bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin temperature changes induced by strong static magnetic field exposure
Authors: Ichioka Shigeru , Minegishi Masayuki , Iwasaka Masakazu , Shibata Masahiro , Nakatsuka Takashi , Ando Joji , Ueno Shoogo 
Published: August 2003

AbstractHigh intensity static magnetic fields, when applied to the whole body of the anesthetized rat, have previously been reported to decrease skin temperature. The hypothesis of the present study was that in diamagnetic water, molecules in the air play significant roles in the mechanism of skin temperature decrease. We used a horizontal cylindrical superconducting magnet. The magnet produced 8 T at its center. A thermistor probe was inserted in a subcutaneous pocket of the anesthetized rats to measure skin temperature. Animals (n=10) were placed in an open plastic holder in which the ambient air was free to move in any direction (group I). Animals (n=10) were placed in a closed holder in which the air circulation toward the direction of weak magnetic field was restricted (group II). Each holder was connected to a hydrometer to measure humidity around the animal in the holder. The data acquisition phase consisted of a 5 min baseline interval, followed by inserting the animal together with the holder into the center of the magnet bore for a 5 min exposure and a 5 min postexposure period outside the bore. In group I, skin temperature and humidity around the animal significantly decreased during exposure, followed by recovery after exposure. In group II, skin temperature and humidity did not decrease during the measurement. The skin temperature decrease was closely related to the decrease in humidity around the body of the animal in the holder, and the changes were completely blocked by restricting the air circulation in the direction of the bore entrance. Possible mechanisms responsible for the decrease in skin temperature may be associated with magnetically induced movement of water vapor at the skin surface, leading to skin temperature decrease. Bioelectromagnetics 24:380–386, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of different intensities of extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on formation of osteoclast‐like cells
Authors: Chang Kyle , Chang Walter Hong‐Shong , Wu Mei‐Ling , Shih Chung 
Published: August 2003

AbstractOver the past 30 years, the beneficial therapeutic effects of selected low energy, time varying electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been documented with increasing frequency to treat therapeutically resistant problems of the musculoskeletal system. However, the underlying mechanisms at a cellular level are still not completely understood. In this study, the effects of extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields (ELF‐PEMF) on osteoclastogenesis, cultured from murine bone marrow cells and stimulated by 1,25(OH)2D3, were examined. Primary bone marrow cells were cultured from mature Wistar rats and exposed to ELF‐PEMF stimulation daily for 7 days with different intensities of induced electric field (4.8, 8.7, and 12.2 μV/cm rms) and stimulation times (0.5, 2, and 8 h/day). Recruitment and authentication of osteoclast‐like cells were evaluated, respectively, by determining multinuclear, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive cells on day 8 of culture and by the pit formation assay. During the experiments, cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin 1‐β (IL‐1β), and prostaglandin‐E2 (PGE2) were assayed using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These findings suggest that ELF‐PEMF can both enhance (approximately 50%) and suppress (approximately 27%) the formation of osteoclast‐like cells in bone marrow culture, depending on the induced electric field intensity. In addition, consistent correlations were observed between TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and osteoclast‐like cell number after exposure to different induced electric field intensities of ELF‐PEMF. This in vitro study could be considered as groundwork for in vivo ELF‐PEMF clinical applications on some osteoclast‐associated bone diseases. Bioelectromagnetics 24:431–439, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dielectric properties of porcine brain tissue in the transition from life to death at frequencies from 800 to 1900 MHz
Authors: Schmid Gernot , Neubauer Georg , Illievich Udo M. , Alesch François 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTen experiments on pigs were performed to investigate possible postmortem changes of the dielectric properties of brain gray matter in the frequency range of 800–1900 MHz. After keeping the animals in stable anaesthesia for at least 45 min, they were euthanatised by an intravenous injection of hypertonic potassium chloride (KCl), causing cardiac arrest within 3 min. Measurements of the dielectric properties were performed repeatedly from at least 45 min prior to death to 18 h after euthanasia. The anaesthesia regimen was chosen to minimize influence on brain tissue characteristics such as brain water content, intracranial blood volume, and cerebral blood flow. The data showed a decline of mean gray matter equivalent conductivity of about 15% at 900 MHz and about 11% at 1800 MHz within the first hour after death. The decline in permittivity was less pronounced (about 3–4%) and almost frequency independent. The results indicate that in vitro measurements of dielectric properties of brain tissue underestimate equivalent conductivity as well as permittivity of living tissue. These changes may affect the generally accepted data of dielectric properties of brain tissue widely used in RF dosimetry. Bioelectromagnetics 24:413–422, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dielectric properties of human brain tissue measured less than 10 h postmortem at frequencies from 800 to 2450 MHz
Authors: Schmid Gernot , Neubauer Georg , Mazal Peter R. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe dielectric properties of gray matter in the frequency range of 800–2450 MHz were measured on 20 human brains immediately after excision, less than 10 h after death. The brains were obtained during autopsy of 10 male and 10 female humans who died at ages between 47.5 and 87.5 years [70.4 ± 9.8 years, mean ± standard deviation (SD)]. The tissue temperature at the measurement sites ranged between 18 and 25 °C (21.35 ± 1.6 °C, mean ± SD). On each brain, four specific locations on the temporal lobe were measured on the right and left sides, i.e., 160 different measurements of the dielectric properties were performed. The dielectric probe was placed on the intact arachnoid on a gyrus in the selected area. The measurements yielded a mean value (±SD) of gray matter equivalent conductivity of 1.13 ± 0.12 and 2.09 ± 0.16 S/m at 800 and 2450 MHz, respectively. The mean value of measured relative permittivity was 58.2 ± 3.3 and 54.7 ± 3.3 at 800 and 2450 MHz, respectively. Taking into account a positive temperature coefficient of equivalent conductivity, these measurements indicate that the equivalent conductivity of human gray matter at body temperature is somewhat higher than today's generally accepted value, which is based on measurements on animal tissue and excised samples of human tissue measured more than 24 h postmortem. Bioelectromagnetics 24:423–430, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction between weak low frequency magnetic fields and cell membranes
Authors: Bauréus Koch C.L.M. , Sommarin M. , Persson B.R.R. , Salford L.G. , Eberhardt J.L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe question of whether very weak low frequency magnetic fields can affect biological systems, has attracted attention by many research groups for quite some time. Still, today, the theoretical possibility of such an interaction is often questioned and the site of interaction in the cell is unknown. In the present study, the influence of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields on the transport of Ca2+ was studied in a biological system consisting of highly purified plasma membrane vesicles. We tested two quantum mechanical theoretical models that assume that biologically active ions can be bound to a channel protein and influence the opening state of the channel. Vesicles were exposed for 30 min at 32 °C and the calcium efflux was studied using radioactive 45Ca as a tracer. Static magnetic fields ranging from 27 to 37 μT and time varying magnetic fields with frequencies between 7 and 72 Hz and amplitudes between 13 and 114 μT (peak) were used. We show that suitable combinations of static and time varying magnetic fields directly interact with the Ca2+ channel protein in the cell membrane, and we could quantitatively confirm the model proposed by Blanchard. Bioelectromagnetics 24:395–402, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrosensibility and electromagnetic hypersensitivity
Authors: Leitgeb Norbert , Schröttner Jörg 
Published: August 2003

AbstractElectromagnetic sensibility, the ability to perceive electric and electromagnetic exposure, and electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS), developing health symptoms due to exposure to environmental electromagnetic fields, need to be distinguished. Increased electrosensibility is a necessary, however, not a sufficient condition for electromagnetic hypersensitivity. At an extended sample of the general population of 708 adults, including 349 men and 359 women aged between 17 and 60 years, electrosensibility was investigated and characterized by perception threshold and its standard deviation. By analyzing the probability distributions of the perception threshold of electric 50 Hz currents, evidence could be found for the existence of a subgroup of people with significantly increased electrosensibility (hypersensibility) who as a group could be differentiated from the general population. The presented data show that the variation of the electrosensibility among the general population is significantly larger than has yet been estimated by nonionizing radiation protection bodies, but much smaller than claimed by hypersensitivity self‐aid groups. These quantitative results should contribute to a less emotional discussion of this problem. The investigation method presented, is capable of exclusion diagnostics for persons suffering from the hypersensitivity syndrome. Bioelectromagnetics 24:387–394, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of static magnetic fields on plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone associated with arterial blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Ohkubo Chiyoji 
Published: August 2003

AbstractEffects of static magnetic fields (SMFs) on development of hypertension were investigated using young male, stroke resistant, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) beginning at 7 weeks of age. SHRs were randomly assigned to two different exposure groups or an unexposed group. The SHRs in the exposure groups were constantly exposed to two different types of external SMFs of 3.0–10.0 mT or 8.0–25.0 mT for 12 weeks. The SMFs were generated from permanent magnetic plates attached to the rat cage. The blood pressure (BP) of each rat was determined at weekly intervals using indirect tail‐cuff method. The SMFs suppressed and retarded the development of hypertension in both exposed groups to a statistically significant extent for several weeks, as compared with an unexposed group. The antipressor effects were related to the extent of reduction in plasma levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in the SHRs. These results suggest that the SMFs of mT intensities with spatial gradients could be attributable to suppression of early BP elevation via hormonal regulatory system. Bioelectromagnetics 24:403–412, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eine handgreifliche Geschichtslüge. Wie Martin Luther zum Gegner des copernicanischen Weltsystems gemacht wurde.
Authors: Kleinert Andreas 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMartin Luther has been severely criticized for an offhand remark about Copernicus. In the most frequently cited version of this statement, Luther is alledged to have branded Copernicus as a fool who will turn the whole science of astronomy upside down. This disparaging judgment on Luther prevails in many publications by respected historians of science of the 20th century, although since the early thirties, it has been convincingly demonstrated that the famous citation from Luther's table talk is next to worthless as an historical source, that Luther never referred to Copernicus or to the heliocentric world system in all of his voluminous writings, and that there is no indication that Luther ever suppressed the Copernican viewpoint. His attitude towards Copernicus was indifference or ignorance, but not hostility. In this paper, it is shown that the story of Luther's anti‐Copernicanism emerged in the second half of the 19th century. It was invented by Franz Beckmann and Franz Hipler, two Prussian Catholic historians who were engaged in the conflict between the German government under Bismarck and the Catholic Church (Kulturkampf), and it was disseminated by influential German and American historians like Leopold Prowe, Ernst Zinner, and Andrew D. White. In the second half of the 20th century, many historians of science relied on the authority of these authors, rather than studying the sources or the secondary literature in which it has been proved that Luther's anti‐Copernicanism is an outright falsification of history.
Die Rezeption der humanistischen Gedächtnislehre bei Luther: Natur, Kunst und Konfessionen
Authors: Rieke‐Müller Annelore 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIconoclasm is one of the central characteristic of the reformation movement. In several books it was argued that there was a connection between iconoclasm and the interpretation of nature as a language and as a text since about 1600. This article discusses the artist as a creator in Renaissance culture. It shows the reaction of Luther to this concept and to iconoclasm, focussing on the connection between the Lutheran control of pictures and images and his conception of the mind and of memory on the one hand and of creatures as images and natural history on the other. In Lutheran context the book of nature was a book made of images as signs of the word of God.
Zwischen Trient und Vatikanum II: Der Fall Galilei
Authors: Segre Michael 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe Council of Trent and the Second Vatican Council are significant both to Lutheranism and Science. The first inaugurated the Counter Reformation and formulated a decree related to biblical hermeneutics (1546) later used as a basis for Galileo's condemnation. The second modernized the Roman Catholic Church and formulated the Pastoral Constitution Gaudium et spes (1964) used by Pope John Paul II as a basis for the reconsideration of the condemnation. In both cases, however, the Church of Rome may not have followed the spirit of its councils. In the 17th century it condemned Galileo following a radical interpretation of the teaching of Trent, that of Cardinal Robert Bellarmine (now a saint). Recently it reconsidered the ‚Affair’︁ unsatisfactorily probably because Gaudium et spes encouragement of science clashes with the possibility that Saint Bellarmine misinterpreted the Trent decree.
Christus als Apotheker bei Martin Luther. Zugleich ein Beitrag zum Gespräch mit Fritz Krafft.
Authors: Anselm Steiger Johann 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis contribution has been stimulated by the latest study written by Fritz Krafft concerning the motif “Jesus Christ as a pharmacist”, which was frequently used in Christian art. It is shown that this motif, fully developed in the first third of the 17th century, originated in the theology of Martin Luther.
Reformation(en) und Wissenschaft(en). Einführung in das Tagungsthema
Authors: Meinel Christoph 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBased on a brief historiographical survey, the article aims at tracing some intellectual relationships between early modern science and the protestant Reformation (or the various individual reformations underlying it). Besides the mere structural analogies of the two reform movements and their common debt to Renaissance humanism, common elements such as the new reading of texts and the new role of the individual, but also the philosophical link between voluntarism and the notion of natural law, are discussed. However, the ambiguous attitude towards natural knowledge and the wide variety within the European protestant movement ask for a much closer look into the relationships between science and the Reformation than has been hitherto been achieved.
Die zweite Welle der Wiederaneignung des Corpus Aristotelicum in der frühen Neuzeit: die ethische und politische Tradition. Ein Forschungsbericht
Authors: Frank Günter 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a general view over the second reception of Aristotle's writings beginning after the first invasion of Western crusaders in Constantinople in 1204 and enforced after the fall of the Byzantine capital in 1453. After the turn of the century we observe a widespread commentary tradition of Aristotle's writings, particularily of his Ethics and Politics. Philipp Melanchthon became the leading figure in these ethical and political discussions. More than 53 of his works relating this which were printed within the 16th century are known.
Hox genes and the crustacean body plan
Authors: Deutsch Jean S. , Mouchel‐Vielh Emmanuèle 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe Crustacea present a variety of body plans not encountered in any other class or phylum of the Metazoa. Here we review our current knowledge on the complement and expression of the Hox genes in Crustacea, addressing questions related to the evolution of body architecture. Specifically, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the homeotic transformation of legs into feeding appendages, which occurred in parallel in several branches of the crustacean evolutionary tree. A second issue that can be approached by the comparative study of Hox genes and their expression in the Crustacea bears on the homology of the abdomen. We discuss whether the so‐called “abdominal” tagma of the crustaceans is homologous to the abdomen of insects. In addition, the homology of the abdomen between malacostracan and non‐malacostracan crustaceans has also been questioned. We also address the question of the molecular developmental basis of the apparent lack of an abdomen in barnacles. We discuss these issues in relation to the problem of constraint versus adaptation in evolution. BioEssays 25:878–887, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolving questions and paradigm shifts in endoplasmic‐reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD)
Authors: McCracken Ardythe A. , Brodsky Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractER‐associated degradation (ERAD) is a component of the protein quality control system, ensuring that aberrant polypeptides cannot transit through the secretory pathway. This is accomplished by a complex sequence of events in which unwanted proteins are selected in the ER and exported to the cytosol for degradation by the proteasome. Given that protein quality control can be essential for cell survival, it is not surprising that ERAD is linked to numerous disease states. Here we review the molecular mechanisms of ERAD, its role in metabolic regulation and biomedical implications, and the unanswered questions regarding this process. BioEssays 25:868–877, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
More than the sum of their parts: On the evolution of proteins from peptides
Authors: Söding Johannes , Lupas Andrei N. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDespite their seemingly endless diversity, proteins adopt a limited number of structural forms. It has been estimated that 80% of proteins will be found to adopt one of only about 400 folds, most of which are already known. These folds are largely formed by a limited ‘vocabulary’ of recurring supersecondary structure elements, often by repetition of the same element and, increasingly, elements similar in both structure and sequence are discovered. This suggests that modern proteins evolved by fusion and recombination from a more ancient peptide world and that many of the core folds observed today may contain homologous building blocks. The peptides forming these building blocks would not in themselves have had the ability to fold, but would have emerged as cofactors supporting RNA‐based replication and catalysis (the ‘RNA world’). Their association into larger structures and eventual fusion into polypeptide chains would have allowed them to become independent of their RNA scaffold, leading to the evolution of a novel type of macromolecule: the folded protein. BioEssays 25:837–846, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intrinsically unstructured proteins evolve by repeat expansion
Authors: Tompa Peter 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe proportion of the genome encoding intrinsically unstructured proteins increases with the complexity of organisms, which demands specific mechanism(s) for generating novel genetic material of this sort. Here it is suggested that one such mechanism is the expansion of internal repeat regions, i.e., coding micro‐ and minisatellites. An analysis of 126 known unstructured sequences shows the preponderance of repeats: the percentage of proteins with tandemly repeated short segments is much higher in this class (39%) than earlier reported for all Swiss‐Prot (14%), yeast (18%) or human (28%) proteins. Furthermore, prime examples, such as salivary proline‐rich proteins, titin, eukaryotic RNA polymerase II, the prion protein and several others, demonstrate that the repetitive segments carry fundamental function in these proteins. In addition, their repeat numbers show functionally significant interspecies variation and polymorphism, which underlines that these regions have been shaped by intense evolutionary activity. In all, the major point of this paper is that the genetic instability of repetitive regions combined with the structurally and functionally permissive nature of unstructured proteins has powered the extension and possible functional expansion of this newly recognized protein class. BioEssays 25:847–855, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zebrafish: A new model on the pharmaceutical catwalk
Authors: Langheinrich Ulrike 
Published: August 2003

AbstractZebrafish is recognized as one of the most important vertebrate model organisms; however, its value in pharmacological studies has not been extensively explored and exploited. In this review, I summarize significant findings about the effects of drugs and medicines on important physiological processes in zebrafish. Our experiments have shown that cardiovascular, anti‐angiogenic and anti‐cancer drugs elicit comparable responses in zebrafish embryos to those in mammalian systems. Similar observations have been reported by other laboratories, exposing zebrafish to a variety of pharmaceutical active compounds affecting a range of different processes. All the data summarized indicate that zebrafish represents a very valuable organism for different kinds of pharmacological studies, such as screenings of chemical libraries, lead validation and optimization, mode‐of‐action studies, analysis of gene function, predictive toxicology and teratogenicity, pharmacogenomics and toxicogenomics. Zebrafish pharmacological assays have specific advantages compared to in vitro cell culture studies and in vivo experiments using mice, complementing these assays to give valuable guides for future tests of new drugs for human therapy. BioEssays 25:904–912, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.