bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robots Nature’s
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proteins are amazingly versatile molecules. They make the chemical reactions happen that form the basis for life, they transmit signals in the body, they identify and kill foreign invaders, they form the engines that make us move, they record visual images. All of this is now common knowledge, but it was not so a hundred years ago. Nature’s Robots is an authoritative history of protein science, from the origins of protein research in the nineteenth century, when the chemical constitution of ‘protein’ was first studied and heatedly debated and when there was as yet no glimmer of the functional potential of substances in the ‘protein’ category, to the determination of the first structures of individual proteins at atomic resolution - when positions of individual atoms were first specified exactly and bonding between neighbouring atoms precisely defined. Tanford and Reynolds, who themselves made major contributions to the golden age of protein science, have written a remarkably vivid account of this history. It is a fascinating story, involving heroes from the past, working mostly alone or in small groups, usually with little support from formal research groups. It is also a story that embraces a number of historically important scientific controversies. Written in clear and accessible prose, Nature’s Robots will appeal to general readers with an interest in popular science, in addition to professional scientists and historians of science.
Energy Unlimited
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most recent and globally spectacular outbreak of selfdelusion— the triumph of desire over reason—began some ten years ago with the news that fusion of hydrogen had been achieved in something not much more complex than a test-tube. Atomic fusion is the process that generates the heat of the sun and the energy released by the explosion of a hydrogen bomb. If it could be brought about cheaply and at a controlled rate, the world’s energy needs, no matter how extravagant, would be satisfied in perpetuity, the scourge of pollution conquered and the man who discovers how it is done would be adulated by generations to come as mankind’s greatest benefactor. The rewards are ample and the prospect sufficient, as the cold-fusion aberration showed, to unhinge the keenest intellect.
The Physics, Clinical Measurement, and Equipment of Anaesthetic Practice
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A good knowledge of physics, measurement and equipment is essential for practising anaesthetists. The subject does, however, present considerable problems for many, few of whom have any background in physics. This book explains the physical principles and applications of physics in anaesthesia, covering the statistical methods that anaesthetists are required to understand. The book includes sections on equipment and safety in anaesthesia, and electrical safety. The book starts with mathematics, statistics and a basic physics background, not only to enhance the understanding for what follows in the book, but also because these basic sciences are fundamental to many other aspects of medical science. Areas which trainees find particularly troublesome, such as electricity and electrical safety, are discussed in detail.
Behaviour of fluids (liquids and gases, pressure and flow)
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluid flow behaviourIn the context of the study of fluid flow, a fluid can be either a liquid or a gas. Fluids exhibit different flow behaviour depending on their physical properties, in particular viscosity and density. Flow characteristics also depend on the geometry of the pipes or channels through which they flow and on the driving pressure regimes. These principles can be applied to any fluid and the complexity of the analysis depends on the flow regimes described in this section, including whether the flow can be considered compressible or not (Massey 1970).
Principles and standards of anaesthetic monitoring
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiology (International Task Force on Anaesthesia Safety 1993) adopted standards relating to the safe practice of anaesthesia in 1992. Earlier, such standards had been pro-posed by a number of countries in order to cut the morbidity due to anaesthesia itself. These included the Health Council of the Netherlands (1978–80), Germany (1984–90), Harvard Hospitals (1986), the American
Respiratory gas analysers
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of respiratory gas analysis during anaesthesia is to identify and measure the concentrations, on a breath-by-breath basis, of the individual gases and vapours in use. It may also be useful as a guide to cardiac function or to identify trace contaminant gases. Different techniques use different physicochemical properties of the gas or vapour. An understanding of the physical principle underlying each method is necessary to recognize the uses and limitations of each.
Medical training using simulators
Authors: Magee Patrick , Tooley Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aviation and aerospace industries have used simulators since the 1950s to train pilots. These methods have been extrapolated into some areas of the medical profession, particularly anaesthesia where the work of an anaesthetist has many similarities to that of a pilot. There are said to be parallels between the process of take-off and landing of an aircraft and the induction and recovery of a patient.
The black dog and the muse
Authors: Gillett Grant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I kept on with my life at a frightening pace. I worked ridiculously long hours and slept next to not at all. When I went home at night it was to a place of increasing chaos: Books, many of them newly purchased, were strewn everywhere. Clothes were piled up in mounds in every room, and there were unemptied shopping bags as far as the eye could see The chaos in my mind began to mirror the chaos of my rooms; I could no longer process what I was hearing; I became confused, scared, and disoriented Icould not follow the path of my own thoughts. Sentences flew around in my head and fragmented first into phrases and then words; finally, only sounds remained One evening I stood in the middle of my living room and looked out at a blood red sunset spreading out over the horizon of the Pacific.
Pain-Related Fear and Avoidance: A Conditioning Perspective
Authors: Goubert Liesbet , Crombez, Geert , Peters Madelon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is more than an unpleasant perceptual and emotional experience. It elicits innate responses and action tendencies that prepare and facilitate escape from pain. Par excellence, pain is an experience that drives learning. We learn about the circumstances of everyday pain. We discover the events or actions that precede the experience of pain, and find out what predicts and causes pain. We learn to fear impending pain, and learn which actions should be undertaken to minimize pain, and to avoid it on future occasions. The same applies for the experience of clinical and chronic pain. The relevance of learning in chronic pain has been recognized early on in the field of pain (Fordyce 1976), and continues to play a role in more recent biopsychosocial accounts of chronic pain. For example, fear-avoidance models have elaborated the role of fear and avoidance behavior in the development of chronic pain problems (for an overview, see Vlaeyen and Linton 2000). At present, the concepts of “pain-related fear” and “avoidance” have become established in the pain literature. However, the precise mechanisms by which learning takes place are often taken for granted or left unspecified.
The neuropathology of HIV-associated brain disease
Authors: Budka Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its start more than 20 years ago, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has resulted in an extraordinary challenge to the medical profession, including all disciplines of the clinical neurosciences. A plethora of publications has covered nervous system damage in this devastating disease. The large body of experience in clinical and basic sciences is in contrast to our present incomplete understanding of HIV neuropathogenicity. However, it has become clear that the nervous system, together with the immune system, is the major target of HIV. Indeed, the human brain is the only organ to have been demonstrated to suffer from a new disease specific to HIV. While considerable knowledge has accumulated on etiology, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of opportunistic infections of the nervous system in AIDS, essential questions on the role of HIV in the nervous system remain to be answered.
Human polyomavirus, JC virus, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Safak Mahmut , Major, Eugene , Khalili Kamel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes by a human polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV). This disease develops mostly in patients with underlying immunosuppressive conditions including AIDS, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, lymphoproliferative diseases and those undergoing antineoplastic therapy (Berger and Concha 1995; Berger and Major 1999; Berger 2000; Berger et al. 2001; Major et al. 1992). In addition, in a small number of cases, PML was also found to affect individuals with no underlying disease (Berger and Concha 1995; Major et al. 1992).
Opportunistic infections of the nervous system in AIDS
Authors: Berger Joseph R , Cohen Bruce A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first edition of this text, there have been remarkable achievements in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The availability of combination highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led not only to prolonged suppression of HIV replication, but also to reconstitution of the immune system. Not unexpectedly, the frequency of neurological opportunistic infections has also declined in such successfully treated individuals (Jellinger et al. 2000; Sacktor et al. 2001; Vago et al. 2002). Nonetheless, there still remains a reservoir of individuals whose first presentation of HIV is with a neurological opportunistic infection, and a group of patients in whom even HAART therapy fails to maintain control of evolving species of resistant HIV resulting in recurrent or persistent immune suppression and the potential for neurological opportunistic infection.
Evaluation of neurodevelopmental deficits in children with HIV-1 infection
Authors: Wolters Pamela L , Brouwers Pim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are at risk for developing central nervous system (CNS) disease characterized by impairments in cognitive, language, motor, and behavioral functions. The clinical presentation of pediatric HIV-1 CNS disease varies among patient subgroups as to the time of onset, rate of deterioration, severity of deficits, and number of domains affected (Belman 1994). CNS manifestations range from mild impairments in selective domains of cognitive functioning to the most severe form, referred to as HIV encephalopathy, in which children exhibit global and debilitating neurodevelopmental deficits with possible loss of previously acquired skills.
Psychosocial aspects of neurological impairment in children with AIDS
Authors: Wiener Lori , Martin Staci 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most devastating occurrences associated with working with children living with HIV/AIDS is witnessing cognitive deterioration. Neurological impairments associated with HIV infection in childhood present significant challenges to the overall quality of life of affected children and their families. A child’s deviation from a normative developmental course can impact the emotional well-being of the child, disrupt family relationships, and lead to problems in the child’s and family’s interface with society. Helping families cope and adjust to these neurological manifestations requires more than providing medical information and changing medications. Clinicians must help families understand and adjust to the implications of their child’s deficits within a developmental framework, and provide assistance in accessing and obtaining needed community services.
Current concepts in the treatment of HIV infection with focus on brain disease
Authors: Swindells Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid progress in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease has led to substantial success in reducing morbidity and mortality but has also introduced significant complexity in the management of disease (Yeni et al. 2002). Newly emerging toxicities, suboptimal antiviral activity, and the development of drug resistance necessitate continual re-evaluation of treatment guidelines. Over the last few years, the threshold for initiation of antiretroviral therapy has changed, largely in response to a recognition of the limitations of available therapies. Specialist expertise is recommended to assess the potential risks and benefits of specific management decisions, preferably in the context of a multidisciplinary team.
Development of adjunctive therapies for the neurological manifestations of AIDS: dementia and painful neuropathy
Authors: Lipton Stuart A , Gelbard Harris A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although cognitive impairment has been recognized as a major complication of HIV infection, it has been difficult to perform clinical trials for HIV-associated dementia. There is only one published double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial for HIV-associated dementia. This trial was started more than 10 years ago and reports the benefit of high-dose zidovudine (formerly called AZT) in patients with established HIV-associated dementia. This trial of approximately 30 patients was significantly smaller than planned and it took a longer time than expected to reach this level of enrollment. Subsequent clinical trials planned by the AIDS Clinical Trial Group and other multicenter organizations have found recruitment of patients to therapeutic trials slow and difficult. Part of the difficulty has been in achieving a consensus about the definition of HIV-associated dementia and the difficulty in finding demented patients who can tolerate the fairly rigorous neuropsychological assessments that have become standard elements of these trials.
Clinical–neuropathological correlation in HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Ellis Ronald J , Merdes Annette , Masliah, Eliezer , Langford T D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This 34-year-old man with 16 years of education worked as a waiter and as a piano teacher. His first positive HIV test was in June 1989. His primary HIV risk factor was sex with men. He used alcohol and cannabis recreationally. At his first visit to the HNRC in August 1990, the patient was taking monotherapy (zidovudine), and was feeling well with a CD4 count of 391 celsls/fll and an undetectable CSF HIV RNA viral load. On physical examination, the examiner found oral hairy leukoplakia and lymphadeno-pathy. The neurological examination was normal, as was the brain MRI. NP testing showed overall mild impairment, with specific deficits in the areas of learning, memory, and motor functioning.
Algebraic posets, algebraic cpo’s and models of concurrency
Authors: Mislove Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we develop the theory of algebraic posets: partially ordered sets in which each element is the directed supremum of compact elements. We show that each such poset can be completed into an algebraic cpo in a natural way, so that the completion has exactly the same set of compact elements as does the underlying algebraic poset. We use the spectral theory of locally compact sober spaces to construct this completion, which is also known as the sobrification of the underlying algebraic poset in the Scott topology.
An algebraic axiomatization of linear logic models
Authors: Marti-Oliet Narciso , Meseguer Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many notions of type in computing. The most classical notion is ‘types as sets’, which has been extended to cover many features of modern programming languages. This chapter shows that such features are handled perhaps even more naturally by an extension of the ‘types as algebras’ notion to a ‘types as theories’ notion. This notion naturally supports object-oriented concepts, including inheritance and local state, as well as generic modules and dependent types. Moreover, it explains why polymorphic operations are natural transformations and provides a systematic foundation for a powerful form of programming in the large. This chapter also suggests a new semantics for dependent types based on strict fibrations.
A Historical Introduction to Substructural Logics
Authors: Došen Kosta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common denominator of several important non classical logics is that in their sequent formulation they reject or restrict some of Gentzen’s structural rules, whereas rules for logical constants need not differ from rules that may be given for classical logic. It is as if the structural part of logic were more fundamental: to change logic, we have to change this part. Logical constants are in principle secondary: they are invariant, they play the same role in different structural contexts.
Field techniques for birdwatching
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birdwatching is an absorbing pastime, and the broader the bird-watchers’ experience, the better and more acute their observations become. Birdwatchers are the scientists’ eyes and ears for monitoring the state of our planet. Their bird lists and observations are very important to scientists in indicating any deterioration of the environment. This book is designed to help birdwatchers make their observations more accurate, meaningful and, indeed, useful when submitted to the relevant body. Watching birds in tall forests is not easy. You may walk for an hour without seeing anything then suddenly be surrounded by so many twittering birds you cannot focus on any. A bird may be so high up and so obscured by foliage that you cannot get a good view. In the rain, water on your lenses may blur your vision. The newcomer to the forest should first get to know the common forest-edge species by walking along roads and wide trails through forest. Observation conditions are better, and the birds appear more numerous because the light falling sideways on the forest edge creates a very rich feeding zone. Some of the true forest-canopy birds can be seen along roads, and where forest roads cut through mountains you may have excellent side views into the canopy that you may never get when walking on narrow trails.
Denmark
Authors: Nygaard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A thick Chalk sequence is present beneath most of Denmark (Fig. 10.1). It comprises Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene limestones, composed of coccolitic micrites (chalk proper), bryozoan limestones, calcarenitic greensands and marls. The Upper Palaeocene greensands and marls will be discussed only briefly. Chalk is assumed to have been originally deposited throughout the Danish area. However, over the Scandinavian high, north-east of a major tectonic feature, the Tornquist Line (Fig. 10.2), it has been eroded and is preserved only locally where it has been downfaulted. Such occurrences are found on the Island of Bornholm.
Chemistry of B12 Derivatives Related to their Roles in Bacterial Carbon Dioxide Fixation
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitamin B12 derivatives play several central roles in the metabolism of micro organisms (Friedrich 1988; Dolphin 1982; Golding and Rao 1987), which are also believed to possess the capacity unique in nature to build up the B,2 structure. Corrinoids related to vitamin B12 appear to have a particularly essential function in some methanogenic, acetogenic, sulphur- and sulphate-reducing bacteria, where they have been assigned a role in the fixation of carbon dioxide via the recently discovered acetyl coenzyme A pathway (Fuchs 1986; Wood et al.1986; Thauer 1988; Ragsdale et al. 1990).
Sexual selection
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan , FitzGerald Gerard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
sexual or epigamic traits. As Darwin (1871) noted, this process ‘depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction’. Unlike traits that have evolved via natural selection, epigamic traits enhance an animal’s mating success, even though they may reduce its chances for survival. Classic examples of such traits are the peacock’s, Pavo cristatus, bright colours and elaborate tail, both of which Darwin (1871) believed evolved as a consequence of female mate choice.
Cladistic Biogeography
Authors: Humphries Christopher J , Parenti Lynne R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution and classification of life on earth has long been of interest to biological theorists, as well as to travellers and explorers. Cladistic biogeography is the study of the historical and evolutionary relationships between species, based on their particular distribution patterns across the earth. Analysis of the distributions of species in different areas of the world can tell us how those species and areas are related, what regions or larger groups of areas exist, and what their origins might be. The first edition of Cladistic Biogeography was published in 1986. It was a concise exposition of the history, methods, applications of, and prospects for cladistic biogeography. Well reviewed, and widely used in teaching, Cladistic Biogeography is still in demand, despite having been out of print for some time. This new edition draws on a wide range of examples, both plant and animal, from marine, terrestrial, and freshwater habitats. It has been updated throughout, with the chapters being rewritten and expanded to incorporate the latest research findings and theoretical and methodological advances in this dynamic field.
A Wood of Our Own
Authors: Evans Julian , Evans John , Stephen White , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1985 the author fulfilled for himself every forester's ambition - ownership of a woodland to manage and enjoy exactly as he thought fit. With his brother-in-law, he bought a neglected woodland in Hampshire and, with the help of family and friends, has brought it back to a working woodland, employing a combination of ancient and modern rural skills. A Wood of Our Own tells the story of all that has happened since the idea germinated: making the purchase, replanting, encounters with people and animals, the drama of two great gales, unravelling the history of the wood, and selling the timber. Julian Evans, forester for twenty-five years, author of two professional forestry books, and currently Chief Research Officer for the Forestry Commission, combines anecdote, natural history, and professional wisdom in a gripping story. The factual account of the purchase and management of the wood runs alongside an entertaining description of the people, events, and incidents associated with it. Fine cameo line drawings by John White, artist and forester, accompany the text.