bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Equipment Corporation
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Digital Equipment Corporation is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of networked computer systems, software, and services, and is a leader in the integration of computer systems from disparate vendors. The company, usually referred to as “Digital” by its employees and “DEC” by the computer and financial industries, opened its doors in 1957 in a pre-Civil War woolen mill in Maynard, Massachusetts. In the 1960s, founder (and chairman until 1992) Ken Olsen quickly established DEC as the creator of the minicomputer industry. Today DEC designs, manufactures, and services a full range of desktop, client/server, production, and mainframe hardware and software systems for local and worldwide enterprise wide computing. As another major round of restructuring occurred in the computer industry in the early 1990s, DEC began the decade with an employment level of 120,000 people at 1200 sales, service, manufacturing, and engineering sites in 83 countries. A major element in DEC’s competitive strength is the distributed nature of its manufacturing organization, spread across 52 sites in 12 countries. Sales now surpass $13 billion, more than half of which are outside the United States.
The Conjunctive as “Con-Joiner”
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Languages are by and large different solutions for the same problem. It comes therefore as no surprise that most Egyptian grammatical categories have approximate equivalents in other languages, though the external form of these equivalents may differ considerably. Since the conjunctive is so common in Egyptian and Coptic, there are bound to be equally common grammatical features in English and other languages which roughly correspond to it.
The Conjunctive Following Second Tenses
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the conjunctive were truly a chameleon (§ 1), any conjunctive following a second tense would “become like” a second tense and emphasize an adverbial expression of its own. But in fact, as a rule, only one adverbial expression is emphasized in conjunctive chains headed by a second tense. Since, in such instances, the conjunctive does not copy an essential property of the preceding conjugation base, it should be doubted that it ever can.
The Conjunctive Following The Negative Imperative Of Gmj “Find” and Nau “See”
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lange suggested that gmJ might be used here erroneously. Indeed, it makes poor sense to order someone not to find something, since finding is accidental. Faced with the same problem, Griffith assumed that gmJ might be “a legal term if it is not an error of the scribe.”
Architectures for Innovation and Renewal
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globally, Knowledge Works—multifunction, multiproduct, and multifocal manufacturing sites—represent best practice for the generation and application of knowledge as product. They acquire, create, accumulate, and transform knowledge into new and improved products, manufacturing and assembly processes more effectively and faster than any other model of industrial production. The quality, reliability, and speed with which these tasks are accomplished bestow obvious competitive advantages on Toshiba.
Iraq’s Historical Claims to Kuwait
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since Iraq became a nation-state, almost three-quarters of a century ago, it has on more than one occasion asserted ter¬ritorial claims to Kuwait. The claims have varied considerably from a relatively modest request, to modify de facto borders, to a demand for full territorial sovereignty. These claims, however, have never been formulated in a completely coherent and documented primafacie evidence. Taken together, they fall into three categories: historical, legal, and strategic. In this chapter, discussion will focus mainly on the so¬ called “historical claim,” which Iraq has often presented as justification for its claims. Even in unofficial circles, whether in the press or in private conversations, the Iraqi people ( the elderly often cite personal experiences) firmly maintain that Kuwait was but a part of southern Iraq and should rejoin the mainland.
Kuwait’s Attempt at Unity with Iraq
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before independence, when Iraq was still under British control, Iraq’s borders with Kuwait were never contested whenever the question came under discussion with the British authorities. Iraq’s main concern in dealing with the British was not about frontiers, but about when the British Mandate over Iraq would be brought to an end at the earliest possible moment. After winning its independence, Iraq began first to pay attention to the Syrian and Palestinian struggle against French and British domination, before it was drawn into Kuwaiti affairswhen conditions in Kuwait were favorable for Iraqi intervention.
Iraq under the Aegis oi the United Nations
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the dozen Resolutions that the Security Council had adopted before the resort to force under Resolution 678was to put pressure on Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait by using economic sanctions. But no sooner had the Coalition powers driven the Iraqi forces from Kuwait than almost another dozen Resolutions were issued by the Security Council under which Iraq was subjected to further demands concerning the demolition of weapons of mass destruction, pay¬ ment for foreign debt to countries that supplied weapons to Iraq, and reparations to all the parties concerned that suffered iajury before as well as during the Coalition War. Since the Iraq regime was weakened by the defeat of its forces, the opposition leaders, mainly among dis¬ satisfied Shi’i elements in the southern and Kurdish elements in the northern areas revolted against the regime leading to civil war which prompted the central authorities in Baghdad to crush the uprisings. While the Shi’i uprising, receiving half-hearted support from Iran, was suppressed, the Kurds in the northern area sought refuge in Iran and Turkey. The Kurdish exodus called for foreign intervention which prompted the Security Council to issue further Resolutions which restricted the central government’s control in the northern area.
Demarcation of the Frontiers
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The border disputes between Iraq and Kuwait, a perennial issue between the two countries, influenced several other issues suchas the claim to adjacent islands and the demarcation of boundaries that Kuwait sought to resolve in order to assert its sovereign independence. Small wonder that Kuwait found in the Coalition War, when Iraq was at the mercy of the Security Council, an opportunity not only to assert its sovereignty and territorial integrity, but also to settle once and for all the border disputes with Iraq.
Standards oi Responsibility
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responsibility, etymologically defined, is that for which the individual “must answer.” Just as every individual, as a memberof a community, is under obligation to respect the rights and privileges of other members, so also in the relationship among nations, each nation today is under obligation to respect the rights and privileges of other nations-the rights of sovereign equality, independence, territorial integrity, and others-for the breach of which it would be held responsible.
Setting the Stage:Baltimore and the NAACP
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1920s, Charles Hamilton Houston implemented a plan to transform the law school at Howard University, Washington’s university for African-Americans, into a place where the African-American community could find leaders to fight the racial discrimination embedded in the law. Until 1930, Howard’s law school had been a typical municipal law school, operating in the evening so that working students could obtain law degrees. Most instructors were practicing attorneys who took their affiliation with the law school as a distinctly secondary part of their work. Houston was a 1922 graduate of Harvard Law School, where he had been the first African-American chosen, on the basis of his grades, for membership on the prestigious Law Review. His academic work attracted the attention of Felix Frank-furter of Harvard’s faculty, who sponsored him for an overseas fellowship and supervised his post-graduate work at Harvard. Houston joined Howard’s faculty in 1924, while he practiced law with his father in Washington, and he became its academic dean at the end of the decade.
’Passing Through a Transition’Education Cases, 1939-1945
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attacking the separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson in education was probably the center of the NAACP’s efforts. Achieving voting rights and eliminat-ing kangaroo courts were important, of course, but segregated education was different. Every African-American in the South was subjected to segregated edu-cation in grossly inadequate schools. Segregated schools were the central symbol of African-American subordination, a visible and daily demonstration to children as they were growing up that whites did not consider them fit to associate with. Although it was not inevitable that Marshall’s triumph came in cases challenging segregated education, it was certainly appropriate. From 1935 to 1950, the NAACP’s lawyers attacked unequal salaries for school teachers and challenged segregated universities. By the late 1940s they were confi-dent that the time had come for a broader attack on segregation. As they saw it, the salary and university cases were successes, and their attachment to the Constitu-tion led them to believe that, once they persuaded the courts that school segrega-tion was unconstitutional, desegregation would also succeed. In the event, their success was limited by others in ’Judge and Company.’ The Supreme Court’s justices were unwilling to order immediate desegregation, and the NAACP’s oppo-nents evaded the Supreme Court’s mandate and, ultimately, simply resisted the Court’s interpretation of the Constitution. Until the mid-1940s, Marshall’s education cases dealt primarily with teachers’ salaries. They had a number of attractions. African-American teachers provided a relatively large pool of potential plaintiffs; as Marshall’s experience showed, if one teacher was fired or became nervous about fighting the school board, another teacher might well step forward. Teachers were found everywhere in the South, and during World War II, the large number of female teachers provided a stable source of potential plaintiffs; in voting or university cases, a male plaintiff might be drafted. Seeking salary increases, the teachers had reasonably strong incentives to make winning the cases their primary concern and to put aside personality con-flicts and political differences that could overwhelm the litigation effort in cases,
The Evolution of the National Security Appropriation Process
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congress exercises what we call the “appropriation power” by a range of actions providing funds for national security purposes. According to budget theory, the appropriation process follows a fixed chronological sequence. First the executive requests funds. Next, after deliberation, Congress authorizes the programs and activities for which the funds are sought. Typically, an authorization “sets up or continues the legal operation of a Federal program or agency either indefinitely or for a specific period of time or sanctions a particular type of obligation or expenditure within a program.” An appropriation authorization “authorizes the appropriation of funds to implement organic [enabling] legislation,” even though an appropriation may be enacted without or in excess of a limit imposed by an authorization.
Introduction
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 15, 1942, Winston Churchill broadcast an address to the world. Still flushed with the news of Pearl Harbor and fresh from a visit to Washington, he gloried in the United States’ entry into World War II as an event that he had “dreamed of, aimed at, and worked for.” The admission was unfortunate. The British ambassador to Washington, Lord Halifax, immediately warned that the words worked for were “troublesome” to American ears, giving “the idea that a simple innocent people have been caught asleep by others cleverer than themselves.” This was no way to begin the Anglo-American partnership. But as both men knew well, Churchill had spoken the truth. That “work” is the subject of this book.
The Gathering Storm: Britain’s American Propaganda Policy, 1937 to 1939
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By January 1937, Britain faced its worst international crisis since the end of World War I. The trouble had begun six years before, when the Japanese army seized Manchuria. Now the threat of further Japanese expansion into China had been augmented by growing instability in Europe. While the League of Nations fumbled with the Abyssinian crisis, Mussolini had drifted toward an alignment with the new menace of Hitler’s Germany. Then, in March 1936, the German army marched into the Rhineland, shattering the foundations of the postwar European peace. With the Spanish Civil War beckoning the dictators to intervene, further conflict seemed inevitable. In London, the Conservative government of Stanley Baldwin responded with fullscale rearmament but was fully conscious that Britain could not muster a credible deterrent before 1939 at the earliest. The French begged Britain to make a commitment to uphold the European order; but the British, wary of stretching their reduced naval strength across three possible theaters of war, felt unable to act without a guarantee of American support. By 1937, the British had good reason to fear that this support would never be offered.
“London Can Take It”: British Propaganda and the Blitz, September to December 1940
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the afternoon of September 7, 1940, approximately 200 German bombers took off from airfields in Belgium and Northern France. They assumed formation over the English Channel and set course for London. That night, and for the fifty-seven nights that followed, the Luftwaffe pounded the capital without mercy. Many German bombs found their mark. The Surrey Docks erupted into flames, drawing the raiders to London’s densely populated East End. Firemen struggled to contain the blaze, but it seemed to them that “the whole bloody world” was on fire. The scale of the attack carried an obvious message. The War Cabinet issued the “invasion imminent” signal and then waited. But the invasion never came, and London held firm. On September 10, London hit back. As the Germans approached, searchlights swept across the darkness, and anti-aircraft batteries began to fire. Londoners heard this noise-their noise-and took heart. But the raids continued unabated, by night and day. It was going to be a long campaign.
War Comes to America: the road to pearl harbor,augest to December 1941,
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hope added Caught in the Draft. Even Walt Disney injected a hint of belligerence into Dumbo. In the film’s closing moments, the baby elephant’s giant ears inspire a breakthrough in military aviation: “Dum bombers for our defense!” Of all Britain’s allies in Hollywood, Walter Wanger remained the most enthusiastic. But Britain could not always repay his devotion. Hitchcock recalled Sidney Bernstein gently explaining to Wanger that he could not be given exclusive film rights to the Nazi invasion of Britain.115 The year 1941 brought a more serious strain on the Mol’s romance with Wanger. Inspired by London Can Take It, Wanger proposed that he and the MoI cooperate to produce a documentary-feature on the newly formed Eagle Squadron. Wanger hoped that this would be “the greatest picture of aviation ever produced,” but instead it showed the limits to which the documentary genre was subject during wartime. Work on Wanger’s Eagle Squadron started well. The MoI agreed to co operate so long as the film did not overlap with A Yank in the RAF. Wanger hired Harry Watt of the Crown Film Unit to direct and C. S. Forrester of BIS to write the fictional continuity scenes. By the summer of 1941, his production staff were en route for England. Then the problems began.
Justice in the Allocation of Health Care Resources: A Feminist Account
Authors: Nelson Hilde Lindemann , Nelson James Lindemann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American health care is so conspicuously unjust that the need for reform is now politically as well as philosophically inescapable. The numbers that testify to this need are becoming grimly familiar but are still worth rehearsing. In 1991 the United States spent 13.2 percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health care—$751.8 billion—more than was devoted to education and defense combined. The expenditure curve is rising steeply. If its slope is unchanged, by the century’s end 18 percent of our substance will be devoted to health care, while education, housing, the arts, and other social goods will have to go underfunded. Despite the glut of spending, over 14 percent of those living in the United States have no health insurance, and an even greater percentage—amounting to perhaps 60 million Americans-are significantly underinsured.
But the full story of the inequities in our system is not revealed by these figures, and will remain untold unless the special position of women and other oppressed groups is carefully and sympathetically perceived. Further, the best options for responding to those inequities are not likely to be visible from perspectives that implicitly take on the moral and political values of powerful white men.
Kangaroo Care Of The Premature Infant
Authors: Anderson Gene Cranston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At birth, both full-term and preterm infants enter a foreign environment that lacks the skin-to-skin contact and close containment of extremities in the womb. This shock can be ameliorated by placing infants skin-to-skin with their mothers as soon as possible post birth. When they are with their mothers, infants are in their ideal physiological and environmental milieu, that is, their ecological niche, which fosters a close dyadic relationship (Anderson, 1977). For preterm infants, however, the return to the mother may be delayed indefinitely.
Why UG Needs a Learning Theory: Triggering Verb Movement*
Authors: Lightfoot David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than a decade generativists have viewed the linguistic genotype or “Universal Grammar” (UG) as consisting of principles and a set of option-points or parameters. Correspondingly, language acquisition proceeds as children set those parameters, sometimes characterized as switches with ON and OFF positions. And languages change over time as parameters come to be set differently. The notion of a parameter has stolen the limelight, but particular parameters are surprisingly evanescent.
The Democratic Corporation
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all know that American business needs fixing, and there is no shortage of prescriptions: imitate the Japanese, or follow the example of successful firms, or practice right-sizing. But these approaches do not work very well, says Russell Ackoff, because they only attack the problem piecemeal--and it is the entire system of American business that is flawed. In this revolutionary new book by a widely respected business thinker and pioneer in the fields of operations research and systems thinking, Ackoff underscores the urgent need to overhaul the kinds of systems found in America, from our business schools to our boardrooms. And he shows how firms can break out of the mold--and leapfrog the competition in today’s volatile economy. To give managers insight into the concept of organizations, Ackoff shows how they have been viewed since the Renaissance: first as machines, later as organisms, and today as social systems. As social systems, companies produce and distribute wealth and raise our standard of living. They are also responsible for facilitating and encouraging the development of the larger systems that contain them and all their stakeholders. The quality of worklife within an organization is key. Work has to be challenging and enjoyable if workers are to give it their full commitment, and Ackoff outlines major ways to achieve this goal. Along the way, Ackoff explodes a number of fashionable business notions. He asserts that firms that try to imitate successful competitors are doomed to play catch-up forever. He attacks the idea of continuous improvement, showing that it has failed to make quantum leaps in quality, and he demonstrates how to re-orient the pursuit of quality. After revealing the weakness in many current practices, Ackoff describes three organizational schemes that will lead to success. In the Circular Organization, a democratic hierarchy, everyone participates directly or indirectly in decisions that affect their work. In the Internal Market Economy, organizations treat their different parts like a collection of firms doing business with each other--which promotes cooperation and eliminates wasteful internal competition. And with the Multidimensional Organization, a company becomes so powerful and flexible that continuous adaptation can happen without reorganization. Ackoff caps off the book with an incisive critique of business schools, describing how they must be transformed to turn out the leaders we need for the competitive American organization of the 21st century. Enabling managers to understand the profound interrelationships in the American economy and to tap into them for success, The Democratic Corporation is a major work by an innovative thinker that is certain to cause ripples throughout the business community.
Innovation
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation is the third principal distinctive capability, and yet firms often fail to gain a competitive advantage from it. In this chapter, I explain why. I describe the costs and uncertainties associated with the process of innovation and the difficulties that firms encounter in securing the returns to innovation for themselves. What appear to be the rewards of innovation are often really the product of the firm’s architecture. Some firms have established an architecture that stimulates a continuous process of innovations. Other firms have created an architecture that enables them to implement an innovation particularly effectively.
Strategic Assets
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some competitive advantages are based not on the distinctive capabilities of firms but on their dominance or market position. These are the strategic assets for the firm concerned. Strategic assets are of three main types. Some companies may benefit from a natural monopoly because they are established in a market that will not readily accommodate more than one firm. In some other markets, incumbent firms have already incurred many of the costs of supply, but entrants have not. In these, the firms’ cost structure may give them a competitive advantage. Still other firms benefit from market restrictions that are the product of licenses and regulation. What distinguishes all these from true distinctive capabilities is that any other firm that had entered the industry at the same time or had already made that expenditure or held that license would have enjoyed the same competitive advantage.