bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cautious Crusade
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America’s struggle against Nazism is one of the few aspects of World War II that has escaped controversy. Historians agree that it was a widely popular war, different from the subsequent conflicts in Korea and Vietnam because of the absence of partisan sniping, ebbing morale, or calls for a negotiated peace. In this provocative book, Steven Casey challenges conventional wisdom about America’s participation in World War II. Drawing on the numerous opinion polls and surveys conducted by the U.S. government, he traces the development of elite and mass attitudes toward Germany, from the early days of the war up to its conclusion. Casey persuasively argues that the president and the public rarely saw eye to eye on the nature of the enemy, the threat it posed, or the best methods for countering it. He describes the extensive propaganda campaign that Roosevelt designed to build support for the war effort, and shows that Roosevelt had to take public opinion into account when formulating a host of policies, from the Allied bombing campaign to the Morgenthau plan to pastoralize the Third Reich. By examining the previously unrecognized relationship between public opinion and policy making during World War II, Casey’s groundbreaking book sheds new light on a crucial era in American history.
Extracting the New South
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spring 1865 brought misery and death to the beleaguered Confederacy. All that remained of the formerly invincible Army of Northern Virginia was 55,000 desperate and starving troops, men battered by four years of war, their pride melting before thoughts of desertion. The indignities of war mounted. In April, the men trudged toward Amelia Courthouse, Virginia, driven on by the prospect of a rendezvous with rations arriving by train. But a snafu caused ammunition to be delivered mistakenly. As the men dragged themselves forward, they were reduced to eating horse feed—the corn on the cob commonly fed the animals. “Two ears were issued to each man,” one soldier wrote. “It was parched in the coals, mixed with salt, stored in the pockets, and eaten on the road. Chewing the corn was hard work. It made the jaws ache and the gums and teeth so sore as to cause unendurable pain.” Thus it was that one of the first things Gen. Ulysses S. Grant did after the South surrendered was send three days of rations to the former Confederate rebels, taking the edge off their hunger and welcoming them back into the United States.
Death of the Organic City
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before 1880 it was not the least bit unusual to walk out into the streets of Atlanta and find cows. In 1881, however, the city’s political leaders decided that bovines were no longer welcome. The cows could come home, as the saying goes, but not to the streets of Atlanta—not after the city council passed a law making it illegal for cattle to roam the town. Apparently a large number of working people, who depended on the animals as a source of milk and meat, objected to the ordinance. A man named J. D. Garrison denounced the law as little more than a thinly veiled attempt at class warfare. “I speak the feelings of every man when I say this is the dictation of a codfish aristocracy,” he said. “It is an issue between flowers and milk—between the front yard of the rich man and the sustenance of the poor family.”
The Progerias
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a book on cell senescence in human disease, it is negligent not to discuss progerias, yet from what perspective? Does cell senescence cause progerias? Do the progerias cause cell senescence? Are “progcroid syndromes” (Brown, 1995) related to cell senescence at all (Greally et al., 1992)? These echo older questions clinicians have asked regarding progerias, viz., do these diseases have anything to do with “real” aging (Reichel et al., 1971)? Shorn of sophistry, we don’t know.
Muscle
Authors: Fossel Michael B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muscles consist of large numbers of myocytes that join to form visible structures to allow movement. They receive innervation from the motor neurons that control them. Equally, they receive a substantial vascular supply to supply oxygen, glucose, and nutrients, while removing metabolic waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactate. Muscle strength varies histologically with the type of muscle fiber (white or red; type I or II), anatomically with size (diameter) and attachment (leverage), temporally with chronic use (exercise) and acute use (fatigue), and hormonally (testosterone, corticosteroid, thyroid, growth hormone, etc). Finally, and appropriately so, muscle strength varies chronologically with age.
Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Wenegrat Brant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, I noted that the major modem-day illness roles in Europe and North America are of three types, and I discussed the first: disorders that resemble hysteria. The second type is multiple personality or, in DSM-IV terminology, “dissociative identity disorder.”1 Multiple personality disorder is conceptually linked to the recovered memory movement and to ostensible satanic ritual abuse; these are the subjects of the following chapter.
Community Intervention and Programs: Let’s Extend the Clan
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One goal of community practice is to expand the circle so that more and more people will be embraced by others as an integral part of the human family. Chapter 4 presented environmental factors and the context of community practice. The purpose of this chapter is to convey a sense of what much of community work is like today, in terms of goals, approaches, and preoccupations. Through concrete examples, this chapter will showcase contemporary community intervention modes and successes.1 It will describe the kind of programs underway to address some of the problems outlined in Chapters 3 and 4. It will show how direct service practitioners can be part of activities such as building capacity, identifying assets, creating caring connections, and joining with others to promote community cohesion and individual and group self-respect. Community intervention encompasses the ability to tap community strengths and the skills of including, linking, engaging, and empowering citizens. (See Chapter 14 for advanced skills in connecting and organizing people and communities.) After decades of pessimism about the quality of community life, phrases such as community resiliency and comeback cities suggest a new societal atmosphere. Community practice also has increased status in our profession and workplaces.
U.S. News labels social work a “hot job” and says being a community practitioner is part of that hot track: “Elected officials are hiring these organizers as a liaison to the community, tracking problems facing constituents. Labor unions employ them to do fieldwork, and nonprofits bring them aboard for local issues, like organizing low-income neighborhoods against hospital chains said to be unsympathetic to the poor. More groups are bringing them on to do good work” (U.S. News & World Report, n.d.).
Using Social Marketing
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A full-page ad appeared in the New York Times (August 21, 2000, p. A11) displaying a young African American male’s picture with a bold heading proclaiming, “Jared Has the Grades and the Determination. Now He Has the Tuition Too.” Another full-page advertisement asked, “Why Do So Many People Celebrate the Birthday of a First-Century Rabbi?” (The New York Times, December 9, 1997) and proceeded to answer the question with Biblical references. A third featured a photograph of a woman literally being squeezed by a giant hand and a bold heading “Please Don’t Squeeze the Actors!” (The New York Times, September 12, 2000, p. A25B).
Study Design
Authors: Valente Thomas w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A study design specifics the number, timing, and type of data measurements relative to the intervention. Understanding study designs is crucial to conducting effective evaluation studies, since these designs specify the logic needed to determine program impact. This chapter discusses study designs, with an emphasis on intervention and control (or comparison) groups, and conveys the logic of study designs. Chapters 7 through 9 present the computer and statistical tools needed to implement them.
Developing Literacy
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the long-term goals of all children’s choir directors must be to develop reading skills that foster independence. Teaching children music exclusively by rote in the choral rehearsal is equivalent to reading stories to a second- or third-grade class without ever letting the children read stories by themselves. It is a great disservice to the children if they are not taught to read music well. In the same way that very young children can master new language, the earlier they are taught to read music, the better. When they can read well, they receive enormous personal satisfaction and can be much more effective in the rehearsal.
Discipline
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be ideal if all children came into rehearsal bursting with enthusiasm and energy, sat quietly in their seats, prepared their music, and looked directly at you for the downbeat. This is perhaps impossible, but many of the ideas expressed in this chapter may help you get closer to the ideal and make music making more enjoyable for you and your students. One of the major concerns of teacher/conductors is discipline; hence this chapter has been devoted to exploring ways of preventing discipline problems from happening.
Preparing the Children to Sing a Major Work with Orchestra
Authors: Bartle Jean Ashworth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Singing a choral masterpiece with an adult choir, professional soloists, and a symphony orchestra is one of the most thrilling and memorable experiences a young chorister can have. For the children’s choir conductor, however, preparing such a massive work can be a daunting task. This chapter outlines the problems he or she may encounter in six specific works and offers suggestions for overcoming them through thorough preparation and organization.
The Strange Convergence of Affirmative Action and Immigration Policy
Authors: Graham Hugh Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1990s, when a sharp recession increased unemployment and threatened job security throughout the United States, newspapers began publishing stories about immigrants participating in affirmative action programs. The issue was especially controversial in cities with large immigrant populations, such as Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and Washington, D.C. Civil rights leaders, anxious to protect affirmative action programs from criticism, avoided discussing the issue, as did immigrant rights leaders. Government officials responsible for affirmative action programs, unable to avoid comment, generally reiterated agency guidelines on eligibility, a response which affirmed, often in obfuscating bureaucratese, that immigration status was generally not relevant to affirmative action eligibility.
These stonewalling strategies by beneficiary groups and agency officials were often successful in deflecting criticism and sidetracking the issue. Affirmative action programs were a confusing mix of federal and local, public and private, court-ordered and agency-mandated. Journalists were rarely able to ferret out specific information about how many immigrants were benefiting from which programs. Larger issues, moreover, dominated the news in the early 1990s: the end of the cold war, the winning of the Persian Gulf hot war, the Bush-Clinton-Perot presidential contest, the controversies over national health care insurance and gays in the military, the Republican sweep of Congress in 1994. Affirmative action for immigrants was an emotion-laden issue, especially during recession, but it was not generally a page-one news item. Resentment of immigrants, though strong in the heavy immigration states of Arizona, California, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Texas, was not a powerful grassroots force in most other states.
Fluctuating Asymmetry, Developmental Instability, and Fitness: Toward Model-Based Interpretation
Authors: Gangestad Steven W , Thornhill Randy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is thought to be the outcome of developmental instability, the imprecise expression of developmental design due to perturbations during development. Developmental instability, in turn, has been claimed to importantly reflect reduced fitness. It has furthermore been claimed to be an outcome of evolutionary processes that prevent organisms from fully adapting to their environments (including mutation, host-pathogen coevolution, sexual antagonistic evolution, and other coevolutionary processes), associated with the genetic variance in fitness that these processes create, and therefore an important source of insight into these evolutionary processes (see Moller and Swaddle 1997). These statements are theoretical. Because developmental instability and genetic variance in fitness are not directly observed, the credibility of claims that fluctuating asymmetry tap them depends on a variety of observations that indirectly support them. For instance, they gain support from observations that a variety of factors believed to introduce developmental perturbations (e.g., toxins, pathogens, physical stressors) increase FA, that FA is associated with fitness outcomes, and that FA possesses genetic Variance.
The Analysis of the Asymmetry Phenotype: Single Genes and the Environment
Authors: Mckenzie John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An underlying assumption of the study of evolutionary developmental biology is that the more successfully individuals maintain a particular developmental pathway, when challenged by genetic or environmental perturbation, the relatively more fit they are (Maynard Smith et al. 1985; Hall 1992; Batterham et al. 1996; Gibson and Wagner 2000). Lack of developmental fidelity is perceived to incur a physiological cost and concomitant selective disadvantage (Maynard Smith et al. 1985; Parsons 1992). A number of methods have been used to estimate such developmental instability (Zakharov 1992) but departure from symmetry has been the most common (Markow 1995; Palmer 1996).
Developmental Instability: An Appropriate Indicator of Plant Fitness Components?
Authors: Tracy Mary , Freeman D Carl , Duda Jeffrey J , Miglia Kathleen J , Graham John H , Hough R Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental stability refers to the ability of an organism to produce its predetermined phenotype under given environmental conditions (Zakharov 1989). The mechanisms governing developmental stability are described in chapters of part I of this volume. Developmental instability is manifested as an increase in asymmetry, withinindividual variance, the frequency of phenodeviants, or as an altered fractal dimension (Mather 1953; Palmer and Strobeck 1986; Graham et al. 1993a; Freeman et al., chapter 20, this volume). Developmental instability has generated great interest as a biological indicator of stress (Hoffmann and Woods, chapter 21, and Zakharov, chapter 22, this volume). This has resulted in widely diverse applications, from a biomonitor of pollution to a measure of genetic quality. The advantages of using developmental instability include its sensitivity, ease of measurement, and applicability across many different taxa (see Leung et al., chapter 23, this volume). As long as an organism displays symmetry or repeated production of some body part, then some estimate of developmental instability can be applied. While experimental studies are normally unable to distinguish among multiple interacting sets of stressors (i.e., different stressors do not produce different phenotypes), developmental instability parameters are commonly able to detect the synergistic and antagonistic effects of multiple stressors (Freeman et al. 1993; Graham et al. 1993a; Tracy et al. 1995; Kozlov et al. 1996; Shykoff and Kaltz 1998; Wilsey and Soloniemi 1998; and see Andalo et al. 2000, chapter 20, this volume). These attributes support the notion that developmental instability is well suited for identifying stressed organisms. Among the many unanswered questions that remain, the relationship between developmental instability and fitness is perhaps the most important.
Fluctuating Asymmetry Analyses Revisited
Authors: Palme Richard , Strobeck Curtis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetries are small, random deviations from symmetry of bilaterally symmetrical traits (Ludwig 1932). They presumably reflect the residual variation after all the direct effects of genotype and environment on trait form have been removed (Mather 1953). As a consequence, the average unsigned deviation from symmetry, to which the term fluctuating asymmetry (FA) typically refers, has achieved prominence as a measure of developmental precision (Palmer 1996): the ability of a given genotype to produce the same target phenotype (Nijhout and Davidowitz, chapter 1, this volume) repeatedly-on opposite sides of the body-under well-defined environmental conditions (Zakharov 1992). Both genetic and environmental stress appear to increase FA (see chapters of parts II and V, this volume, and see Bjorksten et al. 2000). In addition, the subtle deviations from symmetry that yield FA may also relate to individual quality or fitness (M0ller 1997; Brown and Brown 1998; Houle 1998; but see comments by Clarke 1998). For these reasons, FA has been widely studied in many ecological and evolutionary contexts (M0ller and Swaddle 1997), although hints of discomfort about the validity of published claims have arisen on several fronts (Houle 1998; Palmer 1999; Simmons et al. 1999; Palmer 2000; Palmer and Hammond 2000).
Evolution of Egg Size and Number
Authors: Einum Sigurd , Kinnison Michael T , Hendry Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproductive traits are strong determinants of fitness and should thus be associated with intense selection. One important component of this selection is the period following fertilization of the ova. In a wide range of organisms, particularly those with high numbers of offspring, early life stages experience massive mortality (e.g., Fortier and Leggett 1985; Brosseau and Baglivo 1988; Iverson 1991). Thus, if phenotypic variation is present, the potential for selection on juveniles may exceed that at any other stage of life. Although some phenotypic variation may be caused by genetic variation among the juveniles themselves, the importance of maternal effects (particularly through egg size) has become increasingly apparent (reviewed by Roff 1992; Bernardo 1996a; Mousseau and Fox 1998a,b). It is now clear that egg size is an important fitness component, with offspring fitness after hatching tending to increase with increasing egg size (e.g., Roff 1992, pp. 348-352; Sinervo et al. 1992; Hipfner and Gaston 1999; Einum and Fleming 2000a).
Epidemiologic Analysis
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using real data from published sources, this engaging and lucid casebook shows how statistical tools can be used to analyze important epidemiologic issues. Its 18 cases address a variety of interesting research problems from Mendel's classic sweet pea experiments to recent studies of AIDS and exposure to electro-magnetic field radiation. Each includes a data set. The cases are described succinctly and the methods used to analyze them are then discussed in detail. A wide range of statistical and graphical tools are included, from simple mean values to nonparametric bivariate regression smoothing techniques. The level of discussion is sophisticated but mathematically simple, affording access to a broad audience interested in using collected data to study human health and disease. The author's focus on describing, interpreting and presenting results will set this book apart from other texts.
Multivariable Linear Regression
Authors: Selvin Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To examine the influence of maternal weight gained during pregnancy on the birth weight of a newborn infant while controlling for a variety of possibly important confounding factors. DATA The Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science Peri­ natal Database maintained at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) contains data on a large number of characteristics of mothers and their newborn infants. Information on maternal age, smoking exposure, pre­ pregnancy weight, parity, height, and rate of weight gained during pregnancy was abstracted, forming a cohort of 427 Hispanic mothers who gave birth dur­ ing the eleven year period 1980 to 1990. In addition, length of gestation and birth weight were recorded for each mother’s newborn infant. Birth weight was measured immediately at delivery. The length of the gestation period was determined by a rigorous process combining information from the last menstrual period and Dubowitz scores. Mothers were routinely weighed at every prenatal visit, allowing an estimate of the rate of weight gained during each trimester based on simple linear regression interpolation.
Agogic
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Slight changes occur during a human instrumental execution. Agogic3 is the combination of the natural tendency of dynamics to affect tempo and rhythm, and vice versa. It concerns, for a great part, these natural phenomena: An accelerando invites a crescendo, whereas a diminuendo tends to drag. A stretched tempo increases the effect of a harmonic progression toward an accent. Upbeats are characterized by a more animated and lighter dynamic (weak beat) than downbeats (strong beats), which are by nature heavier and more stretched. Short values (sixteenths) in a fast tempo invite an even quicker pace, but the same values, in a slow movement, tend to drag. Long notes decay naturally if they are not sustained. Rubato allows phrasing to “speak” the music by imperceptibly stealing here the time that will be returned there. Silence attracts sound just as gravity affects mass. It is important to know about agogic, either to go along with it to enhance performance or to control it when it threatens to disfigure the musical discourse. Instruments have their own agogic. Cellos and bassoons thrive in their lower range, whereas flutes and violins find their best singing voice in their middle and uppermiddle registers. These natural characteristics help to color and pace music effectively.
Alignment
Authors: Debost Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outer edge of the embouchure hole, the leading edge on which we blow, should be roughly on a straight line running through the middle of the tone holes. It is advisable for people who are unsure of their position to mark this with a drop of nail polish on the head joint and on the brand-mark ring. However, certain experienced players have found it more comfortable to open, that is, turn out, or to cover, that is, turn in the embouchure. This is a matter of taste and convenience. If it works for you, do it! If the amount of deviation one way or another makes you produce a sound that is too thin and reedy, chances are you are covering too much. If it is too breathy and out of focus, then your opening might be exaggerated. One of the advantages of the French system is that you have to have an average alignment of the headjoint for the fingers to cover the holes on the ring keys. It is hard to understand why students are supposed to learn on closed-hole instruments that encourage bad habits and then graduate to French-system flutes after they have developed such bad hand positions that it is terribly painful to change