bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carcinosarcoma of the ovary
Authors: Brown Ewan , Stewart Moira , Rye Tzyvia , Al‐Nafussi Awatif , Williams Alistair R. W. , Bradburn Michael , Smyth John , Gabra Hani 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDA review of clinicopathologic features and outcome in women with carcinosarcoma of the ovary (also known as malignant mixed mesodermal tumor [MMMT]) compared with a group of women with serous adenocarcinoma (SAC) of the ovary was conducted.METHODSBetween 1984 and 2002, 1568 patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma and 70 patients with ovarian carcinosarcoma underwent treatment at the Edinburgh Cancer Centre. Analysis was performed on 65 patients with MMMT, and 746 patients with SAC were selected as a group for comparison. Baseline variables were recorded prospectively and response to chemotherapy and progression‐free and cause‐specific survival between the groups were compared.RESULTSPatients with carcinosarcoma had a mean age of 66.6 years, which is significantly older than those with SAC (62.0 years) (P < 0.001). The objective response rate to platinum‐based chemotherapy was found to be significantly lower in patients with carcinosarcoma (25% vs. 60%; P = 0.02). Cause‐specific survival in the carcinosarcoma group was poor and significantly shorter than that observed in the SAC group (median survival of 8.2 months vs. 20.7 months; P < 0.0001). Progression‐free survival in patients with carcinosarcoma also was found to be significantly shorter compared with patients with SAC (median progression‐free survival of 6.4 months vs. 12.1 months; P < 0.001). Achieving optimal debulking at the time of initial surgery was found to be a highly significant factor in patients with carcinosarcoma with regard to determining outcome (median survival of 14.8 months for patients with optimally debulked International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage III disease vs. 3.1 months for patients with suboptimally/nondebulked Stage III disease; P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSOvarian carcinosarcoma is a distinct entity with a poor prognosis. Patients with carcinosarcoma differ from those with SAC with regard to having an older mean age of onset, an inferior response to platinum‐based chemotherapy, and worse progression‐free and cause‐specific survival. The extent of benefit from chemotherapy is unclear. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Expression of milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 in immature dendritic cells for engulfment of apoptotic cells
Authors: Miyasaka Kay , Hanayama Rikinari , Tanaka Masato , Nagata Shigekazu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMilk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG‐E8) is a protein that stimulates the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Here, we show that mouse immature dendritic cells (DC) generated in vitro by culturing bone marrow progenitors in the presence of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), and Langerhans cells present in the skins, expressed MFG‐E8. Bone marrow‐derived macrophages generated by M‐CSF did not express MFG‐E8. MFG‐E8 expressed in immature DC was found to be secreted as exosomes. The expression of MFG‐E8 was significantly suppressed when the immature DC were induced to mature by treating them with lipopolysaccharides. This expression of MFG‐E8 was well correlated with the ability of the cells to engulf apoptotic cells. That is,immature DC phagocytosed apoptotic cells more efficiently than did mature DC or bone marrow‐derived macrophages. The ability of immature DC to engulf apoptotic cells was severely reduced when the immature DC were prepared from MFG‐E8‐deficient mice. These results indicated that MFG‐E8 plays an essential role in the engulfment of apoptotic cells by bone marrow‐derived immature DC.
Promoted oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution using molecular oxygen at mild conditions
Authors: Vogel Frédéaric , Harf Julien , Hug Andreas , Von Rohr Philipp Rudolf 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWet oxidation with molecular oxygen at mild conditions (temperature < 200°C, pressure ⩽ 2 MPa) is an economically attractive pretreatment step for non‐biodegradable aqueous waste streams. In order to overcome the low reactivity of molecular oxygen towards organic molecules at these mild process conditions, an initiator was used in combination with ferrous ions in the acidic range. The promoted oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution was investigated in a 4 liters stirred autoclave. It was possible to degrade the phenol at temperatures as low as 100°C without observing an induction time. The remaining solution contained mainly acetic and formic acid and was well biodegradable.The oxidative behavior of the oxygen/phenol system could be explained using the well‐known autoxidation mechanism for aliphatic molecules. 4‐hydroperoxy‐phenol is suggested as a key intermediate. Measured products are p‐benzoquinone, hydroquinone, catechol, maleic, oxalic, pyruvic, formic, and acetic acid. Dinners could also be identified in sample extracts. A global pathway including all identified products is presented.
Application of electrotechnology for removal and prevention of reverse osmosis biofouling
Authors: Romo Rodrigo F. V. , Pitts M. Michael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOne of the major factors limiting the use of membrane separation systems is membrane fouling [2]. Membrane fouling places a large economic restriction on membrane systems operation; it can lead to reduced performance, higher energy consumption, and eventually, failure to meet the regulatory standards by the deterioration of the product stream.Successful results from the application of electrotechnology have been obtained in removal and prevention of redevelopment of biofouling from operating reverse osmosis equipment (RO). Field observations are supported by Robbis device laboratory studies.
Composite fouling ‐ inorganic and biological: A review
Authors: Sheikholeslami R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecent research on fouling in desalination systems, cooling towers, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) heat exchangers, salinity power plants (SPP), etc. where composite inorganic and biological fouling may be present is reviewed. Crystallization or precipitation fouling is the most studied type of fouling. Other types of fouling are studied in various degrees of detail in isolation. In practical industrial applications, usually several types of fouling occur simultaneously, not in isolation. However, not much attention has been paid to the relative significance and the interactive effects of these processes when they occur simultaneously. This is specifically the case for composite inorganic and biological fouling. In general, there is complete lack of attention to the presence, mechanism, modeling and mitigation of composite fouling.
Moisture in biofilters
Authors: Bohn Hinrich L. , Bohn Karl H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWater availability is a major determinant of pollutant degradation rates by microbes in biofilters. Water content is an indirect index of availability because much water in organic biofilter media is bound too tightly in the particles to be available for microbial metabolism. Available water is primarily in the contacts between particles. The relationship of water availability to moisture content depends on the size and shape of the particles and the composition of the medium. Expressing water content on a volumetric basis avoids the confusion of wet weight vs. dry weight basis and rationalizes the differences between organic and inorganic media.Water availability is expressed by water activity or by water potential, but is harder to measure than water content. Water activities of 0.999 to 0.97, or water potentials of −0.2 to −3 bars (−10 to −300 kPa), support high microbial degradation rates in biofilters. Mo i s t u re availability decreases exponentially with moisture content, so keeping biofilter beds moist is important. Maintaining proper moisture content is easier in hydrophilic (inorganic) media. Hydrophobic (organic) media are difficult to re wet to the same condition as prior to drying.
SO2 Retention over polyarylamide‐based activated carbon fibers
Authors: Muñiz J. , Marbán G. , Fuertes A.B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe researchers analyze SO2 retention performance of polyarylamide‐based ACFs. Commercial Nomex® and Kevlar® fibers, as well as fiber rejects from the fabrication of Nomex were used as precursors of activated carbon fibers. Low‐density composites produced by agglomeration of carbonized Nomex rejects with phenolic resin were also activated and analyzed. The SO2 retention experiments were carried out both at ambient temperature conditions and at 100°C. A model flue gas, with a composition of 1000–3000 ppmv SO2 and variable amounts of oxygen and water (N2 to balance) was used for the SO2 retention experiments. The SO2 retention capacity of carbonized polyarylamide fibers is very low. Activation of the carbonized fibers considerably enhances the performance of these materials. The basic character of the ACFs seems to contribute greatly to the high performance of the fibers towards SO2 retention. Nomex and Kevlar‐derived ACFs showed a similar SO2 retention capacity. ACFs derived from carbonization and activation of fiber rejects present a similar SO2 removal performance to that of ACFs derived from the commercial materials. The activated fiber composites showed a similar retention capacity to that of the loose ACFs, but a lower utilization degree. The SO2 retention capacity of the polyarylamide‐derived ACFs is comparable to that of commercial PAN‐derived ACFs, but the utilization degree is much higher. The SO2 retention performance of the fibers diminishes at some extent after several adsorption‐thermal regeneration cycles.
Separation methods for environmental technologies
Authors: Sikdar Subhas K. , Burckle John , Rogut Jan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMuch of the environmental damage in air, soil, sediment, surface and groundwater can be repaired, and further damage prevented through the use of efficient separation technologies. Such technologies should typically achieve higher degrees of species separation. Environmental contamination requires remediation separation technologies especially suited for very low concentrations. This paper highlights the separation and recovery of volatile organic compounds and toxic metal species. Conventional separation technologies are currently inefficient and costly. In this paper, the scope of separation science and technologies in environmental areas will be outlined, and several promising emerging ideas in the areas of sorption and membranes are discussed. The authors view high surface area membrane‐based sorption as a common approach that shows significant promise for tackling these difficult problems by improving technical capability, operability, and process economics.
Noble metal‐based catalysts for total oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons
Authors: Toledo José M. , Corella José , Sanz Alvaro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCatalytic total oxidation of selected chlorinated hydrocarbons utilizing several noble metal (Pt, Pd, Ru)‐based catalysts was studied. Chlorinated hydrocarbons used were trichloroethylene, dichloromethane, and chlorobenzene, alone or mixed with other hydrocarbons, such as toluene. Catalysts tested were both commercially available, manufactured by Degussa AG, Süd‐Chemie AG, Kataleuna GmbH, Chimet, Johnson Matthey, Prototech Co., etc., and new ones developed by Universities of Leiden in The Netherlands, Budapest in Hungary, and Wroclaw in Poland. Both forms of catalyst, sphere (particulate) and monolith, were used. Selection of the best catalyst(s) was made based on its activity, selectivity, and life. Apparent energies of activation for the reactions on these catalysts, using an empirical firstorder reaction rate, are also given.
Case history: Catalytic system abates VOCs and NOx
Authors: Ciccolella Donald E. , Otchy Thomas G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe standard technologies of Catalytic Oxidation and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) are uniquely applied in a hybrid catalytic system that simultaneously destroys Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) to fit the special circumstances of an extruded plastic foam manufacturing application.VOCs and NOx a re byproducts of extruded plastic foam manufacturing, generated in the curing ovens. For years, catalytic oxidation systems have been successfully used for the abatement of oven exhaust, containing VOC, NOx, nitrogen‐bearing compounds, and ammonia in varying ratios. In this application, because of the presence of ammonia in the manufacturing process, this single, skid‐mounted system uses a unique control scheme to achieve performance, while eliminating the need for ammonia injection and associated NOx analyzers, considered the standard for most SCR systems.System design features, function, and performance objectives will be explained in the context of the application. Catalyst requirements and selection will be detailed. Measure demission data will also be presented.
Commercial test of a slurry jet FGD system
Authors: He Suhao , Xiang Guangming , Li Dingkai , Li Yan , Yao Qiang , Xu Xuchang 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system that treats discharges from three industrial boilers using a slurry jet technique, was tested at the Shenyang Fertilizer Factory in Shenyang in Northeast China. At the design conditions, the FGD system had a desulfurization efficiency greater than 93%, and a calcium utilization efficiency of approximately 93% with S(IV) fraction oxidized to S(VI) in excess of 98%. The influence of the main operating parameters are also analyzed in this paper. The system has a high desulfurization efficiency at varying inlet SO2 concentrations and gas flow rates, and a low cost for industrial use, especially for small‐ and medium‐size industrial boilers in China.
Control of carbon disulfide emissions from viscose processes
Authors: Enneking Joseph C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued a proposed rule for control of hazardous air pollutants from cellulose manufacturing operations. Both the hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide emissions must be controlled.An activated carbon‐based process has been developed which effectively removes both of these hazardous compounds with high efficiency. An impregnated activated carbon is used to remove hydrogen sulfide by converting it to sulfur on the interior surface of the activated carbon. The resulting waste is minimal and can be land filled at relatively low cost. A unique type of activated carbon is used to remove the carbon disulfide from the air stream, and periodic regeneration of the carbon, using hot inert gas, recovers the carbon disulfide for reuse. This type of system has operated for several years with no safety problems associated with the low auto‐ignition temperature of carbon disulfide.Extensive laboratory tests have been conducted to optimize this process and the results are presented. A large system has been designed and installed, and typical operating information is provided. Capital costs for systems of various sizes and configurations are given.
Electrochemical treatment and reuse of nickel plating rinse waters
Authors: Bolger Paul T. , Szlag David C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe treatment and disposal of nickel‐contaminated rinse waters places an additional cost‐burden on a metal plating facility. Increasing the resource productivity within an electrolytic nickel plating process by creating a recycle loop for the “waste” components of the rinse water can reduce disposal and raw material costs. In this study, an electrowinning cell, fitted with an anion exchange membrane, was used to recover valuable components from a simulated electrolytic nickel plating rinse water by a combination of electrodeposition and electrodialysis. The anion exchange membrane in the cell permitted a dual electrode function. Nickel metal was recovered from the rinse water at the cathode and a sulfuric/hydrochloric acid mixture was generated at the anode (which can be used in the pickling baths to clean metal parts). The boric acid in the rinse water could not be recovered by anion exchange due to its high acid dissociation constant. The cell worked effectively in both a batch and a continuous feed mode. The research demonstrated that this type of electrochemical cell could feasibly replace the traditional ion exchange process for treating rinse waters, and eliminate regeneration chemicals/waste while producing useful process materials.
Development and experimental validation of a conceptual model for biotrickling filtration of H2S
Authors: Kim Seongyup , Deshusses Marc A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA dynamic model that describes the behavior of high‐performance hydrogen sulfide (H2S)‐degrading biotrickling filters for odor control was developed. The model attempts to accurately describe pollutant mass transfer in the biotrickling filter, i.e., external mass transfer resistances, and both direct gas‐biofilm and gas‐liquid‐biofilm mass transfer were considered. In order to calibrate the model, an innovative differential biotrickling filter was constructed in which the effect of air velocity on the removal of H2S could be studied. Model outputs were compared with experimental data to determine the sensitivity of the system to selected parameters. At low H2S concentration, diffusion of H2S within the biofilm, and biofilm thickness were the major governing factors among nine considered model parameters. At higher H2S concentrations and lower air flow rates, external mass transfer played a very important role. This new finding, confirmed experimentally, has important implications, as it proves that the performance limit of H2S degrading biotrickling filters has not yet been reached.
Recovery of zinc from waste material using hydro metallurgical processes
Authors: Kurama Haldun , Göktepe F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA lead‐zinc ore deposit in Balikesir/Balya, Turkey, was mined and abandoned almost 70 years ego. Nearly 1,000,000 tons of flotation tailings and 300,000 tons of slag, which contain considerable amounts of zinc remain. In this study, an assessment of the technical feasibility of an acidic leach process for the recovery of zinc from slag was considered. The slag contained approximately 29% Fe, 13% Zn, 3% Pb and 2% S. Preliminary leach tests showed that it was not possible to achieve a selective and efficient extraction of Zn from the slag using low concentrations of H2SO4 and low temperatures. This result can be attributed to the proportions of zinc present as oxide and ferrite (Zn Fe2O4). This slag composition has a significant effect on treatment options because the oxide is soluble to a varying degree in most leachants, whereas ferrites tend to be insoluble. In order to increase the recovery using extraction, leaching tests were performed in two stages. Slag was first subjected to leaching, and residue was contacted with a hot and more concentrated sulfuric acid solution in order to dissolve the ferrite. The dissolved iron was then recovered from solution by ammonium jarosite precipitation. The optimum conditions to leach the slag were determined: 1.85 N and 4.07 N H2SO4 at 1/10 solids ratio, at a temperature of 55° C and 95° C in the first and second stages, respectively. Results show that the 77.45% Zn extraction could be achieved by atmospheric leaching. Compared to other processes, such as pressure leaching, ammonia, and NaOH leaching, pressure leaching had the highest extraction efficiency of 87% Zn and 80% Fe, but may have extremely high investment and operation costs.
Structural and functional healing of critical‐size segmental bone defects by transduced muscle‐derived cells expressing BMP4
Authors: Shen Hsain‐Chung , Peng Hairong , Usas Arvydas , Gearhart Brian , Fu Freddie H. , Huard Johnny 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundOur previous studies have shown that muscle‐derived cells, including a population of muscle stem cells, transduced with a retroviral vector expressing bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) can improve the healing of critical‐size calvarial defects. However, we did not evaluate the functionality of the healed bone. The purpose of this study was to determine whether primary muscle‐derived cells transduced with retroBMP4 can heal a long bone defect both structurally and functionally.MethodsPrimary muscle‐derived cells were genetically engineered to express BMP4 and were implanted into 7‐mm femoral defects created in syngeneic rats. Muscle‐derived cells transduced with retroLacZ were used in the control group. Bone healing was monitored by radiography, histology, and biomechanical testing at designated time points.ResultsMost of the defects treated with muscle‐derived cells expressing BMP4 formed bridging callous by 6 weeks after surgery, and exhibited radiographically evident union at 12 weeks after cell implantation. Histological analysis at 12 weeks revealed that the medullary canal of the femur was restored and the cortex was remodeled between the proximal and distal ends of each BMP4‐treated defect. In contrast, the defects treated with muscle‐derived cells expressing β‐galactosidase displayed nonunion at all tested time points. An evaluation of the maximum torque‐to‐failure in the treatment group indicated that the healed bones possessed 77 ± 28% of the strength of the contralateral intact femora. Torsional stiffness and energy‐to‐failure were not significantly different between the treated and intact limbs.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that primary muscle‐derived cells transduced with retroBMP4 can elicit both structural and functional healing of critical‐size segmental long bone defects created in rats. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The infant mouse as a in vivo model for the detection and study of DNA damage–induced changes in the liver
Authors: Reynolds Randall , Witherspoon Sam , Fox Tony 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe present work describes the use of the infant (4‐wk‐old) mouse as an animal model for the study of DNA damage–induced G1 checkpoint response, changes in p53 protein levels, and multiple gene expression changes after DNA damage has been induced in the liver. Hepatocytes in the infant B6C3F1 mouse had a proliferation index that was 27 times greater than that of the 12‐wk‐old B6C3F1 mouse (57.4 vs. 2.1%, respectively). Eight hours after infant mice were exposed to the DNA damaging agents bleomycin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or 10 Gy of whole body gamma irradiation, the G1/S ratio significantly increased from 21 (control) to 66 and 75, respectively, because of the induction of the G1/S checkpoint response. One hour after whole body irradiation of infant mice the levels of the p53 protein, phosphoserine 18‐p53 and phosphoserine 23‐p53 increased dramatically and tended to peak at 1 h in the liver, whereas the p21WAF1 protein increased more slowly and tended to peak at 2 h after irradiation. The mRNA expression of the p53‐response genes p21, murine double minute clone 2 (mdm2), and cyclin G was increased at 2 h after irradiation but was decreased by 8 h postirradiation, relative to the 2‐h time‐point. The expression of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐1 (IGFBP‐1) and growth‐regulated oncogene 1 (GRO1) increased at 2 and 8 h postirradiation. This work characterizes various parameters in the infant mouse, thus validating the use of this model to study in vivo DNA damage–induced cell‐cycle–related changes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.