bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site preparation
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important factors influencing the establishment and growth of a plantation is the soil. It must provide a suitable environment for the trees to anchor themselves, and to obtain the water and minerals needed for healthy growth. The provision of adequate site drainage and the correction of restricted soil profile drainage are two of the most significant ways of achieving long-term improvements in site potential for forestry. They usually benefit both growth and stability. The survival and growth of young trees are influenced by the conditions immediately around the newly planted tree. In addition to drainage, improvements may be achieved by surface cultivation, reducing competition for water and nutrients, as well as improving aeration and increasing soil temperatures for root growth.
Plantation establishment and restocking
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After species selection, the next process in the management of a plantation is how to establish the new crop. Establishment is most commonly carried out by planting young trees which have been raised in nurseries or, more rarely, by direct seeding of the site. The aim is to produce plants which are cheap and have qualities and dimensions relating to handling, survival, and growth that make them suitable for use in the forest. Plants must be robust enough not to suffer damage when handled, not desiccate too quickly, have adequate reserves to make new growth, and have root systems which will rapidly become established. In most temperate countries the techniques for growing plants by any of these methods are now so specialized that they are the concern of nursery managers rather than foresters. However, it is important for foresters to understand the qualities and potential problems associated with different kinds of plants and to specify clearly their requirements when ordering.
Short-rotation crops
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In temperate regions, short-rotation crops may be considered as those grown on rotations of less than about 30 years. Many traditional, broadleaved coppice crops fulfil this definition but it also includes some short-rotation plantations grown for specialized products, notably Populus spp. and Eucalyptus spp. and some conifers grown directly for pulp with no intermediate thinnings. With the present European trend towards diversified land uses, and in particular the ‘set-aside’ policy, increasing areas of former agricultural land will become available for non-food crops. Rather than having this land left fallow, one interesting possibility for farmers is short-rotation forestry. In addition, since the 1970s’ energy crisis and with increasing environmental concern about energy production—whether from carbon dioxide-producing fossil fuels or from nuclear plants—several alternative energy sources are being considered, including short-rotation forest biomass (Christersson 1994).
Minor mass extinctions of the marine Cretaceous
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding ancient oceanic conditions becomes fundamentally easier in the Cretaceous due to the plentiful oceanic crust of this age. Coincidentally, the proliferation and radiation of planktonic foraminifera in the Early Cretaceous also allow the direct study of fluctuations in oceanic surface waters for the first time. With this burgeoning of the data base, all post-Jurassic extinction mechanisms have to be in accord with both open-ocean and shelf-sea evidence.
Role of a positioned nucleosome in constitutive repression and hormone induction of the MMTV promoter
Authors: Beato Miguel , Candau Reyes , Chávez Sebastian , Möws, Christian , Truss Mathias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems obvious that the packaging and condensation of eukaryotic DNA in chromatin within the cell nucleus should represent an obstacle for the protein machinery involved in replication, recombination, and transcription of the genetic message. This argument probably applies to all levels of chromatin organization, from the basic repeating unit, the nucleosome, over the solenoid superhelix or other condensed arrays of nucleosomes, to chromatin domains and loops. In the past this problem has been circumvented or eluded by invoking ad hoc hypothesis. For some years after the discovery of the nucleosomal organization of chromatin, the curious idea was favoured that the histones have evolved to packaged DNA into the cell nucleus in a ‘transparent’ way, which virtually would not interfere with the processes of replication and transcription. The prevailing opinion was that one could treat the genetic material of eukaryotic cells in very much the same way as that of bacteriophage lambda, ignoring the fact that it is tightly condensed into a regular structure. To make this assumption acceptable, it was claimed that the nucleosomes are randomly located along the DNA, and for this reason do not pose a problem for protein recognizing specific sequences or for enzymes involved in DNA metabolism. In recent years, however, this view has been challenged by the accumulation of experimental evidence demonstrating a precise nucleosomal organization in relevant DNA regions of many genes.
Genes and transcripts in the interphase nucleus
Authors: Spector David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; for a review see McNeil et al. 1991), including the development of probes and detection systems, have made it possible to easily detect whole chromosomes, chromosomal regions, single genes, and the RNA transcripts that the genes encode, in both cells and tissues. This approach has allowed investigators to address questions relating to the nuclear organization of chromosomes, the distribution of specific RNA species and their relationship to specific subnuclear regions, and the pathways that RNAs take from their sites of synthesis to the nuclear envelope. In this chapter I provide an overview of our current state of knowledge on the organization of genes and RNA transcripts in the interphase nucleus and the relationship of nuclear organization to gene expression.
X chromosome inactivation and heritable chromatin structure
Authors: Riggs Arthur D , Hershkovitz Maty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
X chromosome inactivation results in the heterochromatinization and genetic silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells and is a premier example of an epigenetic phenomenon. Transcriptional silencing by X chromosome inactivation is efficient, stable, and somatically heritable, yet genes on the inactive X chromosome (the Xi) function unaltered in the next generation. By definition, epigenetic changes do not involve irreversible alteration of base sequence. Instead, phenomena such as X chromosome inactivation are assumed to depend on heritable chromatin structure for the mitotic or meiotic transfer of information from parent to progeny. Chromatin-dependent epigenetic silencing is also seen in other organisms. Yeast mating type is an excellent example of alternate, heritable chromatin states (see Chapters 11 and 15), and the maintenance of chromatin activity states is also part of Drosophila development (see Chapters 13 and 14).
Heterochromatin and regulation of gene expression in. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Braunstein Miriam , Holmes, Scott G , Broach James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heterochromatin was defined by Heitz in 1928 as those chromosomal regions or entire chromosomes that remain in a condensed state throughout the cell cycle (Heitz 1928; John 1988). This definition is cytological and therefore only applicable to organisms in which individual chromosomes can be visualized. However, heterochromatin also exerts a characteristic transcriptional effect, which permits its detection and analysis even in the absence of cytological cues. Specifically, heterochromatin can exert transcriptional repression in a position-specific but gene-nonspecific manner, a process that contrasts with examples of transcriptional repression involving sequence-specific DNA binding repressor proteins and gene-specific promoter elements. The molecular basis of this heterochromatin-promoted repression remains to be determined, but likely results from exclusion of the transcriptional apparatus from the compacted chromatin structure of heterochromatin. Two examples of position effects on transcription exist in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the silent mating-type cassettes and telomeres. Substantial evidence exists indicating that these position effect loci are enshrouded in the yeast equivalent of metazoan heterochromatin. In this chapter we will examine how studies of these position effect loci in yeast have enhanced our knowledge of what produces and comprises heterochromatin and how heterochromatin elicits transcriptional repression.
Lek-like courtship in paper-wasps:‘a prolonged, delicate, and troublesome affair’
Authors: Beani Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Courtship may be ‘a very tedious affair, going on hour after hour.’ With these words two American experts on spiders, George and Elisabeth Peckham (1889, quoted in Cronin 1991), remarked on the long wait for successful matings that characterizes much research on sexual behaviour. Their study was one of the early detailed attempts to test Darwin’s theory of sexual selection by means of a female ‘aesthetic’ choice. They concluded that ‘the males vie with each other in making an elaborate display, not only of their grace and agility, but also of their beauty, and that the females, after attentively watching the dances and tournaments (...), select for their mates the males that they find most pleasing.’ One century later, ‘dancing’ and 'athletic ability' of males in the courtship of fruitflies has been explained as a costly, therefore an honest, signal of mate quality; females mate ‘only with those males that are able to keep up’ with them during the courtship dance (Maynard Smith 1991).
The role of cuticular hydrocarbons in social insects: is it the same in paper-wasps?
Authors: Cristina Lorenzi Maria , Bagnères Anne-Geneviève , Clément Jean-Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On facing an individual entering its colony, a social insect must make a choice: residents are admitted and intruders rejected. This kind of nestmate recognition process has been favoured by selection presumably because it limits colony exploitation by parasites and conspecific individuals from other colonies while promoting colony integrity and success.
Some epistemological reflections on Polistesas a model organism
Authors: Burian Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a rare privilege for me, as a philosopher of biology, to be invited to contribute to a volume such as this, on a topic that I know mainly from a brief acquaintance with some recent literature. I thank the organizers for their invitation to reflect on some of the virtues and problems of recent comparative work employing Polistes and related organisms. In doing so, I will be extending some work I have previously done on the use of model organisms, mainly in laboratory contexts (Burian 1992, 1993). I have learned a great deal from the contributors to this volume; I can only hope that this chapter provides some small return for the education they have given me. As a usurper at the biologists' nest, I offer this chapter in hope of warding off agonistic interactions; after all, it is in my best interest to avoid a grappling fight and expulsion from the nest-or worse.
Copulation patterns and sperm depletion
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Copulation patterns of birds may seem a somewhat perverse subject to study (and is not half as exciting as it might sound). Brief cloacal contact between mates, usually preceded by few preliminaries, is all the reward an observer gets for patiently observing birds for many hours. Yet this particular aspect of behavioural ecology has attracted more attention in recent years than virtually any other single subject.
Habitat Creation and Repair
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With increasing public awareness of environmental issues, landscape managers and developers are being required to creatic substantial areas of naturalistic planting, particularly in urban areas, and to restore habitats degraded by building, development, or overuse. This book provides the definitive guide to habitat creation and repair, ranging from ethics, theory, and principles to the practical detail of designing habitats for wildlife. The authors, who have been working and teaching in the field for many years, draw on a wealth of practical experience - as well as an in-depth knowledge of the existing widely scattered literature - to provide an authoritative and accessible account of this rapidly developing subject. From coastal and freshwater ecosystems to mountains, forest, and grasslands, the book spans all of the major types of habitat to be found in the UK. Oliver Gilbert and Penny Anderson give advice on deciding when habitat creation is the correct path to follow, and then cover all steps from site survey through to the final design and actual realization of the scheme. For each habitat, the authors describe the options, problems, and solutions most likely to be encountered, and give examples of good and bad habitat creation in practice drawn from the UK and other countries. Habitat Creation and Repair is the first comprehensive guide to habitat creation to be published for several years. It will be a key text for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate courses in ecology, landscape architecture, resource management, and environmental science.With habitat conservation, creation, and repair increasingly a priority amongst planners, developers, and policy-makers, this book will also be welcomed by professional ecologists, environmental consultants, resource managers, and landscape architects.
An evolutionary tree for the mollusca: branches or roots?
Authors: Lindbergt David R , Pondert Winston F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypotheses of relationships amongst higher molluscan taxa have assumed a single cladogenetic event in the origin of the Conchifera from the supposedly more primitive placophoran groups (e.g., Wingstrand, 1985; Salvini-Plawen, 1990; Scheltema, 1993). A less common alternative hypothesis derives the conchiferans in an unresolved polytomy from a hypothetical ancestral mollusc (Yochelson, 1978). Sister taxa of Mollusca have included the Platyhelminthes (Salvini- Plawen, 1968), Annelida (Lemche and Wingstrand, 1959; Eemisse et al., 1992), and more recently, the Sipuncula (Scheltema, 1993). Within the Mollusca, both Polyplacophora and Aplacophora have been argued as the most primitive taxon, and thus outgroup to the Conchifera. Most of these studies have ignored extinct fossil members of the Mollusca (see Yochelson, 1978). If extinct fossil taxa are included in evolutionary scenarios they are typically limited to distinctive clades such as the Rostroconchia and Bellerophonta (e.g., Wingstrand, 1985), while other more problematic extinct taxa (e.g., hyoliths) are systematically ignored, arbitrarily excluded from the Mollusca without analysis, or shoe-homed into extant groups [but see Yochelson (1978) and Pojeta and Runnegar (1976)]. While the exclusion of extinct taxa can be justified if the data set is limited to molecular or anatomical characters, the absence of fossil taxa in analyses of molluscan origins based on hard part morphology is not.
Early evolution of the mollusca: the fossil record
Authors: Runnegar Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of the early evolution of the Mollusca comes from three main areas: the anatomy and fine structure of living primitive molluscs (Salvini-Plawen, 1980, 1991; Haas, 1981; Wingstrand, 1985; Haszprunar, 1988, 1992; Scheltema, 1993); the comparison of rRNA sequences (Field, Olsen, Lane, Giovannoni, Ghiselin, Raff, Pace and Raff, 1988; Ghiselin, 1988; Patterson, 1989; Lake, 1990; Tillier, Masselot, Phillipe and Tillier, 1992; Winnepennickx, Backeljau, van de Peer and De Wachter, 1992); and the Cambrian fossil record (Yochelson, 1963, 1978; Runnegar and Pojeta, 1974, 1985; Morris, 1990; Peel, 1990a-b; Yu, 1990). In addition, the unexpected discovery of head and tail valves on articulated individuals of Halkieria evangelista from the Early Cambrian of Greenland (Conway Morris and Peel, 1990) has stimulated interest in the molluscan stem lineage and its extinct side branches (Bengtson, 1992). The challenge for the future is to meld these very different sources of information into a coherent model for the early history of the phylum and its place within the Metazoa. Here, I examine the strengths and weaknesses of existing models in an attempt to provide a framework for future research.
Shellpores (caeca,aesthetes) of mollusca: a case of polyphyly
Authors: Reindl Sonja , Haszprunar Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organic contents of molluscan shell pores (in particular the aesthetes of Polyplacophora and the caeca of Conchifera) have been considered as homologous organs (Salvini-Plawen, 1985: 115). Whereas, the ultrastructure of the polyplacophoran aesthetes is well documented, fine-structural information on conchiferan caeca are scarce. Until now fine-structural data exist solely for the caeca of fissurellid limpets (Reindl and Haszprunar, 1992, 1993, 1994).
Evolution of high-latitude molluscan faunas
Authors: Crame J Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two central, and interrelated, questions lie at the heart of investigations into the evolutionary history of polar and high- latitude marine biotas: how old are they?, and how isolated have they been through time? There is, perhaps, still a widespread impression that polar biotas are in some way less mature than their low-latitude counterparts. Because of repeated glaciations through the late Neogene and Quaternary, it is assumed generally that many taxa are still re-adjusting to life in high latitudes; by comparison, the more benign low- latitude regions are thought to be sites where life has proliferated comparatively undisturbed for long periods of time (see Dunbar, 1968 and references therein for a fuller development of this theme). Whereas there may have been open marine connections between the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans over at least the last 30 million years (=m.y.) (Marincovich et al., 1990), links between the Arctic and North Pacific oceans were severed from the Late Cretaceous to late Pliocene (65-3 m.y. ago). A common view of the Southern Ocean marine fauna is that it is the product of a considerable period of evolutionary isolation (e.g. Knox and Lowry, 1977; Lipps and Hickman, 1982).
Phylogeny and patterns of evolutionary radiation in trochoidean gastropods
Authors: Hickman Carole S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Superfamily Trochoidea is, by any measure, one of the most diverse clades of marine gastropods. Taxonomic diversity is reflected in the availability of more than 500 genus-level names, at the same time that it is masked by nearly two centuries of traditional ranked classifications that have grouped genera at the levels of family and subfamily. These ranked classifications fail to encompass the deeply nested pattern of evolutionary novelties that emerges when large sets of clearly defined characters are used to realign monophyletic groupings and generate phylogenetic trees. This paper summarizes the results of phylogenetic analyses of the two major trochoidean clades, Trochidae and Turbinidae, and examines the systematic implications of the resulting trees for classification and for further studies of the evolutionary history and patterns of radiation of major groups.
Evolutionary systematics of jurassic trochoidea: the family colloniidae and the subfamily proconulinae
Authors: Ari Stefano Mon , Contl Maria Alessandra , SzabÓ Janos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neontological studies on gastropod systematics carried out during the last decades have underlined the difficulties arising from the use of a restricted number of characters for a natural classification. On the other hand, shell morphology is the only feature available for the systematics of groups consisting mostly of extinct taxa. Consequently, the palaeontological approach to gastropod classification suffers from a lack of information. Furthermore, some important shared features between neontological and palaeontological studies, such as the relation between form and function and between the modifications of the shell morphology and the anatomy, are often not well known. In this paper we have sought useful systematic characters for fossil taxa.
The diaphanidae as a possible sister group of the sacoglossa (gastropoda, opisthobranchia)
Authors: Jensen Kathe R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family Diaphanidae has been proclaimed as the “ancestor” of the Sacoglossa for many years (Odhner, 1926, 1937, 1939; Boettger, 1954, 1963; Ghiselin, 1966; Gascoigne and Sartory, 1974; Salvini-Plawen, 1990). The similarity between the genus Newnesia Smith and the sacoglossan family Oxynoidae (then Lophocercidae) was noted very early (Eliot, 1906). Before their anatomy was described, the genera Volvatella Pease and Cylindrobulla Fischer were included in the Diaphanidae (Odhner, 1939; Boettger, 1954), or in the family Akeridae (Thiele, 1931; Hoffmann, 1939; Pruvot-Fol, 1954). The Diaphanidae are defined primarily on negative characters, i.e. absence of jaws and gizzard plates (Thiele, 1931).
Development and homologies of the anal gland in haminaea navicula (da costa, 1778) (opisthobranchia, bullomorpha)
Authors: Schaefer Kurt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to establish the monophyly of the Heterobranchia, Haszprunar (1985, 1988) and Robertson (1985) used pig- meneted anal glands as a synapomorphic character of allogastropods, opisthobranchs and pulmonates. Both authors used different terms for homologous structures and restricted the homology of pigmented and unpigmented anal glands. The anal glands of gastropod veligers consist of conspicuous large vacuolated gland cells which are situated in the mantle cavity, dorsally and ventrally to the hindgut. Secretions of the dorsal gland might be of various colours or even unpigmented (e.g. Hamatani, 1960a,b, 1961a,b; Usuki, 1966).
Relationships within the ellobiidae
Authors: AnÓnjo M , Martins De Frias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ellobiidae are a group of primitive pulmonate gastropods, predominantly tropical. Mostly halophilic, they live above the high-tide mark on mangrove regions, salt-marshes and rolled- stone shores. One subfamily, the Carychiinae, is terrestrial, inhabiting the forest leaf-litter on mountains throughout the world.
The Ellobiidae were elevated to family rank by Lamarck (1809) under the vernacular name “Les Auriculacees”, properly latinized to Auriculidae by Gray (1840). Odhner (1925), in a revision of the systematics of the family, preferred H. and A. Adams’ name Ellobiidae (in Pfeiffer, 1854), which has been in general use since that time.
The phylogenetic significance of some anatomical features of bivalve veliger larvae
Authors: Cragg Simon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various larval types are present within the Bivalvia. The primitive protobranchs have barrel-shaped test or pericalymma larvae, some freshwater bivalves have parasitic larvae such as the glochidium or lasidium, but the most common larval development pattern involves a shelled ciliated stage, the veliger. In some cases, the veliger is lecithotrophic and may, where a free-swimming stage is short-lived or absent, be highly modified or reduced in comparison to the more characteristic planktotrophic form (Chanley, 1969).