bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Klarman Michael J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the years 1895–1900, an average of 101 blacks were lynched a year—mostly in the South. In 1898, a white supremacist campaign to eliminate black political influence culminated in a race riot in Wilmington, North Carolina, which killed at least a dozen blacks. In 1897, President William McKinley declared that “the north and the south no longer divide on the old [sectional] lines,” as he and the Republican party turned an increasingly blind eye to violations of the civil and political rights of southern blacks. In 1895, the acknowledged leader of southern blacks, Booker T. Washington, acquiesced in racial segregation and black disfranchisement and urged blacks instead to pursue education and economic advancement. Segregation spread through most spheres of southern life, and blacks were almost entirely barred from voting and from serving on southern juries. Most scientists agreed that the black race was biologically inferior.
Diseases of The Spine and Spinal Cord
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diseases of the Spine and Spinal Cord reviews the full spectrum of disorders affecting this region including primary spinal tumors and metastases, infection, degenerative diseases, and trauma. Presenting an inter-disciplinary perspective, the book includes up-to-date information on therapy [including neurosurgical], new information on developmental disorders of the spine, and a definitive chapter on trauma, including information on biomechanics. A separate chapter on pain syndromes also is included.
Intradural-Extramedullary and intramedullary tumors and Vascular Malformations
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neoplastic disease involving the spine may be classified according to the location of the tumor: epidural, intraduralextramedullary, or intramedullary (Fig. 6-1). As reviewed in Chapter 5, most epidural neoplasms are metastatic. Intradural-extramedullary tumors and intramedullary tumors, on the other hand, are often primary tumors of the spine. Their clinical importance is demonstrated by the fact that among neurosurgical series, which tend to exclude cases of metastatic disease, intradural-extramedullary and intramedullary tumors compose the majority of spinal tumors.
In some cases, a definite distinction cannot be made between an intramedullary and intradural-extramedullary location because the tumor may extend into both locations. In the present chapter, tumors are grouped according to where they most frequently occur.
Battling Booze
Authors: Herlihy Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A British war correspondent who spent two years with the Russian army in the Far East assessed Russia’s defeat in the war with Japan in 1905: “A great people with a great army, who could not defeat the Japanese in a single battle, must first have been the victims not of the enemy, but of themselves.” He further identified the problem by saying that “the chief enemy of an army is the nation’s moral diseases,” which he defined as corruption and gambling and, above all, alcoholism. A German correspondent had the same idea when he observed: “‘Who defeated the Russians?’ ask foreigners, and they answer, ‘The Japanese did not conquer, but alcohol triumphed, alcohol, alcohol.’“
Although Russian war correspondents did not play up drunkenness in the military, individuals did note the role played by alcohol in the debacle.3 The entry dated October 7, 1905, in the diary of a Russian engineer on board one of the ships of the Baltic Sea fleet en route to the Tsushima Straits (where he would lose his life) reads:
Women’s Physical and Political Use of Alcohol
Authors: Herlihy Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1899, a correspondent from Orenburg Province related an incident in a village he identified only as “P.” A widow ran an illegal tavern, which was also a house of prostitution. The wives of the village, angered that their husbands were her regular customers, secretly denounced her to the fiscal authorities but would not make their accusations publicly and officially.When the local fiscal agent finally accumulated enough evidence to arrest the widow, the other women thanked him—but still privately. “Thus are the habits and customs,” the correspondent observed, “in our backward corner of the world.” Presumably, women were afraid of retribution from the woman or from their husbands who patronized the business.
Rita Dove’s Micro-Poetics of Space
Authors: Stephen Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crossing Color examines cultural space, a single subject that embraces three levels: first, it focuses on borders and boundaries that decide inclusion and exclusion; second, it explores movement; and third, it concentrates on the nature of cultural space. We best picture these levels as concentric circles. To be at the center of meaningful cultural space then is to be, simultaneously, at the center of all three,1 “for our house is our corner of the world” (Bachelard 1994: 4).
Nonetheless, it is useful to discuss a micro-poetics of space on various levels and from different perspectives, particularly in view of Rita Dove’s extraordinary boundary crossing and fusion of cultural realms. The decisive structures and the process of layering will come alive in representative poems. How does she envision a psychotopology of transcultural enspacements? How does she renegotiate spatiotemporal relations in the history and geography she revises to illuminate a hybrid cultural ground at the century’s edge? How does she recreate the past—in the Ghanaian notion of sankofa which roughly translates as “return to the source and fetch”—while concurrently envisioning the future?
The Voyage Out
Authors: Stephen Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poetry as well as criticism have attempted to separate the personal from the politically engaged poem. For that reason Seamus Heaney and Rita Dove have drawn criticism and admiration: they use both modes. Dove’s 1999 poetry col­ lection On the Bus with Rosa Parks offers critical and political introspection as well as a poetic celebration of the complexities of black life and of desegregation and its effects, particularly in the 1950s. Crossing color, getting on (the bus) poetically and politically, and paying homage to black women’s stamina are the five-part sequence’s pivotal aims. Never before has Dove’s sense of time rendered as space covered and shaped African-American History and histories throughout the twentieth century. DF reincarnates the Oedipal conflict within the institution of slavery from 1820 to 1840, TB deals with the lives of a couple from the Great Migration to the March on Washington, and IG presents a Bildungsroman in the 1970s.
Broad Street
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sarah Lewis’s Five-Month-Old Daughter had never been very healthy, nor had Mrs. Lewis herself, for that matter. Unable to suckle the child, she had to feed her from the bottle on boiled ground rice and milk. She had fed her son that way several years before, and he had been extremely sickly and had died at ten months. For a while it looked as if the little girl was going to do better, but then she had a bout of diarrhea in June. Dr. William R. Rogers of Berners Street treated her, and she was better after about five days. This morning Mrs. Lewis had to send for Dr. Rogers again. The same diarrhea was back, he said—pale or green, slimy, watery, offensive-smelling stools. Now the baby was also vomiting, unable to keep down food or medicine.
The Lewis family lived in the back parlor at 40 Broad Street, an attached multistoried house of eleven rooms. They were relatively fortunate; nineteen or twenty people lived in the house, while elsewhere in the district four or five to a room was not uncommon. Even so, the back of the house was near the yard of the public house at 7 Cambridge Street, and the bad smells from the water closet there had been bothersome for a long time.
Snow and the Mapping of Cholera Epidemics
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On The Evening of 3 June 1851 Snow delivered the second part of a paper on the propagation of cholera at the monthly meeting of the London Epidemiological Society. The society had again rented the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in Berners Street.
Snow began the paper by offering a general principle of “epidemic diseases, the whole of which I look upon as communicable from one patient to another, this communication being probably the real feature of distinction between epidemic and other diseases,” and he reviewed several local outbreaks that conformed to this principle. He proposed to show that “cholera was often communicated through the water, on a more extensive scale, by means of sewers which empty themselves into various rivers, from which the population of many towns derive their supply of water” (610). A map extracted from the second Report on the Health of Towns, suspended in the room, indicated which water companies supplied particular districts in London. Snow then pointed to another map (Fig. 12.1), produced by Mr. Richard Grainger from the Board of Health, that depicted the “relative prevalence of the late [1849] epidemic in different parts of London” in varying shades of blue.
Snow’s Multiple Legacies
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On Wednesday, 10 June 1858, John Snow had his mind on his magnum opus, On Chloroform. He was working from his case notes dating back to the summer of 1851, when he had tried out chlorated muriatic ether (ethyl chloride) on patients at King’s College Hospital. The substance had worked fairly well and might have proved safer than chloroform, but it was unstable and difficult to obtain. Snow had procured only enough for operations on twenty patients, and that pint had to be brought specially from Paris. Although the cases were old and small in number, it was important to give the substance its own chapter. Perhaps some other chemist or anesthetist might find a better way to synthesize this agent and bring it into common use. It was all part of Snow’s long search for a safer, better anesthetic. In a matter-of-fact way he was listing cases, describing all the types of surgery in which the drug had been used. He had just penned the name of Fergusson, a surgeon he had worked with from the beginning of inhaled anesthesia and a name he must have written in his casebooks a thousand times when he was stricken and fell off his chair. He told his housekeeper that he did not understand the nature of his complaint. He appeared to have suffered a stroke and tried to treat himself, resting on a couch for a day, selfmedicating with ether for the pain, and hoping that whatever was wrong would soon right itself.
Islamic Revivalism: Popular Roots of Islamism (Pan-Islamism)
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last decades of Ottoman history cannot be understood properly without taking into account the revolution from below caused by the revivalist movements. The most important event in the history of Islamic societies was the disintegration of the old social order and the resultant restructuring of almost all the traditional social and political institutions and the emergence of new modes of thought all deemed to be “contemporary” or modern. That vast structural transformation was caused, first, by the market forces of capitalism and the often ensuing European occupation of the Muslim lands and, second, by the reforms that the Ottoman state, and other Muslim governments that had preserved their political independence, instituted to assure their survival.
Russia, Islam, and Modernism: The Legacy of the Past
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pan-Islamism and pan-Turkism were born in nineteenth-century Russia as part of the process of nation formation and the rise of nationalism among the Muslims there. Inseparably linked together, the two movements represented an advanced stage in the struggle of the various Muslim communities of Russia for cultural selfpreservation, using their intellectual, cultural, moral, and economic resources to reconstruct themselves, inadvertently perhaps, into a series of new sociopolitical entities. It should be noted that Russia’s Muslims were among the first to lose their Islamic political structures—that is, the state government that had had guaranteed their Islamic institutions and way of life: Kazan in 1552, Crimea in 1783, the Azeri and Central Asian hanates in 1806–75. It is not surprising therefore that the most widespread and profound movement of modernist reconstruction started in Kazan, Azerbaycan (Azerbaijan), and Crimea, which had ample time to develop a strong local modern network of leaders and reformulate their Islamo-Turkic identity in a new form. The new forces compelled the community to undergo rapid structural and cultural change and prevented the old traditional culture from withering away.
The New Middle Classes and the Nakşbandia
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rise of the new middle classes played a key role in the recasting of Islamic thought, in the modernization of the Islamic societies, and in spurring the involvement of the community in political action. This rise was either accompanied or preceded by the gradual globalization of the capitalist economy and the spread of private land ownership, which undermined the economic foundations of two key Islamic institutions, the imaret and the vakif. In the wake of capitalism came the occupation of most peripheral Muslim lands by England, France, Russia, the Netherlands, and Italy, although the center—that is, the territorially reduced Ottoman Empire—maintained its political independence. Within Ottoman territory, the passage of state lands to private individuals diminished greatly the economic leverage of the government over the countryside and allowed the community to gain power under the leadership of the new classes—many of whom derived their power and influence from land ownership. By inadvertently contributing to the transformation of the community into an informal political constituency, European occupation and economic influence thus provided the middle classes with a political-economic foundation for promoting their vision of society, culture, and progress and recasting tradition, Islam, and community into a “modern” form.1
Ottoman-European Relations and Islamism
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the signing of the Berlin Treaty in July 1878 there was a waiting period of some twenty-one months during which adverse British foreign policy actions vis-à-vis the Porte were held in abeyance. There was no let up in the anti-Ottoman, antisultan propaganda war, which only intensified. For the Ottomans, this period was simply the calm before the storm. In April 1880 the Liberal Party won an overwhelming election victory over the Conservatives in England. The election had been fought largely over the issue of Lord Beaconsfield’s (Disraeli’s) foreign policy—that is, the policy of cultivating the friendship of the Ottomans and helping to maintain the territorial integrity of the Empire, which had been initiated by Palmerston some forty years earlier. The Ottoman leaders were well aware of the anti-Turkish views of William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898). He had caused irreparable harm to the Empire when he was prime minister in the 1876–78 period; now he had been elected to the post once again. Musurus pa3a, the Ottoman ambassador in London, cabled the results of the election to Istanbul but reassured the sultan that the “GOM” (grand old man) would not necessarily make the Eastern Question a partisan issue.
Formation of Modern Nationhood: Turkism and Pan-Islamism in Russia and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Karpat Kemal H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pan-Islamism, pan-Turkism, and nationalism in both the Ottoman and Russian Empires were the consequence of the interactions between modern education, the new social classes, and political liberalism, which operated within specific historical settings and preexisting relations that accounted for both the similarities and the differences between the two empires. This chapter proposes to study how new forces of change during the latter part of the nineteenth century not only helped engender Islamism (pan-Islamism) and nationalism in the Ottoman and Russian Empires but also to reveal how the different historical, cultural, and social circumstances and government policies prevailing in each county, produced a different type of Islamism and nationalism in each.
Introduction
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
China’s development since the period of transition to a market economy began in 1979 has had a number of remarkable features. The most obvious of these is the astonishingly rapid rate of economic growth that followed the introduction of reforms. The average annual rate of growth of GDP was 10.2% during the 1980s and 12.8% during the first half of the 1990s, as compared to 5.5% during the 1970s.1 During the period from the beginning of reforms to the terminal year covered by the present study—i.e., between 1979 and 1995—China’s annual rate of population growth was just under 1.4%. Thus, per capita GDP almost quadrupled over this period. Never before in the course of human history has a quadrupling of per capita GDP of more than one fifth of humankind occurred over such a short period.
The Distribution of Income Evolution of Inequality, 1988–1995
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we estimate the indices of inequality in the distribution of per capita household income in rural and urban China, and in China as a whole, for the year 1995 by using the data from the survey. By comparing these indices with the ones estimated from the 1988 survey, we demonstrate the direction and extent of change in the distribution of income during the intervening period. We also identify the sources of inequality and their change over the period under review. Finally, we discuss some of the outstanding aspects of public policy that have contributed to the evolution of inequality in China.
Telling the Story: Three Narratives
Authors: Linenthal Edward T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During our meeting in January 1998, Charles Van Rysselberge, president of the Oklahoma City Chamber of Commerce, spoke with justifiable pride about Oklahomans’ outpouring of generosity in response to the bombing. He hoped that widespread respect for these efforts would transform what many in Oklahoma believed was an enduring national image of “ignorant Okies” and that the same civic energies evident in response to the bombing would spark a revitalization of the city. “This tragedy,” he wrote several months after the bombing, “has been a defining moment for Oklahoma City.
Going to Hell
Authors: West Elliott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On November 19 the Nez Perce prisoners, headed by Miles and Joseph on horseback, entered Bismarck, Dakota Territory. They were exhausted from the war and more than six weeks of on-and-off travel since the surrender. Much of the town had gathered along the route, and in case of trouble the troops formed a protective line around the refugees. At Fourth and Main Streets, the townsfolk made their move: they launched a major food assault. Men and women surged forward and broke through the perimeter with armloads of eatables. “I seen our restaurant waitress beating her way through the hollow square with one half of a boiled ham,” a witness remembered. Its defenses overwhelmed, the procession stopped until each prisoner and most soldiers had received something.
Housing Subsidies
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For many of the key actors in the housing sector, the issue of housing subsidies-and by extension of housing-related taxes—is considered the central issue of housing policy. It has been unfortunate that discussions of subsidies have dominated so many housing policy debates, with the result that the effects of other aspects of the policy environment-from property rights to the regulatory regime—on the performance of the housing sector as a whole, and especially on housing the poor, have been neglected. This is not to suggest, however, that housing subsidies and taxes are not essential parts of housing policy. They are essential and they should continue to be, in the face of the present onslaught on most housing subsidies as fiscally irresponsible, risky, distorting, regressive, humiliating, or failing to achieve their designated goals. In our definition of enabling housing policies-that is, setting boundaries and providing support, while relinquishing control-subsidies are, in essence, one of the fundamental supports needed to make the housing sector work efficiently and equitably and to overcome market and policy failures.
Behavioral Neurology
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a thorough revision of one of the landmark books in the field of neuropsychiatry. The authors, one a distinguished neurologist and the other an eminent psychiatrist, provide a clear, well-integrated account of the behavioral aspects of neurological conditions and the neurological aspects of psychiatric disorders. Earlier editions presented the view, then provocative, that disordered brain function underlies psychiatric illnesses. A more balanced view characterizes the Fourth Edition, in which the authors discuss the most recent data from the neurosciences and molecular biology, including changes in the brain induced by the environment and by emotions. There is also a valuable new clinical chapter on differentiating the etiologies of disturbed behavior. Avoiding the deluge of information in multi-authored volumes, this very readable text provides a consistent approach to the understanding and diagnosis of disturbances of behavior. While the book is directed toward medical students, residents, psychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists, and psychology students (particularly those taking abnormal psychology courses), it has also been used by a wide variety of health professionals and attorneys.
Epilepsy and Behavior
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy is a recurring behavioral, sensory, or subjective experience caused by an abnormal electrical discharge in the brain. Though abnormal electrical changes accompany seizures of any kind, they may not be reflected in the electroencephalogram (EEG) between seizures and sometimes epileptic EEG discharges occur in the absence of clinically apparent seizures. Generalized seizures always cause a disturbance in consciousness and the EEG is virtually always abnormal during such seizures. Partial seizures may not be associated with unconsciousness, with any abnormal movement, or with an epileptiform, scalprecorded EEG, even during the episode.
It may not always be clear how much of a patient’s behavior can be attributed to epilepsy and there may be disagreement among competent neurologists as to the relation of abnormal behavior to the seizure state. In such cases, a therapeutic trial of anticonvulsants may appear to resolve the medical problem, but the pragmatic definition of epilepsy as abnormal thought and behavior that resolves with the use of antiepileptic medications is medically and scientifically weak. Mental symptoms in mania and other disorders can improve during therapy with antiepileptic drugs in patients who do not have epilepsy.