bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allan Wilson, Molecular Evolution, and the Out of Africa Hypothesis
Authors: Erlich Henry A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the pioneering work of the Allan Wilson lab at UC Berkeley and the Out of Africa hypothesis. They analyzed mitochondrial DNA variation from populations around the world and noted that the diversity among non-African populations was a subset of the diversity in Africa. They interpreted this pattern to mean that a group of Africans migrated out of Africa around 75,000 years ago and eventually spread to Europe, Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas. This chapter explains how phylogenetic trees can display the relationship of DNA sequences as well as the concept of a “molecular clock” and how time estimates can be derived from the comparison of DNA sequences. It discusses the concept of “neutral evolution.” The chapter discusses work on the evolution of the genetic diversity in the HLA genes. The chapter also describes how Wilson proposed that PCR could enable the analysis of ancient DNA.
The China Case
Authors: Gainous Jason , Han Rongbin , MacDonald Andrew W. , Wagner Kevin M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce the theory of directed digital dissidence and explain how autocracies manage critical online information flows and the impact this management has on mass opinion and behavior. Although some states grapple with the internet in blunt and often ineffective ways, more sophisticated state actors can use and manipulate the new medium to support and even buoy the extant governing structure. This approach reverses the democratization or even equalization narrative as the opportunity structure presented by the internet exists for more than just citizens; it provides new tools for the state as well. We also introduce the case of China and explore how the Chinese central government has managed dissent and the tools available to it now. Finally, we layout the structure of the book and the contents of each chapter.
Contexts and Means for Interpreting theZhuangzi
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides keys for interpreting the Zhuangzi by reconstructing the intellectual context in which it was written. It also examines the common rhetorical tools used in early Chinese philosophical texts, such as staged conversations, anecdotes, and figurative analogies. The chapter argues that the Zhuangzi’s oft-mentioned decentering of the human and its interest in animal perspectives are to be understood in relation to early Chinese notions of governmentality and ideals of social order. Ultimately, the Zhuangzi brings about the decentering of human vantage points by utilizing storytelling and embracing multiple voices in its narratives. This approach helps disperse power away from presumed centers of value, shifting it away from elites all the way to animals and even plants. The chapter also scrutinizes the interpretive constraints and potentials inherent in the animal anecdotes presented within the text.
Introduction
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The book opens in San Francisco, where an 1875 ban on opium dens stood alongside a thriving saloon culture. Why ban only one of these vices, not obviously the worse of the two? Visitors to the dens remarked on their silent darkness. The silence reflected opium’s stupefying effect. Commentators said smokers floated away in a bubble of pleasure. The public’s moral aversion to this stupefying pleasure helps explain opium den bans. The dens contrasted with liquor saloons, places of noisy mirth and conviviality. The book asks why Western culture tolerates alcohol, evil in many ways, while banning opium and other recreational drugs. One important answer is that alcohol, when used moderately, stimulates conversation and fellow feeling. Other drugs, rightly or wrongly, are seen as stupefying and simply pleasure inducing. The moral aversion to this mind-numbing pleasure gives rise to the book’s title, Beware Euphoria.
Sex, Drunkenness, and the Euphoria Taboo
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines early Christian condemnations of nonprocreative sex, our original euphoriant. Saint Augustine, who drew from Plato’s teachings, deemed sex sinful because it disabled reason, the most godlike human faculty, and renders humans bestial. Paul Rozin’s work on disgust helps explain a cross-cultural moral aversion to bestial acts. Yet the necessity to multiply spares procreative sex in marriage from moral condemnation. Sex and drunkenness are moral siblings: drunkenness lowers the intellectual sentries against wanton sex. And drunkenness, like sex, surrenders reason to mindless pleasure and renders humans bestial. Puritan moralists of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries drew on Augustine’s teachings—and those of an Augustinian mimic, Saint Caesarius of Arles—in condemning drunkenness. Yet drinking was deemed moral whenever temperate and necessary, as Saint Thomas Aquinas’s writings about temperance suggested. People thought alcohol necessary as medicine, a sanitary beverage, a foodstuff, and an agent to warm or cool the body.
Crazed Racial Coke Fiends
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cocaine entered the United States as an Austro-German medical wonder in 1884. Anesthetic potency made it indispensable in eye surgeries and dental work. High cost at first confined use to medical personnel. For years the only reported addicts were doctors, pharmacists, and their wives and paramours, all presumably white. Yet serious proposals to ban unprescribed sales emerged in 1885. The timing, pattern, and legislative histories of the earliest statewide bans—Oregon (1887), Montana (1889), Colorado (1897), Illinois (1897), and Massachusetts (1898)—challenge claims that bans arose from animus toward African Americans, thought to favor cocaine. Bans instead often responded to anxiety about use by respectable white youth. True, some Southern bans trace to racist impulses. But the mistaken notion among modern historians that anti-Black feeling fed the earliest bans traces to a later calumny: Edward Huntington Williams’s 1914 “Negro Cocaine ‘Fiends’ Are a New Southern Menace.”
Marijuana: Assassin of Youth
Authors: Fisher George 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The pattern and legislative histories of the earliest statewide cannabis bans—Massachusetts (1911), Wyoming (1913), Indiana (1913), Maine (1913), California (1913), and Vermont (1915)—challenge claims that anti-Mexican animus drove the bans. Behind New England’s bans lay the New England Watch and Ward Society, dedicated to protecting youthful morals, led by J. Frank Chase. Eastern lawmakers likely had hashish, not marijuana, in view; no evidence points to anti-Mexican animus. The Indiana lawmaking perhaps traces to the Anti-Cigarette League of America, led by Lucy Page Gaston, who feared dope-spiked cigarettes would addict boys. In Wyoming and California there are hints anti-Mexican animus played a role, but most evidence suggests otherwise. Nor did anti-Mexican feeling likely drive the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. Harry Anslinger, Federal Bureau of Narcotics commissioner, hid his private racism from public advocacy, including his 1937 essay, “Marihuana: Assassin of Youth.” Instead he focused on dangers to youth.
On Age and Experience
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In contrast to classical reflections on old age, such as Cicero’s De senectute, which emphasizes the compensations of age, early modern moralists, both male and female, tend to view old age in terms of the loss of status. Women moralists underscore that for women, the loss of social standing is exacerbated by society’s emphasis on women’s looks. Women moralists seek to understand the contributions of age and the value of experience, both in the immediate, practical sense and in its temporal dimension. Topics include the theme of the roles available to women during different life stages and the codes of conduct applied to older women, particularly with regard to the emotional life. Key figures studied include Madeleine de Scudéry, Marie de Verzure, Anne-Thérèse de Lambert, and Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville.
Xiong Shili's Treatise on Reality and Function
Authors: Makeham John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Treatise on Reality and Function represents the mature expression of Xiong Shili’s 熊十力 (1885–1968) signature metaphysical doctrine of the “non-duality of ti and yong” (體用不二), articulated within the broader context of advancing a systematic critique of both Madhyamaka and Yogācāra Buddhist thought, the culmination of nearly four decades of critical engagement. Xiong presents Treatise on Reality and Function as the third and final iteration of his earlier New Treatise on the Uniqueness of Consciousness (1932, 1944). Ti and yong are abbreviations for “the Reality of the cosmos” and “the functioning of Reality,” respectively, where the latter refers to Reality’s transforming into material phenomena and mental phenomena. Reality (ti體) or intrinsic Reality (benti本體)—the intrinsic Reality of the myriad things that constitute the phenomenal world, the cosmos—is the source of the phenomenal (function; yong用) yet is not different from the phenomenal. Although intrinsic Reality is characterized in terms of origin, point of emergence, and beginning, the relationship between intrinsic Reality and its phenomenal manifestation is not like that of mother and offspring or creator and created. Rather, Xiong not only insists on the ontological parity between ti and yong, but also on their ontological identity. He draws syncretically on a diverse range of resources in the Chinese philosophical tradition to construct his own overarching metaphysical vision and is particularly inspired by the view found in Book of Change that the cosmos is perpetually and vigorously transforming.
Don't Take It Personally
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book examines the fundamental distinction between two contrasting visions of personhood—one featuring specific individuals characterized by their singularity and the other envisioning unspecified, effectively generic ones. Whereas the former characterizes one’s “personal” relationships with one’s friends, for instance, the latter underlies the more “impersonal” relationships between doctors and patients or store staff and customers. The distinction between those two visions of personhood is most compellingly captured by contrasting a company’s decision to lay off ten percent of its employees and only later determine specifically who they would be with an a priori decision to fire those specific individuals, as well as by the U.S. Department of Justice’s insistence that “No one is above the law.” In sharp contrast to “personalness,” “impersonality” implies viewing people as presumably typical incumbents of particular social roles (instructor, police officer, cashier) or as effectively interchangeable members of particular social categories or groups (“Filipinos,” “conservatives,” “Muslims,” “millennials”), and “impersonalization” thus entails focusing on individuals’ social identity (“what” they are) while downplaying their personal identity (specifically “who” they are), thereby disregarding their singularity. Identifying the fundamental constitutive elements of impersonality as well as the basic ingredients of the process of impersonalization, the book also examines the specific impact of urbanization, capitalist marketization, and automation on this process and concludes by weighing the benefits against the costs of impersonalizing so much of modern social life.
“Who” Versus “What”
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the fundamental tension between two contrasting visions of personhood—a “personal” one, grounded in “someoneness,” involving specific individuals, and an “impersonal” one, grounded in “anyoneness,” involving effectively generic ones. While one foregrounds individuals’ singularity (specifically “who” they are), the other focuses on “what” they are. “Personalness” involves particular individuals characterized by their distinctiveness, and, based on someone’s allegedly unique qualities, charismatic authority exemplifies such essentially personcentric vision of personhood. At the same time, however, in effectively disregarding individuals’ singularity, the notion of “impersonality” constitutes one of the fundamental pillars of the sociological imagination. As the ideal–typical opposite poles of a spectrum featuring various combinations of the two, personalness and impersonality are entangled in each other as two complementary visions of personhood, the relative proportions between which vary historically and across different social situations.
The Anatomy of Impersonality
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the four constitutive elements of impersonality, namely social (as distinct from personal) identity, typicality, standardness, and substitutability. Social identity often takes the form of a social “role,” a generic position that people envision as independent of its specific incumbents, whom they view as but the temporary occupants of an impersonal “slot in the social structure” and therefore as also substitutable with one another. It likewise takes the form of individuals’ epistemic membership in particular social categories of which they are considered typical “representatives” and thereby viewed “typically” and, as such, interchangeably. The most extreme manifestation of such mutual epistemic substitutability is one’s ability to view those members as anonymous and therefore lacking any distinctive personal identities as specific individuals.
Mummies of the Imagination
Authors: Holt Frank L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ankh-Hap now inhabits a modern world in which mummies have been deliberately “monsterized” in many ways. In the nineteenth century, Gothic fiction depicted mummies as progressively more angry, sinister, and deadly. In the early twentieth century, magazine pulp fiction and comic books continued the trend, influencing a later spate of horror films featuring mummies as movie monsters alongside Dracula and Frankenstein. The sensationalized curse of Tutankhamun’s tomb contributed to the popular notion of malevolent mummies. Meanwhile, children have been bombarded with conflicting depictions of mummies as either comical or creepy, as evidenced in the marketing of modern toys, games, candies, and breakfast cereals.
Introduction to the U.S. Court System
Authors: Pharris Steven W. , Pharris Angela B. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter’s authors discuss some of the important concepts of the legal system and specifically the courts. This chapter provides an overview of the four major court systems: the federal courts, tribal courts, state courts, and lower courts. The authors also discuss the jurisdiction and types of cases in each court level. The court system of the United States is a vital part of government. Social work professionals may work for the court system in various roles. Some professionals work directly for the courts in specialized treatment courts or family courts. Other social work professionals will be part of the courts due to a client event or to offer much-needed services.
Addressing Racial and Ethnic Disparities
Authors: Torres Maria E. , Karpman Hannah E. , Francis, and Leigh-Anne , Leibowitz George S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The authors of the chapter begin by highlighting how slavery in this country is the foundation for present-day forensic system inequities. The long shadow of slavery on U.S. culture is a marker of the deeply held White supremacist attitudes and beliefs that extended to all Indigenous persons, non-White immigrants, refugees, and ethnic minorities. The chapter authors explore how systemic racism impacts all people of color. They then provides an overview of theoretical and research frameworks that examine how present-day racial and ethnic disparities in the forensic system are best understood and mitigated by applying the frameworks to current statistics on disparities in access to, type of interaction with, and outcomes of forensic involvement. Finally, the authors close the chapter by discussing how these current-day dilemmas should inform forensic social workers at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels, engaging both practical and ethical dilemmas in the discussion.
Civil Commitment Policies
Authors: Natale Anthony P. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of civil commitment—involuntary commitment to a psychiatric institution, either inpatient or outpatient, for further evaluation, treatment, and stabilization—and policies and procedures that govern it. This is first accomplished by reviewing civil commitment types. Next, emergency detention policy variations by state are reviewed. Next, the chapter discusses historical civil commitment policy development while underscoring important implications for social workers in forensic practice, and then focuses on vulnerable populations implicated in the application of civil commitment policies. The chapter closes with a review of the knowledge base, values, and ethics of social work involved in civil commitment policies.
Intimate Partner Violence Policies
Authors: Gatlin Leah E. , Natale Anthony P. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins by discussing the definition and context of intimate partner violence (IPV). This forms the foundation for reviewing the three primary IPV policy goals: harm prevention and crime deterrent, benefit to victims, and IPV service coordination. Next, the chapter discusses important IPV policy types, including mandatory reporting, civil protection orders, and laws governing arrests. A history of IPV policy development follows this overview focusing on three foundational IPV policies: the Family Violence Prevention and Services Act, Victims of Crime Act, and Violence Against Women Act. Next, the chapter highlights populations with unique IPV vulnerabilities, including people with disabilities, older women, immigrant women, transgender women, and gay, lesbian, and bisexual people. Finally, the chapter closes with a discussion of IPV policy framed within social work ethical values.
Drug Court
Authors: Gallagher John R. , Nordberg Anne 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of drug court in the criminal justice system, describes how social work values are consistent with the drug court model, and provides up-to-date research related to the effectiveness of drug court in reducing criminal recidivism rates for individuals who have substance use disorders. It discusses best practices in serving racial, ethnic, sexual, and gender minorities in drug court, explores common ethical dilemmas social workers may face when working in drug court, and provides a case study that includes an example treatment plan, substance use disorder and mental health diagnostic impressions, and a description of evidence-based interventions that social workers can use in drug court to promote substance use disorder and mental health recovery.
Veteran Court
Authors: Strong Jessica D. , Ray Kathleen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Veterans in the United States are not immune to becoming involved with the criminal justice system, and veterans treatment courts (VTCs) were created to better serve and take care of those who have served our country. Creating these treatment courts allows veterans to get the necessary treatment for mental health, substance use, and other issues that may arise. Instead of immediately sending veterans to traditional court, VTC connects veterans with health professionals and other professionals to help them navigate the issues at hand. This chapter focuses on the purpose of VTCs and how they are beneficial to veterans and their families.
From Conflict to Companionship
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the many facets of emerging adults’ relationships with their parents. First, the overall outline of relations with parents in emerging adulthood is described, showing a remarkably positive picture. Then the changes that take place when emerging adults move out of their parents’ household are examined, as well as the experiences of emerging adults who move back in again and those who remain at home. Next comes a look at the shift that often takes place in emerging adulthood from a parent-child relationship to a new relationship as friends and companions. Finally, there is a complex rendering of the enduring repercussions of parents’ divorce and remarriage—how emerging adults recall these events and how they believe they have been shaped by them, in both positive and negative ways.
Meandering Toward Marriage
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter first looks at the qualities emerging adults hope to find in a marriage partner. Nearly all are searching for a “soul mate,” meaning someone who is a perfect fit for them in terms of compatibility and interests. Then there is an examination of how emerging adults decide when they would like to marry and a description of the widespread sense, especially among women, of having an “age 30 deadline” for marriage. Next, issues of commitment are discussed, including gender differences, and different motives for cohabitation are examined. The chapter includes an intensive look at the recent rise in single motherhood during the 20s, including its sources and its consequences. Finally, the chapter looks at how the fear of divorce shapes marriage expectations.
The Road Through College
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines a variety of aspects of emerging adults’ college experiences. The first part of the chapter describes the rise in participation in “tertiary education” over the past century and the economic basis for it. Next comes a look at how emerging adults chart their course through college, including choosing a major from among many options. This section also contains a look at emerging adults who succeed in college and those who flounder, and some reasons for the differences. Then there is a critical look at the American system of allowing such widespread access to higher education but at a high cost, and a comparison to the European system, looking at the pros and cons of each. The second half of the chapter turns to what undergraduates have to say about their college experiences, for better and worse. The chapter closes with a critical look at two possible future trends, online learning and gap years.
How Important Is Social Class?
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Critics of the theory of emerging adulthood claim that the theory applies only to the middle- and upper-middle-class young people who go to university and have enough financial support from parents to experience personal freedom and leisure during these years, but not to the working-class and lower-class young people who have far fewer options. In this chapter this issue is first addressed by reviewing research from the national Clark Poll of 18-to-29-year-olds, showing far more similarities than differences with respect to social class. Then, four case studies are presented of African Americans in their 20s from various social class backgrounds. The Clark Poll findings and these case studies illustrate that even though there are clear and sometimes dramatic differences in life prospects depending on social class, there is enough similarity across social classes to merit the application of “emerging adulthood” to the age group as a whole.