bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Boundaries of Expertise
Authors: Mather Lynn , McEwen Craig A , Maiman Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of expertise has always been central to debates about the meaning of professionalism. For the functionalists who pioneered the sociological study of professions, it was the professional’s expertise—the mastery of a body of knowledge of value to society—that both justified and necessitated self-regulation of professional behavior to ensure that it served the public interest (Parsons 19 39; Goode 19 57). To varying degrees, the more recent scholars of the professions have been less willing than their predecessors to accept at face value the idea that professionals actually possess distinctive expertise (Larson 1977; Abel 1989; Kritzer 1998b). Even the skeptics agree, however, that the sine qua non for the success of an occupational group seeking to establish itself as a profession is the capacity to persuade the public to accept its claims to special knowledge.
Before Publication
Authors: Callahan John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime not too long after beginning Invisible Man in the summer of 1945, Ellison composed his “Working Notes for Invisible Man.” He began the document by meditating on American Negro personality and the factors that led to the condition of invisibility. He then situates “our character” in the South for what will evolve into the early chapters of Invisible Man. Section II is a discursive outline of Ellison’s early plan for the episodes and action of the novel to be set in New York. Read alongside the published text of Invisible Man, the “Working Notes” provide rich clues to the evolution of Ellison’s protagonist and story, and his developing craft as a novelist. I have also included excerpts from four of Ellison’s letters to Albert Murray, first published in Trading Twelves: The Selected Letters of Ralph Ellison and Albert Murray. Written over the two years prior to Invisible Man’s publication on April 19, 1952, the letters show Ellison running a self-revealing gamut of emotions. By turns confident, uncertain, anxious, proud, playful, wary, and eager, his words have the self-deprecating and self-absorbed quality of someone at a crossroads in his life letting his hair down to a trusted friend.
Ralph Ellison, Race, and American Culture
Authors: Dickstein Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the standard views of American culture after the war, and especially of the 1950s, the arts and intellectual life turned deeply conservative, reflecting the imperatives of the cold war, the migration to the suburbs, the new domesticity, and the rise of McCarthyism. A small academic industry has sprung up, linking every cultural development of the postwar period to the clenched mind-set of the cold war. At the same time, it has been more and more evident that the facile contrast between the fifties and the sixties is based on a deep simplification. The fifties were a far more restless, dynamic, and contradictory period than we have generally allowed. It can be easily shown how the roots of the sixties lay in the new energies of the postwar years, when writers, along with jazz musicians, abstract painters, and maverick filmmakers, contributed to a creative ferment that matched the growth of the economy and the spread of American influence. Working just outside the mainstream, often seemingly apolitical, these writers and artists helped shape a counterculture focused on the youthful dropout, the rebel without a cause, the disgruntled outsider who embodied new cultural values: improvisation, spontaneity, an experimental attitude. This last phrase comes not from the Beats but, surprisingly, from Ralph Ellison describing his 1952 novel Invisible Man as he accepted the National Book Award. It may be hard to imagine Ellison, always so correct and elegant in his personal demeanor, as any kind of radical, or as a forerunner of the counterculture. Moreover, no black writer was more warmly welcomed by the literary establishment or more reviled by his young successors when the catchwords of black nationalism took hold in the 1960s and ‘70s. Even before then, left-wing critics like Irving Howe had indicted Ellison and James Baldwin for turning their backs on the militant traditions of black anger associated with their mentor, Richard Wright.
Designing Democracy
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In modern nations, political disagreement is the source of both the gravest danger and the greatest security, writes Cass Sunstein. All democracies face intense political conflict. But is this conflict necessarily something to fear? In this provocative book, one of our leading political and legal theorists reveals how a nation's divisions of conviction and belief can be used to safeguard democracy. Confronting one explosive political issue after another, from presidential impeachment to the limits of religious liberty, from discrimination against women and gays to the role of the judiciary, Sunstein constructs a powerful new perspective from which to show how democracies negotiate their most divisive real-world problems. He focuses on a series of concrete concerns that go to the heart of the relationship between the idea of democracy and the idea of constitutionalism. Illustrating his discussion with examples from constitutional debates and court-cases in South Africa, Eastern Europe, Israel, America, and elsewhere, Sunstein takes readers through a number of highly charged questions: When should government be permitted to control discriminatory behavior by or within religious organizations? Does it make sense to govern on the basis of popular referenda? Can the right to have an abortion be defended? Can we defend Internet regulation? Should the law step in if children are being schooled in discriminatory preferences and beliefs? Should a constitution protect rights to food, shelter, and health care? Disputes over questions such as these can be fierce enough to pose a grave threat. But in a paradox whose elaboration forms the core of Sunstein's book, it is a nation’s apparently threatening diversity of opinion that can ensure its integrity. Extending his important recent work on the way deliberation within like-minded groups can produce extremism, Sunstein breaks new ground in identifying the mechanisms behind political conflict in democratic nations. At the same time, he develops a profound understanding of a constitutional democracy’s system of checks and balances. Sunstein shows how a good constitution, fostering a “republic of reasons,” enables people of opposing ethical and religious commitments to reach agreement where agreement is necessary, while making it unnecessary to reach agreement when agreement is impossible. A marvel of lucid, subtle reasoning, DESIGNING DEMOCRACY makes invaluable reading for anyone concerned with the promises and pitfalls of the democratic experiment.
The Anticaste Principle
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1, we saw the importance of protecting deliberating enclaves, largely to ensure the emergence of arguments that would otherwise be squelched in general debate. I argued too that in some deliberative processes, members of low-status groups generally speak less and are given less respectful attention. If people are not heard, and if they do not speak, both democracy and deliberation are at risk. And if members of certain groups receive less respectful attention, both liberty and equality are at risk. Deliberating enclaves are a partial solution. But much more should be done.
Sex Equality versus Religion
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relationship between religious liberty and the anticaste principle? Consider the following potential conficts between sex equality and freedom of religion, conflits that arise in one or another form in many nations: Certain Jewish synagogues educate boys separately from girls, and certain Jewish schools refuse to admit girls. Some Jewish girls and their parents contend that this is a form of sex discrimination that contributes to sex-role stereotyping, in a way that produces second-class citizenship for women. They object in particular to the fact that such stereotyping is taken for granted in much of their community.
Native and Christian
Authors: Martin Joel sW 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One November morning in 1818 near Lookout Mountain,Tennessee, a heartbreaking scene was played out between a young Cherokee woman and her parents. Catharine Brown, age eighteen, was a student at Brainerd, a boarding school established by Christian missionaries from New England for the benefit of Cherokee youth. Catharine, in little more than a year of residence at the school, had found a second home and great fulfillment. She had grown fond of the missionaries and their wives. It was as if she had become a member of their families. Their religion fascinated her. Catharine Brown had committed herself to learning about it and becoming a Christian. Now her parents insisted she interrupt her studies and accompany them to a new Cherokee home­land in the West.
A Passion For Justice
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An eighth-generation Charlestonian with a prestigious address, impeccable social credentials, and years of intimate association with segregationist politicians, U.S. District Court Judge Julius Waties Waring shocked family, friends, and an entire state in 1945 when, at age sixty-five, he divorced his wife of more than thirty years and embarked upon a far-reaching challenge to the most fundamental racial values of his native region. The first jurist in modern times to declare segregated schooling “inequality per se,” Waring also ordered the equalization of teachers’ salaries and outlawed South Carolina’s white primary. Off the bench, he and his second wife--a twice-divorced, politically liberal Northerner who was even more outspoken in her political views than Waring himself--castigated Dixiecrats and southern liberals alike for their defense of segregation, condemned the “sickness” of white southern society, urged a complete breakdown of state-enforced bars to racial intermingling, and entertained blacks in their home, becoming pariahs in South Carolina and controversial figures nationally. Tinsley Yarbrough examines the life and career of this fascinating but neglected jurist, assessing the controversy he generated, his place in the early history of the modern civil rights movement, and the forces motivating his repudiation of his past.
The Witch of Meeting Street
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Elizabeth Waring was a child, her great hero was Joan of Arc. Standing in her bed and wielding an imaginary sword, Elizabeth would pretend to be St. Joan, symbolically conquering the problems of her parents’ troubled marriage and world crises as well. Her flair for the dramatic and desire to give meaning to her life followed her into adulthood. “I think she was always searching,” her daughter remarked, “searching for some way to be something, to be recognized. She wanted to help the world, to help make the world better.”1 Charleston and her marriage to Waties Waring had given her both a stage and a cause. Through 1949, Elizabeth had remained largely in the background of the controversy swirling around her husband-a major catalyst for her husband’s actions, detractors and supporters alike contended, but a background figure nevertheless. In the winter of 1950, however, that was all to change.
Charleston’s black YWCA branch held a public meeting each year at its facilities on Coming Street. Miss Rose Huggins, the branch’s executive director, had heard Elizabeth Waring speak at a local church and suggested that she be invited to address the branch’s upcoming annual meeting. Septima Clark, who was already acquainted with the Warings and was then serving as chairwoman of the branch’s committee on management, quickly concurred, and Mrs. Waring was extended an invitation.
Leaving the Mother’s House
Authors: Cooke John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The 1972 Review “A Private Apprenticeship,” Gordimer focused on Carson McCullers’s obsessive concern with adolescence in her journals and novels. Gordimer’s own “private apprenticeship” shows a preoccupation as great as her subject’s; Gordimer can accurately be termed, to vary a phrase she applied to McCullers, “the high priestess of childhood.” As Gordimer told Lionel Abrahams in the late 1950s, “the ways of seeing we acquire in our youth remain with us always.”1 In her fiction those ways of seeing are determined, above all else, by unusually possessive mothers. Gordimer’s “strange childhood” provides a clear motivation for this focus, yet her novels by themselves reveal her obsessive concern with domineering mothers and the resulting resentment and sense of powerlessness of their children. Gordimer deals with such relationships most concertedly in The Lying Days, Occasion for Loving, and Burger’s Daughter, which form an extended Bildungsroman centering on the attempts of daughters to break free of their mothers’ power and establish lives of their own. But with the exception of A World of Strangers, whose protagonist can scarcely be said to have a private life, all of Gordimer’s novels show her returning, again and again, to such strange childhoods as her own.
Nadine Gordimer The Degeneration of the Great South African Lie
Authors: Janmohamed Abdul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Excellence Of Burger’s Daughter is due to a judicious combination of the relative simplicity of its plot, the elegance and appropriateness of its style, and the integrity, acuteness, and courage of Rosa Burger’s attempt to define her “self.” The novel is primarily concerned with Rosa’s examination of the priority of her own values, desires, and needs against a nexus of values furnished by the apartheid society in South Africa, by the bourgeois culture in Europe, and by the discipline, compassion, and political ideas inherited from her Communist Father. Given the simplicity of the plot, the major movement of the novel-Rosa’s exploration of her cultural inheritance—is a subjective journey that is perfectly rendered through the bifurcation of the narrative, as in The Conservationist, into objective and subjective components.
Exiled In and Exiled From The Politics and Poetics of Burger’s Daughter
Authors: Yelin Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In A Famous Pass Age In A Room of One’s Own, Virginia Woolf identifies the position of women as simultaneously inside and outside patriarchal cultural hegemony: “If one is a woman one is often surprised by a sudden splitting off of consciousness, say in walking down Whitehall, when from being the natural inheritor of that civilisation, she becomes, on the contrary, outside of it, alien and critical” (101). Woolf offers a way of conceiving the question of women and exile. To be exiled is to be “outside, ... alien and critical”: on one hand, to be displaced by that culture (“outside” or exiled from); on the other, to be engaged in transforming/displacing it (“alien and critical”). Paradoxically, the most disabling version of exile may be a consequence of women’s position as inheritors of a civilization, for a condition of their inheritance—their position “inside”-is acquiescence in a cultural or political set that subordinates them, displaces them, or exiles them to the outside. Woolf defines the stance of much recent feminist criticism and theory-a stance that Joan Kelly identifies as the “doubled vision of feminist theory” and Rachel Blau DuPlessis calls the “both/and” vision of female modernism and implicitly of feminist criticism (“For the Etruscans”). But in this passage, at least, Woolf’s privileging of gender occludes other crucial aspects of the social/cultural ensemble.
Introductory note to 1929, 1990 and 1990a
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If from Frege’s formal system presented in 1879 we excise quantification over functions, we obtain a set of formal axioms and rules of inference that is complete with respect to quantificational validity. In the opening paragraph of his 1930 (below, page 103) Gödel writes that, when a formal system is introduced, “the question at once arises whether the initially postulated system of axioms and principles of inference is complete, that is, whether it actually suffices for the derivation of every logico-mathematical proposition”. Frege, however, never saw completeness as a problem, and indeed almost fifty years elapsed between the publication of Frege 1879 and that of Hilbert and Ackermann 1928, where the question of the completeness of quantification theory was raised explicitly in print for the first time. Why? Because neither in the tradition in logic that stemmed from Frege through Russell and Whitehead, that is, logicism, nor in the tradition that stemmed from Boole through Peirce and Schroder, that is, algebra of logic, could the question of the completeness of a formal system arise.
Über ber die Vollstandigkeit des Logikkalkuls (1929)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Der Hauptgegenstand der folgenden Untersuchungen ist der Beweis der Vollstandigkeit des in Russell, Principi”a mathematica, P. I, Nr. 1 und Nr. 10, und ahnlich in Hilbert Ackermann, Grundziige der theoretischen Logik (zitiert als H. A.), III, § 5, angegebenen Axiomensystems des sogenannten engeren Funktionenkalkiils. Dabei soil “Vollstandigkeit” bedeuten, daB jede im engeren Funktionenkalkiil ausdriickbare allgemein giltige Formel (allgemein giltige Zahlaussage nach Lowenheim) sich durch eine endliche Reihe formaler Schliisse aus den Axiomen deduzieren lasst. Diese Behauptung lasst sich leicht als aquivalent erkennen mit der folgenden: Jedes widerspruchslose nur aus Zahlaussagen bestehende Axiomensystem1 hat eine Realisierung.
Introductory note to 1991c
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the paper here reviewed by Gödel, Hilbert added a new rule of a semi-infinitary character to a formal system of arithmetic with the aim of obtaining a complete and consistent system. Written at the end of his academic career, this paper was one of the last of Hilbert’s individual contributions to the foundations of mathematics. It is natural to ask whether the pursuit of this novel extension of arithmetic came in response to Gödel’s incompleteness theorem of 1991 or whether it had an independent origin. The question is not readily answered, since there is no mention of Gödel or of the incompleteness results in Hilbert 1991, nor in its successor 1991a, where the ideas are elaborated further. The other available evidence, to be discussed below, is also equivocal in this respect.
Eine Eigenschaft der Realisierungen des Aussagenkalkiils (1992c)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Beantwortung einer mir von Menger brieflich gestellten Frage kann man folgenden Satz beweisen: Es sei irgend eine Menge 6 von Dingen p, q, r, ... gegeben, in der eine einstellige Operation ∼p und eine zweistellige Operation p :::&gt; q definiert sind, die nicht aus der Menge 6 herausfiihren.
Review of Carnap 1931 : The logicist’s way of founding mathematics (1932e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introductory note to Gödel 1932e, as well as to related items, can be found on page 196, immediately preceding 1931a.]Besides giving a very clear presentation of the logicist point of view, this address also provides a detailed exposition of the difficulties still persisting today, as well as an attempt to overcome them. The thesis of logicism is twofold, namely, (1) that all mathematical notions are reducible to logical ones through explicit definitions and (2) that all mathematical theorems are rigkeit hingewiesen, die durch das Unendlichkeits- und das Auswahlaxiom entsteht, da diese beiden Axiome wegen ihres existenzialen Charakters nicht zu den logischen Grundsatzen gehoren, aber zum Beweise vieler mathematischer Satze erforderlich sind. Doch konne man diese Schwierigkeit leicht iiberwinden, indem man, wie Russell es tut, die genannten Axiome in die Voraussetzungen der betreffenden Satze aufnimmt, wodurch man rein logisch beweisbare Satze erhalt. Eine viel wesentlichere Schwierigkeit liegt, wie der Verfasser ausfiihrt, in den sogenannten impradikativen Begriffsbildungen. Um den bei dieser Definitionsart scheinbar auftretenden Zirkel zu vermeiden, stellte Russell seine “verzweigte” Typentheorie auf, durch welche aber eine adaquate Behandlung der reellen Zahlen unmoglich wird, wenn man nicht zu dem (heute allgemein als unzulassig erkannten) Reduzibilitatsaxiom seine Zuflucht nimmt. Die Losung der Schwierigkeit sucht der Verfasser in der Weglassung der verzweigten Typentheorie, die deshalb iiberfliissig sei, weil die impradikativen Definitionen in Wahrheit gar keinen Zirkel enthalten.
Introductory note to 1999b, c, d, g and h
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the many important logical results on which Gödel reported in Karl Menger’s Ergebnisse eines mathematischen Kolloquiums at the University of Vienna, there are five lesser known ones on geometry. In fact, Gödel had taken courses with Menger, and these notes are best seen within the framework of a program for reforming and purifying differential and projective geometry developed by Menger in the colloquium. In order to free the notion of “curvature” from “the complicated conceptual machinery” (Menger 1952) of classical differential geometry, in particular from coordinates, parameterizations and differentiability assumptions, Menger proposed to study suitable n-tuples of points in compact convex metric spaces. The triangle inequality implies the existence of three points in the Euclidean plane isometric to any triple of points in such a space, and their curvature is taken to be the reciprocal of the radius of the circle circumscribed around them. Menger then defined the curvature at a point of a curve in his space as the number from which the curvature of any three sufficiently close isometric points in the Euclidean plane differs arbitrarily little. Several results were based on this definition as well as on modifications of it by Franz Alt and by Gödel himself (Alt 1933). For surfaces the problem of curvature is more ambiguous and difficult. One now considers quadruples of points in Menger’s spaces; but points isometric to them may not exist at all in Euclidean space, and even when they do exist, the reciprocal of the radius of their circumscribed sphere is of no particular significance for the problem of curvature. Gödel (1993b) shows, however, in answer to a question of Laura Klanfer, that this reciprocal can be used to prove that, if an isometric Euclidean quadruple exists and is non-coplanar, then the metric quadruple is isometric, under the geodesic metric, to four points of a metricized sphere of suitable radius.
On the isometric embeddability of quadruples of points of R3 in the surface of a sphere (1933b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In answer to a question raised in the 37th colloquium (Klan/er 1933), the following holds: A metric quadruple [ a quadruple of points in a metric space] that is congruent to four points in R3 is, if it is not congruent to four points of the plane, congruent to four points on the surf ace of a sphere on which the distance between any two points is defined to be the length of the shortest arc joining them.