bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Electronic Structure of Covalent Semiconductors by EPR
Authors: Bemski G. 
Published: August 2005

This paper reviews the basic theory of impurity states in semiconductors as applied to “shallow donors” in silicon. It points out the role of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique in investigating such states in silicon and the relation of experiments to the theory.
The transition between electrons localized at these impurities and those free to conduct is also discussed in relation to silicon. Finally, an example of EPR experiments on conduction electrons in InSb is also given, completing the range of investigations from the localized to completely free electrons in covalent semiconductors.
Some Results of a Survey Made in Preparation for the Conference on Curricula for Undergraduate Majors in Physics
Authors: Phillips L. W. 
Published: August 2005

About 250 physics departments that offer an undergraduate physics major but do not have a Ph.D.-level graduate program replied to a general questionnaire dealing with departmental programs and practices. Results presented here are derived primarily from those sections of the questionnaire dealing with various aspects of the curriculum for physics majors: the introductory course taken by physics majors, intermediate level courses, the role of independent study and research, and specific degree requirements, together with some estimates as to further (post-baccalaureate) education and eventual careers of graduated majors.
Some more general data on physics major enrollments and faculty sizes, derived from publications of the American Institute of Physics, are also included.
The Arrow of Time
Authors: Gold T. 
Published: August 2005

The time symmetry of the physical laws is discussed. The asymmetry in all statistical processes is found to be related to the tendency for radiation to diverge and that in turn is related to the expansion of the universe. No asymmetry is contained in the laws of electrodynamics, and the choice of the retarded potentials is not a time unsymmetrical step.
Time asymmetry appears to be confined to statistical tendencies resulting from the over-all expansion. The significance of the various symmetries in the physical laws is briefly discussed.
Motion Subject to a Central Force: An Apparatus for Demonstrating Orbital Stability
Authors: Telfair David , Brooks John T. 
Published: August 2005

The usual approach to the teaching of rotational motion in the introductory college physics course emphasizes centripetal acceleration and the rotation of rigid bodies about fixed axes.
The approach outlined below may be used to extend, and in part to supersede, the usual approach. It is intended to strengthen the student's insight into the concept of angular momentum, and his understanding of the orbital motion and orbital stability of planets and satellites. An analysis of the system is based on energy considerations and on a frame of reference which rotates with the system.
An apparatus is described by means of which one may demonstrate many of the characteristics of orbital motion and central forces.
Forced Vibrations of a Harmonic Lattice in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Band William 
Published: August 2005

Schrödinger's equation is solved in an elementary fashion for a harmonic lattice subject to external forces that are functions explicitly only of time, and to damping forces proportional to velocity expectation values. The result shows that the response is a purely classical motion of the quantum mechanical probability distribution associated with the free lattice. The energy of the lattice is Eq + Ec, where Eq is any energy eigenvalue of the free undisturbed lattice existing before the external forces were applied, and Ec is the energy that would be obtained by classical mechanics for the response of the lattice to the disturbance. The energy propagates through the lattice as a purely classical wave motion superposed on any quantum mechanical background that may happen to exist.
Anharmonic coupling terms are needed to cause quantum excitations and produce thermal equilibrium within the lattice. The conventional treatment of energy transport as due to unidirectional normal modes is criticized.
Interference Pattern of Beats
Authors: Hoxton L. G. 
Published: August 2005

Demonstration experiments are described and an elementary theory is given, both dealing with the well-known concept that the “beats” arising from two sources of slightly differing frequencies may be described in terms of a traveling pattern of interference fringes. A ripple tank and a special simple generator of ripples at two points were employed. Amplified audible beats from the generator would match the frequency of appearance of the fringes as seen in the tank or projected on a screen. The form of the fringes are closed curves known as Cartesian ovals. They are higher curves that degenerate into expanding circles when the two point sources coincide, or into stationary hyperbolas when their frequencies are equal.
The theory for these fringes, their spacings and velocities, is elementary in the sense that, with one exception (dispersive media), use of the calculus is a matter of taste, not of necessity. It is on the level of the college student.
Emission Spectroscopy as an Elective for Science Majors and Engineers
Authors: Peters J. Theodore 
Published: August 2005

This is a condensation of a paper given at the Physics Section Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Philadelphia, 29 December 1962, by J. Theodore Peters and M. Lalevic of the Drexel Institute of Technology.
A plea is made for more colleges and universities to offer emission or atomic spectroscopy as an undergraduate elective. So much of our knowledge today of the mechanism of radiation, of atomic structure, and of properties of atomic nuclei resulted from spectroscopic research. It seems only natural then to expect more course offerings in this field. Further evidence is given for the need for more work in higher reaches of theoretical spectroscopy. There is still much to be discovered and checked and tabulated as to emission lines for many of the 102 elements.
Resource Letter NS-1 on Nuclear Structure
Authors: Preston M. A. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter in some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Such communications should be sent to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter NS-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Compton Effect: Historical Background
Authors: Bartlett Albert Allen 
Published: August 2005

A review of the chain of experiments whose results were finally explained by Compton's discovery of the Compton effect shows that these experiments were not solely in the field of x rays. The studies of the scattering of high-energy gamma rays of radium had presented physicists with the puzzle that scattered gamma rays were distinctly less penetrating than were those that had not been scattered, and that the amount of this “softening” of the scattered gamma rays was dependent on both the initial “hardness” of the gamma rays and on the scattering angle. Many of the experimental facts of the Compton effect were well known from the studies of scattering of gamma rays some years before the effects were observed with x rays. Compton's interest in the problem was apparently greatly stimulated by his own experiments on the scattering of gamma rays.
However, since the first detailed and convincing experimental verification of several of the consequences of Compton's hypothesis came from experiments with x rays, one may not be aware of the important role played by gamma-ray experiments in the steps leading to the discovery.
Resource Letter Scy-1 on Superconductivity
Authors: Ginsberg D. M. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter Scy-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope. A small booklet containing reprints of some of the fundamental references will soon be available for purchase from the American Institute of Physics.
Resource Letter Scr-1 on Semiconductors
Authors: Handler Paul 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter in some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Such communications should be sent to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter Scr-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Resource Letter CM-1 on the Teaching of Angular Momentum and Rigid Body Motion
Authors: Shonle John I. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters and the AAPT Committee on Tests; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary reading level, the letter I indicates intermediate level, and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter CM-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Scattering of Wave Packets
Authors: Wichmann Eyvind H. 
Published: August 2005

The elastic scattering of spinless particles from a spherically symmetric stationary target is considered. The main idea is to describe the incident beam of particles as a certain statistical ensemble of one-particle wave packets, and to define the differential cross section in terms of the average scattering of the particles in this ensemble. The physical significance of this mode of description is discussed, and arguments are presented as to why it should be regarded as a realistic description of typical scattering experiments. The discussion is general, and not restricted to potential scattering. It is based on the notion of the S matrix, and the most basic ideas of the S matrix are discussed. A simple derivation of the partial wave expansion is given within the framework of S matrix theory.
The aim of this paper is mainly pedagogical, and the final results obtained are old and well established.
Resource Letter PP-2 on Plasma Physics: Waves and Radiation Processes in Plasmas
Authors: Bekefi G. , Brown Sanborn C. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after the item number means that the reference should be mainly useful for elementary courses. In view of the complexity of the subject, elementary will normally imply junior courses. The letter I indicates intermediate (senior and first-year graduates) and A indicates advanced (second-year graduates and students beginning research in plasma physics).
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter PP-2 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Electrons, Photons, and Students
Authors: Portis Alan M. 
Published: August 2005

The Robert A. Millikan Lecture Award is made annually to a physicist chosen by a special committee of the American Association of Physics Teachers because of his creative and imaginative contributions to the teaching of physics. The lecturer selected is one whom the Association wishes to honor at the Summer Meeting in the same way that it honors the Oersted Medalist at the time of the Annual Meeting. The award is made possible through the annual support of of Prentice-Hall, Inc.; the first award was made in 1964.
The recipient of this award for 1966 is Alan M. Portis, Professor of Physics at the University of California at Berkeley.
The four-year development of the Berkeley Physics Laboratory is described starting from its inception in the Summer of 1962. Reasons for the special attention given to electrons and photons are presented. The use of student groups in the laboratory trials is discussed. The wide response to the laboratory is analyzed. Finally, modifications currently being made in the Laboratory by the Berkeley Physics faculty are presented and discussed.
Educational Assistance Provided by the United States Atomic Energy Commission
Authors: Parker Vincent E. 
Published: August 2005

The Atomic Energy Act of 1946, with its later amendments, directed the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to conduct research, development, and training in the field iof atomic energy. These activities were initially retained within the national laboratories and other AEC sites because the major portion of nuclear technology was classified. As declassification proceeded, the AEC started an intensive program of educational assistance activities in order to help the academic community develop its own nuclear education capabilities. These activities were supported by cooperative programs at the national laboratories. The assistance described consists of providing teachers and other scientists with opportunities to up-date their scientific knowledge, to conduct research, to participate in institutes, to obtain specialized training; providing graduate and postdoctoral fellowships, and research opportunities to students. It further provides support for special schools offering nuclear eduational opportunities too specialized for colleges and universities; and provides scientific lectures and funds for specialized equipment to nonprofit educational institutions.
The national program is described briefly. Special emphasis is given to those programs operated by the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies.
Resource Letter NPE-1 on Nuclear Photographic Emulsions
Authors: Friedlander M. W. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them to improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Joel E. Gordon, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for high school and introductory college use; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material, principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter NPE-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Resource Letter ColR-1 on Collateral Reading for Physics Courses
Authors: Bork Alfred M. , Arons Arnold B. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course content in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of the letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Joel E. Gordon, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter ColR-1, and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Resource Letter LH-1 on Liquid Helium
Authors: Lane C. T. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Joel Gordon, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after the item number means that the reference should be mainly useful for elementary courses. In view of the complexity of the subject elementary will normally imply junior courses. The letter I indicates intermediate (senior and first-year graduates) and A indicates advanced (second-year graduates and students beginning research in Physics). An asterisk indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter LH-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Resource Letter SP-1 on Symmetry in Physics
Authors: Park David 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Joel Gordon, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after the item number means that the reference should be mainly useful for elementary courses. In view of the complexity of the subject elementary will normally imply junior courses. The letter I indicates intermediate (senior and first-year graduates) and A indicates advanced (second-year graduates and students beginning research in Physics). An asterisk indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter SP-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.