bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Authors: Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the previous edition of this book appeared in 1987, I advanced the reasons why I believed that ADHD in adulthood was common, diagnosable, and treatable. Those reasons were based on research that my collaborators, Dirs. Frederick Reamer and David Wood, and I had conducted (and published on) since 1976. We undertook controlled experiments on the effects of various drug treatments on approximately 200 patients whom we diagnosed as ADHD children “grown up”-that is, adults with continuing problems of ADHD. In addition, we conducted experiments on metabolism and drug responsively in an effort to elucidate the mechanisms of the presumed underlying chemical abnormalities in nearly one hundred patients with ADHD, and we treated scores of patients clinically. Our experience is therefore based on the treatment of several hundred ADHD adults. (It has been a tremendous scientific advantage to be able to work with adults. They can provide information about the inner experience of being ADHD-something children cannot do-and we have been able to learn about the feelings, reactions, and lives of ADHD adults in a way we never could from our studies of children. We can ask them to give informed consent to allow us to conduct nontherapeutic experiments-something one cannot do with children who cannot give truly informed consent.)
Integrating Leadership in State Legislatures
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Donna Sytek was elected by a unanimous vote to the speakership of the 400-member New Hampshire House in December 1996, she brought with her a reputation as a consensus builder who does her homework. She developed the skills and reputation by following the usual path to leadership: She served as a committee chair (Ways and Means and later Criminal Justice), worked her way up, and paid her dues. As a committee chair, Speaker Sytek learned and perfected a style of leadership that stresses community and collaboration. Though New Hampshire is a small (just under 1.2 million residents) and racially homogeneous (98 percent white) state, Sytek knows from experience that issues can be divisive. She believes that decisions are best made when all stakeholders get involved, when ownership of a policy develops among all the participants, and when people are persuaded of the merits of an issue. Sytek favors this approach for a simple reason: “It works.” Even if she were inclined toward a more “command” style, the speaker has few perquisites to entice votes or enforce loyalty among her independentminded Republican colleagues. Her most tangible rewards and punishments are the distribution or withholding of sixty Capitol-area parking spaces and the more comfortable aisle seats in the House’s auditorium-like chamber.
Gender, Leadership, and Legislatures: Theoretical Roots
Authors: Rosenthal Cindy Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aggregative or distributive theories have dominated the literature on legislative politics beginning with Lasswell’s dictum of”who gets what” and its corollary “at whose expense.”1This perspective assumes that legislators compete with each other to secure the advantages (principally electoral) of scarce policy goods. In their simplest form, legislative decisions are “divide-thedollar” competitions in which particular interests overshadow the broader common good and decision outcomes are reduced to three options: win, lose, or compromise to protect your interests. The distributive paradigm applies not only to individual-level behavior but also to the logic of institutions. March and Olsen call this dominant ideology “the logic of consequentiality” or rational calculation of preferences and consequences. The kind of institution that results from this view is “aggregative,” based on the processes of interests, power, and exchange.
The Motor Component Is Not Crucial!
Authors: Kormi-Nouri Reza , Nilsson Lars-Goran 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his multiple memory systems view, Tulving (1983) has described episodic memory as unique, concrete, and concerned with personal in the rememberer’s past. Episodic memory involves the encoding and subsequent retrieval of memories of personal events. The general framework for episodic memory begins with the witnessing or experiencing of an event and ends with its subjective rememberence. An event that is recorded in the episodic memory system always involves the rememberer, either as one of the actors or as an observer of the event. Episodic memory is characterized by temporal and spatial organization, experiential registration (firsthand or immediate knowledge), deliberate access (conscious effort), self-knowing (aware of his/her identity and existence), and a remembering process (to-be-remembered items).
Why Do Actions Speak Louder than Words? Action Memory as a Variant of Encoding Manipulations or the Result of a Specific Memory System?
Authors: Zimmer Hubert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters of this book, a long series of empirical data was presented that provided grounds for the suspicion that action memory is something specific. Most of the reported experiments demonstrated excellent memory performances for actions when they were self-performed, and such performance levels were usually not achieved with other types of encoding. Furthermore, some manipulations of the encoding conditions, known for being effective in verbal memory, did not show similar effects in SPT, whereas some other effects occurred only if the actions were performed during study. Taking these results as a whole, performing actions during study must be considered a specific encoding condition that differs from standard verbal encoding. However, considering performance as a unique encoding operation does not necessarily take into consideration that actions are remembered by a specific memory system; on the contrary, this point is controversial, as demonstrated by the contributions to this book.
Introduction
Authors: Seitel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of the analytic approach described and illustrated in this book is a kind of literary interpretation. Its procedures and perspectives aim at nurturing creative understandings of verbal art-readings that are culturally and historically specific yet have the richness of abstraction and allegory; that place a single work within the “community discourse history” from which it emerged; that attend to the creator and his or her work with a deep and complex critical gaze; and that provide a framework within which indigenous and outsider knowledge can engage in an always unfinished dialogue about form and significance. This system of interpretation is based on the idea of genre as a specific, concrete, yet often changing body of texts, as a framework for creating and interpreting them, and as a “form-shaping ideology” through which both creator and critic enter into dialogue with the collective wisdom of a tradition. An analysis that harnesses the conceptual powers of genre aims at interpretations on several levels. These include the four levels of reading described by Henri De Lubac and cited by Fredric Jameson (1981) in formulating his own critical approach. The levels are: (1) the literal (i.e., attending to and making interpretive use of cultural and historical referents in the texts); (2) the allegorical (i.e., uncovering symbolic codes in the text that are forms of cultural knowledge); (3) the moral (i.e., discovering the cultural rules for individual action in the text); and (4) the anagogic (i.e., reading the text politically, as societal envisionings of the collective “meaning” of history; as Greek epics sing of the heroic age that underlies the development of nations, and as the Bible tells of both the beginning and the end of days).
Stanzas Need No Rhyme
Authors: Seitel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the interpretive power of genre is applied inwardly, from the collectivity of classic epic balladry to an individual performance text. Reading outwardly in chapter 4 from genre to social organization revealed the ethical construct known as heroic society. Here, the inward application of genre’s power reveals an unexpected and valuable insight: the existence of stanzaic patterns. In applying the power of genre in either direction, the fulcrum that provides interpretive leverage is compositional finalization.
Introduction
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hope in this book to communicate something of the experience and the joy of mathematical discovery. One need not be the firstto make a discovery to experience this pleasure. Being first is only important if one is concerned with fame, but the joy of discovery can be just as intense even if one is not the first. For example, we can still feel the pleasure that Euclid (c. 300 B.C.) experienced when he discovered that there are infinitely many prime numbers. In the popular literature of science, it is usual to tell whatis true rather than whyit is true. For example, a mathematician can tell us that there are infinitely many prime numbers. It is interesting to know that this is true, but it is much more exciting to learn why. A preoccupation with mathematics could even be dangerous. Archimedes (287- 212 B.C.) lost his life when a Roman soldier ran a sword through him because he was so absorbed with his mathematics that he failed to respond to a command. Warning: Some readers may become similarly engrossed.
Reflections
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we offer the main course, we present four mathematical appetizers. In each of the following four examples, based mainly on the Law of Reflection, the solutions depend on surprising geometric insights that lie just below the surface. The Color of the Bear Ada tells Ben about a puzzle that she read in the newspaper, but Ben’s solution jumps to a conclusion. Ada: A hunter leaves his cabin and walks 1 mile south. Then he walks 1 mile east, and, finally, he walks 1 mile north to end up where he started, at his cabin. To his surprise, he finds a bear inside. What is the color of the bear? Ben: The bear must be a white polar bear because the hunter returns to his initial point after traveling 1 mile south, 1 mile east, and 1 mile north. Thisis possible only if the hunter starts his journey at the North Pole.
Divide and Conquer
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will consider a few aspects of the computer, but we do not intend to give a complete introduction to computers. Our goal is the discussion of algorithms that are used on the computer for sorting a list of items alphabetically or numerically. We will look at these algorithms as they might be applied to sort playing cards by hand. The most elegant and powerful of the sorting algorithms employ a technique known as divide and conquer. Computers Digital computers are huge assemblages of interdependent on-off switches. Today’s computers are electronic, but more than 100 years ago, Charles Babbage (1792-1871) designed a mechanical digital computer; the future may bring still another technology. The state (on-off) of each switch is determined by the states of other switches in the computer or by external input devices. The switch settings are used to represent numbers as sequences of binary digits, and arithmetic operations can be carried out by arranging suitable connections and dependencies among the switches. Computers carry out an extensive computation by following a sequence of coded instructions. Prior to 1945, computers received instructions from an external source such as paper tape or punched cards, but a crucial advance occurred when mathematician John von Neumann (1903-57) conceived of a digital computer with a flexible internally stored program of instructions. The internal program is flexible because any desired sequence of instructions can be entered into the computer. The computer then interprets a particular configuration of switches, as needed, either as a number or as an instruction.
Two Pearls
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero does’t tell what the verses on Archimedes’ tomb said-even the legible part-but, as a substitute, we discuss two of Archimedes’ mathematical pearls. It is appropriate to refer to these two results of Archimedes-the volume and surface area of a sphere-as pearlsbecause pearls are generally spherical. Furthermore, pearls are not as hard as some other gems. Mathematical gems are generally brilliant and diamond-hard-thehardness of terse, immutable logic. The softness in the present case comes from the fact that these are pearls of heuristicmathematics-the mathematics of meaning and discovery in contrast to the mathematics of rigorous proof. Nevertheless, these mathematical pearls proved more lasting than the stone column of Archimedes’ tomb.
Secret Messages
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Winston Churchill said, “Never in the course of human events have so many owed so much to so few,” he was referring to the airmen who died in the Battle of Britain. However, he could very well have added his own name to the list. Another name that might be added is that of mathematician Alan Turing (1912-54)—forthe course of World War II might have been quite different if Turing had not broken the Enigma cipher, which Nazi Germany used to communicate with U-boats in the North Atlantic. Today cryptography is at the center of a debate over national security and individual liberty.
The Play’s the Thing
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any game, the players are given choices of actions to take. Sometimes these choices are very complex. In actual cases, these choices might be made over a considerable time period, and frequently choices are not made until a player sees choices made by the other player(s). For example, in chess the players move by turns in ways that may not have been planned at the start of the game. Nevertheless, a strategyof a player is defined as a list of what that player will do in every possible contingency of the game. A strategy in this sense is also called a pure strategyin contrast to a mixed strategy,which will be defined shortly. We will consider games in which the number of possible strategies is finite, but for many games this number is extremely large. For example, in the case of chess, a strategy is a purely theoretical object because it ’t feasible to list every contingency of a game of chess. At the opposite extreme of complexity, “Bet two dollars on Blue Lightning in the third race” is a strategy. If a player makes his strategy known to an assistant, then that person can function as the player’s proxy without further consultation with the player.
Development and Learning in Infancy
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next three chapters are concerned with the three major, extensive tasks of infancy: learning to communicate with others, learning about objects and what they afford, and learning to move around in the world. These tasks have a nat ural order for their beginning. Communication comes first, because newborns are ready to look at and listen to their companions, and they are able and motivated to respond appropriately in limited ways; they can activate their facial musculature responsively, and they can vocalize. Attending to and learning about objects begins about 4 months later, when the action systems for reaching and manipulation are ready to go. Locomotion only begins at the half-year mark or later, when growth of the lower limbs makes crawling possible. Readiness of action systems promotes readiness to learn about new affordances. There are other constraints that combine to influence these processes, but babies are pre pared to seek and attend to new information as it becomes available, and to learn to control their emerging action systems adaptively. Action systems lag behind sensory systems, so order of perceptual development during the first year is strongly influenced by the development of new possibilities for action.
The Learning Process in Infancy
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a theoretical approach to perceptual learning as it functions in development. The first question for any learning theory is what is learned. For what phenomena, cognitive accomplishments, or behavioral changes does this theory offer an explanation? One general, fairly abstract answer for perceptual learning is that infants learn to perceive affordances: that is, to perceive what the events, objects, and layout of the environment offer that relates to and may be controlled by the infant, a relation that can be referred to as an organism environment fit. Learning about affordances is learning meanings for what can be perceived.
Perceptual learning is also the way developing organisms discover invariants of events, things, and the layout of the world. Invariants characterize the total event. In reaching out for an object, the arm moves away from the body, ap proaching closer and closer to the object, closing in as it begins to make contact. Momentary segments of this event, like still shots from a film, do not characterize the event at all and could vary in a number of ways without changing what is invariant about the event. The event can be characterized as a whole and is meaningful to infants long before they can describe it linguistically.
Recognizing Emotions by Ear and by Eye
Authors: Gelder Beatrice De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Facial expression and tone of voice occupy prominent positions in the behavioral repertoires of higher animals. The production and perception of a whole range of facial and vocal emotional behaviors constitute an essential part of the communicative competence that complex social interactions in animals and humans are based upon. A wealth of studies has already documented the instrumental role of such facial and vocal cues in regulating social behavior. The goal of this chapter is to present a new domain of investigations dealing with a novel but specific question: How does the organism deal with the perceptual problem of multiple cues when each separately contains an emotional signal and when the two are present at the same time? The specific case I will look at is that of a facial expression present together with a tone of voice.
Cognitive-Emotional Interactions: Listen to the Brain
Authors: Ledoux Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through the ages, cognition and emotion have been viewed as separate but equal aspects of the mind. The goal of a theory of mind was traditionally to understand how cognition, emotion, and other mental processes contribute to and interact in the maldng of the mind. But around the middle of the twentieth century, an intellectual hegemony, now called cognitive science, began that ultimately led to an approach to the mind that intentionally left the study of emotion out (see LeDoux, 1996). Recently, there have been a number of attempts to reunite emotion and cognition in the mind, usually by inserting emotion into the cognitive view of the mind (see Ekman & Davidson, 1994). These have not succeeded, as there is still more confusion than consensus about the relation between emotion and cognition and the place of these two concepts in a theory of mind.
Positron Emission Tomography in the Study of Emotion, Anxiety, and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Reiman Eric M , Lane Richard D , Ahern Geoffrey L , Schwartz Gary E , Davidson Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews six studies in which we used positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (CBF), a marker of local neuronal activity, to investigate regions of the brain that participate in emotion, anxiety, and anxiety disorders. Along the way, we consider how these brain regions are related to different kinds of emotional stimuli, different types of emotion, emotional valence, and different forms of emotional pathology.
Infectious Disease Protocols
Authors: Harris Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PCR Protocols
Overview
The second part of this book contains a number of protocols for the PCR amplification of nucleic acids from selected pathogenic organisms, each of which has been developed, tested, and applied in the field during workshops and collaborative projects over the past 10 years. Each protocol is preceded by an introduction to the clinical manifestations and epidemiology of the disease caused by the pathogen, classical methods of diagnosis, PCR-based procedures reported to date, and points to consider in using PCR. It is important to keep in mind when reviewing published PCR protocols that some have been assessed only in research laboratories. Therefore, continuous review of the literature for reports of field evaluations of these techniques is recommended.
Introduction
Authors: Fernald Theodore B , Platero Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Athabaskan language family stretches from Alaska through northwestern Canada and also appears in the American Southwest and in isolated regions of Washington, Oregon, and California. Navajo is currently the most widely used with somewhere between 90,000 and 150,000 speakers. The reason for the high margin of error in the estimated number of speakers is easily imagined by people who are familiar with what happens with endangered languages. In the case of Navajo, it is difficult to decide whom to count as a Navajo speaker: many people spoke it fluently when they were children but no longer do.
Letter To Betty Jane Holder (February 9, 1952)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this letter Armstrong writes about his infamous experience as King of the Zulus in 1949. During Mardi Gras festivities, he rode the float sponsored by the Zulu Aid and Pleasure Club, dressed outrageously in black-faced makeup and a parody of tribal garb. James Collier (1983: 311) suggests that the publicity generated from this incident served as a turning point in Armstrong’s career. On the one hand, he became a genuine media “star.” On the other hand, he was criticized for promoting vestiges of minstrelsy which, no matter how firmly grounded in New Orleanian tradition, seemed to outsiders like an embarrassing retreat from racial progress. As Dizzy Gillespie put it, “Louis is the plantation character that so many of us ... younger men ... resent” (Down Beat, July I, 1949: 13).
Cognitive Skill Acquisition, Maintenance, and Transfer in the Elderly
Authors: Gardner Michael K , Strayer David L , Woltz Dan J , Hill Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skills refer to knowledge of “how to” perform some action rather than “knowledge of” some facts or events (Schmidt & Bjork, 1992). These two forms of knowledge are in some cases independent of one another. A person can know how to drive an automobile without factual knowledge of how the automobile works. Conversely, a person could study technical manuals and learn about how the various components of an automobile function, but this knowledge would not be of much help in driving if that person had not practiced the skill of driving. People often do not think of everyday skills as knowledge, and older individuals may be much more conscious of their memory for factual information than of their memory for skills (see Kausler, 1991). Yet, it is likely that their proficiency in relatively simple cognitive skills is a greater determinant of their life satisfaction than is the extent of their factual knowledge base.