bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jan De Witt
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the men whom I have classified as amateurs in mathematics gave the remainder of their professional lives to quiet intellectual pursuits. Perhaps it would not be quite accurate to say this of Leonardo da Vinci, who gave some attention to waging war, but even in his case the balance of intellectual activity went to affairs of the mind, quiet pursuits of the studio or of the study. This, however, is far from being true of that great patriot, the Grand Pensionary of Holland and West Friesland, to whom I now turn.
Johann Heinrich Hudde
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is greatly to the credit of van Schooten that two of his pupils who attained high position in public life should have spent part of their leisure in mathematical study and produced work worthy of comment. do not know the name of any other teacher who produced two such pupils, and both remained loyal to their master, which has not always been the case. One of these pupils was De Witt whom we have just considered, the other was the man whose name stands above. He began as a student of jurisprudence and certainly retained an interest in that branch all of his life.
Buffon
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There certainly never was a man belonging to that class which I have called amateur mathematicians who had a wider interest in all science, especially descriptive science, than George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. His monumental Histoire naturelle is overwhelming in size and the variety of topics treated, but he had besides a very real interest in theoretical mathematics. He was especially preoccupied with what one might call the metaphysical aspect of the subject. The discovery of the infinitesimal calculus had raised a number of very puzzling questions as to the real meaning of the various concepts involved.
Bernhard Bolzano
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinguished Czech writer whose name stands above bears, from the point of view of this book, a certain resemblance to Blaise Pascal. Both were deeply interested in religion and philosophy, both were involved in controversy and suffered for the faith that was in them. Both did such brilliant mathematical work that they might well be classed as professionals. But I have included Pascal with the amateurs because he was more famous as a philosopher and a writer of beautiful French prose than as a mathematician, and I take up Bolzano because t seems to me interesting that a man who was a remarkable pulpit orator, only removed from his chair for his political opinions, should have thought so far into the deepest problems of a science which he never taught in a professional capacity.
Appendix (1992): revolutions reconsidered
Authors: Mehrtens Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Kuhn’s terms ‘paradigm’ and ‘scientific community’ have made their way into the standard vocabulary of science. ‘Revolutions’ appear to be somewhat outmoded, and the ‘disciplinary matrix’ with its elements is no longer called by this name, but is nevertheless commonly in use in analyses of the science and their history. The debate on the relative importance of ‘internal’ and ‘external’ factors in the development of science has faded away, and various forms of constructivism and contextualism now dominate advanced historical and theoretical work.
Dynamic light scattering from polymers in solution and in bulk
Authors: Fytas George , Patkowski Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the various light scattering techniques, DLS is the most widely applied in studying diffusional polymer dynamics in solution, as described extensively elsewhere in this volume. On the other hand, FPI is less frequently used to record the depolarized Rayleigh and polarized Brillouin spectrum. Depolarized dynamic light scattering (DDLS) can yield important information on the rotational diffusion coefficient and on internal dynamics of macromolecules composed of optically anisotropic monomer units. DDLS experiments, however, are very rare,121 mainly because of experimental difficulties due to the very low intensity of the depolarized component of scattered light and the short decay times of the correlation functions. The polarized Brillouin spectrum (BS) of isotropic materials is mainly due to local density fluctuations and can measure the relaxation of the longitudinal modulus of viscoelastic fluids at GHz frequencies not easily accessible to other experimental techniques.
Critical dynamics of binary liquid mixtures and simple fluids studied using dynamic light scattering
Authors: Štěpánek Petr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many systems of various kinds undergo phase transitions described by a critical point characterized by critical values of the relevant variables of the system. For the purpose of this chapter, the two kinds of phase transitions to be considered are the vapour-liquid phase transition typically described by a temperature–pressure diagram; the one-phase-two-phase transition of a binary mixture described by a temperature—composition diagram, an example (based on refs 1 and 2) of which is shown in Fig. 14.1.
The Pyramid Builders
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst Europe had been held firmly in the grip of the ice, the northern part of Africa was enjoying a mild tropical climate. The grassy plains and lush savannahs supported abundant herds of game, and following these herds many tribes of nomadic hunters. At the end of the Ice Age the rainfall decreased, and the region began to dry out, becoming in the end the world’s greatest desert, the Sahara. The nomadic tribes were forced into the fertile valley of the one great river, the Nile.
The Contribution Of Islam
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 8 June AD 632 Mohammed, the Prophet of Allah, died at Medina in present-day Saudi Arabia. The last of the prophets had gone to his reward. Addressing Mohammed’s followers, Abu Bakr, his father-in-law, said: ‘People, let him amongst you who served Mohammed know that Mohammed is dead, but let him who served God continue in his service, for Mohammed’s God lives and never dies.’ The succession was decided between Abu Bakr, Umar and Mohammed’s cousin Ali, the choice finally falling on Abu Bakr, who became the first Khalifa (deputy). We know him as the first Caliph.
Introduction
Authors: Mott Sir Nevill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the appearance of quantum mechanics we had little understanding of why some solids, such as the metals, were good conductors of electricity and others were not. The Hall effect gave a measure of the number of free electrons in a metal, the Hall constant R8 being, according to theories then available, equal to 1/nec, n being the number of electrons per unit volume, e the electronic charge, and c the speed of light. From the experimental values of this quantity it appeared that the number of free electrons in a metal was of the same order as the number of atoms. In insulators, on the other hand, all electrons seemed to be stuck; none were free to move. This could not be explained, nor could many other properties of solids.
Non-standard structures for super-real fields and the gap theorem
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let U be a free ultrafilter on ℕ, and let ℝ ℕ/U be the corresponding ultrapower. As we remarked in Chapter 4, ℝ ℕ/U is of the form Kp for a certain valuation prime z-ideal P = Jp in C(βℕ). From the point of view of model theory, ℝ ℕ/U has a special importance: it is the underlying field of a non-standard model of analysis. Thus ℝ ℕ/U is a real-closed η1-field of cardinality ,, but, further than this, much of the structure of ℝ can be ‘transferred’ to ℝ ℕ/U; ℝ ℕ /U with this additional structure is what is termed a ‘non-standard model of analysis’. (See Chapter 10 for a brief resume of model theory.) We shall show that a (in general, weaker) version of this additional structure exists for an arbitrary super-real field K p. This structure will allow us to obtain additional information about super-real fields, and in particular about the structure of their gaps.
A History Of Ornithology In Mexico And Northern Central America
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of ornithology in Middle America justifies a book in itself and here we provide only a brief outline of the subject. The early development of ornithological exploration is best understood within the frame of world history. Thus little, if anything, was achieved while Middle America remained under Spanish rule, science being anathema to the prevalent religious fervor of the conquistadors. Mexican independence, however, dating from 1821, made it possible for all Europeans and Americans to settle in or visit Mexico and send home whatever they wanted. During the same year, the dissolution of the Viceroyalty of Guatemala into its five provinces (which then became the five Central American countries) opened Central America to foreigners.
Birding In Mexico And Northern Central America
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rather than providing a list of specific localities where one can expect to find various species, we consider it more useful to provide some information on how to look for birds. A major problem with giving specific sites in the region is that, even within parks, habitat alteration and ‘development’ are so frequent and rapid that reliance on directions, even recent ones, can be frustrating when a new road has been built, a forested area cleared for cattle pasture, etc.
Taxonomy
Authors: Howell G , Steve N , Webb Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of taxonomy (the science of classification) is to describe and name divisions of living organisms and to establish relationships between them. Most people are aware of the major division of living things into two kingdoms—plants and animals. Birds are a group at the level called a class within the Animal Kingdom and members of the Class Aves are characterized by having feathers. Divisions within the Class Aves bring us to the level of species. A group of similar species forms a genus. Every known species possesses a unique name based on a binomial system based upon Latin, an internationally accepted common language. The specific name comprises the genus name (first letter capitalized), followed by the specific name (all lower case).
Ecological diversity and host plant relationships of Treehoppers in a lowland tropical rainforest
Authors: Loye Jenella E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Membracids are a diverse and abundant component of the insect fauna of the tropical forest understorey. Like the well-known aphid faunas of the temperate regions, they are phloem-feeders and are able to bypass a number of plant defences which function against chewing herbivores (Dixon 19 85; Slansky and Rodriguez 1987). Membracids are thought to have originated in the tropics (Funkhouser 1951); however, while the ecological importance of aphid parasitism is well documented, that of their primarily tropical counterparts, the membracids, is virtually unknown (Wood 1986). This oversight may be due in part to their highly cryptic and relatively sessile nature. However, using light-traps, Wolda (1979, 1982, personal communication) has collected data on the seasonal abundance of 91 species on Barro Colorado Island in Panama, thus providing an excellent reference point from which to begin an ecological examination of this fauna. No major survey of specific host plant relations has ever been undertaken for the tropical membracids; consequently, we do not have enough information to address such a fundamental question as whether there is any relationship between membracid phylogeny and the taxa of hosts they exploit. However, Wood and Guttman (1982) demonstrated the powerful evolutionary effect that host switching has had on the biology of the temperate Enchenopa binotata complex. The limited life history data available for tropical membracids has recently been enriched by Wood (1986) who listed data for 126 Costa Rican and some Panamanian membracids (see also Ekkens 1972, Haviland 1925; Hinton 1977; Wood and Olmsted 1984), and implicated ant predation as the selective force in treehopper presocial behaviour. The family Membracidae has a diversity of life histories and a sessile nature, which makes them the ideal insect group for relating life history patterns to nutritional quality and availability of the host plant.
(Homoptera: Psylloidea)
Authors: Burckhardt Daniel , Brown Robert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adult Panamanian psyllids were recently revised by Brown (1985) who recorded 137 species assigned to 33 genera, and also by Brown and Hodkinson (1988). The present paper provides an identification key for the last larval instar of 28 species in 15 genera, including material from Panama and other parts of tropical America. The psyllid larvae have received generally less attention than the adults, even though they often provide more significant characters than the latter. This applies to separation of species, e.g. Cacopsylla pyricola (Forster) and notata (Flor) (Burckhardt and Hodkinson 19 86), as well as to higher classification (White and Hodkinson 1985). Therefore, despite the small number of species represented by larvae, it seem useful to publish a provisional key. The material examined for the present study, listed in Appendix 19.1, is deposited in the following institutions and collections: BMNH: British Museum (Natural History), London; IDH: I.D. Hodkinson collection, Liverpool Polytechnic, Liverpool, UK; MHNG: Museum d’Histoire naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland; U CD: University of California, Davis, California, USA; USN M: United States National Museum of Natural History.
(Gelastocoridae,
Gerridae, Mesoveliidae, Saldidae, Veliidae)
Authors: Polhemus John T , Manzano Maria del Rosario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species of the suborder Heteroptera constitute a major part of the obligatory marine insect fauna of the world. This paper treats the Heteroptera species known to occur in near shore or littoral marine habitats of the Eastern Tropical Pacific, the ‘Panamic Province’ and adjacent regions, reaching from the Sea of Cortez, Mexico in the north to Guayaquil Bay, Ecuador in the south along the west coast of the Americas (see Ekman 1953, p. 38), but excluding the Galapagos Islands which have a distinct endemic fauna. The only truly pelagic insects, those that have permanently colonized the open ocean, belong to the heteropteran genus Halobates, and although not dealt with further here are admirably treated by Herring (1961). Of the seven families of Heteroptera with obligatory marine species, only Hermatobatidae and Omaniidae have yet to be found in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The former family is known from the Caribbean and Hawaii, so may occur in the Panamic Province; the latter seems confined to the Inda-Pacific region. The families known to occur in the Panamic Province are Gelastocoridae, Gerridae, Mesoveliidae, Saldidae, and Veliidae; a checklist is given below. Each of these five families also have freshwater inhabiting species, and some of these species are euryhaline thus occasionally invading the marine habitat; one such species is Mesovelia mulsanti White which regularly turns up as single specimens in samples from mangrove estuaries and bays. The species treated here are those that have been deemed to be obligatorily marine associated; however this is as yet a quite subjective judgment due to our insufficient knowledge of their ecology and habitat preferences. Every diligent survey of a tropical marine habitat reveals new taxa and important new information; it was just such an effort by the second author that brought to light the new taxa described herein and much of the associated ecological data.
The neuropteroid orders of Central America (Neuroptera and Megaloptera)
Authors: Henry Charles S , Penny, Normand. , Adams Phillip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that you are a student in a course on insect identification, and you are presented by your instructor with an ‘unknown’ to classify, merely to order. It has extremely long, knobbed antennae, like a butterfly; perhaps it is a lepidopteran. Yetits wings are membranous, narrow, and strong, and it has legs that are spiny and obviously modified for seizing small insect prey items during flight; these are characteristics of a dragonfly, order Odonata. But yellowish-white markings on the rather fat abdomen, together with a narrow waist, give the specimen a wasp-like appearance: it could be in the Hymenoptera, or maybe a good wasp-mimicking fly (order Diptera). Examine the compound eyes: each is extremely large, as one expects of an odonate, but also divided by a deep sulcus into an upper and lower half, as in certain male mayflies-is the insect an aberrant ephemeropteran? Finally, you decide that your instructor has glued together the parts of many insects, to fool you. In fact, however, you have just been introduced to the peculiar, fascinating order of insects known as Neuroptera, and you are looking at a member of one of its most curious families, the Ascalaphidae or owlflies (Fig. 28.1).
Stingless Bees: A guide to Panamanian and Mesoamerican species and their nests (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae)
Authors: Roubik David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on the perennial bee colonies of tropical forests is somewhat impaired by a lack of taxonomic guides and universally accepted nomenclature. The stingless honey-making bees (Meliponinae) are arguably the most abundant bees on earth and certainly the bees most often seen in the tropics, but few specialists can identify them. Comprehensive guides will probably not be available for use by non-specialists until much more field work and museum research is completed. In the interim, dozens of species already in major collections have not been described. A clear delineation of supraspecific groups, to which undescribed species can readily be assigned, is of value for field workers who encounter such undescribed taxa. The present work is a guide that will allow researchers to distinguish among the stingless bees of Panama and also the natural nests occupied by colonies, which are encountered in the field. Further, to allow determination of the subgenus or genus of the stingless bees of Mesoamerica and Mexico in general, a checklist (p. 506) of unique or easily observed traits for each is included. The key to Panamanian species is to some extent artificial because characters of only relative value are included, such as bee size and colour. The more detailed information which involves traits found in few groups or unique to some, is summarized in tabular form (a ‘quick key’ to genera and subgenera) and in a diagram of phylogenetic relationships among the Neotropical Meliponinae.
Review of the neotropical species of Big-headed Flies, genus Cephalosphaera(Diptera: Pipunculidae)
Authors: Rafael Jose Alber Tino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Big-headed flies are endoparasites of various families of Homoptera, especially Cicadellidae and Delphacidae, and are important as biological control agents, The adults are frequently seen hovering in and over vegetation; their flight is similar to that of Syrphidae. The female search for nymphs of leafhoppers and other Homoptera, as hosts in which to deposit their eggs. They snatch their prey with their legs and hold them using their strong tarsal claws. While in flight, they insert the egg into the host through the conjunctiva between the abdominal segments. The larvae develop to maturity within the hosts and at full size fill the entire body cavity. After escaping from the host, the larvae drop to the ground and pupate in the soil, in the ground litter, at the base of plants, or in crotches of trees.
The ecology of the lion tamarins, Leontopithecus: some intrageneric differences and comparisons with other callitrichids
Authors: Rylands Anthony B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The four lion tamarin species, Leontopithecus rosalia, L. chrysomelas, L. chrysopygus, and L. caissara (following Rosenberger and Coimbra-Filho 1984), occur exclusively in the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil. Unlike the other callitrichid genera, their distributions are disjunct, and there is no evidence for them having been connected even in historic times (CoimbraFilho and Mittermeier 1973a; Coimbra-Filho 1976a; Hershkovitz 1977). They are the largest of the callitrichids, adults weighing more than 500-550 g. Carvalho and Carvalho (1989) obtained a mean adult weight of 572.5 g (range 516-647 g) for L. chrysopygus. Kleiman et al. (1986) give an adult weight for L. rosalia as 500 g or more. Despite the limited information available on the ecology of the lion tamarin species, it is evident that they may differ in certain key aspects, contrasting particularly the black lion tamarin with the remaining three coastal species. In addition, the lion tamarins show a number of traits regarding their habitat preferences, diet, ranging, and reproduction which set them apart from other callitrichids, and which undoubtedly contribute to their highly endangered status.
Introduction: flexibility and synergism of biological relationships in natural communities
Authors: Kawanabe Hiroya , Iwasaki Keiji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in the organization of negative versus positive interactions There is a magnificent variety of intra- and interspecific relationships among organisms in biological communities, and communities exist as whole entities composed of interrelating elements. Ever since the earliest formalization of problems in ecology (Elton 1927), the analysis of community structure and organization has concentrated on negative relations (that is, one’s gain is another’s loss) between different species or heterospecific populations through competition, predation (including herbivory), and parasitism. While these negative relationships have long been investigated separately as food web analysis and niche theory, attempts to unite the heterogeneous relations have now introduced a fundamental framework for community ecology, i.e. that the competition or prey-predator interaction between two species is mitigated by predation, parasitism, competition with a third or more species, and various kinds of physical disturbances (Hairston et al. 1960; Paine 1966, 1980; Dayton 1971; Menge and Sutherland 1976).
Plant communities and the social organization and community structure of herbivorous mammals
Authors: Jarman Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Explanations for the correlations, within taxa of mammalian herbivores, between species’ body size, type of food, habitat, anti-predator behaviour, and aspects of social organization (Crook and Gartlan 1966; Crook 1970; Estes 1974; Geist 1974; Jarman 1974, 1984; Clutton-Brock and Harvey 1977; Jarman and Coulson 1989) have hitherto taken a rather static view of the interactions between a species and its resources and environment. This chapter considers how a herbivore population’s use of a vegetation community affects other species, and how herbivore species may directly interact behaviourally. An understanding of these interactions may help us to recognize dynamic aspects of the structure of communities of mammalian herbivores.