bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES: AN EXPANDED VIEW
Authors: UTTERBACK JAMES M. , ACEE HAPPY J. 
Published: March 2005

The term "disruptive technology" as coined by Christensen (1997, The Innovator's Dilemma; How New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Harvard Business School Press) refers to a new technology having lower cost and performance measured by traditional criteria, but having higher ancillary performance. Christensen finds that disruptive technologies may enter and expand emerging market niches, improving with time and ultimately attacking established products in their traditional markets. This conception, while useful, is also limiting in several important ways. By emphasising only "attack from below" Christensen ignores other discontinuous patterns of change, which may be of equal or greater importance (Utterback, 1994, Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation. Harvard Business School Press; Acee, 2001, SM Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Further, the true importance of disruptive technology, even in Christensen's conception of it is not that it may displace established products. Rather, it is a powerful means for enlarging and broadening markets and providing new functionality. In Christensen's theory of disruptive technology, the establishment of a new market segment acts to channel the new product to the leading edge of the market or the early adopters. Once the innovation reaches the early to late majority of users it begins to compete with the established product in its traditional market. Here we present an alternative scenario in which a higher performing and higher priced innovation is introduced into the most demanding established market segments and later moves towards the mass market.
Critical reflections on the emerging discourse of international social work
Authors: Haug Erika 
Published: March 2005

English As informed by critical theory’s attention to voice and power relations, this article explores international social work as an emerging discourse body. In particular, the legacy of colonialism and professional imperialism to current paradigms for international social work exchanges is explored. French Informé par l’attention de la théorie critique aux relations de pouvoir et l’importance accordée à la voix, cet article explore le travail social international comme discours naissant. En particulier, l’article explore l’impact du colonialisme et de l’impérialisme professionnel sur des paradigmes contemporains des échanges en travail social international. Spanish Siguiendo la atención prestada por la teoría crítica a la voz y las relaciones de poder, este artículo explora el trabajo social internacional como un corpus de discurso naciente. En concreto, se explora la herencia del colonialismo y el imperialismo profesional que puede observarse en los paradigmas actuales de trabajo social internacional.
The self-image of adolescents and its relationship to their perceptions of the future
Authors: Zeira Anat , Dekel Rachel 
Published: March 2005

English The relationship between the self-image of 1196 Israeli adolescents and their perceptions of the future was examined. A positive correlation was found between most of the OSIQ sub-scales and the perceptions of the future. Analysis revealed gender and age differences and also suggested an additional validation of the OSIQ. French Cette recherche examine la relation entre l’image de soi de 1196 adolescents israéliens et leur perception de l’avenir. Elle indique une correlation positive entre les sous-échelles ‘OSIQ’ et les perceptions de l’avenir. L’analyse révèle des différences entre les sexes et les âges et suggère une validation supplémentaire de ‘OSIQ’. Spanish Se examina la relación entre auto-imagen y percepción del futuro de 1196 adolescentes israelíes. Se halla una correlación positiva entre la mayoría de las sub-escalas del OSIQ y las percepciones del futuro. El análisis revela diferencias de género y edad, y también sugiere una validación más del OSIQ.
Reverse mission
Authors: Abram Faye Y. , Slosar John A. , Walls Rose 
Published: March 2005

English A reverse-mission approach to international social work is explored, drawing upon ecumenical efforts of global mission education. Instead of teaching, preaching, and trying to convert others, emphasis is on learning, consciousness-raising, and advocating for changes in one's home country that can impact poverty and injustice in the world. French Cet article explore une approche dite ‘de mission renversée’ en travail social international, qui s’inspire d’efforts écuméniques en éducation pour une mission globale. Plutôt que d’enseigner, de précher et d’essayer de convertir les autres, l’emphase est mise sur l’apprentissage, la conscientisation et le plaidoyer en vue de changements à apporter dans son propre pays, qui pourraient avoir un impact sur la pauvreté et l’injustice dans le monde. Spanish Se explora el ‘reverso de la misión’ como acercamiento al trabajo social internacional, diseñado sobre los esfuerzos ecuménicos de la misión educativa global. En lugar de enseñar, practicar y tratar de convertir a otros, el énfasis está en el aprendizage, la concientización y el abogar por los cambios en el propio país, que pueden tener un impacto en la pobreza e injusticia en el mundo
An Architecture for Behavior-Based Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Konidaris G. D. , Hayes G. M. 
Published: March 2005

This paper introduces an integration of reinforcement learning and behavior-based control designed to produce real-time learning in situated agents. The model layers a distributed and asynchronous reinforcement learning algorithm over a learned topological map and standard behavioral substrate to create a reinforcement learning complex. The topological map creates a small and task-relevant state space that aims to make learning feasible, while the distributed and asynchronous aspects of the architecture make it compatible with behavior-based design principles. We present the design, implementation and results of an experiment that requires a mobile robot to perform puck foraging in three artificial arenas using the new model, random decision making, and layered standard reinforcement learning. The results show that our model is able to learn rapidly on a real robot in a real environment, learning and adapting to change more quickly than both alternatives. We show that the robot is able to make the best choices it can given its drives and experiences using only local decisions and therefore displays planning behavior without the use of classical planning techniques.
Eurocentrism in Social Work Education
Authors: Hall Ronald E. 
Published: March 2005

• Summary: Consequent to Eurocentric hegemony race has been erroneously validated as the standard identity construct by social work education as well as much of Western science. For example, the approach utilized in this study includes reference to the literature of biologists and medical personnel who contend that race is scientifically meaningless. • Findings: The findings suggest that for those who are biracial, living in the midst of race constructionists encourages a life of identity conflict. That conflict is more often irrelevant to monorace subjects who by skin color are assigned to a single race category. This is an important notion for those, such as social workers, working in the human services. • Applications: The application proposes a human development across the lifespan construct to serve as an ecological alternative to the pathologizing influences of race. Although race and other Eurocentric constructs may have had their place at one time, the rapidly changing demographic dynamics of Western populations, including Britain, Europe and the Americas, and the inconceivable pace at which diversity is becoming the norm necessitate a commensurate change in policy, practice and theory. Identity across the lifespan in preparation of social workers for the 21st century is a viable alternative.
The Stresses Arising from Violence, Threats and Aggression Against Child Protection Social Workers
Authors: Littlechild Brian 
Published: March 2005

• Summary: This article examines the effects of violence by service users in England and Finland against child protection social workers. Proposals derived from analysis of research findings for improved policies and practice in agencies, with particular reference to England, are discussed. In addition, results and implications of a smaller number of interviews with social workers in Finland are explored. • Findings: The research found that there are a number of different effects resulting from violence on child protection social workers, depending on the particular configuration of factors involved in any particular situation. These include concerns about the effects of user violence on the ability of social workers to protect children; the importance of managers keeping a focus on workers’ safety, particularly when threats are not always obvious to others; staff support strategies; responses to violent service users; and how workers’ experiences can be employed to improve risk assessment and risk management. • Applications: This article suggests that the experiences of and learning by social workers derived from incidents of violence need to be more systematically included in policy development and review. In addition, attitudes and procedures need to be in place which allow social workers to report their concerns and have them dealt with effectively.
‘Who Do I Tell?’
Authors: McAuliffe Donna , Sudbery John 
Published: March 2005

• Summary: Social workers cannot avoid ethical dilemmas. This qualitative research investigated the question ‘who do I tell?’, exploring who the people are that social workers approach for advice when a course of action is ethically uncertain. Thirty Australian social workers discussed how they managed a serious ethical dilemma, whether they sought support, and reasons for not seeking support. • Findings: All respondents had access to supervision, and regarded supervision as critical. However, less than half discussed the incident in organizational supervision, and supervision was more likely to be used if external to the organization. In many cases, ethical dilemmas were discussed with colleagues, and to a lesser extent with friends or family. Respondents referred to ethical, practical, organizational, and relationship reasons for not using potential sources of support. Typical issues were: availability; the perceived ethical priorities of the supervisor; the benefits and costs of seeking or not seeking support; behaviour of colleagues, managers or supervisors as the problem at issue; the ethics of discussing work with family and friends. • Applications: The study provides empirical data about support for social workers facing an ethical dilemma. Organizational supervision, ostensibly functioning to ensure standards and ethical practice, appeared the least satisfactory in doing so in critical situations. If relationships are not prioritized, no amount of monitoring of service outputs will create effective practice.
Motivational Interviewing and Social Work Practice
Authors: Wahab StÉphanie 
Published: March 2005

• Summary: Motivational interviewing was proposed as an alternative model to direct persuasion for facilitating behavior change. Social work behavior change interventions have traditionally focused on increasing skills and reducing barriers. More recent recommendations tend to encourage practitioners to explore a broad range of issues, including but not limited to skills and barriers. The article defines and explains motivational interviewing by presenting its essential spirit and techniques, and provides a brief case example within a domestic violence context. • Findings: This article proposes motivational interviewing as an intervention appropriate for social work practice concerned with behavior change by arguing that motivational interviewing is an exciting intervention model for numerous social work settings due to its consistency with core social work values, ethics, resources, and evidence-based practice. • Applications: Social workers may strive to practice and test motivational interviewing in addictions settings, as well as within other critical social work arenas including but not limited to health, domestic violence, batterer treatment, gambling, HIV/AIDS prevention, dual disorders, eating disorders, and child welfare.
Over Half a Million Fathers
Authors: Witney Celia 
Published: March 2005

• Summary: Very little is known about the almost a million unmarried fathers whose children were lost to adoption in England and Wales in the mid-20th century.1 Between the first Adoption Act and the present day nearly 900,000 adoptions have taken place. • Findings: In the context of the social conditions of the years between 1926 and the present, the data report the experiences and reflect the emotions of the original fathers concerning the discovery of their partner’s pregnancy, the process of the child’s adoption and their searching and sometimes reunion with their adult adopted individuals. The study consists of self-selected contributors and does not claim to be representative of all unmarried fathers. • Applications: The reasons why these men were excluded from the decision concerning the child’s adoption are posited. Original parents now have the right to apply for information concerning their adopted adult children and it is likely that social workers will be contacted by the original fathers as well as other individuals in the biological family.
Lutherans, Bishops, and the Divided Church
Authors: Marshall Bruce 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLutheran teaching on ministry, as embodied in the Lutheran Confessions, includes a strong preference for the traditional episcopate and threefold ministry of the Western church, while granting that the church can, if necessary, live without them. This teaching permits Lutheran churches that do not have episcopal succession to adopt it from churches (whether or not Lutheran) that do. As the ongoing controversy over the Lutheran/Anglican agreement in the US exemplifies, however, Lutheran churches have been highly resistant to this step. The reasons for this are not peculiar to Lutheranism, but lie in the assumption of denominational self-sufficiency which affects virtually all modern ecumenism.
Presbyteral Ministry: A Methodist Perspective
Authors: Wellings Martin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper traces the history of presbyteral ministry in the British Methodist tradition. It begins with the Wesleys’ Methodism and the evolution of Wesley’s preachers from ‘extraordinary messengers’ to Methodist ministers. It examines nineteenth-century developments against the background of diverging Methodist traditions and explores the issues and tensions present in the Methodist union of 1932. It then considers twentieth-century official statements in greater detail, concluding with the 2002 document What is a Presbyter?
The Revision of the Ordinal in the Church of England 1550-2005
Authors: Avis Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article traces the origins of the Anglican Ordinal and its revisions between 1550 and 1662, and compares this rite with the current Ordinal of the Church of England’s Alternative Service Book 1980. It draws out a number of underlying theological principles in the tradition about the meaning of ordination and points to areas for reform. It thus sets the scene for a future critique, in this journal, of the Church of England’s forthcoming revised Ordinal.
Secondary structure in the target as a confounding factor in synthetic oligomer microarray design
Authors: Ratushna Vladyslava G , Weller Jennifer W , Gibas Cynthia J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Secondary structure in the target is a property not usually considered in software applications for design of optimal custom oligonucleotide probes. It is frequently assumed that eliminating self-complementarity, or screening for secondary structure in the probe, is sufficient to avoid interference with hybridization by stable secondary structures in the probe binding site. Prediction and thermodynamic analysis of secondary structure formation in a genome-wide set of transcripts from Brucella suis 1330 demonstrates that the properties of the target molecule have the potential to strongly influence the rate and extent of hybridization between transcript and tethered oligonucleotide probe in a microarray experiment.

Results
Despite the relatively high hybridization temperatures and 1M monovalent salt imposed in the modeling process to approximate hybridization conditions used in the laboratory, we find that parts of the target molecules are likely to be inaccessible to intermolecular hybridization due to the formation of stable intramolecular secondary structure. For example, at 65°C, 28 ± 7% of the average cDNA target sequence is predicted to be inaccessible to hybridization. We also analyzed the specific binding sites of a set of 70mer probes previously designed for Brucella using a freely available oligo design software package. 21 ± 13% of the nucleotides in each probe binding site are within a double-stranded structure in over half of the folds predicted for the cDNA target at 65°C. The intramolecular structures formed are more stable and extensive when an RNA target is modeled rather than cDNA. When random shearing of the target is modeled for fragments of 200, 100 and 50 nt, an overall destabilization of secondary structure is predicted, but shearing does not eliminate secondary structure.

Conclusion
Secondary structure in the target is pervasive, and a significant fraction of the target is found in double stranded conformations even at high temperature. Stable structure in the target has the potential to interfere with hybridization and should be a factor in interpretation of microarray results, as well as an explicit criterion in array design. Inclusion of this property in an oligonucleotide design procedure would change the definition of an optimal oligonucleotide significantly.
Patient preferences for notification of normal laboratory test results: A report from the ASIPS Collaborative
Authors: Baldwin Donna M , Quintela Javán , Duclos Christine , Staton Elizabeth W , Pace Wilson D 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Many medical errors occur during the laboratory testing process, including lost test results. Patient inquiry concerning results often represents the final safety net for locating lost results. This qualitative study sought to identify, from a patient perspective, specific preferences and factors that influence the process of communicating normal (negative) laboratory test results to patients.

Methods
We conducted 30-minute guided interviews with 20 adult patients. Patients were recruited from two practice-based research networks in Colorado that were participating in a medical errors study. A semi-structured interview elicited the participant's experience with and preference for laboratory test result notification. Quantitative descriptive statistics were generated for demographic and preference data. Qualitative results were analyzed by a team of experienced qualitative researchers using multiple styles of qualitative analyses, including a template approach and an editing approach.

Results
Ninety percent of participants wanted to be notified of all tests results. Important issues related to notification included privacy, responsive and interactive feedback, convenience, timeliness, and provision of details. Telephone notification was preferred, followed by regular mail. Electronic notification was perceived as uncomfortable because it was not secure. While 65% preferred being notified by a provider, participants acknowledge that this may be impractical; thus, they wanted to be notified by someone knowledgeable enough to answer questions. Participants do not normally discuss their preferences for test result notification with their providers.

Conclusion
Privacy, responsive and interactive feedback, convenience, and timeliness with detailed information may be critical for patient satisfaction and for improving patient safety, and are features that may be incorporated into emerging communication channels.
Persistent demographic differences in colorectal cancer screening utilization despite Medicare reimbursement
Authors: Ko Cynthia W , Kreuter William , Baldwin Laura-Mae 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
Colorectal cancer screening is widely recommended, but often under-utilized. In addition, significant demographic differences in screening utilization exist. Insurance coverage may be one factor influencing utilization of colorectal cancer screening tests.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of claims for outpatient services for Washington state Medicare beneficiaries in calendar year 2000. We determined the proportion of beneficiaries utilizing screening fecal occult blood tests, flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or double contrast barium enema in the overall population and various demographic subgroups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relative odds of screening in different demographic groups.

Results
Approximately 9.2% of beneficiaries had fecal occult blood tests, 7.2% had any colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, or barium enema (invasive) colon tests, and 3.5% had invasive tests for screening indications. Colonoscopy accounted for 41% of all invasive tests for screening indications. Women were more likely to receive fecal occult blood test screening (OR 1.18; 95%CI 1.15, 1.21) and less likely to receive invasive tests for screening indications than men (OR 0.80, 95%CI 0.77, 0.83). Whites were more likely than other racial groups to receive any type of screening. Rural residents were more likely than urban residents to have fecal occult blood tests (OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.17, 1.23) but less likely to receive invasive tests for screening indications (OR 0.89; 95%CI 0.85, 0.93).

Conclusion
Reported use of fecal occult blood testing remains modest. Overall use of the more invasive tests for screening indications remains essentially unchanged, but there has been a shift toward increased use of screening colonoscopy. Significant demographic differences in screening utilization persist despite consistent insurance coverage.