bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speciation: The Ecological Transition
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of ecological processes in speciation has been the subject of debate for several decades (Schluter, 1998). Two principal ideas emerge. The most prominent is that divergent natural selection on populations in different envi-ronments drives the development of pre- and postzygote barriers to gene ex change (Mayr, 1942, 1963; Dobzhansky, 1951). The second idea is that ecological processes influence speciation principally through their effect on the viability of populations (Mayr, 1963; Allmon, 1992). How these processes work will be the subject of much of this book.
Speciation: The Genetic Transition
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genetic changes leading to the formation of new species are poorly under stood and are the subject of considerable debate. Some evolutionists propose that major gene changes may propel populations into different reproductive or ecological realms and thereby promote speciation (Gottlieb, 1984). Speciation may be a direct result of selection acting on these genes or a pleiotropic consequence of adaptive shifts elsewhere in the genome (Templeton, 1980). Others propose that the interactive effects of many minor gene loci produce divergent reproductive or ecological profiles (Barton and Charles worth, 1984; Coyne and Lande, 1985). These views are not mutually exclusive; some differences may be dictated by major genes, while others may be dictated by poly genes.
The Geographical Expansion of Neospecies
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we track the distributions of successful species, we find that they pass through four major stages. The first stage is one of expansion that ends with the neospecies reaching its geographical limits. This stage is the focal point of this chapter. The second stage is essentially one of macro distributional stasis, unless novel habitats are invaded. The third stage involves the dissection and/ or movement of a species range in response to major environmental change. The fourth stage involves the contraction and fragmentation of a species range, which when carried to the extreme results in extinction.
The Persistence and Sorting of Incipient Species
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of full-fledged neospecies is preceded by the evolution of incipient neospecies (species in statu nascendi). They have distinctive ecological pro files and/or genetic systems, but are not sufficiently divergent to warrant recognizing them as neospecies. Incipient neospecies will have short evolutionary futures if they cannot move beyond their locus of origin. In this chapter, I will discuss the fate of incipient neospecies, especially in terms of their survival and the impact that differential survival has on the character of full-fledged neospecies.
Economic and Medicolegal Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the Western world there has been an increasing realization that resources available for the treatment of disease are not infinite and that difficult choices will have to be made to decide who gets what kind of treatment. Although most physicians accept that ethically we should do for others what we would like to have done for ourselves, this may not always be practical or possible. As the population ages and new public health threats arise, society may not be able to afford the luxury of fully investigating every patient with a possible subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), regardless of age, general health, or ability to pay. It has therefore become a legitimate field of scientific inquiry to examine the economic consequences of various diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. We must now overcome our distaste for this type of pursuit and seriously consider such concepts as “cost per quality-adjusted life year gained.” Without abandoning our role as the patient’s ultimate defender, estimating the financial consequences of our medical actions or inactions can be viewed as helpful.
Physiology of Aneurysmal rupture and Vasospasm
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brain is an engine that uses highenergy phosphates as fuel. These compounds are produced by the oxidation of glucose in the glycolytic pathway, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. The ratios of different adenine nucleotides give a measure of energy production and utilization in nervous tissue. Adenosine diphosphate and orthophosphate are converted by oxidative metabolism to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used directly in the osmotic (ion transport, axoplasmic transport) and biosynthetic (production of lipids, proteins, ribonucleic acid [RNA], deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA], and polysaccharides) work of the brain. More than half of the oxidative metabolism is devoted to ion pumping. The sodium-potassium pump (Na+ /K+) and ATP couple the accumulation of K+ inside the cell and the transport of Na+ to the outside. With cellular electrical activity, there is a passive flux in the opposite direction (K+ to the outside; Na+ and Ca2+ to the inside). The 40-fold lower extracellular K+ concentration is the main determinant of the inside negative 60-to 90-mV membrane potential across the neuronal wall. The extracellular concentration of Na+ is 10 times higher than the intracellular concentration; for Ca2+, this difference is 10,000-fold. Neurotransmitter metabolism accounts for only 1% of energy metabolism.
Primary Vascular Abnormalities
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of every five or six patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), no aneurysm is apparent on the initial angiogram. According to the Dutch group that has done the most extensive studies of this syndrome, two-thirds of patients with initially negative angiography show a CT pattern of perimesencephalic blood (blood confined to the cisterns around the upper brain stem). In their opinion, such a pattern means that the patient invariably has a good prognosis and obviates the need for a second angiogram.1 If the pattern of blood in the basal cisterns is more diffuse or anteriorly located, the patient with the initially negative angiogram can have an occult aneurysm, an intracranial arterial dissection, a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF), infective aneurysms, trauma, bleeding disorders, substance abuse, or spinal origin of the hemorrhage. If the early CT scan shows no evidence of blood, the chance that the patient will have xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is extremely low. In such instances, the Dutch research group recommends a second reading of the initial CT scan for the presence of blood in the prepontine cistern. They recommend dropping the umbrella term “angiogram-negative SAH.”
Human Reproductive Cloning: A Look at the Arguments against It and a Rejection of Most of Them
Authors: Gillon Raanan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human reproductive cloning—replication of genetically identical or near identical human beings—can hardly be said to have had a good press. Banned in one way or another by many countries including the United Kingdom, execrated by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization as “ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality,” forbidden by the European Commission through its Biotechnology Patents Directive, by the Council of Europe through its Bioethics Convention, and by UNESCO through its Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, clearly human cloning arouses massive disapproval. What are the reasons, and especially the moral reasons, offered as justifications for this wholesale disapproval?
Key to the major groups and Families
Authors: Felger Richard Stephen , Johnson Matthew Brian , Wilson Michael Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definitive treatment of the trees and tree-like plants of Sonora, a remarkably diverse and biologically important region, ranging from some of the driest and hottest areas in North America to cool, temperate woodlands and the northernmost tropical regions in the New World. The majority of the trees in this semi-arid region are at their northern limits in the Americas in this state and many range to South America. Thus, this book will be important to biologists in regions well outside of the area covered. Felger is the recognized expert in the area, and the book contains an enormous body of information nowhere else obtainable. The introductory chapter contains biotic and climatic information and an analysis of the geographical distributions of the trees of a state that is poorly known biologically. Two hundred eighty-five species of native and naturalized trees are covered, featuring extensive identification keys and illustrations, most of them newly produced for this book.
A One-Dimensional Developmental System and Life-Long Silk Synthesis May Preclude the Evolution of Higher Eusociality in Spiders
Authors: Craig Catherine L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociality—cooperative nest building and the sharing of tasks—has evolved in all higher orders of insects (Holldobler and Wilson 1990). Of these higher orders, the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and Isoptera (termites) are remarkable for the variety of social systems they include. Their life histories vary from solitary, to “primitively” social (individuals living in colonies with primitive caste systems; that is, they differ in physiology and size), to highly “eusocial” (individuals living in colonies characterized by reproductive and worker castes). The highest levels of social complexity are characterized by the evolution of queen and worker that includes the evolution of multiple, morphologically diverse worker castes (Wilson 1971; Wheeler 1986).
The most important advantage of sociality is “energetic”: individuals living as a group are better able to withstand the effects of fluctuating environments.
The Naxi of Lijiang County
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Naxi exemplify many of the characteristics of the minority-state relationship described in the last chapter. Officially recognized in 1954, they are regarded by most scholars as a branch of a western people termed “Qiang” in Chinese historical sources, and are thought to have migrated to northern Yunnan during the Han dynasty. Their language is generally assigned to the Yi branch of TibetoBurman (Kou, Wang, and He 1995: 12; McKhann 1992: 383; Ramsey 1987: 265). The 1990 population census of the People’s Republic of China announced a grand total of277,750 Naxi, of whom 265,450 lived in Yunnan Province, 8,595 in Sichuan Province, and 1,333 in southeast Tibet, with small numbers elsewhere. The greatest concentration of Naxi is in Lijiang County in northwest Yunnan, where slightly more than 180,000 were registered in 1990 (Zhongguo 1990 Nian Renkou Pucha Ziliao: 311; Yunnan Cidian 1993: 62).
The Musical World of Republican Ljjiang
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Each of the different kinds of barbarians has its own songs and leaping songdances,” says Guan Xuexuan, compiler of the eighteenth-century Lijiang gazetteer (Lijiang Fu Zhilüe 1991 [1743]: 208). Early-twentieth-century Lijiang also offered a wonderfully diverse soundscape, created through the interaction of a multitude of ethnic, religious, economic, political, and technological factors. There is much validiry in the constantly repeated truism that, then as now, the opposite poles on a continuum from “Naxi” to “sinicized” are represented by remote mountainous villages at one end and Dayan Town at the other, with the lowland rural areas of the Lijiang basin and the banks of the Jinsha River coming somewhere in between. Yet within this common conceptual framework, there must remain room for shades of meaning and greater subtlery of distinction.
The Dongjing Music Revival: Have Music, Will Travel
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like many other forms of traditional music, Dongjing music began to experience a tentative revival at the end of the 1970s. Though this could not have occurred without the national political liberalization, the catalysts in the revival were the enthusiastic individuals who had the courage, imagination, and organizational skills to lead the way. At the same time, the tradition has experienced the same problems as its counterparts elsewhere in China—a mainly middle-aged and elderly population of aficionados, a shortage of young recruits, and financial limitations. Nevertheless, the groups still playing the music in the 1990s have solved some or all of these problems, so that there is once again a network of individual and group interaction conducted through the medium of Dongjing music in Lijiang County.
Conclusion
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the twentieth century, Lijiang’s Oongjing music has been exalted ritual music, refined secular entertainment, funeral music, tool of patriotic and political propaganda, object of musicological interest, emblem of place and ethnicity, and an economic asset in the socialist market economy and the tourist trade. Over the last fifty years it has also traveled a trajectory of geographically widening recognition and significance.
Narcolepsy and Related Disorders
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narcolepsy is a disorder of particular interest to sleep medicine specialists because it appears to be caused by a defect in the fundamental process of sleep-wake regulation. Although the precise central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction that leads to narcolepsy is as yet unknown, it seems likely that elucidation of the dysfunction will lead to or accompany fundamental breakthroughs in the understanding of how the brain regulates sleep and wakefulness.
Chronobiologic Disorders
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circadian pacemaker exerts a powerful influence on sleep and wakefulness (see Chap. 4), and when it is not in phase with the desired sleep-wake schedule, sleep-wake disturbances can occur. Symptoms include sleepiness when alertness is desired, insomnia when sleep is desired, or both. The six chronobiologic disorders listed in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders1 are discussed in this chap ter. Because knowledge of chronobiology is essential for understanding these disorders, the reader may benefit from reading Chapter 4 before continuing with this chapter.
Medical Causes of Disordered Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because the pathophysiology of many medical disorders is altered during non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and because nocturnal symptoms and their management often differ from daytime symptoms and their management, a comprehensive review of sleep disturbance in medical dis eases would require a large textbook. Major textbooks of internal medicine, often more than 2000 pages in length, focus largely on daytime manifestations of dis ease; a similar volume covering disease manifestations during the third of our lives spent asleep would probably require I 000 pages, far beyond the scope of this work.
Materials with high dark conductivity
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A remarkable aspect of organic systems that in their pure state have such a high resistivity is that some of them show enormous increases in conductivity when mixed with each other. As may be seen in Table V.l, the dark conductivities of some of the organic compounds resemble those of metals. This is particularly true of tetracyanoquinodimethane{TCNQ} salts, to be described at greater longth shortly.
The Ethics of Punishing Indigent Parents
Authors: Roberts Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should the criminal justice system address the disproportionatenumber of poor people who are punished for crime? The answer depends on the nature of the relationship between poverty and crime as well as between criminal punishment and social justice. Scholarly debate on this issue has focused on the claim that deprivation provides an excuse for crime because it impairs moral responsibility for criminal conduct. Crime, punishment, and poverty are connected in other ways as well, and these connections also have implications for the culpability of indigent offenders. In this essay, I explore the ethics of punishing indigent lawbreakers by considering the association between poverty and the crimes of child abuse and neglect.
Homelessness in the Criminal Law
Authors: Failer Judith Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anatole France once wrote that 11 [t]he law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the street, and to steal bread. “In this essay I also challenge that so-called II majestic equality” by looking at the ways in which poor people-and homeless people in particularhave not so equal standing in American criminal law.
Material Poverty—Moral Poverty
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The persistence of poverty in a rich society should be a source of shameregardless of whether the material inequality results in increased crime. Yet the argument is often made that poverty drives the poor to a life of crime. So far as the labels “liberal” and “conservative” are useful markers of political orientation, the belief that poverty causes crime is usually associated with liberals. Conservatives, it seems, are more inclined to locate the ultimate cause of crime not in the offender’s surroundings but in the personality of the offender. There is no need, the conservative argument runs, to look behind the evil person who acts in an anti-social way. The will to do evil is manifested in the deed and that is all the explanation one needs.
Education
Authors: Louden Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted earlier, in The Metaphysics of Morals Kant describes the second part of practical philosophy, “moral anthropology,” as dealing with “the development, spreading, and strengthening of moral principles (in education in schools and in popular instruction), and with similar teachings and precepts based on experience” (6:217). This description of the sorts of questions moral anthropology is to address gives the second part of ethics a pronounced pedagogical flavor, and suggests also that a likely place to look for details concerning Kant’s impure ethics is in his writings on education.
History
Authors: Louden Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant’s writings on history occupy a middle position between the texts examined in earlier chapters, in the sense that they are neither edited versions of lectures he gave in various seminars nor large, systematic works that he published himself. Rather, his views on the philosophy of history for the most part are presented in short, informal essays published between the mid-l780s and mid-l790s, many of which first appeared in journals. Among the most important of these writings are: (1) “Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View” (first published in 1784 in the Berlinische Monatschrift), (2) reviews of parts 1 and 2 of Herder’s book Ideas for a Philosophy of the History of Humanity (first published in 1785 in separate issues of the Jenaische Allgemeine Literaturzeitung), (3) “Conjectural Beginnings of Human History” (1786, Berlinische Monatschrift), (4) “The End of All Things” (1794, Berlinische Monatschrift), (5) “An Old Question Raised Again: Is the Human Race Constantly Improving? ” (probably written in 179 5),1 and (6) “Perpetual Peace” (published separately as an essay by Kant in 179 5). Additionally, sections 83-84 of the Critique of Judgment also count as being among Kant’s most important discussions of the philosophy of history.
Saved by impurity?
Authors: Louden Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I have examined in detail the central fields or areas of Kant’s impure ethics as presented in his own published writings and related lecture materials. Because this second part of Kant’s ethics is not well known and often conflicts with the standard picture of his moral philosophy, and because there is also no single textual source in which it is presented, it was necessary to quote extensively from a wide variety of texts-both to allow him to speak for himself, and to provide readers with sufficient textual data to form a coherent picture of their own as to what this second part of ethics actually looks like.
Flesh-Eating Beetles and The Secret Art & Taxidermy
Authors: Asma Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collecting and Displaying natural history specimens is a more complex and dramatic activity than most museum visitors appreciate. The specimens themselves, for example, have intriguing and elaborate histories that largely go untold, because, unlike fine art objects, their individuality must be subjugated to the needs of scientific pedagogy. Generations of visitors at the American Museum of Natural History, for example, examined an Inuit skeleton as part of a general anthropology exhibit, unaware of the skeleton’s own peculiar history.
In 1993 the American Museum of Natural History finally returned this particular skeleton, the remains of an Inuit man named Qisuk, to his descendants in western Greenland. Qisuk and other Inuits, including his six-year-old son, Minik, had been “acquired” as living specimens during an Arctic expedition in 1897. After polar explorer Robert Peary convinced the Inuits to return with him, the new emigrants found themselves housed in the basement of the American Museum of Natural History. Shortly after arriving, Qisuk died of tuberculosis, and unbeknownst to Minik, the museum staff removed Qisuk’s flesh, cleaned his bones, and put him on display for New York audiences. Some time later Minik, who originally had been told that his father’s bones had been returned home for proper burial, stumbled across his own father in an exhibit display case.
Taxonomic Intoxication, part II: In Search The Engine Room
Authors: Asma Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking Out The Dusty Window of the Galerie d’anatomie comparée, one can see the giant botanical hothouse and the multicolored “carpeting” of blooming flowers and herbs. It was somewhere out there, in the sculpted Jardin des plantes, that a small flock of new students hovered around a professor named Bernard de Jussieu. The year was 1738, and the Garden of Plants was then called the Jardin duroi. Jussieu’s official title at the garden was “subdemonstrator of the exterior of plants” (which was considerably more prestigious than it sounds), and he was taking a group of students through some botany drills. Jussieu must have smiled as he held up one plant in particular. Turning to the students, he asked them whether they could identify this utterly rare and unfamiliar specimen. He probably paused dramatically, knowing full well that no one would be able to identify the obscure plant. Being a college professor myself, I know all about this useful pedagogic technique. You ask some thoroughly impossible question, and then you wait for the crushing silence to humble all the students into studying harder. It’s very effective, as long as you don’t use it too often.