bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confessions Of A College Teacher
Authors: Holmes Arthur F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I got into philosophy by accident. For some years after World War II, qualified philosophy teachers were in short supply, especially for small churchrelated colleges. So, in the summer of 1950, a spring graduate entering a master’s program in theology was offered a one-year teaching fellowship in philosophy. He took it, completed doctoral studies in philosophy, and stayed for over forty additional years rather than becoming a missionary in the Third World, as he had intended.
The Overexamined Life Is Not Worth Living
Authors: Shatz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am an Orthodox Jew and have been so all my life. I did not choose Judaism but was born to parents who, while modern in dress, educational ideals, and occupations, were Orthodox; and so my early life was permeated with Jewish observances, while my education took place in schools that combined a secular curriculum with a traditional Jewish one. I attended a yeshiva elementary day school in Monsey, New York, then studied at the high school administered by Yeshiva University in New York City, went next to Yeshiva University for my B.A., and finally culminated my Judaic training by receiving rabbinical ordination in a three-year program at the university’s affiliate theological seminary, while simultaneously going for an M.A. degree in philosophy at another local universal.
The Use Of Animals In Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of animals in scientific research is one of the most controversial topics in research ethics. On the one hand, research involving animals is very common, and the supporters of such research are committed to its necessity and legitimacy. On the other hand, there are movements throughout the world committed to placing severe restrictions on such research or abolishing it completely, claiming that it is immoral because it inappropriately harms animals and/or violates their rights. Thus there is no universally accepted moral consensus about the legitimacy of animal research that can serve as the basis for official policies on the use of animals in research. Nevertheless, a general consensus with some important variations has emerged in these official policies.
Genetic Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1953, the structure of DNA was identified by Crick and Watson. This sparked a revolution in biology. By the early 1970s, scientists learned how to isolate genetic material from one species and to attach it to genetic material from another species, thereby creating the technology of genetic engineering. Later in that decade, scientists began to identify the specific genetic foundations of various diseases, thereby laying the foundation for a program of gene therapy. By the early 1980s, scientists began to envision the possibility of mapping all of the human genes, thereby laying the foundation for the Human Genome Project. Much of the research required to carry out these programs required considerable investments, and the investors hoped that patents on the resulting discoveries would be the basis of the economic return on their investment. This served as the source of the interest in patenting the results of biotechnology.
Weak Interactions., Ionic H-Bonds, and Ion Pairs
Authors: Scheiner Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classic picture of a H-bond involves the approach of a pair of neutral molecules. One contains a hydrogen atom covalently attached to a highly electronegative atom like O or F. The other molecule also contains an electronegative atom, associated with which is at least one lone pair of nonbonding electrons. It is perhaps oversimplistic to expect that a specific interaction either does or does not represent a true H-bond,with no grey area between. For example, one can imagine a scenario where a genuine H-bond, as in FH⃛FH, becomes weaker and weaker as one or the other F atom is replaced by less electronegative halogen atoms. The HI dimer is clearly not associated via a H-bond, whereas C1H⃛C1H arguably contains a H-bond, albeit a weak one. Another example replaces the proton-accepting FH molecule by a much less polar one, such as FF. Does the absence of a molecular dipole moment in the proton acceptor preclude the existence of a H-bond, even if the latter does contain a lone electron pair? Still another case in point takes as a starting point the equilibrium geometry of a classic H-bond such as FH⃛FH. As the two molecules are pulled apart, the interaction clearly becomes weaker and weaker. At what point would one cease to categorize this interaction as a H-bond?
Teddy Hill and Edgar Hayes
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his autobiography, Dizzy lists the after hours joints where he was one of a coterie of sitters-in, despite the attempts of the American Federation of Musicians to discourage jam sessions. The union disliked club owners who paid a trio and, by encouraging guests, ended up appearing to present a full band, but Dizzy and his fellow trumpeters Charlie Shavers and Barna Warwick took every chance to flex their musical muscles, and ran rings round the union officials who checked up on clubs like George’s, the Yeah Man, the Victoria, the 101 Ranch, and Clark Monroe’s Uptown House.
The First Records
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Their four issued sides from 1935 give us only a tantalizing glimpse of how the band must have sounded in its thrice-weekly broadcasts a few months later. Yet, to understand something of the influence that Roy Eldridge had over Dizzy from broadcasts and recordings, it is necessary to look further than the half-handful of discs he made in Hill’s band. The following year, when Eldridge and Berry had switched their allegiance to the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, they cut twenty sidesthe largest body of recordings of Eldridge in a big band context that would have been available for Dizzy to study during his last few months in Philadelphia.
Horn for Hire
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legendary status afforded to Minton’s (which was in the basement of the Cecil Hotel at 210 West 118th Street), based on such oral reminiscences as Dizzy’s, has made the club into one of the sacred cows of jazz history. It is celebrated as the place where bebop was forged in the heat of the after-hours jam session, and where the great and the good clamored to sit in. Those with no knowledge of the rhythmic and harmonic changes afoot in bebop were systematically excluded as the musicians on the bandstand played ever more esoteric chord changes and improvised melodic lines built of increasingly complex chordal extensions at greater and greater speed.
Fron1 Earl Hines to 52nd Street
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earl Hines was one of the most influential figures in the development of jazz piano. He is mainly credited for creating the “trumpet” style in which the right hand doubles a melody line in octaves and adopts linear phrasing comparable to that of a trumpet soloist, rather than using all the harmonic possibilities open to a pianist. Several musicians, including Dizzy, have pointed out that this had a direct bearing on the bebop playing of people like Bud Powell and Al Haig, whose right-hand solo lines emulated those of bebop trumpets or saxophones.
Billy Eckstine
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earl Hines was given to saying that the name had grown up during Dizzy and Parker’s tenure in his orchestra: “Their arrangements had any number of long passages in them, and the reporters did n’t know what to call that kind of music. At the end of the theme, by the time they got through finishing it, they’d run out of breath. They’d go ‘Diddly, diddly, bebop!’ And that’s why they called it bebop.” But although not one review of Hines’s famous 1943 orchestra mentioned the word at the time, it started to appear in print following Dizzy’s run at the Onyx.
1945—The Records
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large imperious man, tending in his late thirties to be somewhat overweight, Williams had made his reputation and acquired his nickname as a specialty dancer on the variety circuit. From winning provincial dancing contests in his early teens to a string of appearances as a hoofer in shows like Cotton Club Parade and Blackbirds of 1933, Williams had added singing to his act in the early 1930s, appearing with Fletcher Henderson’s band and at several New York clubs.
Gillespiana
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“His new role as ambassador of jazz fits Dizzy as well as his famous berets. He has always been known as a spectacular showman because of the beret and other trademarks that have spread the Gillespie name, such as his goatee, hornrimmed glasses, up-tilted trumpet and bop singing. Although all these so-called trademarks could give the idea that Gillespie is a sort of offbeat character, the exact reverse is true. He has one of the sharpest minds in the music business and has developed all the other things solely in the interests of good showmanship.”
Recognition Patterns
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SUPERLATIVE teaching is an achievement in any field; it is perhaps even harder to achieve in the field of music, where so much depends on unwritten tradition, elusive style characteristics, and abstract concepts. The teaching of the art of music should be regarded as having at least equal status with the art of performing music, and the proposition might even be argued that a career in which teaching is an important component makes more lasting contributions to society than one tered only on performance. The fact remains, moreover, that most professional musicians are going to be heavily involved in both teaching and performing, and over 95 percent of them are going to depend on teaching as the mainstay of their professional income.
Balancing Act
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NO one has to make a case for the power of psychological conditioning these days. From our first college course in basic psychology where we read about Pavlov and his dogs to the plots of about half of our TV or movie theater thrillers, the case for the fact that the mind can be conditioned to respond a certain way to given stimuli is overwhelming. Even if we set aside the limitations of laboratory-experiments, we would probably agree that we are constantly being ‘conditioned’ in every-day living. We build likes and dislikes, expectations, both good and bad, and reactions over the years. These solidify into concepts which, taken as a whole, can be construed as a kind of philosophy of life.
Mazeppa(The Way We Wear)
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS musicians, we engage in an art which hopes to communicate something about our world and even, in its best moments, elicit both an intellectual and emotional response from an audience. No matter how much we become involved in the preparation of that communication, success or failure in the last analysis depends a great deal on the accuracy, speed, and refinement of purely physical responses. Yet, a curious contra diction attends the field of musical performance with regard to the matter of maintaining this physical aspect of our being. It has been pointed out often enough that the human body is not a mechanical device and is subject to considerable variation from day to day or even from hour to hour.
Eroica: A Call for Activism
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS musicians we are taught early on that modesty becomes us. Oh, there are a few of us who swashbuckle or act like prima donnas, but by far the majority of us feel that the very act of making music suggests we bow to the art itself, the composer, or the tradition, and the constant quest for a high standard of technical and expressive excellence leaves us psychologically in the position of feeling less than fully adequate, always striving, always reaching, never satisfied. The good side of this doubleedged sword is that we continue to improve and to grow. The bad side, however, is that we are infused with an attitude of modesty, tinged slightly with an awareness of our inadequacies.
Genesis
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether Clark would have landed the WFIL announcers position without the assistance of Elmer will never be known, although the subsequent course of his career indicates that to think otherwise would be foolhardy. In order to display greater broadcasting skill than he then possessed, Clark relied on his hidden tape recorder for assistance, making himself out to be something greater than he actually was. But after being hired by WFIL and embarking upon his quest to become a twenty-something millionaire, Clark adopted a new, self-effacing tack, portraying himself as something less than he actually was. Despite his introduction to America as a benign television host, when it came to advancing himself, Clark was more akin to a wolf in sheep’s clothing —a sharply focused self-promoter and cunning businessman who went to great lengths to contrive his public image.
Saturday Night
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not only were ABC executives stunned by the success of American Bandstand, they were also impressed with Dick Clark’s facile manner. When ABC originally contracted for its teenage dance show the network viewed Clark as being indispensible to the show’s success; now ABC realized that Bandstand’s personable young host was everything they had expected—and then some. “We saw that he was a property in himself,“ recalled Ted Fetter. “Here we had a guy who was obviously a star. He had something; he had a knack, and so we said, ‘How can we develop this thing?’ It was just in the cards that we were going to try our best to capitalize on this guy.“ ABC wanted Clark in prime time. Just two weeks after American Bandstand was added to ABC’s permanent schedule the press noted that he was “reportedly set“ for his own nighttime program on the network, which was supposedly going to air on Saturday evenings from New York City and follow a similar format to American Bandstand.1 But plans to develop a new show for Clark fell victim to ABC’s longstanding practice of employing the bottom line to determine network programming. Instead of developing an entirely new show for Clark, the network decided to institute a live Monday night version of American Bandstand. Since American Bandstand was making money in the afternoon, why not also air the popular program at night?
Sweat and Tears
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sweat system prodigal of water and salt and leisurely in its response to rising temperature suggests an environment with an ample supply of water, an ample supply of salt and not much threat of over-heating — that is, somewhere wet and cool and briny. But none of the research on the subject addressed itself to the question of ‘Where would this development have been at a premium?’
For a long time it was common practice to describe the apocrines used by other animals as the ‘pseudo sweat glands’, and eccrines as the ‘true sweat glands’. The implication seemed to be that in this respect all other animals are out of step except Homo.
Sex in Transition
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the field of sex and reproduction, man differs from the African apes in a wide variety of ways. Among the most basic and far-reaching is the absence of oestrus.
In virtually all mammals the oestrus cycle is a vital and .efficient system of regulating sexual activity by causing the females to become receptive at certain fixed intervals. It conduces to species survival by ensuring that the greatest procreative efforts take place at the time when they are most likely to produce results, namely, around the time of ovulation. At other times sexual activity is, for the purposes of natural selection, a waste of time and energy and semen.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Krizek Donald T , Sager John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An accurate description of the radiation environment used in controlled-environment and other studies is fundamental to plant science. Since formal approval of the SI (Systeme International d’Unites) in 1960 by the Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures, there has been increasing interest among plant scientists in trying to standardize terminology used in describing electromagnetic radiation, which includes the human visually evaluated wavelengths called light. The quantities used to describe and evaluate light (e.g., the candela, lumen, lux), however, are not applicable to plant physiology. The following list of terms, symbols, and units is based on recommendations given in the CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) International Lighting Vocabulary published in 1987 and in other references attached.
Introduction
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States and in several other countries, one of the most prolonged and bitter legal and political debates concerns the morality of abortion. At one extreme are the right to choose advocates who appeal to the pregnant woman’s right to have an abortion whenever she so chooses; at the other extreme are those who insist that there can be no right to murder the unborn child and that abortion is always, or almost always, morally wrong because it is a violation of the right to life of the human fetus. The former derive the right to abortion from the pregnant woman’s fundamental right to privacy or from her right to control what happens to her body; the latter challenge these derivations by pointing out that to choose to kill another human being is never a purely private decision and that the fetus is not a part of the mother’s body, like a cyst or tumor, but an independent human organism with its very own genetic code.
Grounds of Moral Positions
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although legal rights are paradigmatic, they are only one species of rights out of many. Accordingly, I would now generalize my model of a legal right as follows: A right is a system of Hohfeldian positions that, if respected, confer dominion on one party in face of a second party in a potential confrontation over a specific domain and that are implied by the norm ornorms that constitute that system. Since the rules and regulations of many organizations and a few sets of social conventions institute positions analogous to legal liberties, claims, powers, and immunities, my Hohfeldian model of a legal right can readily be extended to the various species of institutional rights.
Possible Right-Holders
Authors: Wellman Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many moral and political debates of great practical importance hinge on very controversial ascriptions of moral rights. Thus, those who believe that abortion ought to be legally prohibited often argue that abortion is murder simply because it violates the moral right to life of the fetus. The act of disconnecting an irreversibly comatose patient from life-support systems is also frequently condemned as a violation of the patient’s right to life. Animal experimentation is sometimes opposed on the ground that it violates certain moral rights of animals. And some environmentalists rest their case on the moral rights of natural species or future generations.
Parallelism and Individuals
Authors: Rocca Michael Della 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My goal in chapters 2 through 5 is to come to an understanding of Spinoza’s theory of representation. To do so, it is necessary to understand his views on the parallelism of things and ideas and on the relation of ideas to the minds that have them. In the first section of this chapter I introduce and explicate the thesis of parallelism. In the latter five sections of this chapter I apply the account of parallelism to Spinoza’s theory of individuals in order to yield an interpretation of his view on the nature of the human mind and its relation to God’s mind. In this chapter, I only begin to take up the bearing of parallelism on Spinoza’s notion of representation. In chapters 3 through 5 I will scrutinize this connection much further.
Falsity
Authors: Rocca Michael Della 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many commentators have thought that, for Spinoza, all ideas must be true. This worry typically arises in the following way. Spinoza connects the truth of an idea with the agreement between the idea and that of which it is the idea. In lax6, he claims that such agreement is necessary for truth: “A true idea must agree with its object.” Spinoza’a use of this axiom in 2p32d reveals that for him agreement is also sufficient for truth. Now, the complaint against Spinoza is that, given Spinoza’s parallelism, each idea must agree with its object. For according to parallelism, the order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of things.
Reading And Writing Music
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did musicians customarily see music? How was it arranged on the page? We know the answer when they were performing, but what about when they were reading by themselves or studying?1 The musical examples in textbooks and treatises provide one kind of answer to these questions: they reflect the habits and skills of their readers, a group that presumably ranged from amateurs who could sing and play an instrument and who were interested enough in music to buy books about music to more sophisticated musicians.2 Indirectly the examples mirror the techniques available to both composers and students of composition.
Autograph Composing Manuscripts
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know that composers used a variety of different kinds of surfaces for writing down their music. But for the period from 1450 on, all surviving autograph documents that I am aware of were written on paper.1 A surprising number have survived, more than anyone had suspected, and others will surely be discovered as we learn more about where to look for them.2
Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was the most important composer of sacred music in Italy during the final quarter of the sixteenth century. He composed ro4 Masses and several hundred motets, as well as liturgical music: litanies, Magnificats, hymns, and Lamentations.1 He stood apart from most of his contemporaries not only in the sheer volume of music that he composed but also in its unusually wide dissemination both in print and manuscript: he published twenty-one volumes of sacred music during his lifetime, and most enjoyed many subsequent editions.
Bridging the Tributaries
Authors: Stone Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although he always maintained that he never made a plan in his life, Wilder’s return to New York in the mid-1930s to try his luck at popular song and lyric writing and arranging was both sought and inevitable. With his inheritance now spent, he had a need to make some money. Visits through the years had made the Algonquin a home base, and there he could press his nose against the window and watch the famous come and go. Musically, his collision with Howard Hanson and the departure of close colleagues John Barrows and Mitch Miller had diminished Rochester’s appeal. His ties to the school and to mentor Sibley Watson would always be secure, but he could advance his career only in New York.