bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Robert Coover’s The Origin of the Brunists (1971) Justin Miller, editor of the local newspaper, reflects on the fact that he “had read Revelations at the age of thirteen and never quite got over it.” That happens to a lot of people who read the Book of Revelation - even so-called scholars - and it is from a scholarly point of view (specifically that of a literary and social historian of early Christianity) that the following chapters have been written. A book like Revelation can grip people in different ways, and it is not easy to explain just how the scholarly “grip” differs from, for example, Coover’s Brunists who use the Book of Revelation to illumine an unfinished note of a preacher-miner killed in a mining explosion. Nor is the scholar likely to be gripped by the book as a window into the future of Middle Eastern affairs, with the number of the beast, 666, enigmatically identifying the Soviet Union or Iran. I could say that the scholar is systematic in his or her approach to the Book of Revelation. But the Brunists and other millenarians, as they decode the book, are probably just as systematic as a social or intellectual historian of early Christianity, though in a different way.
The Linguistic Unity of the Book of Revelation
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language of Revelation transmits a tremendous amount of information; the task is to make that language disclose its secrets — about the message that John is sending, the vision of the world that informs his message, his situation in the church and the Roman Empire, the network of social relationships inside and outside the Christian communities addressed by the seer, and the shape of the language itself — its syntax, genre, and ordinary and metaphoric significance. All of that information is interwoven in the seer’s language. For analytic purposes, however, we shall consider first the language itself and the vision created by it. No synopsis can remain simple and at the same time reflect the subtle connections among words, phrases, sentences, and scenes of Revelation. The seer’s text can, however, be blocked out into sections by following certain organizational principles suggested in Revelation itself. The following outline is both approximate and preliminary.
Christians in the Province of Asia
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the basis of the previous chapter it would at best be hazardous to assume an empire wide political crisis during Domitian’s reign. Writers such as Pliny, Tacitus, Suetonius, and Dio Chrysostom cannot be appealed to uncritically as evidence for corruption, terror, and intensification of imperial demands for divinity under Domitian. As we have seen, Domitian served those writers as foil for Trajan: Trajan’s rule as proper “leader” (princeps) was enhanced by portraying Domitian as a tyrant, just as Trajan’s proper humanity was enhanced by Domitian’s exaggerated divinity. Domitian was no more or less demanding an emperor than those who came before or after him. It would be a mistake to interpret the Book of Revelation as a response to Domitian’s supposed excessive claims to divinity or to a reign of terror at the end of Domitian’s rule. Domitian provided economic and political stability for the whole empire at least as well as did other emperors at the end of the first century and the beginning of the second. John of Revelation is concerned, however, with Christian life in a very specific location in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He writes to seven churches in seven cities in the province of Asia along the western edge of Asia Minor. He experienced his visions on the island of Patmos, off the city of Miletus. Thus, within the Roman Empire, Revelation is to be associated with urban life in the province of Asia. Conditions there are more important to him than life at Rome, and the social and political institutions and arrangements in those cities of Asia are the backdrop for Revelation. For that reason we turn now to local conditions in Asia. The procedure will be to move in ever-larger concentric circles, beginning with Christian life in the province of Asia (the present chapter), then Jewish life in that province (chap. 8), and finally, social, economic, and political life in the cities of Asia where Christians lived and worked (chap. 9). Throughout these chapters special attention will be given to Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea-the cities of Asia mentioned in the Book of Revelation.
Urban Life in the Province of Asia
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two chapters have shown that Christians and Jews in Asia were not isolated from economic and political social structures in the cities where they worshipped and worked. In this chapter I shall consider more systematically some of the features of urban life only alluded to in the previous two chapters. The focus here win be on the organization of cities and the economic and political connections between the cities in Asia and the larger empire. Implicit throughout the chapter is the thesis that political, economic, and social relations within the cities and between the cities and the empire were stable. Those relations provide no basis for assuming crises between empire and province or among classes within the cities of the province. Life in the cities was fairly prosperous and the social structures provided benefits for all; though, allways, the wealthy received more benefits than the poor. In other words, life in the provinces under Domitian was carried on much as it had been and would be for at least another century. Where possible, I provide examples of this life from Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamum, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, and Laodicea, the circle of seven cities in the Book of Revelation.
Postscript: Religious Language and the Social Order
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where are the Christian-filled lions? Where is crazed Domitian who sends out his legions against hapless Christians? Where are the oppressed slaves with crosses proudly worn inside their tunics? Where is the crazed seer caught in a state of spiritual madness? It all seems so ordinary: an emperor who negotiates political decisions with senators and provincials so as to assure stability in the empire; economic prosperity and social integration of cities in the Asian province where John and his audience live; for the most part a coincidence between life-styles and attitudes of Christians and non-Christians in those cities. The Book of Revelation does not contradict this portrait: there are few indications of crises involving institutions outside the Christian communities, every indication that the seer is writing in a particular generic tradition that influences his choice of images, his construction of scenes, and his portrait of the world. His audience is made up of ordinary people committed to Christianity: people sharing in the provincial prosperity, albeit some more than others; a diverse group from different social locations who find an alternative vision to the public order attractive.
Introduction
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a Western-especially an American-perspective, Japan appears to share many characteristics of other East Asian societies. The legacy of Chinese influence is manifest in Japan’s language, its arts, religion, and the most basic perceptions of the individual’s relationships to family, community, and nation. These include prevailing social definitions of authority and the role of the state. The Japanese like their East Asian neighbors seem to accept the perogative of those who rule to intervene and regulate nearly all aspects of community life subject, however, to a moral obligation to govern with empathy and benevolence.
Lawsuits and Lawyers: The Making of a Myth
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically the Japanese have been quite litigious. Adjudication, as we have seen, is among the oldest and most developed processes for social control in Japan. By the end of the eighteenth century, the substantive rules of Japanese law were as much the product of a well-established judicial process of articulation and enforcement as administrative fiat. Japanese procedural law rivaled the rationality and sophistication of any European system. Judicial duties had become a major function of the daikan, the frontline Tokugawa samurai official. Even a prevenient legal profession had emerged; In a narrowly defined class of claims recognized as “money suits,” an adjudicatory enforcement process had evolved and expanded with the rise of commerce in the eighteenth century.
Bureaucrats and Business: Administrative Power Constrained
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paradigm of the administrative state has long been the dominant vision of governance in the modern Japanese state. Governmental intrusion into all areas of life has been widely viewed as characteristic of Japan since the Meiji era. The power, prestige, and ubiquitous presence of Japanese officialdom has been a constant theme. Views may vary from Robert Ward’s restrained understatement that “since the Meiji restoration ... the bureaucracy has been very important in the Japanese political system” to Dan Henderson’s hyperbole that in Japan, “[r]ather than a rule of law, a rule of bureaucrats prevails.”
Epilogue
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Thoreau, "to speak somewhere without bounds" was to speak "like a man in a waking moment, to men in their waking moments ..." (Walden 289). Gothic romancers choose instead to speak in the language of dreams-those moments when, in their view, the mind is most free "to expatiate through the boundless realms of invention." Pierre's sublime journey into the mountains takes place not in a waking moment but in a sightless state of "torpor-some horrible foretaste of death itself," "a state of semi-unconsciousness" (476).
Gothic Romance and Women’s Reality in Jane Eyre
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth-century writer who gave most audacious expression to the latent, subversive message of women’s Gothic, and to the anger it implied, was Charlotte Bronte. Because Jane Eyre itself became a prototype for so much later women’s Gothic and perhaps because Villette did not, the subtlety of Bronte’s transformation of the genre in those two works has never received the attention it deserves. This extraordinary transformation develops the submerged meanings of the genre through an interlocking treatment of the themes of self-defense, knowledge, repetition, and transcendence.
Epilogue
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charlotte Bronte's importance as an artist in the Gothic tradition cannot be overestimated. It was she, among nineteenth-century writers, who saw most clearly the confusion of me and not-me in women's most terrifying experience of themselves-who saw the hidden identity of the ghostly other selves that haunt the female mind and the forces of oppression whose violence shapes those ghosts in its own image, making them at the sanle time both self and fearful Other.
Introduction
Authors: Finn John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Book Twelve of The Odyssey, Lady Kirke draws Odysseus aside from the celebration of his success at the houses of death to warn of the trials that still await him on his long journey home.’ The loveliest and most perilous of these are the Seirenes, whose soulful melodies bewitch and entrance mere men. Anxious to hear their serenade and yet keep his mind, Odysseus, with Kirke’ s assistance, devises a plan: His crew must lash him to the mast of his ship and plug up their ears with beeswax so as to hear neither the Seirenes nor his cries to release him. Odysseus must then remain there, back to the mast, lashed to the mast, until the Seirenes’ song is faint in the distance.
A Theory of Constitutional Maintenance and Constitutional Crises
Authors: Finn John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crises pose two distinct challenges to any constitution’ s claim to perpetuity. In the first, narrower, instance, crises raise issues of how (and when) to interpret specific provisions in a constitutional document. Almost every modern constitution makes some explicit provision for crisis government. Article I, Section 9, of the U.S. Constitution authorizes suspension of the writ of habeas corpus “when in cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.” Section 8 also empowers Congress to declare war, raise armies, and provide militia to suppress insurrections.
Political Violence and Antiterrorism Legislation in Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Authors: Finn John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constitutional maintenance has at least two dimensions. As we saw in the preceding chapter, one concerns the reconstruction of constitutional forms and structures in societies where particular constitutional orders have failed. Fidelity to constitutional values in such cases requires that the process of reconstruction take place in certain ways. If the process is to succeed, it must also take place in certain types of conditions, conditions in which constitutionalism’ s commitment to reason can flourish. That commitment cannot prosper in communities where reason has been supplanted by or must compete with violence as the primary means of politics.
Constitutional Reconstruction, Militant Democracy, and Antiterrorism Legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Finn John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989 the Federal Republic of Germany celebrated the fortieth anniversary of its constitutional charter, the Basic Law. The remarkable success and continuing vitality of constitutional democracy in the Federal Republic-at four decades, it has proven Germany’ s most durable democratic state-has, of course, much to do with the country’ s economic renewal and the particular historical forces that conditioned its founding. Germany’ s second defeat in a world war, unlike its first, did not give rise to a stab in the back myth or to internal recriminations that prevented the new regime from consolidating legitimacy.
The Bear and the Porcupine
Authors: Hannay Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Sidney, daughter of Mary Dudley and Henry Sidney, was born into a family alliance that achieved great power in England, Ireland, and Wales. ·The families of both her father and her mother had come from relative obscurity to prominence under Henry VIII, flourished under young Edward VI, survived the reign of Queen Mary, and returned to power in the early years of Queen Elizabeth I. The Dudleys, however, repeatedly rose higher and fell farther than the Sidneys. To Sir William Sidney, who had distinguished himself at the Battle of Flodden, Henry VIII entrusted his son. As chamberlain for the infant Edward, Sidney presided over a household at Hampton Court that included his wife as governess and his sister-in-law Sybil Penne as dry nurse. Because of the king’s desperate que,st for a male heir, extraordinary precautions were taken with “the hall realmes most pretyou.,;e Ioyall”; Sidney and his staff were instructed to “forsee that all dangiers and aduersaryes of malikious persones and kasual harmes (if any be) shall be vigilanty forseene and auoyded.”1 Sidney was to procure the best food, make certain that the prince’s linen was “purely washed,” and have all new clothing made clean and perfumed “soe that . . . his grace make haue no harme” (f 46).
“A Most Heroical Spirit”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Sidney’s life was divided neatly into segments by family deaths. The deaths of her father, her mother, and particularly her brother Philip had impelled her Phoenix-like rise as a writer and patron. The death of Pembroke abruptly ended that role, for widowhood brought the loss of position, money, prestige, and-at least for a time-the leisure necessary to write. Her business letters from the early years of her widowhood, together with court records, demonstrate her involvement in politics and administration. Despite the prevailing assumption that her life was “quiet” and that “records of her life become scanty’’ after her husband’s death, recently discovered letters and court cases make those first years of the Stuart era the best-documented years of her life, as she sought to establish her family in the new regime.1 Five of her letters, four to Sir Julius Caesar and one to the Earl and Countess of Shrewsbury, concern a “fowleabuce” committed against her by “that bace Mathew.” Written in 1603 and 1604, after the death of Pembroke and of Queen Elizabeth, they evidence the increasing frustration that Mary Sidney felt in her attempts to obtain justice against her former employee Edmund Mathew, who had defied her authority in Cardiff, stolen her jewels, planned the murder of her trusted servant Hugh Davyd, and yet succeeded in convincing the new king that she was merely a hysterical woman slandering Mathew himself; even her son William seems to have turned against her, although she was defending his rights. For recourse, she turned first to Sir Julius Caesar, Knight of His Majesty’s Requests, and then to her son’s prospective father-inlaw, the Earl of Shrewsbury.
Wordsworth, Margaret, and The Pedlar
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“On the whole poets are known by the best versions of their works: Wordsworth is almost exclusively known by his worst.” So wrote Jonathan Wordsworth, provocatively; to diminish such misrepresentation, he published in 1969 MS. D of the poem which later became Book I of The Excursion.In that middle stage the poet separated the two parts that had been together in MS.
Michael, Luke, and Wordsworth
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael is one of the most warmly praised of Wordsworth’s poems; few will dissent from the verdict of Karl Kroeber in his Romantic Narrative Art that it is “the high point of Wordsworth’s narratives.”1 To account for the moving power of the story, however, is not easy: the final effect on us is greater than analysis of its naturalistic texture can explain. “Unimpressive detail” and a “paucity of notable incident,” in Kroeber’s words, yield a poem that yet engages our deepest feelings. This chapter seeks the source of the engagement in the unspoken emotional tension underlying the narrative, generated in particular about the figure of Luke and by the major silences of the poem.
Wordsworth and Gray’s Sonnet on the Death of West
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, despite all demonstrations of continuity with the eighteenth century, the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads (1800) is still taken as a turning point in English literary history, it is largely because Wordsworth presents himself as making such a rupture with the past. Thomas Gray figures largely in his act of self-definition. Concerned to advance the view that there “neither is nor can be any essential difference” between the language of prose and that of good poetry, Wordsworth embodies its opposite in Gray, whom he describes as “more than any other man curiously elaborate in the structure of his own poetic diction.”
Tales and Politics: The Corsair, Lara, and The White Doe of Rylstone
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phrase poetry and politics evokes two immediate and more or less obvious meanings: the political milieu in which poems are written and published, and the political attitudes explicitly or tacitly evinced in poems. But there is another politics of poems, one that is usually lost to later generations of readers. It is a politics of physical presentation, of dedications, appendices, prices and sizes of volumes, illustrations, and other contextual matters. When we come to the same poems in collected works, anthologies, or whatever forms of subsequent publication we meet with, that original aspect has become invisible.
The Hone-ing of Byron’s Corsair
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attention to the technology of reproduction reveals, as does scarcely any other line of inquiry, the decisive importance of reception; it thereby allows the correction, within limits, of the process of reification undergone by the work of art. Consideration of mass art leads to a revision of the concept of genius; it is a reminder not to overlook the invoice which alone allows the inspiration involved in the genius of a work of art to become fruitful. “ You should not let those fellows publish false ‘Don Juans,’” Byron protested to his publisher, John Murray, on learning that William Hone had brought out a spurious third canto of his poem.
“Will No One Tell Me What She Sings?”: The Solitary Reaper and the Contexts of Criticism
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wordsworth once told an acquaintance that “although he was known to the world only as a poet, he had given twelve hours of thought to the conditions and prospects of society, for one to poetry.”1 Despite such an important study as Carl Woodring’s Politics in English Romantic Poetry (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), criticism of Wordsworth until fairly recently often read as if he were imagined to possess a bicameral mind, with one chamber for society and another, walled apart, for poetry, as if, that is, Wordsworth’s lyrics stood apart from the recognized political aspirations of The Prelude and the conservatism of his later years.
The Unseen Seer and the Field: Consciousness in Sāmkhya and Yoga
Authors: Chapple Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the earliest text of Indian philosophy, the g Veda, comes an image that has profoundly influenced the Upanisads, the formal schools of Saryikhya and Yoga as well as epic and purānic literature. This image is a simple one: two birds in the same tree, one active, the other looking on. The identical passage quoted in the epigraph is repeated in the Mu0cjaka Upani ad (Ill:1: 1) and the Śvetāśvatara Upani ad (4:6). At first glance, this verse might appear to be a direct reference to dualism: two diametrically opposed birds are portrayed; one bird eats, the other does nothing. However, the tree, the universal symbol of life, brings the two together, linking them for as long as the one bird looks on or for as long as the other bird is not satisfied.
Biographical Overview
Authors: Anesko Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of their adult lives, Howells and James had to suffer the conjunction that made them into a collective noun: the grammar of literary history can be peculiar. While destiny brought the two men together, the formative circumstances of their early lives probably could not have been more dissimilar. William Dean Howells grew up in a series of frontier towns and villages, where he seldom had the benefit of formal education; he found a schoolroom wherever his improvident father occasionally set up shop to publish newspapers. The Jameses could afford to be more glamorously itinerant, since the family patriarch derived an annual income of ten thousand dollars from inherited property and investments. Whatever their later affinities, no one would ever suspect that Henry James could have written My Year in a Log Cabin. A familiar string of paired opposites describes these authors well: East/West, urban/rural, cosmopoli- tan/provincial, patrician/democratic. A reader of their correspondence will often feel the tensions suggested by such juxtapositions Beneath these obvious differences, though, less tangible correspondences exist. Paternal idealisms, inspired by the reformed Christian doctrines of Emmanuel Swedenborg, flickered brightly in both families. The spirit of utopian socialism suffuses almost all of Henry James Sr.’s published work (the true destiny of man, he fervently believed, could only be realized through society, not selfish individualism).