bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Partial hydrolysis products of the specific polysaccharide of Type III pneumococcus ranging from 550 to 1,800 in formula weight can be quantitatively freed from unhydrolyzed polysaccharide.
2. The fractions yield specific precipitates with Type III antipneumococcus horse serum but fail to precipitate homologous rabbit antisera, giving rise only to specific inhibition. The aldobionic acid, the structural unit of S III, does not precipitate antisera.
3. A possible explanation and a possible application of the findings are pointed out.
SPLENECTOMY IN BILE FISTULA DOGS
Authors: Queen F. B. , Hawkins W. B. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

A splenectomized dog can be kept anemic for months or years in perfectly good condition.
A renal bile fistula dog on a suitable diet can be kept in perfect health and activity with normal weight for years.
When we combine splenectomy and the bile fistula, after a latent period, we invariably observe a striking reaction with enormous over-production of bile pigment, a definite anemia and finally death from anemia or tissue hemorrhage.
The spleen is essential for life in the bile fistula animal and this suggests some contribution from the spleen to body internal metabolism. The spleen and bile together are essential for the normal metabolism of pigment.
The bile salts are suspected of playing some obscure role in this reaction.
It seems difficult to explain all this great excess of bile pigment as coming from hemoglobin built up from the usual diet factors which in these experiments are well standardized.
It is suggested that the body can synthesize the pyrrol aggregate (four pyrrol rings). There is some evidence that the liver can build up bile pigment direct from "building stones." It seems necessary to postulate one or the other mechanism and they do not seem unlike in the final analysis as both bile pigment and the pyrrol aggregate contain four pyrrol rings. Possibly both reactions may take place under these conditions.
EPITHELIAL REPAIR IN RECOVERY FROM VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
Authors: Wolbach S. Burt , Howe Percy R. 
Published: June 2004

1. In vitamin A deficiency, the replacement stratified keratinizing epithelium is morphologically identical in all locations.
2. All cells of the lowermost layer of the replacement epithelium have proliferative power as in the stratum germinativum of epidermis.
3. In recovery, in spite of the complete morphological masking, the epithelium in each region returns to its normal type.
4. The important histological features of repair involve removal of the layers of cells irreversibly differentiated towards keratinization and direct differentiation of the stratum germinativum into the normal type. These take place simultaneously.
5. The histological sequences observed in the removal of cells above the stratum germinativum indicate that autolysis as shown by vacuolar degeneration and heterolysis as shown by leucocytic infiltration are involved.
6. The cycle of A deficiency metaplasia and recovery affords an experimental method available for the correlation of nuclear chromatin and types of cytoplasmic activities.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK BY AZODYES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which show that anaphylactic shock can be induced in animals sensitized with azoproteins by injecting them with azodyes containing the same azo components as the sensitizing antigen.
The anaphylactic reactions are specific and occur with quantities of the dyes as small as fractions of milligrams.
INHERITED AND ACQUIRED FACTORS IN RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Mice with relatively great inherent resistance to certain bacterial infections were heavier but not more fertile than mice with relatively little inherent resistance. Mice with relatively little inherent resistance were with one exception not abnormally low in weight.
2. B. enteritidis given intrastomachally to susceptibles appeared in the blood stream more promptly, in larger numbers, and in a greater percentage of cases, and was present in feces in larger numbers, for a longer period, and in a greater percentage of cases than when given to resistants.
3. Mice relatively resistant to B. enteritidis administered by the natural gastrointestinal route were likewise resistant to the organisms introduced subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, and intravenously. Mice relatively susceptible to the organisms administered by the natural route were susceptible when the organisms were injected directly into tissues and blood stream.
4. Of four lines of mice relatively susceptible to B. enteritidis, three were likewise susceptible to Pasteurella avicida, B. friedlaenderi, and pneumococcus given intranasally. A fourth line was significantly more resistant. Lines of mice relatively resistant to B. enteritidis were likewise resistant to the three respiratory tract pathogens.
5. When Pasteurella avicida, B. friedlaenderi, and pneumococcus were injected intraperitoneally or intravenously, no significant differences in duration of life of the several lines of mice could be demonstrated.
6. Of four lines relatively susceptible to B. enteritidis, two were susceptible to an intranasal instillation of louping ill virus. Lines resistant to B. enteritidis proved relatively susceptible to the virus infection.
LOCALIZATIONS OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DURING THE PREPARALYTIC PERIOD, AFTER INTRANASAL INSTILLATION
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Gebhardt Louis P. 
Published: June 2004

1. About 4 days after intranasal instillation, the virus of poliomyelitis establishes its initial focus, within the central nervous system, in the olfactory bulbs. It apparently reaches this structure through the axons of the olfactory nerves after primarily infecting the olfactory cells of the nasal mucosa.
2. From this initial focus, the virus spreads (on the 5th and 6th days) through the olfactory tracts and their connections in the brain stem. A secondary focus in the hypothalamus is first established. From this, two main channels can be discerned: first, to the medulla; second, to the thalamus and midbrain.
3. On the 7th day, virus can first be detected in the spinal cord. It is widespread but is found in larger amounts in the cervical than in the lumbar segments. It is present in both the anterior and posterior horns, either in equal amounts or in slightly larger amounts in the posterior. It is also present in the intervertebral ganglia. The surmise is presented that the main route of infection of the cord is not from the medulla (which had been infected as early as the 5th day) but along the sensory tracts, presumably from the thalamus (spinothalamic tracts).
4. Certain portions of the central nervous system were never found to contain demonstrable quantities of virus: these were the cortex of the frontal and parietal lobes (neopallium), and the cerebellum. The olfactory (archipallial) cortex (hippocampus) was only once found to contain virus; this occurred on the 7th day and in small amounts, and presumably had its source in the olfactory bulbs.
5. The experiments of the 7th day suggest that virus had died out in areas previously infected (in the hypothalamus and thalamus, particularly), while continuing, apparently undiminished, in the midbrain and medulla, and spreading to the cord. These observations are in harmony with the general contentions of Fairbrother and Hurst that virus is better adapted to survival in the lower portions of the cerebrospinal axis than in the higher.
6. The conception here presented of the manner of entrance and routes of propagation of the virus of poliomyelitis in the experimental animal appears to be in essential agreement with the clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease in man. Both the experimental disease and the disease as it occurs in man appear to present the features of an infection spread through nervous tissue only. It is unnecessary to assume that at any stage of its progress, during the incubation period or later, systemic or general extranervous infection is present.
OXYCEPHALY AND ALLIED CONDITIONS IN MAN AND IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

Craniosynostosis and the pathological complex with which it is associated in the rabbit are not identical with the abnormalities seen in man; but apparently the two sets of conditions have enough in common to warrant the conclusion that they probably have a common mode of origin. The evidence so far obtained shows that in the rabbit these conditions are hereditary. The factors for the production of the cranial abnormalities are widespread, but the occurrence of deformities is comparatively rare in a general animal population. In-breeding and selective matings, however, tend to increase their frequency and also the frequency of other abnormalities with which they may be associated, either by chance or by close genetic relationship in the germ plasm. In this way, a pathological complex is built up and perpetuated.
In so far as the cranial abnormalities are concerned, it seems now that oxycephaly and related conditions are variations resulting from a displacement or division of primary ossification centers controlled by hereditary factors.
STUDIES ON THE SUPRARENAL CORTEX
Authors: Harrop George A. , Weinstein Albert , Soffer Louis J. , Trescher John H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The basal oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, blood flow, blood pressure, and the changes in concentration of the arterial blood were determined in suprarenalectomized dogs (a) when receiving injections of cortical extract (Swingle-Pfiffner), (b) during suprarenal insufficiency induced by withdrawal of the injections, and (c) during the period of recovery brought about by resumption of extract injections.
2. Reasons are advanced for the view that the hemoconcentration which occurs is probably due to loss of fluid through the kidneys, rather than by increased capillary permeability and loss into the tissues, or by loss through the gastrointestinal tract.
3. The loss of fluid from the plasma and tissues will explain the symptoms which follow withdrawal of injections of the hormone, as well as the fatal outcome. The assumption that the suprarenal cortex or its hormone has a detoxifying action upon some product of metabolism is thus rendered unnecessary.
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Turner Kenneth B. , Khayat George B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Thyroidectomy in itself does not cause a rise in blood cholesterol or the development of atherosclerosis in young rabbits.
2. Feeding cholesterol produces hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits regardless of the presence or absence of the thyroid glands.
3. Potassium iodide prevents the usual hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis of the aorta in normal rabbits fed cholesterol, but when the thyroids are removed this protective action disappears.
STUDIES ON A CERTAIN SPREADING FACTOR EXISTING IN BACTERIA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR BACTERIAL INVASIVENESS
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

Invasive strains of staphylococcus and streptococcus contain a soluble factor which markedly increases tissue permeability and enhances the infections produced by these organisms, by other bacteria, and by vaccine virus as well.
The non-invasive strains of the same species of staphylococci and streptococci do not contain this factor.
The enhancing substance elaborated locally by organisms passes into the circulating blood and bringing about a general increase of tissue permeability may act to enhance local infections elsewhere.
The factor is similar in the phenomena it elicits to the spreading factor extracted from many animal tissues, especially from testicle.
VARYING HEMOLYTIC AND CONSTANT COMBINING CAPACITY OF STREPTOLYSINS; INFLUENCE ON TESTING FOR ANTISTREPTOLYSINS
Authors: Hodge B. E. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

Certain properties of streptolysin in respect of hemolytic power and capacity for combining with antistreptolysins have been determined. The hemolytic strength may vary markedly, while under suitable conditions the combining power is constant.
This stability of combining capacity makes it possible to prepare a large amount of streptolysin, standardize it against sera of known antistreptolysin strength, and use it as a reagent over a considerable period for testing the antistreptolysin content of unknown sera. A modified technique for making these tests is described.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

73 per cent of normal rabbits exposed for about 1 year to cage mates infected with tubercle bacilli of bovine type acquired a respiratory or alimentary tuberculosis, which was fatal in 50 per cent of the cases. 63.6 per cent developed tuberculosis during the first 6 months.
Of rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli of human type and exposed in the same cages at the same time only 36.8 per cent acquired tuberculosis during the first 6 months. Later this resistance waned, and by the end of the year altogether 60 per cent had developed tuberculosis, of which 38 per cent succumbed.
The disease in the vaccinated rabbits was shown to be of exogenous origin by the isolation in pure culture from the same rabbit of the human type bacillus from the primary infection, and of the bovine type bacillus from the naturally acquired lesion.
The vaccination reduced the incidence, extent, and mortality of the disease, affected the route of infection, changed its pathological character, and retarded its progress. The disease acquired by vaccinated rabbits shared many characteristics with adult type tuberculosis in man.
It is suggested that this method may be used with relative ease in studying many phases of naturally acquired tuberculosis in small laboratory animals.
THE RESISTANCE OF RABBITS TO TUBERCULOSIS AFTER VACCINATION WITH PARTIALLY DEFATTED TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2004

1. A vaccine prepared from partially defatted bovine tubercle bacilli influenced favorably the survival time after inoculation with living virulent bovine tubercle bacilli.
2. Accompanying this increased resistance was a sustained lymphocytosis in the vaccinated animals.
3. The vaccine induced a transitory anemia and leucopenia.
4. A similar preparation of partially defatted human tubercle bacilli possessed the power to sensitize guinea pigs to tuberculo-protein.
FUNCTION OF THE GALL BLADDER EPITHELIUM AS AN OSTEOGENIC STIMULUS AND THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Huggins C. B. , Sammet J. F. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that the proliferating gall bladder epithelium in the dog and guinea pig is capable of stimulating bone formation in certain connective tissues such as the abdominal wall. Other connective tissue areas such as the subepithelial connective tissue of the gall bladder and urinary bladder do not share in this tissue reaction and resist the bone stimulus of the epithelium. The formation of bone in these circumstances is thus biphasic.
A difference between connective tissues morphologically identical can be proven physiologically, by their response to the osteogenic stimulus of appropriate epithelia.
Calcium carbonate microliths occurred in the mucus of the occluded gall bladder in which there was transplanted connective tissue forming part of the wall.
THE RACES THAT CONSTITUTE THE GROUP OF COMMON FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Parker Raymond C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Races of fibroblasts that are functionally distinct have been isolated from the various tissues and organs of a single chick embryo.
2. Functionally distinct races of fibroblasts have also been isolated from corresponding parts of embryos of different ages.
3. Under the conditions of the experiments, and for the particular races of fibroblasts that have been studied, it has not been possible to demonstrate a gradual decrease, or a gradual increase, in the rate of multiplication of fibroblasts obtained from corresponding parts of embryos of gradually increasing ages.
4. Experiments made on strains of fibroblasts derived from the mesonephros and metanephros of a 16 day chick embryo have indicated that the rate of multiplication of these cells in a given medium reflects the physiological state, at the moment of isolation, of the particular part of the embryo from which they are obtained.
5. The rate of multiplication of a given race of fibroblasts in a particular medium does not serve, necessarily, as an index of the age of the individual from which the race is derived.
6. The functional differences that distinguish the various races of fibroblasts are permanent; they are retained by the cells from passage to passage indefinitely, despite such attempts as have thus far been made to change them.
STUDIES ON PSEUDORABIES (INFECTIOUS BULBAR PARALYSIS, MAD ITCH)
Authors: Hurst E. Weston 
Published: June 2004

The histology of pseudorabies differs materially in various animal species. In the rabbit, subcutaneous, intradermal or intramuscular inoculation leads to local inflammation and necrosis. The infection ascends the peripheral nerve (possibly both interstitially and by the axis-cylinders) to the corresponding spinal ganglia and segments of the spinal cord, where primary degeneration of nerve and glial cells takes place. The nerve cell changes are probably responsible for the cardinal symptom of the disease, itching. Death ensues soon after virus reaches the medulla, before visible changes have been produced here. Intracerebral inoculation is followed by characteristic lesions in the meninges, in subpial glial cells and in superficially placed nerve cells. Morbid changes in the lungs are not necessarily related to the presence of virus, but specific lesions may be present. Intranuclear inclusions bearing some resemblance to those in herpetic encephalitis, yellow fever, etc., occur in cells derived from all embryonic layers.
The disease in the guinea pig resembles closely that in the rabbit and is modified only by the slightly greater resistance of the animal.
In the monkey after intracerebral inoculation, widespread degeneration and necrosis of cortical nerve cells are accompanied by the appearance of specific nuclear alterations in nerve and glial cells, but not in cells of mesodermal origin. No lesions are found in other viscera.
In the spontaneous disease in the cow lesions approximate more closely to those in the monkey than to those in the rabbit.
In the pig vascular and interstitial lesions predominate, nerve cell degeneration is relatively slight and typical inclusions are not observed. These differences probably explain the benign course of the malady following subcutaneous inoculation in this animal. The lymphatic system, too, participates in the reaction to the virus.
THE RELATION OF VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY TO INTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: McConkey Mack , Smith David T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Seventy-two adult guinea pigs were fed tuberculous sputum daily for periods ranging from 6 weeks to 4 months.
2. Thirty-seven of these were maintained on a diet partially deficient in vitamin C; twenty-six developed ulcerative intestinal tuberculosis.
3. In the remaining thirty-five animals whose diet was supplemented by an adequate amount of vitamin C only two developed tuberculous ulcers in the intestines.
4. From these studies we conclude that the ingestion of tubercle bacilli by the guinea pig is not the sole factor in the production of intestinal tuberculosis.
5. In our opinion, an adequate supply of vitamin C usually protects the guinea pig against ulcerative intestinal tuberculosis.
THE PRODUCTION IN DOGS OF CHRONIC BLACK TONGUE WITH ANEMIA
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K. 
Published: June 2004

1. By the feeding of a particular diet, apparently lacking a substance closely associated with vitamin B2 G, a chronic disease may be produced irregularly in dogs.
2. The disease is characterized by atrophic glossitis, diarrhea, loss of weight, and anemia.
3. The disease can be prevented and relieved by materials rich in vitamin B2 G.
INFECTIOUS PAPILLOMATOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Hurst E. Weston 
Published: June 2004

A papilloma has been observed in wild cottontail rabbits and has been found to be transmissible to both wild and domestic rabbits. The clinical and pathological pictures of the condition have been described. It has been found that the causative agent is readily filtrable through Berkefeld but not regularly through Seitz filters, that it stores well in glycerol, that it is still active after heating to 67°C. for 30 minutes, but not after heating to 70°C., and that it exhibits a marked tropism for cutaneous epithelium. The activities and properties of the papilloma-producing agent warrant its classification as a filtrable virus.
Rabbits carrying experimentally produced papillomata are partially or completely immune to reinfection and, furthermore, their sera partially or completely neutralize the causative virus. The disease is transmissible in series through wild rabbits and virus of wild rabbit origin is readily transmissible to domestic rabbits, producing in this species papillomata identical in appearance with those found in wild rabbits. However, the condition is not transmissible in series through domestic rabbits. The possible significance of this observation has been discussed. The virus of infectious papillomatosis is not related immunologically to either the virus of infectious fibroma or to that of infectious myxoma of rabbits.
METHODS AND EFFECTS OF INCREASING THE URINARY CONSTITUENTS IN THE BODY
Authors: Hartman F. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Five methods for the production of slow continued reabsorbtion of urine in the experimental animal are presented.
2. The effects of this prolonged reabsorption of urinary constituents on the blood chemistry and tissues are shown with special reference to the kidney.
3. Large and rapid increase of urinary constituents in the body is definitely destructive to the kidney.
4. The degenerative changes found in the experimental animal in the protected pole of the kidney showing nephritis produced by x-ray and in man in the unscarred portions of the kidney showing chronic nephritis account for the progressive nature and final renal insufficiency of these conditions and are best ascribed to the high levels of excretory products in the body.