bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Avian Communities of Arroyos and Desert Oases in Baja California Sur: Implications for Conservation
Authors: Rodríguez-Estrella Ricardo , Blázquez Ma. Carmen , G. Juan Manuel Lobato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Baja California peninsula and its associated offshore islands have been the focus of much ornithological research since the late nineteenth cen-tury (e.g., Anthony 1893; Brewster 1902; Grinnell 1928; Bancroft 1930; Davis 1959; Stager 1960; Banks 1967; Cody 1983; Wilbur 1987; Erickson and Howell 2001). However, most studies have been descriptive, if not anecdotal. They typically have dealt with taxonomy and distribution, many of them focusing only on aquatic birds. In contrast, there have been few published studies on the ecol-ogy of land birds, and little is known in particular on the habitat preferences and movements (includ-ing migratory routes) of non breeders.
History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Pronghorn Antelope, Bighorn Sheep, and Black Bear in Mexico
Authors: Medellín Rodrigo A , Manterola Carlos , Valdéz Manuel , Hewitt David G , Doan-Crider Diana , Fulbright Timothy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because the shape of Mexico resembles an upright funnel, most of the country’s land surface area is in the north. A west-to-east cross-section of the country at around 25º N latitude would show the plains and mountains of the Baja California penin-sula, coastal Sonoran plains, Sierra Madre Occiden-tal, Mexican Plateau, Sierra Madre Oriental, and Gulf coastal plains (see chapter 1). This topographi-cally intricate landscape encompasses a wide vari-ety of habitats for wildlife, including montane oak and conifer woodlands and forests, grasslands, and extensive desert regions with plains and often sparsely vegetated peaks.
Women’s Choices in an Expanding Labor Market
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a shared set of ideas regulated the external limits of women’s labor force participation, individual household needs influenced the shifting labor market in any particular area or time. A variety of factors pulled and pushed women into the work force, and individual women manipulated and structured their lives in direct response to their own reference groups as well as in dim recognition of a larger social ideology. Applied to the period up to the Civil War, a phrase like “women in the labor force” conjures up a reasonably homogenous group. Although appropriate nods must be given to incoming Irish, French Canadian and German immigrants, the phrase reflects a wage-earning population that consisted primarily of young women of Anglo-Saxon descent, largely located in New England. After the Civil War, no mere acknowledgment of diversity will do. Ethnic and racial distinctions are at the heart of the industrial labor force. Before the Civil War, women divided themselves into those who did and those who did not leave their homes to engage in wage labor. After the war, daughters of impoverished southern farmers took their places in the urban labor force, as did black women.
Technology, Efficiency, and Resistance
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late nineteenth century there was nearly universal agreement on two scores. Women’s expanding labor force participation was an unfortunate necessity that threatened to interfere with their more desirable work at home. And nothing that happened at work could be allowed to hinder the capacity of wage-earning women to resume or assume home roles at some future time. We have seen how such ideas channeled women’s entrance into the work force, and how, instead of providing them with safe, clean, unpressured jobs, notions of women’s place in fact reduced them to the poorest levels. Unskilled, largely unorganized, and crowded into few occupations, women found themselves subject to some of the worst conditions of any wage workers. The pattern, once established, encouraged employers to hire women because they were said to have characteristics such as docility, attachment to family, little expectation of advancement, and no trade union consciousness. It led employers to assign women to jobs that matched their expectations of women’s possibilities and performance. But in the late 1800s and early 1900s, new technology and new forms of industrial organization altered the structure of work, promising new opportunities to women.
“Making History Working for Victory”
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression and war have opposite effects on the economy. One prompts efficiency, constraint, cautious investment; the other encourages industrial expansion—even a spirit of reckless gambling. If the 1930s depression sloughed off workers, making every fourth one redundant, the war gobbled them up, then searched for more. Where workers had to plead for jobs in the thirties, in the early forties industry begged for workers. And when the army had soaked up the residue of unemployed men, employers turned to women. Unprecedented opportunity now confronted women who months earlier had pleaded for work. Was this to be a breakthrough?—a turning point that would signal the end of discrimination against women in the labor market? It certainly looked like it. In many ways, this war duplicated the experience of World War I. Women found jobs in areas previously closed to them and, once there, proved to be effective workers. The statistical data reveal a dramatic influx of women-five million between 1940 and 1944—into the labor force and new openings in the heavy industries that had been tightly defended against them. Historians like William Chafe, Chester Gregory, and Sheila Tobias and Lisa Anderson have concluded, as a result, that World War II was, in Chafe’s words, “a milestone for women in America.”
The Radical Consequences of Incremental Change
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical housewife with a blue-collar husband entered the 1950s on the watch for a bit of income to help the family out. Concerned about saving or paying for the family’s first home and its fittings, she would have agreed with one assumption of the White House Conference on Effective Uses of Woman-power held in 1955: “The structure and the substance of the lives of most women are fundamentally determined by their functions as wives, mothers, and homemakers.”1 But the same conference that so blithely reiterated the traditional notion of women’s roles simultaneously heard a contrary message. Called together to assess women’s actual and potential contribution to the economy, conference participants heard speaker after speaker suggest that women ought to be encouraged to participate more fully in the occupational world. Roland R. Renne, president of Montana State College in Bozeman and a member of the National Manpower Council, identified the major problem. What were the ways, he asked “by which we can significantly increase the effectiveness of our woman power?”2 This was the central contradiction of the fifties. Beside the overwhelming popular assumption—the certain knowledge of women’s fundamental obligations to the home—lay a subtle shift in government policy that insisted on women’s capacity to take jobs as well.
Internet Topology:Discovery and Policy Impact, Part I
Authors: Tangmunarunkit Hongsuda , Govindan Ramesh , Shenker Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We cannot begin to understand the large-scale structure of the Internet without having accurate representations of the Internet topology. Mercator is a program that uses hop-limited probes-the same primitive used in traceroute-to infer an Internet map. It uses informed random address probing to carefully explore the Internet Protocol (IP) address space when determining router adjacencies, it uses source-route capable routers wherever possible to enhance the fidelity of the resulting map, and it employs novel mechanisms for resolving aliases (interfaces be longing to the same router).
A Note on Statistical Multiplexing and Scheduling in Video Networks at High Data Rates
Authors: Liebeherr Jörg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes observations about the impact of link scheduling and statistical multiplexing on the multiplexing gain at high data rates. The multiplexing gain is evaluated using the number of MPEG video traces that can be provisioned with delay guarantees on a network link. The presented data indicates that, at high transmission rates, the multiplexing gain is substantial and is dominated by the effects of statistical multiplexing.
Medical Professionals and Public Health in Russia to 1770
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Russian medical profession in 1770 was only half-prepared to cope with any public health emergency. Nevertheless, in fighting the plague of 1770-72 professional medical practitioners were more numerous, more active, and more influential than they had ever been in Russia. Their vigorous antiplague efforts exemplified the comparatively recent, rapid introduction to Russia of European standards of public health and professional medical care. Beginning in the seventeenth century, two powerful stimuli, incessant warfare and recurrent epidemics, expedited the formation of public health institutions in Muscovy and its Europeanized successor, the Russian Empire. War and disease often interacted to cause widespread crises. By threatening the armed forces in particular, epidemics imperiled Russia’s foreign and domestic policies in general, as seen in the coincidence of plague, warfare, and internal disarray in 1654-56, 1709-12, 1727-28, and 1738-39. Military needs and military personnel therefore dominated Russia’s new medical institutions. In the eighteenth century, the bureaucratized medical administration and profession devoted even greater attention to communicable disease as it affected the reorganized, standing army, the newly created navy, and the population at large. All these institutional developments enabled medical professionals to assume prominent roles in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 and the plague that it provoked. Together, the plague and the war assaulted the empire’s emergent public health institutions, disclosing weaknesses that temporarily overshadowed the many medical developments since 1700.
The Plague’s Impact on Moscow
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The plague left multiple imprints on Moscow. Foremost among its immediate effects was the awesome mortality. The yearlong epidemic killed tens of thousands of Muscovites directly and indirectly, drove away tens of thousands, and caused massive unemployment by disrupting the municipal economy and closing most manufacturing enterprises, government offices, educational institutions, and entertainment facilities. Fear of infection also kept away many visitors, vendors, and buyers, deepening the economic dislocation. As in the hinterland, so in the metropolis plague was unpredictable; certain social groups, occupations, and neighborhoods suffered more heavily than others. In the absence of precise mortality figures and full census data, one can only venture some general correlations about the epidemic’s demographic impact. Moscow’s experience with plague was also reflected in city planning, welfare institutions, and national administrative reforms.
How many people died of plague in Moscow and the rest of the Russian Empire in 1770-72? The Plague Commission, while acknowledging that its figures were incomplete, computed a death toll of 56,900 for Moscow from April 1771 to March 1772 and 1,000 bodies discovered afterward. To this total one should add about 200 deaths at the Vvedenskie Hills and the Big Woolen Court from November 1770 through March 1771. To be sure, some of the deaths in the spring and winter did not stem from plague directly; ordinary causes accounted for part of the mortality. Disregarding the outbreaks before April 1771, one may deduct at least 5,800 deaths as Moscow’s ordinary mortality for the period April-December, based on the average monthly losses recorded in the nonplague years of 1773-74. This would yield a net total of 52,300 deaths from plague in Moscow. Of course, this estimate excludes concealed deaths and deaths of refugees in the provinces. Eyewitnesses generally reported higher totals.
Medical Reactions and Debates: Plague Tractates from Russia
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The catastrophe of 1771 called into question the efficacy of Russia’s developing medical profession and public health institutions. Their failure to ward off disaster demanded explanation and justification, all the more so because of the empire’s enhanced exposure to infection through annexation and penetration of plague-enzootic territory in the south. Throughout the epidemic the imperial authorities consulted the medical professionals and mobilized a considerable proportion of them. Together with the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74, the plague reinforced efforts to recruit medical personnel abroad and to expand medical training at home. For the many practitioners who fought the epidemic, moreover, it posed insistent problems of theory and practice. They pondered its origins and identification, the nature of the disease, and the means of prevention and treatment. The peculiarities of the Moscow outbreak aroused doubts about traditional explanations of plague. Analogous doubts might question the value of medical professionals to the state and society. To vindicate the actions of medical practitioners during the epidemic and to forestall criticism of their role in the formulation of public health policy, some doctors and surgeons seized the occasion to publish reasoned explanations of the cataclysm. Their explanations drew lessons from the tragedy in hopes of averting its repetition; they also expressed intensified commitment to an expansive, activist policy toward epidemic disease. Thus the medical debates about the plague continued long after its end, stimulating medical policies and thought, research and publication in Russia. If medical thinkers from Russia made no great discoveries in the scientific study of plague, they brought the subject to a respectable level of discourse and demonstrated a thorough, frequently critical, knowledge of the lengthy European tradition of plague tractates. Their contributions enlivened that tradition for Russian and European audiences.
The Egypt of This Exodus
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The armed departure of the Eight had brought them into the Revolution; and it had brought the Revolution right onto Landon’s plantation. We know so well from famous documents such as the Declaration of Independence the terms in which Landon’s fellow white American patriots proclaimed their rights and set about forging their destiny. We know from Landon’s diary that the Eight who left Sabine Hall on the night of June 25, 1776, had responded to the call of liberty for themselves. We do not have a declaration in their words; yet we have their deeds.
Plantation Pastoral
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Landon’s first surviving plantation journal comes from a time when the term “literature” had a very comprehensive meaning. The word was not yet restricted to artistic belles-lettres but applied also to science, philosophy, and history. These day-by-day accounts of farm work cumulated into a great pastorale in prose; they unselfconsciously extended an English-language tradition adapted from the ancients. Landon, of course, knew the Roman Virgil’s pastoral Eclogues and his poetic celebration of country works and days in the four books of the Georgics, so the great poet’s influence is pervasive. In the quality of his daily entries, and in his sustained recording over 2 2 years, Landon penned the most elaborated and revealing English-language farm journal coming down to us from the eighteenth-century age of agricultural improvement.*
Plantation Medical Science
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past, they say, is another country. There is no more startling way of experiencing the otherness of the eighteenth century than by paying attention to its prevailing medical beliefs and practices. The generation that saw the creation of the American republic gave us so much of our current political vocabulary and repertoire of concepts; but as to medicine, well, they inhabited another mental universe. And their ideas about health and sickness gave hidden meanings to their works of revolutionary statecraft, for their language of politics was largely carried by medical metaphors. In that time, as we shall see, the primary reference of the word “constitution” was to the make-up of the human body; and “corruption” referred to the inexorable falling of such bodies first into disease and then into dissolution after death.
Rebellions Begin
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1766, Colonel Richard Henry Lee organized a procession to the courthouse of Westmoreland County just north of Sabine Hall. First came two slaves wearing the colors that their master also had donned, the blue and white colors of ‘‘Wilkes and Liberty.” (Of Wilkes and this watchword of his supporters, more later.) Behind the banners came a crowd of planters and slaves together escorting others who bore two effigies of prominent but now notorious gentlemen. The effigies were hanged on the gallows at the courthouse. The next day the effigies were hanged again and burned, but only after Richard Henry Lee had read a mock “dying Speech.” The effigies were of Colonel George Mercer, the Virginia gentleman appointed as collector of dues under the Stamp Act, and the Right Honorable Mr. George Grenville, prime minister of Great Britain, the notorious proponent of this hated tax. This pageant, showing a world turned upside down, was a symbolic rebellion in the face of what was declared an unconstitutional tax. At that moment the collector had not yet arrived in Virginia, but he was expected soon. He and his prominent family were left in no doubt about the reception awaiting him.
Duties Betrayed
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Landon Carter’s diaries come from a late moment of an ancient regime of knowledge and society. The diarist felt in his heart that he was chronicling decline. His own death could not be far off, and he sensed also the passing of the world which his altogether admirable father had bequeathed to him. And so he wrote affirmations of the old, the tried, and the true, along with his copious condemnations of the all-too-apparent trends of these latter days. The alarmandso the affirmation and condemnation—grew ever more intense as defiance became armed conflict and then a republican revolution that cast out the king and the old constitution.
Primal Rebellions
Authors: Isaac Rhys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Boston on December 16, 1773, a band of ardent patriots had lit the fuse that would blow up the whole powder keg. Doubting that their fellow New Englanders would have patriotic virtue enough to continue the boycott of the taxed East India Company tea, these zealots had dressed themselves as Indians, boarded the company’s three newly arrived ships, and thrown the hated cargo into the harbor.
Overview of Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic epidemiology is the study of the joint action of genes and environmental factors in causing disease in human populations and their patterns of inheritance in families (Last, 1993; Morton, 1982; Neel, 1984; Rao, 1985; Thomas, 2000a). Many other disciplines also address aspects of this same overall objective—human genetics, population genetics, clinical genetics, molecular genetics, molecular epidemiology, statistical genetics, genomics, bioinformatics—each from its own perspective. Many other basic and clinical sciences—biochemistry, pathology, and physiology, for example—also contribute. A complete understanding of the etiology of disease requires an interdisciplinary approach drawing on all these fields.
Principles of Mendelian Inheritance
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book focuses mainly on statistical methods for studying complex diseases, those that do not exhibit simple patterns of inheritance traceable to a single major gene that is both a necessary and a sufficient cause. Such diseases may involve multiple genes, environmental factors, age-dependent risks, and complex interactions between these factors. Before we tackle these complicated situations, however, some basic ideas about simple Mendelian patterns of inheritance need to be presented and some terminology established. I begin with a more formal treatment of such concepts as familiality, heredity, genotype, phenotype, penetrance, transmission, and causation. The rest of this chapter will outline the classical patterns of dominant, recessive, and X-linked inheritance.
Familial Aggregation
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first step in the study of a potentially genetic trait is to see whether it tends to aggregate in families, without at this stage having any specific genetic model in mind. We begin by considering a continuous trait (e.g., cholesterol level, blood pressure), for which all family members are informative. One might well study such a trait with a simple random sample of families from the population and look at the correlation in phenotypes between relatives of different types. (For greater statistical efficiency, however, one might still prefer to focus on families with unusually high values of the trait.)
Testing Candidate Gene Associations
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that by linkage analysis we have localized the chromosomal region where we believe a disease gene is located. Association studies can then be used for three main purposes:
To further localize the region where the gene might be found by looking for additional markers that are in strong LD with the still unidentified gene (LD mapping).
To test the hypothesis that a particular gene that has already been identified in the region could be the disease gene we are looking for by determining whether polymorphisms in that gene are associated with the disease. Such candidate gene association studies are usually limited to those for which we already have some knowledge about their biological function and a plausible mechanistic hypothesis for their relevance to the disease.
To estimate the risk associated with an already established causal gene and other factors affecting its penetrance (gene characterization).
Nasal Continuants And Nonnasal Consonants
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Precise consonant symbols are equally necessary for achieving phonatory accuracy in the singing voice. How a singer handles voiced and unvoiced consonant phonemes helps determine the success of phrase direction and legato line. The consonant is as important as the vowel. Appendix III illustrates IPA symbols for most of them, with model words in several languages. In my teaching I draw particular attention to the need for skillful handling, in every musical phrase, of anticipatory consonants, single consonants, doubled consonants—both voiced and unvoiced—and the retention of their phonetic values.
Pedagogy Issues
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This thoughtful question has to do with the psychology of teaching and learning. Could a comprehensive answer be readily discovered, teaching singing would be a much easier profession. Most singers are drawn to the art of singing by hearing beautiful timbre and artistry from some model or models they admire. Although the means of artistic communication are discernible, no one can clarify with exactitude how the brain establishes an aesthetic goal or why a specific tonal concept becomes preferable to the exclusion of all others.