bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lewis-Langmuir Theory: Lewis, Langmuir, and Harkins
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1917, Gilbert Lewis picked up the latest edition of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. As he read, he became increasingly angry. William Harkins, a chemist whom he knew well—he had been Harkins’s boss at MIT in 1910—had written a paper on surface chemistry. Harkins had a reputation for claiming credit for work that others had done, and it seemed to Lewis that Harkins had done it again, this time to Irving Langmuir. Lewis and Langmuir had not known each other well when they had spent two days together at an American Chemical Society meeting in New York that past September, but Lewis had been impressed with Langmuir’s presentation of his ideas on the chemistry of surfaces—the chemistry of oil films on water, for example. Both Lewis and Harkins had sat in the audience at Langmuir’s talk. After Langmuir had finished speaking and the discussion had begun, Harkins had made some odd comments that could be paraphrased as “I am glad to see that your results, Dr. Langmuir, support my theory”—a theory unknown to anyone in the audience.
The Secret of Life: Pauling, Wrinch, and Langmuir
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early 1938, Linus Pauling became involved in a scientific controversy with Dorothy Wrinch, an English mathematician turned biologist whose “cyclol theory” of protein structure was opposed to his own ideas on the subject. Warren Weaver, who was managing the natural sciences grants for the Rockefeller Foundation, had awarded grants to both Pauling and Wrinch. Weaver asked Pauling for a private report on Wrinch’s work (but did not ask her for a reciprocal report on Pauling’s work). Pauling told Weaver that Wrinch’s papers were “dishonest,” that she was “facile in the use of terminology of chemists and biologists, but her arguments are sometimes unreliable and her information superficial.” He did say that reviewing her work had led him to think that it was time to publish his own ideas on protein structure, and Weaver encouraged him to do so. The resulting paper, coauthored by Carl Niemann, was titled “The Structure of Proteins,”2 but one of Pauling’s correspondents more accurately called it “The De-bunking of Wrinch.”3 After Pauling’s report and paper, Wrinch’s career was in ruins. Weaver refused to renew her grant, and she was unable to find other research funding.
It’s About That Time
Authors: Cook Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is quite simply one of the most original books about a jazz musician ever published--a biography-cum-discography that focuses in turn on fourteen major albums recorded by Miles Davis, using them as a jumping off point for an illuminating discussion of the turbulent life and work of the “Evil Genius of Jazz.” Richard Cook, a veteran writer respected throughout the jazz world, looks at such landmark recordings as Birth of the Cool, Miles Ahead, Kind of Blue, The Complete Live at The Plugged Nickel, In a Silent Way, Bitches Brew, and Live at Montreux. Each of these recordings is considered in detail, illuminating their contribution to Davis’s development as instrumentalist, group leader, and composer. But Cook goes well beyond these fourteen albums, evaluating all the trumpeter’s recordings (official and bootleg), and relating them to events in Miles’s life as well as to wider currents in contemporary music. Cook helps us disentangle Miles the legendary figure from the music itself, to re-hear and reconsider this marvelous body of work ranging over four exhilarating decades. The author also highlights the indispensable contributions of sidemen such as John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley, Herbie Hancock, John McLaughlin, John Scofield, and many others, as well as calling for a reassessment of the importance of such “satellite” figures as Gil Evans, Bill Evans, Wayne Shorter, Tony Williams and Chick Corea in the development of Miles’s music. A comprehensive and rigorous guide to the music and life of Miles Davis, It’s About That Time is a stunning book that burns away the fog of myth that surrounds its complex and contrary subject.
Bad Acts, Blameworthy Agents, and Intentional Actions:Some Problems for Juror Impartiality
Authors: Nadelhoffer Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the landmark Smith case of 1961, jurors in England had to determine the guilt of a man named Smith who had driven a car containing stolen goods in a zigzag course in order to shake off a policeman who had been clinging to the side of the car. When the policeman was finally shaken off, he rolled into oncoming traffic and sustained fatal injuries (D. P. P. v. Smith [1961] A. C. 290). Imagine that you are on that jury and your task is to decide whether Smith intentionally killed the policeman. In addition to considerations about Smith’s relevant mental states and the relationship between these mental states and his actions—e.g., did Smith foresee that his actions would bring about the policeman’s death—what other factors would affect your verdict? Would your decision concerning whether Smith killed the policeman intentionally be influenced by your evaluative belief that Smith brought about bad consequences? On the surface, it seems that the goodness or badness of Smith’s actions should be completely irrelevant to the question of whether he performed them intentionally, but there is growing evidence that ascriptions of intentional actions are often influenced by evaluative considerations.
Rationality for Mortals
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gerd Gigerenzer’s influential work examines the rationality of individuals not from the perspective of logic or probability, but from the point of view of adaptation to the real world of human behavior and interaction with the environment. Seen from this perspective, human behavior is more rational than it might otherwise appear. This work is extremely influential and has spawned an entire research program. This volume (which follows on a previous collection, Adaptive Thinking, also published by OUP) collects his most recent articles, looking at how people use “fast and frugal heuristics” to calculate probability and risk and make decisions. It includes a newly writen, substantial introduction, and the articles have been revised and updated where appropriate. This volume should appeal, like the earlier volumes, to a broad mixture of cognitive psychologists, philosophers, economists, and others who study decision making.
Giving Presentations and Talks
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we focused on the process of writing and publishing research reports as a key aspect of a researcher’s professional life. So, too, are presentations in other formats. As is the case for the written research report, other types of communication are all about conveying your experimental data, and your ideas about your research, to your colleagues and other interested parties. A verbal presentation before large or small groups—be the presentation only a relatively informal discussion in front of a poster, a seminar presentation within your own laboratory, an invited talk at another institution (e.g., a “job-talk”), or a formal lecture in front of a large audience—is an essential tool in your scientist toolbox. Whether or not you’re comfortable in this role of presenter, you need to master the craft.
Rewards and Riches
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before you jump into this (or any) profession, it’s important to be clear about what you consider to be appropriate and satisfying rewards—and then see whether you are likely to attain those goals as a scientist. Choosing research science as a profession is not the way to become rich. And if you do become famous, it’s likely to be a very restricted sort of fame, with your name familiar to a relatively small group of people.
The Older Adult Care, Training, Research, and Planning Program
Authors: Satin David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following case study incorporates the various planning, research, education, and health care–provision issues addressed in this text. It also involves a spectrum of health disciplines and institutions. It will help integrate the topics presented in the various chapters by having each chapter apply its perspective to this same example.
It should be noted that this case is entirely 0ctional, though it incorporates real experience with real projects, institutions, and disciplines at various times.
A university medical center, recognizing opportunity in the increasing social and funding focus on the aging population, embarked on a project in community health care for older adults.
Prevention
Authors: Bhalotra Sarita , Orwat John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 45 years ago Leonard W. Larson, MD, then president of the American Medical Association, called for a “revolution in aging” in which medicine is reformulated to emphasize a proactive approach to addressing healthy behavior in the individual throughout the life course rather than reactively treating disease. Since then, the U.S. population has continued to age as better living conditions and technological advances have increased life expectancy dramatically and normative expectations around functionality have increased, making prevention throughout the life course even more important. The potential for improved quality of life accompanied by cost savings due to com-pression of morbidity, i.e., optimizing aging so that disability is minimized, is signifi cant. However, the U.S. health-care system remains structured and fi nanced in a manner most responsive to the treatment of acute conditions rather than prevention throughout the life span or the treatment of chronic and disabling illness.
Genetics in Pharmacology
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By dint of their background and interests, pharmacologists would look for a defect in a drug’s pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics to explain therapeutic failure or toxicity, but scientists of other biomedical disciplines might interpret the same observations differently. Geneticists, who are more likely to focus on characteristics that differentiate individuals from each other rather than concentrating on their similarities, might view a drug as an exogenous substance on which individuals could exert selective effects. They might consider an unusual drug response as a reflection of a difference in the genetic makeup of normal and unusual responders, and would come up with a different set of testable hypotheses to identify the cause of the difference.
From the 1950s and through the 1970s, investigators combined biochemical and pharmacological approaches with classical genetic methods of analysis to scrutinize unusual drug responses. The person-to-person differences in drug response that they studied in twins and families are excellent models to guide present studies of these phenomena.
Epigenetics
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not require, or do not generally involve, changes in the genomic DNA sequence. Historically, the term referred mainly to developmental phenomena, but recently the term has been applied more broadly to signify a relation to gene action. Currently, the field is primarily concerned with understanding the handling of genetic information by eukaryotic cells.
Genetic inheritance has been regarded until recently as the sole mode of transmission of information from one generation to the next, but a number of challenges remain in understanding the transmission of genetic information and gene expression despite the successes surrounding the unveiling of the human genome. Epigenetic inheritance, which implies modification of gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence, has been proposed as a mechanism complementing genetic inheritance to explain these phenomena. Epigenetic information is transmitted by way of direct modification of DNA or of chromatin. In mammals, DNA methylation of cytosines is the only known physiological modification of DNA, whereas numerous modifications of chromatin have been identified that affect its conformation, but they have proven much more difficult to sort out and their significance is as yet only partially understood.
Ethnic Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals of different ethnic or raciogeographic origin are important sources of information on variations in response to drugs and other exogenous substances. Prior to the 1920s, such variations were reported very infrequently in the medical literature. In one early study, Marshall and colleagues found that blacks were much more resistant than whites to the blistering of skin by mustard gas caused by exposure to this biological weapon during World War I. In other reports, blacks were found to be less susceptible to slowing of the pulse than whites by small doses of atropine. Several investigators published observations that ephedrine and various other mydriatic agents such as cocaine and pseudoephedrine dilated the pupils of Chinese and African blacks only slightly compared with those of whites.
Modeling Human Drug Response
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In humans, any approach to assess genetic causation of a pharmacogeneic trait is necessarily indirect. However, a convincing experimental model can often help dissect the genetic basis of the trait, or provide insight into mechanisms responsible for the trait, and may disclose its biological significance under experimental conditions that cannot be met in human experimentation for ethical or methodological reasons. Responders of known genotypes and phenotypes to a toxic chemical can be examined under carefully controlled conditions that reveal the pharmacological and toxicological consequences of a given trait. Even models that may be unsuitable for assessing new drug therapy may yet be excellent for elucidating the molecular basis and physiological mechanisms of human traits. Such studies can turn our thinking toward previously unsuspected pathways and mechanisms, and thereby direct attention toward the acquisition of information that advances our understanding of the human condition. Of course, the findings in any nonhuman model system must be assessed in humans to assess their applicability to the human condition.
Reactions of Products of Alkane Reactions
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first-generation products of the reactions of OH radicals with alkanes are all oxygenated organics—alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydroperoxides, and nitrates. A number of these products are difunctional (following isomerization of the initially formed alkoxy radical), but the majority are monofunctional. The database for reactions of OH with oxygenates is not as extensive as that for the parent alkanes. In particular, the range of temperatures over which the reactions have been studied tends to be smaller, and usually does not extend to high temperatures. Increasingly, however, studies of the temperature dependences are appearing in the literature, and they show a reasonably consistent picture. The rate coefficients increase with increasing length of the carbon chain, as was the case for alkanes. There is strong evidence for activation of hydrogen atoms several carbons removed from the primary functional group, and many of the rate coefficients exhibit negative temperature dependences.
Classification and diagnosis of headaches
Authors: Mauskop Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Headache Society’s (IHS) highly detailed classification of headaches (appendix), now in its second edition, has become an important research tool, albeit with modest practical applications. Danish physician Jes Olesen was the major force behind this effort. Migraine diagnosis is based on the description of symptoms reported by patients. The most common type of migraine is migraine without aura, and its features include moderate or severe pain, unilateral location, throbbing quality of pain, worsening with light physical activity, sensitivity to light and noise, and nausea or vomiting. All or any particular set of features need not be present. For example, bilateral nonthrobbing pain that is severe and made worse by light physical activity and is accompanied by photophobia and phonophobia is classified as migraine. Or, a patient who has mild unilateral pain that is throbbing and is accompanied by nausea also suffers from migraine. Some patients will not report sensitivity to light or noise, but when asked, they will admit that they prefer being in a darkened and quiet environment. Many also become very sensitive to odors and touch. According to a recent report, a simplified way to diagnose migraines with a high degree of accuracy is to ask your patients three questions:
Pathophysiology of migraine and other headaches
Authors: Mauskop Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine and tension-type headaches are two distinct disorders; however, they can also be considered to belong to a spectrum of a single disease. At the ends of this spectrum, migraine and tension-type headaches are clearly different, but many patients have headaches that fall in the middle of the spectrum or have both types of headaches. As mentioned, tension-type headaches in patients who also suffer from migraines respond well to migraine-specific medications, such as sumatriptan. However, triptans are ineffective in patients who have only tension-type headaches, suggesting that at the extremes of the spectrum these two conditions are indeed distinct. Certain imaging and neurophysiological studies can also differentiate typical migraine and tension-type headaches.
Special populations
Authors: Mauskop Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine headaches stop in two-thirds of pregnant women, especially in the second and third trimester. They also stop after menopause, and at around the same age in men. In pregnancy, all attempts are made to avoid medications by using nonpharmacological therapies, such as biofeedback, massage, application of ice, and aromatherapy. Nausea can be treated with motion sickness bands (Sea-Band, BioBands, Psi-Bands), which are wrist bands with a pressure point placed 2 inches above the wrist crease. This is an acupuncture point and has been proved to relieve nausea induced by motion, pregnancy, chemotherapy, and post surgery. Pyridoxine (vitamin B), 30 mg a day and 25 mg three times a day was shown to be effective for nausea or pregnancy in two double-blind trials. Metoclopramide is in Category B and is safe in pregnancy. When necessary, acetaminophen alone or with an opioid analgesic is tried first. Ibuprofen and naproxen can be used only in the first two trimesters of pregnancy. Triptans are considered to be a safer approach than allowing a woman to have uncontrolled migraine attack with nausea, vomiting, and dehydration. For prophylactic therapy in pregnancy, the author uses magnesium, intravenously or orally, before any other intervention. Propranolol, which is in Category C, is considered safe and is often used as the first-line drug, but atenolol is in Category D and is contraindicated. Amitriptyline is generally considered safe, although it is also in Category C, as is topiramate. Divalproex sodium is in Category D and is strictly contraindicated.
Genomes
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most amazing things that I have seen in the life sciences is the increase in the rate of acquisition of genomic data in the form of nucleotide sequences of DNA. The Human Genome Project, a rare example of Big Science in biology, was completed in its basic form in 2001. That marked the end of an enormous international effort in multiple laboratories, lasting several years and costing millions of dollars. The completion of the Project (though work continues on unresolved details) was greeted with a major fanfare. It is rightly considered one of the major triumphs of science.
Fatty acids The building blocks of lipids
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 23, 2006, a scientific advisory panel to the Food and Drug Administration, FDA, in the United States recommended that a weight-loss drug previously available by prescription only be approved for sale over the counter (OTC). The drug in question is known by the generic name or list at and it has been marketed in the United States by Hoffmann–La Roche since 1999 as Xenical. The OTC product is known as Alli and is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline.
The Affectionate Admiration of His Students
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Rivet said in his obituary of Babinski, “A man of his caliber had to have had a wide following.”1 9is is despite the fact that his nonacademic position carried with it several handicaps. Not being a professor, he could have neither chief residents nor laboratory directors in his department; he could not preside over a thesis nor be on the examining board for the agrégation. He had no o4cial assistants, only residents (one or, more rarely two, a year, plus one provisional resident); his team was therefore largely composed of unpaid staff. He had no direct successor because his department was o4cially considered a department of internal medicine; the neurologists among his pupils could not take over from him when he retired. It was thus his former residents, nonresident students, and auditors of his classes, both French and foreign, who made up the core of his followers.
Approach to the Patient
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Complete Physical Examination in a child emphasizes many characteristics that differ from those in adults. It is important to recognize these differences and also the many variations among normal children. This is a manual of the special methods used in pediatric physical diagnosis. No extensive details are listed of the definition of a sign or of methods of eliciting a sign unless special methods are used in children. Although the material in this manual includes only the actual physical examination, diagnoses cannot be made by physical examination alone. Before the examination is started, it is important that a careful and detailed history must be taken of the patient and family and that this be made part of the patient’s record. As the art of careful observation is learned, diagnosis by physical examination becomes easier. In younger children from whom no history can be directly obtained, or in the child whose parents lack the ability of accurate observation, careful physical examination is indeed necessary.
Measurements, Vital Signs
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Measure And Record the physical examination, including temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, height, weight, and blood pressure. For children aged less than 2 years, measure and record the circumference of the head, chest, and abdomen. Other measurements such as pelvic width, crown–rump distance, waist and hip circumference, arm span, and sitting and standing height are ordinarily not determined unless the physician suspects abnormalities. See Appendix C for normals of each for various ages.
Extremities, Joints, and Spine
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Practice, The physician usually examines the extremities, bones, joints, and muscles simultaneously and then, if abnormalities are detected, examines the systems under suspicion individually and more extensively. Examination of muscles is described in Chapter 18. Patients with muscle disorders can present with various weakness and wasting, pain, cramps, and fasciculations. Muscle weakness can be classified anatomically as follows: