bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations into the chemoattraction of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida towards fractionated potato root leachate
Authors: Devine Ken , Jones Peter 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe behaviour of stimulated second stage juveniles (J2) (i.e., hatched in root leachate from potato cv. Cara) and unstimulated J2 (spontaneously hatched in water) of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida in response to fractionated and unfractionated potato root leachate (PRL) was investigated in attraction assays. In PRL, fractionated by combined ion-exchange-gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-10, three classes of semiochemicals with activity towards J2 were distinguished: i) chemoattractants; ii) chemostats, and iii) chemorepellents. The motility of PRL-hatched G. rostochiensis J2 in one fraction (12) at 10 days after their removal from the root leachate was significantly greater than that of water-hatched J2 apparently due to sensitisation of PRL-hatched J2. PRL-hatched J2 of G. pallida were attracted to different fractions than those of G. rostochiensis, whereas the water-hatched J2 from the two species were attracted to common fractions, indicating that sensitisation by exposure to PRL was species selective. The attraction of PRL-hatched PCN J2 to unfractionated PRL appeared to be dependent on the ratio of chemoattractant to chemorepellent semiochemicals in the leachate. For both species there was no detectable correlation between hatching activity and either attractiveness of root leachates from 12 potato genotypes or chemoattraction in PRL fractions, indicating that hatching factors were not active chemoattractants.
Reproductive fitness on lettuce of populations of Meloidogyne hapla from New York State vegetable fields
Authors: Mitkowski Nathaniel , Abawi George 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSix New York State populations of Meloidogyne hapla differed in their reproductive fitness and severity of galling induced on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cvs Ithaca, Salinas, and Montello and the breeding line 41-595. Both lettuce germplasm and nematode population had a significant effect on reproductive fitness and the interaction between germplasm and population was also significant. Differences in the number of nematodes recovered per g of root was attributable to differences in numbers of eggs per egg mass. Results suggested that there are separate genetic factors controlling reproduction and galling on lettuce. Based on this study, it would be prudent to include multiple, local populations of M. hapla in future resistance germplasm screening tests.
Responses of banana and plantain cultivars, lines and hybrids to the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis
Authors: Viaene Nicole , Durán Luis , Rivera J. Mauricio , Dueñas Jorge , Rowe Phil , De Waele Dirk 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
Twenty-eight genotypes (bred diploids, seed-fertile triploids and tetraploid
hybrids) of Musa spp. were evaluated in pot tests in Honduras for resistance
and tolerance to Radopholus similis through comparison with reference
genotypes (Grand Nain as susceptible and Pisang Jari Buaya and Yangambi Km5
as resistant). Eleven tests were carried out, each with seven to 12 Musa
genotypes. Tissueculture plants (TC) or plants grown from a corm (Co) were
inoculated with 1000 or 3500 nematodes per plant, respectively. Data on
nematode population densities, fresh root weight, percentages dead roots,
root necrosis and root bases on the corm with lesions were taken 13-23 weeks
after inoculation. In most tests, Gros Michel and Highgate were as
susceptible to R. similis as Grand Nain. Resistance was shown by both TC and
Co plants of SH-3142, SH-3362, SH-3648 and SH-3723, and by Co plants of
SH-2095, SH-3624, the female parents Calcutta 4 and Prata Enana, and the
hybrid FHIA-01. Moderate resistance was shown by TC plants of SH-3624 and Co
plants of SH-3437, the female parent Pelipita and the hybrids FHIA-18 and
FHIA-23. The other genotypes were susceptible to R. similis although the
male parents SH-3386 and SH-3640, and the hybrid FHIA-21 had some degree of
resistance. FHIA-03 was susceptible but showed tolerance to R. similis.
Molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes (Heteroderidae) from Iran and a phylogeny based on ITS-rDNA sequences
Authors: Maafi Zahra Tanha , Subbotin Sergei , Moens Maurice 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
RFLP and sequences of ITS-rDNA of 45 populations of cyst-forming nematodes
collected from different parts of Iran were analysed and identified as
representatives of 21 species. Eight enzymes generated RFLP for all studied
populations. Comparison of RFLP profiles and sequences of the ITS regions
with published data confirmed the presence of Heterodera avenae, H.
filipjevi, H. glycines, H. hordecalis, H. latipons, H. schachtii and H.
trifolii in Iran. RFLP patterns and ITS sequences for H. elachista, H.
turcomanica, H. mothi and C. cacti were obtained for the first time in this
study. Heterodera humuli, H. goettingiana, H. fici, H. elachista, H.
turcomanica and Cactodera cacti are recorded for the first time in Iran.
These results correspond with morphological and morphometric identification
of the populations. Several populations were not identified at the species
level and are attributed to Heterodera sp.; some of these may correspond to
new species. Twenty-one new sequences from Iranian cyst-forming nematodes
and 36 known sequences were used for the phylogenetic analyses. The
cyst-forming nematodes formed several clades corresponding to their
morphological features. Heterodera mothi and H. elachista clustered with
high support with other Cyperi group species and H. turcomanica formed a
moderately to highly supported clade with the Humuli group.
Seasonal distribution of free-living nematodes in the Krähenbach, a fine-grained submountain carbonate stream in southwest Germany
Authors: Beier Stefanie , Traunspurger Walter 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe temporal distribution of the nematode fauna in the upper 5 cm sediment of the streambed of a small submountain carbonate stream (Krähenbach, Germany) was investigated over a 1-year period. The total nematode density was low during autumn and winter and reached a maximum value of 84 individuals/10 cm2 in summer. The fresh biomass of nematodes ranged from 3.6 to 44.2 μg/10 cm2. Deposit-feeders (65% of total fauna) and chewers (21%) were the two dominant feeding types. Of the 1027 nematodes examined, 9% were gravid females, 35% females, 2% males and 54% juveniles. At least 71 nematode species were identified. The relative low value of the Shannon Wiener index of diversity (2.61) is not the consequence of a low number of species, but of the presence of three species with a much higher frequency (57% of total fauna) than the others. The dominant species are Eumonhystera filiformis (Bastian, 1865)/ vulgaris (de Man, 1880), Tobrilus cf. pellucidus (Bastian, 1865) and E. simplex (de Man, 1880). The seasonal pattern of E. filiformis/vulgaris showed a minimum density in summer and a maximum density in spring and is similar to the abundance variation of all deposit-feeders. The seasonal pattern of T. cf. pellucidus showed a minimum density in winter and a maximum density in summer and is similar to the abundance variation of all chewers. Throughout the year, nematodes were found in both layers (analysed depths: 0-2 cm, 2-5 cm), but higher mean annual densities occurred in the upper layer (68% of all nematodes). The preference for the upper cm of sediment was independent of feeding-type, age structure or species. The calculation of the Maturity Index and of the ratio of Secernentea/Adenophorea indicate a 'high status' of water quality at the analysed sampling site.
Using RAPD markers to analyse genetic diversity in Portuguese potato cyst nematode populations
Authors: Da Conceição Isabel Luci Pisa Mata , Dos Santos Maria Clara Vieira , De Oliveira Abrantes Isabel Maria , De Almeida Santos Maria Susana Newton 
Published: May 2003

Abstract
The two species of potato cyst nematodes (PCN) have different spectra of
virulence towards host resistance genes and a proper identification is
important in the control of these nematodes by means of resistant potato
cultivars. Genetic variability of 32 populations of Globodera rostochiensis
and three of G. pallida from different regions of Portugal were analysed and
compared using random amplified polymorphic DNA and sixteen primers. In
addition, a population of G. pallida (Luffness) from Scotland, UK, was
included for comparison. The patterns obtained were evaluated using the Nei
coefficient and the UPGMA cluster method. The resulting clusters were
expressed as dendrograms in the Phylogeny Inference Package (PHYLIP)
program. Separation of the two species of PCN was achieved with an average
similarity of 43%. Two populations of G. rostochiensis (PT1 and PT82) appear
to be distinct from the main group of this species. One population of
G.pallida (PT104) was distinct from the others of this species and the
Luffness population was linked most closely with PT5701. Distinct clusters
were observed within both species but the clusters could not be related to
the geographic proximity of the populations.
Presenting the Past: The Genre of Commentary in Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Hughes Aaron 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis article provides a theoretical discussion of the genre of commentary writing. Rather than examining the role of commentary in a specific religion, it attempts to articulate a set of useful questions to begin the process of rethinking what this genre is and, in the process, help create a theoretical vocabulary and conceptual framework for an analysis of commentary from the history of religions. The article is divided into three parts. The first broadens the traditional concept of a "canon", ostensibly the raw data upon which the commentary imposes a taxonomy. The second argues that the human condition, what Heidegger calls the way in which we are thrown into the world, demands that we interpret it. Finally, it is suggested that commentary is fundamentally about location or space, thereby providing the classificatory schema that is necessary for contextualizing both past and present. The main goal of this article is to problematize the current discussion of commentary in a theoretical way.
Why it Is Better to Know Some of the Questions Than All of the Answers
Authors: Strenski Ivan 
Published: May 2003

AbstractKarl Popper has argued that "problems" are central to any disciplined study (or science). This is (or should be) true as well of the study of religion. If "problems" are critical in this way, then a grasp of the problems of "religion" should be critical to the long-term intellectual seriousness and durability of the study of religion. Religious Studies needs to work on what a syllabus of such "problems" are, and to build the curriculum of the study of religion, deliberately and explicitly, to include them. This article makes suggestions as to what such "problems" might be.
Autobiography and Ethnography: Falling in Love with the Inner Other
Authors: Shapiro Faydra 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis article considers the potential value of the researcher's self for making sense of others in doing fieldwork and writing ethnography. The author shows how her insights about an Israel experience program for unaffiliated, North American Jewish youth owe much to her positioned self, and she assesses how her self was radically altered by her fieldwork. Grounded in both personal narrative and ethnographic description, the author explores the mutually enriching relationship between self and other.
Safety and effectiveness of long-term therapy with the oral iron chelator deferiprone
Authors: Cohen Alan R. , Galanello Renzo , Piga Antonio , De Sanctis Vincenzo , Tricta Fernando 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe identification of a safe, orally active iron chelator is critically important for the prevention of morbidity and early death in patients receiving regular red cell transfusions. Based on our findings in a 1-year multicenter, prospective study of the safety and efficacy of deferiprone in patients with thalassemia major, we have extended the treatment period to 4 years. The mean dose of the chelator was 73 mg/kg per day during 531 patient-years. The rates of agranulocytosis (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] &lt; 500 × 109/L) and milder forms of neutropenia (ANC, 500-1500 × 109/L) were 0.2 and 2.8 per 100 patient-years, respectively. Neutropenia occurred significantly more commonly in patients with intact spleens. Gastrointestinal and joint symptoms decreased significantly after the first year of therapy, and led to discontinuation of deferiprone in only one patient in years 2 to 4. The mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) value of 71 U/L after 4 years of therapy was significantly higher than the baseline value of 61 U/L. Trend analysis showed no increase in the ALT levels or the percentage of patients with ALT levels greater than twice the upper limit of the reference range. Ferritin levels did not change significantly from the values at the time of change from deferoxamine to deferiprone in either the intention-to-treat analysis or in the 84 patients who completed 4 years of therapy. Because of concerns regarding the effectiveness of the studied dose of deferiprone, 47 patients discontinued therapy, whereas 15 patients interrupted therapy because of concerns regarding low iron levels. The results of this study help to define the safety and effectiveness of long-term therapy with deferiprone.
Induction of pro-angiogenic signaling by a synthetic peptide derived from the second intracellular loop of S1P3 (EDG3)
Authors: Licht Tamar , Tsirulnikov Lilia , Reuveni Hadas , Yarnitzky Talia , Ben-Sasson Shmuel A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe G-protein–coupled receptors of the endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) family mediate pro-angiogenic activities, such as endothelial cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and vessel morphogenesis. We synthesized and tested the effects of a 9-amino acid peptide (KRX-725), derived from the second intracellular loop of S1P3 (EDG3). KRX-725 mimics the effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the natural ligand of S1P3, by triggering a Gi-dependent MEK-ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signal transduction pathway. Using aortic rings as an ex vivo model of angiogenesis, vascular sprouting was assessed in the presence of KRX-725 or S1P. KRX-725 induced extensive and dense vascular sprouts, which contain an elaborated organization of endothelial and smooth muscle layers, including lumen formation. When KRX-725 or S1P was combined with proangiogenic factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), stem cell factor, or vascular endothelial growth factor, the effect was synergistic, leading to further enhancement of vascular sprouting. KRX-725 also initiated neovascularization in a mouse corneal pocket assay in vivo and showed synergism with bFGF. The specificity of KRX-725 was demonstrated via peptide-induced receptor internalization of S1P3 but not S1P1. The ability of a short peptide to stimulate extensive angiogenesis and to synergize with pro-angiogenic factors suggests that KRX-725 may serve as a useful agent in treating pathologic conditions such as peripheral vascular disease, cardiac ischemia, or tissue grafts.
Fanconi anemia type C–deficient hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells exhibit aberrant cell cycle control
Authors: Li Xiaxin , Plett P. Artur , Yang Yanzhu , Hong Ping , Freie Brian , Srour Edward F. , Orschell Christie M. , Clapp D. Wade , Haneline Laura S. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe pathogenesis of bone marrow failure in Fanconi anemia is poorly understood. Suggested mechanisms include enhanced apoptosis secondary to DNA damage and altered inhibitory cytokine signaling. Recent data determined that disrupted cell cycle control of hematopoietic stem and/or progenitor cells disrupts normal hematopoiesis with increased hematopoietic stem cell cycling resulting in diminished function and increased sensitivity to cell cycle–specific apoptotic stimuli. Here, we used Fanconi anemia complementation type C–deficient (Fancc–/–) mice to demonstrate that Fancc–/– phenotypically defined cell populations enriched for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells exhibit increased cycling. In addition, we established that the defect in cell cycle regulation is not a compensatory mechanism from enhanced apoptosis occurring in vivo. Collectively, these data provide a previously unrecognized phenotype in Fancc–/– hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, which may contribute to the progressive bone marrow failure in Fanconi anemia.
The V-type H+-ATPase in Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti: localization and activity
Authors: Weng Xing-He , Huss Markus , Wieczorek Helmut , Beyenbach Klaus W. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
The V-type H+-ATPase is thought to provide the driving force for transepithelial electrolyte and fluid secretion in Malpighian tubules. To confirm the presence of this proton pump in Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, we used several antibodies raised against the V-type H+-ATPase of Manduca sexta. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of the V-type H+-ATPase in Malpighian tubules of Aedes aegypti. In situ immunostaining identified the V-type H+-ATPase at the apical membrane of the mitochondrion-rich brush border of principal cells. The V-type H+-ATPase was not found in stellate cells. Measurements of ATPase activity revealed that bafilomycin-sensitive and NO3--sensitive ATPase activity accounted for 50–60% of total ATPase activity in crude extracts of Malpighian tubules. No significant ouabain- or vanadate-sensitive Na+/K+-ATPase activity was detected. These results support the conclusion reached previously in electrophysiological studies that the mechanisms for transepithelial electrolyte secretion in the AedesMalpighian tubules rely on the V-type H+-ATPase as the principal energizer of epithelial transport. Measures of transepithelial Na+and K+ secretion and estimates of the H+ flux mediated by the V-type H+-ATPase suggest a 1:1 stoichiometry for Na+/H+ and K+/H+ exchange transport across the apical membrane.
Energetics of nestling growth and parental effort in Antarctic fulmarine petrels
Authors: Hodum Peter J. , Weathers Wesley W. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
Antarctic fulmarine petrels breed in some of the coldest conditions encountered by any bird and their young grow twice as fast as predicted allometrically. To examine the energetic consequences of fast growth in a cold environment, we used the doubly labeled water technique to measure field metabolic rates of adults (three species) and different-aged nestlings (four species) of Antarctic fulmarine petrels in the Rauer Islands, East Antarctica:Antarctic fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides, Antarctic petrel Thalassoica antarctica, Cape petrel Daption capense and snow petrel Pagodroma nivea. We used our data to assess parental effort and, together with literature values on nestling growth and resting metabolic rate, to construct and partition nestling energy budgets. Nestling total energy expenditure and peak daily metabolic rate were significantly higher than predicted allometrically (33–73% and 17–66% higher,respectively), and the relative cost of growth in nestling petrels was among the highest reported for birds (54–72 kJ g-1). Parental effort during the nestling-feeding period was identical in adult Cape and Antarctic petrels (3.5 times basal metabolic rate, BMR), and was somewhat (but not significantly) higher in snow petrels (4.6 times BMR). These values are comparable to those of other high-latitude procellariiform birds. Thus,despite the constraints of a compressed breeding season, cold temperatures and fast-growing nestlings, adult Antarctic fulmarine petrels do not work harder than procellariid adults whose chicks grow much more slowly. Our findings suggest that obtaining sufficient food is generally not a constraint for adult fulmarine petrels and that factors operating at the tissue level limit nestling growth rate.
Olfactory input increases visual sensitivity in zebrafish: a possible function for the terminal nerve and dopaminergic interplexiform cells
Authors: Maaswinkel Hans , Li Lei 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
Centrifugal innervation of the neural retina has been documented in many species. In zebrafish Danio rerio, the only so-far described centrifugal pathway originates from terminal nerve (TN) cell bodies that are located in the olfactory bulb. Most of the TN axons terminate in the forebrain and midbrain, but some project via the optic nerve to the neural retina, where they synapse onto dopaminergic interplexiform cells (DA-IPCs). While the anatomical pathway between the olfactory and visual organs has been described, it is unknown if and how olfactory signals influence visual system functions. We demonstrate here that olfactory input is involved in the modulation of visual sensitivity in zebrafish. As determined by a behavioral assay and by electroretinographic (ERG) recording, zebrafish visual sensitivity was increased upon presentation of amino acids as olfactory stimuli. This effect, however, was observed only in the early morning hours when zebrafish are least sensitive to light. The effect of olfactory input on vision was eliminated after lesion of the olfactory bulbs or after the destruction of DA-IPCs. Intraocular injections of a dopamine D2 but not a D1 receptor antagonist blocked the effect of olfactory input on visual sensitivity. Although we cannot exclude the involvement of other anatomical pathways, our data suggest that the TN and DA-IPCs are the prime candidates for olfactory modulation of visual sensitivity.
Juvenile hormone and division of labor in honey bee colonies: effects of allatectomy on flight behavior and metabolism
Authors: Sullivan Joseph P. , Fahrbach Susan E. , Harrison Jon F. , Capaldi Elizabeth A. , Fewell Jennifer H. , Robinson Gene E. 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY
Three experiments were performed to determine why removal of the corpora allata (the glands that produce juvenile hormone) causes honey bees to fail to return to their hive upon initiating flight. In Experiment 1, the naturally occurring flights of allatectomized bees were tracked with radar to determine whether the deficit is physical or cognitive. The results indicated a physical impairment: allatectomized bees had a significantly slower ground speed than sham and untreated bees during orientation flights, but otherwise attributes such as flight range and area were normal. Flight impairment was confirmed in Experiment 2, based on observations of takeoff made in the field at the hive entrance. The allatectomized group had a significantly smaller percentage of flightworthy bees than did the sham and untreated groups. Experiment 3 confirmed the flight impairment in laboratory tests and showed that allatectomy causes a decrease in metabolic rate. Allatectomized bees had significantly lower metabolic rates than untreated and sham bees, while allatectomized bees receiving hormone replacement had intermediate values. These results indicate that allatectomy causes flight impairment, probably partly due to effects on metabolic rate. They also suggest that juvenile hormone plays an additional, previously unknown, role in coordinating the physiological underpinning of division of labor in honey bee colonies.