bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of auditory distraction on electrophysiological brain activity and performance in children aged 8–13 years
Authors: Gumenyuk Valentina , Korzyukov Oleg , Alho Kimmo , Escera Carles , Näätänen Risto 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDistractibility was investigated in three age groups of children (8–9, 10–11, and 12–13 years) with event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) and performance measures in a forced‐choice visual task. Distraction was reflected by increased reaction times (RTs) and decreased performance accuracy in the visual discrimination task following presentation of unexpected novel sounds. The amplitude of the late portion of the P3a elicited by novel sounds was largest for the youngest group and showed a centrally dominant scalp distribution and smallest for the oldest group with a frontal scalp distribution. A frontally dominant late negativity (LN) that was largest in the youngest group followed the P3a. Correlation between the RT increase caused by the distracting novel sounds and the amplitude of the LN elicited by these sounds suggested that the LN is associated with the degree of attention engaged by the distracting sounds.
The error‐related negativity as a state and trait measure: Motivation, personality, and ERPs in response to errors
Authors: Pailing Patricia E. , Segalowitz Sidney J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study examines changes in the error‐related negativity (ERN/Ne) related to motivational incentives and personality traits. ERPs were gathered while adults completed a four‐choice letter task during four motivational conditions. Monetary incentives for finger and hand accuracy were altered across motivation conditions to either be equal or favor one type of accuracy over the other in a 3:1 ratio. Larger ERN/Ne amplitudes were predicted with increased incentives, with personality moderating this effect. Results were as expected: Individuals higher on conscientiousness displayed smaller motivation‐related changes in the ERN/Ne. Similarly, those low on neuroticism had smaller effects, with the effect of Conscientiousness absent after accounting for Neuroticism. These results emphasize an emotional/evaluative function for the ERN/Ne, and suggest that the ability to selectively invest in error monitoring is moderated by underlying personality.
Syntactic processing with aging: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Kemmer Laura , Coulson Seana , De Ochoa Esmeralda , Kutas Marta 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo assess age‐related changes in simple syntactic processing with normal aging, event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by grammatical number violations as individuals read sentences for comprehension were analyzed. Violations were found to elicit a P600 of equal amplitude and latency regardless of an individual's age. Instead, advancing age was associated with a change in the scalp distribution of the P600 effect, being less asymmetric and more frontal (though still with a parietal maximum) in older than younger adults. Our results thus show that the brain's response to simple syntactic violations, unlike those reported for simple binary categorizations and simple semantic violations, is neither slowed nor diminished in amplitude by age. At the same time, the brain's processing of these grammatical number violations did engage at least somewhat different brain regions as a function of age, suggesting a qualitative change rather than any simple quantitative change in speed of processing.
Brain, mind, and behavior: A new perspective on human nature by David L. Robinson, Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996. 192 pp.
Authors: Lykken David T. 
Published: December 2004

“3. For the first time, it has been possible to map out in a clear and unambiguous manner the neurological determinants of the major dimensions of personality and to show, after more than two millennia, the essential validity of the fourfold classification of temperaments into the melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, and choleric types.“4. The same fundamental dimensions of neurological variation determine the ‘structure’ of intelligence, and with this new knowledge, it is possible to reconcile earlier conflicting notions of intelligence structure proposed by Spearman and Cattell.“9. Reference to the new theory demonstrates how Freud was led to erroneous conclusions, and alternative explanations are provided for the chief phenomena of chief interest to him.“15. No less important than the medical and educational applications, there is a sure and certain basis for providing vocational guidance and for the determination of employee selection criteria which would guarantee major improvements in human resource management.”
Measuring distance in personal relationships: The Relational Distance Index
Authors: Hess Jon A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article describes the development of an instrument that measures people's reported use of distancing tactics in personal relationships. Two versions of the Relational Distance Index (RDI) were developed, an 8‐itemversion and a 17‐item version. Four studies were conducted to examine the instrument's psychometric properties. The index exhibited a stable two‐factor structure (unfriendly and withdrawal), had acceptable internaland temporal reliability, and performed well on the tests of convergent and discriminant validity. The data suggested the RDI is suitable for use with both student and nonstudent samples.
Hostile, volatile, avoiding, and validating couple‐conflict types: An investigation of Gottman's couple‐conflict types
Authors: Holman Thomas B. , Jarvis Mark O. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUsing two very different sets of survey data, we investigated Gottman's (1994a, 1999) observational findings regarding couple‐conflict types. We hypothesized that defensible couple‐conflict types could be established using survey data based on an individual's perception of the style he or she uses in couple‐conflict situations. Furthermore, we hypothesized that membership type would be related to relationship quality indicators such as satisfaction, stability, communication processes, and affect regulation. Our results showed that survey data can reliably produce couple‐conflict types similar to Gottman’s. We further found that, on satisfaction, stability, positive communication, and soothing, hostile couple‐conflict types had the lowest mean scores and validating couple‐conflict types the highest mean scores. The types related in the opposite manner to negative communication, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, and flooding. The other couple‐conflict‐type means ‐ volatile and avoiding ‐ are almost always between the extreme means of the hostile and validating couple‐conflict types. Implications for research and practice conclude the article.
Poor Nations, Rich Nations: A Theory of Governance
Authors: Werlin Herbert H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article argues that the difference between poor countries and rich countries has to do with governance rather than resources. In emphasizing the importance of public administration in explaining economic success and failure, the author examines three general theories of governance (organizational, cultural, and structural‐functional) presented in Ferrel Heady's textbook in comparative administration. Political elasticity theory is introduced as a way to reconcile and overcome the weaknesses of these theories and to explain a number of unresolved questions in the literature having to do with decentralization, corruption, democracy, culture, and globalization, using comparative case studies (the Netherlands and Ghana, Singapore and Jamaica, and Japan and Nigeria). The implications of political elasticity theory for foreign aid are suggested at the conclusion, illustrated by a comparison of Spain and Mexico. What ties these case studies together is the heretofore unnoticed and/or unexplained fact that as countries prosper, political power takes on “rubber‐band” and “balloon” characteristics.
Beyond CO2‐fixation by Rubisco – an interpretation of 13C/12C variations in tree rings from novel intra‐seasonal studies on broad‐leaf trees
Authors: HELLE G. , SCHLESER G. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEvidence is presented for a very specific, seasonally recurring tri‐phase carbon isotope pattern in tree rings of broad‐leaf deciduous tree species. It is derived from highly resolved intra‐annual measurements of 13C/12C ratios of wood and cellulose from tree rings of Fagus sylvatica, Populus nigra, Quercus petraea and Morus alba. Investigations on δ13C from buds and leaves of Fagus sylvatica revealed a similar tri‐phase δ13C pattern. At the very beginning of a growing season, the δ13C trend of tree rings and foliage shows a marked increase of up to 5‰. The maximum δ13C‐value of each vegetation period always occurs in young heterotrophic leaves shortly after bud burst and persistently in the early wood of each tree ring, when growth depends on carbon reserves. Thereafter, δ13C profiles represent the autotrophic stage of the leaves, which show different patterns of variation, by and large characterized by a decline. The minimum δ13C‐value always shows up in the late wood of each tree ring. At the very end of each tree ring δ13C‐values start rising again. This increase in δ13C marks the gradual switch‐over to storage‐dependent growth and can also be observed in senescent leaves. Seasonal changes of more than 4‰ were measured, whereas contiguous δ13C values rarely differed from each other by more than 0.3‰. This tri‐phase pattern cannot be explained by the common model of carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis. It appears to be primarily an indication of seasonal changes in down‐stream processes of the carbohydrate metabolism. Environmental influences on the carbon isotope fractionation during photosynthesis are presumably of secondary importance and expressed by certain peculiarities showing up during the autotrophic phase, i.e. the mid‐section of the seasonal δ13C pattern.
Role of K+ in leaf growth: K+ uptake is required for light‐stimulated H+ efflux but not solute accumulation
Authors: STILES K. A. , VAN VOLKENBURGH E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe stimulation of dicotyledonous leaf growth by light depends on increased H+ efflux, to acidify and loosen the cell walls, and is enhanced by K+ uptake. The role of K+ is generally considered to be osmotic for turgor maintenance. In coleoptiles, auxin‐induced cell elongation and wall acidification depend on K+ uptake through tetraethylammonium (TEA)‐sensitive channels (Claussen et al., Planta 201, 227–234, 1997), and auxin stimulates the expression of inward‐rectifying K+ channels (Philippar et al. 1999). The role of K+ in growing, leaf mesophyll cells has been investigated in the present study by measuring the consequences of blocking K+ uptake on several growth‐related processes, including solute accumulation, apoplast acidification, and membrane polarization. The results show that light‐stimulated growth and wall acidification of young tobacco leaves is dependent on K+ uptake. Light‐stimulated growth is enhanced three‐fold over dark levels with increasing external K+, and this effect is blocked by the K+ channel blockers, TEA, Ba++ and Cs+. Incubation in 10 mm TEA reduced light‐stimulated growth and K+ uptake by 85%, and completely inhibited light‐stimulated wall acidification and membrane polarization. Although K+ uptake is significantly reduced in the presence of TEA, solute accumulation is increased. We suggest that the primary role of K+ in light‐stimulated leaf growth is to provide electrical counterbalance to H+ efflux, rather than to contribute to solute accumulation and turgor maintenance.
Using parallel projection mathematics to orient an object relative to a single image
Authors: Kyle Stephen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe paper presents a straightforward method of calculating approximate orientation parameters (six degrees of freedom) of a known targeted object relative to a single calibrated camera. These can then initialise an optimised non‐linear calculation of the same parameter values. The method uses the mathematics of a scaled parallel projection and is particularly suited to narrow angle images obtained using a telescope, telephoto or zoom lens. However, the method can also be used with cameras having wider fields of view provided the target group occupies a moderately small part of the image.
The physical properties of star-forming galaxies in the low-redshift Universe
Authors: Brinchmann J. , Charlot S. , White S. D. M. , Tremonti C. , Kauffmann G. , Heckman T. , Brinkmann J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the physical properties of ∼ 105 galaxies with measurable star formation in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). By comparing physical information extracted from the emission lines with continuum properties, we build up a picture of the nature of star-forming galaxies at z &lt; 0.2. We develop a method for aperture correction using resolved imaging and show that our method takes out essentially all aperture bias in the star formation rate (SFR) estimates, allowing an accurate estimate of the total SFRs in galaxies. We determine the SFR density to be 1.915+0.02−0.01 (random)+0.14−0.42 (systematic) h7010−2 M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3 at z= 0.1 (for a Kroupa initial mass function) and we study the distribution of star formation as a function of various physical parameters. The majority of the star formation in the low-redshift Universe takes place in moderately massive galaxies (1010–1011 M⊙), typically in high surface brightness disc galaxies. Roughly 15 per cent of all star formation takes place in galaxies that show some sign of an active nucleus. About 20 per cent occurs in starburst galaxies. By focusing on the SFR per unit mass we show that the present to past average SFR, the Scalo b-parameter, is almost constant over almost three orders of magnitude in mass, declining only at M* &gt; 1010 M⊙. The volume averaged b parameter is 0.408+0.005−0.002 (random)+0.029−0.090 (systematic)h−170. We use this value to constrain the star formation history of the Universe. For the concordance cosmology the present-day Universe is forming stars at at least 1/3 of its past average rate. For an exponentially declining cosmic star formation history this corresponds to a time-scale of 7+0.7−1.5 Gyr. In agreement with other work we find a correlation between b and morphological type, as well as a tight correlation between the 4000-Å break (D4000) and b. We discuss how D4000 can be used to estimate b parameters for high-redshift galaxies.
On the need to incorporate sensitivity to CO2 transfer conductance into the Farquhar–von Caemmerer–Berry leaf photosynthesis model
Authors: ETHIER G. J. , LIVINGSTON N. J. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTVirtually all current estimates of the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) of ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) for C3 species implicitly assume an infinite CO2 transfer conductance (gi). And yet, most measurements in perennial plant species or in ageing or stressed leaves show that gi imposes a significant limitation on photosynthesis. Herein, we demonstrate that many current parameterizations of the photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry (Planta 149, 78–90, 1980) based on the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) are incorrect for leaves where gi limits photosynthesis. We show how conventional A–Ci curve (net CO2 assimilation rate of a leaf –An– as a function of Ci) fitting methods which rely on a rectangular hyperbola model under the assumption of infinite gi can significantly underestimate Vcmax for such leaves. Alternative parameterizations of the conventional method based on a single, apparent Michaelis–Menten constant for CO2 evaluated at Ci[Km(CO2)i] used for all C3 plants are also not acceptable since the relationship between Vcmax and gi is not conserved among species. We present an alternative A–Ci curve fitting method that accounts for gi through a non‐rectangular hyperbola version of the model of Farquhar et al. (1980). Simulated and real examples are used to demonstrate how this new approach eliminates the errors of the conventional A–Ci curve fitting method and provides Vcmax estimates that are virtually insensitive to gi. Finally, we show how the new A–Ci curve fitting method can be used to estimate the value of the kinetic constants of Rubisco in vivo is presented
Effect of analogues of plant growth regulators on in vitro growth of eukaryotic plant pathogens
Authors: Flors V. , Miralles M. C. , Varas E. , Company P. , González‐Bosch C. , García‐Agustín P. 
Published: December 2004

FGA (furfurylamine; 1,2,3,4 tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucose; adipic acid monoethyl ester), a chemical mixture of three analogues of plant growth regulators that increases the protection of tomato plants against phytopathogens, was demonstrated to have direct antimicrobial activity. It reduced the growth in vitro of the filamentous fungi Alternaria solani and Botrytis cinerea, and the oomycetes Phytophthora capsici and Phytophthora citrophthora (ED50 0·18–0·26% w/v, depending on species). The components of this mixture were also active against these phytopathogens, but sensitivity to the compounds was different for each pathogen. Adipic acid monoethyl ester (E) showed the highest and widest range of activity. Experiments on B. cinerea and A. solani indicated that this compound prevented spore germination in addition to mycelial growth and at high concentrations (0·5% w/v), inhibiting both the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Escherichia coli. This ester retarded A. solani infection of tomato leaves, providing evidence for its efficacy in a biological context and its potential use in plant disease prevention.
The salicylic acid‐dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco
Authors: Achuo E. A. , Audenaert K. , Meziane H. , Höfte M. 
Published: December 2004

The role of salicylic acid (SA) was investigated in basal defence and induced resistance to powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). A comparison of NahG transgenic tomato and tobacco (unable to accumulate SA) to their respective wild types revealed that in tomato, SA was not involved in basal defence against O. neolycopersici but NahG tobacco showed an enhanced susceptibility to O. neolycopersici infection, the effect becoming more obvious as the plants grew older. In contrast, SA played no role in the basal defence of tobacco against B. cinerea, but seemed to contribute to basal defence of tomato against B. cinerea. Activation of the SA‐dependent defence pathway via benzothiadiazole (BTH) resulted in induced resistance against O. neolycopersici in tobacco but not in tomato. Microscopic analysis revealed that BTH treatment could prevent penetration of the Oidium germ tube through tobacco leaves, whereas penetration was successful on tomato leaves irrespective of BTH treatment. In contrast, soil or leaf treatment with BTH induced resistance against B. cinerea in tomato but not in tobacco. It is concluded that the SA‐dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco.
Small Area Estimates for Cross-Classifications
Authors: Zhang Li-Chun , Chambers Raymond L. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe develop a class of log-linear structural models that is suited to estimation of small area cross-classified counts based on survey data. This allows us to account for various associ- ation structures within the data and includes as a special case the restricted log-linear model underlying structure preserving estimation. The effect of survey design can be incorporated into estimation through the specification of an unbiased direct estimator and its associated covariance structure. We illustrate our approach by applying it to estimation of small area labour force characteristics in Norway.
Semiparametric Non-Linear Time Series Model Selection
Authors: Gao Jiti , Tong Howell 
Published: December 2004

SummarySemiparametric time series regression is often used without checking its suitability, resulting in an unnecessarily complicated model. In practice, one may encounter computational difficulties caused by the curse of dimensionality. The paper suggests that to provide more precise predictions we need to choose the most significant regressors for both the parametric and the nonparametric time series components. We develop a novel cross-validation-based model selection procedure for the simultaneous choice of both the parametric and the nonparametric time series components, and we establish some asymptotic properties of the model selection procedure proposed. In addition, we demonstrate how to implement it by using both simulated and real examples. Our empirical studies show that the procedure works well.
A Simple Procedure for the Selection of Significant Effects
Authors: Cox D. R. , Wong Man Yu 
Published: December 2004

SummaryGiven a large number of test statistics, a small proportion of which represent departures from the relevant null hypothesis, a simple rule is given for choosing those statistics that are indicative of departure. It is based on fitting by moments a mixture model to the set of test statistics and then deriving an estimated likelihood ratio. Simulation suggests that the procedure has good properties when the departure from an overall null hypothesis is not too small.
Renal transplant nephrectomy in children: Can an aggressive approach be recommended?
Authors: Zerouali F. , Levtchenko E. N. , Feitz W. F. J. , Cornelissen E. A. M. , Monnens L. A. H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Background:  A patient with a failed renal graft is generally approached conservatively, especially when graft failure occurs more than 1 month after transplantation. This approach was the cause of extensive morbidity in our institution and therefore we evaluated the correctness of our approach towards transplanted children.Patients and methods:  Case histories of 182 renal transplants in 145 patients, performed between 1977 and 1999 were reviewed.Results:  A total of 63 renal grafts failed: 19 between 0–1 month (group 1), 22 between 1 month and 1 yr (group 2) and 22 later than 1 yr after transplantation (group 3). Fifty‐three grafts (84%) were removed: 100% of group 1, 86% of group 2 and 68% of group 3. The symptoms that indicated the need for graft removal were fever without a clear infection focus (n = 12), abdominal pain in the transplant area (n = 14), macroscopic hematuria (n = 10) and severe hypertension (n = 22). After transplant nephrectomy pain, fever and macroscopic hematuria completely resolved in all and hypertension resolved in 36% of patients. Transplant nephrectomy‐associated morbidity was observed in 38% of the patients with 100% recovery.Conclusion:  The clinical outcome confirmed the indications for transplant nephrectomy. Our future approach will be more aggressive: as soon as symptoms such as unexplained fever, local pain or macroscopic hematuria appear, graft removal will be performed without delay.