bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beveridge’s Social and Political Thought
Authors: Harris Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I first began to think about what I might say in the lecture on which this chapter is based, I mentioned to a class of undergraduates that l was taking part in various anniversary celebrations for Beveridge and his report: and it was obvious that most of them were politely puzzled about who Beveridge actually was. It turned out that two had never heard of Beveridge at all: the rest were divided between those who thought he had passed the 1944 Education Act, and those who thought that he had personally introduced the National Health Service. All of them believed that he had been a minister in the Labour Government of 1945.
I Keeping Good Company
Authors: Charkham Jonathan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It matters to all of us that companies should be governed effectively. The prosperity of many associated with the company-whether directly as managers and employers, or indirectly as shareholders, suppliers, and customers-depends on it. In a broader context, how companies are run is a significant factor in the competitiveness of national economies as studies of Japanese management, for example, show. In this fiercely competitive world we cannot judge our own system of corporate governance in isolation; it must bear comparison with the best. This book aims to do just that. In turn, the author describes the system of corporate governance-both the business environment and the particular structures of company organization-in five major industrial countries-Germany, Japan, France, the USA, and the UK. The book establishes two basic principles of good corporate governance: first, that management must have the freedom to drive the enterprise forward; and secondly that it must exercise this freedom within a framework of effective accountability. Charkham shows how these principles are applied in each country-indicating where methods vary and how most countries fall short of the ideal. In addition, the author highlights the UK's strengths and weaknesses and calls for a thorough overhaul of current theory and practice.
The Age of Turbulence: 1937-54
Authors: Nakamura Takafusa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sino-Japanese War began on July 7, 1937, which began with a con frontation between Japanese and Chinese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge (Lugou-qiao), and expanded into the Pacific War. Before the conflict ended, eight years elapsed, three million souls were lost, and Japan was left devastated after a miserable defeat. The direct and indirect effects of the war on Japan’s economy were profound, undermining the foundations of the national, business, and household economies.
The Local Embeddedness of Transnational Corporations
Authors: Dicken Peter , Forsgren, Mats , Malmberg Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the terminology may be recent, the question of the local embeddedness of transnational corporations (TNCs) has long been a central issue in the debate over the relationship between such organizations and the geographical areas in which they operate. As the geographical extensiveness of TNC activity progressively increased in the decades after World War II a broad consensus developed in much of the critical literature that TNCs were inexorably becoming ‘placeless’ organizations, owing no allegiance to country, region, or local community. They were seen as ‘snatchers’ rather than ‘stickers’, as operators of a metaphorical ‘slash and burn’ policy whereby areas were exploited for their resources (including labour) and then abandoned as the resource became exhausted or as better or cheaper alternatives were identified elsewhere.
The Uneven Landscape of Innovation Poles: Local Embeddedness and Global Networks
Authors: Tödtling Franz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent changes in industrialized economies and their spatial transformation seem to be of a fundamental and a long-term nature. Some scholars argue that Fordism is transformed into post-Fordism, others observe the emergence of a new long wave of development. As a consequence the spatial system is seen to change dramatically as has been indicated in a ‘break down or reversal of longstanding core periphery structures’ (Aydalot 1984), the ‘emergence of new sunbelt regions’ and of ‘Silicon Landscapes’ (Hall and Markusen 1985) as well as of ‘new industrial districts and spaces’ (Piore and Sabel 1984; Scott 1988). These changes are said to affect not just production but also higher-level functions such as R&D, innovation, and decision-making. In what follows it will be investigated to what extent a move from Fordism towards post-Fordism is changing in particular the landscape of innovation poles in Europe.
Flexible Districts, Flexible Regions? The Institutional and Cultural Limits to Districts in an Era of Globalization and Technological Paradigm Shifts
Authors: Glasmeier Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1980s scholars have been intrigued with small-firm industrial production complexes. The resulting literature has emphasized the viability, flexibility, and longevity of this form of industrial organization (Sabel 1989; Scott 1988; Storper and Walker 1990). In large part this literature was intended as an antidote to large-firm dominance in much scholarly work on regional and international development. With greater reflection, scholars are now beginning to question the efficacy of small-firm production complexes (Sayer 1989; Harrison 1993). They are recognizing that their existence is both time- and sector-dependent, and therefore industrial districts may represent only a limited model of future regional development (Storper and Harrison 1991; Glasmeier 1991).
An Economic Model of Inter-Firm Networks
Authors: Casson Mark , Cox Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advocates of networking often commend networks as being more fair and more democratic than alternative organizational forms. This chapter uses the principles of economic theory to show that they are often more efficient too. It examines the conditions under which a network can be expected to emerge as an efficient institutional solution to a co-ordination problem. This means embedding the analysis of inter-firm networks within a more general economic theory of institutional choice. Implementing such an approach makes it necessary to identify the main alternatives to the network and to explain why, under certain conditions, these alternatives are inferior to the network itself. Identifying these conditions allows us to provide an explanation for why international business networks, which linked together an array of independent firms, developed out of Britain in the nineteenth century.
Mixed Mode Operation of Electronic Markets and Hierarchies
Authors: Holland Christopher P , Lockett †Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of inter-organizational systems (IOSs) on network structures is analysed from a managerial perspective. The research problem is to explain the role of IOSs in the context of other variables such as asset specificity which have also been shown to partly determine the formation and change of network structures. One attempt at this problem is to apply transaction cost economics. In its simplest form this type of analysis suggests a move towards electronic markets rather than electronic hierarchies. However, this is not supported by empirical evidence from the subject disciplines of industrial marketing, manufacturing strategy, and by certain organization theory research which highlights the importance of integrated supply chains coordinated through hierarchical links. Although electronic markets have been involved in some industries such as travel and grocery, there is clearly a move towards electronic hierarchies, particularly in manufacturing, which have been termed virtual organizations, or vertical integration without ownership. In this chapter it is argued that by considering asset specificity, market complexity, and co-ordination strategy from an individual firm perspective, different forms of business relationships and network structures can be predicted and explained. This represents a broader application of transaction cost economics which includes issues of quality and exogenous changes in markets. The basic premise of electronic markets is that IOSs affect the relative cost structures of markets and hierarchies. This analysis is questioned and an alternative explanation is offered, namely that information technology makes all network structures more efficient and effective. In addition to the well-known market, hybrid, and hierarchy concepts, a mixed mode operation which combines a market element and a hierarchy element simultaneously is identifiable. It is argued that although the mixed mode is a concept independent of information technology, in practice it would be very difficult to manage using only manual systems.
The Bank of England and the Government
Authors: Kynaston David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is in five parts. The first (and longest) part traces the shifting balance of power between Bank and government from 1815 to 1988; the second considers some of the attitudes, prejudices, and assumptions that helped to shape the relationship; the third attempts to show some of the ways in which the Bank has sought to influence government economic policy; the fourth deals with the Bank in its role as conscious representative of the interests of the City of London as a whole; and the last part touches on the ‘independence’ debate that marked the run-up to the Bank’s tercentenary.
Clustering and UK Biotechnology
Authors: Shohet Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UK biotechnology ‘industry’ comprises two historically distinct industrial strands. The first—the traditional chemical and pharmaceutical industry—has long established roots traceable to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when firms such as Glaxo, Welcome, and ICI were founded. A number of US and continental European firms with UK subsidiaries also fall into this category. In some cases these were established before the Second World War and have since developed significant R & D and manufacturing operations in the UK. The second strand of firms has more recent roots and emerged from the new cell and gene discoveries of the mid and late 1970s. These start-up firms, the dedicated biotechnology firms (DBFs), are making an important contribution to growth of the sector, and represent the largest grouping of such firms in Europe, though smaller and compositionally different from the US sector discussed in Chapter 6.
Management Accounting in Italy Evolution within Tradition
Authors: Barbato Maria Bergamin , Collini, Paolo , Quagli Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of accounting theory in Italy has played a crucial part in the development of management accounting. The relative lack of acceptance of new accounting techniques is largely due to past achievements in accounting theory, both in financial reporting and in cost accounting. Putting modem accounting in a historical and cultural context represents an appropriate way to understand its stages of development and potential future changes.
Managing the Exchange Rate System
Authors: Holtham Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current system of floating exchange rates between major currencies with intermittant ‘management’ by central banks has many critics. Yet the Bretton Woods adjustable peg system operated in a world of extensive capital controls and the overwhelming dominance in the system of a single power and currency, the United States and its dollar. Neither of those two conditions now applies. Capital markets are increasingly open and, while the USA retains hegemony, two other currencies, the Deutschmark and the yen, are important centres of regional currency blocs and are willingly held by money managers internationally. Is there a feasible alternative to the status quo?
The International Origins of Unemployment
Authors: Eatwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all G7 countries, long-term trends in unemployment since the War show a distinct break around 1970. The increase in unemployment has been greatest in the major countries of the European Union, with Western Germany experiencing an almost eight-fold increase (from a very low base). Of the major European countries, only Italy had a rellatively small proportionate increase in unemployment, but this was from what was, for the 1960s, a high base. Canada and the USA, both relatively high unemployment countries in the 1960s, have also suffered ‘only’ 50 per cent and 130 per cent increases in average levels of unemployment. Japan’s experience is exceptional, having very low unemployment in the 1960s, and from that low base suffering ‘only’ a 120 per cent increase.
On Trade-Offs between Values
Authors: Lukes Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin with three commonplaces, namely: (a) that values are plural, (b) that plural values may conflict, and (c) that choice between conflicting plural values consists in a trade-off between them. Each of these apparent truisms has, nevertheless, been denied. (a) was denied by Plato, or so at least Aristotle thought when he insisted, against the ‘Platonists’, that ‘of honour, wisdom and pleasure, the accounts are distinct and diverse. The good, therefore, is not some common element answering to one Idea’. Some utilitarians deny it, as indeed do all those ‘monists’ who insist on the descriptive homogeneity of the objects of value. Indeed, its denial used to be a commonplace, but it is so no longer.2 It now seems increasingly to be accepted as obvious that things, or options, or states of affairs may be valuable in ways that cannot be reduced to a single way. As Max Weber (1948 edn.: 147-8) remarked, we have known since Nietzsche that something can be beautiful, not only in spite of the aspect in which it is not good, but rather in that very aspect. You will find this expressed in the Fleurs du Mal as Baudelaire named his volume of poems. It is commonplace to observe that something may be true although it is not beautiful and not holy and not good.
Overseas R&D Activities of Japanese Firms
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki , Yasuda Hideto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of evolution in many industries is characterized by a shift from import substitution to export, from export to the transfer of manufacturing activities abroad, and then to the development of overseas R&D facilities. Although the speed of this evolution has varied widely across industries and across countries, the development of overseas R&D facilities has been generally slow. One reason for this is that systematic R&D efforts by industries started only in the late nineteenth century with, most notably, Edison ‘s laboratory in Menlo Park in the USA and Bayer ‘s of Germany, both of which were founded during the 1880s. The first major US-owned overseas laboratory was founded in 1928 by Kodak in England, but more commonly R&D activity was concentrated in a firm ‘s headquarters ‘ laboratories. However, the expansion of multinationals after the Second World War increased the need for establishing R&D activities in host countries, and many R&D facilities were therefore set up abroad.
A Cultural Theory of Industrial Policy
Authors: Casson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding country case studies supply a rich variety of policy experiences to be interpreted. This chapter offers a theory that explains why such a range of industrial policies have been pursued over the last century or more in the various European economies. As in the earlier studies, a broad interpretation of industrial policy is adopted: an industrial policy is any policy designed by government to improve coordination between different sectors of the economy. Coordination is defined here with respect to the political aims of the ruling elite. Industrial policies arc chosen, it is assumed, because they are expected to increase the economic efficiency with which the policy objectives of the elite are achieved.
US Foreign Direct Investment in Electric Utilities in the 1920s
Authors: Hausman William J , Neufeld John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable attention has been devoted to ‘researching the determinants of the growth of multinational enterprise over the last century ‘. Yet much more attention has been devoted to manufacturing, trading, and banking than to public utilities. This is certainly the case for US foreign investment in electric utilities, which has been a relatively neglected topic in the history of multinational enterprise. This is unfortunate for a number of reasons: (1) direct investment in electric utilities comprised a substantial component of US foreign direct investment in the period under study here; (2) these foreign investments were related, albeit indirectly, to an event of momentous significance in US economic history, the stock market boom and crash of the late 1920s; and (3) direct investment in electric utilities has again become a topic of discussion and action in the industry because of political and structural changes in the 1990s both in the USA and abroad. The purposes of this chapter are to establish the quantitative importance of US foreign direct investment in electric utilities, which was especially vigorous in the last half of the 1920s, to identify the businesses that made these investments, and to discuss the structure of these multinational businesses, including the extent to which they could be described as ‘freestanding companies ‘.
Japanese Accounting
Authors: Someya Kyojiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about Japanese management practices, production systems and business culture but surprisingly little attention has been given to the development of accounting practices and approaches in modern Japan. Professor Kyojiro Someya, a former president of the Japanese Accounting Association and now Director of the Japan Accounting Research Institute, is one of the most distinguished accounting scholars in japan. In this book he presents an overview of developments under three main headings - Japanese Accounting History, Problems in Financial Accounting, and Cash Flow Accounting. Someya stresses that the focus of his research was shaped by the particular economic and business conditions in Japan. His work on cash flow accounting and fund flow analysis was done in the context of the problems presented by the high inflation in the immediate post war period; the work on financial statements was linked to the need to increase productivity; and his concerns for appropriate international reporting a reflection of the growing economic internationalization of the Japanese economy from the 1960s onwards. In this important and informed collection, Professor Someya also reflects on the broader meaning of accounting information in business and society, its role in business decision making, and the different ways in which it may be organized and presented in different business cultures.
Inventors of the World of Goods
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inventors have long been associated by historians with industrialization, and connected both with the capital goods sector and large-scale process innovation. Peter Mathias did much to shift the debate on the sources of innovation back to the role of artisan skills, to ‘learning by doing’, and to incremental technical change. While doing so, he still allowed an important place for science in the connections between invention and industrialization. This was not one of direct transfer, but of an intellectual milieu and climate of curiosity. At strategic points, the application of mathematics and measurement as well as scientific method did matter. The mathematical understanding underlying work on clocks, watches, engine work, and mechanical devices affected the development of engineering; scientific method and measurement mattered in experimentation with different types of metals. Mathias emphasized highly specialized skills and their great shortages.
China
Authors: Chai Joseph C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of China's remarkable economic growth is a new economic system, which has emerged out of radical reforms in virtually all areas of economic activity. Understanding this system is the key to understanding the Chinese economy. This book, the culmination of many years of research in Hong Kong and China, is a comprehensive account of these systemic reforms, as well as of their transferability to other economies in transition. The starting-point of Dr Chai's analysis is a careful examination of the structural elements of China's new economic system, focusing particularly on the decentralization of property rights in both the agricultural and industrial sectors. There follows a detailed analysis of changes in the functional elements of the system: its price and financial mechanism. An assessment of the open-door policy also considers the twin impact of the liberalization of China's foreign trade and foreign investment regimes. Finally, China: Transition to a Market Economy highlights the increasingly important role of the non-state sector in facilitating economic growth and structural transformation.
Human Development in Cuba: Growing Risk of Reversal
Authors: Mehrotra Santosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cuba is a small, very open economy, and has been so since before the Cuban revolution. Its dependence on trade for both consumption and output has not diminished since the revolution, so that it remains highly vulnerable to external shocks. For thirty years after the revolution it faced a relatively stable external environment, and within the limits of the structural constraints of being a small, open economy, output grew at a remarkable pace, even over the 1980s, when the rest of Latin America faced negative growth. Social indicators improved dramatically. However, whenever external shocks have occurred, output has been adversely affected throughout this century, and the experience of the 1990s has not been contrary to the historical experience of many other small, developing economies. This fact should be constantly borne in mind while analysing the Cuban experience.
The Development of Volkswagen’s Industrial Model, 1967-1995
Authors: Jürgens Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of the trajectory of Volkswagen1 (VW) between the late 1960s and the mid- l 990s reveals two prominent events: the crisis of 1973/4 and the crisis of 1993/4. Both years mark the end-points of periods of internal crisis, indecision, trial-and-error approaches, and accompanying internal controversies and uncertainty, which were of extended length: from around 1968 until 1974 in the first case, and from around 1988 until 1994 in the second. Both of these periods were basically related to issues of product strategy, that is, to ‘market uncertainty’. These, in tum, affected the firm’s governance structure.