bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Sources And Radiation
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. When a surface vibrates in a fluid, acoustic waves are generated. The simplest case to consider is that of a sphere of radius a pulsating in volume at frequency m. The wave number k = role in the combination ka is the appropriate general parameter to describe the behavior. Ifka &lt; 1 the sphere is a very inefficient radiator of sound, but it improves in efficiency as the square of the frequency until ka = 2. Above this frequency the efficiency, measured as radiated power per unit area for given surface velocity, is constant. This behavior can be expressed in terms of an acoustic radiation impedance, and in particular its real part, the acoustic radiation resistance, as illustrated in Fig. 7.1. For a given volume flow generated by the source, the radiated acoustic power is proportional to radiation resistance. A small spherical source isoften areasonable model for a more complex small radiator.
The Inner Ear
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. The basic mechanical problem of the transduction organ is the achievement of frequency selectivity, so that some sort of spectral analysis of the acoustic signal can be made. At low frequencies, the firing of transducer cells is statistically synchronized with the exciting signal, so that the frequency analysis can be made at a higher neural level. At high frequencies there is no synchronization and neural impulses are correlated simply with signal intensity. If the individual transducer cells have mechanical resonant properties of their own, then they can form a series of secondary resonators in cascade with the resonance of the tympanum, as shown in a mechanical analog in Fig. 12.1. This results in an increase in frequency selectivity only if the mass of the transducer cells is small in relation to that of the primary resonator, otherwise a double-humped response curve is produced. The fraction of incident energy transferred to the transducer cell is then small.
Signals, Noise, And Information
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. By a result known as Fourier’s theorem, any repetitive waveform with frequency f can be represented as the sum of a series of simple sinusoidal waves with frequencies nf where n = 1, 2, 3, These components are called the harmonics of the fundamental/. This is illustrated in Fig. 15.1, from which it is clear that the first few harmonics define the general shape of the wave, while higher harmonics are associated with sharp changes in slope. The amplitudes of the harmonics define the frequency spectrum of the original wave. A few examples are shown in Fig. 15.2, which also illustrates the fact that the amplitude of the harmonics generally declines steadily with increasing frequency.
Richard II and the Wilton Diptych
Authors: Wood Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although art historians have long admired the Wilton Diptych, universe sally praising it as a masterpiece of medieval art, until recently they displayed no such confidence when discussing its date, provenance, or specific meaning. Now, however, a large measure of agreement has emerged, a general consensus best expressed in the statement of the owner, London’s National Gallery, that “the Diptych cannot have been painted earlier than about 1395”; that it is somewhat ambiguously to be classified as belonging to the “French(?) School”; and that “Richard II may have commissioned it.”1 Disagreements on overall interpretation remain, but insofar as Richard is deemed to have been its probable patron, selecting himself as its principal subject, a better understanding of its themes may well lead to deeper insights into the views of that troubled monarch not just about himself, but about what he thought kingship should be. In a sense, then, the Wilton Diptych has evidentiary value not unlike that possessed by Louis IX’s Mise of Amiens and Edward I’s Confirmation of the Charters.
Origins of Southern Radicalism
Authors: Ford Lacy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sixty years before the American Civil War, the South Carolina Upcountry evolved from an isolated subsistence region that served as a stronghold of Jeffersonian Republicanism into a mature cotton-producing region with a burgeoning commercial sector that served as a hotbed of Southern radicalism. This groundbreaking study examines this startling evolution, tracing the growth, logic, and strategy of pro-slavery radicalism and the circumstances and values of white society and politics to analyze why the white majority of the Old South ultimately supported the secession movement that led to bloody civil war.
Planters and Plain Folk
Authors: Ford Lacy K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1850, the Southern cotton culture had spread from the eastern cotton belt, which included the South Carolina Upcountry, southwest into Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and to the Texas border. The gray sandy and red clay loam soils of the South Carolina Piedmont were no longer the South’s most fertile cotton lands, but the Upcountry still produced about 5 percent of the South’s cotton-more than North Carolina, Florida, and Texas combined and as much as the entire state of Louisiana. Despite having lost pride of place in the cotton economy to the newer growing regions of Alabama and Mississippi, the Upcountry remained an integral part of the cotton South. Moreover, throughout the antebellum era, the South Carolina Upcountry occupied something of a middle ground between plantation black-belt and family-farm hill country. As a general rule, the expansion of cotton culture transformed the small-farm backcountry of one generation into the plantation-dominated black-belt of the next. Parts of the South Carolina Upcountry evolved in precisely this fashion. The gradual, almost systematic, expansion of cotton production between 1800 and 1850 turned back-country districts where the population was over 80 percent white in 1800 into plantation districts which were well over 50 percent black a half-century later. But the expansion of plantation agriculture into the Upcountry proceeded unevenly and failed altogether in some places; thus the Upcountry remained in perpetual transition, no longer truly backcountry but never entirely a plantation region.
Social Profiles
Authors: Rocke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say that sodomy was a social as much as a sexual fact in Florence is, in a sense, to state the obvious. With as many as 15,000 individuals incriminated and 2,500 convictions for homosexual acts in little more than the last forty years of the fifteenth century, sodomy was no “deviant” behavior of a distinct sexual minority but a common part of male experience that had widespread social ramifications. The significance of sodomy lies not only in these impressive numbers, however. The hierarchical configuration of pederasty, for example, with its rigid code of sexual comportment, itself embodied and expressed social divisions and rank. As David Herlihy first proposed, moreover, the very social structure of Florence, with its late age of marriage for males of around thirty or thirty-one, a large proportion of men who never married, and the resulting profusion of footloose, profligate bachelors—those merrily singing about doing the euphemistic “born, ba, ba”—probably helped create favorable conditions in which sodomy and other unauthorized sexual activities flourished. Certain social dimensions of sodomy, real or perceived, also influenced the apparatus for policing it, as in 1459 when fines were reduced in response to the alleged ubiquity of the practice among craftsmen and the poor, or again in the early sixteenth century when penalties were scaled by age to the advantage of youths. As precise a definition as possible of the social composition of males incriminated for sodomy, then, should contribute to a better understanding of the nature and organization of homosexual activity and illuminate social tendencies and prejudices in its control.
Judgment and Aftermath
Authors: Mielke Alexander Mitscherlich Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Military Tribunal I was established on 25 October 1946 under General Orders No. 68 issued by command of the United States Military Government for Germany. It was the first of several military tribunals constituted in the United States Zone of Occupation pursuant to Military Government Ordinance No. 7, for the trial of offenses recognized as crimes by Law No. 10 of the Control Council for Germany.
The Doctors’ Trial and Analogies to the Holocaust in Contemporary Bioethical Debates
Authors: Caplan Arthur L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relevance of the Holocaust for contemporary bioethics? It defies credibility that those in bioethics have spent so little time trying to answer this question. This is not simply because crimes on a staggering scale were committed in the name of public health by doctors and nurses. The tone and tenor of current debates concerning moral choices in biomedicine give this question particular urgency. References and analogies to the Holocaust, to Nazi Germany, and to the crimes of German medicine abound in contemporary discussions of bioethical subjects. Yet many who are quick either to invoke the Holocaust or to deny its relevance to contemporary events do so with an inadequate understanding of what Nazi doctors and scientists actually did and why.
Madina: Sultan and Prophet
Authors: Marmon Shaun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sultan who first placed the eunuchs within the walls of the great mosque of Madina changed the ceremonial topography of the sanctuary. The tomb of the Prophet became a royal household. Just as a corps of eunuchs, themselves symbols of royal authority, controlled access to the sultan and to his family, the eunuchs of the sanctuary would guard the chamber that was both the Prophet’s tomb and, in his lifetime, the most intimate area of his household, the residence of his favorite wife.
More Exalted Than the Service of Kings
Authors: Marmon Shaun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Friday morning in the late thirteenth century, the Egyptian jurist and renowned Sunni preacher Sirāj al-Dīo al-Ansārī reluctantly ascended the carved wooden pulpit of the Prophet’s mosque in Madina. He had scarcely finished the opening lines of the ritual Friday sermon when the Shi’i members of the congregation began to stone him with handfuls of pebbles from the gravel-strewn courtyard of the mosque. At this point the eunuchs of the Prophet, with their entire household retinues drawn up behind them, rose en masse, moved to the front of the mosque, and calmly seated themselves between the preacher and the crowd.
The Achaete-Scute Complex: ac, sc, Isc, ase
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The achaete-scute complex is proximal to yellow (y) in a 90 kb segment that includes eight or nine transcription units; the units have been designated Tl through 79 (T6 corresponds to y) (Fig. 1.1). Four of these are thought to be responsible for the ac-sc genetic function, the scute family. Within the sc family the following correspondence has been suggested: T5 = ac; T4 = sc; 73 = Isc and T8 = ase. Each of these four genes is transcribed toward the centromere. (Campuzano et al. 1985; Villares and Cabrera 1987; Alonso and Cabrera 1988; Gonzalez et al. 1989, and references therein; see Ghysen and Dambly-Chaudiere 1988 for a review).
The Actin Genes: Act5C, Act42A, Act57B, Act79B, Act87E, Act88F
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is great similarity between Drosophila and mammalian actin amino acid sequences. Vertebrates have two distinct families of actins, one family as cytoplasmic filaments and the other occurring in muscle fibers. All Drosophila actins are more similar to vertebrate cytoskeletal actins than to muscle actins, but ActSC and Act42A are especially so (Fig. 2.1) (Fyrberg et al. 1981; Sanchez et al. 1983).
Alcohol Dehydrogenase: Adh, Adh-dup
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADH is a homodimer with subunits of 27.4 kD; the polypeptide is 255 amino acids long with Acetyl-Ser at the amino terminus. There are two common allozymes, Slow (S) and Fast (F), that differ in electrophoretic mobility due to a threonine/lysine substitution at position 192. Unlike the ADH of other species, Drosophila ADH does not use Zn+ + as a cofactor. Amino acid sequence comparisons reveal significant differences between Drosophila ADH on one hand and ADH from yeast or horse liver on the other (the latter two being quite similar); these observations suggest that the Drosophila protein is not homologous to other ADHs (Thatcher 1980; Benyajati et al. 1981). Rather, sequence comparisons show similarities between Drosophila ADH and Klebsiella ribitol dehydrogenase (Jornvall et al. 1981). The evolution of ADH in the genus Drosophila has been discussed by Sullivan et al. (1990).
Cuticle Protein Genes: Lcpl, Lcp2, Lcp3, Lcp4, Pep, Edg78E, Edg84A, Edg9La
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of the cutin family. These are four of the five major protein components of the third-instar larval procuticle (the main layer of the cuticle) (Fristrom et al. 1978; Silvert et al. 1984). These proteins bind chitin and can be solubilized from untanned cuticles with 7 M urea; upon tanning of the cuticle, they become cross-linked and insoluble. The solubilized (untanned) proteins have an apparent Mr of 8-20 kD. The only detectable modification of these proteins is the excision from each of them of the first 16 amino acids, the signal peptide; the resulting N-terminus is unmodified. Direct amino acid sequencing of 50-75% of the residues confirmed the sequence predicted from nucleic acids data (Fristrom et al. 1978; Snyder et al. 1982; Silvert et al. 1984).
knirps and Related Genes: kni, knrl, egon
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this superfamily of proteins, the region extending from Cys-5 to Arg-81 is conserved, with 20 amino acids being identical in all of the related proteins and 40 others common to several of them (kni Sequence). In the km-group proteins, as in other proteins in the superfamily, the conserved region is divided into two putative finger domains: one with four Cys (C4) and one with five (C5) (Evans 1988; Evans and Hollenberg 1988; Nauber et al. 1988; Harrison 1991). The three proteins encoded by the kni-group genes are more than 80% identical in the finger regions and identical for a group of 19 amino acids adjacent to the fingers (KNI box), but they are completely divergent in other regions, kni and knrl have several segments of short repeats (Fig. 20.1) (Rothe et al. 1989).
Krüppel: Kr
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The protein sequence can be divided into three regions. Two of the regions, the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal segments (221 and 108 amino acids, respectively) are &gt;30% Ala, Ser, and Pro. The third region, at the middle of the protein, is made up of four and a half repeats of a 28-amino-acid segment; these segments have the characteristics of C2H2 Zn-fingers. A potential glycosylation site is found near the C-terminus. Short segments near the N-terminus show similarities with the hunchback (hb) protein (Rosenberg et al. 1986; Evans and Hollenberg 1988; Harrison 1991).
Ovarian Tumor: Otu
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OTU proteins are localized in ovaries. The 104 kD form predominates in pupal stages when advanced stages of oocyte maturation are absent. The 98 kD form is the more abundant one in adult females, when most of the ovarian mass comprises egg chambers at more advanced stages (G. L. Sass and L. L. Searles, personal communication).
Salivary Gland Secretion Protein Genes: Sgs3, Sgs5, Sgs7, Sgs8
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genes for seven proteins have been identified, SGS1 and SGS3-8. Proteins are numbered in order of increasing electrophoretic mobility except for SGS6 which is slightly slower than SGS3 (Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981). Partial sequences for SGS3, SGS7 and SGS8 confirmed the primary structure derived from nucleotide sequences and the existence of a 23-amino-acid signal peptide (Fig. 27.1) (Crowley et al. 1983). These proteins attach larvae to a solid substratum prior to pupariation. Cys residues and glycosylation appear to play a role in the function of SGS.
Size Variations Among the Elements that Constitute the Genes of Drosophila (Leader, coding region 3’ Untranslated Region, Exons, Introns)
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion in this chapter centers around two questions: (1) what are the size ranges of the various elements that constitute a functional gene? And (2) is there a correlation between the size of one element and the size of another. The data analyzed in this chapter are derived from 73 of the genes presented in Part I. Because 12 of those 73 genes have multiple transcripts, they encompass a total of 87 transcripts. Two partly overlapping datasets can be examined: Dataset A includes all 87 transcripts, but elements shared by different transcripts of the same gene are considered only once. For example, if two transcripts of a gene differ only with respect to the poly (A) site, both 3’ untranslated regions (3’ UTR) are included in the analysis, but the leader is counted only once, since it is the same for both transcripts. Dataset B includes only one representative from each family of related genes or from the group of multiple transcripts of a given gene. In this case the sample is reduced to 40 “unrelated” transcripts. The size of a few elements were found to be outside the expected size range suggested by statistical analyses and so were excluded from the analysis. These elements are the 3’ UTR ofbsg25D II and the leader, 3’ UTR and introns of Ubx.
Variability in the Patterns of Agonistic Behavior of Preschool Children
Authors: Lauer Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioral plasticity is a basic part of the primate adaptation. This quality is one of the reasons that our order has been so successful. Primate aggressive behaviors are among those that follow a flexible pattern varying through time and space in individuals and in populations. Aggression has been defined as ‘“behavior directed toward causing physical injury to another individual,’ or sometimes ‘behavior where the goal is physical injury to another individual”‘ (Fedigan 1982:72). Knowing what is the intent or goal of an animal, however, can be impossible. Wilson has said (as noted in Chapter 1, this volume) aggression is “a physical act or threat of action by one individual that reduces the freedom or genetic fitness of another” (Wilson 1975:577). This, too, is problematic since, except in extreme instances, measuring a reduction of freedom or of fitness is difficult. Because of these problems the term agonistic activity is often used. An agonistic act is any behavior relating to conflict situations whether assertive or submissive. It can involve attack, retreat or defense (Wilson 1975; Fedigan 1982).
Introduction: The Jordanian Entity
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jordan is a hereditary monarchy of the Hashemite family, with the prince as its cornerstone.The monarchy has been characterized by a conservatism wary of radical notions, no matter where they originated. Instead, it has adhered to that brand of Arab nationalism that first came to attention in the “Great Arab Rebellion” (or “revolution,” thawra) of Sharif Husayn bin ‘Ali, the amir of Mecca, during World War I. According to this view, the Hashemites had a historic claim to Arab national leadership. Their mission was to work for Arab political unity under their own guidance within the Arabian Peninsula, paying lip service to existing territorial interests there, and the Fertile Crescent.
The Nabulsi Interlude
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prime principle of the Hashemite Entity was that it was the cabinet’s function to carry out the policy determined by the Hashemite ruler. The Nabulsi cabinet denied the validity of this principle in accordance with a widespread wish to adopt a new approach, presumably better suited to the spirit of the times and in the expectation that Hussein would acquiesce. Also, the cabinet had a new political orientation: pro-Nasser, pan-Arab nationalist, “radical.” The general elections of 21 October 1956 were governed by several election laws based on the 1952 constitution that gave the vote to every Jordanian male citizen of twenty and over.
Education, Democracy, and the Science of Individual Differences
Authors: Fass Paula S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When W. I. Thomas, the University of Chicago sociologist, posed his questions about race, he did so in order to encourage research that would dispel popular ideas about the innate inferiority of some races. In I9I2, at the height of the progressive era, Thomas used a variety of sources, including Franz Boas and W. E. B. Du Bois, to argue for the primacy of culture and social environment in the formation of group character and to insist on the capacity of all races to learn. Thomas was not specifically addressing the problem of the schools, but his article contained a significant quote which underscored the meaning of the American faith in education as it had hitherto been understood and expressed by social progressives. In Po land, in the mid-nineteenth century, according to one of Thomas’s sources, “the feeling of the nobles with regard to education of the peasant was expressed in the opinion . . . that culture not only did not become the peasant, but for the most part he was incapable of it.” The belief that certain segments of the population were incapable of being educated.
Volunteers in War
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of volunteers in war has not yet been written. To be sure, some volunteers such as those of the French Revolution and the “generation of 1914” have received some attention, but they have not been regarded as part of a historical process. Yet the history of volunteers is continuous from the French Revolution through the Second World War. We will not be able to write that history here, nor to follow the volunteers into all the armies in which they served, even in those nations which concern us. Instead, we must proceed by example to illustrate aspects of the history of the volunteers which were crucial in the formation of the Myth of the War Experience.
The Appropriation of Nature
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of nature in helping to mask the reality of war has accompanied our analysis at every tum. The war itself led to a heightened awareness of nature, which in turn, as an integral element of the Myth of the War Experience, served to direct attention away from the impersonality of the war of modem technology and the trenches toward preindustrial ideals of individualism, chivalry, and the conquest of space and time. The snowy heights of the Alps and the blue skies over Flanders’ fields made it possible for those who fought there-aviators or mountain troops-to appropriate what seemed to be immutable in a changing world-a piece of eternity. Moreover, nature could point homeward, to a life of innocence and peace. Nothing is more exemplary of this particular Arcadia-this transcendent function of nature-than the scene in Walter Flex’s The Wanderer Between Two Worlds, where Flex and his friend Wurche lie in virgin fields directly behind the trenches, or the scenes of sun-drenched soldiers bathing in a pond behind the front that Paul Fussell found were among the most frequently used images in English war literature.