bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forty‐Eight–Month Periodontal Attachment Loss Incidence in a Population‐Based Cohort Study: Role of Baseline Status, Incident Tooth Loss, and Specific Behavioral Factors
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H. , Shelton Brent J. , Fisher Monica A. 
Published: July 2005

Background: The objectives of this study were to: 1) test hypotheses that behavioral factors, baseline clinical status, and incident tooth loss are significantly associated with attachment loss incidence (ALI) and 2) quantify the effect of incident tooth loss on conclusions made about ALI.Methods: The Florida Dental Care Study was a prospective study of persons ≥45 years old. In‐person interviews and examinations were conducted at baseline and 48 months, with telephone interviews in between.Results: Of 560 persons with baseline and 48‐month examinations, 22% of persons and 1.8% of teeth had ALI. This was highest among persons with no dental visit during follow‐up (person‐level incidence of 46%; 5.0% tooth‐level incidence). Statistically significant covariates in a multivariable regression of ALI were: losing a tooth due to periodontal reasons after baseline, but before the 48‐month examination; not receiving a dental cleaning; and baseline factors (worst attachment level of ≥7 mm, not flossing, a molar tooth, current smoker).Conclusions: A substantial percentage of persons experienced ALI. Baseline attachment level and behavioral factors were significantly associated with ALI. Persons with incident tooth loss were also at increased risk for ALI, and teeth lost during follow‐up had worse baseline attachment level. Had these teeth not been lost before the final examination, the ALI estimate could only have been higher. These findings demonstrate that those at greatest risk for ALI are least likely to enter the dental care system, and among those who do, one health outcome (tooth loss) can affect conclusions made about the incidence of another (ALI). J Periodontol 2005;76:1161‐1170.
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product (RAGE) Upregulation in Human Gingival Fibroblasts Incubated With Nornicotine
Authors: Katz Joseph , Caudle Robert M. , Bhattacharyya Indraneel , Stewart Carol M. , Cohen Donald M. 
Published: July 2005

Background: Clinical and epidemiological data strongly support a link between smoking and periodontal disease. The mechanism by which smoking contributes to the destruction of periodontal tissue is not clear and cannot be attributed solely to the vasoconstrictive effects of nicotine. Our hypothesis is that nornicotine, a metabolite of nicotine, upregulates the expression of the receptor for the advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in the gingiva of smokers and triggers the proinflammatory effects of AGE by stimulating the secretion of cytokines and reactive oxygen species which directly cause destruction of the periodontal apparatus.Methods: Human gingival cells grown in tissue culture were exposed to 1 µM nornicotine for 72 hours. Following the nornicotine pretreatment, some of the cells were also treated with AGE that was generated with nornicotine for 48 hours and another group was continued on nornicotine only for 48 hours. Control cells that were not exposed to either nornicotine or AGE were also cultured. The cells were harvested and RNA was extracted for reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and RAGE mRNA was amplified.Results: The nornicotine‐treated cells increased their expression of RAGE by approximately 4‐fold (P <0.05, Student t test). These data suggest that nornicotine, a byproduct of cigarette smoke, can induce RAGE expression in gingival tissues. Therefore, our data support the hypothesis that RAGE potentially plays a significant role in the progression of periodontal disease exacerbated by smoking.Conclusion: Nornicotine, AGE, and upregulation of RAGE may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease associated with smoking. J Periodontol 2005;76:1171‐1174.
Glycosylation Pattern and Cell Attachment‐Inhibiting Property of Human Salivary Mucins
Authors: Gabriel Matthias O. , Grünheid Thorsten , Zentner Andrej 
Published: July 2005

Background: Whole human saliva (WHS) and its high molecular weight mucin constituent (Muc) inhibit fibroblast attachment and might influence periodontal and peri‐implant wound healing. The aim of this work was to study the potential role of glycosylation of Muc in fibroblast attachment‐inhibiting property and to examine in vitro the effect of WHS and Muc on epithelial cell attachment.Methods: Muc was isolated from WHS by CsCl density gradient ultracentrifugation; covalently immobilized on polystyrene; and subjected to enzymic digestion by N‐glycanase, O‐glycanase, and sialidase, or chemical desulfation and periodate treatment. Wells of tissue culture microtiter plates were incubated with WHS, Muc, or buffer as control; suspensions of normal human oral keratinocytes, spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes, or human gingival fibroblasts were applied; and cell attachment determined using methylene blue assay.Results: While enzymic cleavage of N‐linked carbohydrates showed no effect, selective removal of O‐linked residues and sialic acid as well as desulfation and periodate oxidation resulted in statistically significant reduction of cell attachment‐inhibiting property of immobilized Muc. Significantly lower numbers of attached cells of each cell type were found in wells pretreated with WHS or Muc.Conclusions: Inhibition of cell attachment may be mediated by the carbohydrate residues suggesting specific interactions between the salivary constituent and the cell surface. Exposure of root and implant surfaces to saliva during early wound healing events might influence healing by inhibiting surface colonization by oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and enhancing wound repair in the form of long junctional epithelium rather than regeneration. J Periodontol 2005;76:1175‐1181.
Interleukin‐1β–Induced Prostaglandin E2 Production by Human Gingival Fibroblasts Is Upregulated by Glycine
Authors: Rausch‐Fan Xiaohui , Ulm Christian , Jensen‐Jarolim Erika , Schedle Andreas , Boltz‐Nitulescu George , Rausch Wolf‐Dieter , Matejka Michael 
Published: July 2005

Background: Human gingival fibroblasts (GFB) may produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in response to proinflammatory cytokines. Elevated concentrations of glycine were previously found in periodontal pockets and saliva of periodontitis patients and, therefore, we aimed to study the influence of glycine on PGE2 production.Methods: Human GFB were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of glycine and/or interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and IL‐10 and their influence on PGE2 production was measured. The expression of cyclooxygenases (COX) was analyzed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry.Results: The PGE2 production by IL‐1β‐stimulated GFB was significantly upregulated by glycine. The effect of glycine on IL‐ 1β‐induced cell proliferation and PGE2 production was concentration‐ dependent, reached a peak at 3 mM, and declined slowly at higher doses. The synthesis of PGE2 by human GFB cultured in the absence of glycine was significantly inhibited by IL‐10 and partially induced in cells cultured with glycine. Glycine had no effect on TNF‐α‐induced PGE2 production. The IL‐1β‐driven PGE2 synthesis was blocked by indomethacin, a COX‐1/COX‐2 inhibitor, and by COX‐2 inhibitor NS‐398. The expression of COX‐2 protein was slightly induced by glycine, more evidently by IL‐1β, and mostly enhanced by combined IL‐1β with glycine.Conclusion: Since PGE2 is a potent stimulator of bone resorption, and production of PGE2 and COX‐2 protein is augmented by glycine, our results strongly suggest that glycine may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. J Periodontol 2005;76:1182‐1188.
Resistance of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts to the Cytolethal Distending Toxin of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Kanno Fumio , Korostoff Jonathan , Volgina Alla , DiRienzo Joseph M. 
Published: July 2005

Background: The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is a typical member of this Gram‐negative bacterium holotoxin family that targets a wide spectrum of eukarytotic cells, typically causing cell cycle arrest at either the G1 or G2/M phase of the cell cycle. In view of the possible role of the CDT as a prominent A. actinomycetemcomitans virulence factor in periodontal diseases, we have examined the effects of the toxin on primary cultures of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF).Methods: HPLF and an immortalized human gingival epithelial cell line, GMSM‐K, were exposed to recombinant A. actinomycetemcomitans CDT. Effects of the toxin on cell proliferation and cell cycle were assessed by a cell viability assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Double‐strand DNA damage was detected by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Binding of the toxin and its individual subunits to HPLF was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy.Results: Viability of HPLF was not reduced following prolonged exposure to the CDT. There was no indication of cell cycle arrest or double‐strand DNA damage. GMSM‐K cells exhibited morphological alterations and a rapid decrease in cell viability within 6 and 12 hours, respectively, following exposure to the toxin for 5 minutes. These effects were dependent on toxin dose and age of the cultures and occurred more rapidly compared to CDT‐treated HeLa cells. CDT‐treated GMSM‐K cells displayed cell cycle arrest at the S phase of growth and double‐strand DNA damage was observed by 6 hours post‐intoxication. Holotoxin and the CdtA subunit were detected on the surface of both HPLF and epithelial cells.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that HPLF are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the A. actinomycetemcomitans CDT. The mechanism of resistance is not known but may be related to the inability of the toxin to cause DNA damage. The difference in sensitivities of HPLF and oral epithelial cells to the CDT has important implications for the role of this putative microbial virulence factor in periodontal pathogenesis. J Periodontol 2005;76:1189‐1201.
Detection of Subgingival Calculus With a Novel LED‐Based Optical Probe
Authors: Krause Felix , Braun Andreas , Jepsen Søren , Frentzen Matthias 
Published: July 2005

Background: A recently introduced detection device is designed for objective subgingival calculus diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to assess the possibility of detecting subgingival calculus with this novel LED‐based optical probe in vitro.Methods: Twenty extracted human teeth with calculus on the root surface were fixed on a translation stage. Measurements on the root surface were carried out in increments of 0.25 mm with an angulation of 0 to 10°, 45°, or 90° to the optical fiber. Teeth were covered either with sodium chloride (NaCl) or blood in order to determine the influence of ambient fluids. Successional areas of positive measurements were defined as “length of positive values” (LPV). The results were compared to the clinical and histological findings.Results: Clinically and histologically apparent calculus on the root surface was accompanied by positive measurement values. A reduction of the angulation between probe and root surface resulted in shorter LPV when measurements were performed in blood (P<0.05) and longer LPV employing NaCl as the ambient fluid (P<0.05). For both blood and NaCl, sensitivity and/or specificity values decreased when using lower angulations.Conclusion: The optical probe offers the possibility of subgingival calculus detection and may, therefore, be suited to determine the endpoint of root surface instrumentation during non‐surgical periodontal therapy. J Periodontol 2005;76:1202‐1206.
Periodontal Treatment in Severe Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Oyaizu Kosuke , Mineshiba Fumi , Mineshiba Junji , Takaya Hirokazu , Nishimura Fusanori , Tanimoto Ichiro , Arai Hideo , Takashiba Shogo 
Published: July 2005

Background: Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare hematologic disease characterized by hypo‐cellular bone marrow. The clinical features include fatigue, increased bruising, and gingival bleeding caused by anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. A patient with AA is at high risk for infection because of leukopenia. The risk of systemic infection is especially high in AA patients with severe local infections, including periodontitis. Accordingly, periodontal treatment should include antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce the risk of systemic infection. However, treatment of periodontitis in the AA patient is significantly complicated by the bleeding disorder. We present a case report of the successful periodontal treatment of an AA patient with spontaneous gingival bleeding.Methods: The patient was closely monitored for platelet and neutrophil counts before every treatment. The patient's platelet count was always under 10,000/µl. Therefore, it was necessary to increase platelet counts to over 25,000/µl by transfusion, after which subgingival scaling with anesthesia was performed. When the neutrophil count was less than 2,000/µl, local minocycline chemotherapy was applied to the pockets. Periodontal infection was monitored by detection of bacterial DNA and measurement of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) G titer against periodontal bacteria.Results: Following the physical and chemical treatment, the gingival appearance improved dramatically and the spontaneous gingival bleeding disappeared. Moreover, the IgG titer against periodontal bacteria decreased to normal range and specific periodontal pathogens were no longer detectable in the tested pockets.Conclusion: We believe that the treatment strategy in the present report provides new sight into treatment planning for severely medically compromised patients. J Periodontol 2005;76:1211‐1216.
Felodipine‐Influenced Gingival Enlargement in an Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetic Patient
Authors: Fay Ann Adams , Satheesh Keerthana , Gapski Ricardo 
Published: July 2005

Background: The potential of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) to induce gingival enlargement (GE) as well as the influence of diabetes mellitus on periodontal tissues has been well documented. This case report documents a conservative clinical approach to the management of felodipine‐influenced gingival enlargement and displays a clinical and histologic case of felodipine‐influenced GE in an undiagnosed type 2 diabetic patient.Methods: At the initial examination, a medical consultation was requested and two incisional biopsies were taken for pathological evaluation. The patient was diagnosed with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. Felodipine was withdrawn and the diabetes was controlled before dental treatment was initiated. The patient then underwent selective extractions and full‐mouth scaling and root planing as well as oral hygiene instructions. No surgical therapy was indicated.Results: The histological results demonstrated the presence of elongated rete pegs; fibrous hyperplasia; a low‐grade chronic inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly consisting of lymphocytes; and collagen bundle groups randomly distributed. These features were similar to those present in other drug‐influenced GE. Clinical results have demonstrated almost complete resolution of GE after the withdrawal of felodipine and the control of diabetes. Further improvements were seen after scaling and root planing and oral hygiene instructions. No recurrences were noted 12 months after initial therapy.Conclusions: This report demonstrated that the control of systemic factors seemed to have the most influence on success for this particular case. Since the control of diabetes was managed at the same time as the felodipine withdrawal, it remains difficult to speculate how these two factors impacted both the severity of the GE and the therapeutic results. More importantly, the conservative treatment rendered demonstrated the stability of periodontal status during maintenance phase and the avoidance of surgical interventions. J Periodontol 2005;76:1217‐1222.
Imprinting and epigenetics in mouse models and embryogenesis: understanding the requirement for both parental genomes
Authors: Mann Mellissa R. W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTwenty years ago, elegant nuclear transplantation studies in the mouse demonstrated that both a maternal and a paternal genome are required to complete normal mammalian development. Since that time, further investigation of parthenogenetic and androgenetic embryos indicates that maternally and paternally expressed genes are required for proper development of both embryonic and extraembryonic lineages. Poor development of uniparental embryos is attributed to misregulation of multiple genes governed by genomic imprinting and imprinted X chromosome inactivation that act synergistically on growth, development, and viability. The most important of these genes likely have roles in cell proliferation and differentiation.
Variable expressivity and epigenetics
Authors: Blewitt Marnie E. , Whitelaw Emma 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThere is an increasing awareness that some genes do not behave in a strictly Mendelian fashion. In plants, flies, and mice, some alleles have been identified where the activity state varies among cells of the same cell type (termed variegation) and among genetically identical individuals (variable expressivity). We now know that this is the result of the stochastic establishment of differential epigenetic states at the locus. These states are set up during early development and are stably inherited for the life of the organism. While, in general, the states are cleared between generations, this is not always the case. Some alleles, now referred to as metastable epialleles, are not completely cleared from one generation to the next, resulting in a phenomenon termedtransgenerational epigenetic inheritance. One of the interesting questions that arises from these findings is whether this mechanism has been involved in the evolution of morphological traits.
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Hegde Madhuri R. , Richards C. Sue 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Three cases of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) are presented to illustrate multiple genetic principles, including disease phenotype, mutational spectrum, and inheritance patterns. The first case represents the most common form, classical FAP consisting of thousands of polyps in an adolescent with a family history of colorectal cancer (CRC). Molecular analysis of the adenomatous polyposis gene (
APC
) using scanning and sequencing molecular methods reveals a novel insertion and deletion (indel) mutation on one allele, thus confirming the diagnosis and allowing targeted mutation analysis for at‐risk family members. The second case illustrates attenuated FAP (AFAP), presenting at a later age with fewer polyps, in an individual with a family history of CRC. In this case, a full gene deletion of one allele was identified during molecular analysis using various technologies. The implications of these findings are discussed along with genetic counseling and testing for at‐risk family members. The third example presents with a newborn diagnosed with Gardner syndrome and having no family history of FAP or CRC. Molecular analysis confirms the diagnosis and identifies a novel truncating nonsense mutation. Genetic testing and counseling implications for the family are discussed, including the possibility of gonadal mosaicism and de novo events. In all three cases, the molecular data are presented with a clinical interpretation. A discussion of inherited CRC and gene contributions, the clinical phenotypes of FAP and AFAP, the
APC
gene structure, types of mutations, gene function, molecular mechanisms, mutation analysis technologies, genetic counseling issues, and surveillance and treatment options are presented.
Gene transfer vectors as medicinal products: risks and benefits
Authors: Buchholz Christian J. , Cichutek Klaus 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Gene transfer medicinal products (GT‐MPs) include a broad range of product types as for example, genetically modified somatic cells, viral and nonviral vectors, or carrier‐free nucleic acids used in humans for preventive, therapeutic, or in vivo diagnostic purposes. Treatment is targeted not only at inherited diseases but also at common disorders such as cancer, cardio‐vascular, and infectious diseases. About a thousand clinical trails using GT‐MPs are ongoing or have been completed worldwide, mainly performed in the United States and in the European Union. Up to now, however, only one GT‐MP has been licensed, licensing applications in the European Union are expected starting from 2005. In the European Union, marketing authorization for GT‐MPs is obtained following the centralized procedure via the European Medicines Evalution Agency (EMEA). Coordinated by the EMEA, experts from national authorities are reviewing applications and give scientific advice to pharmaceutical industry developing medicinal products. This article summarizes the various concepts and definitions of GT‐MPs, their state of development, clinical approaches, serious adverse events, and relevant regulatory documents and activities.
YAC
‐
STS
content mapping
Authors: Gosele Claudia , Zimdahl Heike , Hubner Norbert 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The goals of physical mapping are to provide (1) an ordered set of all the DNA of the chromosome (or genome), (2) accurate distances between a dense set of DNA markers, and (3) a set of DNA clones from which direct DNA sequencing can be done. High‐resolution physical mapping of a certain chromosomal interval or even the whole genome implies that large‐insert genomic clones with overlapping inserts are assembled and ordered according to their position in the genome. Physical mapping usually involves the construction of YAC, BAC, and/or BAC contigs. Ideally, a contig covers the defined chromosomal region or even an entire chromosome without gaps. Because of their large size, YACs have enabled the rapid construction of physical maps by ordered clone mapping and contig building. Conventional contig assembly is performed primarily by PCR assays (STS content mapping), by hybridization‐based techniques, or by restriction fingerprinting. The chromosomal location of a contig can be determined by anchoring it to genetic and radiation hybrid maps.

STS content mapping is a commonly used, robust, and effective technique, which is applicable to all kinds of cloning systems and has been employed for the physical mapping of the human and mouse genome (Hudson
et al.
,

; Nusbaum
et al.
,

). The disadvantages are that the isolation of endclones is laborious and often does not result in any suitable clone, a large number of preexisting evenly distributed STS markers is required, and the large number of primers required results in significant costs. The alternative strategy is based on the screening of large‐insert libraries spotted on high‐density gridded filters by hybridization. Subcloned genomic fragments, end sequences of genomic clones, oligonucleotides, or interrepeat sequences are mostly used as hybridization probes. This method allows the efficient screening of high genome coverage by a single hybridization. Hybridization‐based physical maps have been constructed, for example, of the human chromosome (Hattori
et al.
,

) and the mouse genome (Schalkwyk
et al.
,

).
Farm animals
Authors: Andersson Leif 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFarm animal genomics will add to our basic understanding of genotype–phenotype relationships and may lead to important practical applications in agriculture and human medicine. Genetic studies of those traits that have been under strong artificial selection during the history of animal domestication are particularly interesting due to the enrichment of novel mutations in certain populations. The genomic tools and resources are accumulating rapidly for farm animals, as shown by the release of the first high‐quality draft genome sequence for a farm animal, the chicken, during 2004. The available genome resources and the strategies for mapping and molecular characterization of trait loci are reviewed. The power of farm animal genomics is illustrated by the successful identifications of the causative mutations for simple monogenic traits as well as some quantitative trait loci.