bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy transfer and reversal: customary land registration from Africa to Melanesia
Authors: Larmour Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIdeas and laws about land titling were transferred from East Africa to Melanesia in the 1950s and 1960s. There they provoked a nationalist reaction, and new sources of ideas became influential: from other South Pacific countries in the 1970s, from economic theory in the 1980s, and from the World Bank in the 1990s. Research has cast doubt on the effectiveness of earlier schemes, though little has emerged in Melanesia to take their place. This article analyses the process as one of failed ‘policy transfer’ in which the beneficiaries of the policy may see it quite differently from the government and donors who promote it. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semilobar holoprosencephaly in a 46,XY female fetus
Authors: Witters Ingrid , Moerman Philippe , Muenke Maximilian , Van Assche Frans‐André , Devriendt Koen , Legius Eric , Van Schoubroeck Dominique , Fryns Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report the prenatal echographic diagnosis of holoprosencephaly (HPE) at 11 weeks' gestation. Fetopathological examination revealed an unusual variant of semilobar HPE with middle interhemispheric fusion associated with sex‐reversal: 46,XY normal male karyotype, normal external and internal female genitalia and streak gonads. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FISH analysis of fetal nucleated red blood cells from CVS washings in cases of aneuploidy
Authors: Heleen Schuring‐Blom G. , Hoovers Jan M. N. , van Lith Jan M. M. , Knegt Alida C. , Leschot Nico J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveIn chorionic villus sampling (CVS) the chromosome analysis is inconclusive in 1–2% of the samples. In many cases follow‐up amniocentesis is performed. Fetal nucleated red blood cells (FNRBCs) are present in washings of chorionic villus samples. We wanted to establish whether analysis of these true fetal cells, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), could support the CVS karyotype.MethodsWe analysed washings of first trimester chorionic villi from non‐mosaic 45,X (n=6) and full trisomy 18 cases (n=7). FNRBCs were identified by immunostaining and FISH was performed with chromosome‐specific probes for X, Y and 18.ResultsIn all 13 samples FNRBCs were present (between 4 and 30 cells per sample). Five cases of monosomy X showed one X signal in 89–100% of the nuclei; in the other case 50% of the nuclei displayed one signal. In the trisomy 18 cases three spots were seen in 60–100% of the cells.ConclusionThe CVS aneuploidy was confirmed in FNRBCs in all samples, so FISH on FNRBCs can be used in cases of non‐mosaic numerical chromosomal abnormalities. This test can confirm a CVS diagnosis of monosomy X or trisomy 18 and thus minimize the risk for false‐positive diagnoses. An additional invasive test may be prevented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a fetus at risk for dihydropteridine reductase deficiency by direct mutation analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
Authors: Serap Kalkanoğlu H. , Romstad Anne , Coşkun Turgay , Güttler Flemming 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) is an enzyme involved in the recycling of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is an obligate co‐factor of the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. DHPR deficiency is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the QDPR gene. DHPR‐deficient patients are diagnosed by a lack of response to a low phenylalanine diet and by severe neurological symptoms. Final diagnosis is made by measurements of neurotransmitters and pterin metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine, in addition to DHPR enzyme activity, which can be assessed in whole red blood cells. Treatment of DHPR deficiency can be difficult and the outcome is not always satisfying, even if all treatment strategies are followed. Therefore prenatal diagnosis is of great importance in affected families. Prenatal diagnosis is possible by measuring DHPR activity in different cell types but this is time consuming. More than 25 different mutations have to date been identified in the QDPR gene and direct identification of a mutation in a fetus would be easy and rapid. We have developed a method based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for the analysis of the QDPR gene. The method is useful for rapid and simultaneous scanning of all exons and flanking intronic sequences of the QDPR gene. We describe the first prenatal diagnosis conducted using this method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of introducing prompted, systematic, protocol‐based diabetic care in a practice: 18 months of improvement
Authors: Kendrick Denise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjective:to evaluate the impact of prompted, systematic, protocol‐based care for a general practice diabetic population on glycaemic control, control of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, and to assess the quality of diabetic care provided.Setting:one general practice in Nottingham, UK.Design:baseline and follow‐up audit and retrospective cohort study.Subjects:all diabetic patients registered with the practice between 1 May 1997 and 1 November 1998.Outcome measures:glycaemic (fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c), lipid (serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations) and blood pressure control; achievement of process measures relating to diabetic care.Results:glycaemic control and serum cholesterol levels improved significantly over an 18 month period, but there was no significant improvement in triglyceride levels or in blood pressure control. At follow‐up the glycaemic and blood pressure control was similar to that achieved in the intensive arm of the UKPDS study. At least 87% of patients had all elements of the recommended annual review.Conclusions:improvements in glycaemic and lipid control can be achieved within a short time scale in primary care. There are considerable workload implications to achieving such improvement. The sustainability of improvements in control in primary care is not known, and longer term follow‐up is required to establish this. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of screening
Authors: Gray J. A. Muir 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBotany is usually considered to be the gentlest of sciences with botanists being regarded as people who study relatively safe specimens, compared with, for example, anthropologists or microbiologists. However, botanists have their moments, particularly when collecting new species. The great botanists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries risked their lives in collecting and bringing back species, which we now take for granted, and Robert Brown was one of these adventurers, a young Scot who accompanied Sir Joseph Banks to New Holland.It was not, however, for his adventurous lifestyle that Brown is remembered but for his startling observation of the movements of pollen grains on a microscope slide. He noted that the pollen grains were in perpetual agitated motion, without purpose or direction but full of energy. This motion, called Brownian motion, arises from the movement of molecules, and Brownian motion is the term that has been applied to much of healthcare, including many screening programmes, which have in the past been marked more by the amount of energy and activity than by a clear sense of direction or positive achievement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of solvents on radiation‐induced grafting of styrene onto fluorinated polymer films
Authors: Nasef Mohamed Mahmoud 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of solvents on radiation‐induced grafting of styrene onto commercial fluorinated polymer films such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐perfluorovinyl ether) (PFA) was investigated by a simultaneous irradiation technique. Three solvents, ie methanol, benzene and dichloromethane, were used to dilute styrene under various irradiation doses, dose rates and monomer concentrations. The effect of addition of mineral and organic acids on the degree of grafting in the presence of the three solvents was also studied. The degree of grafting was found to be strongly dependent upon the type of solvent and composition of the monomer/solvent mixture. Dilution of styrene with dichloromethane in various grafting conditions was found to enhance dramatically the degree of grafting compared with other solvents, and the maximum degree of grafting was achieved at a monomer/solvent mixture having a composition of 60:40 (v/v). The formation of polystyrene grafts in the three fluorinated films was verified using FTIR spectrometry.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Damage to rigid‐particle‐filled polymer under cyclic tension
Authors: Bai Shu‐Lin , Liu Zong‐De , Ju Yang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of particle volume fraction, strain rate and interfacial bonding strength on the damage to a glass bead‐filled high density polyethylene composite was studied experimentally by means of cyclic tension tests. Although the volume fraction of the glass beads varies from 5% to 25%, the materials studied are always sensitive to the strain rate, reflected by an increase of the modulus with strain rates changing from 10−3 s−1to 10−5 s−1. The damage evolution is a function of the applied far‐field strain, but is also strongly influenced by the particle volume fraction, strain rate and interfacial bonding strength. Strong interfacial adhesion can postpone the initiation of damage and cause a lower level of damage than that occuring with weak adhesion under a given strain. For the studied materials with interfacial debonding taking place, the higher the volume fraction of the glass beads, the greater the number of microcracks formed at the interface. The effect of strain rate on the damage may be related to the effect of loading time, ie low strain rate favours damage development. The residual strain is a function of far‐field strain and also depends on the strain rate and residual deformation of microvoids formed at two poles of the particle.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of annealing treatment on the electrical conductivity of low density polyethylene
Authors: Boudou L , Guastavino J , Zouzou N , Vega J Martinez 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe results obtained with films of a low density polyethylene subjected to variations in temperature from ambient to 60 °C and in an applied field from low values of around 1 V µm−1to high values (about 50 V µm−1) are presented. To identify the probable conduction mechanism in such films, a model based on the proposition of Nath and Perlman is investigated which takes into account the effects of space charge and Poole field‐assisted detrapping. We observe a relatively good agreement in measurements of current as a function of voltage and temperature. This allows us to evaluate a parameter related to trap characteristics (density, energy level, trap‐site separation, etc). Complementary measurements by differential scanning calorimetry show that the structure of the films is modified by temperature variations within the range used to study the conduction mechanism. These structural changes are then correlated with the experimental parameter obtained from Nath's model.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, antitumour and DNA replication activities of polymers containing vinyl‐(5‐fluorouracil)‐ethanoate
Authors: Kang Nam‐In , Lee Sun‐Mi , Maeda Mizuo , Ha Chang‐Sik , Cho Won‐Jei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new monomer, vinyl‐(5‐fluorouracil)‐ethanoate (VFUE), was synthesized by reaction of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and vinyl iodoacetate. The homopolymer of VFUE and its copolymers with acrylic acid (A, A) and maleic anhydride (MAH) were prepared by photopolymerization. The synthesized VFUE and polymers were identified by FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The contents of VFUE unit in poly(VFUE‐co‐AA) and poly(VFUE‐co‐MAH) were 21 mol% and 16 mol%, respectively. The number average molecular weights of the polymers determined by gel permeation chromatography were in the range 9600–17900 g mol−1. The in vitro cytotoxicities of the samples against a normal cell line decreased as follows: 5‐FU > VFUE > poly(VFUE) > poly(VFUE‐co‐AA) > poly(VFUE‐co‐MAH). The in vivo antitumour activities of the polymers against Balb/C mice bearing the sarcoma 180 tumour cells were greater than those of 5‐FU at all concentrations. The inhibition of simian virus 40 DNA replication by the samples was much greater than that of the control.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Part 5. Influence of additives containing heteroatoms on the reactivity of butyl acrylate
Authors: Patacz Colette , Coqueret Xavier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe radiation‐induced polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate (nBuA) in the presence of small amounts of organic compounds containing heteroatoms has been investigated to evaluate the tentative explanations proposed to account for the differences in initiation rate observed between tripropyleneglycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), when subjected to electron‐beam (EB) polymerization. The progress of monomer conversion as a function of increasing dose was monitored by transmission infrared spectroscopy applied to thin films submitted to incremental exposure to EB radiation. Miscible organic additives expected to favour hydrogen abstraction, or free radical generation as a consequence of easy carbon–halogen bond scission, were thus introduced in nBuA at a concentration of 2 wt%. The kinetic changes were examined at low monomer conversion. The presence of di‐n‐butyloxide, diisopropyloxide or diisopropylsulfide was shown not noticeably to affect the conversion–dose dependence for EB‐irradiated nBuA. n‐Butyl chloride or bromide caused a noticeable reduction of nBuA reactivity; this was even greater for the iodide at the same 2 wt% concentration. n‐Butanol (nBuOH) was shown to sensitize nBuA consumption when present at a low concentration (2 wt%), but the enhancement of the polymerization rate was not as high for a larger nBuOH content (10 wt%). These results are discussed in the light of the radical anion mechanism for the radiation‐initiated polymerization of acrylate monomers. The absence of a significant sensitizing effect from additives known to enhance free‐radical formation supports the minor contribution of homolytic bond scission to the initiation mechanism. The observed effects of nBuOH at low concentration, indicate that trace amounts of protonic contaminants can exert a strong influence on the efficiency of initiation by the radical‐anion mechanism.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of internal donors in propylene polymerization analyzed with the two‐site model
Authors: Shimozawa Kenichi , Saito Masayoshi , Kataoka Takuo , Chûjô Riichirô 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of internal donors of Ziegler‐Natta catalyst on stereoregularity in propylene polymerization was analyzed with the aid of the two‐site model analysis system. The amount of internal donor and that of external donor were varied. The probability in the selection of d (or l) monad in asymmetric site is contributed by both the amount of internal donor and that of external donor. With respect to the fraction of asymmetric site, the two‐site model enabled us to conceive that the new kinds of active centres are generated in specific cases where external donor is believed to be replacing weaker internal donor during polymerization. The effect of hydrogen concentration during polymerization is also discussed.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry.
Plasma surface modification of silica and its effect on properties of styrene–butadiene rubber compound
Authors: Nah Changwoon , Huh Mong‐Young , Rhee John M , Yoon Tae‐Ho 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of surface modification of silicas by plasma‐polymerization coating, together with modification using a silane coupling agent for a comparison on the dispersion and physical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) are reported. The chemical compositions of the plasma‐polymerization coating were characterized using FTIR and Auger spectrometer and it was found that the plasma coating was composed of CC and CH bonds. The surface modification of silica by either plasma polymerization or silane greatly improved the dispersion of silica particles in SBR vulcanizates. The plasma‐polymerization modification of silica improved the tensile modulus of SBR vulcanizates without deterioration of important basic properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of Ge junctions for GaInP/GaAs/Ge three‐junction solar cells†
Authors: Friedman D. J. , Olson J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe study Ge solar cells with epitaxial GaInP windows for application as the third junction of GaInP/GaAs/Ge three‐junction solar cells. We demonstrate Ge junctions with open‐circuit voltages above 230 mV, fill factors above 65%, and internal quantum efficiencies of ∼90%. By varying separately the base and emitter contributions to the junction dark current, we deduce the factors limiting the performance of this device, and we project the improvement to the device performance that may be obtainable if key limiting factors such as the emitter surface‐recombination velocity can be mitigated. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience with solar home systems in developing countries: a review
Authors: Nieuwenhout F. D. J. , van Dijk A. , Lasschuit P. E. , van Roekel G. , van Dijk V. A. P. , Hirsch D. , Arriaza H. , Hankins M. , Sharma B. D. , Wade H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSolar energy is widely perceived as a promising technology for electricity generation in remote locations in developing countries. It is estimated that 1.3 million solar home systems had been installed by early 2000. An estimated one‐third of installed systems were backed by foreign donor support in government programmes and two‐thirds supplied by commercial dealers. The estimated growth in the deployment of solar lanterns is less than for SHS. One out of every 100 households that gain access to electricity in developing countries uses solar power. In spite of these successes, doubts have arisen about the effectiveness and suitability of small PV systems for rural development. Many organisational, financial and technical problems appear to present difficulties. A literature survey has been conducted to make an inventory of experience with solar PV applications for households in developing countries. The main finding is that an adequate service infrastructure is required to make projects viable. Household choice in system sizes is often too restricted in donor‐funded projects. Smaller systems sold for cash can be a good alternative to credit systems by offering to increased affordability. Gaps in existing knowledge have been identified, which could be overcome by field monitoring programmes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass production technology for multicrystalline Si solar cells
Authors: Shirasawa Katsuhiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWorldwide shipments of PV modules in the last 10 years show an increase of about 20% per year; shipments were 277 MW in 2000. About 80% of modules are made from crystalline silicon. Shipments of multicrystalline silicon (mc‐Si) modules have shown substantial increase. The PV market may be expected to increase by the development of low‐cost, and high‐technology multicrystalline silicon solar cells. This paper reviews recent progress in mass production technologies of mc‐Si solar cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construct validity of the learning behavior scale with an independent sample of students
Authors: Worrell Frank C. , Vandiver Beverly J. , Watkins Marley W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, the factor structure of the Learning Behavior Scale (LBS; McDermott, Green, Francis, & Stott, 1999) was examined in an independent sample of 257 elementary school students. The LBS is a 29‐item, four‐factor scale on which teachers rate students' positive and negative learning behaviors. The results indicated that the internal consistency of the total LBS scores and the scores on two subscales (Competence Motivation and Attitude Toward Learning) were high enough for individual decision making, whereas the reliability estimates of scores on the Attention/Persistence and Strategy/Flexibility subscales were appropriate only for research or screening purposes. Factor analyses extracted factors similar to three of the factors on the LBS (Competence Motivation, Attitude Toward Learning, and Strategy/Flexibility), and suggested that the fourth factor (Attention/Persistence) may benefit from additional study. In general, the results indicate that the LBS may be a useful tool for examining students' learning behaviors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sexual interest in children, child sexual abuse, and psychological sequelae for children
Authors: Bromberg Daniel S. , Johnson Blair T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article reviews the literature on sexual victimization of minors and the role of school psychologists in assessing and intervening with sexually abused minors. Although estimates of child sexual abuse prevalence differ widely owing to disclosure biases and the definitions that researchers have used in studying it, it is clear that child sexual abuse is a serious public problem. Also troubling is the extent to which “normal” adults, especially males, exhibit sexual interest in children, suggesting that a substantial number may be at risk for victimizing minors; fortunately, a variety of inhibitory mechanisms prevent most adults from committing this crime. Although victims typically suffer from sexual abuse, surprisingly, some evidence suggests that victims of sexual abuse can exhibit neutral or even positive outcomes, a controversial finding that has numerous possible explanations. Tragically, childhood sexual abuse may lead the victim to become an abuser later in life, sometimes while still a minor. We suggest directions for future research. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Do dendritic amphiphiles self‐assemble in water? A Fourier transform pulse‐gradient spin‐echo NMR study
Authors: Menger Fredric M. , Peresypkin Andrey V. , Wu Shaoxiong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmphiphilic poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were synthesized having an average of 7–46 hydrophobic chains of varying lengths (C10–C14) attached to the periphery of 64 amine groups. The synthesis was performed in three steps: (1) protection of a desired number of amines with BOC groups; (2) reaction of the remaining amine groups with long‐chain acid chlorides; and (3) deprotection from the BOC groups to produce the amphiphilic dendrimers as HCl salts. The behavior of the dendrimers in aqueous media was examined by pulse‐gradient spin‐echo (FT‐PGSE) NMR and dynamic light scattering. Self‐diffusion data on dendrimers with 22 or fewer chains, along with dynamic light scattering on concentrations of ≤16 wt%, gave no indication of dendrimer–dendrimer self‐assembly via hydrocarbon chains exposed on the dendrimer surface. It is concluded that dendrimers with 7–22 chains, each having 10–14 carbons, behave as unimolecular entities with chains coiled largely within the dendrimer periphery. Only when the number of chains becomes very large (ca ≥34) are chains forced externally where they can promote hydrophobically induced self‐assembly. Monomeric dendrimers possessing the full range of functional polarity have great potential in enzyme modeling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.