bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic performance evaluation of the Wadi Laba spate irrigation system in Eritrea
Authors: Mehari Abraham , Depeweg Herman , Schultz Bart 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSpate irrigation is a method of harvesting and managing floodwater, which is unpredictable in timing and volume. In the spate‐irrigated area of 16 000 ha in Eritrea, the farmers have for decades used brushwood and earthen diversion and distribution structures, locally known as Agims and Musghas, to harness and share the floodwater. Although these practices managed to make the systems sustainable for the past 100 years, they failed to fully mitigate the unpredictability of the floodwater and relieve the farmers from poverty. With the aim of improving living conditions, the government decided to modernize the spate irrigation systems. In 1998, the Wadi Laba (2600 ha) was selected as a pilot project, and its major Agims and Musghas were replaced by a concrete headwork and gabions. The main targets were: expanding the annually irrigated area from 1200 to 2600 ha, diverting large floods in a regulated manner so as to increase the probability of irrigating the downstream fields, while preventing erosion and sedimentation and reducing the labour and brushwood needed for operation and maintenance.Field surveys, discharge measurements, interviews and group discussions were conducted to evaluate the performance of the Wadi Laba system. It was found that in an “excellent” flood season, only 1400 ha was irrigated. Reasons include: the inappropriate design assumptions and approaches in the initial phase of the modernization, the non‐coherence of the modern design with the indigenous water rules and water‐sharing arrangements, the failures of the breaching bund, the sedimentation in the culvert and the incorrect operation and use of the scour sluice. Among the proposed improvements are: strengthening the farmers' organization technically, institutionally and legally, replacing the culvert with a head regulator gate, constructing supplementary offtakes, converting the breaching bund into a low‐crested rock fill spillway. Besides discussing these issues, this paper provides quantitative justification why the floodwater would have to be supplemented with groundwater, if there is to be a real possibility of achieving the set targets. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of fluorescent and opalescent properties of resin composites on the masking effect
Authors: Lee Yong‐Keun , Lu Huan , Powers John M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the influence of fluorescent properties in the reflectance and transmittance modes and opalescent properties and translucency under ultraviolet (UV)‐included and ‐excluded conditions on the masking effect of commercial resin composites quantitatively. Color and spectral distribution of seven resin composites (14 shades) of 1‐mm thick were measured in the reflectance and transmittance modes under UV‐included and ‐excluded conditions. For the fluorescence evaluation, subtraction spectra by the inclusion and exclusion of the UV component of the illumination in the reflectance and transmittance modes were calculated. Opalescence parameter (ΔO*ab) was calculated as the difference in yellow‐blue (Δb*) and red‐green (Δa*) coordinates between the reflected and transmitted colors under UV‐included and ‐excluded conditions. Under UV‐included and ‐excluded conditions, translucency parameter (TP) was calculated and masking effect was calculated as the color difference between a specimen over a black tile and black tile itself. Fluorescent and opalescent properties varied by the brand and shade of composites and measurement protocols. Masking effect was correlated with TP values when TP values of materials were obviously different. But when TP values were in the similar range, the opalescent property influenced the masking effect of resin composites. The influence of fluorescent property on masking effect was also confirmed, although the degree of correlation was very low. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Bonding of dual‐cured resin cement to zirconia ceramic using phosphate acid ester monomer and zirconate coupler
Authors: Yoshida Keiichi , Tsuo Yukiko , Atsuta Mitsuru 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study evaluated the shear bond strength between dual‐cured resin luting cement and pure zirconium (99.9%) and industrially manufactured yttrium‐oxide‐partially‐stabilized zirconia ceramic, and the effect of MDP (10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate) primer (MP) and zirconate coupler (ZC) on bond strength. Two different‐shaped pure zirconium and zirconia ceramic specimens were untreated or treated with various primers, including different concentrations of MP containing phosphoric acid ester monomer (MDP) in ethanol, ZC containing a zirconate coupling agent in ethanol, or a mixture of MP and ZC. The specimens were then cemented together with dual‐cured resin luting cement (Clapearl DC). Half of the specimens were stored in water at 37°C for 24 h and the other half were thermocycled 10,000 times before shear bond strength testing. The bond strengths of resin luting cement to both the zirconium and zirconia ceramic were enhanced by the application of most MPs, ZCs, and the mixtures of MP and ZC. For the group (MP2.0+ZC1.0) containing 2.0 wt % MP and 1.0 wt % ZC, no significant difference was observed between in shear bond strength before and after thermal cycling for both zirconium and zirconia ceramic (p > 0.05). For the other primers, statistically significant differences in shear bond strength before and after thermal cycling were observed (p < 0.05). The application of the mixture of MP and ZC (MP2.0+ZC1.0) was effective for bonding between zirconia ceramic and dual‐cured resin luting cement. This primer may be clinically useful as an adhesive primer for zirconia ceramic restoration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Interfacial chemistry of moisture‐aged class II composite restorations
Authors: Spencer Paulette , Wang Yong , Bohaty Brenda 
Published: September 2005

AbstractUnder in vivo conditions, the adhesive/dentin bond at the gingival margin of class II composite restorations can be the first defense against substances that may penetrate and ultimately undermine the composite restoration. Deterioration of this bond during aqueous aging is an area of intense investigation, but to date, the majority of our techniques have provided only an indirect assessment of the degrading components. The purpose of this study was to analyze the in situ molecular structure of adhesive/dentin interfaces in class II composite restorations, following aging in aqueous solutions. Class II preparations were cut from 12 unerupted human third molars, with a water‐cooled, high‐speed, dental handpiece. The prepared teeth were randomly selected for restoration with single bond (SB) and Z100 (3M). Teeth were restored, as per the manufacturer's directions, under environmental conditions that simulated humidity and temperature characteristics of the oral cavity. Restored teeth were kept in sterile Delbecco's phosphate saline for 48 h or 90 days. The samples were sectioned occlusogingivally and micro‐Raman spectra were acquired at ∼1.5 μm spatial resolution across the composite/adhesive/dentin interfaces at the gingival margins. Samples were wet throughout spectral acquisition. The relative intensity of bands associated with the adhesive in the interfacial region decreased dramatically after aqueous storage. This decrease in concert with the similar depth of dentin demineralization provides direct spectroscopic evidence of leaching of adhesive monomer from the interface during the 90 days of storage. SB adhesive infiltrated 4–5 μm of 12‐μm demineralized dentin at the gingival margin. After 90 days of aqueous storage, SB adhesive infiltration was reduced to ∼2 μm, leaving ∼10 μm of demineralized dentin collagen exposed at the gingival margin. The unprotected collagen at the gingival margin of the aged class II composite restorations was disorganized, suggesting hydrolysis of the collagen, with 90 days of aqueous storage. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
The Amber biomolecular simulation programs
Authors: Case David A. , Cheatham Thomas E. , Darden Tom , Gohlke Holger , Luo Ray , Merz Kenneth M. , Onufriev Alexey , Simmerling Carlos , Wang Bing , Woods Robert J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe describe the development, current features, and some directions for future development of the Amber package of computer programs. This package evolved from a program that was constructed in the late 1970s to do Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement, and now contains a group of programs embodying a number of powerful tools of modern computational chemistry, focused on molecular dynamics and free energy calculations of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 1668–1688, 2005
Existence of large sets of coverings with block size 3
Authors: Ji L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTwo types of large sets of coverings were introduced by T. Etzion (J Combin Designs, 2(1994), 359–374). What is maximum number (denoted by λ(n,k)) of disjoint optimal (n,k,k − 1) coverings? What is the minimum number (denoted by µ(n,k)) of disjoint optimal (n,k,k − 1) coverings for which the union covers the space? For k = 3, the numbers µ(n,k) have been determined with an unsolved order n = 17, and the numbers λ(n,k) have also been determined with an unsolved infinite class n ≡ 5 (mod 6). The unsolved numbers λ(n,3) and µ(17,3) will be completed in this note. This solution is based on the existence of a class of partitionable candelabra systems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 14: 400–405, 2006
Predictors of change after long‐term analytic group psychotherapy
Authors: Lorentzen Steinar , Høglend Per 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn a study of long‐term (mean = 32.5 months) analytic group psychotherapy we explored the relationships among six predictors shown to influence outcome in short‐term group studies and five outcome variables (Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF], Global Symptom Index [GSI], Inventory of Interpersonal Problems—Circumplex [IIP‐C], Global Improvement, and Chief Complaints), assessed after termination of therapy. In this study, we wanted to test whether the same variables also predicted patients' status at follow‐up, 1 year after termination. Bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses were used. Initial status and treatment duration up to 2.5 years turned out to be strong positive predictors of status at both time points. Contrary to findings from many short‐term studies, presence of personality disorder, high initial severity, chronicity, and less optimistic expectations had no predictive power at either time. Higher age predicted a less favourable status at follow‐up in secondary exploratory analyses. The findings suggest that different patients may benefit from long‐term versus short‐term group psychotherapy. More studies should examine patient aptitude and the significance of the time factor (Aptitude‐Treatment Interaction [ATI‐effects]). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1541–1553, 2005.
Expressive writing intervention for young adult cigarette smokers
Authors: Ames Steven C. , Patten Christi A. , Offord Kenneth P. , Pennebaker James W. , Croghan Ivana T. , Tri Diane M. , Stevens Susanna R. , Hurt Richard D. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis investigation examined the feasibility and magnitude of the effect of a stress management intervention involving expressive writing as an adjunct to brief office smoking cessation intervention for young adults. Participants aged 18–21 years were randomized to brief office intervention (N = 30) or expressive writing plus brief office intervention (N = 30). Biochemically confirmed 30‐day point‐prevalence tobacco abstinence, smoking reduction, perceived stress, negative affect, and treatment compliance were assessed at 4, 12, and 24 weeks post randomization. The expressive writing adjunct was not found to be effective. The 30‐day smoking abstinence rates were 0% versus 0% ( p = 1.000) at week 4, 20% versus 3% ( p = 0.103) at week 12, and 20% versus 10% ( p = 0.472) at week 24 for the brief office intervention only versus expressive writing plus brief office intervention groups, respectively. Participants stated they benefited most from the support and structure associated with the brief office intervention. Enthusiasm was lacking for the expressive writing treatment adjunct. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 61: 1555–1570, 2005.
New upper bounds on the decomposability of planar graphs
Authors: Fomin Fedor V. , Thilikos Dimitrios M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIt is known that a planar graph on n vertices has branch‐width/tree‐width bounded by $\alpha \sqrt {n}$. In many algorithmic applications, it is useful to have a small bound on the constant α. We give a proof of the best, so far, upper bound for the constant α. In particular, for the case of tree‐width, α < 3.182 and for the case of branch‐width, α < 2.122. Our proof is based on the planar separation theorem of Alon, Seymour, and Thomas and some min–max theorems of Robertson and Seymour from the graph minors series. We also discuss some algorithmic consequences of this result. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Simultaneous measurement of blood and myocardial velocity in the rat heart by phase contrast MRI using sparse q‐space sampling
Authors: Wise Richard G. , Al‐Shafei Ahmad I.M. , Carpenter T. Adrian , Hall Laurance D. , Huang Christopher L.‐H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPurposeTo measure cardiac blood flow patterns and ventricular wall velocities through the cardiac cycle in anesthetized Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats.Materials and MethodsA gradient‐echo cine pulse sequence incorporating pulsed field gradients (PFGs) provided phase contrast (PC) motion encoding. We achieved a range of velocity sensitivity that was sufficient to measure simultaneously the large flow velocities within the cardiac chambers and aortic outflow tract (up to 70 cm s−1 during systole), and the comparatively small velocities of the cardiac wall (0–3 cm s−1). A scheme of sparsely sampling q‐space combined with a probability‐based method of velocity calculation permitted such measurements along three orthogonal axes, and yielded velocity vector maps in all four chambers of the heart and the aorta, in both longitudinal and transverse sections, for up to 12 time‐points in the cardiac cycle.ResultsLeft ventricular systole was associated with a symmetrical laminar flow pattern along the cardiac axis, with no appearance of turbulence. In contrast, blood showed a swirling motion within the right ventricle (RV) in the region of the pulmonary outflow tract. During left ventricular diastole a plume of blood entered the left ventricle (LV) from the left atrium. The ventricular flow patterns could also be correlated with measurements of left ventricular wall motion. The greatest velocities of the ventricular walls occurred in the transverse cardiac plane and were maximal during diastolic refilling. The cardiac wall motion in the longitudinal axis demonstrated a caudal‐apical movement that may also contribute to diastolic refilling.ConclusionThe successful measurements of blood and myocardial velocity during normal myocardial function may be extended to quantify pathological cardiac changes in animal models of human cardiac disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion‐weighted MR study of femoral head avascular necrosis in severe acute respiratory syndrome patients
Authors: Hong Nan , Du Xiangke , Nie Zhongshi , Li Sijun 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).Materials and MethodsSeventy‐nine SARS patients with hip pain underwent both conventional and diffusion‐weighted MRI (b‐value = 0–1000 seconds/mm2). The abnormal regions on the diffusion‐weighted images were outlined by using the conventional images as guides, and the ADCs were calculated. The ADC differences between normal and AVN femoral heads were compared.ResultsOf the 158 hips examined, 28 had AVN (11 with bilateral hip AVN, three with right hip AVN, and three with left hip AVN). The mean ADC was markedly greater in the AVN femoral head (1.66 × 10–3 mm2/second ± 0.20) than in the normal femoral head (0.47 × 10–3 mm2/second ± 0.082; P < 0.0001). There was no overlap between the normal and AVN femoral heads.ConclusionDWI can provide valuable information regarding the diffusion properties of femoral head AVN, and markedly increased diffusion was identified in AVN. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Swelling and Mechanical Properties of a Temperature‐Sensitive Dextran Hydrogel and its Bioseparation Applications
Authors: Dong Jing , Chen Li , Ding Yamei , Han Weijun 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: A series of temperature‐sensitive dextran hydrogels (poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex)) were synthesized by the copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate‐derivatized dextran (GMA‐Dex) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPA) in aqueous solution. Their swelling and mechanical properties and bioseparation behaviors were studied. It is found that poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels simultaneously exhibit much better swelling and mechanical properties. The interactions between poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), Rutin, and DL‐α‐alanine were different because of their different hydrophobic nature, polarity, and molecular structure, and obviously depend on the temperature: the mechanism is discussed. In addition, using poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels as the absorbents, gel‐extraction separation experiments of dextran and BSA solutions showed that the separation ability of poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels obviously increased upon reaching the LCST.Temperature dependence of the swelling ratio of the PNIPA (▪) and poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels (r = 0.2(•), 0.4 (▴), 0.5 (▾), 0.6(♦), 0.8 (+)).magnified imageTemperature dependence of the swelling ratio of the PNIPA (▪) and poly(NIPA‐co‐GMA‐Dex) hydrogels (r = 0.2(•), 0.4 (▴), 0.5 (▾), 0.6(♦), 0.8 (+)).
Polymeric Toughening of Particle Filled Cyanate Ester Composites
Authors: Wooster Tim J. , Abrol Simmi , MacFarlane Douglas R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: The present study examines the effect of polymeric tougheners on the performance of silica filled cyanate ester composites. The polymeric tougheners used have been shown to enhance cyanate ester tougheners in binary toughener/matrix systems. Tougheners that were able to form a favourable phase‐separated morphology resulted in the greatest increase in crack resistance. The addition of these tougheners resulted in minimal loss of strength, and a slight decrease in modulus. Importantly the viscosity of the compounded systems was low enough for them to be readily processable. Whilst conserving most secondary properties, toughener addition did result in a slight increase in composite hydrolytic degradation. This issue was linked to the additive/ additive compounding processes. Removal of this extra moisture should eliminate this concern, permitting the used of these composites in electronic applications.Effect of ETBN content on the crack resistance of particle filled cyanate ester composites and SEM image of 15 matrix wt.‐% ETBN.magnified imageEffect of ETBN content on the crack resistance of particle filled cyanate ester composites and SEM image of 15 matrix wt.‐% ETBN.
Processability and Properties of Re‐Graded, Photo‐Oxidized Post‐Consumer Greenhouse Films
Authors: La Mantia Francesco Paolo , Tzankova Dintcheva Nadka 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: The recycling of post‐consumer plastics leads, in general, to secondary materials having properties worse than those of the reclaimed material and certainly worse than those of the same virgin polymer. This is because of the degradation undergone by the objects during their use and because of the thermo‐mechanical degradation undergone during the reprocessing operations. The change of the molecular architecture is responsible for this worsening of properties. The use of stabilizing systems can slow the degradation during the melt processing but cannot give any improvement of the final properties of the material. In order to enhance the properties of the recycled plastics, some rebuilding of the molecular structure is necessary. The use of suitable additives can enlarge the molecular weight distribution or can create branching and cross‐linking during the melt processing of the photo‐oxidized PE. The processability in film blowing and the mechanical properties of these secondary materials are reported in this work. The rheological behavior, the filmability and most of the mechanical properties of the secondary PE with the rebuilt molecular structure are better than those of the post‐consumer material and similar to those of the virgin polymer.TS in the machine and in the transverse direction for all the samples extruded at 50 rpm.magnified imageTS in the machine and in the transverse direction for all the samples extruded at 50 rpm.
A Customizable Instrument for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Thin Biomedical Membranes
Authors: Triviño Gracián , Serrano María Concepción , Pagani Raffaella , Portolés María Teresa 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: A customized instrument has been developed as part of multidisciplinary research work relating to the development of a biodegradable vascular scaffold. This instrument aims to measure the mechanical properties of elastic and viscoelastic thin membranes with tissue engineering applications. Uniform and omni‐directional pressure is applied on the whole membrane which is uniformly clamped and submerged into a liquid medium. The mechanical testing described in this study is focused on the stress‐strain curves of polycaprolactone (PCL) films after different treatments. The influence of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's culture medium, L929 fibroblast culture, NaOH treatment and film thickness on the mechanical properties of PCL films was evaluated after different times. These studies show that the PCL degradation process is influenced by immersion in the culture medium, inducing an increment in the slope of the pressure‐dilation curve which is indicative of an increase in the polymer stiffness. On the other hand, long NaOH treatments make PCL films have more flexible behavior.A computerized version of the instrument: (1) Electrical compressor; (2) Filter; (3) Voltage‐pressure converter; (5) Pressure sensor; (6) Differential pressure sensor; (7–8) Main and auxiliary pipettes; (9) Printed circuit board; (10) Personal computer.magnified imageA computerized version of the instrument: (1) Electrical compressor; (2) Filter; (3) Voltage‐pressure converter; (5) Pressure sensor; (6) Differential pressure sensor; (7–8) Main and auxiliary pipettes; (9) Printed circuit board; (10) Personal computer.
A Novel Inorganic Polymer as Cathode Material for Secondary Lithium Batteries
Authors: Xu Guo‐Xiang , Yu Bi‐Tao , Lu Qi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSummary: This paper introduces a new inorganic poly(phosphazene disulfide) material. With unique element composition and molecular structure, the polymer has noncombustible safety and preferable conductivity. When used as cathode material for rechargeable lithium batteries, the polymer's first discharge capacity is as high as 467.9 mAh · g−1, which can be retained at 409.9 mAh · g−1 after 60 repeated cycles. Therefore, it has a great application potential in the field of lithium batteries.Replacement of the Cl atoms by SS groups by refluxing Na2S2 and linear poly(dichloro‐phosphazene).magnified imageReplacement of the Cl atoms by SS groups by refluxing Na2S2 and linear poly(dichloro‐phosphazene).