bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nothing To Admire
Authors: Yu Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing to Admire argues for the persistence of a central tradition of poetic satire in English that extends from Restoration England to present-day America. This tradition is rooted in John Dryden’s and Alexander Pope’s uses of Augustan metaphor to criticize the abuse of social and political power and to promote an antithetical ideal of satiric authority based on freedom of mind. Because of their commitment to neoclassical conceptions of political virtue, the British Augustans developed a meritocratic cultural ideal grounded in poetic judgment and opposed to the political institutions and practices of their superiors in birth, wealth, and might. Their Augustanism thus gives a political meaning to the Horatian principle of nil admirari. This book calls the resulting outlook cultural liberalism in order to distinguish it from the classical liberal insistence on private property as the basis of political liberty, a conviction that arises within the same general period and often stands in adversarial relation to the Augustan mentality. Dryden and Pope’s language of political satire supplies the foundation for the later and more radical liberalisms of Lord Byron, W.H. Auden, and James Merrill, each of whom looks back to the Augustan model for the poetic devices he will use to protest the increasingly conformist culture of mass society. Responding to the banality of this society, the later poets reinvigorate their predecessors’ neo-Horatian attitude of skeptical worldliness through iconoclastic comic assaults on the imperial, fascist, heterosexist, and otherwise illiberal impulses of the cultural regimes prevailing during their lifetimes.
“The Analects Can Be Hard to Read”
Authors: Selover Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tao-hsiieh interpretations were part of a general Sung period re-evaluation of the Confucian scriptural heritage. Steven Van Zoeren describes this period as “a major turning point in the history of classics studies, analogous in many ways to the revolution in the reading and authority of scripture in the Christian Reformation.”1 On the other hand, as John Henderson has pointed out, “such classical revivals, renaissances, and reformations ... often obscure significant continuities in these traditions.”2 While apparently conflicting, these two readings of the situation can be seen to correct for each other. From the Tao-hsueh thinkers’ own point of view, their insight was at once a major turning point and a profound continuity, precisely because they believed they had accomplished what previous commentators in the tradition had not been able to do, namely to recover the original meaning of the texts.
Knowing Jen
Authors: Selover Thomas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opening the Issue Neo-Confucians of the Tao-hsueh revival shared, along with Confucius’s direct disciples and with recent interpreters of the Analects in the West, the sense that jen is both key to the Tao taught by Confucius and very difficult to define exactly. The problem in any case is not really one of definition, but of developing an experiential knowing, or taste, for what it means to be jen. Before turning to Hsieh’s approach to this problem, this section will first briefly review something of the recent discussion among modern interpreters of theAnalects concerning jen.
The Facts About Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Plan To Win begins with arming yourself with knowledge about RA. Understanding what a diagnosis of RA means, recognizing symptoms, knowing how they affect your joints and internal organs, and exploring the causes of RA, all provide you with the information you need to make sense of what is happening in your body. Knowing these facts will enable you to have informed discussions with your rheumatologist (a physician specializing in arthritis detection and treatment) and other members of your health care team, and help you make sound decisions about all aspects of your treatment plan. By learning as much as possible about RA, you can gain a sense of control over the disease, and ultimately, achieve optimal health. It may take several readings of this chapter before you understand the complexities of the cause and course of RA. You may wish to make notes as you read along, then ask your physician for clarification, if necessary.
Your Health Care Team
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Plan To Win involves coming to terms with your RA and believing that you, personally, can affect the outcome of your treatment plan. In the end, it is your fight, and to succeed it’s essential to learn everything you can about RA and accept responsibility for the factors within your control. That doesn’t mean, of course, you must face this fight alone. There are all kinds of experienced and dedicated health care professionals ready to help you on your quest for achieving wellness. Ultimately, however, you are in the best position to decide who is on your health care team, and the goals of your treatment plan. After all, only you know what factors are most important to your own health and happiness. Perhaps, for example, you consider pain relief to be your most important goal in the short term, but in the long term, it’s important to you to be able to play sports again, or work full-time in a particular occupation. Or maybe your short-term goal is to be able to do daily tasks without having to ask for help, while in the long term, you hope to have a baby. Whatever your individual desires, becoming clear about them will help you decide what help you need and who should provide it.
The Mind-Body Connection
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Browsing over the shelves of almost any bookstore, one discovers the myriad ways in which our attitudes, emotions, and thoughts are believed to influence our physical well-being. Popular writers such as Louise Hay, Bill Moyers, Bernie Seigal, Andrew Weil, and Deepak Chopra have taken mindbody ideas once considered fringe in the western hemisphere and brought them into our society’s mainstream. While some mind-body ideas are still considered far-fetched in western medical circles, others carry the stamp of approval that comes with rigorous scientific study. In fact, several fields of scientific research devote themselves solely to studying the relationship between the mind and the rest of the body. These include health psychology, biological psychiatry, and psychoneuroimmunology. A large amount of evidence indeed exists to support the notion that our mental states have a real effect on our physical well being. By taking full advantage of the connection between mind and body, people with RA can directly influence their experience of the disease. For example, certain attitudes and personality attributes have been shown to be linked to decreased pain, less disability, and better overall health. And practice of mind-body techniques (such as yoga or guided imagery) is well documented to stimulate relaxation, which in turn is proven to aid sleep, decrease pain, and provide other health-related benefits.
Work, Family, and Leisure
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people who develop RA become suddenly aware of how they once took for granted their ability to perform everyday activities. From the smallest of tasks such as opening a door or brushing one’s teeth to the larger responsibilities of running the house, providing for the family, and holding down a job, the “activities of daily living;’ as occupational therapists refer to them, can take on a new significance. If you’re struggling with activities that once seemed basic, you’re not alone. Painful joints, restricted mobility, and fatigue can cause many people with RA to leave the paid labor force or cut down significantly on the number of hours they work outside the home, participate less in social and recreational activities, and to some degree become dependent on others for assistance with certain tasks. However difficult some physical activities may be, take heart: It is possible to limit the negative impact of the disease on your day-to-day life and continue to work, care for your family, and pursue most of the activities you enjoy.
The Transformation of Property
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happened to the world of the small entrepreneur is best seen by looking at what happened to its heroes: the independent farmers and the small businessmen. These men, the leading actors of the middle-class economy of the nineteenth century, are no longer at the center of the American scene; they are merely two layers between other more powerful or more populous strata. Above them are the men of large property, who through money and organization wield much power over other men; alongside and below them are the rank and file of property less employees and workers, who work for wages and salaries. Many former entrepreneurs and their children have joined these lower ranks, but only a few have become big entrepreneurs. Those who have persisted as small entrepreneurs are not much like their nineteenth century prototypes, and must now operate in a world no longer organized in their image.
The Status Panic
Authors: Mills C Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prestige involves at least two persons: one to claim it and another to honor the claim. The bases on which various people raise prestige claims, and the reasons others honor these claims, include property and birth, occupation and education, income and power-in fact almost anything that may invidiously distinguish one person from another. In the status system of a society these claims are organized as rules and expectations which regulate who successfully claims prestige, from whom, in what ways, and on what basis. The level of self-esteem enjoyed by given individuals is more or less set by this status system. The extent to which claims for prestige are honored, and by whom they are honored, may vary widely. Some of those from whom an individual claims prestige may honor his claims, others may not; some deferences that are given may express genuine feelings of esteem; others may be expedient strategies for ulterior ends. A society may, in fact, contain many hierarchies of prestige, each with its own typical bases and areas of bestowal, or one hierarchy in which everyone uniformly ‘knows his place’ and is always in it. It is in the latter that prestige groups are most likely to be uniform and continuous. Imagine a society in which everyone’s prestige is absolutely set and unambivalent; every man’s claims for prestige are balanced by the prestige he receives, and both his expression of claims and the ways these claims are honored by others are set forth in understood stereotypes.
Communities Of Dissent
Authors: Stein Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alternative religious groups have had a profound influence on American history-they have challenged the old and opened up new ways of thinking about healing, modes of meaning, religious texts and liturgies, the social and political order, and the relationships between religion and race, class, gender, and region. Virtually always, the dramatic, dynamic history of alternative religions runs parallel to that of dissent in America. Communities of Dissent is an evenhanded and marvelously lively history of New Religious Movements in America. Stephen J. Stein describes the evolution and structure of alternative religious movements from both sides: the critics and the religious dissenters themselves. Providing a fascinating look at a wide range of New Religious Movements, he investigates obscure groups such as the 19th-century Vermont Pilgrims, who wore bearskins and refused to bathe or cut their hair, alongside better-known alternative believers, including colonial America’s largest outsider faith, the Quakers; 17th- and 18th-century Mennonites, Amish, and Shakers; and the Christian Scientists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Black Muslims, and Scientologists of today. Accessible and comprehensive, Communities of Dissent also covers the milestones in the history of alternative American religions, from the infamous Salem witch trials and mass suicide/murder at Jonestown to the positive ways in which alternative religions have affected racial relations, the empowerment of women, and American culture in general.
Twentieth-Century Sects and Cults
Authors: Stein Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1960s was a decade of social, political, and religious turmoil, a time when many Americans celebrated the unconventional, the alternative, and the radical. Social unrest gave birth to the counterculture and hippie communes; political agitation fueled the Civil Rights movement and opposition to the war in Vietnam; religious ferment found expression in new interest in Eastern traditions and other spiritualities. The social, the political, and the religious were inseparable from one another.
At the Crossroads: Since 1967
Authors: Diner Hasia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most changes in the way people live and think take place gradually. We do not usually see history changing before our eyes as we go about our daily activities. But sometimes particular years stand out. Dramatic events take place, and people realize that a new era has begun. Jews in America knew that 1967 was one of those years.
On June 5 war broke out in the Middle East, pitting Israel against Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, and Algeria. Backed by the Soviet Union, Arab forces declared that they would totally destroy the Jewish state, or, as they called it, the “Zionist entity.” From Egypt Radio Cairo announced, “The existence of Israel has continued too long. . . . The great hour has come. The battle has come in which we shall destroy Israel.”
Everyone in Israel and in the Jewish communities around the world took these words seriously. The small nation had never been accepted by its neighbors in the region, and since 1948 these hostile neighbors had vowed to wipe it out.
On Sins
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that an act is, for the following reasons: Augustine says that “sin is a word or deed or desire contrary to the law of God.” But an act is implied in each of those three things. Therefore, an act is involved in every sin. Augustine says that sin is so voluntary that there is no sin unless it is voluntary. But nothing can be voluntary unless by an act of the will. Therefore, there needs to be at least an act of the will in any sin. Contraries belong to the same genus. But merit and demerit are contraries, and merit belongs to the genus of action, since we merit by our acts. Therefore, it seems that demerit or sin belongs to the genus of action by the same reasoning. Sin is a privation, since sin is nothing, as Augustine says. But sin is grounded in something. Therefore, there needs to be an act to ground sin.
On the Causes of Sin
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that God does, for the following reasons: The Apostle says in Rom. 1:28: “God delivered them up to a depraved way of thinking, so that they do unrighteous things.” And a gloss of Augustine on this text says: “God is evidently active in the hearts of human beings by inclining their wills to whatever he willed, whether to good or to evil.” But the inclination of the will to evil is sin. Therefore, God causes sin. People have said that the will’s inclination to evil is attributed to God insofar as such inclination is a punishment, and that is why Augustine in the cited text speaks of the judgment of God. But the same thing cannot in the same respect be a punishment and a moral wrong, since punishment is by its nature contrary to the will, and moral wrong is by its nature voluntary, as I have said before. And the will’s inclination belongs to the nature of voluntariness. Therefore, if God inclines the will to evil, it seems that he himself also causes moral wrong as such.
On Original Sin
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that no sin is so contracted, for the following reasons: Sir. 15:18 says: “Life and death, good and evil are set before human beings; whichever they choose will be given to them.” And we can understand from this that sin, which is the spiritual death of the soul, consists of human beings’ willing sin. But nothing that human beings contract by their physical descent consists of their willing. Therefore, human beings do not contract any sin by their physical descent. Accidents are transmitted only if their subject is transmitted, and the subject of sin is the rational soul. Therefore, since the rational soul is not transmitted by physical descent, as the work On Church Dogmas maintains, it seems that neither is any sin transmitted by physical descent. People have said that although the subject of sin is not transmitted, the flesh is, and the flesh causes sin. But the transmission of insufficient causes does not suffice to transmit accidents, since given the insufficiency of causes, effects do not result. And the flesh is not a sufficient cause of sin, since it rests in the power of the will to consent or not consent to sin, however much the flesh entices persons to sin. And so the will itself is the sufficient cause of sin. But the will is not transmitted. Therefore, the transmission of the flesh does not suffice to transmit any sin.
On the Punishment of Original Sin
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that the privation of the vision of God is not, for the following reasons: As the Physics says, means that do not attain their end are pointless. But nature ordains human beings for happiness as their ultimate end, and this happiness consists of the vision of God. Therefore, the existence of human beings is pointless if they should not attain the vision of God. But God did not cease to cause the generation of human beings because of original sin, as Damascene says. Therefore, since nothing regarding the works of God is pointless, it seems that human beings do not incur the guilty condition of privation of the vision of God because of the sin that they contract by their physical descent. Ez. 18:4 says: “All souls belong to me; as the soul of a son is mine, so also is the soul of the father.” And we can understand from this that God directly creates all souls, and that one is not transmitted by another. Therefore, a person should not be punished for the original sin transmitted by our first parent with a punishment that belongs only to the soul. But the privation of the vision of God is a punishment that belongs only to the soul, just as the very vision of God belongs only to the soul. Therefore, the privation of the vision of God is not a proper punishment for original sin. Augustine says in his Enchiridion that the punishment of those punished only for original sin is the mildest. But Chrysostom says in a homily on the Gospel of Matthew that the privation of the vision of God is the greatest punishment and worse than hell. Therefore, the privation of the vision of God is not a fitting punishment for original sin.
On Venial Sin
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that we do not, for the following reasons: As Augustine says in his work Against Faustus, “Sin is a word or deed or desire contrary to the eternal law.” But every sin contrary to the eternal law is mortal. Therefore, every sin is mortal. Therefore, we do not properly distinguish sin into mortal and venial sin. Sin by its nature deserves punishment. But pardon, which takes away punishment, is contrary to punishment. Therefore, the venial is contrary to the nature of sin. But no specific difference dividing a genus is contrary to the genus. Therefore, the mortal and the venial cannot properly distinguish sin. Whoever turns inordinately, turns toward a transitory good and away from the immutable good, since in every movement, one who approaches one terminus recedes from the other. Therefore, whoever sins turns away from the immutable good. But this is to sin mortally. Therefore, whoever sins sins mortally. Therefore, there are not two kinds of sin: one mortal, the other venial.
On Envy
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that envy is not, for the following reasons: We do not praise or blame emotions, as the Philosopher says in the Ethics. But envy is an emotion, for Damascene says in his work On Orthodox Faith that “envy is chagrin at the good things belonging to others.” Therefore, we blame no one on that account. But one is rendered blameworthy because of sin. Therefore, envy is not a sin. The involuntary is not a sin, as Augustine says. But envy, inasmuch as it is the emotion of sadness, is involuntary, for “sadness concerns things that befall us against our will,” as Augustine says in the City of God. Therefore, envy is not a sin. Since good is the contrary of evil, good does not move one to sin, which is evil, just as one contrary never moves anything to the other contrary. But the cause of envy is good, for Remigius says that envy is sorrow over the good of another. Augustine says in The City of God that there is in every sin a disordered turning toward a transitory good. But envy is a turning away from, rather than a turning to, a transitory good, since envy is chagrin at the good of another. Therefore, envy is not a sin.
On Anger
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jerome, explaining Mt. 5:22, “Everyone angry with his brother,” etc., says: “Some codices add ‘without cause,’ but the statement is unqualified in authentic codices, and anger is completely reproved. For if we are commanded to pray for our persecutors, every occasion for anger is removed. Therefore, we should delete ‘without cause,’ since human anger does not accomplish God’s justice.” Therefore, all anger is evil and forbidden. As Dionysius says in his work On the Divine Names, anger is natural to dogs but unnatural to human beings. But what is contrary to the nature of human beings is evil and sin, as Damascene makes clear in his work On Orthodox Faith. Therefore, all anger is sin.
On Gluttony
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that gluttony is not, for the following reasons: No one sins regarding what one cannot avoid, as Augustine says in his work On Free Choice.1 But no one can avoid gluttony, for Gregory says in his work Morals that “in eating, pleasure is mixed with need; we do not know what need requires, or what plea-sure suffices. Therefore, gluttony is not a sin. Augustine says in his Confessions: Who is there, O Lord, who does not partake of food a little beyond the measure of need?”3 But doing such belongs to gluttony. There-fore, we cannot avoid gluttony. Therefore, gluttony is not a sin. Augustine says in his work On Free Choice that there is no moral fault where nature and need dominate.4 But nature and need move us to gluttony. Therefore, it seems that gluttony is not a sin.