bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Cambridge At Last!’ Jackson and the Architecture of Science
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jackson’s public-school practice was undoubtedly important for him. It took him out of Oxford and widened his reputation. His contemporaries, however, were well aware that he might yet do more. ‘He ought to have been an architect in the 17th century, at Rome’, wrote John Willis Clark. ‘What Palaces he would have built for Papal Nephews!’ Oxford had made his name, but it had also limited his appeal. Nor did work outside the city do much to shake this association, at least at first. Town halls, houses, and offices came and went, with seemingly little effect.
Religious Obedience and Moral Autonomy
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become fashionable to try to prove the impossibility of there being a God. Findlay’s celebrated ontological disproof has in the past quarter century given rise to vigorous controversy.¹ More recently James Rachels has offered a moral argument intended to show that there could not be a being worthy of worship.² In this paper I shall examine the position Rachels is arguing for in some detail. I shall endeavor to show that his argument is unsound and, more interestingly, that the genuine philosophical perplexity which motivates it can be dispelled without too much difficulty.
Christian Atonement and Kantian Justification
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did God become man? The soteriological question is distinctively Christian, and answers to it are central to Christian theology. A traditional answer has it that atonement was one thing God accomplished by becoming man; Christ’s incarnation, suffering, death, and resurrection are supposed to have effected, or at least to have played an important part in effecting, the reconciliation of sinful humanity with God. But why is vicarious atonement necessary? It may be that God will forgive our sins only if we repent of them; however, it does not seem obvious that divine mercy is so constrained that God can forgive our sins only if Christ’s suffering and death substitute for or supplement our own efforts toward reconciliation. And how is vicarious atonement possible? Sin appears to be a personal failure that creates a non-transferable liability, and so it is hard to see how one person’s atonement could stand in or go proxy for another’s. Theories of vicarious atonement should contain the resources to answer questions like these in a coherent and plausible fashion.
The ‘Glorious Firsts of June ‘
Authors: Jenks Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extacy of joy displayed by the public on receiving the news of Lord Howe ‘s glorious victory, proves how much more Britons are delighted by success at sea than on land. The sea is our protecting element, and as long as Britannia rules the waves nothing can hurt us. A victory at sea must ever give us more heart-felt pleasure than twenty victories on the Continent. Such lines were neither self-confident hyperbole nor simple panegyric. Rather, the observation of the St. James ‘s Chronicle on the naval victory of Lord Howe (the ‘Glorious First of June ‘, 29 May-1 June 1794) suggests just how destabilizing and problematic Britain ‘s war with the Revolution was in the early summer of 1794. For one thing, Britain did not have twenty victories to speak of, whether on land or sea.
Lord Cochrane in Radical Westminster
Authors: Jenks Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lord Cochrane was, after the death of Nelson, the greatest naval commander of that age of glory. Equal to his great predecessor in personal gallantry, enthusiastic ardour, and devotion to his country, he was perhaps his superior in original genius, inventive power, and inexhaustible resources. It was his misfortune to arrive at manhood and high command only towards the dose of the war, when the enemy ‘s fleets had disappeared from the ocean More truly than Alexander the Great, he might have wept that there no longer remained a world to conquer. His coolness in danger was almost unparalleled, even in the English navy, and in the days of Nelson and Collingwood; his men, nevertheless, had such confidence in his judgement and resources, that they would have followed wherever he led, even to the cannon ‘s mouth.
The United Nations, The Security Council, And The Korean War
Authors: Stueck William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 25 June 1950 North Korea launched a conventional military attack on South Korea. As an active participant in the creation of the now threatened Republic of Korea (ROK), the United Nations faced the first test of its capacity as an instrument of collective security. Although in important ways it passed that test, the experience of the Korean War that followed reflected the limitations of the United Nations at least as much as its potential strength.
The Subset Principle in phonology
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an extended explication with relevance to phonological theory of the following quotation: “In any computational theory, ‘learning ‘ can consist only of creating novel combinations of primitives alrady innately available” (Jackendo 1990: 40). We refer to this position as the Innateness of Primitives Principle (IofPP). This position has been formulated and defended most eloquently by Jerry Fodor (e.g. 1975); however, an earlier formulation is in Pylyshyn (1973). Karl Popper (1962) has made essentially the same point, for all knowledge, including conscious scientific reasoning. In more or less explicit forms, the argument appears to be an ancient one that has never been completely refuted by connectionists or any other anti-nativist school. We will demonstrate the logical necessity of IofPP with a set of model languages, then show how a great deal of work on the acquisition of phonological inventories is inconsistent with IofPP. We then propose an alternate theory which is consistent with IofPP, which, we assume, lies at the core of the Innateness Hypothesis.
Competence and performance in phonological acquisition
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on the generative literature in phonological acquisition, as well as on the work of phoneticians and psycholinguists, in an attempt to propose a unified view of the acquisition of phonological competence. In an oft-quoted passage Chomsky (1965) characterizes the goals of linguistic theory as follows: Linguistic theory is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker listener, in a completely homogeneous speech community, who knows its language perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and errors (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance. This seems to me to have been the position of the founders of modern general linguistics, and no cogent reason for modifying it has been offered. To study actual linguistic performance, we must consider the interaction of a variety of factors, of which the underlying competence of the speaker-hearer is only one. In this respect, study of language is no different from empirical investigation of other complex phenomena. (Emphasis added.)
Against constraints
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many linguists, especially phonologists, have assumed that both Universal Grammar and particular grammars contain constraints, qua prohibitions on grammatical structures.1 However, such prohibitions cannot be learned by positive evidence (an infinite number of well-formed structures are absent from the PLD—we may find a supposed ill-formed structure in the next sentence we encounter). Therefore, these prohibitions could only be learned via negative evidence. However, it is generally accepted that negative evidence is neither supplied to the child with suﬃcient regularity, nor attended to suﬃciently by the child when supplied, to play a significant role in language learning. Therefore, since the prohibitions cannot be learned via positive evidence (for reasons of logic), nor through negative evidence (according to the empirical data), they must be innate.
A principled solution to Catalan
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some readers of the manuscript version of this book have taken it to be an extended critique of Optimality Theory, at least in some of its manifestations. While we have presented what we feel are methodological shortcomings of certain aspects of OT, including fairly fundamental aspects, the real purpose of our work here is much broader. Our reading of the generative literature on phonology finds therein a strong tendency for a knee-jerk reaction to recalcitrant data: expansion of the computational power of the phonology, often in formally ill-defined or even incoherent ways. The best science, in our view, results when, rather than bloat theories with machinery which makes possible highly accurate data-matching, we adopt a critical attitude towards the alleged data itself. Does it truly fall within the purview of a theory of phonology as computation? Surrendering overly readily (and sometimes without explicit acknowledgement of the surrender) fundamental assumptions which underlie the pursuit of scientific phonology is a last-resort move, and we are far from having a suﬃciently rich understanding of the nature of phonology for such drastic moves to be necessary. Optimality Theory has certainly expanded the explicitness with which certain fundamental aspects of building a theory of phonological computation are being treated (e.g. learning-theoretic issues, as well the nature of phonological UG). Our target is thus not a particular theory of phonology, but a particular practice.
Essays on Being
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents a series of essays published by Charles Kahn over a period of forty years, in which he seeks to explicate the ancient Greek concept of Being. He addresses two distinct but intimately related problems, one linguistic and one historical and philosophical. The linguistic problem concerns the theory of the Greek verb einai, ‘to be’: how to replace the conventional but misleading distinction between copula and existential verb with a more adequate theoretical account. The philosophical problem is in principle quite distinct: to understand how the concept of Being became the central topic in Greek philosophy from Parmenides to Aristotle. But these two problems converge on what Kahn calls the veridical use of einai. In the earlier papers he takes that connection between the verb and the concept of truth to be the key to the central role of Being in Greek philosophy. In the later papers he interprets the veridical in terms of a more general semantic function of the verb, which comprises the notions of existence and instantiation as well as truth.
Word Classes
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All nouns have grammatical categories of gender (Chapter 5), number (Chapter 6), and case (Chapter 7). Syntactically, a noun can be both head and dependent in possessive constructions (Chapter 8), head and modifier in an NP, and head of predicate (see §4.3 and §4.4). Derivation and compounding are discussed in Chapter 9. The types of noun phrases and their features (including word order) are addressed in Chapter 20, within the context of other multiword constituents. Nouns divide into a number of subclasses, in terms of their morphophonological properties (§,4.1.1) and in terms of semantics and correlating grammatical properties of their referents (§4.1.2).
Issues in Semantics and Features of Lexicon
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this grammar we have dwelt upon the semantic content of various word classes, including nouns (§4.1.2), verbs (§4.2.2), the two classes of adjectives (§4.3.3), and adverbs (§4.4). This chapter focuses on a number of salient features of the Manambu lexicon in general. Speakers often conceive of their languages in terms of lexicon, putting primary value on the knowledge of words. In the Manambu tradition, knowledge—viewed in terms of lexicon, especially the totemic names—is tantamount to monetary riches. In other words, the more names one knows the richer one is: these include personal names, terms of address, and denominations of culturally important items owned by different clans in general. The issue of name ownership acquires particular importance at name debates (saki). A man’s oratorical skill plainly depends not so much on his eloquence but on his knowledge of names—in other words, nouns par excellence. Knowledge of totemic names belonging to a clan (and of their ‘shadowy’ equivalents: see §22.3) plays a role for both men and women when it comes to songs. Laments of foiled marriages, namay and sui, are sung by both men and women.
Genetic and Areal Relationships, and New Developments in the Language
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All languages of the Ndu family show uniformity in their pronominal paradigms (see Appendix 22.1), and in a large part of their nominal and verbal lexicon. All the Ndu languages have cases for core and peripheral arguments. Verbal categories vary in their marking and semantics. The Ndu languages are predominantly suffixing, with few prefixes, such as the imperative a-, and the causative-manipulative kay-, both attested in Manambu. They are strictly nominative-accusative, with pronominal cross-referencing for A/S recently evolved out of pronouns. Only Manambu and Gala cross-reference more than one argument. A reconstruction of Proto-Ndu phonology and morphology is in Aikhenvald (forthcoming b).
Setting objectives in field studies
Authors: Cog˘alniceanu Dan , Miaud Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic concepts for a good start Considerable financial and human resources may be wasted due to poor research design and implementation. In addition, poor planning can result in taking non-repeatable or unreliable data that are of no or limited use, and leads to the paradox of “data-rich, information-poor.” Rigorous study planning and the definition of clear and realistic goals can help avoid wasted effort. Before undertaking field studies, biologists first must define their objectives and then assess the availability of resources necessary to accomplish them. This is a key stage, and any uncertainty or vagueness at this point could prove detrimental to the success and usefulness of the study.
Larval sampling
Authors: Skelly David K , Richardson Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most amphibian species are metamorphic, and among those, the majority have larvae that are fully aquatic (Duellman and Trueb 1986). These larvae are found in an enormous variety of contexts ranging from bromeliads and tree holes, to brackish pools and the largest rivers and lakes (Duellman and Trueb 1986). Add to this mix of environments the fact that amphibian larvae differ dramatically in their microhabitat use, from the water surface to benthic mud, and researchers sampling larval amphibians are confronted with a non-trivial challenge of matching techniques with study goals and logistic limits. Fortunately, there is a wealth of experience that can be tapped when making decisions about where, when, and how to sample (Shaffer et al. 1994; Olson et al. 1997). Why sample larvae? The reasons to sample amphibian larvae are many, but most emphasize either strategic or logistic considerations. From the strategic perspective, larvae represent a critical life history stage. Many of the reasons that motivate scientists to study amphibians are related to the dynamics and fate of their populations. Monitoring of larval cohorts can provide critical information regarding the trajectory of a population and the factors that may affect abundance and distribution. Larvae also represent concrete evidence of breeding. While many studies of anurans use male calling as an index of breeding distribution, males can call from wetlands where no breeding takes place. Larval surveys are less likely to overestimate breeding distribution.
Dietary assessments of larval amphibians
Authors: Whiles Matt R , Altig Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diet analyses of larval amphibians provide information on foraging patterns, nutritional requirements, and trophic interactions in aquatic food webs, information that is critical for successful conservation and management. Numerous amphibian species around the globe are declining or presumed extinct (Stuart et al. 2004). Thus, there is an urgent need for detailed information on larval diets so that we can understand whether food-related factors are limiting wild populations and facilitate successful rearing of species in captivity. Some species of all three orders of living amphibians have free-living, feeding, larval forms. Larval caecilians and salamanders, both of which occur in a variety of lentic and lotic habitats, are all carnivores that eat small aquatic organisms by suction-feeding, and their diets and trophic status are thus relatively easily assessed. Anuran larvae (tadpoles) occur in almost every conceivable type of freshwater habitat and show great diversity in feeding modes. As such, morphological diversity of the oral structures, which glean materials from substrata, and the buccopharyngeal apparatus, which selectively captures food particles, of tadpoles is large.
Water-quality criteria for amphibians
Authors: Sparling Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most amphibian species spend portions or even their entire life cycle in water. Whether their habitats are streams, wetlands, vernal ponds, farm ponds, or larger bodies of water, amphibians are directly affected by several natural and anthropogenic chemical and physical characteristics. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, salinity and water conductivity, organic carbons, and pollutants are important factors of their habitats that can affect survival, growth, maturation, and physical development. In addition to direct effects, these characteristics interact with other factors such as predators, prey, parasites, and competitors to affect populations. Just as one example, the incidence of infestation of tadpoles by Ribeioria ondatrae, a trematode parasite that causes limb malformations, has been linked to the nutrient status of ponds (Johnson and Chase 2004). Field studies of amphibians should at least include a description of naturally occurring environmental conditions. In some cases, this description should also include analysis of environmental contaminants. This chapter discusses chemical and physical factors that are most important to aquatic life stages of amphibians and directs the reader to reviews for more complicated issues dealing with water quality.
Selection of Species and Sampling Areas: the Importance to Inference
Authors: Corn Paul Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inductive inference, the process of drawing general conclusions from specific observations, is fundamental to the scientific method. Platt (1964) termed conclusions obtained through rigorous application of the scientific c method as “strong inference” and noted the following basic steps: generating alternative hypotheses; devising experiments, the results of which will exclude one or more hypotheses; conducting the experiment to get a “clean result”; and repeating the process with revision based on the information obtained. Every student is exposed to these basics in introductory courses, and a considerable proportion of a modern graduate education in the sciences is devoted to acquiring the analytic (statistical) skills necessary to apply the scientific method. Not even considering the field of mathematical statistics or applied statistics in disciplines such as social sciences, library shelves groan under the weight of texts on applied statistics, ranging from introductory (Hayek and Buzas 1997) to advanced (Williams et al. 2002), for conducting research in ecology, and new works are published every year. Much effort is currently devoted to the mechanisms of analysis and the issues involved in choosing among statistical methods; specifically, traditional hypothesis testing versus information-theoretic or Bayesian approaches (Hobbs and Hilborn 2006). This chapter does not address these topics, but instead discusses some of the issues related to selection of study sites and species necessary to obtain a “clean result.” Regardless of the method of analysis, successful inference relies on correctly designed data collection, meaning that the observations represent the population of interest.
Understanding Development And Prevention Of Chronic Physical Aggression: Towards Experimental Epigenetic Studies
Authors: Tremblay Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding citation comes from a heated debate that Quatrefages had with one of his colleagues at the Anthropological Society in Paris after he read a letter he had solicited from Charles Darwin in July 1863. The nature-nurture debate has always been a central issue among naturalists, but it was also central to moral philosophers. The first phrase of Rousseau’s masterpiece on children’s education is a good example: ‘Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the author of things; everything degenerates in the hands of man.’ (Rousseau, 1762 , 1762/1979 ) A century later, Charles Darwin took a diametrically opposite view. In his autobiography, he writes: ‘ I can say in my own favour that I was as a boy humane, but I owed this entirely to the instruction and example of my sisters. I doubt indeed whether humanity is a natural or innate quality .’ (Darwin, 1876/1983 ; p. 11)
As well as words: Congo Pygmy hunting, mimicry, and play
Authors: Lewis Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the dense equatorial forest of the Congo Basin, seeing is useful for following events close by, but only hearing reveals what is further away. As Mbendjele hunter-gatherers in northern Congo-Brazzaville move about their forest they are hypersensitive to the sounds around them. All members of the party, children included, react instantly to a crack, a low rumble, or an animal call by stopping mid-step, balancing on one leg if necessary. Silent and motionless, they strain to hear any follow-up sounds that will tell them whether to run for their lives, chase after their supper, or just continue onwards.
Herewith please Find three rolls of chocolate foil
Authors: Larson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1880, Henry Wellcome arrived in London to join his friend, Silas Burroughs, in partnership selling pharmaceuticals. Wellcome was 26 years old, almost 27, and had left behind a promising career as a salesman for one of America’s largest drugs companies in New York. He had no capital, and would have to borrow heavily from his new partner in order to establish himself. It was a risky venture, but Burroughs had been in England for two years already and knew that with superior American products and a creative approach to marketing they could effectively exploit the lacklustre British market. The two young Americans were ambitious: Wellcome would consolidate and expand their business in Britain, while Burroughs planned a world tour to launch the company abroad.