bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective downstream boundary conditions for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Bruneau Ch.‐H. , Fabrie P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to give open boundary conditions for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. From a weak formulation in velocity–pressure variables, some natural boundary conditions involving the traction or pseudotraction and inertial terms are established. Numerical experiments on the flow behind a cylinder show the efficiency of these conditions, which convey properly the vortices downstream. Comparisons with other boundary conditions for the velocity and pressure are also performed.
Injectable bone cements for use in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty: State‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Lewis Gladius 
Published: September 2005

AbstractVertebroplasty (VP) and kyphoplasty (KP) are minimally invasive surgical procedures that have recently been introduced for the medical management of osteoporosis‐induced vertebral compression fractures. The aim of VP is to stabilize the fractured vertebral body, while the goals of KP are to stabilize the fractured vertebral body and to restore its height to as near its prefracture level as possible. Both procedures involve injection of the setting dough of an injectable bone cement (IBC) into the fractured vertebral body, thereby highlighting the indispensable role that the IBC plays. Although there is a very large literature on IBCs, no detailed critical review of it has been published. Such a review is the subject of the present work, which is in seven parts. The review opens with a succinct introduction to VP and KP. The topics covered in the parts that follow are: (1) a listing of the 18 most desirable properties of an IBC (e.g., easy injectability, high radiopacity, and a resorption rate that is neither too high nor too low); (2) descriptions of the four classes of IBCs (calcium phosphates, acrylic bone cements, calcium sulfates, and composites); (3) concerns that have been raised with regard to the use of IBCs (such as the potential for thermal necrosis of tissue at the peri‐augmentation site, when an acrylic bone cement is used); (4) explicative summaries of the main findings of literature studies on the influence of nine factors (such as powder particle size, powder‐to‐liquid ratio, and the method used to mix the powder and the liquid) on the values of various properties of IBCs; (5) explicative summaries of the main findings of literature studies on five fundamental matters, such as the aging mechanism of the powder, the thermokinetics of a setting dough, and the influence of the type of IBC used on various ex vivo biomechanical performance measures of VP‐ and KP‐augmented vertebral bodies; and (6) descriptions of topics in six areas for future research, such as the determination of an overall index of the fatigue performance of an IBC and the development of internationally recognized standardized testing protocols to employ when a synthetic cancellous bone void model is used in the rapid in vitro screening of IBCs. The review ends with a summary of the most salient points and observations made. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Meniscal replacement in dogs. Tissue regeneration in two different materials with similar properties
Authors: Tienen T. G. , Heijkants R. G. J. C. , de Groot J. H. , Schouten A. J. , Pennings A. J. , Veth R. P. H. , Buma P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn earlier studies, meniscal replacement with a porous polymer implant led to regeneration of neo‐meniscal tissue. To evaluate the influence of the chemical properties on the tissue regeneration in the implant, in the present study, the meniscus in the dog's knee was replaced with either an aromatic 4,4‐diphenylmethanediisocyanate based polyesterurethane implant (Estane) (n = 6) or with an aliphatic 1,4‐butanediisocyanate based polyesterurethane implant (PCLPU) (n = 6). After 6 months, the knee joints were resected and the tissue behavior in the two different prostheses was evaluated microscopically. In both prostheses, a meniscus‐like distribution of the tissue phenotype was found with collagen type I in the peripheral fibrous zones and collagen type II in the central, more cartilaginous zones. The compression‐stress behavior of the implant‐tissue construct remained in between the stiffness of the polymer material and that of the native meniscus. The PCLPU implant seemed to provoke less synovial tissue reaction. After meniscectomy solely, in 5 out of 6 cases, a meniscus‐like regenerate was formed. Furthermore, the articular cartilage degeneration after placing a PCLPU implant did also not exceed the degeneration after the Estane implant or after meniscectomy. The differences between these two implants did not seem to influence the tissue regeneration in the implant. However, PCLPU seemed to evoke less tissue reaction and, therefore, is thought to be less or even nontoxic as compared with the Estane implant. Therefore, for studies in the future, the authors prefer the PCLPU prostheses for replacement of the meniscus. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Injectable biomaterials for incontinence and vesico‐ureteral reflux: Current status and future promise
Authors: Tsai Chi‐Chun , Lin Victor , Tang Liping 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMany injectable biomaterials have been produced as bulking agents for compression of urethral sphincter or ureteral orifice for treating adult stress incontinence or vesico‐ureteral reflux in pediatrics. The agents being developed include glutaraldehyde crosslinked collagen, dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer, pyrolytic carbon‐coated zirconium oxide beads, polydimethyl‐siloxane microparticles, polytetrafluoroethylene paste, autologous fats, autologous chondrocytes, and others. Though less invasive nature of these agents has gained their popularity as a quick solution of the disease symptoms, most of such treatments fail to produce good long‐term efficacy. The failure is likely caused by the rapid degradation of material implants and the lack of tissue regeneration/integration properties. We thus believe that a good injectable biomaterial for incontinence should possess the following two properties: (1) to resist degradation and to reside in the implantation sites for a long period of time or (2) to enhance tissue regeneration and to establish permanent periurethral or subureteric tissue. Here we report some recent results for supporting this hypothesis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Study of hepatocyte differentiation using embryonic stem cells
Authors: Lavon Neta , Benvenisty Nissim 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe liver has many crucial functions including metabolizing dietary molecules, detoxifying compounds, and storing glycogen. The hepatocytes, comprising most of the liver organ, progressively modify their gene expression profile during the fetal development according to their roles in the different phases of development. Embryonic stem (ES) cells serve as a major tool in understanding liver development. These cells may also serve as a source of hepatic cells for cellular therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the research that has been performed in the field of hepatocyte differentiation from mouse and human ES cells. We discuss the various methodologies for the differentiation of ES cells towards hepatic cells using either spontaneous or directed differentiation protocols. Although many protocols for differentiating ES cells to hepatic cells have been developed, the analysis of their status is not trivial and can lead to various conclusions. Hence, we discuss the issues of analyzing hepatocytes by means of the specificity of the markers for hepatocytes and the status of the cells as fetal or adult hepatocytes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inner nuclear membrane and signal transduction
Authors: Worman Howard J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRecent research has shown that the inner nuclear membrane is a site for regulation of signal transduction from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. This has coincided with discoveries showing that mutations in extrinsic and intrinsic inner nuclear membrane proteins cause a variety of inherited diseases. In most instances, the mechanisms by which mutations in inner nuclear membrane proteins cause disease are not understood. In at least one case, however, an alteration in signal transduction appears to underlie disease pathogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of SPARC in lens epithelial cells results in altered adhesion and extracellular matrix production in vitro
Authors: Weaver Matt S. , Sage E. Helene , Yan Qi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe matricellular protein SPARC (also known as osteonectin and BM‐40) is expressed abundantly in lens epithelium. That SPARC‐null mice exhibit early cataractogenesis, indicates a role for SPARC in the maintenance of lens transparency. Comparison of cultured wild‐type and SPARC‐null lens epithelial cells revealed significant changes in adhesion to different substrates. SPARC‐null lens cells displayed enhanced attachment and spreading, focal adhesion formation, and resistance to trypsin detachment in comparison to wild‐type cells. In the absence of SPARC, there was increased deposition of the ECM protein laminin‐1 (LN‐1). Proteins associated with focal adhesions were increased in SPARC‐null versus wild‐type lens cells: levels of α6‐integrin heterodimers, talin, and paxillin phosphorylated on tyrosine were enhanced significantly, as was the association of β1‐integrin with talin and paxillin. Restoration of the wild‐type phenotype in SPARC‐null cultures was accomplished through genetic rescue by stable transfection of SPARC cDNA. Our findings indicate that SPARC is counter‐adhesive for murine lens epithelial cells and demonstrate that multiple factors contribute to this activity. We also identify SPARC as a modulator of LN‐1 secretion and deposition by these cells, an activity important in epithelial cell‐ECM interactions in the ocular lens. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The GROMOS software for biomolecular simulation: GROMOS05
Authors: Christen Markus , Hünenberger Philippe H. , Bakowies Dirk , Baron Riccardo , Bürgi Roland , Geerke Daan P. , Heinz Tim N. , Kastenholz Mika A. , Kräutler Vincent , Oostenbrink Chris , Peter Christine , Trzesniak Daniel , van Gunsteren Wilfred F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe present the latest version of the Groningen Molecular Simulation program package, GROMOS05. It has been developed for the dynamical modelling of (bio)molecules using the methods of molecular dynamics, stochastic dynamics, and energy minimization. An overview of GROMOS05 is given, highlighting features not present in the last major release, GROMOS96. The organization of the program package is outlined and the included analysis package GROMOS++ is described. Finally, some applications illustrating the various available functionalities are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1719–1751, 2005
An in silico method using an epitope motif database for predicting the location of antigenic determinants on proteins in a structural context
Authors: Batori Vincent , Friis Esben P. , Nielsen Henrik , Roggen Erwin L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPresently X‐ray crystallography of protein–antibody complexes is still the most direct way of identifying B‐cell epitopes. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of a computer‐based epitope mapping tool (EMT) using antigenic amino acid motifs as a fast alternative in a number of applications not requiring detailed information, e.g. development of pharmaceutical proteins, vaccines and industrial enzymes. Using Gal d 4 as a model protein, the EMT was capable of identifying, in the context of the folded protein, amino acid positions known to be involved in antibody binding. The high sensitivity and positive predictive value of the EMT as well as the relevance of the structural associations suggested by the EMT indicated the existence of amino acid motifs that are likely to be involved in antigenic determinants. In addition, differential mapping revealed that sensitivity and positive predictive value were dependent on the minimum relative surface accessibility (RSA) of the amino acids included in the mapping, demonstrating that the EMTs accommodated for the fact that epitopes are three‐dimensional entities with various degrees of accessibility. The comparison with existing prediction scales demonstrated the superiority of the EMT with respect to physico‐chemical scales. The mapping tool also performed better than the available structural scales, but the significance of the differences remains to be established. Thus, the EMT has the potential of becoming a fast and simple alternative to X‐ray crystallography for predicting structural antigenic determinants, if detailed epitope information is not required. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of transepidermal skin clearing agent delivery using a 980 nm diode laser
Authors: Stumpp O.F. , Welch A.J. , Milner T.E. , Neev J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPatient compliant optical skin clearing requires non‐invasive topical delivery of clearing agents such as glycerol. This requires reducing the skin barrier function by disrupting stratum corneum integrity, which was achieved using a 980 nm diode laser with artificial absorption substrates on the skin surface. Reduction of light scattering has the potential to improve many current and novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications of lasers in medicine.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn vivo hamster and rat skin was used to test optical skin clearing. Absorption substrates were applied to the skin after shaving. These included black ink, dark children's rub‐on tattoo, and carbon paper. 980 nm cw laser light was used to ablate these substrates and to heat the skin surface to enhance the diffusion of topically applied glycerol for optical skin clearing. Increased light penetration was determined from amplitude optical coherence tomography data.ResultsResults indicate an improvement of the ability to measure an OCT signal at a wavelength of 1,290 nm up to 42% deeper into in vivo rodent skin using a 980 nm laser with a fluence of less than 0.96 J/mm2 to alter the stratum corneum.ConclusionsThe use of an inexpensive diode laser can significantly enhance the delivery of topically applied glycerol for optical skin clearing. The laser use involves application of an absorption substrate onto the skin surface. Using carbon paper left no unwanted residue behind and is considered optimal for this purpose. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flavins are source of visible‐light‐induced free radical formation in cells
Authors: Eichler Maor , Lavi Ronit , Shainberg Asher , Lubart Rachel 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIt has been hypothesized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are created by an endogenous photosensitizer during low energy visible light illumination of tissue, and these ROS are responsible for reported biostimulative effects. This study aims to identify the endogenous photosensitizer responsible for ROS production by visible light.Study Design/Materials and MethodsElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to detect oxyradicals produced in cardiac and sperm cells during illumination by a halogen lamp. Oxyradical production was determined as a function of illumination wavelength, cell fraction, and molecular weight.ResultsOxyradicals were created solely by the 400–500 nm range of visible light. The endogenous photosensitizer is found predominantly in the cytosol and is smaller than 12 kD. Flavin mononucleotide produces the same signal at concentrations consistent with reported intracellular free flavin concentrations.ConclusionsA small, water soluble photosensitizer active only at wavelengths shorter than 500 nm is consistent with a flavin, which reproduces cellular signals at physiological concentrations. Thus, flavins are responsible for the photosensitization of the observed oxyradicals in cells. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In‐Vitro Hemocompatibility Evaluation of a Thermoplastic Polyurethane Membrane with Surface‐Immobilized Water‐Soluble Chitosan and Heparin
Authors: Lin Wen‐Ching , Tseng Chien‐Hao , Yang Ming‐Chien 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: The surface of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) membrane was treated with low temperature plasma (LTP) and was then grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), followed by the grafting of water‐soluble chitosan (WSC) and heparin (HEP). The surface was characterized with static contact‐angle and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the surface densities of peroxides and PAA reached a maximum when treated with LTP for 90 s. A higher pH of the reacting solution led to higher graft densities of WSC and HEP. After WSC and HEP grafting, the hydrophilicity of the TPU membrane was increased. The adsorption of proteins on HEP‐grafted TPU membranes was effectively curtailed. In addition, HEP grafting also reduced platelet adhesion, elevated thrombin inactivation, and prolonged the blood coagulation time. According to the L929 fibroblast cell growth inhibition index, the HEP‐grafted TPU membranes exhibited non‐cytotoxicity. Overall results demonstrated that the HEP immobilization could not only improve the hydrophilicity but also the hemocompatibility of the TPU membrane, while maintaining the ascendant biocompatibility.The APTT inversely varied with the platelet adhesion for the modified TPU membranes studied here.magnified imageThe APTT inversely varied with the platelet adhesion for the modified TPU membranes studied here.
Microstructure Formation and Property of Chitosan‐Poly(acrylic acid) Nanoparticles Prepared by Macromolecular Complex
Authors: Chen Qi , Hu Yong , Chen Ying , Jiang Xiqun , Yang Yonghua 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSummary: We report here a study on the microstructure formation process of polymeric nanoparticles based on polyelectrolyte complexes. When polyanion poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) was dropped into polycation chitosan (CS) solution, CS‐PAA nanoparticles with diverse microstructure would be formed under different experimental conditions. The microstructure of CS‐PAA nanoparticles changed from solid spherical nanoparticles to core‐shell separative ones and turned back to solid spherical ones with the variation of preparation conditions. The influence of molecular weight of CS and PAA, shell cross‐linking, dropping temperature on the size, stability and morphology of CS‐PAA nanoparticles were also studied. The nanoparticle size was affected by the molecular weight of CS and PAA, the ratio of amino group to carboxyl group (na/nc) and the incubation temperature as well. The shell‐cross‐linking provides a means to stabilize these nanoparticles. These nanoparticles can encapsulate plasmid DNA very well, which makes them have great potential in gene delivery.Microstructure of non‐cross‐linked CS‐PAA nanoparticles, encapsulated plasmid DNA, at various na/nc.magnified imageMicrostructure of non‐cross‐linked CS‐PAA nanoparticles, encapsulated plasmid DNA, at various na/nc.
Some general ansätze for the Lanczos potential spinor
Authors: Illge Reinhard 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe Weyl curvature spinor of every four‐dimensional spacetime is derivable from a potential spinor, called the Lanczos potential. In certain special situations the Lanczos spinor has been found explicitly, but there exists no algorithm for finding it in general. Using a modified Newman–Penrose formalism proposed by Wünsch, we study some ansätze as candidates for the Lanczos potential with respect to an arbitrary spin frame. We show under which necessary and sufficient conditions each ansatz will lead to a Lanczos potential of theWeyl spinor. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Descartes' rules of signs and their exactness
Authors: Peña J. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper revisits the Descartes' rules of signs and provides new bounds for the number of complex roots of a polynomial in certain complex regions. We also prove that the Descartes' rules associated with the Bernstein basis are exact for polynomials whose roots are real. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Local well‐posedness and blow‐up criteria of solutions for a rod equation
Authors: Zhou Yong 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this paper we consider a new rod equation derived recently by Dai [Acta Mech. 127 No. 1–4, 193–207 (1998)] for a compressible hyperelastic material. We establish local well‐posedness for regular initial data and explore various sufficient conditions of the initial data which guarantee the blow‐up in finite time both for periodic and non‐periodic case. Moreover, the blow‐up time and blow‐up rate are given explicitly. Some interesting examples are given also. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the uniqueness of the solution of the two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equation with a Dirac mass as initial vorticity
Authors: Gallagher Isabelle , Gallay Thierry , Lions Pierre‐Louis 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe propose two different proofs of the fact that Oseen's vortex is the unique solution of the two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equation with a Dirac mass as initial vorticity. The first argument, due to C. E. Wayne and the second named author, is based on an entropy estimate for the vorticity equation in self‐similar variables. The second proof is new and relies on symmetrization techniques for parabolic equations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Provisional diagnostic criteria for depression in Parkinson's disease: Report of an NINDS/NIMH Work Group
Authors: Marsh Laura , McDonald William M. , Cummings Jeffrey , Ravina Bernard ,   NINDS/NIMH Work Group on Depression and Parkinson's Disease
Published: October 2005

AbstractMood disorders are the most common psychiatric problem associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), and have a negative impact on disability and quality of life. Accurate diagnosis of depressive disturbances in PD is critical and will facilitate the testing and use of new interventions; however, there are no clear diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders in PD. In their current form, strict Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria are difficult to use in PD and require attribution of specific symptoms to PD itself or the depressive syndrome. Additionally, DSM criteria for major depression and dysthymia exclude perhaps half of PD patients with comorbid clinically significant depression. This review summarizes an NIH‐sponsored workshop and describes recommended changes to DSM diagnostic criteria for depression for use in PD. Participants also recommended: (1) an inclusive approach to symptom assessment to enhance reliability of ratings in PD and avoid the need to attribute symptoms to a particular cause; (2) the inclusion of subsyndromal depression in clinical research studies of depression of PD; (3) the specification of timing of assessments for PD patients with motor fluctuations; and (4) the use of informants for cognitively impaired patients. The proposed diagnostic criteria are provisional and intended to be defined further and validated but provide a common starting point for clinical research in PD‐associated depression. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Some solutions for the spin glass system and for systems originating from it
Authors: Łada Andrzej 
Published: October 2005

AbstractFor the spin glass system the solutions, u = νΦ and u = νx/|x| are considered, where ν is a scalar function and Φεℝ3 is constant. For a system originating from the spin glass one, a solution u = tan[q(|x|/t)]x/|x| is considered.