bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of schwann cell phenotype by TGF‐β1: Inhibition of P0 mRNA expression and downregulation of the low affinity NGF receptor
Authors: Mews Michaela , Meyer Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe phenotype of a fully differentiated, mature Schwann cell is appar‐ently largely determined by Schwann cell‐axon interactions. In vitro, elevation of intra‐cellular cAMP levels in Schwann cells induces a phenotype which resembles that of a mature, i.e., axon‐related, Schwann cell. Therefore, an important role for cAMP as a second messenger of axon‐Schwann cell interactions in vivo is assumed.However, the effects of cAMP on Schwann cells are not restricted to induction of features of a mature phenotype. For example, elevation of intracellular cAMP levels results of also in a markedly increased synthesis of nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA, which is barely detectable in intact sciatic nerves of adult animals. Furthermore, since cAMP induces myelin gene expression in cultured Schwann cells, additional regulatory mechanisms have to be postulated for the induction and maintenance of a mature non‐myelinating Schwann cell phenotype.Here we show that a soluble protein “growth factor” can partially induce a non‐myelinating mature Schwann cell phenotype in vitro. Treatment with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) results in a marked and rapid downregulation of the low affinty NGF receptor (NGFR) on cultured Schwann cells without induction of PO gene expression. In contrast, in agreement with previous studies, an increase in PO mRNA levels and a reduction in NGFR mRNA after cAMP elevation is much slower when compared with the effect of TGF‐β1, suggesting the involvement of different intracellular mechanisms. Consistent with this hypothesis, we did not observe an induction of mRNA coding for TGR‐β isoforms after cAMP elevation in cultured Schwann cells which constitutively synthesize TGF‐β1 mRNA. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcellular retrograde labeling of radial glial cells with WGA‐HRP and diI in neonatal rat and hamster
Authors: Kageyama Glenn H. , Robertson Richard T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTopographically distinct populations of radial glial cells in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of neonatal rats and hamsters were transcellularly labeled with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) and with the lipophilic tracer DiI. A comparison of the histological distribution of the two tracers is suggestive of two different mechanisms of transcellular labeling. Intraocular injections of WGA‐HRP resulted in the uptake of exogenously applied WGA‐HRP by retinal ganglion cells, followed by anterograde axonal transport and exocytosis within the optic target nuclei. In addition to the transneuronal labeling, which is typical of such injections, we observed the transcellular labeling of the processes and somata of radial glial cells that were topographically associated with the terminal fields of the labeled axons. Similar transcellular labeling of radial glial cells associated with the axon terminal fields of the colliculogeniculate projection to the medial geniculate nucleus was observed following injections of WGA‐HRP in the inferior colliculus. The transcellular labeling within the radial glial cells was discontinuous and somatopetally concentrated, indicating the existence of a retrograde active transport mechanism within the radial glial processes subsequent to its uptake following release of tracer from axons. This type of labeling can be referred to as transcellular retrograde glioplasmic transport. In contrast, DiI was used as a tracer through its capacity to diffuse within the plasmalemma. Topographically distinct populations of radial glial cells were transcellularly labeled following placements of DiI in the retina, inferior colliculus, or dorsal thalamus of fixed brains. The radial processes of labeled radial glial cells consistently extended into regions that also contained labeled axons. It is likely that the transcellular radial glial labeling with DiI occurred via transmembranous diffusion. These data indicate that a close structural and functional relation exists between axons and glial cells in the developing brain. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular expression of an HMGCR promoter‐CAT fusion gene in transgenic mouse brain: Evidence for a developmental regulation in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Duhamel‐Clerin E. , Villarroya H. , Mehtali M. , Lapie P. , Besnard F. , Gumpel M. , Lachapelle F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe HMGCR gene encodes the 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is the key enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. Mice transgenic for the prokaryotic chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene fused with a 5′ Bam H1 fragment including the promoter sequence for murine HMGCR gene have been obtained. Homozygote transgenic mice were derived from a particular line selected for similar regulation of endogenous HMGCR and the transgene expression by nutritional conditions in different tissue. In addition, high expression of the transgene was evidenced in the brain. Cellular expression of the CAT gene in the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This study was performed on frozen sections of the developing and adult brain, using a rabbit anti‐CAT antiserum especially raised for that purpose. CAT expression was observed in some rare individuals in different neural cell types including Purkinje cells and astrocytes. But the most outstanding observation was the high level of CAT expression correlated with differentiated pattern of oligodendrocyte (01) distribution observed in white‐matter tracts. Double and triple labeling for CAT and stage‐specific antigens were performed on transgenic Ol‐enriched preparations and cultures. This study showed a normal sequence of differentiation in the transgenic oligodendroglial cell lineage and demonstrated a strict correlation between late differentiation and activation of the CAT gene in these cells: CAT expression started in transgenic Ols between galactocerebroside (GC)‐positive and myelin basic protein (MBP)‐positive stages and was detected in MBP‐positive cells during the myelination period. After myelination, the number of CAT‐positive Ols decreased in the adult brain. These observations demonstrate a developmental regulation of the CAT transgene in Ols during myelination in CNS and reinforce the hypothesis of endogenous synthesis as major source of cholesterol during myelination. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in a K current in schwann cells from normal and neurofibromatosis‐infected damselfish
Authors: Fieber Lynne A. , Schmale Michael C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPatch clamp techniques were used to study whole cell ionic currents in Schwann cells (SC) from a tropical marine fish, the bicolor damselfish, Pomacentrus partitus. The bicolor damselfish is affected by a disease termed damselfish neurofibromatosis (DNF), being developed as an animal model of neurofibromatosis‐type 1 (NF1) in humans. NF1 affects SC, fibroblasts, and perineurial cells. The sole depolarization‐activated ionic current present in cultured SC from normal fish peripheral nerve and from neurofibromas of fish with induced or spontaneously occurring DNF was an inactivating K+ current (K current), with a strong dependence on the Nernst potential for K+. This K current activated at depolarizations to ‐40 mV and above and inactivated during a maintained test pulse (0.2‐1 s), but inactivation was significantly greater in tumored SC. Both currents were inhibited by 4‐aminopyridine (Kd  1 mM) and by dendrotoxin (15 μM) but were insensitive to extracellular tetraethyammonium (≤ 150 mM), indicating that the whole cell currents were similar pharmacologically. The currents could be distinguished on the basis of their sensitivity to depolarized holding potential, with normal cells less sensitive. Half‐inactivation of the current was ‐32 mV in normal cells and ‐38 mV in tumored cells. Inactivation curves constructed from the average normalized current for many SC were significantly different in normal and tumored cells. When the depolarized holding potential was maintained between test depolarizations, greater voltage‐dependent inactivation in tumored cells was apparent. Normal cells maintained an average of 36% of peak current at a holding voltage of −40 mV, while in tumored cells this average was 12%, a significant difference. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of type III‐deiodinase activity in astroglial cells by retinoids
Authors: Esfandiari Ali , Gagelin Claire , Gavaret Jean‐Michel , Pavelka Stanislav , Lennon Ana‐Maria , Pierre Michel , Courtin FrançOise 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThyroid hormones and retinoic acid (RA) are important modulators of growth, development, and differentiation. Type III deiodinase (D‐III), which catalyzes thyroid hormones degradation in the brain and in cultured astroglial cells, is induced in astroglial cells by multiple pathways, including cAMP, 12.0‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA), fibroblast growth factors, and thyroid hormones themselves. In the present study, the effects of retinoids on D‐III activity were examined in astroglial cells cultures in a chemically defined medium devoid of hormones and growth factors. Incubation of astroglial cells with 5 μM all‐trans‐RA caused up to 200‐fold increase in D‐III activity, which reached a plateau after 48 h. The retinoid‐induced increase in D‐III activity was concentration dependent (0.5 μM all‐trans‐RA and 9‐cis‐RA producing half‐maximal effect). Retinol was effective at physiological concentrations (1 and μM). The 48 h effects of 5 μM all‐trans‐RA and 10 nM thyroid hormones on D‐III activity were at least additive. Addition of 2 nM acidic fibroblast growth factor or 1 mM 8‐bromo‐cAMP for the last 8 h of a 48 h incubation with 5 μM all‐trans‐RA did not alter the induction by all‐trans‐RA, whereas 0.1 μM TPA in the same conditions produced an additive effect with all‐trans‐RA. All‐trans‐RA (5 μM) had little or no effect on type II deiodinase, the enzyme which catalyzes the activation of thyroxine to 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine. The potent action of retinoids on the enzyme responsible for thyroid hormones degradation in the brain may protect the brain from the effects of 3,5,3′‐triiodothyronine in regions influenced by retinoids. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grief in old age: A review of the literature
Authors: Fasey Christopher Nigel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe literature on grief is reviewed with particular reference to old age. The characteristics of normal and abnormal grief are discussed and as far as possible a comparison between older and younger adults is made. The results are inconclusive but suggest that grief is a similar process in all adults but may be less malign in the over 65s. Whatever the differences, grief is a serious problem with a definite associated morbidity and mortality.
Religious coping and personality in later life
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , Siegler Ilene C. , Meador Keith G. , George Linda K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA stratified random subsample of 100 older adults from long‐term participants of the Second Duke Longitudinal Study was interviewed concerning how they coped with three stressful event periods. Responses to open‐ended coping questions were categorized as religious or non‐religious in nature. Mean scores on 16 personality traits were compared between religious copers. Few differences were observed in personality scores between these groups. Compared with non‐religious copers, religious copers scored lower on factor E (less aggressive or hostile, more humble, submissive); there was also a tendency towards being higher on factor G (more responsible, conscientious, and moralistic). Over a six‐year period between wave 1 and wave 4, stability or change in personality was not related to coping style. No evidence was found for negative personality traits among older religious copers that have commonly been reported in younger religious individuals.
Deliberate self‐poisoning and self‐injury in older people
Authors: Hawton Keith , Fagg Joan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPatients aged 55 and over who were referred to a general hospital between 1976 and 1987 because of self‐poisoning or self‐injury were studied. The 675 individuals comprised 8.7% of suicide attempters of all ages. The mean annual rate of attempts in the 55‐64 year age group was almost double that of the 65+ age group. In the younger age group the female:male ratio of rates for the whole study period was 1.3, whereas in the older age group it was close to unity. Rates were highest in the divorced of both sexes and also high in single and widowed males. Married males had particularly low rates. Relatively few people were receiving psychiatric care at the time of their attempts. There was no evidence of any major change in rates of attempted suicide during the study period, unlike in younger people in whom rates have declined. However, there were changes in the substances used for self‐poisoning, with a very marked decline in the use of barbiturates and increasing use of non‐opiate analgesics, especially paracetamol. Repetition of attempts within one year of a first attempt during the study period occurred in nearly one in 10 cases.
Modification of the mini‐mental state examination for use in the elderly in a non‐western society. Part 1. Development of korean version of mini‐mental state examination
Authors: Park Jong‐Han , Kwon Yong Chul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Mini‐Mental State Examination was modified for use in a non‐western elderly population and named the Korean Version of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE‐K). Study subjects were a group of normal subjects and a group of patients with functional mental disorders. Among the variables of age, sex, residence, education and diagnosis, education was the only factor found to influence total MMSE‐K scores. Among the component parts of the MMSE‐K, orientation in time, orientation in place, concentration/calculation and language function were significantly influenced by education. After adding one point to scores of orientation in time, two to scores of concentration/calculation and one to scores of language function in non‐educated individuals, differences between total scores and scores of the three items corrected lost statistical significance between the educated and non‐educated elderly groups. Cutoff points for cognitive impairment and their diagnostic validity are not presented in this article.
Total plasma 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in alzheimer patients. Comparison with depressives and normal controls
Authors: Azorin Jean M. , Michel Bernard , Chave Brigitte , Raucoules Daniel , Valli Marc , Lancon Christophe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPlasma levels of total 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were found to be significantly higher in patients with Alzheimer's disease (N = 20) than in age‐ and sex‐matched normal controls and dexamethasone‐resistant melancholic patients. Contrary to previous studies, the highest levels were not found in the most severely demented patients and this increase was not related to the duration of the illness. Although the significance of these findings remains unclear, they suggest that determination of total plasma MHPG may be useful in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and depressive disorder.
Platelet membrane fluidity, family history, severity and age of onset in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Eagger Sarah , Hajimohammadreza Iradj , Fletcher Keron , Levy Raymond , Brammer Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPlatelet membrane fluidity values were assessed in three groups of subjects: (1) 15 Alzheimer's disease patients with a first‐degree family history of the disorder; (2) 16 Alzheimer's disease patients with no family history of the disorder; (3) 22 healthy control subjects. The distributions of platelet membrane fluidity changes were found to be the same in both Alzheimer disease groups, but none of the controls had raised platelet membrane fluiditySeverity of Alzheimer's disease as measured by Mini‐Mental State and Cambridge Cognitive Index scores correlated with platelet membrane fluidity values significantly for the non‐family history group but not for the family history group. There was no apparent association between raised platelet membrane fluidity and age of onset of Alzheimer's disease. There was no evidence to indicate that raised platelet membrane fluidity is a peripheral marker for familial Alzheimer's disease.
Social support in a general practice elderly sample
Authors: Lam Dominic H. , Power M. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this study depressed elderly respondents were found to be more dissatisfied with their level of emotional and practical support than were non‐depressed respondents. However, unlike the findings obtained with younger populations, the depressed elderly subgroup were not found to have higher levels for the ideal amounts of support that they would like and, in fact, the majority of the elderly were satisfied with the level of social support that they received.
Computerized diagnosis from a standardized history schedule: A preliminary communication about the organic section of the HAS–AGECAT system
Authors: Dewey Michael E. , Copeland John R. M. , Lobo Antonio , Saz Pedro , Dia Jose‐Luis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article presents the results of the application of a computerized diagnostic method (HAS–AGECAT) to a standardized psychiatric History and Aetiology Schedule (HAS) designed for use with older people. In a community sample from Zaragoza good agreement (kappa = 0.76) was obtained between HAS–AGECAT and the interviewing psychiatrist. The discrepant cases are discussed in detail.
Dementia: Questions of cost and value
Authors: Keen Justin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe importance of economic considerations in determining the quantity and quality of services for people with dementia is beyond dispute. As the pressure on the resources available for health and social care increases, the need to mount a strong case for adequate resources for dementia‐related services has become more pressing. The article reviews available evidence under three headings: the impact of dementia on national economies; its impact on individuals and their carers; and the costs and benefits of different models of service provision. It is concluded that there is evidence for the inadequacy of resources currently available; those resources could in many instances be better targeted; but there remain substantial gaps in our knowledge of the costs and benefits of different services and the likely long‐term impact of increases in the numbers of people with dementia.
Phobic disorders in the elderly: A comparison of three diagnostic systems
Authors: Lindesay James , Banerjee Sube 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe case‐finding performances of three operationalized systems for identifying phobic disorder in the elderly (Geriatric Mental State (A) (GMSA)/AGECAT; DSM‐III; Phobic Disorders screen (PDS)) were compared in a sample of clients of a local authority community care service. There was considerable variation in the 1‐month prevalence rates (3.6%‐25.6%) according to the different criteria, and the concordances between various levels of case definition in the diagnostic systems demonstrated that this variation was due principally to different hierarchical diagnostic rules and severity criteria, including differing assumptions and expectations as to what constitutes a phobic disorder in old age.
Supporting everyday activities in dementia: An intervention study
Authors: Josephsson Staffan , Bäckman Lars , Borell Lena , Bernspång Birgitta , Nygård Louise , Rönnberg Lisa 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe efficacy of an intervention programme designed to support performance in activities of daily living was investigated in four patients with dementia at different levels of severity of impairment. Important features of the programme included that (a) task conditions should be highly supportive, (b) the importance of episodic and semantic memory skills for successful performance should be minimized, (c) an acceptable performance level should be possible to achieve using skills that are relatively well preserved in the disease, and (d) factors related to patients' motivation and habits should be taken into account. Performance gains were evaluated using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills instrument. Results showed intervention‐related gains in three patients. One of these patients maintained performance gains when environmental guidance (eg signs) was withdrawn, whereas the other two required environmental guidance in order to exhibit gains. The overall pattern of results suggests that this form of intervention related to everyday functioning in dementia is worthy of further empirical attention.
Age and the effects of ect
Authors: Wilkinson Andrew M. , Anderson David N. , Peters Stephen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe relationship between age and the outcome of ECT was prospectively studied in 78 patients with DSM‐III‐R major depression with melancholia or psychosis. Sixty‐eight patients were similarly evaluated for change in cognitive performance before and after treatment. Strongly positive correlations between increasing age, response to ECT and improved cognitive function were demonstrated and emphasize that ECT remains an important treatment for depression in old age, where the greatest benefits may be seen.
Delivering ‘positive care’ in nursing homes
Authors: Sixsmith Andrew , Hawley Carol , Stilwell John , Copeland John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article describes a study of staff activity in six nursing homes for the elderly mentally ill. Three homes formed a Department of Health Special Medical Development (SMD), were highly resourced in terms of staff, and aimed to provide a good care environment and a high quality of life for the residents. The other three homes were included for comparison. The extra resources available within the SMD homes were largely used for routine care, such as resident hygiene, rather than 'positive', life ‐ enhancing care, such as social interaction and group activities. The failure to deliver positive care in line with increases in staff numbers cannot easily be explained. However, the indication is that it is not a result of substituting untrained for trained staff, but is rather related to the way staff resources are deployed.
Psychological status, life and social conditions: A study in a population of institutionalized elderly people
Authors: Bartoloni C. , Guidi L. , di Giovanni A. L. , Antico L. , Cursi F. , Pili R. , Tricerri A. , Janiri L. , Mannelli P. , Pariante C. , Menini E. , Carbonin P. , Gambassi G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe relationship between social and life conditions on the one hand and the presence of depression on the other was analysed in a population of institutionalized elderly subjects. The influence of health status on psychological condition and the presence of endocrinological changes in hormones associated with chronic stress were investigated in depressed elderly people. One hundred and thirty‐seven elderly people (mean age 82.4 ± 7.7) were studied and 60 of them underwent a thorough psychiatric examination. The overall prevalence of depression‐not previously diagnosed in all but one patient—was 76.6%; 23.3% were severely depressed. Neither gender nor the presence of organic disease differentiated the depressed from the non‐depressed. The only two life and social variables associated with depression among the many items analysed were the length of institutionalization and the period of retirement. It was observed that a higher cortisol level in the severely depressed group showed a positive correlation between plasma (and urine) cortisol level and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) score. A relationship between immunological impairment and depression in old age has been reported elsewhere; it is suggested that these findings could be partly mediated by the observed endocrinological changes.