bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample Surveys in the Health Sciences
Authors: Brock Dwight B. , Beckett Laurel A. , Bienias Julia L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe use of sample surveys in biostatistics arises from the need to answer questions about health issues in the community. The earliest uses of survey methodology in health research in the United States were motivated more by policy issues than by epidemiologic questions, and paralleled the use of surveys by the Census Bureau and other Federal agencies to address social and economic concerns. More recently, it has been recognized that research into the causes and outcomes of disease can benefit from studies in the entire community, rather than just in the formal health care system, particularly in countries like the United States, where access to health care is not uniform. A number of practical concerns about conducting studies in the community then lead to the use of sample surveys, rather than complete enumeration. In this article, we review the history of sample surveys in the health sciences, present an overview of the major elements and features in the design of sample surveys and analysis of data from such studies, and discuss major methodological advances especially in the last decade. Finally, we provide a large set of references that might be of use to the reader wishing to delve more deeply into specific areas.
Sampling With Probability Proportional to Size
Authors: Czaja Ronald 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Sampling with probability to proportionate to size (PPS), as the name implies, involves sampling elements that are typically arranged into natural groupings of different sizes. Sampling PPS is an efficient design when a list of the population is not available; the elements are in clusters or natural groups that differ greatly in size; it is important to control the sample size; costs and equalizing interviewer workloads are important; the use of natural divisions is possible and supplementary information is available by the natural divisions; and when the sample must be drawn in multiple stages. This entry presents a detailed example of a PPS design, a multistage area probability design, and discusses a random digit telephone sample design that uses PPS sampling.
Snowball Sampling
Authors: Johnson Timothy P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSnowball sampling is a well‐known, nonprobability method of survey sample selection that is commonly used to locate hidden populations. This method relies on referrals from initially sampled respondents to other persons believed to have the characteristic of interest. Limitations of this approach include nonrandom selection procedures, correlations between network size and selection probabilities, reliance on the subjective judgments of informants, and confidentiality concerns. Advantages include cost and efficiency.
Software for Sample Survey Data
Authors: Carlson Barbara Lepidus 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn sample surveys, certain methods are used to improve the precision and control the costs of survey data collection. Among these methods are stratification, multistage sampling, clustering, and unequal probabilities of selection. These methods introduce a complexity to the analysis, which must be accounted for in order to produce unbiased estimates and their associated levels of precision. Not accounting for a complex sample design in the variance estimates can result in artificially small standard errors. This article provides a brief introduction to the impact these design complexities have on the sampling variance, and summarizes the characteristics and availability of software to carry out analysis on sample survey data while accounting for the design.
Software for Sample Survey Data, Misuse of Standard Packages
Authors: Brogan Donna 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Many health science researchers conduct primary or secondary analyses with data from complex sample surveys but do not realize that specialized statistical software needs to be used. This article compares analyses of survey data conducted with survey software and with standard statistical software. The numerical example illustrates that the inappropriate use of standard statistical software for sample survey data can result in: (a) biased point estimates of population parameters, (b) underestimation of standard errors, (c) confidence intervals that are too wide, and (d) misleading tests of statistical significance. Weighted analyses with standard statistical software, with regular or normed weights, can yield correct point estimates of population parameters but still yield incorrect results for estimated standard errors and statistical tests. Data analysts are advised to use appropriate software for the analysis of survey data.
Systematic Sampling Methods
Authors: Bellhouse D. R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSystematic sampling is a sampling technique that is used for its simplicity and convenience. At its simplest, a systematic sample is obtained by selecting a random start near the beginning of the population list and then taking every unit equally spaced thereafter. The technique can be generalized to include systematic sampling schemes with probability proportional to an auxiliary variable. In many situations, systematic sampling is statistically efficient when compared to other sampling schemes. This is especially true in populations with linear and quadratic trends and autocorrelated populations. For populations in random order systematic sampling, it is equivalent to simple random sampling. A major drawback to systematic sampling is that it does not admit an unbiased estimator of variance with respect to the sampling design. Variance estimation must rely on an assumed underlying structure in the population.
Treatment Delay
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Delay in the reporting of symptoms or in the start of treatment for a life‐threatening illness may, paradoxically, be associated with increased survival. This is due to the confounding effect of severity of illness, the more rapidly developing forms of disease being associated both with shorter pretreatment intervals and with decreased survival. The point is illustrated by published data on breast cancer and tetanus.
A
merican Statistical Association
Authors: Bailar Barbara , Smith William B. , Kruse Megan R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The American Statistical Association (ASA) membership includes government and industry statisticians, economists, psychologists, chemists, sociologists, as well as policy makers who have an interest in data. ASA has expanded its publications over the years to include eight professional journals, three magazines; the best known are
Journal of the American Statistical Association
and
The American Statistician
. Education efforts include education for nonstatisticians, with a special emphasis on teaching statistics in grade schools and high schools. The ASA holds several meetings a year, most prominently Joint Statistical Meetings (JSM). The ASA also sponsors several awards, including the Founders Award, and names Fellows.
B
artlett,
M
aurice
S
tevenson
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
M.S. Bartlett (1910–2002) was the leading figure amongst British statisticians starting their career in the 1930s, and was internationally recognized as a pioneer in statistical inference, stochastic processes, and other branches of statistical theory and methodology. In biostatistics, he contributed especially to the stochastic modeling of the transmission of infectious diseases.
Berkson,Joseph
Authors: O'Fallon W. Michael 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBorn in 1899 in Brooklyn, NY; died in 1982 in Rochester, MN. Developed Berkson's fallacy (or Berkson's bias) pointing out that studies of hospitalized patients have a likely selection bias that may invalidate results. Among other health problems, he applied his methods to links between smoking and lung cancer
Biometrical Journal
Authors: Läuter Jürgen , Glimm Ekkehard , Brunner Edgar , Schumacher Martin 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The
Biometrical Journal
, formerly
Biometrische Zeitschrift
, is an international journal for mathematical and statistical methods used in the biological sciences. It is closely associated with the German and Austro‐Swiss Regions of the International Biometric Society.
B
onferroni,
C
arlo
E
milio
Authors: Dewey Michael E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Carlo Emilio Bonferroni studied for the degree of
laurea
in Torino (Turin) under Peano and Segre, became
incaricato
(assistant professor) at the Turin Polytechnic, and then in 1923, took up the chair of financial mathematics at the Economics Institute in Bari. In 1933, he transferred to Firenze (Florence) where he held his chair until his death.
Clinical Trials, Early Cancer and Heart Disease
Authors: Schneiderman Marvin A. , Gehan Edmund A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEarly developments in controlled clinical trials at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) took place mainly at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and what was then the National Heart Institute (NHI) (subsequently the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI))beginning in the 1950s. This article reviews the developments from the early 1950s to the late 1960s at both institutes, summarizing the early efforts in clinical trials, the organizations set up to conduct and monitor the clinical trials, and the developments in statistical methodology that have formed the basis for conducting many of the present day randomized controlled trials. The early history of clinical trials at these institutes has been reviewed in more detail at NCI by Gehan & Schneiderman and at NHLBI by Halperin et al.
Cochrane Lectures
Authors: Chalmers Iain 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The legacy of Archie Cochrane in epidemiology, clinical trials, social medicine, and health services research is marked by at least two series of annual lectures in the United Kingdom, “The Cochrane Lecture” initiated by the Society for Social Medicine and “The Cochrane ‘Effectiveness and Efficiency’ Anniversary Lecture”, at Green College, Oxford.
C
ochrane Collaboration
Authors: Clarke Mike 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The Cochrane Collaboration is a large international organization engaged in the production and maintenance of systematic reviews of results of randomized controlled trials in all areas of health care. Reviewers are supported by 50 Cochrane Collaborative Review Groups based around the world. Reviews are published in
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR)
, and various other publications provide a central register and database and a methodology register. Currently, over 4000 reviews have been undertaken, with results now available from 2000.
C
ochrane,
A
rchibald (‘
A
rchie’)
L
eman
Authors: Elwood P. , Hughes C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Born in 1909 in Galashiels, UK; died in 1988 in Dorset, UK. Cochrane is best known for his dedication to improving epidemiological methodology, and for being instrumental in establishing the Cochrane Collaboration, which facilitates access to the results of health care interventions.
Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (
COPSS
)
Authors: Keller‐McNulty Sallie , Huzurbazar Aparna V. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (COPSS) was established in 1963 to address common interests and concerns of North American Statistical Societies. The member societies are the American Statistical Association (ASA), the Eastern North American Region (ENAR) of the International Biometric Society (IBS), and the Institute for Mathematical Statistics (IMS), the Statistical Society of Canada, and the Western North American Region (WNAR) of the IBS. COPSS consists of the presidents, past presidents, and presidents‐elect of each member society plus a chair and a secretary/treasurer appointed by the committee. The COPSS committee provides a forum for member societies to discuss issues important to statistics.
E
uropean
O
rganization for
R
esearch and
T
reatment of
C
ancer (
EORTC
)
Authors: Sylvester Richard 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The EORTC Data Center provides statistical, data management, and medical support for the cancer clinical trials carried out by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. It organizes courses on clinical trial methodology and has developed an applied statistical research program dealing with problems faced in the day‐to‐day design and analysis of clinical trials.
Framingham Study
Authors: Gordon Tavia , D'agostino Ralph B. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Initially, the Framingham Study was the Framingham Heart Study. The Framingham Study has grown dramatically over the years. In 1971, the Framingham Offspring Study began consisting of children of the original cohort and their spouses, 2489 males and 2646 females, with examinations conducted every four years. In 2002, a sample study of over 3500 third generation children and their spouses began. The Framingham Study is unique as a genetics study. Not only is there the risk factor collection (phenotypes), but there is also DNA and cell lines for many of the three cohorts (Original Cohort, Offspring Study, and Gen3 Study). The original study consisted mainly of whites of European extraction. A new substudy, the Omni Study, consisting on nonwhites is now an integral component of the study. Further, a number of ancillary studies evaluating stroke, dementia, arthritis, hearing, vision, sleep apnea, cancer, and nutrition are major components of the study. In addition to all the examination components of the original cohort, new technologies such as carotid ultrasound, heart and brain MRIs, and echocardiograms are part of the evaluations. Further, the study often leads the field in collecting new and novel risk factors such as homeostatic (clotting) factors including fibrinogen, inflammatory markers, and infection marker.
G
ardner,
M
artin
J
ohn
Authors: Barker David 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Although Martin Gardner achieved fame for his work at Sellafield, which showed that paternal exposure to ionizing radiation was linked to leukemia in childhood, this discovery came toward the end of a varied and highly productive career in medical statistics. After receiving a first class degree in mathematics, he joined the Medical Research Council Social Medicine Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. It was there that he became interested in the problem of why the rates of common diseases vary so much between different parts of Britain—an interest to which he returned repeatedly throughout his career. He carried out a series of novel analyses on the geographical links between socioeconomic conditions and coronary heart disease. Later, at the MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit in Southampton, he produced two uniquely detailed atlases of mortality in England and Wales.
Gosset,WilliamSealy
Authors: Plackett Robin L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGosset (1876–1937) was an industrial chemist, working throughout his career for the firm of brewers, Arthur Guinness, in Dublin. Becoming interested in the statistical analysis of experimental data, he studied under Karl Pearson and discovered thetdistribution. He published under the pseudonym of “Student” and made several other contributions to statistical theory and practice, including experimental design on which he corresponded extensively with R.A. Fisher.
G
reenwood,
M
ajor
Authors: Wilkinson Lise 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Major Greenwood is known principally for the important role he played in the development of biostatistics during the first half of the twentieth century, both as an epidemiologist and as a pioneer medical statistician. Having qualified in medicine in 1904, he turned to medical research rather than practice, influenced by the work of the physiologist (Sir) Leonard Hill and by Karl Pearson's teaching of biological statistics at University College London. From then on, he developed the methodology of medical statistics to make it ultimately acceptable to an initially reluctant medical profession, adding good clinical judgment to Pearson's rigorous mathematics. A few weeks before his sudden death in London during a meeting on cancer research, he argued the case for the Voluntary Euthanasia Society in a debate broadcast by the BBC.
Halperin,Max
Authors: Greenhouse Samuel W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractApart from two periods working in the private sector, Halperin (1917–1988) had a career at the National Institutes of Health and later at George Washington University. He contributed to a wide range of statistical theory, including multivariate analysis, regression, interval estimation, distribution‐free tests, and multiple comparisons. He helped to lay the foundations of multicenter clinical trials, writing on planning, data and safety monitoring, and stochastic curtailment.
International Agency for Research Against Cancer (IARC)
Authors: Esteve Jaques , Altman Douglas G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The IARC was founded in 1965 as an extension of the World Health Organization, and is located in Lyon, France. It is concerned with the identification of causes of cancer, primarily through epidemiologic studies. The IARC publishes several serial and nonserial publications, including volumes on the methodology of epidemiologic studies and tumor incidence experiments.
International Society for Clinical Biostatistics (
ISCB
)
Authors: Valsecchi Maria Grazia 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The International Society for Clinical Biostatistics (ISCB) was founded in May 1979 with the aim of stimulating research into the principles and methodology used in the design and analysis of clinical research, to increase the relevance of statistical theory to clinical practice, and to further the communication between statisticians and clinicians. The Society also has the policy to work with other societies and organizations in the advancement of biostatistics and to provide a common forum for clinicians and statisticians through meetings, seminars, and publications.
InternationalStatisticalInstitute (ISI)
Authors: Kenessey Z. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe International Statistical Institute (ISI) was established in 1885 in London. In the nineteenth century, the promotion of standardization of statistical methodology in the official statistics of countries was a key task. ISI is considered today the world academy of statisticians, with present‐day ISI activities grouped into five areas: (i) conference services, (ii) publications, (iii) research activities, (iv) membership services, and (v) other functions. At the beginning of 2004, ISI had 1884 elected members, distinguished statisticians active in academia, government, and the private sector of about 130 countries.
Jeffreys, Harold
Authors: Lindley Dennis V. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Harold Jeffreys (1891–1989) spent all his adult life in Cambridge, part of it as Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy, and is best known as a geophysicist. His interest in the analysis of data led to his development of a statistical method, now called Bayesian, based on the calculus of probability. He viewed probability as measure, common to all rational persons, unlike the subjective view. In the development of this attitude, he introduced the concept of invariance.
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
Authors: Feinstein Alvan R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Previously the
Journal of Chronic Diseases
, the
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
(since 1988) covers the interplay of clinical medicine, epidemiology, biostatistics, and pharmacoepidemiology. The focus of articles is on methodology, clinical research, or both. A special section, Pharmacoepidemiology Reports, rapidly publishes articles on the clinical epidemiologic investigation of pharmaceutical agents. The journal is published monthly.
Journal of The
A
merican Statistical Association
Authors: Billard Lynne 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The JASA was started in 1922, arising out of the old New Series publications of the American Statistical Association. Initially not concerned with statistical methodology
per
se, there is now a Theory & Methods section to complement the Applications & Case Studies section, along with review articles and book reviews. In substance, the JASA is dominated by theoretical mathematically‐based statistical methodology, although its authors continue to be motivated by real world problems. Articles are for the most part unsolicited, and the Journal appears quarterly.
Journal of the
R
oyal
S
tatistical
S
ociety
Authors: Owen M. C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

The
Journal of the Statistical Society of London
, launched in 1838, changed to the
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
in 1887. During the nineteenth century it was concerned primarily with statistical aspects of social issues, but during the early twentieth century, the theoretical and methodological aspects of statistics were more widely represented. A
Supplement
appeared in 1934, and the two series were renamed
Series A
and
B
in 1948. Later changes included the launching of
Applied Statistics
in 1952, to become
Series C
in 1964, and the addition of
The Statistician
as
Series D
in 1993. From 2004 there are three Series:
A
(
Statistics in Society
),
B
(
Statistical Methodology
) and
C
(
Applied Statistics
), and a new quarterly magazine,
Significance
. Recent developments in electronic submission and publishing are described.
L
inder,
F
orrest
E
.
Authors: Israel Robert A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Linder (1906–1988) was a leading figure in the world of vital and health statistics. He worked for the US Bureau of the Census, and after some years with the United Nations, he returned to the US civil service as director of the National Health Survey, and in 1960, as director of the newly formed National Center for Health Statistics. He followed with a post at the University of North Carolina and served on many international committees. His publications cover a wide range of topics in demography and health.
Mainland,Donald
Authors: Altman Douglas G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDonald Mainland (1902–1985) graduated in medicine and in 1930, he became Professor of Anatomy at Dalhousie University, Canada. He published his first book on medical statistics in 1938 and his second in 1950, shortly after moving to New York University as a medical statistician. He wrote a long and notable series of commentaries on medical statistics, distributed privately or published inClinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
M
antel,
N
athan
Authors: Hale Lauren , Hale Benjamin 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Nathan Mantel (1919–2002) was most noted for his contribution to the Mantel–Haenszel procedure and its extensions, which allows for combining data from different sources, and so can be used in a variety of contexts: retrospective studies, prospective studies, and laboratory experiments, including those with litter‐matched samples. The technique was also used to develop the logrank test.
Medical Research Council Streptomycin Trial
Authors: Sutherland I. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This is an outstanding early example of a rigorously planned clinical trial with concurrent controls. Only a limited supply of the drug was available. Patients with acute bilateral pulmonary tuberculosis were allocated by a random process to treatment either with bed rest alone or to streptomycin plus bed rest, and precautions were taken to avoid bias in their management and assessment. The streptomycin patients showed early radiologic improvement compared with the controls, but resistant strains of the bacilli emerged rapidly and there was much vestibular toxicity.
The trial provided an explicit model for subsequent tuberculosis research and, more importantly, served as a catalyst for the scientific investigation of other treatments and interventions throughout clinical and preventive medicine. The introduction in this trial of an allocation scheme based on random sequences represents the most important single advance in the evolution of the clinical trial in the twentieth century.