bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rapid Method for Sequencing the 5′‐ and 3′‐Termini of Double‐Stranded RNA Viral Templates using RLM‐RACE
Authors: Coutts R. H. A. , Livieratos I. C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA protocol is described that permits rapid, inexpensive and reliable synthesis and amplification of 5′‐ and 3′‐terminal cDNAs using viral double‐stranded (ds) RNA templates. The method of RNA ligase‐mediated amplification of cDNA ends for amplification of single‐stranded RNAs (Liu and Gorovsky, 1993) was adapted for dsRNAs to generate the amplicons. These amplicons can be easily cloned and sequenced to complete the sequencing of 5′‐ and 3′‐termini of any particular virus genome. The method is of great utility and can be used on viral genomic dsRNA or viral dsRNA replicative forms when the virion RNA is unavailable.
Characterization and Identification of Asexual Strains of Pythium Associated with Root Rot of Rose in Japan
Authors: Kageyama K. , Suzuki M. , Priyatmojo A. , Oto Y. , Ishiguro K. , Suga H. , Aoyagi T. , Fukui H. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis study was conducted to survey the distribution of asexual isolates of Pythium in rose production and to characterize and identify them. Asexual isolates with proliferating globose sporangia belong to group P according to the key of van der Plaats‐Niterink (1981; Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology, Vol. 21, Centraalbueau Voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands). Group P isolates were recovered from rotted roots of both cutting and miniature roses cultured in rock wool and ebb‐and‐flow culture systems, respectively, throughout the main rose production area of Japan. The typical feature of the P group isolates was that they could grow fast at high temperature, at least 30 mm per 24 h at 35°C. There was no difference between the P group isolates and P. helicoides in morphology and size of sporangia and sporangial germination mode. The symptoms caused by the group P isolates were root rot, followed by leaf blight and plant death in severe cases. In restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the rDNA‐ITS region, the banding patterns with five of six enzymes were identical between group P and P. helicoides, the only difference being seen with HhaI. In direct amplification analysis of minisatellite‐region DNA with M13 primer, group P and P. helicoides shared three of five distinct bands. In contrast, P. oedochilum and P. ostracodes showed different banding patterns except for each one band. The results suggest that the group P isolates obtained from rose root rot may be asexual strains of P. helicoides.
Chromium Supplementation Enhances Antibody Response to Vaccination with Tetanus Toxoid in Cattle
Authors: Faldyna M. , Pechova A. , Krejci J. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryNineteen multiparous late‐pregnant dairy cows were divided into an experimental group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 9). Animals in the experimental group were fed a diet supplemented with chromium chelate admixed into wheat meal at 5 mg per animal per day. The supplementation was started 4 weeks before calving and stopped by the end of week 3 after calving. All the cows were vaccinated with tetanus toxoid in the fifth and sixth week of lactation. Monitoring of the characteristics of non‐specific immunity did not show any significant between‐group differences in total and differential leucocyte counts, percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations, activities of lectin‐stimulated lymphocytes, phagocytic activities, and the contents of total immunoglobulins and lysozyme in blood sera. Tetanus toxoid‐specific antibody titres, those of the IgG2 isotype in particular, were higher in the experimental group than in the control animals. These results indicate that chromium supplementation at the level used in this experiment modulated the regulation of functions of the immune system.
Studies on the Safety and Immunogenicity of the South African Bluetongue Virus Serotype 2 Monovalent Vaccine: Specific Detection of the Vaccine Strain Genome by RT‐PCR
Authors: Hammoumi S. , Breard E. , Sailleau C. , Russo P. , Grillet C. , Cetre‐Sossah C. , Albina E. , Sanchis R. , Pepin M. , Guibert J.‐M. , Zientara And S. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryIn order to study the safety and the immunogenicity of the South African vaccine against the serotype 2 bluetongue virus, two groups of seven sheep were vaccinated with the vaccine used in the French island of Corsica. Vaccinated and non‐vaccinated sheep were observed clinically and their rectal temperatures were recorded daily. The serological response in vaccinated animals confirmed the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Post‐vaccinal viraemia was investigated and the vaccine genome was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). No viraemia was observed at post‐vaccination days 4, 7 and 11 but the vaccine strain of virus was detected by RT‐PCR throughout the experiment. The thermostability of the vaccine was also evaluated. The vaccine titre strongly decreased at temperatures higher than 35°C.
Genotyping of Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Domestic and Exotic Ruminants and Swine
Authors: Sipos W. , Fischer L. , Schindler M. , Schmoll F. 
Published: August 2003

Summary Clostridium perfringens types A, B, C, D and E are known to cause severe enteritis/enterotoxaemia and diseases (especially caused by type A) belonging to the gas oedema complex in many species. Samples from the small intestine as well as faeces of domestic and exotic animals suffering from enterotoxaemic signs or having died within days after first occurance of toxaemia were submitted for typing C. perfringens toxovars by multiplex PCR. The following species have been investigated: domestic sheep (Ovis ammon; n = 10), domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus; n = 26), Japanese serow (Capricornis sumatraensis; n = 4), lechwe waterbuck (Hydrotragus leche; n = 1), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra; n = 1), European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus; n = 4), domestic swine (Sus scrofa; n = 52), and collared peccary (Tayassu albirostris; n = 1). Interestingly, the predominant C. perfringens toxovar in domestic sheep was type A. This toxovar could also be diagnosed in all reindeer, in three Japanese serows, one lechwe waterbuck and most pigs (n = 47), the majority of those being at suckling age. Type D was the most prevalent toxovar (n = 18) in domestic goats, but also types A and E could be identified as pathogens in this species. Type C could only be found in domestic swine (n = 5) and in one case of clostridiosis in a Japanese serow. Two cases of enterotoxaemia in goats, one case in reindeer, and a single case in blackbuck and collared peccary were caused by C. perfringens type E. Genotyping of C. perfringens is recommended before starting vaccination programmes as it could be shown, that the importance of specific toxovars has been underestimated in specific species and/or age groups.
Human tachykinin NK2 receptor: A comparative study of the colon and urinary bladder
Authors: Warner Fiona J , Miller Robert C , Burcher Elizabeth 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. The present study compared the binding and functional characteristics of tachykinin NK2 receptors in human detrusor muscle with those in human colon circular muscle.2. In radioligand binding studies, similar KD values were observed for tachykinin NK2 receptor radioligands [125I]‐neurokinin (NK) A, [125I]‐[Lys5,Tyr(I2)7,MeLeu9,Nle10,]NKA(4–10) and [3H]‐SR48968 in both human colon circular muscle (0.28–1.1 nmol/L) and human bladder detrusor (0.49–0.91 nmol/L), suggesting binding was primarily to tachykinin NK2 receptors. Receptor capacity (Bmax) was greater in colon compared with detrusor muscle.3. In functional studies of isolated smooth muscle contraction, there was an excellent positive correlation between human bladder detrusor and colon circular muscle with respect to in vitro contractile potency (r = 0.97) and maximum responses (r = 0.98) to tachykinins, selective tachykinin receptor ligands and l‐Ala‐substituted NKA(4–10) analogues.4. Species differences between the human and rat tachykinin NK2 receptors were apparent as observed by a low correlation for potency (r = 0.77) and efficacy (r = 0.32) of l‐Ala‐substituted analogues in isolated smooth muscle contractile studies.5. Minor differences observed in the affinity and potency of NK2 receptor agonists between colon and bladder are dependent on the tissue of interest, the receptor–effector coupling and the presence of other tachykinin receptors. Overall, the NK2 receptors of human colon and urinary bladder smooth muscle appear pharmacologically identical.
Neutralization of proANP (1–30) exacerbates hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Authors: Dietz John R , Vesely David L , Gower William R , Landon Carol S , Lee Sook Jeong , Nazian Stanley J 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. The aim of the present studies was to determine the role of proANP (1–30) in the regulation of arterial pressure. It was hypothesized that blocking endogenous proANP (1–30) would exacerbate the hypertension in susceptible animal models.2. Pentobarbital‐anaesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were pretreated i.v. with 1.2 mL rabbit serum containing an antibody directed specifically against rat proANP (1–30) (SHR‐AB group; n = 7) or an equal volume of normal rabbit serum as a control (SHR‐NRS group; n = 5).3. Following a 1 h equilibration period and two 30 min baseline periods, rats were volume expanded with 3 mL of 6% albumin in Krebs' solution and observed for an additional 3 h to determine the effects of the anti‐proANP on arterial pressure.4. Arterial pressure increased in both groups compared with their own baselines with volume expansion, but was significantly greater in the anti‐proANP SHR group compared with the SHR‐NRS group throughout the volume expansion period. A maximum difference of 21 mmHg between the anti‐proANP SHR group and the NRS‐SHR group was observed at 150 min of the study (183 ± 5 vs 162 ± 3 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.005.5. These results suggest a protective role for proANP (1–30) in the SHR model of hypertension.
Regulation of 86Rb+ ion transport across polarized human colonocytes by bis‐phenolic compounds
Authors: Mason Robert W , Simpson‐Small Tiffani , Hopp Laszlo 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. Phenolphthalein, a well‐known laxative, stimulates the secretion of Na+ and Cl– ions and accompanying water into the intestinal tract. Measurement of 86Rb+ efflux from several, but not all, cell types indicates that phenolphthalein also results in release of cellular K+ ions.2. In the present study, the transport of 86Rb+ across human colonocyte cells (T84) cultured on trans‐well inserts was examined. The T84 cells were cultured until they developed tight junctions and a high trans‐epithelial resistance.3. Results show that phenolphthalein applied to the apical, but not the basolateral, surface of cells causes the release of 86Rb+ from the apical surface. Basolateral treatment of cells with phenolphthalein had no effect on the release of 86Rb+.4. Simultaneously with the increased 86Rb+ efflux, indirect evidence of enhanced Na+/K+‐ATPase activity was also observed.5. Although ouabain inhibited the increased Na+ pump activity, it did not affect apical 86Rb+ release.6. As evidenced by near steady state 86Rb+ uptake data, the increased Na+/K+‐ATPase activity was insufficient to restore intracellular concentrations of K+ in the presence of phenolphthalein.7. 4,4(9‐Fluorenylidene)diphenol, a homologue of phenolphthalein, had a similar effect on 86Rb+ transport by T84 cells.8. These results indicate a primary stimulation of 86Rb+ efflux from the apical surface of polarized T84 cells by apically applied bis‐phenolic compounds.9. A secondary stimulation of the basolateral Na+/K+‐ATPase is thought to result from intracellular Na+ increase, as documented in several other cell types exposed to bis‐phenolic compounds, although not directly measured in these experiments.10. The results also indicate that bis‐phenolic compounds interact specifically with some apical but not basolateral membrane structures in regulating 86Rb+ efflux from polarized T84 cells.
PURINERGIC and ADRENERGIC COTRANSMISSION IN CANINE ISOLATED and PERFUSED GASTROEPIPLOIC ARTERIES
Authors: Tanaka Kenichi , Yang Xiao‐Ping , Chiba Shigetoshi 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. The vasoconstrictor responses of canine gastroepiploic artery to periarterial electrical nerve stimulation (PNS; 30 s trains of pulses at a frequency of 2, 4 or 8 Hz) were observed in a frequency dependent manner. The PNS‐induced vasoconstrictions were abolished by tetrodotoxin (1 µmol/L) and mostly depressed but not completely by guanethidine (10 µmol/L).2. Vasoconstrictor responses to administered noradrenaline were antagonized significantly by prazosin (0.1 µmol/L), an α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, but were not significantly affected by suramin (100 µmol/L), a P2 purinoceptor antagonist, or α,β‐methylene ATP (1 µmol/L), a P2X receptor desensitizing agent. Exogenous ATP‐induced responses were clearly depressed by suramin or α,β‐methylene ATP, but were not significantly affected by prazosin.3. The vasoconstrictor responses to PNS at a low frequency (2 and 4 Hz) of stimulation were markedly inhibited by suramin (100 µmol/L) and by α,β‐methylene ATP (1 µmol/L). The remaining responses after suramin or α,β‐methylene ATP were abolished by subsequent application of prazosin (0.1 µmol/L). At a high frequency (8 Hz) of stimulation, the vascular response was not significantly inhibited by suramin or α,β‐methylene ATP, but it was abolished by prazosin.4. Injection of xylazine (0.3–30 nmol/L), an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, did not induce any clear vasoconstriction. The exposure of tissues to rauwolscine (0.1–0.3 µmol/L), an α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, dose‐dependently increased PNS‐induced vasoconstrictions at all frequencies tested.5. The present results indicate that ATP acts as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline and is responsible for post‐junctional vasoconstrictor responses at low frequencies of sitmulation, whereas the effect of noradrenaline is dominant at high‐frequency stimulation in canine gastroepiploic artery. Prejunctional α2‐adrenoceptor autoinhibition may modulate the release of either noradrenaline or ATP from sympathetic nerve terminals.
Effects of exposure to cigarette smoke at different dose levels on extensor digitorum longus muscle fibres in Wistar‐Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Nakatani Toshiaki , Nakashima Toshikatsu , Kita Taizo , Ishihara Akihiko 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. The fibre type distributions, cross‐sectional areas (CSA) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in the deep (EDLd) and superficial (EDLs) regions of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were determined after exposure to cigarette smoke at three different dose levels using a smoking machine.2. Rats were exposed to cigarette smoke at a rate of 15 puffs/min for 20 min/day with 23 cigarettes (low‐dose level), 26 cigarettes (medium‐dose level) or 30 cigarettes (high‐dose level) for 8 weeks.3. No changes in fibre type distribution, CSA or SDH activity were observed after exposure to cigarette smoke at the low‐ and medium‐dose levels, irrespective of the muscle region or strain.4. No change in fibre type distribution was observed after exposure to cigarette smoke at the high‐dose level, irrespective of the muscle region or strain. A decreased CSA of type IIA and type IIB fibres in EDLd and increased SDH activity of all types of fibres in EDLd and EDLs were observed in WKY rats after exposure to cigarette smoke at the high‐dose level. In addition, a decreased CSA of type IIB fibres in EDLd and type IIA and type IIB fibres in EDLs and increased SDH activity of type IIB fibres in EDLd were observed in SHR after exposure to cigarette smoke at the high‐dose level.5. The smaller CSA and higher SDH activity of fibres in EDL observed in WKY rats and SHR after exposure to cigarette smoke at the high‐dose level, but not at the low‐ and medium‐dose levels, are adaptive responses, indicating that heavy cigarette smoke affects the morphological and metabolic properties of fibres in skeletal muscle.
Significance of endothelin on volume homeostasis in obese Zucker rats
Authors: Wongmekiat Orawan , Johns Edward J 
Published: August 2003

Summary1. The present study explored the impact of endothelin (ET) and its interaction with renal sympathetic nerves in the control of volume homeostasis in obesity.2. Groups of lean and obese Zucker rats with innervated and denervated kidneys were subjected to an acute isotonic saline volume expansion (VE), 10% bodyweight and renal haemodynamics and excretory function were evaluated following administration of SB209670 (a non‐selective ET antagonist) or UK 350 926 (a selective ETA receptor antagonist).3. Volume expansion in untreated obese rats resulted in a blunted cumulative urine sodium excretion (CuUNaV) after 40 min, VE compared with untreated lean rats being 36 and 51% in the denervated and innervated kidneys, respectively (both P < 0.001).4. In lean rats, both SB209670 and UK 350 926 caused a depressed ability to excrete the saline load and CuUNaV after 40 min, VE compared with untreated being decreased by 51 and 60% in the denervated and innervated kidneys, respectively (both P < 0.001).5. SB209670 and UK 350 926 given to obese rats reduced (both P < 0.001) CuUNaV after VE by 43% in denervated kidneys compared with untreated obese rats, whereas they were without effect on the magnitude of the excretory response in innervated kidneys.6. These findings show that the blunted renal excretory responses to VE present in obese rats were not mediated by ET. Conversely, ET, acting through ETA receptors, plays a role as a diuretic and natriuretic factor in maintaining volume homeostasis by, at least in lean rats, renal nerve‐independent mechanisms.
A room of their own: the social landscape of infant sleep
Authors: Rowe Jennifer 
Published: August 2003

A room of their own: the social landscape of infant sleep This paper draws on findings of a study in which new and experienced mothers’ caregiving practices were investigated, in order to examine social perspectives of infant sleep. Health professionals who work to support early parenting and promote child health and well‐being provide guidance to their clients concerning infant sleep cares. Currently, advice is predominantly informed by understandings and strategies derived from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) risk reduction campaigns and behavioural training models. The social context of caregiving is a significant if somewhat neglected perspective. The analysis presented in this paper suggests that in sleep arrangements, a complex social locale is revealed, an elaboration of carers’ values and understandings about infants as developing persons, juxtaposed with their own desires and needs. Tensions between child‐centred nurturing and adult‐focused concerns are expressed and reconciled in caregiving. These understandings may assist health professionals to develop proactive and responsive practices in the area of early childrearing support.
The ‘managed care’ idea: implications for health service systems in Australia
Authors: Heslop Liza , Peterson Chris 
Published: August 2003

The ‘managed care’ idea: implications for health service systems in Australia The growth of corporatism in health‐care in the US, and the consequences arising from US models of health‐care delivery systems provide an enormously valuable point of comparison with health systems of other developed economies, such as Australia. If lessons are to be learnt from the US, then an analysis of the structure and performance of the US health‐care system provides important background for understanding and assessing contemporary policy changes to administrative and organizational designs and techniques for patient care in Australia.
Embodied knowledge in chronic illness and injury
Authors: Wilde Mary H. 
Published: August 2003

Embodied knowledge in chronic illness and injury When people experience chronic illness or serious injury, changes occur not just within their physical bodies but also in their embodiments, that is, how they view the world through their bodies. For such patients, dualistic (mind–body) notions of the body as object and the mind as subject can devalue experiences that are necessary for healing and for managing everyday problems related to their illness or injury. Nurses need to be able to guide people with illness or injury to new levels of wellness, but may lack appropriate theoretical conceptualizations. Philosophies that underlie embodied knowledge — in particular, philosophies of Merleau‐Ponty and Polanyi — were explored yielding two new ways to understand the body. The body as ‘silent partner’ fosters an appreciation of the body's own subjectivity that can be enhanced in nursing care through sensitivity, listening, and creative coaching. Nurses can assist their patients to identify new and positive understandings of what their bodies mean to them after bodily changes. The body as ‘informant’ holds much promise for solving some of the everyday problems that people with chronic illness or injury experience. By using phenomenological and other naturalistic methods, researchers and patients can find clues to solving such problems, clues that are known through daily living but hidden beneath conscious awareness. As a result, some of the practical know‐how of the body as ‘informant’ can be transformed into testable nursing interventions.
Unable to answer the call of our patients: mental health nurses’ experience of moral distress
Authors: Austin Wendy , Bergum Vangie , Goldberg Lisa 
Published: August 2003

Unable to answer the call of our patients: mental health nurses’ experience of moral distress When health practitioners’ moral choices and actions are thwarted by constraints, they may respond with feelings of moral distress. In a Canadian hermeneutic phenomenological study, physicians, nurses, psychologists and non‐professional aides were asked to identify care situations that they found morally distressing, and to elaborate on how moral concerns regarding the care of patients were raised and resolved. In this paper, we describe the experience of moral distress related by nurses working in mental healthcare settings who believed that lack of resources (such as time and staff) leads to dispiritedness, lack of respect, and absence of recognition (for both patients and staff) which severely diminished their ability to provide quality care. The metaphors of flashlight and hammer are used to elaborate nurses’ possible responses to intolerable situations.