bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case-Control Analysis of Bone Stress Injury on Advancement and Health Care Utilization in US Air Force Basic Military Trainees
Authors: Gardner Cubby L , Raps Stephanie J , Bedford Theresa , Fisher Reid A 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Every year, approximately 35,000 recruits enter the United States Air Force Basic Military Training (BMT). Musculoskeletal problems are particularly vexing for BMT because a broad array of differentials render definitive diagnosis burdensome and while most sufferers will fully recover, healing often requires protracted training delays resulting in increased unrecoverable training costs to the program. The purpose of this study is to conduct a case-control study of basic military trainees entering service from 2012 to 2015 to assess detectable differences in demographics, retention, and health care utilization.

Materials and Methods
This is a retrospective case-control study of existing data and records obtained from existing and active information record systems for individuals who attended BMT between the years 2012 and 2015. Cohort assignment was based on incidence of first stress fracture diagnosis (i.e., having a select diagnosis code in one’s medical record) relative to arrival at BMT. Health care utilization is operationalized as medical encounter frequencies and associated international classification of disease (ICD) codes occurring for all patients from BMT recruit date of arrival to 6 months post-graduation (i.e., 180 days).

Results
The primary dataset includes 132,359 distinct individuals, of which 129,637 (98%) had no history of stress fracture diagnosis and 1,487 (1%) of which have a diagnosis of stress fracture more than 60 days after arrival at BMT; these are assigned to the CONTROL group. There are 1,235 (0.9%) assigned to the CASE group. CASE members presented with 30.1 unique ICD-10 codes post-graduation compared to 6.3 in the CONTROL group. Six of the top thirteen ICD-10 codes were musculoskeletal in nature and all presented significantly higher rates for the CASE group.

Conclusions
Trainees who suffered a bone stress injury (BSI) during the United States Air Force BMT advanced in rank on par with trainees who did not, but BSI sufferers exhibited greater health care utilization than those who did not suffer BSI. The cost to replace a trainee unable to complete BMT is considerable; however, it is also important to consider the reduction in resiliency and readiness to the Department of Defense and the financial burdens from increased health care utilization. The 2-fold increase in BSI presentation in the graduated control group reflects that more needs to be done for all populations to identify better proactive efforts to foundationally support wellness and prevention rather than accept injury as the status quo.
Application of the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria for Takayasu arteritis to previously diagnosed patients based on the 1990 ACR criteria
Authors: Ha Jang Woo , Pyo Jung Yoon , Ahn Sung Soo , Song Jason Jungsik , Park Yong-Beom , Lee Sang-Won 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Recently, a joint group of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) proposed new criteria for Takayasu arteritis (TAK) (the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria). This study applied the 2022 ACR/EULAR criteria to patients with previously diagnosed TAK based on the 1990 ACR criteria and investigated the concordance rate between the two criteria according to the four imaging modalities.

Methods
This study reviewed the medical records of 179 patients who met the 1990 ACR criteria for TAK. The imaging modalities included conventional angiography, computed tomography angiography, fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance angiography.

Results
Regardless of the imaging modalities, the concordance rate between the two criteria was 85.5% when including all patients, whereas it increased to 98.1% when only patients aged ≤60 years were included. Among the four imaging modalities, computed tomography angiography exhibited the highest concordance rate between the two criteria (85.6%). The concordance rate among patients aged &gt;60 years was 95.7%. Only one patient aged 50–60 years was reclassified as having both TAK and giant cell arteritis.

Conclusions
The concordance rate was 85.5% regardless of the imaging modalities and increased to 86.9% on simultaneous computed tomography angiography and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging.
The proofreading exonuclease of leading-strand DNA polymerase epsilon prevents replication fork collapse at broken template strands
Authors: Ahmad Tasnim , Kawasumi Ryotaro , Taniguchi Tomoya , Abe Takuya , Terada Kazuhiro , Tsuda Masataka , Shimizu Naoto , Tsurimoto Toshiki , Takeda Shunichi , Hirota Kouji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leading-strand DNA replication by polymerase epsilon (Polϵ) across single-strand breaks (SSBs) causes single-ended double-strand breaks (seDSBs), which are repaired via homology-directed repair (HDR) and suppressed by fork reversal (FR). Although previous studies identified many molecules required for hydroxyurea-induced FR, FR at seDSBs is poorly understood. Here, we identified molecules that specifically mediate FR at seDSBs. Because FR at seDSBs requires poly(ADP ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1), we hypothesized that seDSB/FR-associated molecules would increase tolerance to camptothecin (CPT) but not the PARP inhibitor olaparib, even though both anti-cancer agents generate seDSBs. Indeed, we uncovered that Polϵ exonuclease and CTF18, a Polϵ cofactor, increased tolerance to CPT but not olaparib. To explore potential functional interactions between Polϵ exonuclease, CTF18, and PARP1, we created exonuclease-deficient POLE1exo−/−, CTF18−/−, PARP1−/−, CTF18−/−/POLE1exo−/−, PARP1−/−/POLE1exo−/−, and CTF18−/−/PARP1−/− cells. Epistasis analysis indicated that Polϵ exonuclease and CTF18 were interdependent and required PARP1 for CPT tolerance. Remarkably, POLE1exo−/− and HDR-deficient BRCA1−/− cells exhibited similar CPT sensitivity. Moreover, combining POLE1exo−/− with BRCA1−/− mutations synergistically increased CPT sensitivity. In conclusion, the newly identified PARP1-CTF18-Polϵ exonuclease axis and HDR act independently to prevent fork collapse at seDSBs. Olaparib inhibits this axis, explaining the pronounced cytotoxic effects of olaparib on HDR-deficient cells.
Deciphering spatially distinct immune microenvironments in glioblastoma using ferumoxytol and gadolinium-enhanced and FLAIR hyperintense MRI phenotypes
Authors: Stoller Jared , Kersch Cymon N , Muldoon Leslie L , Ambady Prakash , Harrington Christina A , Fu Rongwei , Raslan Ahmed M , Dogan Aclan , Neuwelt Edward A , Barajas Ramon F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
MRI with gadolinium (Gd)-contrast agents is used to assess glioblastoma treatment response but does not specifically reveal heterogeneous biology or immune microenvironmental composition. Ferumoxytol (Fe) contrast is an iron nanoparticle that localizes glioblastoma macrophages and microglia. Therefore, we hypothesized that the use of Fe contrast improves upon standard Gd-based T1-weighted and T2/FLAIR analysis by specifically delineating immune processes.

Methods
In this, HIPAA-compliant institutional review board-approved prospective study, stereotactic biopsy samples were acquired from patients with treatment-naïve and recurrent glioblastoma based on MR imaging phenotypes; Gd and Fe T1 enhancement (Gd+, Fe+) or not (Gd–, Fe–), as well as T2-Flair hyperintensity (FLAIR+, FLAIR–). Analysis of genetic expression was performed with RNA microarrays. Imaging and genomic expression patterns were compared using false discovery rate statistics.

Results
MR imaging phenotypes defined a variety of immune pathways and Hallmark gene sets. Gene set enrichment analysis demonstrated that Gd+, Fe+, and FLAIR+ features were individually correlated with the same 7 immune process gene sets. Fe+ tissue showed the greatest degree of immune Hallmark gene sets compared to Gd+ or Flair+ tissues and had statistically elevated M2 polarized macrophages, among others. Importantly, the FLAIR+ Gd+ and Fe– imaging phenotypes did not demonstrate expression of immune Hallmark gene sets.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates the potential of Fe and Gd-enhanced MRI phenotypes to reveal spatially distinct immune processes within glioblastoma. Fe improves upon the standard of care Gd enhancement by specifically localizing glioblastoma-associated inflammatory processes, providing valuable insights into tumor biology.
Criminalizing Indigenous Belief: The Constitutional Deficits of Uganda’s Witchcraft Act
Authors: Kabumba Busingye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1995 Constitution of Uganda contains important human rights guarantees, including the freedoms of religion, expression, and association. At the same time, there continues to exist a law, first enacted during the colonial period, which criminalizes—as ‘witchcraft’—certain aspects of African traditional religion. This article considers the extent to which this law is consistent with the liberties promised and protected under the Constitution. Ultimately, it contends that the imperatives of both constitutional governance and the redress of historical injustice mandate a repeal of Uganda’s Witchcraft Act and all related legal enactments.
Women’s Education and Fertility: The Direct Relationship
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence suggests seven major points of interest concerning the direct relationship between women’s education and fertility: In the early stages of a country’s development, as measured by income and literacy levels, and in settings with wide gender disparities in literacy, a small amount of education may increase fertility. Any negative effect education has on fertility is likely to be negligible; An inverse relationship is observed largely in countries with higher levels of development and more egalitarian settings; In most societies, there appears to be a threshold level of education beyond which marked differentials in fertility are generated; the highest thresholds exist in the least developed societies and those in which gender disparities in literacy levels are widest; only among more developed and egalitarian societies do the thresholds possibly drop to zero years of schooling. Correspondingly, the level of education at which fertility is highest falls systematically with improvements in income, literacy, and gender disparities in literacy; Differentials between the least and most educated women become progressively wider with improvements in income and literacy levels and the narrowing of gender disparities in literacy; The relationship between education and fertility is dynamic, changing its shape over time from curvilinear to inverse and from sharply inverse to moderately inverse; Even within countries, the shape of the relationship is not uniformly inverse, being more inverse in better developed and urban areas; The impact of women’s education on fertility is usually stronger than that of men’s education or household socio-economic characteristics.
Education And Women’s Autonomy
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature supports the hypotheses that education enhances women’s knowledge, decision-making power, confidence in interacting with the outside world, closeness to husband and children, and economic and social self-reliance. These effects of education are, however, by no means uniform across regions, cultures, or levels of development. Uneducated women often have relatively little autonomy, and highly educated women tend to have the most. What happens in between varies by culture and the extent of gender stratification. In other words, the norms of patriarchy play an important role in conditioning the impact of education on changes in women’s autonomy. In settings that are highly stratified by gender, women may have little autonomy until they have attained relatively high levels of education, whereas in more egalitarian settings, the thresholds are lower. These findings bear out the conclusions of Chapter 2, which also suggest that, in many settings, the effect of education in reducing fertility is observed only after moderate levels of education have been attained.
Education And Women’s Age At Marriage
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The positive relationship of education to marital age is one of the most pervasive findings in the literature. In many contexts, however, the effect of a small amount of education on postponing marriage is minimal. For the most part, the tendency for education to raise marriage age becomes universal only after a few years of primary education. This pattern persists irrespective of the country’s overall levels of development and of gender disparity in literacy.
Fertility-Enhancing Effects Of Education
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature strongly supports the existence of an inverse effect of education on the duration of both breast-feeding and abstinence. Even a small amount of education leads to a decline in these durations, although there is evidence that the effect becomes stronger at higher levels of education. The inverse relationship of education to durations of breast-feeding and abstinence is influenced by several changes in the situation of women. These include the increased awareness among educated women of alternatives to prolonged breast-feeding and abstinence; greater decision-making power among educated women concerning such personal aspects of their lives; and increased husband-wife intimacy among educated women. Finally, in contexts in which opportunities for women’s work outside the home are plentiful and where breast-milk substitutes are widely available and culturally acceptable, educated working women do seem to find breast-feeding incompatible with the demands of employment. They are, hence, more likely to breast-feed for shorter durations.
Women’s Education, Fertility Regulation, and Obstacles to Contraception
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between women’s education and the practice of contraception is direct and consistent, especially after a small amount of education is attained. One reason for the relationship between education and contraceptive practice is that educated women face fewer obstacles relating to the practice of contraception than uneducated women face. Educated women have a more comprehensive knowledge of contraception, its mechanics and side-effects; they have more positive attitudes to the practice of deliberate fertility regulation; and they are less inhibited about discussing contraception and family size with their husbands.
Women’s Education and Fertility: The Relative Influence of Each Intervening Pathway
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes two points. First, the education-fertility relationship shifts from non-inverse to inverse as the setting becomes more developed or more egalitarian. Second, as the setting becomes more developed or more egalitarian, it takes less education to produce a pronounced reduction in fertility. The reason underlying both these observations is that, in lesser developed and more gender-stratified settings, the most powerful effects of education are to reduce such traditional inhibitions on child supply as prolonged breast-feeding or post-partum abstinence rather than to delay marriage, reduce family-size desires, or increase contraception. Only in more developed and more egalitarian settings are the effects of education on the latter variables more powerful than their effects on the former, resulting in the more uniform inverse effect of education on fertility seen in these settings.
Growth regulation by apyrases: Insights from altering their expression level in different organisms
Authors: Clark Greg , Tripathy Manas K , Roux Stanley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apyrase (APY) enzymes are nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) diphosphohydrolases that can remove the terminal phosphate from NTPs and nucleoside diphosphates but not from nucleoside monophosphates. They have conserved structures and functions in yeast, plants, and animals. Among the most studied APYs in plants are those in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; AtAPYs) and pea (Pisum sativum; PsAPYs), both of which have been shown to play major roles in regulating plant growth and development. Valuable insights on their functional roles have been gained by transgenically altering their transcript abundance, either by constitutively expressing or suppressing APY genes. This review focuses on recent studies that have provided insights on the mechanisms by which APY activity promotes growth in different organisms. Most of these studies have used transgenic lines that constitutively expressed APY in multiple different plants and in yeast. As APY enzymatic activity can also be changed post-translationally by chemical blockage, this review also briefly covers studies that used inhibitors to suppress APY activity in plants and fungi. It concludes by summarizing some of the main unanswered questions about how APYs regulate plant growth and proposes approaches to answering them.
Insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder: conception, clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, and treatment
Authors: Huang Yueqi , Weng Yazhu , Lan Lan , Zhu Cheng , Shen Ting , Tang Wenxin , Lai Hsin-Yi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic disabling disease with often unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) has broadened the diagnostic criteria for OCD, acknowledging that some OCD patients may lack insight into their symptoms. Previous studies have demonstrated that insight can impact therapeutic efficacy and prognosis, underscoring its importance in the treatment of mental disorders, including OCD. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the influence of insight on mental disorders, leading to advancements in related research. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is dearth of comprehensive reviews on the topic of insight in OCD. In this review article, we aim to fill this gap by providing a concise overview of the concept of insight and its multifaceted role in clinical characteristics, neuroimaging mechanisms, and treatment for OCD.
Evaluating the OECD–FAO and USDA agricultural baseline projections
Authors: Fang Xiaoyi , Katchova Ani L 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in collaboration with the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) produce long-term agricultural projections for key indicators of agricultural commodities. These baseline projections play a key role in agricultural decision-making and policies. Our study compares the OECD–FAO and USDA baseline projections for harvested acres, production, and yield in the European Union, the US, and China for rice and wheat. We evaluate the accuracy by examining the projection error, including the magnitude of bias and variance as well as the significance of bias. We also compare the OECD–FAO and USDA projections’ predictive abilities using the modified Diebold–Mariano test. We find that the accuracy of the projections decreases as the projection horizon increases. Both agencies underestimate wheat projections in the European Union and China. USDA projections generally outperform OECD–FAO projections for most rice variables, while the reverse is found for longer-horizon EU wheat projections. This assessment may enable agencies to make more accurate projections and enable market participants to better understand these projections.
Can we rely on wearable sleep-tracker devices for fatigue management?
Authors: Reifman Jaques , Priezjev Nikolai V , Vital-Lopez Francisco G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
Wearable sleep-tracker devices are ubiquitously used to measure sleep; however, the estimated sleep parameters often differ from the gold-standard polysomnography (PSG). It is unclear to what extent we can tolerate these errors within the context of a particular clinical or operational application. Here, we sought to develop a method to quantitatively determine whether a sleep tracker yields acceptable sleep-parameter estimates for assessing alertness impairment.

Methods
Using literature data, we characterized sleep-measurement errors of 18 unique sleep-tracker devices with respect to PSG. Then, using predictions based on the unified model of performance, we compared the temporal variation of alertness in terms of the psychomotor vigilance test mean response time for simulations with and without added PSG-device sleep-measurement errors, for nominal schedules of 5, 8, or 9 hours of sleep/night or an irregular sleep schedule each night for 30 consecutive days. Finally, we deemed a device error acceptable when the predicted differences were smaller than the within-subject variability of 30 milliseconds. We also established the capability to estimate the extent to which a specific sleep-tracker device meets this acceptance criterion.

Results
On average, the 18 sleep-tracker devices overestimated sleep duration by 19 (standard deviation = 44) minutes. Using these errors for 30 consecutive days, we found that, regardless of sleep schedule, in nearly 80% of the time the resulting predicted alertness differences were smaller than 30 milliseconds.

Conclusions
We provide a method to quantitatively determine whether a sleep-tracker device produces sleep measurements that are operationally acceptable for fatigue management.