bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing of a Cemented Carbide Coated Component on Design for Manufacturing Toward Combined Impact and Wear Resistance
Authors: Zhu X. P. , Wu G. J. , Shang Z. H. , Zhang S. J. , Lei M. K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Manufacturing of components with hard, wear-resistant coatings to operate under impact service condition is a high-performance challenge for mechanical equipment in industry. On a new strategy of design for manufacturing with integrated design and processing toward desired performance, the manufacturing process optimization of WC-Ni cemented carbide coated components was implemented with a two-layer coating design onto a steel substrate, comprised of a WC-Ni outer layer and a Ni-based alloy interlayer. In the design phase, numerical analysis of impact stress and strain field evolution was carried out comparatively for the two-layer coating and the conventional single-layer coating design under an impact load of 10-kN order. The high stresses localized on the coating surface and interfaces under the impacts may cause surface integrity changes of the coated components, including surface cratering upon plastic deformation as well as cracking both in coating and at coating-substrate interface. Introducing the interlayer of material with intermediate elastic modulus and hardness in between the steel substrate and the outer layer, as well as of an appropriate thickness, can mitigate the surface integrity changes to cracking failure of coated components. The manufacturing processes of high velocity oxy-fuel spraying and/or high frequency induction cladding technologies were accordingly optimized with the two-layer design, in good agreement with the numerical analysis. The two-layer coated component showed a better impact resistance over the single-layer coating, with less plastic deformation, interlayer and/or interface cracks. A further improvement was achieved by synergistically optimized induction cladding in a process chain to enhance the interlayer cohesive and adhesive strengths metallurgically bonded to steel substrate.
Evolution of Band Gaps in the Nonlinear Dynamics of Metamaterials
Authors: Augello Riccardo , Salem Karim Abu , Carrera Erasmo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper proposes the study of the dynamic properties of thin-walled metamaterial structures under large displacements and rotations. The focus is given to the analysis of the vibration modes, and to their evolution as the equilibrium states change. The analysis of the evolution of the band gap, i.e. the frequency intervals between the different vibrational modes, is of main interest. The investigation of this characteristic, discussed in the paper for thin-walled structures composed of combinations of different materials, allows the design of metamaterial structures with specific and tailored physical properties. In this article, thin-wall structures consisting of repeating units are considered; these are used as benchmarks to support the theoretical discussion of the used models. Numerical simulations are conducted by means of a model based on the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). This formulation allows for nonlinear dynamic analysis in a more efficient computationally way compared to traditional methodologies based on 3D finite elements, yet guaranteeing the same level of accuracy. The use of CUF for nonlinear dynamic studies of thin-walled metamaterial structures, therefore, overcomes limitations related to the computational bottlenecks of more traditional FEM-based methodologies, opening up the effective exploration of the dynamic behaviour of metamaterials.
Hydrodynamics of Active Fin Control in Fish-Like Swimming
Authors: Guo Jiacheng , Dong Haibo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Median fins have been found to enhance the forward propulsion in fish-like swimming, by enhancing the caudal-fin (CF) thrust through fin-fin interaction and reducing trunk (TK) drag through body-fin interaction. For stability or performance reasons, many fish-like robots have adopted dorsal fins in their designs. There has also been growing interest in emulating the individual opening and closing of the median fins (fanning motion), observed in nature, in bio-inspired underwater vehicle designs. The current study analyzes the effect of periodic fanning of the dorsal fin (DF) on the performance of fish-like swimming, in terms of thrust production and power consumption. Using a trout-like model on which strong fin-fin interaction was discovered, periodic fanning motion of the DF has been introduced, and direct-numerical simulations (DNS) are conducted. An immersed-boundary method (IBM) is used to resolve the body shape and motion of the trout-like model. The fanning phase relative to the start of the undulating cycle is varied from 0 to 360° in increments of 60°. Regardless of the fanning phase, the hydrodynamic power is always saved compared to the absence of fanning motion. Given a fanning phase (ϕf) of 60°, the power is saved the most, though similarly forward force is reduced on the body as a whole. At ϕf = 240°, the forward force is improved compared to the no-fanning case, with a slightly reduced hydrodynamic power. It is found that at this ϕf, viscous drag on the DF is reduced given its periodic reduction of surface area, while its role as vortex generator is still fulfilled, so that the effectiveness of fin-fin interaction in enhancing CF thrust is preserved.
Effects of Flow Boiling on Mini Channels With Ultra-Thin Fins and Cavity Arrays
Authors: Nees Alexander , Carbajal Gerardo , Park Younggil , Romero Edwar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Flow boiling has numerous potential applications, including large-scale mechanisms of nuclear power plants and smaller-scale applications for electronic cooling. The heat transfer of flow boiling can be enhanced greatly by using fin arrays due to the increase in the surface area. Cavity arrays increase the heat transfer by propagating bubble formations at controlled locations. This study investigates the methods of enhancing heat transfer in flow boiling, specifically using protuberances, such as ultra-thin fins and cavities. An experimental setup was constructed, using specimen plates, fitted with fins, cavities, or just flat. They were placed upon a heated plate with different constant powers and volume flow rates. The power was left on for approximately until steady-state (SS) was achieved or a significant amount of time had passed. Then, the power was turned off and left to cool for 10 minutes. The results show that the fins were the most effective during single-phase flow. However, when the power brought both the cavities and the fins to flow boiling, they were almost equally effective. For comparison, the flat baseline specimen was unable to achieve SS during the experiments, exceeding temperatures of 200 °C and continuing to climb in several cases.
Towards Natural Movement: Integrating Sustainable Materials With Hybrid 3D Printing Techniques and In-House-Developed Smart Sensors
Authors: Habib Ahasan , Goyal Krittika , Pervaiz Salman , Bae Jun Han 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The global demand for prosthetic limbs is rising due to increasing amputations, with approximately 185,000 procedures yearly in the United States. 3D printing offers a cost-efficient solution for precise prosthetic design, catering to individual patient needs. However, there’s a lack of a cohesive approach to achieve specific mechanical properties and smart sensing capabilities in 3D-printed prosthetics. This paper aims to improve prosthetic finger production by integrating hybrid materials and advanced 3D printing methods. It focuses on enhancing mechanical properties of PLA, optimizing the rheological properties of PDMS material for a better in-house 3D bio-printed sensor. Keeping in view that print quality is a complex function of different printing parameters, the study incorporated Taguchi based design of experimental (DoE) approach. For Taguchi orthogonal array L09, three parameters such as infill density, infill patterns and print speed were considered with three levels in this study. The flow behavior of PDMS at various temperatures such as 30°, 40°, 60°, and 70° was identified in terms of viscosity, shear thinning factors (n and K), zero-shear stress, and shear stress at different shear rates. Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) was combined with optimized PDMS and tested the open-circuit voltage to explore flexible tactile sensors fabrication. Different regions of a finger prothesis were manufactured using various 3D printing techniques and materials as proof of concept.
The Effects of Nonlinear Modelling on Hand Tremor Mitigation Device Design
Authors: Doughty Timothy A. , Shannon Connor , Neighbors J. P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that impacts the nervous system and body control of over eight million people globally. Involuntary hand tremor is one of the primary symptoms associated with PD. These hand tremors affect one’s ability to perform basic motor function tasks, which can lead to frustration, anxiety, and isolation. Most treatments for PD involve medications or invasive surgeries [1]. This study is a continuation of work done in designing, prototyping, and testing a purely-mechanical, wearable device for the reduction of PD-based tremors [2]. The modeling of the biomechanical system of the hand and its interface with the device is described, with an attention to optimizing the design and performance of the new system. Nonlinearities, similar to those inherent in the physical systems, are introduced to understand and improve system performance. Testing has been performed on a mechanical hand apparatus. In comparison to the previous prototype, the weight and geometry has been reduced by 55.5% and 46.8%, respectively while the performance maintains an over 90% reduction in tremor amplitude at peak excitation.
Effect of Cooling Rate on Gas Diffusion in Metal Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ingle Nikhil , Mohan Ram V. , Mogbolu Jonathan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is a promising technology that has the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing industry. One of the advantages of SLM is its ability to create custom properties in parts. However, process-induced variations like porosity and keyholes can lead to the formation of undesired structural defects, reducing the mechanical strength of the manufactured components. This paper studies gas diffusion in the powder bed during the SLM process, which can be a significant factor that can lead to the formation of porosity or voids and defects in the material, weakening the mechanical properties of the final product.
Investigations were performed using the Molecular Dynamics (MD) models developed using the LAMMPS, an open-source code to investigate the entrapment of gas atoms in the powder bed and its diffusion during the SLM process. The findings provide insights into gas particle diffusion and its effect on the microstructure during solidification. Such insights can improve understanding and control of gas diffusion mechanisms in powder beds in metal additive manufacturing parts. This study can significantly impact the optimal development of metal additive manufacturing parts with improved mechanical properties.
A Linear Programming and Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework to Choose Dwell Positions and Dwell Time in High-Dose-Rate Prostate Brachytherapy Using Curvilinear Catheters
Authors: Qian Yang , Washington Peter , Podder Tarun K. , Konh Bardia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
High-dose-rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy (BT), a popular modality for prostate cancer treatment, grapples with the challenge of optimizing dwell positions and dwell times to ensure effective radiation delivery, while minimizing damage to organs at risk. This study introduces a novel two-stage approach to address this problem, employing linear programming (LP) and deep reinforcement learning (deep RL). Using data from an anonymized prostate cancer patient, an initial plan is generated through LP model, via selection of dwell positions and estimation of their respective dwell times. This plan meets vital parameters such as V100, V150 and D10 for the prostate, rectum, bladder, and urethra. A deep RL model using the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm subsequently fine-tunes this plan, further reducing D10 values, while ensuring all dose constraints are satisfied. The results demonstrate that our two-stage LP and deep RL approach yields superior treatment plans, indicating its potential to improve patient safety and treatment outcomes in HDR prostate BT.
Design of a Flapping Wing Apparatus to Measure Aerodynamic Forces Using Wing Flexibility
Authors: Rayman Bradley , Jawad Badih , Vejdani Hamid 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this paper we report on the design of an apparatus to study the force distribution on flapping wings with variable forward speed. Our motivation is to understand the generated aerodynamic forces on flapping wings to be able to design and control flapping flight robots. We used a crank-slider mechanism to actuate the two wings with a single motor and generate reciprocal motion on them while the motor moves continuously in one direction. We first analyze the kinematics of the mechanism and find appropriate relation between the dimensions. Then we construct the equation of motion of the system including the aerodynamic forces. Using the simulation, we determine the gear ratio needed for this apparatus. After that we explain the process for CAD design and integration of the different parts. At the end we presented the final apparatus.
Bilateral Airflow Dynamics in Unilateral Cleft Nasal Deformities: Pre- and Post-Surgical Analysis
Authors: Charles Daniel , Harrison Lucas , Hallac Rami R. , Hassanipour Fatemeh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study builds upon previous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses by further investigating the nasal airway in unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients post-LeFort I osteotomy. Using the same patient-specific models, we conducted a detailed comparison of the left and right nasal chambers, focusing on key aerodynamic parameters including airflow velocity, pressure distribution, nasal resistance, and changes in volume. Our findings reveal significant asymmetries between the two chambers, with the cleft side exhibiting distinct variations in flow dynamics and resistance compared to the non-cleft side. Postoperative results indicate a more balanced airflow and reduced nasal resistance, contributing to enhanced breathing efficiency. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the functional outcomes of surgical interventions in UCLP patients, emphasizing the importance of considering bilateral nasal airflow dynamics in surgical planning and evaluation.
Experimental Investigation of a Wind Turbine Gearbox for Prognostics and Health Management
Authors: Ayivor Fredrick J. , Askarian Behnam , Neal Byron A. , Alemayehu Fisseha M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The reliability of wind turbines is critical to enhance the contribution of wind energy as a dependable source of Renewable Energy. Nevertheless, wind turbine gearboxes (WTGs) fail in the first half of the wind turbine’s expected life, which is usually 20–25 years. The repair/replacement of WTGs is very expensive, and the downtime is extremely long. These failures of WTGs significantly diminish the reliability of these devices and in turn deteriorate the confidence of investing in renewable energy systems. The wind energy industry is approaching this issue in two ways: enhancing the reliability of WTGs or abandoning the use of gearboxes by using multi-pole permanent-magnet generators, i.e., a direct drive system. This current research is focused on enhancing the reliability of WTGs via the implementation of Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) to avoid unexpected early failures of WTGs. A 40/60kW wind turbine drivetrain test-rig is built from a decommissioned small-scale wind turbine to conduct the study. The system is driven by a VFD controlled, 60 HP motor (to simulate the input torque from the rotor) and has an integrated 5 Degree of Freedom Load Application Device (5 DoF LAD) to simulate the non-torsional loading that a real-world wind turbine drivetrain would experience due to wind shear, directional shear, and weight of the rotor. The system, with non-faulty (baseline) as well as faulty planet gear bearings, under different loading conditions has been tested and the state of the system was recorded via accelerometers, strain gauges and acoustic sensors in different locations. Data sampling frequency for all sensors has been determined using Shannon-Nyquist Sampling Theory and collected data has been analyzed and compared to understand responses of baseline as well as faulty systems and conclusions have been drawn for future implementation of PHM for remaining useful life (RUL) prediction.
Improved De-Bonding of Composite Adhesive Joints With Bondline Inserts
Authors: Tedlapu Khushboo , Gerini-Romagnoli Marco 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The demand for effective de-bondable adhesive technology enabling substrate separation under small loads has grown in recent years. Thermally Expandable Particles (TEP) can be embedded in structural adhesives to promote mechanical separation of the adherends. However, the activation of TEP additives in joints with non-metallic adherends is challenging and can result in substrate thermal damage and poor de-bonding performance, due to the low thermal conductivity and dielectric loss factor typical of plastics and polymer-matrix composites.
In this study, the effect of bondline stainless steel inserts on fully composite (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, or CFRP) bonded Single Lap Joints (SLJ) mechanical and de-bonding performance is evaluated. A centrifugal mixer is used to disperse the TEP in the adhesive. TEP additives are activated using induction heating of the bondline insert, which also helps control crack initiation and propagation. SLJ de-bonding tests are run under a constant 20 lb (89 N) load, and substrate temperature is recorded with thermocouples and an infrared thermometer. Joint strength is evaluated with quasi-static lap shear tests on a servo-hydraulic tensile test apparatus.
Preliminary de-bonding testing is performed on a broad initial set of 316 stainless steel insert designs. Out of those, the four best-performing insert geometries are chosen for the complete study. Two TEP enrichment levels (10% and 20% wt.) are investigated. The mechanical and de-bonding performance of SLJs with steel inserts is compared to TEP-only baseline fully-composite and multi-material (AA 6061 Aluminum Alloy + CFRP) joints.
The results show that bondline inserts enable fast de-bonding of fully-composite SLJs. Insert geometry and thickness affect joint de-bonding time and reliability, and can be optimized to allow for a partial recovery of lap shear strength. 100% de-bonding reliability is achieved with “block”-type inserts, with de-bonding performance similar to TEP-enriched metallic joints. Visual inspection of the fracture surfaces shows the relationship between TEP activation and crack propagation path. Discussion and conclusions are provided.
Elderly Occupant Human Body Model: Comprehensive Development and Validation for Frontal Impact Scenarios
Authors: Somasundaram Karthik , Harinathan Balaji , Yoganandan Narayan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Due to changes in structural and material properties, elderly vehicle occupants are at increased risk of injury. Given the current growth of this population, understanding injury mechanisms and designing countermeasures for the elderly population are of utmost importance. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to develop a vehicle occupant human body model representative of the elderly population that can be further used to design countermeasures. To this end, a 75-year-old (75YO) Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) model was developed by morphing the baseline 50th percentile GHBMC model geometry and material properties to the elderly. The developed elderly model showed a good correlation with elderly experimental responses for thorax impacts, abdomen impacts, and frontal sled tests.
Design, Calibration, and Validation of a Robust and Reliable Nanofuel Stability Analyzing Device
Authors: Nagarkar Nitin , Steiner Wesley , Mollick Rahat , Ratner Albert 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Nano-fuels present a promising avenue for enhancing combustion properties and reducing emissions, but their practical utilization is hindered by stability issues such as nanoparticle agglomeration and settling. This study introduces an enhanced experimental setup for analyzing nanofuel stability, leveraging light scattering techniques. The setup, featuring a 3D-printed component with integrated LEDs and photodiodes, boasts a 20% increase in spatial resolution and a 35% reduction in wiring complexity compared to prior configurations. Furthermore, PCB-designed circuitry and a dedicated housing unit ensure durability, reliability, and portability. Calibration tests validate the setup’s accuracy, demonstrating consistent sensor readings across various sample types, including water, opaque, and biodiesel. Comparative analysis of settling delay and trends for acetylene black (AB) nanofuels highlights improved settling times over previous setups employed by Singh et al. and Mollick et al. [3,7]. Notably, the study reveals a metastable settling state and a diminishing settling rate over time, shedding light on the intricate behavior of nanofuels during settling processes. Overall, this research highlights the significance of nanofuel stability analysis for understanding nanofuel settling behavior. The refined experimental setup offers a cost-effective, non-invasive solution with promising industrial applicability.
Influence of Number of Shock Waves on Rotating Detonation Engines Performance
Authors: Pereira Rita , Brójo Francisco , Silva João 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In recent years, detonation combustion has been revolutionary in the aeronautical and aerospace sector with great interest in its application in the Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE) which performs the combustion process continuously, providing reductions in specific fuel consumption and gains in efficiency compared to rocket engines and gas turbines. The mechanical simplicity of RDE requires only one ignition sequence to initiate the detonation wave that propagates at supersonic speeds in a compression shock wave self-sustainedby the heat release in combustion.
The simplicity of the RDE structure and its advantageous features make this innovative concept a possible future solution as a stand-alone engine for aerospace propulsion. However, this concept still requires a great deal of research and development work. Therefore, taking into account the investigations on this topic, the motivation for this work is related to the need to understand the phenomenon of detonation that governs the operation of the RDE, whose performance depends on the inevitable irreversibilities of its achievable project.