bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging behaviour and its correlates in preschool‐aged children with an intellectual disability in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alarifi S. , Denne L. , Hastings R. P. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundYoung children with an intellectual disability have a higher risk of developing challenging behaviour (CB). Early identification of risk factors for CB allows for earlier intervention. The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of CB in preschool‐aged children with an intellectual disability in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).MethodsOne hundred twenty parents of preschool‐aged (3–6 years old) children who had been diagnosed (DSM‐5 criteria) with an intellectual disability completed an online cross‐sectional survey that included demographic, CB and child adaptive skills measures. The relationship between CB and 15 potential correlates (e.g. gender and degree of disability) was examined using independent samples t‐tests and chi‐squared tests.ResultsMost preschool‐aged (3–6 years old) children with an intellectual disability exhibited CB (78.8%, 95% CI [70.3, 85.8]), with a 63.2% prevalence rate for self‐injurious behaviours (95% C [53.8, 72.0]), a 57.6% rate for aggressive destructive behaviours (95% CI [48.2, 66.7]) and a 25% rate for stereotypy (95% CI [17.7, 34.0]). The likelihood of a child engaging in self‐injurious and stereotyped behaviours was higher in those with autism and intellectual disability. Children with Down syndrome displayed fewer stereotyped behaviours. Low adaptive skill levels were associated with increased overall CB, self‐injurious and stereotyped behaviours.ConclusionsThe identified correlates of CB in this population and cultural context align with the international evidence base. Findings have implications for the importance of early systematic screening of CB in preschool‐aged children in Saudi Arabia and other similar contexts. Preventative measures are suggested for preschool‐aged children with an intellectual disability who are more likely to demonstrate CB, such as those with autism and poor adaptive behaviours.
Work and social reproduction in rural India: Lessons from time‐use data
Authors: Rao Smriti , Ramnarain Smita , Naidu Sirisha , Uppal Anupama , Mukherjee Avanti 
Published: December 2023

AbstractEfforts to decentre/decolonize our understanding of capitalist development in the Global South call for more complex and differentiated categories of work that acknowledge the significance of both non‐waged and reproductive labour. These categories would allow us to more clearly ‘see’ the varying intersections of gender, class and caste within this world of work. Even as the literature on work in the Global South acknowledges the importance of forms of non‐waged work, there is still more work to be done to sufficiently incorporate the labour of social reproduction. In this paper, which emerges from an effort to apply a feminist social reproduction lens in the field, we propose understanding work through four conceptual dyads: waged productive labour, non‐waged productive labour, waged reproductive labour and non‐waged reproductive labour. Through an in‐depth description of three specific cases from a time‐use survey we conducted in rural Punjab, India, we argue not only that all four dyads are required to encompass the world of work but also that this more expansive conceptualization can help us produce richer analyses of the intersections of class, caste and gender.
Do Patients with Borderline Anemia Need Treatment before Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Propensity Score‐Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Cai Lijun , Chen Liyile , Zhao Chengcheng , Han Guangtao , Wang Qiuru , Kang Pengde 
Published: December 2023

ObjectivePreoperative anemia has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for multiple adverse outcomes. In real clinical practice, considering treatment of anemia would increase costs and delay surgery. Patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) with mild anemia are usually neglected and still underdiagnosed or inadequately treated. This study investigated the effects of preoperative borderline anemia and anemia intervention before THA on perioperative outcomes.MethodsWe screened 706 patients from those receiving THA at our hospital from January 2020 to January 2022, with 112 in the borderline anemia group and 594 in the non‐anemia group. The cohort for this retrospective study was created by using propensity score matching (PSM) and subgroup analysis. The primary outcome was perioperative blood loss, while secondary outcomes were the rate of allogeneic blood transfusion and human serum albumin transfusion, perioperative laboratory indicators, postoperative length of stay, and complications. The independent sample t‐test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test were used to analyze continuous data, and the Pearson χ2‐test or the Fisher exact test was used to analyze categorical variables.ResultsAfter PSM, there was no significant difference in perioperative blood loss between patients in the borderline anemia group and the non‐anemia group. The primary outcomes of hidden (p = 0.004) and total (p = 0.005) blood loss were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. No statistical differences were found in allogeneic blood transfusion, human serum albumin transfusion, postoperative length of stay, or complications (p > 0.05).ConclusionsAnemia treatments for patients with borderline anemia before THA significantly reduced hidden blood loss and total blood loss in the perioperative period and decreased the drop of hemoglobin and hematocrit without increasing postoperative complications.
Introduction and An Analysis of Inter‐ and Intra‐observer Validity to the Classification of Hoffa‐Like Tibial Plateau Fractures
Authors: Wang Zhongzheng , Wang Yanwei , Wang Yuchuan , Ye Pengyu , Zhu Yanbin , Chen Wei , Hou Zhiyong , Zhang Yingze 
Published: December 2023

ObjectiveThe posterior coronal shearing fractures of the tibial plateau are rare and can be easily missed or ignored. Our team defined these fractures as Hoffa‐like fracture of the tibial plateau and conducted a series of studies. The aim of this study is to introduce the characteristics of the Hoffa‐like fracture of the tibial plateau, propose a new classification system and evaluate its validity.MethodsSixty‐one patients with Hoffa‐like fractures of the tibial plateau were treated in five trauma centers (I–III) from 2017 to 2020. A new classification system was developed based on the morphological fracture patterns in CT and radiographic of the first 30 cases. Ten cases of suspected tibial plateau Hoffa‐like fractures were supplemented additionally to the 61 cases to increase the accuracy. CT and radiographic images of the 71 cases were reviewed independently by four reviewers on two separate occasions and classified according to the new classification system. Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) was used to analyze the reliability on separate observers at the same time and to analyze the classification made by same observer at different times (intra‐observer), which measures inter‐observer and intra‐observer agreements.ResultsOut of the 61 patients, 46 (75.4%) isolated coronal fractures involving the medial condyle of tibial plateaus and 53 (86.9%) combined with intercondylar spine fractures. The κ‐values were calculated for the new classification system (mean κ = 0.74 inter‐observer, mean κ = 0.79 intra‐observer, indicating substantial agreement).ConclusionThe novel classification lends insight into fracture morphology of the tibial plateau Hoffa‐like fractures, has good inter‐ and intra‐observer validity, and it aids in treatment.
Children of Separation: An International Profile
Authors: Zilincikova Zuzana , Skopek Jan , Leopold Thomas 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis study offers a comprehensive international overview of children from separated families across 13 countries, with an emphasis on the European context. We investigate changes in the number of children experiencing parental separation over birth cohorts (1960–1989) and changes in their social composition using data from the Generations and Gender Survey and official statistics. Results on absolute numbers highlight the impact of demographic shifts and complement previous research that focused on the relative risk of experiencing parental separation. We show that declining fertility rates have, in most countries, mitigated the rise in the number of children affected by increasing separation rates. Moreover, a large majority of contemporary children of separation are born to higher‐educated mothers, demonstrating that the spread of education across parent cohorts outweighed educational risk gradients in shaping the socioeconomic background of children of separation. These findings improve our demographic understanding of children of separation and inform policy targeting family disruption as a social problem and allocating resources to address it.
Articulating sustainable transitions, food justice and food democracy: Insights from three social experiments in France, Belgium and Brazil
Authors: Lamine Claire , Tuscano Martina , Feyereisen Marlène , Castro Terena Peres , Bui Sibylle 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTransitions to sustainable consumption and production patterns now appear as a widely acknowledged necessity for contemporary food systems. Sustainable transition processes raise major issues of social justice as they often exclude some actors and social groups, as the literature on alternative food networks has amply shown. Based on three case studies anchored in different national contexts (France, Brazil and Belgium), which all emerged at the interface of civil society and public policy, the aim of this article is to show how their promoters try to tackle together sustainable transitions, food justice and food democracy, and thus make food system transitions not only sustainable but also socially just. They adopt on the one hand, an analytical stance on transitions to more sustainable food practices, on inequalities of access and on participation, and on the other hand, an experimental stance leading them to put to test specific mechanisms to support these transitions, to alleviate food injustice and to favour participation and thus also food democracy. We show that it is by combining these analytical and experimental stances that these social experiments succeed to different degrees in articulating sustainable transitions, food justice and food democracy.
The new mentee: Exploring Gen Z women medical students' mentorship needs and experiences
Authors: Li Calandra , Veinot Paula , Mylopoulos Maria , Leung Fok‐Han , Law Marcus 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPurposeThe incoming Canadian cohort of medical students is comprised mainly of individuals from Generation Z (Gen Z; born between 1997 and 2012), with greater than 50% of applicants identifying as female. A gap remains in our understanding of Gen Z women learners in their challenges in navigating medical education, their expectations for their medical careers and the influences that have impacted their worldview. This study explored the needs, values, and experiences of Gen Z women medical students and the impact of these factors on mentorship expectations among this population that will soon be entering the workforce.MethodsUpon receiving ethics approval from the University of Toronto Research Ethics Board, semi‐structured interviews were conducted (February–May 2021) with 15 Gen Z women students from 14 English‐speaking Canadian medical schools who had given written consent to participate. An iterative constant comparative team approach was utilised in which the interview guide and sampling were adjusted as the data evolved. Transcripts were line by line coded into categories, then grouped into themes using descriptive analysis.ResultsThese socially aware learners described how society had afforded them greater opportunities for expression, which gave them a sense of feeling advantaged over older generations. However, participants paradoxically expressed feelings of powerlessness and commented on tensions they experienced when interacting with older generation physician mentors, especially during conversations on social justice issues. They also highlighted instances of biased mentorship specific to their gender. Participants emphasised a desire for inclusive mentorship that considered the mentee's identity and intersectionality.ConclusionsThe growing number of women learners in Canadian medical schools necessitates a re‐evaluation of mentorship delivery. Mentors must adapt by integrating Gen Z ideals to overcome mentorship challenges.
An internal medicine residency preparatory curriculum for fourth‐year medical students
Authors: Donohue Katelyn , Davis Natalie , Farber Dara , Retener Norman , Dittmar Philip 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundIntern preparation courses are often broad in scope; there are few published specialty‐specific programs outside of General Surgery and Obstetrics. We designed an internal medicine (IM) residency preparatory course at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, which aimed to prepare graduating medical students for the rigours of IM residency training, mapped to Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs).MethodsFourteen fourth‐year medical students who were matriculating into IM residency programs enrolled in a 4‐week long residency preparation course. The course was designed to teach skills using case‐based learning modules, specialty topic seminars, simulation laboratories, procedure laboratories and clinical practice. Participants were surveyed before and after the course on their perceived knowledge and ability with the skills tested.ResultsWith the exception of ‘giving signout to a colleague’, there was a significant difference in the participant's perceived ability for each skill taught within the course (P < 0.03 for each), with mean pre‐course scores of 1.4–3.7 (SD = 0.5–1.2) and mean post‐course scores of 3.2–4.2 (SD = 0.5–1.3). A second survey on course evaluation and perceived impact, completed 3 months after starting intern year, resulted in all respondents reporting that the information learned during the course had directly affected their care of patients on a daily or weekly basis. The modified Ottawa scale was the primary assessment means for the EPAs, with participants approaching entrustment at the conclusion of the course.ConclusionsImplementation of an IM‐specific residency preparation course is a useful adjunct in the fourth year of medical school.
Glucose metabolism and autonomic function in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at rest and during exercise
Authors: Hamaoka Takuto , Leuenberger Urs A. , Drew Rachel C. , Murray Matthew , Blaha Cheryl , Luck Jonathan Carter , Sinoway Lawrence I. , Cui Jian 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAutonomic dysfunction is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the character of dysfunction varies in different reports. Differences in measurement methodology and complications might have influenced the inconsistent results. We sought to evaluate comprehensively the relationship between abnormal glucose metabolism and autonomic function at rest and the response to exercise in healthy individuals and T2DM patients. We hypothesized that both sympathetic and parasympathetic indices would decrease with the progression of abnormal glucose metabolism in individuals with few complications related to high sympathetic tone. Twenty healthy individuals and 11 T2DM patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease other than controlled hypertension were examined. Resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), heart rate variability, spontaneous cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity (CBRS), sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity and the MSNA response to handgrip exercise were measured. Resting MSNA was lower in patients with T2DM than in healthy control subjects (P = 0.011). Resting MSNA was negatively correlated with haemoglobin A1c in all subjects (R = −0.45, P = 0.024). The parasympathetic components of heart rate variability and CBRS were negatively correlated with glycaemic/insulin indices in all subjects and even in the control group only (all, P < 0.05). In all subjects, the MSNA response to exercise was positively correlated with fasting blood glucose (R = 0.69, P < 0.001). Resting sympathetic activity and parasympathetic modulation of heart rate were decreased in relationship to abnormal glucose metabolism. Meanwhile, the sympathetic responses to handgrip were preserved in diabetics. The responses were correlated with glucose/insulin parameters throughout diabetic and control subjects. These results suggest the importance of a comprehensive assessment of autonomic function in T2DM.
Skeletal muscle mitochondria demonstrate similar respiration per cristae surface area independent of training status and sex in healthy humans
Authors: Schytz Camilla Tvede , Ørtenblad Niels , Lundby Anne‐Kristine Meinild , Jacobs Robert Acton , Nielsen Joachim , Lundby Carsten 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe impact of training status and sex on intrinsic skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity remains unclear. We examined this by analysing human skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration relative to mitochondrial volume and cristae density across training statuses and sexes. Mitochondrial cristae density was estimated in skeletal muscle biopsies originating from previous independent studies. Participants included females (n = 12) and males (n = 41) across training statuses ranging from untrained (UT, n = 8), recreationally active (RA, n = 9), active‐to‐elite runners (RUN, n = 27) and cross‐country skiers (XC, n = 9). The XC and RUN groups demonstrated higher mitochondrial volume density than the RA and UT groups while all active groups (RA, RUN and XC) displayed higher mass‐specific capacity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial cristae density than UT. Differences in OXPHOS diminished between active groups and UT when normalising to mitochondrial volume density and were lost when normalising to muscle cristae surface area density. Moreover, active females (n = 6–9) and males (n = 15–18) did not differ in mitochondrial volume and cristae density, OXPHOS, or when normalising OXPHOS to mitochondrial volume density and muscle cristae surface area density. These findings demonstrate: (1) differences in OXPHOS between active and untrained individuals may be explained by both higher mitochondrial volume and cristae density in active individuals, with no difference in intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity (OXPHOS per muscle cristae surface area density); and (2) no sex differences in mitochondrial volume and cristae density or mass‐specific and normalised OXPHOS. This highlights the importance of normalising OXPHOS to muscle cristae surface area density when studying skeletal muscle mitochondrial biology.
imageKey points
Oxidative phosphorylation is the mitochondrial process by which ATP is produced, governed by the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane with infoldings named cristae.
In human skeletal muscle, the mass‐specific capacity of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can change independently of shifts in mitochondrial volume density, which may be attributed to variations in cristae density.
We demonstrate that differences in skeletal muscle OXPHOS between healthy females and males, ranging from untrained to elite endurance athletes, are matched by differences in cristae density.
This suggests that higher OXPHOS in skeletal muscles of active individuals is attributable to an increase in the density of cristae.
These findings broaden our understanding of the variability in human skeletal muscle OXPHOS and highlight the significance of cristae, specific to mitochondrial respiration.
Draft genome sequence of the endophytic fungus
Phoma
sp. strain YAFEF320, isolated from
Gerbera jamesonii
Authors: Lu Zhenhong , Yuan Xiaolong , Zhang Chuanguang , Li Shenchong , Yang Chunmei , Wang Yi 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

Here, we report a draft genome sequence of endophytic fungus
Phoma
sp
.
strain YAFEF320, isolated from the roots of
Gerbera jamesonii
. The genome size of
Phoma
sp. YAFEF320 was 32,542,820 bp with 52.08% GC content. The genome resource will support future research into potential secondary metabolite diversity of this fungus.
Structural changes in the gut virome of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Authors: Li Youshan , Ma Jie , Meng Jinxin , Li Shenghui , Zhang Yan , You Wei , Sai Xulin , Yang Jianfeng , Zhang Shuo , Sun Wen 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT

The gut microbiota is an important risk factor and therapeutic target in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, alterations in the gut viral community and its contribution to ACVD have rarely been investigated. In this study, we characterized and compared the gut viromes from the fecal metagenomes of 214 patients with ACVD and 171 healthy individuals using a reference-dependent virome approach. We revealed that ACVD patients exhibited a significant increase in viral richness at the family level and a visible alteration in overall virome structure regardless of host sex, age, or body mass index. At the viral operational taxonomic unit (vOTU) level, we identified 105 vOTUs that significantly increased in abundance in ACVD patients and 60 vOTUs that increased in abundance in healthy controls. A majority (43.8%) of the ACVD-enriched vOTUs were predicted to infect
Streptococcaceae
,
Lachnospiraceae
,
Ruminococcaceae
, and
Enterobacteriaceae
, and
Streptococcaceae
had tight correlations with the corresponding gut bacterial species, whereas a considerable proportion (35.0%) of the control-enriched vOTUs were
Bacteroidaceae
,
Burkholderiaceae
, and
Lachnospiraceae
phages. Functional analyses revealed five viral auxiliary metabolic genes that differed in frequency between ACVD-enriched and control-enriched vOTUs. Moreover, we identified gut viral signatures for ACVD discrimination and achieved an optimal area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.878 for distinguishing patients from healthy controls. Our results provide a comprehensive view of the ACVD gut virome, which may contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for ACVD and additional relevant cardiovascular diseases.

IMPORTANCE
Existing studies have found that there is a close relationship between human virome and numerous diseases, and diseases may affect the diversity and composition of the virome; at the same time, changes in the virome will in turn affect the onset and progression of the disease. However, the composition and functional capabilities of the gut virome associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) have not been systematically investigated. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the gut virome in patients with ACVD. We characterized the structural changes in the gut virome of ACVD patients, which may facilitate additional mechanistic, diagnostic, and interventional studies of ACVD and related diseases.