bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferences of Women Evaluating Risks of Tamoxifen (POWER) study of preferences for tamoxifen for breast cancer risk reduction
Authors: Melnikow Joy , Paterniti Debora , Azari Rahman , Kuenneth Christina , Birch Stephen , Kuppermann Miriam , Nuovo James , Keyzer Janet , Henderson Stuart 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to understand the attitudes and preferences of risk‐eligible women regarding use of tamoxifen for breast cancer risk reduction.METHODSA cross‐sectional, mixed‐methods interview study was conducted at a university medical center and at community sites. Participants were women who had an estimated 5‐year breast cancer risk ≥ 1.7% and no prior breast cancer. Interviews were conducted in English or Spanish. The interview included a 15‐minute, standardized educational session on the potential benefits and harms of tamoxifen followed by close‐ended and open‐ended questions about participants' inclinations to take tamoxifen and factors important to their decision. A demographic questionnaire, a test on knowledge of potential benefits and harms of tamoxifen, and an interview evaluation were included.RESULTSTwo hundred fifty‐five women completed interviews. Their estimated mean 5‐year breast cancer risk was 2.8%; and their mean self‐perceived 5‐year risk was 32.7%. After the educational intervention, 45 women (17.6%) were inclined to take tamoxifen. Very high risk women (> 3.5%) were no more inclined to take it than women with lower risk (1.7–3.5%). In a multivariable analysis, lower income, confidence in the effectiveness of tamoxifen, and concern about fractures were associated with being inclined to take it; concern about pulmonary embolism, dyspareunia, cataracts, and low self‐perceived breast cancer risk were associated negatively with taking tamoxifen. Participants expressed concerns about adverse effects.CONCLUSIONSLess than 20% of women were interested in tamoxifen after education about potential benefits and harms, despite a very high self‐perceived breast cancer risk. Candidate chemoprevention agents must have few potential adverse effects to achieve widespread acceptance. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Morris Christopher G. , Amdur Robert J. , Werning John W. , Villaret Douglas B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDTreatment outcomes were analyzed for retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma.METHODSBetween June 1966 and August 2003, 99 patients were treated with radiotherapy alone (35 patients) or radiotherapy combined with surgery (64 patients). Followup ranged from 0.2 to 23.8 years (median, 3.3 yrs). All living patients had followup for at least 1 year.RESULTSThe 5‐year local–regional control rates after definitive radiotherapy versus surgery and radiotherapy were as follows: Stages I–III, 51% and 87%; Stage IV, 42% and 62%; and overall, 48% and 71%, respectively. The 5‐year cause‐specific survival rates after definitive radiotherapy compared with surgery and radiotherapy were as follows: Stages I–III, 56% and 83%; Stage IV, 50% and 61%; and overall, 52% and 69%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that the likelihood of cure was better with surgery and radiotherapy compared with definitive radiotherapy.CONCLUSIONSThe likelihood of cure after treatment for retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma was influenced by the extent of disease and treatment. Patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy had a better outcome than those treated with radiotherapy alone. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Flow cytometric quantitative determination of ingestion by phagocytes needs the distinguishing of overlapping populations of binding and ingesting cells
Authors: Nuutila Jari , Lilius Esa‐Matti 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe use of flow cytometry with fluorescently labeled particles provides the means to examine quantitatively the phagocytotic capacity of an individual phagocyte. This report describes an improved flow cytometric method of analysis for kinetic measurement of phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–labeled zymosan particles by human leukocytes.MethodsFITC‐labeled zymosan was incubated with leukocyte suspension, and at selected time intervals fluorescence positive neutrophils were divided by phagocytotic gates into three subpopulations: neutrophils that were neither binding nor ingesting particles, neutrophils that were only binding particles (binding cells), and neutrophils that were binding and ingesting particles (ingesting cells). For the distinction between internalized and surface‐bound FITC‐labeled zymosan, trypan blue (1.2 mg/ml) was used to quench surface‐bound fluorescence.ResultsThe technical challenges related to settings of phagocytotic gates and derivation of phagocytotic equations were presented. From 28 control samples, numerical values of mean fluorescence intensities and percentages of phagocytotic subpopulations inside phagocytotic gates before and after quenching were inserted into phagocytotic equations and corrected phagocytotic parameters were calculated. Calculated parameters were surprisingly constant across individuals.ConclusionsEssential elements of the present method appeared to be partial quenching of extracellular fluorescence with trypan blue and distinguishing between overlapping populations of binding and ingesting cells. Corrections using derived phagocytotic equations proved necessary for accurate kinetic phagocytotic measurements. Corrections were less necessary when the ingestion process was finished. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistent oligoclonal CD4dimCD8+T cells in peripheral blood
Authors: Lambert Claude , Iobagiu Cristina , Genin Christian 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundRoutine CD4/CD8 T‐cell phenotyping may shows a small fraction of CD4dimCD8+ T cells with a homogeneous appearance as described for lymphoproliferative syndromes or chronic infections. The aim of this study was to elucidate the significance of CD4dimCD8+ T cells and their degree of diversity.MethodsPhenotyping was performed in 272 samples from healthy donors, elderly patients, and immunocompromised (human immunodeficiency virus or renal transplantation) patients.ResultsThe CD4dimCD8+ T cells had decreased fluorescence intensity for CD4 but not for CD8. The frequency of patients with CD4dimCD8+ T cells (>20 cells/μl; 10.3% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus and 7.7% with renal transplantation) was not significantly different when compared with healthy donors (9.7%). The CD4dimCD8+ T cells did not express the activation marker CD69. The CD8 of CD4dimCD8+ T cells expressed the heterodimeric (β) isoform. In 13 of 26 samples, the apparently highly homogeneous CD4dimCD8+ T cells expressed one predominant T‐cell receptor Vβ clonotype. These predominant clonotypes were widely distributed among patients: Vβ 5.2, 17, 2, 3, 5.1, 13.1, 14, and 20.ConclusionsWhether these findings demonstrate an oligoclonal reaction to chronic inflammation or an emerging lymphoproliferative disorder must be elucidated in a long‐term longitudinal study. By analogy to monoclonal gammopathy, we propose to name this phenomenon “oligoclonal clonopathy of undetermined significance.” © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stabilization of Organometallic Species Achieved by the Use of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligands
Authors: Scott Natalie M. , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis review describes the stabilization of various coordinatively unsaturated metal centers through the incorporation of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands. Such species are more thermally stable compared to the more ubiquitous tertiary phosphane systems. Although NHCs can be considered as phosphane mimics it has become apparent that there are substantial differences between the two ligand families. In general, NHC ligands are much more electron‐donating and sterically demanding than bulky phosphane ligands. We also discuss the various thermochemical and infrared studies of metal carbene species that have provided insight into NHC ligands properties, and at last allowed meaningful comparison to tertiary phosphane ligands. While NHCs are generally viewed as strong binding low reactive ligands, in some instances they have been found to be not so innocent and can undergo facile intramolecular C–H activation as well as abnormal ligand binding [C‐5(4) vs. C‐2]. Here we highlight such reactions with late‐transition metal centers that have allowed the isolation of various unsaturated LTM species. These have so far eluded isolation in analogous phosphane‐based systems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Capillary electrophoresis‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry: A report on technical principles and problem solutions, potential, and limitations of this technology as well as on examples of application
Authors: Michalke Bernhard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper summarizes some basic principles of capillary electrophoresis (CE), inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), and coupling of both devices. Especially the interfacing is described in detail. A special focus is drawn to various interface developments reported in literature and technical problems, i.e., requirements to the interface setup and respective solutions. Nowadays, typically sheath flow‐based interfaces are used. The sheath flow fulfills two requirements of hyphenation, (i) the closing of the electrical circuit of CE and (ii) the feeding of the used nebulizer with an adequate flow rate. In the beginning of CE‐ICP‐MS coupling predominantly home‐made interface‐nebulizer constructions were developed and tested for various speciation problems. Now increasingly such laboratory‐constructed interfaces are left. Mostly commercial nebulizers are employed being combined with commercially available tee or cross fittings to connect the CE capillary to the electrode, the additional sheath flow, and the nebulizer. Due to the low sample amounts and low flow rates from CE, such nebulizers are typically low‐flow nebulizers like, e.g., the microconcentric nebulizer (MCN) and the direct injection nebulizer (DIN). However, there are also reports on couplings using standard Meinhard systems. Still the control and reduction of a siphoning sucting flow and sufficient detection limits are the major problems in hyphenating CE to ICP‐MS. Different solutions are reported on these problems and summarized here. Finally numerous applications are reported. Mostly, applications are performed on speciation of selenium, arsenic, metallothionein isoforms, mercury, or cobalt.
Adaptive performance improvement of switched reluctance motor with two‐phase excitation
Authors: Faiz Jawad , Rezaeealam B. , Pillay P. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical model of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) with two phases simultaneously excited and a short flux path in the magnetic circuit of the motor, including the saturation effect. The aim is to improve transient operation and to reduce the torque ripples of the motor. To this end, an adaptive mechanism is introduced for the desirable torque estimation that tends the speed error to zero; a proper current profile is then determined in order to guarantee the convergence of the motor's torque to the desirable estimated value. The recommended technique does not require the precise knowledge of the parameters of the motor such as mutual effect of adjacent phases. It is shown that the application of this technique leads to a better transient operation of motor compared to other available techniques. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical role of tissue and serum levels of SCCA antigen in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Giannelli Gianluigi , Marinosci Felice , Sgarra Concetta , Lupo Luigi , Dentico Pietro , Antonaci Salvatore 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most frequent cancer in the world and a common occurrence in patients with liver cirrhosis in western and North American countries. Ultrasound screening is a powerful technique for HCC diagnosis, whereas the only available serologic test, alpha‐fetoprotein, has poor reliability. It has been reported that the squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is overexpressed in HCC tissue. In our study, the expression of SCCA was investigated in tumoral and peritumoral tissues and in the serum of 52 HCC patients, as well as in the serum of 48 cirrhotic patients. The results show that SCCA expression is much stronger in the tumoral than in the peritumoral tissue of HCC. Moreover, it is also evident in metastatic nodules present in the peritumoral tissue. SCCA serum levels were significantly higher in HCC samples than in cirrhotic samples. However, no correlation was found between SCCA expression and the HCC histologic degree, nor did SCCA expression correlate with tumor size, presence of metastasis or clinical outcome. In conclusion, in HCC patients, the SCCA antigen could represent a useful marker for the detection of micro‐metastasis in the tissues and for large‐scale screening of serum in patients at risk. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of loss of p53 and p16 function on life span and survival of human urothelial cells
Authors: Shaw Nicola J. , Georgopoulos Nikolaos T. , Southgate Jennifer , Trejdosiewicz Ludwik K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHuman urothelial cell carcinoma evolves via the accumulation of numerous genetic alterations, with loss of p53 and p16 function representing important stages in the development of superficial lesions and their progression to malignant disease. To investigate the effects of disabling either or both proteins in otherwise normal human urothelial cells, we performed retroviral transductions with a dominant negative p53 miniprotein and/or mutant cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 (CDK4R24C) in 3 independent cell lines. Although cells with disabled p53 function showed a higher proliferation rate, inactivation of neither p53 nor p16 function resulted in any extension of life span and the double‐transductants failed to flourish, demonstrating that further genetic alterations are required to attain an immortalised phenotype. However, CDK4R24C transductants showed a marked increase in apoptotic susceptibility to membrane‐presented CD40 ligand, being intermediate between normal cells (nonsusceptible) and transformed cells (highly susceptible). By contrast, loss of p53 function alone only slightly increased the apoptotic susceptibility of urothelial cells. These results demonstrate that loss of p16 function, while insufficient to immortalise urothelial cells, nevertheless renders the cells more vulnerable to apoptosis induced by CD40 ligation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of guanylyl cyclase C, the receptor for Escherichia coli heat‐stable enterotoxin, results in reduced polyp formation and increased apoptosis in the multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mouse model
Authors: Mann Elizabeth A. , Steinbrecher Kris A. , Stroup Carmen , Witte David P. , Cohen Mitchell B. , Giannella Ralph A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGuanylyl cyclase C (GC‐C), a transmembrane receptor for bacterial heat‐stable enterotoxin and the mammalian peptides guanylin and uroguanylin, mediates intestinal ion secretion and affects intestinal cell growth via cyclic GMP signaling. In intestinal tumors, GC‐C expression is maintained while guanylin and uroguanylin expression is lost, suggesting a role for GC‐C activation in tumor formation or growth. We show by in situ hybridization that GC‐C expression is retained in adenomas from multiple intestinal neoplasia (ApcMin/+) mice. In order to determine the in vivo role of GC‐C in intestinal tumorigenesis, we generated ApcMin/+ mice homozygous for a targeted deletion of the gene encoding GC‐C and hypothesized that these mice would have increased tumor multiplicity and size compared to wild‐type ApcMin/+ mice on the same genetic background. In contrast, the absence of GC‐C resulted in a reduction of median polyp number by 55%. There was no change in the median diameter of polyps, suggesting no effect on tumor growth. Somatic loss of the wild‐type Apc allele, an initiating event in intestinal tumorigenesis, also occurred in polyps from GC‐C‐deficient ApcMin/+ mice. We have found increased levels of apoptosis as well as increased caspase‐3 and caspase‐7 gene expression in the intestines of GC‐C‐deficient ApcMin/+ mice compared with ApcMin/+ mice. We propose that these alterations are a possible compensatory mechanism by which loss of GC‐C signaling also affects tumorigenesis. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum chemical modeling of the reduction of cis‐diammineplatinum(IV) tetrachloride [Pt(NH3)2Cl4] by methyl thiolate anion
Authors: Dobrogorskaia–Méreau Ia. I. , Nemukhin A. V. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe present here both an ab initio and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) study of the cis‐[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] complex reduction by methyl thiolate anion, SCH, which is used as a model of glutathione. Geometry and electronic structure of cis‐[Pt(NH3)2Cl4] are determined without and in aqueous medium. The mechanism of the reaction of reduction is characterized. The calculated activation energy of the reaction compares remarkably well with the experimental value. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 865–870, 2005
Molecular genetics and structure of the human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Gonda Matthew A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA novel human lymphotropic virus capable of crippling the immune system by infecting and destroying T4 antigen‐positive cells is now known to be the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The AIDS or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) belongs to a family of RNA viruses called retroviruses. Several strains of HIV have been molecularly cloned, and DNA sequence comparisons have established that the proviral DNA genome is 9.7 kilobase pairs. The genome possesses characteristic retrovirus features including structural genes, flanked by long terminal repeats, in the order gag, pol, and env and, in addition, four unique nonstructural genes, several of which appear to be essential in regulating virus replication. Electron microscopy has played an important role in elucidating structural, genetic, and molecular properties of HIV and has aided in its classification as a member of the Lentivirnae retrovirus subfamily. Heteroduplex mapping methodologies pertinent to these findings are described. Although the relationships show considerable divergence, the similarities between HIV and lentiviruses are profound and encompass an indistinguishable morphology, genome sequence homology and topography, genomic diversity, and overlapping biology, including a preference for infecting cells of the immune system, a cytopathic effect in vitro, and the ability to produce a persistent, slowly progressing, degenerative disease in vivo. The newest HIV class (HIV‐2) has recently been molecularly characterized. HIV‐2 also bears all the hallmarks of a lentivirus but is more closely related to simian immunodeficiency viruses than the previously described HIV‐1, despite a similar biology. The HIV‐lentivirus phylogenetic relationship has broad implications for the AIDS disease process and has given new importance to the study of the natural history and pathogenesis of animal lentiviruses in searching for clues to prevent the spread of AIDS.
Malignancies in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Authors: Tucker J. Allan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMalignancies frequently arise in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including those patients classified as having the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Currently, Kaposi's sarcoma and certain types of lymphoma are considered to develop as a result of HIV infection, and other cancers have also been reported in these patients. For the most part, ultrastructural study of HIV‐associated malignancies has been limited to Kaposi's sarcoma; the ultrastructural features of the epidemic form of this disease are generally the same as those of the classical form. The occurrence of these cancers in HIV‐infected individuals appears to be related to the immunodeficiency caused by this virus, but the basic etiologic mechanisms remain unknown. In general, only palliative treatments are presently available for HIV‐associated malignancies.
Dynamic focussing for recording images from tilted samples in small‐spot scanning with a transmission electron microscope
Authors: Zemlin F. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFor three‐dimensional electron microscopical structure research the specimen must be imaged in a tilted position. Specimen tilt is also often needed to achieve an optimal molecular packing orientation. The tilt with respect to the optical axis causes a defocus gradient alongside the imaged area and thus entails the following complications: (1) The phase‐contrast transfer function fades for strong defocus; (2) the Fourier coefficients are split; and (3) the signal‐to‐noise ratio cannot be enhanced by simple averaging. An image procedure with small‐spot scanning and simultaneous defocus compensation is proposed which helps to reduce these problems.
Electron diffraction and diffraction contrast imaging of thin organic films
Authors: Hui Sek‐wen 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe applications of electron diffraction and diffraction contrast electron microscopy with which to study the structure and dynamics of organic thin films are discussed. The techniques of making thin film deposits on substrates and of forming free‐standing thin films over holes on the substrate are described. Selected area electron diffraction and diffraction contrast imaging techniques for thin film studies are elaborated, and examples are given. Methods to reduce radiation damage and environmental protection of the thin film specimen are outlined.The interpretation of electron diffraction and imaging data is given for three cases: (1) The effects of film tilting and molecular tilting (with respect to the film plane) are examined. (2) The detection of phase transition is illustrated. (3) The use of labels to mark film domains is shown together with the measurement of dynamic movement.
High‐resolution imaging of organic crystals
Authors: Fryer J. R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe history of high‐resolution imaging of organic crystals is summarized, followed by a discussion of radiation damage which reflects current thinking. Methods of specimen preparation and the experimental techniques for high‐resolution imaging are described. The results show the application of these techniques to aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalocyanines, and linear‐chain aliphatic molecules. Artefacts and image interpretation are also discussed.
Direct observation of molecular images of lanthanide phthalocyanines: III. Structural defects
Authors: Zhang W. P. , Kuo K. H. , Dorset D. L. , Hou Y. F. , Ni J. Z. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe crystal imperfections in thin films of lanthanide phthalocyanines (LnPc2H, Ln = Nd, Tb, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) grown epitaxially on KCl have been ovserved by molecular imaging. Grain and twin boundaries, stacking faults, point defects, vacancies, mosaic structures, and sometimes even some amorphous islands exist in the well‐crystallized specimens. Combined with the results reported earlier, the packing characteristics of planar LnPc2H molecules can be well understood.