bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for recent increases in obesity and non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in a Navajo community
Authors: Hall Teri R. , Hickey Martin E. , Young Terry B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHistoric and current biomedical data were used to quantify changes in obesity and non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) over a 30 year period in a Navajo community. Medical charts from an earlier study (1955–1961) provided data on 827 adults. Field‐based methods yielded data from 231 adults during a health survey in 1988. The adjusted prevalence of overweight (body mass index ≥27.8 males, ≥27.3 females) has increased from 18.9% to 43.7% (P = .0001) and the adjusted prevalence of NIDDM has increased from 1.2%–12.4% (P = .0001) in the community. Current members of the community have twice the risk of being diabetic or overweight than the U.S. general population. The recent and dramatic increases in these health conditions demonstrate the effect of an important environmental component which requires further investigation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body size and fatness in young adults in relation to age at menarche
Authors: Wellens R. , Malina R. M. , Roche A. F. , Chumlea W. C. , Guo S. , Siervogel R. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationships among age at menarche, body size, and body composition were considered in university students surveyed in 1970 (n = 342) and 1987 (n = 109). Recalled ages at menarche, stature, weight, and the triceps skinfold thickness were measured. Subjects ranged in age from 17.5 to 22.5 years in both surveys and were divided into four categories by age at menarche: before 12 years, 12.0 through 12.99 years, 13.0 through 13.99 years, and older than 14 years. In both the 1970 and 1987 surveys, later maturers had significantly more linear physiques than those experiencing menarche earlier. Late maturers also showed a tendency to lower values for the body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold compared with early maturers. Comparative data for women of the same age from the Fels Longitudinal Study (n = 234) showed similar findings. Women who reached menarche at ages older than 14 years were significantly taller than women with menarcheal ages less than 13 years. Women with menarcheal ages younger than 12 years were significantly heavier and had higher BMIs than those from any older menarcheal category. They also had significantly thicker triceps skinfolds than those with menarcheal ages older than 14 years. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population change in adult obesity and blood lipids in American Samoa from 1976–1978 to 1990
Authors: McGarvey Stephen T. , Levinson Paul D. , Bausser‐Man Linda , Galanis Daniel J. , Hornick Conrad A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObesity in American Samoan adults in 1990 was compared to that in 1976–1978 to evaluate population changes concomitant with modernization. Body weight, stature, the body mass index (BMI), and two skinfolds were measured in 1990 in 830 males and females 25–74 years old, and were compared to corresponding data from 1976 and 1978 for 1,621 adults. Mean BMI and skinfold thicknesses increased markedly from 1976–1978 to 1990 in males at all ages. Mean BMI for 45–54 year old males was approximately 3.6 kg/m2 higher (P < 0.0001) in 1990 than in 1976–1978, but was only 0.6 kg/m2 higher in females of the same age. The prevalence of overweight increased significantly from 66% in 1976–1978 to 85% in 1990 (P < 0.001) in 35–44 year old males, but remained about the same, 91%, in females of that age. Similar sex differences in temporal change were found in skinfolds. Fasting serum total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were obtained for a random subsample of 67 males 40–49 years old and were compared to lipid levels in a 1978 sample of American Samoan males of similar age and residence. Both total and HDL cholesterol were significantly different between 1978 and 1990, 178 vs. 205 mg/dl (P < 0.02), and 43 vs. 37 mg/dl (P < 0.01), respectively. Triglycerides were higher in 1990 than in 1978, 169 vs. 128 mg/dl. The results suggest that obesity and adiposity increased more over 12–14 years among adult males than among females, who in 1976–1978 were already massively overweight. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal and postnatal growth and allometry of stature, head circumference, and brain weight in québec children
Authors: Cabana Thérèse , Jolicoeur Pierre , Michaud Jean 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA recently proposed four‐parameter generalization of the Gompertz curve (Jolicoeur et al., 1992a) is used to analyze chronological growth and allometry in the stature, head circumference, and brain weight of 101 male and 95 female fetuses and children autopsied at the Sainte‐Justine Hospital for children in Montréal. Although asymptotic stature cannot be determined accurately because the sample does not include adults, the data nevertheless suggest that head circumference and brain weight terminate most of their growth much earlier than stature. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that, whereas the log‐log relationship between head circumference and brain weight is almost straight and closely approximates simple allometry, the log‐log relationships between stature, on one hand, and head circumference or brain weight, on the other hand, are markedly curved, indicating complex allometry. Applied to 78 males and 73 females whose total age is between 20 weeks and 1.5 years, the confidence intervals of the slope of the major axis of logarithmically transformed data indicate that the allometry exponent of brain weight relative to head circumference is somewhat higher than 3.0, which may reflect changes in head proportions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precision of recumbent anthropometry
Authors: Williamson David F. , Kahn Henry S. , Worthman Carol M. , Burnette Joy C. , Russell Carl M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn some studies recumbent anthropometric measures are more appropriate than standing measures. There is little published information, however, on the precision of recumbent measures. To estimate the interobserver precision of recumbent anthropometry, 22 men and 29 women volunteers 35–64 years of age were each measured on the same day by four trained nurses previously inexperienced in anthropometry. Fourteen recumbent measurements were taken, including abdominal sagittal diameter measured with a new type of caliper. The nurses also measured standing waist and hip girths. Various indicators of interobserver precision were estimated including the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The ICC ranged from 98.5% for calf girth to 56.2% for the suprailiac skinfold in men, while it ranged from 95.8% for upper arm girth to 67.0% for the suprailiac skinfold in women. The abdominal sagittal diameter measurement had very high precision as estimated by the ICC in both men and women, 95.8% and 96.3%, respectively. Recumbent waist girth was, on average, only 0.3 cm larger than standing girth. In contrast, recumbent hip girth was 3.8 cm smaller than standing girth. These findings suggest that studies using recumbent anthropometry can achieve levels of precision similar to those obtained with standing anthropometry. For both sexes, however, the suprailiac skinfold appears to have much lower precision in the recumbent than in the standing position. In addition, prevalence estimates of abdominal obesity derived from the ratio of waist‐to‐hip girths will be higher in studies using recumbent anthropometry than in studies using standing anthropometry. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy outcomes among Whites and Filipinos: A paradoxical birth weight‐neonatal mortality relationship
Authors: Alexander Greg R. , Baruffi Gigliola , Mor Joanne M. , Kieffer Edith 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEvidence from the Philippines suggests that, compared to Whites, infants born to Filipino women are more likely to be low birth weight. A paucity of information is available regarding birth outcomes of U.S.‐born Filipinos. Using 1979–1987 Hawaii vital record data on single live births to resident mothers, this study compares the maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of White and Filipino mothers, Filipino mothers were significantly more likely to be <18 years of age and single, and have lower educational attainment and less adequate utilization of prenatal care. Significantly higher percentages of very preterm, preterm, very low birth weight, low birth weight, and small for gestational age infants were found for Filipinos. The birth weight‐specific neonatal mortality rates for Filipinos compared favorably to Whites except at the high end of the birth weight distribution. After taking into account maternal sociodemographic risk and prenatal care factors in a logistic regression, a significant ethnic difference in low birth weight persisted but was not found for neonatal mortality. These data may suggest that similar neonatal mortality rates among ethnic groups may be possible in the face of persistent birth weight distribution differences and add to the growing evidence that a single standard of low birth weight may be inappropriate as an universal indicator of health status risk in a multi‐ethnic population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The utility of generalized girth and skinfold equations to predict body composition in women runners
Authors: Thompson Dixie L. , Snead David B. , Weltman Arthur 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough generalized equations to predict body composition exist, the validity of these equations when applied to a homogeneous group of athletic women is uncertain. Sixty‐five women runners (age = 28.3 ± 6.4 yrs; ht = 166.8 ± 6.2 cm; wt = 58.9 ± 6.6 kg; body density (Db) = 1.047 ± 0.009 g · cc−1; percentage body fat (%BF) = 22.1 ± 3.7%; V̇O2max = 56.0 ± 5.3 ml/kg · min−1; training volume = 45.8 ± 16.0 km · wk−1) were used to cross‐validate the Jackson, Pollock, and Ward (1980) generalized quadratic skinfold equations (JPW) and the Tran and Weltman (1989) generalized girth equation (TW). Additionally, the average of TW and the JPW quadratic skinfold equations were calculated and compared to hydrostatic weighing (HW). None of the JPW equations nor the TW equation accurately predicted Db (P <0.05). All JPW equations underpredicted %BF with values ranging from 16.3–19.7%. Correlations ranged from r = 0.73 to r = 0.79. Standard errors (SE = [∑(Y − Y′)2/N]1/2) for predicting %BF ranged from 6.6% to 3.9%. The TW equation underestimated body density (1.041 ± 0.008) with a correlation of r = 0.54 and a SE of 4.2%. When the results of the JPW sum of 4 skinfolds (or the sum of 7 skinfolds) was averaged with TW, no significant mean differences in Db or %BF were observed and the standard errors were 2.7%. Additionally, a population specific equation was derived using skinfolds and girths (n = 40) and was shown to accurately predict body density in a cross‐validation sample of women runners (n = 25). This equation yielded a correlation of r = 0.72 and a SE = 2.7%. It was concluded that the combination of skinfold and girth techniques is superior to either method alone when predicting body composition in women runners. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiological maturation, reproductive patterns, and female fecundability in a traditional Moroccan population (Amizmiz, Marrakech)
Authors: Varea C. , Bernis C. , Elizondo S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe interaction between age at menarche, adolescent motherhood, and subfecundity were evaluated in 496 Moroccan women 25–54 years of age from the province of Marrakech. Since this population is characterized by later sexual maturation and early marriage, significantly increased subfecundity, measured by the waiting time to first live birth and the incidence of fetal loss, was expected. Menstrual age was defined as the difference between age at marriage and age at menarche. Social access to reproduction was conditioned by age at menarche: early maturers married at a younger age, while late maturers had a significantly shorter menstrual age despite the fact that married at a significantly older age. Although there was a tendency for late maturers to have longer waiting times and more fetal loss, there were no significant differences for either variable according to menarcheal age. Women with a shorter menstrual age became pregnant within the first year after marriage significantly less frequently than women with a greater menstrual age, but did not experience a greater occurrence of fetal loss during their reproductive life. The results indirectly support the hypothesis that the regularity of ovarian function is similar among populations independent of the timing of menarche. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genes and body fat
Authors: Bouchard Claude 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews recent data concerning the role of inherited differences in body fat content. The heritability of percent body fat or fat mass reaches about 25% of the age and gender adjusted phenotypic variance. One study has reported a significant major gene effect accounting for almost one half of the variance in body fat content. Experimental overfeeding studies suggest that body weight and fat gains are influenced by undefined genetic characteristics. Significant heritability estimates have been reported for major determinants of body fat content, including fat content of the diet, resting metabolic rate, thermic response to food, and level of habitual physical activity. Animal genetic studies and other experimental approaches indicate that the number of genes affecting body fat content, and associated with the susceptibility to obesity, is likely to be high. Currently available research strategies along with more extensive intermediate phenotyping will advance our knowledge about the genetic basis of human obesity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in cranial capacity and cranial index in Subsaharan Africa during the Holocene
Authors: Henneberg M. , Steyn M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCraniometric data have been collected from published and unpublished reports of numerous authors on 961 male and 439 female crania from various sites in Subsaharan Africa spanning the last 100 ka. All data available in the literature, irrespective of their “racial” affinities, were used to cover the prehistoric and early historic times (up to 400 a BP). Samples covering the last 400 years do not include European colonists and consist of skeletons exavated at archeological sites, collected by early European travelers and derived from anatomical collections. Cranial capacity, depending on the mode of its calculation, has decreased by 95–165 cm3 among males and by 74–106 cm3 among females between the Late Stone Age (30‐2 ka BP) and modern times (last 200 years). Values of the cranial index did not show any trend over time and their averages remained in the dolichocephalic category. The decrease in cranial capacity in Subsaharan Africa is similar to that previously found in Europe, West Asia, and North Africa, but, unlike the latter, it is not accompanied by brachycephalization. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of serum cholesterol and truncal body fat distribution among Mexican Americans is accentuated by obesity
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Smith Shelley , Albalak Rachel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship of body fat distribution to serum cholesterol levels was evaluated in a sample of 3,040 Mexican Americans 18–74 years of age from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) conducted from 1982–1984. Fat distribution was determined by the ratio of trunk to extremity skinfold thicknesses, while the sum of skinfold thicknesses was used as an indicator of total body fat. Results of this study indicate that: 1) Mexican Americans are significantly fatter and have a higher trunk/extremity skinfold ratio than U.S. standards; 2) despite their higher level of total body fat and truncal fat, Mexican Americans have lower serum cholesterol levels than U.S. standards; 3) Mexican American males at the same percentile level of fatness or trunk/extremity skinfold ratio have significantly higher serum cholesterols than females, despite the fact that females have higher absolute values of fat and truncal fat than males; 4) among Mexican American males the association between truncal fat distribution and hypercholesteremia increases with level of fatness. In other words, in Mexican American males the association of truncal fat distribution with hypercholesteremia is accentuated by obesity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An epidemiological study of blood pressure and lipid levels among Marwaris of Calcutta, India
Authors: Majumder Partha P. , Nayak Sujata , Bhattacharya SK , Ghosh KK , Pal S. , Mukherjee BN 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis population based study was conducted among the Marwaris of Calcutta, India. A total of 1,096 individuals from 151 randomly selected families were studied. Mean blood pressures were high. About 17% of the population was hypertensive, i.e., systolic blood pressure > 160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure > 95 mm Hg. The mean value of the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol was 4.75. Comparison with a rural agricultural population showed that unadjusted blood pressure profiles differed significantly, but not when the profiles were adjusted for variation in concomitants (e.g., age, weight, fatness, etc.). It is hypothesized that the “intrinsic” blood pressure profiles of both populations are similar and that genes influencing physical variables (e.g., fatness) do not directly influence blood pressure. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the independence of adult stature from the timing of the adolescent growth spurt
Authors: Bielicki Tadeusz , Hauspie Roland C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLongitudinal studies have shown repeatedly that little or no correlation exists between the timing of the pubertal spurt in stature and adult stature (AS). However, the possibility seems to have been overlooked that such near‐zero correlations may, at least theoretically, be an artefact resulting from two opposite tendencies that cancel each other out: a hypothetical “biological” tendency for early maturers to end up as slightly shorter adults and a socially induced tendency, resulting from the existence of social gradients in growth, for accelerated maturation to be accompanied by taller A.S. Data of the Wroclaw Growth Study (355 fitted growth curves) were used to see whether making a sample socially more homogeneous produces any increase in the correlation between age at PHV and AS. No such effects were found. Thus the validity of the view is confirmed that genes controlling the timing of the spurt also affect the shape of the growth curve in such a way that the shorter time available for completion of growth in the early maturers is compensated for by a greater intensity of the spurt itself. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of body fat content in an inuit community
Authors: Rode Andris , Shephard Roy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe age‐ and sex‐specific generic predictions of body density, and thus body fat content, as obtained by the skinfold equations of Durnin and Womersley (1974, Br J Nutr 32:77–97) have been compared with direct hydrostatic estimates of body density in a sample of 51 moderately acculturated Canadian Inuit men, ages 18–36 years. In general, the Durnin and Womersley equations indicate somewhat too high a body density and thus too low a percentage of body fat relative to the hydrostatic data; the error amounts to 1–3% body fat, depending on the age and the skinfold thicknesses of the subject. Possible explanations of the discrepancy include (1) a low bone density, (2) a high muscle/bone mass ratio, or (3) a high ratio of internal to superficial body fat. Specific rather than generic equations would seem necessary for the accurate prediction of body fat content from skinfold readings in the Inuit, although continuing acculturation to a sedentary lifestyle currently hampers the development of generalizable equations for this population. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal differences between black and white men and their relevance to body composition estimates
Authors: Gerace Laura , Aliprantis Antonios , Russell Mary , Allison David B. , Buhl Kathleen M. , Wang Jack , Wang Zi‐Mian , Pierson Richard N. , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSkeletal differences exist between closely matched Black and White women, although it is unknown if similar differences also exist between Black and White men after controlling for age, body weight, and stature. The aim of this study was twofold: to test the hypothesis that Black men have greater bone mass, higher bone mineral density, and longer limbs compared to White men of similar age, weight, and height; and second, to establish if ethnic variation in skeletal characteristics has an impact on the models upon which three widely used methods for estimating total body fat are based. Twenty‐four healthy Black men were matched by age (±5 years), height (±3 cm), and weight (±2 kg) to 24 healthy White men. Skeletal characteristics and body composition were studied using anatomical and compartment estimates derived by anthropometry, 3H2O dilution, hydrodensitometry, whole‐body 40K counting, and dual photon systems. Black men had greater bone mineral mass (P = 0.007), higher bone density (P = 0.054), longer femurs (P = 0.002), longer anthropometric arm and thigh lengths (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively), lower spine to femur ratio (P = 0.004), and similar spine length (P = 0.271) compared to White men. Total body fat and fat‐free body mass (FFM) were estimated in the men using a four‐compartment model. Black and White men had similar total body fat, K (TBK), water (TBW), and FFM. Density of FFM and TBK/FFM were also similar between Black and White men, suggesting that current two‐compartment hydrodensitometry and TBK models for estimating fat may not require adjustments for ethnicity. The TBW/FFM ratio, which is the main assumed steady‐state relation for the two‐compartment TBW method of estimating fat, was modestly increased (P = 0.05) in Black men (x̄ ± SD, 0.744 ± 0.018) compared to White men (0.732 ± 0.021). These results confirm that Black and White men differ significantly in some skeletal characteristics and these differences have implications in the study of both osteoporosis and human body composition. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heredity, nutrition, and craniofacial differentiation in weanling rats: A multivariate analysis
Authors: Oyhenart Evelia E. , Sobrero Maria S. , Pucciarelli Hector M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of paternal heredity, congenital variation, and preweaning nutrition on craniofacial growth were studied on weanling Wistar (W), Holtzman (H), and their reciprocal crosses, W/H and H/W, male rats. Between‐group Mahalanobis D2 distances were calculated from the measurements made on lateral and vertical X‐rays. Preweaning nutrition evoked the largest cranial differences, and paternal heredity the lowest; the effect of congenital variation was intermediate between these extremes. It is concluded that “strain” differences actually are the result of the complex interplay among congenital and lactational factors that can modify the genetic effect due to strain. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.