bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the ‘wrong’ active pharmaceutical ingredient in a counterfeit Halfan™ drug product using accurate mass electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, accurate mass tandem mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Wolff Jean‐Claude , Thomson Linda A. , Eckers Christine 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMethodology is presented for identifying an unknown active (pharmaceutical) ingredient (AI) in a counterfeit drug product. A range of mass spectrometric techniques, i.e., accurate mass mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), has been employed to determine the AI in a counterfeit Halfan™ suspension, an antimalarial drug. In particular, use of LockSpray accurate mass MS/MS allowed identification of parts of the molecule from fragments, hence limiting the number of possible elemental compositions for the nominal mass of 278 found for the AI in the counterfeit product. The analysis of the isotope pattern observed for the protonated molecule further reduced the number of possible elemental compositions. A literature search for readily commercially available compounds of molecular formula C12H14N4O2S suggested that the AI was either sulfamethazine or sulfisomidine. An LC/MS separation of those two compounds and reference MS/MS spectra obtained for sulfamethazine and sulfisomidine led to the conclusion that the AI in the counterfeit Halfan™ suspension is sulfamethazine, which is an antibacterial agent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of co‐eluting structural analog internal standards for expanded linear dynamic range in liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Shi Guoen 
Published: January 2003

AbstractNon‐linear standard calibration curves occur frequently in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS), necessitating the use of non‐linear regression curve fitting or a reduction in assay dynamic range. Non‐linearity can be minimized by the use of stable isotope internal standards, if the cause of curve bending is ionization saturation. Unfortunately, stable isotope internal standards can be difficult or expensive to synthesize. Structural analog internal standards, if sufficiently close to analytes both in chemical structures and HPLC retention times, may mimic the effect of stable isotope internal standards. Tentative experimental evidence supporting this concept is presented in this paper. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of malonyl‐ginsenosides in the authentication of ginseng
Authors: Kite Geoffrey C. , Howes Melanie‐Jayne R. , Leon Christine J. , Simmonds Monique S. J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractDifferent negative ion electrospray (ES) source conditions are required to concentrate the ion current in [M–H]– for malonylated and non‐malonylated ginsenosides. However, both can be ionised optimally in a single liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis by employing switchable voltages in the post‐source ion optics of a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. Coupled with automatic MS/MS scanning and post‐acquisition neutral loss data analysis, this method provides a means of profiling the malonylated and acetylated ginsenosides in ginseng extracts. Analyses revealed numerous malonylated ginsenosides that could be partially characterised by serial MS/MS experiments. The ratio of mRb1 to other isomeric forms present and to mRb2 and mRc appears to show consistent differences among Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) and P. notoginseng (Sanchi ginseng). The ratio of malonylated to non‐malonylated ginsenosides is reduced in the red form of Asian ginseng compared with the white form and there is a concomitant increase in the levels of the corresponding acetylated ginsenosides. The ability to analyse malonylated ginsenosides is an important contribution to the range of chemical characteristics that can be used to authenticate the different species of ginseng and will assist in quality control and standardisation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Escherichia coli using immunomagnetic separation and bacteriophage amplification coupled with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Madonna Angelo J. , Cuyk Sheila Van , Voorhees Kent J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe application of whole cell analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) has emerged as a valuable tool for rapidly identifying/detecting bacteria. This technique requires minimal sample preparation and is simple to perform, but is generally limited to purified samples of bacteria at concentrations greater than 1.0 × 106 cells/mL. In this paper, we describe a bacterial detection method that integrates immunomagnetic separation with bacteriophage amplification prior to MALDI‐MS analysis. The developed method consists of three main stages: (1) isolation of a target bacterium by immunomagnetic separation; (2) infection of the immuno‐captured bacterium with a lytic bacteriophage; and (3) assay of infected medium for bacteriophage progeny using MALDI‐MS to produce a molecular weight signal for the virus capsid protein. With this technique, the presence of Escherichia coli in broth was determined in less then 2 h total analysis time at a concentration of ∼5.0 × 104 cells/mL. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen exchange studies on Alzheimer's amyloid‐β peptides by mass spectrometry using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization
Authors: Kraus Mario , Bienert Michael , Krause Eberhard 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe conformation and aggregation behavior of synthetic Alzheimer's amyloid peptides (Aβ) has been investigated using hydrogen‐deuterium exchange measured by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometric fragmentation of deuterated Aβ peptides was carried out by collision‐induced dissociation, inlet fragmentation, and post‐source decay. In contrast to the C‐terminally truncated peptides Aβ(1‐40) and Aβ(1‐36) showing full hydrogen‐deuterium exchange, Aβ(1‐42) and the pyroglutamyl peptide Pyr3‐Aβ(3‐42) produced more complex signal patterns resulting from the formation of β‐sheet‐structured oligomers having 18–20 strongly protected protons. Using mass spectrometric fragmentation the results show that the reduced isotope exchange of Aβ(1‐42) can be attributed to the central part of the chain comprising residues 8‐23. This confirms involvement of the hydrophobic binding domain LVFFA in the course of Aβ aggregation and demonstrates that hydrogen‐deuterium exchange in combination with mass spectrometry is well suited for structural analysis of monomeric and reversibly associated amyloid peptides using picomole quantities of material. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collision‐induced dissociation of the phenylsilane molecular ion
Authors: Choe Joong Chul 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe high‐energy collision‐induced dissociation of the phenylsilane molecular ion generated by electron ionization has been investigated using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). It was observed that the dissociation of the molecular ion (M+.) occurs mainly via [MH]+, [M2H]+., and [M3H]+, followed by two consecutive losses of C2H2. The structures of the precursors for the [MCH3]+, [MSiH]+, and [MSiH2]+. ions are proposed. The data suggest that the molecular ion undergoes rearrangements to several isomers prior to dissociation, including the ion containing a five‐membered carbon ring. Reaction mechanisms are proposed for the dissociations via the isomeric molecular ions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of experimental design for optimisation of the cold plasma ICP‐MS determination of lithium, aluminum and iron in soft drinks and alcoholic beverages
Authors: Bianchi F. , Careri M. , Maffini M. , Mangia A. , Mucchino C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of 7Li, 27Al and 56Fe by cold plasma ICP‐MS was developed and validated. Experimental design was used to investigate the effects of torch position, torch power, lens 2 voltage, and coolant flow. Regression models and desirability functions were applied to find the experimental conditions providing the highest global sensitivity in a multi‐elemental analysis. Validation was performed in terms of limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantitation (LOQ), linearity and precision. LODs were 1.4 and 159 ng L−1 for 7Li and 56Fe, respectively; the highest LOD found being that for 27Al (425 ng L−1). Linear ranges of 5 orders of magnitude for Li and 3 orders for Fe were statistically verified for each compound. Precision was evaluated by testing two concentration levels, and good results in terms of both intra‐day repeatability and intermediate precision were obtained. RSD values lower than 4.8% at the lowest concentration level were calculated for intra‐day repeatability. Commercially available soft drinks and alcoholic beverages contained in different packaging materials (TetraPack®, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), commercial cans and glass) were analysed, and all the analytes were detected and quantitated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The sustainability treaty between the Netherlands and Costa Rica: a new perspective on environmental and development cooperation
Authors: Glasbergen Pieter , Miranda Miriam 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn this article, we analyse a new type of bilateral cooperation aimed at promoting sustainable development. The keystone of this new structure is the sustainability treaty that the Netherlands has arranged with Costa Rica (the statement of intent dates from 1992). This treaty was conceived to assist both countries in their efforts to promote sustainable development through specific measures. The basis for the cooperative effort is a platform of equality, reciprocity and participation. Thus, the treaty fits in with—or may even be seen as a pilot for—a shifting perspective on development cooperation. We conclude that Costa Rica has been engaged in a learning process; this is much less if at all the case in the Netherlands. On the grounds of the analysis, we formulate several conditions for a new (environmental) development paradigm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Minimum requirements for sustainable use of forests in national forest programmes. Elements and principles developed for a study of Swiss forest policy
Authors: Bisang Kurt , Zimmermann Willi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBoth the United Nations Conference on Economic Development in 1992 and the European Union have called for the creation of national forest programmes (NFPs) as a means of ensuring the sustainable development of forests. In recent years, international organizations have also discussed and defined several elements that such NFPs should incorporate. Different concepts prevail, however, and policy experts have not yet reached a uniform and coherent understanding of the concept. In this paper, we develop minimum requirements for a Swiss NFP on the basis of a discussion and comparison of different definitions of NFPs and national environmental plans. We argue that a range of process, content and objective‐oriented elements should be included. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
An index of sustainable economic welfare for Poland
Authors: Gil Sebastian , Sleszynski Jerzy 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe index of sustainable economic welfare (ISEW) developed by HE Daly and JB Cobb Jr is an attempt to create a measure of sustainable development. In this paper, we have computed the ISEW for Poland for the years 1980–97.It turns out that after some fluctuations in 1980–85, a decline of the index in 1986–90 is observed. The ISEW reached its lowest values in 1989–90. Up to 1995, we can observe a growth dynamic at the beginning and falling in succeeding years, which eventually shows a tendency back downward that started in 1996.It seems that the recent decrease in ISEW can be attributed to categories such as long‐term environmental damage, ozone layer depletion, losses caused by commuting and road accidents. Moreover, growing welfare inequalities penalize the value of ISEW in recent years much more significantly than before. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Lessons in promoting sustainable development in EU Structural Funds programmes
Authors: Moss Timothy , Fichter Heidi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis paper assesses and compares the experiences of 12 Objective 1 and 2 regions across the EU which conducted pilot projects on methods of promoting sustainable development by means of Structural Fund programmes. It demonstrates how the regions translated the concept of sustainable development into practical applications that are compatible with structural funding procedures, relevant to the needs of specific programme areas and acceptable to programme partnerships. The paper analyses their experiences in terms of developing new methodologies, redesigning programme objectives, adapting management tools and opening up procedures to greater participation and dialogue. A central argument is that the success of the efforts to promote sustainable development via structural funding depends to a considerable extent on the ability of those involved to address local or regional issues of concern, to build on existing procedures and objectives of programme management and to respect the institutional framework of operation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Strategy without ontology
Authors: Powell Thomas C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractProfessor Arend's critique raises fundamental epistemological issues for strategy research, particularly the concern that pragmatist philosophy forecloses access to objective truth and scientific progress. This response discusses the empiricist underpinnings of pragmatism, and addresses Professor Arend's specific concerns about the connections between competitive advantages and firm performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The context of dominance: an industry‐driven framework for exploiting reputation
Authors: Shamsie Jamal 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn spite of the growing interest in sustainable advantages, there has been little effort by strategy researchers to investigate market dominance. In this paper, the extent of dominance by leading firms is linked to the ability to develop and exploit their reputation as a key resource. Results from a wide spectrum of consumer product markets indicate that the advantages that stem from reputation are typically tied to specific industry characteristics. In particular, dominance is more likely to be observed in industries that offer consumer products that are purchased frequently and have lower prices. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neonatal ventral hippocampal damage modifies serum corticosterone and dopamine release responses to acute footshock in adult Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Chrapusta Stanislaw J. , Egan Michael F. , Wyatt Richard J. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Lipska Barbara K. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRats with excitotoxic neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) manifest in early adulthood a variety of behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities mimicking those seen in patients with schizophrenia. Some of these aberrations implicate malfunction of the midbrain dopamine systems. We studied NVHL effects on dopamine release in the rat frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum during acute stress caused by inescapable continuous footshock (0.45 mA). Serum total corticosterone and prolactin levels were used as peripheral indices of stress. As an indirect index of dopamine release, tissue 3‐methoxytyramine levels attained in vivo 10 min after monoamine oxidase inhibition was assayed in rats sacrificed by instantaneous microwave fixation of the brain tissue. Nonshocked NVHL rats showed significantly less nucleus accumbens' 3‐methoxytyramine accumulation than their sham counterparts. Frontal cortical 3‐methoxytyramine levels rose similarly after 20‐min footshock in both groups of rats, but while it normalized after 60‐min footshock in the sham rats, it did not decrease in the NVHL rats. Nucleus accumbens' 3‐methoxytyramine was significantly elevated after either 20‐min or 60‐min footshock in both groups, whereas striatal 3‐methoxytyramine was significantly elevated in the NVHL rats only. Serum corticosterone showed similar elevations in the sham and NVHL rats, but the patterns differed in that there was no attenuation after 60‐min footshock in the latter. The lesion did not affect serum prolactin response. These data indicate that neonatal ventral hippocampal damage enhances and prolongs certain neural and neuroendocrine responses to acute physical stressor(s), and thus may affect adaptation and enhance detrimental effects of stress. Synapse 47:270–277, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrocarbon‐induced changes to metabolic and detoxification enzymes of the Australian crimson‐spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis)
Authors: Pollino Carmel A. , Holdway Douglas A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to marine aquatic organisms has been widely investigated; however, the effects on freshwater environments have largely been ignored. Selected biomarkers were measured in a freshwater species, the crimson‐spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Fish were exposed to either a water‐accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil or a dispersed crude oil water‐accommodated fraction (DCWAF) for 3 days and were depurated for 14 days. Generally, biomarkers were altered following the short‐term exposures but recovered after 14 days of depuration. Metabolic enzymes measured in gill tissue were citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). As a result of WAF and DCWAF exposures, citrate synthase and LDH activities increased. Enzyme activities returned to control levels following depuration. Subsequent to the WAF exposure, hepatic ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) activity levels were higher than controls and they returned to control levels during depuration. For the DCWAF exposure, EROD was induced by a TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbons) concentration of 14.5 mg/L; however, after depuration the 14.5 mg/L TPH group had lower EROD activity than did controls. There were no changes in liver‐ to body‐weight ratios or the histopathological organization of gill or liver tissues. As the majority of biomarkers returned to control levels after 14 days of depuration, rainbowfish were able to recover from short‐term exposures to crude oil and dispersed crude oil. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 21–28, 2003.
Alternative inocula as activated sludge surrogate culture for a toxicity test
Authors: Paixão S. M. , Santos P. , Baeta‐Hall L. , Tenreiro R. , Anselmo A. M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe use of activated sludge to assess the potential toxicity and environmental impact of chemicals and wastewaters suffers from several drawbacks related to the heterogeneity, absence of standardization, and health risk associated with this mixed‐sewage population. To search for reliable testing inoculum alternatives, the performance of two commercial inocula (BI‐CHEM® and BIOLEN M112), a garden‐soil inoculum and a pure culture of Pseudomonas sp., was compared with an activated sludge inoculum (AS) in the inhibition respiration test ISO 8192‐1986 (E). The respiration rates of microbial inocula were assayed for the reference compound 3,5–dichlorophenol. The acute toxicity values (IC50) ranged from 6.7 mg/L (Pseudomonas sp.) to 22.7 mg/L (garden soil), overlapping the expected values for activated sludge microorganisms despite the bacterial diversity. The assayed microbial inocula also showed higher reproducibility than AS and an overall similarity of catabolic profiles obtained with Biolog EcoPlates was observed between AS and some mixed inocula. These results point to the potential ability of such inocula as surrogate cultures in relevant activated sludge–based bioassays. New, well‐defined, standardized, and safe tools will then be available for monitoring the ecological impact of hazardous substances and effluents, thus providing environmental protection. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 37–44, 2003.
Uptake and accumulation of dissolved, radiolabeled nodularin in Baltic Sea zooplankton
Authors: Karjalainen M. , Reinikainen M. , Lindvall F. , Spoof L. , Meriluoto J.A.O. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe mass occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria is a recurrent phenomenon in the Baltic Sea. Grazers may obtain toxins either through ingestion or by direct exposure to dissolved toxins. Despite this, there is little knowledge about the accumulation of cyanobacterial toxins in planktonic organisms present during these blooms. Toxin analyses of tissue samples are complicated to carry out and, because of the small size of microscopic planktonic organisms, often difficult to execute. Therefore, we wanted to use a precise and sensitive method to study toxin uptake and accumulation in zooplankton. We used chemically tritiated nodularin, 3H‐dihydronodularin, to study the uptake of dissolved nodularin, a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin produced by Nodularia spumigena. Cultures of the calanoid copepods Acartia tonsa and Eurytemora affinis, and an oligotrich ciliate Strombidium sulcatum were exposed to 3H‐dihydronodularin in filtered seawater, using naturally occurring concentrations of dissolved nodularin (5 μg L−1). All three species took up measurable amounts of radiolabeled nodularin. After 48 h we detected 0.37 ± 0.22 μg toxin g C−1 (mean ± sd) in A. tonsa and 0.60 ± 0.15 μg toxin g C−1 in E. affinis, whereas 1.55 ± 0.50 μg toxin g C−1 was detected in S. sulcatum after 24 h. The minimum bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 3H‐dihydronodularin was 12 for A. tonsa and 18 for E. affinis. For S. sulcatum our results indicate a maximum BCF of 22. However, because the uptake studies for this species were done in the presence of bacteria, possible particulate transfer cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, our results indicate that dissolved nodularin can be taken up by planktonic organisms. Therefore, the vectorial transport of dissolved toxins to higher trophic levels seems possible, even if some planktonic grazers would avoid feeding on toxic cyanobacteria filaments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 52–60, 2003.