bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Eu(III) Adsorbed onto Chitin and Chitosan by Time-resolved Laser-induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Ozaki Takuo , Kimura Takaumi , Yoshida Zenko , Francis Arokiasamy J 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Chitin and chitosan exhibited high distribution coefficients for Eu(III). On the other hand, analysis by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the hydration states of Eu(III) on chitin and on chitosan were significantly different. Europium(III) on chitin interacted with its coordination sites in an inner-spherical manner while that on chitosan interacts in an outer-spherical manner.
Estimation of the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Central Tokyo by the Dynamic Analysis of Their Temporally Increasing Atmospheric Concentrations in Calm Weather Afternoon Conditions
Authors: Miyoshi Takao , Makide Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The emissions of VOCs in central Tokyo were estimated by the dynamic analysis of their temporally increasing atmospheric concentrations in the afternoon of weekdays when anthropogenic emissions were most active and the mixing of the atmosphere was extremely small. The results agreed well with the emissions estimated from increments of the averaged atmospheric concentrations above the background concentrations.
Assemblies of Mixed-metal Hexaporphyrins with an Oxo-bridged Iron(III) Porphyrin Dimer in the Center
Authors: Suzuki Masamitsu , Tsuge Kiyoshi , Sasaki Yoichi , Imamura Taira 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Four novel Fe-Ru mixed-metal hexaporphyrins having an Fe(III)-O-Fe(III) porphyrin dimer unit at the center and four surrounding ruthenium(II) porphyrin units were synthesized, characterized, and structurally analyzed by X-ray crystallography.
Emulsion Drying Preparation of LiFePO4/C Composite and Its Enhanced High-rate Performance at 50 °C
Authors: Myung Seung-Taek , Komaba Shinichi , Takagai Ryohei , Kumagai Naoaki , Lee Yun-Sung 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
LiFePO4/C composite was successfully synthesized by an emulsion drying method. As confirmed by X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopic observation, the prepared particle size of LiFePO4 was of about 300 nm and the powder was modified by conductive carbon. Consequentially, the existence of carbon increased the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4/C composite to ca. 10-4 S cm−1 at 25 °C. Because of smaller particle size and enhanced conductivity, the composite showed higher capacity about 140 mA h g−1 (20 mA g−1), excellent cyclability and superior rate capability at 50 °C, i.e., over 90 mA h (g-phosphate)−1 at a current density of 1000 mA g−1.
A Mild, Efficient and Selective Cleavage of Aryl tert-Butyldimethysilyl Ethers Using KOH in Ethanol
Authors: Jiang Zhi-Yong , Wang Yan-Guang 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
An efficient and selective method for the deprotection of aryl tert-butyldimethysilyl (TBS) ethers is described. The protecting group TBS could be cleaved from aryl silyl ethers in the prensence of alkyl TBS ethers using KOH in ethanol at room temperature to give the corresponding phenols in excellent yields (87–99%).
Novel Thermochromic Copolymers with Two Luminescent Colors
Authors: Li Chen , Du Pa , Tian He , Erk Peter 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A new kind of thermochromic polymers with high fluorescence based on copoly(styrene-maleic anhydride) (SMA) and amino-substituted 1,8-naphthalimide is prepared by the condensed route. Accompanied their thermochromic process, the fluorescence of the copolymers will also change irreversibly from blue to green light when heated.
Promotion of Thermal Dehydration of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Film by Diphenyliodonium Salt
Authors: Yamamoto Yukio , Tagawa Seiichi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Thermal dehydration of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film was greatly promoted by diphenyliodonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, which is known as a thermally stable photo acid generator. The oxidation of thermally generated PVA radicals by the salt is considered to lead to the dehydration. Liquid-nitrogen trapping of volatile products during the heating largely accelerated the dehydration for the salt-free film but not for the salt-containing film.
Preparation of Gold Nanoplates Protected by an Anionic Phospholipid
Authors: Ibano Daisuke , Yokota Yasuhiro , Tominaga Toshihiro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Gold nanoplates were prepared by the photoreduction of NaAuCl4 in the presence of dimyristoyl-l-α-phosphatidyl-Dl-glycerol (DMPG) as a protective agent. When the DMPG concentration is appropriate, hexagonal nanoplates were formed. When the DMPG concentration was lower or higher, spherical particles were predominantly formed.
Highly Stretchable and Powerful Polypyrrole Linear Actuators
Authors: Hara Susumu , Zama Tetsuji , Sewa Shingo , Takashima Wataru , Kaneto Keiichi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A polypyrrole (PPy) film, prepared electrochemically from methyl benzoate solution of tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate on Ti electrode, showed 12.4% strain and 22 MPa stress induced electrochemically in NaPF6 aqueous solution. The large strain and stress may be due to doping-dedoping of anion and a conformational change of PPy chains.
Empiric Carbapenem Monotherapy in Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients
Authors: Nelson Wendelin K , Rayback Priscilla A , Quinones Ralph , Giller Roger H 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To determine which carbapenem (imipenem/cilastatin or meropenem) was the preferable empiric antibiotic monotherapy in pre-engrafted pediatric bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients in terms of patient tolerance, therapeutic efficacy, and cost. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed 16 pediatric BMT patients who received meropenem, and retrospectively analyzed 16 matched patients who had received imipenem/cilastatin for BMT procedures during the prior 2-year period. We evaluated the patients for evidence of bacterial infection, necessity for concurrent antibiotics, vomiting episodes, duration of concurrent total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and cost of therapy. RESULTS: We found no differences in the number of culture proven or clinically suspected breakthrough bacterial infections or the need for concurrent additional antibiotics between the groups. Our analysis found that patients who received meropenem experienced significantly less vomiting than those in the imipenem/cilastatin cohort. Our data showed both direct and indirect cost savings for the meropenem group. The statistical and clinical differences in the number of vomiting episodes between these groups impacted other aspects of patient care, antiemetic use, and TPN duration. CONCLUSIONS: By switching to meropenem, we reduced the cost of antiemetic therapy per patient treatment course, and also showed a trend toward reduced duration of TPN. We found that meropenem provided both clinical and fiscal advantages over imipenem/cilastatin as empiric antibiotic monotherapy in neutropenic pediatric BMT patients.
Combination Drug Therapy for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Cross L Brian , Justice Lori N 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the role of combination therapy with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine2 receptor antagonists in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). DATA SOURCES: Clinical literature identified through MEDLINE (January 1966–August 2001). Key search terms included gastroesophageal reflux, benzimidazoles; omeprazole; lansoprazole; pantoprazole; rabeprazole; receptor antagonists, histamine2; therapy, combination drug; therapy, combined modality; and combinations, drug. DATA SYNTHESIS: Approximately 80–90% of patients show healing of reflux esophagitis after 8 weeks of once-daily PPI therapy. Patients taking PPI therapy twice daily still have nocturnal acid breakthrough (periods of gastric pH <4 lasting for ≥60 min during the night) as much as 70% of the time. The clinical application of this finding has not been shown. One trial has shown that omeprazole in the morning plus ranitidine at bedtime is not as effective as omeprazole twice daily given before the morning and evening meals at controlling nocturnal acid breakthrough. Further, 1 small trial in healthy subjects without GERD showed that the addition of a 1-time dose of ranitidine at bedtime to a twice-daily regimen of omeprazole may decrease the occurrence of nocturnal acid breakthrough. However, the clinical significance of this finding is not clear. CONCLUSIONS: No studies in patients with GERD demonstrate that the addition of histamine2 receptor antagonists to twice-daily PPI therapy provides any further benefit above that derived from PPIs alone. The parameter used to measure the efficacy of combination regimens for GERD thus far — Nocturnal acid breakthrough — Has not been proven to correlate with improvement of GERD symptoms in any controlled or prospective clinical trials. Further investigation is needed to determine optimal therapy in patients refractory to standard doses of PPIs.
Therapeutic Equivalency of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
Authors: McCart Gary M , Kayser Steven R 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To review the recent literature on the approved uses of enoxaparin, dalteparin, ardeparin, and tinzaparin and the evidence for therapeutic equivalence. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1993–January 2001) was conducted to identify English-language literature available on enoxaparin, dalteparin, ardeparin, and tinzaparin. STUDY SELECTION: All controlled trials evaluating low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) versus standard therapy powered to detect a significant difference were reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Agents were reviewed with regard to safety and efficacy. DATA SYNTHESIS: As a class, LMWHs have chemical, physical, and clinical similarities. LMWHs have greater bioavailability, longer half-lives, a more predictable pharmacologic response, possible improved safety, and similar or greater efficacy compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH). Because of this, enoxaparin, dalteparin, ardeparin, and tinzaparin are being considered as alternatives to UFH or warfarin, and there is potential for therapeutic interchange. Evaluation of clinical trials is limited because of differing diagnostic methods, drug administration times, dose equivalencies, and outcome measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Only 1 trial has evaluated 2 LMWHs in a direct comparison in the same study. There is insufficient evidence for determining the therapeutic equivalence of LMWHs.
Granulocyte Macrophage—Colony Stimulating Factor and Oral Mucositis
Authors: Fung Stacey M , Ferrill Mary J 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of granulocyte macrophage—colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with oral mucositis. DATA SOURCES: Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–June 2000) and bibliographic searches. DATA SYNTHESIS: Published literature assessing the use of GM-CSF to treat or prevent oral mucositis was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Reports of GM-CSF improving mucositis have been published; however, because of limitations in these reports, insufficient evidence confirms the benefits of GM-CSF. These preliminary studies provide a rationale to conduct well-designed, double-blind, randomized trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of GM-CSF in the treatment and/or prevention of oral mucositis induced by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy.
Cost-Effectiveness of Prophylactic Indomethacin in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Moya Martin P , Goldberg Ronald N 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To perform cost-effectiveness analysis to facilitate the decision-making process surrounding use of indomethacin in preterm infants to lower the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and death. METHODS: A MEDLINE literature search from 1966 to July 2000 was performed to identify relevant randomized, controlled trials (RCTs), as well as cohort and retrospective case—control studies. A decision tree was built representing the choice to use or not use indomethacin, and the potential outcome costs. Probabilities of being in each chance node were obtained from this search. Where data probabilities were not clear, a sensitivity analysis was conducted. RESULTS: There was no difference in the expected survival per year; however, there was a significant difference when effectiveness was measured as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), resulting in 11 and 10 years for the indomethacin and control groups, respectively. The indomethacin treatment cost was $95 157 and that of the control groups was $99 955. The cost effectiveness per life expectancy of being in the indomethacin and control groups was $7142 and $7727, respectively. The sensitivity analysis for PDA closure and prevention of IVH for infants eventually developing PDA versus those without PDA showed no difference. The cost-effectiveness analysis per QALY was $8443 for the indomethacin treatment and $9168 for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The prophylactic use of indomethacin is less costly and more effective within an important range of certainty. However, this analysis does not include several potentially confounding factors, such as antenatal steroid use or indomethacin-induced renal toxicity. Depending on the frequency with which these factors arise, economic projections may be considerably altered against the early use of indomethacin.
Gabapentin's Effect on Agitation in Severely and Persistently Mentally III Patients
Authors: Megna James L , Devitt Patrick J , Sauro Marie D , Dewan Mantosh J 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of adjunctive gabapentin on agitation in severely and persistently mentally ill (SPMI) inpatients. METHOD: Eleven chronic SPMI inpatients on stable psychotropic medication regimens were evaluated before and after the initiation of adjunctive gabapentin for six months. The following psychometric tests were used: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Corrigan Agitated Behavior Scale (CABS), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI)–Severity. Data collection was accomplished via retrospective chart review. An internal reliability check indicated that a chart review BPRS is significantly predictive of one performed face-to-face. RESULTS: Statistically significant reductions were found at six months for each assessment instrument (p > 0.05, two-tailed). BPRS scores were reduced from 40.6 to 33.2, CABS from 34.4 to 25.0, and CGI—Severity from 5.9 to 5.3. The bulk of the BPRS reduction was accounted for by several subscores exclusive of those assessing affective/anxious symptomatology. Adverse effects were minimal. Two patients were discharged 12 and 17 months after implementation of gabapentin. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive gabapentin appears to be associated with a reduction in agitation in chronically hospitalized SPMI patients. Controlled, prospective trials are needed before any definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding the role of gabapentin in the treatment of this group of patients.
Factors Influencing Cyclosporine Blood Concentration—Dose Ratio
Authors: García-Sáiz Mar , López-Gil Arturo , Alfonso Itziar , Boada Jose N , Armijo Juan A 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trough cyclosporine concentration—dose ratio (CDR) and its relationship to some commonly available factors such as cyclosporine dosage, patient age, grade of obesity, posttransplant days, serum creatinine, serum bilirubin, and serum cholesterol by multiple linear regression. METHODS: The study was performed on 866 samples from 90 transplant recipients (25 kidney, 25 heart, 17 bone marrow, 13 liver, 10 simultaneous pancreas—kidney). RESULTS: The results show differences between transplants both in cyclosporine CDR variability (expressed by the coefficients of variation) and in the capability of those factors to explain this variability (expressed by the coefficient of determination). Coefficients of variation were 41% for the 866 samples (from 34% in heart to 55% in pancreas—kidney transplantation) and 28% for the 90 patients' CDR mean values (from 24% in heart to 32% in pancreas—kidney transplantation). All factors, except for the grade of obesity, were related to the cyclosporine CDR for all transplants as a whole. However, differences in the influence of each factor on each transplant were observed. The coefficient of determination based on significant factors was R2 = 0.25 for all samples (from 0.18 in pancreas—kidney to 0.52 in liver transplantation) and R2 = 0.53 for the patients' CDR means (from 0.39 in heart to 0.83 in kidney transplantation). CONCLUSIONS: We have quantified the cyclosporine CDR, its variability, and its relationship with some commonly available factors and found significant differences between transplant types. The equations of regression obtained might improve trough cyclosporine CDR estimation as a first step in cyclosporine dosage adjustment in kidney and liver transplant recipients.
Treatment of Resistant Depression by Adding Noradrenergic Agents to Lithium Augmentation of SSRIs
Authors: Ramasubbu Rajamannar 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of second-line augmentation with noradrenergic antidepressants (NAs) in depressed patients who partially responded to lithium augmentation of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). CASE SUMMARY: Six patients with major depression or double depression (major depression and dysthymia) who were partially responsive to lithium and SSRI treatment were given either bupropion or desipramine, in an open clinical manner. Improvement was determined and rated by a psychiatrist based on clinical judgment guided by the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) improvement scale and by the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) as described in Axis V in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. RESULTS: Among the 6 depressed patients with partial remission (much improved in symptoms and moderate functional improvement: CGI score 2, GAF score 51–60) while taking the SSRI and lithium combination, 2 showed complete remission (very much improved in symptoms and good functioning: CGI 1, GAF 80–100) and 3 achieved near-complete remission (very much improved in symptoms and significant functional recovery: CGI 1, GAF 61–80) when given either bupropion or desipramine. One patient did not show any additional clinical or functional improvement. Second-line augmentation with bupropion was better tolerated than desipramine. CONCLUSIONS: This clinical observation suggests that second-line augmentation with NAs may be a viable option to optimize recovery in depressed patients with a partial response to lithium augmentation of SSRIs.
Newer Therapies in the Drug Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: McAuley James W , Biederman Toy S , Smith Jason C , Moore J Layne 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To provide a review of recent developments in the pharmacotherapy of epilepsy. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search was performed to identify pertinent literature (1966–June 2001). Selected articles emphasized those published from 1997 to 2001. Bibliographies of identified articles were also evaluated. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All identifiable sources written in English. DATA SYNTHESIS: Epilepsy is a common neurologic disorder, and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstays of therapy. The focus of this article is on the 3 latest AEDs — Levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, and zonisamide. We discuss human data published as both original studies and reviews from the last 4 years, except where noted. We apply a general template for all 3 drugs and provide information on clinical trials, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and clinical use. CONCLUSIONS: Levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, and zonisamide are reasonable options for many patients whose seizures are not yet controlled or who suffer from intolerable adverse effects. All 3 agents are approved for adjunctive use in patients with partial seizures. Oxcarbazepine also has approval for monotherapy in partial seizures. All 3 drugs are well tolerated by most patients and have characteristics that potentially make them easier to use with medications other than the older AEDs. Further clinical experience is needed before specific recommendations can be given for their place among older and newer AEDs.
Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Amprenavir
Authors: Sadler Brian M , Stein Daniel S 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, and dosage and administration information of amprenavir. DATA SOURCE: An extensive review of the literature (MEDLINE search from 1994 to April 2001) relating to the clinical pharmacology of the HIV protease inhibitors was conducted. Meeting abstracts or full presentations and data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: The data on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, and drug resistance were obtained from in vitro studies and open-label and controlled clinical trials. DATA SYNTHESIS: Like all HIV protease inhibitors, amprenavir interrupts the maturation phase of the HIV replicative cycle by forming an inhibitor-enzyme complex, which prevents HIV protease from binding with its normal substrates (biologically inactive viral polyproteins). Amprenavir has an enzyme inhibition constant (Ki = 0.6 nM) that falls within the Ki range of the other protease inhibitors. Amprenavir's in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) against wild-type clinical HIV isolates is 14.6 ± 12.5 ng/mL (mean ± SD). Pharmacodynamic modeling indicates that, as is the case with other protease inhibitors, the concentration—response curve for amprenavir plateaus at amprenavir trough values above the IC50 for these isolates. This exposure—activity relationship, plus such favorable pharmacokinetic parameters as a long terminal elimination half-life (7–10 h), makes amprenavir an attractive drug of choice when considering potent antiretrovirals. The higher trough exposure obtained with amprenavir coadministered with ritonavir may allow effective treatment of patients with decreased susceptibility viral isolates and once-daily dosing. Amprenavir has been approved for adults and children; the recommended capsule doses are 1200 mg twice daily for adults and 20 mg/kg twice daily or 15 mg/kg 3 × daily for children <13 years of age or adolescents <50 kg. The recommended dose for amprenavir oral solution is 1.5 mL/kg twice daily or 1.1 mL/kg 3 × daily. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical pharmacology, exposure—activity relationship, and drug resistance profile of amprenavir support the use of this potent HIV protease inhibitor in combination antiretroviral regimens, especially for persons who have experienced virologic failure while on protease inhibitor—containing regimens.
Risk of Gastric Injury with Enteric- versus Nonenteric-Coated Aspirin
Authors: Banoob Dalia W , McCloskey William W , Webster William 
Published: June 2003

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate through clinical trials the risk of various aspirin preparations on the gastric mucosa. DATA SOURCES: Articles reporting clinical research were accessed through MEDLINE (1980–November 1998). Key search terms included enteric-coated aspirin, buffered aspirin, and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. DATA SYNTHESIS: Aspirin products are known to cause GI bleeding. Enteric-coated aspirin may provide an additional protective effect on gastric mucosa compared with buffered aspirin. An evaluation of studies comparing various aspirin preparations and the risk of gastric mucosal injury was conducted. CONCLUSIONS: For long-term use, enteric-coated aspirin may provide a safer alternative than buffered aspirin; however, further studies are necessary.