Outcomes of Patients with Multiple Myeloma and 1q Gain/Amplification Receiving Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: The MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience
Authors: Pasvolsky Oren , Ghanem Sassine , Milton Denái R. , Rauf Mikael , Tanner Mark R. , Bashir Qaiser , Srour Samer A. , Saini Neeraj Y. , Lin Paul , Ramdial Jeremy , Nieto Yago , Khan Hina N. , Kebriaei Partow , Lee Hans C. , Patel Krina K. , Thomas Sheeba K. , Weber Donna M. , Orlowski Robert Z. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Champlin Richard E. , Qazilbash Muzaffar H. 
Published: December 2023

Background: There is contradictory data regarding the prognostic impact of additional copy numbers of chromosome 1q (1q+) on the outcomes of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients, and there is scarce data in the context of autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT). In this report, we studied outcomes of NDMM patients with 1q+ who received induction with contemporary anti-myeloma agents, followed by autoSCT and post-transplant maintenance therapy.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center chart review analysis of adult NDMM patients with 1q21 gain or amplification (3 or ≥4 copies of 1q, respectively; 1q+) detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that received autoSCT between 2008-2018. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were the primary endpoints.
Results: 213 NDMM patients with 1q+ were included in the analysis, with a median age of 62.5 years and 53% were male. Overall, 169 (79%) patients had 1q gain, while 44 (21%) patients had 1q amplification. The most commonly used induction and conditioning regimens were bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRD) (41%) and melphalan (77%), respectively (Table 1). At day 100 after autoSCT and at best post-transplant response, 78% and 87% of patients achieved ≥VGPR, 34% and 56% achieved CR, 38% and 50% achieved MRD negative ≥VGPR, respectively. The median PFS and OS for the entire cohort were 35.5 months and 81.4 months, respectively. 1q amplification was associated with inferior PFS compared to 1q gain (HR=2.03, 95% CI 1.36-3.03, p&lt;0.001; Figure 1).
On multivariable assessment (MVA) for PFS, MRD negative &gt;VGPR before autoSCT and at day 100 post-transplant [(HR=0.56, 95% CI 0.36-0.86, p=0.009) and (HR=0.64, 95% CI 0.44-0.94, p=0.022), respectively] were associated with better PFS, whereas 1q amplification was associated with inferior PFS (HR=1.94, 95% CI 1.29-2.92, p=0.001). On MVA for OS, R-ISS stage III (HR=4.08, 95% CI 1.07-15.50, p=0.039) was associated with inferior OS, whereas achieving MRD negative &gt;VGPR at best post-transplant response was associated with superior OS (HR=0.45, 95% CI 0.24-0.85, p=0.014).
Notably, the percentage of cells with 1q+ was not associated with PFS nor with OS, both when evaluated as a continuous variable and when evaluated as a categorical variable using thresholds of either 30% or 50%. The presence of additional high-risk cytogenetic abnormalities did not adversely affect survival outcomes.
Conclusions: Patients with NDMM and 1q+, especially 1q amplification, have poor survival outcomes, despite the use of contemporary induction regimens, upfront autoSCT and post-transplant maintenance. These patients may benefit from novel treatment modalities, such as CAR-T and bispecific antibodies, earlier in their disease course.