bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cathedral, Monastic, and Collegiate Churches
Authors: Fernie Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basic form established by Constantine, with a nave ending in an apse and flanked by aisles, was retained for major buildings throughout the Middle Ages in western Christendom, with features added and subtracted at different times and places. A bishop, abbot, or chapter intending to build a new cathedral or abbey church would therefore have had in mind what one might call a kit of parts constituting the model of the great church from which they and the architect would have selected a design, influenced by what was considered by their peers to be practical and up to date, what they could afford, how it would be seen by those who used it, both clerical and lay, and the character of buildings in the locality, including that of the building they were replacing, if any.
Monastic Buildings
Authors: Fernie Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The three main buildings of a monastery provided for the same needs as those of a castle, namely secure places in which to eat, sleep, and worship. In the castle these were provided by the hall, the chamber, and the chapel, in the monastery by the refectory, the dormitory, and the church. Both would also have had a boundary wall and a gatehouse, a kitchen, and outbuildings, as well as accommodation for guests. In other words, the difference between a monastery and a castle is one of degree, with a greater stress on worship in one and on the trappings of power in the other. There is one fundamental difference, however, which has more to do with symbolism than utility, and that is the ordered layout of the key buildings in the monastery as opposed to the apparently ad hoc one of the castle bailey, an order which arises out of the model of the monastic life bequeathed to western monasticism by Benedict of Nursia (c.480-before 553).
Conclusion
Authors: Fernie Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The straightforward identification of style and people, of ‘Norman’ architecture in England with Norman rule, is justifiable in the decades immediately following the Conquest, but it becomes increasingly problematic by the middle of the twelfth century. By this stage the Norman style (or the English part of the school of Romanesque architecture of Normandy and England) is recognizable only by its decorative elements, its chevron, beakhead, and so on, and not by any structural developments, innovations, or importations, like the wall passage, rib vault, and pointed arch of earlier decades, a probable sign of the lack of inventiveness of those working in it, and therefore an indication that it was falling out of favour.
Prophecy and Kabbalism
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The evidence of the reception of 2 Esdras in the late Middle Ages is scattered. We find signs of it in Spain, in France, and elsewhere. A certain unity of place can, on the other hand, be established for the events which would lead to a more intensive concentration on the book by the end of the fifteenth century. The movement started in Italy and the various intellectual circles involved meet in the Florence of Girolamo Savonarola.
A Broad Tradition of Dissent
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Anabaptists came out boldly against the Lutheran and Reformed Churches. Some of them had once been Lutherans, but they devised a theology of their own which was altogether unacceptable to the main Protestant Churches and, whether living in segregated communities or more or less assimilated by society, they formed a separate movement. They were extreme examples of the rejection of an ecclesiastical authority which they associated with a godless world. Even among more convinced Protestants, however, there were individuals ready to criticize Luther on various counts. Most of them were unwilling to join the Anabaptists, and the spec-trum of Protestantism was broad enough, and above all fragmented enough, for them to be able to remain within it.
Forms, Genres, And Subjects
Authors: Howard-Hill T H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
2282 Pickering, Sam, ‘Cozen’d into a knowledge of the letters’; eighteenth-century alphabetical game books. Res Stud Washington State Univ 46no4:223–36 D ‘78. 2283 Jones, Janet Pryce- and R.H. Parker. Accounting in Scotland; a historical bibliography. Edinburgh, Institute of chartered accountants of Scotland, Scottish committee on accounting history, 1974. (2d ed. 1976). x,96p. facsims., ports. 30cm.
Critical Reception: Heritage, Ambivalence, and Interpretation
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reception of English heritage films of the 1980s and 1990s has taken several different turns. In particular, critical debate about the films has proliferated in the last decade-and has at times become quite sharp. It has also tended to focus on a much narrower selection of films than described in the previous chapter. The titles that recur most frequently in critical debate include Merchant Ivory’s ‘English’ films, the Austen, Forster, and James adaptations, and the bio-pics of monarchs and literary figures--one might say the films most concerned with class and cultural capital. Thanks to the relative popularity of such films and the intensity of critical debate about them, they now have a well-established place on the intellectual map of British cinema in the 1980s and 1990s. It has for instance become de rigueur for academic surveys of British cinema in this period to discuss the films and to comment on the nature of the debate about them. Although such commentaries will frequently question the appropriateness of the term ‘heritage cinema’, they also inevitably establish the term more firmly on the intellectual map of British cinema simply by virtue of discussing it. The debate-and the use of the term-has also spilled over into discussions of other national cinemas, especially European cinemas.
Doctor Faustus and Hell on Earth
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One context for Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus is so obvious as to have become largely invisible. A sense of it may do something to meet the complaint by Wilbur Sanders that the play is ‘chronically overexplicit’, and even to meet Sanders’s further predicament: ‘It is a nagging sense that there is some more broadly-based and more humanly intelligible way of looking at the Faustian predicament ... that makes me reluctant to call Doctor Faustus a great play.”
George Crabbe’s Thoughts of Confinement
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crabbe’s superb editor, Norma Dalrymple-Champneys, has a note: ‘Quanting: a term used by bargemen on the East coast for propelling a boat or punt with a “quant” or pole.’ The stationing is perfect for Crabbe, who is always in his element when water meets land (Peter Grimes and many another); who has a feeling for what ‘pressing’ truly is; and whose couplets manifest a disconcerting relation of movement to staying in the same place. They observe gait, their own and others’.
Literary Principles as Against Theory
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Principles as against theory? What follows is an attempt to enunciate briefly some convictions and to indicate some grounds for them. This will necessarily be open to the objection which the philosopher can always make, that of being ‘underdescribed’ and ‘underargued’. (The philosopher in tum can often be accused either of over description and over argument or of inhabiting a world in which the possibility of over description and over argument goes unimagined.) Against the claims of theory, I set the counterclaims of principle. These may sometimes be counterclaims in the sense that they are at odds with theory’s claims, and sometimes in the sense that they put in a competing bid for what will always, in teaching and out of it, be limited resources, notably those severely limited resources time and energy and attention. Very often my beliefs have been best expressed by others; this is for me not an admission but an acknowledgement, since it makes thought about literature continuous with literature, where too I repeatedly find my beliefs best expressed by others.
4 A Young Lady’ (fl. 1683)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The author of The Emulation. A Pindarick Ode’ is evidently a member of The new generation of women writers such as Lady Chudleigh, Mary Astell, and The Irishwoman ‘Philo-Phillipa’ who had begun to formulate a series of radical criticisms of The position of women in society, particularly of Their educational opportunities: she cannot be identified furTher than this.
Lady wythens, née Elizabeth Taylor, Later Colepeper (before 1670-1708)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth Taylor was The daughter of Sir Thomas Taylor, first Baronet of Park House, Maidstone, Kent, and Elizabeth, daughter and heir of George Hall of Maidstone. The marriage took place in 1657, and Sir Thomas died r.1665.
Mary evelyn (1665-1685)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The eldest daughter of John Evelyn The diarist. She died of smallpox at The age of 19 and was buried in The south-east end of The church at Deptford. Evelyn records her gift for comedy in his diary, as well as her excellent education, musical talents, and piety.
Lady Grisell Baillie (níe Hume) (1665-1746)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lady Grissel Baillie was born on Christmas Day at Redbraes castle in Berwickshire, daughter of Sir Patrick Hume of Polwarth and Grisell Ker. She became something of a heroine at an early age. Her faTher, Sir Patrick Hume, used her to deliver secret messages to The imprisoned Jacobite Robert Baillie of Jervis wood.
Mary Pix (née Griffith) (1666-Before 1709)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paddy Lyons and Fidelis Morgan have recently been able to shed some new light on The ‘background of letters and music which formed Mary Pix as a playwright’. She was born in 1666, The daughter of The Reverend Roger Griffith and Lucy, nee Berriman, in Nettlebed, Oxfordshire. Her moTher was described as a soundesse, or musician, on her marriage, 5 October 1665. Her faTher, a graduate of both English universities, was rector of The Buckingham parish of Padbury and Master of The Royal Latin (Free) School in Buckingham.
Mary Astell (1666-1731)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marry Astell was born on 6 November 1666 in Newcastle upon Tyne, The daughter of Peter Astell, a gentrified coal merchant, and Mary Errington. Her moTher was from a family of Catholic recusants, but she allowed her children to be brought up in The Church of England. Mary was The oldest child; one broTher, Peter, studied at The Middle Temple and pursued a modestly successful career as a lawyer in his hometown; a second broTher died in infancy.
Elizabeth Thomas (1675-1731)
Authors: Stevenson Jane , Davidson Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth was The daughter of Emmanuel Thomas of The Inner Temple, and Elizabeth Osborne. Her faTher died when she was 2, and she was brought up by her moTher and her moTher’s moTher in straitened circumstances in lodgings in London. Some details of her biography can be gleaned from The ‘Life of Corinna’ prefixed to her published collection of letters, Pylades and Corinna (171-2).
Love as the European Humour
Authors: Docherty Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1665, while Dryden was writing his Essay and pondering Anglo-French cultural antagonisms, Moliere found himself enjoying the favour of Louis XIV, even through the scandals and socio cultural troubles caused by his controversial Tartuffe, with its satirical attack on moralistic hypocrisy, in 1664. He had begun to receive a pension from Louis in 1663 of some one thousand francs; but this was multiplied six fold when, in the August of 166 5, Moliere’s company received the official patronage of the king.
Democracy Time and Time Again
Authors: Docherty Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the establishment of a culture of benevolence, as I argued in the last chapter, there is a corollary ‘place-logic’, according to which the temporality that is a primary condition of friendship or benevolence is circumvented: the ethical relations that shape the social are seen to be matters of location, of how and where we stand in relation to each other, and not matters of history or of our temporal being with regard to each other. In this chapter, in which I shall explore further the philosophy of Hutcheson and its influence on our own contemporary aesthetics or culture, I shall trace out the implications of this evasion of temporality for an aesthetics that would be democratic.
Gissing’s Fry-ups: Mess, Waste, and the Definition of Working-Class Culture
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No English novelist ever served a more strenuous apprenticeship in the trade of novel-writing than Arnold Bennett. The letters he wrote in the 1890s, while preparing himself for the composition of his first novel, A Man from the North (1898), display a wide-ranging knowledge of English, French, and Russian literature. In his view, Turgenev, ‘the Bach of fiction’, reigned supreme, with the Goncourts and Maupassant not far behind; George Moore came a respectable fourth.1 It would certainly be possible to consider turn-of-the-century English fiction under the aspect of an avoidance of Naturalism.
The Fiery Comet ( 1820—1822)
Authors: Gittings Robert , Manton Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Claire’s feelings of isolation proved only temporary. She settled to life with the Bojti family, taking the older children, Louisa and Annina, for walks in the terraces of the Boboli Gardens, among the small evergreen trees, statues, and fountains. She also strolled with Sna Bojti in the busy, lively town. In letters to Mary she at first complained of dullness, but her sense of humour was still acute, and she enjoyed visits to the opera and ballet with her friendly hostess. She also let her excessive blame of Byron overflow into amusing caricatures, picturing him drinking coffee with a mistress stinking horribly of garlic.
Religio Medici and Grubstreet
Authors: Havenstein Daniela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bridgwater’s intentions to capitalize on the popularity of his famous predecessor are quite obvious. Forty-eight years after the first authorized edition of Religio Medici, the trade in Religios of various kinds was well established. This trade coincides with the emergence of a popular print culture in England against which the publication of Religio Bibliopolce must be considered. Bridgwater would have been dismayed at the little attention his sales strategies have raised among twentieth-century critics of Religio Medici.
Searching for the Limbs of Osiris
Authors: Havenstein Daniela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whereas the previous chapter focused on one category of word classes, conjunctions, this chapter has both more general and more specific concerns. In the first part I shall provide some reflections on the principles, assumptions, and methods regarding my use of stylometry. As a consequence of the investigation’s experimental and quantitative character, this part will also consist of a series of observations on the nature of quantitative analysis of style, and the status and meaningfulness of its results. In the second part of the chapter I shall draw some general conclusions about the respective styles of Religio Medici, its imitations, and the works of the control group.
Representing Johnson
Authors: Redford Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘The Flemish picture which I give of my friend’: Boswell’s metaphor both tantalizes and eludes. Its basic meaning is clear: the biographer conceives of his enterprise as analogous to that of a documentary portrait-painter who captures each ‘small characteristick trait’ of his subject (Life iii. 191). Like a Teniers or a Jordaens, Boswell commits himself to rendering unvarnished surfaces as a means of suggesting inspirational depths.
The University’s Contribution to Religion
Authors: Rowell Geoffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oxford has made a significant contribution to religion because Oxford was cradled in the Church. The early colleges and halls were religious foundations, founded for such objects as ‘the profit of the holy church of God’, or to the honour of’ our Lord Jesus Christ and of his glorious mother Mary and of all the saints’. Provision was made in early collegiate statutes for the celebration of mass and the regular saying of the canonical hours. Frequently there were particular obligations on the fellows of a college to pray for their founder and his kin after their decease. The common life of colleges had much of a monastic character.
The local context
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unfortunately, few parish registers are as informative as this about the origins of an epidemic and its local impact. Few parish clerks, perhaps, had so memorable a story to tell. If we wish to investigate the local incidence of plague in any detail, therefore, we need to look beyond such exceptional records, evocative as they are. We must take into account those registers which simply listed an increasing number of burials in plague-time, and also the negative evidence of registers which recorded no increase in mortality at all. In fact, in order to see which kinds of community were most affected by plague in the course of our period, we need to obtain as complete a coverage of parishes over as wide an area as possible. One way of attempting this is through an examination of two counties in different parts of England, whose experience of the disease might be expected to be dissimilar.
The People of Blood and the People of Water: The Rise of Turkana Diviners in the Later Nineteenth century
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decline in status of the senior elders which had accompanied the alteration of the generation-set system created something of a power vacuum in an already acephalous and potentially fissiparous Turkana political environment. Concurrently, the initial momentum of Turkana territorial expansions began to slow. Part of the reason apparently was a more determined resistance to Turkana encroachments which began to be offered by a Maa-speaking people called the Kor, who lived in close pastoral association with Cushitic-speaking groups. All of them herded a variety of livestock, but the Kor specialized in cattle and the Cushites in camels, well suited to the semi-arid plains near the south-western and southern shores of the lake. It is likely that this confederation had fallen back before Turkana advances for some time and in the process had incorporated sizeable numbers of Siger and other peoples displaced by Turkana. By about the mid-nineteenth century these various elements had coalesced—at least partly in response to Turkana pressures—into the Sampur, Rendille, and Ariaal communities and they now presented a powerful barrier to any Turkana expansion beyond the Kerio.
Ekaru Ekwakoit The Time of the White Bone
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After learning of Otter’s death during his visit to Kakuma, Arnold Hodson pushed on westwards to continue his border inspection. Qanazmach Laku, the Ethiopian official from Maji assigned to accompany him, abruptly began complaining of illness, and returned with his bodyguards toward Maji. On the march, however, Lakujoined 70 Ethiopian riflemen waiting in a prearranged place and attacked Turkana settlements, killing people and looting livestock. The animals were driven on to the country of the Dassanetch, where cows were exchanged for fat oxen, ready for slaughter. Laku then continued on to Maji where he presented the oxen to the governor. The incident, all too familiar to the northern Turkana, was typical of the ever deteriorating relations between the Turkana and the Ethiopians.
Refonn and Reaction: Bristol and 1832
Authors: Phillips John A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between the late afternoon of Saturday 29 October 1831 and the following Monday morning, a mob in Bristol caused King William IV ‘the deepest affliction’ by burning down a sizeable portion of the town. During thirty-six hours of violence Bristol mobs stormed, emptied, and fired three gaols, sacked and burned the Mansion House, Customs House, and Bishop’s palace, and destroyed dozens of private residences. Before armed intervention from the 3rd Dragoons, 14th Hussars, and mounted elements of the local yeomanry stopped the riot, scores of people died or were seriously injured in the flames, in the crush of the crowd, or from sabre strokes and musket fire.
Reform Resplendent: The Political Transformation of Maidstone and Colchester
Authors: Phillips John A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IF Bristol stood near one extreme on the spectrum of popular responses to the Reform Bill in 1831, Maidstone and Colchester stood near the other. Reform generated very little visible anxiety in either town, much less riot. The residents of Maidstone were by no means apolitical. Quite the reverse; it was precisely because they were so politicized and so accustomed to political battles that a fight over an issue seemed less than extraordinary. Citizens of Colchester were far less developed politically in 1831 than their Maidstone counterparts, but they too were accustomed to elections, parties, and intense political debates in the years leading up to Reform. But while the inhabitants of these two towns failed to work themselves into a frenzied demand for Reform, voters in both places were powerfully affected by the agitation surrounding the Reform Bill and its actual passage. Reform, Act and era, transformed informed voters into nationally oriented partisans.
Reform Refracted 2: Praying and Voting
Authors: Phillips John A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The politics of class dominated neither unreformed nor reformed politics, but a strong, consistent pattern of religious differentiation marked the partisans at every election tested in each of these constituencies both before and after Reform. The link forged in the eighteenth century between Nonconformists and Whigs persisted into the nineteenth century and survived 1832. If anything, the affinity of Nonconformists for the Whig party may have increased with Reform.
Introduction
Authors: Moreton C E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Townshends of East Raynham in north-west Norfolk, a family which survives to this day, enjoy a distinguished record. Since the reign of Charles II they have been peers of the realm, but the Townshends of the eighteenth century, especially ‘Turnip Townshend’ the agricultural improver, are probably the most famous. The subjects of this book are, however, those less well-known Townshends who founded the family’s fortunes.
Europe in Revolution
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few people foresaw the upheavals of the 1790s, and even fewer worked consciously to bring them about. The constitutional struggles which gave birth to these unforeseen events were the results of attempts by leading subjects to resist innovating governments. But the victory of the forces of resistance, whether in America in 1776, in Ireland in 1782, in Belgium and Hungary in 1790, or in France in 1788, itself brought innovations. Governments had been successfully defied, power had fallen from their hands. What now was to be done with this power, and who was to decide? The defeat of the governments had been brought about by coalitions. Noblemen and churchmen had led the forces of resistance which covered a far broader social range.