bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Communist Takeover of Hangzhou: The Transformation of City and Cadres, 1949–1954. By JAMES Z. GAO. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2004. x+339 pp. ISBN 0-8248-2701-5.]
Authors: Dillon Nara 
Published: March 2005

In The Communist Takeover of Hangzhou, historian James Gao provides the first book-length re-examination of the CCP's military and political conquest of China since Kenneth Lieberthal published Revolution and Tradition in Tientsin in 1980. This reappraisal comes none too soon, since there has been a revolution in the last 24 years in the quantity and quality of primary sources available on the early years of the PRC. Recently published memoirs, newly opened government archives, and interviews with former CCP cadres all contribute to Gao's richer and more nuanced portrayal of this key period in the Chinese Communist revolution.Gao argues that the CCP's moderation in the early 1950s was not the typical cooling of utopian fervour that most revolutionaries have experienced upon seizing power. He also disagrees with scholars who have characterized the early 1950s as a sharp break from the radicalism that both preceded and followed it. Instead, Gao maintains that this period represents a strategic pause in the Chinese Communist Revolution, engineered by opportunistic Party leaders in order to consolidate their new hold on power. While this focus on the problems of regime consolidation may not be new, Gao's emphasis on the cultural aspects of this process is innovative. He argues that one of the most important facets of the Chinese Communists' consolidation of power was their effort to incorporate elements of urban elite culture into the rural revolutionary culture of the wartime base areas, and thereby transcend the limitations of their earlier political practices.
Credit Rationing, Customer Relationship and the Number of Banks: an Empirical Analysis
Authors: De Bodt Eric , Lobez Frédéric , Statnik Jean‐Christophe 
Published: March 2005

Abstract The recent important transformations of the banking sector, especially through numerous mergers and acquisitions, both in Europe and in the USA, have raised serious concerns for the financing of small businesses (SBS). Indeed, SBS are known to be heavily dependent of this financing channel but to be rather opaque. It has long been thought that banks classically solved this problem by developing long term customer relationships. But will the new large banks, born from the current restructuring process, be able to continue to play this role? If not, what strategy should SBS develop to compose their bank pool in order to avoid, as much as possible, credit rationing? These questions are at the heart of our analysis. We show that there is no unique rule: all depends on the degree of SBS opacity and the kind of bank the SBS are working with.
Are Euro Area Small Cap Stocks an Asset Class? Evidence from Mean‐Variance Spanning Tests
Authors: Petrella Giovanni 
Published: March 2005

Abstract In this paper we perform regression‐based tests for mean‐variance spanning in order to detect the effect of investing in euro area small capitalisation stocks on the minimum variance frontier, and apply different measures to assess the extent of diversification gains. Empirical analysis shows that euro area small and mid cap stocks, as classified by size quartile and quintile rankings, arise as truly autonomous asset classes. This result is robust to different methodologies used to form size‐based portfolios, and holds relative to both euro area large cap stocks and other international asset classes, US small capitalisation stocks included.
Crayfish effects on seeds and seedlings: identification and quantification of damage
Authors: ANASTÁCIO PEDRO M. , PARENTE VASCO S. , CORREIA ALEXANDRA M. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. The red‐swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is an invasive species and an important pest of wet‐seeded rice fields (Oryza sativa) in California (U.S.A.) and in Portugal. Our work quantifies rice consumption and non‐consumptive destruction and identifies the types of direct damage inflicted by crayfish.2. The following fractions were quantified in the presence and absence of crayfish and at 3 and 6 days of rice development: (1) non‐germinated seeds, (2) damaged seeds, (3) seeds not recovered, (4) intact rooted seedlings, (5) rooted damaged seedlings, (6) uprooted intact seedlings, (7) uprooted damaged seedlings.3. Coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) fragments produced during the feeding process were <2% of the material removed by crayfish.4. Damage occurred with or without uprooting of the plants, but the incidence of uprooting without consumption was low (1.4%).5. Consumption of recently developed parts of the rice plant was the main cause of damage and the observed effect was stronger on 6‐day‐old than on 3‐day‐old seedlings. Seedlings were more affected by crayfish than were seeds.6. Crayfish affected the majority of seeds and seedlings available although consumption was low: 0.015 g dry weight (DW) rice g−1 wet weight (WW) crayfish per 12 h at 3 days and 0.063 g DW rice g−1 WW crayfish per 12 h at 6 days.7. Our results are important for the mitigation of crayfish related problems in rice fields and for understanding the mechanisms of crayfish‐macrophyte interactions.
Day–night changes in the spatial distribution and habitat preferences of freshwater shrimps, Gammarus pulex, in a stony stream
Authors: ELLIOTT J. M. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. As many invertebrates are nocturnal, their spatial distribution and habitat preferences may change from day to night. Both aspects are examined for Gammarus pulex by testing the hypotheses: (i) a power function was a suitable model for the spatial distribution of the shrimps in both day and night; (ii) diurnal and nocturnal spatial distributions were significantly different; (iii) diurnal and nocturnal habitat preferences were significantly different. Five different life‐stages were treated separately. To ensure that the conclusions were consistent, large samples were taken near midday and midnight in April, June and November over 4 years at two sites about 3 km apart in a stony stream: downstream (n = 30) and upstream (n = 50).2. The first and second hypotheses were supported at both sites. A power function, relating spatial variance (s2) to mean (m), was an excellent fit in all analyses (P < 0.001, r2 > 0.91), i.e. the spatial variance was density‐dependent. All five life‐stages were aggregated in the day. At night, the degree of aggregation increased for juveniles at higher densities but decreased for juveniles at lower densities, increased for immature females and males, but decreased slightly for mature females and especially mature males, the latter being close to a random distribution. There were no significant differences between sites, in spite of the lower numbers at the downstream site.3. The third hypothesis was tested at only the upstream site and supported by comparisons between shrimp densities and 13 physical variables (distance from bank, water depth, water velocity, ten particle size‐classes), and three non‐physical variables (dry weights of bryophytes, leaf material, organic detritus). During the day, densities were strongly related to particle sizes with the following preferences: 0.5–8 mm for juveniles, 8–256 mm for the other life‐stages with a weaker relationship for males. There were no significant positive relationships with the other variables, apart from bryophytes for immature shrimps and adults. At night, densities were unrelated to particle size; juveniles and immature shrimps preferred low water velocities near the banks, often where leaf material and organic detritus accumulated, females often preferred medium water velocities slightly away from the banks, and males showed no habitat preferences.4. Day samples do not provide a complete picture of habitat preferences and probably identify refuge habitats. Day–night changes in spatial distribution and habitat preferences are an essential part of the behavioural dynamics of the shrimps and should be investigated in other species.
Effectiveness of Gene Expression Profiling for Response Prediction of Rectal Adenocarcinomas to Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Ghadimi B. Michael , Grade Marian , Difilippantonio Michael J. , Varma Sudhir , Simon Richard , Montagna Cristina , Füzesi Laszlo , Langer Claus , Becker Heinz , Liersch Torsten , Ried Thomas 
Published: March 2005

Purpose There is a wide spectrum of tumor responsiveness of rectal adenocarcinomas to preoperative chemoradiotherapy ranging from complete response to complete resistance. This study aimed to investigate whether parallel gene expression profiling of the primary tumor can contribute to stratification of patients into groups of responders or nonresponders. Patients and Methods Pretherapeutic biopsies from 30 locally advanced rectal carcinomas were analyzed for gene expression signatures using microarrays. All patients were participants of a phase III clinical trial (CAO/ARO/AIO-94, German Rectal Cancer Trial) and were randomized to receive a preoperative combined-modality therapy including fluorouracil and radiation. Class comparison was used to identify a set of genes that were differentially expressed between responders and nonresponders as measured by T level downsizing and histopathologic tumor regression grading. Results In an initial set of 23 patients, responders and nonresponders showed significantly different expression levels for 54 genes (P < .001). The ability to predict response to therapy using gene expression profiles was rigorously evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation. Tumor behavior was correctly predicted in 83% of patients (P = .02). Sensitivity (correct prediction of response) was 78%, and specificity (correct prediction of nonresponse) was 86%, with a positive and negative predictive value of 78% and 86%, respectively. Conclusion Our results suggest that pretherapeutic gene expression profiling may assist in response prediction of rectal adenocarcinomas to preoperative chemoradiotherapy. The implementation of gene expression profiles for treatment stratification and clinical management of cancer patients requires validation in large, independent studies, which are now warranted.
Risk Markers of Oral Cancer in Clinically Normal Mucosa As an Aid in Smoking Cessation Counseling
Authors: Sudbø Jon , Samuelsson Roy , Risberg Björn , Heistein Stig , Nyhus Christian , Samuelsson Margaretha , Puntervold Ruth , Sigstad Eva , Davidson Ben , Reith Albrecht , Berner Åsmund 
Published: March 2005

PurposeQuitting smoking may prevent oral cancer. Behavioral intervention to quit smoking may be more efficient if persons are assigned an individual risk of cancer.Patients and MethodsIn this prospective study, we provided counseling and behavioral intervention toward smoking cessation, supplemented by genetic analyses in clinically normal oral mucosa of heavy smokers. Measurement of serum cotinine was used to assess changes in smoking habits.ResultsIn cytologic scrapings from 275 heavy smokers with clinically normal mucosa, we found tetraploidy in four and aneuploidy in 19 persons (23 of 275; 8%). Twenty one (91%) of 23 persons with aneuploidy had quit or reduced their smoking habits at the 3-month follow-up, 20 (87%) of 23 persons had done so at 12 months, and 21 (91%) of 23 persons had done so at 24 months. Fifty-one (20%) of the 252 persons without genetic changes in their mucosa had quit or reduced their tobacco habits at the 3-month follow-up, 23 (9%) had done so at 12 months, and 17 (7%) had done so at 24 months (P < .001). After 24 months, normalization of DNA content to diploidy was observed in two of four persons with tetraploid (50%), and in 11 of 19 persons (58%) with aneuploid scrapings. One patient developed an oral carcinoma in the floor of the mouth: this patient had an aneuploid scraping obtained 43 months earlier and developed a leukoplakia 28 months before the carcinoma.ConclusionRisk markers of oral cancer are present in clinically normal mucosa of heavy smokers, and such findings enhance the adherence to smoking cessation on counseling. Cytogenetic aberrations may normalize after quitting smoking.
Are measures of hypomanic personality, impulsive nonconformity and rigidity predictors of bipolar symptoms?
Authors: Blechert Jens , Meyer Thomas D. 
Published: March 2005

Objectives. It has been suggested that temperaments such as ‘hypomanic personality’ (HYP) have an explanatory role in affective disorders. Similarly, the impulsive nonconformity scale, originally designed to assess psychosis proneness, was recently found to augment the prediction of manic episodes. Conversely, research indicates that ‘rigidity’, a central feature of Typus Melancholicus (TMEL; von Zerssen, 1996), may characterize the premorbid personality of depressives.Design. The present study combines these three scales to prospectively predict manic and depressive symptoms diagnosed 2 years later in a non‐college student population.Method. Structured clinical interviews for DSM‐IV were conducted with 114 individuals (60% female, mean age =19.9 years), 2 years after an initial screening.Results. It was found that none of the predictors predicted purely depressive symptoms. As expected, HYP emerged as the strongest predictor of (hypo‐)manic symptoms.Conclusions. While rigidity did not predict depression, people with a hypomanic temperament are at risk of developing symptoms of bipolar disorder, especially (hypo‐)manic ones. It is noteworthy that this was evident in our young sample, still in the earlier stages of the high‐risk period.
The influence of car and driver stereotypes on attributions of vehicle speed, position on the road and culpability in a road accident scenario
Authors: Davies Graham M. , Patel Darshana 
Published: March 2005

Purpose. Laymen and legal professionals frequently make decisions on the culpability of drivers involved in collisions on the basis of incomplete and inconsistent information. Could attributions based on car and driver stereotypes influence decisions on culpability?Methods. In Experiment 1, ratings were collected on the perceived on‐road aggressiveness of drivers of different age and gender, and for models and colours of motorcars driven. In Experiment 2, participants read an accident scenario involving two cars and were asked to estimate relative speed, position on the road and blame. The ages of the drivers, colours, make and model of car driven were manipulated using the aggressiveness ratings collected in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3, participants read another scenario and were again invited to allocate blame; colour, model of car and driver's age were varied systematically to establish the relative contribution of the different elements of the stereotype.Results. Combinations of colour, car and driver rated high on aggression were judged as travelling faster, being further across the road and more likely to be the cause of an accident than those rated low on these dimensions.Conclusions. Pre‐existing car and driver stereotypes have a demonstrable influence on judgments of driver behaviour from conflicting accident statements. The possible implications for the handling of accident claims and legal cases are discussed.
BOC, brother of CDO, is a dorsoventral axon‐guidance molecule in the embryonic vertebrate brain
Authors: Connor Robin M. , Allen Chelsea L. , Devine Christine A. , Claxton Christina , Key Brian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe early axon scaffolding in the embryonic vertebrate brain consists of a series of ventrally projecting axon tracts that grow into a single major longitudinal pathway connected across the midline by commissures. We have investigated the role of Brother of CDO (BOC), an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily member distantly related to the Roundabout (Robo) family of axon‐guidance receptors, in the development of this embryonic template of axon tracts in the zebrafish brain. A zebrafish homologue of BOC was isolated and shown to be expressed predominantly in the developing neural plate and later in the neural tube and developing brain. Zebrafish boc was initially highly localized to discrete bands in the mid‐ and hindbrain, but, as the major brain subdivisions emerged, it became more evenly expressed along the rostrocaudal axis, particularly in dorsal regions. The function of zebrafish boc was examined by a loss‐of‐function approach. Analysis of embryos injected with antisense morpholinos designed against boc revealed highly selective defects in the development of dorsoventrally projecting axon tracts. Loss of boc caused ventrally projecting axons, particularly those arising from the presumptive telencephalon, to follow aberrant trajectories. These data indicate that boc is an axon‐guidance molecule playing a fundamental role in pathfinding during the early patterning of the axon scaffold in the embryonic vertebrate brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:32–42, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chinese Scientists and Responsibility: Ethical Issues of Human Genetics in Chinese International Contexts. Edited by OLE DÖRING. [Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 1999. 257 pp. DM 38.00. ISBN 3-88910-227-1.]
Authors: Suttmeier Richard P. 
Published: March 2005

It has been more than 80 years since Chinese intellectuals, struggling with the complexities of “science and philosophy of life,” debated the challenges of finding the moral wisdom needed to apply new scientific knowledge in ethically responsible ways. Could a moral compass be found? Would it be discovered in Chinese culture, or would it come from the West?Advances in science and technology during the course of the 20th century have often outpaced progress in understanding “science and philosophy of life.” Nevertheless, the importance of the ethical dimensions of science and technology has increased in all countries, and there is little doubt that the new technologies of the early 21st century are already bestowing on us new moral conundrums. As advanced technologies and scientific research capabilities diffuse around the world, the ethical traditions which inform moral choice seemingly become more heterogeneous, and the need for reasoned, cross-cultural moral discourse increases. The Institut für Asienkunde in Hamburg is therefore to be congratulated for convening the “First International and Interdisciplinary Symposium on Aspects of Medical Ethics in China,” from which the 15 papers in this volume come.There is no easy way to summarize the diversity of views presented in this provocative conference report. The authors include practising scientists from China and students of bioethics from China, Malaysia, Germany and the United States. But, the theme of eugenics – especially the ways in which advances in human genetics affect our moral stance towards eugenics – link a number of the papers. The atrocities of Nazi Germany strongly condition the views of the Western authors. Reacting, perhaps, to China's 1994 Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the latter seem to be urging Chinese researchers, medical practitioners, ethicists and policymakers to take the German experience to heart – even as China embraces the promises of the new genetic technologies. Thus, historian Sheila Faith Weiss' “Prelude to the maelstrom,” an informative account of the origins of Nazi eugenics in the 19th and early 20th-century culture of German medicine, is not so subtly subtitled, “A cautionary tale for contemporary China?” The Chinese authors acknowledge this “cautionary tale,” but also speak to the ethical challenges of new genetic technologies from a tradition with its own understandings of how practical knowledge and moral purpose are related, and how individual and collective well-being are reconciled.
Resource dynamics and detritivore production in an acid stream
Authors: PRETTY JAMES L. , GIBERSON DONNA J. , DOBSON MICHAEL 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. Life history patterns and production of eight shredder‐detritivore species were studied in relation to the detritus dynamics of a small acidic stream in England. Mean annual detritus inputs (direct and lateral sources combined) were approximately 400 g m−2 year−1 and showed significant seasonal and annual variation.2. Detritus standing stock did not increase significantly during times of high input, reflecting low retention efficiency. However, the mean detritus standing stock was relatively large (108 g m−2) reflecting a slow decomposition rate typical of acid streams.3. Four species were univoltine with highly synchronous patterns of emergence and recruitment (Leuctra inermis, Leuctra hippopus, Capnia vidua and Amphinemura sulcicollis). Two species were univoltine with extended patterns of emergence and recruitment (Nemoura cinerea, Potamophylax cingulatus). Leuctra nigra was apparently semivoltine, while Protonemura meyeri showed two successive cohorts in the second year of the study, suggesting either bivoltinism or cohort splitting.3. Secondary production of the dominant shredders was 1.67 g m−2 year−1 in 1997 and 1.99 g m−2 year−1 in 1998, which is low compared with other small European streams. This was probably because of an impoverished invertebrate community and poor food quality associated with acid conditions. Food availability probably did not account for the low production as the detritus standing stock far exceeded the estimated shredder ingestion of 42–50 g m−2 year−1.4. Despite low overall shredder production, species‐specific production was high, possibly because of competitive release in this species‐poor acid stream. Periods of high production and growth showed no relationship with detritus availability but were closely related to life history.
Phytoplankton pigments and community composition in Lake Tanganyika
Authors: DESCY J.‐P. , HARDY M.‐A. , STÉNUITE S. , PIRLOT S. , LEPORCQ B. , KIMIREI I. , SEKADENDE B. , MWAITEGA S. R. , SINYENZA D. 
Published: March 2005

Summary1. A 2‐year (2002–2003) survey of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments is reported for two off‐shore stations of Lake Tanganyika, Kigoma (Tanzania) and Mpulungu (Zambia), and from three cruises between those sites. Chlorophyllaconcentrations were low (0.3–3.4 mg m−3) and average chlorophyllaintegrated through the 100 m water column were similar for both stations and years (36.4–41.3 mg m−2). Most pigments were located in the 0–60 m layer and decreased sharply downward. Chlorophylladegradation products (phaeophytins and phaeophorbides) were detected at 100 m depth, whereas carotenoids became undetectable. Temporal and seasonal variation of the vertical distribution of pigments was high.2. The biomass of phytoplankton groups was calculated from marker pigment concentrations over the 0–100 m water column using the CHEMTAX software. On average for the study period, chlorophytes dominated in the northern station, followed by cyanobacteria T1 (type 1, orSynechococcuspigment type), whereas cyanobacteria T1 dominated in the south. Cyanobacteria T2 (type 2, containing echinenone), presumably corresponding to filamentous taxa, were detected in the rainy season. Diatoms (and chrysophytes) developed better in the dry season conditions, with a deep mixed layer and increased nutrient availability. Very large variation in the vertical distribution of algal groups was observed.3. Our observations on phytoplankton composition are broadly consistent with those from previous studies. Our pigment data provide evidence for the lake‐wide importance of picocyanobacteria and high interannual variation and spatial heterogeneity of phytoplankton in Lake Tanganyika, which may render difficult assessment of long‐term changes in phytoplankton driven by climate change.