bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of global climatic change
Authors: Tickell Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Crispin Tickell, Warden of Green College, Oxford since October 1990 brought to the lecture theatre an unusual combination of international experience and specialist knowledge of the environment. His distinguished career in the Diplomatic Service culminated in the posts of British Ambassador to Mexico, Permanent Secretary of the Overseas Development Administration (the government department responsible for aid and technical assistance), and British Permanent Representative (Ambassador) to the United Nations, a position which he held until taking up his present appointment in Oxford. His last two official appointments, in particular, enabled him both to expand and deploy the environmental interests which he had developed in parallel with his diplomatic career. During a sabbatical year at Harvard University in 1975–6 he wrote a study of Climatic change and world affairs which was well received, on publication, by expert and layman alike. His knowledge of climatology and imaginative interest in the social implications of climatic change were acknowledged by his appointment as an unofficial adviser on environmental matters to Margaret Thatcher. He delivered his lecture on the day of her resignation as Prime Minister.
The earth is not fragile
Authors: Lovelock James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor James Lovelock, FRS, is one of the most eminent representatives of that rare breed, the independent scientist. The first 20 years of his career were spent with the National Institute for Medical Research in London; during the same period he held visiting Fellowships at both Harvard and Yale Universities. In 1961 he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Baylor University’s College of Medicine and began an important series of consultancies to NASA which led to his pioneering work in measuring chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) gases in the atmosphere and predicting their effects. In 1964 James Lovelock broke free from the constraints of institutional science and pursued his research independently: ‘You may well ask’, he wrote in the introduction to his book The ages of Gaia, ‘whatever became of those colourful romantic figures, the mad professors, the Drs Who? Scientists who seemed to be free to range over all of the disciplines of science without let or hindrance? They still exist and in some ways I am writing as a member of their rare and endangered species’. James Lovelock used his freedom to develop the ‘Gaia theory’ which he expounded in this lecture and which was first formulated in his book Gaia, published in 1979. Ten years later, The Independent newspaper, in a leading article, commented that in his address to the ‘Friends of the Earth’ in September 1989 ‘Professor James Lovelock slaughtered just about every sacred cow in the scientific establishment and in the environmental movement’.
Water is best’: would Pindar still think so?
Authors: Bowman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Water is best’ is an inscription taken from the Roman baths at Aquae Sulis, or Bath as it is now known. The quote is attributed to Pindar, a poet born in Greece in 522 BC, and is taken from the first Olympian ode dedicated to the honour of Hieron of Syracuse. This poem was famed in antiquity for its brilliant use of metaphor, drawing on the beauty of nature to describe the athletic prowess of Greek heroes (Kirkwood 1982). The opening line ‘water is best’ expresses the widespread belief of the Greeks, and later the Romans, that water was the basic element and source of life.
Brushless servomotor sensors and digital signal processors
Authors: Nagakura Masateru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sensor attached to a brushless servomotor, in combination with an appropriate control circuit, detects the position information in positioning control. It is not until the sensor is combined with the control circuit that it becomes possible to detect positions. This section presents features and usages of rotary encoders, resolvers, and sensor digital signal processors.
Design method for brushless servomotors
Authors: Nakatsuka Haruo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two kinds of brushless servomotor: the SM type (synchronous motor) and the IM type (inductive motor). The SM type is mainly used because it has superior and easy to apply braking and is highly controllable because of its N-T characteristic and superior efficiency. In this chapter, information about SM type brushless servomotors will be given. Like common permanent magnet synchronous motors, a brushless servomotor consists of a fixed armature and a rotary magnet field.
Vortex motion
Authors: Acheson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We mentioned in §1.1 how the shedding of a starting vortex is essential to the generation of lift on an aerofoil, and we now investigate why this should be so.
Consider the situation at a time t after the start. Vorticity and viscous forces will be confined to (i) a thin boundary layer on the aerofoil, (ii) a thin wake, and (iii) the rolled-up ‘core’ of the starting vortex, as indicated by the shading in Fig. 5.2. Consider now a dyed circuit abcda which is large enough to have been clear of all these regions since the start of the motion. As the original state was one of rest the circulation round that circuit was originally zero.
Proof of the Pontryagin maximum principle
Authors: Hocking Leslie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now have to justify the PMP, which we stated in Chapter 6 and extended in Chapter 7. First we show that the PMP applied to linear autonomous time-optimal control problems is identical to the maximum principle TOP established in Part A. Then we outline the proof of the PMP in its basic form as defined in Chapter 6. In Part A we proved the existence of a solution of the time-optimal control problem and established a maximum principle TOP which we could use to construct the optimal solution for a variety of problems. In Chapter 6 we introduced the Pontryagin maximum principle which can be applied to a much wider class of problems. We have not, as yet, shown that the PMP provides identical solutions to those obtained using the results of Chapter 4. This identification of the two methods provides corroborative evidence for the validity of the PMP and also leads to a result that will be important when we proceed to the proof of the PMP. It is for this reason that the application of the PMP to time-optimal problems has been delayed until this chapter; otherwise, it could have formed part of Chapter 6.
Some applied optimal control problems
Authors: Hocking Leslie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimal control theory has been applied to a large variety of problems in many different fields. Some examples have been given in the preceding chapters. In this chapter we consider some applications of the theory in a more extended form, although the mathematical models are still greatly simplified. Some features of the real situations have to be ignored in order to present solutions that are meaningful to a non-specialist and that demonstrate the power of the theory in providing optimal strategies. Four problems, related to fishing, epidemics, trading, and physiology, are discussed in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You wake up one morning and in the half-light you see a figure with a strange hat crouching in the corner of the room. After a moment your eyes adjust and you realize that it is just your clothes thrown over a chair, and some bottles on the dressing table behind. Now you notice that your loved one is gone and find a note on the pillow saying ‘I LOVE XOU’.
Block codes, weight, and distance
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the examples of Chapter 1 divide the message into blocks before they process it. We shall concentrate on such codes, as they form the best vehicle for introducing the ideas of coding theory. For simplicity the channel will be taken to be the binary symmetric channel. Having found some examples, we need a method to assess their performance over a given channel. The key concept that forms the basis for the assessment is the Hamming distance, which is just the number of places in which two words differ. We shall show that the worst case error-processing performance of a code is completely determined by the minimum distance between code words.
Euclid’s algorithm
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to an algorithm that is the central technique of this book. It is Euclid’s algorithm, which was invented about 2000 years ago to find highest common factors of integers without first splitting them into their prime factors. It turns out that this algorithm is the key that enables us to construct all finite fields and to do arithmetic in them. In addition it provides an efficient method for error processing of BCH and RS codes. The existence of efficient error processors for these codes is the principal reason for their dominance of practical block-code implementations.
Roots of polynomials
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, polynomials have been treated as formal sums. That is appropriate for the construction of finite fields. The idea that polynomials are functions only gets in the way and causes confusion. However, one functional aspect of polynomials is important for our theory, namely the concept of a zero or root of a polynomial. Field extensions were originally introduced in order to solve polynomial equations. The most notable example of this is the introduction of imaginary and then complex numbers to solve the equation x + 1 = 0. That occurred in the sixteenth century and caused mathematicians of that time great philosophical problems, as can still be seen from the very names ‘real numbers’ and ‘imaginary numbers’. It is amusing to note that the introduction of the real numbers caused the ancient Greeks equal philosophical problems, and that they would have queried the attribute ‘real’ for most irrational numbers.
Appendix PF Polynomials over a field
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this appendix is to give a formal outline of the theory of polynomials. It is intended for reference rather than for study. A full exposition can be found in Cohn (1982). Throughout the appendix F is a fixed field. We begin with polynomials in a single indeterminate x. Initially the full set of field axioms is not required, so we shall use an integral domain R.
The Classification of Knots and 3-Dimensional Spaces
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People have been interested in knots at least since the time of Alexander the Great and his encounter with the Gordian knot. There are famous knot illustrations in the Book of Kells and throughout traditional Islamic art. Lord Kelvin believed that atoms were knots in the ether and he encouraged Tait to compile a talbe of knots about 100 years ago. In recent years, the Jones polynomial has stimulated much interest in possible relationships between knot theory and physics. The book is concerned with the fundamental question of the classification of knots, and more generally the classification of arbitrary (compact) topological objects which can occur in our normal space of physical reality. Professor Hemion explains his classification algorithm - using the method of normal surfaces - in a simple and concise way. The reader is thus shown the relevance of such traditional mathematical objects as the Klein bottle or the hyperbolic plane to this basic classification theory. The Classification of Knots and 3-dimensional Spaces will be of interest to mathematicians, physicists, and other scientists who want to apply this basic classification algorithm to their research in knot theory.
The ‘easy’ case
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now in a position to describe the classification procedure for knots (and other Haken manifolds) in the ‘easy’ case. (The meaning of the word easy will be explained below!) Let M be given as a triangulated 3-manifold with a pattern on its boundary. The pattern is itself a piecewise linear structure; we can assume that it occurs as part of the given triangulated structure of M, i.e. the pattern consists of edges and triangles on ∂M, the boundary of M. The next step is to define the complexity of a normal surface.
Subdirectly irreducible algebras
Authors: Blyth T S , Varlet J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An algebra L is said to be subdirectly irreducible if it has a smallest nontrivial congruence; i.e. a congruence α such that , ϑ ≥ a for all ϑ ∈ Con L with , ϑ ≠ w. Such a congruence a is called the monolith of Con L. The importance of such algebras is shown in a classic theorem of Birkhoff [2] which states that in an equational class of algebras every algebra can be embedded in a direct product of subdirectly irreducible algebras. An immediate consequence of the above definition is that if L is subdirectly irreducible then in Con L the trivial congruence w is ∧-irreducible. A particularly important case of a subdirectly irreducible algebra is a simple algebra, namely one for which the lattice of congruences is the two-element chain {w, i}.
The homeobox in cell differentiation and evolution
Authors: Robertis E M De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was also fortunate that, almost from the beginning, the efforts of those working on the mouse were dedicated to showing that homeobox genes were organized in complexes in genomic DNA, and to mapping on which chromosome they were located (Rabin et al., 1985). This strategy was indeed the correct one. After an extraordinary amount of work the human and mouse Antp-type complexes were mapped to four gene complexes, containing about ten homeobox genes each, as shown in Figure 1. The name Hox was coined for genes in the mammalian Antp complexes. Within the Hox-1 (now HOXA) through Hox-4 (now HOXD) complexes, each gene was numbered according to the order in which it was discovered (Martin et al., 1987). This created some confusion because the numbering did not follow a linear order (Fig.1), but was much better than having no systematic nomenclature at all.
GroEL and GroES
Authors: Martin J , Hartl F -U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Groel and GroES are essential for growth of E. coli at all temperatures4 Temperature-sensitive, conditional lethal mutants isolated on the basis of blocking phage λgrowth show impaired DNA and RNA synthesis5, a block in cell division that results in formation of long filaments without septa at the non-permissive temperature6 and a reduction in general protease activities (in the mutant Groel 140 but not in grof530)7. These pleiotropic effects may reflect the general role of the chaperon ins in protein folding and assembly.
SEC71
Authors: Green N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A mutant allele (sec71-1} was isolated based on its inability to insert into the membrane of the ER a membrane-bound fusion protein consisting of the N-terminal 255 residues of arginine permease and the complete histidinol dehydrogenase sequence encoded by the HIS4C region of H/541,2 The histidinol dehydrogenase portion of the fusion protein was poorly translocated across the ER membrane in sec71-1 mutant cells. This mutant was also defective in translocation of the dehydrogenase when it was placed behind only the N-terminal 189 residues of the permease and in the insertion of another membrane-bound fusion protein containing an N-terminal segment of Sec63p fused to invertase, a glycosylated reporter protein.
SEC11
Authors: öhni P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperature-sensitive, conditionally-lethal sec11 mutants were isolated by a density enrichment protocol1. The best characterized sec11 allele is sec11-7. Within 15 min of a shift to the restrictive temperature of 37°C, sec11-7 mutant cells display a block in the signal peptide processing of invertase and acid phosphatase. The uncleaved precursor polypeptides accumulate as core-glycosylated proteins presumably within the lumen of the ER. The sec11 mutant is unique amongst the originally isolated set of sec mutants1, since it does not display any proliferation of membrane-bounded organelles. A sec11-llsec11-7 diploid strain is unable to sporulate3
SEC59
Authors: és G K ép 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal sec59 mutants were selected on the basis of accumulation of inactive precursors of secreted proteins. Only one allele was obtained, sec59-1. At restrictive temperature, sec59-1 accumulates inactive and incompletely glycosylated forms of secretory proteins within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
DPM1
Authors: Orlean P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dol-P-Man synthase catalyzes the transfer of mannose from the sugar nucleotide GDP-Man to the long-chain polyisoprenoid dolichyl phosphate (Dol-P). The 5. cerevisiae DPM1 gene was isolated using a screen that detected overproduction of Dol-P-Man synthase activity in colonies of yeast that had been transformed with a multicopy yeast genomic library1. Plasmids isolated from the overproducing 5. cerevisiae transformants also conferred Dol-P-Man synthase activity on £. coli when transformed into the bacteria, indicating that the structural gene for Dol-P-Man synthase had been isolated1.
ER α,1,2-mannosidase
Authors: “ Herscovics 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pulse-labeling studies showed that a specific Man8GlcNAc2 isomer is a transient intermediate during processing of NIinked oligosaccharides in 5. cerevisiae1, indicating the existence of a highly specific a-mannosidase associated with the ER, since this reaction occurs in sec18 cells at 37°C2. The specific enzyme was separated from the yeast vacuolar a-mannosidase3, and was first purified as a protepolytically-released enzymatically-active soluble form of approximately 60 kDa on SDS-PAGE4, and then as the intact 67-kDa membrane-bound form5 This specific αmannosidase does not work on aryl a-mannoside, is inhibited by dMNJ, and is Ca2+-dependent.
Protein translocation and maturation in the mammalian Er
Authors: blatt J Roth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtually all of the information that has provided our current understanding of how proteins are selected for insertion into the mammalian ER has been obtained from in vitro studies of protein import into canine pancreatic microsomes. A model describing our current understanding of the early events in the mammalian secretory process is shown in Figure 1. Co-translational targeting of a nascent secretory polypeptide to the ER membrane is initiated by the high affinity binding of signal recognition particle (SRP) to the amino-terminal signal sequence as the latter emerges from the large ribosomal subunit1. SRP is a cytosolic ribonucleoprotein complex1 that binds the signal sequence, the ribosome, and an ER-specific receptor protein - docking protein (DP, also called the SRP receptor) 23. Binding of SRP to a ribosome-associated nascent polypeptide induces a pause in polypeptide chain elongation and concurrently mediates a high affinity interaction with docking protein at the ER membrane1 Binding of SRP to docking protein promotes two further events: (i) the formation of a stable receptor-mediated interaction between the ribosome and the ER membrane, and (ii) the release of the nascent chain from SRP and its insertion into the ER membrane.
Signal recognition particle (SRP)
Authors: Zimmerman D L , Walter P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The particle is comprised of one molecule of 7SL RNA (about 300 nucleotides) and six distinct polypeptides3 The six SRP polypeptide chains are organized into four SRP proteins. These are two monomers, a 19 kDa polypeptide and a 54 kDa polypeptide, and two heterodimers, one composed of a 9 kDa and a 14 kDa polypeptide (p9/14), and the other comprised of a 68 kDa and a 72 kDa polypeptide (p68/72)4. The 7SL RNA spans the length of the SRP particle which, when viewed by electron microscopy, has a rodshaped, elongated structure5. SRP can be dissected biochemically into two structural and functional domains. One consists of p9/14 bound to the portions of 7SL RNA that contain the Alu sequences (see description of 7SL RNA below) and other (the S domain) consists of the remainder of the proteins and RNA6.
Calnexin
Authors: Bergeron J , Wada, I , Thomas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequences of two overlapping cDNA clones isolated from a dog pancreas cDNA library (GenBank accession number X53616) reveals a precursor protein of 593 amino acids including a 20 residue N-terminal signal sequence that is cleaved to generate the mature protein of 573 amino acids (calculated molecular mass 65,403). This mature protein contains an amphipathic sequence at residues 402-422, a potential transmembrane sequence at residues 463-484, and a cluster of acidic residues at the C-terminus whose presence may explain the abnormally high mobility (-90 kDa) of the protein during electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE.
GRP94
Authors: Green M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Murine GRP9411is encoded as an 802 amino acid precursor with a signal peptide of 21 amino acids. The calculated molecular weight of the mature protein is 90,096. There are six potential N-glycosylation sites in the murine GRP94 sequence. Only one of these, N196DT, is used under normal circumstances8,12. When GRP94 is over-expressed in COS cells11, however, a fraction of the molecules are hyperglycosylated in an all-or-none fashion at the three (OOH-terminal N-glycosylation sites12, N424VS, N460DT, and N481RT. This alteration in the pattern of glycosylation may reflect changes in the way in which GRP94 is translocated through the ER membrane during its synthesis.
7/Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI)
Authors: Freedman R B , Tuite M F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
prolyl-4-hydroxylase subunit3.4; microsomal triglyceride transfer protein complex 58 kDa subunit5; ERp596, cellular thyroid hormone (T3) binding protein78; glycosylation site binding protein9; iodothyronine monodeiodinase. Protein chemical, enzymic and immunological data establish that the PDI polypeptide also acts as the subunit components of the tetrameric (a2 2) enzyme prolyl-4-hydroxylase34 and of the heterodimeric microsomal triglyceride transfer protein complex5 PDI was also isolated as ERp59, one of a set of abundant ER luminal proteins (ERps) in murine plasmacytoma cells. Purified PDI is readily affinity.
KBP-13
Authors: Sykes K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the FKBP-13 gene cloned from human cells (GenBank accession #M65128} predicts a protein of 141 amino acids that includes an N-terminal hydrophobic region thought to constitute a 21 residue signal peptide712. A (-terminal tetrapeptide (RTEL) may serve as a ER retention (or retrieval) sequence7 There is 55% amino acid sequence identity between the mature FKBP-13 proteins isolated from human cells and yeast, and 44% identity between FKBP-13 and the major cytoplasmic FKBP (FKBP-12) of human cells. A central region of marked homology among the several FKBP family members coincides with the drug binding and enzyme active site defined in FKBP-12.
SPC22/23
Authors: Shelness G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amino acid sequence of SPC 22/23, deduced from cDNA clones2(GenBank accession number JO4067), predicts a protein of 180 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 20,314 Da. It contains a single N-linked, high mannose oligosaccharide chain at amino acid 14112. Although no sequence similarity was observed between SPC 22/23 and other proteins with known or suspected roles in proteolytic processing or translocation, identity was established with tryptic peptides derived from the hen oviduct signal peptidase glycoprotein (gp23)2·3