bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminaries to Marriage
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marriage starts a family, but a lot has to happen before there is a marriage. In some ways premarital behavior epitomizes a society’s whole culture. Just think of the services, equipment, institutions, personal energy, and artistic effort that are connected with the modern American search for a mate, the relationship of the courting couple, and the preparations for the moment of their transformation into husband and wife. At least as much was involved in the past. Furthermore, some of the salient features of the preindustrial family-ambivalences and all-are revealed in the preliminaries to marriage. The preliminaries can be seen as a series of choices, which raise issues that continue to resonate in somewhat different ways in the second half of the twentieth century: Should I get married or stay single? Should I marry someone I am in love with or someone who will benefit me and my family? Should I marry someone from my own background and neighborhood? At what age should I marry? Is premarital sexual intimacy acceptable? Should I marry again if my first marriage ends? The questions are familiar, but in the past some answers were arrived at through processes that are less familiar.
Weddings
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A wedding, as I will be using the term, is whatever transforms a man and a woman into a married couple. One might think that a history of weddings would be only a description of customs, some of which have disappeared and some of which have lingered on as charming survivals. Historians of law and of religion have long known otherwise. Between 1350 and 1800 important changes in legal and religious institutions had an effect on marriage, which is both a legal condition and one traditionally connected with religion. There was an evolution from complexity to simplicity in weddings, and the confusions that accompanied this process touched the lives of many people. Like so much else about the family that has changed, the confusions and ambivalences about weddings tell us a good deal about modes of thought and feeling, most of which we no longer share but some of which we retain in vestigial form. Most of my married readers, I am sure, had a religious ceremony of some kind, licensed or attested to by a government document. In some parts of the Westem world the government document is the essential instrument and the religious ceremony is optional. In any case, the state regulates and records wed dings, and for all those people for whom a wedding is one of the few occasions on which they go to church there is no conflict between church and state but rather a smooth and self-evident cooperation. It took a long time to get to this point, however.
The Married Couple
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians says: “This is a great mystery (5: 32).” Paul is speaking of the relationship between husband and wife, which for him is a metaphor for the relationship between Christ and the church. His words are constantly used in Christian discussions of marriage. “Mystery” is rendered as sacramentum in the Vulgate-one reason that marriage is included among the Catholic sacraments. For historians the relationship between husband and wife is a mystery for a different reason. It is, after all, mainly a private matter. Its most interesting aspects are hidden from us and we must make do with maddeningly contradictory hints. Those who speak to us from the past on this subject either express personal feelings, which we should think twice about before taking them to be representative, or are engaged in polemics and sermonizing. Recent research has thrown some light on the material conditions of marriage and new questions, based on modern psychological and sociological theories, are being applied to familiar texts. Apart from these slight advances, however, we are not much better informed than we ever were. And what a pity, since so many of us today consider the married couple to be the essence of what a family is, and nearly everybody feels that the personal relationship between husband and wife determines the quality of family life.
Conception and Birth
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The moment of conception and the process of birth are biological events, which are much the same for all mammals. But bringing children into the world involves more than biology. Birth is a social drama, with a cast of char acters dictated by cultural notions of what is necessary and appropriate. Even before a drama of birth is enacted, impregnation and pregnancy are accompanied by all manner of social expectations and personal attitudes. That is why the subject has a history.
Upbringing
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nowadays we like to think of childhood as a fairly long, pleasant period of dependence, in which adults shield children from danger, take care of their physical needs, and assure their happiness as their minds and bodies develop in accordance with their natural abilities. Although we are accustomed to hearing that lifelong psychological damage can begin in childhood, we persist in believing that it can be a period free from stress. How long the idyll lasts is not clear. Through elementary school? Through high school? Through college? Most of us recognize a difference between childhood and adolescence without being sure of the dividing line. Our culture does not have the benefit of coming-of-age rituals as some other cultures do, and the vestiges of such a ritual in the Jewish bar mitzvah are not terribly convincing today; the thirteen year-old who solemnly announces he is a man continues to lead the life he did before. In any case, the stage after childhood is not thought of as true adult hood in most cultures. In our educational institutions and legal system it is treated as an extension of childhood, childhood in an attenuated form.
Kinship
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kinship in our own lives gets little conscious attention, perhaps because we take it for granted. Anthropologists first noticed how important it was in cultures other than our own; some sociologist and historians in tum became curi ous about kinship in the Westem world. They discovered it was something very complex, with endless local variations and changes over time. Historians are trying to find out how kinship worked in the past and how it differed from what it is now. Many feel that the history of the family is hopelessly distorted and incomplete with kinship left out. One reason I think family history is still in its infancy is that this gap is just beginning to be filled in.
The Linking of Generations
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anyone who has ever been part of a family knows about the extension of families backward to the past, to ancestors, and forward to the future, to posterity. The time frame may be short or long. It is almost never so short as to be limited to a single generation, the link between parents and children; when children become parents themselves, they inevitably become part of a three-generation chain. A four-generation chain (great-grandparents to great-grandchildren) can exist without much record-keeping or institutional underpinning. Longer chains, like wider kinships, take more effort and more resources. They require the cultivation of memory and, with respect to posterity, long-term planning. The links between generations are forged by inheritance. Apart from bio logical matter, which even plants inherit, all manner of things can be inherited by human beings. Laws and customs determine what they are. Some inheritance takes place at birth and remains throughout a person’s life. Things inher ited in this way are usually intangible. Other inheritance takes place later, often when an older person dies and passes a (usually) tangible resource on to someone younger.
Introduction:’ Plutocracy and Mob Rule
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The middle of the twentieth century may well turn out to have been the high point of our national existence. We saw ourselves in the forefront not only as a nation, but also as individuals. The American consumer was on top of the world, freely spending the world’s highest income on the world’s most copied and coveted life-style. The glory, alas, was short-lived. We started losing our self­confidence while still on the ascendant. With hardly a change in objective circumstances, the American consumer’s picture of himself changed drastically in the short span of hardly more than a decade. Our proud self-image of the sovereign consumer shrank to that of the pitiful character of a Caspar Milquetoast, the helpless consumer who gets oppressed and harassed, cheated and shortchanged, even poisoned, from every side. Why such a great and sudden change in the way in which we see ourselves? Part of the reason, no doubt, is our growing realization that technical and economic progress also has a dark side to it.
Necessities and Com.forts
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have made a first step toward closing the gap between the psychologist’s and the economist’s approaches by looking at human satisfactions and their sources as psychologists see them and trying to decide where, when, and how economic ramifications fit into the picture. Now let us reverse the procedure, starting with the economist’s classification of economic goods and services and relating them to the psychologist’s categories. Economists view consumer satisfaction as the goal of all economic activity. They measure economic efficiency by the economy’s success in satisfying consumers’ desires, economic progress by the higher and higher levels of consumers’ satisfaction that progress makes possible. By so doing they tacitly as­ sume either that consumers’ wants are immutable, so that economic performance is measured against an unchanging scale of aspirations, or, if higher achievement raises aspiration, that such a raising of sights will not diminish the consumer’s satis­ faction with what he has already achieved.
ls Our Life Too Good?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We now have the framework and elements of a theory of con­ sumer behavior. To build them into a formal, theoretical model would be out of place in this book; I shall try instead to apply them. What better application could there be of the ideas so far presented than to try to explain why our affluence leaves so many of us unsatisfied? The economist’s traditional picture of the economy resembles nothing so much as a Chinese restaurant with its long menu. Customers choose from what is on the menu and are assumed always to have chosen what most pleases them. That assumption is unrealistic, not only of the economy, but of Chinese res­ taurants. Most of us are unfamiliar with nine-tenths of the entrees listed; we seem invariably to order either the wrong dishes or the same old ones. Only on occasions when an expert does the ordering do we realize how badly we do on our own and what good things we miss.
ls It Too Dull?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The convention that Europeans are pleasure-loving, frivolous and sophisticated and that Americans are sober, hard-working, and frugal is well known and well established on the anecdotal level. Does that convention stand up today, in the light of hard facts and statistics? We have plenty of data to check on the consumption habits of the United States and Europe. Food is a natural starting point, because most of us spend a large part of our budgets on it.
Our Puritan Ghost
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have looked at a few of the more surprising features of our habits of living and patterns of expenditure, and found them the more surprising because not only do they go against what seemed rational or is appropriate to the rich, but they also go against what some psychologists consider, with some justification, to be our national temperament. If that is true, there must be strong influences at work to make us go against rationality and temperament all at the same time. I am thinking of cultural, educational, and economic forces whose cumulative effect might account for the conflict between what we want and what we get, and so explain some of our frustration. Before taking up those influences, however, I should like to dispose of one other influence which many of us might think of first: the influence of advertising.
The Movement and the Sixties Generation
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Last summer I went to Mississippi to join the struggle there for civil rights,” said Berkeley student Mario Savio in 1964. “This fall I am engaged in another phase of the same struggle, this time in Berkeley. In Mississippi an autocratic and powerful minority rules, through organized violence, to suppress the vast, virtually powerless majority. In California, the privileged minority manipulates the university bureaucracy to suppress the students’ political expression.” That expression had been curtailed by the University of California as students arrived on the Berkeley campus for fall semester in September. As was typical for university officials during the cold war era, a dean simply informed all student organizations that from now on they were no longer permitted to set up tables on campus to promote “off-campus” causes such as civil rights, and this ban applied to the traditional area for such endeavors, a small strip of property at the campus’s main entrance where Telegraph Avenue met Bancroft Way.
Countercultrue
Authors: Anderson Terry H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Living your lifestyle, doing your own thing, was a significant theme of the movement as it blended with the counterculture during the second wave, the four or five years after Chicago. Some became involved in politics, working for causes that attacked the establishment and transferred power to the people: empowerment. Others felt politics died with Martin Luther King and Bobby Kennedy and they became consumed with personal pursuits that freed them from their past: liberation. All the while, most experienced an individual transformation that made them “Sixties People,” different from the cold war generation. “Remember,” Tuli Kupferberg told the emerging new culture: “The first revolution (but not of course the last) is in yr own head. Dump out their irrational goals, desires, morality.”
Chapter III
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After this affair had passed over, there was nothing of the kind took place to disturb Dorcasina’s tranquillity for a long period of time. Although the reputed heiress of a thousand pounds a year, which at that time was considered, in America, as a great fortune, she was not troubled with many admirers. Several concurring causes kept her free from solicitations of this kind; one of which was, that the retired manner in which she lived prevented her from being very extensively known; add to this that some of the gentlemen who were fortunate enough to be of her acquaintance, knew how much of her time was dedicated to novels, and how uneasy she was when a new one appeared, till she could make herself mistress of it; reckoning these books her greatest treasures, and perusing them, her supreme felicity. Those, therefore, who were acquainted with this circumstance, notwithstanding the temptation of her money, and her agreeable person, were too prudent to think of seeking her in marriage; wisely foreseeing the inconveniencies which would result from having a wife whose mind was fraught with ideas of life and manners so widely different from what they appear on trial. Others there were, who understood only that she spent much time in books, without any knowledge of the kind which best pleased her. It was sufficient to keep them at a distance, to know that she read at all. Those enemies to female improvement, thought a woman had no business with any book but the bible, or perhaps the art of cookery; believing that everything beyond these served only to disqualify her for the duties of domestic life.
Chapter V
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The next day appeared much longer to our impatient lovers than usual. They imagined that father Time, with multiplied years, had loaded his wings with an additional weight of lead. At length, the clock sounded four. O’Connor, dressed in the elegance of fashion, tripping along as light as feathered Mercury, soon arrived at the place of destination. Dorcasina, on her side, was uncommonly solicitous about her appearance. Her dress was changed three times, before she thought it sufficiently becoming. When the hour of four arrived, her heart bounded, and her feet would willingly have carried her directly to her favourite haunt; but she checked her inclination, judging it best to heighten her lover’s impatience, by making him wait for her a while. She, therefore, tarried a full quarter of an hour, looking incessantly at her watch, and thinking that the hands never before moved so slowly. At the expiration of the fifteen minutes, her whole stock of patience being exhausted, she called to Betty, desiring her to follow: and took her way towards the place of meeting.
Chapter XI
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the third day after forming this resolution, O’Connor was perfectly recovered from his bruises. He, therefore, informed Dorcasina, that having received the long expected letter, he was corning, with joyful haste, to throw himself upon the mercy of her father. He then dressed himself in an elegant manner, and boldly presented himself, for the first time, at the door of Mr. Sheldon, with a forged letter in his hand. It was in the name of Mr. W. of Philadelphia, recommending the bearer to Mr.Sheldon, in the warmest terms. Though Mr.Sheldon did not personally know Mr.W. he was well acquainted with his character; and therefore scrupled not to receive O’Connor in the politest manner. The latter had not, now, to deal with the credulous and lovesick Dorcasina; but with a man of judgment and penetration, and one who knew mankind.
Chapter I
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The serenity thus restored to the lately agitated family of Mr.Sheldon suffered no material interruption for a number of years. Believing his daughter to be radically cured of her romantic turn of mind, he thanked heaven most fervently for so great a favour; and formed the most agreeable expectations concerning the propriety of her future behaviour. But in this the good man was entirely disappointed. The warmth of Dorcasina’s affections was not extinguished by disappointment, nor abated by age. It only lay dormant for want of a proper object to excite it.
Chapter II
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Well, Betty,” said Dorcasina, as soon as she entered the chamber, “have you seen the wounded officer this morning? How is he? Better I hope. And what did he say to the message I sent him?” “Yes, ma’am, I have seen him,” replied Betty, “and he is a gentleman every inch of him; none of your proud upstarts, that think themselves too good to speak to a poor person. He was so gentle, and so kind, and so free! He sent his compliments to you ma’am, and he asked me my name, and praised the coffee I carried him. He said he had fellen into such horse pitiable hands that he could not express his thanks.” “But you have not told me how he is, this morning, Betty.” “Why, ma’am, he said he was dry and feverish; but he hoped to recruit again after he had got over the fatigue of his journey.” “How did he look and speak, when you mentioned my name?” “He look’d pale, and ask’d me who you was; and you may be sure, ma’am, I wasn’t backward in giving you your due.” “Well, what then? What did he say then? Did not love and pleasure sparkle in his fine eyes?” “I didn’t see any sparkles in his eyes, ma’am.
Chapter III
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We will now, for a while, leave these happy lovers to settle the manner of their escape, and return to other scenes less interesting, but more amusing. Before James conceived the idea of aspiring to the hand of Dorcasina, he had honoured with his particular notice, one of the maids, whose name was Nanny. She was a likely buxom country girl; and as much delighted with the cockade, the uniform, and the attention of James, as Miss Dorcasina was with those of his master. He had made her a number of little presents, and had even gone so far as to talk of marriage. Of late he had strangely neglected her, hardly deigning to speak when he met her. Formerly he used to pass whole evenings in the kitchen; and many a time, by his accounts of ambuscades, battles and defeats of Indians, tomahawks and scalping, he made them contract their circle round the fire. But latterly he was never seen there in the evening, except while eating his supper, and then he was generally silent and stately. Nanny was totally at a loss how to account for this great and sudden change in his conduct, and wished much to come to an explanation; but he avoided her, with so much care, that it was impossible to get an opportunity.
Chapter V
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The next morning, James, to the infinite satisfaction of his master, informed him that he should visit Dorcasina no more. Being now at ease in his mind he rapidly recovered strength, riding out every day, and passing the chief of his time below. He spoke frequently, before Dorcasina, of the near approach of his departure; and as frequently with tears in his eyes, expressed his gratitude both to her and her father, for the kindness and attention they had shewn him.
Mr. Sheldon observing that his daughter appeared rather pleased than otherwise, when the captain spoke of his departure, was still confounded at the mysteriousness of their conduct. But while he saw her.so cheerful, and observed no impropriety in her behaviour, he felt no uneasiness. Every thing went on smoothly the remainder of the week, and nothing happened to interrupt the harmony of the family. Mr.Sheldon was the only person who experienced any regret; and this was occasioned by his reluctance at parting with so amiable, so modest, and so well informed a companion as captain Barry. The day before the one appointed for his departure, the captain, led by gratitude to Mr.Stanly for the visits paid him in his confinement, and inclination to see again his charming daughter, went, accompanied by Mr. Sheldon, and passed a most agreeable afternoon and evening. The unaffected ease and sprightliness of Miss Stanly were communicated to the company; and it was with regret that, at a late hour, the captain took leave of this amiable family.