bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The systems biology markup language (SBML): a medium for
representation and exchange of biochemical network models
Authors: Hucka M. , Finney A. , Sauro H. M. , Bolouri H. , Doyle J. C. , Kitano H. , Arkin A. P. , Bornstein B. J. , Bray D. , Cornish-Bowden A. , Cuellar A. A. , Dronov S. , Gilles E. D. , Ginkel M. , Gor V. , Goryanin I. I. , Hedley W. J. , Hodgman T. C. , Hofmeyr J.-H. , Hunter P. J. , Juty N. S. , Kasberger J. L. , Kremling A. , Kummer U. , Le Novère N. , Loew L. M. , Lucio D. , Mendes P. , Minch E. , Mjolsness E. D. , Nakayama Y. , Nelson M. R. , Nielsen P. F. , Sakurada T. , Schaff J. C. , Shapiro B. E. , Shimizu T. S. , Spence H. D. , Stelling J. , Takahashi K. , Tomita M. , Wagner J. , Wang J. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Motivation: Molecular biotechnology now makes it possible to build elaborate systems models, but the systems biology community needs information standards if models are to be shared, evaluated and developed cooperatively.
Results: We summarize the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) Level 1, a free, open, XML-based format for representing biochemical reaction networks. SBML is a software-independent language for describing models common to research in many areas of computational biology, including cell signaling pathways, metabolic pathways, gene regulation, and others.
Availability: The specification of SBML Level 1 is freely available from http://www.sbml.org/
Contact: sysbio-team@caltech.edu
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Detection of unrelated proteins in sequences multiple alignments by using
predicted secondary structures
Authors: Errami Mounir , Geourjon Christophe , Deléage Gilbert 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Motivation: Multiple sequence alignments are essential tools for establishing the homology relations between proteins. Essential amino acids for the function and/or the structure are generally conserved, thus providing key arguments to help in protein characterization. However for distant proteins, it is more difficult to establish, in a reliable way, the homology relations that may exist between them. In this article, we show that secondary structure prediction is a valuable way to validate protein families at low identity rate.
Results: We show that the analysis of the secondary structures compatibility is a reliable way to discard non-related proteins in low identity multiple alignment.
Availability: This validation is possible through our NPS@ server (http://npsa-pbil.ibcp.fr)
Contact: g.deleage@ibcp.fr
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Statistical alignment based on fragment insertion and deletion models
Authors: Metzler Dirk 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Motivation: The topic of this paper is the estimation of alignments and mutation rates based on stochastic sequence–evolution models that allow insertions and deletions of subsequences (‘fragments’) and not just single bases. The model we propose is a variant of a model introduced by Thorne et al., (J. Mol. Evol., 34, 3–16, 1992). The computational tractability of the model depends on certain restrictions in the insertion/deletion process; possible effects we discuss.
Results: The process of fragment insertion and deletion in the sequence–evolution model induces a hidden Markov structure at the level of alignments and thus makes possible efficient statistical alignment algorithms. As an example we apply a sampling procedure to assess the variability in alignment and mutation parameter estimates for HVR1 sequences of human and orangutan, improving results of previous work. Simulation studies give evidence that estimation methods based on the proposed model also give satisfactory results when applied to data for which the restrictions in the insertion/deletion process do not hold.
Availability: The source code of the software for sampling alignments and mutation rates for a pair of DNA sequences according to the fragment insertion and deletion model is freely available from http://www.math.uni-frankfurt.de/~stoch/software/mcmcsalut under the terms of the GNU public license (GPL, 2000).
Contact: dmetzler@math.uni-frankfurt.de
Injuries among older adults: the challenge of optimizing safety and minimizing unintended consequences
Authors: Binder S 
Published: February 2003

Objectives:To describe the problem of falls, motor vehicle related injuries, and suicide among older adults, and issues related to their prevention.Methods:Summary and synthesis of selected literature.Results:About 39 000 adults aged 65 and older die each year in the United States from injuries; worldwide this annual toll is about 946 000 persons. The top three causes of injury related death in this age goup in the United State are falls, those related to motor vehicle crashes, and suicide. Effective strategies exist for preventing fall related injuries and deaths. Preventing injuries and deaths from motor vehicles and suicide may be more difficult because of the nature of these problems.Conclusions:As the number and percentage of older adults continues to rise in the United States and globally, new approaches to preventing injuries will be critical. Interventions will need to operate at multiple levels—directed at the individual, at interpersonal relationships, and at the community level.
Injury prevention in sport: not yet part of the game?
Authors: Chalmers D J 
Published: February 2003

Background:There is a saying in sport that “injury is just part of the game”. In other words, injury in sport is seen as inevitable.Objective:To examine progress toward reaching the contrary position that “injury prevention is just part of the game”.Methods:The four steps of van Mechelen’s “sequence of prevention” model provide a structure for examining progress.Results:What is known about the size of the problem (step 1)? Most is known about more serious injuries and about injuries in élite and professional sport. Least is known about less serious injuries, injury in community level and amateur sport, and injury occurring in recreational activities. What is known about risk factors (step 2)? Despite calls for analytic studies since the early 1980s, few such studies have been reported in the literature. What is known about the effectiveness of preventive measures (step 3)? Few randomized controlled trials have been reported in the literature. Are there systems in place to monitor sports injury (step 4)? Examples are given of systems in North America, Europe, and Australasia.Conclusions:With a few exceptions, progress has not gone beyond step 1 in van Mechelen’s model. Challenges for the future include: deciding where research efforts should be placed, standardization of definitions and methods of data collection and reporting, identification of risk factors and mechanisms of injury, and the evaluation of interventions. Finally, if the field of sports injury prevention is to advance, multidisciplinary collaboration will be required, along with the involvement of the sports community.
A meta-analysis of the efficacy of over-the-counter nicotine replacement
Authors: Hughes J R , Shiffman S , Callas P , Zhang J 
Published: February 2003

Objective:To determine whether over-the-counter (OTC) nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is pharmacologically efficacious, whether it produces abstinence rates similar to those in prescription settings, and to estimate the long term (that is, greater than six month) abstinence rate with OTC NRT.Method:Systematic literature review.Data sources:Medline, Psych Abstracts, bibliographies, requests of scientists.Study selection:Studies comparing OTC NRT versus OTC placebo or studies comparing OTC NRT versus prescription NRT that reported abstinence rates and for which a full study report was available.Data extraction:Two of the authors independently reviewed studies and compared results.Data synthesis:Meta-analysis was performed by first testing for homogeneity across studies, then combining odds ratios (ORs) weighting by inverse variance and proportions weighting by study sample size.Results:One OTC NRT versus OTC placebo nicotine gum study was excluded due to small sample size and different setting. The four remaining studies were randomised trials of nicotine versus placebo patch with ORs of 2.1–3.2. These outcomes were homogenous and when combined resulted in an OR favouring NRT of 2.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8 to 3.6). Among the two randomised and two non-randomised trials of OTC NRT versus prescription NRT, one small study had an OR of 0.3, two others had ORs of 1.0 and 1.4, and a fourth study had an OR of 3.6. These results were not homogenous; however, when combined via a random effects model the estimated OR was not less than 1.0—that is, OR 1.4 (95% CI 0.6 to 3.3). The long term (that is, greater than six months) quit rates for OTC NRT was 1% and 6% in two studies and 8–11% in five other studies. These results were not homogenous; however, when combined the estimated OR was 7% (95% CI 4% to 11%).Conclusions:OTC NRT is pharmacologically efficacious and produces modest quit rates similar to that seen in real world prescription practice.
Smoking and financial stress
Authors: Siahpush M , Borland R , Scollo M 
Published: February 2003

Aim:Stress relief is commonly provided as a reason for smoking. However, it is plausible that the cost of smoking may create financial stress, particularly among the poor. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between smoking and financial stress.Design:Cross sectional survey of households from private dwellings conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), using a stratified multistage area sample design.Setting:Australia, 1998–99.Participants:Nationally representative sample of households (n = 6892).Main outcome measures:The outcome measures of objective financial stress were two dichotomous variables indicating whether the household had experienced any financial stress or severe financial stress in the past 12 months.Results:The odds of experiencing any financial stress were 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 1.7) times greater, and the odds of severe financial stress were twice (95% CI 1.6 to 2.5) as large for smoking households than non-smoking households. The effect of smoking on financial stress did not vary significantly across categories of income. Among smoking households, higher percentage of total household expenditure on tobacco was significantly related to financial stress.Conclusions:Given data were cross sectional, firm conclusions cannot be drawn about the causal relationship between smoking and financial stress. It is likely that they both affect each other. Undoubtedly, expenditure on tobacco will reduce available funds that could otherwise be used to ameliorate financial stress.
Measuring the accumulated hazards of smoking: global and regional estimates for 2000
Authors: Ezzati M , Lopez A D 
Published: February 2003

Objective:Current prevalence of smoking, even where data are available, is a poor proxy for cumulative hazards of smoking, which depend on several factors including the age at which smoking began, duration of smoking, number of cigarettes smoked per day, degree of inhalation, and cigarette characteristics such as tar and nicotine content or filter type.Methods:We extended the Peto-Lopez smoking impact ratio method to estimate accumulated hazards of smoking for different regions of the world. Lung cancer mortality data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease mortality database. The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study, phase II (CPS-II) with follow up for the years 1982 to 1988 was the reference population. For the global application of the method, never-smoker lung cancer mortality rates were chosen based on the estimated use of coal for household energy in each region.Results:Men in industrialised countries of Europe, North America, and the Western Pacific had the largest accumulated hazards of smoking. Young and middle age males in many regions of the developing world also had large smoking risks. The accumulated hazards of smoking for women were highest in North America followed by Europe.Conclusions:In the absence of detailed data on smoking prevalence and history, lung cancer mortality provides a robust indicator of the accumulated hazards of smoking. These hazards in developing countries are currently more concentrated among young and middle aged males.
Paracingulate sulcus morphology in men with early-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Provost Jean-Bernard Le , Bartrés-Faz David , Paillère-Martinot Marie-Laure , Artiges Eric , Pappata Sabina , Recasens Christophe , Pérez-Gómez Mercedes , Bernardo Miquel , Baeza Imma , Bayle Frank , Martinot Jean-Luc 
Published: February 2003

BackgroundCingulate dysfunction has been reported in schizophrenia. Although the paracingulate sulcus (PCS) is known to be asymmetric in healthy people, little information is available about its morphology in schizophrenia.AimsTo search for morphological anomalies of the PCS in men with early-onset schizophrenia.MethodThe PCS was examined in magnetic resonance images of the brains of men with schizophrenia and 100 healthy men.ResultsA significant asymmetry was found in the brains of healthy volunteers, whose sulci were more frequent and more marked in the left hemisphere. In contrast, the sulcus was as frequent in the right as in the left hemisphere in the patient group. Moreover, patients displayed significantly more rightward asymmetry, and overall less-asymmetrical patterns than the comparison group.ConculsionsSince the PCS has developed at 36 weeks of gestation, these findings suggest an impaired maturation of the cingulate region during the third trimester.
Objectivity in psychoanalytic assessment of couple relationships
Authors: Lanman M. , Grier F. , Evans C. 
Published: February 2003

BackgroundClinicians claim that partners in a couple can be understood to share a mode of relating, at an unconscious level. Assessment of this depends on inference from observable data. This study tests the viability and reliability of a modification of the Personal Relatedness Profile (PRP) for this purpose.AimsTo test the interrater reliability and construct validity of a joint PRP score for couples.MethodSeven therapists independently rated couples' interactions using the 30-item PRP and segments of videotaped interviews with 19 couples.ResultsInterrater reliability was good and correlations between items clearly supported the underlying Kleinian bipolar model used (paranoid–schizoid/depressive positions).ConclusionsPsychoanalytic couple psychotherapists agree in independent judgements of the nature of couple functioning, these judgements being based on envisaging couples in terms of an unconsciously shared state of mind.
Acute wards: problems and solutions
Authors: Rix Susannah , Shepherd Geoff 
Published: February 2003

Aims and MethodTo develop an evidence-based approach that supports the improvement of front-line delivery of adult acute in-patient services. Key factors of effective organisational change were identified from the literature. These were adopted as part of an ‘evidence-based service development’ programme. This approach was used by the Health Advisory Service in a project with an NHS Trust in south east England.ResultsSignificant progress was made in improving the quality of local acute in-patient services.Clinical ImplicationsFurther development and evaluation of this approach should be undertaken, since it seems to offer significant opportunities to deliver real improvements in the quality of services.
Evaluating the relationship of high-dose venlafaxine prescribing to treatment-resistant depression
Authors: Thomas Arwel , Taylor David 
Published: February 2003

Aims and MethodPrescribing of venlafaxine in The South London and Maudsley NHS Trust was found to account for over 50% of the antidepressant costs, but only 15% of the prescriptions. There is evidence to suggest that higher doses of venlafaxine may be effective in treating treatment-refractory depression. We aimed to discover if higher doses of venlafaxine used in the trust were related to prior failure to respond to antidepressant treatment. Hospital in-patients being treated with venlafaxine during a 1-week period in October 2001 were identified and case notes were reviewed to determine patient demographic data and prior history of antidepressant therapy.ResultsThere were 38 patients identified as being prescribed venlafaxine (18 of whom had a primary diagnosis of depression). Twenty-five were classed as non-treatment-resistant and 13 were classed as treatment-resistant. Doses of venlafaxine were statistically significantly higher in patients considered treatment-resistant (245 mg v. 180 mg daily, P=0.03). All other recorded patient characteristics were similar.Clinical ImplicationsHigher doses of venlafaxine were prescribed to patients who were retrospectively defined as treatment-refractory. Further studies should address the reasons for this prescribing practice.
Hydrotalcite-Like Minerals (M2Al(OH)6(CO3)0.5.XH2O, Where M = Mg, Zn, Co, Ni) in the Environment: Synthesis, Characterization and Thermodynamic Stability
Authors: Johnson C. A. , Glasser F. P. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractHydrotalcite-like layered double hydroxides (LDH), of the formulation M2Al(OH)6(CO3)0.5.H2O, where M = Mg, Zn, Co, Ni, have been prepared, the products characterized and their solubility products measured at ionic strengths of 0.0065 and 0.0128 M and at 25°C. Steady-state solubility was reached after 100 days. The solubility products have been formulated according to the following reaction: M2Al(OH)60.5CO3⋅H2O+6H+→2M2++Al3++0.5CO32−+H2O where
KSO=[M2+]2[Al3+][CO32−]0.5[H]6Average values of Kso for I = 0, estimated using the Davies equation, are 25.43, 20.80, 22.88 and 20.03 for Mg, Zn, Co and Ni, respectively. Model calculations reveal that the thermodynamic stability of the LDHs is greater than that of the corresponding divalent hydroxides for Zn, Co and Ni below a pH of ∼10, 9 and 8, respectively, and at least up to pH 12 for Mg.
Adsorption of Cu Ions onto a 1.10 Phenanthroline-Grafted Brazilian Bentonite
Authors: De León Alexis Tejedor , Nunes Denise Goulart , Rubio Jorge 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe grafting, by chemical adsorption, of molecular 1.10-phenanthroline (OP) onto some Brazilian bentonite (montmorillonites) was studied to improve their adsorptive capacities to remove Cu ions from synthetic wastewater. The quantity of OP adsorbed was 112 mg g−1 of bentonite at pH 8.5 and no significant desorption was detectable in acidic or basic solutions. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra show that a complex type-β is formed in which the OP molecules lay inclined in the clay interlayer. After the intercalation of OP, the adsorptive capacities of the natural bentonites increased by a factor of ten. Thus, adsorption of Cu ions, at optimal pH of 8.0±0.5, showed saturation values, which, calculated by the Langmuir model, yielded 110 mg of Cu ions g−1 of bentonite (3.5 meq g−1). The mechanisms of Cu uptake are ion-exchange adsorption onto untreated bentonite and ion exchange plus Cu2+ phenanthroline complexation (chemisorption) on the modified pillared clay. The desorption of Cu ions from OP clay revealed high uptake irreversibility and physical stability (of the adsorbent) either in strongly acidic or basic solutions. Thus, after acid treatment ∼90% of the adsorbed Cu ions continued to be bound onto the OP-modified bentonite surface.
Preparation of novel copoly(bis[4‐(3‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone/ 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxyl/ pyromellite)imide derivatives
Authors: Jeon Jong‐Young 
Published: February 2003

AbstractCopolyimide derivatives were prepared from two carboxylic dianhydrides [3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA)] and a single diamine (bis[4‐(3‐aminophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone [BAPS]) following one‐step polymerization. Copolymers could be arranged in sequence through different molar ratios of dianhydride compounds. These polymers were characterized by viscosity, thermal and mechanical properties, solubility, etc. To understand the behavior of the properties, according to the ratio of the dianhydride compound, a copolymer having various properties could be obtained. Further, it was proved that their properties could be determined from the compositions. The solubility of copolyimides with a large molecular weight was moderately improved. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 853–859, 2003
Graft polymerization of different monomers onto carbamated starches derived from native and hydrolyzed starches
Authors: Mostafa Kh. M. , El‐Sanabary A. A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractRice starch was hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid so that starches would be obtained with different molecular sizes. The derived hydrolyzed starches were carbamated at various reaction times and were grafted with different monomers with a potassium permanganate/citric acid system as an initiator. The newly tailored starch‐derived products were evaluated as sizing agents. The extent of carbamation increased with increasing hydrolysis and increasing reaction time. The graft yields of different monomers on carbamated starches and carbamated hydrolyzed starches increased with increasing carbamation and increasing hydrolysis in the following order: acrylamide > acrylonitrile > acrylic acid. Cotton fabrics sized with grafted carbamated hydrolyzed starches acquired higher mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, and abrasion resistance) than hydrolyzed starches, carbamated starches, and carbamated hydrolyzed starches. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 959–965, 2003
Physicochemical behavior of mixed surfactant systems: Petroleum sulfonate and lignosulfonate
Authors: Ng W. L. , Rana D. , Neale G. H. , Hornof V. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe physicochemical properties of mixed polymeric surfactant systems were studied with different techniques. A binary system consisting of lignosulfonate and petroleum sulfonate and a ternary system consisting of two different lignosulfonates and petroleum sulfonate were studied with respect to phase behavior, interfacial tension, specific conductivity, and pH measurements. In addition, the original lignosulfonates were subjected to ion exchange from sodium to calcium or vice versa, and the effects were investigated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 860–865, 2003
Inhibition effect of some polymers on the corrosion of cadmium in a hydrochloric acid solution
Authors: Khairou K. S. , El‐Sayed A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe effects of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), sodium polyacrylate (NaPA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), pectin (P), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the corrosion of cadmium in a 0.5M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were studied with both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel plot techniques. Measurements were carried out at cathodic, open‐circuit, and anodic potentials. All the investigated polymers had inhibitory effects on both the cathodic (except for NaPA, P, and CMC) and anodic processes, with a predominant anodic inhibiting action. However, NaPA, P, and CMC exhibited a slight cathodic inhibiting action only at higher polymer concentrations. This behavior may be attributed to the very weak adsorbability of the polymers on the cathodic sites. Because PVA and PEG had hydroxy groups, there could be bridging between the polymer and the surface, resulting in an inhibiting effect in the HCl solution. However, PVA had much greater adsorbability on the surface than PEG at the anodic potential. The adsorption of most of the polymers obeyed a Temkin adsorption isotherm, and this indicated indicating that the main process of inhibition was adsorption. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 866–871, 2003