bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of prophylactic fresh frozen plasma in decreasing blood loss and correcting coagulopathy in cardiac surgery. A systematic review
Authors: Casbard A. C. , Williamson L. M. , Murphy M. F. , Rege K. , Johnson T. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryFresh frozen plasma is commonly used in cardiac surgery in an attempt to replace clotting factors and to decrease bleeding. Despite this, there has been no previous review of the available literature to support this practice. The aim of this review was to study the effect of prophylactic peri‐operative transfusion of fresh frozen plasma on bleeding and coagulopathy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. A comprehensive literature search was performed and all randomised controlled trials of the use of fresh frozen plasma in cardiac surgery were included. Six small trials were found that included a total of 363 participants with six different dose regimens of fresh frozen plasma. The overall quality of the studies was poor due to small patient numbers and lack of allocation concealment. There was no evidence that the prophylactic use of fresh frozen plasma affected peri‐operative blood loss in cardiac surgery. There was some evidence that it may improve platelet count and fibrinogen concentration.
Ventilation of a model lung using various cricothyrotomy devices*
Authors: Craven R. M. , Vanner R. G. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryIn this study we developed a model lung to compare the effectiveness of ventilation using four different cricothyrotomy devices. The Ravussin 13G cannula (VBM Medical), the Quicktrach cannula 4 mm ID (VBM Medical), the Melker cannula 6 mm ID (Cook) and a cuffed tracheal tube 6 mm ID were used in turn to ventilate the model lung through a cricothyrotomy over a range of upper airway resistances. The 6 mm cuffed tracheal tube provided consistently good ventilation independent of upper airway resistance. The 6 mm ID Melker device provided at least reasonable and at best very good ventilation, whatever the patency of the upper airway. The Ravussin cannula could ventilate well with the jet ventilator with low upper airway resistance but could not ventilate at all with complete upper airway obstruction. The Quicktrach performed poorly with low upper airway resistance but well with increased upper airway resistance. With its easier insertion, fewer complications compared to a surgical cricothyrotomy, and the ability to use it with a standard anaesthetic circuit, the authors feel that the 6 mm Melker canula is the technique of choice for emergency trans‐tracheal ventilation.
The effects of intrathecal diamorphine on gastric emptying after elective Caesarean section*
Authors: King H. , Barclay P. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThis study investigated whether intrathecal diamorphine affects gastric emptying following elective Caesarean section. Forty women were randomly allocated to receive either diamorphine 300 μg or 0.9% saline as part of a standard spinal anaesthetic. Gastric emptying was measured in the immediate postoperative period using paracetamol absorption. Paracetamol concentrations were measured by enzymatic assay method using a Beckman CX‐7 automated analyser. The time to maximum concentration (Tmax) was statistically longer in the diamorphine group (control 41.8, SD 20.8 min; diamorphine 72.6 SD 41.9 min; p < 0.01). During the 2‐h study period, mean morphine consumption via a patient controlled analgesia device was significantly higher in the control group (control 9.3, SD 3.6 mg; diamorphine 2.1, SD 2.1 mg; p < 0.01). We conclude that intrathecal diamorphine may contribute to the delay in gastric emptying that occurs immediately following elective spinal Caesarean section.
The impact of regional anaesthesia on outcome: a patient's perspective
Authors: Cornish P. B. , Barton J. , Deacon A. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryPeripheral nerve catheters are being used increasingly to manage acute pain. Whilst acknowledged as effective, their broader implications for patient outcome are less clear. In this case report, we describe the way in which not only was the pain management of an ischaemic leg successful via a sciatic nerve catheter, but decision‐making around this strategy affected outcome.
Dead space and paediatric anaesthetic equipment: a physical lung model study*
Authors: Miller D. M. , Adams A. P. , Light D. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryUntested assumptions have been made with regard to functional dead space in facemasks, filters and breathing systems used in children for the administration of inhalation anaesthesia. Total functional dead space was measured in various combinations of this equipment applied to a spontaneous ventilation lung model with parameter settings appropriate for infants of 7–8 kg. We found that functional dead space was too large to allow for spontaneous ventilation of the lungs when a breathing filter was fitted. There was minimal relationship between size of the facemask and functional dead space; however, the provision of 22‐mm female inlets to facemasks achieved proportionately less functional dead space than with 15‐mm male inlets. Regardless of the apparatus used and the magnitude of the dead space, the leak induced when a poorly fitting facemask was used dramatically reduced the dead space of the breathing system – to near optimal conditions – by moving the alveolar gas elimination point to within the facemask itself.
Human airway submucosal glands augment eosinophil chemotaxis during rhinovirus infection
Authors: Furukawa E. , Ohrui T. , Yamaya M. , Suzuki T. , Nakasato H. , Sasaki T. , Kanda A. , Yasuda H. , Nishimura H. , Sasaki H. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
Asthma exacerbations are frequently associated with rhinovirus (RV) infections. However, the contribution of airway submucosal gland (SMG) to exacerbations of asthma in RV respiratory infection has not been studied.Objective
This study was undertaken to examine whether RV‐infected human respiratory SMG cells produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines for eosinophils, and augment eosinophil transmigration across human airway epithelium.Methods
We infected cultured human tracheal SMG cells with RV14, collected culture media at 1, 3, and 5 days after infection, and measured the chemotactic activity for eosinophils in the culture supernatant using a 48‐well microchemotaxis chamber and a 51Cr‐labelled eosinophil transmigration assay.Results
Exposing a confluent human tracheal SMG cell monolayer to RV14 consistently led to infection. Human SMG cells with RV infection secreted soluble factors activating human eosinophil chemotaxis into the culture supernatant in a time‐dependent manner, and the culture supernatant significantly augmented the transmigration of 51Cr‐labelled eosinophils through human airway epithelial cell layers from the basal to mucosal side. These effects were completely abolished by a mixture of a monoclonal antibody regulated on activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) and an antibody to granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF).Conclusion
These results suggest that human respiratory SMG cells may augment eosinophil transmigration across the airway epithelium through the secretion of RANTES and GM‐CSF after RV infection, and may contribute to exacerbations of asthma.
Does previous infection protect against atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze ininfancy?
Authors: Kramer M. S. , Guo T. , Platt R. W. , Sevkovskaya Z. , Dzikovich I. , Collet J.‐P. , Shapiro S. , Chalmers B. , Hodnett E. , Vanilovich I. , Mezen I. , Ducruet T. , Shishko G. , Bogdanovich N. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
Frequent infection in infancy and early childhood has been hypothesized to explain the low prevalence of asthma and other atopic disease among children in developing countries (the so‐called ‘hygiene hypothesis’), but the low prevalence in Eastern Europe remains unexplained.Objective
To test the hygiene hypothesis in the Republic of Belarus by examining the relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) and respiratory infection and two potentially atopic outcomes in the first 12 months of life: atopic eczema and recurrent wheeze.Methods
We carried out two case–control studies nested within a large (n=17 046) randomized trial in Belarus, with cases defined as (1) first occurrence of atopic eczema (n=819) and (2) second episode of wheezing (n=112). Incidence density sampling was used to select four matched controls born within 1 month at the same hospital as the case. Exposure was defined as one or more episodes of GI or respiratory infection (examined separately) with onset >7 days before onset of the case's atopic outcome. Analyses controlled for family atopic history, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, sex, birth weight, maternal education, and (for recurrent wheeze) maternal smoking.Results
For atopic eczema, prior GI infection occurred in 7.4% of cases vs. 6.0% of controls [adjusted OR=1.27 (0.94–1.72)] and prior respiratory infection in 35.2% vs. 32.6% [adjusted OR=1.14 (95% CI=0.94–1.37)]. For recurrent wheeze, prior GI infection occurred in 9.8% of cases vs. 7.4% of controls [adjusted OR=1.30 (0.60–2.82)].Conclusion
Our results do not support the hypothesis that infection protects against atopic eczema or recurrent wheezing in the first 12 months of life.
A novel promoter polymorphism in the gene encoding complement component 5 receptor 1 on chromosome 19q13.3 is not associated with asthma and atopy in three independent populations
Authors: Barnes K. C. , Caraballo L. , Muñoz M. , Zambelli‐Weiner A. , Ehrlich E. , Burki M. , Jimenez S. , Mathias R. A. , Stockton M. L. , Deindl P. , Mendoza L. , Hershey G. K. , Nickel R. , Wills‐Karp M. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
The inflammatory functions of complement component 5 (C5) are mediated by its receptor, C5R1, which is expressed on bronchial, epithelial, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. A susceptibility locus for murine allergen‐induced airway hyper‐responsiveness was identified in a region syntenic to human chromosome 19q13, where linkage to asthma has been demonstrated and where the gene encoding C5R1 is localized.Objective
The aim of this study was to screen for novel polymorphisms in the C5R1 gene and to determine whether any identified polymorphisms are associated with asthma and/or atopy and whether they are functional.Methods
Single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection in the gene encoding C5R1 was performed by direct sequencing. Genotyping was performed in three populations characterized for asthma and/or atopy: (1) 823 German children from The Multicenter Allergy Study; (2) 146 individuals from Tangier Island, Virginia, a Caucasian isolate; and (3) asthma case–parent trios selected from 134 families (N=783) in Barbados. Functional studies were performed to evaluate differences between the wild‐type and the variant alleles.Results
We identified a novel SNP in the promoter region of C5R1 at position −245 (T/C). Frequency of the −245C allele was similar in the German (31.5%) and Tangier Island (36.3%) populations, but higher in the Afro‐Caribbean population (53.0%; P=0.0039 to <0.0001). We observed no significant associations between the −245 polymorphism and asthma or atopy phenotypes. Upon examination of the functional consequences of the −245T/C polymorphism, we did not observe any change in promoter activity.Conclusion
This new marker may provide a valuable tool to assess the risk for C5a‐associated disorders, but it does not appear to be associated with asthma and/or atopy.
Roles of major oligosaccharides on Cry j 1 in human immunoglobulin E and T cell responses
Authors: Okano M. , Kimura Y. , Kino K. , Michigami Y. , Sakamoto S. , Sugata Y. , Maeda M. , Matsuda F. , Kimura M. , Ogawa T. , Nishizaki K. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
We have demonstrated that carbohydrates in Cry j 1, the major allergen of Cryptomeria japonica pollen, play a major role in promoting Cry j 1‐specific Th2 response. However, little is known as to whether the carbohydrates directly participate in allergic responses.Objective
We sought to determine whether Cry j 1‐related oligosaccharides function as IgE and/or T cell epitopes. In addition, the regulatory effect of Cry j 1‐related oligosaccharide on Cry j 1‐specific T cell responses was investigated.Methods
Two monovalent oligosaccharides largely found on Cry j 1, Manα1‐6(Manα1‐3)(Xylβ1‐2)Manβ1‐4GlcNAcβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc (M3FX), and GlcNAcβ1‐2Manα1‐6(GlcNAcβ1‐2Manα1‐3)(Xylβ1‐2)Manβ1‐4GlcNAcβ1‐4(Fucα1‐3)GlcNAc (GN2M3FX) were prepared. Manα1‐2Manα1‐6(Manα1‐2Manα1‐3)Manα1‐6(Manα1‐2Manα1‐2Manα1‐3)Manβ1‐4GlcNAcβ1‐4GlcNAc (M9A) was used as control. Competitive inhibition ELISA for Cry j 1‐specific IgE was performed using these oligosaccharides as inhibitors. In addition, T cell lines specific for Cry j 1 or purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tubecurosis (PPD) were established, and cellular responses against these oligosaccharides were investigated in the presence or absence of the respective antigens.Results
Overall, neither M3FX nor GN2M3FX displayed inhibitory effect on the binding between IgE and Cry j 1. In addition, M3FX did not by itself stimulate Cry j 1 or PPD‐specific T cells. However, M3FX significantly inhibited Cry j 1‐induced proliferation and IL‐4 production in Cry j 1‐specific T cells. Such an inhibitory effect was not seen in PPD‐specific T cell responses.Conclusion
These results suggest that Cry j 1‐related oligosaccharides are not major epitopes for IgE or T cells. However, these oligosaccharides have a novel potential to inhibit Cry j 1‐specific T cell responses selectively.
No apparent association between periocular and ocular microcolonization and the degree of inflammation in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Nivenius E. , Montan P. G. , Chryssanthou E. , Jung K. , Van Hage‐Hamsten M. , Van Der Ploeg I. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
The cause of the chronic inflammation in atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), the ocular manifestation of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome, is largely unknown.Objective
To investigate the possibility that microorganisms may be important in the inflammatory activity in AKC.Methods
Fifteen patients with AKC participated in the study. The presence of aerobic bacteria and fungi was related to the severity of clinical signs, the numbers of inflammatory cells in tears and conjunctival biopsies, and the concentration of various cytokines in tears. In addition, serological evidence for IgE sensitization to Staphylococcus aureus B antigen and Malassezia sympodialis antigen was investigated. Twelve healthy subjects were included for control purposes.Results
The patients exhibited moderate clinical signs of AKC. No relation was found between the severity of AKC and the presence of microorganisms, despite the fact that S. aureus was frequently isolated. AKC patients showed significantly higher levels of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α (tumour necrosis factor‐α), IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐10 than controls. An association was found between conjunctival signs and the levels of all cytokines except IL‐5.Conclusion
We found no evidence to suggest that periocular and ocular microcolonization are related to inflammatory parameters in AKC. However, confirmation of the present results in a longitudinal study with repeated clinical examinations and samplings in the same individual is required before the contribution of S. aureus to on‐going inflammation in AKC can be dismissed.
Late eczematous reactions to food in children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Breuer K. , Heratizadeh A. , Wulf A. , Baumann U. , Constien A. , Tetau D. , Kapp A. , Werfel T. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
Food allergy is a common problem in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), particularly in children. While immediate reactions to food are well characterized, the importance of food as a provocation factor for late eczematous reactions has been a subject of debate for several decades.Objective
To investigate the importance of food for the induction of late eczematous reactions in children with AD and to correlate the clinical outcome to the results of specific IgE determinations and atopy patch tests (APTs).Methods
One hundred and six double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenges (DBPCFCs) to cow's milk, hen's egg, wheat and soy in 64 children with AD (median age 2 years) were analysed retrospectively. Total and food‐specific IgE were determined by CAP RAST FEIA and APTs with native foodstuff were performed. The diagnostic values of specific IgE and APT results were calculated.Results
Forty‐nine (46%) of the challenges were related to a clinical reaction. An exacerbation of AD (late eczematous reaction) commonly occurred 24 h after the ingestion of food. Isolated late eczematous reactions were seen in 12% of all positive challenges. Forty‐five percent of the positive challenges were associated with late eczematous responses, which followed immediate‐type reactions. The sensitivity of food‐specific IgE and the APT was 76% and 70%, respectively. Specific IgE and APT were often false positive, which resulted in low positive predictive values (64% and 45%, respectively).Conclusions
Late eczematous reactions may often be observed upon food challenge in children with AD. Due to the poor reliability of food‐specific IgE and APT results DBPCFCs have still to be regarded as the gold standard for the appropriate diagnosis of food responsive eczema in children with AD.
Induction of eotaxin production by interleukin‐4, interleukin‐13 and lipopolysaccharide by nasal fibroblasts
Authors: Nonaka M. , Pawankar R. , Fukumoto A. , Ogihara N. , Sakanushi A. , Yagi T. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
There is growing evidence that eotaxin is a key mediator in the development of tissue eosinophilia. Fibroblasts are a major source of eotaxin. The severity of diseases with eosinophilic inflammation like nasal polyposis, atopic dermatitis and asthma, where Th2‐type cytokines (IL‐4 and IL‐13) and TGF‐β are expressed locally, was shown to correlate with bacterial factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rather than allergen.Objective
We examined eotaxin production by nasal fibroblasts stimulated with IL‐4 or IL‐13 alone or in combination with LPS, and the effect of TGF‐β1 on it. Moreover, we compared the magnitude of eotaxin produced by nasal fibroblasts with that produced by lung or skin fibroblasts.Methods
Fibroblast lines were established from human biopsy tissue. The expression of eotaxin mRNA was evaluated by RT‐PCR. The amount of eotaxin in the supernatants was measured by ELISA.Results
IL‐4, but not IL‐13, synergized with LPS to produce eotaxin in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Sequential treatment of nasal fibroblasts with IL‐4 and LPS did not have any effect. But when IL‐4 and LPS were added together, synergy for eotaxin production was observed. Moreover, this synergy was observed in nasal and skin fibroblasts, but not in lung fibroblasts. The production of eotaxin by IL‐4 and LPS was modulated by TGF‐β1.Conclusion
These results suggest that a co‐stimulus like LPS is necessary for IL‐4 to make a strong induction of eotaxin in eosinophilic inflammations such as nasal polyposis. Modulation by TGF‐β1 may have important implications for the development of eosinophilic inflammation.
Association of HLA‐DQ5 and HLA‐DR1 with sensitization to organic acidanhydrides
Authors: Jones M. G. , Nielsen J. , Welch J. , Harris J. , Welinder H. , Bensryd I. , Skerfving S. , Welsh K. , Venables K. M. , Taylor A. N. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryBackground
Organic acid anhydrides are low molecular weight industrial chemicals, able to cause rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma associated with specific IgE against hapten–carrier protein conjugate. Only a proportion of exposed workers develop IgE‐associated allergy to acid anhydrides.Objective
We determined whether genetic susceptibility, in particular, HLA Class II alleles may be a risk factor.Methods
We undertook HLA typing in 52 cases who had confirmed specific IgE and in 73 referents matched on site, age and duration of acid anhydride exposure identified in cross‐sectional studies of workers exposed to hexahydrophthalic (HHPA), methylhexahydrophthalic (MHHPA) and methyltetrahydrophthalic (MTHPA) anhydrides.Results
The linked alleles DQ5 (odds ratio [OR]=4.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]=1.7, 11) and DR1 (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.2, 11) were more prevalent in cases than in referents. Within DQ5, DQB1*0501 was particularly frequent (OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.2, 7.4).Conclusion
DQB1*05 gene confers susceptibility to develop specific IgE antibodies against HHPA, MHHPA and a non‐significant trend with MTHPA. DQB1*0501 is protective for other low molecular chemical sensitizers (isocyanates and plicatic acid) which may indicate varying affinities for the corresponding specific class II molecules.
Identification of systemically expanded activated T cell clones in MRL/lpr and NZB/W F1 lupus model mice
Authors: ZHOU G , FUJIO K , SADAKATA A , OKAMOTO A , YU R , YAMAMOTO K 
Published: May 2004

SUMMARYCD4+ T lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To characterize the clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells in murine lupus models, we analysed the T cell clonality in various organs of young and nephritic MRL/lpr and NZB/W F1 mice using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and subsequent single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. We demonstrated that some identical T cell clonotypes expanded and accumulated in different organs (the bilateral kidneys, brain, lung and intestine) in nephritic diseased mice, and that a number of these identical clonotypes were CD4+ T cells. In contrast, young mice exhibited little accumulation of common clones in different organs. The T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ usage of these identical clonotypes was limited to Vβ2, 6, 8·1, 10, 16 and 18 in MRL/lpr mice and to Vβ6 and 7 in NZB/W F1 mice. Furthermore, some conserved amino acid motifs such as I, D or E and G were observed in CDR3 loops of TCRβ chains from these identical CD4+ clonotypes. The existence of systemically expanding CD4+ T cell clones in the central nervous system (CNS) suggests the involvement of the systemic autoimmunity in CNS lesions of lupus. FACS-sorted CD4+CD69+ cells from the kidney displayed expanded clonotypes identical to those obtained from the whole kidney and other organs from the same individual. These findings suggest that activated and clonally expanded CD4+ T cells accumulate in different tissues of nephritic lupus mice, and these clonotypes might recognize restricted T cell epitopes on autoantigens involved in specific immune responses of SLE, thus playing a pathogenic role in these lupus mice.
Decrease of CD154 intensity on peripheral CD4+ T cells in autoimmune thyroid disease
Authors: WATANABE M , YAMAMOTO N , MATSUZUKA F , MIYAUCHI A , IWATANI Y 
Published: May 2004

SUMMARYTo clarify immunological differences among patients with Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto's disease (HD) at various levels of severity, we examined the expression of the CD154 molecules on peripheral T cells, which regulate B cell activation, B cell differentiation, and T-cell survival. We found decreases in the intensities of CD154 on peripheral CD4+ cells from euthyroid patients with GD and HD, but we did not find any differences between patients with different disease severities. CD8+ cells did not express CD154 molecules. Thus, CD154 expression on CD4+ cells may be related to the pathogenesis of the autoimmune thyroid diseases, not to the disease severity.