bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Resistance Gene and Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp. Resistance Gene in Tomato Plants
Authors: Abd Bashar Falih , Dhaher Inad 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTomato Mi-1.2 resists root-knot nematodes. Mi, or a similar gene, may also be responsible for resistance to Bemisia tabaci whitefly in Mi-bearing commercial tomato varieties. Mi-1.2 is the only resistance gene that fights root-knot nematodes, aphids, and whiteflies. Mi is useful in integrated pest control strategies because these pests are the most damaging to tomato crops worldwide. Ten tomato varieties were produced to determine which are resistant to TYLCV and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. and whether these genes are linked. TYLCV-free nurseries were used to grow these tomato varieties. To assess these cultivars’ sensitivity and resistance to TYLCV, they were transferred to the plastic house and planted during Bemisia tabaci insect activity. These types were planted in soil contaminated with nematode eggs and juvenal, vaccinated, and reported every 15 days for disease incidence. Class H cultivars were vulnerable to nematodes and the virus, while class Gres were TYLCV-resistant. The rest of the cultivars were TYLCV-resistant, nematode-resistant, or both.
Efficiency of Rosemary Rosmarinus Officinalis and Chitosan in Controlling the Damping off Pathogen, Fusarium Spp., Identified Morphologically and Molecularly
Authors: Jadoa Hadi N. , Ibade Khalid W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Results of investigation about the isolates of the pathogenic fungus tested for tomato damping off disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium spp. showed that all isolates were pathogenic. The isolates HF3, HF4, HF5, and HF7 from the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum, as well as the isolate HF10 from F. solani had an infection percentage of 100% compared to the control treatment (without the pathogen) (0%). The isolate HF3 was selected for its pathogenicity on tomato seeds in the soil. The laboratory experiment results revealed the pathogenicity of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. oil, chitosan, and the fungicide Pentazol Combi (Metalaxyl + Hymexazole) against the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum by inhibiting the growth of the fungus in the culture media. Rosemary oil at the concentration of 1% and chitosan at the concentration of 6000 mg.l-1 achieved inhibition of 90.7 and 89.6%, respectively, while the fungicide showed an antagonistic activity getting 89.1% at the concentration of 0.75 ml.l-1.
Laboratory Evaluation of Efficiency of some Normal and Nano Amino Acids in Hatching Eggs and Vitality of J2 Second Instar Juveniles in Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne spp.
Authors: Nazzal Mushtaq Ghazi , Yaas Saad Tariq Abdmalik 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Tomato affected by several pathogenic factors, including root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). This research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of three amino acid Arginine, Serine, and Leucine, in their normal and Nano forms, at three different concentrations (10, 20, 30 ppm). The evaluation was performed under laboratory conditions to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting egg hatching and the viability Second stage Juveniles (J2) of the targeted nematode species. The laboratory results demonstrated the efficiency of all treatments in reducing the percentage of unhatched eggs, particularly at higher concentrations. The Nano-form of the three amino acids at a concentration of 30 ppm exhibited the highest efficacy compared to the normal form and showed significant superiority over the control treatment. After 72 hours, the percentage of unhatched eggs for Arginine, Serine, and Leucine Nano-amino acids was (21.00, 31.33, and 30.67), respectively, with a kill rate of (79%, 68.88%, and 69.33%) compared to the control treatment, which recorded 75% unhatched eggs and a kill rate of 25%. The impact of these treatments on the viability Second stage juveniles(J2) also varied significantly with different concentrations, showing a dose-dependent effect over time and significant differences compared to the control group. The highest concentration of 3000 ppm was the most effective, resulting in the highest kill rate for Arginine, Serine, and Leucine Nano-amino acids, which reached (95.27%, 90.27%, 88.89%), respectively, compared to the control treatment, which had a kill rate of 48.60%.
Sensitivity of Some Varieties of the Wheat to Covered Smut Disease Cause by Tilletie caries
Authors: Al-ani Rowida G. , Farhan Theyab. A. , Kadhum Ali A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in the Plant Protection Department - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar for the agricultural season 2022. The study included the cultivation of different wheat varieties (Ibaa 99, Fiyah, Taurus, Croplus, Adana) to find out the extent to which these varieties were affected by covered smut disease in wheat caused by fungus T.caries The results showed the effect of covered smut disease in wheat on varieties in some traits such as infection rate, plant height, chlorophyll concentration, phenols concentration, peroxidase enzyme, number of grains per ear, weight of 1000 grains, number of spikes, total yield, absorbency and percentage of wet gluten.
Effectiveness of Nanoparticle-Based Treatments in Controlling Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari Tetranchidae) Infestation in Date Palm Trees
Authors: Ali Hazim M. , Fhaid Khalid A. , Awad Khairullah M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Date palm mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) infestations pose a significant threat to date palm plantations, leading to reduced crop yield and economic losses. Nanoparticle-based strategies have emerged as a promising approach for controlling mite populations due to their unique physicochemical properties and environmentally friendly nature. In this study, we investigated the impact of three different nanoparticle types, namely silver, silica, and sulphur, on the mortality rate of date palm mites at different life stages (larvae, nymphs, and adults). The experiments were conducted at various concentrations and time intervals to assess the efficacy of the treatments. The results revealed significant variations in the effectiveness of the nanoparticle types, with nanosulphur demonstrating the highest mortality rate (45.576%) followed by silica (38.587%) and silver nanoparticles (34.957%). Furthermore, the results indicated that adult mites were more susceptible to nanoparticle-induced mortality compared to larvae and nymphs. The concentration-dependent response showed that higher nanoparticle concentrations led to greater mite mortality, with the highest concentration (500 ppm) resulting in an impressive mortality rate of 55.163%. Time-dependent studies demonstrated a progressive increase in mortality rates over 48 hours, reaching 46.017% at the endpoint. These findings provide valuable insights into the differential susceptibility of date palm mite life stages to nanoparticle treatments and underscore the importance of considering both nanoparticle type and concentration for effective control of date palm mites. This knowledge contributes to the development of targeted nanoparticle-based strategies for mitigating date palm mite infestations and preserving the productivity of date palm plantations. This study contributes valuable insights into the potential use of nanoparticle-based treatments for managing O. afrasiaticus infestations in date palm trees.
Molecular Characterization of Neoscytalidium spp. The Cause of Wilting of Branches and Blackening of the Stem
Authors: Abdul-Karim Eman K. , Aljarah Neran S. , Ali Haneen Abd-Alhaleem 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted in the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Sciences in the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department 2019, with the aim of diagnosing the pathogen of Branch Wilt and blackening of stems, outwardly and molecularly. The results of isolation from infected Malus domestica, Morus alba, Punica granatum, Citrus sinensis, C. aurantium, Ficus elastic, Ficus benjamina, Ricinus communis and Populus euphratica trees showed that twelve isolates of Neoscytalidium spp. were obtained. As a percentage of the frequency of the fungus in the visited orchards of apple trees (Al-Tarmiya and Saffronia) and berries (Al-Tarmiya) 88.9%, and in pomegranates (Al-Tarmiya) and sour oranges(Al-Jadriya) 66.6%, while the lowest frequency was recorded in orange trees (Al-Jadriya), which amounted to 33.3%. The results of the nucleotide sequencing of the isolates of the fungus Neoscytalidium spp. The presence of three types of fungi: N. novaehollandiae isolated from apple, Morus and pomegranate trees, Ficus, Castor and N. dimidiatum isolated from apple and Morus trees, Populus and N. hyalinum isolated from apple, orange, sour orange and ficus trees. The apple isolates 1, 2, and 3, Morus isolate 1, the pomegranate isolate, and the Ficus isolate showed a 100% congruence rate, while the Morus 2, orange, ficus, and Populus isolates showed a congruence rate of 99%, while the orange isolate congruence 98%, and the Castor isolate recorded a congruence rate of 97% with the isolates. Global registered in the International Gen Bank. The nucleotide sequences of the three species N. hyalinum, N. novaehollandiae, and N. dimidiatum in the International Genebank Organization, and this is the first record of these species in Iraq on the hosts isolated from them in this study.
Detection of Pathogenic Fungi Causing Root and Crown Rot Diseases in Strawberry Fragaria ananassa Duch
Authors: Abbas Istabraq Hameed , Abed Jasim Mahmood 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A study was conducted in the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, aiming to identify the major fungi causing root and crown rot disease in strawberries through isolation and diagnosis using both morphological and molecular methods. the results of isolation and diagnosis from the affected plant parts revealed the prevalence of root and crown rot disease in all sampled areas exhibiting symptoms and signs of the disease. Seventeen isolates were obtained belonging to the Fusarium species, eight isolates belonged to the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, and seven isolates belonged to the spp. Neopestalotiapsis The fungal species were identified based on their taxonomic characteristics. DNA extraction was successfully performed on eleven isolated fungi from the roots and crowns of strawberry plants in different isolation areas. Partial diagnosis was conducted using PCR technique targeting the intergenic spacer region using primers (ITS1-ITS4) to obtain amplicons of 650 base pairs (bp) in size. The amplicons were then separated on 2% agarose gel, and the nucleotide base sequences of these isolates were determined and deposited in the gene bank.
Effect of Some Biological and Chemical Treatments in Controlling Date Palm Fruit Rot Disease
Authors: Kadim Muntah J. , Fayyadh Mohammed A. , Salih Yehya A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The College of Agriculture, University of Basra/Department of Plant Protection performed the 2021-2022 research. with the goal of testing biological and chemical therapies for date palm fruit rot in Sayer and Khadrawi cultivars. Bioagents included bread yeast Saccharomyces cervesiae, Cheatomium globsum, and chitosan nanoparticles. Chemical treatments included silver nanoparticles. Cheatomium globsum + silver nanoparticles had the lowest average infection rate of 4.82%, compared to 36.62% for the control treatment. Neither variety differed significantly. The statistical analysis of the interaction between the study treatments variety showed significant differences between them, as the treatment of cheatomium globosum + silver nanoparticles reduced the average percentage of disease infection to 3.83% and 5.80% compared to the control treatment, which had an average infection rate of 36.23% and 37.00% for Al-Sayer and Khadrawi, respectively. The Control treatment had the highest average latent infection rate of 81.67%, while the cheatomium globsum and silver nanoparticles treatment reduced it to 12.83%. Khadrawi had 38.525 latent infected rats of date palm fruit rot, whereas Syer had 33.71. The other cultivar had the lowest latent incidence of palm fruit rot disease at 33.71%. The average was 38.52%. Experimental treatments did not interact significantly.
Allelopathic Potential of Aqueous Plant Extracts Against Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Weeds
Authors: Othman Sonia Hiwa , Lazim Zainab Sabah , Al-Wakaa Adnan Hussein Ali 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Allelopathy has been described as a negative or positive effect on a specific species of plant caused by a chemical produced by another species of plant. This research analyzed the allelopathic effect of various plant extracts against seed germination and seedling properties of some weed species in two experiments in the autumn of 2021. The impacts of plant extracts, such as peels of pomegranate (Punica granatum), green husk of walnuts (Juglans regia), leaves of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), galls of Aleppo oak (Quercus infectoria), rhizomes of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), and tubers of nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus) plus control on some weed species, like Vaccaria pyramidata, Cynodon dactylon, Sorghum halepense, Trifolium campestre, Portulaca oleracea, Sinapis arvensis, Avena fatua), Hordeum glaucum and Daucus carota were evaluated. The first experiment was conducted in the lab and designed by a factorial-completely randomized design to investigate germination parameters such as final germination percentage (G), mean germination time (MGT), coefficient of the velocity of germination (CVG), and germination rate index (GRI), and another experiment was in a greenhouse and designed in a split-plot pattern, in which the plant extracts were placed in main plots. At the same time, the weed species were distributed in the sub-plots to evaluate the seedling of weeds’ fresh and dry weight and percent of weed inhibition (PWI). The characters’ means (from three replicates) were compared according to Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level. The laboratory trial revealed that the green walnut husk was the most successful in reducing all seed germination parameters compared to the control by 13.5, 5.16, and 8.37% for G, MGT, and GRI, respectively. For the greenhouse experiment, the eucalyptus leaves’ extract and pomegranate peels had a higher impact on reducing weed seedlings’ fresh and dry weight and PWI than the control. The most affected species were broad-leaved weeds, while grasses were the least affected. Our results indicated that green walnut husk has a significant role in decreasing seed germination and inhibiting the dry weight of seedlings. Thus, it can be used as a bioherbicide to prevent some weeds from sprouting and growing seedlings.
Response of some Yield and Quality Indicators of Different Cultivars of Bread Wheat to Spraying with Nano-Potassium Fertilizer
Authors: Al-Ajili Hawra Dawood Matar , Al-Saeedi Mahdi Abdul Hamza 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in plot numbered 95 affiliated to Al-Mahaweel district, north of Babylon, during the seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. In order to know the response of three bread wheat cultivars to the stages and concentrations of nano-spraying potassium. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-split plot with three replicates, where the cultivars(Abu Ghraib, Hawler, Aras) occupied the main plot, and the spraying stages (tilleting, elongation, booting) occupied the sub plot, while potassium nano-fertilizer concentrations occupied (2,1,0 g/L) for sub-sub-plot. The results showed that the cultivar had excelled in the highest values for the characteristics of weight of 1000 grains, total protein yield, and grain yield for both seasons, with averages of (38.01 g and 38.59 g), (0.498 tons.ha-1, 0.520 tons.ha-1) and (4.629 tons.ha-1). 1 and 4.777 tons.ha-1) respectively. The spraying treatment excelled in the booting stage of the nano potassium at a concentration of 2 g L-1, and recorded the highest values in the trait of the number of grains per spike and the percentage of gluten in the grains in%, as it recorded (44.43 grains and 44.88 grains), (16.59% and 16.71%), respectively, and the weight of 1000 grains for both seasons were (35.77 and 36.63 g) respectively.
Molecular Identification of Three Species of Leaf Miners from the Order Diptera on Brassicaceae Crops in Basra Governorate
Authors: Fadhil Amjed A. , Thamer Nadia K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The leafminer (Order: Diptera) is an insect that can be found throughout the Middle East and many other parts of the world. It feeds on a range of plants. It was discovered on several Brassicaceae family leaves in Iraq. In this study, the leafminer samples were collected from the Agricultural Experimental Station – the University of Basrah campus. These samples were microscopically analysed and morphologically characterized to distinguish leafminer genera. Our results revealed that the Agromyzidae family included two species Liriomyza sativae, and Chromatomyia horticola. While the Drosophilidae family involved Scaptomyza flava. These three genera belong to the 420 bases pair. For both intra- and interspecific variation, the mitochondrial region’s COX area has been thoroughly investigated. The results of all these studies combine to create a sizable collection of sequencing data for the Agromyzidae and Drosophilidae families.
Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus Infection on the Chemical Content of some Genotypes of Tomato Plant (Solanum lycopersicom L.)
Authors: Al-Shammari Sundus Q. , Al-Abedy Aqeel N. , Farhood Ali N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in the Plant Viruses laboratory and plastic houses at the Department of Plant Protection/College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, during the growing season of 2022-2023. The aim of this study was to test the response of some tomato genotypes against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of the infection on the mineral content (sodium, iron, and lead), plant hormones (gibberellins and cytokinins), and chemical compounds (total phenols) in tomato fruits. The results of testing genotypes of tomato plants (Bayan, Heba Madina, Mercur, Oscar, Emmylou, Basmah, Plato, Zenga, and Joleene) showed that all genotypes were sensitive to infection, with varying sensitivey degrees. It was found that the genotypes Bayan and Heba were the most sensitive to infection with CMV at 88.88% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the genotypes Madina, Joleene, and Zenga were the least sensitive to infection, with infection rates of 31.11%, 44.44%, and 46.66%, respectively. The results also demonstrated that viral infection had a significant effect on reducing the levels of the iron and lead in the genotypes infected with CMV, and the genotypes Basmah and Heba were the most affected (with a significant difference) with levels of 0.018 ppm and 0.016 mmol L-1, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 0.023 ppm and 0.024 mmol L-1, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that viral infection had a significant impact on reducing the level of the gibberellin hormone, with a decrease of 53.53 μg ml-1, and an increase in the levels of sodium, cytokinin hormone, and phenols in the genotypes infected with the CMV, with levels of 0.38 ppm, 87.56 μg ml-1, and 0.45 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively, compared to their levels in non-infected plants, which were 55.30 μg ml-1, 0.22 ppm, and 31.32 μg ml-1, and 0.42 mg g-1 dry weight, respectively.
Effect of Cucumber mosaic virus Infection on Certain Mineral Elements, Vitamin C, Carbohydrates and Enzymes of some Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Al-Shammari Sundus Q. , Al-Abedy Aqeel N. , Farhood Ali N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to test the response of certain components in tomato plants against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and to understand the impact of the infection on the content of some mineral elements (calcium, potassium, and phosphorus), vitamin C, carbohydrates, and enzymes (peroxidases and catalases), as well as the amino acid proline in tomato fruits for ten tomato cultivars. The study was conducted in the Plant Viruses Laboratory and plastic greenhouses, Plant Protection Department at the College of Agriculture, University of Karbala, during the growing season 2022-2023. The results of sensitivity testing for the ten cultivars used in the study showed that sensitivity varies among different cultivars. Some cultivars, namely Madena, Zenga, and Joleen, demonstrated lower sensitivity (44.44%, 46.66%, and 50% respectively) compared to certain cultivars classified as highly sensitive to CMV, such as Heba and Bayan, with sensitivity values of 88.88% and 100% respectively. The results showed that viral infection had a clear effect on reducing the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the cultivars infected with CMV. The Basmah and Heba cultivars were the most affected, with levels reaching 28.10 mmol.L-1 and 1.92 mmol.L-1, respectively. These levels were significantly different from their levels in non-infected plants, which were 44.30 mmol.L-1 and 3.22 mmol.L-1, respectively. Furthermore, viral infection also had a significant impact on reducing the levels of carbohydrates and vitamin C, with rates of 27.03% and 6.62 mg g-1 FW (fresh weight), respectively. On the other hand, the levels of potassium, peroxidases, catalases, and the amino acid proline increased in the cultivars infected with CMV, reaching levels of 79.93 ppm, 11.53 U.mL-1, 1.47 U.mL-1, and 62.4 μg ml-1, respectively. These levels were significantly different from those in non-infected plants, which were 45.57 ppm, 4.49 U.ml-1, 0.63 U.ml-1, and 28.6 μg ml-1, respectively.
Reduction of Citrus Fruit Fungal Rot Disease using the Commercial Bio-Agent Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Al-Faham Akram M. Y. , Ali Sadeq M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The results of the laboratory experiment on PDA media showed that B. subtilis at all concentrations (0.1ml, 0.5ml, 1ml/plate) led to a significant reduction in the fungal growth of the two pathogenic fungi, P. polonicum and G. candidum, with an inhibition rate that increased with increasing concentration. The effect of B. subtilis on the growth of P. polonicum was higher than that of G. candidum. In the experiment of storing fruits under natural conditions, the results showed the significant effect of B. subtilis in reducing the severity of infection in injured (artificially wounded) citrus fruits (orange, lemon, sour orange) when treated with the spore suspension of G.candidum and P. polonicum, compared to the significantly higher infection severity in the absence of the biological agent B. subtilis. The percentage of spoilage (reduction of the final fruit weight) increased in the fruits due to infection after 7 days of storage in the spore suspension treatments of G. candidum in oranges, especially in the wounded fruits compared to the normal, uninjured fruits. The same is the case with lemon and orange, as it was observed, in general, that the percentage of weight reduction in wounded fruits increased even in the control treatments than in the normal (uninjured) fruits, while the presence of bacteria B. subtilis reduced the spoilage to normal limits that did not differ from the final fruit weight in the control treatment.