bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Circadian RNA-Binding Protein CHLAMY 1 Represents a Novel Type Heteromer of RNA Recognition Motif and Lysine Homology Domain-Containing Subunits
Authors: Zhao Bin , Schneid Claudia , Iliev Dobromir , Schmidt Eva-Maria , Wagner Volker , Wollnik Franziska , Mittag Maria 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACT

The RNA-binding protein CHLAMY 1 from
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
binds specifically to UG
(≥7)
repeat sequences situated in the 3′ untranslated regions of several mRNAs. Its binding activity is controlled by the circadian clock. The biochemical purification and characterization of CHLAMY 1 revealed a novel type of RNA-binding protein. It includes two different subunits (named C1 and C3), whose interaction appears necessary for RNA binding. One of them (C3) belongs to the proteins of the CELF (CUG-BP-ETR-3-like factors) family and thus bears three RNA recognition motif domains. The other is composed of three lysine homology domains and a protein-protein interaction domain (WW). The subunits C1 and C3 have theoretical molecular masses of 45 and 52 kDa, respectively, and are present in nearly equal amounts during the circadian cycle. At the beginning of the subjective night, both can be found in protein complexes of 100 to 160 kDa. However, during subjective day when binding activity of CHLAMY 1 is low, the C1 subunit in addition is present in a high-molecular-mass protein complex of more than 680 kDa. These data indicate posttranslational control of the circadian binding activity of CHLAMY 1. Notably, the C3 subunit shows significant homology to the rat CUG-binding protein 2. Anti-C3 antibodies can recognize the rat homologue, which can also be found in a protein complex in this vertebrate.
Incorporation of Nonnatural Amino Acids into Proteins through Extension of the Genetic Code
Authors: Hohsaka Takahiro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Incorporation of nonnatural amino acids into specific positions of proteins was achieved by using extended codons such as CGGG four-base codon. Aminoacyl-tRNAs having nonnatural amino acids and four-base anticodons were prepared and added to an E. coli in vitro translation system together with mutated genes containing four-base codons. Product analysis of the in vitro translation demonstrates that four-base codons are successfully decoded by the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNAs and, as a consequence, nonnatural amino acids are incorporated into desired positions of proteins. By using two independent four-base codons, incorporation of two nonnatural amino acids into single proteins was achieved for the first time. Five-base codons were also found to be available for the nonnatural amino acid incorporation. Extension of the amino acid repertoire was investigated by using four-base codons, and a wide variety of nonnatural amino acids were incorporated into proteins. According to the information on amino acid selectivity of ribosomes, novel fluorescently labeled nonnatural amino acids were designed and utilized for position-specific fluorescence labeling of proteins. The extended codon strategy will allow scientists to construct novel artificial proteins and biomolecular systems.
Purified Coating Solution and Growth Scheme of the YBa2Cu3O7−x Superconductors in Metal Organic Deposition Using Trifluoroacetates
Authors: Araki Takeshi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Metal organic deposition using trifluoroacetate (TFA-MOD) is one of the most promising approaches to YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductors. In this process, CuO nanocrystallites in calcined film never cause random orientation, which is a major problem in the other solution processes. A “quasi-liquid network” created during the firing process suppresses the influence of the nanocrystallites on the epitaxial structure. Impurities in the coating solution cause Y, Ba, and Cu compounds; a long calcining process leads to CuO grain growth in the YBa2Cu3O7−x film. These compounds deteriorate superconducting properties in two ways. One is a direct physical obstacle and the other is an indirect chemical influence. In the latter mode, non-stoichiometric area, which is induced by the compound, breaks up the quasi-liquid and the quasi-liquid changes into the other phase. Therefore, the actual YBa2Cu3O7−x film is thinner and the superconducting properties degrade. To reduce the influence of CuO nanocrystallites, excess humidity in the firing gas is effective because increased quasi-liquid consumes the nanocrystallites. However, the improvement is imperfect. A combination of highly purified coating solution and optimal calcining process is required to obtain high performance YBa2Cu3O7−x superconductors. With such a combination, YBa2Cu3O7−x films having critical current density of 5–7 MA/cm2 (77 K, 0 T) are routinely obtained.
Electron-Spin Dynamics and Structures in Halogen-Bridged 1-D Metal Complexes Studied by Solid NMR
Authors: Ikeda Ryuichi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Magnetic properties characteristic in 1-D systems were investigated in halogen-bridged mixed-valence and averaged-valence metal complexes by applying magnetic resonance techniques. Neutral-solitons and polarons formed from impurity amounts of paramagnetic Pt3+ and Pd3+ sites in 1-D chains were sensitively detected by the NMR relaxation measurement. Their rapid 1-D diffusion comparable to that in trans-polyacetylene was revealed in [MII(en)2][MVIBr2(en)2](ClO4)4 (M: Pt, Pd). From 13C NMR spectra and 1H NMR relaxation studies, [NiIIIX(chxn)2]X2 (X: Cl, Br) was shown to be in an averaged-valence state forming S = 1/2 1-D Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chains. [NiBr(chxn)2]Br2 revealed to have the largest exchange interaction so far reported, was expected to transform into a new state at low-temperatures below 100 K. From studies on thermal motions and phase transitions associated with the 1-D chain-structure in [Pt(en)2][PtX2(en)2](ClO4)4 (X: Cl, Br), the presence of the dynamic disorder of the Pt(en)2 chelate-ring conformation in a highly asymmetric double-well potential undetected by the X-ray diffraction was detected by the NMR relaxation measurement.
Direct Crystallization of Amorphous Molecular Systems Prepared by Vacuum Deposition: X-ray Studies of Phenyl Halides
Authors: Nakayama Hideyuki , Ohta Shin-ichi , Onozuka Iji , Nakahara Yuichi , Ishii Kikujiro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Many amorphous molecular systems prepared by vacuum deposition onto cold substrates turn into crystals directly without exhibiting glass transition when their temperature is raised. To study the mechanism of the crystallization from amorphous states, we monitored the increase of X-ray Bragg peaks at constant temperatures for fluoro-, chloro-, and bromobenzene samples. Data were analyzed by using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami equation. It was found that the crystallization from amorphous states of these compounds progresses through the nucleation and crystal-growth processes similar to those observed for fused materials. However, slightly complicated behaviors were observed for molecules with larger substituents. These are considered to arise from the wide distribution of molecular arrangements that are stochastically generated in samples by the vapor deposition at low temperatures.
Determination of Palmitate on the Basis of the Fluorescence Enhancement of an Eu3+–TTA Complex
Authors: Cha Ki Won , Huang Hua Zi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A simple, sensitive, and selective method for the determination of palmitate has been investigated on the basis of the fluorescence enhancement of Eu3+–TTA complex in the form of Eu3+–TTA–palmitate. An emission peak of Eu3+–TTA, which increased linearly with the addition of palmitate, occurs at 610 nm in aqueous solution with excitation at 306 nm. The linear curve of calibration ranges is from 1.0 × 10−6 to 6.0 × 10−6 M, and the detection limit is 5.0 × 10−7 M. The effects of foreign ions were studied. The method was applied to the determination of palmitate content in synthetic and beef fat samples.
Preparation and Crystal Structures of 1:1 Adducts of Lanthanide Nitrate with Tri(2-pyridyl)amine
Authors: Nagao Noriharu , Egashira Keita , Mogi Daisuke 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A series of 1:1 adducts between late-lanthanide nitrate and tri(2-pyridyl)amine (tpa), [Ln(NO3)3(EtOH)3]·(tpa)·0.5EtOH (Ln3+ = Er3+, Yb3+, and Lu3+) was synthesized. These 1:1 adducts possess similar crystal structures, in which the tpa molecules interact face-to-face with the triangular base of [Ln(NO3)3(EtOH)3] through three hydrogen bonds.
An Expeditious Route to N-Acetyl-d-galactosamine from N-Acetyl-d-glucosamine Based on the Selective Protection of Hydroxy Groups
Authors: Ito Naoyuki , Tokuda Yoshihide , Ohba Shigeru , Sugai Takeshi 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
GalNAc (1) was straightforwardly prepared from GlcNAc (2a) in six steps. Selective protection of the hydroxy groups on the C-1, C-3, and C-6 positions at the same time was performed by the treatment of TBDPS chloride (5.5 eq.) in DMF in 70% yield. The nucleophilic attack with CsOAc or KOBz on the chloromethylsulfonyloxy group at C-4 worked well (69–77% yield), accompanied by an unexpected rearrangement, to give the furanose products (6). The deprotection of all silyl and acyl groups under acidic conditions and the re-acetylation provided GalNAc (1) in 51% yield.
Oxidation of Ethanol Induced by Simple Polyphenols: Prooxidant Property of Polyphenols
Authors: Inui Takako , Nakahara Koichi , Uchida Masaaki , Miki Wataru , Unoura Kei , Kokeguchi Yuki , Hosokawa Takahiro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde in water is induced by simple polyphenols, such as pyrogallol or catechol, in the presence of FeSO4–DTPA (N,N,N′,N″,N″-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) catalyst. The amount of acetaldehyde formed becomes an indicator of their “prooxidant” ability in terms of the activation of O2. The “prooxidant” ability of pyrogallol is higher than that of catechol. Electron-withdrawing substituents decrease the ability, whereas electron-donating ones enhance it. The “prooxidant” property is exhibited by the total consequence of two processes: hydroxyl radical (•OH) generation from O2 and its capture by phenolic compounds.
Influence of Maximum Water Temperature on Occurrence of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout within Streams
Authors: Dunham Jason , Schroeter Robert , Rieman Bruce 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We measured water temperature at 87 sites in six streams in two different years (1998 and 1999) to test for association with the occurrence of Lahontan cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi. Because laboratory studies suggest that Lahontan cutthroat trout begin to show signs of acute stress at warm (&gt;22°C) temperatures, we focused on the maximum daily temperature. The maximum daily temperature associated with the occurrence of Lahontan cutthroat trout ranged from 18.9°C to 28.5°C. Occurrence was more likely at colder (&lt;26°C) sites. In two streams, the maximum daily temperature associated with the occurrence of these trout was relatively cool (≤20°C). In these streams, the response to temperature may have been modified by extreme declines in streamflow in late summer. The air temperatures measured during the study were not consistently related to maximum water temperatures, but air temperature is useful for predicting the distribution of Lahontan cutthroat trout at larger scales (e.g., the geographic pattern of fish distribution among streams as distinct from occurrence within streams). The results of this work suggest a link between the thermal tolerance of individuals in the laboratory and the occurrence of fish within streams and a provide a mechanism for the observed geographic patterns in the distribution of local populations of Lahontan cutthroat trout.
Population Structure of Sockeye Salmon of the Central Coast of British Columbia: Implications for Recovery Planning
Authors: John Nelson R. , Wood Chris C. , Cooper Glenn , Smith Christian , Koop Ben 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The populations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka of the south-central coast of British Columbia are in decline. To assist in recovery planning, we determined the population structure of sockeye salmon in the region by assaying the genetic variability of 10 microsatellite DNA loci in samples of sockeye salmon from 22 sites associated with 15 rearing lakes. Samples of sockeye salmon from the watersheds with the largest historical runs in the region were studied. Special emphasis was given to investigating genetic divergence among sockeye salmon spawning in seven rivers of the Owikeno Lake watershed, which once supported the largest sockeye salmon run in south-central British Columbia. Across the region, a mosaic of genetic divergence was evident. Reproductive isolation among watersheds was pronounced in all but one case, making transfer of fish between watersheds inadvisable. Genetic stock identification simulations demonstrated that fish from different watersheds could be accurately distinguished—which will allow for identification of threatened stocks in coastal mixed-stock fishery samples. Within the Owikeno Lake watershed we found little evidence of persistent genetic structure, which precludes the use of genetic stock identification to estimate escapements to its glacially turbid tributaries. Lack of persistent structure supports managing the majority of Owikeno Lake sockeye salmon as a single population.
Effect of Approach Velocity on Impingement of Juvenile Northern Pike at Water Intake Screens
Authors: Peake Stephan 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Current guidelines with respect to the use of irrigation intakes limit Canadian operators to approach velocities (at the screen) of 3.8 cm/s; however, this value is based on relatively little data. To address this issue, I examined the ability of juvenile (2.3–7.4-cm fork length) northern pike Esox lucius to avoid impingement on irrigation intake screens under ambient environmental conditions in a swim tunnel (where water velocity was constant and uniform) and in a simulated intake where water velocity declined with distance from the test screen (as in real structures). The effects of impingement duration (in swim tunnel tests) and approach velocity (in both tests) on feeding and physical condition (abrasions, bruising, and scale loss) were also examined. Juvenile northern pike in the swim tunnel became impinged at speeds ranging from 10 to 28 cm/s. Injuries and mortalities from impingement up to 10 min in duration were nonexistent, although some short-term feeding disruptions were observed. Northern pike tested in the intake simulation apparatus never became impinged when the approach velocity was 15 cm/s; however, some impingement (but no feeding disruptions, injuries, or mortalities) was observed at an approach velocity of 25 cm/s. At higher velocities, impingement, feeding disruptions, injuries, and mortalities occurred. Environmental regulations pertaining to approach velocity at irrigation intake screens can be set as high as 15 cm/s without adversely affecting juvenile northern pike.
Influence of Time Interval on Estimations of Movement and Habitat Use
Authors: Horton Travis B. , Guy Christopher S. , Pontius Jeffrey S. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Although biotelemetry has been widely used in fisheries science, the standardization of methods is uncommon. Researchers often use more than one time interval (frequency of recording locations) in a study, and different researchers frequently use different time intervals. There is a paucity of information describing the relationship between time interval used and movement observed or the proportion of time associated with habitat type. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of varying time intervals on fine-scale (i.e., minutes-to-hours) diel movement and habitat use by spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus. To evaluate such effects, we tracked spotted bass (n = 11) every 15 min for a 24-h period. Using these data we simulated tracking at 30-min, 1-h, and 2-h intervals. The mean percent error of time interval simulations for total daily movement varied from 24.3% to 64.3% for 30-min and 2-h intervals, respectively. Loss of movement information (i.e., detecting less movement with simulated time intervals compared with the original data set) increased with increasing time intervals, and the 2-h interval poorly estimated diel movement. Conversely, habitat use was well-represented by each time interval. These results illustrate the importance of standardizing the use of time intervals and the need to consider time intervals when comparing results among biotelemetry studies.
Extending Federal Crop Insurance Programs to Commercial Fisheries: The Case of Bristol Bay, Alaska, Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Herrmann Mark , Greenberg Joshua , Hamel Charles , Geier Hans 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
This paper analyzes the feasibility of extending the U.S. Department of Agriculture's crop insurance program to the Bristol Bay, Alaska, capture fishery for sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. The impetus for this program has been a string of poor sockeye salmon fishing seasons followed by a series of disaster declarations in western Alaska. The mission of the Risk Management Agency, for whom this analysis was prepared, is to help stabilize the agricultural sector, not to provide disaster payments that offset permanent industry shifts by assuring producers some historical (but no longer attainable) production or revenue levels. Without a contemporaneous effort to restructure and rationalize the program of limited entry, the proposed crop insurance program for Bristol Bay cannot provide meaningful relief to a maladaptive industry that is beleaguered by excessive costs and increased competition.
Relative Contribution of Stocked Walleyes in Tennessee Reservoirs
Authors: Vandergoot Christopher S. , Bettoli Phillip W. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Since the mid-1950s, fisheries biologists with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency have stocked walleyes Stizostedion vitreum in several tributary reservoirs of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers to augment declining native stocks; however, the efficacy of these management actions has never been formally evaluated. The contribution of stocked walleyes in four Tennessee reservoirs was evaluated during 1999 and 2000 by marking fry and fingerlings through oxytetracycline (OTC) immersion. Stocking densities were 13-48 fingerlings/ha, and marking efficacy was high for fish marked as fry (mean = 98%; SE = 1.7%) and fingerlings (mean = 99%; SE = 0.6%). Nearly all (94-100%; N = 509) of the age-1 and age-2 walleyes collected in the four reservoirs were OTC-marked. Based on these findings, fingerling walleyes must be stocked annually to sustain the walleye populations in these tributary impoundments.
Size-Specific Angling Return Rates of White Bass in Kansas Reservoirs
Authors: Schultz Randall D. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The size selectivity of angling for white bass Morone chrysops in Kansas reservoirs was evaluated through a 3-year tagging study on five reservoirs. Nearly 6,500 white bass were tagged with Floy FD-94 anchor tags, and tag return postcards were used to quantify size-specific angling return rates. The range for length of fish tagged was 200–573 mm, and the range for length of fish recaptured was 225–492 mm. Size selectivity was similar for male and female white bass between 230 and 460 mm. Larger white bass, particularly males, may be more vulnerable to angling exploitation, but small sample sizes of these fish (0.5% of fish tagged in this study were greater than 450 mm) hinder confirmation of this supposition. Return rates suggest that length limits lower than 300 mm may be ineffective for restructuring white bass populations and would provide little benefit to anglers.
Hooking Mortality by Anatomical Location and Its Use in Estimating Mortality of Spring Chinook Salmon Caught and Released in a River Sport Fishery
Authors: Lindsay Robert B. , Schroeder R. Kirk , Kenaston Kenneth R. , Toman Robert N. , Buckman Mary A. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We estimated the hooking mortality of spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that were caught and released to determine whether selective fishing on hatchery Chinook salmon would reduce harvest mortality of wild fish in a sport fishery in the lower Willamette River, Oregon. Hooking mortality in the fishery was estimated from hooking mortality rates for each of five anatomical locations (jaw, 2.3%; tongue, 17.8%; eye, 0.0%; gills, 81.6%; and esophagus–stomach, 67.3%) and from the frequency of these anatomical locations in the sport fishery (jaw, 81.5%; tongue, 5.1%; eye, 0.4%; gills, 5.1%; and esophagus–stomach, 7.8%). Mortality rates by anatomical location were estimated from recaptures of 869 tagged fish that were experimentally angled and of 825 tagged controls that were trapped in a nearby fishway. Anatomical hook locations in the lower Willamette River sport fishery were determined with creel surveys. We estimated hooking mortality rates of 12.2% for wild Chinook salmon caught and released in the sport fishery and 3.2% for the entire run of wild Chinook salmon based on a mean encounter rate of 26%. Hook location was the primary factor affecting recapture of hooked fish, but fish length, gear type, bleeding, and the elapsed time to unhook fish were also significant factors. A selective sport fishery in the lower Willamette River can be used to reduce harvest mortality on runs of wild Chinook salmon while maintaining fishing opportunity on hatchery Chinook salmon. The effect of selective fisheries for Chinook salmon in other rivers would depend on the frequency distribution of anatomical hook locations and on river-specific encounter rates.
Year-Class Component, Growth, and Movement of Juvenile Red Drum Stocked Seasonally in a South Carolina Estuary
Authors: Jenkins Wallace E. , Denson Michael R. , Bridgham Charles B. , Collins Mark R. , Smith Theodore I. J. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus have been classified by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission as overfished in the Atlantic off the southeastern USA. A study was conducted to evaluate stocking hatchery-reared fish as a management tool to increase abundance of red drum in South Carolina estuaries. Multiple groups of juveniles, at mean sizes of 22–56 mm total length, were released after being marked by immersion in 15 g/L salinity brackish water containing oxytetracycline HCl (500 mg/L active). Fish were released into a small (535-ha) part of the available nursery habitat (total = 25,000 ha) in the Port Royal Sound estuary each fall and spring from fall 1995 through spring 1997. During fall 1995 and spring 1996, 347,000 fish were stocked; during fall 1996 and spring 1997, the number was 1,228,000. Movement of hatchery fish from the release site was monitored for at least 2 years after release. Overall, hatchery fish accounted for 19.0% of the 627 fish (age 0 to age 2) captured from the 1995 year-class and 19.4% of the 687 fish (age 0 to age 2) captured from the 1996 year-class. The portion of each year-class that was of hatchery origin was greatest at the release site (1995 year-class = 58.6%; 1996 year-class = 77.3%). However, marked hatchery fish from the 1996 year-class (range, 8–38%) were also captured after more than 2 years at large and as far as 35 km from the release site. The presence of hatchery fish did not appear to reduce the growth of wild fish even at the higher stocking density tested (2,295 fish/ha). Sex ratios of hatchery and wild fish were not significantly different. Hatchery fish released in the fall were captured 1.5 times more often than fish released in the spring. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether hatchery releases can be used to increase overall abundance.