bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impacts of grazing levels on bird density in woodland habitat: a Bayesian approach using expert opinion
Authors: Kuhnert Petra M. , Martin Tara G. , Mengersen Kerrie , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMany studies on birds focus on the collection of data through an experimental design, suitable for investigation in a classical analysis of variance (ANOVA) framework. Although many findings are confirmed by one or more experts, expert information is rarely used in conjunction with the survey data to enhance the explanatory and predictive power of the model.We explore this neglected aspect of ecological modelling through a study on Australian woodland birds, focusing on the potential impact of different intensities of commercial cattle grazing on bird density in woodland habitat.We examine a number of Bayesian hierarchical random effects models, which cater for overdispersion and a high frequency of zeros in the data using WinBUGS and explore the variation between and within different grazing regimes and species. The impact and value of expert information is investigated through the inclusion of priors that reflect the experience of 20 experts in the field of bird responses to disturbance.Results indicate that expert information moderates the survey data, especially in situations where there are little or no data. When experts agreed, credible intervals for predictions were tightened considerably. When experts failed to agree, results were similar to those evaluated in the absence of expert information. Overall, we found that without expert opinion our knowledge was quite weak. The fact that the survey data is quite consistent, in general, with expert opinion shows that we do know something about birds and grazing and we could learn a lot faster if we used this approach more in ecology, where data are scarce. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatiotemporal models in the estimation of area precipitation
Authors: Severino Eduardo , Alpuim Teresa 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSince area precipitation measurements are difficult to obtain because of the large spatial and time variability of the precipitation field, the development of statistical methods for the optimal combination of weather radar and rain gauge measurements is a matter of great importance. This work presents area rainfall prediction methods based on kriging and cokriging techniques modified to account for the autoregressive temporal structure of the gauge measurement process. Hence, the suggested kriging‐type predictor includes spatial observations both at the present time and at k lagged time instants. Such predictors are called of kth‐order. Cokriging‐type predictors developed in this article include the mixed cokriging and linkage cokriging predictors. Mixed cokriging combines 1st‐order prediction and observations of a co‐process. The linkage cokriging predictor is appropriate to deal with observations from any two different processes with proportional, yet unknown, expected values. This will be the case for the spatiotemporal models adopted in this work to describe rain gauges and radar measurements. Its expression is the same as the simple cokriging, but the usual conditions are replaced by a single linkage condition. Finally, we apply these methods to a storm of mixed type that occurred in 1992, for 99 h, over the Alenquer River basin region located north of Lisbon. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Signature‐forecasting and early outbreak detection system
Authors: Naumova Elena N. , MacNeill Ian B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDaily disease monitoring via a public health surveillance system provides valuable information on population risks. Efficient statistical tools for early detection of rapid changes in the disease incidence are a must for modern surveillance. The need for statistical tools for early detection of outbreaks that are not based on historical information is apparent. A system is discussed for monitoring cases of infections with a view to early detection of outbreaks and to forecasting the extent of detected outbreaks. We propose a set of adaptive algorithms for early outbreak detection that does not rely on extensive historical recording. We also include knowledge of infection disease epidemiology into forecasts. To demonstrate this system we use data from the largest water‐borne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis, which occurred in Milwaukee in 1993. Historical data are smoothed using a loess‐type smoother. Upon receipt of a new datum, the smoothing is updated and estimates are made of the first two derivatives of the smooth curve, and these are used for near‐term forecasting. Recent data and the near‐term forecasts are used to compute a color‐coded warning index, which quantify the level of concern. The algorithms for computing the warning index have been designed to balance Type I errors (false prediction of an epidemic) and Type II errors (failure to correctly predict an epidemic). If the warning index signals a sufficiently high probability of an epidemic, then a forecast of the possible size of the outbreak is made. This longer term forecast is made by fitting a ‘signature’ curve to the available data. The effectiveness of the forecast depends upon the extent to which the signature curve captures the shape of outbreaks of the infection under consideration. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame retardant synergism between molybdenum and halogen‐containing compounds in unsaturated polysters
Authors: Skinner G. A. , Parker L. E. , Marshall P. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOxygen index results for a series of unsaturated polysters, containing molybdenum oxide and various halogenated compounds, have provided definite evidence for some form of flame retardant synergistic effect between molybdenum and halogen. With the halogenated compounds used, the magnitude of the effect was greater in the presence of bromine but was dependent on the type of compound. When dibromoneopentyl glycol was used as the bromine source, the synergistic effect exhibited by molybdenum oxide was comparable to that shown by antimony oxide. Since molybdenum oxide also acts as a smoke suppressant, it could offer a useful alternative to antimony oxide particularly in the light of probable changes in standards and regulatory control regarding smoke emission.
Inorganic elements in the tracheas of fire fatalities
Authors: Wiletts Paul , Anderson Robert A. , Farmer John G. , Watson Alan A. , Harland W. Arthur , Dale Ian M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractConcentrations of elements were determined in tracheal specimeans of fatal fire casualties and of non‐fire fatalities. Elevated concentrations of antimony, bromine, zinc, chromium, cobalt, iron, lead, cadmium and gold found in the group exposed to the fire environment were associated with deposition of soot. The presence of raised concentrations of antimony in fatalities was found to occur in association with increased content of carboxyhaemoglobin in blood and was greatest in fires involving major destruction of property. A relationship between the increased concentration of this element and the use of antimony containing fire‐retardants in construction materials could not be demonstrated.
Action of phosphorus compounds on fire‐retardancy of cellulosic materials: A review
Authors: Kishore K. , Mohandas K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOwing to their low cost phosphorus fire‐retardants find vast application in making fire‐retardant cellulosic compostions. They have been used both as a physical additive as well as part of the polymer structure. Acid forming phosphorus compounds are generally effective in cotton and other cellulosic. Acidic retardants produce char via a dehydration process and this brings about the final fire‐retardancy in phosphate‐containing composition. High efficiency of phosphorus fire retardants in polyurethane foam has also been suggested to be the result of stable char formation. The char affects the flammability in the three following ways: reduction of flammable fuel, insulation by the char and coating by the non‐volatile thermally stable phosphorous acids which screen the hot carbon from the oxygen. Nitrogen‐phosphorus synergism in cellulose in controversial and evidence indicates that it is non existent in polymers.
An appraisal of standard methods for determination of flame spread behaviour of materials
Authors: Bhatnagar Subodh Kumar , Varshney B. S. , Mohanty B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSalient features of the standard apparatuses and the methodology adopted by various countries for determination of flame spread behaviour of materials are analysed and discussed with a view to obtain a perspective of the performance of these apparatuses. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible reasons for anamolies in the results obtained using these apparatuses. A need is established for development of a new technique for direct determination of flame spread rate of materials under steady‐state conditions which has the potential of overcoming the inherent limitations of the existing apparatuses.
Non‐dimensional heat of gasification measurements in the intermediate scale rate of heat release apparatus
Authors: Urbas Joe 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWall‐fire spread models require heat of gasification or non‐dimensional heat of gasification to calculate mass loss rate or rate of heat release from the wall material. An intermediate scale rate of heat release apparatus was used to measure all the parameters needed to calculate non‐dimensional heat of gasification for wood materials. An infra‐red pyrometer was used to measure surface temperature. The results of measurements on six wood materials indicate that non‐dimensional heat of gasification, if plotted against mass remaining, does not change significantly with external heat flux, but is material dependent.
Evaluation of polymer combustion and fire retardance by using thermography
Authors: Bertelli G. , Benassi R. , Marchini R. , Camino G. , Costa L. , Luda M. P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe temperature distribution in the condensed and gas phase during combustion of polymer materials in fire tests was measured by means of thermography. It is shown that these data are very useful for mechanistic rationalization of the diagnostically poor, fail‐pass rating of most of these tests. Preliminary data were obtained for polymer materials, fire retarded or not, burning in the widely used Glow Wire and UL 94 tests. It is shown that the relative fire hazard and test rating may depend strongly on the combustion parameter on which the rating is based. Furthermore, detailed data on temperature distribution are helpful in eliminating intrinsic ambiguity of the UL 94 classification in the case of fire‐retarded materials burning with dripping.
Designing information technology products with flame retarded plastics with special emphasis on current flammability safety and environmental concerns
Authors: Wadehra Inder 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses the requirements and challenges associated with the selection of plastic resins for information technology (IT) products. The discussion includes a review of presently used fire retardant systems in plastics in relation to the current flammability safety and environmental concerns and cost pressures as well as suggestions for the development of new flame retardant systems and/or resins for IT applications with optimum performance, safety, cost and environmental attributes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new employment relationship versus the mutual investment approach: Implications for human resource management
Authors: Tsui Anne S. , Wu Joshua B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWith increasing globalization and hypercompetitive markets, most employers have resorted to headcount management to gain flexibility, remain competitive, and ensure survival. A new employment relationship has emerged. The bond between employer and employee no longer is a long‐term relationship involving loyalty and commitment, but a contractlike economic exchange. The authors take a closer look at this new employee relationship in the context of the more traditional employer‐employee relationship still found in many organizations. The economic value of the new employee relationship may be less attractive than previously perceived. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changing mental models: HR's most important task
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the “managerial knowledge” marketplace, there is little evidence of much diffusion of ideas, innovative business models, or management practices. In organizations not implementing what they know they should be doing based on experience and insight, and in companies not acting on the basis of the best available evidence, one main factor explains the difficulties—the mental models or mind‐sets of senior leaders. How they are formed, what they are about, and a multitude of examples that show how those mind‐sets can be improved are presented here. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Talentship, talent segmentation, and sustainability: A new HR decision science paradigm for a new strategy definition
Authors: Boudreau John W. , Ramstad Peter M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTwo paradigm shifts are discussed here: talentship and sustainability. First, the traditional service‐oriented HR focus must be extended to a “decision science” that enhances decisions about human capital. We call this decision science talentship. It includes talent segmentation, or identifying pivotal talent pools where the quality and/or availability of human capital makes the biggest difference to strategic success. Second, HR and business leaders increasingly define organizational effectiveness beyond traditional financial outcomes to encompass sustainability—achieving success today without compromising the needs of the future. A common strategic human capital decision science can reveal pivotal talent under both traditional and sustainability‐based definitions, and thus uncover important insights about the talent implications of the shifting definition of strategic success. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HR's new ROI: Return on intangibles
Authors: Ulrich Dave , Smallwood Norm 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new human resource ROI has been identified: return on intangibles. Intangibles represent the hidden value of a firm and are becoming an increasingly important portion of a firm's total market capitalization. Six actions that HR professionals can take to create sustainable intangible value are presented in great detail. The emerging focus on intangibles opens the way for HR professionals to more readily link their work to shareholder value. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Will there really be a labor shortage?
Authors: Cappelli Peter 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHR challenges have more to do with changes in employment relationships than a shortfall of workers caused by demographic changes. But there are serious problems with forthcoming labor shortages as well, especially now that the baby boomers are beginning to leave the labor market. An immense change in the labor market from many perspectives—economic growth, demographics, labor supply trends, and other metrics—is investigated in this article. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing integration through cooperation
Authors: Gratton Lynda 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn profiles of Nokia, BP, OgilvyOne, and Royal Bank of Scotland, all high‐performing companies, the author shows how the executive team in each company believed the capacity to work cooperatively across borders was one key to the success of its company. Cooperative working within teams and across internal and external boundaries of a company provides much of the value‐creation opportunities within an organization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From business partner to driving business success: The next step in the evolution of HR management
Authors: Cascio Wayne F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the 1980s, a combination of economic and political factors led to the demand for greater accountability in all functional areas of business, including HR. The massive restructuring of organizations in the 1990s led to the outsourcing of many of HR's basic transactional functions. In order for HR to add value to an organization, it must have several key competencies. “Influence in leadership is all about understanding the business well enough so that what you recommend adds value to the organization,” says one HR vice president. This article shows how this is done through the example of SYSCO Corporation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From human resource management to organizational effectiveness
Authors: Lawler Edward E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt is nearly unanimous that HR can and should add more value to corporations. The best way to do this is by being a business partner—by directly improving the performance of the business. This can be accomplished by effective talent management, helping with change management, influencing strategy, and a host of other value‐added activities that impact effectiveness. But HR does not seem able to position itself as a business partner in many cases. To analyze the problem HR has in transitioning to a new role, think of HR as a business and what products it should offer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution and revolution in the twenty‐first century: Rules for organizations and managing human resources
Authors: Roberts Russ , Hirsch Paul 
Published: May 2005

AbstractChanging organizational critical success factors, new expectations for human resources, and the changing roles and capabilities of HR professionals are discussed here. The authors envision that today's top HR job encompasses: enabling capable and courageous leadership; building a very strong and adaptive organizational culture; strengthening organizational productivity and performance; fostering creative innovations, products, and solutions; and building exceptionally high customer loyalty. They explain why and show you how this is done. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partner or guardian? HR's challenge in balancing value and values
Authors: Wright Patrick M. , Snell Scott A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWill HR professionals continue on their journey to be business leaders, with full sway and equal influence in organizational decision making, or will they take the shortcut by sacrificing professional ethics and values for a “seat at the table”? The first challenge refers to value creation. Creating value in a global economy requires HR executives to clearly understand the confluence of economic, social, and technological forces that drive industry competition. The second challenge, value delivery, deals with the pressing need for HR to demonstrate its tangible impact by aligning with and driving the issues critical to the business. Finally, living values asks us to rediscover that we are the guardians of our organizations. We guard and preserve strategic capability, people, and values. These challenges are examined and a model is provided for understanding how the competing demands placed on HR create both organizational and professional conflict. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In pursuit of marketplace agility: Applying precepts of self‐organizing systems to optimize human resource scalability
Authors: Dyer Lee , Ericksen Jeff 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPresented here is an in‐depth look at human resources scalability—an organization's capacity to get the right numbers of the right types of people to the right places at the right times. The authors pose Guiding Principles to Promote Freedom and Flexibility and Guiding Principles to Promote Discipline and Order, and discuss how HR and other business functions can work together to build a far more flexible and effective workplace. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The four Cs of the HR profession: Being competent, curious, courageous, and caring about people
Authors: Meisinger Susan R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Society for Human Resource Management has conducted research to determine how the HR profession is perceived by other, non‐HR executives. The results present a mixed acceptance of HR professionals. The author contends that successful HR professionals today and in the future must be competent, curious, courageous, and caring about people—the four Cs. Each area is broken down into separate components, and examples from various companies' HR roles are used to demonstrate how each quality works to make the HR function an inherent valuable asset. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differentiation through people: How can HR move beyond business partner?
Authors: Armstrong Geoff 
Published: May 2005

AbstractToday's employers must use their resources as efficiently as possible. This includes continuous improvement in products, processes, and productivity, as well as sound procedures for compliance, risk management, and accountability. But customer satisfaction depends on employee discretionary behavior. The HR profession has the lead responsibility to design the policies and practices that elicit behavior leading to sustainable success. This article presents what HR has to do to prove it is a sound business partner, as well as the steps it can take to stimulate the essential employee of today. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conclusion: Reality, impact, and professionalism
Authors: Losey Michael , Meisinger Susan R. , Ulrich Dave 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe authors of each article in this special issue of Human Resource Management offer a personal perspective about the future of HR. In this concluding article, we cull common themes that emerge from these thoughtful syntheses. We have identified eight major trends these observers believe will affect HR in the future. Three themes shape a new reality for HR (what it is), two define the impact of HR (what it means), and three suggest the profile of the future HR professional (who it is). No one can fully characterize the future, but with the help of the authors in this issue, we can begin to envision it. The themes proposed in this article propose that the reality, impact, and professionalism will change as HR evolves. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The future of HR management: Research needs and directions
Authors: Roehling Mark V. , Boswell Wendy R. , Caligiuri Paula , Feldman Daniel , Graham Mary E. , Guthrie James P. , Morishima Motohiro , Tansky Judith W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe contributors to this special issue provide unique perspectives and insights about the future of human resource management, and many of their ideas present opportunities for future research. Our intent is to focus on identifying and briefly discussing the key needs and directions suggested by these articles. The discussion is organized around four general themes: the HR function and its impact, the roles of HR professionals, the value of HR competencies, and the HR implications of globalization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.