bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jerry falwell’s mother, or, what’s the harm?
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the November 1983 issue of Hustler, publisher Larry Flynt printed what represented itself as an interview with Jerry Falwell in which the then leader of the Moral Majority recalled his first experience of sexual intercourse. According to the interview, entitled “Jerry Falwell Talks about His First Time” and labeled in small print at the bottom of the page “ad parody,” the encounter took place in a very smelly outhouse when Falwell was dead drunk. His partner on that occasion, also drunk, was said to be his mother, who was portrayed both as sexually aggressive and extremely unattractive. In a deposition Flynt was asked whether he intended to convey to the magazine’s readers that Falwell was a liar and a hypocrite, and he replied, “Yeah.” He was then asked if it was his objective to destroy Falwell’s integrity, and he responded, I wanted “to assassinate it.” So what we have here is a false and malicious depiction of two people with the avowed intention of wounding one so that his ability to function as a minister of the gospel would be destroyed. The Supreme Court held that Flynt’s action was a constitutionally protected instance of free speech and that Falwell could not recover damages either for libel, invasion of privacy, or intention to inflict emotional harm.
Liberalism Doesn’t Exist
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This brief essay was written in response to Stephen Carter’s “Evolutionism, Creationism, and Treating Religion as a Hobby” [Duke Law Journal, December 1987, 977-996]. Professor Carter explores the tension between liberal rationalism and the claims of religious faith. He observes that although liberalism presents itself as the protector of religious freedoms, it is “really derogating religious belief in favor of other, more ‘rational’ methods of understanding the world.” “Liberalism,” he says, is “curiously intolerant.” It is my thesis that there is nothing curious about liberalism’s intolerance, since like any other ideology it must reject as beyond the pale anything that does not conform to its constitutive principle. The fact that liberals like to think of themselves as the apostles of tolerance only testifies to the strength of the blindness with which they pursue their (non)program.)
The Young and the Restless
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay appeared at the conclusion of The New Historicism, a volume in which a group of well-known scholars and critics present the case for and against the movement named by Stephen Greenblatt.) As a privileged first reader of these essays I want to comment on the many and varied pleasures they provide. Whatever the New Historicism is or isn’t, the energies mounted on its behalf or in opposition to its (supposed) agenda are impressive and galvanizing. In a brief afterword, as this is intended to be, I cannot do justice to the arguments and demonstrations of more than twenty pieces, but some things, while perhaps obvious, should at least be noted. The footnotes to some of the essays (see particularly Newton, Klancher, Pecora, Montrose, Marcus, and Fineman) are alone worth the price of admission; they illustrate even more than the essays themselves the richness and diversity of concerns that cluster around the questions raised by the banner of a New Historicism. One is grateful also for the glimpse into new (and at least for this literary scholar) uncharted territories—the politics of modern Indonesia (Pecora), the political emplotment of Latin American narrative (Franco), the fortunes of feminism in the First World War (Marcus), the history of art’s efforts to be historical (Bann).
Infinity in Mathematics: Is Cantor Necessary?
Authors: Feferman Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the rise of abstract mathematics in Greek times, mathematicians have had to grapple with the problems of infinity in many guises. When mathematics became an integral part of physical science it could be used to formulate precise answers to age-old questions: Is space infinite? Did time have a beginning? Will it have an end? Modern cosmological theories now marshal considerable physical evidence to support the finitude of space and time. But whether or not (or how) infinity is manifested in the physical universe, mathematics requires at its base the use of various infinite arithmetical and geometrical structures. Without these no coherent system of mathematics is possible, and since mathematics is essential for the formulation of physical theories, there is also no science without these uses of the infinite at the base.
The Synthesis Of Life
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life is movement and color, sound and light. It is the whirr of pigeon wings at sunset, the lonely cry of a coyote on a distant hill, the flicker of fireflies on a summer night. From common, everyday ingredients like dust and stone, air and water, nature has spun these ephemeral forms, “these unique and never recur­ ring patterns in the stream of time.” The form of a living thing is not anchored to the substance that embodies it. As in a whirlpool, the shape of the whole is retained while matter flows into it and out. The shape itself evolves with time and yet the identity of the organism is preserved; the whole time-dependent pattern is replicated and multiplied from generation to generation. The invention of life has set form free to dance through time and space, endlessly recreating its own image like a ballerina performing in a hall of a thousand mirrors.
Entropy and Evolution
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1851 William Thomson, who later became Lord Kelvin, presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper on the dynamic theory of heat. This paper set forth the principle of conservation of energy, later known as the First Law of Thermodynamics, and another principle concerned with the dissipation of useful energy, now called the Second Law. Kelvin, who held the chair of natural philosophy at the University of Glasgow, worked at a time when improvements in mechanical devices such as the steam engine were transforming life in the Western world. Along with Nicolas Carnot in France and James Prescott Joule in England, he laid the foundations for the science of heat and its transformation into mechanical work. These contributions had a deep and wide-ranging influence on the physical science of the nineteenth century.
The Institutionalization of Experimental Physiology
Authors: Tuchman Arleen Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grand Duke Friedrich’s rise to power and his appointment of Franz Freiherr von Stengel to the ministry of interior had a significant impact on university politics. Although Baden had not experienced a severe reaction, support for political liberalism in the 1850s had waned in comparison with the Vonniirz period, and this had influenced university appointments. The indifference of the government toward Henle’s and Pfeufer’s departure, and its appointment of Arnold, must all be understood within the context of the political debates between liberals and conservatives that had figured so prominently in the early 1850s. The year 1856 signaled a change in the political atmosphere and, by association, in the government’s attitude to ward the university. At a time when conservatives dominated most German state ministries, von Stengel was allying himself with liberal faculty members, working with them to reform the university. One of the first problems he tackled was the reform of the medical faculty.
Lovelace’s Dream
Authors: Castle Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One week after Clarissa has been drugged and raped, has fallen into madness and out of it, she begins to plot. She meditates an escape-from Mrs. Sinclair’s brothel and from Lovelace. Her plot involves bribing Dorcas the servant with an offer of future rewards if she will help her get away. Dorcas, hypocritically agreeable, immediately informs Lovelace, who is put on his guard. The tricky servant confirms his maxim, repeated for Belford, that “the bond of wickedness is a stronger bond than the ties of virtue” (III, 247).1 Yet the vision of his “charmer” “plotting” to escape lingers too in his imagination and excites him. So confident is he of his control over Clarissa he toys with the idea of letting her escape on purpose, simply in order to recapture her and thus demonstrate once more his ineluctable power over her. He half-hopes also to force her by this means into that marriage which he now claims, almost convincing himself, he wants with her. “I cannot live without intrigue,” he writes to Belford. And of Clarissa he adds, with mock-portentousness, “She is now authorizing all my plots by her own example” (24.’3). At precisely this moment in the fiction Lovelace has a waking dream. In this daytime “reverie,” which he describes to Belford in one of his June 20 letters, Clarissa does in fact escape him, or seem to.
The Translation Method and the Tensed and Tenseless Theories of Time
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current opinion of proponents of the tenseless theory of time is that the argument that tensed sentences (or sentence-utterances) are untranslatable by tenseless sentences (or sentence-utterances) is insufficient to establish the tensed theory of time. Indeed, it is widely believed today that this argument provides no evidence at all for the tensed theory of time.1 I shall make the case in this chapter that this belief is false. Specifically, I shall contend that an argument for the untranslatability thesis, along with a defense of the logical coherency and scientific viability of the tensed theory of time, provides adequate evidence for the tensed theory. After I make this case, I shall proceed to argue (in chapters 2-4) that tensed sentences and sentence-utterances are untranslatable by tenseless ones. This will prepare the way for the defense of presentism in part II.
Presentness as a Logical Subject of Tenseless Sentences
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 5 I argued that presentness is a logical subject of all A-sentences and a metaphysical subject of all A-states of affairs. This is perhaps the most initially plausible and easiest-to-grasp part of presentism, for the remaining doctrines do not have any significant degree of “intuitive obviousness” about them. Indeed, they seem, on the face of it, to be implausible. It seems counterintuitive to hold that all tenseless sentences, be they B-sentences, empirical generalizations, or analytic sentences, refer to presentness and ascribe to it some monadic property. It further seems that if there is any argument that shows presentness to be a logical subject of these sentences, similar arguments must show that other properties are also universal logical subjects, such as the trivially essential properties of self-identity, or oneness, or being something.
The Palms of the Amazon
Authors: Henderson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment given here includes all the palms occurring naturally within the Amazon region delimited in Chapter 1. Cultivated palms are excluded; accounts of them are found, for example, in Hoyos and Braun (1984) and in Blombery and Rodd (1982). Some other naturally occurring species, particularly those from drier areas north and south of the Amazon, may just reach into the region. These are excluded, since they can harly be considered Amazon palms. Examples are, in the north (particularly the savanna areas of northern Bolivar State, Venezuela), Copernicia tectorum(Kunth) Mart., Roystonea oleracea(Jacq.)0. F. Cook, and Sabal mauritiiformis(H. Karst.) Griseb. & H. Wendl.; in the south, Allagoptera leucocalyx(Drude) Kuntze, Astrocaryum campestreMart., and Copernicia albaMorong. Species found above 500 m elevation in the Guayana Highland are also exeluded. These are Geonoma appunianaSpruce, Geonoma simpliczfronsWilld., and Prestoea tenuiramosa(Dammer) H. E. Moore. Occasionally, Andean species may just reach below 500m elevation on eastern Andean slopes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia-for example, Geonoma jussieuanaMart.-but these are also excluded.
Stability Semantics
Authors: Yaqub Aladdin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stability semantics is a collection of infinitely many formal semantical systems that share a common core: each is a natural candidate for formalizing the revision process described in the previous chapter. In other words, stability semantics is a type of formal semantics whose instances are the semantical systems that are natural candidates for representing formally the revision process. The goal of this chapter is to develop this type of formal semantics and describe some of the important notions connected with it. In the first section we introduce the syntax of the formal languages under consideration. Then, in Section 2.2, we describe the general theory of stability semantics. The third section is devoted to an example that illustrates the central features of this type of formal semantics. In Section 2.4 we describe the rich variety of semantical behavior that is identified and classified by any system of stability semantics.
To Clorissa
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To your lov’d Bosom pleas’d Marissaflies; That place where sacred Friendship gives a Right, And where ten thousand Charms invite. Let others Pow’r and awful Greatness prize; Let them exchange their Innocence and Fame For the dear Purchase of a mighty Name: Let greedy Wretches hug their darling Store, The tempting Product of their Toils adore, And still with anxious Souls, desire and grasp at more: While I disdain to have my Bliss confin’d To things which Fortune can bestow, or take,
To the Ladies
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wife and Servant are the same, But only differ in the Name: For when that fatal Knot is ty’d, Which nothing, nothing can divide: When she the word obeyhas said, And Man by Law supreme has made, Then all that’s kind is laid aside, And nothing left but State and Pride: Fierce as an Eastern Prince he grows, And all his innate Rigor shows: Then but to look, to laugh, or speak, Will the Nuptial Contract break. Like Mutes she Signs alone must make, And never any Freedom take: But still be govern’d by a Nod, And fear her Husband as her God: Him still must serve, him still obey, And nothing act, and nothing say, But what her haughty Lord thinks fit, Who with the Pow’r, has all the Wit.
To the Queen’smost Excellent Majesty
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Permit me at Your Royal Feet to lay This humble Off ring of a trembling Muse; Permit me there to pay This Tribute to transcendent Merit due; To that transcendent Merit which conspicuous is in You. Bold is th’Address, and the Presumption high! But she all meaner Objects does refuse, To this vast height will fly, And hopes Your Goodness will th’ambitious Flight excuse. I strove a while her Ardor to conceal, Unseen it burnt within my Breast; But now impetuous grows, and will it self reveal; ‘Tis much too strong to be supprest. What was at first but Warmth, now to a Flame do’s rise, On you she gazes with admiring Eyes, And ev’ry lower Object does despise: Pardon her Transports, since from Zeal they spring, And give her Leave of You to sing; Of You, the noblest Theme that she can chuse, Of You, who’re with Ten thousand Graces fraught, Of You, who far exceed the widest Bounds of Thought: In whom as to their Centre Lines are drawn, All those bright Qualities in one combine, Which did till now with scatter’d Glory shine; Appear’d till now but in their Dawn:
A Pindarick Ode
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pleasures, like Syrens, still invite, And with delusive Charms, Bewitching Baits of soft Delight, Allure th’unwary to their Arms: The thoughtless Many drawn away By sweet inticing Lays, Soon fall a voluntary Prey, And meanly end their Days; While the more manly, and the brave, Themselves by Resolution save: As on the boist’rous Sea of Life they sail, With watchful Eyes, A Vigilance which ne’er can fail, They mark the Skies, the Rocks, the Sands: Still at the Helm their Reason stands, When she the fatal Isle descries, And each Inchantress sees prepare To tune her Voice, and lay her Snare. She loudly cries,0 my lov’d Charge, beware: Fly, quickly fly that dang’rous Shore; see! with Bones ‘tis cover’d o’er: Let others Ruin make you wise; Such Souls alone with Airs Divine Always themselves delight: In vain their Skill the Tempters try, They both the Tempters, and their Skill defie; Their Notes are lost in Strains more bold and high, Asham’d they quit their vain Design, And full of anxious Spight, With drooping Heads repine; While th’ joyful Victors onward move, And chaunt the Praise of him above, Of him, who does their Art bestow, From whom harmonious Numbers flow: Thrice happy they who thus can live, Can on the mounting Billows ride, Can to themselves Contentment give, And void of Fear, and void of Pride, To lofty Heights themselves can raise, And sweetly warble out their Days, Regardless of designing, meaner Lays.
The Choice
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Dialogue between Emiliaand Marissa.Virtue sure’s th’ only Treasure, Th’ only solid lasting Pleasure: It does our Souls, our Thoughts refine, And gives us Joys almost Divine.It may a while obscur’d remain, But soon its Lustre will regain; Like Phrebuschase the Shades away, And bring again triumphant Day: Censures like Clouds sometimes appear, And keep its Rays from shining clear: But having reach’d Meridian Height, They fly before its conqu’ring Light; Before that Light whose glorious Blaze Does trembling guilty Souls amaze, And from its dazling Seat on high Disperses Splendor thro’ the Skie: Pale Envy sickens at the Sight, And full of Shame, and full of Spite, To the dark nether World returns, And there, her Disappointment mourns: But oh! my dearest Friend, I find That Malice still is left behind: Alas! that Fury never sleeps, But thro’ the World still slily creeps, Each Day a new Disguise she takes, Each Day some diff’rent Figure makes: Like Zeal and Pity she appears, And drown’d in false dissembling Tears, Often the Mask of Friendship wears, And with a Shew of Love insnares, On me she’s bent to wreak her Spite, And with her dire Attacks affright: And bright as Fire, and light as Air, To the superior World repair; To glorious Seats, and Realms Divine, Where Love do’s in Perfection shine: Love undisguis’d, without alloy, Noble, pure, and full of Joy, Sincere, and strong, and still the same, One steady, bright, immortal Flame: There, there our Friendship we’ll improve, Together tast the Sweets of Love; Still in each other’s Bliss rejoice, And prove one Soul, one Thought, one Voice; In nothing ever disagree, Throughout a blest Eternity.
One of Lucian sDialogues of the Dead Paraphras’d
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diogenes.0 Pollux,when thou next revisit’st Light, Menippusto these nether Realms invite; Tell him, if he’s not tir’d with Fools above, Where all that’s said, and done, his Mirth does move, He’ll here fit Subjects for his Laughter find, New Scenes of Madness to divert his Mind: For tho’ blind Mortals no Ideas have Of any thing beyond the silent Grave, But vainly fancy, as their Toil and Care, So too their Souls find equal Periods there, And all the dislodg’d Atoms mingle with the Air. Yet here are no such impious Scepticks found, Each Place does with complaining Ghosts abound: He sure with me would full of Wonder gaze On mighty Men whose glorious Acts amaze, Who conquer’d Kingdoms, and who Thrones did grace, And left their Sceptres to their God-like Race, Here, undistinguish’d from the meanest Shade, Depriv’d of Grandeur, and by none obey’d: They by no other marks can now be known, But Sighs, and Groans, and sad Complaints alone: But bid him with him some Provisions bring, A Crust were here a Present for a King: He’ll here find nothing Nature to sustain, Throughout the vast Extent of this dark empty Plain.
The Preface
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The retir’d Life I live in the Country, affording me much Leisure, I thought I could not employ it more advantageously, or to better purpose, than in Paraphrasing the Hymn of the Three Children; which I think to be a very fit Subject for a Pindarick Ode, because it Comprehends all the Works of Nature, and excites not only Angels and Men, the noblest and most exalted Parts of the Creation, but also Brutes, Plants, and inanimate Beings, to pay a grateful Tribute of Praise to their bountiful Creator.
Of Anger
Authors: Ezell Margaret J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anger in the moral World, is the same that a Hurricane is in the natural; it raises a violent Tempest in the Soul, clouds the Judgment, overturns the Reason, shatters the Understanding, puts a resistless Force on the Will, crouds the Memory with black Idea’s, with infernal Images, Thunders from the Tongue, Darts pointed Lightning from the Eyes, sometimes breaks forth into Flouds of Tears, and too often vents its Fury in Deluges of Blood: It throws the Thoughts into the utmost Confusion; they appear like a troubled Sea, where Billow meets with Billow, one Wave with deafning Horrour breaks upon another; sometimes the mounting Surges almost reach the Sky, and then are on a sudden thrown low as the Center of the Earth: The Mind is furiously agitated, the whole Body disorder’d; there is nothing within but Hurry and Tumult, nothing to be seen without but Fierceness and Rage, Convulsive Motions, staring Eyes, broken Sentences, frightful Looks, Faces pale as Death, or red as Blood: In a word, a Mixture of Folly and Madness, Man and Beast blended together, or rather something more savage; something crueller than hungry Lions, than provok’d Tigers.
Structure, Reproduction, and Development
Authors: Farley Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the absence of fossils, some aspects of scorpion evolution may be inferred from examination of embryos and comparison with structures in related taxa. In this chapter, scorpion reproduction and development are examined in relation to paleontological information. Extant scorpions are viviparous and. unlike many other arthropods, they do not have a separate larval stage with extensive transformation during metamorphosis to the adult (Hjelle, 1990; Polis and Sissom, 1990; Farley, HJ99a). The embryos may thereby demonstrate some changes that occurred in the evolution of adult structures of present terrestrial forms. Gould (1977) and Willmer (1990) discuss uncertainties and the caution that must be applied to infer recapitulation from embryonic structures.
Historical Biogeography
Authors: Due A Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plants and animals. For nearly two centuries, scientists, naturalists, and conservationists have sought to understand biogeographic patterns exhibited by various taxa throughout the world. These studies range from examinations of the distribution and numbers of species in entire biotas on a global scale to investigations of a single species at a local level. A primary goal of contemporary biogeography is to determine the processes that produce the observed patterns.