bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical study of two phosphoinositide‐linked metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1α and mGluR5) in the cat visual cortex before, during, and after the peak of the critical period for eye‐specific connections
Authors: Reid S. N. M. , Romano C. , Hughes T. , Daw N. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of two phosphoinositide‐linked metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1α and mGluR5) was studied immunohistochemically in area 17 before, during and after the peak of use‐dependent modification of eye‐specific connections. In the adult, mGluR1α immunoreactivity is high in all layers except layer IV, where mGluR5 immunoreactivity is concentrated. This difference in distribution indicates different functions for these two receptor subtypes. The laminar pattern of mGluR1α immunoreactivity is similar in all three ages, but the overall labeling intensity decreases after the peak (6 weeks of age) of the critical period. The laminar pattern of mGluR5 immunoreactivity changes with age, It is expressed in most layers at 2 days of age and is found mainly in layer IV in the adult. This laminar distribution and developmental pattern match the distribution and the development of the geniculocortical terminals. The change in mGluR1α labeling intensity and mGluR5 laminar distribution over time is consistent with both of these mGluRs being involved in sensory‐dependent plasticity for eye‐specific connections in the visual cortex.
Cortical areas within the lateral sulcus connected to cutaneous representations in areas 3b and 1: A revised interpretation of the second somatosensory area in macaque monkeys
Authors: Burton Harold , Fabri Mara , Alloway Kevin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCortical connections between various body representations in areas 3b and 1 and lateral parietal cortex were examined in 18 macaque monkeys. We injected tracers (Fast Blue, Diamidino Yellow, Horseradish Peroxidase, and Rhodamine Dextran), alone or in combination, into closely related cutaneous responsive sites, e. g., adjacent digits. Separated patches of labeling were found across the parietal operculum and insula for all injected locations. On the basis of cytoarchitectural criteria, the labeled regions include the second somatosensory area (SH), retroinsular area (Ri) and granular insula (Ig). Assuming the connections are homotopical from physiologically identified body representations in primary somatosensory cortex, the labeling patterns in SII include complete anterior and posterior body maps. The orientation of the body is erect in the posterior and supine in the anterior SII region. Area 3b has greater density of connections with anterior SIL The maps are mirror images aligned along the distal extremities. The anterior‐posterior (A‐P) length of the “SII region” exceeds 7 mm; it extends in the coronal plane from the fundus of the lateral sulcus to surface cortex near the anterior tip of the intraparietal sulcus. Two additional topographically organized maps are likely in Ri. These are “worm‐like” body maps oriented along the A‐P axis and joined at the head representation. Connections with the center of Ig are not somatotopically organized.The diversity of somatosensory areas in lateral parietal cortex revealed by the labeled connections was discussed in reference to prior mapping of SII in monkeys and was compared to reports of multiple areas in this region of cortex in other species.
Transneuronal labeling of neurons in the adult rat brainstem and spinal cord after injection of pseudorabies virus into the urethra
Authors: Vizzard Margaret A. , Erickson Vickie L. , Card J. Patrick , Roppolo James R. , de Groat William C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTransneuronal tracing techniques were used to identify sites in the central nervous system involved in the neural control of urethral function. The distribution of virus‐infected neurons was examined in the spinal cord and brainstem at various intervals (56‐96 hours) following pseudorabies virus (PRV) injection into the urethra. In the lumbosacral (L6‐Sl) spinal cord at 56 hours, neurons containing PRV immunoreactivity (PRV‐IR) were located in the region of the sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN), around the central canal, and in the dorsal commissure. Some animals also exhibited PRV‐IR in cells in the L6 dorsolateral motor nucleus. At longer survival times (72‐96 hours), PRV‐IR cells were observed in the superficial and deeper laminae of the dorsal horn, and increased numbers of PRV‐IR cells were consistently detected in the region of the SPN, around the central canal, and in the dorsal commissure. PRV‐IR fiber‐like staining also occurred along the lateral edge of the dorsal horn extending from Lissauer's tract to the region of the SPN. In rostral lumbar segments (Ll‐L2), PRV‐IR cells were located in the region of the dorsal commissure and the intermediolateral cell nucleus (IML), around the central canal, and in the dorsal horn. After 72‐84 hours, PRV‐IR cells were also noted at more rostral levels of the neuraxis including the medulla, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon. At 72 hours, PRV‐IR cells were consistently observed in Barrington's nucleus (pontine micturition center), nucleus raphe magnus (RMg), parapyramidal reticular formation, and the A5 and A7 regions. At 78–84 hours, additional regions exhibited PRV‐IR cells, including the periaqueductal gray, locus coeruleus, the dorsal and ventral subcoeruleus alpha, and the red nucleus. A few cells were also located in the lateral hypothalamic area. This distribution of PRV‐labeled cells in the spinal cord and brainstem is similar in many respects to the distribution of cells labeled in previous studies by PRV injection into the urinary bladder. This overlap of urethra and bladder neurons is consistent with the results of physiological experiments indicating a close coordination between the central nervous control of bladder and urethral activity.
Anatomical compartments in the white matter of the rabbit flocculus
Authors: Tan J. , Simpson J. I. , Voogd J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe white matter of the rabbit flocculus is subdivided into five compartments by narrow sheets of densely staining acetylcholinesterase‐positive fibers. The most lateral compartment is continuous with the C2 compartment of the paraflocculus and contains the posterior interposed nucleus. The other four compartments are numbered from lateral to medial as floccular compartments 1, 2, 3, and 4 (FC1 −4). FC1 −3 continue across the posterolateral fissure into the adjacent folium (folium p) of the ventral paraflocculus. FC4 is present only in the rostral flocculus. In the caudal flocculus FC1 and FC3 about dorsal to FC2. Fibers of FC1 −4 can be traced into the lateral cerebellar nucleus and the floccular peduncle. The presence of acetylcholinesterase in the deep stratum of the molecular layer of the flocculus and ventral paraflocculus distinguishes them from the dorsal paraflocculus. The topographical relations to the flocculus and the floccular peduncle with group y and the cerebellar nuclei are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zonal organization of the climbing fiber projection to the flocculus and nodulus of the rabbit: A combined axonal tracing and acetylcholinesterase histochemical study
Authors: Tan J. , Gerrits N. M. , Nanhoe R. , Simpson J. I. , Voogd J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe localization and termination of olivocerebellar fibers in the flocculus and nodulus of the rabbit were studied with anterograde axonal transport methods [wheatgerm agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) and tritiated leucine] and correlated with the compartments in the white matter of these lobules delineated with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry (Tan et al. J. Comp. Neurol., 1995, this issue). Olivocerebellar fibers originating from the caudal dorsal cap travel through floccular compartments FC2 and FC4 to terminate as climbing fibers in floccular zones FZII and FZIV. Fibers from the rostral dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth traverse compartments FC1 and FC3, which are interleaved with compartments FC2 and FC4, and terminate in zones FZI and FZIII. Fibers from the rostral pole of the medial accessory olive traverse the C2 compartment and terminate in the C2 zone. FZI ‐III extend into the adjoining folium (folium p) of the ventral paraflocculus. The C2 zone continues across folium p into other folia of the ventral paraflocculus and into the dorsal paraflocculus. Four compartments and five zones were distinguished in the nodulus. Medial compartment XC1 contains olivocerebellar fibers from the caudal dorsal cap and subnucleus β that terminate in the XZI zone. Olivocerebellar fibers from the rostral dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth occupy XC2 and terminate in XZII. The XC4 compartment contains fibers from both the caudal dorsal cap and from the rostral dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth. The latter terminate in a central portion of the XZIV zone. The dorsomedial cell column projects to the XZIII zone, which is present only in the dorsal part of the nodulus, The rostral, medial accessory olive projects to the XZV zone, which occupies the lateral border of the nodulus. These results confirm and extend the conclusions of Katayama and Nisimaru ([1988] Neurosci. Res. 5:424–438) on the zonal pattern in the olivo‐nodular projection in the rabbit. Additional observations were made on the presence of a lateral A zone (Buisseret‐Delmas [1988] Neurosci. Res. 5:475–493) in the hemisphere of lobules VI and VII. Retrograde labeling of the nucleo‐olivary tract of Legendre and Courville ([1987] Neuroscience 21:877–891) was observed after WGA‐HRP injections into the inferior olive including the rostral dorsal cap and the ventrolateral outgrowth. The anatomical and functional implications of these observations are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of sGnRH and cGnRH‐II in the brain of goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Kim Myung‐Hee , Oka Yoshitaka , Amano Masafumi , Kobayashi Makito , Okuzawa Koichi , Hasegawa Yoshihisa , Kawashima Seiichiro , Suzuki Yuzuru , Aida Katsumi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe immunocytochemical distribution of salmon gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (sGnRH) and chicken GnRH‐II (cGnRH‐II) neurons in the brain of goldfish was examined using respective antisera. Salmon GnRH‐immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies were localized in the area between the olfactory nerve and the olfactory bulb (the terminal nerve ganglion), the ventral telencephalon, the preoptic area, and the hypothalamus. Chicken GnRH‐II‐ir cell bodies were observed in the same areas as were those of sGnRH, although the number of cell bodies were fewer than those of sGnRH. In addition, chicken GnRH‐II‐ir cell bodies were also observed in the midbrain tegmentum where no sGnRH‐ir cell bodies were found. Both sGnRH‐ir and cGnRH‐II‐ir fibers were distributed not only in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland but also in various brain areas from the olfactory bulb to the spinal cord.The wide distribution of GnRH‐ir fibers suggests that in the goldfish, sGnRH and cGnRH‐II not only regulate gonadotropin release from the pituitary gland but also function as neuromodulators in various brain regions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure–function relationships in rat brainstem subnucleus interpolaris. XI. Effects of chronic whisker trimming from birth
Authors: Jacquin Mark F. , Rhoades Robert W. , Klein Bradley G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhisker trimming from birth reduces activity and alters receptive fields (RFs) in the barrel cortex and thalamus. To assess whether or not this reflects deprivation effects on trigeminal (V) first‐ and second‐order neurons, 59 primary afferents and 343 cells in V brainstem subnucleus interpolaris (SpVi) were studied in rats whose whiskers were trimmed daily for 6–9 weeks from birth. Deprivation did not effect brainstem somatotopy or primary afferent RFs. However, many SpVi cells had abnormal RFs and higher‐order inputs, resembling the changes caused by infraorbital nerve injury. For example, in controls, only 3% of whisker‐sensitive local circuit neurons responded to more than one whisker, whereas 35% of the deprived and 41% of the infraorbital nerve cut samples had multiwhisker RFs. Deprived rats also had higher than normal incidences of cells with split or absent RFs, RFs spanning more than one V division, intermodality convergence, and directional or high‐velocity sensitivity. Because these changes mimic those caused by nerve section, deprivation may underlie some nerve injury effects on V brainstem RF size and character.Insofar as cytochrome oxidase, anterograde labeling, and unit recordings revealed normal topography in deprived primary afferents and SpVi cells, RF changes in SpVi cells may reflect altered SpVi circuitry. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the morphology of 32 similarly deprived V primary afferents. In SpVi, deprived fibers had normal numbers of collaterals with normal shapes, transverse arbor areas, and topography. However, the total number of boutons per collateral was significantly reduced. Thus, deprivation effects on V higher‐order RFs reflect quantitative changes in V afferent terminals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motoneurons dorsolateral to the central canal innervate perineal muscles in the mongolian gerbil
Authors: Ulibarri Catherine , Popper Paul , Micevych Paul E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Mongolian gerbil provides a model in which sexually dimorphic areas in the hypothalamus are correlated with sociosexual behaviors such as scent marking and male copulatory behavior. To extend this model, investigations were conducted to determine whether sexually dimorphic areas existed in the spinal cord that could be relevant to male sexual behavior. The focus of these investigations was the perineal muscles associated with the penis. Therefore, this research identified the spinal motoneurons that innervate the bulbocavernosus, levator ani, anal sphincter, and ischiocavernosus muscles of Mongolian gerbils. The motoneuron pool that innervates the bulbocavernosus, levator ani, and anal sphincter was designated the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), as for other species of rodents. The motoneuron pool innervating the ischiocavernosus was identified as the dorsolateral nucleus, again, to be consistent with the designation for other rodents. The motoneurons of the gerbil SNB were distributed dorsolateral to the central canal in the lumbosacral transition zone of the spinal column. These motoneurons are located in the region classically defined as area X of the spinal cord. The number of SNB motoneurons was sexually dimorphic, with male gerbils having about five times as many SNB motoneurons as do female gerbils. The size of SNB motoneurons was also sexually dimorphic. The SNB motoneurons of males were 1. 5 times larger than the SNB motoneurons of females. The effects of adult castration on the male SNB were also studied. After castration, the size, but not the number, of SNB motoneurons in males was significantly decreased. This decrease was prevented by testosterone treatment. The percentage of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐immunoreactive SNB motoneurons was also affected by adult castration. The percentage of CGRP‐immunoreactive motoneurons was significantly decreased after adult castration. Again, this decrease was reversed by testosterone treatment. These findings suggest that the SNB of gerbils is sexually dimorphic and is sensitive to circulating levels of gonadal steroids. The unique placement of the SNB motoneurons suggests that an alternative laminar organizational scheme may be necessary for Mongolian gerbil. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of calcium‐binding proteins within the parallel visual pathways of a primate (Galago crassicaudatus)
Authors: Johnson J. K. , Casagrande V. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBush babies possess three distinct parallel pathways to striate cortex (V1 or area 17). The calcium‐binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) and calbindin (CB) typically show complementary regional distributions in the brain, often associated with specific aspects of functionally related groups of cells. We asked whether PV+ and CB+ immunoreactivity differentiate central visual parallel pathways in this species.Results show that PV and CB cell and neuropil staining is strongly complementary in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and is associated with separate parallel pathways. CB+ immunoreactivity is dense, but cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining is light in the paired koniocellular layers. PV+ and CO+ immunoreactivity is most dense in the parvocellular and magnocellular layers. Combined analyses of cell size, retrograde labeling, and double labeling have confirmed that all PV+ and CB+ LGN cells are geniculocortical relay cells; none was found to be σ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic. In V1, dense PV+ neuropil closely matches the expression of CO in layer 4 and in the blobs of layer 3. CB+ staining is most dense in layers 2 and 3A and is not strongly expressed within the CO interblobs. Finally, PV and CB are not found in related parallel pathway components in the LGN and V1 (e. g., in V1, CO blobs exhibit dense PV+ neuropil, yet they are targets of the small K geniculocortical relay cells that are CB+ in the LGN). Our findings support the view that three functionally distinct visual pathways project to V1 from the LGN. However, the differences in the patterns of localization of PV and CB in the LGN and in V1 suggest that these proteins may be utilized in different ways in these two visual areas. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The increase in B‐50/GAP‐43 in regenerating rat sciatic nerve occurs predominantly in unmyelinated axon shafts: A quantitative ultrastructural study
Authors: Verkade P. , Oestreicher A. B. , Verkleij A. J. , Gispen W. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe growth‐associated protein B‐50/GAP‐43 is thought to play a crucial role in axonal growth. We investigated, by quantitative immunoelectron microscopy, whether there are differences in the subcellular distribution of B‐50 in unmyelinated and myelinated axons of intact and regenerating sciatic nerves. Adult rats received an unilateral sciatic nerve crush and were euthanized 8 days later. Nerve pieces proximal from the crush site were embedded, and B‐50 was visualized by specific B‐50 antibodies and immunogold detection in ultrathin sections.The density of B‐50 at the plasma membrane of unmyelinated axon shafts was significantly increased in the ipsilateral regenerating nerve in comparison to that of the contralateral intact nerve. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the B‐50 density at the axolemma of myelinated regenerating and intact axon shafts.In the contralateral intact nerve, more B‐50 was associated with the axolemma of unmyelinated axons than with the plasma membrane of myelinated axons. The density of axoplasmic B‐50 was similar in intact unmyelinated and myelinated axon shafts, but was higher in regenerating nerve than in intact nerve. This suggests that enhanced axonal transport of B‐50 occurs during axon outgrowth.Our study demonstrates a differential subcellular distribution of B‐50 in unmyelinated and myelinated axon shafts in both the intact and regenerating sciatic nerve, indicating a differential inducible capacity for remodeling of the axon shafts. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of crustacean cardioactive peptide‐like immunoreactivity in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Groome James R. , Lehman Herman K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe localization of crustacean cardioactive peptide‐like immunoreactivity in the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus was investigated with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence microscopy. Immunoreactivity was quantified in the opisthosomal nervous system (67.7 ± 11.4 ng/g), cardiac ganglion (45.0 ± 10.3 ng/g), prosomal nervous system (28. 5 ± 6. 6 ng/g), and midgut (24.6 ± 6.7 ng/g). In the brain, immunoreactive somata were observed in ganglion cells of the central body, in the medullary group and within the ventral medial group. Clusters of immunoreactive cells were found in each of the circumesophageal, pedal ganglia, and in the opisthosomal, abdominal ganglia. In the periphery, immunoreactive varicose fibers were observed in branches of the intestinal nerves, and near longitudinal and circular muscle fibers of the midgut. Immunoreactivity was observed in the cardiac ganglion and myocardium of the neurogenic heart. Synthetic crustacean cardioactive peptide had slight excitatory effects on the cardiac rhythm at doses up to 10−6 M. This peptide had excitatory effects on the midgut at nanomolar doses. Ventral nerve cord extracts were partially purified with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. Two regions of immunoreactivity were detected, one of which coeluted with the authentic peptide. The distribution of crustacean cardioactive peptide immunoreactivity is compared with other transmitter systems in the Limulus nervous system, and myotropic actions of this peptide are discussed with respect to peptidergic modulation of intestinal motility. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal organization of the cochlear nuclei in alligator lizards: A light and electron microscopic investigation
Authors: Szpir Michael R. , Wright Debora D. , Ryugo David K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe organization of neurons and fibers in the cochlear nuclei of the alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus) was examined with light and electron microscopy. In this species, much is known about the anatomy and physiology of the inner ear including the cochlear nerve, but little is known about the synaptic connections of cochlear fibers on second‐order neurons. These data will help to develop general principles addressing the cellular organization of the vertebrate auditory system.Subdivisions of the cochlear nuclei were defined on the basis of their histologic appearance and neuronal composition. Neuron classes were proposed from their light microscopic and ultrastructural features. Nucleus magnocellularis medialis consists of a homogeneous population of neurons called “lesser ovoid” cells. Nucleus magnocellularis lateralis consists of “greater ovoid” and “small” cells. Nucleus angularis lateralis consists of “spindle” cells. Lastly, nucleus angularis medialis contains a population of large neurons called “duckhead” and “multipolar” cells, and a population of smaller neurons called “bulb” and “agranular” cells.These neuron populations are differentially innervated by tectorial and free‐standing cochlear fibers that are associated with separate frequency ranges. All neuronal populations except agranular cells were observed to receive synaptic input from cochlear nerve fibers. In nucleus magnocellularis medialis and nucleus angularis medialis, primary afferents form both chemical and electrical synapses with resident neurons. These observations imply that acoustic information is synaptically processed in fundamentally distinct ways in the cochlear nuclei of alligator lizards and distributed along separate neural circuits. Thus, the characteristic structural and functional dichotomy of the alligator lizard inner ear is extended to central auditory pathways by way of cochlear nerve projections. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.