bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic studies of reproductive patterns
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classic studies by Lorenz (1941) on ducks first demonstrated that behavioural traits of birds may conform closely to morphological ones, and that behaviour, like morphology, can reflect phylogenetic history. A recent example is seen in the study by Kennedy et al. (1996) of the relationship between social displays and phylogeny in the Order Pelecaniformes. David Winkler and Frederick Sheldon (1993) make this point in a novel way by demonstrating that nests of swallows parallel their phylogeny (Fig. 7.1). As a group, swallows show a great diversity of nest types, from burrows to cavities to nests built of mud. Winkler and Sheldon superimposed nests on a phylogeny based on DNA-hybridization and found that nest type is tightly linked to the inferred evolutionary history of swallows. Nest sites and modes of construction are a physical manifestation of complex, largely stereotyped behaviour, and in this respect they are similar to the courtship displays of many birds.
The benefits of oviparity and the evolution of parental care
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are there no viviparous birds? This question is critical to obtaining an understanding of parental care patterns and thus mating systems of birds. The benefits and costs of egg-laying have had effects on the reproductive biology of birds that cannot be overstated. The production of eggs, along with the evolution of physiological (e.g. endothermy) and behavioural (e.g. incubation) traits associated with the care of eggs and hatchlings, has set birds apart from all other animals with regard to parental care, and particularly with regard to paternal care.
Framework and theory
Authors: Little Michael A , Dyson-Hudson Rada , Leslie Paul W , Dyson-Hudson Neville 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Keeping domestic animals for food is a practice of subsistence that dates back more than 10000 years in human prehistory. By 6000 years ago, there were pastoralists in northern Africa, and there is clear evidence for pastoralism in East Africa about 2000 years later (Marshall 1994; A.B. Smith 1992a). Before animal domestication, all forms of human subsistence were based on hunting land animals, fishing and collecting aquatic animals, and gathering plant foods. Animal domestication and pastoralism gave human groups greater control over their food resources than did hunting and gathering. Livestock provided a more regular supply of food that tended to dampen, but not entirely eliminate, the seasonal patterns of availability that faced the hunter and gatherer. Livestock food resources could be harvested without killing the animals through practices of milking and bleeding. At the same time, animals could be slaughtered for meat when the need arose, particularly during drought or other emergencies.
Settled Turkana
Authors: Campbell Benjamin C , Leslie Paul W , Little Michael A , Brainard Jean M , Deluca Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Africa, nomadic pastoralism is in decline. For a variety of interacting political, social, economic, and environmental reasons, nomadic populations in the savanna lands of East Africa, numerous a century ago, have become increasingly sedentarized or settled. Former nomads now live on commercial ranches, in farming communities, on irrigation schemes, and as wage employees in towns and cities. Under these conditions, the nomadic cultural patterns and lifestyle are dramatically transformed, and pastoral traditions are either lost or become subordinated to other kinds of subsistence. These transformations in subsistence and behavior contribute to changes in health and well-being which, although not fully understood, include changes in nutrition, reproduction, growth of children, disease, work and activity patterns, social integration, and psychological status of the people.
Synthesis and lessons
Authors: Leslie Paul W , Little Michael A , Dyson-Hudson Rada , Dyson-Hudson Neville 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To most Westerners, and indeed to most Kenyans, the Great Rift Valley in the vicinity of Lake Turkana is inhospitable. To most Turkana, this region is a fine place to live and herd their cattle, camels, goats, sheep, and donkeys. To a group of anthropologists and ecologists more than twenty years ago, this seemed to be an excellent site to study how people following a traditional pattern of nomadic pastoralism respond, biologically and behaviorally, to an unpredictable environment. Thus, our research in Turkana grew from the desire to understand how the Ngisonyoka people have adapted to their environment, an environment that we perceived to be harsh and challenging in many respects. More specifically, our goals were to learn (1) how the Turkana adapt to and extract resources from their environment, (2) how the people’s subsistence pattern and lifestyle affect the health and other characteristics of the human population, and (3) how the people and their livestock affect the savanna ecosystem.
Damage to Buds, Shoots, and Branches
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shoots tend to be damaged most severely by frost when it occurs in spring ( ‘late frost ‘), since the tissues are soft at this time and more susceptible to thermal shock than in autumn or winter. However, frosts at the end of the growing season ( ‘early frosts ‘) can also be damaging to certain species that have a continuous flushing habit and set buds late in the summer (e.g. poplars) or not at all (e.g. eucalypts). Severe frost damage causes shoots to wilt and droop, becoming brown and desiccated after a few days. If the damage is sublethal or confined to one side of the shoot, subsequent growth may be stunted, curved, or otherwise distorted, especially in the case of conifers (Fig. 51). In most broadleaved species, the loss of the shoot tips stimulates compensatory growth either from axillary buds (e.g. oak) or from dormant buds (e.g. beech), but this new growth usually bears undersized chlorotic leaves. Conifers are less able than broadleaves to replace lost shoots; an exception to this is larch, which can refoliate entirely.
Bark Damage
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bark differs from the relatively short-lived parts of a tree, such as leaves or needles, in that it is a permanent organ which is not shed or replaced, except by a gradual process of surface sloughing and cell replacement. As a whole, therefore, the bark is as old as the stems and branches that it covers. As such, it is exposed throughout the life of the tree to potential damage from environmental extremes, parasitic attack, or wounding. If such damage occurs, the underlying wood can be exposed to attack by decay organisms, with potentially lethal consequences if the main stem is involved. This threat is countered by a range of defence and repair mechanisms which operate in both bark and sapwood and have been an essential element in the evolutionary success of trees.
Railways and sustainable development
Authors: Reid Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Bob Reid took his first degree at the University of St. Andrew’s and joined the Shell Oil Company in 1956. He served the company for 35 years, in Brunei, Nigeria, Kenya, Thailand, Australia, and in the London headquarters. In 1985, he was appointed Chairman and Chief Executive of Shell UK, a post that he held for 5 years before agreeing, in 1990, to become Chairman of the British Railways Board. Sir Bob left British Rail in 1995 and his Linacre Lecture was one of his last major public statements as head of Britain’s railway industry. He is now Chairman of London Electricity pie and of Sears plc.
Introduction
Authors: Bicknell Roy , Lewis Claire E , Ferrara Napoleone 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two recognized mechanisms by which blood vessels arise that are termed vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis describes the development of new vessels from existing vessels. The process has been long known; indeed it was certainly recognized as early as 1787 when John Hunter noted that it occurred during the development of reindeer antlers (1). The purpose of this introduction is not to provide a detailed history of the field but to set the scene for the chapters that follow. This book is intended to give a comprehensive review of the state of our current understanding of the field primarily, but not exclusively, in relation to tumour angiogenesis. Each chapter has been written by an acknowledged expert in a specific area. The reason that the volume concentrates on tumour angiogenesis is because studies in this area have dominated the field of angiogenesis over the past 20 years. This is due in part to the work of Petro Gullino at the National Cancer Institute in Frederick and later Judah Folkman at Harvard Medical School. Both have been instrumental in bringing the concept of tumour angiogenesis and its inhibition as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic strategy to the attention of a wide cross-section of the research community. Nevertheless, the contents of the book are of relevance to all researchers interested in blood vessel development, particularly the chapters covering the role of individual cytokines.
In vivo models of angiogenesis
Authors: Fan TaiPing D , Polverini Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To discover and test the efficacy of new anti-angiogenics, it is imperative to have appropriate in vivo models. The classical assays for angiogenesis include the hamster cheek pouch (l-4), rabbit ear chamber (5), dorsal skin and air sac (6-8), the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) (8-10), and iris and avascular cornea of rodent eye (11-13). The past 10 years have seen improvements of some of these assays and the introduction of several new models, e.g. subcutaneous implantation of plastic chambers (14) or porous polytetrafluoroethylene tubes (15). In particular, techniques involving the subcutaneous implantation of sterile sponges into experimental animals have become popular (16-18). Furthermore, a variety of naturally occurring and chemically modified versions of matrices such as Matrigel (19,20) or fibrin gels (14) that were only used until recently to analyse angiogenesis in vitro.
The role of macrophages in tumour angiogenesis
Authors: Leek Russell D , Lewis Claire E , Harris Adrian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solid tumours do not consist of neoplastic cells in isolation, rather, they comprise of a range of cellular types, which often outnumber the tumour cell population (1,2). The tumour cells are usually surrounded by a supportive stroma consisting of a fibrous extracellular matrix (ECM) laid down by fibroblasts. Insinuating into this environment are blood vessel endothelial cells, which provide nutritional and respiratory support for the tumour. Often, there is also an infiltrate of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. These cells communicate by a complex network of intercellular signalling pathways mediated by surface adhesion molecules and soluble polypeptides called cytokines and their receptors (3,4).
Pleiotrophin and related molecules
Authors: Schulte Anke M , Wellstein Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of polypeptide growth factors have marked affinity for the glycosaminoglycan heparin and for heparan sulphates found on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix (ECM). These growth factors are collectively called heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs) and comprise distinct polypeptides such as the vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), and fibroblast growth factors (FGF) (reviewed in chapters 16, 17). FGFs are the largest group of known HBGFs comprising at least 10 different members ( l) and they were the first growth factors for which heparin affinity was demonstrated (2). Several years ago a novel gene family of HBGFs was discovered that appeared biologically very closely related to FGFs but turned out to be structurally distinct from FGFs as well as from any other known growth factors. The two members of this family are pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK). They are secreted HBGFs with an apparent molecular mass of 18 and 14 kDa, respectively, and they are highly conserved between different species as well as between each other; e.g. the secreted portion of the human and bovine PTN protein differ by only one amino acid, and the homology between the PTN and MK proteins is on average close to 50% taking conservative amino acid replacements into account. Both proteins were original described as developmentally regulated cytokines based on their expression pattern during fetal and neonatal brain development. In addition to this, PTN as well as MK appear to participate in tumour growth and angiogenesis.
Inhibition of tumour angiogenesis and the induction of tumour dormancy
Authors: Holmgren Lars , Bicknell Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1970s when Folkman popularized the idea that tumour growth is angiogenesis-dependent and that an anti-angiogenic strategy might constitute a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid tumours (1) there has been an ever increasing interest in the idea. Indeed, with the realization that anti-angiogenesis may be useful in the treatment of a number of pathologies aside from cancer (e.g. psoriasis, diabetic retinopathy, menorrhagia, etc.) over the last 10 years interest in the identification of a therapeutically useful anti-angiogenic compound has become intense.
Development of the embryonic vascular system
Authors: Young Paul E , Lasky Laurence A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Establishment of the vascular system is a critical step in the development of the vertebrate embryo. Numerous mutations and gene knockouts that indirectly compromise the ability of the mammalian embryo to establish and maintain an embryonic and/or yolk sac vasculature frequently result in early embryonic lethality (for review, see reference I). As the embryo develops bulk and the various organ primordia appear and become organized, it is essential that all cells within a tissue mass receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients and an efficient means of clearing waste products.
The open seas
Authors: Fogg G E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ice-free areas of the polar seas do not differ in any fundamental way from the temperate seas with which they are confluent. They are colder and more tempestuous but these are only matters of degree and, although there are special features of hydrography, so there are in every other sea. Nevertheless, there are good reasons for including them as polar habitats. They interact with ice and the polar atmosphere, play important roles in polar thermal regimes (p. 8), and provide the organic production which sustains the animal life of both Arctic and Antarctic coastal regions. In detail they have their own biological characteristics. Study of polar marine biology has lagged behind that in other sea areas but it is evident that the Arctic seas and the Southern Ocean play crucial parts in global processes and that knowledge of their biological, as well as physical, oceanography is essential if we are to understand and manage our environment. The hydrographical and physical background has already been outlined (p. 8) and this chapter is concerned with the ecology.
Feeling and Hearing
Authors: Herring Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A night-time walk in a dark wood (where our visual sense temporarily fails) provides a reminder of the information our various mechanoreceptors can give us about the environment and its inhabitants. The distant rumble of thunder, a breath of wind, the brush of a moth, the squeal of a captured mouse, the squeak of a bat, or the hoot of an owl, each adds to our knowledge of the surroundings even though both our perceptions and our interpretations are inevitably limited.
Feral populations of Xenopusoutside Africa
Authors: Tinsley FI C , Mccoid M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although now limited naturally to Africa south of the Sahara, the clawed frogs actually have the capacity for a wide geographical distribution. During the past 30 years or more, Xenopus has been introduced into a range of temperate regions, in North and South America, Europe and some isolated localities such as Ascension Island. All these intro¬ ductions appear to have been of one species, Xenopus laevis from the Cape, South Africa. A critical review shows that many reports have not been substantiated recently. Our data are based on populations in the USA and the UK. Long-term records of colonies in the UK, where X. laevis are individually dye-marked for recapture studies, show relatively mobile and long-lived individuals, some being caught regularly for up to nine years.
Energy and nutrients
Authors: Giller Paul S , Malmqvist Björn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have examined the nature of the running water habitat and the organisms and their adaptations. we now turn to the population, community, and ecosystem levels and in the next three chapters explore the various patterns and processes that are found in streams and rivers. Flowing water and the intimate link between the stream and its valley leads to some of the unique structural and functional features of the lotic system. To set the scene, we will explore the processes involving energy, nutrients, and decomposition in this chapter before turning to movement, colonization, and species interactions in Chapter 7, and then discuss community structure, species diversity and distribution at the biogeographic scale in Chapter 8.
The use, abuse, and conservation of running waters
Authors: Giller Paul S , Malmqvist Björn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rivers all over the world have supported the growth of human civilization since the first towns appeared some 7000 years ago ( meybeck, 1996) but as a result of this growth and the diversification of activities, most of the world’s rivers have been negatively affected. Nearly thirty years ago, H.B.N. Hynes (1970) wrote’... human activity has profoundly affected rivers and streams in all parts of the world to such an extent that it is now extremely difficult to find any stream which has not been in some way altered and probably quite impossible to find any such river’. The situation has not improved to any great extent to the present day and has, if anything, deteriorated further in many parts of the world. What has improved is our understanding of the changes we have wrought, the factors causing them and to some small degree, how we can prevent future impacts and start rehabilitating damaged systems.
Reproductive strategies and sperm competition in the adder, Vipera berus
Authors: Andren Claes , Nilson Goran , Hoggren Mats , Tegelstrom Ihakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproduction in temperate snakes shows large variation. In males the reproductive cycle is annual, while females have a biennial or longer cycle depending on species and environmental conditions. Ovulation (fertilization) is temporally separated from copulation, allowing sperm competition in polyandric species. This system can, however, be violated by male-mediated renal sex secretion reducing sperm transfer from later matings by contraction of posterior uteri, or by a copulatory plug. Matings can be restricted to one spring or autumn period or can be biannual. Short-term sperm storage between mating and ovulation is the normal case, but sperm can be stored over winter in species with autumn matings, or several years in species lacking aggregation periods or with low population density. In the adder (Vipera berus), precopulatory behaviour in spring includes violent male-male combats and mate guarding, and sex ratio is male-biased because the female reproductive cycle is biennial. During recent years quite different opinions have been expressed concerning adder reproductive behaviour. Main questions have involved the presence or importance of long-term sperm storage, a copulatory plug, multiple paternity in wild populations, male and female choice and whether promiscuity influences offspring viability. We performed DNA fingerprinting of 12 litters of adders in order to find out whether multiple paternity can be determined without collecting fathers and in order to investigate the significance of multiple paternity in wild adders. For each litter we tested the binomial probability that a single father would transmit the observed number of paternal bands in each offspring. In 83% of the litters only one male had sired the offspring, while in the remaining litters more than one father was involved. We conclude that although females may copulate more than once with a single male, multiple paternity is a rare event in the population studied.
Geographical and intraspecies variation in the clinical manifestations of envenoming by snakes
Authors: Warrell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The range and severity of clinical manifestations after a bite by a particular species of snake and hence the prognosis depend on the quantity of venom injected, its composition, the site and depth of the bite, the age and previous health of the victim and the quality of first aid and medical treatment. The quantity and composition of venom will vary with the age/size of the snake, the mechanical efficiency of the bite and the amount of venom present in the venom apparatus immediately before the strike. Variation in venom composition and antigeniciity throughout the geographical range of a single ‘species ‘ has been documented and, even at a particular geographical locus, composition of venom from individual snakes of the same age/size may not be homogeneous. All these sources of variation make it difficult to predict the outcome of a bite and to provide guidelines for clinical management, even if the species is known. Optimal medical treatment depends on the precise identification of the biting species. Ideally, this will be based on examination of the snake responsible for the bite or on rapid identification of specific venom antigen in the patient ‘s serum or other body fluids, for example by enzyme immunoassay. Failing that, the clinician must decide on the most likely species, based on the circumstances of the bite, the patient ‘s description of the appearance and behaviour of the snake and the symptoms and signs of envenoming. For antivenom production, use of a pool of venom from correctly identified snakes of different ages/sizes and geographical origins is essential in view of the intraspeciies variation in venom composition and antigenicity.
Superconducting Materials
Authors: Etourneau J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1908 the experiments of Kammerlingh-Onnes1 on the liquefaction of helium led to the study of a number of phenomena in the temperature range 1 K to 14 K. One of the first experiments that he performed was the measurement of the resistivity of numerous materials as a function of temperature. Thus he found (1911) that the electrical resistance of a purified mercury sample dropped sharply from 0.08 Q at above 4 K to less than 3 x 10-6 Q at about 4.2 K. This drop occurred over a temperature interval of0.01 K (Fig. 3.1). This phenomenon was called superconductivity. The most striking feature of all superconducting materials is that below a critical temperature, labelled T cr, the electrical resistance is zero.