bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species differences in the metabolism of arsenic compounds
Authors: Vahter Marie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHumans are exposed via air, water and food to a number of different arsenic compounds, the physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of which may vary considerably. In people eating much fish and shellfish the intake of organic arsenic compounds, mainly arsenobetaine, may exceed 1000 μg As per day, while the average daily intake of inorganic arsenic is in the order of 10–20 μg in most countries. Arsenobetaine, and most other arsenic compounds in food of marine origin, e.g. arsenocholine, trimethylarsine oxide and methylarsenic acids, are rapidly excreted in the urine and there seem to be only minor differences in metabolism between animal species. Trivalent inorganic arsenic (AsIII) is the main form of arsenic interacting with tissue constituents, due to its strong affinity for sulfhydryl groups. However, a substantial part of the absorbed AsIII is methylated in the body to less reactive metabolities, methylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), which are rapidly excreted in the urine. All the different steps in the arsenic biotransformation in mammals have not yet been elucidated, but it seems likely that the methylation takes place mainly in the liver by transfer of methyl groups from S‐adenosylmethionine to arsenic in its trivalent oxidation state. A substantial part of absorbed arsenate (AsV) is reduced to AsIII before being methylated in the liver. There are marked species differences in the methylation of inorganic arsenic. In most animal species DMA is the main metabolite. Compared with human subjects, very little MMA is produced. The marmoset monkey is the only species which has been shown unable to methylate inorganic arsenic. In contrast to other species, the rat shows a marked binding of DMA to the hemoglobin, which results in a low rate of urinary excretion of arsenic.
Peripheral vasculopathy in rats induced by humic acids
Authors: Lu Fung‐Jou , Huang Tien‐Shang , Lin Yung‐Sung , Pang Victor Fei , Lin Shih Yuh 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdult male Wistar rats averaging 380 g in weight were injected with single doses (100 mg kg−1 body weight) of humic acids intraperitoneally. ‘Black tails’ were noticed 12 days later. In severely affected regions, thrombosis with mild to moderate acute necrotizing vasculitis was seen in most of the blood vessels located in the dermis, subcutaneous fat and muscle. These blood vessels were markedly dilated. Frequently, colonies of a shortrod bacterium of varying sizes were observed in necrotic tissues. There was mild to moderate edema and minimal accumulation of mast cells and macrophages in the dermis. Acute fat necrosis with fibrin deposition was also seen in the subcutaneous fat. Based on the pathological findings, we diagnosed that the tails of Wistar rats which had been injected with humic acids had severe multifocal thrombosis and mild to moderate, multifocal, acute necrotizing vasculitis with bacterial colonization, mild dermatitis, and fat necrosis. The relevance of these observations to the discussions on arsenic as an etiological factor of human Blackfoot disease is examined.
Organometallic complexes with biological molecues, part 3. in vivo cytotoxicity of diorganotin (IV) chloro and triorganotin (IV) chloro derivatives of penicillin g on chromosomes of aphanius fasciatus (pisces, cyprinodontiformes)
Authors: Vitturi R. , Mansueto C. , Gianguzza A. , Maggio F. , Pellerito A. , Pellerito L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to obtain a continuous source of mitotic metaphases, gill tissue of Aphaius fasciatus (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes) has been successfully employed. Results gathered after exposure of fish to R2SnClpenG, R3SnClpenGNa, to the parents R2SnCl2, R3SnCl and to penGNa (penGNa = penicillinGNa; R = methyl, butyl and phenyl) suggest that both the parent organotin (IV) chloride and organotin (IV) chloropenG derivatives are toxic while penGNa exerts no significant toxic activity. Essentially, all of the chromosome abnormalities are classifiable as irregularly staining of chromosomes, breakages, side‐arm bridges or pseudochiasmata.
Use of cartridges for speciation of organotin compounds in environmental samples
Authors: Gomez‐Ariza J. L. , Beltrán R. , Morales E. , Giraldez I. , Ruiz‐Benitez M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe performance of cartridges with different polar and non‐polar stationary phases (C18, C8, C2, phenyl) has been investigated for the quantitative separation of butyltin and phenyltin species (TBT, DBT, MBT, MPT, DPT, TPT), and conditions have been established to optimize the separation, using gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector, to characterize the different organotin species. Optimum separation and preconcentration of organotins is based on retention in a C18 cartridge and elution with 2 cm3 of 1% (v/v) HBr and 0.1% tropolone solution in methanol, being successfully applied to seawater. Finally, the possibilities of the cartridges for selective elution and their use in direct non‐chromatographic speciation are discussed.
Transversely heated graphite atomizer–atomic absorption spectrometry (thga aas) in combination with flow injection analysis system‐hydride generation (fias hg) as a reliable screening method for organolead compounds
Authors: Bettmer J. , Cammann K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe combination of a flow injection analysis system‐hydride generation (FIAS HG) and transversely heated graphite atomizer–atomic absorption spectrometry (THGA AAS) has been applied for the sensitive detection of organolead compounds [e.g. detection limit of trimethyl‐lead species (TriML): 32 ng l−1 for a 0.5 ml sample loop] in the presence of inorganic lead. A mixture of hydrochloric acid and ethylenediaminetetra‐acetic acid (EDTA) as a carrier solution in the flow injection system suppressed interferences of inorganic lead. Calibration with various organolead compounds in the range 0.25–8 μg l−1 was carried out in the presence of 10 mg l−1 Pb2+ without any interferences. Additionally, statistical aspects of the determination of trimethyl‐lead have been studied. Different parameters, e.g. working range, detection limit, recovery function etc., were calculated with respect to quality assurance in metal speciation.
Study of the distribution of methylmercury and total mercury in grain size fractions of freeze‐dried estuarine sediment samples
Authors: Carro A. M. , Rubi E. , Bollain M. H. , Lorenzo R. A. , Cela R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA study of the total mercury and methylmercury distribution in esturine sediments is presented. Core sediments obtained in a polluted area were freeze‐dried and sieved to obtain four fractions. Fraction 1, having grain size <0.30 mm; Fraction 2, having grain size <0.30 mm; Fraction 3, with grain size <1 mm and Fraction 4, having particle size >1 mm. In all these fractions total mercury (Cold Vapor AAS) and methylmercury (Gas Chromatography with ECD detection) have been analyzed. As expected high concentrations of total mercury and small concentrations of methylmercury were obtained in Fractions 1 and 2 but were not detected in Fractions 3 and 4, although the study of the data obtained suggests that significant amounts of geochemical mercury remain in these fractions. Attempts have been made to correlate data for both species when freeze dried sediments and the raw wet samples were analyzed.
Isolation of bacterial culture capable of degrading triphenyltin pesticides
Authors: Visoottiviseth P. , Kruawan K. , Bhumiratana A. , Wilairat P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA bacterial culture capable of degrading triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTOH) was successfully isolated from soil samples taken at a dockyard area in Samutprakarn province, Thailand. It was purified, identified and designated as Pseudomonas putida no. C. The bacterium isolated was found to have the capability of degrading TPTOH at levels of 7.0 ppm in 24 h. The addition of glucose enhanced the extent of degradation of TPTOH. Experiments were also conducted to immobilize P. putida no. C on various supports such as sand, cotton fibre and alginate. It was found that alginate was the best support material. Immobilized P. putida no. C on alginate was found to possess suitable characteristics and potential for future development in the removal of TPTOH from water and waste water systems.
Determination of mercury species in gas condensates by on‐line coupled high‐performance liquid chromatography and cold‐vapor atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Schickling C. , Broekaert J. A. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA method for the speciation of mercury in gas condensates is reported. Mercury(II) chloride (HgCl2), methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), phenylmercury acetate (PhHgAc) and diphenylmercury (Ph2Hg) are separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using gradient elution. Prior to the determination, the organic ligands and the matrix were destroyed by oxidation with K2Cr2O7. Mercury is detected with cold‐vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAA), where the mercury compounds are reduced to metallic mercury by a treatment with NaBH4. In a continuous‐flow system the concentrations of the reagents used are optimized using a modified simplex algorithm. Detection limits for mercury are at the 10 ng ml−1 level. Analysis of multi‐compound mixtures indicates that chemical reactions between HgCl2 and Ph2Hg and between MeHgCl and Ph2Hg take place. The method developed was applied to the speciation of mercury in gas condensates and did not require use of any solvent extraction or chemical derivatization steps. In the gas condensates, mercury(II) compounds were found to be present at the 100 ng ml−1 level.
New insights into the palladium‐catalysed synthesis of δ‐lactones from 1,3‐dienes and carbon dioxide
Authors: Dinjus Eckhard , Leitner Walter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo‐coordinate Pd(0) complexes are shown to be important intermediates in the telomerization of 1,3‐dienes and CO2 using palladium/phosphine catalysts without additives. Only one phosphorus atom is bound to palladium during the C–C bond forming steps, but the second phosphorus atom is crucial in the early stages of the catalytic cycle and for the elimination of the product. A ligand that gave an active palladium catalyst for the coupling of 1,3‐butadiene and CO2 has been designed. Use of a palladium catalyst in the reaction of isoprene with CO2 allowed for the first time isolation and NMR spectroscopic characterization of the resulting mixture of lactones.
The stability of ferrocenylmethyl derivatives: Further attempts to synthesize ferrocenylacetone
Authors: Imrie Christopher 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAttempts have been made to synthesize ferrocenylacetone by various routes. The reaction of ferrocene and chloroacetone in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate was investigated as a potential route but this gave 2,2‐diferrocenylpropane and not ferrocenylacetone as reported in the literature. Several other attempts to synthesize ferrocenylacetone also failed and possible reasons for the instability of this and of other ferrocenylmethyl derivatives are discussed.
Estimation of the hemolytic effects of various organotin compounds by structure–activity relationships
Authors: Hamasaki Tetsuo , Masumoto Hideki , Sato Takahiko , Nagase Hisamitsu , Kito Hideaki , Yoshioka Yoshitada 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe hemolytic effects of 27 organotin compounds, which are environmental pollutants, were studied with rabbit erythrocytes. Various EC50values caused by differences in their chemical structures were observed. The hemolytic activities of tri‐n‐butyltins and triphenyltins were higher than that of sodium‐n‐dodecyl sulfate, and the hemolysis by tri‐n‐butyltin chloride proceeded rapidly. Tri‐n‐butyltin chloride showed the highest hemolytic activity (EC50= 7.48 μM). Methyltin compounds were less active (EC50>364 μM) than any other organotin compound tested. No significant difference in hemolytic activity based on divergences of the anionic functional group which was attached to each triorganotin compound was observed. A structure–activity relationship study was carried out in order to predict EC50values of a series of tested organotin compounds, using various descriptors which represent their physicochemical properties or molecular structures. In the multiparametric regression analysis, the best regression equation (r= 0.854) for estimation of their hemolytic effects was obtained by adopting the descriptors Index Value (IV), Mean Information Index (I) and Molecular Connectivity Index (0χp).
Triorganosilicon(IV) complexes as biocides: Synthetic, spectroscopic and biological studies of N SH and N OH fluoroimines and their chelates
Authors: Saxena Chitra , Singh R. V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA facile synthesis and study of the stereochemistry and biochemical aspects of some triorganosilicon(IV) complexes derived from fluoroimines having N S and N O systems are reported. The fluoroimines were prepared by the condensation of 2‐fluorobenzaldehyde and 1‐(2‐fluorophenyl)ethanone with semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide. These imines react with triorganosilicon(IV) chlorides to yield compounds having SiO/SiS and Si ← N bonds. The structures of the compounds have been elucidated by physicochemical and spectral (UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 9F NMR) studies which clearly point to a trigonal bipyramidal geometry around silicon(IV), as the active lone pair of nitrogen is also included in the coordination sphere. In the search for better fungicides and bactericides, studies were conducted to assess the growth‐inhibiting potential of the synthesized complexes against various pathogenic fungal and bacterial strains. These studies demonstrate that the concentrations reached levels which are sufficient to inhibit and kill the pathogens.
Free amino acids of newborn and adult guinea pig brain
Authors: Davis Jimmie M. , Himwich Williamina A. , Agrawal Harish C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA comparative analysis of the changes in glutamic acid, glutamine, GABA, aspartic acid, alanine, threonine, and glycine in the anatomically or functionally differentiated areas of the newborn and adult guinea pig brain has been made. These data have been used in an attempt to elucidate those changes in brain neurochemistry which occur after the animal is functionally mature, but during the period in which responses to environmental stimuli are still being integrated. The changes in guinea pig brain have been compared with those which occur in the brains of other species after birth and after the appearance of physiological maturity.
Influence of infantile stimulation on the response to stress during preweaning development
Authors: Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNew born rats were stimulated in infancy and the maturation of the adrenal response to stress or to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was examined. Control animals (nonhandled) showed little or no response to ether and surgical trauma until about 18 days of age. In contrast, handled newborn rats had a significant elevation in plasma corticosterone concentration following stress introduced as early as 3 days of age, whereas at 21 days of age, nonhandled animals showed a significantly higher plasma corticosterone concentration than their handled counterparts. The response to ACTH was equivalent in both groups on each test day. Plasma steroid levels were elevated after ACTH injection at 3 days of age. This was followed by a period of marked suppression of the response to ACTH lasting until about 15 days of age in both groups.
Passive avoidance in prenatally X‐irradiated rats
Authors: Deagle John , Furchtgott Ernest 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwenty‐nine albino rats which had received 200 R of X irradiation on the 16th day of gestation were given together with 38 nonirradiated control animals, 4 trials in a passive avoidance conditioning situation. Irradiated animals showed significantly more passive avoidance behavior than did the controls. In a second experiment, animals from both groups were subsequently tested in a shuttle‐box, active avoidance situation. Here, also, the irradiated animals showed more avoidance behavior than the controls. It was hypothesized that the findings are related to increased fearfulness in prenatally irradiated rats.
Development and hormonal control of territorial marking in the male mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Lindzey Gardner , Thiesen D. D. , Tucker Ann 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMale Mongolian gerbils were either castrated or sham operated at 30 days of age. Assessment of territorial marking was carried out every 6 days beginning at 52 days of age and extending to 100 days of age. After each marking test, 10 intact males received 640 μg testosterone propionate subcutaneously; 10 other intact animals and 10 castrates received oil injections. The ventral sebaceous scent gland, used by the gerbil to deposit sebum on objects during the marking response, was measured after each test. Behavioral marking and the scent gland were entirely absent in castrates. Relative to controls, marking in hormone‐treated animals began earlier and reached higher frequencies. Gland development was also responsive to the hormone, but lagged behind marking activity.
Differential human handling and the development of agonistic behavior in basenji and shetland sheep dogs
Authors: Scott J. P. , Bronson Frank , Trattner Alice 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis experiment tested the hypothesis that differential treatment will increase the amount of aggressive interactions between young puppies. Litters of Shetland sheepdogs and African basenjis were weaned at 4 weeks of age and reared in pairs. In one pair, one pup was favored through playful interaction by a human experimenter, while the other pup was ignored. In a second pair, both pups were ignored. Significantly greater amounts of aggressive behavior occurred in the differentially treated pairs, both during and immediately after the treatment periods. This behavior carried over into competitive situations involving a food or bone and was still present 9 weeks after treatment had been discontinued. Breed differences were observed in almost all measurements taken. In particular, shelties learned to inhibit their behavior much more rapidly than basenjis. Such differences are comparable to what might be expected from genetic differences between individuals in human subjects. The experiment is not comparable to sibling rivalry in human families, where differential treatment is imposed because of difference in ages, but the results support the hypothesis that lessening of differential treatment should reduce the occurrence of quarrels between siblings.
Mother‐infant interactions and experimental manipulation: Confounding or misidentification?
Authors: Meier Gilbert W. , Schutzman Lloyd H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe role of material responsiveness to offspring behaviors in the research on early experience and behavioral development is discussed. The proposition is offered that the behavioral changes following experimenter manipulation of the offspring during the preweaning period, as by handling, isolation, shock stimulation, or cold stress, are attributable to the altered interaction between mother and infant, such that the mother responds differentially to certain behaviors of her offspring or predominantly to those offspring showing such behaviors. In support of this proposition, data are cited on preferential maternal responsiveness to infants by sex and the frequency is enumerated of significant Sex × Treatment interactions in the early experience studies.
The confounding effects of genetic variables in early experience research: Can we ignore them?
Authors: Henderson Norman D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe high probability that the genetic makeup of different subject populations within a species will interact with treatment effects in early experience studies suggests that major revisions in both research methodology and interpretations of results are necessary in this area. Generalizations based on data from a single subpopulation of a species can be misleading, especially if they are based on a limited number of behavioral measures.
Primate naturalistic research and problems of early experience
Authors: Menzel E. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper attempts to approach behavioral development and early experience from a naturalistic, ecologically oriented point of view, and it reviews illustrative data from recent primate field studies, particularly in the area of social behavior. What is the ecological‐social context into which the infant primate must fit himself and what are the end‐points toward which normal development must move? Where does the infant locate himself within his context? Where will he be andwhat will he do at successive stages in development? These are the sorts of questions that are posed. In general, a naturalistic approach to development starts from that which is already there—i.e., groups of animals in their native habitats—and it tries to describe and analyze, first in broad outline, and then with increasing detail, how they come to be as they are. It supplements, complements, and in some respects reverses the traditional approach of experimental psychology, which takes a “naive” individual alone in an “absolutely controlled” and usually empty environment as a theoretical model, and tries to work from this ground up to normal ecosystems by adding variables one at a time.
Temporal parameters of sensitization for audiogenic seizures in SJL/J mice
Authors: Fuller John L. , Collins Robert L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSusceptibility to audiogenic seizures in SJL/J mice is affected by exposure to loud sound during a sensitive age period. The effect is similar to that reported by Henry for strain C57BL/6J. In 3‐week‐old mice, priming by sound requires 5 to 20 sec; sensitization, 30 to 36 hr; convulsibility lasts for at least 21 weeks without any intervening stimulation. Repeated stimulation prior to development of convulsibility makes mice temporarily refractory to sound induction of seizures.
Synthesis of rapidly‐labelled brain RNA in the rat during stagnant hypoxia in the course of ontogeny
Authors: Sirakova I. A. , Sirakov L. M. , Jílek L. , Rychlík I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe nucleic acids of the cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction of the brain homogenate were isolated by phenol procedure then were fractionated on a linear sucrose density gradient. The in vivo incorporation of [3H]‐uridine into different types of RNA and the template activity of these nucleic acid fractions in control and hypoxic animals were studied in vitro in a cell‐free protein synthetic system of E. coli. In adult animals, as in 25‐day‐old rats, stagnant hypoxia decreases the total synthesis of rapidly‐labelled RNA in nuclei and impairs the template activity in cytoplasm. In 12‐day‐old rats, the synthesis of rapidly‐labelled RNA does not change in stagnant hypoxia and the template activity increases mainly in the low molecular weight fractions. Metabolic adaptation of immature nervous tissue to hypoxia involves specific changes of protein and nucleic acid metabolism as well as in carbohydrate and energy metabolism.
Genetic–environmental interaction in “intelligence”: I. Biometric genetic analysis of maze performance of Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Harrington Gordon M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree litters from each of 11 inbred strains of rat were tested in a Hebb‐Williams maze. Substantial (p < .001>) genetic and interaction effects were found. Data were analysed in terms of theories of delay of reinforcement, incentive motivation, and adrenergic‐cholinergic balance in task performance. A genetic variable with characteristics reminiscent of Spearman's “g” was found, possibly implicating a single underlying biochemical mechanism.