bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The case of Carla: Dilemmas of helpingallstudents to understand science
Authors: Kurth Lori A. , Anderson Charles W. , Palincsar Annemarie S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper tells the story of four sixth‐grade students, of mixed race and social class, who worked together in a small group. All four students were intrigued as they experimented with colored solutions of different densities. They all wanted to share ideas about the techniques they had used, the observations they had made, and the patterns they had seen. They all wanted to understand why the colored solutions acted as they did. In spite of these common interests, they often failed to achieve intersubjective communication about the colored solutions or about the process of planning and making a poster to report their findings. We explain these failures using the sociolinguistic concepts of polysemy, privileging, and holding the floor. In particular, Carla (an African American girl) was unable to hold the floor within the group, so her opportunities for science learning were diminished. The four students were not overtly prejudiced in their speech or actions. Yet the expectations they brought with them about how and when people should talk, how work should be done, and what standards of quality they should aspire to led them to reconstruct among themselves some of the most troubling inequities of our society as a whole. This story is about important connections. In particular it is about how the actions of children are connected to the histories of their families, and how the privileging of ideas is connected to that of people, and how the practice of science is connected to that of discrimination. Science education reformers may underestimate the difficulty of separating conceptual conflict about ideas from interpersonal conflict about privilege and status. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed86:287–313, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10009
Reforming primary science assessment practices: A case study of one teacher's professional development through action research
Authors: Briscoe Carol , Wells Elaine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCalls for reform have suggested that classroom practice can best be changed by teachers who engage in their own research. This interpretive study examines the process of action research and how it contributes to the professional development of a first‐grade teacher. The purpose of the study was to explore the research process experienced by the teacher as she examined whether portfolios could be used as an effective means for facilitating and assessing young children's development of science process skills. Data sources included a journal kept by the teacher, documents produced by the teacher and students as part of the portfolio implementation process, hand‐written records of teacher's informal interviews with students, and anecdotal records from research team meetings during the study. Data analysis was designed to explore how the teacher's classroom practices and thinking evolved as she engaged in action research and attempted to solve the problems associated with deciding what to assess and how to implement portfolio assessment. We also examined the factors that supported the teacher's learning and change as she progressed through the research process. Data are presented in the form of four assertions that clarify how the action research process was influenced by various personal and contextual factors. Implications address factors that facilitated the teacher as researcher, and how this research project, initiated by the teacher, affected her professional development and professional life. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed86:417–435, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10021
Atheoretical nature of the national science education standards: There's more theory than we think—a response to Thomas Shiland
Authors: Pushkin Dave 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article seeks to address concerns Shiland raised in his prior article (Science Education 1998, 82(5), 615–617) regarding the National Science Education Standards (NSES). While there is considerable merit to Shiland's article, especially regarding the broadness and lacking specificity of these standards, there are also points to contend. In addition to addressing the pros and cons of the NSES, I will also address how Shiland may have overlooked a more fundamental issue for debate. Three key “failures” Shiland notes of the NSES are more reflective of a possible desire to move away from specific outcomes‐based objectives and towards more global, interdisciplinary learning; these are “failures” only in the eyes of positivistic epistemologies. As for the consequences Shiland foresees, science educators need to get past such consequences by not underestimating the cognitive abilities of classroom teachers and students alike. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 86:161–166, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sce.10027
Reply to Pushkin
Authors: Shiland Thomas W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis comment is in response to Pushkin's critique (Science Education 2002, 86, 161–166) of my original article (Science Education 1998, 82, 615–617). The three aspects of the atheoretical nature of the National Science Education Standards (NSES) from the 1998 article are reviewed in light of Pushkin's comments. This response maintains that it is difficult to achieve scientific literacy without mentioning specific scientific theories and it is difficult to achieve progress in pedagogy without articulating specific theories of instruction and learning. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 86:167–170, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sce.10028
Constructing difference: A comparative study of elementary science curriculum differentiation
Authors: Hayes Michael T. , Deyhle Donna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe research described in this article was a comparative study of science curriculum differentiation at two elementary schools that served students from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Two schools in the same school district, Lake and Jefferson, were the sites for the research. Lake Elementary served a professional class and white neighborhood, but Jefferson Elementary served students from working‐class/working poor and ethnically diverse backgrounds. The teachers and students in a fifth and sixth grade classroom at each school participated in the research. Research methods drew from ethnographic and linguistic traditions and focused on the microlevel everyday classroom interactions in which the curriculum is constructed. The results of the study show that the science curriculum was quite different between the two schools. The science curriculum at Lake emphasized organization and control for the purpose of preparing students for traditional notions of academic success and progress. At Jefferson, the science curriculum was constructed within an informal and conversational format in an effort to engage students in science. We suggest that it is difficult to determine if and how this curriculum differentiation might establish or enhance inequality in science education. Instead, we offer competing interpretations of the results that draw from current notions of best practice in the science education community. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:239–262, 2001.
Region extraction using competition of multiple active contour models
Authors: Matsuzawa Yuki , Abe Toru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn most region extraction methods using the Active Contour Model (ACM, Snakes), the entire area of a target object is treated as a single region, and an ACM is deformed locally by image properties around the contour. For these reasons, it is difficult for these methods to extract accurately an object area that has intricate distributions of image properties. In response to this difficulty, to introduce wide‐ranging image properties into the extraction process, it has been proposed to control an ACM by the statistical characteristics of image properties in the object and background regions. However, this approach is unsuitable when image properties vary widely with location in each region. In this paper, to overcome this problem, a novel region extraction method is proposed. The proposed method makes multiple ACMs compete with each other and each ACM extract a subregion of uniform image properties, and, as a result, the method extracts the entire area of an object as a set of several subregions. In the proposed method, first, a few initial curves are set in the object and background regions. Each initial curve is divided into several segments, and multiple initial ACMs are made by dilating these segments. Second, at each ACM, the density function of image properties is estimated, and for each control point on a contour, the likelihood with respect to every ACM region is determined. Based on this likelihood, each ACM is controlled and multiple ACMs compete with each other. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(5): 1–11, 2001
Tracking a person with 3D motion by integrating optical flow and depth
Authors: Okada Ryuzo , Shirai Yoshiaki , Miura Jun , Kuno Yoshinori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a method of tracking a person in three‐dimensional motion by integration of optical flow and depth is described. Using a human model, the objective is estimation of the state (position, posture, and motion) in a scene at each frame. Based on the distribution of the estimated state, the optical flow and the depth information are used to calculate the probability of each pixel belonging to the target object, from which the object region is estimated. The optimum state is estimated by integration of the shape, the position, the flow vectors, and the depth information with respect to the extracted target region by a Kalman filter. Because of the nonlinear relation between the state and the shape of the target object on the image, there are cases where the state cannot be determined uniquely. In such situations, the possible candidates are all generated and are tracked one by one. Based on the difference between the tracking results and the observations, the erroneous candidates are eliminated. The effectiveness of the method is shown by its application to real image examples. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(7): 29–38, 2001
Using ATPG vectors for BIST test pattern generator
Authors: Asakawa Takeshi , Iwasaki Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs a solution to improve the characteristics of pseudo‐random pattern tests, a BIST‐oriented test pattern generator (TPG) designed to achieve complete coverage of stuck‐at faults with short test sequences is proposed. In the proposed method, ATPG vector sets are split‐shifted to obtain pseudo‐random vectors, and such vectors are then used in a mixed test pattern. Since random pattern resistant faults are detected by ATPG vectors, stuck‐at faults can be covered completely with a short test sequence. This paper presents the proposed TPG configuration, test pattern generation algorithm, and the selection of the vector set for bit shift. The proposed method is evaluated in terms of test length and hardware overhead by applying it to ISCAS benchmark circuits. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 1–8, 2001
User interface providing support for creating artistic patterns
Authors: Ichino Junko , Tano Shun'ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs design work using computer spreads, usage environments are appearing which have operations involving aesthetic sensibilities via the GUIs in a variety of graphics software and have the representational capacity to represent three‐dimensional images and images with the feel of oil paintings. However, their operation still relies on the user's sensibilities and knowledge. In this paper, we propose a user interface for a user support system for creating artistic patterns. Its features are summarized by the following three points. First, the system has knowledge about designs. The result of design analysis provided the following knowledge. (1) The elements producing a design are the colors, shapes, and composition. (2) To turn an image into a pattern, the image is conceived of as a specific scene, then the pattern can be drawn by extracting the colors, shapes, and composition based on the scene by combining these elements. This knowledge is held in the system. Second, there is a user interface to easily transmit the image to the system. The media to convey kansei (affective information) are considered to be both linguistic and nonlinguistic. And an interface was designed to enable direct manipulation by pen or mouse to select from a list box of a three‐level kansei language and to select from a pattern candidate group. Another user interface was designed which accounts for the inability of a person to grasp the kansei from the start to completion and allows repeating the kansei specification by the user and the presentation of patterns by the system. Third, there is a mechanism that automatically creates the pattern in response to the user's kansei. We designed an algorithm to create a design by (1) using fuzzy logic to deduce the user's image and (2) creating the pattern by using the parameters needed to draw the pattern which were extracted from the deduced image. Furthermore, we developed a support system for creating artistic patterns that has the above functions, and had multiple testers test its operation to verify the system's effectiveness in application tests on real problems. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 20–37, 2001
Piecewise linear two‐dimensional warping
Authors: Uchida Seiichi , Sakoe Hiroaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs a novel elastic image matching technique, piecewise linear 2D warping (PL2DW) is investigated. In PL2DW, the mapping of each row of one image to another image is given by the linear interpolation of the mapping of several points, called pivots, prepared on the row. The linearization realizes a dynamic programming (DP)‐based algorithm with feasible computational complexity, although many DP‐based algorithms for elastic image matching are intractable. Experimental results show the effectiveness, and particularly the computational feasibility, of PL2DW. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(12): 1–9, 2001
A nonscan DFT method for controllers to provide complete fault efficiency
Authors: Ohtake Satoshi , Masuzawa Toshimitsu , Fujiwara Hideo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method for non‐scan design for testability of controllers that are logically synthesized from a finite state machine (FSM), which provides complete fault efficiency. In the previously used scan method, a test pattern for the combinational circuits of a controller was generated to achieve complete fault efficiency and was applied by using a scan flip‐flop. However, in the scan method, the test sequence becomes large and various problems prevent the test from being performed at the actual operating speed. In this paper, the test pattern of the combinational circuits of the controller does not use scan flip‐flops, but instead uses the state transitions of an FSM. The proposed method allows performance of the test at the actual operating speed of the circuit, thus reducing the testing time compared to the conventional methods. Moreover, experimental results using benchmarks show that the area overhead is small. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(5): 64–75, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1128
Energy shift and broadening of the spectra of electrons backscattered elastically from solid surfaces
Authors: Varga D. , Tőkési K. , Berényi Z. , Tóth J. , Kövér L. , Gergely G. , Sulyok A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the present work our experimental results on the energy shifts and energy widths (full width of half‐maximum) of the quasi‐elastic peaks (1–5 keV) obtained using a high‐energy‐resolution electron spectrometer and different (C, Si, Ni and Au) surfaces are compared with those calculated by assuming single elastic scattering on free atoms having a Maxwell–Boltzmann thermal velocity distribution. There is a good agreement in the case of the energy shifts as well as for the energy broadenings obtained using higher atomic number polycrystalline samples (Ni, Au). In the case of Si, however, the measured energy broadening is systematically larger by 15–20% than the calculated broadening for the whole primary beam energy range. Compared with the calculated values, considerably larger broadenings (by 30–60%, depending on the primary beam energy) were observed for carbonic samples. The contribution of the multiple elastic scattering to the yield of the electrons backscattered elastically, and the effect of the multiple scattering on the energy shifts and Doppler broadenings, have been determined using Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show that multiple scattering causes only small changes in energy shifts and energy broadenings of elastic peaks in the case of the samples and primary electron energy region studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report: ISO/TR 15969:2000—Surface chemical analysis—Depth profiling—Measurement of sputtered depth
Authors: Hofmann S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis Technical Report gives guidelines for the measurement of the sputtered depth in sputter depth profiling. Methods of sputtered depth measurement described in this report are applicable to techniques of surface chemical analysis when used in combination with ion bombardment for the removal of a part of a solid sample to a typical sputtered depth of up to several micrometres. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competing approaches to analysis of failure times with competing risks
Authors: Farley Timothy M. M. , Ali Mohamed M. , Slaymaker Emma 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor the analysis of time to event data in contraceptive studies when individuals are subject to competing causes for discontinuation, some authors have recently advocated the use of the cumulative incidence rate as a more appropriate measure to summarize data than the complement of the Kaplan–Meier estimate of discontinuation. The former method estimates the rate of discontinuation in the presence of competing causes, while the latter is a hypothetical rate that would be observed if discontinuations for the other reasons could not occur. The difference between the two methods of analysis is the continuous time equivalent of a debate that took place in the contraceptive literature in the 1960s, when several authors advocated the use of net (adjusted or single decrement life table rates) rates in preference to crude rates (multiple decrement life table rates). A small simulation study illustrates the interpretation of the two types of estimate – the complement of the Kaplan–Meier estimate corresponds to a hypothetical rate where discontinuations for other reasons did not occur, while the cumulative incidence gives systematically lower estimates. The Kaplan–Meier estimates are more appropriate when estimating the effectiveness of a contraceptive method, but the cumulative incidence estimates are more appropriate when making programmatic decisions regarding contraceptive methods. Other areas of application, such as cancer studies, may prefer to use the cumulative incidence estimates, but their use should be determined according to the application. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective application of Bayesian monitoring and analysis in an ‘open’ randomized clinical trial
Authors: Vail A. , Hornbuckle J. , Spiegelhalter D. J. , Thornton J. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe the prospective application of Bayesian monitoring and analysis in an ongoing large multi‐centre, randomized trial in which interim results are released to investigators. Substantial variability in prior opinion led us to reject the use of elicited clinical priors for monitoring, in favour of archetypal prior distributions representing reasonable scepticism and enthusiasm. Likelihoods for odds ratios for different covariate values are derived from a logistic regression model, which allows us to incorporate information from prognostic factors without resorting to specialized software. Priors, likelihoods and posterior distributions are regularly reported to both an independent Data Monitoring Committee and the trial investigators. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The sample size for a clinical trial: A Bayesian–decision theoretic approach
Authors: Halpern Jerry , Brown Byron Wm. , Hornberger John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing decision theory, what is an appropriate sample size for a clinical trial, with a binary endpoint? We present a program, suitable for actual planning, which, with some extensions, implements Canner's solution to this question. Examples with a discussion are given. Implications of a Bayesian approach are discussed. Bayesian and Neyman–Pearson approaches are compared. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical measures of foetal growth using linear mixed models applied to the foetal origins hypothesis
Authors: Gurrin Lyle C. , Blake Kevin V. , Evans Sharon F. , Newnham John P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStatistical models of the relationship between the distribution of each of five foetal dimensions and gestational age are developed based on serial ultrasound biometric data from a prospective longitudinal study in Perth, Western Australia. Both the response variable and the gestational age timescale are transformed to establish an approximately linear relationship within subjects. This relationship is modelled using a linear mixed effects model that accounts for between‐subject heterogeneity by incorporating subject specific random effects for both intercept and gradient. These models are used to motivate three measures of foetalgrowth: the conditional centile orz‐score of a current measurement given an earlier value for the same measurement; the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of the subject specific random effect gradient (which is shown to be invariant to transformations of location and scale), and the standardized residual at a given gestational age, which characterizes departures from the modelled growth trajectory. We illustrate how these three measures of growth might be applied to subsequent health outcomes in later life by relating growth in foetal abdominal circumference to blood pressure in children from the same cohort at six years of age. Foetuses whose summary measures indicate poor growth in abdominal circumference have higher blood pressure in early childhood, supporting the ‘foetal origins’ hypothesis that many chronic diseases of adulthood have their origins before birth. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.