bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A family study of Tourette syndrome in Japan
Authors: Kano Yukiko , Ohta Masataka , Nagai Yoko , Pauls David L. , Leckman James F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the mode of inheritance remains in doubt, twin and family studies conducted mostly in the United States and western Europe suggest that genetic factors play an important role in the transmission and expression of Tourette syndrome (TS). In an effort to evaluate population‐based genetic differences, we generated risk estimates for first‐degree relatives of TS probands in Japan using methods similar to those utilized in recent Western studies. The subjects were 52 TS probands seen at an outpatient clinic of Tokyo University Hospital and their 165 first‐degree relatives. All probands and one or more first‐degree relatives in each family were interviewed concerning the presence of tic and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms by expert clinicians. The age‐corrected rates of TS, chronic motor tics, obsessive‐compulsive disorder, and subclinical obsessive‐compulsive symptoms in the first‐degree relatives were 2.0%, 12.0%, 1.6%, and 7.0%, respectively. Rates of TS and related disorders in Japan appear to be much lower than those in recent Western family studies. If replicated, these data suggest that there may be differences in the nature and frequency of vulnerable alleles for TS and related disorders in the Japanese compared to European populations. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geographic distribution and abundance of woolly (Lagothrix cana) and spider (Ateles chamek) monkeys in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Iwanaga Simone , Ferrari Stephen F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo species of frugivorous atelids,Ateles chamekandLagothrix cana, occur in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Populations were surveyed at 36 sites in the state of Rondônia.Ateles chamekis widespread, but the distribution ofL. canais limited by a combination of riverine barriers and ecological factors, possibly including competition withA. chamek. Groups ofL. canawere generally larger and more abundant than those ofA. chamek, even in syntopy. The transitional forest that predominates in the extreme south of Rondônia (Hylea‐cerrado) is not a barrier to either species, with both species being tolerant of habitat disturbance when hunting pressure is low. Am. J. Primatol. 56:57–64, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Egarapithecus narcisoi, a new genus of Pliopithecidae (primates, catarrhini) from the Late Miocene of Spain
Authors: Moyà‐Solà Salvador , Köhler Meike , Alba David M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPliopithecid remains from the Spanish locality of Torrent de Febulines (Late Vallesian, MN 10), consisting of right and left mandibular fragments with partial tooth rows and an isolated P3 probably belonging to the same individual, are described and assigned to Egarapithecus narcisoi gen. et sp. nov. (Pliopithecidae, Crouzeliinae). This is a highly derived species dated at around 9 Ma (Ma = 106 years), representing the latest appearance of the family in the European continent. Morphologically it is the most distant member from the inferred primitive pliopithecid morphotype, displaying many autapomorphies that notably accentuate those of the remaining Crouzeliinae. A cladistic analysis based on lower cheek teeth, performed in order to tentatively assess the phylogenetic relationships of Egarapithecus within the Crouzeliinae, indicates that several equally parsimonious cladograms are possible in the light of current evidence. This is due to uncertainties regarding the position of Plesiopliopithecus and Crouzelia (here considered distinct genera), as a result of missing characters and the significant degree of homoplasy apparently involved in crouzeliine dental evolution. Whether Egarapithecus is more closely related to Crouzelia or to Anapithecus (the latter hypothesis tentatively favored here) cannot be definitively resolved with the currently available material and deserves further investigation. It is clear, however, that Egarapithecus is one of the more derived and specialized members of the Pliopithecidae. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:312–324, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional analysis of nonhuman primate trabecular architecture using micro‐computed tomography
Authors: Fajardo R.J. , Müller R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUntil recently, detailed analyses of the architecture of nonhuman primate cancellous bone have not been possible due to a combination of methodological constraints, including poor resolution imaging or destructive protocols. The development of micro‐computed tomography (μCT) and morphometric methods associated with this imaging modality offers anthropologists a new means to study the comparative architecture of cancellous bone. Specifically, μCT will allow anthropologists to investigate the relationship between locomotor behavior and trabecular structure. We conducted a preliminary study on the trabecular patterns in the proximal humerus and femur of Hylobates lar, Ateles paniscus, Macaca mulatta, and Papio anubis to investigate the quantitative differences in their trabecular architecture and evaluate the potential of μCT in anthropological inquiry. μCT allows the researcher to evaluate variables beyond simple two‐dimensional orientations and radiographic densities. For example, this methodology facilitates the study of trabecular thickness and bone volume fraction using three‐dimensional data. Results suggest that density‐related parameters do not reliably differentiate suspensory‐climbing species from quadrupedal species. However, preliminary results indicate that measurements of the degree of anisotropy, a measure of trabecular orientation uniformity, do distinguish suspensory‐climbing taxa from more quadrupedal species. The μCT method is an advance over conventional radiography and medical CT because it can accurately resolve micron‐sized struts that make up cancellous bone, and from these images a wide array of parameters that have been demonstrated to be related to cancellous bone mechanical properties can be measured. Methodological problems pertinent to any comparative μCT study of primate trabecular architecture are discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:327–336, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions
Authors: Peterson John W. , Bö Lars , Mörk Sverre , Chang Ansi , Trapp Bruce D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that causes motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits. The present study characterized demyelinated lesions in the cerebral cortex of MS patients. One hundred twelve cortical lesions were identified in 110 tissue blocks from 50 MS patients. Three patterns of cortical demyelination were identified: type I lesions were contiguous with subcortical white matter lesions; type II lesions were small, confined to the cortex, and often perivascular; type III lesions extended from the pial surface to cortical layer 3 or 4. Inflammation and neuronal pathology were studied in tissue from eight and seven patients, respectively. Compared to white matter lesions, cortical lesions contained 13 times fewer CD3‐positive lymphocytes (195 vs 2,596/mm3 of tissue) and six times fewer CD68‐positive microglia/macrophages (11,948 vs 67,956/mm3 of tissue). Transected neurites (both axons and dendrites) occurred at a density of 4,119/mm3 in active cortical lesions, 1,107/mm3 in chronic active cortical lesions, 25/mm3 in chronic inactive cortical lesions, 8/mm3 in myelinated MS cortex, and 1/mm3 in control cortex. In active and chronic active cortical lesions, activated microglia closely apposed and ensheathed apical dendrites, neurites, and neuronal perikarya. In addition, apoptotic neurons were increased significantly in demyelinated cortex compared to myelinated cortex. These data support the hypothesis that demyelination, axonal transection, dendritic transection, and apoptotic loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex contribute to neurological dysfunction in MS patients.
Structure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline boron nitride thin films
Authors: Ossi Paolo M. , Miotello Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBoron nitride thin films have been deposited on (100) Si wafers, kept at low temperature, by radio frequency (r.f.) magnetron sputtering. The r.f. target power was fixed at 150 W and the substrate bias voltage ranged between −50 and −130 V. Film composition was checked by Auger electron spectroscopy; the structure was investigated by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, glancing‐angle X‐ray diffraction and micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Film hardness and Young's modulus were measured by nanoindentation. Film composition is nearly equiatomic, with a low degree of gaseous contamination. All samples are very fine grained, and nanocrystalline. Film coordination is mixed sp2–sp3, and the fraction of tetrahedral coordination depends critically on the bias voltage value. In hexagonal sp2‐bonded films the hardnesses and Young's moduli are low and increase considerably with the content of sp3‐coordinated cubic phase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐state NMR and FT IR studies of the preparation of Si–B–C–N ceramics from ­boron‐modified polysilazanes
Authors: Schuhmacher Jörg , Berger Frank , Weinmann Markus , Bill Joachim , Aldinger Fritz , Müller Klaus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultinuclear (29Si,13C,11B,15N,1H) solid‐state NMR and FT IR spectroscopy is employed to investigate the thermolysis of boron‐modified polyhydridovinylsilazane, [B(C2H4SiHNH)3]n, from which a high‐temperature stable Si–B–C–N ceramic can be formed. The study is focused primarily on the characterization of the amorphous intermediates on the atomic scale, where such spectroscopic techniques have demonstrated their particular suitability. In addition, data are provided for the transformation from the amorphous to the crystalline ceramic. It is shown that the transformation of the polymeric precursor to the (amorphous) pre‐ceramic network is completed at around 500 °C. At this temperature the BN domains and Si–C–N units of mixed composition are formed. Above this temperature a continuous transformation to the ceramic takes place. At 1050 °C the amorphous ceramic consists of three main components: (i) amorphous (graphite‐like) carbon; (ii) planar BN domains; and (iii) an Si–C–N matrix (SiCxN4−xunits withx = 0, 1, 2). In addition, a considerable amount of hydrogen is present even at this temperature. The NMR studies have further shown that above 1700 °C the amorphous ceramic demixes, along with the formation of crystalline silicon nitride and silicon carbide. Likewise, structural changes for BN domains have been registered that are attributed to the formation of turbostratic BN(C) interface layers. In summary, the present study has demonstrated that the combination of multinuclear solid‐state NMR and FT IR spectroscopy is a powerful method to probe the thermolytic preparation of ternary and quaternary ceramic materials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization of diorganotin(IV) complexes of N‐(2‐hydroxyarylidene)amino‐acetic acid and antitumour screening in vivo in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells
Authors: Basu Baul Tushar S. , Dutta Sushmita , Rivarola Eleonora , Scopelliti Michelangelo , Choudhuri Soumitra 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSome new diorganotin(IV) complexes have­been prepared by reacting potassium N‐(2‐hydroxyarylidene)aminoacetate with R2SnCl2(R =­Me,nBu,Ph). The complexes have been characterized by 1H,13C,119Sn NMR, IR and 119mSn Mössbauer spectroscopic techniques in combination with elemental analysis. In the solid state, the complexes possess penta‐ and hexa‐coordinated tin centres. The hexa‐coordinated tin complexes were found to dissociate in solution, giving rise to penta‐coordinated species­as revealed by 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. Antitumour screening in vivo of the complexes L4SnPh2,L4SnPh2·Ph3SnCl and L4SntBu2·t Bu2SnCl2 (L4 = N‐(2‐hydroxyacetophenone)aminoacetate) is also reported. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emission to air of volatile organotins from tributyltin‐contaminated harbour sediments
Authors: Vella Alfred J. , Vassallo Roderick 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn analytical method for determining the presence in air of volatile forms (e.g. chlorides) of tributyltin (TBT) and that of methylbutyltins Me
nBu(4−n)Sn (n = 1–3) was developed and used to establish whether dredged harbour sediments contaminated with TBT served as sources of air pollution with respect to organotin compounds. The method was based on active sampling of the air being analysed and sorption of analytes onto Poropak‐N. Sorbed methylbutyltins were extracted with dichloromethane and analysed by gas chromatography using flame photometric detection. Other butyltins were converted into butyltin hydrides prior to analysis by gas chromatography. It was shown that TBT‐contaminated sediments from Marsamxett Harbour, Malta, placed in 0.5 l chambers through which air was displaced by continuous pumping for 11 days released mainly methylbutyltins, with concentrations (as tin) reaching maximum 48 h mean values of 8.7 (Me3BuSn), 22.1 (Me2Bu2Sn) and 93.0 ng m−3(MeBu3Sn) being measured. Other volatile forms of TBT, dibutyltin and monobutyltin were detected in the headspace air, but very infrequently and at much lower tin concentrations (<2 ng m−3). It was also shown that methylbutyltins dissolved in sea‐water ([Sn] = 0.2 to 400 ng l−1) were very difficult to exsolve from this medium, even on prolonged evaporation of the solutions using mechanical agitation and active ventilation. The results suggest that emission of methylbutyltins from contaminated sediments probably occurs only from the surface of the material. The environmental implications of these findings in the management of TBT‐polluted harbour sediments are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and single crystal X‐ray determination of the Schiff base 1‐[(2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylphenoxy)hydrazono] ethyl ferrocene
Authors: Baghlaf Ahmad O. , Ishaq M. , Bakhiswein Khalid H. , Al‐Harbi Adil H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction of acetylferrocene [Fe(η‐C5H5)(η‐C5H4COCH3)] (1) with (2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylphenoxy) acetic acid hydrazide [CH3C6H3CH(CH3)2OCH2CONHNH2] (2) in refluxing ethanol gives the stable light‐orange–brown Schiff base 1‐[(2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylphenoxy)hydrazono] ethyl ferrocene, [CH3C6H3CH(CH3)2OCH2CONHNC(CH3)Fe(η‐C5H5)(η‐C5H4)] (3). Complex 3 has been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and single crystal X‐ray diffraction study. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 9.6965(15), b = 7.4991(12), c = 29.698(7) Å, β = 99.010(13) °, V = 2132.8(7) Å3, Dcalc = 1.346 Mg m−3; absorption coefficient, 0.729 mm−1. The crystal structure clearly shows the characteristic [NH···O] hydrogen bonding between the two adjacent molecules of 3. This acts as a bidentale ligand, which, on treatment with [Ru(CO)2Cl2]
n, gives a stable bimetallic yellow–orange complex (4). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexation of CH3Hg+ with chloride, sulfate and carbonate in NaClO4: construction of thermodynamic models
Authors: Sanz J. , Raposo J. C. , de Diego A. , Madariaga J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe complexation of CH3Hg+ with major ions present in sea and estuary waters (Cl−, SO42− and CO32−) was studied potentiometrically in an NaClO4 medium in the ionic strength range 0.1–3.0 mol dm−3 at 25 °C. The potentiometric data, treated with non‐linear least squares computer programs, led us to establish the formation of the species CH3HgCl in equilibrium with chloride, CH3Hg(SO4)− species with sulfate and no complex with carbonate. The stoichiometric stability constants obtained at the different ionic strengths were correlated by means of the modified Bromley methodology (MBM) to determine the corresponding thermodynamic constants and interaction parameters. This study is the second of a series designed to simulate, using the MBM thermodynamic model, the behaviour of methylmercury in different conditions of sea and estuary waters. In the first study of the series, the hydrolysis equilibria of methylmercury in NaClO4 ionic media were established. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of ABA triblock and novel multiblock copolymers from ethylene glycol, L‐lactide, and ϵ‐caprolactone
Authors: Mohammadi‐Rovshandeh J. , Farnia S. M. F. , Sarbolouki M. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree types of copolymers were synthesized and characterized. First, triblock ABA copolymers [where A is a homopolymer of ϵ‐caprolactone and B is poly(ethylene glycol)] were prepared by the ring‐opening polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) with ϵ‐caprolactone in the presence of stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2). The spectral, thermal, and mechanical properties of one sample of these copolymers were studied, and it was discovered that these types of copolymers were more hydrophilic, possessed lower melting points, and had superior mechanical properties (greater toughness) than poly(ϵ‐caprolactone). Second, triblock ABA copolymers [where A is a homopolymer of L‐lactide and B is poly(ethylene glycol)] were prepared by the ring‐opening polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) with L‐lactide in the presence of Sn(Oct)2. The mechanical properties of these copolymers were studied, and it was found that they were tougher and softer than poly(L‐lactide). Third, novel ABA triblock copolymers [where A is a copolymer of ϵ‐caprolactone and L‐lactide and B is poly(ethylene glycol)] were prepared, and 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectra of these copolymers indicated a microblock structure for the two end blocks. The stress–strain behavior revealed low yields and high toughness for these copolymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2072–2081, 2002
Morphology/behavior relationship and recyclability of composites based on PP/EPDM blends and short aramid fibers
Authors: Arroyo M. , Bell M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of short aramid fibers on the mechanical behavior of polypropylene (PP) and ethylene‐propylene‐diene (EPDM) and their blends has been investigated by means of an experimental design. The results have shown that aramid fibers are very effective reinforcing agents for composites when the continuous phase of the matrix is constituted by PP, so sensible increments in tensile modulus and strength are obtained as fiber content in the composites increases. An optimal matrix composition and fiber content has been observed that produced high abrasion resistance compounds. However, the abrasion resistance of very rich EPDM matrices is hardly affected by fibers content. The addition of fibers to EPDM rich (>50%) matrices gives rise to a sensible decrease of the impact strength of this polymer. However, at PP contents above 50% in the polymer matrix, an increase of impact strength is observed at fiber percentages in the composites above 10%. The different behavior of the fibers depending on matrix type can be attributed to a better affinity of these fibers for PP matrix. Morphological studies of the composites have been carried out by scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the price and recyclability of these materials have been analyzed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2474–2484, 2002
Hybrids of cellulose acetate and sol–gel silica: Morphology, thermomechanical properties, water permeability, and biodegradation evaluation
Authors: Zoppi R. A. , Gonçalves M. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHybrids based on cellulose acetate (CA) and SiO2 were prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). More rigid films were obtained with an inorganic phase incorporation. The thermal stability of the hybrids was similar to pure CA. Composite membranes were prepared by casting of CA/TEOS mixtures onto a poly(vinylidene fluoride) support. The water permeation decreased with the incorporation of the inorganic phase. Hybrid membranes were able to retain solutes with a molar mass of ≅9000 g/mol (≅98% retention). Hybrids were submitted to biodegradation tests. The presence of the inorganic phase did not inhibit the growth of Thricoderma harzianum fungi. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2196–2205, 2002
Mathematical modeling of rheological properties of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene binder and dioctyl adipate plasticizer
Authors: Bandgar B. M. , Krishnamurthy V. N. , Mukundan T. , Sharma K. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSolid composite propellants contain 80–90% of a crystalline oxidizer like ammonium perchlorate and powdery metallic fuel like aluminum with 10 to 15% organic binders like HTPB or CTPB, to bind the solids together and maintain the shape under severe stress and strain environment. Also, the propellant must not crack or become brittle at subzero temperatures. Formulating and processing of the highly filled composite propellants are difficult tasks and need a thorough understanding of rheology, even apart from a knowledge of propellant chemistry, particulate technology, manufacturing methods, and safe handling of explosives and hazardous materials. The flow behavior or rheology of the propellant slurry determines the ingredients and some of the abnormalities of the motor during firing. The propellant viscosity and mechanical properties are determined by the binder system, and the unloading viscosity of the propellant slurry is dependent on the initial viscosity of the binder system, solid loading, particle size, and its distribution, shape, temperature, and pressure. In the present report an attempt is made to study the dependency of viscosity of the HTPB binder system on temperature, plasticizer level (composition), and torque (angular velocity of spindle). The viscosity measurements were made using a Brookfield viscometer model DV III at different plasticizer levels (10–50%), temperatures (30–65°C), and torques (50–100%). The data indicate that the viscosity of HTPB, DOA, and their mixture decreases with increasing temperature and is constant with torque. The Arrhenius equation gives the energy for viscous flow to be ≅35 kcal/mol for HTPB. The variation of viscosity with temperature of HTPB/DOA and their mixture follows a mathematical model expressed as where T is the temperature and a1, a2, a3, a4, and a5 are the constants. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1002–1007, 2002
Dispersion polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate
Authors: Wang Danni , Dimonie Victoria L. , Sudol E. David , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe dispersion polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate (BA) was investigated using alcohol/water mixtures as the dispersion medium, 4,4′ ‐azobis‐(4‐cyanopentanoic acid) as the initiator, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as the stabilizer. The effects of polymerization parameters, such as the alcohol/water ratio in the medium and the type and concentration of the polymeric stabilizer, on the resulting particle size and size distribution were studied. The final particle size and the stability of the dispersion system were found to be greatly influenced by the type of alcohol used in the mixture; that is, methanol or ethanol, even though the apparent solubility parameters are almost the same for the two types of mixtures. Poly(butyl acrylate) particles with controlled size and size distribution (monodisperse), and gel content were successfully prepared in a 90/10 methanol/water medium. It was found that the particle size decreased with increasing initiator concentration. This is the opposite of what was previously reported in the dispersion polymerizations of styrene and methyl methacrylate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2692–2709, 2002