bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myths, Legends, And Folktales Of America
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this marvellous collection, David Leeming and Jake Page have gathered together the great myths and legends of America, ranging from the creation stories of the first inhabitants, to the tall tales of the Western frontier, to the legendary outlaws of the 1920s. Here is a thoroughly engaging chronicle, a book unrivalled in its scope, embracing Big Foot and Windingo, Hiawatha and Uncle Sam, Paul Revere and Billy the Kid, the Iroquois Flying Head and Elvis. The editors cast their nets widely. Under myths, for instance, Leeming and Page include “the melting pot,” “manifest destiny,” and Henry Adams’s “dynamo”. And under “Heroes and Heroines,” they have assembled everyone from Honest Abe Lincoln and George Washington, to Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday, and Martin Luther King. For each myth or hero, the editors include an excerpt--often the definitive rendering of the story in question--so that for Moby Dick, we find a passage from Melville’s classic, and for Brer Rabbit, the “Tar Baby” tale by Joel Chandler Harris. And along the way, the editors reveal how waves of immigrants, encountering this strange land for the first time, adapted their religion and folklore to help make sense of a new and astounding place. Thus a central Asian god becomes the Great Spirit of Native American myth, and an Aztec goddess is transformed into Our Lady of Guadaloupe. Ranging from the coyote trickster, to Johnny Appleseed, to John Henry and Stagolee, this wonderful collection illuminates the mythmaking process, and sheds much light on what it means to be American.
Native American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Hispanics from the south and Europeans from the east arrived in the what is now the United States, they found a large number of peoples who, for the most part, had discovered America several millennia earlier. It seems likely that most of these first Americans had come from Central Asia over the Bering Strait and that they had brought their traditions with them-complex creation myths, related shamanistic rituals, and an animistic sense of a living nature suffused with spiritual power.
Asian American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American conditions appear to have had little effect on the concept of deity or the mythologies brought to America by Asian immigrants. As in the case of American Jews, Asian Americans have tended to attach themselves to traditional religious structures, perhaps both be cause of the occasional reluctance of the melting pot to assimilate them or because of a desire to preserve old ways and ethnic integrity.
Asian American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monster like beings of various kinds are common in Asian folklore. A red candle keeps ghosts from entering the body of a newborn Chinese child. A small knife worn around the neck will prevent demons from threatening the child within a pregnant Chinese woman. In both Chinese and Japanese mythology foxes are dangerous shape-shifters who can become bewitching women. But of all the monsters or fabulous beasts of Asia that have become a part of the American or Asian American landscape, none can compare with the dragon.
European American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European American hero is a product of the experience of the European adventurers, explorers, pilgrims, frontiersmen, and settlers in the New World. There are patriotic heroes who emerged from the Revolution and other major events in American history; worker he roes who grew out of the building of the new nation’s infrastructure; lone heroes who in legend and fiction represent American ideals such as rugged individualism and “freedom and justice for all”; outlaw and gangster heroes who represent the American fascination with lawlessness and with what can be called the rags-to-riches or self-made man myth, which is the essence of the so-called American dream.
What Infants Learn About
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human infants are born into a world in which they are completely dependent upon others to meet their needs and guarantee their survival. Yet newborns are by no means passive recipients of the nurturance of others. They are already active perceivers, and they are participants in social interactions from the start, creating conditions for learning from other people. Infants require many months to learn their language well enough to use it themselves, but communication nevertheless begins in the crib by other means. Although infants will not begin to use words until their second year, the groundwork for language learning be gins to be laid even before birth. The human infant has a potential action sys tem—use of the vocal cords for speech—although a long ontogenesis precedes making use of it with maximal effectiveness. This ontogenetic history has many aspects, including earlier means of communicating. Infants are receptive to in formation in communications by means of gesture, facial expression, vocalization, and action events that come to carry meaning, such as an adult putting the infant down and going away.
What Infants Learn About
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that infants engage in perceptual learning that promotes communication with other people even before they are born, and that they respond actively to other human beings and initiate communications themselves, soon after birth. The case is different, however, for inanimate objects, for the first several months of an infant’s life. Objects become easily accessible as infants gain control of reaching and manipulation. They become the focus of intense scrutiny and exploratory activity as new actions become possible, making new affordances discoverable. Very young infants do engage in exploratory activity by means of mouthing, and they feel substances like hair and blankets with their fingers, but active engagement in displacement and lifting waits upon development of manual control. Nevertheless, infants are surrounded by objects and perceive many of their properties as their first lessons in learning about the world. Impressive research in recent years has shown us that babies pick up information specifying properties of objects surprisingly early, often long be fore they are able to use them as specification for the affordances the objects offer to more mature members of the species. Perception often waits on devel opment of posture and action systems to discover and act on the affordances of objects.
Facial Expression, Emotion, and Hemispheric Organization
Authors: Kolb Bryan , Taylor Laughlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in the biological correlates of emotions dates back at least to Darwin’s book, The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872. There was little experimental information for another 50 years, although there were anecdotal accounts of emotional behavior in decorticated dogs, which led to the idea that emotions were not in the cortex (e.g., Goltz, 1960). By the late 1920s neurophysiologists began to examine the relationship between autonomic, endocrine, and other factors and inferred emotional states, especially rage. The physiologists continued to emphasize the role of the hypothalamic systems and to downplay the importance of forebrain structures. Psychologists became interested in emotional behavior and the brain as they began to encounter curious pathological states associated with brain injury. For example, Kluver and Bucy (1939) rediscovered an extraordinary syndrome associated with temporal lobe damage, and Goldstein (1939) described the changes in emotional behavior of people with unilateral strokes. There was little systematic study of forebrain—behavior relationships in emotion, however, until the explosion of human neuropsychological studies in the 1970s. As cognitive neuroscience has evolved and begun to study brain—behavior relationships in emotion more intensively, many approaches ranging from the study of brain-injured patients to the study of electrodermal responses or metabolic changes in response to emotion now have been developed.
The Functional Anatomy of Innate and Acquired Fear: Perspectives from Neuroimaging
Authors: Dolan Raymond J , Morris John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the neurobiology of emotion has historically depended on studies carried out in animals or the careful documentation of patients with brain lesions that result in disorders of emotional behavior. These approaches are ultimately limited. Animal models, although informative, cannot provide adequate descriptions of phenomena as complex as human emotion whose differentiation depends on conscious experience. Likewise, inferences from patients with discrete brain insults are constrained either by the fact that lesions are seldom restricted to a single anatomical locus or their functional effects are unlikely to be bounded by anatomical locus. Physiological measures of in vivo human brain function, derived from positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance (fMRI), are now standard tools in cognitive neuroscience. Their ability to study the intact human brain gives them special appeal in cognitive science in general but even more so when applied in studies of human emotion where the database remains inadequate.
Sacred and Secular Issues In Navajo Education
Authors: Fernald Theodore B , Platero Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a report on the language and culture discussion that took place at the Athabaskan Conference on Syntax and Semantics at Swarthmore College on April 26, 1996. We will attempt to express the nature of the dialogue and represent the main ideas that emerged in a neutral, unbiased manner. The goal here is to lay out some of the main issues so that the dialogue can continue and involve additional people. By agreement with the participants, the views represented here will not be attributed to any individual, but to the discussion as a whole. Certainly there is no one who will agree with everything that is in here, since conflicting views are expressed.
New Century, New Start: 1900–1910
Authors: Opdycke Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On an April day in 1904, Dr. John Brannan promised that the greatest hospital in the world would soon be erected in New York City. With those words he unveiled the plans for a majestic rebuilding of Bellevue Hospital, the oldest public hospital in America. Brannan spoke as board president of Bellevue & Allied Hospitals, a city department that had recently been established to oversee the four municipal hospitals in Manhattan and the Bronx. Soon after the new trustees took charge, they had determined that Bellevue, the flagship of the city system, would have to be completely rebuilt. The hospital’s patients were nearly all poor or working-class New Yorkers, but Brannan and his colleagues were committed to erecting a first-class facility for their care. The plans were finished in 1904, and Brannan announced them with pride. The new Bellevue would be a vast project. It would take ten years and $11 million to build, it would cover three city blocks when it was completed, and it would house some 3,000 patients.
Developmental Trajectories of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Youths
Authors: Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane , Langabeer Kris A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most societies anticipate that their citizens are heterosexual; social rituals and customs such as marriage, definitions of family, organization of health benefits, job roles, and vocations are structured to anticipate gender differences and heterosexual attraction and mating (Asher, 1990; Baruch, Barnett, & Rivers, 1985; Howes, 1988; Loevinger, 1976). Expected developmental trajectories are also highly linked to gender and an anticipation of hetero-sexual pairing. Attractiveness to the opposite gender is an organizing principle of peer groups, social cliques, and status during adolescence (Bern, 1987). Thus, the sequence of developmental tasks and indices of personal adjustment are similarly gender-linked and associated with heterosexual gender roles (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1978). This chapter will examine the developmental trajectories of youths whose lives are not consistent with these expectations: gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths.
Intimacy Development, Gender, and Ethnicity among Sexual-Minority Youths
Authors: Dubé Ritch Eric M , Savin-Williams C , Diamond Lisa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental theories and supporting research emphasize that intimacy becomes most salient during adolescence (Erikson, 1963; Furman & Buhr-mester, 1992; Praeger, 1995; Sullivan, 1953). To date, the literature on adolescent intimacy and interpersonal relationships is rich with data on interpersonal behaviors (Patterson, 1976), attachment relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Reis & Patrick, 1996), friendship networks (Buhrmester & Furman, 1987), and intimacy motivations (McAdams & Vaillant, 1982). While researchers have not reached a consensus on what intimacy is, for purposes of this paper intimacy is best understood as perceived closeness and mutual understanding on the part of relational partners. Consequently, intimacy can be achieved in romantic, sexual, and friendship relationships.
The Victimization of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youths
Authors: Riversm Ian , D’Augelli Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, there has been a significant increase in empirical research relating to the victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youths in both schools and community settings. This chapter reviews the nature of victimization of LGB youths and details some of the findings of recent studies focusing upon the long-term consequences of this victimization. It also focuses on current initiatives designed to address the direct as well as the indirect effects of victimization of LGB youths. Finally, recommendations for future research on the victimization of LGB youths are presented.
Letter to L/Cpl. Villec (1967),
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This letter was written to a Marine stationed in Vietnam, who must have written to Armstrong and expressed his fondness for jazz. Armstrong responded with one of his most direct testimonies about the power of music. The references to religious music are similar to those made by other jazz musicians, though rarely by Armstrong. To conclude the letter Armstrong quotes the inspirational “You’ll Never Walk Alone” from Carousel by Rodgers and Hammerstein, revealing the broad range of his musical tastes.
Open Letter To Fans (June 1, 1970)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armstrong wrote this document during his recovery from heart and kidney ailments. He begins by telling how he tried to convert the hospital staff to Swiss Kriss, a laxative that he praises often in this book. Laxatives were important to him from early childhood, when his mother used local herbs as a kind of folk medicine. Armstrong explains in “The Satchmo Story” that he regards marijuana as an herbal medicine very much akin to herbal laxatives. Perhaps it is not too much to say that he regarded laxatives as cleansers for the body, marijuana as a cleanser for the mind. Thus, access to his chosen laxative is a primary concern as he begins to restore his health. Armstrong acknowledges the help of friends, associates, and the beautiful nurses. The vitality of his own “beautiful imagination” was certainly important for restoring health; to this one might add his sense of humor. He also reports here on the pleasure of telling stories to neighborhood children about his early courtship with Lucille while both were working at the Cotton Club with Bill Bojangles Robinson.
“Good-Bye To All Of You” (1969)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For its December 1969 issue, Esquire asked twenty-five elderly celebrities to give some advice to younger generations, since “our years tend to be around threescore and ten” that is, since the celebrities may soon be dead. The celebrities responded with lots of advice. But Armstrong was one of the few to respond with comments about aging. These comments include his opinion that “music has no age,” and they provide a fitting conclu sion to this volume.
Issues in the Clinical Evaluation of Suspected Dementia
Authors: Schenkenberg Thomas , Miller Patrick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While these clinical questions can be posed in this rather straightforward manner, the process for answering these questions is complicated at every turn. For example, a 75-year-old man who has become somewhat forgetful over the preceding year might be experiencing only a mild decline in memory function that is within expected limits for a person his age. Conversely, his forgetfulness might reflect the presence of a clinical entity such as a meningioma that has a potential for curative surgical intervention or a dementing disorder such as Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type (DAT), which is inevitably progressive despite new medications that have become available in recent years. The practicing clinician must address the range of possibilities in each older adult who presents with possible cognitive decline.
The Categorial Features of Tense
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, I focused on the morphology of tense in Arabic. I explored the temporal properties of the perfective and imperfective verbs and concluded that only the former carries temporal features—namely, abstract past tense features. The imperfective verb, by contrast, is not specified for any temporal features. In this chapter, I turn to the syntax of verbs in the three dialects studied in the previous chapter. I will explore the formal features of the elements that occupy the tense projection and argue that the catgeorial feature matrices of these elements are not uniform. In particular, I argue that the categorial features of the past tense and the present tense are not the same. This, in turn, will help account for key syntactic differences between the present tense and the past tense to be discussed in chapter 4.
Sentential Negation in Modem Arabic Dialects
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I discuss two issues that arise in the context of sentential negation. The first issue is the representation of sentential negation, particularly in dialects where it is realized by two formatives. The second issue is the feature structure of negation. I will argue that sentential negation is specified for the categorial feature [+D], which must be checked by an inherently [+D] head or phrase or by a head that carries agreement features. Arabic dialects diverge with respect to the checking configuration they adopt, resulting in variation in word order and the morphological realizations of sentential negation. In some contexts, the two-part negative is realized as a discontinuous element (one part a proclitic and the other part an enclitic). In other contexts, it is realized as a single complex element augmented with agreement. I will argue that the two realizations of sentential negation (discontinuous and nondiscontinuous morphemes) receive a unified analysis in terms of how categorial features are checked, thus obviating analyses whereby the two realizations instantiate two independent sentential negatives in the modem Arabic dialects. The analysis of how the categorial [+D] feature of negation is checked will further support the analysis provided in chapter 4 where it was argued that a head that carries agreement can check categorial [+D] features. I will demonstrate that the same situation obtains in the context of sentential negation.
Neuropsychological Indices of Early Medial Temporal Lobe Dysfunction in Primates
Authors: Bachevalier Jocelyne , Malkova Ludise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural plasticity and reorganization of brain functions have been clearly demonstrated in young animals and children after early insult to the brain. The pioneering work of Margaret Kennard (1936) in this domain has led to the proposal that early damage to the brain results in a greater sparing of brain functions than later injury. Although the Kennard principle has been substantiated by numerous studies in animals as well as humans (Bates, 1992; Goldman-Rakic et al., 1983; Kolb & Whishaw, 1989; and other chapters in this volume), other reports indicate that early brain lesions may produce different results, depending on which neural structures are removed, which brain functions are investigated, and at what age the damage occurs (Schneider, 1979). After investigating a number of human patients of early brain lesions, Teuber and colleagues (1962) suggested the existence of more than just quantitative differences in the degree of sparing or loss of function between early and late injury. For example, in some cases the early injury led to apparently anomalous functions that had never been observed in adult-injured patients (Rudel, et al., 1966; Rudel & Teuber 1971; Woods & Teuber, 1978).
The Developmental Disorders: Does Plasticity Ploy a Role?
Authors: Filipek Pauline A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term plasticity generally refers to the brain’s ability to recover function that was lost as the result of a defined insult that produced a discrete lesion. It is generally accepted that the brain of a child is more plastic, and therefore has a potentially greater capacity for recovery, than does the brain of an adult. The same premise holds for the brain of an infant relative to the brain of an older child. In adults, both large and small lesions can produce large behavioral deficits, while in the child many very large lesions result in relatively small behavioral deficits, presumably due to the greater capacity of plasticity (Nass & Gazzaniga, 1987).
Introduction
Authors: Reynolds David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of America’s most beloved and influential writers, Walttman (1819-1892) brought a radical democratic inclusiveness to literature, transforming the diverse, sometimes pedestrian an images of his culture into soaring, fresh poetry through his exuberant personality. He opened the way for modern writers by experimenting with innovative social and sexual themes and by replacing rhyme and meter with a free-flowing, prose-like poetic form that followed the natural rhythms of voice and feeling.
Lucifer and Ethiopia: Whitman, Race, and Poetics before the Civil War and After
Authors: Folsom Ed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would perhaps be nice if Walt Whitman, our great poet of an democracy, had possessed a spotless attitude toward e United States and if he had clearly and unambiguously espoused the equality of all individuals, regardless of race.1 But Whitman was a poet embedded in his times, and his times-not unlike our own-were a period of intense disagreement about the significance and importance of racial difference. His career demonstrates his struggle with his times-and with himself-over the issue of race in the United States, and, because of that, his work offers important insight into the ongoing struggle in America to create a unified society that nonetheless maintains and celebrates its diversity. One of the most instructive aspects of Whitman’s poetry is its inscription of the distance and slippage between ideals and reality. For all its lofty aspirations, Whitman’s poetry is embedded in the messy pragmatics of compromise and equivocation, and, because of that, we can hear within it some of the tensions at the heart of American history.