bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of the pulmonate gastropods from rrna sequences, and tempo and age of the stylommatophoran radiation
Authors: Tillier Simon , Masselot Monique , Tillier Annie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As shown by the recent review of Bieler (1992), the phylogeny of opisthobranch and pulmonate gastropods is rather confused. Their fossil record is rather poor when compared with that of prosobranchs: some marine opisthobranch-like shells are known from the Carboniferous (Acteonina, Toumaisian, ca. 340 MY BP); but the first fossils, similar to members of the recent order Cephalaspidea, which may be attributed without doubt to the opisthobranchs are Upper Triassic, ca. 200 MY BP. From that time marine opisthobranch taxa regularly occur through the fossil record (Zilch, 1959-1960; Bandel, 1993). Similarly pulmonate gastropods, which include marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa, have been supposed to have primitive terrestrial representatives in the Upper Carboniferous, ca. 320 MY BP, followed by a long gap until freshwater, marine and terrestrial forms appear in the fossil record in the Upper Jurassic, ca.
Malagasy Heron Ardea humbloti Milne-Edwards … Grandidier
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Malagasy Heron is identified by its dark colour, black head and chin and very large, yellow bill. It is distinguished from the Grey Heron by its being larger, darker, with less contrast, and having a decidedly heavier bill. Interestingly, local people apparently do not distinguish between the two species although they do look quite different.
White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tricolored Heron is a medium egret that feeds in open shallow coastal waters for small fish. Its long bill and neck are a characteristic feature of fish-eating herons. Its wide repertoire of passive and active feeding behaviours allows it to find, run down if necessary, and capture these fish. Mangrove swamps, coastal lagoons, and other open shorelines provide feeding habitat. It is a surprisingly solitary bird, gathering in small groups when food is very abundant.
Capped Heron Pilherodius pileatus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However, its ecology is rather distinctive, being sedentary and appearing to maintain family groups. Its calls and exuberant behaviour at the roost are unusual among herons. Furthermore, the prolonged dependence of young on adults is decidedly un- heron-like. Explanations may be the need to teach foraging, but such dependence in other species suggests a saturated habitat and maybe young birds face difficulty in establishing their own territory. Given the difference of this family life to that of most herons, the species is likely to also show unique demography and social structure.
Javan Pond-Heron Ardeola speciosa
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
rice fields and other artificial habitats. The use of these are now likely critical to population stability. The loss of fish pond habitat led to a decrease of herons in Hong Kong (Young 1998). The management of occupied wetlands, including artificial environments occupied by the birds, is a critical conservation measure for the long-term stability of the populations. Eggs and birds are taken for food in China (Parish and Melville 1985). However, range expansion continues despite these losses. Hunting and other human use need to be evaluated.
Malagasy Pond-Heron Ardeola idea
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walking slowly in shallow water or on the edge of the water. It feeds in the open, and is typically a bird of rice fields over much of its range. It is seen frequently and easily, and can be very numerous. It likely consumes a wider array of prey than is now known, and probably occupies a more diverse habitat. It is a successful species, benefitting from its association with agriculture.
Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nyctinassa violaceus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
and success, and seasonal movements. Its breeding distribution needs to be understood in more precise detail. The Rufous-bellied Heron, like other Ardeola, appears to be a tropical reed bed heron. Many observations suggest that its habitat use is rather more complex though. It is a colonial nester, joining other herons in mixed colonies during the local high water period. It relies on quiet stalking techniques, as do the other pond herons. However, much more must be known to understand this species.
Japanese Night-Heron Gorsachius goisagi
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
and irrigation systems. When rediscovered, the birds were in demand for the market in the area they are found, and their rarity did not provided much protection. The only hope for the species is for its welfare to become a concern of the local human population, its nesting sites be completely protected from disturbance, and feeding sites secured. The only successful conservation for this species will be that provided by and in cooperation with the local people.
Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
population is even more at threat, given its rapid decline over the past several decades. Conservation action in its remaining known locations in South Africa and Zambia is essential. There have been important advances in our under- standing of the biology and conservation needs of this species. Studies should continue on the breeding, habitat needs, and demography of this species especially outside western Europe, where most information is from. Surveys are needed to determine the status and distribution of nesting of Eurasian Bitterns in southern Africa and wintering birds in northern Africa.
Streaked Bittern Ixobrychus involucris
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
but overall has a broad diet of whatever it can encounter in the marsh. It has the potential for being adaptable in that its favoured habitat is also one that responds well to human hydrological alteration and it is able to use more open and even human-created habitats. It none the less occurs primarily in inaccessible situations, and its biology remains very much unknown.
Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Nitlin, Gaulin in English; Avetorillo Panamericano, Garcilla, Garcita, Martinetito, Mira- sol Menudo, Gallito, Alcaravancito, Garza Enana, Ardeola in Spanish; Socoívermelho in Portuguese; Petit blongios, Blongios minute, Kio jaune, Crabier, Mang lanmé, Martinet in French; Amerikanische Zwergdommel in German. Subspecies: Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas Vieillot, 1817: Paraguay; Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chap- man, 1914: Suba marshes, Bogota, Colombia; Ixobrychus exilis pullus van Rossem, 1930: Tobari Bay, Sonora, Mexico; Ixobrychus exilis peruvianus Bond, 1955: Vegueta, Lima, Peru.
Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
wave action, abandonment, and predation, including mink (Mustela), wrens (Cistothorus), snakes, raccoons (Procyon), crows (Corvis), turtles, and raptors. Nothing is known about the population biology or demography of this species. Conservation of this species requires protection and management of its marsh habitat. Water impoundments and wetland construction for various purposes increase the potential habitat for the species as it often nests in cattail marshes created by human activities (Post 1998, Gibbs et al. 1992a, Horstman et al. 1998).
Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Australian population is considered to be uncommon, but rather appears to be concentrated seasonally in a few highly suitable breeding sites. It has declined and had to shift its distribution due to past hydrological changes in its rivers (Maddock 2000). It is classified as Endangered in Victoria (NRE 2000), where it represents only 0.7% of bird observations in the state since 1970 (Scientific Advisory Committee 1997). Management and conservation of these river systems are critical to the species in Australia.
Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China. Mostly there is little information available. It is considered to be in the Category Data Deficient by HSG (Hafner et al. 2000). The principal conservation need for this species is for clarification of the breeding distribution and the identification of potentially important areas for their protection. Surveys of known and potential breeding sites should be undertaken and reported, especially in east Russia and east and south China (Hafner et al. 2000). So little is known about the biology of this species that studies of its basic biology are urgently needed.
The theoretical basis of NMR
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand how radiation is absorbed by matter, we need to recognize firstly that radiation is quantized and secondly that atoms and molecules can only have certain discrete energy levels. These are concepts that are outside the realm of classical physics, and therefore a rigorous treatment of any spectroscopic technique requires the use of the branch of physics that is termed quantum mechanics. However, certain aspects of NMR can be understood surprisingly adequately and clearly in terms of classical physics. For this reason descriptions of NMR theory frequently contain a mixture of quantum mechanical and classical treatments, depending on which provides the simpler or more helpful picture of what is happening. In this chapter, we shall first give a brief quantum mechanical description of the basic properties of atomic nuclei, explaining how magnetic nuclei interact with applied magnetic fields. The treatment that is presented here is intended to be comprehensible to readers with no prior knowledge of quantum mechanics; however, some of the results that are given will have to be taken on trust, for the theory on which they are based is beyond the scope of a book of this type. We shall then proceed to describe NMR in terms of the classical model that is particularly well suited to explaining many of the practical aspects of NMR, such as the effects of radiofrequency pulses. The latter part of the chapter is concerned with the Fourier transform, which plays a critical role in NMR imaging and spectroscopy.
Instrument design and operation
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss each of these units and the ways in which they interact with each other. In addition, an explanation is given of some of the common operational procedures that are involved in obtaining images or spectra. For simplicity, many of the procedures are introduced in terms of the acquisition of spectra. However, we have seen that imaging and spectroscopy have many features in common; both NMR approaches involve the collection and display of signals as a function of frequency, the main technical difference being that in spectroscopy the frequency encodes for chemistry, whereas in imaging the use of linear field gradients causes the frequency to encode for space. Therefore most of the procedures that are described are equally applicable to the acquisition of images.
Lattice-dynamical interpretation of crystallographic thermal parameters
Authors: Gramaccioli Carlo M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In usual crystallographic calculations, the effect of atomic motion on the structure factor FH is considered in the so-called temperature factor , τj(H):where H is a reciprocal-lattice vector, denoting a reflection, and rj a directlattice vector, denoting the position of thej-th atom. The temperature factor is the Fourier transform of the probability density function (pdf) of an atom around its mean position. If the pdf is isotropic and the distribution Gaussian, then (see Chapter 6, Section 6.7, and Chapter 8, Section 8.2):Such isotropic temperature factors were used in early crystal structure determinations. Here the most critical approximation is the assumption that the pdf is the same in all directions. This is actually the case for some of the simplest structures, where the atoms are located in special positions of high symmetry, and which were the first to be determined (for instance, NaCl-type compounds, or simple metals, oxides, etc.). However, already in the first electron-density maps of structures where atoms are not in highly symmetrical positions, the peaks typically appeared as flat or elongated, suggesting strongly anisotropic thermal motion.
Structural substituent effects in benzene derivatives
Authors: Domenicano Aldo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to show how the availability of accurate geometrical information on a class of related molecules − the substituted derivatives of benzene − has fostered new lines of structural research. It would have been possible to select some other example, but this one has at least two merits. First, it refers to a fundamental class of organic molecules; second, it involves important contributions from most of the techniques of structure determination described in this book. †Substituting a hydrogen atom with a functional group causes a perturbation in the valence electron distribution of a molecule. This affects a number of chemical and physical properties. Changes occur in, e.g. reaction rates, equilibrium constants, dipole moment, spectral parameters, and, last but not least, molecular geometry.
Radiation used in crystallography
Authors: Aslanov L A , Fetisov G V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The radiation generally used in diffraction experiments and referred to as X-rays consists of electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths of between 0.7 and 2.3 angstrom. Such electromagnetic waves are called gamma-rays if they are emitted by radioactive materials and X-rays if they are generated by accelerated (or retarded) charged particles. According to the laws of electrodynamics, a charge moving with acceleration (or retardation) must generate electromagnetic waves. In practice, electromagnetic radiation with the wavelength of X-rays is usually both generated by accelerated (or retarded) electrons driven at high speed and due to the radioactive decay of atoms.
Auxiliary methods
Authors: Aslanov L A , Fetisov G V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both single-crystal and powder X-ray crystallography use a number of auxiliary methods for crystal structure determination under abnormal conditions, such as low and high temperature, high pressure, external field action (e.g. electric field, magnetic field, laser irradiation etc.) and a combination of all sorts of external influences to investigate their impact on crystal structures and charge densities. Sometimes low-temperature measurements are used for reducing the crystal lattice vibrations to avoid ambiguity of the charge density maps and disorder of the atomic positions or for increasing resolution of crystal structure analyses. Auxiliary methods also allow experimenters to investigate crystals under conditions similar to those existing in technical devices (electronics, optical instruments, etc.) where the materials are used and to find out the relationship between the crystal structure and its properties under operating conditions.
Flow Boiling: Onset of Nucleation and Heat Transfer
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Fig. 16.2 it can be seen that there is a large increase in wall temperature when dry out occurs: this increase may be many hundreds of degrees. Also, before dry out occurs the difference between wall temperature and the saturation temperature is gradually decreasing. Therefore, the boiling heat transfer coefficient is increasing; this is a consequence of the liquid film in annular flow becoming thinner as the quality increases. One convenient way of expressing the heat transfer coefficient variation along the tube is to plot it against the thermodynamic quality, as in Fig. 16.3. In this figure, lines 1, 2, and 3 represent different heat fluxes. At the highest heat flux, curve 1, burnout occurs before is equal to zero. At a lower heat flux, curve 2, burnout occurs after xT = 0. In the region of positive quality nucleate boiling occurs, and this ceases at burnout. At the lowest heat flux, curve 3, there are five distinct regions.
The Planar Serial Robot-arm
Authors: Davidson Joseph K , Hunt Kenneth H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A robot can broadly be described as a versatile and programmable machine for controlled manipulation of objects. Its end-effector, namely the member most remote from the base-frame, is partly a tool that may take many forms, for instance that of a gripper, a welding device, or a routing cutter. Several writers, for example, Craig (1989) and Rosheim (1989), take end-effector as the generic name for the tool itself that is attached to a tool-plate of a robot; yet the entire assembly that comprises tool-plate and tool is not necessarily excluded from the meaning. In this book we identify end-effector with the rigid body that carries the tool, a meaning that is implied by the above writers and is consistent with other sources, for example, Huang and Waldron (1989) and Agrawal and Roth (1992).
Spatial Serial Robot-arms
Authors: Davidson Joseph K , Hunt Kenneth H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the instantaneous kinematics, workspace, and driving-force requirements for spatial six-actuator (and five-actuator) arms that provide the end-effector with either the full six or five freedoms. For each robot analysed, we identify the special configurations and provide the typical practical information about the behaviour of the actuators as the end-effector of the robot is guided at finite and reasonably uniform speed along a path that passes close to a special configuration. But we give additional understanding about, and distinctions between, special configurations by identifying both transitory and full-cycle displacements of certain actuated joints when the robot remains right at the special configuration and while the end-effector is held stationary.
Redundant Robotic Systems
Authors: Davidson Joseph K , Hunt Kenneth H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A robot is said to be ‘redundant’ when it has a superabundance of actuated joints with respect to the task it is required to perform. In Chapter 7, we described methods for finding the finite number of distinct assembly-configurations that are available in a six-actuator serial arm when the location of its end-effector body is held fixed; except when an assembly-configuration is special, there can be no transitory movement at any actuatable joint. But when a seventh actuatable joint is embodied in the arm, a one-parameter family of assembly-configurations is available for choice.
General Introduction to the Circuit Modelling of Multiconductor Lines
Authors: FachÉ Niels , Olyslager Frank , De Zutter Daniël 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is organized in two parts. The first part (Chapters l–4) deals with the circuit modelling of muiticonductor waveguides. The second part (Chapters 5–9) deals with the fullwave electromagnetic modelling of some particular subclasses of these waveguides. The present chapter starts with a short general introduction to both problems and is followed by a much more extensive introduction to the circuit modelling problem. An extensive introduction to the electromagnetic field problems treated in this book is given in Chapter 5.
Circuit Description of General Lossy Multiconductor Waveguide Structures
Authors: FachÉ Niels , Olyslager Frank , De Zutter Daniël 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters the network description of single and coupled multiconductor waveguides was developed in a systematic way highlighting the physical background and the concepts introduced in order to come to a systematic network description.
In Chapter 3 the network description for coupled waveguides was restricted to two coupled lossless waveguides. In the present chapter the network description will be extended to an arbitrary number of coupled multiconductor waveguides and losses will be included as well. As we assume that the reader is familiar with the concepts introduced in the previous chapters we will restrict ourselves to the general outline and the final results of the problem. However, the chapter, and in particular the notation used to indicate field quantities on the one hand and circuit quantities on the other hand, is organized in such a way that the reader should be able to read this chapter independently of the previous ones.
The Basic Models
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the two most important models of two-phase gas-liquid flow—the ‘homogeneous’ model and the ‘separated flow’ model-will be discussed. These treatments have been used in engineering design calculations in a number of diverse applications. Such applications often involve high pressures and temperatures and specialized treatments as applied to particular flow patterns may not be possible since the flow pattern or, more likely, the several successive flow patterns, may be unknown. The treatments discussed have therefore been applied to the calculation of pressure drops and density without particular reference to the flow pattern.
Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a brief comment concerning heat transfer to a single-phase liquid flowing in a channel, the remainder of this chapter is taken up with the topic of heat transfer to a flowing subcooled liquid under conditions where nucleate boiling takes place at the channel wall. The criteria necessary for the onset of nucleation with forced convection are considered in detail. This is followed by a description of alternative methods for calculating the change of heat transfer rate and surface temperature with the independent variables such as velocity, heat flux, and liquid temperature. Finally, the various possible mechanisms of subcooled boiling are considered.
Critical heat flux in forced convective flow—2. More Complex situations
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter the critical heat flux conditions for water flowing in vertical uniformly heated tubes were discussed. In this chapter the effects on the critical heat flux of (a) non-uniform heating, (b) non-circular geometry, the use of fluids other than water, (d) liquid-vapour mixtures at the channel entrance, and (e) unstable hydrodynamic conditions will be reviewed. In addition the present knowledge regarding the mechanism of the critical heat flux will be discussed. Finally the question or critical heat flux on the outside of horizontal tube bundles in cross flow is addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Marciniak Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerically Controlled (NC) milling machines are very much like the analogous conventional machines, but their construction has been modified to meet the following special NC demands The spindle is used with greater efficiency by keeping it in the cut for most of the time. Wasted, redundant, and non-productive motions and waiting times are reduced or eliminated. The same holds true for the other features of the machine, so drives, gears, ways, screws, and so on are liable to be worn out more quickly. This is the reason why machine construction has to be particularly rigid and the driving mechanisms specially designed to improve accuracy and robustness.