bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sporadic neoplasms of farmed chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), from New Zealand
Authors: Lumsden J S , Marshall S 
Published: July 2003

AbstractEight separate neoplasms with five distinct morphologies are described in the present report. The spontaneous neoplasms were identified in farmed chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), during processing. The masses were examined histologically and were classified as teratoma, rhabdosarcoma, biliary and renal cystadenomas, renal carcinoma and three leiomyomas. This represents one neoplasm detected for every 125 000 fish processed during the sampling period.
A comparative study ofEdwardsiella ictaluriparent (EILO) andE. ictaluririfampicin‐mutant (RE‐33) isolates using lipopolysaccharides, outer membrane proteins, fatty acids, Biolog, API 20E and genomic analyses
Authors: Arias C R , Shoemaker C A , Evans J J , Klesius P H 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe biological properties ofEdwardsiella ictaluriRE‐33 rifampicin‐mutant and its parent strain EILO were analysed. RE‐33 is an avirulent isolate used as a modified live vaccine against enteric septicaemia of catfish. Electrophoretic analysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) patterns showed high homology between both isolates. Further characterization of LPS by immunoblotting revealed the main differences in LPS composition. The RE‐33 isolate lacks the high molecular weight bands of LPS (HMW‐LPS). Outer membrane protein analysis also showed some immunological differences between RE‐33 and the EILO parent strain. Only two fingerprinting techniques, fatty acid composition analysis and Biolog phenotypic profiles, were able to discriminate between both isolates.
Post‐haemorrhagic anaemia in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), caused by blood feeding of Ceratothoa oestroides (Isopoda: Cymothoidae)
Authors: Horton T , Okamura B 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe effects of the fish parasitic isopod, Ceratothoa oestroides (Risso), on haematological parameters of its cage‐cultured sea bass host, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), were studied. Analyses of blood parameters (cell counts, haemoglobin content and haematocrit) were carried out on parasitized and unparasitized sea bass from a fish farm in Turkey. Parasitized fish had significantly lowered erythrocyte counts, haematocrit and haemoglobin values and significantly increased leucocyte counts. Blood feeding by C. oestroides thus produces a post‐haemorrhagic anaemia and the fish appear to mount an immune response to the presence of parasites.
Studies on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells cultured in type I collagen gel by RT‐PCR analysis
Authors: Taira M. , Toyosawa S. , Ijyuin N. , Takahashi J. , Araki Y. 
Published: July 2003

summary The purpose of this investigation was to examine by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis the osteogenic differentiation of twice‐passaged Sprague–Dawley rat bone marrow stromal cells in type I collagen gel cultured for 3 weeks. Two culture media were used here, namely Dulbecco's modified Eagle (DME) medium supplemented with vitamin C [Dex (–)] and those with vitamin C, dexamethasone and β‐glycerophosphate [Dex (+)]. Culture with Dex (–) medium in collagen gel for 3 weeks brought about the well‐developed cell network and middle‐stage osteogenic phenotype expression characterized by mRNA for alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin and osteopontin while those for bone sialo protein and osteocalcin were not detected. On the contrary, culture with Dex (+) medium in collagen gel for 3 weeks lead to necrosis of the cells. These results indicate that culture in collagen gel with Dex (–) DME medium containing vitamin C was useful for three‐dimensional culture and middle‐stage osteogenic differentiation of twice‐passaged bone marrow stromal cells.This study might contribute to tissue engineering therapy to fix bone and periodontal defects in the future.
Clinical evaluation of a carbon fibre reinforced carbon endodontic post
Authors: King P. A. , Setchell D. J. , Rees J. S. 
Published: July 2003

summary This study reports a prospective clinical trial comparing a carbon fibre reinforced carbon (CFRC) endodontic post with a conventional prefabricated post. Twenty‐seven single rooted maxillary anterior teeth in 18 patients (nine males and nine females; age range 18–60 years) were restored either with a CFRC post or a wrought precious alloy control. Cast type III gold alloy cores were used in conjunction with both post groups. The CRFC posts (n = 16) were cemented with a composite luting agent and the conventional posts (control) were cemented with zinc phosphate.Four failures were recorded in the CFRC post group at 24, 29, 56 and 87 months, compared with one failure in the control group at 84 months.These results suggest that post‐retained crowns utilizing a CFRC material and a composite resin luting agent do not perform as well as conventional wrought precious alloy posts.
Some reflections on cultural and social considerations in mental health nursing
Authors: BURR J. A. , CHAPMAN T. 
Published: July 2003

This article critiques the contribution of two main theoretical perspectives on mental health care and ethnicity, with particular reference to Asian women. It considers the work of those who highlight the impact of culture on the health and illness experience (Kleinman 1980, Rack 1982, Fernando 1989) and the work of authors who argue that the impact of broader socio‐economic structures must be considered (Donovan 1989, Pearson 1989, Ahmad 1993). It is posited that the emphasis on cultural difference results in crude monolithic generalizations about Asian culture and operates as a smokescreen for the impact of poverty and racism.The backdrop to this article is provided by an assessment of the problematic conceptual framework of Western mental health and the role it plays in perpetuating stereotypes.It is concluded that mental health nurses need a thorough understanding of the complexity of the cultural and social factors that influence health and illness; an understanding which falls somewhere between these two theoretical perspectives. Such an approach needs to be grounded in the experience of mental health clients themselves if it is to be appropriate.
Semi‐structured and unstructured interviewing: a comparison of methodologies in research with patients following discharge from an acute psychiatric hospital
Authors: GIBSON C. 
Published: July 2003

This comparison of interview methods was made during a preliminary investigation into the experiences and expectations of patients discharged from an acute psychiatric hospital. The data was collected by four unstructured and four semi‐structured interviews and included the views of respondents regarding the method used. A comparison of both interview methods was made. Analysis followed Miles & Huberman's (1994) guidance for data analysis, from which conclusions were drawn. Data were first reduced, then displayed using cross‐case analysis. The use of Miles & Huberman's (1994) model of data analysis proved effective in allowing for data to be displayed and compared in a robust manner.Findings related to the comparative analysis showed that unstructured interviews resulted in greater depth and enabled positive and negative aspects of care to be identified in greater detail than semi‐structured interviewing. Additionally, when asked to reflect upon the interview methods used, respondents found that unstructured interviewing allowed them to describe their experiences and expectations in greater detail than semi‐structured interviews.
Consideration of three arenas of social control for the treatment and management of sexual offenders
Authors: KIRBY S. D. 
Published: July 2003

This paper sets out to explore the influences of social control upon the discourse relating to treatment and management of sexual offenders. This discussion takes as its foci three environmental arenas (social, penal/judicial and health care), and examines their influences and culpability within this context. It is not the intention of this article to present, nor does it arrive at, any answers to the perpetual concerns of treatment and management of this offender group, preferring to leave it to the individual reader to draw their own conclusions.It is accepted that there is no gender demarcation amongst sexual offenders, though in this paper, the masculine tense is used.
Perceptions of adolescents living with parental alcoholism
Authors: MURRAY B. L. 
Published: July 2003

The purpose of this study was to explore and understand the experience of parental alcoholism from an adolescent's perspective. The stories of five adolescents were used to generate descriptions and explanations about the phenomenon. The study was exploratory in nature and was conducted using a qualitative research design. Data were collected by means of in‐depth interviews with each adolescent. Field notes, personal reflections, and transcripts of all interviews made over the course of the research process, constituted the data for analysis.Four significant themes emerged from the data, which illuminated and provided a fuller understanding of the perceptions of adolescents living with parental alcoholism. The initial theme, ‘The Nightmare’, described the adolescents' memories and what it was like for them growing up with parental alcoholism. The second theme, ‘The Lost Dream’, explored their recognition of loss in terms of the experiences of the nightmare. The third theme, ‘The Dichotomies’, explained the daily struggles between what the adolescents thought, what they felt, and how their thoughts and feelings influenced their behaviour. The fourth theme, ‘The Awakening’, described the adolescents' recognition of their present responsibilities, and their understanding about their pasts, which enabled them to begin to let go and move on.The study concludes with reflections on the significance, meaning, and interrelatedness of the identified themes, and a discussion of findings and implications. The main findings were the resilience and strength of the participants, the uniqueness of each of their stories, and the therapeutic benefit to the participants from the opportunity to tell their stories. An understanding of the individual and contextual nature of adolescents' perceptions of parental alcoholism provides professional caregivers with new opportunities to offer specialized services to adolescents and their families.
Operational feasibility of routine bacterial monitoring of platelets
Authors: Macauley A. , Chandrasekar A. , Geddis G. , Morris K. G. , McClelland W. M. 
Published: July 2003

Summary.  Bacterial contamination of platelets poses the greatest risk of mortality and morbidity to platelet transfusion recipients. Some European countries have introduced routine bacterial monitoring of platelets to reduce the risk of transmission of bacteria. A pilot study was carried out at the Northern Ireland Blood Transfusion Service, using the BacT/ALERT automated culture system, to assess the operational feasibility of routine bacterial monitoring of platelets.About 4885 platelet concentrates (PCs) were tested in a 1‐year period. Of the 28 (0·57%) initial reactive cultures, 13 (46%) were reproducible on repeat culturing. Of these, 10 were detected within 24 h of incubation either in aerobic or both aerobic and anaerobic culture bottles. A sample of time‐expired units (423) that had initial negative culture results remained negative when retested on day 8. About 213 time‐expired units were subjected to routine quality assessment and more than 85% were found to conform to quality standards specified in the UKBTS guidelines for platelet count (≥240 × 109 per adult dose PC) and pH (6·4–7·4). There was a reduction in the platelet count because of the volume removed (15 mL) for sampling.Routine bacterial testing with day 2 sampling and a negative culture result after 24 h as a mandatory release criterion would improve product safety. Implementation of 100% testing would be operationally feasible but may require extension of the shelf life if unacceptable wastage is to be avoided.
Automated collection of blood components: their storage and transfusion
Authors: Rock G. , Moltzan C. , Alharbi A. , Giulivi A. , Palmer D. , Bormanis J. 
Published: July 2003

Summary.  The performance of an automated device, the Gambro TRIMA™, was evaluated for component production, and an in vivo assessment of the platelets was carried out.Red cell concentrates (RCCs), platelets and plasma were collected and stored according to standard blood bank procedures and evaluated for quality by in vitro measurements. Additionally, single‐donor platelets (n = 10) were transfused to thrombocytopenic patients after 5 days of storage. Platelet counts were measured after 1 h and the corrected count increment (CCI) was calculated.No significant changes were seen before or after procedure in donor haemoglobin, haematocrit, coagulation factors or platelet count. Return‐line samples showed no increase in the level of plasma haemoglobin. Plasma haemoglobin and potassium increased following RBC storage, but there was no change in the red cell number. Platelet aggregation decreased from 52 to 11% (adenosine diphosphate) and the Kunicki morphology score dropped from 379 to 174. Little change was seen in the hypotonic shock response (69–63%) or in the percentage of CD62 expression (4·8–19·8) over time. The CCI averaged 28 ± 26 × 103 µL−1 in 10 patients 1 h after transfusion.The TRIMA™ machine collects RCCs, platelets and plasma in a variety of combinations in one session. For autologous collection, two units of RCC plus platelets can be collected at one time, reducing administrative and testing costs. The platelets have good in vivo recovery, as shown by the CCI values. An added advantage is that the TRIMA™ machine can be used in hospitals to generate components in times of shortage without the need for a component's laboratory.
Pathogenic effects of Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens (Enterobacteriaceae) against pupae of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)
Authors: Abdel‐Razek A. S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe relationship between Xenorhabdus nematophilus and Photorhabdus luminescens, the bacterial symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, against the diamondback moth, P. xylostella (L.), pupae showed the pathogenic capability of P. luminescens to be over that of X. nematophilus. They gave 60 and 40 % mortality with LC50 values of 5 × 104 and 5.5 × 105 cells/ml, respectively.The number of bacterial cells influences the rate of killing the pupae of P. xylostella and a direct correlation between mortality of the pupae, percentage of deformed adults and the spraying dose with significant differences were observed. An inverse correlation found between the no. of eggs laid/female, percentage of hatching, adult survival and the spraying dose. These bacterial effects have been attributed to different toxic bacterial enzymes which damage the haemocytes and inhibit activation of the humoral immune system of the insect.
Electrophysiological responses of Thaumetopoea pityocampa females to host volatiles: implications for host selection of active and inactive terpenes
Authors: Zhang Q.‐H. , Schlyter F. , Battisti A. , Birgersson G. , Anderson P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractVolatiles from newly cut branches with needles of Pinus sylvestris L. were collected with headspace sampling technique, and then identified and quantified by combined gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The response of antennae of the female pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, to these volatiles was recorded by coupled gas chromatographic‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD). Surprisingly, the most common and major monoterpene hydrocarbons (MT), α‐pinene, 3‐carene, and β‐pinene were antennally inactive. Female antennae responded strongly only to four minor MT components, myrcene, β‐phellandrene, trans‐β‐ocimene, and terpinolene. Weaker, but repeatable responses were also found to limonene, cis‐β‐ocimene, and γ‐terpinene. Further EAD recordings with two synthetic MT mixtures supported our findings from the natural material. When separating the two enantiomers of limonene by running different synthetic MT mixtures, the EAD response was found only to the(−)‐enantiomer, but not to the opposite (+)‐enantiomer. EAD‐responses were also found to some less volatile compounds, such as sesquiterpenes (SqT), active at ng‐levels. The sensitivity and specificity of the antenna to a select number of active host MTs and SqTs suggest that these play a role in the host selection process of T. pityocampa females.
Cronartium flaccidum produces uredinia and telia on Melampyrum nemorosum and on Finnish Vincetoxicum hirundinaria
Authors: Kaitera J. , Nuorteva H. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryUredinia and telia were produced on Melampyrum nemorosum through inoculations with Cronartium flaccidum aeciospores collected from northern Finland, proving that M. nemorosum serves as the telial host of C. flaccidum. Melampyrum nemorosum plants were either grown from seeds collected from several geographical provenances or transplanted from natural forest stands. They were inoculated with several geographical aeciospore sources of C. flaccidum in a greenhouse. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, M. pratense and M. sylvaticum were used as positive controls. Detached leaves of Melampyrum spp. and V. hirundinaria were also inoculated but uredinia and telia formed only on V. hirundinaria. Most of the aeciospore sources from northern Finland produced abundant uredinia and telia both on M. nemorosum from two geographical locations and on V. hirundinaria in the greenhouse. Statistically significant differences were observed in the dimensions of artificially produced telia, teliospores and urediniospores among the tested alternate hosts and spore sources. The results suggest that M. nemorosum is susceptible to C. flaccidum and therefore may play a role in southern Fennoscandia as an alternate host but it has potentially a greater role in central and eastern Europe, where M. nemorosum occurs commonly.
Modeling the probability of observing Armillaria root disease in the Black Hills
Authors: Kallas M. A. , Reich R. M. , Jacobi W. R. , Lundquist J. E. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryArmillaria root disease (ARD) occurrence on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is not uniform in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. To help manage this ecosystem, a model was developed to predict the probability of observing diseased trees. A kernel density estimator was used to estimate the probability of observing ARD using presence data from two field studies. An eight‐parameter regression equation using topographical data (Universal Trans Mercator coordinates, elevation and slope) derived from a Digital Elevation Model was fitted to the estimated probabilities and the residuals kriged to produce correction factors for the regression estimates. The final model, which had a relative mean squared error of 0.128, identified two peaks of high probability in the north‐west portion of the Black Hills and several peaks of moderate probability throughout the Black Hills.
Endophytic foliar fungi in Betula spp. and their F1 hybrids
Authors: Saikkonen K. , Helander M. L. , Rousi M. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryWe examined foliar endophyte frequencies in two native (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) and three exotic (Betula ermanii, Betula platyphylla and Betula resinifera) birch species and their hybrids in Punkaharju, Finland. The most frequently isolated endophytic fungi in the experimental trees were Fusicladium betulae and Gnomonia setacea making up 80–90% of all endophyte infections. Total endophyte infection levels varied from 0.5 colony forming units (CFU)/cm2 in B. platyphylla to 8.6 CFU/cm2 in B. pubescens that had highest total infection levels of both examined endophyte species. The resistance of hybrids was generally very close to the more resistant parent (the only exception being Fusicladium in B. platyphylla × B. pendula hybrid) supporting the hypothesis that the resistance of birch hybrids to these fungi is genetically based and caused by dominant inheritance of resistance traits.
Effectiveness of modified White's solution at removing ascomycetes associated with the bark beetle Ips pini
Authors: Kopper B. J. , Klepzig K. D. , Raffa K. F. 
Published: July 2003

SummaryModified White's solution (1 g HgCl2/l H2O) is widely used to surface disinfest bark beetles of their phoretic fungi. We investigated the effectiveness of this solution at disinfesting adult Ips pini from its associated ophiostomatoid fungi. A treatment for 1, 4 or 8 min does not completely rid beetles of phoretic fungi, but does substantially reduce the amount of fungi they carry externally. Sterilizing with modified White's solution caused limited mortality (<16%).
Seasonal effect on infection and development of lesions caused by Cryphonectria parasitica in Castanea sativa
Authors: Guérin L. , Robin C. 
Published: July 2003

SummarySeasonal variation in the development of chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was investigated by inoculating in situ chestnut trees and in vitro excised chestnut segments, at either monthly or 3‐monthly intervals throughout 30 months. Inoculations were made with conidia and mycelium of a virulent isolate and with mycelium of a hypovirulent isolate. Conidial inoculations of living sprouts or excised segments between May and July resulted in the greatest incidence of infection whereas inoculations in autumn and winter, in vitro as well as in situ, did not reveal any visible disease. However, from these symptomless inoculated stems, C. parasitica was isolated 3 months after inoculation. Inoculations with the mycelium of the virulent isolate always resulted in lesions, except in January 1999, and the greatest rate of lesion development occurred for inoculations made in the spring and summer. There was a significant seasonal effect on lesion development. Lesions caused by the hypovirulent isolate, smaller than those caused by the virulent isolate, followed a similar seasonal pattern. The same seasonal variations were observed for inoculations in vitro of excised segments. Relative water content (RWC) of chestnut bark significantly varied with bark sampling date. The rate of lesion development in sprouts significantly correlated with average minimum (ATn) and maximum (ATx) temperatures and the sum of rainfall during inoculation period, with the rate of lesion development measured in excised segments 10 days after inoculation (R10d) and with RWC measured on the day of inoculation. In multiple regression models, variables ATx and R10d best explained variation in lesion development.
Soil factors associated with infection by Collybia fusipes and decline of oaks
Authors: Camy C. , de Villebonne D. , Delatour C. , Marçais B. 
Published: July 2003

Summary Collybia fusipes is the cause of a root rot of oaks in Europe. Infection by the pathogen is site dependent and inconsistently correlated with crown deterioration. This study aimed at clarifying the relationship between soil factors and the impact of C. fusipes on tree health. The database of the Département de la Santé des Forêts, the forest health survey service, collected over the French forest during the last 12 years allowed us to perform a large scale study dealing with soil textures in which C. fusipes was reported to induce problems on Quercus robur and/or Q. petraea. Furthermore, a specific survey from 30 plots in north eastern France was carried out to determine which of the soil factors, such as texture, degree of waterlogging, presence and nature of a layer limiting rooting, carbon/nitrogen ratio, cation exchange capacity, or pH could be related to an increased risk of decline of pedunculate oaks infected by C. fusipes. The main results were that C. fusipes is preferentially distributed on coarse textured soils and that its negative impact on tree crown deterioration also increased with the soil sand content.