bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress and diabetic neuropathy: pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectives
Authors: Sytze van Dam P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIncreased oxidative stress is a mechanism that probably plays a major role in the development of diabetic complications, including peripheral neuropathy. This review summarises recent data from in vitro and in vivo studies that have been performed both to understand this aspect of the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy and to develop therapeutic modalities for its prevention or treatment. Extensive animal studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress may be a final common pathway in the development of diabetic neuropathy, and that antioxidants can prevent or reverse hyperglycaemia‐induced nerve dysfunction. Most probably, the effects of antioxidants are mediated by correction of nutritive blood flow, although direct effects on endoneurial oxidative state are not excluded. In a limited number of clinical studies, antioxidant drugs including α‐lipoic acid and vitamin E were found to reduce neuropathic symptoms or to correct nerve conduction velocity. These data are promising, and additional larger studies with α‐lipoic acid are currently being performed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell reorganisation during epithelial fusion and perforation: The case of ascidian branchial fissures
Authors: Manni Lucia , Lane Nancy J. , Zaniolo Giovanna , Burighel Paolo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study, we have analysed ultrastructurally the mechanism of epithelial fusion and perforation during the development of branchial fissures in the larva and bud of the colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri. Perforation of membranes represents an important process during embryogenesis, occurring to create communication between two separate compartments. For example, all chordate embryos share the formation of pharyngeal plates, which are constituted of apposed endodermal and ectodermal epithelia, which have the capacity to fuse and perforate. Although the process of perforation is extremely common, its cellular mechanism remains little understood in detail, because of the complexity of the structures involved. In B. schlosseri, two epithelial monolayers, the peribranchial and the branchial ones, with no interposed mesenchymal cells, participate in pharyngeal perforation. Blood flows in the interspace between the two cellular leaflets. Apico‐lateral zonulae occludentes seal the cells of each epithelium, so that the blood compartment is separated from the environment of the peribranchial and branchial chambers; here, sea water will flow when the zooid siphons open. Stigmata primordia appear as contiguous thickened discs of palisading cells of branchial and peribranchial epithelia. The peribranchial component invaginates to contact the branchial one. Here, the basal laminae intermingle, compact, and are degraded, while the intercellular space between the two epithelia is reduced to achieve the same width as that found between the lateral membranes of adjacent cells. Cells involved in this fusion rapidly change their polarity: they acquire a new epithelial axis, because part of the adhering basal membrane becomes a new lateral surface, whereas the original lateral membranes become new apical surfaces. Before disassembling the old tight junctions and establishing communication between branchial and peribranchial chambers, cells of the stigmata rudiments form new tight junctions organised as distinct entities, so that the structural continuum of the epithelial layers is maintained throughout the time of fusion and perforation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A zebrafish unc‐45–related gene expressed during muscle development
Authors: Etheridge Letitiah , Diiorio Philip , Sagerström Charles G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report the isolation and expression pattern of zebrafish unc45r, a gene related to Caenorhabditis elegans unc‐45. UNC‐45 is a muscle‐specific protein thought to interact with myosin and promote the assembly of muscle thick filaments during C. elegans development. Zebrafish Unc45r shares sequence features with C. elegans UNC‐45, including three tetratricopeptide repeats and a CRO1/She4p homology domain. unc45r is expressed in mesoderm adjacent to the dorsal midline during late gastrula stages and is coexpressed with muscle specific genes in somitic mesoderm during development of trunk skeletal muscle. unc45r is also expressed in cranial skeletal muscle as well as in cardiac and smooth muscle. The isolation of a muscle‐specific unc‐45 related gene from zebrafish suggests a common mechanism for muscle filament assembly between vertebrates and invertebrates. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating‐related concerns, mood, and personality traits in recovered bulimia nervosa subjects: A replication study
Authors: Stein D. , Kaye W. H. , Matsunaga H. , Orbach I. , Har‐Even D. , Frank G. , McConaha C. W. , Rao R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveLimited data suggest that eating‐related concerns and behaviors, disturbances in mood, and altered temperament persist following recovery from bulimia nervosa (BN).MethodIn order to replicate and extend such findings, 11 women who were long‐term recovered from BN (>1 year with no binging, purging, or restricting behaviors, normal weight, and regular menstrual cycles) were compared with 15 healthy volunteer women on the Eating Disorders Invertory‐2 (EDI‐2), the Beck Depression Inventory, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ).ResultsCompared with the control women, the recovered BN women showed elevated levels of the EDI‐2 subscales of Drive for Thinness, Body Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism, and Social Insecurity, greater depression and anxiety, elevated levels of the MPQ Stress Reaction dimension and the higher‐order factor of Negative Emotionality, and lower levels of the MPQ Well Being and Closeness dimensions.DiscussionCore eating and weight‐related concerns, dysphoric affect, social discomfort, and personality traits indicative of perfectionism persist following long‐term recovery from BN. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 225–229, 2002.
Hypophosphatemia following self‐treatment for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Winston A. P. , Wells F. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHypophosphatemia is recognized as a serious complication of hospital treatment for patients with anorexia nervosa but may also occur prior to medical intervention.MethodThis paper reports a case of severe hypophosphatemia in a patient who consumed large quantities of carbohydrates following a period of dietary restraint.DiscussionThe possible mechanisms underlying the hypophosphatemia in this case are discussed and its management is described. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 245–248, 2002.
Design and characterization of 1.3/1.55‐µm optical transceiver using straight waveguide and double‐filter photodiode
Authors: Nakanishi Hiromi , Okada Takeshi , Shinkai Jiro , Iguchi Yasuhiro , Yamaguchi Akira , Yamabayashi Naoyuki , Kuhara Yoshiki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe developed a 1.3/1.55‐µm optical transceiver module for use in asynchronous transfer mode‐passive optical network (ATM‐PON) systems, which is the global standard for optical access networks. A compact, low‐cost module was implemented by mounting the active devices such as optical devices like laser diodes (LDs) and photodiodes (PDs), and integrated circuits, and the passive devices such as optical waveguides, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filters, and optical fibers on the surface of a silicon (Si) bench. We adopted the simplest waveguide, the straight waveguide, to achieve the best repeatability by the SiO2waveguide and developed a double‐filter photodiode to lessen optical crosstalk. The results achieved an output of 0 dBm from the optical fiber to 1.3 µm at 155.52 Mbit/s and a −40 dBm minimum receiver sensitivity at 1.55 µm during full‐duplex communication, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this transceiver module design. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 25–33, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10028
Space charge behavior in polymer film based on increment of capacitance under AC high field
Authors: Fujii Masayuki , Tohyama Kazuyuki , Tokoro Tetsuro , Kosaki Masamitsu , Muramoto Yuji , Hozumi Naohiro , Nagao Masayuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolymer materials have excellent dielectric and insulation properties; however, those properties in AC high field region have not been known well. Recently we established an evaluation method of high‐field AC dissipation current waveform of polymer materials 1. AC dissipation current waveforms of polyethylene and polypropylene films show nonlinear distortion in AC high‐field region. This nonlinearity was thought to be related to the behavior of AC space charge formation in the sample near electrodes. The properties of space charge formed under AC high field at power frequency seem to differ from those formed under DC high field. The measurement of AC space charge distribution is not so easy due to the resolution limit of the space charge measurement.We studied the dielectric properties of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film under AC high field up to 120 °C. It was found that tan δ, AC dissipation current (Ixr), and unbalanced component of capacitive current (ΔIxc) increased when the temperature became higher. In particular, ΔIxc increased above some threshold field and was considered to be due to the AC space charge formation. This AC space charge layer near electrode is thought to be formed due to carrier injection under AC high‐field application. Usually, the carrier mobility becomes smaller on lowering the temperature. Most of the carriers injected from the electrode are trapped near the electrode in the sample film. But in the high‐temperature region, the carrier mobility becomes larger and the carrier injection starts to increase from lower field. Many more carriers are injected from the electrode. It is thought that some of the injected carriers are trapped inside the sample film; the others go through the sample to the opposite side. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 141(2): 8–16, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10018
Temperature distribution within an ACSR conductor during large current flow
Authors: Miyazaki Hiroshi , Kitamura Satoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, the temperature distribution within an ACSR conductor was precisely measured and examined, conducted as part of a series of studies on large currents in transmission lines. The study results may be summarized as follows: (1) The temperature difference within the conductor cross section increases as the square of the current; however, even at a current equal to 50% more than the allowable current, the maximum temperature difference within the aluminum components is from 5 °C (ACSR 410 mm2) to 6 °C (ACSR 810 mm2). (2) The results of measurements of the conductance between outer‐layer and inner‐layer aluminum strands in the conductor, and analysis of the current distribution in the inner and outer layers, indicated that even if the conductance were to drop sharply to 10,000 S/m, any inhomogeneity or concentration in the current distribution at a conductor connection joint has disappeared by 1.5 m or so from the tip of the joint. (3) According to measurements of the conductor temperature near a joint, the electrical resistance of the joint is lower than that of the same length conductor, so that the conductor temperature falls for 0.5 m or so from the tip of the joint. (4) Based on the above findings, the temperature distribution within an ACSR conductor accompanying the passage of large currents can be regarded as nearly uniform both across the conductor cross section, and in the conductor length direction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(4): 38–45, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10041
From good and bad to can and must: subjective necessity of acts associated with positively and negatively valued stimuli
Authors: Peeters Guido 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn Study 1, 24 participants generated sentences expressing ways of dealing with positively and negatively valued noun stimuli (objects and humans). They were instructed to begin each sentence with One + auxiliary verb. The auxiliary was to be selected from a set including auxiliaries expressing high (must) and low (can) necessity. As predicted on the basis of a minimal nonsocial model of behavioral adaptation, higher necessity was associated with negative stimuli than with positive stimuli. In Study 2, this effect was replicated using trait adjectives as stimuli. Consistent with the model, the effect was produced by stimulus valences belonging to an approach‐avoidance related evaluative dimension ‘other‐profitability’. However, additional effects, involving an alternative evaluative dimension ‘self‐profitability’, were not fully accounted for by the model. They suggested that genuine social factors were involved that, however, were only required to explain some marginal effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐reference and group membership: evidence for a group‐reference effect
Authors: Johnson Craig , Gadon Orly , Carlson Don , Southwick Sarah , Faith Myles , Chalfin Julie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo experiments were designed to explore whether encoding information in reference to a group would facilitate the later recall of that information to the same extent as encoding with reference to the self. In both experiments, participants encoded adjectives with reference to the self, semantic properties, or a group and were subsequently given a surprise‐free recall test. In Experiment 1 (N = 37), the participants' university served as the reference group. In Experiment 2 (N=41), the participants' family served as the reference group. In both experiments, self‐reference resulted in better recall than semantic processing, replicating the typical self‐reference effect (SRE). More importantly, strong evidence for a group‐reference effect (GRE) was found in that group‐reference resulted in better recall than semantic processing and in fact facilitated recall to the same extent as self‐referencing. The existing explanations (schemas, organization, elaboration, mental cueing, and evaluation) for the SRE were compared with regard to their viability in accounting for the GRE patterns. We discuss additional features that may be important in the explanation of the SRE and suggest future directions for research on group‐referencing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotypic ingroup bias as self‐defense against relative deprivation: evidence from a longitudinal study of the German unification process
Authors: Schmitt Manfred , Maes Jürgen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a longitudinal questionnaire field study on psychological consequences of German unification, the intergroup situation between East and West Germans was investigated. Data were collected in 1996 and 1998. The sample consisted of 585 East Germans and 387 West Germans who had never lived in the other part of Germany. It was assumed that East Germans' social identity is threatened due to their fraternal deprivation in comparison with West Germans. It was predicted that East Germans would employ ingroup bias as an identity management strategy in order to protect their emotional well‐being against harmful consequences of fraternal deprivation. In line with this prediction, it was found that (a) East Germans feel fraternally deprived compared to West Germans on important quality of life dimensions, (b) they display ingroup bias vis‐à‐vis West Germans, (c) ingroup bias increases with increasing East German identity, (d) ingroup bias is determined longitudinally by relative deprivation, and (e) ingroup bias buffers the effect of relative deprivation on mental health over time. As expected, ingroup bias and the effects of ingroup bias were larger for the dimension of personal integrity than for the dimensions of sympathy and competence. Ingroup bias is interpreted as compensatory self‐enhancement. West Germans feel fraternally privileged compared to East Germans and consider their advantages to be undeserved. Unexpectedly, West Germans display outgroup bias on the stereotype dimensions of integrity. This bias is interpreted as an effort to appease the moral outrage of East Germans and to silence their own guilty conscience due to undeserved advantages. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term changes in the plan shape of a sandy beach in response to sheltering by a nearshore mud bank, Cayenne, French Guiana
Authors: Anthony Edward J. , Gardel Antoine , Dolique Franck , Guiral Daniel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMontjoly is a headland‐bound embayed sandy beach in Cayenne, French Guiana, that shows long‐term plan shape equilibrium in spite of periodic changes in accretion and erosion that alternately affect either end of the beach. These changes are caused by mud banks that move alongshore from the Amazon. The mechanisms involved in changes in the plan shape of the beach in response to the passage of one of these mud banks were monitored between 1997 and 2000 from airborne video imagery and field work. The beach longshore drift to the northwest, driven by the incident easterly to northeasterly swell usually affecting this coast, became temporarily reversed as the mud bank, migrating from east to west, initially sheltered the southeastern end of the beach. The difference in exposure to waves engendered a negative wave height gradient alongshore towards the southeast, resulting in the setting up of a cell circulation and counter‐active longshore drift from the exposed northwestern sector to the southeast. Sand eroded from the exposed sector accumulated first in the southeastern, and then the central sectors of the beach. The effect of increasing beach sheltering by the mudbank moving west is highlighted on the videographs by an ‘arrested’ pattern of beach shoreline development. The videographs show hardly any changes in beach plan shape since January 1999, due to sheltering of the beach from wave attack by the mud bank. It is expected that the eroded sector will recover in the future as the mud bank passes, leading to re‐establishment of the northwesterly sand drift. This temporally phased bi‐directional drift within the confines of the bounding headlands results in a rare example of mud‐bank‐induced beach rotation, and probably explains the long‐term equilibrium plan shape of Montjoly beach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel computation of viscous incompressible flows using Godunov‐projection method on overlapping grids
Authors: Pan H. , Damodaran M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Godunov‐projection method is implemented on a system of overlapping structured grids for solving the time‐dependent incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. This projection method uses a second‐order fractional step scheme in which the momentum equation is solved to obtain the intermediate velocity field which is then projected on to the space of divergence‐free vector fields. The Godunov procedure is applied to estimate the non‐linear convective term in order to provide a robust discretization of this terms at high Reynolds number. In order to obtain the pressure field, a separate procedure is applied in this modified Godunov‐projection method, where the pressure Poisson equation is solved. Overlapping grids are used to discretize the flow domain, as they offer the flexibility of simplifying the grid generation around complex geometrical domains. This combination of projection method and overlapping grid is also parallelized and reasonable parallel efficiency is achieved. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the performance of this combination of the Godunov‐projection method and the overlapping grid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design optimization of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner: Part II—multi‐objective constrained optimization method
Authors: Peng Guoyi , Cao Shuliang , Ishizuka Masaru , Hayama Shinji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the design optimization of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner blade geometry. In order to obtain a better design plan with good performance, a new comprehensive performance optimization procedure has been presented by combining a multi‐variable multi‐objective constrained optimization model with a Q3D inverse computation and a performance prediction procedure. With careful analysis of the inverse design of axial hydraulic turbine runner, the total hydraulic loss and the cavitation coefficient are taken as optimization objectives and a comprehensive objective function is defined using the weight factors. Parameters of a newly proposed blade bound circulation distribution function and parameters describing positions of blade leading and training edges in the meridional flow passage are taken as optimization variables.The optimization procedure has been applied to the design optimization of a Kaplan runner with specific speed of 440 kW. Numerical results show that the performance of designed runner is successfully improved through optimization computation. The optimization model is found to be validated and it has the feature of good convergence. With the multi‐objective optimization model, it is possible to control the performance of designed runner by adjusting the value of weight factors defining the comprehensive objective function. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data assimilation of local model error forecasts in a deterministic model
Authors: Babovic V. , Fuhrman D. R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne of the most popular data assimilation techniques in use today are of the Kalman filter type, which provide an improved estimate of the state of a system up to the current time level, based on actual measurements. From a forecasting viewpoint, this corresponds to an updating of the initial conditions. The standard forecasting procedure is to then run the model uncorrected into the future, driven by predicted boundary and forcing conditions. The problem with this methodology is that the updated initial conditions quickly ‘wash‐out’, thus, after a certain forecast horizon the model predictions are no better than from an initially uncorrected model. This study demonstrates that through the assimilation of error forecasts (in the present case made using so‐called local models) entire model domains can be corrected for extended forecast horizons (i.e. long after updated initial conditions have become washed‐out), thus demonstrating significant improvements over the conventional methodology. Some alternate uses of local models are also explored for the re‐distribution of error forecasts over the entire model domain, which are then compared with more conventional Kalman filter type schemes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.