bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salt appetite consequent on sodium depletion in the suckling rat pup
Authors: Leshem Micah , Langberg Joely , Epstein Alan N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ontogeny of the behavioral ability to compensate for sodium deficit was studied in the rat. The experiments showed that: (1) Before weaning age, sodium‐depleted pups will increase their avidity for 3% NaCl solution; (2) the ability to select and drink a salt solution in response to a sodium deficit continues to evolve between 17–24 days of age, and that pups at these ages will modify their intake of salt and water as do adult rats when rectifiying plasma osmolality; (3) The increased appetite for sodium is evident even when depleted preweanlings are dehydrated and provided with solid NaCl tablets to lick, showing that sodium appetite and hydrational status are already dissociated at this age; and finally, (4) sodium depletion first induces an increase in intake of orally infused 3% NaCl solution in 12‐day‐old pups. The picture of the development of salt appetite in the suckling rat that these findings present is of a precocious competence to meet a challenge to sodium homeostasis. In this respect salt appetite emerges in parallel to the other ingestive behaviors © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hemispheric specialization in infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for a relation with gender and arousal
Authors: Hopkins William D. , Bard Kim A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe current study extends previous documentation of behavioral asymmetries in hand‐to‐mouth, self‐consoling behaviors of infant chimpanzees. The underlying source of lateralized hand‐to‐mouth, self‐calming behavior was investigated by comparing individual differences in neonatal arousal levels, regulatory ability, and motor performance with individual differences in the degree of laterality at 3 months. Asymmetrical hand‐to‐mouth, self‐calming behaviors at 3 months of age were significantly related to general arousal at 2 days of age (i.e., the Range of State cluster scores measured by the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale). Simply stated, chimpanzees with a right‐hand bias in hand‐to‐mouth behavior exhibited lower arousal at 2 days of age compared with nonright‐handed individuals. The only item of the Range of State cluster to distinguish subjects was irritability: Right‐handed subjects were less irritable. Previously, a trend was reported with respect to sex differences in the laterality of hand‐to‐mouth behavior. With the greater number of subjects in the present study, we found that females exhibited a significantly greater right‐hand bias for hand‐to‐mouth behaviors (12 of 13) than did males (9 of 15). We conclude that neonatal arousability, and not regulatory capacity or motor performance, predicts the degree of laterality found in hand‐to‐mouth, self‐calming behaviors in 3‐month‐old chimpanzees. These data are discussed from the standpoint of early pari‐parturitional or intrauterine factors affecting lateralized development. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experience with milk and an artificial nipple promotes conditioned opioid activity in the rat fetus
Authors: Robinson Scott R. , Arnold H. Moore , Spear Norman E. , Smotherman William P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMilk promotes activity in the kappa opioid system of the rat fetus and reduced responsiveness in a behavioral bioassay of cutaneous sensitivity. In the study, E20 rat fetuses were presented with an artificial nipple (CS) and intraoral infusions of milk (US) to condition opioid activity. Paired presentations of the CS and US resulted in conditioned changes in perioral cutaneous sensitivity, which was not evident in groups exposed to the CS alone, US alone, or explicitly unpaired presentations of US and CS. Selective opioid antagonists administered between conditioning and testing revealed that reexposure to the nipple resulted in activation of the endogenous opiod system. The nipple promoted activity at mu, not kappa, opioid receptos. Conditioned opioid activity to an artificial nipple in the fetus, which lacks experience with milk or other suckling stimuli, implies that conditioned changes in the endogeneous opioid system of the newborn rat may develop quickly during the first suckling episodes. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vocalizations of rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and Japanese (M. Fuscata) macaques cross‐fostered between species show evidence of only limited modification
Authors: Owren Michael J. , Dieter Jacquelyn A. , Seyfarth Robert M. , Cheney Dorothy L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo rhesus and two Japanese macaque infants were cross‐fostered between species in order to study the effects of auditory experience on vocal development. Both the cross‐fostered and normally raised control subjects were observed over the first 2 years of life and their vocalizations were tape‐recorded. We classified 8053 calls by ear, placed each call in one of six acoustic categories, and calculated the rates at which different call‐types were used in different social contexts. Species differences were found in the use of “coo” and “gruff” vocalizations among control subjects. Japanese macaques invariably produced coos almost exclusively. In contrast, rhesus macaques produced a mixture of coos and gruffs and showed considerable interindividual variation in the relative use of one call type or the other. Cross‐fostered Japanese macaques adhered to their species‐typical behavior, rarely using gruffs. Cross‐fostered rhesus subjects also exhibited species‐typical behavior in many contexts, but in some situations produced coos and gruffs at rates that were intermediate between those shown by normally raised animals of the two species. This outcome suggests that environmentally mediated modification of vocal behavior may have occured, but that the resulting changes were quite limited. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Susceptibility of artificially reared rat pups to social influences on food choice
Authors: Galef Bennett G. , Smith Michael A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing techniques developed by Hall (1975) and modified by Diaz (1991), we maintained rat pups in total social isolation from the time they were 2 or 3 days of age until they were 42 days old. We found that rat pups reared in social isolation exhibited susceptibility to social enhancement of food preference indistinguishable from that exhibited by normally reared rat pups. These data suggest that development of a tendency to use conspecifics as sources of information about what foods to eat does not depend upon previous experience either of interaction with conspecifics or of feeding in social situations.© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The development of head position preference in preterm infants beyond term age
Authors: Geerdink Julia J. , Hopkins Brian , Hoeksma Jan B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHealthy full‐term infants show a developmental trend in head position from an initial right‐sided preference to one with the head in midline around the age of 12 weeks. We studied the effects of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and the degree of prematurity on both aspects of development from 35 weeks postmenstrual age to 18 weeks corrected age in 35 preterm infants without overt neurological abnormalities and whose gestational ages ranged from 27 to 34 weeks. Our data reveal that, during the preterm period, infants born after pregnancies of 32 weeks or less showed a lack of right‐sided preferences for head turning after release from midline but not for the subsequent maintenance of a position. IUGR did not seem to affect either preference. After term age a right‐sided preference diminished while a head midline position increased. The latter was not significantly delayed in relation to birth before 32 weeks gestation or IUGR. However, when infants were classified on the basis of neurological differences as reflected in a (mildly) abnormal movement quality, a delay in the attainment of a midline posture was observed, which suggests it is related to a suboptimal neurological condition. This delay, however, was also accounted for by the side‐to‐side flattening of the skull.© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prenatal exposure to cocaine: Effects on aggression in sprague‐dawley rats
Authors: Johns Josephine M. , Means Michael J. , Woodley Bass E. , Means Larry W. , Zimmerman Laura I. , McMillen Brian A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSocial/aggressive behavior in adult rat offspring (beginning at postnatal Day 180) prenatally exposed to saline, cocaine, or amfonelic acid (AFA) was examined. Pregnant rats received injections of 15 mg/kg of cocaine, or 0.9% saline twice daily, s.c., or on 2 consecutive days at 4‐day intervals, or 1.5 mg/kg amfonelic acid daily throughout gestational Days 1–20. Frequency, duration, and latency of 11 social/aggressive behaviors were recorded for two 15‐min sessions during which a smaller male intruder replaced an ovariectomized© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diabetes per se and metabolic state influence gene expression in tissue‐dependent manner of BB/OK rats
Authors: Klöting Nora , Follak Niels , Klöting Ingrid 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundSeveral epidemiologic studies have clearly established that long‐term near normoglycaemia strongly protects against onset and progression of late complication of diabetes. Therefore, insulin treatment plays a crucial role in determining the quality of life of affected individuals. Here we studied the effects of exogenous insulin on gene expression levels in well‐ and poorly compensated diabetic subjects in comparison to non‐diabetic BB/OK rats to find out whether diabetes per se and the quality of insulin treatment have an effect on gene expression and whether it is tissue specific.MethodsSix non‐diabetic and 12 diabetic BB/OK rats were studied. Diabetic subjects were either treated with insulin implants (well compensated) or treated with 1U insulin daily (poorly compensated) to guarantee survival. Four weeks after onset of diabetes, the animals were killed and expression of Yy1, Pparγ, Nfκb, Pref‐1, Tgfb1, Il‐10, and Lepr was measured in thymus, spleen, liver, heart, and bone.ResultsIn general, between diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects, significant expression changes were detected in spleen for Il‐10, in heart for Il‐10 and Pparγ, in liver for Yy1, Nfκb, and Lepr, as well as in bone for all genes studied except Tgfb1. Except Lepr, no expression changes were observed in thymus. Between well‐ and poorly compensated rats, significant differences on expression level were found for Yy1 (liver), Pparγ (heart), Nfκb (bone), Pref‐1 (spleen), and Lepr (thymus, liver, heart).ConclusionThe insulin treatment compensates not only metabolic disturbances but also changes gene expression profile in BB/OK rats in a tissue‐dependent manner. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation: The state of the art and the sorry state of the science
Authors: Lipsey Mark W. , Crosse Scott , Dunkle Jan , Pollard John , Stobart Gordon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA representative sample of studies drawn from the published program evaluation literature is systematically examined. Weak designs, low statistical power, ad hoc measurement, and neglect of treatment implementation and program theory characterize the state of the art in program evaluation. Program evaluation research under the experimental paradigm requires better planning and execution.
Quantitative synthesis: An actuarial base for planning impact evaluations
Authors: Cordray David S. , Sonnefeld L. Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere are numerous micro‐level methods decisions associated with planning an impact evaluation. Quantitative synthesis methods can be used to construct an actuarial data base for establishing the likelihood of achieving desired sample sizes, statistical power, and measurement characteristics. Improvements in both primary and meta‐analysis studies will be necessary, however, to realize the full potential of this approach.
Work‐welfare programs
Authors: Gueron Judith M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA variety of work‐welfare program arrangements yield effective treatments. Although their effects are small, they usually are large enough to justify program costs. Nevertheless, program effects vary considerably by type of program, by state, and by target group. To learn more about the nature and sources of these variations is perhaps the next great challenge in the development and testing of work‐welfare programs.
Developing an agenda that works: The right choice at the right time
Authors: Muscatello Daniel B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn complex organizations there often are a number of programs that could benefit from evaluation. But which should be selected for study when evaluation resources are limited? This chapter presents one framework that could be utilized to identify programs with the highest potential for payoff to management resulting from evaluation. Criteria for assessing evaluation need are presented as well as standards for prioritizing programs to be evaluated.
Increasing evaluation use: Some observations based on the results at the U.S. GAO
Authors: Johnston, Jr. William P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn fiscal year 1983 the General Accounting Office made 1,134 recommendations to executive branch agencies as the result of its management performance evaluations. An analysis of 176 randomly selected recommendations showed an acceptance rate of between 51 and 77 percent by the target agencies—a rate far higher than evaluation literature indicates evaluators generally experience.
How state regulatory agencies address privatization: The case of wastewater treatment
Authors: Heilman John G. , Johnson Gerald W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractState regulatory agencies responsible for water quality typically have done little to develop policy or even provide information about privatization as a means for local authorities to develop wastewater treatment projects. Absent federal mandates, privatization takes place “in the shadow of positive law,” and state agencies engage in it only informally and reactively, leaving private firms and local officials to carry out the privatization option.
Conflicting expertise and uncertainty: Quality assurance in high‐level radioactive waste management
Authors: Fitzgerald Michael R. , McCabe Amy Snyder 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe policy process that takes place in the siting of a high‐level nuclear waste repository is marked by political controversy, an open decision‐making process, scientific uncertainty, conflicting expert opinion, and high risk in case of system failure. Mandated quality‐assurance studies of proposed sites represent high‐stakes, high‐pressure evaluation that must take a variety of factors into account.
Challenges in evaluating a national demonstration program for homeless persons with alcohol and other drug problems
Authors: Huebner Robert B. , Crosse Scott B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDesigning an evaluation of a federally funded, multisite demonstration program for homeless persons with alcohol and other drug problems presents a number of methodological and practical challenges. Despite these challenges, a great deal can be learned about human service programs for homeless persons from multisite demonstration programs.
Voices in the design and evaluation of a multicultural education program: A developmental approach
Authors: Stockdill Stacey Hueftle , Duhon‐Sells Rose Marie , Olson Ruth Anne , Patton Michael Quinn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this chapter, voices from one multicultural evaluation convey a sense of the struggle involved in developing an evaluation that is sensitive to and empowering of multicultural peoples and perspectives.
Rebuilding capacity
Authors: General Accounting Office  
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe GAO's transition report to the executive and legislative branches of government, Program Evaluation Issues, began with the section “Why Program Evaluation Is Important,” which is reprinted in Chapter Two of this volume. The report concluded with several sections outlining what would be needed for agencies in the executive branch to rebuild evaluation capacity and what would happen if they do not. The sections constitute a fitting conclusion to this volume.
Brain astrocytes express region‐specific surface glycoproteins in culture
Authors: Barbin Gilles , Katz David M. , Chamak Brigitte , Glowinski Jacques , Prochiantz Alain 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAstrocytes derived from the mouse brain mesencephalon and striatum regulate neuronal morphogenesis in a region‐specific manner in vitro. To begin defining molecular mechanisms that may underlie this functional heterogeneity, lectin probes were used to compare surface glycoproteins expressed by astrocytes from different brain regions. These experiments demonstrated marked differences in surface glycoproteins depending on the anatomic origin of the astrocytes. In particular, mesencephalic and cerebellar astrocytes express a fucosylated glycoprotein with and apparent molecular weight of 190 kD that is absent or rarely expressed by striatal or cortical astrocytes. These findings raise the possibility that carbohydrate diversity of astrocyte surface molecules may play a role in the heterogeneity of region‐specific neuron‐glial interactions.
Effects of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF) on the proliferation and the glutamine synthetase expression of rat astroblasts in culture
Authors: Perraud Frédéric , Besnard François , Pettmann Brigitte , Sensenbrenner Monique , Labourdette Gérard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe two fibroblast growth factors called acidic and basic FGF (aFGF and bFGF) show a strong homology (55%) of their amino acid sequence (Esch et al.: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85:6507–6511, 1985). The effects of these factors on the rate of proliferation of rat astroblasts and on the expression of glutamine synthetase activity in cells grown in primary culture were investigated and compared under various culture conditions. In all the experimental conditions used, both growth factors triggered the proliferation of the cells to the same extent and with similar dose dependence. The mitogenic activities of aFGF and bFGF were potentiated similarly by heparan sulfate and by heparin, with a maximum stimulation of about 100% at 100 μg/ml heparin. Treatment of the cells with either of the two factors resulted in identical enhancement of the activity of glutamine synthetase relative to total proteins. These results suggest that both factors act either through the same membrane receptors or through different receptors that mediate nearly identical effects.
Structural complexity of primary cultures of astrocytes as revealed by transverse sections
Authors: Devon Richard M. , Juurlink Bernhard H. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe tissue architecture of low‐, medium‐, and high‐density primary mouse astroglial cultures was examined in horizontal and transverse planes using the electron microscope. It was found that the low‐density (colony) cultures consisted of a true monolayer, whereas the medium‐ and high‐density (confluent) cultures consisted of anywhere from two to seven overlapping sheets enclosing a substantial intercellular space. The presence of these multiple overlapping sheets in confluent astrocyte cultures should therefore be taken into consideration when interpreting data of cell‐membrane‐related phenomena such as ion fluxes.
Functional plasticity of microglia: A review
Authors: Streit Wolfgang J. , Graeber Manuel B. , Kreutzberg Georg W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present review summarizes recently acquired data in vivo, which support a role of CNS microglia as a source of defense cells in the CNS capable of carrying out certain immune functions autonomously. We have kept the following discussion restricted to microglial cells and have not included work on the immunological functions of astrocytes, which has been recently reviewed elsewhere (Fontana et al.: Immunological Reviews 137:3521–3527, 1987). Resting microglia are scattered uniformly throughout the CNS forming a network of potential immunoeffector cells, which can be activated by stimuli ranging from peripheral nerve injury over viral infections to direct mechanical brain trauma. The term “activated microglia” is used here to describe proliferating cells that demonstrate changes in their immunophenotype but have not undergone transformation into brain macrophages. Such a transformation can be stimulated by neuronal death but not by sublethal neuronal injury. Microglia may function as antigen‐presenting cells and may thus represent the effector cell responsible for the recruitment of lymphocytes to the brain resulting in an inflammatory reaction. The recent developments in the understanding of microglial cell function may lead to a redefinition of the often cited “immune privilege” of the brain.
Glial cells promote dendritic development in rat sympathetic neurons in vitro
Authors: Tropea Margaret , Johnson Mary I. , Higgins Dennis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMany types of glial‐neuronal interactions occur during the development of the nervous system. To determine how such interactions might affect the development of autonomic ganglia, we compared the morphology of embryonic rat sympathetic neurons grown in the absence and in the presence of ganglionic nonneuronal cells in serum‐free medium. Dye injections, electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry were used to distinguish axons from dendrites. In cultures without nonneuronal cells, most (<80%) sympathetic neurons extended only a single axonal process, and this unipolar state persisted for at least 8 weeks. Coculture with ganglionic nonneuronal cells caused sympathetic neurons to become multipolar and to extend multiple (range 1–17) dendrites. Morphometric measurements made after 1 month of coculture indicated that the amount of dendritic growth that occurred in vitro (mean number of dendrites/cell = 7.5; total dendritic length = 1,050 μm) was similar to that normally occurring during a comparable period in situ. In contrast to its prominent effects on dendritic growth, coculture did not cause chages in the number of axons/neuron or in the uptake of neurotransmitter. Cultures with ganglionic nonneuronal cells were immunostained for antigens present on the surfaces of fibroblasts (Thy‐1.1, fibronectin) and of glia of the peripheral nervous system (laminin). Fewer than 1% of the nonneuronal cells displayed immunoreactivity for fibroblastic antigens; in contrast, ≥99% reacted with antibody to laminin. Moreover, reconstitution experiments revealed that purified populations of laminin‐positive Schwann cells promoted dendritic growth. Fibroblasts and heart cells lacked this activity. These data indicate that glia selectively promote dendritic development in sympathetic neurons maintained in serum‐free medium.
Glial fiber pattern in the developing chicken cerebellum: Vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining
Authors: Roeling T. A. P. , Feirabend H. K. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe possible relation betweeen glial fibers and the formation of longitudinal granule cell migration patterns that occur in the cerebellar anlage of the chicken was investigated by immunocytochemistry of vimentin (monoclonal antibody) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (polyclonal antibody against GFAP, PGF) on fixed and unfixed brain tissues. In addition, neuronal development was studied with a monoclonal antibody for neurofilament. Vimentin was present in radial and tangential fibers in the cerebellar anlage during granule cell migration in almost all parts of the anlage. However, no specific topographic relation of vimentin and GFAP to the migration pattern of granule cells was observed. In adults, Bergmann fibers and astroglia were stained with vimentin antiserum and not with GFAP antiserum. Conclusions are that radial fibers do not determine the formation of longitudinal cytoarchitectonic patterns in the chick cerebellum and that vimentin is the main cytoskeletal component of Bergmann fibers and astroglial cells in embryonic and adult chicken cerebellum.