bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zebrin II immunoreactivity in the rat and in the weakly electric teleost Eigenmannia (gymnotiformes) reveals three modes of purkinje cell development
Authors: Lannoo Michael J. , Brochu Gino , Maler Leonard , Hawkes Richard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMonoclonal antibody (mab) anti‐zebrin II recognizes a single 36‐kD polypeptide in Purkinje cells in the rat and fish cerebellum. In the adult rat, zebrin II+ Purkinje cells form, in each hemicerebellum, seven parasagittal bands interposed by zebrin II− bands. We show that, in rats, immunoreactivity first appears caudally at postnatal day 5 and spreads; all Purkinje cells are labelled by postnatal day 12. Subsequently, immunoreactivity is selectively lost so that by day 18 the adult pattern of zebrin II+/− immunoreactive bands is created. This pattern indicates two types of Purkinje cells according to developmental trajectory, zebrin II−/+ and zebrin II−/+/−.In the adult gymnotiform teleost Eigenmannia, Purkinje cells in the corpus cerebelli (CCb), lateral valvula cerebelli (VCbl), and eminentia granularis anterior (EGa) are zebrin II+ Purkinje cells in the eminentia granularis posterior (EGp) and medialis (EGm) and the medial valvula cerebelli (VCbm) are zebrin II−. Zebrin II antigenicity is first present at 6 days postspawning (P6) in the EGa and at P8 in the CCb. In the valvula, labelling does not appear until P29. Immunoreactivity in the CCb, VCbl, and the EGa persists in the adult, whereas in the VCbm Purkinje cells become zebrin II− before reaching adulthood. These developmental histories (zebrin II−/+ and zebrin II−/+/−) correspond to the patterns of Purkinje cell development in mammals. Additionally, Eigenmannia has a third class of Purkinje cells, in the EGp and EGm, that never express zebrin II immunoreactivity, indicating that zebrin II expression is not an obligatory feature of Purkinje cell development in all vertebrate.
Local circuit neurons of macaque monkey striate cortex: III. Neurons of laminae 4B, 4A, and 3B
Authors: Lund Jennifer S. , Yoshioka Takashi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe continue an investigation of the organization of local circuit neurons (largely inhibitory, GABAergic neurons, with smooth or sparsely spined dendrites) in the primary visual cortex of macaque monkey (Lund, '87: J. Comp. Neurol. 257:60–92; Lund et al., '88: J. Comp. Neurol. 276:1–29). This account covers local circuit neurons of layers 4B, 4A, and 3B; these three layers each receive different intrinsic second‐order relays of principal thalamic inputs as well as receiving primary thalamic inputs in the case of two of the three laminae (4A and 3B). The study shows the existence of a number of different local circuit neurons making interlaminar projections between 4B, 4A, and 3B; each provides specific cross links between different combinations of the three laminae. It is known that the functional properties recorded physiologically from layers 4B, 4A, and 3B differ from one another and so these anatomical cross links may allow for correlation between different attributes of visual stimuli, e.g., color or motion, while still enabling separate processing of these different attributes to proceed in each of the three layers and be passed on to extrastriate areas. Whereas no spine‐bearing neurons of layers 4B, 4A, or 3B provide “feedback” circuits to layer 4C (the source of their major intrinsic excitatory afferents), some of the local circuit neurons provide precisely structured axon feedback projections to divisions of 4C. The local circuit neurons also project to either lamina 5 or lamina 6, but not both and to superficial layers 3A, 2, and 1. Some local circuit neuron axon projections are of a dimension that would be confined to single functional clusters, e.g., cytochrome‐rich “blobs,” others reach out far enough to contact nearest neighbor “unlike” functional clusters, and yet others spread far enough to link repeating clusters of single function.
Parallel thalamic activation of the first and second somatosensory areas in prosimian primates and tree shrews
Authors: Garraghty P. E. , Florence S. L. , Tenhula W. N. , Kaas J. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn Tupaia belangeri and Galago senegalensis, microelectrode recordings immediately after ablation of the representation of the forelimb in the midportion of the first somatosensory area, S‐I, revealed that all parts of the second somatosensory area, S‐II, remained highly responsive to cutaneous stimuli. In this way, prosimian primates, close relatives of simian primates, and tree shrews differ markedly from monkeys in which S‐II is deactivated by comparable ablations, and resemble such mammals as cats and rabbits in which S‐II also remains highly responsive following ablations in S‐I. Thus, it appears that the generalized mammalian condition is that S‐I and S‐II are independently activated via parallel thalamocortical pathways. A dependence of S‐II on serial connections from the thalamus to the S‐I region and then to S‐II apparently evolved with the advent of anthropoid primates, and may be present only in monkeys and perhaps other higher primates.
The mossy cells of the fascia dentata: A comparative study of their fine structure and synaptic connections in rodents and primates
Authors: Frotscher Michael , Seress László , Schwerdtfeger Walter K. , Buhl Eberhard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this study the fine structure and synaptic connections of mossy cells in the rat and monkey fascia dentata were analyzed. In order to study commissural connections of identified mossy cells in the rat, hilar neurons were retrogradely labeled by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or Fast Blue (FB) injections into the contralateral hippocampus. Vibratome sections containing retrogradely HRP‐labeled hilar neurons were Golgi‐impregnated and gold‐toned. Hilar commissural neurons identified by contralateral FB injection were intracellularly labeled with Lucifer Yellow (LY). Lucifer Yellow staining was made electron‐dense by photoconversion thereby allowing for an electron microscopic analysis of the retrogradely labeled and intracellularly stained neurons. With these two different approaches, we succeeded in identifying rat mossy cells projecting to the contralateral hippocampus. Mossy cells in the fascia dentata of primates (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatto, Saimiri sciureus) were, like mossy cells of rats, either Golgi‐impregnated and gold‐toned or intracellularly injected with LY.No major differences were found between mossy cells of rats and monkeys. The mossy cell dendrites originated from the two sides of an ovoid cell body and were mainly oriented parallel to the granule cell layer. In contrast to the rat, dendrites of mossy cells in the primate did not respect the granule cell layer and penetrated frequently into the molecular layer. The occurrence of excrescences on proximal dendrites was a characteristic feature of all mossy cells. These large spines were more complex in the primate than in the rat. In both rats and primates they formed numerous asymmetric synapses with large boutons of mossy fibers. Peripheral dendrites were covered with small, simple spines. Interestingly, these peripheral dendrites lacking excrescences also established asymmetric synapses with mossy fiber boutons as well as asymmetric and symmetric contacts with smaller terminals of unknown origin. These findings indicate that in both rats and primates the thorny excrescences are not the only target of the mossy terminals. While the proximal portions of the mossy cell dendrites appear to be exclusively contacted by the granule cells, a larger number of neuron types may converge on the distal dendrites. The axons of mossy cells, in both rats and primates, although incompletely stained with the present methods, were seen to ramify in‐the hilar region.Our results demonstrate that, despite minor species differences, the mossy cells of the fascia dentata represent a cell type that is preserved in phylogenetically distant species.
Serotoninergic innervation of the ferret cerebral cortex. I. Adult pattern
Authors: Voigt Thomas , de Lima Ana Dolabela 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have investigated the serotoninergic innervation of the adult ferret cerebral cortex with immunohistochemical techniques. Distribution pattern of serotoninergic fibers in the ferret neocortex is characterized by a decrease in the density of fibers as one moves from the pial surface towards the white matter. Throughout the entire cerebral cortex, the serotoninergic fibers are very dense within the supragranular layers, especially within layer 1. In contrast, granular and infragranular layers exhibit only a sparse innervation. Although this general pattern of innervation is roughly the same in all cortical areas, significant variations in the fiber density are apparent in different regions. Areas 17, 1, 6, and 8 (primary visual cortex, presumptive somatosensory cortex, presumptive motor cortex, and prefrontal cortex, respectively) are described in more detail to illustrate the diversity of the serotoninergic innervation patterns. The density of innervation is highest in areas 1 and 6, intermediate in area 8, and lowest in area 17. It is noteworthy that while areas 1, 6, and 8 show a marked decrease in fiber density at the boundary between layer 3 and 4, the less strongly innervated area 17 shows a change in density in the transition from layer 2 to layer 3.The types of fibers found within the ferret cortex are similar to those described in other mammalian species. The bulk of the innervation is made by very fine fusiform axons with small ovoid varicosities. In addition to this fiber type, axons with thick round varicosities and some smooth nonvaricose axons were found. The latter types occur in very small numbers within the supragranular layers and mostly in more anterior cortical regions. While the general innervation pattern and the fiber types are similar to those described in the cat cerebral cortex, the pericellular baskets found in the cat cortex (Mulligan and Törk, J Comp Neurol 270:86–110, 1988) are not seen in the ferret.
Localization of myomodulin‐like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica
Authors: Miller M. W. , Alevizos A. , Cropper E. C. , Vilim F. S. , Karagogeos D. , Kupfermann I. , Weiss K. R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of myomodulin‐like peptides in the nervous system of Aplysia californica was examined by using immunocytochemical techniques. Neurons and cell clusters containing immunoreactive material were located in each of the major central ganglia. Myomodulin‐like immunoreactivity was also present in fibers in each of the connectives between the ganglia and in peripheral nerves. Varicosities containing immunoreactive material were located on specific regions of peripheral tissues associated with the feeding, digestive, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems.Double‐labeling experiments were used to demonstrate myomodulin‐like immunoreactivity in two identified neurons, the motor neuron B16 in the buccal ganglion and the widely acting interneuron L10 in the abdominal ganglion. Structures in the eye and cerebral ganglion that may correspond to the optic circadian pacemaker system were also stained. The central and peripheral distribution of myomodulin‐like immunoreactivity indicates that this family of neuropeptides is present in specific efferent, afferent, and interneuronal elements that participate in a diversity of neural circuits in Aplysia.
Calmodulin and calbindin localization in retina from six vertebrate species
Authors: Pochet Roland , Pasteels Brigitte , Seto‐ohshima Akiko , Bastianelli Enrico , Kitajima Satoko , Van Eldik Linda J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalmodulin is abundant in the central nervous system, including the retina. However, the localization of calmodulin in the retina has not been described in detail. We therefore decided to investigate calmodulin localization in retinae from six vertebrate species, by using immunohistochemical labeling with four different rabbit polyclonal antibodies against calmodulin. The localization of calbindin‐D28k, another calcium‐binding protein already well described in retina, was compared. We found that calmodulin distribution is more highly conserved among species, contrasting with calbindin variability. The most striking result emerging is that calmodulin could not be detected in photoreceptors although other layers are intensely calmodulin‐immunoreactive, casting doubt about a direct role of calmodulin in phototransduction. Horizontal cells are weakly calmodulin‐immunoreactive, bipolar cells are calmodulin‐immunoreactive except in turtle retina, numerous amacrine and ganglion cells are labeled in all species, and the fiber layer is always labeled. These data demonstrate that, while the calmodulin distribution in retina is similar among vertebrate species, selective differences in localization can be detected not only among the same cell types in different species but also among different cell types in the same species. The results showing differences in calmodulin immunoreactivity among cell types also provide further evidence that calmodulin expression in eukaryotes is not constitutive, in the sense that not every cell expresses similar levels of calmodulin.
Postnatal development of the corticotectal projection in cats
Authors: Plummer Kim Lord , Behan Mary 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough numerous physiological studies have provided compelling evidence for the involvement of the corticotectal projection in the normal development of visual response properties of neurons in the superior colliculus, little information is available on the morphological development of corticotectal axons. Thus, our goal was to determine the postnatal changes characterizing the development of the topography and morphology of corticotectal axon arbors. Topographically restricted injections of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin were made into striate cortex to label corticotectal axons and their terminal arbors.Following injections of similar size and location in kittens and adult cats, a similar, localized region of the superior colliculus was labeled at all ages. However, while present in the appropriate topographic location in colliculus, the corticotectal projection revealed a greater tangential distribution in kittens than adults. Corticotectal terminal zones underwent a twofold decrease in tangential area during the first 8 weeks after birth. From corticotectal terminal zones in kittens, extended many fine collaterals that ended as growth cones and radiated up to 1 mm from the focus of the terminal zone. By 8 weeks after birth, these immature collaterals were no longer observed, and the corticotectal terminal zone was indistinguishable from those in 12‐week‐old kittens and adult cats. Corticotectal axon arbors became more specialized in the first 8 weeks after birth; both en passant and terminal swellings increased in diameter, and terminal swellings increased in number, although the total number of swellings per unit length of axon remained relatively stable. The number of axonal branches increased threefold between 1 and 8 weeks after birth. Thus, as the corticotectal projection becomes spatially restricted during development, individual arbors become progressively more intricate with regard to focused collateral branching and the elaboration of complex axonal specializations.
Synaptic plasticity in the rod terminals after partial photoreceptor cell loss in the heterozygous rds mutant mouse
Authors: Jansen H. G. , Sanyal S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the retina of mice heterozygous for the retinal degeneration slow gene (rds/ +) the photoreceptor cells, both rods and cones, develop abnormal outer segments but establish normal synaptic contacts. The other retinal layers also show normal structural organization. Starting from the age of 2 months, a very slow loss of photoreceptor cells progresses throughout life. As a result, the photoreceptor cell population in the retina of the affected mice is reduced to less than half at the age of 9–18 months. In some of the surviving rod terminals during this period, an increase in the number of synaptic ribbons is recorded. At the same time, the profiles of processes originating from the second order neurons and participating in these synapses are also increased in number so that the multiple ribbons appear as centres of multiple synaptic sites.Morphometric measurements of the perimeter of the synaptic profiles in rod terminals show a significant increase in the rds/ + retina over that of the control retina. Observations based on serial electron microscopy indicate that multiple synaptic sites are developed while the number of the second order neuronal processes, entering the terminals, remains unchanged. The frequency of terminals with multiple synapses in the rds/+ retina increases with progressive photoreceptor cell loss. Similar changes do not occur in the terminals of the cones.It is postulated that loss of some rod photoreceptor cells within a group that is presynaptic to common bipolars or horizontal cells results in partial deafferentation which in turn stimulates the growth of the remaining synaptic elements. The possible compensatory effect and functional significance of such synaptic growth are discussed.
Efferent cortical connections of multimodal cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Barnes Clifford L. , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cortex of the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the rhesus monkey contains a region that receives overlapping input from post‐Rolandic sensory association areas and is considered multimodal in nature. We have used the fluorescence retrograde tracing technique in order to answer the question of whether multimodal areas of the STS project back to post‐Rolandic sensory association areas. Additionally, we have attempted to answer the question of whether the projections from the multimodal areas directed to the parasensory association areas originate from common neurons via axon collaterals or from individual neurons. The results show that multimodal area TPO of the STS projects back to specific unimodal parasensory association areas of the parietal lobe (somatosensory), superior temporal gyrus (auditory), and posterior parahippocampal gyrus (visual). In addition, a substantial number of projections from area TPO are directed to distal parasensory association areas, area PG‐Opt in the inferior parietal lobule, areas Ts1 and Ts2 in the rostral superior temporal gyrus, and areas TF and TL in the parahippocampal gyrus. These latter regions are themselves considered to be higher‐order association areas. It was also noted that the majority of the projections to these higher‐order association areas originate from the middle divisions of area TPO (TPO‐2 and TPO‐3). These neurons are organized in a significantly overlapping manner. Despite this overlap of the projection neurons, only an occasional double labeled neuron was observed in area TPO. Thus, our observations indicate that the multimodal region of the superior temporal sulcus has reciprocal connections with the unimodal parasensory association cortices subserving somatosensory, auditory and visual modalities, as well as with other post‐Rolandic higher‐order association areas. These connections from area TPO to post‐Rolandic association areas may have a modulating influence on the sensory association input leading to multimodal areas in the superior temporal sulcus.
Acoustic chiasm V: Inhibition and excitation in the ipsilateral and contralateral projections of LSO
Authors: Glendenning K. K. , Baker B. N. , Hutson K. A. , Masterton R. B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhen this series of experiments was begun in 1984, the activity of each lateral superior olive (LSO) in the mammalian hindbrain was known to encode the hemifield of acoustic space containing a sound source. However, the almost random bilaterality of its ascending projections seemed to jumble that identification before reaching the midbrain. At the same time, electrophysiological studies of LSO and its efferent target in the inferior colliculus, along with the strictly contralateral deficits in sound localization resulting from unilateral lesions above the level of the superior olives, indicated that hemifield allegiance was largely maintained (though reversed) at the midbrain.Here we present seven lines of biochemical evidence, some combined with prior ablations, supporting the notion that the anatomical segregation of the ipsilateral and contralateral fibers ascending from the LSO is accompanied by a corresponding segregation of their neurotransmitters: most of the ascending ipsilateral projection is probably glycinergic and, hence, inhibitory in effect, while most of the contralateral projection is probably glutamatergic/aspartergic and, hence, excitatory in effect. Taken together, the inhibitory ipsilateral projections and the excitatory contralateral projections serve to amplify functional contralaterality at the higher levels of the auditory system. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
I. Localization of Mu class glutathione‐s‐transferase in the forebrains of neonatal and young rats: Implications for astrocyte development
Authors: Cammer Wendy , Zhang Hong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Yb (Mu class) isoform of glutathione‐S‐transferase has recently been localized in ependymal cells, subependymal cells, and astrocytes in the forebrains of rats 3 weeks to adult in age. It was not known, however, at what age Mu might first be observed during postnatal development and whether the first cells in which it was found would be immature astrocytes or some less differentiated glial precursor cell, if the latter were present in vivo. Tissue sections from the forebrains of neonatal to 16 day old rats were immunostained with antibodies against Mu. In neonates Mu was observed in vimentin‐positive cells and their processes adjacent to the lateral ventricles, and in the corpus striatum. The colocalization with vimentin suggested that these were subependymal cells and radial glia. In the corpus striatum the radial glia, while still vimentin‐positive, rapidly lost Mu from their radial cell processes, whereas the cell‐bodies remained Mu‐positive. During the first postnatal week the Mu‐positive, glial‐fibrillary‐acidicprotein (GFAP)‐positive cell bodies of immature astrocytes appeared in the corpus striatum.The earliest Mu‐positive cells in the immature white matter of the corpus callosum were vimentin‐positive and had striking longitudinal processes that also were vimentin‐ and Mu‐positive, Like the processes of radial glia, the longitudinal processes lost their Muimmunoreactivity, only later and more gradually. Mu‐positive, GFAP‐positive cells appeared later in the corpus callosum than in the corpus striatum. The data suggest that (1) Mu is localized in the astrocyte line in the rat brain at all postnatal ages; (2) astrocytes in the white matter may have precursors corresponding to those of astrocytes in gray matter, but developing several days later; and (3) the loss of Mu from radial glial processes may be an early event in the retraction of those processes. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.