bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy for malignant mesothelioma
Authors: O’Brien M E R , Ribate A U , Souberbielle B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with most other solid tumours, there is a need for new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma (MM) because of its increasing incidence and the lack of effective options that significantly improve outcome. Although chemotherapy continues to be used and new drugs are showing additional efficacy in this disease [2], a detailed knowledge of the molecular events responsible for MM, as well as the molecular profile of established MM, is limited. Consequently potential molecular targets for developing new drugs against MM have been scant until recently. Alternative and novel therapies, such as immunotherapy, have been explored to treat MM. There have been reports and discussions suggesting that the immune response may influence or even control the growth of some cases of MM, adding some weight to the potential use of immunotherapy in this disease .
Principles Of Brachytherapy Dosimetry
Authors: Richardson Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dose distributions are non-homogenous within the treated volume of a brachytherapy implant. Steep dose gradients occur and there is a sleeve of high dose surrounding each source. There are regions or plateaus of minimum dose between sources . Over the years several systems have been used to calculate and describe the dose distributions of brachytherapy implants, looking at the spacing and geometry of the source distribution and specifying how dose calculations should be made. The two systems to be discussed in this chapter are the Manchester system and the Paris system. Both systems used traditional dose formalism for manual calculation of doses and these were adapted for computer calculations. In 1995, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) published the report of Task Group 43 (TG43).
The Role Of Brachytherapy In Head And Neck Cancer
Authors: Coyle Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brachytherapy in head and neck cancer is languishing paradoxically at a time when interest in conformal radiation treatment is at its peak. As interstitial brachytherapy allows increased dose intensity and reduction in dose to surrounding organs at risk, it could be considered the ideal conformal treatment. Its disadvantages lie in the lack of expertise, competition with surgical techniques, and radiation protection issues. It still has a place in several key clinical Expertise is concentrated in specialist centres with the majority using low dose-rate iridium implanation under the Paris rules. Similar techniques have been adapted to allow the use of high dose-rate afterloading systems, but this chapter will concentrate on the low dose-rate techniques. The most common indications are for the treatment of small tongue cancers, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, and lip tumours. Careful assessment in the clinic to determine suitability for implantation is essential; a good knowledge of the Paris rules is necessary to pre-plan the implant.
The Role Of Brachytheraphy In Miscellaneous Sites
Authors: Coyle Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of brain tumours is complex and emotionally draining, requiring full multidisciplinary team commitment. Although they only account for less than 2% of all malignancies, the impact of primary central nervous sys- tem (CNS) tumours on the patient and carers is profound. Around 20% of all paediatric malignancies are CNS, but the role of brachytherapy is better established in adults. Historic use of interstitial implants for the management of brain tumours can be traced back to the 1920s.
The neurofibromatoses
Authors: Friedman J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three clinically and genetically distinct diseases are classified as neurofibromatoses: neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) and schwannomatosis. The inclusion of these three conditions in a single group reflects the fact that they share certain clinical features, but it is important to distinguish each disease from the others because their natural history, complications and management differ. One form of neurofibromatosis does not evolve into one of the other forms during the course of the disease.
von Hippel–Lindau disease
Authors: Maher Eamonn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited, multisystem disorder characterized by the development of retinal and central nervous haemangioblastomas, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), phaeochromocytoma, pancreatic endocrine tumours and endolymphatic sac tumours (ELSTs). In addition, renal, pancreatic and epididymal cysts are frequent.
The ethical and insurance issues of cancer genetics
Authors: Morrison Patrick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A family history of cancer, particularly breast, ovarian and colon cancer or rare cancer syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, is now recognized as the biggest risk factor for cancer after age. Testing is not always straightforward, as family dynamics differ within and between families. Experience of genetic testing for breast cancer over the last decade has allowed some ethical principles to be formulated so that a framework to guide procedures with can be utilized.
Ethical Perspectives
Authors: Broeckaert Bert , Glare Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently, the European Association of Palliative Care (EAPC) promulgated guidelines on the role of prognostication and prognostic factors in palliative care. Attention to ethical aspects of prognostication were evident throughout these guidelines. From the beginning the international expert working group that prepared these guidelines had taken an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on and bringing together the wide-ranging expertise (medicine, nursing, statistics, social sciences, ethics) of its members.
Lung Cancer
Authors: Tammemagi C Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lung cancers, although having common anatomic and cellular origins, are a clinically and bio- logically heterogeneous group of diseases. Recent studies using gene expression and proteomic profiling have demonstrated that even within specific histologic categories, considerable molecular heterogeneity exists. Regardless of this heterogeneity, overall, long-term (5 year) survival for all stages of lung cancer is poor and when considering advanced lung cancer is even more dis- heartening. In spite of these generalizations, the clinician and patient need appreciate that even for advanced stage disease, some individuals do experience long-term survival and that within the short term (5 years) there is considerable heterogeneity regarding length of survival.
Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Geoghegan Tony , Lee Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In less than a decade, metastatic cancer of the colon or rectum has changed from being primarily a surgically palliated disease to one in which there has been increasing success with combination chemotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. Colon cancer is the third commonest malignancy in both sexes. Risk factors for the development of the disease include advanced age, cigarette smoking, inflammatory bowel disease and a genetic predisposition, namely, the hereditary and non-hereditary polyposis syndromes.
Sarcoma
Authors: Morris Katherine T , Brennan Murray F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare disease with approximately 10–12,000 cases per year in the US. The majority of patients with extremity sarcomas are cured by a single operation with or without the addition of adjuvant radiation therapy. However, depending on certain risk factors, some will go on to advanced disease and subsequent demise. For the purposes of this chapter, we define a patient to have advanced sarcoma if they have systemic or nodal metastasis, large (&gt; 10 cm), deep, and high-grade primary extremity tumours, or visceral or retroperitoneal sarcomas as these are known to have a less favourable prognosis.
Bone Secondaries
Authors: Chow Edward , Yee Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bone metastases are a frequent complication of cancer. They are clinically apparent in about 50 per cent of all cancer patients and have been reported in 70–85 per cent of cancer patients at autopsy. Pain arising from bone metastases is the most common symptom requiring treatment in cancer patients. Fifty to seventy-five per cent of patients with bone metastases suffer from severe pain. As reflected in a consensus statement from a National Cancer Institute Workshop, the under-treatment of cancer pain is a serious and neglected public health problem.
Projective Representations of the Symmetric Groups
Authors: Hoffman P N , Humphreys J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the symmetric groups forms one of the basic building blocks of modern group theory. This book is the first completely detailed and self-contained presentation of the wealth of information now known on the projective representations of the symmetric and alternating groups. Prerequisites are a basic familiarity with the elementary theory of linear representations and a modest background in modern algebra. The authors have taken pains to ensure that all the relevant algebraic and combinatoric tools are clearly explained in such a way as to make the book suitable for graduate students and research workers. After the pioneering work of Issai Schur, little progress was made for half a century on projective representations, despite considerable activity on the related topic of linear representations. However, in the last twenty years important new advances have spurred further research. This book develops both the early theory of Schur and then describes the key advances that the subject has seen since then. In particular the theory of Q-functions and skew Q-functions is extensively covered which is central to the development of the subject.
Misconvergence in the Lanczos algorithm
Authors: Parlett Beresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Lanczos algorithm generates Ritz values in order to approximate eigenvalues. If some eigenvalues are clustered then a Ritz value may hover at a wrong value for a good number of steps. We study this phenomenon and focus on the point of discovery, the first step at which it is certain that there is a hidden eigenvalue in the vicinity of stabilized Ritz values. Both before and after this point the Ritz value behaviour is routine, but for different eigenvalue configurations.
A simple proof of the completeness of ternporal logic programming
Authors: Baudinet* Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We address semantic and completeness issues for temporal logic programming, and in particular for the language Templog proposed by Abadi and Manna. We show that the semantic and completeness results for classical logic programming can be extended to TEMP LOG. We thus provide two equivalent formulations of Templog’s declarative semantics, in terms of a minimal model and in terms of a least fixpoint, and we prove the completeness of the temporal resolution proof system that is the basis of Templog’s execution mechanism.
The role of Appendicularia in marine food webs
Authors: Gorsky G , Fenaux R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appendicularians are among the commonest members of the zooplankton community. often the second or the third most abundant group in plankton samples. They are found in all oceans, from coastal surface waters to the deep sea (Chapter 15). Since they are fragile organisms, they are often destroyed or severely damaged when collected with plankton nets. In consequence, there have been relatively few studies attempting to assess their environmental impact. Nevertheless, in recent years it has become obvious that their remarkable filtration systems, and rapid generation times, mean that they almost certainly play a significant role in the marine food web.
The relationships and systematics of the Thaliacea, wi,th keys for identification
Authors: Godeaux J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost exactly a century ago Brooks (1893) remarked that it should not be difficult to place the relationships of the Thaliacea upon a sound and permanent basis, as the forms which are to be considered are so very few and our knowledge of them so complete. Whilst it is true that there are few different thaliacean types, and that knowledge of their morphology (and other aspects) has increased since Brooks wrote, their relationships are still unclear. For the present, until further molecular data becomes available, speculations about thaliacean relationships are based on comparative embryology and morphology, (including sperm morphology). Three general questions naturally arise when thaliacean relationships are considered: (i) have the Thaliacea evolved from a free living or a sessile ancestor?; (ii) is this ancestor common to the three thaliacean orders?; (iii) what are the relationships between the three orders?
The study organism
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When scientists choose an organism in order to study a particular scientific problem, a number of different factors are often involved. Considerations like abundance and easy access to a large number of individuals are usually important for the potential success of a project. Genetic factors are most readily studied if individuals can be followed across generations. Most-aspects of modern biology have an observational and an experimental approach, and study organisms amenable to experimentation usually greatly facilitate scientific progress. Observations can usually suggest whether potential causal relationships exist, but their existence can only be verified through properly conducted experiments.
Opportunities and pitfalls in co-operative reproduction
Authors: Seger Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reproduction is a strictly solitary activity in most animal species. Females (or hermaphrodites) typically pair briefly with males (or other hermaphrodites) to acquire unrelated haploid genomes, and in some species males package their sperm with nutritional resources that females incorporate into eggs. But in the vast majority of species, all subsequent parental investment is the work of one individual: mother. Many invertebrates even forgo mating in the usual sense, as in sessile species where free-swimming sperm find either the females or their free-floating haploid eggs, and species in which mobile females collect spermatophores that were previously deposited at strategic locations by anonymous donors.
The effects of polygyny and colony life history on optimal sex investment
Authors: Nonacs Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social insect species, like all other organisms, must reproduce or eventually go extinct. However, unlike many whose sexual lives have remained private and discreet, almost every aspect of reproduction in the social insects has attracted an intrepid and growing band of scientific voyeurs. What may account for this burgeoning interest in sexual behaviour of social insects? First, sex is fun in theory, in experimental research, and in practical application. Second, because the Hymenoptera are haplodiploid, mothers can have great control over the sex of their offspring-only eggs they decide to fertilize become females. This means that natural selection on sex ratios is unconstrained by meiotic processes that tend to produce equal numbers of male and female zygotes. In contrast, termites are diploid and thus serve as an important comparison group for reproductive strategies of the social Hymenoptera. Finally and perhaps of greatest importance, not all members of a colony or group are likely to have identical reproductive goals. It is the potential for reproductive competition between nominally co-operating individuals and the tactics used to gain ascendancy that are of particular interest. Conflicts can exist over ratios of male to female investment, male parentage, and the number of reproductives per colony.
Social behaviour
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite a social system of group ranges otters are strikingly non-social. ‘Sprainting’ (scent marking) probably enables them to avoid the others who are living in the same range in order to exploit the fish and other resources without interference. Sprainting appears to function as a means of communication mainly over periods lasting only a few hours; it is associated with feeding and otherforms of resource utilization, and all categories of otters do it almost equally often, but much more in winter (when resources are low) than in summer. If otters meet, there is little aggression (except between territorial males), but more avoidance. Sexual behaviour is described; otters are polygamous and poly androus. The two-stage strategy of maternal care for the cubs (first in a natal holt, then accompanying the mother) is described’, some cubs are abandoned. The male is not involved in rearing the cubs. Most social interactions are seen within the small families of a mother with her cubs. Mothers appear to teach their offspring to fish, and cubs get the larger prey whilst the mothers eat small fish. Cubs are dependent on their mother for 10−16 months, an unusually long period which may be related to the acquisition of fishing skills.
Diet
Authors: Kruuk Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prey of coastal otters in Shetland was determined from direct observations rather than faecal analysis, and it is compared with data from different coasts and other studies, from otters in fresh water, and from other species. It consisted almost only of fish, mostly small, eel-shaped, bottom-living species. But otters also took some larger prey, especially in winter, and particularly the males as well as females with cubs (who preferentially fed larger fish to their offspring). Occasionally birds and rabbits were taken. The larger fish were important in terms of proportion by weight in the diet, again mostly in winter. Prey were smallest and most diverse in spring, and least varied in summer. There was no substantial variation in the diet of individual otters fishing along the same shores. Feeding and diving efficiency improved with age during the first 18 months of life. In fresh water otters ate similar size fish as in the sea, with similar differences in diet between the sexes. Otters consume a quantity of fish of at least 15 per cent of their body weight per day. The diet of other otter species is described; there are broad similarities world-wide, but where different species occur sympatrically there are striking divergences.
Introduction
Authors: Keay R W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a revised and abbreviated version Nigerian trees which was produced by the Federal Department of Forest Research, Nigeria, in two volumes in 1960 and 1964. Like the original work it is intended for all who are interested in the trees of Nigeria; with this in mind, the use of technical terms has been reduced to the minimum; a glossary is given on pages 3 to 5.
Glossary
Authors: Keay R W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
acuminate: of a leaf or other organ where the apex has somewhat concave sides tapering to a sharp or blunt tip acute: ending in a point with straight sides. alternate: of leaves or branches inserted at different levels along the stem anther: the part of the stamen which contains the pollen. aril: a usually fleshy and often brightly coloured coat covering, or partly covering, the seed. In this book the term sometimes includes caruncle. articulated: jointed, or separating at a certain point leaving a clean scar axil: the angle between the leaf and the branch. axillary: arising from the axil. berry: a juicy fruit with seeds immersed in pulp. bipinnate: when the primary divisions (pinnae) of a pinnate compound leaf are themselves pinnate bisexual: having stamens and carpels in the same flower blade: the expanded portion of a leaf bract: a small leaf-like organ at the base of a flower or inflorescence. In this book the term includes bracteole calyx: the outer envelope of the flower consisting of sepals which may be united or free among themselves calyx-tube: when the sepals are partly united, the lower portion is the calyx-tube and the free portions are the calyx-teeth, -lobes or -segments. In this book the term sometimes includes hypanthium.
Key To Families represented by trees in Nigeria
Authors: Keay R W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1a Trees never with more than scale-like leaves; flowers unisexual 2a Trees with white latex, stems fleshy, cactusike; male and female enclosed in a common bract (Euphorbia) Euphorbiaceae 2b Trees without latex, fir-like; male and female flowers on separate trees; leaf-scales in whorls on thread-like green branchlets Casuarinaceae lb Trees with well-developed leaves, sometimes deciduous 3a Palm trees; leaves over 2.5 m long Palmae 3b Other trees; leaves usually under 2 m long
The Structural Biology of Palms
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family of palms (Palmae or Arecaceae) is of major economic importance, both on a large industrial scale and in peasant agriculture. The palms offer a unique challenge to botanists because of their frequently gigantic size and unusual mechanical properties; they are of interest to evolutionists who wish to know how such an unusual plant form could have evolved and to ecologists who wish to learn about the distinct adaptive features of palms. In this book each organ of the plant and each successive phase in its life-cycle is examined, beginning with seed germination and gradually moving through the vegetative cycle to the production of inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed, giving a general picture of how the palm 'works'. The information is presented in systematic form. Much of the recent extensive literature on palm biology is summarized and the relationship of the palms to other flowering plants is discussed. This book will be of value both to academic botanists and agronomists.
On the position of Proboscidea in the phylogenetic system of Eutheria: a systematic review
Authors: Fischer Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The systematic position of Proboscidea is an example of continuity in mammalian classification. Disregarding any systematic schools, Proboscidea is usually classified as belonging to an independent unit within placental mammals, and almost since early systematic studies, its proximity to sirenians has been postulated. Even in the intuitive system of Linnaeus (1 758), the ‘Ordo Bruta’ comprises among others (e.g. Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, or Manis) Elephas and Trichechus.
Who is who among the Proboscideaã
Authors: Tassy Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Proboscidea is almost purely a palaeontological game since only two species survive from what was once a formidable group. This game is made difficult, even hazardous, because of the lacunar nature of the fossil record, the usual overemphasis on dental characters in past literature, the relatively few global studies, and fewer cladistic analyses. Nevertheless, it is possible to summarize the ‘state of the art’, i.e. the distribution of morphological characters observed on fossils, through parsimony analysis. The resulting cladogram (Fig. 6.1) sheds some light on the numerous unresolved problems.