bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐carious interproximal grooves in Arikara Indian dentitions
Authors: Berryman Hugh E. , Owsley Douglas W. , Henderson Avery M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe dentitions of adult Arikara Indians from the Larson site (39WW2) were examined to determine the frequency and etiology of noncarious interproximal grooves. The observations included groove morphology, loci and association with dental pathology. Approximately 30% of the individuals exhibit one or more pronounced grooves. The use of dental probes in conjunction with dietary grit is the likely factor responsible for interproximal grooves in this population sample.
Electrophoretic variants in three Amerindian tribes: The Baniwa, Kanamari, and Central Pano of Western Brazil
Authors: Mohrenweiser Harvey , Neel James V. , Mestriner M. A. , Salzano F. M. , Migliazza E. , Simões A. L. , Yoshihara C. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData are presented on electrophoretic variants of 25 polypeptides found in the blood serum and erythrocytes, in 812 individuals from three Amerindian tribes, the Pano, the Baniwa, and the Kanamari. Two “private polymorphisms” were encountered, of PEPB in the Pano and CAII in the Baniwa. A single example of a different PEPB variant was encountered in the Baniwa, and two possible examples of an unstable variant of HGB A2 in the Kanamari. In addition, the well‐known A variant of ACP1, the Duarte variant of GALT, the 2 variant of Hp and the 2 variant of PGM1 occurred in polymorphic proportions in all three tribes, and the TF variant was present as a polymorphism in the Baniwa. These data have recently been incorporated into a treatment which concludes that the eight electrophoretically‐defined “private polymorphisms” thus far encountered in Amerindian tribes can be explained by a mutation pressure of 0.7 × 10−5/locus/generation on the assumption of neutrality of the phenotypes in question (Neel and Thompson, '78).
Increase of tooth size in prehistoric coastal Peru, 10,000 B.P.‐1,000 B.P.
Authors: Scott E. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTeeth increase in size during a 9,000‐year period in an archae‐ologically derived, radiocarbon dated sample of skeletons from a geographically restricted area of coastal Peru. Although cultural change is extensive, including the transition to food production and pottery making, teeth do not reduce as predicted under these conditions by Brace's Probable Mutation Effect. Since most of the dental literature dealing with size change of teeth focuses upon dental reduction, hypotheses explaining why teeth increase through time are not well developed. No obvious selective forces explaining size increase are apparent in the present data. Attrition decreases through time. The increase in tooth size in this collection may be a function of overall cranialfacial size increase, which (pending further data) may be related to a general body size increase.
Genetic studies in Saudi Arabia: Red cell enzyme, haemoglobin and serum protein polymorphisms
Authors: Goedde H. W. , Benkmann H. G. , Agarwal D. P. , Hirth L. , Bienzle U. , Dietrich M. , Hoppe H. H. , Orlowski J. , Kohne E. , Kleihauer E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPopulation genetic studies in Saudi Arabia are performed for EsD, GPT, AcP, ADA, AK, 6‐PGD, PGM, C3, Tf, Hp, Gc, Pi, Bf, Hb, ABO‐blood groups and Rh‐factor, level of the third component of complement and immunoglobulins. The data are compared with reported frequencies in European and African populations.
The interaction of stressors in the induction of increased levels of fluctuating asymmetry in the laboratory rat
Authors: Sciulli P. W. , Doyle W. J. , Kelley C. , Siegel P. , Siegel M. I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent studies on fluctuating dental asymmetry have isolated single stressors as causative agents. Since most stressors are composite in nature, the present study was designed to determine the effects of the interaction of stressors in the induction of fluctuating dental asymmetry. Pregnant rats were assigned to one of six treatment groups and stressed with various combinations of heat, cold, noise and protein deprivation. The levels of fluctuating dental asymmetry were assessed and it was found that all protocols produced higher levels of asymmetry than found for control animals. Noise and reduced protein exhibited an additive effect and the interaction of stressors produced a reduction in litter size. Suggestions were offered for further research in this expanding field.
Reproductive function in aged female chimpanzees
Authors: Graham Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractReproductive function was evaluated in ten female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) aged 35–48 years. Forty‐eight years is the longevity record for the chimpanzee. Data on cycle frequency and duration was available for seven animals. Most were cycling regularly until death, and all had experienced at least one menstrual cycle within one year of death. After exclusion of periods when the animals were pregnant or in postpartum amenorrhea, the mean cycle frequency (± standard error)/year was 9.54 ± 0.20 in seven animals aged 15–25 (432 cycles analyzed) compared to 8.6 ± 0.76 in the same animals at age 35+ years (405 cycles analyzed); this effect approached significance (p = 0.072, Mann‐Whitney U‐test). Cycle length of 16 cycles in each of seven animals aged 15–25 was 32.23 ± 0.38 days. The same animals when aged over 35 had mean cycle lengths of 35.59 ± 0.73. This difference was not significant, although cycle lengths clearly increased with age in some individual animals. In five aged animals for which mating data was available, appropriate exposure to a male occurred in 52 cycles, but only two pregnancies occurred; one pregnancy resulted in a live birth at age 38, the other in a stillbirth at age 40. This conception rate was 3.85% compared with 20% in the same animals aged 15–25. These data suggest greatly reduced fertility after age 35, although menstrual cycle frequency remained high. The persistence of menstrual cyclicity until death, which occurred due to natural causes at latest in the fifth decade, is in striking contrast to the human female in which menopause occurs in the fifth decade and death is often postponed for several more decades.
Dermatoglyphic variation in the human populations of the North Pennine Dales, North England. I. Sex differences, bilateral asymmetry, digital diversity and regional variation
Authors: Dennis R. L. H. , Sunderland E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe North Pennine Dales are sparsely populated and deeply indented valleys in the central uplands of northern England. Travel to service centres on the surrounding low lying terrain, especially to the industrial conurbations, is channelled by way of the dale mouths. Communication over the dale heads is difficult and is thus much dictated by topography and by the orientation of each dale.This paper represents the first of two reports on the finger and palmar dermatoglyphics of the populations. Basic data are presented on sex differences, bilateral asymmetry and digital diversity. Univariate statistical tests have been carried out between the dales' populations for several stages based on the selection of individuals by ancestry. Several significant differences occur but no more than would be expected by chance. Distinct spatial patterning does recur for several variables, but on the available data a univariate approach has been unsuccessful in determining the nature and causes of overall population interrelationships.
The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent incisors of Norwegians. II. Differences between central and lateral incisors, correlations, side asymmetry and variability
Authors: Aas I. H. Monrad , Risnes Steinar 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe depth of the lingual fossa in permanent incisors of Norwegians (plaster casts and extracted teeth) was studied. In the plaster casts the depth of the lingual fossa in the right side incisors was (in mm): I1sup = 0.51, I2sup = 0.30, I1inf = 0.07 and I2inf = 0.08. For I1sup significant bilateral asymmetry was found (p < 0.001). All incisors were positively correlated in the depth of the lingual fossa, mandibular higher than maxillary. In both jaws centrals were better correlated across the midline than laterals, and centrals to laterals were less correlated than centrals to centrals and laterals to laterals. Interjaw correlations of I1sup were higher than interjaw correlations with I2sup. Dental field theory is confirmed: The upper lateral and lower central were the most variable incisors in each jaw for lingual fossa depth. The values for this trait in Norwegians are within the Caucasoid range.
Chromosomes of Lemuriformes. IV. Karyotype evolution in Lemur fulvus collaris (E. Geoffroy 1812)
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Hamilton Andrew E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe G‐banded karyotype of a feral Lemur fulvus collaris has a diploid number of 52; the nombre fondamental is 64. The karyotype consists of 6 pairs of biarmed autosomes, 19 pairs of acrocentric autosomes, and acrocentric sex chromosomes. Comparisons of the 2N = 52 complement with the 2N = 50 and 2N = 51 karyotypes published by Hamilton et al. ('77) supports the view that hybridization occurs naturally between animals with diploid numbers of 50 and 52.
Growth in Afro‐Caribbean slave populations
Authors: Higman B. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHeight data for African slave populations in Trinidad, Guyana and other British Caribbean colonies in the early nineteenth century are analyzed and compared with Cuban and United States slave populations. Slaves born in Trinidad and Cuba achieved final heights greater than their African‐born parents, but those born in Guyana were shorter. Afro‐Caribbean slaves living in sugar‐producing colonies showed inferior growth compared to those living in colonies based on less arduous forms of economic activity, such as the Bahamas and Bermuda. The latter groups achieved heights similar to those of the United States slaves. Menarche occurred in the United States about 2 years earlier than in Trinidad. These differences in growth cannot be explained adequately by genetic variations in growth potential or by heterosis, but were a result of differences in nutrition, infection and work regime. Superior growth was associated with high rates of natural increase, whereas apparent stature reduction occurred in slave populations subject to the heaviest mortality. Modern Afro‐Caribbean adult populations are about 10 cm taller than their genitor slave populations.
Anthropometric characteristics and body composition of Ainu and other Japanese: Comparison with other racial groups
Authors: Picón‐Reátegui E. , Buskirk E. R. , Doi K. , Kuroshima A. , Hiroshige T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Ainu of Hokkaido are metrically a population of short to medium stature. Compared to a diversity of other samples (Hindus, Japanese, Chinese, Canadian Eskimos and U. S. whites) Ainus tend to have a large surface area of the head and feet. The Ainu head tends to be large both in vertex‐chin dimensions and in coronal measurement, and the subcutaneous layer tends to be thick at both the cheek and chin. Ainus especially resemble Eskimos in their combination of a large head and small thighs.The percentage of body fat was estimated from deuterium oxide space in Ainu men and women. These percentages were closely comparable to those in other young adult samples in several ethnic groups, including a greater percentage of fat in Ainu females than in males.Although the body weight/height ratio and percentages of body fat in young Ainu adults indicate a satisfactory balance of caloric nutriture, their short stature suggests that their nutriture during gestation and childhood may be inadequate. Ainu adults show a relatively small sexual dimorphism of body weight.
A study of torus palatinus and torus mandibularis in Pre‐Columbian Peruvians
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Allison Marvin J. , Elzay Richard P. , Pezzia Alejandro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn incidence of tori lower than previously reported was found in a population from Pre‐Columbian Peru. It is suggested that the prevalence of tori along with other genetic markers with racial variation may be used to help identify and define a population group.
Size and morphology of the permanent dentition in prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMetric and morphological characterizations of the permanent teeth from a total of 155 prehistoric Amerindians are presented. The individuals represent samples from three Ohio Valley burial complexes (considered together as the Late Diffuse group): Glacial Kame, Adena and Ohio Hopewell. Metric data include common measures of central tendency and dispersion. From these measures estimates and analyses of the magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability are presented as well as analyses of the patterns of these estimates. Forty morphological characters are also tabulated.The results indicate a number of provisional hypotheses: the generally larger tooth size of the Late Archaic Indian Knoll when compared to the Late Diffuse groups is consistent with the hypothesis of mitigated selective pressures in more technologically advanced groups; although tooth size is smaller in the Late Diffuse groups, dental morphology is as complex, or more so when compared to the Indian Knoll group. Since morphology and size do not covary exactly the biocultural forces resulting in smaller tooth size do not seem to act as strongly on dental morphology; odontological differences within the Late Diffuse arise primarily between the Glacial Kame‐Adena and the Ohio Hopewell. These differences correspond to major biocultural changes in this area; although provisional hypotheses concerning odontological variability are erected, hypotheses concerning evolutionary trends must await the discovery of evolving lineages within these groups; similarities are noted among all compared groups including the pattern and magnitude of sexual dimorphism and relative variability. These parameters may be similar for all eastern Amerindians during this period; finally, the morphology of the deciduous dentition, which generally predicts that of the permanent teeth, is found to be less complex than the permanent teeth. This may be the result of a selective disadvantage for the individuals in the deciduous dentition sample which is reflected in the dentition.
Sex assessment of the femur: A test of a new method
Authors: DiBennardo Robert , Taylor James V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSimple and multiple discriminant functions using mid‐shaft femoral circumference for the determination of sex were used to test a sexing method recently proposed by Black. The method was able to correctly assign sex for 82% of the sample, which consisted of 115 North American White femora of verified age and sex. Circumference proved as accurate as any other criteria that have been used in sexing the femur. This suggests a usefulness beyond the limited archaeological scope originally proposed by Black.
Natural variation and differential diagnosis of skeletal changes in tuberculosis
Authors: Kelley Marc A. , El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwenty‐six documented cases (17 blacks, 9 whites) of skeletal tuberculosis from the Hamann‐Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, were analyzed for lesion variability and patterns of multiple site involvement. In addition, several documented cases of pathologic conditions (osteomyelitis, vertebral fractures, and malignant bone tumors) that resemble skeletal tuberculosis were photographed and described for use in differential diagnosis. The range of variation of tuberculous lesions was found to be considerable. Thirty‐eight percent (10/26) of the cases display skeletal lesions in two or more regions concomitantly. The average number of vertebrae affected, as well as the incidence of multiple bone involvement, were found to be higher in blacks. Certain combinations of skeletal lesions (e. g., spine‐rib, spine‐rib‐sternum, and spine‐hip) may be useful in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in dry bone material.
Fluctuating dental asymmetry: A measure of developmental instability in Down syndrome
Authors: Barden Howard S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSubjects with Down syndrome provide a useful model for investigating the effect of chromosomal aneuploidy on developmental pathways. Studies suggest that a major effect of trisomy is a decrease in developmental stability. The present study examines fluctuating dental asymmetry in Down syndrome.Mesiodistal crown diameters were measured from dental casts of 114 Down syndrome subjects. Correlation coefficients for antimeric permanent teeth served as an index of dental asymmetry. These values were compared with normal values obtained from the literature.Fluctuating dental asymmetry is thought to reflect the relative success of developmental homeostasis in countering developmental disturbances. Down syndrome subjects have significantly increased dental asymmetry. In addition, they show a disproportionate increase in dental asymmetry for those teeth reported to have the least developmental stability. These results support the contention that the chromosomal imbalance in Down syndrome results in amplified developmental instability.
Origin of bipedalism
Authors: Prost J. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHuman and chimpanzee locomotor behaviors are described and compared using field patterns derived from measurements of the motions at the joints. Field patterns of human and ape bipedalism are so different that it is doubted whether the nonhuman type could ever have been a precursor of the human type. Chimpanzee quadrupedal vertical climbing and human bipedalism are, on the other hand, similar and a particular variety of this kind of climbing probably was the precursor of human bipedalism. Animals adapted to this variation would have had some brachiation‐like morphological traits in their pectoral limbs and some hominid‐like morphological traits in their pelvic limbs, traits anticipating the human condition. The australopithecines possessed these traits and must have been adapted to arboreal quadrupedal vertical climbing, having the capacity, at the same time, to perform facultative terrestrial bipedalism, moving on the ground in a manner visually identical to that of humans.
Sex differences in the Ilia of a known sex and age sample of fetal and infant Skeletons
Authors: Weaver David S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIlia from a known sex, race, and age sample of fetal and infant skeletons from the collections of the Smithsonian Institution were evaluated for six metric and one nonmetric characters. Three indices calculated from the measurements were analyzed. The nonmetric trait was examined for fit with known sex. The three indices failed to show significant sex differences. The nonmetric trait, Auricular Surface Elevation, proved dependable (91% accurate) for the male Fetal and Six Month age groups.
Discrete dental trait asymmetry in Mexican and Belizean groups
Authors: Baume R. M. , Crawford M. H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDiscrete dental trait asymmetry was scored on four Mexican Indian and two Afro‐Belizean groups. The Mexican populations show significantly higher mean asymmetry than the two populations from Belize even though the Belizean groups have larger teeth. Point biserial coefficients of correlation between asymmetry of discrete traits and tooth size is low and in most cases not significant. This study indicates that populational and ethnic differences exist in the asymmetry of discrete traits, suggesting that these traits may be used to investigate the etiology of dental asymmetry, and the relative roles of genetics and environment.
Aspects of the distribution of HbS in the United States
Authors: Alfred Braxton M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrequencies of HbS obtained by several screening clinics are analyzed for age, sex, and location effects. All seem to be present in some form, though age and sex effects may be conditional on location. An attempt is made to elaborate the common observation of increasing frequency with age. This is shown to be the result of differences in fertility favoring the normal. A simulation which íncludes 25% admixture was done. The results indicate a genetically relevant New World experience for the population to be about 9–12 generations with the heterozygote having fitness of 0.96–0.99.
A late divergence hypothesis
Authors: Greenfield Leonard Owen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe possibility of a Middle‐Late Miocene separation of the human lineage from the lineages leading to the extant great apes, based on paleontological and phenetic evidence, is presented. Middle Miocene Sivapithecus, rather then Early Miocene Dryopithecus, is supported as a last common ancestor of Pongo, Pan, Gorilla, and Homo. Estimates for the branching of the lineages are a maximum of 15 m.y.a. for the Pongo lineage and a range from 14‐6 m.y.a. for the Pan, Gorilla, and Ausralopithecus/Homo lineages. Weaknesses of the late divergence hypothesis are discussed.
Ontogeny, auditory structures, and primate evolution
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the auditory region, particularly the carotid circulatory patterns and ectotympanic‐petrosal relationships, has played a prominent role in primate systematics and phylogenetic reconstructions. Ontogenetic stages of petrosal‐ectotympanic relationship are presented for certain strepsirhines. It is suggested that the “ectotympanic tube” or “ossified annulus membrane” found in early Tertiary primates is not necessarily an homologous structure to the true ectotympanic tube seen in haplorhines, and thus cannot be considered a shared, derived feature linking known Paleogene primates from Europe or North America to tarsioid and/or anthropoid ancestry. No fossil primate yet discovered makes a convincing ancestor for the earliest known anthropoids from the Oligocene of Africa. This is probably due to the fact that it still lies undiscovered in the Paleogene of Africa.
A discussion of dental homology with reference to primates
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe inconsistencies which exist when the traditional tooth‐to‐bony‐landmark/tooth‐to‐occlusal‐relationship criteria of identification of teeth are maintained are discussed. It is pointed out how these (e.g., “the canine is the tooth behind the premaxillary‐maxillary suture”) can be falsified. It is also suggested that some mammals, including Tarsius and Homo sapiens, develop homologies of three sets of “teeth,” and that the “adult” antemolar dentition of a mammal may be composed of retained deciduous teeth as well as permanent teeth. Following a revision of dental homologies in most primates, an approach to reevaluating dental homologies is proposed, and a model of tooth “loss” presented.
Relationships in six groups of rhesus monkeys I. Networks
Authors: Hanby J. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMonkey groups are characterized in terms of their networks of relationships. Six groups, each consisting of one adult male, several adult females and immatures, were studied over the same time period. This provided data on interaction patterns within groups and the ways in which individuals' kinship, backgrounds, idiosyncrasies, age and sex affected their interactions. Consistencies and changes in group networks in the course of time and in the face of events such as births, deaths, separations, and introductions are given special attention. Principles of networks are discussed with reference to problems of social structure such as cohesion, permeability, communication, stability and competition.