bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northern Ireland 1932 Table C
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Northern Ireland 1932 Table C provides the model memorandum and articles of association for a company limited by guarantee without a share capital1 registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 19332 to 31 March 1961.3 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1932 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961.4 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, part 9 (ss 276–291), as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,5 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with Northern Ireland 1932 Table C or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.6 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, the re-registration of a company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, s 16(1), as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital, took place in the same manner and had the same effect as if it
Northern Ireland 1986 Table C
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Northern Ireland 1986 Table C provides the model memorandum and articles of association for a company limited by guarantee without a share capital1 registered in Northern Ireland from 24 September 19862 to 2 October 2009.3 The government proposes to bring into force the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration of new companies on 1 October 2009,4 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.5 Processing of applications for registration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies Act 1985.6 A company which is registered on or after 1 October 2009 on an application received before that date is called a ‘transitional company’.7 Northern Ireland 1986 Table C will be the model memorandum and articles of association of a transitional company which is a company limited by guarantee without a share capital.8 It is expected that registration of transitional companies will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.9
Northern Ireland 1960 Table D
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
registered or re-registered in Northern Ireland from 1 April 19612 to 30 June 1983.3 From 1 July 1983 in Northern Ireland, no company can be formed as, or become, a company limited by guarantee with a share capital.4 It was contemplated in the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1981 (SI 1981/838 (NI 19)), art 10(1),5 that a company could be registered as a company limited by guarantee with a share capital on or after 1 July 1983 if the application to register it had been made before that date. Re-registration of an existing company limited by guarantee with a share capital to change it from private to public or public to private also appears to be possible. In addition, from 1 April 1961 to 23 September 1986, the articles of association of any company could adopt all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 1, or, from 1 April 1961 to 30 June 1983, Northern Ireland 1960 Table A, Part 2.6 From 1 April 1961 to 23 September 1986, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1960, part 8 (ss 332–347), as a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,7 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with Northern Ireland 1960 Table D or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.8
Northern Ireland 1986 Table D
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It came into force in on 24 September 1986.2 However, since 1 July 1983 in Northern Ireland, it has not been possible for a company to be formed as, or become, a company limited by guarantee with a share capital.3 It seems that Northern Ireland 1986 Table D functions as a model only on the registration or re-registration of an existing company limited by guarantee with a share capital, or as a model which an existing registered company must adhere to when amending its constitution. Northern Ireland 1986 Table D, Part 1, provides a model form of memorandum for a public company limited by guarantee with a share capital and Northern Ireland 1986 Table D, Part 2, provides a model for a private company limited by guarantee with a share capital.4 The provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration and re-registration of existing companies come into force on 1 October 2009,5 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered or re-registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.6 Processing of applications for registration or reregistration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986.7 It is expected that such re-registrations will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.8
Northern Ireland 1932 Table E
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1932 Table A could be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961.4 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company as an unlimited company with a share capital, under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, part 9 (ss 276–291), its existing constitution was treated as its memorandum and articles of association,5 subject to the statutory requirement of being in accordance with Northern Ireland 1932 Table E or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.6 From 1 January 1933 to 31 March 1961, the re-registration of a company under the Companies Act (Northern Ireland) 1932, s 16(1), as an unlimited company with a share capital, took place in the same manner and had the same effect as if it were the first registration of the company,7 and so its memorandum and articles of association had to be in accordance with Northern Ireland 1932 Table E, or as near thereto as circumstances admitted.8
Northern Ireland 1986 Table E
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The provisions of the Companies Act 2006 relating to registration of new companies come into force on 1 October 2009,4 but it is proposed that no companies will be registered under the 2006 Act until the following Monday, 5 October.5 Processing of applications for registration received before 1 October 2009 may continue on or after that day under the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986.6 A company which is registered on or after 1 October 2009 on an application received before that date is called a ‘transitional company’.7 1986 Northern Ireland Table E will be the model memorandum and articles of association of a transitional company which is an unlimited company with a share capital.8 It is expected that registration of transitional companies will be completed on or before 2 October 2009.9 All or any of the regulations contained in Northern Ireland 1986 Table A can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in Northern Ireland from 24 September 1986 to 2 October 2009.10
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Irish-language version (Tábla A, Cuid 2)3 is the default if the company’s memorandum is in Irish.4 Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2, incorporates Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, apart from arts 24, 51, 54, 84 and 86, and, from 1 April 1978, art 8. In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.5 A model form of memorandum for a company limited by shares registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964 is set out in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), sch 1, Table B.6 From 1 April 1964, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), part 9 (ss 328–343), as a company limited by shares which is a private company as defined in s 33, its existing constitution is treated as its memorandum and articles of association,7 and Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 2, does not apply unless adopted by special resolution.8
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table C
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
model memorandum3 and the default articles of association for such a company.4 The Irish-language version (Tábla C)5 is the default if the company’s memorandum is in Irish.6 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.7 All or any of the regulations in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table C, in either the English-language or Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of any company limited by guarantee without a share capital registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 3 August 1982.8 A company registered under the Companies Act 1963 as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital must be a public company, because only a company with a share capital can be a private company or a public limited company.9
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table D
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table D, Part 2, provided the model articles of association for a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, which was not a private company as defined in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), s 33,1 registered in the Republic of Ireland from 1 April 19642 to 12 October 1983.3 As from 13 October 1983, a company which is not a private company is a public company.4 From 13 October 1983, no company can be formed as, or become, a public company limited by guarantee with a share capital.5 Republic of Ireland 1963 Table D, Part 3, provides the model articles of association6 for a company limited by guarantee with a share capital, which is a private company as defined in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), s 33, registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.7 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.8
Republic of Ireland 1963 Table E
Authors: French Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
company as defined in the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), s 33,1 registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.2 As from 13 October 1983, a company which is not a private company is a public company.3 Republic of Ireland 1963 Table E, Part 3, provides the model articles of association for an unlimited company with a share capital, which is a private company,4 registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.5 In addition, all or any of the regulations contained in Republic of Ireland 1963 Table A, Part 1, in either the English-language or the Irish-language version, can be adopted in the articles of association of any company registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964.6 A model form of memorandum for an unlimited company with a share capital registered in the Republic of Ireland on or after 1 April 1964 is set out in Republic of Ireland Table E, Part 1.7 From 1 April 1964, on the registration of an existing non-Companies Acts company under the Companies Act 1963 (Republic of Ireland), part 9 (ss 328–343), as an unlimited company with a share capital, its existing constitution is treated as its
Irish Christians Again
Authors: Elliott Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1977 Punch magazine published its humorous (if somewhat condescending) cartoon on the Northern Ireland Troubles: ‘Oh dear, not the Irish Christians Again’ (Plate 1). This book too is about the historic divisions between Ireland’s main religious communities. In my choice of topic I had before me the formidable precedent of earlier Ford Lectures delivered by F. S. L. Lyons in 1978. These were later published in his influential Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890–1939. Leland Lyons was speaking in the worst decade of the Northern Ireland Troubles and there is a pessimistic fatalism running through his lectures. He was an Ulster Protestant, working in England before returning to Ireland in 1974 to become Provost of Trinity College Dublin.
Protestantism and the Spectre of Popery
Authors: Elliott Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recalling his schooldays in the 1930s and 1940s, the Belfast writer Robert Harbinson spoke of learning little history, except ‘the Protestant story’, ‘over and over again’. ‘On leaving school . . . I had no notion of the world’s past other than a few prehistoric tales and dreary details concerning our Protestant faith and the unrelieved darkness of Rome.’ In looking at Protestant identity in Ireland I am aware of the dangers of homogenizing the different Protestant denominations, of assuming a shared religious culture between southern and northern Protestantism, and of minimizing changes over time. But one thing has united Irish Protestants in the past and to some extent still does, particularly in Ulster.
The ‘Outlanders’ of Ulster
Authors: Elliott Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur Clery thought the southern Protestants capable of absorption into ‘Irishness’. Look north, however, and there you would find the ‘unabsorbable’ ‘outlanders’. ‘To pass Goraghwood is like crossing the highest ridge of the Alps. You leave behind you the kindly people of the South, and come upon the cold and harsh-tongued members of another nation.’ He envisaged shedding east Ulster north of a line drawn from Newry to Derry, ‘our’ boundary, shorn of ‘a disaffected body of turbulent and bigoted aliens’, then being made to coincide with ‘our people’. Such nervousness about the North long pre-dated partition in 1920 and has not been confined to one creed.
‘Our Darkest Days’: Religious Persecution and Catholic Identity
Authors: Elliott Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catholics responded to Protestant perceptions outlined in previous chapters with resentment, sometimes expressed in violence (though far less than Protestant mythology has claimed), sometimes in constitutional campaigns to win back what they had lost, and, most of all, in the development of a counter-culture espousing the very traits disliked by Protestants. And since it was their religion for which they were penalized, this became the most important aspect of their identity. The idea of a suffering, persecuted Catholic Church has been a core theme of modern Irish nationalism.
‘Beached’: Religious Minorities in Partitioned Ireland
Authors: Elliott Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Partition in 1921 created two states, informed by the separate religious identities outlined in previous chapters. Protestants in the South and Catholics in the North felt abandoned. Southern Protestants, of course, had long experience of being a minority, and their economically privileged position remained, even if significantly reduced. The determination of successive southern governments to be seen to act even-handedly towards its minority also assisted pragmatic, if reluctant, Protestant acceptance of the new situation.
Grammatical Diffusion in Australia Free and Bound Pronouns
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aboriginal people and their languages have been in Australia for at least 40,000 years. The Wrst settlers, speaking one or more languages, would within a few thousand years have spread out over the whole continent; at that time, a ‘family tree’ model of relationships would probably have been retrievable. This initial phase was then followed by tens of millennia of an ‘equilibrium situation’ (see Dixon 1997: 67–96), during which the overall number of languages would have remained roughly constant; the number might from time to time have doubled or halved, as water resources waxed and waned, but would not have changed in any more extreme fashion. The people were typically multilingual and there was constant social interaction, so that grammatical and phonological features— and lexemes—underwent steady geographical diffusion.
Asthma
Authors: Hasan Arshad S , Suresh Babu K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory condition of the airways which causes coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and tightness of the chest. Asthma attacks can be triggered by exposure to allergens, physical exertion, stress, or can be aggravated as a result of common coughs and colds. Over 5 million people in the UK and over 6% of children in the US suffer from Asthma, and a recent increase in prevalence is thought to be attributed to our modern lifestyle, such the changes in housing, diet and a more hygienic environment that have developed over the past few decades. Asthma: The Facts is a practical guide to asthma, suitable for those who suffer from asthma, their families, and the health professionals that treat them. It details how a diagnosis of asthma is reached, and what treatments are available to successfully manage the condition and prevent attacks on a day-to-day basis. The book contains advice on proactive changes which can be made to lifestyles, such as avoiding allergens, as well as how to cope with an attack, and how to administer the relevant treatment effectively. The authors conclude that whilst there is currently no cure for asthma, by taking a proactive, self-directed approach to management, its impact on the patient and their lives can be significantly reduced.
The diagnosis of essential tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conclusive diagnoses are important for a number of reasons, including prognosis, optimizing treatment and facilitating research. For example, ET can be treated with primidone, whilst Levodopa is usually effective in Parkinson’s disease, and tremor in both conditions can be treated with propranolol or with deep brain stimulation. Nevertheless, a cure has not been found for either of these disorders and, whilst the treatments may be effective in reducing the severity of the symptoms, they do not slow down or halt progression, and can have side-effects. A correct diagnosis of ET is also very important to the affected individual and their family, as it can have a profound impact on how the tremor is perceived within that family. Children can be informed about it—the risks of being affected, the available therapies—but, most importantly, that it is a clinically recognized disorder and not simply some vague nervous disposition.
The treatment of essential tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cause(s) of ET are not fully understood, so, by definition, the causes cannot be treated. It is the symptoms—postural/kinetic tremor and anxiety—that are targeted in ET and, in most (if not all) cases, effective treatments have been developed/discovered by accident (trial and error), or by following successes in the treatment of other similar and not so similar neurological disorders (Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, anxiety, chronic pain, etc). Clinical trials, or the personal experiences of patients, provide the evidence that a particular therapy is effective, and whether there are uncomfortable or intolerable side effects. The therapies available ameliorate the symptoms of ET, but the intervention is not risk free—other physiological and psychological processes in the human body will be affected by the therapies. The key question that doctors and patients face every day is: do the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks? If one relatively low risk treatment proves to be ineffective, a more potent but higher risk treatment would then be considered.
Who gets essential tremor?
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main characteristics of ET is that it often runs in families—it is inherited, hence its original description as ‘familial essential tremor’. In these cases, there is a defective gene (gene mutation) in the family and ET is highly heritable. However, there are affected individuals with no obvious family his- tory, so the ‘familial’ was dropped. GenETics can predict the probability that a child will be affected in an affected family as it is inherited as a dominant genetic trait, but in the absence of a family history it is currently not possible to predict who else is at risk of getting ET.
Possible causes of essential tremor
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As already discussed, there are a number of reasons to believe that there will not be a single cause of ET—no single mutant gene or aberrant neuron will be shared by all affected individuals. Other than the characteristic postural and kinetic tremor, everything else in ET is highly variable. The high incidence of ET worldwide makes it extremely unlikely that all affected individuals have the same genetic defect, and this is supported by the preliminary mapping of at least two different ET susceptibility genes, with many more yet to come (Chapter 5).
Resources for patients
Authors: Plumb Dr Mark , Bain Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Essential Tremor Foundation (IETF, USA) was founded in 1998 and the National Tremor Foundation (NTF, UK) was founded in 1992. Both charities were set up to provide patients and their families with timely, quality information on ET. This is primarily accomplished via the quarterly published newsletters. Each issue contains summaries of ongoing research progress as presented at professional educational meetings, articles about specific aspects of tremor written by ET specialist advisers and their colleagues, and suggestions on coping with the various problems associated with ET, written by specialists in the treatment of ET as well as by patients themselves who have found their own unique solutions. The IETF offers two electronic discussion boards that are readily accessible, one for parents of children with ET and the other aimed at adults.
Introduction
Authors: Mcnally Louise , Kennedy Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adjectives and adverbs are highly complex and significantly less studied than other major lexical categories such as nouns or verbs. The purpose of this volume is to devote some much needed attention to this complexity. The editors of this volume are semanticists, and it is no accident that all of the chapters presented here touch on semantics in some way. Adjectives and adverbs (or perhaps more precisely, the analysis of modification) force the semanticist to confront three fundamental theoretical issues. The first involves semantic composition. Although early work in Montague semantics generally adopted the so-called “rule-to-rule” hypothesis, which involved associating pairs of syntactic structures or constituent structure rules with semantic composition rules (Bach 1976), since Klein and Sag (1985) it has been more common to assume the arguably simpler and more elegant hypothesis that semantic composition is type-driven, and that idiosyncratic semantic composition rules are not necessary: functors simply apply to their argument co-constituents.’ As will become clear below, the semantics of modification is problematic for at least the simpler versions of type-driven translation when coupled with a simple theory of semantic types.