bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Children of Immigrants’ Academic Achievement
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For each of the children in our studies, school is a central part of life. After all, it is in the school context that the daily negotiations of peer and teacher relationships, as well as the development of ethnic identities, take place alongside children’s academic growth. For many families, regardless of ethnicity, a child’s education represents hope for the family’s future—a direct path to the better life sought by so many immigrant parents. In our studies (as detailed in the past three chapters), we saw many instances of academic achievement and high academic aspirations among children whose family economic circumstances (e.g., low parental education or family income) might predict otherwise. Nearly half (47%) of the children in our studies received A’s and B’s in school across the 3 years. But not all children were succeeding in school.
Communication Disorders and Language Disorders: Rough Definitions
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than fifty years, communication disorders and language disorders in children have been the focus of intense debate in the field of developmental pathology. There are two major schools of thought: on the one hand those observers who believe that the difficulties experienced by such children are caused by a disturbance of the higher neurological functions (a view deriving from a strictly mechanistic and cognitive approach) and on the other those who see language and especially communication as a process involving the whole person. In short, some take a strictly medical view, cognitive or neurocognitive, while some prefer not to exclude the psychic dimension and the light that can be shed on it by psychology and psychoanalysis.
Engagement with Language
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The style and quality of any individual’s speech depend on what the individual wants to do with it. One’s relation to the spoken word, how much of oneself one puts into the sounds of language, is not the same in insulting someone as it is in making a mathematical demonstration. We each have a range of ways of speaking, our parlances, so to speak. Each of them corresponds to a usage, a need, a situation, and a particular linguistic energy, if not to a separate neurological path. When trying to establish a therapeutic exchange with a child, one must obviously work with the parlances that he or she possesses. But it is essential to recognize that, if these parlances remain a mere set of isolated abilities, unconnected to one another, if the child cannot blend them or change from one situation to another without changing from one mode of expression to another, then language cannot grow together as a whole. In this chapter, I propose to discuss this diversity of parlances, first as it develops in normal children, which will enable an assessment of what happens with the child whose communication is disordered. It will be seen that, in the range of these parlances, two major distinctions can be made: one between automatic speech and intentional speech, and another between self-directed speech and talking to other people.
Ahlem, or Painful Transparency
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are children who can reach the age of three without ever speaking. Sometimes this can be the effect of a massive personality disorder, which so badly affects nonverbal communication that all speech is made impossible. With other children, this may not be the case, even with those who seem to be taking refuge in prostration, uncontrolled agitation, or weird rituals. When I met Ahlem for the first time, she appeared to be particularly listless, though her psychological difficulties were no more severe than neurosis. Her withdrawal was so profound because it was the result of a confluence of cognitive and aphasiological problems. In fact, she was not completely averse to all contact; once she had gained a little confidence in her own actions, her development toward speech took a normal course. However, as things improved, her difficulties became more pointed, and certain events, which were initially inexplicable, took on a new and remarkable significance.
Language and Symbolization
Authors: Grieve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the weather is bad and you stand out of the rain, in a doorway, with a neighbor who says, “A nasty day, eh?” his words tell you nothing about the state of the world that is not apparent to both of you. Nor are they intended as description: you can see for yourself that it is raining. They do not constitute a request, either—he does not expect you to lend him an umbrella. All he is doing is conveying to you a vague feeling of depression epitomized by the color of the sky. It would be offensive to interpret his comment differently and exclaim, “Sounds to me as though you’re depressed this morning, Monsieur Martin.” To do any such thing would be intrusive, unless you are close friends.
Principled Engagement Expanding Security through Opportunity
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should the United States apply its powers—in keeping with its principles—to achieve its large purposes abroad? In the case of America’s relations with its international neighbors, application of its political powers, to include diplomacy, alliances, agreements, and coalitions, is a place to start. We are now more than a decade beyond the Cold War, and we have failed to arrive at a comprehensive sense of America’s role in the post–Cold War, early twenty-first-century world. For almost half a century our central organizing principle, upon which both foreign policy and defense policy were built, was containment of communism. The world in which we now live defies the simplicity and predictability such a doctrine offered. And even containment of communism left unanswered the question of how to contain communism, a question that often divided our country deeply, not least between those, such as Henry Kissinger, advocating the use of power to promote our interests and those, such as Jimmy Carter, advocating adherence to human rights as defining of our values.
Familiar Size and the Perception of Depth
Authors: Hochberg Carol Barnes , Hochberg Julian E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the ‘‘cues’’ of depth perception and the techniques for the representation of space on two-dimensional surfaces, familiar size (2, 9, 28) is unique, being the only one which by its very definition requires past experience. Thus, while perspective might be a ‘‘learned cue,’’ it may instead be that symmetrical tridimensional objects are perceived, autochthonously, in place of less regular two-dimensional shapes (stimulus conditions permitting; cf. 20, pp. 159–160); interposition may be due to learning or, instead, to ‘‘completion’’ behind the overlapping object which prevented ‘‘good continuation’’ in two dimensions (cf. 25, pp. 115–118). Such depth ‘‘cues’’ may, as well as not, be direct stimuli for perceived depth, with no need for past experience. This view is opposed by Berkeley’s famous ‘‘demonstration’’ that distance has no direct stimuli (‘‘ .. . being a line directed endwise to the eye, it projects only one point in the fund of the eye, which point remains invariably the same, whether the distance be longer or shorter’’ [6, p. 13]), an argument which apparently makes the exceedingly dubious assumptions (20, p. 85; 26, p. 33n) that we are aware of our retinal images, that a sensation must somehow share the quale of its stimulus, and, since there is nothing ‘‘depth-like’’ in the proximal stimulus, that ‘‘depth’’ must come from some nonsensorial source, i.e., inference based on adventitious association (6, p. 201).
A Quantitative Approach to Figural ‘‘Goodness’’
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Mcalister Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empirical study of the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization is, despite their great heuristic value, frequently made difficult by their subjective and qualitative formulation. We wish to suggest here that it may be possible to achieve parallels to these ‘‘laws’’ of organization through analysis of the objective stimulus pattern. This approach differs from similar ones (1, 6) in the orienting hypothesis that, other things being equal, the probabilities of occurrence of alternative perceptual responses to a given stimulus (i.e., their ‘‘goodness’’) are inversely proportional to the amount of information required to define such alternatives differentially; i.e., the less the amount of information needed to define a given organization as compared to the other alternatives, the more likely that the figure will be so perceived.
Perception:Toward The Recovery Of A Definition
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perception, a word which once had a fairly limited meaning, has recently acquired a host of new (and frequently mutually contradictory [e.g., 26, 27]) ones. The shattering of the taxonomy of sensation, image, and percept (15,made it difficult to maintain the older definitions (e.g., perception equals sensations plus images). Since then, usage has ranged from a narrowing of ‘‘perception’’ almost to the previous connotations of ‘‘sensation’’ (27), to a widening which includes almost all cognition—e.g., ‘‘Symbolization makes possible perception at a distance where the immediate percept is only a symbol of a distant event’’ (26). So loose has the term become that today Murray might call his battery the Thematic Perception Test, and not arouse any great comment. This diffuseness renders the term almost meaningless, and, even if there were no more serious consequences, it tends to promote a feeling of false unity and community of subject matter among diverse disciplines which really use the word in quite different fashions (cf. 29).
Components Of Literacy Speculations And Exploratory Research
Authors: Hochberg Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must learn about the wide world that confronts us in installments, by very narrow glances in different directions, for our eyes register fine detail only within a very small region of the visual field. The integration of these serial glimpses into a single, apparently stable perceived world, with fine detail apparently equally distributed throughout, is usually very good, and the perceived world normally contains little hint of the continual changes of retinal image that occur as the eye sweeps the optic array confronting it. In consequence, the psychologist can often ignore the sequential nature of the sensory input by choosing the outer environment as his starting point when he analyzes the perceptual process (the optic array, the ‘‘picture plane,’’ the distal world itself). Where one is concerned with looking behaviors per se, however, this simplification is impossible. Especially in the case of the reading process, the limits of the single glance, the nature and determinants of the succession of glances, and the rules by which the contents of successive glances are integrated into a single perceptual structure are questions that cannot be disregarded.
Hochberg A Perceptual Psychologist
Authors: Gillam Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hochberg is often regarded as belonging to the cognitive end of perceptual theory. Several authors in the current volume highlight his opposition to Gibson, who denies a role for cognitive processes in perception, regarding it as a direct response to the optic array. Elsewhere, Hochberg is considered to be similar to Gregory and Rock in his emphasis on cognitive entities, which in Hochberg’s case are ‘‘schema’’ and ‘‘expectancy.’’ Hochberg (1974a) did indeed point to the limitations of Gibson’s approach and emphasized those aspects of perception that Gibson left unexplored, such as the selection and sequencing of what to look at. This selection, according to Hochberg, is based on expectancies that are guided by schema and interrogated by eye movements to selected aspects of the scene. The issue of the selection and sequencing of views becomes especially important in considering film, where the sequence is imposed rather than selected and for which the filmmaker must control both schema and visual input. Hochberg has brilliantly explored the principles underlying the successful sequencing of views in film, which clearly often depend for success on cognitive structures set up by previous views. But is his general position a cognitive one, in the sense that he considers that what is perceived is a construction or representation rather than a response to the stimulus? I shall argue that Hochberg is strongly in the perceptual tradition in his interest in the stimulus control of perception and that the cognitive aspects of his theory complement this stimulus-bound process rather than substitute for it. I’ll analyze this issue in connection with the following Hochbergian ideas: (1) the concept of schema and its role in perception; (2) the concept of local depth cues; (3) the emphasis on acquiring information for action via planned eye movements rather than from a representation; (4) the preference for strategies rather than entities in explaining perceptual selection; and (5) a strong empirical approach leading to the rejection of overriding principles for perception.
Integration Of Visual Information Across Saccades
Authors: Hayhoe Mary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important and also one of the most elusive issues in visual perception is the nature of the visual representations that span fixations. Many visual computations, such as perceiving the color or motion of a stimulus, can be accomplished within the time span of a single fixation. However, visual operations are normally embedded in the context of extended behavioral sequences. This means that many visual behaviors span several fixations. In the spatial domain, observers must maintain constancy of visual direction across different eye and head positions as a basis for coordinated actions. In the temporal domain, visual information acquired in one gaze position must be related in some way to the previous ones. Thus, some kind of internal model or representation of the environment, which persists across gaze positions, seems necessary to ensure coordinated movement. Our current understanding of the nature of this representation, however, is limited.
Scene Perception The World Through A Window
Authors: Intraub Helene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If photoreceptors coated our bodies instead of our retinas, we’d be able to see in all directions simultaneously—thus eliminating one of the fundamental mysteries of perception. Instead, the visual field is spatially limited, preventing us from ever seeing our surroundings all at once. Retinal inhomogeneity limits the view further—with the best visual acuity restricted to the tiny foveal region (only 2o of visual angle). In a sense, it as if the world is always viewed through a ‘‘window’’: an imperfect window, with graded clarity. Thus, movement is critical for scene perception; ballistic saccades shift the position of the foveae up to four times per second, and head movements rapidly bring new areas into view. How we come to experience a coherent representation of our surroundings based on these discrete, inhomogeneous samples is one of the mysteries of perception.
Hochberg And Inattentional Blindness
Authors: Mack Arien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since at least the 1980s, there has been ample, compelling evidence of the importance of attention for perceptual awareness, and over a much, much longer period, philosophers and armchair psychologists as distant from each other as Aristotle and William James have recognized the inextricable link between attention and consciousness. We now even have civil laws acknowledging the link. It is the reason that in many places in this country it has become illegal to drive while talking on a cell phone and why, if we do, we may find ourselves running into something in the road that we failed to see because we were distracted. It therefore is somewhat surprising that, despite the widely acknowledged link between attention and consciousness or attention and perception, it was not until quite recently that it has become overwhelmingly clear that we actually neither perceive nor are conscious of the many things around if us we do not attend to them. It is as if we were blind or deaf to these things even though they may be highly visible and highly audible.
Piecemeal Perception and Hochberg’s Window Grouping Of Stimulus Elements Over Distances
Authors: Pomerantz James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Julian Hochberg has always been one to take on the big questions in visual perception, and as a result, his reach of influence—including the range of people he has affected—has been long. For me, his most lasting influence is captured by one question that engaged him for years: Is there a spatial window in which perceptual organization occurs, particularly the organization governing the perception of form and of spatial layout? Hochberg argued that this window is small and that perception is principally a piecemeal affair rather than one based on global organization. Although there are cases where organization does seem to span large regions of visual space, recent evidence supports Hochberg’s contention.
Segmentation, Grouping, And Shape Some Hochbergian Questions
Authors: Kellman Philip J , Garrigan Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a privilege to contribute a chapter to this volume honoring Julian Hochberg. Such a volume is deserved, and overdue, simply on the basis of Hochberg’s contributions as one of the great perception scientists of the 20th century. What many contributors to this volume have in common, however, goes beyond that. We have benefited from Hochberg’s gifts as a teacher and mentor. In the process that allows the questions, tools, and insights in a discipline to be handed off from one generation to another, he has had a special and profound influence on his students, not only from his one-on-one interactions with them but also as they have been able to observe his approach to scholarship and science.
Failure Criteria for Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
5.1 Introduction
Products should be designed and manufactured to function as intended, safely and reliably, for the prescribed design lifetime and, at the same time, to compete successfully in the marketplace. Any change in the size, shape, or material properties of a machine or machine part that renders it incapable of performing its intended functional requirements must be regarded as a mechanical failure. Failure of a machine or machine part to function properly might be brought about by any one, or a combination, of many different responses to loads and environments while in service. For example, too much deformation (robot arms) or too little elastic deformation (archery bow) might produce failure. Progression of a crack due to fluctuating loads might lead to failure after a period of time if resulting excessive deflection or fracture of the part interferes with proper function.
Machining and Joining of Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
9.1 Introduction
The use of fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials is being extended to machine components, such as robot structures and machine tools, to exploit the benefits of high specific stiffness and high damping, as well as low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of these materials. For this end, several machining processes such as cutting, drilling, and grinding operations, become necessary after molding the components, using different processes to produce accurate surfaces and holes to allow precision fitting into an assembly. Although a large database of machinability for various high-speed steel and carbide cutting tool materials exists for machining metals, much of the data cannot be applied directly to fiber-reinforced composite materials due to the toughness and abrasive nature of the fibers.
Dynamic and Fatigue Performances of Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
10.1 Introduction
Fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials are used in a wide variety of structural applications because they have high specific stiffness (stiffness/density), specific strength (strength/density), and damping characteristics. Due to these beneficial properties, they have been used for structural materials of aircraft and space vehicles. As low-cost manufacturing technologies and mass production methods for composite structures have been developed, the applications of composite materials to leisure sport goods and auto bodies are increasing.
Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality
Authors: DuBois James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1597, Francis Bacon wrote, “Knowledge is power” (Bacon, 2002). Whereas philosophers traditionally pursued knowledge “for its own sake” or to develop their personalities, Bacon urged his readers to consider that knowledge has the power to transform the world. While Bacon focused on knowledge of technology and the transformation of nature, we should consider that knowledge is power in many other ways. On a societal level, advances in medical knowledge have led to higher standards of health and healing; advances in knowledge of engineering have led to better tools for work, communication, travel, and entertainment; and knowledge of various languages has brought access to the literature and discoveries of diverse cultures. Knowledge is also power for individuals. For example, knowledge of a profession may increase work opportunities and income with all of the benefits that brings; knowledge of a musical instrument can bring a sense of accomplishment and pleasure; knowledge of another person may enable love or friendship to develop. Without knowledge—of language, safe foods, and basic skills—human beings could not survive, much less thrive.
Women Candidates for Congress
Authors: Ondercin Heather L , Welch Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So few women have been elected to the U.S. House of Representatives over our history that authors Heather L. Ondercin and Susan Welch depict their victories as “electoral innovations.” Their investigation of the conditions under which women are likely to be candidates for and win seats in Congress reveals that, all else being equal, districts with women candidates tend to be those with open-seat opportunities, outside the South, and with a history of female candidates and representatives. Further, some of these results vary by party. For example, the South is less likely to elect Democratic women, but no less likely than other regions to elect Republican women. This suggests that the paths to elected office may differ for Democratic and Republican women. One of the ways that women’s representational status can be improved is for both parties to recruit and support women candidates.
Treatment and Recovery: A Close-Up of the Process
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some parents say they experienced shock and denial when their teen was first diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. “It was really out of the blue for us,” says the mother of a 16-yearold with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). “We knew something was wrong, but this was not what we had been expecting. None of us accepted it immediately—not me or my daughter or my husband. Speaking for myself, I had all these stereotypes in my head about the illness. I didn’t know enough about it, so I overreacted.”