bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food prepared in iron cooking pots as an intervention for reducing iron deficiency anaemia in developing countries: a systematic review
Authors: Geerligs P. D. Prinsen , Brabin B. J. , Omari A. A. A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective  To complete a systematic review of the effect of preparing food cooked in iron pots on haemoglobin concentrations and to assess compliance with pot use.Design and Search strategy  We searched The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, The Cochrane Controlled trials Register, The Cochrane Methodology Register, Health Technology Assessment Database and NHS Economic Evaluation Database (Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2002). Medline (1966 to May 2002) and EMBASE (1988 to May 2002). Reference lists of published trials were examined for other potentially relevant trials and authors of selected trials were contacted to obtain information about ongoing or unpublished trials. Selection criteria included randomized trials which compared the effect of food cooked in cast iron pots with food cooked in noncast iron pots on participants of a minimum age of 4 months. One reviewer applied inclusion criteria to potentially relevant trials. Two reviewers assessed trial quality and extracted data.Results  Three trials were eligible for inclusion in the review. There is some evidence from these studies that eating food prepared in iron pots increases the haemoglobin concentration of anaemic/iron deficient individuals. This effect seems to be modified by compliance, users age, and the presence of malaria and hookworm. Compliance with pot use varies considerably between countries depending on several factors, including: size of the cooking pot, targeted user group, whether the pot is used as an extra or replacement pot, and familiarity with cast iron pots.Conclusion  The introduction of iron pots or improving their use in communities in developing countries for the preparation of food maybe a promising innovative intervention for reducing iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia. Further research is required to monitor the use and effectiveness of this intervention.
Meals, snacks and food choices in Brazilian shift workers with high energy expenditure
Authors: De Assis M. A. A. , Nahas M. V. , Bellisle F. , Kupek E. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective  To describe the food intake of garbage collectors, who works in three shifts, in terms of meal and snack frequency, content, time distribution and the contribution of various popular foods to the total diet.Methods  Sixty‐six Brazilian garbage collectors, who work in morning, afternoon, and night shift, participated in the present study. The quantitative methods used were a combination of one 24‐h recall and two 24‐h records during three nonconsecutive work days. The qualitative method used was the food‐based classification of eating episodes model modified in order to define meals or snacks in three categories of events: meals with three food groups of high nutrient density (three HND meals), meals with two food groups of high nutrient density (two HND meals) and snacks, composed of only one food category of high nutrient density.Results  The total number of eating events per day was significantly higher for night shift workers. Over 24‐h, ‘two HND meals’ were the most common events and contributed the most energy, in all three shifts. Night shift workers ate more at dawn and less in the morning than other shifts. In all three shifts, meat was the most important food contributing to energy intake.Conclusion  Different work schedules did not affect the relative frequency of meal types and snacks or their contribution to daily energy intake, but affected the daily distribution of eating events, with a redistribution of intake from day to night in night shift workers.
Child malnutrition in Vietnam and its transition in an era of economic growth
Authors: Thang N. M. , Popkin B. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective  In the past decade, Vietnam has achieved an impressive rate of socioeconomic development paralleled by broad improvements in the health sector – but child malnutrition still lags far behind that of most other health indicators. The purpose of this study is to discover inequality in the near‐present situation (1997–98; hereafter referred to as the present situation), changes of child malnutrition over the period from 1992–93 to 1997–98, and factors that might affect the inability to rapidly reduce child malnutrition among the poor, rural, and minority populations.Design  Data from two nationally representative surveys – the 1992–93 and 1997–98 Vietnam Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS) – of Vietnamese households were utilized in this study. Descriptive and logistic procedures were used for the analyses. The focus was on the variables related to household poverty status, total expenditure levels, rural residence, and minority status with controls for other key economic and demographic measures.Subjects  A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted on data using 4305 households and 4367 children (2–11 years of age in 1992–93) that were included in both surveys of the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992–93 and 1997–98, conducted under the framework of the LSMS.Results  Children of rural households, poor households, and ethnic minority backgrounds are significantly more likely to be malnourished than urban residents, children of nonpoor households, and the majority Kinh population. Additionally, avenues to escape malnourishment are limited in the former categories. These results suggest that economic improvements in Vietnam have, for the most part, bypassed the rural poor and minorities, and targeting economic resources towards these groups will be most critical to reduce malnutrition in Vietnam.
Trend to better nutrition on Australian hospital menus 1986–2001 and the impact of cook‐chill food service systems
Authors: McClelland A. , Williams P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective  To assess trends in the nutritional quality of hospital menus and examine differences between menus used in hospitals with cook‐chill or cook‐fresh food services.Design  Standard patient menus were analysed against 28 criteria to assess nutritional standards and compared with results from similar studies in 1986 and 1993.Setting  Menus were collected from 80 hospitals in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, including 36 using cook‐chill food service systems.Statistical analysis  Chi‐squared analysis was used to assess differences between the proportions of hospitals meeting the criteria in 1993 and 2001, and between different types of hospitals.Results  In 2001, compared with 1993, significantly many hospitals offered more than one hot choice at the evening meal, more menus highlighted low fat items and more calcium‐rich foods were available. More than 90% of hospitals allowed patients to select their own menu, offered wholemeal breads and high‐fibre breakfast cereals, fresh fruit, polyunsaturated margarine, a milk dessert at least once a day and two or more hot options at the midday meal. Hospitals with cook‐chill food services had menus that were more likely to meet nutritional recommendations, although they were less likely to offer a choice of serving size. A high proportion of unpopular choices were offered in menus, especially meat dishes and desserts.Applications/conclusion  Since 1986, NSW hospital menus have improved to offer choices that conform better to dietary guidelines. Cook‐chill food services may have positive and negative impacts on meal choices. The assessment criteria are useful in hospitals to assess their menus.
Five‐year prospective analysis of dietary intake and clinical status in malnourished cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Walkowiak J. , Przyslawski J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractBackground  Poor growth and malnutrition still pose a problem in cystic fibrosis (CF). The aim of the present study was to assess nutrition, as well as clinical status, of malnourished CF patients during a nutritional care programme.Material and methods  The study comprised 38 CF patients, aged 1–18 years old. The prospective annual assessment of dietary intake and clinical status was carried out during 1994–98.Results  The energy intake increased, in comparison with recommended daily allowances, from 83.6 ± 4.8% in 1994 to 107.9 ± 4.9% in 1998. A similar tendency was observed for the percentage of energy derived from fat (30.3 ± 0.8% versus 35.1 ± 0.8%) and protein (11.4 ± 0.4% versus 13.8 ± 0.4%). In subsequent years of the study, an improvement in the fat profile of the diet (with a higher consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids) was observed. The observed increase of vitamin A and E consumption was related chiefly to changes in the doses of supplementation. During these 5 years, an improvement in nutritional status (Z‐score: height −1.34 ± 0.13 versus −1.08 ± 0.14 and weight −1.40 ± 0.09 versus −1.12 ± 0.08) and lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s: 75.5 ± 2.0% versus 77.8 ± 2.2%) was observed.Conclusion  The nutritional care programme resulted in stable quantitative and qualitative changes in dietary intake. Although the diet does not reach the recommended level of high‐energy intake, the positive impact of increasing nutrient intake on the nutritional and clinical status of malnourished CF patients was documented.
Current practice in the management of children with cerebral palsy: a national survey of paediatric dietitians
Authors: Hartley Hilary , Thomas Julian E 
Published: July 2003

AbstractBackground  Dietitians play a key role in the clinical management of children with cerebral palsy. This survey was conducted with the aim of establishing an overview of current dietetic practice in the management of these children.Method  A questionnaire which asked for information on aspects of dietetic practice relating to children with cerebral palsy was circulated to members of the British Dietetic Association during May to October 2000.Results  Many respondents had a small caseload size. However, a larger caseload was linked to membership of a multi‐disciplinary team, a greater proportion of severely disabled children and use of a wider range of anthropometric measurements. Dietitians who were members of a multi‐disciplinary team were more likely to visit children at home.Conclusions  This survey provides an overview of current dietetic practice in the UK regarding the management of children with cerebral palsy. There is a potential shortfall in specialist dietitians and this survey highlights some of the gaps in service provision. Children with cerebral palsy benefit from dietetic input and there is an increasing need for specialist dietitians to be involved in their management. It will be necessary to continue to identify any gaps and find ways to overcome them.
DNA sequence variation and latitudinal associations in hsp23, hsp26 and hsp27 from natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Frydenberg J. , Hoffmann A. A. , Loeschcke V. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractHeat shock genes are considered to be likely candidate genes for environmental stress resistance. Nucleotide variation in the coding sequence of the small heat shock genes (hsps) hsp26 and hsp27 from Drosophila melanogaster was studied in flies originating from the Netherlands and eastern Australia. The hsp26 gene was polymorphic for an insertion/deletion of three extra amino acids and two nonsynonymous changes in all populations. The hsp27 gene exhibited two nonsynonymous changes and three synonymous mutations. The hsp26 polymorphism showed a latitudinal cline along the east coast of Australia. This pattern was not confounded by the fact that the shsps are located in the inversion In(3 L)P which also shows a latitudinal cline in eastern Australia. A similar latitudinal cline was found for the previously described variation in hsp23, while frequencies of hsp27 alleles did not change with latitude. These findings suggest that variation at two of the shsps or closely linked loci are under selection in natural populations of D. melanogaster.
The influence of diet on faecal DNA amplification and sex identification in brown bears (Ursus arctos)
Authors: Murphy Melanie A. , Waits Lisette P. , Kendall Katherine C. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractTo evaluate the influence of diet on faecal DNA amplification, 11 captive brown bears (Ursus arctos) were placed on six restricted diets: grass (Trifolium spp., Haplopappus hirtus and Poa pratensis), alfalfa (Lupinus spp.), carrots (Daucus spp.), white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and salmon (Salmo spp.). DNA was extracted from 50 faecal samples of each restricted diet, and amplification of brown bear DNA was attempted for a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) locus and nuclear DNA (nDNA) locus. For mtDNA, no significant differences were observed in amplification success rates across diets. For nDNA, amplification success rates for salmon diet extracts were significantly lower than all other diet extracts (P < 0.001). To evaluate the accuracy of faecal DNA sex identification when female carnivores consume male mammalian prey, female bears were fed male white‐tailed deer. Four of 10 extracts amplified, and all extracts were incorrectly scored as male due to amplification of X and Y‐chromosome fragments. The potential biases highlighted in this study have broad implications for researchers using faecal DNA for individual and sex identification, and should be evaluated in other species.
Disjunct distribution of highly diverged mitochondrial lineage clade and population subdivision in a marine bivalve with pelagic larval dispersal
Authors: Luttikhuizen P. C. , Drent J. , Baker A. J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMitochondrial DNA sequence data for 295 individuals of the marine bivalve Macoma balthica (L.) were collected from 10 sites across the European distribution, and from Alaska. The data were used to infer population subdivision history and estimate current levels of gene flow. Inferred historical biogeography was expected to be congruent with colonization of the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean after the opening of the Bering Strait 3.5 Ma. In addition, the last glacial maximum, about 18 000 years ago, was expected to have been responsible for most of the present‐day distribution of molecular variation within Europe, because the area must have been recolonized after confinement to France and the south of the British Isles during the last glacial maximum. Current gene flow was hypothesized to be high, because the larvae of M. balthica spend 2–5 weeks drifting in the water column. The geographical distribution of one highly diverged haplotype clade was found to be disjunct and was encountered exclusively in samples from the Baltic Sea and Alaska. A molecular clock calibration for marine bivalve cytochrome‐c‐oxidase I dates this clade as having split off from the other haplotypes 9.8–39 Ma. Multiple colonizations of the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific by M. balthica may explain the strong differences found between Baltic Sea and other European populations of this species. The sympatric occurrence of the highly diverged mitochondrial lineages in western parts of the Baltic Sea points to secondary admixture. With the use of coalescent analysis, population divergence times for French vs. other non‐Baltic European populations (‘Atlantic population assemblage’) were estimated at a minimum of about 110 000 years ago, well before the last glacial maximum 18 000 years ago. Signatures of population divergence of M. balthica that appear to have originated during the Pleistocene have thus survived the last glacial maximum. Some of the populations within the Atlantic assemblage are currently isolated, while others appear to be connected by gene flow. Apparently, populations of this species can remain highly subdivided in spite of the potential for high gene flow, implying that their population and evolutionary dynamics can be independent.
What can morphology and isozymes tell us about the history of theDryas integrifolia–octopetalacomplex?
Authors: Philipp M. , Siegismund H. R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAn earlier study of the morphological variation in the circumpolar genusDryasin Greenland revealed that populations in east Greenland are highly variable and this variation was interpreted as a hybrid zone betweenD. octopetalaandD. integrifolia.It was proposed that populations ofDryasin east Greenland immigrated postglacially from Svalbard. The purpose of our study was to investigate the population structure of theDryas integrifolia–octopetalacomplex using a combination of morphological and genetic characters. Populations ofDryaswere sampled in Greenland, Svalbard, Iceland and north Scandinavia (Sweden). The morphological traits clearly separated west Greenland from Svalbard, Iceland and north Scandinavia. A large number of individuals from east Greenland and some from north Greenland could be interpreted as hybrids between the morphs. The genetic pattern was, however, partly different as the greatest amount of differentiation among regions was found between west and north Greenland (FRT = 0.65). The highest degree of genetic variation appeared within east Greenland. This was in accordance with the putative hybrid origin of the populations, as concluded based on the morphological results. The total amount of genetic differentiation found among the six regions (FRT = 0.61) was larger than between the two species (FRT = 0.44). The genetic pattern matched the proposed postglacial migration routes.
The phylogeny ofTurnip mosaic virus; comparisons of 38 genomic sequences reveal a Eurasian origin and a recent ‘emergence’ in east Asia
Authors: Tomimura K. , Gibbs A. J. , Jenner C. E. , Walsh J. A. , Ohshima K. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe genomes of a representative world‐wide collection of 32Turnip mosaic virus(TuMV) isolates were sequenced and these, together with six previously reported sequences, were analysed. At least one‐fifth of the sequences were recombinant. In phylogenetic analyses, using genomic sequences of Japanese yam mosaic virus as an outgroup, the TuMV sequences that did not show clear recombination formed a monophyletic group with four well‐supported lineages. These groupings correlated with differences in pathogenicity and provenance; the sister group to all others was of Eurasian B‐strain isolates from nonbrassicas, and probably represents the ancestral TuMV population, and the most recently ‘emerged’ branch of the population was probably that of the BR‐strain isolates found only in east Asia. Eight isolates, all from east Asia, were clear recombinants, probably the progeny of recent recombination events, whereas a similar number, from other parts of the world, were seemingly older recombinants. This difference indicates that the presence of clear recombinants in a subpopulation may be a molecular signature of a recent ‘emergence’.
Dynamics in the evolution of sexual traits: losses and gains, radiation and convergence in yellow wagtails (Motacilla flava)
Authors: Ödeen A. , Björklund M. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe analyse patterns of genetic diversity and song complexity in the Palaearctic yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava), a highly polytypic species complex. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA show that the complex is polyphyletic, despite parallel plumage variation in western and eastern clades. In the western clade there is genetic structure among southern subspecies, haplotype diversity decreases with latitude, and northern subspecies show evidence of bottlenecking and rapid expansions, as expected from isolation in glacial refugia followed by postglacial colonization. However, northern subspecies, which have more divergent male plumages, lack genetic structure and sing simpler songs. Loss of song complexity and evolution of plumage in founder populations are consistent with the Kaneshiro model, which posits that variation among species is a consequence of founder‐induced shifts in female preference leading to loss of ancestral male sexual traits. Our results suggest possible postglacial founder‐effect mechanisms for the morhological diversification of the yellow wagtail complex.
Phylogeography of the endangered darkling beetle species of Pimelia endemic to Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)
Authors: Contreras‐Díaz Hermans G. , Moya Oscar , Oromí Pedro , Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2003

AbstractPhylogenetic and geographical nested clade analysis (NCA) methods were applied to mitochondrial DNA sequences of Pimelia darkling beetles (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) endemic to Gran Canaria, an island in the Canary archipelago. The three species P. granulicollis, P. estevezi and P. sparsa occur on the island, the latter with three recognized subspecies. Another species, P. fernandezlopezi (endemic to the island of La Gomera) is a close relative of P. granulicollis based on partial Cytochrome Oxidase I mtDNA sequences obtained in a previous study. Some of these beetles are endangered, so phylogeographical structure within species and populations can help to define conservation priorities. A total of about 700 bp of Cytochrome Oxidase II were examined in 18 populations and up to 75 individuals excluding outgroups. Among them, 22 haplotypes were exclusive to P. granulicollis and P. estevezi and 31 were from P. sparsa. Phylogenetic analysis points to the paraphyly of Gran Canarian Pimelia, as the La Gomera P. fernandezlopezi haplotypes are included in them, and reciprocal monophyly of two species groups: one constituted by P. granulicollis, P. estevezi and P. fernandezlopezi (subgenus Aphanaspis), and the other by P. sparsa‘sensu lato’. The two species groups show a remarkably high mtDNA divergence. Within P. sparsa, different analyses all reveal a common result, i.e. conflict between current subspecific taxonomic designations and evolutionary units, while P. estevezi and P. fernandezlopezi are very close to P. granulicollis measured at the mtDNA level. Geographical NCA identifies several cases of nonrandom associations between haplotypes and geography that may be caused by allopatric fragmentation of populations with some cases of restriction of gene flow or range expansion. Analyses of molecular variance and geographical NCA allow definition of evolutionary units for conservation purposes in both species‐groups and suggest scenarios in which vicariance caused by geological history of the island may have shaped the pattern of the mitochondrial genetic diversity of these beetles.
Molecular analysis of natural populations of Populus nigra L. intermingled with cultivated hybrids
Authors: Fossati T. , Grassi F. , Sala F. , Castiglione S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn this study six simple sequence repeats (SSR or microsatellites) were selected for their ability to fingerprint a total of 60 commercial clones of Populus deltoides Marsh. and Populus × canadensis Moench (typically derived from crosses between Populus nigra L and P. deltoides) and to characterize a natural population of P. nigra growing along the Ticino river in the North of Italy. Out of six SSRs used, four microsatellite loci were found to have alleles which were species‐specific to P. deltoides and could therefore be used as markers for introgression of P. deltoides into P. nigra. In the studied region hybrid poplars and P. deltoides commercial clones are cultivated as monoclonal stands close to the area where black poplar has its natural habitat. SSR analysis was performed to investigate whether there was evidence of introgression between the natural population and the monoclonal plantations of hybrids and P. deltoides clones cultivated in the surrounding area. Three stages of the natural population were analysed: a group of old trees about a hundred years old, a younger population (aged 2–30 years) and the seedlings of three females of this population. Alleles specific to P. deltoides were detected only in the old cohort of the natural population, while no introgression was observed in the younger individuals and their progenies. These results were also confirmed by isozyme analysis of loci PGI‐B, PGM and LAP‐A, which were previously identified as diagnostic for P. nigra, P. deltoides and P.×canadensis.