bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zen meditation and ABC relaxation theory: An exploration of relaxation states, beliefs, dispositions, and motivations
Authors: Gillani Noori B. , Smith Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study is an attempt to rigorously map the psychological effects of Zen meditation among experienced practitioners. Fifty‐nine Zen meditators with at least six years of experience practiced an hour of traditional Zazen seated meditation. A control group of 24 college students spent 60 min silently reading popular magazines. Before relaxation, all participants took the Smith Relaxation States Inventory (SRSI), the Smith Relaxation Dispositions/Motivations Inventory (SRD/MI), and the Smith Relaxation Beliefs Inventory (SRBI). After practice, participants again took the SRSI. Analyses revealed that meditators are less likely to believe in God, more likely to believe in Inner Wisdom, and more likely to display the relaxation dispositions Mental Quiet, Mental Relaxation, and Timeless/Boundless/Infinite. Pre‐ and postsession analyses revealed that meditators showed greater increments in the relaxation states Mental Quiet, Love and Thankfulness, and Prayerfulness, as well as reduced Worry. Results support Smith's ABC Relaxation Theory. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 839–846, 2001.
Base rates of WAIS‐R VIQ–PIQ differences in 1593 psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Iverson Grant L. , Woodward Todd S. , Green Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to provide the psychologist with base‐rate tables for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS‐R) Verbal IQ–Performance IQ difference scores in 1593 psychiatric inpatients. Subtables also were provided for each of three primary psychiatric diagnoses (schizophrenia spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, and depression). The base rates of VIQ–PIQ splits in the full inpatient sample, and those for the subsamples based on primary psychiatric diagnosis, were very similar to those reported in the WAIS‐R standardization sample. Consistent with past research on the standardization sample, the VIQ–PIQ split was correlated positively with Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), indicating that larger splits are more common at the higher IQ levels. Therefore, base‐rate tables also were provided for the total inpatient sample split into five IQ groupings. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1579–1587, 2001.
Activation of apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 by the stress‐induced activating phosphorylation of pre‐formed oligomer
Authors: Tobiume Kei , Saitoh Masao , Ichijo Hidenori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a MAPKKK family member which activates c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. In non‐stressed cells, ASK1 exists as an inactive complex with the reduced form of thioredoxin. Oxidative stress such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) disrupts the ASK1‐thioredoxin complex by oxidization of thioredoxin and thereby activates ASK1. The precise mechanism by which ASK1 is activated after its release from thioredoxin is unknown. Here we show that phosphorylation of Thr845 at the activation loop is essential for ASK1 to be activated by H2O2. ASK1 appears to form a silent homo‐oligomer through its C‐terminal coiled‐coil region in non‐stressed cells. Following H2O2 treatment, pre‐existing ASK1 oligomer undergoes conformational change and creates a new interface within an oligomer, which ultimately leads to trans‐autophosphorylation of Thr845. Thus, direct interaction via the coiled‐coil region is required for self‐scaffolding but not sufficient for activation of ASK1. Importantly, Thr845 of ASK1 can also be trans‐phosphorylated by an unidentified Thr845 kinase in response to H2O2 treatment. We propose that this potential Thr845 kinase may be an ignition kinase that triggers Thr845 phosphorylation in oligomerized and activation‐competent forms of ASK1. J. Cell. Physiol. 191: 95–104, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arachidonic acid release by cPLA2 may be causally related to NO‐induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Pilane Cyril M. , LaBelle Edward F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApoptosis has been shown to occur in vascular smooth muscle cells during the development of atherosclerosis. In order to investigate the possible role of arachidonic acid during apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle, we induced apoptosis in cultured rat aortal smooth muscle cells (SMCs) by treatment with either UV (ultraviolet) radiation, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) or NO donor drugs (sodium nitroprusside, or S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐D‐penicillamine, SNAP). Apoptosis was detected by either DNA fragmentation analysis or by TUNEL analysis. UV radiation, TNF‐α and NO were observed to stimulate apoptosis in the cells as well as to stimulate arachidonate release from the cells. NO also increased levels of cPLA2 in the cells, which is an enzyme that is frequently activated in cells that release arachidonate. These agents stimulated arachidonate release somewhat earlier than they stimulated apoptosis in the cells. The inhibition of cPLA2 by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF3) also led to the inhibition of arachidonate release from the cells as well as the inhibition of nitroprusside stimulated apoptosis. Arachidonic acid itself could induce apoptosis in the cultured cells. These observations provide evidence that arachidonate may be involved in apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle. J. Cell. Physiol. 191: 191–197, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of non‐ionic surfactants on elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil‐slurry by Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Authors: Zheng Zhongming , Obbard Jeffrey Philip 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurfactants can enhance bioremediation of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by increasing their bioavailability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of non‐ionic polyoxyethylene (POE) surfactants on the elimination of nine PAHs in contaminated soil by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. PAHs in both liquid and solid phases were extracted and then assayed using GC–MS. Fungal biomass concentration and the activity of extracellular ligninolytic enzymes were used to determine the toxicity of POE surfactants. Results indicated that 0.5% (w/v) of surfactant Tween 80 was not toxic to fungal growth and had little impact on extracellular ligninolytic enzyme synthesis. About 80% of low ring PAHs (ie acenaphthene and fluorene) could be efficiently catabolized by P chrysosporium without surfactants, while catabolism of others (ie phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenz(ah)anthracene and benzo(ghi)perylene) was less than 30% over a 8‐day culture period. Elimination of four‐to six‐ring PAHs in contaminated soil was enhanced in P chrysosporium cultures with 0.4% (w/v) Tween 80 by 15–33% compared with those in cultures without Tween 80, while no obvious effect was observed in the elimination of three‐ring PAHs over the culture period. Investigations on PAH concentrations in aqueous phase during the culture period showed that Tween 80 increased PAH aqueous concentrations and the PAH oxidation rate in aqueous was rapid. Enhancement of soil PAH elimination in the presence of Tween 80 was due to the increased PAH bioavailability.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro injury model for oligodendrocytes: Development, injury, and recovery
Authors: Espinosa De Los Monteros Araceli , Zhao Paul M. , De Vellis Jean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study we investigated the effects of severe hypothermia (cryoinjury) on oligodendrocyte (OL) cell marker expression and morphological features. We used a chemically defined cell culture medium, glial development medium (GDM), which favored the optimal expression of the OL phenotype in CG4 cells. Experiments using CG4 cells cultured in 2% serum or in GDM were conducted in parallel. After severe hypothermia, cells were reanimated at 37°C and 4.5% CO2 and cultured in either GDM or in medium supplemented with 2% serum. In either medium, around 70% of the total number of cells detached within 2 to 4 hours following reanimation. Oligodendroglial markers such as A2B5, O4, Tf, ferritin, tubulin, and MBP were examined by double and triple immunofluorescence. All of these markers except MBP re‐appeared at different times during the recovery period for up to 48 hours. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP‐60) were used as injury markers. The presence of serum induced HSP‐60 expression, while GDM did not. All CG4 cells expressed HSP‐60 in response to hypothermia independently of the cell culture medium used. Cryoinjury induced a spectrum of morphological changes in CG4 cells. The expression of OL specific markers was also influenced by hypothermia. Moreover both, serum and cryoinjury induced the expression of HSP‐60 that colocalized with OL and myelin markers. The expression of GFAP by injured cells but not by normal cells corroborated the state of injury of CG4 cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 52:719–730, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment of microglial cell cultures derived from postmortem human adult brain tissue: Immunophenotypical and functional characterization
Authors: De Groot C.J.A. , Hulshof S. , Hoozemans J.J.M. , Veerhuis R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell cultures have become an integral part of the daily routine in most biological research laboratories. Because they are very dynamic and highly accessible, cell cultures permit direct experimental manipulations where cause‐effect relations can be more definitely assayed. We have developed cultures of microglial cells from rapid autopsies (range 3–10 hours) of non‐ demented elderly patients and Alzheimer's disease patients. Cultures were derived from the subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, and frontal, temporal, and occipital cortex. The adherent microglial cells were immunoreactive for CD68, CD45, CD11c, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II markers, and were not immunoreactive for astrocyte or oligodendrocyte markers. In addition, some functional characteristics of the isolated microglial cells were also studied. Upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), microglial cells secreted pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mediators, i.e., interleukin‐ (IL)‐6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and IL‐10, indicating the functional capacity of cultured microglia. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:34–39, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of prey capture kinematics in the cheeklined wrasse Oxycheilinus digrammus (Teleostei: Labridae)
Authors: Ferry‐Graham Lara A. , Wainwright Peter C. , Westneat Mark W. , Bellwood David R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ability to modulate prey capture behaviors is of interest to organismal biologists as it suggests that predators can perceive features of the prey and select suitable behaviors from an available repertoire to successfully capture the item. Thus, behavior may be as important a trait as morphology in determining an organism’s diet. Using high‐speed video, we measured prey capture kinematics in three cheeklined wrasse, Oxycheilinus digrammus. We studied the effects of three experimental prey treatments: live fish, dead prawn suspended in the water column, and dead prawn pieces anchored to the substrate in a clip. Live prey elicited significantly more rapid strikes than dead prey suspended in the water column, and the head of the predator was expanded to significantly larger maxima. These changes in prey capture kinematics suggest the generation of more inertial suction. With greater expansion of the head, more water can be accelerated into the buccal cavity. The attached prey treatment elicited strikes as rapid as those on live prey. We suggest that the kinematics of rapid strikes on attached prey are indicative of attempts to use suction to detach the prey item. More rapid expansion of the buccal or mouth cavity should lead to higher velocities of water entering the mouth and therefore to enhanced suction. Further modulation in response to the attached prey item, such as clipping or wrenching behaviors, was not observed. J. Exp. Zool. 290:88–100, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual differentiation in the spiny softshell turtle (Apalone spinifera), a species with genetic sex determination
Authors: Greenbaum Eli , Carr John L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is hypothesized on the basis of sex determination theory that species exhibiting genetic sex determination (GSD) may undergo sexual differentiation earlier in development than species with environmental sex determination (ESD). Most turtle species exhibit a form of ESD known as temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD), and in such species the chronology of sex differentiation is well studied.Apalone spiniferais a species of softshell turtle (Trionychidae) that exhibits GSD. We studied sexual differentiation in this species in order to facilitate comparison to TSD species. Eggs were incubated at two different temperatures and embryos were harvested at various stages of mid to late development. Gonad length was measured with image analysis software, then prepared histologically. Indifferent gonads have differentiated in stage 19 embryos. Histological details of gonadogenesis follow the same pattern as described for other reptiles. Regression of the male paramesonephric duct closely follows testicular differentiation. Gonad lengths are longer at the warmer incubation temperature, and ovaries are generally longer than testes at each stage and for each temperature. Although sexual differentiation takes place at about the same stage as in other turtles with TSD (18–20), inA. spiniferathis differentiation is irreversible at this stage, while in some of the TSD species sex is reversible until about stage 22. This immutable, definitive sexual differentiation may support the hypothesis of an accelerated chronology of sex differentiation for this species. We also note that sexual dichromatism at hatching is known in this species and may provide additional evidence of early differentiation.J. Exp. Zool. 290:190–200, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional correction of episomal mutations withshort DNA fragments and RNA–DNA oligonucleotides
Authors: Thorpe P. H. , Stevenson B. J. , Porteous D. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundGene correction is an alternative approach to replacement gene therapy. By correcting mutations within the genome, some of the barriers to effective gene therapy are avoided. Homologous nucleic acid sequences can correct mutations by inducing recombination or mismatch repair. Recently, encouraging data have been presented using both short DNAfragments (SDFs) and RNA–DNA oligonucleotides (RDOs) in experimental strategies to realize clinical gene correction.MethodsThe delivery of labelled SDFs and RDOs to a variety of cell lines was tested using both FACS analysis and confocal microscopy. A GFP‐based reporter system was constructed, containing a nonsense mutation, to allow quantitation of gene correction in living cells. This reporter was used to compare efficiencies of functional gene correction using SDFs and RDOs in arange of mammalian cell lines.ResultsThe delivery experiments highlight the inefficient delivery of SDFs and RDOs to the nucleus using polyethylenimine (PEI) transfection. This study compared the episomal correction efficiency of the reporter plasmid mediated by SDFs and RDOs within different cell types; low levels of functional correction were detected in cell culture.ConclusionsWhilst delivery of PEI‐complexed SDFs or RDOs to the cell is highly effective, nuclear entry appears to be a limiting factor. SDFs elicited episomal GFP correction across a range of cell lines, whereas RDOs only corrected the reporter in a cell line that overexpresses RAD51. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of the skull in Acrochordus granulatus (Schneider) (Reptilia: Serpentes), with special consideration of the otico‐occipital complex
Authors: Rieppel Olivier , Zaher Hussam 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe skull of Acrochordus has been characterized by the absence of a crista circumfenestralis (a synapomorphy shared by all snakes), and by the absence of a recessus scalae tympani that in other squamates forms by subdivision of the embryonic metotic fissure. These traits have variably been identified as either plesiomorphic or paedomorphic. The study of the development of the osteocranium in a series of cleared and stained embryos of Acrochordus shows a close correspondence to the development of the skull in other snakes. The exception is the formation of the postorbital from two ossification centers. The significance of this observation, which might suggest the embryonic fusion of a postfrontal with a postorbital, remains enigmatic, as it is based on one side only of the skull of a single specimen. By contrast, a rudimentary and modified crista circumfenestralis can be identified in the skull of Acrochordus. Furthermore, absence of a recessus scalae tympani is not due to an undivided fissura metotica, but results from the obliteration of the anterior part of the metotic fissure instead. With respect to this character, Acrochordus is neither plesiomorphic, nor paedomorphic, but autapomorphic. This interpretation of the skull of Acrochordus is compatible with the sister‐group relationships this genus shares with colubroid snakes. J. Morphol. 249:252–266, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRA of the lower extremities in patients with pulmonary embolism using a blood pool contrast agent: Initial experience
Authors: Hoffmann Udo , Loewe Christian , Bernhard Christoph , Weber Michael , Cejna Manfred , Herold Christian J. , Schima Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of blood pool contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to visualize the arterial and venous vessel tree and to detect deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities.Materials and MethodsNine consecutive patients with pulmonary embolism (mean age = 46 ± 9) were randomized to various doses of NC100150 (between 0.75 and 6 mg of Fe/kg of body weight). A T1‐weighted (T1W) 3D gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequence (TE = 2.0 msec, TR = 5.0 msec) was used. Two observers blinded to the dose of contrast agent assessed image quality, contrast attenuation, and appearance of thrombi.ResultsQualitative assessment of overall MRA image quality and semiquantitative vessel scoring revealed good to excellent delineation of venous and arterial vessel segments independent of the dose of NC100150. However, quantitative region of interest analysis revealed a significantly higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in the high‐dose group than in the mid‐ and low‐dose groups of NC100150 (P < 0.01). Between dose groups, the SNR was independent of vessel type (artery or vein) and vessel segment localization (proximal or distal). All seven venous thrombi (mean length = 7.2 ± 0.95cm) were characterized by a very low signal intensity (SI), which was only 16.6 ± 7% of the SI in adjacent venous segments (P < 0.0001).ConclusionHigh‐quality MR angiograms of the lower extremities can be obtained using low concentrations of NC100150 in combination with a strong T1W 3D GRE sequence. The obvious delineation of venous thrombi suggests that this technique may be potentially used as a noninvasive “one‐stop shopping” tool in the evaluation of thromboembolic disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:429–437. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gadobenate dimeglumine‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of intracranial metastases: Effect of dose on lesion detection and delineation
Authors: Schneider Günther , Kirchin Miles A. , Pirovano Gianpaolo , Colosimo Cesare , Ruscalleda Jordi , Korves Mathias , Salerio Isabella , La Noce Anna , Spinazzi Alberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeventy‐four patients with one to eight proven intraaxial metastatic lesions to the brain received a total gadobenate dimeglumine dose of 0.3 mmol/kg of body weight, administered as three sequential bolus injections of 0.1 mmol/kg, at 10‐minute intervals over a 20‐minute period. Quantitative and qualitative assessments of efficacy were performed after each injection and a full evaluation of safety was conducted. Cumulative dosing produced significant (P < 0.01) dose‐related increases in lesion‐to‐brain (L/B) ratio and lesion signal intensity (SI) enhancement. Two independent, blinded assessors noted additional lesions, compared to unenhanced images in 31% and 33%, 49% and 42%, and 50% and 48% of patients after each cumulative dose, respectively. Significantly more lesions were noted after the first injection, compared to unenhanced images (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001; assessors 1 and 2, respectively), and after a second injection, compared to the first (P < 0.001 and P = 0.039; assessors 1 and 2, respectively). Neither assessor noted significantly more lesions after the third injection. For patients with just one lesion observed on unenhanced T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, additional lesions were noted by assessors 1 and 2 for 27% and 26%, 48% and 35%, and 42% and 41% of patients, respectively, following each injection. Contemporaneously, diagnostic confidence was increased and lesion conspicuity improved over unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For patients with one lesion observed after 0.1 mmol/kg of gadobenate dimeglumine, additional lesions were noted for 24% and 17% of patients (assessors 1 and 2, respectively) following a second 0.1 mmol/kg injection. Only assessor 2 noted additional lesions following the third 0.1 mmol/kg injection. The findings of on‐site investigators concurred with those of the two off‐site assessors. No safety concerns were apparent. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:525–539. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitation of cyclosporin A in whole blood by liquid chromatography/stable isotope dilution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Magni F. , Pereira S. , Leoni M. , Grisenti G. , Galli Kienle M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTherapy with cyclosporin A (CsA) for immunosuppression after organ transplantation requires monitoring of its levels in blood owing to the narrow therapeutic index of the drug and to the high inter‐individual variability of the drug absorption and metabolism. We describe the preparation of CsA labelled with stable isotopes (13C and 2H) with an isotopic enrichment of about 99% using labelled glucose and its use as internal standard for quantification of CsA blood levels by isotope dilution/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The method was found to be linear in the tested range (1–1000 ng) with and without the matrix. The accuracy of the bracketting calibration curves prepared using 100 ng ml−1 labelled CsA was within ±1.7% (bias). The results confirmed the usefulness of the procedure as a reference method for the external quality assessment of the field methods for the evaluation of CsA blood concentration, the imprecision (relative standard deviation) and accuracy (bias) being <2%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct assay of Aplysia tissues and cells with laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry on porous silicon
Authors: Kruse Rebecca A. , Rubakhin Stanislav S. , Romanova Elena V. , Bohn Paul W. , Sweedler Jonathan V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDesorption/ionization on porous silicon (DIOS) is a form of laser desorption mass spectrometry that allows for the direct mass analysis of a variety of analytes without the addition of organic matrix. Protocols are described for the direct analysis of exocrine tissue and single neurons using DIOS‐MS. The atrial gland of Aplysia californica was blotted on to porous silicon and analyzed with DIOS‐MS in the range m/z 1000–4000. The ability to culture invertebrate neurons directly on porous silicon is also presented. Isolated bag cells regenerated neuronal processes in culture on porous silicon. DIOS‐MS allowed the direct detection of the peptides contained in individual cultured neurons indicating that with appropriate protocols, DIOS can be used with biological samples with considerable thickness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.