bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When is a Colony Not a Colony? England and the Isle of Man
Authors: Pearce Augur 
Published: December 2003

Manx emancipation from English tutelage still falls short of independence. Island courts' and constitutionalists' efforts to reconcile the continuing role of Crown and Parliament with insular aspirations are typified by dicta of the Staff of Government Division in Crookall v Isle of Man Harbour Board and Re CB Radio Distributors. These cases suggest the Queen legislates for the Island as Lord of Man, successor to its former rulers; whether with Parliament or with Tynwald is secondary, so an Act of either body can repeal inconsistent Acts of the other. This article contests the claim of continuity between former rulers and the Kings of England, also the assumption that there can be no hierarchy between different legislative acts of the one ruler. This article argues that the law considers Man conquered by English arms in 1399, a continuity breach which gave King and Parliament unfettered law-making power as explained in Calvin's Case and Campbell v Hall. Centuries of government by royal tenants-in-chief do not affect the position after the surrender of their estate. Royal continuance of the former Lords' concessions to Tynwald, and Man's exclusion from the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, are both explicable on policy rather than constitutional grounds.
Erweiterte Dokumentgrammatiken als Grundlage innovativer XML-Tools (Extended Document Grammars as a Basis for Innovative XML Tools)
Authors: Lobin Henning 
Published: December 2003

Zusammenfassung
Wohlgeformte XML-Dokumente lassen sich als Bäume interpretieren und diese wiederum durch Grammatiken beschreiben. Dokumentgrammatiken weisen einige Besonderheiten auf, die sie von Grammatiken für natürliche Sprachen oder Programmiersprachen unterscheidet. Dieser Beitrag erläutert die Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten, die aus der Nutzung von formalen Dokumentgrammatiken erwachsen.
Production of 55Co via the 54Fe(d,n)-process and excitation functions of 54Fe(d,t)53Fe and 54Fe(d,α)52mMn reactions from threshold up to 13.8 MeV
Authors: Zaman M. R. , Spellerberg S. , Qaim S.M. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
For production of the medically interesting β
+-emitter 55Co (T
1/2=17.6 h) via the 54Fe(d,n)-reaction, 91.6% enriched 54Fe2O3, mixed with Al powder, was pressed to a pellet which could be irradiated with 14 MeV deuterons at 4µA in a water-cooled target system. A separation method was developed which led to >99.9% pure 55Co and allowed a recovery of the enriched target material. For a target thickness of E
d=12.6 → 5 MeV, the experimental thick target yield of 55Co after chemical separation amounted to about 13 MBq/µA·h, which is about 60% of the theoretical value. In a 3 h irradiation at 4µA, the batch yield of 55Co achieved was 160 MBq (4.3 mCi). An 8 h irradiation could lead to a batch yield of about 400 MBq. The 54Fe(d,n) reaction leads to the highest purity 55Co but it is essential that the isotopic enrichment of the target is not less than 90%. In addition to the production work, cross sections were measured for the 54Fe(d,t) 53Fe and 54Fe(d,α)52mMn reactions using the standard stacked-foil technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. The cross section ratio for the isomeric pair 52m,gMn is discussed in terms of the spins of the two states involved and the increasing projectile energy.
Some rules to improve the energy resolution in alpha liquid scintillation with beta rejection
Authors: Aupiais J. , Aubert C. , Dacheux N. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Two common scintillating mixtures dedicated to alpha measurements by means of alpha liquid scintillation with pulse shape discrimination were tested: the di-isopropylnaphthalene — based and the toluene-based solvents containing the commercial cocktails Ultima Gold AB® and Alphaex®. We show the possibility to enhance the resolution up to 200% by using no-water miscible cocktails and by reducing the optical path. Under these conditions, the resolution of about 200 keV can be obtained either by the Tri CarbTM or by the PeralsTM spectrometers. The time responses, e.g., the time required for a complete energy transfer between the initial interaction alpha particle-solvent and the final fluorescence of the organic scintillator, have been compared. Both cocktails present similar behavior. According to the Förster theory, about 6-10 ns are required to complete the energy transfer. For both apparatus, the detection limits were determined for α emitters. The sensitivity of the Tri Carb was improved by 300% but remains 40% lower than that of Perals, due to a higher α/β discrimination and the use of vials with lower optical path.
Confidence intervals for experiments with background and small numbers of events
Authors: Brüchle W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMethods to find a confidence interval for Poisson distributed variables are illuminated, especially for the case of poor statistics. The application of ‘central’ and ‘highest probability density’ confidence intervals is compared for the case of low count-rates. A method to determine realistic estimates of the confidence intervals for Poisson distributed variables affected with background, and their ratios, is given.
Enhanced extraction and separation of trivalent lanthanoids with 3-phenyl-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-isoxazolone and dicyclohexano-18-crown-6
Authors: Pavithran Rani , Reddy M.L.P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe synergistic extraction of trivalent lanthanoids Nd, Eu and Tm with mixtures of 3-phenyl-4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-isoxazolone (HFBPI) and dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) in 1,2-dichloroethane from nitrate solutions has been investigated. The results demonstrated that these trivalent lanthanoids were extracted into 1,2-dichloroethane as Ln(FBPI)3with HFBPI alone and as Ln(FBPI)3· DC18C6 in the presence of crown ether. The equilibrium constants of the above extracted complexes have been deduced by non-linear regression analysis. The equilibrium constants of the synergistic species were found to increase monotonically with decrease in ionic radii of these metal ions. The addition of a crown ether to the metal chelate system not only enhanced the extraction efficiency significantly but also improved the selectivites among these trivalent lanthanoids. Solid complexes of these metal ions with HFBPI and with mixtures of HFBPI and crown ether have also been isolated and characterised by IR and1H NMR spectroscopic techniques.
Chemistry of rhenium as an analogue of technetium: Experimental studies of the dissolution of rhenium oxides in aqueous solutions
Authors: Kim E. , Boulègue J. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryThe migration of fissiogenic Tc into the environment can be predicted by studying the dissolution behavior of Re, a chemical analogue of Tc, avoiding the use of a radioactive element at high concentration. We developed a series of experimental studies of the solubility of Re oxides under various oxidation states (+VII, +IV, and +III), in oxidizing and anoxic media, so as to verify the validity of the available thermodynamic data concerning Re. The experimental results confirm that the predictable solubility of Re, under the conditions found in radioactive wastes storage, is very high when in the form of {ReO4-}, an analogue of {TcO4-}. The Re(III) oxide, Re2O3, is not stable in aqueous solutions and therefore the existence of Re(III) in surface conditions is not much likely. The Re(IV) oxide, ReO2, is weakly soluble. Its solubility is in the range 4×10-7-10-6mol L-1, which suggests that Re(IV) can be found in noticeable concentrations in aqueous solutions even in anoxic media; similar result is expected for Tc.
Radiosynthesis of 3-{[4-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)]piperazin-1-yl}methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine: A potential dopamine D4 receptor imaging agent
Authors: Hai-Bin Tian , Duan-Zhi Yin , Jun-Ling Li , Lan Zhang , Cun-Fu Zhang , Yong-Xian Wang , Wei Zhou 
Published: December 2003

Summary
The dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) is expressed in low density in various extrastriatal brain regions. This receptor subtype is discussed in relation to the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia but to date no selective positron emission tomography (PET) ligand is available to study its distribution in vivo . The 7-azaindole derivative 3-{[4-(4-iodophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-methyl}-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (L-750,667) is a novel, high-affinity (K
i=0.51nM) and selective D4R ligand. L-750,667 analogue 3-{[4-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)]piperazin-1-yl}methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]-pyridine was prepared by reacting 3-(piperazin-1-yl)-methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine with 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde, which was labeled with no carrier added [18F]fluoride. The radiochemical yield of 3-{[4-(4-[18F]fluorobenzyl)]piperazin-1-yl}methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine was 12.0 at end of synthesis (EOS), and the synthesis time was 73min. The labeled benzaldehydes may be useful precursors for the radiosyntheses of other complex radiotracers for PET.
Biosorption of americium-241 by Candida sp.
Authors: Luo Shunzhong , Liu Ning , Yang Yuanyou , Zhang Taiming , Jin Jiannan , Liao Jiali 
Published: December 2003

Summary
As an important radioisotope in nuclear industry and other fields, americium-241 is one of the most serious contamination concerns duo to its high toxicity and long half-life. In this experiment, the biosorption of 241Am from solution by Candida sp., and the effects of various experimental conditions on the adsorption were investigated. The preliminary results showed that the adsorption of 241Am by Candida sp. was efficient. 241Am could be removed by Candida sp. of 0.82g/L (dry weight) from 241Am solutions of 5.6-111MBq/L (44.3-877.2μg/L)(C
0), with maximum adsorption rate (R) of 98 and maximum adsorption capacities (W) of 63.5MBq/g biomass (dry weight) (501.8μg/g). The biosorption equilibrium was achieved within 4 hour and the optimum pH was pH=2. No significant differences on 241Am adsorption were observed at 10°C–45°C, or in solutions containing Au3+ or Ag+, even 1500 times or 4500 times above the 241Am concentration, respectively. The relationship between concentrations and adsorption capacities of 241Am indicated the biosorption process should be described by a Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Determination of uranium(IV) hydrolysis constants and solubility product of UO2·xH2O
Authors: Fujiwara Kenso , Yamana Hajimu , Fujii Toshiyuki , Moriyama Hirotake 
Published: December 2003

SummaryThe hydrolysis constants of tetravalent uranium were determined by a solvent extraction method using thenoyltrifluoroacetone(TTA) and233U. The distribution ratio of U(IV) was measured as a function of the pHcvalue in the aqueous phase atI=0.1, 0.5 and 1.0, and was analyzed to obtain the hydrolysis constants (βm) of U(OH)m(4-m)+at the standard state (I=0). By taking the specific ion interaction theory (SIT) for ionic strength corrections, the hydrolysis constants atI=0 were determined to beβ1°=13.71±0.31,β2°=26.12±0.21 andβ3°=36.85±0.36, together with the ion interaction coefficients of UOH3+, U(OH)22+and U(OH)3+. The solubility product (Ksp) for the reaction of UO2·xH2O=U4++4OH-+ (x-2)H2O was also calculated to be logKsp° =-53.93±0.20 by considering the hydrolysis constants.
Disequilibria in the disintegration series of U and Th and chemical parameters in thermal spring waters from the Tatun volcanic area (Taiwan)
Authors: Lin Chun-Chih , Chu Tieh-Chi , Huang Yu-Fen 
Published: December 2003

SummaryThe activity concentrations of238U,234U,230Th,226Ra,232Th, and228Th in thermal spring waters in the Tatun volcanic area were determined. Parameters including acidity, Cl-and {SO42-concentrations in spring waters at the sampling sites have been investigated to allow interpretation of the migration of the radionuclides, and to elucidate the influence of these parameters on the variations of radionuclide contents. Radioactive disequilibria were found in uranium and thorium series in thermal spring waters. The contents of uranium and thorium decreased with increasing pH. The ratios of230Th/234U,226Ra/230Th and228Th/232Th show significant disequilibria. The226Ra/230Th ratio (0.60–34.8) decreased with the Cl-or {SO42-concentration. All228Th/232Th ratios (1.01–9.49) deviated from unity due to the co-precipitation of228Ra with barium and lead sulfate.
Direct labeling studies of octapeptides with rhenium-188
Authors: Faintuch B. L. , Pereira N. P. S. , Faintuch S. , Muramoto E. , Silva C. P. G. 
Published: December 2003

Summary
The somatostatin octapeptide lanreotide and octreotide were labeled with rhenium-188 by direct method. The optimization of the labeling, the in vitro stability of the complexes and the biodistribution were evaluated. Labeling efficiency was generally greater than 95. The best time for reaction was 2hours. 188Re-lanreotide gave better radiochemical yields than 188Re-octreotide, and it was stable for a longer time (24 vs. 4 hours), but the mass of lanreotide had to be larger than that for octreotide (350 vs. 250μg), and the required ratio between mass of stannous chloride and peptide was also greater for lanreotide. Use of tartrate/phthalate buffer with 188Re-octreotide gave better radiochemical results and showed more labeling stability than the use of acetate/acetic acid buffer. The results of Cys challenge for 188Re-peptides revealed higher chelation strength for 188Re-octreotide than for 188Re-lanreotide for concentrations of cysteine below 1mM. For a concentration of cysteine of 100mM the rate of transchelation of 188Re to cysteine was the same for both peptides. The CD50 value for 188Re-octreotide was 10mM of cysteine and for 188Re-lanreotide, it was 55mM.188Re-labeled peptides were distributed in the gastrointestinal tract or in the kidneys and rapid blood clearance was observed in the first hour. Results indicated that the products can be obtained with high radiochemical purity, appropriate for in vivo studies to assess their efficacy in radioimmunotherapy.
Speciation of uranium(VI) at the solid/solution interface: sorption modeling on zirconium silicate and zirconium oxide
Authors: Lomenech C. , Drot R. , Simoni E. 
Published: December 2003

SummaryIn the field of nuclear waste storage, knowledge of the sorption behavior of radionuclides onto mineral surfaces is of fundamental importance in order to evaluate environmental impacts. We have studied uranyl ion sorption mechanisms onto zirconium silicate and zirconium oxide with a double approach, coupling both macroscopic and structural investigations. The spectroscopic results, reported in a previous paper, allowed a complete determination of the different species involved in the studied sorption reactions. This paper presents the results of the macroscopic part of the study. Surface characterizations of the solids were first carried out: determination of the pH of the point of zero charge, of the surface site densities and of the surface acidity constants. The experimental retention data were then interpreted in terms of a constant capacitance model using the FITEQL code. Results from structural investigation were used to constrain the modeling. This coupled approach led to accurate reactions stoichiometry and associated sorption constants values, since they were determined with respect to different experimental results, both macroscopic and microscopic.
On the study of Th(IV)-humic acid interactions by competition sorption studies with silica and determination of global interaction constants
Authors: Reiller Pascal , Moulin Valérie , Casanova Florence , Dautel Christian 
Published: December 2003

Summary
The influence of humic acids (HA) on the retention of thorium (IV) onto the surface of silica colloids is investigated. Thorium is considered as an analogue of tetravalent actinides (U, Np, Pu), except for the fact that it has no f electrons. Silica (SiO2) is chosen as a model surface because it is a component of many minerals and because of its weak HA sorption properties. Retention experiments are performed by batch procedure at constant ionic strength (I = 0.1M NaClO4), at various pH (2 to 9) and HA concentrations (1–100mg/L). The sorption of Th(IV) onto colloidal amorphous silica is characterised using a surface complexation model. The ternary system (i.e. HA-Th-Silica) clearly shows the influence of HA on Th(IV) retention. This can lead to a strong reduction of the amount of Th(IV) sorbed onto silica in the presence of HA compared to silica colloids without HA, due to a predominant part of thorium present in solution as humic complexes. In a pH range where no organic coating onto silica occurs, there is a competitive reaction between Th(IV) sorption onto the silica surface and onto HA reactive functional groups. In this case, Schubert´s method is applied to obtain a global interaction constant for the Th(IV)-HA system. The large interaction constant values indicate a strong affinity of HA for Th(IV).
Structural characterization of a ternary Fe(III)-U(VI)-citrate complex
Authors: Dodge Cleveland J. , Francis Arokiasamy J. 
Published: December 2003

Summary
Citric acid, a naturally occurring hydroxycarboxylic acid, forms bidentate, tridentate, dinuclear, or polymeric species, depending on the metal. In the presence of iron and uranium a ternary Fe: U: citric acid complex is formed. We determined the molecular structure of the ternary complex in both the aqueous and solid phase. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the presence of uni- and bi-dentate bonding of the citric acid to the metals, and the involvement of the α-hydroxyl group. Analysis of molecular fragments generated from time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF-SIMS) confirmed the bonding of terminal carboxylate groups of citric acid to uranium and iron. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis revealed the dinuclear nature of the Fe bonding to citrate and mononuclear uranium species with citrate. Coordination of a sodium atom to the iron was also noted. The proposed empirical formula for the complex is [NaFe2(μ-O)(μ-citrato)(OH)2(H2O)(C6H4O7)bis(UO2)(C6H5O7)]7-. The structure consists of a dinuclear ferric ion core coordinated through an oxy (μ-O) and a carboxylate (μ-citrato) group of citric acid. The mononuclear uranyl ions are coordinated in bidentate fashion to the central carboxylate groups of citric acid and tridentate coordinated to citric acid.
Ortsaufgelöste Laser-Doppler-Geschwindigkeitsprofilmessung von Grenzschichtströmungen (Spatial-resolved Laser Doppler Velocity Profile Measurement of Boundary Layer Flows)
Authors: Czarske J. , Büttner L. , Razik T. , Müller H. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Die Erfassung von Scherströmungen erfordert Geschwindigkeitsmessverfahren mit hoher Ortsauflösung. Laser-Doppler-Sensoren eignen sich dafür aufgrund des präzisen, berührungslosen Messprinzips. Die Ortsauflösung ist aber in der Regel durch die Größe des Messvolumens auf typisch 50 μm begrenzt. In diesem Aufsatz wird auf ein neuartiges Messprinzip eingegangen, das eine ortsaufgelöste Geschwindigkeitsmessung innerhalb des Messvolumens ermöglicht. Die Ortsauflösung ist nur durch die Signalqualität begrenzt. Erreicht wurde eine Ortsauflösung von ca. 1,6 μm. Steile Scherschichten können erfasst werden. Die Anwendungen des Laser-Doppler-Geschwindigkeitsprofilsensors liegen z.B. in der Messung von Grenzschichtströmungen sowie von Rohrströmungen.
Optische Verarbeitung von interferometrischen Streifenbildern und die Fehlererkennung durch Wavelet-Filterung (Optical Processing of Interferometric Fringes and Detection of Faults by Wavelet Filtering)
Authors: Kallmeyer F. , Wernicke G. , Krüger S. , Gruber H. , Osten W. , Kayser D. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Das Erkennen und Klassifizieren von Fehlern ist eine wichtige Aufgabe der optischen zerstörungsfreien Materialprüfung in der industriellen Qualitätskontrolle. Eine Vielzahl von Daten über Fehler im Material sind in interferometrischen Streifenmustern enthalten. Diese Daten müssen für die weitere Auswertung reduziert werden. Eine Möglichkeit der Datenreduktion ist durch die Wavelet-Transformation gegeben. Fehler in interferometrischen Streifenmustern sollen durch Wavelet-Filter erkannt, lokalisiert und klassifiziert werden. Wavelet-Funktionen sind sowohl im Ortsraum als auch im Frequenzraum lokalisiert und eignen sich deshalb zur Extraktion von Merkmalen ohne Verlust der räumlichen Zuordnung. Eine Klassifizierung der Interferogramme ist möglich, da die Fehlerklassen charakteristische Eigenschaften haben, die mit bestimmten Klassen von Wavelet-Filtern erkannt werden können.
Laser-Speckle-Dehnungsmessung und deren Anwendung in der Materialwissenschaft (Laser Speckle Strain Measurement and its Application in Material Science)
Authors: Thurner T. , Schneider S. C. , Zagar B. G. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
In diesem Artikel werden Prinzip, Aufbau und Einsatzmöglichkeiten sowie ausgewählte Messergebnisse für zwei auf Laser-Speckle-Verfahren beruhende Sensorsysteme erläutert und gegenübergestellt. Der grundsätzliche Unterschied zwischen den Systemen besteht in der optischen Anordnung. Im ersten System werden zwei kleine, mit Laserlicht beleuchtete Oberflächenbereiche maßstabsgetreu auf eine Kamera mit genau definierter Geometrie (CCD) abgebildet und deren belastungsbedingte Verschiebung mit hoher Auflösung ermittelt. Der Laser übernimmt dabei die Funktion der Erzeugung eines kontrastreichen Musters, welches charakteristisch für die betrachteten Oberflächenbereiche der Probe ist (Fingerabdruck der Oberfläche). Die Differenz der beiden Verschiebungswerte, bezogen auf die durch den Abstand der beobachteten Bereiche definierte Basislänge, ergibt die gesuchte Dehnung der Probe. Da die Auflösung des Systems mit zunehmender Basislänge besser wird und das Messprinzip aber über eben diese Basislänge mittelt und viele Anwender einen Sensor benötigen, der die Messgröße ortsmäßig auflösen kann, wurde ein in dieser Hinsicht verbessertes Verfahren basierend auf einer Idee von Yamaguchi entwickelt. In diesem Artikel werden Eigenschaften und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten beider Systeme gegenübergestellt und diskutiert.
Vergleichbarkeit von Verfahren zur Messung der elektromagnetischen Störfeldstärke (Comparability of Disturbance Field Strength Measurement Methods)
Authors: Kappel U. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Zur Bewertung der elektromagnetischen Störaussendung elektrischer Geräte werden neben dem derzeit in den einschlägigen Normen vorgesehenen Freifeldmessverfahren in näherer Zukunft weitere Messmethoden den Weg in die Normung finden. Da in letzter Konsequenz alle Messverfahren der Überprüfung des im EMV-Gesetz definierten Schutzziels der Begrenzung der Aussendung dienen müssen, ist es notwendig, ein Verfahren zur Bewertung der Messmethoden hinsichtlich dieser Aufgabenstellung zu entwickeln. In diesem Beitrag werden zwei solcher Verfahren vorgestellt, verglichen und letztlich die Entscheidung für eines der Verfahren gefällt. Besondere Berücksichtigung findet dabei die Modellierung der Prüflinge, da ihre Abstrahlcharakteristik die Ergebnisse der Messungen massiv beeinflusst.
EMV-Ringvergleich der DATech/RegTP/PTB – Ergebnisse, Erkenntnisse und Schlussfolgerungen (EMC-Intercomparison by DATech/RegTP/PTB – Results, Findings and Conclusions)
Authors: Spitzer M. , Münter K. , Pape R. , Glimm J. , Dallwitz L. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Mit dem von der DATech in den Jahren 2000/2001 durchgeführten Ringvergleich aller ca. 100 in Deutschland akkreditierten EMV-Laboratorien wurden für Emissionsmessungen, Störspannungsmessungen auf Leitungen sowie für Messungen der Störfestigkeit gegenüber elektromagnetischen Feldern routinemäßige Ergebnisse für ein neutrales Probegerät erzeugt. Aufgrund deren relativer Abweichungen wird eine Einschätzung der EMV-Mess- und -prüfqualität in Deutschland ermöglicht mit dem Ziel, die Resultate aller Laboratorien einander anzugleichen.