bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signaling pathways for tissue factor expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bovine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Dean David F. , Bochsler Philip N. , Carroll Roger C. , Olchowy Timothy W. J. , Neilsen Nancy R. , Slauson David O. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate receptor-mediated intracellular events in bovine alveolar macrophages (AM) stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using tissue factor (TF) expression as the measurable functional endpoint.

Sample Population
Pulmonary AM harvested from 1- to 4-month-old male Holstein calves.

Procedure
Alveolar macrophages, acquired by use of volume-controlled bronchopulmonary lavage, were treated with CD14 monoclonal antibody (20 μg/ml), pertussis toxin (300 ng/ml), or 1 of 3 known protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors (10 μM chelerythrin, 100 μM H-7, or 50 nM staurosporin), then were stimulated with LPS alone (0.01, 0.10, 1.0, 10.0 μg/ml) or LPS (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 ng/ml) in combination with concentrated bovine serum fraction 2 (500 ng/ml). Tissue factor expression was quantified by use of a colorimetric assay. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and pH were monitored, using Ca2+- and pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes, with changes in fluorescent intensity after incubation with LPS measured by spectrophotometry.

Results
Treatment of AM with a CD14 monoclonal antibody caused profound inhibition of TF expression (P < 0.0001) after stimulation by LPS combined with bovine serum fraction 2. Pertussis toxin had a significant (P < 0.0319) inhibitory effect on TF expression when cells were stimulated by LPS alone. Treatment with all 3 PKC inhibitors caused marked reduction in TF expression of cells stimulated with LPS alone or with phorbol myristate acetate. Stimulation of cells by LPS failed to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ stores or to alter cytosolic pH.

Conclusion
LPS combined with serum factors binds to CD14 on the surface of AM, and PKC is an important signaling kinase in the pathway utilized by LPS, resulting in enhanced TF expression; a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein is involved in the signaling pathway utilized by LPS alone; and mobilization of Ca2+ does not have a role in the signal transduction pathway utilized by LPS nor does LPS affect cytosolic pH of AM. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:445–451)
Comparison of isoflurane with sevoflurane for anesthesia induction and recovery in adult dogs
Authors: Johnson Rebecca A. , Striler Elaine , Sawyer Donald C. , Brunson David B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare mask anesthesia induction and recovery characteristics between 2 inhalant anesthetic agents: isoflurane and sevoflurane.

Animals
16 clinically normal, young adult Beagles.

Procedure
Using a cross-over design, dogs were randomly selected to receive sevoflurane or isoflurane via a face mask and a circle anesthetic system. Vaporizer setting concentrations were increased in step-wise, equal minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) for each anesthetic until the vaporizer setting of 2.6% for isoflurane or 4.8% for sevoflurane (2 MAC) was reached. Concentration was kept constant until the dog had a negative tail clamp response and was intubated. End-tidal concentration was maintained at 1.8 to 2.0% or 3.3 to 3.8% for isoflurane or sevoflurane, respectively (1.4 to 1.6 MAC) for 30 minutes. Dogs were allowed to recover with only tail clamp stimulation until a positive response was obtained. Extubation was performed when a spontaneous swallow reflex was observed. Dogs were allowed to achieve sternal recumbency and stand unassisted without further stimulation.

Results
Sevoflurane induction resulted in shorter time to loss of palpebral reflex, negative tail clamp response, and time to tracheal intubation, and was of better quality than isoflurane induction. Both anesthetics were associated with rapid and smooth recovery.

Conclusions
Sevoflurane mask induction is faster and of better quality, compared with isoflurane, in adult dogs. Recovery time and quality are comparable.

Clinical Relevance
On the basis of these results, sevoflurane is a suitable inhalant anesthetic for mask induction and recovery in adult dogs and appears to have some advantages over isoflurane, including faster and smoother mask induction. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:478–481)
Identification and purification of apolipoprotein C-III from the serum of cows
Authors: Yamamoto Midori , Katoh Norio , Adachi Yoshikazu , Oikawa Shin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify, purify, and analyze distribution of apolipoprotein C-III in lipoprotein fractions and to evaluate its concentration in serum from calves, heifers, and cows during various stages of lactation.

Sample Population
Sera from 3 female calves, 3 heifers, and 12 cows during early, middle, late, and nonlactation stages.

Procedure
Apolipoprotein C-III was identified by use of amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of bands separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purification was performed by extraction with acetone, delipidation with 2-propanol, and 2 chromatographic steps. The apolipoprotein C-III concentration in the total lipoprotein fraction was evaluated by densitometric scanning of the bands for apolipoprotein C-III separated by electrophoresis, using purified apolipoprotein C-III as an internal standard.

Results
Apolipoprotein C-III was identified as 8.2- and 7.3-kd proteins with identical amino acid sequences. The 2 proteins were mainly found in the high-density lipoprotein fraction, then were purified separately. Serum apolipoprotein C-III concentration was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in cows during lactation than in nonlactating cows and was negatively correlated with serum triglyceride concentration (r = −0.620, P < 0.01).

Conclusions
The role of apolipoprotein C-III in cows may involve a function related to lactation. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:667-672)
Cloning of equine interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and determination of its full-length cDNA sequence
Authors: Howard Rick D. , McIlwraith C.Wayne , Trotter Gayle W. , Nyborg Jennifer K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To clone equine interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 ra) and determine its full-length cDNA sequence.

Procedure
A cDNA library derived from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine monocytes was screened by means of plaque hybridization to radiolabeled equine IL-1ra DNA probes generated by means of the polymerase chain reaction. The cDNA nucleotide sequence for equine IL-1ra was determined by use of the dideoxy chain termination technique, analyzed by use of computer software for sequence characteristics, and compared with sequences reported for IL-1ra of other species.

Results
The cDNA for equine IL-1ra was 1,614 base pairs in length with an ORF encoding a peptide of 177 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 20.427 kd. Similarity between the amino acid sequence of equine IL-1ra and sequences for human, murine, rat, and lapine IL-1ra was 76%. Similarity between sequence for equine IL-1ra and sequences for equine interleukin-1α and equine interleukin-1ß were 22.6 and 24.6%, respectively.

Conclusion
Comparison of the sequence for equine IL-1ra with sequences for IL-1ra of other species indicated a high degree of conservation.

Clinical Relevance
Results establish a basis for studying the roles of interleukin-1 in healthy and diseased joints in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:712-716)
Induction of temporary otitis media in specific-pathogen-free pigs by intratympanic inoculation of Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Authors: Morita Takehito , Sasaki Aya , Kaji Noriyuki , Shimada Akinori , Kazama Satoshi , Yagihashi Takeshi , Umemura Takashi 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To examine whether Mycoplasma hyorhinis inoculated into the tympanic cavity can cause otitis media in pigs.

Animals
17- or 22-day-old specific-pathogen-free pigs.

Procedure
Histologic and bacteriologic examinations were performed on specimens from the tympanic cavity and auditory tube at 0, 7, 14, and 25 days after intratympanic inoculation of M hyorhinis (auditory tube cloning strain 14).

Results
In M hyorhinis-inoculated pigs, mild to moderate inflammation of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity first appeared at postinoculation day (PID) 7. In pigs euthanatized at PID 14, the degree of inflammation was aggravated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed M hyorhinis antigens on the luminal surface of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity. By PID 25, lesions had lessened. By use of transmission and scanning electron microscopic examinations, mycoplasmal organisms were identified among the cilia in the auditory tubes at PID 14 but not at PID 25. Results of bacteriologic examination indicated that 104 to 106 color-changing units of M hyorhinis were isolated from the tympanic cavity at PID 0. Variable numbers of M hyorhinis were isolated at PID 7 and 14, and numbers were decreased at PID 25.

Conclusions
M hyorhinis inoculated into the tympanic cavity can cause a self-limiting otitis media in SPF pigs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:869–873)
Epidemiologic herd-level assessment of causative agents and risk factors for winter dysentery in dairy cattle
Authors: Smith David R. , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Mohan Ram , Brock Kenny V. , Wittum Thomas E. , Morley Paul S. , Hoblet Kent H. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To test the association between exposure to bovine coronavirus (BCV) and outbreaks of winter dysentery (WD) in dairy herds and to examine other risk factors for outbreaks of WD in dairy herds.

Animals
12 dairy herds in Ohio affected with WD (case herds). For each case herd, 2 unaffected herds from the same area were concurrently used as control herds.

Procedure
A case-control study was conducted, using herds as the unit of investigation. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to identify risk factors for contracting disease.

Results
4 factors appeared to increase a herd's risk for WD: increase in herd prevalence of adult cows that had a fourfold or more increase in BCV serum IgG antibody titer; increase in herd prevalence of adult cows that had a fourfold or more increase in bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) titer; housing cattle in tie-stall or stanchion barns rather than free-stall facilities; and use of equipment to handle manure and subsequently handle feed. The adjusted population-attributable risk for these variables was 71, 43, 53, and 31%, respectively, and 99% overall, indicating that these variables had considerable impact on WD outbreaks for the study population.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
In dairies in Ohio, recent herd exposure to BCV appeared to increase the risk for WD outbreaks. Some WD outbreaks might have been associated with acute BVDV infection. Certain housing and management practices may have increased the risk of an outbreak of WD. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:994–1001)
Evaluation of serum apolipoprotein C-III concentration by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its higher concentration in cows during midlactation than during the nonlactating stage
Authors: Yamamoto Midori , Katoh Norio , Oikawa Shin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine serum apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) concentration in cows in various stages of lactation by use of an ELISA.

Sample Population
Sera obtained from 29 Holstein cows during early lactation, 65 cows during midlactation, 42 cows during late lactation, and 23 cows during the nonlactating stage.

Procedure
A 7.3-kd bovine apoC-III antiserum raised in rabbits was purified by affinity chromatography, and an ELISA was developed.

Results
In the immunoblot analysis, the antiserum reacted with the 7.3-kd apoC-III and moreover with another 8.2-kd apoC-III isoform. The 2 isoforms of apoC-III were also indistinguishable in the developed ELISA, the 2 proteins being measured as total apoC-III. In the ELISA for serum apoC-III concentration, addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the coating buffer (50 mM sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.6) was required. Mean ± SEM bovine serum apoC-III concentration (μg/ml of serum) was 71.6 ± 12.1 for the early lactating stage, 115 ± 14.0 for the midlactating stage, 104 ± 18.8 for the late lactating stage, and 55.3 ± 8.4 for the nonlactating stage. Concentration of apoC-III was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in cows during midlactation than in cows during the nonlactating stage and was correlated negatively with serum triglyceride concentration (r = −0.479; P< 0.01) and positively with total cholesterol (r = 0.421; P < 0.05) and phospholipids (r = 0.415; P < 0.05) concentrations.

Conclusions
Changes of apoC-III concentration in various stages of lactation suggest that this apolipoprotein is involved in a function related to lactation. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1358–1363)
Evidence for a compensatory increase in synthesis of brush border enzymes in the jejunum of Irish Setters with gluten-sensitive enteropathy
Authors: Manners H. K. , Sørensen S. H. , Embaye H. , Odedra R. M. , Batt R. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether biosynthesis of aminopeptidase N (ApN), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and total microvillus membrane protein is altered in Irish Setters with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE).

Animals
A litter of 6 Irish Setters with GSE and 3 healthy Greyhounds.

Procedures
Explants obtained from affected dogs at 4 and 12 months were maintained in vitro and were compared with material from healthy control dogs. Biosynthesis of ApN and AP was monitored by incorporation of [35S]methionine and immunoprecipitation of these enzymes.

Results
Jejunal explants from affected Irish Setters had significantly higher rates of biosynthesis of total protein, microvillus membrane protein, AP, and ApN, compared with control tissue. Two forms of ApN with apparent molecular mass of 155 and 135 kd and 4 forms of AP with apparent molecular mass of 210 to 260, 150, 130, and 105 kd were identified in total membrane fractions from control and affected dogs.

Conclusions
Reduced activities of ApN and AP in dogs with GSE are not attributable to decreased synthesis of these proteins and document enhanced synthesis of microvillar membrane proteins, which may be a compensatory response to enterocyte damage. The 150-kd form of AP was most prominent in tissue from the most affected dogs, probably representing an early form of this enzyme. In contrast, the 105-kd form was most intense in tissue from controls and less intense in tissue of affected dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1392–1397)
Evaluation of an assay for detecting telomerase activity in neoplastic tissues of dogs
Authors: Biller Barbara J. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Cadile Casey D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine feasibility of using the telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay to detect telomerase activity in tumors of dogs.

Sample Population
Samples of tumor or normal tissue were obtained from client-owned dogs that underwent surgical biopsy during the period of January 1996 through December 1997.

Procedure
The TRAP assay was used to detect telomerase activity in malignant or benign tumors of dogs. Telomerase status (positive or negative) was compared with results of histologic examination for each sample to estimate specificity and sensitivity of this assay for the diagnosis of malignancy.

Results
Of 26 malignant tumors, 24 were telomerase positive on TRAP assay, whereas 3 of 4 benign tumors and 3 of 3 normal tissues were telomerase negative. Analysis of these results indicated an estimated sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 86% for tumor analysis, using the TRAP assay.

Conclusion
The TRAP assay can be used to measure telomerase activity in malignant tumors of dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Because telomerase activation may be required for indefinite longevity of cells, it may also serve as a tumor marker and therapeutic target. The TRAP assay can be used to detect telomerase in samples of fluid as well as tissues obtained from solid tumors. Therefore, it may have considerable clinical value in rapid and noninvasive diagnosis of neoplasia in dogs. Additional studies must be completed to more accurately determine sensitivity and specificity of the assay. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1526-1529)
Correlation between longitudinal bone growth, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-I in prepubertal dogs
Authors: Conzemius Michael G. , Brown Dorothy Cimino , Brabec Marek , Smith Gail K. , Washabau Robert , LaFond Elizabeth , Chakraborty Prabir K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the association between longitudinal bone growth and concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in serum from prepubertal dogs.

Animals
6 male 14-week-old German Shepherd Dogs.

Procedure
Blood was obtained every 30 minutes for 14 consecutive days. Concentrations of GH and IGF-I in serum were determined, using a canine-specific radioimmunoassay and conventional radioimmunoassay after acid-ethanol extraction, respectively. Simultaneous biplanar radiography was performed daily to measure bone growth. Spectral analysis was used to estimate specific features of GH secretion during an extended period. Multiple linear regression with different lag times between independent and dependent variables was used to determine the strongest predictors of bone growth.

Results
The power spectra of GH concentrations in serum had a primary peak at a frequency of 0.02 cycles/h or a periodicity of 50 h/cycle. A significant determinant of longitudinal bone growth was a lag time of 1 day in concentration of GH in serum. The relationship between IGF-I concentration in serum and bone growth was not significant.

Conclusions
The primary frequency of GH secretion is outside the time frame of a single day and the concentration of GH in serum is a primary determinant of bone growth.

Clinical Relevance
A better understanding of the components of bone growth provide discernment to improved diagnosis and treatment of abnormal bone growth. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1608-1612)
Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of beef and dairy cattle experimentally infested with Psoroptes ovis
Authors: Lonneux Jean-François , Nguyen Thu Queen , Hollanders Wim , Denis Martine , Thiry Etienne , Pastoret Pierre Paul , Losson Bertrand 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare cellular and humoral immune responses of beef (Belgian White and Blue [BWB]) and dairy (Friesian-Holstein [FH]) cattle to Psoroptes ovis infestation and to determine whether P ovis infestation impaired immune responses to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) vaccine or an immunogenic protein (keyhole-limpet hemocyanin [KLH]).

Animals
19 BWB and 6 FH 1-year-old calves.

Procedure
2 trials were performed. In each trial, 7 (trial 1) or 6 (trial 2) BWB calves and 3 FH calves were experimentally infested with P ovis and 3 BWB calves were maintained as uninfested controls. Animals were inoculated with KLH and IBR virus vaccine twice; 3 BWB calves in each trial were treated with ivermectin. Serum antibody responses to KLH, IBR virus, and P ovis were measured by use of ELISA. A lymphocyte transformation assay was used to determine nonspecific responses to 3 mitogens and specific lymphocyte reactivity to P ovis antigen.

Results
In each trial, 3 BWB and 3 FH calves developed clinical signs of psoroptic mange and mites could be recovered. Infested and control animals developed similar antibody titers to KLH and IBR virus. Antibodies to P ovis were detected early in some infested calves, and this was correlated with a marked cell-mediated immune response. Lymphocyte responsiveness to the 3 mitogens was not significantly different among groups.

Conclusions
In these calves, infestation with P ovis induced a marked humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Immunosuppression was not evident. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:583–587)
Cardiorespiratory effects of low-flow and closed circuit inhalation anesthesia, using sevoflurane delivered with an in-circuit vaporizer and concentrations of compound A
Authors: Muir William W. , Gadawski Jennifer 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the concentrations of sevoflurane and compound A (a degradation product of sevoflurane) in the anesthetic circuit when sevoflurane was delivered with an in-circuit vaporizer, and to determine the cardiorespiratory effects of sevoflurane in dogs.

Animals
6 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure
In-circuit vaporizers were connected to the inspiratory limb of a circle rebreathing system connected to a ventilator. A reservoir bag was attached to the Y-piece connector to act as an artificial lung, and sevoflurane concentrations in the anesthetic circuit were measured at vaporizer settings of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 and oxygen flow rates of 250 and 500 ml/min. Cardiorespiratory effects of sevoflurane were determined in dogs while they were breathing spontaneously, during controlled ventilation, and during closed circuit anesthesia. Concentrations of compound A were determined by means of gas chromatography with flame ionization.

Results
The concentration of sevoflurane in the anesthetic circuit increased with vaporizer setting and time. For oxygen flow rates of 250 and 500 ml/min, vaporizer settings between 5 and 7 and between 7 and 10, respectively, produced sevoflurane concentrations closest to values reported to produce surgical anesthesia in dogs. Significant differences were not observed in cardiorespiratory variables with time or among anesthetic conditions. Concentrations of compound A in the anesthetic circuit were less than values reported to produce renal toxicoses and death in rats.

Conclusion
Results suggested that sevoflurane can be administered to nonsurgically stimulated dogs, using an in-circuit vaporizer and low (< 15 ml/kg/min) oxygen flow rates, without causing significant cardiorespiratory depression or clinically important concentrations of compound A. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:603–608)
Permanent implantation of a reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft for treatment of artificial defects of the teat cistern mucosa in cows
Authors: Metzger Lorenz , Hirsbrunner Gaby , Waldvogel Andreas , Eicher Richard , Schällibaum Melchior , Steiner Adrian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate use of a reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft for treatment of an artificial defect of mucosa of the teat cistern in lactating cows.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
9 clinically normal lactating dairy cows.

Procedure
A 20-mm wide circumferential area of mucosa was sharply excised from the cistern of 1 teat on each cow 10 days after spontaneous calving, and the lesion was covered by a graft. After 14 days of passive milk drainage, routine milking was resumed. Follow-up examinations were performed during the next 2 lactation periods and included evaluation of wound healing, location and sonographic appearance of the implant, milk flow and yield, and somatic cell counts. Cows were slaughtered, and teats and mammary glands were examined microscopically.

Results
Implants had partially to totally collapsed within 30 to 90 days. Milk flow was significantly increased by day 15 of the first lactation, but decreased significantly by day 300 of lactation 1. At the end of lactation 1, milk flow had ceased in 3 out of 7 quarters. Only 3 of 9 quarters drained through grafted teats were milkable at the end of the study. Somatic cell counts of these quarters were significantly increased in the first lactation period. At necropsy, 2 grafts were in the teat cistern, but only 1 was incorporated into the mucosa by connective tissue. The mucosa was thickened in all teats with grafts, and there was epithelial metaplasia and granulation tissue proliferation.

Clinical Relevance
Use of a polytetrafluoroethylene graft can preserve patency in the first lactation period. However, the graft may not be sufficiently incorporated into the mucosa if routine machine milking is resumed 2 weeks after implantation. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:56–62)