bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maßnahmen zur Verhütung einer Wassergefährdung beim Umgang mit wassergefährdenden Stoffen
Authors: Stahl Harald 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMeasures preventing water contamination during the handling of potential contaminants. Processing plant, filling plant, storage and refilling plant, where substances endangering water are handled, must be designed in such a way that they represent no danger to bodies of water in operation. This requires that any such substances released due to plant failure or any other reason must be quickly recognized, and reliably collected and removed without any threat to the water. Examples of technical, organisational, and infrastructure measures designed to achieve the set goal are given for each of the types of plant mentioned. Demands placed on cooling water systems in processing plant are likewise considered.
Auswahl und Auslegung thermischer Trennprozesse mit Hilfe von Gruppenbeitragsmethoden
Authors: Gmehling Jürgen , Tiegs Detlef , Weidlich Ulrich 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSelection and design of separation processes using group contribution methods. Separation processes can be designed by solving so‐called MESH equations. In spite of the large number of equations and unknowns, modern computers and numerical methods permit the rigorous solution of the resulting equations. The exactness of the design is influenced only by the accuracy of the K factors and enthalpy data used. Great progress has recently been made in the field of phase equilibrium thermodynamics. While 20 years ago, a great number of time consuming and expensive experiments were necessary to describe the real behaviour of multicomponent systems, today this behaviour can be predicted using binary information or group contribution methods.
Nutzung von Laser‐Raman‐Verfahren in der Verbrennungstechnik
Authors: Leipertz Alfred 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUse of laser Raman processes in combustion engineering. The utility of various laser Raman processes is surveyed. The author presents a general consideration of applicability, focussing mainly on linear Raman scattering and the nonlinear CARS effect, and making fundamental observations on the measuring procedures and the possibilities they offer for local and time‐based high‐resolution acquisition of temperature and concentration data in combustion processed. Results are reported. The scope for obtaining not only pointwise but also linearly and fieldwise distributed information with high time‐resolution is discussed.
Kreiselpumpen und Energierückgewinnungs‐Turbinen in der verfahrenstechnischen Hochdrucktechnik
Authors: Franke Hans‐Joachim , Hofmann Heinrich , Jeske Hans‐Otto , Schill Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCentrifugal pumps and energy recovery turbines in high pressure industrial process engineering. Centrifugal pumps have to meet many different requirements in high pressure industrial process engineering. International standards call for minimum requirements and propose solutions for various problems. Nevertheless, options remain for the operator with regard to the choice of the casing, material, and sealing variants, and to the choice of hydraulics to meet such requirements as reliability, safety, service‐friendliness, economic efficiency, and investment cost. The following review presents various designs of centrifugal pumps for high pressure industrial process engineering. Furthermore, the installation of high pressure pumps in turbine operation for energy recovery is introduced.
Gleichgewichtsdarstellung und technische Apparate bei der Neutralisation alkalischer Wässer mit CO2
Authors: Höll Wolfgang H. , Balduhn Reinhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEquilibria and technical equipment for neutralization of alkaline water with CO2. Alkaline water can be neutralized by means of carbonic acid. The particular advantages of this method are that there is no increase in the content of neutral salts and that the product water is well buffered and therefore does not favour corrosion. Furthermore, neutralization can easily be combined with an aeration. The paper discusses physico‐chemical fundamentals and presents some neutralization devices.
Polymerisationstechnik
Authors: Reichert Karl‐Heinz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPolymerization engineering. Polyreactions are complex chemical reactions which are generally conducted in liquid phase. The characteristic feature of polyreactions is the pronounced increase in viscosity of the reactants during the reaction. The increase in viscosity influences numerous reaction and process parameters, such as the reaction kinetics, the transfer of mass, heat, and momentum, the degree of mixing of the reactants, and the residence time distribution of continuous reactors. Thus the increase in viscosity influences the performance, selectivity, and safety of the reactor. The choice of reactor for performing polyreactions can be based on various aspects. Of decisive importance are the performance and selectivity of the reactor. For the cases of simple and complex polyreactors, various kinds of reactors are compared with respect to their performance and selectivity, with the molar mass distribution of the resulting polymers serving as example of the selectivity of polyreactions. In the case of simple polymerizations, the molar mass distribution of the polymers depends unequivocally on the type of reactor and the various reactor types can be arranged in appropriate order. This is no longer the case for more complex polymerizations because the concentration conditions in the reactors play an increasingly important role.
Planung einer Verbrennungsanlage für industrielle Rückstände
Authors: Seifert Helmut , Hasberg Willy , Dorn Ingo H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDesign of an incinerator for industrial waste. For many years rotary kilns have been used in combination with an afterburner chamber followed by a steam boiler at BASF to incinerate the waste of chemical plants. Six incineration lines are available at the moment. As the amount of waste is always increasing an additional incinerator was necessary on increasing the incineration capacity a new flue gas cleaning system would have to be installed, not only for the new incinerator but also for the flue gas of five of the existing furnaces. The cleaning system will be done in two lines, each of them consists of an electric precipitator and a multistage scrubber. In order to design the new incinerator line, not only many operating conditions and legal prerequisites but also constructional and combustion requirements had to be considered. While the design of the rotary kiln is based essentially on empirical coefficients, e. g. on the burning load related to the furnace volume, the design of the afterburner chamber was made by the help of a numerical computation model supported by experimental model investigations. A further focal point was optimizing the operation of the waste burner which gave a primary reduction of the NOx emission.
Entsorgung von Öl‐in‐Wasser‐Emulsionen durch Elektrokoagulation
Authors: Gidarakos Evangelos , Köhling Alfons , Schmitt Rolf‐Erhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeparation of oil‐water emulsions by electrocoagulation.Separating emulsified fluid drops or suspended solid particles from oil‐water mixtures is one of the central problems of disposal technology. Reprocessing used emulsions or suspensions, however, is complicated by emulsion stabilisers and impurities. The efficiency of mechanical separation methods often leaves much to be desired, so that flocculants or demulsifiers are added. These additives are expensive, produce secondary waste, and may have adverse effects on the properties of the resultant product as far as its reuse or disposal is concerned. Electrocoagulation, a treatment process developed at Battelle, has none of these drawbacks. It is based on the fact that the stability of colloids, suspensions, and emulsions is critically influenced by electric charges being repelled by like charges on the surface of particles. Therefore, if additional electric charges are supplied to the charged particles via appropriate electrodes, the surface charge of the particles is neutralised and several particles combine into larger, separable agglomerates. The process‐technological design is such that the emulsion (or suspension) flows through an electrochemical cell where it is demulsified. Energy consumption for this is low, chemicals need not be added, and no secondary waste results. Thus, a pretreatment process is available with which the separating efficiency of existing processes can be increased without having to modify the relevant apparatus significantly.
Möglichkeiten und Problemlösungen der Stromerzeugung mit Windkraftwerken
Authors: Mühlöcker Hugo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractScope and problem solutions of power generation by wind‐driven plant. The importance of wind power has changed in the course of history with the advent of competing energy converters for power production from coal, oil, and nuclear energy. The known physical laws of aerodynamics and geographical location ascribe wind power a market share of no more than a few percent of power generation. Among the many designs of wind turbines, only 2‐ and 3‐blade propeller turbines have been produced in large quantities with power ratings up to ca. 4 MW. Market developments have so far been determined by government funding. The power generation costs of 0.25 to 0.30 DM/kWh are still too high by a factor of 2 to 3. With regard to future developments it remains to be seen whether the use of more sophisticated generator systems will permit the expected large savings on the mechanical side and thus open the path to economic large production runs also in the case of medium and large‐scale units.
Konstruktive Besonderheiten bei großvolumigen GFK‐Apparaten mit Einbauten
Authors: Klein Andreas , Schellenberg Rolf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConstructional features of large‐volume FRP vessels with internals. Especially in the case of large vessels with internals subject to corrosive attack (such as absorption towers and scrubbers in FGD plants) the use of FRP, particularly those based on vinyl ester resin, provides many advantages over conventional solutions such as stainless steel or rubber lining. The vessel's large dimensions may lead to relatively large deviations from target dimensions. In certain cases this may require departure from established design practice in order to ensure the benefit of easy on‐site assembly and erection. The following article presents design details for large FRP vessels, i. e. fixing of internals inside the vessel, fixing of vessel on its foundations, and supporting of platforms and piping outside a free‐standing tower.
Heizen und Kühlen –‐ verfahrenstechnische Aspekte
Authors: Stephan Karl , Slipšević Boris 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHeating and cooling‐chemical engineering aspects. This paper reviews the commonest types of heat exchangers and their applications. They are classified in the following types: tube bundle heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers, lamella heat exchangers, and heat exchangers for special purposes. Most of these apparatus can be used for heat exchange between single phases or for condensation or boiling of substances. The different criteria determining the choice of heat exchanger are explained.
Thermodynamische Bewertung chemischer Reaktionen, dargestellt am Beispiel der Ammoniak‐Synthese und der Wasserstoff‐Dissoziation
Authors: Bauer Bernhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThermodynamic evaluation of chemical reactions, illustrated for ammonia synthesis and hydrogen dissociation. Chemical reactions can be evaluated with regard to the efficiency of energy conversion – in the light of the second law of thermodynamics – without any need to introduce a material sink of average composition of the environment as model environment, as required by the exergetic method of evaluation. The method developed is described in this article. It is designed for universal application beyond the bounds of range indicated here so that widely differing cases of energy conversion can be optimised and made comparable, always using the same calculation scheme.
Wirtschaftliche und technologische Bewertung von Verfahren
Authors: Frey Walter , Heimann Frank , Maier Siegfried 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEconomic and technological evaluation of processes. The process engineer is finding it increasingly important to evaluate a given process from the economic and technological standpoint, when developing a process or realizing an investment project. In order to demonstrate the possibility of a structured and systematic mode of procedure, a brief account is given of the available tools. Profitability can be evaluated on the basis of the accounting rate of return (ROI), the internal rate of return (dcf yield), and the ratio of equity, all measures that can be derived from an assessment of costs and economics. To take into account the uncertainty of the boundary conditions assumed, such as raw materials costs, selling prices, and plant utilization, it is advisable to carry out a risk and sensitivity analysis. Examples are given that demonstrate the possibility of both calculating and reducing the economic and technological risks.
Flow‐Sheeting‐Programme für die Prozeßsimulation
Authors: Futterer Eberhard , Munsch Martin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFlowsheeting systems for process simulation. Simulation of process plants with flowsheeting systems has been state of the art in chemical plant design and in the chemical industry for many years. Modern computers now permit steady state simulation of complex chemical plants with sufficient accuracy. This paper outlines the different approaches to steady state process simulation, names the advantages and disadvantages, and gives an outlook on further developments. Process optimization, process integration, and process synthesis will be discussed. The integration of different programs, e.g. the connection between flowsheeting systems and computer‐aided design (CAD) will be described. An advance in user friendliness will be reached by latest developments in the field of personal computers and workstations and by database management systems.
Anwendung von statistischen Prüfverfahren im Bereich der Mischtechnik
Authors: Raasch Jürgen , Sommer Karl 
Published: December 2004

AbstractApplication of statistical testing to mixing. Assessment of the homogeneity of mixtures of solids and determination of the necessary mixing times are performed with the aid of statistical testing methods. The results from the basis for necessary decisions. Since reliable statements are fundamentally impossible in mathematical statistics, all such decisions are, with a certain probability, false, i.e. involve some risk. In studies of mixing, the first kind of error concerns the risk of rejecting a mixture although its homogeneity satisfies requirements, while the second kind of error concerns the risk of accepting a mixture although its homogeneity is insufficient. It is shown that barriers can be introduced for both kinds of error, and how to do this. Both the sample size and the limits of the acceptance range for the sample variance are thus laid down. If no decision is to be made concerning acceptance or rejection of a given mixture, but information is merely required about the mixing quality after a given time then this is accomplished by statement of confidence intervals.
Energieintegration in der thermischen Verfahrenstechnik
Authors: Kaibel Gerd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEnergetic integration in thermal process engineering. During recent years thermal processes could be considerably improved with respect to their energy demand. Increased use of process heat led to a reduction of production related energy consumption. This article shows that the use of heat integration analysis and exergetic analysis is a promising method for intensive use of the existing potential of energy savings.
Verkleinerung verfahrenstechnischer Versuchsanlagen — was ist erreichbar?
Authors: Maier Siegfried , Kaibel Gerd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractScale‐down of chemical engineering pilot plant – what is attainable? The use of fully automated experimental laboratory‐scale plantoffer interesting possibilities for assessment of the economic operation and technical feasibility of new or modified processes. An important condition for the success of this kind of experimental approach is the availability of miniaturized equipment, machines, and sensors. The goal of such experimental plant can be both the process engineering development of individual process steps and also integrated running to model complete processes. Moreover, questions of scale‐up can be studied and typical quantities can be provided. The state of the art is reported with the aid of selected examples of equipment and mechanical components and measurement and control units.
Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Chemieingenieurwesens
Authors: Krug Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDevelopment of chemical engineering – A survey. This article describes the scientific and technological origins of chemical engineering and the concept of chemical technology. The paradigm of unit operations was the result of mass production, continuous and catalytic processes, and knowledge of physical chemistry. The evolution of theory and the institutionalization of chemical engineering are described as constitutive elements.
Altlastensanierung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Thomé‐Kozmiensky Karl J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractContaminated site clean‐up in the Federal Republic of Germany. Contaminated site clean‐up will be one of the most extensive and expensive tasks of coming decades. The present contribution first surveys the different views of what constitutes a contaminated site, as held by different authors and different government agencies. The extent of such contamination is then estimated and various processes for its disposal presented. The various clean‐up methods are compared from a technical and a financial standpoint. The state of the art and those areas in which research is called for are indicated.
Nickelhaltige Legierungen und Sonderedelstähle in der Verfahrenstechnik
Authors: Herda Wilfried R. , Rockel Manfred 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNickel alloys and special steels. A survey of the main classical alloys for process engineering is followed by an account of the potential uses of modern special stainless steels and nickel‐based alloys in economic plant construction. Examples are given to illustrate these applications.
Elektrochemische Umwelttechnik
Authors: Kreysa Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrochemical processes in environmental protection.Electrochemical processes can contribute considerably to environmental protection by means of waste purification processes and production integrated waste minimization. In the field of waste purification, electrochemical gas purification, purification of metal containing waste waters, and the electrolytic decomposition of neutral salt solutions will be illustrated by examples. As examples of production‐integrated environmental protection, this article considers fluidized bed electrolysis, membrane process for alkali chloride electrolysis, and electroreduction of dichloroacetic acid.
Wertewandel: Technikdarstellung in den Medien und Technikverständnis der Bevölkerung
Authors: Kepplinger Hans Mathias 
Published: December 2004

AbstractShifting values: Presentation of technology in the media and popular understanding of technology. The leading dailies and weeklies in the Federal Republic presented technology very positively in the mid‐sixties and very negatively in the mid‐eighties. More or less, this is true for all types of technology. Contrary to a widespread belief, the revaluation of technology already started at the end of the sixties. This, however, was not recognized at first because technology was only rarely covered in the press. There was no relationship worth mentioning between the presentation of consequences of technology and real developments. Therefore, the changes in presentation cannot be explained by changes in the reality presented. They are rather caused by changes in the journalists' perceptions of technology.
Die Absicherung von Druckbehältern mit den Mitteln der Meß‐ und Regeltechnik — eine Alternative zur Druckentlastung
Authors: Molter Ernst , Schoft Helmut 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSafety of pressure vessels by means of measurement and control engineering – an alternative to pressure release. The practice of safety engineering shows that pressure release devices are appropriate or reasonable for only a small portion of the reactions requiring safety assurance measures. One reason is that there is not always an unequivocal relationship between pressure and the factors temperature and concentration which influence the reaction rate. Such a relationship is necessary for reliable pressure release. In addition, environmental protection requires that vapours and liquids leaving the reactor be condensed and collected. Devices used in process control engineering represent alternatives to pressure release systems. They are intended to prevent systems from reaching impermissible operating states. However, this requires very accurate process analysis, for any unrecognized deviation from the correct value of a safety‐relevant process variable could make a safety concept based solely on process control engineering ineffective.
Feststoffbildung durch Kristallisation und Fällung
Authors: Gösele Walter , Egel‐Hess Wolfgang , Wintermantel Klaus , Faulhaber Friedrich Richard , Mersmann Alfons 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFormation of solids by crystallization and precipitation. Formation of solids from solutions can take place by crystallization or precipitation. The principal factor is the relationship between solubility and supersaturation. In crystallization, the solubility of the crystallising substance is so high that the formation of solids occurs largely in the metastable zone in the immediate vicinity of the solubility limits. Crystal growth and nucleation are functions of supersaturation. If a high supersaturation is required at low substance‐specific growth rates for an adequate crystal growth, high nucleation rates and hence small crystals will result. On this basis, the authors present information for the specific design of crystallization processes. In contrast, the solubility of the precipitated product must be very low for precipitation. Direct crystal formation is possible only for substance systems of high solubility. As a rule, however, the precipitated substance is so insoluble that solids are formed via amorphous intermediates. The results of a large number of experiments show the influence of various parameters of the precipitation process on the filtrability of the precipitated product.
Expertensysteme für die Prozeßführung,–Erfahrungen aus dem Verbundprojekt TEX‐I
Authors: Ahrens Wolfgang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExpert systems for process control – experience with the TEX‐I project. The paper gives a brief overview of some topics concerned with expert systems technologies in a real‐time environment. After a four‐year‐project the perspectives of the technology are much more realistic, and the promises more or less reduced. What we see is a software‐technology that is hard to use but well suited for complex applications. Unsolved is the problem of knowledge elicitation, the bottelneck of knowledge engineering.