bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First molecular record of Thielaviopsis punctulata, the causative agent of black scorch blight disease on date palms in Iraq
Authors: Hantoosh M NK , Hussein H Z 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A laboratory study was conducted on samples of palm trees collected from Diyala Governorate, Iraq. The results of isolation and diagnosis of the samples that showed symptoms of black blight infection indicated that the fungus that causes the disease is Thielaviopsis punctulata. This is the first record of T. punctulata as a causative agent of black blight in Iraq. Moreover, the results of the microscopic examination showed that the fungus forms endoconidia from Phialidic conidiophores, and also produces aleoroconidia, thickened-walled chlamydial spores. In addition, the results of testing the pathogenic ability of the isolates on date palm seedlings showed that all the isolates of the pathogenic fungus showed the ability to cause the disease, but with different percentages compared to the percentage of the disease, where it was 0 in the comparison treatment that was free of pathogenic fungus, and isolate GP2 excelled, as it gave an infection severity of 100%, followed by the two isolates GP0 and GP1, which gave an infection severity of 93.33 and 80%, respectively.
Response of Growth, Yield and Quality of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to Kinetin Foliar Spraying
Authors: Abood N M , Ajaj H A , Hasan A I , Noaman A H , Hasan M H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Field experiments were carried out during the spring and autumn seasons of 2019 in the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar in the Al-Hamidiyah region - Al-Ramadi district - Al-Anbar Governorate, to study the response of growth, yield and grain quality of sorghum (Inkath cv.) to spraying with kinetin at different growth stages. The experiments were conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to split plots arrangement at three replications, the main plots included foliar spraying of four concentrations of kinetin (0, 15, 30 and 45 mg L−1), while the sub-plots included three stages of spraying {(spraying at the five leaves stage, spraying at the end of the vegetative growth stage (beginning of flag leaf appearance) and spraying at the 25% flowering stage}. The results showed that the spraying of kinetin at a concentrations of 45 mg L−1 was significantly superior in the most of the studied traits, such as leaf area, 1000 grain weight, grain yield (3.548 and 5.110 ton ha−1) and grain protein content (11.04 and 11.56%) in the two seasons respectively. However, the spraying of kinetin at a high concentration (45 mg L−1) at the 25% flowering stage had a highest value of grain protein content in the autumn season.
Role of Oat-Clover Intercropping in Dry Matter of Fodder Yield and Soil Nitrogen Sustainability in Semi-Arid Area of Iraq
Authors: Addaheri A M S , Najm B F , Alkhamisi F T F 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field trial was carried out including different Oat (Avena sativa L.): Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) sowing ratios (100%:0%, 75%:25%, 50%:50%, 25%:75%, and 0%:100%). Parameters of dry matter (DM) of two cuts, land equivalent ratio (LER), aggressivety (A), and soil nitrogen sustainability (SNS), were calculated. Obtained results showed the sowing ratio of 25:75 superior in DM for the 1st cut, while 75:25 gave the highest DM at the 2nd cut. As for the total fodder yield of the two cuts, results presented solo-cropped oat with the highest score and the lowest appeared with the treatment of solo-cropped clover. The sowing ratio of 25:75 recorded the Highest LER was obtained at 25:75 ratio, on the other hand, the ratio of 75:25 gave the lowest LER, outperformed the total of the two cuts, the sowing ratio of 50:50 recorded the highest “A” significantly outperformed the sowing ratio of 75:25, which recorded the lowest. In general, it was found that oat had the advantage in the ability to compete compared to clover, where oat recorded positive values of A, while clover recorded negative values that differed significantly from 0 for all sowing ratios in both the two cuts and their sum. The conclusion from this study is that the cultivation of oat and clover intercropped with the mentioned sowing ratios was useful for land use and nitrogen sustainability, under the conditions in which the study was conducted.
Growth and Yield Response of Several Cultivars of Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. to Spraying of NPK Nano Fertilizer
Authors: AbdulKafoor A H , Ahmed Y A , Ali I M , Ramadan A S A A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the winter of 2021–2022, a field experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in Habbaniyah district, Anbar Governorate. ln order to investigate the effects of various nano-fertilizer (NPK) concentrations on specific growth and yield traits of several wheat cultivars. A Randomized complete block design was used with split plot arrangement and three replications, and the main plots included two concentrations of NPK (1, 2) g L−1 as well as the comparison treatment without spraying. As for the subplots included three cultivars of wheat (Chihan, Ibaa 99, Bora). The results showed Chihan cultivar plants excelled in all growth and yield characteristics except for the number of grains per spike, as no significant differences were observed in the mean of this trait. While the plants of this cultivar recorded the highest averages for the traits (plant height, flag leaf area, chlorophyll index, spike length, number of spikes, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield) and reached 89.31 cm, 45.47 cm 2, 49.54 spads, 11.900 cm, 348.1 spikes, 42.44 gm and 7.865 Mg ha, respectively. The interaction between the various cultivars and nano fertilizer concentrations had a significant impact on the majority of the examined traits, which was reflected in the overall yield, with the Chihan cultivar plants producing the highest average grain yield of 10.935 Mg ha-1.
Correlation and Pathway Analysis and their Applications to Improve Yield in Bread Wheat Under Humic Acid Conditions
Authors: Al-Hajooj Y A , Al-Bayati B S N , Ahmed L K , Anis A H A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to know the relationship between growth traits and yield components with yield by studying some statistical and genetic parameters in addition to correlation and path analyses . The study included fifteen types of bread wheat (Sham 8, Aba 99, Kraita, Al_ Ezz, Aba 95, Mexibak, Sham 6, Abu Ghraib 3, Al-Fath, Intisar, Latifa, Tamouz3, Bohouth 22, and Al_Rasheed) under the influence of three levels of humic acid (0, 20 and 40 kg.h−1) using the Randomized complete block design to the arrangement of split plots with three replicates and characteristics, the number of days to heading ofspikes, the area of the flag leaf, plant height, number of active tillers, number of grains of the spike, 1000 grains weight and the total yield. The most important results were summarized as: The presence of high genetic variance compared to environmental variance, which was reflected in the high value of heritability in the broad sense, and that the coefficient of environmental variation was low compared to the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation, which was average, and that the expected genetic improvement as a percentage was average for all studied traits except number of days to heading trait varying levels of humic acid. We conclude from this that the third level can be considered a good and suitable environment through direct selection of the two characteristics number grains per spike and grains thousand weight to improve the yield in the future.
Effect of Weeds and Seeding Rate on Some Growth Characteristics and Oil Content of Three Cultivars of Flax
Authors: Othman N J , Mohammed Y A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2020-2021 in a farmer’s field in the Abu Flis area, which is located in the Al-Habbaniyah district of Anbar province, Iraq. The objective was to study the effect of two weeding treatments (weed free and weedy treatment throughout the growing season) and three seeding rates (30, 40, and 50 kg ha−1) on some growth and oil percent % characteristics of three cultivars of flax (local, Sakha 4, and Sakha 6). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with a split-split plot arrangement with three replicates. The results showed that the weedy treatment led to a significant decrease in plant height, stem diameter, root dry weight, and the number of main and fruiting branches per plant by 5.16%, 20.73%, 32.42%, 56.18%, and 46.24%, respectively, compared to the weed free treatment Seeding rates also had a significant effect on most of the studied characteristics. The seeding rate of 30 kg ha−1 resulted in the highest weeds density and the highest average stem diameter, root dry weight, and the number of main and fruiting branches per plant, while recording the lowest plant height.
The Allelopathic Potential of some Lower Plants on Growth, and Yield of Wheat Plants
Authors: Ali K A , Maulood P M , Amin S A , Al-Barzingy Y O M , Shekha Y A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A completely randomized design pot experiment was executed in the College of Science, Salahaddin University glass house to investigate the allelopathic potentiality of dried shoot parts of two algae two (Chara sp. and Cladophora glomerata) and aquatic plant species (Ceratophyllum desmersum) when incorporated in different concentrations [0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and2.0 %] to the pot’s soil on germination and growth of hard Wheat (Triticum durum). Results showed the stimulating effect of both algae species
Chara sp. and
Cladophora Sp. on wheat plant’s height (71.44 and 81.66 cm), shoot dry weight to (4.46 and 9.00 g), spike weight (2.05 and 3.06 g), spike length (16.16 and16.80 cm), number of grains per spike (26.22 and 36.77 grain. Spike −1), yield per plant (4.78 and 10.30 g. plant−1), thousand grains weight 59.40 and 64.90 g) respectively comparing to control treatmenst. The aquatic plant species dried shoot parts negatively affected the wheat plants’ flag leaf length and width, shoot dry weight, and yield per plant. The allelopathic index indicated the stimulatory effect when the index was higher than unity 2.30 and 2.03 for both algae species. The inhibiting effect when the index value was lower than unity 0.52 for the aquatic plant.
Evaluation of some Egyptian and Iraq Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes and Estimate of its Genetic Statistical Parameters
Authors: Al-sadoon A W , Al-jubory W H , Al-Qassi E K , Anees A H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Seventeen bread wheat genotypes were evaluated involving seven Egyptian genotypes (Yakora, 13-ssd-43, Sahel 1, Gemiza 7, Gemiza 11, Sides12 and Giza 168) and ten Iraqi genotypes (Ibba 95, Ibba 99, Sham 6, Adana, Tamros 3, Jihan, Latifia, Buhooth 22, Rashid and Abu Ghraib) to estimate their variations, correlations, coefficients of differences (environmental, genetic, phenotypic) and heritability in the broad sense. The experiment was carried out in crop field farm - Faculty of Agriculture - Tikrit University. 11/15/2018, with randomizing complete block design. The genotype of Gemiza 7 exhibited superiority in both, the number of kernels/ spike and grain yield/ plant (58.53 kernels and 24.65 g), respectively. 13-ssd-43 and Sham 6 for number of spikes /plant and grain yield/ plant reached 11.83 and 10.74 spikes /plant, 24.28 and 23.16 g, respectively. This does not belong to the wide genetic diversity in addition to the occurrence of these structures in different cluster groups and with a genetic dimension. It can be considered a parent in future breeding and improvement programs. On the other hand, the number of spikes plant shown with the coefficient of genetic and phenotypic variation can be considered of high value for heritability, and genetic improvement can be regarded as a tool for improving bread wheat in the near future.
Effect of Cutting Stages and Cytokinin Spray on Growth and Yield and Quality of Green Forage of Different Varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
Authors: Ismael M N , Jassem W M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at field crops department field, college of agriculture, Tikrit university. during the autumn season 2017 to investigate the effect of cytokinein and stage of cutting in the growth characteristics and forage yield of sorghum. The experiment design was (R.C.B.D) with three replicutions arranged in split-split-plot. concentrations of cytokinein (0,100,200,300ppm) were used as the main plots while the varieties (alkaer, enqad, rabih, abu-sabaen, and giza 113) were used as the sub-plots. the cutting stage (after 45 days of planting, after 50 days of the first stage and after 50 days the second stage) were used as the sub-sub-plots. plant height, number of leaves. Plant, steam diameter, leaf area and green forage yield were studed. the results the following showed the abu-sabaen gave highest values in plant height and forage yield (141.41cm and 66.23 t.ha −1) . the rabih variety gave highest valust in steam diameter and leaf area (20.80 mm and 1499.57 cm 2). the spraying 300 ppm gave lowest value of forage yield (45.42 t.ha −1) . the third stage of cutting gave highest value, plant height, number of leaves. plant−1, leaf area and forage yield (135.86 cm, 10.72 leaf.plant −1, 1524.36 cm2 and 66.56 t.ha −1) interaction between abusabaen third stage cutting gave highest value of forage yield (85.73 t.ha−1).
The Effect of Local Bio Fertilizer and Their Enzymatic Activity on Growth of Maize Plant and some Biological Therites in the Soil
Authors: Kudury S K , Abed I A , Mahdi B A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The pots experiment was carried out in green house which belong to the Department of horti culture and Engineering,College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, to study the effect of locally prepared biofertilizers and their enzymatic activity on the growth of maize (Al Maha gender) and the activity of phosphatase, protease, glucosidase, urease, respiratory efficiency, and survival of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the soil and some Morphological and physiological characteristics of corn plant, during the spring agricultural season of 2022. The experiment included testing 5 isolates with doubled combinations of isolates: Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megaterium, Azosprillum lipoferum, Pseudomonas putida, Actinomycetes.There were 16 treatments with control treatment (without addition). The treatment A. chroococcum + Az. lipoferum has the highest content of total nitrogen in the soil and in the presence of maize after 60 days reach to 185 mg N kg−1 followed by Az lipoferum treatment at a rate of 177 mg N kg−1, while the lowest nitrogen content in the control treatment was 65 mg N kg−1, and the B. megaterium + P. putida treatment excelled with the highest phosphorus content of 13.65 mg P kg−1, it was found that the bacterial number in the soil reach the highest level in the treatment of B.megaterium + P. putida with the highest level of cfu g−1 soil reach to 3.3*10 7 of cfu g−1 soi.
Effect of Some Fertilizer Combinations of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium on Some Qualitative Characteristics of Quinoa in Seed
Authors: Yacoub M M , Al-Hamdany F M A , Almehemdi A F 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the season 2020/2021 in Anbar Governorate - Heet district - Sweeb region to study the effect of levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on some yield characteristics of quinoa plants using three levels of nitrogen (50, 100, 150) kg h−1 and symbolized by (N1, N2, N3) respectively and three levels of phosphorus (22, 44 and 66) kg P ha−1 and took the symbolized (P1, P2, P3) and three levels of potassium (33.2, 66.2, 99.2) kg K.ha−1 The experiment was designed according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results of the experiment showed that the highest percentage of protein in quinoa grains reached 16.50% at low fertilizer levels of nitrogen and high levels of phosphorus and potassium when treated N1P3K3, As for the oil percentage, the low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium gave the highest oil percentage of 4.39%, as well as the phenols gave the highest value of 74.73 mg Gallic gm−1 at medium levels of nitrogen and low levels of potassium and phosphorus 34.20 mg Gallic gm−1 when treated N2P1K1. As for the flavonoids, it gave the highest value of 34.20 mg Rutin gm−1 It was found that there was a strong positive correlation between phenols and flavonoids of r = 0.78. As for saponins it increased with a decrease in the level of nitrogen and an increase in the levels of phosphorus and potassium, as it gave the highest value of 8.21%, that is, when treating N2P1K1, and it was found that there was a strong negative correlation between The percentage of saponins and the percentage of nitrogen in seeds had a value of r=-0.75.
Survey and Classification of Soil Sheikh Saad sub-District in Wasit Governorate in Iraq using Aerial Photographs by (Drones)
Authors: Al-Jubouri A M A , Hishem S M , Suliman A A , El-Desouki S A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study dealt with detecting the impact of geographical factors on the spatial variation of soil characteristics by conducting a survey and classification of soils in the study area and determining the varieties of land viability with modern technology through aerial photographs taken by drones with an area of 43,428 hectares, 9 soil pedons were selected distributed on the soil of Sheikh Saad district in Wasit Governorate based on the satellite visual of the study area of the Landsat8 satellite for comparison with images, as the satellite visual taken by sensor (OLI) for the year 2021 was classified, Where it was classified according to directed classification by employing the Erdas 10.2 program and collecting geographically defined images taken with a camera mounted on a drone, where the engineering correction process of the images was carried out by Arc GIS and the GLOBAL Mapper program To be adopted as a base map in the interpretation processes to produce the final map, which is the map of the soil survey at the level of series Soil pedons of the study area were classified based on soil temperature and moisture regimes under the US system the study area within two orders: (Entisols and Aridisols), as the soils of the study area were classified to a level below the great totals and included three categories:(Typic Torrifluvents, Typic Haplosalids, Typic Calcigypsids).
The Role of Zinc- Zeolite in the Growth and Yield of (Zea Mays L.) in Two Calcareous Soils
Authors: Al-Mashhdany M A R , Al-Hadethi A A H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar to study the effect of zinc-zeolite on some growth and yield characteristics of maize in two calcareous soils that differ in clay ratio. It was carried out according to the randomized complete block design following the nested design, with three replications which include: natural and synthetic zeolite prepared from local kaolin. Both the natural and synthetic zeolite were ground and sieved using a sieve with a diameter of 63 µm and then the natural and synthetic zeolite were saturated with zinc. Natural and synthetic zeolite zinc was added to the soil at three levels: 4, 8, and 12 kg Zn ha−1. The mineral source of zinc (ZnSO47H2O) and the organic source of zinc (Zn-DTPA) were used at the level of 8 Kg Zn ha−1 for each of them as a comparison treatment, as well as the comparison treatment without the addition of zinc. The number of treatments in each sector is 9 experimental units, and the total number of experimental units for each site is 27 experimental units. The results showed that natural and synthetic zeolite-zinc at the level of 12 kg Zn ha−1 was significantly superior in plant height and grain weight at a rate of 183.3 cm (150.0 g) and the concentration of nitrogen, potassium and zinc at a rate of 19.98, 2.96 and 45.50 g kg−1.
Effect of Adding Organic Fertilizer and Humic Acid on some Vegetative and Root Growth Characteristics of Fig Seedlings, Diyala Black Cultivar
Authors: Ali S S J , Al-Dolaimi R M H 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar during the 2022 growing season. To study the effect of adding organic fertilizer (poultry waste) at levels (0, 0.5, 1 kg seedlings−1), which is symbolized by (A0, A1, A2) respectively, and humic acid in levels (0,250,500 ml L−1), which is symbolized by (B0, B1, B2) respectively, in some characters of vegetative, root and chemical growth of fig seedlings of Aswad Diyala cultivar. The results showed that the addition of organic fertilizer at level of 1 kg seedlings-1 outperformed and led to a significant increase in plant height (36.89 cm), main root length (27.83 cm), leaf content of total chlorophyll (63.10 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight), leaf content of nitrogen (2.080%), leaf content of phosphorus (0.450%), leaf content of potassium (3.389%), leaves content of carbohydrates (35.88%). The study showed the significant superiority of humic acid at level B2 (500 ml L−1) on the rate of increase in plant height (31.22 cm), main root length (27.16 cm), leaf content of total chlorophyll (58.00 mg 100g−1 fresh weight), leaf nitrogen content (2.053%) The leaf content of phosphorous (0.444%), the leaf content of potassium (3.379%), the leaves content of carbohydrate (35.87%). Also, the two-way interactions between the study factors had a significant effect on most of the studied traits.
Effect of Spraying with Triacontanol and Adding Humic acid on the Chemical Content of Pear Seedlings Pyrus Cimmunis L. Cv. Le-Conte
Authors: Mahdi H H T , Saleh S A A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture, Anbar University in 2022 to investigate the effect of foliar application of triacontanol at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1, symbolized by T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively, and the addition of humic acid to the soil at concentrations of 0, 25, and 50 mg L−1, symbolized by H0, H1, and H2, respectively, on some chemical growth characteristics of Le-conte pear seedlings. The results showed significant differences among the treatments, where the addition of the growth regulator triacontanol at treatment T3 (100 mg L−1) resulted in a significant superiority in the carbohydrate content the leaves (6.18%), nitrogen content the branches (2.207%), nitrogen content the leaves (1.937%), carbohydrate content the branches (13.378%), phosphorus content in the branches (0.367%), and phosphorus content the leaves (0.347%). On the other hand, the effect of humic acid showed significant superiority at treatment H2 (50 mg L−1) in the carbohydrate content the leaves (5.49%), nitrogen content the branches (2.160%), nitrogen content the leaves (1.908%), carbohydrate content the branches (12.858%), phosphorus content the branches (0.341%), and phosphorus content the leaves (0.338%). the results showed that the interaction between the study factors was significant, with superiority of the treatment T3H2 in all the studied characteristics.