bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infections in different European populations: Results from the EPIVIR project
Authors: Viskari Hanna , Ludvigsson Johnny , Uibo Raivo , Salur Lina , Marciulionyte Dalia , Hermann Robert , Soltesz Gyula , Füchtenbusch Martin , Ziegler Anette‐G. , Kondrashova Anita , Romanov Anatolij , Knip Mikael , Hyöty Heikki 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe incidence of type 1 diabetes varies markedly between countries. As enterovirus infections have been linked to type 1 diabetes, we determined whether this variation correlates with the frequency of enterovirus infections in different Caucasian populations in Europe. Enterovirus antibodies were examined in the background population (1‐year‐old and 10‐14–year‐old children) in seven countries with either exceptionally high (Finland and Sweden) or low/intermediate incidence of diabetes (Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia) using EIA and neutralisation assays. Enterovirus antibodies were less frequent in countries with high diabetes incidence compared to countries with low diabetes incidence (P < 0.001). This suggests that enterovirus infections are not particularly common in countries with high diabetes incidence. In contrast, there seems to be an inverse correlation between the incidence of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus infections in the background population, which is in line with the previously proposed polio hypothesis according to which the complications of enterovirus infections become more common in an environment with a decreased rate of infections. J. Med. Virol. 72:610–617, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential display RT‐PCR analysis of ECV304 endothelial‐like cells infected with dengue virus type 2 reveals messenger RNA expression profiles of multiple human genes involved in known and novel roles
Authors: Liew Kingsley J.L. , Chow Vincent T.K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDifferential display (DD)‐RT‐PCR was employed to analyze mRNAs from ECV304 human endothelial‐like cells undergoing apoptosis following infection with the virulent New Guinea C strain of dengue virus type 2 in order to elucidate the cellular gene responses to dengue viral infection at the transcriptional level. We isolated, sequenced, and identified 203 differentially expressed and overlapping cDNA fragments, all of which were of human origin except 1 that was of viral origin. Out of these, 78 were individual distinct clones comprising 46 and 32 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that exhibited upregulated and downregulated trends, respectively. Of the 78 differentially expressed mRNAs, 16 did not match any characterized genes or ESTs. The remaining 62 mRNAs modified by dengue virus infection matched known genes, including those encoding components of the cell cycle (Anillin, CDC27), cytoskeleton (ε‐tubulin), signal transduction (OPHN1, PPP2R2A, TIRAP), protein translation and modification (EIF3S10, IF2, TMEM1), transcriptional regulation (α‐NAC, C20orf104, EGR1, ELP2), apoptotic cell death (RICK), membrane (BPAG1), and mitochondrial‐related proteins. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR and real‐time RT‐PCR authenticated further the altered expression patterns of selected genes of interest. These data demonstrate the feasibility of mRNA DD in providing insights into the complex responses of the transcriptional machinery of permissive and apoptotic human endothelial‐like cells in the pathogenesis of dengue and/or its complications induced by the virulent dengue virus type 2. J. Med. Virol. 72:597–609, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel CD4+ T‐helper lymphocyte epitope in the VP3 protein of hepatitis A virus
Authors: Sánchez Glòria , Pintó Rosa M. , Bosch Albert 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPrediction analysis of TH‐cell epitopes in the VP3 capsid protein of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) revealed the occurrence of a putative TH epitope in the 102–121 region complying with all the algorithms tested. To confirm these predictions, spleen T lymphocytes obtained from BALB/c mice previously immunised with HAV, were stimulated in vitro with different concentrations of synthetic peptides 102–121 and 110–121 of VP3. The ability of these peptides to stimulate CD4+ T‐helper lymphocytes proliferation was evaluated by an immunological flow cytometry detection of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Using this method, it is concluded that the amino terminal part of the VP3 102–121 sequence contains a T cell epitope. J. Med. Virol. 72:525–532, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variability of hepatitis C virus non‐structural protein 3 and virus‐specific CD8+ response in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: López‐Labrador F. Xavier , He Xiao‐Song , Berenguer Marina , Cheung Ramsey C. , González‐Candelas Fernando , Wright Teresa L. , Greenberg Harry B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) variation in specific T‐cell epitopes may represent a mechanism of viral persistence in chronic infection. We examined the HCV non‐structural protein 3 (NS3), including the immunologically relevant epitopes HCV NS3‐2 KLVALGINAV (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]‐A2‐restricted) and HCV NS3‐1391 LIFCHSKKK (HLA‐A3‐restricted), in 22 HLA‐A2+ patients with chronic infection. Significant amino acid variation was found in HCV NS3‐2 epitope sequences when compared to the HCV‐1 prototype virus. Six of the nine different HCV NS3‐2 peptide variants were identified in patients with HCV NS3‐2‐specific CD8+ cells, detected with an HLA‐A2 tetramer made with the HCV‐1 prototype peptide. Phylogenetic analysis, including HCV reference sequences other than HCV‐1, suggested however that most of the variations in the HCV NS3‐2 epitope could be related to genetic heterogeneity between HCV reference subtypes. Variation was less common when comparing HCV NS3‐2 epitope sequences from the clinical isolates to the most‐closely related HCV reference subtype in each case. Some subtype‐independent variations were found in epitopic residues probably important for T‐cell receptor interaction. In contrast, no significant variation was found in HLA primary anchor sites, flanking regions, or in the contiguous HLA A3‐restricted CD8+ T‐cell epitope. Ongoing variation was not evident in two selected patients with follow‐up. In conclusion, (i) the HCV NS3‐2 epitope is not conserved between different HCV strains/subtypes, and (ii) an HLA‐A2 tetramer loaded with the HCV‐1 prototype NS3‐2 peptide may still detect NS3‐specific CD8+ cells in some patients with variant viruses. These data may be useful to improve T‐cell assays using HCV NS3 peptides, taking into account the genetic diversity of this virus. J. Med. Virol. 72:575–585, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of JC virus with tubulointerstitial nephritis in a renal allograft recipient
Authors: Wen Mei‐Chin , Wang Chia‐Liang , Wang Meilin , Cheng Chi‐Hung , Wu Ming‐Ju , Chen Cheng‐Hsu , Shu Kuo‐Hsiung , Chang Deching 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA renal allograft transplant patient with tubulointerstitial nephritis was examined for possible involvement of human polyomaviruses. Biopsy of the allograft kidney revealed inflammatory interstitial infiltration with tubulitis and typical inclusion bodies in the nucleus of the tubulo‐epithelium. Glomeruli showed duplication and lamination of Bowman's capsule with enlargement of the parietal and visceral epithelia. Immunohistochemical analysis on the graft section using a JC virus (JCV) VP1 peptide‐specific antibody showed positive staining. Paracrystalline arrays of naked viral particles with diameters of 40 nm were visualized in the nuclear inclusions under an electron microscope. Molecular examination using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing revealed that the JCV was involved in the nephritis. The results indicated that JCV may be associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis. J. Med. Virol. 72:675–678, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiological and antigenic analysis of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalised Tunisian children, From 2000 to 2002
Authors: Fodha I. , Vabret A. , Trabelsi A. , Freymuth F. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHuman respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major viral cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children. Infections with the virus occur as annual winter epidemics in temperate climates, placing considerable pressure on the provision of hospital beds. Most molecular epidemiological studies have, until now, focused on isolates from infants in industrialised countries. No data have been available with regard to RSV strains from northern Africa.In this report, a recent RSV outbreak in Tunisia was studied and results showed that 176 of 815 (21.6%) nasopharyngeal aspirates collected from hospitalised children were RSV‐positive by immunofluorescence assay. This RSV outbreak showed a temperature‐dependant pattern (P = 0.026) but no significant association with rainfall. A total of 73 RSV‐positive samples were tested by two reverse‐transcription‐polymerase chain reaction assays (RT‐PCR): RT‐PCR‐1, which amplifies the RNA of all RSV strains, and RT‐PCR‐2, which allows subgroup classification of RSV. Analysis by hybridisation assay of RT‐PCR‐2‐amplified 1B protein gene products showed a higher prevalence of group B RSV than that of group A (82.5% vs. 17.5% among the typed strains). Knowledge of the variants is important in terms of both diagnosis and definition of a vaccine composition. J. Med. Virol. 72:683–687, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of B‐lymphocyte differentiation in patients infected with hepatitis C virus
Authors: Fournillier Anne , Freida Delphine , Defrance Thierry , Merle Philippe , Trépo Christian , Inchauspé Geneviève 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTo clarify whether some of the functions of B lymphocytes could be affected during hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, phenotypic characteristics of B lymphocytes from HCV‐infected patients and their capacity to differentiate into immunoglobulins (Ig)‐secreting cells were studied. B lymphocytes differentiation was investigated for patients untreated and non‐responders (n = 9), treated and non‐responders (n = 6), responders (n = 6), long‐term responders (n = 9) to therapy and seronegative controls (n = 14) following in vitro stimulation with S. aureus strain Cowan I mitogen. HCV sequences in purified B lymphocytes were detected by RT‐PCR. It was found that HCV‐patients harbor a similar mean percentage of B cells and a normal level of naïve B cells (% IgM+/IgD+ cells = 79.7 ± 15.4 for untreated non‐responders, 57.1 ± 22.9 for treated non‐responders, 44.3 ± 29.1 for responders, 75.7 ± 16 for long‐term responders) as compared with controls. It was also found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients or controls produced similar amounts of IgG, A, and M in vitro. A total of 57% of untreated non‐responders versus 17% of treated non‐responders were able to produce HCV‐specific antibodies. Interestingly, B lymphocytes from PBMCs able to secrete anti‐HCV antibodies contained HCV positive strand RNA, although no systematic detection of the negative strand was found. These data suggest that signaling through the B cell receptor (BCR) in B lymphocytes of HCV‐infected patients appears normal whatever their response to therapy. The capacity to secrete HCV‐specific IgG seemed to be linked to the presence of positive strand RNA rather than virus replication. J. Med. Virol. 72:566–574, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis E infection and their determinants in adult Chinese community in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong K.H. , Liu Y.M. , Ng P.S.P. , Young B.W.Y. , Lee S.S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCurrent epidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Hong Kong was evaluated in 936 adult Chinese subjects recruited through a telephone interview in 2001. Some 15% of the subjects had IgG antibodies to both HAV and HEV while 665 (71.0%) and 176 (18.8%) had anti‐HAV and anti‐HEV, respectively. Age was the most significant independent factor. Six hundred thirty‐eight (79.8%) and 165 (20.7%) subjects aged ≥30 had anti‐HAV and anti‐HEV, respectively, as compared with 27 (19.7%) and 11 (8.0%) in people aged <30. The corresponding adjusted Odds ratio (OR) was 14.94 (95% CI: 9.13–24.44; P < 0.001) for anti‐HAV positivity and 2.99 (95% CI: 1.58–5.67; P = 0.001) for anti‐HEV positivity. Subjects born outside Hong Kong were more likely to have anti‐HAV (adjusted OR: 3.41; 95% CI: 2.21–5.26; P < 0.001) but not anti‐HEV. Non‐labour work people were less likely to have anti‐HAV‐adjusted OR, 0.40 (95% CI: 0.26–0.62; P < 0.001). Age‐specific HAV prevalence right shifted in the last 20 years. Anti‐HAV positivity was less frequent, across all age groups, in subjects >21‐years‐old in the present study than another study done in 1987–89 (P < 0.001). HAV prevalence only increased slightly in every 10‐year age groups of people aged 21–50 when compared with their corresponding 10‐year‐younger age groups (P = 0.11), suggesting an ageing cohort effect with no major infections in the last decade. For HEV, both the overall and age‐specific prevalence decreased over the last decade (P < 0.001). The increasing proportion of susceptible population to enterically transmitted viral hepatitis has implications to future prevention and control programmes, including vaccination strategies. J. Med. Virol. 72:538–544, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microarray technology for identification and distinction of hantaviruses
Authors: Nordström Henrik , Johansson Patrik , Li Quan‐Gen , Lundkvist Åke , Nilsson Peter , Elgh Fredrik 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDNA microarrays combine high‐precision technology with advanced molecular biology to achieve high‐throughput screening of DNA fragments. In this study, we investigated the potential of the cDNA microarray technique to identify and discriminate PCR derived amplicons from genetically highly similar viruses. The wide range of sequence variation among hantaviruses makes them suitable as a model for this purpose. The hantaviruses, carried by rodents, cause several hundred thousand cases of severe human disease every year in many parts of the world. A hantavirus‐specific microarray, including DNA fragments from 12 viral isolates of six different hantaviruses, was designed. The S and M genome segments were represented by 500‐nucleotide overlapping and 250‐nucleotide non‐overlapping fragments. A considerable ability to distinguish between different hantaviruses was demonstrated using a novel analysis method. Even different isolates of a single virus, were identified correctly despite 90% sequence similarity. The distinction ability was accompanied by a tolerance for smaller sequence differences, which makes the microarray suitable for testing samples containing unknown viruses. Viral genetic material found in samples from the lungs of bank voles caught in the wild was identified precisely, which demonstrated further the potential for this technology. J. Med. Virol. 72:646–655, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) in HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women of Southeastern Italy: Association with injection drug use and hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Fiore Josè Ramòn , Volpe Anna , Tosatti Maria Alessandra , Valentin Lucia De , Favia Anna , Chironna Maria , Lisco Andrea , Vimercati Antonella , Angarano Gioacchino , Chieco‐Bianchi Luigi , Calabrò Maria Luisa 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) in a group of HIV‐1‐infected pregnant women and in mother–child pairs from Southeastern Italy (Apulia) was determined. Blood was collected from 49 HIV‐1‐infected women during pregnancy or at delivery as well as from their children. Samples were analysed for the presence of antibodies to the latency‐associated nuclear antigen and a structural antigen encoded by open reading frame 65. The presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) was also determined. Nineteen women (38.7%) were found to be positive for HHV‐8 antibodies to at least one of the two antigens, and 21 (42.9%) for HCV antibodies. HHV‐8 antibodies were more common in injecting drug users (56.3%) than in women infected through heterosexual intercourse (30.3%). HCV antibodies were significantly more prevalent in HHV‐8‐seropositive (66.7%) than HHV‐ 8‐seronegative (29%) women. Thirteen children born to HIV‐1/HHV‐8 co‐infected women were HHV‐8‐seroreactive, with a variable pattern of reactivity to the analysed antigens. Follow‐up of children showed a prolonged persistence of antibodies, in two cases for more than 12 months. This study has provided serological evidence for a high rate of HHV‐8 infection in HIV‐1‐infected women in the Apulia region, and has identified a possible association between HHV‐8 infection, past use of injection drugs and HCV infection. Parenteral transmission may, therefore, be a mode of virus spread. J. Med. Virol. 72:656–660, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of coxsackievirus B5 mediated β‐cell death depend on the multiplicity of infection
Authors: Rasilainen Suvi , Ylipaasto Petri , Roivainen Merja , Lapatto Risto , Hovi Tapani , Otonkoski Timo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCoxsackievirus infections may trigger and accelerate pancreatic β‐cell death, leading to type I diabetes. Unrestricted coxsackievirus B5 replication in cultured β‐cells inoculated with high multiplicity leads to rapid lytic cell death. Evidence from other virus‐host cell systems indicates that host cell responses to infection may depend on the multiplicity of infection (MOI). Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the mechanisms of β‐cell death during high versus low multiplicity of coxsackievirus B5 infection. Cultures of highly differentiated mouse insulinoma cells and primary adult human islets were infected with coxsackievirus B5 at multiplicities of >1,000 or <0.5 TCID50 per cell. The results of nuclear morphology and viability stainings, TUNEL staining and electrophoretic DNA fragmentation analysis showed high multiplicity infection to predominantly induce necrosis and transient apoptosis. In low multiplicity culture, however, necrosis was only moderately induced and apoptosis increased steadily with time. This was best demonstrated by a tenfold higher apoptosis/necrosis ratio than after high multiplicity inoculation. Expression of γ‐glutamyl cysteine synthetase increased in both infective cultures but the level of intracellular glutathione permanently depleted only at high multiplicity and recovered fully at low multiplicity. Thus, apoptosis represents an important mechanism of β‐cell death after low multiplicity of coxsackievirus B5 infection. This process is associated with maintenance of a physiological intracellular glutathione profile differing dramatically from the high multiplicity infection during which necrosis dominates and intracellular thiol balance deteriorates. These data suggest that the pattern and mechanisms of coxsackievirus B5 infection induced β‐cell death depend on the MOI. J. Med. Virol. 72:586–596, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of genotypes C and D of the hepatitis B virus in Japan: A clinical and molecular biological study
Authors: Duong Tran Nhu , Horiike Norio , Michitaka Kojiro , Yan Chen , Mizokami Masashi , Tanaka Yasuhito , Jyoko Kouji , Yamamoto Kazutoshi , Miyaoka Hiroaki , Yamashita Yoshimasa , Ohno Naofumi , Onji Morikazu 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe genotype‐related differences between genotype C and genotype D of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) remain unknown. The relationship was studied between the HBV genotypes and their clinical features, paying special attention to genotypes C and D. Serum samples from 413 HBV carriers were genotyped using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences at the basic core promoter (BCP) and precore (PreC) regions were analysed by direct sequencing. The full genome sequences of three HBV genotype D cases were also examined. Almost all carriers with HBV genotype D were asymptomatic carriers (84.2%). Genotype D was not found in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In contrast, carriers with genotype C had mainly chronic liver disease (63.2%; P < 0.001). The ratio of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)/anti‐HBe was significantly higher in genotype C than in genotype D in the young age‐matched group (P < 0.01). The mutation at BCP (T1762, A1764) was significantly lower in genotype D than in genotype C among HBeAg‐negative patients (P < 0.05). The HBV full‐genome sequences are very similar to certain HBV genotype D sequences from Europe. In conclusion, genotype C was associated with chronic liver disease, whereas genotype D was related to asymptomatic carriers with earlier HBeAg seroconversion. Thus, the outcome of chronic HBV infection may be different in persons infected with HBV genotypes C and D. J. Med. Virol. 72:551–557, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pneumonia in HIV‐infected patients in the HAART era: Incidence, risk, and impact of the pneumococcal vaccination
Authors: López‐Palomo C. , Martín‐Zamorano M. , Benítez E. , Fernández‐Gutiérrez C. , Guerrero F. , Rodríguez‐Iglesias M. , Girón‐González J.A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study was to assess the factors implicated in an increased or decreased risk of pneumonia, with particular attention to the response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and the effect of the polysaccharide 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccination in 300 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected adults followed‐up for a median of 35.6 months. Pneumococcal pneumonia occurred in 12 patients and all bacterial pneumonia (pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or other bacteria, as well as those with negative cultures but presumably bacterial in origin) in 40 patients. In the univariate analysis, immunodepressed patients (defined as those with less than 200 CD4+ T cell/μl), those without immunological response to HAART (defined as an increase of 25% of CD4+ T lymphocyte count), patients with previous admissions to hospital and those with cotrimoxazole or Mycobacterium avium intracellulare prophylaxis showed a higher incidence of both pneumococcal and all bacterial pneumonia. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of pneumococcal pneumonia was associated with a CD4+ lymphocyte count at the time of HIV diagnosis <200 cells/μl. The multivariate model that was more valid for prediction of all bacterial pneumonia included a CD4+ T cell count <200 cells/μl and absence of immunological response to HAART. Only in patients with a baseline CD4+ T cell count lower than 200/μl and immunological response to HAART, a near significant lower incidence of all bacterial pneumonia was observed after vaccination. Thus, these results do not support an important additional protective effect of 23‐valent pneumococcal vaccine in HIV‐patients with immunological response to HAART. J. Med. Virol. 72:517–524, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.