bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of histamine‐induced tachypnoea in the rhesus monkey by sibenadet: no role for dopamine D2 receptors
Authors: Fozard J. R. , Buescher H. , Farr D. C. , Mazzoni L. 
Published: August 2004

Summary 1 Sibenadet (Viozan®), a dual dopamine D2/β2‐adrenoceptor agonist, suppresses histamine‐induced tachypnoea in the dog by activating dopamine D2 receptors. We here compare the effects of sibenadet and formoterol, a selective β2‐adrenoceptor agonist, on histamine‐induced tachypnoea in the rhesus monkey. 2 Anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing, rhesus monkeys were set up for measuring airways resistance, respiratory rate, blood pressure and heart rate. 3 Both sibenadet and formoterol administered by aerosol, induced inhibition of the bronchoconstrictor response to aerosolized methacholine accompanied by tachycardia. Sibenadet, but not formoterol, also reduced blood pressure. 4 Administration of histamine by inhalation induced tachypnoea which was accompanied by bronchoconstriction. Tachypnoea to histamine was suppressed by both sibenadet and formoterol at doses which manifest anti‐bronchoconstrictor activity. These effects and the accompanying tachycardia but not the hypotension induced by sibenadet were abolished by pretreatment with propranolol. 5 The dopamine D2 receptor agonist, quinagolide, did not suppress tachypnoea to histamine despite inducing a fall in blood pressure indicating activation of dopamine D2 receptors. 6 Thus, both sibenadet and formoterol suppress histamine‐evoked tachypnoea in the rhesus monkey. The effect arises exclusively through activation of β2‐adrenoceptors and probably reflects the anti‐bronchoconstrictor effects of these agents. The results reveal a fundamental difference in the role of dopamine receptors in the airways of dog and rhesus monkey.
Effects of histamine receptor blockade on cardiovascular changes induced by 35 GHz radio frequency radiation heating
Authors: Jauchem J. R. , Ryan K. L. , Tehrany M. R. 
Published: August 2004

Summary 1 The role of histamine in heat‐induced cardiovascular changes is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to examine effects of histamine H‐1‐ and H‐2‐antagonism on heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), localized body temperature changes, survival times, and lethal body temperatures that occur during the exposure of anaesthetized rats to 35 GHz radio frequency radiation (RFR). 2 Forty‐eight ketamine‐anaesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed, in several different treatment groups (n = 8 in each), to 35 GHz RFR at a level that resulted in significant body heating and subsequent death. During irradiation, a continuous increase in heart rate and a biphasic response in blood pressure (initial increase followed by a decrease) were observed in all groups of animals. 3 An H‐1‐antagonist, diphenhydramine (1 mg kg−1 body wt) and an H‐2‐antagonist, cimetidine (5 mg kg−1), administered after sustained RFR exposure, failed to reverse the RFR‐induced hypotension. High doses of the drugs (5 and 10 mg kg−1, respectively) also did not alter the response. Post‐RFR survival time was significantly decreased in the high‐dose drug‐treated group, compared with vehicle‐treated (0.9% NaCl, 50% ethanol and 50% D5W) controls. 4 In experiments in which the two drugs were administered prior to RFR exposure, MAP in animals receiving high‐dose antihistamines was significantly depressed compared with that of vehicle‐treated animals during the first 35 min of RFR exposure. Antihistamine pretreatment, however, did not alter the total RFR exposure time required for death to occur. 5 In summary, pharmacological blockade of H‐1 and H‐2 receptors is not beneficial in anaesthetized rats made hypotensive by RFR exposure. This indicates that activation of H‐1 and H‐2 receptors by histamine does not occur to any significant extent and does not mediate the hypotensive response developed in this model of hyperthermia.
Family Therapy in Treatment of the Deaf: A Case Report
Authors: SHAPIRO RODNEY J. , HARRIS ROBERT I. 
Published: August 2004

Deaf patients with psychological problems have developmental handicaps and clinical characteristics that reduce the effectiveness of traditional modes of psychotherapy. Attempts have been made to utilize individual and group therapy, but family therapy has been largely overlooked as a method of alleviating problems of the deaf.Clinical and research writings provide us with rich insights into the family dynamics of the deaf. These data suggest to the authors that the problems of deaf individuals are largely related to family problems, and therefore merit a family orientation as the focus for treatment. This paper describes an attempt to apply family therapy with a range of deaf patients over a period of two years. From a review of their work, the authors conclude that family therapy can be effective, particularly in the treatment of deaf adolescents and children.
Experimenting with Family Treatment Approaches to Alcoholism, 1950–1975: A Review
Authors: STEINGLASS PETER 
Published: August 2004

The attention given family therapy approaches to alcoholism has been disproportionately low in relation to the magnitude of alcohol abuse as a clinical problem and its acknowledged impact on family life. Although the literature to date is limited and most studies should be characterized as pilot in nature, preliminary results have enthusiastically endorsed family therapy approaches to alcoholism.This critical review assesses the existing experimental and clinical literature of the past 25 years. It also offers potential explanations for the reluctance of family therapists to engage this problem more actively.
The Family and the School: Utilizing Human Resources to Promote Learning
Authors: TUCKER BERNICE Z. , DYSON ERNEST 
Published: August 2004

There is a continuing challenge in our complex society to bridge the gaps that exist between various subsystems. Only by overcoming segmentation can common problems be mutually addressed and the full resources of each subsystem be utilized in finding viable solutions. The project described here brings together members of the family with public school professional staff and a consultant from a family therapy unit. Each system learns from and about the others in an open, sharing environment. The processes of family therapy are utilized with the goals of reversing maladaptive school behavior of children and facilitating constructive interactions both between the family and the school and among school personnel.The uniqueness in this effort lies in the treatment of the staff of a school as a live, dynamic, interacting system having some of the characteristics of a family. The need for mutual respect on the part of consultant and school personnel is documented. Defining and observing boundaries, clarifying roles and creating a non‐critical atmosphere provide the security that permits and encourages individuals to share relevant material within agreed‐upon parameters.Changes in traditional practices have been achieved. School psychologists have taken on new roles while principals and staffs have learned new techniques and skills for relating to each other and for approaching family‐based school learning problems. The non‐blaming approach recognizes the child as a member of both a family and school organization. Bringing the family and the school together for dialogue and planning unburdens the child as a conveyor of information and values between the two systems. Thus far, there have been substantial benefits from the project to the schools, to the families, and to the body of professional knowledge from which we all learn and grow.
A Method of Co‐Therapy for Schizophrenic Families
Authors: MUELLER PETER S. , ORFANIDIS MONICA McGOLDRICK 
Published: August 2004

This paper describes a model of treatment for families in which one child has been given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Male and female therapists adopt structured roles that are used as a paradigm for exploring family patterns. The paradigm employs a three‐generational hypothesis that defines schizophrenia as a lifelong, restricting mode of relating, involving the primary family triad, that makes the child vulnerable to repeated psychotic episodes.Therapy is directed at the difficulties of autonomous development within the family by focusing on differentiating the relationship between nuclear and extended family members, especially defining and strengthening generational and sexual boundaries. The second focus of therapy is on the resolution of issues of separation and loss, with attention to unresolved mourning in the family of origin and the concomitant stress in giving up the infantile relationship with the index child in the nuclear family. Stages of therapy will be described including: (a) initiation of therapy, (b) breaking of fusion, (c) repair of alienation, and (d) solidifying the marital alliance and generational boundaries. Case illustrations will be included.
Observations Of Conjointly Hospitalized “Alcoholic Couples” During Sobriety And Intoxication: Implications For Theory and Therapy
Authors: STEINGLASS PETER , DAVIS DONALD I. , BERENSON DAVID 
Published: August 2004

This paper presents clinical data from a research study designed to examine the relation between alcohol consumption and interactional behavior in “alcoholic couples.” The central innovative feature of the study was the simultaneous admission to an inpatient setting of up to three couples, one or both members of which was alcoholic. The in‐patient experience was part of an intensive, six‐week, multiple‐couples, group‐therapy program.During hospitalization couples were encouraged to reproduce as closely as possible their usual drinking patterns and interactional behavior. Therapists utilized observations of interactional behavior during intoxication and sobriety to formulate central interactional and psychological issues for each couple.The authors utilized these same observations to develop the interactional model of alcoholism in families that is presented in detail in this paper. This model is an extension of earlier work delimiting an interactional theory of alcoholism based on general systems concepts.Two extensive case histories are presented to illustrate both theoretical issues and the treatment process.
Interpersonal Perception in Addict Families
Authors: ALEXANDER BRUCE K. , DIBB GARY S. 
Published: August 2004

A technique called the “Interperception Matrix” was devised to investigate interpersonal perception in eight families in which addicted offspring maintained close parental ties. The addict families were compared with eight matched control families. Several differences were found between the two types of families. In addict families: (a) addicts, their fathers, and their mothers all held the addicts in low regard; (b) addicts were described as very different from their parents; (c) parents and addicts disagreed more in their perception of the addicts; (d) there was a consensus that the addicts' major flaws were passivity and dependence; and (e) the addicts' mothers described themselves as less agreeable and more passive. Addict families and control families were similar in their descriptions of an ideal for the offspring and in generally favorable descriptions of both parents.These results extend and partially validate clinical observations that social perception in addict families serves to perpetuate opiate addiction by undermining addicts' self‐esteem. These data, in conjunction with new understandings emerging from the addiction literature, support an approach to addiction therapy based on reframing family perception.
A Mother‐Child, Multiple‐Family, Counseling Program: Procedures and Results
Authors: HARDCASTLE DEXTER R. 
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a family counseling program on the following variables: (a) parents' family satisfaction, perceived integration, and family congruence; (b) the number of positive and negative responses communicated among family members; and (c) an undesirable behavior exhibited by one child in the family. The sample consisted of 14 families in the experimental condition and 11 families in the control condition.Mother and one child had responsibility for teaching other family members the principles taught during the multiple‐family category sessions.The findings indicated: (a) parents receiving family counseling increased significantly their family‐satisfaction and perceived‐integration scores as compared to the parents not receiving counseling; (b) families receiving counseling increased significantly the number of positive responses among them compared with the control families; (c) children receiving counseling decreased significantly the frequency of exhibiting a specific undesirable behavior; and (d) no significant differences were found between the groups of families in parents' family‐congruence scores and in the number of negative responses communicated among family members.
DRUG ABUSE AND THE FAMILY
Authors: KUPETZ KAREN , LAROSA JUDIE , KLAGSBRUN MICHELINE , DAVIS DONALD I. 
Published: August 2004

The Family and Drug Abuse Symposium held on July 10–12, 1975, brought together individuals who possess clinical and/or research expertise in the area of family research and substance abuse. The purpose of the symposium was directed toward assessing the current state of knowledge in the field and delineating directions for future work. The role of family interaction in causing or maintaining a drug abuse problem has only recently become the focus of research and innovative treatment efforts. This special section is intended to acquaint therapists and researchers with recent work in the field; the papers are revised versions of materials originally prepared for the symposium.This first paper offers a brief overview of the symposium and summarizes issues that arose from each of the four workshops: I. Psychosocial Research; II. Clinical Observations; III. Clinical Programs; and IV. Recommendations Made to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The next paper is a review of recent studies in research and treatment that have approached substance abuse from a family viewpoint. Other research methods that appear relevant to the study of families with a drug‐abusing member are discussed. Three commentaries on this review follow. The last paper describes an extensive effort to implement and evaluate family therapy within an existing drug treatment facility.
“She is Just Not an Open Person.”: A Linguistic Analysis of a Restructuring Intervention in Family Therapy
Authors: TROEMEL‐PLOETZ SENTA 
Published: August 2004

A short exchange from a family therapy treatment with a couple is analyzed in detail according to what the speakers, in this case husband and therapist, do with each other and with the third participant, the wife, in making their utterances. They are seen to be performing a number of different acts with each utterance and an attempt is made to connect these acts with the actual linguistic properties of the utterances used; in this connection the semantic‐pragmatic function of the operator, “just,” in one particular reading is discussed. These acts receive further support when the wider linguistic and situational context is considered.The exchange is of linguistic interest because the response of the therapist to the husband seems to be a non sequitur. It is shown, however, that pragmatic coherence, i.e., coherence with respect to the sequence of linguistic acts and moves between the speakers in the given situation, forces an interpretation of the two utterances as a connected text.The exchange is interesting therapeutically because the therapist's intervention brings immediate change in the husband. This striking therapeutic effect is attributed to the restructuring character of the intervention which sufficiently shifts the balance in the relationship between husband and wife. An analysis of the linguistic properties of the therapist's utterance shows that the restructuring is achieved by particular syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of the utterance. It turns out that restructuring, as manipulative as it may appear on the surface, is a highly complex, sophisticated and powerful technique. It is not peculiar to family therapy; comparable procedures can be found in other forms of psychotherapy, e.g., psychoanalysis and client‐centered therapy, and in general in everyday conversation situations where it is necessary for one speaker to get another speaker to modify what he is saying and to adopt a different view.
Family Therapy After the Divorce: Developing a Strategy
Authors: GOLDMAN JANICE , COANE JAMES 
Published: August 2004

Family therapy with the whole family after a divorce has taken place provides a unique opportunity for intervention. Though the spouses have legally terminated their relationship, their parenting function remains. However, this reality is often clouded by the emotional conflicts generated by the divorce. Family therapy can be useful in facilitating life in the post‐divorce period.A four‐part model for intervention is described. The first task is to redefine the family as existentially including all members. Next, generational boundaries are firmed in order to reduce the parentification process, often intensified by the parents physical absence. Third, the family needs to have a replay of the history of the marriage to correct developmental distortions and offer a chance to mourn the loss of the intact family. Finally, the therapists attempt to facilitate an emotional divorce. A case study is presented to elucidate the manner in which these steps unfold in treatment.
Divorce Therapy: An In‐Depth Survey of Therapists' Views
Authors: KRESSEL KENNETH , DEUTSCH MORTON 
Published: August 2004

In‐depth interviews were conducted with 21 highly experienced therapists on the criteria of a constructive divorce, the obstacles to achieving such a divorce, and the strategies and tactics of divorce therapy. The primary criterion of a constructive divorce was the successful completion of the process of psychic separation and the protection of the welfare of minor children. Therapy may focus on the decision to get divorced and/or the negotiation of the terms of a divorce settlement.Three types of therapeutic strategies were identified: reflexive interventions by which the therapist orients himself to the marital problems and attempts to gain the trust and confidence of the partners; contextual interventions by which he tries to promote a climate conducive to decision‐making; and substantive interventions intended to produce resolution on terms the therapist has come to believe are inevitable or necessary.The nascent state of divorce therapy as an area of therapeutic specialization is noted. The problem of diagnostic criteria for divorce, the relationship between therapists and lawyers, the nature and consequence of therapist impartiality, and the degree to which therapists should mediate the terms of divorce are considered central issues meriting further study.
Family Rituals A Powerful Tool in Family Therapy
Authors: PALAZZOLI MARA SELVINI , BOSCOLO LUIGI , CECCHIN GIAN FRANCO , PRATA GIULIANA 
Published: August 2004

The use of systemic models in family therapy obliged our team to devise therapeutic tasks involving the entire family. Among these, one was found to be extremely effective: the prescribing of a family ritual. This article gives details of one such example aimed at the destruction of a myth that had been created by three generations of a family. In order that the reader may have an adequate understanding of this ritual, we shall fully describe the story of the family and of the transgenerational evolution of this myth. In the description of the treatment of the family, certain errors were made by the therapists that will come to light — errors that, as usual, were far more instructive than the actual successes.Eventually, it was the very understanding of these errors and their repercussions that led us to the successful prescription of the ritual. Finally, detailed analysis of the substance and aim of the ritual will illustrate and explain exactly what we mean by the term ritual.For this case history, we shall call the family Casanti.
A Systems Theory Approach to a Case of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: CAILLÉ PHILIPPE , ABRAHAMSEN PÅL , GIROLAMI CHARLOTTE , SØRBYE BENTE 
Published: August 2004

Systems theory views mental and psychosomatic illness as the natural consequences of a dysfunctional human interactional group. The symptom chosen is affected by the symptom carrier's age, sex, and unique individual characteristics. However, the reason the symptom develops and is maintained is to be found in the system(s) of which the symptom carrier is a part.A human system consists of two or more individuals who have an ongoing, often goal‐directed, relationship with each other. The most important human system today is undoubtedly the family. The welfare of the individual is usually related to membership in a vital, well‐adjusted family. A dysfunctional family easily becomes dependent on mental or behavioral deviations in one of its members as a means of preventing disintegration.We hope this article's description of a typical treatment situation will demonstrate how a systems theory approach differs from other forms of family therapy in its evaluations and techniques.
Prognostic factors for alveolar regeneration: effect of a space‐providing biomaterial on guided tissue regeneration
Authors: Polimeni Giuseppe , Koo Ki‐Tae , Qahash Mohammed , Xiropaidis Andreas V. , Albandar Jasim M. , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives: There is a limited understanding of the effect of bone biomaterials on the healing potential when used in conjunction with guided tissue regeneration (GTR). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a space‐providing coral‐derived biomaterial on alveolar bone regeneration in conjunction with GTR.Methods: Bilateral, critical‐size, 6‐mm, supra‐alveolar, periodontal defects were created in four young adult Beagle dogs. In a split‐mouth design, the animals received an ePTFE device to provide for GTR in contralateral defect sites with or without the coral biomaterial. The animals were euthanized at 4 weeks post surgery. A histometric analysis assessed vertical regeneration of alveolar bone relative to space‐provision by the ePTFE device. Because of the correlation of within‐dog measurements, a mixed model anova was used to analyze the data.Results: There was significantly greater mean bone regeneration in sites receiving calcium carbonate coral implant GTR (cGTR) compared to GTR (p<0.0001). Sites providing larger wound areas exhibited greater bone regeneration compared to sites exhibiting smaller wound areas (p<0.0001). However, grouping the sites by wound area thresholds showed that bone regeneration was not significantly different in sites receiving cGTR compared to sites receiving GTR alone, irrespective of the size of the wound area (p>0.5).Conclusions: Space‐provision has a significant effect on bone regeneration following GTR. The coral biomaterial effectively enhances space‐provision, and this appears to be the principal mechanism by which this biomaterial supports bone regeneration rather than postulated osteoconductive properties.