bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception of serial order in infants
Authors: Lewkowicz David J. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract Serial order is fundamental to perception, cognition and behavioral action. Three experiments investigated infants’ perception, learning and discrimination of serial order. Four‐ and 8‐month‐old infants were habituated to three sequentially moving objects making visible and audible impacts and then were tested on separate test trials for their ability to detect auditory, visual or auditory‐visual changes in their ordering. The 4‐month‐old infants did not respond to any order changes and instead appeared to attend to the ‘local’ audio‐visual synchrony part of the event. When this local part of the event was blocked from view, the 4‐month‐olds did perceive the serial order feature of the event but only when it was specified multimodally. In contrast, the 8‐month‐old infants perceived all three kinds of order changes regardless of whether the synchrony part of the event was visible or not. The findings show that perception of spatiotemporal serial order emerges early in infancy and that its perception is initially facilitated by multimodal specification.
A test of the generality of perceptually based categories found in infants: attentional differences toward natural kinds by New World monkeys
Authors: Neiworth Julie J. , Parsons Richard R. , Hassett Janice M. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract A preference to novelty paradigm used to study human infants (Quinn, 2002) examined attention to novel animal pictures at subordinate, basic and superordinate levels in tamarins. First, pairs of pictures were presented in phases, starting with a monkey species (subordinate level) and ending with mammal and dinosaur sets (superordinate levels). After each phase, tests paired novel pictures from the familiarized set with a novel broader category. Look rates toward each picture were coded. Tamarins looked significantly longer at a novel species after being familiarized with a monkey species, a species‐specific effect. Subjects attended equivalently to novel primate species after habituation to four monkey species, but looked significantly longer at pictures of mammals, marking a more global‐level inclusion and exclusion. Superordinate testing revealed that more novel and diverse sets were differentiated attentionally. The evidence implies that natural categorical representation occurs at an attentional level in primates in ways similar to human infants, and is affected by recent exposure and category variability.
The dynamics of infant visual foraging
Authors: Robertson Steven S. , Guckenheimer John , Masnick Amy M. , Bacher Leigh F. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract Human infants actively forage for visual information from the moment of birth onward. Although we know a great deal about how stimulus characteristics influence looking behavior in the first few postnatal weeks, we know much less about the intrinsic dynamics of the behavior. Here we show that a simple stochastic dynamical system acts quantitatively like 4‐week‐old infants on a range of measures if there is hysteresis in the transitions between looking and looking away in the model system. The success of this simple three‐parameter model suggests that visual foraging in the first few weeks after birth may be influenced more by noise and hysteresis in underlying neural mechanisms than by how infants process visual information after a look begins.
Origins of a stereotype: categorization of facial attractiveness by 6‐month‐old infants
Authors: Ramsey Jennifer L. , Langlois Judith H. , Hoss Rebecca A. , Rubenstein Adam J. , Griffin Angela M. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract Like adults, young infants prefer attractive to unattractive faces (e.g. Langlois, Roggman, Casey, Ritter, Rieser‐Danner & Jenkins, 1987; Slater, von der Schulenburg, Brown, Badenoch, Butterworth, Parsons & Samuels, 1998). Older children and adults stereotype based on facial attractiveness (Eagly, Ashmore, Makhijani & Longo, 1991; Langlois, Kalakanis, Rubenstein, Larson, Hallam & Smooth, 2000). How do preferences for attractive faces develop into stereotypes? Several theories of stereotyping posit that categorization of groups is necessary before positive and negative traits can become linked to the groups (e.g. Tajfel, Billig, Bundy & Flament, 1971; Zebrowitz‐McArthur, 1982). We investigated whether or not 6‐month‐old infants can categorize faces as attractive or unattractive. In Experiment 1, we familiarized infants to unattractive female faces; in Experiment 2, we familiarized infants to attractive female faces and tested both groups of infants on novel faces from the familiar or novel attractiveness category. Results showed that 6‐month‐olds categorized attractive and unattractive female faces into two different groups of faces. Experiments 3 and 4 confirmed that infants could discriminate among the faces used in Experiments 1 and 2, and therefore categorized the faces based on their similarities in attractiveness rather than because they could not differentiate among the faces. These findings suggest that categorization of facial attractiveness may underlie the development of the ‘beauty is good’ stereotype.
The language‐specific nature of grammatical development: evidence from bilingual language learners
Authors: Marchman Virginia A. , Martínez‐Sussmann Carmen , Dale Philip S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe fact that early lexical and grammatical acquisition are strongly correlated has been cited as evidence against the view that the language faculty is composed of dissociable and autonomous modules (Bates & Goodman, 1997). However, previous studies have not yet eliminated the possibility that lexical–grammar associations may be attributable to language‐general individual differences (e.g. children who are good at learning words are good at learning grammar). Parent report assessments of toddlers who are simultaneously learning English and Spanish (n = 113) allow an examination of the specificity of lexical–grammar relationships while holding child factors constant. Within‐language vocabulary–grammar associations were stronger than cross‐language relationships, even after controlling for age, proportion of language exposure, general language skill and reporter bias. Similar patterns were found based on naturalistic language samples (n = 22), ruling out a methodological artifact. These results are consistent with the view that grammar learning is specifically tied to lexical progress in a given language and provide further support for strong lexical–grammatical continuity early in acquisition.
Changes in reality monitoring and episodic memory in early childhood
Authors: Sluzenski Julia , Newcombe Nora , Ottinger Wendy 
Published: March 2004

Abstract The purposes of this research were to examine the developmental relation between reality monitoring and episodic memory, to link reality monitoring to autobiographical memory by using extended naturalistic events, and to examine prefrontal functioning as a potential contributor to development in reality monitoring and episodic memory. In Experiment 1, 4‐year‐olds were worse than 6‐ or 8‐year‐olds at reality monitoring after a week delay, despite the fact that they remembered more about real than imagined events and remembered different aspects of each. In Experiments 2 and 3, reality monitoring and episodic memory were evaluated for 4‐ and 6‐year‐olds immediately after the events occurred and, in Experiment 3, again after a week delay. Reality monitoring was at higher levels for both age groups, but age differences remained. These data suggest that preschoolers’ difficulties with reality monitoring result from a combination of episodic memory deficits and strategic differences. In addition, correlation analyses more directly linked preschoolers’ reality monitoring to episodic memory and supported the hypothesis that episodic memory development is related to prefrontal functioning.
Face inversion and contrast‐reversal effects across development: in contrast to the expertise theory
Authors: Itier Roxane J. , Taylor Margot J. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract To determine the role of configural changes on the development of face encoding and memory, we investigated face recognition in an n‐back repetition task with upright, inverted and contrast‐reversed unfamiliar faces in adults and children (8–16 years). Repetitions occurred immediately (0‐lag) or after one intervening face (1‐lag). Face recognition continued to develop beyond 14–16 years, as shown with hit rates, d’ scores and reaction times that all improved with age. Inversion and contrast‐reversal effects were found in all subjects but were not more pronounced with increasing age, suggesting no increased reliance on configural processing and thus arguing against the expertise theory of Diamond and Carey (1986). Recognition improved with age in upright but also in inverted and contrast‐reversed faces, suggesting a quantitative rather than a qualitative developmental change in face processing. For all age groups, performances decreased and reaction times increased from 0‐ to 1‐lag conditions similarly, suggesting a similar memory component involved in adults’ and children's processing. These data suggest gradual quantitative improvements in face processing with age, mainly due to increasing working memory processing capacity.
Wittgenstein on The Standard Metre
Authors: Pollock W. J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this paper I argue that Wittgenstein is correct when he says of the Standard Metre stick that we can neither say that it is or is not a metre in length – despite what our intuitions may tell us to the contrary. Specifically, the paper deals with Kripke's criticism of Wittgenstein's claim in Naming And Necessity and with Salmon's attempt to arbitrate between the two views. I conclude that, not only is Wittgenstein correct, but that both Kripke and Salmon (and possibly the majority of philosophers) simply do not understand the concept of measurement.
Differential CD4 T‐cell response in HIV‐1‐infected patients using protease inhibitor‐based or nevirapine‐based highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Van Leth F , Wit FWNM , Reiss P , Schattenkerk JKME , Van Der Ende ME , Schneider MME , Mulder JW , Frissen PHJ , De Wolf F , Lange JMA 
Published: March 2004

ObjectivesTo study the dynamics of CD4 T‐lymphocyte counts (CD4 counts) after the initiation of either protease inhibitor (PI)‐based or nevirapine (NVP)‐based first‐line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Design and methodsA retrospective cohort study of 1029 HIV‐infected antiretroviral therapy‐naive patients initiating either PI‐based or NVP‐based HAART was carried out. Patients were censored as soon as they experienced virological failure, or changed their original antiretroviral regimen for any reason.ResultsIn total, 920 and 109 patients initiated PI‐ and NVP‐based HAART, respectively. The patients in the PI group more often had AIDS (15 vs. 6% in the NVP group), had a lower median baseline CD4 count (234 vs. 250 cells/μL in the NVP group) and had higher median baseline plasma HIV‐1 RNA levels (pVL) (5.0 vs. 4.7 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL in the NVP group). After 96 weeks of follow‐up, the mean increase from baseline in CD4 count, adjusted for baseline CD4 count, age, gender and baseline pVL, was 310 cells/μL in the PI group and 212 cells/μL in the NVP group (P=0.003). This difference was mainly attributable to the patients in the NVP group initiating HAART with a baseline CD4 count below 200 cells/μL. There were no differences between the PI and NVP groups with respect to the change in the number of CD4 cells as a proportion of the total number of lymphocytes.ConclusionPatients successfully treated with NVP‐based HAART have a smaller increase in absolute CD4 cells compared with those treated with PI‐based HAART.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors and antiretroviral therapy in an HIV‐positive UK population
Authors: Smith CJ , Levy I , Sabin CA , Kaya E , Johnson MA , Lipman MCI 
Published: March 2004

AimAlthough the benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been dramatic, studies have started to report a variety of drug‐related side effects and toxicities. We sought to characterize the risk factors for cardiovascular disease present in an HIV‐positive population.MethodsA total of 394 HIV‐positive ambulant patients attending the Royal Free Hospital, London, were asked to complete a questionnaire. Questions focused on smoking habits and general health.ResultsIn total, 34% of patients were aged >40 years, 29% had a family history of heart disease, 3% had diabetes, 14% suffered from raised blood pressure, 20% had a body mass index (BMI)>26 kg/m3, 7% had an alcohol consumption above the recommended UK limit, and 18% had total cholesterol levels >6.3 mmol/L. The rate of smoking observed (45%) was much higher than that observed amongst the general population in the British Health Survey for England (34%). There were significant differences between those receiving and not receiving ART. Those on ART tended to be younger (P<0.0001) and less likely to smoke cigarettes (P=0.06) or have an alcohol consumption above the recommended limit (P=0.08), but were more likely to have diabetes (P=0.05). More patients receiving ART reported, and so perceived themselves to have, raised blood fats (P<0.0001). This was confirmed when considering blood lipid levels, where those on ART had significantly raised total cholesterol levels compared to those not currently receiving ART (P<0.0001).ConclusionWe have demonstrated an excess of cardiovascular risk factors in this cohort. These issues must be addressed if we wish to maintain the benefit of treating HIV infection.
Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine, didanosine and efavirenz administered once‐daily for the treatment of HIV‐infected adults (pharmacokinetic substudy of the ANRS 091 trial)*
Authors: Molina J‐M , Peytavin G , Perusat S , Lascoux‐Combes C , Sereni D , Rozenbaum W , Chene G 
Published: March 2004

Objective
This study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine (FTC), didanosine (ddI), and efavirenz (EFV) when administered in a once‐daily combination.Methods
Nine antiretroviral‐naïve HIV‐infected adults who received FTC [200 mg once a day (qd)], ddI (400 mg qd if ≥60 kg; 250 mg qd if <60 kg) and EFV (600 mg qd) were studied. The following pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were determined over 24 h at steady‐state after 4 weeks of treatment: area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC0–24 h), maximum (Cmax) and minimum (Cmin) plasma concentrations, time to reach Cmax (Tmax), and the elimination half‐life (t1/2). EFV plasma concentrations were also measured during follow‐up.Results
Median PK parameters for FTC, ddI and EFV, respectively, were as follows. AUC0–24 h: 7.2, 7.0 and 36.4 h×mg/L; Cmax: 1.8, 2.6 and 2.5 mg/L; Cmin: 0.04, < 0.01 and 1.0 mg/L; Tmax: 1.8, 1.1 and 2.5 h; t1/2: 7.4, 2.3, and 23.7 h. EFV plasma concentrations measured 10–13 h postdosing were higher during follow‐up than during the PK study (2.57 vs. 1.19 mg/L, P<0.01).Conclusion
The simultaneous administration of FTC, ddI and EFV did not affect the PK parameters of FTC when compared to historical controls. EFV Cmax and Cmin were lower than expected, but the data may have been slightly underestimated in this study. High ddI AUC and Cmax were measured in these patients, and further studies are warranted to confirm this finding.
Evaluating digital libraries in the health sector. Part 2: measuring impacts and outcomes
Authors: Cullen Rowena 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis is the second part of a two‐part paper which explores methods that can be used to evaluate digital libraries in the health sector. Part 1 focuses on approaches to evaluation that have been proposed for mainstream digital information services. This paper investigates evaluative models developed for some innovative digital library projects, and some major national and international electronic health information projects. The value of ethnographic methods to provide qualitative data to explore outcomes, adding to quantitative approaches based on inputs and outputs is discussed. The paper concludes that new ‘post‐positivist’ models of evaluation are needed to cover all the dimensions of the digital library in the health sector, and some ways of doing this are outlined.
Should systematic reviews include searches for published errata?
Authors: Royle Pamela , Waugh Norman 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOur objective was to perform a pilot study to estimate the proportion of published errata linked to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that are worthwhile obtaining when doing a systematic review. medline was searched for records that had both ‘randomized‐controlled‐trial’ in the publication type field and ‘erratum’ in the comments field. One hundred records from four general medical journals were examined independently from two different perspectives. From the information specialist's perspective, 74% of the errata were considered worthwhile obtaining; these were mainly errors in tables or figures. Another 9% described less serious errors, but were worth obtaining if easily available. The other 17% were minor errors. From the perspective of the experienced reviewer/public health consultant, 5% of errata were classified as likely to affect a meta‐analysis, and 10% as having significant errors that would affect the interpretation of the RCT, but no effect on a meta‐analysis; 85% were not considered important enough to affect either. About 5% of errata to RCTs appeared to matter in terms of changing the final conclusions of a systematic review. However, the majority of errata were considered to be worthwhile obtaining, on the basis that having full and accurate data can reduce confusion and save reviewers time.
Library service delivery via hand‐held computers—the right information at the point of care
Authors: Peterson Mary 
Published: March 2004

AbstractToday's health and medical librarians are well aware of the move towards evidence‐based clinical practice which has emerged during the past decade. Hand‐in‐hand with this trend is the need for health practitioners to have access to the best possible evidence to help them in their clinical decision making. Libraries have a key role in the provision of information to their clients, and this means keeping abreast, not only of the various information sources available, but also the means by which those sources may be used. This paper will examine the effects that the hand‐held computer is having on the work practices of our clients—library users. It is hoped that the paper will give an insight into the various types of library material which are suitable for use with hand‐held devices, and an understanding of their advantages and limitations.
Awareness, use and opinions of methodological search filters used for the retrieval of evidence‐based medical literature—a questionnaire survey
Authors: Jenkins Michelle , Johnson Frances 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the level of awareness of methodological search filters among health and academic librarians in the UK and Ireland, their use of filters and views on the perceived benefits, limitations and ways to increase usage of search filters. A random proportional sample of health and academic librarians were surveyed by telephone and fax. Overall, 88% (196/224) completed the telephone survey to establish awareness and use of filters. Eighty‐four per cent (51/61) completed a fax survey focusing in more depth on usability issues surrounding filters. Results indicate a high level of awareness of methodological filters, but low level of usage. Furthermore, a high level of awareness did not necessarily correlate with a high level of knowledge or understanding. Examination of responses revealed limitations and recommendations beyond those reported in the literature and highlights the relationship between understanding and effective use of filters. Improved dissemination and publication of filters is required to better inform librarians on the concept of filters and how to use them effectively.
A study of medical and health queries to web search engines
Authors: Spink Amanda , Yang Yin , Jansen Jim , Nykanen Pirrko , Lorence Daniel P. , Ozmutlu Seda , Ozmutlu H. Cenk 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper reports findings from an analysis of medical or health queries to different web search engines. We report results: (i) comparing samples of 10 000 web queries taken randomly from 1.2 million query logs from the AlltheWeb.com and Excite.com commercial web search engines in 2001 for medical or health queries, (ii) comparing the 2001 findings from Excite and AlltheWeb.com users with results from a previous analysis of medical and health related queries from the Excite Web search engine for 1997 and 1999, and (iii) medical or health advice‐seeking queries beginning with the word ‘should’. Findings suggest: (i) a small percentage of web queries are medical or health related, (ii) the top five categories of medical or health queries were: general health, weight issues, reproductive health and puberty, pregnancy/obstetrics, and human relationships, and (iii) over time, the medical and health queries may have declined as a proportion of all web queries, as the use of specialized medical/health websites and e‐commerce‐related queries has increased. Findings provide insights into medical and health‐related web querying and suggests some implications for the use of the general web search engines when seeking medical/health information.
How does your searching grow? A survey of search preferences and the use of optimal search strategies in the identification of qualitative research
Authors: Grant Maria J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe objective was to gain an overview of researchers experiences of searching the literature, with particular reference to the use of optimal search strategies (OSSs) and searching for qualitative research studies. A 13‐item semi‐structured questionnaire investigating search behaviour was distributed to members of the Cochrane Qualitative Methods Network. Follow‐up interviews were conducted with a subset of respondents to explore issues raised and clarify points of ambiguity. Findings were analysed using data reduction, data displays and verification techniques. Eighty‐six per cent of distributed questionnaires were returned. All respondents reported searching electronic databases as part of their literature search, with 80% expressing a preference for searching alone or with colleagues. Forty‐one per cent indicated that they consider a database search to be only one aspect of a comprehensive literature search. The rigour and availability of OSSs was a concern for 30% of respondents. Twenty‐five per cent of respondents had searched for qualitative studies, although the difficulty of locating this type of literature was considered problematic because of the varied use of the term ‘qualitative’. Whilst the majority of respondents reported using OSSs in some capacity, reservations were expressed about their ability to facilitate a comprehensive search. Replies indicated a belief that OSSs can reduce the sensitivity of a search, and might limit the breadth of coverage required. A greater appreciation of the availability and purpose of OSSs—including the ability to optimize either sensitivity or recall—is needed if this enhanced approach to accurate data retrieval and potential improvement in time management is to become widespread.