bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid content of the dorsal muscle—an indicator of fat quality in freshwater fish
Authors: Ahlgren G. , Blomqvist P. , Boberg M. , Gustafsson I.‐B. 
Published: April 2005

In 56 samples of freshwater fish, most were low in fat, ≤ 5% of dry weight (D.W.), and the sum of all fatty acids (ΣFA) was about 2% of D.W. Trout, whitefish, and grayling had the highest content of the long‐chained FA. of ω3 type, EPA and DHA (1·7–2·6% of D.W.). Two large, low‐fat pikes with ΣFA of about12–3% of D.W. and a medium‐fat whitefish had the highest ω3/ω6 ratios, 8–9, whereas the fattiest fishes, eels from two lakes and the Baltic (ΣFA =17–26% of D.W.) had lower ω3/ω6 ratios, 1·1–1·8 (ω3 and ω6 FA are two important series of FA). The results indicate that ΣA controls the content of saturated FA (SAFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA), whereas the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) was independent of ΣFA after a break point of about 10%ΣFA of D.W. The P/S ratio (PUFA/SAFA) and the PUFA/ΣFA ratio decreased with increased ΣFA, whereas the ω3/ω6 ratio showed no clear correlation to ΣFA.The difference in fatty acid patterns lay between low‐fat and high‐fat fishes, rather than between marine and freshwater fishes. The variation, both within and between species of the separate FA is small in fish with similar ΣFA content. Also, low‐fat and medium‐fat fishes tend to be more dietarily favourable than high‐fat fishes, when considering the latest criteria for high nutritional value to humans.Abbreviations used in the text: FA, fatty acids; ΣFA, sum of all FA; AA, arachidonic acid (20 : 4ω6); EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5ω3); DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6ω3); SAFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; D.W., dry weight; F.W. fresh weight; CV, coefficient of variation; ω3 FA, series of PUFA with the first double bond located at carbon number 3; ω6 FA, series of PUFA with the first double bond located at carbon number 6. The fatty acids are described by three numbers, x:ywz, where x=number of carbon atoms, y=number of double bonds, and z=position of the first double bond counted from the methyl end of the molecule.
The effects of repeated physical stress or fasting on catccholamine storage and release in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Reid Steve G. , Furimsky Marosh , Perry Steve F. 
Published: April 2005

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were subjected to either physical stress (twice daily chasing to exhaustion for 5 days) or a period of 2 months of fasting. Following these treatments, the levels of catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline, stored within the kidney and posterior cardinal vein (PCV) were determined. The ability of the catecholamine‐storing chromaffin cells to release catecholamines in response to cholinergic stimulation was measured using an in situ saline‐perfused PCV preparation.In the physically stressed fish, the concentration (μg catecholamine g−1 tissue) of noradrenaline within the anterior and middle thirds of the kidney increased; the concentration of adrenaline was unchanged in all tissues. The content (μg) of noradrenaline or adrenaline, within the various tissues, was similar in both groups of fish with the exception of a higher noradrenaline content in the middle third of the kidney in the physically stressed fish. The total catecholamine content (μg catecholamine) of these tissues (kidney+PCV) was unaffected by physical stress.With the exception of a lower concentration of adrenaline in the middle third of the kidney, the concentrations of catecholamines were unaffected by fasting. There was a trend towards a greater content (μg) of noradrenaline within all of the tissue regions of the fed fish, however, a significant difference was only observed in the anterior third of the kidney. The content of adrenaline in the fed fish was greater in all regions of the kidney as well as the middle third of the PCV. The total catecholamine content (kidney + PCV) was lower in the fasted fish owing to significantly lower PCV and kidney masses.Prolonged physical stress caused a decrease in the responsiveness of the chromaffin cells to the cholinoceptor agonist carbachol (10−8 to 10−4mol). The ED50 (the dose of carbachol required to elicit a half maximal response) for catecholamine release was 0·96 ± 10−6mol carbachol in the physically stressed fish and 0·84 ± 10−7 in the control fish. Fasting did not alter the pattern of catecholamine release. The ED50 values were 0·96 ± 10−7 and 1·24 ± 10−7 mol for fasted and fed fish, respectively. Thus, a physical stress affected both catecholamine storage and release whereas fasting affected only storage and not the release process.
Effect of reward level on individual variability in demand feeding activity and growth rate in Arctic charr and rainbow trout
Authors: Brännäs E. , Alanärä A. 
Published: April 2005

Groups of Arctic charr and rainbow trout were fed by using demand feeders and their individual trigger actuations registered with a PIT‐tag (Passive Integrated Transponder) system. Food was supplied at two reward levels, low and high, to five replicate groups of each species for 21 to 27 days. The reward level was defined as the amount of food obtained in response to a single trigger actuation. The effects of reward level on individual demand feeding activity and growth rale were assessed.As a result of high demand feeding activity, the daily food rations for trout were in excess of their needs at both reward levels. This can be ascribed to the fact that they compensated a low reward level by increasing their bite activity. In contrast, demand feeding activity in charr did not differ significantly between reward levels. Instead, resulting food rations were limiting and excessive, at low and high reward levels, respectively. The variation in bite activity between individuals (measured as their proportional contribution to the total number of trigger actuations within a group) for charr was significantly higher in the low‐reward treatment than in the high‐reward level. For trout, the variation in bite activity did not differ significantly between treatments. Differences in response to reward level are suggested to be due to the fact that the social hierarchy is weaker in trout than in charr; i.e. the differences in bite activity between dominant and non‐dominant individuals are smaller in trout. At both reward levels, the benefit of being dominant, measured in terms of growth rate was significant for charr but non‐significant for trout.
Survival, activity and feeding ability of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) yolk‐sac larvae at different salinities
Authors: Nissling Anders , Solemdal Per , Svensson Mikael , Westin Lars 
Published: April 2005

Due to unfavourable conditions (declines in salinity and water oxygen content) in the spawning areas, there has been a considerable decrease in the Baltic cod stock since the beginning of the 1980s, and consequently a decrease in catches. In order to examine the feasibility of introducing yolk‐sac larvae in areas of low salinity to improve the stock, laboratory experiments were performed on the effects of salinity on the survival, level of activity and feeding ability of larvae. Yolk‐sac larvae from spawning cod caught off northern Gotland, Sweden, were exposed to four different salinities: 10 and 15%○ (salinities of the main spawning areas); and 5 and 7%○ (salinities in the Bothnian Sea and the Baltic proper respectively).The survival of yolk‐sac larvae was high at all salinities, even though there was an indication of higher mortality at low salinities in less viable larval groups. No differences were found in swimming speed or feeding ability at the four salinities, but a significant difference in vertical distribution was recorded. There were significant differences in survival, vertical distribution and feeding ability among larval groups, which indicates that larval quality or viability is of greater importance for larval survival than salinity, in the range of 5–15%○.
Niche separation between colonizing and indigenous goatfish (Mullidae) along the Mediterranean coast of Israel
Authors: Golani D. 
Published: April 2005

The present study assesses the resource partitioning between two Red Sea colonizers, the goldband goatfish Upeneus moluccensis and the brownband goatfish U. pori, and the two indigenous Mediterranean goatfishes, the red mullet Mullus barbatus and the striped mullet M. surmuletus, along the Mediterranean coast of Israel.Niche separation was studied along three axes: habitat selection, feeding habits and spawning season. Habitat selection is the most significant parameter separating the species. The two colonizing species occupy a shallow habitat, U. pori dominating the primarily sandy bottom at 20–30 m and U. moluccensis at 40–50 m, at which depth the sea bottom becomes increasingly silty. Of the two indigenous species, M. barbatus is dominant in depths below 55 m, while M. surmuletus appears at low abundance in all depths.Niche separation by feeding habits is much less evident. All four species feed primarily on macrurid crustaceans and thus the values of diet overlap are rather high (0·666≤T≤0·928). Prey size is not an important factor in niche separation. Young fishes (S.L>,115 mm) of all four species feed upon prey of similar size (20–160 mg). Among older individuals (S.L.>115 mm) three species continue to feed upon the same size prey, while U. moluccensis feeds upon considerably larger prey (600–2200 mg).The difference between the spawning seasons of the colonizing vs indigenous species and consequent timing of benthic settling may contribute to niche separation.The results of this study suggest that success in colonization by Red Sea goatfish may be due to the existence of unexploited niches in the eastern Mediterranean ecosystem.
Drinking and water absorption by the larvae of herring (Clupea harengus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: Tytler P. , Ireland J. 
Published: April 2005

The efficiencies of water absorption from the guts of the larvae of herring (Clupea harengus L.) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) were estimated by two methods, The first method was based on the differences in the rates of accumulation, by drinking, and clearance from the gut of radiolabelled inert markers. The second method used the equilibrium level of radioactivity in the larvae to measure the concentration of the markers in the gut above background as water is absorbed from the gut. Water absorption efficiencies for herring larvae drinking sea water were estimated to be 77% using both methods. When external salinity was reduced to 50% sea water, drinking rates and water absorption efficiency in herring larvae fell substantially.Estimates of water absorption efficiency of seawater‐adapted turbot larvae were similar (71–84%) to that of herring using both methods. Although temperature had a marked effect on both the rate of drinking and water absorption, there was no significant thermal effect on the efficiency of absorption from the guts of turbot larvae. The limitations of the techniques and the implications of the estimates in terms of water balance in fish larvae are discussed.
Dynamics of excretion of 17α,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one 20‐sulphate, and of the glucuronides of testosterone and 17β‐oestradiol, by urine of reproductively mature male and female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus myklss)
Authors: Scott A. P. , Liley N. R. 
Published: April 2005

Levels of sulphated 17α20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20β‐P; the oocyte maturation inducing steroid) in blood plasmas of sexually mature male and female rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, were very low in comparison to those of the free steroid. However, relatively large amounts were found in urine of both sexes.Catheters were inserted into the urinary bladders of unovulated and ovulated females and of ripe‐running males, and the fish then placed in spawning channels. Three‐hourly urine samples were collected between 09.00 and 18.00 hours and then a 15‐h sample between 18.00 and 09.00 hours the next morning. Measurements were made of 17,20β‐P‐sulphale, testosterone glucuronide (T‐G) and 17β‐oestradiol glucuronide (E2‐G). In females, the highest rates of excretion of E2‐G, T‐G and 17,20β‐P‐sulphate were found in unovulated, ovulating and ovulated females, respectively. The rates of excretion of 17,20β‐P‐sulphate, T‐G and E2‐G in ovulated females were unaffected by the presence of a male. id males, however, there was a sharp increase in the rate of excretion of 17,20β‐P‐suiphate and T‐G in fish which were paired with an ovutated (nesting) female. A similar increase was found in males injected with male trout pituitary extract.
Urine of reproductively mature female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), contains a priming pheromone which enhances plasma levels of sex steroids and gonadotrophin II in males
Authors: Scott A. P. , Liley N. R. , Vermeirssen E. L. M. 
Published: April 2005

Urine of reproductively mature female rainbow trout was shown to contain a priming pheromone which raised the levels of 17a,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one (17,20β‐P), testosterone and gonadotrophin II in the blood plasma of reproductively mature male rainbow trout. Milt volumes, however, were unaffected.Because it had been established in a previous study that the sulphated form of 17,20β‐P is abundant in the urine of spawning rainbow trout, synthetic 17a,20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one 20‐sulphate was also tested for pheromonal activity. It was found to have only a smalt and inconsistent priming effect on steroid levels and did not alter the orientation or spawning activity of males.It was also shown that, in the majority of experiments, there was a significant drop, over the course of 24 h, in the levels of 17,20β‐P and testosterone in the control groups of males.
Scavenging on discarded saury by demersal fishes off Sendai Bay, northern Japan
Authors: Yamamura O. 
Published: April 2005

Pacific saury Cololabis saira were found in 24 out of 1314 stomachs of demersal fishes collected by bottom trawling at 245–393 m depths. The same area was occupied by the stick‐held dipnet fishery for saury, in which a landing limitation was enforced to avoid overfishing. The fish species containing saury were: Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma, and oilfish Ruvettus pretiosus. These demersal species would not encounter living saury naturally, which normally are distributed above thermoclines. The ingested saury were smaller than market size which suggests that the saury from fish stomachs were discarded by fishermen because of small sizes to maximize profits under the landing limitation.The scavenged saury made up 41.5, 24.6 and 77.7% of the diets of large‐sized (>30cm)Pacific cod, walleye pollock and oilfish, respectively in terms of DW composition. The extent to which discarded saury contributed to the total diet in the demersal fish assemblage, calculated by considering species composition and diets of bottom fishes, was 21.8% of the total diet. The discarded saury seemed to compensate the less productive feeding environment during autumn for the bottom fishes.
Risk factors for coronary heart disease among inpatients who have mild intellectual disability and mental illness
Authors: Merriman S. , Haw C. , Kirk J. , Stubbs J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground  Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the UK. The aim of this study was to screen inpatients with mild or borderline intellectual disability, many of whom also have mental illness, for risk factors for CHD.Methods  Cross sectional survey. Participants were interviewed, measured and had blood samples taken.Results  Of the 53 participants, 20 (37.7%) were overweight and 18 (34.0%) obese. The mean body mass index (BMI) of those participants prescribed regular antipsychotics was higher than those who were not. Nine (20.9%) had waist circumference measurements placing them at increased risk of CHD and 21 (48.8%) were at substantially increased risk. Twenty‐eight (52.8%) were current smokers. Of the 49 participants who had their blood pressure measured, 3 (6.1%) had readings above the reference range. Of the 19 participants who had random blood tests, one (5.3%) had an elevated cholesterol level.Conclusions  In this population there was a high prevalence of two risk factors for CHD (obesity and smoking), requiring ongoing monitoring and long‐term measures to reduce risk.
Expressive and receptive vocabulary in children with Williams and Down syndromes
Authors: Ypsilanti A. , Grouios G. , Alevriadou A. , Tsapkini K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground Williams (WS) and Down syndromes (DS) are two genetic disorders that involve intellectual disability (ID) and have been extensively studied over the past decades because of the unique linguistic profiles they exhibit. Recent investigations seek to explore the fractionation of linguistic components within the cognitive system using genetically based neurodevelopmental disorders such as WS and DS and to identify different profiles of linguistic function in these two groups of individuals.Method The ‘expressive vocabulary’, ‘receptive vocabulary’, ‘word opposites’ and ‘word definitions’ subtests (Level 1) of the Test of Word Knowledge (TOWK) were used to assess lexical skills in six children with WS and five children with DS.Results Our findings indicate that the two syndromes exhibit substantial differences on linguistic tasks with individuals with WS performing at a higher level compared to those with DS and producing atypical responses in word definitions. The pattern of errors for each syndrome is qualitatively different suggesting that their underlying linguistic mechanisms are distinctive even though ID is similar.Conclusions This study supports the differential outcome of two chromosomal disorders with similar ID. It also argues in favour of the large within group variability of the two syndromes that is not related to mental age but rather to different underlying mechanisms supporting language. These findings are discussed in the light of the current evidence concerning linguistic knowledge of neurodevelopmental and genetic disorders.
Social skills in children with intellectual disabilities with and without autism
Authors: De Bildt A. , Serra M. , Luteijn E. , Kraijer D. , Sytema S. , Minderaa R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground  Social skills were studied in 363 children with mild intellectual disabilities (ID) and 147 with moderate ID with and without autism (age 4 through 18). The objective was to investigate the value of the Children's Social Behaviour Questionnaire (CSBQ), as a measure of subtle social skills, added to a measure of basic social skills with the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS), in identifying children with ID with or without autism.Method  Children with mild and moderate ID, with and without autistic symptomatology were compared on basic social skills, measured with the Communication and Socialization domains of the VABS, and subtle social skills, measured with the CSBQ.Results  Measuring basic social skills is not sufficient in differentiating between levels of ID. Communicative skills and subtle social skills, that concern overlooking activities or situations and fear of changes in the existing situation, seem to play a far greater role. Additionally, with respect to identifying autistic symptomatology, basic social skills do not contribute, as opposed to communicative skills and the tendency to withdraw from others.Conclusions  The results implicate that the CSBQ not only has specific value as a measure of subtle social skills to identify pervasive developmental disorders, but that the instrument also has a specific contribution to differentiating between the two levels of ID. Furthermore, our outcomes imply a slight difference between limitations in subtle social skills as mentioned by the AAMR (American Association on Mental Retardation 2002) and limitations in subtle social skills as seen in milder forms of pervasive developmental disorders. Clinical and theoretical implications will be discussed.
Assessment of anger coping skills in individuals with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Willner P. , Brace N. , Phillips J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecent controlled studies have supported the effectiveness of anger management training for people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). This report describes an evaluation instrument designed to assess their usage of specific anger coping skills. The Profile of Anger Coping Skills (PACS) is designed for completion by a staff member or carer. Three situations are first elicited in which a client frequently displays anger. The respondent then rates each situation for the extent to which the client deploys each of eight behavioural and cognitive coping skills. In a preliminary reliability study, 20 users of a day service for people with IDs were rated independently by two staff members, with one of them completing the assessment on two separate occasions: the PACS showed good test–retest reliability and lower, but still acceptable, interrater reliability. The PACS was subsequently used, in a different day service, as part of the assessment pack administered before and after a 12‐week anger management group, with a parallel assessment of an untreated control group. The treated group showed substantial decreases in measures of anger, which were maintained at 6‐month follow‐up. Increases in PACS‐rated anger coping skills were also seen in all participants in the anger management group, but not in the control group. There were differences in the extent to which different coping skills were acquired by the treated group, and there were also individual differences in the profile of specific skills acquired. It is concluded that the PACS is a reliable instrument for assessing anger coping skills, particularly when used repeatedly with the same informant. It provides information that is useful for both individual care planning and the design of future anger management programmes.
Person Focused Training: a model for delivering positive behavioural supports to people with challenging behaviours
Authors: McClean B. , Dench C. , Grey I. , Shanahan S. , Fitzsimons E. , Hendler J. , Corrigan M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground  Person Focused Training is introduced as a model of service delivery for people with severe challenging behaviours. It is defined as training and supporting staff to conduct functional assessments and to design and implement positive behavioural support for specific individuals with challenging behaviours.Method  Longitudinal outcome data are presented from 138 behaviour support plans developed by staff over a seven year period were analysed to determine reductions in frequency of challenging behaviours. Degree of behaviour change was determined across topography of behaviour, gender, age, level of disability, location of residence and role of course participant.Results  Results indicate that the implementation by staff of behaviour support plans are associated with significant improvement in 77% of cases at an average follow‐up of 22 months after implementation of support plans. Only location of residence was identified as related to reduction in challenging behaviours with large residential centres being associated with lower rates of behavioural improvement.Conclusions  It is argued that Person Focused training may represent an alternative to existing models of supporting individuals with challenging behaviours. The implications of front‐line staff designing and implementing behaviour support plans for the organisation of services and the role of the clinical psychologist are considered.