bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhythmic organization of the sound of infant crying
Authors: Zeskind Philip Sanford , Parker‐Price Susan , Barr Ronald G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the temporal morphology and rhythmic structure underlying the repeated bursts of expiratory sounds in a sustained bout of crying of twenty‐three 1‐month‐old infants. Durations of expiratory sounds and bursts were determined from a 90‐s bout of naturally occurring cries recorded in the home before feeding. Results indicated wide individual differences in temporal morphology between infants and within infant cry sounds. Binary spectrum analysis of the presence of expiratory sounds in the cry sound detected rhythms in temporal organization at a wide range of dominant frequencies. Spectral complexity (higher numbers of peaks in the power spectrum) was related to a longer time since infants were last fed and shorter expiratory sounds. Results emphasize the importance of viewing cries of young infants as dynamic signals. An ontogenetic history of the rhythms of infant cry sounds may contribute to understanding organismic and environmental experiences which contribute to development. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Responses to ecologically relevant stimuli in the rat fetus: Interactive effects of milk and an artificial nipple
Authors: Smotherman William P. , Arnold H. Moore , Robinson Scott R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStimuli normally encountered during suckling after birth—the nipple and milk—elicit behavioral responses from fat fetuses on E20. A series of experiments demonstrated that milk, unlike other chemosensory stimuli, consistently evoked mouthing activity during the 15 s after presentation. Unlike other perioral tactile stimuli, an artificial nipple evoked mouthing activity and an active oral grasping response during presentation. Prior exposure to milk altered fetal responsiveness to some forms of perioral tactile stimulation, but did not affect grasping of the nipple. In contrast, prior exposure to an artificial nipple increased mouthing activity in response to milk. The nipple and milk exhibit a temporally asymmetric relationship in fetal rats, which lack experience with suckling stimuli. These findings suggest that responsiveness to ecologically relevant stimuli and their temporal presentation develops before birth, and may facilitate functional behavioral responses of the newborn during the first suckling episode. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Beer, breast feeding, and folklore
Authors: Mennella Julie A. , Beauchamp Gary K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBeer consumption by nursing women altered the sensory qualities of their milk and the behavior of their infants during breast‐feeding in the short term. The infants consumed significantly less milk during the 4‐hr testing sessions in which their mothers drank alcoholic beer compared to when the mothers drank nonalcoholic beer; this decrease in milk intake was not due to a decrease in the number of times the babies fed. Although the infants consumed less of the alcohol‐flavored milk, the mothers believed their infants had ingested enough milk, reported that they experienced a letdown during nursing, and felt they had milk remaining in their breasts at the end of the majority of feedings. Moreover, the mothers terminated the feeds the same percentage of time on both testing days. The mechanism by which the consumption of alcoholic beer by lactating women decreases milk intake by their nurslings remains to be determined. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Robustness of individual identity in the cries of human infants
Authors: Gustafson Gwen E. , Green James A. , Cleland Jerry W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the possibility that one function of the human infant's cry is to convey individual identity across distance. Six‐hundred adults, having been exposed to 30 s of an infant's crying, were asked to identify this infant on the basis of other, experimentally altered, cries. The cries were altered naturally by rerecording across distance in the out‐of‐doors, and artificially by bandpass filtering and temporal reorganization. The individuality of cries proved remarkably robust to degradation: Only when frequencies were limited to the range of 8 to 10 kHz was recognition performance significantly impaired. It is argued that the human infant's cry, a complex signal with multiple markers of individuality, may have among its functions the communication of infants' identities across distance.© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of CCK‐8 on ingestive behaviors of suckling and weanling rats
Authors: Lorenz Dennis N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present series of experiments was designed to determine the dose—response characteristics of the cholecystokinin suppression effect on rat pups ingesting through suckling and adult modes. Pups at 10–22 days of age were deprived of their dam and food for 6 hr. At test time, the subjects received intraperitoneal injections or intravenous infusions of CCK‐8 at 2, 4, 8, or 16 μg/kg in saline, or the saline vehicle alone. The pups were permitted to ingest for 30 min immediately after the injection or during the infusion. Ingestion included taking milk from the dam by suckling or feeding from the substrate. Regardless of the route of administration, CCK‐8 elicited a low level of suppression across all doses and all ages when pups ingested within the natural suckling situation. In marked contrast, pups ingesting from the substrate in the adult mode suppressed their intake of bovine light cream or chow pellets in a dose‐related manner following injections of the peptide. The blockade of the CCK dose‐related suppression effect during suckling indicates that a different set of mechanisms governs intake of milk from the mother. The results may be related to the level of arousal required to sustain motivated behaviors while pups engage in the different modes of ingestion.© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ontogeny of context‐specific latent inhibition of conditioned fear: Implications for configural associations theory and hippocampal formation development
Authors: Rudy Jerry W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLatent inhibition of fear conditioning to an auditory cue, as measured by behavioral freezing, was examined in 18‐ and 23‐day‐old rats. In Experiment 1, CS preexposure and conditioning occurred in the same context for some rats but in a different context for other rats, and 24 hr separated CS preexposure and conditioning. The 23‐day‐old rats showed a context‐specific latent inhibition effect, but the 18‐day‐old rats showed no latent inhibition. In Experiment 2, CS preexposure and conditioning occurred in the same trainining session and both 18‐ and 23‐day‐old rats showed latent inhibition. These results were discussed in relation to Wagner's (1976) theory of information processing, hippocampal formation maturation, and function, and Sutherland and Rudy's (1989) configural association theory.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vagal tone during quiet sleep in normal human term fetuses
Authors: Groome Lynn J. , Mooney Donna M. , Bentz Lynn S. , Doug Wilson J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to calculate vagal tone (V) for 17 normal human fetuses in quiet sleep (QS) between 36 and 40 weeks gestation. The fetal cardiac electrical signal was captured transabdominally in 3‐min blocks at a rate of 833 times per second and fetal R‐waves were extracted using adaptive signal processing techniques. Fetal R‐wave interbeat intervals were converted to equally spaced, time‐based data, and the low‐frequency component was removed using a 21‐point third‐order moving polynomial. The parameter V was calculated by taking the natural logarithm of the sum of the power densities between 0.3 Hz and 1.3 Hz. We found that fetal breathing was associated with an approximately 25% increase in V as compared to nonbreathing, 3.33 ± 0.48 versus 2.57 The Official Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology 0.47, p < 0.0001. Furthermore, there was a significant linear relationship between the mean single‐fetus V during spontaneous respiration and the mean single‐fetus V during normally occurring apneic periods, r = 0.772, p < 0.002. We conclude that respiratory activity is associated with a significant increase in vagal tone for normal human fetuses in QS.©1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the importance of evolution to developmental psychobiology
Authors: Hill Wendy L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe termdevelpomental psychobiologyimplies an integration between psychology and biology. But what segment of biology does the discipline embrace? The present commentary asserts that developmental psychobiology devotes too much attention to structural biology, with its emphasis on proximate mechanisms, and fails to give enough prominence to evolutionary biology and ultimate perspectives. I have attempted to portray the significance of evolution to developmental psychobiology and to elaborate on how developmental psychobiology might contribute to refinements in evolutionary theory, especially recent modifications that advocate a greater role for developmental processes. Methodological suggestions are offered, which would broaden developmental psychobiology's perspective so that a more comprehensive analysis of behavioral development results. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Salivary cortisol in nursery‐reared rhesus monkeys: Reactivity to peer interactions and altered circadian activity
Authors: Thomas Boyce W. , Champoux Maribeth , Suomi Stephen J. , Gunnar Megan R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive nursery‐reared rhesus (Macaca mulatta) infants were studied on 8 consecutive days over a period of 2 weeks when they ranged from 4 to 5.5 months. Saliva cortisol samples were obtained by giving each animal, while in its individual home cage, a 6‐in. cotton dental roll pretreated with sugared fruit‐drink crystals and dried. Subjects were allowed to mouth the cotton roll for 10 min during each collection period. Saliva was then expressed from the cotton and analyzed by radioimmune assay. Samples were collected at 0830, 1100, 1400, and 1630 hr on each of the 8 days. On four of the days, 2‐hr peer socialization sessions were imposed between 1200 and 1400 hr. Significant time‐of‐day effects were obtained. Values tended to be low at 0830 hr, rising significantly to peak levels at 1100 hr, and then declining over the 1400‐hr and 1630‐hr sampling periods. All 4 subjects with sufficient samples had higher average cortisol concentrations when the 1400‐hr sampling followed peer‐socialization sessions, compared to no‐socialization days. This difference was only marginally significant by paired t test, however. These results (a) support the feasibility of using noninvasive salivary sampling procedures with infant monkeys, and (b) indicate that salivary cortisol measures are sensitive to daily rhythms. Unexpectedly, the results also raise the possibility that nursery‐reared infant rhesus macaques may be phase‐delayed in their HPA rhythm, with the morning peak occurring several hours after rather than in the hour before lights‐on and the morning feeding. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The inhibition of automatic saccades in early infancy
Authors: Johnson Mark H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdult patients with damage centered around the frontal eye fields are severely impaired in the ability to suppress unwanted automatic saccades and in the ability to make volitional eye movements. Over the first few weeks of life most saccades generated by infants appear to be automatic, and are triggered in response to exogenous factors. In the first experiment, the ability of 4‐month‐old infants to inhibit automatic saccades was studied by exposing them to a series of trials in which a peripheral cue stimulus predicted the location (opposite) in which a colorful, dynamic target stimulus appeared. The results indicate that 4‐month‐old infants are able to learn to inhibit automatic saccades to a peripheral stimulus, implying maturation of the frontal eye fields by this age. The results of Experiment 2, in which there was no contingent relationship between the cue and target, indicated that the decline in orienting to the cue observed in the first experiment was not due to differential habituation to the less‐complex stimulus. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prenatal stress alters immune function in the offspring of rats
Authors: Klein Sabra L. , Rager Dawn R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant rats were either exposed to restraint under bright lights for 45 min three times daily (n = 7) or were left undisturbed (n = 8) during Days 14–21 of gestation. Offspring were tested for cellular immune responses as measured by Concanavalin A‐stimulated proliferation and Natural Killer (NK) cytotoxicity of splenocytes as juveniles or adults, or were tested for specific humoral immune responses to in vivo challenge with the antigen Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) as adults. Results indicated that: (a) Proliferation did not vary as a function of sex or prenatal treatment in either juvenile or adult offspring; (b) in juveniles NK cytotoxicity was marginally lower in males as compared to females, and was also marginally reduced by prenatal stress in males but not females, whereas in adults, NK cytotoxicity was marginally enhanced by prenatal stress in both sexes; and (c) prenatally stressed offspring of both sexes had higher levels of anti‐KLH antibodies as compared to controls. © 1995 Johnv Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the relative importance of core and valence shell representations in the calculation of conformational energies using small Gaussian basis sets
Authors: Mezey Paul G. , Rao Ch. V. S. Ramachandra 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral “core‐deficient” small Gaussian basis sets were constructed and analyzed in terms of the balance requirements of functions that contribute predominantly to the core. Variations in the conformational energy barriers and geometrical parameters for ammonia and ethane, calculated with these basis sets, were analyzed with a gradient technique. A scheme for the reduction of the size of molecular basis sets is proposed.
A note on density matrix extrapolation and multiple solutions of the unrestricted Hartree–Fock equations
Authors: Mezey P. G. , Strausz O. P. , Gosavi R. K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUnrestricted Hartree–Fock (UHF) SCF–MO calculations on the doublet reaction surface for the addition of methylidyne (CH) to ethylene (C2H4) using the standard extrapolation techniques of the GAUSSIAN 70 program show erratic behavior. On the other hand, the potential energy surface calculated without extrapolation of the density matrix and by using the final density matrix of a neighboring point as the initial guess for the density matrix for the new point gave a smooth potential curve without any kinks or erratic pattern. Therefore, the density extrapolation technique should be used with particular caution in UHF calculations.
A systematic preparation of new contracted Gaussian‐type orbital sets. III. Second‐row atoms from Li through ne
Authors: Tatewaki Hiroshi , Huzinaga Sigeru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour minimal Gaussian basis sets are generated for the second‐row atoms Li through Ne. The first one, MINI‐1, consists of a 3‐term contraction of primitive Gaussian‐type orbitals for 1s, 2s, and 2p atomic orbitals. The convenient shorthand notation would be (3,3) for LiBe and (3,3/3) for BNe. The second one, MINI‐2, can be represented by (3,3/4) for BNe. In the same way, MINI‐3 is described as (4,3) for LiBe, and MINI‐3 and MINI‐4 are represented by (4,3/3) and (4,3/4) for BNe, respectively. Although the four basis sets are the minimal type, they give the valence shell orbital energies which are close to those of DZ. These four and other sets derived from them are tested for the hetero‐ and homodiatomic molecules and some organic molecules. They are found to give the orbital energies that agree well with those given by extended calculations. Atomization energies and other spectroscopic constants are also calculated and compared with those of extended calculations. The results clearly indicate that the present basis sets can be used very effectively in the molecular calculations.
The electronic structure and optical activity of conjugated dienes: 1,3‐Butadiene and α‐ and β‐phellandrene
Authors: Rauk Arvi , Peoples H. Allan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe optical activity of conjugated dienes is investigated by means of ab initio SCF–CI calculations. The computed electronic spectrum of trans‐1,3‐butadiene is shown to be in good agreement with the results of more rigorous calculations of the valence transitions and in satisfactory agreement with experiment. The optical rotatory strengths of the lower electronic transitions of twisted 1,3‐butadiene as a function of dihedral angle are presented and simulated CD spectra are produced. The N → V1 (π2 → π3*) transition is predicted to have a positive rotational strength for all dihedral angles that correspond to a right‐handed twist of the chromophore, in accord with the empirically deduced “diene rule” although for a twist angle of 60°, the rotatory strength is calculated to be almost zero. The role of the orientation of allylic bonds is investigated in the model system 1‐butene in which the rotational strength of the π → π* transition as a function of rotation about the 2,3 bond is determined. The effect of allylic bond disposition in dienes on the optical activity of the long‐wavelength π2 → π3* transition is simulated by use of the exciton coupling model of Harada and Nakanishi in which two 1‐butene molecules with suitable geometries are coupled via interactions of the electric dipole transition moments of their π → π* transitions. The model systems 1,3‐butadiene and 1‐butene are used to rationalize the apparently anomalous optical activity of (−)‐α‐phellandrene and (−)‐β‐phellandrene, both of which should have a diene chromophore with a right‐handed twist in their most stable conformers and so should be dextrorotatory. The experimental CD spectrum of α‐phellandrene is determined at several temperatures down to −180°C. The observed variation of the apparent rotational strength of the N → V1 transition is in good agreement with that predicted by use of the exciton coupling model.
Ab initio calculations of the rotational potential functions for propylamine and ethylmethylamine
Authors: Allinger Norman L. , Burkert Ulrich , Profeta Salvatore 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalculations at the STO‐3G and 4–31G levels have been carried out on propylamine and ethylmethylamine, using geometries determined by molecular mechanics by allowing complete molecular relaxation in all degrees of freedom except for torsion about the central bond, and at 30° increments for the latter. It was found that a butanelike potential exists in each case. From 0° (cis) to 360° in order, the 4–31G values for the energy extrema are 5.92, 0.12, 3.88, 0.00, 3.94, and 0.51 kcal/mole for propylamine (with the nitrogen lone pair gauche to carbon), and 7.06, 1.45, 3.44, 0.0, 2.87, and 1.44 kcal/mole for ethylmethylamine.
An ab initio study of the geometry and energy of six planar conformers of β‐hydroxyacrolein
Authors: George Phillip , Bock Charles W. , Trachtman Mendel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAb initio calculations with full geometry optimization have been carried out on the planar cCc, cTc, tTc, tCt, tTt, and cCt conformers of β‐hydroxyacrolein using the 4‐21G basis set, and on the cCc and cCt conformers using the 4‐31G basis set. The hydrogen‐bonded cCc conformer is the most stable and the cCt conformer the least stable, with the other conformers following the above sequence. β‐Hydroxy substitution has scarcely any influence on the geometry of the trans‐acrolein structure, whereas the geometry of the cis‐acrolein structure shows significant changes which depend on whether the OH group is cis or trans with respect to the CHO group about the CC bond. The ΔET values for cis → trans isomerization about the CC bond in cCt and cTc support the hypothesis that these changes in geometry are the result of a destabilizing interaction in cCt and a stabilizing interaction in cTc. The geometry of the hydrogen‐bonded structure cCc sets it apart from all the other conformers: it has by far the longest CC, the longest CO, the longest OH, the shortest CC, and the shortest CO. Its formation from cCt involves a lengthening of CC, CO, and OH and a shortening of CC and CO, indicating a delocalization of charge within the ring. 4‐21G calculations have also been made for a distorted cCt structure that has the same bond lengths and angles as the equilibrium cCc structure, and the distortion energy, cCt (equm. geom.) → cCt (distorted geom.), is found to be +13.1 kJ mole−1. Taking the energy of this distorted cCt structure as the baseline, the hydrogen‐bonding energy in cCc is found to be —80.3 kJ mole−1.
Random walks and their diagnostic value for characterization of atomic environment
Authors: Randić Milan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA characterization of atomic environments based on counting random walks in a molecular skeleton is outlined. To each atom in a molecule a sequence of integers w1, w2, w3,…, wn is assigned, where wi represents the number of self‐returning walks of length k, the length being defined by the number of bonds traversed. Properties of the derived atom codes are discussed. The codes display an impressive diversity and are superior to atomic codes based on enumeration of self‐avoiding walks (or paths) in discriminating atomic environments. In certain cases the codes of individual atoms are not unique and the same codes appear in different molecules or even within the same molecule. The occurrence of the nonunique codes can be related to special structural situations, associated with the occurrence of isospectral graphs. These isospectral graphs which have atoms with identical codes can generate additional isospectral structures by attaching any arbitrary group to such points. If nonequivalent atoms of a single molecule have identical random walk codes, substitution at the singular points alternatively will produce isospectral graphs. Examples of such situations are given.
Quantum chemical investigations of charge transfer interactions in relation to the electronic theory of cancer. IV. The interaction of formamide and the enol tautomers of several glyoxals
Authors: Ball John R. , Thomson Colin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe results of ab initio “supermolecule” calculations of the charge transfer between formamide and the enol forms of methylglyoxal, ethylglyoxal, dimethylglyoxal, and propenylglyoxal are compared for several different conformations of the constituent molecules. The enols were found to be poorer electron acceptors than their respective keto isomers.