bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cohort study of natural transmission and two methods for control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats on a California dairy
Authors: Rowe J. D. , East N. E. , Thurmond M. C. , Franti C. E. , Pedersen N. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A prospective observational cohort study of 361 dairy goat kids was conducted to compare 2 methods of controlling caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection under commercial dairy conditions. To compare effectiveness of feeding kids pasteurized milk vs serologic testing and segregation in addition to pasteurized milk feeding, goats were monitored up to the age of 30 months by use of monthly agar gel immunodiffusion testing. Survival analysis methods were used to determine whether age at seroconversion differed between the 2 groups. Significantly lower rates of seroconversion were observed in the segregated group (P < 0,001), compared with the nonsegregated group. Of 193 goats in the pasteurized milk-only group, 146 (75.6%) seroconverted within the 30-month study period, whereas infection was detected in 39 (23.2%) of 168 goats in the test/segregated group. Nonsegregated goats were 3.37 times more likely to seroconvert by 24 months of age, and 70.3% of seroconversions by 24 months of age could be attributed to nonsegregation. For age-specific intervals beyond 180 days of age, 70 to 100% of seroconversions could be attributed to lack of segregation. Cohort life tables for age at seroconversion were reported for each group. Type of colostrum fed, sex, and weaning group (season) were not significantly associated with age at seroconversion. Saanen goats had lower age-specific risk of seroconversion in the nonsegregated group alone and overall. Non-Saanen goats were 1,5 times more likely to seroconvert than were Saanen goats, when adjusted for a possible confounding effect of weaning group. Results indicate that pasteurized milk feeding and routine test and segregation would be a substantially more effective means of control of the disease in dairy goat herds than would pasteurized milk feeding alone.
Patterns of expression of feline cytokeratins in healthy epithelia and mammary carcinoma cells
Authors: Ivanyi D. , Minke J. M. H. M. , Hageman PhF. C. , Groeneveld E. , van Doornewaard G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Expression of keratins (cytokeratins, ck) in healthy feline epithelia and 2 established feline mammary carcinoma cell lines was examined immunohistochemically and by use of immunoblotting analysis. A panel of specific anti-CK monoclonal antibodies (MAb) identifying epitopes unique to individual keratins or shared by 2 (or 3) ck polypeptides was used. Besides already available antihuman ck MAb, this panel of MAb consisted of 9 newly generated anti-human ck MAb and 1 newly generated anti-feline ck MAb.
Immunohistochemical analysis on normal epithelia revealed that most of the anti-human ck MAb and the antifeline ck MAb reacted with both feline and human epithelia, with a comparable tissue distribution pattern. However, slight differences in ck tissue distribution pattern between human beings and cats were detected by one MAb. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that all antihuman ck MAb that were immunohistochemically reactive with feline tissues detected analogous ck in cats, indicating the presence of a number of common epitopes on human and feline ck.
Two continuous cell lines derived from 2 distinct feline mammary adenocarcinomas, K248C and K266, were analyzed with respect to their ck phenotype. Although no difference in ck expression between the 2 cell lines was detected in vitro, a difference in ck phenotype was detected on subcutaneous transplantation of the 2 cell lines into nude mice. Although the K248C-induced adenocarcinomas maintained the same ck phenotype as observed in vitro, the ck pattern of the K266 heterotransplants, growing as adenosquamous carcinomas, changed with squamous differentiation.
Our findings confirm the high degree of homology between mammalian ck, and on the basis of those findings, we suggest that ck proteins provide a set of markers valuable for the characterization of normal and neoplastic feline tissues and for studies of squamous metaplasia.
Comparison of two catheter withdrawal speeds during simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry in anesthetized bitches
Authors: Gregory Susan P. , Holt Peter E. , Parkinson Timothy J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Maximal urethral closure pressure, functional profile length, and number of respiratory peaks on the resting urethral pressure profile, expressed as a percentage of those occurring on the bladder pressure recording, were compared at catheter withdrawal speeds of 1 and 3 mm/s in 30 anesthetized bitches.
Significant (P < 0.001) differences were found in maximal urethral closure pressure and percentage of transmission of respiratory peaks between the 2 speeds. Significant difference was not detected in functional profile length.
Interaction of bovine chorioallantoic membrane explants with three strains of Brucella abortus
Authors: Samartino Luis E. , Enright Frederick M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Chorioallantoic membrane (cam) explants were used to determine the in vitro growth and cytotoxic potential of 3 strains of Brucella abortus. Bovine cam explants were inoculated with 2 × 107 colony-forming units of the pathogenic strain 2308, attenuated strain 19, or the rough strain RB51 of B abortus. After inoculation, the explants were harvested and examined at 2 or 4 hours, 12 or 14 hours, and 24 or 26 hours of incubation. Bacterial growth associated with each explant was determined by counting colony-forming units. The degree of cellular damage in each explant associated either with bacterial growth or bacterial toxins was evaluated by morphometric analysis after trypan blue staining.
Significant differences were not detected in the numbers of bacteria of any strain of B abortus in the cam explants at comparable time intervals. The rate of growth of the bacteria in cam explants was higher between 2 and 12 hours after inoculation than between 12 and 24 hours after inoculation. Cytotoxic effects associated with strain 2308 were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that caused by other strains. Cytotoxic effects associated with strain 19 and rough strain RB51 were similar, and both were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the phosphate buffer solution control. Chorioallantoic membrane explants inoculated with a filtrate of heat-killed strain 2308 induced minimal cellular damage, compared with that caused by the viable bacteria. These results indicated that the number of B abortus in trophoblasts was independent of the degree of cellular damage.
Taurine depletion and cardiovascular disease in adult cats fed a potassium-depleted acidified diet
Authors: Dow Steven W. , Fettman Martin J. , Smith Katharine R. , Ching Shelly V. , Hamar Dwayne W. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Although low plasma taurine concentrations have been associated with congestive cardiomyopathy in cats, the cause of taurine depletion in cats consuming adequate quantities of taurine is unknown. Taurine depletion and cardiovascular disease (cardiomyopathy and thromboembolism) developed unexpectedly in 3 of 6 healthy adult cats during a potassium-depletion study. Plasma taurine concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) and rapidly over an 8-week period (from 98 to 36 nmol/ml) in 6 cats that consumed a potassium-deficient diet (0.20% potassium, dry matter basis) that was acidified with 0.8% ammonium chloride, despite containing dietary taurine concentrations (0.12% dry matter basis) in excess of amounts currently recommended. Taurine concentrations were significantly lower in cats fed the acidified diet than in 6 cats fed a potassium-deficient diet that was not acidified (36 nmol/ml vs 75 nmol/ml) after 8 weeks. In addition, plasma taurine concentrations did not decrease over a 6-month period in 8 cats that were fed a potassium-replete diet with acidifier. Plasma taurine concentrations were lowest in 3 cats that died of cardiovascular disease in the group receiving potassium-deficient, acidified diets. These data indicated an association between taurine and potassium balance in cats and suggested that development of taurine depletion and cardiovascular disease may be linked to concurrent potassium depletion.
Effects of analog filtering on brain stem auditory-evoked potentials in dogs
Authors: Kawasaki Yasuaki , Inada Shichiro 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of analog filter frequency on brain stem auditory-evoked potentials (baep) were investigated in 7 nonsedated dogs. The baep were recorded successively at various low-pass (lp) and high-pass (hp) filter frequency settings. The analog filters had a rolloff of 6 dB/octave.
Decrease of LP filter frequency from 30 kHz to 100 Hz caused prolongation of the peak latency and reduction of the peak-to-peak (from a positive peak to the following trough) and absolute (from a positive peak to the baseline) amplitudes for all peaks, except the peak latency for P5 and the absolute amplitude for P4. Changes in these variables were statistically significant (P < 0.05) at different cutoff frequencies specific for the individual peaks. The interpeak latency between P1 and P4, and P4/P1 peak-to-peak amplitude ratio were not changed significantly. At the lowest (lp filter frequency of 100 Hz, positive peaks (fast waves) seemed to be superimposed on a slow positive wave (slow wave). In contrast, increase of hp filter frequency from 0.53 to 160 Hz did not result in significant changes for any peaks, except for reduction in the absolute amplitude of P4. The various effects of lp filter frequency and negligible effects of hp filter frequency on individual peaks may be attributable to their frequency composition and/or elimination of the slow wave at higher hp filter frequency settings.
On the basis of our results, lp filter setting of 3 kHz and HP filter setting of ≤ 53 Hz are recommended for recording of baep in dogs. These settings sufficiently attenuate unwanted high-frequency artifacts, are adequate for recording of fast and slow waves, and have only slight effects on configurations, peak latencies, and amplitudes.
Humoral immune response to feline immunodeficiency virus in cats with experimentally induced and naturally acquired infections
Authors: Egberink H. F. , Keldermans C. E. J. M. , Koolen M. J. M. , Horzinek M. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Sera from cats with naturally acquired and experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infections were tested by immunoblot analysis, radioimmunoprecipitation assay (ripa), and a complex trapping/ blocking elisa. In sequentially obtained samples from experimentally inoculated cats, antibodies against the envelope protein gp120 and the core protein pl5 were the first to appear, as indicated by results of ripa, using lysates of fiv-infected lymphocytes. Antibodies could be detected as early as 2 weeks after infection, followed by a response against p24, p43, and p50. By immunoblot analysis, p24 and p15 were the first proteins detectable between postinoculation weeks 3 and 5; an anti-envelope response was never found by use of this assay, but was found by ripa. Using the latter test, most sera of naturally infected cats were found to recognize the major core protein p24 in addition to 1 or more minor core proteins. All 40 sera tested precipitated the envelope protein; 3 reacted exclusively with it. A complex trapping/blocking elisa was developed to quantitate the anti-p24 response. Sera from healthy Fiv-infected cats were shown to have higher anti-p24 titer than did those from diseased cats.
Effects of equine infectious anemia virus on hematopoietic progenitors in vitro
Authors: Swardson Christine J. , Kociba Gary J. , Perryman Lance E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Direct effects of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) on hematopoiesis in vitro were studied. Bone marrow mononuclear cells from clinically normal horses were incubated with 100 TCID50 of ELAV/107 cells. These cells were cultured to assay for colonies derived from erythroid pro-genitors, granulocyte/monocyte progenitors, and fibroblastic progenitors. The eiav had a selective suppressive effect on the erythroid progenitors. Colony-forming units-erythroid were suppressed to 80% of that for medium controls (P = 0.011). Burst-forming units-erythroid were suppressed to 70% of that for medium controls (P = 0.003). Significant effect was not apparent on colony-forming units-granulocyte/macrophage or on colony-forming units-fibroblastic.
Serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity and protein concentration at birth and after suckling in calves with adequate and inadequate passive transfer of immunoglobulin G
Authors: Perino L. J. , Sutherland R. L. , Woollen N. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In an effort to characterize the activity of serum γ-glutamyltransferase (ggt) in newborn calves before and after suckling and to explore the usefulness of serum ggt as an indicator of failure of passive transfer in calves, blood samples were collected from the first calves of 48 cows at the time of birth and at 1 day of age. Serum was harvested, and concentrations of IgG and protein and activity of ggt were determined. Morbidity and mortality events were monitored from birth to weaning. Calves suckling colostrum had 10 and 1.3 times greater serum concentrations of IgG and protein, respectively, and a 26 times greater serum activity of ggt, compared with concentrations at birth. Increases in ggt activity and protein concentration were correlated to increases in IgG concentration. Calves classified as having failure of passive transfer (< 800 mg of IgG/dl) had a 9.5 times greater risk of becoming sick prior to weaning, compared with calves determined to have partial failure of passive transfer and clinically normal calves (P= 0.0004). The sensitivity and specificity of a cutoff value of 200 IU of ggt/L of serum for diagnosing failure of passive transfer were 80 and 97%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of a cutoff value of 4.2 g of protein/dl of serum for diagnosing failure of passive transfer were 80 and 100%, respectively. The Kappa values for diagnosis of failure of passive transfer, using serum concentrations of IgG vs activity of ggt, IgG vs protein, and ggt vs protein, were 0.72, 0.86, and 0.79, respectively. The value of using ggt activities for diagnosis of hepatic lesions is limited during at least the first week of life in calves that consume adequate amounts of colostrum. The most cost-effective and rapid indicator of passive immune status in this study was determination of serum total protein. Serum activity of ggt also gave reliable indications of passive immune status. Procedures used to determine these values were less expensive and gave results sooner than single radial immunodiffusion for IgG.
Comparison of stressed simultaneous urethral pressure profiles between anesthetized continent and incontinent bitches with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence
Authors: Gregory Susan P. , Holt Peter E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The popular urodynamic technique of stressed urethral pressure profilometry used for investigation of genuine stress incontinence in women was adapted and applied to bitches. The aim was to assess the suitability and reproducibility of the technique in the canine species, and to determine whether differences seen in continent and incontinent women were found in bitches.
Resting and stressed simultaneous urethral pressure profiles were obtained for 25 continent and 25 incontinent bitches, the latter diagnosed as having urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence. The stressed urethral pressure profiles were produced by ballottement of the abdomen during catheter withdrawal. The degree of stress induced was consistent and had got short-term reproducibility.
Highly significant (P < 0.001) differences in the percentage of negative spikes extending below the resting intravesical pressure were found between continent and incontinent bitches. Significant differences were not observed in the pressure transmission profiles between continent and incontinent bitches; both groups had a gradual decrease in pressure transmission from the bladder neck to the external urethral orifice.
The distance from the start of the urethral pressure profile to the first negative peak (attributable to respiration or ballottement) on the subtracted profile was compared with the radiographic distance that the bladder neck was positioned with respect to the cranial pubic brim, taking body weight and continence status into account. Body weight and continence status did not have significant effect on the relation in either instance. The distance between the start of the urethral pressure profile and the first negative peak induced by respiration was significantly (P < 0.05) related to the bladder neck position with respect to the cranial pubic brim, although it accounted for little of the total variance. Relation between the same variables during stressed urethral pressure profilometry, induced by abdominal ballottement, was not significant.
Recognition of triiodothyronine-containing epitopes in canine thyreoglobulin by circulating thyroglobulin autoantibodies
Authors: Gaschen F. , Thompson J. , Beale K. , Keisling K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serum triiodothyronine autoantibody (T3 AA), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were determined in 45 canine sera containing substantial amounts of thyroglobulin autoantibodies (Tg AA); sera also were assayed to investigate the ability of free T3 to inhibit Tg AA binding to canine Tg, Serum T3 AA concentrations defined 2 groups of sera; 28 sera had low T3 AA concentration (≤ 20 ng/ ml) and 17 sera had high T3 aa concentration (≥ 250 ng/ml).
Direct linear correlation between T3 AA concentration and apparent serum T3 concentration was observed (r = 0.75). Serum with low T3 AA concentration had apparent T3 concentration that was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that in serum with high T3 AA concentration. Mean serum T4 concentration was not significantly different between serum with low or high T3 AA concentration. Mean Tg AA activity was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in serum with low T3 AA concentration than in serum with high T3 AA concentration. Addition of free T3 to serum significantly (P < 0.05) decreased detectable activity of Tg AA in both groups of sera. However, significant difference in magnitude of the reduction was not observed between sera with low or high T3 AA concentration.
Results indicate that a fraction of Tg AA recognizes T3-containing epitopes in Tg. Increased prevalence of T3 AA for serum with high Tg AA activity indicates that T3 AA may be another valid indicator of lymphocytic thyroiditis. These antibodies may be generated against the hormonogenic epitopes of Tg.
Effect of topically applied demecarium bromide and echothiophate iodide on intraocular pressure and pupil size in Beagles with normotensive eyes and Beagles with inherited glaucoma
Authors: Gum Glenwood G. , Gelatt Kirk N. , Gelatt Justina K. , Jones Robin 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Topically applied demecarium bromide (0.125 and 0.25%) and echothiophate iodide (0.125 and 0.25%) solutions were evaluated in Beagles with nor-motensive eyes and Beagles with inherited glaucoma. In single-dose studies, the effects of intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size (PS) were measured in eyes before drug treatment and in drug- and nondrug-treated eyes. Both concentrations of the 2 drugs induced long-term miosis and decrease in IOP in nor-motensive eyes of Beagles and of eyes of Beagles with inherited glaucoma. Demecarium bromide (0.125 and 0.5%) decreased IOP for 49 and 55 hours, respectively. Echothiophate iodide (0.125 and 0.5%) reduced IOP for 25 and 53 hours, respectively. The miosis associated with both concentrations of the 2 drugs generally paralleled the decreases in IOP.
Reduction of isoflurane anesthetic requirement by medetomidine and its restoration by atipamezole in dogs
Authors: Ewing Karin Kuersten , Mohammed Hussni O. , Scarlett Janet M. , Short Charles E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The isoflurane-sparing effect of the α2-adrenergic agonist medetomidine (30 μg/kg of body weight, IV) was tested in 7 dogs, using a blinded, randomized-block study design. The baseline minimal alveolar concentration (mac) of isoflurane was 1.18 vol% (95% confidence interval [097,1.39])- Medetomidine significantly (P < 0.003) reduced isoflurane mac by 47.2%. Atipamezolc (0.3 mg/kg, iv), an α2-adrenergic antagonist, completely reversed the effect of mcdetomidine on isoflurane mac. Atipamezole alone did not significantly alter isoflurane mac.
After medetomidine administration, marked bradycardia developed in all dogs and persisted for more than 2 hours Mean arterial blood pressure increased acutely, but later decreased, and hypotension persisted for more than 2 hours. Atipamezole reversed the bradycardic and hypotensive effects of medetomidine.
Results of this study indicate that medetomidine mav be useful in clinical cases in which isoflurane mac-reduction is desirable and that atipamezole might be used to reverse desirable and undesirable effects of medetomidine during isoflurane anesthesia.
Detection of Akabane viral antigen and immunoglobulin-containing cells in ovine fetuses by use of immunoperoxidase staining
Authors: Narita Minoru , Kawashima Kenji 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Akabane virus (akv) strain OBE-1 was inoculated IV into 17 pregnant sheep. Ten fetuses infected at 29 to 45 days of gestation and examined 29 to 30 days later had AKV antigen in the following groups of cells: neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord, ganglion cells in the cranial and abdominal ganglia, layer of ganglion cells in the retina, ganglion cells (Auerbach's plexus) in small intestine, hepatocytes, cells in the arterial wall of mesenteric membrane, and trophoblast cells in the placenta. Prior to detection of circulating virus-neutralizing antibody, immunoglobulin-containing cells were found initially at 59 days of gestation in the peripheral portion of white pulp tissue in the spleen. After that, numbers of immunoglobulin-containing cells gradually increased. These results indicated that akv may have strong affinity for neuronal and ganglional cells in infected fetuses and immunoglobulin-containing cells might be considered the earliest immunologic response to AKV replication in the fetus.
Ultrasonographic observations of the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region of horses
Authors: Nicoll R. G. , Wood A. K. W. , Martin I. C. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Observations were made in dorsal and sagittal planes of the ultrasonographic mean gray scale of the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal regions of 5 Thoroughbred geldings, during weight bearing and nonweight bearing. In images made when the horses were nonweight bearing, the mean gray scale of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and accessory ligament was significantly reduced, but that of the interosseous medius muscle (suspensory ligament) was not. When relaxed, collagen fiber bundles in the tendons and ligaments acted as diffuse, rather than specular, reflectors of ultrasonic waves leading to localized regions of hypoechogenicity and a consequent reduction in mean gray scale. The suspensory ligament, however, remained under tension during nonweight bearing and so mean gray scale was not reduced. Analyses of the ultrasonographic mean gray scale have the potential to provide quantitative data relating to the changes in echogenicity that develop in injured equine tendons and ligaments.