bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Computational Problems Associated with Horizontal Gene Transfer
Authors: Syvanen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been over 30 years since the suggestion that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) may have been a factor in the evolution of life entered the literature. Initially these speculations were based on discoveries made in medical microbiology, namely, that genes for resistance to antibiotics were found to move from one bacterial pathogen to another. This discovery was so unexpected and contrary to accepted genetic principles that though it was announced in Japan in 1959 [1,2], it was not generally recognized in the West for another decade. Speculations that HGT may have been a bigger factor in the evolution of life was inviting because it offered broad explanations for a variety of biological phenomena that have interested and puzzled biologists for over the last century and a half. These were problems that had been raised by botanists who have puzzled over the evolution of green plants [3] as well as by paleontologists who recorded macroevolutionary trends [4] in the fossil record that were often difficult to reconcile with the New Synthesis that merged Darwin’s thinking with Mendelian genetics. However, outside of the field of bacteriology this exercise did not really attract that much attention until the late 1990s, at which time there was a major influx of data indicating that HGT had been very pervasive in early life. Namely, complete genome sequences began to appear. Simple examination of these sequences showed beyond any doubt that horizontal gene transfer was indeed a major factor in the evolution of modern bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic genomes.
The Road TO Monticello
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sheer variety of Jefferson’s many pursuitshes was an inventor, horticulturist, statesman, architect, and philosopher, among many other things-almost mask the singularity of his genius. But there is little doubt that our third president was also one of America’s greatest intellectuals. This superb new biography focuses on Jefferson’s intellectual and literary life. It follows Jefferson’s education from adolescence to adulthood, examines his interests, and gives new interpretations of his writings. Early writings, including A Summary View of the Rights of British America, the Declaration of Independence, and Notes on the State of Virginia are analyzed in depth. Hayes also provides substantial coverage of Jefferson’s professional, social, and literary activities in Paris and his travels through Europe. He devotes a CHAPTER to the time he served as secretary of state and his publication, The Anas, an extraordinary behind-the-scenes look at George Washington’s presidency. His tenure as vice-president and president is considered in light of the ideas and relationships that were most salient for him during those crucial years. Separate CHAPTER s treat his correspondence with John Adams, the formation of the Library of Congress and his retirement library, The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth, The Autobiography, and the founding of the University of Virginia. Overall, the biography offers an intimate portrait of the life of the mind that Jefferson cultivated and dreamed of one day developing to its full potential while in retirement at Monticello.
Molecular Targets of Botanicals Used for Chemoprevention
Authors: cuendet Muriel , Pezzuto john m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of many diseases is dependent on natural products, and this is especially true for the treatment of cancer. Chemoprevention is the use of synthetic or natural agents to inhibit, retard, or reverse carcinogenesis, or prevent the development of invasive cancer. Dietary consumption of foods and herbal medicines is a convenient method of administrating potentially beneficial phytochemicals in a cost-effective manner.
Traditional and Modern Chinese Medicine
Authors: Zhang Qing Cai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chinese Medicine (CM), cancer is seen as a local manifestation of an underlying constitutional disease. Therefore, CM focuses on whole-body treatment, addressing the far-reaching effects of cancer which the localized treatment of Western Medicine (WM) can underestimate. The Chinese concept of cancer is a weakening of resistance in the body while the oncogenic factor grows. Therefore, treatment focuses on strengthening the body’s resistance, rather than directly attacking the disease, which might also weaken the body as a whole. CM treatment aims to regulate body functions to maximize immunity, and mitigate the side effects, attenuate toxicity, and enhance the therapeutic effects of WM treatments.
Homeopathy for Primary and Adjunctive Cancer Therapy*
Authors: Ullman Dana , Oberbaum Menachem , Bell, Iris , Singer Shepherd Roee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homeopathy is a medical specialty that recognizes symptoms as adaptive responses of the organism to endogenous and exogenous factors. This system of medicine utilizes drugs that have undergone a specific pharmaceutical process of serial dilution with vigorous shaking, which homeopaths have found stimulates the healing process. Each drug is selected according to the “law of similars,” with the intention of initiating a healing process by stimulating the body’s own adaptive capacities.
Prostate Cancer: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Moyad Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of death in men in the developed world. In general, what is heart healthy is also good for the prostate! Fitness and overall health should be emphasized first, and not weight loss, by encouraging patients to get approximately 30 minutes of physical activity a day and to lift weights or perform resistance exercises several times a week. Aerobic and resistance exercise should be emphasized equally, not one more than the other.
Alternative Therapies as Primary Treatments for Cancer
Authors: Sagar Stephen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alternative therapies for cancer are typically promoted as viable treatment options, that is, alternatives to so-called mainstream therapies such as chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Alternative therapies are unproved, rarely based on credible scientific rationale, and potentially harmful, especially when patients are led away from effective, proven therapies by the lure of false promises and an emphasis on a lack of adverse side effects as compared with conventional therapies. Proponents of alternative therapies that are alleged to cure cancer often propose ad hoc quasi-scientific interventions— heavily marketed with scanty evidence based on a combination of simple and untrue logic, together with a series of misleading testimonials.
CAM and Cancer Research Methodology
Authors: fønnebø Vinjar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When researching complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and cancer researchers need to realize that patients are well aware of the limitations of CAM treatment with regard to prolonged overall survival and reduction of tumor size. The difference in preresearch patient experience between conventional medicine and CAM precludes a direct replication of the conventional research approach to the CAM field. Research in CAM and cancer should lead to results ensuring that the treatments patients seek are safe, document what packages of care are most beneficial, and double-check claims of e’cacy of products and procedures that are intended for general and wide- spread use among cancer patients.
At the mercy of chance?
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry Charles Fleeming Jenkin, once professor of engineering at the University of Glasgow, is best remembered for his work with Lord Kelvin in laying the transatlantic cable. He probably never knew of the great compliment Darwin paid him in 1869, in a letter to Hooker, in which Darwin reflected on the review that Fleeming Jenkin had published two years earlier. “Fleeming Jenkin,” Darwin wrote, “has given me much trouble, but has been of more use to me than any other essay or review.”53 The trouble concerned natural selection, for Fleeming Jenkin’s analysis suggested that the accumulation of small variations under selection could not produce the effects Darwin had claimed.
The Ethics of Surgical Practice
Authors: Jones James W , McCullough Laurence B , Richman Bruce W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgical ethics is the application of ethics to issues specific to surgery. This volume provides a collection of clinical case studies representing a wide range of the ethical issues surgeons confront today. It is an excellent text for teaching surgical ethics to surgical residents and medical students and a fascinating read for practicing surgeons. It is intended to engage the reader into participating in evidence-based ethical conflicts. The authors escort us through 71 brief, realistic, and ethically complex problems, offering a series of five possible resolutions to each and guiding us through the relative benefits and weaknesses of the options until a best ethical choice is defended. The volume includes sections on Consent and Disclosure, Self-Regulation, Research and Innovation, Conflicts of Interest, Business Dealings, and End of Life Issues, each with a brief introduction by the authors.
Moral Responsibility and Determinism:The Cognitive Science of Folk Intuitions
Authors: Nichols Shaun , Knobe Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dispute between compatibilists and incompatibilists must be one of the most persistent and heated deadlocks in Western philosophy. Incompatibilists maintain that people are not fully morally responsible if determinism is true, that is, if every event is an inevitable consequence of the prior conditions and the natural laws. By contrast, compatibilists maintain that even if determinism is true, our moral responsibility is not undermined in the slightest, for determinism and moral responsibility are perfectly consistent.
Intentional Action:Two-and-a-Half Folk Concepts?
Authors: Cushman Fiery , Mele Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the criteria people use when they judge that other people did something intentionally? This question has motivated a large and growing literature both in philosophy and in psychology. It has become a topic of particular concern to the nascent field of experimental philosophy, which uses empirical techniques to understand folk concepts. We present new data that hint at some of the underlying psychological complexities of folk ascriptions of intentional action and at distinctions both between diverse concepts and between associated mechanisms.
Experimental Philosophy and Philosophical Intuition
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our topic is experimental philosophy as a naturalistic movement and its bearing on the value of intuitions in philosophy. I explore first how the movement might bear on philosophy more generally and how it might amount to something novel and promising. Then I turn to one accomplishment repeatedly claimed for it already: namely, the discrediting of armchair intuitions as used in philosophy.
So You Want To Be A Scientist?
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So You Want to Be a Scientist offers readers a glimpse into the “job” of being a research scientist. It is not intended to be a step-by-step “how to” book. Rather, it is intended to fill a hole in the education of most would-be scientists, addressing explicitly many issues that are rarely addressed directly in training programs. Starting with thoughts about how to decide whether you’d want to pursue such a career (and if so, how to get started), the book works through some of the obvious topics relevant to a research profession (e.g. how to write a paper, give a talk, construct a grant proposal). It also examines less obvious, but equally important topics that are generally incorporated into a research education only by trial and error-e.g., “thinking” like a scientist, negotiating scientific politics, dealing with research ethics, and understanding social interactions. Chapters on the challenges and rewards of a career in research science include reflections on science as art and on the social responsibilities of scientists in the modern world. The book is not designed to convince the reader one way or another about a career as a research scientist. Rather, it provides information and insights, based on the author’s long career in the laboratory and his rich experience with trainees, that will help the young scientist make better decisions and choices. It may also be useful to teachers, counselors, and parents for a realistic look at the demands and requirements for success in a research career.
Joseph Babinski
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The life and work of Joseph Babinski (1857-1932) has been revisited by two French physicians whose enthusiasm for the subject is reflected in the depth and breadth of documentary sources. From Babinski's Polish roots, his father (an intrepid revolutionist, his brother(the gold miner and famous gastronome Ali-Bab to the Babinski circle, his friends, his colleagues and his disciples, the reader will find a refreshing perspective on a particularly fascinating period in French medicine. His scientific contribution is analyzed in detail, with for the first time a complete bibliography of his publications. These includes not only the Babinski Sign, but also the earlier and heretofore less-known concerning pathological anatomy and histology, the papers on cutaneous and tendinous reflexes, cerebellar and vestibular semeiology, hysteria and pithiatism, localization of spinal cord compression s and the birth of French neurosurgery.
Social Justice and Public Health
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of social justice that we have thus far presented is not designed to focus solely on one aspect of human welfare, public policy, or social organization. Quite the opposite. We have built our account around six distinct dimensions of well-being, each of which illuminates a uniquely salient moral consideration. Although distinct, these different dimensions often have common social determinants and are frequently intertwined in complex webs of disadvantage and privilege. Our theory thus emphasizes the importance of keeping all the dimensions in view when evaluating the justice of social organizations and public policies. Although health figures prominently in our theory as one of these six dimensions, it is no more or less important than the others. At the same time, as we noted in chapter 1, we came to develop our theory out of an original concern with questions of justice in public health and health policy, questions which have never quite left us. Accordingly, we turn now to some of the health-specific implications of our theory. In this chapter, our focus is on the social institution of public health. In chapter 5, we examine the implications of our account for a central issue in health policy and public health: how justly to organize and finance medical care services. In chapters 6 and 7 we examine the ways our theory informs the problem of how to justly set priorities among competing public health programs and health care policies.
Epilogue
Authors: Laureno Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Raymond Adams’health progressively declined during the months after his ninety-seventh birthday. Worsened anemia required transfusion. Eventually, he spent most of his days bedridden. Finally, a hospital bed was needed. He spent his last night in his home. On October 18, 2008 he was in duress. The ambulance attendants would not take him to the distant Massachusetts General Hospital. He died with congestive heart failure not long after arriving at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. He was buried next to the grave of his wife, Maria.
A Pediatric Perspective on Nutritional Therapeutics
Authors: Kligler Benjamin , Scott Emilie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For infants, the nutrition literature supports that breastfeeding is best; and that waiting until 6 months of age to introduce solids, reduces likelihood of food allergies and atopic conditions. Fish oil (specically DHA/EPA) supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding has a positive impact on cognitive development.
Changing Race, Changing Sex: The Ethics of Self-Transformation
Authors: Heyes Cressida J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analogical Minefields: What Is Changing Sex Like? First published in 2006, “Changing Race, Changing Sex” was one of those articles that comes out of the backchat at conferences and in bars. It was a response to a tendency among feminists who are relatively far from trans politics to wonder why people don’t change race, how feminists should respond if they did, and whether this (putatively critical) response could be transposed to the much more well-trodden ground of changing sex. At a time when “transgender” is a ubiquitous term of art within feminist theory, the analogy can function as a Trojan horse for skepticism about transsexuality: rather than risking censure by arguing outright that sex change is politically regressive, critics would rather imply this by asking, rhetorically, “Well, what would you say to a transracial?” A lot of this wondering never seemed very well grounded to me: people do “change race,” even if they don’t have a psychiatric diagnosis to explain it. I don’t exactly know the best response as a feminist to such changes—real or imagined—and I’m not sure one response would cover all eventualities. Most of all, the idea that sex and race necessarily function in the same illdefined constructionist way does a great disservice to the long and complex histories of the categories as we have inherited them. The article, then, tries to flesh out these intuitions in a philosophical voice, showing that race and sex yield different possibilities that we all negotiate but none of us can dictate.
The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consensus that there is (at least) a right to a decent minimum of health care pervades recent policy debates and much of the philosophical literature on health care. Disagreement centers on two issues: Is there a more extensive right than the right to a decent minimum of health care? What is included in the decent minimum to which there is a right?
Sir Thomas Wyatt and the Essex Rebellion
Authors: Gasper Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No Elizabethan history play deals with subject-matter more recent or more dangerous than The Famovs History of Sir Thomas Wyat, which was printed in 1607 and, according to its title-page, was ‘Written by Thomas Dickers, and John Webster’. Both its overt and covert subjects, the Wyatt rebellion of 1554 and the Essex rebellion, were highly sensitive political issues. It comes closer than any other Elizabethan play, even the censored and abandoned Sir Thomas More, to representing the reigning monarch on the stage, and it includes an insurrection of a far more serious nature than the one that offended the censor of Sir Thomas More.
The Literary Genres of Edmund Burke
Authors: Bruyn Frans De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Literary Genres of Edmund Burke brings a literary perspective to bear upon Edmund Burke's political writings. Burke understood himself to be a `literary' writer, a claim that held a much greater cultural and political significance in his time than it does in our own. This study recontextualizes Burke's writings by exploring what the eighteenth century understood by the term `literature' and by demonstrating how thoroughly he relies on the dominant literary discourses of his time, especially the satire and georgic/didactic modes, in composing his speeches and polemics. From his debt to the Scriblerian satire of Pope and swift to his extensive use of the theatrical metaphor and his forays into the fields of gothic romance, tragedy, and epic, De Bruyn argues that the literary forms Burke uses are instrinsic and indispensable elements in the meanings of his texts, both for himself and for his audience.
The Heritage Film, British Cinema, and the National past: Comin ‘ Thro ‘ The Rye
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key strategies adopted in the bid to construct a national cinema in Britain has been the exploitation of what we may, following Charles Barr, call the heritage film—that is to say, a genre of film which reinvents and reproduces, and in some cases simply invents, a national heritage for the screen. In the discourse which confirms and celebrates these films, they are constructed as one of the major sites of quality in British cinema. This quality is in part inherited from the already canonic cultural properties adapted for the screen (the novels, stately homes, period costumes, and the like), and in part constructed in the modes of representation adopted for these films.
Richard Verstegan
Authors: Parry Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Richard Verstegan, or as some call him, Richard Rowlands, a great reviver of our English antiquities, and a most admirable Critick in the Saxon and Gothick languages, ought with due ceremony to crave a place among these writers ... because he is litle remarked among authors. ‘1 So wrote Anthony Wood in his account of Oxford authors, and the obscurity of which he complained in the late seventeenth century has intensified since, so that Verstegan is today almost totally forgotten; yet in his time he was a most innovative antiquary, albeit an unexpected one. The book for which he deserves to be remembered, A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities (1605), came from a man whose concerns had previously been almost entirely religious, for he was a recusant and in many ways an outsider to English society. Some biographical details are helpful to explain his unusual situation.
Greeks and Romans and the Secret Ballot
Authors: Hall Ursula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
"In 139 BC a tribune Gabinius secured the passage of a plebiscitum which introduced the secret ballot (tabella) into Roman electoral procedure. Further leges tabellariae, in 137, 131, and 107 BC, extended the principle to judicial and legislative assemblies (Cic. Leg. 3. 35 f.). In our own world we assign great importance to the secret ballot as an essential ingredient and guarantee of the free working of a democratic society, especially in electoral processes. Modern scholars have set the Roman legislation in the context of reforming pressures developing at Rome from the mid-second century, and indeed it has been described as ‘a much more genuine popular movement than the Gracchan legislation itself’.
‘Virgins of God’: Variations of Female Ascetic Life
Authors: Elm Susanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 314, just two years after Constantine had accepted Christianity as a religio licita, an official religion, bishops and priests from Galatia, Cappadocia, and Pontus met in Ancyra, today’s Ankara in Turkey, to discuss various practical issues which in the past had caused controversies and required official regulation. As a result of their efforts the Fathers issued several orders or canons, one of which, canon 19, reads as follows:
Poisonous Women and Unnatural History in Roman Culture
Authors: Currie Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an essay about ancient Roman veneficium (‘poisoning’), a practice which subverts any view of the ancient body as a stable locus.Roman venenum (‘poison’) disrupts the relationship between bodies and subjects. It is that which inhabits the body, annihilates the boundaries of the self, and before which subjectivity itself collapses. Venenum spells loss of control over the body and identity.