bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative fat distribution: Relationship to skeletal maturation, growth status, and motor fitness of boys 8–11 years of age
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Reyes Maria Eugenia Peña 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSkeletal maturia (Tanner‐Whitehouse II [TW II]), growth status, and motor fitness were compared in boys having high and low trunk/extremity skinfold ratios (T/E ratio). The T/E ratio was based on the sums of the subscapular and midaxillary, and the triceps and medial calf skinfolds. The sample included 80 boys, age 8 through 11 years, who represented the highest and lowest quartiles of the distribution of the T/E ratio (10 boys per quartile in each age group). Chronological and skeletal ages did not differ between boys in the highest and lowest quartiles, with the exception of the 10‐year‐old sample in the highest quartile, in whom skeletal age was significantly advanced. Boys in the highest quartile tended to be slightly taller, but especially heavier and fatter (sum of four skinfolds). They thus had a higher body mass index (BMI), which was elevated in part due to increased muscle mass as reflected in a larger estimated midarm muscle circumference. In contrast, boys in the lowest quartile tended to perform better, both absolutely and per unit body mass, in the three motor tests (run, jump, throw), while there were no consistent differences in absolute strength. However, boys in the lowest quartile tended to be stronger and to perform better per unit body mass. The results thus suggest that more centrally distributed subcutaneous fat may have a negative effect on the motor fitness of children, and this effect is mediated in part through excess fatness. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sarcopenia: A critical review of its measurements and health‐related significance in the middle‐aged and elderly
Authors: Roche Alex F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA summary of the work performed by Stanley Garn relating to muscle mass while he worked at the Fels Research Institute is followed by a critical review of the measurement of sarcopenia, which is a deficiency of muscle mass, and its implications for health. The only satisfactory data for total muscle mass come from one cadaver study of a small selected sample. Analyses in relation to health (mortality rates) are limited to indices of muscle mass of which the body mass index (BMI) and arm muscle area or circumference are the most important because large amounts of serial data are available for analysis. The association between low BMI values and increased mortality rates is well established. Multiple studies, some of large samples, indicate that the increased mortality in those with low BMI values at entry is not fully explained by smoking behavior or disease at entry. There are, however, contrary findings from one major study. Associations between arm muscle circumference or area with mortality rates have also been reported. Independent effects of low BMI and low arm muscle values on mortality rates could be due to effects of low fat‐free mass, particularly low muscle mass, on host defense mechanisms and risk factors for disease but few relevant data have been reported. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uses of the present
Authors: Garn Stanley M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWorking with the living, human biologists are in a fortunate position to put individuals and populations of the past in their appropriate quantitative places and to identify and comprehend environmental “stresses” of previous times. Although some writers have romanticized the human past as a disease‐free and natural existence, the evidence is strongly contradictory. Our ancestors and even our hominoid ancestors were much parasitized, with impairment of growth and function. Few had regular access to safe potable water. Their gritty diets were bacteria laden and often full of toxins, and the adequacy of diets was rarely predictable. High indoor occupancy rates facilitated the communication of respiratory diseases as well as mites, lice, fleas, and jiggers. Unventilated cooking and heating hearths made for elevated concentrations of carbon monoxide and particulate products of combustion. Living with animals, for warmth and protection, our Old World ancestors came to share their pathogenic fauna and so added tuberculosis, measles, influenza, smallpox, and numerous “plagues” to the list of human scourges. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of body fat and body fat distribution in 11‐year‐old children using magnetic resonance imaging and hydrostatic weighing, skinfolds, and anthropometry
Authors: Peters Derek , Fox Kenneth , Armstrong Neil , Sharpe Peter , Bell Mary 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrom early pubescence, both degree and distribution of fatness have been related to health risk factors. Measures that are capable of providing estimates of overall fatness and the extent of high risk fat patterning are, therefore, advantageous. The objective of this study was to compare estimates of body fatness and fat distribution using magnetic resonance imaging with the traditional methods of hydrostatic weighing, skinfolds, and anthropometry in 11‐year‐old boys and girls. Subjects were 25 boys and 25 girls, representative of their age cohort's body mass index (BMI) range. Total fat using MRI was obtained by summing subcutaneous and internal fat areas from four transaxial scans at the chest, waist, hips, and thigh. Mean MRI total fat (MRI FAT) was 357 (±152) cm2 with a range of 172–739 cm2 for boys and 427 (±174) cm2 with a range of 209–995 for girls. Correlation analyses revealed strong relationships between MRI FAT and UWW FAT (r = 0.73 boys, r = 0.77 girls), and the sum of four skinfolds (r = 0.94 boys, r = 0.88 girls). Analysis of the MRI data alone revealed that MRI FAT variation is largely explained by subcutaneous fat deposition at the waist in boys and at the level of the buttocks in girls, with most skinfolds correlating highly with MRI FAT in both sexes. Results of stepwise multiple regression showed that an abdominal skinfold and thigh circumference explained 95% of MRI FAT in boys, and 86% of the variance in girls. These data show that magnetic resonance images can provide useful information for the identification of discriminating field measures of fatness and its distribution in 11‐year‐old children. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extreme changes in dietary sodium effect daily variability and level of blood pressure in borderline hypertensive patients
Authors: James Gary D. , Pecker Mark S. , Pickering Thomas G. , Jackson Sharon , Difabio Beatrice , Carroll Lillian , Laragh John H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the effect of large changes in dietary sodium on the average ambulatory blood pressure and its variability in 19 patients with uncomplicated borderline hypertension. Each patient participated in a 16‐week protocol that consisted of four 4‐week periods of different sodium intake (medium (120–160 mEq/day) during periods 1 and 3 and low (< 40 mEq/day) or high (> 225 mEq/day) during either period 2 or 4. The 24‐hour urine sodium during the low and high periods averaged 18 and 327 mEq/day, respectively. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was done at the end of the fourth week of the low and high diet periods. During monitoring, pressures were recorded every 15 minutes while awake; in addition, patients kept diaries noting activities, posture, and situation at each measurement. The results show that there was a decline of 16/7 mmHg in the average ambulatory awake systolic and diastolic pressures from the high sodium to low sodium diets. Corresponding casual pressures decreased an average of 15 and 8 mmHg, respectively. In examining the factors associated with ambulatory pressure variability, systolic pressure showed greater variation by activity on a low sodium diet than on the high. The findings suggest that sodium restriction has a variable, but in some cases marked, effect on lowering the ambulatory blood pressure in borderline mildly hypertensive patients and that sodium balance may be important to consider when examining ambulatory blood pressure variability. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emergence of permanent teeth among the meiteis of Manipur, India
Authors: Gaur Rajan , Singh Ningthoujam Yaima 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo estimate the time and sequence of emergence of the first 28 permanent teeth in rural Meiteis of Manipur, 440 children 5–14 years of age were examined. Median tooth emergence times were earlier in females than males. The first molar was highly variable in its emergence time in both sexes. With the exception of premolars, mandibular teeth emerged earlier than maxillary teeth. Although no definite pattern was found in bilateral differences, left maxillary teeth and right mandibular teeth emerged slightly earlier in females and males, respectively. There was no clear sex difference in the sequence of permanent tooth emergence. The quiescent period between the first and second phases of tooth emergence was more apparent in the mandible than in the maxilla and occurred between the lateral incisor and first premolar in both jaws and sexes. The Meiteis displayed earlier emergence compared to other populations within India. The findings of this study support earlier reports that socioeconomic conditions do not significantly influence permanent tooth emergence; the chief controlling factor is most likely genetic. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of ITI phenotypes in the Iberian Peninsula: Negative correlation between ITI*3 frequencies and latitude in human populations
Authors: Liste I. , Caeiro B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe molecular phenotypes of ITI were analysed in samples from seven populations of the Iberian Peninsula (Galicia, Central Portugal, Castilla‐Leon, Castilla‐La Mancha, Extremadura, Western Andalusia, and Eastern Andalusia) by means of IEF in ultrathin layer polyacrylamide gels followed by immunofixation‐silver staining. The observed ITI*3 frequencies exhibit the highest values thus far reported in European populations. Regression analysis between ITI*3 frequencies and latitude reveals a negative correlation (r = −0.8798, P < 0.001). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of body volume in normal adults and in patients with cerebral palsy by the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) dilution technique
Authors: Hattori Komei , Matsuzaka Akira , Iwaoka Hiroko , Ohno Kazumasa , Mitani Hisashi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study sought to establish body volume measurement by the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) dilution technique and to assess the body composition of healthy subjects and patients with the complications of cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Sixty‐six healthy males and females ranging in age from 18 to 41 years and 10 patients with the complications ranging in age from 23 to 34 years participated in the study. The SF6 dilution method determines absolute body volumes by measuring the SF6 concentration inside a closed chamber containing the subjects. No detectable deviations were indicated between the body volume measured by SF6 and the volume determined by underwater weighing (r = 0.999). Body volume for patients with complications was also successfully assessed by the SF6 technique. All 10 subjects were short, but body composition measures were within normal ranges except for two obese females. Inactivity was suggested as a relevant factor for the excess adiposity. Thus, this new method of measuring body volume offers promising possibilities for future research in body composition, especially for application in clinical practice. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variation by birth cohorts in Mexican Americans of Starr County, Texas
Authors: Cerda‐Flores Ricardo M. , Barton Sara A. , Hanis Craig L. , Chakraborty Ranajit 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMexican Americans residing in Starr County, Texas, were grouped by their year of birth (1896–1925, 1926–1955, and 1956–1985) to determine the extent of birth cohort‐related genetic variation within this population and the genetic differences, if any, from the Mexican population residing in the Metropolitan Monterrey Area (MMA), Nuevo León, México. Twenty‐one genetic markers were analyzed which indicate that the three birth cohort groups are genetically indistinguishable. Gene diversity analysis suggests that more than 99.8% of the total gene diversity can be attributed to variation between individuals within the birth cohort populations and that the subdivision by birth cohort has only a small contribution (0.18%) to the total gene diversity. Genetic admixture analysis indicates a predominant influence from the Spanish, and that the three birth cohort groups were similar in terms of contributions of this ancestral population. The genetic structure of the Mexican American population of Starr County was also similar to the Mexican population from the State of Nuevo León, México. These findings, together with previous results, suggest that the Mexican Americans of Starr County, Texas, classified by gender, birthplace, and age, are not genetically distinguishable and are similar to the Mexican populations of the State of Nuevo León. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in the anthropometric dimensions for estimating upper and lower body obesity
Authors: Wallace Janet P. , Bogle Phillip G. , Murray Keith T. , Miller Wayne C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA literature review identified 29 anthropometric methods to estimate body fat distribution, but no valid standardized set of criterion values to categorize upper and lower body obesity. The purpose of this investigation was to observe the influence of different anthropometric methods for categorizing upper and lower body obesity. Three common girth methods (waist:iliac crest, iliac crest: hip, and waist:hip) for waist to hip ratios (WHR) and one common skinfold method for trunk to extremity ratio were compared in 119 obese women (38.4 ± 5.3% fat) and 81 obese men (31.3 ± 5.2% fat). Significant differences were found in the WHR among all three girth methods for women, but for only the waist:hip method for men. A significant interaction between method and sex was also apparent. The different WHR methods resulted in a significantly different percentages of the population categorized as having lower, normal, and upper body obesity. Kappa statistics demonstrated significant agreement among the three methods to place subjects into similar fat distribution categories for men (κ = 0.133; z = 4.03), but not for women (κ = 0.059; z = 2.20). There was also no significant correlation between any of the circumference and skinfold methods for men (r = 0.20, 0.10 and 0.15, respectively); yet, significant correlations were found between the iliac crest:hip (r = 0.30) and waist:hip (r = 0.45) methods and the skinfold method for women. In summary, girth methods for estimating body fat distribution in terms of lower and upper body obesity need validation and standardization. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resting metabolic rate and daily energy expenditure among two indigenous Siberian populations
Authors: Katzmarzyk PT , Leonard WR , Crawford MH , Sukernik RI 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResting metabolic rate (RMR) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) were measured on a sample of 47 adults (35 males, 12 females) from two indigenous Siberian populations, the Evenki and Keto. The Douglas bag method of indirect calorimetry was used to measure the energy cost of lying, sitting, standing, and three exercise levels of the Canadian aerobic test of fitness (step test). The flex‐heart rate method of heart rate monitoring (flex‐HR; Spurr et al. [1988], Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 48:552–559) was utilized to predict TDEE from the measured energy costs. Measured RMR was 6.66 kJ/min (1.59 kcal/min) for males and 5.19 kJ/min (1.24 kcal/min) for the females. Subjects living in the bush in brigade work parties had significantly higher RMRs than those residing in the villages. Comparison of RMR to selected populations suggests that the elevated metabolism of the subjects living in the brigades is due to short‐term environmental acclimatization to the ambient conditions of the taiga rather than long‐term adaptation to living in a northern climate. TDEE was estimated at 11.8 ± 3.0 MJ (2,815 kcal) for men and 8.6 ± 1.9 MJ (2,056 kcal) for women, and there were no brigade‐town differences in DEE. Based on their physical activity level (PAL = TDEE: basal metabolic rate [TDEE:BMR]), which was 1.77 for males and 1.59 for females, the Evenki and Keto have “moderately” active lifestyles during the summer according to FAO/WHO/UNU guidelines (FAO/WHO/UNU [1985] WHO Technical Support Series No. 724). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropometry and secular changes in stature of urban Colombian women of differing socioeconomic status
Authors: Dufour DL , Staten LK , Reina JC , Spurr GB 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnthropometric dimensions were taken on 1,572 women, 18–44 years of age, from Cali, Colombia, from three different socioeconomic (SEC) groups: low (LEC), mid‐low (MLEC), and upper (UEC). LEC and MLEC women were significantly shorter and had higher body mass indices (BMIs) than UEC women, and a significantly larger number had BMIs over 27.3 kg/m2. There were no significant differences between SEC groups for skinfolds on the arm, but skinfolds on the trunk, the subscapular–triceps ratio, and the waist–hip ratio followed an inverse SEC gradient, indicating a greater tendency for upper body fat distribution in the lower SEC groups. SEC differences in body fatness and fat distribution diminished with age, suggesting that health risks associated with obesity and an upper body fat distribution may be similar in all three groups by ages 40–44 years. Secular changes in stature were similar, 0.12 cm/year for LEC/MLEC women and 0.15 cm/year for UEC women, and there was no indication that the statural differences between the groups is diminishing. The results indicate that women from Cali exhibit anthropometric characteristics seen in both developing countries (stature positively associated with SEC) and developed countries (fatness and centralized fat distribution inversely related to SEC). These findings may reflect the relative economic prosperity of Colombia as a “developing country”. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between frame size and fatness in children and adolescents
Authors: Martinez Emilio , Bacallao Jorge , Devesa Mayra , Amador Manuel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn order to evaluate variation in body fatness by category of frame size (small, medium, and large) during growth, a sample of 7,286 Cuban children and adolescents (3,721 males, 3,565 females) 5–20 years was surveyed. Fatness was estimated from skinfold thicknesses at four sites: subscapular, triceps, suprailiac, and posterior calf. Elbow breadth was used as an estimate of frame size. Generally, the larger the frame size, the greater the amount of subcutaneous fat regardless of age and sex. The results suggest that in the assessment of obesity and its associated risk, in children and youth, frame size, given by categories of elbow breadth, should be taken into account. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
China productivity project: General description and analysis of productivity
Authors: Steegmann A. Theodore , Li Tian Lin , Hewner Sharon J. , Emmer Daniel W. , Zhang Xiufen , Leonard William R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe amount of work that people do is a focal point of human life, an outcome with extraordinarily complex roots. The physical task itself, the natural setting, biological work capacity, and behavioral patterns presumably condition productivity. This paper presents a model by which work output of Chinese cycle haulers was investigated, and outlines investigative techniques including work physiology, health assessment, cold response, and ethnography of the workplace and home. The objective is to explain variation in work done on a daily, monthly, and seasonal basis. This paper also quantifies work output, or productivity, using long‐term pay records as measures of productivity. While pay records, which show statistically normal distributions, serve as the primary dependent variable in the analysis, field observations and experiments offer supplementary data on the behaviors that produce work output. In a sample of 48 men, various measures of biological capacity and behaviors, such as motivation, predict overall productivity regardless of season. Since mean daily pay and monthly pay have different predictors, there is much individual choice in how many days per month one works. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic affinities between the migrant and parental populations of fishermen, East coast, India
Authors: Reddy B. Mohan , Chopra Virendra P. , Rodewaldt Alexander , Dey Badal , Veerraju P. , Reddy T. Ramana , Balakrishna A. , Rao T. V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGenetic affinities between the migrant groups of fishermen from Puri and their parental counterparts in the Southern areas were examined using 11 genetic loci: four blood groups, five red cell enzymes, and two serum proteins. The samples for the parental populations (about 430 subjects) were drawn from 34 villages spread along the 400 km coast in Ganjam district of Orissa and the contiguous Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, and East Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. Significant departures between the migrant groups and their parental counterparts were observed at some loci, although the configuration of interpopulation distances among the migrants mimicked that of the parental populations. While the observed differences may be due to a founder effect and subsequent random genetic drift in at least two of the three small populations, given high child mortality and the systematic nature of differences observed, the role of selection cannot be totally ruled out. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene frequencies and admixture estimates for ABO, Rho(D), and MN blood groups in persons with mono‐ and polyphletic surnames in monterrey, N.L., Mexico
Authors: Garza‐Chapa Raul , Davila‐Rodriguez Martha I. , Leal‐Garza Carlos H. , Gonzalez‐Quiroga Guillermo , de los Angeles Rojas‐Alvarado Ma. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA sample of 3,211 males and females insured by the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (I.M.S.S.) residing in the Monterrey Metropolitan Area (MMA), northeastern Mexico, were selected by their monophyletic or polyphyletic surnames. ABO, Rho(D), and MN blood groups were determined, and phenotype and gene frequencies were estimated to study the genetic variation among populations with these surnames, to estimate the genetic contribution from their most important ancestral populations, both Spanish and Mexican Indians, and to compare genetic structure with other populations that have been reported from this MMA and other urban centers in Mexico with the hypothesis that the persons with monophyletic surnames are the closest descendants of the founders, who colonized the MMA between 1577 and 1596, and that they still conserve some degree of genetic isolation. The results indicate that the selected persons with monophyletic surnames are the closest to the Spanish, supporting the above hypothesis; on the other hand, persons with polyphyletic surnames are the closet to other Mestizo populations from central Mexico and the Mexican Indians. Hybrid persons with one monophyletic and one polyphyletic surname are closer to the monophyletics due to the fact that 90% of these polyphyletics originated in northeastern Mexico. It is concluded that, at present, the Mestizo population from the MMA is integrated by two subpopulations, one with monophyletic and the other with polyphyletic surnames. It is suggested that due to an increase in migration in Mexico, the Mestizo genetic structure of the MMA population will slowly become more uniform. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.