bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Foundations of Managerial Control in the United States
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn historical perspective, market control over the allocation of US corporate resources stands out as a recent phenomenon, since for most of the twentieth century, salaried managers have exercised control over resource allocation by US corporate enterprises. In this chapter, the lengthy and complex historical process through which the institutional foundations of managerial control emerged in the US corporate economy is discussed. The focusing, in particular, is on the role of the integration of managers as members of business organizations, the diffusion of share ownership, the changing interaction between the stock market and the public corporation, and the transformation of corporate law in facilitating the separation of beneficial ownership of corporate stock from strategic control over the allocation of corporate resources. The main sections of the chapter are: 3.2, The historical foundations of managerial control; 3.3, Managerial control and the Great Depression; 3.4, and New deals, old deals––which discusses changes in corporate governance, workers’ rights and unionism, and defence of the corporate manager's right to manage.
The Post‐War Evolution of Managerial Control in the United States
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter has two main sections, which contrast the post‐war development of managerial control in the USA in the mass production industries, and the high‐technology industries––as exemplified by the electronics industry. The first, Sect. 4.2, The post‐war governance of mass‐production enterprises, discusses the trend towards strategic segmentation––the emergence of conglomerations and resulting impact on performance, and the emergence of core corporate enterprises. The second, Sect. 4.3, The electronics complex and the governance of innovation, discusses the roles of the federal government and of venture capital, and the abiding importance of the innovative corporation.
Challenges to Post‐War Managerial Control in the United States
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBeginning in the 1970s, the previously dominant US corporate enterprises faced an intensification of competition in both the mass‐production and high‐technology industries. The nature and gravity of the competitive threat varied, partly because of differences in resource allocation governance, yet in both types of industry, fundamental challenges to the technological and economic supremacy of the USA were posed by enterprises in different social environments that developed and utilized broader and deeper skill bases to generate higher‐quality, lower‐cost products. In the case of the Japanese especially, the challenges came from enterprises that integrated into processes of organizational learning not only managerial employees (as the Americans had done), but also shop‐floor employees and employees of subsidiary enterprises that functioned as suppliers and distributors. These competitive challenges demanded a response from US corporate enterprises, but as they struggled with what was going on in the productive sphere, the ground had also shifted in the financial sphere: in particular, with the rise of institutional investors, and the increasing pressures that they placed on corporate enterprises to deliver higher returns on their corporate stocks, the commitment of financial resources to corporate strategies came under considerable pressure. The two main sections of this chapter address these issues: Sect. 5.2 discusses the productive challenges and the rise of the new competition, and Sect. 5.3 discusses the growing pressures for financial liquidity, which manifested themselves in a particularly aggressive form in the 1980s with the rise of a market for corporate control, and when that market collapsed in the late 1980s, in leading institutional investors seeking other levers for influencing corporate resource allocation in a movement that has been characterized as the rise of institutional investor activism.
US Corporate Responses to New Challenges
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The growing demands for financial liquidity, combined with the productive challenges discussed in the previous chapter, created significant pressures on the stability of the post‐war system of managerial control in the USA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the US corporate economy reacted to these combined pressures in what, in historical perspective, were dramatic ways. The most striking dimension of the general corporate response was the growing propensity of US corporations in that period to downsize their workforces and to distribute corporate revenues to stockholders. The strategy to ‘downsize and distribute’ stands in contrast to the historical norm for these corporations of favouring the retention of corporate revenues for reinvestment in plant, equipment, and personnel. This chapter has two main sections that (1) address the factors that underlay the prevalence and persistence of strategies to downsize and distribute among US corporate enterprises, and (2) assess the implications of the strategies to downsize and distribute.
Introduction
Authors: O'Leary Brendan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBrendan O’Leary identifies the main goal of the volume, which is to investigate the causes and consequences of the politics of moving borders. He defines ‘right‐sizing’ as the preferences of political agents at the centre of existing regimes to have what they regard as appropriate external and internal territorial borders. The author then offers an eight‐part definition of a modern state and the resulting typical crises of statehood. He argues that any theory of right‐sizing the state must address two interrelated questions: What factors, from the perspective of central government elites, govern the right‐sizing of state's domestic and external territorial shape? And which factors govern the right size of the state's despotic (coercive) and infrastructural (policy‐making, extractive, allocative, and distributive) powers?
The Elements of Right‐Sizing and Right‐Peopling the State
Authors: O'Leary Brendan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBrandan O’Leary sets up a framework for a broad theory of right‐sizing the state. He addresses the distinctiveness of modern state borders, the centrality of nationality and ethnicity that makes public officials concerned with ‘right‐peopling’ their states, and territorial expansion, maintenance and contraction, which oblige public officials to consider ‘right‐sizing’. His theory builds on Ernest Gellner's theory of nationalism and Ian Lustick's theory of state expansion and contraction. The author also classifies different strategies of eliminating and managing ethnic differences and existing borders.
Resizing and Reshaping the State: India from Partition to the Present
Authors: Singh Gurharpal 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGurharpal Singh traces the institutional dependence of the Indian state on conceptions of itself and its original borders as sacrosanct. But, the author argues that the state is, in reality, reshaped as a result of demands from linguistic and other groups of the dominant North Central Hindu/Indian populations, while demands from the periphery are ignored. The chapter examines how political elites deliberately entrenched the hegemonic beliefs about the state size after the partition, the centre's response to the challenges faced by Kashmir and Punjab to these beliefs, and various coalitions in favour and against reshaping of the Indian state.
The Negotiable State: Borders and Power‐Struggles in Pakistan
Authors: Nasr Vali 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVali Nasr examines the political dynamics behind the crucial 1969–71 negotiations on the shape of Pakistan's territory. The author examines how power‐elite interests and their perception of the malleability of state borders influenced the pattern of state formation and policy‐making. The author argues that the tension that is inherent in the ideological posture of state leaders and their pragmatic political practices has provided both opportunities to manage challenges to borders, as in Sind, and to loss of territory, as in East Pakistan.
Reifying Boundaries, Fetishizing the Nation: Soviet Legacies and Élite Legitimacy in the Post‐Soviet States
Authors: Motyl Alexander J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Alexander Motyl argues that Russian elites—incapable of glorifying the post‐imperial state they shattered or the Soviet ideology they never fully embraced—sought legitimacy by fetishizing the Russian nation. In the rest of the former Soviet Union, non‐Russian elites adopted a cult of statehood and consequently eliminated state downsizing from the menu of political action. The vicious circle that results is one of Russian insistence on state up‐sizing to incorporate Russians living in the neighbouring ‘near abroad’ and non‐Russian elites’ refusal to downsize. The author concludes that the vicious circle leads on both sides to mistrust, build‐up of unitary vertical state rule, obstacles to democratization, and possible violent conflict.
Turkey's Kurdish Problem: Borders, Identity, and Hegemony
Authors: Cizre Ümit 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ümit Cizre rethinks the connections between the metaphor of boundaries as containers of democracy and the evolution of Turkish and Kurdish identities since the founding of the modern Turkey in 1919–23. The author identifies the dual nature of Turkish nationality: equal citizenship without regard to ethnicity and ethnic singularity of Turkishness. Cizre then examines Kurdish contestation of this hegemonic discourse of nationality and its link to the state's territory. The author also places the chapter's conclusions in the context of the arrest and trial of Abdullah Öcalan, the leader of the Kurdish Workers’ Party (PKK).
Indigestible Lands? Comparing the Fates of Western Sahara and East Timor
Authors: Zunes Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Stephen Zunes compares and contrasts territorial disputes and forces that have attempted to influence outcome of Indonesian occupation of East Timor and Moroccan occupation of Western Sahara. The author concludes that the institutionalization of expanded borders led to resistance to state downsizing, and that opportunities for withdrawal from the occupied territory emerged in Indonesia only with the fall of the Sukharto regime and subsequent democratization. The author also shows how great power politics of the Cold War enabled the occupations, and the post‐Cold War international community was an obstacle to the full integration of the territories into the two states.
‘Right‐Sizing’ Or ‘Right‐Shaping’? Politics, Ethnicity, and Territory in Plural States
Authors: Yiftachel Oren 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOren Yiftachel argues that consociational patterns of authority among elites, the restricted state authority, and the internal boundaries for rival communal groups open up a possibility of maintaining state borders intact with high levels of democratic stability. The author focuses on three bi‐ethnic states: Lebanon from 1943 to 1985, Cyprus from 1960 to 1974, and Belgium from 1963 to 1993. Theoretically, the author brings together discussion of public policy towards ethnic groups —particularly accommodation and consociation—and the role of ethnic geographies that highlight special factors of state integrity and cohesion.
The United States and the European Union: Models for Their Epochs
Authors: Elazar Daniel J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Draws a contrast between the American and European experiences of union, the one built upon an indigenous American ideology, which may be properly termed federal democracy, and the other in which federation was too great a step for post‐World War II Europe. The problem is that of integrating the federal vision with the modern conception of state sovereignty, and this has given rise to two systems that are roughly intended to serve the same purpose (the joining together of identifiable polities in a common enterprise within an embracing authoritative framework), although the nature of their respective unions is different: one federal and the other confederal. Addresses the manner in which these two systems became models by looking first at the theoretical history of the competition between statism and federalism in the modern and postmodern epochs (the latter of which is only beginning to take form). In the following sections, it goes on to look at the rejection of federalism in Europe, the EU as a confederation, subsidiarity as federal or hierarchical, the EU's Catholic cultural origins, the spread of confederal arrangements in the new European model, federalism and confederalism as forms of democratic government, and the current challenge for Europe.
Blueprints for Change: Devolution and Subsidiarity in the United States and the European Union
Authors: Lazer David , Mayer‐Schoenberger Viktor 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the most recent attempts in both the USA and the EU to respond to attacks on the legitimacy of ‘federal’ governance by building into the legislative or regulatory processes a federalism or subsidiarity criterion. The authors show that such criteria, when formulated as guidance on ‘where’ policy should be made, have been largely ineffective and inoperable; ‘federalism’ criteria have been subsumed and assumed away under either purely political decisions over the scope of devolution or broader cost‐benefit analysis in the USA, and the EU has not abandoned significant policies under its ‘subsidiarity review’. In contrast, there has been increased use of ‘how’ criteria, which increase accountability of central decision‐making by requiring a publicized process of justification for the policies. ‘Procedural subsidiarity’ is a concept relevant to governance on both sides, as they each have come to focus on how to provide more discretion to lower levels of governance in implementing or administering federal policies—although that has been achieved in very different ways in the USA and the EU. In short, the authors make the case that new sources of legitimate governance are not mainly to be found in the recent subsidiarity and devolution pledges appended to the USA and EU covenants.
Federalism in the European Union: Rhetoric and Reality
Authors: Moravcsik Andrew 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Moravcsik attacks the view, shared by Euro‐enthusiasts and Euro‐sceptics alike, that current developments in the EU herald the advent of a European federal state; according to Moravcsik, the EU lacks and is likely to continue to lack the fundamental competences that would make it federal. To make this point, Moravcsik emphasizes what the EU does not do and is unlikely to take on in the foreseeable future, spelling out how the ‘EU plays almost no role—at most a weak sort of international coordination—in most of the issue‐areas about which European voters care most, such as taxation, social welfare provision, defence, high foreign policy, policing, education, cultural policy, human rights, and small business policy’. Moravcsik finds this not surprising, since the EU's built‐in ‘constitutional constraints’, from fiscal to legislative and regulatory powers, create a strong bias towards the status quo. His normative conclusion that the ‘existing hybrid status quo is sufficiently efficient and adequately legitimate to resist any fundamental institutional reform’ seems to echo Weiler's conclusion in Ch. 2 that the EU ‘ain’t broke, so don’t fix it’, although the two authors get to this position from opposite premises: Weiler thinks that today's EU founded on constitutional tolerance—bowing to the majority without being one people—is an amazingly ambitious project, while Moravcsik celebrates the EU's character as ‘a second‐best constitutional compromise designed to cope pragmatically with concrete problems’. The three sections of the chapter: (1) describe the existing confederal structure of EU institutions, focussing on the substantive narrowness and institutional weakness of its mandate; (2) examine the causes of this narrow and weak institutional mandate in the European constitutional settlement; and (3) assess the normative consequences for the democratic legitimacy of the EU state structure.
Comparative Federalism and the Issue of Commandeering
Authors: Halberstam Daniel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the difference between the European and American perceptions of the effects and desirability of commandeering (the issue of binding commands by central government that force its component states to take regulatory action with respect to private parties) as a mechanism of central–component system interaction. Whereas the USA constitutional jurisprudence prohibits commandeering, the founding charters of the European Union and Germany permit such action. In successive sections, the chapter explores the relevant political and institutional background against which commandeering takes place in the USA, the EU, and Germany. It discusses (1) commandeering in international law and the apparent paradox in American views; (2) the formal supremacy of central law within component legal systems; (3) the ‘viscosity’ of the central legal system, i.e., the intensity of the obligation to adhere to the central legal system's norms; (4) the specificity of commands issued by central to component units of government (the directive as a limited tool of commandeering); (5) the corporate representation of component state systems within the law‐making bodies of central systems; and (6) the relative completeness and effectiveness of the levels of governance and the prominent alternatives to commandeering in each system, with specific reference to central government dependence (or not) on component state resources.
Federal Governance in the United States and the European Union: A Policy Network Perspective
Authors: Peterson John , O'Toole Laurence J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The authors start by pointing out that as institutional forms for the governance of polities on a massive scale in the USA and the EU, networks face serious and potentially disabling challenges in terms of legitimacy. Network forms of governance tend to advantage experts or sophisticated actors who are familiar with all levels of government in federal systems, as opposed to ordinary citizens. To ignore the normative questions about input legitimacy to which network governance gives rise to risks weakening the democratic foundations of the federalist contracts that bind together levels of governance, public, quasi‐public, and private actors, and states and citizens in Europe and America. The argument is presented in four sections: first, an explanation is given of why network forms of governance have proliferated and the legitimacy issues that arise are considered, yielding a set of assessment criteria to be applied in framing analyses of legitimacy in different, real‐world political systems; second, an examination is made of networks in the EU; third, an assessment is offered of network structures in American governance; last, network structures in the two polities are compared and contrasted, highlighting both critical issues and network features with implications for legitimacy, as well as ways in which the democratic deficit that plagues network forms of governance might be closed.
Beyond Devolution: From Subsidiarily to Mutuality
Authors: Landy Marc , Teles Steven M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, Landy and Teles take a strong normative stance in favour of decentralization. They echo a point made on economic grounds by Scharpf in Ch. 13, namely, that the role at the federal level should be to allow states to function better as a democracy; this they call ‘the principle of mutuality’. Accordingly, ‘It should be the obligation of each level of government as it participates in joint decision‐making to foster the legitimacy and capacity of the other. Local government contributes to central government by taking the brunt of the burden of citizen‐demands and of providing a coherent and properly constrained voice for citizen grievances. To do so adequately, it must be both responsive and capable. Central government has the responsibility to facilitate and encourage the ability of lower‐level governments to act as sites for deliberation and administration’. This leads Landy and Teles to stress the ways in which European Union powers need to be increased precisely and only to the extent to which this facilitative role is called for. In the end, they can see only classic indirect accountability as the way of enhancing the democratic legitimacy of the EU: ‘The EU needs democratic legitimacy, but that legitimacy should derive from its ability to protect the possibility for democratic government in its Member States, not from the largely fruitless mission of democratizing itself’.
Explaining Eliminativism
Authors: Merricks Trenton 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFolk ontology includes statues. Eliminativism denies that statues exist but says that there are atoms arranged statuewise. In this chapter, I explain eliminativism and define ‘arranged statuewise’. I also argue that eliminativism is neither obviously false nor contradictory. In presenting this argument, I consider, among other things, ‘reductionism’ and composition as identity.
Surviving Eliminativism
Authors: Merricks Trenton 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
I argue that we human organisms—though composite—are not mere overdeterminers. We cause, by way of having conscious mental properties, some effects that our constituent atoms do not cause. (My defence of this claim involves considerations regarding supervenience. I argue that our existing and having conscious mental properties does not supervene on the features of, and relations among, our microphysical parts.) Because mental causation makes us causally non‐redundant, we are not eliminated by the overdetermination argument of Ch. 3.
Mental Causation and Free Will
Authors: Merricks Trenton 
Published: October 2003

AbstractI argue that the Exclusion Argument against mental causation (an argument primarily associated with Jaegwon Kim and which opposes systematic overdetermination) is self‐defeating and should be rejected by everyone. A new version of the Argument—the ‘Micro Exclusion Argument’—does not undermine itself, but, I argue, we should reject that argument in light of the rejection of microphysical closure defended earlier in the book. And, among other things, I present an argument against free will, an argument that presupposes incompatibilism. I then show that those who believe in non‐redundant mental causation of the sort I defend in Ch. 4 can resist that argument. And so, I suggest, incompatibilists who believe in free will should embrace my most controversial claims about mental causation.
Introduction
Authors: Heine Ronald E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses Origen's commentary on Ephesians in relation to the early exegetical tradition, the relationship between Jerome's commentary on Ephesians and that of Origen, and the dates and circumstances of the composition of the two commentaries. There is a description and discussion of the two Greek manuscripts containing the catena commentaries, which preserve the Greek excerpts from Origen's commentary. Special attention is given to Jerome's methodology in using Origen in his own commentary and to the relationship between the prologues in Jerome's commentary on Ephesians and what we know of Origen's composition of prologues in his other exegetical works. Finally, the introduction discusses the important contributions that St. Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians made either to the formation or the support of Origen's doctrinal views.