bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
221 Increasing Functional Amino Acid Ratios Does Not Improve Growth Performance in Pigs Raised Under Poor Sanitary Conditions When Fed with Individual Precision Feeding Or Conventional Feeding Systems
Authors: Arnaut Pedro Righetti , Hauschild Luciano , Remus Aline , Pomar Candido , Gastman Brand Henrique G , Khun Kyaw Htoo John K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immune system activation redirects dietary nutrients to defense mechanisms, thereby impairing growth performance of pigs. Supplementing pigs with functional amino acids (AA) such as Met, Thr and Trp was shown to support the immune system and reduce the negative effects on growth. However, pigs respond differently to immune stressors which increase herd variability. In this context, individual precision feeding (IPF) might be an alternative approach to reduce herd variability and increase nutrient efficiency in immune challenged pigs. This study aimed to evaluate growth performance, body composition, nitrogen (N) efficiency and haptoglobin and triglycerides serum concentration in growing pigs raised in poor sanitary conditions (PoorSC). The PoorSC was characterized by oral inoculation with 2 × 109 cfu of Salmonella typhimurium and manure spreading on the pen floor. Sixty gilts (23 ± 2.8 kg BW) were distributed in BW blocks according to a 2 dietary (D) × 2 feeding system (FS) factorial arrangement composed of to 2 diets [control (CN): INRA ideal AA ratio or supplemented (AA+) 120% of the ideal ratio for Met, Thr and Trp] and 2 feeding systems [conventional (GP) or IPF]. GP pigs were fed with a unique diet that matched the SID Lys requirement of the 80th-percentile pig at the beginning of the trial whereas the IPF pigs received a diet tailored daily to each pig requirement. All pigs were housed in the same pen and fed ad libitum during 28 experimental days with automatic feeding stations able to provide to each pig the assigned diet. Body composition was obtained by dual X-ray absorptiometry at days 0 and 28 and blood samples were collected at d 28. Data were analyzed with D and FS and their interaction as main fixed factors and body weight (BW) blocks as a random effect (Table 1). Haptoglobin serum concentration increased from d 0 to 28 regardless of FS and D (P &lt; 0.10). IPF pigs fed with CN diet had the lightest BW at the end of the trial (P ≤ 0.10; FS × D), whereas BW was similar for the other treatments. However, across diets, IPF pigs had final BW, and protein, ADG, G:F, protein and lipid deposition, N intake and excretion and circulating triglycerides that were less than GP pigs. N utilization efficiency was similar across treatments. Additionally, increasing the provision of the studied functional AA did not improve pig performance. Thus, showing no benefits in increasing AA ratios for growth and immune response. The increased triglycerides concentration and low protein and lipid deposition suggests that IPF pigs prioritized the immune system to the expense of protein and lipid accretion. In conclusion, AA supplementation and IPF do not improve growth performance and N efficiency of pigs raised in poor sanitary conditions.
223 Impacts of Active Dry Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on Gut Permeability in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Williams Melissa S , AlZahal Ousama , Steele Michael A , Wood Katharine M , Penner Greg B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine the impacts of active live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a dietary feed additive on dry matter intake, feed sorting, gut permeability, ruminal pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, as well as fecal pH and VFA concentration in cattle fed a high-grain finishing diet and subjected to a ruminal acidotic challenge. Fifteen Hereford X Charolais heifers were blocked by BW into three blocks. Heifers were randomly assigned within block to one of two dietary treatments; CON (no additive), or YST (3 g· animal-1· day-1 of active live S. cerevisiae) added to a steam-flaked corn diet (83% steam-flaked corn, 8% wheat straw, 5% soybean meal protein mix, 4% vitamin and minerals on a DM basis). The experimental timeline was as follows: 30 d adaptation (ADPT), 5 d baseline (BASE), 5 d ruminal acidosis challenge (CHAL), and three subsequent 5 d recovery phases (REC1, REC2, and REC3). On day 2 of each phase and days 2 and 4 of CHAL, 179 mM Cr-EDTA and 360 mM Co-EDTA were infused into the omasum and rumen, respectively, as gut permeability markers. Within each phase, in-dwelling pH probes were used to capture reticulo-ruminal pH every 5min for 96 consecutive hours, rumen fluid and fecal grab samples were collected once for every 3 h in a 24 h period, and blood was collected at 2, 4, 12, and 24 h after each Co and Cr infusion. Dry matter intake and feed sorting were measured daily for each animal. Statistical analysis was conducted using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS as a randomized complete block design with block, treatment, and phase as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. Ruminal acidosis was successfully induced using this method, as suggested by the statistically significant reduction in minimum pH and increase in pH range in the CHAL phase compared with other phases of the experiment (P ≤ 0.02). Recovery from the ruminal acidosis challenge was detected within the REC1 phase when comparing minimum pH (CHAL 5.25 vs. REC1 5.54; P = 0.001). Additionally, the sorting behavior of some particle sizes was significantly impacted by phase (P ≤ 0.01). Overall, the addition of yeast to the diet did not impact feed intake, sorting behavior, spot ruminal and fecal pH, volatile fatty acid concentrations in ruminal fluid or feces, or the uptake of Cr-EDTA and Co-EDTA. These results suggest that adding live S. cerevisiae yeast at this dose in a high-grain finishing diet does not impact feed intake, gut permeability, or the production of VFA when ruminal acidosis is induced.
64 Digital Technologies and Machine Learning: a New Way to Look at Novel Traits at Spatial and Temporal Dimensions
Authors: Rosa Guilherme J M , Dorea Joao R R , Hernandez Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate measurement of target traits in individual animals or groups of animals under different environmental conditions, such as varying diets, disease treatments, and management practices, is crucial for the progress of livestock research. While experimental studies on research farms ensure internal validity of results, observational studies on commercial farms provide external validity, i.e. how such results generalize to commercial settings. Both types of studies require longitudinal follow-up of animals and individual identification for monitoring their well-being, as well as their performance in terms of production, reproduction, and disease traits. Advances in digital technologies, including wearables and remote sensors, coupled with efficient data management and data mining techniques, now allow for accurate monitoring of animals and their environment in both spatial and temporal dimensions. These technologies enable investigations of novel traits such as traits related to product quality, animal behavior and welfare, individual feed intake, and gas emissions. This presentation will highlight our research efforts in developing and adapting tools and methods for livestock applications, including specific research projects that implement such tools. For instance, we will discuss a case study aiming to predict dairy cows’ future performance based on their growth and mammary gland development during calf-heifer stages.
226 Measuring Agricultural Means of Influence on Young Adults Via Instagram in the United States
Authors: Coursen Madison , Corbitt Katie , Bennett Samantha , Martin David , Sawyer Jason T , Mulvaney Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way society consumes information has changed drastically, and the agricultural industry is fighting to remain a part of the media landscape. With the gradual death of print news and the rise of social media (SM) consumption by young adults (Twenge et al., 2019), this leaves the questions of where do young consumers get new information and how do pro-agriculture voices successfully communicate scientific agricultural topics with them? With extremist activist voices on Instagram gripping the attentions of young adult SM users, opposing voices of influence sharing scientific and pro-agriculture messages seem to be missing. Social media influencers (SMIs), of which can be found on the SM platform Instagram, serve as “third party endorsers” who impact the feelings and opinions of audiences such as young consumers or SM users through content shared on SM. We sought to perform an evaluation of the impact established agricultural SMIs on Instagram can have on changing the perceived knowledge of participants regarding several different agricultural topics. Participants were recruited through the platform ProlificTM and were asked to complete an anonymous survey. Survey questions were asked both prior to participants being shown example images of agricultural SMIs and afterwards. Data collected were analyzed utilizing SPSS to compare pre-image and post-image results to determine the impact of contents on perceived knowledge participants on subjects relating to agriculture. Results indicated significant differences (P &lt; .05) between the pre-image and post-image perceived knowledge results, as well as between different forms of reported engagement willingness. Future research should be conducted to determine what forms of content best reach nonagricultural target audience members and best practices for interacting on SM with those users.
424 Botanical Composition and Quality of Beef Cattle Diets on a Burned Versus Unburned Foothills Rangeland
Authors: Kluth Janessa A , Davis Noah , Wyffels Sam , Marlow Clayton , Vermeire Lance , Van Emon Megan L , Nack Makae , Sitz Taylre , Hamilton Thomas , Peterson Jeremiah , DelCurto Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current management paradigms suggest deferring grazing rangeland for two years after a wildfire to avoid additional stress on native plant species, but there is limited research supporting these recommendations. Therefore, this experiment was conducted within and adjacent to a burn area of an August 2020 wildfire to evaluate the differences in diet quality, botanical composition, and foraging efficiency of beef cattle grazing both burned and unburned rangelands. A randomized complete block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments contrasting burn versus unburned and June versus September grazing periods were used. Pastures (4 ha) within the burn area were grazed in either June 2021 or deferred to September 2021. Grazing occurred for two days with 20 cow/calf pairs in June and 16 cow/calf pairs in September. Cattle diet composition and masticate samples were collected during 20-minute bite-count periods using six ruminally cannulated cows in each pasture prior to and after the two-day grazing periods. Cannulated cows grazed a pasture adjacent to the burn area to compare diet quality and composition between burned and unburned rangeland. Diet composition displayed a burn treatment by season of use interaction (P &lt; 0.01) with greater forb consumption in burned than unburned in June (P &lt; 0.01), but not different in September (P = 0.58). Additionally, both bites per minute and grams per minute displayed a treatment by season of use interaction (P &lt; 0.01). Specifically, cattle grazing unburned pastures in June tended to take more bites per minute (P = 0.07) than in burned pastures. In contrast, the opposite was observed with September diets where cattle took more bites per minute in burned pastures than unburned pastures (P &lt; 0.01). Grams per minute did not differ between September treatments (P = 0.26), but cattle did consume more grams per minute in unburned pastures in June (P &lt; 0.01). The ash content of diets tended to display a treatment by season of use interaction (P = 0.09) with dietary ash tending to be greater in burned pastures in June (P = 0.07), but not differing in September (P = 0.54). Both dietary NDF and CP displayed a treatment by season interaction (P &lt; 0.01), where crude protein was greater and NDF was lower for June burned pastures than unburned pastures (P &lt; 0.01) but did not differ in September (P ≥ 0.27). In summary, diet quality was improved for grazing during the growing season after wildfire. The differences in diet quality may be related to the increase in forb consumption in post-fire vegetation communities.
421 Inherent Livestock Feed Production: Abundance of Non-Edible Biomass in the Agricultural and Processing Sector in Germany
Authors: Vorndran Anton M , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia , Windisch Wilhelm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Livestock have a central role in food production as extractors and concentrators of nutrients from non-edible biomass [neB] producing high value foodstuff for human nutrition [1]. Agricultural production aims for maximizing edible biomass [eB] production whereby, neB production is inevitably coupled to it. The goal of this study was to determine how much neB and eB is produced annually in agricultural and processing sector in Germany. Literature research has been conducted (26 peer-reviewed publications, 15 books, 26 reports, 15 other grey literature) to identify the amount of eB and neB along the agricultural production chain in Germany. Therefore, conversion efficiencies of biomass from field to fork have been calculated on a dry matter basis by considering main- to by-product ratios on the field as well as processing efficiencies for food and renewable energy industry branches (e.g., milling, ethanol production, brewing, oil extraction, starch extraction, sugar extraction). Based upon these calculations, the human edible fraction (HeF) [2] was used together with mean agricultural production data (2012-17) in Germany to determine the abundance of eB and neB for two scenarios: low vs. high edibility of biomass. Since HeF factors denote theoretical margins of edibility of biomass, additional scenarios were calculated assuming current processing efficiencies as well as silage maize being completely inedible. Furthermore, changes in biomass production in scenarios of complete substitution of land used for silage maize production and cultivation of human edible foods have been analysed.115 to 134 million tons of neB and 38 to 57 million tons of eB were produced annually during the observation period. This equals 2-3.5 kg of neB per kg of eB. When silage maize was considered as neB, numbers increased to 2.5 to -4.8 kg of neB per kg of eB. When current processing efficiencies in Germany and grain usage were used for calculations instead of the two HeF scenarios, and silage maize was considered not edible, then 1kg of eB produced 4kg of neB. When the used area for silage maize cultivation would in future be substituted for food crop cultivation then 1kg of eB yielded 2.8kg of neB. The scenarios suggest that the amount of eB per acre of agricultural land changes dramatically once the whole agricultural system including grassland, green plants for feed production, straw, and by-products is adapted to future scenarios. The future challenge will be to improve current processing efficiencies of the food and renewable energy industry to approach the upper limits of edibility given by the HeF fractions. In any case, feed production is inherent.[1] Bradford et al. (1999) Ames, IA (Task force report / Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, 135) ISBN 1-887383-17-4[2] Ertl et al. (2015) In: Agricultural Systems 137, S. 119–125. DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2015.04.004.
235 Effects of Curing Extent on the Phytoestrogen Concentrations of Red Clover Hay and Silage Across Storage Phases
Authors: Ayala Diego Zamudio , Lima Marta , De Castro Raphaella Alexandra , Jimenez Ana Paula , Cardoso Marcus , Knight Colt W , Romero Juan Jose J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to assess the effects of insufficient (WET) or ample (CUR) curing on the phytoestrogen concentrations of red clover silage (29.4 and 45.3% DM) and hay (65.1 and 89.1, respectively). Measurements were taken at the start of storage (STRT), after 14 d (MicA), and once storage processes had stabilized for hay and silage (50 and 78 d, respectively; LATE). Hay was packed into mini-bales (~500 fresh g; ~232 kg DM/m3) and silage into mini-silos (19.5 L; ~214 kg DM/m3). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design (5 blocks) with a 2 (curing extents) x 2 (storage methods) x 3 (storage phases) factorial. Differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05. The concentration of formononetin was greater in silage vs. hay at STRT (4,624 vs. 2,893 ± 175 mg/kg of DM, respectively), MicA (5,383 vs. 2,110), and LATE (5,666 vs. 2,569). Also, more formononetin was found in WET vs. CUR silage (5,841 vs. 4,608.1± 154 mg/kg of DM, respectively). However, no differences were observed between WET vs. CUR hay (x̅ = 2,524). At STRT, biochanin A was greater in silage vs. hay (3,105 vs. 2,012 ± 139 mg/kg of DM, respectively). A similar trend was observed at MicA (3,233 vs. 1,057), and LATE (3,295 vs. 1,228). In addition, more biochanin A was observed in WET vs. CUR silage (3,793 vs. 2,628.9 ± 127 mg/kg of DM, respectively). The opposite was observed in WET vs. CUR hay (1,219.5 vs. 1,644.9). The genistein concentration was greater in silage vs. hay at STRT (149 vs. 120 ± 8.36 mg/kg of DM, respectively), MicA (246 vs. 62.6), and LATE (264 vs. 72.9). Also, the concentration of genistein was greater in WET vs. CUR silage (236 vs. 202.3 ± 7.21 mg/kg of DM, respectively) but the opposite was observed in WET vs. CUR hay (72.8 vs. 97.3). In the case of daidzein, hay had a greater concentration of this phytoestrogen than silage (12.8 vs. 6.67 ± 0.43 mg/kg of DM, respectively). In conclusion, red clover silage maintains greater concentrations of formononetin, biochanin A, and genistein than hay during curing period and across the storage phase. Also, adequate curing is more beneficial for silage than hay in terms of decreasing the phytoestrogen concentrations.
241 Increased Inflammatory Tone and Impaired Skeletal Muscle Growth in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Neonatal Lambs Is Improved By Daily Supplementation of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ca2+ Salts
Authors: White Melanie R , Gibbs Rachel L , Grijalva Pablo Cesar C , Hicks Zena M , Beer Haley N , Most Micah S , Schmidt Ty B B , Peterson Jessica L L , Yates Dustin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Low birthweight due to fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) often results from maternofetal heat stress. IUGR fetuses exhibit enhanced inflammatory tone, which persists after birth and impacts body composition, skeletal muscle growth, and metabolic function. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether daily oral supplementation of Ca2+ salts of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) to IUGR-born neonatal lambs improved inflammatory tone, body composition, and growth metrics. Pregnant ewes were exposed to heat stress (40°C, 35% humidity, THI = 85) from d 40 to 95 of gestation to induce IUGR. Lambs were weaned at birth and hand-reared on milk replacer. Daily oral boluses of 0.5 mL molasses containing 0 or 0.42 g/kg bodyweight of ω-3 PUFA (Virtus Nutrition) were administered. Femoral catheters were placed at d 24 and lambs were necropsied at d 30. At birth, IUGR lambs (n = 8; 3.12 ± 0.34 kg) and IUGR+ω-3 lambs (n = 7; 3.67 ± 0.32 kg) were lighter (P &lt; 0.05) than controls (n = 12; 4.28 ± 0.15 kg). Plasma TNFα concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) at birth for IUGR (557 ± 121 pg/mL) and IUGR+ω-3 lambs (437 ± 82 pg/mL) than for controls (213 ± 78 pg/mL). Plasma TNFα concentrations remained increased (P &lt; 0.05) for IUGR lambs but not for IUGR+ω-3 compared with controls at 2, 3, and 4 wk of age. Adjusted 30-d bodyweights were lighter (P &lt; 0.05) for IUGR lambs (9.83 ± 0.6 kg) but not for IUGR+ω-3 lambs (11.59 ± 0.4 kg) than for controls (12.35 ± 0.2 kg). Heart and brain weights were 17% and 6% lighter (P &lt; 0.05), respectively, for IUGR lambs than for controls. Brain weight deficits were resolved in IUGR+ω3 lambs, but heart weights did not differ between IUGR and IUGR+ω-3 IUGR lambs. Crown circumference/ bodyweight, abdominal circumference/ bodyweight, and cannon bone length/ bodyweight (indicators of asymmetric body composition) were 11% to 15% greater (P &lt; 0.05) for IUGR lambs than for IUGR+ω-3 lambs or controls. At necropsy, IUGR lambs had lighter (P &lt; 0.05) whole hindlimbs (29%) and flexor digitorum superficialis (24%), soleus (36%), biceps femoris (25%), semitendinosus (24%), gastrocnemius (29%), and longissimus dorsi (26%) muscles compared with controls. Weight deficits were partially or fully resolved in IUGR+ω-3 lambs for whole hindlimbs and for all muscles but the soleus, which did not differ from IUGR lambs. These findings demonstrate that daily oral supplementation of Ca2+ salts of ω-3 PUFA reduced the enhanced inflammatory tone observed in IUGR-born offspring, which coincided with improved skeletal muscle growth and indicators of symmetrical body composition.
236 Assessment of Early-Stage Thermal Manipulation on Broiler Chicken Muscle Satellite Cell Populations at Transfer and Hatch
Authors: Rogers John W , Hutson Brittany , Rueda Martha , Davis Jeremiah D , Purswell Joseph , Starkey Charles , Starkey Jessica D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multi-stage hatching egg incubators are challenging to manage but still common throughout the US broiler industry. It is difficult to satisfy all embryonic temperature requirements in systems where late-stage embryos must be kept from overheating while ensuring early-stage embryos are not at sub-optimal temperatures. Our previous work showed improvements in performance and meat yield when incubation temperature was increased to 38.6 °C from embryonic day (ED) 4 to 11 as opposed to lowering it to 36.4 °C compared with a 37.5 °C control. The objective of this work was to assess the effect of thermal variation (TV) during early-stage incubation (ESI) on muscle satellite cell (SC) heterogeneity in broiler chicks at transfer and hatch to explore the mechanism responsible for increased meat yield in our previous study. Broiler breeder eggs (n = 2,160) were incubated at 37.5 °C from embryonic day (ED) 0 to 3. On ED 4, COLD incubator set points decreased to 36.4 °C, HOT incubator set points increased to 38.6 °C, and control incubators remained 37.5 °C (n = 2 incubators per treatment). On ED 11, all incubators were set to 37.5 °C until ED 18 when eggs were transferred to hatchers. At transfer (ED 18) and hatch (ED 21), pectoralis major (PM) and biceps femoris (BF) muscle samples were collected from 6 chicks per treatment. Samples were immunofluorescence stained to facilitate taxonomy of SC populations expressing the myogenic regulatory factors and SC markers, MyoD, MRF4, and Myf5, by fluorescence microscopy. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Means were separated at P ≤ 0.05 with the PDIFF option. Tendencies were declared when 0.0501 ≤ P ≤ 0.10. Chicks from COLD incubators had the greatest density of MyoD+:Myf5+ SC in their BF (P = 0.0261) and tended to have a greater density of MyoD+:MRF4+ SC in their PM muscle (P = 0.0562) compared with chicks from HOT incubators. On ED 21, chicks from HOT incubators had the greatest density of MyoD+:MRF4+:Myf5+ SC in their PM muscle (P = 0.0406). Temperature gradients as small as 1.1 °C during ESI altered BF SC populations in chicks at transfer and PM SC populations at both transfer and hatch. Overall, these results indicate that TV during ESI can influence SC population kinetics in both PM and BF muscles of modern, fast-growing, high-yielding broiler chicks at ED 18 and 21. Further investigation is needed to understand the longer-term effects on SC populations and the cell signaling pathways involved over time during the post-hatch grow out period to explain the meat yield responses observed in our previous work.