bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not So Essential Oils: Essential Oil Ingestions
Authors: Gurkha Ashima Goyal , Gurkha Dhritiman 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Essential oils are easily available plant-based products purported to be beneficial for varied medicinal and nonmedicinal purposes. They can have serious clinical implications if they are used or consumed inappropriately. Owing to easy accessibility and inviting fragrances, children can be unintentionally exposed. It is important to be familiar with and recognize specific toxidromes and clinical presentations associated with commonly available essential oils. Complications may range from nausea and vomiting to aspiration pneumonia and seizures. Given their unique physiology, children are prone to early and significant decompensation. It is important to keep essential oils in the differential alongside common clinical etiologies, especially when clinical history and physical examinations suggest a possible toxic exposure. Involving poison control early in the patient’s course is critical to help stabilize the patient, for treatment recommendations for specific agents, and to help determine the most appropriate disposition.
The Rummy Rum Rums: Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: Horton Destiny , Punja Mohan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A primary alcohol, an alkyl alcohol, and a volatile organic compound; when put into such terms, it would seem that ethanol, more commonly known as alcohol, would not be particularly appealing to society. However, it is one of the most abused substances in the world, with an estimated 3 million deaths globally ascribed to its consumption. In the United States, close to 100,000 people per year die from alcohol-related causes. As a drug, ethanol is unique in that healthcare providers will care for many patients suffering from acute and chronic complications, yet this drug is legal in most countries and is also used by millions of people across the world as part of a culture of entertainment, cuisine, or personal use in the home. With a drug used so frequently with such a high prevalence of complications, what should the clinician expect when a patient who has consumed alcohol is brought into the emergency department and how will their care be managed? This chapter discusses pathophysiology, toxicology, and general management of the inebriated patient and some of the complications of frequent alcohol use.
The Mu-Agonist Blues: Opioid Overdose and Withdrawal
Authors: Ehrhardt Tori , Steck Alaina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The increasing prevalence of opioid use disorder and widespread effects on multiple levels makes this an area to which increasing attention must be paid. Opioid overdose and withdrawal are commonly seen in patients visiting the ED, making an appropriate level of suspicion necessary for prompt identification and initiation of treatment. Reversal of overdose with an opioid antagonist to reestablish respiratory drive is definitive treatment; however understanding nuances to its administration as well as options for continued supportive care are integral to the practice of ED providers. Likewise, medical options for management of opioid withdrawal should be understood and utilized appropriately. Finally, the continuation of care for patients who are motivated to seek help is important to initiate in the ED setting.
Don’t Poke the Snake: The Do’s and Don’ts of Snake Bite Management
Authors: Lippert Katie , da Silva Joshua 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are two primary families of venomous snakes found in the United States: the Crotalidae and Elapidae. Snakes in the Crotalidae family are responsible for the majority of the snakebites in the United States every year. There are many proposed theories on how to deal with snakebites in the field, including electroshocks, suctioning the venom out, and attempts at incision and drainage. The best field treatment is to keep the victim calm, immobilize the limb (without using a tourniquet), and transfer as expeditiously as possible to the closest hospital. Upon arrival to the hospital the patient must be evaluated for signs of envenomation; if identified, antivenom should be administered. Further studies are needed with regards to long-term considerations following snakebite and antivenom treatment.
You Are Barking Up the Wrong Scorpion: Bark Scorpion Envenomations
Authors: Holt Karl , de Olano Jonathan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Scorpion stings are a common complaint in southern regions of North America and can present with dramatic symptoms, especially in the pediatric population. Because timely intervention is vital, clinicians must recognize the unique constellation of symptoms caused by bark scorpion venom while maintaining an appropriately wide differential diagnosis. Key physical exam findings should raise the provider’s suspicions for envenomation while applicable bloodwork and prompt identification should follow. The mainstay of initial management is supportive and includes interventions such as IV opioids, benzodiazepines, and blood pressure-regulating agents. However, severe cases require a precise and time-sensitive antidote. Bark scorpion antivenom is specific, safe, and effective to impede the neurotoxins found in scorpion venom and should be considered early in these instances.
xkn: a semi-analytic framework for the modelling of kilonovae
Authors: Ricigliano Giacomo , Perego Albino , Borhanian Ssohrab , Loffredo Eleonora , Kawaguchi Kyohei , Bernuzzi Sebastiano , Lippold Lukas Chris 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
After GW170817, kilonovae have become of great interest for the astronomical, astrophysics, and nuclear physics communities due to their potential in revealing key information on the compact binary merger from which they emerge, such as the fate of the central remnant or the composition of the expelled material. Therefore, the landscape of models employed for their analysis is rapidly evolving, with multiple approaches being used for different purposes. In this paper, we present xkn, a semi-analytic framework that predicts and interprets the bolometric luminosity and the broad-band light curves of such transients. xkn models the merger ejecta structure accounting for different ejecta components and non-spherical geometries. In addition to light-curve models from the literature based on time-scale and random-walk arguments, it implements a new model, xkn-diff, which is grounded on a solution of the radiative transfer equation for homologously expanding material. In order to characterize the variety of the ejecta conditions, it employs time- and composition-dependent heating rates, thermalization efficiencies, and opacities. We compare xkn light curves with reference radiative transfer calculations, and we find that xkn-diff significantly improves over previous semi-analytic prescriptions. We view xkn as an ideal tool for extensive parameter estimation data analysis applications.
Lower access to kidney transplantation for women in France is not explained by comorbidities and social deprivation
Authors: Adoli Latame Komla , Couchoud Cécile , Chatelet Valérie , Lobbedez Thierry , Bayer Florian , Vabret Elsa , Jais Jean-Philippe , Daugas Eric , Vigneau Cécile , Bayat-Makoei Sahar 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
Access to kidney transplantation (KT) remains challenging for patients with end-stage kidney disease. This study assessed women's access to KT in France by considering comorbidities and neighbourhood social deprivation.

Methods
All incident patients 18–85 years old starting dialysis in France between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2019 were included. Three outcomes were assessed: access to the KT waiting list after dialysis start, KT access after waitlisting and KT access after dialysis start. Cox and Fine–Gray models were used. Gender–European Deprivation Index and gender–age interactions were tested and analyses were performed among strata if required.

Results
A total of 29 395 patients were included (35% of women). After adjusting for social deprivation and comorbidities, women were less likely to be waitlisted at 1 year {adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR] 0.91 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.96]} and 3 years [adjHR 0.87 (95% CI 0.84–0.91)] after dialysis initiation. This disparity concerned mainly women ≥60 years of age [adjHR 0.76 (95% CI 0.71–0.82) at 1 year and 0.75 (0.71–0.81) at 3 years]. Access to KT after 2 years of waitlisting was similar between genders. Access to KT was similar between genders at 3 years after dialysis start but decreased for women after 4 years [adjHR 0.93 (95% CI 0.88–0.99)] and longer [adjHR 0.90 (95% CI 0.85–0.96)] follow-up.

Conclusions
In France, women are less likely to be waitlisted and undergo KT. This is driven by the ≥60-year-old group and is not explained by comorbidities or social deprivation level.
Introduction
Authors: Duran Angelica , Issa Islam 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Framed by a discussion of three music videos—by Eminem at the start, then Lana Del Rey and Gain at the end—this chapter surveys the network of literary and media studies in relation to Milton’s works. It argues that a global media studies lens enriches our appreciation of Milton’s texts and elucidates the existence of literary works beyond their words, thus advocating what its authors term remateriality. Through overviewing key themes in the chapters of the volume, this introduction highlights some of the trends that emerge from discussions of multimodal adaptations and intersemiotic translations of Milton’s works across borders and in diverse media.
Milton for Students
Authors: Currell David 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the concept of a teaching and learning archive—a record of pedagogical materials and practices and of student engagement—and applies it to the history of Milton’s works in educational contexts, with special attention to its global and intermedial dimensions. The chapter begins with theoretical considerations touching on how a Milton teaching and learning archive can be conceived and studied before discussing two illustrative cases. The first is a student manuscript magazine, The Miltonian, produced early in the twentieth century at the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut), the second a comparison of two online resources, SparkNotes and The John Milton Reading Room. These cases demonstrate clearly that Milton has left widespread and diverse traces in time and space and that research in this archive can productively complement and extend more familiar kinds of scholarly discourse and practice.
Madhusudan’s Miltonic Epic, the Meghnādbadh kābya
Authors: Dhar Amrita 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which the nineteenth-century Bengali writer Michael Madhusudan Dutt inscribed themes and literary innovations from Milton’s Paradise Lost into his Bengali epic poem Meghnādbadh kābya [The Poem of the Slaying of Meghnad] (1861), a retelling of the Sanskrit epic Rāmāyaṇa. Madhusudan was so influenced by Milton that he took it upon himself to write the Miltonic epic of his language and age, while drawing on the classical tradition of the Indian subcontinent. He produced the Meghnādbadh kābya not as a derivation but as a profoundly generative Bengali in-habitation of Miltonic epic energies, as this chapter displays especially in its discussion of the male character Ravan and of the female character Pramila, who is entirely Madhusudan’s creation. The result was a landmark of Bengali and world literature, itself forever intertwining Milton with the vernacular Bengali legacy.
Quoting Milton in Musical Appropriations
Authors: Buhler Stephen M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reworking not only of Milton’s language into music but also of his messages. Musical composers have, over centuries, appropriated from Milton’s poetry, carefully selecting passages, sometimes celebrating his words, and sometimes turning them against his public stands. ‘A Pastoral Elegie’ (1648) is a pivotal composition by Henry Lawes, whose career had been distinguished by deferential settings. Here, Lawes moves decisively from the setting of texts to their appropriation, pressing Milton’s words into serving the Royalist cause. Georg Frideric Handel’s The Occasional Oratorio (1746) deploys Milton’s paraphrases of Psalm 81 and Psalm 136, along with passages from several other authors. Again, the cause is Royalist: a tribute to the constitutional monarchy of the Hanoverians. More recently, Milton has found himself again in diverse company, utilized for diverse purposes, in such works as Ralph Vaughan Williams’s Christmas cantata Hodie! (1953–4), Jocelyn Pook’s score for Michael Radford’s film of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice (2004), and Darkness Visible (2018) by Mumford and Sons.
Epilogue
Authors: Adlington Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This epilogue considers the generative force of Milton’s writing and afterlife, reflecting on the nature of Milton’s cultural transmission, the motivations of those doing the transmitting, and the nature of Milton’s enduring appeal. It addresses some of the key themes and discussions of the volume as a whole, noting that Milton’s international presence exists across cultural history and geography, and contemplating the extent to which treatments of Milton in multiple media enable re-considerations and re-interpretations of the writer and his works. It concludes with a discussion of Milton’s enduring appeal, as an inspiration to other poets and writers, and to generations past, present, and future—across borders and media.
International Law and Democratic Backsliding
Authors: Ginsburg Tom 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Increasingly, processes of democratic erosion and efforts to resist them are implicating international institutions, including courts. How should international tribunals confront an era of backsliding and democratic regression? David Caron’s view of the proper judicial role was drawn heavily from his experience in international arbitration, in which the central task of judges is to resolve the dispute before them on behalf of the parties. This chapter argues that in many adjudicative contexts, the argument that courts should limit themselves to their core task of dispute resolution would produce a jurisprudence that is ultimately ineffective and self-undermining. The chapter offers examples of how courts following that approach have both failed to protect core rights and empowered agents of democratic erosion. Instead, for regional courts with a human rights jurisdiction, a substantive jurisprudence that protects democracy as a system is called for. Democracy and dictatorship are not “disputants” but regime types whose survival depends on institutional configurations, as between which judicial “neutrality”, is counterproductive. Finally the chapter argues that Caron’s paradigm fits only a small part of the world of international adjudication.
The Cult of the Ṛgvedic Religion
Authors: Oberlies Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Throughout its entire early history, the Vedic cult was aniconic. The fundamental difficulty this engenders—that of keeping the cult’s point of reference both plausible and authoritative—is solved in this instance through ritual epiphanies in which the gods are represented by mortals; specifically by the priests performing said rituals, who (as a rule) fulfill the functions of the gods they represent. In the earliest times, the various rituals were carried out by all members of the society, who took turns performing the individual offices of the ‘priests’, but the increasing complexity of the ritual led to the development of religious specialisation. This had the effect of consolidating the religion into a monopoly in the hands of just one group, the Brahmans, who were now professional priests. Because it is not a ‘temple religion’, and all of its gods—except those responsible for specific areas—have to be summoned (e.g. to the sacrifice), the word has enormous significance in the Ṛgvedic religion.
Tax reforms in Tanzania
Authors: Ulriksen Marianne S. , Katera Lucas , Msami Jamal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we ask where and how revenue providers engage with the government around tax reforms and whether the government may compromise on its initial proposal. We selected four cases to study revenue bargaining between government and different revenue providers (MPs, security forces, transport sector, and tourism sector). We describe in detail the bargaining strategies that revenue providers use, and we identify three arenas where revenue providers and government actors engage in bargaining. The public arena comprises few institutionalized spaces for dialogue, which makes engagements conflictual and compromise unlikely. In the bureaucratic and political arenas, where institutions allow for structured, repeated, and trusted relationships to develop, the revenue providers are more likely to push the government to compromise on the initial tax proposal. Hence, the fiscal outcomes are less than originally anticipated by the government. Moreover, tax reforms trigger better organization of revenue providers and the building of relationships between state and societal actors.
Environmentalism, or Barbarism
Authors: Mittiga Ross 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter lays out the book’s central argument: that climate change threatens “political catastrophe”—i.e. a loss of the material conditions that make justice and stability possible—on a global scale, potentially within this century. Through examining a series of real-world examples, the chapter illustrates how extreme material scarcity, of the sort already being wrought by climate change, can undermine core liberal-democratic values and institutions, drive armed conflict, and precipitate collapse. Reflecting on these dismal outcomes underscores the urgent need for taking aggressive precautionary measures, while clarifying our moral and political obligations to that end. The chapter also speaks to the role of “radical hope” in confronting the climate crisis. It concludes with an outline of the structure and plan of the book.
Exiting Eden
Authors: Mittiga Ross 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Mythical accounts of humanity’s descent from a blissful early age of natural abundance to one of agricultural toil are common to many cultures and religions. Curiously, the scientific literature on the Neolithic Revolution paints a similar picture of the transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies, albeit one attributed to natural forces rather than human frailty or the caprice of gods. This concluding chapter argues that contemporary, anthropogenic climate change may force a second “fall,” this time from the fecund stability of the Holocene to an era marked by extreme scarcity, conflict, and collapse. If we are to walk back from this precipice of despair—if we are to avert politically catastrophic climate change—we must commit ourselves both to unprecedented action and a radical rethinking of the political norms, practices, and institutions that brought us to this point.
Introduction
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Immiserizing Growth (IG) is about situations where economic growth does not reduce poverty. Empirically, it is the exception rather than the rule. Nevertheless, it is not an insignificant phenomenon, occurring between 10 and 35 per cent of the time depending on the dataset, definitions, and time periods used. Further, it has been underexamined, lost in the prevailing narrative that ‘growth is good for the poor’. The introductory chapter provides context for, and an overview of, the main themes pursued in subsequent chapters. It presents a number of analytical reasons which justify the focus on immiserizing growth even in the context of the empirically correct finding that ‘growth [on average] is good for the poor’. It concludes with a discussion of historical, theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions of the book alongside caveats and limitations.
Historical Origins
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Historical context is provided in Chapter 3 through a discussion of theories of immiserizing growth propounded by Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx. Malthus focused on changes in the sectoral pattern of growth, in particular the shift from agriculture to manufacturing, whereas Ricardo directed attention to technological unemployment associated with the introduction of machinery. Marx developed Ricardo’s position into his notion of the industrial reserve army which he coupled with an account of falling wages (either absolute or relative) and worsening living conditions to comprise the general law of capitalist accumulation, ‘the accumulation of misery’. Similar themes recur in the contemporary literature on processes and mechanisms underlying immiserizing growth.
Contemporary Contributions
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 reviews a number of processes and mechanisms which serve to perpetuate existing poverty or to increase descents into poverty. It draws on literatures on poverty dynamics and inclusive growth, radical traditions of scholarship, and country case studies. The chapter culminates in a list of eight core categories of processes and mechanisms related to: (i) sectoral, spatial, or other dimensions of growth; (ii) poverty traps; (iii) public action or inaction; (iv) changes in relative prices or the terms of trade; (v) technological change; (vi) violence and conflict; (vii) dispossessions and indebtedness; and (viii) environmental degradation and ‘natural’ phenomena. A population group based on ethnicity, caste or indigeneity was flagged as disproportionately subject to intersecting processes and mechanisms of immiserizing growth. The chapter concludes with the development of an analytical framework that combines the eight key categories of processes and mechanisms with the conceptual framework based on the distinction between failed and malevolent inclusion.
Concepts, Terminology and Units
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic concepts of magnetism and in particular the origin of magnetic poles, moments and fields and the forces to which they give rise are explained in simple terms along with terms such as magnetisation and fields of force. This is followed by a description of flux density and induction together with the concept of the magnetising field. A detailed description of the demagnetising field and demagnetising factors is presented along with the basic parameters defining a hysteresis loop in terms of M vs H and B vs H and the resulting susceptibility and permeability.
Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The principle of storing information in a solid state magnetic device is first described together with the principles and early designs of such a system which were implemented for a restricted range of applications. In particular third generation MRAM where again data is stored perpendicular to the plane of the film and is based on the phenomenon of spin transfer torque (STT) switching where a polarised spin current is used to switch small elements which are subsequently read by the incorporation of a spin tunnel junction within the dots is discussed. Potential future MRAM structures such as spin torque oscillators and switching by spin orbit torques (SOT) is also presented.