bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiating the Initial Phases of Cross-Cultural Alliances
Authors: Reardon Kathleen K , Spekman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To paraphrase John Donne, no corporation is an island. Just as people are linked by common concerns over such matters as pollution and world hunger, and countries form alliances for military protection and economic well-being, businesses today also find their fortunes inextricably bound with one another—with ties frequently crossing national borders.
Buyer-Supplier Coordination in the United States and Japanese Automobile Industries
Authors: Bensaou Ben M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In response to the new strategic challenges of global competition, many firms are undergoing profound organizational transformations. Typically, they are streamlining operations and moving toward more external contracting, producing a high level of interdependence between a focal firm and its network. But managers still have little understanding of the new organizational, managerial, and technological skills necessary for the effective coordination of these networks. The buyer-supplier relationships in the U.S. and Japanese automobile industries are examples of this phenomenon, and an examination of the differences be tween the two countries provides important insights into the factors that contribute to effective performance.
Corporate Refocusing and Global Strategic Competitiveness
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a 1987 survey of 4,000 executives, 92 percent agreed that U.S. competitiveness was declining. A concurrent survey of opinion leaders (e.g., economists, political leaders, small business owners, labor leaders, CEOs of large corporations) revealed a similar conclusion.1 While the decline of U.S. competitiveness against Japanese firms has been widely publicized, America’s competitiveness problems are not limited to its trade deficit with Japan. According to a report by the Council on Competitiveness, the United States has not fared well in comparison to Canada, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, or West Germany either.
The Making of a Religious Institution
Authors: Campbell James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reading contemporary colonial descriptions of African Methodism, one imagines swarms of “Negro” agitators—“alien demagogues of colour”—“stumping the country,” spreading their “hatred of the white man” throughout the furthest reaches of the subcontinent, poisoning “the good relations which have hitherto existed between Europeans and Natives.” In fact, African Americans were few and far between in the South African AME Church. Aside from Bishop Turner’s six-week visit in 1898, the church spent its formative years with no direct supervision from the United States. While the church drew much of its energy and meaning from its association with black America, it remained a distinctly “Ethiopian” movement.
That situation began to change in the early years of the twentieth century. In 1901 an African American Bishop, Levi]. Coppin, arrived in Cape Town to assume control of the newly designated Fourteenth Episcopal District of the AME Church. He was followed by a handful of African American ministers and teachers, as well as by the first returning South African graduates of Wilber-force University. Initially, the influence of this “American Colony”—the characterization was Coppin’s—was more or less confined to the Cape, thanks to the war in the interior and to postwar restrictions on travel.
Battles over Sovereignty
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the major political controversies of Andrew Jackson’s two terms in the White House involved issues of authority. Jackson exercised presidential authority in new ways, removing competent officeholders and vetoing more bills than all his predecessors put together. (The contrast with his immediate predecessor was particularly striking, since Adams had vetoed no bills at all.) Jackson engaged in contests of authority with Congress and barely avoided one with the Supreme Court. The Eaton Affair showed that even social intercourse could be a matter for the assertion of presidential authority. Ultimate authority, that is, sovereignty, became the subject of explicit and bitter debate during Jackson’s administrations. Rival claims of sovereignty for the states and the nation found expression in legal theory, rhetorical eloquence, and finally in political crisis. The president believed in the sovereignty of the American people and in himself as the embodiment of that sovereignty. The conflict between Jackson and the Second Bank of the United States escalated into a “war” waged in defense of both national and popular sovereignty. By the end of his presidency, Jackson had defended federal supremacy in the crisis with South Carolina even while encouraging neighboring Georgia to assert state sovereignty. In the last analysis, it was his personal authority, rather than that of the federal government or even the presidential office, which Jackson zealously maintained.
Logic And Experience
Authors: LaPiana William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 19th century saw dramatic changes in the legal education system in the United States. Before the Civil War, lawyers learned their trade primarily through apprenticeship and self-directed study. By the end of the 19th century, the modern legal education system which was developed primarily by Dean Christopher Langdell at Harvard was in place: a bachelor’s degree was required for admission to the new model law school, and a law degree was promoted as the best preparation for admission to the bar. William P. LaPiana provides an in-depth study of the intellectual history of the transformation of American legal education during this period. In the process, he offers a revisionist portrait of Langdell, the Dean of Harvard Law School from 1870 to 1900, and the earliest proponent for the modern method of legal education, as well as portraying for the first time the opposition to the changes at Harvard.
The Typical Japanese Overseas Factory
Authors: Kamiyama Kunio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outline of the Surveyed Factories Local plant observations were carried out in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, over a period of approximately 1.5 months from the middle of August to the end of September, 1989. A total of forty-nine American, Japanese, and Korean plants from the auto assembly, auto parts, consumer electronics, and semiconductor industries was investigated. Table 3-1 provides the outline of forty-one Japanese plants included in this total. Since the principal objective of this research is to study conditions pertaining to the transfer of the Japanese-style management and production system to the United States, the study focuses upon conditions obtaining among thirty-four Japanese plants located mainly in the United States. Three of these are located in Canada, but since management conditions affecting these plants are judged to be essentially the same as those in the United States, they are evaluated according to the same criteria as the plants located in the United States. This study includes nine auto assembly plants identified as plants AA to Al. The oldest of these is plant AA, which began producing automobiles in 1982 (motorcycles in 1979), followed by plants AB and AC, which also began production in the first half of the 1980s. The other six plants had a history of less than 2 years and in some cases had only just come on stream when the study was carried out. The nine auto parts plants were established over virtually the same period of time, reflecting the relatively short history of the expansion into the United States by the Japanese auto industry as a whole.
Crisis of Faith: Protecting the North Atlantic
Authors: O’Connell Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘ability of the U.S. Navy to adjust to the traumatic events that transpired in Europe after August 1914 had a great deal to do with the background and technological conceptions of the Annapolites looking on. Yet that ability was also a matter of pure partisanship. The most progressive element among the line officers, the insurgents, led by Sims, Fiske, and Fullam, had never hesitated to enter into civilian politics to get what they wanted, and for a time that strategy worked brilliantly. Yet-they had not experienced, or perhaps even thought about, the negative repercussions of becoming too closely associated with one side of the U.S. political process. In their own minds they were essentially interested in naval efficiency and naturally looked to those civilian politicians who were most sympathetic to their ideas. But they did not sufficiently understand that they had branded themselves in the eyes of the other side and when that side came to power, they would suffer accordingly.
Ownership and Commitment
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In each of the five companies, we found that the quality and level of effort expended on a development project-and thus the degree of success ultimately achieved-was tied directly to the extent of ownership and commitment exhibited by those involved. Unlike on going organizations, in which ownership and commitment occur within the functional groups on a long-term basis, development projects (which are by their very nature temporary) demand that individuals push themselves to the limit intellectually, socially, and physically. If they are not committed, or do not feel they own their work, they simply will not reach the level of effort required for outstanding success. The procedures by which the team works are also affected by the extent of ownership and commitment: conflict resolution, problem solving, communication are less effective if the people involved do not act with integrity, consistency, thoroughness, and genuine concern. Finally, the support a project receives from the rest of the company will also fall short if outside people do not feel that they, too, are important to its success and have a significant role in its completion.
An Opportunity for Leadership in Learning
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a scene played out many times over in many companies: after a long and arduous process a new product is unveiled, the project team celebrates, manufacturing and sales crank up the commercial engine, and senior management smiles and anxiously awaits the market’s response. It has been much the same in the Manufacturing Vision Group. We too have worked together as a team, have designed, prototyped, and developed our product (this book), and have been tempted to celebrate as the seven themes we derived from our study emerged in the form of seven completed chapters. But we also have been aware that even having finished the seven theme chapters, and the company histories that form the second half of the book, the “product” is incomplete. It is not that the seven themes are not the right ones; we believe they capture the driving forces of success in development. Indeed, our work together has convinced us of the power of these ideas. But it has also convinced us of the great challenge in actually putting these ideas into practice. The themes can only be effective to the extent they get implemented. Faster, better, more effective development will result from an understanding of these themes to the extent that the organization moves to action.
Eastman Kodak Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the slogan “You press the button, we do the rest,” George Eastman in 1888 put the first simple camera into the hands of the American public and set in motion what would become the world’s most successful producer of photographic products. Today, Eastman Kodak Co. of Rochester, New York, manufactures and markets products as diverse as pharmaceuticals, office copiers, specialty chemicals, polymers, and imaging materials for the health, business, and professional markets. With sales approaching $20 billion, Kodak ranks as the eleventh largest exporter of U.S. goods, doing business in over 150 countries and employing more than 130,000 people world wide.
Ford Motor Company
Authors: Bowen H Kent , Clark Kim B , Holloway Charles A , Wheelwright Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few companies can lay claim to a more noteworthy record of significant advances in manufacturing and mass production than the one started by Henry Ford in 1902. Driven by a vision of a light, simple, low-priced motor vehicle, Ford launched his company in a converted wagon shop in Detroit to assemble the first Model A.
The Nature of Universal Banking
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Universal banking can be defined as the conduct of a range of financial services comprising deposit-taking and lending, trading of financial instruments and foreign exchange (and their derivatives), underwriting of new debt and equity issues, brokerage, investment management, and insurance. As depicted in Figure 4–1, universal banking can take a number of forms, ranging from the “true” universal bank and the German model—subject to few restrictions as to what business banking and securities can be done and how it can be done but requiring separate subsidiaries for certain other activities—to the U.K. model involving the conduct of a relatively broad range of financial activities through separate affiliates of the bank, and the U.S. model, which generally requires a holding company structure and separately capitalized subsidiaries.
How Risky Would Universal Banks Be?
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the potential return-risk advantages of a universal banking structure. On the one hand, universal banking can be potentially beneficial since it allows the commercial bank to diversify into other activity areas and thus reduces the risk of failure. On the other hand, some nonbank activities may be more risky than banking activities when viewed on a stand-alone basis. As a result, universal banking may increase the probability of bank failure.
Excursus: Jwj “Come” and Jnj “Bring”
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A remarkable difference in idiom between Egyptian and English is that, in English, one says, “He came and brought a friend” or “He came bringing a friend,” but in Egyptian, “He came having brought a friend.” Though this idiom does not express contiguity—the first verb, jwj/jjj “come,” is not substantival—it is discussed here because it shares with examples discussed previously the property that, from the point of view of the modern observer, the order of the events seems inverted at first sight.
Sdm.jn=f as Contingent Past
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New events in a narrative chain can only occur if the previous events in the chain have taken place.59 In “He approached the house and knocked on the door,” knocking on the door would be impossible without first approaching the house. From a certain point of view, approaching the house can be regarded as a condition that needs to be fulfilled for knocking on the door to be possible.
Physicians’ Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Rodwin Marc A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most physicians strive to heal patients, extend their lives, and relieve their pain. But doctors are made of the samestuff as other people. They have the usual passions, follies, virtues, and vices. Ideals may attract them-yet they must also make a living. Medicine almost inevitably involves a tension between the physicians’ commitment to healing others and their economic self-interest. Doctors, like others, can do well by doing good. But the tension often creates problems.
Organizational Campaigning
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toshiba seeks constant organizational change for the better, and organizational campaigning makes this happen. Organizational campaigning is a kind of programmed, disciplined, recurring activity that integrates a Knowledge Works’ multiple functions, products, and purposes, and orchestrates its managers, workers, and engineers, diffusing and amplifying their learning. Organizational campaigning joins factory-based QC (quality control), TQM (total quality management), JIT (just-in-time), and TP (total productivity) methods to enhance profits, reduce cycle time, and more efficiently mesh factory resources with corporate strategy-making. Effectively linking multiple goals and levels in something approaching real time is an organizational achievement of enormous significance.
Computer-on-a-Card
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between December 1985 and September 1987, a rather brief period of 22 months, the Yanagicho Works designed, developed, and delivered an engineering sample of the world’s first Super Smart card: a full-function, on-line/off-line, integrated circuit (IC), 16K RAM, threeline display, 10-key, credit-card sized computer. The speed with which this path breaking product was fashioned, given the formidable design, prototyping, and manufacturing hurdles, bespeaks a means of product design, development, and delivery that is unusually effective.
Disputes Over Status, Territory, and Frontiers
Authors: Khadduri Majid , Ghareeb Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Therfore World War I, Iraq was but a geographical expression. It existed only in the form of three provinces; each was integrated and dealt with as a unit within the overall Ottoman administrative system. Lacking an international status, each unit could not possibly deal directly with foreign governments.1 True, in ancient and medieval times, Iraq was the seat of great empires; but, after four centuries of Ottoman rule, only historical memory and Arab traditions inspired the people with a sense of identity that they belong to one political com¬ munity. It was to that historical memory, General Stanley Maude, commander of the British expeditionary force, referred in his address to the people, upon his entry to Baghdad, when he said that the British force had come not to dominate, but to liberate the country from Ottoman rule and to assist in the revival of its illustrious place in the history of mankind.
The Nonprofit Board of Directors
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last five chapters of this book, we have identified a number of special features of nonprofit management: the centrality of the mission, the complexity associated with facing customers who are simultaneously clients and donors, the intermingling of competition and cooperation in the sector, and the problems of dealing with professional staff and volunteers. This chapter examines the role of the board in the nonprofit and argues that in both structure and function, nonprofit boards differ somewhat from their for-profit counterparts.
The Potential for Change
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last ten chapters of this book have discussed a wide range of issues affecting nonprofit organizations: setting a mission, determining the industry structure, managing human resources, fundraising, and financial management. In this last chapter we turn to the issue of organizational change: How adaptive are nonprofit organizations? What are the pressures for change for nonprofits? What determines how successful change will be? Over time, there have been considerable changes in the economic landscape, changes in the kinds of goods and services produced, how they are produced, and where they are produced. In the nonprofit sector, as well, there have been substantial changes.
“Give Us the Tools “ British Propaganda and American Aid, January to August 1941
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first weeks of 1941 brought a new dawn in Anglo-American relations. On January 6, 1941, Roosevelt publicly pledged himself to an “all inclusive national defense” and “full support” for the Allied cause. Congress replied with the Lend-Lease bill. Britain breathed a sigh of relief. There were also signs of a new era in Anglo-American diplomacy. Joseph Kennedy resigned from the American Embassy in London and was replaced by the internationalist John Gilbert Winant. Roosevelt also sent his trusted aide Harry Hopkins on a six-week mission to Britain. The British pulled out all the stops to impress their guest. Charmed, Hopkins assured Washington that it could work well with the Churchill government.2 Unfortunately, Britain’s chief new arrival in Washington proved rather less successful.
Feminist Approaches to Bioethics
Authors: Tong Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debate and dialogue, controversy and consensus, criticism and construction: these signal that bioethicists are in the process of reinterpreting the relationship between ethical theories, principles, rules, and particular moral judgments. In a thirty-year retrospective article for the Journal of the American Medical Association, Edmund Pellegrino claims that medical ethics is undergoing cl transition equal to the one it made when it shifted from the “Hippocratic ethic” to so-called “principlism.” As he sees it, medical ethics is now living through a period of “anti-principlism,” the outcome of which is uncertain. Most of what Pellegrino notes about the “metamorphosis” of medical ethics also applies to the evolution of broader bioethics. At present, the bioethics community is in ferment as representatives of various schools of thought engage in serious negotiations and accommodations with each other, aimed at shaping a bioethics resilient enough to meet the moral challenges of the twenty-first century.
A Feminist View of Health
Authors: Purdy Laura M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We usually take it for granted that we know what health is. Yet fringe cases show that the concept is fuzzier than it seems. Are small breasts, for instance, a disease? Even a brief excursion into the literature on the concept shows that health, although we value it highly, is not easily defined. Yet developing a clear and coherent definition is necessary, both for personal decision making and for good health policy.
Vestibular Stimulation As A Neurodevelopmental Intervention With Preterm Infants: Findings And New Methods Of Revaluating Intervention Effects
Authors: Korner Anneliese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the recent technological advances in neonatology that have resulted in the survival of an increasing number of very young preterm infants, behavioral scientists have become concerned about the quality of life in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This concern has led to many different in-hospital intervention studies over the last 20 years, with varied rationales, and methodological approaches. The choices depended largely on whether preterm infants were viewed as babies deprived of the many forms of stimulation prevalent in a natural home environment or as infants deprived of forms of stimulation highly prevalent in in utero.