bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular endothelial growth factor, CD68, and epidermal growth factor receptor expression and survival in patients with Stage II and Stage III colon carcinoma
Authors: Khorana Alok A. , Ryan Charlotte K. , Cox Christopher , Eberly Shirley , Sahasrabudhe Deepak M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe elucidation of new therapeutic targets of prognostic significance in colon carcinoma is necessary to improve outcomes. In the current study, the authors examined the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in primary colon carcinoma cases and VEGF in tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM)/stroma, and their correlation with survival.METHODSThe authors identified 131 consecutive American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage II and Stage III colon carcinoma patients seen at the University of Rochester between 1990–1995. Expression of VEGF, EGFR, and CD68 were examined by immunohistochemistry in paraffin‐embedded primary colon tumors and graded as the percentage of cells stained. Data were analyzed using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.RESULTSVEGF expression in tumor was not found to be significantly associated with survival. However, 42% of the patients expressed VEGF in TAM/stroma. The median survival in this group was 9.7 years versus 4.3 years in the VEGF‐negative (TAM/stroma) group (hazards ratio of 0.57, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.34–0.95; P = 0.03). Although TAM infiltration alone was not found to be significant in multivariate analysis, the presence of both CD68 and VEGF (TAM/stroma) was predictive of improved survival (hazards ratio of 0.48, 95% CI, 0.28–0.83; P = 0.006). High grades of EGFR expression (≥ Grade 2) were found to be associated with a trend toward worsened survival.CONCLUSIONSThe greater than twofold increase in median survival associated with VEGF‐expressing TAM suggests a hitherto unknown role for this subset of cells in the host response to colon carcinoma and requires further investigation. Overexpression of EGFR may be associated with worsened survival, providing a rationale for trials of anti‐EGFR agents as adjuvant therapy. Cancer 2003;97:960–8. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11152
Quantitative biopsy pathology for the prediction of pathologically organ‐confined prostate carcinoma
Authors: Haese Alexander , Chaudhari Manisha , Miller M. Craig , Epstein Jonathan I. , Huland Hartwig , Palisaar Juri , Graefen Markus , Hammerer Peter , Poole Edward C. , O'Dowd Gerard J. , Partin Alan W. , Veltri Robert W. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDQuantitative biopsy pathology with prostate specific antigen significantly improves the prediction of pathologic stage in patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma (PCa). The authors recently reported a computational model for predicting patient specific likelihood of organ confinement of PCa using biopsy pathology and clinical data. The current study validates the initial models and presents an new, improved tool for clinical decision making.METHODSThe authors assessed 10 biopsy pathologic parameters and 2 clinical parameters using data from two institutions. Of 1287 patients, 798 men had pathologically organ confined (OC) PCa, 282 men had nonorgan‐confined disease with capsular penetration (NOC‐CP) only, and 207 men showed seminal vesicle or lymph node invasion (NOC‐AD) after undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy. Patient input data were evaluated by ordinal logistic (OLOGIT) and neural network (NN) models; and the likelihood of developing OC, NOC‐CP, or NOC‐AD disease was calculated for the combined and separate data sets and was compared with the results from original presentation. In addition, a new two‐output model was constructed (OC/NOC‐CP vs. NOC‐AD).RESULTSThe three‐output OLOGIT and NN models predicted OC disease with 95.0% and 98.6% accuracy, respectively, for the combined data set and with 93.0% and 98.6% accuracy, respectively, on subset analysis. The combined accuracy for predicting OC, NOC‐CP, and NOC‐AD disease in the entire validation set was 66.7% for OLOGIT model and 66.0% for the NN model. The two‐output OLOGIT and NN models correctly predicted 94.9% and 100.0% of all OC/NOC‐CP disease, respectively.CONCLUSIONSBoth computation models predicted OC PCa with an accuracy of 93.0–98.6% when they were validated with two different data sets. The OLOGIT and NN‐based, two‐output model permitted an appropriate treatment decision for 85.2–90.2% of patients. These data support the use of quantitative pathology and clinical data‐based decision modeling to manage patients with clinically localized PCa. Cancer 2003;97:969–78. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11153
Syndromic aspects of testicular carcinoma
Authors: Holzik Martijn F. Lutke , Sijmons Rolf H. , Sleijfer Dirk T. , Sonneveld Dirk J. A. , Hoekstra‐Weebers Josette E. H. M. , van Echten‐Arends Jannie , Hoekstra Harald J. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn patients with hereditary or constitutional chromosomal anomalies, testicular carcinoma can develop sporadically or on the basis of an underlying hereditary genetic defect. Greater knowledge of these genetic defects would provide more insight into the molecular pathways that lead to testicular carcinoma. To the authors' knowledge, little attention has been paid to date to the comorbid occurrence of testicular carcinoma in patients with hereditary disorders or constitutional chromosomal anomalies.METHODSThe authors performed a review of the literature.RESULTSTwenty‐five different hereditary disorders or constitutional chromosomal anomalies have been reported in patients who developed seminomatous or nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma.CONCLUSIONSAlthough most of these malignancies were too rare to enable the detection of statistically significant correlations between the chromosomal/hereditary disorder and the testicular tumor, it was striking that many of the patients had also other urogenital abnormalities. Susceptibility to urogenital abnormalities seems to disrupt normal urogenital differentiation and suggests a correlation with testicular dysgenesis and, thus, also with testicular carcinoma. Other evidence of causal involvement has been found in the field of tumor cytogenetics. Some of the genes responsible for hereditary disorders have been mapped to regions that are of interest in the development of sporadic testicular carcinoma. Molecular studies on candidate genes will be required to provide definite answers. Completion of the human gene map and the availability of advanced gene arrays and bioinformatics are expected to greatly facilitate further exploration of the role of hereditary genetic defects in testicular carcinoma. Cancer 2003;97:984–92. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11155
Hypermethylation in promoter region of E‐cadherin gene is associated with tumor dedifferention and myometrial invasion in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Saito Tsuyoshi , Nishimura Makoto , Yamasaki Hiroshi , Kudo Ryuichi 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDLoss of E‐cadherin expression is associated with aberrant 5′ CpG island methylation in various tumors.METHODSThe authors analyzed the methylation status and immunohistochemical expression of E‐cadherin in 142 endometrial tissues, consisting of 21 normal endometria, 17 endometrial hyperplasias, and 104 endometrial carcinomas.RESULTSAll normal endometria and endometrial hyperplasias showed positive staining of E‐cadherin, and methylation of the E‐cadherin gene was not detected in any samples. In endometrial carcinoma, the positive ratio of methylation was higher and was associated with tumor dedifferention and myometrial invasion. In G1 endometrial adenocarcinomas, 66.7% showed positive staining and 33.3% showed heterogeneous staining. Methylation of the E‐cadherin gene was detected in 15.6%. In G2 tumors, 19.0% showed positive staining, 69.0% showed heterogeneous staining and 11.9% showed negative staining. Methylation of the E‐cadherin gene was found in 50.0%. In G3 tumors, 9.1% showed positive staining, 54.5% showed heterogeneous staining and 36.3% showed negative staining. Methylation of the E‐cadherin gene was found in 81.8% of the tumors. Of the samples with no‐myometrial invasion, 23.1% had methylation. In those with invasion in less than half of the myometrium, 28.6% did and in those with invasion of half or more of the myometrium, 55.6% had methylation. Of samples that did not have lymph node metastasis, 33.7% had methylation, whereas of samples that had lymph node metastasis, 60.0% had methylation.CONCLUSIONSThis is the first report to analyze methylation of the E‐cadherin gene promoter of endometrial carcinoma and the evidence suggests that methylation of the E‐cadherin gene occurs in association with the acquisition of invasive capacity. Cancer 2003;97:1002–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11157
Overexpression of Glut‐1 and increased glucose metabolism in tumors are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kunkel Martin , Reichert Torsten E. , Benz Peter , Lehr Hans‐Anton , Jeong Jong‐Hyeon , Wieand Samuel , Bartenstein Peter , Wagner Wilfried , Whiteside Theresa L. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe overexpression of glucose transporters, especially of Glut‐1, is a common characteristic of human malignancies, including head and neck carcinoma. Recently, the assessment of glucose metabolism in the tumor with [18F]‐2‐fluoro‐2 deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) has been used to identify particularly aggressive tumors. The authors tested the hypothesis that both glucose transport and its metabolism play a key role in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).METHODSRetrospective analysis of Glut‐1 expression was performed by immunohistology in 118 patients with OSCC, and a Glut‐1 labeling index (LI) was established for each. A separate group of 44 patients with primary OSCC was evaluated prospectively by FDG‐PET prior to surgery. To link the expression of Glut‐1 with glucose metabolism, both FDG‐PET and immunohistology were determined in a subgroup of 31 patients, and the results were correlated with overall survival.RESULTSThe patients who had OSCC with a low LI for Glut‐1 survived significantly longer compared with patients who had OSCC with a high LI (138 months vs. 60 months; P = 0.0034). It was found that Glut‐1 expression was an independent marker of prognosis in patients with OSCC. In patients who were evaluated by FDG‐PET, the standardized uptake value (SUV) below the median split value of 5.6 was predictive of a longer survival (P < 0.027), whereas an SUV > 5.6 was associated with an increased hazard of death. In combination, a high Glut‐1 level and a high SUV predicted shorter survival (P < 0.005) for patients with OSCC. Patients who achieved a complete response to preoperative radiation tended to have tumors with low glucose metabolism, as defined by both the Glut‐1 LI and the SUV.CONCLUSIONSBoth glucose transport and glucose metabolism determine the glycolytic tumor phenotype, which is a significant negative biomarker of prognosis and overall survival in patients with OSCC. Cancer 2003;97:1015–24. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11159
Validation of a treatment policy for patients with prostate specific antigen failure after three‐dimensional conformal prostate radiation therapy
Authors: Pinover Wayne H. , Horwitz Eric M. , Hanlon Alexandra L. , Uzzo Robert G. , Hanks Gerald E. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this report was to present an outcomes validation for the Fox Chase Cancer Center (FCCC) management policy for patients who demonstrate prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure after receiving three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT).METHODSEligible patients included 248 men with T1–T3N0M0 prostate carcinoma who demonstrated PSA failure (according to the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology definition) after completing definitive 3DCRT alone or with androgen deprivation (AD) therapy between May 1989 and November 1997. The primary endpoint evaluated was freedom from distant metastasis (FDM). The secondary endpoints evaluated included cause specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS). The variables evaluated in the multivariate analyses (MVA) included initial PSA, Gleason score, T classification, dose, PSA nadir, time to PSA failure, PSA doubling time (PSADT), initial use of AD therapy, and the use of AD therapy upon PSA failure.RESULTSThe 5‐year FDM, CSS, and OS rates for the entire group were 76%, 92%, and 76%, respectively. It was found that four variables were independent predictors of FDM: Gleason score (P= 0.0039), PSA nadir (P= 0.0001), PSADT (P= 0.0001), and the use of AD on PSA failure (P= 0.0001). One hundred forty‐eight men demonstrated a PSADT < 12 months. AD therapy was started in 59 men, and 89 men refused AD therapy and were observed. The use of AD therapy was associated with a significant improvement in the 5‐year FDM rate (57% vs. 78%;P= 0.0026). In the group of men with PSADT < 12 months, the median time to distant failure was significantly longer in the men who received AD therapy (6 months vs. 25 months;P= 0.02). Of the 100 men with a PSADT ≥ 12 months, 89 men were observed, and 11 men received AD therapy. There was no improvement in the 5‐year FDM rate with the use of AD therapy compared with observation (88% vs. 92%, respectively;P= 0.74).CONCLUSIONSThe current results validate the use of PSADT as an indicator of patients who may be observed expectantly or treated with AD therapy for PSA failure after 3DCRT. Prospective trials are needed to define further the optimal treatment for these patients. Cancer 2003;97:1127–33. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11166
A digital watermark technique using morphological signal processing
Authors: Okamoto Akihiro , Miyazaki Akio 
Published: February 2003

AbstractElectronic watermarking technology has attracted substantial attention recently as a way to provide protection of copyright and prevention of unauthorized copying of digital content. This is realized by embedding copyright information within the content in a form not perceivable by humans. In this paper, an electronic watermarking method is proposed in which the watermarking information is embedded in binary patterns such as characters and figures by making use of morphological signal processing. This method is applied to alphabet characters to show the robustness of the proposed method to noise and printing. It is found possible to realize electronic watermarking by the proposed method for sentences in Western languages. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(6): 67–75, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10007
Computational methods through genetic algorithms for obtaining Stackelberg solutions to two‐level integer programming problems
Authors: Nishizaki Ichiro , Sakawa Masatoshi , Kan Tetsuya 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn this paper, by using the genetic algorithms whose effectiveness in optimization problems has been demonstrated recently, a derivation is attempted for Stackelberg solutions to two‐level integer programming problems. It is assumed that each integer variable has upper and lower bounds. As the individuals in the genetic algorithm, 0‐1 bit sequences are used. Each individual is required to satisfy the constraints and the decision of the decision maker at the lower level must be a rational response to the decision maker at the upper level. If these two conditions are not satisfied, a penalty is imposed on the fitness. By computational experiment, the proposed method is compared with that of Moore and Bard based on the branch‐and‐bound approach and the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(6): 59–66, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10012
Associative memory by neural networks with delays and pruning
Authors: Miyoshi Seiji , Okada Masato 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn the correlation‐type associative memory model it is known that the storage capacity per synapse increases when synapses are pruned. In that case, however, the storage capacity of the whole network is decreased. In order to solve this difficulty, the authors introduce the synapse with delay, and propose a scheme in which the coupling rate of the synapse is reduced while retaining the number of synapses. As an example of such an approach, this paper discusses a discrete‐time synchronous model with delayed coupling and synaptic pruning. The dynamics of the model is investigated theoretically by statistical neurodynamics, and the storage capacity is analyzed quantitatively. An analysis is performed for two types of synaptic pruning, random and systematic. In either case, it is seen that the storage capacity increases when the number of delay stages is increased while reducing the synaptic coupling rate, provided that the total number of synapses is kept constant. The increasing tendency is more marked in systematic pruning than in random pruning. These results were verified by comparing the results to those of computer simulation. The significance of the theoretical findings and the excessive generation and pruning of the synapses in the brain are also discussed from the viewpoint of the theory of computation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(6): 48–58, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10037
Synchronous acquisition methods with code‐orthogonalizing filters in DS/CDMA over multipath fading channels
Authors: Tahara Masaaki , Hamamura Masanori , Tachikawa Shin'ichi 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new method for speeding up synchronous acquisition methods by using code‐orthogonalizing filters in DS/CDMA. In the proposed synchronous acquisition method, the normalized complex LMS algorithm is adopted as an adaptive algorithm with code‐orthogonalizing filters and can be applied to multipath fading transmission paths. To further shorten the synchronous acquisition time, we study the step size, the number of updates of the tap weights of the adaptive algorithm, and multiple‐dwell detection. By simulating these methods on a computer, we evaluated the average synchronous acquisition time as a function of the co‐channel power ratio and the number of users, compared the proposed method to conventional methods, and clearly demonstrated its effectiveness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(6): 38–47, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10051
Design of 2D separable‐denominator state‐space digital filters using orthogonal projection
Authors: Doi Akimitsu , Fujiwara Hiromichi , Hinamoto Takao 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn this paper, a design method is proposed for a two‐dimensional separable‐denominator state‐space digital filter based on the projection method. First, the square error function is expressed in terms of the coefficient matrix of the local state‐space model. Next, the given FIR filter is realized by a local state‐space model. An equivalent transform based on the eigenvalue–eigenvector decomposition of the impulse response Grammian is applied to this filter. The obtained model is approximated at lower order by orthogonal projection. The projection parameters are optimized by an iterative algorithm based on the error function, deriving a lower dimensional model with a higher design accuracy. The conventional lower dimensional approximation algorithm based on rounding down of the coefficient matrix is used to find the initial values in the present method. The stability of the filter obtained by the present method is always guaranteed. The effectiveness of the present method is confirmed by numerical examples. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(6): 10–18, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10066
Comparison‐checking diagnosis policies for a two‐unit system
Authors: Mizutani Satoshi , Nakagawa Toshio , Ito Kodo 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThis paper considers a two‐unit system for improving reliability and discusses a model that systematically performs diagnosis to detect faults. The system performs comparison‐checking diagnosis while it is operating as a two‐unit system, and performs self‐checking diagnosis when it operates as a single‐unit system. It is assumed that loss due to performance degradation, for example, differs depending on whether comparison‐checking diagnosis or self‐checking diagnosis is performed. In a model performing comparison‐diagnosis at periodic intervals for each operation, the time from the beginning of system operation to detection of faults in both units is defined as a cycle. The inspection strategy of reliability theory is applied to such a model, and the expected time and total expected cost are derived analytically. The optimal diagnosis interval that minimizes the expected cost per unit time is determined. Then, assuming that the fault distribution follows the exponential distribution, the optimal diagnosis interval and the expected cost are calculated numerically, with various discussions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(6): 1–9, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10068
A secure digital watermark system for secondary distribution
Authors: Iwamura Keiichi , Sakurai Kouichi , Imai Hideki 
Published: February 2003

AbstractConventional digital watermark systems assume that the distributor (server) is a completely reliable organization. If the server is not a reliable organization, in a conventional system it is possible that suspicion may fall on a user who is not illegally distributing. Several methods have been proposed to handle this problem. In these methods, however, the system is essentially composed of two kinds of entities: the agent and the users. There is no discussion of a system composed of three entities—authors, agent, and users—where secondary distribution takes place from the author to an agent and then to the users. This paper proposes a digital watermark system that can prevent illegal conduct in a secondary distribution system composed of three types of entities—authors, agent, and users. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(6): 76–85, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1151