bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot study of latewood‐width of conifers as an indicator of variability of summer rainfall in the North American monsoon region
Authors: Meko David M. , Baisan Christopher H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe variability of the North American Monsoon System (NAMS) is important to the precipitation climatology of Mexico and the southwestern United States. Tree‐ring studies have been widely applied to climatic reconstruction in western North America, but as yet, have not addressed the NAMS. One reason is the need for highly resolved seasonal dendroclimatic information. Latewood‐width, the portion of the annual tree ring laid down late in the growing season, can potentially yield such information. This paper describes a pilot study of the regional summer precipitation signal in latewood‐width from a network of five Pseudotsuga menziesii chronologies developed in the heart of the region of NAMS influence in Arizona, USA. Exploratory data analysis reveals that the summer precipitation signal in latewood is strong, but not equally so over the full range of summer precipitation. Scatter in the relationship increases toward higher levels of precipitation. Adjustment for removal of inter‐correlation with earlywood‐width appears to strengthen the summer precipitation signal in latewood‐width. To demonstrate a possible application to climatic reconstruction, the latewood precipitation signal is modelled using a nonlinear model—a binary recursive classification tree (CT) that attempts to classify summers as dry or not dry from threshold values of latewood‐width. The model identifies narrow latewood‐width as an effective predictor of a dry summer. Of 14 summers classified dry by latewood‐width for the period 1868–1992, 13 are actually dry by the instrumental precipitation record. The results suggest that geographical expansion of coverage by latewood‐width chronologies and further development of statistical methods may lead to successful reconstruction of variability of the NAMS on century time scales. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Diurnal characteristics of heavy precipitation according to weather type at an upland site in Scotland
Authors: Svensson Cecilia , Jakob Dörte , Reed Duncan W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe diurnal characteristics of heavy 3 h and 24 h precipitation events exceeding a certain threshold (o‐called peak‐over‐threshold or POT events) were studied according to synoptic weather type. Hourly precipitation data for 1970–86 from Eskdalemuir, an upland site in southern Scotland, and the (daily) Mayes weather type classification for Scotland were used. Through cluster analysis, the weather types were divided into five groups according to the overall diurnal distribution of precipitation. Subsequently, 272 POTs for each duration were extracted and analysed using circular statistics. The diurnal distributions of the 3 h POTs were found to be significantly non‐uniform for four of the five weather type groups.The 3 h POTs in the group that includes the Cyclonic weather type show a bimodal distribution with early‐morning and afternoon maxima. A bias towards increased temperatures and a shift in the wind direction suggest that early‐morning POTs may be caused mainly by warm fronts. This is consistent with warm fronts providing favourable conditions for orographic enhancement, which occurs predominantly during the early morning. The afternoon maximum may represent cold frontal precipitation enhanced by thermal convection. Because a cyclone passage generally involves a warm front followed by a cold front, 24 h POTs were found to start significantly more often in the first 4 h after midnight than during the rest of the day. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
The redevelopment of a weather‐type classification scheme for North America
Authors: Sheridan Scott C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSynoptic weather‐typing, or the classification of weather conditions into categories, is a useful tool for climate impact applications. Numerous procedures have been developed to accomplish this goal. Before the advent of high‐speed computers, manual methods were most common; more recently, more automated methods have come into wide use. Both types of classification have shortcomings; manual methods are time consuming and difficult to reproduce, whereas automated methods may not produce easily interpretable results. Several recent methods have incorporated the advantages of both methodologies into a hybrid scheme.This paper describes the redevelopment of one such hybrid scheme, the Spatial Synoptic Classification (SSC). The SSC, originally developed in the mid‐1990s, classifies each day at a location into one of six weather types, or a transition. It has been utilized for several applications, from climate trends to human health. Despite its utility, it has several shortcomings, most notably a lower‐than‐desired match percentage among adjacent stations and a framework that only allows for classification during winter and summer.The new SSC (SSC2) has been altered in several important ways. The most notable changes involve the procedure for selecting seed days, days that typify a particular weather type at a particular location. With the new procedures, the SSC can now produce weather‐type classifications year‐round, instead of only winter and summer. The spatial cohesiveness among stations has also been improved. The SSC has been expanded to include Canada, Alaska, and Hawaii in addition to the lower 48 US states. SSC calendars are now available for 327 stations with a mean length of 44.6 years, and are updated daily on a website.This paper also presents an important application of the redesigned SSC. It has been used in several heat‐stress warning systems worldwide. The synoptic approach is considered to be superior to a traditional apparent temperature approach, as it considers more parameters in its holistic assessment. At each location, one or two of the weather types is associated with mortality levels significantly above the mean. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
The Greenland 8200 cal. yr BP event detected in loss‐on‐ignition profiles in Norwegian lacustrine sediment sequences
Authors: Nesje Atle , Dahl Svein Olaf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHigh‐resolution loss‐on‐ignition analyses of lacustrine sediment cores from both proglacial and non‐glacial lakes in southern Norway have revealed a specific pattern characterised by a significant, two‐peaked reduction of the loss‐on‐ignition values in the basal half of the cores. In non‐glacier‐fed lakes, the loss‐on‐ignition variations are interpreted to reflect mainly lake productivity and hence variability in surface summer air temperature. Sediments deposited in proglacial lakes, however, reflect mainly the glacier activity in the lake catchment. Bulk AMS radiocarbon dates from the core sequences and the loss‐on‐ignition curve pattern suggest that this event correlates with the ‘8200 cal. yr BP event’ recorded in the GRIP and GISP2 Greenland ice‐cores, termed the Finse event in southern Norway. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Raman spectra in characterizing gibbsite, bayerite, diaspore and boehmite
Authors: Ruan H. D. , Frost R. L. , Kloprogge J. T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHigh‐quality Raman spectra were used for the characterization of alumina phases of gibbsite, bayerite, diaspore and boehmite. The Raman spectrum of gibbsite shows four strong, sharp bands at 3617, 3522, 3433 and 3364 cm−1 in the hydroxyl stretching region. The spectrum of bayerite shows seven bands at 3664, 3652, 3552, 3542, 3450, 3438 and 3420 cm−1. Five broad bands at 3445, 3363, 3226, 3119 and 2936 cm−1 and four broad and weak bands at 3371, 3220, 3085 and 2989 cm−1 are present in the Raman spectrum of the hydroxyl stretching region of diaspore and boehmite. The hydroxyl stretching bands are related to the surface structure of the minerals. The Raman spectra of bayerite, gibbsite and diaspore are complex whereas the Raman spectrum of boehmite shows only four bands in the low‐wavenumber region. These bands are assigned to deformation and translational modes of the alumina phases. A comparison of the Raman spectrum of bauxite with those of boehmite and gibbsite showed the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy for on‐line processing of bauxites that contain a mixture of alumina phases. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of CaCO3 hydrates by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Tlili M. M. , Amor M. Ben , Gabrielli C. , Joiret S. , Maurin G. , Rousseau P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Raman spectra of the three varieties of hydrated calcium carbonate, monohydrate, hexahydrate and ‘amorphous,’ are reported for the first time and discussed according to the already known crystal structures. The transformation by dehydration of these hydrated phases into the usual anhydrous forms was followed by in situ micro‐Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the dehydration of the hexahydrate proceeds through the formation of the ‘amorphous’ phase. The latter is better described as microcrystalline monohydrate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capturing market value in technological innovations: a case from the optical fibre cables industry
Authors: Malik Khaleel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInnovations in Research and Development (R&D), product design or manufacturing are not sufficient conditions to guarantee the survival of firms.Understanding and capturing customer needs together with the sensitive use of operational tactics can provide firms with the added value that ultimately sustains competitive advantage.A practical in‐depth innovation case study is discussed which provides lessons from the optical fibre cables industry. It demonstrates how a leading UK‐based multinational corporation (MNC) recognized that it had to change from being solely product driven to become both a systems integrator and a service provider, offering innovative technological solutions for niche markets.The crucial change in strategy occurred when the company rescued a failing technology aimed at mass markets and realized market value by offering a modified version of the original technology for niche markets.
Knowledge management: strategic change capacity or the attempted routinization of professionals?
Authors: Korac‐Kakabadse Nada , Kouzmin Alexander , Kakabadse Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhilst Knowledge Management (KM) is held to be cutting edge in leveraging competitive advantage in a putatively growing knowledge economy, substantively it is not a new leadership responsibility.Much about KM pertains to current, technologically driven attempts to capture, store and retrieve highly explicit and routine repertoires of organizational value adding. Little is said about the more difficult organizational processes of learning and managing the transfer of such learning.This paper audits such learning and transfer issues in light of long‐known problems of capturing ‘tacit’ knowledge. It codifies and summarizes past attempts at KM and presents a less sanguine view as to current capacities in KM praxis, let alone expropriating professionalized skill bases.Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pigments in Greek virgin olive oils: occurrence and levels
Authors: Psomiadou Eleni , Tsimidou Maria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFifty‐two samples of virgin olive oil from various regions of Greece were examined for the presence and levels of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments using normal phase liquid chromatography and spectrometry. Pheophytin α (Pheo α) was the main pigment in all the oils examined (>10 mg kg−1 in more than 70% of samples). Two pheophytin α derivatives (peaks A and B), eluted close to Pheo α, may potentially be used to examine handling conditions and length of storage of oil until analysis. Analysis of 25 Greek commercial oils obtained from retail stores verified the above observations. Chlorophyll α may be present in a virgin olive oil just after production. Its absence should not be exclusively attributed to cultivar characteristics or extraction conditions, since pheophytinisation occurs rapidly. Lutein content varied between 0.2 and 3.9 mg kg−1 and β‐carotene content from 0.4 to 5.1 mg kg−1. The lutein/β‐carotene ratio was characteristic (<1) for samples from Koroneiki, the major Greek cultivar for oil production. The total Pheo α (Pheo α + peak A + peak B)/total carotenoid (lutein + β‐carotene) ratio ranged between 2 and 11 owing to prevailing green hues. This ratio may be used as an indicator of oil typicality along with other analytical parameters.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of heating temperature, pH, concentration and starch/whey protein ratio on the viscoelastic properties of corn starch/whey protein mixed gels
Authors: Shim Jaeyong , Mulvaney Steven J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe viscoelastic properties of corn starch (CS) gels were more dependent on heating temperature, while the properties of whey protein isolate (WPI) gels were more dependent on pH. Thus heating temperature (75, 85, 95 °C) and pH (5, 7, 9) were varied to obtain a series of mixed gels with interesting viscoelastic properties. WPI gels showed extensive stress relaxation (SR) indicative of a highly transient network structure, while CS gels relaxed very little in 2000 s. Based on SR results, it appeared that CS/WPI mixed gels with 25 and 50% CS formed compatible network structures at 15% total solids only at pH 9. This supposition was supported by SEM microstructures obtained for dehydrated gels and a synergistic increase in the large‐strain fracture stress for these gels. Some synergy was also found for mixed gels at 30% total solids at pH 9, while at pH 7 the mixed gels seemed to contain separate additive WPI and CS networks unlike the case for pH 7 at 15% total solids. In both cases (15 and 30% total solids) the degree of elasticity of the mixed gels decreased as the WPI content increased. Mixed gels (CS:WPI = 0.5) at pH 9 showed increased fracture stress and fracture strain relative to the same gels at pH 7. This suggests that a unique chemical compatibility exists at pH 9 and results in gels that combine the elasticity of CS and the internal stress dissipation of WPI.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Folate distribution during higher plant development
Authors: Gambonnet Bernadette , Jabrin Samuel , Ravanel Stéphane , Karan Mirko , Douce Roland , Rébeillé Fabrice 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe total folate content of various tissues from pea seedlings was determined using a microbiological assay. In the seed the bulk of folate was located in cotyledons, but the embryo, representing only 2% of the total seed fresh weight, had a folate concentration about three times higher. In the presence of sulphanilamide, an inhibitor of folate biosynthesis, the initial folate content supported root elongation during the first 1–2 days. However, further growth of the seedling was not possible and required a de novo synthesis of folate. Following organogenesis, the folate content of young roots and shoots was similar to that in the initial embryo. In contrast, the folate content of young leaves increased rapidly to reach a value two to three times higher than in other tissues after 7 days of growth and remained roughly constant thereafter. The intracellular distribution of folate was estimated in 12‐day‐old leaves. Mitochondria, the site of folate synthesis, contained approximately 30% of the total cellular folate. The folate level in chloroplasts was about 100 times lower than in mitochondria, representing, on a protein basis, less than 4% of the total pool. We associate the bulk of folate with the cytosol plus nucleus (65–70% of the pool), although mitochondria (less than 5% of the cytoplasmic volume) had the highest concentration. Why there should be more folate in leaves, on a fresh weight basis, than in other tissues is not clear. The folate‐dependent enzymes involved in photorespiration (glycine decarboxylase and serine hydroxymethyltransferase) are located in mitochondria where they accumulate during greening. In contrast, the folate within mitochondria purified from either roots, etiolated leaves or green leaves was, on a protein basis, similar, suggesting that other factors related to light and photosynthesis might be involved.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Emulsifying properties of soy protein isolate fractions obtained by isoelectric precipitation
Authors: Chove Bernard E , Grandison Alistair S , Lewis Michael J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSoy protein isolate (SPI) fractions were produced by isoelectric precipitation based on results of isoelectric focusing carried out on the crude soy extract. The fractions were produced from crude protein extract (pH 9.0) sequentially and non‐sequentially at isoelectric points (pIs) of 5.6, 5.1 and 4.5. Emulsions stabilised by soy proteins with pIs between 5.6 and 5.1 had the highest (P < 0.01) emulsion stability index (ESI), while those stabilised with proteins having pIs between 5.1 and 4.5 resulted in the lowest ESI for sequentially precipitated fractions. Non‐sequential fractionation at pI 5.1 produced fractions with higher emulsifying activity index (EAI) than sequential fractionation. SDS‐PAGE profiles indicated that the fractions exhibiting high functionality in terms of ESI and EAI were also richer in 7S globulin protein subunits.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Evidence for health benefits of plant phenols: local or systemic effects?
Authors: Hollman Peter C H 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPlant phenols are mostly products of the phenylpropanoid pathway and comprise a large variety of compounds: cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, stilbenes, coumarins, lignans and lignins. They are strong antioxidants and might prevent oxidative damage to biomolecules such as DNA, lipids and proteins which play a role in chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Plant phenols may interfere with all stages of the cancer process, potentially resulting in a reduction of cancer risk. Only flavonols have been investigated in observational studies. Five out of seven studies showed an inverse association of flavonol intake with subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). A protective effect against cancer was only found in one out of four studies. Thus the epidemiological evidence does not yet allow a firm decision on the involvement of flavonols in the aetiology of either CVD or cancer. The epidemiology of flavonols points to a systemic effect. The epidemiology of tea, as a rich source of various phenols, shows inconsistent data for colon cancer, which also does not support a local effect of plant phenols. The absorption and bioavailability of plant phenols have been inadequately studied. Dietary flavonoids were thought to be poorly absorbed because of their presence as β‐glycosides (conjugates of sugars). However, conjugation with glucose enhanced human absorption. Flavonoids and other plant phenols are extensively metabolised by colonic bacteria: the ring structure is cleaved, giving a range of phenolic acids which are then absorbed. Human studies showed that only about 1% of a well‐absorbed flavonoid was excreted with an intact flavonoid backbone into urine. Major questions to be answered are whether the effective concentrations found in in vitro systems really reflect physiological concentrations.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermal isomerisation susceptibility of carotenoids in different tomato varieties
Authors: Nguyen Minhthy , Francis David , Schwartz Steven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe susceptibility of predominant tomato carotenoids to thermal isomerisation during typical food preparation is reported for five varieties with distinctively different carotenoid distribution. The tomato varieties used contain distinct amounts of the following predominant carotenoids: all‐trans lycopene, all‐trans β‐carotene, all‐trans δ‐carotene, all‐trans lutein and the poly‐cis geometrical isomer of lycopene, prolycopene. The tomatoes were subjected to thermal treatments and unit operations similar to those during food preparation: boiling, addition of vegetable cooking oil, chopping and agitation. The results indicated that, during typical cooking of tomatoes, common factors such as genotypic differences in overall carotenoid composition, the presence of oil and physical changes to tomato tissues did not result in the thermal isomerisation of all‐trans lycopene, all‐trans δ‐carotene, all‐trans γ‐carotene or prolycopene. Significant amounts of all‐trans β‐carotene and all‐trans lutein, however, were converted to the cis configurations. The presence of vegetable cooking oil did not alter the thermal stability of any carotenoids being evaluated. Examination of samples by electron microscopy indicated that heat treatment imparted changes to the physical ultrastructure of the tomato tissue, such as cell wall and organelle deformation. The observed differences in these carotenoids' relative susceptibility to thermally induced isomerisation reactions might be attributable to their differences in physical state and cellular localisation. Thus, while thermal processing reportedly alters the bioavailability of carotenoids, its effect on the geometrical isomer distribution is selective and limited. These findings are important considerations in our overall effort to gain a better understanding of carotenoid metabolism in vivo and of the physical chemistry of lycopene in vitro.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Fibrous dysplasia of bone: Management and outcome of 20 cases
Authors: Keijser Lucien C.M. , van Tienen Tony G. , Schreuder H.W. Bart , Lemmens Josef A.M. , Pruszczynski Maciej , Veth Renè P.H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesFibrous dysplasia of bone is difficult to manage because of its variable clinical course with many different methods of treatment reported. Therefore we report on our experience.MethodsWe reviewed a series of 20 patients with 32 lesions included. The average age at the time of diagnosis was 32 years for monostotic disease, 26 years for polyostotic disease, and 3 years for McCune‐Albright syndrome. The median follow‐up period was 6 years. Functional and radiographic outcomes were scored.Results and ConclusionsMonostotic disease mostly presented with a circumscribed lesion and monitoring was often sufficient. Symptomatic circumscribed lesions showed satisfactory outcome when treated with curettage, cryosurgery and bone grafting. Lesions of the extended type were most of all seen in polyostotic disease and eventually needed operative treatment. In case of bony deformity, corrective osteotomies and rigid internal fixation were performed in addition to curettage, cryosurgery, and bone grafting. In polyostotic disease, expected outcomes were good, but in McCune‐Albright syndrome, results were uniformly poor. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;76:157–166. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.