bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Costs of veterinary services and vaccines/drugs used for prevention and treatment of diseases in 86 Colorado cow-calf operations participating in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (1986-1988)
Authors: Salman M. D. , King M. E. , Odde K. G. , Mortimer R. G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Eighty-six cow-calf operations involved in the Colorado National Animal Health Monitoring System were monitored for a 12-month period, and data were collected on the incidence, prevention, and costs of disease. The costs of veterinary services and vaccines/drugs used in the treatment and prevention of disease conditions in these beef herds were determined and expressed on a per cow basis.
Beef producers in this study spent an average of $2.04 ($0 to $29.88) per cow annually on veterinary services for treatment of disease conditions. The cost of veterinary services was a relatively small percentage (5.4%) of the total mean cost of disease incidence. The reproductive tract disease class was the most costly class in terms of veterinary services for disease treatment ($0.99/cow). Dystocia was the disease condition with the largest veterinary treatment cost.
The total mean annual cost of drugs used in the treatment of disease conditions was $1.22/cow. The enteric, miscellaneous, and respiratory tract disease classes had similar mean drug costs for disease treatment and ranged from $0.31 to $0.39/cow.
The total mean annual cost of veterinary services for administration of preventive measures in these herds was $1.85/cow ($0 to $12.03). Pregnancy examination, breeding soundness examination in bulls, brucellosis vaccination, pulmonary arterial pressure test, and campylobacteriosis vaccination accounted for over 90% of the money spent for preventive veterinary services.
Approximately 60% of the total mean annual disease prevention cost was attributed to the purchase of vaccines/drugs ($6.59/cow). More money was spent by these beef producers on vaccines/drugs to prevent miscellaneous disease conditions than for other disease classes because of the cost of drugs used to prevent general disease of parasitism and infestation with lice, grubs, or flies. Diarrhea of unknown cause had the highest mean cost ($1.16/cow) for vaccines/drugs among individual disease conditions.
Evaluation of hemostatic defects secondary to vascular tumors in dogs: 11 cases (1983-1988)
Authors: Hargis Ann M. , Feldman Bernard F. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Two populations of dogs with cutaneous hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas were evaluated retrospectively. One population consisted of 96 dogs seen at the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at the University of California, Davis. The second population consisted of 116 dogs that had skin biopsy specimens submitted to a private veterinary diagnostic laboratory for histologic diagnosis. Nine dogs from the teaching hospital and 2 dogs, from which samples had been submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory, developed hemostatic defects in association with the tumors. Hemostatic defects included hemorrhage directly from the tumor, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and findings associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Because bleeding during surgery can develop in animals with hemostatic defects, dogs with one or more tumors suspected of being vascular in origin should have platelet numbers and hemostatic analytes evaluated prior to surgery, especially if petechiae or ecchymoses are evident.
Development of pneumonia in desert bighorn sheep after exposure to a flock of exotic wild and domestic sheep
Authors: Callan Robert J. , Bunch Thomas D. , Workman Gar W. , Mock Richard E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
From 1986 to 1989, 5 desert bighorn sheep (3 Ovis canadensis mexicana and 2 O c nelsoni), ranging in age from 2 to 3 years, were exposed to a flock of exotic wild and domestic sheep to potentially achieve naturally acquired pneumonia. Pasturella multocida was isolated from nasal samples from 4 of 6 sheep randomly sampled from the flock. Bighorn sheep were exposed individually and each exposure period was a trial. Treatment before and after exposure varied and included combinations of α interferon, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and vaccines. Treatments were chosen on the basis of recommendations of others for treating pneumonia in desert bighorn sheep as well as our own experience in sheep and cattle. Regardless of treatment used, bighorn sheep in trials 1 to 4 developed signs of pneumonia within 10 to 14 days of exposure. Bighorn sheep in trials 1 to 3 died within 11 to 17 days of initial exposure. In trial 4, the bighorn sheep was isolated from the carrier sheep for treatment of pneumonia on day 14 and died on day 30. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from lung tissue in 3 of the 4 bighorn sheep.
On the basis of results of trials 1 to 4, a more in depth clinical study was conducted in trial 5. Nasal and blood specimens were collected prior to and during trial 5 for bacteriologic culturing and serologic testing for bovine viral diarrhea virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3 virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. The bighorn sheep was vaccinated with a modified-live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine and allowed to habituate to its new facilities for 133 days before it was exposed to the carrier sheep.
Body temperature of this bighorn sheep was monitored every hour with radiotelemetry. Pneumonia was diagnosed on day 30 of exposure to the carrier sheep. Treatment consisting of long-acting oxytetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, long-acting sulfamethazine bolus, dexamethasone, and flunixin meglumine was given for 8 days and clinical improvement was detected. Acute pneumonia was again diagnosed on day 53. The bighorn sheep was removed from contact with the carrier sheep and put in isolation for a second treatment regimen. The bighorn sheep died on day 99. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from a tracheal flush and a nasal specimen obtained during the second bout of pneumonia and from lung tissue and sinuses at necropsy. Viruses were not isolated from the tracheal flush or from tissue samples collected at necropsy.
None of the carrier sheep had clinical signs of pneumonia during the trials. Bacteriologic culturing and serologic testing in the bighorn sheep and ewes prior to and during the study suggested that carrier ewes were the source of P multocida infection in the bighorn sheep. Viruses were not a predisposing factor. Chronic sinusitis following initial pneumonia was suspected to play a role in the recurrence of pneumonia in the bighorn sheep of trial 5.
Radiographic findings in young llamas with forelimb valgus deformities: 28 cases (1980-1988)
Authors: Paul-Murphy J. R. , Morgan J. P. , Snyder J. R. , Fowler M. E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Twenty-eight llamas with a mean age of 6.2 months had bilateral forelimb valgus deformities. The range of valgus deformity, as measured on a craniocaudal radiographic view, was 6 to 25 degrees, with a similar degree of deviation in each limb. Morphologic abnormalities in the distal portion of the radius and ulna were more prominent in the ulna and included metaphyseal and epiphyseal flaring, physeal ectasia, and metaphyseal sclerosis. Distal radial epiphyseal wedging was believed to be secondary to the ulnar deformity. Radial bowing with lateral and caudal concavity and unequal cortical thickness was evident. Epiphyseal and metaphyseal flaring with physeal ectasia was noticed in the distal portion of the third and fourth metacarpal bones. Carpal bones were unaffected.
Factors associated with spread of pseudorabies virus among breeding swine in quarantined herds
Authors: Duffy Sergio J. , Morrison Robert B. , Thawley David G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Knowledge of the factors that place susceptible gilts at highest risk of pseudorabies virus (prv) infection in a quarantined herd is crucial to reduce spread of prv within the herd. Cohorts of prv seronegative gilts were monitored in 17 herds that were endemically infected with prv to determine the location of breeding females at the time of infection with prv and identify herd characteristics and management and housing factors that may influence spread of prv in the breeding section of swine herds endemically infected with prv. Blood samples were collected every 1 to 2 months for an average of 13.6 months. In addition, blood was collected from a representative sample of finishing pigs (≥ 20 weeks old) 3 times per year to determine their serologic prv status. Incidence rates and relative risks of prv infection were estimated for 4 areas of the breeding section: gestation barn, gilt pool, farrowing room, and breeding area. Overall, 28, 11, 8, and 2 females became infected with prv in each of these areas, respectively. The greater number of females infected in the gestation barns, compared with the number of females infected in other locations, is probably a consequence of being at risk for a longer period rather than of a higher incidence rate. Herd size, common housing for gilts in the gilt pool and sows, and serologic pattern of prv infection in finishing pigs were associated with the detection of spread of prv in the breeding section of the 17 herds. An implication of these findings is that attempts to control the spread of prv among females in the breeding herd must be made in all phases of production.
Greater participation by veterinarians in the reproductive management of dairy cattle
Authors: Phatak A. P. , Whitmore H. L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A program involving greater veterinary participation in detection of estrus and artificial insemination of cattle was evaluated in a 700-cow dairy herd from January 1987 through August 1988. Previous reproductive performance was below normal. First-service pregnancy rate from artificial insemination was 42%, and mean number of nonpregnant days for the cows was 120.
Between postpartum days 55 and 62, all cows with functional corpus luteum assessed by rectal palpation were administered prostaglandin each Monday morning. Return visits were made to the herd each Thursday and Friday to observe cows and to inseminate those in estrus. On the other 5 days of the week, the owner or his employees inseminated all cows in estrus. The first-service pregnancy rate for 842 cows observed in estrus and inseminated by the veterinarian was 59%. The pregnancy rate for cows inseminated by the owner and his employees increased from 42% to 50%. The mean number of nonpregnant days for all 700 cows decreased from 120 to 98 days, resulting in approximately $46,000 of increased income for the dairyman or approximately a 4 to 1 return on investment in veterinary service.
Results indicate that veterinarians could improve herd reproductive performance and solve chronic herd breeding problems by more actively participating with their clients in estrus detection and artificial insemination programs in cattle. The program allows practicing veterinarians an opportunity to observe cows for estrous behavior, establish their own pregnancy rate data, demonstrate to owners the importance of observing primary signs of estrus, and teach expert artificial insemination techniques.
Endocrine changes associated with cystic ovarian degeneration in sows
Authors: Almond Glen W. , Richards R. Gregg 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Endocrine changes in sows with ovarian cysts were determined to be comparable with those in sows in diestrus. Blood samples were collected at frequent intervals from 5 sows affected with cystic ovaries. Concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone, progesterone, estradiol-17β, and cortisol were determined by use of established radioimmunoassays. The development of ovarian cysts has been proposed to be associated with a deficiency of luteinizing hormone rather than an intrinsic ovarian abnormality. In contrast, the results of this study demonstrated that tonic and pulsatile luteinizing hormone release were not affected adversely in sows with cystic ovaries.
Evaluation of intra-abdominal vasectomy in llamas and alpacas
Authors: Bravo P. Walter , Sumar Julio 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A method of intra-abdominal vasectomy (deferentectomy), using a laparoscopic technique in llamas and alpacas, was evaluated. Food was withheld from 14 animals for 24 hours before sedation and laparoscopy. The ductus deferens was located close to the bladder, and a 2- to 3-cm section of ductus deferens was resected with the aid of a pair of hook scissors. The procedure was completed in 5 to 8 minutes, and animals did not have any adverse effects. Forty-five days after vasectomy, animals were used for detecting sexually receptive females or inducing ovulation during reproductive physiologic studies. The procedure did not impair libido and had no effect on male sexual behavior for many years. The technique is simpler, safer, and faster than the traditional external approach.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods for detection of feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Tonelli Quentin J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been widely used for diagnosis of FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infections. Various elisa kits for FeLV are available from several manufacturers. Although these tests are configured in a variety of formats, they are all direct antigen-detection systems for the viral core protein p27. On the other hand, elisa for fiv exposure detects specific feline antibody to fiv. Basic immunoassay principles and the application of elisa technology used in FeLV and FIV elisa kits are described.
Familial incidence of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses
Authors: Naylor J. M. , Robinson J. A. , Bertone J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The pedigrees of 17 horses with hyperkalemic paralysis were studied. All were first-, second-, or third-generation offspring of a common sire, 16 were registered Quarter Horses. Analysis indicated that it was unlikely that the concentration of hyperkalemic periodic paralysis in the offspring of this sire was attributable to chance. The familial nature of this condition should help veterinarians diagnostically. It also suggests that it is possible to reduce the incidence of this condition by breeding from non-affected lines of horses and reinforces the need for studies to determine whether the disease is genetic in origin. Although more affected horses were second-generation offspring, the proportion of horses affected was largest in the first generation and decreased progressively with each generation. This is probably because horses in the earlier generations have been observed for longer periods and thus clinical signs are more likely to have been noticed in these horses.
Comparison of anthelmintic control programs for sheep in Virginia
Authors: Zajac A. M. , Thatcher C. D. , Notter D. , Hansen J. W. , Umberger S. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Haemonchus contortus is the most serious parasitic problem encountered by sheep producers in southwestern Virginia. Four anthelmintic control programs for grazing lambs were tested. Group TR received monthly sc injections of ivermectin (200 μg/kg of body weight). Group SI received the same dose of ivermectin at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season. Group SL was given levamisole (8 mg/kg, po) 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season, and group TA received ivermectin (200 μg/kg) 0, 8, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after the beginning of grazing. None of the 4 programs provided satisfactory control of parasites as indicated by fecal egg counts and serum pepsinogen concentrations, although group-TR lambs gained significantly more weight than lambs in groups SI and TA. Group-TA lambs developed clinical haemonchosis in early August and required additional treatment at that time. These findings suggest that reliance on anthelmintics alone may not provide the most effective and economic control of parasitic infection.
Prevalence and type of splenic diseases in cats: 455 cases (1985-1991)
Authors: Spangler W. L. , Culbertson M. R. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Retrospective data on the type and prevalence of splenic disease in cats were evaluated in a large number of feline splenic tissues (n = 455) submitted as surgical and necropsy specimens from private veterinary hospitals in California during a period of approximately 5.5 years. Primary and metastatic neoplasia accounted for 37% of all feline splenic lesions. Mastocytoma, lymphosarcoma, myeloproliferative disease, and hemangiosarcoma, in that order, accounted for the bulk of neoplasia. Submission of accessory splenic tissue from either the omentum or pancreas accounted for 4% (17/455), whereas hyperplastic nodules, hematomas, and the combination of these changes in the spleen accounted for 4% (19/455). Splenitis was found in 2% (8/455) of submissions. Thromboembolism with regional splenic infarction accounted for 1% (4/455) of splenic lesions in cats. The remaining splenic lesions each accounted for < 1% of total splenic submissions, and as such, were considered incidental and of questionable clinical importance.
Identification of surgical biopsy borders by use of India ink
Authors: Rochat M. C. , Mann F. A. , Pace L. W. , Henderson R. A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Separation of surgical biopsy borders from artifactual borders created during trimming of biopsy specimens is necessary to avoid misinterpretation of histologic borders. Misinterpretation of a contaminated trimming border as a surgical border may lead to additional surgery and excessive removal of normal tissue. Likewise, a neoplasm may regrow locally or metastasize if a surgical border infiltrated with neoplastic cells is falsely assumed to be an artifactual trimming border. The use of India ink for distinguishing between surgical biopsy borders and artifactual borders was evaluated. Ten normal tissue specimens from 8 types of tissue (skin, small intestine, urinary bladder, bone, muscle, lung, large intestine, and uterus) were obtained from freshly euthanatized dogs. The specimens were painted with India ink and examined for adherence of the ink to the cut surface of the specimen. Adherence of the ink was observed in all specimens with the exception of the cut surface of the lung. Twenty-five biopsy specimens from dogs with clinical cases of disease were similarly painted with India ink and evaluated. Twenty-two were identified as neoplastic and 3 as inflammatory lesions. Wedges of tissue were obtained from the center of the biopsy specimens to purposely create borders that contained neoplastic tissue. These positive controls were painted with India ink to evaluate the effect of the ink on the histologic appearance of the neoplastic cells. Distortion or alteration of the cellular architecture was not observed in any of the normal specimens, specimens from dogs with clinical cases, or positive controls. The use of India ink for delineation of biopsy borders is a simple technique that presents few technical difficulties. India ink should be applied routinely to the excised borders of all excisional biopsy specimens to facilitate identification of the surgical border.
Microvascular permeability changes in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the ascending colon of horses
Authors: Henninger Dwight D. , Snyder Jack R. , Pascoe John R. , Dilling George W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The normal microvascular permeability of the ascending colon in horses and the microvascular permeability of that segment after ischemia and reperfusion were investigated. Microvascular permeability was estimated by the ratio of lymphatic protein to plasma protein concentration (Cl/Cp) at high lymph flow rates in 8 adult horses in 2 equal groups: normal and ischemic (2-hour period). Lymphatic flow rates and lymph and plasma protein concentrations were determined. Intestinal biopsy specimens were obtained at the end of each experiment. Flow independent values were selected and compared by one-way anova, and the mean and sem of these values were determined. The mean Cl/Cp ratios for the flow independent part of each data set were as follows: normal = 0.36 ± 0.08; ischemic = 0.70 ± 0.08. These groups were significantly different (P ≤ 0.0001). Microscopic evaluation revealed mild congestion and edema in the normal group. The ischemic group had mild to moderate mucosal degeneration, with moderate to severe congestion and edema. We concluded that ischemia of the ascending colon, when followed by reperfusion, results in a significant increase in microvascular permeability.
Diskospondylitis associated with Brucella canis infection in dogs: 14 cases (1980-1991)
Authors: Kerwin Sharon C. , Lewis Daniel D. , Hribernik Thomas N. , Partington Beth , Hosgood Giselle , Eilts Bruce E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A retrospective study of 135 dogs with diskospondylitis revealed 14 dogs with concurrent Brucella canis infection. Sexually intact male dogs and dogs in the southeastern United States appeared to be at higher risk. Results of bacteriologic culturing of blood were less likely to be positive for dogs with diskospondylitis caused by B canis infection than for dogs with diskospondylitis caused by other organisms. Follow-up evaluation of 13 of the 14 dogs revealed complete remission of clinical signs in nine, but serologic test results continued to be positive for B canis infection long after resolution of clinical abnormalities. Radiographic follow-up evaluation in 6 dogs revealed active lesions despite complete remission of clinical abnormalities.
Surface-induced hypothermia in dogs: 19 cases (1987-1989)
Authors: Moon P. F. , Ilkiw J. E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Surface-induced hypothermia is used to protect tissues from ischemic events during surgery. In a review of 19 clinical cases in dogs, the technique was used to enable intracardiac surgery (4 dogs) and to facilitate removal of extensive thoracic or abdominal masses (15 dogs). For 16 dogs (84%), anesthesia was induced with an opioid/benzodiazepine combination and maintained with a balanced technique by use of an opioid, a neuromuscular blocking agent, and iso-flurane in oxygen. Dogs were cooled in an ice bath to a mean esophageal temperature of 27.8 ± 1.4 C. Mean anesthesia time was 4.04 ± 1.37 hours. Hypothermic-induced adverse effects, such as increased blood viscosity, increased myocardial irritability, and shivering, were managed by hemodilution, manipulation of acid-base balance, and administration of opioid and neuromuscular blocking agents. Complications requiring treatment included severe hypotension (74%), arrhythmias (47%), hypoxemia (42%), and acidemia (58%). Six dogs (32%) went into cardiac arrest and all were successfully resuscitated once the surgical procedure was completed. One dog was euthanatized during surgery, another died after surgery, and the 17 remaining dogs (90%) were discharged from the hospital to their owners. The technique appears beneficial in selected cases to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with the risk of prolonged ischemia and life-threatening hemorrhage.