bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acceleration of a Stratified Current over a Sloping Bottom, Driven by an Alongshelf Pressure Gradient*
Authors: Chapman David C. , Lentz Steven J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
An idealized theoretical model is developed for the acceleration of a two-dimensional, stratified current over a uniformly sloping bottom, driven by an imposed alongshelf pressure gradient and taking into account the effects of buoyancy advection in the bottom boundary layer. Both downwelling and upwelling pressure gradients are considered. For a specified pressure gradient, the model response depends primarily on the Burger number S = Nα/f, where N is the initial buoyancy frequency, α is the bottom slope, and f is the Coriolis parameter. Without stratification (S = 0), buoyancy advection is absent, and the alongshelf flow accelerates until bottom stress balances the imposed pressure gradient. The e-folding time scale to reach this steady state is the friction time, h/r, where h is the water depth and r is a linear bottom friction coefficient. With stratification (S ≠ 0), buoyancy advection in the bottom boundary layer produces vertical shear, which prevents the bottom stress from becoming large enough to balance the imposed pressure gradient for many friction time scales. Thus, the alongshelf flow continues to accelerate, potentially producing large velocities. The acceleration increases rapidly with increasing S, such that even relatively weak stratification (S &gt; 0.2) has a major impact. These results are supported by numerical model calculations.
Response of the Separated Western Boundary Current to Harmonic and Stochastic Wind Stress Variations in a 1.5-Layer Ocean Model
Authors: Sirven J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA time-dependent version of the Parsons model (geostrophic 1.5-layer model of the ventilated thermocline) has been developed to investigate the response of the midlatitude ocean to wind stress variations in a simple configuration. In this model, the total amount of water is kept constant and the eastern boundary thermocline depth can vary in time so as to maintain mass balance. Here, basin modes are not investigated, in contrast to many recent studies, but the emphasis is on the line where the motionless second layer outcrops, which represents the separated western boundary current. It is shown that the position of this line only depends on the wind stress, the earth rotation, and the thermocline interior solution. The position is not influenced by the parameterization of the dissipative processes. This generalizes previous results established in the stationary case. The displacement of the outcrop line in the case of harmonic or stochastic wind stress variations is computed numerically, showing a lag of 0–4 yr that results from a combination of the instantaneous Ekman response and the delayed response due to Rossby wave propagation. Such delay is in satisfactory agreement with observations of Gulf Stream adjustment to wind stress changes, considering the limitations of the model, and is in good agreement with intermediate-resolution OGCM models. Although inertial effects and buoyancy forcing also need to be considered, this suggests that the outcropping mechanism plays a role in the variability of the separated boundary currents and may be dominant in non-eddy-resolving ocean models.
Boussinesq and Anelastic Approximations Revisited: Potential Energy Release during Thermobaric Instability
Authors: Ingersoll Andrew P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Expressions are derived for the potential energy of a fluid whose density depends on three variables: temperature, pressure, and salinity. The thermal expansion coefficient is a function of depth, and the application is to thermobaric convection in the oceans. Energy conservation, with conversion between kinetic and potential energies during adiabatic, inviscid motion, exists for the Boussinesq and anelastic approximations but not for all approximate systems of equations. In the Boussinesq/anelastic system, which is a linearization of the thermodynamic variables, the expressions for potential energy involve thermodynamic potentials for salinity and potential temperature. Thermobaric instability can occur with warm salty water either above or below cold freshwater. In both cases the fluid may be unstable to large perturbations even though it is stable to small perturbations. The energy per mass of this finite-amplitude instability varies as the square of the layer thickness. With a 4-K temperature difference and a 0.6-psu salinity difference across a layer that is 4000 m thick, the stored potential energy is ∼0.3 m2 s−2, which is comparable to the kinetic energy of the major ocean currents. This potential could be released as kinetic energy in a single large event. Thermobaric effects cause parcels moving adiabatically to follow different neutral trajectories. A cold fresh parcel that is less dense than a warm salty parcel near the surface may be more dense at depth. Examples are given in which two isopycnal trajectories cross at one place and differ in depth by 1000 m or more at another.
Dynamics of Dense Water Descending a Continental Slope*
Authors: Ou Hsien-Wang 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
A reduced-gravity model is used to examine the dynamics of dense water descending a continental slope. The model solves for the geostrophically adjusted state before it is subjected to significant frictional decay. For such bottom-mounted flow, it is argued that frictional torque would dominate the net vorticity balance to equalize the edge flows, resulting in double velocity cores. Constrained by the geostrophic balance, the dense water thus may settle only over a concave bottom and is sheetlike, covering typically the whole slope rise. As such, the adjustment is characterized by a spreading rather than sinking of the layer—with little descent of the upper edge but a swift downslope current propelling the lower edge. Through the mechanical energy balance, it is found in addition that a greater density anomaly would increase the total entrainment flux to more strongly dilute the original anomaly, yielding a product water that is less varied in the water-mass properties. Model predictions compare favorably with some observed dense outflows, in support of the entrainment and friction control of the geostrophic adjustment.
Salinity Variations in the Southern California Current*
Authors: Schneider Niklas , Di Lorenzo Emanuele , Niiler Pearn P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Hydrographic observations southwestward of the Southern California Bight in the period 1937–99 show that temperature and salinity variations have very different interannual variability. Temperature varies within and above the thermocline and is correlated with climate indices of El Niño, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and local upwelling. Salinity variability is largest in the surface layers of the offshore salinity minimum and is characterized by decadal-time-scale changes. The salinity anomalies are independent of temperature, of heave of the pycnocline, and of the climate indices. Calculations demonstrate that long-shore anomalous geostrophic advection of the mean salinity gradient accumulates along the mean southward trajectory along the California Current and produces the observed salinity variations. The flow anomalies for this advective process are independent of large-scale climate indices. It is hypothesized that low-frequency variability of the California Current system results from unresolved, small-scale atmospheric forcing or from the ocean mesoscale upstream of the Southern California Bight.
Comments on “A New Theory for the Generation of the Equatorial Subsurface Countercurrents”
Authors: Marin Frédéric , Hua Bach Lien , Schopp Richard 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
From a numerical simulation of the Atlantic Ocean, Jochum and Malanotte-Rizzoli provide evidence that the equatorial subsurface countercurrents can be triggered by tropical instability waves through eddy–mean flow interactions in a low-Rossby-number regime. Adapting the transformed Eulerian mean formalism to a shoaling jet, they propose eddy heat fluxes to be the driving mechanism for the subsurface countercurrents. Here it is shown that such a formalism relying on the existence of a residual meridional streamfunction cannot be applied to a shoaling jet, so that the eddy heat fluxes term in the zonal momentum equation cannot be rigorously justified. Moreover, the role of the zonal pressure gradient that was dropped in their study needs to be reassessed. Despite this mathematical questioning of Jochum and Malanotte-Rizzoli’s framework, the authors agree with them that eddy heat fluxes may contribute to the dynamics of the subsurface countercurrents.
Doppler-Shifted Inertial Oscillations on a β Plane
Authors: Zhai Xiaoming , Greatbatch Richard J. , Sheng Jinyu 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
On the spherical earth, and in the absence of a background flow, the poleward propagation of near-inertial oscillations is restricted by the turning latitude. A background flow, on the other hand, provides a way to increase the apparent frequency of near-inertial waves through Doppler shifting. In this note, it is shown that near-inertial oscillations can be advected to latitudes higher than their turning latitude. Associated with the poleward advection there is a squeezing of the meridional wavelength. A numerical model is used to verify this result. The squeezed inertial oscillations are vulnerable to nonlinear interactions, which could eventually lead to small-scale dissipation and mixing.
Deep-Water Flow over the Lomonosov Ridge in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Timmermans M-L. , Winsor P. , Whitehead J. A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The Arctic Ocean likely impacts global climate through its effect on the rate of deep-water formation and the subsequent influence on global thermohaline circulation. Here, the renewal of the deep waters in the isolated Canadian Basin is quanitified. Using hydraulic theory and hydrographic observations, the authors calculate the magnitude of this renewal where circumstances have thus far prevented direct measurements. A volume flow rate of Q = 0.25 ± 0.15 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) from the Eurasian Basin to the Canadian Basin via a deep gap in the dividing Lomonosov Ridge is estimated. Deep-water renewal time estimates based on this flow are consistent with 14C isolation ages. The flow is sufficiently large that it has a greater impact on the Canadian Basin deep water than either the geothermal heat flux or diffusive fluxes at the deep-water boundaries.
The 25-Day-Period Large-Scale Oscillations in the Argentine Basin Revisited
Authors: Tai Chang-Kou , Fu Lee-Lueng 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
From sea surface height measurements made by the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon satellite, Fu et al. found and described large-scale oscillations at the period of 25 days in the Argentine Basin of the South Atlantic Ocean. These oscillations were previously hinted at by in situ observations. Only the extensive space–time sampling capability of TOPEX/Poseidon, however, was able to give a complete description of the phenomenon as a counterclockwise-rotating dipole centered at 45°S, 317°E over the Zapiola Rise. Fu et al. also undertook theoretical and numerical studies to suggest that the phenomenon is a resonantly excited barotropic normal mode of the locally closed f/H contour. In a simulation study, however, they also found that the space–time smoothing scheme employed would probably lower the amplitude of the estimated phenomenon by 30%–40%. By reprocessing the data using a different method and showing the amplitude to be almost 2 times as large, in this note it is confirmed that this is indeed the case. The original 5-yr study has also been extended to nearly 10 yr, demonstrating that the same phenomenon has persisted for almost 10 yr.
Platelet PECAM-1 inhibits thrombus formation in vivo
Authors: Falati Shahrokh , Patil Sonali , Gross Peter L. , Stapleton Michelle , Merrill-Skoloff Glenn , Barrett Natasha E. , Pixton Katherine L. , Weiler Harmut , Cooley Brian , Newman Debra K. , Newman Peter J. , Furie Barbara C. , Furie Bruce , Gibbins Jonathan M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPlatelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) is a cell surface glycoprotein receptor expressed on a range of blood cells, including platelets, and on vascular endothelial cells. PECAM-1 possesses adhesive and signaling properties, the latter being mediated by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs present on the cytoplasmic tail of the protein. Recent studies in vitro have demonstrated that PECAM-1 signaling inhibits the aggregation of platelets. In the present study we have used PECAM-1–deficient mice and radiation chimeras to investigate the function of this receptor in the regulation of thrombus formation. Using intravital microscopy and laser-induced injury to cremaster muscle arterioles, we show that thrombi formed in PECAM-1–deficient mice were larger, formed more rapidly than in control mice, and were more stable. Larger thrombi were also formed in control mice that received transplants of PECAM-1–deficient bone marrow, in comparison to mice that received control transplants. A ferric chloride model of thrombosis was used to investigate thrombus formation in carotid arteries. In PECAM-1–deficient mice the time to 75% vessel occlusion was significantly shorter than in control mice. These data provide evidence for the involvement of platelet PECAM-1 in the negative regulation of thrombus formation.
Comparative analysis of the kinomes of three pathogenic trypanosomatids: Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Parsons Marilyn , Worthey Elizabeth A , Ward Pauline N , Mottram Jeremy C 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
The trypanosomatids Leishmania major, Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi cause some of the most debilitating diseases of humankind: cutaneous leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness, and Chagas disease. These protozoa possess complex life cycles that involve development in mammalian and insect hosts, and a tightly coordinated cell cycle ensures propagation of the highly polarized cells. However, the ways in which the parasites respond to their environment and coordinate intracellular processes are poorly understood. As a part of an effort to understand parasite signaling functions, we report the results of a genome-wide analysis of protein kinases (PKs) of these three trypanosomatids.

Results
Bioinformatic searches of the trypanosomatid genomes for eukaryotic PKs (ePKs) and atypical PKs (aPKs) revealed a total of 176 PKs in T. brucei, 190 in T. cruzi and 199 in L. major, most of which are orthologous across the three species. This is approximately 30% of the number in the human host and double that of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The representation of various groups of ePKs differs significantly as compared to humans: trypanosomatids lack receptor-linked tyrosine and tyrosine kinase-like kinases, although they do possess dual-specificity kinases. A relative expansion of the CMGC, STE and NEK groups has occurred. A large number of unique ePKs show no strong affinity to any known group. The trypanosomatids possess few ePKs with predicted transmembrane domains, suggesting that receptor ePKs are rare. Accessory Pfam domains, which are frequently present in human ePKs, are uncommon in trypanosomatid ePKs.

Conclusion
Trypanosomatids possess a large set of PKs, comprising approximately 2% of each genome, suggesting a key role for phosphorylation in parasite biology. Whilst it was possible to place most of the trypanosomatid ePKs into the seven established groups using bioinformatic analyses, it has not been possible to ascribe function based solely on sequence similarity. Hence the connection of stimuli to protein phosphorylation networks remains enigmatic. The presence of numerous PKs with significant sequence similarity to known drug targets, as well as a large number of unusual kinases that might represent novel targets, strongly argue for functional analysis of these molecules.
The fusion band in V1: a simple ECG guide to optimal resynchronization? An echocardiographic case report
Authors: Gianfranchi Lorella , Bettiol Katia , Pacchioni Federico , Corbucci Giorgio , Alboni Paolo 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
Patients with left bundle branch block have a preserved right bundle branch conduction and the efficacy of left ventricular pacing could be explained with the fusion between artificial pulse delivered in the left lateral wall and the spontaneous right ventricular activation. Moreover, the efficacy of left ventricular pacing could be enhanced with an optimal timing between the spontaneous right ventricular activation and the left ventricular pulse.

Case presentation
We evaluated a patient (male, 47 yrs) with surgically corrected mitral regurgitation, sinus rhythm and left bundle branch block, heart failure (NYHA class III) despite medical therapy and low ejection fraction (25%): he was implanted with a biventricular device.
We programmed ventricular pacing only through the left ventricular lead.
We defined what we called electrocardiographic "fusion band" as follow: programming OFF the stimulator, we recorded the native electrocardiogram and measured, through the device, the intrinsic atrioventricular interval. Then, atrioventricular interval was progressively shortened by steps of 20 ms down to 100 ms. Twelve leads electrocardiogram was recorded at each step. The fusion band is the range of AV intervals at which surface electrocardiogram (mainly in V1 lead) presents an intermediate morphology between the native left bundle branch block (upper limit of the band) and the fully paced right bundle branch block (lower limit).
The patient underwent echocardiographic examination at each atrioventricular interval chosen inside the fusion band. The following parameters were evaluated: ejection fraction, diastolic filling time, E wave deceleration time, aortic velocity time integral and myocardial performance index.
All the echocardiographic parameters showed an improvement inside the fusion band, with a "plateau" behaviour. As the fusion band in this patient ranged from an atrioventricular delay of 200 ms to an atrioventricular delay of 120 ms, we chose an intermediate atrioventricular delay of 160 ms, presuming that this might guarantee the persistence of fusion even during any possible physiological (autonomic, effort) atrioventricular conduction variation.

Conclusion
In this heart failure patient with left bundle branch block, tailoring of the atrioventricular interval resynchronized myocardial contraction with left ventricular pacing alone, utilizing a sensed right atrial activity and the surface electrocardiographic pattern.
Modification of the asthma quality of life questionnaire (standardised) for patients 12 years and older
Authors: Juniper Elizabeth F , Svensson Klas , Mörk Ann-Christin , Ståhl Elisabeth 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe age limit for some adult asthma clinical trials has recently been lowered to 12 years. In this study we have made minor modifications to the standardised version of the adult Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ(S)) to make it valid for patients 12 years and older (AQLQ12+).MethodsWe have used two clinical trial databases, in which the AQLQ12+ was used, to compare the measurement properties of the questionnaire in patients 12–17 years and patients 18 years and older. A total of 2433 patients (12–75 years), with current asthma and with data that could be evaluated both at randomisation and end of treatment, were included.ResultsThe analysis showed that internal consistency, responsiveness and correlations with other clinical indices were very similar in patients 12–17 years and patients 18 years and older.ConclusionThe measurement properties of the AQLQ12+ are similar in adolescents and adults and therefore the instrument is valid for use in adult studies which include children 12 years and older.
A multi-modal treatment approach for the shoulder: A 4 patient case series
Authors: Pribicevic Mario , Pollard Henry 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackgroundThis paper describes the clinical management of four cases of shoulder impingement syndrome using a conservative multimodal treatment approach.Clinical FeaturesFour patients presented to a chiropractic clinic with chronic shoulder pain, tenderness in the shoulder region and a limited range of motion with pain and catching. After physical and orthopaedic examination a clinical diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome was reached. The four patients were admitted to a multi-modal treatment protocol including soft tissue therapy (ischaemic pressure and cross-friction massage), 7 minutes of phonophoresis (driving of medication into tissue with ultrasound) with 1% cortisone cream, diversified spinal and peripheral joint manipulation and rotator cuff and shoulder girdle muscle exercises. The outcome measures for the study were subjective/objective visual analogue pain scales (VAS), range of motion (goniometer) and return to normal daily, work and sporting activities. All four subjects at the end of the treatment protocol were symptom free with all outcome measures being normal. At 1 month follow up all patients continued to be symptom free with full range of motion and complete return to normal daily activities.ConclusionThis case series demonstrates the potential benefit of a multimodal chiropractic protocol in resolving symptoms associated with a suspected clinical diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome.
Cutaneous water loss and lipids of the stratum corneum in house sparrowsPasser domesticusfrom arid and mesic environments
Authors: Muñoz-Garcia Agustí , Williams Joseph B. 
Published: September 2005

SUMMARYBirds that live in hot, dry environments must balance water intake with losses in order to maintain water homeostasis. The outer layer of the integument, called the stratum corneum (SC), consists of corneocytes embedded in a matrix of lipids. The SC serves as a barrier to water vapor diffusion through the skin. We measured cutaneous water loss (CWL) in two populations of house sparrow Passer domesticus L., one living in a desert environment in Saudi Arabia, and another living in a mesic environment in Ohio, USA. We found that CWL rates at 30°C were lower in desert individuals (11.9±2.2 mg H2O cm-2day-1; N=11) than in mesic birds (16.0±2.6 mg H2O cm-2 day-1; N=14). We hypothesized that changes in the lipid composition of the SC could affect CWL. We analyzed four classes of lipids in the SC: ceramides, cerebrosides,cholesterol and free fatty acids, by thin layer chromatography. Compared to mesic sparrows, desert birds had a higher amount of ceramides(49.2±10.3 mg g-1 SC dry mass in Saudi Arabia;38.2±18.0 mg g-1 SC dry mass in Ohio) and cerebrosides(101.2±48.9 mg g-1 SC dry mass in Saudi Arabia;56.5±34.0 mg g-1 SC dry mass in Ohio), and a lower percentage of cholesterol (4.1±3.6% in Saudi Arabia; 5.4±2.5% in Ohio) in their SC.Although CWL was lower in sparrows from Arabia, and lipid composition of their SC differed, we could not detect differences between rates of water loss through non-living skin attached to glass vials (46.0±15.7 mg H2O cm-2 day-1 for sparrows in Saudi Arabia;45.8±27.2 mg H2O cm-2 day-1 for sparrows in Ohio). These results suggest that biological control mechanisms interact with layers of lipids in the stratum corneum to adjust CWL to the environment.