bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leadership selection, internal promotion, and bureaucratic corruption in less developed polities
Authors: Rauch James E. 
Published: March 2003

The establishment of a professional government bureaucracy in place of political appointees is an important component of an enabling environment for private enterprise. I show that internal promotion can help to bring to power individuals who highly value (relative to income) imposition of their preferences over collective goods on the public. Such individuals restrain the corruption of their subordinates as a byproduct of their efforts to implement their preferences using tax revenue. As a result, large‐scale and petty corruption tend to move together and both tend to be lower the longer the practice of internal promotion has been in place. JEL Classification: D73 Sélection des leaders, promotion interne, et corruption bureaucratique dans les pays en voie de développement. La mise en place d'une bureaucratie gouvernementale professionnelle pour remplacer les nominations politiques constitue un élément important pour créer un environnement porteur pour l'entreprise privée. On montre que la promotion interne peut aider à porter au pouvoir des personnes qui valorisent beaucoup la possibilité d'imposer au public leurs préférences quant aux biens collectifs (par opposition à la simple recherche de revenus personnels accrus). De telles personnes vont limiter la corruption de leurs subordonnés en cherchant à imposer leurs préférences dans l'usage des rentrées fiscales. En conséquence, la grande et la petite corruption tendent àêtre co‐reliées, et toutes deux tendent à décroître à proportion que l'on pratique la promotion interne.
Occupational gender composition and wages in Canada, 1987–1988
Authors: Baker Michael , Fortin Nicole M. 
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive picture, circa the late 1980s, of occupational gender segregation in Canada and its consequences for wages. Our analysis reveals sensitivity of the estimated penalty to ‘female work’ to both specification and estimation strategy. Our preferred estimates indicate that the wage penalties for women in female jobs in Canada are generally smaller than penalties in the United States. Of particular note, while there is some heterogeneity across worker groups, on average the link between female wages and gender composition is small and generally not statistically significant. JEL Classification: J71, J78 Taux de féminité des professions et salaires au Canada: 1987–88. Dans cet article, les auteurs dressent un portrait complet de la ségrégation professionnelle fondée sur le sexe au Canada à la fin des années 1980, et de ses répercussions sur le niveau des salaires. Leur analyse révèle que les évaluations de la ‘pénalité salariale’ dans les emplois féminins dépendent du choix des méthodes d'estimation et des spécifications des fonctions. Les évaluations les plus robustes indiquent que, pour les femmes au Canada, la pénalité reliée aux emplois féminins est généralement plus faible que celle qu'on trouve aux Etats‐Unis. Bien qu'on trouve des résultats différents selon les groupes de travailleurs, en moyenne, le lien entre le taux de féminité des professions et le niveau de salaires des femmes est faible, et n'est généralement pas statistiquement significatif.
Using the gravity equation to differentiate among alternative theories of trade
Authors: Feenstra Robert C. , Markusen James R. , Rose Andrew K. 
Published: March 2003

The simple gravity equation explains a great deal about the data on bilateral trade flows and is consistent with several theoretical models of trade. We argue that alternative theories nevertheless predict subtle differences in key parameter values, depending on whether goods are homogeneous or differentiated and whether or not there are barriers to entry. Our empirical work for differentiated goods delivers results consistent with the theoretical predictions of the monopolistic‐competition model, or a reciprocal‐dumping model with free entry. Homogeneous goods are described by a model with national (Armington) product differentiation or by a reciprocal‐dumping model with barriers to entry. JEL Classification: F10, F12 Equation de gravité et différenciation entre diverses théories du commerce international. La simple équation de gravité fournit une bonne part d'explication des flux de commerce bilatéraux et donne des résultats compatibles avec plusieurs modèles de commerce international. Les auteurs suggèrent que les diverses théories prédisent néanmoins des différences subtiles dans les valeurs de paramètres clés, selon que les biens sont homogènes ou différenciés, et qu'il y a barrières ou non à l'entrée. Le travail empirique des auteurs livre des résultats compatibles avec les prévisions théoriques du modèle de concurrence monopolistique ou du modèle de dumping réciproque avec entrée libre. On décrit les flux de biens homogènes à l'aide d'un modèle de différenciation nationale de produit à la Armington ou par un modèle de dumping réciproque avec barrières à l'entrée.
Query‐Biased Summarization Based on Lexical Chaining
Authors: Manabu Okumura , Hajime Mochizuki 
Published: March 2003

Recently, the prevalence of information retrieval engines has created an important application of the automatic summarization as the display of retrieval results, whereby the user can quickly and accurately judge the relevance of texts returned as a result of a query. Here, rather than producing a generic summary, the summary that reflects the user's topic of interest (information need) expressed in the query would be considered as more suitable. This type of summary is often called query‐biased summary.In this paper we present a method for producing query‐biased summaries using lexical chains. Lexical chains are sequences of words that are in lexical cohesion relation with each other, and tend to indicate fragments of a text that form a semantic unit. Using lexical chains would enable to produce more coherent and readable summaries than previous approaches to query‐biased summarization.To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, a task‐based evaluation scheme is adopted. The results from the experiments show that query‐biased summaries by lexical chains outperform others in the accuracy of subjects' relevance judgments.
The Globalization of Pharmaceutical Regulation
Authors: Vogel David 
Published: March 2003

Drugs have long been among the most extensively regulated of all consumer products. Not only do all governments closely supervise virtually every aspect of their development, testing, production and marketing, but many also regulate their pricing and distribution. The pharmaceutical industry is highly globalized, with over half the sales of the fifty largest drug companies made outside their home country (Tarabusi and Vivkery 1993). However, until recently, drug regulation was virtually synonymous with national sovereignty. Firms were required to conduct separate tests, submit separate applications, and meet distinctive criteria to enter each national market.Because drugs are so extensively regulated and have such significant health and safety impacts, drug policy coordination has proven extremely difficult. Nonetheless over the last decade, national regulatory agencies have begun to cooperate more closely with one another. The European Union has established a centralized drug approval system, the United States Food and Drug Administration has become more willing to cooperate with its foreign counterparts, and the United States, the EU and Japan have made substantial progress in harmonizing drug approval requirements under the auspices of a new international body, the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceutical Products (ICH). This article describes and assesses the implications of the increase in international coordination of national drug approval policies. It argues that the undermining of national regulatory sovereignty has improved both the effectiveness and efficiency of government regulation.
Values Espoused by Australian and US Organisations
Authors: Kabanoff Boris , Daly Joseph 
Published: March 2003

On a compare´ les valeurs de 132 organisations, 77 australiennes et 55 ame´ricaines, apparie´es selon la branche industrielle. Un logiciel d’analyse de contenu a recense´ les re´fe´rences aux valeurs dans les rapports annuels des anne´es 1986 a` 1990. On a compare´ les fre´quences des re´fe´rences a` neuf valeurs graĉe a` l’analyse de re´gression multiple et a` l’analyse en clusters, ce qui a permis de classer chaque organisation dans l’une de quatre cate´gories the´oriques de´finies par leur profil ou structure de valeurs: Elite, Leadership, Me´ritocratique et Colle´giale (Kabanoff, 1991). Les organisations de type me´ritocratique caracte´risent davantage les organisations ame´ricaines que les organisations australiennes, tandis que l’inverse est vrai pour les organisations de type e´litiste.Seventy‐seven Australian and 55 US organisations matched by industry were compared in terms of their espoused values by using computer‐aided content analysis to count the value references in their annual reports for the years 1986–1990. Frequencies of reference to nine values were compared using multiple regression and cluster analysis, which assigned organisations to one of four theoretically specified organisational types based on their value structures or profiles—Elite, Leadership, Meritocratic, and Collegial (Kabanoff, 1991). Meritocratic‐type organisations were more prevalent among US than Australian organisations, while the opposite was true for Elite‐type organisations.
Forecasting Psychological Consequences of Car Use Reduction: A Challenge to an Environmental Psychology of Transportation
Authors: Gärling Tommy , Gärling Anita , Loukopoulos Peter 
Published: March 2003

Au cours du troisième millénaire, la pénurie d’énergie et la pollution de l’air vont probablement imposer une réduction des transports motorisés des personnes et des marchandises. En se focalisant sur la réduction du trafic des voitures privées dans les zones urbaines, l’objectif des recherches passées a souvent été l’évaluation du rapport coût‐efficacité des stratégies sociales de réduction. En complément, on essaie, dans cet article, de prévoir les conséquences psychologiques de la réduction de l’utilisation de l’automobile.In the third millennium energy shortage and air pollution are likely to necessitate a reduction of motorised transport of people and cargo. Focusing on reduction in travel by private cars in urban areas, the aim of previous research has frequently been to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of societal reduction strategies. A complementary attempt is made in this article to forecast psychological consequences of car use reduction.
Determinants and Structural Relation of Personal Efficacy to Collective Efficacy
Authors: Fernández‐Ballesteros Rocío , Díez‐Nicolás Juan , Caprara Gian Vittorio , Barbaranelli Claudio , Bandura Albert 
Published: March 2003

Dans cette recherche, on éprouve un modèle structurel concernant l’impact du statut socioéconomique sur l’efficacité individuelle perçue et le rapport qu’elle entretient avec la perception de l’efficacité collective. Dans les travaux sociodémographiques, les jeunes, par comparaison aux plus âgés, s’estiment moins efficaces dans la gestion de leur vie professionnelle, de leurs relations intimes et de leur situation financière, mais plus aptes à promouvoir le changement social. Les hommes ont plus que les femmes le sentiment de pouvoir contribuer à la solution des problèmes sociaux. En accord avec le modèle structurel énoncé, le statut socioéconomique contribue à la fois à la perception de l’efficacité personnelle dans la gestion des événements de sa propre vie et dans la participation à l’amélioration de la société. Ces deux aspects de l’efficacité individuelle perçue contribuent à leur tour fortement à la conviction qu’une action collective peut effectivement induire le changement social. Un autre modèle où l’efficacité collective perçue devient la cause première de l’efficacité individuelle perçue se révéla moins proche des données recueillies.This study tested a structural model regarding the impact of socioeconomic status on people’s perceived individual efficacy and its link to their perceived collective efficacy. In sociodemographic analyses younger participants, compared to their older counterparts, judged themselves less efficacious to manage their worklife, intimate partnerships, and financial condition, but of higher efficacy in promoting social change. Men had a higher sense of efficacy than women to contribute to the solution of social problems. In accord with the posited structural model, socioeconomic status contributed to both perceived personal efficacy to manage one’s life circumstances and individual efficacy to contribute to the betterment of societal conditions. Both forms of perceived individual efficacy, in turn, contributed substantially to a sense of collective efficacy to effect social change through unified action. An alternative model in which perceived collective efficacy is assigned causal primacy affecting perceived individual efficacy provided a poorer fit to the data.
Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context
Authors: Bandura Albert 
Published: March 2003

La théorie socio‐cognitive adopte une perspective d’action pour ce qui est du développement, de l’adaptation et du changement humains. Cette théorie distingue trois types d’action: l’action personnelle exercée individuellement, l’action par procuration où l’on s’assure de bénéﬁces désirés en incitant autrui a intervenir en sa faveur, et l’action collective où les gens agissent ensemble pour construire leur avenir. Des dichotomies conﬂictuelles parsèment notre domaine, opposant l’autonomie et l’interdépendance, l’individualisme et le collectivisme. Les déterminants et les doses d’action individuelle, par procuration et collective varient culturellement. Mais tous les modes d’action sont nécessaires pour parvenir á ses ﬁns quel que soit le contexte culturel. Les cultures sont diverses et dynamiques, ce ne sont pas des monolithes statiques. La diversité intraculturelle et les écarts dans les orientations psychosociales mettent en évidence la dynamique aux multiples facettes des cultures. La globalisation croissante, la pluralité des sociétés et l’immersion dans un monde virtuel qui se joue du temps, des distances, des lieux et des frontières incitent àélargir la portée des études interculturelles. Les préoccupations se focalisent sur la façon dont les forces nationales et globales interagissent dans la création de la vie culturelle.Social cognitive theory adopts an agentic perspective to human development, adaptation, and change. The theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: personal agency exercised individually; proxy agency in which people secure desired outcomes by inﬂuencing others to act on their behalf; and collective agency in which people act in concert to shape their future. Contentious dualisms pervade our ﬁeld pitting autonomy against interdependence; individualism against collectivism and communality; and personal agency against social structure. The determinants and agentic blends of individual, proxy, and collective instrumentality vary cross‐culturally. But all agentic modes are needed to make it through the day whatever the cultural context in which one resides. Cultures are diverse and dynamic social systems not static monoliths. Intracultural diversity and intraindividual variation in psychosocial orientations across spheres of functioning underscore the multifaceted dynamic nature of cultures. The growing globalisation and cultural pluralisation of societies and enmeshment in a cyberworld that transcends time, distance, place, and national borders call for broadening the scope of cross‐cultural analyses. The issues of interest center on how national and global forces interact to shape the nature of cultural life.
Politics, Processes and the Future of Australian Accounting Standards
Authors: Brown Philip , Tarca Ann 
Published: March 2003

The perspective of public interest and interest group theories of regulation is adopted to consider the future of Australian accounting standards following major reforms proposed by the Australian Commonwealth government as part of its 1997 Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP). Interest groups in the Australian environment are identified. Their lobbying had influenced the initial proposals; and their reactions when the CLERP proposals were published resulted in substantial modifications to the CLERP proposals, which had initially recommendedthat International Accounting Standards (IASs) be adopted as national standards from 1 January 1999.The role of accounting standards and the structure of standard setting are explored. The political nature of standard setting is illustrated through a review of the CLERP proposals, submissions of various interest groups and the government’s responses to them. The central arguments are that key assumptions underlying the CLERP proposals are flawed, and that the CLERP proposals could not achieve the outcomes desired of them.It seems inevitable, however, that international standards eventually will supplant domestic standards. In the longer term, Australian standard setters seem destined to have a diminished role in the international standard setting arena.
Environmental Action, Gender Equity and Women's Participation
Authors: Agarwal Bina 
Published: March 2003

For poor households, and especially for the women who own little private land, forests and village commons have always been critical sources of basic necessities in rural India. However, the availability of these resources has been declining rapidly, due both to degradation and to shifts in property rights away from community control and management to State and individual control and management. More recently, though, we are seeing small but notable reversals in these processes toward a re‐establishment of greater community control over forests and village commons. Numerous forest management groups have emerged, initiated variously by the State, by village communities, or by non‐governmental organizations. However, unlike the old systems of communal property management which recognized the usufruct rights of all villagers, the new ones represent a more formalized system of rights based on membership. In other words, under the new initiatives, membership is replacing citizenship as the defining criterion for establishing rights in the commons.This raises critical questions about participation and equity, especially gender equity. Are the benefits and costs of the emergent institutional arrangements being shared equally by women and men? Or are they creating a system of property rights in communal land which, like existing rights in privatized land, are strongly male centred? What is women's participation in these initiatives? What constrains or facilitates their participation and exercise of agency? This article provides pointers. It also demonstrates the relevance of the feminist environmentalist perspective, as opposed to the ecofeminist perspective, in understanding gendered responses to the environmental crisis.
Group Action and Natural Resources
Authors: Tiffen Mary 
Published: March 2003

Hjort‐af‐Ornäs, Anders (ed,) Approaching Nature from Local CommunitiesSingh, Katar and Ballabh, Vishwa (eds) Cooperative Management of Natural ResourcesAdedji, Adebayo and Otite, O. Nigeria: Renewal from the Roots? The Struggle for Democratic DevelopmentFrancis, Paul (ed.) State, Community and Local Development in Nigeria
How sleeping neonates smile
Authors: Messinger Daniel , Dondi Marco , Christina Nelson‐Goens G. , Beghi Alessia , Fogel Alan , Simion Francesca 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInfants over one month of age tend to produce two types of smiling during especially positive social interactions, Duchenne smiles involving cheek raising and open‐mouth smiles. Little is known, however, about the prevalence, frequency, duration and organization of these smiles among neonates. Twenty‐five full‐term, healthy neonates (12 female) were videotaped during six minutes of sleep. Smiles were identified and analysed using an anatomically based coding system (FACS/Baby FACS). One‐half of the neonates showed bilateral Duchenne smiles. One‐quarter of the neonates showed bilateral Duchenne smiles at a mature level of intensity whose median duration was 1⅓ s. By contrast, open‐mouth bilateral smiles occurred in less than one‐tenth of the sample. The contrast between the more frequent bilateral Duchenne smiles and the less frequent open‐mouth smile is discussed in terms of the early synergistic functioning of facial muscles and contrasted with the smiling patterns of older infants.
How infants process addition and subtraction events
Authors: Cohen Leslie B. , Marks Kathryn S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThree experiments are described that assess 5‐month‐old infants’ processing of addition and subtraction events similar to those reported by Wynn (1992a). In Experiment 1, prior to each test trial, one group of infants was shown an addition event (1 + 1) while another group was shown a subtraction event (2 − 1). On test trials, all infants were shown outcomes of 0, 1, 2 and 3. The results seemed to require one of two dual‐process models. One such model assumed that the infants could add and subtract but also had a tendency to look longer when more items were on the stage. The other model assumed that infants had a preference for familiarity along with the tendency to look longer when more items were on the stage. Experiments 2 and 3 examined the assumptions made by these two models. In Experiment 2, infants were given only the test trials they had received in Experiment 1. Thus, no addition and subtraction or familiarity was involved. In Experiment 3 infants were familiarized to either one or two items prior to each test trial, but experienced no actual addition or subtraction. The results of these two experiments support the familiarity plus more items to look at model more than the addition and subtraction plus more items to look at model. Taken together, these three experiments shed doubt on Wynn’s (1992a) assertion that 5‐month‐old infants can add and subtract. Instead they indicate the importance of familiarity preferences and the fact that one should be cautious before assuming that young infants have sophisticated numerical abilities.