bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An examination of the use of angling data to estimate total returns of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, to two rivers in Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: O'Connell M. F. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractConservation spawning requirements (limits) for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., have been developed for a number of rivers in Newfoundland. Status of stocks is evaluated against these limits and scientific advice and recommendations on levels of recreational catch provided to resource managers. A critical factor in this process is the determination of total returns. This has been accomplished for 30–40% of the rivers in question over the years through the use of fish counting fences and traps installed in fishways. In Newfoundland, it is not logistically or financially possible to operate fish counting facilities in all of the approximately 200 Atlantic salmon rivers. Thus angling catch data have been used as an alternative means of estimating total returns to rivers without counting facilities. Estimates of total returns were three to four times higher than the actual values for one of the two rivers studied and deviated from the actual by as much as 60% for the other. Management implications of the approach are discussed.
Alizarin marking of whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus otoliths during egg incubation
Authors: Eckmann R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAlizarin red S from 200 to 5000 mg L−1 was used to mark the otoliths of whitefish embryos Coregonus lavaretus (L.) from 5 days after fertilization until shortly before hatching, to develop a method for evaluating the effect of stocking whitefish. Mark quality depended on developmental stage at the time of immersion. The best results were obtained when the otolith primordia had formed and had started aggregating to form the innermost part of the nucleus. This was verified by in vitro staining of otoliths where the primordia were more intensely stained than the remaining part of the nucleus. The volume ratio eggs to ARS solution, which was 1:10 in all but two treatments, must be observed when comparing fluorochrome concentrations, as mark quality decreased at higher ratios of 1:5 and 1:2. An average mortality rate of 35% in the most successful treatments was considered tolerable for a mass‐marking programme being used under commercial hatchery conditions. This method for marking otoliths of whitefish embryos with ARS during egg incubation is recommended for all cases where marking of larvae is not possible.
Marine fish life history strategies: applications to fishery management
Authors: King J. R. , McFarlane G. A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe life history traits of 42 marine fish species were grouped according to the theoretical classifications of life history strategies. This provides a conceptual framework of management options, because life history strategies are the underlying determinants for population responses to climate and ocean changes, they can be used to classify typical population responses. When faced with providing management advice for species for which there is no information on absolute or relative biomass, such as newly exploited species, life history traits can be used to classify the species into a strategist grouping and the appropriate management options can be selected from the conceptual framework.
The nursing shortage in the United States of America: an integrative review of the literature
Authors: Janiszewski Goodin Heather 
Published: July 2003

Aim.  The aims of this paper are to review the literature to determine what factors are contributing to the nursing shortage in the United States of America (USA) and discuss possible solutions to this current and future nursing shortage.Background.  The need for nurses is often depicted as cyclical in nature. Throughout history, the USA has experienced a series of nursing surpluses and shortages. However, the current shortage has been characterized as being unlike those experienced in the past. Trends of an ageing Registered Nurse (RN) workforce and limited supply to fill the impending vacancies are some of the unique aspects that bring a new dimension to an old problem. Today's nursing shortage will not be resolved by simply returning to the solutions of yesteryear, and strategies to reduce its impact will have to be more creative and focus on the long‐term.Methods.  Integrative literature review of published literature on the current nursing shortage in the USA from 1999 to 2001.Discussion.  Four main areas were identified as the major contributors to the nursing shortage in the USA: the ageing RN workforce; declining enrolment; the changing work climate; and the poor image of nursing. Solutions to the shortage followed similar themes to the contributing factors and encompassed four main areas: exploring recruitment efforts; exploring retainment efforts; improving the image of nursing; and supporting legislation that helps to rectify the shortage.Conclusion.  There is firm evidence that the USA amidst a nursing shortage. Much is known about the many contributing factors but now nurses need to become proactive to help secure the future of their workforce. By forming partnerships within the profession and with other influential parties, nurses can be in the forefront of resolving their workforce issues.
Reconstructing mental health nursing in home care
Authors: Magnusson Annabella , Severinsson Elisabeth , Lützén Kim 
Published: July 2003

Background.  Psychiatric care for people in Sweden with long‐term mental health problems has shifted from institutional to community and home settings.Aim.  The aim of this study was to explore and describe mental health nurses’ experiences of how structural changes in mental health nursing influence interaction when providing home care to patients with long‐term mental health problems.Method.  We conducted interviews with 11 mental health nurses who provided home care to people with long‐term mental health problems. The constant comparative method of grounded theory was used for data collection and analysis.Findings.  The process of attempting to reconstruct mental health nursing by entering into the everyday reality of people with long‐term mental health problems was identified as the core category. Central to this process was a change in perspective from nurse‐controlled to client‐centred care. This led to changes in moral values, assessment of client needs, and ways of meeting clients and establishing relationships. However, attempts to reconstruct mental health nursing according to a client‐centred perspective became problematic when clients were at risk of harming themselves. In these situations, respondents felt the need to make decisions for clients, and this was experienced as burdensome and lonely.Conclusions.  Our study indicates that the process of reconstructing mental health nursing in line with a client‐centred perspective is incomplete. Opportunities to interact with people with mental health problems in the home environment may lead to a broader perspective on the daily lives of these people, but also to a realization that home care cannot be modelled on institutional care.
Eating difficulties after stroke
Authors: Perry Lin , McLaren Susan 
Published: July 2003

Background. Stroke is a common and enduring problem, producing a wide range of effects that may impact on all aspects of life. One area that has seldom been investigated is the effects of stroke on ability to eat and, particularly, stroke survivors’ subjective experiences of eating‐related difficulties.Aim. To investigate stroke survivors’ reports of eating‐related experiences 6 months after stroke.Methods. Participants were 206 survivors of acute stroke who were admitted to hospital between March 1998 and April 1999. Those able to communicate and who gave informed consent participated in a semi‐structured interview and assessment of eating abilities in their homes 6 months after their stroke. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed and 113 interviews with eating disabled participants were entered onto QSR NUD*IST 4 for thematic analysis. Analyses were later checked independently.Findings. At 6 months, 34%, 61% and 5% had no, slight and moderate eating disablements, respectively. A range and variety of difficulties were discussed, but relationships between degrees of disablement and handicap were not straightforward; effects seemed more closely related to participants’ responses than objective difficulties. Eating and related activities were clearly important aspects of life for these stroke survivors, socially and psychologically, as well as functionally. Prestroke activities were sometimes maintained, with considerable effort.Conclusions. Findings indicated issues of relevance for those involved with early rehabilitation interventions and highlighted aspects of continuing care service delivery that warrant review. The relative lack of attention paid to eating‐related aspects of care is an important oversight.
Self‐efficacy training for patients with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Tsay Shiow‐Luan 
Published: July 2003

Background.Patients with end‐stage renal disease often fail to follow a prescribed diet and fluid regimen, which undermines the effectiveness of care and leads to unpredictable progression of the disease and greater likelihood of complications.Aim.The purpose of this randomized controlled study was to examine the effectiveness of self‐efficacy training on fluid intake compliance.Methods.This study took place in northern Taiwan. Eligible patients were receiving routine haemodialysis; 20–65 years of age; living in a community setting; able to read and write; and willing to participate. Sixty‐two end‐stage renal disease patients participated in the study. Those in the experimental group (n = 31) received 12 sessions of structured self‐efficacy training; the control group patients (n = 31) received only routine care. The intervention was based on Bandura's theory and included an educational component, performance mastery, experience sharing, and stress management. The outcome measure was the mean body weight gain between dialysis sessions. Data were collected at baseline, 1, 3 and 6 months following the intervention and analysed by a descriptive and repeated‐measuresanova.Results.Experimental group mean weight gains decreased gradually following self‐efficacy training. However, control group mean weight gains decreased only slightly over time. These results were statistically significant when baseline differences controlled for (P < 0·05).Conclusions.The study supports the effectiveness of the self‐efficacy training in controlling mean body weight gains of end‐stage renal disease patients receiving haemodialysis.
Patient on display – a study of everyday practice in intensive care
Authors: Wikström Ann‐Charlott , Sätterlund Larsson Ullabeth 
Published: July 2003

Background. This study investigates the situated organization in a workplace producing intensive care, that is an intensive care unit (ICU). The workplace research tradition concerns work and interaction/communication in technology‐intensive environments. Communication is seen as social action and cannot be separated from production or from the context in which the activities are situated.Aim. The aim of the present study was to explore how intensive care is produced by analysing a recurrent situated activity in the ICU, namely the delivery and reception of a patient coming from the operation unit.Method. In the fieldwork, participant observations was used to study everyday practice in an ICU, combined with written field notes.Findings and discussion. Intensive care is to a great extent produced through routine practices. The division of labour is marked and is taken for granted: everyone knows what to do. The actors’ physical location in the room is connected to their functions and work with supportive tools. Verbal reports, visual displays and activities make the information transmission available to everyone in the patient room. Shared understanding of the situation seems to make words redundant when the activities of competent actors are co‐ordinated. There is also coordination between the actors in the ICU and the technological equipment, which constantly produces new information that must be interpreted. Enrolled Nurses are physically closest to the patients, the physician is the one most physically distant from patients and Registered Nurses bridge the gap between them. These actors produce and re‐produce intensive care through constant sense‐making in the here and now at the same time as the past is present in their activities.
Effects of episiotomy on bonding and mothers’ health
Authors: Karaçam Zekiye , Eroğlu Kafiye 
Published: July 2003

Background. Historically, episiotomy has been carried out during labour to facilitate delivery, shorten the duration of the second stage and prevent spontaneous lacerations. However, recent studies of episiotomy have recommended that it be carried out only when necessary. In Turkey, midwives are authorized to perform episiotomy.Aim. To analyse the effects of episiotomy on mothers’ health and mother–infant bonding.Design. A cohort study of 100 women who gave birth by normal vaginal delivery in a Turkish hospital between 15 March 1999 and 6 April 2000.Methods. Participants were divided into episiotomy (n = 50) and control (n = 50) groups. Data on biographical characteristics and the process of labour were collected in hospital, and follow‐up was conducted at home 1, 3 and 12 weeks after labour.Results. Mean duration of the second stage was longer in the episiotomy group than the control group, but the difference was not significant. The number of spontaneous lacerations was significantly lower in the episiotomy group. Mean time from delivery to maternal rest and time taken to bond with the infant were significantly longer in the episiotomy group. There were significantly higher scores for overall incidence and severity of pain on the first day, and pain incidence and severity at 1 week in the episiotomy group. Significantly fewer women in the episiotomy group were able to do chores and to sit/stand up comfortably in the first postpartum weekConclusion. Episiotomy should not be used unless indicated. Measures should be taken to avoid perineal trauma during labour, establish bonding between mother and infant as soon as possible, and minimize perineal discomfort after delivery.
Bullying in the nursing profession
Authors: Randle Jacqueline 
Published: July 2003

Background. Self‐esteem is a major predictor of behaviour. Nurses with healthy self‐esteem are likely to deliver therapeutic patient care, while those with low self‐esteem are less likely to do so.Aim. The aim of the 3‐year study discussed here was to explore students’ self‐esteem and how their experiences of preregistration education influenced its development over the period of the programme.Research methods. Students participated in unstructured qualitative interviews at the beginning and end of their 3‐year preregistration course and a grounded theory approach was used for data collection and analysis.Findings. Bullying was found to be commonplace in the transition to becoming a nurse. Students were bullied and also witnessed patients being bullied by qualified nurses. The internalization of nursing norms meant that students then bullied others. Students’ self‐esteem was low.Conclusion. Bullying, and its effects on self‐esteem, are perpetuated by practices within nursing. This situation will only be changed if nurses and educators transform their practice and the context in which bullying occurs. Otherwise, each new generation of nurses will continue to be socialized into negative practices which undermine both their own feelings of self‐worth and standards of nursing care.
Critical realism: a way forward for evaluation research in nursing?
Authors: McEvoy Phil , Richards David 
Published: July 2003

Background. Critical realism is a relatively new philosophical perspective that combines a realist ontology with a relativist epistemology in subscribing to a form of ‘robust’ relativism. The potential benefits of adopting a critical realist approach are considered in two areas of evaluation research: theory‐driven programme evaluation and policy evaluation.Aim. The aim of the paper is to identify the main features of critical realism and explore its potential as a philosophical framework in the field of evaluation research.Conclusion. We argue that critical realism provides a coherent framework for evaluation research that is based on the understanding of causal mechanisms. This is particularly important for frontline services seeking to use evidence‐based interventions, as interventions need to be properly understood if they are to be used effectively in the context of clinical practice. Critical realism can also add depth to policy analysis. However, there is a potential for critical realists to drift beyond the boundary that separates scientific knowledge from speculative theory when making recommendations about the best course of action to follow.
Improving documentation using a nursing model
Authors: Björvell Catrin , Wredling Regina , Thorell‐Ekstrand Ingrid 
Published: July 2003

Background.The present investigation is part of a study where the Registered Nurses on three hospital wards received a 2 year intervention programme on nursing documentation in accordance with a keyword structure based on the nursing process.Aim.To describe the Registered Nurses’ perceptions of and attitudes towards the effects of the intervention, and to generate hypotheses for further research.Method.Focus group discussions were used to collect data, with a qualitative content analysis method for the processing of the data.Findings.The most interesting finding in these group discussions was the statements made by participants that the structured way of documenting nursing care made them think more, and think in a different way about their work with their patients. Two types of role changing were reported; from a medical technical focus to a more nursing expertise orientation and from a ‘hands on clinician’ to more of an administrator and secretary.Conclusion.A number of issues debated among the participants in this study could be seen as organizational matters and lead to the important issue of multidisciplinary and organizational work when implementing innovations within nursing.
Correction of autofocusing errors due to specimen tilt for automated electron tomography
Authors: Ziese U. , Geerts W. J. C. , Van Der Krift T. P. , Verkleij A. J. , Koster A. J. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryTransmission electron microscopy images acquired under tilted‐beam conditions experience an image shift as a function of defocus settings – a fact that is exploited as a method for defocus determination in most of the automated tomography data collection systems. Although the method was shown to be highly accurate for a large variety of specimens, we point out that in its original design it can strictly only be applied to images of untilted samples. The application to tilted samples and thus in automated electron tomography is impaired mainly due to a defocus change across the images, resulting in reduced accuracy. In this communication we present a method that can be used to improve the accuracy of the basic autofocusing procedures currently used in systems for automated electron tomography.
Conventional, confocal and two‐photon fluorescence microscopy investigations of polymer‐supported oxygen sensors
Authors: Bowman R. D. , Kneas K. A. , Demas J. N. , Periasamy A. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryLuminescence‐based, polymer‐supported oxygen sensors, particularly those based on platinum group complexes, continue to be of analytical importance. Commercial applications range from the macroscopic (e.g. aerodynamic investigations in wind tunnels, monitoring of oxygen concentration during fermentation, and measurement of biological oxygen demand) to the microscopic (e.g. imaging of oxygen in blood, tissue, cells and other biological samples). Problems hindering the design of improved oxygen sensors include non‐linear Stern–Volmer calibration plots and the multi‐exponentiality of measured lifetime decays, both of which are attributed primarily to heterogeneity of the sensor molecule in the polymer support matrix. Conventional, confocal and two‐photon fluorescence microscopy have proven to be invaluable tools with which the microscale heterogeneity and response of luminescence‐based oxygen sensors can be investigated and compared to the macroscopic response. Results obtained for three ruthenium(II) α‐diimine complexes in polydimethylsiloxane polymer supports indicate the presence of unquenched microcrystals within the polymer matrix that probably degrade oxygen quenching sensitivity and linearity of the Stern–Volmer quenching plot. Two‐photon fluorescence microscopy proved most useful for imaging microcrystals within sensor films, and conventional microscopy allowed direct comparison between microscopic and macroscopic sensor response. The implications of the results in the rational design and mass production of luminescence‐based oxygen sensors are significant.
In vivo response to HA‐polyhydroxybutyrate/polyhydroxyvalerate composite
Authors: Luklinska Z. B. , Schluckwerder H. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryThis study examined the morphological and compositional structure of bone–implant interfaces after in vivo implantation into the tibias of rabbits. The implants were composed of biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate/polyhydroxyvalerate copolymer reinforced with synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) particles. Optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used, including energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. The interface was found to be morphologically, biologically and chemically active throughout the period of study. There was a strong tendency to rebuild the bone structure at the interface after implantation, independent of the composition of the implant, but direct bone bonding with the implant depended on the bioactive nature of the interface, as represented by the HA particles. At all implantation times, lamellar bone formed at the interface and replaced degrading polymer matrix, while engulfing HA filler particles. In regions about 50–100 from the interface, the bone region displayed an osteon organization. Osteoblasts and osteocytes were identified throughout the interface region. The thickness of the newly formed bone significantly increased over the period of the experiment from about 130 µm at 1 month to about 770 µm at 6 months. Materials that behave in this manner may be useful in some bone replacement therapies.
A simple approach to the determination of the crystallographic orientation: applications and accuracy
Authors: Wang S. C. , Starink M. J. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryA simple analytical solution for the crystallographic orientation is described. This method is based on one indexed Kikuchi pair in a known zone rather than the corresponding diffraction spots. The accuracy of this method is shown to be better than 0.1° even for cases in which a zone axis deviates by a large angle (e.g. 10°) from the centre of the beam direction. This approach simplifies experiments beacuse only one pair of Kikuchi lines and a zone axis are needed, and is especially suited when it is difficult or cumbersome to resolve a second pair of Kikuchi lines with sufficient accuracy.