bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Evidence for Attractions to Chance
Authors: Albers Wulf , Selten Reinhard , Pope Robin , Vogt Bodo 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Divide the decision-maker's future into: (i) a pre-outcome period (lasting from the decision until the outcome of that decision is known), and (ii) a sequel postoutcome period (beginning when the outcome becomes known). Anticipated emotions in both periods may influence the decision, in particular, with regard to an outcome that matters to the person, the enjoyable tension from not yet knowing what this outcome will be. In the experiments presented, lottery choice can be explained by this attraction to chance, and cannot be explained by either convex von Neumann-Morgenstern utility, or by rank-dependent risk-loving weights: attraction to chance is a separate motivator.
Nietzsche's Peace with Islam: My Enemy's Enemy is my Friend
Authors: Almond Ian 
Published: March 2003

This article examines the many references in Nietzsche's work to Islam and Islamic cultures, and situates them in the general context of his thought. Nietzsche's praise of Islam as a ‘ja–sagende semitische Religion’, his admiration for Hafiz, his appreciation of Muslim Spain, his belief in the essentially life–affirming character of Islam, not only spring from a desire to find a palatable Other to Judaeo–Christian–European modernity, but also comment on how little Nietzsche actually knew about the cultures he so readily appropriated in his assault on European modernity. Nietzsche's negative comments on Islam – his generic dismissal of Islam with other religions as manipulative thought systems, his depiction of Mohammed as a cunning impostor, reveal in Nietzsche not only the same ambiguities towards Islam as we find towards Christ or Judaism, but also a willingness to use the multiple identities of Islam for different purposes at different moments in his work.Noch eine letzte Frage: Wenn wir von Jugend an geglaubt hätten, daß alles Seelenheil von einem Anderen als Jesus ist, ausfließe, etwa von Muhamed, ist es nicht sicher, daß wir derselben Segnungen theilhaftig geworden wären? Letter to Elisabeth Nietzsche, 11 June 1865
A Comparison of Within‐Firm and External Sources of Product Innovation
Authors: MACPHERSON ALAN D. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the role of internal and external research, design and development (RD&D) activity in the innovation performance of New York State manufacturing firms in the scientific instruments sector. Survey data from a sample of 204 small and medium‐sized companies suggest that the incidence of successful product development is higher among firms that combine in‐house RD&D with technical support from independent specialists. Significantly, firms that supplement their in‐house innovation efforts with outside talent are found to exhibit better commercial performance than their counterparts that operate on the basis of either internal or external technical resources alone. The paper concludes with a brief agenda for future empirical research on the conditions that support product innovation among small and medium‐sized firms.
The Devil in the Shape of a Man: Witchcraft, Conflict and Belief in Jacobean England*
Authors: Gaskill Malcolm 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Historians agree that most early modern witches were women. A question rarely asked, though, is how any men came to be accused at all, given the strong association of women and witchcraft in popular folklore and learned demonology. This article examines the prosecution for witchcraft of a Kentish farmer in 1617, and argues that an integrated qualitative context of conflict and belief is essential for understanding this and other accusations. The aim is not, however, to offer yet another overarching explanation for the rise of witchcraft prosecutions, but rather to demonstrate how witchcraft can open windows on early modern mentalities.
The Scottish Parliamentary Records, 1560–1603
Authors: Goodare Julian 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The records of parliament are basic sources for Scottish historians. The statutes themselves illuminate politics and government policy; the attendance lists too are useful for political history. However, the records for much of this period are incomplete, even fragmentary. This article analyses the editorial approach of the published Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, and identifies further material not found in it. Not only are there additional statutes and attendance lists, but also additional parliaments. In particular, a contemporary list of the acts of the Reformation Parliament (1560) is fully discussed and evaluated for the first time.
Manufacturing Reputations in Late Eighteenth-Century Birmingham
Authors: Stirk Nigel 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article examines the importance of local reputation and collaborative commercial politics for the business practices of individuals in industrializing Birmingham. It is suggested that shared ideas about quality standards, free trade and the national interest were instrumental in encouraging businessmen to work together to establish local representative institutions. Furthermore, these normative conceptions of how trade should be conducted reflected particular interpretations of the history of Birmingham and of individual enterprise. It is concluded that the particular geography of a provincial town was central to the application of principles and abstract ideas.
An Evaluation of a Primary Care‐Based Child Clinical Psychology Service
Authors: Abrahams Sharon , Udwin Orlee 
Published: March 2003

Background: This paper describes a primary care‐based clinical psychology service operating in an inner London borough that provides psychological intervention for children with emotional or behavioural difficulties and their families, and consultation and support to the primary health care teams.Method: A comparison is made with a local secondary level child mental health service in terms of characteristics of referrals and clinical outcome. Referrers’ perceptions of the primary care‐based service are described.Results and Conclusions: The findings demonstrate a useful child and adolescent mental health service for children and adolescents with a broad range of childhood difficulties within a primary care setting, which appears to overcome some of the problems often associated with referral to secondary level services.
Impact of Cardiac Service Availability on Case‐Selection for Angiography and Survival Associated with Angiography
Authors: Dendukuri Nandini , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , McNeil Barbara J. 
Published: March 2003

Objective To examine whether availability of cardiac services at the admitting hospital affects case‐selection for angiography and one‐year survival following angiography, within groups of patients who have similar clinical need for angiography according to published criteria.Study Setting Elderly Medicare beneficiaries (37,788) discharged with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) from hospitals in seven U.S. states between February 1994 and July 1995. We focused on patients who were eligible to receive angiography 12 or more hours after symptom onset.Data Collection Data were abstracted from patient's medical records, Medicare National Claims Standard Analytic Files, Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) Provider of Service File and Health Insurance Master File.Methods Admitting hospitals were classified as offering no cardiac services, angiography only, or revascularization. Case‐selection differences across these three types of hospitals were examined by comparing relative risk of receiving angiography for various patient and hospital characteristics. Relative differences in one‐year survival rate, comparing patients who received angiography to those who did not, were estimated within each hospital type and clinical need category (necessary, appropriate, or uncertain) after matching on propensity to receive angiography.Principal Findings Compared to patients for whom angiography was deemed necessary, the relative risk of receiving angiography among those for whom it was deemed of uncertain benefit was 0.58, 0.79, and 0.92 (p‐value of homogeneity test < 0.001) at hospitals offering no cardiac services, angiography only, and revascularization, respectively. There was no significant difference in survival following angiography across hospital types, overall as well as within clinical need categories.Conclusions Despite increased case selection at hospitals with on‐site cardiac services, there was no evidence of increase in the survival rate associated with angiography use at these hospitals.
Process of Care and Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction for Patients with Mental Illness in the VA Health Care System: Are There Disparities?
Authors: Petersen Laura A. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , Druss Benjamin G. , Rosenheck Robert A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To compare process of care and outcome after acute myocardial infarction, for patients with and without mental illness, cared for in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) health care system.Data Sources/Setting. Primary clinical data from 81 VA hospitals.Study Design. This was a retrospective cohort study of 4,340 veterans discharged with clinically confirmed acute myocardial infarction. Of these, 859 (19.8 percent) met the definition of mental illness. Measures were age‐adjusted in‐hospital and 90‐day cardiac procedure use; age‐adjusted relative risks (RR) of use of thrombolytic therapy, beta‐blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, or aspirin at discharge; risk‐adjusted 30‐day and one‐year mortality.Results. Patients with mental illness were marginally less likely than those without mental illness to undergo in‐hospital angiography (age‐adjusted RR 0.90 [95 percent confidence interval: 0.83, 0.98]), but there was no significant difference in the age‐adjusted RR of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the 90 days after admission (0.85 [0.69,1.05]), or in the receipt of medications of known benefit. For example, ideal candidates with and without mental illness were equally likely to receive beta‐blockers at the time of discharge (age‐adjusted RR 0.92 [0.82, 1.02]). The risk‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) for death in patients with mental illness versus those without mental illness within 30 days was 1.00 (0.75,1.32), and for death within one year was 1.25 (1.00,1.53).Conclusions. Veterans Health Administration patients with mental illness were marginally less likely than those without mental illness to receive diagnostic angiography, and no less likely to receive revascularization or medications of known benefit after acute myocardial infarction. Mortality at one year may have been higher, although this finding did not reach statistical significance. These findings are consistent with other studies showing reduced health care disparities in the VA for other vulnerable groups, and suggest that an integrated health care system with few financial barriers to health care access may attenuate some health care disparities. Further work should address how health care organizational features might narrow disparities in health care for vulnerable groups.
The Effect of Health Plan Characteristics on Medicare+Choice Enrollment
Authors: Dowd Bryan E. , Feldman Roger , Coulam Robert 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To provide national estimates of the effect of out‐of‐pocket premiums and benefits on Medicare beneficiaries' choice among managed care health plans.Data Sources/Study Setting. The data represent the population of all Medicare+Choice (M+C) plans offered to Medicare beneficiaries in the United States in 1999.Study Design. The dependent variable is the log of the ratio of the market share of the jth health plan to the lowest cost plan in the beneficiary's county of residence. The explanatory variables are measures of premiums and benefits in the jth health plan relative to the premiums and benefits in the lowest cost plan.Data Collection Methods. The data are from the 1999 Medicare Compare database, and M+C enrollment data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).Principal Findings. A $10 increase in an M+C plan's out‐of‐pocket premium, relative to its competitors, is associated with a decrease of four percentage points in the jth plan's market share (i.e., from 25 to 21 percent), holding the premiums of competing plans constant.Conclusions. Although our price elasticity estimates are low, the market share losses associated with small changes in a health plan's premium, relative to its competitors, may be sufficient to discipline premiums in a competitive market. Bidding behavior by plans in the Medicare Competitive Pricing Demonstration supports this conclusion.
Something Old, Something New: Recent Developments in Hospital–Physician Relationships
Authors: Lake Timothy , Devers Kelly , Brewster Linda , Casalino Lawrence 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To describe recent developments in hospital–physician relationships in 12 metropolitan areas.Methods. We analyze qualitative data from a third round of biannual site visit interviews conducted in 12 randomly selected metropolitan areas from 1996 to 2001. The study interviewed 895 respondents during the third round of site visits, conducted in 2000 and 2001.Principal Findings. As HMO enrollment and capitation contracting has failed to grow in local markets, hospital executives have returned to a strategic focus on improving relationships with specialists in pursuit of fee‐for‐service revenue. Yet, 65 percent of hospitals interviewed in 2000 and 2001 continued to own primary care physician practices, with ownership more prevalent in highly concentrated hospital markets. A majority (55 percent) of hospitals have decreased the size of these practices in the past two years.Conclusions. Interest in forming integrated delivery systems has waned. The potential for quality improvement through these organizations systems—by emphasizing primary care and coordinating hospital and physician services—has not been realized. The new emphasis on hospital–specialist partnerships may improve the financial status of hospitals and participating specialists in local markets, and may improve quality of care in selected service areas, but it may also increase health care costs incurred by employers and consumers.
Mental Health Costs and Access Under Alternative Capitation Systems in Colorado
Authors: Bloom Joan R. , Hu Teh‐wei , Wallace Neal , Cuffel Brian , Hausman Jaclyn W. , Sheu Mei‐Ling , Scheffler Richard 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine service cost and access for persons with severe mental illness under Medicaid mental health capitation payment in Colorado. Capitation contracts were made with two organizational models: community mental health centers (CMHCs) that manage and deliver services (direct capitation [DC]) and joint ventures between CMHCs and a for‐profit managed care firm (managed behavioral health organization, [MBHO]) and compared to fee for service (F.F.S.).Data Sources/Study Setting. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the year prior to the new financing policy and the following two years (1995–1998).Study Design. A stratified random sample of 522 severely mentally ill subjects was selected from comparable geographic areas within the capitated and FFS regions of Colorado. Major variables include service cost, utilization, and access (probability of service use) derived from secondary claims data, subject reported access collected at six‐month intervals, and baseline outcomes (symptoms, functioning, and quality of life).Principal Findings. In comparison to the FFS area, cost per person was reduced in the capitated areas in each of the two years following implementation. By the end of year two, cost per person was reduced by two‐thirds in the MBHO areas and by one‐fifth in the DC areas. Reductions in access were found for both capitated areas, although reductions in utilization for those receiving service were found only in the MBHO model.Conclusions. Medicaid mental health capitation in Colorado resulted in cost reducing service changes for persons with severe mental illness. Assessment of outcome change is necessary to identify cost effectiveness.
The International Criminal Court: Reforming the Politics of International Justice
Authors: Economides Spyros 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe International Criminal Court (ICC) came into effect on 1 July 2002. This article gives an account of the historical background to the ICC and an overview of the Court's Statute, remit and powers. It is argued that the ICC is a highly politicized legal institution which will only be effective through inter-state cooperation. Despite its lengthy historical antecedents and legal precedents, prudence suggests that — due to the nature of international politics — the establishment of the ICC should be viewed as the beginning of a cumulative process of reforming the politics of international justice rather than the end of a process of transformation in international law.
The social welfare implications, decomposability, and geometry of the Sen family of poverty indices
Authors: Xu Kuan , Osberg Lars 
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we propose a unified framework for the Sen indices of poverty intensity that shows an explicit connection between the indices and the common underlying social evaluation function. We also identify the common multiplicative decomposition of the indices that allows simple and similar geometric interpretations and easy numerical computation. JEL Classification: C000, H000, O150 Implications en termes de bien‐être collectif, décomposabilité et géométrie de la famille d’indices de pauvretéà la Sen. Dans ce mémoire, les auteurs proposent un cadre d’analyse intégré des indices d’intensité de pauvretéà la Sen qui souligne la relation explicite entre ces indices et la fonction sociale d’évaluation commune qui les soustend. Les auteurs identifient aussi la décomposition multiplicative commune de ces indices qui permet d’en donner des interprétations géométriques simples et idoines et de faire des calculs numériques faciles.
Asymmetric output cost of lowering inflation: empirical evidence for Canada
Authors: Huh Hyeon‐Seung , Lee Hyun‐Hoon 
Published: March 2003

A strand of theoretical and empirical evidence in the literature suggests non‐linearity in the output‐inflation relationship, viz. a non‐linear Phillips curve. We develop a VAR model of output, inflation, and terms of trade augmented with logistic smooth transition autoregression specifications. Empirically, the model captures non‐linear features present in the data. Output costs of reducing inflation vary, depending on the economy, size of inflation change, and whether policy makers seek to disinflate or prevent inflation from rising. Thus, inferences based on the conventional linear Phillips curve may provide misleading signals about the cost of lowering inflation and the appropriate policy stance. JEL Classification: C32, E52 Le coût asymétrique en termes de production de la réduction de l’inflation: résultats pour le Canada. Ce mémoire a son origine dans les travaux qui suggèrent une certaine non linéarité dans la relation production‐inflation i.e. une courbe de Phillips qui serait non‐linéaire. Les auteurs utilisent un modèle VAR de la production, de l’inflation et des termes d’échange, enrichi de spécifications autogressives définissant une transition logistique souple. Il appert que les coûts en termes de perte de production de la réduction de l’inflation varient grandement selon l’état de l’économie, la taille des changements recherchés dans le taux d’inflation, et selon que les autorités cherchent créer une déflation ou simplement à empêcher l’accélération de l’inflation. Voilà qui implique que les inférences tirées d’un modèle construit sur la courbe linéaire traditionnelle de Phillips peuvent fournir des signaux trompeurs quant aux coûts de la réduction de l’inflation et suggérer de mauvaises politiques.
A model of evidence production and optimal standard of proof and penalty in criminal trials
Authors: Yilankaya Okan 
Published: March 2003

The defendant is either innocent or guilty, which she, not the court or prosecutor, knows. The court convicts the defendant whenever its posterior probability of her guilt – which depends on the evidence presented – is greater than the standard of proof. Evidence production by litigating parties is a costly stochastic process. Subsequently, the optimal choice of standard of proof and penalty is analysed. The optimal standard of proof is increasing in the cost of convicting an innocent defendant and decreasing in the cost of acquitting a guilty defendant. Higher penalties may increase probabilities of both false conviction and false acquittal. Un modèle de production de la preuve et la norme optimale de la preuve et de la punition dans les procès criminels. On développe un modèle de production de la preuve par les parties en litige dans un contexte criminel. L’accusé peut être de deux types – innocent ou coupable – et il sait de quel type il est. Mais ni le tribunal ni le procureur n’ont cette information. Le tribunal ne va condamner l’accusé que si la probabilité a posteriori de culpabilité de l’accusé est plus grande qu’une certaine valeur seuil – la norme de la preuve. Cette probabilité dépend des preuves présentées par les parties au tribunal. La production de la preuve est un processus stochastique coûteux. Ce modèle de production de la preuve est utilisé pour analyser le choix optimal de la preuve et de la punition. Comme on pouvait s’y attendre, on peut montrer que la norme optimale de la preuve s’accroît à proportion que s’accroît le coût de condamner un innocent et décroît à proportion que s’accroît le coût de l’acquittement d’un coupable. Ce qui est plus surprenant, on peut montrer que l’accroissement de la punition infligée à un accusé trouvé coupable peut accroître les probabilités à la fois de condamnation et d’acquittement non fondés.
Occupational asthma caused by champignon flies
Authors: Cimarra M , Martínez‐Cócera C , Chamorro M , Cabrera M , Robledo T , Alonso A , Castellano A , Bartolome JM , Lombardero M 
Published: March 2003

Background: Occupational bronchial asthma in mushroom (champignon) workers is unusual, although reports on it appeared in 1938 and 1951; we have not found any others since those dates. Here we report the case of a 52‐year‐old man who works as a champignon cultivator. He suffered rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma attacks whenever he entered the champignon culture caves. We studied flies as a possible antigen source. We collected these insects from the growing sites in order to identify them, and then prepare an extract; the samples turned out to be of two families of insects of the order Diptera, 98% from the Phoridae family (Brachycera suborder) and 2% from the Sciaridae (Nematocera suborder). Methods: Skin prick tests, conjunctival provocation tests, serum specific IgE, specific IgE‐binding fractions in immunoblotting, and monitoring of PEFR (at work and off work) were performed. Results: IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity to these flies was demonstrated by skin prick test, conjunctival provocation test, serum specific IgE, and IgE‐binding fractions in immunoblotting. Monitoring of PEFR both at work and off work showed a clear relationship between symptoms, or fall in PEFR, and the workplace. Conclusions: We report the case of a patient suffering from asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis caused by hypersensitivity to fly proteins.