bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of CCK receptor blockade on hunger and gastric emptying in humans
Authors: Liddle Rodger A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK is a classical gastro-intestinal hormone produced by discrete endocrine cells of the upper small intestine. The first biological actions of CCK to be identified were its ability to stimulate gall bladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion. Other actions of CCK that were subsequently noted by injection of the hormone into animals included effects on gastric emptying, bowel motility, and food intake. Studies in several species have indicated that administration of CCK inhibits gastric emptying (Debas et al. 1975; Anika 1982; Moran and McHugh 1982; Valenzuela and Defilippi 1981); however, it has been difficult to establish whether these effects were physiological or pharmacological. In some studies, simultaneous measurements of pancreatic secretion (Valenzuela and Defilippi 1981) and gall bladder contraction (Debas et al. 1975) were used to estimate physiological CCK levels. Unfortunately these studies have offered conflicting conclusions regarding the role of CCK in gastric emptying.A major difficulty in establishing the physiological effects of CCK has been the limitation in measuring plasma levels of the hormone. This problem has been circumvented only with the recent development of specific and sensitive assays for CCK (Schlegel et al. 1977; Byrnes et al. 1981; Calam et al. 1982; Schafmayer et al. 1982; Chang and Chey 1983; Himeno et al. 1983; Jansen and Lamers 1983; Liddle et al. 1985; Turkelson et al. 1986). The traditional way to prove that a candidate hormone functions in physiological concentrations has been to measure the circulating hormone concentration simultaneously with its target tissue response, and then to reproduce those blood concentrations by infusion of exogenous hormone and determine the effect on the target tissue. With this approach it has been demonstrated that CCK has several hormonal actions, including delaying the gastric emptying of liquids (Liddle et al. 1986).
Functional analyses of the coexistence of CCK and dopamine
Authors: Crawley Jacqueline N , Fiske Susan M , Crawley Jacqueline N , Evers John R , Austin Mark C , Beinfeld Margery C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of the peptide CCK in porcine gut (Mutt 1980) and rat brain (Vanderhaegen et al. 1975), was quickly followed by the discovery of CCK-like immunoreactivity in mid-brain dopamine (DA) neurons (Hökfelt et al. 1980a). Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies have confirmed the presence of CCK in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra of rats, cats, and primates (Hökfelt et al. 1980a, b; Freeman and Chiodo 1988; Ingram et al. 1989; Savasta et al. 1989; Seroogy et al. 1989a, b; Burgunder and Young 1990; Cottingham et al. 1990; Jayaraman et al. 1990; see Chapter 32 of this volume). Retrograde tracing studies and lesion techniques have identified the major projections of this CCK-DA coexistence as terminating in the medial caudal nucleus accumbens, the medial olfactory tubercle, and the medial septum, with a minor projection to the caudate nucleus (Hökfelt et al. 1980b; Marley et al. 1982; Fallon et al. 1983; Studler et al. 1981; Seroogy et al. 1989a; Adams and Fisher 1990). Demonstration of the anatomical distribution of CCK in the mesolimbic DA pathway sparked the intriguing hypothesis that CCK contributes to the functional activity of these dopaminergic brain regions, which have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia.The first functional examination of the CCK-DA coexistence took the form of neurophysiological studies of the effects of CCK on neuronal firing rates of mid-brain DA neurons in the rat. Skirboll and co-workers found that micro-iontophoresis of CCK increased the firing rate of ventral tegmental and substantia nigra neurons (Skirboll et al. 1981; Hommer et al. 1985). This excitatory effect of CCK was blocked by the CCK receptor antagonist proglumide (Chiodo et al. 1987). When given in combination with DA, or the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine, CCK facilitated the inhibitory effects of DA or apomorphine, potentiating the reduction in firing rates induced by the dopaminergic drugs (Hommer and Skirboll 1983; Hommer et al. 1986; Brodie and Dunwiddie 1987; Freeman and Bunney 1987; Freeman and Chiodo 1988; Stittsworth and Mueller 1990).
Biosynthesis of storage fat 1n oil crops–today and tomorrow
Authors: Stymne Sten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant storage lipids, commonly known as vegetable oils or fats, are the second most valuable commodity in world trade and have a global annual production exceeding 50 million metric tonnes (Hatje 1989). Vegetable oil finds its main application in food manufacture, but as much as 40 per cent is used for non-food purposes, in, for example, the United States (Pryde and Rothfus 1989). The quality of the oil is governed by its fatty acid composition and this largely determines its end-use. There is a rather limited number of commercial oil crops available and each of these crops has a defined oil quality which restricts its use.
Production of foreign proteins and peptides in transgenic plants
Authors: Krebbers Enno , Bosch Dirk , Vandekerckhove Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other chapters in this volume have focused on natural plant products and the manipulation of their synthesis either to alter plant characteristics or to produce these substances for other purposes. In this chapter we will focus on the possible use of plants as production systems for completely foreign (to the plant) products. Plants offer several potential advantages as biological production systems. Chief among these is the low cost of growing plants and the availability of technology for harvesting and initial processing at medium and large scales. Disadvantages include the speed of transformation systems; the period from the initiation of an experiment with a suitable explant to the harvest of seed from the primary transformant is usually measured in months.
Agrobacterium-Induced Crown Gall And Hairy Root diseases: their biology and application to plant genetic engineering
Authors: Davey* M R , Curtis* I S , Gartlandf† K M A , Power* J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gram-negative soil bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes infect a wide range of dicotyledonous plants at wound sites, where they incite the development of tumours or roots characteristic of crown gall and hairy root diseases. The molecular basis of these diseases involves the transfer and integration of the T-DNA region of the bacterial Ti (tumour-inducing) and Ri (root-inducing) plasmids into the genome of recipient plant cells, followed by expression of bacterial genes. The precise mechanism of T-D NA transfer is not clear, although it involves interaction between the T-D NA border sequences and plasmid virulence genes. Tumours induced by agrobacteria carrying wild-type Ti plasmids generally remain undifferentiated following transfer to culture. In contrast, cultured trans formed roots of several species produce transgenic shoots either spontaneously or following stimulation with the appropriate growth regulators. Ri-transformed plants have characteristic phenotypes, including wrinkled leaves, dwarfism, and reduced fertility. Such effects result from an alteration in cell physiology.
Protein kinases in the cell cycle—an overview
Authors: Francis D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mitotic cell cycle consists of interphase and a mitotic cell division (M-phase) when equal numbers of chromatids are partitioned into two daughter cells. Generally, the majority of a proliferating cell’s life is spent in interphase during which a doubling of DNA amount occurs (the duplication of each chromatid into a chromosome). This key event (DNA synthetic (S)-phase) is normally separated in time from mitosis by Gl (pre-synthetic interphase) and G2 (post-synthetic interphase). During interphase, the cell grows, the cell’s mass doubles, and the chromosomes contract progressively so that they are maximally condensed at metaphase of mitosis (Fig. 12.1). The exceptions are the rapid M-S-M-S nuclear
Elusin: a receptor-like kinase with an EGF domain in the cell wall
Authors: Kohorn B D , He Z -H , Fujiki M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To identify proteins that either modify or bind LHCP (the integral membrane protein of the thylakoid that binds chlorophylls and serves as a reaction centre antenna) we developed a general selection scheme for the isolation of cDNAs that encode proteases and binding peptides for known target peptide sequences. This general method has been presented and reviewed elsewhere (Smith and Kohorn 1991; Kohorn 1993). The assay uses yeast to select from a cDNA library an encoded protein that can specifically inactivate a yeast transcription factor GAL4-fusion protein. This fusion protein has a short peptide of defined specificity inserted between the GAL4 activation and DNA binding domains.
Cytoplasmic incompatibility in insects
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Michael Turelli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) was first described in mosquitoes by Ghelelovitch (1952) and studied in detail by Laven in the 1950s (reviewed in Laven 1967b). Laven observed that crosses between different strains of mosquitoes sometimes failed to produce progeny, or produced progeny only when crossed in one direction (i.e. crosses of males from one strain with females from another produce progeny, but not the reciprocal cross). Laven showed that cytoplasmic factors were involved. This led to the isolation of Wolbachia microorganisms as the causative agent of incompatibility by Yen and others.
Biophysical problems of small size in vertebrates
Authors: Alexander R McN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geometrically similar animals of different sizes have areas proportional to length squared and volumes to length cubed. Metabolic rates of similar animals of different sizes tend to be proportional to (body mass)°.75 Many important consequences follow from these simple scaling rules. Small endotherms require very high metabolic rates in cold conditions, small ectotherms heat up and cool down quickly, small animals in dry environments lose water rapidly by evaporation both through the skin and in the breath, maximum rates of oxygen uptake in lungs or gills of small animals may be smaller multiples of basal metabolic rate than for larger animals, and small birds and bats fly slowly.
Physical and physiological changes in minimally processed fruits and vegetables
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cuts and abrasion that are used to prepare minimally processed fruits and vegetables produce both an immediate and a subsequent physical and physiological response. Some of the injurious manipulations during minimal processing involve the peeling of apples, the slicing of cucumbers, the abrading and cutting of carrots, and the shredding of lettuce and cabbage. Not only do mechanical shocks during these manipulations produce surface bruises and cracks, but the propagated hydraulic shock can also extend deep within the tissue and cause extensive internal bruising and fracturing. Liquids released from cut and damaged cells and water used during processing can coat the surface, block pores and significantly reduce gas diffusion into and out of the tissue. Later, as the surface liquid evaporates or is taken up by the tissue, gas diffusion increases beyond its initial value since the natural protective layers of the epidermis have been removed during processing. The lack of an intact epidermis and the presence of free water on the surface accelerate both water loss and possible infestation by microorganisms and contamination by pollutants. Loss of moisture can also render the surface debris remaining after processing translucent and impart a whitish discoloration to the abraded surface of the processed tissue.
Monitaring the Environment
Authors: Cartledge Bryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the environmental realities behind the headlines? In this book, eight leading figures in science and government tackle the facts and look at the issues for the future. Whether it is global warming or industrial pollution, the spread of deserts or the extinction of species, everyone knows we are facing massive environmental problems. The complex questions of what science, technology, and human imagination can do to reverse damaging trends need to be explored. The lectures in this volume, organized by Linacre College, Oxford University, bring together diverse viewpoints and areas of expertise. The Secretary of State for the Environment, the Director of Kew Gardens, and a former head of the Met Office were among the speakers. After absorbing what all the lecturers had to say, some readers may feel more concerned than ever while others emerge somewhat reassured, but few will disagree that nothing could be more important than caring for the environment.
Lake Tanganyika and its Life
Authors: Tiercelin J-J , Mondegeur A , Hecky R E , Spigel R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lake Tanganyika, situated in the western rift system of East Africa, is the largest in volume of the African Great Lakes and the second deepest lake in the world. It is extremely ancient in comparison with most lakes. The aquatic flora and fauna are remarkable for their diversity and high degree of endemicity, as well as for the numbers of species and genera present. The lake has attracted international interest and much has been written about it. With its comprehensive bibliography, this book should provide a foundation of information that will be useful in further studies.
The geology of the Tanganyika Trough
Authors: Tiercelin Jean-Jacques , Mondeguer Andre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geomorphology and stratigraphy of various parts of the rift formations and surrounding areas of East and Central Africa were studied by pioneer geologists: notably Gregory (1921), Krenke! (1925), Willis (1936), Robert (1946), Dixey (1946, 1956) and Cahen (1954). A general account of the geological development of the rift system was given by McConnell (1972), and of the Tanganyika Trough, in particular its southern part, by Haldemann (1969). More recently, Grove (1983) reviewed the evolution of the physical geography of the East African Rift System. Capart (1952a) described the geographic and geophysical environment of the lake.
Outline of brushless servomotors
Authors: Dote Yasuhiko , Kinoshita Sakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the field of factory automation (FA), FA equipment, numerical control (NC) machine tools, industrial robots, etc., are used to save energy and promote automation, which gives high productivity and produces high-quality products. They are becoming more and more intelligent. Servomotor and motion-control technologies are being applied to this new equipment. Servomotor and motion-control technologies are based on mechatronics engineering (which is the replacement, combination, and fusion of electronics and mechanical engineering and is interdisciplinary).
The Space-Vector Method
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the theory of a.c. circuits, where the voltages and currents are sinusoidal in time, a commonly used approach is to represent the quantities which vary sinusoidally in time by their complex phasors. This gives a very convenient way of obtaining the required solutions. In alternating current electrical machines a number of physical quantities (for example, the flux density, the stator, and rotor m.m.f.s) can be considered as periodic functions which can be resolved into a series of harmonic quantities which are sinusoidally distributed in space around the periphery of the machine in the air gap. Thus, similarly to the approach when the time functions in a.c. circuits are represented by time phasors, the sinusoidal spatial waves in the air gap can be represented by complex space phasors which are usually referred to as space vectors, although the nomenclature ‘space phasor’ would be more correct. The space-vector analysis will be described in the present section, and it will be shown that this method can be used for both smooth-air-gap and salient-pole electrical machines.
Steady-State and Transient Operation Of Induction Machines and Induction Motor Drives
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 2.7.6 a systematic approach for the deduction of various types of electrical machines was presented. It has been shown that a constant electromagnetic torque can be produced by a machine where on the stator there is a symmetrical multi-phase winding excited by symmetrical multi-phase voltages and on the rotor there is a symmetrical multi-phase winding which carries symmetrical multi-phase rotor currents. These requirements can be fulfilled by an induction machine. In an induction machine the air gap can be considered to be uniform if the effects of slotting are neglected. The stator of an induction machine is usually wound with a three-phase winding and on the rotor there is a wound three-phase winding or a squirrel-cage winding. The three-phase stator windings are usually connected in star or delta and the three-phase rotor windings, which have a different number of turns from the stator windings, can also be connected in star or delta, and the ends of the windings are connected to slip rings (slip-ring induction machine). A typical connection is shown in Fig. 3.1.
Steady-State and Transient Operation Of D.C. Machines and D.C. Motor Drives
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the d.c. machine is relatively complicated and thus expensive, especially in comparison with the squirrel-cage induction machine, it continues to be extensively used since it is relatively easy to control over wide ranges of speed and load. Due to the action of the commutator, the control of a d.c. drive is relatively simple, and the same basic control system can satisfy the requirements of most applications. The main disadvantages of the d.c. machine are that it requires periodic maintenance, there is a maximum speed limit where it can be safely operated, it is relatively unsuitable in hostile environments, and it is expensive. It should be noted that due to the rapid advance in the field of power electronics, in some applications d.c. drives have been replaced by variable-speed a.c. drives, for example, in servo drives, mill drives, and spindle drives. The stator of a d.c. machine is usually the stationary member and the rotor is the rotating member. The schematic of a four-pole d.c. generator is shown in Fig. 5.1.
Performance Evaluation By Test
Authors: Hendershot J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many performance issues have been dealt with of necessity within some of the previous chapters, in order to provide background and justification for the rotor and stator design methods. However, several important performance parameters must be considered more carefully in order to facilitate a proper design for a particular application. For example, the speed vs. torque curve has been mentioned, but a more detailed presentation is given. This treatment leads up to the issue of sizing a brushless motor at the outset before detailed design is performed. The problem of heating is also related to the sizing, materials used, and cooling methods. Temperature rise is a very difficult parameter to calculate unless the thermal time constant has been measured on an actual sample. Finally in this chapter, the so-called basic brushless motor constants will be summarized to illustrate how the design is summarized in terms of the performance specifications, why some of the motor constants are desired, and how they characterize a particular motor.
General aspects of the application of artificial intelligence in variable-speed drives
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far the application of intelligent soft-computing based control methods have had the greatest impact in the aerospace industry, but it is most likely that this tendency will change in the near future. Although the numerous advantages of using artificial intelligence in drive systems will be discussed in detail in later chapters, it is important to note that in many cases their application leads to significantly reduced development times and can help to avoid mathematical difficulties in system development since they do not require the mathematical models of the system. Table 3.1 summarizes some of the main advantages offered by the application of artificial intelligence-based systems (controllers, estimators, etc.).
Application of artificial neural networks
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present chapter the fundamentals of artificial neural networks are described, these include static and dynamic neuron models, the backpropagation training algorithm, etc. Both supervised and unsupervised neural networks are discussed, e.g. the multi-layer feedforward backpropagation artificial neural network, the radial-basis function network and the Kohonen feature map. However, various neurocontrol systems are also described. In the present section the fundamentals of artificial neural networks (ANNs) are discussed in detail. For this purpose first a biological neuron model is given and this is followed by defining an artificial neuron. Hardware implementations of ANNs are also discussed briefly.
Fuzzy logic systems
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fuzzy logic system is one type of approximate reasoning system. It can be considered as one type of (intelligent) non-linear function approximator (see also Section 4.4). In the past five years there has been a huge increase in the application of fuzzy logic systems. It is believed that this ‘revolution’ will continue. Therefore there is a strong need to have a good understanding of fuzzy systems.
Genetic algorithms
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic systems and fuzzy-neural networks, which can be considered to be general non-linear function approximators (see Chapter 4), genetic algorithms (GAs) are optimization techniques [Goldberg, 1989), whose main features have been discussed in Section 3.5. In the present chapter details of GAs together with the necessary computational steps are given and it is also shown how GAs can be used for the tuning of membership functions in fuzzy logic systems and for the finding of the appropriate structure of a neural network.
Elementary viscous flow
Authors: Acheson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steady flow past a fixed aerofoil may seem at first to be wholly accounted for by inviscid flow theory. The streamline pattern seems right, and so does the velocity field. In particular, the fluid in contact with the aerofoil appears to slip along the boundary in just the manner predicted by inviscid theory. Yet close inspection reveals that there is in fact no such slip. Instead there is a very thin boundary layer, across which the flow velocity undergoes a smooth but rapid adjustment to precisely zero —corresponding to no slip —on the aerofoil itself (Fig. 2.1). In this boundary layer inviscid theory fails, and viscous effects are important, even though they are negligible in the main part of the flow.
Boundary Layers
Authors: Acheson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1904 the Third International Congress of Mathematicians took place at Heidelberg, and Prandtl presented a paper ‘On the motion of fluids of very small viscosity’. He was no great figure at the time, and was given just ten minutes in the programme. The published version of his paper (1905) has 7^ pages of text and two pages of photographs.! At the heart of it Prandtl addresses the flow of a fluid of small viscosity past a solid body.