bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Timber Bubble That Burst
Authors: Mattey Joe P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this book, Mattey studies the unusual movements in the price of federal timber over 1979-1981. Wide differentials between the price of timber, future contracts, and the price of delivered timber threw the Pacific Northwest into a recession in 1982-84 when timber buyers delayed harvests in order to postpone the realization of their losses on their contracts. Mattey shows that it was not so much the actions of the Federal Reserve - which was widely blamed for the crisis - but the actions of the buyers themselves that caused the recession.
The Politics of Military Rule In Brazil, 1964–85
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The largest and most important country in Latin America, Brazil was the first to succumb to the military coups that struck that region in the 1960s and the early 1970s. In this authoritative study, Thomas E. Skidmore, one of America’ s leading experts on Latin America and, in particular, on Brazil, offers the first analysis of more than two decades of military rule, from the overthrow of Joo Goulart in 1964, to the return of democratic civilian government in 1985 with the presidency of José Sarney. A sequel to Skidmore’ s highly acclaimed Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964, this volume explores the military rule in depth. Why did the military depose Goulart? What kind of “economic miracle” did their technocrats fashion? Why did General Costa e Silva’ s attempts to “humanize the Revolution” fail, only to be followed by the most repressive regime of the period? What led Generals Geisel and Golbery to launch the liberalization that led to abertura? What role did the Brazilian Catholic Church, the most innovative in the Americas, play? How did the military government respond in the early 1980s to galloping inflation and an unpayable foreign debt? Skidmore concludes by examining the early Sarney presidency and the clues it may offer for the future. Will democratic governments be able to meet the demands of urban workers and landless peasants while maintaining economic growth and international competitiveness? Can Brazil at the same time control inflation and service the largest debt in the developing world? Will its political institutions be able to represent effectively an electorate now three times larger than in 1964? What role will the military play in the future? In recent years, many Third World nations--Argentina, the Philippines, and Uruguay, among others--have moved from repressive military regimes to democratic civilian governments. Skidmore’ s study provides insight into the nature of this transition in Brazil and what it may tell about the fate of democracy in the Third World.
Turbulence in the American Workplace
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book deals with critical issues resulting from the impact of corporate restructuring on workers. U.S. industry has undergone a shakeout resulting from increasing competitive pressures and the globalization of production. As a result, some two million workers have been laid-off from their employers. Individual chapters have been drafted by an interdisciplinary group of academics who explore seven key areas: demographic changes of younger and older workers, workforce displacement from lay-offs, human resources planning for downsizing and mergers, technological change, changes in the roles of unions, changes in managerial and professional work, and `contingent’ and flexible employment. The drafts of the chapters have been extensively edited and, in some cases, rewritten so that the book will read more like a series of chapters than a group of papers. The work was commissioned by the National Planning Association who will be a party to the contract.
The Nature of the Firm (1937)
Authors: Coase R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic theory has suffered in the past from a failure to state clearly its assumption. Economists in building up a theory have often omitted to examine the foundations on which it was erected. This examination is, however, essential not only to prevent the misunderstanding and needles controversy which arise from a lack of knowledge of the assumptions on which a theory is based, but also because of the extreme importance for economics of good judgment in choosing between rival sets of assumptions. For instance, it is suggested that the use of the word “firm” in economics may be different from the use of the term by the “plain man.” Since there is apparently a trend in economic theory towards starting analysis with the individual firm and not with the industry, it is all the more necessary not only that a clear definition of the word “firm” should be given but that its difference from a firm in the “real world,” if it exists, should be made clear. Mrs. Robinson has said that “the two questions to be asked of a set of assumptions in economics are: Are they tractable? and: Do they correspond with the real world?”3 Though, as Mrs. Robinson points out, “More often one set will be manageable and the other realis tic,” yet there may well be branches of theory where assumptions may be both manageable and realistic. It is hoped to show in the following paper that a definition of a firm may be obtained which is not only realistic in that it corresponds to what is meant by a firm in the real world, but is tractable by two of the most powerful instruments of economic analysis developed by Marshall, the idea of the margin and that of substitution, together giving the idea of substitution at the margin. Our definition must, of course, “relate to formal relations which are capable of being conceived exactly.’’
The Logic of Economic Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That the state of transaction cost economics in 1972 was approximately where Coase had left it in 19371 is largely attributable to the failure, for thirty-five years, to operationalize this important concept. That this flat trajectory has been supplanted by exponential growth during the past fifteen years is because recent students of transaction cost economics have insisted that this approach meet the test of refutable implications. Interestingly, these operationalization efforts have spawned a growing empirical literature. As discussed elsewhere (Williamson, 1985), and as Paul Joskow’s conference paper (chapter 8) discloses, this empirical literature is broadly corroborative.
Incomplete Contracts and the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Hart Oliver D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The Nature of the Firm” (together with Coase’s later paper, “The Problem of Social Cost”) has had an enormous influence on the development of research in the theory of organization, even if for a long time it was, in Coase’s words, “much cited and little used.” The situation has changed in the last ten to fifteen years, however, with the publication of a number of contributions which have refined and extended Coase’s ideas about the firm. My plan in this paper is to reflect on recent developments and to offer a perspective on where the field stands and also where it may be going. I will begin with a brief summary of the main ideas and issues as they have grown out of Coase’s work. I will then discuss how the firm as an institution can be thought of as arising from the incompleteness of contracts and the need to allocate residual control rights. Finally, I will return to a comparison of this view of the firm with others that have been advanced in the literature. As many people have noted, standard neoclassical theory treats the firm as a black box. The firm is taken as given; no attention is paid to how it came into existence, the nature of its internal organization, or whether anything would change if two firms merged and called themselves a single firm.
The Theory of the Firm Revisited
Authors: Demsetz Harold 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the birth of modern economics in 1776 to 1970, a span of almost 200 years, only two works seem to have been written about the theory of the firm that have altered the perspectives of the profession—Knight’s Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (1921) and Coase’s “The Nature of the Firm” (1937). This neglect is attributable fundamentally to the preoccupation of economists with the price system; the study of the price system, characterized as it is by Marshall’s representative firm and Walras’s auctioneer, undermines serious consideration of the firm as a problem solving institution. Coase’s contribution is seminal for several reasons, but certainly for calling attention to the absence of a theory of the existence of the firm and to the importance (to this theory) of the fact that markets do not operate costlessly. Nonetheless, the theory of the firm is still incomplete and unclear in ways that are discussed in the middle part of this paper. A more complete theory of the firm must give greater weight to information cost than is given either in Coase’s theory or in theories based on shirking and opportunism. This is discussed in the last part of this paper. Information cost figures importantly in transaction cost theory because information cost is an important component of transaction cost. It also figures importantly in Knight’s risk-sharing and in agency theories of the firm. Its importance, however, is more fundamental than even these theories contemplate. It is useful therefore to begin this paper with a discussion of why the costless information that is assumed in the perfect competition model renders the model ineffective for studying the firm.
On Coase, Competence, and the Corporation
Authors: Winter Sidney G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ronald Coase observed in his first lecture that his contribution to the theory of the firm did not appear to him to be in any sense foreordained, but rather was the result of a conjunction of circumstances in his life that resulted in his exposure to a particular set of influences and facts.1 These influences and facts he fashioned into an absorbing intellectual puzzle that he then undertook to solve. I will argue that the broader history of the theory of the firm also reveals the major shaping role of conjunctions of circumstances that are accidental at least in the sense that they do not reflect the internal logic of the subject matter. The legacy of these accidents along the historical track is visible in the present state of the subject. Without demeaning the contributions that any of us have made, I think we must acknowledge that the present state is one of incoherence. If we ask, “What does economics have to say about the role of the business firm in a market economy?” the response will be silence followed by an excited babble of significantly conflicting answers-an interesting babble, but a babble nonetheless.
What Is the Key to Black Progress?
Authors: Margo Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his landmark 1943 book An American Dilemma, Gunnar Myrdal described the economic conditions of black Americans as “pathological.” Except for a small number “enjoying upper or middle class status,” the “masses of American Negroes” were “destitute.” He continued: They own little property; even their household goods are mostly inadequate and dilapidated. Their incomes are not only low but irregular. They thus live from day to day and have scant security for the future.
Science
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In order to compete in the modern world, any society today must rank education in science, mathematics, and technology as one of its highest priorities. It’s a sad but true fact, however, that most Americans are not scientifically literate. International studies of educational performance reveal that U.S. students consistently rank near the bottom in science and mathematics. The latest study of the National Assessment of Educational Progress has found that despite some small gains recently, the average performance of seventeen-year-olds in 1986 remained substantially lower than it had been in 1969. As the world approaches the twenty-first century, American schools--when it comes to the advancement of scientific knowledge--seem to be stuck in the Victorian age. In Science for All Americans, F. James Rutherford and Andrew Ahlgren brilliantly tackle this devastating problem. Based on Project 2061, a scientific literacy initiative sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, this wide-ranging, important volume explores what constitutes scientific literacy in a modern society; the knowledge, skills, and attitudes all students should acquire from their total school experience from kindergarten through high school; and what steps this country must take to begin reforming its system of education in science, mathematics, and technology. Science for All Americans describes the scientifically literate person as one who knows that science, mathematics, and technology are interdependent enterprises with strengths and limitations; who understands key concepts and principles of science; who recognizes both the diversity and unity of the natural world; and who uses scientific knowledge and scientific ways of thinking for personal and social purposes. Its recommendations for educational reform downplay traditional subject categories and instead highlight the connections between them. It also emphasizes ideas and thinking skills over the memorization of specialized vocabulary. For instance, basic scientific literacy means knowing that the chief function of living cells is assembling protein molecules according to the instructions coded in DNA molecules, but does not mean necessarily knowing the terms “ribosome” or “deoxyribonucleic acid.” Science, mathematics, and technology will be at the centre of the radical changes in the nature of human existence that will occur during the next life span; therefore, preparing today’s children for tomorrow’s world must entail a solid education in these areas. Science for All Americans will help pave the way for the necessary reforms in America’s schools.
The Mathematical World
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are several kinds of numbers that in combination with a logic for interrelating them form interesting abstract systems and can be useful in a variety of very different ways. The age-old concept of number probably originated in the need to count how many things there were in a collection of things. Thus, fingers, pebbles in containers, marks on clay tablets, notches on sticks, and knots on cords were all early ways of keeping track of and representing counted quantities. More recently, during the past 2,000 years or so, various systems of writing have been used to represent numbers.
The University And The City
Authors: Bender Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book contains an innovative and important series of studies of the complex relations of major cities associated with key moments in the history of higher learning in the West. By exploring the interplay of university learning and civic culture over the centuries, Bender provides a novel perspective on the history of both universities and cities. The theme is pursued in studies of Bologna, Paris, Florence, Leiden, Geneva, Edinburgh, London, Berlin, Frankfurt, Chicago, and New York by several distinguished scholars, including Gene Brucker, Carl Schorske, Edward Shils, Martin Jay, and Nathan Glazer.
Conversations with Nietzsche
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These eighty-seven memoirs, anecdotes, and informal recollections by a broad range of reporters reflect both the reality and the myths surrounding this legendary figure. Together, they cover the entire span of Nietzsche’s life and yield new insights into Nietzsche as a thinker and as a commentator on his times, recounting his views on religion, philosophy, women, literature, arts, and some of the great thinkers and historical figures.
Illustrations of Nonlinear Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Quantity discounts have a long history in business practice. The number of deliberate applications of the principles of nonlinear pricing has, however, increased markedly in recent years. Three causes account for this growth. The elementary explanation is that an increasing number of firms offer standardized products or services in mass markets. Because these markets comprise diverse market segments, but a single tariff, price schedule, or menu of options is offered, there are advantages to tariffs that differentiate products or services according to observable aspects of customers’ purchases, such as purchase size or quality selection. Moreover, the rudimentary tasks of monitoring purchases and of accounting and billing have been simplified by computerized data processing.
Ramsey Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many public enterprises and regulated privately-owned utilities are allowed revenues sufficient only to recover their total costs. Besides operating and administrative costs, these include costs of capital invested in capacity. For such firms, one procedure that produces an efficient tariff design is Ramsey pricing. The construction in § 4 of a price schedule for a profit-maximizing monopolist is an application of tariff design based on Ramsey pricing: monopoly pricing is the special case in which the firm’s capital and administrative costs are so large that profit maximization is required. More generally, Ramsey pricing allows the firm sufficient use of monopoly power to meet its revenue requirement.
Capacity Pricing
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More elaborate multidimensional tariffs are used when firms incur costs for capacity installed to meet customers’ peak loads. Prominent examples are the telecommunications, power, and transport industries, which require substantial investments in durable capital equipment committed for long durations. Provision of capacity is important in many labor-intensive service industries too; repair shops, for instance, meet requirements on peak days by employing sufficient repairmen, but some of these are idle on offpeak days. In these industries, customers’ demands vary over time, whereas capacity is comparatively stable. Moreover, the product or service is difficult or expensive to store, so inventories cannot smooth the firm’s production rate.
Clio With Soul
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All Who Write or teach American history are aware by now of the demand for more attention to the part that Negro people have played. It may come quietly from a distressed college dean, or it may come peremptorily and noisily from militant student protest. In any case the demand is insistent that we move over and make room. With whatever grace they can muster and what­ever resources they command, historians as teachers are respond­ing one way or another.
The Comparability of American History
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To Limit The Subject Of Historical Study within national boundaries is always to invite the charge of narrow perspective and historical nationalism. Historians of all nations have in some measure incurred that risk, but Americans have been accused of more than the normal share of this type of parochialism. They are said to lay excessive claims to distinctiveness and uniqueness in their national experience, to plead immunity from the influ­ence of historical forces that have swept most other nations, to shun or deprecate comparisons between their history and that of other people, and to seek within their own borders all the signifi­cant forces that have shaped their history.
The Lash and the Knout
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Modern historians have to some extent broken out of the national boundaries traditionally set for the study of American slavery and produced a number of works comparing it with bondage elsewhere. But the partners chosen to be compared have so far been confined largely to New World slave societies or South Africa. Among causes inhibiting comparisons of American slavery with Russian serfdom, the forbidding differences between the two countries probably figured most prominently.
The Antislavery Myth
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Slavery And The Civil War were prolific breeders of myth, and their fertility would seem to wax rather than wane with the passage of time. Neither the proslavery myths of the South nor the antislavery myths of the North ceased to grow after the abolition of the Peculiar Institution. In fact they took on new life, struck new roots and flourished more luxuriantly than ever. Both myths continually found new sources of nourishment in the changing psychological needs and regional policies of North and South. The South used the proslavery myth to salve its wounds, lighten its burden of guilt and, most of all, to rationalize and defend the system of caste and segregation that was developed in place of the old order.
History and the Third Culture
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Regular Feature Of The Annual Meeting of the Ameri­can Historical Association during the thirty-odd years of my mem­bership has been a session on the social sciences and history. I am assured by older heads as well as by the record that the tradition goes back at least thirty years before that. I have taken part in such sessions myself. The predominant tone of the papers has been hortatory and the responses of the audience ranged from humble resignation to eager approval. It is true that from time to time a dissenter would say that things had gone too far, that the newcomers were too aggressive or presumptuous, and that history after all was an art and not a science.
Francis Parkman
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It Is Well That Francis Parkman came along when he did, or historians might not have gained so early a footing, if any footing at all, in The Library of America, which is presenting the country’s foremost authors in a series of new editions. Parkman worked in the 19th century, between the time when historians moved out of the pulpit and the time when they took up permanent residence in the university. American historians had virtually missed the interlude of polite society in the 18th-century salon that endowed European historians with literary reputations.
Folktale
Authors: Ben-Amos Dan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Refers to oral narrative in general or to a particular Genre of oral tales. As a general term folktale succeeds but does not replace the term fairy tale, which continues to be in literary and popular use. Fairy tale, in English at least since 1749, is a translation of the French conte de fee, a term that Comtesse d’ Aulnoy (Marie-Catherine le Jumel de Barneville de la Motte) used in the title of her book published in 1697. Folktale is a translation of the German Volksmiirchen, which appeared first in Volksmiirchen der Deutschen (1782-1786), by Johann Karl Au gust Musaus. The term, like other German compounds such as Volkslied (1778) and Volkskunde (1787), derives from Johann Gottfried von Herder’s thought, use, and coinage, particularly his formulation of the concept of das Volk. Folktale, hence, is an oral narrative told by peasants, lower classes, or traditional people whose literacy, if existing, is minimal. In their verbal art these groups were thought to embody the spirit of a nation. Today the term extends to tales of groups with strong traditional, ethnic, or regional bases or their literary imitations.