bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manners for the Middle Class
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sitting in his bedroom on an April evening in 1841, eighteen-year-old Isaac Mickle recorded a decision in his diary. I am resolved to read Chesterfield’s Principles of Politeness forthwith, to the end that I may make my entree into society with becoming flourishes. The first bow that the reader’s humble servant ever undertook to perform before ladies-was his last! He caught his feet in the carpet, and fell sprawling upon the floor; and since then, at introductions, recognitions, and salutations, he has never ventured beyond an inclination of the head, or a formal touch of his chapeau. But inasmuch as this stiffness brings great scandal upon him, from the other sex, in general, and the polite part of that sex, in particular, he is resolved to begin de nova, as aforesaid, to wit, by reading Chesterfield.1
Little did Mickle know that he was penning a digest of antebellum manners concerns for his descendants. Two items are especially important for the class dimension of the period’s manners system. First, in deciding to read Chesterfield, Mickle alerts us that some important revolutionary-era texts, and thus advice, continued to be current among his generation. Second, however, in mentioning his performance at “introductions, recognitions, and salutations,” he hints that some previously casual gestures were becoming newly ritualized. In these continuities and new features lay manners’ role in mediating class relations in antebellum America.
Inequality and Difference
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of its most thoughtful definitions, sociology was defined by C. Wright Mills as the intersection of biography and history. In his view, the goal of a sociological perspective would be to locate an individual in both time and space, to provide the social and historical contexts in which a person constructs his or her identity. In that sense, sociology’s bedrock assumption, upon which its analyses of structures and institutions rests, is that individuals shape their lives within both historical and social contexts. We do not do so simply because we are biologically programmed to act in certain ways, nor because we have inevitable human tasks to solve as we age. Rather, we respond to the world we encounter-shaping, modifying, and creating our identities through those encounters with other people and within social institutions.
Gendered Intimacies
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Man’s love is of man’s life a thing apart. ‘Tis woman’s whole existence.” So wrote the legendary great British romantic poet George Gordon, Lord Byron. Presumably, this was because men like him had other, more important things to occupy their time, like poetry, politics, and sexual conquest. A century and a half later, novelist Doris Lessing commented that she’d never met a man who would destroy his work for a love affair—and she never met a woman who wouldn’t.
Gendered Sexualities
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowhere in our intimate lives is there greater expression of gender difference than in our sexual relationships. Yet even here, as we shall see, there are signs of change and convergence. As friendship and love have become “feminized”-that is, as the model of appropriate behavior has come to resemble what we labeled as traditionally “feminine” models of intimacy-sexuality has become increasingly “masculinized.” The “masculinization of sex”-including the pursuit of pleasure for its own sake, the increased attention to orgasm, the multiplication of sexual partners, the universal interest in sexual experimentation, and the separation of sexual behavior from love-is partly a result of the technological transformation of sexuality (from birth control to the Internet) and partly the result of the sexual revolution’s promise of greater sexual freedom with fewer emotional and physical consequences.
The Evolution of Senescence and Death
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great many discussions about the evolution of senescence begin with the question of how senescence could have evolved in the first place. This question has long puzzled some of the best thinkers in evolutionary biology and genetics. Senescence as we understand it in eukaryotes does not exist, or at least has never been reliably detected, in prokaryotic organisms. It seems to have evolved very early in eukaryotic history, close in time to their emergence from the prokaryotes and to the beginning of the use of sex in reproduction. From our understanding of the principles of evolution and natural selection, it is easy to imagine how traits like increased physical vigor, better eyesight, or brighter plumage for attracting mates—traits that would increase reproductive fitness or prolong the reproductive life span of an individual organism—could arise within, and eventually come to dominate, a breeding population. It is less obvious how some¬ thing like senescence—which severely impairs an organism’s ability to function
A Conditional Benefit
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book we have looked at the process of aging from a new and increasingly important perspective, that of cell and molecular biology and the underlying discipline of genetics. These are fairly new disciplines: Cell biology really came into its own only at the end of the last century; genetics was born in the first few years of the present century, with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s momentous works; and molecular biology emerged from the fields of biochemistry and microbial genetics only toward the end of the 1950s. These three disciplines have provided powerful new tools for looking at living organisms. We can now analyze biology at its most fundamental level; we can look for the genes underlying a given aspect of the life history of an animal, ask what exactly it is they do, how they do it, which other genes they may interact with, and how each gene’s function may be affected by the environment.
Coral Reef Use and Conservation
Authors: McClanahan Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conservation of coral reefs is primarily concerned with controlling or reducing the levels of fishing or resource extraction and marine pollution. These two factors are considered, by coral reef scientists, to be the main human influences on coral reefs (25). There are, however, a number of other threats to the diversity and function of coral reefs (Table 2.1) but they are less well understood and often uncontrollable at the local or regional level and therefore not amenable to management. For instance, warming of the earth by the burning of fossil and wood fuels may cause the temperature of the oceans to increase beyond a maximum threshold tolerable to corals (10,27) and is, therefore, arguably one of the major threats to the survival of coral reefs. This warming is, however, largely caused by waste emissions from developed countries that do not have coral reefs and is largely ignored or beyond the control of local managers of coral reefs. In contrast, there is mounting evidence that local small-scale fishers are having a major influence on coral reef ecology throughout the tropical oceans and that some of these detrimental effects could be managed or reduced (33). This problem of the scale of threats, their interactions and boundaries, and our recognition of important and manageable threats is an important theme for understanding reef management.
Coral Reefs of Mozambique
Authors: Rodrigues Maria-Joao , Motta Helena , Schleyer Mark W , Michael Whittington 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mozambique lies on the east coast of Africa between latitudes 10°20’ to 26°50’ South (Fig. 4.1) and possesses the third longest coastline in the Western Indian Ocean at 2700 km. The coastline is characterized by a variety of habitats including; delta estuaries, sand beaches, mangroves, island archipelagos and coral reefs. The continental shelf (down to a depth of 200 m) is very narrow along much of the coastline, typically less than 20 km wide, although this widens in the central part of the country to 130 km.
Reefs and Coral Communities of the Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea
Authors: Sheppard C R C , Wilson S C , Salm R V , Dixon D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seas included in this chapter are the Arabian or Persian Gulf (simply “the Gulf “ in local usage), several of its components which experience extreme environmental characteristics, as well as the Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden (Fig. 9.1). These are all marginal seas of the Indian Ocean, partly because of latitude, but also because of extreme environmental stresses other than temperature. All these bodies of water are linked by the circulatory patterns of the Arabian Sea, and by the great weather and current systems of the Indian Ocean.
New Composers of the 1960s and Beyond
Authors: Feinstein Michael , Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1960s began with a burst of new voices—voices which, as it happened, would seem pretty passé by the dawning of the age of Aquarius in 1968. Charles Strouse, Harvey Schmidt, and Cy Coleman all made their debuts in 1960; in the 1961–62 season they were joined by Jerry Herman, John Kander, and Stephen Sondheim (who had already written lyrics for two epochal musicals of the late 1950s and is thus discussed in part 2). One more composer of this generation came along, the one-hit wonder Mitch Leigh, but in 1966 opportunities for writers of Broadway musicals dried up. (Sondheim will turn seventy in the year 2000— and he is marginally younger than Bock, Strouse, Schmidt, Coleman, Leigh, and Kander, all of whom were born within a three-year period.) While all of these gentlemen made numerous Broadway appearances, the musical theatre slowdown of the 1970s and 1980s resulted in limited exposure for composers arriving more recently. Larry Grossman came along in 1970—a particularly dire time—and has seen only four musicals reach Broadway in thirty years. Stephen Schwartz appeared in 1971, the first successful theatre composer of the rock era; despite some enormous early hits, he, too, has also only made it to Broadway four times. Marvin Hamlisch debuted in 1975, another one-hit wonder (so far) with yet another four musicals. (This compares with a dozen or more Broadway scores from Strouse, Kander, Coleman, and Sondheim.) Alan Menken debuted in 1979 and had a long-running Off Broadway hit in 1982; only one of his projects has made it to Broadway (in 1994), via Hollywood. The unorthodox William Finn appeared Off Broadway, with much acclaim, in 1981; he didn’t make it to Broadway until 1992 (his only appearance to date). Maury Yeston made an acclaimed Broadway debut in 1982; he didn’t reappear with a full score—and not for want of trying—until 1997. Things have been somewhat easier for Stephen Flaherty, the youngest composer examined in Show Tunes and the only one (other than Billy Finn) who was born this side of 1950. Flaherty has written three Broadway musicals in eight years; the success of the most recent is likely to move him to a prime position among his peers.
Notable Scores by Other Composers
Authors: Feinstein Michael , Suskin Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1920s, a core group of composers— from Kern and Berlin, to Gershwin, Porter and Rodgers, to Styne, Sondheim, Strouse, and Kander—has been responsible for the vast majority of America’s great musicals. The following section contains notable shows by other composers which merit discussion. Some were enormous hits and are included for that reason only; others were written by popular or interesting composers who never found Broadway success; and a handful are included simply due to the high quality of the work.
Race, Stress, and Physical Health The Role of Group Identity
Authors: R.Williams David , S.Spencer Michael , Jackson James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, race has long been known to be an important predictor of variations in health (Krieger, 1987). A decade ago, a major federal report summarized the evidence that indicates that, across a broad range of indicators of health status, blacks (or African Americans) experience poorer health than whites (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1985). A recent update of that report from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) indicated that the health status gap between blacks and whites widened between 1980 and 1991 (National Center for Health Statistics, 1994). However, although much is known about the nature and magnitude of racial differences in health, the factors responsible for the elevated rates of morbidity and mortality for blacks, are not well understood (Kaufman & Cooper, 1995; Williams, 1997; Williams & Collins, 1995).
The Public Buildings Program In Eras Of Affluence And Depression1926-1939
Authors: Lee Antoinette J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The horizon of the 1920s promised great things for the federal architecture program. A large public buildings bill was making its way through Congress, authorizing an ambitious multimillion dollar building program that would take ten years to complete. This legislation would provide hundreds of federal buildings for the nation’s cities and towns. The Office of the Supervising Architect would administer this large program, which required an enlarged staff for the Office—certainly a plus to a bureaucracy that prided itself on fending off efforts to chip away at its authority. The “acting” supervising architect, James A. Wetmore, had held onto his position for a longer time than any of his “permanent” predecessors. Not only was he entrenched in the Treasury Department and commanded the respect of members of the U.S. Congress, he was highly protective of his staff and its prerogatives. The decade also appeared bright as the country rode the high wave of prosperity and optimism for the future.
The “Humanized” Pig
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To date, in order to successfully transplant human organs, we have had to concentrate our entire effort on modifying the immune system of the patient. When an organ becomes available, as is the case with organs from braindead human donors, we have only a few hours before it has to be transplanted. There is no time for us to manipulate the donor’s antigens even if this were ethically acceptable. We can only manipulate-indeed, suppress the rejection response of the potential recipient. Xenotransplantation gives us the first real opportunity to modify the donor organ itself. The more we can do to make the donor organ acceptable to the recipient, therefore, the less we will have to do to suppress the recipient’s immune response. Genetic engineering, the techniques by which genetic material can be altered so as to change the hereditary properties of an organism or cell, was scientifically impossible when both of the writers of this book were medical students, not that many years ago. Today it is becoming commonplace not only in the laboratory but in actual veterinary practice. For example, genetic engineering is being used to increase milk production in cows and to produce human proteins in goat and cow milk that can be used in the treatment of patients.
From Diabetes to Alzheimer’s
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The child is too young to understand the concept of diabetes, or to realize that her parents are not trying to punish her. She had been sent home from school earlier in the day because the glucose levels in her blood were out of control. For the second time that afternoon, her mother, a nurse, is trying to get her to cooperate. As she pokes the needle into the child’s arm-already badly bruised-to administer insulin, the child breaks into tears and asks: “Mommy, why do you hate me so much?” This little girl is fortunate in that she has a mother who will ensure that her diabetes is controlled as well as possible. Nevertheless, in the coming decades she may develop one or more of the long-term degenerative complications of diabetes mellitus: an increased risk of going blind, of developing kidney failure, of having a heart attack or a stroke, or of needing to have a gangrenous limb amputated due to advanced vascular disease. Sadly, until now, the prospect of a cure for her disease has been slim and, despite hundreds of millions of dollars of research, there has essentially been no new therapy for diabetes since insulin was discovered by Nobel laureates Sir Frederick Banting and John Macleod and their junior colleague, Charles Best, over 75 years ago.
The Discordant Concert
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Claus Hammer, of the Institute of Surgical Research of the University of Munich in Germany, who is both a qualified physician and a veterinary surgeon, has reviewed many aspects of the topic of whether animal organs are likely to function satisfactorily if transplanted into humans. He has written: “Evolution has set severe obstacles to xenotransplantation. Even in closely-related species combinations, significant differences ... exist which can profoundly disturb ... [the] interactions between graft and recipient.” In other words, even if all of the immunological and microbiological hurdles outlined in this book can be overcome successfully, we are faced with the question of whether an animal organ will function normally in the environment of the human body. This involves anatomical considerations (whether the organ is structurally similar to its counterpart in the human) as well as physiological (functional) and biochemical considerations (whether the multitude of enzyme systems, hormones, and so on that function adequately in the organ when in the animal will perform equally successfully when the organ is transferred to the human patient).
Guinea Pigs
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists are making gradual progress in overcoming the scientific hurdles that nature has set before them. But, as with most areas of medical advance, not all of the problems will be solved in one fell swoop. Initially we may be able to offer patients animal organs or cells that survive and function for periods of weeks or months. With time, experience, and new developments, this period will be extended to years and eventually decades.
Judgment Day
Authors: K.C.Cooper David , Lanza Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been little consideration of the legal implications of xenotransplantation. Much of the legal literature on organ transplantation focuses on the shortage of human organs and the allocation of these scarce resources to needy patients. In the United States, for example, these matters are covered by the National Organ Transplant Act. The legal issues underlying the shortage of organs will prove largely irrelevant if xenotransplantation becomes a clinical reality, although a host of new legal questions will almost certainly arise. Sanders Chae, then a young law student who was working with one of us at Harvard, was one of the first to review the potential legal problems that may face us when xenotransplantation advances into the clinic. He considered four major legal issues: whether xenotransplantation is permitted under current law, the potential legal consequences of creating animals with human tissues (and vice versa), the legal aspects of regulating the allocation and distribution of animal organs, and the legal consequences to a transplant center if the public health is put at risk by an infected animal-organ recipient. Although his investigation and conclusions primarily relate to the laws in the United States, they are highly relevant for all Western societies and have implications for all countries where medical science is advanced enough to contemplate xenotransplantation.
Law’s Blindfold
Authors: Luban David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical iconography of justice depicts her as a goddess and equips her with three symbols: the sword, the scales, and the blindfold.1 Each of these captures one element of the rule of law. The sword indicates the coercive power of the court. The scales suggest that the job of the court is to weigh the competing claims in a controversy against each other. The many artistic representations of the scales usually show them in equipoise, with the pans empty: That is so we can see that the scales themselves are true and honest. The judge cannot start the proceeding with the pans out of balance: that would be pre-judgment-literally, and etymologically, “prejudice.”
Regulating the Conflict of Interest of Government Officials
Authors: Clark Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conflicts of interest have been a matter of concern in the United States since its founding. The U.S. Constitution itself contains three provisions restricting conflicts of interest: one forbidding federal officials from accepting gifts, employment, or titles from foreign governments; another prohibiting members of Congress from being appointed to a federal office that was created or whose salary was increased during that member’s term in Congress; and a third preventing members of Congress from receiving an increase in salary until after they stand for reelection.
Conflict of Interest on Corporate Boards
Authors: Orts Eric W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reexamines legal principles governing conflicts of interest on corporate boards in the context of broader theoretical discussions of the nature of corporations and the various interests they serve. Corporations come in many varieties, ranging from small to very large firms and from nonprofit charitable entities to multinational business corporations. They are usually governed by corporate boards, and members of these boards are called “directors” or sometimes “trustees.” Although the older use of “trustees” reflects the origins of fiduciary duties of corporate boards in the law of trusts, nothing essential turns on this distinction in practice. I follow the modern practice and refer to board members of both business and nonprofit corporations as directors. In addition, though differences between business and nonprofit corporations are important, I focus here on their similarities with respect to problems of conflicts of interest.
Homo Symbolificus
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The student puzzles over a term paper. The professor labors over a monograph. The scientist reports the findings of a recent experiment in an article. The journalist completes a story just before the deadline. The business executive outlines a proposal in a memorandum. The novelist weaves a gripping tale about the human condition. The poet captures a fleeting feeling. The diarist records the events of yet another day. Though their tasks vary widely, each of these individuals confronts the challenge of creating coherent ideas in the private realm of thought and mapping those ideas into the public world of linguistic symbols. In composing a written text, these individuals create meaning for themselves and potentially for their readers.
Word Processors
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in tools used by writers mushroomed with the advent of the word processor. The past decade or so has brought a revolution in the craft of writing. In a remarkably brief period of time, the technology of writing moved from the manual typewriter through line-based text editors on mainframe computers to word processors on powerful personal computers and still more powerful workstations. What has been written about writing on a word processor expresses an unqualified ardor about the power of computer-based composition. This was particularly true in the early years of personal computer development as students, teachers, and professionals explored the new writing tool.