bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic Stem Cells as a Module for Systems Biology
Authors: Thomson Andrew M , Robson Paul , Huck Hui Ng , Otu Hasan H , Bing Lim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current trend of biological and medical research in generating massive data sets in diverse fields using multiple and varying platforms necessitates a new perspective in the way we anticipate the harvesting of new knowledge from the vast amount of accumulating data. Systems biology may be thought of as a discipline that seeks to achieve breakthrough into new understandings of biology from the cell to the organism by a computational integration of diverse large biological data sets to capture information not possible through analysis of a single or a few parameters such as transcript, protein and activity states, protein–protein interaction, protein-nucleic acid interaction, extracellular signals, and cellular transformation [1]. The goals of systems biology range from the simplest ability to predict specific functional responses, or identify networks for lineage specification at the cellular level, to grand revelations of physiological and behavioral responses at the tissue and even organism level [1]. Three advances have driven the movement toward the emergence of this discipline: (1) the technologies to acquire complete annotated genome sequences of species; (2) the development of technologies to capture parallel gene expression of transcripts and proteins on a genomic scale; and (3) the development of miniaturization and high-throughout analysis of gene function.
Local Sequence Similarities
Authors: Smith Temple F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In today’s genomic era, the use of computer-based comparative genetic sequence analysis has become routine. It is used to identify the function of newly sequenced genes, to identify conserved functional sites, to reconstruct probable evolutionary histories, and to investigate many other biological questions. DNA and protein comparative sequence analysis is often considered to be the founding aspect of what is now called Bioinformatics and Genomics. Given that the development of computational tools played a key role, a bit of history will help in understanding both the motivations and the sequence of ideas that led to many comparative sequence tools, including the local dynamic or Smith–Waterman alignment algorithm.
DNA–Protein Interactions
Authors: Stormo Gary D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Gene expression” refers to the process by which the information encoded in the DNA of a genome is converted into the RNA and protein products that perform the various functions of the cell. The first step of expression is the transcription, or literally copying, of regions of the DNA into RNA sequences which may themselves perform important functions or which may be the information-carrying intermediates, messenger RNA (mRNA), that specify the sequences of proteins. The process of transcription requires a large complement of protein factors, including some that specify the position within the DNA sequence where transcription begins. This includes many proteins that are components of the RNA polymerase complex that forms at the transcription initiation site, many of which do not directly contact the DNA. The focus of this chapter is on those transcription factors (TFs) that interact directly with DNA in a sequence-specific manner to regulate transcription. They may act as repressors that turn off transcription of a particular gene when they are bound to DNA nearby, or they may be activators that facilitate the transcription of the genes they regulate. Some proteins even provide both functions at different promoters or under different conditions.
Prologue: “So—You Want to Be a Conductor? It Starts with You”
Authors: Wittry Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of us will spend our lives trying to perfect this art form, but what truly makes one conductor great, and another conductor just good? People used to say that conductors were born, not taught; that you had to already possess the “right” personality from birth to assume this leadership role; that, if the first time you ever stepped on the podium, you did n’t have the mysterious “it,” you never would. I do not believe this is true. I believe that anyone who is passionate about music-making, and who is willing to work hard and learn, can become a con-ductor. There are many areas that must be studied and mastered to make this a reality. Beyond the musical skills that must be learned, you must master the es-sential ingredient that makes the difference between a good conductor and a great one.
The People Factor
Authors: Wittry Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a conductor, the only way you can really accomplish your goals is through other people. You can understand and communicate the music, but communica-tion is a two-way street. Ultimately, someone in the orchestra will actually be pro-ducing the sound. The way to inspire your orchestra to its best effort is through good lines of communication, both on and off the podium. Communication takes time. It involves delving beneath the surface causes and words to find out the root of any problem. It involves being willing to empathize and make people feel heard. Good communication is the key to your success.
Funding the Artistic Vision
Authors: Wittry Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every community has a limited number of resources that will be available to sup- port the non profit organizations within that community. The amount of this funding is dependent on whether major corporate offices or simply satellite of- fices are located in your area. How many large businesses, banks, and foundations are you able to draw on? What is the financial makeup of the majority of your community? How large is the community, and is it growing larger or smaller? Of this number, how many currently attend your concerts? How many might be per-suaded to attend in the future? If you offer more concerts, you need to be sure there is an audience to fill the seats. If you offer larger concerts, you need to iden-tify donors who are excited about artistic growth and willing to fund it.
Introduction
Authors: Freeman Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Rawls is widely recognized as the most significant and influential political philosopher of the twentieth century. His main influence lies in two separate works, A Theory of Justice (1971) and Political Liberalism (1993).1 Rawls revised his account of justice considerably in the twenty-two years intervening between these books, but there is a good deal of disagreement and confusion about how his views about justice changed. Some suggest that Rawls became more conservative, that he abandoned the difference principle, or that he altogether gave up on the idea of the original position and his social contract Arianism. Others contend that in Political Liberalism, Rawls changed his thinking as a response to communitarian criticisms, or that he was primarily motivated to accommodate religion. In this book, I argue that all these claims are mistaken. There are powerful interconnections between A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism that have not been sufficiently acknowledged in the literature. If one understands these connections, then one can better understand Rawls’s project not only in Political Liberalism but also in A Theory of Justice. In this brief introduction, I provide the intellectual context for the chapters that follow, first by discussing the background to Rawls’s transition to the doctrine of political liberalism and its basis in his social contract Arianism, and then by foreshadowing the arguments of each chapter.
The Problem Of The Many
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is my intention to propose a new philosophical problem which I call the problem of the many. This problem concerns the number of entities, if any, that exist in actual ordinary situations and in counterfactual or hypothetical situations. The problem concerns the number even at a given moment of time, and it becomes only yet more baffling when durations of time, and changes, inevitably complicate the issue. It is a philosophical commonplace to note that, without any further specification, there is no definite finite answer to the question of how many entities a given ordinary situation contains. Considering my own present situation, for example, it might be said to contain a salt shaker, also each of the grains of salt in the shaker, also the atoms that compose the shaker, as well as each of those in the grains, and this is only to begin to enumerate what seems natural. Artificial or contrived entities, so to introduce them, greatly complicate the picture. There is the left half of the shaker, as viewed from right here, and also the right half; there is the scattered concrete entity whose salient parts are that left half of the shaker and the second largest grain of salt inside the shaker; perhaps, there is even relevantly in the situation, the abstract entity that is the set whose sole members are the two concrete items most recently specified; and so on, and so forth.
The Mystery Of The Physical And The Matter Of Qualities: A Paper For Professor Shaffer
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some fifty years now, nearly all work in mainstream analytic philosophy has made no serious attempt to understand the nature of physical reality, even though most analytic philosophers take this to be all of reality, or nearly all. Whereas we’ve worried much about the nature of our own experiences and thoughts and languages, we’ve worried little about the nature of the vast physical world that, as we ourselves believe, has them all as only a In this central respect, we’ve been very different from the man emerging as the century’s preeminent analytic philosopher, Bertrand Russell. Although Russell thought hard about the things that have preoccupied us, he also thought hard about the nature of physical reality.
Impotence And Causal Determinism
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we are in a certain frame of mind, one which is not at all obviously muddled or confused, it is easy to think of everything that happens as caused by some earlier happening or happenings. Furthermore, we may then well think, events occurring at earlier times, by causing them, determine those at later times; by causing, the earlier leave no alternative but for the later to occur. There are some other further suppositions, somewhat more radical, which are also quite natural, even if they do not occur quite so easily or frequently as those just previously expressed: As things are determined so that prior events are causing everything which happens, there is no chance for any person himself to cause anything. There is, then, no possibility for you yourself to make anything happen, prior events always and inevitably taking care of things completely. Accordingly, it is not within your power to act, or to do anything at all. You are totally, completely impotent.
The Curse Of Caste; Or The Slave Bride
Authors: Collins Julia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“My school-days are over, and now farewell to books and quiet happiness,” said Claire Neville, with a sigh, on the morning following the closing exercises of L—Seminary,1 as she was gathering books, papers, pens, and drawing materials with sundry other articles pertaining to boarding school life, into an indiscriminate mass, preparatory to packing them away. “I am weak and foolish, I know,” said Claire aloud, “to feel so badly about leaving old friends and associations, to go forth into a cold and uncharitable world, but I can not help it. As my very soul shrinks from coming in contact with strangers, who will not understand my nature, and, therefore, cannot sympathize with me.” And the proud head was bowed upon her clasped hands, and bright, pearly tears were falling thick and fast. “Just one moment of weakness,” murmured she, “and I shall be strong again, strong to do and dare.” Claire Neville formed a beautiful and striking picture as she sat, with bowed head and drooping figure, the seeming embodiment of grief; for Claire was strangely, wildly, and darkly beautiful.
Photography and Bildung in The Magic Mountain
Authors: Downing Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter , I want to piece together an argument for how The Magic Mountain is a Bildungsroman and is not one, and is rather an Entwicklung-sroman, that is, a novel of development; and I want to try to account for these distinctions in terms of the insinuation of photography into the thematic space traditionally occupied by painting within the Bildungsroman genre. How, I want to ask, does the introduction of the discursive or metaphorical regime of the photograph fundamentally alter the project of Bildung, including the characteristic engagement of Bilder (pictures) in its program? On his fi rst evening at the Berghof sanatorium, after dining in the restaurant with his cousin, Joachim, Hans Castorp is introduced to Edhin Krokowski.
What Are Stem Cells? How Do They Function? What Might They Do?
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prospect of human stem cell research has emerged as a frontier scientific and bioethical issue. Ever since investigators reported that they had succeeded in isolating and culturing human embryonic stem cells in 1998, research into these cells has attracted immense scientific and public interest. This newfound ability to grow human stem cells has opened the door to the generation of brand new cells and tissues that might be used to treat those with such serious diseases as Parkinson’s, heart disease, and diabetes. Moreover, it has improved our prospects for understanding the pro- cesses of early human development and offers a novel way of testing drugs for their safety and effectiveness without involving human subjects. Given the immense promise of stem cell research, it is important to understand just what stem cells are, where they come from, and what they might do before we go on to explore several major ethical and public policy issues that their application to human beings raises.
Working with Attorneys
Authors: Shuy Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication is a big issue, especially when there is a long distance between the linguist and the lawyer. Most attorneys are busy with their own work on cases, and once they’ve asked you to analyze their data, many of them tend to be hard to reach. Face-to-face meetings are always best, if you can get their attention long enough to explain your analysis. This is true mostly in criminal cases but sometimes also in civil cases, mostly because civil cases have a deeper pocket and usually have a longer time period for preparation. A lot depends on the amount of time between when you are hired and when the trial is scheduled to start.
Using Your Experience to Write Articles or Books
Authors: Shuy Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have pointed out that experts need to have publications that support their linguistic expertise in their field. Once you’ve used linguistics to help with law cases, it can be useful to transform your experiences to articles or books. Expertise in linguistics will make you acceptable as an expert witness, and experience in actual law cases will open the door of acceptability even wider. An opposing attorney would have great difficulty complaining that you have no experience in the legal arena and therefore that you don’t belong in a trial. Even a few cases that you can cite will usually make such a complaint difficult. And when you can cite articles or books that you’ve published relating linguistics to law cases, objections to your expertise are even more difficult to make.
Using Your Experience to Teach Courses
Authors: Shuy Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned earlier, there seems to be a growing tendency to teach college courses in various aspects of forensic linguistics. Although this may have certain benefits, I consider the major advantages for teaching to be the rich examples that law cases can provide to core linguistics courses, such as phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, speech acts, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, lexicography, and language assessment. The examples taken from real-life contexts can stimulate student interest in ways that conventional made-up sentences often cannot. Data about the reality of bribes, solicitation to murder, confession statements, and other criminal case data can generate considerable excitement among today’s students, who have been brought up on television programs that regularly deal with solving crimes. Civil case topics of discrimination by age, gender, race, and employment; contract disputes; hazard statements on products; deceptive trade practices; and copyright disputes can provide stimulating revelations about how language works in the real world of commerce.
Introduction to the T-Box Genes and Their Roles in Developmental Signaling Pathways
Authors: Papaioannou Virginia E , Goldin Sarah N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the T-box gene family began with the 1927 discovery of a semidominant mutation in mice, named Brachyury (short tail), or simply T, for tail. The mutation affects both embryonic viability in homozygotes and tail development in heterozygotes (DobrovolskaaZavadskaa, 1927). In the following decades, the embryological defects caused by the T mutation were exhaustively studied. In 1990, the T gene was cloned (Herrmann et al., 1990). At the same time, the Drosophila melanogaster optomotor-blind (omb) mutant, characterized by the absence of giant neurons in the lobular plate of the optic lobe, was being investigated. Upon cloning the omb gene, it was recognized that omb and T share a domain of homology and that this domain possesses a general DNA-binding af)nity (PPugfelder et al., 1992). Subsequently, the omb-homologous domain of T was shown to bind speci)cally to DNA, and its preferred in vitro target sequence was identi)ed (Kispert and Herrmann, 1993). Then, in 1995, it was shown that T encodes a transcription factor capable of regulating expression of a reporter through the identi)ed target sequence (Kispert, 1995). On the basis of the limited number of DNA-binding motifs and the observation that gene families are the norm for transcription factors, it seemed likely that T and omb represented just two members of a larger gene family. This prediction was borne out by Bollag et al. (1994), who demonstrated the existence of a family of T-related genes in the mouse genome, which was christened the T-box gene family after the region of homology that encodes most of the DNA-binding domain. Thus, the de)ning feature of the family is a conserved sequence encoding a polypeptide domain that extends across a region of 180–200 amino acid residues and is called the T-box domain or T domain (Kispert and Herrmann, 1993; Bollag et al., 1994).
Domestic Life and Literary Pursuits
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon learning of the fire at Shadwell, Jefferson’s friends were quick to respond with sympathy and offers of help. Secretary of Virginia Thomas Nelson, for one, expressed his concern and offered to lend books from his personal library. His son, Thomas Nelson, Jr., upon receiving a letter from Jefferson listing several necessary books, forwarded the request to his bookseller. George Wythe sent some publishers’ catalogues and, regardless of the fire, some agricultural specimens: grapevines plus nectarine and apricot grafts. Though coincidence might seem the only connection between the grafts and the book catalogues, they functioned similarly. Just as a graft can improve the quality of fruit a tree bears, books can give readers new ideas to splice onto their existing knowledge.
Rude Bard of the North
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the literary works Jefferson read for pleasure, few pleased him more than those James Macpherson assembled as the poems of Ossian, the legendary third-century Gaelic warrior-poet. Writing before the authenticity of these works came under close scrutiny, Jefferson praised Macpherson “for the collection, arrangement and elegant translation, of Ossian’s poems.” Fragments of Ancient Poetry, Collected in the Highlands of Scotland, and Translated from the Galic or Erse Language, Macpherson’s first Ossianic publication, appeared in 1760. The enthusiasm that greeted this work prompted Macpherson to research the traditional poetry of the Scottish Highlands further and to publish two additional titles, both ostensibly ancient Gaelic verse rendered into English prose. Fingal, An Ancient Epic, in Six Books, which also contained a number of shorter works attributed to Ossian, appeared in 1762. Temora, another Ossianic epic, appeared the following year.
The Book Culture of Philadelphia and Williamsburg, Contrasted
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living in Philadelphia while serving as a delegate to the Continental Congress, Jefferson immersed himself in the city’s literary culture. His Congressional colleagues included many of the finest readers and writers in America. Jefferson expanded his circle of acquaintances to include local booksellers and publishers, too. Seldom did he let a week go by without visiting one Philadelphia bookshop or another and making substantial purchases. His July 1776 accounts, combined with other surviving evidence, show him buying some pamphlets on the sixth and some more on the twelfth. He purchased a book on the fifteenth, a pamphlet on the twenty-sixth, more pamphlets on the twenty-ninth, and yet another pamphlet on the thirtieth. His accounts remain silent as to the titles of the books and pamphlets he purchased and the names of the booksellers he patronized, but other evidence can help identify some of the works Jefferson acquired and some of the shops he visited during his time in Philadelphia. He appears to have been best acquainted with three particular booksellers: Robert Bell, Robert Aitken, and John Dunlap. All exerted an influence on him that summer and would remain important contacts in the years to come.
Bookman in Paris
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boston harbor was cloaked in darkness as the Ceres left its mooring shortly before sunrise in early July 1784. The new minister plenipotentiary, his eleven-year-old daughter, and their coachman were snugly aboard, with their considerable baggage stored in its hold. Having driven his phaeton all the way from Monticello, Jefferson was not about to leave it behind. He had it carefully disassembled, crated, and brought aboard as part of his personal luggage. He planned to uncrate it in Le Havre de Grace and make his way to Paris at its reins. Like so many Americans after him, Jefferson was particular about his mode of travel and preferred having his own set of wheels wherever he went.
The President as Patron of Literature
Authors: Hayes Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1807, Thomas Jefferson was at Monticello enjoying the end of his summer vacation before returning to Washington. The successful return of Lewis and Clark the previous year had marked the high point of his second term as president. Since then, he had experienced several difficulties, punctuated by an event that threatened an international crisis. On June 22, the H.M.S. Leopard, aggressively searching for deserters from the British navy, had fired on the Chesapeake, an American frigate, killing three sailors and wounding several others. Tensions between Great Britain and the United States had escalated through the summer. Many Americans clamored for war, and the situation remained unresolved. Jefferson would face some tough decisions upon his return to Washington.