bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When novel sentences spoken or heard for the first time in the history of the universe are not enough1: toward a dual‐process model of language
Authors: Van Lancker Sidtis Diana 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAlthough interest in the language sciences was previously focused on newly created sentences, more recently much attention has turned to the importance of formulaic expressions in normal and disordered communication. Also referred to as formulaic expressions and made up of speech formulas, idioms, expletives, serial and memorized speech, slang, sayings, clichés, and conventional expressions, non‐propositional language forms a large proportion of every speaker's competence, and may be differentially disturbed in neurological disorders. This review aims to examine non‐propositional speech with respect to linguistic descriptions, psycholinguistic experiments, sociolinguistic studies, child language development, clinical language disorders, and neurological studies. Evidence from numerous sources reveals differentiated and specialized roles for novel and formulaic verbal functions, and suggests that generation of novel sentences and management of prefabricated expressions represent two legitimate and separable processes in language behaviour. A preliminary model of language behaviour that encompasses unitary and compositional properties and their integration in everyday language use is proposed. Integration and synchronizing of two disparate processes in language behaviour, formulaic and novel, characterizes normal communicative function and contributes to creativity in language. This dichotomy is supported by studies arising from other disciplines in neurology and psychology. Further studies are necessary to determine in what ways the various categories of formulaic expressions are related, and how these categories are processed by the brain. Better understanding of how non‐propositional categories of speech are stored and processed in the brain can lead to better informed treatment strategies in language disorders.
Investigations of the impact of altered auditory feedback in‐the‐ear devices on the speech of people who stutter: initial fitting and 4‐month follow‐up
Authors: Stuart Andrew , Kalinowski Joseph , Rastatter Michael P. , Saltuklaroglu Tim , Dayalu Vikram 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackground: Self‐contained ear‐level devices delivering altered auditory feedback (AAF) for the application with those who stutter have only been recently developed.Aims: The paper examines the first therapeutic application of self‐contained ear‐level devices in three experiments. The effect of the device on the proportion of stuttered syllables and speech naturalness was investigated following initial fitting and at 4 months post‐fitting.Methods & Procedures: Three experiments were undertaken: In Experiment 1, the effect of a self‐contained in‐the‐ear device delivering AAF was investigated with those who stutter during reading and monologue. Two adolescents and five adults who stuttered read and produced monologue with and without a device fit monaurally. The device provided a frequency shift of +500 Hz in combination with a delayed auditory feedback of 60 ms. Custom‐made ITC and CIC devices were fabricated for four adults and four youths in Experiment 2. The effect of group (i.e. youth versus adult), time (i.e. initial fitting versus 4‐month follow‐up), speech task (i.e. reading versus monologue), and device (i.e. present versus absent) on stuttering rate was examined. In Experiment 3, 15 naïve listeners rated the speech naturalness of speech produced by the participants in Experiment 2. Speech samples from six conditions were rated: reading and monologue without the device at the initial visit, reading and monologue with the device at the initial visit, and reading and monologue with the device at 4 months.Outcomes & Results: In Experiment 1, the proportion of stuttered syllables was significantly (p=0.011) reduced by approximately 90% during reading and 67% during monologue with the device relative to no device. Only a significant main effect of device (p=0.0028) was found in Experiment 2. That is, stuttering rate was significantly reduced with the device in place regardless of speech task or group and remained so 4 months later. In Experiment 3, speech samples generated while wearing the device were judged to be more natural sounding than those without the device (p<0.0001) for reading and monologue with both adults and youths. There was no significant difference between the mean naturalness ratings of speech samples generated during the initial fitting with the device relative to that at 4 months with the device (p>0.05) in all cases except with the youths while engaged in monologue. For that condition, raters judged the speech produced at the initial fitting as more natural.Conclusions: These findings support the notion that a self‐contained in‐the‐ear device delivering AAF assists those who stutter. With the device in place, stuttering is reduced and speech produced is judged to be more natural than with out the device.
Evidence for Heme Oxygenase‐1 Association with Caveolin‐1 and ‐2 in Mouse Mesangial Cells
Authors: Jung Nam‐Hee , Kim Hong Pyo , Kim Bum‐Rae , Cha Seok Ho , Kim Gyeong A. , Ha Hunjoo , Na Young Eun , Cha Young‐Nam 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe interaction of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and caveolin in the cultured mouse mesangial cells (MMC) was investigated. In normal MMCs, high levels of caveolin‐2 and low level of caveolin‐1 at mRNA and protein level were observed without any detectable expression of caveolin‐3. Upon treating the MMCs either with cadmium (Cd) or spermine NONOate (SPER/NO), expression of HO‐1 mRNA and protein was increased. Caveolae rich membranous fractions from the MMCs treated with Cd or SPER/NO contained both HO‐1 and caveolin‐1 or caveolin‐2. The experiments of immuno‐precipitation showed complex formation between the HO‐1 and caveolin‐1 or caveolin‐2 in the Cd treated MMCs. Confocal microscopic results also support co‐localization of HO‐1 and caveolin‐1 or caveolin‐2 at the plasma membrane. Co‐localization of caveolins with HO‐1 in caveolae suggested that caveolin could also play an important role in regulating the function of HO‐1. IUBMB Life, 55: 525‐532, 2003
Capn10, a Candidate Gene Responsible for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the OLETF Rat
Authors: Muramatsu Youji , Taniguchi Yukio , Kose Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Kozo , Yamada Takahisa , Sasaki Yoshiyuki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe rat strain Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) is an animal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nidd8/of has been identified as one of 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in the diabetes by a whole genome search in 160 F2 progenies obtained by mating the OLETF and F344 rats. Comparative mapping between human and rat indicated that the Nidd8/of genomic region, near D9rat21 on rat chromosome 9, contains the calpain10 (Capn10) gene, which is putative type 2 diabetes‐susceptibility gene in humans. In this study, we found no difference in Capn10 mRNA expression in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas between OLETF and F344 rats at 5 and 10 weeks of age. However, we found a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A/A genotype in OLETF and G/G genotype in F344 and LETO rats) at the base 583 downstream from the translation start site in the rat Capn10 cDNA sequence. This SNP was deduced to substitute serine (OLETF) for glycine (F344 and LETO) at the 195 amino acid residue within the protease domain of rat Capn10. Because serine is generally not interchangeable with glycine in respect of the protein structure and function, it was deduced that the A/A genotype in OLETF is not a 'safe' mutation. This non‐conservative amino acid substitution might be associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in OLETF rats. IUBMB Life, 55: 533‐537, 2003
Solid‐state NMR Structure Determination
Authors: Drechsler Alison , Separovic Frances 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBiological applications of solid‐state NMR (SS‐NMR) have been predominantly in the area of model membrane systems. Increasingly the focus has been membrane peptides and proteins. SS‐NMR is able to provide information about how the peptides or proteins interact with the lipids or other peptides/proteins in the membrane, their effect on the membrane and the location of the peptides or proteins relative to the membrane surface. Recent developments in biological SS‐NMR have been made possible by improvements in labelling and NMR techniques. This review discusses aligned systems and magic angle spinning techniques, bilayers and bicelles, and measurement of chemical shift anisotropy and dipolar coupling. A number of specific experiments such as cross polarization, rotational resonance, REDOR, PISEMA, MAOSS and multidimensional experiments are described. In addition to 2H, 13C and 15N, recent solid‐sate 1H, 19F and 17O NMR work is discussed. Several examples of the use of SS‐NMR to determine the structure of membrane peptides and proteins are given. IUBMB Life, 55: 515‐523, 2003
Religion and Presidential Politics in Florida: A List Experiment*
Authors: Kane James G. , Craig Stephen C. , Wald Kenneth D. 
Published: April 2004

Objective. Although national surveys indicate that Americans have become more accepting of the prospect of a Jewish presidential candidate, this could reflect some voters' desire to be seen as having socially correct opinions. The present study uses a survey technique known as the “list experiment” to assess public reaction to the nomination of Jewish candidates for high office.Methods. Two telephone surveys of registered voters in Florida, each employing the list‐experiment methodology, were conducted in October 2000 and May/June 2002.Results. We find only limited evidence of negative affect directed at either the vice presidential candidacy of Joseph Lieberman in 2000 or a hypothetical (unnamed) Jewish presidential candidate who might choose to run in the future.Conclusions. Although there still are enough voters with anti‐Semitic views to affect the outcome of a close election, their numbers do not appear to be as great as some observers have feared.
The Context for Political Corruption: A Cross‐National Analysis*
Authors: Xin Xiaohui , Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: April 2004

Objective. How do we explain variations across nations in the incidence of political corruption? Recent theoretical work locates the causes for corruption in a combination of institutional conditions: monopoly power, little accountability, and wide discretion. This focus on the form of political institutions clarifies the micro‐scale causes of political corruption, but it leaves unanswered questions about the macro‐scale causes of corruption.Methods. This article addresses these questions about the macro scale through an analysis of perceived levels of corruption across nations.Results. Our work identifies poverty, large populations, and small public sectors as contextual causes of corruption. Historically‐based differences in political cultures across broad geographical regions also affect the perceived incidence of corruption in nations.Conclusion. Further research should attempt to link micro‐ and macro‐scale causes together in a single, multi‐scalar model of corruption.
Federal Defense Spending and Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Disparities in Economic Growth in the Southeast*
Authors: Carson Mencken F. 
Published: April 2004

Objective.This study examines how defense spending in the 1980s and early 1990s affected economic growth in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties in the southeast.Methods.Using county‐level Census and other government data, the study employs a spatial lag regression model to predict how defense spending interacts with manufacturing growth to affect county economic growth during the business cycles of the 1980s and early 1990s, while controlling for other measures of regional processes. I supplement the regression analysis with brief case studies of five counties in this region.Results.The analysis shows that there is a positive interaction effect between federal defense spending and manufacturing growth on measures of income and employment growth. However, the interaction effects are much stronger and more consistent in metropolitan counties.Conclusion.As predicted, defense spending created regional variations in economic growth across the metropolitan‐nonmetropolitan divide in the southeast during the business cycles of the 1980s and early 1990s. Moreover, documented economic growth in nonmetropolitan counties is partly a function of spatial integration with metropolitan counties. The results have implications for current trends in defense spending.
Deciding Where to Retire: Intended Retirement Location Choices of Formerly Undocumented Mexican Migrants*
Authors: Aguilera Michael Bernabé 
Published: April 2004

Objective. I use transnational theory to address how transnational relationships, behavior, and context influence retirement location choices of recently legalized immigrants. I also account for the relationship between assimilation and retirement location choices.Methods. To test these theories, I use the 1992 Legalized Population Survey to examine formerly undocumented Mexican immigrants' attachment to the United States through their intended retirement location, either the United States or Mexico. I use logistic regression to test whether the two theories are related with retirement location choices.Results. I find strong support for the role of transnational factors, thus widening the scope of the literature to include variables linking immigrants to their communities within Mexico.Conclusion. This study empirically tests and quantifies transnational theory using multivariate analysis, and adds to the transnational literature by suggesting that national boundaries are political constructs that do not completely contain social and economic systems.
Lies, Damned Lies, and Campaign Promises? Environmental Legislation in the 105th Congress*
Authors: Ringquist Evan J. , Dasse Carl 
Published: April 2004

Objective. The extent to which candidates for elected office keep their campaign promises holds great interest for citizens and has important consequences for the quality of democracy. However, we know very little about whether candidates actually keep these promises. This article examines the relationship between campaign promises and the subsequent legislative behavior of members of Congress in the area of environmental protection.Methods. Responses to the 1996 National Political Awareness Test (NPAT) are matched with roll‐call data on environmental issues from the 105th Congress. A series of bivariate probit models with selection are then used to assess the extent to which roll‐call votes are consistent with candidate policy statements in the NPAT.Results. We find that members of Congress vote consistent with their campaign promises 73 percent of the time, and that NPAT responses help to predict roll‐call votes even when controlling for party, race, gender, campaign contributions, and previous environmental voting record. We also find that the propensity to keep campaign promises varies systematically across types of legislators.Conclusions. Contrary to public perceptions, candidates for Congress routinely act to keep their campaign promises once elected, at least in the area of environmental protection policy.
Waiting to Inhale: The Demographics of Toxic Air Release Facilities in 21st‐Century California*
Authors: Pastor Manuel , Sadd James L. , Morello‐Frosch Rachel 
Published: April 2004

Objectives. We examine the spatial distribution of toxic air releases and residential demographics in California using 2000 Census data and coeval information from the Federal Toxic Release Inventory for evidence of disproportionate exposure.Methods. We use spatial analysis using GIS, and multivariate regression analysis, including ordered and multinomial logit regressions, in our study.Results. Analytical results suggest a pattern of disproportionate exposure based on race, with the disparity most severe for Latinos, which holds in a series of multivariate regressions, including attempts to test for varying levels of pollution risk and to control for spatial dependence.Conclusions. The study corroborates earlier research focused in the Los Angeles area, and suggests that recent concerns about environmental inequities affecting Latinos in California may be well founded.
Intracerebral haematoma: Operative versus non‐operative
Authors: Sun David Tin‐Fung , Tsang Yvonne Yee‐Yan , Poon Wai‐Sang 
Published: April 2004

Background:  Spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–30% of all strokes resulting in a high mortality and major morbidity. Although guidelines for medical treatment and surgical intervention for ICH are available, selection of patients for surgery in this group of patients is controversial and varies greatly throughout the world.Objective:  In the current study, we aimed to review our selection criteria for treatment and their management results.Methods:  We had prospectively collected the data of patients admitted to our centre with spontaneous supratentorial ICH in a 2‐year period (January 2001–December 2002). We divided the patients into three main groups according to the anatomical site: putaminal, subcortical and deep basal ganglia. Surgical treatment was limited to patients aged below 65 years, with a clot size between 30 and 100 mL, and motor scores of normal flexion to localizing to pain.Results:  One hundred and twenty‐four patients were recruited in the current study. Thirty‐four patients managed by early surgery had an 18% mortality, 29% were independent and 53% dependent at 6 months. Early surgery for subcortical haematoma carried the best prognosis (42% achieved independence), whereas deep basal ganglia haematoma carried the worst prognosis (none achieved independence).Conclusions:  Although this prospective audit was not intended to be a case–control study, data from the present study support early surgery for patients with putaminal and subcortical haematomas with a clot size larger than 50 mL. For smaller haematomas less than 30 mL, conservative management is associated with a superior clinical outcome.
Effects of intravenous pantoprazole in gastric PH and recurrent bleeding for peptic ulcers
Authors: LI V.K.M. , HUNG W.K. , LOO C.K. , LAM B.Y.K. , KWOK T.S.Y. , CHAN C.M. , YIP A.W.C. 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To study the effects of pantoprazole in gastric pH and recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcers.Methods: After endoscopic treatment for bleeding gastric or duodenal ulcers, patients were randomly assigned to: group 1 (infusion group): 80 mg pantoprazole intravenous bolus, followed by continuous infusion 8 mg per hour for 72 h, group 2 (bolus group): 80 mg pantoprazole intraveneous bolus, followed by 40 mg intravenous bolus every 12 h for 72 h and group 3 (no treatment group). A pH probe was placed in stomach for 24 h during the first 72 h for pH monitoring. On day 4, they were given oral famotidine for 8 weeks. Suspected recurrent bleeding will be confirmed with endoscopy. The primary end‐point is the rate of rebleeding within 30 days. The secondary end‐points are operative rate, transfusion requirement, total hospital stay, mortality rate and gastric pH analysis.Results: 86 patients were recruited for analysis (group 1: n=22, group 2: n=30, group 3: n=34). In the first part of our analysis, group 1 and 2 (those receiving pantoprazole) were combined for comparison with Group 3. There was less rebleeding in those with pantoprazole (3.8 vs 17.6%, P=0.031). The transfusion requirement was also less (1.59 vs 3.01 units, P=0.007). There was no difference in need for operation and total hospital stay. Regarding gastric pH, those receiving pantoprazole had significantly higher mean pH (5.43 vs 1.87, P=0.001), median pH (5.58 vs 1.77, P=0.001) and percentage of time with Ph >*Τ*6 (52.97 vs 7.45%, P=0.001). In the second part of our analysis, the results between group 1 and 2 were compared. There was a tendency to favour pantoprazole infusion regarding rebleeding rate (0 vs 6.7%), operation rate (0 vs 3.3%), mean pH (5.73 vs 5.22), median pH (5.78 vs 5.43) and percentage of time with pH >*Τ*6 (54.71 vs 51.84%). However, they did not reach statistical significance. There was no mortality among the studied patients.Conclusion: After endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer, patients receiving pantoprazole had significantly higher gastric pH and lower chance of rebleeding. Further data is needed to identify the better regime for administration of pantoprazole.
The role of palliative gastrectomy in the management of relatively asymptomatic stomach cancer with peritoneal metastases detected by staging laparoscopy
Authors: NG N.C. , WONG S.K.H. , CHIU P.W.Y. , CHEUNG F.K.Y. , CHUNG S.C.S. , NG E.K.W. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Staging laparoscopy is increasingly accepted as a preoperative investigation for patients with stomach cancer. However, what should be done when peritoneal metastases is detected remains uncertain.Aims of study: To determine the role of palliative gastrectomy in patients with laparoscopic findings of peritoneal seedlings from otherwise asymptomatic gastric cancers.Methods: In a 5‐year period between 1994 and 1998, 291 patients with biopsy‐proven stomach cancer were examined with laparoscopy. Suspicious peritoneal secondaries identified were sampled for frozen section. If peritoneal metastases were confirmed, the mode of operative treatment was at the discretion of individual surgeon. Peri‐operative mortality, complications, overall survival, hospital‐free survival, and subsequent major events related to tumour progression were recorded prospectively and compared between patients who had undergone gastrectomy and those without gastric resection.Results: Eighty‐two patients (51 male and 31 female) with a median age of 67 years (30–89) were found to have peritoneal metastases during laparoscopy or laparotomy (if laparoscopy was unrevealing). Thirty‐four patients underwent gastrectomy (13 total, 21 partial), while the remaining 48 were managed by either bypass operation (n = 13) or no operation (n = 35). The two groups were comparable in age, gender, location of tumours, histological subtypes and ASA anaesthetic risk. Four patients died in the early postoperative period (within 30 days), with one in the gastrectomy group and three in the non‐operative group. There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative complications between the two groups of patients. Using Kaplan Meier cumulative survival analysis and log‐rank test, patients undergoing gastrectomy had significantly longer overall survival (median: 238 days vs 127 days, P=0.005) and hospital‐free survival (median: 187 days vs 78 days, P=0.006) than those with conservative treatment only. In addition, the gastrectomy group had less tumour‐related bleeding or obstructive complications when compared to those without gastric resection.Conclusions: Palliative gastrectomy is recommended whenever possible even in the presence of peritoneal seedlings because it provides longer and better quality of survival.