bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface studies and catalytic properties of the bifunctional bulk MoO2 system
Authors: Katrib A. , Sobczak J. W. , Krawczyk M. , Zommer L. , Benadda A. , Jablonski A. , Maire G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of commercial bulk MoO2 revealed the presence of MoO3 and Mo2O5 phases in the sample surface region. In situ hydrogen reduction at different temperatures up to 650 K enabled to be reduced Mo6+ and Mo5+ to Mo4+. Bulk MoO2 as prepared by hydrogen reduction of the initial samples showed very interesting catalytic properties in terms of isomerization reactions of alkanes. This catalytic activity was attributed to the MoO2 phase on the surface, which had both metallic and acidic functions (bifunctional mechanism). In addition, inelastic mean free paths in MoO2 catalyst were measured experimentally by elastic peak electron spectroscopy (EPES). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the oxide/carbide transition on iron surfaces during catalytic coke formation
Authors: Bonnet F. , Ropital F. , Lecour P. , Espinat D. , Huiban Y. , Gengembre L. , Berthier Y. , Marcus P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe thermodynamic equilibria between metallic iron, iron oxides, iron carbides and a hydrocarbon/hydrogen mixture were calculated at 600°C. On the basis of metastable Fe–C–O phase diagram, iron oxides can be converted directly into carbides in a reducing and carburizing atmosphere. Experimental results on the rate of oxide/carbide conversion are reported. Thermogravimetric measurements have been performed in an iC4H10–H2–Ar atmosphere at 600°C on preoxidized iron samples. The kinetics of the oxide layer transformation were studied by sequential exposure experiments. Scanning electron microscopy observations and x‐ray diffraction analysis have been carried out. The results lead to the conclusion that magnetite (Fe3O4) is transformed into carbide particles, acting as a catalyst for graphitic filament growth. The initial stages of the oxide/carbide transition were studied by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results confirm that no metallic iron was formed during the transformation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS study of electrodes formed from a mixture of carbon black and PTFE powder
Authors: Schulze M. , Lorenz M. , Kaz T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGas diffusion electrodes for electrochemical devices frequently consist of polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) and carbon black‐supported catalysts. The hydrophilic or hydrophobic character determines the wetting behaviour, which is important for media transport in the gas diffusion electrodes. The main components of the gas diffusion electrodes are an organic binder (typically PTFE) and a catalyst (for applications with acid electrolyte, a noble metal catalyst) that frequently is supported by carbon black. The chemical surface compositions of electrodes prepared in different ways from a mixture of carbon black and PTFE and mechanically and thermally modified were determined by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS measurements show differences between electrodes wet‐prepared from a suspension and electrodes prepared with the dry preparation technique of DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt). During preparation of the electrodes by the dry technique, the carbon black is enriched on the surface. Mechanical modification reduces the enrichment of the carbon black and tempering increases the PTFE concentration on the surface. The results of the XPS measurements were related to the wetting behaviour: a concentration of ∼20 wt.% PTFE marks the transition between hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interval estimation for Poisson capture–recapture models in epidemiology
Authors: Farrington C. P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCapture–recapture studies in epidemiology are frequently undertaken to adjust underlying rates for underreporting. This contrasts with applications in ecology, in which the aim is to estimate population size. In consequence, the Poisson model provides a more appropriate framework than the multinomial in some epidemiological applications. A method for constructing profile Poisson likelihood interval estimates using log‐linear modelling, avoiding the need for constrained optimization, is described for several relevant parameters, including the unobserved disease rate, the total disease rate, and the case ascertainment probability. Asymptotic properties of these estimates are studied and contrasted with those derived from the multinomial model. The method is illustrated with a published data set on spina bifida. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic evaluation in long‐term clinical trials
Authors: Hlatky Mark A. , Boothroyd Derek B. , Johnstone Iain M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEconomic endpoints have been increasingly included in long‐term clinical trials, but they pose several methodologic challenges, including how best to collect, describe, analyse and interpret medical cost data. Cost of care can be measured by converting billed charges, performing detailed micro‐costing studies, or by measuring use of key resources and assigning cost weights to each resource. The latter method is most commonly used, with cost weights based either on empirical regression models or administratively determined reimbursement rates. In long‐term studies, monetary units should be adjusted to reflect cost inflation and discounting. The temporal pattern of accumulating costs can be described using a modification of the Kaplan–Meier curve. Regression analyses to evaluate factors associated with cost are best performed on the log of costs due to their typically skewed distribution.Cost‐effectiveness analysis attempts to measure the value of a new therapy by calculating the difference in cost between the new therapy and the standard therapy, divided by the difference in benefit between the new therapy and the standard therapy. The cost‐effectiveness ratio based on the results of a randomized trial may change substantially with longer follow‐up intervals, particularly for therapies that are initially expensive but eventually improve survival. A model that projects long‐term patterns of cost and survival expected beyond the end of completed follow‐up can provide an important perspective in the setting of limited trial duration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovative designs in behavioural trials
Authors: Thompson Bruce , Jacob Rolfe G. , Frederick Margaret , Geller Nancy V. , Hunsberger Sally 
Published: October 2002

AbstractClinical trials that compare pharmacological and behavioural treatments require extra attention to design on the part of the investigators. Many of the standard control mechanisms for comparison of active drug to placebo and behavioural therapy to control therapy create problems when the two types of interventions are combined. The most important of these problems is the introduction of non‐specific effects introduced by behavioural therapists and physicians that can bias the study. Solutions to these problems require procedures that are common to both types of studies and the introduction of more complex statistical designs to adequately control the proposed comparisons. It may also be necessary to have a robust statistical method to address informative censoring since patients assigned to behavioural therapy may drop out of the study for different reasons than patients who drop out of a pharmacological trial. In this paper we use the design of the Raynaud's Treatment Study to demonstrate methods that can be used to control for non‐specific effects and differential drop‐out from the study. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shock isolation using ‘smart’ damping
Authors: Yang G. , Spencer B. F. , Leban Frank 
Published: October 2002

AbstractApplications of shock isolation range from vehicle suspension systems to packaging which protects para‐dropped equipment in the military expeditionary logistics environment. Both passive and active shock isolation systems have been investigated. However, passive systems are limited in that they cannot adapt to different load conditions; active systems are not practical in many applications, as they may require large power supplies. Another solution to the problem is to implement a ‘smart’ damping system, which typically requires little power, is controllable in real time, and achieves nearly the same performance as an active system. This paper focuses on shock isolation using these ‘smart’ damping devices. Following the basic problem formulation, the optimal active shock isolator synthesis is given. These results are then extended to the ‘smart’ (semi‐active) shock isolation case. Theoretical analysis shows that if the linear spring stiffness is properly chosen and the control force is appropriately regulated, the shock isolator using ‘smart’ damping can achieve optimal performance and has better robustness than the passive shock isolators. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha‐2A‐adrenergic receptors are present on neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala that project to the dorsal vagal complex in the rat
Authors: Glass Michael J. , Colago Eric E.O. , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe descending pathway between the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) is an important substrate for autonomic functions associated with emotion. Activity in this circuit is crucially modulated by catecholamines and agonists of the alpha‐2A‐adrenergic receptor (α2A‐AR), which relieve cardiovascular and gastrointestinal symptoms associated with experience of aversive stimuli. The subcellular distribution of α2A‐AR within the CeA, however, has not been characterized. It is also not known if any α2A‐AR‐expressing neurons in the CeA project to the dorsal vagal complex. In order to address these questions, we examined the immunocytochemical labeling of α2A‐AR in the CeA of rats receiving microinjection of the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) into the dorsal vagal complex at the level of the area postrema, an area involved in cardiorespiratory and gastrointestinal functions. Of all α2A‐AR‐labeled profiles in the CeA, the majority were either dendrites (42%) or somata (24%). α2A‐AR labeling was often present on the plasmalemma in dendrites and was mainly found in endosome‐like organelles in somata. Of all α2A‐AR immunoreactive somata, 62% also contained immunolabeling for FG and 23% of all dendrites also showed labeling for the retrograde tracer. The intracellular distribution of α2A‐AR did not differ in somata or dendrites with or without detectable FG. The remaining singly labeled α2A‐AR profiles consisted of axons (11%), axon terminals (12%), and glial processes (13%). In numerous instances, α2A‐AR‐labeled glia or axon terminals were apposed to DVC projecting neurons. Together, this evidence suggests that the principal site for α2A‐AR activation is at extrasynaptic sites on dendrites of CeA neurons, many of which project to the DVC and also show endosomal receptor labeling. In addition, these results indicate that activation of α2A‐AR in the CeA may influence the activity of DVC projecting neurons through indirect mechanisms, including changes in presynaptic transmitter release or glial function. These results suggest that α2A‐AR agonists in the CeA may modulate numerous processes including stress‐evoked autonomic reactions and feeding behavior. Synapse 46:258–268, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of the identification of chemical compounds by energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry and subsequent multivariate analysis
Authors: Kessler T. , Hoffmann P. , Greve T. , Ortner H. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChemical compounds were measured by EDXRF (with three different types of instrumentation). The spectra were used to evaluate discriminant analysis classification. The chemical compounds were primarily classified by their fluorescence signals. Valuable additional information was obtained from the spectral range of the Compton and the Rayleigh scattering regions by the use of multivariate methods (e.g. PCA and RDA). An improvement over earlier work was achieved considering different parameters such as the position of the sample, the grain size of a chemical compound and the thickness of the package wall. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Actin patch assembly proteins Las17p and Sla1p restrict cell wall growth to daughter cells and interact with cis‐Golgi protein Kre6p
Authors: Li Huijuan , Pagé Nicolas , Bussey Howard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe cytoplasmic tail of Kre6p, a Golgi membrane protein involved in cell wall synthesis, interacts with the actin patch assembly components Las17p and Sla1p in a two‐hybrid assay, and Kre6p co‐immunoprecipitates with Las17p. Kre6p showed extensive co‐localization with Och1p‐containing cis‐Golgi vesicles. The correct localization of Kre6p requires its cytoplasmic tail, Las17p, Sla1p and Vrp1p, suggesting that the cytoplasmic tail of Kre6p acts as a receptor, linking this cis‐Golgi protein to Las17p and Sla1p. The actin patch assembly mutants las17Δ, sla1Δ and vrp1Δ showed elevated levels of cell wall β‐1,6‐glucan, and mutant cells were capable of only a limited number of cell divisions compared to wild‐type. EM image analysis and β‐1,6‐glucan localization indicated abnormal wall proliferation in the mother cells of these mutants. The pattern of cell wall hypertrophy indicates a failure to restrict cell wall growth to the bud. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for mild blue–yellow colour vision deficits immediately following fluorescein angiography⋆
Authors: Sankeralli Marcel J. , Chen John C. , Metha Andrew B. , Mullen Kathy T. 
Published: October 2002

Summary Aims: We have investigated the short term effects of fluorescein angiography on the blue–yellow, red–green, and luminance contrast senstivity of patients with early age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD). Methods: Nine ARMD patients with no exudative complications and a visual acuity of 20/60 or better in the tested eye were selected. Cardinal colour directions for the isolation of the red–green, blue–yellow and achromatic (luminance) visual mechanisms were determined for each patient. Contrast sensitivity was measured in each cardinal colour direction immediately before and 20 min after standard 20‐flash fluorescein angiography. Results: A significant, albeit mild, reduction for blue–yellow contrast sensitivity following angiography was observed (ANOVA, α=0.05). Fluorescein angiographic exposure had no significant effect on red–green or luminance contrast sensitivity. Conclusion: Our results show that fluorescein angiography causes at least a short term deficit selective to blue–yellow contrast sensitivity in our patient group.
Minimum dataset for documentation of homoeopathic practice
Authors: Steinsbekk Aslak , Brands Martien 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn order to compare data from different documentation projects of homoeopathic practice, there is a need for standardisation. A group which met at a European Committee of Homoeopathy (ECH) research meeting in London, made a proposal as a basis for discussion. The proposal is on the minimum data set which every study should include and which methods of effect measurement are most appropriate.
Pharmacology of ephedra alkaloids and caffeine after single‐dose dietary supplement use
Authors: Haller Christine A. , Jacob Peyton , Benowitz Neal L. 
Published: October 2002

ObjectiveSerious cardiovascular toxicity has been reported in people taking dietary supplements that contain ma huang (Ephedra) and guarana (caffeine). We assessed the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a dietary supplement that contains these herbal stimulants.MethodsEight healthy adults received a single oral dose of a thermogenic dietary supplement labeled to contain 20 mg ephedrine alkaloids and 200 mg caffeine after an overnight fast. Serial plasma and urine samples were analyzed by use of liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry for ephedrine alkaloid and caffeine concentrations, and heart rate and blood pressure were monitored for 14 hours.ResultsPlasma clearance and elimination half‐lives for ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and caffeine were comparable to published values reported for drug formulations. A prolonged half‐life of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine was observed in 1 subject with the highest urine pH. Mean systolic blood pressure increased significantly to a maximum of 14 mm Hg above baseline at 90 minutes after ingestion (P < .001). There was a lag in the mean heart rate response that reached a maximum change of 15 beats/min above baseline at 6 hours after ingestion (P < .001). Diastolic blood pressure changes were insignificant. Two subjects who were taking oral contraceptives had longer caffeine half‐lives (15.5 ± 0.3 hours versus 5.6 ± 1.7 hours) and lower values for oral clearance (0.34 ± 0.01 mL/min · kg versus 0.99 ± 0.41 mL/min · kg) than subjects who were not taking oral contraceptives.ConclusionsBotanical stimulants have disposition characteristics similar to their pharmaceutical counterparts, and they can produce significant cardiovascular responses after a single dose.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 421–432; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.124523
In vivo selectivity of a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor in the oral surgery model
Authors: Khan Asma A. , Brahim Jaime S. , Rowan Janet S. , Dionne Raymond A. 
Published: October 2002

ObjectiveProstanoids formed by cyclooxygenase play an important role in pain and the induction of inflammation. It is generally believed that COX‐1 is constitutively expressed, whereas COX‐2 is primarily inducible during inflammation. This study examined the in vivo selectivity of celecoxib, a COX‐2 inhibitor, and evaluated whether estimates of selectivity that are based on in vitro and ex vivo analyses are reliable indicators ofin vivo selectivity.MethodsSubjects (103 outpatients undergoing surgical removal of two impacted mandibular third molars) received either 200 mg celecoxib, 600 mg ibuprofen, or placebo 8hours before surgery and a second dose 1 hour before surgery. After surgery, microdialysis probes were placed in the surgical sites for collection of inflammatory transudate. Samples were collected every 20 minutes and pain intensity was estimated concurrently with avisual analog scale and a categorical rating scale for up to 4 hours after surgery.ResultsA significant analgesic effect (P < .01, compared with placebo) was shown for both drugs, with the efficacy of celecoxib being intermediate betweenibuprofen and placebo. A similar relationship was observed for the suppression of prostaglandin E2 (a product of both isoforms) at time points consistent with COX‐2 expression (P < .001). Ibuprofen consistently suppressed thromboxane B2 (a product of COX‐1) levels at all time points (P < .05), whereas the effect of celecoxib did not differ from that of placebo.ConclusionsThe suppression of products of COX‐2 coincident with pain suppression and the absence of COX‐1 inhibition suggest that celecoxib is a relatively selective COX‐2 inhibitor in vivo.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 44–49; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.125560
A population phenotyping study of three drug‐metabolizing enzymes in Kyushu, Japan, with use of the caffeine test
Authors: Saruwatari Junji , Nakagawa Kazuko , Shindo Junichi , Tajiri Takahiro , Fujieda Masaki , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Kamataki Tetsuya , Ishizaki Takashi 
Published: October 2002

ObjectiveWe assessed in vivo activities of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), N‐acetyltransferase 2, and xanthine oxidase in Japanese residents of Kyushu, the southern island of Japan.MethodsOne hundred eighty‐two healthy volunteers (108 men and 74 women) received a 150‐mg oral dose of caffeine before they went to sleep. The concentrations of caffeine, caffeine metabolites, and uric acid in their overnight urine samples were analyzed. The CYP2A6 genotypes were determined in 66 of the 182 volunteers to assess whether they affected a metabolic ratio for CYP1A2 activity index.ResultsThe metabolic ratio for CYP1A2 was not polymorphic, but its mean ratio was greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (P < .05). Twenty subjects (11.0%) were found to be slow acetylators. Twenty subjects were determined to be putative poor metabolizers of xanthine oxidase, and the mean urinary uric acid concentration of those subjects was 53% lower than that of the other subjects (P < .0001). The mean ratio for CYP1A2 obtained from 3 subjects with the CYP2A6*4C/CYP2A6*4C genotype was greater than the mean ratio from subjects with other genotypes (P < .01) or that from subjects with a wild‐type CYP2A6*1A allele (P < .05).ConclusionsOur results suggest that putative poor metabolizers of xanthine oxidase activities exist in a Japanese population and that a decreased 1,7‐dimethyluric acid formation from caffeine in poor metabolizers of CYP2A6 appears to affect the metabolic ratio used for the assessment of CYP1A2 activity.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 200–208; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.126173
Exploring the Relationship Between Brief Inpatient Treatment Intensity and Treatment Outcomes for Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Tucker Sharon , Luedtke Connie , Moore Wendy 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: Few studies have identified effective nursing interventions for today’s psychiatric settings. OBJECTIVES: This article reports findings from a study that explored the relationship between brief inpatient treatment intensity (average daily frequencies of treatment activities) and treatment outcomes (symptomatology, functioning, and readmission rates up to 3 months postdischarge) among 67 inpatients treated for mood and anxiety disorders. DESIGN: By using an evaluation design, multiple outcome measures were completed by patients, family members, and clinicians at admission and discharge. Nurses recorded all patient activities on a tool developed by the authors. RESULTS: Spearman rank correlations and nonparametric regression models indicated that greater community/leisure treatment activities were associated with greater improvements in patient symptoms and functioning. In addition, lower admission functioning was associated with poorer functioning improvements (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients may have better outcomes when they actively engage in the inpatient treatment milieu. Further study with rigorous methods is needed to identify effective psychiatric nursing interventions.
Adolescent Children of Alcoholics: Vulnerable or Resilient?
Authors: Mylant MaryLou , Ide Bette , Cuevas Elizabeth , Meehan Maurita 
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND: Children of alcoholics (COAs) have been described as both vulnerable and resilient. Although identified as at-risk for mental and physical health problems, chemical dependency, and child abuse and neglect, many go on to lead successful lives. OBJECTIVE: The relationship between COA status and various adolescent risk behaviors, such as drug and alcohol abuse and sexual precocity, was assessed by addressing the following research question: Could parental alcoholism be a risk factor for teens engaging in problem behaviors? STUDY DESIGN: A secondary analysis of a Wyoming high-risk youth data set was conducted (N = 1632). Werner’s (1992) core resiliency factors provided the conceptual frame for the study. RESULTS: Adolescent COAs scored significantly (p < .000) lower on all psychosocial factors of family/personal strengths and school bonding and significantly higher on all factors of at-risk temperament, feelings, thoughts, and behaviors than non-COAs. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent COAs are at risk for depression, suicide, eating disorders, chemical dependency, and teen pregnancy. It has been proposed that mental health professionals teach core resiliency factors to promote healthy behaviors for this vulnerable population.