bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after sedation with xylazine
Authors: Dooley M. P. , Pineda M. H. , Hopper J. G. , Hsu W. H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after administration of xylazine was examined. In experiment 1, the mean (± SD) spermatozoal concentration in urine collected by cystocentesis before ejaculation was 0.322 ± 0.645 × 106/ml. After ejaculation, motile spermatozoa were present in the urine collected by cystocentesis from 12 of 15 dogs, and the concentration of spermatozoa in the urine (5.139 ± 7.014 × 106/ml) was higher (P < 0.025) than the concentration in the urine collected before ejaculation. The percentage of the total number of spermatozoa that were displaced during ejaculation and flowed into the urinary bladder (retrograde flow) ranged from 0 to 99.75% (24.67 ± 33.98%).
In experiments 2 and 3, administration of xylazine to sexually rested dogs induced retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder. In experiment 2, all dogs had spermatozoa in urine collected after xylazine administration, with motile spermatozoa present in the urine from 9 of 10 dogs. In experiment 3, urine collected from dogs before administration of xylazine was azoospermic or contained few, nonmotile spermatozoa (0.063 ± 0.135 × 106/ml), whereas urine collected after administration of xylazine had more (P < 0.025) and motile spermatozoa (3.717 ± 4.273 × 106/ml).
In experiment 4, administration of xylazine to dogs after ejaculation did not increase the concentration of spermatozoa in the urine. Results indicate that spermatozoa flow into the urinary bladder of dogs during ejaculation or after administration of xylazine to sexually rested dogs.
Endomyocardial biopsy in cats
Authors: Rush John E. , Keene Bruce W. , Eicker Steven W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A technique for transvenous endomyocardial biopsy of the right ventricle was developed and evaluated for safety and efficacy in anesthetized healthy cats positioned in left lateral recumbency. At least 6 endomyocardial biopsy specimens were obtained from the right ventricle or interventricular septum of 11 cats. In 4 cats, the right jugular vein was torn during attempts to pass the introducing catheter into the right ventricle; however, in only 1 cat did this preclude catheter passage. This cat's heart was biopsied via the left jugular vein. Except for damage to the jugular vein, complications were infrequent, and the biopsy procedure was well tolerated by all cats.
Morphologic and ultrastructural evaluation of effect of ischemia and dimethyl sulfoxide on equine jejunum
Authors: Arden Warwick A. , Slocombe Ronald F. , Stick John A. , Parks Andrew H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Morphologic changes in equine jejunal segments subjected to 1 hour of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion, and protective effects of systemic administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso; 1 g/kg of body weight) were investigated in 18 ponies, using light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ponies were allotted to 4 groups: group 1—control (n = 3); group 2—dmso (n = 3); group 3—ischemia (n = 6); and group 4—ischemia and dmso (n = 6). In each pony, 2 jejunal sections were evaluated. The first section was obtained prior to induction of ischemia, and the second was obtained 2 hours later after reperfusion. Mucosal lesions were graded from 0 (normal) to 5 (most severe).
Combined ischemia and reperfusion of 2 hours’ duration induced moderately severe mucosal injury to the equine jejunum (group 3; grade 1.5 to 2.5), characterized principally by disruption of enterocyte attachment from the basement membrane and lamina propria. Fluid accumulation disrupted enterocyte cell-to-cell adhesion toward cell bases, while apical tight junctions and desmosomal junctions toward the luminal surface remained intact. Intracytoplasmic organellar changes within enterocytes were not a prominent feature of the injury. The aforementioned processes were marked at the villus tip and progressed down the villus sides. These findings support the importance of mechanisms leading to early sub-epithelial fluid accumulation rather than that of direct severe enterocyte injury. Further, fluid accumulation does not appear to arise from intercellular migration from the luminal surface. In this model, a pathomechanical effect caused by vigorous villus retraction appears to exacerbate epithelial lifting toward the villus tip. Systemic administration of dmso (1 g/kg) prior to reperfusion failed to improve the appearance of the mucosa (group 4; grade 1.5 to 4.0), suggesting that it was ineffective in preventing this form of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Lectin histochemical characteristics of the canine female mammary gland
Authors: Castagnaro Massimo , Canese Maria G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twelve biotinylated lectins and an avidin-biotin-peroxidase method were used to detect and localize specific carbohydrate residues on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded female canine mammary gland sections. Histologic sections from 3 lactating and 7 nonlactating mixed-breed dogs (age 5.6 ± 0.35 years) were incubated with Arachis hypogea agglutinin (peanut agglutunin; pna), Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (conA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (dba), Glycine max agglutinin (sba), Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin-I (gs-I), Lens culinaris agglutinin (lca), Lycopersicon esculentum agglutinin (lea), Phytolacca americana mitogen (pokeweed mitogen; pwm), Ricinus communis agglutinin-I and-II (rca-I and -II), Triticum vulgaris (wga), and Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (uea-I). Each lectin had a specific binding pattern, except sba and dba.
In nonlactating glands, pna, conA, lea, and uea-I stained duct cells in a linear-binding pattern, with a mean percentage of positive ducts per section of 28.7 (± 0.6), 65.7 (± 0.3), 100 (± 0), and 8.4 (± 0.2), respectively. Strong apical, lateral, basal, and cytoplasmic positivity on duct cells was seen after incubation of the sections with rca-I, rca-II, and wga in all ducts. In acinar cells, the binding pattern and the staining distribution of all the lectins studied were similar to those in duct cells. However, for pna, conA, and uea-I, the mean percentage of positive lobules per section was 33.7 (± 0.9), 62 (± 0.5), and 10.5 (± 0.2), respectively.
In glands from lactating dogs, conA and uea-I did not stain. The cytoplasm of all myoepithelial cells was moderately stained with rca-I, rca-II, and wga. Endothelial cells stained with gs-I, pwm, rca-I, rca-II, wga, conA, and lca. The extracellular matrix, especially the periacinar and periduct regions, and the interstitial fibroblasts were positive for lca, rca-I, rca-II, and wga. Peripheral unmyelinated nerve fibers of the nipple were strongly positive for GS-I, pwm, rca-I, rca-II, and wga. Some of the lectins used (ie, pna, conA, uea-I, gs-I, pwm, and lea) appear to have selective staining of mammary gland structures that seems to be correlated with various physiologic functions. The contrasting binding pattern of lectins specific for the same sugar indicates a lack of knowledge of interactions between lectins and carbohydrate residues in tissue sections.
Evaluation of the Schirmer tear test in clinically normal rabbits
Authors: Abrams Kenneth L. , Brooks Dennis E. , Funk Richard S. , Theran Peter 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Mean (± SD) value for results of the Schirmer tear test without use of topical anesthesia on 142 rabbit eyes was 5.30 (± 2.96) mm/min; range was 15 mm/min, with low value of 0 and high value of 15 mm/min. Two SD from the mean provided a normal clinical range of 0 to 11.2 mm/min for inclusion of 95% of the population. Significant differences were not evident between eye (right vs left) or gender or among breeds; interaction among eye, gender, and breed also was not observed. Although mean values for 2 breeds were significantly different from values in the other 10 breeds and from each other, they were still within the proposed normal range of 2 SD. The Schirmer tear test without topical anesthesia may be useful in rabbits for evaluation of increased values correlated with ocular irritation, rather than for determination of decreased values associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Hemodynamic effects of carbon dioxide during intermittent positive-pressure ventilation in horses
Authors: Wagner Ann E. , Bednarski Richard M. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The hemodynamic effects of high arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) during anesthesia in horses were studied. Eight horses were anesthetized with xylazine, guaifenesin, and thiamylal, and were maintained with halothane in oxygen (end-tidal halothane concentration = 1.15%). Baseline data were collected while the horses were breathing spontaneously; then the horses were subjected to intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, and data were collected during normocapnia (PaCO2, 35 to 45 mm of Hg), moderate hypercapnia (PaCO2, 60 to 70 mm of Hg), and severe hypercapnia (PaCO2, 75 to 85 mm of Hg). Hypercapnia was induced by adding carbon dioxide to the inspired gas mixture. Moderate and severe hypercapnia were associated with significant (P < 0.05) increases in aortic blood pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, maximal rate of increase and decrease in left ventricular pressure (positive and negative dP/dtmax, respectively), and median arterial blood flow, and decreased time constant for ventricular relaxation. These hemodynamic changes were accompanied by increased plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations. Administration of the β-blocking drug, propranolol hydrochloride, markedly depressed the response to hypercapnia. This study confirmed that in horses, hypercapnia is associated with augmentation of cardiovascular function.
Evaluation of equine digital Starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis
Authors: Allen Douglas , Clark E. Susan , Moore James N. , Prasse Keith W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A carbohydrate overload model was used in 8 horses to evaluate Starling forces and hemodynamics of the digit during the prodromal stage of acute laminitis. A pump-perfused extracorporeal digital preparation was used to evaluate blood flow, arterial pressure, venous pressure, capillary pressure, isogravimetric capillary filtration coefficient, osmotic reflection coefficient, and vascular compliance.
From these data, pre- and postcapillary resistances and pre- to postcapillary resistance ratios were determined. Vascular and tissue oncotic pressures were estimated from plasma and lymph protein concentrations, respectively. The osmotic reflection coefficient, an estimation of capillary permeability, was determined by means of the lymph protein wash-down technique. Using the collected data, tissue pressure in the digit was calculated by use of the Starling equation.
In the isolated digit, mean isogravimetric capillary pressure was 55.13 mm of Hg, mean plasma and lymph oncotic pressures were 22.29 mm of Hg and 7.2 mm of Hg, respectively, the mean osmotic reflection coefficient was 0.66, the mean capillary filtration coefficient was 0.003 ml/min/mm of Hg/100 g, and mean interstitial fluid pressure was 44.82 mm of Hg. The high capillary pressure appeared to be caused by high vascular resistance from the venous side, predisposing to enhanced capillary filtration and interstitial fluid accumulation.
Effects of a histamine type-2 receptor antagonist (BMY-25368) on gastric secretion in horses
Authors: Orsini James A. , Dreyfuss Daniel J. , Vecchione Josephine , Spencer Pamela A. , Uhlman Richard 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of a potent new histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, BMY-25368, were studied on gastric acid secretion in 5 foals from which food was withheld. Doses of 0.02, 0.11, 0.22, and 1.10 mg/kg of body weight were administered im in a randomly assigned treatment sequence. Following BMY-25368 administration, hydrogen ion concentration was decreased and mean pH was higher than baseline values in a dose-response pattern. At the 0.22 and 1.10 mg/kg doses, the high pH was sustained for > 4 hours. The BMY-25368 thus may be useful for treating gastric ulcer disease in horses.
Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Riddell groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle
Authors: Molyneux Russell J. , Johnson A. Earl , Olsen John D. , Baker Dale C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The toxicity of Riddell groundsel (Senecio riddellii) gavaged to calves at a known lethal rate was compared with the toxicity of riddelliine and riddelliine N-oxide, the pyrrolizidine alkaloids isolated from the plant, which were fed by intraruminal infusion. Doses of the alkaloids were adjusted to the amount determined to be in the plant and fed individually and in combination. The relative toxicosis in the calves was measured by clinical signs, serum enzyme changes, survival time to morbidity, and histologic changes.
Calves fed Senecio riddellii by gavage for 20 consecutive days to provide 45 mg of total pyrrolizidine alkaloids/kg of body weight/d developed clinical signs and serum enzyme changes typical of seneciosis, with 100% morbidity. However, calves receiving riddelliine at 4.5 mg/kg/d for 20 days had neither serum enzyme changes nor clinical signs of pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis. Calves treated with riddelliine N-oxide (40.5 mg/kg/d), and with riddelliine (4.5 mg/kg/d) and riddelliine N-oxide (40.5 mg/kg/d) in combination, had 100% morbidity, although the latter group had fewer liver lesions.
These results establish that the N-oxide form of the alkaloid alone is capable of inducing typical Senecio toxicosis in cattle and that the free base level of the plant cannot be considered to be the sole factor in assessing the toxicity of S riddellii.
Effects of divergent selection for limb weakness on bone and muscle cross-sectional areas in Duroc swine
Authors: Draper D. D. , Rothschild M. F. , Christian L. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The relationship of muscle and bone structure to limb weakness was examined in 60 Duroc pigs from 3 lines divergently selected for thoracic limb weakness. The lines were designated high, control, or low, with the low line having inferior thoracic limb structure. At approximately 100 kg, 10 pigs of each line and gender were scored for thoracic limb structure and movement. Right and left thoracic limbs were collected at slaughter. A computerized morphometric image analysis system was used to determine cross-sectional areas of muscles, bones, and soft tissues at levels through the brachium, antebrachium, metacarpus, and digits. The statistical model that was used to analyze the data included the effects of line, sire, gender, and side (left vs right), with weight as a covariate.
Total bone area was similar for all 3 lines of pigs at all cross-sectional levels, but significant differences in muscle and other soft tissue areas were observed, including significantly greater extensor area for the antebrachium (P < 0.001) in low-line pigs than in control- and high-line pigs, smaller total area (P < 0.05) of the metacarpus in low-line pigs than in control and high-line pigs, and less total area of the medial digit (P < 0.01) in low-line pigs than in control- or high-line pigs. Total area of bone and soft tissue for each cross-sectional region was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in boars than in gilts. Side differences also were observed in total cross-sectional areas of bone and soft tissue of the antebrachium, metacarpus, and digits. Pigs selected for inferior thoracic limb structure had less total soft tissue cross-sectional areas in distal limb regions than did control- or high-line pigs. Limb weakness may be related to altered distribution of soft tissue supporting structures of the thoracic limb.
Limb weakness, characterized by lameness, is a common problem in most swine herds and causes an economic loss in the commercial and seed stock swine industries. In boars, culling losses range from 10 to 40%.1-4 The swine industry would benefit considerably if the causes of limb weakness could be determined.
Several factors may contribute to limb weakness, including microbial infections,5-8 nutritional imbalances or deficiencies, 2,7,9,10 skeletal lesions, 1,11,12 and trauma.13 A hereditary contribution to limb weakness also has been suggested. 2,14-16 Three lines of pigs that differed genetically in their expression of limb weakness were developed from a five-generation divergent selection experiment. 16 These 3 lines of pigs provided an unusual opportunity to examine the relationship between muscle and bone structure and limb weakness. The purpose of the study reported here was to determine whether there were differences in the areas of muscles, bones, and other tissues at cross-sectional levels through the brachium, antebrachium, metacarpus, and digits among the 3 lines of Duroc swine differing in degree of limb weakness.
Ability of a mutagenized virus variant to protect young lambs from Rift Valley fever
Authors: Hubbard Kathryn A. , Baskerville Arthur , Stephenson John R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A live attenuated vaccine virus variant of Rift Valley fever (rvf) virus was developed by passaging a human isolate in tissue culture under the influence of the mutagen 5-fluorouracil. This virus variant (MV P12) has been assessed in this study as to its suitability as a vaccine, by testing its pathogenicity in young lambs and measuring its ability to induce a protective immune response.
Even high doses of the vaccine virus failed to induce any of the clinical or histopathologic changes associated with classical rvf virus infection. Although the vaccine induced mild pyrexia when given in high doses, viremia was not induced. Neutralizing antibody and a protective immune response was elicited with even low doses of vaccine virus.
These data, along with data of other workers on the lack of abortigenicity of this virus variant, indicate that the MV P12 variant of rvf virus is an excellent candidate for a safe and effective vaccine against rvf.
Evaluation of use of dimethyl sulfoxide for intra-articular lavage in clinically normal horses
Authors: Adair Henry S. , Goble Dallas O. , Vanhooser S. , Blackford J. T. , Rohrbach B. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The antebrachiocarpal and tarsocrural joints of 10 adult horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. Groups were formulated and were treated as follows: group 1, control (arthrocentesis only); group 2, buffered lactated Ringer solution; group 3, 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso; w/v) in lactated Ringer solution; and group 4, 30% dmso (w/v) in lactated Ringer solution. Joints were lavaged once with the respective solution. Prior to lavage and on days 1, 4, and 8 after lavage, all horses were evaluated for lameness and joint effusion; synovial fluid total and differential wbc counts, synovial fluid total protein concentration, and mucin clot quality were determined. Horses were euthanatized on day 8, and joints were evaluated grossly, histologically, and histochemically.
Significant difference was not observed in effect of lactated Ringer solution, 10% dmso, and 30% dmso on any measured variable. At 24 hours after treatment, significant (P < 0.05) difference in synovial fluid wbc numbers and total protein concentration was detected between control and treated joints. Eighty percent of lavaged joints had effusion 24 hours after treatment, compared with 30% of control joints.
Gross, histopathologic, or histochemical differences were not detected between treated and control joints. Results of the study indicate that buffered lactated Ringer, 10% dmso, and 30% dmso solutions induce similar inflammatory changes in articular structures and significantly greater inflammatory reaction than does arthrocentesis alone.
Mechanical and morphometric analysis of the third carpal bone of Thoroughbreds
Authors: Young David R. , Richardson Dean W. , Markel Mark D. , Nunamaker David M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The third carpal bone (C3) was collected from both forelimbs of 27 Thoroughbreds. On the basis of age, training, and history, specimens were assigned to 1 of 5 groups: yearling, untrained horses (group 1, n = 4); 2- to 3-year-old, untrained horses (group 2, n = 7); trained 2-year-old horses (group 3, n = 6); trained 3-year-old horses (group 4, n = 6); and 3-year-old, trained horses with carpal pathologic features (group 5, n = 4). A transverse section of subchondral bone 5-mm thick was cut in a precise fashion 10 mm below the proximal articular surface of all specimens. After high-detail radiography was done, indentation testing was performed on the proximal surface of the section at points 5 mm apart. The stiffness of the subchondral cancellous bone was determined from the slope of the load vs displacement curve. Topographic plots of stiffness measurements were compared with radiographs of each specimen. Point determinations were averaged to derive measures for the radial and intermediate facets, and for regions 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm from the dorsal margin of C3. Area fraction (1-p; p = porosity) was measured for the radial and intermediate facets, using an automated image analysis system.
Significant (P < 0.05) increases in stiffness and area fraction were found in the C3 from trained horses (groups 3 to 5), compared with untrained horses (groups 1 to 2). Stiffness and area fraction of the radial facet of pathologic C3 were significantly higher than the same variables measured in C3 from any other group. A typical profile of regional subchondral stiffness was identified in C3 from normal horses, with maximal stiffness measured 10 mm from the dorsal articular margin. A different pattern was found in pathologic C3, with significantly greater stiffness 15 and 20 mm from the dorsal articular margin when compared with normal horses. A highly significant (P < 0.0001) direct linear correlation between stiffness and area fraction at the radial facet was found. Topographic and radiographic analysis demonstrated good correlation between stiffness and radiographic density of the bone sections. The observed patterns of normal and pathologic C3 were contrasted. In particular, a large gradient in subchondral stiffness was identified in pathologic C3 at the dorsomedial aspect of the bone.
Efficacy of nitroscanate against naturally acquired infection with Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium caninum, and Trichuris vulpis in dogs
Authors: Craig T. M. , Mercer S. H. , Wade C. G. , Lynn R. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Eighteen dogs with naturally acquired helminth infections were used to evaluate the efficacy of nitroscanate against Ancylostoma caninum, Dipylidium caninum, and Trichuris vulpis. Approximately 15 minutes before treatment, the dogs were given 100 to 200 g of canned dog food. Ten dogs were treated with nitroscanate (50 mg/kg of body weight, po), and 8 dogs were given placebo tablets po. The dogs were euthanatized and necropsied 10 days after treatment and helminths were recovered from the small intestine and cecum. On the basis of the number of worms recovered from treated dogs vs the number recovered from control dogs, we determined the efficacy of nitroscanate to be 99.6% against A caninum, 99.8% against D caninum, and 0% against T vulpis.