bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NEURAL NETWORKS AND GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR DOMAIN INDEPENDENT MULTICLASS OBJECT DETECTION
Authors: ZHANG MENGJIE , CIESIELSKI VICTOR 
Published: April 2004

This paper describes a domain independent approach to multiple class rotation invariant 2D object detection problems. The approach avoids preprocessing, segmentation and specific feature extraction. Instead, raw image pixel values are used as inputs to the learning systems. Five object detection methods have been developed and tested, the basic method and four variations which are expected to improve the accuracy of the basic method. In the basic method cutouts of the objects of interest are used to train multilayer feed forward networks using back propagation. The trained network is then used as a template to sweep the full image and find the objects of interest. The variations are (1) Use of a centred weight initialization method in network training, (2) Use of a genetic algorithm to train the network, (3) Use of a genetic algorithm, with fitness based on detection rate and false alarm rate, to refine the weights found in basic approach, and (4) Use of the same genetic algorithm to refine the weights found by method 2. These methods have been tested on three detection problems of increasing difficulty: an easy database of circles and squares, a medium difficulty database of coins and a very difficult database of retinal pathologies. For detecting the objects in all classes of interest in the easy and the medium difficulty problems, a 100% detection rate with no false alarms was achieved. However the results on the retinal pathologies were unsatisfactory. The centred weight initialization algorithm improved the detection performance over the basic approach on all three databases. In addition, refinement of weights with a genetic algorithm significantly improved detection performance on the three databases.The goal of domain independent object recognition was achieved for the detection of relatively small regular objects in larger images with relatively uncluttered backgrounds. Detection performance on irregular objects in complex, highly cluttered backgrounds such as the retina pictures, however, has not been achieved to an acceptable level.
Enhancement of neovascularization with cord blood CD133+ cell-derived endothelial progenitor cell transplantation
Authors: Yang Chen , Zhang Zhi , Li Zong , Yang Ren , Qian Guan , Han Zhong 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThe endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization and have been used for attenuating ischemic diseases. However, EPCs from umbilical cord blood (CB) were not well understood and the homing mechanisms of EPCs remain unclear. To determine the potential application of CB-derived EPCs, we established a culture system to induce the differentiation of CB cells into EPCs. Purified CB CD133+ cells proliferated and, after further vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) antibody purification, differentiated into EPCs expressing endothelial markers, such as VE-cadherin, VEGFR-2, CD31, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and WeibelPalade bodies. These cells could also take up acetylated lower density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) and bind Ulex europaeus agglutinin-1 (UEA-1).When expanded EPCs were transplanted via tail vein into nude mice, they incorporated into capillary networks in ischemic hindlimb, augmented neovascularization, and improved ischemic limb salvage. In addition, in ischemic tissue, there were elevated expressions of VEGF and stromal derived factor 1α???????????(SDF-1α), both of which had chemotactic effect on EPCs. Moreover, P-/E-selectins was found on mouse ischemic endothelium and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on CB-derived EPCs. Neutralizing antibody against PSGL-1 blocked the homing of EPCs to ischemic area by 61%. These results demonstrate that CB CD133+ cell-derived EPCs can be applied for therapeutic neovascularization in ischemic diseases, and reveal important roles of chemoattractants and adhesive molecules in the homing of EPCs.
INR calibration of Owren-type prothrombin time based on the relationship between PT% and INR utilizing normal plasma samples
Authors: Egberg Nils , Hillarp Andreas , Ødegaard Ole , Edlund Bror , Svensson Jan , Sandset Per , Rånby Mats , Lindahl Tomas 
Published: April 2004

SummaryProthrombin time (PT) is clinically important and is used to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy. To obtain PT results in international normalized ratio (INR), the current standardization procedure is complex and involves reference reagents.The PT of diluted plasma samples can be determined with a combined thromboplastin (the Owren-type procedure), but not necessarily with a plain thromboplastin (the Quick-type procedure). Owren-type PT procedures can therefore, as an alternative to the INR calibration, be calibrated with diluted normal plasma to give PT results in percent of normal PT activity (PT%).The present study explored if a plasma-based calibration of an Owren-type PT procedure can be used to obtain results in INR. The approach was to establish a relationship between PT% and INR by multi-center analysis of 365 samples from healthy individuals and patients on warfarin treatment. INR values were obtained by manual Quick-type reference procedure and PT% values by various automated Owren-type procedures. A relationship INR = (1/PT% + 0.018)/0.028 was found. A calibration procedure, based on the relationship, was investigated. Calibrators were the median PT of 21 normal plasma at dilutions representing 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% and 6.25% of normal PT activity. These were assigned INR values of 1.00, 1.36, 2.07, 3.05 and 6.36. Calibration of various Owren-type assays was repeatedly performed by 5 expert laboratories during 3 consecutive years. The INR values of certain lyophilised or frozen control plasmas were determined. The frozen control plasmas had externally assigned INR values according to WHO guidelines. Within the laboratory, CV was typically below 3%. No appreciable difference among the results of the different laboratories or the three assay occasions was found. Externally assigned and INR values were essentially identical to those found. These and other results indicated that the calibration procedure was reproducible, precise and accurate. Thus, an Owren-type PT assay can be calibrated with normal plasma samples to give results in INR and the investigated calibration procedure can be proposed for this purpose.
AGEs, macrophage colony stimulating factor and vascular adhesion molecule blood levels are increased in patients with diabetic microangiopathy
Authors: Wautier Marie-Paule , Boulanger Eric , Guillausseau Pierre-Jean , Massin Pascale , Wautier Jean-Luc 
Published: April 2004

Summary
In vitro experiments and animal models indicate that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) may play a crucial role in the vascular dysfunctions observed in patients with diabetes mellitus. These results prompted us to study subrogate markers of inflammation or vascular dysfunction in type II diabetic patients. Monocyte count and activation are dependent upon macrophage colony stimulating factors (M-CSF). Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1) blood levels have been proposed as a marker for endothelium activation. To explore a possible relationship between these factors in diabetic patients, we measured a chemically defined AGE, N(carboxymethyl)lysineprotein (CML-protein) in a group of normal subjects (n = 55) and of diabetic patients (n = 40) using ELISA. Simultaneously, we determined M-CSF and sVCAM-1 blood levels. We found that CML-protein blood levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes compared to non-diabetic subjects (40.2 ± 4.7 and 7.9 ± 0.7 pmol/mg protein respectively, p < 0.0001). M-CSF was increased while sVCAM-1 blood levels were normal in the group of diabetics. M-CSF blood level was correlated to CML-protein blood level (p < 0.05). In addition CML-protein, M-CSF and sVCAM-1 were increased in patients with microangiopathy. These results suggest that AGE may contribute to vascular dysfunction including microangiopathy.
Antibody cross-linking of human platelet P-selectin induces calcium entry by a mechanism dependent upon Fcγ receptor IIA
Authors: Falati Shahrokh , Croce Kevin , Furie Barbara , Furie Bruce , Sathish Jean , Crump Colin , Poole Alastair 
Published: April 2004

SummaryIt is established that antibody-induced cross-linking of platelet surface receptors is able to activate platelets in a manner dependent upon FcγRIIA. This has not, however, previously been shown for the adhesion receptor P-selectin, and since there is evidence that P-selectin may couple to activation events, it was important to address whether antibody cross-linking of this receptor induced signalling events, and whether this was dependent on FcγRIIA. Here we show that although addition of soluble P-selectin ligand rPSGL-Ig alone is not able to induce calcium signalling, further addition of a full-length rabbit antihuman IgG leads to a sustained rise in [Ca2+]i.This was due to an increase in the frequency and amplitude of transient calcium spiking in single platelets. The response was dependent upon engagement of both P-selectin and FcγRIIA since blocking antibodies to either receptor inhibited the response. The calcium rise is mediated primarily by induction of a calcium entry mechanism involving the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger operating in reverse mode, since it was blocked by inhibitors of Na+-Ca2+ exchange, bepridil and 5 mM NiCl2.
GPIb is involved in platelet aggregation induced by mucetin, a snake C-type lectin protein from Chinese habu (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus) venom
Authors: Lu Qiumin , Navdaev Alexei , Clemetson Jeannine , Clemetson Kenneth 
Published: April 2004

SummaryMucetin (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom activator, TMVA) is a potent platelet activator purified from Chinese habu (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus) venom. It belongs to the snake venom heterodimeric C-type lectin family and exists in several multimeric forms. We now show that binding to platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib is involved in mucetin-induced platelet aggregation. Antibodies against GPIb as well as the GPIb-blocking C-type lectin echicetin inhibited mucetin-induced platelet aggregation. Binding of GPIb was confirmed by affinity chromatography and Western blotting. Antibodies against GPVI inhibited convulxin- but not mucetin-induced aggregation. Signalling by mucetin involved rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins including Syk, Src, LAT and PLCγ2. Mucetininduced phosphorylation of the Fcγ chain of platelet was greatly promoted by inhibition of αIIbβ3 by the peptidomimetic EMD 132338, suggesting that phosphatases downstream of αIIbβ3 activation are involved in dephosphorylation of Fcγ. Unlike other multimeric snake C-type lectins that act via GPIb and only agglutinate platelets, mucetin activates αIIbβ3. Inhibition of αIIbβ3 strongly reduced the aggregation response to mucetin, indicating that activation of αIIbβ3 and binding of fibrinogen are involved in mucetin-induced platelet aggregation. Apyrase and aspirin also inhibit platelet aggregation induced by mucetin, suggesting that ADP and thromboxane A2 are involved in autocrine feedback. Sequence and structural comparison with closely related members of this protein family point to features that may be responsible for the functional differences.
A novel anti-ischemic nitric oxide donor inhibits thrombosis without modifying haemodynamic parameters
Authors: Vilahur Gemma , Segalés Estefania , Casaní Laura , Badimon Lina 
Published: April 2004

SummaryPlatelets are involved in the clinical presentations of ischemic heart disease. Our objective was to study the antithrombotic effects of a new nitric oxide donor (LA419), a neutral sugar organic nitrate with a protected thiol group in its molecular structure. Animals were randomly distributed in three groups: I) oral administration of LA419 (0.9-1.8-3.6-5 mg/kg/d, 10 days); II) oral administration of standard IS-5-MN (0.9-1.8 mg/kg/d, 10 days); III) non-treated group (control). In catheterized pigs, thrombosis was studied under controlled rheological condi- tions by radioisotopic evaluation of deposited platelets on damaged vessel wall, placed in an extracorporeal perfusion chamber. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and platelet aggregation were evaluated. Results have shown that LA419 significantly decreased thrombus formation according to the degree of vascular damage, and shear rate conditions in a dose- dependent manner (p<0.005), without significant modifications on blood pressure and/or elevation of liver enzymes. In contrast, IS-5-MN only showed a significant reduction on plate- let deposition at the high dose, that was associated to hypoten- sion and elevation of liver enzymes. Therefore, we conclude that this new anti-ischemic NO-donor (NOd) LA419 that inhibits platelet function without modifying blood pressure may be a highly efficacious strategy to passivate platelet activation induced by a damaged vessel wall.
The First Synthesis and X-ray Structure of [1.1]Silaferrocenophane Containing Pentacoordinate Silicon Moieties
Authors: Bao Ming , Hatanaka Yasuo , Shimada Shigeru 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
[1.1]Silaferrocenophane 4, which contains pentacoordinate silicon moieties, was synthesized by the dimerization of 3 for the first time. The identity of 4 was established by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray crystallography.
Functional Room-temperature Ionic Liquids as Lubricants for an Aluminum-on-Steel System
Authors: Mu Zonggang , Liu Weimin , Zhang Shuxiang , Zhou Feng 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
A new series of imidazolium cation based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), with O,O-diethylphosphonyl groups on the alkyl side-chain has been prepared; the tribological properties of the ionic liquids were evaluated and possible mechanisms were discussed.
Silylium Ions Stabilized by an Si–X–Si Three-center Bond (X = Halogen or Hydrogen)
Authors: Sekiguchi Akira , Murakami Yasuyuki , Fukaya Norihisa , Kabe Yoshio 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Silylium ions stabilized by Si–X–Si three-center bonds (X = halogen or hydrogen) (2a–d) have been synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding 1-tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl-2,3-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1-silacyclopropene derivatives (1a–d) with triethylsilyl benzenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. Structural and theoretical studies of 2a–d showed Si–X–Si three-center bonding with halonium ion character for 2a–c, and 3c–2e Si–H–Si bonding for 2d.
Synthesis of Carbon Hollow Spheres by a Reaction of Hexachlorobutadiene with Sodium Azide
Authors: Shi Liang , Gu Yunle , Chen Luyang , Yang Zeheng , Ma Jianhua , Qian Yitai 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Carbon hollow spheres with an average size of about 250 nm in diameter were successfully synthesized by a reaction of hexachlorobutadiene (C4Cl6) with NaN3 at 400 °C. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman results reveal the graphite structure of the as-prepared sample. The thermal stability of the as-prepared sample was also investigated. The possible mechanism has been proposed.
Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by CO over Supported Iridium and Rhodium Catalysts
Authors: Shimokawabe Masahide , Umeda Noriyoshi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The catalytic reduction of NO with CO was investigated in the presence of oxygen over 16 supported metallic catalysts. Ir/WO3, Ir/ZnO, and Rh/Al2O3 showed the pronounced activity even in excess amount of oxygen. The effect of preparation conditions on the activity of Ir catalysts was further studied and it was found that Ir/WO3 prepared by loading of H2IrCl6 at 0.5 wt % Ir is the most active for the NO reduction with CO.
Direct Observation of Specific Interaction between Enzyme-substrate Complexes Using Colloidal Probe Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Suzuki Takehiro , Zhang Yuan-Wei , Koyama Tanetoshi , Sasaki Darryl Y , Kurihara Kazue 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The interactions between the enzyme-substrate complex of heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase were directly investigated using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy. This enzyme is composed of two dissociable subunits which exhibit a catalytic activity only when they are associated together in the presence of Mg2+ and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). We observed the adhesive force between the subunits only in the presence of both Mg2+ (0.1 mM) and FPP (15 μM). This is the first direct demonstration of the specific interaction involved in the enzyme reaction.
Excitation Energy Transfer from Self-aggregates of Zinc Chlorins to a Bacteriochlorin in a Silicate Nanocapsule
Authors: Saga Yoshitaka , Akai Sho , Miyatake Tomohiro , Tamiaki Hitoshi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Silicate nanocapsules including self-aggregates of zinc methyl 3-devinyl-3-hydroxymethyl-pyropheophorbide-a (zinc chlorin) and methyl bacteriopyropheophorbide-a (bacteriochlorin) were prepared by a sol-gel process. Excitation energy transfer from self-aggregates of zinc chlorins to an energy-accepting bacteriochlorin occurred in the silicate nanocapsule, which was similar to a light-harvesting complex (chlorosome) of green photosynthetic bacteria.
International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2004)
Authors: Karl Wolfgang 
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung
Vom 19.–23. Juni 2004 findet die Konferenz “The 31st Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2004)” erstmalig in Deutschland statt. Tagungsort ist München, Hotel Bayerischer Hof. Der Beitrag gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Konferenz und ihre Geschichte.
Konzepte zur Beherrschung der Entwurfskomplexität eingebetteter Systeme (Concepts for the Control of the Complexity of Embedded System Design)
Authors: Klaus Stephan , Huss Sorin A. 
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung
Das Auffinden einer geeigneten beziehungsweise optimalen Implementierungsvariante verteilter eingebetteter Systeme scheitert immer häufiger an der Komplexität des Lösungsraums und an der Größe der Systeme. Die vorgestellte Spezifikationsmethode mit dem Namen hierarchical CoDesign Model wählt einen hierarchischen Spezifikationsansatz, der die Wiederverwendung von Komponenten unterstützt und eine dynamische Anpassung des Detaillierungsgrades der Spezifikation und damit der Entwurfskomplexität an die aktuellen Anforderungen des Entwicklers ermöglicht. Das Kernstück bilden Input/Output Relationen, welche ein mächtiges Beschreibungsmittel zur Erfassung des Systemverhaltens mit unterschiedlichen Detaillierungsgraden darstellen. Am Beispiel eines MP3 Dekoders wird die Tragfähigkeit der vorgestellten Konzepte demonstriert.
Obtaining structural information from the atomic pair distribution function
Authors: Proffen Thomas , Page Katharine L. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The knowledge of the detailed atomic structure of modern materials is the key to understanding the their macroscopic properties. The atomic pair distribution function (PDF) reveals short-range and medium-range structural information. In this paper we present an overview of refinement and modelling techniques. In short, we will be trying to answer the question: What can I learn from my PDF?
Synchrotron studies of lattice distortions and lattice modulations in complex oxides
Authors: Sinha Sunil K. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
We review some recent studies of lattice modulations and lattice distortions in single crystals of the layered manganite compound La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 and the YBa2Cu3O6+

x
cuprate superconductors obtained from X-ray diffuse scattering using synchrotron radiation. These results confirm the existence of a polaronic liquid (with short-range order) in the paramagnetic insulator phase of the manganite compound, and of lattice modulations (with short-range order) in the cuprate compounds, which co exist with superconductivity down to the lowest temperatures.
Spatial periodicities of defect environments in 57Fe3Al studied by Mössbauer powder diffractometry
Authors: Lin Jiao Y. Y. , Fultz Brent 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Mössbauer powder diffractometry was used to study partially-ordered 57Fe3Al. Multiple diffraction patterns were measured at Doppler velocities across all nuclear resonances in the sample. The superlattice diffractions were analyzed to provide data on the long-range order of Fe atoms having different numbers of Al neighbors. Comparing experimental data to calculations showed that Fe atoms having three Al atoms as first-nearest neighbors (1nn) have simple cubic long-range order, similar to that of Fe atoms with four Al 1nn. The simple cubic periodicity of Fe atoms with three Al 1nn was significantly lower than expected for homogeneous antisite disorder, however. Monte-Carlo simulations and transmission electron microscopy suggest that a significant fraction of aperiodic Fe atoms with three Al 1nn are near antiphase domain boundaries.
Complex Formation Equilibria of Some Aromatic β‐Amino‐Alcohols
Authors: Carunchio Vincenzo , Canepari Silvia , Cardarelli Enrico , Pietrodangelo Adriana 
Published: April 2004

AbstractComplex formation equilibria of some aromatic β‐amino‐alcohols with zinc(II), cadmium(II) and silver(I) have been investigated. The structure of the considered ligands (2‐amino‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol, 2‐amino‐3‐phenyl‐1‐propanol and 2‐amino‐1, 3‐propanediol) are similar to some hormones and alcaloids, like adrenaline, noradrenaline and ephedrine, and differ each other for the number and the relative position of alcoholic and phenyl groups. Equilibria constants at 25 °C and μ = 0.5 M (KNO3) have been determined by potentiometric titrations. The comparison of the obtained values with those previously determined for some aliphatic β‐aminoalcohols with the same polar heads has allowed to evidence the influence of aromatic ring on the coordinating properties of ligands, which is different depending on the considered metal ion. In particular, two contrasting effects have been evidenced. The electron withdrawing effect of the aromatic ring causes a decrease of amine basicity, more relevant when phenyl and hydroxylic groups are in 1‐3 position, which reflects in a reduction of metal‐NH2 coordination bond. This effect is predominant in the case of zinc(II) complexes and causes a reduction of complex stability which results directly proportional to the amine group basicity. On the other hand, in the case of silver(I) and cadmium(II) complexes, phenyl group seems to contribute directly to the coordination of the metal ion causing a stabilization of complexes.
Rejuvenating Old Computerized Spectrometric Instrumentation: Discussion of Two Case Histories
Authors: Dossi Carlo , Pozzi Andrea , Recchia Sandro , Giussani Barbara , Dal Santo Vladimiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractComputerized analytical instruments of late 70's and 80's are facing rapid technological obsolescence, although they are often retaining good analytical performances. Responsibility is to be attributed to the fast advance in computer technology, which is leaving little or no back‐compatibility with old standards and data formats. Rejuvenation may be reached by simple hardware and software modifications, to allow data exchange with modern PC's and LIMS. Two typical case histories for spectrometric instrumentation of late 70's are then presented and discussed in a general fashion.