bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wasps
Authors: MacDowell Douglas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two slaves are on watch in front of a house. The door is barred and nets cover the windows. A man, who turns out to be the master of the house, is sleeping on the flat roof. The slaves, whose names are Xanthias and Sosias, are inclined to doze off, but one wakes the other, and each recounts the dream he has just had. The dreams are comic allegories about Athenian politicians: Kleonymos and Kleon, Theoros and Alkibiades. These political jokes serve to ‘warm up’ the audience before the main story of the play begins, and also imply that political themes will be prominent in it. Soon Xanthias turns and speaks directly to the audience to explain the situation.
Frogs
Authors: MacDowell Douglas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euripides died in 406 BC, and in Frogs, performed at the Lenaia in 40 5, Dionysos, the god of drama, has come to the conclusion that there are no good tragedians left alive. So he decides to go down to the underworld and fetch Euripides back. Naturally he has never made the journey to Hades before, and he knows that most people who make it never come back.’ One of the few who have successfully made the return journey is Herakles, who as one of his famous labours stole away Kerberos, the terrible three-headed hound which guarded the entrance to Hades. So Dionysos has disguised himself as Herakles (his own brother, since both are sons of Zeus), and begins the journey by calling at Herakles’ house to ask his advice about the route. With him goes his slave Xanthias, who is riding on a donkey and carrying the luggage.
Women at the Assembly
Authors: MacDowell Douglas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An interval of more than ten years separates Fro9s from Women at the Assembly,, the longest gap among the eleven plays we have. It was one of the hardest and most humiliating periods in the history of Athens. The defeat and loss of the navy; the loss of the Empire and its tribute; the siege and the capitulation to Sparta; the suppression of democracy; the oligarchic regimes of the Thirty and the Ten, followed by counter-revolution and the restoration of democracy, with the executions, exiles, and recriminations that these changes involved: all these events must have had a devastating effect, both materially and psychologically, even on ordinary Athenians who took little part in politics. Then came a slow recovery, with the rebuilding of the town walls and the navy; but from 395 onwards Athens became embroiled in hostilities with Sparta once again, as an ally of Thebes in the Corinthian War.
Wealth
Authors: MacDowell Douglas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wealth was first performed in 408 BC. Twenty years later Aristophanes revised it, and it was performed again in 388. A scholiast, who annotated the version which we have, believed that this was the earlier one. At 1 1 5 and 1 1 9 he comments that these two lines are changed ‘in the second’, and he quotes the other version of 1 1 5, which is a rewording giving the same sense. This shows that he had both versions in front of him when he was writing his note. It also shows that the two versions were very similar, at least in this part of the play; for he was able to identify which line in one version corresponded to which line in the other, and noticed that there was a change of wording without a change of sense. But further on, at 173 and 11 46, he is puzzled by references to events which occurred later than 40 8 B c , and suggests that these two lines have been erroneously transferred from the second version; yet it appears that he did not bother to check the other version to see whether these lines were in it too, or perhaps for some reason the other version was no longer available to him when he came to write these notes. In fact he has missed the obvious explanation, that the version on which he is commenting, and which we have, is in fact the revised version of 388. This is confirmed by other topical references which we can date but the scholiast probably could not, especially in a passage where Karion (addressing Khremylos) and Khremylos (addressing Wealth himself) are listing the advantages that Wealth confers.
France Since the Popular Front
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this new edition, Professor Larkin extends his analysis of French history since the Depression to 1996. He examines the factors that have shaped the evolution of French social, economic, and political life, from the short-lived ministries of the Third and Fourth Republics to the greater stability of the Fifth Republic. In addition to his lively portrayals of the principal figures and events of the period, Professor Larkin puts France in its broad international context, comparing the country's economic performance and social record with those of its European neighbours. `The first textbook to cover its period in one volume...An enormous amount of material is presented with clarity and elegance...a volume which cannot fail to become a standard textbook.' English Historical Review 'a superb contribution to the literature on contemporary France' Journal of Social History 'A remarkable achievement based on massive research and usefully illustrated with tables and other statistical details...This will undoubtedly become an important reference for all those working in the field...' Modern and Contemporary France 'lively and often amusing narrative...Larkin's concern is with "the interaction of people, government and material change"...This interaction is set most illuminatingly in its comparative, international context, with much useful statistical data.' Times Higher Educational Supplement
Challenge and Response 1968-1974
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THB events of May 1968 were a legend in their own time. Within months they had engendered a torrent of books, with such titles as French Revolution, chronicling and numbering the days of the opening moves as though they were the start of a new revolutionary calendar. In R. W.Johnson’s words: For many, especially the young, it had indeed been bliss to be alive through that utopian spring. Everything, suddenly, had seemed possible. A handful of laughing radicals had created a sort of joyous anarchy and … the system had trembled … How to be a political leader after May, when all politicians and all authority had been so decisively challenged, so hilariously mocked? How could any mere party programme compare with dream world slogans such as ‘L’imagination au pouvoir’? How could one go back to the mundane tedium of electoral politics?
L’Avant-Fin-de-Siècle
Authors: Larkin Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Things could admittedly be worse. Average household take-home pay had gone up by more than 10 per cent in real terms between 1985 and 1993. But some had done better than others. Disparities between the top and bottom salary brackets had widened by roughly 10 per cent for men, while women were still paid on average 30 per cent less than their male counterparts—not much of an improvement on their 35 per cent shortfall in the early eighties. As in the past, the main obstacles to their achieving greater equality continued to be the smaller range of top jobs open to women—plus the interruptions to their incremental patterns created by maternity, or by following husbands to appointments in other regions. But if disparities in earned income had increased, differences in family savings and property had widened at double the rate-nearly 20 per cent. Moreover the overall total of family savings had dropped by several per cent in the last decade, although it rose anew in the first half of the 1990s.
Expert Discourses and the Governance of Audiences
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1980s a growing body of research has emerged which looks at the way television institutions represent and regulate their audiences (Ang 1991; Hartley 1987; Allor 1988; Ettema and Whitney 1994; Paterson 1987). Most notably, John Hartley, in an early polemical essay, has argued that: Moreover, Hartley has argued that the figure of the ‘child’ has played an important role in the governance of television. Television audiences are, he argues, either addressed as if they were childlike or regulated according to the possibility that children might be watching. Television programmes are thus pitched, not to a lowest common denominator, but to an imagined universal childhood. Such a universal notion of childhood allows audiences, Hartley observes, to attach themselves to a form of address which is seen to pre-exist the sociological differences of class, race, and gender (differences which might lead to a greater segregation of audiences and to a diminishing of audience size): ‘a fictional version of everyone’s supposed childlike tendencies which might be understood as predating such social groupings’ (1987: 130).
Postscript: Production, Markets, and Expertise
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the early 1960s, the child television audience had become a substantial and material entity. It could be invoked as a matter of concern by parents and the press alike; it could be addressed and differentiated by broadcasters; it could be researched and under stood by academics; and it could become an important figure in regulatory and governmental thinking. Moreover, the distribution of responsibility, and the terms and conditions of its thinking and enactment, had been carefully demarcated between parents, broad casters, and government. None of this, however, is to say that the child television audience was not problematic, that it stopped being the site of innovation and change, a site of new questions and solutions, but that the relations and languages of care and responsibility had become congealed in such a way that any innovation necessarily rested and leaned upon the child television audience’s status as already being a recognizable object of concern.
Introduction
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trouble with texts, especially if they are ancient and sacred, is that they can be summoned and assigned meanings to prove or legitimize any cause, theory, or perspective. Interpretative history is littered with such examples. When European colonialism was at its peak, biblical texts were taken out of context to prove biblical sanction for such a venture. Let me extract a gem from colonial history. When, for instance, Britain gradually gained power and expanded its territorial control in the north, south, east, and west, such an expansion was seen as the fulﬁlment of biblical expectation. New Foundland, Britain’s ﬁrst colony in the West, was acquired in 1583. Territorial gains were made in the East in the sixteenth century. The most northerly of Britain’s possessions, Canada, was added in the eighteenth century and its southern dominions—Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa—were colonized in the early nineteenth century. Such a territorial acquisition was perceived by Bernard Bateson as Britain fulﬁlling the prediction of Gen. 28: 14: ‘Thou shalt spread abroad to the west, and to the east, and to the north, and to the south’ (Bateson 1947: 63). What this volume attempts to do is to go beyond such a facile reading of texts and to look deeply at the way colonialism interconnects with texts and interpretation.
Was Jesus God?
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The orderliness of the universe and the existence of human beings already provides some reason for believing that there is a God - as argued in Richard Swinburne's earlier book Is There a God ? Swinburne now claims that it is probable that the main Christian doctrines about the nature of God and his actions in the world are true. In virtue of his omnipotence and perfect goodness, God must be a Trinity, live a human life in order to share our suffering, and found a church which would enable him to tell all humans about this. It is also quite probable that he would provide his human life as an atonement for our wrongdoing, teach us how we should live and tell us his plans for our future after death. Among founders of religions, Jesus satisfies uniquely well the requirement of living the sort of human life which God would need to have lived. But to give us adequate reason to believe that Jesus was God, God would need to put his 'signature' on the life of Jesus by an act which he alone could do, for example raise him from the dead. There is adequate historical evidence that Jesus rose from the dead. The church which he founded gave plausible interpretations of his basic message. Therefore Christian doctrines are probably true.
God Atoned for Our Wrongdoing
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans suffer — and, I claimed in the previous chapter, for that reason God needed to become incarnate, in order to share that suffering. But humans have also greatly wronged God. Wronging God is called ‘sinning ‘. God needed to react to human sin. There is more than one way in which he could do this; but one way in which he could react is by providing atonement for that sin. It is in this way, Christianity claims, that he did react.
Science, Complexity, and the Natures of Existence
Authors: Ellis George F R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at complexity from a functional viewpoint, considers the nature of causation in the light of this discussion, and comments on the view we need to take as to the nature of existence in order to comprehend the existence of emergent structures (including the human mind). I conclude that physics gives a causally incomplete view of the world, and hence does not by itself provide an adequate ground for metaphysical speculations.
Adamgirk ‘ 2
Authors: Stone Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Necessary stories and useful counsels concerning the great first ones, Adam and Eve, spoken in diverse forms in verse by Lord Aṙak’el of Siwnik’, in a suitable measure, for the pleasure of men and the sustenance of minds, revealing hidden secrets concerning the beautiful adornment of the first ones both as prophecies of the holy Mother of God and as praise of the commandment of the Lord and concerning the rib’s mystery998 compared with the cross and the resurrection of Christ. Divided into eight chapters, it contains 320 stanzas.
‘Concerning the First Ones, Adam and His Wife’
Authors: Stone Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being without the quantity, Existence without quality,1149Increate and endless and unbounded, Unity of Three. Paternally begotten Word, Spirit sprung of Father, By person, distinct from one another, but not divided. He created first the bodiless genera, The luminous skies and the angels, on the first day. Again the fourfold elements1150 were distinguished, The watery arch and this earth, on the second day.
Who’s in Charge Round Here?
Authors: Hansell Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Petronas Twin Towers, when erected in Kuala Lumpur in 1998, were—at 452m (1483ft) and eighty—eight stories high—the tallest buildings in the world, and remained so until 2003. The matching towers are shaped a bit like two giant telescopes looking straight into the ground, their diminishing segments ascending skywards. They look futuristic in a slightly old-fashioned way, the slender horizontal skybridge that links them at levels 41 and 42 somehow reinforcing this impression. In spite of their undoubted elegance, they would be comfortable in the cityscape of Fritz Lang’s visionary 1927 film Metropolis.
Beautiful Bowers?
Authors: Hansell Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’ve no hesitation in calling it a work of art, even though it is an illustration in a bird book. The very size of this illustration does, however, suggest that this is a rather special bird book; it is 54cm high and 68cm across, covering a whole double-page spread. It is Plate 8 in Volume 4 of John Gould’s Birds of Australia, published in 1848. It shows a male and female of the spotted bowerbird (Chlamydera maculata) (Figure 8.1).
Ratzinger and Contemporary Theological Circles
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second Vatican Council (196I–1965) is often presented as a historic battle between ‘progressive’ bishops and their theological advisors who wanted to change Catholic teaching to more closely harmonize it with the social movements of the 1960s and ‘conservatives’ who remained wedded to the spirit of the Counter-Reformation era and who, at their most extreme, wanted no engagement at all between the Church and the world beyond her cloisters. According to a popular reading, both Karol Wojtyla (John Paul II) and Joseph Ratzinger (Benedict XVI) started out on the progressive side but had second thoughts after the cultural revolution of the late 1960s. They began bravely but did not have the courage to carry through the progressive agenda. According to this reading, these two pontificates therefore reXect a kind of neo-conservatism in the sense of the bon mot that a neo-conservative is a liberal with a teenage daughter.
Schizophrenia and Related Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘schizophrenia’ refers to a group of clinically highly heterogeneous psychotic disorders characterized by the presence of delusion, hallucinations, thought disturbances, disorganized behaviour, catatonic symptoms, and affective flattening or inappropriate affect. Schizophrenia is associated with marked occupational or social dysfunction. Even though it would be more appropriate to speak of the ‘schizophrenias’ for several reasons, the singular is kept throughout this chapter for convenience.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anxiety disorders share psychological symptoms of subjectively highly distressing and excessive worry, and anticipation of impending danger with the feeling of little chance to escape. At the physiological level, these symptoms are accompanied by tachycardia, hyperventilation, dizziness and nausea, and sweating. Duration and intensity of these symptoms vary greatly between different forms of anxiety disorders, from relatively short periods of time with the greatest intensity in panic disorder (PD), to enduring worrying of minor intensity as in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Moreover, there are differences with regards to the situational circumstances that may elicit symptoms of anxiety. In phobic disorders, the precipitating situational context is part of the definition, whereas in PD and GAD these situations are less well determined or absent.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polis is the ancient Greek word for ‘city’,1 ‘state’2 and the combination of city and state, the ‘city-state’.3 It has often, quite rightly, been said that the polis, as a form of state and society, was the basis of the whole of Greek civilisation; and the implication of that is that one can only understand Greek civilisation if one understands the form of the society the Greeks lived under, i.e. the polis. However, this illuminating truth is, regrettably, seldom followed up by a description of what a polis actually is (or rather was, for the form of city-state culture that dominated Greece in antiquity no longer exists anywhere in the world). We have lacked comprehensive, fundamental studies of the polis both as a concept and as an actual phenomenon: earlier investigations have been subjective, and the examples chosen were mostly taken from sources that dealt with Athens.
Cities, States, City-States and City-State Cultures
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the very long perspective there are three milestones in the history of mankind before the Industrial Revolution: (1) the change from hunting and fishing to agriculture and herding as the most important mode of getting a living, (2) the change from dispersed to nucleated settlement, first in villages and later in true cities, the change in social structure from looser, family-based groups to institutionalised communities with first the tribe and later the state as the dominant political unit. In our part of the world the ‘agrarian revolution’ began c.8000 bc, i.e. in the Neolithic period and in the Near East between Asia Minor and Mesopotamia.
A Sketch of the Thirty-Seven Identified City-State Cultures
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oldest known city-state culture is that of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, with Uruk, Ur and Lagash as three of the bestknown city-states. They were city-states from c.3100 to c.2350 bc, when Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumer. The city-states arose again briefly after the collapse of the Akkadian dynasty c.2150, but the third dynasty of Ur (c.2100–2000) changed the city-states again into provinces within a larger kingdom. When the third dynasty of Ur collapsed, there was yet another city-state period from c.2000 to 1850 bc1 In Syria in the third millennium bc there was a set of citystates, the best known being Ebla. They were destroyed and disappeared c.2300, but turned up again as city-states in the Middle Bronze Age (c.2000–1700) and a third time in the early Iron Age (c.1000).x
The Rise of the Ancient Greek City-State Culture
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern historians are still in conflict over the chronology of the Greek city-states. Can the polis be traced back to the Mycenean Age? Or did it arise in the Geometric period? And if one settles for the latter view, one still has to take a position about whether it began as early as c.900 bc or as late as 700. No consensus has yet been reached as to where and when the earliest poleis are to be found; and there is even less agreement still as to when the later ones died out. In what follows I shall argue for the now widespread opinion that the Greek polis was not destroyed by the Macedonians at the end of the Classical period but continued as the leading form of state and society all through the Hellenistic Age and through most of the Roman Imperial period. The polis died out only in late antiquity after a period of decline of several hundred years: its disappearance was gradual and imperceptible, as had been its arrival on the scene more than 1,000 years earlier.
What is a Polis An Investigation of the Concept of;Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After our detailed investigation of the chronologyof the Greek citystate culture and its expansion, it is time to return to the question: what was a polis? The answer depends on whether the questioner wants to look at the Greek polis with the eyes of a modern historian or to find out what the Greeks themselves thought a polis was.1 I have chosen the second approach. What follows is, therefore, about the Greeks’ understanding of themselves, and in such an investigation the written sources must take centre-stage, and an attempt must be made to analyse the words and concepts that the Greeks used to describe the institution.