bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Symmetries on Operator Algebras
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of operator algebras has developed from a branch of functional analysis to a central field of mathematics with applications and connections with different areas in both pure mathematics (foliations, index theory, K-theory, cyclic homology, affine Kac--Moody algebras, quantum groups, low dimensional topology) and mathematical physics (integrable theories, statistical mechanics, conformal field theories and the string theories of elementary particles). The theory of operator algebras was initiated by von Neumann and Murray as a tool for studying group representations and as a framework for quantum mechanics, and has since kept in touch with its roots in physics as a framework for quantum statistical mechanics and the formalism of algebraic quantum field theory. However, in 1981, the study of operator algebras took a new turn with the introduction by Vaughan Jones of subfactor theory and remarkable connections were found with knot theory, 3-manifolds, quantum groups and integrable systems in statistical mechanics and conformal field theory. The purpose of this book, one of the first in the area, is to look at these combinatorial-algebraic developments from the perspective of operator algebras; to bring the reader to the frontline of research with the minimum of prerequisites from classical theory.
A 3-D Unstructured Multigrid Navier-Stokes Solver
Authors: Peiró J , Sayma A I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unstructured mesh methods have proven to be a useful practical tool for aeronautical design. Currently, the process of mesh generation and computation of inviscid flows past complex configurations such as a full aircraft can be completed in a matter of days. The meshes used for inviscid computations consist, in general, of tetrahedral elements of aspect ratio close to unity [1]. The use of such meshes for the simulation of high Reynolds number flows is computationally unfeasible due to the very small mesh sizes required in the near-wall regions where viscous layers are present. A compromise between economy and accuracy can be achieved by the use of elements that are stretched along the flow direction in those regions. Current mesh generation methods can be used to produce these stretched elements ([2],[4]) but the quality of the generated elements is very difficult to control. An alternative method is the use of an hybrid approach in which the mesh near the solid surfaces is generated by an hyperbolic type mesh generator whilst the region outside the viscous layer is discretized using the conventional approach [5].
Malingering: historical perspectives
Authors: Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems reasonable to assume that the simulation of illness is as old as humankind, and whenever people gather together in societies with duties and obligations some will use illness to avoid those obligations, or otherwise alter social relations. As writers on malingering never tire of telling us, examples abound in the biblical and classical literature, involving characters from Ulysees to King David, suggesting that such behaviour was recognized and well understood. For example, in Suetonius is the story of a Roman knight who amputated the thumbs of his two sons so they could escape military service-they did not, and the Emperor Augustus confiscated the property of the father. Likewise, as Kinney has entertainingly described, the phenomenon of beggars and assorted vagabonds feigning disease to extract money from the populace was a familiar one (Kinney 1990). In general, such behaviours were seen within the political and military field, and their detection and punishment was a matter for the political or military authorities.
Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders
Authors: Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malingering is rarely considered when a person has evidence of definite physical pathology that explains their symptoms. Psychiatric illness offers a special challenge in that few psychiatric diagnoses have associated physical pathology but are diagnosed purely on subjective report. This leaves those with psychiatric illness potentially open to the accusation their illnesses are merely feigned. Theoretically, malingering is distinguished from psychiatric illness by the absence of psychopathology, the identification of ‘secondary gain’, and a conscious intent to deceive in order to obtain the gain. However, psychopathology is hypothetical, secondary gain is non-specific, and the determination of the extent that intent is conscious probably impossible.
Outcome-related compensation: in search of a new paradigm
Authors: Mendelson George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terms such as ‘compensation neurosis’ and ‘accident neurosis’ have been used in medical and psychiatric literature to refer to the concatenation of physical and emotional symptoms experi enced by those who had been involved in accidents giving rise to entitlement for compensation. In some instances, the person concerned may have sustained a physical injury at the time of the accident; in other instances no objectively demonstrable organic injury resulting from the accident had been documented. Implicit in the use of such terms has been the expectation that once litigation had been finalized the symptoms will resolve, and the individual will return to his or her pre-injury state, both with respect to health and employment.
Differential brain activations for malingered and subjectively ‘real’ paralysis
Authors: Oakley David A , Ward Nicholas S , Halligan Peter W , Frackowiak Richard S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When encountering medical symptoms such as motor paralysis, clinicians typically have to distin guish between (at least) two types of potential diagnosis. The first, more traditionally biomedical is that the paralysis originates from some demonstrable pathology of the peripheral or central nervous system; the second does not fulfil this criterion and the paralysis can be broadly considered as an ‘unexplained medical symptom’ or, more specifically, as an ‘unexplained neurological symptom’ (Brown and Ron 2002). Inclusion within this second group, however, could occur for a number of different reasons-none of which is mutually exclusive. It may be that an underlying pathological agent does in fact exist but has yet to be identified. In this case, it may just be a matter of time, test sensitivity and technical breakthrough before a proven physiological abnormality and a relevant causal link will be established. On the other hand, no underlying structural pathology may be
Origins, practice, and limitations of Disability Assessment Medicine
Authors: Aylward Mansel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disability Assessment Medicine is the specialty concerned with the assessment of people with disabilities that provides impartial medical advice and reports for decision makers in the United Kingdom (Aylward and Sawney 1999). Many such decision makers work for the Department for Work and Pensions in Great Britain and their job is to determine eligibility for a range of state incapacity and disability related benefits. Others are employed as ‘finders of fact’ in insurance companies, appeals tribunals, and courts of law. A comprehensive list of decision makers is provided in Table 22.1 which also describes the cardinal features that decision makers expect in a
1089 and All That
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Think of a three-figure number. Any three-figure number will do, so long as the first and last figures differ by 2 or more. Now reverse it, and subtract the smaller number from the larger. So, for example, 782 - 287 = 495. Finally, reverse the new three-figure number, and add: 495 + 594 = 1089.
Ronald A. Fisher
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Gosset’s work on the probable error of a mean appeared at the beginning of his career, and when his association with Karl Pearson was close, that line of research was far more influential for R.A. Fisher and is therefore the first of the topics to be considered here. Gosset’s relationship with Fisher developed strongly after 1919, when Fisher went to Rothamsted. About half of the letters which passed between them date from the next ten years, and during this period much of Gosset’s published research is concerned with experimental design, to which Fisher was then contributing new and fundamental ideas. Another great statistical event of the 1920s was the publication of Statistical methods for research workers, and Gosset’s assistance to Fisher can be examined with the aid of correspondence. Much attention has been given to the final difference of opinion between them with regard to experimental design, but in fact other differences had already occurred, and were interspersed with friendly advice on both sides.
Optimum design theory
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have presented ideas, mostly informal, about good experimental design, leading up to a discussion in Chapters 5 and 6 of some optimum designs for linear and quadratic regression in one factor. In this chapter we begin the second part of the book with a more formal discussion of the General Equivalence Theorem, which is the central result on which the optimum design of experiments depends. The theorem applies to a wide variety of design criteria, many of which are called by a letter of the alphabet, so that the subject is sometimes called ‘alphabetic optimality’. These criteria are the subject of the next chapter. In order to avoid repetition, in this chapter we work with a general criterion ‘¥ which is to be minimized. A special case is D-optimality and its relationship to G-optimality. Because of the importance of D-optimality, Chapter 11 is devoted to this criterion, with examples of designs and of algorithms for constructing them. We begin this chapter with a more formal statement of the important distinction between exact and continuous designs and give the notation for them. On their first exposure to this material, readers may prefer to go straight to Chapter 11 after the end of this section.
Random Coefficient Models
Authors: Longford Nicholas T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal aim of the book is an exposition of methods for the analysis of clustered observations; the secondary one is to provide substantive interest as a measure of uncertainty, quality, equity, or generally, as a summary of differences among experimental or observational units. Another goal is to make a balanced presentation of the advantages and limitations of these methods The examples used for illustration of methods are not drawn exclusively from the social sciences. Although models are motivated mainly by social science problems, they are applicable in a variety of situations involving (imperfect) replication, such as repeated measurements, repeated experiments, logitudinal analysis, and analysis of covariance structures in general.
Nonlinear Methods for the Analysis of Homogeneity and Heterogeneity
Authors: Heiser Willem J , Meulman Jacqueline J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although nonlinear phenomena are ubiquitous in science and technology, the majority of methods for analysing statistical data is linear. Part of an answer to the puzzling question of how such a discrepancy could have come into existence would seem to be that first approximations are hard to beat. Statistics often enters the stage when the subject of study is badly understood, and then it is sensible to use linear approximation as a first try. If linear approximation does reasonably well, not infrequently after being aided by quite some effort on data cleaning and readjustment of residuals, the returns from bringing in nonlinearity are expected to be low. Another reason is the fact that linearity is a versatile and universal concept in statistics: a model may predict nonlinear regression (as in curve fitting), yet it will be called linear as long as it is linear in the parameters; an estimate may determine the shape of a nonlinear function (as in density estimation), yet the estimator will be called linear as long as it is linear in the data. In multivariate analysis, we often work in a linear space, with !linear operators, under linear constraints, and with computation methods that have linear convergence rate.
Convergent Computation by Iterative M:ajorization: Theory and Applications in Multidimensional Data Analysis
Authors: Heiser Willem J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many problems in multidimensional data analysis involve the optimization of quadratic functions, due to the common assumption of normally distributed errors, together with the prevalence of linear and bilinear models. By present standards, the resulting optimization problems are of moderate complexity, frequently involving the search for eigenvectors and eigenval ues, or projections of vectors on subspaces. Even in fairly complicated situations, such as for example generalized canonical correlation analysis with optimal scaling of the variables (Van der Burg, De Leeuw, and Verde gaal, 1988), it is often possible, by partitioning the parameter space into convenient regions, to split the problem into a connected series of simpler subproblems so that monotonic convergence to at least a local minimum remains guaranteed. This approach is called NIPALS (Wold, 1966), for Nonlinear Iterative PArtial Least Squares, or ALS (De Leeuw, Young, and Takane, 1976), for Alternating Least Squares, and is strongly related to the Gauss-Seidel and block decomposition (or relaxation) methods, which are well-known in numerical analysis for iteratively solving linear systems (e.g., Burden and Faires, 1985).
Embryonic and Early Postnatal Development of Schwann Cells
Authors: Mirsky R , Jessen K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among peripheral nervous system (PNS) glial cells, the myelin-forming and non-myelin-forming Schwann cells of peripheral nerves are by far the best known. Other PNS glia include the teloglia of somatic motor nerve terminals, satellite cells that envelop neuronal cell bodies in sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory ganglia, and the astrocyte-like enteric glial cells in the autonomic ganglia in the gut wall (Pannese, 1981; Jessen and Mirsky, 1983; Gershon, 1998; Robitaille, 1998). If what we know about Schwann cells is anything to go by, then it is likely that the differences between all of these cell classes are acutely dependent on the cellular environment and represent a readily reversible adoption of a phenotype appropriate for specific location. A notable feature of the Schwann cell phenotype is how labile it remains throughout life. If a mature nerve is transected, the myelinating and non-myelinating cells in the distal stump will promptly undergo numerous and radical alterations in morphology and gene expression (Scherer, 1997; Stoll and Muller, 1999; Terenghi, 1999) (see Chapter 9). Similar events can be induced by dissociating cells from adult nerves and plating them in culture without neurons.
Shared Care in Mental Health
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shared care in mental health covers the broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders encountered by the primary care physician. It has been written to provide practical solutions to assist in the management of the common health problems seen in primary care. Shared care means not only care shared between primary and secondary care but also refers to utilizing the skills of the non-medical members of the primary healthcare team. This handbook is easy to read and user friendly and is designed to be ‘dipped into’ when faced with a problem in daily practice. It is problem-solving orientated and offers sensible, pragmatic and practical advice. The book is structured around the treatment of particular patient groups, for example, the depressed patient, the anxious patient, the patient with insomnia. Each treatment covers the following areas: epidemiology; recognition and diagnosis; management in primary care; when to refer and what to expect from secondary services. Equal attention is given to drug treatments, not only what to prescribe but also how to improve compliance, and psychological treatments. Case reports are included to illustrate the application of treatment techniques, and may be used for teaching purposes. This book has been written by a team who understands GPs, general practice and then psychiatry. The emphasis throughout the book is to provide the General Practitioner with practical and specific help in the management of mental health problems.
The Origin and Early Evolution of Life
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Origin and Early Evolution of Life draws on evidence from molecular genetics, the structure and function of extant organisms, and geology. It covers the period from about 4 billion years ago, when life is thought to have originated, to about 600 million years ago when multicellular organisms first arose. There are significant gaps in our understanding of the earliest evolution of life forms, but an insight into the topic leads to a more profound understanding of life itself. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that although life arose very soon after the origin of the Earth, it was represented only by simple microbial life forms for approximately 85% of this time. Increase in complexity beyond the microbial level took place only very late in the history of life.
Range edges
Authors: Gaston Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Merriam (1894) clearly regarded the question of what determines the limits to the geographic ranges of species to be more pertinent to naturalists (for which we might here read ‘ecologists’) than that of what enables them to spread. Twenty years later, Griggs (1914, p. 44) stated that with regard to the Sugar Grove region of Ohio, ‘For many of the plants which terminate here, especially those which I know best because their boundaries cross the area, it is quite beyond my power of analysis to discover any reason why they should find their limits where they do and not go a few miles further’.
Cardiac Management of Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: Duboc Denis , Eymard Bruno , Damian Maxwell S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is an autosomal dominant disorder due to an unstable cytosine-thymidine-guanine (CTG) repeat expansion in the 3’ untranslated region of a myotonin kinase gene at 19q13.3 (Harley et al. 1992). Its incidence is estimated to be 1 in 8000 births. Myotonic dystrophy may affect all ages, but represents the most common adult form of muscular dystrophy. Clinical features include distal, facial and axial weakness, myotonia and multisystemic involvement such as cataract, baldness, endocrine dysfunction and heart problems (Harper 2001a). Cardiac involvement, one of the main systemic components of the disease, is particularly frequent, affecting a majority of patients (202 out of 236 cases reported by Church had an abnormal electro­ cardiogram) (Church 1967).
Respiratory problems in myotonic dystrophy and their management
Authors: Phillips Margaret F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Respiratory problems are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in myotonic dystrophy. Three large cohort studies have reported respiratory problems as the leading cause of death in forms of myotonic dystrophy (43%, Mathieu et al. 1999), in adult-onset myotonic dystrophy (31%, de Die-Smulders et al 1998) and in congenital myotonic dystrophy (Reardon et al. 1993). Twenty­ six per cent of patients with ‘non-congenital&gt; myotonic dystrophy have been recorded as having a history of significant pulmonary complications (Johnson et al. 1995). Respiratory aspects of the disorder may interact with other features; for instance, the potential for arrhythmia will be increased in the presence of hypoxia; peri- and postoperative complications will often be respiratory in nature; somnolence may be an indication of hypercapnia; and dysphagia will lead to increased risk of aspiration pneumonia.
Legal, social, and economic issues in implementing scoring in the United States
Authors: Johnson R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into three main parts. To set the stage, the first and very brief section examines the growth of credit scoring in the United States and the economic reasons for its rapid acceptance over the past decade or so. The second part addresses the challenges to credit scoring, their nature, their rationale, and the manner in which they have been resolved. Next, I will suggest that credit scoring has a long way to go and ultimately will not be viewed as credit scoring but as an important tool of profitability management. Finally, I conclude with a plea that in meeting valid concerns for privacy we should not sap the power of credit-scoring systems.
Credit for initiating the concept of credit scoring is generally given to David Durand (1941). His study. published in 1941 by the National Bureau of Economic Research. examined about 7200 reports on good and bad installment loans made by 37 firms. Using a chi-square test, Durand identified the variables that significantly distinguished between good and bad loans and developed an ‘efficiency index ‘ designed to show how effective a variable was in differentiating good risks from bad among loan applicants. He then used a discriminant function to develop credit-scoring models. It is perhaps of more than passing interest to record that Durand ‘s bank scoring model allocated
Nonlinear Science
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much mathematical modelling has involved the assumption that physical systems are approximately linear, leading to the construction of equations which, although relatively easy to solve, are unrealistic and overlook significant phenomena. Models assuming nonlinear systems, however, lead to the emergence of new structures that reflect reality much more closely. This second edition of Nonlinear Science, covers several important areas of nonlinear science, and places a strong emphasis on applications to realistic problems. It includes numerous new topics such as empirical results in molecular dynamics, solid-state physics, neuroscience, fluid dynamics, and biophysics; numerous new exercises and solutions; updated sections on nerve impulse dynamics, quantum-theory of pump-probe measures, and local modes on lattices. With over 350 problems, including hints and solutions, this is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers in the applied sciences, mathematics, biology, physics and engineering. This is the latest title in the Oxford Texts in Applied and Engineering Mathematics, which includes a range of texts from the undergraduate through to the graduate level. Most titles should be based on taught courses which explain the mathematical or computational techniques required for the resolution of fundamental applied problems. Other books in the series include: D. W. Jordan and P. Smith: Nonlinear ordinary differential equations: an introduction to dynamical systems 3rd Edition; I. J. Sobey: Introduction to interactive boundary layer theory; A. B. Tayler: Mathematical Models in Applied Mechanics (reissue); Ramdas Ram-Mohan: Finite Element and Boundary Element Applications in Quantum Mechanics; Lapeyre et al: Introduction to Monte-Carlo Methods for Transport and Diffusion Equations; Isaac Elishak off & Yong Jin Ren: Finite Element Methods for Structures with Large Stochastic Variations