bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A familial Xp+ chromosome detected during fetal karyotyping, which is associated with short stature in four generations of a Turkish family
Authors: Karaman B. , Wollnik B. , Ermiş H. , Yüksel‐Apak M. , Başaran S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe short‐stature homeobox‐containing gene (SHOX) on chromosome Xp22.3 was recently identified as an important determinant of the stature phenotype. Deletions of the SHOX gene, some of them due to structural chromosome abnormalities, have been described in patients with idiopathic short stature and Leri‐Weill syndrome. Additionally, haploinsufficiency of SHOX is a main cause for short stature seen in patients with Turner syndrome.Here we report an unusual X‐chromosome abnormality, which was detected during a fetal karyotyping performed because of a previous child with Down syndrome. GTG banding demonstrated an extra chromosome segment on the terminal part of the short arm of chromosome X in the index case (karyotype: 46,X,Xp+). The same chromosomal abnormality was found in the mother and the maternal grandmother. All carriers of this chromosomal abnormality presented with short stature but no other associated symptoms.Whole chromosome painting of X revealed a homogeneous painting of the abnormal X chromosome indicating that no other chromosome was involved. Additional FISH studies with probe DXS1140 (Kallmann probe at Xp22.3), Quint‐Essential X‐Specific DNA (DMD probe at Xp21.2), XIST (at Xq13.2), and Tel Xq/Yq were performed, and no abnormality was observed in the intensities or the localizations of the probes signals. However, applying a specific SHOX gene probe (derived from cosmid LLNONO3M34F5) showed a loss of signal on the derivative X chromosome. Our results show that the Xp+ generation led to a deletion of the complete SHOX gene and caused short stature in the presented family. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perinatal outcome in fetuses with megacystis in the first half of pregnancy
Authors: Jouannic Jean‐Marie , Hyett Jon A. , Pandya Pranav P. , Gulbis Béatrice , Rodeck Charles H. , Jauniaux Eric 
Published: April 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo present the outcome of a consecutive series of 19 fetuses referred to our center for megacystis in the first half of the pregnancy.Study DesignRetrospective analysis.Methods19 cases of early fetal megacystis were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were the visualization of an enlarged bladder with a maximum longitudinal diameter >10 mm and a gestational age of no more than 19 weeks.ResultsThe median gestational age at diagnosis was 16 weeks (range 12–19 weeks). The median maximum longitudinal diameter of the fetal bladder at the time of diagnosis was 21 mm (range 11–35 mm). The fetal megacystis was associated with another extra renal anomaly in six cases (30%). There was no fetus with abnormal karyotype. Termination of pregnancy was performed in 11 cases because of the severity of the renal disease. One spontaneous intrauterine death occurred. A vesicoamniotic shunt was inserted in three cases, two of which died in utero. The surviving fetus that was shunted died in the neonatal period from acute renal failure. In the remaining four fetuses, resolution of the megacystis occurred spontaneously (n = 2) or following serial single‐needle aspiration (n = 2). One of these had renal insufficiency requiring kidney transplantation.ConclusionThe outcome of fetuses with early obstructive uropathy is poor, with or without in utero therapy. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and outcome of fetuses with early uropathy may differ from those previously described in the latter part of pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second‐trimester Down syndrome maternal serum screening in twin pregnancies: impact of chorionicity
Authors: Muller Françoise , Dreux Sophie , Dupoizat Henry , Uzan Serge , Dubin Marie‐Françoise , Oury Jean‐François , Dingeon Bernard , Dommergues Marc 
Published: April 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of second‐trimester maternal serum screening for Down syndrome in twin pregnancies.MethodOn the basis of a prospective study of second‐trimester maternal serum screening, we studied the distribution of alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and free ß hCG in 3043 twin pregnancies with known outcome. There were 1561 dichorionic and 244 monochorionic pregnancies. The placental type was not available in 1238 cases. We compared 5 screening policies with the same risk, 1/250, cut‐off: maternal age, maternal age corrected for the risk of having at least one affected twin in dichorionic pregnancies, maternal serum marker screening using observed AFP and free ß‐hCG values divided by a factor of 2, by using the median values actually observed in the global twin population, or by the median values specific to mono‐ or dichorionic twins.ResultsWhen expressed in singleton‐derived MoMs, the median was 2.10 for AFP and 2.11 for free ß‐hCG. The median AFP did not differ between monochorionic and dichorionic pregnancies. The distribution of free ß‐hCG was significantly shifted towards greater values in monochorionic (2.16 MoM) compared to dichorionic (2.07) pregnancies (p < 0.0001). Screened‐positive and detection rates were, respectively, 6.6% and 27.3% using maternal age alone, 24.6% and 54.5% using maternal age corrected for the risk of having at least one affected twin in dichorionic pregnancies, 7.75% and 54.5% using observed AFP and free beta‐hCG values divided by a factor of 2, 8.05% and 54.5% using the median values actually observed in the global twin population, and 7.75% and 54.5% using the median values specific to mono‐ or dichorionic twins.ConclusionTrisomy 21 second‐trimester maternal serum screening is feasible in twins, and is better than a policy based on maternal age alone. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient pores in vesicles
Authors: Karatekin Erdem , Sandre Olivier , Brochard‐Wyart Françoise 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present our observations of transient pores in giant unilamellar vesicles, placed under tension, by optical illumination. When the membrane tension reached a certain level, transient pores appeared. Pore opening is driven by the membrane tension, σ, and its closure by the pore's line tension, 𝒯. By use of viscous mixtures of glycerol and water, we slowed down the leak out of the inner liquid in the presence of a pore. This allowed pores to reach large sizes (a few micrometres) and last at least a few seconds so that they could be visualized by fluorescence videomicroscopy. Line tension was inferred from the measurements of the closure velocity of the pores. By addition of cholesterol, which increased 𝒯 (reducing pore lifetimes), or of surfactants, which decreased 𝒯 (increasing pore lifetimes), we demonstrate how 𝒯, and consequently pore lifetimes, can be controlled over nearly two orders of magnitude. Addition of surfactants also has a dramatic effect on vesicle fusion. We discuss how our results can be extended to less viscous aqueous solutions which are more relevant for liposomal drug delivery formulations.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A thermophysical approach to the behaviour of gels and complex micellar solutions
Authors: Roux Alain H , Ballerat‐Busserolles Karine , Roux‐Desgranges Geneviève 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDSC analysis, conductimetric and rheological techniques have been used to investigate the structural changes able to develop in the [water + hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) + phenol] ternary micellar system. Specific, mainly electrostatic, interactions at the micellar interface between the surfactant polar head groups and phenol give rise to a swelling of aggregates into worm‐like micelles as evidenced by large changes of viscosity of the mixture in some phenol/CTAB ratio and temperature ranges. A thermophysical approach allowed us to determine the formation of a strong 1:1 complex between CTAB and phenol, as evidenced by either the viscoelastic properties of the solution or the formation of thermoreversible gels. At low temperature, a crystallized molecular surfactant complex is also observed. Its melting point differs from the Krafft temperature of CTAB.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
HLD concept as a tool for the characterization of cosmetic hydrocarbon oils
Authors: Nardello Véronique , Chailloux Nelly , Poprawski Jérôme , Salager Jean‐Louis , Aubry Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe HLD (hydrophilic lipophilic deviation) concept was applied to several water/i‐C13En/2‐propanol/hydrocarbon oil systems. For each oil, the optimum formulation, corresponding to HLD = 0, was determined by systematically changing the formulation as a monotonic variation of the surfactant ethylene oxide number (EON) scanned variable. The optimum value for EON (symbolized as EON*) was accurately pinpointed both by estimating the solubilization and by measuring the interfacial tension with a spinning‐drop tensiometer. This method allowed the classification of cosmetic hydrocarbon oils such as isohexadecane, paraffin oil, squalane, squalene and hydrogenated polydecenes in C30, C40, C40–C50, on an equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) calibration scale based on five linear alkanes covering the liquid range (C5 to C16).© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of oily core polyamide microcapsules via interfacial polycondensation
Authors: Soto‐Portas M L , Argillier J F , Méchin F , Zydowicz N 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMicrocapsules obtained by interfacial polycondensation from an original system based on the polyaddition of specific di‐ or polyamines and more classical acyl chloride molecules were studied. The originality of the system lies in the fact that the encapsulated agent is the internal phase allowing its incorporation without an organic solvent, which is an advantage from the point of view of environmental protection. Once the optimal parameters of the emulsion were determined, the membrane formation was studied by optimizing the emulsification and reaction times in relation to simultaneous acyl chloride hydrolysis. The microcapsules were obtained by interfacial polycondensation between an excess of amine functions (diamine and diethylenetriamine) and acyl chloride (sebacoyl chloride and 1,3,5‐benzene tricarbonyl trichloride) from an oil‐in‐water emulsion in the presence of 88% hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) as a surfactant. Various formulations in terms of COCl concentration, crosslinking agent concentration, excess of amine functions, emulsification and reaction times were prepared. The hydrolysis of acyl halide functions is the main parameter which influences the growth of the membrane. The increase in acyl chloride function concentration allows compensation for that lost by hydrolysis, and increases the encapsulation yield to about 90%. The degree of crosslinking of the membrane was controlled in order to minimize the subsequent release of oil by the addition of trifunctional monomers. An optimal formulation was developed offering high encapsulation yield and optimal elastic behaviour. Almost spherical capsules, with a membrane thickness of approximately 500 nm, relatively smooth internal walls and crumpled external walls, were observed by scanning electron microscopy.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Stimuli‐responsive emulsions stabilized by polymeric surfactants
Authors: Perrin Patrick , Porcar Iolanda , Tribet Christophe 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present physicochemical routes to the development of soap‐free simple emulsions (n‐dodecane–water) stabilized by ion‐containing polymers as primary emulsifiers. First, we show how to control the type of emulsion (oil‐in‐water or water‐in‐oil) using a series of hydrophobically modified poly(sodium acrylate)‐based polymers with a broad range of hydrophilic–lipophilic (HL) properties. The relevant parameters used to monitor the emulsion type are the degree of hydrophobic modification of the emulsifier, the type of the hydrophobic moiety, the ionic strength and pH of the system. We also present original results demonstrating how light can be used as a new trigger to set the emulsion type. Light‐induced control is obtained using an appropriate combination of a photo‐responsive (PR) polymer and an amphiphilic polyelectrolyte possessing well‐balanced HL properties. The chromophore groups along the PR polymer allow the adjustment of its hydrophobicity upon irradiation and, hence, the overall hydrophobicity of the system. In turn, the macroscopic consequence of the effect of irradiation results in the control of the emulsion type.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Application of hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation formulation concept to microemulsions containing pine oil and nonionic surfactant
Authors: Poprawski Jérôme , Catté Marianne , Marquez Laura , Marti Marie‐José , Salager Jean‐Louis , Aubry Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe phase behaviour at 25 °C of surfactant‐oil‐water systems containing pine oil and commercial ethoxylated isotridecanols (nonionic surfactants) is reported. All Winsor phase behaviour types were observed, depending on the surfactant average Ethylene Oxide Number and concentration. The technique used was based on the occurrence of the so‐called optimum formulation at which a bicontinuous microemulsion phase is in equilibrium with excess water and oil, with an associated minimum in interfacial tension. Optimum formulation was found at a zero value of the hydrophilic–lipophilic deviation (HLD), a numerical expression which takes all formulation variables into account. This HLD relationship was used to determine the Equivalent Alkane Carbon Number (EACN) of pine oil and its major components.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic mechanical properties of polystyrene‐based block copolymers blended with poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)
Authors: Mazard Cécile , Benyahia Lazhar , Tassin Jean‐François 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe dynamic mechanical properties of a model system consisting of a styrene–butadiene (SB) symmetric block copolymer blended with poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO) have been studied. It is shown that PPO is effectively incorporated in the rigid domains of the material but that the distribution of the homopolymer is not strictly uniform inside the polystyrene lamellae. The time–temperature superposition in these blends is discussed. Similar experiments were carried out on industrial compounds based on a polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene–butylene)‐block‐polystyrene thermoplastic elastomer and prepared in a twin screw extruder. Mechanical measurements indicate incorporation of PPO in the polystyrene phase but also a relaxation of the modulus at temperatures below the glass transition of the rigid phase. This is interpreted in terms of broad interfaces in which hard and soft segments of the polymer chains are mixed.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure–property relationships as a tool for the formulation of high‐performance epoxy‐amine networks
Authors: Chateauminois Antoine , Sauvant Valérie , Halary Jean Louis 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInspection of the structure–property relationships already established for epoxy‐amine networks allows the design of some novel formulations leading to high‐performance materials. This was achieved by choosing an additive, miscible in the mixture of monomers, but which gives rise to phase nanoseparation along the network construction. As a result, small domains, consisting of additive molecules trapping some network chains, are dispersed in the polymer matrix which also contains residual additive molecules. The main effects of this special morphology on the properties of the networks are the depression of the main relaxation temperature, Tα, of the matrix and the appearance of some damping (so‐called µ relaxation) in the temperature range intermediate between the secondary relaxation and Tα. The networks prepared in this way exhibit a lower water uptake at equilibrium, and present higher modulus and higher toughness around room temperature than conventional systems without additive. Friction experiments showed that the increase in toughness drastically delays crack propagation within the contact and, in turn, can improve the wear resistance of the material.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental design for the determination of the physicochemical parameters of optimum water–oil–surfactant systems
Authors: Pierlot Christel , Poprawski Jérôme , Catté Marianne , Salager Jean‐Louis , Aubry Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn experimental design on a Starks' matrix (seven factors, at three levels) has been carried out to confirm the correlation expression for optimum formulation of non‐ionic surfactant–oil–water systems. The linear variation of the average number of ethylene oxide groups per surfactant molecule at optimum formulation versus alkyl chain number, temperature, salt and alcohol concentration validates the postulated first order model. Moreover, the proposed method for the determination of the eight coefficients of the model only requires 16 experiments and is an alternative to the classical two‐dimensional scan strategy.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Scalp hair: a model for the evaluation of cosmetic formulations intended for depilation
Authors: Khenniche Samira , Bouali Bachir , Lanteri Pierre 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOne of the most expensive stages in cosmetic product formulation is in vivo efficiency evaluation. In the depilation field, work of adhesion (Wa) estimation using wettability measurements for depilatory wax and leg hair, an in vitro method, has allowed a first formulated product screening, and then the selected formulation showing the best Wa has been tested in vivo. Leg hair constitutes a difficult support to study because of its short length and difficulty in selecting samples. The aim and the originality of the work described in this paper is to show, from a morphological and a physicochemical study, that scalp hair roots can be used as a global leg hair model for the estimation of the formulated depilatory wax adhesion. Formulated depilatory wax comparison from Wa measurements using scalp hair roots and in vivo tests are correlated, thus validating our global leg hair model.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Formulation of oil‐in‐water submicron emulsions in the dermatological field using experimental design
Authors: Nielloud F , Mestres J P , Fortuné R , Draussin S , Marti‐Mestres G 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe formation of oil‐in‐water submicron emulsions stabilized by non‐ionic surfactants and containing a variety of dermatologically acceptable oils, has been studied with the help of suitable experimental design. ‘Rechtschaffner experimental design’ was used to evaluate the joint influence of several formulation variables. This approach consists in reducing the number of experiments necessary and in using the most informative formulations. With this end in view only 16 experiments are necessary to obtain an estimation of the main effects of five factors and their first‐order interaction effects. Consequently, the strategy used in this study allowed us to determine the influence of several factors with a minimum of experiments and this design is extremely useful in preliminary studies where the aim is to identify variables that can be fixed or eliminated in further investigation.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A new ESR study of hindered amine stabilisers (HAS) and their oxidation products
Authors: Commereuc S , Lajoie P , Verney V , Lacoste J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn analytical technique based on electron spin resonance (ESR) has been developed to estimate the concentration of hindered amine stabiliser additives (HAS) in a polymeric formulation. Our method involves the conversion of the overall HAS derivatives into nitroxyl‐free radicals by exposure of the stabilised polymer to peracetic acid vapour at room temperature. The possibilities of using ESR analysis were explored and we assume that our new ESR method is an easy, accurate and very sensitive method to identify and quantify HAS concentration and to monitor the time course of HAS content in a polymeric formulation.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Evidence of shear‐induced polymer release from a swollen gel particle
Authors: Vervoort Sylvie , Budtova Tatiana 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe influence of simple shear flow on the behaviour of an isolated polyelectrolyte hydrogel particle swollen in an aqueous hydroxypropylcellulose solution was studied by rheo‐optics. When submitted to a constant shear stress, an initially spherical particle deforms quickly to adopt a stable ellipsoidal form. Upon reaching a first stress threshold, some liquid is released from the particle. This liquid release is determined by a critical deformation value above which the gel cannot retain all of its solvent. At stresses above a second threshold value, small droplets of liquid are secreted from the particle and move away in the flow direction.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Defoamers: linking fundamentals to formulations
Authors: Pelton Robert , Flaherty Ted 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAntifoam (defoamer) chemicals are a crucial part of many industrial processes. Reviewed are the types of defoamers and their mode of operation. Emphasized are the properties and location of the hydrophobic particles which are the active foam breaking agents. The roles of surfactants in spreading, defoamer emulsification and hydrophobic particle orientation are also discussed. Finally, a simple model is described which simulates foam growth as functions of defoamer concentration, air hold‐up, reactor volume and air flow rate. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheo‐reactor for studying the processing and formulation effects on structural and rheological properties of ice cream mix, aerated mix and ice cream
Authors: Chavez‐Montes B Edgar , Choplin Lionel , Schaer Eric 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a rheo‐reactor which allowed in situ follow‐up of the evolving rheological properties of complex systems, we studied the foaming and freezing steps of the ice cream fabrication process separately. The effect of the mix formulation, together with the nature and concentration of stabilizers and emulsifiers, on the rheological and structural properties of the mix, the aerated mix and the ice cream were evaluated. The rotational speed during foaming influences the structure and the rheology of the foamed mix. Xanthan gum (at a concentration of 0.15% w/w) significantly alters the rheological properties of the mix and the aerated mix. Different combinations of stabilizers and emulsifiers, namely Tween 80 and/or a blend of mono‐ and diglycerides at 0.1 or 0.2% w/w, lead to different foaming behaviours. Emulsifiers alter more particularly the extent of partial coalescence of milk‐fat globules, clearly related to the melting resistance of ice cream. The use of both emulsifiers at a concentration of 0.1% w/w is recommended to obtain a ‘good quality’ product.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of parylene‐N and parylene‐C photooxidation
Authors: Pruden K. G. , Sinclair K. , Beaudoin S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractParylene‐N and parylene‐C are polymers of interest for microelectronic and medical coating applications. Modifications for improved surface properties could make them even more useful in such applications. Parylene‐N and parylene‐C films were exposed to ultraviolet light in the presence of oxygen and analyzed with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. This study shows that such exposure results in the formation of aldehyde and carboxylic acid groups near the surface of the films. At the maximum exposure dose, the concentration of oxygen in both parylene‐N and parylene‐C is about 13% at the film surface, and it decreases exponentially with increasing depth. Further modeling and optimization of this process would allow it to be used to tailor the surface concentration of oxygenated species in parylene for the optimization of adhesion and wettability or for the chemical binding of other moieties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 1486–1496, 2003