bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Louis Armstrong
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louis Armstrong transformed jazz. He played with a strength and inventiveness that illuminated every jazz musician that heard his music. Louis was able to do things on the trumpet that had previously been considered impossible. His tone and range and phrasing became criteria by which other jazz musicians measured themselves. He established the basic vocabulary of jazz phrases, and his work became the foundation of every jazz musician who followed him. An incident on Armstrong’s first trip on a Mississippi riverboat with Fate Marable’s band brought him to an important decision: David Jones starved himself the whole summer we worked on the St. Paul. He saved every nickel and sent all his money to a farm down South where employees and relatives were raising cotton for him and getting away with as much of his money as they could, since he was not there to look after his own interests. Every day he would eat an apple instead of a good hot meal. What was the result? The boll weevils ate all of his cotton before the season was over. He did not even have a chance to go down and look his farm over before a telegram came saying everything had been shot to hell.
Lionel Hampton
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lionel Hampton’s band provided exposure for scores of talented young musicians. Hamp always paid low salaries, so his turnover was high, but with one of the few bands to survive the demise of the Big Band Era, Hampton was a magnet for young jazz musicians all over the country. They would usually put in enough time to establish professional credentials and would then jump to the next opportunity that presented itself. A showman himself, Hamp always encouraged showmanship in his musicians. When Quincy Jones joined his trumpet section in 1950, he said, “I soon saw which way the wind was blowing. The first solo he gave me, I played the best jazz chorus I could play. He didn’t point to me again for quite a while, and in the meantime I saw that everybody who got solos was juggling and dancing. The next solo he gave me, I shucked a little, and after that I got more solos.”
Zoot Sims and Al Cohn
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like most saxophone players of his generation, Zoot Sims was influenced by Lester Young’s playing, but he didn’t imitate him. He developed his own style, with equal parts of lyricism and swing. He loved to play and was always ready for the next jam session. When he first came to New York, Zoot went to sessions at a place on 48th Street called the Red Door. One night, a little loaded on wine, he became so disgusted with the way he was playing that he slammed his horn into its case, dropped it on the floor, and kicked it all the way down the stairs to the street. Then he fell down the same flight of stairs after his horn. Word traveled fast on the jazz scene. When Zoot showed up at the Onyx Club the next evening and asked Brew Moore if he could borrow his horn and sit in, Brew was reluctant. Zoot assured Brew he’d be careful with his horn, and Brew finally handed it over. Zoot climbed onto the bandstand and had only played a few notes when he lost his balance and fell right into the party of four sitting at the front table. As he fell, he held Brew’s tenor high over his head, saving it from any damage. He got up, handed the horn back to Brew, and slunk out the door.
Jokes
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When musicians run out of stories about each other to tell at band room rap sessions, a favorite pastime is telling jokes. This is a collection of the more printable ones. Bobby Hackett enjoyed telling this story: A violinist noticed that his playing had a hypnotic effect on his audiences. They sat motionless, as though they were in a trance. He found he had the same effect on his friends’ pets. Dogs and cats would sit spellbound while he played. Wondering if he could cast the same spell over wild beasts, he went to a jungle clearing in Africa, took out his violin and began to play. A lion, an elephant, and a gorilla charged into the clearing, stopped to listen, and sat mesmerized by the music. Soon the clearing was filled with every kind of ferocious animal, each one listening intently.
Epigenomics and Human Disease
Authors: Lewis Santiago Uribe , Everett, Christopher , Festenstein Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The different cellular phenotypes that compose multicellular organisms are generated by the expression of housekeeping and cell-type-specific genes and by the repression of inappropriate ones. The pattern of gene expression that defines a cell type is termed the ‘‘epigenotype,’’ which is established and maintained by ‘‘epigenetic’’ mechanisms that are able to govern gene expression regardless of the underlying genetic code (Holliday, 2005). Genomic imprinting, where genes are expressed from only one of the inherited parental alleles, represents a classical example of epigenetic gene regulation; memory of the expression state, presumably established during gametic meiosis, is thus transmitted to the zygote, maintained throughout embryonic and postembryonic development, and reestablished during gametogenesis of the newly formed organism in a sex-specific manner (Reik and Walter, 2001). It follows that epigenetic ‘‘plasticity’’ would enable pluripotent stem cells to give rise to a variety of epigenotypes. In contrast, lineage commitment of cells toward postmitotic differentiated epigenotypes requires a more stable epigenetic memory that confers their phenotypic identity.
Genomic Technologies
Authors: Frayling Ian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the structure of the genome is an essential step in relating this to its function, both in health and disease. Advances in methods for studying the structure of the genome have gone hand-in-hand with developments in the technology of the platforms to carry them out, with concomitant reductions in time and expense. This was a major factor in the sequencing of the majority of the human genome, ahead of schedule.
Applications in Critical Care Medicine
Authors: Garrard Christopher S , Hinds Charles , Knight Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of intensive care units (ICUs) has arisen from the need to support and effectively treat the most severely ill patients within the hospital population, in particular those with impairment or failure of vital organs and systems. In some respects, such supportive care follows the ancient dictum ‘‘The physician should not treat the disease but the patient who is suffering from it’’ (Moses Maimonides, 1135–1204). It is also humbling to acknowledge that there are precious few specific and effective therapies for such patients, and that recovery depends primarily on supporting vital organ systems until physiological and biochemical equilibrium are restored. As Samuel Pepys (1666) observed, ‘‘Ye function of ye physician is to entertain ye patient until nature takes its course or ye patient dies.’’ There is little doubt that our skills in supporting failing organ systems have advanced significantly over the past two or three decades. The ability to safely apply positive pressure ventilation for prolonged period of time, to perform renal replacement therapy and support the circulation with combinations of pharmacological agents and mechanical devices should theoretically ensure that no patient should die. It has been a source of considerable frustration for the clinician that this is not, of course, the case and that mortality rates, particularly from severe life-threatening infection, remain stubbornly high, ranging from 15% to more than 75% depending on the severity of the physiological insult and the number of organs that have failed.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Pathan Saad , Jewell Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine that can begin at any age, even in children. Both diseases are commonly known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They represent a major challenge, because their causation is unclear, medical treatment is far from satisfactory, and many patients require major surgery. Over the last 10 years, the application of genome-wide markers has reduced the components of familial aggregation to novel locations within the human genome. Subsequently, a variety of genetic mutations have been discovered in some of the novel loci that could render individuals susceptible to these diseases and might also influence the behavior of the disease once it has occurred. More recently, a new quantum wave of genome-wide case-control revaluation has followed the advent of a higher density of markers and high-resolution linkage disequilibrium (LD) maps. These investigations have rapidly implicated novel disease influencing genes and regions as well as replicated previously associated regions. The narrowing of the loci will require complementary investigations in gene function and epidemiology. Nevertheless, there is accumulating evidence that an unregulated triggering of the mucosal immune system toward normal intestinal flora influences the development of chronic inflammatory disease. Furthermore, inflammatory processes are also likely to be provoked by genetic variants that adversely affect innate immunity including mucosal barrier integrity and autophagy. The combination of genetics and functional characterization should provide a framework to dissect the molecular mechanisms of disease.
Applications in Clinical Pediatrics
Authors: Konikoff Michael R , Bates Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in human genetics and genomics, such as the Human Genome Project, characterization of human genomic variations [e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HapMap Project], comparative genomics, and others are providing new insights and suggesting new approaches to the application of genomics to human health and disease. However, special consideration needs to be given to the application of these advances in the care of children. In this chapter, we will describe the origins of using rudimentary genetic information in early diagnosis and preventative intervention in the care of children (through neonatal screening programs), and then discuss how this model informs the application of human genomic approaches to the care of children in the postgenome era.
Osteoporosis and Related Disorders
Authors: Yamada Yoshiji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis is a major health problem of the elderly, which is evenly distributed across the world. It is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration in the microarchitecture of bone, both of which result in predisposition to fractures (Kanis et al., 1994). The clinical importance of osteoporosis lies in its association with fractures (Ralston, 2001). Osteoporotic fractures are common, expensive to treat, and a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in most developed countries. The most common sites for osteoporotic fractures are the hip, spine, and distal forearm. The incidence of such fractures increases with age, and is greater for women than for men as a result of the increase in the rate of bone loss after menopause (Melton, 1995). BMD is one of the most important determinants of the risk for osteoporotic fracture (Cummings et al., 1993). Other factors include susceptibility to falling (Dargent-Molina et al., 1996), bone quality, and skeletal geometry (Faulkner et al., 1993).
Neurology
Authors: Greenberg Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnosing patients with neurologic conditions begins with localization. Individual symptoms can be caused by dysfunction in a variety of structures. For example, a patient complaining of weakness might have a cerebral, cerebellar, myelopathic, neuropathic, neuromuscular junction, or myopathic pathology. Identifying the location of dysfunction within the central or peripheral nervous system is critical for developing an appropriate differential. The diseases that affect the brain are quite different than the diseases that affect the spinal cord which are distinctly different from peripheral nervous system pathologies.
Rheumatology and musculoskeletal conditions
Authors: Flynn John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extent of joint involvement (include spine), symmetry, disruption of joint involvement, limitation of movement, effusions and periarticular involvement. Associated features: Dysuria or genital ulcers, skin or eye involvement, lungs, kidneys, heart, GI (eg mouth ulcers, bloody diarrhea), and CNS.
Qualitative Research Methodology in Music Education
Authors: Bresler Liora , Stake Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A freckled third grader approaches the music teacher in the corridor and hands her a stack of 3 X 5 cards. “Thirty-six,” he announces proudly. Back in her office Rebecca Grant puts the cards in an envelope on which she neatly writes, “Daniel Wang, 36,” and posts it on the wall near three other envelopes. This latest is Daniel’s entry in the Composer’s Facts competition, this week featuring Aaron Copland. Were curious eyes to pry, they would find information about Copland’s birthdate, milestones, compositions, and books. Winners will get musical handbags, musical rulers, musical paraphernalia which Rebecca orders (and pays for with her own money) from a mail-order firm specializing in music items.1
Anatomical and Physiological Perspectives
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The skull (Fig. 4-1) is composed of bones, teeth, and craniofacial articulationsa (Table 4-1). The 8 cranialb and 14 facial bones of the adult skull are flattened or irregular and immovably joined together, except for the mandible. The ossicular bones, 6 in number, are also movable. During late intrauterine life, the cranial sutures are patent and movable, which molds the skull, permitting the head to pass through the birth canal.c The articulation of the mandible is unique because of its ginglymo-arthrodial joint capable of both translational and rotational movement (41, 74, 82).
History of Opioids and Opiophobia
Authors: Kirsh Kenneth L , Kerith Vice Anya , Passik Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the remedies which it has pleased Almighty God to give to man to relieve his sufferings, none is so universal and so efficacious as opium. The field of pain management has arrived at a crossroads in history with regard to the topic of opioid analgesics. Over the past several years, one of the most widely used opioid pharmaceuticals, OxyContin, had become a popular alternative to street drugs such as heroin. Called ‘‘Hillbilly Heroin’’ because of its popularity in Appalachia and other rural areas, it is available as an oral preparation, although illicit users tend to crush the tablet to circumvent the sustained release delivery system and then snort it or dissolve it in water to inject the drug (Hancock, 2002). Although the abuse or diversion of this drug was originally thought to have begun in Kentucky and other Appalachian areas, it has spread through other states. It has been most popular east of the Mississippi with the following states having the most prescriptions of OxyContin per capita in the year 2000: West Virginia, Alaska, Delaware, New Hampshire, Florida, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (Workplace Substance Abuse Advisor, 2002). As a result of this problem, we have begun to see pullback from this treatment modality and an increase in regulatory pressure and law enforcement scrutiny. We must view this current trend toward demonizing opioid medications from a historical perspective. Although it is easy to imagine a new, growing pandemic because of these medications, concern over opioid use has been in an ever-changing cycle for quite some time, with marked periods of widespread use followed by rigid control and near-elimination of the drug class by naysayers.
Natural and Synthetic Ibogamines A Novel Approach to Treating Opioid Dependency
Authors: Glick Stanley D , Maisonneuve Isabelle M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of several alkaloids found in the root bark of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga, ibogaine has certainly attracted the most interest. Although it has a long history of use in Africa, in initiation rites and religious rituals of Bwiti and Mbiri cults, ibogaine became newsworthy in the United States only after it was claimed to be an effective treatment for addiction to a variety of other drugs. Five United States patents (numbers 4,499,096; 4,587,243; 4,857,523; 5,026,697; 5,124,994) issued between 1985 and 1992 claimed that ibogaine could be used to successfully treat opioid (heroin) addiction, stimulant (cocaine and amphetamine) abuse, alcohol dependence, cigarette smoking (nicotine dependence), and polydrug abuse. Ibogaine was said to interfere with the ‘‘physiological and psychological aspects’’ of addiction, abolishing the craving for drugs, and, at least in the case of opioids, abolishing withdrawal symptoms as well.
Treating Cocaine Dependence
Authors: Steen Tracy A , Dackis Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cocaine dependence is a complex disorder with powerful psychological, behavioral, and biological underpinnings. Often viewed as more of a choice than an illness, cocaine dependence is not treated or insured on parity with more traditional medical disorders, despite compelling scientific evidence supporting a disease concept based on brain involvement, genetic vulnerability, and a progressive clinical course (Dackis and O’Brien 2005a). Arguably the most addictive of all substances, cocaine is self-administered until death by laboratory animals and produces intense euphoria in humans. The pleasure-reinforced compulsion to use cocaine progresses into addiction with astounding rapidity, leading to alterations in neurochemistry (Dackis and O’Brien, 2005b), plasticity (Thomas, Beurrier, et al. 2001), gene expression (Nestler, 2004), and even brain cell morphology (Robinson and Kolb 2004) in pleasure centers that have evolved to ensure survival by dominating our thoughts, behaviors, and priorities (Dackis and O’Brien, 2001).
Management of Persistent Pain in the Opioid-Treated Patient
Authors: Simopoulos Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opioid-dependent patient (ODP) not uncommonly presents a significant treatment challenge to physicians. Opioids are increasingly being used for managing both malignant and nonmalignant pain. Opioids are a cost-effective, straightforward therapy for some people with persistent pain, and this property fits well into current pain management practice in many settings. However, because long-term opioid therapy may have declining or adverse effects in some patients, alternative modalities are some-times sought. There exist limitations of long-term opioid therapy alone in some patients, and adopting a multimodal approach to long-term pain management may better address long-term outcomes. This chapter will focus on the use of adjunctive and alternative modalities in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain of patients on chronic opioid therapy with suboptimal out-comes. Of course, many of the management strategies discussed may be employed as well in patients with malignant pain.
Aberrant Drug Taking Empirical Studies and Clinical Application
Authors: Kirsh Kenneth L , Passik Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What exactly do we mean by the term aberrant drug taking? Is this a worthwhile term that can aid in the understanding of a complex series of behaviors surrounding medication compliance, or does it simply muddy the waters of already complex terminology around addiction and abuse? Do we even need this additional terminology? These are fundamental questions that must be answered if we are to push the science and understanding of the interface of pain and chemical dependency forward. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of aberrant drug taking and how it can apply to the redefinition of pain patient behaviors. In addition, we discuss the new horizon of attempts to assess and codify the meaning behind these behaviors.
Aberrant Behavior and Drug Abuse Treatment in Pain Patients
Authors: Compton Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the safety and efficacy of daily opioid therapy for the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) is increasingly demonstrated in large clinical trials and across multiple indicators (Finnerup et al., 2005; Kalso et al., 2004; Maier et al., 2002), concerns persist about the provision of this class of drugs with high abuse potential to individuals on a long-term basis (Ballentyne & Mao, 2003; Foley, 2003; McQuay, 2001; Von Korff & Deyo, 2004). Both retrospective reports from known addicts and clinician experience with patients requiring pain medication suggest that addiction is a potential outcome of opioid analgesic therapy and a source of drug-seeking behaviors. The potential for developing opioid tolerance or hyperalgesia (Chu et al., 2004) notwithstanding, concerns about causing or supporting addiction via the provision of chronic ongoing opioids for the treatment of pain are reflected at clinical, legal, and political levels (Gilson & Joranson, 2002; Morgan, 1985–1986).
Integrating Innate Immunity into a Global “Systems” Context: The Complement Paradigm Shift
Authors: Mastellos Dimitrios , Lambris John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Human Genome Project has pioneered scientific discovery by eloquently demonstrating that the basic constituents of a biological system (namely, the genome, transcriptome, and proteome) can be precisely defined, measured, and quantified at predetermined stages or time intervals [1]. The genome carries the entire digital (DNA) and inheritable code of life which remains largely unaffected by external stimuli, while the transcriptome and proteome reflect the dynamic and complex nature of biological information, as they are subject to fine regulatory control (e.g., transcriptome) and chemical modifications (e.g., proteome) that together dictate the actual behavior of cells and organisms. The deciphering of the entire human genomic sequence has provided the essential driver for developing high-throughput screening strategies and methodologies for the measurement of the entire RNA and protein output of a cell or organism [2]. This breakthrough has led to the development of proteomics and the unraveling of the dynamic protein profile of different tissues and organisms as it constantly adapts to discreet environmental perturbations. It should be noted that the genome analysis of various organisms (e.g., yeast, insects, mammals) has revealed that what actually defines the differences between species, and favors natural selection across the evolutionary ladder, is not the gene content per se, but the fine interplay of signaling pathways and inducible gene regulatory networks that are activated in response to various molecular signals and environmental stimuli [1]. In this respect, systems biology has emerged as the field that studies these regulatory networks in an integrated and comprehensive manner.