bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A generalization of the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) method: Masked-MLEM
Authors: Zheng Yifan , Frame Emily , Caravaca Javier , Gullberg Grant T , Vetter Kai , Seo Youngho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objective. In our previous work on image reconstruction for single-layer collimatorless scintigraphy, we developed the min–min weighted robust least squares (WRLS) optimization algorithm to address the challenge of reconstructing images when both the system matrix and the projection data are uncertain. Whereas the WRLS algorithm has been successful in two-dimensional (2D) reconstruction, expanding it to three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is difficult since the WRLS optimization problem is neither smooth nor strongly-convex. To overcome these difficulties and achieve robust image reconstruction in the presence of system uncertainties and projection noise, we propose a generalized iterative method based on the maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) algorithm, hereinafter referred to as the Masked-MLEM algorithm. Approach. In the Masked-MLEM algorithm, only selected subsets (‘masks’) from the system matrix and the projection contribute to the image update to satisfy the constraints imposed by the system uncertainties. We validate the Masked-MLEM algorithm and compare it to the standard MLEM algorithm using experimental data obtained from both collimated and uncollimated imaging instruments, including parallel-hole collimated SPECT, 2D collimatorless scintigraphy, and 3D collimatorless tomography. Additionally, we conduct comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations for 3D collimatorless tomography to further validate the effectiveness of the Masked-MLEM algorithm in handling different levels of system uncertainties. Main results. The Masked-MLEM and standard MLEM reconstructions are similar in cases with negligible system uncertainties, whereas the Masked-MLEM algorithm outperforms the standard MLEM algorithm when the system matrix is an approximation. Importantly, the Masked-MLEM algorithm ensures reliable image reconstruction across varying levels of system uncertainties. Significance. With a good choice of system uncertainty and without requiring accurate knowledge of the actual system matrix, the Masked-MLEM algorithm yields more robust image reconstruction than the standard MLEM algorithm, effectively reducing the likelihood of erroneously reconstructing higher activities in regions without radioactive sources.
Quantum color image watermarking scheme based on quantum error correction coding
*
Authors: Dong Yumin , Mou Dingkang , Liu Hengrui , Zhu Tingting 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum image processing, which merges classical image processing techniques with quantum computing, provides exceptional storage capacity and unparalleled parallel computing power. In this study, we present a quantum color image watermarking scheme that employs quantum error correction codes to address issues such as pixel loss and image distortion during watermark embedding and extraction. By utilizing the least significant bit method to embed the color values of the watermark image into those of the carrier image, we improve the scheme’s robustness. We also address the error correction capabilities of channel coding for phase-flip errors and follow the majority principle, resulting in more accurate extraction of the watermark image’s color and enhancing the watermarking scheme’s reliability and integrity. Our experimental simulations demonstrate that the proposed watermarking scheme boasts high security, strong robustness, and excellent concealment.
Kondo frustration via charge fluctuations: a route to Mott localisation
Authors: Mukherjee Abhirup , Vidhyadhiraja N S , Taraphder A , Lal Siddhartha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We propose a minimal effective impurity model that captures the phenomenology of the Mott–Hubbard metal–insulator transition of the half-filled Hubbard model on the Bethe lattice in infinite dimensions as observed by dynamical mean field theory (DMFT). This involves extending the standard Anderson impurity model Hamiltonian to include an explicit Kondo coupling J, as well as a local on-site correlation Ub
on the conduction bath site connected directly to the impurity. For the case of attractive local bath correlations (

U

b

<
0

), the extended Anderson impurity model (e-SIAM) sheds new light on several aspects of the DMFT phase diagram. For example, the T = 0 metal-to-insulator quantum phase transition (QPT) is preceded by an excited state QPT (ESQPT) where the local moment eigenstates are emergent in the low-lying spectrum. Long-ranged fluctuations are observed near both the QPT and ESQPT, suggesting that they are the origin of the quantum critical scaling observed recently at high temperatures in DMFT simulations. The T = 0 gapless excitations at the quantum critical point display particle-hole interconversion processes, and exhibit power-law behaviour in self-energies and two-particle correlations. These are signatures of non-Fermi liquid behaviour that emerge from the partial breakdown of the Kondo screening.
The transport properties of Kekulé-ordered graphene p–n junction
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Wang Chao , Li Yu-Xian , Zhai Lixue , Song Juntao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transport properties of electrons in graphene p–n junction with uniform Kekulé lattice distortion have been studied using the tight-binding model and the Landauer–Büttiker formalism combined with the nonequilibrium Green’s function method. In the Kekulé-ordered graphene, the original K and Kʹ valleys of the pristine graphene are folded together due to the

3

×

3

enlargement of the primitive cell. When the chiral symmetry breaking of a valley leads to a single-valley phase, there are special transport properties of Dirac electrons in the Kekulé lattice. In the O-shaped Kekulé graphene p–n junction, Klein tunneling is suppressed, and only resonance tunneling occurs. In the Y-shaped Kekulé graphene p–n junction, the transport of electrons is dominated by Klein tunneling. When the on-site energy modification is introduced into the Y-shaped Kekulé structure, both Klein tunneling and resonance tunneling occur, and the electron tunneling is enhanced. Under strong magnetic fields, the conductance of O-shaped and on-site energy-modified Y-shaped Kekulé graphene p–n junctions is non-zero due to the presence of resonance tunneling. It is also found that the disorder can enhance conductance, with conductance plateaus forming in the appropriate range of disorder strength.
Epidemic spreading on coupling network with higher-order information layer
Authors: Zhu Yujie , Li Cong , Li Xiang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemic tends to break out with information spreading which occurs between pairwise individuals or in groups. In active social online platform, three or more individuals can share information or exchange opinion, which could be modeled as a clique beyond pairwise interaction. This work studies the influence of information with higher-order cliques whose closure probability is described by higher-order clustering coefficient on epidemic spreading. The coupled spreading process of disease and awareness follows an unaware-aware-unaware-susceptible-infected-susceptible model on multiplex networks. We deduce the epidemic threshold of multiplex network with higher-order cliques, and explore the effects of cliques on epidemic spreading process at slow, middle and fast pairwise information spreading rates. The results show that the epidemic threshold and higher-order clustering coefficient are positively correlated. Moreover, we find that the effect of higher-order cliques could be ignored when pairwise information spreading rate is large enough. Finally, we show that the steady infection ratio decreases with the increase of the higher-order clustering coefficient.
Electromagnetic gyrokinetic instabilities in STEP
Authors: Kennedy D. , Giacomin M. , Casson F.J. , Dickinson D. , Hornsby W.A. , Patel B.S. , Roach C.M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe present herein the results of a linear gyrokinetic analysis of electromagnetic microinstabilites in the conceptual high−β,reactor-scale, tight-aspect-ratio tokamak Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production,https://step.ukaea.uk. We examine a range of flux surfaces between the deep core and the pedestal top for two candidate flat-top operating points of the prototype device. Local linear gyrokinetic analysis is performed to determine the type of microinstabilities that arise under these reactor-relevant conditions. We find that the equilibria are dominated at ion binormal scales by a hybrid version of the kinetic ballooning mode (KBM) instability that has significant linear drive contributions from the ion temperature gradient and from trapped electrons, while collisional microtearing modes (MTMs) are sub-dominantly also unstable at similar binormal scales. Thehybrid-KBM and MTM exhibit very different radial scales. We study the sensitivity of these instabilities to physics parameters, and discuss potential mechanisms for mitigating them. The results of this investigation are compared to a small set of similar conceptual reactor designs in the literature. A detailed benchmark of the linear results is performed using three gyrokinetic codes; alongside extensive resolution testing and sensitivity to numerical parameters providing confidence in the results of our calculations, and paving the way for detailed nonlinear studies in a companion article.
Rochester’s celestial telegram
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the face of it, Rochester’s astral communication with the heroine at the conclusion of Jane Eyre (‘Jane! Jane! Jane!’, p. 419) is the most un-Brontëan thing in Charlotte Brontë’s mature fiction. This was the author who declared in the preface to one of her novels that it should be as unromantic as a Monday morning. The Jane –– Rochester exchange across the ether would seem to be the stuff of Walpurgisnacht. It is the more surprising since Brontë is a novelist who firmly eschews supernatural agency and intervention in her narratives.
It will help to summarize the events which precede Rochester’s celestial telegram. Jane is at St John Rivers’s home, where she is detained after evening prayers. It is around nine o’clock on a Monday evening. The family and servants go to bed. St John renews his proposal of marriage. Jane wavers: ‘I could decide if I were but certain,’ she says, ‘were I but convinced that it is God’s will I should marry you’ (p. 419). She wants a sign.
Two-timing novelists
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early nineteenth-century novelists had an engagingly cavalier attitude to finer points of chronology. One of Dickens’s footnotes in Chapter 2 of the 1847 reissue of The Pickwick Papers is typical of the freedoms they allowed themselves in such matters. Mr Jingle, in response to Pickwick’s observation that ‘My friend Mr Snodgrass has a strong poetic turn’, replies: ‘So have I . . . Epic poem –– ten thousand lines –– revolution of July –– composed it on the spot.’ When asked, he assures the amazed Pickwick that he was, indeed, there at the event and saw the blood flowing in the Parisian gutters. Dickens adds the footnote to this exchange: ‘A remarkable instance of the prophetic force of Mr Jingle’s imagination; this dialogue occurring in the year 1827, and the Revolution in 1830.’
Is Will Ladislaw legitimate?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It helps to picture the dramatis personae of Middlemarch less as a community of English townspeople of the early nineteenth century than as a Papuan tribe –– each connected to the other by complex ties of blood and marriage. Unknotting these ties requires the skills of the anthropologist rather than those of the literary critic. Let us start with Casaubon. Early in the narrative, the middleaged vicar of Lowick is most vexed when Mr Brooke (making unwarranted deductions from their age difference) refers to young Will Ladislaw as ‘your nephew’. Will, as Casaubon testily points out, is his ‘second cousin’, not his nephew. We learn from questions which Dorothea asks on her first visit to Lowick, that Casaubon’s mother, whose Christian and maiden names we never know, had an elder sister, Julia. This aunt Julia –– as we much later learn –– ran away to marry a Polish patriot called Ladislaw and was disinherited by her family. Julia and her husband had one child, as best we can make out.
Mysteries of the Speckled Band
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Adventure of the Speckled Band’ is one of Sherlock Holmes’s best-known early cases. The affair is recalled by Watson, much later in life. The lady who initially implored the great detective’s assistance has, we guess, recently died (prematurely, it would seem), allowing Watson to divulge her story to the world. As Watson recalls, in April 1883 Miss Helen Stoner, a handsome but clearly distressed young woman with prematurely white strands in her hair, called at 221B Baker Street, early in the morning. Her tale was intriguing. Raised in India, she had returned to England some ten years earlier with her mother, her twin sister Julia, and her stepfather. The girls’ mother has died eight years since, ‘in a railway accident near Crewe’ (p. 175). Helen’s stepfather; who evidently married his wife for her money (some £1,100 a year, shrunk by current agricultural distress to £750), is an unredeemable brute, the degenerate offspring of a ‘dissolute and wasteful’ family on whose decayed estate, Stoke Moran in Surrey, they now live in reduced circumstances. A doctor by profession, Roylott is suspected of having murdered a servant in India and –– as Holmes astutely deduces –– routinely brutalizes his stepdaughters (the detective’s sharp eyes note bruises on Miss Stoner’s wrist and arm). The Misses Stoner, on marriage, will take to their husbands a portion of their mother’s inheritance. Julia, however, has died very recently in suspicious circumstances after indicating an intention to marry.
Why does the Count come to England?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our obsession with vampires supports a commercial empire which mass-produces books, films, cartoons, television dramas, comics, and novelties (such as plastic vampire teeth and Bela Lugosi capes). Like the great Transylvanian monster himself, it would seem that the vampire industry cannot die. Just when you think it is finally exhausted, along come a couple of bigbudget, millions-at-the-box-office-earning movies like Francis Ford Coppola’s Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1993) and the Anne Rice-originated, Neil Jordan-directed, Tom Cruise-starring Interview with the Vampire (1995).
The essential book on the vampire cultus is Paul Barber’s Vampires, Burials and Death. Barber’s survey is massively debunking and wholly convincing, drawing as it does on the resources of folklore scholarship, anthropology, mythography, and forensic pathology (particularly the evidence of post-mortem medical investigators and autopsies). Barber shows how superstitions about vampires –– which are found in cultures as remote from Transylvania as China –– originate not in the epic misdeeds of Vlad the Impaler, but in the behaviour of the human corpse after death. The dead body is not inert, but a veritable hothouse of chemical and physiological activities.
Why the ‘Single Print of a Foot’?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
J. Donald Crowley is amusingly exasperated about Defoe’s many narrative delinquencies in Robinson Crusoe. ‘Perhaps the most glaring lapse’, Crowley says in his edition of the novel,
occurs when Defoe, having announced that Crusoe had pulled off all his clothes to swim out to the shipwreck, has him stuff his pockets with biscuit some twenty lines later. Likewise, for the purpose of creating a realistic effect, he arranges for Crusoe to give up tallying his daily journal because his ink supply is dangerously low; but there is ink aplenty, when, almost twentyseven years later, Crusoe wants to draw up a contract. . . Having tried to suggest that Crusoe suffers hardship because he lacks salt, he later grants Crusoe the salt in order to illustrate his patient efforts to teach Friday to eat salted meat. Crusoe pens a kid identified as a young male only to have it turn into a female when he hits upon the notion of breeding more of the animals. (p. xiii)
Such inconsistencies convince Crowley that ‘Defoe wrote too hastily to control his materials completely’. His was a careless genius.
Pug: dog or bitch?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there was ever an inconsequential quibble in Austen scholarship, the changing sex of Lady Bertram’s lap-dog would seem to be it. Tony Tanner, who has done more than any living critic to instruct us how to read the six novels, sees it as a litmus test, dividing what is useful to discuss from what is irredeemably petty. Quixotic as it may appear, there is something worthwhile to be dredged up from this, admittedly picayune, detail in Mansfield Park’s background. It does not substantially alter our reading of the novel, but it does offer a sharper outline of one of its principal characters.
How vulgar is Mrs Elton?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1994 Pat Rogers published an elegant article on a small piece of fashionable (or perhaps not) slang in Emma, entitled: ‘ “Caro Sposo”: Mrs Elton, Burneys, Thrales, and Noels’. The Italian endearment (‘dear husband’) is associated indelibly in the reader’s mind with Mrs Elton (née Augusta Hawkins) –– heiress of Bristol, whose money is very new and breeding rather dubious. We first hear her favourite phrase when she returns, victrix, with the Revd Elton (‘Mr E.’) in tow as her newly wed husband.
Among the flood of offensive things which Mrs Elton pours out to Emma (whom she regards as a bested opponent in love) one remark causes unforgivable offence. Mrs Elton is talking of the descriptions her husband has given her of his circle at Highbury. ‘ “My friend Knightley” had been so often mentioned,’ she tells Emma, ‘that I was really impatient to see him; and I must do my caro sposo the justice to say that he need not be ashamed of his friend’ (p. 250).
Why is Fagin hanged and why isn’t Pip prosecuted?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dickens scholar Michael Slater reports that two of the questions most often asked him by lay readers are those above. First, why is Fagin hanged? Everyone is familiar with Cruikshank’s great illustration of the prisoner in his death cell, ‘the night before he was stretched’. Like his illustrator, Dickens rises to the occasion, both in the accompanying description of the Jew’s last night in Newgate, and in the preceding trial with its nail-biting suspense as the jury returns with its verdict:
How many pianos has Amelia Sedley?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like other well-brought up girls of her era and class (early nineteenth century, London nouveau riche), Amelia Sedley has been taught to sing and play the piano. She is neither as gifted in this department nor as industrious as her bosom friend at Miss Pinkerton’s Academy, Becky Sharp. Miss Sharp, we are told, ‘was already a musician’ when she was taken in as a non-paying boarder, and she practises ‘incessantly’ (p. 19). None the less, Amelia can handle the instrument well enough to make a private recital the pretext of flirting with George Osborne in the ‘back drawing-room’. It is there that the Sedleys’ family piano is situated (‘as pianos usually are’, the narrator notes on page 39 –– pianos, incidentally, are omnipresent in Vanity Fair). This back-drawing-room piano makes a later appearance at the auction where Mr Hammerdown disposes of the ruined Mr Sedley’s household effects two years later. It is, we are informed as it comes up for sale, a ‘state grand piano’ (p. 205). Presumably it is as vulgar a piece of furniture as the ‘great carved-legged, leather cased grand piano’ in the Osbornes’ hateful upstairs drawing-room, in their house on the other side of Russell Square. At the auction, the point is made that there are in fact two pianos in the Sedleys’ household. Amelia has, as her private possession in her own room, ‘a little square piano’. It is with the changing fortunes of this modest instrument over the years that I am concerned here. It first makes an appearance in chapter 2.
What are the Prynnes doing in Boston?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Scarlet Letter’s many enigmas have been exhaustively explicated. The novel is a literary-critical battleground (with the feminists probably slightly in the ascendant at the moment). But no one, as far as I know, ever asks what series of events brought Hester Prynne to Massachusetts, where so much obloquy is heaped on her. One is not encouraged to be curious on this score. Hawthorne’s text is studiously inscrutable about events antecedent to Hester’s being branded adulteress. The fullest account of her past life is given in sketchy flashback, as she endures her three hours of public shame in the Boston pillory:
How good an oarswoman is Maggie Tulliver?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all his admiration of its author, Henry James did not like the ending of The Mill on the Floss one bit:
The story is told as if it were destined to have, if not a strictly happy termination, at least one within ordinary probabilities. As it stands, the dénouement shocks the reader most painfully. Nothing has prepared him for it; the story does not move towards it; it casts no shadow before it. Did such a dénouement lie within the author’s intentions from the first, or was it a tardy expedient for the solution of Maggie’s difficulties? This question the reader asks himself, but of course he asks it in vain. For my part, although, as long as humanity is subject to floods and earthquakes, I have no objection to see them made use of in novels, I would in this particular case have infinitely preferred that Maggie should have been left to her own devices.
On his part, Leslie Stephen (writing in 1909) could ‘not help wishing that the third volume could have been suppressed’. F. R. Leavis concurred with James, if less dismissively:
Is Daniel Deronda circumcised?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question is posed, and an elegant answer proposed, by Kenneth Newton in an article in Essays in Criticism. Newton’s starting-point is an apparently devastating objection to the vraisemblance of Daniel Deronda noted by Steven Marcus, who in turn was alerted to the anomaly by one of his sharp-eyed graduate students, Lennard Davis:
What does Mrs Charmond say to Grace?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Woodlanders is a novel resting sedately on a huge chronological flaw. In a narrative oddly lacking in clear historical markers, there is a stark contradiction between the only two which the attentive reader will find. Perplexingly, Hardy seems to go to some pains to etch the clash of dates on our consciousness. The first is signposted relatively early in the narrative. When Giles meets the strange gentleman at the midsummer festivity who has terrified the local girls (‘We saw Satan pursuing us’), he feels justified in asking some close questions of the interloper: