bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MicroITIES Detection of Adenosine Phosphates
Authors: Qian Quansheng , Wilson George S. , Bowman‐James Kristin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe complexation between a triamide ligand derived from tris‐2‐(aminoethyl)amine: N‐{2‐[bis‐(2‐(4‐tert‐butylbenzoyl)‐aminoethyl)‐amino]‐ethyl}4‐tert‐butylbenzamide, L, and the three adenosine‐containing nucleotides, ATP, ADP, and AMP, was investigated by facilitated ion transfer processes through a microhole array film. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to measure the transfer currents for the respective nucleotides. The three nucleotides were found to have different transfer potentials with transfer currents proportional to their aqueous concentrations. Based on the differences of the transfer potentials, it is concluded that the host ligand, L, interacts with the phosphate moiety and the Gibbs transfer energy is dominated by the charge generated by the phosphate groups. The linear relationship between the current response and nucleotide concentration forms the basis of an anion sensor with a dynamic range from 0.1 mM to 5 mM.
Elevated Temperature Electrochemical Studies of Preoxidized Nickel Electrodes in the Presence of Sulfide
Authors: Streeter Ian , Giovanelli Debora , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Lawrence Nathan S. , Jiang Li , Jones Timothy G. J. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe electrochemical response of a preoxidized nickel electrode to increasing additions of sulfide has been examined over temperature range from 25 to 70 °C. In the presence of sulfide a stripping like response was observed at all temperatures. The results detailed show that as the temperature is increased the sensitivity increases from 3.4 to 13.5 A M−1 for the determination of sulfide.
Stripping Chronopotentiometry with Dry‐Preservable Supporting Electrolyte
Authors: Maccà Carlo , Soldà Lidia , Voltan Riccardo , Calliari Irene 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe determination of some toxic metals by stripping chronopotentiometry with a supporting solution having an unconventional composition has been investigated with the aim of using such components in disposable measuring cells preservable in dry state and quite ready for use, only needing addition of a small volume of sample. The new supporting solution is prepared with a solid strong acid, p‐toluenesulfonic acid, in the place of the inorganic acids commonly used to improve the cation availability. The other components are, as usual, sodium chloride, which fixes the potential of the screen‐printed silver – silver chloride reference electrode, and mercury(II) chloride as the plating agent. This supporting solution has been tested in batch measurements with the mercury film glassy carbon electrode as well as with screen‐printed carbon‐ink electrodes, either with mercury film or bare. The physical shape of the mercury layer electrolytically deposited on screen‐printed carbon‐ink electrodes from a supporting solution containing 0.1 M p‐toluenesulfonic acid and 0.1 M sodium chloride has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) microanalysis. In chronopotentiometric stripping p‐toluenesulfonic acid performs as well as the usual inorganic strong acids, particularly in terms of sensitivity. At 0.1 mol dm−3 it proved very suitable for the determination of toxic metals, in particular lead(II), at levels down to a few μg dm−3. The overall results appear promising and can open new avenues for preparing disposable cells for on‐field stripping chronopotentiometric determination of toxic metals.
Voltammetric Oxidation of Drugs of Abuse I. Morphine and Metabolites
Authors: Garrido J. M. P. J. , Delerue‐Matos C. , Borges F. , Macedo T. R. A. , Oliveira‐Brett A. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA detailed study of the electrochemical oxidative behavior of morphine in aqueous solution is reported. Through the synthesis of several metabolites and derivatives, pseudomorphine, morphine N‐oxide, normorphine, dihydromorphine and 2‐(N,N‐dimethylaminomethyl)morphine, and their voltammetric study it was possible to identify the oxidation peaks for morphine. The anodic waves are related with the oxidation of phenolic and tertiary amine groups. It is also possible to verify that a poorly defined peak observable during morphine oxidation is not a consequence of further oxidation of pseudomorphine but due to formation of a dimer during phenolic group oxidation. The results obtained and especially those regarding the formation of a new polymer based on a CO coupling could be useful for clarifying the discoloration phenomenon occurring during storage of morphine solutions as well as leading to a better understanding of its oxidative metabolic pathways.
Voltammetric Oxidation of Drugs of Abuse II. Codeine and Metabolites
Authors: Garrido J. M. P. J. , Delerue‐Matos C. , Borges F. , Macedo T. R. A. , Oliveira‐Brett A. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe oxidation of codeine on glassy carbon electrodes has been studied in detail using differential pulse voltammetry. The results obtained using a glassy carbon electrode clearly show a much more complex oxidation mechanism than that previously reported when platinum and gold electrodes were used. To clarify the codeine oxidative profile, several metabolites and analogues of this alkaloid, codeine N‐oxide, norcodeine, dihydrocodeine, acetylcodeine and 6‐chlorodesoxycodeine, were synthesized and studied. It was deduced that the anodic waves observed in codeine oxidation are related to the presence of methoxy, hydroxy and tertiary amine groups. Due to the similarity of potentials at which these oxidative processes take place, at some pHs an overlap of peaks occurs and only one anodic wave is observed.
Determination of Active Ingredients of Polygonum cuspidatum Sied. et Zucc. by Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Chu Qingcui , Peng Youyuan , Ye Jiannong 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHigh‐performance capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE‐ED) was employed to analyze active ingredients of Polygonum cuspidatum Sied. et Zucc. in crude herbs and compound medicines. trans‐Resveratrol, emodin, chrysophanol, and rhein are major important active ingredients. Operated in a wall‐jet configuration, a 300 μm diameter carbon‐disk electrode was used as the working electrode, which exhibits good response at +950 mV (vs. SCE) for the four analytes. Under the optimum conditions, these analytes were base‐line separated within 27 min in a borax buffer (pH 8.7). Notably, excellent linearity was obtained over two orders of magnitude with detec tion limit (S/N=3) ranged from 4.2×10−7 to 5×10−8 g mL−1 for all analytes. This method was successfully used in the analysis of Polygonum cuspidatum Sied. et Zucc. and Jindan tablets with relatively simple extraction procedures, and the assay results were satisfactory.
Determination of Ethylenethiourea (ETU) at Trace Levels in Water Samples by Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: de Carvalho Leandro M. , do Nascimento Paulo C. , Bohrer Denise , Del‐Fabro Luciana 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA stripping voltammetric method for the determination of ethylenethiourea in water samples is described based on its adsorptive deposition at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). In a borate buffer (pH 9.0) as supporting electrolyte, ETU is deposited at +100 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) and stripped during the cathodic scan. The linear range for the measurements was from 2.0 to 100 μg L−1, with a detection limit calculated as 1.4 μg L−1 after a deposition time of 300 s and a RSD of 1.9% (n=5) for 50 μg L−1 of ETU measured. The interferences of some organic compounds and metallic ions were tested. Recoveries between 93 and 110% were obtained using the standard addition method for spiked samples of natural and drinking waters. The method is rapid and applicable in the monitoring of ETU residues in water samples.
Selective Electrochemical Analysis of Various Metal Ions at an EDTA Bonded Conducting Polymer Modified Electrode
Authors: Rahman Md. Aminur , Park Deog Su , Won Mi‐Sook , Park Su‐Moon , Shim Yoon‐Bo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn EDTA‐bonded conducting polymer modified electrode was prepared and characterized by FT‐IR. The modified electrode was used for the selective electrochemical analysis of various trace metal ions such as, Cu(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) at the different pHs by linear sweep and square wave voltammetry. Dynamic ranges were obtained using square wave voltammetry from 0.1 μM to 10.0 μM for Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Fe(II), and Zn(II) and 0.5 nM to 20 nM for Cu(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) after 10 min of preconcentration. The detection limits were determined to be 0.1 nM, 0.3 nM, 0.4 nM, 50.0 nM, 60.0 nM, 65.0 nM, 80.0 nM, and 90.0 nM for Cu(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Fe(II), and Zn(II), respectively. The technique offers an excellent way for the selective trace determination of various heavy metal ions in a solution.
Strengthening of moment‐resisting frame structures against near‐fault ground motion effects
Authors: Alavi Babak , Krawinkler Helmut 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNear‐fault ground motions with forward directivity are characterized by a large pulse. This pulse‐like motion may cause a highly non‐uniform distribution of story ductility demands for code‐compliant frame structures, with maximum demands that may considerably exceed the level of code expectations. Strengthening techniques for multi‐story frame structures are explored with the objective of reducing maximum drift demands. One option is to modify the code‐based SRSS distribution of story shear strength over the height by strengthening of the lower stories of the frame. The modified distribution reduces the maximum story ductility demand, particularly for weak and flexible structures. However, this strengthening technique is less effective for stiff structures, and is almost ineffective in cases in which the maximum demand occurs in the upper stories, i.e. strong and flexible structures. As an alternative, the benefits of strengthening frames with elastic and inelastic walls are evaluated. The effects of adding walls that are either fixed or hinged at the base are investigated. It is demonstrated that strengthening with hinged walls is very effective in reducing drift demands for structures with a wide range of periods and at various performance levels. Wall inelastic behavior only slightly reduces the benefits of strengthening with hinged walls.Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐active fuzzy control for seismic response reduction using magnetorheological dampers
Authors: Choi Kang‐Min , Cho Sang‐Won , Jung Hyung‐Jo , Lee In‐Won 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA semi‐active fuzzy control strategy for seismic response reduction using a magnetorheological (MR) damper is presented. When a control method based on fuzzy set theory for a structure with a MR damper is used for vibration reduction of a structure, it has an inherent robustness, and easiness to treat the uncertainties of input data from the ground motion and structural vibration sensors, and the ability to handle the non‐linear behavior of the structure because there is no longer the need for an exact mathematical model of the structure. For a clipped‐optimal control algorithm, the command voltage of a MR damper is set at either zero or the maximum level. However, a semi‐active fuzzy control system has benefit to produce the required voltage to be input to the damper so that a desirable damper force can be produced and thus decrease the control force to reduce the structural response. Moreover, the proposed control strategy is fail‐safe in that the bounded‐input, bounded‐output stability of the controlled structure is guaranteed. The results of the numerical simulations show that the proposed semi‐active control system consisting of a fuzzy controller and a MR damper can be beneficial in reducing seismic responses of structures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fundamental study on the response characteristics of drivers during an earthquake based on driving simulator experiments
Authors: Maruyama Yoshihisa , Yamazaki Fumio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAfter the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the expressway structures in Japan were retrofitted and they will not now be seriously damaged under a certain level of strong earthquake motion. However, the stability of a moving vehicle has not been investigated yet. It has been reported that drivers feel seismically induced vibrations, especially in the transverse direction of vehicles. Owing to this phenomenon, drivers have some difficulty in controlling the vehicles during strong shaking. For further safety promotion of the expressway networks, it is important to understand the drivers' reactions to seismic motion. The present authors have performed a series of seismic response analyses of a moving vehicle to investigate its response characteristics based on numerical simulation. However, the responses of the driver were not considered in the simulation process. In order to investigate the drivers' reactions during an earthquake, a series of virtual tests were conducted using a driving simulator. This driving simulator has six servomotor‐powered electric actuators that control its motions. Several types of tests were carried out for different examinees to investigate drivers' responses while controlling the simulator under seismic motion. The results of this study showed that a larger response time lag to strong shaking and over turning of the steering wheel may shift the vehicle into the next lane. According to this finding, trafficaccidents could possibly occur under strong ground shaking in the case of heavy traffic. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased adenoviral transduction efficacy in human laryngeal carcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin is associated with increased expression of integrin αvβ3 and coxsackie adenovirus receptor
Authors: Ambriović‐Ristov Andreja , Gabrilovac Jelka , Čimbora‐Zovko Tamara , Osmak Maja 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn our study, we investigated molecular mechanisms of increased adenoviral transduction efficacy in cisplatin‐resistant human laryngeal carcinoma cells CA3ST as compared to parental cells HEp2. Using reverse transcription‐PCR, the genes potentially implicated in adenoviral entry were screened. In cisplatin‐resistant cells, only upregulation of αvβ3 integrin was detected, which was additionally confirmed by flow cytometry. Moderately increased expression of CAR was determined in cisplatin‐resistant CA3ST cells using flow cytometry and measurement of wild‐type adenovirus Ad5CMVβgal attachment. In order to test the implication of αvβ3 integrin in transduction efficacy, 6 HEp2‐derived αvβ3‐expressing clones with graded expression of αvβ3 were isolated. To a certain degree of density, expression of αvβ3 positively correlated with Ad5CMVβgal transduction efficacy (i.e., increased viral transduction), suggesting a role of αvβ3 in transduction efficacy. However, HEp2 clones with the highest αvβ3 expression were negatively correlated with transduction efficacy (i.e., decreased viral transduction). This was shown to be associated with downregulation of αvβ5 integrin, also involved in viral transduction, in clones with the highest αvβ3 expression. The implication of CAR in increased adenoviral transduction efficacy in cisplatin resistant CA3ST cells was further assessed by transduction experiments using adenoviral mutant Ad5FbΔ639 whose entry is only to a very small extent dependent on the presence of CAR. Indeed, Ad5FbΔ639 infected 2.5‐fold more, in comparison to wild‐type adenovirus, which infected 5‐fold more efficiently resistant CA3ST cells than parental HEp2 cells, indicating that increased expression of CAR contributes to increased efficacy of adenoviral transduction. Thus, the data presented provide evidence that both αvβ3 integrin and CAR are involved in increased adenoviral transduction efficacy in cisplatin resistant CA3ST cells. These findings may have significant implications in human gene therapy using adenoviruses, especially in patients after unsuccessful cisplatin treatment. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
American equity mutual funds in European markets: Hot hands phenomenon and style analysis
Authors: Papadamou Stephanos , Siriopoulos Costas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe studied empirically American no‐load equity mutual funds that invest in European stocks and keep their managers for more than three years, in order to investigate the persistence of the short‐term performance, and the related investment style. The results showed an underperformance compared to the Eurostoxx index and a ‘hot hands’ phenomenon does not persist, with some exceptions. Mutual funds that performed well in a five‐month evaluation period continued to generate superior performance in the next four months. According to style analysis a portfolio constructed by growth‐large, growth‐medium and value‐large capitalization stocks outperformed any other investment style. However, well‐diversified funds were the most mean–variance efficient, style‐consistent funds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stabilization properties of fixed and floating exchange rate regimes
Authors: Pilbeam Keith 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates the price and output stabilization properties of fixed and floating exchange rates using a small open economy model. The performance of the two regimes is compared in the face of money demand, aggregate demand and aggregate supply shocks. It is shown that the ranking of the two regimes is extremely sensitive to the weighting of the objective function as between price and output stability, the type of shock impinging upon the economy, the values of structural parameters of the economy and institutional features such as the degree of wage indexation within the economy. The results obtained suggest that estimates of the income elasticity of money demand, the elasticity of aggregate demand to changes in both the real exchange rate and the real interest rate, and the degree of openness of the economy are likely to be important to policymakers when making the choice of exchange rate regime. Neither regime can be said to be dominant in all circumstances. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital mobility and inflation persistence: theory and evidence from Greece
Authors: Karfakis Costas , Moschos Demetrios , Sidiropoulos Moïse 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between the openness of the capital account and inflation persistence. In the theoretical part we find that in a fixed (floating) exchange rate regime inflation persistence is negatively (positively) associated with the intensity of capital controls. In the empirical part of the paper we analyse the dynamics of the inflation rate in Greece by associating inflation persistence with the capital account openness and we find evidence in favour of a positive relationship. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysing changes in market integration through a cross‐sectional test for the law of one price
Authors: Gluschenko Konstantin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical argument that the relationship between price differences and per capita income differences across locations can be used as a cross‐sectional test for the law of one price. Since the relationship should be statistically insignificant or very weak in an integrated economy, its strength can measure the extent of goods market integration. A sequence of cross‐sectional estimations for a number of points in time provides the temporal pattern of integration, so enabling changes in integration to be traced. The basic equation may be augmented by additional variables representing potential culprits behind market segmentation so as to estimate their impeding impact to integration. This methodology is empirically verified by applying it to the Russian domestic market. It is found that integration of Russia's goods market tends to improve with time; a number of culprits behind market segmentation are identified. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foreign university graduates in the Greek labour market: Employment, salaries and overeducation
Authors: Lianos Theodore P. , Asteriou D. , Agiomirgianakis G.M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGreece is ranked among the first countries of the world in terms of student migration, while compared with other EU countries Greece has the highest number of students studying in other member states. Although the issue of migrating Greek students is constantly analysed in the newspapers, and often in relation to the educational policy adopted in Greece,1most of the academic literature (Kanellopoulos and Psacharopoulos, 1997) is focused either on the cost side of this phenomenon in terms of expenditure and its implications for the balance of payments or on the loss of brains (Brain Drain) when the best students remain abroad. So far, to the best of our knowledge, no research effort has been devoted to examining how well these students perform in the Greek labour market when they return home after completion of their studies. More specifically, in this paper we examine the performance of foreign university graduates with respect to three aspects: (a) the length of time between the completion of their studies and employment; (b) the extent to which these graduates are employed in professions for which they studied; and (c) the extent to which they are overqualified in the performance of the job which they hold. Our findings suggest that (i) EU graduates are better placed in the Greek labour market, from an employability point of view, compared with graduates from all other countries and also get higher salaries compared with those who have been educated elsewhere, and particularly those educated in the Balkan countries; (ii) factors leading to higher returns after graduation are previous work experience, whether the graduate had worked systematically in the past and also if their qualification is at MSc/MA level or higher. Moreover, graduates perceiving that their qualifications are higher than their job requirements are getting higher returns; (iii) graduates with parents having a university qualification do not consider themselves as overqualified. This probably indicates that the perception of being overeducated or not is based to some degree on past family achievements and consequently one's decision to undertake studies, and the level of these studies, is taken on family, social and cultural grounds; (iv) overeducation does not place graduates in a better position from the point of view of employability, however, overeducated graduates do have higher salaries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The sequential issue in free trade areas: Policy implication for Korea
Authors: Lee Jong Eun 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper addresses the sequential issue of countries entering into a Free Trade Area. Korea, China, Japan and the United States are the objects of investigation. Different sequences are ranked in terms of the present value of Korea's GDP using a computable general equilibrium model, and the sequence Korea–China–US–Japan was the best. Each sequence is evaluated from the perspective of globalization, which allows us to foresee both momentum and inertia of trade liberalization. The study will provide a deeper understanding of regionalism and globalization in the context of the regionalism versus multilateralism debate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.