bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’Europe de la consommation
Authors: Van Miert Karel 
Published: January 2024

Consumer Protection in the EEC.
Consumer protection policy has developed since 1972. The achievement of internal market requires from the Commission the adoption of adequate regulations in order to guarantee consumer’s interests and to organize their legal protection. The three-year european plan of action defines four specific programs : consumer’s representation ; open access to information about financial services and comparative publicity ; consumers safety and security ; fair transactions. Nevertheless, it is necessary to surmount the contradictions between consumers and producers’ interests, and to conciliate the beginning national policies and the requirement of a high level of protection in the EEC.
Le projet de code de la consommation
Authors: Calais Auloy Jean 
Published: January 2024

Consumer Protection Towards a Codification.
Consumer protection requires the codification of a law which for twenty years has grown in a haphazard fashion. There now exists a scheme to mould the existing provisions into a single and coherent text. This entails introducing preventive and collective consumer protection methods and facilitating the exercise by individuals of their consumer rights. The presentation of such a bill before parliament is all the more important today as it would enable France to exercise a decisive influence in the European arena.
Peut-on adapter l’administration aux finalités de la justice ?
Authors: Raingeard de la Bletière Louis-Marie 
Published: January 2024

Can We Adapt the Management of Justice to Judicial Ends?
By its geographic circumscriptions, legal administration is archaic, remaining quantitatively insufficient. It must operate in an extremely complex environment in which it is necessary to conciliate, in particular, jurisdictional independence and the administrative hierarchy. In addition, it is also undergoing sharp tension, mainly in terms of human resource management. The current trend is towards increasing resources to the juridictions, strengthening decentralization in management and developing continuing professional education.
La gestion de l’innovation : un modèle général
Authors: Booth Simon A. 
Published: January 2024

Managing Innovation -A General Model.
Public Agencies are frequently characterised as being unresponsive and lack a capacity to innovate. However there are non intrinsic reasons why public agencies cannot behave in an innovative fashion. The article looks at some general lessons from the private sector which may provide public sector managers with an insight into how to engage in a systematic search for an innovative approach. To ensure successful innovation it is not enough to set up favourable organizational cultures, create ‘champions’ and provide resources. Policy-makers must in addition to other factors pay attention to the vehicule for creating the innovation.
Les paradoxes de la gestion publique des identités territoriales : à propos des politiques culturelles outre-mer
Authors: Constant Fred 
Published: January 2024

The Paradox of Public Management of Local Identities.
Paradoxically, cultural policies in french overseas departments often converge with metropolitan ones. Public cultural offer, which looks like a more or less standardized outfit of ail kinds, is in search of national recognition. In the same way, resistances to the modernization of cultural management are as strong as in metropolitan France. Nevertheless, there are persistent local specificities, such as a heavy politicization of cultural policy and the weak institutionalization of the cultural field. Confronting these convergences and divergences brings out two major debates : the role of culture in the economy and the status of difference in the content of public action in cultural matters.
L’évaluation, nouvel avatar de la rationalisation administrative ? Les limites de l’import-export institutionnel
Authors: Rouban Luc 
Published: January 2024

Evaluation as a New Version of Administrative Rationalization ? The Limits of Institutional Import-Export.
The emergence of policy evaluation is a sign of the transformation of french public space, but its integration in the french political and administrative System raises difficult questions. The U. S. model shows that evaluation is not a mere technical tool. It is also a means of communicating and negociating between policy actors. The role and scope of evaluation in France depends on its intellectual construction as well as on its compatibility with the logic of administrative institutions. A realistic development is based on evaluation being conceived mainly at present as an instrument of management control, and being an extension of existing control mechanisms.
La réforme de l’administration publique
Authors: Franchini Claudio 
Published: January 2024

Reforming Public Administration
In Italy, public administration is submitted to a set of contradictory constitutional principles which underline the lack of a global approach. The evolution of public administration has not been coherent, according to predetermined lines of development, but by piling up institutions and adding up systems. Contrary to common understanding in public opinion, Italian administration has undergone numerous changes in recent years, even if the transformation process has not been a straight one, because of a lack of global political orientation.
Quarante ans au quai d’Orsay - Changements et permanence
Authors: Chayet Claude 
Published: January 2024

Forty years at the Quai d’Orsay.
In forty years, the natural scope for action of the ministry of Foreign Affairs has grown and been amplified according to the political, economie and technological revolutions which the world underwent. From inside, looking at fourty years of functioning of a big administration reveals big changes : certain discreet and hardly mentioned discriminations have disappeared, the framework of action of the ministry has changed, working conditions have evolved. Notwithstanding criticisms as well as successive and sometimes contradictory reforms, the Quai d’Orsay has constantly been able to adapt to modem challenges of diplomacy.
Racines des politiques pour la ville des années cinquante aux années soixante-dix
Authors: Mayet Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Roots of Urban Policies
Thirty years of French urban policies show a constant renewal of objectives and a permanent care, but a continuity of methodological answers in matters of budgets, human resources and institutions. The housing crisis, a main characteristic of post-war period, has been solved by putting in place new legal instruments. The following period has been marked by the creation of the ministry of equipment, which was complemented by a new organisation of field services, an important mobilisation of field officials and the 1969 Land Orientation Act, which founded the urban code. Eventually, during the preparation of the VIth plan, the commission in charge of "global urban policy" has considered the matter as a phenomenon with a much wider range than the housing issue and thus laid down the problematique of present day urban policy.
La réforme des structures locales dans la République tchèque
Authors: Vidlâkovâ Olga 
Published: January 2024

The Reform of Local Structures in the Czech Republic.
The reform of local structures in the Czech Republic consisted, in the first place, to guarantee the municipalities’ independence by fixing their powers and by enumerating their composing organs. Besides the prerogatives related to the management of local affairs, the municipalities were also given some atributions delegated by the State. The Constitutional Act of January lst, 1993, also provides for the creation of a second level of territorial divisions whith its own powers. Nevertheless, this reform has not been completed yet because of the difficulties to draw the territorial divisions and the necessity to define the State-local authorities relations.
Réformes administratives et gestion publique aux Pays-Bas
Authors: Kickert Walter J.M. 
Published: January 2024

Administrative Reforms and Public Sector Governance in the Netherlands.
In the Netherlands, as in most Western countries, reducing public deficits has constituted the main objective of administrative reform. However, successive governments have attempted to find alternative solutions, persuaded that the pure and simple adoption of management and private competition methods would not suffice. This is why, parallel to the traditional «management» approach, new relationships have developed within the very heart of the administration, in order to increase their efficiency on both the level of public policy elaboration as well as its application.
À la recherche du temps perdu : la modernisation de l’administration en Grèce
Authors: Spanou Calliope 
Published: January 2024

The Search for Lost Time : The Modernization of Greek Administration.
The turbulent history of the Hellenic nation encouraged the establishment of a pre-Weberian bureaucracy completely dependent on the political branch. Over the past fifteen years, several important reforms have introduced a sort of anarchical transformation of administrative structures and public service organization. The environment and functioning of the administration remain unchanged since innovative measures are often stillborn. Only Greek’s participation in the European Union seems to be a favorable factor motivating the modernization of its administration.
L’administration et le principe de légalité
Authors: Schmidt-Abmann Eberhard 
Published: January 2024

Administration and the Principle of Legality.
As in any System governed by the rule of law, the administration in Germany is obliged to abide by the principle of legality. The application of legal norms which are binding upon the administration (such as the Constitution, EC Law, statute law, general principles of administrative law, administrative regulations and customary law) are often complex, given the specific nature of administrative activity. Moreover, the principle of legality is faced with new challenges linked to the emergence of new enquiries into the capacity of law to regulate activity.
La cogestion dans l'administration allemande
Authors: Battis Ulrich 
Published: January 2024

Co-management in German Administration
Ulrich Battis
The rules which apply to co-management in German administration vary according to the status of the employer : the rules goveming businesses apply to persons regulated by private law, those goveming the representation of personnel apply to public law bodies. Co-management implies the participation of private interests in order to promote the public interests. Laws -both federal and regional- about the representation of personnel govem the co-management regime. Constitutional control over regional laws has led to the formulation of two questions. Do the laws respond to the demands of efficient administration ? Do the measures conceming co-management respond to the demands of democratie legitimacy ?
Alice au pays de la codification à droit constant
Authors: Vigouroux Christian 
Published: January 2024

Alice in the Codification of Existing Laws Land.
The codification of existing laws to retain legal constancy is criticised for leading to legal uncertainty because it reasserts a form of incomplete law. This type of codification, as a form of compilation, is a first and indispensable stage for any practitioner or subsequent reform. Because the continued codification of new law demands that the content and the perimeter of the code be established, this is an instance of real legal politics.
La codification aux États-Unis
Authors: Bermann George A. 
Published: January 2024

Codification in the United States of America.
The lack of recognition given to codification in the United States is a reflection of the role played by the common law in the legal system which prohibits a legal text from being considered the exclusive or universal source of law in a particular area. Certain objectives of codification (unity, transparency, coherence) are sought by other means (model or standard-form statutes, restatements, Law Revision Commissions), but systematisation remains for the moment a preoccupation which is alien to the American System.
Les structures françaises : la Commission supérieure de codification
Authors: Robineau Yves 
Published: January 2024

The French System : the Superior Commission on Codification.
A policy of codification was initiated with the creation of a specialised institution called the Superior Commission on Codification. Operating under the presidency of the prime minister, the Commission comprises permanent and non permanent members from a variety of sectors. The institution's role is to provide the impetus of initiative even before preparation of a code is underway. Codification is a long-term operation and demands continual initiatives from the successive governments which take up office around the Commission.
Remarques sur la numérotation des articles dans la codification
Authors: Reigné Philippe 
Published: January 2024

The Numbering of Codes and its Implications.
In former times figures added a symbolic, magical dimension to written law. Nowadays, concern over rationalisation dictates the way in which texts are numbered. While this issue is not confined simply to the drafting of codes, it is, nevertheless, most developed in the process of codification. As far as its form is concerned, numbering is particularly influenced by history and by models taken from abroad. Its primary objective remains to facilitate the reading of the codified articles, without losing sight of the interest of users, without which codification would lose all sense.
Le rôle des technologies de l'information dans la réforme de l'État
Authors: Bion Richard 
Published: January 2024

The Role of Information Technology in State Reform.
New technologies and information Systems provide practical means to accompany changes linked to State reform. Thus, having identified the advantages and disadvantages which are generated by use of information technology, the Commissariat for State reform has come to play a key role in putting this technology into operation in the French administrative System. The objective sought is to equip the State with all performance Systems which may be necessary to enable it to function properly, to evolve in the future and especially to improve its relations with those who use public services.
Les enjeux socio-politiques de la mise en place de l'inforoute
Authors: Comeau Paul-André 
Published: January 2024

The Socio-political Implications of Setting up the Information Super-highway.
The appearance and development of new information technologies necessarily imply that urgent consideration be given to the reconciliation of these techniques with the respect of citizens’ fundamental rights. The demands of modernisation mean that administration are making huge usage of information technologies but, while it is understandable that State has knowledge of certain aspects of the activity of its citizens, its gaze should not linger upon those aspects which concern the core of private life. A dialogue must be established between the State, its administration and citizens in order to create a better understanding of technology and a better appreciation of the advantages and the problems which arise from its use.
Le citoyen «Internaute» entre liberté d'accès aux documents administratifs et protection des données personnelles
Authors: Maisl Herbert 
Published: January 2024

The Citizen ‘Internetted’ Between Freedom of Access to Administrative Information and Data Protection.
As the administration becomes more transparent access to administrative information constitutes both a liberty for the citizen and a threat to private life. The legislative framework in France reproduces this duality by distinguishing access to administrative information from the protection of personal data. The massive circulation of data on international networks makes it necessary to evaluate this legislation. The use of network services generates usage of computerised data. The increasing dissemination of
Les relations intergouvernementales dans la nouvelle Afrique du Sud
Authors: Tapscott Chris 
Published: January 2024

Intergovernmental Relations in the New South Africa.
The existing differences between the entities which constitute the South African union, together with the policy of apartheid, have widely influenced intergovernmental relations which have progressively gelled into a centralised operation functioning in an autocratie manner. The central character of the state has not been put into question with the end of apartheid, but it is possible to identify within the new structure a number of characteristics which are common among federal states. The new Constitution redefines intergovernmental relations but it does not impose a way forward. Legislation is, therefore, awaited. Nevertheless, one should not expect any spectacular improvements in efficiency as a result of the codification of intergovernmental relations. Political and administrative reality determines intergovernmental relations rather than vice versa.
Légitimité de référence et régulation financière de l’action publique conventionnelle : le cas du contrat de plan État-région
Authors: Leroy Marc 
Published: January 2024

The Legitimacy of ‘Referential’ Regulation and Financial Regulation of Contractual Relations between Public Bodies : the Example of State-Region Development Contracts.
Research carried out into state-region development contracts permits an investigation into the regulation of negotiations of contractual relations between public bodies and into their institutionalisation. Study of negotiation techniques reveals two forms of regulation : regulation described as ‘referential’ which denotes an approach which is resolutely cognitive; and financial regulation which calls into play rules which are less visible but which are decisive in comprehending both the role of the state and the issue of negotiation itself.
La directive européenne relative à la protection des données : fondements, histoire, points forts
Authors: Brühann Ulf 
Published: January 2024

The European Directive on Data Protection : Foundations, History, Strong Points
Following on from a variety of national and international (OECD and Council of Europe) initiatives and pushed on by the consequences of achieving the internal market, the European Community has adopted principles of data protection. While some fear a purely market approach to the question, the European directive is clearly inscribed within a framework of protecting human rights and freedoms. The objective of ensuring a high level of protection has survived the different compromises, which were necessarily agreed in drafting and adopting the text.
La mise en œuvre de la directive en Suède : une source de remous juridiques
Authors: Magnusson Sjöberg Cecilia 
Published: January 2024

Putting the Directive into Operation in Sweden : Causing a Legal Stir
Data protection was ensured by an Act of 1973 which over the years has failed to adapt to the rapid development of new technologies. The necessary transposition of the European directive has reinforced the need for legislative reform. Adopted very quickly, the new law of 1998 on data protection has given rise to strong reactions. The debate has emphasised the tension between privacy protection and the freedom of the press. Besides, it was not possible to debate key questions such as the transmission of data to third countries during the legislative process.
Progrès technologique, protection de la vie privée et responsabilité politique
Authors: Burkert Herbert 
Published: January 2024

Technological Progress, Protection of Private Life and Political Responsibility
The protection of private life in the face of new technologies is a necessity which is universally recognised today and which carries with it the seeds of its own decline. On the one hand, it does not seem to be able to keep pace with technological developments ; on the other, it cannot escape from the prevailing crisis which surrounds regulation in general. While private life continues to be subject to increased bureaucratisation, we are witnessing at the same time the emergence of new values which seem to contradict our attachment to the need to respect private life. Technological solutions (ciphering) or legal responses (such as accessibility of public data and freedom of information) are not sufficient to deal with these problems. The necessary re-evaluation of the distribution of power to control information is a matter of political responsibility.
Les relations avec les pouvoirs législatif, exécutif et judiciaire
Authors: Sousa Alfredo de 
Published: January 2024

Relations with Legislative, Executive and Judicial Powers.
The rules, which apply to high level institutions carrying out control functions generally, have a constitutional foundation, which guarantees their independence with respect to the three state powers. Beyond the guarantees provided by these rules, the institutions generally enjoy autonomy in their financial and personnel management and a large degree of budgetary autonomy. Finally, the supreme audit institutions collaborate, to a greater or lesser extent depending on the country concerned, with the judiciary which ensures that the controls are effective, and also with the legislative power, which is the principal addressee of their work.
Vers une Europe des polices ?
Authors: Bigo Didier 
Published: January 2024

Towards a European Policing Policy ?
It is without doubt that, dating back before economic co-operation, co-operation in police matters has a logic to it which is largely independent of the European institutional framework, even if the process of europeanisation has brought about a redefinition of its forms. Adding a preventative dimension to the traditional reactive aspect of police work, the concept of ‘internal security’ is developing without the community institutions having yet mastered this evolution.
La police de proximité : ce qu’elle n’est pas
Authors: Monjardet Dominique 
Published: January 2024

Local Policing.
The idea of local policing may be defined equally well by what it is as opposed to what it is not. By sketching successive opposing strategies it is possible to identify the form of local policing, as it is, or as it ought to be, put into operation in France. Long since at the centre of debate and reform projects, local policing stands for neither community policing nor policing detached from central authority, nor, moreover, for policing for better-off neighbourhoods.
Heurs et malheurs de la police communautaire au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Journès Claude 
Published: January 2024

The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Community Policing in the United Kingdom.
At a time when, in France, we are looking towards creating closer links between the police and the population, it is imperative to take a look at British community policing, which is often identified as a model. While a traditional institution, community policing in practice is capable of adaptation, whether it be in Northern Ireland because of the opposition between Catholics and Protestants, or in England and Wales due to the presence of poorly integrated ethnic minorities and social conflicts. Over and above the solutions adopted to respond to these problems, it is the capacity of the British police to recognise its faults and to reconstitute social links in a permanent way which must be folio wed as a model example.