bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of Tectonic Boundary Conditions for Paleoclimate Simulations
Authors: Crowley Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the advent of the plate tectonic revolution geologists and paleoclimatologists have been interested in the relationship between plate tectonic changes and climate. In particular, they have sought to determine whether changes in positions of continents were associated with glacial periods in the Phanerozoic (Fig. 1.1). Somewhat independently, climate modelers have become interested in testing their climate models to determine how well they respond to altered boundary conditions.
Orographic Evolution of the Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Harrison T Mark , Yin, An , Ryerson Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of orography on climate has been evaluated using several atmospheric circulation models (Manabe and Terpstra, 1974; Hahn and Manabe, 1975; Barron and Washington, 1984; Kutzbach et al., 1989; 1993). These simulations generally indicate that major climate changes can be triggered by the appearance of a mountain belt or the uplift of a large region which underscore the fundamental importance of understanding the orographic evolution of mountain belts in order to place constraints on reconstructions of past climate over time scales of 106 to 107 years (Crowley, this volume, Chapter 1). For example, there is accumulating evidence that the appearance of a high and extensive Himalayan-Tibetan mountain system significantly influenced Neogene climate (Hahn and Manabe, 1975; Ruddiman and Kutzbach, 1989; Quade et al., 1989; Kutzbach et al., 1993). In general, however, the complex and spatially variable uplift history of the plateau that is emerging from recent geologic studies (Harrison et al., 1992; Murphy et al., 1997) have not been considered in these models, and those that have attempted to make a link (e.g., Raymo et al., 1988) may have been misled by spurious inferences from paleobotanical studies (see Appendix).
The Vanishing record of eperic seas, with emphasis on the late creatacous “Hudson Seaway”
Authors: Ziegler Alfred M , Rowley David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geological past differs from the present in many respects; one of the most obvious is the extent of epeiric, or epicontinental, seas that flooded broad areas of continental crust. Modern examples do exist including Hudson Bay and the Baltic Sea, but most shallow seas today are limited to shelf regions which average about 100 km in width. This means that oceanic salinities and temperatures extend across the shelf to the coast in most regions because there is little impediment to the mixing of water masses. In the Cretaceous, by contrast, the Western Interior Seaway invaded 5000 km across North America with depths in the 200 m range, yielding an aspect ratio of 25,000:1. With such a geometry, water masses within the seaway were dictated by local climate patterns (Slingerland et al., 1996) while at the same time they must have had important feedback effects on atmospheric circulation. Large water bodies, including lakes and sea-ways, have an ameliorating effect on climate because they retain heat relative to the more reflective land surface.
Special Expressions of Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dog. I have already described (Figs 5 and 7) the appearance of a dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions, namely, with erected ears, eyes intently directed forwards, hair on the neck and back bristling, gait remarkably stiff, with the tail upright and rigid. So familiar is this appearance to us, that an angry man is sometimes said ‘to have his back up’. Of the above points, the stiff gait and upright tail alone require further discussion. Sir C. Bell remarks that, when a tiger or wolf is struck by its keeper and is suddenly roused to ferocity, ‘every muscle is in tension, and the limbs are in an attitude of strained exertion, prepared to spring’. This tension of the muscles and consequent stiff gait may be accounted for on the principle of associated habit, for anger has continually led to fierce struggles, and consequently to all the muscles of the body having been violently exerted. There is also reason to suspect that the muscular system requires some short preparation, or some degree of innervation, before being brought into strong action. My own sensations lead me to this inference; but I cannot discover that it is a conclusion admitted by physiologists. Sir J. Paget, however, informs me that when muscles are suddenly contracted with the greatest force, without any preparation, they are liable to be ruptured, as when a man slips unexpectedly; but that this rarely occurs when an action, however violent, is deliberately performed.
Concluding Remarks and Summary
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have now described, to the best of my ability, the chief expressive actions in man, and in some few of the lower animals. I have also attempted to explain the origin or development of these actions through the three principles given in the first chapter. The first of these principles is, that movements which are serviceable in gratifying some desire, or in relieving some sensation, if often repeated, become so habitual that they are performed, whether or not of any service, whenever the same desire or sensation is felt, even in a very weak degree.
Families and Work
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Families and Work: New Directions in the Twenty-First Century provides an innovative framework for understanding the interface between family care and employment. It offers a detailed analysis of the needs and experiences of employed care-givers and examines the full range of employees' family care responsibilities, including the care of children, ill and disabled working-age adults, and the frail elderly. It also explores the impact of gender, race and ethnicity, and occupational roles in meeting multiple employment and family demands. Based on a critical review of research findings and conceptual approaches that have been used for understanding the integration of family care and work, this text examines the stress experienced by care-givers, the impact of multiple responsibilities, and the programmes and benefits used to help alleviate conflicts between work and family. It also provides an in-depth look at the prevalence and types of care provided. A major focus of the book is the importance of forming an alliance among family, business, government, and the larger community to address the issues of work and family. The authors evaluate a variety of workplace programmes, benefits, and policies that have been designed to support employees in meeting their work and family responsibilities. They outline new programmes and public policies that are equitable to employees most in need and that respond effectively to the growing number of employed care-givers. Families and Work: New Directions in the Twenty-First Century is an essential text for courses in social work and the health and human services, psychology, and sociology.
Family Care and Work
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we enter the twenty-first century, family and work are undergoing immense transformation. More persons than ever before are combining family care and employment outside of the home. Of the more than 69 million American parents with children under the age of 18 (Famighetti, 1998), almost 90 percent are employed (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1998). Indeed, working parents constitute approximately 40 percent of all workers in the paid U.S. labor force.
The number of women in two-parent families who are in the paid labor force has increased dramatically in the past 50 years. In 1960, only 18 percent of mothers with children under the age of six were working. Today more than 60 percent of mothers and 80 percent of fathers with children under the age of six are employed (U.S. Department of Labor, 1997). Seventy-five percent of mothers with children ages 6-17 are now employed, an increase from 39 percent in 1960 (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1992b). Fifty-three percent of all mothers return to work before their child is a year old, up from 38 percent only 15 years ago (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1996b). It is estimated that four out of five children under one year of age now have a working mother (Krajicek & Moore, 1993).
Conclusion
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family and work are central to the lives of most Americans. Yet the process of integrating the demands of our families and our jobs remains a source of stress and continual accommodation for many of us. Moreover, the societal balance between work and family is apt to change dramatically as a result of ongoing transformations in the age and ethnic structure of the population, the composition of the family, and the nature of work. As these social and demographic changes are occurring in American society, it is an opportunity to reflect on and publicly reconsider the relative balance between family and work responsibilities.
The Central Nervous System
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In segmented animals such as annelids and arthropods, the nervous system is organized with one ganglion or a pair of ganglia per segment, plus an enlarged ganglionic mass (brain) at the anterior end. The absence of segmentation in molluscs allows the nervous system to be organized in a variety of ways. Whereas some molluscs have no nervous ganglia at all (nerve cells are simply scattered along the nerves), one striking feature of the gastropod anatomy is nervous ganglia. The fact that the ganglia occur in a bewildering variety of numbers and positions makes it nearly impossible to discuss subtleties in a brief description.
Diet, Life Expectancy, and Chronic Disease
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research into the role of diet in chronic disease can be difficult to interpret. Measurement errors in different studies often produce conflicting answers to the same questions. Seventh-day Adventists and other groups with many vegetarian members are ideal study populations because they have a wide range of dietary habits that adds power and clarity to research findings. This book analyses the results of such studies, focusing on heart disease and cancer. These studies support the benefits of a vegetarian diet and in addition provide evidence about the effects of individual foods and food groups on disease risk that is relevant to all who are interested in good health. The author places the findings in the broader context of well-designed nutritional studies of the general population. He discusses the degree of confidence we can have in particular relationships between diet and disease based on the strength of the evidence. The book is written in a clear style with an extensive glossary, and should be accessible to a wide audience.
Truth and the Success of Science
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The academic study of science has reached adolescence. Having passed from wonder at the richness of our subject to the arrogance of disciplinary autonomy, we think that we know a great deal. But what we think we know keeps changing, and there is no consensus as to how we know it. We have many technical insights into details of the development of science; a few grand, if discredited, schemes for interpreting its methods and goals; and vigilant internal criticism. Still wanting is that consensus over fundamentals that emerges with the articulation of a tested methodology of inquiry.
An Analysis of Novelty
Authors: Leplin Jarrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic idea of my analysis is to provide that a theory uniquely explain and predict an observational result without itself depending on that result for its content or development. The point of this independence is to ensure that there be no explanation of how the theory manages to yield the result other than to invoke the entities or processes that the theory posits. The explanation of the theory’s explanatory success must be that the theoretical mechanisms it deploys are what actually produce the result. There must be no alternative on which the theory (purportedly) explains the result even if what really produces the result is unrelated to what the theory says produces it. Thus, the theory’s proposed explanation cannot have been constructed in such a way as to guarantee the result as an outcome, whatever form that explanation took. If we are then to explain the theory’s explanatory success at all, rather than to dismiss it as chance, we will have to attribute, in compliance with the epistemic requirement, some measure of truth to the theory.
Socioeconomic Gradients in Health Among Men and Women
Authors: Feinleib Manning , lngster Lillian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides background for understanding the effects on health and disease of the general social and economic condition of women and of age and race-specific subsets of women. The social and economic roles of men versus women have been changing over time, but remain quite different. We review evidence of positive and negative health effects from women’s current aggregate social and economic situation and discuss mediators of the socioeconomic situation among women.
Epidemiology Of Breast Cancer
Authors: Kuller Lewis H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy among women. There were an estimated 182,000 new cases and 46,000 deaths in 1994 in the United States. Breast cancer incidence rates increase with age; approximately three fourths of breast cancer cases occur among women who are postmenopausal and over the age of 50. 1,2 From 1973 to 1991 the incidence of invasive breast cancer in the United States increased 25.8% in whites and 30.3% in blacks. This increase proceeded slowly until the recent widespread introduction of mammography resulted in a steeper reported rate of increase, especially among postmenopausal women.
Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Burgio Kathryn L , Goode Patricia S , Locher Julie L , Adegbile Jibike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urinary incontinence, the accidental loss of urine from the bladder, is a prevalent condition that affects both men and women of all ages. It is so common among older adults that it is often considered a natural and even inevitable consequence of normal aging. However, while certain changes that occur normally with aging can predispose individuals to incontinence, it is neither normal nor inevitable. In fact, incontinence is also a significant problem among young and middle-aged adults and among healthy, community-dwelling people. Many people manage incontinence with relative ease, wearing absorbent products such as incontinence pads and continuing their lifestyles without significant disruption of daily life. Others, especially those with more frequent or severe forms of incontinence, experience debilitating consequences ranging from embarrassment and depression to severe social isolation and restriction of daily activities. For these individuals, incontinence is the bane of their existence and the problem around which they live their lives.
Oral Contraceptives and Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kuller Lewis H , Ness Roberta B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women in the United States commonly take medications containing estrogens, progestogens, or both in order to benefit from the physiologic effects of elevated blood hormonal levels. The two most common types of hormonal medications, otherwise known as exogenous hormones, are oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Oral contraceptives are generally used to prevent pregnancy by eliminating the gonadotropin alterations that induce ovulation (see Chapters 6, 17). In the past, hormone replacement therapy was generally prescribed to reduce the annoying symptoms associated with the menopause such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Currently, HRT is most often used to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and osteoporosis (see Chapters 7,8). In this chapter, we will review the pharmacology of OC and HRT formulations and discuss the range of protective effects and risks arising from these exogenous hormonal preparations.
Footholds In The North:The Russians In The Arctic, 1500-1932
Authors: Mccannon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, Russia’s place in the annals of polar exploration seems incongruous. Nearly one-third of the country’s 6.5 million square miles can be considered Arctic or sub-Arctic. With the world’s finest furs and largest timber reserves, as well as a lavish abundance of mineral deposits, the entire region is a treasurehouse of fabulous proportions. The strategic importance of Russian’s northern coast has increased steadily since the late 1800s. Over the course of almost five centuries, therefore, Russia has dedicated a tremendous amount of time and energy to the development of its northern domain. And yet the Russians are conspicuously absent from the pantheon of explorers popularly associated with the Arctic.
Searching for an Interdisciplinary Convergence in Paleoanthropology
Authors: Bromage Timothy G , Schrenk Friedemann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents a distillation of ideas and much focused information discussed at the Wenner-Gren Foundation International Symposium No. 119 on African Biogeography, Climate Change, and Early Hominid Evolution, held at the Livingstonia Beach Hotel, Salima, Malawi, between October 25 and November 4, 1995.
Introduction
Authors: Coppens Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1967 the International Omo Research Expedition was founded by three “big names” of our scientific community-Camille Arambourg, honorary professor of Palaeontology at the Paris National Museum of Natural History, Louis Leakey, honorary director of the National Museums of Kenya, and Francis Clark Howell, professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago. A document dividing the exposures of the lower Omo basin into three parts was drafted according to aerial photographs. The French in the south took the exposures surveyed by Camille Arambourg in the early 1930s. The Americans and the Kenyans took the north-the American on the right bank of the Omo River, the Kenyan on the left. This document was then signed in Nairobi by the three co-directors of the expedition; it was also formally decided that the leaders in the field would be Francis Clark Howell as far as the Chicago party was concerned, Richard Leakey for the Kenyan one, and myself for the French mission.
Habitat Theory in Relation to the Evolution in African Neogene Biota and Hominids
Authors: Vrba Elisabeth S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hominids speciated repeatedly and also evolved markedly in morphology and behavior during the late Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene. Major novelties that first appeared then and thereafter evolved progressively include the “hypermasticatory” morphology of the “robust” australopithecines (Wood, 1995), advances toward obligatory bipedalism (Brown et al., 1985), and increased encephalization in at least one lineage. A momentous advance in behavioral evolution is reflected by the first appearance of stone tools. It is not yet clear how closely this event near 2.5 my. was linked to the commencement of encephalization (in the crude sense of relative brain enlargement), as there is a gap in the record of hominid crania betwee The elaboration of mental complexity that led to the beginnings of consciousness was a singularly dramatic change in the history of life. Consider the similarity between mental process and natural selection (see Lamarck, 1809, for an early discussion; Simon, 1962; Popper, 1978, for more recent ones). Natural selection is trial and error with eventual survival of combinations that are at least temporarily stable in the face of environmental challenges. The “trials” are variant bodies. The “errors” are those that die without reproducing. The mental processes of learning and hypothesis testing (such as implied by making and using tools) also involve trial and error until some ideas survive as internally consistent mental constructs-or as stable constructs, at least until additional tests force their disassembly and revision. Poincare (1913:387) expressed this in his analysis of mathematical invention: “Ideas rose in clouds. I felt them collide until pairs interlocked, so to speak, making a stable combination.” This is also selection, but this time conducted among hypotheses in the mind. Seen simply from a bi¬ological perspective, the evolution of human consciousness was a radical step because it replaced the energetically more wasteful, selective matching of bodies against the environment by selective matching of hypotheses within the mind-by purely mental trials and errors that pit past memories and new experiences against each other to arrive at a course of action in the mind. The fauna of the Burgess Shales represents the celebrated Cambrian evolutionary explosion of organic bauplans and shapes. The evolution of consciousness also led to an explosion of designs and shapes, but this time expressed in the cultural products of evolved minds rather than in bodies. This evolutionary step was no less radical than the one evidenced in Cambrian strata.
In Search of Paleohominid Community Ecology
Authors: Rosenzweig Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hominidae of several million years ago appear to have constituted two separate species in many places. Did they interact ecologically? If so, what can community ecology suggest about their competitive relationships? How might these relationships have influenced their geographical distributions and evolutionary histories? The answers to those questions may well come from viewing ancestral hominids as members of an ecological community, as species that had to carry on their ecological business much as other species do today. Hypotheses generated by that view may help. Let us therefore search among the patterns we see in such communities. Perhaps some will match what little we do know about early hominids. Perhaps knowing these patterns and their associated mechanisms will help us study and understand the prehuman condition. Perhaps they will even help us discover how we have come to be.
Introduction
Authors: Kingdon Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By its very nature, anthropology is anthropocentric. So are the derogatory implications of anthropocentrism in abeyance, excusable, or absent for every dimension of hominid prehistory? In the chapters that follow the answer is an emphatic no. Plea bargaining will not deliver a special status for hominids within the complex ecosystems in which they evolved. Thus anthropologists cannot view exotic landscapes, unfamiliar ecosystems, and climatic changes as the mere stage setting for an ongoing soap opera, the story of human origins. Instead, they must engage in the unfamiliar task of finding what patches, within the vast, disintegrating ecological tapestries of Africa, might have been habitable for hominids and what climates might have triggered their rapid evolution over the last several million years. There is the humbling challenge of reconstructing archaeo-niches for a handful of interacting hominid species and other organisms. Fortunately, the task may well be narrowed by the supposed narrowness of early hominid niches, but there is still a substantial mismatch between our preoccupation with extricating a few rather insignificant species from their parent matrices, which, for the most part, continue to be all but ignored.