bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strength deficits in primary focal hand dystonia
Authors: Prodoehl Janey , MacKinnon Colum D. , Comella Cynthia L. , Corcos Daniel M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCortical activation is reduced when patients with focal dystonia perform movements that do not induce dystonic posturing. This finding suggests that the cortical drive to muscles may in some circumstances actually be reduced not increased, as suggested by basal ganglia models of dystonia as a hyperkinetic disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine flexor and extensor strength at the wrist (a clinically affected joint) and elbow (a nonclinically affected joint) in 18 patients with primary focal hand dystonia compared to matched control subjects. We measured peak torque from maximum voluntary contractions, and agonist and antagonist muscle activation by means of surface electromyograms. Patients were significantly weaker than controls at both the elbow and wrist joints and in both flexors and extensors compared to controls. Peak elbow flexion torque was, on average, 14.4% lower in the dystonic compared to the control group, elbow extensor peak torque was 28.6% lower, wrist flexor peak torque was 17.4% lower, and wrist extensor peak torque was 20.7% lower. Strength did not differ as a function of clinical severity. Reductions in peak torque were accompanied by reduced agonist activation, although this finding only reached statistical significance at the elbow. The amount of co‐contraction of antagonistic muscles was not significantly different between the two groups. These results are discussed in the context of dystonia as a disorder resulting from dysfunction of basal ganglia output. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Ambulatory motor assessment in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Keijsers Noël L.W. , Horstink Martin W.I.M. , Gielen Stan C.A.M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe developed an algorithm that distinguishes between on and off states in patients with Parkinson's disease during daily life activities. Twenty‐three patients were monitored continuously in a home‐like situation for approximately 3 hours while they carried out normal daily‐life activities. Behavior and comments of patients during the experiment were used to determine the on and off periods by a trained observer. Behavior of the patients was measured using triaxial accelerometers, which were placed at six different positions on the body. Parameters related to hypokinesia (percentage movement), bradykinesia (mean velocity), and tremor (percentage peak frequencies above 4 Hz) were used to distinguish between on and off states. The on–off detection was evaluated using sensitivity and specificity. The performance for each patient was defined as the average of the sensitivity and specificity. The best performance to classify on and off states was obtained by analysis of movements in the frequency domain with a sensitivity of 0.97 and a specificity of 0.97. We conclude that our algorithm can distinguish between on and off states with a sensitivity and specificity near 0.97. This method, together with our previously published method to detect levodopa‐induced dyskinesia, can automatically assess the motor state of Parkinson's disease patients and can operate successfully in unsupervised ambulatory conditions. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition reduces skeletal muscle atrophy
Authors: Hinkle Richard T. , Dolan Elizabeth , Cody David B. , Bauer Mary Beth , Isfort Robert J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral GTP‐binding protein (G‐protein)–coupled receptors that signal through Gαs (GTP‐binding protein α stimulatory) and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway increase skeletal muscle mass. In order to further evaluate the role of the cAMP pathway in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass, we utilized inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE 4), the major cAMP‐modifying PDE found in skeletal muscle, to modulate skeletal muscle cAMP levels. We found that PDE 4 inhibitors reduced the loss of muscle mass and force resulting from denervation and casting in rats and mice. These studies indicate that PDE 4 inhibitors may have a role in the treatment of skeletal muscle–wasting diseases. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Late‐onset distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles without mutation in the GNE or dysferlin genes
Authors: Suzuki Naoki , Aoki Masashi , Mizuno Hideki , Onodera Yoshiaki , Takahashi Toshiaki , Nagata Tetsuya , Tateyama Maki , Itoyama Yasuto 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report two brothers from a Japanese family with a late‐onset distal myopathy characterized by rimmed vacuoles and dysferlin deficiency with no inflammatory infiltration and dystrophic changes in muscle biopsy. Mutations in the GNE, dysferlin, caveolin 3, emerin, and lamin A/C genes were excluded. We speculate that dysferlin is involved in the pathogenesis of the myopathy in these patients, which may represent a new disease entity presenting as a distal myopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Cold elbow syndrome: Spurious slowing of ulnar nerve conduction velocity
Authors: Landau Mark E. , Barner Kristen C. , Murray Evan D. , Campbell William W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLow temperature decreases nerve conduction velocity (NCV). The across‐elbow segment of the ulnar nerve is superficial and may be particularly susceptible to decreased temperature. We evaluated patients without clinical ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) but with isolated slowing of the across‐elbow ulnar NCV (normal group), and patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic findings of UNE (UNE group). All subjects had ulnar motor nerve studies completed before and after warming. The mean across‐elbow NCV was 43.4 m/s and 48.6 m/s (P < 0.0001) in the normal group, and 37.4 m/s and 37.7 m/s (P = 0.90) in the UNE group, before and after warming, respectively. There was no change in the forearm segment NCV in either group. Seventeen of 32 subjects in the normal group had completely normal studies after warming. No patients with UNE developed normal across‐elbow NCV with warming. Low temperature slows across‐elbow ulnar NCV in normal subjects without impact on the forearm segment. Warming of the elbow improves across‐elbow ulnar NCV in normals, but does not reverse the abnormalities in patients with UNE. Elbow warming should become a routine part of ulnar nerve conduction studies, especially when there is isolated conduction slowing in the across‐elbow segment. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Flexibility of Steiner trees in uniform orientation metrics
Authors: Brazil M. , Winter P. , Zachariasen M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe present some fundamental flexibility properties for minimum length networks (known as Steiner minimum trees) interconnecting a given set of points in an environment in which edge segments are restricted to λ uniformly oriented directions. These networks are referred to as λ‐SMTs. They promise to play an increasingly important role in the future of optimal wire routing in VLSI physical design, particularly for the next generation of VLSI circuits. In this article we develop the concept of a flexibility polygon for a λ‐SMT, which is a region representing the union of all λ‐SMTs with the same topology on a given set of points. We show that this polygon can be constructed, for a given point set and given topology, in linear time. We discuss some of the future applications of this polygon, which can be thought of as a geometric representation of the amount of flexibility inherent in a given λ‐SMT. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 46(3), 142–153 2005
Dihydropyridine zur Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie: Therapieoptionen zur Blutdrucksenkung
Authors: Gasser Robert , Bareza Niksa , Gasser Sandra , Toferer Ernst , Scheer Elisabeth , Pruthi Dafina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDihydropyridine sind zur Primärprävention der KHK gut geeignet. Amlodipin und Felodipin können auch trotz Herzinsuffizienz gegeben werden. Dihydropyridine sind in der Lage, einerseits Diabetesneuerkrankungen zu reduzieren, andererseits kardiovaskuläre, zerebrovaskuläre Ereignisse und die Gesamtmortalität bei diabetischen Hypertonikern zu senken. Vorteile gegenüber anderen Antihypertensiva bringt die Therapie mit Calcium‐Antagonisten in der Primärprävention von Hypertonikern in Bezug auf das Schlaganfallrisiko. Mögliche Nebenwirkungen können durch den Einsatz einer Kombinationstherapie verringert werden. Calcium‐Antagonisten sind eine bewährte und sichere Therapieoption zur Blutdrucksenkung. Es konnte deutlich gezeigt werden, dass sie die Prognose bei Hypertonikern verbessern können und dass sie sich sehr gut für eine Kombinationstherapie eignen.
Arzneizubereitungen mit Calciumkanal‐Blockern: Wie die Arzneiform zum Therapieerfolg beiträgt
Authors: Warnke André , Blume Henning 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFür die Dauerbehandlung von Bluthochdruckpatienten ist eine konsistente antihypertensive Wirksamkeit über den gesamten Tag wünschenswert. Diese ist am besten mit Produkten zu erreichen, die zur einmal täglichen Applikation geeignet sind. Solche Zubereitungen stehen inzwischen für verschiedene Calciumkanal‐Blocker zur Verfügung. Allerdings sollten die betreffenden Arzneiformen auch in der Lage sein, die Resorption des Wirkstoffs in den Organismus unter verschiedenen Applikationsbedingungen (vor oder nach dem Essen) so gezielt zu steuern, dass die angestrebten konstanten Plasmakonzentrationen sicher erreicht werden. Das Beispiel verschiedener handelsüblicher Nifedipin‐Präparate zeigt nachdrücklich, dass diese Zielvorgabe nicht mit allen Produkten tatsächlich realisiert werden kann. Insofern sind die Befunde aus sachgerecht durchgeführten Studien zur Interaktion mit Mahlzeiten für die Therapieentscheidung unbedingt zu beachten. Voraussetzung ist jedoch, dass die Erkenntnisse aus den Untersuchungen den Fachkreisen auch bekannt gemacht werden.
Therapeutic choices in the current millennium: Hemophilia workshop highlights
Authors: Mathew Prasad , Manno Catherine S. , Aledort Louis M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMany issues affect hemophilia care providers when managing bleeding episodes in individuals with hemophilia. A diverse group of hemophilia providers from the United States met at two workshops to discuss the issues influencing treatment choices in the current millennium and to learn about current advances in treatment of hemophilia. This paper provides a summary of the discussions at these workshops. Despite the progress made in the management of patients with hemophilia, the workshop highlighted the fact that there were still many unanswered questions. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;45:611–615. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deep intracranial extension of squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp
Authors: Etlik Ömer , Bay Ali , İzmirli Mustafa , Uğraş Serdar , Yılmaz Nebi , Turan Arzu 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report a case of recurrent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the scalp with deep cerebral invasion in a 15‐year‐old girl. Plain films and CT showed extensive, full thickness, and skull destruction at the vertex. Gadolinium‐enhanced MRI revealed neoplastic invasion of the meninges and both cerebral hemisphers down to the lateral ventricle. This case represents an example of (SCC) imitating a primary brain tumor by exhibiting intracranial extension. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
State of the Art and Future Needs in Cytogenetic/Molecular Genetics/Arrays in childhood lymphoma: Summary report of workshop at the First International Symposium on childhood and adolescent non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, April 9, 2003, New York City, NY
Authors: Heerema Nyla A. , Bernheim Alain , Lim Megan S. , Look A. Thomas , Pasqualucci Laura , Raetz Elizabeth , Sanger Warren G. , Cairo Mitchell S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundA significant number of studies describe the cytogenetics and molecular genetics of adult non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL); however, similar knowledge is lacking regarding pediatric NHL.MethodsA workshop to discuss the “State of the Art and Future Needs in Cytogenetic/Molecular Genetics/Arrays” in pediatric NHL was held in conjunction with the First International Symposium on Childhood and Adolescent Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma on April 9, 2003 in New York City.ResultsCytogenetic characteristics of pediatric NHL include 14q11.2 rearrangements in T‐cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphomas (LBL), ALK rearrangements in anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL), and CMYC translocations in both Burkitt and Burkitt‐like lymphomas (BL/BLL). Pediatric diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is cytogenetically different from DLBCL in adults, suggesting a different disease in children. Microarray studies demonstrate three types of T‐cell leukemia, the leukemic counterpart of LBL, that block T‐cell differentiation at different stages of T‐cell development, corresponding to LYL, TAL1, and HOX‐expressing leukemias. ALCL cell lines have a unique expression profile compared to normal T‐cells. Germinal centers of BL have CMYC expression signatures, indicating that CMYC expression is ectopic and does not reflect the physiology of the normal cell counterpart.ConclusionsAdditional cytogenetic, molecular and microarray investigations of NHL in children are vital to better understand these diseases, their etiology, and differences from adult NHL. A greater understanding of pediatric NHL will lead to disease‐specific and patient‐individualized therapies of these diseases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;45:616–622. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing the risks of therapeutic products: proceedings of a workshop
Authors: Kramer Judith M. ,   for the Participants in the Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) Workshop entitled: Managing the Risks of Therapeutic Products
Published: August 2005

AbstractTraditional tools available to the Food and Drug Administration for managing known risks of therapeutic products (drugs, devices and biological products) have limited effectiveness. This report presents the recommendations of a multidisciplinary workshop focused on managing these risks. This is the last in a series of five workshops coordinated by the Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) on assessing, communicating and managing the risks and benefits of therapeutic products. Workshop participants included experts from government, academia, industry and healthcare organizations, including consumers. Using a modified nominal group process, participants developed a consensus on principles that should govern future risk management (RM) programs, specifically: in order to protect the public health, risk management programs (RMPs) should be evidence‐based, science‐driven and patient‐focused. A plan to manage the risks of each new therapeutic product should be developed prior to its approval. Evaluation of both the processes and outcomes of RM is essential; these evaluations should be in the public domain. Participants also identified and prioritized research and policy gaps related to RM. Recommended research areas included determining the effectiveness of each element of RMPs, finding the best ways to inform healthcare consumers and determining the best way to present risk information in drug labeling. Policy questions included defining the criteria for requiring a RMP, determining the effect of privacy legislation on RMPs and determining how the continuum of risk across therapeutic products should be classified. As this workshop demonstrated, it is possible to develop a prioritized research and policy agenda to meet the needs of all constituencies. Collaboration across diverse government, academic, industry and constituency‐based organizations can lead to solutions for the perplexing problems involved in balancing the risks and benefits of therapeutic products. Patients deserve no less as we strive to protect their safety. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shapeable matrix‐free Spectra® fiber‐reinforced polymeric composites via high‐temperature high‐pressure sintering: Process‐structure‐property relationship
Authors: Xu Tao , Farris Richard J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn an exploratory effort to find a new way to make high‐performance composites used in ballistic protective applications, matrix‐free Spectra® fiber‐reinforced polymeric composites are produced via a novel processing method called high‐temperature high‐pressure sintering. Mechanical testing at ambient and elevated temperatures proves that the fibers can maintain their properties after processing. The characteristics and properties of the final products vary with different processing conditions. Their microstructure and morphology were investigated using SEM and WAXD. Their mechanical properties, including interlayer adhesion, rigidity, and ballistic performance, were measured and compared with those of the conventional composites. The sintering mechanism is proposed and verified. Spectra cloth is capable of being shaped to produce complex double curvatures by a thermoforming process, using a simple hemispherical mold. Success in different molding sequences and procedures shows the versatility in manufacturing. The theoretical background for the thermoformability is explained in terms of molecular interaction, microstructure, and morphology. Selective thermomechanical properties of the molded structures were measured. By combining the knowledge and information from the aforementioned studies, the process‐structure‐property relationship is established, which gives in‐depth and better understanding of this unique high‐temperature high‐pressure sintering process for consolidating Spectra cloth. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2767–2789, 2005
Measuring the extent of phase separation during polymerization of composite latex particles using modulated temperature DSC
Authors: Stubbs Jeffrey M. , Sundberg Donald C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe morphological features of composite latex particles predominantly develop during the polymerization process and depend upon a significant number of variables. In this study, we have concentrated on the relative polarities of the two polymers in the particles and the rate at which we added the monomers during semibatch reactions containing the seed polymer latex. Our particular interest was to develop data that could reveal the extent of polymer phase separation as a function of the amount of monomer fed, and to characterize the morphology resulting from it. While TEM is the most common analytical technique employed, we show in this paper that modulated temperature DSC can generate data that allows us to follow the phase separation process as the monomer feed progresses. By considering the possibilities of having “phases” within the particles of pure polymer, homogeneously mixed (but nonequilibrium) polymers, gradient and interfacial polymer, we have been able to quite successfully simulate the DSC data. This results in quantitative estimates of the relative amounts of these “phases” and their polymer compositions. Combining these results with TEM photos showing the spatial characteristics of the morphology, we can achieve a much greater understanding of the physical structure of the composite latex particles. In many cases we find that phase separation is far from complete at the end of the reaction process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2790–2806, 2005
Effect of flocculated structure on rheology of poly(butylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Defeng , Zhou Chixing , Yu Wei , Fan Xie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe microstructure and rheological property of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/epoxy/montmorillonite nanocomposites (PCNs) were investigated. For the study, PCNs were prepared by melt intercalation in clay content of 4 wt % and, epoxy loadings were varied from 2 to 4 wt %. The intercalated PCNs are characterized by different techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and rheology. It is interesting that the percolated tactoids network in the ternary hybrids becomes insensitive to the shear deformation with the addition of epoxy in contrast to that in the sample without epoxy, which can be attributed to the formation of a flocculated structure of clay tactoids because of the chain‐extension reactions between PBT matrix and epoxy and possible hydrogen bonding. The flocculated structure has influence on the rheological behavior of the hybrids remarkably, strengthening the percolated strong‐associated‐tactoids network and reducing the percolation threshold, while not changing the strain‐scaling. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2807–2818, 2005
pH‐responsive ionic poly(N,N‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) hydrogels: Synthesis and swelling properties
Authors: Çaykara Tuncer , Ayçiçek İbrahim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA series of an ionic hydrogels composed of N,N‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylamide (DEAEMA), N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (VP), and itaconic acid were synthesized by free‐radical cross‐linking copolymerization in water–ethanol mixture by using N,N‐methylenebis(acrylamide) as the cross‐linker, ammonium persulfate as the initiator, and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylenediamine as the activator. The swelling behaviors of these hydrogels were analyzed in buffer solutions at various pH. It was observed that the swelling behavior of cross‐linked ionic poly(N,N‐diethylaminoethyl methacrylamide‐co‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) [P(DEAEMA/VP)] hydrogels at different pH agreed with the modified Flory–Rehner equation based on the affine network model and the ideal Donnan theory. The swelling process in buffer solutions at various pH was found to be Fickian‐type diffusion. The pH‐reversibility and on–off switching properties of the P(DEAEMA/VP) hydrogels may be considered as good candidate to design novel drug‐delivery system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2819–2828, 2005
Relativistic density functional theory posed in terms of difference equations
Authors: March N. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBecause real atoms have ground states, while relativistic Hamiltonians do not, there is a first‐principles reason to treat relativistic problems by means of density functional theory (DFT). Here, such a relativistic DFT is presented in terms of difference equations, which arise in turn from discretized differential equations. Two explicit examples considered are: (i) harmonically confined independent Fermions filling an arbitrary number of closed shells, and (ii) hydrogen‐like atomic ions for arbitrary atomic number Z. These findings are then compared and contrasted with wave function theories, going back at least to Wall. Finally, some proposals are put forward for future work, both theoretical and experimental, bearing on relativistic DFT formulated in terms of low‐order difference equations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005