bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Action of Bearing Alloys [A]
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bearings are normally designed to run with a finite film of oil separating them from the rotating journal. The frictional resistance will then depend on the clearance, the load, the speed, and the viscosity of the oil film. Provided the oil film is maintained, the metal surfaces of the journal and the bearing play no part, and there is no wear of either journal or bearing. In practice, however, particularly in starting and stopping, or if impulsive loading or excessive vibration occur, the finite oil film may break down and only thin, boundary films of lubricant may remain. In severe cases, considerable metallic contact may occur. It is during this incidence of boundary lubrication and of metallic con tact that the wear and seizure of bearings takes place.
Action of Extreme Pressure Lubricants
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters we saw that the main function of a lubricant film is to reduce the amount of intimate metallic contact between sliding metal surfaces. Under extreme conditions of load and speed, even the best boundary lubricants of the fatty acid or metallic soap type may break down with a consequent increase in the friction and amount of surface damage. This occurs, for example, with hypoid gears where the rubbing surfaces are made of very hard steel and the sliding speeds are relatively high. Here it is customary to use lubricants to which certain active radicals or groups have been added. These additives are referred to as ‘extreme pressure’ additives, and the resultant lubricants are termed ‘extreme pressure’ or ‘E.P.’ lubricants, since they enable the rubbing surfaces to run satisfactorily under conditions where ordinary mineral or vegetable oils would prove inadequate.
The phenomena of bird migration
Authors: Berthold Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As animal migrations in general and bird migrations in particular occur in an abundance of different forms (Chapter 1), it is not easy to formulate apt and useful definitions for all migrations. In fact, there have been so many attempts that a lengthy article could easily be written on the definitions alone. The most general definition is given by Baker (1978): ‘Migration: the act of moving from one spatial unit to another.’
The significance of bird migration for human society
Authors: Berthold Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since time immemorial man has been a ‘migratory species’, as evidenced by earlier mass migrations, present-day streams of refugees, and global tourist movements (Markl 1995). It is not surprising, therefore, that bird migration has always been a source of fascination. There are at least seven aspects of man’s life in which bird migration is of some significance-mysticism/religion, aesthetics, science, economics, hunting, transport, and hygiene.
The Astronomer Hoyle
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that Hoyle had his institute, he seemed to have joined the establishment after all. He was a frequent if combative correspond- ent to The Times, not only on steady-state theory and quasars butalso on matters such as economic inflation, foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, and the Common Market of Europe, which he opposed both on grounds both of nationalism, and because it seemed to be tempting the UK into what Hoyle saw as fruitless pan-European collaborations on minor but expensive projects in space technology.
Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism
Authors: Aharoni Amikam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present book is the second edition of Amikam Aharoni's Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism, based on a popular lecture course. Like its predecessor, it serves a two-fold purpose: First, it is a textbook for first-year graduate and advanced undergraduate students in both physics and engineering. Second, it explains the basic theoretical principles on which the work is based for practising engineers and experimental physicists who work in the field of magnetism, thus also serving to a certain extent as a reference book. For both professionals and students the emphasis is on introducing the foundations of the different subfields, highlighting the direction and tendency of the most recent research. For this new edition, the author has thoroughly updated the material especially of chapters 9 ('The Nucleation Problem') and 11 ('Numerical Micromagnetics'), which now contain the state of the art required by students and professionals who work on advanced topics of ferromagnetism. From reviews on the 1/e: '... a much needed, thorough introduction and guide to the literature. It is full of wisdom and commentary. Even more, it is Amikam Aharoni at his best - telling a story... He is fun to read... The extensive references provide an advanced review of micromagnetics and supply sources for suitable exercises... there is much for the student to do with the guidance provided by Introduction to the Theory of Ferromagnetism.' A. Arrott, Physics Today, September 1997
Embryonic development and utilisation of egg components
Authors: Deeming D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development of bird embryos of domestic species is well reported but given the diversity of bird species there are relatively few descriptive reports of development in non-commercial species (Ricklefs and Starck 1998). Patterns of embryonic development in different species have been found to be largely similar and the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) embryo has proved to be a useful general model for avian development. In this chapter space prevents an in-depth description of the pattern of embryonic development in any particular species and this would be largely redundant given previous publications (Romanoff 1960; Freeman and Vince 1974; Bellairs and Osmond 1998; Ricklefs and Starck 1998). Rather, an attempt is made to provide a basic description of embryonic development through to hatching, with emphasis on the changes in extra-embryonic environment within the shell. Freeman and Vince (1974) describe behavioural aspects of development and interactions between the developing embryo and the incubating adult as described in Chapter 7.
Nest microclimate during incubation
Authors: Ar A , Sidis Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast amount of written information about bird nests and their significance to the eggs, parents and nestlings, calls for a revision with the hope that significantly new insights to this subject will emerge. Bird nests are so highly variable in their appearance, size, building material, structure, location, temporal appearance and species specificity, that more then one kind of classification is possible. In fact, many reviewers over–emphasise rare, curious and unusual features of nests. Hanging nests, communal nests, odd building-material nests, soil and foliage covered nests, floating nests, nests in tunnels, on cliffs, etc., seem to catch the eye of the keen observer (e.g. Collias 1964) and mask the fact that most nests are ‘ordinary’. Even so, nests are so species-specific that an expert can easily recognise a bird species by its nest (e.g. Welty 1982; Hansell 2000). The variability of nest forms among species, in particular in warm climates, can only partly explain the microclimate they provide. It may be related more to niche competition, protection and camouflaging against enemies during this critical period, whereas factors such as shading or entrance orientation may contribute more to the microclimate of the nest (e.g. Facemireet al. 1990; Williams 1993a; Sidiset al. 1994).
Patterns and significance of egg turning
Authors: Deeming D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turning, shifting or jabbing, is the process in which the egg is moved around within the nest changing both its location and, through rotation, its orientation. It is considered to be an integral part of successful incubation in almost all species of bird (Poulsen 1953) although as will be shown it is not a universal behaviour. This chapter reviews the process of egg turning during incubation using qualitative descriptions of the behaviour together with quantitative records of rates and angles of turning. Theories explaining the need for turning are discussed and a start is made in examining the evolutionary significance of this behaviour in avian incubation. This chapter does not deal with other behaviours during incubation which involve movement of eggs, e.g. retrieval of an egg that has rolled from a nest. Such activities are described in Chapter 6.
Underground nesting in the megapodes
Authors: Booth D T , Jones D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Family Megapodiidae is distributed throughout the islands of the Indo Australian region east of Wallace’s Line including New Guinea, Australia and the Philippines, as well as on numerous islands in the southern Pacific as far east as Tonga (Joneset al. 1995). Megapodes appear never to have been present on the mainland or larger islands of south-east Asia (such as Java, Sumatra and most of Borneo) but are present on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal (see Dekker 1989). At present 22 species are recognised (Joneset al. 1995). Recent paleontological data suggests, however, that an additional 23-33 species were exterminated soon after the arrival of humans in the island chains of southern Oceania over the last few millennia (Steadman 1999).
Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Wark J S , Glazer A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical mechanics is the science of predicting the observable properties of a multiple bodied system by studying the statistics of the behaviour of its individual constituents, whether they are atoms, molecules, photons, etc. It provides the link between macroscopic and microscopic states, and as such has the potential to be one of the most satisfying parts of an undergraduate science course - linking in an elegant manner the quantum world with everyday observations of systems containing large numbers of particles. This excellent text is designed to introduce the fundamentals of the subject of statistical mechanics at a level suitable for students who meet the subject for the first time. The treatment given here is designed to give the student a feeling for the topic of statistical mechanics without being held back by the need to understand complex mathematics. The text is concise and concentrates on the understanding of fundamental aspects. Numerous questions with worked solutions are given throughout.
The End is in Sight
Authors: Wark J S , Glazer A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You can see that we are now integrating over a 6-dimensional space whose axes are Px,Py,Pz, x, y, z. This space is referred to as ‘phase space’. In order to describe the particle we need to specify six coordinates, three for momentum, and three for position in our 6-dimensional phase space.
Freshwater-Swamp Forests
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freshwater-swamp forest and related vegetation grow on soils where there is occasional inundation of mineral-1ich fresh water of pH 6 and above and where the water level fluctuates so that periodic drying of the soil surface occurs. The floods may originate from rain or from river water backing up in response to high tides. The major physical differences between this and peatswamp forest are the lack of deep peat (a few centimetres thickness is sometimes found but this seems to have little effect on tree species composition), and the sources of water being rivers and rain water (Whitmore 1984). Although freshwater-swamp forest normally forms on riverine alluvium, it can also be expected, under natural conditions, to form on alluvium deposited by larger lakes where wave action prevents the formation of peat, such as in ‘Lake’ Bento, Kerinci.
The Use of Cooling Deactivation to Reveal the Neural Bases of Lesion-induced Plasticity in the Developing and Mature Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Payne Bertram R , Lomber Stephen G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebral lesions often produce specific deficits in neural performance and behavior. However, they are also characterized by a subsequent attenuation in the severity of the deficits. According to Kolb and Whishaw (1995) factors described as contributing to recovery of function include regeneration of connections to the area that was previously innervated, sprouting of fibers to innervate new targets structures, denervation supersensitivity to application of the same stimulus, disinhibition of potential compensatory zones and the activation of so-called “silent synapses.” Moreover, functional recovery is more likely for complex behaviors that are composed of many components, and it is more pronounced after incomplete lesions. However, recovery is severely limited for neural functions that are highly localized. For example, a lesion of primary motor cortex induces paralysis of voluntary movement and a lesion of primary visual cortex abolishes conscious vision.
Anthropological Perspectives on the Study of Ancient Disease
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent concern about emerging infectious diseases that threaten human populations has focused new attention on the complex factors involved. Fischer and Klose’s (1996) edited volume on infectious dis eases stresses the importance of historical perspective in the understanding of disease emergence. Within that volume, Wilson (1996) describes factors that can be involved in the disease process such as migration, environmental shifts, changes in land use, socioeconomic factors, technological aspects, medical treatment, demographic factors, population vulnerability, formation of new habitats, and microbial evolution. These factors are not only key to our understanding of the emergence of new diseases in contemporary populations, but also to the past human disease experience. Our interpretations of past human disease depend not only on research capable of identifing the organisms involved but also our understanding of conditions such as those that contribute to the emergence and human impact of disease.
The function χ, entropies, and representation of nonlinear functions
Authors: Perthame Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider a general problem. Let the sequence (u n(x))n∈ℕ be bounded in L ∞(ℝd ). After extraction of a subsequence, we may always assume that it converges in L∞ − w* to a function u∊ L∞(ℝd ). Consider now smooth functions S ℝ → ℝ. In general it is impossible to represent the weak limit of the family S(u n) in terms of u only (see the example in Section 2.4). Such a description, for all functions S, cannot be achieved by a function of the single variable x ∊ ℝd and a higher-dimensional object is needed. Here, we present a simple method to describe these limits. It makes use of a particular indicator function, called the χ function, which will be used in a fundamental way for the kinetic formulation of scalar conservation laws in later chapters and which is a (d + 1)-dimensional object. The presentation below is an alternative approach to the so-called Young measures which are closely related objects.
Ana Lysis Of Microstructure
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We understood why martensitic materials form microstructure in Chapter 6 and we studied some interesting examples in Chapter 7. In the process, we developed a description of microstructure and a method for constructing it. Using these, we can construct as many different examples as we wish. However, this constructive method is inherently limited.
Geometrical Ly Linear Theory
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory we have discussed so far is difficult for two inherent reasons. The first is the properties of the material itself. The phase transformation leads to a multi-well energy and thus the behaviour of the material is physically extremely non- linear. The second is geometry. When we compose two deformations, i.e., perform one deformation following another, we have to multiply the deformation gradients instead of adding them. A simple example of this is rigid rotations.
Supersymmetry: Theory, Experiment, and Cosmology
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes the basic concepts of supersymmetric theories. It is aimed at theorists, experimentalists and cosmologists interested in supersymmetry, and its content is correspondingly divided into three distinct tracks of study. The topics covered include a discussion of the motivation for supersymmetry in fundamental physics, a description of the minimal supersymmetric model as well as models of grand unification and string models, a presentation of the main scenarios for supersymmetry breaking, including the concepts and results of dynamical breaking. On the astrophysics/cosmology side, the book includes discussions of supersymmetric dark matter candidates, inflation, dark energy, and the cosmological constant problem. Some very basic knowledge of quantum field theory is needed and extensive appendices (in particular an introduction to the Standard Model of fundamental interactions) allow the reader to refresh and complete their notions.
Transporting UCN
Authors: Ignatovich V K , Pontecorvo G B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals in the main with neutron guides, and only at the very end will the issue be touched upon of honeutrons are transported in a sealed vessel. Neutron guides serve to extract the neutrons from the reactor core to the experimental hall, beyond the biological shield, and to separate low-energy neutrons from the direct beam. The intensity of the UCN themselves, however, is then attenuated. Obviously the attenuation is more significant when the walls of the neutron guide are rougher and more contaminated by hydrogen and when the vacuum inside it is poor. As far as the vacuum is concerned, operating experience is in quite good agreement with theoretical expectations and reveals that, at pressures lower than 10−3 mm Hg, residual gases actually do not hinder the passage of the UCN. Nevertheless, the vacuum is quite controllable. The contamination of the walls, however, and the degree of roughness are much more difficult to control.
Magnetism in Disorder
Authors: Hicks Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses aspects of neutron scattering associated with magnetic systems in disorder. These systems range in complexity from an isolated defect in a ferromagnet to materials such as amorphous spin glass materials which have massive disorder in terms of both atomic arrangement and magnetism. The primary focus of the text is neutron scattering but the author draws a connection with other probes of magnetic systems whenever appropriate. Topics covered include: the relationship between the neutron cross section and the magnetization and susceptibility of magnetic materials; polarized neutron techniques; and properties of dilute ferromagnetic alloys, spin glasses, and amorphous magnets.
Theoretical foundation
Authors: Schülke Winfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At many points in this book, we have referred to basic relations in order to interpret certain aspects of inelastic X-ray scattering experiments, without deriving the corresponding equations by starting from basic principles. We have chosen this way of presenting the evidences drawn from inelastic scattering experiments because otherwise the reader might be too much discouraged by the necessary mathematical formalism. On the other hand, a more theoretically interested reader, of course, will have missed a unifying concept that binds together all the different branches of the field. Therefore, it is the aim of this chapter to add such a theoretical foundation as a supplement.
Motor co-ordination
Authors: Holland Owen , McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nervous system is responsible for controlling behaviour and, to a certain extent, for controlling the animal’s internal environment. This control is exercised by commands to muscles and glands. Muscles are made up of complex protein molecules that are capable of contraction and relaxation. Nerve endings connect with muscles by means of synapses similar to those by which neurones connect with each other. The nerve impulses arriving at the neuromuscular junction set up electrical potentials, which cause the muscle to contract. Muscular relaxation results from lack of stimulation. When the muscle contracts it becomes shorter, provided it is not prevented from doing so by being fixed at each end. A muscle can lengthen
A little more about the physics of quasicrystals
Authors: Janot C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quasicrystals pose a fundamental challenge to our understanding of the physical properties of condensed matter. As we have repeatedly stated, they lack the translational periodic order present in classical crystals. But they lack also the randomness present in truly disordered systems. They have, however, perfectly ordered structures that should generate proper selection rules for the formulation of their physical behaviour. Apparently, no one has so far succeeded in using this order, even within model descriptions such as the Penrose tiling scheme.
Statistical mechanics
Authors: Binney J J , Dowrick N J , Fisher A J , Newman M E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical mechanics is the art of predicting the behaviour of a system with a large number of degrees of freedom, given the laws governing its microscopic behaviour. It divides naturally into two parts. The first is the more fundamental. It tries to answer general questions concerning the behaviour of systems with many degrees of freedom, such as how order can arise from the apparent chaos of the microscopic behaviour, and how time-symmetric microscopic laws can give rise to the time asymmetry observed in the macroscopic world. The second part of statistical mechanics is concerned with using the results of this analysis to determine the behaviour of specific systems. This is what we will be doing in this book. Statistical mechanics will be used as a tool to study critical phenomena in particular systems.
Mean-field theory
Authors: Binney J J , Dowrick N J , Fisher A J , Newman M E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we saw that it is possible to make a great deal of progress in the study of particular models by real-space renormalization methods. These methods are very elegant and can explain why critical exponents arise and how they are related to each other. However, they are also very specific: it requires considerable ingenuity to invent an accurate (and tractable) real-space scaling transformation for any given model, and even when one has succeeded it is not normally very helpful in tackling the next problem.
The renormalization group
Authors: Binney J J , Dowrick N J , Fisher A J , Newman M E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are part of the way towards understanding the Landau-Ginzburg model in the critical regime. We have been able to calculate two critical exponents, one of which describes the system at T = Tc and the other at T ≠ Tc. If we are prepared to accept the scaling laws for which we found experimental evidence in Chapter 1, and theoretical evidence in Chapter 5, we can stop there; all four remaining critical exponents follow. However, this is rather unsatisfactory. In Chapter 5 we saw that the scaling relations can be deduced from the properties of the critical fixed point that is reached by repeatedly reblocking and rescaling the system; it would be good to provide a similarly general derivation in the context of the Landau-Ginzburg model.