bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity in Organizations
Authors: Reinert Christoph , Buengeler Claudia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Many organizations declare that diversity is a top priority, aiming to capitalize on individual differences. However, increasing diversity does not inherently boost organizational performance. Instead, active management is required to unleash the favorable and prevent the unfavorable effects diversity can elicit. This chapter builds on management, organizational behavior, and organizational psychology literature to present different perspectives on diversity and theoretical explanations for its effects. It further highlights diversity-related strategies, climates, and beliefs, diversity training, and leadership as relevant factors for effective diversity management. The chapter summarizes empirical findings for each factor, derives practical implications for organizational decision-makers, and outlines topics for future diversity research.
Extending the use of Crowds for Innovation? Fund it Yourself!
Authors: Frederiksen Lars , Smith Pernille , Bergenholtz Carsten , Hilbolling Susan , Beretta Michela , Vuculescu Oana , Zaggl Michael , Alsted Søndergaard Helle 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
It is increasingly common for organizations to rely on crowds to support their innovation processes. This chapter extends understanding of how crowds can be involved in different stages of the innovation process. It presents a conceptual model that highlights four main stages of crowd involvement: problem formulation, solution generation, selection of the solution, and funding of the solution. For each stage, strategic choices related to crowd involvement are discussed and also the main advantages and disadvantages. Crowdsourcing research is extended by elaborating on a novel phenomenon where crowds are involved at the back end of the innovation funnel. That is, the crowd is engaged by firms in funding the realization of ideas that were selected by the crowd but subsequently rejected by the firm. The chapter discusses Lego’s initiative, the BrickLink designer program, which now enables crowds to fund the realization of unused ideas from their crowdsourcing initiative (i.e., Lego Ideas), that is funding crowd-selected ideas that did not make it into production as a result of the internal Lego selection process for ideas. This points to novel opportunities for firms as well as the importance for future research to further investigate the involvement of crowds in the final stages of funding innovative solutions and hence, beyond the classic stages of crowdsourcing.
Deep Tech, Big Science, and Open Innovation
Authors: Wareham Jonathan , Pujol Priego Laia , Romasanta Angelo Kenneth , Ahmadova Gozal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Big Science Research Infrastructures (RIs) have a strong track record of producing “deep-tech,” which has transformed industries and society. Yet, cultivating novel applications from these RIs is not straightforward due to often misaligned priorities with industry partners and the inherent technical complexity and market uncertainties in their technologies. Open Innovation (OI) provides a framework to address these challenges and nourish a mutually beneficial relationship between RIs and entrepreneurial industry actors. Showcasing the potential of applying OI mechanisms to facilitate the commercialization of deep tech, this chapter highlights ATTRACT, a novel initiative funded by the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 program, to facilitate the commercialization of early-stage technologies from Big Science RIs. The findings suggest that many open innovation practices can be useful in getting these sophisticated deep technologies into the market: ATTRACT facilitates project development by offering financial resources for risk absorption, brokering relationships with industrial partners, and facilitating the applications of technologies in diverse domains outside their immediate purview
Advancing The Microfoundations of Open Innovation
Authors: Foss Nicolai J. , Xu Tianjao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the microfoundations of open innovation (OI). It points out that microfoundational factors, such as personnel mobility, boundary spanners, the incentives of R&D personnel, and technology entrepreneurs, have been present in the OI literature from the beginning, and have been further revealed in subsequent work. However, the OI literature also often adopts macroconstructs (e.g., “communities,” “innovation networks”) that call for clear(er) microfoundations. Providing such microfoundations represents one avenue of research. Another one is extending the already existing microfoundational focus of the OI literature. This chapter outlines a number of suggestions for microfoundational research themes in OI research, focused on, for example, the influence of demographic characteristics of members of the upper echelons and OI employees, as well as the interaction of such characteristics and organization-level factors in driving OI outcomes.
Effectuation and Open Innovation
Authors: Sarasvathy Saras 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The effectual process used by expert entrepreneurs is open in the face of uncertainty and goal ambiguity. But, for the most part, it is not intentionally innovative. Even though it increases the probability of innovation, that innovation typically occurs in spite of, rather than because of, effectuators’ intentions to innovate. Open innovation, in contrast, is conceptualized as purposive use of knowledge flows across organizational boundaries, the purpose presumably being to innovate. Given that the effectual process often begins before there is an organization or even an idea for one, the “openness” in effectuation takes on additional flavors and textures to that found in studies of open innovation. In addition to outlining areas of overlap and difference between effectuation and open innovation, this chapter will also outline the various meanings of “open” and examine their implications for open questions in research and practice, in and out of entrepreneurship.
Measuring the Economic Value of Open Source Software
Authors: Carter Hilary 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Embedded in proprietary systems, or as standalone applications unto themselves, open source technologies, including the ubiquitous Linux operating system, are free to use, and consequently, challenging to value in economic terms. As recommended by Nobelist Elinor Ostrom, the stewardship of such shared resources requires the incentive of an economic value on a free good, as well as structuring appropriate governance of these resources. Just as climate advocates have priced natural resources as assets to safeguard their protection, the open source community under the Linux Foundation is working to identify a measure of the economic value of open technologies, in an effort to steward this method of global technological innovation.
Teaching Open Innovation in Business Schools
Authors: Dąbrowska Justyna , Sims Jonathan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the value of teaching open innovation (OI) in business schools and universities in different countries, and explores the range of pedagogical approaches appropriate for students at various levels of business education. Building on interviews, a collection of syllabi, and a survey of instructors, the chapter presents a snapshot of the state of play in teaching open innovation, highlighting current practices, examining different teaching modalities, and discusses the challenges, and future opportunities for teaching OI in business schools. The chapter also presents a brief overview of 53 Open Innovation teaching cases that have been used as exemplars in business schools globally.
Teaching Engineers About Open Innovation
Authors: Brunswicker Sabine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces an experiential learning framework to teach engineering students about open innovation. Following this cyclical framework, students learn how to choose a particular open innovation governance mode for a particular R&D project through a cycle of active conceptualization, concrete experiences, and reflections. The framework includes eight project-level case studies that are used in case-based, simulated experiences, in which students act as R&D team members who use open innovation for their particular R&D problem. In addition, the framework also foresees that students gain experience in acting as external open innovation partners who solve problems of a real open innovation project using a particular mode.
Mandalas and Landscape in Maritime Asia
Authors: Sharrock Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fierce Herukas, emitted by the supreme buddhas of the Vajrayāna “thunderbolt vehicle,” emerged toward the end of the first millennium CE to bolster Buddhist kings outside India with supernatural powers to defend their territory, repel their enemies, and bring peace. This movement applied politically what was prescribed in the major Tantra texts of the great Ganges Valley monasteries but was not implemented in India. The Tantras envisaged extending supramundane maṇḍalas over the royal landscape that were networked into holy sites. The Buddhists were thus replicating in maritime Asia the system of Vidyāpīṭha Śaivism in the Indian subcontinent, where Śaiva masters drew their support for kings from holy pilgrimage sites linked to Śiva. This article traces this royal rebirth of the Herukas to underpin imperial strategies in the mundane sphere in interstate confrontations along the southern coast of Asia.
Neoclassical Realism as a Framework for Understanding China’s Rise as a Space Power
Authors: Pollpeter Kevin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines China’s competitive activities as a space power through the lens of neoclassical realism. It posits that China’s space program over the longterm has conformed to realist models of behavior even if over the short term intervening factors may have inhibited China’s response to relative changes in space power. It argues that China’s search for space security is rooted in a techno-nationalist strategic culture that conditions it to think and act in realist terms that emphasize competition, conflict, and the balance of power. This realist mindset emphasize threats to security and the need to balance against potential adversaries and has been an important influence in shaping the thinking of the leadership of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on how it approaches international relations, including its approach to space. It finds that China’s space program is inherently tied to the PRC leadership’s view of the international security situation and that China’s build up of military space capabilities cannot be divorced from the the PRC leadership’s view of the need to protect China from international security threats, particularly those perceived as coming from the United States. It also argues, however, that China’s rise as a major space power was decades in the making. Although the PRC leadership since the 1950s realized the importance of space to their country’s security, China lacked the technology and know-how to compete with the United States and USSR. It was not until 2015 that the PRC officially announced that space was central to maintaining their country’s security.
India’s Space Program
Authors: Rajagopalan Rajeswari Pillai , Ganguly Šumit 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses India’s space program, which began with a focus primarily on the country’s civilian requirements but has matured, and India is now considered an established space power with its own launch capabilities and space exploration programs such as the moon and Mars missions. Compelled by changing regional security dynamics and the larger global space developments, the Indian space program has also expanded to address growing military and security requirements. In the Indo-Pacific, China’s space power, with considerable counterspace capabilities, has been a particular consideration in India’s changing approach to space. Indian decision-makers feel the need to respond to China’s space capabilities in order to secure Indian interests. One important feature of this change is the evolution of the Indian position from a moral and principled stance of non-militarization of outer space to one that is conditioned by pragmatism and national security considerations to accept some forms of militarization, though not weaponization. As the chapter shows, this has pushed India to also expand its capacity by bringing in the private sector, albeit in limited ways, thereby making India a more competitive player.
The European Union’s Deepening Engagement in Space Security
Authors: Bataille Mathieu , Hrozensky Tomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The European Union (EU) has recently increased its involvement in space, in particular through initiatives of the European Commission (COM). While socio-economic benefits used to be the predominant driver of EU action in space, recent developments have shown that the security dimension has increasingly gained prominence. Indeed, all the components of the EU Space Programme include a security dimension (in space and on Earth) and space is more and more integrated in the EU security and defense frameworks. Similarly, space is increasingly identified as a key contributor to European strategic autonomy, while the need to ensure strategic autonomy in the space sector is also emphasized. This chapter will argue that this evolution can be understood as the implementation of the hedging behavior adopted by the European Union in response to changes occurring in the international (space) landscape.
Southeast Asia Space Security and Strategy
Authors: Parameswaran Prashanth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Over the past few years, key states in Southeast Asia have been looking to increase their investments in space technologies and accompanying capabilities amid a confluence of developments. This chapter examines the state of play in Southeast Asia space security and strategy, leveraging a mix of primary and secondary sources applicable to regional realities. It argues that the increasing pursuit of space capabilities by a wider range of Southeast Asian states over the past few years can be understood in three phases of multi-decade long thinking in this domain, and that it is driven by four key factors: technological diffusion, rising commercial opportunities, intra-regional competition, and a more sobering regional and global geopolitical environment. The evolving dynamics reveal a mix of progress and limitations in the domestic, regional, and global dimensions that are worth keeping an eye on as states in Southeast Asia continue to develop capabilities in this domain.
The Dynamics of South Korea’s Space Trajectories
Authors: Lee Su-Mi , Jeong Hanbeom 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines what drives South Korea’s space development. To do so, we review the thirty-year history of South Korea’s space programs, highlighting major milestones and government policies. Then, using a realist approach to analyze the drivers behind South Korea’s space development, we show how South Korea’s desire to develop space programs is attributed to its security concerns about the threats from North Korea. We uncover how distrust in the anarchical international system leads South Korea to pursue self-reliance while signing on to space cooperation with the United States to strengthen and expand the scope of its existing ROK-US security alliance. We also discuss the economic considerations behind South Korea’s space endeavor. The chapter ends with a projection of the future trajectory of South Korea’s space development.
Legal Frameworks for Space Security
Authors: Aoki Setsuko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes legally binding and non-legally binding international frameworks for enhancing space security and concludes that non-legally binding norms may possibly maintain and enhance space security. For more than half a century, only stationing weapons of mass destruction in outer space and the threat or use of force to, from, and in outer space have been prohibited under international law. Moreover, there is no clear picture of laws of armed conflict applicable to space armed conflicts. However, the recent United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution on Responsible Behaviors is promising in generating new norms for space security. So are the Long-Term Sustainability (LTS) Guidelines made in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space as concrete specifications to be made would assist in the implementation of the said UNGA Resolution together with other guidelines. The feedbacks and virtuous cycles between national, regional, and international norm-making processes can hopefully enhance space security, with emerging Space Traffic Management (STM) rules and guidelines.
The Greatest Transformation
Authors: Martinez Larry F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how cyber is merging cyberspace into outer space as the battlefield of the twenty-first century. Cyber “security” is the growing awareness of cyber’s capabilities to both instigate or deter manipulations of software code to disrupt digitally dependent societal or security infrastructures on earth and in space. As a consequence of cyber criminality’s growing commercial clout and pervasiveness of vulnerable digital infrastructures, cyber security is becoming the prime factor militarizing outer space and its governance. As a factor of international strategic, economic, and political power, cyber is compelling a recalibration of strategic doctrine and deterrence strategy as cyberspace becomes the prime domain for projecting space power. This strategic shift to cyber-intensive forms of coercive force challenges fundamental paradigms about (1) the state’s role in space security, (2) the demarcation of “peaceful uses” between defensive cyber operations and those projecting coercive force, and (3) state approaches to cyber and space security as increasingly crucial elements of overall state strategic doctrine.
Space Sustainability
Authors: Guoyu Wang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Geopolitical tensions find expression in space where the physical environment is congested and vulnerable. Space security global governance (SSGG) is a timely and effective means to preserve space sustainability because among all the challenges in the space environment, the escalation of the misperceptions and misunderstandings among powers seem to be more fatal and urgent than other factors. It is possible for SSGG to become another forum used by space powers to pursue maximization of their own national security interests rather than for the sake of the international community. This chapter argues that states in the forum of prevention of arms race in outer space should pursue sincerity and wisdom in seeking common understandings of key terms, like space safety, security, stability, and sustainability.
Norm Formation and Space Traffic Management
Authors: Blount P.J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Space traffic management has been advanced as a potential way to cope with the pressure on the space environment resulting from new actors and architectures. This chapter takes up this concept through the lens of norm life cycle for the formation of international norms. It suggests that currently we have a space traffic coordination system that is structured within the norm of information sharing. In order for a space traffic management system to emerge, it will be critical for states, commercial actors, and epistemic communities to continue the discursive practices that advance norms. This chapter suggests that this is a multivariate process that happens at different levels of international governance by a variety of actors in a number of different forums.
The State, Development, and Human Security in Space
Authors: Amara Mohamed , Sethu Sagee Geetha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The development of a nation depends on its social, economic, and political factors, security being one of the essential elements that contributes to this development. Using space technology for the advancement of security, mainly human security, is on the top of the national agenda for most space-emerging countries, and states focus on adopting programs toward this end. This chapter makes an argument for a theoretical understanding of why states will pursue such programs and how they are using international cooperation as a means to enhance space technologies for furthering the human security agenda. It makes a comparative analysis on the space programs of four space-emerging countries, namely the UAE, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa to understand which elements of human security are priorities for these states and why.
The Future of Cooperation in Space
Authors: Bo Zhou , Guoyu Wang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are basically two schools of thoughts on outer space governance. China and Russia on one side wish to make a binding treaty of non-weaponization and no arms race in space while US-led western states on the other side claim that the weaponization of outer space is unavoidable and instead proposes to develop non-legally binding rules on responsible behaviors. These two views are not necessarily incompatible. A dual-track approach is that all parties agree to the goal of negotiating a binding treaty of non-weaponization and no arms race while encouraging discussions on responsible behaviors that could serve the goal of preventing an arms race in outer space. For that to happen, major powers should accept “mutually assured vulnerability” in space and take the lead in cooperation wherever possible.
Techno-Security Space Innovation
Authors: Ming Cheung Tai , Fukushima Yasuhito 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Techno-security innovation is a crucial but overlooked phenomenon in the study of the development of the space sector. This chapter offers analytical insights and approaches drawn from the broader examination of defense innovation and techno-security innovation that can be applied to the space domain. A number of key characteristics of techno-security space innovation can be discerned that include the catalytic role played by external threat perceptions and top-level leadership intervention, the powerful presence of self-reliant techno-nationalistic impulses driving decision-making, and the emphasis on civil-military integration. These factors are readily apparent in case studies of the US and Chinese techno-security space innovation systems, and their impact can be expected to grow more prominent as US-China great power techno-security competition intensifies. Both countries believe that civil-military integration is pivotal in gaining a decisive edge, although their approaches differ greatly.
Critical Space Security
Authors: Graefe Carl , Duvall Raymond 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews a crucial issue of space security: the possibility that states might attempt to control portions of space for exclusive use in security competition with other states. It examines that issue from a critical theoretical perspective, by challenging widely accepted lines of argument. The first of these is that the unique properties of space prevent exclusionary politics, because the costs and risks associated with exclusive politics in space are too high; the second, that the same properties serve to facilitate the domain’s prospective democratization. By contrast, the chapter’s critical perspective highlights that differential dynamics of cost reductions in attempted mastery over space operations may contribute to the development of the means for selective exclusion. Then, while remembering that this potential for exclusion would play out on material and social planes simultaneously, the chapter turns to the political implications of the establishment of a colonial regime of selective exclusion in outer space.