bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of linear constraints on the weight representation of multilayer networks for generalization and application to character recognition
Authors: Ishii Masaki , Kumazawa Itsuo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn the application of layered neural networks to practical problems, a high generalization power is required. This paper discusses a method of improving the generalization power of neural networks. The knowledge of the object to be learned is assumed to include the fact that the output function of the object to be learned remains invariant for a certain range of input pattern variation. An attempt is made to improve the generalization power by reflecting this invariant property in the weighting of the neural network. It is shown for the case in which the variation of the input pattern can be represented by a linear transformation that a sufficient condition for the neural network to have such invariance is that the linear dependency constraint is introduced into the weight expression. A learning process is proposed in which this kind of constraint for the weight expression is introduced into the evaluation function as an additional term. The proposed method can be considered as a generalization of the method in which deletion learning methods such as the weight decay method and the structural learning method are included as special cases. There has been discussion of the relation between the generalization power and the VC dimension. The improvement of the proposed method can be evaluated, by introducing a linear constraint into the weight expression, based on the reduction of the VC dimension. Lastly, results are presented for an experiment in which the proposed method is applied to the character recognition problem. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(14): 83–91, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1224
An efficient scheme for accepting recursive method calls in object‐oriented concurrent programming
Authors: Yanagawa Kazuhisa , Sato Naohito , Osawa Noritaka , Yuba Toshitsugu 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWith object‐oriented concurrent programming languages that perform mutual exclusion at the level of objects, deadlock can easily occur due to recursive method calls. We propose a transparent mechanism to programmers called the Key/Lock method, which enables recursive method calls by eliminating recursion deadlock. The Key/Lock method assigns keys, which are uniquely associated with exclusive methods, to messages and especially accepts messages to which these keys are appended. This technique, which can reduce the overhead that accompanies message transmission and reception compared with conventional research techniques, is particularly effective when there are numerous thread branches. We incorporated the Key/Lock method in the concurrent programming language SR and performed performance evaluations to verify the effectiveness of this technique. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(14): 101–109, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1226
Cloning and characterisation of Myf5 and MyoD orthologues in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Fisher M.E. , Peck W. , Branney P.A. , Pownall M.E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe myogenic regulatory genes MyoD and Myf5 are members of the bHLH transcription factor superfamily. These genes are expressed as an early response to mesoderm induction in the frog Xenopus laevis. This paper describes our work to determine the conservation of sequence, expression and function of the early myogenic genes in the closely related diploid species Xenopus tropicalis. To this end we have cloned and sequenced Xenopus tropicalis homologues of Myf5 and MyoD and found a high degree of conservation in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of both genes. The expression of Myf5 and MyoD in Xenopus tropicalis was assayed by in situ hybridisation and the expression patterns were found to be similar to those described in Xenopus laevis. The bHLH myogenic regulatory factors are known to be able to auto‐ and cross‐activate expression of the myogenic genes. Interestingly, however, we found that while injection of mRNA coding for either Xenopus tropicalis myf5 (Xtmyf5) or Xenopus tropicalis myoD (XtmyoD) was capable of activating expression of the endogenous Xenopus laevis myoD (XmyoD) and cardiac actin genes, neither was capable of inducing expression from the endogenous Xenopus laevis (Xmyf5) gene.
Programmed cell death protein 4 (pdcd4): A novel target for antineoplastic therapy?
Authors: Lankat‐Buttgereit Brigitte , Göke Rüdiger 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPdcd4 is a novel gene first identified as a differentially expressed protein during apoptosis. In the meantime not only the impact of Pdcd4 in programmed cell death but also an implication in transformation suppression by inhibition of protein translation is discussed. These features implicate a potential value of Pdcd4 as a molecular target in cancer therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge about expression, structure and function of Pdcd4.
Internodes can nearly double in length with gradual elongation of the adult rat sciatic nerve
Authors: Abe Ichiro , Ochiai Naoyuki , Ichimura Harumitsu , Tsujino Akihito , Sun Jia , Hara Yuki 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLeg lengthening procedure is used increasingly to treat leg length discrepancy and some forms of dwarfism. We investigated adaptation in rat sciatic nerve to the gradual nerve elongation that occurs with leg lengthening. Indirect nerve elongation was produced by leg lengthening by a total of 15, 30, 45, or 70 mm at a rate of 1 mm/day. One day after leg lengthening completion, transverse semithin sections of sciatic nerve were prepared and examined; a teased‐fiber study also was performed. Elongation decreased axon diameter, but not significantly. In teased‐fiber preparations, internodal length was increased by 93%, and the longest internode measured 3000 μm after leg lengthening by 70 mm. Slopes of fiber diameter–internodal length regression lines increased with increasing elongation. Paranodal demyelination caused by nerve elongation worsened as elongation increased, stimulating remyelination (i.e., intercalation of a segment). Only 0.8% of axons showed degeneration in the group with 70 mm of elongation. We concluded that adult rat sciatic nerve can adapt itself to leg lengthening procedure with even doubling internodal length. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Molecular linkage map of Einkorn wheat: mapping of storage-protein and soft-glume genes and bread-making quality QTLs
Authors: TAENZLER B. , ESPOSTI R. F. , VACCINO P. , BRANDOLINI A. , EFFGEN S. , HEUN M. , SCHÄFER-PREGL R. , BORGHI B. , SALAMINI F. 
Published: October 2003

Two molecular maps of Triticum monococcum L were produced and integrated. The integrated map includes a total of 477 markers, 32 RFLPs, 438 AFLPs, one morphological (soft glume (Sog)) and six storage-protein markers, and covers 856 cM. The trait Sog with the recessive allele sog maps to linkage group 2S. Probably, this is the T. monococcum homologue of Tg and Tg2 in hexaploid and tetraploid wheats, respectively. Loci coding for seed storage proteins were allocated to chromosomes 1L (HMW GLU1,2 and Glu1), 1S (LMW GLU6,7, LMW GLU1-4, ωGLI1-4, γGLI5 and Gli-1) and 6L (α/βGLI7-14). Parameters related to bread-making quality (SDS sedimentation volume, specific sedimentation volume (SSV) and total protein content) were studied in one of the two populations. A QTL that is consistently present across environments was detected for SDS sedimentation volume and for SSV. The position of the QTL on chromosome 1S was in close agreement with the map positions of storage-protein loci. A second QTL was mapped on chromosome 5. For protein content, two significant QTLs were mapped to linkage groups 1 and 5.
High trimethylamine concentration in milk from cows on standard diets is expressed as fishy off-flavour
Authors: LUNDÉN ANNE , GUSTAFSSON VICTORIA , IMHOF MIROSLAVA , GAUCH ROLAND , BOSSET JACQUES-OLIVIER 
Published: October 2003

To establish whether fishy off-flavour observed in cows' milk in Sweden is due to abnormal concentrations of trimethylamine (TMA) in milk, 15 milk samples from 13 cows of the Swedish Red and White breed (SRB) were analysed for this compound using dynamic headspace (DHS) gas chromatography (GC). A mass selective detector (MSD) was used for the qualitative and a flame ionization detector (FID) for the quantitative analyses. Further confirmation was obtained using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) followed by GC-olfactometry (GC-O) and GC-NPD (nitrogen and phosphorus detector). Samples were also evaluated by a two-person organoleptic panel for the presence of fishy off-flavour. Results showed that the seven milk samples with a fish-like taint contained >1 mg TMA/kg milk, whereas, with a single exception, the seven samples that were judged to be normal did not contain this compound. Furthermore, there were indications of a dose-dependent relationship between TMA concentration and fishy off-flavour score.
Chemical changes in bovine milk fat globule membrane caused by heat treatment and homogenization of whole milk
Authors: LEE SUNG JE , SHERBON JOHN W. 
Published: October 2003

The effects of heat treatment and homogenization of whole milk on chemical changes in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) were investigated. Heating at 80 °C for 3–18 min caused an incorporation of whey proteins, especially β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), into MFGM, thus increasing the protein content of the membrane and decreasing the lipid. SDS-PAGE showed that membrane glycoproteins, such as PAS-6 and PAS-7, had disappeared or were weakly stained in the gel due to heating of the milk. Heating also decreased free sulphydryl (SH) groups in the MFGM and increased disulphide (SS) groups, suggesting that incorporation of β-lg might be due to association with membrane proteins via disulphide bonds. In contrast, homogenization caused an adsorption of caseins to the MFGM but no binding of whey proteins to the MFGM without heating. Binding of caseins and whey proteins and loss of membrane proteins were not significantly different between milk samples that were homogenized before and after heating. Viscosity of whole milk was increased when milk was treated with both homogenization and heating.
Phylogenetic relationships within the Terebellomorpha
Authors: Colgan D.J. , Hutchings P.A. , Brown S. 
Published: October 2003

Terebellomorpha is a clade of predominantly tube-dwelling polychaetes, some of whose species are very abundant and whose habitats range from shallow to very deep waters. The group contains five families (Terebellidae, Ampharetidae, Pectinariidae, Trichobranchidae and Alvinellidae). This study of their inter-relationships uses DNA sequence data from five gene segments. Including outgroups, sequences were available for 15 species for 15 U2 snRNA, 14 for Histone H3, 23 for the D1 expansion region of 28S rDNA, 15 for the D9-10 region of 28S rDNA and 17 for subunit I of cytochrome oxidase. Outgroups included representatives of the polychaete families Cirratulidae, Sabellidae and Siboglinidae, and the clitellate Lumbricus. These sequences include eight GenBank entries for 28S D1 and one for CO1.Generally, and in all analyses restricted to the data collected in this laboratory, but including all of these, Terebellomorpha is monophyletic. Within Terebellomorpha, the single maximum parsimony tree indicates that Alvinellidae (all data from GenBank) belongs to a clade with Terebellidae and some Trichobranchidae, contradicting morphological expectations. Terebellidae is paraphyletic with respect to Trichobranchus, this being associated with the subfamily Thelepodinae. The second trichobranchid genus Terebellides (for which only 28S D1 data is available from GenBank) is topologically very distinct to Trichobranchus. Additional data are needed to establish the family's monophyly. Also within Terebellidae, subfamily Terebellinae is paraphyletic with respect to Polycirrinae, supporting the suggestion that this subfamily's morphological simplicity is derived.
Parametric study of repeatable gait for a planar five-link biped
Authors: Ma Bin , Wu Qiong 
Published: October 2003

SummaryParametric formulation is a systematic method that ties the constraint functions to the resulting joint profiles for bipedal robots. Acceptable joint profiles for continuous and steady walking must satisfy the additional condition of being repeatable. This extra condition imposes restrictions on the selection of constraint functions, gait parameters and the initial posture of each step, and can make the synthesis of joint profiles extremely challenging. This paper presents a correlation between the gait parameters used in a class of specific constraint functions and the initial posture that will create repeatable gait. Furthermore, a general necessary and sufficient condition for repeatable gait is proposed. This condition provides a guideline for selecting constraint functions and their associated gait parameters in the context of producing repeatable gait. This research can not only provide valuable insights into bipedal walking, but also serve as a stepping stone for employing parametric formulation with various constraint functions.
Literature, Music, and Science in Nineteenth Century Russian Culture: Prince Odoyevskiy’s Quest for a Natural Enharmonic Scale
Authors: Bayuk Dimitri 
Published: October 2003

ArgumentAn attempt to understand and analyze a unique nineteenth-century musical instrument – the enharmonic piano from the collection of the Glinka Museum of Russian Musical Culture in Moscow – directs a historian towards Prince Vladimir Odoyevskiy’s efforts to construct a special musical scale corresponding to the indigenous tradition of Russian music. Known today mostly as an author of Romantic short stories, Odoyevskiy was also an amateur scientist and musician, a follower of Schelling’s Naturphilosophie, and a mystic. He tried to design his new musical scale and instruments on the basis of experimental science and mathematics. Odoyevskiy’s life-long search for a synthesis of literature, music, positive science, and spirituality demonstrates how the adaptation and appropriation of European arts preceded and paved the way towards the appropriation of European sciences among the educated élite in nineteenth-century Russia. The tensions inherent in the process led to Odoyevskiy’s nationalist rebellion against the European musical standard, the equal temperament. His call for a different musical scale remained largely ignored in the nineteenth century, until the topic was raised anew by twentieth-century composers and musicians.
Singularity Probabilities for Random Matrices over Finite Fields
Authors: KAHN JEFF , KOMLÓS JÁNOS 
Published: October 2003

Fix q and let Mn be an n × n
matrix with entries drawn independently from the finite field
Fq according to some distribution μn.
It is shown that, except in certain pathological cases,
the probability that Mn is nonsingular is asymptotically the same as for uniform entries;
that is,[Formula here]
GANDOLF: a system for generating automated nowcasts of convective precipitation
Authors: Pierce C E , Hardaker P J , Collier C G , Haggett C M 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDuring the past decade hydrologists have become increasingly aware of the problems of fluvial flood prediction during periods of intense convection, particularly in urbanised catchments whose rainfall‐runoff responses tend to be rapid. Existing approaches to deterministic, short‐range rainfall prediction are often deficient in their treatment of convective precipitation because they cannot resolve individual convective clouds or effectively model their evolution. In 1994 the UK Met. Office established a joint R&D programme with the Environment Agency (responsible for flood prediction in England and Wales) to explore the benefits of an Object‐Oriented conceptual Model (OOM) of convection in the nowcasting of fluvial floods. This involved the development of an automated nowcasting system (GANDOLF) designed to run the OOM during episodes of air mass convection. This paper describes the structure and function of the GANDOLF system and compares the performance of the OOM with that of two other precipitation models routinely used by Thames Region of the Agency. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Extraction of breakpoints from radar‐estimated rainfall fields
Authors: Sansom John , Thompson Craig S , Gray Warren R 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe breakpoint format for rainfall data, by recording the rainrate and the times when the rainrate changes, consists of variable length periods during which rain of constant intensity fell. It is compact and retains a level of detail equivalent to that found in high temporal resolution data. However, breakpoint data are available only at the relatively few locations where automatic raingauges produce pluviographs. On the other hand, radar observations of rainfall provide precipitation data at a high spatial density but at poor time resolution. Advantage can be taken of this high spatial density to give more locations where breakpoints are available through interpolation between the radar images to provide precipitation data at sufficient temporal resolution for the extraction of breakpoints. The interpolation scheme, based on the PARAPLUIE method, detects the movement and evolution of precipitating echoes to provide additional interpolated radar images. Breakpoints, extracted at pixels of the images that contain raingauges, showed similar overall accumulations and characteristics when compared with those of the collocated raingauges. The similarity is particularly so for gauges within a 50 km radius of the radar where the spatial resolution of the radar and the temporal resolution of the raingauges are equivalent. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
River flow forecasting using a rainfall disaggregation model incorporating small‐scale topographic effects
Authors: Misumi R , Bell V A , Moore R J 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRiver flow forecasting using rainfall predictions from a mesoscale weather prediction model in combination with a physically‐based rainfall disaggregation model incorporating small‐scale topographic variability is demonstrated. Rainfall predicted by the UK Met Office Mesoscale Model on a 16.8 km grid is disaggregated onto a 2 km grid using a rainfall model which adds the effect of small‐scale topography. River flow is calculated by a distributed rainfall‐runoff model using the output from the rainfall model. A thunderstorm event on 7 June 1996 over the Brue catchment in Somerset, England is used to evaluate the models. The rainfall model successfully forecasts the band‐shaped rainfall field within the catchment and the error in the total amount of flow during the storm is only −12%. An error of −40% in the peak flow is attributed to the treatment of convective clouds in the model. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
A review and unification of conceptual models of cyclogenesis
Authors: Semple Adrian T 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExtensive studies of extra‐tropical cyclones over the past sixty years have led to a plethora of conceptual models that describe the structure and evolution of storms. These conceptual (or structural) models blend observational, experimental and mathematical studies so as to represent the physical phenomena within a simple, yet flexible framework. The first three sections of this report review these conceptual models by stepping through the evolution of a mid‐latitude cyclone and aim to illustrate how at each stage, conceptual models give a description of the physical processes occurring within the system. The fourth section reviews a recent cyclone classification scheme in the context of these conceptual models and attempts to group the cyclone classes into those arising through similar mechanisms. Conceptual models are then combined with this classification scheme so as to offer a unified perspective of cyclogenesis out of which a cyclone continuum develops. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Awareness of naturalistic action errors in dementia
Authors: Giovannetti Tania , Libon David J. , Hart Tessa 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUnawareness of deficit is a common feature of degenerative dementia. The present study explored awareness and correction of naturalistic action errors in 54 dementia participants and 10 healthy controls while they performed a series of everyday tasks, such as toast preparation and gift-wrapping. Awareness for everyday task performance and cognitive functioning was also assessed with questionnaire discrepancy scores, and a neuropsychological test protocol was administered. Dementia participants were aware of and corrected a significantly smaller proportion of errors compared to controls (z = 4.59, p < 001). Awareness and correction of action errors was not significantly correlated with the number of naturalistic errors committed, questionnaire discrepancy scores, or neuropsychological test data. Within-group analyses showed awareness differed across error types, such that participants were aware of a greater proportion of substitution and sequence errors compared to omissions, perseverations, and action addition (i.e., utilization behavior) errors (z ≤ −3.2,p≤.002 for all analyses). Taken together these data suggest that error awareness and correction during the course of action is not related to error production or awareness measured via questionnaire discrepancy scores. Rather, direct assessment of error detection and correction may provide novel information about behavioral monitoring that can not be extrapolated from measures of dementia severity or traditional neuropsychological assessment.
The effects of normal aging on humor appreciation
Authors: Shammi Prathiba , Stuss Donald T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe importance of humor in healthy aging is being recognized. We compared elderly and young participants on their comprehension and appreciation of, and reaction to, verbal and nonverbal humor tests. Cognitive processes—working memory, cognitive flexibility, verbal abstraction, and visual scanning—were studied in relation to humor. Results indicated a relative deficit in the elderly in the cognitive comprehension of humor—selecting punch lines to jokes and in a cartoon array test. Measures of cognitive function correlated with humor comprehension. In contrast to this deficit in comprehension, the elderly showed intact affective appreciation and emotional reactiveness. Because of the hypothesis of frontal lobe degeneration as a basis for changes with aging, we compared the elderly to patients with focal frontal lesions. In this comparison, the elderly were significantly better than the patients in their comprehension of humor. They also displayed intact appreciation of humor compared to patients with frontal lesions. This preliminary study suggests that preserved affective responsiveness may underlie the success in using humor as a coping mechanism in the elderly. (JINS, 2003, 9, 855–863.)