bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double‐stranded RNA stimulates chemokine expression in microglia through vacuolar pH‐dependent activation of intracellular signaling pathways
Authors: Nakamichi Kazuo , Saiki Megumi , Sawada Makoto , Yamamuro Yutaka , Morimoto Kinjiro , Kurane Ichiro 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDuring neurotropic virus infection, microglia act as a source of chemokines, thereby regulating the recruitment of peripheral leukocytes and the multicellular immune response within the CNS. Herein, we present a comprehensive study on the chemokine production by microglia in response to double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA), a conserved molecular pattern of virus infection. Transcriptional analyses of chemokine genes revealed that dsRNA strongly induces the expression of CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) in microglia. We also observed that the dsRNA stimulation triggered the activation of signaling pathways mediated by nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK), including extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38, and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). The microglial CXCL10 response to dsRNA was induced via NF‐κB, p38, and JNK pathways, whereas the dsRNA‐induced CCL5 production was dependent on JNK, but not on the other signal‐transducing molecules tested. In addition, the acidic environment of intracellular vesicles was required for the activation of cellular signaling in response to dsRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that the recognition of dsRNA structure selectively induces the CXCL10 and CCL5 responses in microglia through vacuolar pH‐dependent activation of NF‐κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
Profiling of neuropeptides released at the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis with mass spectrometry
Authors: Billimoria Cyrus P. , Li Lingjun , Marder Eve 
Published: September 2005

AbstractStudies of release under physiological conditions provide more direct data about the identity of neuromodulatory signaling molecules than studies of tissue localization that cannot distinguish between processing precursors and biologically active neuropeptides. We have identified neuropeptides released by electrical stimulation of nerves that contain the axons of the modulatory projection neurons to the stomatogastric ganglion of the crab, Cancer borealis. Preparations were bathed in saline containing a cocktail of peptidase inhibitors to minimize peptide degradation. Both electrical stimulation of projection nerves and depolarization with high K+ saline were used to evoke release. Releasates were desalted and then identified by mass using MALDI–TOF (matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time‐of‐flight) mass spectrometry. Both previously known and novel peptides were detected. Subsequent to electrical stimulation proctolin, Cancer borealis tachykinin‐related peptide (CabTRP), FVNSRYa, carcinustatin‐8, allatostatin‐3 (AST‐3), red pigment concentrating hormone, NRNFLRFa, AST‐5, SGFYANRYa, TNRNFLRFa, AST‐9, orcomyotropin‐related peptide, corazonin, Ala13‐orcokinin, and Ser9‐Val13‐orcokinin were detected. Some of these were also detected after high K+ depolarization. Release was calcium dependent. In summary, we have shown release of the neuropeptides thought to play an important neuromodulatory role in the stomatogastric ganglion, as well as numerous other candidate neuromodulators that remain to be identified.
Mitochondria are involved in the neurogenic neuroprotection conferred by stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus
Authors: Zhou Ping , Qian Liping , Zhou Theresa , Iadecola Costantino 
Published: September 2005

AbstractActivation of neural pathways originating in the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) protects the brain from the deleterious effects of cerebral ischemia and excitotoxicity, a phenomenon termed central neurogenic neuroprotection. The neuroprotection is, in part, mediated by suppression of apoptosis. We sought to determine whether FN stimulation exerts its anti‐apoptotic effect through mitochondrial mechanisms. Mitochondria were isolated from the cerebral cortex of rats in which the FN was stimulated for 1 h (100 μA; 1 s on/1 s off), 72 h earlier. Stimulation of the dentate nucleus (DN), a brain region that does not confer neuroprotection, served as control. Mitochondria isolated from FN‐stimulated rats exhibited a marked increase in their ability to sequester Ca2+ and an increased resistance to Ca2+‐induced membrane depolarization and depression in respiration. FN stimulation also leads to reduction in the release in cytochrome c, induced either by Ca2+ or the mitochondrial toxin mastoparan. Furthermore, in brain slices, FN stimulation reduced the staurosporine‐induced insertion of the pro‐apoptotic protein Bax into the mitochondria, a critical step in the mitochondrial mechanisms of apoptosis. Collectively, these results provide evidence that FN stimulation protects the mitochondria from dysfunction induced by Ca2+ loading, and inhibits mitochondrial pathways initiating apoptosis. These mitochondrial mechanisms are likely to play a role in the neuroprotection exerted by FN stimulation.
NMDA receptor activation modulates programmed cell death during early post‐natal retinal development: a BDNF‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Martins Rodrigo A. P. , Silveira Mariana S. , Curado Marco R. , Police Angela I. , Linden Rafael 
Published: September 2005

AbstractGlutamate is a classical excitotoxin of the central nervous system (CNS), but extensive work demonstrates neuroprotective roles of this neurotransmitter in developing CNS. Mechanisms of glutamate‐mediated neuroprotection are still under scrutiny. In this study, we investigated mediators of glutamate‐induced neuroprotection, and tested whether this neurotransmitter controls programmed cell death in the developing retina. The protective effect of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) upon differentiating cells of retinal explants was completely blocked by a neutralizing antibody to brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not by an antibody to neurotrophin‐4 (NT‐4). Consistently, chronic activation of NMDA receptor increased the expression of BDNF and trkB mRNA, as well as BDNF protein content, but did not change the content of NT‐4 mRNA in retinal tissue. Furthermore, we showed that in vivo inactivation of NMDA receptor by intraperitoneal injections of MK‐801 increased natural cell death of specific cell populations of the post‐natal retina. Our results show that chronic activation of NMDA receptors in vitro induces a BDNF‐dependent neuroprotective state in differentiating retinal cells, and that NMDA receptor activation controls programmed cell death of developing retinal neurons in vivo.
Selective loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons by 192 IgG‐saporin is associated with decreased phosphorylation of Ser9 glycogen synthase kinase‐3β
Authors: Hawkes C. , Jhamandas J. H. , Kar S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractGlycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in a variety of biological events including development, glucose metabolism and cell death. Its activity is inhibited by phosphorylation of the Ser9 residue and up‐regulated by Tyr216 phosphorylation. Activated GSK‐3β increases phosphorylation of tau protein and induces cell death in a variety of cultured neurons, whereas phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol‐3 (PI‐3) kinase‐dependent protein kinase B (Akt), which inhibits GSK‐3β activity, is one of the best characterized cell survival signaling pathways. In the present study, the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG‐saporin was used to address the potential role of GSK‐3β in the degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, which are preferentially vulnerable in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. GSK‐3β co‐localized with a subset of forebrain cholinergic neurons and loss of these neurons was accompanied by a transient decrease in PI‐3 kinase, phospho‐Ser473Akt and phospho‐Ser9GSK‐3β levels, as well as an increase in phospho‐tau levels, in the basal forebrain and hippocampus. Total Akt, GSK‐3β, tau and phospho‐Tyr216GSK‐3β levels were not significantly altered in these brain regions in animals treated with 192 IgG‐saporin. Systemic administration of the GSK‐3β inhibitor LiCl did not significantly affect cholinergic marker or phospho‐Ser9GSK‐3β levels in control rats but did preclude 192‐IgG saporin‐induced alterations in PI‐3 kinase/phospho‐Akt, phospho‐Ser9GSK‐3β and phospho‐tau levels, and also partly protected cholinergic neurons against the immunotoxin. These results provide the first evidence that increased GSK‐3β activity, via decreased Ser9 phosphorylation, can mediate, at least in part, 192‐IgG saporin‐induced in vivo degeneration of forebrain cholinergic neurons by enhancing tau phosphorylation. The partial protection of these neurons following inhibition of GSK‐3β kinase activity suggests a possible therapeutic role for GSK‐3β inhibitors in attenuating the loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons observed in AD.
Distinct spatio‐temporal expression of ABCA and ABCG transporters in the developing and adult mouse brain
Authors: Tachikawa Masanori , Watanabe Masahiko , Hori Satoko , Fukaya Masahiro , Ohtsuki Sumio , Asashima Tomoko , Terasaki Tetsuya 
Published: September 2005

AbstractUsing in situ hybridization for the mouse brain, we analyzed developmental changes in gene expression for the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter subfamilies ABCA1–4 and 7, and ABCG1, 2, 4, 5 and 8. In the embryonic brains, ABCA1 and A7 were highly expressed in the ventricular (or germinal) zone, whereas ABCA2, A3 and G4 were enriched in the mantle (or differentiating) zone. At the postnatal stages, ABCA1 was detected in both the gray and white matter and in the choroid plexus. On the other hand, ABCA2, A3 and A7 were distributed in the gray matter. In addition, marked up‐regulation of ABCA2 occurred in the white matter at 14 days‐of‐age when various myelin protein genes are known to be up‐regulated. In marked contrast, ABCA4 was selective to the choroid plexus throughout development. ABCG1 was expressed in both the gray and white matters, whereas ABCG4 was confined to the gray matter. ABCG2 was diffusely and weakly detected throughout the brain at all stages examined. Immunohistochemistry of ABCG2 showed its preferential expression on the luminal membrane of brain capillaries. Expression signals for ABCG5 and G8 were barely detected at any stages. The distinct spatio‐temporal expressions of individual ABCA and G transporters may reflect their distinct cellular expressions in the developing and adult brains, presumably, to regulate and maintain lipid homeostasis in the brain.
POPULATION POLICY RESEARCH AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
Authors: Dye Thomas R. , Caputo David A. 
Published: September 2005

Our spacecraft called the Earth is reaching its capacity. Can we not invent a way to reduce our population growth to zero?… Every human institution … should set this as its prime task.Lee A. DuBridge

The creation of a steady‐state world, which is at the same time a liveable one, is the most important and difficult problem mankind has ever faced.Roger Revelle
LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Games Judson L. 
Published: September 2005

M. Kenneth Bowler, The Nixon Guaranteed Income Praposal: Substance and Process in Policy ChangeBruce Ian Oppenheimer, Oil and the Congressional ProcessThomas R. Dye, The Politics of EqualityRandall B. Ripley, The Politics of Economic and Human Resource DevelopmentHawkins, Brett W., Politics and Urban PoliciesRichard I. Hofferbert, The Study of Public Policy
SYMPOSIUM ON INTRODUCTORY TEXTBOOKS ON PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: James Judson L. 
Published: September 2005

WORLD POLICAL ECONOMY Robert Gilpin, U.S. Power and the Multinational CorporationZuhayr Mikdashi, The International Politics of Natural ResourcesMason Willrich, Energy and World Politics RECENT RELEVANT LITERATURE J. Clarence Davies III and Barbara S. Davies, The Politics of Pollution POLICY STUDIES PAPERS FROM NON‐POLITICAL SCIENCE CONVENTIONS A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POLICY STUDIES BOOKS
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: James Judson L. 
Published: September 2005

Literature reviewed in this article:Robert Levine, Public PlanningKaren Davis, National Health Insurance: Benefits, Costs, and ConsequencesMartha Derthick, Uncontrollable Spendinq for Social Services GrantsSar A. Levitan and Joyce K. Zickler, The Quest for a Federal Manpower PartnershipKettil Brun, Lynn Pan, and Ingemar Rexed, The Gentlemen's Club: International Control of Drugs and AlcoholRichard L. Rachin and Eugene H. Czajkoski, Drug Abuse ControlTimothy H. Hannan, The Economics of Methadone MaintenanceHenry J. Aaron, Who Pays the Property‐Tax: A New ViewGeorge F. Break and Joseph A. Pechman, Federal Tax Reform, the Impossible Dream?Robert K. Yin and Douglas Yates, Street‐Level Governments: Assessing Decentralization and Urban ServicesDavid J. O'Brien, Neighborhood Organization and Interest Group ProcessesJames Q. Wilson, Thinking about CrimeW. Henry Lambright, Governinq Science and TechnoloqyJames L. Sundquist, Dispersing Population: What America Can Learn from Europe
LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: James Judson L. 
Published: September 2005

REVIEW ESSAY ON FISCAL FEDERALISM David A. Caputo and Richard L. Cole, eds., Revenue SharingWallace E. Gates, ed., Financing the New Federalism: Revenue Sharing, Conditional Grants, and Taxation REVIEWS ON EDUCATIONAL POLICY Russell S. Harrison, Equality in Public School FinanceFlorence Levinsohn and Benjamin Wright, eds., School Desegregation; Shadow and Substance RECENT RELEVANT LITERATURE Richard Rose, ed., The Dynamics of Public Policy: A Comparative AnalysisRichard Rose, Managing Presidential ObjectivesKneese, Allen V. and Charles L. Schultze, Pollution, Prices and Public PolicyPeter H. Rossi and Katharine C. Lyall, Reforming Public Welfare: A Critique of the Negative Income Tax Experiment BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES Michael Marien, Societal Directions and Alternatives: A Critical Guide to the Literature ARTICLES IN POLICY JOURNALS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY POLICY STUDIES BIBLIOGRAPHY
LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: James Judson L. 
Published: September 2005

RECENT RELEVANT LITERATURE Arnold J. Meltsner, Policy Analysis in the BureaucracyLouis Fisher, Presidential Spending PowerMorton H. Halperin, Jerry J. Herman, Robert L. Borosage and Christine M. Marwick, The Lawless State: The Crimes of the U.S. Intelligence AgenciesDavid Berlinski, On Systems Analysis; An Essay Concerning the Limitations of Some Mathematical Methods in Social. Political and Biological SciencesHerbert E. Alexander, Financing Politics; Money, Elections and Political ReformRobert J. Kalter and William A. Vogely, eds., Energy Supply and Government Policy BOOK NOTES Dale Mann, Policy Decision‐Making in Education: An Introduction to Calculation and ControlJoseph A. Pechman, Federal Tax Policy (3rd ed., Washington, B.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1977)Kenneth M. Friedman and Stuart H. Rakoff, eds., Toward a National Health PolicyAngus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, and Willard L. Rodgers, The Quality of American Life; Perceptions, Evaluations/and SatisfactionsPhilip M. Hauser, Social Statistics in UseAllen H. Barton, et al., Decentralizing City Government A POLICY STUDIES BIBLIOGRAPHY BY POLITICAL SCIENCE FIELDS
Regulatory Policy
Authors: James Judson L. 
Published: September 2005

Paul W. MacAvoy, ed., Ford Administration Papers on Regulatory ReformPaul W. MacAvoy, ed., Federal Energy Administration RegulationPaul W. MacAvoy and John W. Snow, eds., Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory ReformPaul W. MacAvoy and John W. Snow, eds., Regulation of Entry and Pricing in Truck TransportationPaul W. MacAvoy, ed., Deregulation of Cable TelevisionPaul W. MacAvoy, ed., Federal‐State Regulation of the Pricing and Marketing of InsurancePaul W. MacAvoy, ed., OSHA Safety Regulations
LIVING WITH THE LONG CYCLE TODAY
Authors: Kolodziej Edward A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThere is a need for a new rationale to guide American security policy, including arms control and disarmament. In light of fundamental changes in the external and internal environment, American security policy would appear to have to rest on the following four assumptions: (1) the multiplication of threats, allies, and adversaries; (2) the disparity between greater absolute military power at the disposal of the United States and greater relative impotence in wielding it to influence events abroad; (3) the globalization yet divisibility of American and international security, economic, and political regime interests; and (4) the persistence of divided domestic consensus as the shaky basis from which to project American military power to shape the international environment in ways congenial to often conflicting American preferences.
STRATEGIC THINKING OVER THE LONG CYCLE
Authors: Critchley W. Harriet 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe changing international environment for U.S. strategic policy formation is causing progressive uncertainty about the adequacy of threat assessment concepts and procedures. The concept of “strategic value,” which plays a central role in decisions to use and control military force, is defined and elaborated in terms of three key elements–territory, worth and access. This classification allows for a more coherent analysis of the nature of “strategic threat” in the changing international environment. It also provides a more realistic approach for making choices among available policy options and available means of implementing security policy.
STABILIZING THE EUROPEAN THEATRE
Authors: Canby Steven L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article points out the shortcomings in the current NATO defense strategy. While the United States is striving to push for a more credible conventional defense, West Europeans still believe that an (American) nuclear response is the answer to any serious aggression. It is argued that the American doctrinal understanding of conventional warfare has become dated. Its mindset and approach remains that of 1917 on the ground, while its broader strategy is akin to that of Douhet. On the other hand, the Warsaw Pact strategy is much like Guderian's strategy of maneuver using fluid armored forces and the blitzkrieg. The paper argues that there are at least three distinct solutions for obtaining a true conventional defense in NATO and that these can be obtained at no additional cost. Finally the article notes that the present NATO Long‐Term Defense Program is expensive and largely irrelevant, and fails to address the real problem.
RE‐EXAMINING THE ABM MORATORIUM
Authors: Slater Jerome 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe argument of this essay is that current U.S. strategic postures and weapons systems, based essentially on mutual assured destruction (MAD), are defective, in that they over‐deter and under‐defend. MAD provides far more than sufficient deterrence against deliberate, full‐scale nuclear war launched by the government of the Soviet Union, but provides little deterrence and no defense against the far more likely nuclear catastrophe of the future: an accidental, unauthorized, or third‐party missile attack. The proposed solution is the reintroduction of superpower ABM (anti‐ballistic missile) protection, on a limited, negotiated basis, which could provide defensive systems heavy enough to defend against light attacks but not heavy enough to defend against full‐scale superpower attacks (and thereby undermine deterrence).
COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION DIMENSIONS OF ARMS CONTROL
Authors: Bobrow Davis B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTMore than a decade of emphasis on arms control through agreed numerical ceilings on weapons by type has failed to create a safer world or slowed the trend toward the increasing number, sophistication, and proliferation of destructive capacities. Accordingly, it is past time for renewed and major attention to arms control through communication and information regimes–to C3/I, i.e., communications, command and control, and intelligence. Priorities and possibilities in three areas merit pursuit: within U.S. and allied forces; between adversaries; and for potential third party sources of guarantees, sanctions, and mediation.
PROCESS ISSUES IN AMERICAN SECURITY POLICY AND POLICY‐MAKING COORDINATING ARMS CONTROL STRATEGIES
Authors: Harkavy Robert 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis study examines some apparent dilemmas and possible contradictions in U.S. policies spanning several of the most important arms control domains. The analysis is centered on the triangular relationship connecting nuclear non‐proliferation, SALT, and conventional arms transfers (CAT), with each analyzed as dependent and independent variables in relation to the others. Further such linkages are examined involving the Comprehensive Test Ban, Indian Ocean de‐militarization, and Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR). The study questions, in particular, whether or not U.S. policies on SALT and CAT may prove counterproductive for efforts to halt nuclear proliferation. The linkage of American overseas basing access to several areas of arms control endeavor is also highlighted.
BUREAUCRATIC POLITICS AND CONGRESS’ ROLE IN WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Butterworth Robert Lyle 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn 1975 Congress required that budgetary requests for selected defense programs be accompanied by a statement assessing their arms control effects. Implementation of this requirement has fallen far short of unqualified success, and several proposals for remedying its failures are now being discussed. If remedies are based on incomplete or faulty diagnoses of the requirement's failures, however, they could exacerbate its dysfunctional aspects. This article suggests that the requirement has been unsuccessful because of an inadequate appreciation both of the political dynamics of the bureaucratic process involved and of the objective problems of these arms control issues. The analysis presented here concentrates on the former and suggests that further legislative modifications to the requirement are unlikely to be fruitful.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARMS
Authors: Reppy Judith 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTMilitary R&D is an important element in our national security, although advanced technology by itself does not insure military superiority. There is a large well‐funded program for military R&D in the U.S. Two kinds of questions are raised in connection with this program: the problem of optimizing the military effectiveness of the program through the allocation of resources among R&D projects and between R&D and other elements in the defense budget; and the problem of the long‐range effects of new weapons technology on international stability.
THE DEFENSE BUDGETARY PROCESS
Authors: Korb Lawrence J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the Defense Budget Process is to produce a force structure to support national security policy. To accomplish this task, the Department of Defense has designed a system built around planning, programming and budgeting and zero based budgeting. However, while these two systems help to marry policy and force structure, for several interrelated reasons the fit is far from perfect. These reasons include: resource constraints; inadequate guidance; length of the budget process; the size scope, controllability and impact of the defense budget; inadequate decision making methodology; past decisions; and domestic political constituencies.
ASSESSING ARMS CONTROL MEASURES: THE HISTORICAL SETTING
Authors: Bloomfield Lincoln P. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe U.S. has since World War II followed a defense policy and strategy that combined traditional national approaches with features especially typical of American attitudes toward war and peace as well as force and power. The deep dilemmas of nuclear deterrence confront the U.S. with an inescapable dilemma, which in turn motivates an increasingly serious arms control policy.