bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and quantitative separation of human apolipoproteins
Authors: Dieplinger Hans , Menzel Hans-Jürgen , Utermann Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipoproteins are the predominant lipid transport vehicles in human plasma. Their protein components are called apolipoproteins and represent a class of evolutionarily related polypeptides. The amino acid and nucleotide sequences as well as the chromosomal localization is known for all major apolipoproteins. Table 1 shows the molecular weights and plasma concentrations of the different apolipoproteins. The various lipoproteins in human plasma have a characteristic apoprotein composition (for a review see reference 1). The protein moiety of high density lipoproteins (HDL) consists primarily of apo AI and apo AIi with apolipoproteins apo AIV, C, D, and E as minor constituents. Within high density lipoproteins several subclasses exist that contain various combinations of these apolipoproteins (2).
Centrifugal methods for characterizing macromolecules and their interactions
Authors: Rickwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the early centrifugation work was centred on the behaviour of macromolecules, particularly proteins, during sedimentation. The discrete high molecular weights of proteins and nucleic acids made them ideal for extensive studies using the analytical ultracentrifuge. This emphasis reflected the importance of these molecules in the structure and, function of cells. Sub-sequently, a great deal of analytical work has been carried out using preparative ultracentrifuges. Much of this work was focused on the sedimentation of macromolecules and the effects of changes in conformation and macromolecular interactions. Macromolecules can be separated on the basis of their sedimentation rate, determined primarily by their size and conformation (rate-zonal centrifugation), or on the basis of density in different types of gradient solution (isopycnic centrifugation). However, the development of sophisticated electrophoretic techniques (1,2) has resulted in much of the work on investigating the molecular mass of macromolecules now being carried out using one of the electrophoretic methods. In addition, the rapid sequencing methods now available for DNA and proteins (3,4) make it possible to determine the size of molecules in a very precise manner, much more accurately than any centrifugation or electrophoretic method.
Immunological identification of extracellular matrix components in tissues and cultured cells
Authors: Amenta Peters , Martinez-Hernandez Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the last two decades considerable advances have been made in the knowledge of extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and function. The initial concept of the ECM was that of an inert, support structure morphologically characterized by the presence of banded and beaded fibres, fibrils, filaments, granular material, and specialized matrices-the basement membranes. The isolation of the individual ECM components has led to the development of monospecific antibodies. One application of these antibodies has been for immunohistochemical studies. This approach provides information, unattainable by biochemical means, concerning the distribution of the individual ECM components. Immunohistochemistry can be performed at both the light and electron microscopic level. Light microscopy immunohistochemistry provides a preliminary road map of matrix distribution in tissues and organs. However, only electron microscopy with its superior resolution, can define the exact matrix-matrix and cell-matrix relationships. Cell culture studies have provided data on the synthetic capacity of individual cell types in culture; however, in vitro cell behaviour may not reflect the in vivo situation. Like in situ hybridization, immunohistochemical studies can define the synthetic profile of cells in vivo and in vitro. Localization of antigenic determinants within cellular synthetic organelles can be achieved at the electron microscopic level.
The analysis of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels for the construction of protein databases
Authors: Dunn Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) is a technique which separates a mixture of proteins according to their intrinsic charge properties by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the first dimension and according to their molecular size by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in the second dimension (1). This technique is capable of resolving simultaneously complex mixtures of proteins containing several thousand components, and makes 2D PAGE a powerful tool in many areas of biological and biomedical research (2). It results in complex two-dimensional protein profiles from which only a limited amount of information can be extracted by simple visual inspection.
Networking for the novice
Authors: Harper Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Picture this! A scientist wants to exchange some information with a colleague in California. She writes him a letter and posts it. It takes a week to get there. It lies on his secretary’s desk for a week before he reads it and dictates a reply. The secretary types the reply and puts in in the post. A week passes before the reply is received. Almost a month has passed before the scientist gets an answer to her question. Now picture this! There is an eight-hour time difference between the USA and Finland. Before leaving work our scientist sends some E-mail to a friend in California. The message is waiting for him when he logs into his computer in the morning. He replies immediately by E-mail. When the Finnish scientist comes into work next morning the answer to her question is waiting.
Probability and genetic counselling
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the years many definitions of genetic counselling have been proposed. A theme common to all is the concept of a communication process, whereby patients are informed of the probability that they may develop or transmit a genetic disease along with details of its consequences, and possible approaches to its prevention. It is readily apparent from this definition that genetic counselling is a multi-faceted exercise which draws upon a number of skills. These include patience, objectivity with a non-judgemental approach, insight into human nature and aspirations, and, not least, a sound knowledge of genetics and medicine. To these can be added the ability to calculate probabilities, and it is with this particular aspect of genetic counselling that this text is concerned. It might reasonably be argued that patients at a genetic counselling clinic are more concerned with the nature of risk than with its precise numerical value, or, as Fraser1 has succinctly concluded, ‘Let us not get so preoccupied with the risks that we lose sight of the stakes.’ Certainly several studies of the longterm impact of genetic counselling have concluded that it is the burden of a disorder rather than its precise risk which is of greater concern to patients and prospective parents,2-4 and indeed many patients simply wish to know whether risks are ‘high’ or ‘low’. Nevertheless this does not detract from the importance of giving correct and precise information, an obligation neatly summarized by Lalouel et al., 5 who maintain that ‘The question of whether consultees demand as much specificity should be subordinate to the question of whether counsellors are justified in providing less.’
Sex-linked recessive inheritance
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In sex-linked recessive disorders the condition is manifest in the male who is described as being ‘hemizygous’, whereas, by definition, the heterozygous carrier female is not affected, although careful examination or appropriate investigations may occasionally reveal subtle abnormalities. When a female is known to be a carrier, then each of her sons runs a risk of 50 per cent for inheriting the disorder in question whilst each daughter is at 50 per cent risk for being a carrier. When an affected male reproduces, all of his daughters will be carriers as they will all have inherited his X chromosome and all of his sons will be unaffected as they must have inherited his Y chromosome. Unfortunately the provision of risks for sex-linked recessive disorders is rarely as easy as this simple outline would suggest. For example, if an affected male represents an isolated case in a particular family, then it becomes essential to try to establish whether he represents a new mutation or whether his mother is a carrier. The existence of unaffected uncles, brothers and nephews may have to be taken into account as may the results of appropriate carrier tests undertaken not only on the mother but also on other close female relatives in the matrilineal line.
Chiral separations by gas chromatography
Authors: Taylor David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The separation of one enantiomer (optical isomer) from another is difficult to achieve by any chromatographic procedure. This is because any two enantiomers are structurally related to one another in the same way as an object and its mirror image, and therefore have identical physical and chemical properties as long as they remain in an achiral (symmetrical) environment. Only when observed in plane-polarized light, as in a polarimeter, or when interacting with a chiral (asymmetrical) reagent or chiral surface, do two enantiomers reveal differences which can be used in analysis or to bring about their separation.
The role of gas chromatography in petroleum exploration
Authors: Harriman Gareth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely accepted that petroleum has a biogenic origin, having derived from plant or animal remains, or a mixture of both. After death, most organisms and plant debris decay and return (through oxidative processes) to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. A small amount (&lt;1 %) of this organic matter, however, is deposited in aquatic environments that are not oxidizing but reducing, with the net result that some of the organic matter is preserved within the sedimentary record. As further sedimentation takes place, and the burial depth of the organic-rich sediments increases, the organic matter undergoes biological and chemical changes (diagenesis), which can lead to the formation of petroleum source rocks. These source rocks, under appropriate conditions of temperature and pressure, may generate and expel liquid hydrocarbons which can subsequently migrate to suitable traps where they pool as petroleum accumulations.
Combined gas chromatography— mass spectrometry
Authors: Evershed Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) remains the most effective technique for the separation, detection, and characterization of the components of complex organic mixtures (1). GC and MS are regarded as the ‘natural combination’, compared to other combined chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques, as both display optimum performance with volatile or semi-volatile materials when sample sizes per component are in the nano-gram range (2). Considered in its simplest form, a mass spectrometer (MS) is a device for producing and mass measuring ions. In the case of organicmolecules, the mass and relative abundance of molecular (M+’) or pseudomolecular ions (e.g. [M + Ht) and fragment ions are a direct reflection of molecular structure. Hence, mass spectrometry is unique in its ability often to yield complete structure assignments without needing to use other physicochemical techniques. Although isomeric structures may be distinguished on the basis of their mass spectra alone, such distinctions are often best made by considering elution orders in combined chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses.
Structural analysis of prenylated proteins
Authors: Gelb Michael H , Farnsworth Christopher C , Glomset John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-translational attachment of prenyl groups to proteins in eukaryotic cells has been recently reported (1-4). To date, two isoprenoid products derived from mevalonic acid (MVA), 15-carbon farnesyl groups or 20-carbon geranylgeranyl groups, have been detected. These prenyl groups are attached to proteins via thioether linkages to one or more cysteine residues that are located in the C-terminal region. Many of the prenylated proteins that have been so far structurally characterized share a common, cDNA-inferred, C-terminal sequence motif, Cys-Ali-Ali-Xaa, where Cys is cysteine, Ali is an aliphatic amino acid, and Xaa is the C-terminal amino acid. The attachment of farnesyl or geranylgeranyl groups to cysteines of the Cys-Ali-Ali-Xaa motif is catalyzed by distinct protein prenyltransferases. This reaction is followed by a specific proteolytic step(s) which removes the last three amino acids (Ali Ali-Xaa) and finally methylation of the newly exposed prenyl-cysteine a carboxyl group (Figure 1).
Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Phosphorodithioates
Authors: Beaton Graham , Dellinger Douglas , Marshall William S , Caruthers Marvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past several years, the development of high yielding, rapid methods for synthesizing DNA (1-3) have led to a large number of applications for oligonucleotides (4). These include its use for cloning and synthesizing genes (5), as primers for sequencing DNA and various PCR applications (6), mutagenesis of genes in a site-specific manner (7), examination of how nucleic acids interact with proteins (8), and for studies on nucleic acid structure (9). Mainly because of these results, many have discovered that synthetic DNA needs to be further modified so that it resists hydrolysis by nucleases and contains reporter groups, haptens, cross-linking reagents, sugars, steroids, and peptides. Invariably such interest has stimulated the development of new analogues and new chemistries for synthesizing these derivatives. In this chapter, the chemical synthesis of a potentially very useful analogue for many of these applications, which we call dithioate DNA, will be discussed.
Social aspects of alcohol consumption
Authors: Rae(NL) Dr J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origin and mission of the Portman Group. Comparison with similar drinks industry groups worldwide. The position of the Portman Group within the alcohol field in the UK. Close relations with government and collaboration with other groups that share our aim. Our approach to social aspects of alcohol consumption. Examples of issues and of the Portman Group’s response [1] proof of age card [2] educational initiatives [3] research programmes [4] alcohol and disorder. The importance of positive benefits of moderate consumption. The Portman Group’s long term aims and the chances of success. What we can learn from the experience of other countries and vice versa.
Der Verbleib von Pestizidrückständen des Hopfens bei der Herstellung von Hopfenprodukten
Authors: Forster A , Beck B , Gehrig M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Im Hopfenanbau wird chemischer Pflanzenschutz betrieben, um den Krank- heitsbefall zu kontrollieren. Neben der Rückstandssituation im Rohhopfen interessiert der Verbleib von Pestiziden bei Hopfenverarbeitungen wie der Trocknung, mechanischer Lupulinkonzentration, Extraktion und Isomerisierung.
Flocculation characteristics of brewer’s yeast during fermentation
Authors: Kempers J , Aar P C van der , Krotje J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Control of yeast flocculation is very important, especially in brewery groups where fermenters of varying sizes and geometries are in use. Recently we started a multidisciplinary project to study the biochemical, physical and physiological aspects of flocculation. A quantative test for flocculence (the potential to flocculate) has been developed. With this test it has been shown that during fermentation yeast cells become flocculent at the time of cell division arrest. The concentration of wort amino acids in standard 12 °P wort did not influence flocculence in subsequent fermentations. Although the oxygen concentration of the pitching wort has a tremendous effect on fermentation rate the expression of flocculence is not affected.
Why is ester formation in brewery fermentations yeast strain dependent?
Authors: Ramos-Jeunehomme C , Laub R , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From practical knowledge it is widely recognized that, under the same fermentation conditions, the amounts of esters formed are largely dependent on the strain of yeast which is used. Alcohol-acetyltransferase (AT) has been shown to be responsible for in vitro acetate ester synthesis. We previously demonstrated the existence of cytosolic and membrane-bound AT. The cytosolic fraction appeared to have a key function in determining ester formation. It has been shown that brewers’ yeast strains exhibiting higher ester synthesizing capacities also contain larger proportions of cytosolic AT activity during the batch fermentation cycle.
Main fermentation with immobilized yeast
Authors: Linko Matti , Kronlöf Jukka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Main fermentation with immobilized yeast is technically more difficult than “lagering”, because of vigorous fermentation and growth of yeast. Immobilization with adsorption and ionic binding holds promise. Scanning electron microscope revealed a distinct difference in the type of binding on various carriers such as DEAE-cellulose or porous glass.
Zur Lichtstabilität von Bier
Authors: Mändli Hugo , Anderegg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sun struck beer has a very unpleasant off-flavour, the intensity of which is correlated with the concentration of 3-methyl-2-buten-l-thiol, also called “sunlight mercaptan”. The development of a quantitative assay for this substance was taken as the occasion to investigate various parameters which are linked with this type of spoilage and to correlate the analytical and sensory data. The protecting action of ascorbic acid on light stability has been elucidated. The known dependence of protection on the colour and type of bottle glass was reviewed and the investigation extended to PET and PVC bottles. Central to this work was the problem of the fate of sun struck flavour in a beer which was once exposed to light and subsequently has been returned to light protected storage.
Load cell monitoring and control of fermentation
Authors: Brodtkorb Leif Christian , Lie Sturla , Johannessen Øyvind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nine cylindroconical vessels of 955 hl capacity have been equipped with one load cell each in order to test a simplified system for monitoring and feedback control of the fermentations through weight loss of CO2 evolved. In addition the load cells supervise wort filling, time of pitching and the CIP cycles.
Immunchemischer Schnellnachweis bierschädlicher Bakterien
Authors: Eger C , Donhauser S , Winnewisser W , Röhm B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing rapidity of modern fermentation and maturation processes leads to an ever widening discrepancy between the rate of beer production and the period needed for microbiological detection methods. The authors favour a combination of the specificity of immunochemical methods with the high sensitivity of flow cytometry as a route to rapid detection.
Die Kaltfiltration als Alternative zur Kurzzeiterhitzung vor der Bierabfüllung?
Authors: Eils H -G , Frieling J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two systems for the cold sterilisation of beer immediately before filling have been tested at Beck’s Brewery—one involving membrane filtration the other mass filtration. The biological security, effects on beer quality and economics of both systems are investigated.
The relation between the chemical structure of polysaccharides and their physical properties
Authors: Rinaudo M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the roles of the chemical structure and stereo regularity on conformation of polysaccharides are discussed. Stereo regularity is specially important in the inter chain interactions leading to gelation. Finally the chain dimensions of ionic polysaccharides are discussed introducing the worm-like chain model. Prediction of radius of gyration and intrinsic viscosity for alginates, xanthan and succinoglycan is discussed and compared with experimental values.
Structure of gelatin solutions and gels
Authors: Herning T , Pezron I , Takerkart G , Tournier-Dumas S , Djabourov M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have investigated gelatin solutions and gels by using a variety of scattering techniques : light and small angle neutron scattering, together with dynamic light scattering. These experiments allow us to fully characterize the conformation of gelatin chains and their dynamic behavior. In dilute solutions, the radius of gyration, the persistence length, the virial coefficient and the self-diffusion coefficient have been measured. With increasing concentrations, in the semi-dilute state, we determined the typical hydrodynamic and static correlation lengths, but we also point out that these solutions are not totally homogeneous, as aggregates are formed whose origin is discussed. Very few differences appear between the scattering of sols and gels, indicating that the supramolecular assemblies in the gel state almost preserve the initial topology. Besides, quasi-elastic light scattering is shown to provide an interesting tool for investigating the sol-gel transition, which can be compared to the rheological measurements.
A new method to determine the gelling temperature of food gels
Authors: Krag-Anderson S , R.S¢Derberg J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A method to determine the gelling temperature of food gels based on the different thermal conductivity of a solution and a gel is described. The temperature in the gelling system and in the reference is measured on cooling at a constant rate. The temperatures are fed into a computer and the gelling temperature is calculated. The gelling temperature is defined as the temperature at which the differentiated temperature difference starts to increase.
Rheological characterisation of carrageenan gels
Authors: Roesen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carrageenan gels show different rheological properties depending on carrageenan type and gel composition. Carrageenan gel textures can vary from rubber-like or brittle to pasty. A gel can have a high elastic modulus, but collapse at a small deformation. By determining rheological characteristics of gels made from well defined (seaweed species extraction conditions) carrageenans, a good correlation can be established between carrageenan type and gel properties. This relationship, in turn, can be used to deduce from rheological characteristics of an unknown carrageenan to its likely molecular structure and origin. Rheological characterization is further a useful instrument in describing the influence of other gel components (salts, sugars a. o.) on carrageenan gels.
Structural features and gel-forming activity of zosteran-pectin of marine phanerogams
Authors: Ovodov Yu S , G.Ovodova R , D.Sorochan V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phanerogams of Zosteraceae (eelgrasses) are widespread in the sublittoral of the World Ocean especially in the coastal zone of the Sea of Japan. Eelgrasses may be successfuly used as commercial reserves. The peculiar systematism and ecology of these unusual plants indicated interesting features of their chemical composition. The polysaccharide obtained was named zosteran. The gel-forming properties of Zosteran have been discovered. Zosteran was suggested utilization. for industrial.