bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A global analysis of bank profitability factors
Authors: Lamothe Prosper , Delgado Enrique , Solano Miguel A. , Fernández Sergio M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe analyze the factors that explain banks’ profitability globally and by region. With increasing globalization, knowing the different aspects of bank profitability is essential for countries’ financial stability and economic growth. This study used a sample of 2,091 commercial banks operating in 110 countries grouped into major world regions. With random effect regression models, the global results show that the internal factors that explain the bank´s profitability are listed entities, impaired loans, efficiency, gross interest margin, and capitalization. For its part, the most significant external factors are related to the position of the countries in the ranking by assets, inflation, unemployment, interest rates, and economic growth. From a regional perspective, the results allow us to deduce with high robustness the existence of variable sets that determine bank profitability in each region and that regional models outperform global models in most cases.
The effects of China’s poverty eradication program on sustainability and inequality
Authors: Pan Ying , Shi Ke , Zhao Zhongxu , Li Yao , Wu Junxi 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPoverty eradication is the first goal on the United Nations’ list of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the relationships between poverty eradication and the other SDGs remain unclear, and thus current knowledge is insufficient to support the synergized achievement of the SDGs. China eliminated extreme poverty in 2021, and thus in this study, we analyzed the variations in sustainability and equality related to the environment and the provision of public services in China during the poverty eradication program from 2010 to 2020. We combined statistical data, point of interest data, and environmental monitoring and remote sensing data to evaluate progress in China’s 832 poverty-stricken counties. The results showed that the mean values of environmental and public service sustainability indicators improved from 2010 to 2020. In addition, the mean Theil index value decreased from 0.46 to 0.35 during this period, implying a reduction in inequality. Inequality between poverty-stricken and non-poverty-stricken areas accounted for 9.3% of overall inequality among the counties in 2010, and this had decreased to 7.7% in 2020. However, unbalanced regional investment resulted in increased gaps between poverty-stricken and non-poverty-stricken counties in relation to education and health care. Overall, 15% of the population and 54.8% of the land area in poverty-stricken counties experienced both a loss of their advantage in terms of environmental quality compared with non-poverty-stricken counties and greater lags in the provision of public services. Linear estimation showed that investment in poverty-stricken counties should be increased by 226.2 and 72.0% in relation to education and health care, respectively, to eliminate these inequalities.
Time-resolved X-ray diffraction diagnostic development for the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Werellapatha K. , Palmer N. E. , Gorman M. G. , Bernier J. V. , Bhandarkar N. S. , Bradley D. K. , Braun D. G. , Bruhn M. , Carpenter A. , Celliers P. M. , Coppari F. , Dayton M. , Durand C. , Eggert J. H. , Ferguson B. , Heidl B. , Heinbockel C. , Heredia R. , Huckins J. , Hurd E. , Hsing W. , Krauland C. M. , Lazicki A. E. , Kalantar D. , Kehl J. , Killebrew K. , Masters N. , Millot M. , Nagel S. R. , Petre R. B. , Ping Y. , Polsin D. N. , Singh S. , Stan C. V. , Swift D. , Tabimina J. , Thomas A. , Zobrist T. , Benedetti L. R. 
Published: January 2024

We present the development of an experimental platform that can collect four frames of x-ray diffraction data along a single line of sight during laser-driven, dynamic-compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility. The platform is comprised of a diagnostic imager built around ultrafast sensors with a 2-ns integration time, a custom target assembly that serves also to shield the imager, and a 10-ns duration, quasi-monochromatic x-ray source produced by laser-generated plasma. We demonstrate the performance with diffraction data for Pb ramp compressed to 150 GPa and illuminated by a Ge x-ray source that produces ∼7 × 1011, 10.25-keV photons/ns at the 400 μm diameter sample.
Terahertz microcomb oscillator stabilized by molecular rotation
Authors: Greenberg James , Heffernan Brendan M. , Rolland Antoine 
Published: January 2024

Controlling the coherence between light and matter has enabled the radiation of electromagnetic waves with a spectral purity and stability that defines the Système International (SI) second. Transitions between hyperfine levels in atoms are accessible in the microwave and optical domains, but faithfully transferring such stability to other frequency ranges of interest requires additional components such as optical frequency combs. Such spectral purity and stability are specifically sought out for the terahertz domain for both scientific and commercial applications, including precision studies of molecular physics, next-generation wireless communications, quantum sensors, and terahertz frequency standards. Currently, there is a lack of native frequency references in this spectral range, which is essential for the consistency of measurements and traceability. Small-scale terahertz oscillators, which leverage dissipative Kerr soliton microcombs, present a promising avenue for the generation of terahertz waves that rival the spectral purity of electronic alternatives. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the rotational spectroscopy of nitrous oxide (N2O) with a microcomb-based oscillator. To mitigate the frequency drift encompassed in such waves, we lock the frequency of the microcomb terahertz oscillator to that of a rotational transition of N2O, reducing the fractional frequency stability to a level of 5 × 10−12 at 10 s of averaging time. These results constitute a high performance terahertz oscillator that can be scaled down to a compact size while circumventing the need for frequency multiplication or division of frequency standards. This demonstrates a foundational component needed for future terahertz applications.
Ultra-broadband bright light emission from a one-dimensional inorganic van der Waals material
Authors: Mahdikhany Fateme , Driskill Sean , Philbrick Jeremy G. , Adinehloo Davoud , Koehler Michael R. , Mandrus David G. , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , LeRoy Brian J. , Monti Oliver L. A. , Perebeinos Vasili , Kong Tai , Schaibley John R. 
Published: January 2024

One-dimensional (1D) van der Waals materials have emerged as an intriguing playground to explore novel electronic and optical effects. We report on inorganic one-dimensional SbPS4 nanotube bundles obtained via mechanical exfoliation from bulk crystals. The ability to mechanically exfoliate SbPS4 nanobundles offers the possibility of applying modern 2D material fabrication techniques to create mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures. We find that SbPS4 can readily be exfoliated to yield long (&gt;10 μm) nanobundles with thicknesses that range from 1.3 to 200 nm. We investigated the optical response of semiconducting SbPS4 nanobundles and discovered that upon excitation with blue light, they emit bright and ultra-broadband red light with a quantum yield similar to that of hBN-encapsulated MoSe2. We discovered that the ultra-broadband red light emission is a result of a large ∼1 eV exciton binding energy and a ∼200 meV exciton self-trapping energy, unprecedented in previous material studies. Due to the bright and ultra-broadband light emission, we believe that this class of inorganic 1D van der Waals semiconductors has numerous potential applications, including on-chip tunable nanolasers, and applications that require ultraviolet to visible light conversion, such as lighting and sensing. Overall, our findings open avenues for harnessing the unique characteristics of these nanomaterials, advancing both fundamental research and practical optoelectronic applications.
Nutritional characteristics estimated by faecal protein in cattle fed with heterogeneous natural grassland
Authors: Azevedo E. B. , Rosa F. Q. , Dornelles R. R. , Malaguez E. G. , Da Trindade J. K. , Castagnara D. D. , Bremm C. , Liska G. R. , David D. B. 
Published: January 2024

Context Improved knowledge of the quality of the diet ingested by grazing cattle requires measurement of the diets selected, including in native pasture rangeland. Aims The goal of the present study was to develop empirical equations to predict the intake, digestibility and protein concentration of the diet selected from faecal crude protein concentration of cattle grazing heterogeneous native grasslands through seasonal cycles in the Pampa biome of southern South America. Methods In Experiment 1, cattle held in metabolism pens were fed native pasture at 15 and 22.5 g DM/kg bodyweight, or ad libitum. In Experiment 2, cattle also housed in metabolism pens were offered mixtures of the native pasture and Italian ryegrass at a proportion of 0.33 and 0.66 of the mixture, or pure ryegrass. Organic-matter intake (OMI), faecal crude protein excretion (fCP), faecal crude protein concentration (fCPc), OM digestibility (OMD) and diet crude protein concentration (dCPc) were measured in Experiments 1 and 2 and relationships were developed between the diet attributes and faecal crude protein (CP). In the Experiment 3, steers grazed native grasslands (NatG), or native grasslands overseeded with Italian ryegrass (NatG + RyeG). Intake and digestibility equations generated in Experiments 1 and 2 were then evaluated in Experiment 3 to estimate diet attributes from faecal protein measures. Key results Three non-linear models (exponential, hyperbolic and mixed, i.e. exponential + hyperbolic) were examined to evaluate the OMD. The mixed model had the highest R2 value (0.74) and the lowest relative prediction error. OMI and dCPc were both linearly related to fCP. The OMD, OMI and dCPc equations were able to detect differences among diets in Experiment 3. Conclusions It was verified that the faecal CP can be used to estimate key nutritional characteristics in cattle grazing heterogeneous grasslands in the Pampa biome in South America. Implications Relationships between faecal CP and key diet attributes can be used to support further research and models for nutritional assessment of the diet and productivity of grazing cattle in the rangeland system examined.
‘Proto-conversation’ as a practice in late-stage dementia care
Authors: Hydén Lars-Christer , Ekström Anna , Majlesi Ali Reza 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This study suggests that the concept of proto-conversation may be used to describe and understand communication with people with late-stage dementia who have lost their abilities to produce verbal language. In the study, a multimodal conversation analytic method is used to analyze sequences of interactions between professional caregivers in an elderly care home and people with late-stage dementia. The study shows how minimal actions (shift of gaze directions, vocalizations or bodily movements) not instantly recognizable as intentional, communicative conduct, may be recognized and treated as communicative contributions by engaging the person living with dementia in proto-conversations. In such interactional sequences, the caregivers do not only turn the contributions of persons with dementia into actions through their responses, but they also treat the persons as agentive actors and position them as partners in interaction.
A study of the formation of fuzzy tungsten in a HiPIMS plasma system
Authors: Ali Zeyad , Bahri Mounib , Bilton Matthew , Bradley James W 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Nanostructured ‘fuzzy’ tungsten has been grown for the first time in a high-power impulse magnetron sputtering high power-impulse magnetron sputtering-(HiPIMS) system. The fuzzy layers were formed over range of surface temperatures T
s, from 1025 to 1150 K, for helium ion fluences of 5.02 × 1024 m−2, and mean ion bombardment energy of 55 eV. The time-evolution of the helium ion flux (ΓHe) and incident energy (E
He) were determined during the HiPIMS pulse (of width of 150 μs) using a planar Langmuir probe. The micrographic findings revealed that, the thickness of HiPIMS-grown nano-tendrill layers increased by 83% (from 274 to 501 nm) for only a 125 K rise in T
s. This result is explained by the fact that higher surface temperatures led to larger helium bubbles which ultimately produce a thicker nanostructured layer. The growth rate of fuzzy tungsten layers in HiPIMS conditions is approximately 50% lower than those observed for DC magnetron operation.
The heat dissipation path of self-heating effects for the SOI MOSFET by considering the BOX layer and the TiN barrier layer
Authors: Li Y F , Xu L D , Ni T , Wang J J , Gao L C , Li D L , Wang J J , Ma Q G , Wang Z J , Zeng C B , Li B , Luo J J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Silicon-on-insulator devices are widely utilized in high-performance and high-reliability fields, facing challenges from self-heating effects (SHEs). However, research on the heat dissipation path closely related to SHEs remains incomplete. This paper initiates an in-depth analysis of thermal effects involving the fine structures within the heat dissipation path, using ultrafast pulse I–V measurements combined with thermal simulations. It is found in practical processes that the SHEs of scaled-down devices decreased by 40% rather than increased. Research shows the improvement is attributed to the reduction in the thickness of the buried oxide layer between different generations of processes, and the decrease in thermal sensitivity. Based on the two-stage SHE mechanism, the study clarifies for the first time that the box layer mainly affects first-stage heat dissipation, and the main timescale of impact is about the first 100 ns. In addition, the heat dissipation contact capability can effectively affect the temperature rise of first-stage SHEs. For the first time, we reveal that the TiN barrier layer with low thermal conductivity is the key factor limiting heat dissipation through contact. This study represents the crucial step toward a comprehensive investigation of SHEs, offering substantial support for device modeling.
Stabilization and helicity control of hybrid magnetic skyrmion
Authors: Akhir Muzakkiy P M , Suprayoga Edi , Cahaya Adam B 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The hybrid skyrmion, a type of magnetic skyrmion with intermediate helicity between Bloch and Néel skyrmion, has gained more attraction. It is tolerant toward the skyrmion Hall effect and a potential candidate for quantum bits. We investigated the stabilization and helicity control of the hybrid skyrmion in a two-dimensional magnetic system using an analytical model and micromagnetic simulation. We look at the interplaying factors of the bulk (Db
) and interfacial (Di
) Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions (DMI) along with the dipolar interaction. We show that the hybrid skyrmion can stabilize through the interplay between interfacial DMI and either bulk DMI or dipolar interaction. We can also control the helicity of the hybrid skyrmion by tuning the ratio of

D
i

/

D
b

when there is no dipolar interaction, or simply by adjusting the Di
when the Db
is absent. Our results suggest that hybrid skyrmions can exist within

0
<

|

D
i

|

<
0.4

mJ m−2 for Co-based magnetic systems.
Synthesizing high performance LNMO cathode materials with porous structure by manipulating reynolds number in a microreactor
Authors: Liu Tongli , Deng Hongjie , He Fa , Wu Yuqing , Wu Zhenguo , Wan Fang , Chen Ting , Xu Wenhua , Song Yang , Guo Xiaodong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The demand for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has significantly grown in the last decade due to their extensive use electric vehicles. To further advance the commercialization of LIBs for various applications, there is a pressing need to develop electrode materials with enhanced performance. The porous microsphere morphology LiNi
x
Mn2–x
O4 (LNMO) is considered to be an effective material with both high energy density and excellent rate performance. Nevertheless, LNMO synthesis technology still has problem such as long reaction time, high energy consumption and environmental pollution. Herein, LNMO microsphere was successfully synthesized with short precursors reaction time (18 s) at 40 °C without using chelating agent by microreaction technology combined solid-state lithiation. The optimized LNMO cathode shows microsphere (∼8 μm) morphology stacked by nano primary particles, with abundant mesoporous and fully exposed low-energy plane. The electrochemical analysis indicates that the optimized LNMO cathode demonstrates 97.33% capacity retention even after 200 cycles at 1C. Additionally, the material shows a highly satisfactory discharge capacity of 92.3 mAh·g−1 at 10C. Overall, microreaction technology is anticipated to offer a novel approach in the synthesis of LNMO cathode materials with excellent performance.
Normalized ground states for the Sobolev critical Schrödinger equation with at least mass critical growth
Authors: Li Quanqing , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D , Zhang Wen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the present paper, we investigate the existence of ground state solutions to the Sobolev critical nonlinear Schrödinger equation

−
Δ
u
+
λ
u
=
g

u

+

|

u

|

2
∗

−
2

u

in

R

N

,

∫

R

N

|

u

|

2

d
x
=

m
2

,

where

N
⩾
3

, m > 0,

2
∗

:=

2
N

N
−
2

, λ is an unknown parameter that will appear as a Lagrange multiplier, g is a mass critical or supercritical but Sobolev subcritical nonlinearity. With the aid of the minimization of the energy functional over a linear combination of the Nehari and Pohozaev constraints intersected with the product of the closed balls in

L
2

(

R

N

)

of radii m and the profile decomposition, we obtain a couple of the normalized ground state solution to

(

P
m

)

that is independent of the sign of the Lagrange multiplier. This result complements and extends the paper by Bieganowski and Mederski (2021 J. Funct. Anal.
280 108989) concerning the above problem from the Sobolev subcritical setting to the Sobolev critical framework. We also answer an open problem that was proposed by Jeanjean and Lu (2020 Calc. Var. PDE
59 174). Furthermore, the asymptotic behavior of the ground state energy map is also studied.
LA-Net: layer attention network for 3D-to-2D retinal vessel segmentation in OCTA images
Authors: Yang Chaozhi , Li Bei , Xiao Qian , Bai Yun , Li Yachuan , Li Zongmin , Li Hongyi , Li Hua 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective. Retinal vessel segmentation from optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) volumes is significant in analyzing blood supply structures and the diagnosing ophthalmic diseases. However, accurate retinal vessel segmentation in 3D OCTA remains challenging due to the interference of choroidal blood flow signals and the variations in retinal vessel structure. Approach. This paper proposes a layer attention network (LA-Net) for 3D-to-2D retinal vessel segmentation. The network comprises a 3D projection path and a 2D segmentation path. The key component in the 3D path is the proposed multi-scale layer attention module, which effectively learns the layer features of OCT and OCTA to attend to the retinal vessel layer while suppressing the choroidal vessel layer. This module also efficiently captures 3D multi-scale information for improved semantic understanding during projection. In the 2D path, a reverse boundary attention module is introduced to explore and preserve boundary and shape features of retinal vessels by focusing on non-salient regions in deep features. Main results. Experimental results in two subsets of the OCTA-500 dataset showed that our method achieves advanced segmentation performance with Dice similarity coefficients of 93.04% and 89.74%, respectively. Significance. The proposed network provides reliable 3D-to-2D segmentation of retinal vessels, with potential for application in various segmentation tasks that involve projecting the input image. Implementation code: https://github.com/y8421036/LA-Net.
NV centres by vacancies trapping in irradiated diamond: experiments and modelling
Authors: Santonocito S , Denisenko A , Stöhr R , Knolle W , Schreck M , Markham M , Isoya J , Wrachtrup J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Advances in applications of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) spin centres in diamond for sensing and quantum metrology depend critically on the NV fabrication methods. One such technique combines epitaxial diamond growth and electron or ion irradiation (He, C, etc), where NVs are activated by vacancy trapping at the nitrogen donor atoms upon thermal diffusion. In this work we study the efficiency of such method by analyzing NV depth profiles created by 340 keV and also 4 keV He irradiation in high purity CVD and HPHT diamond crystals and subjected to sequent annealing at 950 °C and 1200 °C temperatures. This analysis is coupled with the measurement of NV density in the bulk of CVD diamonds with nitrogen doping at low-ppb and low-ppm levels, exposed to MeV electrons in a wide range of the doses. For data analysis we developed an atomistic model based on probabilistic atomic jumps in a crystal lattice, which considers competitive trapping between di-

(

V

2

)

or multi-vacancy defects compared to that of NVs. The efficiency of NV formation was defined as a ratio of the corresponding capture cross sections: σ
NV vs.

σ

V

2

. Applying this model to the experimental data, the

σ

NV

/

σ

V

2

ratio was estimated about 0.1–0.5, where the activation energy of vacancy diffusion of about 1.7 eV was evaluated by 3D localization of individual NVs in depth profiles in a confocal microscope and sampling their spin coherence properties (

T

2

). In addition, we noted two subsidiary effects also discussed here: (i) reduction of NV density within the stopping range of the implanted He atoms after

1200

∘

annealing and, (ii) partial suppression of NVs at near-surface areas visible only at low-dose electron exposures. The results of this study could be helpful to optimize the NV fabrication process reducing the density of ‘collateral’ lattice damage.
Structured quantum collision models: generating coherence with thermal resources
Authors: Cusumano Stefano , De Chiara Gabriele 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Quantum collision models normally consist of a system interacting with a set of ancillary units representing the environment. While these ancillary systems are usually assumed to be either two level systems or harmonic oscillators, in this work we move further and represent each ancillary system as a structured system, i.e. a system made out of two or more subsystems. We show how this scenario modifies the kind of master equation that one can obtain for the evolution of the open systems. Moreover, we are able to consider a situation where the ancilla state is thermal yet has some coherence. This allows the generation of coherence in the steady state of the open system and, thanks to the simplicity of the collision model, this allows us to better understand the thermodynamic cost of creating coherence in a system. Specifically, we show that letting the system interact with the coherent degrees of freedom requires a work cost, leading to the natural fulfillment of the first and second law of thermodynamics without the necessity of ad hoc formulations.