bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lateralization in normal 6‐year‐olds as related to later reading disability
Authors: Kershner John R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe differentiation of lateral preference in hand, eye, ear, and foot was measured in 110 normal Grade 1 children and reading achievement was tested 3 and 5 years later. No support was found for the widely held belief that delays in early lateralization underlie subsequent reading impairment. Paradoxically, boys with serious reading disability showed a strong degree of early lateral concordance. Male, impaired readers displayed a tendency when they were in Grade 1 to be either uniformly right‐ or left‐preferring across all 4 sensory‐motor modalities. The results contradict the popular notion that lateral usage emerges from an undifferentiated state in the direction of greater degrees of specialization. Lateralization may be an expression of reflex constraints bound initially to the infant's tonic‐neck posture, with later development less reflex‐patterned during the acquisition of more sophisticated information‐processing strategies. Such an interpretation implies a progressive discontinuity between lateral usage and neuro‐maturational processes. Alternatively, the results can be accounted for by (1) a new maturational delay model in which maturation‐dependent lateralization proceeds in graduated stages from a highly specialized beginning toward greater levels of neuromotor integration; or (2) a model that maintains the notion of emergent lateralization but in which delays in the lateralization process are actually beneficial to later performance.
Physiological correlates of maternal separation in surrogate‐reared infants: A study in altered attachment bonds
Authors: Reite Martin , Short Robert , Seiler Conny 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree pigtail infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were separated from their mothers shortly after birth and raised in social isolation on cloth surrogates. At about 24 weeks of age they were surgically implanted with multichannel biotelemetry systems. Following the collection of baseline behavioral and physiological data, the cloth surrogates were removed for 4 days, then returned. The behavioral and physiological (heart rate, body temperature, sleep patterns) reaction to separation from the surrogate was much less intense than is the case in group‐living pigtail infants that are separated from their mothers, suggesting that the attachment bond to a cloth surrogate may well be different than the bond to a living mother in a social group. Heart rate mean values and variability were similar in surrogate‐reared and mother‐reared infants, suggesting a degree of environmental independence in heart rate regulation.
The effect of neonatal oil administration on brain weight of inbred and heterogeneous mice
Authors: Blizard David A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA single injection of sesame oil on postnatal Day 4 reduced adult brain weight in male and female mice of the C3H/HeJ strain. The same neonatal treatment had no effect on brain weight of heterogeneous mice derived from a cross of 8 inbred strains. In agreement with previous findings in inbred strains, C3H/HeJ females were found to have larger brains than males. This difference between the genders was not seen in heterogeneous mice. The effect of neonatal oil administration on adult brain weight provides an additional example of the effect of neonatal manipulations on the adult organism and underscores the importance of adherence to appropriate control procedures in studies involving administration of hormones in early life, particularly when inbred strains are used as experimental subjects.
Behavioral persistence following switchovers between environmental enrichment and impoverishment in mice
Authors: Klippel Judith A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWeanling mice were reared in environmental enrichment and/or impoverishment conditions for 2 months. In the 1st experiment, mice were switched from 1 environment into the other after 1 month, and maintained in the opposite environment for 2 or 4 weeks. Switched and nonswitched groups were compared to establish whether the effects of the initial environmental exposure would persist through later opposite environmental experiences. The performance of switched groups tended to differ from that of all nonswitched groups: little behavioral persistence was found. In the 2nd experiment, mice were switched every 7, 14, or 28 days over a 2‐month period. These procedures yielded several types of behavioral outcomes; however, no behavioral persistence was evidenced. The data indicate that early life experiences in a particular level of environmental complexity need not permanently modify behavior.
Self‐recognition and stimulus preference in autistic children
Authors: Neuman Cynthia J. , Hill Suzanne D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA common notion regarding autistic children is that they do not show self‐recognition. In this study, 7 autistic children were compared to a group of normal infants at the age of self‐recognition. Using a videotape “mirror image” and an objective self‐recognition criterion, we observed that 6 of the 7 autistic children exhibited self‐recognition. In a 2‐choice preference situation, autistic children tended to prefer the more predictable mirror image to a previously taped film of self.
Genetic and ethanol‐related differences in maternal behavior and offspring viability in mice
Authors: Swanberg Karen M. , Wilson James R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrimiparous female mice of 2 lines genetically selected for different narcotic responses to ethanol were administered 10% (v/v) ethanol in their drinking water during Days 2–14 of lactation. Ethanol treatment resulted in a marked decrease in growth and viability of pups in both lines. Fewer offspring of the ethanol‐sensitive line survived to weaning, apparently because of the failure of a large number of dams to exhibit maternal care. The combination of ethanol treatment and an additional environmental stressor (mouse hepatic virus) had a devastating effect on maternal behavior and offspring survival in the ethanol‐sensitive line, but far less effect on the ethanol‐insensitive mice. Thus, ethanol‐sensitive animals appear to be more susceptible to a variety of stressors, including ethanol.
Attachment and separation distress in the infant guinea pig
Authors: Pettijohn Terry F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study systematically examined separation‐induced distress vocalization in the infant guinea pig. Experiment I found that under maximum separation from both social and physical surroundings, the distress vocalization rate remained high for the 1st 4 weeks and then continuously declined to near zero by Week 12. Repeated testings had no effect on habituation of the rate during Week 5. Experiment II, using separation distress vocalization responses to the social (the mother) and the physical (the home pen) environments, showed that when the mother was present the vocalization rate was extremely low, and when she was absent the rate was moderate if the subject was isolated in the home box and high if the subject was in an unfamiliar box. Experiment III confirmed the finding that primary social attachment took place toward the mother. These results corroborate other attachment measures, and indicate the usefulness of the vocalization technique for the study of attachment in the infant guinea pig.
Mother‐infant separation in group‐living rhesus macaques: A hormonal analysis
Authors: Smotherman William P. , Hunt Lynn E. , McGinnis Lynda M. , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdrenocortical responsiveness to separation in group‐living rhesus macaque mother‐infant pairs was determined. Cortisol evaluations were complemented by behavioral observations of mother‐infant interactions and group social behavior. Infants, but not their mothers, showed cortisol elevations that could be attributed specifically to separation. Steroid‐behavior relationships suggested that the infants of high dominant mothers evinced the greatest adrenocortical response to separation. These data exemplify the complexities involved in determining endocrine/behavior relationships in a group‐living situation.
Ultrasounds and maternal behavior in the Mongolian gerbil
Authors: Elwood Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFemale Mongolian gerbils were observed in undisturbed conditions and the ultrasounds produced by their pups were monitored. Ultrasound production was less in these conditions than with isolated pups. Correlations between various parameters suggest that nest‐building, sniffing pups, and licking pups are influenced primarily by ultrasounds whereas self‐grooming, feeding, and scratching are influenced primarily by the overall activity of the female.
Delayed plasticity of an instinct: Recognition and avoidance of 2 facing eyes by the jewel fish
Authors: Coss Richard G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA model depicting 2 horizontally positioned black spots resembling facing eyes, as compared with models depicting other spot arrangements, elicits intense flight activity in young African jewel fish (Hemichromis bimaculatus) under 5 months of age and 7‐month‐old subadults reared apart from conspecifics with eyeless cave fish (Anoptichthys jordani). In contrast, subadults permitted to observe or interact fully with conspecifics during development exhibited attenuated discriminative flight activity. These findings suggest that visual experience with facing conspecifics, irrespective of physical contact, modifies the flight‐eliciting properties of the innate mechanism subserving eye‐schema recognition, but only during later maturation.
Social experience affects the development of dendritic spines and branches on tectal interneurons in the jewel fish
Authors: Coss Richard G. , Globus Albert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAfrican jewel fish reared with eyeless cave fish, but without visual‐tactile contact with conspecifics, exhibit hyperresponsive behavior after release in community aquaria. Because the optic tectum might be affected by these restraints on visual experience, unreleased members of the same social isolate group were compared histologically with controls reared in community aquaria. Using the rapid Golgi method, we counted dendritic spines and branches on pyriform interneurons between 402 and 529 days of age. As compared with isolates, control group interneurons exhibited significantly more spines and primary branches on apical dendrites in deep tectal layers. Our focus is the relation between experiential differences in rearing conditions and synaptic changes in the deep tectal layers.
Behavioral and physiological effects of early handling and early malnutrition in rats
Authors: Cines Brenda M. , Winick Myron 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis experiment employed a 2 × 2 design in which the nutritional and early stimulation conditions of rat pups were manipulated during the 1st 3 weeks of postnatal life. Animals were observed in various open field activities at 22, 23, 29, 36, and 50 days of age, and killed at 55 days of age for neurochemical analysis. Early handling decreased the behavioral differences due to malnutrition and resulted in fewer, but larger cells in rat forebrain for both well‐nourished and malnourished groups.
The effects of protein malnutrition on the behavior of rats during the suckling period
Authors: Hall Robert D. , Leahy J. Patrick , Robertson Wendy M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObservations of 2 groups of dams and their litters were made every 3 hr around the clock on Days 1‐20 postpartum. The dams were fed either an 8% or a 25% casein diet for 5 weeks before mating and during gestation and lactation. Dams on the low protein diet spent more time in the nest actively nursing their young than did high protein dams, and they exhibited no deficits in other maternal behaviors. Five of 11 kinds of behavior developed more slowly in the undernourished pups than in the well‐nourished ones, but the developmental delays were no longer than a few days. Circadian fluctuations were apparent in all of the pups' activities during the 3rd postnatal week as well as in grooming and horizontal movement, 2 behaviors that were present earlier, by 6–10 days of age.
Long‐term effects of preweaning taurine injections in rats: Interactions with strain and gender
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Persinger Michael A. , Satinder K. Paul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA comparison was made of MR, MNR, and RCA strains that had been injected with either 62.5 mg/kg of taurine or comparable volumes of physiological saline between postnatal Days 8 and 20 and later tested at 100 days of age in an open field and 1‐way shock avoidance situations. Taurine‐injected rats displayed significant elevation in defecation score in the open field. In addition a significant Treatment × Strain interaction was due to the larger defecation numbers displayed by the taurine‐injected MR rats relative to the saline‐injected MR rats.
Effects of urine from pregnant and lactating female house mice on sexual maturation of juvenile females
Authors: Drickamer Lee C. , Hoover John E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of urine from pregnant and lactating female mice on puberty in young females were examined. In Experiment I urine from pregnant or lactating females painted daily on the external nares of young females led to earlier sexual maturation than treatment with water or urine from singly‐caged, nonlactating, multiparous adult females. In Experiment II urine from either pregnant or lactating females, injected daily into perforated plastic capsules containing cotton, effected earlier maturation in female mice caged with these capsules than did the urine of singly‐caged females or water. In Experiment III the effectiveness of these treatments on reproduction per se was confirmed: young females reaching maturity earlier as the result of urine treatments were in fact ovulating and were capable of conceiving and bearing young. One explanation for the presence of the urinary pheromone(s) involves changes in hormone levels during pregnancy and/or lactation and urinary excretion levels of hormones, hormone metabolites, or chemical compounds which are hormone dependent. The pheromone excretion, triggered by external factors, may be a general signal to other females that environmental and/or social conditions are favorable for reproductive activities.
Developmental changes in the suckling behavior of hamster pups: A comparison with rat pups
Authors: Hall W. G. , Rosenblatt Jay S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe suckling behavior of hamster pups was observed to undergo several transitions during the preweaning period. Pups 10 days of age and younger attached to the nipples of their anesthetized mothers and suckled. After 10 days of age, however, only animals which had been deprived of suckling (and food and water) reliably attached to their mothers' nipples. By 25 days of age, deprived pups no longer suckled. The pattern of response after nipple attachment also changed during development: pups younger than 5 days of age remained on 1 nipple after initial attachment, whereas older pups shifted from 1 nipple to another. The development of suckling in hamster pups resembles that in rat pups, although certain changes or transitions occur at different ages in the 2 species. These changes may provide important markers for neural and behavioral development in each species and for comparisons between the two.
Development of tonic immobility in the rabbit: Relation to body temperature
Authors: Whishaw Ian Q. , Flannigan Kelly P. , Barnsley Roger H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTonic immobility was studied in rabbit pups varying in age from 1 to 30 days. During the 1st 2 postnatal weeks the rabbits were active in an open field, had difficulty walking and executing a righting response, lost body temperature rapidly, and had no, or only short durations of, tonic immobility. After this age they were less active, hopped and righted well, maintained core temperature, and showed increased durations of tonic immobility. Within the 1st 2 postnatal weeks cooling and warming potentiated; thereafter, cooling disrupted and only warming potentiated tonic immobility. The results suggest that rate of heat loss can act as a stimulus to block tonic immobility and increase activity in neonatal rabbits. With development, cooling produces shivering which can disrupt tonic immobility, whereas warming may raise movement initiation thresholds which can potentiate tonic immobility.
The development of social structure during the primary socialization period in German shepherds
Authors: Wright John C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ontogeny of primary socialization in a litter of 5 German shepherd puppies was investigated using both arena tests and rearing environment (kennel) conditions. Tests for exploratory behavior, conducted at 5 1/2, 8 1/2, and 11 1/2 weeks of age, showed reversals in amount of exploration over the 6‐week period. Dominance was also investigated at 5 1/2, 8 1/2, and 11 1/2 weeks, using both a bone‐in‐pen test and a rearing environment setting. By comparison of the subjects' dominance scores at each age for both settings, evidence was found for the separation of the development of dominance behavior into 2 kinds: competitive and social dominance. The scores for exploratory behavior (stimulus reactivity) and competitive dominance were clearly related: those pups at 5 1/2, 8 1/2, and 11 1/2 weeks that were most exploratory also ranked highest for competitive dominance.
Acquisition and retention of multidirectional escape behavior in preweanling rats
Authors: Misanin James R. , Brownback Thomas , Shaughnessy Lynn D. , Hinderliter Charles F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe shock‐escape behavior of preweanling rats in a multidirectional escape situation was examined in 3 experiments. In Experiment I, 5‐, 7‐, 9‐, and 11‐day‐old rats were given shock‐escape training on each of 3 days. Rats younger than 7 days of age did not improve escape responding within or over sessions. Animals 7 days of age and older, however, showed both an intrasession improvement and an intersession improvement that could not be attributed solely to maturation. In Experiment II, the escape behavior of 3‐, 5‐, and 7‐day‐olds was examined in an apparatus modified to take into account the poor locomotor abilities of these animals. They were given escape training on 3 successive days. Again, no within‐session improvement was found in rats under 7 days of age. However, an intersession improvement was found in rats whose training began at 5 days of age. This improvement was due to maturation and did not reflect a cumulative effect of training. Experiment III, like Experiment I, demonstrated that the intersession improvement in the older rats was not simply a maturation effect. It also demonstrated that the improvement could not be attributed to the stress of prior handling, shock, or body temperature loss, but was, rather, a retention effect. These results support the contention that the emergence of memory is task specific.
Development of between‐limb movement synchronization in the chick embryo
Authors: Provine Robert R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSpontaneous between‐limb movement synchronization is described as the amount of concurrent limb movement observed in 7–‐19‐day chick embryos. At early stages, a wing moved as often with the ipsilateral leg as with the contralateral wing. Later, between‐girdle (ipsilateral wing‐leg) synchronization progressively decreased and within‐girdle (wing‐wing) synchronization increased, especially after 15–‐17 days. Bilaterally synchronized movements of the wings as in flapping and of the legs as in walking appeared at embryonic stages. Both wing and leg motility increased between 7 and 13 days and declined until hatching. The wings and legs were equally active except at 17 and 18 days when the wings moved more frequently than the legs. The left and right wings were equally active. These behavioral events reflect developmental changes in the motor outflow of the central nervous system.
A biobehavioral developmental profile (BDP) for the pigtailed monkey
Authors: Reite Martin , Short Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBehavioral development during the 1st 5 months of life was observed in 21 group‐living mother‐reared pigtailed (M. nernestrina) monkey infants. Periodic behavioral observation sessions provided monthly mean scores for 28 different behavioral items. Infants appeared to be separable on several behavioral continua, including their general level of activity and the nature of the mother‐infant relationship. Individual differences were prominent, appeared early and persisted. Patterns of behavior were examined and found to be stable across time.Physiological data (heart rate, body temperature, sleep patterns EEG activity) were collected from 15 of the infants at a mean age of 23 weeks using totally implantable multichannel biotelemetry systems. Group mean values and measures of individual variability were obtained for 23 physiological variables. Physiological variables were correlated with each other and measures of concurrent behavior; the following relationships emerged:

Animals with higher body temperatures, both day and night, also tended to have higher heart rates.
EEG alpha frequency and alpha ratio (a measure of alpha organization) were positively correlated, meaning animals with higher‐frequency alpha activity tended to have better organized alpha, with less background slowing.
Animals with higher alpha frequencies and alpha ratios had more cardiac arrhythmias.
Animals with lower body temperatures had longer REM periods and had more Drowsy and less Stage 2 sleep periods, with more frequent awakenings.
More active animals had higher body temperatures and heart rates both day and night; animals who rested more had lower body temperatures.
Infants that spent more time away from the mother (not in physical contact) appeared to have more cardiac arrhythmias.
Infants that were carried more or cradled more by the mother tended to have lower alpha ratios (more slow activity intermixed).
More active infants tended to have more Stage 3 4 sleep, less REM sleep, and shorter REM periods than did less active infants.
The behavioral data collected during the 1st 4 months of life in the subset of 15 infants were correlated with the subsequent physiological data, and several different types of correlational patterns emerged. Certain physiological variables were highly correlated with behavior during all months, others were highly correlated only with early behavior (e.g., Months 2 and 3) or with lnter behavior (e.g., Months 3 and 4).
Prenatal influence of mild decompressions on hooded rats
Authors: Graessle Charles A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFrequent, brief, and mild prenatal decompressions caused decreases in newborn rats' viability and in survivors' “emotional” development. Both hypoxia and otic barotrauma contributed to these effects, but hypoxia, alone, did not affect offspring behavior in the open field or in a shock avoidance task.
Acquisition and retention of classical conditioning in the newborn rat
Authors: Bachevalier Jocelyne , Blozovski Denise 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of memory of a conditioned response was examined in London black rats between 0 and 4 days of age. For the conditioning, a vibrotactile stimulus paired with an electric shock was presented to the animal 80 times with an interval of 2000 msec between stimuli. The animals were retested at retention intervals of 3 min or 24 hr. The results showed that 0‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐day‐old rats possess a retention capacity of at least 24 hr and suggest that the emergence of memory may be task‐specific.