bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Crime Pay
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most Americans are not aware that the US prison population has tripled over the past two decades, nor that the US has the highest rate of incarceration in the industrialized world. Despite these facts, politicians from across the ideological spectrum continue to campaign on "law and order" platforms and to propose "three strikes"--and even "two strikes"--sentencing laws. Why is this the case? How have crime, drugs, and delinquency come to be such salient political issues, and why have enhanced punishment and social control been defined as the most appropriate responses to these complex social problems? Making Crime Pay: Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics provides original, fascinating, and persuasive answers to these questions. According to conventional wisdom, the worsening of the crime and drug problems has led the public to become more punitive, and "tough" anti-crime policies are politicians' collective response to this popular sentiment. Katherine Beckett challenges this interpretation, arguing instead that the origins of the punitive shift in crime control policy lie in the political rather than the penal realm--particularly in the tumultuous period of the 1960s.
Situations and Attitudes
Authors: Barwise Jon , Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reading the early work in logic by Frege and Russell, one can hardly fail to be struck by the extent to which their thinking was shaped by a concern to understand the verbs of cognitive attitudes, verbs like wonder, believe, and know. In spite of this concern, and all the subsequent progress in logic, there is still no satisfactory systematic account of the logic of the attitudes. In this paper we outline an approach which we believe will lead to a satisfactory and systematic account. For our sample of verbs we take see, know, believe, and say. Situations are basic an ubiquitous. We are always in some situation or other. Human cognitive activity categorizes these situations in terms of objects having attributes and standing in relations to one another at locations—connected regions of space-time. Human languages reflect (and enhance) this cognitive activity by giving us a way of communicating information about situations, both those we find ourselves in and those removed from us in space and time.
Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism
Authors: Adler Paul S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on an article that was framed as part of an ongoing debate on the evolution of organizational forms. Recent conceptualizations of this evolution have focused on the relative importance of markets, hierarchies, and hybrid intermediate forms. I attempt to advance the discussion by distinguishing three idealtypical forms of organization and their corresponding coordination mechanisms: market/ price, hierarchy/authority, and community/ trust. I argue that different institutions combine the three forms/mechanisms in different proportions. Economic and organizational theory have shown that, compared to trust, price and authority are relatively ineffective means of dealing with knowledge-based assets. Therefore, as knowledge becomes increasingly important in our economy, one should expect high-trust institutional forms to proliferate. The chapter briefly reviews trends in employment relations, interdivisional relations, and interfirm relations and finds evidence suggesting that the effect of growing knowledge intensity may indeed be a trend toward greater reliance on trust. There is also reason to believe that the form of trust most effective in this context is a distinctively modern kind-”reflective trust”-as opposed to traditionalistic, “blind” trust. Such a trend to reflective trust threatens the privileges of currently dominant social actors, and these actors’ resistance, in combination with the complex interdependencies between price, authority, and trust mechanisms, imparts a halting character to the trend.
Knowledge, Context, and the Management of Variation
Authors: Despres Charles , Chauvel Daniele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge management has apparently come of age. This concept now has a role in MBA and even PhD curricula, is a keyword in bibliographic databases, forms the conceptual nucleus of a developing literature, is sought after by leading firms, and is just as readily prescribed by all the major consultants. Professionals and academics apparently agree that knowledge management is a sensible approach to the new age of business, and an increasing number are working to develop its potential. Just what they are working on enjoys less agreement. In a previous work (Despres and Chauvel 1999) we reported that the meanings associated with “knowledge management” are multiple rather than singular, and that the field has a set of intellectual roots that are neither incongruous nor consistent, but certainly different in their understanding of the matter. A scan for definitions of knowledge management in books, articles, and web sites reveals that most rely heavily on the distinction of data, information, and knowledge. One commonly encounters the metaphor of a hierarchy in this regard, with stimuli and data at the bottom, information in the middle, and meaningful knowledge at the upper levels. The objective is to act on high value-adding knowledge rather than the comparatively less useful data and stimuli that surround our activities, and the prescribed ways of doing so differ from one knowledge architect to another.
The Role of Social Capital and Organizational Knowledge in Enhancing Entrepreneurial Opportunities in High-Technology Environments
Authors: Carolis Donna Marie De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creating, developing, and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities in organizations comprise some of the most important and complicated managerial responsibilities. The importance lies in the fact that organizational renewal is a prerequisite for survival particularly in dynamic industry environments. The complication lies in the mystery of entrepreneurship itself, which defies traditional managerial approaches. The challenge of managing and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities is particularly acute in firms operating in high-technology environments. The processes and routines for generating, exchanging, and combining knowledge are in a continual state of ferment, as knowledge in the industry is changing at a fast pace. As science and technology advance, so too should the state of organizational knowledge. Consequently, while firms are struggling to establish a design or template for assimilating knowledge, the requisite knowledge itself is in a continual state of flux, leaving open the possibility that any selected design may be inappropriate.The ephemeral knowledge bases in technology-intensive environments require that firms rely in part on social capital as a capacity for action.
Gene-Environment Interaction and Risk to Oral Clefts
Authors: Zeiger Joanna S , Beaty Terri H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral clefts include cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), and cleft lip and palate (CLP); and collectively these constitute a heterogeneous group of nonfatal birth defects known to be multifactorial in origin, in that both genes and environmental factors contribute to their etiology (Mitchell et al., 2001). It is possible to reduce heterogeneity in a sample of oral cleft cases by eliminating infants with recognized malformation syndromes (genetic or teratogenic) that can include oral clefts and infants with multiple anomalies that may not fall into any recognized malformation syndrome. Even so, isolated, nonsyndromic oral clefts represent a complex and heterogeneous group of birth defects where there is strong evidence of an etiologic role for both genetic and environmental factors. It is imperative, therefore, to design studies of oral clefts so that the effects of both genes and environmental factors, as well as their possible interaction, are considered. A variety of study designs are available, each with its own advantages and limitations. Here, we review how these different study designs can be used to test for gene-environment interaction and then describe published studies of oral clefts which incorporate gene-environment interactions to one degree or another. In epidemiologic studies, interaction occurs when the joint effect of two risk factors is greater (synergism) or less than a simple combination of their individual effects (Rothman, 1986).
Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This clear and lucid primer fills an important need by providing a comprehensive account of the many new developments in the study of metaphor over the last twenty years and their impact on our understanding of language, culture, and the mind. Beginning with Lakoff and Johnson's seminal work in Metaphors We Live By, Kövecses outlines the development of “the cognitive linguistic theory of metaphor” by explaining key ideas on metaphor. He also explores primary metaphor, metaphor systems, the “invariance principle,” mental-imagery experiments, the many-space blending theory, and the role of image schemas in metaphorical thought. He examines the applicability of these ideas to numerous related fields.
Immunodeficiencies with Associated Manifestations of Skin, Hair, Teeth, and Skeleton
Authors: Abinun Mario , Kaitila Ilkka , Casanova Jean-Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In several complex syndromes associated with immunodeficiency (reviewed by Ming et al., 1996, 1999), immunological defects are combined with abnormalities of the skin, hair, and teeth. Most of these conditions, such as the Chediak-Higashi syndrome, Griscelli syndrome, Kotzot syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Omenn syndrome, and dyskeratosis congenita, have been reviewed (Ming et al., 1996, 1999; Pignata et al., 2001) and are discussed in other chapters in this book (see Chapters 12, 29, 33–35, 40, and 41). A mutation in the human ortholog of the nude/whn gene (Frank et al., 1999; Pignata et al., 2001) has been identified in only one family and thus will not be reviewed here. We will focus on two syndromes associated with skin, hair, dental, and skeletal anomalies: anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), and cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH).
The Major Adult Cardiovascular Diseases: A Global Historical Perspective
Authors: Stamler Jeremiah , Neaton James D , Garside, Daniel B , Daviglus Martha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major adult cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have their nutritional, metabolic, and pathophysiologic beginnings early in life. The epidemic onslaught of these diseases is due to multiple adverse environmental exposures, particularly adverse lifestyles, from preconception on, in populations of general genetic susceptibility (related to evolution of the human species). Starting in the late nineteenth century, pathologic studies showed that early cholesterol lipid-laden atherosclerotic lesions (aortic, coronary) can occur in the first and second decades of life (Hueper, 1944, 1945; Katz and Stamler, 1953). Linked with clinical investigation, such studies demonstrated that younger people with diseases producing endogenous hypercholesterolemia are prone to atherosclerotic lesions early in life. These diseases associated with elevated plasma cholesterol, include genetic hyperbetalipoproteinemia, hypothyroidism, biliary obstruction, nephrosis, and type 1 diabetes (Katz and Stamler, 1953). These observations, on otherwise unrelated diseases involving diverse endogenous metabolic abnormalities producing hypercholesterolemia, fostered the inference that serum cholesterol was importantly related to the large accumulations of cholesterol (especially esterified cholesterol) in early intimal atherosclerotic plaques.
Low-Risk Cardiovascular Status: Impact on Cardiovascular Mortality and Longevity
Authors: Stamler Jeremiah , Daviglus Martha L , Garside Daniel B , Greenland Philip , Eberly Lynn E , Yang, Lingfeng , Neaton James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decades of research document conclusions and concepts about the natural his tory, etiology, and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Key relevant factors include: Multiple aspects of lifestyle, first and foremost dietary patterns high in several macronutrients (total, saturated, and trans fatty acids, cholesterol, salt, sugars), high in caloric density (concentrated calories from fats and refined carbohydrates), and relatively low in specific micronutrients (e.g., K, Mg, Ca, P, folate), fiber, and the ratio of essential nutrients to calories; excessive intake of alcohol, for a proportion of the population; and low levels of habitual physical activity of work and leisure, resulting in epi demic levels of overweight and obesity.
Nonmajor clinically significant depression in the elderly
Authors: Kumar Anand , Lavretsky, Helen , Elderkin-Thompson Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical depression in the elderly is associated with striking medical and psychosocial consequences. These include more frequent visits to physicians’ offices, absenteeism, use of tranquilizers, and suicide attempts. Amplification of associated medical and cognitive difficulties together with a substantial decline in overall productivity are also hallmarks of mood disorders in late life (Lavretsky and Kumar, 2002; Lebowitz et al., 1997). While major depressive disorder (MOD) is the best recognized and characterized depressive syndrome in the elderly, other depressive syndromes and subsyndromal disorders are also associated with significant functional impairment and disability (Beck and Koenig, 1996; Beekman 1997; Geiselmann and Bauer, 2000; Judd et al., 1996; Koenig et al., 1997). These clinical categories have received minimal attention in the psychiatric literature.
Antidepressant medication for the treatment of late-life depression
Authors: Roose Steven , Sackeim Harold A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pharmacological treatment of late-life depression has been strongly influenced by three principles that are based primarily, if not exclusively, on clinical observation: (1) older patients do not respond at the same rate or as robustly as younger patients, (2) older patients take longer to respond to antidepressant medication and consequently require extended treatment trials, and (3) older patients have a higher rate of side effects and adverse events than younger adults. Despite the prevalence and clinical significance of late-life depression, there is still a relative paucity of data from randomized, controlled trials (RCT) to serve as the basis for conclusions about antidepressant medication efficacy and safety in late-life samples. Consequently, the principles that inform the use of antidepressants for late-life depression in the clinical situation have largely gone untested. Recently, a number of well-designed RCTs of antidepressant treatment in late-life depression have been completed. Results of these studies, as well as new analyses of extant data, allow evidence-based conclusions about the efficacy and optimal duration of acute treatment with antidepressant medications.
Substance abuse co-morbidity
Authors: Oslin David w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of late-life addictive disorders is a growing public health concern. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the abuse of addictive substances is common among older adults. Moreover, substance abuse in early adulthood can have lasting effects into late life, including an increase in the likelihood of developing other late-life mental health problems. Thus, in measuring the impact of addictions on older adults, one must consider the lifetime use and abuse of these substances. This chapter will focus on the intersection between the use and abuse of addictive substances and the presence and course of depressive disorders. Emphasis will be placed on those substances that are most commonly abused by older adults, namely, alcohol, cigarettes, and benzodiazepines. Only brief attention will be given to other abused drugs.
Radicalism, Unionism, and the Depression
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1932, with the United States facing its most severe depression ever, a destitute and desperate Nick Colletta left Chicago for Detroit in search of work. By late July, Mr. Colletta, having had little luck, wrote to the Chicago Commons settlement staff: “I haven’t any hope to take work now, because in every place there is worst business. And about the future there is pessimist [sic]. I don’t know what I shall do.
. . . I will continue to fight for the life until I can’t fight, and when I shall see that it is impossible and in vain to fight, I shall decide what I should do.
. . . Now life seems to me strange and hard. It seems that the moral of the humanity goes down.” Many working-class Chicagoans shared Colletta’s despair. Over 40 percent of the city’s workforce was unemployed and even those with jobs faced severe problems. Employers all over the city drastically reduced the hours and incomes of their workers, pushing millions of Chicagoans to the brink of starvation, into the streets, or both. With over two hundred Chicago families facing evictions weekly in the summer of 1931, “Hoovervilles” sprouted up at the eastern end of Randolph Street and in Grant Park, both in the Loop area.
Protecting Collective Voice and Promoting Cooperation in the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the law that governs the demographics of the workplace and that aims to promote intergroup equality—what I have called “the equal protection clause” of the workplace—produces both intended and unintended effects on intergroup relations and the quality of workplace interactions. Let us now extend our inquiry to the law that affects workplace interactions and relationships among co-workers generally. What could the law do to enrich the capacity of workplaces to foster constructive co-worker interactions and relations within what we hope will be demographically integrated workforces?
What follows skips across the surface of a vast landscape of labor and employment law. Even more than my foray into the law of intergroup equality, this is offered as a quick tour of some sites of interest and a glance down some of the possible pathways of reform. We will begin by looking for some footholds in existing law for the promotion of informal sociability, cooperation in the work itself, and the sharing of workplace concerns among co-workers.
No Margin, No Mission
Authors: Pearson Steven D , Sabin James E , Emanuel Ezekiel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can the ethical mission of health care survive among organizations competing for survival in the marketplace? On this question hinges not only the future of health care in the US, but that of the health care systems of all advanced countries. This book presents both an analytic framework and a menu of pragmatic answers. The team of authors, physician-ethicists from Harvard Medical School and the National Institutes of Health, worked with a consortium of health care organizations to explore some of the most challenging dilemmas in health care today: How can health plans determine medical necessity in a way that ensures quality care, controls costs, and builds trust with patients and physicians? What are the strategies for caring for vulnerable populations that meet their special needs without dramatically increasing costs? To answer these and other similar questions the authors blend ethical analysis with real-world example. The outcome is a rich analysis of the ethical challenges facing health care organizations, combined with tangible examples of exemplary methods to address these challenges. This book will help health care leaders, regulators, and policy makers incorporate exemplary practices, and the underlying themes they embody, into the very heart and soul of health care organizations.
Language meatters
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is Ebonics really a dialect or simply bad English? Do women and men speak differently? Will computers ever really learn human language? Does offensive language harm children? These are only a few of the issues surrounding language that crop up every day. Most of us have very definite opinions on these questions one way or another. Yet as linguist Donna Jo Napoli points out in this short and highly entertaining volume, many of our most deeply held ideas about the nature of language and its role in our lives are either misconceived or influenced by myths and stereotypes.L Napoli provides an entertaining tour through the world of language, examining these and other vexing and controversial language-related questions. Throughout, she encourages and leads the reader to use common-sense and everyday experience rather than preconceived notions or technical linguistic expertise. Both her questions and her conclusions are surprising, sometimes provocative, and always entertaining. This volume is sure to engage both general readers and students of language and linguistics at any level.L
within ourselves: psychological needs that make us seek leaders
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An intricate cluster of psychological needs sparks our search for leaders. Together, those deep-seated forces impel us to find a safe and meaningful place in the world. They also seduce us into believing toxic leaders’ unfulfillable triple promise: to keep us safe, anoint us as special, and offer us a seat at the community table.
Torture, Terrorism, and Interrogation
Authors: Posner Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The well-grounded fears of international terrorism that were aroused by the attacks on the United States of September 11,2001 have led to a reconsideration of extreme measures for the protection of the nation, and among them is the use of torture to obtain information from suspected terrorists. At least three questions should be addressed: What methods of interrogation should the word “torture” connote? What criterion should be used to determine how coercive an interrogation should be permitted, whether or not it should be deemed torture? And what should be the legal regime for the application of the criterion to particular interrogations? Those are the three questions I address in this brief essay.
Chemokine Receptor and Ligand Genes
Authors: Tang Jianming “James” 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As members of the cytokine superfamily, small and inducible chemokine ligands (CLs) and their Gprotein–coupled, transmembrane receptors (CRs) form a complex entity in their own right. Some 44 structurally and functionally related CL genes and 20 CR genes have been identified in the human genome. Their protein products interact either on a strict oneto-one basis or with varying degrees of promiscuity and redundancy (Devalaraja and Richmond 1999; Luster 1998; Rossi and Zlotnik 2000). Signal transduction following CL–CR binding and receptor dimerization is responsible for a wide range of biological phenomena, including angiogenesis, inflammation, graft-versushost disease, and immune defense against microbial infections.