bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rancidity development during frozen storage of mackerel (Scomber scombrus): effect of catching season and commercial presentation
Authors: Aubourg Santiago P. , Rodríguez Alicia , Gallardo José M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHydrolytic and oxidative rancidity development and its effect on quality loss were studied in frozen mackerel (Scomber scombrus) by biochemical and sensory indices. The effect of the lipid content on fish damage at a commercial freezer temperature (−20 °C) was studied for up to 12 months; thus, mackerel caught at two different times of the year (May and November) was checked, May being the period of minimum lipid content, while November is known to be the time of maximum lipid content. The study was also focused on two different kinds of fish products (whole fish and fillets). Increasing lipid hydrolysis was observed for all kinds of samples during the frozen storage; no differences (p >0.05) between whole fish and fillets were found for free fatty acid formation; however, mackerel from May showed a higher (p <0.05) hydrolysis development than its counterpart from November. Increasing lipid oxidation (peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid index) was observed for all kinds of samples during the frozen storage. Fillet lipid oxidation was found to be higher (p <0.05) than in whole fish. Fattier mackerel (November fish) showed a higher (p <0.05) oxidation development than its counterpart from May in the case of fillet products. Results of fluorescence assessment, related to interaction compound formation, proved to be higher (p <0.05) in fillets than in whole fish, although they were higher (p <0.05) in May samples. Sensory analysis corroborated the biochemical analyses, so that fillets showed a shorter shelf life (1 and 3 months for November and May fish, respectively) than their whole fish counterparts (5 months for November and May mackerel).
Epoxidation and hydroxlation of rubber seed oil: one‐pot multi‐step reactions
Authors: Okieimen Felix E. , Pavithran C. , Bakare Isiaka O. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractEpoxidized and hydroxylated rubber seed oils were prepared by peroxyformic acid generated in situ by reacting formic acid and hydrogen peroxide with RSO, a renewable resource. The structural and physico‐chemical properties of RSO have been determined. The fatty acid composition showed a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The modified products were characterized with regard to their structure and properties. The findings of this study revealed that both hydroxylated and epoxidized RSO can be prepared by one‐pot multi‐step reactions.
Automatic comparison of thermodynamic data for species in detailed chemical kinetic modeling
Authors: Simmie John M. , Rolland Sébastien , Ryder Evan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article describes the performance of an automatic comparator of thermochemical databases and demonstrates the use of a hypertext preprocessor to link chemical names with a three‐dimensional molecular viewer thus providing an unambiguous identification of species in a facile manner over the Internet. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 341–345, 2005
Influences of product gases on the kinetics of thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite evaluated by controlled rate evolved gas analysis coupled with thermogravimetry
Authors: Koga Nobuyoshi , Yamada Shuto 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn instrument of controlled rate evolved gas analysis (CREGA) coupled with TG‐DTA was constructed for analyzing the influences of product gases on the kinetics and mechanism of the thermal decomposition of solids that produce more than one gaseous products at the same stage of reaction. The thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite, Cu2(OH)2CO3, was subjected to the measurements of CREGA‐TG under controlled concentrations of H2O and CO2 in the reaction atmosphere with taking account of self‐generated H2O and CO2 during the course of reaction. By a series of CREGA‐TG measurements carried out under various atmospheric conditions, it was reconfirmed that the reaction is accelerated and decelerated by the effects of atmospheric H2O and CO2, respectively. From the kinetic analysis of the CREGA‐TG curves and results of high temperature X‐ray diffraction measurements under various reaction atmospheres, it was revealed that the anomalous effects of atmospheric H2O on the reactivity and on the reaction rate of the thermal decomposition of synthetic malachite appear at the early stage of the reaction. Usefulness of the CREGA‐TG technique for measuring the kinetic rate data for the thermal decomposition of solids was demonstrated in the present study, by emphasizing the importance of quantitative control of self‐generated reaction atmosphere. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 346–354, 2005
A kinetic and mechanistic study on the oxidation of indole‐3‐acetic acid by peroxodisulfate
Authors: Kalyanasundharam S. , Chandramohan G. , Suresh M. , Anbazhagan, V. , Lavanya S. , Renganathan R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of oxidation of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) by peroxodisulfate (PDS) has been carried out in aqueous acetic acid medium. First‐order dependence of rate each with respect to [IAA] and [PDS] was observed. The reaction rate was unaffected by added [H+]. Increase of percentage of acetic acid decreased the rate. Variation of ionic strength (μ) had negligible influence on the rate. A suitable kinetic scheme based on these observations involving a nonradical mechanism is proposed. The reactivity of peroxodisulfate toward indole‐3‐acetic acid was found to be lower than that with peroxomonosulfate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 355–360, 2005
Energetics of Cooperative Transitions of N‐Vinylcaprolactam Polymers in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Dubovik Alexander S. , Makhaeva Elena E. , Grinberg Valerij Ya. , Khokhlov Alexei R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSummary: Phase and conformational behavior of poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) was studied as a function of polymer concentration, concentration of NaCl, and concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Precise measurements of the partial heat capacity of the polymer were first carried out within the temperature range 10–125 °C. Thermodynamic parameters of the phase separation transition (transition temperature, enthalpy, and heat capacity increment) do not change with variations in polymer concentration. In the presence of salt the transition temperature decreases, the enthalpy increases, and the heat capacity increment does not vary significantly. Beginning with the SDS concentration of 0.005 M, the phase separation is suppressed and the heat capacity peak splits into two peaks. Upon further increase in surfactant concentration the amplitude of the low‐temperature peak increases while that of the high‐temperature peak vanishes. Phase separation transition in aqueous solutions of N‐vinylcaprolactam‐methacrylic acid copolymers of different compositions were studied at different polymer concentrations and pH (4–12). The transition parameters do not depend on polymer concentration and pH.“Macroglobule” formed spontaneously as a result of the phase separation of a poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) solution.image“Macroglobule” formed spontaneously as a result of the phase separation of a poly(N‐vinylcaprolactam) solution.
The effect of crosslinked networks with poly(ethylene glycol) on sulfonated polyimide for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
Authors: Yang Seung‐Jin , Jang Wonbong , Lee Choonkeun , Shul Yong Gun , Han Haksoo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTo investigate the effect of crosslinking by a hydrophilic group on a sulfonated polyimide electrolyte membrane, sulfonated polyimide end‐capped with maleic anhydride was synthesized using 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride, 4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl, 2,2′‐disulfonic acid, 2‐bis [4‐(4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl] hexafluropropane and maleic anhydride. The sulfonated polyimides end‐capped with maleic anhydride were self‐crosslinked or crosslinked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. A series of the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides having various ratios of sulfonated polyimide and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate were prepared and compared with uncrosslinked and self‐crosslinked sulfonated polyimides. The synthesized sulfonated polyimide films were characterized for FTIR spectrum, thermal stability, ion exchange capacity, water uptake, hydrolytic stability, morphological structure, and proton conductivity. The formation of sulfonated polyimide was confirmed in FTIR spectrum. Thermal stability was good for all the sulfonated polyimides that exhibited a three‐step degradation pattern. Ion exchange capacity was the same for both the uncrosslinked and the self‐crosslinked sulfonated polyimides (1.30 mEq/g). When the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides with poly(ethylene glycol) were compared, the ion exchange capacity was decreased as 1.27 > 1.25 > 1.23 mEq/g and water uptake was increased as 23.8 < 24.0 < 24.3% with the increase in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate content. All the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate were stable for over 200 h at 80 °C in deionized water. Morphological structure and mean intermolecular distance were obtained by WAXD. Proton conductivities were measured at 30, 50, 70, and 90 °C. The proton conductivity of the crosslinked sulfonated polyimides with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate increased with the increase in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate content despite the fact that the ion exchange capacity was decreased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1455–1464, 2005
Plasma Surface Modification of ePTFE Vascular Grafts
Authors: Jardine Suzanne , Wilson John I. B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSummary: Exposure to RF plasma in argon, oxygen or ammonia has converted the normally hydrophobic surface of ePTFE tubing to a stable hydrophilic surface. The change has been maximised by statistical selection of the plasma parameters and has been analysed by contact angle measurements with three liquids, in order to obtain the dispersive and polar components of the surface energy, and by XPS. Argon produced the most hydrophilic surfaces (and oxygen the least) due to a much‐increased polar component of their surface energy.The micrograph shows the porous structure of ePTFE.magnified imageThe micrograph shows the porous structure of ePTFE.
Review of selected recent research on US seismic design and retrofit strategies for steel structures
Authors: Bruneau Michel , Engelhardt Michael , Filiatrault Andre , Goel S C , Itani Ahmad , Hajjar Jerome , Leon Roberto , Ricles James , Stojadinovic Bozidar , Uang Chia‐Ming 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper provides a brief review of selected recent work on the development of solutions for the seismic design and retrofit of steel structures by various members of the US research community. In particular, this paper focuses on research on retrofit of beam‐to‐column moment connections, frame modifications at beams' mid‐span, self‐centering systems, zipper frames, buckling‐restrained braced frames, steel plate shear walls, plastic and rotation limits for buildings, and shear links and truss piers for bridges. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O composite films as host materials for Li+ intercalation
Authors: Wang Ying , Lee Kyoungho , Shang Huamei , Wiley Benjamin , Xia Younan , Cao Guozhong 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe have prepared Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O composite films by dispersing Ag nanowires into V2O5·nH2O sol and have investigated electrochemical properties of the films for Li+‐ion intercalation applications. With the molar ratio of Ag nanowires to V2O5·nH2O as 0.1, such prepared films are composed of metallic Ag nanowires embedded in the matrix of Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O, due to partial Ag reacted with V2O5·nH2O. At a current density of 85 mA/g, such Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O film can intercalate about two equivalents of Li ions and delivers twice the capacity of the V2O5·nH2O xerogel film. Such improved electrochemical performance is ascribed to the changes in the microstructure and crystallinity of the Ag–Ag0.08V2O5·nH2O films including (i) further amorphization of V2O5·nH2O, (ii) increased porosity, and (iii) enhancement of electrical conductivity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reported childhood trauma, attempted suicide and self-mutilative behavior among women in the general population
Authors: Akyuz Gamze , Sar Vedat , Kugu Nesim , Doğan Orhan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study attempted to determine the prevalence of childhood trauma among women in the general population as assessed in a representative sample from a city in central Turkey. The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was administered to 628 women in 500 homes. They were also asked for childhood abuse and/or neglect. DES was administered to 251 probands. Mean age of the probands was 34.8 ± 11.5 years (range 18–65). Sixteen women (2.5%) reported sexual abuse, 56 women (8.9%) physical abuse, and 56 women (8.9%) emotional abuse in childhood. The most frequently reported childhood trauma was neglect (n= 213, 33.9%). The prevalence of suicide attempts was 4.5% (n= 28). Fourteen probands (2.2%) reported self-mutilative behavior.
Not for the Profit, but for the Satisfaction? – Evidence on Worker Well‐Being in Non‐Profit Firms
Authors: Benz Matthias 
Published: April 2005

SummaryNon‐profit firms are often seen as workplaces where people not only work for money, but also find substantial satisfaction in the kind of work they do. Studies looking at compensating wage differentials, however, have only found limited support for this notion. In this paper, a novel approach is undertaken to compare the utilities of non‐profit and for‐profit employees, by using measures of job satisfaction. The results show that in both the United States and Great Britain over the 1990's, non‐profit workers were generally more satisfied with their jobs than for‐profit workers. The robustness of the results is explored in detail, and implications for the governance of non‐profit firms are shortly discussed.
The Role of the State in Economic Development
Authors: Tabellini Guido 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThis paper discusses the recent literature on the role of the state in economic development. It concludes that government incentives to enact sound policies are key to economic success. It also discusses the evidence on what happens after episodes of economic and political liberalizations, asking whether political liberalizations strengthen government incentives to enact sound economic policies. The answer is mixed. Most episodes of economic liberalizations are indeed preceded by political liberalizations. But the countries that have done better are those that have managed to open up the economy first, and only later have liberalized their political system.
PACT: an efficient and powerful algorithm for generating area cladograms
Authors: Wojcicki Maggie , Brooks Daniel R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAim  To introduce and describe the functioning of a new algorithm, phylogenetic analysis for comparing trees (PACT), for generating area cladograms that provide accurate representation of information contained in taxon–area cladograms.Methods  PACT operates in the following steps. Convert all phylogenies to taxon–area cladograms. Convert all taxon–area cladograms to Venn diagrams. Choose any taxon–area cladogram from the set of taxon–area cladograms to be analysed and determine its elements. This will be the template area cladogram. Select a second taxon–area cladogram. Determine its elements. Document which elements in the second tree occur in the template tree (denoted by ‘Y’) and which do not (denoted by ‘N’). Each ‘Y’ indicates a match with previous pattern and these are combined. Each ‘N’ is a new element and is attached to the template area cladogram at the node where it is linked with a Y. This requires two rules: (1) ‘Y + Y = Y’ (combine common elements) as long as they are connected at the same node; and (2) ‘Y + N = YN’ (add novel elements to the template area cladogram at the node where they first appear). Once the novel elements in the second taxon–area cladogram have been added to the template area cladogram, see if any of them can be further combined. This requires three additional rules: (1) ‘Y(Y− = Y(Y−’ (do not combine Y's if they are attached at different nodes on the template area cladogram); (2) ‘Y + YN = YN’ (Y is part of group YN); and (3) ‘YN + YN = YNN’ (Y is the same for each, but each N is different). Repeat for all available taxon–area cladograms.Results  Three exemplars demonstrate that PACT provides the most accurate area cladograms for vicariance‐driven biotic diversification, dispersal‐driven biotic diversification and taxon pulse‐driven biotic diversification. PACT can also be used as an a priori method of biogeographical analysis.Main conclusions  PACT embodies all the strong points and none of the weaknesses of previously proposed methods of historical biogeography. It is most useful as an a posteriori method, but it is also superior to all previous a priori methods because it does not specify costs, or weights or probabilities, or likelihoods of particular biogeographical processes a priori and is thus sensitive to clade‐specific historical contingencies.
Rapoport effect and biomic specialization in African mammals: revisiting the climatic variability hypothesis
Authors: Fernández Manuel Hernández , Vrba Elisabeth S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAim One of the mechanisms proposed to explain the tendency for geographical range size to increase from the equator to the poles, known as the Rapoport effect, is the climatic variability hypothesis. It states that, towards higher latitudes, greater seasonal climatic variability is the most important pressure that selectively promotes greater general climatic tolerance of species, and therefore also more extensive species ranges. In order to test this hypothesis, we explore the influence of climate, area and biome diversity on the latitudinal gradient of climatic specialization.Location The study used the large mammal assemblage from Africa.Methods The degree of climatic specialization of African large mammals (Primates, Carnivora, Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, Hyracoidea, Tubulidentata, Artiodactyla and Pholidota) is investigated using the biomic specialization index (BSI) for each mammal species, based on the number of biomes it inhabits. We studied the influence of 11 climatic and biogeographical predictors in the latitudinal pattern of biomic specialization. Stepwise multiple regressions were used to identify the strongest predictors of biomic specialization in Africa and, separately, in both continental hemispheres. We also studied differences among taxonomical groups (primates, carnivores and artiodactyls). We used correlograms generated using Moran's I coefficients to control for spatial autocorrelation in all these analyses.Results Average BSI values for successive 1°‐latitude bands generally decline towards the equator and temperature variability emerged as the most predictive factor in the regression model for the whole continent, thus supporting the climatic variability hypothesis. Nevertheless, there are differences between hemispheres and among taxa. While temperature variability is the most important predictor of latitudinal variability in biomic specialization in most of the regression models for the northern hemisphere, continental area for each latitudinal band is the best predictor in all the regression models in the southern hemisphere.Main conclusions It appears that similar patterns in latitudinal variation in average BSI may be caused by different factors in the two hemispheres. We suggest that the strong north–south geographical asymmetry of Africa, which influences its biogeographical structure, and the presence of land connections with Eurasia in the northern hemisphere are responsible for the observed patterns. Our data illustrate the influence of continental biogeographical structure and history on macroecological patterns.
The distribution of ground spiders (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) along the altitudinal gradient of Crete, Greece: species richness, activity and altitudinal range
Authors: Chatzaki M. , Lymberakis P. , Markakis G. , Mylonas M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAim  To study the altitudinal variation of ground spiders (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) of Crete, Greece, as far as species composition, species richness, activity and range of distribution are concerned.Location  Altitudinal zones (0–2400 m) along the three main mountain massifs of the island of Crete.Methods  Thirty‐three sampling sites were located from 0 to 2400 m a.s.l. on Crete, and sampled using pitfall traps. Material from the high‐activity period of Gnaphosidae (mid‐spring to mid‐autumn) was analysed. Sampling sites were divided into five altitudinal zones of 500 m each. Statistical analysis involved univariate statistics (anova) and multivariate statistics, such as multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis (UPGMA) using binomial data of species presence or absence.Results  Species richness declines with altitude and follows a hump‐shaped pattern. The activity pattern of the family, as a whole, is not correlated with altitude and is highly species‐specific. In the highest zone, both species richness and activity decline dramatically. The altitudinal range of species distribution increases with altitude. On the Cretan summits live highly tolerant lowland species and isolated residents of the high mountains of Crete. Two different patterns of community structure are recorded.Main conclusions  Communities of Gnaphosidae on Crete present two distinct structures following the altitudinal gradient, these being separated by a transitional zone between 1600 and 2000 m. This study supports previous results which show a hump‐shaped decline in species richness of Gnaphosidae along altitudinal gradients, leading to a peak at 400–700 m, where an optimum of environmental factors exists. This makes this zone the meeting point of the often opportunistic lowland species with the older and most permanent residents of the island. Rapoport's rule on the positive correlation of the altitudinal range of species distributions with altitude is also supported. The high activity recorded for the species that persist on the high mountains of Crete is indicative of a tolerant arachnofauna, and is considered to result from relaxation of competitive interactions with other species. This is related to a reduction in species numbers, shortening of the activity period on high mountains and the unique presence of high mountain species that thrive only there. As shown in our study, strategies to cope with altitude are species‐specific. Therefore, there cannot exist one single model to describe how animals react to the change in altitude, even under the same environmental conditions.