bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bank of England during the Long Eighteenth Century, 1694–1820
Authors: Bowen H V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bank of England during the eighteenth century was not a central bank in the modern sense. By the end of that century the Bank had acquired some of the features of a central bank as now understood, but the Bank had neither been established, nor consciously developed, with central banking functions in mind. Instead, the Bank followed two separate, though overlapping, lines of development which, in their different ways, drew it close to the realm of modern central banking. On the one hand, the Bank became banker to the state and manager of the national debt, while on the other it became, in a commercial sense, one of the City of London’s major financial institutions. Such was the hesitant nature of both developments that the characteristics of central banking only emerged slowly as the Bank began to gain the capacity to act as lender of last resort and regulator of financial activity within the economy at large.
The Bank of England in its International Setting, 1918–1972
Authors: Cottrell P L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike many of its peers, the Bank of England is an international central bank, an aspect of its corporate character which has deep historical roots. Developments arising from Britain being the first industrial nation made the pound sterling an international currency from at least the decades following Waterloo, with the consequence that, for much of its history, the Bank has operated within a world environment.
Derivatives—A Growing Threat To The International Financial System
Authors: Kelly Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 4 February 1994, the world’s financial markets were thrown into a frenzy. When the US Federal Reserve raised short-term interest rates—the first tightening for five years—the shock waves emanated across the industrialized world. A month later, the market was still nervous. The final straw was the announcement that the Bundesbank’s key measure of money supply, M3, had grown by a freak 20 per cent in one month. The reaction was swift and brutal. On the trading floor of Liffe, the London futures2 exchange, dealers were overwhelmed by orders. Prices crashed. By midmorning, the London clearing houses responsible for settling futures trades, had called for members to put up £500 million of fresh collateral to cover their position—the largest call in the market’s history. On that same day, trading on Liffe hit an all-time high of £300 billion—roughly equivalent to half of the UK’s annual gross domestic product. Although the panic later subsided, all bets on further cuts in UK base rates were off. It was a near miss. Some analysts were predicting that further fallout in the bond market would trigger a rise in interest rates.
The Dynamic Aspect of Product Development Capabilities:An International Comparison in the Automobile Industry
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses how some of the Japanese auto-makers achieved distinctive capabilities of new product development by the 1980s, how the Western makers made efforts to catch up with the effective Japanese firms by systematically adopting some of their practices, and how the Japanese makers tried to respond to the new competitive challenges in the first half of the 1990s. Thus, the focus of the chapter is the dynamic process of competition through capability building in product development. The evolutionary processes of creating, maintaining, transferring, overusing, and renewing capabilities in product development will be explored.
Ireland: From Inward to Outward Policies
Authors: O’Malley Eoin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the Act of Union of 1800, all of Ireland was an integral part of the United Kingdom (UK) throughout the nineteenth century and it remained so until the independent Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) was established in the early 1920s. Northern Ireland continued as part of the UK. This chapter deals with the industrial policies of the independent Irish state since 1922. Although there was little scope for Ireland to take independent action on matters of industrial policy prior to that time, it will be useful to start with a few brief remarks about the situation of Irish industry before the 1920s.
Technology-Intensive SMEs: Policies Supporting the Management of Growing Technological Complexity
Authors: Kuhlmann Stefan , Reger Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current trends in technological change—growing complexity and proximity to the science base; increasing interdependence between different areas of technology—pose a significant challenge to technology-intensive small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Western European countries. This chapter examines these issues by taking a close look at the mechanical engineering sector and the software industry as examples of ‘technology-intensive’ sectors in which SMEs dominate. It becomes apparent that technology-intensive SMEs can absorb these new developments only to a limited extent. This creates some serious problems for current technology policy measures implemented by European countries as well as by the European Union (EU). Future technology policy concepts have to take into account the changed nature of technological innovation processes: in particular technology-intensive SMEs need more integrated technology policy approaches.
Firm, Family, and Community: Managerial and Household Strategies 1n the Staffordshire Potteries in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Dupree Marguerite 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing in 1953 with reference to the brewing industry in the eighteenth century, Peter Mathias pointed to the importance of studying businessmen within their family and social context.
Economic pressures worked through this social structure, and while all responded to the purely economic pressures the reactions were tempered in different ways by the various family groupings of the entrepreneur-capitalists. To ignore this social situation—to see the business man only in his role as entrepreneur or capitalist, and to divorce business history from the genealogical tables of the business men—is to deny an important reality.
Risk, Capital, and Credit on Tyneside, circa 1690-1780
Authors: Ellis Joyce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of capital supply for productive investment on the eve of the Industrial Revolution has attracted much attention from historians who regarded it as one of the most crucial determinants of economic expansion. As a result of their investigations, it came to be generally accepted that the English economy before the 1760s was generally well endowed with capital: England was, after all, the richest country in Christendom and the economy generated a surplus in peacetime. There was therefore no possibility that an overall shortage of capital in relation to demand could have threatened the process of economic growth. However, there remained the question of whether the counters wealth was filtering through to the entrepreneurs who needed it and, it could be argued that, since there was little overlap between the groups who required most of the capital and those receiving most of the surplus, acute local shortages could well have held back the development of trade and industry.
Costa Rica: Social Development and Heterodox Adjustment
Authors: Garnier Leonardo , Grynspan Rebeca , Hidalgo Roberto , Monge Guillermo , Trejos Juan Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How has a small country like Costa Rica, with an economy that fits the model of peripheral capitalism, been able to attain social indicators that are closer to that of an industrialized country, despite being a lower-middle income country This is the main question addressed in this chapter.
Making Manufacturing Lean in the Italian Automobile Industry: The Trajectory of Fiat
Authors: Camuffo Arnaldo , Volpato Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is analysing the strategic and organizational evolution of Fiat Auto. During the 1980s Fiat’s strategy consisted in a refinement of the traditional manufacturing model based on a few extraordinarily successful products, the production efficiency provided by process automation technology, the work flexibility granted by an industrial relations strategy based on managerial unilateralism and concession bargaining, and the prevalent concentration in the domestic market (Dealessandri and Magnabosco 1987; Locke and Negrelli 1989; Kochan et al. 1990).
The Governance of Interfirm Relations in Britain and GermanySocietal or Dominance Effects?
Authors: Lane Christel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increased intensity of international competition and rapid technological change have rendered new types of supplier relations, based on the blue¬ print of Japanese obligational contracting, a panacea for beleaguered European businesses. An analysis of supplier relations in two traditional industries in Britain and Germany, based on recent empirical work, will show that a concentration on such new, supposedly universal business struc¬tures and techniques leads to a very superficial understanding of interfirm relations. To achieve a more adequate understanding of the governance of supplier relations in different national contexts one has to start from a con¬ sideration of societal effects and, only in a second step, consider to what extent and how global economic pressures and dominance effects interact with societal effects (Smith and Meiksins 1995).
Compromise Solutions:A, Japanese Multinational Comes to the UK1
Authors: Sharpe Diana Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of recent studies examine the ways in which internationalizing organizations ‘ evolving management practices in foreign subsidiaries are shaped by the local environments in which they operate (see for example Hibino in this volume, Botti 1995; Kristensen 1994; and Graham 1993). Kristensen (1996 and in this volume) suggests that whilst global pressures may provide similar challenges to organizations in different countries, how organizations deal with them depends on the social and institutional frame¬ works in which they developed and operate. Detailed case-studies provide a means to examine such events through in-depth studies (see for example Burawoy 1979; Gottfried and Graham 1993; Kleinberg 1994; Delbridge 1995; Botti 1995) of the processes taking place in specific contexts.
Policies For Competitiveness
Authors: Miyajima Hideaki , Kikkawa Takeo , Hiking Takashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All over the world proactive public policy in business is now under siege. Economists and policy-makers claim that the era of `Big Government' is over. However, nobody denies the fact that government has historically played a critical role in modern economic development. Given the profound changes of public policy agendas, this is an appropriate time to review the dynamic interaction between government policies and industrial developments from an international and historical perspective. Focusing on the so-called `Golden Age of Capitalism' the 1950s and 1960s and studying prime-mover countries (the US and the UK), followers (Germany, France, and Italy), and latecomers (Japan and Korea), Competing Policies for Competitiveness addresses the crucial questions to be asked; what appropriate roles should government be assigned, and which government actions are useful public policy and which represent unnecessary and harmful intervention? The book also attempts to utilize the Japanese case as an analytical reference against which experiences of other economies are examined.
Government and Business in Japan’s General-Purpose Computer Industry
Authors: Nakamura Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the computer world’s roughly forty-year span—from its birth in the first half of the 1950s until the end of the 1980s when the opportunity for growth was lost—Japanese makers Fujitsu, Hitachi, and the Nippon Electric Company (NEC) were virtually alone in their tenacious pursuit of the computer giant IBM. The three Japanese makers eroded IBM’s market share and subsequently acquired competitive strength internationally.
The Team as a Sponge: How the nature of the task affects the behaviour and mental life of a team
Authors: Cardona Francesca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my capacity as organizational consultant to a number of teams in the helping professions, I am constantly struck by the fact that similar individuals or groups can behave in extremely diverse ways when working with different client groups. I describe in this chapter four teams working respectively with chronically mentally ill patients, young people who take drugs, abused children, and adolescents. Their contexts, organizational frameworks, and structures are different, but in each case the flavour of what it is like to work with their client groups comes straight to the centre of the consultancy relationship. There are no screens that can hide the team’s experience, if one is prepared to see it. The core of their task is laid bare in front of the consultant.
Understanding the Nature and Importance of Low-growth Demographic Regimes
Authors: Wilson Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The single most significant fact of historical demography is the low long-run rate of growth of the human population. The nature of the low-growth regimes which characterize most of human history forms a crucial basis for the correct interpreta tion of historical demographic data. This chapter briefly reviews the evidence for the assertion of the generality of low growth and assesses the combinations of mortality and fertility that produced it in various historical populations in Asia and Europe. It then goes on to examine the nature of some of the social, economic and cultural systems which interacted with the demographic factors to produce low-growth regimes. Methodological and substantive advances made in the historical demography of European populations are used to illustrate the potential that exists for similar research in Asia.
Entrepreneurship Before and After Schumpeter
Authors: Blaug Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capitalism is usually defined as an economic system in which the means of production are privately held. But private ownership of the means of production may involve a number of separate functions: the provision of financial capital, the employment and co-ordination of the factors of production, the management and administration of the entire enterprise, and the ultimate power of making strategic decisions about investment. The existence of capital markets and the invention of the principle of limited liability makes it possible completely to separate the supply of financial capital from all the other functions. Likewise, the hiring of inputs and the functions of routine management and administration can be almost completely delegated to salaried employees. That leaves the power of making the fundamental decisions to invest or not to invest, to enter a new market or to leave an old one, etcetera, as the only function that cannot be hived off: a businessman need not be a “capitalist” or “manager” but he must be a decision-maker, whether he liked it or not. It is his function and this function alone that deserves the title of “entrepreneurship”.
Social Movements and Interest Groups as Triggers for Organizational Learning
Authors: Kadtler Jurgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deutsch (1963) once defined power as ‘the ability to afford not to learn’ (p. nr), adding that making use of this ability might be a risky option: ‘When carried to its extremes, such narrow power becomes blind, and the person or organization becomes insensitive to the present, and is driven, like a bullet or torpedo, wholly by the past’ (Deutsch 1963: nr). This chapter deals with situations in which this power is questioned by collective actors from outside.
The Role of Time in Organizational Learning
Authors: Weber Christiana , Antal Ariane Berthoin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time is an omnipresent component of social life and generally represents one of the most fundamental concepts of the world as people experience it (Wendorff 1989). Nevertheless, a review of the literature suggests that a wide range of writers in philosophy, natural sciences, mathematics, economics, the social sciences, and history have avoided producing a clear and unambiguous definition of time. Instead, specific aspects of time have been explored (Hassard 1996), questions about time have been studied from different research angles and disciplinary perspectives (McGrath and Rotchford 1983), and metaphors have been used to describe time (Schoeller 1998). Generally speaking, time is universal (Bieri 1972), relational, and multidimensional.
A Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation: Understanding the Dynamic Process of Creating Knowledge
Authors: Nonaka lkujiro , Toyama Ryoko , Byosiere Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years many researchers have argued that knowledge and the capability to create and utilize it are the most important sources of a firm’s sustainable competitive advantage (Cyert, Kumar, and Williams 1993; Drucker 1993; Nonaka 1990, 1991, 1994; Nonaka and Takeuchi 1995; Quinn 1992; Sveiby 1997; Teece, Pisano, and Shuen 1997; Toffler 1990; Winter 1987). In a world where markets, products, technologies, competitors, regulations, and even entire societies change very rapidly, continuous innovation and knowledge that enables such innovation have become important sources of sustainable competitive advantage.
Learning in Multinationals
Authors: Macharzina Klaus , Oesterle Michael-Jorg , Brodel Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research in the field of international business has provided a rich and diverse picture of the factors underlying and shaping the internationalization of business operations. Among the analyzed determinants, or ‘drivers’, of cross-border operations, knowledge and organizational learning have long attracted the attention of scholars from diverse schools of thought, such as the theory of the multinational firm (e.g. Buckley and Casson 1976; Caves 1971; Hymer 1976) and the behavioral theory of the multinational firm (e.g. Aharoni 1966; Johanson and Vahlne 1977). The creation of knowledge-related advantages through the synergistic expansion of organizational-knowledge bases across borders has also become a focus of international strategy research and research on organizational behavior (e.g. Bartlett and Ghoshal 1989; Gupta and Govindarajan 1991; Porter 1990).
Introduction: From Control to Drift
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U , Hanseth Ole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader will find in this book a set of alternative views on the role and dynamics of global information infrastructures deployed within the corporate context of large multinationals. By alternative views we mean that the reader is presented with both empirical material and scholarly interpretations that diverge, at times substantially, from the current wisdom contained in the management and informationsystems literature. Certainly, there has been a designed, intentional element in the way the book has been written; but there has also been an element of crafting interpretations and theoretical conclusions along the way, as the empirical evidence came pouring in from the field studies.
The Past and Future Role of the European Court of Justice in the Protection of Human Rights
Authors: Witte Bruno De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of the role of the European Court of Justice in protecting human rights within the Community legal order is an evergreen of EC legal studies. It is dealt with by all the textbooks on EC law and has also been analysed in a large number of special doctrinal studies. There is no need to repeat here what has so often been written before. In the light of the overall perspective of the present research project, the emphasis will rather be on a critical evaluation of the European Court’s performance in this field so far (Part II), on an examination of the new perspectives opened up by the likely entry into force of the EC and EU Treaty revisions agreed in Amsterdam (Part III), and on a discussion of possible proposals for change so as to improve the protection of human rights in the European Union legal order (Part IV). Those Parts will be preceded by a recapitulation of the evolution so far (Part I); again, the intention of that first Part is not to march along well-trodden paths but to offer an aidememoire which may help the reader through the rest of this chapter.
Fault and Strict Liability for Harm in Tort Law
Authors: Cane Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Cambridge Water Company v Eastern Counties Leather plc’ the House of Lords, led by our amicus, held that ‘foreseeability of harm of the relevant type’ is a prerequisite of liability under the rule in Rylands v Fletcher as it is in private nuisance; but also that the rule in Rylands v Fletcher is ‘one of strict liability in the sense that the defendant may be held liable not withstanding that he has exercised all due care to prevent the escape occurring’. This decision raises in acute form the question of the relationship between strict liability and fault-based liability in tort law. This question is made all the more topical in the context of the rule in Rylands v Fletcher by the decision of the High Court of Australia in Burnie Port Authority v General Jones Pty Ltd that the rule ought to be subsumed under general principles of liability for negligence.
Regulatory Competition in the EU System: Labour
Authors: Bercusson Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their introduction to a collection of essays on International Regulatory Competition and Coordination, the editors identify three ‘primary and interrelated concerns … in debates about global regulation’: First comes the question of how institutions emerge and evolve in mediating the dynamic of the global marketplace. Secondly, there is a functional policy concern-the problem of the appropriate level for public governance of economic activities. This has long been a question within federal systems, and is now posed at the international level. Thirdly, there is a problem of democratic deficit. This stems from a perception that internalized economic activities are no longer subject to control or facilitation by national governments acting alone, while international structures are institutionally underdeveloped. (Bratton et al. 1996: 2)
Total Hip Replacement—Navigation Technique
Authors: Jaramaz Branislav , Digioia III Anthony M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consistently achieving correct alignment of implant components in Total Hip Replacement (THR) is still one of the main challenges orthopaedic surgeons face today. Clinical problems that stem from the lack of correct component alignment include reduced safe range of motion, implant impingement, dislocation, and accelerated wear.
ACL reconstruction—preoperative model system
Authors: Picard F , Moody James E , DiGioia III Anthony M , Martinek Vladimir , Fu Freddie H , Rytel Michael J , Nikou Constantinos , LaBarca Richard , Jaramaz Branislav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outcome following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is highly dependent on surgical technique, specifically tunnel placement in the tibial and femur. Important in positioning the ACL graft, proper tunnel placement along with proper graft tension results in improved long-term outcome after the surgical procedure.1,2 It also minimizes complications such as graft failure and diminished range of knee motion.3,4 Unfortunately, proper placement of tunnels remains difficult with current arthroscopic techniques.