bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Moral Emotions
Authors: Haidt Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morality dignifies and elevates. When Adam and Eve ate the forbidden fruit, God said “Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil” (Gen. 3:22). In many of the world’s religious traditions, the good go up, to heaven or a higher rebirth, and the bad go down, to hell or a lower rebirth. Even among secular people, moral motives are spoken of as the “highest” and “noblest” motives, whereas greed and lust are regarded as “baser” or “lower” instincts. Morality is therefore like the temple on the hill of human nature: It is our most sacred attribute, a trait that is often said to separate us from other animals and bring us closer to God. For 2,400 years, the temple has been occupied by the high priests of reason. Plato (4th century B.C./1949) presented a model of a divided self in which reason, firmly ensconced in the head, rules over the passions, which rumble around in the chest and stomach (Timaeus, 69). Aristotle had a similar conception of reason as the wise master and emotion as the foolish slave: “anger seems to listen to reason, but to hear wrong, like hasty servants, who run off before they have heard everything their master tells them, and fail to do what they were ordered, or like dogs, which bark as soon as there is a knock without waiting to see if the visitor is a friend” (Ethics, 1962, 1149a). Throughout the long history of moral philosophy, the focus has generally been on moral reasoning, whereas the moral emotions have been regarded with some suspicion (Solomon, 1993). Even when moral psychology finally separated itself from moral philosophy and began to make its own empirical contributions, it invested almost all of its capital in the study of moral reasoning. Piaget (1932/1965) studied the child’s developing understanding of fairness and rules. Kohlberg (1969; Kohlberg, Levine, & Hewer, 1983) built on Piaget to provide both a measurement tool and a conceptual framework for the study of moral reasoning, and the field grew rapidly. Kohlberg’s work was an important part of the cognitive revolution, demonstrating that morality, like language, could be studied as a system of transformations of underlying cognitive constructs. Yet as the cognitive revolution matured, researchers recognized the growing need for a parallel “affect revolution” (Tomkins, 1981). Table 45.1 shows that this revolution has indeed taken place, for the moral emotions have been growth stocks in the 1980s and 1990s. Although the number of journal articles on morality and moral reasoning rose in the 1980s and then began to decline in the 1990s, the number of articles on emotion in general, and on the moral emotions in particular, has increased greatly. Table 45.1 shows that the “old academy” stocks of empathy and guilt, which were the most widely studied moral emotions in the 1970s, have not grown in the 1990s, whereas the “new academy” stocks of anger, shame, and disgust have racked up impressive gains in scholarship.
Adaptive Rationality And The Moral Emotions
Authors: Frank Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although they have been the subject of intense discussion for literally thousands of years, the terms rationality and morality remain shrouded in ambiguity. My goal in this chapter is to identify some of the sources of this ambiguity and to describe a conceptual framework that reduces it somewhat by taking account of the strategic role of moral emotions in social interaction. This same framework, however, suggests that ambiguity cannot be fully purged from the concepts of rationality and morality. There are many conceptions of rationality, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Much of the ambiguity concerning rationality stems from the simple fact that no single conception has managed to prevail over its competitors. I illustrate by considering two specific conceptions, the present-aim standard and the self-interest standard. The present-aim standard holds that a person is rational if she or he is efficient in the pursuit of whatever objectives she or he happens to hold at the moment of action (Parfit, 1984). This standard makes no attempt to evaluate the objectives themselves. Its appealing feature is that it enables us to accommodate the plurality of goals that most people actually hold. But this virtue turns out also to be a handicap, for it keeps the present-aim model from making many testable predictions about behavior. Thus, for example, virtually any bizarre behavior can be “explained” after the fact simply by assuming that the individual had a sufficiently strong taste for it. I call this the “crankcase-oil problem”: If someone drinks a gallon of used crankcase oil from his car, then writhes in agony and dies, a present-aim theorist has a ready explanation: The man must have really liked crankcase oil. The self-interest conception of rationality avoids this problem by committing itself to a specific assumption about preferences: It holds that a person is rational if he or she is efficient in the pursuit of self-interested objectives. Of course, the modifier “self-interest” is itself ambiguous. Some writers interpret it to mean only the acquisition of material wealth; others interpret it more broadly, embracing not only wealth but also aesthetic pleasures and various other less materialistic concerns. But in all cases, the self-interest model excludes concerns about honor, duty, the welfare of the poor, and other manifestly “unselfish” motives. Quite apart from the fact that self-interest is an important human motive, a clear attraction of the self-interest model is that it facilitates testable predictions about behavior. Given the opportunities a self-interested person faces in any given situation, the model predicts what he or she will do. Moreover, the model’s predictions are often remarkably accurate. Its proponents have demonstrated its capacity to explain behavior across an impressive spectrum of domains.
Assessment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Speckens Anne E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before considering the available instruments to assess hypochondriasis and related illness behaviors, general problems regarding the assessment of hypochondriasis need to be addressed. According to DSM-IV criteria (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), hypochondriasis is characterized by a preoccupation with the fear or idea of having a serious illness, based upon a false interpretation of bodily sensations. This fear or idea must persist despite appropriate medical examination and reassurance. Several authors have pointed to the problems associated with these criteria (Pilowsky, 1990; Schmidt, 1994).
Uncle Tom’s Women
Authors: Williams Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an anthology dedicated to African American theater history, perhaps it seems odd to consider dramatizations of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the abolitionist novel written in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe. Neither the original text nor the multiple stage adaptations that followed were authored by African Americans, and within the theater conventions of the era, African Americans seldom appeared on the stage except in the form of “jubilee singers,” a nineteenth-century hypertext that interpolated spirituals and slave songs into the performances. It was not until 1878 that a black Uncle Tom, Sam Lucas, appeared on the stage. Lucas was a well-known minstrel performer, who was as attractive for his large resources (rumors of his diamonds abound in clippings of the period) as for the novelty of a black man on the stage in a serious role. Black female performers appeared, later, in the role of Topsy but without the fanfare of Lucas; they were little more than a footnote in the long history of the “Tom Show”—a fact reflected in this chapter itself. The question remains: what does Uncle Tom have to do with African American theater history?
Black Salome: Exoticism, Dance, and Racial Myths
Authors: Krasner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The black female is there to entertain guests with the naked image of Otherness. They are not to look at her as a whole human being. They are to notice only certain parts. Objectified in a manner similar to that of black female slaves who stood on the auction blocks while owners and overseers described their important, salable parts, the black women whose naked bodies were displayed for whites at social functions had no presence. They were reduced to mere spectacle. Little is known of their lives, their motivations. Their body parts were offered as evidence to support racist notions that black people were more akin to animals than other humans.1
Geniuand Darwin
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Civilizations are often defined by the lives and works of their creative geniuses. The glory that was ancient Greece was built on the achievements of Homer, Pythagoras, Herodotus, Sophocles, Plato, Hippocrates, Phidias, and hundreds of other great creators. Modern European civilization was illuminated by the likes of Galileo, Descartes, Tolstoy, Rembrandt, and Mozart. The same story may be told of the world’s other civilizations. The histories of Persia, India, China, and other high cultures are to a very large extent chronologically arranged biographies of notable creative minds. As Thomas Carlyle proclaimed in his famous 1841 essay On Heroes, “Universal History, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here:’ Among those he discussed at length as illustrations were Dante and Shakespeare, two of the greatest writers in any language.
Darwinian Genius
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Darwin’s ideas about evolution themselves slowly evolved over more than two decades-from his original insight of 1838 to the 1859 publication of the Origin of Species. Even after the publication of that landmark work, his ideas continued to evolve, seeking out new intellectual niches in which to extend the explanatory power of the unguided mechanism of variation and selection. His work on human evolution and sexual selection, the expression of emotions, the fertilization of orchids, the insectivorous plants and the climbing plants, and many other subjects all emerged through a kind of adaptive radiation. Even after his death his ideas did not become extinct, but rather they thrived and expanded, assuming the many varied forms of contemporary primary Darwinism, from molecular evolution to sociobiology. Moreover, his contributions soon began to prove productive in their secondary form. Whether one considers the immune system, neurological development, operant conditioning, genetic programming, or evolutionary epistemology, Darwinism has proven itself to be a powerful scientific force. No idea in the sciences boasts such universal application in the world of self-organizing systems. Darwinism has generated memes that have permeated almost every corner of the intellectual universe. To be sure, some Darwinian lineages have gone extinct, social Darwinism among them. Yet new variations continue to emerge, waiting for the next round of scientific selection.
Putting Appraisal in Context
Authors: Parkinson Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter works from the simplifying assumption that emotion episodes are stories with definite beginnings, middles, and ends. They start when something happens, proceed with operations concerning that something being performed within the protagonist’s mental system, and end with the emotional reaction itself. This narrative is satisfying not only because it organizes events into an intuitively plausible three-stage sequence, but also because it easily conforms with the familiar cognitive­ mediational account of psychological events prevalent in psychological and commonsense discourses since behaviorism fell from favor. What I want to do in what follows is to show how fleshing out the stages of the narrative allows a fuller appreciation of the role of cognitions in general, and appraisals in particular, in shaping the course of an emotion. I hope to demonstrate that the complete picture only begins to emerge when appraisal is put into its proper social and dynamic context rather than being seen as the exclusive driving force behind emotion causation. Ultimately, this step-by-step elaboration of the emotion sequence should facilitate understanding of how the various stages interpenetrate and overlap with one another, folding back on themselves in an ongoing recursive process; but for present purposes, I shall take things in their conventional order.
Appraisal Processes Conceptualized from a Schema-Theoretic Perspective Contributions to a Process Analysis of Emotions
Authors: Reisenzein Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appraisal theory and research have so far concentrated on what can be called structural questions: to determine the patterns of appraisal characteristic for different emotions and the basic appraisal dimensions underlying these patterns. Less attention has so far been devoted to appraisal processing, a research lacuna that has been noted by appraisal theorists themselves (e.g., Frijda, 1993b; Lazarus, 1995b; Parkinson, 1997b; Scherer, 1993b; Smith, Griner, Kirby, & Scott, 1996). The aim of this chapter is to contribute to a process analysis of cognitive appraisals in emotion in two ways. In the first, general part of the chapter, I try to structure the problem at hand: I discuss the relation between structural and process theories of emotional appraisal and give an overview of what I believe to be the major points on the agenda of a process theory of emotional appraisals, understood as a computational theory (e.g., Fodor, 1975; Newell, 1980; more detail is given shortly). Although this part contains nothing that is fundamentally new, I hope that the resulting systematic list of questions can serve as a useful check list for appraisal process theorists.
Personal Pathways in the Development of Appraisal A Complex Systems/Stage Theory Perspective
Authors: Lewis Marc D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to model the development of emotion-related cognitive appraisals from birth to adulthood. According to cognitive-developmental theory, children’s thinking increases in complexity and abstraction with each developmental stage. Thus more sophisticated appraisal structures should become available as children grow older. However, no child moves straight along a normative high­ way of change. Rather, individual children progress along meandering pathways, where their appraisals evolve through experience according to what is personally meaningful. To examine these unique trajectories requires joining the perspective of personality development to that of cognitive development. Each stage of cognitive development provides a broad context in which individual meanings are sculpted in an emerging personality configuration. It is these meanings that guide appraisal processes and that are created and perpetuated by appraisals in turn.
Vocal Expression Correlates of Appraisal Processes
Authors: Johnstone Tom , Reekum, Carien M Van , Scherer Klaus R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of vocal expression of emotion has long been in the shadow of co­ pious work on facial expression. Yet there have been quite a number of studies in this area, particularly in the last few decades. Overviews of the empirical studies in this area have documented some consistencies both in the acoustical encoding of expressed emotions in speech and in the way such acoustic emotional markers are de­ coded by listeners, but there remain numerous discrepancies and an overall lack of replication. Many of these problems seem to be due to insufficient attention to the differences between emotions belonging to the same family (e.g., rage and irritation) and to the problems of disentangling the activation/intensity and valence/quality dimensions (Banse & Scherer, 1996; Frick, 1985; Johnstone & Scherer, 2000; Murray & Amott, 1993; Scherer, 1986a).
Subjective Measurement in Appraisal Research Present State and Future Perspectives
Authors: Schorr Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Emotion is a fact of human experience. Since it is a fact, it must be possible to describe it accurately and measure it adequately,” Magda Arnold wrote in her 1960 masterpiece “Emotion and Personality” (1960b, p. 331). These two volumes documented an impressive diversity of research for the time; however, Arnold was not at all satisfied with the methodological instruments available. In the era of behaviorism the emotional experience of the individual was not considered a proper object of research. Experimental tests, for example, on anxiety, usually did not include the person’s report of the situation, of his appraisal and emotion. “Anxiety,” Arnold pointed out, “remains a term which indicates the experimenter’s preconceptions rather than the subject’s experience” (1960b, p. 361). Arnold, in fact, understood that the experiment, which allows systematic variation of the conditions for emotional response, basically was the proper methodological approach for her new theory. How­ ever, she deferred to a scientific tradition that was dominated by concepts borrowed from personality research and that gave emotion at best the status of “an uneasy afterthought” (Arnold, 1960b, p. 361).
The Dynamics of Development in a Unique Multidisciplinary Collaboration
Authors: Emde Robert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study began as a unique and exciting venture that joined a multidisciplinary group of scientists in a research network sponsored by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The venture was a bold one, considering the diverse views of investigators, the questions we asked, and the scope of the study. The motives for this bold venture were fueled by the research network as a whole, which was entitled “The Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood.” The larger network arose in response to a practical and conceptual rationale.
Orienting of Attention
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a succinct introduction to the orienting of attention. Richard Wright and Lawrence Ward describe the covert orienting literature clearly and concisely, illustrating it with numerous high-quality images, specifically designed to make the challenging theoretical concepts accessible. The book begins with an historical introduction that provides a great deal of information about orienting, much of which will be new even to seasoned researchers. Wright and Ward then systematically describe the development of various experimental paradigms that have been devised to study covert orienting, and the theoretical issues raised by this research. One trend that they analyse in detail is the progression from relatively simple models of spatial attention (attention spotlight and zoom lens models) to an integrative computational framework based on a concept called the ‘activity distribution’. They also present a comprehensive survey of cognitive neuroscience research on the brain mechanisms underlying spatial attention shifts, as well as a chapter summarising recent research on crossmodal attention shifts, and elucidating the links between attention orienting in the visual, auditory, and tactile domains. In the Epilogue they offer a concise summary of the book, and develop preliminary frameworks for understanding the relationship between spatial attention and orienting in response to social cues (social cognitive neuroscience) and for describing the evolution of covert orienting. Orienting of Attention provides a systematic survey that is ideal for those looking for an accessible introduction to the field and also for students and researchers who want a state-of the-art overview.
Eye Movements and Attention Shifts
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eye movements and attention shifts usually occur together. Some of the first studies of eye movements and visual perception were based on the assumption that, at any given time, the center of fixation of the eyes is the center of attention (e.g., Buswell, 1935). By extension, tracking someone’s eye movements was thought to reveal that person’s “path of attention.” Helmholz’s demonstration, however, indicated that ocular fixation and attention can be oriented independently (described in chapter 1; see Figure 1.3). For this reason, although most contemporary eye tracking researchers tacitly assume that attention is linked to foveal gaze, they also acknowledge that this may not always be so (Duchowski, 2003, p. 14).
Modeling the Edible Landscape
Authors: Sept Jeanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaluating how important meat-eating was to early hominid subsistence hinges on the question “compared to what?” The answer lies in the choices that would have confronted each hominid consumer on paleolandscapes scattered with patches of seasonal plant foods. Studies of modem human foragers and nonhuman primates emphasize the dietary importance of dependable and abundant plant foods in savanna habitats. So, despite the lack of direct archaeological evidence for early hominid plant food subsistence, it is important to consider evidence for meat-eating within an omnivorous context. This chapter develops a model of early hominid plant food subsistence choices to help archaeologists think about site landscape contexts in ways that could evaluate hypotheses about meat-eating and human evolution.
The Evolutionary Consequences of Increased Carnivory in Hominids
Authors: Foley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relatively high level of carnivory in living humans compared to other extant primates has long been a subject of anthropological, archaeological, and evolutionary discussion. Some have assigned enormous ecological, behavioral, and cognitive or social significance to more meat-eating (e.g., Ardrey 1961), while others have either questioned its empirical base (e.g., Binford 1981) or consider it to be little more than a minor ecological shift or addition to the hominid dietary base that remained stubbornly based on gathering (Dahlberg 1981). In recent years there has been a vigorous debate on issues related to the timing and nature of early hominid meat-eating, arising from Isaac’s food-sharing (Isaac 1978) model, Binford’s (1981) and others’ critique, and subsequent methodological and empirical developments (Bunn 1981; Potts 1984; Blumenschine 1986; Rose and Marshall 1996).