bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Un renforcement des moyens d’action du parlement : les facilités et l’assistance fournies aux parlementaires dans l’exercice de leur mandat
Authors: Sallenave Étienne 
Published: January 2024

Reinforcing Parliament’s Means : Facilities and Assistance to MPs During their Mandate.
The importance of Parliament in a nation’s government system is a result both of the constitutional setting and of the means MPs’ have to play their role. This is why parliamentary assemblies have started important efforts of modernization in the last years. They have done it essentially along two lines : to facilitate MPs’ access to information and documentation, and to give them a permanent supporting staff. Nevertheless, progress made along these lines should not hide the existence of disparities between countries or even within one and the same Parliament
Le «sergent d’armes» de la Chambre des communes
Authors: Norton Philip 
Published: January 2024

The Serjeant at Arms of the House of Commons.
The Serjeant at Arms’ functions go back to the XVth century and are essential to the good functionning of the House of Commons. The Serjeant at Arms is still appointed by the Crown, but acts to enforce the House’s orders under control of the Speaker. With his staff, he is responsible for good order, administrative tasks and ceremonial functions.
Le service diplomatique britannique
Authors: Berman Franklin 
Published: January 2024

The British Diplomatie Service.
The legal basis of the British Diplomatie Service has been established for the first time as such in by an order in council of 1964. The Foreign Secretary is assisted by a Private Office and political advisers. The Diplomatie Service Régulations define spécifie conditions of service concerning security, service abroad, dismissal, and political and public activities. The structure is very flexible. Where the FCO differs substantially from its foreign counterparts is that the departments are not grouped into fixed divisions. The Foreign Secretary is assisted by four ministers of State, one of them being the Minister for Overseas. Recently the decision has been taken to increase the autonomy of the Assistant Under-Secretaries. However the ultimate budgetary accountability to Parliament lies on the Permanent Under Secretary, head of the Diplomatie Service.
Affaires étrangères et affaires juridiques
Authors: Puissochet Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Foreign Affairs and Legal Affairs.
Legal questions play an important role in drafting a foreign policy and managing external relations. Whereas the compétences of the Jurisconsulte, which have been laid down at the end of the eighteenth century hâve not changed very much since then, the structures have constantly been changing, with the eventual setting up -in 1969-of a directorate for legal affairs in the ministry of Foreign Affairs. The most important part of its role is its Consulting activity. It is dealing as a council with the final drafting of international agreement, their interprétation and the définition of international positions. The function of agent in case of litigations has been constantly growing over recent years.
Information médicale et régulation de la médecine générale : une approche comparative
Authors: Develay Aude-Emmanuelle , Naiditch Michel , Pouvourville Gérard de 
Published: January 2024

<i>Medical Information and Regulation of General Practice Medicine : A Comparative Approach
</i>
Most industrialised countries recently came to realise that an efficient regulation of health care services was no longer possible without an evaluation of the precise content of medical activity, particularly through the gathering of medical data. A comparative analysis has been carried out conceming the measures for controlling medical practices in the non-hospital sector in three countries : Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The study shows that the question of control over medical practices has arisen very differently in these three countries and that the response to this question depends upon the general organisation of the System of health care and particularly the mechanisms of macro-economic regulation of health expenditure as well as the mechanisms of micro-economic regulation of the medical profession.
Les deux corps du droit - Essai sur la notion de régulation
Authors: Timsit Gérard 
Published: January 2024

Two Bodies of Law : An Essay on the Notion of Régulation.
Regulation (régulation) concerns practices which are ill-defined both on an empirical and on a scientific level. The law appears only to impose legal norms of an abstract and general nature, beyond which nothing seems to exist other than commentary upon, and interpretation of, statute law. It is believed possible, at this juncture, to demonstrate, not only that regulatory practices are identifiable at an epistemological level, which concerns neither the imposition of regulations nor questions of interpretation, but that they are laid down in positive law and respond to the requirements and conditions of what is the necessary modernisation of the administration.
La codification en Hongrie comme technique d’amélioration du travail législatif
Authors: Graf Tamas 
Published: January 2024

Codification in Hungary as a Technique for Improving the Tasks of the Legislature.
In Hungary, codification is a procedure which precedes the adoption of a statute. In this respect, codification concerns the preparation of the legislature's work, and more specifically the drafting of legislation, the writing of texts and their operation. A similar practice of codification to that in France, does not, therefore, exist, yet in recent years the procedure has been used notably in connection with reforms of the legal system and the adoption of the new penal code.
Les technologies informatisées et l’administration : vers la construction d’un nouveau modèle
Authors: Belloubet-Frier Nicole , Caron Simon 
Published: January 2024

Information Technologies and Administration : Towards construction of a New Model.
It is possible to identify three key ideas within the presentations made at this conference. First, the deployment of new technologies is irreversible. Secondly, it is possible to measure the considerable impact of the technologies upon civil society, law and the administration. Finally, the conditions necessary to ensure their successful instalment may be identified. New tools which result from these changes will no doubt increase the democratic nature of the administration, with the citizen ceasing to be a simple object in order to become the true subject of administrative life.
La répartition des compétences entre l’État central, l’État provincial et les municipalités : structures politiques ou administratives ?
Authors: Philippe Xavier 
Published: January 2024

The Distribution of Competences Between the Central State, the Provincial State and Municipalities : Political or Administrative Structures?
It is not easy to put a name to the structure adopted by South Africa in 1996. It is neither a federal state nor a unitary state. The distribution of competences differs markedly in reality when compared with the formal distribution. The Constitution contains a list of exclusive competences, but these are not the most important. Analysis must focus rather on shared competences, the distribution of which will depend upon the administration’s capacities, particularly those of a financial nature, in the face of the needs generated by these new competences.
Dix ans de réformes en Europe centrale et orientale : toujours les mêmes problèmes ?
Authors: Verheijen Tony 
Published: January 2024

Central and Eastern Europe : After a Decade of Administrative Reform, Still the Same Old Problems ?
It is surprising to note how the debate on public administration reform in central and Eastern Europe seems to be about repeating the same story over and over again. In front of a mixed picture of success and failure, it is important to note the difference between the development of local government structures and the stagnation level of the central administrations. The European Commission stresses the importance to develop a stable, professional and accountable administration, and most central and east European States have adopted administrative reform strategies. Such reforms are taking place in an environment where there are more «failure factors» than «success factors», that prevent a successful implementation, and thereby seemed condemned to failure, but not if long term strategies were to be developed.
L’échec des réformes en Afrique. Le cas des pays francophones au sud du Sahara
Authors: Rambourg Michel 
Published: January 2024

The Setback of African Reforms Study case of Sub-Saharan Francophone Countries.
The setback of reforms in Africa is recalled quite often. The study of the causes of this failure reveals a clear systematic preference for economic development, instead of one for the rehabilitation of public administrations. Conceived by outsiders with the sole objective to reduce public expenses, administrative reforms failed due to errors made by national authorities and international technical assistance. The only way to an African renaissance might be through a new type of «governance», implying a new social pact.
La réforme de la loi «informatique et libertés»
Authors: Mallet Poujol Nathalie 
Published: January 2024

The Reform of the French legislation “Informatique et Libertés”
There are two aspects to the issue of transposition in France of the European directive. First, it is necessary to take into account the diversity of methods of processing personal data. Secondly, reform of the French legislative provisions must ensure that the rights of those people concerned remain effectively protected. The uncertainties which surround transposition of the directive arise as a result of both conflicting interests and also the panoptic effects of the new information technologies.
Les entreprises face à la protection des données personnelles : contraintes subies et responsabilités croissantes
Authors: Warusfel Bertrand 
Published: January 2024

Companies Facing up to Data Protection : Restrictions Imposed and Increased
Responsibility
Established twenty years ago, for reasons having nothing to do with economic or commercial imperatives, and rather destined at the beginning to give a framework to the practices of the state, the law on data protection in France has not been without effect on private companies. Today, businesses find themselves concerned primarily with the development of data processing and therefore the necessity to ensure data protection. Without adding to the already onerous administrative constraints imposed upon companies, what is needed is an assessment of the increase in responsibility and reflection upon the role of the administrative supervisory authorities.
Réponses à la délinquance des mineurs
Authors: Lazerges Christine 
Published: January 2024

Responses to Juvénile Delinquency
In 1998 Christine Lazerges and Jean-Pierre Balduck made a report to the Prime Minister on behalf of the inter-ministerial taskforce on the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency. The 135 proposals contained in this report are oriented around the two axes of prevention and repression. Better preventive measures require mobilisation on the part of those responsible for socialisation, in schools and through integration into urban policy issues particularly. Introduction of the repressive measures was initiated by the application of the whole spectrum of measures introduced by the Order of 2 November 1945 on juvenile delinquency, followed by the renewed responses of the police and judicial authorities achieved via a greater specialisation of police, judicial and incarceration structures.
La lutte contre la corruption des fonctionnaires
Authors: Gomez monsivais Guillermo rafael 
Published: January 2024

The Fight Against Civil Servants Corruption.
The fight against corruption is a very topical debate in Mexico and numerous mechanisms have been introduced in an attempt to clean-up the Mexican civil service. Civil servants and those in positions of political responsibility are accountable on five fronts : administrative, social, political, civil and criminal. The law, which in this area is extensive, is applied by specialist bodies whose functioning has been reformed in order to render the system more effective. The defeat of the Institutional Revolutionary Party, brought about by political alternance, will require collaboration between civil servants and politicians of different parties in order to sustain and further develop the large clean-up operation already in place.
L’administration extérieure de la Commission européenne et les défis de la mondialisation
Authors: Lamy Pascal 
Published: January 2024

The External Policy of the European Commission and the Challenges of Globalisation.
The European Union’s external activities are growing ever more pronounced. Global exchanges, common foreign and security policy, aid to developing countries, and the birth of the Euro are all areas in which there is a need for co-ordinated effort. The external administration of the Commission is trying to adapt to these new requirements. Moreover, the cumulated resources of each Member State are making the European Union the most represented entity at international level, particularly in the area of diplomacy. These huge resources can be utilised more effectively through collaboration between the external administrations of Member States and between these administrations and the Commission.
Le sport en Allemagne : un modèle libéral de relations entre les autorités publiques et les organisations sportives
Authors: König Walfried 
Published: January 2024

Sport in Germany : a liberal Model of Relations between Public Authorities and Sporting Organisations.
The organisation of sport in Germany rests above all with clubs and federations. Given their large degree of autonomy, the development of sport is largely beyond the remit of the state. However, a change is in progress which is gradually weaving new relations between public authorities and sporting organisations. As the place of sport in society grows, the Länder have tended to develop a form of financing for sporting activities ; in the same way the federal state has put into place a number of public policies aimed at promoting sport at the highest level. In this way a real administrative organisation of sport has been constructed which is founded on the cooperation of a number of different bodies ; it reflects the existence of a liberal model of relations between public authorities and sporting organisations.
PENGARUH DEWAN KOMISARIS INDEPENDENSI, KOMITE AUDIT SERTA PROFITABILITAS YANG DISERTAI LEVERAGE DALAM MENGUNGKAPAN LAPORAN SUSTAINABILITY
Authors: Christian William , Dyah Ayu Stephana 
Published: January 2024

Pengkajian ini bertujuan guna mengujikan dampak Dewan Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, Profitabilitas, Leverage pada pengungkapan Sustainability Report. Pengkajian ini berjenis kuantitatif serta berdata sekunder yang didapati melalui laporan atau informasi tahunan serta informasi yang berkelanjutan. Populasi pada pengkajian ini menggunakan purposive sampling. Total sampel yang dipakai sejumlah 115 mencakup seluruh perusahaan disemua sektor yang terverifikasi di BEI atau bursa efek indonesia. Analisis datanya mempergunakan software media atau aplikasi IBM SPSS Statistic 25. Pengkajian ini beranalisa regresi linear berganda, serta perolehan pengkajian melihatkan bila Dewan Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, Profitabilitas berdampak pada pengungkapan Sustainability Report. Melainkan variable Leverage tidak berdampak pada pengungkapan Sustainability Report.
Kata kunci: Sustainability Report, Dewan Komisaris Independen, Komite Audit, Profitabilitas, Leverage
PERAN KEPALA DESA DALAM MENGELOLA KERJASAMA KELEMBAGAAN DI PEMERINTAHAN DESA TETEHOSI I KOTA GUNUNGSITOLI
Authors: Gea Riskiaman , Ndraha Ayler Beniah , Mendrofa Yupiter , Waruwu Sukaaro 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
This research aims to: 1) To find out the role performed by the Village Head in managing institutional cooperation in the Tetehosi I village government of Gunungsitoli City. 2) To find out the supporting and inhibiting factors of the village head in managing institutional cooperation in the Tetehosi I village government of Gunungsitoli City. 3) The author determines that this research is carried out in a qualitative type of research with a descriptive approach because this type of research has the aim of describing and analyzing phenomena, events, or social activities that occur in society that occur in the present in Tetehosi I village. The results of this study are: 1) the role of the village head is very relevant to the objectives of institutional cooperation in Tetehosi I Village. 2) a. Supporting factors: Active in carrying out tasks, Strong communication, Support and motivation, Controlling the decision-making process, Inclusiveness in decision-making, Encouraging active involvement of team members. b. Inhibiting factors: Limited Information Dissemination, Lack of active involvement of team members, Differences in Priorities and Focus, Lack of Community Participation. 3) The Tetehosi I Village Head has implemented several important strategies to manage institutional cooperation. In addition, the Tetehosi I Village Head should prioritize improving communication and active involvement in managing institutional cooperation in the Tetehosi I Village government, the Village Head should improve the existing supporting components, also remain active in carrying out tasks and ensure strong communication with all communities and institutions
Keywords: Role, Village Head, Cooperation, Institutional
Pilar dan Konstelasi Musyawarah Persfektif Al Qur’an
Authors: Handrihadi Ayub , Bakar Achmad Abu , Basri Halimah 
Published: January 2024

Tulisan ini menguraikan tentang Pilar dan Konstelasi musyawarah Perspektif al qur’an sebagai solusi dalam menyelesaikan konflik, dalam penelitian ini diuraikan himpunan ayat-ayat al qur’an yang membahas tentang musyawarah, sebab turunya serta munasabah ayat dan analisis tematik terkait ayat-ayat musyawarah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kepustakaan (Library research) dengan melakukan kajian secara mendalam dan sistematis, yang diambil dari sumber utamanya, yakni Al qur’an dan tafsir para ulama. Hasil kajian menjelaskan bahwa, terdapat tiga ayat dengan term berbeda yang menjelaskan tentang musyawarah antara lain, QS al-Baqarah (2): 233 yang di dalamnya terdapat term tasyawur; QS. Ali Imran (3): 159 yang didalamnya terdapat term syawir; dan QS. al-Syura (42): 38 yang di dalamnya terdapat term syura. Term syura mengandung interpretasi tentang lapangan musyawarah dan demokrasi. Term syawir mengandung interpretasi demokrasi dan orang-orang yang diminta bermusyawarah. Sedangkan term tasyawur mengandung interpretasi tentang urgennya musyawarah diterapkan mulai dari unit sosial terkecil (rumah tangga) untuk terbinanya kebiasaan bermusyawarah dalam unit sosial yang lebih besar (negara).
Bone marrow edema in osteoarthritis of the knee joint
Authors: Noskov S. M. , Snigireva А. V. , Parulya О. М. , Shepelyaeva L. S. , Mikryukov А. А. 
Published: January 2024

The term "bone marrow edema" (BME) in MRI examination of the knee joint is used to describe areas of decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images or increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images in the subchondral bone. BME is classified into ischemic (osteonecrosis), mechanical (trauma), and reactive (arthritis) types. In this review, the causes and differences in BME with spontaneous and secondary osteonecrosis and other characteristics of BME transitioning to a syndrome are considered. BME with injuries and bruises is usually reversible and passes after approximately 2–4 months, if accompanied by a cortical fracture, after 6–12 months. A fatigue fracture develops as a result of repeated overloading of normal bone structures, whereas fractures in zones of subchondral bone insufficiency spontaneously occur in pathologically changed bone tissues (for example, osteoporotic bones) without any trauma or overloading. Histological examination of the damaged subchondral bone in ischemic and mechanical BME revealed hemorrhages, microdestruction of bone trabeculae and vascular anomalies, and almost complete absence of direct edema in MRI-positive zones due to increased extracellular fluid content, which can be partially explained by methodological difficulties in detecting increased extracellular fluid by histopathological methods. Prostacyclin and bisphosphonate have been proposed as conservative therapies for ischemic and mechanical BME.In osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joints, BME is considered a marker of rapid progression. Data on the influence of obesity, therapeutic exercise and diet, and the use of a cane on BME are presented. Analysis of the effectiveness of conservative therapy revealed a weakly positive response to bisphosphonates. Inhibitors of nerve growth factor (NGF) — monoclonal antibodies to nerve growth factor (like tanezumab and fulranumab) — reduced the severity of pain but led to an increase in the frequency of osteonecrosis and endoprosthesis. Two studies have shown a decrease in the intensity of BME with oral chondroitin sulfate. The attention of orthopedists is focused on subchondroplasty using calcium phosphates. Subchondral filling, which strengthens the bone and replaces the lost barrier function of cartilage, has a symptomatic effect and effectively counteracts the development of BME, although the long-term results need to be studied.
Review of the monograph by Yarovoy S.K., Khokhlov A.L. “Practical issues of rational antibacterial therapy”
Authors: Kolbin А. S. 
Published: January 2024

In November 2023, the monograph “Practical issues of rational antibacterial therapy” under. general ed. Yarovoy SK, Khokhlov AL was published. This monograph is devoted to practical issues of empirical therapy for the most common nonspecific infectious and inflammatory diseases. Chapter 1 presents the main provisions of antimicrobial therapy from the perspective of clinical pharmacology. The general patterns of prescription and distribution of antibacterial agents, the concepts of basic and reserve drugs, selection of hospital strains, natural and acquired resistance are explained. Chapter 2 is devoted to a comparison of antibacterial drugs in pairs with each other based on an analysis of their spectra of antimicrobial activity presented in the instructions for use, as well as well-known information about their toxicity and the comparative frequency of dysbiosis. Pairs of drugs for comparison were selected based on actual clinical practice. Chapter 3 discusses combination (multicomponent) antibacterial therapy. Appropriate and possible combinations of two antimicrobial agents have been identified. Recommendations for three-component antibacterial therapy are presented separately. Chapter 4 is entirely devoted to undesirable antimicrobial regimens. Options with insufficient effectiveness, an unsatisfactory safety profile, and those that do not meet epidemiological requirements were analyzed. Chapter 5 is a detailed answer to a purely applied question about replacing a promicrobial agent in three formalized situations: “ineffective”, “unsafe”, “absent”.The book is intended for clinical pharmacologists, therapists, surgeons and other specialists, students of advanced training courses, and senior students of medical universities.