bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Word order has often been the subject of diachronic studies of French and other India-European and non-Inda-European languages. In contrast to these previous studies I have attempted to demonstrate in this book the fundamental cohesion of the reorganization of all grammatical structures of Latin, referring at the same time to psycholinguistic considerations that can account for this comprehensive development. The structural reorganization has affected the syntactic as well as the morphological structures of Latin. In order to account for this comprehensive diachronic development I have related these findings to data from child language which show that the new branching pattern presents important advantages over its LB equivalent. Having accepted the approach of Bichakjian (1987), who has proposed a diachronic analysis of word order in terms of branching-although the idea of a typological study of the shift from OV to VO had been proposed much earlier by Lehmann (1971)-I have demonstrated the reversal of the order complement-head in the hierarchical structures of Latin, accounting for the structural regularity of both syntactic and morphological units and their evolution. Once the structural parallel between syntax and morphology has been established, one observes that far from being arbitrary organizations, the unmarked structures of Latin and PIE were organized according to the same principle: the complement systematically preceded .
Introduction: Schumann Today
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To write, near the turn to the twenty-first century, a study of the life and works of Robert Schumann is perhaps both presumptuous and foolhardy; presumptuous, because so many studies of the composer already exist; and foolhardy, because biographies, if some of the latest critical punditry is to be believed, may soon become the museum pieces of writerly genres. Among nineteenth-century composers, probably only Beethoven and Wagner might boast of having served more often as the subject of biographical inquiries than Schumann, whose story has been told and retold, revised and corrected, again and again. Moreover, the biographical method itself is under fire; before long, general studies of an artist’s life and works may well be viewed with the same circumspection among scholarly writings as the historical romance is among literary genres. The guiding ideas of the nineteenth century, after all, can hardly be transplanted uncritically into the twentieth. For most of us, art is no longer the unmediated expression or reflection of the artist’s inner life. The unity of lived experience and artistic product-so dear to nineteenth-century thinking-was already consigned by Walter Benjamin some three-quarters of a century ago to the realm where it belongs: to myth; fictional heroes, not living subjects, exemplify a perfect synthesis of this sort.
Introduction
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the 1950s drew to a close, the organizers of the official centennial observances for the Civil War were determined not to allow their project, scheduled to begin in the spring of 1961 and to run through the spring of 1965, to become bogged down in any outmoded animosities. Among other considerations, much was at stake in a successful centennial for the tourism, publishing, and souvenir industries; as Karl S. Betts of the federal Civil War Centennial Commission predicted expansively on the eve of the celebration, “It will be a shot in the arm for the whole American economy.” Naturally, the shot-in-the-arm would work better if other kinds of shots, those dispensed from musketry and artillery that caused the death and dismemberment of hundreds of thousands of Americans between 1861 and 1865, were not excessively dwelt upon. The Centennial Commission preferred to present the Civil War as, in essence, a kind of colorful and good-natured regional athletic rivalry between two groups of freedom-loving white Americans. Thus, the commission’s brochure “Facts About the Civil War” described the respective military forces of the Union and the Confederacy in 1861 as “the Starting Line-ups.”
The New Frontier of American Liberalism
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In American popular memory, the 1960s are regarded as years of ascendant liberalism. According to this view, liberals in Washington, D.C. and elsewhere had a more or less free hand in setting the political agenda for the decade. In domestic policy, they launched a “war on poverty” that raised unfulfillable expectations, squandered vast sums of money, and may even have been responsible for worsening the conditions prevailing in the nation’s central cities. In the courts, they sponsored a “rights revolution” that led to noisy demands for special treatment by minorities, welfare recipients, homosexuals, criminal defendants, and others outside the mainstream of American society.
1963
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As President John F. Kennedy celebrated Christmas of 1962 in Palm Beach, Florida, it looked like a very good year, even a triumphant one, could be in the offing. Unemployment was down, inflation was running at only 1 percent a year, and both business leaders and ordinary citizens were cheering the president’s plan for a permanent cut in income tax rates. According to the Gallup poll, 76 percent of the public approved the way the president was handling his job; even a majority of Republicans in the survey agreed.
On the Semantics and Morphosyntax of the Italian Subjunctive
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we consider the distribution of the subjunctive and the indicative in Romance and Germanic languages. We will argue that the observed patterns can be explained on semantic grounds. Within the so-called possible world approaches to semantics, it is commonplace to assume that the contribution of a subordinate clause to the meaning of the sentence is computed by relativising its truth conditions to a set of worlds (mainly) determined by the matrix verb. We will see that the properties of such a set of worlds, constituting the context of evaluation of the clause, play a crucial role in the explanation of mood choice. The core of this idea is not new: it constitutes the basis of the traditional view according to which the indicative/subjunctive dichotomy is a manifestation of the realis/irrealis opposition. We will argue that an analysis in terms of realis/irrealis is not empirically adequate, and we will develop a semantic component providing a fine grained classification for the contexts of evaluation. On the other hand, we will argue that since the indicative/subjunctive distinction is a binary one, the typology identified by the semantic component must be collapsed into two main classes: the indicative one and the subjunctive class. Our proposal with respect to crosslinguistic variation is the following: languages might differ in the way they reduce the classes identified by the semantic component into the binary grammatical distinction. We will show that the various contexts can be ordered along a continuum, and that languages tend to behave alike at the extremities, selecting consistently the indicative or the subjunctive, whereas they differ with respect to the intermediate contexts, which in some languages emerge with the indicative and in other ones with the subjunctive.
Choosing an Instrument
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finding an istrument for your child is something like helping him find a friend.
Instruments have personalities, just as your child does. You know your child. This chapter will tell you about the instruments and how to make a good match between your child and an instrument.
Making music in a certain way is a very personal choice. Tastes differ considerably. Some children love holding a violin or cello, feeling the vibrations as they move the bow across the strings, changing each sound as they form it. For other children, even those who are very musical, this is awkward or unattractive. Some children enjoy being alone at a keyboard, can cope with two-staff reading, and like the idea that they can play the melody and harmony at the same time. Others feel that playing the piano is mechanical or too complicated.
The point is that most of us enjoy making music chiefly (perhaps only) in a certain way—bowing, blowing, strumming, drumming, singing, or pushing down keys. Don’t think that if your child considers playing a piano, cello, or flute unappealing, she is unmusical or disinterested in making music. She may just need to find an instrument she’s attracted to and comfortable with.
Foundational Issues in the Learning of Proper Names, Count Nouns and Mass Nouns
Authors: Macnamara John , Reyes Gonzalo E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the foundations laid down in La Palme Reyes, Macnamara and Reyes (this volume) are crucial to the psychology of word learning, they are not in themselves psychology but logic. This paper bridges the gap. It begins with a general statement about the problem of explaining how anyone learns proper names, count nouns and mass nouns. It goes on to lay down a psychological postulate from which, in conjunction with the theses laid down in La Palme Reyes, Macnamara and Reyes (this volume), we draw two conclusions of paramount importance for the theory of learning in general. We next proceed, in the light of our logical and psychological foundations, to specify what the learner must express at the point of learning a proper name, a count noun or a mass noun. For simplicity we confine ourselves to basic-level count nouns and mass nouns. We do not carry out a comprehensive review of the experimental literature. That task we leave to Geoff Hall in the article that follows this one.
Some Issues Involving Internal and External Semantics
Authors: Pelletier Francis Jeffry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emmon Bach’s paper (this volume) raises a number of interesting is sues, especially the questions “What is quantification, anyway?” and “What is the range of different ways in which quantification can be manifested?” Of course such questions bring up philosophical issues of how we can know whether such-and-such construction in this or that language really is or is not quantification.
For example, Bach cites Jelinek (1989) as arguing that Samish (or Straits Salish) does not use noun phrase quantification at all, but rather that it uses auxiliary elements interpreted as unselective quantifiers (Lewis 1975 and Heim 1982). Thus there are no phrases like the English ‘all bears’, but instead such apparent quantification over all bears is dealt with by quantifying over what bears always do. According to this view, the Samish sentence is more faithfully translated ‘Bears always eat fish’ than as ‘All bears eat fish’.
Horror Autotoxicus: The Immunology of Self-Destruction
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allergy and the other hypersensitivity reaction described in Chapter 4 were the first indication that the immune system, which clearly evolved to protect us from infectious disease, also has the potential to do harm. As we have seen, this was not a realization that descended lightly on immunologists. It was many years be fore most could accept that a system so beautifully designed to defend us could also hurt us. Ever the optimists, they assumed at first that the problem was of minor proportions. Serum sickness, being the result of human intervention, could easily be avoided or controlled, and it appeared that by judicious treatment the dam age from allergy and asthma could be kept within clinically acceptable bounds.
Organ Transplantation: Exploring the Boundary Between Technology and Ethics
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late in the summer of 1954, Richard Herrick was referred by his doctor to the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. Richard was twenty-four years old and had been suffering for some time from high blood pressure and puffiness around the face and eyes. His doctor suspected a kidney problem, and the Brigham is where people went if their kidneys were malfunctioning. The medical staff at the Brigham ran a battery of tests that initially might have indicated any number of problems. But they noticed that in addition to high blood pressure Richard had a bit more protein than normal in his urine, as well as traces of blood.
Minding the Immune System’s Business: The Dialogue Between the Brain and the Immune System
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us return for a moment to something quoted at the very beginning of this book. Thucydides, remember, was writing down his observations about the plague that struck Athens in the fifth century B.C. He is usually recognized by immunologists as having been the first to notice (or at least to record) that people who somehow managed to survive the plague seemed to be protected from ever getting it again. Thucydides was the first to describe what we would now easily recognize as immunity to an infectious disease.
Introduction: Of Parameters and Polysynthesis
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Languages differ. There is no doubt that the morphological and syntactic structures of Mohawk, Nahuatl, and Nunggubuyu look quite unlike those of English, French, and German. However, the true nature and extent of these differences is an important and controversial question. This is arguably one of the most important empirical questions that linguists can address, the answer having a variety of philosophical, sociological, and practical implications. A priori, there are two extreme positions one can take toward the superficial differences among languages. On the one hand, it could be that Mohawk, for example, actually differs from, say, English in many minor ways, and that it is the cumulative effect of all these little differences that makes Mohawk seem so alien to an English speaker. The other approach would be to say that Mohawk differs from English in one essential way, but this difference is so deeply embedded in the grammatical system that it affects all kinds of linguistic structures. Which view is the correct one-or perhaps what mixture or intermediate position between the two extremes-is a central concern of linguistic theory.
Complex Predicates
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A striking fact about Mohawk polysynthetic observed in chapter l is that although it puts great emphasis on agreement and noun incorporation, certain other kinds of morphological structures arc relatively restricted. Mohawk does not have the diversity of “ complex predicate” constructions that some languages have, and, more importantly, some of those that it does have are restricted in their use. Moreover, similar restrictions appear to a greater or lesser degree in other polysynthetic languages as well. This observation goes against the conventional wisdom about polysynthetic languages, which is that they can express virtually any standard linguistic relationship by morphological means. In fact, the theoretical maximum of morphological complexity seems not to be reached. Rather, those languages that are rich in noun incorporation are poor(er) in other complex predicates, and those that are rich(er) in complex predicates are poor in noun incorporation.
Devices and Delights in Poetry
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essence of song, especially of the Romantic Lied, is an equality of music and text, a synthesis of a new art form out of two disparate media. Those who fail to understand the meaning of the poem fail, as well, to understand the meaning of the music that sets it. Indeed, performers who have not thoroughly studied the poetry cannot sing or play the Lied with the focus, the imagination, and the vitality that is essential for both the musicians and their audience. The necessity of studying the poetry in Lied performance preparation is not optional; rather, it is a major part of the basic work of both singer and accompanist. We thus begin with a word of encouragement to those who feel intimidated about studying poetry, who feel ill equipped, inexperienced, or even wholly ignorant. Earlier in this century, the study of poetry, and of literature in general, was considered a vital part of a standard secondary education. More recently, however, the spread of specialization and the advancement of technology have pre-empted the time once dedicated to the study of language and the other arts. Many college music students who are interested in the Art Song, therefore, have never had the opportunity to study language as an art, be it in poetry or in prose.
Rhythm and Meter
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To study rhythm is to study all of music. Rhythm both organizes, and is itself organized by, all the elements which create and shape musical processes.Thus begins one of the first important twentieth-century books devoted solely to issues of rhythm and meter: The Rhythmic Structure of Music by Grosvenor W. Cooper and Leonard B. Meyer.1 This chapter can in no way be as thorough as that or the many other significant books on rhythm that have appeared in the past two decades; rather, we offer here some basic definitions of terms and concepts along with general guidelines for considering rhythm and meter in their manifold functions within Lieder. This chapter has two parts. In the first, we review the norms of rhythmic, metric, and phrase structure and organization, and in the second, we illustrate some deviations from those norms, namely, how Lieder vary these norms to create special musical effects that convey issues within the poetic text.
Form in the German Lied
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “form” in music can be confusing; it can have several different meanings, particularly since music can be analyzed on several levels, from the smallest unit to the most vast compositional whole. Small-scale formal organization, which deals with the shape and interplay of phrases, was dis cussed in Chapter Eight; here we will examine other issues of formal organization that shape and mold music’s temporal flow. Form in Liederdiffers from that in many other genres in two significant ways. First, the miniature scale of the Lied often precludes the lengthy developmental sections found in larger forms, and second, the Lied cycle is similar only in part to the large, multimovement form found in instrumental sonatas, symphonies, or the vocal opera genre. While cycles such as Die schone MiiUerin, Winterreise, and Dichterliebe are large in overall scope, the interrelation between songs in these and other “cycles” varies greatly, with no common set of formal relationships. We begin our study of form by examining more general issues, such as use of repetition and contrast, and the reinterpretation of musical elements.
Different Settings of a Single Text: Comparison of Compositional Style
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to understand the different styles of the great Lied composers is to compare different settings of the same poetry. What are the differences between two or more settings of the same text? Do the composers use the same form? Do they choose the same or similar tonal schemes? Do they stress the same words, or set the words in the same rhythms? Since each com poser has a unique style, differences in treatment of all aspects of music are inevitable. Nonetheless, the great masters of song-writing share common concerns about text setting, and there may well be some similarities among diverse settings. We will examine several such cases here, searching for similarities and differences, and speculating about the composers ‘ rationales for the decisions they made.
The Regulation and Marketing of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In William Blake’s famous poem The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, he challenges the sanctimony of libidinous restraint-particularly as evidenced in Milton’s Paradise Lost. Blake warns: Those who restrain desire, do so because theirs is weak enough to be restrained; and the restrainer or reason usurps its place & governs the unwilling.
Problem-Solving in Public Health
Authors: Guyer Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solving problems in public health is fundamentally different from medical diagnosis and treatment. The difference can be illustrated with the following example. A clinician who treats a hypertensive patient might be quite discouraged with a fall in mean diastolic blood pressure of only 5% over a period of a year of treatment; the individual patient might still be symptomatic and at risk of complications. But an epidemiologist who monitors the blood pressure patterns of a population following the initiation of a community-based intervention program and observes a 5% drop in its mean diastolic blood pressure after 1 year of implementation might be ecstatic because a shift in the population indicator of this magnitude would move a large number of individuals into the normotensive range. The change would then be measured by comparing the distribution of blood pressures before and after the intervention.
General Population Studies
Authors: Eaton William W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of diseases in populations, and services research in the context of epidemiology focuses on populations as well. A population is a group sharing a characteristic such as gender, occupation, workplace, race, nationality, age, and so forth. The general population is not limited to any particular class or characteristic but includes all persons without regard to special features. In the context of research studies, the “general population” usually refers to the individuals who normally reside in the locality of the study. Many epidemiologic studies involve large populations, such as a nation, a state, or even a county of several hundred thousand inhabitants. In such large studies, the general population includes individuals with a wide range of social and biologic characteristics, and this variation is helpful in generalizing the results. In the broadest sense, the “general population” refers to the human species.
An Icon for Our Time
Authors: Taruskin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The walls, so they say, have ears; and during the coming pair of seasons, encompassing the bicentennial year of Mozart’s death, the walls of Lincoln Center are slated to absorb every one of the composer’s works, from the little Andante “pour le clavecin” in sister Nannerl’s notebook, composed just after his fifth birthday (if Papa Leopold, who inscribed the little harpsichord piece, is to be believed), to the Requiem, on which he was working when he died, just 30 years, 10 months and 1 week later. In that short span Mozart managed to compose such a quantity of music that it takes a book of a thousand pages just to list it adequately (the “Chronological-Thematic Catalogue” by Ludwig Kochel, now in its sixth revised edition). And that quantity is of such a quality that the best of it is still our standard of perfection in music, never to be surpassed (since perfection, as a standard, has long since gone out of style).