bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Screening of Critical Related Genes in Celiac Disease Based on Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Investigation: A Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Rostami-Nejad Mohammad , Vafaee Reza , Ehsani-Ardakani Mohammad Javad , Aghamohammadi Nika , Keramatinia Aliasghar , Abdi Saeed , Moravvej Hamideh 
Published: December 2023

Background: Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological intestinal disorder, which is characterized by response to gluten. In addition to the environmental factors and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, genetic susceptibility has an important role in the pathogenesis of this multifactorial disorder. Therefore, this study aims to present the crucial involved genes in CD pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: In this bioinformatics analysis study, significant differentially expressed genes of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) samples of celiac patients versus normal patients from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were screened via the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The critical nodes based on degree values, betweenness centrality, and fold changes were determined and enriched by ClueGO to find relative biological terms. Results: According to the network analysis, five central nodes including IL2, PIK3CA, PRDM10, AKT1, and SRC and eight significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined as the critical genes related to CD. Also, CD4+, CD25+, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation are identified as prominent biological terms in the celiac disease patients. Conclusion: There is a possible biomarker panel related to CD that can be used as a therapeutic or diagnostic tool to manage the disease.Â [GMJ.2019;8:e1407]
Mismeasured Covariate in the Long-Term Survival of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Azizmohammad Looha Mehdi , Pourhoseingholi Mohamad Amin , Hosseini Seyyed Vahid , Khodakarim Soheila 
Published: December 2023

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to determine the effect of measurement error of risk factors on the cure fraction of CRC patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using the medical records of 346 patients with CRC, who were followed up between 2006 and 2017 in Shiraz, Iran. In our data, lymph node ratio (LNR) was a characteristic measuring with error. This variable was used in the model with 0.04 and 0.8 of error variance. Nonmixture nonparametric cure rate model and its corrected forms, simulation-extrapolation (SIMEX) and corrected score (CS), were applied to the data. Results: In noncured cases, the mean survival time was 1115.45 (95% confidence interval, 1043.60-1187.30) days. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 0.93, 0.71, and 0.65, respectively. The proportion of cured patients was 65.2%. The SIMEX method did not change the effect of LNR substantially on cure fraction as compared with the naive method when the variance of measurement error was 0.04 and 0.80. The CS method changed the effect of LNR on cure fraction even when the variance of measurement error was 0.04. Conclusion: The best method to assess the effect of LNR on cure fraction was the naive method, and the CS method was not deemed to be a valid method to correct the measurement error in LNR. [GMJ.2019;8:e1413]Â Â
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Comparative Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Maps for Amastigote-like Proteomes of Iranian Leishmania Tropica and Leishmania major Isolates
Authors: Ashrafmansouri Marzieh , Sadjjadi Fatemeh Sadat , Seyyedtabaei Seyyedjavad , Haghighi Ali , Rezaei-Tavirani Mostafa , Ahmadi Nayebali 
Published: December 2023

Background: Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica are the main causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Proteomics as a novel approaches could be used to evaluate protein expression levels in different stages of Leishmania species. We compare the protein contents of amastigote-like forms in L. tropica and L. major using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and bioinformatics methods. Materials and Methods: Leishmania parasites were isolated from the lesions of Iranian patients and identified using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR). Five isolates of each two species were cultured in specific media to obtain amastigote-like forms to be prepared for proteomics study. Total protein contents were separated using 2-DE. The gels were stained by silver nitrate and scan was imaged. The protein spots with different expression changes in each gel were analyzed using Progenesis SameSpots software. Results: A total of 354 protein spots were detected in both amastigote-like forms. Comparative analysis of protein spots with different expressions in the two amastigote-like form species showed 173 highly expressed spots of which 74 L. tropica and 99 L. major proteins were spotted with foldâ‰¥2. Also, 16 and 20 new protein spots were uniquely found in L. tropica and L. major, respectively. Clustering of different detected proteins using correlation analysis divided the proteins into two clusters based on their expression level. Furthermore, clustering results were confirmed by principal component analysis. Conclusion: Using proteomics methods specially 2-DE and statistical analysis demonstrated significant changes in protein expression levels in amastigote-like forms of L. tropica and L. major isolates.Â [GMJ.2019;8:e1520]
Factors Affecting the Variation in Sexual Activity and Response before and During Pregnancy among Pregnant Women in Rasht City, Northern Iran
Authors: Alizadeh Shiva , Riazi Hedyeh , Alavi Majd Hamid , Alavi Majd Hamid , Ozgoli Giti 
Published: December 2023

Background: Pregnancy is one of the most sensitive periods in a womanâ€™s life, which sexual activity and intercourse are affected by the variations in physical, hormonal, and mental conditions. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the variations in sexual response before and during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on pregnant women at Rasht city (northern Iran), 2018. The data were collected using the pregnancy sexual response inventory (PSRI). Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential tests by SPSS 25 at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: The mean total score of sexual activity and response of the subjects before and during pregnancy were 73.04 Â± 14.81 and 46.88 Â± 16.51, respectively. The variations in the total score of sexual activity and response during pregnancy decreased by 26.16 points during pregnancy compared to before pregnancy. There was a positive correlation between the number of children and the score of the variations in sexual activity and response before and during pregnancy (r=0.143). Conclusion: Couples with a higher level of education and a lower number of children had fewer variations in their sexual response. Therefore, it is possible to enhance the couplesâ€™ sexual health through encouraging them to appropriately plan for childbearing, to share the responsibilities of taking care of their children, and to continue their education at higher levels. [GMJ.2019;8:e1531]
A Close Look at Echium amoenum Processing, Neuroactive Components, and Effects on NeuropsychiatricÂ Disorders
Authors: Araj-khodaei Mostafa , Nouri Mohammad , Farajdokht Fereshteh , Torbati Mohammadali , Ranjbar Kuchaksaray Fatemeh , Hamedyazdan Sanaz , Sadigh-Eteghad Saeed 
Published: December 2023

Pharmacological researches in the area of herbal medicine have considerably increased over the last two centuries. Echium amoenum (known as Gol-e-Gavzaban in Persian) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in Iranian folk medicine. In this review, databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched up. Data collecting was completed by January 2019 and available scientific reports regarding the processing methods, main chemical constituents, and effects of E. amoenum on different neuropsychiatric disorders are summarized. Thirteen five studies met the inclusion criteria. According to results, the important phytochemicals of the plant was phenolic compounds, fatty acids, rosmarinic acid, anthocyanidins, and flavonoids. Also, experimental and clinical studies demonstrated the effectiveness of E. amoenum in the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression, ischemic stroke, seizure, Alzheimerâ€™s disease, and pain. Many of these effects are, at least in part, due to its rosmarinic acid or polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and natural pigments such as anthocyanins. Also, fatty acids such as gamma-linolenic acid play critical role in neuroactive properties of this herb. Among these effects, only the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties of the plant extract have been examined both experimentally and clinically. There was some controversy over its toxicity effects. It seems that E. amoenum protects neurons via attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as blocking of apoptosis in the nervous system. However, more studies are necessary for assessing exact mechanisms of action in neuropsychiatric disorders, finding of bioactive ingredients, and processing methods of this plant.Â [GMJ.2019;8:e1559]
Challenges and Barriers Affecting the Quality of Triage in Emergency Departments: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bijani Mostafa , Khaleghi Ali Asghar 
Published: December 2023

Background: Correct and fast triage is the key to successful performance in emergency departments. Various factors can affect the quality of triage; therefore, the present study was conducted to identify and explore the existing challenges in triage units in emergency departments. Materials and Methods: The present study was a qualitative exploratory work conducted via the content analysis approach. Data were collected using in-depth, semi-structured interviews, and focus group interviews. Accordingly, 22 in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted in with 18 triage nurses and four emergency medicine specialists on a face-to-face basis. Results: The challenges related to triage nurses fall into two subcategories; lack of clinical competency and psychological capabilities. The challenges related to emergency management consist of challenges in human resources management, structural, and performance. Conclusion: The challenges existing in triage units are influenced by factors related to triage nurses and emergency management. Emergency administrators can improve the effectiveness and quality of triaging patients by empowering triage nurses and removing structural problems in triage units.[GMJ.2019;8:e1619]Â
Effects of Maternal Exposure to Lamotrigine during Pregnancy on Gonadal Toxicity in Fetus Rats
Authors: Aryan Hoda , Movassaghi Shabnam , Ghasemi Amir , Darabi Roksana 
Published: December 2023

Background: Lamotrigine is one of the newest antiepileptic drugs that is used as one of the most common treatments in pregnancy. Since the investigation of the teratogenic effects of lamotrigine is very limited and there is no report of its teratogenic effects on fetal gonads, we aimed to investigate the teratogenic effects of lamotrigine on embryonic gonads. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on nine female Wistar female rats (8 weeks, weighing 180-200 mg). At first, the animals were inspected regularly by the preparation of vaginal smear and in the estrus phase in separate cages of mating, and after observing the vaginal plaque, were randomly divided into three groups (n=3). Control group did not receive any treatment. In the lamotrigine group (20mg/kg), and the vehicle group (same volume of normal saline) were injected intraperitoneally from days 8 to 13 of pregnancy. On day 20, animals were anesthetized by sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg), and embryos were extracted through laparotomy. First, fetuses were weighed, and their height (crown-rump length) was measured. Then the gonads of the fetuses were removed and, stained with H & E, and examined by optical microscope. Results: Our results showed that in the lamotrigine group, the number of seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells in the male embryos and the number of oocytes in the female embryos decreased significantly compared to the control and vehicle groups (Pâ‰¤0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that treatment with 20 mg/kg lamotrigine in mothers during pregnancy could cause damage to fetal gonads. [GMJ.2020;9:e1557]
Comparison of Formulas for Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Calculation for Predicting the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Pezeshki Babak , Golrazeghi Mojtaba , Hojati Sayed Reza , Rostamian Fatemeh , Raeisi Shahraki Hadi , Farjam Mojtaba , Homayounfar Reza 
Published: December 2023

Background: The correlation between serum cholesterol level and the risk of developing atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome has been well established in previous studies. Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) measurement is conducted using different methods which are generally divided into two groups, namely direct and indirect. Using indirect methods or calculations such as the Friedewald or Iranian formula for measuring LDL, particularly in developing countries, is quite common. The present study has stepped in to compare the robustness of the extant formulas in prognosticating and determining the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the target population was the community of Fasa cohort study. According to the views of the statistical advisor, 9530 people were included in the study and clinical laboratory examinations were done for each person. Their serum LDL level was measured using the existing formulas. Then, the results of the serum LDL level that was computed with different formulas, were compared with both the status of metabolic syndrome and laboratory tests of individuals. Results: The Iranian formula has the highest area under curve, the sensitivity of 0.73, and specificity of 0.77, higher positive and negative predictive values among other formulas. In Friedewald formula, for example, sensitivity and specificity equal 0.28 and 0.80, respectively. After further analysis, two new models proposed for predicting metabolic syndrome. The results revealed that these two models even outperform the Iranian formula. Conclusion: The Iranian formula for plasma LDL calculation has higher precision and application for predicting and measuring the metabolic syndrome in the Iranian population due to its considerable features. It is required to develop a new formula for each population and even for each sex, if possible. [GMJ.2020;9:e1607]
Mizaj as an Index in Persian Traditional Medicine Index Could Associate with Sensitivity to the Radiation
Authors: Ebrahimnejad Gorji Kourosh , Asghari Fatemeh , Mozaffarpour Seyyed Ali , Shabestani Monfared Ali , Zabihi Ebrahim , Abedian Zeinab , Shirafkan Hoda , Niksirat Fatemeh , Borzoueisileh Sajad 
Published: December 2023

Background: The sensitivity to the radiation among human population depends on various parameters. This variation could lead to dissimilar outcome of radiotherapy in similar situations. Mizaj is a well-known term in Persian medicine that present an individualized medicine viewpoint. All of the people will be categorized in cold, moderate, and warm Mizaj. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible association between Mizaj and radiosensitivity by comet assay. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood sample of 30 healthy volunteers (10 cold, 11 moderate and nine warm Mizaj) were taken and divided into two identical parts. The first part was exposed to 4 Gy x-rays, and the second part was regarded as the sham control. Then, DNA damages of samples were evaluated by the neutral comet assay. Results: The results showed that the mean percentage of damaged cells, in all of the irradiated groups including A (warm), B (moderate) and C (cold) was significantly higher than the controls (P<0.001). Moreover, DNA damage rate in the irradiated warm Mizaj group was higher than both cold and moderate irradiated groups, but the difference between moderate and cold irradiated groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The results are indicating that warm Mizaj persons could be more radiosensitive than other groups, which their importance in radiotherapy individualization should be evaluated in more extensive studies. [GMJ.2020;9:e1705]
Prediction of Mortality Incidence in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Based on Influential Prognostic Factors with Competing Risks Approach
Authors: Saeedi Anahita , Baghestani Ahmadreza , Hashemi-Nazari Seyed-Saeed , Minoo Farzanehsadat , Mohseni Navid , Esfahani Zahra 
Published: December 2023

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease in which the kidneyâ€™s functionality declines gradually. The aim of this study was to identify significant laboratory prognostic factors on death due to CKD in a clinical complex. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study including 109 patients with the end-stage renal disease treated at Iran Helal pharmaceutical and the clinical complex was conducted between 2014-2018. The survival time was set as the time interval between starting dialysis until death due to CKD. Also, the transplantation was considered as competing risk, which was occurred for a few patients. A three-parameter Gompertz model was used that considers both the event of interest and the competing event simultaneously. Results: Death due to CKD occurred in 29 (26.6%) of the patients and 19(17.4%) with transplantation. Serum uric acid was a significant prognostic factor that decreased the hazard of mortality by 21%. Serum phosphorus and age by increasing the risk of death, were poor prognoses for the event of interest. Serum uric acid and phosphorus 6.9-9.9 (mg/dl) were associated with 72% and 4.05-fold increased hazard of transplant, respectively. The 4-year cumulative incidence of death and transplant was 48.4% and 29.2%, respectively. Conclusion: We have deduced that high serum phosphorus levels and increased levels of age were associated with worse outcomes. High serum uric acid level was related to better survival, which could be explained by having a better protein-rich diet alongside the high albumin level. [GMJ.2020;9:e1798]
Rivaroxaban Experience at Tertiary Care Centre in Saudi Arabia:A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Riazuddin Muhammad , Ahmed Mpharm Mohamed , Butt Muhammad Imran , Khan Shahid Masud , Abufarhaneh Muhammad , Emadi Omar , Alshammari Khalid , Alsudairy Haifa Fahad , Alkasab Muhammad , Sheikh Aamir , Alrashed Abdulaziz 
Published: December 2023

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) and Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are as effective as vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) with a propensity to cause less major bleeding. This study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of rivaroxaban in routine clinical practice in a large tertiary referral center in Saudi Arabia. Methods and Materials: In this study, patients who received rivaroxaban at a tertiary referral hospital were included in this study. All adverse events were recorded, including major bleeding, non-major bleeding events, symptomatic thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) and all-cause death. Results: A total of 509 patients were prescribed rivaroxaban during the study period. The most common indication for rivaroxaban was non-valvular AF (65.3%) and VTE (34.7%). The mean age was 60.4 Â± 16.4 years, and 50.8% were female. The median CHA2DS2-Vasc score was 2.1 in patients on rivaroxaban for non-valvular AF. Bleeding occurred in 72 (14.1%) patients, of which 20 (3.9%) had major bleeds. Thrombosis events occurred in 13 (2.5%) patients in the overall cohort. Fourteen (2.7%) patients died during the study, including a case of fatal bleeding secondary to rivaroxaban. Conclusion: This study describes the use of rivaroxaban in a broad patient population in clinical practice in the Middle East. The overall bleeding and thrombosis rates in this study were comparable to those seen in major clinical trials. [GMJ.2020;9:e1882] DOI:10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1882
The Short-Term Effects of Pistacia Lentiscus Oil and Sesame Oil on Liver and Kidney Pathology of Rats and Human Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Khazraei Hajar , Ostovan Maryam , Anbardar Mohammad Hossein , Fazljou Seyyed Mohammad bagher , Khodabandeh Zahra , Shamsdin Seyedeh Azra , Araj Khodaei Mostafa , Torbati Mohammadali 
Published: December 2023

Background: Vegetable oils recently have been evaluated in many tissues. Pistacia lentiscus (mastic) of the Anacardiaceae family and Sesamum indicum (sesame) of the Pedaliaceae family are conventionally used in the management of gastrointestinal, lung, and skin illnesses. This assay attempts to determine if the oral usage of mastic and sesame oils has any short-term toxic effects in vivo on the rat and evaluate the human anticancer effect in vitro. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one male Sprague-Dewley rats were assigned to three groups randomly: (A) control, (B) mastic oil (400 mg/kg), and (C) sesame oil (2cc/kg). The effects of these oils were investigated by determining histopathological and stereological parameters after six days, and the anticancer effects were evaluated on SW48, HepG2 human cell lines. Results: A mild chronic interstitial inflammation was seen in just one kidney of mastic oil group (B) and the other oneswere normal. In the sesame oil group (C), mild chronic interstitial inflammation was seen in six kidneys. In the liver samples of both groups, there were no specific pathological findings. Different concentrations of mastic oil (0.1%-5%) reduced the cell viability of SW48, HepG2, HEK293t, and human fat cells. Conclusion: Mastic and sesame oils have some side-effects on the kidney and might not be safe at high doses in rats. Sesame oil did not have any toxic effect on HepG2 and HEK293t human cancer cells. Mastic oil treatment has inhibited specific SW48 cells, so this oil seems to be a good adjuvant to chemotherapy in colon treatments.[GMJ.2020;9:e2001]
The Logic of Circumstances versus the Logic of Intentions: Guan Yu&apos;s Deadly Bet with Zhuge Liang
Authors: Krushinskiy Andrey 
Published: December 2023

The amazing case of a deadly (albeit only for one of the parties) “bet” between the two central characters of the classic novel “The Three Kingdoms” (Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang) is discussed. The reason for the dispute was an insulting statement to Guan Yu by the famous strategist and skilled diplomat. He suddenly questioned the valiant hero’s loyalty to his military duty (at the critical moment of the upcoming capture of their common enemy at that time in the person of Cao Cao). Guan Yu&apos;s bet in this bet was his own head, and he lost it: Zhuge Liang&apos;s prediction came true. The main thesis of the proposed article is that this foresight cannot be reduced only to the brilliant guess of a clairvoyant sage. According to the author of the article, here we are dealing with an impressive example of predictive deduction (the latter has been repeatedly covered by him in previous publications).
As fate would have it, the “man of honor/justice” 義士 found himself in a painful situation of double loyalty: on the one hand, the burden of obligations arising from the “oath in the peach garden,” which forever bound him with brotherly ties to his named brother Liu Bei, and on the other, generous favors, with which Cao Cao showered him at one time and thereby put him in the position of a debtor.

The priority of the immutable laws of arithmetic, establishing “justice” in its basic quantitative sense of the equality of two quantities (for example, the balance between a gift and a reciprocal gift), over the normativity of verbal obligations was clear to the stratagem-minded Zhuge Liang as daylight. As for the clear vision of the entire layout of the game of giving/gifting between Guan Yu and Cao Cao, it allowed him to calculate with arithmetical certainty the victory of the “logic of circumstances” (outstanding debt to Cao Cao) over the “logic of intentions” (loyalty to the demands arising from the oath of brotherhood).