bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I
slam,
S
hi'a, and
S
unna
Authors: Salama Sammy , Thompson Kathleen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fourteen centuries ago, an important schism occurred within the Islamic umma (nation of believers). From this rift, two main factions emerged: the Sunna and the Shi'a. Since then, myriad events in the Middle East have shaped the worldview and attitudes of the minority Shi'a population. Knowledge of this Islamic history is vital to understanding the dynamics of present day Iran and Iraq, both Shi'a nations. The schism sparked the idea of martyrdom, which had a tremendous impact on the history of Islam. This concept of martyrdom (shahada) is now used by militant groups to justify suicide bombings as a legitimate method of warfare. To best understand the motives of self‐martyrdom one must go back again to the reasons for the schism. This article focuses on the history of this division since it appears that both Iran and Iraq will be among the central focal points of U.S. foreign policy. The study of this history is necessary to understand the modern attitudes and postures of these two countries.
I
srael
Authors: Oppenheimer Andy 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Israel has the capacity and resources to develop and produce biological weapons and has long been suspected of having such a program. It is widely believed that the Israel Institute for Biological Research is Israel's main center for both offense and defensive biological weapons research. Whether Israel possesses an actual production above pilot scale is unknown. Israel is not a signatory to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.
This article discusses Israel's biological weapon‐related efforts for both defensive (vaccines, antidotes, detection and decontamination equipment, and protective clothing), and offensive (deliverable biological agents) purpose.
K
urdistan
Authors: Nelson Gail H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Kurdistan straddles the international boundaries of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and the former Soviet Union. The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims and are the fourth most numerous people in the Middle East. The Kurds have been in continuous confrontation with host nations since antiquity. The triad of Iran, Iraq, and Turkey pursued anti‐Kurdish policies since World War II. The most serious incident occurred in 1988, when the Iraqi government bombed the town of Halabja with chemical weapons. More than 5000 people died from the attack, the largest chemical attack that had ever been launched against a civilian population. The Kurdish quest for autonomy cannot be suppressed without precipitating protracted rebellion. They will remain a source of extremist activity and a breeding ground for regional instability. None the less, it is unlikely that Kurdish separatists will pursue a WMD capability to achieve political objectives.
Plague (

Y
ersinia pestis

)
Authors: Popov Serguei 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Yersinia pestis
is classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a Category A agent, of highest priority in terms of public health and national security. Its high degree of infectivity and potential for person‐to‐person transmission have led to its development as a weapon by numerous state‐level biological warfare programs in the past. The disease exists in three principle forms, bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Pneumonic plague, the most likely manifestation of deliberate exposure, is the most rapidly progressive and frequently causes fatal pneumonia if not immediately treated. Coughing by victims of pneumonic plague releases airborne droplets that can spread the disease to other individuals, compounding the potential impact of this form of the disease.
POLISARIO
Authors: Nelson Gail H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The goal of the POLISARIO is the creation of a sovereign Western Saharan state ruled by a democratic government that represents the Sahrawi tribes and Islamic culture. The means it chooses to achieve these goals include international diplomacy, insurgency, and terrorist attacks directed against Moroccan interests. However, the POLISARIO's modus operandi does not include the use of WMD to achieve its political objectives.
Scientists, Societies, and Bioterrorism Defense in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Colwell Rita R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fundamental research is one of the pillars of the United States strength and prosperity. A series of events specific to biological science and microbiology has unfolded in the approach to research. In 1980 smallpox was declared eradicated. Many microbiologists were not converts to the idea of eradication and in fact, have doubts about absolutes. There is now the paradox that must be faced that smallpox is now number one on the list of potential biological weapons. This situation symbolizes the obligation to outline new roles for scientists who must now deal with the global problem of bioterrorism. This article gives potential actions that microbiologists could take to assist federal and state health agencies, first responders, and citizens in the event of a bioterrorist attack or an infectious disease outbreak.
Smallpox
Authors: Pilch Richard F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe smallpox virus was officially eradicated worldwide in 1977. It remains of primary concern as a biological warfare agent, however, due to its contagiousness, morbidity, and mortality. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists the virus as a Category A agent, meaning that it is of the highest priority in terms of the threat it poses to both public health and national security. The smallpox virus is exceedingly difficult to acquire, and its successful production and delivery require substantial technical ability on the part of the perpetrator. Preemptive vaccination, though carrying some risk, offers an effective means of prevention, but whether the benefits of this approach outweigh the risks remains a topic of debate. In the event of a smallpox outbreak in the United States, a surveillance‐containment ring vaccination strategy will be implemented. If this approach is ineffective, mass vaccination will be employed.
Syndromic Surveillance
Authors: Zelicoff Alan P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article examines a vital area of the nation's counterterrorism response: the use of clinicians as sentinel detectors of unusual signs and symptoms. In their patient population coupled with real‐time analysis by public health experts of clinical data to provide the earliest possible detection of unusual disease outbreaks and patterns. A relatively novel means for conducting this search is via clinical “syndrome‐based surveillance”. This approach can at least augment existing public health reporting infrastructure for classical “reportable disease” and laboratory‐based surveillance. It can dramatically increase the likelihood of identification of intentionally introduced disease in animal and human populations. In addition this approach can enhance the robustness of routine public health systems including the detection of vaccine preventable illness and vector‐borne disease.
U
nited
S
tates
D
epartment of
A
griculture
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Following the attacks of September 11th, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has played an integral role in protecting the United States from acts of bioterrorism. Most importantly, the USDA has been tasked with protecting America's food supply and agricultural products. A number of protocols, for which the USDA is responsible, have recently been implemented, including the Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002. Additionally, the USDA began collaboration with the Department of Homeland Security in an attempt to protect the U.S. from future bioterrorism attacks.
Analysis of the degradation of poly(1‐butene) pipe through oxidation induction time tests
Authors: Bigg D. M. , Heater K. J. , Grunden B. L. , Badowski D. E. , Ricks J. G. , Brasch J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe oxidation induction time (OIT) test is a powerful technique for evaluating the oxidative stability and/or degradation of polymers. It is especially effective in examining the relative utility of antioxidants on the stability of oxidizable polymers. It is also useful in determining whether or not antioxidants have been leached from the polymer, thus negating their effectiveness. In this study, the OIT test has been used to show the loss in effectiveness of antioxidant from the interior surface of poly(1‐butene) pipe used to convey potable water. The loss in antioxidant effectiveness was confirmed by significantly reduced OIT times. Confirmation of oxidation of the polymer was subsequently made by IR analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:215–225, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20045
Effect of crystallization and interface formation mechanism on mechanical properties of film‐insert injection‐molded poly(propylene) (PP) film/PP substrate
Authors: Yamaguchi S. , Leong Y. W. , Tsujii T. , Mizoguchi M. , Ishiaku U. S. , Hamada H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA previous study has shown that the adhesion between the film and substrate of film‐insert injection‐molded poly(propylene) (PP) film/PP substrate was evident with the increases in barrel temperature and injection holding pressure. In this second part of the research work, the crystallinity at the interfacial region (i.e., region between the film and the injected substrate) was extensively studied using FTIR imaging, polarized light microscopy, and DSC in an attempt to determine the level of influence that crystallinity has on the interface and bulk mechanical properties. Consequently, a more thorough and clearer picture of the influence of the inserted film on the interfacial crystallinity and subsequently the substrate mechanical properties, such as peel strength and impact strength, has been revealed. The initial proposition that crystallinity could enhance film–substrate interfacial bonding has been confirmed, judging from the higher peel strength with increasing crystallinity at the interfacial region. Nevertheless, the change in crystallinity was not only confined to the interfacial region. With the film acting as heat‐transfer inhibitor between the injected resin and the mold wall, the total crystal structure of the substrate was substantially altered, which subsequently affected the bulk mechanical properties. The lower impact strength of film‐insert injection‐molded samples compared to that of samples without film inserts provided evidence of how the film could impart inferior properties to the substrate. The difference in cooling rate between the substrate and film might also cause other defects such as warpage and/or residual stress build‐up within the product. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 294–301, 2005
Naturally occurring quinones and flavonoid dyes for wool: Insect feeding deterrents
Authors: Park Jung Hwa , Gatewood Barbara M. , Ramaswamy Gita N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the ability of natural dyes to impede the attack of black carpet beetles on wool. The dyes evaluated were naturally occurring quinines (cochineal, madder, and walnut) and flavonoids (chestnut, fustic, indigo, and logwood). All of the dyes, except indigo, were applied by using five mordanting agents (aluminum, chrome, copper, iron, and tin). Mordanting agents were used to bind natural dyes on wool. The insect resistance of the controls and dyed specimens was evaluated, following the fabric weight loss procedures in AATCC Test Method 24. All of the dyes, except indigo, increased the insect resistance of the wool fabric to attack by black carpet beetles. The wool specimens dyed with cochineal and madder, naturally occurring anthraquinone dyes, had the lowest fabric weight loss among eight natural dyes investigated. The flavonoid dyes were not effective in enhancing insect resistance. Alum, copper, and iron have no significant effect on enhancing or reducing insect resistance of any of the eight natural dyes used in this study. However, tin and chrome, when used as a mordant for cochineal, reduced the insect resistance dramatically. Surprisingly, tin improves the insect resistance of wool fabrics dyed with fustic dyes. The anthraquionones including cochineal, madder, and walnut were found to be quite effective in protecting wool fabric against black carpet beetles. Thus, the naturally occurring mordant dyes provide an alternative to insecticides in protecting wool textiles from insect attack. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 322–328, 2005
The ADAM‐integrin‐tetraspanin complex in fetal and postnatal testicular cords
Authors: Tres Laura L. , Kierszenbaum Abraham L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNew insights have emerged about the expression, during testicular cord formation, of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) domain family of proteins that combines both cell surface adhesion and proteolytic activity; this family includes integrins α3β1 and α6β1 and tetraspanins, a distinct family of proteins containing four transmembrane domains, a small and a large extracellular loop, and short cytoplasmic tails. ADAM3 (cyritestin), ADAM5, ADAM6, and ADAM15 are expressed in fetal rat testes. In contrast, the expression of the ADAM1/ADAM2 pair (fertilin α/fertilin β, respectively) is not detected in fetal testis. Yet the expression of ADAM1 starts immediately after birth, and is followed within 24 hr by the expression of ADAM2. Therefore, the ADAM1/ADAM2 heterodimer is visualized far in advance of the meiotic and spermiogenic phase of spermatogenesis. A similar expression pattern was observed for integrin subunits α3, α6, and β1, as well as for tetraspanins CD9, CD81, and CD98; the latter is a single‐pass integrin subunit β1‐binding protein. ADAM2, integrin subunits α3, α6, and β1, and tetraspanin CD9 and CD81 immunoreactive sites are observed in prespermatogonia (also known as primordial germ cells or gonocytes). A model is proposed in which the ADAM‐integrin‐tetraspanin complex, known to constitute a network of membrane microdomains called the tetraspanin web, may be involved in the migration of prespermatogonia from the center to the periphery of the testicular cords and in the reinitiation of mitotic activity during the initial wave of spermatogenesis. A complementary model consists in the rearrangement of the tetraspanin web in prespermatogonia/spermatogonia undergoing spontaneous or Fas‐induced apoptosis upon coculturing with Sertoli cells. In this model, the cellular site involved in the formation of preapoptotic bodies is devoid of tetraspanin‐integrin clusters, in contrast with nonapoptotic cells, which display a diffuse circumferential distribution. In apoptotic prespermatogonia, immunoreactive clusters are restricted to sites where the attachment of prespermatogonia/spermatogonia to Sertoli cell surfaces is still preserved. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 75:130–141, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trends in mortality and hospital admission rates for abdominal aortic aneurysm in England and Wales, 1979–1999
Authors: Filipovic M , Goldacre M J , Roberts S E , Yeates D , Duncan M E , Cook-Mozaffari P 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate trends in population-based mortality, hospital admission and case fatality rates for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) from 1979 to 1999.

Methods
This was an analysis of routine statistics from 79 495 death certificates in England and Wales and 3217 hospital inpatient admissions in the Oxford Region.

Results
Mortality rates for all AAAs increased between 1979 and 1999 from 13 to 25 per million in women and from 80 to 115 per million in men. Admission rates increased in the same time interval from three to 22 admissions per million per year in women, and from 52 to 149 per million per year in men. Case fatality rates for all non-ruptured AAAs that were operated on decreased from 25·8 to 9·0 per cent and for all ruptured AAAs from 69·9 to 54·4 per cent.

Conclusion
Mortality rates and hospital admission rates for AAA rose in men and even more so in women between 1979 and 1999. Perioperative mortality for ruptured AAA declined a little during the study but nonetheless was still very high at the end. This reinforces the importance of detecting and treating AAA before rupture occurs.
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in a geographically isolated area
Authors: Duncan J L , Wolf B , Nichols D M , Lindsay S M , Cairns J , Godden D J 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm has been shown to reduce aneurysm-related mortality, but the applicability of the results to the whole of the UK has been questioned. This study examined screening in a remote and rural area.

Methods
Over 3 years, men aged 65–74 years were offered screening in the community by ultrasonography, usually in general practitioner surgeries. Men with an aneurysm were rescanned at intervals or assessed for surgery. The screening and hospital costs of the programme were calculated.

Results
Some 9323 men were offered screening of whom 8355 (89·6 per cent) attended. Uptake was high in all areas. A total of 430 scans (5·1 per cent) were abnormal; 40 men had an aneurysm greater than 55 mm in diameter. Twenty further men had an aorta that enlarged to greater than 55 mm during follow-up. A total of 54 men had elective repair with one death (mortality rate 2 per cent). The cost of screening alone was £16 per invitation and the overall cost of the programme, including surgery, was £58 per invitation.

Conclusion
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm can be carried out in a remote and rural area with high uptake, acceptable clinical results and at no greater cost than in more densely populated areas.
Systematic review of recent evidence for the safety and efficacy of elective endovascular repair in the management of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Drury D , Michaels J A , Jones L , Ayiku L 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
Conventional management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is by open repair and is associated with a mortality rate of 2–6 per cent. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is an alternative technique first introduced in 1991. A systematic review was undertaken of the evidence for the safety and efficacy of elective EVAR in the management of asymptomatic infrarenal AAA.

Methods
Thirteen electronic bibliographical databases were searched, covering biomedical, health-related, science and social science literature. Outcomes were assessed with respect to efficacy (successful deployment, technical success, conversion rates and secondary intervention rates) and safety (30-day mortality rate, procedure morbidity rates and technical issues—endoleaks, graft thrombosis, stenosis and migration).

Results
Of 606 reports identified, 61 met the inclusion criteria (three randomized and 15 non-randomized controlled trials, and 43 uncontrolled studies). There were 29 059 participants in total; 19 804 underwent EVAR. Deployment was successful in 97·6 per cent of cases. Technical success (complete aneurysm exclusion) was 81·9 per cent at discharge and 88·8 per cent at 30 days. Secondary intervention to treat endoleak or maintain graft patency was required in 16·2 per cent of patients. Mean stay in the intensive care unit and mean hospital stay were significantly shorter following EVAR. The 30-day mortality rate for EVAR was 1·6 per cent (randomized controlled trials) and 2·0 per cent in nonrandomized trials and case series. Technical complications comprised stent migration (4·0 per cent), graft limb thrombosis (3·9 per cent), endoleak (type I, 6·8 per cent; type II, 10·3 per cent; type III, 4·2 per cent) and access artery injury (4·8 per cent).

Discussion
EVAR is technically effective and safe, with lower short-term morbidity and mortality rates than open surgery. However, there is a need for extended follow-up as the long-term success of EVAR in preventing aneurysm-related deaths is not yet known.
Synthesis and Properties of New Tetrazines Substituted by Heteroatoms: Towards the World's Smallest Organic Fluorophores
Authors: Audebert Pierre , Miomandre Fabien , Clavier Gilles , Vernières Marie‐Claude , Badré Sophie , Méallet‐Renault Rachel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNew tetrazines substituted by heteroatoms have been synthesized and their electrochemical and photochemical properties investigated. All compounds are reversibly electroactive with standard potentials shifting cathodically according to the donor character of the substituent. The tetrazine derivatives are also fluorescent with maximum emission wavelengths in the range 550–575 nm. Some of them show very long fluorescence lifetimes (several tens of ns) and remain fluorescent in the solid state without major changes in the spectral features. The fluorescence of one of the derivatives can be efficiently quenched by the presence of electron‐rich compounds such as triphenylamines, phenol or anisole, which make them very promising compounds for sensor applications.
Modified Expanded Corrole–Ferrocene Conjugates: Syntheses, Structure and Properties
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Misra Rajneesh , PrabhuRaja Viswanathan , Chandrashekar Tavarekere K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSyntheses, characterization and properties of expanded corrole–ferrocene conjugates are reported. Ferrocenyl group are covalently linked to the corrole macrocycle through three different spacers groups. The synthetic strategy involved prior insertion of ferrocene with spacers to the dipyrromethane unit followed by a “3+2” acid‐catalyzed oxidative coupling methodology. The optical and emission data of the expanded corrole–ferrocene conjugates depend on the nature and length of the spacer groups and the maximum effects are seen where ferrocene is directly linked to the meso carbon of macrocycle. The single crystal X‐ray structure of two expanded corrole–ferrocene conjugates; [22]pentaphyrin (1.1.0.1.0) with different meso substituents, clearly reveal shortening of the CC bond length linking the meso carbon and the aryl substituent containing the ferrocene moiety relative to meso aryl substituents without ferrocene. The results suggest that an electronic interaction between the two π systems. Electrochemical data reveal harder oxidation for the ferrocene unit in the conjugates relative to free ferrocene; this suggests the electron donating nature of the ferrocene. The first corrole ring oxidation shows easier oxidation relative to 1 and the magnitude of shifts in potential is inversely proportional to the length of spacer. The molecular first hyperpolarizabilities (β) measured at 1064 nm by HRS method vary in the range 20–32×10−30 esu and imply that the β values can be increased by enhancing the number of mobile electrons in the conjugation. The conjugates form 1:1 metal complex with the RhI where rhodium is coordinated to one amino and one imino nitrogen of the dipyrromethane unit.
Induced Axial Chirality in the Biphenyl Core of the Proatropoisomeric, Cα‐Tetrasubstituted α‐Amino Acid Residue Bip in Peptides
Authors: Mazaleyrat Jean‐Paul , Wright Karen , Gaucher Anne , Toulemonde Nathalie , Dutot Laurence , Wakselman Michel , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Kaptein Bernard , Oancea Simona , Peggion Cristina , Crisma Marco , Formaggio Fernando , Toniolo Claudio 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn induced axial chirality in the biphenyl core of the 2′,1′:1,2;1′′,2′′:3,4‐dibenzcyclohepta‐1,3‐diene‐6‐amino‐6‐carboxylic acid (Bip) residue, a conformationally labile, atropoisomeric, Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acid, was observed by CD and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques in the linear dipeptides Boc‐Bip‐Xaa*‐OMe where Boc=tert‐butoxycarbonyl, OMe=methoxy, and Xaa*=D‐ and/or L‐Ala, ‐Val, ‐Leu, ‐Phe, ‐(αMe)Val and ‐(αMe)Leu. Chiral induction was significantly lower in the isomeric dipeptides Boc‐Xaa*‐Bip‐OMe, with the Xaa* residue located at the N‐terminus of Bip, as well as in the cyclic dipeptide cyclo‐[Bip‐L‐Ala]. The results obtained in solution were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis of a crystalline sample of Boc‐(R)‐Bip‐D‐Ala‐OMe.