bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microencapsulation
Authors: Thies Curt 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis article discusses the concept of microencapsulation, many of the processes by which microcapsules are produced, and a number of microcapsule applications. Nomenclature and selected materials used to form microcapsules are summarized briefly. Encapsulation processes discussed include complex coacervation, polymer–polymer incompatibility, interfacial andin situpolymerization, solvent evaporation, extractive drying, submerged stationary nozzle and centrifugal nozzle, spray drying, fluidized bed, and rotational suspension separation. Microcapsule applications discussed include graphic arts such as carbonless copy paper, prolonged herbicides and insecticides, oral and injectable pharmaceuticals, live cell immobilization for biomedical and biotechnological applications, enhanced performance of food ingredients such as flavors and vitamins, and several general consumer uses such as cosmetics and adhesives.
Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Brunner Andreas J. , Hack Erwin , Neuenschwander Jürg 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBecause of their unique properties, polymers and polymer–matrix composites pose both challenges and opportunities for nondestructive testing. The increasing use of these materials creates a demand for nondestructive verification of properties, structural integrity determination, or service‐life prediction. On the other hand, development of new nondestructive test methods, improved sensitivity, or faster data acquisition and analysis may allow for nondestructive testing applications that hitherto did not seem feasible or economical. This article provides a brief overview of established methods and emerging applications in nondestructive testing of polymers and polymer–matrix composites.
Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Andrews James H. , Guzan Kimberly A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the presence of a sufficiently intense light, the optical properties of a polymer may become measurably nonlinear, leading to field‐dependent changes in the frequency response, the refractive index, and/or the absorption coefficient of the polymer. This article introduces nonlinear optical phenomena and the structural properties that enhance a material's nonlinear optical response. Second‐and third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena are discussed, with a primary emphasis on harmonic generation, intensity‐dependent refractive index, and nonlinear, multiphoton, absorption. Macroscopic nonlinear phenomena are related to the molecular properties of the materials. Sum‐over‐states models are used to understand the fundamental molecular parameters affecting the nonlinear response, particularly π‐electron conjugation, bond length alternation, and donor–acceptor substitution. Measurement techniques used to characterize a material's nonlinear response are surveyed.
Radiation Chemistry of Polymers
Authors: Hill David J. T. , Whittaker Andrew K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPolymeric materials are exposed to high energy radiation either deliberately to alter their properties or inadvertently during their use in high dose environments. As a consequence, an understanding of how radiation modifies the polymer structure, and hence properties, is essential for many applications. In addition, the understanding of the degradation of polymers with light or heat can benefit from knowledge of the reaction pathways of radical and charged species formed on irradiation with high energy photons. This article aims to provide a broad overview of the fundamental processes occurring during radiolysis of polymers. This is achieved through a discussion of the interaction of high energy photons with matter, and the subsequent reactions of mainly radical intermediates. Polymers either cross‐link or degrade on exposure to radiation, and the final properties of the polymers depend critically on the balance of these two main reaction pathways. A number of examples are taken from the literature to illustrate how the tendency to undergo cross‐linking or main‐chain scission depends on the polymer structure. The overall yield of reactions can be greatly reduced by the introduction of aromatic groups into the polymer structure. On the other hand, yields can be increased by the inclusion of radiation‐sensitive groups such as sulfones. Similarly, the rates of reactions and the balance between cross‐linking and scission can depend sensitively on the radiolysis temperature. While this review focuses on a discussion of the reactions occurring on radiolysis in vacuo, the effect of the presence of dissolved oxygen on the reaction pathways is also discussed.
Autoantibodies against heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1 in CSF of MS patients
Authors: Sueoka Eisaburo , Yukitake Motohiro , Iwanaga Kentaro , Sueoka Naoko , Aihara Tomoko , Kuroda Yasuo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHeterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) play an important role as the autoantigens in certain autoimmune disorders including neurological diseases such as HTLV‐1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. To clarify their implication in multiple sclerosis (MS), we assayed antibodies (Abs) against hnRNP A and B proteins in sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS patients and compared the results with 25 patients with other neurological diseases (ONDs). Using recombinant hnRNP A1, A2, and B1 proteins and Western blotting for the assay, we found Abs against hnRNP B1 in CSF from 32 of 35 MS patients (91.4%) but not in any sera or CSF of the 25 OND patients. Most notably, no Abs against hnRNP B1 were found in sera of all 22 MS patients examined. Although Abs against hnRNP A1 and A2 were concomitantly found in CSF reacting with B1, their incidence and immunoreactivity were lower or weaker than those of anti–hnRNP B1 Abs. There was no correlation between the reactivity of CSF with hnRNP B1 and CSF parameters—such as the number of the cells and the IgG level—or clinical parameters—such as duration of illness and disease activity. The selective generation of Abs against hnRNP B1 in CSF was shown to be highly specific for MS, which makes them a disease marker. Ann Neurol 2004
C‐peptide prevents nociceptive sensory neuropathy in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kamiya Hideki , Zhang Weixian , Sima Anders A. F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe examined the effects of C‐peptide replacement on unmyelinated fiber function in the hind paw, sural nerve C‐fiber morphometry, sciatic nerve neurotrophins, and the expression of neurotrophic receptors and content of neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia in type 1 diabetic BB/Wor‐rats. C‐peptide replacement from onset of diabetes had no effect on hyperglycemia, but it significantly prevented progressive thermal hyperalgesia and prevented C‐fiber atrophy, degeneration, and loss. These findings were associated with preventive effects on impaired availability of nerve growth factor and neurotrophin 3 in the sciatic nerve and significant prevention of perturbed expression of insulin, insulin growth factor–1, nerve growth factor, and neurotrophin 3 receptors in dorsal root ganglion cells. These beneficial effects translated into prevention of the decreased content of dorsal root ganglia nociceptive peptides such as substance P and calcitonin gene–related peptide. From these findings we conclude that replacement of insulinomimetic C‐peptide prevents abnormalities of neurotrophins, their receptors, and nociceptive neuropeptides in type 1 BB/Wor‐rats, resulting in the prevention of C‐fiber pathology and nociceptive sensory nerve dysfunction. The data indicate that perturbed insulin/C‐peptide action plays an important pathogenetic role in nociceptive sensory neuropathy and that C‐peptide replacement may be of benefit in treating painful diabetic neuropathy in insulin‐deficient diabetic conditions. Ann Neurol 2004
Nickelocene catalysts for polymerization of alkynes: mechanistic aspects
Authors: Pasynkiewicz Stanisław , Olȩdzka Ewa , Pietrzykowski Antoni 
Published: October 2004

AbstractNovel nickelocene‐based catalysts were used for polymerization of diphenylacetylene and phenylacetylene. The catalyst obtained in the reaction of nickelocene with organolithium compounds in the presence of alkyne was previously isolated and fully characterized. This enabled us to explain the mechanism of the polymerization. Polymerization of alkynes proceeds according to a coordination–insertion mechanism. Coordinated acetylene molecule inserts into an NiC bond. An active catalytic species of polymerization appeared to be {CpNiR} stabilized by alkyne molecule. Cyclization is catalyzed by {CpNiH} species. The mechanism of polymerization and cyclization reaction was determined based on the composition of the reaction products formed, gel‐permeation chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry measurements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium(II) complexes with P,N‐ and C,N‐ligands as catalysts for the Heck reaction
Authors: Schultz Thomas , Schmees Norbert , Pfaltz Andreas 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of palladium(II) complexes with different Schiff base ligands were synthesized. Phosphine‐free Schiff bases derived from benzaldehyde formed cyclometallated complexes, which are air‐ and moisture‐stable and have dimeric, acetate‐bridged structures. Monomeric, air‐ and moisture‐stable complexes were obtained with phosphine‐containing Schiff bases. The chelating iminophosphine ligands coordinate to palladium via the phosphorus and the nitrogen atom. These complexes were applied as catalysts for the Heck reaction with bromobenzene and styrene. Excellent yields of trans‐stilbene were obtained with catalyst loadings of 0.01 mol%. The influence of water on the performance of the catalysts was investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear parameters of normal and abnormal cava septi pellucidi: A post‐mortem study
Authors: Filipović Branislav , Teofilovski‐Parapid Gordana 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAnatomical variations in the dimensions of different brain structures have been correlated with clinical syndromes. This study on the parameters of normal and abnormal cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) can be of clinical significance. We obtained 479 brains from autopsied persons (310 males and 169 females, 377 normal or asymptomatic and 102 abnormal or symptomatic persons, aged 22–89 years) and observed that 110 brains (75 males and 35 females) had CSP. These cava were classified into two groups depending on the past medical histories of the autopsied person: 40 asymptomatic and 70 symptomatic cava. We have defined symptomatic cava as those in autopsied persons who had known past medical history of psychiatric or neurological disease. Asymptomatic cava were in autopsied persons who had no known past medical history of psychiatric or neurological disease. The CSP parameters (length, width, depth) of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were measured and were statistically analyzed. Analysis showed that the cava in the symptomatic group were significantly longer and wider. Discriminant function analysis was used to derive a mathematical formula to classify CSP into an asymptomatic or symptomatic group based on length and width measurements of the cavum. Clin. Anat. 17:626–630, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contributions of the hypoglossal nerve to the innervations of the recti capiti lateralis and anterior
Authors: Shimokawa Takashi , Yi Shuang‐Qin , Tanaka Ai , Izumi Atsushi , Ru Fei , Akita Keiichi , Tanaka Shigenori 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe dissected five Japanese cadavers (three males, two females) to investigate the innervations of the anterior vertebral muscles. According to our observations, it could be considered that the hypoglossal nerve would participates in the innervations of the recti capiti lateralis and anterior. In addition, we observed the small muscle bundle spanning between the recti capiti lateralis and anterior, which was not reported in previous studies as far as we know. This bundle received a branch of the hypoglossal nerve or the first cervical nerve. Based on the morphology and the innervation pattern, this bundle was considered to have close relationships with the recti capiti lateralis and anterior, especially with the former muscle. Clin. Anat. 17:613–617, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stratification of the flexor retinaculum and the course and distribution of the ulnar, median, and palmar digital nerves: An anatomical study
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Sato Kenji , Sasaki Hiroshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA gross anatomic study of 169 hands from 94 human adult cadavers was carried out to define the morphology of the flexor retinaculum and the relationship of the flexor retinaculum to the course of the median and ulnar nerves and branching of the palmar digital nerves. The following results were obtained. Three parts of the flexor retinaculum were arranged like overlapping tiles on a roof, and in all cases, the median nerve passed deep to the flexor retinaculum, whereas the ulnar nerve passed through various parts of the flexor retinaculum in 19% of cases irrespective of its proximal form and branching of the palmar digital nerves. Clin. Anat. 17:643–650, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Strategy for the Synthesis of 3′,5′‐Bifunctionalized Oligonucleotide Conjugates through Sequential Formation of Chemoselective Oxime Bonds
Authors: Edupuganti Om Prakash , Singh Yashveer , Defrancq Eric , Dumy Pascal 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA convenient strategy for the synthesis of bifunctionalized oligonucleotide conjugates bearing two different reporters at the 3′ and 5′ ends of the oligonucleotide is presented. The method involves the preparation of oligonucleotides bearing an aldehyde and/or aminooxy functionality at each end, followed by reaction to form oxime bonds with appropriately functionalized reporters. The conjugation reactions are carried out under mild aqueous conditions with good reaction yield.
Halex Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Catalyzed by 2‐Azaallenium, Carbophosphazenium, Aminophosphonium and Diphosphazenium Salts: A Comparative Study.
Authors: Pleschke A. , Marhold A. , Schneider M. , Kolomeitsev A. , Roeschenthaler G.‐V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Synthesis of Salts and Esters of Perfluorinated Dithio‐ and Thiocarboxylic Acids from Carbon Disulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide Reacting with RFSiMe3/F‐.
Authors: Babadzhanova Lesya A. , Kirij Nataliya V. , Yagupolskii Yurii L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Practical Synthesis of N‐Substituted 1,2‐Benzisothiazolin‐3‐ones from N,N′‐Disubstituted 2,2′‐Dithiodibenzamides.
Authors: Sano Tomohumi , Takagi Toshiyuki , Gama Yasuo , Shibuya Isao , Shimizu Masao 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Intramolecular Catalytic Friedel—Crafts Reactions with Allenyl Cations for the Synthesis of Quinolines and Their Analogues.
Authors: Ishikawa Teruhiko , Manabe Shinobu , Aikawa Toshiaki , Kudo Takayuki , Saito Seiki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Naphtho[2,1‐b]furo[3,2‐e]‐1,4‐diazepin‐2‐ones and Naphtho[2,1‐b]furo[3,2‐e]‐1,3,4‐triazepin‐2‐ones of Pharmacological Interest.
Authors: Vaidya V. P. , Vagdevi H. M. , Mahadevan K. M. , Shreedhara C. S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Multiple primary soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Grobmyer Stephen R. , Luther Neal , Antonescu Cristina R. , Singer Samuel , Brennan Murray F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe synchronous or metachronous development of multiple primary soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of different histopathology has been reported only in isolated case reports.METHODSThe records of patients who developed multiple primary STS and who were treated at a tertiary cancer center between 1982 and 2003 were reviewed.RESULTSNine patients with multiple primary STS were identified, representing 0.2% of all patients who were treated for STS. The median age of patients at the time of initial presentation with sarcoma was 60 years (range, 51–81 years). Most patients in this series (n = 7) had metachronous development of a second primary STS. The incidence of second primary sarcomas in patients who were diagnosed previously with STS (4.0 per 10,000 population per year) was significantly greater than the incidence of primary STS in the general population (3.2 per 100,000 population per year; P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSAlthough it is an uncommon occurrence, patients who have a history of STS are at an increased risk for the development of a second primary STS. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society
A stage‐specific functional role of the leucine zipper transcription factor c‐Maf in lung Th2 cell differentiation
Authors: Hausding Michael , Ho I‐Cheng , Lehr Hans A. , Weigmann B. , Lux Christine , Schipp Mechtild , Galle Peter R. , Finotto Susetta 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe transcription factor c‐Maf controls IL‐4 gene expression in CD4+ T cells, and its expression is up‐regulated in human asthmatic airways after allergen challenge. In the present study, we addressed the role of c‐Maf in asthma by studying transgenic (Tg) mice overexpressing c‐Maf in CD4+ T cells under the control of the CD2 promoter. As shown, lung CD4+ T cells of c‐maf‐Tg mice produced more IL‐5 at the early stage (day 2) of culture in the presence of IL‐4 than wild‐type control cells. Consistently, c‐maf‐Tg mice spontaneously showed increased IL‐5 expression and eosinophils in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and activated IL‐5 signal transduction via Raf‐1 and Ras in lung eosinophils. Finally, IL‐13 was suppressed in the BALF of c‐maf‐Tg mice and in supernatants of Tg lung CD4+ T cells cultured in the presence of IL‐2. Consistently, retroviral overexpression of c‐Maf suppressed IL‐13 production in developing lung Th2 cells. In summary, c‐Maf induces IL‐5 production in lung CD4+ T cells at an early stage, but along with IL‐2 suppresses IL‐13 production in differentiating lung Th2 cells, thereby explaining the finding that overexpression of c‐Maf does not cause airway hyperresponsiveness, a hallmark feature of asthma.
MHC class I‐associated presentation of exogenous peptides is not only enhanced but also prolonged by linking with a C‐terminal Lys‐Asp‐Glu‐Leu endoplasmic reticulum retrieval signal
Authors: Wang Li , Wu Yu‐zhang , Chen An , Zhang Jing‐bo , Yang Zhao , Niu Wei , Geng Miao , Ni Bing , Zhou Wei , Zou Li‐yun , Jiang Man 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVaccination with antigenic peptide‐pulsed antigen‐presenting cells (APC) represents an attractive approach for therapy for cancer and diseases caused by intracellular infections. It has been suggested that sufficient stable MHC/peptide complexes on the surface of APC might play an important role in the generation of antitumor and antiviral immunity in vivo. In this study, we observed that exogenous peptides that were artificially fused with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retrieval signal, a C‐terminal Lys‐Asp‐Glu‐Leu sequence, could be efficiently presented by intracellular MHC class I molecules in a TAP‐ and proteasome‐independent, but brefeldin A‐sensitive manner. The APC retained the capacity to display surface MHC/peptide complexes for a prolonged period. In addition, our results show that vaccination with DC bearing our fusion peptides induced greatly enhanced specific CTL response, and resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth. Thus, the ER retrieval signal modification can be regarded as a novel method for targeting exogenous peptides into the intracellular MHC class I presentation pathway, and may improve the clinical utility of vaccines based on synthetic peptide pulsed DC.
Impaired B‐1 and B‐2 B cell development and atypical splenic B cell structures in IL‐7 receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Erlandsson Lena , Licence Steve , Gaspal Fabrina , Bell Sarah , Lane Peter , Corcoran Anne E. , Mårtensson Inga‐Lill 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe cytokine IL‐7 and its receptor are essential for normal B and T lymphopoiesis. We have analyzed the role of this receptor in B cell development throughout ontogeny in IL‐7 receptor α‐deficient mice. We demonstrate that the IL‐7 receptor becomes progressively more important with age. B lymphopoiesis takes place, albeit at reduced levels, in fetal liver and bone marrow of young mice, but is arrested in adults. The outcome is a severe reduction, from an early age, in peripheral B cells including follicular, marginal zone and B‐1 B cells as well as perturbed splenic B cell structures, which are restored after adoptive transfer of normal spleen cells. We conclude that in the absence of the IL‐7 receptor, the residual B lymphopoiesis occurring early in ontogeny must be facilitated by another component, whereas the IL‐7 receptor is the key factor in adults. The impairment of marginal zone and B‐1 B cells in IL‐7 receptor‐ but not IL‐7‐deficient mice suggests non‐redundant functions for the IL‐7 receptor ligands, IL‐7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
Two‐photon analysis of calcium signals in T lymphocytes of intact lamina propria from human intestine
Authors: Tutsch Eberhard , Griesemer Désirée , Schwarz Alexander , Stallmach Andreas , Hoth Markus 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLamina propria (LP) T cells of the human intestinal mucosa usually do not develop systemic immune responses despite permanent exposure to foreign antigens. The mechanisms maintaining this hyporeactivity in the normal gut are poorly understood. It is, at present, not clear what role the microenvironment of the mucosa plays for low T cell reactivity and in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation. Despite the importance of cytosolic Ca2+ signals for T lymphocyte activation, intracellular Ca2+ concentration measurements have so far only been performed in dissociated T cells, following disruption of the microenvironment. We used two‐photon technology to measure Ca2+ signals in identified T lymphocytes within the intact mucosa to minimize impact on tissue integrity while preserving the cellular microenvironment. We show that Ca2+ signals in LP T cells correlate with the hyporeactivity of T cells in the intestinal immune system and furthermore link Ca2+ signals with inflammatory bowel disease. Our data implicate that Ca2+ signals in LP T cells do not depend on the microenvironment of the intact mucosa, since they are very similar to Ca2+ signals in dissociated LP T cells.