bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Nature and Human Rights
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe concept of nature has a history, one that begins in ancient Greek polemic, where the self-styled naturalist philosophers and certain medical writers employed the term phusis (nature) to define the areas of enquiry over which they claimed to be expert and used that idea to put down and defeat rival claimants to knowledge, particularly from among traditional wise men. That concept of nature has no exact equivalent in ancient China, although there we find terms to describe what happens spontaneously, to distinguish human characters and so on. Neither ancient Greeks nor Chinese have a concept that matches that of human rights. Rather the key notions in that area that both ancient societies use relate to responsibilities, to equity, and to justice. This study concludes that they provide a more adequate framework than the modern concept of rights in which to discuss the problems.
Multinationals and Global Capitalism
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis book explores the role of multinationals in the creation of the global economy in the last two centuries. It argues that multinationals should be viewed as one of the primary drivers of investment, trade, and knowledge flows across national borders, which are at the heart of the globalisation process. The book is divided into five parts. Part I provides a historical and theoretical context for understanding the role of multinationals in global capitalism. Part II shows how multinationals identified and exploited opportunities to create value. Part III shows how firms built organisations that functioned in multiple environments. Part IV examines the impact of public policy on multinationals. Part V reviews historical evidence on the economic, social, and political impact of multinationals.
Manufacturing
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMultinational strategies have played key roles in nearly all of the world’s dynamic manufacturing industries since the late 19th century. The firms that pioneered the capital-intensive technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century — chemicals, electronics, and machinery — rapidly expanded into international markets. Automobile manufacturers followed in their path, as did their post-World War II successors in computers, pharmaceuticals, and telecommunications.
Engines of growth?
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter reviews the historical evidence on the long-run impact of multinationals on their host economies. It is shown that although multinational served as ‘engines of growth’, negative outcomes have occurred. The spread of multinationals since the 19th century has coincided with an extraordinary growth in world incomes, and with the increasing gap between the rich and poor, the North and South.
The Body in St Maximus the Confessor
Authors: Cooper Adam G. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Maximus the Confessor (580-662) is increasingly regarded as a theologian of towering ecumenical importance. This book engages the full vista of Maximus’ profound incarnational and cosmic theology with the question: What happens to the body when human beings are deified? The answer unfolds in five chapters under the rubrics of epistemology, cosmology, christology, ecclesiology and spirituality. Each specifies an integral dimension in the Confessor’s theological vision and its central motif, viz. God the Word wills always to be embodied in all things. By virtue of their respective teleological orientation to Christ the incarnate Word, creation, history and the life of virtue each functions as a pedagogical strategy by which the transcendent God simultaneously conceals and reveals himself with the aim of leading all creation, including matter and the body, into deifying union with himself by grace. Ultimately it is the deification of Christ’s body that constitutes the paradigmatic and definitive renewal of fallen creation.
The Sustainability of Extractive Economies
Authors: Hamilton Kirk. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a theoretical approach to measure whether an economy is on a sustainable path, and then presents empirical evidence on the sustainability of various extractive economies. An indicator of sustainability termed ‘genuine saving’ is developed, which accounts for the effects of natural resource depletion and environmental degradation in measuring national savings. Distinctive patterns of genuine savings across country incomes and natural resource endowment groups are observed. Robust savings do not ensure a smooth development path if the quality of investment is low.
Natural Resources, Human Capital, and Growth
Authors: Birdsall Nancy , Pinckney Thomas , Sabot Richard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of human capital investment in lowering the growth of resource-abundant countries. It is shown that resource abundance leads to high initial levels of income inequality, making it difficult to generate a virtuous circle of human capital accumulation and equitable growth. However, this virtuous circle is achievable if governments can resist the temptation to ignore the quality of schooling and pursue a capital intensive growth strategy.
Political Economy of Resource-Abundant States
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Gelb Alan H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between political economy and natural resource endowment using an extension of Lal’s (1995) typology of political states. The extended typology explains why the governments of resource-abundant countries are less likely to align their interests with those of the majority than the governments of resource-deficient countries. Natural resource rents feed conflicts so that the resource-abundant country has a factional or predatory government that relaxes market discipline in capturing and redistributing the rents. Thus, the economy is deflected from its comparative advantage and cumulates economic distortions that retard growth and/or cause the economy to depend on a weakening primary sector.
Reforming a Small Resource-Rich Developing Market Economy: Costa Rica
Authors: Barboza Gustavo. , Cordero José. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter explains why Costa Rica’s potentially favourable endowment of social capital delayed reform and economic recovery. It analyses the country’s growth collapse in the early 1980s and economic reforms initiated in 1985. It is shown that the ambitious expansion of social entitlements outstripped the economy’s capacity to sustain it. Forced industrialisation distorted the economy through the 1960s and 1970s and caused it to lose momentum. The accumulated social capital then retarded economic reform. However, social capital did allow reforms to proceed more smoothly and with less hardship for the poor.
Reforming a Large Resource-Abundant Transition Economy: Russia
Authors: Markandya Anil. , Averchenkova Alina 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the contribution of Russia’s rich natural resource endowment to the slow progress of economic reform. Resource abundance caused social conflict, since the benefits were unequally distributed. The process of reform increased inequality, and the presence of rents slowed down institutional reforms in key areas.
Art and Intention
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In aesthetics, the topic of intentions comes up most often in the perennial debate between intentionalists and anti-intentionalists over standards of interpretation. The underlying assumptions about the nature and functions of intentions are, however, rarely explicitly developed, even though divergent and at times tendentious premises are often relied upon in this controversy. Livingston provides a survey of contentions about the nature and status of intentions and intentionalist psychology more generally, arguing for an account that recognizes the multiple functions fulfilled by intentions in the lives of temporally situated agents who deliberate over what to do, settle on ends and means, and try to realize some of their plans. Artists’ intentions are the same sorts of attitudes that we attribute to ourselves and to others as we attempt to describe, explain, and predict our actions. As such, intentions are relevant not only to debates over the interpretation of works of art but also to a range of other basic topics in the philosophy of art, including artistic creation and authorship, the ontology of art, the nature of texts, works, versions, and life-works, and the status and nature of fiction and fictional truth. With regard to the controversy over the interpretation of art, Livingston advocates a ‘partial’ intentionalism. Intentions are never infallible, so there is a conceptual gap between the completed work and the intentions that initiated and guided its making. Yet in spite of the fallibility of intentions and of our beliefs and claims about them, intentions regularly contribute to the determination of a work’s features, including implicit meanings, the recognition of which requires the uptake of the artist’s intentional design. Partial intentionalism also finds support in the idea that at least one sort of artistic value depends on the artist’s skilful accomplishment of intentions.
Chapter 6 INTENTION AND THE INTERPRETATION OF ART
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The successful recognition of intentions is integral to the success of many interpretative projects, including those aiming at the identification of a work’s meanings. As the influential thesis of ‘the intentional fallacy’ would have it, biographical knowledge cannot replace scrutiny of pictures, poems, and other artistic artefacts and performances. Yet there is also an ‘anti-intentional fallacy’, which amounts to denying that some implicit meanings require uptake of the artist’s intentions, in cases where these aims mesh successfully with the realized artefact or performance. Livingston supports a partial, actualist intentionalism with an axiological argument and surveys claims surrounding a range of positions in the theory of art interpretation.
Regional Output Differences in International Perspective
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAccurate regional estimates of output are desired as an indicator of level of development and as a variable used to explain internal migration, demand patterns, fertility and other aspects of behaviour. Explores one often-neglected aspect of regional income differences, namely, that due to price differences or regional purchasing power parities. When nominal regional income measures are adjusted for these price level differences they are termed real regional incomes. The preferred method of estimating regional purchasing power parities by detailed price comparisons is discussed for Brazil, the United States and the European Union. The empirical thrust of the chapter is an investigation of different methods for estimating regional real incomes based on PPP data for 167 countries and nominal regional incomes and other data for about 870 administrative areas at the sub-national level. Even in their present form the authors believe the real income estimates provided for the geographical units present opportunities for understanding the world economic structure.
Opening the Convergence Black Box: Measurement Problems and Demographic Aspects
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe authors address the issues involved with the use of microeconomic data—household surveys—to compare the patterns of income growth among different regions instead of the commonly used aggregate data. In particular, they investigate the issues of aggregation of household income to regional income and the problem of demography. As returns to experience generally differ across regions, differences in the patterns of income growth across regions in the same time interval will differ across age groups, which means that convergence or divergence of aggregate income among regions will depend on the age structure of their population. The authors apply these concepts to the case of the states of Brazil, for which they have repeated cross sections from a rich household survey. They find that patterns of income growth vary a great deal across birth cohorts, depending on the economic returns to experience.
Adverse Geography and Differences in Welfare in Peru
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn Peru, a country with an astonishing variety of different ecological areas, with 84 different climate zones and landscapes, with rainforests, high mountain ranges and dry deserts, the geographical context may not be all that matters, but it could be very significant in explaining regional variations in income and poverty. The major question the authors try to answer is: what role do geographic variables, both natural and man-made, play in explaining per capita expenditure differentials across regions within Peru? How have these influences changed over time, through what channels have they been transmitted, and has access to private and public assets compensated for the effects of an adverse geography?
Reforms, Remoteness, and Risk in Africa: Understanding Inequality and Poverty during the 1990s
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTraces the interactions between economic growth, income inequality, and consumption poverty in a sample of African countries during the 1990s. Draws on the much-improved household data sets now available in the region. Finds that experiences have varied: some countries have seen sharp falls in income poverty; others have witnessed marked increases. Economic growth has been ‘pro-poor’ in that the incomes of poor households have typically grown at similar or faster rates than average income. But the aggregate numbers hide significant and systematic distributional effects that have caused some groups and regions to be left behind.
Economic Polarization Through Trade: Trade Liberalization and Regional Growth in Mexico
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAnalyses the impact trade liberalization and economic integration have had on regional growth and regional disparities in Mexico over the last two decades. It is highlighted that the passage from an import substitution system to membership of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) first, and to economic integration in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) later, has been associated with greater concentration of economic activity and territorial polarization. The analysis also shows that these changes herald a period of transition between two growth models. Regional growth in the final stages of the import substitution period was mainly characterized by convergence and linked to the presence of oil and raw materials and proximity to Mexico City. Economic liberalization and regional integration in NAFTA has been related to regional divergence, a reduction of the importance of Mexico City as the main market and to the emergence of an economic system in which the endowment of skilled labour starts to play a more important role.
Spatial Inequality for Manufacturing Wages in Five African Countries
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractUses data on individual earnings in manufacturing industry for five African countries in the early 1990s to test whether firms located in the capital city pay higher wages than firms located elsewhere, and whether such benefits accrue to all or only certain types of workers. Earnings equations are estimated that take into account worker characteristics (education and tenure) and relevant firm characteristics (notably size and whether foreign owned). Any location effect identified is therefore additional to appropriate control variables.
Regional Poverty and Income Inequality in Central and Eastern Europe: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe authors report levels of income inequality and poverty in four Central and Eastern European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Russia. Unlike many previous studies that examine transition economies, they aggregate the detailed individual-level income surveys made available through the efforts of the Luxembourg Income Study at the regional level of analysis. Although national-level investigations have contributed much to our understanding of the income distribution dynamics, these studies mask intracountry variance in levels of income inequality and thus may not capture the true distribution of household income and accurately reflect individual well-being. Accordingly, the authors compute summary measures of inequality and relative poverty rates, using both local and national relative poverty lines, for the most recent waves of data available.
Epistemic Luck
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOne of the key supposed ‘platitudes’ of contemporary epistemology is the claim that knowledge excludes luck. One can see the attraction of such a claim, in that knowledge is something that one can take credit for; it is an achievement of sorts, and yet luck undermines genuine achievements. The problem, however, is that luck seems to be an all-pervasive feature of our epistemic enterprises that tempts us to think that either scepticism is true, and we don’t know very much after all, or else knowledge is compatible with knowledge after all. My claim is that we do not need to choose between these two austere alternatives, since a closer inspection of what is involved in the notion of epistemic luck reveals varieties of luck that are compatible with knowledge possession and varieties that aren’t. We can thus do justice to the intuition that knowledge is compatible with (some forms of) luck without acceding to the sceptical claim that we do not know as much as we think we do. Nevertheless, I also claim that there is a sceptical problem lurking in the background that is related to the problem of epistemic luck, though it is not best thought of in terms of the possession of knowledge.
Neo-Mooreanism
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractI contend that in so far as the contemporary debate about scepticism has formulated the sceptical problem correctly, and in so far as one is entitled to adopt epistemological externalism as part of one’s anti-sceptical strategy, one should reject both the arguments for non-closure and for attributer contextualism, and advance, instead, a version of neo-Mooreanism that turns on the so-called ‘safety’ condition on knowledge. I explore the implications of this approach for the sceptical problem, including the manner in which it needs to be distinguished from the type of response to scepticism that is associated with G. E. Moore’s famous proof of an external world. A key component of this argument in this respect is an account of the conversational rules that govern our ascriptions of knowledge that can do justice to the intuitions that motivate attributer contextualism, while also explaining why the kind of anti-sceptical assertions made by Moore are so problematic. As regards the latter, I enlist elements of Wittgenstein’s critique of Moore’s response to the sceptic from On Certainty. I conclude that what these considerations highlight is a deep and important (and also surprising) truth about the structure of reasons.
Luck
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractI offer an overview of the various claims that have been made concerning epistemic luck and present an elucidation of the concept of luck in the light of this discussion that, I argue, captures the essence of the notion. With this elucidation in mind, I then identify—with the help of Unger—several varieties of luck that might be referred to as epistemic, and that are entirely compatible with knowledge possession.
Two Varieties of Epistemic Luck
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractI examine two species of epistemic luck that I claim are not benign and explain how they feature in the main epistemological debates. The first species of epistemic luck—what I call ‘veritic’ luck—can be handled with a modest ‘relevant alternatives’ account of knowledge that is specifically defined so that it counters this type of epistemic luck. As I explain, such a theory is essentially a version of the safety-based neo-Moorean thesis that we looked at in Ch. 3. I develop this view by considering some of the main examples that are discussed in epistemology—such as Gettier examples, the ‘lottery’ puzzle, and ‘barn façade’ examples—and show how the neo-Moorean account can in each case generate the right result. Along the way the formulation of this anti-veritic-luck thesis is refined in response to potential challenges that might be presented to the view. Significantly, however, the chapter closes by arguing that there is a second species of epistemic luck—what I call ‘reflective luck’-that is epistemically problematic and that is not dealt with by the neo-Moorean account.
Cognitive Responsibility and the Epistemic Virtues
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractI argue that the notion of reflective epistemic luck raises important questions about the centrality to epistemology of a conception of justification that demands that one is able to take cognitive responsibility for one’s beliefs. I take a critical look at some of the recent ‘virtue epistemologies’ that have been put forward in the recent literature which define knowledge in terms of the epistemic virtues and cognitive faculties. More specifically, I contrast broadly externalist construals of the virtue-theoretic thesis—such as the ‘agent reliabilism’ advanced, for example, by Ernest Sosa and John Greco—with virtue epistemologies that roughly fall into the internalist camp—in particular, ‘neo-Aristotelian’ theories, such as the view defended by Linda Zagzebski. I claim that in each case a key part of the motivation for offering such a view lies in a desire to eliminate a species of epistemic luck that is thought to be left uneliminated by rival theories of knowledge. In general, I claim that externalists and internalists in epistemology often speak past one another precisely because they are concerned with these different types of epistemic luck, and that disambiguating the species of epistemic luck at issue in this debate can help us to find a way of reconciling both internalist and externalist intuitions about knowledge. I conclude by arguing that once the ambiguous role of epistemic luck in the development of these virtue epistemological theories is made explicit, then the motivation to offer a specifically virtue-theoretic theory of knowledge subsides.
Scepticism and Epistemic Luck
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractI discuss the sceptical challenge in the light of the distinction between veritic and reflective epistemic luck and argue that the inadequacy of the main anti-sceptical proposals in the contemporary literature is a result of how they only (at best) eliminate veritic luck, and thus do not engage with the problem of reflective luck at all. Crucially, however, I claim that it is the specific challenge posed by reflective luck that is central to the sceptical problem, and yet there is a fundamental sense in which this type of epistemic luck is ineliminable. I argue that it is this sceptical problem that informs the Pyrrhonian sceptical challenge of antiquity. Moreover, I further maintain that the so-called ‘metaepistemological’ sceptical challenge that features prominently in contemporary epistemological debate—as advanced, for example, by Barry Stroud and Richard Fumerton—is best understood in terms of the specific sceptical problem regarding the ineliminability of reflective luck.