bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of plasma androgen and estrogen concentrations in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Rosenthal Karen L. , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine plasma concentrations of steroid hormones in ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism associated with adrenocortical neoplasia or nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal gland, the effect of surgical removal of the affected adrenal gland on concentrations of these hormones, and whether any hormone concentrations could be used as a marker for the disease.

Design
Prospective case series.

Animals
32 ferrets with hyperadrenocorticism associated with adrenocortical neoplasia or nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal gland.

Procedure
blood sample was obtained from each ferret before adrenalectomy. In 26 of the 32 ferrets, a second blood sample was collected 24 to 48 hours after adrenalectomy. Plasma concentrations of 7 hormones were measured (cortisol, estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate).

Results
Median plasma concentrations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were significantly higher in ferrets with adrenal gland disease, compared with concentrations in clinically normal ferrets. After adrenalectomy, median concentrations of estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione decreased significantly. Of 23 ferrets in which concentrations of estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione all were measured, 22 (96%) had high concentrations of at least 1 of these 3 hormones, but only 5 (22%) ferrets had high concentrations of all 3 hormones.

Clinical Implications
The condition that develops in ferrets with adrenal gland disease apparently is caused by excessive secretion of 1 or more steroids other than cortisol. Because concentration of a particular hormone was not high in all ferrets, we recommend determining plasma concentrations of several sex steroids, including androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and estradiol. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1097-1102)
Open resection for subvalvular aortic stenosis in dogs
Authors: Monnet Eric , Orton E. Christopher , Gaynor James S. , Boon June , Wagner Ann , Linn Kathy , Eddleman Lee Ann , Brevard Sean 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To describe the surgical technique for open resection of congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis in dogs and to determine outcome of dogs undergoing the procedure.

Design
Uncontrolled clinical trial.

Animals
17 dogs with congenital discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis.

Procedure
Dogs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass by catheterizing the femoral artery and both vena cavae. The aorta was cross clamped, and cold cardioplegia solution was administered. The aortic root then was opened with a curvilinear incision. A subvalvular discrete fibrous ring was resected in all dogs. Septal myectomy was performed simultaneously on 11 dogs.

Results
15 of 17 dogs survived the operation and were discharged from the hospital. Mean ± SD maximal instantaneous aortic systolic pressure gradient measured by means of Doppler echocardiography was significantly reduced from 119 ± 42 mm of Hg before surgery to 41 ± 10 mm of Hg 12 months after surgery. Despite substantial reduction in the systolic pressure gradient, 4 of 15 dogs died suddenly between 7 days and 30 months after surgery. Three of the 4 dogs that died suddenly had pressure gradients ≥ 180 mm of Hg and ventricular tachycardia before surgery. Eleven dogs were still alive between 1 and 48 months after surgery.

Clinical Implications
The procedure resulted in substantial reductions in systolic pressure gradients in dogs with severe congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. However, some dogs with severe aortic stenosis died suddenly after surgery. Thus, this surgery should not be considered curative. Proof of a survival benefit in dogs undergoing this surgery will have to await longer term follow-up. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1255–1261)
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in dogs
Authors: Miller Craig W. , Prescott John F. , Mathews Karol A. , Betschel Stephen D. , Yager J. A. , Guru Veena , DeWinter L. , Low Donald E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the clinical, pathologic, and bacteriologic findings in dogs that developed severe invasive infections with group G streptococci (GGS) over a 6-month period in southern Ontario.

Design
Prospective case series.

Animals
7 dogs in southern Ontario with severe streptococcal infection during a 6-month period.

Procedure
Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, molecular typing of streptococcal isolates was performed. Isolates were examined for the M protein gene emm1.0, pyrogenic exotoxin genes speA, speB, speF, hyaluronic acid synthase genes hasA, hasB, and for C5a peptidase gene scpA by use of DNA probes or polymerase chain reaction.

Results
3 dogs with streptococcal shock without necrotizing fasciitis died or were euthanatized within 48 hours of admission, whereas 4 dogs with streptococcal shock and necrotizing fasciitis survived following surgical debridement, supportive medical treatment, and treatment with antibiotics. Of the 6 Lancefield group G streptococcal isolates available for characterization, 5 were Streptococcus canis and 1 had characteristics of group G streptococcal strains of human origin. Results of molecular typing indicated that isolates were unrelated to each other. Examination of the canine isolates for putative virulence genes found in human group A streptococci resulted in identification of the the emm1.0 gene only in 1 of the isolates. The canine isolates otherwise lacked virulence genes associated with human group A streptococcal toxic shock infections.

Clinical Implications
The development of severe invasive infection in dogs resulting from GGS indicates that a virulent form of GGS has developed in southern Ontario. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1421–1426)
Results of a survey of equine practitioners on the use and perceived efficacy of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan
Authors: Caron J. P. , Kaneene J. B. , Miller R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the patterns of use and perceived efficacy of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) for the treatment of degenerative joint disease in horses.

Design
Cross-sectional mail survey.

Sample Population
1,522 equine practitioners.

Procedure
Information was obtained on frequency and route of administration of PSGAG for the treatment of each of 4 forms of degenerative joint disease, the efficacy of PSGAG, and its efficacy compared with that of sodium hyaluronate. Data were analyzed by nonparametric and multivariate regression methods.

Results
Response rate was 40.5%. Of practitioners responding, 26% were classified as having a special interest in lameness and 74% as general practitioners. Use of PSGAG was reported by 90.5% of all practitioners, but lameness practitioners used PSGAG more frequently than general practitioners. Use of PSGAG also was significantly more common among practitioners involved predominately with racing Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, or show horses. Use of PSGAG was reported to be moderately effective in the treatment of the 4 joint disease conditions. Practitioners treating Thoroughbred racehorses gave highest efficacy scores, and pleasure horse practitioners gave lowest efficacy scores. Use of PSGAG was considered more effective than sodium hyaluronate for the treatment of subacute degenerative joint disease and less effective for idiopathic joint effusion and acute synovitis.

Clinical Implications
Use of PSGAG is regarded as moderately effective overall and is considered most useful in the treatment of subacute degenerative joint disease. The efficacy of PSGAG for incipient and chronic forms of degenerative disease is considered comparable to that of sodium hyaluronate. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1564–1568)
Prevalence of Salmonella organisms in swine feed
Authors: Harris Isabel Turney , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Gray Jeffrey T. , Thomas Lee Ann , Ferris Kathy 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To test feed and feed ingredients on swine farms for Salmonella organisms and to analyze data from these farms to determine risk factors associated with Salmonella organisms in the feed and feed ingredients.

Design
Epidemiologic survey and retrospective case-control study.

Sample Population
30 swine farms.

Procedure
Samples of feed and feed ingredients and information regarding herd characteristics were collected from 30 swine farms. Samples were tested for Salmonella organisms, and data compiled from herd information forms were examined for associated risk factors between herd characteristics and isolation of Salmonella organisms.

Results
Salmonella organisms were isolated from 36 of 1,264 (2.8%) feed and feed ingredient samples and from 14 of 30 (46.7%) farms. Thirteen Salmonella sp serotypes and 2 untypeable isolates were cultured. Recovery of Salmonella organisms from at least 1 feed or feed ingredient on a farm was significantly associated with 6 herd characteristics (lack of bird-proofing, using farm-prepared feed for finishing-age pigs rather than purchased feed, and housing pigs in facilities other than total confinement in the growing, finishing, gestating, and breeding stages of production, respectively). Isolation of Salmonella sp was not associated with a history of salmonellosis on a farm.

Clinical Implications
Salmonella organisms were readily isolated from samples of feed and feed ingredients, illustrating that salmonellae are ubiquitous in a farm environment. Implementing sanitary and pestcontrol measures continues to be a prudent recommendation. Salmonella serotypes found in feed and feed ingredients have the potential to cause disease in pigs that consume the feed or, ultimately, in people that consume pork. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210: 382–385
Clinical and pathologic findings in Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984-1991)
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Hall Gregory , Jacobs Gilbert , Pickus Cynthia 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine echocardiographic, electrocardiographic, and histologic abnormalities in Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly and to compare findings with those of Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy that died of congestive heart failure.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
14 Doberman Pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly (group 1) and 40 Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure (group 2).

Procedure
Serial echocardiography and continuous, ambulatory electrocardiographic (Holter) monitoring were performed. Hearts of dogs that died suddenly were examined histologically.

Results
Group-2 dogs died at a significantly older age than did group-1 dogs. All dogs had echocardiographic abnormalities, but changes were more severe in group-2 than in group-1 dogs. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias were documented in all dogs. Group-1 dogs were more likely to have episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia than were group-2 dogs. Multifocal interstitial fibrosis and replacement of muscle fibers with collagen and fat were consistently observed in hearts from dogs that died suddenly. Ten group-1 dogs had received antiarrhythmic treatment prior to death.

Clinical Implications
Occult cardiomyopathy can be identified by means of echocardiography and Holter monitoring in Doberman Pinschers. Doberman Pinschers with cardiomyopathy that had episodes of sustained (> 30 seconds) ventricular tachycardia were at risk of dying suddenly. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:505–511)
Epidemiologic evaluation of postoperative wound infections in dogs and cats
Authors: Brown Dorothy Cimino , Conzemius Michael G. , Shofer Frances , Swann Heather 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine postoperative wound infection rates in dogs and cats for various wound contamination categories and to identify factors that influence postoperative wound infection rates.

Design—
Epidemiologic study.

Sample Population—
1,574 wounds in 1,255 dogs and cats.

Procedure—
Information recorded included signalment, nutritional status, surgery duration, surgical procedures, wound contamination classification, interval from clipping until surgery, blood pressure values, active infection at a distant site, endocrinopathy, and administration of immunosuppressive medications or antibiotics. Relative risk, 95% confidence intervals, and multiple regression analyses were performed.

Results—
Postoperative infection was evident in 86 of 1,574 (5.5%) wounds, including 54 of 1,146 (4.7%) and 13 of 259 (5.0%) animals with clean and clean-contaminated wounds, respectively, and 12 of 100 (12.0%) and 7 of 69 (10.1 %) animals with contaminated and dirty wounds, respectively. Animals with clean wounds that received antibiotics other than as prescribed in our perioperative protocol had a higher infection rate than animals that did not receive antibiotics. Surgical sites clipped before anesthetic induction were 3 times more likely to become infected than sites clipped after induction. Risk of wound infection increased with increasing duration of surgery.

Clinical Implications—
Wound contamination categories had too much variation to make them useful for predicting animals that would develop wound infections. Surgical sites should be clipped immediately prior to surgery, and intraoperative time should be kept to a minimum. Unless indicated for other current active infection, prolonged use of antibiotics after surgery should be avoided in animals with clean wounds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1302–1306)
Organisms isolated from dogs and cats with anaerobic infections and susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents
Authors: Jang Spencer S. , Breher Julie E. , Dabaco Lori A. , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the prevalence of obligate anaerobic bacteria in bacterial infections in dogs and cats and susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents.

Design—
Case series.

Sample Population—
Specimens from 1,267 dogs and 243 cats.

Procedure—
Standard anaerobic and aerobic bacterial culture methods were used. Anaerobic isolates were tested for susceptibility to selected antimicrobial agents.

Results—
Obligate anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 199 (15.7%) and 69 (28.4%) specimens obtained from dogs and cats, respectively. More than half of the specimens that contained obligate anaerobic bacteria were from draining tracts (exclusively dogs), pleural fluid, abscesses, bones, the respiratory tract, or the abdominal cavity. The most commonly isolated obligate anaerobic bacteria (approx 70% of all isolates) were Bacteroides spp, Peptostreptococcus spp, Fusobacterium spp. and Porphvromonas spp. Eighty percent of the specimens that contained obligate anaerobic bacteria also contained facultative anaerobic or aerobic organisms. The organisms most commonly isolated in association with obligate anaerobic bacteria were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli was the most common), Pasteurella spp, and Staphvlococcus intermedius. Ninety-seven obligate anaerobic isolates were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and metronidazole. All were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and chloramphenicol, and most were susceptible to metronidazole. Only 71% of the Bacteroides isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, and only 83% were susceptible to clindamycin. Only 80% of the Clostridium isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, but all were susceptible to ampicillin.

Clinical Implications—
Data on sites and conditions from which anaerobic bacteria are commonly isolated, along with results of susceptibility testing, may be useful in designing antimicrobial treatment regimens. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210:1610–1614)
Epidemiologic evaluation of decubital ulcers in farrowing sows
Authors: Davies Peter R. , Morrow W. E. Morgan , Rountree Wendy G. , Miller Dale C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To define temporal patterns and risk factors for development of decubital ulcers over the tuber of the spine of the scapula (tuber) of lactating sows.

Design—
Prospective study.

Animals—
147 late-gestation sows and gilts.

Procedure—
Females were examined for skin lesions over the tubers, and body condition score, depth of back fat and depth of soft tissues over the tuber (tuber depth) were determined (day 0). On days 5, 12, 18,40, 54, and 68, sows were examined for lesions over the tubers. Data on sow parity, date of farrowing, total number of pigs born/litter, and number of stillborn pigs/litter were obtained from farm records.

Results—
Ulcers were recorded for 33 of 206 (16%) shoulders by day 5. Peak prevalence (99/206; 48% of shoulders) was on day 12, and all ulcers had resolved by day 68. Ulcers were more common on the right shoulder. Considerable resolution of ulcers was evident between days 12 and 18, when sows still were housed in farrowing crates. Parity and tuber depth were significantly associated with ulcers and ulcer severity (size) on day 12.

Clinical Implications—
Decubital ulcers in lactating sows are a multifactorial condition. Factors such as floor type are important, but other physiologic and behavioral factors of periparturient swine, including body weight, body condition and mobility of lategestation animals, duration of farrowing, and patterns of recumbency and activity, appear to be important in the pathogenesis of lesions. Housing sows on hard floors is not a sufficient cause of decubital ulcers over the scapula. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:1173–1178)
Evaluation of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment for treatment of keratomycosis in nine horses
Authors: Ball Michael A. , Rebhun William C. , Gaarder James E. , Patten Valerie 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate the efficacy of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment for treatment of keratomycosis in horses in the northeastern United States.

Design—
Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—
9 horses (10 affected eyes).

Procedure—
All horses treated for keratomycosis at Cornell University between July 1994 and July 1996 were included in the study. The diagnosis of keratomycosis was confirmed by cytologic examination, and all horses were treated with 0.25 ml of a 1% itraconazole-30% dimethyl sulfoxide petrolatum-based ointment, applied to the affected eye every 4 hours.

Results—
Topical application of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment (q 4 h) resolved keratomycosis in 8 of 10 eyes; mean duration of treatment was 34.6 days (range, 16 to 53 days).

Clinical Implications—
Results of this study indicate topical administration of itraconazole-dimethyl sulfoxide ointment may provide an additional treatment option for horses with keratomycosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:199–203)
Ovariectomy of granulosa cell tumors in mares by use of the diagonal paramedian approach: 12 cases (1989–1995)
Authors: Carson-Dunkerley Suzann A. , Hanson R. Reid 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To describe the short-and long-term survival rates in horses undergoing ovariectomy for granulosa cell tumors by use of the diagonal paramedian approach.

Design—
Retrospective case study.

Animals—
12 horses with granulosa cell tumors.

Procedure—
A diagonal paramedian approach for unilateral ovariectomy was used for removal of each mare’s granulosa cell tumor. Information about complications and outcomes was analyzed.

Results—
Only minimal complications were detected postoperatively when the diagonal paramedian approach was used, regardless of the preferred technique for ovarian pedicle ligation or incisional closure and the use of pre- and postoperative medications. Clinical signs of moderate or severe postoperative abdominal pain were not evident in any of the 12 horses. Short- and long-term survival rates were 100%.

Clinical Implications—
The diagonal paramedian approach was advantageous for ovarian tumor removal, because the ovary was immediately adjacent to the body wall at a portion of the incision site. Size of the ovary was not a limitation, because muscle tissues at the edges of the incision were flexible and easily retractable. All of these factors improved exposure, decreased traction on the ovary, increased our ability to observe the vasculature, and decreased postoperative morbidity, aiding in the removal of granulosa cell tumors in mares. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:204–206)
Orbital exenteration and placement of a prosthesis in fish
Authors: Nadelstein B. , Bakal R. , Lewbart G. A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To develop a procedure for orbital exenteration and prosthesis placement in fish.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
5 cultured hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis X M chrysops) ranging from 30 to 50 cm in length.

Procedure
Exenteration was performed, using a dorsal approach in which blunt dissection was performed in the circumorbital sulcus. The orbit was then dried, and simple interrupted sutures were placed, leaving 2 suture loops within the orbit. The orbit was filled with polyvinylsiloxane, and a prosthetic glass eye was seated in the polyvinylsiloxane.

Results
All fish retained the prosthesis and had satisfactory cosmetic results at the end of the 8-week study period.

Clinical Implications
The increase in popularity of pet fish and abundance of valuable aquarium and show fish have led to heightened awareness of piscine ocular disease. Aquarium fish are often euthanatized because of disfiguring ocular problems. The technique described here for surgical exenteration and cosmetic orbital prosthesis placement in fish may extend the captive life of public display fish. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:603–606)
Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983–1996)
Authors: Helman R. G. , Edwards W. C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To document clinical signs and gross pathologic changes associated with naturally acquired cantharidiasis (blister beetle poisoning) in equids.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
70 equids with laboratory-confirmed blister beetle poisoning.

Procedure
Medical records were reviewed to obtain history, physical examination findings, feeding practices, and diagnostic test and necropsy results.

Results
32 horses and 2 donkeys died from exposure to cantharidin, whereas 36 horses survived. Diet content varied, but alfalfa hay was the common component. Onset of signs of disease was rapid. Most equids had signs of gastrointestinal tract distress. Six horses had nonspecific neurologic signs. All equids dying from cantharidiasis were in shock terminally, with duration of clinical signs ranging from 3 to 18 hours. Six horses that died had no gross lesions, whereas 14 had mild to moderate erythema of gastric, small intestinal, or colonic mucosa. Only 2 horses had gastric or duodenal ulceration, and 2 had hemorrhage of the urinary bladder mucosa. One horse had cardiac muscle necrosis. Clinicopathologic data available on 10 horses included hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and azotemia. Cantharidin concentrations in urine or pooled gastric-cecal contents did not always correlate with severity of disease.

Clinical Implications
Blister beetle poisoning is not universally fatal in equids. Clinical signs are related to the amount of cantharidin ingested. Every horse that survived was treated aggressively. In fatal poisonings, gross lesions may be minimal or inapparent, and diagnosis must be confirmed by chemical detection of cantharidin in urine, blood, or stomach or cecal contents. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1018–1021)