bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whither Forgiveness In American Politics?
Authors: Shriver Donald W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Midway in the writing of this book, in early 1992, I had the opportunity to test its major themes in three months of conversation with a cross section of citizens of South Africa. At first, many of them took occasion to warn me against my becoming “another American writing a book about South Africa.” To this warning I always replied that my book centered on my own country but that a good reason for foreign travel is to understand one’s own more clearly through the perspectives of another. In fact Americans can achieve impressive new clarity about the reality and costs of racism in their own United States by observing the same in modern South Africa. The apartheid regime of forty years has inflicted upon that society a stark version of. racist exploitation that mightily resembles slavery. South African whites may resent the analogy, but not many black South Africans will. All wise people in both countries are likely to agree that recovery from structured, coercive racism in any society is a long process. Estimates vary widely as to how long it will take a new government in South Africa to repair the damages done its majority during centuries of exclusion from land ownership, first-rate education, modem health care, decent housing, the best jobs, political power, and public recognition of human dignity. But Americans who know the post-1865 history of freed black slaves and their contemporary descendants have every reason to wonder if a society so damaged can recover in only a few decades.
Tunneling Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following chapters we describe seven different types of atomic force microscopes that map forces across the surface of a sample. The development of these systems is an exercise in ingenuity, where many possible configurations have been tried. Common to each system is the use of a delicate sensor that measures the minute force-induced deflections of a flexible lever supporting the force-sensing tip. By raster scanning the tip across a surface, we get a two-dimensional mapping of the forces acting between the tip and the sample.
Homodyne Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a basic homodyne detection system, shown schematically in Fig. 6.1, a polarized laser beam passes through a beam splitter and is incident on a Fabry Perot whose reflecting surfaces consist of an optical flat and a lever supporting the force-sensing tip. The beam reflected back from the Fabry Perot is incident on the same beam splitter and is deflected into a photodetector that generates a photocurrent used to image the force acting on the tip. In a differential homodyne detection system, a fraction of the laser power, serving as a reference beam, is diverted by a beam splitter to a first photodetector. The light passing through the beam splitter, acting as the signal beam, is incident on the Fabry Perot, reflected back, and deflected into a second photodiode. The currents of the two photodetectors are compared, and the difference yields a signal that is used to image the force acting on the tip. Actual systems will contain many more components that will improve their operation, as will be discussed later. If the lever oscillates at frequency n, then the photocurrent will consist of components with frequency 0, 0, and 20, to the second order. Using a phase-sensitive detector we can obtain the amplitude of vibration from the ratio of the first and second harmonics.
Heterodyne Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a heterodyne detection system (Martin and Wickramasinghe 1987), shown schematically in Fig. 7.1, the first beam splitter divides into two components. One passes through an acousto-optic modulator that shifts the beam frequency by Om , and the other is reflected onto a mirror as a reference beam. The beam with the shifted frequency, serving as the signal beam, passes through a polarizing beam splitter, a quarter-wave plate, and finally, a microscope objective that focuses it onto the lever supporting the force-sensing tip. The lever reflects the beam back through the microscope objective and quarter-wave plate, which rotates the polarization on the two passes by 90°. The polarizing beam splitter then deflects the beam through an analyzer that adjusts the relative power of the beam incident on the photodetector. The reference beam is deflected by a second mirror, passes through the polarizing beam splitter and analyzer, and is incident on the same photodetector. The reference and signal beams interfere on the photodetector, which generates a current consisting of a spectrum of frequencies. The photocurrent is fed into a single side-band receiver driving a phase-sensitive detector that provides the signal used to display the force acting on the tip.
Laser-Diode Feedback Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lasers are notorious for their sensitivity to optical feedback, and even a minute amount of light emitted by the laser that is fed back into its cavity can affect its operation drastically. Under certain optical feedback conditions, the operation of the laser can become noisy, bistable, or even chaotic. We can, however, take advantage of this sensitivity and use the laser to detect small variations in this feedback. In a laser-diode feedback detection system, shown schematically in Fig. 8.1, a lever supporting the force-sensing tip is mounted several micrometers from the front facet of the laser. The lever and front-facet combination act as a lossy Fabry Perot, whose reflectivity serves as the effective reflectivity of the front facet of the laser. The optical losses are the result of diffraction effects where successive reflections between the front facet and lever decrease for higher orders. With a round lever, for example, we can use only the first-order reflection. The system described in this chapter is based on laser-diode feedback and has unique properties that make it an attractive approach for monitoring the minute vibrations of an optical lever in a scanning force microscope.
Deflection Detection System
Authors: Sarid Dror 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a deflection detection system (Meyer and Amer 1988a,b, 1990a, Alexander et al. 1989, Marti et al. 1990, and Hipp et al. 1992), shown in Fig. IO.I, a collimated laser beam is focused on a lever supporting the force-sensing tip, and is reflected back into two closely spaced photodetectors whose photocurrents are fed into a differential amplifier. A minute deflection of the lever causes one photodetector to collect more light than the other, and the output of the differential amplifier, which is proportional to the deflection of the lever, is used to image the forces across a sample. The system differs from the other optical systems in that all the optical elements are at a large distance from the lever, and are therefore protected from mechanical damage if the tip “crashes.” Later we will describe in detail three different implementations of the deflection method. Here we analyze a deflection detection system using a simplified case, where the optical beam has a “rectangular” cross section. Although the more accurate theory, using Gaussian beams, would be somewhat more involved, we expect the result to be similar.
Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Sarid Dror 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the microscopic and macroscopic theories that model interatomic (as well as intermolecular) forces, and present theoretical applications for, and experimental results of, atomic force microscopy. Interatomic forces act between any two atoms or molecules and can be classified according to whether they are repulsive or attractive, short or long range. In equilibrium, typical interatomic spacings are on the order of 2 to 3 A, below which interatomic forces are always repulsive and short range. At larger atomic separations, however, the long-range interatomic forces can be either repulsive or attractive. The theory involving the short-range repulsive forces is the more difficult one, because at close proximity, two atoms sense mainly each other, and the interaction is atom specific. In contrast, when the distances involved are large relative to atomic distances, only averages of atomic properties must be taken into account. At large distances, therefore, one can model the interaction as if it were between two macroscopic bodies, and the theory is simpler. A significant simplification in the calculation of short-range interatomic forces can be obtained by realizing that (through the Hellman-Feynman theorem) once the distribution of electronic charges is known for each of the molecules separately, the interaction between any two can be calculated using classical electromagnetic theory. One can, therefore, come up with a simplified picture of electronic charge distributions and, in quite a straightforward manner, deduce the main features of interatomic interactions using classical methods.
Federal Correctional Institution, Talladega, Alabama
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the underlying issue in the Talladega riot in 1991 was the same as at Atlanta—the unwillingness of Cuban detainees to be deported—it was in no way a replay of the earlier incident. The preriot situation and the political context were much different.
In settling the 1987 Atlanta and Oakdale riots, Bureau of Prison (BOP) officials had pursued a strategy of “endless patience”: negotiate a peaceful resolution without concern for time. Ten days into the Talladega disturbance, officials concluded that time was no longer on their side. Negotiations had stalled, and the health and safety of the hostages were becoming increasingly worrisome. A carefully planned and rehearsed assault, maximizing the element of surprise, ended the incident without serious injuries to the hostages or to the detainees.
Object of Experiences: Quantum State-Observables-Statistics
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpretation usually applies to texts. Unlike discourses, which are rooted in concrete situations and surroundings to which demonstratives and other indexical terms refer, texts are to some degree decontextualized. A text addresses unknown audiences and frees itself from the conditions of its production, thus opening the possibility for various readings. Reading is receptive but not passive, and genuine reading is interpretive. The reader contributes by adopting, fixing the references, finding meaning for textual descriptions in his own comprehension, entering the world jointly opened by the text and his anticipation, thereby gaining an understanding of the text. Understanding, interpretation, and application are inseparable elements of a hermeneutical act.
The Event Structure and the Spatio-temporal Structure: Local Fields
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Going from classical mechanics to quantum field theory, the focus of physics changes from locomotion to dynamical interaction. The transformation brings interrelated changes in the basic material, dynamical, and spatial concepts. The primary form of matter changes from discrete mass points in empty space to continuous fields comprising discrete events. The primary dynamical concepts change from action-at-a-distance to coupling-on-the-spot, from external forces to interactions generated by the inter actants themselves. Unlike classical and nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, where spatial position is a dynamical variable and time is the lone parameter, position is now a parameter on equal
Explicit Relations and the Causal Order: Interacting Fields
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 we considered a single object. An important concept for an object is its state space, which encompasses all its possible states. The state space can be described by any one of a class of systems of predication, usually called coordinate systems in physics. Various systems are related by transformations, under which the objective state is invariant. The conceptual structure of representation-transformation-invariant embodies the logical distinction between the objective state and its representations or definite descriptions. In Chapter 6 we derived a host of objects called events, which, although situated in a spatiotemporally structured world, are totally disjointed. There is neither spatitemporal nor qualitative relation among the events.
Poetry and Patronage
Authors: Goldberg Sander M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Midway through Plautus’ Truculentus, the soldier Stratophanes makes a grand and delightfully disingenuous entrance. We treat his comment today as a literary, perhaps even meta¬ theatrical joke. This confident soldier, glinting before us in full kit, plays to our expectations of the braggart warrior. His speech may bring Pyrgopolynices to mind, or Therapontigonus Platagidorus, or any of those other comic gloriosi whose words prove so much bolder than their deeds. For Plautus’ own audience, however, the joke was as much topical as literary. By the late third century, real generals were publicizing their victories at Rome with nearly the vigor that had won them abroad. Though state interests must have come first, private interests apparently came a close second: the race for individual glory was fiercely competitive. Military claims and political counterclaims were therefore often in the air. Among the resulting conflicts was a famous case in 190 in which two proconsuls, M.’ Acilius Glabrio and Q. Minucius Thermus, petitioned for triumphs. Glabrio’s petition was granted, but Thermus was not so fortunate. Cato, aroused to scorn by Thermus’ arrogant behavior in Liguria, attacked him in a strident speech that came down to later generations under the title De Jalsis pugnis. The petition was denied after heated debate.
Ciceronian Sirens
Authors: Goldberg Sander M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What little we know of Ennius’ immediate successors provides little help for tracing the details of epic’s development, but there is no doubt of its growing popularity. By the later second century, a time when revivers of Plautus’ Casina would lament the demise of drama’s flos poetarum (19), epic verse began appearing with some frequency at Rome. Accius, that man of many talents and interests, found time to write Annales, though the meager remains of his poem suggest myth and festival rather than history. A poet named Hostius, exact dates and connections unknown, wrote a Bellum Histricum that probably described a campaign and triumph in 129 by the consul C. Sempronius Tuditanus. Cn. Matius and the shadowy Ninnius Crassus both trans¬ lated the Iliad into Latin hexameters; a hexameter Odyssey, which Priscian would eventually confuse with Andronicus’ poem, probably also dates from this period. The consul Lutatius Catulus had a friend named Furius of Antium, who wrote an epic that later grammarians hated: its single, six-line fragment is full of neologisms that may pre¬ figure neoteric innovations. And all this came well before Varro of Atax and Furius (Bibaculus?) celebrated Caesar’s campaigns in epic verse and Volusius penned the notorious Annales whose cacata carta would arouse Catullus’ enthusiastic scorn (36, 95).
Max Weber’s Sociology of Politics as a Sociology of Intellectuals
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall draw upon Max Weber’s political sociology and his political writings only insofar as they shed light on the relationship between politics and intellectuality. Weber’s futur­ ology, that is, his assessment of the objective possibilities of occi­ dental civilization and the trajectory of its future development, is also relevant to the purposes of this chapter. Insights Weber had gained in the course of his studies in the field of comparative historical sociology about the developmental trends of the Western world helped shape his political ideals and the strategies he favored for achieving them. As intellectuals and intelligentsia appear as two of the major protagonists in Weber’s grand scenario about the future of the Occident, a brief taxonomical note on the differences of the ideal types of intellectuals and intelligentsia seems to be in order. Further elaboration of this topic, in accordance with the Weberian methodological tradition, has been deferred to the last chapter of this book.
Introduction to Wavelets and their Applications to Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Jameson L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction to wavelets is written for the engineer and not for the pure mathematician, and consequently, relies more on intuition and calculus than on functional analysis. That is, technical mathematical language is avoided and the emphasis is placed on how to use wavelets as a tool to help one to get an answer to a physical problem. Of particular interest are the possible applications of wavelets in computational fluid dynamics (CFD). For introductions to wavelet methods which are slightly more theoretical, and consequently more mathematically precise, as well as being in the context of functional analysis, see the chapters by Liandrat and Tchamitchian in this volume.
Wavelets, Functions, and Operators
Authors: Tchamitchian Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of wavelets has many sources which certainly ex plains in part the rapid growth of the field, and its success in various scientific disciplines. These notes aim to provide the reader with an introduction to the basic mathematical concepts of wavelets which, until now, govern almost all the applications of wavelets to the study of operators. Before delving into the study of operators, we first concentrate on functions, or, from a more practical point of view, on signals. The first part of the notes is mainly concerned with the interpretation of wavelet coefficients. Our tutorial is far from complete, and in particular we avoid issues of practical implementation. More generally, we do not consider the important subject of filtering which has recently lead to the remarkable concept of wavelets packets (Wickerhauser 1993) which essentially allows the wavelet transform to be embedded in a much larger family of transformations. Regarding this recent development, “standard” wavelet theory may appear already out dated or too restrictive. We think however that a solid grounding of the basic wavelet transform will provide a strong foundation for all related disciplines for a long time.
Wavelets, Multiresolution Analysis and Fast Numerical Algorithms
Authors: Beylkin G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notwithstanding a short period of time since the word “wavelets” was first used to designate classes of functions which form bases of functional spaces, a set of ideas associated with the wavelet transform is already having a significant impact in science and engineering. To be sure, many of the ideas behind the wavelet transform have appeared independently in different fields of mathematics, electrical engineering, physics and computer science. These ideas arose to ad dress the limitations of the Fourier transform as a tool for analyzing signals and images in applications, and functions and operators in mathematics and physics. For example in image processing (Burt and Adleson 1983) and in seismics (Goupillaud, Grossman and Mor let 1984), multiresolution methods were developed in a search for a substitute for signal processing algorithms based on the Fourier transform. The technique of subband coding using quadrature mirror filters ( QMF) with the “exact reproduction property” was introduced in Smith and Barnwell (1986). Coherent states were studied in quantum mechanics (see references in Klauder and Skargerstam 1985, Littlewood and Paley 1937) while Calder6n-Zygmund theories (Calderon and Zygmund 1957) were developed in mathematics. For a historical account see Meyer (1990). In numerical analysis the fast multipole method (FMM) for computing potential interactions was constructed (Greengard and Rokhlin 1987, Carrier, Greengard and Rokhlin 1988). But it is the introduction of wavelets and the notion of multiresolution analysis that allows us to develop a unified perspective on these developments.
Some Wavelet Algorithms for Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Liandrat J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of wavelets in numerical analysis is at first glance attractive for two basic reasons. First, the wavelet approach and its associated multiresolution analysis provide nice approximation spaces Vj and Wj suitable for the computation of an approximate solution to problems in which small-scale structures are localized in space and whose location may vary in time. Second, the multiresolution spaces lead to fast hierarchical algorithms with O(Nlog N) operation count. These two properties alone are not sufficient to fully exploit the potential of wavelets. On must understand the action of operators and their inverses on wavelets to insure that the implicit systems of equations that are a part of many discrete numerical methods have the required nice properties for efficient inversion. These include diagonal dominance, low condition numbers (or the existence of good preconditioners), and banded structure.
Introduction
Authors: Dipiero W S , Burian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ion is one of those plays of Euripides that refuses to stay put. Is it a savage attack on Apollo and traditional Greek religion? a celebration of Athens’ divine origins and imperial destiny? or a sophisticated and disenchanted comedy of ideas? It has been claimed as all these things and more. Although the various readings seem fundamentally incompatible, none can simply be dismissed as without textual foundation. But attempts to fix the play’s meaning by reference to a religious or political thesis or even to escapism dictated by the hard times in Athens around 410 B.C.1are inevitably reductive. Even a cursory glance at the action is enough to suggest what disturbing riptides of thought and feeling run just below the shimmering surface of Euripidean melodrama. Kreousa, queen of Athens, and Xouthos, her foreign husband, arrive at Delphi to ask Apollo’s help in ending their childlessness. The god, however, had long ago raped Kreousa and left her with a son whom she bore in secret and abandoned. Unbeknownst to her, Apollo had the baby brought to Delphi and raised to become a temple servant. Now, when the boy is already entering young manhood, Apollo bestows him on Xouthos as the latter’s child. Kreousa, who does not know the truth about the child’s identity, reacts to her husband’s good fortune by trying to kill-as an interloper-the very son she has despaired of finding. The attempt providentially fails, but it is only after the boy in turn threatens Kreousa with death that the Pythia at last reveals the birth tokens that permit the mother to recognize and embrace her son. The child of Kreousa and Apollo will now shoulder his Athenian destiny, and Xouthos will be left content in the belief that the boy, whom he has named Ion, is really his own.