bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesopotamian Mensuration: Balance Pan Weights from Nippur
Authors:   Hafford
Published: September 2005

AbstractBalance pan weights are used in both manufacture and trade and therefore are a correlate of economic activity. Ancient examples can provide insight into the nature and extent of ancient economies. Many ancient weights have been discovered at the site of Nippur in Iraq and most are here analyzed for the first time. Common weight forms at Nippur are those that are typical across the ancient Near East, but a single system of weight measurement is strongly indicated in statistical analysis. This is in contradiction to most analyzed sites farther north, where many weight systems are simultaneously in play. It seems to indicate Nippur's relative isolation within a socio-economic system, reflecting a general lack of incoming merchants or craftspeople from distant regions. Utilisés à la fois dans la manufacture et le commerce, les poids de balance à plateaux représentent un correlat de l'activité économique. Ceux datant de l'Antiquité peuvent donc nous donner un aperçu de la nature et de l'étendue des économies antiques. Ils sont nombreux à avoir été découverts sur le site de Nippur, en Irak, et la plupart est ici analysée pour la première fois. Les formes de poids les plus communes à Nippur sont celles que l'on retrouve typiquement dans tout le Proche-Orient. Mais l'analyse statistique suggère fortement l'existence d'un système unique de mesure du poids, ce qui est en contradiction avec les analyses précédemment menées dans les sites plus au nord, où plusieurs systèmes de mesure étaient simultanément en vigueur. Ces éléments semblent donc indiquer que Nippur était relativement isolé au sein d'un système socio-économique, ce qui montre que le nombre de marchants ou d'artisans extérieurs provenant de régions lointaine était généralement peu élevé.
As Socrates Shows, the Athenians Did Not Believe in Gods
Authors: Giordano-Zecharya Manuela 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper reopens the discussion of key terms of the Socratic indictment, such as "worship" or "belief," from the point of view of Athenian religiosity. It addresses the content of the accusation itself: the main contention is that the accusations of "atheism" and "disbelief " are indeed opaque when understood against the background of the sources and in the context of Greek religiosity. The investigation includes a detailed inquiry into the categories of faith and belief and into the cultural reasons underlying the choice of these terms in Socratic scholarship.
The Interannual Variability of the Onset of the Maize Growing Season over South Africa and Zimbabwe
Authors: Tadross M. A. , Hewitson B. C. , Usman M. T. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Subsistence farmers within southern Africa have identified the onset of the maize growing season as an important seasonal characteristic, advance knowledge of which would aid preparations for the planting of rain-fed maize. Onset over South Africa and Zimbabwe is calculated using rainfall data from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and the Computing Center for Water Research (CCWR). The two datasets present similar estimates of the mean, standard deviation, and trend of onset for the common period (1979–97) over South Africa. During this period, onset has been tending to occur later in the season, in particular over the coastal regions and the Limpopo valley. However, the CCWR data (1950–97) indicate that this is part of long-term (decadal) variability.
Characteristic rainfall patterns associated with late and early onset are estimated using a self-organizing map (SOM). Late onset is associated with heavier rainfall over the subcontinent. When onset is early over Zimbabwe, there is an increased frequency of more intense rainfall over northeast Madagascar during the preceding August. Accompanying these intense events is an increased frequency of positive 500-hPa geopotential height anomalies to the southeast of the continent. Similar positive height anomalies are also frequently present during early onset. The study indicates that onset variability is partly forced by synoptic conditions, and the successful use of general circulation models to estimate onset will depend on their simulation of the zonally asymmetric component of the westerly circulation.
A Nonlinear Analysis of the ENSO Cycle and Its Interdecadal Changes*
Authors: An Soon-Il , Hsieh William W. , Jin Fei-Fei 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The nonlinear principal component analysis (NLPCA), via a neural network approach, was applied to thermocline anomalies in the tropical Pacific. While the tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies had been nonlinearly mapped by the NLPCA mode 1 onto an open curve in the data space, the thermocline anomalies were mapped to a closed curve, suggesting that ENSO is a cyclic phenomenon. The NLPCA mode 1 of the thermocline anomalies reveals the nonlinear evolution of the ENSO cycle with much asymmetry for the different phases: The weak heat accumulation in the whole equatorial Pacific is followed by the strong El Niño, and the subsequent strong drain of equatorial heat content toward the off-equatorial region precedes a weak La Niña. This asymmetric ENSO evolution implies that the nonlinear instability enhances the growth of El Niño, but dwarfs the growth of La Niña. The nonlinear ENSO cycle was found to have changed since the late 1970s. For the pre-1980s the ENSO cycle associated with the thermocline is less asymmetrical than that during the post-1980s, indicating that the nonlinearity of the ENSO cycle has become stronger since the late 1970s.
Characterizing Midlatitude Jet Variability: Lessons from a Simple GCM
Authors: Fyfe John C. , Lorenz David J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Fluctuations in the tropospheric zonal jet are often characterized using anomaly patterns, or empirical orthogonal functions, representing deviations of the zonal-mean flow from climatology. In previous studies the leading anomaly pattern has been interpreted as representing north–south jet movements, while the second anomaly pattern has been interpreted as representing independent fluctuations in jet strength and width. Here it is shown that these leading anomaly patterns are in fact dependent and together represent north–south movements of the jet. Fluctuations in jet strength, which are approximately inversely proportional to jet width, superimpose upon these dominant north–south meanderings. The distinction between the usual anomaly pattern perspective and this new perspective may have important implications in the interpretation of tropospheric zonal jet variability.
Treatment of Recalcitrant Lateral Epicondylitis with Suture Anchor Repair
Authors: Thornton Steven J. , Rogers Jennifer R. , Prickett William D. , Dunn Warren R. , Allen Answorth A. , Hannafin Jo A. 
Published: September 2005

Background Chronic lateral epicondylitis has been treated with various surgical procedures with varying and often less-thansatisfactory outcomes. Hypothesis The use of suture anchor repair of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the lateral epicondyle in the treatment of chronic lateral epicondylitis will result in a more anatomical repair, with resultant improvements in strength, pain, and return to previous sport. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 20 patients (22 elbows) were treated surgically and were observed for a minimum of 2 years. All patients had debridement of the degenerative tissue, followed by repair of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the lateral epicondyle with a suture anchor. The average time to follow-up was 4.2 years (range, 2.2-9.5 years). All patients completed a Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire to assess residual disability, and 16 patients underwent a physical examination. The objective evaluation included the assessment of range of motion, grip strength, and pinch strength. Pain was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively using a visual analog pain scale. Patients were also questioned with regard to a return to their previous level of activities. Results The grip and pinch strengths achieved for the operative extremity were 110% and 106%, respectively, of the nonoperative limb. The 16 patients who underwent a physical examination had achieved full range of motion, with 15 (94%) returning to their previous level of activity at an average time of 4.1 months. The mean preoperative pain score was 8.1 (range, 4.0-10.0), whereas the mean postoperative pain score was 0.41 (range, 0-1.5), indicating significant pain relief (P<. 001). The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores demonstrated only mild residual disability (mean, 6.6) at follow-up. Conclusion The use of a suture anchor to repair the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the epicondyle after debridement was a satisfactory procedure for recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis with regard to strength, return to previous activities, and pain relief.
The chemistry of allanite from the Daibosatsu Pass, Yamanashi, Japan
Authors: Hoshino M. , Kimata M. , Nishida N. , Kyono A. , Shimizu M. , Takizawa S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe crystal structure of allanite from granitic pegmatite, the Daibosatsu Pass, Yamanashi, Japan, has been refined under the constraint of chemical composition determined by electron microprobe analysis of rare earth elements. Back-scattered-electron images and X-ray element maps of the allanites show that each of their crystal grains has chemically homogeneous distribution of major elements. A typical formula for the chemistry is: (Ca0.920☐0.080)Σ1.000(La0.238Ce0.443Pr0.048Nd0.100Sm0.019Th0.042Mn0.008☐0.102)Σ1.000(Al0.607Fe0.3173+Ti0.076)Σ1.000(Al1.000)(Fe0.5432+Fe0.3653+Mn0.055Mg0.037)Σ1.000(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH).The crystal structure of allanite, monoclinic, a 8.905 (1), b 5.7606 (5), c 10.123 (1) Å, β 114.78°(1), space group P21/m, Z = 2, has been refined to an unweighted R factor of 3.46% for 1459 observed reflections. Although the H atom position was not determined on the Difference-Fourier map, inspection of the bond valence sums demonstrates that the H atom is uniquely located at the O10 atom and involved in a hydrogen bond to O4. A systematic examination as to crystal chemistry of allanites suggests that the isolated SiO4 tetrahedron has the largest distortion of three kinds of the tetrahedron containing Si2O7 groups in the allanite structure. This observation is common to the epidote group minerals, while the larger distortion of A2 sites caused by occupancy by REE in allanites contrasts with the smaller one of A sites in other epidote group minerals. In the allanite groups the bond angles between the O10–H bond and hydrogen bond H···O4 are found to range from 170 to 180°.Compilation of the chemical compositions of the title allanite and the others from granitic rocks, Japan, which reveals Th-incorporation as the coupled substitution of 3Th4+ + ☐ (vacancy) ⇌ 4REE3+, provides an explanation for the observation that higher Th concentrations characterize allanites from the island arcs. The ternary Al2O3-Fe2O3-ΣREE diagram illustrates that allanites are grouped, according to their origins, into three classes suggestive of tectonic backgrounds for the crystallization localities; (1) intracontinental, (2) island arc and (3) continental margin.
Kingstonite, (Rh,Ir,Pt)3S4, a new mineral species from Yubdo, Ethiopia
Authors: Stanley C. J. , Criddle A. J. , Spratt J. , Roberts A. C. , Szymański J. T. , Welch M. D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractKingstonite, ideally Rh3S4, is a new mineral from the Bir Bir river, Yubdo District, Wallaga Province, Ethiopia. It occurs as subhedral, tabular elongate to anhedral inclusions in a Pt-Fe nugget with the associated minerals isoferroplatinum, tetraferroplatinum, a Cu-bearing Pt-Fe alloy, osmium, enriched oxide remnants of osmium, laurite, bowieite, ferrorhodsite and cuprorhodsite. It is opaque with a metallic lustre, has a black streak, is brittle and has a subconchoidal fracture and a good cleavage parallel to [001]. VHN25 is 871–920 kg/mm2. In plane-polarized reflected light, kingstonite is a pale slightly brownish grey colour. It is weakly pleochroic and displays a weak bireflectance. It does not possess internal reflections. The anisotropy is weak to moderate in dull greys and browns. Reflectance data and colour values are tabulated. Average results of twenty electron microprobe analyses on four grains give Rh 46.5, Ir 16.4, Pt 11.2, S 25.6, total 99.7 wt.%. The empirical formula is (Rh2.27Ir0.43Pt0.29)Σ2.99S4.01, based on 7 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.). Kingstonite is monoclinic (C2/m) with a = 10.4616(5), b = 10.7527(5), c = 6.2648(3) Å, β = 109.000(5)°, V = 666.34(1) Å3 (Z = 6). The calculated density is 7.52 g/cm3 (on the basis of the empirical formula and unit-cell parameters refined from powder data). The seven strongest X-ray powder-diffraction lines [d in Å(I) (hkl)] are: 3.156 (100) (310), 3.081 (100) (31), 2.957 (90) (002), 2.234 (60) (202), 1.941 (50) (23), 1.871 (80) (41) and 1.791 (90) (060, 33). The structure of kingstonite was solved and refined to Rp = 3.8%. There are four distinct metal sites with Rh occupancies of 0.64–0.89. Two metal sites are regular RhS6 octahedra that share edges to form a ribbon running parallel to c. The other two metal sites are coordinated by 4 S + 2 Rh and 5 S + 2 Rh and define a puckered Rh6 ring. The ribbons of regular RhS6 octahedra alternate with the columns of Rh6 rings linked by S atoms. S–S bridges also connect the ribbons and columns. As such, the kingstonite structure is essentially that of synthetic Rh3S4. Minor differences in the unit-cell parameters, atom coordinates and displacement parameters of kingstonite and synthetic Rh3S4 arise from the considerable substitution of Ir for Rh. The mineral name honours Gordon Kingston (formerly of Cardiff University) in recognition of his contributions to platinum group element mineralogy and the geology of their mineral deposits.
Mechanical graphite transport in fault zones and the formation of graphite veins
Authors: Crespo E. , Luque J. , Barrenechea J. F. , Rodas M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a vein-shaped graphite occurrence in which, for the first time, the geological, mineralogical and isotopic evidence support its formation by physical remobilization of previously formed syngenetic graphite. The deposit studied is located in the Spanish Central System and it occurs along the contact between a hydrothermal Ag-bearing quartz vein and a graphite-bearing quartzite layer. The characteristics of this occurrence differ from those of fluid-deposited vein-type graphite mineralization in that: (1) graphite flakes are oriented parallel to the vein walls; (2) graphite crystallinity is slightly lower than in the syngenetic precursor (graphite disseminated in the quartzite); and (3) the isotopic signatures of both types of graphite are identical and correspond to biogenic carbon. In addition, theP-Tconditions of the hydrothermal Ag-bearing quartz veins in the study area (P<1 kbar, andTup to 360°C) contrast with the high degree of structural order of graphite in the vein. Therefore, physical remobilization of graphite can be regarded as a suitable alternative mechanism to account for some cases of vein-shaped graphite deposits. Such a mechanism would require a previous concentration of disseminated syngenetic graphite promoted, in this case, by the retrograde solubility of quartz. This process would generate monomineralic graphite aggregates enhancing its lubricant properties and permitting graphite to move in the solid state along distances in the range of up to several metres.
Contrasting Fe-Ca distributions and related microtextures in syenite alkali feldspar from the Patagonian Andes, Chile
Authors: Nakano Satoshi , Akai J. , Shimobayashi N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractContrasting distribution patterns of Fe and Ca have been found by electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) mapping of alkali feldspar in a quartz syenite from the Patagonian Andes, Chile. They comprise mainly mantle zoning (Fe-rich, Ca-poor rims and Fe-poor, Ca-rich interiors) and corresponding patchy zoning in grain interiors. The rims are dominantly of turbid, patch microperthites associated with abundant micropores, but there remain clear, optically featureless regions almost free of micropores. The interiors are intricate mixtures of optically clear, featureless regions, and turbid, patch microperthite regions. The clear, featureless regions (Or31 –47) are of remaining exsolution lamellar cryptoperthites. The zoning patterns of Fe and Ca formed by large-scale transport over the feldspar grain during the high-temperature fluid stage. They have been modified by successive transport of Fe and Ca during the later hydrothermal development of patch microperthites and finally by K-feldspathization and albitization. Cathodoluminescence images correspond to the spatial distribution patterns of Fe overprinted by these multi-stage reactions. The original composition of the alkali feldspar before the subsolidus reactions is estimated to have been ~Or34Ab65An1, and the present bulk composition after the reactions is Or40Ab59An0.5.
TACI-BLyS signaling via B-cell–dendritic cell cooperation is required for naive CD8+ T-cell priming in vivo
Authors: Diaz-de-Durana Yaiza , Mantchev George T. , Bram Richard J. , Franco Alessandra 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe demonstrated that B-cell–dendritic cell (DC) interactions via transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand (CAML) interactor (TACI) and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) provide an early signal critical to generate adequate numbers of mature antigen presenting cells (APCs) to prime naive CD8+ T cells (CTLs) in vivo. Evidence that B cells are required for efficient CTL generation in mice and that reconstitution with wild-type but not TACI-knockout B cells restored normal CTL responses support our conclusion. Moreover, low doses of a TACI fusion protein (TACI-Fc) that express the extracellular domain of TACI (amino acid [aa] 1-126) restored CTL priming in B-cell–deficient mice in vivo and induced DC maturation in vitro. In fact, following interactions with B cells, splenic DCs rapidly express the CD86 costimulatory molecule, to an extent comparable to the exposure to antigenic stimuli. BLyShigh peptide-pulsed bone marrow–derived DCs, used as vaccines in vivo, cannot generate CTLs in B-cell–deficient and TACI-deficient mice, strongly supporting a need for B-cell–DC cooperation through TACI-BLyS during CTL first encounter with antigens in vivo.
Immunoselection by natural killer cells of PIGA mutant cells missing stress-inducible ULBP
Authors: Hanaoka Nobuyoshi , Kawaguchi Tatsuya , Horikawa Kentaro , Nagakura Shoichi , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Nakakuma Hideki 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe mechanism by which paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones expand is unknown. PNH clones harbor PIGA mutations and do not synthesize glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), resulting in deficiency of GPI-linked membrane proteins. GPI-deficient blood cells often expand in patients with aplastic anemia who sustain immune-mediated marrow injury putatively induced by cytotoxic cells, hence suggesting that the injury allows PNH clones to expand selectively. We previously reported that leukemic K562 cells preferentially survived natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro when they acquired PIGA mutations. We herein show that the survival is ascribable to the deficiency of stress-inducible GPI-linked membrane proteins ULBP1 and ULBP2, which activate NK and T cells. The ULBPs were detected on GPI-expressing but not on GPI-deficient K562 cells. In the presence of antibodies to either the ULBPs or their receptor NKG2D on NK cells, GPI-expressing cells were as less NK sensitive as GPI-deficient cells. NK cells therefore spared ULBP-deficient cells in vitro. The ULBPs were identified only on GPI-expressing blood cells of a proportion of patients with PNH but none of healthy individuals. Granulocytes of the patients partly underwent killing by autologous cytotoxic cells, implying ULBP-associated blood cell injury. In this setting, the lack of ULBPs may allow immunoselection of PNH clones.
Tyrosine phosphorylation modulates binding preference to cyclin-dependent kinases and subcellular localization of p27Kip1 in the acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4
Authors: Kardinal Christian , Dangers Marc , Kardinal Angelika , Koch Alexandra , Brandt Dominique Tobias , Tamura Teruko , Welte Karl 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe have investigated the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27Kip1 using the acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB4 together with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Short-term G-CSF stimulation resulted in a rapid tyrosine dephosphorylation of p27Kip1 accompanied by a change in its binding preferences to cdks. On G-CSF stimulation, p27Kip1 dissociated from cdk4 and associated with cdk2. Binding assays with recombinant p27Kip1 confirmed that tyrosine-phosphorylated p27Kip1 preferentially bound to cdk4, whereas unphosphorylated protein preferentially associated with cdk2. In addition, studies with p27Kip1 point mutations revealed a decisive role of Tyr88 and Tyr89 in binding to cdk4. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Tyr88 and Tyr89 was accompanied by strong nuclear translocation of p27Kip1. Taken together, this report provides the first evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation of p27Kip1 plays a crucial role in binding to cdks and its subcellular localization. Moreover, both effects are mediated by application of G-CSF.
The mTOR inhibitor CCI-779 induces apoptosis and inhibits growth in preclinical models of primary adult human ALL
Authors: Teachey David T. , Obzut Dana A. , Cooperman Jonathan , Fang Junjie , Carroll Martin , Choi John K. , Houghton Peter J. , Brown Valerie I. , Grupp Stephan A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adult patients is often resistant to current therapy, making the development of novel therapeutic agents paramount. We investigated whether mTOR inhibitors (MTIs), a class of signal transduction inhibitors, would be effective in primary human ALL. Lymphoblasts from adult patients with precursor B ALL were cultured on bone marrow stroma and were treated with CCI-779, a second generation MTI. Treated cells showed a dramatic decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic cells, compared to untreated cells. We also assessed the effect of CCI-779 in a NOD/SCID xenograft model. We treated a total of 68 mice generated from the same patient samples with CCI-779 after establishment of disease. Animals treated with CCI-779 showed a decrease in peripheral-blood blasts and in splenomegaly. In dramatic contrast, untreated animals continued to show expansion of human ALL. We performed immunoblots to validate the inhibition of the mTOR signaling intermediate phospho-S6 in human ALL, finding down-regulation of this target in xenografted human ALL exposed to CCI-779. We conclude that MTIs can inhibit the growth of adult human ALL and deserve close examination as therapeutic agents against a disease that is often not curable with current therapy.