bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategy Research: Governance and Competence Perspectives
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business strategy is an expansive enterprise. Not only do all of the functional areas in the business school relate, but strategy is, by nature, interdisciplinary. All of the social sciences-especially economics and organization theory-plus contract law are implicated. Indeed, in the high technology arena where some of the most difficult strategy issues reside, engineering and the law on intellectual property rights also have a bearing.
Multiple Considerations in Making Governance Choices: Implications of Transaction Cost Economics, Real Options Theory, and Knowledge-Based Theories of the Firm
Authors: Barney Jay B , Lee Woonghee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the following scenario. A small bio-technology firm has developed a product prototype. While this prototype has shown some market potential, it has yet to receive regulatory approval for commercial development. To receive this approval, it must first be tested in a series of clinical trials, and then be produced and marketed to consumers. These activities can take from ten to twelve years to complete. Thus, this firm will not know, with any degree of certainty, if its product prototype is economically viable for at least ten to twelve years.
Cooperative Capitalism
Authors: Schaede Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Japanese government is becoming less involved in shaping industrial policy-but what does this imply for the openness of Japanese markets to foreign competition? In an extensive study of 'post-development' Japan, Ulrike Schaede argues that, contrary to what many have suggested, the reduced role of government regulation may not result in more open markets. Instead, as has happened throughout Japanese history, deregulation and the recession of the 1990s have once again led Japanese trade associations to assume important regulatory functions of their own. They do this through 'self-regulation'-setting and enforcing the rules of trade for their industries, independent from the government. As a result, many Japanese markets are now effectively governed by incumbent firms, in particular in terms of structuring the distribution system. As the record of postwar antitrust enforcement reveals, Japan's antitrust system considers most activities of self-regulation, other than outright price-fixing, as legal. Using interviews and a unique database of trade association activities, this book concludes that increasing self-regulation renders both government deregulation programmes and international trade negotiations ineffective in opening Japanese markets. The implications of self-regulation for Japanese industry are mixed: while internationally competitive firms can use self-regulation to reduce competition at home in order to compete more forcefully abroad, some domestic industries, such as the financial sector, may suffer from increased self-protection.
X-ray Dominated Regions
Authors: Lepp Stephen , Tine Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
X-rays are generated by many sources in the Universe including QSOs, Seyfert galaxies, shocks, supernovae, massive stars and accreting neutron stars. The X-rays heat and ionize the surrounding diffuse matter. In this chapter we will review the effects of X-rays on ambient gas. We will also discuss signatures of X-ray excited gas.
Defect spectroscopy in the nitrides
Authors: Meyer Bruno K , Hoffmann, Axel , Thurian Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitride-based semiconductors (GaN, InN, AIN) and their ternary alloys are now the open and very attractive playground of physicists and engineers towards the implementation of optoelectronic devices in the blue and ultraviolet (UV) spectral range. In the last three years tremendous efforts have been undertaken and remarkable breakthroughs have been achieved allowing for the realization of blue and green light-emitting diodes and laser structures [1-3]. Specially the improvement in heteroepitaxial growth is made possible by the use of sophisticated low-temperature buffer layer growth.
The Mathematical Theory of Thermodynamic Limits: Thomas-Fermi type models
Authors: Catto Isabelle , Bris Claude Le , Lions Pierre-Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thermodynamic limit is a mathematical technique for modeling crystals or other macroscopic objects by considering them as infinite periodic arrays of molecules. The technique allows models in solid state physics to be derived directly from models in quantum chemistry. This book presents new results, many previously unpublished, for a large class of models and provides a survey of the mathematics of thermodynamic limit problems. The authors both work closely with Fields Medal-winner Pierre-Louis Lion, and the book will be a valuable tool for applied mathematicians and mathematical physicists studying nonlinear partial differential equations.
Ordered Media
Authors: Pismen L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symmetry breaking is a most common (and, maybe, the single most important) phenomenon in nature. The first chapter of the Book of Genesis narrates the story of the Creation that, starting from a disordered state (Hebrew “tohu u-vohu”, loosely translated as “without form and void” in the King James version), has advanced through a series of symmetry-breaking transitions that divided “the light from the darkness” and “the waters under the firmament from the waters above the firmament” (and the firmament, or, in modern terms, a domain wall, was called Heaven). Contemporary physics accepts a not dissimilar outlook of phase transitions in the early Universe. In changing forms and on ascending levels, the symmetry has been broken once and again to build up the astounding variety of natural phenomena on the foundation of a few simple, invariant and symmetric basic laws.
Relativistic Vortices and Strings
Authors: Pismen L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ultimate unconventional superfluid is vacuum with a broken symmetry, the nonlinear medium of the field theory. More than a century ago, long before the advent of relativity and quantum mechanics, Lord Kelvin (Thomson, 1910) envisioned elementary particles as excitations of vortices in ether. After being abolished by modern physics, the ether was reincarnated in postmodernity as the field-theoretical vacuum, which, far from being void, is envisaged as a nonlinear medium of a complex, and as yet unknown, nature. The structure of vacuum may hold the key to the structure of both elementary particles and the Universe as a whole.
Patterns on islands and microevolution
Authors: Grant Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two basic questions in evolutionary biology are (1) how does evolution occur and (2) why does evolution occur? The first is a question of mechanisms and the second is a question of influences on those mechanisms. By studying evolution in the relative simplicity of island environments we hope to be able to answer both questions, using the full range of techniques of modem biology: description, experimentation, modelling, statistical analysis, and the ordering of data to make inferences about evolution in the past.
The reproductive biology and genetics of island plants
Authors: Barrett Spencer C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two basic questions in evolutionary biology are (1) how does evolution occur and (2) why does evolution occur? The first is a question of mechanisms and the second is a question of influences on those mechanisms. By studying evolution in the relative simplicity of island environments we hope to be able to answer both questions, using the full range of techniques of modem biology: description, experimentation, modelling, statistical analysis, and the ordering of data to make inferences about evolution in the past.
Molecular and morphological evolution within small islands
Authors: Thorpe Roger S , Malhotra Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many studies of evolution on islands, from Darwin ‘s (1859) time onwards, have tended to emphasize inter-island differences. However, inter-island studies (although very popular) are generally not in a position to contribute much to an understanding of relative importance of historical processes and selection on their own. There have been some efforts to distinguish between the roles of historical factors and current selection pressures (Snell et al. 1984; Gardner 1986), but they do not use the appropriate methodology to make much headway with this problem.
Combinatorial counting
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we are going to consider problems concerning the number of various configurations, such as “How many ways are there to send n distinct postcards to n friends?”, “How many mappings of an n-element set to an m-element set are there?”, and so on. We begin with simple examples that can usually be solved with common sense (plus, maybe, some cleverness) and require no special knowledge. Later on, we will come to somewhat more advanced techniques. Since the postcard for each friend can be picked in 26 ways, and the 5 selections are independent (making some of them doesn’t influence the remaining ones), the answer to this problem is 265. In a more abstract language, we have thereby counted the number of all mappings of a 5-element set (Prof. X.’s friends) to a 26-element set (the postcard types).
Bilinear and sesquilinear forms
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we introduced the idea of an inner product on a vector space. Our main example was the standard inner product on ℝ3 (and, more generally, on ℝn). This inner product has a particularly elegant geometric meaning, but we saw other important examples (involving vector spaces of continuous functions and integration, for example) where the geometric interpretation isn’t so clear. It turns out that there are many other interesting forms defined like inner products which are not positive definite-some of which, like Minkowski space (Example 4.1), have significant physical interpretations. This chapter starts off the study of these forms, and in particular shows how they may be represented by matrices.
Sympatric morphs, populations and speciation in freshwater fish with emphasis on arctic charr
Authors: Skulason Skúli , Snorrason Sigurður S , Jónsson Bjarni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years we have seen an increasing number of studies emphasizing both intraspecific variability among populations and individual differences within populations. Of particular interest in this respect are species which have distinct morphs that use different habitats and food resources (Wimberger 1994; Skulason and Smith 1995; Smith and Sh1lason 1996). Such resource polymorphism has been detected and studied in several vertebrate taxa: in birds (Sutherland 1987; Smith 1990, 1993); in amphibians (Collins and Cheek 1983; Pfennig 1992; Pfennig and Collins 1993; Maret and Collins 1997); and extensively in fish (e.g. Echelle and Kornfield 1984; Noakes et al.1989; Schluter and McPhail 1993; Robinson and Wilson 1994). The ubiquity of resource polymorphism stimulates numerous questions regarding the ecological and genetic factors that might promote the evolution of resource polymorphism and how it may be maintained. The purpose of this chapter is to examine resource polymorphism in freshwater fish in an evolutionary context. After a general overview emphasizing the ecological scenarios and similarities of patterns across taxonomic groups, we will examine the importance of genetic and environmental factors in producing resource polymorphism. We then offer an evolutionary proposal leading to resource polymorphism, emphasizing the importance of behaviour. Finally, resource polymorphism will be examined in relation to population formation and speciation. We will focus on fish in the northern hemisphere, with the salmonid species arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)as our main example.
Laying The Foundation Of A Theory Of Invariants
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With his mathematical life rejuvenated, Sylvester poured himself back into the work on determinants and elimination theory that had so captivated him in the early 1840s. He had an even greater motivation to concentrate anew on these topics, given that Cayley—taking his mathematical lead from George Boole— had done and was doing related work in the so-called theory of forms, and given that Sylvester&#x92;s earlier work had clear and direct applications to that evolving theory.
Ending And Beginning A Career
Authors: Parshall Karen Hunger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sylvester spent his first post-Woolwich year living in London and mobilizing his supporters in an effort to extract from the War Office the pension he had earned as a result of his fifteen years of service to the Royal Military Academy. After the LondonTimes carried a lead story on the mathematician’s case on 17 August, 1871 and following Sylvester’s own letters to the Times a week later and to the journal,Nature, also in 1871, the authorities finally capitulated, although they refused to award him the full amount he felt was his due.
ThGeregorian Calendar
Authors: Richards E G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Julian calendar had several defects.The average number of days in its year was 365.25, whereas the true length of the tropical year was about 365.24219 mean solar days. This discrepancy meant that annual events such as the vernal equinox were falling earlier and earlier in the calendar year at a rate of about one day in 128 years. Furthermore, the date of Easter was falling later and later in the seasonal year.
Engineering philosophy of EV development
Authors: Chan C C , Chau K T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin with the investigation of the growth of population and vehicles as shown in Fig. 1.1. In the next 50 years, the global population will increase from 6 billions to 10 billions and the number of vehicles will increase from 700 millions to 2.5 billions. If all these vehicles are propelled by internal combustion engines, where will the oil come from? and where should the emissions be disseminated? Under that circumstance, our sky will be permanently grey. Therefore, we should strive for sustainable road transportation for the 21st Century.
Electric propulsion
Authors: Chan C C , Chau K T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An electric propulsion system is the heart of EVs. Its functional block diagram is shown in Fig. 5.1. Its job is to interface batteries with vehicle wheels, transferring energy in either direction as required, with high efficiency, under control of the driver at all times. From the functional point of view, an electric propulsion system can be divided into two parts—electrical and mechanical. The electrical part consists of the subsystems of electric motor, power converter, and electronic controller, whereas the mechanical part includes the subsystems of mechanical transmission (optional), and vehicle wheels. The boundary between the electrical and mechanical parts is the air-gap of the motor, where electromechanical energy conversion is taken place. The electronic controller can be further divided into three functional units℄sensor, interface circuitry and processor. The sensor is used to translate the measurable quantities, such as current, voltage, temperature, speed, torque and flux, into electronic signals. Through the interface circuitry, these signals are conditioned to the appropriate level before being fed into the processor. The processor output signals are usually amplified via the interface circuitry to drive power semiconductor devices of the power converter. The converter acts as a power conditioner that regulates the power flow between the energy source and the electric motor for motoring and regeneration. Finally, the motor interfaces with the vehicle wheels via the mechanical transmission. This transmission is optional because the electric motor can directly drive the wheel as in the case of in-wheel drives (Chan, 1993).
Non-Circulant Type Preconditioners
Authors: Ng Michael K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we consider non-circulant type preconditioners for Toeplitz matrices. These include preconditioners based on fast transforms other than the Fourier transform and preconditioners based on Toeplitz matrices. For some Toeplitz systems, the performance of these preconditioners is better than that of circulant preconditioners. They are also useful for Toeplitz-related systems arising from practical applications, which we will discuss in Chapters 8-12.
Applications to Image Processing
Authors: Ng Michael K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental issue in image restoration is blur removal in the presence of observation noise. Noise (sometimes more appropriately called “clutter” in images) may come, for example, as the result of thermal effects, measurement errors, or digitation, or may be introduced by a recording or transmission medium. In the important case where the blurring operation is spatially invariant, i.e. it operates uniformly across the object domain, then the basic restoration computation involved is simply a deconvolution process that faces the usual difficulties associated with ill-conditioning in the presence of noise (Lagendijk and Biedmond, 1991; Castleman, 1996). Such a situation often occurs, for example, in imaging through atmospheric turbulence. In particular, the problem of imaging through a medium is encountered in many important situations, from astronomy to medicine.
The Physics of Particle Accelerators
Authors: Wille Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complex technology of particle accelerators is based upon a series of often rather simple physical concepts. This comprehensive introduction to the subject focuses on providing a deep physical understanding of these key ideas. The book surveys the many aspects of accelerator physics and not only explains how accelerators work, but also why the underlying physics leads to a particular choice of design or technique, and points out the limitations of the technology. The clear and thorough mathematical treatment always emphasizes the physical principles described by the equations, and includes a range of calculations which develop a genuine feeling for the quantities and concepts involved.
The Physics of Foams
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordinary foams such as the head of a glass of beer and more exotic ones such as solid metallic foams raise many questions for the physicist and have attracted a substantial research community in recent years. This book describes the results of extensive experiments, computer simulations and theories in an authoritative yet informal style, making ample use of illustrations and photographs. As an introduction to the whole field of the physics of foams it puts a strong emphasis on liquids while also including solid foams. Simple, idealized models are adopted and their consequences explored. Specific topics include: structure, drainage, rheology, conductivity and coarsening. A minimum of mathematics is used. Theory and experiment are described together at every stage. A guide to further reading is provided through carefully selected references. This is a complete and coherent introduction to the subject which no other modern text currently offers.
Local equilibrium rules
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But the pressure was too great. He would have to. find something to make good the equilibrium. Something must come with him into the hollow void of death in his soul, fill it up, and so equalise the pressure within to the pressure without. For day by day he felt more and more like a bubble […]
D. H. Lawrence, Women in Love.
Simulation and modelling
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computation is merely the last useful stage of a scientist’s
Advice in a letter from C. S. Smith 1985.
Both two- and three-dimensional foams may now be accurately simulated, within the spirit of the model presented in our introduction. There are also many models in which the structure is not so accurately represented, but which can yield useful results with less computational difficulties. Finally, there are treatments of a purely statistical nature. In these no attempt is made to represent the detailed structure, but rather a statistical description is used, in which distribution functions such as the distribution p(n) of the number of edges play key roles.
Foam collapse
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most liquid foams do not last very long. Usually they collapse by the rupture of exposed films. Many factors can be adduced to account for this, singly or in combination. Drainage is important in reducing the film thickness, evaporation may reduce it further, the surfactant concentration may be inadequate, dust may impact upon the films, or impurities and additives (antifoaming agents) may promote their instability. This is a large subject, of great practical importance. At its heart there is the problem of film stability, which we took for granted in the introductory chapters. Now we must return to question it, and identify the factors which promote, or mitigate against, foam stability.
Some applications of liquid foams
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schuim is geen bier
Dutch proverb
In everyday life, liquid foam is most familiar in soaps, cleaning agents, shaving products, and beverages. In many cases, its appeal is largely psychological, as a factor in customer perception and satisfaction. What purpose is served by the suds in a washing machine, other than to indicate that one has not forgotten to add the detergent? The foaming properties of soaps and shampoos is often said to have no purpose. But the particular rheological properties explained in Chapter 8 do have some value, in enabling the clearly visible foam to cling to vertical surfaces − the face of the shaver, or the wall of a factory − before being washed off. This ability to coat surfaces without immediately running away is also helpful when foams are used for fire-fighting.
Some analogous physical systems
Authors: Weaire Denis , Hutzler Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The object of art is not
simple truth
but complex beauty
Oscar Wilde
Whenever there are boundaries between phases or territories in nature, those boundaries are likely to conform to the soap froth model, at least to some extent.
Cellular structures whose details are dictated by surface energy are to be found on all scales, the largest being the universe. The distribution of galaxy clusters has been explored in recent years and found to consist of walls (films?) and filaments (Plateau borders?) which meet at junctions vaguely reminiscent of foam; see Fig. 1.4. In this case the two phases are matter (possibly including dark matter) and no-matter, but why instability under gravitational forces should cause matter to aggregate in this particular way, and what meaning is to be attributed to surface energy in this case is not clear. The subject is still characterised by tenuous data and reckless theorising: ‘there is no shortage of chutzpah in extragalactic astronomy’, as one author has put it.