bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wilhelmine Germany
Authors: Hewitson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Royal Highness, a 360-page novel by Thomas Mann about artistic detachment and princedom, also functioned as a gentle satire of life in Germany at the turn of the century. The work is set in an unnamed German state of 80,000 square kilometres and one million inhabitants, modelled on the Grand Duchy of Baden. The plot turns on the love affair between the younger prince, Klaus Heinrich, who is returning to his family birthplace, and Imma Spoelmann, the daughter of an American millionaire. Mann’s novel provides an intriguing portrait of a local, state- bound, inward-looking society, and of the archaic oddities of the etiquette-ridden, ineffective, parochial ‘high politics’ of the royal court and government. It stands in marked opposition to his brother Heinrich’s satire of Wilhelmine Germany in The Loyal Subject, published in 1918 as part of a trilogy on the German Empire. Heinrich portrays a world in which local politics has been undermined by nationalism and where the modern, powerful, industrial imperialism of the ‘Kaiser’ has replaced traditional liberalism. By contrast, Thomas depicts a quaint and apolitical setting — one he had already used in his first novel Buddenbrooks (1901) and which he explored further in Reflections of an Unpolitical Man (1918) and ‘Lübeck as a Spiritual Way of Life’ (1926).
Recovering the Third Culture: Johann David Michaelis and the Study of Hebrew Language and Civilization
Authors: Legaspi Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like so many modern academic disciplines, philology-as it is practiced and understood today-took shape largely at the hands of German¬ speaking scholars in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. Though the study of Hebrew continued without interruption through the late antique, medieval. and Renaissance periods, the modem academic study of Hebrew philology (Hebräistik) was formalized, in a definitive way. at various academic venues within the context of the German university. where it was both a component of and a response to intellectual and religious currents related to the Aufklärung.The most import¬ ant figure in the establishment of a scientific (wissenschaftlich) study of Hebrew in this period was Johann David Michaelis (1717-1791).
Anatolij Evgen’evich Ivanov on Students in the Russian Empire
Authors: Peter Hartmut Rüdiger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anatolij Evgen’evich Ivanov (born 1936) can with justification be called the doyen of the historiography of Russian university and higher education of the nineteenth and early twentieth century. This historian has his academic home at the Institute of Russian History of the Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Already in the 1970s he had made a name for himself as a meticulous researcher of the structure and state control of higher education in Tsarist Russia. Even at that time, in a departure from the mainstream of Soviet historiography, his approach was determined by the history of ideas.
Disclosure in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disclosure issues affect every stage of the criminal investigation and subsequent proceedings yet this book is the only modern, comprehensive and in-depth volume on the subject. It provides the practitioner with a detailed analysis from a practical perspective by following chronologically the progress of a case from the outset of an investigation until its conclusion, addressing the obligations and responsibilities of each of the parties as they arise. The book focuses primarily on disclosure of the prosecutor's unused material, but it also covers the timing and content of disclosure by the prosecution of its case, and the obligations on the defence. Dedicated chapters on more specialist topics such as expert evidence, public interest immunity, and unused evidence are also included. The text analyses all the relevant law and procedure, to place practitioners in the best position to argue their case. It contains carefully selected appendices - comprising relevant parts of Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 as amended by the CJA 2003; CJA 2003; extracts from the Criminal Procedure Rules 2005; the CPIA Code of Practice; the new Attorney General's Guidelines on Disclosure; the Protocol for the Management of Heavy Fraud and Other Complex Criminal Cases; and extracts from the new CPS/ACPO Disclosure Manual.
Pre-Interview Disclosure
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers whether an interviewee has any statutory or common law entitlement to pre-interview disclosure for an interview by a criminal investigator. For the purposes of this chapter, such interviews can be divided into two classes: either an interview under caution where there is no obligation on the interviewee to answer questions1 or an interview conducted under statutory powers which compels the interviewee to answer questions and creates a discrete offence for a refusal to do so. Whereas the former can be termed a ‘voluntary’ interview, the latter can be termed a ‘compulsory’ interview.
Third-Party Disclosure
Authors: Corker David , Parkinson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The obligation of prosecutors under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 (CPIA) is to disclose relevant material which is in their possession and came into their possession in connection with the case for the prosecution against the accused, or which the prosecutor inspected in connection with the case.1 But frequently information which has some bearing on any offence under investigation or any person being investigated or the surrounding circumstances of the case is in the possession of a third party, rather than the investigator or prosecutor or the accused. This chapter considers the means by which such information may be obtained by either the prosecution or the accused.
Atomic displacement parameters
Authors: Shmueli Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our discussions of the structure factor have assumed that the effects of atomic displacements are hidden in the expressions for the scattering factor and hence in the electron density. It is, however, possible to write the positional and displacement parameters explicitly–albeit approximately–and even let them vary so that an optimal agreement is obtained between the magnitudes in the model for the structure factor and the corresponding magnitudes that are obtained from the observed intensity. This process of variation, known as the refinement of structural parameters, will be treated in the next chapter. The present chapter is devoted to an approximate description of the effects of atomic displacement, following closely Trueblood et al. (1996), and to some simple models of displacement parameters in terms of the positional parameters, such as those proposed by Schomaker and Trueblood (1968).
Early life
Authors: Ashton Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marian Evans [pseud.George Eliot] (1819–1880), novelist, was known under several names during her life: Mary Anne Evans (at birth), Mary Ann Evans (from 1837), Marian Evans (from 1851), Marian Evans Lewes (from 1854), and Mary Ann Cross (1880). She was born Mary Anne Evans on 22 November 1819 at South Farm on the Arbury estate in the parish of Chilvers Coton, Warwickshire, the third child of the second marriage of Robert Evans (1773–1849), manager of the large estates of the Newdigate family of Arbury Hall. Robert Evans’s work on the estate was wide-ranging.
Journalism in London
Authors: Ashton Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next few years were for Mary Ann a lonely and painful time. She had to nurse her father through a long illness, during which he was demanding and often ungrateful. She was exhausted, physically and emotionally, when he died on 31 May 1849. Robert Evans was buried in Chilvers Coton churchyard, next to his wife. His property was divided between his sons Robert and Isaac; Fanny and Chrissey, who had been given £1000 each when they married, received another £1000 in his will, as well as household items.
Life with G. H. Lewes
Authors: Ashton Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1853 George Henry Lewes had replaced Herbert Spencer in Marian Evans’s affections, and fortunately he returned them. He, too, was a regular contributor to the Westminster Review, as well as theatre critic for The Leader, the weekly paper which he co-edited with his friend Thornton Hunt. Lewes, two years older than Marian, had had a busy and varied career. From an insecure background, brought up by his mother and a hated stepfather, with a miscellaneous schooling, he had worked his way to prominence in literary London by means of prodigious talent, versatility, and hard work.
The Lucasian professor
Authors: Westfall Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only a few months after his return to Cambridge Newton faced another decisive election, this one for a fellowship and the possibility of an indefinite stay in Trinity. By 1667 Humphrey Babington was one of the eight senior fellows of the college. Newton prevailed in the election once again, and it seems likely that Babington’s support was decisive. At that time Newton became a minor fellow of Trinity and a year later, upon incepting MA, one of the college’s sixty major fellows. He received an income of about £60, part of which came in the form of room and board, and virtually no prescribed duties. He could tutor if he chose, and the college records show that over the years he was tutor to a total of three fellow-commoners.
Revisions and disputes
Authors: Westfall Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The climax of the struggle with John Flamsteed coincided with a number of other crises in Newton’s life. On 5 May 1711 an angry confrontation with Craven Peyton, warden of the mint, signalled the deterioration of their relationship. Tension continued at a high level until the death of Anne in 1714 and the fall of the tory government, with which Peyton was allied, led to the appointment of a new warden. During the same period, beginning in this case in 1709, Newton engaged himself in a second edition of the Principia, which taxed his time and energy until its completion in 1713.
Family, Lord North, and America
Authors: Cannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As well as being head of state George became, on the death of his grandfather, head of the royal family. With his mother, the princess dowager, he remained on cordial terms, and the misunderstanding over her initial exclusion from the Regency Bill was the last straw in his relations with Grenville. His marriage to Charlotte proved both affectionate and—as George had fervently hoped—fruitful. The queen preferred a quiet domestic life, shared her husband’s love of music, and had no wish to play a political role. For the first time since the reign of Charles I there were no mistresses at court to complicate private or public matters. Their first son, George (later George IV) was born after eleven months of married life on 12 August 1762, and was followed
The legacy and reputation of George III
Authors: Cannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George III had an important influence on national cultural life. On ascending the throne he determined to add to the library given by his royal predecessors to the British Museum. In the course of his reign he assembled ‘one of the finest libraries ever created by one man’ (Miller, 125). He was advised in this process by his librarian, Sir Frederick Barnard, and by Samuel Johnson, among others; by the time of his death it consisted of 65,250 volumes, 19,000 tracts and pamphlets, and the first large British collection of maps and charts. The king was also interested in typography and the design of books, establishing a royal bindery at Buckingham House. The royal collection was organized in three or more series, stored chiefly at Windsor and Buckingham House.
Plasmon–polaritons
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plasmas is an old and respectable subject. It was started by Langmuir in the 1920s. Its properties have been studied ever since but not always with the same vigour. Topics rose in response to new applications, and declined on reaching saturation or realizing that the chances of the envisaged solution are fast receding. The development of radio broadcasting led to the discovery of the Earth’s ionosphere that reflects radio waves and is responsible for reception of radio signals when the transmitter is over the horizon. Hannes Alfven’s theory of magnetohydrodynamics (1940) that treated plasma as a conducting fluid has been employed to investigate sunspots, solar flares, the solar wind, star formation and other topics in astrophysics. The interest in thermonuclear fusion came in the wake of the hydrogen bomb. At one time it was believed that fusion, assisted by plasmas, is round the corner. The belief turned out to be not well founded. Later, the invention of lasers opened the new chapter of laser plasma physics with some promise of fusion but that has not been realized either. High-energy physicists hope to use plasma acceleration techniques to dramatically reduce the size and cost of particle accelerators. Among the applications that have come off are microscopy and sensing (see, e.g., Yeatman 1996; Homola 2003; Barnes 2006).
Small resonators
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kind of resonators we need for metamaterials has already been discussed in Section 2.5. They have to be small relative to the wavelength and at the same time should be accessible to electric and/or magnetic fields. The elements that were proved useful for showing the existence of negative material parameters and negative refraction (Smith et al., 2000; Shelby et al., 2001a) were metallic rods and split-ring resonators. The combination was new. It is true, however, that those elements and all those introduced later were the products of a long line of development. This development is of interest on its own account because it tells us how the practical need of the manipulation of RF and microwave signals led to a variety of approaches that still give inspiration when new applications arise or simply when one wishes to improve an earlier design.
The aim of this chapter is to present most of the small resonators proposed up to the time this manuscript was sent to the publisher. It provides a fairly comprehensive list. Obviously, there is no space to go into much detail but we shall make an attempt to emphasize the main features of the design, and of course, in many cases it is sufficient just to look at the figures to appreciate how the resonance comes about and what function the resonator might fulfil. The order of presentation will be chronological at first.
Magnetoinductive waves II
Authors: Solymar L , Shamonina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A one-dimensional treatment was sufficient to present most of the properties of MI waves: how they propagate, how they attenuate, how they are reflected, how to find a matching impedance, what is the power density and how they are coupled to each other. However, for some other properties, e.g. refraction, a two-dimensional theory is needed. In the theory of metamaterials refraction occupies a central position. One might even say that the subject started with the discovery of Veselago’spaper (1968) by Smith et al. (2000). The new physical concept introduced, as mentioned several times in this book, was negative refractive index and negative refraction. We may now ask the question whether MI waves can exhibit negative refraction? For that we need to have a formulation of MI wave propagation in a 2D medium and we have to find out what happens at the boundary of two periodic materials both of them capable of propagating MI waves.
Since metamaterial elements often have circular shapes, one of the popular 2D structures is a hexagonal one. We shall investigate their spatial resonances and imaging properties that were the subject of experimental work by Wiltshire et al. 2003a; Wiltshire et al. 2004a.
References To The European Court
Authors: Supperstone Michael QC , Knapman Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 234 (formerly art 177) of the EC Treaty provides a mechanism by which national courts and tribunals may refer questions of European law for determination by the European Court. The European Court has ascribed the development of the Community legal order as being largely the result of co-operation between itself and the national courts and tribunals through means of the reference procedure. A reference is made during the course of proceedings in the national court and obtaining a ruling from the European Court is not of itself a remedy, but a step in the proceedings that enables the national court to give judgment in the case before it. The ruling given, sometimes called a preliminary ruling, is binding on
Protecting Third-Party Interests Under The Land Registration Act 2002: To worry or not to worry, that is the question
Authors: Dixon Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002 is designed to change the way we think about land, ownership, and conveyancing. conveyancing, broadly defined, is already in operation1 and the more extensive schemes being tested will bring us a fully electronic conveyancing system within a decade.2 The Law Commission’s Report on which the 2002 Act is based foretells a brave new world where the e-register will govern the vast majority of dealings with land and where ‘off-register’ transactions and enquiries will be kept to the absolute minimum. Although e-conveyancing does not mean the end to physical inspection of property prior to purchase or mortgage, and will not eradicate pre-contractual enquiries of the seller or borrower, the e-register is meant to be a much more complete ‘title mirror’ than any version of land registration that has gone before. In this endeavour, HM Land Registry for England and Wales is leading the world, and common law and civil jurisdictions alike, as well as the former centrally planned economies of For example, electronic discharges of mortgages under the e-discharges (EDs) process, the first truly e-conveyancing system that allows direct and automatic changes to be made to the register by non-Registry agencies.
(Mis)Interpreting The Trusts Of Land And Appointment Of Trustees Act 1996
Authors: Probert Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing body of cases on the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 makes it timely to consider its impact. In particular, how has it influenced the resolution of disputes between co-owners and creditors? Under the Act it is not possible to hold that the interests of a creditor are automatically to be preferred to those who occupy the family home. The Act implies that a clear distinction is to be drawn between applications by a trustee in bankruptcy and applications by a creditor, since different sets of rules apply to each.1 Under section 15 the courts are required to have regard to a number of factors in considering whether sale should be ordered at the instigation of a creditor. These factors are not listed in any order of priority, and there is no indication that any of them is to be given more weight than any other. There can be discerned in the case law, however, three ways in which the interests of a creditor may still prevail. First, the courts may emphasize the importance to be attached to the interests of a creditor, taking the view that, while all the factors listed in section 15 are equal, some are more equal than others. Second, the other factors listed in section 15 may be interpreted so restrictively that they have little application in most cases: the interests of the creditor thus prevail because there is nothing in the balance to weigh against those interests.
Put options in land: a neglected device?
Authors: Castle* Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The put option is a well-known instrument in financial investment and its use there is widespread. Company shares are often the subject of put options.1 In contrast, the put option in land is less well known. It has rarely come under the scrutiny of the courts, though its use in practice is widespread. A put option relating to land confers on the landowner the right to require the other party to acquire an interest in the land. In the past, courts tended to categorize options in land by reference to other concepts such as the conditional contract,2 the irrevocable offer,3 and the unilateral or ‘if contract.4 All that was made redundant by the authoritative classification of options in land as unique contracts coming into existence at the time of their grant. That well-known reclassification was made by Hoffmann] in Spiro v Glencrown Properties [1991] Ch 537. It has been said5 that Spiro v Glencrown reset the scene for the analysis of options. An option is one contract with potentially two stages.
Public Benefit And Charities: The Impact Of The Charities Act 2006 On Independent Schools And Private Hospitals
Authors: Luxton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Charities Act 2006, when brought fully into force,1 will make many changes to the law of charities. Among the most important of these will be some modification to the meaning of charity, including the introduction of a statutory list of charitable purposes and alterations to the public-benefit requirement;2 the creation of a new form of charitable corporation, the Charitable Incorporated Organization;3 the setting up of a Charity Tribunal to hear appeals from the Charity Commission;4 changes to the administration of charities, including registration5 and accounting and auditing requirements,6 cypres, and schemes;7 a new unified regime for public charitable collections;8 and an overhaul of the constitution of the Charity Commission.9 Most of these changes are uncontroversial and received broad support both from the charity sector and in Parliament.
The Malta Trusts Project - The Genesis Of A New Trusts Act In A Civil Law Jurisdiction
Authors: Ganado Max , Griffiths* Gerwyn LL H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any collection of works dealing with the ways in which principles of trusts, equity, and property law have adapted, changed, and upon occasion re-invented themselves, in order to regulate and facilitate novel and contemporary situations, the continued development and flexibility of the trust offer many areas of investigation. Indeed in the field of commerce alone, the uses of the trust are manifold and often ingenious.1 This chapter, however, considers a different issue: the impact of the trust on different legal traditions and systems. It does so because of our belief that nowhere is the flexibility and adaptability of the trust and the advantages it can offer better illustrated. It may have traditionally been the guardian angel of the Anglo Saxon,2 but more recent history and current practice provide numerous examples of the adoption or utilization of the trust by jurisdictions having an essentially civil- or at least not common law-background and tradition.
Introduction
Authors: Kruger Thalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European Union (EU), like its main pillar, the European Community (EC), and their predecessor, the European Economic Community (EEC), is an important international economic player. It has internal rules regulating its internal market. Very early on, it became apparent that economic integration needed support from legal rules. The European judicial area constitutes the legal (civil and criminal law) framework that facilitates the functioning of the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services; it is the judicial side of the internal market. However, as the EU acts on the international scene, its effects are not limited to its own territory.