bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caries and periodontal disease of the elderly in Pomerania, Germany: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania
Authors: Mack Florian , Mojon Philippe , Budtz‐Jørgensen Ejvind , Kocher Thomas , Splieth Christian , Schwahn Christian , Bernhardt Olaf , Gesch Dietmar , Kordaß Bernd , John Ulrich , Biffar Reiner 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  The aim of this study was to describe the oral health status of older adults living in north‐eastern Germany.Materials and Methods:  Representative samples of adults aged 60 years or older were examined as part of Study of the Health in Pomerania, a cross‐sectional, population‐based study. Data on 1446 subjects aged 60–79 years were evaluated for coronal caries using the decayed/missing/filled teeth (DMFT) index, root caries using the root caries index (RCI), calculus, plaque, bleeding on probing, pocket depth and attachment loss.Results:  The prevalence of edentulousness varied from 16% in the 60–65‐year‐old group to 30% in the 75–79‐year‐old group, whereas the median number of remaining natural teeth per subject varied from 14 in the youngest age group (60–65 years) to one in the oldest (75–79 years). Among subjects aged 60–69 years, a quarter (26%) of the teeth examined had coronal restoration against 17% in the oldest age group (70–79 years). Coronal caries was found in 2% of the teeth in both age groups. Among teeth with gingival recession, 6% had fillings on root surfaces and 2% had root caries, irrespective of age. In all, 11% of the subjects had at least one untreated coronal lesion and 27% had at least one untreated root caries lesion. Plaque score, calculus score and bleeding on probing were higher in the oldest age group (70–79 years). The prevalence of periodontal disease expressed as the presence of at least one periodontal pocket of 4 mm and more, was higher in men and among the younger subjects (men aged 60–69 years: 85% vs. 71% in 70–79‐year‐old men; women aged 60–69 years: 71% vs. 62% in 70–79‐year‐olds). The prevalence of attachment loss of 3 mm or more followed a similar pattern.Conclusions:  It seems therefore that in this population, the major oral health concern is related to caries and the small number of teeth retained among the dentate subjects.
Analysis of Steady-State Supported One-Dimensional Detonations and Shocks
Authors: Wood W. W. , Salsburg Z. W. 
Published: December 2004

Consideration is given to the possible steady one-dimensional flows which can occur in a medium in which an arbitrary number of chemical reactions proceed behind an initiating shock, and the stability of solutions to the chemical rate equations is investigated. The theoretical apparatus is that of irreversible thermodynamics and nonlinear mechanics, with neglect of transport processes. Most of the discussion is concerned with detonations, but the analysis applies to all such reacting systems. For detonations, it is shown that under suitable conditions on the rate functions, there are stable solutions resulting in an equilibrium final state for detonation velocities equal to or greater than the ``equilibrium Chapman-Jouguet (C-J)'' value corresponding to tangency of the Rayleigh line and the equilibrium Hugoniot. The final state in such a flow is the high-pressure intersection of the Rayleigh line and the equilibrium Hugoniot. We suggest that these solutions correspond to piston-supported detonations after decay of initiation transients, and we further suggest that the equilibrium C-J detonation is stable with respect to removal of the piston support at sufficiently late times.
The ``normal frozen C-J condition,'' corresponding to attainment of chemical equilibrium at a point where the flow velocity is sonic with respect to the ``frozen'' or high frequency sound speed, is shown to result in an unstable solution. Solutions corresponding to ``pathological detonations,'' in which the region of steady flow terminates at a point of incomplete reaction, are identified, but the conditions necessary or sufficient for their realization have not been obtained, nor has the nature of the subsequent time-dependent flow been elucidated. Thus their physical significance remains somewhat doubtful.
Hot Flow Length and Testing Time in Real Shock Tube Flow
Authors: Brocher E. F. 
Published: December 2004

The influence of viscosity on the hot flow length l and the testing time τ in shock tubes is investigated for the laminar and turbulent cases. Considering the case where the influence of viscosity can be treated as a perturbation of the ideal flow, it is shown that Mirels' theory, which takes into account shock-wave attenuation and wave reflections, can easily be used to evaluate l and τ.
The limitations of the present theory are discussed and the results compared with the previous investigations. For the laminar case, the type of solution obtained is similar to that of Roshko. A ``maximum'' hot flow length, whose significance is mathematical rather than physical, because of the breakdown of the perturbation theory, is found. This ``maximum'' length is approximately twice as large as the one Roshko obtains when using his empirical value of √3 for the boundary layer parameter β. For the testing time in the turbulent case, the results differ somewhat from Anderson's.
Excitation of Plasma Resonances by a Small Pulsed Dipole
Authors: Deering W. D. , Fejer J. A. 
Published: December 2004

The space and time dependence of decaying resonant oscillations excited in a collisionless plasma by an infinitesimally small pulsed dipole is determined in absence and in presence of an external magnetic field. Oscillations near the plasma frequency, the hybrid frequencies, and harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency are treated.
At a fixed time and at a short distance from the source, the field of the oscillations is nearly uniform. At longer distances the amplitude of the oscillations is proportional to some power of the distance, which in the presence of an external magnetic field is greater than unity and varies for different resonances. The phase of the oscillations also varies with the distance, and this probably explains the complicated interference effects observed with large satellite-borne antennas in the ionosphere. At very long distances the amplitude of the oscillations decreases after reaching a maximum.
At the point of excitation the amplitude decreases as some inverse power of the time; at other fixed positions the amplitude at first grows then decreases as a higher inverse power of the time, and eventually the region of uniform decaying field near the point of excitation expands to include the position considered.
Optoacoustic, Noninvasive, Real-Time, Continuous Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Oxygenation: An In Vivo Study in Sheep
Authors: Petrov Yuriy Y. , Prough Donald S. , Deyo Donald J. , Klasing Manfred , Motamedi Massoud , Esenaliev Rinat O. 
Published: December 2004

Background
Current, invasive cerebral oxygenation monitors require either retrograde jugular venous bulb cannulation or intraparenchymal probe insertion. There is no accurate, noninvasive, continuous monitor of cerebral blood oxygenation.

Methods
The authors designed, built, and tested novel optoacoustic instrumentation that continuously measures blood oxygenation in the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in vivo in 12 anesthetized sheep. In this technique, laser pulses generate acoustic signals, the amplitudes and slopes of which are proportional to oxyhemoglobin saturation in the SSS. Optoacoustic signals from the SSS measured through the scalp and cranium were compared with directly measured oxyhemoglobin saturation in blood withdrawn from the cannulated SSS.

Results
In the first experiments (feasibility), FIO2 changes produced rapid corresponding changes in optoacoustic signals and arterial oxygen saturation. In the second experiments (validation), the authors correlated oxyhemoglobin saturation in the SSS with optoacoustic signals and developed quantifying algorithms. In eight of nine validation experiments, the authors quantified optoacoustic signals by subtracting the temporal profile at low FIO2 (0.08-0.1) from profiles at higher FIO2 and integrating those signals in the range from 3 to 5 micros. In each validation experiment, optoacoustic signals showed tight temporal association and good linear correlation with measured oxyhemoglobin saturation (r2 0.75 to 0.99 for eight individual experiments).

Conclusions
The optoacoustic system detects signals induced in the SSS and optoacoustic signals from the SSS linearly correlate with oxyhemoglobin saturation. The data suggest that the optoacoustic technique merits clinical evaluation.
Effect of Propofol on Carotid Body Chemosensitivity and Cholinergic Chemotransduction
Authors: Jonsson Malin M. , Lindahl Sten G. E. , Eriksson Lars I. 
Published: December 2004

Background
Propofol decreases the acute hypoxic ventilatory response in humans and depresses in vivo carotid body chemosensitivity. The mechanisms behind this impaired oxygen sensing and signaling are not understood. Cholinergic transmission is involved in oxygen signaling, and because general anesthetics such as propofol have affinity to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the authors hypothesized that propofol depresses carotid body chemosensitivity and cholinergic signaling.

Methods
An isolated rabbit carotid body preparation was used. Chemoreceptor activity was recorded from the whole carotid sinus nerve. The effect of propofol on carotid body chemosensitivity was tested at three different degrees of PO2 reduction. Nicotine-induced chemoreceptor response was evaluated using bolus doses of nicotine given before and after propofol 10-500 microM. The contribution of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor complex was tested by addition of gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor antagonists.

Results
Propofol reduced carotid body chemosensitivity; the magnitude of depression was dependent on the reduction in PO2. Furthermore, propofol caused a concentration-dependent (10-500 microM) depression of nicotine-induced chemoreceptor response, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (propofol) of 40 microM. Bicuculline in combination with propofol did not have any additional effect, whereas addition of picrotoxin gave a slightly more pronounced inhibition.

Conclusions
It is concluded that propofol impairs carotid body chemosensitivity, the magnitude of depression being dependent on the severity of PO2 reduction, and that propofol causes a concentration-dependent block of cholinergic chemotransduction via the carotid sinus nerve, whereas it seems unlikely that an activation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor complex is involved in this interaction.
Rapacuronium Preferentially Antagonizes the Function of M2 versus M3 Muscarinic Receptors in Guinea Pig Airway Smooth Muscle
Authors: Jooste Edmund , Zhang Yi , Emala Charles W. 
Published: December 2004

Background
Rapacuronium, a nondepolarizing muscle relaxant that was proposed as a replacement for succinylcholine for rapid intubation, was withdrawn from clinical use as a result of fatal bronchospasm, but the mechanism of this effect is not known. Preferential antagonism of presynaptic M2 muscarinic receptors versus postsynpatic M3 muscarinic receptors can facilitate bronchoconstriction. The authors questioned whether rapacuronium preferentially antagonized M2 versus M3 muscarinic receptors in intact airway.

Methods
Guinea pig tracheal rings were suspended in organ baths and muscle relaxants' antagonism of prejunctional M2 muscarinic autoreceptors was evaluated by augmentation of muscle contraction elicited by electrical field stimulation. Muscle relaxants' antagonism of postjunctional M3 muscarinic receptors was assessed by attenuation of muscle contraction elicited by acetylcholine.

Results
Rapacuronium displayed a 50-fold higher affinity for antagonism of the M2 versus M3 muscarinic receptor. Moreover, its affinity for the M2 but not the M3 receptor was within concentrations achieved clinically. In addition, rapacuronium caused an increase in baseline tone of airway smooth muscle that was antagonized by atropine but not by previous depletion of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmitters or by inhibitors of histamine receptors, tachykinin receptors, leukotriene receptors, or calcium channels.

Conclusion
These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that rapacuronium may precipitate bronchoconstriction by selective antagonism of the M2 muscarinic receptor on parasympathetic nerves, enhancing acetylcholine release to act upon unopposed M3 muscarinic receptors on airway muscle. An additional mechanism of rapacuronium-induced bronchoconstriction is suggested by increases in baseline muscle tension.
Courts, crime and litigation in the Isle of Man, 1580–1700
Authors: Dickinson J. R. , Sharpe J. A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article consists of a survey of the court system and legal records of the Isle of Man in the early modern period. It breaks new ground in studying the massive archives of a unique legal system. The archives reveal both qualitative details of how the Manx legal system functioned and quantitative details of patterns of litigation. Levels of litigation were high, but were far lower in the late seventeenth than in the late sixteenth century. Investigation of these courts is at a very early stage, but they will clearly form the basis for an innovative case study in early modern litigation.
Art, death and taxes: the taxation of works of art in Britain, 1796–1914
Authors: Mandler Peter 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Based primarily on an extensive survey of death duty papers in the Public Record Office, this article shows how works of art were taxed - or not - over the course of the long nineteenth century. It sheds light on the theory and practice of capital taxation, and the special treatment accorded works of art, especially when attached to landed estates. It also shows how towards the end of the period government negotiated the countervailing pressures both to professionalize the valuation and assessment of works of art and to protect the ‘national heritage’ in art from sale and export.
Are All Species Equal?
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: December 2004

Species egalitarianism is the view that all species have equal moral standing. To have moral standing is, at a minimum, to command respect, to be something more than a mere thing. Is there any reason to believe that all species have moral standing in even this most minimal sense? If so — that is, if all species command respect — is there any reason to believe they all command equal respect.The article summarises critical responses to Paul Taylor’s argument for species egalitarianism, then explains why other species command our respect but also why they do not command equal respect. The intuition that we should have respect for nature is part of what motivates people to embrace species egalitarianism, but one need not be a species egalitarian to have respect for nature. The article closes by questioning whether species egalitarianism is even compatible with respect for nature.
Moving up, moving down: Political careers across territorial levels
Authors: Stolz Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the sparse literature on political careers in federal systems, regional positions are often seen as mere stepping stones on the way to federal office. But are they really? The recent professionalization of state politics in federal systems and the regionalization of former unitary states point to the strengthening of the regional level as a career arena in its own right. Could this lead to the emergence of a regional political class with a set of career interests distinct from those of national politicians? This article takes a first, comparative look at current patterns of career movements between regional and national parliaments in a wide range of federal and newly regionalized systems. The study shows that, contrary to general belief, the number of deputies actually moving from the regional to federal level is generally relatively low. While some cases show fairly integrated career structures, others exhibit a pattern of career development in which state or regional office functions as the main focus of political careers. The territorial structure of the political class is dependent upon a whole range of social, cultural and institutional factors. At the same time, it is also an important factor in the mechanics and institutional development of each federal system in question.
The Domestic Sources of European Anti‐Americanism
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: December 2004

The Terrorist Attacks In New York And Washington Dc On 11 September 2001, and the killing of thousands of people were not sufficient to dispel a mood of suspicion in European public opinion towards America. Of course, during the very first days after the attack, there was widespread grief and sorrow about the event among Europeans. But, as soon as discussion on the right strategy to pursu to combat terrorism began, the initial mood of identification with America started to change. And when America, although backed by a large international coalition and legitimated by two UN resolutions, moved towards an armed intervention in Afghanistan, European anti-Americanism emerged again. Thus, during the armed intervention in Afghanistan, especially when the bombing led to the death of innocent victims, a social mobilization against theAmerican wargrew day after day, with its critics apparently losing sight of the fact that a dramatic terrorist attack on America had recently taken place.The interesting question is why does anti-Americanism re-emerge regularly in large sections of European public opinion? This intermittent Anti-Americanism appears more in southern and continental Europe, than in the northern British Isles and Scandinavia, where it is outdone by a more vociferous anti-Europeanism. In the latter countries, anti-Americanism takes the form of uneasiness with the United States. In fact, in spite of Britain's traditional special relationship with the United States, the fact cannot be denied that post-war British elites grudgingly accept their inferior status in that special relationship. But, of course, frustration with America is not the same as anger towards America. In any case, in (continental) Europe, anti- Americanism seems to be one of the few public philosophies that can unite large sections of the left, the right and the Catholic Church. It is a public philosophy which emerges especially in periods of war (and of international crisis in general).
Brain Blood‐flow Alterations Induced by Therapeutic Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Partial Epilepsy: II. Prolonged Effects at High and Low Levels of Stimulation
Authors: Henry Thomas R. , Bakay Roy A. E. , Pennell Page B. , Epstein Charles M. , Votaw John R. 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: To measure vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)‐induced cerebral blood flow (CBF) effects after prolonged VNS and to compare these effects with immediate VNS effects on CBF. Methods: Ten consenting partial epilepsy patients had positron emission tomography (PET) with intravenous [15O]H2O. Each had three control scans without VNS and three scans during 30 s of VNS, within 20 h after VNS began (immediate‐effect study), and repeated after 3 months of VNS (prolonged study). After intrasubject subtraction of control from stimulation scans, images were anatomically transformed for intersubject averaging and superimposed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for anatomic localization. Changes on t‐statistical maps were considered significant at p < 0.05 (corrected for multiple comparisons). Results: During prolonged studies, CBF changes were not observed in any regions that did not have CBF changes during immediate‐effect studies. During both types of studies, VNS‐induced CBF increases were similarly located in the bilateral thalami, hypothalami, inferior cerebellar hemispheres, and right postcentral gyrus. During immediate‐effect studies, VNS decreased bilateral hippocampal, amygdalar, and cingulate CBF and increased bilateral insular CBF; no significant CBF changes were observed in these regions during prolonged studies. Mean seizure frequency decreased by 25% over a 3‐month period between immediate and prolonged PET studies, compared with 3 months before VNS began. Conclusions: Seizure control improved during a period over which some immediate VNS‐induced CBF changes declined (mainly over cortical regions), whereas other VNS‐induced CBF changes persisted (mainly over subcortical regions). Altered synaptic activities at sites of persisting VNS‐induced CBF changes may reflect antiseizure actions.
Long‐term variation in the population structure of Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus, and brown trout,Salmo trutta
Authors: Aass P. , Jensen C. S. , L'abée‐Lund J. H. , Vøllestad L. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effects of induced water level fluctuations and introduction of the mysidMysis relictaLovén on population structure of brown trout,Salmo truttaL., and Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus(L.), were studied during 1953–1995 in Limingen hydroelectric reservoir, Norway. The main response was a marked reduction in catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) for trout and charr, probably caused by reduced recruitment following increased variation in water level. For both species, mean length decreased until 1967 and increased thereafter, whereas mean mass‐at‐length increased for the whole period. Both length and mass‐at‐length were negatively correlated with CPUE. The increases in mean length and mass‐at‐length were probably because of reduced competition following the reduced recruitment.Mysis relictahas become an important food item for charr but not for brown trout, but the increases in mean length and mass‐at‐length of charr started prior to the appearance ofM. relictain the charr diet.
Transcriptional regulation of a Purkinje cell‐specific gene through a functional interaction between RORα and RAR
Authors: Matsui Takashi 
Published: December 2004

Background: The orphan nuclear receptor RORα is highly expressed in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum during the postnatal development of brain. A recent observation has been made that the RORα gene is disrupted in staggerer mice—which show a cell‐autonomous defect in the development of the Purkinje cells. Results: In order to understand the functions of RORα in cerebellar development, I attempted to identify its target genes. Transient expression study demonstrated that transcription of the Purkinje cellprotein‐2 (Pcp‐2) gene is activated by RORα,which binds as a monomer to a single half‐site motif (RORE) within the promoter region. Its transcription was also activated by retinoic acid receptor (RAR) which binds as a heterodimer with RXR to a retinoic acid responsive element (RARE) in the downstream region. Interestingly, the RORα‐mediated transcription is further activated synergistically by RAR. Conclusion: That the Pcp‐2 gene is a targetof RORα, and is suggested that its transcription is also regulated by RAR.