bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamentalist Magazine Publishing
Authors: Reynolds Amber Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys three generations of fundamentalist magazine publishing in the twentieth century: the pre-war era, the post-war era, and the neo-fundamentalist era of the 1980s. By analysing representative titles, it shows how magazine editors capitalized upon the ‘fundamentalist’ name but prevented the movement from having a single voice. It situates the periodicals within their wider publishing networks and trends, and it shows magazine editors’ awareness of their competition. Ultimately, few periodicals stood the test of time like Moody Monthly or Sword of the Lord without adaptations. Outside of American publications, it surveys organs for British fundamentalists, missionaries in China, and the African Challenge, a popular monthly founded by Sudan Interior Mission agents in Nigeria, which became the continent’s leading Christian periodical. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Britain’s Banner of Truth magazine, whose Puritan-inspired editor demonstrated that not all evangelicals who supported biblical inerrancy embraced American-style fundamentalism.
Literature
Authors: Douglas Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American modernism generally adopted the secularization thesis, imagining religion as properly disappearing in modern societies, and mocking a residual fundamentalism as backwards. Quiescent for several decades, the US fundamentalist political resurgence beginning in the 1970s was accompanied by the development of new genres of evangelical fiction and a new evangelical publishing and marketing network. As serious literary writers began to critique the Christian Right’s resurgent threat to pluralism, human rights, and democracy, they frequently misunderstood their object, confused by the secularization thesis and by the reigning paradigms of postmodernism and multiculturalism. In unrecognized ways, serious religiously interested literature often indirectly addressed the concerns and theologies of fundamentalism, the loudest expression of religiosity in the public square. Fundamentalist fiction, meanwhile, frequently had crossover appeal in its bestselling novels and film adaptations. Literary studies continues to trail history and the social sciences in paying attention to fundamentalism and its impact on American literature.
Creationism
Authors: Trollinger Susan L. , Trollinger William Vance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biblical inerrancy is central to fundamentalism, and hence creationism—the belief that the Genesis creation account is factually accurate—has been important to the fundamentalist movement from its beginnings in the World’s Christian Fundamentals Association (1919). In the 1920s fundamentalists sought to ban the teaching of evolution in public schools. In the Scopes trial (1925) fundamentalists succeeded in having Tennessee’s anti-evolution law upheld, but the ensuing national ridicule forced them to abandon their national campaign, focusing instead on building a fundamentalist and creationist subculture. While early fundamentalists accepted mainstream geology, in 1961 The Genesis Flood appeared, making the case for flood geology (Noah’s Flood explains the geologic column). Young earth creationism rapidly spread through fundamentalism, thanks to male-dominated organizations (committed to a version of ‘muscular Christianity’) such as Answers in Genesis and its Creation Museum and Ark Encounter. Fundamentalists have spread the creationist word throughout the world, spawning organizations such as the Korean Association for Creation Research.
The End Times
Authors: Spence Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the links between beliefs about the end times and the emergence and development of the Christian Fundamentalist movement. In particular it examines the ways that the eschatological paradigm called ‘dispensationalist premillennialism’ contributed to the formation of the fundamentalist coalition, and how it sustained key fundamentalist precepts such as ‘biblical literalism’. The chapter argues that despite ostensibly focusing on the return of Christ to establish a kingdom on earth, dispensationalist premillennialism also resonated with a broader evangelical popular piety that focused on heaven. This earth/heaven duality was one reason for the success of the doctrine in the folk culture of mid-twentieth century fundamentalism, as well as for its ongoing purchase within contemporary popular American evangelicalism.
Family and Gender
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family has been a central institution in fundamentalist theology and practice from the movement’s beginnings. Fundamentalists’ insistence on maintaining ‘traditional’ gender and family roles has been one of the key ways believers have set themselves apart from shifting mainstream ideals. The hierarchies embedded in the patriarchal nuclear family also offer a concrete representation of fundamentalists’ understandings of God’s intended social order. In churches, parachurch ministries, and fundamentalist subcultures, religious and social activities are often segregated by gender. These homosocial spaces instruct believers in fundamentalist gender ideology but also offer space for expressing difficulties with this ideology and renegotiating its bounds. For fundamentalist women, gender-segregated ministries have fostered spaces for female authority even in a broader religious culture that emphasizes women’s submission. Aspects of fundamentalist ideology on gender and family have shifted over time, but the commitment to conservative, binary, and patriarchal roles has remained consistent.
Global Mission
Authors: Stanley Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fundamentalist missionaries can be broadly defined as those who believed that those who had never heard the gospel were destined for hell, and therefore needed urgently to hear it. They gave priority to rapid evangelistic expansion to inland peoples. Many were affiliated to the non-denominational ‘faith missions’. They looked to spiritual and visionary leaders, who were often linked by friendship or marriage in networks that spanned the continents. Yet missionary endeavour had the potential to encourage mutations in fundamentalism. Some missionaries found their theology changing in response to the questions posed by the field. Fundamentalist missions initially participated in ecumenical missionary bodies, but then tended to secede. The churches they founded, however, sometimes chose to affiliate to ecumenical bodies. Women missionaries played prominent roles in fundamentalist missions, sometimes challenging male authority. In the long run, preoccupation with saving souls paradoxically encouraged more corporate understandings of Christian conversion.
Fundamentalism and Charismatic Renewal
Authors: Maiden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the complex relationships between fundamentalism and charismatic renewal. In some ways, charismatic renewal was a pushing back against intellectual and social aspects of mid-century fundamentalism and Pentecostalism. However, there were also continuities between these movements and the ecumenical dynamic of charismatic renewal—as ‘Pentecostalism outside of Pentecost’—allowed the shifting of some fundamentalistic traits beyond evangelicalism, for example into Roman Catholicism. By the end of the twentieth century, furthermore, some sections of evangelicalism traditionally associated with the legacy of B. B. Warfield and cessationism had been profoundly impacted by charismatic renewal, and made arguments from Scripture for the continuation of the supernatural gifts in the Church.
Transportation Networks and Least-Cost Paths
Authors: Herzog Irmela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of methods for reconstructing past transportation networks based on least-cost path (LCP) computations and different network models. After outlining the methodology for creating an LCP connecting two locations, several network models for linking a larger set of destinations by LCPs are introduced, most of these are derived from straight-line networks. LCP methods for detecting travel arteries with limited or no knowledge of the sites to be connected are presented as well. For instance, a least-cost hub-and-spoke network can be generated if only the hub location is known. Several models are tested in a hilly study region, east of Cologne, Germany, where the nodes are medieval settlements with a church or chapel located close to well-known old long-distance trade routes. The performance indicators of the network models are derived by calculating the lengths of LCP sections coinciding roughly with the known ancient routes. For the models applied, closeness as well as betweenness centrality of the nodes are computed, and the results are compared to the hubs in the known network.
Community Detection
Authors: Grujić Jelena , Radivojević Miljana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We critically review the application of community detection in archaeology, as well as its potential to be developed on archaeological big data. The challenges in applying community detection algorithms are presented with a reference case study from the Balkans. We demonstrate the robustness of different community detection algorithms applied on chemical composition of 410 copper-based objects spanning c. 3,000 years. The highlight of this study is correlation of resulting modules with the known archaeological cultures within this time frame, which opens a new avenue in re-evaluating the concept of archaeological cultures with the application of community detection. Through this case study we also indicate what kind of issues arise when different high-performance algorithms are applied, and we propose problem-solving avenues for future community detection studies in archaeology.
Social Networks and Inequality
Authors: Pailes Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the limited engagement of social networks analysis (SNA) with ancient inequality. Researchers have developed a set of first principles for understanding the relationship between SNA and inequality but have only haltingly integrated these concepts into archaeological case studies. I advocate for applications of SNA to the ample body of theory that already exists on elite emergence and maintenance. To illustrate future potential, I provide heuristic hypotheses for the relationship between network properties and prime-movers that facilitate elite emergence, the inevitability of inequality in complex societies, and the relationship of inequality and societal resilience. Methodologically, I suggest greater emphasis on household scale studies and approaches to SNA construction that move beyond networks inferred from spatial propinquity.
Network Models and the Past
Authors: Terrell John Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archaeologists have been using many of the diagnostic and visualization tools of what is now widely known as social network analysis (SNA) at least since the early 1970s. Unfortunately, it has evidently been easy to mistake similarity in the methods used for shared commonality in research goals and key assumptions. Seen as a body of theory rather than as a set of formal methods, the goodness of fit between the aims and a priori assumptions of modern SNA and the goals of contemporary archaeology is far less than what most archaeologists would surely wish for. Furthermore, it is not a good idea—and can be misleading—to label what can be achieved using formal network methods as “network analysis,” “network science,” and so forth. A more accurate (although perhaps less appealing) way of labeling what is involved is captured by phrases such as “relational thinking” and “contingency analysis.” Nonetheless, when used as a set of exploratory techniques for data analysis and visualization rather than as a predetermined view of history or causation, there are good reasons for keeping the “networks revolution” going in archaeology.
The Idea of European Culture(s) and Diversity
Authors: Bílková Veronika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the way in which the tension between the promotion of a uniform European culture and the need to accommodate cultural diversity in Europe has shaped international law and, vice versa, how international law has helped to strike a balance between the two interests. It shows that this area itself has been marked by ‘cultural diversity’. Three main approaches can be distinguished. The first approach is reserved to cultures seen as components of a uniform European culture. The doctrine of the margin of appreciation and the principle of subsidiarity are legal tools used here. The second approach applies to cultures seen as complementary to a uniform European culture. Legal tools employed in this context encompass the principle of non-discrimination and positive measures for minority groups. The third approach pertains to cultures seen as alternative to the European culture(s). Intercultural dialogue is one of the tools used here.
Fire as Rebellion and Repression
Authors: Clark Gemma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arson (as defined in law, in most jurisdictions) is the act of setting fire to property with the intent to cause damage. While diverse groups destroy things that do not belong to them for various reasons, there is a longstanding cultural/historiographical association of fire with protest by non-state actors. However, this chapter uses violence theory, comparative colonial histories, and an early-twentieth-century Irish case study to look beyond interpretations of fire as a ‘weapon of the weak’. I argue that incendiarism functioned, during Ireland’s independence struggles against British rule, c.1912–1923, as a powerful means of both insurgency, committed largely by the Irish Volunteers (or Irish Republican Army, IRA), and counter-insurgency (COIN), executed chiefly by British soldiers and civil authorities. The efficacy of fire-setting as insurgency/COIN lies not only in its physical capacity to destroy infrastructure and/or resources that enemy forces might use. Burning or threatening to burn property also works well—though arguably better for one side more than for the other—as intimidation, to control behaviour and territory, as well as to communicate hostility in a more abstract sense. These interconnected practical, psychological, political, etc. functions of incendiarism are key findings in a growing scholarly field that traces the evolution of arson from an individual malicious act to a prominent mode of collective violence and modern conflict.
The Hunger General
Authors: Goscha Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economy was part of the battlefield during the First Indochina War between the French Fourth Republic and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh. This was particularly true during the second half of the conflict from 1950 when the French targeted their adversary’s food supply as a military objective. This included the strategic bombing of Vietnam’s agriculture and infrastructure, as well as the use of French Union troops to collect rice from the fields so that Ho could not use it to feed his army and civil servants. Led by General Raoul Salan, this economic offensive also included the creation of a ‘cordon sanitaire’ between French colonial zones and those of the enemy so that no clandestine trade could occur between the two zones. One of the results of all of this was that the French worsened the plight of the Vietnamese peasantry already pushed to the limits by a decade of war and sealed an alliance with a third force the Vietnamese called the ‘Rice General’ whose preferred arms were hunger, indeed famine.
Decolonization’s Wars and the Civilianization of Violence
Authors: Thomas Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decolonization, like the conflicts it generates, is a story of inequalities, asymmetries—and violence. The transformational nature of these conflicts is difficult to grasp unless we dwell on particular ways in which organized violence changed through and because of decolonization. (1) Local populations invariably bore the brunt. Disaggregating the levels of violence further, within those local populations particular communities suffered especially badly. Markers of identity could prompt accusations of association with colonial authority or insurgent ideology, exposing people to cycles of attack and reprisal. In other communities that were ostensibly multiethnic, multicultural, or multifaith, unarmed colonial subjects from minority or outsider groups typically faced more violent attacks than the armed forces or insurgent groups that claimed authority over them. Common throughout was the refusal to acknowledge the ‘civilian status’ of colonial subjects, something never recognized or protected in the pluralities of colonial or international law. Instead, differentiation between civilians and fighters in decolonization conflicts was a dynamic process, one in which the changing nature of war, national mobilization, and international norms came together, sometimes expanding the civilian-combatant distinction, more often collapsing it. (2) All of which begs a question: as analysts, should we approach decolonization through its processes of violence?
The Architecture of Colonial Control
Authors: Hughes Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain’s crushing of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt against Jewish immigration to and British rule in Mandate Palestine was at heart an administrative war by an Emergency State. Military search-and-sweep operations after 1936 played second fiddle to systemic (and systematic) politico-legal pacification of the whole country by undemocratic colonial government. The target was the people. Of the three variables determining victory or defeat in Palestine—insurgent action, British counter-insurgency military operations, and the colonial Emergency State—this chapter argues that the last was the key to victory. The Arab revolt was a clash between disorganized insurgency versus well-organized colonial civil rule that drove forward pacification by collectively and legally punishing Palestinians. Powerful colonial legal-administrative structures won the battle, as readers will discover. Pacification of the population was more significant than the military suppression of rebellion. This started not in 1936, but in 1920 with the arrival of the first civil High Commissioner for Palestine and the establishment of collective punishment laws. This is the subject of the chapter.
The Aden Protectorate Levies, Counter-Insurgency, and the Loyalist Bargain in South Arabia, 1951–1957
Authors: Bennett Huw , Burke Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Loyalist bargains between European colonial powers and indigenous collaborators were fluid and frequently renegotiated. Indigenous forces could mutiny or refuse to execute orders they believed violated the terms of their agreement with the colonial power. As well as enabling colonial violence, locally recruited forces could also restrain it. This chapter examines the experiences and influence of local security forces in the Western Aden Protectorate from 1951 to 1957. It focuses on the Aden Protectorate Levies (APL) who proved increasingly reluctant to carry out a new forward policy in South Arabia. Rather than accepting the Air Ministry’s recommendation to temper their expansionism, colonial administrators blamed Royal Air Force officers in command of the APL for a collapse in morale and successfully campaigned for an increased role for the British Army in Aden and its protectorates. The result was the continued prosecution of a failed policy that consumed ever-greater British military resources.
Discourses of Development and Practices of Punishment
Authors: Bruce-Lockhart Katherine , Rebisz Bethany 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From 1952 to 1960, the landscape of Kenya was drastically changed by the British through the widespread implementation of detention camps, prisons, and strategic villages in response to the ‘Mau Mau’ insurgency. Of the 80,000 detained, approximately 8,000 were female, and of the 1.2 million Kenyans forcibly resettled, the majority were female. While many colonial states targeted female insurgents, these gendered geographies of coercion were particularly pronounced in Kenya and were shaped by racialized notions of respectable and deviant femininity. Within these sites, the British introduced development and ‘rehabilitation’ schemes to encourage women and girls to embrace domestic roles in support of colonial visions of social order. Colonial officials sought to carefully code and categorize their counter-insurgency efforts, presenting the strategic villages and the rehabilitation programme in the camps as part of their wider ‘civilizing mission’ while insisting that any violence in these sites was incidental or aberrant. This framing not only ignored the reality of systematic abuses in these spaces, but also narrowly defined violence as solely a physical phenomenon. Instead, this chapter argues that violence, in its multiple dimensions, was not simply an outcome of counter-insurgency development and ‘rehabilitation’ schemes, but was rather intrinsic to them.
Dark Networks and Conflict Transformation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Edwards Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of major hostilities in Northern Ireland in the 1990s is celebrated as an achievement in the peaceful settlement of internal armed conflicts. However, there remains a significant residual security challenge evident in the persistence of loyalist and republican paramilitary structures and their increasing convergence with organized crime activities. Indeed, there is considerable evidence of a symbiosis between terrorists and criminals, which has direct consequences for the local peace process. Scholars such as Jupp and Garrod have argued that it is not possible to understand organized crime in Northern Ireland without also comprehending the role that paramilitaries play in these activities. This chapter builds on the theoretical perspective advanced by these scholars by making the broader, conceptual case that the security situation has changed radically since the 1990s and, therefore, must be understood as more complex, dynamic, and multilayered. The chapter seeks to engage with the broader literature on the ‘Crime-Terror Nexus’, which traces the convergent activities of terrorism and criminality, and dark networks, which reveals much more synchronization between terrorism and criminality, to offer a way forwards for practitioners dealing with these ‘new’ security challenges in ‘old’ conflict zones.
Learning Disabilities
Authors: Swanson H. Lee , Kong Jennifer E. , Arizmendi Genesis D. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of definitions, cognitive characteristics, and instructional treatments for children and adults with learning disabilities. A particular focus is placed on reviewing the meta-analysis literature on two subgroups: reading disabilities (RD) and math disabilities (MD). Also reviewed are intervention outcomes and some of the controversies (e.g., role of IQ testing, discrepancy models, response to intervention, language disorder, and English learners) related to identifying children and adults with learning disabilities. Individuals with learning disabilities experience a number of cognitive inefficiencies, especially in the areas processing speed, phonological processing, and working memory. In addition, studies suggest that children and adults with learning disabilities, when exposed to the best instructional conditions, continue to experience difficulties mastering skills in such areas as reading and mathematics. Further, their problems in reading and/or math persist into adulthood.