bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process Charts: First Steps in Finding the One Best Way to Do Work
Authors: Gilbreth Frank B. , Gilbreth L. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The process chart is a device for visualizing a process as a means of improving it. Every detail of a process is more or less affected by every other detail; therefore the entire process must be presented in such form that it can be visualized all at once before any changes are made in any of its subdivisions. In any subdivision of the process under examination, any changes made without due consideration of all the decisions and all the motions that precede and follow that subdivision will often be found unsuited to the ultimate plan of operation.
In the present paper the authors point out the place of the process chart in management and present established working data used successfully in numerous working installations for many years. They also point out its simplicity, field of application, its relation to standardization, etc., etc.
While the process-chart methods will be helpful in any kind of work and under all forms of management, the best results can come, the authors state, only where there is a mechanism of management that will enforce and make repetitive the conditions of the standards.
Centrifugal Casting
Authors: Cammen Leon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper describes the process of centrifugal casting of hollow metal objects. The author first takes up the field of centrifugal casting and the history of the development of the art, which he follows by a discussion of the mechanics of the problem and a description of the operation of the casting machine. He then takes up the thermal conditions in the mold and the field of application of hot-mold centrifugal casting, and closes with a discussion of the manufacture of plates by the centrifugal casting process.
In appendices to the paper are given a bibliography of the subject, a list of patents, some of the mathematics covering the cases of casting about a vertical and about a horizontal axis, and the forces acting on the liquid metal in the direction of the axis of the mold, a discussion of temperature control in the casting and in the mold, and an analysis of the stresses in the mold.
A New System of Helical Involute Gearing for Use on Metal Planers
Authors: Cardullo Forrest E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author gives particulars of a system of helical gearing designed by him for use on metal planers, in which the directions of rotation and the helical angles of the several gears are so chosen as to counterbalance and minimize end thrust, advantage being taken at the same time of the end thrust to counterbalance the side thrust of the cutting tools. The tooth form adopted is an involute having a 14½-deg. pressure angle, a pinion addendum of 3/2 p in. and a pinion dedendum of 1/2 p in., p being of normal diametral pitch. The advantages of this form of tooth for the work in question are enumerated at length and dimensions of a pinion, gear and rack designed according to the principles set forth in the paper are given in tabular form.
Overfeed Stokers of the Inclined Type
Authors: Bouton Geo. I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the development and present construction, and method of operation, of the front- and side-feed types of inclined overfeed stokers. Three side-feed stokers are described, with an illustration of a Dutch-oven type of setting. It is stated that 200 per cent of boiler rating can be obtained with 0.3 in. to 0.5 in. draft loss through the fuel bed, and that when forced draft is applied, it should be done with proper regard to air circulation and the maintenance of suction above the fire. Three front-feed stokers are also described, with an illustration of a setting with ignition arch, and an explanation of combustion control by varying the stroke of the coal pusher and the angle of rotation of the bars. The effect of the flux content of ash in determining the fusion temperature is also discussed.
Modern Hydraulic Turbines of Large Capacity
Authors: Acres H. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Modern super-turbine practice presents the problems of controlling high static pressures, of controlling and utilizing the flow characteristics in long pipe lines, and of controlling a highly energized water column and handling the heavy revolving weights of generator and turbine. The author outlines the general specifications for apparatus to accomplish these objects, and shows how the development of the Johnson automatic plunger valve, the Johnson differential surge tank, and the Kingsbury thrust bearing have successfully solved the problem and made the modern turbine possible. Other refinements in design which have had a notable influence on turbine development are improvements in turbine governors, experimental work on draft tubes, methods of preventing leakage, and the Taylor sectional scroll case. Pitting and corrosion of runners can now be avoided by the adoption of a conservative specific speed.
The improvement in efficiency of turbines is exemplified by the 55,000-hp. units of the Queenston plant of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario. These have a maximum efficiency of 93.5 per cent, an efficiency at the point of maximum discharge of 88 per cent, and a capacity range of 37,000 to 60,000 hp. at efficiencies of 92 per cent or over.
New developments in test methods include the Gibson process of determining the rate of flow in long closed pressure conduits, and the Allen “salt velocity” method of determining flow, which is especially applicable to short conduits of non-uniform section. The Gibson method is more accurate and precise than the electrical measurements used in conjunction with it.
Boiler–Plant Economics
Authors: Funk N. E. , Ralston Farley C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Noting the lack of adequate mathematical treatment in the literature on the subject, the authors have applied themselves to the determination of a rational formula for expressing boiler-plant performance. The paper shows how this formula may be applied, and also discusses the question of operating at minimum cost. The authors believe that with the analysis which they present considerably more rational practice can be followed, both in the matter of daily operation of existing boiler plants and in the design of new plants.
Performance of Centrifugal Fans for Electrical Machinery
Authors: Fechheimer Carl J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The ordinary commercial centrifugal fan is provided with a stationary collecting device, generally a volute, which usually improves the performance materially. In the fans used for cooling electrical machinery, however, such collecting devices cannot be readily applied and the revolving impeller therefore forms the sole means for developing the pressure needed to drive the air through the vent ducts. The present paper gives results of an extended series of tests recently made to determine the performance of centrifugal fans without collecting devices, and to obtain sufficient data to enable designers to select types of fans intelligently and to predict their performance.
A Review of Steam-Turbine Development
Authors: Dahlstrand Hans 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper is chiefly concerned with the effects which the use of steam at higher pressures and temperatures has had upon the efficiencies of steam turbines and upon the materials used in the construction of their parts. The use of high-back-pressure steam turbines, to be installed in connection with boilers of higher pressure in such a way as to exhaust into the steam mains and turbines of existing plants, is carefully analyzed for units of 10,000- and 30,000-kw. capacity, and the effects on the efficiency are graphically presented. A discussion of materials for use with the higher pressures and temperatures is included, with some curves showing the results of investigations made by the Allis-Chalmers Co. on various metals and the characteristics which should be possessed by a metal suitable for use at 1000 deg. fahr. The paper also contains some comments on corrosion and erosion of turbine blades, and shows the effects of these destructive forces on blades of different composition.
Analysis of Power-Plant Performance Based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: DeBaufre Wm. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author shows that the commonly used heat balance based on the first law of thermodynamics does not allocate the losses in a power plant in such a manner as to reveal the best points of attack on the problem of improving power-plant economy. The application of the second law gives a quite different statement of the losses of energy from the coal pile to the stack and engine exhaust. As an example, the performance of a locomotive is analyzed by both the first- and second-law methods.
Torsional-Stress Concentrations in Shafts of Circular Cross-Section and Variable Diameter
Authors: Jacobsen Lydik S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of this paper is to point out an electrical experimental method for finding the torsional-stress distribution in cylindrical shafts of circular cross-section and of any axial outline. The method has been applied to the problem considered by F. A. Willers, and the paper includes a series of curves that will enable the designer to find, at a glance, the maximum torsional stress in a shaft of two diameters for various diameter and fillet proportions. It should be remarked that the results for a shaft of two diameters may be applied to most shafts of several diameters since the length of any two adjacent portions of the shaft are usually sufficiently long to make the analysis apply. Special shaft outlines, for instance shafts with oil throwers, can be investigated by the method.
Radiation in Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Broido B. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There is now a noticeable tendency toward an extensive application of water-cooled furnace walls for absorbing heat by radiation. An analysis of the fundamentals of radiation and of the effect of water-cooled walls on the gas temperatures in the furnace is given in this paper.
There is a certain relation between the amount of fuel burned, the surface exposed to direct radiation in the furnace, and the total heat absorbed by this surface. Curves are given showing this relation for different installations and a standard curve is drawn which enables the designer to determine with sufficient accuracy for practical purposes what part of the total heat generated in the furnace at different ratings is absorbed by the water-cooled walls. This curve can also be used to find the heat transmission by radiation per square foot of heating surface for any given condition of the furnace.
The amount of radiant-heat-absorbing surface that can be installed advantageously in a furnace depends upon the type of furnace and the kind of fuel burned. Based on a number of installations with water-cooled walls, the most advantageous arrangement of radiant-heat-absorbing surface for given conditions is suggested.
The effect of radiation from gases on heat transmission, particularly with high temperature differences, and the influence of radiation upon the measurement of gas temperature, are briefly discussed.
Fluid Flow in Pipes of Annular Cross-Section
Authors: Atherton D. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of the investigations reported in this paper was to determine the actual values of the friction coefficients for the flow of air, oil, and water through pipes of annular cross-section. The apparatus and method of testing are described and the data and results of the tests are given in graphic and tabular form. It appears that the coefficient of friction corresponding to any given turbulence factor for both turbulent and viscous flow has a value for pipes of annular cross-section slightly higher than for pipes of circular cross-section when determined by the equivalent-diameter formula.
Speed Changes of Hydraulic Turbines for Sudden Changes of Load
Authors: Strowger Earl B. , Kerr S. Logan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper shows how the variation in speed of hydraulic turbines due to sudden load changes may be determined by the application of the fundamental principles of water hammer with allowances for variation of turbine efficiency. The methods of determining governor time are noted. The relation of generator flywheel effect to speed variation is established and methods are indicated for the proper selection of these characteristics. Numerical examples are shown illustrating the speed changes for various load changes on a 70,000-hp. hydroelectric unit. The application to practical cases and the accuracy of approximate formulas are discussed.
Internal Friction in Solids
Authors: Kimball A. L. , Lovell D. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In connection with a test devised to determine quantitatively the amount of friction within the metal of a steel shaft, it was found that the internal frictional forces were totally unlike those of a viscous fluid, as assumed by many investigators, where the forces are greater the more rapid the deformation. Instead of this, the dissipative forces were found to be the same whatever the speed of deformation. The apparatus with which the tests were conducted is described, and the results are tabulated. Equations relating the variables involved are derived in the analysis of the problem.
The Lubrication of Waste-Packed Bearings
Authors: Karelitz G. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Since there is little published information in the technical literature on the mechanism of waste-packed bearings, the following paper based on results of an investigation on this subject made by the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company will be of interest.
The article discusses the feeding of oil through waste and the existence of a load carrying oil film in such bearings as essential for their proper performance. It gives observations on the friction and temperatures of these bearings and on the importance of proper packing to insure sealing the window by oil-saturated waste, and also discusses the existence of a critical oil lift at which the seal is broken. The reason for occasional end wear and scoring of the ends of a shell during the running-in period of service is given.
Heat Transfer for Forced Flow of Air at Right-Angles to Cylinders
Authors: Chappell E. L. , McAdams W. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For air flowing outside and at right-angles to single cylinders, published data are available covering extreme ranges of 120-fold for the coefficient of heat transfer, 250-fold for mass velocity, 1800-fold for diameter, and over 2-fold for film temperature in degrees fahrenheit absolute. Of the theoretical equations proposed by Boussinesq and King, that of the latter is far more in accord with these data. At the lower temperatures, the theoretical King equation gives predicted values in surprisingly good agreement with the data, in view of the rather questionable assumptions made during its derivation. The empirical equations of King for wires and of Rice for pipes agree well with the experimental values from which they were derived, but are not satisfactory when extrapolated to conditions for which they were not designed.
The method of plotting suggested by Davis has considerable promise, as does the rather complicated method of Rice involving the mean diameter of the effective film. No simple method was found for perfect correlation of the exact effect of each of the various factors. However, an empirical equation was developed and is recommended for practical use. For the high temperatures, where the exact effect of temperature is uncertain, the correction term for temperature was so chosen as to predict low rather than high values of the coefficient of heat transfer. The empirical equation involving the various factors is plotted in Fig. 8, thus making it unnecessary to substitute the values of the various factors in the recommended equation.
Data for staggered pipes are rather meager, but for a given mass velocity, diameter, and film temperature, the coefficients are somewhat higher than for single pipes. A simple method is suggested for estimating the increase due to staggering.
Heat Transfer Through Insulation in the Moderate- and High-Temperature Fields: A Statement of Existing Data
Authors: McMillan L. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to set forth briefly the state of existing knowledge on heat transfer through insulating materials in the moderate- and high-temperature fields as indicated by the literature on the subject; to show in what respects this knowledge is insufficient; and to point out the directions in which future research work is most urgently needed.
This is not a review of the literature in the sense of attempting to abstract various articles and statements. No such attempt has been made, but after a comprehensive survey of the literature, the endeavor has been made to present a complete picture of the information available and to point out what is lacking. In addition the effort is made in some cases to supply needed information not now available in the literature. In this connection the method of determining mean temperatures, and the economic data in particular, are entirely new and original. Furthermore, the whole subject is presented from a new point of view.
The particular field of this research is the literature referring to heat transfer through insulation in the temperature range between the refrigeration field on the one hand and the refractories field on the other, with the specific exception of literature pertaining to heat transfer through building materials, which is covered by another National Research Council Heat Transfer Committee assignment, and which will be reported on separately by another author. Still other assignments cover the literature of heat transfer in the refractories field and in the refrigeration field. These likewise are being reported on by other authors.
Cycloidal Propulsion Applied to Aircraft
Authors: Kirsten Frederick Kurt 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After reporting observations on the flight of gulls which indicated that the wing top moves with a cycloidal motion, the author proceeds to an analysis of this type of motion as it might be applied to the propulsion of aircraft. Various aspects of cycloidal propellers, including their efficiency, are discussed, and their application to heavier-than-air and lighter-than-air craft is urged. The advantages of this method of propulsion are discussed. Tests of model and full-size propellers are referred to, but are not included in the paper.
Railway Practices in Utilization and Conservation of Oil
Authors: Clark J. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author mentions the growing competition of the airplane and motor vehicle and the manner in which the railroad is preparing to counteract that competition. Improvement in service, faster schedules, finer equipment, and safer and more efficient operation are among the most important steps taken by the roads. Fuel being the major item of expense, there is naturally a special effort to effect economy. This paper deals with oil fuel and. the methods employed by the railroads in its utilization. Early experiments are mentioned and a short treatise on production is given. The specifications laid down by the railroads are also given. Then follow discussions of methods of delivery and storage, fire hazard, locomotive equipment for the handling of the oil, such as heating, etc., methods of firing, construction of combustion space, refractories employed, etc. Some of the advantages of oil over other forms of fuel are also given. The final portion of the paper is devoted to a discussion of recent improvements in railroad power equipment, fuel-economy devices, increase in locomotive runs, and stationary boilers.
A Materials-Handling and Transport Organization
Authors: Fike C. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper outlines briefly the organization which has in charge the materials-handling activities of the Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co. at East Pittsburgh. It describes the equipment used, the operation of it, and the methods of its control, and several of the wage-incentive plans which are used in the payment of the employees of the Plant Transportation Department. The paper concludes with a statement of some of the economies resulting from the organization described.
Photography as Used in Color Reproduction in the Graphic Arts: The Three-Color Theory of Vision—Making Photographic Materials Sensitive to Colors—Natural-Color Photographs—Color-Separation Negatives—Printing Processes—Modern Four-Color Printing Presses and Their Interesting Devices
Authors: Newton A. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Indications are that the demand for color in the graphic arts, produced by means of photography, will continue to increase, and this means that as the fundamental principles appear to be well established, further improvements will be made in machinery and materials and the skill in using them; and particularly in adjusting practice as closely as possible to theory, so that color reproduction, while maintaining the highest possible quality, will be produced more speedily and more economically.
Development of Welded Aircraft Construction
Authors: Clark S. C. , Gaston W. I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the authors point out that steel tubing is coming into common use for fuselage construction and with this there is a trend toward general use of welding. It is desirable to establish standard designs for welded joints and to this end further research is needed. Suggestions are made for improvements in welding practice that will add safely and insure uniformly well-made welds.
The Selection of an Airplane Engine
Authors: Shoemaker J. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author states that the commonly accepted fundamental requirements of an aircraft engine are: minimum weight per horsepower; maximum dependability, durability, and economy; minimum cost; and maximum ease of maintenance. He discusses the relative importance of these requirements, from the point of view of the airplane designer, in the power plants of various types of airplanes, and adds to them another requirement, namely, the consideration of an airplane engine as an integral part of an airplane.
Practical Determination of Torsional Vibration in an Engine Installation Which May Be Simplified to a Two-Mass System
Authors: Porter Frederic P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives a practical solution for the torsional vibration in the shafting of a reciprocating-engine installation which may be reduced mathematically to a simple two-mass system. It presents methods for computing the damped vibrations in installations where the damping forces follow various laws. Particular attention is given to such damping forces as are caused by a marine propeller, elastic hysteresis, and a friction damper. The paper is illustrated by examples of computations for certain engine installations that have been investigated.