bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and photoactivity of novel 5‐arylthianthrenium salt cationic photoinitiators
Authors: Crivello James V. , Ma Junqing , Jiang Faming 
Published: October 2002

Abstract5‐Arylthianthrenium salts are a class of efficient triarylsulfonium salt photoinitiators for cationic polymerization. These compounds were prepared by a simple, straightforward, versatile, and high yield route. The new photoinitiators were characterized by standard analytical and spectroscopic techniques, and their activity as cationic photoinitiators was compared with related triarylsulfonium salts of similar structures using Fourier transform real‐time infrared spectroscopy. Through the use of electron‐transfer photosensitizers, the response of these photoinitiators can be readily spectrally broadened into the long‐wavelength UV–visible regions of the spectrum. The results obtained suggest that 5‐arylthianthrenium salts are potential replacements for now available triarysulfonium salt photoinitiators in many applications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3465–3480, 2002
Model for the fracture energy of glassy polymer–polymer interfaces
Authors: Benkoski J. J. , Fredrickson G. H. , Kramer E. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe increase in the interfacial fracture energy (Gc) with increasing interfacial width (ai) goes through a transition at a critical value of ai that is unique to each polymer–polymer system. This transition point does not scale with the bulk entanglement spacing (dt) for different systems, implying that the role of chain friction in reinforcing these interfaces is more important than previously thought. A theoretical model has been developed to calculate Gc as a function of the interfacial stress transfer due to individual polymer chains. When including the effects of chain friction only, the model reproduces the nonuniversal behavior of Gc with respect to ai/dt but yields poor fits for ai/dt > 1. The effects of entanglements are then added by calculating the fraction of entangled chains as a function of ai/dt. This contribution, although not material specific, matches the qualitative behavior of Gc for large values of ai/dt. When both contributions are included in the model, excellent fits are obtained for all data sets. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2377–2386, 2002
Providing internet lessons to oncology patients and family members: a shared project
Authors: Edgar Linda , Greenberg Arlene , Remmer Jean 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe paper describes the steps in a pilot study taken to develop and evaluate an Internet intervention for cancer patients and family members. The intervention was a shared project of two hospital departments; a volunteer oncology support service, Hope & Cope, and the Health Services Library. Forty subjects were surveyed on their computer use and interest, and of these, half used the Internet to access health and medical information. Of the 40 subjects, 28 participated in an innovative, one‐to‐one teaching session with a medical librarian where they learned to access Internet sites to find information specific to their needs and subsequently be more confident in their perceived ability to evaluate the information received. Follow up interviews found that the sessions were well received and at two months follow‐up the participants attributed their positive well being in large part to the intervention. Internet use by oncology patients and family members in conjunction with skilled help has the potential to contribute in a timely fashion to the well being of those with cancer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative detection of salmeterol after inhalation in equine urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Van Eenoo P. , Deventer K. , Delbeke F. T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA sensitive, accurate and precise liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS2) method was developed for the quantification of salmeterol in the urine of horses. The method consists of a liquid‐liquid extraction with tert‐butylmethyl ether and isopropanol at pH 12 after enzymatic hydrolysis. The extracts are analysed using an LC/MS system equipped with an electrospray ionisation (ESI) probe. Method validation showed excellent linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision and intra‐laboratory repeatability and reproducibility. The limit of quantitative detection was 0.25 ng/mL and the limit of detection was 0.125 ng/mL. The excretion profile was determined after administration of 500 µg salmeterol (Serevent®) to four standard‐bred mares via a metered dose inhaler (MDI) with an Equinehaler® adapter. Salmeterol was detected from 1 h until 12 h post‐administration. Maximum urinary concentrations varied between 2.3 and 14.9 ng/mL. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive regulation of cascade systems with nonlinear parameterization
Authors: Lin Wei , Qian Chunjiang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article provides a solution to the problem of global adaptive regulation, for a class of nonlinearly parameterized cascade systems including feedback linearizable and minimum‐phase systems with nonlinear parameterization. The solution is derived by using a novel parameter separation technique combined with a feedback domination design. We remove all the restrictive conditions previously imposed on the unknown parameters, such as linear parameterization or convex/concave parameterization conditions, which have been commonly assumed so far in the literature of nonlinear adaptive control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line learning neural networks for sensor validation for the flight control system of a B777 research scale model
Authors: Campa Giampiero , Fravolini Mario L. , Seanor Brad , Napolitano Marcello R. , Gobbo Diego Del , Yu Gu , Gururajan Srikanth 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of a scheme for sensor failure, detection, identification and accommodation (SFDIA) using experimental flight data of a research aircraft model. Recent technical literature has shown the advantages of time‐varying estimators and/or approximators. Conventional approaches are based on different versions of observers and Kalman filters while more recent methods are based on different approximators based on neural networks (NNs). The approach proposed in the paper is based on the use of on‐line learning nonlinear neural approximators.The characteristics of three different neural architectures were compared through different sensor failures. The first architecture is based on a multi layer perceptron (MLP) NN trained with the extended back propagation algorithm (EBPA). The second and third architectures are based on a radial basis function (RBF) NN trained with the minimal resource allocating network (MRAN) and extended‐MRAN (EMRAN). The MRAN and EMRAN algorithms have recently been developed for RBF networks and have shown remarkable learning capabilities at a fraction of the memory requirements and computational effort typically associated with conventional RBF NNs.The experimental data for this study are flight data acquired from the flight‐testing of a $$1 \over 24$$th semi‐scale B777 research model designed, built, and flown at West Virginia University (WVU). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fisher information matrix for non‐linear mixed‐effects models: evaluation and application for optimal design of enoxaparin population pharmacokinetics
Authors: Retout Sylvie , Mentré France , Bruno René 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe address the problem of the choice and the evaluation of designs in population pharmacokinetic studies that use non‐linear mixed‐effects models. Criteria, based on the Fisher information matrix, have been developed to optimize designs and adapted to such models. We optimize designs under different constraints and evaluate them for a population pharmacokinetics study, within a new phase III trial of enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin. To do this, we approximate the expression of the Fisher information matrix for non‐linear mixed‐effects models including the residual error variance as a parameter to be estimated. We use the Fedorov–Wynn algorithm to minimize the inverse of the determinant of this matrix as required by the D‐optimality criterion. Two optimal designs, as well as a design defined by pharmacologists, are evaluated by the simulation of 30 replicated data sets with NONMEM; all designs involve 220 patients with four measurements per patient. We also evaluate the relevance of the standard errors of estimation given from the Fisher information matrix by comparison with those given by NONMEM. The three designs provide more precise population parameter estimates; the optimal design gives the best precision and offers a simple clinical implementation. The expected standard errors given by the information matrix are close to those obtained by NONMEM on the simulation. Moreover, the proposed criterion of D‐optimality appears to be a good measure to compare designs for population studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the genealogy of systems thinking
Authors: Hammond Debora 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs a plenary address at the 2001 Annual Conference of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), this paper was intended to initiate an interactive exploration into the roots of systems thinking. Beginning with a summary of the key influences in the development of the author's own understanding of systems, the paper continues with an overview of developments in the broad variety of disciplinary fields that contributed to the elaboration of systems concepts. Following these introductory reflections, the paper provides a brief discussion of the primary concerns of the original founders of the ISSS (Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Kenneth Boulding, Ralph Gerard, James G. Miller and Anatol Rapoport). Those who attended the conference were then asked to consider the evolution of their own understanding of the meaning and significance of systems thinking by responding to the following questions: (1) Through what academic discipline or occupational field were you originally introduced to systems ideas? (2) Which systems thinkers have been most influential in the evolution of your own thinking about systems? (3) What kinds of questions motivated your interest in systems? (4) What kinds of problems were you seeking to address? (5) Has your concern with systems ideas been primarily theoretical or practical? A brief summary of answers to these questions is included in the concluding remarks. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the manufacturing–marketing interface in new product development: does context affect the strength of relationships?
Authors: Calantone Roger , Dröge Cornelia , Vickery Shawnee 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study explores the nature of the relationships characterizing the marketing–manufacturing interface in new product development (NPD). Four constructs are examined: (1) marketing’s knowledge of manufacturing; (2) manufacturing’s evaluation of marketing communication; (3) marketing–manufacturing integration; and (4) marketing–manufacturing relationship quality. Knowledge and communication are represented as antecedents of relationship quality and integration in a structural equations model (SEM). All relationships are posited to be positive, and we test whether they are moderated by (1) high versus low environmental uncertainty, and by (2) a high versus low rate of new product introduction as compared to competitors. In all cases but low uncertainty, the majority of structural paths are positive. Nevertheless, a strong, positive link exists between knowledge and integration in the low uncertainty case. Overall, we find that the more marketing knows about manufacturing and the more marketing is able to communicate credibly with manufacturing, better relationships and functional relationships will result with a variety of contingencies notwithstanding.
Ectopic dendrite initiation: CNS pathogenesis as a model of CNS development
Authors: Siegel Donald A. , Huang May K. , Becker Shannon F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe neuronal storage diseases are a rare group of disorders with profound clinical consequences including severe mental retardation and death in early childhood. A subset of these disorders, those with elevated levels of GM2 ganglioside, are further characterized by the reinitiation of primary dendrites on mature cortical neurons. These ectopic dendrites are unusual as primary dendrite initiation is normally confined to a narrow developmental window. Thus, ectopic dendritogenesis appears to be a recapitulation of the normal developmental program temporally displaced. Consequently, understanding ectopic dendritogenesis should offer insights into both the pathogenesis of the neuronal storage diseases as well as mechanisms of normal CNS development.Using a feline model of GM2 gangliosidosis, we compared patterns of gene expression in normal newborn and mature diseased animals (both undergoing active primary dendritogenesis) with normal, mature controls (where primary dendritogenesis has ceased). From this work, we have identified two genes that appear to function in primary dendrite initiation. One, tomoregulin, is an integral membrane protein with both EGF‐ and follistatin‐like motifs in its extracellular domain. The second, Tristanin, is a member of the positive regulatory domain (PRD) family of a zinc‐finger transcription factors. Both genes are up regulated in the disease state, and both show a shift in their intracellular location to the nucleus in diseased animals that is not observed in age matched controls. In normal mouse brain, tomoregulin and Tristanin reveal developmental patterns consistent with a role in dendrite initiation and show changes in subcellular localization similar to that observed in the cat.
The fallacy of cookie cutter asset allocation
Authors: Spitzer John J. , Singh Sandeep 
Published: October 2002

In this paper, we establish why ``prefabricated'' asset allocation schemes mandated by some education savings programs might be suboptimal. Then, using the New York's College Savings Program as an example, we simulate and then compare end of period wealth accumulated in both a tax preferred but regimented asset allocation plan, and in a nontax protected plan.
We find, first, that the longer the child participates in the plan, the greater the bene®t. Second, participants in higher tax brackets derive greater bene®ts; adherence to prespeci®ed asset allocation for low tax bracket investors often results in return loss that overshadows the tax benefit. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Partnerships in Rural Regeneration
Authors: Ward Neil 
Published: October 2002

Westholm, E., Moseley, M. and Stenlås, N. (eds) 1999: LOCAL PARNERSHIPS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF PRACTICE AND THEORY Cheltenham: Countryside and Community Research Unit, University of Gloucestershire, ISBN 91 88790 62 6, £17.99 paper, 245pp. Esparcia, J., Moseley, M. and Noguera, J. (eds) 2000: EXPLORING RURAL DEVELOPMENT PARNERSHIPS IN EUROPE: AN ANALYSIS OF 330 LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS ACROSS EIGHT EU COUNTRIES Cheltenham: Countryside and Community Research Unit, University of Gloucestershire, ISBN 84 370 4445 6, £17.99 paper, 285pp. Cacazzani, A. and Moseley, M. (eds) 2001: THE PRACTICE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT PARNERSHIPS IN EUROPE: 24 CASE STUDIES IN SIX EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Cheltenham: Countryside and Community Research Unit, University of Gloucestershire, ISBN 88 498 0106 8, £17.99 paper, 398pp. Moseley, M. and Cherrett, T. 2001: RURAL DEVELOPMENT PARNERSHIPS: GUIDELINES FOR GOOD PRACTICE IN THE UK Cheltenham: Countryside and Community Research Unit, University of Gloucestershire, no ISBN, £5.00 paperback pamphlet, 18pp. Local Employment Policies Campbell, M. and Meadows, P. 2001: WHAT WORKS LOCALLY? KEY LESSONS ON LOCAL EMPLOYMENT POLICIES, WORK AND OPPORTUNITY SERIES NO 24 York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, ISBN 1 84263 004 0, £10.95 paper, 43 pages. Local exchange trading systems Meier, D. 2001: TAUSCHRINGE ALS BESONDERE BEWERTUNGSSYSTEME IN DER SCHATTENWIRTSCHAFT: EINE THEORETISCHE UND EMPIRISCHE ANALYSE. (LOCAL EXCHANGE TRADING SYSTEMS AS PARTICULAR SYSTEMS OF VALUATION IN THE SHADOW ECONOMY: A THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS) Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, ISBN 3 428 10210 X, 69 Euro paper, 273 pages.
Nitric Oxide Acts as an Antioxidant and Delays Programmed Cell Death in Barley Aleurone Layers
Authors: Beligni Maria Veronica , Fath Angelika , Bethke Paul C. , Lamattina Lorenzo , Jones Russell L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a freely diffusible, gaseous free radical and an important signaling molecule in animals. In plants, NO influences aspects of growth and development, and can affect plant responses to stress. In some cases, the effects of NO are the result of its interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). These interactions can be cytotoxic or protective. Because gibberellin (GA)-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya) aleurone layers is mediated by ROS, we examined the effects of NO donors on PCD and ROS-metabolizing enzymes in this system. NO donors delay PCD in layers treated with GA, but do not inhibit metabolism in general, or the GA-induced synthesis and secretion of α-amylase. α-Amylase secretion is stimulated slightly by NO donors. The effects of NO donors are specific for NO, because they can be blocked completely by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. The antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene also slowed PCD, and these data support our hypothesis that NO is a protective antioxidant in aleurone cells. The amounts of CAT and SOD, two enzymes that metabolize ROS, are greatly reduced in aleurone layers treated with GA. Treatment with GA in the presence of NO donors delays the loss of CAT and SOD. We speculate that NO may be an endogenous modulator of PCD in barley aleurone cells.
Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase Is Not a Critical Component of Plant Viral Resistance But May Play a Role in the Hypersensitive Response
Authors: Ordog Sandi H. , Higgins Verna J. , Vanlerberghe Greg C. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with altered levels of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) were used to examine the potential role of this electron transport chain protein in resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. We examined the effect of AOX expression on the salicylic acid-induced resistance in susceptible plants and the resistance responses of plants harboring the N-gene. A lack of AOX did not compromise the ability of salicylic acid treatment to heighten the resistance of susceptible plants. In plants with the N-gene, a lack of AOX did not compromise the ability of the hypersensitive response to restrict the virus or the ability of the plant to develop systemic acquired resistance. Overexpression of AOX did not heighten the resistance of susceptible plants, but did result in smaller hypersensitive response lesions, suggesting a link between mitochondrial function and this programmed cell death event. We conclude that AOX is not a critical component of the previously characterized salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive pathway important in viral resistance.
Two Novel Mitogen-Activated Protein Signaling Components, OsMEK1 and OsMAP1, Are Involved in a Moderate Low-Temperature Signaling Pathway in Rice
Authors: Wen Jiang-Qi , Oono Kiyoharu , Imai Ryozo 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) anther development is easily damaged by moderately low temperatures above 12°C. Subtractive screening of cDNA that accumulated in 12°C-treated anthers identified a cDNA clone, OsMEK1, encoding a protein with features characteristic of a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase. The putative OsMEK1 protein shows 92% identity to the maize (Zea mays) MEK homolog, ZmMEK1. OsMEK1transcript levels were induced in rice anthers by 12°C treatment for 48 h. Similar OsMEK1 induction was observed in shoots and roots of seedlings that were treated at 12°C for up to 24 h. It is interesting that no induction of OsMEK1transcripts was observed in 4°C-treated seedlings. In contrast, ricelip19, encoding a bZIP protein possibly involved in low temperature signal transduction, was not induced by 12°C treatment but was induced by 4°C treatment. Among the three MAP kinase homologs cloned, only OsMAP1 displayed similar 12°C-specific induction pattern as OsMEK1. A yeast two-hybrid system revealed that OsMEK1 interacts with OsMAP1, but not with OsMAP2 and OsMAP3, suggesting that OsMEK1 and OsMAP1 probably function in the same signaling pathway. An in-gel assay of protein kinase activity revealed that a protein kinase (approximately 43 kD), which preferentially uses myelin basic protein as a substrate, was activated by 12°C treatment but not by 4°C treatment. Taken together, these results lead us to conclude that at least two signaling pathways for low temperature stress exist in rice, and that a MAP kinase pathway with OsMEK1 and OsMAP1 components is possibly involved in the signaling for the higher range low-temperature stress.
T-DNA-Associated Duplication/Translocations in Arabidopsis. Implications for Mutant Analysis and Functional Genomics
Authors: Tax Frans E. , Vernon Daniel M. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
T-DNA insertion mutants have become a valuable resource for studies of gene function in Arabidopsis. In the course of both forward and reverse genetic projects, we have identified novel interchromosomal rearrangements in two Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion lines. Both rearrangements were unilateral translocations associated with the left borders of T-DNA inserts that exhibited normal Mendelian segregation. In one study, we characterized the embryo-defective88 mutation. Although emb88 had been mapped to chromosome I, molecular analysis of DNA adjacent to the T-DNA left border revealed sequence from chromosome V. Simple sequence length polymorphism mapping of the T-DNA insertion demonstrated that a &gt;40-kbp region of chromosome V had inserted with the T-DNA into the emb88 locus on chromosome I. A similar scenario was observed with a prospective T-DNA knockout allele of the LIGHT-REGULATED RECEPTOR PROTEIN KINASE (LRRPK) gene. Whereas wild-type LRRPK is on lower chromosome IV, mapping of the T-DNA localized the disrupted LRRPKallele to chromosome V. In both these cases, the sequence of a single T-DNA-flanking region did not provide an accurate picture of DNA disruption because flanking sequences had duplicated and inserted, with the T-DNA, into other chromosomal locations. Our results indicate that T-DNA insertion lines—even those that exhibit straightforward genetic behavior—may contain an unexpectedly high frequency of rearrangements. Such duplication/translocations can interfere with reverse genetic analyses and provide misleading information about the molecular basis of mutant phenotypes. Simple mapping and polymerase chain reaction methods for detecting such rearrangements should be included as a standard step in T-DNA mutant analysis.