bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curtain: The End of Performance
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps because they are so uncertain and so provisional, endings seem anxiously to demand validation; they want gestures to confirm that this is the proper place to end. There are, as we shall see, many different ways of lending formal or cultural authority to the ending, but the simplest and most familiar is confirmation that the performance is over. As a movie comes to an end, the strings strike up their coda, the credits begin to roll, and finally the house lights come up. The plot of a novel comes to an end as we turn the last few pages of the book and finally reach a blank space inscribed “The End.” A manuscript will advertise its own conclusion with the flourish of a koronis (“hook” or “crow’s beak”) or with a grander declaration such as ‘tEAoi; Et.&gt;pmioou EK&lt;X(3’!li; (“End of Euripides’ Hecuba”) or vergili maronis georgicon fiber IIII explicit (“Book Four of Virgil’s Georgics is ended”). And a modern play will confirm that the performance is over when the curtain falls, the house lights come up, and members of the cast line up to take their bows. Greek drama was different. The outdoor the after had no curtain and no lights, and so far as we know the actors did not come back onstage to receive applause; the only confirmation that the show had ended was the exit of the actors and the chorus. This emptying of the stage was a familiar signal that the play was over-a signal that might be exploited in interesting ways, as when actors and chorus exit after less than 400 lines in Euripides’ Helen, prematurely ending the action and preparing for the second, comic prologue in which the gatekeeper drives Menelaus from the palace. But whereas the koronis and the curtain are external markers, signals from outside the action that confirm the work has come to an end, the same is not true of the emptied stage. The departure of characters and chorus requires plausible motivation within the plot, and the need for such motivation seems to impose on Greek tragedy a stricter sense of closure. At the end of Trojan Women, the stage is left empty because now the surviving women of Troy must depart with the herald to a life of slavery. At the end of Eumenides, the acting area is emptied as the characters, the chorus, a second chorus of attendants, and perhaps the audience as well march from the theater in a grand civic procession. In either case, the emptying of the stage is a natural part of the drama’s end.
Postscript: Outside the Frame
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek tragedy, unlike many other forms of drama, presumes a historical and cultural continuum that embraces both the events enacted onstage and the viewers themselves, and the Euripidean aition overtly complicates this thread. Yet the drama implies (or seems to imply) another more essential continuum: the thread of events that constitute the plot. And insofar as the drama raises questions about the end of this thread, it brings us back to the issues of form versus content and of artistic invention.Any narrative genre must grapple (it would seem) with the problem of choosing an end. How does the author decide where to begin and end the story? How does she or he choose, from the countless events of history or the infinite possibilities of fiction, what to enact or tell? And how do readers or spectators know that this is the end? Do they recognize that lives and events continue and that no retelling willem brace them all? The problem (as stated) assumes a contrast between form and con tent, between the infinite continuum and the finite story that tries to contain it, or between the real world of human experience and the contrivance of narration. This problem and this implied contrast are my point of departure in discussing closing prophecies in Euripides. It does not follow that my reading requires or depends upon the validity of this (Aristotelian) contrast; as I hope to show, the problem is one that some texts pose with greater or lesser insistence, and in various ways.
Phoenician Women and Narrative
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around the time of the production of Orestes, 1 Euripides produced another play that was just as experimental and would become just as popular: Phoenician Women and Orestes were the most commonly read and quoted classical works apart from Homer throughout antiquity, and together with Hecuba came to form the “Byzantine triad” of select plays. It is an interesting item in the history of reception that ancient audiences and readers showed much greater interest in these innovative plays than do their modern counterparts, although there are signs that this is beginning to change. But my interest here is not in the play’s reception, but in its highly original narrative structure. Phoenician Women is a remarkable pastiche of legends about Oedipus and his family; the cast list, as Elizabeth Craik observes, “reads like a guest list for a macabre house party of the Theban royal family,” and these legends and characters are woven together in a way that explores the possibilities, uncertainties, and prosaic pleasures of a narrative text. Where Helen offers a happily fortuitous and romantic end, and Orestes is torn between the opposing ends of tragedy and comedy, Phoenician Women becomes immersed in the difficulties of seeing or choosing an end, in the mundane pleasures and problems of grappling with knots. I will therefore let this play with its unprecedented narrative impulse serve as a final example of the ways in which Euripides’ experimentation with closing gestures and closural patterns transformed tragedy into something entirely different.
Characterization of Contaminants, Environments, and Human Health
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In environmental science, confusion often arises from the use of the same or similar sounding terms that have different meanings in different contexts. This is especially true when considering the concentrations of air and water contaminants. Both are frequently expressed in terms of a ratio, such as parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb). However, when used for air contaminants, the units are molar or volume fractions, while when used for water contaminants, they are weight fractions. In order to avoid unnecessary confusion, the concentration units used in this book have appropriate subscripts: pomp to indicate parts per million parts of air, a volume ratio, and ppmw, to indicate parts per million parts of water, a weight ratio. This problem is often avoided altogether by expressing all fluid contaminant concentrations as the weight of contaminant per unit volume (e.g., cubic meter, m3, or liter, L) of fluid. In air, the units generally used are mg/m3 or µ,g/m3, while in water they are most often mg/L or µ,g/L.
Our Environmental Future
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The environment that we inhabit is ever changing, and the only thing that is reasonably certain is that it will continue to change. Furthermore, it is most likely to change at an ever increasing rate. Affluence allows some of us to directly control many aspects of our personal environments (within our homes and property boundaries). However, as we consider our neighborhoods, villages and cities, states, countries, and global communities, our individual capacity to influence factors affecting our collective environments diminishes, and we become more dependent on political and judicial processes for the protection and/or enhancement of our collective environments, through legislation, enforcement of environmental regulations, and through public information and educational programs. In the United States, most people look to the EPA, the DHHS, and their state and local counterpart agencies to take the lead roles in the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of the environmental factors and forces that could or do affect human health. While these agencies can, should, and sometimes do greatly influence our environmental quality and health status, they cannot and do not do so alone.
Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Providing a comprehensive picture of the design, conduct, analysis, and interpretation of non-experimental studies of both infectious and non-infectious diseases, the Second Edition of this widely used text has been thoroughly updated to take into account the numerous developments in epidemiology over the past decade. Since the first edition was published in 1986, additional sources of data have become available through the increasing use of computerized records for health-related purposes. Also, a better understanding of the uses and limitations of certain epidemiologic concepts has been gained. Modifications of traditional study designs, including nested case-control studies and case-cohort studies, are now more frequently employed. Biological markers of exposure, disease susceptibility, and disease itself are used in many studies and methods of statistical analysis have been further developed. All of these developments have been considered in writing the Second Edition. The authors cover the full scope of observational studies, describing in detail cohort studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and epidemic investigation. The use of statistical procedures is described in easy-to-understand terms. Sample size estimation, sampling, measurement, and measurement error are fully discussed. Each chapter in the second edition has been updated and several chapters have been expanded. Chapter 3, which summarizes sources of data on disease occurrence, includes several additional sources of data. Chapter 5, which describes modifications of traditional study designs, now contains nested case-control and case-cohort studies. Chapter 15, on other types of measurement, has been expanded to include sections on measurement in epidemiologic studies of the elderly and on biological markers since these have become major areas of epidemiologic research in recent years. Much of the material in Chapters 6, 7, and 9 on the analysis of data from epidemiologic studies is also new to this edition. Perhaps the greatest challenge for the authors in writing this Second Edition was to make some of the modern, frequently used methods of statistical analysis understandable to readers with a limited mathematical or statistical background. Although this book is intended for readers who have had introductory courses in epidemiology and biostatistics, even readers who do not fully comprehend the theory behind some of the techniques should understand the rationale for their use and be able to interpret results when they appear on a computer printout or in the literature. The Second Edition of this widely used text will serve as a practical resource for students and practitioners of epidemiology, public health and biostatistics.
Retrospective Cohort, Nested Case-Control, and Case-Cohort Studies: Planning and Execution
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 pointed out that one of the major advantages of prospective cohort studies is that the exposure is measured before the disease is diagnosed, while one of the main limitations is the high cost of most studies. Chapter 5 presents three types of study designs that may be considered modifications of the traditional prospective cohort study: the retrospective cohort study, the nested case-control study, and the case-cohort study. When the appropriate circumstances occur such that one of these designs can be implemented, the cost is generally considerably decreased, yet expo sure is still measured before the disease is diagnosed.
Cohort Studies: Statistical Analysis I,
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because all cohort studies, whether prospective or retrospective, monitor the disease status of cohort members over time, it is essential to account for the time at risk for disease by each member while he or she is monitored. A cohort member is said to be at risk for the disease of interest during a given time period if he or she is both under observation and susceptible to the disease during that period; therefore, if he or she does develop the disease, its occurrence will be documented.
Cohort Studies II: Further Design Considerations and Analysis
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned mainly with control of confounding in case control studies. When controlling for potential confounding variables in a case-control study, the investigator often has the options of (a) matching controls to cases on potential confounding variables at the time they are selected and using methods of statistical analysis appropriate for matched studies; (b) not matching controls to cases on any potential confounding variables at the time they are selected, but rather controlling for all potential confounding variables in the analysis, using statistical procedures appropriate for unmatched designs; and (c) using a combination of matching at the time cases and controls are selected and controlling for confounding variables in the analysis, using methods of analysis that take into account the matching. Combining the approaches may involve matching controls to cases on some potential confounding variables, not matching on others, and controlling for them all appropriately in the analysis. It may also entail matching loosely on certain potential confounding variables and controlling for them more tightly in the analysis. Although matching on potential con founding variables has considerable intuitive appeal, it also has limitations, and should be used only when its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
Epidemic Investigation
Authors: Kelsey Jennifer L , Whittemore Alice S , Evans Alfred S , Thompson W Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has considered studies that are prospective and retrospective from the standpoint of the observer, studies that require observation of a cohort of persons, and studies that involve comparisons of cases with controls. The placement of epidemic investigations in this scheme is difficult because the methods of study vary considerably, depending on the circumstances, and may involve different approaches at different times, or even several approaches during a single outbreak.
Verb Movement and Expletive Subjects in the Germanic Languages
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the study of two different kinds of variation across the Germanic languages. One involves the position of the finite verb, and the other the possible positions of the "logical" subject in constructions with expletive (or "dummy") subjects. The book applies the theory of principles and parameters (also known as the "government-binding theory") to the study of comparative syntax. Several languages are considered, including less frequently discussed ones like Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, and Yiddish.
V°-to-1° Movement
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to chapter 3, the preferable analysis of V2 in main clauses is that V2 involves both movement of the finite verb into C0 and movement of some maximal projection into CP-spec, although this maximal projection is not necessarily an overt element, in that no overt element precedes the finite verb in, e.g., yes/no-questions. In chapter 4, it was further argued that this analysis could be maintained for the V2 phenomena that occur in embedded sentences as well, even if embedded V2 sentences may be preceded by a complementiser.
The Poetics Of Colonization
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tales of archaic Greek city foundations continue to be told and retold long after the colonies themselves were settled, and this book explores how the ancient Greeks constructed their memory of founding new cities overseas. Greek stories about colonizing Sicily or the Black Sea in the seventh century B.C.E. are no more transparent, no less culturally constructed than nineteenth-century British tales of empire in India or Africa; they are every bit as much about power, language, and cultural appropriation. This book brings anthropological and literary theory to bear on the narratives that later Greeks tell about founding colonies and the processes through which the colonized are assimilated into the familiar story-lines, metaphors, and rituals of the colonizers. The distinctiveness and the universality of the Greek colonial representations are explored through explicit comparison with later European narratives of new world settlement.
Olympian 7 and Bacchylides Ode I I: Murder, Victory, and Colonization
Authors: Dougherty Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Pythian 5, Pindar adapts Cyrene’s colonial tradition to fit the conventions of epinician poetry; in drawing close parallels between the civic roles of founder and victor, he suggests that each brings significant power and fame to his city. In Olympian 1 as well, Pindar paints an elaborate triptych of colonial tales in praise of Diagoras of Rhodes’ victory in the boxing competition at Olympia in 464 B.C.E. We have already examined one panel of this aetiological tableau-the marriage of Helius and Rhodes-within the larger context of marriage and rape imagery in city foundation legends. Now in this chapter, I will focus on another chapter in Rhodes’ early history-its colonization by Tlepolemus of Argos. Pindar uses the colonial tradition of Rhodes to celebrate his client’s athletic success both in terms that will be familiar to us from our discussion of Pythian 5 and in new ways as well. In addition to praising the victor in light of the city founder, Pindar exploits the murderer founder analogy that we discussed in Chapter 2 (for Tlepolemus, the founding hero of Rhodes, is also a murderer) and extends it to include athletic victory as well. Bacchylides, too, describes Panhellenic competition and city foundations as parallel acts of purification, and for this reason, a reading of Bacchylides Ode 11 in conjunction with a discussion of Olympian 1 will explore how the purification-colonization metaphor operates within the context of epinician poetry.
When And How Are Populations Limited? The Roles Of Insect Outbreaks, Fire, And Other Natural Perturbations
Authors: Rotenberry John T , Cooper Robert J , Wunderle Joseph M , Smith Kimberly C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Populations of migrant birds are affected by natural changes in weather, climate, and habitat, including those brought about by unpredictable events like drought, floods, fire, and insect infestations. This chapter will review effects of potentially “catastrophic” natural events on bird populations and discuss methods for understanding, interpreting, and managing (or at least mitigating) effects of such disturbances. In most cases we will focus on the proximate, rather than ultimate, consequences of these events, although we note where appropriate if a particular species appears adapted to a recurring disturbance. Likewise, we emphasize extrinsic rather than intrinsic (e.g., the relationship between food abundance and reproductive success) factors relating to population limitations, the latter being amplified by Sherry and Holmes (Chapter 4, this volume).Sousa (1984) provides an excellent review of potentially catastrophic natural disturbances that may occur in ecological systems. He points out that the old view of disturbance as an uncommon, irregular event that causes an abrupt, structural change in a natural community and moves it away from a static, near-equilibrium condition, probably has little utility.
Habitat Requirements During Migration: Important Link In Conservation
Authors: Moore Frank R , Gauthreaux Sidney A , Kerlinger Paul , Simons Theodore R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conservation of Neotropical land bird migrants is complicated by the very life history characteristic that permits these birds to exploit seasonal environments, namely migration. Choice of habitat must be made in Neotropical wintering quarters, in temperate breeding areas, and repeatedly during migration. Each of the habitats encountered during the migrant’s annual cycle faces different threats of degradation and destruction (Gradwohl and Greenberg 1989, Askins et al. 1990).Stopover habitat is defined here as “ ... an area with the combination of resources (like food, cover, water) and environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, presence and absence of predators and competitors) that promotes occupancy by individuals of a given species (or population) and allows those individuals to survive ...” (Morrison et al. 1992) during passage. The importance of habitat during migration has been largely overlooked in our developing conservation strategy (Moore and Simons 1992, Berthold and Terrill 1991). Migration is a period of exceptional energy demand, and small land bird migrants generally do not deposit enough fat to fly without stopping between breeding and wintering areas (Berthold 1975, Blem 1980). Hence, avail ability of suitable habitats where depleted fat stores can be safely and rapidly replenished becomes critical to a successful migration.
Habitat Use And Conservation In The Neotropics
Authors: Petit Daniel R , Lynch James F , Hutto Richard L , Blake John G , Waide Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Habitat, the vegetative, physical, and topographic features associated with the location in which an animal lives (Odum 1971), has important ramifications for the persistence of a species because it can influence reproductive and mortality rates. The evolutionary significance of habitat selection is clearly reflected by the close association between habitat use and morphology, behavior, and life-history traits of a species (Cody 1985). Understanding habitat requirements has motivated much of the study of avian ecology during this century and, consequently, habitat studies form the framework for conservation efforts aimed at preserving species diversity (Cody 1985, Probst and Crow 1991). Wildlife ecologists agree that conservation of populations of wild animals depends upon protection of habitats at appropriate spatial scales (Harris and Kangas 1988, Grumbine 1990). This prospect grows increasingly difficult, however, due to encroachment of civilization into even the most remote ecosystems on earth. Migratory birds that breed in North America and overwinter in the Neotropics have been affected by human alteration of natural landscapes (Robbins et al. 1989a, Sauer and Droege 1992). Declines in populations of many Neotropical migrants have been documented through long-term studies at continental, regional (Breeding Bird Survey of the US Fish and Wildlife Service; Robbins et al. 1986), and local (Ambuel and Temple 1982, Wilcove 1988, Johnston and Hagan 1992) scales during breeding (Briggs and Criswell 1978, Robbins et al. 1989a), migration (Stewart 1987, Gauthreaux 1992, Russell et al. 1992), and winter periods (Faaborg and Arendt 1992).