bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can a Machine Ace the Test? Assessing GPT-4.0’s Precision in Plastic Surgery Board Examinations
Authors: Al Qurashi Abdullah A. , Albalawi Ibrahim Abdullah S , Halawani Ibrahim R. , Asaad Alanoud Hammam , Al Dwehji Adnan M. Osama , Almusa Hala Abdullah , Alharbi Ruba Ibrahim , Alobaidi Hussain Amin , Alarki Subhi M. K. Zino , Aljindan Fahad K. 
Published: December 2023

Background:
As artificial intelligence makes rapid inroads across various fields, its value in medical education is becoming increasingly evident. This study evaluates the performance of the GPT-4.0 large language model in responding to plastic surgery board examination questions and explores its potential as a learning tool.

Methods:
We used a selection of 50 questions from 19 different chapters of a widely-used plastic surgery reference. Responses generated by the GPT-4.0 model were assessed based on four parameters: accuracy, clarity, completeness, and conciseness. Correlation analyses were conducted to ascertain the relationship between these parameters and the overall performance of the model.

Results:
GPT-4.0 showed a strong performance with high mean scores for accuracy (2.88), clarity (3.00), completeness (2.88), and conciseness (2.92) on a three-point scale. Completeness of the model’s responses was significantly correlated with accuracy (P < 0.0001), whereas no significant correlation was found between accuracy and clarity or conciseness. Performance variability across different chapters indicates potential limitations of the model in dealing with certain complex topics in plastic surgery.

Conclusions:
The GPT-4.0 model exhibits considerable potential as an auxiliary tool for preparation for plastic surgery board examinations. Despite a few identified limitations, the generally high scores on key parameters suggest the model’s ability to provide responses that are accurate, clear, complete, and concise. Future research should focus on enhancing the performance of artificial intelligence models in complex medical topics, further improving their applicability in medical education.
Modified Seki Method for the Treatment of Lymphedema
Authors: Rizaliyana Sitti , Dianti Yuanita Safitri , Bogari Melia 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Lymphedema is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the skin and subcutaneous tissue owing to impaired lymph flow. This condition may be primary or secondary to other diseases. Most lymphedema occurs in the lower extremities, which greatly interferes with the activities of the patients, especially walking. Further, it may affect the psychological condition of patients. In Indonesia, several patients with severe lymphedema have visited our clinic. In our center, lymphography is not available. However, as our center is a provincial referral hospital, many patients with lymphedema present with severe conditions. Nonoperative and operative treatment is available, including lymphovenous anastomosis. Herein, we present the rare case of a 33-year-old man with severe lymphedema in his left leg for the past 7 years. The patient was diagnosed with stage III secondary lymphedema of the left lower extremity and underwent lymphaticovenular anastomosis using a modification of the Seki method (Seki 2015). Five large lymphatic vessels were identified using methylene blue, and a transverse incision was made approximately 2–3 cm from the skin to the fatty tissue under the superficial fascia. Lymphaticovenular anastomosis was performed using a microscope. On postoperative day 1, the edema in the leg shrank significantly, and 6 months after surgery, the patient’s foot size began normalizing. The patient could wear pants and became more confident.
Immediate Lymphatic Reconstruction Using a Handheld Fluorescence Imaging Device
Authors: Goel Pedram , Arora Jagmeet S. , Lanier Brock 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Immediate lymphatic reconstruction (ILR) has traditionally required a fluorescent-capable microscope to identify lymphatic channels used to create a lymphaticovenous bypass (LVB). Herein, a new alternative method is described, identifying lymphatic channels using a commercially available handheld fluorescence imaging device.

Methods:
This was a single-center study of consecutive patients who underwent ILR over a 1-year period at a tertiary medical center. Intradermal injection of fluorescent indocyanine green dye was performed intraoperatively after axillary or inguinal lymphadenectomy. A handheld fluorescent imaging device (SPY-PHI, Stryker) rather than a fluorescent-capable microscope was used to identify transected lymphatic channels. Data regarding preoperative, intraoperative, and outcome variables were collected and analyzed.

Results:
The handheld fluorescent imaging device was successfully able to identify transected lymphatic channels in all cases (n = 15). A nonfluorescent-capable microscope was used to construct the LVB in 14 cases. Loupes were used in one case. In 13 cases, ILR was unilateral. In two cases, bilateral ILR was performed in the lower extremities. All upper extremity cases were secondary to breast cancer (n = 7). Lower extremity cases (n = 8) included extramammary Paget disease of the penis, ovarian cancer, vulvar squamous cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma of unknown origin, soft tissue sarcomas, cutaneous melanoma, and porocarcinoma.

Conclusions:
ILR, using indocyanine green injection with a handheld fluorescent imaging device, is both safe and effective. This method for intraoperative identification of lymphatic channels was successful, and LVB creation was completed in all cases. This approach makes ILR feasible when a fluorescent-capable microscope is unavailable, broadening access to more patients.
Choroidal Vascularity in Chronic Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and its association with risk single-nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors: Kaye Rebecca A. , Peto Tunde , Hogg Ruth , Griffiths Helen , Trial Group The VICI , Sivaprasad Sobha , Lotery Andrew J. 
Published: December 2023

Purpose:
To analyse the choroidal parameters of patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (cCSC), and the association with CSC susceptibility genes.

Methods:
The choroidal vascular index (CVI) was obtained by binarizing spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) enhanced depth images of cCSC patients and healthy age-matched controls. cCSC patients were genotyped for three CSC susceptibility SNPs: rs4844392 (mir-29b-2/CD46), rs1329428 (CFH) and rs2379120 (upstream GATA5).

Results:
103 eyes with cCSC and 53 control eyes were included. There was a significant increase in the sub-foveal choroidal area in in both the affected (2.4 ± 0.6mm2) and fellow (2.2 ± 0.6mm2) eyes of patients with cCSC compared to controls (1.8 ± 0.5mm2, (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001). The CVI was reduced in cCSC patients 63.5 ± 3.1% compared to controls 65.4 ± 2.3% (p<0.001) and also in the affected compared to the fellow eyes 64.6 ± 2.9% (p<0.01). There was a significant association between CVI in the cCSC group and presence of the risk SNP rs2379120 at GATA5 (p<0.01).

Conclusion:
The relative reduction of CVI in cCSC patients may suggest a persistence of vessel hyper-permeability over dilation in chronic disease. GATA5 is associated with CVI in cCSC patients and therefore, may have a role in choroidal vascularity.
Discarded livers tested by normothermic machine perfusion in the VITTAL trial: Secondary end points and 5-year outcomes
Authors: Mergental Hynek , Laing Richard W. , Kirkham Amanda J. , Clarke George , Boteon Yuri L. , Barton Darren , Neil Desley A.H. , Isaac John R. , Roberts Keith J. , Abradelo Manuel , Schlegel Andrea , Dasari Bobby V.M. , Ferguson James W. , Cilliers Hentie , Morris Chris , Friend Peter J. , Yap Christina , Afford Simon C. , Perera M. Thamara P.R. , Mirza Darius F. 
Published: December 2023

Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) enables pretransplant assessment of high-risk donor livers. The VITTAL trial demonstrated that 71% of the currently discarded organs could be transplanted with 100% 90-day patient and graft survivals. Here, we report secondary end points and 5-year outcomes of this prospective, open-label, phase 2 adaptive single-arm study. The patient and graft survivals at 60 months were 82% and 72%, respectively. Four patients lost their graft due to nonanastomotic biliary strictures, one caused by hepatic artery thrombosis in a liver donated following brain death, and 3 in elderly livers donated after circulatory death (DCD), which all clinically manifested within 6 months after transplantation. There were no late graft losses for other reasons. All the 4 patients who died during the study follow-up had functioning grafts. Nonanastomotic biliary strictures developed in donated after circulatory death livers that failed to produce bile with pH >7.65 and bicarbonate levels >25 mmol/L. Histological assessment in these livers revealed high bile duct injury scores characterized by arterial medial necrosis. The quality of life at 6 months significantly improved in all but 4 patients suffering from nonanastomotic biliary strictures. This first report of long-term outcomes of high-risk livers assessed by normothermic machine perfusion demonstrated excellent 5-year survival without adverse effects in all organs functioning beyond 1 year (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT02740608).
Melanotic PEComa
Authors: de la Fouchardiere Arnaud , Papke David J. , Pissaloux Daniel , Russell-Goldman Eleanor , Tirode Franck , Fletcher Christopher D.M. , Hanna John 
Published: December 2023

Perivascular epithelioid cell neoplasms (PEComas) are tumors of uncertain cell lineage that show a strong female predominance. Their hallmark is the presence of combined smooth muscle and melanocytic differentiation. In most cases, melanocytic differentiation is detectable only by immunohistochemistry, but there are rare reports of PEComa with extensive melanin accumulation (so-called “melanotic PEComa”). Here we report a clinicopathologic series of 7 melanotic PEComas that occurred across a wide patient age range of 21 to 82 years (median: 41 y) and with a wide anatomic distribution, including 2 cases in the pelvis and 1 case each in the gallbladder, cervix, eyelid, epidural space, and femur. All tumors were heavily pigmented and, like conventional PEComas, were composed of variably sized neoplastic cells with voluminous granular, or less commonly clear, cytoplasm with prominent nucleoli. All tumors expressed HMB45 by immunohistochemistry, and 6 of 7 showed nuclear TFE3 expression. Where tested, tumors were uniformly negative for Mart-1/Melan-A, S100, desmin, and smooth muscle actin. Molecular analysis identified TFE3 gene rearrangement in 5 of 7 cases, 4 of which were demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and one by whole-exome RNA sequencing which revealed a SFPQ::TFE3 fusion. The one tumor negative for TFE3 by immunohistochemistry was found instead to harbor a SFPQ::TFEB fusion, the first reported example to our knowledge of TFEB fusion in a PEComa. Clinical follow-up was available for 6 of 7 patients (median: 2.5 y: range: 0.75 to 7 y). The patient whose tumor harbored SFPQ::TFEB died of metastatic disease 9 months after diagnosis. The other tumors behaved in an indolent fashion: 4 patients were alive without evidence of disease at the most recent follow-up and 1 patient died of an unrelated cancer 4 years after diagnosis of the melanotic PEComa. Our results expand the morphologic and molecular spectrum of melanotic PEComa, and awareness of this rare but distinctive subtype is important to ensure accurate diagnosis within the broader family of heavily pigmented neoplasms.
Tumor Budding Assessment in Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Cyr David P. , Pun Cherry , Shivji Sameer , Mitrovic Bojana , Duan Kai , Tomin Rossi , Sari Aysegul , Brar Amanpreet , Zerhouni Siham , Brar Mantaj S. , Kennedy Erin D. , Swallow Carol J. , Kirsch Richard , Conner James R. 
Published: December 2023

Tumor budding (TB) is a powerful prognostic factor in colorectal cancer (CRC). An internationally standardized method for its assessment (International Tumor Budding Consensus Conference [ITBCC] method) has been adopted by most CRC pathology protocols. This method requires that TB counts are reported by field area (0.785 mm2) rather than objective lens and a normalization factor is applied for this purpose. However, the validity of this approach is yet to be tested. We sought to validate the ITBCC method with a particular emphasis on normalization as a tool for standardization. In a cohort of 365 stage I-III CRC, both normalized and non-normalized TB were significantly associated with disease-specific survival and recurrence-free survival (P<0.0001). Examining both 0.95 and 0.785 mm2 field areas in a subset of patients (n=200), we found that normalization markedly overcorrects TB counts: Counts obtained in a 0.95 mm2 hotspot field were reduced by an average of 17.5% following normalization compared with only 3.8% when counts were performed in an actual 0.785 mm2 field. This resulted in 45 (11.3%) cases being downgraded using ITBCC grading criteria following normalization, compared with only 5 cases (1.3%, P=0.0007) downgraded when a true 0.785 mm2 field was examined. In summary, the prognostic value of TB was retained regardless of whether TB counts in a 0.95 mm2 field were normalized. Normalization resulted in overcorrecting TB counts with consequent downgrading of most borderline cases. This has implications for risk stratification and adjuvant treatment decisions, and suggests the need to re-evaluate the role of normalization in TB assessment.
Reduction of acute radiation-induced brain injury in rats by anlotinib
Authors: Xiong Yaozu , Zhou Xilei , Yu Changhua , Tong Yusuo 
Published: December 2023

Objectives
Radiation therapy in the treatment of brain tumors also leads to the occurrence of radiation brain injury (RBI). Anlotinib is a small-molecule inhibitor of multi-receptor tyrosine kinase with high selectivity for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. In this study, we constructed a rat model of RBI and investigated the effect of anlotinib on RBI and its mechanism of action through drug intervention during the acute phase of RBI.

Methods
Six-week-old male (Sprague–Dawley) rats were used to construct an animal model of RBI to evaluate the protective effect of anlotinib on acute RBI by histopathological staining, brain edema determination, blood–brain barrier integrity evaluation and quick real time-polymerase chain reaction , ELISA detection of inflammation-related indexes, and western-blot detection of related gene protein expression.

Results
Anlotinib reduced the degree of edema in the hippocampal region of rats, improved the pathological morphology of neural cells and vascular endothelial cells, and decreased blood–brain barrier permeability. Anlotinib reduced glial fibrillary acidic protein protein expression in the hippocampal region of rat brain tissue and inhibited astrocyte activation. It inhibited the release of inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor) and down-regulated the expression of janus kinase-2/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK2/STAT3) signaling pathway-related proteins.

Conclusion
This study found that anlotinib has a protective effect against RBI in rats and anlotinib may be a new candidate for the treatment of RBI.
The mechanism of inhibition control in mathematical reasoning: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Liu Donglin , Jamshaid Samrah , Wang Lijuan 
Published: December 2023

Background and objectives
The ability to comprehend and engage in mathematical reasoning is a fundamental cognitive skill, central to problem-solving and critical thinking. However, the intricate cognitive processes underlying mathematical reasoning, particularly in relation to inhibitory control, have garnered increasing attention in recent research. While previous studies have explored this connection, there remains a need for a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between inhibitory control and mathematical reasoning. This study explored the contribution of response inhibition and semantic inhibition to scientific reasoning by comparing the brain activation of the speeded-reasoning task of mathematical subdomain concepts with that of the Go/Nogo and Stroop tasks.

Method
Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) was recorded in 28 subjects performing Go/Nogo tasks, Stroop tasks and speeded-reasoning tasks. The study was divided into two parts. In one part, subjects performed the Go/Nogo task and the Stroop task, and in the other part, subjects performed speeded-reasoning tasks.

Results
The results showed that the subjects had slower responses and lower accuracy when judging incongruent statements. The concentration of oxy-Hb in the brain region related to inhibition was increased. In addition, the oxy-Hb in reasoning incongruent nonmathematical statements was correlated to the Go/Nogo task, whereas the oxy-Hb in reasoning incongruent mathematical statements was correlated to the Stroop task.

Conclusion
This result supports the hypothesis that inhibitory control plays a role in the scientific reasoning of mathematical subdomain concepts, and both response inhibition and semantic inhibition are involved in suppressing the interference of mathematical misconceptions.
Supplementary Video Abstract, Supplemental digital content 1, http://links.lww.com/WNR/A732
Aesthetics and predictive processing: grounds and prospects of a fruitful encounter
Authors: Frascaroli Jacopo , Leder Helmut , Brattico Elvira , Van de Cruys Sander 
Published: December 2023

In the last few years, a remarkable convergence of interests and results has emerged between scholars interested in the arts and aesthetics from a variety of perspectives and cognitive scientists studying the mind and brain within the predictive processing (PP) framework. This convergence has so far proven fruitful for both sides: while PP is increasingly adopted as a framework for understanding aesthetic phenomena, the arts and aesthetics, examined under the lens of PP, are starting to be seen as important windows into our mental functioning. The result is a vast and fast-growing research programme that promises to deliver important insights into our aesthetic encounters as well as a wide range of psychological phenomena of general interest. Here, we present this developing research programme, describing its grounds and highlighting its prospects. We start by clarifying how the study of the arts and aesthetics encounters the PP picture of mental functioning (§1). We then go on to outline the prospects of this encounter for the fields involved: philosophy and history of art (§2), psychology of aesthetics and neuroaesthetics (§3) and psychology and neuroscience more generally (§4). The upshot is an ambitious but well-defined framework within which aesthetics and cognitive science can partner up to illuminate crucial aspects of the human mind.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives’.
Perceptual oddities: assessing the relationship between film editing and prediction processes
Authors: Drew Alice , Soto-Faraco Salvador 
Published: December 2023

During film viewing, humans parse sequences of individual shots into larger narrative structures, often weaving transitions at edit points into an apparently seamless and continuous flow. Editing helps filmmakers manipulate visual transitions to induce feelings of fluency/disfluency, tension/relief, curiosity, expectation and several emotional responses. We propose that the perceptual dynamics induced by film editing can be captured by a predictive processing (PP) framework. We hypothesise that visual discontinuities at edit points produce discrepancies between anticipated and actual sensory input, leading to prediction error. Further, we propose that the magnitude of prediction error depends on the predictability of each shot within the narrative flow, and lay out an account based on conflict monitoring. We test this hypothesis in two empirical studies measuring electroencephalography (EEG) during passive viewing of film excerpts, as well as behavioural responses during an active edit detection task. We report the neural and behavioural modulations at editing boundaries across three levels of narrative depth, showing greater modulations for edits spanning less predictable, deeper narrative transitions. Overall, our contribution lays the groundwork for understanding film editing from a PP perspective.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectivess’.
Fluency, prediction and motivation: how processing dynamics, expectations and epistemic goals shape aesthetic judgements
Authors: Yoo Jenny , Jasko Katarzyna , Winkielman Piotr 
Published: December 2023

What psychological mechanisms underlie aesthetic judgements? An influential account known as the Hedonic Marking of Fluency, later developed into a Processing Fluency Theory of Aesthetic Pleasure, posits that ease of processing elicits positive feelings and thus enhances stimulus evaluations. However, the theory faces empirical and conceptual challenges. In this paper, we extend it by integrating insights from predictive processing frameworks (PPF) and the epistemic motivation model (EMM). We propose four extensions. First, fluency of a stimulus depends on perceivers' expectations—their internal model of the world. Second, perceivers also form expectations about fluency itself and thus can experience surprising fluency. These expectations can come from the individual's history, their current task and their environment. Third, perceivers can value fluency but also disfluency, reflecting their non-directional epistemic goals. Fourth, perceivers also have directional epistemic goals, preferring specific conclusions or belief content. Consequently, affective reactions depend on whether the stimulus satisfies those goals. These directional epistemic goals may override concerns about fluency or change the value of fluency associated with specific content. We review supporting evidence and introduce novel predictions. By integrating insights from PPF and EMM, our framework can better capture established fluency effects and highlights their limitations and extensions.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives’.