bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computerized cognitive assessment
Authors: Wesnes Keith A , Hildebrand Kathleen , Mohr Erich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While many researchers in this field would reasonably believe that the automation of tests of mental capabilities would have started with the advent of the microcomputer in the late 1970s, this is by no means the case. Some may think the pioneering attempts of Gedye (1967) in the 1960s were the earliest attempts, or those with longer memories the introduction of the Continuous Performance Test in the 1950s (Rosvold et al., 1956). However, to the knowledge of the authors, Clark Hull was one of the true pioneers in this field. Hull, better known for his later work on Classical Conditioning, actually conducted his PhD thesis on the effects of tobacco smoking on mental efficiency. In a publication of his thesis, Hull (1924) described a remarkable apparatus which included a reaction time measurement system, accurate to 1/300 second, and a voice key to facilitate the measurement of reading reaction times! The purpose of this chapter is to shed some light upon the intriguing question of why, for decades, some researchers have worked diligently to harness the latest technological advancements of the day in order to automate tests of mental capabilities, while their colleagues have been perfectly happy to make such assessments simply using pencil, paper, and sometimes, a stopwatch.
Age-related memory and cognitive decline
Authors: Jones R W , Ferris S H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Memory and cognitive decline in normal ageing have been well documented. It is, however, extremely difficult to define what can be considered normal decline. The distinction between severe dementia and normal ageing is obvious but establishing the difference between, for example, early, mild Alzheimer’s disease and age-related cognitive loss is a much more difficult task. This is also complicated by those who suggest, with some—mainly clinical—evidence, that Alzheimer’s disease is on a continuum with normality and that, if we lived long enough, we would all eventually succumb. What is less clear is whether a disease entity exists which lies between dementing disorders on the one hand and normal age-related changes on the other.
Violence in society and in the family
Authors: Smith Lorna J F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Violence harms not only those upon whom it is inflicted but the communities and societies in which it takes place. Its effects are farreaching, going beyond the physical harm sustained to psychological and emotional suffering, which is often long-lasting. It diminishes the quality of our lives as social beings. What is meant by violence is problematic, as is defining the point at which violence is deemed to be crime. Most people would agree that ‘killing people is wrong’; but this statement is open to changing definitions.
Psychological causes of family violence
Authors: de Zulueta Felicity 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is useful to see family violence as a continuum-ranging from neglect and disregard of emotional and material needs, through lesser forms of physical aggression, such as slapping, hitting, kicking and beating, up to maiming or even murder. Gelles, a noted researcher in the field of domestic violence, defines it as an ‘act carried out with the intention, or perceived intention, of physically injuring another person’.
The future
Authors: Cloke Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
General practitioners and primary health care team members have a significant role to play in helping and supporting children and young people. This role derives not only from the provision of advice and health care but also from the way in which they treat and respect children, young people and their parents. Primary health care staff can promote the interests of children and young people by demonstrating to others, through their practice, how this group of patients should be treated and also, again drawing on their experience, by using their influence to change public policy.
Complications of long-term dialysis: bone disease
Authors: Cunningham John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Normal role of the kidney in the maintenance of bone and mineral homeostasis Divalent cation, phosphorus, and bone metabolism are critically dependent upon the fluxes of these mineral ions at the level of the kidney, the intestine, and bone itself. In the case of bone these fluxes are internal, and as such do not directly affect the overall balance of calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus whereas, in contrast, both the kidney and intestine are important sites of the regulation of their overall balance. Therefore, it is not surprising that disease of the kidney frequently leads to serious disturbances of mineral metabolism.
Guidelines for the patient with a pacemaker
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Permanent pacemakers are implanted into patients with occasional or persistent bradyarrhythmias, including bifascicular or complete heart block, who have symptoms of low cardiac output (light-headedness, syncope, heart failure). In addition to the routine preoperative assessment of the cardiac patient, answers to the following additional questions are required. What is the pacing mode of the pacemaker? Is the pacemaker functioning properly?
Induction of anaesthesia, peroperative preparation, and investigations
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the induction room, the patient receives ECG and pulse oximetry monitoring while breathing oxygen via a clear facemask. Under local anaesthesia, venous access is gained with a 14 G (2 mm diameter) cannula and invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring is obtained via a 20 G (1 mm diameter) arterial cannula inserted into an artery, usually the radial artery. Two 14 G venous cannulas are inserted for surgery which may require massive blood transfusion. Central venous catheterization is necessary for the monitoring of right atrial filling pressure and the infusion of inotropes and vasopressors. The right internal jugular vein is usually used for catheterization because of its straight alignment with the superior vena cava. The left internal jugular and subclavian veins are acceptable alternatives if right internal jugular venous cannulation is difficult. If the ejection fraction is poor, a pulmonary artery catheter sheath can be inserted at the same time to facilitate the insertion of a pulmonary artery catheter. Unless the patient has an ejection fraction of less than 25 per cent, central venous catheterization can be performed after induction of anaesthesia. If the patient has angina, give sublingual or a nasal spray preparation of nitroglycerin.
Early postoperative management
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ventilatory and circulatory management during the postoperative period is an extension of the management which began after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass. The transition from the operating theatre to the cardiac recovery unit or the intensive care unit can be a dangerous time because of alterations in the patient’s haemodynamic physiology. The patient’s heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse oximetry should be monitored during transfer. On arrival in the cardiac recovery unit, both the ventilatory and monitoring requirements of the patient must be managed simultaneously.
Induction of anaesthesia, peroperative preparation, and investigations
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Induction of anaesthesia in a child can be via the intravenous, intramuscular, or inhalational route. The intravenous route is favoured but it depends on whether or not a vein is visible for cannulation. If venous cannulation is easy, thiopentone (3-7 mg/kg), fentanyl (30-50 µg/kg), and pancuronium (0.1 mg/kg) are administered through an appropriately sized cannula. As the majority of the patients have pulmonary-systemic communication(s), care should be taken to avoid the injection of air bubbles. For surgery not requiring cardiopulmonary bypass, the dose of fentanyl can be decreased (see Chapter 21). If several attempts at venous cannulation are anticipated, inhalational induction with halothane may be less traumatic. Alternatively, the intramuscular administration of ketamine (4-7 mg/kg) with atropine (0.02 mg/kg) can be used to anaesthetize the child and then venous access can be obtained. The child is then ventilated with 100 per cent oxygen and halothane.
Management of cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
General anaesthesia is usually maintained with a volatile agent (such as halothane) in oxygen. Because of the presence of intracardiac shunts, nitrous oxide is not used as it is able to expand intravenous air bubbles if injected accidentally. Air can be added to decrease the inspired oxygen concentration. Normocapnia or, in the case of existing pulmonary hypertension, mild hypocapnia should be maintained by mechanical ventilation. Blood should be sampled for acid-base balance and blood glucose concentration. The blood glucose concentration should be more than 4 mmol/litre and hypoglycaemia can be corrected with a bolus dose of 0.3 ml/kg of 50 per cent glucose solution. The warming blanket is not switched on to allow cooling of the child to occur.
The hypothalamo-hypophysial axis (Physiology)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
is associated with neurones which terminate at the median eminence b is associated with its link to the hypophysis (pituitary gland) is to influence directly ‘higher’ centres of the brain is provided by neurosecretions released into the blood is to provide a link between the central nervous and endocrine systems
Spiritual help
Authors: Stoter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Spiritual care as a concept has attracted growing attention in recent years, but still generates uncertainty for many carers and a range of often confusing definitions from writers. One thing is paramount, that whatever the approach, the nature of spiritual help required has to start from a consideration of the spiritual need of the person concerned whether that person is a patient, relative, or professional carer. It involves accepting each person together with all their attitudes, hopes, and fears and with all related feelings and emotions.
Complex interventional therapies
Authors: Krames Elliot S , Rohira Sunil K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1986, according to statistics from the American Cancer Society, there were 956 000 new cases of cancer reported; The prevalence of the disease was approximately 1991000 patients; and 478 000 patients died of their disease (Bonica 1990). According to Foley, approximately 50% of cancer patients with early disease will complain of pain, however, during the terminal phase of the disease, upwards of 75-80% of these patients will experience pain (Foley 1985). Because cancer pain is so prevalent, especially in the terminal phase of illness, leading to untold suffering of these individuals, it is imperative to address this problem and utilize all of the tools and therapies that are available to caregivers of patients with cancer. It is the intent of this chapter to present complex interventions, including intraspinal analgesic therapy for patients who do not respond to the pharmacological guidelines set out by the World Health Organization Committee on Cancer Pain Management (1986).
Chemotherapy and hormonal manipulation
Authors: Alison Dawn L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chemotherapy can play an important part in the control of pain and other symptoms in cancer patients. Its use in the context of curable disease is not disputed but as part of a palliative approach to cancer care, chemotherapy has an unacceptable image in the eyes of many non-oncology health-care workers. It is often cited as a cause of significant symptoms due to the associated toxicities and side-effects. As a result the positive outcome for some patients may be overlooked. Lack of knowledge and of experience in caring for patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy are both reasons why some clinicians fail to consider using chemotherapy as a method of symptom relief.
Diagnosis of the Orthodontic Patient
Authors: McDonald F , Ireland A J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This concise book provides a sound basis in orthodontic diagnosis for both dental students and general dental practitioners. Following an introductory chapter on the development of normal occlusion, this practical book provides a clear overview of the diagnostic process. It looks at how both local and general factors can affect the final treatment plan and the advantages of different management strategies. Diagnosis of the Orthodontic Patient includes over 150 illustrations five genuine clinical cases a chapter on evidence based practice a glossary of terms.
Dynamic occlusion
Authors: McDonald F , Ireland A J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The body is aware of each of its constituent parts, being able to relate them in three dimensions and this includes spatial awareness of the dentition and supporting tissues. The mechanism of recognizing spatial position and thereby coordinating muscle tone in particular, is known as proprioception. The mechanism consists of sensors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, Ruffini nerve endings, and free-ended fibres), afferent nerves, a central processing area of the central nervous system, efferent nerves (mostly motor nerves), and effectors, the striated muscles. When certain receptors are stimulated, the information is processed and physiological reflexes are activated.
General practice
Authors: Leung Wai-Ching 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Which of the following statements regarding treatment of asymptomatic adult patients with an abnormal blood pressure reading found on opportunistic screening is/are true?a patients with a single diastolic blood pressure reading of 110 mm Hg should be treated with an antihypertensive agent immediately b patients with three consecutive systolic blood pressure readings of 150 mm Hg should be treated with an antihypertensive agent asymptomatic elderly patients above the age of 80 should never be treated irrespective of their blood pressure readings patients with a single diastolic blood pressure of 135 mm Hg should have their blood pressure rechecked two more times within the next 2 weeks before commencing therapy patients with three consecutive diastolic blood pressure readings of 115 mm Hg should be treated with an antihypertensive agent.
Problems encountered during local anaesthesia
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Never start an operation until adequate anaesthesia has been obtained Never exceed the maximum dose or volume of local anaesthetic when supplementing a failed block Everyone using local anaesthetics must be competent at managing the possible toxic effects Problems may be minimized by meticulous attention to technique Always believe a patient who says that the local anaesthetic is not working. She or he is likely to be correct even if the nerve block technique appeared to be perfect. Good surface analgesia may occur without anaesthesia of deeper tissues. A nerve block may fail for a number of reasons.
Clinical Trials in Cancer: Principles and Practice
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical Trials in Cancer provides concise, accessible and practical information on the practicalities of planning, designing, conducting, analysing, reporting, and interpreting phase III clinical trials predominantly, but also single-arm and randomized phase II trials. The book shows clearly how recent developments and current thinking can be implemented. Information on the need to decide and measure realistic target differences in trials, the conduct and interpretation of interim analyses, patient advocacy, good clinical practice, the study of quality of life, the role of meta-analyses, and informed consent and other ethical issues are also covered. This book will prove invaluable for medical, statistical, and biological cancer researchers, health care professionals, and researchers in the pharmaceutical industry. Trial sponsors, principal investigators, members of data monitoring and trial supervisory committees, specialists invited to provide independent assessments, and many others involved in all aspects of research related to clinical trials should also find this book helpful.
Introduction
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the best of intentions, medical interventions have the capacity to do harm as well as good, and before any new treatment is accepted into clinical practice it should pass through a series of pre-clinical and clinical evaluations to ensure that it is both safe and has some efficacy. Safety is usually first evaluated in laboratory studies followed by observations of either healthy volunteers or patients. Clinical effectiveness must be evaluated through some kinds of comparisons against no treatment or other competing therapies – on either a formal or an informal basis. Only rarely will an intervention be so obviously effective that formal comparison is not required: for example, defibrillation following cardiac arrest. The effects of most interventions are much more subtle and require careful evaluation to ensure that we are indeed measuring the effect of treatment rather than differences in the prognosis and potential responsiveness to treatment between the individuals being compared [1].
Principles of pharmacokinetics
Authors: Chatelut Etienne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the fate of a drug between the time of its administration to an organism and the time it is eliminated from the body. Pharmacokinetic studies require an understanding of both the mechanisms and the kinetics of three main processes, absorption, distribution, and elimination, and it is mainly the last of these that will be addressed in this chapter. Pharmacokinetic information is accumulated during the development of a drug, and at each stage of drug development the collected pharmacokinetic data should be used to guide the design to the following phase.
Purine analogs and antifolates
Authors: Liliemark Jan , Peterson Curt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first report on the synthesis and antileukaemic effect of cladribine [2-chloro-2e-dioxyadenosine (CdA)] (Fig. 6.1) was published in 1972. Owing to the absence of a confirmed patent, the development of the drug for clinical use was very slow. Thanks to the efforts of Dennis Carson and Ernest Beutler at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California, cladribine was eventually taken through preclinical and early clinical testing phases. Through the Orphan Drug Act, cladribine was licensed as Leustatin® in 1994 and has become an important drugs in the therapeutic armament against lymphoproliferative disorders. The use of cladribine in children was investigated independently at St Jude Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. Although
Communication, psychiatric morbidity, access to information, and decision-making
Authors: Maslin A M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considerable research has been carried out in relation to the psychiatric morbidity experienced by women diagnosed with breast cancer (Maguire 1988; 1990; Maguire et al. 1980; 1982; 1983; Watson et al. 1988). It is known that approximately one in four women with breast cancer will suffer from severe anxiety and or depression requiring psychiatric intervention (Maguire et al. 1980; Watson et al. 1988). It is also now known that the communication, or lack of it, between breast cancer patients and their clinicians has a psychological impact and affects the patients’ ability to adjust (Fallowfield et al. 1986; 1987; 1990^,b; 1994a,b). This chapter reviews the impact of communication on psychiatric morbidity and the role choice plays in adjustment to breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Dialysis therapy in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit
Authors: Lacson Eduardo K , Owen William F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the United States in 19961 there were over 300 000 patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF), who, by definition, required a life-long course of dialysis. Cardiovascular causes (cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, and other cardiac events) accounted for half the reported deaths in this population. This is unsurprising as cardiac disorders are present in a large fraction of patients when they begin dialysis. In one study, the investigators noted that 42% of patients had a previous myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary revascularization (also known as coronary artery bypass surgery, CABG) and up to 40% had a previous episode of congestive heart failure (CHF).
Prevention of Cardiovascular Complications in Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Massy Z A , Kasiske B L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is common in patients with renal failure. Indeed, data from both the United States and Europe suggest that CVD is the most common cause of death in patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF).In addition, risk factors for CVD may also be risk factors for renal disease and its rate of progression. In 1997 the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) convened a Task Force on CVD. The Task Force examined CVD and its risk factors in four groups: (1) patients with renal insufficiency, further divided into those with and without nephrotic syndrome (NS); (2) patients treated with hemodialysis (HD); (3) peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and (4) renal transplant recipients (RTRs).
Learning and memory in schizophrenia
Authors: Gur Ruben C , Moelter Stephen T , Ragland J Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Disordered cognitive functioning has long been considered a hallmark of schizophrenia. Early work concentrated on impairment in attention, abstraction and other prefrontal domains. Recent studies have focused on memory processes in schizophrenia, implicating temporo-limbic systems. An immediate and important question that arises in this context is the issue of ‘differential deficit’as elucidated initially by Chapman and Chapman (1978). Is memory more impaired than other cognitive domains in schizophrenia? In order to establish differential impairment, it is necessary to show that patients are impaired in a specific domain more than other in domains on tasks in which normative samples perform equally (i.e. equivalent mean and true score variance). Demonstrating this can be a daunting task, yet is important prior to a more detailed examination of memory components in schizophrenia.