bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common mental disorders and ethnicity in England: the EMPIRIC Study
Authors: WEICH SCOTT , NAZROO JAMES , SPROSTON KERRY , McMANUS SALLY , BLANCHARD MARTIN , ERENS BOB , KARLSEN SAFFRON , KING MICHAEL , LLOYD KEITH , STANSFELD STEPHEN , TYRER PETER 
Published: November 2004

Background. There is little population-based evidence on ethnic variation in the most common mental disorders (CMD), anxiety and depression. We compared the prevalence of CMD among representative samples of White, Irish, Black Caribbean, Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani individuals living in England using a standardized clinical interview.Method. Cross-sectional survey of 4281 adults aged 16–74 years living in private households in England. CMD were assessed using the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R), a standardized clinical interview.Results. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of CMD were modest, and some variation with age and sex was noted. Compared to White counterparts, the prevalence of CMD was higher to a statistically significant degree among Irish [adjusted rate ratios (RR) 2·09, 95% CI 1·16–2·95, p=0·02] and Pakistani (adjusted RR 2·38, 95% CI 1·25–3·53, p=0·02) men aged 35–54 years, even after adjusting for differences in socio-economic status. Higher rates of CMD were also observed among Indian and Pakistani women aged 55–74 years, compared to White women of similar age. The prevalence of CMD among Bangladeshi women was lower than among White women, although this was restricted to those not interviewed in English. There were no differences in rates between Black Caribbean and White samples.Conclusions. Middle-aged Irish and Pakistani men, and older Indian and Pakistani women, had significantly higher rates of CMD than their White counterparts. The very low prevalence of CMD among Bangladeshi women contrasted with high levels of socio-economic deprivation among this group. Further study is needed to explore reasons for this variation.
Anxiety and depression in parents 4–9 years after the loss of a child owing to a malignancy: a population-based follow-up
Authors: KREICBERGS ULRIKA , VALDIMARSDÓTTIR UNNUR , ONELÖV ERIK , HENTER JAN-INGE , STEINECK GUNNAR 
Published: November 2004

Background. Some consider the loss of a child as the most stressful life event. When the death is caused by a malignancy, the parents are commonly exposed not only to their own loss, but also to the protracted physical and emotional suffering of the child. We investigated parental risk of anxiety and depression 4–9 years after the loss of a child owing to a malignancy.Method. In 2001, we attempted to contact all parents in Sweden who had lost a child due to a malignancy during 1992–1997. We used an anonymous postal questionnaire and utilized a control group of non-bereaved parents with a living child.Results. Participation among bereaved parents was 449/561 (80%); among non-bereaved 457/659 (69%). We found an increased risk of anxiety (relative risk 1·5, 95% confidence interval 1·1–1·9) and depression (relative risk 1·4, 95% confidence interval 1·1–1·7) among bereaved parents compared with non-bereaved. The risk of anxiety and depression was higher in the period 4–6 years after bereavement than in the 7–9 years period, during which the average excess risks approached zero. Psychological distress was overall higher among bereaved mothers and loss of a child aged 9 years or older implied an increased risk, particularly for fathers.Conclusions. Psychological morbidity in bereaved parents decreases to levels similar to those among non-bereaved parents 7–9 years after the loss. Bereaved mothers and parents who lose a child 9 years or older have on average an excess risk for long-term psychological distress.
Juvenile- versus adult-onset depression: multiple differences imply different pathways
Authors: HILL JONATHAN , PICKLES ANDREW , ROLLINSON LYNN , DAVIES RACHEL , BYATT MARIE 
Published: November 2004

Background. Several sources of heterogeneity in major depression have been identified. These include age of onset, presence of co-morbid disorders, and history of childhood sexual abuse. This study examined these factors in the context of the contrast between onset of depression in young women before and after age 16.Method. Sampling was carried out in two phases. In the first, questionnaires were sent to women aged 25–36 in five primary care practices. Second-phase subjects for interview (n=197) were drawn from three strata defined on the basis of childhood adversities. Interviews conducted and rated independently assessed (1) recalled childhood experiences, psychopathology and parental psychiatric disorder, and (2) adult personality functioning and adult lifetime psychopathology. Frequencies of predictor and response variables, effect estimates and their confidence intervals were weighted back to the general population questionnaire sample.Results. Compared with adult-onset depression, juvenile-onset adult depression was associated with co-morbid childhood psychopathology and peer problems, poor parental care, and childhood sexual abuse involving actual or attempted intercourse; in adult life there were higher levels of co-morbid psychiatric disorders, and personality dysfunction. The adult-onset depression group was characterized by a history of contact childhood sexual abuse without actual or attempted intercourse, and to a lesser extent, poor parental care.Conclusions. The juvenile- versus adult-onset distinction appears to be important to heterogeneity in adult depression, implicating different individual and environmental factors during childhood, and different mechanisms in adult life.
Memory complaints in a community sample aged 60–64 years: associations with cognitive functioning, psychiatric symptoms, medical conditions, APOE genotype, hippocampus and amygdala volumes, and white-matter hyperintensities
Authors: JORM A. F. , BUTTERWORTH P. , ANSTEY K. J. , CHRISTENSEN H. , EASTEAL S. , MALLER J. , MATHER K. A. , TURAKULOV R. I. , WEN W. , SACHDEV P. 
Published: November 2004

Background. Previous research has found that depression is a major cause of memory complaints. However, there is evidence that memory complaints also weakly predict cognitive decline and dementia. The present study examined a range of possible determinants of memory complaints, covering psychiatric and personality factors, medical history, cognitive test performance, and biological risk factors for dementia (APOE genotype, hippocampus and amygdala volumes, and white-matter hyperintensities).Method. A community survey was carried out with 2546 persons aged 60–64 years living in Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia. Participants were asked about memory problems which interfered with daily life and whether medical help had been sought. A randomly selected subsample of 476 persons was given a brain MRI scan.Results. Participants with memory complaints were found to have poorer memory test performance, more depression and anxiety symptoms, have higher scores on personality traits involving negative affect, and to have worse physical health. Multivariate analyses showed that measures of cognitive performance did not make a unique contribution to the prediction of memory complaints above that of the other categories of predictors. Those with memory complaints did not differ on any of the biological risk factors for dementia.Conclusion. In a community sample aged 60–64 years, memory complaints were most closely related to psychiatric symptoms, personality characteristics and poor physical health. There was no evidence of brain changes indicating early dementia.
Compulsory Corsican language classes in school as a method for reversing the language shift to French?
Authors: Blackwood Robert J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAfter 200 years of gallicisation, the French island of Corsica is experiencing for the first time institutional support for the Corsican language. In 1999, measures were introduced to make the teaching of Corsican compulsory for all students of secondary‐school age, starting with the cohort of that academic year. Mandatory Corsican language classes have long been an aim of language activists on the island, but it is important to measure the public reaction to these measures, certainly in order to evaluate the chances of reviving the Corsican language in the shadow of a powerful, dominant H language, French.
Review article: impact of night‐time reflux on lifestyle − unrecognized issues in reflux disease
Authors: Shaker R. , Brunton S. , Elfant A. , Golopol L. , Ruoff G. , Stanghellini V. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryGastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), manifesting with symptoms including heartburn and regurgitation, affects people during both daytime and nocturnal hours. Night‐time GERD has been reported to have a greater impact on a patient's life than daytime GERD due to prolonged oesophageal acid exposure time per reflux episode. To further understand this issue, it is important to implement quality of life (QOL) measures. QOL studies are becoming increasingly important to physicians in making clinical decisions, and generic and disease‐specific health‐related QOL (HRQL) tools have been developed to measure a wide variety of topics. There are currently no universally accepted guidelines on how to best measure HRQL in GERD patients. It is important to note that these surveys may not yield accurate results because many GERD sufferers may feel that their symptoms are not serious enough to seek treatment. Some surveys include the GERD‐HRQL assessment, the Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36), and the Gallup survey. When compared with daytime GERD patients, night‐time GERD patients may suffer from sleep deprivation, which in turn leads to physical and emotional problems and a poor overall QOL. Studies indicate that the prevalence and impact of night‐time heartburn have been underestimated and that adequate treatment of symptoms is often not achieved. In addition, GERD greatly affects work productivity and leads to a significant economic burden on society. Although limited studies are available on the impact of pharmacological treatment on GERD QOL, recent findings indicate that proton pump inhibitors are more effective than H2‐receptor antagonists for the improvement of overall QOL.
Review article: sleep and its relationship to gastro‐oesophageal reflux
Authors: Orr W. C. , Heading R. , Johnson L. F. , Kryger M. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryGastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is among the most common gastrointestinal conditions in the USA. For most symptomatic patients, reflux events occur during both daytime and night‐time hours. Whereas daytime reflux events tend to be frequent but brief, reflux events that occur during sleep are comparatively less frequent but significantly longer. Longer oesophageal acid‐clearance and acid‐mucosal contact times during sleep are at least partly due to several physiological changes associated with sleep, including dramatic declines in saliva production and frequency of swallowing, decreased conscious perception of heartburn and consequent arousal and clearance behaviours, and slower gastric emptying. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and obesity seem to predispose some patients to nocturnal GERD, and the presence of either of these conditions may help to identify patients with symptoms consistent with GERD. Recognition and treatment of night‐time GERD are important because it can be associated with decreased quality of life (including sleep disruption) and increased risk of serious oesophageal and respiratory complications.
On the road to nowhere? Young disabled people and transition
Authors: Beresford B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground  A key issue, and one known to be highly problematic and challenging, concerns the transition of young disabled people from children's services to adult services, and from childhood to adulthood. To inform its recommendations on this issue, the Disabled Children's External Working Group (EWG) for the Children's NSF commissioned a review of research on young disabled people and transition.Methods  Given the preponderance of grey literature in this area, database searches were supplemented by hand searching of key journals and contacts with key individuals, research units, publishers and funding bodies in order to identify relevant literature on the experiences of transition from the perspectives of young people, parents and practitioners; the outcomes of transition; and evaluations of services provided during this life‐stage.Results  The evidence available with regard to transitions of young disabled people provides a clear and consistent picture of the way transitions are currently experienced by young disabled people and their families. There is limited evidence on what works to ensure smooth transitions between services and positive outcomes of transition for the young people themselves.Conclusions  Existing research is very persuasive on the need to improve transitions for young disabled people. It can also be used to provide clues as to the sorts of support and service configurations that need to be in place to ensure positive transitions. However, further research is needed both at the level of specific service/service model evaluation as well as holistic, longitudinal work to provide evidence on the long‐term outcomes of young disabled people as they move into adulthood.
Improving services for disadvantaged childbearing women
Authors: D’Souza L. , Garcia J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground  Tackling health inequalities is high on the political agenda of the Labour government. The government wants to reduce inequalities through policies based on evidence, the health of childbearing women and their babies being priority areas for action. National Service Frameworks (NSFs) are being set up to ensure high quality services for all groups. The External Working Group looking into maternity services for the Children's NSF seeks evidence upon which to plan strategies for all women, while focusing attention on the most disadvantaged. Wide differentials are noted between high‐ and low‐income groups in the outcomes of pregnancy and the health of babies. The worst outcomes appear to be concentrated in small subgroups of disadvantaged women.Aim  To report on a review of studies of interventions improving perinatal outcomes for disadvantaged women, to inform policy and practice around the organization and delivery of statutory services in the UK.Method  We searched six relevant databases for reviews, intervention studies, audits and descriptions of services reporting outcomes for disadvantaged groups of women, published between 1990 and 2003. Synthesis was performed around what works and what does not work. Gaps in the evidence base were identified.Results  We found limited evidence of effective and promising interventions for childbearing women from minority ethnic groups, women experiencing domestic violence, women with mental health illness and HIV infected women. Few studies were well‐designed or powered to detect effectiveness. There were no studies of interventions for women prisoners, homeless women and travellers.Conclusions  Searching for intervention studies primarily by participant subgroup has brought in evidence from few well‐designed studies on which to plan policy. Combining this approach with searching for intervention studies addressing behaviour like smoking, and needs like social support, may provide further evidence to tackle inequalities in the perinatal period.
Promoting and protecting the health of children and young people
Authors: Licence K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground  The health‐related behaviours adopted by children and young people can have both immediate and long‐term health effects. Health promotion interventions that target children and young people can lay the foundations of a healthy lifestyle that may be sustained into adulthood. This paper is based on a selective review of evidence relating to health promotion in childhood, carried out to support the external working group on the ‘Healthy Child’ module of the Children's National Service Framework.Methods  This is a selective review of mainly secondary research. It focuses on injury prevention, support for parenting and the promotion of good mental health, and promoting a healthy diet and physical activity amongst children and young people.Findings  In many areas, the quality of primary research into health promotion interventions aimed at children and young people is poor. Interventions are heterogeneous and not described in sufficient detail. Sample sizes tend to be small, and there are commonly problems of bias. Despite these difficulties, there is good evidence for a range of interventions, including (1) area road safety schemes; (2) combining a variety of approaches to the promotion of the use of safety equipment, including legislation and enforcement, loan/assisted purchase/giveaway schemes, education, fitting and maintenance of safety equipment; (3) school‐based mental health promotion; (4) parenting support; (5) interventions that promote and facilitate ‘lifestyle’ activity for children, such as walking and cycling to school, and those that aim to reduce sedentary behaviours such as parent education to reduce the time children spend watching TV and using computers; and (6) controlling advertising of unhealthy food that is aimed at children.Conclusions There are effective interventions to promote and protect the health of children and young people that require action across the five areas described in the Ottawa Charter. Health, social care and education services have a direct role in the delivery of many of these interventions and, in other areas, a role in collaborative work with other agencies, in lobbying for policy change and in raising the profile of child health promotion. Further research is needed using larger study populations, and closely defined interventions, both targeted and universal, in order to fill some of the current gaps in the evidence base for health promotion in children and young people.
Growing up in disadvantage: a systematic review of the qualitative evidence
Authors: Attree P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackground and objectives  Childhood disadvantage has lasting negative effects on children's health and well‐being. However, the impact of poverty and associated disadvantage on children's lives as children is under‐researched. This paper reviews a small, but important, group of qualitative studies that prioritize children's perspectives on growing up in disadvantage, exploring the social resources that they typically draw upon.Methods  Systematic review methods were used to locate and appraise qualitative studies that take as their focus children‘s subjective accounts of living in disadvantage. Data from the studies were then synthesized using meta‐ethnographic methods.Results  Children and young people describe aspects of family relationships, friendships and neighbourhoods that help to mitigate the impact of disadvantage on their well‐being. However, their accounts demonstrate that such resources are not always and unambignously experienced as supportive and protective.Discussion  This systematic review highlights the value of social resources available to children living in poor circumstances, but also points up their limitations. Poverty, by its very nature, compromises the worth of these resources.
A numerical classification of reproductive guilds of the freshwater fishes of south‐eastern Australia and their application to river management
Authors: Growns I. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA comprehensive list of freshwater fishes from south‐eastern Australia is classified into five major reproductive guilds, based on numerical analysis of 13 life history or reproductive characteristics. The guilds defined generally support previously proposed, subjective life history‐based classifications of freshwater fish species in this region. The majority of species fell into two groups, with 18 and 19 species, and the remaining guilds each contained from 1 to 12 species. The most important biological characteristics that separated the major groups of species included: care of the eggs or young, the presence of adhesive or non‐adhesive eggs, serial or single spawning, and viviparity. Two of the main guilds could each be divided into two sub‐guilds mainly based upon the requirement for a spawning migration. The objective definition of reproductive guilds allows river and natural resource managers to consider the effects of changes in environmental management on groups of species that are likely to respond in similar ways.
A systematic review of the effectiveness of oxygen in reducing acute myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Nicholson Christopher 
Published: November 2004

Background.  Patients with acute cardiac chest pain receive oxygen as part of their treatment. Oxygen is given in the belief it will help to correct the oxygen demand – supply imbalance of acute myocardial ischaemia.Aims and objectives.  The aim was to review the evidence base for the use of oxygen to treat acute myocardial ischaemia and the objective was to include all evidence of sufficient quality.Design.  A systematic review was carried out to provide a thorough, transparent and replicable review process.Methods.  The review included randomized and non‐randomized clinical trials; patients with acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction); and any outcome measurements of myocardial ischaemia.Results.  Nine trials were found, of which two were randomized controlled trials and seven non‐randomized clinical trials. There were quality assessment concerns over the methodology, size and analysis within the trials. The effectiveness of oxygen in reducing myocardial ischaemia was unclear from the review, as the trials contained data that suggested oxygen reduced myocardial ischaemia, but also data that suggested it increased myocardial ischaemia.Conclusions.  No definite conclusions could be drawn as to whether oxygen reduced, increased or had no effect on acute myocardial ischaemia. The papers were divided as to recommending oxygen use for all patients with acute myocardial ischaemia or not – although all agreed that patients with systemic hypoxaemia should have this corrected by oxygen administration. The key finding of the review was that there was insufficient evidence.Relevance to clinical practice.  As oxygen is routinely administered to treat acute myocardial ischaemia, the lack of a clear supporting evidence base must be a source of concern. This is especially so as some of the evidence suggested oxygen may increase myocardial ischaemia. There is a need for experimental‐design clinical research to test the effectiveness of oxygen in reducing myocardial ischaemia.