bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Talbott William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are there any universal rights? Much has been written on this question. A problem about phrasing the question this way is that the very idea of someone’s having a right to something is an idea with a historical lineage. There were human societies long before anyone even had any such idea. It seems puzzling to think that someone might claim that rights existed before anyone had ever articulated the idea itself. How could it make sense to think that the members of a prehistoric human community might have had rights, when no one had ever had such a thought? Historically, natural rights theorists typically appealed to God as the source of individual rights to provide a solution to this puzzle. The suggestion is that even before human beings had the idea of a right, God had it. Thus, God made it true that human beings have rights, even before the human beings themselves had any inkling of this fact.
An Epistemically Modest Universal Moral Standpoint
Authors: Talbott William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I take up the challenge to explain how it is possible to make universal moral judgments. To make such judgments requires that we be able to attain a universal moral standpoint. I do not believe that aspiring to attain such a standpoint guarantees we will attain it, because we can be blind to our own biases and to the biases of those who influence us. Fortunately, the situation is not hopeless. When we are not overly influenced by our own interests and prejudices or those of others, we are able to make fallible, but reasonably reliable, universal moral judgments. In this chapter, I try to explain how we do so.
Islam, State, and Society in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmad Mumtaz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike many other Muslim countries identified with Islamic resurgence or Islamic radicalism where this phenomenon emerged as a gradual process, or was anticipated by observers as an incremental development of long-term socioreligious and political trends, Bangladesh entered the world of Islamic radicalism with a bang. In August 2005, Bangladesh made international headlines when bomb blasts occurred simultaneously in sixty-three of sixty-four districts of the country, throwing the government and the people in utter chaos and panic. Only one outside observer had seen what was coming: in April 2002, a cover story in the Far Eastern Economic Review by Bertil Lintner described—in a rather sensational tone—this second largest Muslim country in the world as a ‘‘cocoon of terror’’ and showed pictures on its title of look-alike bin Ladens springing to life.
Religion in England’s First Colonies
Authors: Butler Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The English settlers of New England intended to make religion the focus of their settlement. These ﬁrst immigrants were alienated English Puritans called separatists, who had already fied England for the Netherlands because of their inability to achieve further reformation in the Church of England at home. They originally received a charter for land in Virginia but landed instead near Plymouth, Massachusetts, in December 1620. They renegotiated their charter with London authorities and celebrated the famous first Thanks-giving with nearby Indians in October 1621.
The Flowering of Religious Diversity
Authors: Butler Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Dongan was perplexed. In 1683, he had become governor of New York, the old Dutch colony that the British had conquered in 1664. Dongan was a Roman Catholic who keenly felt the desirability of religious tolerance. But he had never encountered such religious diversity as he had found in New York. When he arrived from England in 1683, he expected to find one or two ministers of the Dutch Reformed Church, the Protestant state church of the Netherlands, and a Church of England minister preaching to the small but growing English population in New York. Instead, Dongan encountered a religious blend so rich and confusing that he hardly knew what to make of it. The Dutch Reformed Church was indeed the town’s largest congregation; Dongan observed that there were “not many of the Church of England, [and] few Roman Catholics.” But New York teemed with other groups. It harbored an “abundance of Quaker preachers and women [preachers] especially.”
African and American Indian Religion
Authors: Butler Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1600s, Mohegans living in eastern Connecticut interred several bodies at their principal burial ground, near modern-day Norwich. Along with the body of Lucy Occum, who had been converted to Christianity yet was also a medicine woman, the Mohegans had placed a bowl inlaid with wampum, the brightly colored cylindrical beads often used as currency in Indian transactions. With Hannah Wequot, the daughter of Chief Uncas, a seventeenth-century Mohegan leader, they had buried a bowl carved from a pepperidge tree knot and decorated with the figure of an owl. With a third, unknown Mohegan they had included a small “Hobbomocko” doll used to ward off evil spirits. In 1868, looters invaded the Mohegan burial mound, scattering skeletons and removing hundreds of items buried with them, including the Hobbomocko doll and the bowls buried with Lucy Occum and Hannah Uncas. The looters sold most of the items they retrieved to collectors, and some later found their way to museums.
The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires
Authors: Scheidel Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning in the third century B.C.E., the imperial unification of both East Asia and the Mediterranean gave rise to increasingly standardized currency systems that sought to establish stable means of payment. In both cases, the eventual monopolization of minting tied the success of these currencies to the fortunes of the state. Yet despite these basic similarities, substantial differences prevailed. While silver and later gold dominated the monetary economy of the Roman Empire, the victorious Chinese regimes operated a system of bronze coinages supplemented by uncoined precious-metal bullion. This raises a series of questions. How did these differences arise, and why did they persist well beyond antiquity? How did the use of different metals affect the relationship between the nominal and intrinsic value of monetary objects? Did the minting of precious metals in the West and China’s reliance on copper determine overall levels of monetization? To the best of my knowledge, none of these issues has ever been addressed from a comparative perspective. The failure to do so has made it harder to appreciate the specific properties of each of these two monetary systems. Explicit comparison brings the constituent elements of each tradition into sharper relief: by DE familiarizing the familiar, it invites us to question established interpretations and reconsider the nature of putative causal relationships.
Keens from the Absent Chorus: Troy to Ulster
Authors: Martin Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What experimentation is to science, comparison should be to philology—a way to test hypotheses and produce new ones that account for more of the data, more economically. What one chooses to compare, of course, will affect the results. On one end of the spectrum lies the tracing of curious resemblances among otherwise isolated words, motifs, or customs and the urge to weave around these an intriguing narrative, either of primitive origins, long-distance cultural contact, or deep genetic relationship.1 The nineteenth century’s fascination with atomistic and often obscure comparanda gave way in the twentieth century to a more dependable tendency to compare total structures, linguistics leading the way to the other end of the spectrum, with anthropology trailing some decades later. Neither method was specifically designed for the study of verbal art, although Frazer’s great work was prompted by a scene in Vergil’s Aeneid and Leévi Strauss’s best-known article starts with the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles.
Muslims In America
Authors: Curtis Edward E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muslims are neither new nor foreign to the United States. They have been a vital presence in North America since the 16th century. Muslims in America unearths their history, documenting the lives of African, Middle Eastern, South Asian, European, black, white, Hispanic and other Americans who have been followers of Islam. The book begins with the tale of Job Ben Solomon, a 18th century African American Muslim slave, and goes on to chart the stories of sodbusters in North Dakota, African American converts to Islam in the 1920s, Muslim barkeepers in Toledo, the post-1965 wave of professional immigrants from Asia and Africa, and Muslim Americans after 9/11. The book reveals the richness of Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi and other forms of Islamic theology, ethics, and rituals in the United States by illustrating the way Islamic faith has been imagined and practiced in the everyday lives of individuals. Muslims in America recovers the place of Muslims in the larger American story, too. Showing how Muslim American men and women participated in each era of U.S. history, the book explores how they have both shaped and have been shaped by larger historical trends such as the abolition movement, Gilded Age immigration, the Great Migration of African Americans, urbanization, religious revivalism, the feminist movement, and the current war on terror. It also shows how, from the very beginning of American history, Muslim Americans have been at once a part of their local communities, their nation, and the worldwide community of Muslims. The first single-author history of Muslims in America from colonial times to the present, this book fills a huge gap and provides invaluable background on one of the most poorly understood groups in the United States.
A Case Study on Rusty Crayfish: Interactions between Empiricists and Theoreticians
Authors: Bampfylde Caroline J , Bobeldyk Angela M , Peters Jody A , Keller Reuben P , McIntosh Christopher R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last several decades have seen rapid growth in the number of studies investigating biological invasions (Lodge 1993; Sax et al. 2005; Callaway and Maron 2006; Strayer et al. 2006; Bampfylde et al. unpublished manuscript). This growth has been led by empirical ecologists, and the work produced demonstrates the range of negative ecological impacts of nonindigenous species. This research approach generates crucial information regarding the impacts and life history of invasive species and the invasion process as an integral component of the decision-making process. However, we argue that to effectively address the impacts of invasive species, collaborative efforts among empiricists, theoreticians, and economists are required.
The Greater Athenian State
Authors: Morris Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If it were worth taking the time to calculate such things, we would probably find that more books and articles have been written on the Athenian Empire of 478–404 B.C.E. than on any ancient empire except the Roman. And if we worked out how much scholarship has been served up per subject of each empire, square mile of territory, or year of the empire’s existence, Athens would surely win hands down. Every schoolchild gets to hear about its leaders, poets, and monuments.
The Political Economy of the Roman Empire
Authors: Hopkins† Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman Empire lasted as a single political system for five centuries and more. At its height, it stretched from the Black Sea to the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. This essay explores how the empire was governed, how its wealth was created, and how that wealth was distributed among competing elements of the population: the central government, the emperor, the aristocracy, the army, the city of Rome, municipal elites, peasants, and slaves.
The Social Production of Toxic Uncertainty
Authors: Auyero Javier , Swistun Débora Alejandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our long-term ethnography captures the collective construction of meanings and the making of (in)decisions, the waiting, in situ, as they unfold. We were there when neighbors were wondering out loud about the possible short- and long-term effects of air, water, and soil pollution; when far-fetched rumors were running rampant and neighbors were evaluating the likelihood of this or that “imminent” relocation plan; and at the time when they were fantasizing about what they would do with the montón de plata (mountain of money) they would surely receive from the courts. We were also there at the time when all sorts of often contradictory material and symbolic interventions were molding people’s perceptions of their surroundings: from the seemingly minor and inconsequential T-shirt with a corporate logo or a small fellowship to take a computer class inside the compound or a food program designed to teach neighbors to “eat well,” to the disruptive appearances of star journalists and the broadcast of Flammable’s plight on national TV, or the random visits of lawyers or officials and the ensuing high hopes continually raised among residents. We were there reading the newspaper and watching TV with residents when news about the relocation of some compound plants were announced and when municipal officials informed the public that “soon” hundreds of families were going to be moved out of the neighborhood. We were there when children’s lead screenings were suspended and when they would soon (always soon) be restarted. Ours was not a retrospective reconstruction but an embedded form of inquiry in real time and space.
Conservation for Profit
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the fall of Soviet communism, the profit motive has been prescribed more than ever as the cure for many ills, including the decline of nature. Although a large part of the natural world has been damaged or destroyed by unregulated commerce, various groups of conservationists are trying to save some of the most spectacular remnants of nature, both species and ecosystems—with more commerce. The idea of turning the tables and using the methods of exploiters to prevent more serious exploitation is an interesting one, but the risks are high and not everyone in the business of saving by selling seems to have given much thought to them.
Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Phillips Katharine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world obsessed with appearance, it is not surprising that body dysmorphic disorder, or BDD — an emotionally painful obsession with perceived flaws in one's appearance — has manifested itself as a troubling and relatively common problem for many individuals. In The Broken Mirror, the first and most definitive book on BDD, Dr. Katharine A. Phillips provided a comprehensive manual for patients and their physicians by drawing on years of clinical practice, scientific research, and professional evaluations of over 1,000 patients. Now, in Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide , the world's leading authority on BDD reaches out to patients, their friends, and their families with this concise and updated handbook. BDD causes sufferers to be obsessed by perceived flaws in their appearance and may afflict as much as two percent of the population, or nearly five million people. Many sufferers are able to function well in society, but remain secretly obsessed by their “hideous acne” or “horrible nose,” sneaking constant peeks at a pocket mirror, or spending hours at a time redoing makeup. Others find their lives disintegrate because of their appearance obsessions. It is not an uncommon disorder, simply a hidden one, since sufferers are often embarrassed to tell even their closest friends about their concerns. Using stories and interviews to show the many different behaviors and symptoms of BDD, and a quick self-assessment questionnaire, Dr. Phillips guides readers through the basics of the disorder and through the many treatment options that work and don't work. With Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide, sufferers will find both helpful advice and much needed reassurance in a compact, down-to-earth indispensable book.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder Comes in Many Forms
Authors: Phillips Katharine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) describe their appearance problem in various ways. They may say that the disliked areas are ugly, unattractive, or abnormal looking. Or that they look defective, flawed, wrong, odd, not right, or “off.” Some people use words like “deformed,” “monstrous,” or “hideous.” One man said he looked like a cartoon character; another described himself as looking like a terrible burn victim. A woman said that
How to Successfully Treat Body Dysmorphic Disorder with Medication
Authors: Phillips Katharine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You might wonder why a body image problem would be treated with medication. Well, there are a number of reasons to think it might help. Some of the core features of body dysmorphic disorder—obsessional preoccupation and compulsive, repetitive behaviors (such as mirror checking)—are similar to those of OCD (see Chapter 14), a disorder for which serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) often work very well. BDD also has similarities to social phobia and depression, also disorders for which SRIs are often effective.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Phillips Katharine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the best-studied and most prom-ising type of psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). It’s a practical “here and now” treatment that focuses on changing problematic thoughts and behaviors. CBT is effective for many other mental disorders, such as depression, phobias, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.
Keeping Track of the Numbers
Authors: Epstein Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes a no-nonsense approach to managing a healthy bodyweight to improve energy and overall quality of life. The consequences of obesity were outlined in chapter 2 and are reportedly known by most Americans; however, obesity is increasing all across the country. One survey showed that more than two-thirds of U.S. adults are trying to lose or maintain weight. Of those, only one-fifth reported using a combination of diet and physical activity. There is little doubt this disparity is not solely a reflection of a lack of knowledge about weight control methods, but rather reflects a poor understanding of the “math” or the number of calories a person requires to maintain their current weight. This LIFE Program teaches the facts behind the math involved with weight management. The goal is to develop a strong foundation using the numbers to determine a plan and to then begin building in new health behaviors.
Designing Energy Blocks to Balance Your Day
Authors: Epstein Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managing fatigue should be the cornerstone of any treatment regime, yet is often overlooked or simply accepted as part of the disease process. Chapter 7 discussed the possible causes of fatigue and this chapter will offer some tools to combat it. When a disease is chronic, fatigue is not something to “just live with.” The purpose behind this chapter is to teach you a concrete method for managing fatigue. Fatigue is a very subjective term which makes measuring the severity scientifically very difficult. Comments like “I’m just tired all of the time” are common not only to those with medical conditions but also to the “workaholic,” the new mother, the over-trained athlete, and those suffering from depression.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one disease that is receiving more attention from the medical fleld due to the prevalence of fatigue and the effects of some of the treatments used today. In a study conducted by Krupp, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was used to evaluate a patient’s perceived level of fatigue.
Maintaining Life Satisfaction
Authors: Epstein Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout your life you will experience successes and failures. The impact these events will have on you depends on how many skills you have to rely on. For example, if you were to lose your job, had no other source of income, no savings, and no family support, your task would be overwhelming and greater than someone who had some of those elements in place. Talking to someone may make you feel better, but only in the short term. Having a constructive plan in place can help you get back on track after experiencing a setback. The more tools you have available, the more prepared you will be.
This book is designed to be a reference once you have read it through, becoming a support tool and a diary of sorts for practicing and maintaining new health behaviors. Developing a wide variety of reinforcing behaviors will ensure a greater quality of life. At this point, it is important to consider the elements that make you who you are and define what leaves you most fulfilled at the end of the day. Review the following real-life story from a person who figured out the key to happiness and life satisfaction, despite multiple sclerosis (MS).
Elements of Scientific Data and Tests of Questions
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we venture into how research might be done, we must discuss some elements of scientific studies, including what kinds of data we might find, what is meant by accuracy and precision of data, and how the nature of data might be revealed by means of frequency distributions. I also need to introduce a few descriptive statistics that will be useful for later discussions. Once we have covered these essentials of data handling, we start our examination of how we might test questions of interest.
Presenting Data in Tables
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our discussion of the scientific paper in chapter 6 mentioned that every result given in the results section has to be based on data, and that the text needs to show where readers may find the data supporting these results. I also mentioned that there are two modes of data presentation, tables and figures. In this chapter we discuss tables, how they developed as ways to group data to make them more easily understood, and some ways to present data clearly and economically in tables. The effort to show the information clearly has another important consequence: it forces us to better understand our data.
Doing Science in Society
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the various activities we have discussed throughout the previous chapters are carried out by people working within groups of one kind or another; the era of the brilliant, perhaps amateur scientist, working alone to solve major scientific problems is at least 200 years out of date, with a few notable exceptions. Today, scientists work in agencies, universities, private research firms, and other such institutions. Such institutions differ enormously from region to region, country to country, and culture to culture. Yet, there is no Aleut, Glaswegian, or Indonesian science: we want to believe that there is an ecumenical, universal way science is done, and that we share a common view in how we do science. Actually, that is far from the truth. There probably are as many opinions as to what are the tenets that should govern scientist behavior and life as there are scientists.