bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Atonement
Authors: Hilton Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time to consider the impact of the evangelical ideology on politics and legislation. There is a problem in that public life cannot be explained in terms of ideology alone, and anyway there were competing ideologies which need to be taken into account. The picture that emerges here is inevitably distorted and partial, but it is an important picture nevertheless, since evangelicalism was as much a public ethic as it was a personal credo.
The Growth of Medical Education and the Medical Profession
Authors: Rosner Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Written records of the professional values governing the relationship between medical practitioners and their patients go back at least to Hip pocrates, and their ongoing acceptance can be seen in the modern use of the Hippocratic Oath. Professional values governing the relationship among prac titioners can also be found in the Hippocratic Oath, but those values have changed considerably over time. The modern idea of the medical profession as a unified fraternity can be traced to the emergence of the modern form of med ical education.
Suicide in the Middle Ages
Authors: Murray Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
`Suicide' and `the Middle Ages' sounds like a contradiction. Was life not too short anyway, and the Church too disapproving, to admit suicide? And how is the historian supposed to find out? Alexander Murray takes the last question first, as a key to the testing of all other assumptions. Examining a wide range of documents he shows that there were indeed suicides, of types and configurations astonishingly modern, if not in numbers per capita. As for reactions, they were of two kinds. One was to heap suicide with every imaginable curse, natural and supernatural, and the author's search for their religious, anthropological, and legal background leads far outside medieval christendom. However, he also uncovers a less negative reaction as, from the eleventh century onwards, medicine, psychology, poetry, and the pastoral priesthood charted ever more assiduously the terra incognita of suicidal emotion.
Social Foibles: The Interior Painters, the Illustrators, and Pavel Fedotov
Authors: Gray Rosalind P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social structure of Russia until the reign of Peter the Great has often been interpreted as sharply polarized, with the land-owning aristocracy at one end of the scale, the serfs at the other and, compared to the rest of Europe, little in the way of middle-class definition in between-Russia’s so-called ‘missing bourgeoisie’. In the words of Nicholas Riasanovsky, ‘the development of Muscovy based on the service gentry and serfdom deprived the country of a middle class of any prominence-of precisely that Third Estate which was crucial to the Western Age of Reason.’ However, throughout the eighteenth century, the ‘middle’ element to Russian society became increasingly complex, not least amongst the foreign communities which arose following Peter’s efforts to Westernize his country, and in the various divisions in the Russian bureaucratic structure which appeared with the Table of Ranks in 1722.
Lord K.itchener and the Battle of Loos: French Politics and British Strategy in the Summer of 1915
Authors: Williams Rhodri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not only armies in battle, but also military alliances, which in wartime experience ‘frictions’ of the kind identified by Clausewitz. All alliances evolve as political and military circumstances alter. The emergence of new strategic opportunities or a shift in the relative balance of military power within the alliance can destabilize coalitions by producing unforeseen political tensions. So can changes within the internal political structures of alliance partners—whether autocratic or democratic—which disrupt the relationship between allied governments. Political pressures, electoral or factional, can force decision-makers to adopt revised priorities on issues of strategy and resource allocation. Alternatively, events can install an entirely new set of decision-makers with new priorities. In either case, the process of renegotiating these new goals with allies can threaten the cohesion of the alliance and weaken the commitment of one or other partner to its original cause. Of course, the damage to the alliance is far more abrupt if domestic political change in a belligerent country leads to its immediate unilateral withdrawal from the war, as happened in the case of Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917. Because of their wider implications and disruptive potential, wartime changes in the domestic political situation of one belligerent Power are a matter of considerable interest and relevance to its ally or allies. Indeed, they can become a significant factor in the process of strategic decision-making within the alliance. The desire to avoid precipitating domestic political change in an allied state which might jeopardize the survival of the alliance can become a decisive factor in the outcome of strategic disputes.
The University of Alcalá de Henares from 1568 to 1618: Students and Graduates
Authors: Pellistrandi Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1498 and 1517 the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo, Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros, founded the university of Alcala on the banks of the Henares, some thirty kilometres north-east of Madrid. The site, at the heart of Castile, was central if austere. Surrounded by other foundations of the same period or a little earlier—Toledo, Seville, Granada, Onate, Osuna, Valencia, Siguenza—Alcala ‘s importance lay in the privileges and protections which it enjoyed and which were ratified by Pope Alexander VI and the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella.
Trade, Industry, and Towns
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If agriculture provided English society with its subsistence, trade provided much of its wealth. England lay on the great maritime artery from Scandinavia to the Atlantic and Mediterranean, but what made it a natural entrepôt—second only to the Low Countries—was its production of wool. From early in the twelfth century English wool fed the rapidly developing cloth industry of Flanders, reaching a peak of some 39,000 sacks a year around 1310. The trade brought wealth to the producers and to the companies of Italian merchants which had the resources to handle its export and advance huge loans to the English Crown on its security. The ruin of the Bardi and Peruzzi which followed Edward III’s default on his debts in 1343, and the collapse of the syndicates of English merchants which sought to replace them, ﬁnally vested the monopoly of wool exports to Flanders in the Fellowship of English Merchants of the Staple at Calais.
The English in France, 1413–1453
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conditions in 1413 appeared favourable for Henry V to renew war in France. Charles VI’s feeble kingship and the feud of Burgundy and Orléans had already invited Lancastrian intervention. In England the dynasty’s uncertain credentials would be fortiﬁed by consciously reviving the legal claims and chivalric tradition of Edward III on which Richard II had reneged. Henry’s leadership of a nobility of his own generation would reafﬁrm the role of the Crown and heal the political divisions of the last ﬁfteen years. Lastly, with the Welsh revolt subdued and the Scottish king a prisoner, foreign war was again feasible, while Henry’s dedication to a programme of good governance had won the approval of political society.
Conclusion
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To pass other than a negative verdict on a century that witnessed the deposition of two kings, the seizure of London twice by popular mobs, final and irreversible defeat in France, and the initiation of religious persecution might seem perverse. Yet the undoubted tensions to which these bear witness can be seen as marking the development from a feudally structured society to a politically integrated one. In these terms we may review the political, economic, and religious developments that have been discussed in this study.
The Crime of Self-Murder
Authors: MacDonald Michael , Murphy Terence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suicide was a terrible crime in Tudor and early Stuart England. Self-killing was a species of murder, a felony in criminal law and a desperate sin in the eyes of the church. ‘For the heinousnesse thereof’, observed Michael Dalton, ‘it is an offence against God, against the king, and against Nature.’ Suicides were tried posthumously by a coroner’s jury, and if they were convicted as self-murderers, they and their heirs were savagely punished. Their moveable goods, including tools, house hold items, money, debts owed to them, and even leases on the land that they had worked were forfeited to the crown or to the holder of a royal patent who possessed the right to such windfalls in a particular place. The suicide of an adult male could reduce his survivors to pauperism. Self-murderers were denied Christian burials; their bodies were interred profanely, with a macabre ceremony prescribed by popular custom. The night following the inquest, officials of the parish, the churchwardens and their helpers, carried the corpse to a crossroads and threw it naked into a pit. A wooden stake was hammered through the body, pinioning it in the grave, and the hole was filled in. No prayers for the dead were repeated; the minister did not attend. These rituals were occasionally modified or suspended, but some form of profane burial was routinely ordered in cases of self-murder.
Elite Opinions, Plebeian Beliefs
Authors: MacDonald Michael , Murphy Terence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophical debate over suicide has claimed the largest share of attention in historians’ accounts of attitudes to self-killing. And yet changing opinion was characterized less by growing assent to the arguments of the free-thinkers than it was by an increasingly sympathetic and even sentimental outlook. This shift in the educated elite’s feelings about suicide was expressed in a wide range of literary genres and public statements. Perhaps the most important vehicle for the new sympathy was the periodical press, and we shall devote a full chapter to the depiction of suicide in the newspapers.
‘An Unsettled and Vicious People’
Authors: Clark Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For one who first arrived in Pangia five years after independence in 1975, colo nialism remains a difficult experience to imagine and write about. Many Christian missions were still operating in 1980, and indeed still arriving, giving a flavour of the colonial scene but nevertheless making it difficult to put oneself in the place of Wiru as they experienced its full onslaught. I remember walking through Gelote in 1992, an important Huli ritual centre once marked by a corridor of huge and majestic hoop pines, long since cut down by the Catholic mission for building purposes so that only their decomposing stumps remained.
Waiting for the Word, Walking in the Light
Authors: Clark Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of Wiru were aware of the existence of Christian missions before Pangia station was established in August 1961, and were also aware that, like their own cults, there were different varieties. Christianity remains to this day a plural experience in Pangia. At this early stage of colonial history Wiru were unsure of mission requirements and aims, although they knew that mission churches had similar concerns to local cults because of their talk about a spirit and its ability to enable healthy and prosperous lives.
Introducing ICE
Authors: Greenbaum Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ICE (the International Corpus of English) is an ambitious project, drawing on researchers located in over twenty countries. Its principal aim is to provide the resources for comparative studies of the English used in countries where it is either a majority first language (for example, Canada and Australia) or an official additional language (for example, India and Nigeria). In both language situations, English serves as a means of communication between those who live in these countries. The resources that ICE is providing for comparative studies are computer corpora, collections of samples of written and spoken English from each of the countries that are participating in the project. For most of the countries, the ICE project is stimulating the first systematic study of the English used in their country. published the original proposal for ICE in 1988 (Greenbaum, 1988a) after preliminary discussions on the scope of the project. Since its inception I have been co-ordinating the project, and the Survey of English Usage (of which I am Director) has been providing guidance to participating research teams and dealing with their queries. The Survey has distributed manuals on the compilation and annotation of the ICE corpora and has created much of the software for these purposes. We have sent out newsletters and accompanying discussion documents. Most of the ICE participants have visited the Survey to view our work on ICE-GB (the British ICE corpus) and to discuss work on their corpora. Since many of them attend annual conferences of ICAME (the International Computer Archive of Modem English), the conferences provide an opportunity for meetings to report progress. ICE-GB was the first ICE component to be started. At the time of writing, commitments have been received from researchers for eighteen national or regional corpora.
Why a Fiji Corpus?
Authors: Tent Jan , Mugler France 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The linguistic situation in Fiji is unique and complex. Of the three major languages spoken in Fiji (Fijian, Fiji Hindi, and English) English is the first language of only a tiny section of the population. Yet its influence on the lives of Fiji’s people is very significant. Over the last 200 years, its role has evolved from being merely a source language for foreign loanwords to the language of government, education, and commerce. In no other South Pacific nation is English used in so many domains as it is in Fiji. This paper presents a profile of the development and status of Fiji English, and argues for its inclusion in ICE.
Narrative Comprehension
Authors: Emmott Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the current explosion of interest in cognitive linguistics, there has so far been relatively little research by cognitive linguists on narrative comprehension. Emmott draws on insights from discourse analysis and artificial intelligence to present a detailed model of how readers build, maintain, and use mental representations of fictional contexts, and how they keep track of characters and contexts within a complex, changing fictional world. The work has implications for linguistic theory since it questions several long-held assumptions about anaphora, arguing for a `levels of consciousness' model for the processing of referring expressions. The book begins with a summary of current issues in text-processing theory and a discussion of the methodological importance of recognizing the hierarchical structure of discourse. The core of the book explores the significance of contextual monitoring in narrative comprehension and looks particularly at the cognitive demands placed on readers by flashbacks. Later chapters examine the implications of contextual monitoring for reference theory and for a literary-linguistic model of narrative text types. The study focuses on anaphoric pronouns in narratives, assessing the accumulated knowledge required for readers to interpret these key grammatical items.
Aspectual Constructions In Scottish Gaelic
Authors: Ramchand Gillian Catriona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I argue that there exists an explicit phrase structure node AspP in Modern Scottish Gaelic. In addition, I will argue for a particular semantic decomposition of the contribution of the verbal projection, and show that the different object positions in SGaelic are correlated with different aspectual interpretations. Consider the following sentence in Scottish Gaelic.
Cognitive Semantics and Prototype Theory
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the birth of cognitive semantics, new ideas from the field of theoretical semantics have found their way to the study of meaning changes, and that should not come as a surprise: one of the major things cognitive semantics is interested in is polysemy-and polysemy is, roughly, the synchronic reflection of diachronicsemantic change. As elsewhere in the language, diachrony within synchrony equals variation, and in the present case that means semantic variation. The interest of theoretical semanticists working within the framework of cognitive semantics in the study of meaning changes derives from their interest in polysemy, if only because the synchronic links that exist between the various senses of an item coincide with diachronic mechanisms of semantic extension such as metaphor and metonymy.
Ranking Forward-Looking Centers in Turkish: Universal and Language-Specific Properties
Authors: Turan Omit Deniz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the possible factors in ranking forward-looking center list in Turkish discourse. The role of surface order position. grammatical configuration hierarchy, and thematic roles are discussed. It is shown that surface order does not contribute to ranking in Turkish, while subject hood is a strong indicator of salience in the list. However, non subjects become more salient in subjective sentences and when the predicate is a psychological verb.
Recency Effects in English Inversion
Authors: Birner Betty J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous work (Birner 1992, 1994) has shown that the preposed constituent of an English inversion must not represent less familiar information within the discourse than does the postposed constituent. However, what is relevant for the felicity of an inversion is more than simply whether or not an element has been previously evoked in the discourse. An examina tion of a corpus of natural language data suggests that discourse-familiarity is a gradient notion determined by a range of factors, including prior evocation, inferability, and recency of mention.
The Yokuts Challenge
Authors: Archangeli Diana , Suzuki Keiichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A challenge to Optimality Theory (henceforth, OT) (Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1993a) comes from certain cases which have been characterized by the interaction of multiple rules. Such cases are problematic if they create a situation in which some linguistically significant generalizations are non-surface true, the property also known as phonological opacity (Kiparsky 1971; 1973). Under the serial-derivational model, such a situation is dealt with by the interaction of ordered rules. Since constraints in OT are stated in terms of output well-formedness, however, there is no means of referring to any intermediate stage of derivation.
Rules in Optimality Theory : Two Case Studies
Authors: Blevins Juliette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within Optimality Theory, as formulated by Prince and Smolensky (1993) (P&S) and extended in much subsequent work, surface forms within a language are those which optimally satisfy a sequence of universal violable constraints. What differentiates grammars is the ranking of constraints, and the possibility that a constraint may only hold of a designated morpheme or class of morphemes within a particular grammar. All constraints are claimed to be universal; the failure of a constraint to be evidenced in a particular language is taken as confirmation that the constraint is too low on the constraint hierarchy to be visible.
Rhythmic Vowel Deletion in Optimality Theory
Authors: Kager René 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A challenge to any theory of phonology is to reconcile two radically different kinds of interaction: conspiracy and opacity. A conspiracy is a situation in which independent processes interact in such a way that they create a uniform pattern in surface forms. In contrast, opacity is an interaction by which one process obscures the context of application of another process—resulting in a loss of transparency in the surface form. One of the principal reasons for which rule-based theory has recently come under attack is that it offers no satisfactory explanation for conspiracies. Rule-based theory fails in this respect, since it states generalizations in the form of structural descriptions, which are checked against representations at various steps during a serial derivation. All that is relevant for rule application is that some representation matches the context of a rule at the point in the derivation at which that rule applies. In this view the level of the output is no more privileged than any intermediary level. In contrast, Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993; McCarthy and Prince, 1993b) defines grammatical well-formedness as the result of an interaction of conflicting constraints on surface forms, thus abandoning the concept of ordered rules. Focusing on the output allows a more principled explanation of conspiracies. In OT, a convergence to surface patterns is the expected situation, since the output is the single level at which generalizations can be stated.
Unbalanced and Extraordinary Balanced Coordination
Authors: Johannessen Janne Bondi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two classes of coordinated structures which have been largely ignored in the literature. They have not been studied together, and have hardly been noted as a phenomenon at alL If they have been mentioned, it has usually been in a footnote, an appendix, or in the section on residual problems. Sometimes they have been given more discussion, though; in the cases where these constructions are the norm rather than the exception. The phenomena are very widespread in the languages of the world, but while they are the rule in some languages, they are non-standard in others. The two phenomena are unbalanced coordination (UC) and extraordinary balanced coordination (EBC), the first of which has one conjunct which deviates grammatically from what is expected in the position of that CoP, and the second of which both conjuncts deviate in this way.
The Contextualization of Terminal-Speaker Discourse and the Production of an Across-the-Border Voice: Beyond Grammar
Authors: Tsitsipis Lukas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is the case with fluent speakers, with terminal speakers too the study of their sociolinguistic profile cannot be exhausted with a discussion of their grammatical, phonological, and lexical competence. We must turn to their communicative praxis as this takes shape in their interactions with other community members. Such a focus furnishes the necessary links between the broader societal praxis, as discussed in the Introduction and Chapter 2, and locally produced oral discourse.
Colloquies, wordbooks, and dialogues for teaching and learning foreign languages
Authors: Hullen Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The colloquies’ of the various Hermeneumata were the first instance of a hybrid text-genre between a conversation and a glossary. At least in parts, they are contextualized word-lists with semantically related lexemes. As didactic dialogues, they suffer from what we would today call an inversion of functions. Considering the fact that the teacher ought to provide most of the foreign language in the classroom.
Evaluation and the Planes of Discourse: Status and Value in Persuasive Texts
Authors: Hunston Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will certainly have emerged in this volume that evaluation is a highly complex linguistic function. Most of the other chapters have dealt with the complexity by isolating certain aspects to focus on. In this chapter, Hunston faces it head-on. She sets out to explore the different types of evaluation that are expressed and their relationship to the different things that are evaluated.