bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sterilization by gamma radiation impairs the tensile fatigue life of cortical bone by two orders of magnitude
Authors: Akkus Ozan , Belaney Ryan M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCortical bone grafts are utilized frequently for skeletal reconstruction, spinal fusion and tumor surgery. Due to its efficacy and convenience terminal sterilization by gamma radiation is often essential to minimize disease transmission and infection. However. the impairment in the material properties of bone tissue secondary to gamma radiation sterilization is a concern since the mechanical functionality of a bone graft is of primary importance. While the extent of this impairment is well investigated for monotonic loading conditions, there does not seem to exist any information on the effects of gamma radiation sterilization on cortical bone's fatigue properties, the physiologically relevant mode of loading. In this study we investigated the degradation in the high‐cycle and lowcycle tensile fatigue lives of cortical bone tissue secondary to gamma radiation sterilization at a dose of 36.4 kGy which approximately falls in the higher end of the standard dose range used in tissue banking. The high‐cycle and the low‐cycle fatigue tests were conducted under load control at initial strain levels of 0.2% and 0.4%, respectively. Monotonic tensile tests were also conducted to compare the impairment of fatigue properties with the impairment of monotonic properties. Results demonstrated that the impairment in both the high‐cycle and the low‐cycle fatigue lives were two orders of magnitude following sterilization, a change much more pronounced than that observed for monotonic loading. In conclusion, the results suggest that the impairment of the mechanical function of gamma radiation sterilized allografts is even worse in fatigue than monotonically. Therefore, grafts should be designed to minimize functional strains and avoid stress raisers to prevent premature fatigue failures. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Revelation, Tradition, and Scripture
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter offers a Catholic view of divine revelation, the response of human faith, the tradition that hands on belief in God, and the scriptures that are inspired by the Holy Spirit. The saving self-revelation of God comes through an interplay of deeds and words, is centred on Christ, and is a past, present, and future reality. Tradition should be understood both as a process (the act of tradition) and as a living heritage (tradition as content). Being an inspired, written record, the Bible is not to be simply identified with revelation. Biblical truth is progressive, personal, and salvific. The canon of scriptures, the closed list of inspired books, arose through their subsequent recognition by the Church.
Basic Characteristics of Catholicism
Authors: O'Collins SJ Gerald , Farrugia SJ Mario 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Any list of the basic distinctive characteristics of Catholic Christianity should include the following features: it is centred on Jesus, along with his mother Mary; it takes up material objects into its sacramental and devotional life; it practises the principle of ‘both\and’ (e.g. both grace and freedom; both faith and reason; both worldwide unity and new religious movements).
Systems Rebalancing of Metabolism in Response to Sulfur Deprivation, as Revealed by Metabolome Analysis of Arabidopsis Plants
Authors: Nikiforova Victoria J. , Kopka Joachim , Tolstikov Vladimir , Fiehn Oliver , Hopkins Laura , Hawkesford Malcolm J. , Hesse Holger , Hoefgen Rainer 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Sulfur is an essential macroelement in plant and animal nutrition. Plants assimilate inorganic sulfate into two sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine. Low supply of sulfate leads to decreased sulfur pools within plant tissues. As sulfur-related metabolites represent an integral part of plant metabolism with multiple interactions, sulfur deficiency stress induces a number of adaptive responses, which must be coordinated. To reveal the coordinating network of adaptations to sulfur deficiency, metabolite profiling of Arabidopsis has been undertaken. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques revealed the response patterns of 6,023 peaks of nonredundant ion traces and relative concentration levels of 134 nonredundant compounds of known chemical structure. Here, we provide a catalogue of the detected metabolic changes and reconstruct the coordinating network of their mutual influences. The observed decrease in biomass, as well as in levels of proteins, chlorophylls, and total RNA, gives evidence for a general reduction of metabolic activity under conditions of depleted sulfur supply. This is achieved by a systemic adjustment of metabolism involving the major metabolic pathways. Sulfur/carbon/nitrogen are partitioned by accumulation of metabolites along the pathway O-acetylserine to serine to glycine, and are further channeled together with the nitrogen-rich compound glutamine into allantoin. Mutual influences between sulfur assimilation, nitrogen imbalance, lipid breakdown, purine metabolism, and enhanced photorespiration associated with sulfur-deficiency stress are revealed in this study. These responses may be assembled into a global scheme of metabolic regulation induced by sulfur nutritional stress, which optimizes resources for seed production.
Characterization of Arsenate Reductase in the Extract of Roots and Fronds of Chinese Brake Fern, an Arsenic Hyperaccumulator
Authors: Duan Gui-Lan , Zhu Yong-Guan , Tong Yi-Ping , Cai Chao , Kneer Ralf 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRoot extracts from the arsenic (As) hyperaccumulating Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) were shown to be able to reduce arsenate to arsenite. An arsenate reductase (AR) in the fern showed a reaction mechanism similar to the previously reported Acr2p, an AR from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), using glutathione as the electron donor. Substrate specificity as well as sensitivity toward inhibitors for the fern AR (phosphate as a competitive inhibitor, arsenite as a noncompetitive inhibitor) was also similar to Acr2p. Kinetic analysis showed that the fern AR had a Michaelis constant value of 2.33 mm for arsenate, 15-fold lower than the purified Acr2p. The AR-specific activity of the fern roots treated with 2 mm arsenate for 9 d was at least 7 times higher than those of roots and shoots of plant species that are known not to tolerate arsenate. A T-DNA knockout mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with disruption in the putative Acr2 gene had no AR activity. We could not detect AR activity in shoots of the fern. These results indicate that (1) arsenite, the previously reported main storage form of As in the fern fronds, may come mainly from the reduction of arsenate in roots; and (2) AR plays an important role in the detoxification of As in the As hyperaccumulating fern.
Ethylene Insensitivity Conferred by theGreen-ripeandNever-ripe 2Ripening Mutants of Tomato
Authors: Barry Cornelius S. , McQuinn Ryan P. , Thompson Andrew J. , Seymour Graham B. , Grierson Donald , Giovannoni James J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe ripening of a fleshy fruit represents the summation of an array of biochemical processes that are regulated by interactions between developmental programs and environmental inputs. Analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants and inhibitor studies indicate that ethylene is necessary for full development of the ripening program of climacteric fruit such as tomato, yet ethylene alone is not sufficient. This suggests that an interaction between ethylene and nonethylene (or developmental) pathways mediates ripening. In this study, we have examined the physiological basis for ripening inhibition of the dominant Green-ripe (Gr) and Never-ripe 2 (Nr-2) mutants of tomato. Our data suggest that this inhibition is due to ethylene insensitivity in mutant fruit. Further investigation of ethylene responses in Gr and Nr-2 plants also revealed weak ethylene insensitivity during floral senescence and abscission and, during inhibition of root elongation, a phenotype associated with the triple response. However, ethylene-induced inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and petiole epinasty are normal in Gr and Nr-2, suggesting that these loci regulate a subset of ethylene responses. We have mapped both dominant mutations to a 2-cM overlapping region of the long arm of chromosome 1 of tomato, a region not previously linked to any known ethylene signaling loci. The phenotypic similarity and overlapping map location of these mutations suggest Gr and Nr-2 may be allelic and may possibly encode a novel component of the ethylene response pathway.
Citrate Secretion Coupled with the Modulation of Soybean Root Tip under Aluminum Stress. Up-Regulation of Transcription, Translation, and Threonine-Oriented Phosphorylation of Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase
Authors: Shen Hong , He Long Fei , Sasaki Takayuki , Yamamoto Yoko , Zheng Shao Jian , Ligaba Ayalew , Yan Xiao Long , Ahn Sung Ju , Yamaguchi Mineo , Sasakawa Hideo , Matsumoto Hideaki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The aluminum (Al)-induced secretion of citrate has been regarded as an important mechanism for Al resistance in soybean (Glycine max). However, the mechanism of how Al induces citrate secretion remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory role of plasma membrane H+-ATPase on the Al-induced secretion of citrate from soybean roots. Experiments performed with plants grown in full nutrient solution showed that Al-induced activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase paralleled secretion of citrate. Vanadate and fusicoccin, an inhibitor and an activator, respectively, of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, exerted inhibitory and stimulatory effects on the Al-induced secretion of citrate. Higher activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase coincided with more citrate secretion in Al-resistant than Al-sensitive soybean cultivars. These results suggested that the effects of Al stress on citrate secretion were mediated via modulation of the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase. The relationship between the Al-induced secretion of citrate and the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase was further demonstrated by analysis of plasma membrane H+-ATPase transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). When plants were grown on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 30 μ m Al (9.1 μ m Al3+ activity), transgenic plants exuded more citrate compared with wild-type Arabidopsis. Results from real-time reverse transcription-PCR and immunodetection analysis indicated that the increase of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity by Al is caused by transcriptional and translational regulation. Furthermore, plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity and expression were higher in an Al-resistant cultivar than in an Al-sensitive cultivar. Al activated the threonine-oriented phosphorylation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrated that up-regulation of plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity was associated with the secretion of citrate from soybean roots.
Arabidopsis CBF3/DREB1A and ABF3 in Transgenic Rice Increased Tolerance to Abiotic Stress without Stunting Growth
Authors: Oh Se-Jun , Song Sang Ik , Kim Youn Shic , Jang Hyun-Jun , Kim Soo Young , Kim Minjeong , Kim Yeon-Ki , Nahm Baek Hie , Kim Ju-Kon 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa), a monocotyledonous plant that does not cold acclimate, has evolved differently from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which cold acclimates. To understand the stress response of rice in comparison with that of Arabidopsis, we developed transgenic rice plants that constitutively expressed CBF3/DREB1A (CBF3) and ABF3, Arabidopsis genes that function in abscisic acid-independent and abscisic acid-dependent stress-response pathways, respectively. CBF3 in transgenic rice elevated tolerance to drought and high salinity, and produced relatively low levels of tolerance to low-temperature exposure. These data were in direct contrast to CBF3 in Arabidopsis, which is known to function primarily to enhance freezing tolerance. ABF3 in transgenic rice increased tolerance to drought stress alone. By using the 60 K Rice Whole Genome Microarray and RNA gel-blot analyses, we identified 12 and 7 target genes that were activated in transgenic rice plants by CBF3 and ABF3, respectively, which appear to render the corresponding plants acclimated for stress conditions. The target genes together with 13 and 27 additional genes are induced further upon exposure to drought stress, consequently making the transgenic plants more tolerant to stress conditions. Interestingly, our transgenic plants exhibited neither growth inhibition nor visible phenotypic alterations despite constitutive expression of the CBF3 or ABF3, unlike the results previously obtained from Arabidopsis where transgenic plants were stunted.
Unique Translation Initiation at the Second AUG Codon Determines Mitochondrial Localization of the Phage-Type RNA Polymerases in the Moss Physcomitrella patens
Authors: Kabeya Yukihiro , Sato Naoki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The nuclear genome of the moss Physcomitrella patens contains two genes encoding phage-type RNA polymerases (PpRPOT1 and PpRPOT2). Each of the PpRPOT1 and PpRPOT2 transcripts possesses two in-frame AUG codons at the 5′ terminus that could act as a translational initiation site. Observation of transient and stable Physcomitrella transformants expressing the 5′ terminus of each PpRPOT cDNA fused with the green fluorescent protein gene suggested that both PpRPOT1 and PpRPOT2 are not translated from the first (upstream) AUG codon in the natural context but translated from the second (downstream) one, and that these enzymes are targeted only to mitochondria, although they are potentially targeted to plastids when translation is forced to start from the first AUG codon. The influence of the 5′-upstream sequence on the translation efficiency of the two AUG codons in PpRPOT1 and PpRPOT2 was quantitatively assessed using a β-glucuronidase reporter. The results further supported that the second AUG codon is the sole translation initiation site in Physcomitrella cells. An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RPOT homolog AtRpoT;2 that possesses two initiation AUG codons in its transcripts, as do the RPOTs of P. patens, has been regarded as a dually targeted protein. When the localization of AtRpoT;2 was tested using green fluorescent protein in a similar way, AtRpoT;2 was also observed only in mitochondria in many Arabidopsis tissues. These results suggest that, despite the presence of two in-frame AUGs at the 5′ termini of RPOTs in Physcomitrella and Arabidopsis, the second AUG is specifically recognized as the initiation site in these organisms, resulting in expression of a protein that is targeted to mitochondria. This finding may change the current framework of thinking about the transcription machinery of plastids in land plants.
A review of the efficacy and safety of key ingredients of over‐the‐counter products for weight management
Authors: Ruxton C.H.S. , Gardner E.J. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeOver‐the‐counter (OTC) weight management products are popular with the public. Manufacturers frequently claim beneficial effects of these products, however current legislation does not compel them to support these claims with research. This paper identifies the key ingredients of OTC weight management products and evaluates evidence for their safety and efficacy.Design/methodology/approachUsing Medline, published evidence on key ingredients and formulations was gathered. Contact was also made with manufacturers to ascertain whether unpublished data were available. All studies were assessed for quality. The efficacy and safety of the ingredients and formulations were then reviewed.FindingsThe results showed little evidence for most weight loss claims, with the exception of a formulation containing Yerba maté, Guarana and Damiana. In addition, studies on pyruvate, conjugated linoleic acid, and Citrus aurantium demonstrated positive effects on weight loss, suggesting that they may be useful in future formulations. Safety implications were noted for ephedrine.Practical implicationsBetter labelling and supporting literature should be introduced by reputable manufacturers and retailers to help the public assess the efficacy of weight loss aids.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the popularity of self‐treatment, there is a need for more manufacturers to submit their products to impartial clinical trials. OTC weight management products could be useful in addressing obesity, but most still need scientific evidence to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.Originality/valueThis review reviews the available evidence on ingredients of OTC weight management products, providing a unique guide to what works, and what doesn't.
Hypophosphataemia in old patients is associated with the refeeding syndrome and reduced survival
Authors: KAGANSKY N. , LEVY S. , KOREN‐MORAG N. , BERGER D. , KNOBLER H. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  Previous studies found that hypophosphataemia (HP) a common finding in hospitalised patients associated with unfavourable outcome, but they did not focus on old patients. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence, associated risk factors and potential clinical consequences of HP detected during hospitalisation in a geriatric medical centre.Design. Case–control study.Setting.  A total of 312‐bed geriatric division.Subjects.  We compared 325 patients aged ≥65 years with at least one episode of HP‐group defined by serum phosphate ≤0.77 mmol L−1 with 326 patients without HP (non‐HP group).Measurements.  Evaluation included baseline anamnesis, demographic and laboratory data. Patients in both groups were followed up to 2.7 years and clinical outcome recorded included length of hospitalisation, in‐hospital and long‐term survival.Results.  About 14.1% of 2307 elderly had HP. Patients in the HP‐group compared with the non‐HP group had significantly more weight loss, lower albumin levels, more sepsis and received threefold more glucose‐containing infusions and twofold more food supplementations (P < 0.0001). HP was detected on average on the 10.9 ± 21.5 days of hospitalisation. Patients in the HP‐group compared with the non‐HP group, had significantly longer hospitalisation period (P < 0.0001) and reduced long‐term survival (P = 0.003) with threefold increased mortality rates. In a multivariate analysis, HP was not found to be an independent predictor of mortality.Conclusions.  The HP was common among old hospitalised patients. Clinical characteristics of the HP‐group, the time‐course and strong association with glucose and food supplementation, are compatible with the refeeding syndrome, described previously in malnourished patients. HP was associated with significantly reduced survival.
Metabolic syndrome is associated with early signs of organ damage in nondiabetic, hypertensive patients
Authors: LEONCINI G. , RATTO E. , VIAZZI F. , VACCARO V. , PARODI D. , PARODI A. , FALQUI V. , TOMOLILLO C. , DEFERRARI G. , PONTREMOLI R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  Hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) are at greater risk for cardiovascular disease. To get a better understanding of the pathophysiology underlying this association, we evaluated the relationship between MS and subclinical organ damage in essential hypertensive patients.Design and setting.  A total of 354 untreated, nondiabetic patients with primary hypertension were included in the study. A modified ATP III definition for MS was used, with body mass index replacing waist circumference. Albuminuria was measured as albumin to creatinine ratio, left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was assessed by echocardiography and carotid abnormalities by ultrasonography.Results.  The prevalence of MS was 25%. Patients with MS were more likely to be smokers (P = 0.004) and had higher serum uric acid levels (P = 0.004). Moreover, they showed higher urinary albumin excretion (P = 0.0004) and LVMI (P = 0.0006), increased intima‐media thickness (P = 0.045), as well as higher prevalence of microalbuminuria (P = 0.03) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH; P = 0.003). After adjusting for age, gender and duration of hypertension, we found that the presence of MS entails a twofold greater risk for microalbuminuria (P = 0.04), LVH (P = 0.003) and carotid abnormalities (P < 0.05). When patients were stratified according to the number of components of MS, albuminuria (P = 0.002) and LVMI (P = 0.005) increased progressively across categories.Conclusions.  Metabolic syndrome is associated with subclinical organ damage in nondiabetic, essential hypertensive patients. These data may, in part, explain the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality that is observed in hypertensive patients with MS.
Severity of coronary artery stenosis is associated with a polymorphism in the CXCL16/SR‐PSOX gene
Authors: LUNDBERG G. A. , KELLIN A. , SAMNEGÅRD A. , LUNDMAN P. , TORNVALL P. , DIMMELER S. , ZEIHER A. M. , HAMSTEN A. , HANSSON G. K. , ERIKSSON P. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.Objective.  Enhanced expression of CXCL16 has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques and several properties have been attributed to CXCL16 that could influence the atherosclerotic process. CXCL16 exists in transmembrane and soluble forms. The transmembrane form acts as a scavenger receptor for oxidised LDL whereas the soluble form acts a chemoattractant for mainly CD8+ T cells. In addition, the soluble form of CXCL16 influences human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. In the present work, a human molecular genetic approach employing a common polymorphism within exon 4 of CXCL16 (181 Ala>Val) was used to investigate whether CXCL16 may be involved in the development of coronary artery disease. The polymorphism is located within the spacer region between the chemokine and transmembrane region and potentially influences an Ala/Val cleavage site, a site commonly used for the release of chemokines by tumour necrosis factor‐α converting enzyme.Design and subjects.  We first genotyped 387 unselected survivors of a first myocardial infarction aged <60 years and 387 sex‐ and age‐matched controls. A subset of patients (n = 236) was evaluated by quantitative coronary angiography. Secondly, a cohort of 468 patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stent implantation was genotyped.Results.  No significant difference in allele frequency between patient and controls of the 181 A>V polymorphism was detected. However, the V‐allele was associated with increased severity of coronary stenoses. Secondly, the V‐allele was associated with smaller minimal luminal diameter in the coronary segment subjected to intervention in a second cohort of patients undergoing PTCA with stent implantation.Conclusions.  The present work provides evidence that CXCL16 is involved in processes leading to enhanced stenosis in atherosclerotic coronary arteries.