bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segment Composition as a Factor in the Syllabification Errors of Second‐Language Speakers
Authors: Stockman Ida J. , Pluut Erna 
Published: March 2003

A major goal of second‐language acquisition research is to identify factors that influence speaker/listener errors. This study focused on the markedness of L2 consonant characteristics as one such factor. Markedness theory has well served the search for performance constraints that go beyond native‐language interference. Its application to phonological errors in particular has been fertile ground for testing the claim that L2 errors reflect universal constraints on learning linguistic forms. Evidence for this claim has been sought more often from the syllabic structure of words than the properties of the speech sounds comprising it. Thus, given the universally favored CV syllable shape, L2 errors are expected to occur more often in the more marked syllable‐final than syllable‐initial word position. Our study revealed, however, that the markedness of the syllabic position can be neutralized by the type of consonant sounds that are perceived and produced: The expected rank ordering of initial and final consonant errors of Mandarin speakers of English did not conform to Anderson's (1987) hierarchy as predicted by a modified version of the Markedness Differential Hypothesis. These learners' syllable final/initial errors could be related to the consonant's manner and place of articulation, as well as to its voicing and sonority features as described in other studies; the greater vulnerability of their nasal than their oral stops to syllable position constraints implicates the markedness of the speech sounds themselves as a factor limiting performance.This study, then, adds to the growing body of evidence that L2 errors are differentially influenced by the inherent properties of the L2 speech sounds. The research focus on segmental sound properties becomes important in view of the fact that so much of the syllable structure research has focused on oral stops; our findings suggest that research on syllable structure constraints may not be generalized across sound classes. Furthermore, it is clear that multiple interacting factors must be taken into account in modeling L2 errors within a universal constraints framework.
The Photogrammetric Survey of a Prehistoric Site Undergoing Removal
Authors: Georgopoulos A. , Karras G. E. , Makris G. N. 
Published: March 2003

For the construction of the new Athens International Airport, it was imperative that a hill, obstructing air traffic, be lowered by approximately 40 m. Unfortunately, a fortified prehistoric settlement was situated on top of that hill. In order to carry out this task, it was required: (a) to produce a model of the site at a scale of 1;50; and (b) to monitor and document every single stone during the dismantling of the most important parts of the site, so that its rebuilding elsewhere and at a later time would be possible.The Laboratory of Photogrammetry, National Technical University of Athens, undertook to provide the necessary metric data. By using low altitude aerial photographs from a helicopter, a specialized tripod and terrestrial photogrammetric techniques, the following products were created, all at a scale of 1;50: contour lines and DTM of the site; digital orthophotograph of the site; graphic drawing of the development of the exterior of the surrounding wall; and graphic drawings of the upper (initial) and the lower (last) levels of the parts to be removed. In this paper, both the fieldwork and the final products are presented and evaluated.
Through‐Water Close Range Digital Photogrammetry in Flume and Field Environments
Authors: Butler Justin , Lane Stuart , Chandler Jim , Porfiri Ekaterini 
Published: March 2003

Measurement of the structure of gravel‐bed river surfaces is crucial for understanding both bed roughness and the sediment entrainment process. This paper describes the use of close range digital photogrammetry to measure and monitor change occurring in submerged river gravel‐beds in both flume and field environments. High‐resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) were obtained and two‐media (through air and water) techniques were used to correct for the e.ects of refraction at the air/water interface. Although suitable refractive models have been developed, the use of proprietary software to generate DEMs automatically introduces the problem of how to re‐establish collinearity. A simple refraction correction algorithm based upon analytical geometry was developed and is described. This algorithm was designed for use after initial DEM acquisition and allows any photogrammetric software package to be used for data acquisition. Application of this algorithm led to improvements in DEM accuracy by reducing the systematic, depth‐dependent bias caused by refractionResearch carried out in a flume environment allowed the algorithm to be tested by measuring a flooded and drained bed surface. Non‐systematic differences between the “dry” and “wet” DEMs arose from reductions in stereomatching success in the two‐media case. This effect was thought to be due to light attenuation and the introduction of residual parallax. Results suggest that close range digital photogrammetry can be used to extract high quality DEMs of submerged topography in both flume and field fluvial environments, which represents a particularly exciting development for fluvial geomorphologists
Romanov Redux
Authors: Steinberg Victoria S. , Steinberg John W. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Bokhanov, Alexander, Knodt, Manfred, Oustimenko, Vladimir, Peregudova, Zinaida, and Tyutunnik, Lyubov, The Romanovs: Love, Power, and TragedyFuhrmann, Joseph T. (ed.), The Complete Wartime Correspondence of Tsar Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra: April 1914–March 1917Iroshnikov, Mikhail, Protsai, Liudmila, and Shelaev, Iurii, Nikolai II: Poslednii Rossiiskii ImperatorKozlov, Vladimir A. and Khrustalev, Vladimir M. (eds.), The Last Diary of Tsaritsa AlexandraKurth, Peter, Tsar: The Lost World of Nicholas and AlexandraMaylunas, Andrei and Mironenko, Sergei (eds.), A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas & Alexandra—Their Own StoryPerry, John Curtis and Pleshakov, Constantine, The Flight of the Romanovs: A Family SagaShelaev, Iu., Shelaeva, E., Semenov, N., and Protsai, L., Nikolai II: Stranitsy zhizni
Water and the potential for social instability: Livelihoods, migration and the building of society
Authors: Moench Marcus 
Published: March 2003

In much of the Third World, access to secure water for irrigation, particularly groundwater, reduces vulnerability, stabilizes livelihoods,alleviates poverty and ‘entitles’ populations to education and other forms of capital accumulation. Water resource development can, as a result, be used as a key tool for addressing the social roots of instability. The reverse is also true — problems such as groundwater overdraft contribute to poverty and are often at the root of forced migration and the creation of underemployed and unstable displaced populations. Water is fundamental to regional as well as local security.The benefits of water resource development and the risks associated with unsustainable use patterns are particularly critical in arid regions. Patterns of water use that are unsustainable can play a positive role in the transition of populations from nomadic or migratory to stable communities, where people have access to education and asset accumulation. The exit is, however, as important as the entry. In many regions, the majority of the population now need to make the transition from agriculture to non–agricultural livelihoods. Many people, particularly the wealthy, may already be doing this. Understanding and enabling transition represents one of the most important policy challenges for coming decades.Using examples from India, Yemen, Saudi Arabia and other countries, this article documents some of the connections between water and security and clarifies the importance of effective solutions to water problems and to social transition in arid regions.
Comment by Arvind Sharma
Authors: Sharma Arvind 
Published: March 2003

Comments on: JRE Focus on The 50th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights, Journal of Religious Ethics 26.2 (Fall 1998)“Rethinking Human Rights: A Review Essay on Religion, Relativism, and Other Matters” by David Little, Journal of Religious Ethics 27.1 (Spring 1999)
Object–Oriented Enterprise Modeling and Simulation of AEC Projects
Authors: Christensen Lars Chr. , Christiansen Tore R. , Jin Yan , Kunz John , Levitt Raymond E. 
Published: March 2003

In this paper we describe an object–oriented framework for developing enterprise models of Architecture, Engineering, Construction projects, and a methodology for formalizing these models such that they can be used for discrete event simulation of information processing and coordination in project execution. The simulation results can be used to predict the probable effects of carrying out proposed changes in planning and managing projects.In our enterprise modeling framework we represent engineering design projects in terms of deliverables (requirements and solutions), plans (activities and process relations), and organization (participants and organizational relations). The resulting project model is the starting point for identifying coordination requirements between project team participants. Our methodology uses matrix techniques derived from qualtiy function deployment (QFD) to identify interactions between project requirements and solutions and calculate measures of product complexity. We then describe information flow between project activities in a similar matrix and calculate measures of process uncertainty. Finally, we identify the responsibilities of project team members and use a matrix to point out organizational interdependencies.We apply our framework and methodology to model and simulate engineering design for a major extension of an electrical power substation. Our simulation results demonstrate how project performance is contingent on the fit between the project policies and the objectives and preferences of the project team.
Value Creation in the Insurance Industry
Authors: Hancock John , Huber Paul , Koch Pablo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUsing the insights of current research in corporate finance and financial institutions, the authors briefly present a consistent economic framework for looking at insurance. Shareholders of insurance companies provide risk capital that is invested in financial assets and therefore earns the market return of the assets it is invested in. However, due to the legal and fiscal environment insurance companies are in, they have a competitive disadvantage at investing, and this gives rise to frictional capital costs. The core competence of insurers is in managing the size of these frictional capital costs. Insurers must ensure that they can sell insurance for a price in excess of what they need to produce the cover they sell and compensate the incurred frictional costs on risk capital. It is through the ability to do so that insurers create shareholder value.
The numinous and immanent nature of the psychoanalytic subject
Authors: Grotstein James S. 
Published: March 2003

In the Freudian and Kleinian conception of unconscious mental life, credence is given to the existence and functioning of peremptory instinctual drives as the putative causation of all mental life, yet they are denied an organization or a personality. It is especially when we come to the notion of how dreams are created or how the free associations of an analytic hour are orchestrated that we begin to wonder about the hidden order, the cryptic intelligence or presence, that seems to cohere our chaos and present it to us in mystically encoded forms for us to translate.In this contribution it is posited that there is a numinous or ineffable subject of the unconscious which organizes our mental life and which unconsciously registers everything that happens to us. Mysteriously connected with this is the immanent subject of conscious/preconsciousness which registers the impact of stimuli from the external world but which has contact with the numinous subject.
Beyond his story: from interpretation to impact of stories from different cultures
Authors: De Koning André 
Published: March 2003

This paper deals with the history of psychoanalysis (Freud) and analytical psychology (Jung) in the light of recent developments and considers the release of new creativity in the field after its deconstruction. Cross‐cultural contributions in the form of teaching stories are estimated to be of relevance, while the emphasis will be on what we, as analysts, can learn from these teachings, rather than interpreting them in the more traditional way in which such stories can be shown to fit analytical theory.The most crucial debate in psychoanalysis of the recent era centres around stories and the deconstruction thereof. It is the debate between Lacan and Derrida on the interpretation of a crucial story (Poe's story, The Purloined Letter). The core of their views will be discussed in this paper in the light of the major differences between Freud and Jung. Whereas Freud's theoretical core‐complex is closely related to Lacan's phallocentric Truth, it is Derrida who speaks of germination and dissemination as the way in which Truth manifests itself. Derrida's thought on text and words is very close to Jung's conceptions of the image and symbol, in which there is no monotheistic paradigm ruling theory
The Orpheus complex
Authors: Dawson Terence 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the possible psychological implications of two adaptations of the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, both of which were completed in 1997. The first is by a man: ‘Deconstructing Harry’, a film by Woody Allen. The second is by a woman: ‘Eurydice in the Underworld’, a short story written by Kathy Acker in the last year of her life.The paper argues that there are only four ‘necessary events’ in the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. It defines the sequence of these events as a ‘mythic pattern’ that represents the experience of loss, unconscious yearning, depression, and psychological inflation. The film is examined as an expression of an ‘Orpheus complex’, the short story as an expression of an ‘Eurydice complex’. The paper suggests a possible reason for the persistence of interest in the myth throughout the twentieth century. Although it notes that women appear to find it easier to free themselves from identification with the mythic pattern, it also provides reasons for thinking that men may be about to do the same.
Why it is difficult to see the anima as a helpful object: critique and clinical relevance of the theory of archetypes
Authors: Von Raffay Anita 
Published: March 2003

This paper is divided into three parts. The first deals briefly with more general aspects of the theory of archetypes (as conceived by Jung); the second examines the anima archetype in rather more detail, because it is, apart from the self, the main archetype in Jung's thought; and the third discusses the clinical repercussions of the anima theory and of the theory of the archetypes in general.The various references to Jung himself and certain circumstances of his life are included here on the assumption that personal problems in his biography contributed decisively to the constitution of his theory, so that deeper insights accrue if they are taken into account.
The allocation of resources for R&D in the world's leading pharmaceutical companies
Authors: Halliday R.G. , Drasdo A.L. , Lumley C.E. , Walker S.R. 
Published: March 2003

A survey of 45 leading pharmaceutical companies has been used to investigate aspects of their Research and Development (R&D) strategies, the allocation of resources including the financing and staffing of R&D functions, and the numbers of New Chemical Entities (NCEs) in the development process. The companies included the top ten by R&D expenditure in 1992 (top 10 companies). The study identified characteristics of leading companies and provided comparative data. The principal findings are that:top ten companies had the highest R&D to sales ratios, progressed more NCEs after the drug candidate selection stage in 1992 and had achieved a greater geographical decentralization of staff than any other company.Japanese companies differed in some respects from western companies, even those of a similar size. They operated with smaller clinical and regulatory affairs functions and made detailed plans for R&D expenditure further ahead than western companies, on average, more than 5 years compared with 3 years.an increase in aggregated R&D staffing had occurred between 1990 and 1992 in 33 companies for which data for both years were available and staff numbers had decreased in only five of those companies.top ten companies differed from others in their apparent productivity measured in terms of staff or R&D expenditure per NCE after the drug candidate selection stage, utilizing more staff and having greater R&D expenditure per NCE.The results also appear to indicate early signs of a change in the structure of the industry according to R&D expenditure, which has since become more apparent. There was a distinct polarization by R&D budget size among the respondent companies: five companies were spending $900m or more on R&D in 1992 while the majority of the rest were spending less than a third of that amount.
Conceptualism and Truth
Authors: Peterson John 
Published: March 2003

Truth implies mind because falsity does and the same analysis must be given of each. Some philosophers (Aristotle, Brentano) express this by saying that ‘true’ and ‘false’ apply strictly speaking to judgments and derivatively to everything else. A consequence of this is that all non‐judgmental senses of ‘true’ and ‘false’ include some relation to a judgment. But counterexamples to this occur. So an alternative assay must be sought which both covers all cases and retains the idea that truth is mind‐dependent. Under this correction, something is true if and only if it conforms to an ideal standard or measure.This broader view of truth is compatible with realism and conceptualism but not with nominalism. If there are independent reasons for rejecting realism, it follows that conceptualism is true and universals exist only in minds.
Does Increased International Influence Cause Higher Stock Market Volatility?
Authors: Hassler John 
Published: March 2003

Increased international financial integration is likely to cause greater market interdependence. This may either reduce volatility or increase it, by adding a new source of noise. Based on Swedish data, the findings in this paper are that foreign influence on the stock market shows a clear, positive trend, while purely domestic factors have not become more volatile. The trendwise increase in volatility on the Swedish stock market can thus be attributed to increased foreign influence. JEL Classification: E44; F3; G1
Labour Hoarding, Price Rigidity and the Theory of Imperfect Competition under Uncertain Demand
Authors: Toulemonde Eric 
Published: March 2003

It is shown that a monopolistic firm under uncertainty may be inclined to keep some of its output unsold when demand is low. This gives rise to changes in conventional results. Under uncertainty, a risk‐neutral monopolistic firm produces more than in a deterministic environment and it refuses to sell its total output when demand is low, because the marginal revenue could become negative or lower than the cost of selling the product. Moreover, in this framework, prices are shown to be more rigid downwards than upwards. The model also provides a new explanation for labour hoarding. JEL classification: D24; D42
Price Adjustments by a Gasoline Retail Chain
Authors: Asplund Marcus , Eriksson Rickard , Friberg Richard 
Published: March 2003

We use daily data to examine price responses in the Swedish gasoline market to changes in the Rotterdam spot price, exchange rates and taxes. The distribution of price adjustments by a leading retail chain, for the period January 1980 to December 1996, is symmetric with no small adjustments. An error correction model shows that, in the short run, prices gradually move towards the long‐run equilibrium in response to cost shocks. There is some evidence that, also in the short run, prices are stickier downwards than upwards. Prices respond more rapidly to exchange rate movements than to the spot market price. Our analysis emphasizes that to fully understand price adjustments it is necessary to examine data sets where the sample frequency at least matches that of price adjustments.JEL classification: C22; E31; F14; L71
Health Insurance, Liquidity and Growth
Authors: Carmichael Benoit , Dissou Yazid 
Published: March 2003

Within the context of an endogenous growth model, it is shown that in the presence of health risks which influence household income, the introduction of a private insurance company increases the long‐term economic growth rate. The introduction of such an institution has two effects on savings: a level effect and a composition effect. Although the presence of this risk‐reducing institution induces a decrease in the level of total savings, as suggested in earlier papers, the rate of illiquid savings, which contribute to growth, increases.JEL Classification E1; G2; O1; O4
Heterogeneous Dynasties and the Political Economy of Public Debt
Authors: De Walque Gregory , Gevers Louis 
Published: March 2003

We consider a small open overlapping generations economy with descending altruism. Heterogeneity is introduced by assuming that each parent procreates a fixed proportion of selfish children. Altruistic parents can recognize the type of each child. There is no Ricardian equivalence and an active public intergenerational transfer policy is attractive to altruistic dynasty members, although there may be no unanimity among them. We display reasonable conditions for indirect preferences to be single‐peaked and we apply the median voter theorem. We then describe political equilibrium paths and discuss their compatibility with the steady path of an underlying closed economy with autonomous labor productivity growth. JEL classification: D31; D64; D72; D91; H63
Wealth Distribution and Optimal Inheritance Taxation in Life‐cycle Economies with Intergenerational Transfers
Authors: Heer Burkhard 
Published: March 2003

Intergenerational transfers are introduced into a general equilibrium life‐cycle model in order to explain observed levels of wealth heterogeneity. In our overlapping generations model, heterogenous agents face uncertain lifetime and leave both accidental and voluntary bequests to their children. Furthermore, agents face stochastic employment opportunities. The model is calibrated with regard to the characteristics of the US economy. Our results indicate that bequests only account for a small proportion of observed wealth heterogeneity. The introduction of an inheritance tax increases both welfare, as measured by the average lifetime utility of a newborn, and equality of the wealth distribution. JEL classification: D31; D91; H21; C68; E21
Optimal Discretion
Authors: Lengwiler Yvan , Orphanides Athanasios 
Published: March 2003

We investigate the desirability of adopting a rule in favor of discretionary monetary policy in a model exhibiting Kydland and Prescott's dynamic inconsistency problem but no fundamental incompatibility between the policymaker's price stability and full employment objectives. We show that if discretion provides a policy flexibility benefit, then a rule is optimal only when inflation exceeds an endogenously determined threshold. This gives rise to a discretionary policy zone for inflation with the central bank taking more drastic action towards stabilizing inflation when inflation veers outside the zone. Imperfect credibility narrows the scope for discretion and enhances the benefits of adopting a rule. JEL classification: E58; D82; C72