bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Search of the Exotic: Orthodoxy and Its Ethnographers
Authors: Joselit Jenna Weissman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the past decade, what some have called the “durability” of Orthodoxy and others its “renaissance” has spawned a sizable interpretative literature, much of it ethnographic in approach. Susan Starr Sered_’s Women as Ritual Experts, Lynn Davidman’s Tradition in a Rootless World and Samuel Heilman’s Defenders of the Faith take pride of place among recently published studies of the Orthodox Jewish experience. Drawing heavily on participant-observation, personal encounters and interviews, these three ethnographers attempt “to give readers a view of a world that would otherwise remain opaque and altogether invisible.” (Heilman, p. xiv). Well crafted and insightful, their work highlights the nuances and often contradictory cadences of religious experience in the modem era.
The User-Driven Evolution of the Japanese Software Industry: The Case of Customized Software for Mainframes
Authors: Baba Yasunori , Takai, Shinji , Mizuta Yuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Japanese software industry has many facets, which differ sharply in structure and performance. Although some observers have argued that the software houses of the major computer vendors are more productive than their American counterparts (Cusumano 1991), most Japanese software houses are growing relatively slowly and appear to be somewhat less innovative than those in the United States. Faced with an increasing number of bankruptcies, in 1993 Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) declared that the software industry had been seriously affected by Japan’s recession, thus entitling it to special subsidies and other preferential treatment. The Japanese software industry is a paradox, at once highly productive and yet unsuccessful.
Conclusion
Authors: Mowery David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The computer software industry is a large and rapidly growing industry throughout the industrial world. It produces an enabling technology that affects manufacturing firms’ commercialization of new products in a growing array of industries. The availability of software with greater flexibility and ease of use also influences the pace of adoption of information technologies and thereby affects the realization of the productivity gains associated with this technology. Indeed, the very pervasiveness of its products makes it difficult to discuss “the computer software industry” as a discrete entity. As many of the chapters in this volume explain, because software is produced by users, manufacturers of hardware, specialized providers of computer services, government agencies, and independent vendors, it is difficult to define the industry’s boundaries. Like biotechnology, software is applied in a rapidly expanding number of industrial sectors and settings. Unlike biotechnology, software is created by a heterogeneous array of institutions, a point to which I will return.
A New Normative Synthesis
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earlier chapters of this book have set forth a theory of business values de rived from two dynamic developmental processes-nature and culture. It has been argued that those values, when pursued by and in business, are responsible for the typical behavior and practices found there. Many of these values are life-supporting, life-expanding, and societally vital, while others constrain or diminish life. The normative significance of business values arises from these positive and negative outcomes. Collectively, the values that comprise the four central value clusters-economizing, power aggrandizing, ecologizing, and technologizing-provide a basis on which the operations and performance of business can be judged as right and proper or as wrong and misguided. The standards of normative judgment encompass both natural and sociocultural factors, and neither type of standard can be usefully ignored or discounted. Both are needed if a clear picture is to be had of business’s ethical standing in today’s society.
Lionizing Loving
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word “colorblind” does not appear in the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in the case of Loving v. Virginia. Its absence was no accident. According to Benno Schmidt, the law clerk who revised several drafts of the opinion to fit Chief Justice Earl Warren’s specifications, Warren deliberately “shied away” from issuing an across-the-board ban on race classifications. He “didn’t want to say that racial classification in the law can never be constitutional,” Schmidt remembered; he wanted to show that Virginia’s miscegenation law was an “invidious discrimination” rather than to rule “in broad terms that any discrimination is bad.” So where Schmidt had written that Virginia’s race classifications were “arbitrary,” Warren substituted the word “unsupportable” and instructed Schmidt to be sure to link Virginia’s race classifications directly to the state’s goal of ensuring “white supremacy.” As Schmidt explained, he “wanted the opinion to make it clear that this Virginia statute was designed to stigmatize blacks.”
How Domesticity’s Gender Wars Take on Elements of Class and Race Conflict
Authors: Williams Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is in response to “A.CT. in Houston,” the stay-at-home mom who complained because her husband wanted her to get an outside job. My question for her is this: Who does she think does the cooking, tutoring, sewing, laundry and housekeeping in a home where both parents work? Does she think the Keebler elves come in and cook meals, wash clothes and help with homework? No matter how many hours a day a woman works outside the home, all these chores still need to be done. For working women, they are done late at night, early in the morning or on a lunch hour.
Handling the Problem: The “Softer” Approaches
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the various ways in which our society has responded to street gangs and their responses to these efforts. All the foregoing chapter materials-what has occurred in the street gang world, what has been learned about gangs-have been inextricably tied to our society’s responses to gangs. These have run the gamut from denial to prevention to treatment to suppression. From the pre­ war days of Frederic Thrasher’s time to the present, one might see the societal response as progressing from stage to stage as we accumulate experience in gang intervention. I am inclined toward a different perspective, however. I think we are now entering the last stage of a single cycle, starting in community-level programming and circling around to that same perspective after some fifty or more years of ineffective activity. We have learned much about what not to do, though even this message has not been well communicated, but we have learned little about·what we should be doing. Thus this chapter unfortunately has more negatives than positives.
Introduction
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many devices in natural language that, directly or indirectly, make reference to the part structure of an entity. This book investigates a broad range of such linguistic phenomena involving part-whole relations. Its goal is to provide a unified account of part-whole phenomena on the basis of a notion of part structure that is novel in several respects.
The novelty of this notion consists in the way it contrasts with the notion of part structure that has been most prominent in more recent discussions in philosophy and in linguistics, namely that of extensional mereology.1 The part relation of extensional mereology is transitive, closed under sum formation, and extensional (that is, entities are identical just in case they have the same parts). Moreover, it is generally (in extensional mereology and elsewhere) assumed that entities have exactly one part structure.
The Whirlpool Discourse
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I illustrate ideas about power and give an overview of the multiple ways in which it can be claimed by patients and physicians. I suggest that all studies of power that measure only one speech activity—including my own studies of questions and topic transitions in chapters 3 and 4—are necessarily incomplete. This does not render such studies valueless. They provide important detailed pictures of ways of claiming power and data on who claims it and how often this happens. But when such studies are seen as exhaustive, absolute indices of the power balance between physician and patient, they often wrongly suggest that patients have no power and physicians have it all. The truth is much more complex.
Capitalism and Xenophobia in Russia
Authors: Owen Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the significance of the Russian Revolution of 1917 lies less in its closure of an era of rapid economic development, according to the Leninist teleology, than in the traditional violence and xenophobia with which workers, peasants, and the radical intelligentsia assaulted the agrarian bureaucracy, the gentry, and the essentially foreign system of corporate enterprise recently transplanted from European soil, then the question of Russian capitalism takes its rightful place as an aspect of the perennial debate over the relationship between Russia and the West. The identification of corporate capitalism with the foreigner-the Briton, Frenchman, German, Jew, Pole, or Armenian-carried special cultural importance because of the residual power of Russian xenophobia: fear and hatred of foreigners. According to this interpretation, the long tradition of anti capitalism that manifested itself in the late tsarist period, the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the late 1980s constituted a major cultural obstacle to the expansion of the market in the 1990s.
Cree-French Language Mixture
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the conclusions reached in Chapter Five is that there are three types of mixtures of Cree and French as represented in the data: code mixing (Beatrice and Fran ois in the questionnaire), Cree with French borrowings (the speakers from Ile-a-la-Crosse), and Michif (the other speakers of mixed Cree and French). In this chapter I put the three types into a broader perspective.
The Genesis of Michif
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book deals with the origin of the mixed language Michif. Not much is known about the genesis of mixed languages, although some recent research uncovered many new facts. This is the first book that studies the birth of a new, mixed language. If the attempts to save the language do not succeed, it will effectively die out within one or two decades, as its speakers have exchanged their language for the all-encroaching English. It will not have survived two centuries.
Michif appears to be unique within the group of mixed languages, seemingly having a dichotomy of verbs from one language and nouns from another. All other mixed languages have a lexicon from one language and a grammar (phonology, morphology, syntax) from another. The intriguing question about Michif is why it is mixed in this way.
Assessing the Feasibility of Achieving Breakthrough­Learning Results
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is aimed at deepening your understanding of the differences between the four advice-giving and receiving interactions (depicted in Figure 11.2) and what you need to know when, as an advice-giver, you find yourself interacting in one category but desire to interact successfully in a different one. In particular it further enumerates the milestone conditions that need to be covered when interacting in Category IV, attempting to achieve breakthrough-learning results.
Breakthrough Learning: Case Study and Exam
Authors: Culbert Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By reading this far you’ve taken the intensive course and you are ready to pass the exam. The exam comes in the form of a case and some questions we’d like you to answer—first when we stop in the middle to raise them and later at the end. The case concerns Geof, the president of a well-respected advertising agency, who called with a request for “project management” help after hearing about our efforts at Dewey, Cheatem, & Howe, the advertising firm mentioned in Chapter 5. The first questions are quite basic: (1) What did Geof learn? and (2) Were these the lessons he needed to learn?
On the phone Geof said, “We heard about the team-building help you gave the executives at Dewey and we need some of the same. In particular, we need help developing more flexibility in our staffing and servicing of client accounts.” In person he told us the details.
When Pebbles Move Mountains
Authors: Allen Catherine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before sunrise, on the Monday before Corpus Christi, many small groups of pilgrims climb toward the glacial sanctuary of Qoyllur Rit’i in the highlands of southern Peru. Delegations from many communities bring small icons of crucified Christ to “visit” Christ of Star Snow in his chapel among the powerful and sacred mountain lords. They time themselves to end this first leg of their arduous journey before sunrise; that way they can enter the sanctuary as the first rays of the sun strike the snowy peaks. There are many aspects to this complex and beautiful pilgrimage, which epitomises in many ways the contradictory social and cultural experiences of southern Peruvian peasants.1 Here, I will focus on one small but significant ritual practice—the “pebble game”, the practice of playing with miniatures.
Background Literature and Conceptual Approach
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A book of this sort normally starts with a review of relevant research literature and then moves on to any prior studies that feed directly into the new material to be reported. We have reversed their order, starting in chapter 1 with a brief history and then moving into the studies most particularly relevant to DSO IL Thus, we presented the results of DSO I and the AB 3121 studies, rather than the research background, to entice the reader into the issues to be addressed.
The Mopan Setting
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mopan is a member of the Yucatecan group of Mayan languages and is spoken by several thousand people in the Peten regions of Belize and Guatemala. Although the language is mutually intelligible with the Yucatec, Itzaj, and Lacandón languages of the Mexican peninsula, it exhibits significant phonological, lexical, and structural differences from them (Danziger 1994, 1996b; Ulrich, Ulrich, and Peck 1986; Ulrich and Ulrich 1976, 1966; Thompson 1930). The Mopan language in Belize features many Spanish lexemes, borrowed during an earlier era when that language was spoken in Guatemala (cf. Verbeeck 1998). Today, however, Belizean Mopan in general do not speak Spanish and they understand these Spanish expressions as Maaya.
Formal Findings
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am now ready to describe how data was collected for the purpose of discriminating among the three different semantic models proposed to account for the meanings of the Mopan words tataa’ and suku’ un. The data are directly relevant not only to the question of the existence of a universal domain of kinship but also and more generally to the question of linguistic relativity itself. Under the hypothesis of linguistic relativity, the predicted Piagetian outcome from Mopan children is the one that accompanies the monosemous analysis: a given Mopan child should define the two terms tataa’ and suku’ u11 at a similar relational level with respect to one another, when degree of definition similarity is measured against chance. The stage is set for asking about the degree of mastery of relational semantics revealed by Mopan children’s answers to the Piagetian definition question.
Setting Precedents: The First Presidents' Wives (1789-1829)
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a May morning in 1789, President Washington's barge docked at the southern tip of Manhattan and a short, matronly woman stepped ashore. After thirty years of marriage to the tall general beside her, Martha Washington was accustomed to fitting her life to his, but the direction of that accommodation was no longer clear. His role in this new government remained undefined, falling somewhere between monarch and commoner; her part was even less clear. If George would not be king, then she could not be queen; yet the thirteen-gun salute and shouts of”Long Live Lady Washington" suggested some kind of special prominence. To deal with many problems, including some of the questions about her role, George Washington had preceded Martha to the new nation's temporary capital in New York, and when he went over to New Jersey that morning to escort his wife into the city, he supplied the answer to at least one of those questions. Rather than let Martha Washington travel in a private conveyance, he brought her over in the presidential barge. Thus the two of them, the president and Martha, arrived to fanfare, signaling the beginning of what would become an American tradition the presidential spouse had a public role in the ritual and ceremonial aspects of the presidency.
The Limited Promise of the’'New Woman"1877-1901)
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the image of the First Lady as nothing other than the nation's chief wife, head hostess, and leading fashion plate seemed firmly in place under Julia Grant, history had shown that an individual woman might, if she chose, do more in that role. Lucy Hayes (1877-1881) appeared to be just such a woman. The first college graduate to preside over the White House, she was widely heralded as introducing the era of a”New Woman." An even more intellectually inclined Lucretia Garfield followed. After James Garfield was assassinated, a widower, Chester Arthur, took over the presidency, and he was succeeded by Grover Cleveland, a bachelor. If the nation could ever be diverted from its need for a purely social creature”at the head of female society," the decade after 1877 was surely the time to try to divert it. Two thinking women and then two vacancies on the distaff side of the White House ought to have had some effect.
The Office of First Lady: A Twentieth Century Development
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the twentieth century began, the sickly, self-centered Ida McKinley still sat in the White House. Before many more administrations had ended, however,. evidence would show that the job of First Lady was changing. Gradually, presidents' wives began to hire separate staffs of their own, take more public roles in policy and personnel decisions, and lead important reform movements. Although still unpaid, the job was quasi-institutionalized. Edith Wilson (1915-1921), Woodrow's second wife, received most of the publicity associated with this shift and heard herself criticized for exercising”petticoat government," but she should be seen as part of a trend rather than an anomaly. Each First Lady between 1901 and 1921, even the most insecure, left her mark. Together, they guaranteed that their successors would never find an easy retreat from a public role.
New Dimensions to the Job of First Lady (1974-1993)
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As though to accelerate the trend begun in the 1960s towards strong, more activist First Ladies, a quartette of particularly determined, energetic women passed through the White House in the 1970s and 1980s. What had once been a daring exception, much commented on in the press, became commonplace. Elizabeth ("Betty") Bloomer Warren Ford, in the job less than a full term (August 1974 to January 1977), spoke with such candor about subjects that had formerly been taboo that she introduced an entirely new style; and her support of women’s rights made headlines. Rosalynn Smith Carter (1977-1981) continued Betty Ford’s example of using First Ladyhood as a platform for women’s is sues; but she added a new component by going off on international missions, which the White House billed as”substantive," and then testifying in front of a congressional committee on a mental health program. Nancy Davis Reagan began her Washington tenure in 1981 by insisting that she had little say in presidential decisions. But by July 1985, when Ronald Reagan underwent surgery for cancer, she displaced the vice president from the front pages of the country’s newspapers and announced herself at a White House reception as”the President’s stand in."1 Barbara Pierce Bush (1989-1993) chose to stay in the background on matters of public policy, but she was widely believed to hold strong views of her own on abortion and gun control. Unlike Edith Wilson, who had faced charges of”petticoat government" and”rule by regency," these four encountered only the mildest criticism.
War, Autocracy, and the Constitution
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing was more central to the Enlightenment reasoning that produced the United States Constitution than an aversion to the unwanted effects of human aggressiveness. Zeal and ambition, said the Federalist papers, rendered people “much more disposed to vex and oppress each other, than to co-operate for their common good.” In the eighteenth century, self-interested, hostile actions were regarded as having led not only to disreputable party politics and destructive wars but also to the downfall of past republics. The United States Constitution was an attempt to construct a means of securing all of the ends listed in its preamble: a more perfect union, justice, domestic tranquillity, the common defense, the general welfare, and the blessings of liberty. The French physiocrats, Adam Smith, and the Jeffersonian Republicans advanced credible and often-admired ideas for achieving peaceful, harmonious human relations within and among societies through the political economy. Thomas Paine was thus one of a number of writers who suggested that world commerce could be “a pacific system, operating to unite mankind by rendering nations, as well as individuals, useful to each other.” Yet various Enlightenment proposals for preventing wars-plans that involved dispute resolution by international representative bodies-were either ignored or ridiculed as utopian. Although he formulated his own concept of a universal federation to avert war, Immanuel Kant admitted that “such proposals have always been ridiculed by great statesmen, and even more by heads of state, as pedantic, childish and academic ideas.”
The Bureaucratization of Wartime Censorship
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately no million people were killed in about 250 wars during the twentieth century. Few civilians were killed in nineteenth-century combat, but they were roughly half of war-related casualties from 1900 to 1950 and three fourths of casualties by the 198os. As the nations of the world completed the conversion of armed conflict into an industrial operation with mass civilian involvement, governments abandoned haphazard wartime suppression for more bureaucratic approaches. In World Wars I and II, the totalitarian regimes of Germany and Russia operated in predictably heavy-handed ways to control the press, but even the more democratically minded nations of Europe developed elaborate systems of censorship. In commenting on the “power instinct” behind fanatical, unjustifiable secrecy, Max Weber observed, “Bureaucratic administration always tends to exclude the public, to hide its knowledge and action from criticism as well as it can.” The secrecy bureaucracies that developed in the twentieth century not only seemed to provide self-protection and a sense of superiority for the insiders, but also tended to expand the categories of what could be deemed relevant to national security and of who should be considered the enemy.