bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Boston Process Approach To Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Milberg William P , Hebben Nancy , Kaplan Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Boston Process Approach is based on a desire to understand the qualitative nature of behavior assessed by clinical psychometric instruments, a desire to reconcile descriptive richness with reliability and quantitative evidence of validity, and a desire to relate the behavior assessed to the conceptual framework of experimental neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience (see Delis et al., 1990). In the past twenty years, the practice of clinical neuropsychology has progressed rapidly. Initially, neuropsychological assessment techniques were known only to a few selftrained clinicians or consisted of test batteries designed with the modest goal of determining the presence of the clinical diagnosis of “organicity.” These formerly esoteric practices have grown into a widely respected specialty of clinical assessment based on a growing body of research (Lezak, 1995). To its credit, the American tradition of clinical neuropsychology is supported by a bulwark of empirical clinical research directly relating test scores to central nervous system (CNS) damage. It is now possible for an experienced clinician to use a series of test scores to reliably determine the presence or absence of brain’ damage in nonpsychiatric patients and somewhat less reliably to localize and establish the etiology of this damage.
The Neurobehavioral Correlates of Alcoholism
Authors: Rourke Sean B , Loberg Tor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1994, a survey sponsored by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) revealed that 51.6% of adults surveyed were classified as current drinkers; 8.6% of adults, representing 15.2 million Americans, met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse and/or dependence, with men being three times more likely to meet the criteria than women (Grant, 1994). These recent figures are comparable to those obtained in a 1988 survey sponsored by the NIAAA using DSM-III-R criteria (Grant et al., 1991). It is estimated that 10% of those who meet the criteria for Alcohol Dependence fulfill criteria for an “organic brain syndrome” (Horvath, 1973), and approximately 50% (range 31% to 85%) of the remaining alcoholics exhibit mild to moderate impairment on neuropsychological testing when abstinent for 3 to 4 weeks (Grant et al., 1984; Eckardt and Martin, 1986; Parsons, 1986a, Rourke and Grant, 1995).
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Beyond Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Putnam Steven H , Millis Scott R , Adams Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assessment of patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents the largest single expenditure of time for clinical neuropsychologists as a professional group (Putnam and DeLuca, 1990). Referral sources are diverse but typically include neurologists, physiatrists, psychiatrits, attorneys, insurance claims adjusters, case managers and others seeking information regarding the functional capabilities of the patient having sustained TBI. It has been suggested that the burgeoning interest in TBI may be responsible for the increased growth in professional neuropsychology in recent years (Putnam et al., 1994). Unquestionably TBI has been a primary impetus in bringing neuropsychology to the public’s attention and into the courtroom. Indeed, assessment of the TBI patient represents a very significant challenge to the credibility of the profession at large. However, Matthews (1990) has voiced concerns about what he characterizes as the “malignant bloom nourished by the head injury industry” which, he predicts, “will end badly” (p. 33). Nonetheless, few would dispute the fact that understanding TBI is an essential requirement in contemporary neuropsychological practice.
How to Study Discrete Comparative Methods
Authors: Ridley Mark , Grafen Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter has three main purposes. The first is to show how to justify a proposed statistical method for discrete comparative data. We shall be particularly concerned with associative hypotheses. However, several authors have recently recommended methods for testing directional, rather than associative, hypotheses with discrete data. Our second purpose is to argue that the conceptual advantage of directional methods has been exaggerated and that the statistics of directional methods present difficult problems that have not been solved.
Theories of International Political Economy
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories do not move in straight lines. Some circle around certain questions for long periods before jumping to new concerns; others fan out in many directions at once, erasing the boundaries between one theory and another. Describing how theories change over time is, therefore, a tricky business. A term like theoretical evolution conjures in many minds images of linear progress driven by virtually mechanical responses to conceptual and historical stimuli. moving toward ever better explanations of the object of study. This scheme of theoretical change is rejected, in whole or in part, by writers as disparate as Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos, and Michel Foucault. Even the father of modern evolutionary theory, Charles Darwin, distanced himself from overly formal and deterministic understandings of evolution: “After long reflection I cannot avoid the conclusion that no inherent tendency to progressive development exists.”
Hegemonic Power and Stability
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All three major schools of IPE thought discuss hegemonic power and its consequences. Unlike rational choice analysis, however, the idea of hegemony is not grounded in a particular paradigm; consideration of hegemony does not necessarily entail acceptance of a particular set of theoretical assumptions. It is, rather, an empirical question that is examined from different perspectives. Studies of hegemonic power do, nonetheless, open a new avenue for theoretical contention. Although each theory qualifies its understanding in specific ways, the shared engagement of hegemony has drawn the disparate approaches together in a complemetary, albeit eclectic, manner.
Regimes and Epistemic Communities
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of “international regimes,” like the rational choice approach, emerged from liberal theory. It, too, has been integrated into other theoretical systems, especially neomercantilism, and has developed into a distinct subfield of IPE. Unlike rational choice, which is basically a methodological technique, regime analysis centers on relationships and governing principles among global actors in particular issue-areas. Theoretical synthesis centered on regime analysis does not involve the same kind of epistemological problems as rational choice; neomercantilists employ the concept without compromising their statist assumptions. In recent years, however, the study of regimes, and the allied concept “epistemic communities,” has pushed away from neomercantilist theory, suggesting greater theoretical compatibility with its parent, liberalism. The regime analysis of Donald J. Puchala and Raymond F. Hopkins is consistent with the liberal tradition. They take up the time-honored liberal issue of the role of principles in international affairs. Their definition of regimes-”a set of principles, norms, rules and procedures around which actors’ expectations converge”-is conventional, but their application of the concept is broader than other regime analysts’. Puchala and Hopkins see normative forces at work in virtually every issue-area of international relations. This suggests that regime-based principles and norms have greater efficacy than realist theory would allow. Puchala and Hopkins argue that regime analysis, as such, is an improvement over cruder power politics variants of realism. They do not lapse into unwarranted idealism, but clearly resuscitate long-standing liberal positions.
The Content of Conversation
Authors: Aries Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous four chapters I have explored gender differences in the communication styles of men and women, focusing on various dimensions of the form or manner in which men and women communicate. I shift now from a focus on the interaction process to a focus on interaction content, to a consideration of what men and women choose to talk about in conversation. Folk wisdom has denigrated women’s talk as “idle chatter,” “gabbing;’ and “gossip:’ When Cheris Kramer examined the beliefs held by high school and college students about the speech of males and females, she found students were more likely to associate gossip, talk about trivial topics, and gibberish with female than with male speakers. The study of gender differences in conversation content suffered for many years from the tendency to devalue what was considered to be female talk. However, in recent years, feminist scholars have recognized female talk as different from men’s talk and reconceptualized it on its own terms. Deborah Jones, for example, suggested that women’s “gossip” is a language of intimacy, that it provides emotional sustenance.
Application of Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Studies for Conservation Genetics
Authors: Francisco-Ortega Javier , Jansen Robert K , Mason-Gamer Robert A J , Wallace Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been used widely in systematic and con¬ servation genetic studies of animals (e.g., Wayne et al., 1992; Moritz, 1994; O’Brien, 1994; O’Ryan et al., 1994). The mitochondrial genome of plants has not been used for these kind of studies, however, because of the high incidence of structural rearrangements and low levels of sequence variation (Palmer, 1992). Although chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation is used widely in systematics (Palmer et al., 1988; Olmstead and Palmer, 1994), few if any restriction site studies have focused specifically on the establishment of strategies for biodiversity conservation or the understanding of the biology of threatened species. There has been recent interest in exploring evolutionary and populational questions using the chloroplast genome (reviewed in Soltis et al., 1992a; Rieseberg and Brunsfeld, 1992) which have direct application in conservation genetic studies, and these fall into three categories: (1) origin of hybrids and polyploids; (2) patterns of genetic diversity within species; and (3) phylogenetic relationships within and among closely related species.
Minisatellite Analysis in Conservation Genetics
Authors: Burke Terry , Otte Olivier Han , Pijlen Iris Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A minisatellite locus consists of multiple tandemly repeated copies of a DNA sequence, and is usually highly polymorphic due to variation in the number of repeats (Jeffreys et al., 1985a). The repeat array typically comprises up to several hundred copies of a 10-100 bp (base pair) sequence. Minisatellites are one of the classes of loci also known as variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci (Nakamura et al., 1988). The other well-known class of VNTR loci is the micra satellites, or simple sequence repeat loci, in which the repeat comprises fewer copies (usually 10-50) of a much shorter repeat unit (1-10 bp, usually 2-5 bp) (Tautz, 1989; Weber and May, 1989). There may actually be a continuous distribution of complexity ranging from the simplest microsatellite to the better¬ known of the minisatellites, and beyond, and so the distinction is biologically arbitrary. Rather, it reflects the practicalities of the methods used to isolate the loci in the first place, which do indeed lead to the detection of two distinct size classes of marker loci, which in turn necessitate the use of distinct assay methods. However, there is growing evidence that the main mutational mechanism which generates the variation in the number of these different size repeat units differs between these classes of loci (Di Rienzo et al., 1994; Jeffreys et al., 1994; Goldstein et al., 1995; Slatkin, 1995).
Microsatellites and Their Application to Conservation Genetics
Authors: Bruford Michael W , Cheesman david J , coote trevor , Green harriet A A , Haines susan A , o’ryan colleen , Williams timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microsatellites, or simple sequences, consist of tandemly repeated units, each between 1 and 10 bp (base pairs) in length, such as (TG)n or (AAT)n (Litt and Luty, 1989; Tautz, 1989; Weber and May, 1989). They are widely dispersed throughout eukaryotic genomes (e.g., Gyapay et al., 1994), and are often highly polymorphic owing to variation in the number of repeat units (e.g., Amos et al., 1993). Although the application of microsatellite markers to population genetic studies is quite recent, with a relatively small number of plant and animal studies published (still fewer of these studies have been carried out from a conservation genetics perspective), this will certainly change completely within the next few years. This is because the potential for the use of these markers in small populations, and especially in endangered species, is very great, primarily since material for microsatellite analysis can potentially be sampled noninvasively from free-living populations (e.g., Morin et al., 1994a). This fact, together with the high information content of the genetic data yielded by microsatellite loci, will serve to make these markers one of the tools of choice for many future conservation genetic studies.
Simulation Models of Bottleneck Events in Natural Populations
Authors: Halley John , Hoelzel A Rus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss how simulation models can be used to study the development of natural populations after bottleneck events. We will show how the consequent genetic effects can be used to infer the characteristics of a bottleneck, and compare models based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with those based on nuclear DNA. We will illustrate these with respect to three examples: the Northern elephant seal following the bottleneck of 1884, the Ngorongoro crater lions following the Stomoxys epidemic in 1962, and the Asian lions in the Gir forest.
Applications of Genetics to the Conservation and Management of Australian Fauna: Four Case Studies from Queensland
Authors: Moritz Craig , Wilmer Jessica Worthington , Pope Lisa , Sherwin William B , Taylor Andrea c. , Limpus colin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Australian vertebrate fauna presents a profound challenge to conservation biology (Table 27-1). For marsupials alone, 10 species have become extinct over the 200 years since European colonization and a further 27 species are currently regarded· as endangered or vulnerable (Kennedy, 1992). The causes of these extinctions and declines are debated, but there seems little doubt that habitat clearing and degradation combined with predation by introduced species (such as cats and foxes) are major threats (Morton, 1990; Recher and Lim, 1990). Particularly notable is the large number of small mammals formerly widespread on the continent, but now restricted to islands (Burbidge, 1994). Substantial problems have also been identified for other groups of terrestrial vertebrates (Table 27-1); for example, there is a suite of rapidly declining frog species in the wet tropical rainforests of north Queensland (Richards et al., 1993). These figures are likely to be underestimates given that new species of Australian vertebrates are still being reported at a high rate (Baverstock et al., 1994): 36% of amphibians and reptiles have been described in the last 20 years (Cogger et al., 1993).
Nature Red in Tooth and Claw The Neurobiological Sources of Rage and Anger
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although aggression has multiple causes, in psychiatric practice the most problematic forms arise from anger. Many stimuli can provoke anger, but the most common are the irritations and frustrations that arise from events that restrict freedom of action or access to resources. Although psychologists have documented numerous environmental precipitants of anger and aggression, they have yet to clarify the difficult question: What is anger? One reason this topic has been avoided is that anger is a primitive state of the nervous system that cannot be explained by mere words or environmental events. It must be clarified through a study of the underlying neuroevolutionary processes. As most observers have agreed throughout history, the emotion of anger is a human birthright, arising from our ancestral heritage. During this century, we have finally come to understand, at least in part, the nature of brain circuits that generate these powerful and often dangerous feelings, which yield behaviors that moral philosophers of the previous century said “deserved reprehension” and which emerge from our potential for “evil.” Modern evidence suggests that anger emerges from the neurodynamics of subcortical circuits we share homologously with other mammals. The general locations of these circuits have been identified by localized electrical stimulation of the brain. The RAGE circuits run from medial areas of the amygdala, through discrete zones of the hypothalamus and down into the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain. These areas are hierarchically arranged so that higher functions are dependent on the integrity of lower ones. The more we understand about these circuits, the more we will understand the fundamental nature of anger itself. A knowledge of the brain areas where rage is evoked now allows us to work out the neurochemistries of this basic emotion. Such knowledge should eventually permit development of new medications to control pathological rage, as well as other impulse-control disorders that promote aggression. Unfortunately, most forms of human aggression may be instrumental or predatory in nature, and an understanding of anger will not help us solve the prevalent social problems that arise from such sociopathological motivations. In sum, aggression is a broader phenomenon than anger itself. Aggression is not always accompanied by anger, and anger does not necessarily lead to aggression, especially in mature humans who can control such base impulses.
The Sources of Fear and Anxiety in the Brain
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to traditional thinking on the topic, which taught that fears simply reflect learned anticipation of harmful events, it now appears that the potential for fear is a genetically ingrained function of the nervous system. This should come as no surprise. An organism’s ability to perceive and anticipate dangers was of such obvious importance during evolution that it was not simply left to the vagaries of individual learning. Even though learning is essential for animals to utilize their fear systems effectively in the real world, learning does not create fear by pasting together a variety of external experiences. Evolution created several coherently operating neural systems that help orchestrate and coordinate perceptual, behavioral, and physiological changes that promote survival in the face of danger. The emotional experience of fear appears to arise from a conjunction of neural processes that prompt animals to hide (freeze) if danger is distant or inescapable, or to flee when danger is close but can be avoided. To understand the deep experiential nature of fear in humans, we must probe the genetically ingrained neural components that mediate homologous fearful states in other mammals. Our understanding of the neuro-biology of human fears has emerged largely from basic research on the brains of “lower” animals. These investigations indicate that the capacity to experience fear, along with fear-typical patterns of autonomic and behavioral arousal, emerges primarily from a FEAR circuit that courses between the central amygdala and the periaqueductal gray of the midbrain. Fear behaviors can be evoked by artificially activating this circuit, and conditioned fears can be developed by pairing neutral stimuli with unconditional stimuli, such as electric shock, that can arouse this emotional system. In other words, conditioned fears emerge by neutral stimuli gaining access to this system via learning. Higher cortical processes are not necessary for the activation of learned fears, although those processes refine the types of perceptions that can instigate fear. The neurochemistries that control this emotional system include excitatory amino acids such as glutamate and a variety of neuropeptides (e.g., CRF, a-MSH, ACTH, CCK, and DBI), each of which may eventually be found to instigate slightly different anxieties-for instance, fear of pain, fear of heights, fear of predators. Minor tranquilizers of the benzodiazepine (BZ) class act by partially dampening activity in this emotional system, through GABA-mediated neural inhibition. Other antianxiety drugs such as buspirone are able to attenuate anxiety in totally different ways, such as by modifying serotonin sensitivity in the brain. New agents-for instance, those that inhibit cholecystokinin (CCK) and other neuropeptide receptor systems (especially CRF) as well as those that stimulate neuropeptide Y and oxytocin systems-show considerable promise of yielding a new generation of antianxiety agents. Others are bound to follow as our knowledge of the FEAR system becomes complete.
Superior Olivary Complex and Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus
Authors: Helfert Robert H , Aschoff Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The superior olivary complex (SOC) is a cluster of auditory nuclei located in the brainstem of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It shows considerable variation among species with respect to both position within the brainstem and cytoarchitecture. The SOC receives bilateral ascending input from the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and descending input from the ipsilateral inferior colliculus (IC). Its principal projections are to the IC, lemniscal nuclei, cochlear nucleus (CN), and cochlea. The main functions of the SOC include sound localization, control of the organ of Cortivia the olivocochlear system, and noise protection via the acoustic middle ear reflex circuitry.
What Is Evolutionary Game Theory?
Authors: Hammerstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Charles Darwin developed his theory of natural selection, he created a picture of the evolutionary process in which organismic adaptation was ultimately caused by competition for survival and reproduction. This biological “struggle for existence” bears considerable resemblance to the human struggle between businessmen who are striving for economic success in competitive markets. Long before Darwin published his work, social scientist Adam Smith had already considered that in business life, competition is the driving force behind economic efficiency and adaptation. It is indeed very striking how similar the ideas are on which the founders of modern theory in evolutionary biology and economics have based their main thoughts.
Ideally, this similarity of ideas could have led to a permanent interchange be tween disciplines after Darwin (1859) wrote his The Origin of Species. It seems, however, as if the theories of evolution and of economics first needed to mature independently before such an interdisciplinary dialogue could become very fruitful. Biologists, on the one hand, had to explore the mechanisms of inheritance and to achieve their own synthesis of theories about phenotypic and genetic evolution.