magnetoencephalography and transcranial magnetic stimulation have contributed significantly to the understanding of some of the cortical mechanisms underlying myoclonus. Elucidation of physiological mechanisms underlying myoclonus in individual patients is important for selecting the most appropriate treatment. Muscle Nerve, 2005
A case study of os cuneiforme mediale bipartum from Sigtuna, Sweden
Authors: Kjellström A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn adult male from an early Medieval mass grave in Sigtuna displayed bilateral os cuneiforme mediale bipartum. This is an unusual congenital anomaly and this study is the first published example found in an archaeological skeletal assemblage in Sweden. Another adult male in the same grave shows horizontal grooves of both medial cuneiform bones. This paper discusses a possible hereditary tendency of the anomalies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.