bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p38 MAPK and COX2 inhibition modulate human chondrocyte response to TGF‐β
Authors: Studer Rebecca K. , Chu Constance R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThese studies compare actions of p38 MAPK inhibition and COX2 inhibition to modulate human arthritic chondrocyte responses to TGF‐β and FCS under basal and IL‐1 activated conditions.Chondrocytes isolated from arthritic human femoral condyle cartilage obtained at total knee replacement were grown to 80% confluence. Proteoglycan synthesis and proliferation were measured with and without IL‐1 activation in the presence and absence of growth factors and with and without inhibition of p38 MAPK or COX2 activity. Experiments to evaluate TIMP‐1 production under these conditions were done using cartilage organ cultures.Neither p38 MAPK inhibitors nor COX2 inhibition affected basal proliferation. However both inhibitors enhanced the proliferative response to TGF‐β and FCS in IL‐1 activated chondrocytes. TGF‐β stimulated proteoglycan synthesis was decreased by p38 MAPK inhibition, however COX2 inhibition restored the response to TGF‐β in IL‐1 activated cells. In contrast, COX2 inhibition did not modulate TIMP‐1 production while p38 MAPK inhibitors potentiated TGF‐β stimulated production of TIMP‐1 in IL‐1 activated cartilage.p38 MAPK inhibition and COX2 inhibition have unique and similar abilities to counteract some of the effects of IL‐1 on human chondrocyte/cartilage metabolism. Both will partially restore the proliferative response to growth factors. p38 MAPK inhibition blunts TGF‐β stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis, but increases TIMP‐1 synthesis. COX2 inhibition can restore the proteoglycan synthetic response to TGF‐β, but has no effect on cartilage TIMP‐1 production. Use of these inhibitors to minimize cartilage damage in arthritic and mechanically stressed joints should reflect these characteristics. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A group intervention which assists patients with dual diagnosis reduce their drug use: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: JAMES W. , PRESTON N. J. , KOH G. , SPENCER C. , KISELY S. R. , CASTLE D. J. 
Published: October 2004

Background. There is a well-recognized association between substance use and psychotic disorders, sometimes described as ‘dual diagnosis’. The use of substances by people with psychosis has a negative impact in terms of symptoms, longitudinal course of illness and psychosocial adjustment. There are few validated treatments for such individuals, and those that do exist are usually impracticable in routine clinical settings. The present study employs a randomized controlled experimental design to examine the effectiveness of a manualized group-based intervention in helping patients with dual diagnosis reduce their substance use.Method. The active intervention consisted of weekly 90-min sessions over 6 weeks. The manualized intervention was tailored to participants' stage of change and motivations for drug use. The control condition was a single educational session.Results. Sixty-three subjects participated, of whom 58 (92%) completed a 3-month follow-up assessment of psychopathology, medication and substance use. Significant reductions in favour of the treatment condition were observed for psychopathology, chlorpromazine equivalent dose of antipsychotics, alcohol and illicit substance use, severity of dependence and hospitalization.Conclusions. It is possible to reduce substance use in individuals with psychotic disorders, using a targeted group-based approach. This has important implications for clinicians who wish to improve the long-term outcome of their patients.
Enlarged amygdala volume and reduced hippocampal volume in young women with major depression
Authors: LANGE C. , IRLE E. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Evidence is increasing that amygdala and hippocampus show significant structural abnormalities in affective disorders. Two previous studies found enlarged amygdala size in subjects with recent-onset major depression.Method. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes were assessed in 17 young women with major depressive disorder and 17 healthy matched control subjects by use of three-dimensional structural magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory.Results. Compared with control subjects, depressive subjects had significantly larger (+13%) amygdala volumes and significantly smaller (−12%) hippocampal volumes. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes were not significantly correlated with disorder-related variables.Conclusions. Our results are consistent with previous findings of structural abnormalities of amygdala and hippocampus in subjects with recent-onset major depression. It may be suggested that the size of the amygdala is enlarged in the first years of the disorder, and may decrease with prolonged disorder duration.
Cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy, graded exercise and usual care for patients with chronic fatigue in primary care
Authors: McCRONE P. , RIDSDALE L. , DARBISHIRE L. , SEED P. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Chronic fatigue is a common condition, frequently presenting in primary care. The aim of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy (GET), and to compare therapy with usual care plus a self-help booklet (BUC).Method. Patients drawn from general practices in South East England were randomized to CBT or GET. The therapy groups were then compared to a group receiving BUC recruited after the randomized phase. The main outcome measure was clinically significant improvements in fatigue. Cost-effectiveness was assessed using the net-benefit approach and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves.Results. Costs were available for 132 patients, and cost-effectiveness results for 130. Costs were dominated by informal care. There were no significant outcome or cost differences between the therapy groups. The combined therapy group had significantly better outcomes than the standard care group, and costs that were on average £149 higher (a non-significant difference). Therapy would have an 81·9% chance of being cost-effective if society were willing to attach a value of around £500 to each four-point improvement in fatigue.Conclusion. The cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy and graded exercise were similar unless higher values were placed on outcomes, in which case CBT showed improved cost-effectiveness. The cost of providing therapy is higher than usual GP care plus a self-help booklet, but the outcome is better. The strength of this evidence is limited by the use of a non-randomized comparison. The cost-effectiveness of therapy depends on how much society values reductions in fatigue.
Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy
Authors: DOLAN M. , FULLAM R. 
Published: October 2004

Background. The literature on Theory of Mind (ToM) in antisocial samples is limited despite evidence that the neural substrates of theory of mind task involve the same circuits implicated in the pathogenesis of antisocial behaviour.Method. Eighty-nine male DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disordered subjects (ASPDs) and 20 controls (matched for age and IQ) completed a battery of ToM tasks. The ASPD group was categorized into psychopathic and non-psychopathic groups based on a cut-off score of 18 on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.Results. There were no significant group (control v. psychopath v. non-psychopathic ASPD) differences on basic tests of ToM but both psychopathic and non-psychopathic ASPDs performed worse on subtle tests of mentalizing ability (faux pas tasks). ASPDs can detect and understand faux pas, but show an indifference to the impact of faux pas. On the face/eye task non-psychopathic ASPDs showed impairments in the recognition of basic emotions compared with controls and psychopathic ASPDs. For complex emotions, no significant group differences were detected largely due to task difficulty.Conclusions. The deficits in mentalizing ability in ASPD are subtle. For the majority of criminals with ASPD and psychopathy ToM abilities are relatively intact and may have an adaptive function in maintaining a criminal lifestyle. Our findings suggest the key deficits appear to relate more to their lack of concern about the impact on potential victims than the inability to take a victim perspective. The findings tentatively also suggest that ASPDs with neurotic features may be more impaired in mentalizing ability than their low anxious psychopathic counterparts.
CORIGLIANO ROUSE HIGDON
Authors: Stein Robert 
Published: October 2004

CORIGLIANO: Symphony No. 2; The Mannheim Rocket. Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra c. John Storgårds. Ondine ODE10392ROUSE: Violin Concerto1; Rapture; Der gerettete Alberich2. 1Cho-Liang Lin (vln), 2Evelyn Glennie (perc), Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra c. Leif Segerstam. Ondine ODE10162HIGDON: Concerto for Orchestra; City Scape. Atlanta Symphony Orchestra c. Robert Spano. Telarc. CD80620 (Super Audio version SACD60620)
MARGARET BROUWER, CHEN YI, SADIE HARRISON, MISATO MOCHIZUKI, ONUTE NARBUTAITE, APPARENZE
Authors: Rickards Guy 
Published: October 2004

MARGARET BROUWER: Lament for violin, clarinet, bassoon and percussion12,4,6,10; Light for soprano, harpsichord, flute, clarinet, violin, cello and percussion1,7,2,5,13,14,11; Under the Summertree for piano8; Skyriding for flute, violin, cello & piano3,13,14,9; Demeter Prelude for string quartet15. 1Sandra Simon (sop), 2Sean Gabriel (fl), 3Alice Kogan Weinreb (fl), 4Jean Kopperud (cl), 5Amitai Vardi (cl), 6Donald McGeen (bsn), 7Jeanette Sorrell (hpschd), 8Kathryn Brown (pno), 9Mitsuko Morikawa (pno), 10Dominic Donato (perc), 11Scott Christian (perc), 12Laura Frautschi (vln), 13Gabriel Bolkosky (vln), 14Ida Mercer (vlc), 15Cavani String Quartet. New World 80606-2.CHEN YI: Momentum; Chinese Folk Dance Suite for violin and orchestra1; Dunhuang Fantasy for organ and chamber wind ensemble3; Romance and Dance for 2 violins and string orchestra1,2; Tu. 1Cho-Liang Lin (vln), 2Yi-Jia Susanne Hou (vln), 3Kimberley Marshall (org), Singapore SO c. Lan Shui. BIS-CD-1352.SADIE HARRISON: The Light Garden for mixed quintet1; The Fourteenth Terrace for clarinet and ensemble2; Bavad Khair Baqi! for solo violin3. Traditional Afghan Music4. 1Tate Ensemble, 2Andrew Spalding (cl), Lontano c. Odaline de la Martinez, 3Peter Sheppard Skærved (vln), 4Ensemble Bakhtar. Metier MSV CD92084.MISATO MOCHIZUKI: Si bleu, si calme1; All that is including me for bass flute, clarinet and violin1,2,3; Chimera; Intermezzi I for flute & piano1,4; La chamber claire. 1Eva Furrer (fl, bass fl), 2Bernhard Zachhuber (cl), 3Sophie Schafleitner (vln), 4Marino Formenti (pno), Klangforum Wien c. Johannes Kalitzke. Kairos 0012402KAIONUTE NARBUTAITE: Symphony No. 2; Liberatio for 12 winds, cymbals & 4 strings; Metabole for chamber orchestra. Lithuanian National SO c.Robertas Fervenikas. Finlandia 0927-49597-2.ALLA PAVLOVA: Symphony No. 1, Farewell Russia1,3,4; Symphony No.32,3,5. 1Leonid Lebedev (fl), Nikolay Lotakov (picc), Mikhail Shestakov (vln), Valery Brill (vlc), Mikhail Adamovich (pno); 2Olga Verdernikova (vln), 3Russian PO c. 4Konstantin D. Krimets, 5Alexander Vedernikov. Naxos 8.557157.‘APPARENZE: Collana di Nuove Musiche 1997’. Works by SILVIA DELITALA, RITA PORTERA, CATERINA DE CARLO, BEATRICE CAMPODONICO, PAOLA CIAR-LANTINI, JANET MAGUIRE, MARCO SANTAM BROGIO, PAOLO MINETTI, FEDERICO MONTAGNER, RINALDO BELLUCCI and BIAGIO PUTIGNANO. Maria Vittoria Vallese (sop), Pia Zanca, Fiametta Facchini, Rinaldo Bellucci (pnos), Duo Soncini-Flückiger, Italian Guitar Quartet, Ensemble Paul Klee, Fabrizio Fantini, Gianluca Calonghi (cls), Giuseppe Giannotti (ob). Radio Onda d'Urto E.F.B 001.
Is a more multilateral trade policy possible?
Authors: Grant Wyn 
Published: October 2004

D.A. Irwin, Free Trade Under Fire (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 257 pp.F. Jawara and A. Kwa, Behind the Scenes at the WTO: The Real World of International Trade Negotiations (London, Zed Books, 2003), 329 pp.Amrita Narlikar, International Trade and Developing Countries: Bargaining Coalitions in the WTO (London, Routledge, 2003), 238 pp.American actions since the collapse of the trade talks at Cancún have suggested that trade conflicts can no longer be solved simply by a bilateral bargain with the EU that is then imposed, with a few side payments, on the other members of the WTO. The emergence of the G-21 (with its fluctuating membership) has at least opened up the possibility that trade negotiations may move away from the US–EU duopoly that has characterised them for so long towards a set of bargaining arrangements that are more multilateral. It may be that the real beneficiaries of these changes will be the emerging countries such as Brazil, China and India, all prominent in the leadership of the G-21, rather than the least developed countries. Thus, for example, opening up trade in sugar could benefit Brazil and harm Mauritius.
Empire, imperialism and the Bush doctrine
Authors: Cox Michael 
Published: October 2004

It is an empire without a consciousness of itself as such, constantly shocked that its good intentions arouse resentment abroad. But that does not make it any the less of an empire, with a conviction that it alone, in Herman Melville's words, bears ‘the ark of liberties of the world.If all history according to Marx has been the history of class struggle, then all international history, it could just as well be argued, has been the struggle between different kinds of Empire vying for hegemony in a world where the only measure was success and the only means of achieving this was through war. Indeed, so obvious is this fact to historians – but so fixated has the profession of International Relations been with the Westphalian settlement – that it too readily forgets that imperial conquest, rather than mere state survival, has been the principle dynamic shaping the contours of the world system from the sixteenth century onwards. Empires, however, were not just mere agents existing in static structures. They were living entities that thought, planned, and then tried to draw the appropriate lessons from the study of what had happened to others in the past.
A species‐level phylogenetic supertree of marsupials
Authors: Cardillo Marcel , Bininda‐Emonds R. P. , Boakes Elizabeth , Purvis Andy 
Published: October 2004

AbstractComparative studies require information on phylogenetic relationships, but complete species‐level phylogenetic trees of large clades are difficult to produce. One solution is to combine algorithmically many small trees into a single, larger supertree. Here we present a virtually complete, species‐level phylogeny of the marsupials (Mammalia: Metatheria), built by combining 158 phylogenetic estimates published since 1980, using matrix representation with parsimony. The supertree is well resolved overall (73.7%), although resolution varies across the tree, indicating variation both in the amount of phylogenetic information available for different taxa, and the degree of conflict among phylogenetic estimates. In particular, the supertree shows poor resolution within the American marsupial taxa, reflecting a relative lack of systematic effort compared to the Australasian taxa. There are also important differences in supertrees based on source phylogenies published before 1995 and those published more recently. The supertree can be viewed as a meta‐analysis of marsupial phylogenetic studies, and should be useful as a framework for phylogenetically explicit comparative studies of marsupial evolution and ecology.
Proteinase‐activated receptor pharmacology: trickier and trickier
Authors: Moffatt James D 
Published: October 2004

Proteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) are G‐protein‐coupled receptors for serine and other proteinases. Peptide agonists of these receptors are frequently used to characterise the presence and role of PARs in cells and organ systems. However, the specificity of these peptides is questionable in some assay systems. In this issue, Hollenberg et al. report very different effects of PAR4 receptors in various assays. Their results suggest the existence of unknown receptors and further highlight the need to use peptide PAR agonists with due caution. British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 441. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705949
Changes in endocannabinoid contents in reward‐related brain regions of alcohol‐exposed rats, and their possible relevance to alcohol relapse
Authors: González Sara , Valenti Marta , de Miguel Rosario , Fezza Filomena , Fernández‐Ruiz Javier , Di Marzo Vincenzo , Ramos José A 
Published: October 2004

Chronic alcohol exposure modifies endocannabinoid levels in different brain regions, while pharmacological targeting of the endocannabinoid system has been reported to influence ethanol intake in laboratory animals.
The present study was aimed at evaluating the pattern of changes of endocannabinoids and their receptors, with emphasis on reward‐related brain areas, in Wistar rats subjected to consecutive phases of alcoholization, alcohol deprivation (abstinence), and voluntary consumption of alcohol (relapse).
We observed that, in the limbic forebrain, anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) contents increased after 7 days of alcoholization, then to dramatically decrease after 48 h of alcohol deprivation and, in the case of 2‐AG, to further decrease when rats were allowed to relapse to alcohol consumption. By contrast, in the midbrain, there was a marked reduction in AEA, but not 2‐AG, content, after alcoholization. This decrease was not affected during alcohol abstinence, but both AEA and 2‐AG contents were then significantly reduced when rats were allowed to relapse to alcohol consumption.
Based on these data, we examined whether pharmacological activation/blockade of endocannabinoid transmission might influence ethanol intake in rats allowed to relapse to alcohol consumption after subsequent periods of alcoholization and alcohol deprivation.
Treatment with either Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol or CP55,940, two cannabinoid agonists, reduced both total liquid and ethanol intake but did not affect ethanol preference. Treatment with SR141716, a selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, also produced a significant reduction in both total liquid and ethanol intake without affecting ethanol preference. Accordingly, none of these effects on ethanol intake were accompanied by changes in dopamine and GABA in limbic structures.
In summary, the levels of endocannabinoids underwent significant changes in reward‐related areas during alcoholization, alcohol deprivation, and relapse, showing the lowest values in this latter phase. Treatment with cannabinoid agonists or a selective CB1 receptor antagonist resulted in a reduction of ethanol intake by rats allowed to relapse to alcohol consumption after periods of alcoholization and alcohol deprivation, but these effects did not appear to be due to changes in neurobiological substrates currently involved in alcohol reinforcement/relapse.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 455–464. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705963
The Not‐So‐Simple Process of Sickle Cell Vasoocclusion
Authors: EMBURY STEPHEN H. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTTraditional concepts of sickle cell disease as a monogenically inherited disorder that is understood completely on the basis of polymerization based pathophysiology are more simple that what clinical observations allow. Detailed explications of the determinants of polymerization can be counted, but these do not account for all aspects of sickle cell disease. Neither can all perturbations that count in the course of sickle cell disease be counted as determinants of polymerization. The polymerization based theory that has been extrapolated to describe clinical disease often is not identical to clinical reality. Although contemporary understandings of sickle cell pathophysiology have been described as crazy by those bound to traditional polymerization based understandings, increasingly iconoclastic, seemingly crazy notions are regularly providing important new understandings of sickle cell disease. One of the major challenges to contemporary investigators is to describe new scientific insights in a way that can be understood by others, particularly those reluctant to afford polymerization independent discoveries validity among the interdependent processes that account for sickle cell disease.
Polymerization and Sickle Cell Disease: A Molecular View
Authors: FERRONE FRANK A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe present molecular‐level understanding of polymerization and sickling is reviewed for 2 central questions in sickle hemoglobin pathophysiology, viz., what determines when cells sickle, and what determines when cells get stuck. The description of sickling includes the central aspects of the double nucleation mechanism, as well as recent results on the effects of crowding, with an emphasis on the physiological applicability of this fundamental knowledge. In considering when cells get stuck, new measurements of individual fiber stiffness and the processes of depolymerization are also considered. Finally, a fundamental connection is shown between thermodynamics and rheology.
The Endothelial Biology of Sickle Cell Disease: Inflammation and a Chronic Vasculopathy
Authors: HEBBEL ROBERT P. , OSAROGIAGBON RAYMOND , KAUL DHANANJAY 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTA single amino acid substitution in hemoglobin comprises the molecular basis for sickle cell anemia, but evolution of the corresponding clinical disease is extraordinarily complicated and likely involves multiple pathogenic factors. Sickle disease is fundamentally an inflammatory state, with activation of the endothelium, probably through proximate effects of reperfusion injury physiology and chronic molestation by adherent red cells and white cells. The disease also involves enhanced angiogenic propensity, activation of coagulation, disordered vasoregulation, and a component of chronic vasculopathy. Sickle cell anemia is truly an endothelial disease, and it is likely that genetic differences in endothelial function help govern its astonishing phenotypic diversity.
In Vivo Studies of Sickle Red Blood Cells
Authors: KAUL DHANANJAY K. , FABRY MARY E. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe defining clinical feature of sickle cell anemia is periodic occurrence of painful vasoocclusive crisis. Factors that promote trapping and sickling of red cells in the microcirculation are likely to trigger vasoocclusion. The marked red cell heterogeneity in sickle blood and abnormal adhesion of sickle red cells to vascular endothelium would be major disruptive influences. Using ex vivo and in vivo models, the authors show how to dissect the relative contribution of heterogeneous sickle red cell classes to adhesive and obstructive events. These studies revealed that (1) both rheological abnormalities and adhesion of sickle red cells contribute to their abnormal hemodynamic behavior, (2) venules are the sites of sickle cell adhesion, and (3) sickle red cell deformability plays an important role in adhesive and obstructive events. Preferential adhesion of deformable sickle red cells in postcapillary venules followed by selective trapping of dense sickle red cells could result in vasoocclusion. An updated version of this 2‐step model is presented. The multifactorial nature of sickle red cell adhesion needs to be considered in designing antiadhesive therapy in vivo.