bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformational investigation of two isomeric chiral porphyrins: A convergent approach with different techniques
Authors: di Bari Lorenzo , Pescitelli Gennaro , Reginato Gloriana , Salvadori Piero 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe conformation in solution of two atropisomeric meso‐tetrabinaphthyl porphyrins, used as catalytic precursors in asymmetric synthesis, was studied by means of experimental (1H‐NMR ROESY, UV‐Vis, and circular dichroism) and computational (semiempirical structure optimization, DeVoe's coupled oscillators calculations) methods. UV‐Vis and CD spectra are calculated for several molecular models, with a systematic sampling of the conformational space, and compared to the experimental ones, leading to a structural hypothesis which is confirmed by NMR and PM3. Chirality 13:548–555, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of the chiral separation of some 2‐arylpropionic acids on an avidin column by modeling a combined response
Authors: Smet Els , Staelens Ludo , Vander Heyden Yvan , Baeyens Willy R.G. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Van der Weken Guido , García‐Campaña Ana M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe enantiomeric separation of some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs was investigated on an avidin column. An experimental design approach (central composite design) was used to evaluate the effects of three method parameters (pH, concentration of organic modifier, and buffer concentration) on the analysis time and the resolution, as well as to model these responses. This revealed that the organic modifier concentration and sometimes the pH are significant parameters to control because of their influence on both analysis time and resolution. Furthermore, the central composite design results were combined in a multicriteria decision‐making approach in order to obtain a set of optimal experimental conditions leading to the most desirable compromise between resolution and analysis time. Chirality 13:556–567, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Competitive intelligence methods for systems and cultural analysis
Authors: Soto Stephen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fundamental change in the business environment has occurred in the last 50 years. The change has been a shift from markets being producer‐controlled to being consumer‐controlled. The result is that the classical‐science‐based analytic approach used in most competitive intelligence analysis needs to be supplemented with the use of systems analysis and cultural analysis. These forms of analysis focus on relationships between elements, instead of the properties of elements. This article covers step‐by‐step procedures for performing both systems thinking and cultural analysis, and suggests that organizational analysis is no longer mainly focused on analysis of resources. Today's environment calls for a focus on analysis of both organizational culture and resources. Systems thinking supports the view that organizational culture in large part determines the relationship between resources in an organization. Organizational culture has replaced policy and procedure as the glue holding organizations together and controlling their operations. It controls what an organization can and cannot do efficiently and effectively. This is true for both internal and external analysis, and has a substantial impact on the way competitive intelligence analysis is done. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In vivo proton spectroscopy without solvent suppression
Authors: Clayton David B. , Elliott Mark A. , Lenkinski Robert E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn 1H MR spectroscopy of the human brain, it is common practice to suppress the solvent signal prior to acquisition. This reduces the large dynamic range which is otherwise required of the MR receiver and digitizer in order to detect the dilute metabolite resonances in the presence of the much larger water signal. However, complete solvent suppression is not always obtainable, particularly over large volumes and in superficial regions containing large susceptibility gradients. In this work, it demonstrated that modern commercial MR scanners possess the dynamic range necessary to adequately resolve the 1H metabolites in unsuppressed spectra. Moreover, a postacquisition method is presented which can completely remove the intact water signal and accurately quantitate the metabolite peaks. Preserving the water signal in in vivo spectroscopy has several useful benefits, such as providing a high signal‐to‐noise ratio internal concentration, frequency, and line shape reference. Comparison is made between suppressed and unsuppressed spectra from both a phantom and the human brain acquired at 4 T. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 13: 260–275, 2001
Improved survival with perilymphatic interleukin 2 in patients with resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx
Authors: De Stefani Antonella , Forni Guido , Ragona Riccardo , Cavallo Giovanni , Bussi Mario , Usai Antonio , Badellino Fausto , Cortesina Giorgio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current randomized, multicenter, Phase III trial was conducted to determine whether the disease free interval and overall survival of patients with T2–T4,N0–N3,M0 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity or oropharynx could be extended through the combination of surgery (and radiotherapy, if required) with perilymphatic recombinant IL‐2 (rIL‐2).METHODSPatients with a resectable T2–T4,N0–N3,M0 SCC of the oral cavity and oropharynx were assigned randomly to receive surgery and radiotherapy or to receive IL‐2, surgery, and radiotherapy. Five thousand units of rIL‐2 were injected around the ipsilateral cervical lymph node chain daily for 10 days before surgery. After surgery, contralateral 5‐day rIL‐2 courses were administered monthly for 1 year. The differences in disease free and overall survival between the two groups of patients were evaluated statistically.RESULTSTwo hundred two patients finished the study. No significant complications related to rIL‐2 were encountered, and surgery and radiotherapy were not hampered by its prior administration. Multivariate analysis conducted to determine the extent to which survival was influenced by rIL‐2 and the other variables showed that rIL‐2 significantly lengthened disease free survival (P < 0.01) and that this resulted in longer overall survival (P < 0.03).CONCLUSIONSThe data emerging from this trial indicate that perilymphatic administration of low, nontoxic doses of rIL‐2 is a simple and manageable way to delay recurrences of SCC. Cancer 2002;95:90–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10654
Protein kinase C‐induced disorganization and endocytosis of photosensitive membrane in Limulus ventral photoreceptors
Authors: Dabdoub Alain , Payne Richard , Jinks Robert N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProtein kinase C (PKC) desensitizes the light response in photoreceptors from the ventral optic nerve of the horseshoe crab Limulus. Photoisomerization of Limulus rhodopsin leads to phosphoinositide hydrolysis, resulting in the production of inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol (DAG). Inositol trisphosphate mobilizes intracellular stores of Ca2+, resulting in photoreceptor excitation in Limulus, while DAG may activate PKC. We investigated whether PKC‐mediated desensitization of the photoresponse is accompanied by ultrastructural changes in the rhodopsin‐bearing photosensitive membrane (rhabdom) in Limulus ventral photoreceptors. PKC activation by (–)‐indolactam V in darkness induces disorganization and swelling of the rhodopsin‐containing microvilli and endocytosis of rhabdomeral membrane. The effects of (–)‐indolactam V on dark‐adapted photoreceptor ultrastructure are reversible, are stereospecific, are blocked by coapplication of PKC inhibitors, and closely match those induced by continuous, bright light. Rhabdom disorganization and endocytosis via PKC activation may, therefore, contribute to desensitization of the light‐adapted photoreceptor. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:217–225, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemically and morphologically identifiable glomeruli in the rat olfactory bulb
Authors: St. John James A. , Key Brian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrimary olfactory neurons that express the same odorant receptor are distributed mosaically throughout the olfactory neuroepithelium lining the nasal cavity, yet their axons converge and form discrete glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. We previously proposed that cell surface carbohydrates mediate the sorting out and selective fasciculation of primary olfactory axons en route to glomeruli. If this were the case, then axons that terminate in the same glomerulus would express the same complement of cell surface carbohydrates. In this study, we examined the expression of a novel carbohydrate (NOC‐3) on neural cell adhesion molecule in the adult rat olfactory system. NOC‐3 was expressed by a subset of neurons distributed throughout the olfactory neuroepithelium. The axons of these neurons entered the nerve fiber layer and terminated in a subset of glomeruli. It is interesting to note that we identified three unusually large glomeruli in the lateral, ventrolateral, and ventromedial olfactory bulb that were innervated by axons expressing NOC‐3. NOC‐3‐expressing axons sorted out and fasciculated into discrete fascicles prior to entering these glomeruli. Each of these glomeruli was in a topographically fixed position in the olfactory bulbs of the same animal as well as in different animals, and their lengths were approximately 10% of the total length of the bulb. They could be identified reliably by both their topographical position and their unique morphology. These results reveal that axons expressing the same cell surface carbohydrates consistently target the same topographically fixed glomeruli, which supports a role for these molecules in axon navigation in the primary olfactory nerve pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:497–507, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and ultrastructure of tachykinin‐like immunoreactivity in the frog (rana esculenta) spinal cord, notably, the dorsal horn
Authors: Salio Chiara , Fischer Jacqueline , Wijkhuisen Anne , Franzoni Maria Fosca , Conrath Marie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTachykinins are involved in pain transmission at the spinal level. In frog, at least four tachykinins [TK] have been isolated from the brain, but their organization in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is still poorly known. We have reexamined TK distribution by immunocytochemistry using an antibody recognizing the sequence common to all tachykinins in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the green frog Rana esculenta. A dense tachykinin‐like immunoreactivity (TK‐LI) was observed in the dorsolateral fasciculus or Lissauer's tract running ventromedial to the entry of the dorsal root and in numerous small and medium‐sized dorsal root ganglion cells showing a primary afferent origin for part of TK‐LI of the dorsal horn. The observation of numerous cell bodies in the dorsal horn, in addition, suggested a local or propriospinal origin. One group of cells was localized at the entrance of the Lissauer's tract TK‐LI fibers into the dorsal horn, and another group was localized in the upper dorsal horn, a region with a low density of TK‐LI fibers. It was suggested that the latter group may correspond to neurokinin B. Electron microscopic examination of the Lissauer's tract showed numerous immunoreactive axons, some located at the center of glomerular‐like arrangements, suggesting that the information brought by these fibers may be transmitted and most probably modulated before their entry in the dorsal horn. In conclusion, the functional organization of tachykinins in the frog spinal cord seems to be similar to that of mammals, albeit with a different morphological organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:183–192, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting of serotonin 1a receptors to dopaminergic neurons within the parabrachial subdivision of the ventral tegmental area in rat brain
Authors: Doherty Michael D. , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSerotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine [5‐HT]) modulates dopamine‐related cognitive functions and motor activity through activation of selective receptor subtypes including 5‐HT1A. Potential targets for these 5‐HT1A‐mediated actions of 5‐HT include mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons having partially segregated distribution in the parabrachial and paranigral subdivisions of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), respectively. We therefore examined the ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of the 5‐HT1A receptor in the parabrachial (VTApb) and paranigral (VTApn) subdivisions of rat VTA, to determine 1) the functional sites for receptor activation, and 2) the cellular associations between this receptor and dopaminergic neurons identified by their tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) content. In each region, 5‐HT1A immunoreactivity was mainly observed in somatodendritic profiles, but it was also present in small unmyelinated axons and in a few axon terminals and glia, suggesting a role for 5‐HT1A receptors in presynaptic and glial functions, as well as postsynaptic neuronal activation, in VTA. In somatodendritic profiles, 5‐HT1A gold particles were mainly localized to tubulovesicles presumed to be smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, however, in distal dendrites receiving multiple inputs the receptor was targeted to selective postsynaptic junctions, or more randomly distributed on nonsynaptic portions of the plasma membrane. Of the 5‐HT1A‐labeled dendrites, 64% in VTApb and 44% in VTApn contained TH. These findings suggest a reserve of cytoplasmic 5‐HT1A receptors that are mobilized to functional postsynaptic sites on the plasma membrane by afferent input to distal dendrites in the VTA. They also indicate that 5‐HT1A activation may affect a larger population of dopaminergic neurons in VTApb compared with VTApn, thus having a potentially greater impact on cognitive functions modulated by mesocortical dopaminergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:390–400, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in cutaneous sympathetic and sensory neurons during development of the guinea pig
Authors: Morris Judy L. , Anderson Rebecca L. , Gibbins Ian L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifferent levels of the cutaneous vasculature are innervated selectively by subpopulations of sympathetic neurons distinguished by the presence or absence of immunoreactivity (‐IR) for neuropeptide Y (NPY). This study used multiple‐labelling immunohistochemistry to examine the appearance of NPY‐IR in neurons innervating cutaneous vessels in the ear pinna of embryonic, fetal, and neonatal guinea pigs. NPY‐immunoreactive axons were detected in the ear bud at embryonic day 25. However, these axons lacked IR for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and often ran in bundles with substance P (SP)‐immunoreactive axons close to the epidermis. Many neuronal somata in the cervical dorsal root ganglia (DRG) at late embryonic stages contained NPY‐IR with or without SP‐IR, but no NPY‐IR was detected in DRG or subepidermal axons by late fetal stages. IR for calcitonin gene‐related peptide increased in DRG neurons from midfetal to late fetal stages, after the decrease in NPY‐IR. Populations of TH‐IR neurons with or without NPY‐IR were present in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) from midembryonic stages. TH‐immunoreactive axons were not detected in the ear pinna until midfetal stages, when axons with TH‐IR and NPY‐IR innervated proximal arteries and TH‐immunoreactive axons without NPY‐IR innervated distal vessels. Vasoactive intestinal peptide‐IR was detected transiently in most fetal SCG neurons with TH‐IR and NPY‐IR but was not detected in cutaneous axons. These results demonstrate that selective expression of NPY by subpopulations of sympathetic neurons occurs prior to innervation of their targets. This suggests that target contact is not required to establish appropriate patterns of expression of peptide neurotransmitters by cutaneous sympathetic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:321–334, 2001.© 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of a nonmammalian Golf subtype: Functional role in olfactory signaling of airborne odorants in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Mezler Mario , Fleischer Jörg , Conzelmann Sidonie , Korchi Ahmed , Widmayer Patricia , Breer Heinz , Boekhoff Ingrid 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAttempts to identify the Gα subtypes in the two compartments of the olfactory system from Xenopus, which are supposed to be specialized for detecting aquatic and volatile odorous compounds, revealed that a Gαo1 subtype is characteristic for the “water nose,” the lateral diverticulum, whereas a novel Gαs subtype predominates in the “air nose,” the medial diverticulum. The newly identified Gαs‐type is more closely related to Gαolf of rat and human than to the known Gαs‐isoform of Xenopus; it is therefore considered the first identified nonmammalian Gαolf subtype. Sequence comparison of Gαolf from amphibia and mammals revealed a particular conservation within the α‐helical domains, which are supposed to control the GDP/GTP‐exchange rate. The selective expression of different Gα subtypes in the two anatomically separated and functionally specialized nasal compartments parallels the expression of distinct classes of olfactory receptors. Moreover, biochemical analysis revealed that stimulation with appropriate odorous compounds elicits the formation of inositol trisphosphate in the lateral diverticulum. In contrast, cyclic adenosine monophosphate signals were induced in the medial diverticulum, and this response appears to be mediated by the novel Gαolf subtype. The data indicate that olfactory sensory neurons in each of the nasal cavities are equipped not only with defined sets of receptor types but also with a distinct molecular machinery for the chemo‐electrical transduction process. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:400–410, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical solution of Rayleigh equation in non‐linear vibration
Authors: Chen Y. Z. , Lee Kang Yong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNumerical solution of the Rayleigh equation in non‐linear vibration is studied in this paper. The differential equation is integrated on a particular interval (0, Tp2) with the initial value condition, u=Ai and du/dt=0 at the time t=0. The value Tp2 is determined from the condition such that the trajectory of motion on the phase plane is a unclosed path around the original point with the both starting and the end point on the positive real axis. The target function method is developed to obtain the particular value Tp2. The obtained Ai+1(=u(Tp2)) will be used in the initial value condition of the next round integration. A stable periodic motion is obtained after some rounds of integration. The solution technique is out of the small parameter assumption in the Rayleigh equation. Finally, numerical examples and results are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A large time incremental finite element method for finite deformation problem
Authors: Liu Y. , Peng X. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBased on the process optimal control variational principle, some new ideas for finite deformation analysis using large increment are proposed. Combined with hyperelastic–plastic constitutive equation, the governing equations and the corresponding numerical algorithm are formulated. The proposed approaches are validated with the application to the analysis for finite deformation involving contact and friction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving convergence to steady state of implicit SUPG solution of Euler equations
Authors: Catabriga L. , Coutinho A. L. G. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA procedure to improve convergence towards steady state in inviscid flow simulations is presented. This procedure detects convergence stagnation as the solution progresses, and freezes the shock‐capturing term of an implicit, semi‐discrete SUPG finite element formulation in conservation variables with local time‐stepping. Numerical experiments show that machine zero solutions are obtained with a small number of time steps, without loss of accuracy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the reconstruction of reflectance curves based on tristimulus values: Comparison of methods of optimization
Authors: Dupont Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents and compares different methods applied to the reconstruction of reflectance curves. These are optimization methods such as the simplex method, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, neural networks, and Hawkyard's method, which is specific to colorimetry. Improvements have been made to these methods to maximize their application, notably to ensure a convergence toward the global optimum by avoiding being trapped in local optima and to obtain physically viable reflectance curves. Objective and subjective criteria were used to compare these methods; the study used textile samples (cotton fibers), with a panel of 15 samples covering the CIELAB L*a*b* space. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 88–99, 2002; DOI 10.1002/col.10031
A study of color conspicuity for ease‐of‐use inference in visualization
Authors: Cooper Eric W. , Kamei Katsuari 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNovice designers of visualizations need support to find easy‐to‐use color schemes for visualizations. This article introduces a method of conspicuity inference for a color selection support system that is applicable to a wide variety of visualizations. In previous research, data on color conspicuity by computer GUI interface were collected by having subjects adjust the relative sizes of two figures on a ground in order to find conspicuity balance. This article outlines a new conspicuity inference system, which uses a neural network to produce a color conspicuity value from the system RGB values of two figures and a potential ground. The output value is the ideal relative area of the two figures. This value is applied to visualization designs by weighting each conspicuity value with a ground coefficient, the relative size of every color in a design. Color selection and evaluation experiments show a significant relationship of conspicuity balance, as inferred by this system, for subjective ease‐of‐use evaluation scores for 200 novice designs. Topics for future research include developing the system's characteristically simple parameters within the limited scope and integrating conspicuity balance with other factors such as visibility, discriminability, and color harmony. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 74–82, 2002; DOI 10.1002/col.10033
Investigation of colour appearance models for illumination changes across media
Authors: Sueeprasan Suchitra , Luo M. Ronnier , Rhodes Peter A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe key to achieving successful cross‐media colour reproduction is a reliable colour appearance model, which is capable of predicting the colour appearance across a variety of imaging devices under different viewing conditions. The two most commonly used media, CRT displays (soft copy) and printed images (hard copy), were included in this study using four complex images. The original printed images were captured using a digital camera and processed using eight colour appearance models (CIELAB, RLAB, LLAB, ATD, Hunt96, Nayatani97, CIECAM97s, and CAM97s2) and two chromatic adaptation transforms (von Kries and CMCCAT97).Psychophysical experiments were carried out to assess colour model performance in terms of colour fidelity by comparing soft‐copy and hard‐copy images. By employing the memory‐matching method, observers categorized the reproductions displayed on a CRT and compared them to the original printed images viewed in a viewing cabinet. The experiment was divided into three phases according to the different colour temperatures between the CRT and light source, i.e., print (D50, A, and A) and CRT (D93, D93, and D50), respectively). It was found that the CIECAM97s‐type models performed better than the other models. In addition, input parameters for each model had a distinct impact on model performance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 428–435, 2001