Quantification of particle sizes with metal replication under standard freeze‐etching conditions: A gold ball standard for calibrating shadow widths was used to measure freeze‐etched globular proteins
Authors: Ruben George C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe real size of platinum‐carbon (Pt‐C) replicated particles is not directly equivalent to either its metal‐coated diameter or its shadow width. This paper describes two indirect methods, shadow widths and coated particle diameters, for determining a particle's actual size beneath a Pt‐C replication film. Both produce equivalent measurements using the same standardized conditions: 2.3 nm Pt‐C films deposited at a 45° angle on an ≈ −100°C surface in a 10 −6 torr vacuum. For the first method, gold balls nucleated in a partial pressure of helium and deposited on flat indirect carbon films (root mean square roughness of 0.8 nm) on 400 mesh grids were used as test particles for calibrating shadow widths as a function of particle size. The gold ball test specimens were replicated, and a distribution of Pt‐C shadow widths orthogonal to the Pt‐C deposition direction was measured and averaged for gold balls 1.5 ± 0.25 nm, 2.0 ± 0.25 nm, etc. The diameter of each gold ball was measured within the Pt‐C film along with its shadow width because the Pt‐C did not obscure or adhere well to the gold. The shadow width distributions for each gold size do not differ significantly from log normal. Two proteins, the lactose repressor and the mitochondrial ATPase, F1, were also used as replication test objects. Negative staining of both proteins was conducted to measure their average diameters. In the second method, a distribution of Pt‐C–coated lac repressor diameters perpendicular to the shadow direction was measured. The Pt‐C film thickness measured on the quartz crystal monitor was subtracted from the average metal‐coated protein diameter to obtain the lac repressor's diameter. The Pt‐C–coated particle diameter distributions also did not differ significantly from log normal. While doing this work it was discovered that outgassing the Pt‐C electron gun greatly affected Pt‐C film granularity: 19 sec produced a high contrast, granular Pt‐C film, whereas 120 sec yielded a low contrast, less granular Pt‐C film. Both gold balls and protein particles were subjected in separate experiments to either 19 or 120 sec of outgassing of the Pt‐C gun prior to Pt‐C replication. Outgassing had a profound effect on the average size of the Pt‐C shadow widths on both gold and protein particles. The Pt‐C gun outgassing procedure also determined the smallest replicated particle that could be resolved. The frequency of some smaller gold ball sizes detected after replication was reduced disproportionately with 19 sec vs. 120 sec outgassing. However, Pt‐C gun outgassing did not affect the average measured diameter of the Pt‐C‐coated protein particles. The “geometric assumption” that each metal‐coated particle creates a shadow width the same size as the metal‐coated particle diameter was tested using a globular protein. Pt‐C replication of protein particles at a 45° and 20° angle could not confirm the geometric assumption because an average shadow width was always significantly larger than its average Pt‐C–coated particle diameter. A model for how the large shadow widths are formed is presented. Gold balls were also replicated at a 45° angle with current high resolution conditions at a substrate temperature of −185°C, and the results of these replicas were compared to the results reported here at ˜−100°C. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.