bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Model Forecast Improvements with Decreased Horizontal Grid Spacing over Finescale Intermountain Orography during the 2002 Olympic Winter Games
Authors: Hart Kenneth A. , Steenburgh W. James , Onton Daryl J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Forecasts produced for the 2002 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games (23 January–25 March 2002) by a multiply nested version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) are examined to determine if decreasing horizontal grid spacing to 4 km improves forecast accuracy over the finescale topography of the Intermountain West. The verification is based on high-density observations collected by the MesoWest cooperative networks, including approximately 200 wind and temperature sites and 100 precipitation sites across northern Utah.
Wind and precipitation forecasts produced by the 4-km MM5 domain were more accurate (based on traditional measures) than those of its parent 12-km domain. The most significant improvements in wind speed forecasts occurred at night in valleys and lowland locations where the topography of the 4-km domain produced more accurate nocturnal flows. Wind direction forecast improvements were most substantial at mountain sites where the better topographic resolution of the 4-km domain more accurately reflected the exposure of these locations to the free atmosphere. The 4-km domain also produced quantitative precipitation forecasts that were either equally (small events) or more (large events) accurate than the 12-km domain. Precipitation bias errors varied substantially between the two domains since the representation of the region’s narrow, steeply sloped, basin-and-range topography improved dramatically at 4-km grid spacing.
Curiously, the overall accuracy of temperature forecasts by the 4-km domain was not significantly better than that of the 12-km domain. This was due to an inability of the MM5 to properly simulate nocturnal and persistent cold pools within mountain valleys and the lowlands upstream of the Wasatch Mountains. Paradoxically, the added resolution of the 4-km domain, coupled with the failure of this version of the MM5 to fully capture the nocturnal and persistent cold pools, resulted in poorer skill scores. At upper elevations, which are typically above the cold pools, the 4-km domain was substantially more accurate.
These results illustrate that decreasing horizontal grid spacing to less than 10 km does improve wind and precipitation forecasts over finescale Intermountain West topography. It is hypothesized that model improvements will ultimately enable the advantages of added model resolution to be fully realized for temperature forecasts over the Intermountain West.
Climatological Estimates of Daily Local Nontornadic Severe Thunderstorm Probability for the United States
Authors: Doswell Charles A. , Brooks Harold E. , Kay Michael P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The probability of nontornadic severe weather event reports near any location in the United States for any day of the year has been estimated. Gaussian smoothers in space and time have been applied to the observed record of severe thunderstorm occurrence from 1980 to 1994 to produce daily maps and annual cycles at any point. Many aspects of this climatology have been identified in previous work, but the method allows for the consideration of the record in several new ways. A review of the raw data, broken down in various ways, reveals that numerous nonmeteorological artifacts are present in the raw data. These are predominantly associated with the marginal nontornadic severe thunderstorm events, including an enormous growth in the number of severe weather reports since the mid-1950s. Much of this growth may be associated with a drive to improve warning verification scores. The smoothed spatial and temporal distributions of the probability of nontornadic severe thunderstorm events are presented in several ways. The distribution of significant nontornadic severe thunderstorm reports (wind speeds ≥ 65 kt and/or hailstone diameters ≥ 2 in.) is consistent with the hypothesis that supercells are responsible for the majority of such reports.
The Heavy Rain Event of 29 October 2000 in Hana, Maui*
Authors: Lyman Ryan E. , Schroeder Thomas A. , Barnes Gary M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
On 29 October 2000, the Hana region of Maui received 700 mm of rain in 7 h. Radar analyses revealed that the storm consisted of seven cells that were initiated along the southeast slope of Haleakala volcano. One of these cells survived for nearly 4 h and was responsible for 80% of the volumetric rainout from the storm. The interaction of low-level flow distorted by the island of Hawaii located farther east, the passage of a trough, and the topographic forcing caused by Haleakala volcano were major factors responsible for the evolution of the storm.
An Objective Climatology of Carolina Coastal Fronts
Authors: Appel K. Wyat , Riordan Allen J. , Holley Timothy A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This study describes a simple objective method to identify cases of coastal frontogenesis offshore of the Carolinas and to characterize the sensible weather associated with frontal passage at measurement sites near the coast. The identification method, based on surface hourly data from offshore and adjacent land stations, was applied to an 11-yr dataset (1984–94). A total of 379 coastal fronts was found, 70 of which eventually made landfall along the North Carolina coast; 112 that remained offshore, and 197 were termed diurnal since they remained offshore but disappeared during daylight hours.
Results show that most coastal and offshore sites experience a wind shift of about 40°–70° and a warming of about 2°–3°C during the hour of frontal passage. Exceptions include sites near colder waters where the rates are markedly reduced and frontal passage is often less discernible. Excluding diurnal fronts, just over half the cases were associated with cold-air damming (CAD) during the cold season of 16 October–15 April. Most of these winter cases linked with CAD were onshore fronts. During the warm season, most fronts were diurnal, but the association with CAD was still significant.
To explore the synoptic-scale environment, composite maps for the cold season were generated for all three frontal subtypes from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. Results show a strong surface anticyclone centered north of the region of frontogenesis for all three composites. However, several features in the synoptic-scale regimes appear to differentiate the three frontal types. For example, cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico and onshore southeasterly low-level flow along the southeast Atlantic coast accompanied by warm advection distinguish onshore fronts from the other two types. The offshore fronts are accompanied by more nearly zonal flow aloft and a surface anticyclone that stalls near the New England coastline. Finally, the diurnal type is associated with much weaker pressure and height fields and an east–west elongated surface anticyclone centered much farther south than in the other cases.
Warm Season Lightning Distributions over the Northern Gulf of Mexico Coast and Their Relation to Synoptic-Scale and Mesoscale Environments
Authors: Smith Jessica R. , Fuelberg Henry E. , Watson Andrew I. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network are used to create a warm season (May–September) lightning climatology for the northern Gulf of Mexico coast for the 14-yr period 1989–2002. Each day is placed into one of five flow regimes based on the orientation of the low-level flow with respect to the coastline. This determination is made using the vector mean 1000–700-hPa wind data at Lake Charles and Slidell, Louisiana. Flash densities are calculated for daily, hourly, and nocturnal periods.
Spatial patterns of composite 24-h and nocturnal flash density indicate that lightning decreases in an east-to-west direction over the region. Flash densities for the 24-h period are greatest over land near the coast, with relative maxima located near Houston, Texas; Lake Charles, Baton Rouge, and New Orleans, Louisiana; Biloxi, Mississippi; and Mobile, Alabama. Flash densities during the nocturnal period are greatest over the coastal waters.
Lightning across the northern Gulf coast is closely related to the prevailing low-level synoptic flow, which controls the sea breeze, the dominant forcing mechanism during the warm season. Southwest flow, the most unstable and humid of the five regimes, exhibits the most flashes. In this case, sea-breeze-induced convection is located slightly inland from the coast. Northeast flow, the driest and most stable of the regimes, exhibits the least amount of lightning. The large-scale flow restricts the sea breeze to near the coastline.
Geographic features and local mesoscale circulations are found to affect lightning across the region. Geographic features include lakes, bays, marshes, swamps, and coastline orientations. Thermal circulations associated with these features interact with the main sea breeze to produce complex lightning patterns over the area.
A Multiscale Examination of the 31 May 1998 Mechanicville, New York, Tornado
Authors: LaPenta Kenneth D. , Bosart Lance F. , Galarneau Thomas J. , Dickinson Michael J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
On 31 May 1998, an F3 tornado struck Mechanicville, New York, injuring 68 people and causing $71 million in damage. The tornado was part of a widespread, severe weather outbreak across the northeast United States. The synoptic conditions that caused the outbreak and the mesoscale and storm-scale environments that produced the tornado are discussed.
The coupling of two strong upper-level jets and a very strong low-level jet, in association with an unseasonably strong surface cyclone, created a synoptic-scale environment favorable for severe weather. As the result of these jet interactions, a very warm, moist air mass was transported into the Northeast with an associated increase in the wind shear in the lower troposphere. A terrain-channeled low-level southerly flow up the Hudson Valley may have created a mesoscale environment that was especially favorable for tornadic supercell development by increasing storm-relative helicity in the low levels of the atmosphere and by transporting warm, moist air northward up the valley, leading to increased instability.
A broken line of locally severe thunderstorms moved eastward across New York several hours prior to the tornado. The storm that produced the Mechanicville tornado developed over central New York ahead of this line of storms. As the line of storms moved east, it intensified into a solid line and bowed forward down the Mohawk Valley of New York. These storms were moving faster than the isolated supercell to the east and overtook the supercell where the eastern end of the Mohawk Valley opens into the Hudson Valley. Based on limited observational evidence and the results of simulations of idealized quasi-linear convective systems reported elsewhere in the literature, it is hypothesized that backed low-level flow ahead of a bookend vortex at the northern end of the bowing line of storms over the Mohawk Valley may have contributed to the tornadogenesis process as the squall line overtook and interacted with the intensifying supercell.
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Production in Strongly Forced, Low-Instability Convective Lines Associated with Damaging Wind
Authors: van den Broeke Matthew S. , Schultz David M. , Johns Robert H. , Evans Jeffry S. , Hales John E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDuring 9–11 November 1998 and 9–10 March 2002, two similar convective lines moved across the central and eastern United States. Both convective lines initiated over the southern plains along strong surface-based cold fronts in moderately unstable environments. Both lines were initially associated with cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, as detected by the National Lightning Detection Network, and both events met the criteria to be classified as derechos, producing swaths of widespread damaging wind. After moving into areas of marginal, if any, instability over the upper Midwest, CG lightning production ceased or nearly ceased, although the damaging winds continued. The 9 March 2002 line experienced a second phase of frequent CG lightning farther east over the mid-Atlantic states. Analysis of these two events shows that the production of CG lightning was sensitive to the occurrence and vertical distribution of instability. Periods with frequent CG lightning were associated with sufficient instability within the lower mixed-phase region of the cloud (i.e., the temperature range approximately between −10° and −20°C), a lifting condensation level warmer than −10°C, and an equilibrium level colder than −20°C. Periods with little or no CG lightning possessed limited, if any, instability in the lower mixed-phase region. The current Storm Prediction Center guidelines for forecasting these convective lines are presented.
Experiences of the self between limit, transgression, and the explosion of the dialectical system
Authors: Nigro Roberto 
Published: September 2005

Bataille and Blanchot figure among the authors who influenced Foucault the most. In this article we show how close Foucault was to these authors and to what extent his proximity to them permitted him to deviate from the prevailing university culture, i.e from those great philosophical machines called Hegelianism and phenomenology. The questions we pose are the following: How important were these experiences for Foucault? How did he receive them? How did he transform their theoretical stakes? In the first part of this article we argue that the encounter with Bataille’s work and Blanchot’s was for Foucault a kind of experience of the self. In Bataille and Blanchot, experience has the function of wrenching the subject from itself: it is a project of desubjectivation and of destruction of the notion of the foundational subject and system in philosophy. The second part focuses on the contemporary experience of the death of God. According to Foucault, such an experience discloses the limitless reign of the Limit. We show how the work of Bataille, his discovery of the categories of irreversible expenditure, death, sacrifice, excess, limit, negativity pushes the (Hegelian) system beyond its limit. In the third part we take into account the literary experience of Blanchot. According to Foucault, Blanchot’s work focuses on the disappearance of the subject: the being of language emerges in the exclusion of the subject. How is it possible to have a language stripped of dialectics?
Systematic Evolutionary Studies of Regional Restructuration
Authors: Holmén Magnus , McKelvey Maureen 
Published: September 2005

From a focus on technological change, this article deals with the issue of how to systematically study regional restructuration. The article aims to study regional restructuration as a case of general economic transformation in an evolutionary economics perspective. However, such open-ended types of analyses are inherently complex. In order to remediate the difficulties of empirical studies and to allow for a more structured comparison of different frame-works, the article outlines and applies a ‘research tool’ to the specific issue of regional restructuration. While such a tool is not a framework, it is intended to more readily compare different theories and frameworks with empirical studies.The tool treats change as involving novelty, renewal and destruction of actors and activities. These changes take place across four different dimensions: technology, organizations, interactions and economic value. The article ‘tests’ the tool by analysing three case-studies of regional restructuration at the municipality and country levels. The issue under scrutiny is how the restructuring of regional industries and technologies takes place, especially as linked to the emergence of new technologies. There are two cases of information technology in West Sweden and one case of biotechnology in Sweden.Three issues relating to the empirical findings are discussed. (1) The tool can help to structure empirical material to analyse complex processes of change over time. This is illustrated, for example, by the changes across dimensions of what is internal and external to regional restructuration. (2) The processes of technological development and of economic exploitation overlap but are differentiated from each other. Hence, a clearer distinction is needed between technology concepts and economic concepts such as ‘products’, ‘industries’, ‘economic growth’ and ‘regional development’. (3) In emerging technologies, there is clear evidence of the interdependencies between new, old and exit during regional restructuration. These three concluding remarks highlight the need for additional research to link empirical material to theoretical considerations of evolutionary processes.
Universal precautions
Authors: Gammon John , Gould Dinah 
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this literature review is to consider key themes from empirical research relating to the knowledge and compliance of universal precautions amongst healthcare practitioners. Utilising international studies, strategies to improve universal precautions are analysed. The review identifies areas of limited knowledge, synthesises existing research and suggests aspects of universal precautions that need to be studied further. A literature search of studies listed in the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) database was conducted from 1990–2003, using a number of key words. Review, analysis and synthesis of selected studies were performed. The findings of this review showed that universal precautions are considered an effective means of protecting patients and staff and controlling infection. The consensus from this body of evidence is that, globally, knowledge of universal precautions is inadequate and compliance low. Studies from many countries have shown that specific intervention strategies, such as education, are influential in improving knowledge and compliance. This review concludes that it is imperative that future research examines how the attitudes and beliefs of practitioners can be influenced and changed to reenforce adherence to universal precautions within the clinical practice setting. There remains a lack of evidence on the long-term benefits of practice interventions to improve compliance, and what specific barriers are influential in affecting how healthcare practitioners adopt universal precautions more effectively in their practice.
The Effect of Indoor Fungi on the Symptoms of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis in Istanbul
Authors: Gelincik Asli Akkor , Büyüköztürk Suna , Gül Hülya , Güngör Günay , İşsever Halim , Çağatay Atahan 
Published: September 2005

This study investigated the relation between mould exposure and allergic rhinitis in Istanbul through questionnaires and measurements of fungal propagules in indoor air. The study group was 42 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis who were sensitive to mould and 40 age and sex matched healthy subjects as controls. A questionnaire was used to characterise the variables of home environment and occupants' behaviour which might have an impact on the presence of fungal levels. At the same time, symptom scores were assessed according to the answers of the patients while air samples were collected to obtain a comparison between the patients' symptoms and the fungal counts. Samples were collected from the bedrooms and the main living rooms between 15 September and 15 November, 2002. Fungal concentrations were reported as colony forming units per cubic metre of air using the MAS 100 conversion unit table. The questionnaires showed that patients reported significantly higher dampness, mould and mildew in their homes than the controls (p = 0.004, p = 0.02, respectively). Also the relative humidity in the patients' houses was significantly higher compared to the controls (p ≤ 0.001). The total culturable concentrations of fungi were significantly higher in the patients homes compared to those in the homes of the controls (p = 0.003, p = 0.009, respectively). A significant positive correlation was found between the patients' symptom scores and the fungal propagule concentrations (r2 = 0.39–0.49, p ≤ 0.001). Overall the results of this study suggest that damp housing and indoor fungal concentrations show a positive correlation with symptoms of allergic rhinitis.
The Case of the Proselytizing Pharisees?—Matthew 23.15
Authors: Bird Michael 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis essay examines Matthew 23.15 in the context of the debate concerning pre-Christian Jewish proselytizing activity amongst Gentiles. The study assesses the historical authenticity of the logion and examines the various positions for understanding its meaning. It then attempts to argue that Matthew 23.15 is an authentic saying of Jesus aimed at censuring a Pharisaic group for endeavouring to recruit Gentile adherents (God-fearers) to the cause of Jewish resistance against Rome. It concludes that the logion does not constitute evidence for the existence of a Jewish proselytizing mission.
The Semitic Background to Repentance in the Teaching of John the Baptist and Jesus
Authors: Crossley James 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIt is thought that repentance in the teaching of John the Baptist and Jesus is grounded in the Semitic teshubahconcept. The problem with this is that the LXX largely uses έπιστρέφω for / whereas the gospels use μεταυοέω which usually translates . This problem can be solved. meaning repentance is not attested in key documents. In contrast, words for repentance associated with / are massively attested and it is probable that this was the language used by John and Jesus.μεταυοέω and μετάυοιε are found in the gospels because they are words which can be used for the conversion of gentiles. This was important because / and έπιστρέφω are frequently used with reference to Jews returning to God.
‘Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall…’: A Review of Mel Gibson'S the Passion of the Christ
Authors: Watts Rikk 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWith its combination of icon and image, faith and history, this film does not fit the usual genres. But when judged in terms of its own unique filmic canons, The Passion of the Christis a profound piece of cinematography, celebrating for the unbeliever the triumph of humanity over an all-too-common brutality and for the believer a powerful reminder that forgiveness and love of enemies lies at the very centre of Christian faith.
Being Dispassionate about the Passion of the Christ: A Response to Rikkwatts’s Review
Authors: Segal Alan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRikk Watts can catalogue his enjoyment of the film, The Passion, which has had mass appeal. But Mel Gibson’s unhistorical additions reveal a disturbing willingness to use repugnant anti-Semitic subtexts as well as violence to elicit moviegoers’ emotions. While Gibson may claim that it expresses his faith, the film seems less about art and personal faith than about what Hollywood does best— making money by sacrificing artistic integrity.