bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexes and IPN of CO2 Copolymers
Authors: Chen Liban , Yang Shuying , Lin Xinxin , Liu Sha , Wang Dongshan , Yu Aifang , He Shujie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to improve mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), different types of blends of PPC with some other polymers were prepared to achieve strong molecular interaction. The attempts included 1. preparation of hydrogen‐bonding complexes between PPC and acrylic acid ‐ methyl acrylate copolymers; 2. preparation of complexes of ionic PPC and polymers containing counterions; and 3. Preparation of interpenetrate networks by crosslinking PPC using an isocyanate and crosslinking some other polymers using a peroxide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allelic imbalance is not restricted to numerically abnormal chromosomes in epithelial ovarian tumours
Authors: Evans Mark F. , Simon Herrington C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, 23 low malignant potential (LMP) and 27 invasive epithelial ovarian tumours have been examined by microdissection and microsatellite polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for allelic imbalance (AI) at loci on the p and q arms of chromosomes 1, 11, 17, and X, and the data have been compared with interphase cytogenetics for numerical abnormalities (aneusomy) of these chromosomes. AI was uncommon in LMP tumours (5 of 23 at 9 of 146 informative loci) but was significantly more common (p<0.001) in invasive carcinomas (21 of 27 at 47 of 168 informative loci). This difference remained when LMP tumours were compared specifically with stage I carcinomas (p<0.001). A greater number of loci were involved in AI amongst serous than amongst mucinous carcinomas (p=0.015). AI was present at significantly more loci in carcinomas showing aneusomy by interphase cytogenetics than in those showing no numerical chromosome abnormalities (p<0.001). However, amongst the carcinomas showing aneusomy, AI was as frequent at loci on chromosomes with no numerical abnormality as at those with the numerical changes. These data demonstrate that aneusomy and AI are interrelated phenomena but that AI does not occur simply as a consequence of numerical chromosome changes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MS/MS profiling of taxoids from the needles of Taxus wallichiana
Authors: Madhusudanan K. P. , Chattopadhyay S. K. , Tripathi V. , Sashidhara K. V. , Kumar S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmmonium cationisation has been used for taxoid profiling of partially purified methanolic extracts of needles of Taxus wallichiana growing in different regions of the Himalayas (Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, UP Hills, Darjeeling, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh) by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The MS/MS spectra of the [M + NH4]+ or [M + H]+ ions gave structurally diagnostic fragment ions which revealed information about the taxane skeleton as well as the number and nature of the substituents. The rearranged 11(15 → 1)‐abeo‐taxanes showed a characteristic elimination of the hydroxyisopropyl group with an acetoxy/benzoyloxy group from C‐9. The identification of the taxoids was achieved by comparison of the MS/MS spectra with those of authentic taxoids or was based on biogenetic grounds. The results were corroborated by liquid chromatography–MS analysis. Out of the 50 taxoids identified, 21 belonged to the rearranged class. The presence of paclitaxel in the samples from four regions was confirmed: the study also revealed the occurrence of several basic taxoids in these samples. ­MS/MS profiling by electrospray ionisation was shown to be a fast and reliable technique for the analysis of taxoid samples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary care prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetes
Authors: Kenny Colin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the United Kingdom about 8% of National Health Service (NHS) resources are presently taken up by diabetes care, the cost of type 2 diabetes consuming 80% of that total. General practitioners are actively commissioning routine diabetes care for type 2 diabetic patients. This shift to primary care management has been accompanied by an overall change in focus for the NHS, with the introduction of evidenced‐based medicine, clinical governance and National Service Frameworks in important clinical areas including diabetes. Diabetic patients have a 2 to 5 fold higher risk of dying from coronary heart disease. In order to be most effective practices will want to prioritize patients for risk reducing interventions. People with diabetes may be stratified into three groups: those with established CHD or other atherosclerotic disease; diabetic patients who are at high risk of developing CHD or other atherosclerotic disease due to a combination of risk factors including: smoking, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and proteinuria and close relatives of patients with early onset CHD or other atherosclerotic disease. There are now a number of clear evidence‐based interventions, which can prevent this. The ambitious National Service Framework (NSF) for coronary heart disease and the anticipated NSF for diabetes will underline the importance of these inventions, and present the primary care team with a considerable challenge. Effective protocols and audit will have to be agreed and implemented. Clinical governance is designed to ensure and improve clinical standards throughout the NHS. It could include action to ensure that risk is avoided; inappropriate clinical management is rapidly detected, openly investigated and lessons learned; good practice, such as demonstrated in the UKPDS, is rapidly disseminated; and systems are in place to ensure continuous improvements in clinical care. Adequate resources will have to be identified for these important interventions to be implemented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transferring elderly type 2 patients to insulin: a prospective study of diabetes nurses', physicians' and patients' perceptions
Authors: Taylor C , Towse K , Reza M , Ward JD , Hendra T J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have prospectively studied the decision and expectations associated with starting insulin for elderly type 2 patients. Thirty consecutive patients who were referred to start insulin were studied; most started treatment promptly though more than 25% experienced delays of more than three months. Patients, diabetes nurses and physicians did not differ in their reasons for starting insulin though there were differences in treatment goals, with physicians, but not nurses or patients, identifying glucose level targets as important aims of treatment (p < 0.05). Most patients injected insulin twice daily, and performed regular capillary glucose monitoring, but hypoglycaemia was not a problem. We conclude that elderly patients differ from health professionals in their expectations of insulin, but that with careful patient selection this treatment is a safe option for elderly patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of those registered blind as a result of diabetes in Fife over a ten year period
Authors: Steel JM , Grant B , Cormack TGM , Macdonald MJ , Campbell IW 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFife is a geographically defined area of Scotland with a stable population of about 350 000. Screening for diabetic eye disease is performed annually with a hand held ophthalmoscope by doctors in hospital clinics and by trained optomotrists in those attending primary care. The standards for screening and management are those recommended by the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network.Over the ten year period 1990–1999 41 people were registered blind where diabetes was considered to be the main cause of blindness. The hospital and primary care records of all 41 patients were examined.Eight of the 41 people were under 60 years old and six had type 1 diabetes. Three had serious mental health problems, 13 were people who had chronically defaulted and five had been geographically mobile.No patient with type 1 diabetes who regularly attended a clinic became blind. There was a very high prevalence of microvascular disease and by the end of the study 29 patients had died of macrovascular complications.The organisation of screening is more important than the method of screening used and the development of strategies to improve the outcome in those who fail to keep appointments and those who are geographically mobile is very important in preventing blindness. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The risk of obstructive airways disease in a glaucoma population
Authors: Huerta Consuelo , García Rodríguez Luis Alberto , Möller Chistina Ström , Arellano Felix M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundAsthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defined as obstructive airways disease (OAD), are two common chronic conditions especially in the elderly. Glaucoma is also a common disease in the elderly with a prevalence close to 5% among those older than 75 years. Most medical therapy for glaucoma is given as eye drops. It has been described that small amounts of systemically absorbed beta‐blockers can produce significant respiratory adverse events in predisposed patients.MethodsPopulation‐based cohort study with nested case–control analysis using the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD). We studied the prevalence of OAD in a cohort of patients 60 to 85 years old with a first ever diagnosis of glaucoma and compared it to the prevalence in an age‐ and sex‐matched cohort sampled from the general population. We also calculated the RR and 95% CI of worsening asthma in non‐severe asthma patients among the two cohorts. Incidence of OAD was studied in a cohort of glaucoma patients 60 to 85 years old and in an age‐ and sex‐matched cohort from the general population.ResultsThe prevalence of OAD was the same between the glaucoma cohort and the general population (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.9–1.4). The risk of worsening asthma associated with glaucoma was OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.5–2.8). The incidence of OAD was similar in both cohorts. Current users of ophthalmic drugs presented a RR of 1.2 (95% CI 0.8–1.9) of developing asthma compared to non‐users in the glaucoma population. The risk in the first month of treatment with topical beta‐blockers was 2.1 (95% CI 0.7–6.7).DiscussionWe did not find an association between glaucoma and OAD. Use of topical glaucoma medication was not associated with a major increased risk of asthma. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroelectrochemical study of N‐ethyl‐carbazole in the presence of acrylamide
Authors: Yavuz Ö , Sezer E , Saraç A S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolymerization of N‐ethylcarbazole (NECz) in the presence of acrylamide (AAm) has been investigated by in situ and ex situ UV–visible spectrophotometric measurements to obtain information about the reaction pathway, because NECz gives soluble oligomeric species allowing such measurements. A tentative mechanism is proposed in the light of these results. The redox properties of the new polymers have been studied for possible sensor application.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Control of crystal morphology via molecular imprinting
Authors: D'Souza Sharon M , Alexander Cameron , Whitcombe Michael J , Waller Andrew M , Vulfson Evgeny N 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImprinted polymers were prepared from divinylbenzene and 6‐methacrylamidohexanoic acid as the functional monomer, using calcite crystals of three different morphologies as templates. After template removal voids in the polymer remained which reflected the size and shape of the template crystals. The use of these imprinted polymers in aqueous supersaturated calcium carbonate solution resulted in the formation of some crystal objects of unusual morphology. In the case of spheroidal imprints, the nucleated crystals grow via the {104} faces in many directions creating clusters whose surface consists of many small rhombohedral crystallites. However, in the case of rhombohedral imprints, no conflict between crystal growth and the constraints of nucleation at the polymer surface arises and the new crystals very closely resemble the templates.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Survey of a catalyst system for living cationic polymerization of glucose‐carrying vinyl ethers with acetyl and isopropylidene protecting groups
Authors: Yamada Kenji , Yamaoka Katsushi , Minoda Masahiko , Miyamoto Takeaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study concerns the living cationic polymerization of two vinyl ethers (VEs) having pendant glucose residues, in which the hydroxyl groups are protected by acetyl and isopropylidene functions. Living cationic polymerization of VE having an acetyl‐protected glucose was achieved by employing an initiating system consisting of the CF3COOH adduct of isobutyl VE (IBVE) and ethylaluminium dichloride in the presence of an added base at 0 °C. In contrast, the use of the HCl adduct of IBVE in conjunction with zinc iodide at −15 °C was more suitable for the controlled polymerization of VE having an isopropylidene‐protected glucose. Polymers obtained under these reaction conditions had narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.1) and controlled molecular weights.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Part 2. Quantitative interpretation of model compound sulfonation
Authors: Daoust D , Devaux J , Godard P 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanism and kinetics of sulfonation of two PEEK model compounds in concentrated sulfuric acid were studied. The first model compound (monomer) is representative of a PEEK repeat unit. The second one is a PEEK dimer. Because both model compounds are fluoroarylketone‐ended, the sulfonation reactions were followed by 19F NMR.The sulfonation reactions were treated following a first‐order kinetics with respect to the unsulfonated PEEK repeat unit. The comparison between the monomer and dimer results showed two different types of sulfonation behaviour. If only one apparent kinetic constant is considered for monomer sulfonation, two kinetic constants were taken into account to describe the dimer sulfonation process. This is due to a rate slowing effect of a sulfonic acid group on the sulfonation of the adjacent PEEK repeat unit. Furthermore, the results also confirm the rate slowing effect of the fluorine atom on the sulfonation of the neighbouring PEEK repeat unit.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of poly(methylphenylsilylene)–poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methylphenylsilylene)–polyisoprene multiblock copolymers
Authors: Hiorns Roger C , Holder Simon J , Schué François , Jones Richard G 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiblock copolymers were synthesized through condensation reactions of end‐groups of α,ω‐dichloro‐poly(methylphenylsilylene) with hydroxyl end‐groups of poly(ethylene glycol) or the chain‐ends of ‘living’ polyisoprenyl disodium. Optimum conditions have been sought through kinetic studies and by investigation of model reactions. The overall molecular weight distribution of poly(methylphenylsilylene)‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) is characterized in terms of Flory's theory of condensation reactions, while the limiting step in the reaction is tentatively attributed to the formation of aggregates.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Crystallization behaviour of hindered phenol on chlorinated polyethylene matrix
Authors: Wu Chifei , Yamagishi Tada‐aki , Nakamoto Yoshiaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe crystallization behaviour of tetrakis[methylene‐3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionyloxy]methane (AO‐60) molecules from several different states was investigated. It was found that, while pure AO‐60 is a crystalline substance, quenched and isothermally annealed AO‐60 is amorphous. In the case of a mixture of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and AO‐60, the crystallization of AO‐60 molecules is greatly affected by the initial dispersion state of the molecules. In addition, the mobility of AO‐60 molecules, which is governed by the annealing temperature and the distribution of the chain‐ends of CPE, also influences crystal growth. A CPE/AO‐60 hybrid annealed at a temperature near the melting point of AO‐60 exhibited several endothermal shoulders in addition to a sharper peak when characterized by differential scanning calorimetry. They were attributed to melting of the two kinds of crystal found either on the surface or inside the specimen. The former changes from polyhedron to platelet and then to needle shapes as the annealing temperature is reduced, whereas the latter exhibits some which are unprecedented such as deformed (warp, twist, turn and hollow) platelets.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of the termination mode in the radical polymerization of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl α‐fluoroacrylate
Authors: Alric Jérôme , David Ghislain , Boutevin Bernard , Rousseau Alain , Robin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mode of termination of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl α‐fluoroacrylate (FATRIFE) in radical polymerization was studied, and only termination by recombination occurred, which led to telechelic macromolecular structures. The radical polymerization in acetonitrile was carried out to synthesize oligomers with a low number average degree of polymerization ($\overline{\hbox{DP}_{\rm n}}$)cum (about 20), using tert‐butylcyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate (TBCPC) as initiator at 75 °C. The initial [TBCPC]0/[FATRIFE]0 molar ratio was monitored to evaluate its influence on the ($\overline{\hbox{DP}_{\rm n}}$)cum of α‐fluoroacrylic oligomers. The 1H NMR analysis of the polymers showed that the ($\overline{\hbox{DP}_{\rm n}}$)cum values obtained were higher than 40, in spite of a high C0 value. To explain these results, the mode of termination was evaluated using the following kinetic law: ${\bf R}_{\bf pi}\ {\bf\approx}\ [{\bf I}_{2}]_{0}^{0.27}[{\bf M}]_{0}^{1.24}$. The development of kinetic relationships allowed us to calculate the ratio kprt/ki·kp as about 17–30 mol s l−1, and to confirm that primary radical termination (PRT) was in competition with bimolecular macromolecular termination (BMT).© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Student violence and the moral dimensions of education
Authors: Edwards Clifford H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudent violence has started to appear in schools in extreme forms. Various causes have been suggested, including TV violence, dysfunctional families, grinding poverty, child abuse, domestic violence, poor emotional and cognitive development, drugs, gangs, inequitable educational opportunity, and latchkey homes. A number of programs have been initiated to deal with this problem which focus on limiting the entry of weapons into the schools and managing aggressiveness. Unfortunately many of these programs fail to address the more fundamental causes of violence and aggression. A more effective means of prevention involves helping children become more responsible members of families, schools, and neighborhoods. School counselors and school psychologists have an important leadership role in helping reduce violence by promoting the moral dimensions of education, including the development of effective learning communities and encouraging school experiences which help children become more resilient in meeting the challenges they face each day without resorting to violence. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cleft‐like hexaamine ligands containing large heteroaromatic moieties as receptors for both anions and metal cations
Authors: Bazzicalupi Carla , Bencini Andrea , Berni Emanuela , Bianchi Antonio , Fornasari Patrizia , Giorgi Claudia , Masotti Andrea , Paoletti Piero , Valtancoli Barbara 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLigands L1 and L2 contain two ethylenediamine chains linked to the 2,9 and 6,6′ positions of phenanthroline and bipyridyl, respectively. Their molecular architecture defines a coordinative ‘cleft,’ a potential binding site for metals and anionic species. Their coordination properties toward Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) were studied by means of potentiometric, microcalorimetric and UV–vis spectrophotometric measurements. In the [ML]2+ complexes (L = L1 or L2), the metal is enveloped inside the ligand cleft, as shown by the crystal structure of the [ZnL2]2+ cation. On the other hand, the analysis of the thermodynamic data for metal complexation reveals that in the [ML]2+ complexes some nitrogen donors are weakly bound, or not bound, to the metal, owing to the presence of a rigid heteroaromatic unit, which leads to a stiffening of the ligands. Both L1 and L2, in their protonated forms, behave as multifunctional receptors for the nucleotide anions at neutral or slightly acidic pH, giving 1:1 complexes. Binding of diphosphate, triphosphate, ATP and ADP was studied by means of potentiometry and 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Charge–charge and hydrogen bonding interactions take place between the polyphosphate chain of nucleotides and the polyammonium groups of L1 and L2, whereas the adenine moiety shows charge–dipole interactions with the ammonium groups and π‐stacking with the heteroaromatic units of the receptors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of new hyperbranched poly(aryl ether oxadiazole)s
Authors: Wu Fang‐Iy , Shu Ching‐Fong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new AB2 monomer was synthesized for use in the preparation of a hyperbranched poly(aryl ether oxadiazole) with terminal phenol functionality. The AB2 monomer contains two phenolic groups and a single aryl fluoride group that is activated toward nucleophilic displacement by the attached oxadiazole ring. The nucleophilic substitution of the fluoride with the phenolate groups led to the formation of an ether linkage. Subsequently, a hyperbranched poly(aryl ether oxadiazole) having approximately a 44% degree of branching, as determined by a combination of model compound studies and 1H NMR, was obtained. The terminal phenolic groups underwent facile functionalization, furnishing hyperbranched polymers with a variety of functional chain ends. The nature of the chain‐end groups had a significant influence on the physical properties of the polymers, such as the glass‐transition temperature and their solubility. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3851–3860, 2001
Side‐chain functionalized liquid‐crystalline polymers and blends. IX.* Phase behavior and structure of comb‐shaped liquid‐crystalline ionomers containing calcium ions
Authors: Barmatov E. B. , Pebalk D. A. , Barmatova M. V. , Shibaev V. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLiquid‐crystalline (LC) ionomers containing 2–15 mol % calcium ions were synthesized by the exchange reaction between the nematic LC copolymer, bearing oxycyanobiphenyl mesogenic groups, and the carboxyl groups of acrylic acid, with calcium acetate. The incorporation of 2–3 mol % Ca ions in the LC copolymer leads to some rise in the clearing point and glass‐transition temperature. A further increase in the concentration of metal ions (>5 mol %) is accompanied by induction of the smectic A phase where clearing point and glass‐transition temperatures keep constant values. Phase behavior of the LC ionomers may be understood on the basis of a structural model that considers the dual role of calcium ions in a polymer matrix. Metal ions act as points of noncovalent electrostatic binding of the polymer chains and are capable of forming larger ionic associates (multiplets). The comparison of the phase behavior of sodium and calcium containing LC ionomers shows that the formation of ionic links may lead to the growth of structure defects suppressing a positive influence of charged groups on the mesophase clearing temperature. The orientation behavior of the LC ionomers in the magnetic field was studied. It was shown that the incorporation of calcium ions (3 mol %) in the LC copolymer matrix leads to the growth of orientation order parameter S of the nematic phase. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3953–3959, 2001