bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantity and distribution of Malassezia organisms on the skin of clinically normal dogs
Authors: Kennis Robert A. , Rosser Edmund J. , Olivier N. Bari , Walker Robert W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To define the extent to which Malassezia organisms can be recovered from the skin of clinically normal dogs and to assess differences in organism recovery related to anatomic sampling site and to method of collection.

Design
Prospective, controlled study.

Animals
19 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure
The number of Malassezia pachydermatis organisms were determined in fungal cultures of samples obtained from the skin of clinically normal dogs, using an adhesive tape method to obtain samples from 10 sites/dog. Additionally, 3 methods (direct impression, swabbing technique, and superficial skin scraping) that are commonly used for obtaining samples for cytologic examination were evaluated.

Results
Malassezia organisms were found in low numbers as part of the microflora of the skin of clinically normal dogs. Number of organisms differed significantly for various anatomic locations (chin, highest number; inguinal and axillary regions, lowest number). Malassezia organisms were identified more frequently by use of adhesive tape and fungal culturing than by the methods used for cytologic examination. However, comparing methods used for obtaining samples for cytologic examination with each other, marked differences were not detected in our ability to recover yeast organisms among the 3 techniques.

Clinical Implications
Although Malassezia spp is part of the microflora of the skin of clinically normal dogs, it is extremely difficult to detect the organism by any of the 3 sampling methods used for sample collection for cytologic examination. Therefore, anatomic site and method of sample collection should be considered when attempting to make a diagnosis of Malassezia dermatitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1048–1051)
Benefit-cost analysis of vaccination of horses as a strategy to control equine monocytic ehrlichiosis
Authors: Atwill Edward R. , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether horses in New York should be vaccinated against equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME).

Design
Decision-tree analyses of data from a cross-sectional study and a case-control study.

Sample Population
Horses in New York.

Procedure
Annual expected monetary loss per horse attributable to EME was calculated for vaccinated and nonvaccinated horses in New York. Because risk of being seropositive was dependent on county in which the horse was located, farm elevation, and use of each horse, decision-tree analyses were stratified by these factors.

Results
Annual expected monetary loss per horse attributable to EME for horses vaccinated by veterinarians ranged from $21 to $21.83/horse/y; for horses vaccinated by owners ranged from $10 to $10.83/horse/y; and for nonvaccinated horses ranged from $0 to $4.03/horse/y. Assuming 78% of vaccinated horses were protected and mean losses associated with EME included costs for horses that died, annual incidence density at which expected monetary loss for vaccinated horses was equal to that for nonvaccinated horses was 12 cases/1,000 horses/y and 25 cases/1,000 horses/y for horses vaccinated by owners or by veterinarians, respectively.

Clinical Implications
Annual vaccination minimizes monetary losses attributable to EME only when the annual incidence density exceeds 12 to 25 cases/1,000 horses/y. In New York, expected monetary losses are minimized when horses are not vaccinated because of the low annual incidence density in most regions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208: 1290–1294)
Neospora species infection in a herd of dairy cattle
Authors: Björkman Camilla , Johansson Olof , Stenlund Susanne , Holmdahl O. Joakim M. , Uggla Arvid 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To investigate the route of transmission of Neospora sp in a herd of dairy cattle in which sporadic abortions had been observed since the establishment of the farm in 1980.
Design
Serum samples were screened for antibodies to Neospora sp, and records from an artificial insemination program were analyzed.
Animals
58 female cattle.
Procedure
An ELISA was used to screen serum samples for antibodies to Neospora sp. Fertility, calf mortality, and relationships between specific cattle were investigated. Statistical analysis was performed on the fertility data.
Results
Antibodies were detected in 17 of 58 (29%) tested cattle. All seropositive cattle were descendants of 2 cows purchased in 1980. Cattle that were descendants of those 2 cows were compared with their herdmates, but significant differences were not detected in the number of inseminations per confirmed pregnancy or in the number of cattle that required more than 1 insemination/pregnancy. Since 1980, there were 323 confirmed pregnancies in the herd, and calf mortality (prenatal and perinatal mortality) was 24 of 323 (7%).

Clinical implications
Congenital transmission of Neospora organisms together with the apparent lack of horizontal transmission observed in the herd reported here indicated that Neospora sp has the ability to be transmitted from dam to offspring for several generations. This mode of transmission would explain the maintenance of infection in a population of cattle despite the lack of a definitive host for the parasite. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1441-1444)
Aortic and iliac artery thrombosis in calves: nine cases (1974-1993)
Authors: Morley Paul S. , Allen Andrew L. , Woolums Amelia R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify common clinical and diagnostic features of calves with aortic or iliac artery thrombosis that might aid in antemortem diagnosis of this condition.

Design
retrospective case series.

Animals
9 calves ≤ 6 months old in which aortic or iliac artery thrombosis was confirmed at necropsy.

Results
All calves had an acute onset of paresis or flaccid paralysis of 1 or both hind limbs. Affected limbs were hypothermic and had diminished spinal reflexes and diminished pulse pressures. Diagnosis was definitively established in 2 calves by use of angiography. All 9 calves died or were euthanatized.

Clinical Implications
This condition is rare and could be mistaken for more common diseases of young cattle, such as traumatic injury of the axial or appendicular skeleton, vertebral osteomyelitis, nutritional muscular dystrophy associated with vitamin E or selenium deficiency, injury to the sciatic or femoral nerves, or clostridial myositis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:130–136)
Patterns of chemical residues detected in US beef carcasses between 1991 and 1993
Authors: Gibbons Suzanne N. , Kaneene John B. , Lloyd James W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A study of data from 12 states in the Food Safety Inspection Service’s Residue Violation Information System was conducted to describe patterns of violative chemical residues in US beef during 1991, 1992, and 1993. In 1991, 3,249 violative residues were found in 2,734 carcasses in the 12 states included in the study. In 1992, 3,132 violative residues were found in 2,813 carcasses, and in 1993, 2,317 violative residues were found in 2,051 carcasses. During each of the 3 years, the Calf Antibiotic and Sulfonamide Test and Swab Test On Premises projects detected most of the violative residues, and producers/independent growers and dairy farms were recorded as the responsible sources for most of the violations. Also, most of the animals found to have violative residues were bob calves and culled cows. In bob calves, neomycin was the most frequently identified violative chemical, followed by tetracycline, gentamicin, Oxytetracycline, and penicillin. In culled cows, penicillin was the most frequently identified violative chemical and was the chemical most frequently found in combination with other chemicals in cows with multiple violative residues. Distribution patterns of violative chemical residues by slaughter class and residue type varied among the 5 Food Safety Inspection Service regions. These specific regional characteristics support the need for customized intervention, education, assessment, and prevention programs.
Commingled grazing as a risk factor for trichomonosis in beef herds
Authors: Gay John M. , Ebel Eric D. , Kearley William P. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate commingled grazing on public lands as a risk factor for Tritrichomonas foetus infection in beef herd bulls.

Design
Case-control study.

Sample Population
Based on 1994 data from the mandatory ldaho bull testing program, all 65 infected herds (case herds), 78 randomly selected test-negative herds that tested < 10 nonvirgin bulls, and 81 randomly selected test-negative herds that tested > 10 nonvirgin bulls (control herds).

Procedure
Managers of government-owned grazing lands in Idaho identified producers who had grazing permits for an allotment under their jurisdiction in 1993 and for that allotment recorded the number of animals the producer was permitted to graze on the allotment, the number of herds with grazing permits, the total number of animals permitted, and the dates on which grazing began and ended. The number of bulls tested, number of times tested, and test results were collated from the testing database.

Results
The relative sensitivity of bacterial culture of preputial smegma was 81%. The attributable fraction of T foetus infection associated with commingled grazing was 33%, and the odds ratio of infection was 9.0 for herds commingled with ≥ 14 other herds. The total number of animals permitted on an allotment, the use of public lands, and type of public lands used were not significantly associated with infection status.

Clinical Implications
These results suggest that to control the spread of trichomonosis, the number of herds commingling on a grazing allotment should be minimized and commingled herds should be managed collectively. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:643-646)
Juvenile renal disease in Golden Retrievers: 12 cases (1984-1994)
Authors: Morais Helio S. Autran de , DiBartola Stephen P. , Chew Dennis J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate clinical and pathologic findings in Golden Retrievers with renal dysplasia.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
12 young Golden Retrievers with chronic renal disease.

Procedure
Medical records of affected dogs were evaluated on the basis of clinical findings, laboratory test results, and histologic findings.

Results
Common clinical findings were vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, polydipsia, and polyuria. Common laboratory findings were azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypercholesterolemia, isosthenuria, proteinuria, hypercalcemia, and nonregenerative anemia. Many affected dogs also had urinary tract infections, and some were hypertensive. Renal lesions consisted of moderate-to-severe interstitial fibrosis and mild-to-moderate lymphoplasmacytic interstitial inflammation. Cystic glomerular atrophy and periglomerular fibrosis were prominent features in most affected dogs. Fetal lobulation of glomeruli, adenomatoid hyperplasia of collecting tubule epithelium, and primitive mesenchymal connective tissue were histologic features suggestive of renal dysplasia.

Clinical Implications
Renal dysplasia should be suspected in Golden Retrievers < 3 years old with clinical findings and laboratory results indicative of renal disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:792–797)
Pretreatment clinical and laboratory evaluation of cats with diabetes mellitus: 104 cases (1992–1994)
Authors: Crenshaw Kathy L. , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assess pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in cats with diabetes mellitus and to determine the influence of ketoacidosis on pretreatment findings.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
104 cats with diabetes melliitus, 38 of which had ketoacidosis.

Procedure
Medical records of cats with diabetes mellitus examined over a 20-month period were reviewed. Cats that had received previous treatment for diabetes mellitus, or for which medical records were incomplete, were excluded from this study.

Results
Cats ranged in age from 1 to 19 years (median, 11 years). Male cats were twice as likely to develop diabetes as females. The most common historical signs were polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, and diminished activity. Anorexia or poor appetite was reported more commonly than polyphagia, especially in cats with ketoacidosis. Diminished activity, anorexia, weakness, and vomiting were all significantly more common in ketoacidotic cats than in nonketoacidotic cats. Forty-four cats were considered thin, and 34 were considered obese. All cats had hyperglycemia and most had hypercholesterolemia and high activities of 1 or more hepatic enzymes. Compared with nonketoacidotic cats, ketoacidotic cats were more likely to have had low serum electrolyte values. All cats had glucosuria and 42 (40.4%) had ketonuria. Baseline serum insulin concentrations were measured in 18 cats and were low or at the low end of the reference range in 14 (77.8%) cats. Serum fructosamine concentration, determined in 22 cats, was high in 20 (90.9%) cats. Twenty-three of the 104 (22.1%) cats had concurrent disease, the most common of which were hyperthyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, and eosinophilic granuloma complex.

Clinical Implications
In more than a third of cats, diabetes mellitus is complicated by development of ketoacidosis, which increases the severity of clinical and laboratory abnormalities. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is made on the basis of signalment (eg, middle-aged to old male cats), owner complaints (eg, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss), physical examination findings (eg, lethargy or muscle wasting), and laboratory findings {eg, hyperglycemia and glucosuria). (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996,209:943-949)
Effect of calcium chloride gel treatment in dairy cows on incidence of periparturient diseases
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine effect of prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with a calcium chloride gel on serum calcium concentration in the immediate postpartum period and incidence of parturient paresis, retained fetal membranes, and displacement of the abomasum.

Design
Randomized controlled trial.

Animals
204 Holstein cows.

Procedure
Cows were paired according to parity, whether they had previously had parturient paresis, and expected calving date. Cows in the treatment group received doses of calcium chloride gel 12 hours before expected calving, at calving, and 12 and 24 hours after calving. Cows in the control group did not receive calcium chloride gel.

Results
Compared with concentration in the control cows, mean serum calcium concentration in cows treated with calcium chloride gel was significantly increased on postcalving days 1 and 2. The increase was significant only in cows that were third parity or greater. Calcium chloride gel treatment also resulted in significantly reduced incidence of parturient paresis, parturient hypocalcemia, and displaced abomasum. The incidence of parturient paresis was lower in cows that received the precalving dose of calcium chloride gel (0/39) than in cows that did not receive the precalving dose (6/63).

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that periparturient prophylactic treatment of dairy cattle with an oral calcium chloride gel may be beneficial and that treatment would be most effective for cows of third parity or greater. Administration of a precalving dose of calcium chloride gel is necessary to reduce the incidence of parturient paresis, but postcalving treatment alone has other beneficial effects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:958-961)
Peritoneal fluid analysis in peripartum mares
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Snyder Jack R. , Christopher Mary , Vatistas Nicholas 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To characterize, in mares, changes in peritoneal fluid that occurred within the first 7 days after routine foaling.

Design
Prospective observational trial.

Animals
15 mares.

Procedure
Abdominocentesis was performed within 10 days before foaling and again 12 hours, 3 days, and 7 days after each horse foaled. Data recorded for each sample included total nucleated cell count, differential cell count, specific gravity, fibrinogen concentration, and total protein concentration. Smears of each sample were examined by a single clinical pathologist.

Results
There were not any significant differences over time in specific gravity, total protein concentration, fibrinogen concentration, total nucleated cell count, or number of small mononuclear cells. Mean numbers of neutrophils and large mononuclear cells in samples collected after foaling were significantly higher than mean numbers in samples collected before foaling. For 11 of 14 horses, all samples were characterized cytologically as transudates without cytologic abnormalities.

Clinical Implications
Results of analysis of peritoneal fluid from peripartum mares suggest that nucleated cell count, protein concentration, and specific gravity of peritoneal fluid from mares that have recently foaled should be normal. Thus, peritoneal fluid abnormalities detected in mares within a week after foaling should usually be attributed to a systemic or gastrointestinal problem and not to the foaling process itself. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1280–1282)
Survival analysis approach to risk factors associated with hyperlipemia in donkeys
Authors: Reid Stuart W. J. , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To investigate the effect of gender, body condition, and age as risk factors for the development of hyperlipemia in a population of donkeys.

Design
Retrospective survival analysis.

Animals
130 donkeys with hyperlipemia from a source population of 4,126 donkeys.

Procedure
A Kaplan-Meier product limit survival method was used to evaluate the effect of gender and body condition on the probability of diagnosis of clinical hyperlipemia. Cox's proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the risk of being diagnosed with hyperlipemia controlling for gender, body condition, and age at entry into the population.

Results
Female donkeys and donkeys of obese body condition were more at risk for developing hyperlipemia than males or those of moderate or poor body condition, respectively. None of the females in the study was pregnant. Donkeys were more likely to become hyperlipemic soon after entering the source population. Investigation of the effect of age at entry into the population indicated that older animals were at higher risk than younger animals and, controlling for age, the hazard ratios associated with being female and being overweight were 2 and 1.5, respectively.

Clinical Implications
Although pregnancy and lactation are widely acknowledged as risk factors for hyperlipemia, in this population, females and obese donkeys were at highest risk, regardless of pregnancy status. Risk was greatest around the time donkeys first entered the source population. Control of body condition, reduction of stress, and close monitoring of high-risk donkeys might reduce incidences of, or allow more timely intervention for, this potentially fatal condition. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1449–1452)
Use of fluoxetine to treat dominance aggression in dogs
Authors: Dodman Nicholas H. , Donnelly Robert , Shuster Louis , Mertens Petra , Rand William , Miczek Klaus 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate fluoxetine for the treatment of owner-directed dominance aggression in dogs.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
9 dogs of various breeds, ages, and either sex determined to have owner-directed dominance aggression.

Procedure
Placebo and fluoxetine (1 mg/kg of body weight) were compared for the treatment of owner-directed dominance aggression in a single-blind crossover study. Owners were instructed to record aggressive and nonaggressive responses of their dogs daily on a canine-overt aggression chart for the 5-week duration of the study. Total aggression scores (linear and geometric) were calculated for each week of the study. The frequency of individual responses was also analyzed independently.

Results
Fluoxetine resulted in a significant (P = 0.01) reduction in owner-directed dominance aggression after 3 weeks of treatment. No particular aggressive response accounted for the overall reduction in aggression.

Clinical Implications
Fluoxetine may be useful in the management of dominance aggression in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1585–1587)
Cisplatin treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs: 18 cases (1983–1993)
Authors: Chun Ruthanne , Knapp Deborah W. , Widmer William R. , Glickman Nita W. , DeNicola Dennis B. , Bonney Patty L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether cisplatin administered at a dosage of 60 mg/m2 of body surface area, IV, every 21 days, would induce remission of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs.

Design
Retrospective analysis of medical records.

Animals
18 dogs with histologically confirmed transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.

Procedure
Clinical staging was performed by means of physical examination, contrast cystography or ultrasonography, and thoracic radiography prior to and 42 days after the initiation of cisplatin treatment. Dogs with clinical signs of tumor progression were reevaluated earlier than 42 days in some instances. Complete remission (CR) was defined as complete resolution of measurable tumor. Partial remission (PR) was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction in tumor volume without development of new tumors. Stable disease was defined as < 50% change in tumor volume at 42 days without development of new lesions. Progressive disease (PD) was defined as ≥ 50% increase in tumor volume or development of new tumors at any time. Dogs were reevaluated at 42-day intervals until they had a CR, developed PD, or developed unacceptable adverse effects.

Results
Three dogs had a PR, 4 had stable disease, and 9 had PD. Tumor response could not be assessed in 2 dogs: 1 dog developed grand mal seizures 3 hours after the first dose of cisplatin was given and was euthanatized; the other dog continued to have clinical signs of urinary tract obstruction and was euthanatized 8 days after the first dose of cisplatin. Four dogs developed renal azotemia that was suspected to be secondary to cisplatin nephrotoxicity.

Clinical Implications
The cisplatin dosage was higher than that reported in studies of dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Even with this higher dosage, none of the dogs had a CR, and only 3 of 18 had a PR. A more effective, less toxic treatment for transitional cell carcinoma in dogs is needed. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1588–1591)