bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of BNT162b2 BA.4/5 Bivalent mRNA Vaccine Against Symptomatic COVID-19 Among Immunocompetent Individuals Testing at a Large US Retail Pharmacy
Authors: Rudolph Abby E , Khan Farid L , Shah Amy , Singh Tanya G , Wiemken Timothy L , Puzniak Laura A , Jodar Luis , McLaughlin John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Data on the effectiveness of BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine stratified by age and prior infection are lacking.

Methods
This test-negative study used data from individuals ≥5 years of age testing for SARS-CoV-2 with symptoms (15 September 2022 to 31 January 2023) at a large national retail pharmacy chain. The exposure was receipt of 2–4 wild-type doses and a BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine (&gt;2 months since last wild-type dose). The outcome was a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Absolute (vs unvaccinated) and relative (vs 2–4 wild-type doses) vaccine effectiveness (VE) were calculated as (1 − adjusted odds ratio from logistic regression) × 100. VE was stratified by age and self-reported prior infection.

Results
Overall, 307 885 SARS-CoV-2 tests were included (7916 aged 5–11, 16 329 aged 12–17, and 283 640 aged ≥18 years). SARS-CoV-2 positivity was 39%; 21% were unvaccinated, 70% received 2–4 wild-type doses with no bivalent vaccine, and 9% received a BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent dose. At a median of 1–2 months after BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent vaccination, depending on age group, absolute VE was 22%–60% and was significantly higher among those reporting prior infection (range, 55%–79%) than not (range, no protection to 50%). Relative VE was 31%–64%.

Conclusions
BNT162b2 BA.4/5 bivalent showed early additional protection against Omicron-related symptomatic COVID-19, with hybrid immunity offering greater protection.
Clinical Phenotypes and Molecular Characteristics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Adults: A Monocentric Prospective Study Between 2019 and 2022
Authors: Bay Pierre , Loegel Cloé , Ly Arnaud , Soulier Alexandre , N’Debi Mélissa , Seng Sarah , Kassasseya Christian , Rodriguez Christophe , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel , de Prost Nicolas , Fourati Slim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major cause of pneumonia in adults. Little is known on the viral genetic diversity and the associated clinical phenotypes in this population. This single-center prospective cohort study included RSV-infected patients hospitalized between January 2019 and December 2022. Of 100 patients, including 41 with severe infection, 72 were infected with RSV-B. RSV genome sequencing showed no clustering according to severity. Patients infected with RSV-B with risk factors for severe pneumonia had significantly higher fusion protein diversity scores. No amino acid substitutions conferring resistance to nirsevimab were detected.
Psychoeducation and Family Theory
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMany psychoeducational programs are conducted for families, either singly or in groups. In fact, the explosion in psychoeducation as an intervention for schizophrenia during the early 1980s featured family groups more than any other format. For this reason it is important for the practitioner to have an awareness of theories of family functioning, so that he or she can work toward enhancing family life in a proactive manner. It has already been emphasized in this book that psychoeducation is not a simple process of conveying information or facilitating support—the practitioner must have a sound theoretical knowledge of human behavior, including how people can make lasting changes in their lives. An awareness of family systems theory is essential for family work, both for the practitioner’s effective presentation of educational material and for his or her ability to enhance members’ efforts to provide support for one another (and for other families in multifamily groups).
Eating Disorders
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe eating disorders are characterized by disturbances in a person’s eating behaviors and distorted perceptions of body weight and shape (APA, 2000). Fears of becoming overweight lead people with these disorders to engage in drastic, potentially harmful behaviors that are intended to either cause or maintain weight loss (Garfinkel, 1995). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the two primary eating disorders. A third diagnostic category, eating disorder not otherwise specified, is a residual category at present. It is often used to diagnose persons who engage in chronic overeating and seek help for that problem. It may become identified in the future as binge-eating disorder, but the APA has yet to formally sanction the diagnosis.
Afterword
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPsychoeducation seems to be everywhere in the human services today. This book represents an effort to summarize how psychoeducation is used to help people with many problems in living who come to the attention of professionals and consumer organizations. It makes no claims to comprehensiveness, however. From the list of current uses of psychoeducation in chapter 1, for example, the following applications were not covered: women who have experienced sexual assault, human services professionals who experience vicarious trauma, adolescent girls who experience negative social pressures, children of divorce, separation resilience groups for couples who spend much time apart, minority persons who are adjusting to college or are in need of greater psychosocial competence, and school-age children who desire to develop their racial identities. The focus of this book has been on psychoeducation with persons and their significant others who have mental, emotional, and behavioral problems; people with physical health disadvantages; and people experiencing bereavement. The literature includes information about the other applications listed here, and the interested reader is encouraged to search for them. The author’s hope is that the material in this book has stimulated a greater interest among readers in the scope of the modality.
International demographic trends
Authors: Macfadyen David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century is the century of survival. For the first time men, and especially women, are beginning to live out their lifespans. National efforts and international action to advance health and reduce fertility have produced a world population which, for the first time, includes large numbers of elderly people. Already, the majority of the world’s elderly people are living in developing regions (Fig. 3.1). And when we enter the twenty-first century, the third age will have emerged in the third world.
Compression of morbidity: issues and irrelevancies
Authors: Kane Robert I , RADOSEVICH David M , Vaupel James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Western countries, living a longer life does not necessarily imply an improvement in the quality of life. For example, Katz and his colleagues have shown that much of the advantage American women enjoy in additional years of life expectancy is lived in a dependent state. (Fig. 4.1 shows this pattern with averages for 5-year age groups based on a small study in Massachusetts.)
Economic factors affecting the health of the elderly
Authors: Ogawa Naohjro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The urbanization process, which is both an antecedent and consequence of development, tends to contribute to an increase in new nuclear families and to a decrease in traditional joint families. Urbanization also brings about various lifestyle changes not only among the young but also among the aged. In parallel with such changes in the family structure and lifestyles, development induces a rise in rural—urban mobility. which in turn poses geographical obstacles in the way of family mutual aid. Moreover, in societies experiencing rapid development, the economic value of the aged is diminished as a result of changing production systems and technological requirements. thus leading to a relatively weaker position of the elderly.
Acute pesticide poisoning and developing countries
Authors: Jeyaratnam J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Man may be exposed to pesticides in a variety of ways, at different dose levels and for varying periods of time. For instance, the varying types of exposure among the different sectors of the population might be categorized as follows: 1. A single exposure for a short duration of time at a high level could occur among situations such as suicides, homicides, non-occupational accidents, and occupational exposure in the manufacture, formulation, and application of pesticide and in the picking of crops. 2. Long-term exposure to pesticides at a high level could affect those occupationally exposed to pesticides. 3. Long-term exposure to pesticides at a low level might occur among the general population from a variety of sources. The main routes of exposure to the general public are through contaminated food and water-sources, as well as in the air.
Research policies and needs
Authors: Rantanen J , Jeyaratnam J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of developed countries has clearly shown the crucial role of research in efforts to accelerate overall socio-economic development. This is due to the fact that the impact of new knowledge as a factor of development and growth has increased substantially during the twentieth century (Fig. 24.1) and becomes continuously stronger (Rantanen, in press). Owing to the emphasis, particularly, on technological applications of research, the industrialized countries allocate at the moment 1 to 3 per cent of their gross national product (GNP) to research.
Anthrax
Authors: Turnbull P C B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivorous mammals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, a Grampositive, aerobic spore-forming bacillus, but few mammals are totally resistant to anthrax. Man generally acquires the disease directly or indirectly from animals by handling meat, hides, wool, hair, bones, etc. from infected animals. Animals are normally thought to contract anthrax by ingestion of spores from contaminated soil, but, in certain countries, fly bites may be involved. Anthrax remains common in various countries of Africa and Asia but, although relatively rare in Europe, America, and Australasia, occasional incidents still occur. Control depends on appropriate animal husbandry. In endemic areas the best approach is routine annual vaccination; in other countries, isolation of an affected area for 3 or more weeks after the last case, combined with vaccination of the remaining members of the affected herd or flock and appropriate clean-up measures, usually proves effective. In all instances, destruction of the carcass by heat treatment (incineration or rendering) is an essential part of effective control.
Erysipeloid
Authors: Smith Robert M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eiysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the aetiological agent of human erysipeloid, was recognized more than 100 years ago as the cause of swine erysipelas. It is a non- sporulating, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, distributed worldwide and it is found in a variety of domestic animal species, especially pigs.
Crimean–Congo Haemorrhagic Fever
Authors: Swanepoel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute disease of humans, caused by a tick-borne virus which is widely distributed in eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cattle, sheep, and small mammals such as hares undergo inapparent or mild infection with transient viraemia, and serve as hosts from which the tick vectors of the virus can acquire infection. Despite serological evidence that there is widespread infection of livestock in nature, infection of humans is relatively uncommon. Humans acquire infection from tick bite,
Prion Protein-Related Diseases Of Man And Animals
Authors: Hope James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann- Straussler-Sheinker (GSS) syndrome and related diseases of mink (transmissible mink encephalopathy), mule deer, and elk (chronic wasting disease) are the founder members of a group of diseases called the transmissible degenerative (or spongiform) encephalopathies (TSE); the range of species affected by these disorders has grown in recent years to include cattle (bovine spongiform encephalopathy), cats (feline spongiform encephalopathy), and a variety of captive zoo antelope, such as the kudu and African oryx.
Alveolar Echinococcosis (Echinococcus Multilocularis) And Other Forms Of Echinococcosis (Echinococcus Vogeli And Echinococcus Oligarthrus)
Authors: Eckert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At present four species of the genus Echinococcus are recognized as valid, namely Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch 1786), Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, Echinococcus oligarthrus (Diesing 1863), and Echinococcus vogeli Rausch and Bernstein, 1972 (Thompson 1995). Larval forms, the metacestode stages, of all four species may establish and develop in the human host and cause various forms of echinococcosis (hydatid disease) (Table 53.1). This chapter deals with Echinococcus multilocularis, E. vogeli, and E. oligarthrus. In order to reduce the number of references, review articles are preferentially cited.
Capillariosis
Authors: Cross John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first case of capillariosis philippinensis was in a 29- year-old schoolteacher from Bacarra, a barrio, in the province of Ilocos Norte in northern Luzon in the Philippines. The man had suffered from an intractable diarrhoea for 3 weeks before admission to the Philippine General Hospital in Manila in 1963. He was a chronic alcoholic and manifested symptoms of ascites, emaciation, and cachexia, and died after 1 week in hospital. At autopsy a large number of tiny worms were found in the intestines (Chitwood et al. 1964). The worms were first thought to be C. hepatica but were later correctly classified as a new species (Chitwood et al. 1968). In an interview several years later with the physician who first saw the patient in Bacarra, it was learned that 13 others had similar symptoms and all had died.
France since 1945
Authors: Gildea Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last fifty years of French history have seen immense challenges for the French: constructing a new European order, building a modern economy, searching for a stable political system. It has also been a time of anxiety and doubt. The French have had to come to terms with the legacy of the German Occupation, the loss of Empire, the political and social implications of the influx of foreign immigrants, the rise of Islam, the destruction of rural life, and the threat of Anglo-American culture to French language and civilization. Robert Gildea’s account examines the French political system and France’s role in the world from 1945 to 2000. He looks at France’s attempt to recover national greatness after the Second World War, its attempt to deal with the fear of German resurgence by building the European Community, and its struggle to preserve its Empire. He also discusses the Algerian War and its legacy, and the later development of a neo-colonialism to preserve its influence in Africa and the Pacific. Gildea also examines the rise and fall of the two Republics, the rise of and fall of De Gaulle, and the revolution of 1968, along with topics such as the construction of the myth of the Resistance, the painful truths of French involvement in anti-Semitic persecution, and France’s continuing obsession with national identity.
Echoes of the Occupation
Authors: Gildea Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘French people, you have short memories,’ said Marshal Pétain in 1941. It was, perhaps, not that they had short memories but that they refused to confront the truth about what had happened in France under the German Occupation and wove a myth of the Resistance of the French nation that enabled them to absorb that past more easily into their conception of French history and French identity.
After the defeat of France in 1940, German forces occupied the northern half of France and set up a military administration to run it. In the southern part of France, which remained unoccupied, those who had long opposed the Republic came to power, set up an authoritarian regime at the spa town of Vichy under Marshal Pétain, abolished the Republic, and implemented a reactionary programme known as the National Revolution.
‘Recovering Rights’: A Crooked Path
Authors: Chomsky Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Confucian Analects describe the exemplary person—the master himself—as ‘the one who keeps trying although he knows that it is in vain’. The thought is not easy to suppress at the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UD).
Regular human rights reports provide sufficient testimony to the dismal story, which continues to the present, as always including the major powers. To mention only one current example, the ‘collateral damage’ of the latest US—UK bombardment of Iraq merits little notice, taking its place alongside the wanton destruction of a major African pharmaceutical plant a few months earlier, and other trivia.
On Liberty, the Right to Know, and Public Discourse: The Role of Transparency in Public Life
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The East Asia crisis has brought to the fore an issue with which I have been concerned for years: transparency. Amnesty International has long been an effective champion of free speech and a free press, two of the basic human rights. Free speech is both an end in itself—an inalienable right that governments cannot strip away from the citizenry—and a means to other equally fundamental goals. Free speech provides a necessary check on government: a free press not only makes abuses of governmental powers less likely, it also augments the likelihood that basic social needs will be met. Amartya Sen, the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in economics, has argued forcefully that famines do not occur in societies in which there is a free press. It is not the lack of food in the aggregate that gives rise to famines, but the lack of access to food by the poor in famine regions. A free press exposes these problems; once exposed, the failure to act is absolutely intolerable.
Citizens of the World
Authors: Appiah K Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When my father died, my sisters and I found a draft of the final message he had meant to leave us. It began with a reminder of the history of our two families, in Ghana and in England, his summary account of who we were. But then hewrote: ‘Remember that you are citizens of the world.’ And he went on to tell us that this meant that, wherever we chose to live—and, as citizens of the world, we could surely choose to live anywhere that would have us—we should make sure we left that place ‘better than you found it’. ‘Deep inside of me’, he went on, ‘is a great love for mankind and an abiding desire to see mankind, under God, fulfil its highest destiny.’
Awaiting Execution
Authors: Nazaroff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One evening in Tashkend, about the end of August 1918, as I was sitting in my study quietly filling cartridges for an anticipated day’s snipe-shooting, there pulled up at the steps of the house a smart carriage drawn by a splendid pair of bays. Two men alighted, dressed from head to foot in soft black leather. That was the uniform of those who belonged to the reigning party, the Communists. I recognised them. One was M., once my good friend and shooting companion, but now a member of the Bolshevik party, working on behalf of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat. The other I did not know so well ; he was President of the local Committee of National Agriculture, and he too had joined the Bolsheviks for the sake of an advantageous position. Neither were Communists at heart, but at that time both held important administrative posts in the Turkestan Republic of Workers and Peasants.
Release
Authors: Nazaroff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life in prison went by monotonously, and the long winter evenings were terribly boring for us. We got a kerosene lamp and used to sit up late, whiling away the time with unending conversation. A Soviet hundred rouble note, at that time the equivalent of about a shilling, given to the warder of our section, was sufficient to divert his attention away from our cell. Voitintseff, head of the Soviet Government in Turkestan, visited the prison, and came into our cell to see the men condemned to be shot. A student of the Electro-Technical Institute in Petrograd., he had not completed bistudies. He was a capable and ambitious man, married to a girl I knew well, and I knew him, too, personally. He had been received in our house, and until he joined the Party was a decent fellow. His ambition drove him into the arms of the Bolsheviks in the hopes of making a rapid career for himself as a leader of the proletariat.
Hiding Among the Sar Ts
Authors: Nazaroff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the evening after supper, when Akbar went to his own room, his eldest son, wives and children came and sat and wanned themselves round the fire. Then the conversation ran on different lines. Yuldash talked about his hunting adventures and of the interesting places he had seen in the mountains, while the womenfol put questions to me that were very characteristic of their mentality.
Hiding Among The Kirghiz
Authors: Nazaroff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT was obvious that I must leave Akbar’s home as soon as possible. After talking it over with him, I decided to go back to my Kirghiz friend Yakshi Bai, take his advice again and find another refuge. I should have to do the journey at night, of course, but even then it would be very dangerous, as I had to cross the river by the bridge, where there was always a Bolshevik guard on duty to stop and interrogate anyone who crossed over. True, if .I went late he might be asleep; but, on the other hand, if he did happen to be on the look-out, he would be more than ever likely to stop me, as the natives never ride about late at night. If I went. earlier, when there was plenty of traffic on the road, the guard would be all the more alert and I might easily attract his attention. After some hesitation I chose the middle course. About ten one evening I mounted Akbar’s horse, and his youngest son took up his place behind me. His busines.s was to bring the horse back again. Besides, it looked more natural, for the natives often ride two on a horse, though Russians never do, and I intended to pass as a native..
The White Lady
Authors: Nazaroff Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ONE day B. came to pay me a visit. He brought some letters and papers and the latest information. The news of Kolchak’s advance pleased me enormously. B. and I discussed at length whether it would be better for me to stay where I was or to make over the mountains into Semirechie, where I could spend the winter in less discomfort and danger. We had no doubt whatever that in the spring the efforts of Kolchak and Denikin would set Russia free for ever from the international crooks, degenerates and German agents who bore the resounding title of the ‘Workers’ and Peasants’ Government.’