bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bartók’s Fourteen Bagatelles op. 6, for Piano: Toward Peiformance Authenticity
Authors: Fischer Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1908 was a landmark in Bela Bartók’s stylistic evolution, and the set of Fourteen Bagatelles was central to this compositional phase. Here, contained in microcosm, were the seeds of practically all that was to follow in his compositional style. Influenced by various trends in the early twentieth century, the Bagatelles represented a radical change from the late Romantic and Hungarian-Gypsy-flavored idiom of his previous works to a completely new and individual musical language drawn from the folk music of his native land. It was at this juncture that Bartók began to establish his own remarkable musical style, which included a more linear contrapuntal approach, a rejection of principles of functional harmony in favor of those related to modality and new ways of establishing tonal priority, and a new concept of piano sonority and technique.
Abortion and Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Lockhart Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we observed in the preceding chapter, our principle for decision-making under moral uncertainty, PR2, is a dramatic departure from the ways in which ethicists tacitly advise us to manage moral uncertainty in choosing our actions. One reason is that PR2 advises us to maximize the probability that our actions will be morally right. In situations in which we have good reason to accept more than one alternative as morally justified, maximizing probable moral rightness will sometimes lead us to decline alternatives that we justifiably believe to be morally right. Moral philosophy has so far failed to recognize such optimization as important for moral decision-making. However, if the discussion in chapter 2 is sound, we should make our moral decisions on the basis of this criterion.
Confidentiality and Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Lockhart Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The approach to decision-making under moral uncertainty that I have developed thus far is subjective in the following respect: Which action choices are rational depend on what sorts of moral considerations the decision-maker regards as relevant and what beliefs she has about the magnitudes of the pertinent probabilities. This means that the decision table for one agent may be differently configured from that for another agent who must make the same kind of decision. And even if the decision tables have the same form, the probabilities associated with the conditions represented in the table may be of different sizes or have different rankings. Therefore, there is no guarantee that moral agents will be able to resolve their disagreements about what a particular agent should (rationally) do in a particular situation by appealing to PR4 or PRS.
Luigi Cherubini
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cherubini’s C-Minor Requiem, composed in 1816, was first heard under the composer’s direction in the abbey church of Saint Denis on the outskirts of Paris. For centuries, Saint Denis had been the burial place for French monarchs, but their graves had been vandalized during the Revolution. The date of the first performance, 21 January 1817, was the twenty-fifth anniversary of the guillotining of King Louis XVI.
Franz Joseph Haydn
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haydn composed this Mass in 1802 and it was first performed in the Mountain Church at Eisenstadt, Hungary (now Austria), on 8 September that year. Soprano, alto, tenor, and bass solos, four-part mixed chorus. Flute, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, organ, and strings.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn was born on 3 February 1809 in Hamburg, then under Napoleonic rule, and died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 4 November 1847. Bartholdy was the name of his maternal uncle Jakob, who had changed his own surname from Salomon and taken on Bartholdy from the previous owner of a piece of real estate he had bought in Berlin. Bartholdy was added to the Mendelssohn family name to distinguish the Lutheran Mendelssohns from the Jewish ones when Felix’s father was baptized in 1822. The children—Felix, his older sister Fanny, and his younger siblings Rebekka and Paul—had already been baptized at Uncle Jakob’s urging.
Giuseppe Verdi
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of the “Lacrimosa” first appears in 1866 in the duet “Qui me tendrce mort” in Don Carlos, and is thus the earliest part of the Requiem. The “Libera me” was written in different form in 1869 as part of a composite Requiem for Rossini. In April 1873, Verdi decided to expand this into a full Requiem of his own. He completed the “Requiem aeternam” and “Dies irae” in March 1874, using music from the earlier “Libera me.” On 9 April 1874 he sent the Sanctus, Agnus Dei, “Lux aeterna,” and the revised “Libera me” to his publisher, and he was done with the Offertorio on 15 April, thus completing the score. Verdi himself conducted the first performance, which took place at Saint Mark’s, Milan, on 22 May 1874. Chorus and orchestra were specially assembled for the occasion, and the soloists were Teresa Stolz, Maria Waldmann, Giuseppe Capponi, and Ormondo Maini. By February 1875, Verdi had written a new “Liber scriptus,” and the Requiem was first heard in its new and final version in the Royal Albert Hall, London, on 15 May 1875. Again Verdi conducted and Stolz and Waldmann sang, but this time the tenor and bass soloists were Angelo Masini and Paolo Medini.
Morality and Cultural Differences
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scholars who defend or dispute moral relativism, the idea that a moral principle cannot be applied to people whose culture does not accept it, have concerned themselves with either the philosophical or anthropological aspects of relativism. This study shows that in order to arrive at a definitive appraisal of moral relativism, it is necessary to understand and investigate both its anthropological and philosophical aspects. Carefully examining the arguments for and against moral relativism, Cook exposes not only that anthropologists have failed in their attempt to support relativism with evidence of cultural differences, but that moral absolutists have been equally unsuccessful in their attempts to refute it. He argues that these conflicting positions are both guilty of an artificial and unrealistic view of morality and proposes a more subtle and complex account of morality.
The Paradoxes of Relativism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral relativism, as we have seen, is regarded by its proponents as both an enlightened doctrine (because it has the facts on its side) and as an essential methodological precept of anthropology. For these reasons, relativists are likely to regard anyone who challenges their doctrine as being both ignorant and a threat to the proper conduct of anthropology. This presents a rather daunting prospect to anyone setting out to reconsider the whole matter. And yet moral relativism has a number of paradoxical implications, generally overlooked by its proponents, which make the doctrine less attractive and less plausible than it is generally thought to be.
The History of Relativism in Anthropology
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claims made by those who insist that relativism is essential to anthropology can be summarized in the following four propositions: (i) ethnocentrism is a hazard that anthropologists must scrupulously avoid, (ii) the means of being permanently on guard against this hazard is the adoption of relativism, (iii) Franz Boas demonstrated that relativism is essential to anthropology, and (iv) Boas did this by demonstrating that evolutionary theories of culture resulted from the ethnocentrism of their authors, notably E. B. Tylor and others.
A Final Look at the Relativist’s Argument
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time to balance our accounts. Thus far we have been pretty hard on defenders of moral relativism, and it may appear as though there is nothing at all to be said on their behalf. But it would not be fair to end this discussion without giving them credit for something. To see what credit may be due them, let us recall the remarks by Congressman Dannemeyer that I quoted in the Introduction. The congressman declared that moral relativism and the Judeo-Christian ethic are “two philosophies in conflict.”
Heidegger on Modern Philosophy and the Transcendental Subject
Authors: Carr David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many European thinkers, Heidegger presents his thought in such a way that it is thoroughly intertwined with an account of the tradition out of which it develops. Indeed, it can be argued that after the 1927 publication of his major work, Being and Time, this tradition is the central object of his attentions. This may initially seem consistent with the original project of that incomplete work. Its projected, but unpublished, second part was to be devoted to a “destruction of the history of ontology,” aimed at the work of Kant, Descartes, and Aristotle (in that order) (SZ 39£).1 Since a large part of Heidegger’s later work deals with the history of philosophy, it could be seen simply as completing the original project in installments, with Plato, Leibniz, Hegel, and Nietzsche thrown in to fill out the picture.
Aspect, Adverbs, and Events
Authors: Lenci Alessandro , Bertinetto Pier Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aspect and quantification are clearly related and interacting phenomena; since it is possible to give a quantificational interpretation of aspectual values, we can look at aspect as one of the ways in which the quantificational force of sentences is established. Thus, it seems straightforward to include aspect in the class of A-quantification. But then an interesting question arises concerning the way morphologically realised aspectual features are related to other types of constructional quantification, like the adverbial one. This is our main concern in this chapter, and we tackle it by discussing two facets of the general problem. More precisely we (a) investigate the way in which explicit quantificational ad verbs interact with aspectual values and (b) examine whether one of these two features could (or should) be reduced to the other.
Representation and Ethnicity
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethnographies, suggests Edward Bruner, “are guided by an implicit narrative structure, by a story we tell about the peoples we study” (1986: 139). He offers as an example the different “dominant” stories behind ethnographic writing on Native Americans in the 1930s and 1940s, when the paradigm was of a glorious past, disorganized present, and assimilated future, and in the 1970s, when it had changed to an exploited past, resistant present, and ethnically resurgent future (pp. 139–140). Many such “dominant stories” have been identified, and their effects on perception and public policy identified, in the past two decades. Said’s critique of orientalism (I 979) is of course an outstanding example, as is McKhann’s fine explication (1995) of the Morganian paradigm as applied by Chinese ethnologists working on the Naxi and Mosuo.
Diencephalic and Brainstem Sleep Disorders
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders affecting the brainstem and the diencephalon, which includes the hypo thalamus and the thalamus, can lead to profound alterations of sleep patterns. Al though isolated cases of somnolence or insomnia associated with diencephalic lesions were recognized in the 19th century, the encephalitis lethargica epidemic of the early 20th century focused greater attention on these disorders. After von Economo demonstrated in 1930 that insomnia occurred in patients with anterior hypothalamic damage caused by encephalitis lethargica, whereas hypersomnia was more likely to occur with posterior hypothalamic injury, Hess, in the 1940s showed that thalamic lesions also can lead to sleep-wake disturbances, and Cairns in 1952 observed prolonged hypersomnia in patients with tumors in the area of the third ventricle. Several diencephalic syndromes associated with sleep-wake disturbances are reviewed in this chapter.
Choosing Our Own Ways
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must gauge for ourselves what balance between spectator and participant roles is appropriate in ceremonies of separation, including creating memorials. Total immersion, like Fran and Bob’s when Bryan died, is not for everyone. But even modest participation can make ceremonies of separation more meaningful. We can look for opportunities as they arise in our own experiences. Roy Nichols told stories of how he began to offer options very early in his talks with those who came to his funeral home. They could do something, like contacting the newspapers or arranging with churches, or he could do it for them. In a little while he would ask them what they decided. Sometimes, they said “yes” to all his open invitations, divided responsibilities, and totally immersed themselves. In their own ways, and in terms of their own needs, styles, and preferences, they planned and did virtually everything themselves, as Roy and his family had.
Memories and Dying Days
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My father died in the hospital in 1969. His life had been difficult after a stroke in 1965 and a debilitating surgery shortly thereafter. My mother and grandmother cared for him at home. But he was in and out of nursing homes and hospitals throughout the period. I helped take care of him when I was home from college the first two years after his stroke. I was then away in graduate school the last two years of his life and able to visit only infrequently. Though he was obviously deteriorating, there was never a time when death and dying were discussed openly. There was a great deal of mutual affection, yet it was not easily or often expressed. Much of what could have been said remained unsaid. I remember my last visit before Dad died. Mom called to tell me that he was quite ill and had been admitted to the hospital again. She made it clear that if I came, it would be my last visit. Though incredibly weak, Dad, as usual, was glad to see me. Our conversation was minimal. Quiet time predominated. He seemed surprised at my visit, since I had visited him at home not long before. Yet, he acted not so surprised.
Richly Meaningful Memories
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bryn and Violet eagerly awaited the birth of their third child. But Ellie came too soon, in the twenty-second week of Violet’s pregnancy. She was so tiny. And she had serious respiratory difficulties. The doctor told them that she would have to strugle mightily to survive. She assured them she and the staff in the neonatal intensive care unit would do all they could to pull Ellie through and allow her to go home. Ellie lived only ten days. Either Violet or Bryn was by the side of her incubator every hour of her short life. They watched how she struled. Though they could not hold Ellie, they were encouraged to touch her gently and speak to her. They did so for hours. They sang every lullaby they knew. And they prayed that God would hold her in his arms and protect her. They hung on every word the doctor effered them, first with realistic and then with desperate hope as Ellie’s condition worsened.
Acting on Promises
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carla was the eldest of eight children. As so often happens in large families, she helped her mother with the younger ones, and took on more responsibilities as she grew. She wondered if her mother, Marti, loved her as much as the others. She didn’t feel as much of her warmth, and sometimes felt pushed to do too much around the house. Still, she loved her siblings, especially the surprise of the late arrivals, her twin sisters, Maria and Linda, born when she was eleven. Carla’s father died five years after the twins came. Carla had adored him, and the loss was crushing. Her mother, too, was devastated. The insurance made it possible for her to go on without having to return to work before the children were grown. A sister and brother-in-law who lived nearby offered invaluable support and assistance. Marti relied even more on Carla, but Carla became distant, irritable, rebellious, and hard for her mother to reach. She continued to do her part at home, out of love for her brothers and sisters, but she longed to escape. She married at nineteen, moved with her husband to another city, and started a family of her own.
Doing Things Their Way
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dean’s grandparents’ farm was less than an hour’s drive from the suburb where he lived with his parents. His family didn’t need a holiday, birthday, or anniversary as an excuse to get together, though they never missed one. He loved his grandmother, Edie, but he couldn’t get enough of his grandfather, Nathan. Dean followed him everywhere, and Nathan loved him every minute they were together. Nathan had a way with Dean that made him feel like he was the center of his world. When he played or talked with Dean, Nathan gave him his undivided and rapt attention. He looked at Dean with warm, loving eyes that said he delighted in simply being with him. He drew cartoons while Dean watched and giggled, and he showed him some simple ways to make up his own cartoons. He motioned for Dean to sit beside him when he seemed unhappy or hurt. He had a way of listening that assured Dean that he really understood him. He lifted Dean into his arms or onto his shoulders so he could see what everyone else was seeing. He made up bedtime stories that were better than any in the books his parents read him.
Choosing How We Approach Our Hurt
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Henry held Grace close that awful morning, the reality of separation from her was palpable. A part of him wanted to hide. But where could he possibly go? He sensed that he would have to be unconscious not to notice that Grace was no longer with him. Those who would advise him to “keep busy” or to “put your mind on other things” would mean well. But, to him, the hurt that Grace’s absence aroused seemed inescapable-he could not pretend otherwise. The road ahead looked endless. The feelings seemed at times unbearably heavy. He vowed to himself to stay the course, not run away. In the weeks that followed, Henry’s soul ached in every corner of his home. Though he knew he never would, it was still as if he expected to meet Grace there: at the now silent breakfast table. By the sink brushing her teeth. Searching the closet. At the door as he left for work. In the hall where they deposited the residue of the day’s business. Beside him as they watched the evening news. Strolling through the neighborhood at twilight. Reading in her favorite chair by the fire. Humming along as familiar music came from the stereo. In their bed at day’s end and at the sound of the alarm. Henry only knew how to live in his home with Grace.
Soul Food and Soul Music
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dad was a cook in Wally’s Cefe, a small-town restaurant he owned with his brother. He made great soups that we all enjoyed but that he never ate because he refused to eat vegetables. My brother and I were allowed to make our own milkshakes when we ate or sometimes worked at the restaurant. And Dad often cooked at home. Meat and potatoes were the rule when he did, and the steaks were often chickenjried. He loved fruit pie, especially apple. I think of him whenever I enjoy any of these foods, including an occasional steak without the added chicken-fry. I remember how hard he worked to provide a home for us. His favorite foods take me back to that home with a quiet, gentle man I called Pop. My grandmother came over from “the old country” in time for the birth of her fifth child, my mother. Life in her home seemed to revolve around the kitchen and the large dining room table with her presiding at its head. I have difficulty remembering her without an apron. She loved German sausage and sauerkraut, dark rye and pumpernickel breads, and cabbage rolls. She also loved strong cheeses I have never been able to approach.
Changing and Growing
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Six months before her husband’s death, Jacquelyn Mitchard had a dream. It was a story rich enough to be the subject of a novel. The next morning she told it to her husband. She had not been a writer. Yet he predicted that in two years she would be in a different place. She would be a first-class writer. On the Today Show, not too long ago, Jacquelyn told her interviewer that she finished her first novel, At the Deep End of the Ocean, two years to the day after her husband’s death. She said she wanted to show her children that we can expand our dreams, not contract them, after a tragedy. In part because of her husband’s confidence in her, she found ability within herself she did not know was there. Antonio and Chris Daniels and their two older sisters were raised by their mother, Alice, in inner-city Columbus, Ohio. Children in their part of town seldom escaped from their poor, troubled surroundings. But Alice was determined that her children would use education as their way out. She worked during the day, attended school at night, earned her degree, and became a family counselor to support them.
Meaning, Interpretation, and Analyticity
Authors: Moser Paul K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever else we are, you and I are language users. Witness my writing this chapter, and your reading it. Reflection on what you and I are doing thus indicates that we are language users. Even if we lack exact identity-conditions for languages and language users, we do not forgo talk of such phenomena. Evidently, then, meaningful talk allows for considerable vagueness.
The Autonomy of Morals
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One could scarcely question A. N. Prior’s observation that “... in our own time the perception that information about our obligations cannot he logically derived from premisses in which our obligations are not mentioned has become a commonplace, though perhaps only in philosophical circles” (Logic and the Basis of Ethics, p. 36). Non-naturalistic ethical theories seem to he based entirely upon this perception; an anti non-naturalistic position such as Stevenson’s assumes it; because of it, writers such as S. E. Toulmip, however different from the former in other respects, set out to characterize a special “logic” or “mode of reasoning” to explicate the force of moral argument. Apart from any intrinsic logical interest the thesis may itself hold, one is struck by the claims made in its behalf.
Between Acknowledgment and Avoidance
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In tracing our &lt;disappointment with criteria, in denying that Wittgensteinian criteria can, or are meant to, refute skepticism, I seem, in my re marks about the problem of other minds, to have left the other’s privacy intact. And doesn’t Wittgenstein deny privacy? What else is the teaching of his obsessive emphasis on the publicness of language and on the out wardness of criteria? I have suggested that the teaching is in service of a vision that false views of the inner and of the outer produce and sustain one another, and I would be glad to have suggested that the correct relation between inner and outer, between the soul and its society, is the theme of the Investigations as a whole.