bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What role do diet and vitamin de?ciencies have in causing falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
reluctance to cook lack of knowledge and experience in cooking (especially men) lack of hunger loss of ‘taste’ (in fact a loss of smell) difficulty doing the shopping being housebound poverty.Nearly all older people are deficient in vitamin D.Vitamin D supplements are the main treatment for osteoporosis, and should be given to anyone at risk of osteoporosis. Vitamin B12 deficiency is not uncommon and can cause orthostatic hypotension (which may be reversible).Poor diet and weight loss Older people tend to have poor diets, and this has an adverse effect on their health. There are a number of reasons for this.
The Pissing Evil: Defining the disease
Authors: Tattersall Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest description of what might be diabetes is in an Egyptian papyrus of 1500 bc. The entry consists of the single phrase ‘a medicine to drive away the passing of too much urine’. Frequency and retention with overflow are also mentioned, making it uncertain whether what is being described is an excessive volume of urine (polyuria) or excessively frequent urination (frequency) as from infection or a bladder stone.
European Environmental Law
Authors: Etty T F M , Somsen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Yearbook of European Environmental Law is a joint venture between leading academics, practitioners, and Community officials. Academics and students will find a wealth of information in the stimulating and clearly written articles. The well-structured and reliable Annual Survey is specifically designed to provide easy access to the very latest developments in environmental law at the European level. Separate parts of the Yearbook are devoted to important policy documents and reviews of books.
Innovation through Precaution: :e Case of the Dutch Wadden Sea
Authors: Fleurke* Floor M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
:e precautionary principle is designed to provide guidance in environmental cases where societal stakes are high and scientific claims are uncertain or complex. :e principle hence serves to reconcile two seemingly opposite arenas, those of science and policy. It does this by lowering the burden of proof of harm, and by involving a wider range of interests in decision-making processes. :is chapter endeavours to provide insights into the difficult relationship between science and decision-making by focusing on the practical application of the precautionary principle in policy-making regarding the Wadden Sea, which represents a particularly suitable case study for our purposes.
:e Resurrection of the EURATOM Treaty: Contributing to the Legal and Constitutional Framework for Secure, Competitive, and Sustainable Energy in the European Union
Authors: Barnes* Pamela M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the most difficult challenges facing the Member States of the European Union (EU) are the interrelated challenges of increasing energy security and combating climate change. As nuclear generated electricity provides 30 per cent of the electricity used in the EU and is regarded as a virtually carbon free energy resource, one highly controversial solution to these challenges would be to increase the amount of electricity produced by nuclear technology. Nuclear generation of electricity is not a new solution to the search for secure and accessible energy in Europe. :e first European reactors began to produce nuclear electricity in the 1950s.
:e Disclosure of Origin Requirement: Europe Moving Towards Pro-CBD Implementation
Authors: Claessens* Fleur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developing countries hold the majority of the world ‘s genetic resources and traditional knowledge and are concerned about contemporary practices to appropriate biological diversity and associated knowledge. In order to put a halt to the misappropriation of their resources and to minimize the granting of bad or erroneous patents, incorporating naturally occurring genetic resources without due recognition or compensation, several countries and regions have applied disclosure of origin measures in relation to patent applications for inventions derived from genetic resources. Such certification of origin essentially functions as a tracing mechanism.
II.Energy
Authors: Rodi* Michael , Mehling** Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After previous years had seen a number of landmark breakthroughs in climate and energy policy, optimism and elation gave way to a more sober assessment of actual developments in 2006. In January, for instance, climatologists at the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) reported that the previous year had seen the highest global annual average surface temperature on record, affirming that ‘rapid warming gives urgency to discussions about how to slow green-house gas emissions ‘. A study released in early 2006 by the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research even concluded that greenhouse gas emissions must ‘end completely ‘ by the end of the next century if global warming is to be kept within a safe range.
III.Biotechnology
Authors: Etty* Thijs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
:e survey year 2006 was one of mixed accomplishments in the policy area of ‘green ‘ biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). On the European Union (EU) front, last year ‘s trend of a slow but steady pace was continued, with mainly small amendments and implementing measures being adopted, following what has been an exceptionally dynamic few years in terms of European biotechnology decision-making. While the de facto moratorium on GMO authorizations has formally moved to the annals of history, its shadow is proving to be long and looming. :e deep divide between the Member States is still far from bridged, and the Commission ‘s unilateral approval of (few) new GMOs that may subsequently be barred through Member State precautionary
Complaints and Misconduct I: The Independent Police Complaints Commission (Ipcc)
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) was created by Pt 2 of the Police Reform Act 2002 (the 2002 Act) and assumed power on 1 April 2004. The IPCC’s functions and duties are considerably wider and deeper than those of its predecessor—namely, the Police Complaints Authority (PCA).
Special (‘Fast-Track’) Cases Under the Police (Conduct) Regulations 2004 and 2008
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no conceptual difficulty with the need for a so-called ‘special case’ or ‘fast-track’ procedure. It is in the public interest that a police force be able to dismiss an officer where there is an overwhelming and unanswerable case of sufficiently serious criminal or gross misconduct without the need, for example, to await the outcome of criminal proceedings against him or others. Obviously, the regulations must—and do, quite sensibly—address the overlap with criminal proceedings.
Abuse of Process
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Abuse of process’ is a much-used term within misconduct investigations and proceedings—but use does not always evidence understanding. This may, in part, be attributable to it representing something of an umbrella term covering a number of fundamentally different legal principles. The common feature, apart from the umbrella term, is the outcome sought by the affected officer—that is, a stay of some, or all, of the proceedings against him.
Citizen Choler a
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“ To every thoughtful Physician, such a Visitation as a Cholera Epidemic brings a torrent of deep questionings … [Being] forced to confront … the moral and physical evils which engender or increase Epidemic diseases in our Towns, [one] is to be led into stern communings concerning the whole of our social and political life.” So wrote Henry Wentworth Acland, Oxford don and cholera doctor, in the aftermath of the 1854 cholera. A modern historian, Roderick McGrew, notes that “cholera moved like the conscience of the nineteenth century … It settled in the discreetly veiled cesspools of human misery, and it was difficult to ignore the noxious horrors that its presence brought to view.”
Choler a Confuses
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To historians, and equally to researchers, the “science”— the very word is contested—of cholera before the great age of bacteriology has seemed a vast wasteland. Why did authors waste their time on tons of treatises that, but for a short work by John Snow, represent a nil knowledge gain? Had pandemic cholera arisen in 1917 rather than 1817, would we have had to repeat that century of groping? Calling this earlier period pre-scientific (or pre-paradigmatic) is not such a bad idea—at least if we can avoid the usual concomitants: that, in the face of a rapid, deadly, and terrifying entity, the unhurried rigor of science is obviously the best response.
How epilepsy is diagnosed—or should be
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of epilepsy is based on the account of the attack(s) given by the victim and any witnesses to a doctor or specialist nurse.
This can easily lead to mistakes in diagnosis for various reasons.
Nowadays it is sometimes possible to record attacks on continuous EEG and video monitoring; this aids diagnosis.
Once the diagnosis is made various investigations are done to try to determine the cause (like ECG, EEG, and MRI).It is not always easy to diagnose epilepsy: there is no doubt that some people given the diagnosis and started on treatment do not actually have it and that some people, given a different diagnosis, eventually turn out to have epilepsy or a different type than that originally diagnosed. There are several reasons for this.
So, if it isn’t epilepsy then what is it?
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It can be difficult to correctly diagnose the cause of a seizure.
•Sometimes a spurious label of epilepsy is given to a seizure.
•Other physical causes of seizures can be mislabelled as epilepsy, as can emotional seizures.
There are many answers to the above question, which really lie outside the scope of this book (indeed would take a small textbook to answer). Both physical and emotional causes of non-epileptic seizures exist and both kinds can be mislabelled as epilepsy. What we can do is to give an example of each kind. The most important thing is that, if the patient’s seizures turn out to be due to something other than epilepsy, they still need to be correctly diagnosed and appropriately managed and treated (and not just lobbed in the general direction of the local cardiologist or psychiatrist without a word of explanation to the patient). Often the patient gets blamed for what is, after all, the professional’s mistake.
The drugs in use— pros and cons
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of drugs available for epilepsy in the UK.
Some are obsolete or are potentially dangerous; we tell you in case you don’t know.
Some cause problems relating to menstruation, fertility, child development, and the menopause.
Every woman with epilepsy should take folic acid 5 milligrams daily from before she becomes pregnant and all the way through her pregnancy (or at least the first 4 months).
Women taking certain drugs should take vitamin K from the 36th week (listed).
The menopause and epilepsy
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A premature menopause may be slightly more common in women with epilepsy.
Epilepsy is likely to start in the menopause more commonly than expected by chance.
Women with epilepsy should consider the pros and cons of HRT carefully and should always take progesterone as well as oestrogen if they use HRT.
They should avoid having their ovaries removed if premenstrual unless essential.
Some anticonvulsants are better avoided during and after the menopause.
Australia
Authors: Carson Jon , Fullarton-Healey Jodi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Australia, the term ‘receivable’ is generally understood to mean ‘debts currently owing to a company or individual; payments due from others’. The most common receivable over which security is taken in Australia is a book debt, but not all receivables are characterized as book debts. The definition of a book debt is important, as any security taken over book debts in Australia is subject to certain registration requirements. Halsbury’s Laws of Australia describes a book debt as a † debt due, or to become due, to the company at some future time on account of or in connection with a profession, trade or business carried on by the company, whether entered in a book or not and includes a future debt of the same nature although not incurred or owing when the charge was created or the debt was assigned. The definition excludes a debt owing on a marketable security or negotiable instrument or in respect of a mortgage, charge or lease of land. Moneys in a bank account are not a book debt.
Brazil
Authors: Prado Fernando Ruiz de Almeida , Falkenburger Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of receivables under Brazilian law could be interpreted as the right that an ordinary trading company or financial institution has to, upon due performance of its activities (ie either through the rendering of services, delivery of certain goods, or lending activities) under certain contracts entered into with third parties, receive an amount in cash in consideration for its due performance under those contracts. Therefore, receivables are credit rights, of a commercial or financial nature, that arise out of arrangements entered into by a party with certain counterparties in the ordinary course of its business. As a consequence, a receivable is characterized as an expectation by a company or financial institution (a creditor) to receive, at a future date, an amount in cash as payment for the performance of a commercial or lending activity.
Czech Republic
Authors: Schweigelová Dana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘receivable’ is not expressly defi ned in the Czech legal system, but an implied definition can be found in the provisions of the Civil Code, especially Article 488. A receivable is generally understood to be a right to demand the fulfilment of a performance against which there is an obligation to provide this performance. The Civil Code states that receivables may arise from contracts, liability for damage, unjust enrichment and, in certain specific cases, from the law itself. The accessory rights attached to a receivable solely cover interest, default interest, other default payments, and the costs connected with its enforcement.
Finland
Authors: Wist Tarja , Oker-Blom Moritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any right to a claim, whether monetary or convertible into money, constitutes a receivable under Finnish law. Contrary to physical objects, receivables are created by legal acts, such as, for example, contracts or actions causing damage. The core legal rules governing receivables are codifi ed in the Promissory Notes Act, which applies, despite its name, to all types of receivables irrespective of their origin and whether or not documented. Many fundamental rules of law are, however, uncodifi ed and based on legal principles developed and established by widely recognized doctrine and legal precedents.
France
Authors: Hubert Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an outline of the main security interests available in order to secure credit facility payments under French law. A security interest over receivables is a strong incentive to the extension of credit facilities with lower spreads by banks and fi nancial institutions fi nancing such receivables. There is no precise equivalent of the term ‘receivables’ in the French language. French law generally refers to the general concept of claims (créances) without distinction as to whether such claim relates to contracts with customers or other types of economic transactions.
Hong Kong
Authors: Aitken* Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A receivable in Hong Kong usually refers to ‘such debts as would be entered in the books of a well conducted corporation’. It has been said that the accepted legal sense of such a ‘book debt’ is ‘that of debts owing to a business of the kind usually entered in the books of account of the business, and in fact so entered although in certain cases the context of the particular statute concerned may not require the debts actually entered in the books of the business’.
Netherlands
Authors: Rank Willem (Pim) 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the main rules under Netherlands law governing the granting of security over receivables. For this purpose, receivables are defi ned as the rights of a creditor to receive payments under any agreement or arising from any legal relationship with any debtor. Under the Netherlands Civil Code, receivables constitute rechten op naam and are described as ‘rights that can be exercised against one or more persons, other than bearer rights or rights to order’ (tegen één of meer personen uit te oefenen rechten die niet aan toonder of order luiden). Since the two most important types of receivables over which security is granted are trade receivables and bank accounts, these are the two main types of receivables discussed below.
United Arab Emirates
Authors: Afridi Haider Khan , Altshuler Liliya , Guru Jayanthasri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates, all of which, with the exception of Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah, are part of a federal judicial system. The emirates of Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah have independent judicial systems. The UAE is a civil law system, statutes being the primary source of law. There is no doctrine of binding precedent, although judgments of the highest courts may be a useful guide as to how a court may react in cases with similar issues in dispute. Relatively recent federal legislation requires commercial disputes to be referred fi rst to a reconciliation committee, appointed by the Ministry of Justice. The reconciliation committee attempts to facilitate a settlement, failing which the parties may proceed with fi ling an action in the courts. This procedure is not applicable in Dubai and Ras Al Khaimah.
Talking about mistakes and dealing with complaints
Authors: Washer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone makes mistakes in their working life, and even with the best medical care in the world, there will still be occasions when things go wrong. Some medical errors will only lead to ‘near misses’, while others will result in medical accidents – injuries caused either as a result of misdiagnosis or by the medical treatment itself. When medical errors cause harm to patients, they are known as ‘adverse events’. The phrase originates in pharmacology, where any unexpected or dangerous reaction to a drug is known as an adverse event. More generally in medicine, an adverse event has been defined as an ‘injury resulting from a medical intervention (or omission), not the underlying condition of the patient’ (Kohn et al., 2000).
An Introduction To Tort
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mistakes in the preparation of a will give no cause of action to the intended beneficiary since the solicitor owes no duty to anyone other than his client, the testator̓.1 This observation from ̒Cordery on Solicitors̓ in 1968 reflects the old, and long standing, rejection of a draftsman’s liability for his will preparation. It describes an approach that to the current age of tortious liability is quite startling in the absence of any beneficiary’s remedy for negligent work. Had it remained a correct statement of the law today much of this book would not have been written. That this quotation should now look out of place today helps to illustrate the change within society and its current, and growing, expectation that perceived wrongs will always have a remedy.
The Duty of Care in Relation to Will Preparation
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ross v Caunters, somewhat surprisingly, came almost fifty years after Donoghue v Stevenson, and on the face of it this seems a long interval before negligence in will preparation was looked at as a tort. Other jurisdictions had already started to look at this issue in this light and had found that in some circumstances a duty was owed to the beneficiary. Within England during this period, although the
Other Issues
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is dealt with in more detail elsewhere1. However, it can generally be observed that it is not established that there is a duty to give advice on the potential for claims under this Act when taking will instructions from a client, although there could be an attempt to found a claim on there being such a duty. Furthermore, it is good client care to offer to give such advice if it is needed. Where the client does not require any advice, a restriction to this effect in the terms of the retainer is a sensible step to safeguard the will-preparer’s position against possible later claims. Alternatively, if the client requires the advice, then it can be given for the appropriate fee. In a sense, asking if the client requires the advice is a win/win question for the will-preparer—a refusal can reduce the potential for claim against the will-preparer (if properly recorded) while requiring the advice can produce additional work.
Risk
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warren Buffett is reported as having observed that ‘risk comes from not knowing what you are doing’ and he was without doubt correct. Being aware of risk considerations is essential to the process of assessing the risk of ‘what you are doing’. However, it needs to be kept in mind that not all risk is manageable and that any work or process involves the acceptance of some risk.
Introduction and New Business
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this part of the book there is a greater emphasis placed on avoidance of the risk of negligence claims and disputes generally regarding an estate or trust. The administration of estates and trusts both offer combinations of law, assets and personal circumstances that are so infinitely variable in their possibilities as to make it impossible to examine in detail the whole range of possible acts of negligence. But rather than testing the boundaries of negligence, better practice is to avoid those areas completely.
Processes
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the processes used for information, management, control, and safe custody of assets, distributions, and receipts: must be constructed with a view to efficient operation;must also be sufficiently robust to deter fraud (both internal and external) during the administration; and in the case of estates help detect any pre-death fraud against the deceased.
Introduction and Procedure
Authors: Frost Martyn , Reed Penelope , Baxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this book concentrates on the practitioner avoiding a negligence claim. However, the fact of the matter is that negligence actions still abound and while the last few years have seen fewer cases in this area, particularly White v Jones cases, that is not because claims are not made, but because there have been fewer points of principle to fight over.