bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of postnatal litter size on adult aggression in the laboratory mouse
Authors: Ryan Virginia , Wehmer Francine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGrowth, emotionality, food competition, and aggression were examined in mice nursed in litters of 3 or 9 and reared in isolation until testing. Animals from large litters were lighter at weaning and in adulthood and were more emotional in the open field than subjects from small litters. They did not win more food competition tests than subjects from small litters although their consummatory behavior during food competition tests was greater. Subjects from large litters were more aggressive in initial encounters, but over repeated encounters became more submissive. In a 2nd open‐field test, emotionality of large‐litter subjects was reduced more than that of subjects from small litters. When later placed in group‐living cages, subjects from small litters sustained less long term physical assault than subjects from large litters. High correlations were found between the 4 measures of brief aggression.
Taste‐aversion learning in infant guinea pigs
Authors: Kalat James W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInfant guinea pigs were hand‐fed a 10% sucrose solution and poisoned after delays of 0 min, 30 min, or 24+ hr. Subjects in the first 2 groups showed significant sucrose aversions when tested more than a month later. No significant difference existed between the 0‐ and 30‐min groups; no deficiency in this type of learning was evident even in neonates. All 3 groups showed a lower sucrose preference if first exposed to sucrose at ages 0–6 days than at 7–11 days. Evidently exposure to sucrose at the earlier ages was less effective in reducing later neophobia to sucrose; although the youngest animals had no evident deficiency in learning aversions, they may have been deficient in learning “safety.”
Effects on offspring of chronic maternal methamphetamine exposure
Authors: Martin Joan C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwenty‐five Sprague‐Dawley derived rats were administered 1.0, 3.0, or 5.0 mg/kg of methamphetamine HCl or saline twice daily throughout gestation beginning on Day 1 of pregnancy. Rats were allowed to deliver normally; offspring were culled to 8 and sexed on Day 7, and weaned on Day 21. All females had viable litters except at the 5.0 mg/kg dose where 4 of 7 failed to deliver. The rats given methamphetamine delivered earlier than did controls. Weight gian over gestation decreased as a function of increasing drug dose. No gross anomalies were visible in the offspring. Litter size decreased as a function of increased dose and eye opening was delayed in the drug groups; the 5.0 mg/kg offspring made more conditioned avoidance responses than did the 3.0 mg/kg and saline offspring.
Aggressive behavior of juvenile mice: Influence of androgen and olfactory stimuli
Authors: Svare Bruce , Gandelman Ronald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTestosterone propionate (TP) administered from Day 21 through Day 50 of life enhanced the aggressiveness of castrated and neonatally TP‐treated juvenile male and female mice and, to a lesser extent, enhanced the aggressiveness of nonneonatally androgenized females. In addition, the enhanced aggressive behavior of juvenile male and female mice was directed principally toward juvenile male but not female opponents and was inhibited by the application of urine from juvenile females to the fur of juvenile male opponents. These experiments indicate that androgen and olfactory stimuli modulate the aggressive behavior of juvenile mice in a manner similar to that of adult animals.
The development of response to continuous auditory stimulation in rats treated neonatally with 6‐hydroxydopamine
Authors: Brackbill Yvonne , Douthitt Thomas C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study investigated biochemical substrates of the continuous stimulation effect, i.e., the developmental phenomenon whereby continuous stimulation depresses arousal level. Neonatal rats were injected intracisternally with 6‐hydroxydopamine. Motility, heart rate, and brain amines were measured in these animals, as well as in injected and noninjected control animals, at 14 and 28 days of age in an own‐control design with and without continuous auditory stimulation. Brain norepinephrine was significantly and inversely related to the magnitude of the continuous stimulation effect and experimental‐control differences increased with age. These results indicate that an intact catecholaminergic system is necessary for the mediation of increased arousal during stimulation.
The influence of incubatory photic stimuli on chicks' visual intensity preference for approach behavior
Authors: Metcalfe John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIncubating chicks were presented with a high‐intensity or low‐intensity photic flicker stimulus, or with no photic stimulation. The chicks were tested at 16 hr posthatching for approach behavior, or at 96 hr for imprinting performance to the 2 visual flicker stimuli. The data were analyzed in accord with the arguments of whether those stimuli that effectively elicit approach behavior are determined by interaction between maturation and experience or by a genetic program. The results show that prehatch exposure to photic flicker stimuli affects initial approach behavior and imprinting performance, supporting the interaction position in opposition to the genetically programmed position.
Weak inhibitory behavioral effects of postnatal/preweaning taurine injections in rats
Authors: Persinger Michael A. , Valliant Paul M. , Falter Herman 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe behavior of rats injected once every 2 days between Postnatal Days 4 and 20 with 62.5 m̈g/g or 125 m̈g/g body weight of taurine was compared with saline‐ or .5 M NaCl‐injected litter‐mate controls. Taurine‐injected rats ran significantly less in the running wheel test anddisplayed lower response/reinforcement ratios following step‐like changes in DRL reinforcement schedules. The quicker adjustments to the changes in DRL schedules did not occur immediately but during sessions following the change. We concluded that taurine administration during early juvenile development could weakly influence adult inhibitory behavior.
Maternal hyperphenylalaninemia: An experimental model in rats
Authors: Andersen Arnold 
Published: January 2005

AbstractExperimental maternal hyperphenylalaninemia produced in pregnant F344 rats by the combined use of p‐Chloro‐DL‐phenylalanine and L‐phenylalanine reduced fetal birth weight in comparison to saline‐injected controls. Offspring who experienced hyperphenylalaninemia in utero died within 5 days after birth. Fetal plasma phenylalanine levels were several times higher than maternal plasma phenylalanine levels, indicating that the placenta actively concentrates maternal phenylalanine. Fetal brain phenylalanine levels rose in direct proportion to elevations in fetal plasma phenylanaline, whereas maternal brain phenylalanine levels remained low during maternal plasma phenylalanine elevation; the contrast suggests that the maternal brain is better able than the fetal brain to screen itself against high circulating plasma phenylalanine levels.
Visual sensitivity to orientation of rectangles in mice with retinal degeneration
Authors: Schnitzer Samuel B. , Beane Millard E. N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractC3H/HeJ male mice, an inbred strain showing retinal degeneration (rd), and normal‐eyed DBA/1J male mice were studied in a task requiring discrimination of horizontally and vertically oriented rectangles. The apparatus was a modified Yerkes discrimination apparatus. The mice were given 30 days of discrimination training, 10 trials/day, after which 10 more trials were given on the 31st day with positive and negative cues reversed. Both strains showed a highly significant decrease in errors during acquisition, the rd strain making significantly fewer errors than the DBA/1J animals. Reversal of the cues brought about a sharp increase in percentage of errors.
Depth perception after infant and adult visual neocortical lesions in light‐ and dark‐reared rats
Authors: Tees Richard C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 2 experiments the behavior of light‐ and dark‐reared infant‐ and adult‐operated striate rats were compared at 20‐160 days of age on a visual cliff apparatus in which the depth of the deep side could be varied. Differential depth thresholds revealed that depth discriminative ability did not develop normally following removal of the striate cortex in infancy. Further, infant‐operates who were reared in darkness following their operations performed less well than their light‐reared, infant‐operated counterparts. The infant‐operated animals, regardless of their postoperative rearing condition, performed significantly better than did adult‐operated animals after comparable post‐operative recovery periods and testing. The results are discussed in terms of further specification of the role played by age of operation and by the interaction between visual experience and age of operation.
Scopolamine's effect on passive avoidance behavior in immature rats
Authors: Wilson Linda M. , Riccio David C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMale albino rats ranging in age from 15‐‐30 days were injected with either scopolamine hydrobromide or saline, prior to training and retention testing on a black‐white passive avoidance (PA) task. Pretraining administration of a 1.0‐mg/kg dose of scopolamine significantly increased the median number of trials to criterion for 18‐, 21‐, and 30‐day‐old rat pups when compared with their saline controls. Fifteen‐day‐olds showed drug‐related PA deficits when a 2.0‐mg/kg dose was given. Retention data reflect characteristic age‐dependent memory loss over the 1‐week acquisitionretention period with no apparent state‐dependent effects. The data suggest the presence of cholinergic inhibitory mediation of PA responding in preweanling and postweanling pups.
The influence of early auditory experience on later auditory and tactual variation seeking in the rat
Authors: Hennessy Michael B. , Hershberger Wayne A. , Bell Robert W. , Zachman Thomas A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlbino rats were raised under 1 of 4 conditions of auditory stimulation from 22‐‐35 days of age. At 40 days, preferences for auditory and tactual variation were assessed in separate runway tests. Results were analyzed in a split‐plot design for each of 2 measures of variation seeking. Subjects experiencing more‐variable early stimulation scored higher than subjects receiving lessvariable stimulation on 1 measure of variation‐seeking and lower on the 2nd measure. The effect was intermodal since these results were obtained for tactual as well as auditory variation seeking.
The effect of reinstatement stimulus conditions on the maintenance of long‐term memory
Authors: Campbell Byron A. , Randall Patrick K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWeanling rats trained on an appetitive SDSΔ discrimination were subsequently exposed to different components of the training stimulus for 15 min each week for 10 successive weeks. On the week following the final stimulus exposure retention was measured by a 2‐hr relearning test. Those subjects exposed to all acquisition cues (SDSΔ with reinforcement), as well as those exposed to SΔ conditions alone, demonstrated enhanced retention relative to a control group receiving no reinstatement experience. All other exposure conditions including presentation of SD with reinforcement were either ineffective or impaired retention.
Stability of motor OR and heart rate habituation rates of infancy
Authors: Sostek Anita Miller , Brackbill Yvonne 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe stability of the OR habituation rate as an individual difference trait was investigated in 2 studies. The 1st focused on motor OR's to auditory stimuli at 3 ages within the 1st month of life, and the 2nd examined the HR responses to auditory stimuli at 4 and 8 months. The results indicate that motor OR's did not differ significantly with age and were moderately stable across ages. The stability decreased with age across consecutive days but increased across consecutive weeks. The cross‐age correlation for HR responses was moderate. The results were compared with similar findings on other parameters of the OR.
The effects of neonatal vestibular stimulation on adult growth and emotional reactivity in BALB/c mice
Authors: Labarba Richard C. , Stewart Allan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effects of neonatal vestibular stimulation on the subsequent development and behavior in BALB/c mice. No evidence appeared to suggest that neonatal vestibular stimulation alters either the growth pattern or the ontogenesis of emotional reactivity.
Effects of pre‐ and postnatal litter size reduction on development and behavior of rat offspring
Authors: Milković Karmela , Paunović Jasenka , Joffe Justin M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLitter size was reduced to 2‐5 rat pups either prenatally by unilateral maternal oviduct ligation (Group PRN) or postnatally by removing pups (Group PST). Normal size litters (8‐10 pups) of sham ligated (SHM) and intact (CON) mothers served as controls. Weights at 30 days were increased by prenatal or postnatal reduction and reduced by prenatal stress (SHM); the sex difference in weight was most pronounced in PRN rats. At 75 days PRN rats were heaviest, with no differences between the other groups. Relative ovarian weights were reduced in PRN females and absolute testes weights increased in PST males. The PRN and SHM females had smaller relative adrenal weights than CON and PST females. Open‐field activity was generally increased by prior avoidance conditioning and effects of treatments were found only in groups tested after avoidance‐conditioning: PRN and SHM rats were more active than PST and CON rats, particularly on Days 1 (SHM) and 4 (SHM and PRN) of testing. Passive‐avoidance behavior of PRN rats was also more susceptible to previous test experience: they emerged more slowly if they had prior open‐field experience. The PST animals, in contrast, emerged more rapidly after prior test experience. Plasma corticosterone levels and shuttlebox conditioning and extinction were unaffected by treatments.
Effects of neonatal thyroid hormone stimulation and differential preweaning rearing on open‐field behavior in adult rats
Authors: Sjödén Per‐Olow , Söderberg Ulf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn 2 experiments, rats were given a mixture containing high doses of 1‐tri‐iodothyronine and 1‐thyroxine‐sodium on Day 4 after birth (Group T)Controls (C) received equivalent amounts of saline. During the preweaning period, half of the litters in the T and C groups were raised in an impoverished (I) condition, and half in an enriched (E) condition. Open‐field ambulation, rearing, defecation, and, in Experiment 2, grooming behavior were recorded during a 4‐day period at 210 days (Experiment 1) and at 90 days of age (Experiment 2). A consistent augmenting action of neonatal hormone stimulation on ambulation and rearing was found for both males and females. Hormone‐treated animals did not habituate their rate of general motor activity with repeated testings in the open‐field. An over‐all pattern of a larger effect of hormone‐treatment in the I condition than in the E condition was noted, particularly among the females. Thus, the experience of preweaning enrichment partly “normalized” the open‐field behavior of the T groups. The results are discussed in relation to an hypothesis concerning the interaction of rate of development of the central nervous system and environmental stimulation in determining later behavior.
Genetic and ontogenetic variations in locomotor activity following treatment with scopolamine or d‐amphetamine
Authors: Remington Gary , Anisman Hymie 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHighly inbred mice of 3 strains A/J, DBA/2J, and C57 BL/6J were tested in an open field at 14, 21, or 28 days of age. Ten minutes prior to testing, mice received treatment of saline, scopolamine .5 or 1.0 mg/kg of body weight, or d‐amphetamine (.5, 1.0, or 5.0 mg/kg). The d‐amphetamine 5.0 mg/kg increased activity in all strains at 14 days and 28 days of age, and at 21 days significantly increased activity in all except the C57BL/6. In contrast, increased activity with the scopolamine treatment was seen in DBA/2 at 21 days, but not in A and C57BL/6 until 28 days postnatally. The data support a caudal‐rostral gradient of brain development with the inhibitory cholinergic system developing more slowly than the excitatory catecholamine system. In addition, strain‐specific differences in activity levels are discussed in relation to the differential rates of cholinergic maturation.
The role of auditory stimulation in responsiveness in young chicks
Authors: Brown Cathryn P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe mechanism of action of the auditory signal in increasing responsiveness to a visual‐auditory stimulus in chicks of 14–48 hr was examined. Stimulus effectiveness of an auditory signal dissociated from the visual stimulus was less than proximate auditory signal presentation but greater than a silent visual stimulus. Familiarity with the auditory signal increased and decreased responding under proximate and dissociated presentation, respectively. These data were interpreted as confirming the influence of auditory stimulation via increased arousal, and as indicating the possibility of selective responding to specific features of the auditory stimulus when its localization at the visual stimulus is possible.
Development of learning and memory in mice genetically selected for differences in brain weight
Authors: Herman Barbara H. , Nagy Z. Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMice selected for high (H), medium (M), and low (L) brain weight were trained to the goal arm opposite their preference in a shock‐escape T‐maze at 7, 9, 11, or 13 days of age. Twenty‐four hours later, half of the trained groups at each age received additional training to the original goal, whereas the other half was trained to the opposite goal. Maturational control groups without prior training were trained on the selected retest days for the previously trained groups. Improvement in correct choice‐point turns during training was suggested for the H‐line by 9 days of age and by 11 days of age for the M‐ and L‐lines. During retraining, H‐line mice demonstrated 24‐hr retention effects by 10 days of age, whereas 24‐hr memory was not indicated for M‐ and L‐lines at any of the ages investigated. These results indicate that the onsets of learning and memory were influenced by genes affecting brain weight, in that H‐line mice demonstrated more rapid brain growth as well as heavier brain weights at every age studied as compared with M‐ and L‐line mice which showed similar brain growth functions.
Maternal pituitary‐adrenal responsiveness as a function of differential treatment of rat pups
Authors: Smotherman William P. , Wiener Sandra G. , Mendoza Sally P. , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of litter separation and pup treatment on the maternal pituitary‐adrenal system were investigated in 3 experiments. Lactating females did not show a pituitary‐adrenal response to separation from their pups. However, the lactating females showed an increase in plasma corticosterone when their pups had been briefly removed and then returned. If, in addition, the pups were subjected to a noxious stimulus (electric shock) during the 2‐min separation, mothers showed a further increase in corticosterone. When pups were returned after 3 hr of separation, mothers again showed a differential pattern of corticoid responsiveness. The magnitude of the mother's pituitary adrenocortical response depended upon the intensity of treatment given to the pups. These data lend physiological support to behavioral studies which have shown that maternal behavior is differentially influenced by pup‐produced stimuli.
Early handling influences on behavioral and physiological responses during active avoidance
Authors: Weinberg Joanne , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of early handling on behavioral and physiological responses of the rat during active avoidance learning were investigated. Handled and nonhandled males and females were run in a 2‐way shuttlebox task with an unconditioned stimulus of either .5 mA or .8 mA. Animals exposed to .8 mA showed a higher corticosterone response, a shorter response latency, and increased defecation. Early handling did not affect performance of the task, however handling did alter the patterns of the plasma corticosterone response over the course of avoidance training. Handled females showed less elevation of plasma corticosterone than nonhandled females, but all females showed a decrease in corticosterone over the course of avoidance learning. All males showed the drop in corticoids if run at .5 mA shock, but only handled males showed this change at .8 mA shock.
Interaction‐induced reduction in differential maternal responsiveness: An effect of cue‐reduction or behavior?
Authors: Brown C. P. , Smotherman William P. , Levine S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLitters from donor mothers received differential treatments (handling or shocking) and were then placed in wire‐mesh baskets affixed to the cage tops of test mothers. Pup‐produced cues from donor litters elicited different patterns of maternal behavior from test mothers that interacted with their own litters. In addition to these differences in maternal behavior, cues from the donor litters elicited a differential pattern of pituitary‐adrenal activity. Shocked pups elicited larger corticosterone elevations than handled pups. These data suggest that the elimination of differential pituitary‐adrenal responsiveness evidenced when mothers interact directly with pups subsequent to pup treatment results from the termination of pup‐produced cues that normally accompany active mother‐infant interactions.
Interactive effects of genotype and early life undernutrition on the development of behavior in rats
Authors: Tonkiss John , Smart James L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDeveloping rats of 2 outbred stocks were either well‐nourished or undernourished by underfeeding their mothers throughout pregnancy and lactation. All rats were well‐fed from 25 days of age. Starting at 110 days male rats were observed first in an open field and then in a social situation; finally their motor performance was tested on a revolving drum. The social behavior test comprised pairing male rats of the same stock, 1 well‐fed control with 1 previously undernourished rat.Analysis of variance of the results of the open‐field and social behavior tests revealed main effects of Nutrition and of Stock for several measures of behavior in each test. There were also Nutrition X Stock interactions for 2 measures from the open field and 1 from the social situation. Motor performance was not impaired by early life undernutrition. The evidence of Nutrition X Stock interactions, together with that from analyses of the effects of nutrition performed separately for the 2 stocks, as if each stock had been investigated in a separate study, indicates that genotypic differences may be one of the reasons for the discordance often found between the conclusions of different early life malnutrition studies.