bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Promise of All Things E? Expectations and Challenges of Emergent Electronic Government
Authors: Seifert Jeffrey , Petersen R. Eric 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe ambiguous nature of electronic government (e-government) has resulted in hype and confusion, with little systematic consideration of the expectations and limitations of taking government online. This paper seeks to examine the role of e-government in the United States as an evolving process that manifests itself in three distinct sectors: government-to-government, government-to-business, and government-to-citizen. Using this typology as an organizing principle, we show how information technology has the potential to enhance government accessibility and citizen participation. We also show how the move toward a market-focused conceptualization of government information and service delivery raises the potential for blurring citizen and consumer roles, possibly at the cost of a robust, informed, and engaged citizenry.
Thailand: Boom, Bust, and Recovery
Authors: Hewison Kevin 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThailand's economic performance from 1957 to 1996 was remarkable, with uninterrupted, sometimes very rapid, growth. The decade to 1997 witnessed an unprecedented economic boom that came to a crunching and dramatic halt in July 1997, with the beginning of the Asian economic crisis, the impact of which is still being played out. Despite the crisis, Thailand's economic development has amounted to a capitalist revolution that has been more thorough than many would have thought possible even two or three decades ago. Thai society has been dragged from its agricultural past and plunged into an industrial present. Capitalism's ascendancy has incorporated the country in a world system, subjecting the economy and society to its many vagaries. Thailand's capitalist transition has had its own characteristics, but there have been processes at work, which mean that there is much that it also has in common with other capitalist transitions. The force of these processes has dominated the last century or so. This paper examines the evolution of Thailand's capitalism, preceded by a brief outline of theoretical debates regarding this development. In examining Thailand's capitalist development, this paper proceeds chronologically, charting broad development epochs. It delineates the social and political forces that shaped each phase of industrialization. The paper also addresses the changes to Thailand's political economy since the advent of the Asian economic crisis in mid-1997, and indicates how these developments are reshaping political and economic power.
The Development of an Integrated E-Commerce Marketing Framework to Enhance Trading Activities for Rural African Communities
Authors: Rhodes Jo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe World Bank Development Report on poverty findings (2000) posits that at the macro level the most effective antipoverty policies are those that enhance the efficiency of markets used by poor people. However, the report has little evidence to show that microeconomic development, particularly in social, political, cultural, and human assets, has been implemented successfully to support market efficiency and effectiveness in these rural communities. Although there has been some introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in rural communities, a significant proportion of the research work in ICT and rural development is speculative and often offers little more than project progress reports. An intensive case study on a rural African community reveals that poor market access might not be simply an ICT problem. The missing link appears to be the inability of rural communities to optimize existing facilities and resources. A more fundamental cause could be the lack of microeconomic reforms in these communities, resulting in ineffectually applied marketing skills, poor leadership and management ability, low status and power of women, inadequate financial knowledge, and insufficient technical and information technology knowledge. Hence, an integrated e-commerce marketing framework is put forward to resolve the problems mentioned. The development of this proposed model should be consolidated by further studies using the Participative Action Research approach.
Contested Ownership: TRIPs, CBD, and Implications for Southern African Biodiversity
Authors: Zerbe Noah 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe increasing importance of biodiversity sparked by the emergence of modern biotechnology has ignited tensions between transnational corporations and indigenous communities. Conflicting international instruments governing access to and control over biodiversity exacerbate disputes over control of local bioresources and knowledge. While there is some overlap between the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the agreements provide conflicting policy prescriptions regarding trade in biodiversity. The tension derives from the fundamentally different ontologies on which the agreements are based. In Southern Africa, governments are attempting to reconcile the agreements through national frameworks based on the OAU/AU Model Legislation. The success of such efforts will depend on the ability of the state to guarantee the rights of indigenous communities to control local biodiversity and the participation of such communities in the development of national legislation. In the end, such efforts depend on the rearticulation of the relationship between public and private spheres.
Globalization, Science and Development
Authors: Diaz-Balart Fidel Castro , Perez Rojas Hugo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe era of knowledge economies is inextricably linked with the current wave of globalization, which is asymmetrically benefiting Northern countries and thereby exacerbating the enormous wealth and quality of life gap with their Southern counterparts. Meanwhile, scientists, governments, and commercial institutions in the South are searching for effective ways to respond. Rather than insisting on developing indigenous technologies when abundant and well-proven technologies already exist, scientists can help choose the right ones and learn how to use them in specific contexts. As science and scientists are crucial in knowledge economies, they are increasingly figuring prominently in government decision-making. The wealth of nations in the era of knowledge economies is not based in their reserve of raw materials, but in their knowledge, research, technology, and innovation capacity. In short, for the Third World in particular, human capacity building is essential. In recent decades, a few Third World nations have experienced numerous world class scientific and technological achievements. This paper examines a few such national cases as well as makes assessments of necessary measures for nations of the South to advance with science and technology in service of socioeconomic development at the present juncture.
Family Feminism or Individual Feminism? Different Histories, Different Paths to Gender Equity
Authors: Fernea Elizabeth 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe Western feminist movement has been defined as an effort to separate biology from socialization in order to achieve equality between men and women. Muslim women's movements often reject this approach on the grounds that it devalues the family and reproduction. In this paper, historical comparisons between Christian and Muslim views of women demonstrate why East and West have reached this impasse, but also suggest how different cultural histories create different scenarios for achieving equality.
Sur Les Traces Du Quotidien Des Femmes Ordinaires à Travers Les Inventaires Posthumes: Vivre, Apparaître Et Défier
Authors: Larguèche Dalenda 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSi la mémoire des femmes, et en particulier celle des femmes ordinaires, est absente du récit historique classique, elle n'est pas pour autant inexistante dans les archives. Ses traces dans les tiroirs des archives ont pu traverser l'épreuve du temps et se prémunir contre l'oubli. Recueils de fatâwî, registres charaïques et inventaires posthumes constituent le grenier de l'histoire des femmes ordinaires dont le quotidien, bien qu'apparemment structuré par le banal et l'immobilité, se laisse de temps à autre, pénétrer par l'inattendu et l'extraordinaire. Une richesse d'informations sur les éléments constitutifs de la vie quotidienne, dans son espace comme dans sa temporalité, nous est offerte par ces sources. La voie est alors libre et nous pouvons pénétrer dans les demeures et entrer dans l'intimité de la vie privée des femmes. L'occasion nous est ainsi donnée d'observer, d'apprécier les éléments constitutifs du cadre de leur vie matérielle et de saisir les gestes de leur vécu quotidien. A travers cette immersion dans la mémoire de ces femmes c'est tout leur vécu et toutes ses facettes que nous nous proposons de reconstituer. Bien qu'introverti et tourné vers l'intimité de l'espace familial, le vécu ne peut cependant nous cacher l'ingéniosité des femmes à brouiller les rôles et à déplacer les conventions.
Teaching The Words Of The Prophet: Women Instructors Of The Hadith (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries)
Authors: Abou-Bakr Omaima 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe muhaddithat were women experts and teachers of the hadith and its literature, who were very prominent in their societies - especially of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The article highlights their role in this important field of higher education and argues that they should be given more credit for being interacting educators and not just transmitters. Reading closely the biographies of dozens of these women scholars, one discerns their professional status and efforts in disseminating a large corpus of the ad th sciences to male and female students. Significant details reveal their personal characteristics, the nature of their work, methods of teaching, and their social and cultural milieu. The biographies therefore offer an insight into the 'mixed' environment of this field, where male and female scholars interacted and where the muhaddithat taught and supervised large numbers of male students. This history also reveals the active involvement of these women in public work, albeit in the informal sector.
Gender Blindness And Societal Influence In Late Ottoman Damascus: Women As The Creators And Managers Of Endowments
Authors: Deguilhem Randi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBased on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Damascene waqf documents as well as juridical normative sources, this article focuses upon the pious foundations as a gender blind institution. In other words, stipulations (shurūt) which regulate the creation and management of endowments are identical for both men and women: the question, apparently superfluous, was, in fact, not even raised in the normative literature - it was simply a given. The article also reflects upon the fact that both men and women founders of waqf, juridically free to choose the beneficiaries and the administrators of their endowments, were in reality subject to societal influences which conditioned their choices.
SERVANTS, SLAVES, AND THE DOMESTIC ORDER IN THE OTTOMAN MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Zilfi Madeline 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTo an appreciable degree, female domestic work in the Ottoman Middle East was shaped by organizational and valuative premises that were also common to women outside the Ottoman and Islamic worlds. Ambiguity such as between women's duties and socially recognized "work", or between kin and servant—was a keynote of women's condition regardless of cultural setting. However, in the Middle East, the persistence of slavery into the late nineteenth century as a predominantly female and domestic-labor institution added a distinctive element to the nature of domestic labor and women's role within it.
ADVERTISING MODERNITY IN WOMEN'S WORLD: WOMEN'S LIFESTYLE AND LEISURE IN LATE-OTTOMAN ISTANBUL
Authors: Başci Pelin 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWomen and gender can be used as an index of modernization in late-Ottoman society. The study of women in relation to consumption is relatively new, but it is a topic capable of informing us simultaneously about the emergence of modern goods and services targeting women and women's attitudes and expectations towards the new lifestyle that was beginning to attract them. This study explores advertisements—mostly on education, entertainment, leisure and conveniences, food, and wealth—which appeared in a late-Ottoman women's journal, Women's World, during the early decades of the twentieth century. It traces the emergence of "the new woman" through the popular press, showing how women comprised a well-defined, visible market for many of the modern goods and services in these areas. Advertisements paint a picture of upper-class Ottoman women who were active in shaping a hybrid Ottoman modernity, even as they shared the anxieties of the broader culture, which greeted many of the new products, tastes, and customs with ambivalence.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISCURSIVE ROOTS OF THE CONTINUING DEBATE ON THE SOCIAL-SEXUAL CONTRACT IN TODAY'S EGYPT
Authors: Hatem Mervat 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper begins with an examination of the recent debate between active women's groups in Egypt who wanted to change the format of the marriage contract and the state functionaries who had claimed to better serve women's rights in the change of personal status laws. Next, it uses the work of Carole Pateman on the "sexual contract" in the West and its impact on the development of civil society to look back on the important Egyptian debate which took place in the 1890s and defined women's rights in modern society. The paper recovers the contributions made by 'A'isha Taymur and Zaynab Fawwaz to this discussion. It also examines shaykh Abdallah al-Fayumi's polemical response to Taymur and the views of the women's journals on the subject. It also shows how Qasim Amin borrowed heavily from these women in the development of a hegemonic fraternal discourse on women's rights that survives until today.
"DIRECTED" WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN INDONESIA: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AGENCY FROM WITHIN
Authors: Anwar Etin 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the extent to which women as the agents of change liberate themselves from the shackled cultural, social, and religious apparatus and empower themselves within the "directed" women's movements in Indonesia. I argue that while many women's movements prior to the 1980s were either established as auxiliaries to the parent's organization or directed by the state and operated under male authority with top-down managements, they have attempted to improve women's lives, especially in the area of consciousness raising, social welfare, public participation, marriage law, and education. They have also continued to reaffirm their agendas in order to empower women's roles in both private and public spheres.
Discontinuation of Life Supporting Measures in Germany
Authors: Ravenstein Christian 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe rights of people at the end of their lives have been discussed very controversially and at times very emotionally over the recent years. The key focus of the debate is the question, in what way the rights of the dying person have to be put into relation to the interest of third parties.This problem occurs when discussing the termination of life supporting measures. This contribution deals with the instruments of civil law available to the patient at the end of his life.
Asylym Seekers in Europe: Entitlements, Health Status, and Human Rights Issues
Authors: Bollini  
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe political asylum system in Western Europe is under strain. High numbers of people are applying for political asylum as the only possibility of living legally in Western countries, while governments are trying to prevent access to their territories and to discourage applicants. It is very difficult to foresee an equitable and timely solution of the root causes of many displacements, either extreme poverty or human rights abuse. In the meanwhile, many of those who are genuinely persecuted are rejected before their cases can even be considered.The entitlements to health care of different categories of refugees and asylum seekers have been reviewed. While convention refugees and de facto refugees have the same right to health care than the citizens of the country of asylum, asylum seekers and persons who are offered temporary protection tend to have restricted access to health care, although there is a great variability across countries. The available reports on the health status of asylum seekers in Western European countries document a quite difficult psychological and social adjustment. It is unclear whether this situation, which is caused by the stress of leaving their own country and family, by uncertainty over the future, and by possible exposure to violence is intensified by restriction to work, unsuitable organization of day to day life in asylum centers, and limited access to health care. A major effort is urgently needed to evaluate the health needs of asylum seekers, and to improve standards of reception and care in European countries.
Protecting Medical and Genetic Data
Authors: Hondius  
Published: May 2004

AbstractData protection was introduced in Western Europe in the early 1970s and now also extends to Central and East European countries. It is a remarkable example of the response given by Human Rights law to the challenges of modern society. The applications of science and technology in the fields of informatics and biomedicine have produced results unforeseen by any legislator. Regulation has been developed under the leadership of the Council of Europe. It aims at laying down basic principles of data protection but without blocking the future. The author presents a historical survey of the Council of Europe's two main treaties relevant to protection of medical and genetic data, those of 1981 (data protection) and 1997 (bioethics) and of several other texts. He concludes that the European Human Rights Convention should be reinforced with specific provisions on 'medical human rights' and on data protection. He also comes out in favour of separate treatment of traditional medical files and genetic data.
Harnessing the Human Genome Through Legislative Constraint
Authors: Smith II  
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe awesome predictive power of genetic medicine promises great advancements in not only the treatment of identifiable conditions but the prevention of their pathological manifestations. At the same time, the release and dissemination of this genetic or medical information poses a distinct risk of loss of privacy and stigmatization to carriers of genetic disorders. In order to safeguard the individual right of autonomy, privacy, confidentiality and informed consent—yet accommodate the legitimate interests of employers and insurers to obtain medical information relevant to their professional needs and economic responsibilities—a balance must be struck legislatively at the federal and state levels of government.
Messung und Regelung der neuromuskulären Blockade (Measurement and Control of the Neuromuscular Blockade)
Authors: Simanski Olaf , Kähler Ralf , Hofmockel Rainer , Pohl Birgit , Lampe Bernhard P. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Systems zur Messung und Regelung der neuromuskulären Blockade vorgestellt. Nach einer Einführung in die Aufgaben und das Arbeitsgebiet der Anästhesie werden verschiedene Messverfahren für die Erfassung der neuromuskulären Blockade vorgestellt. Für den simultanen Einsatz der beschriebenen Verfahren wurde ein neues Sensorsystem entwickelt, das ebenso wie seine Erweiterung zu einem Regelungssystem mit adaptivem Generalized Predictive Controller (aGPC) vorgestellt wird. Die erfolgreiche Regelung wird mittels einer Studie an 31 Patienten belegt, die sich längeren Bauchoperationen (Pankreasresektion) unterziehen mussten.
Nicht-invasive volumenkontrollierte Beatmung mit Rekonstruktion der Spontanatmung (Non-Invasive Volume Controlled Ventilation with Reconstructed Spontaneous Breathing)
Authors: Dietz Florian , Schloßer Axel , Abel Dirk 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Der Beitrag zeigt neue Möglichkeiten zur volumenkontrollierten Beatmung für die nicht-invasive Anwendung auf. Besondere Beachtung finden dabei Masken- oder Mundleckagen, die spontane Atmung der Patienten und eine kostengünstige Gerätekonstruktion. Es werden Verfahren zur Leckageidentifikation und zur Rekonstruktion der Spontanatmung vorgestellt, sodass zum jeweils nächsten Atemzyklus aktuelle Daten für eine Leckagekompensation und eine Klassifikation der Atemarbeit des Patienten zur Verfügung stehen.
Messung des linksventrikulären Schlagvolumens mittels eines faseroptischen Sensors (Measurement of the Left-ventricular Stroke-volume with a Fiberoptic Sensor)
Authors: Müller Stefan , Kloppe Axel , Mügge Andreas , Werner Jürgen 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Ergänzend zum intrakardialen EKG sollten hämodynamische Größen zur Steuerung von Herzschrittmachern und implantierbaren Defibrillatoren genutzt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein faseroptisches Messsystem entwickelt, welches über die optische Biegedämpfung die mechanische Herzkontraktion misst. Bei Untersuchungen an einem isoliert schlagenden Schweineherzen wurde eine gute Korrelation des Sensorsignals mit dem linksventrikulären Schlagvolumen nachgewiesen.
Chirurgieroboter für Kraniotomien – Risikoanalyse und erster Patientenversuch (Surgical Robot for Craniotomies – Risk Analysis and First Patient Trial)
Authors: Korb Werner , Engel Dirk , Boesecke Robert , Eggers Georg , Kotrikova Bibiana , Marmulla Rüdiger , O’Sullivan Noel , Raczkowsky Jörg , Hassfeld Stefan 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Innerhalb des Sonderforschungsbereiches SFB 414 — Informationstechnolgie in der Medizin: Rechner- und Sensorgestützte Chirurgie — wurde RobaCKa = Roboter-assistiertes Chirurgiesystem Karlsruhe) entwickelt. Es dient beispielsweise zum Fräsen von Trajektorien im knöchernen Schädel in der cranio-maxillofacialen Chirurgie. Da es sich bei Robotern um komplexe mechatronische Systeme handelt, ist eine systematische Analyse für fehlerfreies Design, Fehlerdetektion und Qualitätssicherung unumgänglich. In Universitäten und Forschungszentren kann hierfür nicht derselbe Aufwand wie in der Industrie bei der Fertigung von Medizinprodukten betrieben werden, da oft nur ein bis zwei Wissenschaftler an solchen Projekten arbeiten. Trotzdem ist es notwendig, ein Qualitätmanagement zu etablieren, nicht zuletzt da ein solches auch für klinische Studien vorgeschrieben ist. Außerdem vereinfacht es später den möglichen Technologietransfer. Außer den Risikomanagementmethoden werden in dieser Arbeit die Tests an Phantomen, Probanden und eine erste Operation am Patienten beschrieben und die Ergebnisse diskutiert.
Metalloxidgassensor-Array für die Qualifizierung der Luftgüte (Metal Oxide Gas Sensor Array for Air Quality Monitoring)
Authors: Wöllenstein Jürgen , Böttner Harald 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Es wird ein neuartiges “Single-chip”-Metalloxidgassensorarray zur Qualifizierung der Luftgüte vorgestellt. Das Sensorarray besteht aus vier unterschiedlich gassensitiven Sensorelementen (Cr1,8Ti0,2O3+z, ZnO, SnO2, WO3, V2O5), welche monolithisch auf einem Sensorchip integriert sind. Es wurde sowohl eine Variante auf Bulk-Silizium als auch eine mikromechanische Variante mit deutlich reduziertem Heizleistungsverbrauch entwickelt. Die mikromechanische Ausführung reduziert den Heizleistungsverbrauch von 1,6 W auf 0,26 W bei einer Arbeitstemperatur von 350°C. Labor- und Langzeitmessungen in anwendungsrelevanten Szenarien zeigen die Eignung als Luftgütesensor.