bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory , Morell S. A. 
Published: June 2004

Several physicochemical properties of the active principles of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates have been investigated.
Ultrafiltration through Zsigmondy filters of graded porosities has shown that the active substances are retained by membranes finer than 100 to 120 seconds, whereas coarser ones readily permit their passage. The average porosity of this filtration end-point represents a particle size of about 50 to 100 mµ.
When fractionally precipitated with ammonium sulfate, most of the activity of a culture filtrate was concentrated in the two-thirds saturated portion.
Isoelectric properties were studied by means of capillary analysis and cataphoresis. At pH 3.0 and below, the substances suspended in the culture filtrates migrated to the cathode; activity in this chamber, however, could not be demonstrated. At pH 4.0 and above, reversal to the anode occurred, as the active materials became negatively charged and readily migrated to this chamber. The isoelectric point, therefore, was considered to be between pH 3.0 and 4.0.
Preliminary experiments on adsorption, extraction, and pH stability have been described.
THE RÔLE OF THE THYROID IN THE REGULATION OF THE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL OF RABBITS
Authors: Turner Kenneth B. , Present Clara H. , Bidwell Emily H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The blood cholesterol of rabbits on a normal diet without added cholesterol is increased only slightly (19 per cent) by thyroidectomy.
2. In rabbits with a hypercholesterolemia due to long continued cholesterol feeding, thyroidectomy causes a marked rise (137 per cent) in the blood cholesterol. This rise is usually maintained.
3. When long continued cholesterol feeding has failed to cause a rise in the blood cholesterol of rabbits, thyroidectomy abolishes this resistance and a hypercholesterolemia is promptly produced.
4. A single injection of thyroxin causes a significant drop in the blood cholesterol of rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. This reaction is not influenced by thyroidectomy.
5. Potassium iodide causes an increase in the blood cholesterol of rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. This reaction is not influenced by thyroidectomy in contrast to the effect of KI in preventing a rise in blood cholesterol when given concurrently from the beginning of cholesterol feeding, an effect which is abolished by thyroidectomy. It is suggested that two different mechanisms are involved.
6. A single injection of insulin produces a fall in the blood cholesterol of rabbits with hypercholesterolemia. If anything, thyroidectomy increases the magnitude of this effect.
THE PRESERVATION OF VIRULENT TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND TREPONEMA PERTENUE IN THE FROZEN STATE; WITH A NOTE ON THE PRESERVATION OF FILTRABLE VIRUSES
Authors: Turner Thomas B. 
Published: June 2004

1. A simple method for freezing and maintaining tissue specimens in a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and 95 per cent ethyl alcohol at a temperature approximating –78°C. is described.
2. When frozen and maintained at this temperature Treponema pallidum and Treponema pertenue, upon thawing, exhibited normal morphology and motility and their virulence for rabbits was not appreciably altered after periods of at least 1 year. This applied to a number of different strains of each organism. The infectivity of material in which treponemes were scant was maintained as well as of material in which they were abundant.
3. At temperatures of –10°C. and –20°C. syphilis treponemes did not survive as long as 2 months. Death of the organism occurred not at the time of freezing but during the maintenance period.
4. Treponemes did not commonly survive freezing and desiccation, although one lot of dried material which contained T. pallidum was infective for rabbits 1 day after desiccation.
5. The viruses of human influenza, yellow fever, and spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice when frozen and maintained at –78°C. showed substantially the same titer after 6 months as before freezing.
6. Certain practical applications of the method are suggested.
INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE BLOOD TO INDOL
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Indol, orally administered, causes anemia when certain deficient diets are fed.
2. The same amount of indol causes no considerable hematologic disturbance when normal diets are fed.
3. The anemia can be cured by supplementing the diet with liver extract, or by substituting a normal diet for the deficient diet.
4. Neither the diet alone nor the administration of indol alone produces marked anemia under the experimental conditions observed.
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF A PAPILLOMA VIRUS ON THE TARRED SKIN OF RABBITS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

The Shope papilloma virus elicits carcinomas forthwith, as well as papillomas in great variety, when it is distributed by way of the blood stream to the tarred epidermis of domestic rabbits.
The phenomenon will be analyzed in succeeding papers with the aid of additional instances.
A STABLE HEMOLYSIN-LEUCOCIDIN AND ITS CRYSTAL-LINE DERIVATIVE ISOLATED FROM BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Czarnetzky E. J. , Morgan Isabel M. , Mudd Stuart 
Published: June 2004

1. A chemically pure hemolysin-leucocidin has been isolated from ß hemolytic streptococci, but not from other species of bacteria studied.
2. It does not give rise to antibodies, but precipitates immune sera against hemolytic streptococci, and is therefore a hapten.
3. A highly purified sample of S. H. up to a dilution of 1:128,000 hemolyzes red blood cells. Its hemolytic activity is not specifically neutralized by antiserum versus ß hemolytic streptococci. It is leucocidic in that it inhibits the reduction of methylene blue by leucocytes.
4. The hemolysin-leucocidin is stable to oxygen, to heat and to moderate changes in hydrogen ion concentration. Its chemical structure has been determined in part. Its molecular weight is 2260.
5. A crystalline derivative has been isolated as the sodium salt from the hemolysin-leucocidin. As the free acid it has a molecular weight of 720. Its hemolytic and leucocidic activity parallels that of S. H., although it is not serologically active. It possesses a high degree of toxicity for mice and rabbits.
UTERINE ADENOMATA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. , Saxton John A. 
Published: June 2004

83 cases of an adenomatous tumor of the uterine mucosa have been observed in a colony of rabbits during the past 4 years The results of a clinical and pathological study of the tumor, together with a description of transplantation experiments are included in the present report.
The clinical histories of tumor bearing animals are similar in all cases. Discovery of the tumor is preceded by a long period of reproductive disturbance, and its subsequent course is one of slow, continuous growth which has terminated in death with metastasis in all animals held under observation for longer than 1 year.
Microscopically, the tumor shows an atypical alveolar structure, and its characteristics closely resemble those of an adenocarcinoma of the uterine fundus in women. Pathological changes similar to those observed in mice after treatment with estrogenic substances occur in the thyroid, suprarenal, pituitary and mammary glands.
Intraocular transplantation of the tumor has been successful, and at the present time the growth has been carried through 6 generations by serial transfer.
ACUTE EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULAR NEPHRITIS IN RABBITS: A CORRELATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES
Authors: Ehrich William E. , Wolf Richard E. , Bartol George M. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown in this paper that structural and functional changes in acute glomerular nephritis in rabbits produced by nephrotoxins by the method of Masugi are the same as those found in human glomerular nephritis. The morbid anatomy is characterized by glomerular cell proliferation, and in some cases by deposition of fibrin and crescent formation of the glomeruli and by fatty changes of the tubules. The functional changes are: oliguria, proteinuria, hematuria, cylindruria, edema, rise in blood urea, and according to Masugi (1933, 1934) and Smadel (1936, 1937), rise in blood pressure, lipuria, and fall in urea clearance and plasma proteins. As we are unaware of any discrepancies between the experimentally induced disease and human nephritis, the conclusion follows that the two so closely resemble each other that they appear to be identical.
As to the pathogenesis, it has been shown that the disease begins with a period of latency. This is characterizied anatomically by hyperemia of the glomeruli; and functionally, in at least a number of cases, by an increased diuresis. It follows, therefore, that the theory of Volhard, according to which glomerular nephritis is caused by arteriolar spasms, can no longer be maintained. It has further been demonstrated that proliferation of glomerular cells is the typical lesion, and that deposition of fibrin and crescent formation occur only in certain cases, and in these only in a widely varying number of glomeruli. As crescents are found as early as the proliferation itself, it follows that they should not be regarded as pathognomonic of the subacute phase, but that they represent a complication which probably aggravates the disease.
As to correlation of morphological and functional changes, it has been demonstrated that oliguria, marked proteinuria and diminished excretion of cyanol appear at the time when the glomerular changes are at their peak. Evidence has been presented that the oliguria and the decrease in cyanol excretion in acute glomerular nephritis are chiefly the result of the glomerular damage. It has further been demonstrated that the excretion of azofuchsin was unchanged, except for a diminution in the rabbit which at autopsy showed a marked fatty change of the tubules. We regard these observations as evidence, that, in acute glomerular nephritis in rabbits, glomeruli and tubules may function independently of each other.
BILE AND BLOOD PLASMA CHOLESTEROL AS INFLUENCED BY BLOOD DESTRUCTION IN NORMAL AND BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: Wright A. , Hawkins W. B. 
Published: June 2004

Destruction of large amounts of red cells in normal and bile fistula dogs by means of acetyl phenylhydrazine causes no significant alterations of the blood plasma but there is some decrease in the bile cholesterol.
During Bartonella canis infection the splenectomized bile fistula dog periodically breaks down large quantities of red cells with slight decrease in the plasma cholesterol and marked decrease in the bile cholesterol.
In the periods of blood regeneration following such acute anemias there are no significant alterations in the values for plasma or bile cholesterol.
IMMUNITY OF MICE FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS VACCINATION WITH ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Susceptible mice injected subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with 15,000 intracerebral lethal doses of St. Louis encephalitis virus develop an immunity in 4 to 7 days to 1,000 to 1,000,000 lethal doses given either intracerebrally or intranasally.
2. This immunity persists 4 to 6 weeks, then decreases gradually and disappears after 8 to 12 weeks.
3. More than 1,000 intracerebral doses of virus given as a vaccine do not materially increase the amount or duration of the immunity; less than 1,000 doses give little or no immunity.
4. Test virus injected intracerebrally into immunized mice induces few lesions and is rapidly destroyed; instilled intranasally, it rarely reaches the olfactory lobes or brain.
5. While immunity is maximum, circulating neutralizing antibodies are not detectable. Moreover, the immunity is not affected by endothelial cell blockade or by splenectomy.
6. A few moments after the immunizing virus is given, it can be recovered from the blood in relatively high concentration. After 24 hours, the blood no longer contains demonstrable virus nor do any organs thus far tested except the spleen. The brain and cord remain entirely normal. The spleen, however, becomes enlarged and harbors virus for as long as 30 days.
IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS AGAINST LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS WITH FORMOLIZED TISSUE VACCINES
Authors: Traub Erich 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs can be immunized against lymphocytic choriomeningitis by 2 or 3 injections with formolized vaccines prepared from a variety of infected guinea pig tissues. Vaccines prepared from the consolidated areas of diseased lungs gave the best results. The immunity produced was partial in the majority of the cases, in that the vaccinated animals as a rule showed fever after the test of immunity and virus was present in the circulation during the febrile period.
Vaccines prepared from infected mouse tissue had no, or very little, immunizing power for guinea pigs, even when prior to formolization they contained at least as much virus as guinea pig tissue vaccines. This failure to immunize appears to be due to the interference by heterologous antigens, since the immunity induced by homologous vaccines was often inhibited when formolized normal mouse tissue suspensions treated in the same manner as the guinea pig tissue vaccines were added to the latter before inoculation. The inhibitory effect of the heterologous tissue was less marked when it was not mixed with the vaccine but injected simultaneously on the opposite side of the body.
The immunizing power of homologous vaccines did not parallel their virus content prior to formolization.
A high degree of immunity, characterized by protective antibodies in the serum, was produced in some guinea pigs by prolonged treatment with large doses of homologous vaccine, while sera of guinea pigs vaccinated in the ordinary manner contained no detectable neutralizing antibodies. It is possible, therefore, that the immunity produced by inactive virus differs only quantitatively from that induced by an infection.
AN UNIDENTIFIED VIRUS PRODUCING ACUTE MENINGITIS AND PNEUMONITIS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Francis Thomas , Magill T. P. 
Published: June 2004

An infectious agent is described which belongs apparently to the class of filtrable viruses, but which, on the basis of the evidence at hand, is not to be identified with any virus previously described.
The virus has multiple tropisms and is pathogenic for mice, ferrets, and monkeys of both M. rhesus and M. cynomolgos species. Intranasal infection of mice and ferrets causes extensive pneumonic lesions of fatal severity. Intracerebral inoculation of the virus produces in monkeys a lymphocytic choriomeningitis from which the animal recovers, while in mice a rapidly fatal choriomeningitis is produced. Fatal paralysis occurs in a moderate proportion of mice which receive the virus by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous routes, while the remainder become immune to the intracerebral test but not to the intranasal test. Subcutaneous inoculation of mice, monkeys, ferrets, rabbits, and guinea pigs causes local granulomatous induration of the skin with enlargement of the regional lymph nodes.
The virus was repeatedly recovered in 1936 from ferrets inoculated with throat washings of patients suffering from an epidemic disease clinically indistinguishable from epidemic influenza. It is impossible, however, to conclude whether the virus is of ferret or human origin.
Although possessing many features in common with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis and the virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale, cross immunity tests have failed to yield any evidence that the new agent is immunologically related to either of the aforementioned viruses.
For purposes of identification the name virus of acute meningopneumonitis is suggested.
THE EFFECT OF THE PULSE UPON THE FORMATION AND FLOW OF LYMPH
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

The ears of rabbits were perfused with defibrinated rabbit's blood in such a way that pulsation could be imparted to the perfusate or withheld from it at will. In the absence of pulsation there was almost no lymph flow, whereas when it was present lymph flow was rapid despite the fact that the "systolic" pressure of the perfusate never exceeded the constant pressure in the non-pulsatile instances and the volume flow was far less.
Non-pulsatile perfusion led to a slight flow of lymph in ears that were becoming edematous, whereas when it was pulsatile the lymph flow was enormous.
The pulse exercises an influence to move fluid into the lymphatics and along them.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

A catarrhal reaction manifested by a coryza and a pneumonia of characteristic pathology was regularly produced in mice by the nasal instillation of vaccinia virus. Inoculation into embryonated eggs indicated that the virus entered the circulation as early as the 2nd day after injection.
The vaccinial catarrh was readily transmissible by the passage of nasal exudate but not by contact. Dosage was important in establishing the virus in the nasal passages, the limiting dilution being approximately 10–3 of an egg membrane suspension (at least 1000 times the amount required to infect an embryonated egg).
The morbidity rate was variable but in general high, reaching 70 per cent in 2 groups of 50 mice. An immunity which was effective against reinfection for several months but ultimately declined was attendant on recovery. The amount of virus required to produce this immunity was significantly less than the infective dosage.
A PYOGENIC FILTERABLE AGENT IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Woglom William H. , Warren Joel 
Published: June 2004

A filterable agent resembling the viruses is described. It was encountered in sarcoma 39, a propagable neoplasm of the white rat, and has now been maintained in this species for 28 passages over a period of some 7 months without appreciable loss in virulence. Its chief effect is the production of large abscesses in an animal species comparatively resistant both to viral diseases and suppuration. The white mouse is more susceptible than the white rat, the rabbit less so, and the guinea pig highly resistant.
The agent has been repeatedly recovered from sarcoma 39 treated in special ways, but under the ordinary circumstances of routine transplantation it does not manifest itself. As yet there is no certainty on where it came from or how it maintains itself under natural conditions.
CELLULAR REACTIONS TO POLYSACCHARIDES FROM TUBERCLE BACILLI AND FROM PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sabin F. R. , Joyner A. L. , Smithburn K. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Purified tuberculo-polysaccharides are relatively innocuous both to normal and to tuberculous guinea pigs.
2. Both tuberculo-polysaccharides and polysaccharides from pneumococci call larger numbers of leucocytes from the blood vessels than do saline and dextrose and trehalose.
3. The mechanisms controlling the delivery of lymphocytes and neutrophils into the blood stream are different.
4. Slight irritation of the peritoneal lining slows the delivery of lymphocytes to the blood stream.
5. There are two phases in the reaction of the bone marrow to intraperitoneal injections. Correlated with the draining of neutrophils from vessels to tissues, owing to the presence of foreign materials in the latter, there is a draining of young neutrophils from the marrow into the sinuses of the marrow as these same materials reach the sinuses. The subsequent disintegration of the neutrophils extravasated into the tissues is correlated with increased myeloid activity in the marrow.
ULTRACENTRIFUGATION STUDIES ON THE ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Pickels Edward G. , Shedlovsky Theodore 
Published: June 2004

Ultracentrifugal studies of the CL dermal strain of vaccine virus warrant the following conclusions:
1. When suspended in increasing concentrations of sucrose, glycerol, or urea solutions, elementary bodies of vaccinia show variations in sedimentation rate which indicate changes in the density or size of the particles. For a given change in the density of the medium these changes are smallest with sucrose and most marked with urea. The normal rate of sedimentation of Paschen bodies may be restored by resuspending them in dilute buffer solution.
2. The density of elementary bodies of vaccinia suspended in dilute buffer solutions is estimated to be 1.16 gm. per cc. Higher values for the density are found if the particles are suspended in solutions containing sucrose, glycerol, or urea. In 53 per cent sucrose, for example, the density is 1.25 gm. per cc.
3. Paschen bodies appear to be quite permeable to water and urea, less so to glycerol, and only slightly, if at all, to sucrose.
4. The increased density of the elementary bodies of vaccinia in sucrose solutions may be accounted for by an osmotic extraction of water from the particles. On this basis the water which can be thus extracted corresponds to at least a third of the original volume of the particles.
THE LYMPHATIC PATHWAY FROM THE NOSE AND PHARYNX
Authors: Yoffey Joseph M. , Drinker Cecil K. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the monkey, dog, cat, and rabbit the cervical lymph duct was cannulated, and then a solution of T-1824, or trypan blue, or a fine graphite suspension, all in physiological saline, was dropped into the nose. T-1824 was used in all four animals, trypan blue in the cat and dog, the graphite suspension (Hydrokollag) in the cat alone.
2. No Hydrokollag was ever found in the cervical lymph.
3. Trypan blue and T-1824 appear in the cervical lymph 15 to 30 minutes after being placed in the nose of the cat and monkey, 51 to 53 minutes in the dog, and 14 minutes in the rabbit.
4. T-1824 and trypan blue were also absorbed from the nose directly into the blood.
5. Neither the dyes nor the Hydrokollag, though left in the nose for as long as 6 hours, were found to pass through the cribriform plate and reach the interior of the cranium.
6. In the monkey cervical lymph passes through a chain of five or more lymph nodes, in the rabbit frequently through two nodes, in the cat through one node except in rare instances, and in the dog through one node.
TUBERCULAR ALLERGY WITHOUT INFECTION
Authors: Sabin Florence R. , Joyner Austin L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs can be rendered hypersensitive to tuberculo-protein by small, repeated, intradermal injections of active tuberculo-protein.
2. The addition of tuberculo-phosphatide to the protein speeds up the process of sensitization and enhances it so that the reactions become indurated and necrotic, closely simulating those of the disease.
3. Active tuberculo-proteins induce a new formation of monocytes and some epithelioid cells. The addition of phosphatide to the protein brings about a massive formation of epithelioid cells.
4. With the increased cellular reaction to the mixed injections may be correlated the increase in the speed and intensity of the sensitization.
5. The intradermal route is the best for these sensitizations, probably because it provides the greatest dose per cell of the sensitizing agent.
6. The degree of sensitization artificially obtainable by the synergistic action of tuberculo-phosphatide and tuberculo-protein is quite comparable to the degree of sensitization naturally occurring in tuberculous animals; moreover, this degree of sensitization may be induced with amounts of the materials from the bacilli which could conceivably be present in the tissues of an infected host.