bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ageing in the sun parlour
Authors: Piérard G.E. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisPhotoageing of the dermis was often ascribed to chronic sun exposure. By contrast, it was traditionally thought that a tanning bed was not harmful. However, recent evidence suggests that UVA could contribute to the risk of skin cancers. Furthermore, UVA could affect the dermal structures and modify their physical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of iterative sunbed irradiations upon the tensile properties of skin. A computerized suction devise was used to derive measures of skin extensibility, elasticity and hysteresis. The skin colour was assessed using the so‐called individual typology angle (ITA°). The longitudinal study consisted of quarterly measurements performed over 5 years in two groups of 20 women who frequented or did not use tanning salons. Frequent UVA suberythemal irradiations for indoor tanning induced skin slackness corresponding to an increase in extensibility and hysteresis and to a parallel reduction in elasticity. Variations in the two latter rheological parameters were correlated with ITA° values. It is concluded that the unremitting frequentation of a sun parlour fuels a functional decline of the dermis resembling premature ageing.RésuméLe photovieillissement du derme est souvent attribuéà l'exposition chronique à la lumière solaire. Les bancs solaires étaient traditionnellement considérés comme étant sans danger. Cependant, des informations récentes suggèrent que les UVA contribuent aux risques carcinogènes cutanés. Du plus, les UVA peuvent altérer les structures dermiques et modifier leurs propriétés physiques. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer l'effet d'irradiations itératives par des bancs solaires sur les propriétés mécaniques du revêtement cutané. Un appareillage informatisé exerçant des forces de succion fut utilisé pour mesurer l'extensibilité, l'élasticité et l'hystérésis de la peau. La couleur cutanée fut quantifiée par les mesure de l'angle typologique individuel (ITA°). L'étude a consisté en des évaluations trimestrielles accumulées pendant 5 ans parmi deux groupes de 20 femmes adeptes ou non de salons de bronzage. Des irradiations fréquentes subérythémateuses par les UVA dans le but d'acquérir un teint bronzé se sont avérées induire une laxité cutanée. Celle‐ci correspondait à un accroissement de l'extensibilité et de l'hystérésis alors que l'élasticitéétait réduite. Les variations de ces deux derniers paramètres rhéologiques étaient correlées aux valeurs de ITA°. En conclusion, la fréquentation assidue de salons de bronage alimente une dégradation fonctionnelle du derme qui ressemble à celle d'un vieillissement prématuré. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
Frictional properties of skin: proposal of a new approach
Authors: Koudine  , Barquins  , Anthoine  , Aubert  , Lévêque  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Phenomena occurring at the interface between skin and a glass pad, alternatively moved at its surface, are described by direct observation and measured by recording the force on the pad induced by the skin displacement. Static and dynamic friction coefficients are determined as a function of the load applied on the pad. Influence on the recordings of the friction coefficient of some cosmetic treatments applied on the skin are described.Results show that discontinuous phenomena, due to compression and distortion of the skin microrelief, occur during the beginning of the sliding process. Friction coefficients are depending on the load applied on the pad. Our studies confirm the increase of friction coefficient after hydration of the skin surface and suggest that the fluctuations in the frictional force amplitude could supply an objective, although indirect, measurement of skin smoothness. Résumé Un nouveau dispositif expérimental permet à la fois de décrire les phénomènes qui se passent à l’interface entre la peau et une demi‐sphère en verre et de mesurer les forces induites par le déplacement de la peau. Le coefficient de friction (statique et dynamique) peut aussi être mesuré en fonction de la charge appliquée sur la demi‐sphère. Les effets de quelques traitements cosmétiques sur les enregistrements des forces de frottement sont aussi discutés.Les résultats montrent que des phénomènes discontinus probablement dus à des mécanismes de compression et d’étirement du microrelief cutané, prennent place à l’interface entre la demi‐sphère et la surface de la peau. D’autre part, le coefficient de friction est diminué dans le cas de fortes charges. Nos résultats confirment l’augmentation du coefficient de friction avec l’hydratation de la surface cutanée et suggèrent que l’amplitude des fluctuations de la force de frottement serait une mesure indirecte mais objective de la douceur cutanée.
Formulation and interest of a decorative emulsifier‐free O/W emulsion with a positive zeta potential
Authors: De Clermont‐Gallerande, H. , Doucet, O. , Marsande E. , Fouchard, D. , Orcet A.M. , Zastrow L. 
Published: March 2003

Synopsis The aim of this study was to formulate an emulsifier‐free foundation with a positive zeta potential. This formulation was achieved through a comparative study carried out on 16 cationic hydrogels. Measurements of the cationic activity of those gels were undertaken. Sixteen emulsions, including 0.4% of cationic gel, were formulated and the zeta potential of each was quantified. No correlation between those two measurements could be established.Pigments introduced in the emulsion to obtain a foundation slightly reduced the zeta potential value of the formula. The skin coloration induced by the application of the formula with a positive electric charge was found more stable than that of classical and transfer‐proof formulae. Moreover, this formula displayed a higher hydrating potential compared to transfer‐proof formulae. Résumé Le but de cette étude était de formuler un fond de teint présentant un potentiel zêta positif. Cette formulation a été mise au point à la suite d’une étude comparative menée sur 16 gels cationiques hydrophiles. Les mesures de l’activité cationique de ces gels ont été réalisées. Seize émulsions contenant chacune 0.4% de gel cationique ont été formulées et leur zêta potentiel mesuré. Aucune corrélation n’a pu être établie entre ces 2 types de mesures.Les pigments, introduits dans l’émulsion pour obtenir un fond de teint, ont faiblement diminué la valeur du potentiel zêta de la formule. La coloration de la peau, induite par l’application de la formule ayant une charge électrique positive, a étée jugée plus stable que celle de formules traditionnelles ou non transferts. Cette formulation présentait de plus, des propriétés hydratantes beaucoup plus importantes que des formules non transferts.
Cosmetic efficacy claims in vitro using a three‐dimensional human skin model
Authors: Schlotmann K. , Kaeten M. , Black A. F. , Damour O. , Waldmann‐Laue M. , Förster T. 
Published: March 2003

Synopsis A tissue engineered human skin equivalent is successfully used for the testing of raw materials and cosmetic formulations. This reconstructed skin is supported by a collagen‐glycosaminoglycan‐chitosan biopolymer in which human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were co‐cultured to form a tissue that closely reproduces the in vivo architecture of normal human skin and takes into account the complex interactions between epidermis and dermis. On the other hand, dermal and epidermal responses can be assessed separately in the dermal or skin equivalent.The three‐dimensional model has important advantages compared to monolayer cell cultures and epidermis models in efficacy testing: (i) the possibility of long‐term cultivation with repeated application of cream formulations containing bioactives and (ii) the similarity to human skin concerning the interaction between dermis and epidermis. These similarities include the expression of keratinocyte differentiation markers such as cytokeratin 10, filaggrin and transglutaminase, as well as proteins of the basal lamina (laminin, collagen type IV) and extracellular matrix proteins such as elastin.The efficacy of selected bioactives was determined using different endpoints, for example, stimulation of collagen synthesis in the dermal and skin equivalents was shown in comparison to vitamin C as a positive control. On skin equivalents using immunofluorescence techniques we also demonstrated stimulation of the differentiation marker filaggrin, which is important for skin moisturization. The results could be used for claim substantiation, e.g. for the treatment of dry and aged skin.
Isolation of elastin and collagen polypeptides from long cattle tendons as raw material for the cosmetic industry
Authors: Langmaier F. , Mládek M. , Kolomazník K. , Sukop S. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisLong cattle tendons were enzymatically disposed of lipoid and accompanying nitrogenous substances. Collagenous hydrolysate of average molecular mass Ma = 0.830 ± 1.206 kDa, suitable for application in skin and hair‐care preparations, was obtained through hydrolysis by commercial protease (Bacillus subtilis) under mild conditions. Elastin, hydrolysable with greater difficulty, was subsequently hydrolysed by commercial endopeptidase (Bacillus licheniformis), under more drastic conditions, to a product of average molecular mass Ma = 0.448 ± 1.514 kDa. Purity of both hydrolysates was assessed by hydroxyproline and amide nitrogen contents. Aminosaccharides and glycosamino glycans in hydrolysates were not detected.
Nutrition policies for schools
Authors: McKenna Mary L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn Britain, Canada and the United States, the impetus for initiating school nutrition policies has come primarily from health, not education, agencies. These agencies define the nutrition problems of school students as both under‐ and over‐nutrition, and, to solve them, advocate the development and implementation of policies to combat health and learning problems associated with poor nutrition. Health, rather than educational, agencies are also more likely to formulate school nutrition policies; such policies commonly address the dietary principles of access, adequacy, and moderation. Within countries, the adoption of school nutrition policies varies considerably. Moreover, the degree to which such policies have been implemented is unclear, because of a lack of research to evaluate their process and impact. To enhance the successful development and implementation of school nutrition policies, greater partnership between health and education agencies is recommended throughout the policy process.
Merging the National Food Survey
Authors: Speller Stan 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWork started in summer 1997 on the possibility of merging the data collection and validation phases of the Family Expenditure Survey and National Food Survey from April 2001. After passing a series of checkpoints, the merger is still on course for April 2001, subject to a successful final pilot study which is now underway. The final decision on whether to proceed with the merger will be made in Autumn 2000, after analysis of the pilot study results. The working name of the survey is the Expenditure and Food Survey (EFS).
Orlistat for the treatment of obesity: rapid review and cost‐effectiveness model
Authors: Foxcroft D. R. , Milne R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study is to clarify the potential benefits, disbenefits and costs of Orlistat for the treatment of obesity. The method was a search for relevant systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials, in Medline, Pre‐Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library, using Orlistat and its synonyms. Identified trials were appraised using a standard appraisal checklist and trial data were extracted for use in cost‐effectiveness modelling. Three large multicentre, randomized placebo controlled trials were included in the rapid review. On average, Orlistat results in obese people losing an additional 3–4% of their initial body weight over diet alone during a 2 year period. There was no strong evidence that this short‐term weight loss would have a longer‐term impact on morbidity and mortality. The cost utility of Orlistat treatment was estimated at around £46 000 per Quality Adjusted Life Year gained (extreme values sensitivity analysis £14 000 to £132 000). This rapid review raises some important questions about the potential value of Orlistat in the treatment of obesity. Further research is needed, not only to clarify the longer‐term impact of Orlistat treatment, but also to uncover the longer‐term impact on mortality and morbidity from short‐term weight loss.
An assessment of the safety and efficacy of sibutramine, an anti‐obesity drug with a novel mechanism of action
Authors: Nisoli E. , Carruba M. O. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySibutramine is a combined serotonin(5‐HT) and noradrenaline (NA)re‐uptake inhibitor. Sibutramine works predominantly through its two pharmacologically active metabolites (i.e. primary and secondary amines) which induce marked weight loss by affecting both food intake and energy expenditure. It is able to enhance the physiological process of satiety, and to stimulate thermogenesis, increasing the efferent sympathetic activity to thermogenically active brown fat. There is a dose‐related reduction in body weight in clinical trials with sibutramine, with weight loss up to 11% below baseline, which can last up to 18 months with continued treatment. When weight loss is induced with a very low calorie diet (VLCDL), patients randomized to the sibutramine treatment continued to lose weight over a 1 year period, reaching 15% below baseline, whereas the placebo‐treated patients regained some weight. Sibutramine improves metabolic fitness, by decreasing the biochemical risk factors associated with obesity, such as plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, glucose and insulin, and increasing HDL‐cholesterol. In controlled studies, 84% of sibutramine‐treated patients reported side effects, most commonly including dry mouth, constipation and insomnia, compared with 71% of patients receiving placebo. A small increase in heart rate and blood pressure also occurs and persists for as long as treatment is continued, which, therefore, requires monitoring. Nevertheless, successful treatment of moderately hypertensive obese patients with sibutramine has been demonstrated without undue blood pressure problems and even a mean lowering of blood pressure associated with weight loss. Finally, sibutramine does not have the potential for abuse that is characteristic of amphetamine and it is indistinguishable from placebo in abuse potential studies.
The health at any size paradigm for obesity treatment: the scientific evidence
Authors: Miller W. C. , Jacob A. V. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTraditional weight loss (TWL) treatments have been unsuccessful at reducing the prevalence of obesity in the population. Health‐care professionals and consumers have criticized TWL treatments as being detrimental to the obese person's health. Consequently, an alternative approach to obesity treatment, the health at any size (H@AS) paradigm, has been proposed. The H@AS paradigm is based on the philosophy that once diet restrictions and barriers to activity have been removed, the individual will develop healthier eating and activity patterns that lead to a naturally healthy body weight. This paper reviews the philosophical foundation and the scientific data that support and oppose the H@AS paradigm and compares it with that of TWL treatments.
Physical activity and its impact on health outcomes. Paper 1: the impact of physical activity on cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality: an historical perspective
Authors: Erlichman J. , Kerbey A. L. , James W. P. T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe modern scientific study of physical activity began soon after World War II and focused on the epidemic of cardiovascular disease that was beginning to engulf the Western world. Early ‘exercise prescriptions’ then specified intense bouts of vigorous activity as the most effective way to maintain cardiovascular fitness and ‘heart health’. Doctors and other health professionals then grew concerned that progressively fewer individuals were heeding this advice at a time when physical activity from manual work was becoming less common. Evidence was also emerging in the late 1980s that the value of accumulated, moderately intense activities, now of increasing importance during leisure time, may have been overlooked, or at least underplayed, in the prevention of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. Perhaps in population terms adherence to moderate ‘lifestyle’ activities would be better than to the earlier vigorous recommendations. Social policy therefore shifted in the United States in 1996; the US Surgeon General's report set out the basic public health message of ‘30 min of moderate activity five, and preferably all, days of the week’. This recommendation was broadly adopted throughout much of the Western world. How this change in health strategy might impact on unhealthy weight gain and the growing obesity epidemic was given little attention. Here we examine how post‐war public health policy in physical activity developed in an attempt primarily to prevent cardiovascular disease. In the following article we examine why too little attention may have been given to unhealthy weight gain and investigate how this may have happened. Then we consider how much physical activity – and of what kind – is needed to prevent unhealthy weight gain.
Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV‐infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: French M.A. , Lenzo N. , John M. , Mallal S.A. , McKinnon E.J. , James I.R. , Price P. , Flexman J.P. , Tay‐Kearney M‐L. 
Published: March 2003

Background To determine if infectious disease events in HIV‐infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are a consequence of the restoration of pathogen‐specific immune responses, a single‐centre retrospective study of all HIV‐infected patients commencing HAART prior to 1 July 1997 was undertaken to determine the incidence, characteristics and time of onset of disease episodes in HAART responders (decrease in plasma HIV RNA of > 1 log10 copies/mL). Methods Baseline and post‐therapy changes in CD4 T‐cell counts and HIV RNA were compared in patients with and without disease and delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses to mycobacterial antigens were measured in selected patients. Results Thirty‐three of 132 HAART responders (25%) exhibited one or more disease episodes after HAART, related to a pre‐existent or subclinical infection by an opportunistic pathogen. Disease episodes were most often related to infections by mycobacteria or herpesviruses but hepatitis C virus (HCV), molluscum contagiosum virus and human papilloma virus were also implicated. They were most common in patients with a baseline CD4 T‐cell count of < 50/uL and occurred most often during the first 2 months of therapy and when CD4 T‐cell counts were increasing. Mycobacteria‐ and HCV‐related diseases were associated with restoration of pathogen‐specific immune responses. Conclusions We conclude that improved immune function in immunodeficient patients treated with HAART may restore pathogen‐specific immune responses and cause inflammation in tissues infected by those pathogens.
Economic impact of HIV protease inhibitor therapy in the global use of health‐care resources
Authors: Velasco M , Gómez A , Fernández C , Pérez‐Cecilia E , Téllez MJ , Roca V , Fernández‐Cruz A 
Published: March 2003

Objective  To evaluate the clinical and economical impact of the introduction of HIV protease inhibitor (PI) therapy in the current clinical care of HIV‐infected patients.Methods  Cohort study with 155 HIV‐infected patients with a full year of follow‐up before and after the introduction of PI by June 1998. The setting was a large urban tertiary teaching hospital in Madrid, Spain. The main outcomes measures were clinical and immunological evolution, pharmacy, out‐patient, emergency room and in‐patient medical costs evaluated by diagnostic‐related group classification, and the global economic costs of clinical care in HIV‐infected patients (AIDS and non‐AIDS).Results  The cost of PI therapy was compensated fully by savings related to reduction of the number, length and severity of hospital admissions in AIDS cases. In contrast, more modest clinical effects with increased costs were observed in non‐AIDS cases. Globally, there was an increase of about 20% in the total health‐care costs of HIV‐infected patients (P < 0.01).Conclusions  PI therapy is highly cost‐effective in AIDS patients. Its value in less severely immunosuppressed patients requires further evaluation.
Drug resistance mutations and outcome of second‐line treatment in patients with first‐line protease inhibitor failure on nelfinavir‐containing HAART
Authors: Røge BT , Katzenstein TL , Nielsen HL , Gerstoft J 
Published: March 2003

ObjectivesTo determine resistance mutations emerging in HIV‐1‐infected patients experiencing their first protease inhibitor (PI)‐failure on nelfinavir‐containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and to assess virological response to rescue regimens.MethodsPlasma HIV‐1 RNA from 24 patients failing nelfinavir‐containing HAART was sequenced. Failure was defined as two consecutive measurements of viral load > 400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL. Patients with previous failure on other PIs were excluded. Data on response to second‐line treatment was extracted from patient files.ResultsAt failure primary protease mutations were found in 14 patients (58%). Ten patients had D30N (38%), five patients had L90M (19%), two patients had V82A/F (8%) and two patients had M46I/L (8%). Two patients had both D30N and L90M. Pronounced increases of secondary protease mutations were seen at codon 88 (Δ: 33%), codon 36 (Δ: 30%) and codon 71 (Δ: 17%). Of eight patients with N88D, seven also harboured D30N (P < 0.01). Polymorphisms at codon 63 were detected at baseline in all patients who developed primary resistance mutations at failure (P < 0.01). On rescue regimens, 78% achieved viral loads below limit of detection (BLD). The presence of primary protease mutations was not associated with a higher risk of failure on second‐line treatment.ConclusionIn patients failing nelfinavir‐containing HAART, D30N was detected frequently and L90M occasionally. A pronounced accumulation of the secondary protease mutations N88D, M36I, and A71V/T was found, and D30N was strongly associated with N88D. A high proportion of patients became undetectable on second‐line treatment and the presence of primary resistance mutations did not negatively affect the outcome of rescue regimens.
Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy in twin and triplet pregnancies
Authors: Elling Sv , McKenna P , Powell Fc 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP) is a common dermatosis of unknown aetiology. Multiple pregnancies occur frequently in most reported series of PUPPP and increased abdominal distension has been considered a factor in its causation.Objectives To determine the frequency of PUPPP in twin and triplet pregnancies.Methods A retrospective review of all the records of patients delivered of twin or triplet pregnancies over an 18‐month period at a busy general maternity hospital.Results One hundred and thirty‐eight women delivered twins, four of whom developed PUPPP (2.9%). Fourteen women delivered triplet pregnancies, two of whom developed PUPPP (14%). Four of these six multiple pregnancies were conceived by in vitro fertilization.Conclusions The reported rate of PUPPP in single pregnancies is 1 in 200 (0.5%). Our findings suggest that multiple pregnancies are at a higher risk of developing this cutaneous eruption with 2.9% of twin and 14% of triplet pregnancies affected in our study.