bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF BILATERAL SUPRARENALECTOMY IN ADULT ALBINO RATS ON THE NATURAL AND ACQUIRED RESISTANCE TO BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David 
Published: June 2004

Normal adult Wistar rats (non-carrier stock) are readily infected with Bartonella muris and develop a severe anemia if large amounts of infecting material are used. The normal adult rat of Wistar stock possesses a relatively high natural resistance to spontaneous infection with this organism.
Bilateral suprarenalectomy in Wistar rats lowers the natural resistance to a subsequent infection with Bartonella muris. This procedure does not alter the type of tissue response to the virus but lowers the natural resistance of the rat to toxic effects of the infection. The acquired immunity to Bartonella muris conferred by a first infection is not broken down by subsequent suprarenalectomy.
The mechanisms of acquired and natural resistance are dependent on different physiological processes in the organism and are not merely quantitative variations of the same process as is generally assumed.
THE FATE OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPES I, II AND III
Authors: Ross Victor 
Published: June 2004

1. Rats, when fed the soluble specific substance of Types I, II and III pneumococcus, excrete a very large proportion in the feces.
2. Following ingestion of these substances, tests sensitive enough to detect 1 part in 2,000,000 of serum, and 1 part in 3,000,000 of urine, were negative.
3. The polysaccharide of Type I, when recovered from the feces, is as active an immunizing agent as it was originally.
THE IDENTITY OF THE MECHANISMS OF TYPE-SPECIFIC AGGLUTININ AND PRECIPITIN REACTIONS WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

The experimental results which have been described demonstrate the following facts:
1. In the type-specific agglutination reaction, when the organisms are not present in sufficient numbers to absorb completely all the antibodies from the serum, more antibody is bound by cellular S than is required for the process of agglutination.
2. The excess of antibody thus bound can then unite with additional amounts of the specific substance when this is added in soluble form to the agglutinated material.
3. If an excess of the free S is added to an agglutinated mass of antibody and bacteria, the organisms are redispersed and in the suspended state are again specifically agglutinable.
4. When a solution of the specific polysaccharide is added in excess to an homologous immune serum, a prozone is created in which precipitation is inhibited; moreover, if, at this point, type-specific pneumococci are added to the mixture, inhibition of agglutination also occurs.
5. The reactive substance in the type-specific agglutination and precipitation reactions is the same, i.e., the capsular polysaccharide. In the former instance it is combined in the bacterial cell; in the latter, it is in a soluble, chemically purified state and entirely separate from the body of the cell.
PROTECTION OF ADRENALECTOMIZED ANIMALS AGAINST BACTERIAL INTOXICATION BY AN EXTRACT OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Hartman Frank A. , Scott W. J. Merle 
Published: June 2004

1. The resistance of adrenal-deficient rats to bacterial intoxication has been significantly increased by an extract of the adrenal cortex.
2. This is shown both for acute intoxication with killed Bacillus typhosus and for chronic intoxication with killed Staphylococcus aureus.
3. During the height of the bacterial intoxication relatively large amounts of the cortical hormone are apparently required to maintain the animals.
4. It is considered probable that a human pyogenic infection imposes a severe load upon the adrenal cortex.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA
Authors: Pritchett I. W. , Hughes T. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Strains of-P. avicida from "spontaneous epidemics" of fowl cholera, when introduced intranasally in fixed doses into specially bred chickens, induced fatal fowl cholera in about 40 per cent but did not survive in the nasal clefts of resistant birds nor spread to normal contacts.
2. Strains of P. avicida from "spontaneous endemics" of fowl cholera, when introduced similarly into chickens, failed to kill but did survive in the nasal clefts of inoculated birds and spread readily to normal contacts.
3. "Laboratory" variants of the epidemic strains of P. avicida failed to kill or survive in the test birds and did not spread to contacts.
SERUM SICKNESS IN RABBITS
Authors: Jones Lloyd , Fleisher Moyer S. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has not been possible to demonstrate in rabbits affected with serum sickness any constant temporal relationship between precipitin and precipitinogen in the blood on one hand and of occurrence of serum sickness on the other hand.
2. It has not been possible to demonstrate any differences between the precipitin and precipitinogen curves in injected rabbits which develop serum sickness compared with injected rabbits which did not develop serum sickness.
3. There is therefore no evidence that we can directly associate the occurrence of serum sickness with the production or appearance of precipitins.
THE TRANSFORMATION IN VITRO OF R PNEUMOCOCCI INTO S FORMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIFIC TYPES BY THE USE OF FILTERED PNEUMOCOCCUS EXTRACTS
Authors: Alloway J. Lionel 
Published: June 2004

1. Avirulent R pneumococci derived from S forms of a specific type may be changed by growth in broth containing anti-R serum and a heated, filtered extract of S pneumococci of a different type, into virulent S organisms identical in type with the bacteria extracted. This has been accomplished in the case of R strains derived from Type II pneumococci, employing extracts prepared from Type III and Type I S forms.
2. The constituents of the extract supply an activating stimulus of a specific nature in that the R pneumococci acquire the capacity of elaborating the capsular material peculiar to the organisms extracted.
TOXIN-ANTITOXIN REACTION WITHOUT NEUTRALIZATION
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: June 2004

1. Collodion particles adsorb diphtheria or tetanus or botulinus toxins. These toxins are retained on the particles when washed but are at least in part released in the animal.
2. The adsorbed toxins are neutralized by adsorption of the corresponding antitoxins but are unaffected by other serums.
3. When collodion particles are treated first with tetanus antitoxin, then with diphtheria toxin, they are not toxic, but they become toxic when they are treated first with diphtheria antitoxin, then with the diphtheria toxin. Similarly when collodion particles are treated first with diphtheria antitoxin and then with tetanus toxin, they do not become toxic, but they become toxic when they are treated with tetanus antitoxin and tetanus toxin.
STUDIES ON INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Wright Joyce , Ward Hugh K. 
Published: June 2004

1. By a suitable bactericidal technique, it can be demonstrated that the virulent S influenza bacillus is completely resistant to the bactericidal action of diluted normal unheated serum. In contrast, the R organism is easily killed when subjected to the action of diluted normal serum. Although this is not a true virulence test, it promises to be a useful substitute when a susceptible animal is not available.
2. The S culture filtrate contains a substance with a strong antibactericidal effect, but the R culture filtrate does not contain this substance.
3. It would appear probable that this antibactericidal substance is identical with, or closely related to the precipitinogen (or soluble substance) which is present only in the culture fluid of the S influenza bacillus. In view, however, of differences in heat stability of the two substances, this question must remain in doubt until a supply of purified precipitinogen is available.
4. Quantitative agglutination, precipitation and bactericidal comparisons between (a) R-absorbed anti-S serum and unabsorbed anti-S serum and (b) anti-S serum and anti-R serum indicate that the agglutinogen is a separate antigen, and the agglutinin a separate antibody, taking no part in the bactericidal action of the antiserum. They also indicate that the precipitin, which is present only in the anti-S serum, is identical with the bactericidal antibody.
5. The relation of the precipitinogen (or soluble substance) to virulence and of the precipitin to resistance is discussed.
THE MULTIPLICATION OF THE VIRUS OF MEXICAN TYPHUS FEVER IN FLEAS
Authors: Mooser H. , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

The virus of Mexican typhus has been shown to multiply abundantly in the following species of fleas: Xenopsylla cheopis, Ceratophyllus fasciatus, Leptopsylla musculi, Ctenocephalus canis, Ctenocephalus felis.
In all fleas, Rickettsia prowazeki was demonstrated within the epithelial cells of the stomach and within the cells of the Malpighian tubules. Whereas in infected lice enormous numbers of these organisms are discharged from the disintegrating cells into the intestinal content, only few Rickettsiae are found in the lumen of the fleas' intestines. They are held back by the peritrophic membrane, which covers the mucosa of the entire stomach. Rickettsiae seem to enter the lumen of the gut almost exclusively by the route of the Malpighian tubules. Observations were made which seem to indicate that the fleas recover from the infection and that they are able to regenerate the partly destroyed intestinal mucosa. An explanation is given for the relative harmlessness of fleas as vectors of typhus.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS BETWEEN DEXTRAN POLYSACCHARIDE AND SOME BACTERIAL ANTISERA
Authors: Zozaya José 
Published: June 2004

Dextran, the synthetic polysaccharide produced by Leuconostoc mesenterioides from saccharose, reacts immunologically with antisera from pneumococci, some of the Sahnonella and some of the types of Streptococcus viridans (Bargen).
This immunological relationship is independent of the specific antipolysaccharide antibodies of these sera, suggesting the existence of a distinct antibody produced by an active group of the specific bacterial polysaccharide, which is similar or identical to the active group of the dextran polysaccharide.
DETERMINATION OF LUNG VOLUME BY RESPIRATION OF OXYGEN WITHOUT FORCED BREATHING
Authors: Sendroy Julius , Hiller Alma , Van Slyke Donald D. 
Published: June 2004

A method is described for estimating the volume of air in the lungs by the familiar principle of mixing this air with a measured volume of oxygen, and determining the extent to which the nitrogen of the pulmonary air is diluted. By employing a scrubber to remove carbon dioxide, and by measuring the volume of gas in the extrapulmonary part of the system at the end instead of the beginning of the respiratory period, it is possible to prolong the period to as many minutes as are necessary for complete mixture of the gases, and thereby to carry out the estimation without forced breathing.
The determination can be carried out with the Roth-Benedict or Krogh spirometer, or, more economically, with the simple spirometer, shown in Fig. 1, assembled from ordinary laboratory equipment.
The method gives the same results as the hydrogen method of Van Slyke and Binger (3), and obviates the use and analysis of hydrogen. The relative advantages of the two methods are discussed above.
Dr. Ronald V. Christie has informed us that he has encountered considerable differences in the N2 content of the pulmonary air of different individuals. A gain in accuracy would therefore be made if this value were determined for each subject, and substituted for 79.1 in the calculation formulae.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE YIELD OF SPECIFIC ENZYME IN CULTURES OF THE BACILLUS DECOMPOSING THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

All improved method is described for the preparation, concentration, and purification of a bacterial enzyme capable of decomposing the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus.
The cultural conditions for the growth of the specific microorganism must be such that the capsular polysaccharide is completely decomposed before any appreciable amount of free enzyme is released into the medium. This reduces to a minimum the decomposition of the specific substrate by the free enzyme. As a result, a larger part of the specific substance remains as a source of energy for the growing microorganism and less enzyme is lost through inactivation during the course of decomposition of the specific substrate.
A marked stimulation of growth and of enzyme production occurs when small amounts of yeast extract are added to the medium and when the cultures are incubated under conditions of increased aeration.
Special emphasis is placed upon the fact that, thus far, appreciable amounts of the specific enzyme have been obtained only when the capsular polysaccharide itself, or the aldobionic acid derived from it, was present in the culture medium.
THE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME UPON THE DERMAL INFECTION OF RABBITS WITH TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Dubos René , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

The action of the enzyme which specifically decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus has been tested in Type III pneumococcus dermal infections in rabbits. When injected in sufficient amounts, this enzyme is capable of bringing about a favorable and early termination of the experimental disease which ordinarily is fatal in nearly all instances.
The results of the present study yield further evidence that the capsular substance is of great importance in pneumococcus infection, since, in so far as known, the only action of which the specific enzyme is capable is that of decomposing the capsular polysaccharide.
BRAIN TO BRAIN TRANSMISSION OF THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND VIRUS IN YOUNG GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Hudson N. Paul , Markham Floyd S. 
Published: June 2004

The submaxillary gland virus of guinea pigs was serially transmitted from brain to brain in young guinea pigs. The source of virus was the submaxillary glands of six groups of stock animals. Brain to brain transfer was effected in two series, in one to the second generation and in the other to the third. The transmission was evidenced by the presence of nervous symptoms and death and by a typical microscopic pathology of the brain. Only certain attempts were successful, ten of twenty-three brain to brain injections being fatal with the specific histopathology present in five. A few observations suggest that the virus may be present spontaneously in the gland and experimentally in the brain without cellular changes being demonstrable, or before they are evident.
While we were able to transmit the virus from brain to brain with fatal results by single injections of small doses, this was not readily accomplished and the transmission failed after two or three passages. We were unable to show any perceptible increase in virulence or adaptation of the virus to the brain tissue of the natural host.
The histopathology was that of a meningoencephalitis. The inflammatory reaction irregularly involved the meninges, the underlying brain substance, and the perivascular tissue of the meninges and upper cortical layer. These structures were infiltrated with mononuclear cells, many of which contained a typical acidophilic inclusion. Congestion of cerebral capillaries uniformly occurred and various degrees of recent hemorrhage were frequently found. Necrosis was noted only when associated with an occasional area of extensive hemorrhage. Similar changes were observed in sections of the spinal cord.
When sufficient time (15 days or more) elapsed between cerebral inoculation and death, typical cellular inclusions were seen in the salivary glands, whereas none was found in animals that died earlier (7 to 9 days). Under the first mentioned conditions, inclusions were demonstrated in the parotid and mucous portion of the submaxillary glands, although in spontaneously infected animals, we failed to find the mucous portion involved and other workers report that the parotid is spared.
About one-third of the stock guinea pigs examined showed cellular inclusions in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial duct cells of the serous part of the submaxillary gland. From an analysis of the results of brain to brain inoculations, it was evident that spontaneous infection and resistance to cerebral inoculation increased with age. The 3rd week of life is the period of choice for such experimentation.
THE ASSOCIATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI, HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE, AND STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS WITH CORYZA, PHARYNGITIS, AND SINUSITIS IN MAN
Authors: Webster L. T. , Clow A. D. 
Published: June 2004

Pneumococci, H. influenzae, and S. hemolyticus are known to be frequent inhabitants of the upper respiratory tract, but most workers have not recognized any definite relationships between their presence and coryza, sore throat, influenzal, and sinusitis attacks (2–5). Dochez, Shibley, and Mills, however, in their experimental studies of common cold, state that in both the spontaneous and experimentally induced "colds" in anthropoid apes, the "most significant change observed has been the increase of activity on the part of the potential pathogens habitually present in the throat flora. Coincident with the appearance of symptoms, pneumococci, S. hemolyticus, and B. pfeifferi have developed in greatly increased numbers and have spread over a wide area of the nasopharyngeal mucous membranes. These organisms became at this time conspicuous even in the nose, where they are seldom or never present under normal conditions. The same phenomena have not been observed in human beings" (6, 7).
The essential facts of the present observations are that persons free of pneumococci, H. influenzae, and S. hemolyticus are in general free of coryza, sore throat, influenzal and sinus attacks; that persons who are occasional or periodic carriers of these organisms may be negative on tests over long healthy periods, but generally become positive during or following attacks and subsequently become negative again; finally, that persons who are chronic carriers show during these illnesses increasing numbers of organisms in the throat and extension of the organisms to the nose.
That these organisms may be the actual incitants has been claimed by Park (8); that they are secondary invaders is the view of Shibley, Mills, and Dochez who state as a result of their experimental work on this subject that "the most important significance of viruses of this type [common cold] seems to lie in their capacity to incite activity on the part of the more dangerous pathogenic organisms that infect the upper respiratory tract" (7). The present observations bring out the intimate relationship between these pathogens and upper respiratory tract symptoms, but do not disclose the nature of this relationship.
Finally, an addition has been made to the knowledge of the mode of spread of these organisms. A focus of growth and dissemination has been determined in the nasal passages and throat of individuals with chronic upper respiratory tract disease and increases in numbers of the organisms at the focus and their spread to contacts have been related to the winter season and to the occurrence of symptoms in the carrier. The observations suggest that the dosage of these organisms in a community is controlled by the resistance of the carrier and of the contacts. This view is in agreement with the facts derived from studies of native animal infections (9).
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF THE AGENT TRANSMITTING LEUCOSIS OF FOWLS
Authors: Furth J. ,   With the Assistance of Charles Breedis and Ruth Klingelhofer
Published: June 2004

The concentration of the transmitting agent of leucosis in fowls, as determined by titration, is approximately the same in the suspensions of blood cells and in cell-free plasma; the smallest amount of plasma producing leucosis was 0.000001 cc. and of cell suspension 0.00001 cc. This observation excludes the possibility that transmission of leucosis by plasma is due to the presence of a small number of leucemic cells in the plasma.
The success of inoculations with plasma (20 to 28 per cent of fowls) is, within wide limits, independent of the amount injected (10–1 to 10–6 cc.). The percentage of successful inoculations with varying quantities of plasma is lower than with corresponding amounts of suspensions of cells (33 to 71 per cent).
When plasma containing the transmitting agent is injected in decreasing amounts the incubation period of the leucosis is conspicuously lengthened. With decreasing amounts of a suspension of leucemic cells the incubation period is not so frequently nor so greatly prolonged.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY BY MEANS OF BACTERICIDAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Ward Hugh K. 
Published: June 2004

1. Type III antipneumococcus serum, after absorption with the specific carbohydrate, no longer forms a precipitate with the carbohydrate, but still has a definite, though diminished bactericidal action on virulent pneumococci in a bactericidal test.
2. Such an absorbed antiserum still retains some of its power to neutralize the antibactericidal effect of the specific carbohydrate in a bactericidal test, showing that absorption with the carbohydrate does not remove all the anticarbohydrate antibody from an antiserum.
3. This carbohydrate neutralization test is a very much more delicate method for detecting the anticarbohydrate antibody (precipitin) than the precipitin test.
4. There is therefore no necessity to predicate another antibody to explain the bactericidal action of a carbohydrate-absorbed antiserum, or a similar result in a mouse protection test.
5. The specific carbohydrate has a definite antibactericidal action, but it is demonstrated that, were it present in this form in the body during pneumonia, it could not conceivably be produced in sufficient quantity to influence the disease.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY BY MEANS OF BACTERICIDAL MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Ward Hugh K. 
Published: June 2004

1. There is in the filtrate of a 5 day broth culture of Type III pneumococcus a type-specific substance which has a very powerful antibactericidal action. If the precipitinogen content of the broth filtrate and the specific carbohydrate is taken as the basis of comparison, it requires approximately one thousand times as much antiserum to neutralize the broth filtrate as is necessary to neutralize the specific carbohydrate. The active substance in the broth filtrate appears to be related to the specific carbohydrate. Its possible nature is discussed.
2. A similar substance, but in stronger concentration, was found in the filtrate of a lung from a Type III pneumonia autopsy. The influence of this substance on the disease is discussed.
3. One specimen of Type III convalescent blood, though comparatively weak in anticarbohydrate antibody (precipitin) was better able to neutralize the broth filtrate and the lung filtrate than a corresponding mixture of normal blood and antiserum. Two other specimens of Type II convalescent blood neutralized the Type III broth filtrate efficiently.