bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant availability and leaching of (heavy) metals from ammonium‐, calcium‐, carbohydrate‐, and citric acid‐treated uranium‐mine‐dump soil
Authors: Gramss Gerhard , Voigt Klaus‐Dieter , Bergmann Hans 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRemediation of an uranium‐mine soil from Settendorf (East Germany) includes phytoextraction under conditions which make its heavy metals more plant‐available but less leachable. A second way is active inhibition of heavy metal uptake by the plant. In a pot trial with Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), planted and unplanted soil samples were daily irrigated with deionized water or aqueous solutions with a total of (g (kg soil)–1) CaCl2 (0.26 Ca), NH4Cl (1.39), casein, sucrose, citric acid (13), and an extract of rape (B. napus L.) shoots (13 DW) in a phytotron for 26 d. Water‐irrigated plants were also treated with a 50 mM citric acid solution (10.5 g (kg soil)–1) 6 and 7 d prior to harvesting. Total elements in plant tissue and soluble elements in aqueous extracts from control and postharvest soils were determined by ICP‐AES. Supplements of NH$_4^+$, and the NH$_4^+$‐generating casein and rape extract reduced soil pH during nitrification, and increased plant uptake of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn. Citric acid at 50 mM adjusted soil to pH 4.5–6.0 and enhanced uptake of all elements. Long‐term application of sucrose and citric acid increased pH and inhibited uptake of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. Contemporarily, leaching of heavy metals and humic substances was lowest with Ca and NH$_4^+$ and highest with sucrose and citric acid amendments. It is concluded that Chinese cabbage grown for chelate‐assisted phytoextraction should be supplied with Ca and NH$_4^+$ to obtain a high plant biomass on soil with a low hazard of leaching. Metal uptake should be stimulated by application of chelator 7 d prior to harvesting. Undesired uptake of heavy metals by Chinese cabbage determined as food should be inhibited with carbohydrate amendments. Long‐term application of NH$_4^+$ or chelator, which reduces the solubility of certain elements but increases their uptake moderately, is recommended as a tool for continuous phytoextraction technologies.
Humusveränderungen nach Einbringung von Buche und Eiche in Kiefernreinbestände
Authors: Prietzel Jörg 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn 16 älteren bayerischen Kiefernreinbeständen, die hinsichtlich Höhenlage, Klima, geologischem Ausgangssubstrat und Bodentyp eine breite Standortspalette umfassen, wurden die Auswirkungen einer vor 16 bis 83 Jahren erfolgten Einbringung von Laubholz (Eiche – Quercus petraea/robur; Buche – Fagus sylvatica) auf die Humusform und chemische Kenngrößen der Oh‐Lage (pH‐Wert, Basensättigung, C:N‐Verhältnis) untersucht. Die Bucheneinbringung führte in fast allen Beständen zu einer deutlichen, i. d. R. statistisch signifikanten Verbesserung der Humusform. Die stärksten Verbesserungen wurden für die ungünstigsten, biologisch inaktivsten Humusformen beobachtet. Der Humusformenwandel ging fast ausnahmslos mit einem signifikanten Anstieg des pH‐Werts und der Basensättigung sowie einer signifikanten Verengung des C:N‐Verhältnisses in der Oh‐Lage einher; auf besonders N‐armen Standorten mit C:N‐Verhältnissen über 30 blieb diese Verengung allerdings oftmals aus. Im Gegensatz zur Buche führte die Einbringung von Eiche zu einer systematischen Veränderung weder der Humusform noch des pH‐Werts oder der Basensättigung der Oh‐Lage. Trotz der unter den Buchenvoranbauten beobachteten strukturellen Verbesserung des Auflagehumus hin zu biologisch aktiveren Humusformen führte die Laubholzeinbringung nicht zu einer systematischen Veränderung der Mächtigkeit und Masse der organischen Auflage. Generell verringerten sich die Massen der Of‐Lagen; jene der Oh‐Lagen stiegen in gleichem Maße an. Im Mittel führte die Laubholzeinbringung in Kiefernreinbestände zu einem Rückgang des Corg‐Vorrats in der Humusauflage um 8 %. Der Corg‐Vorrat im oberen Mineralboden stieg nach Laubholzeinbringung im Durchschnitt um 9 % an. Auf 35 % der untersuchten Standorte stiegen die Corg‐Vorräte im Oberboden (Humusauflage und oberste 10 cm des Mineralbodens) nach Laubholzeinbringung um 5 bis 18 % an, auf 30 % der Standorte blieben sie mehr oder weniger konstant (Veränderungen kleiner als ±5 %), und auf 35 % der Standorte gingen sie um 5 bis 36 % zurück. Im Mittel aller Standorte nahm der Corg‐Vorrat im Oberboden nach Laubholzeinbringung um 5 % ab. Die Bucheneinbringung in Kiefernreinbestände führte zu einer ökologisch vorteilhaften Verlagerung von organischem Kohlenstoff aus der Humusauflage in den oberen Mineralboden. Sie stellt somit eine auf vielen Standorten Erfolg versprechende, mit geringen Nebenwirkungen (Humusschwund, CO2‐Emission, Verlust von Wasser‐ und Nährstoffspeichern) behaftete und nachhaltige waldbauliche Maßnahme zur Rehabilitation und biologischen Aktivierung versauerter, an Nährstoffen verarmter Oberböden dar.
Spatial distribution of earthworms [Lumbricidae] in recultivated soils of the Rhenish lignite‐mining area, Germany
Authors: Fründ Heinz‐Christian , Egbert Ellen , Dumbeck Gerhard 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe spatial distribution of earthworms was studied by means of combined formalin expulsion and hand sorting in three arable fields of the Rhenish lignite‐mining area that differed in their recultivation age (6, 12, 24 yr). In addition, pH and the spatial distribution of penetration resistances were measured to see if they are corresponding with the distribution of earthworms. Already the 6 yr old field had a rich population of endogeic, anecic, and epigeic earthworms (119 ind. m–2, 48 g m–2, 6 species). This quantity was similar to the 24 yr old site. The 12 yr old field was only sparsely populated by earthworms (5 ind. m–2, 5 g m–2, 3 species). In the 6 yr old field, the spatial distribution pattern showed a center of maximal earthworm abundances, corresponding to the distributional pattern of penetration resistances. In the old field (24 yr), the species varied in their spatial distribution, and there was no correspondence with the distribution of penetration resistance. In general, the penetration resistance at the youngest site was clearly lower than at the two older sites. The earthworm population in the 6 yr old field can be explained by cocoons contained in the dumped material. A calculation using literature data on earthworm‐population dynamics shows that a founding population of 400–600 reproductive individuals per hectare and a continuity of favorable growth conditions during the time of soil management is necessary for the development of the situation found at the 6 yr old site in this study.
Effects of extensive land use and re‐wetting on diffuse phosphorus pollution in fen areas—results from a case study in the Drömling catchment, Germany
Authors: Rupp Holger , Meissner Ralph , Leinweber Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFen‐soil cultivation in NE Germany resulted in severe peat degradation; therefore present and future management is aimed to restore degraded sites by re‐wetting. Evidence in the literature indicates that decreasing redox potentials in re‐wetted fens may result in an increased risk of diffuse water pollution with P. However, little is known about the impact of different fen‐preserving land‐management schemes on the redox potential in soil and on the P dynamics in adjacent surface water. We investigated effects of peat degradation and re‐wetting on redox potential and P mobilization on extensive grassland, re‐wetted intensive grassland, and alder swamp forest in the Drömling (Saxony‐Anhalt, Germany). The results showed that the redox potentials of peat lands were almost below the theoretical stability fields of Fe(III)‐containing minerals. The re‐wetted site was characterized by the highest concentrations of soluble reactive P (SRP) in surface water. Average SRP concentrations up to 0.36 mg l–1 indicated an increased P load. The concentration of SRP in the Ohre river, which is the central drainage channel of the Drömling catchment, significantly increased since 1996. The P concentrations of surface water were found to be indirectly correlated with the redox potentials.
Elucidation of protein aggregation in frozen cod and haddock by transmission electron microscopy/immunocytochemistry, light microscopy and atomic force microscopy
Authors: Badii Farah , Zhdan Peter , Howell Nazlin K 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPolyclonal antibodies raised to both native cod myosin and actin as well as to aggregated proteins obtained from frozen cod stored for 11 months at −10 °C were used to investigate disposition of muscle proteins in frozen cod and haddock fillets by transmission electron microscopy. Specimens from cod and haddock fillets, stored at −10 °C, treated with anti‐aggregate antibody as the primary antibody, showed significantly more gold particles, especially around the protein aggregates and muscle fibres compared with fish stored at −30 °C. Samples that were treated with anti‐myosin or anti‐actin antibody showed opposite results. Similar binding properties were observed in ELISA experiments involving the reaction of actin and myosin to both native and aggregate antibodies; thus immunological tests can be used for monitoring aggregate and texture changes in frozen stored fish. In addition, atomic force microscopy images obtained from cod muscle also indicated structural changes in frozen cod muscle proteins. The mica surface was covered with a continuous layer of muscle proteins comprising mainly small globular particles and a few large particles for the control cod sample stored at −30 °C for 11 months. In contrast, cod fillets stored at −10 °C showed a thin layer of proteins with small holes and an increased number of large particles denoting aggregates. Formation of ice crystals between the muscle fibres of frozen cod and haddock muscle was monitored without thawing by light microscopy at −20 °C. The micrographs showed a greater proportion of large ice crystals and extensive protein fibre changes in fillets stored at −10 °C compared with the control at −30 °C. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioavailability of calcium and magnesium from faba beans (Vicia faba L var major), soaked in different pH solutions and cooked, in growing rats
Authors: Aranda Pilar , López‐Jurado María , Fernández Mar , Moreu María del Carmen , Porres Jesús M , Urbano Gloria 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe nutritive utilisation of calcium and magnesium from faba beans (Vicia faba L var major), soaked in different pH solutions and then cooked, was studied in growing rats. Prior to the cooking process the beans were soaked in acid (pH 2.6 and 5.3) or basic (pH 8.4) solutions. Processing of the bean seeds did not produce appreciable losses of Ca or Mg by solubilisation. Digestive utilisation of calcium was high and did not vary with the different processing conditions assayed. Metabolic utilisation of calcium was significantly improved by soaking and by soaking plus cooking. Both digestive and metabolic utilisation of magnesium were significantly improved by all the different processes assayed. The observed improvement in the nutritive utilisation of Ca and Mg was correlated with a higher weight gain of the animals but not with the content of these minerals in the femur and longissimus dorsi muscle. The higher dietary intake of cellulose, lignin and phytate found in the processed faba bean diets did not have a negative effect on the digestive utilisation of the minerals studied. Overall, soaking in basic solution plus cooking was the most effective treatment. The processing conditions studied were inexpensive and easily applied and have great potential for application at household or industry level for human and animal nutrition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Stability, sensory quality, texture properties and nutritional value of fish oil‐enriched spreadable fat
Authors: Kolanowski Wojciech , Swiderski Franciszek , Jaworska Danuta , Berger Stanislaw 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA Correction has been published for this article in Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84(15):2142 (2004). The intake of omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the typical Western diet is usually below the recommended level. Without radical changes of eating patterns the diet may be enhanced by enrichment of foods with unhydrogenated fish oil, which is the richest source of the long‐chain omega‐3s, eicosapentaenoicacid (EPA) and docosahexaenoicacid (DHA). The aims of the study were to establish the sensorily acceptable fish oil enrichment level of a reduced‐fat spread, to enhance the omega‐3 long‐chain PUFA content and to evaluate the enriched spread's stability during 3 months of storage (6°C, limited exposure to light and air). Samples were prepared in an industrial pilot plant. Overall sensory quality, intensity of fishy flavour, texture properties (sensory and instrumental), peroxide value, acid number and fatty acids composition were measured. A spread enriched by addition of 30.0 g kg−1 of unhydrogenated fish oil could be stored for up to 3 months without significant decrease of the measured stability indicators. A daily portion of this enriched spread (30 g) would provide 0.25 g of EPA and DHA, significantly increasing long‐chain omega‐3 levels in the average diet. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Induction of chitinase in response to Aspergillus infection in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench)
Authors: Ratnavathi CV , Sashidhar RB 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChitinase is an antifungal protein which is induced in higher plants during infection and stress. In this paper the induction of chitinase activity in response to infection by Aspergillus parasiticus (NRRL 2999) in six sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) genotypes and its association with aflatoxin production were investigated. Chitinase was induced in all six genotypes (two each of red, yellow and white sorghum) when infected by A parasiticus (NRRL 2999). The induction of chitinase activity was highest in the white cultivars, followed by the yellow and red genotypes, compared with healthy grains. In the white cultivars the chitinase activity increased on the 6th and 9th days after infection and was four‐ to fivefold higher than in healthy grains. The total aflatoxin produced was lower in the red genotypes than in the yellow and white genotypes. The white genotypes showed maximum total aflatoxin production at 6 days after infection. The aflatoxins produced in the white genotypes were comparable to those in the red genotypes. There was a significant positive correlation between chitinase activity and aflatoxin production in red sorghum (r2 = 0.600, p ≤ 0.001) and white sorghum (r2 = 0.411, p ≤ 0.001). Maximum chitinase activity was observed on day 12 in all genotypes under healthy conditions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of the season on the relationships between NMR transverse relaxation data and water‐holding capacity of turkey breast meat
Authors: Bianchi Maurizio , Capozzi Francesco , Cremonini Mauro A , Laghi Luca , Petracci Massimiliano , Placucci Giuseppe , Cavani Claudio 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the last few years the poultry industry has seen a significant deterioration in meat quality properties during the summer season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effect (summer and winter) on turkey meat quality assessed by both conventional and low‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (LR‐NMR) analysis. Eighty‐eight breast muscle samples (35 winter and 53 summer) from BUT‐Big 6 turkeys belonging to 16 different flocks, were randomly collected from a commercial processing plant. The samples were analysed for transverse relaxation times (T2) by LR‐NMR and for initial pH (15 min post mortem), ultimate pH (24 h post mortem) and pH after cooking, temperature at 15 min post mortem, water‐holding capacity (WHC, drip loss, filter paper press wetness and cooking loss) at 24 h post mortem, colour of raw and cooked meat and chemical composition (moisture, lipids and proteins). The results indicate that, during the summer season, turkey breast meat undergoes a relevant WHC decrease. Cluster analysis of the raw LR‐NMR data evidenced the presence of two groups corresponding to samples harvested in each different season. Correlations between the LR‐NMR signal and the conventional parameters measuring WHC were obtained by a recently proposed type of principal component regression (PCR) termed relative standard deviation PCR. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A new methodology to appraise the physical characteristics of maize silage by image processing: effect of the ensiling process
Authors: Arvis V , Michalet‐Doreau B , Debain C 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe present a new computer vision method for measuring the physical characteristics of maize silages based on the extraction of image textural features, namely five Haralick features, the moments of order 1 and 2 on the grey levels of the image, and a fractal parameter. To show the effectiveness of these features for characterising the physical properties of the maize silage, a trial was performed on three maize cultivars (Zea mays L, a mid–early hybrid and an early hybrid) to study the effects of the ensiling process. The features could discern effects of the ensiling process on the physical properties of the maize silage. These effects were neither significant by comparing particle size distributions, nor with chemical compositions, whereas a biological response (degradation in the rumen) to the ensiling process exists. Thus image textural features seemed to give new and interesting measurements of the physical properties of the silage, explaining the biological response better than other methods. Furthermore, the ensiling effect was not the same with all the maize types and varied with the proportion of large particles in the silages. Linear relations between features before and after the ensiling process made it possible to predict a measure on a silage knowing its value on the parent forage. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of the oxidative degradation of farmed salmon lipids by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Influence of salting
Authors: Guillén Maria D , Ruiz Ainhoa , Cabo Nerea 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFarmed salmon fillets were dry‐salted for 24 h. Both salted and unsalted samples were submitted to oxidative conditions at 50 °C in an oven with circulating air. Lipids of both samples were extracted daily from aliquots and studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The infrared spectra of salmon lipids are similar to those of vegetable edible oils, with differences in the frequency and absorbance of some bands due to their different acyl group compositions. The infrared spectra of salted and unsalted fish lipid samples remain unchanged during a period of time, which is shorter for the salted salmon. After this period, changes in the frequency and absorbance of some bands of the spectrum are observed owing to the presence of oxidation products. Therefore the reduction in the oxidative stability of farmed salmon lipids caused by the dry‐salting process is proved and the usefulness of this technique for studying the oxidative stability of fish lipid samples as well as their oxidation degree is shown. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical composition of two muscles of the common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia)
Authors: Hoffman Louwrens C , Ferreira Abraham V 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTen mature male common duikers (Sylvicapra grimmia) were cropped and their M longissimus dorsi (LD) and M biceps femoris (BF) dissected in order to determine the chemical composition of the meat of this species. There was no significant difference in proximate chemical composition between the LD and the BF. The duiker muscle had a moisture content of 713.1 g kg−1, a high protein content (257.7 g kg−1) and a low fat content (20.6 g kg−1). Potassium and phosphorus were the minerals and lysine and leucine the amino acids present in highest concentrations in the meat. The LD contained higher levels of sodium and zinc than the BF but lower levels of alanine, leucine and lysine. Stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid constituted the greatest proportion of fatty acids in the meat. The common duiker's meat also had a high polyunsaturated fatty acid content (414.2 g kg−1 total fatty acids), allowing it to be considered a healthy food commodity. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of pre‐treatment and smoking process (cold and hot) on chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
Authors: Iliadis Konstantinos N , Zotos Anastasios , Taylor Anthony KD , Petridis Dimitrios 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe sensory, hygienic, toxicological and nutritional profiles of hot‐ and cold‐smoked mackerel samples were studied with various pre‐treatments. The panellists assessed all smoked samples as barely to quite acceptable products whilst the product immersed in 120 g kg−1 sodium chloride and 60 g kg−1 fructose prior to smoking was assessed as very acceptable regarding its sensory characteristics. The available lysine in all hot smoked samples was reduced to the same extent (32%) whilst a very good correlation (r = 0.912) was observed between loss of available lysine and colour formation of the cold‐smoked products, indicating the high contribution of lysine in the interactions with carbonyls. Histamine was found in highly unacceptable levels even in the unprocessed samples (600 mg kg−1) and strongly increased (2220 and 2250 mg kg−1) in the cold‐ and hot‐smoked samples, respectively, due to all treatments. These are levels which would be expected to cause symptoms of scombrotoxin poisoning. Benzo(a)pyrene, fluoranthene and perylene were at high levels both in cold‐ (2.1, 4.3 ± 0.04 and 7.2 ± 0.05 µg kg−1) and hot‐smoked samples (9.2, 7.8 ± 0.03 and 9.4 ± 0.14 µg kg−1, respectively) and were, as expected, influenced by the temperature. The aerobic bacteria remained at acceptable levels, since salt and high temperature prevent bacterial growth. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Total phenol, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and vitamin C levels and antioxidant activities of Mauritian vegetables
Authors: Bahorun Theeshan , Luximon‐Ramma Amitabye , Crozier Alan , Aruoma Okezie I 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTen Mauritian vegetables, broccoli, cauliflower, white cabbage, lettuce, Chinese cabbage, mugwort, carrot, onion, tomato and chilli pepper, were analysed for their total phenol, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and vitamin C contents and antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant activities of the vegetables ranged from 0.43 to 3.68 µmol g−1 fresh weight Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and from 0.60 to 8.47 µmol g−1 fresh weight ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Levels of total phenols in the vegetables varied between 132 and 1189 µg g−1 fresh weight and those of total flavonoids between 45 and 944 µg g−1 fresh weight, while proanthocyanidins were detected at very low levels in only a few vegetables. Vitamin C contents varied between 25 and 748 µg g−1 fresh weight. Quercetin was the dominant flavonoid aglycone in the hydrolysed vegetable extracts, with values in the range of 15–390 µg g−1 fresh weight. There were strong correlations between antioxidant capacity and total phenols (TEAC, r = 0.91; FRAP, r = 0.83) and total flavonoids (TEAC, r = 0.89; FRAP, r = 0.82). Vitamin C contents showed poor correlation with TEAC values (r = 0.33), while no correlation was observed with FRAP values. Highest antioxidant capacities were observed in Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L), onion (Allium cepa L), mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris Cantley) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var botrytis L subvar cymosa). Mauritian vegetables therefore represent a significant source of phenolic antioxidants, with quercetin derivatives being most abundant, and this may contribute to their potential health benefits. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry