bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A role for nitric oxide in sensory‐induced neurogenesis in an adult insect brain
Authors: Cayre M. , Malaterre J. , Scotto‐Lomassese S. , Holstein G.R. , Martinelli G.P. , Forni C. , Nicolas S. , Aouane A. , Strambi C. , Strambi A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the adult cricket, neurogenesis occurs in the mushroom bodies, the main integrative structures of the insect brain. Mushroom body neuroblast proliferation is modulated in response to environmental stimuli. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unspecified. In the present study, we demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the antennal nerve mimics the effects of olfactory activation and increases mushroom body neurogenesis. The putative role of nitric oxide (NO) in this activity‐regulated neurogenesis was then explored. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that NO synthase inhibition decreases, and NO donor application stimulates neuroblast proliferation. NADPH‐d activity, anti‐l‐citrulline immunoreactivity, as well as in situ hybridization with a probe specific for Acheta NO synthase were used to localize NO‐producing cells. Combining these three approaches we clearly establish that mushroom body interneurons synthesize NO. Furthermore, we demonstrate that experimental interventions known to upregulate neuroblast proliferation modulate NO production: rearing crickets in an enriched sensory environment induces an upregulation of Acheta NO synthase mRNA, and unilateral electrical stimulation of the antennal nerve results in increased l‐citrulline immunoreactivity in the corresponding mushroom body. The present study demonstrates that neural activity modulates progenitor cell proliferation and regulates NO production in brain structures where neurogenesis occurs in the adult insect. Our results also demonstrate the stimulatory effect of NO on mushroom body neuroblast proliferation. Altogether, these data strongly suggest a key role for NO in environmentally induced neurogenesis.
Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh
Authors: Hussain A. , Rahim M. A. , Azad Khan A. K. , Ali S. M. K. , Vaaler S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAims  To describe differences in prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus with its associated risk factors between rural and urban populations in Bangladesh. Diagnostic criteria [fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT)] were compared and reviewed for both populations.Methods  A total of 1555 subjects from urban and 4757 from rural communities (age ≥ 20 years) with similar cultural and ethnic backgrounds were randomly selected in a cross‐sectional survey. FBG values were determined from all and 2‐h post‐glucose capillary blood samples were determined after a 75‐g oral glucose load for a selected number (urban 476, rural 1046).Results  A higher prevalence of diabetes was found in urban (8.1%) compared with rural populations (2.3%). Age, sex and waist‐to‐hip ratio for men were significant risk factors for both urban and rural subjects following fasting and 2‐h post‐glucose values adjusted for a number of confounding variables. Poor agreement was observed between FBG and OGTT for both urban (kappa 0.41) and rural (kappa 0.40) areas.Conclusions  A higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the urban population was observed compared with rural subjects despite similar body mass indexes (BMI). Differences in obesity, waist/hip ratio or hypertension failed to explain the increasing occurrence of T2DM in the urban population.
The Lisbon Process: a European Odyssey
Authors: DION DAVID‐PASCAL 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article deals with the process in the field of education and training that the European Union has put forward to tackle the main challenges it is facing: globalisation, ageing and the ICT revolution. In order to take advantage of the opportunities brought by these three forces and to counteract their potential negative impact, the European Union defined a strategy in 2000: the Lisbon process. It aims at determining the adequate policies to improve Europe's growth potential, employment participation and social cohesion. Five years after its launch, the Lisbon process suffers from a clear lack of implementation that partly explains Europe's lacklustre economic and social performance. The success of the Lisbon process hinges more than ever on the optimal formation and usage of the stock of human capital. Human resources are the main engine for the creation, dissemination and application of knowledge essential for the increase in productivity and creation of jobs necessary for the sustainability of the European economic and social model. The article shows why and how human capital policies aiming at more efficient and more equitable European education and training systems are crucial to the achievement of the economic and social goals set at Lisbon.
Review of the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in youth depression
Authors: Cheung Amy H. , Emslie Graham J. , Mayes Taryn L. 
Published: June 2005

Background:  Depression in children and adolescents is a cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in this population. It is a common disorder that affects 2% of children and up to 6% of adolescents. Although antidepressants are used frequently for the treatment of this disorder, there has been recent controversy about the efficacy and safety of these medications in this population. This review examined the available evidence from clinical trials of antidepressants in adolescents and children with depression.Methods:  Clinical trial data reviewed were obtained from published reports, including peer review journals and meeting abstracts, as well as unpublished data in the public domain. Clinical trials in this review included large RCTs of antidepressants in youth under the age of 19 with depression. Studies were identified in 2 stages: 1) all RCTs included in the 2004 FDA safety report were reviewed; and 2) to ensure that no additional studies not reported to the FDA were missed, MEDLINE and PSYCH Info were searched from inception until December 2004. A total of 8 published studies and 9 unpublished studies were identified and reviewed.Results:  Efficacy and safety results from each study are reviewed in detail. There are significant differences in remission and response rates between different antidepressants but also between placebo groups across studies. Adverse events are common in clinical trials involving children and adolescents with depression. Due to lack of access to full data sets, effect sizes could not be calculated.Conclusions:  With the variability in trial methodology and the variation in the drug/placebo response rates within a single trial, clinicians need to be judicious in their interpretation of research data on pediatric antidepressant trials. Significant methodological issues may also have affected the efficacy and safety results from these clinical trials.
Are endophenotypes based on measures of executive functions useful for molecular genetic studies of ADHD?
Authors: Doyle Alysa E. , Faraone Stephen V. , Seidman Larry J. , Willcutt Erik G. , Nigg Joel T. , Waldman Irwin D. , Pennington Bruce F. , Peart Joanne , Biederman Joseph 
Published: June 2005

Background:  Behavioral genetic studies provide strong evidence that attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has a substantial genetic component. Yet, due to the complexity of the ADHD phenotype, questions remain as to the specific genes that contribute to this condition as well as the pathways from genes to behavior. Endophenotypes, or phenotypes that are more closely linked to the neurobiological substrate of a disorder, offer the potential to address these two issues simultaneously (Freedman, Adler, & Leonard, 1999). Thus far, potential endophenotypes for ADHD have not been systematically studied.Method:  The current paper reviews evidence supporting the use of deficits on neurocognitive measures of executive functions for this purpose.Results:  Such deficits are a correlate of ADHD and show preliminary evidence of heritability and association with relevant candidate genes. Nonetheless, studies that have assessed the familial and genetic overlap of neurocognitive impairments with ADHD have yielded inconsistent results.Conclusions:  In order for executive function deficits to be used as an endophenotype for ADHD, we recommend greater attention to the neurocognitive heterogeneity of this disorder and to the precision of measurement of the neuropsychological tests employed. We also discuss empirical strategies that may be necessary to allow such research to progress prior to full resolution of the pathophysiological basis of ADHD.
Life events and hemodynamic stress reactivity in the middle‐aged and elderly
Authors: Carroll Douglas , Phillips Anna C. , Ring Christopher , Der Geoff , Hunt Kate 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent versions of the reactivity hypothesis, which consider it to be the product of stress exposure and exaggerated hemodynamic reactions to stress that confers cardiovascular disease risk, assume that reactivity is independent of the experience of stressful life events. This assumption was tested in two substantial cohorts, one middle‐aged and one elderly. Participants had to indicate from a list of major stressful life events up to six they had experienced in the previous 2 years. They were also asked to rate how disruptive and stressful they were, at the time of occurrence and now. Blood pressure and pulse rate were measured at rest and in response to acute mental stress. Those who rated the events as highly disruptive at the time of exposure and now exhibited blunted systolic blood pressure reactions to acute stress. The present results suggest that acute stress reactivity may not be independent of stressful life events experience.
Subjective and objective probability effects on P300 amplitude revisited
Authors: Rosenfeld J. Peter , Biroschak Julianne R. , Kleschen Melissa J. , Smith Kyle M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDoes objective probability affect P300 size independently and in addition to subjective probability? The latter was manipulated by the number of stimuli presented and classification task. Five groups saw target and frequent stimuli. Two saw these with p=.2 or .067, with two different button presses. Three groups saw two additional nontarget stimuli each with p=.067. One group pressed a different button for each stimulus. A second group pressed one button for the three oddballs, another for the frequent. A third critical group pressed one button for the target and another for other stimuli. In this group, P300 was larger for targets versus nontargets, and larger for nontargets versus frequents. Although nontargets were classified with frequents, their actual low probability distinguished them from frequents, and their subjective probability distinguished them from targets. Therefore, actual and subjective probability effects were independently found.
The effect of glucose and mental stress on cutaneous microvascular endothelial function
Authors: Brion Marie‐Jo , Drummond Peter D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGlucose and mental stress, independently, have been found to impair arterial endothelial function (an indicator of vascular health). The present study sought to determine whether the combination of glucose and stress would have a greater effect on microvascular endothelial function than each on its own. To assess endothelial function, surges in skin blood flow (reactive hyperemia), following the release of cuff pressure to the upper arm at 200 mmHg for 5 min, were measured with laser Doppler flowmetry in 40 young, healthy females. Endothelial function did not change significantly following a 5‐min mathematics stressor or the consumption of 75 g of glucose. However, the combination of glucose and stress impaired endothelium‐dependent dilatation 30 min after glucose consumption. These findings suggest that combinations of vascular risk factors may be more threatening to cardiovascular health than singularly occurring factors.
Electrophysiological correlates of change detection
Authors: Eimer Martin , Mazza Veronica 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo identify electrophysiological correlates of change detection, event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants monitored displays containing four faces in order to detect a face identity change across successive displays. Successful change detection was mirrored by an N2pc component at posterior electrodes contralateral to the side of a change, suggesting close links between conscious change detection and attention. ERPs on undetected‐change trials differed from detected‐change and no‐change trials. We suggest that short‐latency ERP differences between these trial types reflect trial‐by‐trial fluctuations in advance task preparation, whereas differences in the P3 time range are due to variations in the duration of perceptual and decision‐related processing. Overall, these findings demonstrate that ERPs are a useful tool for dissociating processes underlying change blindness and change detection.
Automatic word form processing in masked priming: An ERP study
Authors: Grossi Giordana , Coch Donna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive prime types (unrelated words, pronounceable nonwords, illegal strings of letters, false fonts, or neutral strings of Xs) preceded word and nonword targets in a masked priming study designed to investigate word form processing as indexed by event‐related potentials (ERPs). Participants performed a lexical decision task on targets. In the 150–250‐ms epoch at fronto‐central, central, and temporo‐parietal sites ERPs were smallest to targets preceded by words and nonwords, followed by letter strings, false fonts, and finally neutral primes. This refractory pattern sensitive to orthography supports the view that ERPs in the 150–250‐ms epoch index activation of neural systems involved in word form processing and suggests that such activation may be graded, being maximal with word‐like stimuli and relatively reduced with alphabet‐like stimuli. Further, these results from a masked priming paradigm confirm the automatic nature of word form processing.
A freezing‐like posture to pictures of mutilation
Authors: Azevedo Tatiana M. , Volchan Eliane , Imbiriba Luiz A. , Rodrigues Erika C. , Oliveira José M. , Oliveira Liliam F. , Lutterbach Luiz G. , Vargas Claudia D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPostural sway and heart rate were recorded in young men viewing emotionally engaging pictures. It was hypothesized that they would show a human analog of “freezing” behavior (i.e., immobility and heart rate deceleration) when confronted with a sustained block of unpleasant (mutilation) images, relative to their response to pleasant/arousing (sport action) or neutral (objects) pictures. Volunteers stood on a stabilometric platform during picture viewing. Significantly reduced body sway was recorded during the unpleasant pictures, along with increased mean power frequency (indexing muscle stiffness). Heart rate during unpleasant pictures also showed the expected greater deceleration. This pattern resembles the “freezing” and “fear bradycardia” seen in many species when confronted with threatening stimuli, mediated by neural circuits that promote defensive survival.
Vagal withdrawal to a sad film predicts subsequent recovery from depression
Authors: Rottenberg Jonathan , Salomon Kristen , Gross James J. , Gotlib Ian H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCardiac vagal tone, as indexed by abnormalities in the level and/or reactivity of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), has been related to psychiatric impairment, including risk for depression. Longitudinal studies of depression have focused on RSA levels and have found mixed support for the hypothesis that low RSA levels predict a more pernicious course of depression. The current investigation focuses on the relation between RSA reactivity and the course of depression. We measured depressed persons' RSA reactivity to sadness‐, fear‐, and amusement‐inducing emotion films and reassessed participants' diagnostic status 6 months later. Depressed persons who exhibited a higher degree of vagal withdrawal to the sad film were more likely to recover from depression. Implications for the study of RSA in depression are discussed.
The effects of fear on performance monitoring and attentional allocation
Authors: Moser Jason S. , Hajcak Greg , Simons Robert F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEvidence from event‐related potential (ERP) studies indicates abnormal error processing and attentional allocation in “trait”‐anxious individuals. However, few studies have been conducted that evaluate relevant ERP components during the induction of an anxious state (i.e., fear). In the present study, ERPs were measured in 16 undergraduates during control and fear induction conditions to examine the effects of fear on error processing and attentional allocation. Despite comparable performance in both experimental conditions, the ERP data indicated reductions in attentional allocation and error salience during fear induction. Fear did not appear to directly alter early error processing, as indicated by the error‐related negativity, however. The implication of these results for understanding how trait and state anxiety may affect error processing and attentional allocation are discussed.
Time's arrow and pupillary response
Authors: Nuthmann Antje , Van Der Meer Elke 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe psychological arrow of time refers to our experience of the forward temporal progression of all natural processes. To investigate whether and how time's arrow is mentally coded in individual everyday events, a relatedness judgment task was used. The items each consisted of a verb (probe) and an adjective or participle (target). The temporal orientation between probe and target was varied either corresponding to the chronological orientation (e.g., shrinking—small) or corresponding to the reverse orientation (e.g., shrinking—large). Reaction times, error rates, and pupillary responses were recorded. Chronological items were processed faster than reverse items. These findings suggest that time's arrow is mentally coded in single everyday events. Pupil dilation and results of principal component analyses suggest top‐down influences in the processing of temporally related items.
Cross‐modal generality of the gating deficit
Authors: Edgar J. Christopher , Miller Gregory A. , Moses Sandra N. , Thoma Robert J. , Huang Ming‐Xiong , Hanlon Faith M. , Weisend Michael P. , Sherwood Andrea , Bustillo Juan , Adler Larry E. , Cañive José M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAuditory P50/M50 paired‐click studies have established an association between schizophrenia and impaired sensory gating in the auditory modality. However, the presumed cross‐modal generality of the gating deficit has received little study. The present study examined gating in area 3b of primary somatosensory cortex to evaluate patients' somatosensory gating at this first stage of cortical processing. One hundred twenty‐two channels of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data were collected from 27 subjects with chronic schizophrenia and 21 controls during a somatosensory paired‐pulse paradigm with a 75‐ or 500‐ms interstimulus interval. M20 somatosensory responses were localized using magnetic source imaging, and a gating ratio was calculated. In a subset of these subjects, MEG was also done for the standard auditory paradigm to assess M50 gating. Patients showed abnormal auditory M50 gating but normal somatosensory M20 gating. Results argue against a cross‐modal gating deficit in primary somatosensory cortex.
Effects of background noise on the human startle reflex and prepulse inhibition
Authors: Flaten Magne Arve , Nordmark Eirik , Elden Åke 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree experiments investigated whether background noise modified the startle blink reflex and prepulse inhibition (PPI). In Experiment 1 background noise was about 28 (ambient), 40, and 60 dB; in Experiments 2 and 3 background noise was ambient and 60 dB. Prepulses were 70‐dB tones (Experiments 1 and 3) or a tactile stimulus (Experiment 2). Startle‐eliciting stimuli were 94‐dB noise (Experiments 1 and 2) or an airpuff to the face (Experiment 3). Prepulses were presented at stimulus onset asynchronies of 30, 60, 120, 240, and 2000 ms relative to the startle‐eliciting stimulus. Background noise of 60 dB had no effect on control reflexes, whereas 40‐dB background noise increased control reflexes. Background noise decreased PPI, but only when an acoustic stimulus was used as prepulse. In sum, the findings show that background noise reduces the signal‐to‐noise ratio of acoustic prepulses and decreases their modulatory effect on the startle reflex.
Ethnicity, sex, trait anger, and nocturnal blood pressure decline
Authors: Bishop George D. , Pek Jolynn , Ngau Francis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship of trait anger to nocturnal blood pressure decline among Singaporean young adults. One hundred forty‐nine participants (51 Chinese, 51 Malays, 47 Indians, 49.7% men) participated in 24‐h ambulatory monitoring for blood pressure and hemodynamic measures. Significant interactions were obtained between ethnicity and trait anger for systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure such that trait anger was significantly and negatively related to nocturnal blood pressure decline for Indians whereas this was not true for Chinese or Malays. Significant sex × trait anger interactions were obtained for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure in which trait anger was negatively related to blood pressure decline for men but not for women. Overall the results suggest that trait anger is a significant factor affecting nocturnal blood pressure decline particularly among Indians and men.
INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS AND HEADACHE
Authors: Waltimo O. , Hokkanen E. , Pirskanen R. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISTwenty‐nine males and 19 females with intracranial arteriovenous malformation were questioned about migraine and headache. Fifteen (31.2%) had a long history of migraine, 23 (48%) suffered from other headaches, and 10 (20.8%) were headache free. The frequency of headache was similar to that in the general population, but the frequency of migraine was higher. Migraine was more common with small malformations when the malformation had bled or when it was occipital. Unilateral headache was nearly always on the side of the malformation. Thermography was asymmetric in 56%, the warm side coincided with that of malformation in 3/4 of these patients.
CONCENTRATION OF SEROTONIN IN BLOOD PLATELETS: EFFECT OF RESERPINE IN MIGRAINEURS
Authors: Genefke I. Kemp , Dalsgaard‐Nielsen T. , Bryndum B. , Fog‐Møller F. , Jensen J. A. P. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISTwenty‐three migraineurs and 7 controls were given intramuscular injections of reserpine. Platelets 5‐HT(serotonin) was measured 4–6 hours after injection and in migraineurs at weekly intervals for six weeks. Platelet 5‐HT fell to comparable levels in migraineurs and controls but 20 migraineurs had vascular headache within six hours after reserpine injection. No control had vascular headache after reserpine administration. Decreased platelet 5‐HT levels were found for 4–6 weeks after injection of reserpine. During the period of low 5‐HT levels there was a decreased frequency and intensity of migrainous attach in patients.
ESTROGEN THERAPY FOR MIGRAINE
Authors: Chaudhuri Tapan K. , Chaudhuri Sudha T. 
Published: June 2005

SYNOPSISTwo patients with long standing, incapacitating migraine were found to have premature ovarian failure. Administration of 1.25 mg of conjugated estrogen daily for 23 days of every month caused almost complete disappearance of the headaches. Attempts to reduce the dose to 0.625 mg daily were followed by recurrences which were controlled by increasing the dose to previous levels. A trial of estrogen therapy seems to be warranted in some patients with migraine, where estrogen deficiency is suspected.