bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female Preferences for Call Traits and Male Mating Success in the Neotropical Frog Physalaemus enesefae
Authors: Tárano Zaida , Herrera Emilio A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFemale preferences for male call traits may affect male mating success and the evolution of exaggerated secondary sexual traits. We used phonotaxis experiments to examine female preferences in the frog Physalaemus enesefae in relation to variation in male call duration, dominant frequency, intercall interval and amplitude (dB SPL). Females preferred long calls, low and average dominant frequency calls, short intercall intervals and more intense calls. We compared the patterns of female preferences with those of acoustic variation among males to test the prediction that properties with low within‐male variation are associated with stabilizing or weakly directional female preferences, whereas properties with high within‐male variation are associated with directional preferences. Females had weakly directional preferences for the dominant frequency of the call and strongly directional preferences for call duration and call rate. We also determined whether the temporal relationship between calls influenced preferences based on the dominant frequency of the call. Preferences for low‐frequency over high‐frequency calls disappeared when calls partially overlapped. Females preferred the leading call regardless of its dominant frequency. We also investigated mating patterns in the field. There was size‐assortative mating, as male and female body sizes snout‐vent length (SVL) were positively correlated. In addition, differences in the frequency distributions of body length (SVL) between mated and unmated males approached significance; lower SVL classes were underrepresented among mated males. These patterns may reflect female preferences for lower dominant frequency calls, as there is a negative correlation between male mass and the dominant frequency of the call.
Variation in leaf phenolics of field‐cultivated willow (Salix myrsinifolia) clones in relation to occurrence of Melampsora rust
Authors: Hakulinen J. , Julkunen‐Tiitto R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryConcentrations of potential antifungal phenolics in field‐cultivated willow (Salix myrsinifolia) clones were analysed during three growing seasons, and correlated to the occurrence of Melampsora rust. Consistent relationships between phenolics and rust were not found across the experimental years. There was significant clonal and temporal variation in phenolic content and rust frequency. Levels of some phenolics varied considerably within a sequence of four full‐grown leaves, but the variation in rust occurrence within the same leaf sequence was nonsignificant. The results suggest that the possible association between willow phenolics and rusts is not straightforward, and emphasize the importance of long‐term studies to investigate the chemical basis of willow rust interactions.
Distribution of Armillaria species in upland Ozark Mountain forests with respect to site, overstory species composition and oak decline
Authors: Bruhn J. N. , Wetteroff J. J. , Mihail J. D. , Kabrick J. M. , Pickens J. B. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryArmillaria root disease is a contributing factor to oak decline in the Ozark Mountains of central USA. We have identified Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, and Armillaria tabescens in Quercus‐Carya‐Pinus forests of the region. Presence/absence patterns of each Armillaria species as well as all possible Armillaria species combinations were analysed by contingency tables and/or stepwise logistic multiple regressions with principal characteristics of the studied sites and forest stands, both quantitative and qualitative: geographic land‐type association, bedrock type, landform position, slope direction (aspect), soil type and soil surface stone cover, down woody debris, abundance and basal area of woody vegetation and decline mortality by species. Most decline mortality consisted of two red oak species (section Erythrobalanus, Quercus coccinea and Quercus velutina), which also were most sensitive to Armillaria infection. Site characteristics related to the distributions of Armillaria species and decline mortality were also related to the preponderance of Q. coccinea and Q. velutina, regional vegetation history (i.e. conversion of Pinus echinata stands to hardwoods), and the different strategies of territory acquisition and spread of the Armillaria species involved. The presence of A. gallica may reduce the activity of more virulent Armillaria species.
Persistence of Cryphonectria hypoviruses after their release for biological control of chestnut blight in West Virginia forests
Authors: Liu Y.‐C. , Double M. L. , MacDonald W. L. , Milgroom Michael G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAlthough Cryphonectria hypoviruses have been relatively successful as biological control agents of chestnut blight in Europe, their success in North America has been limited. Experimental releases of hypoviruses were made in 1978–82 at two sites in West Virginia forests with high densities of regenerating chestnut trees. Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV‐1) from Europe, as well as American isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica containing CHV‐3, were used for these releases. Although most trees died during the 5‐year release period, it was not known if the hypoviruses persisted in the C. parasitica population at the two sites. When the experimental plots were revisited in 1994, few chestnut trees were found. The exception was one plot containing coppice sprouts that had grown from the root collars of the original trees. The authors intensively sampled C. parasitica from experimental plots and screened recovered isolates for double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA). None of the isolates contained CHV‐1; only six isolates contained CHV‐3, all from the plots with the coppice sprouts. CHV‐4, which occurs naturally in West Virginia forests and in two released isolates, hybridized to dsRNA from the isolates containing CHV‐3, indicating mixed infections. CHV‐4 also hybridized to dsRNA from other isolates sampled inside and outside the treated plots. In contrast to CHV‐1 and CHV‐3, however, CHV‐4 has little effect on the growth or phenotype of C. parasitica. The limited persistence of CHV‐1 and CHV‐3 may have resulted when the C. parasitica population was reduced in size due to the failure of chestnut trees to resprout because of competition from other hardwood species.
Nurse–client relationships: The experience of community psychiatric nurses
Authors: O’Brien Louise 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to construct an interpretation of the experience of the nurse–client relationship in the context of community psychiatric nursing. Hermeneutic phenomenology formed the framework of the study. Shared conversations were conducted with five experienced community psychiatric nurses and five clients. Themes of ‘Being there’, ‘Being concerned’, ‘Establishing trust’ and ‘Facilitating transition’ were identified from the nurses’ conversations. This thematic structure was used to illuminate the centrality of the nurse–client relationship, and to articulate the skills that are involved in establishing and maintaining the relationship with clients with mental illness.
The impact of relocation on elderly patients with mental illness
Authors: Meehan Tom , Robertson Samantha , Vermeer Cathryn 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:Twenty‐three elderly patients with long‐term mental illness were relocated from a large tertiary mental health facility to two extended care units (ECUs) in their district of origin. The patients were assessed on measures of functioning, aggression and agitation at 6 weeks pre‐relocation, and again at 6 weeks and 6 months post‐relocation. The impact of relocation on the group proved to be less dramatic than findings reported in the literature. The adverse affects of relocation were likely to have been offset by the preparation and planning undertaken prior to relocation, and the support provided to staff and patients in the period following relocation. The findings have implications for nursing staff involved in the relocation of people with mental illness between wards within a hospital or from one hospital to another.
Structures of Prevention: A Safe‐Sex/Safe‐Injecting Audit of Mount Alexander Shire, A Methodological Pilot
Authors: Mischewski Anton , Smith Anthony M. A. , Wyldbore Jean , Stewart‐Stevens Helen 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the findings of a methodological pilot project that examined the availability of safe‐sex and safe‐injecting products in a rural shire in central Victoria. The study mapped the distribution and audited the availability of condoms, water‐based lubricants, needles/syringes and needle disposal units to provide baseline data on access to and the availability of products that are directly related to the prevention of the human immunodeficiency virus, sexually transmissible infections and blood‐borne viruses. Clear disparities were observed in the availability and pricing of safe sex/safe use materials between regional centres and outlying areas in the Shire. The findings make it clear that an emphasis on overcoming structural impediments to the adoption of safe sex/safe injecting practices is required.
Researching the Rural–Metropolitan Health Differential Using the ‘Social Determinants of Health’
Authors: Dixon Jane , Welch Nicky 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTRecent research indicates that the health status of rural people is inferior to that of people living in metropolitan Australia. This paper summarises the rural–metropolitan health differential and turns to the field of research being called the social determinants of health for explanations of rural health inequalities. The paper explores the ways in which psychosocial factors can interact with material, behavioural and sociocultural factors to contribute to health outcomes. It suggests that the concepts of place and rurality may be useful in future research on the determinants of population health. Further research issues are identified that need to be addressed if we are to understand the complexities of rural health disadvantage.
Mental health issues for rural and remote Australia
Authors: Judd Fiona K. , Humphreys John S. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT:The burden of mental health problems and disorders is high and rising both in Australia and globally. In response, the Commonwealth Government has moved to implement a national mental health strategy as the basis for a coordinated national approach to underpin initiatives designed to promote mental wellbeing and address mental ill health. This article outlines the nature and extent of mental health problems, provides an overview of changes in mental health policy and service delivery in Australia over the past decade, highlights issues in these areas of particular relevance for rural and remote Australia and calls for the development of a National Rural Mental Health Strategy.
Identifying and overcoming the barriers to Aboriginal access to General practitioner services in Rural New South Wales
Authors: Andrews Bruce , Simmons Peter , Long Ian , Wilson Ross 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The Wiradjuri General Practitioners and Aboriginal Health Workers Project aimed to help improve Aboriginal health in central western New South Wales (NSW) by identifying and overcoming the barriers to the Aboriginal population's access to general practitioner services.The central strategy of the project was to convene three rounds of consultative meetings in five towns: Bathurst, Orange, Cowra, Forbes and Condobolin. These meetings brought together Aboriginal community members, general practitioners and Aboriginal health workers to express and define local issues and problems, and to propose solutions.The solutions included general practitioner outreach clinics, a focus on prewinter immunisation, bulk‐billing of Aboriginal patients, Aboriginal cultural awareness training for all general practice personnel, employing Aboriginal staff in general practice, and closer professional interaction between general practitioners and Aboriginal health workers.Most participants evaluated the meetings as positive and constructive. The project substantiates the perceived need for alternative models for the funding and delivery of general practitioner services to Aboriginal communities.
Analysis of ante‐partum maternal morbidity in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Chakraborty Nitai , Islam M. Ataharul , Islam Chowdhury Rafiqul , Bari Wasimul 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of a prospective study of maternal morbidity during the ante‐partum period in rural areas of Bangladesh. The data came from a survey of Maternal Morbidity in Bangladesh, conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Research for Promotion of Essential and Reproductive Health and Technologies (BIRPERHT) during the period from November 1992 to December 1993. Since then no such national level survey has been conducted in Bangladesh. This paper employs multiple‐decrement life table technique, a convenient way of analysing the risks of different types of disease conditions that women experience during the antenatal period for different age categories. The high‐risk complications such as ante‐partum haemorrhage, excessive vomiting, fits/convulsion and oedema were considered in this study. In this study a cause specific model was applied to explore the differences in the risks exerted at different ages of reproductive life attributable to some selected complications of pregnancy. The results of this study indicate that women of age 25–29 years are less susceptible to most of the selected life‐threatening and high‐risk complications during pregnancy such as haemorrhage, fits/convulsion and oedema. However, younger women (age < 25 years) are more likely to have excessive vomiting during pregnancy, and older women (age ≥ 30 years) are at greater risk of haemorrhage, fits/convulsion and oedema.
Remarkable case of early Aspergillus endophthalmitis
Authors: Wollensak G , Green WR 
Published: March 2003

Background: This case demonstrates the early stage of Aspergillus endophthalmitis and is the second ultrastructural study of endogenous Aspergillus endophthalmitis. It is the first description of phagocytosis of Aspergillus fungi by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Methods: A case report and detailed light‐ and electron microscopic findings are presented. Results: Histopathological examination of serial sections of the affected right eye displayed a spread of Aspergillus fumigatus fungi along two separate paths: via the retinal and choroidal vessels. The retinal and choroidal lesions were not contiguous. The organisms penetrated blood vessel walls, Bruch’s membrane and the internal limiting membrane, but not the RPE layer. A curious accumulation of the Aspergillus fungi was present on the internal aspect of Bruch’s membrane, where the RPE acted as a barrier and the subretinal space was not invaded. Phagocytosis of fungi by the RPE was observed. No inflammatory cells were present between Bruch’s membrane and the RPE. Conclusions: This report describes a remarkable barrier function, possible local immunosuppression and phagocytosis by the RPE cells in a case of early Aspergillus endophthalmitis.
Mental Illness Depictions in Prime-Time Drama: Identifying the Discursive Resources
Authors: Wilson Claire , Nairn Raymond , Coverdale John , Panapa Aroha 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how the mentally ill are depicted in prime-time television dramas. Method: Fourteen television dramas that included at least one character with a mental illness, shown in prime-time during a 1-year period, were systematically viewed and analysed. Results: Fifteen of the 20 mentally ill characters were depicted as physically violent toward self or others. Characters were also depicted negatively as simple or lacking in comprehension and appearing lost, unpredictable, unproductive, asocial, vulnerable, dangerous to self or others because of incompetent behaviours, untrustworthy, and social outcasts, and positively as caring or empathic. Conclusions: These data are consistent with an overwhelming negativity of depictions of the mentally ill found in other forms of media and settings, and contribute to the stigmatisation of this population.
Suicidal Ideation in a Random Community Sample: Attributable Risk Due to Depression and Psychosocial and Traumatic Events
Authors: Goldney Robert D. , Wilson David , Grande Eleonora Dal , Fisher Laura J. , McFarlane Alexander C. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To determine the attributable risk for suicidal ideation of depression and psychosocial and traumatic events in a random and representative population. Method: Data were gathered from a random and representative sample of 2501 South Australians. Suicidal ideation and clinical depression were determined by the general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and the short-form health survey (SF-12) respectively, and information regarding psychosocial stressors and traumatic events was collated. These data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses to determine the population-attributable risks for suicidal ideation. Results: Overall, 5.6% of men and 5.3% of women had suicidal ideation. Univariate analyses demonstrated a significant attributable risk for suicidal ideation for depression and the majority of the psychosocial and traumatic events. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that clinical depression remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation, with a population-attributable risk of 46.9%. Because of the small number of people in the population who experience both suicidal ideation and specific events, multivariate analysis could not be applied to individual events. However, even when the psychosocial events were summed, they no longer remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation, whereas the summation of traumatic events remained significant, with a population-attributable risk of 38.0%. Conclusions: These results confirm the importance of traumatic events as significant factors in contributing to suicidal ideation. However, of even greater importance is that they indicate, unequivocally, the magnitude of the contribution of clinical depression to suicidal ideation, with the population-attributable risk of depression indicating that elimination of mood disorders would reduce suicidal ideation by up to 46.9%.
Pindolol Augmentation of Antidepressants: A Review and Rationale
Authors: Olver James S. , Cryan John F. , Burrows Graham D. , Norman Trevor R. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: To critically review the literature on clinical trials in which pindolol, a 5HT1A receptor antagonist, has been used to augment the effects of antidepressants in patients with depression and to examine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics that may underlie such augmentations. Method: The available literature from the previous 10 years relating to the clinical use of pindolol in combination with antidepressants was critically examined. This was placed in the context of its pharmacodynamic rationale, and evidence supporting its use was critically reviewed. Results: A number of open-label and placebo-controlled, double-blind trials on patients with depression showed conflicting results as to the value of adding pindolol to various antidepressant regimens in reducing latency or in augmenting the anti-depressant effect in treatment-resistant cases. While pre-clinical studies using electrophysiological and microdialysis techniques suggest utility in terms of increases in extracellular concentration of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5HT) in serotonergic projection areas, few studies have examined the possibility of drug–drug interactions and subsequent elevated plasma levels of antidepressant. Conclusions: Pre-clinical studies suggest possible advantages of pindolol augmentation of antidepressant regimens and the achievement of faster acting antidepressants. The results of investigations in patients with depression have so far been conflicting. There exists the possibility of drug–drug interaction in pindolol/antidepressant augmentation strategies which remains to be examined.
Obstetric Risk Factors for Postnatal Depression in Urban and Rural Community Samples
Authors: Johnstone Stuart J. , Boyce Philip M. , Hickey Anthea R. , Morris-Yates Allen D. , Harris Meredith G. 
Published: March 2003

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine obstetric risk factors for postnatal depression in an urban and rural community sample, with concurrent consideration of personality, psychiatric history and recent life events. Methods: This was a prospective study with women planning to give birth in one of the four participating hospitals recruited antenatally. Obstetric information was obtained from the New South Wales Midwives Data Collection, completed shortly after delivery. Personality, psychiatric history and life-events information were obtained from a questionnaire, administered within 1 week postpartum. Depression status was assessed at 8 weeks postpartum using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results: Complete data were obtained from 490 women. Several non-obstetric risk factors for the development of postnatal depression at 8 weeks postpartum were reported including: sociodemographic (up to technical college level education, rented housing, receiving a pension/benefit), personality (those who described themselves as either nervy, shy/selfconscious, obsessional, angry or a worrier), psychiatric history (familial history of mental illness, personal history of depression or anxiety or a history of depression in the participant's mother) and recent life-events (major health problem, arguments with partner and friends/relatives). None of the obstetric variables were significantly associated with increased risk for postnatal depression, but several showed marginally significant increases (multiparous women, antepartum haemorrhage, forceps and caesarean section deliveries). Conclusions: The results emphasize the importance of psychosocial risk factors for postnatal depression and suggest that most obstetric factors during pregnancy and birth do not significantly increase risk for this depression. Early identification of potential risk for postnatal depression should include assessment of sociodemography, personality, psychiatric history and recent life events, as well as past and present obstetric factors.
Patterns of Critical Incidents and Their Effect on Outcome in an Adolescent Inpatient Service
Authors: Barton Giles , Rey Joseph M. , Simpson Paul , Denshire Elise 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: To identify patterns in critical incidents at an inpatient adolescent unit, to determine differences among patients who engage in critical incidents and those who do not, and to ascertain if there is an association between involvement in incidents and outcome of treatment. Method: Retrospective review of all critical incidents reported at an adolescent unit over 30 months. Results: Of 243 adolescents consecutively admitted, 100 (41%) were involved in critical incidents. Aggressive acts were more common in male adolescents, among patients with conduct or oppositional disorder and/or in those with specific learning disorders, and occurred throughout the day. Self-destructive events were more common in female adolescents and among patients with borderline personality disorder, and took place mainly in the evening. Adolescents involved in critical incidents tended to have longer admissions and had a worse outcome, irrespective of other factors. Conclusions: Critical incidents are common among hospitalized adolescents and result in a poorer outcome. Increased structure during the evenings, problem-solving and social skills programmes for patients, and specific training for staff regarding management and minimization of critical incidents should be provided.