bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving the Philosophical Mind‐Body Problem
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The problem of consciousness is not that there are a number of competing explanatory theories, for which we lack the evidence that would enable us to choose between them; it is that we have no sense of what a possible explanation would even look like. Two senses in which consciousness might be mysterious to us are distinguished: an ontological or metaphysical sense in which consciousness is thought to have an occult non-natural nature; and an epistemological sense, in which we do not or cannot understand the nature of consciousness. It is then argued that consciousness is mysterious in the latter sense but not in the former. Consciousness exists and has an explanation, but its nature is deeply and intractably hidden from us owing to the limitations of our cognitive powers. Accepting these theoretical limitations removes the temptation to postulate a set of variously unacceptable solutions to the mind-body problem, which display a typical form (the ‘DIME shape’): deflationary reductionism, outright irreducibility, the eerily magical, ontological elimination.
Consciousness, Atomism, and the Ancient Greeks
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Physical atomism, as proposed by Democritus, was a speculative theory, without much empirical support or explanatory success, which much later received serious confirmation. Comparisons are drawn between some ancient Greek responses to puzzling phenomena and modern reductionist responses to the mind-body problem. It is conjectured that atomism with regard to the mental is true in advance of there being any particular evidence for it. According to this theory, conscious states consist of unobserved underlying states, which combine to produce the states that we do observe. If such a theory could be produced, it is argued that it might contribute to a solution to the mind-body problem.
In vitro measurement of rabbit corneal epithelial thickness using ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography
Authors: Reiser Bibiana J. , Ignacio Teresa S. , Wang Yimin , Taban Mehran , Graff Jordan M. , Sweet Paula , Chen Zhongping , Chuck Roy S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to reproducibly measure corneal epithelial thickness centrally and at the limbus in the rabbit cornea using ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). Twelve freshly enucleated New Zealand white rabbit eyes were kept in a moist chamber at 4 °C. An ultrahigh resolution OCT system with a spatial resolution of 1.3 µm was used to image the cornea and its component layers. The central and peripheral (limbal) regions of all the samples were scanned within 6 h of harvest in order to minimize the post‐mortem degradation of the corneal epithelium. The thickness of the corneal epithelium was determined by measuring the pixel equivalents of the obtained image. Unpaired Student's t‐test was used to evaluate differences. The epithelial thickness centrally was found to be 45.8 ± 2.2 µm, and 37.6 ± 1.4 µm at the limbus (P < 0.001). Rabbit corneal epithelium is thicker centrally than at the limbus when measured by ultrahigh resolution OCT. This technique will aid in delineating the pathophysiology of diseases of the anterior cornea.
Limbal pseudotumor in a Cob Pony
Authors: Saroglu Murat , Aktas Mustafa , Olgun Dilek , Arun Seckin Serdar 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA tumor‐like tissue mass of lateral–limbal site in the right eye of a 12‐year‐old Cob Pony mare was presented for surgical removal. The mass, covering the lateral limbus, bulbar conjunctiva and part of the cornea, was surgically removed, and the corneal defect repaired with a pedicle bulbar conjunctival graft. The mass was inflammatory in nature containing mononuclear cells. No recurrence or complication occurred at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up examination.
Gene expression signature of estrogen receptor α status in breast cancer
Authors: Abba Martín C , Hu Yuhui , Sun Hongxia , Drake Jeffrey A , Gaddis Sally , Baggerly Keith , Sahin Aysegul , Aldaz C Marcelo 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Estrogens are known to regulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells and to modify their phenotypic properties. Identification of estrogen-regulated genes in human breast tumors is an essential step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of estrogen action in cancer. To this end we generated and compared the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) profiles of 26 human breast carcinomas based on their estrogen receptor α (ER) status. Thus, producing a breast cancer SAGE database of almost 2.5 million tags, representing over 50,000 transcripts.

Results
We identified 520 transcripts differentially expressed between ERα-positive (+) and ERα-negative (-) primary breast tumors (Fold change ≥ 2; p < 0.05). Furthermore, we identified 220 high-affinity Estrogen Responsive Elements (EREs) distributed on the promoter regions of 163 out of the 473 up-modulated genes in ERα (+) breast tumors. In brief, we observed predominantly up-regulation of cell growth related genes, DNA binding and transcription factor activity related genes based on Gene Ontology (GO) biological functional annotation. GO terms over-representation analysis showed a statistically significant enrichment of various transcript families including: metal ion binding related transcripts (p = 0.011), calcium ion binding related transcripts (p = 0.033) and steroid hormone receptor activity related transcripts (p = 0.031). SAGE data associated with ERα status was compared with reported information from breast cancer DNA microarrays studies. A significant proportion of ERα associated gene expression changes was validated by this cross-platform comparison. However, our SAGE study also identified novel sets of genes as highly expressed in ERα (+) invasive breast tumors not previously reported. These observations were further validated in an independent set of human breast tumors by means of real time RT-PCR.

Conclusion
The integration of the breast cancer comparative transcriptome analysis based on ERα status coupled to the genome-wide identification of high-affinity EREs and GO over-representation analysis, provide useful information for validation and discovery of signaling networks related to estrogen response in this malignancy.
Analyses of the differentiation potential of satellite cells from myoD
-/-, mdx, and PMP22 C22 mice
Authors: Schuierer Marion M , Mann Christopher J , Bildsoe Heidi , Huxley Clare , Hughes Simon M 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Sporadic and sometimes contradictory studies have indicated changes in satellite cell behaviour associated with the progressive nature of human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Satellite cell proliferation and number are reportedly altered in DMD and the mdx mouse model. We recently found that satellite cells in MSVski transgenic mice, a muscle hypertrophy model showing progressive muscle degeneration, display a severe ageing-related differentiation defect in vitro. We tested the hypothesis that similar changes contribute to the gradual loss of muscle function with age in mdx and PMP22 mice, a model of human motor and sensory neuropathy type 1A (HMSN1A).

Methods
Single extensor digitorum longus muscle fibres were cultured from mdx and PMP22 mice and age- and genetic background-matched controls. Mice at several ages were compared with regard to the differentiation of satellite cells, assayed as the proportion of desmin-expressing cells that accumulated sarcomeric myosin heavy chain.

Results
Satellite cells of 2 month, 6 month, and 12 month old mdx mice were capable of differentiating to a similar extent to age-matched wild type control animals in an in vitro proliferation/differentiation model. Strikingly, differentiation efficiency in individual 6 month and 12 month old mdx animals varies to a much higher extent than in age-matched controls, younger mdx animals, or PMP22 mice. In contrast, differentiation of myoblasts from all myoD null mice assayed was severely impaired in this assay system. The defect in satellite cell differentiation that occurs in some mdx animals arises from a delay in differentiation that is not overcome by IGF-1 treatment at any phase of cultivation.

Conclusion
Overall, a defect in satellite cell differentiation above that arising through normal ageing does not occur in mdx or PMP22 mouse models of human disease. Nonetheless, the impaired differentiation of satellite cells from some mdx animals suggests that additional factors, environmental or epigenetic, may lead to deteriorating muscle repair through poor differentiation of satellite cells in genetically predisposed individuals.
Screening of crude extracts of six medicinal plants used in South-West Nigerian unorthodox medicine for anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus activity
Authors: Akinyemi Kabir O , Oladapo Olukayode , Okwara Chidi E , Ibe Christopher C , Fasure Kehinde A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Six Nigerian medicinal plants Terminalia avicennioides, Phylantus discoideus, Bridella ferruginea, Ageratum conyzoides, Ocimum gratissimum and Acalypha wilkesiana used by traditional medical practitioners for the treatment of several ailments of microbial and non-microbial origins were investigated for in vitro anti-methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) activity.

Methods
Fresh plant materials were collected from the users. Water and ethanol extracts of the shredded plants were obtained by standard methods. The Bacterial cultures used were strains of MRSA isolated from patients. MRSA was determined by the reference broth microdilution methods using the established National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards break points. Staphylococcus aureus NCIB 8588 was used as a standard strain. Susceptibility testing and phytochemical screening of the plant extracts were performed by standard procedures. Controls were maintained for each test batch.

Results
Both water and ethanol extracts of T. avicennioides, P. discoideus, O. gratissimum, and A. wilkesiana were effective on MRSA. The Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the ethanol extracts of these plants range from 18.2 to 24.0 mcg/ml and 30.4 to 37.0 mcg/ml respectively. In contrast, MIC range of 30.6 to 43.0 mcg/ml and 55.4 to 71.0 mcg/ml were recorded for ethanol and water extracts of B. ferruginea, and A. conyzoides respectively. Higher MBC values were obtained for the two plants. These concentrations were too high to be considered active in this study. All the four active plants contained at least trace amount of anthraquinones.

Conclusion
Our results offer a scientific basis for the traditional use of water and ethanol extracts of A. wilkesiana, O. gratissimum, T. avicennioides and P. discoideus against MRSA-associated diseases. However, B. ferruginea and A. conyzoides were ineffective in vitro in this study; we therefore suggest the immediate stoppage of their traditional use against MRSA-associated diseases in Lagos, Nigeria.
International variation in prescribing antihypertensive drugs: Its extent and possible explanations
Authors: Fretheim Atle , Oxman Andrew D 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Inexpensive antihypertensive drugs are at least as effective and safe as more expensive drugs. Overuse of newer, more expensive antihypertensive drugs is a poor use of resources. The potential savings are substantial, but vary across countries, in large part due to differences in prescribing patterns. We wanted to describe prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs in ten countries and explore possible reasons for inter-country variation.

Methods
National prescribing profiles were determined based on information on sales and indications for prescribing. We sent a questionnaire to academics and drug regulatory agencies in Canada, France, Germany, UK, US and the Nordic countries, asking about explanations for differences in prescribing patterns in their country compared with the other countries. We also conducted telephone interviews with medical directors of drug companies in the UK and Norway, the countries with the largest differences in prescribing patterns.

Results
There is considerable variation in prescribing patterns. In the UK thiazides account for 25% of consumption, while the corresponding figure for Norway is 6%. In Norway alpha-blocking agents account for 8% of consumption, which is more than twice the percentage found in any of the other countries. Suggested factors to explain inter-country variation included reimbursement policies, traditions, opinion leaders with conflicts of interests, domestic pharmaceutical production, and clinical practice guidelines. The medical directors also suggested hypotheses that: Norwegian physicians are early adopters of new interventions while the British are more conservative; there are many clinical trials conducted in Norway involving many general practitioners; there is higher cost-awareness among physicians in the UK, in part due to fund holding; and there are publicly funded pharmaceutical advisors in the UK.

Conclusion
Two compelling explanations the variation in prescribing that warrant further investigation are the promotion of less-expensive drugs by pharmaceutical advisors in UK and the promotion of more expensive drugs through "seeding trials" in Norway.
Isolation of Aspergillus spp. from the respiratory tract in critically ill patients: risk factors, clinical presentation and outcome
Authors: Garnacho-Montero José , Amaya-Villar Rosario , Ortiz-Leyba Carlos , León Cristóbal , Álvarez-Lerma Francisco , Nolla-Salas Juan , Iruretagoyena José R , Barcenilla Fernando 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Our aims were to assess risk factors, clinical features, management and outcomes in critically ill patients in whom Aspergillus spp. were isolated from respiratory secretions, using a database from a study designed to assess fungal infections.

Methods
A multicentre prospective study was conducted over a 9-month period in 73 intensive care units (ICUs) and included patients with an ICU stay longer than 7 days. Tracheal aspirate and urine samples, and oropharyngeal and gastric swabs were collected and cultured each week. On admission to the ICU and at the initiation of antifungal therapy, the severity of illness was evaluated using the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score. Retrospectively, isolation of Aspergillus spp. was considered to reflect colonization if the patient did not fulfil criteria for pneumonia, and infection if the patient met criteria for pulmonary infection and if the clinician in charge considered the isolation to be clinically valuable. Risk factors, antifungal use and duration of therapy were noted.

Results
Out of a total of 1756 patients, Aspergillus spp. were recovered in 36. Treatment with steroids (odds ratio = 4.5) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (odds ratio = 2.9) were significantly associated with Aspergillus spp. isolation in multivariate analysis. In 14 patients isolation of Aspergillus spp. was interpreted as colonization, in 20 it was interpreted as invasive aspergillosis, and two cases were not classified. The mortality rates were 50% in the colonization group and 80% in the invasive infection group. Autopsy was performed in five patients with clinically suspected infection and confirmed the diagnosis in all of these cases.

Conclusion
In critically ill patients, treatment should be considered if features of pulmonary infection are present and Aspergillus spp. are isolated from respiratory secretions.
In vitro assessment of the osteointegrative potential of a novel multiphase anodic spark deposition coating for orthopaedic and dental implants
Authors: Sandrini Enrico , Morris Christopher , Chiesa Roberto , Cigada Alberto , Santin Matteo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHydroxyapatite coatings have been proven to improve the osteointegration of metal implants through a tight binding to the bone mineral phase as well as through favorable osteoblast adhesion and proliferation onto the implant surface. However, hydroxyapatite coatings are not stable and they tend to delaminate from the metal surface when challenged by the mechanical stresses experienced by the implant. Recently, a new multiphase anodic spark deposition (ASD) method has been optimized where the formation of a thick oxide film is followed by the deposition of a calcium phosphate mineral phase and its etching by alkali. The data in this paper demonstrate that this novel type of coating, BioSpark™, improves the material osteointegration potential when compared to conventional ASD while offering more mechanical stability. A faster mineralization was obtained by incubation in simulated body fluids and osteoblasts showed better adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and collagen production. These performances were related to the surface morphology, to the film calcium/phosphate ratio and its surface oxygen content, as well as to a preferential binding of structural proteins such as fibronectin. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Introduction Gender and Conversion in Colonial India
Authors: Kent Eliza F. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion on the concepts of conversion and gender, to establish the theoretical framework of this study on Indian Christian converts in the Madras Presidency. It argues that in the late 19th and early 20th century, a “discourse of respectability” emerged among Christian communities in the south of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj, which radically transformed the style of femininity to which Indian Christian women were expected to conform. This is followed by an overview of the chapters included in this volume.
Agency and Transnational Movements
Authors: Nepstad Sharon Erickson 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA sociological understanding of agency requires an assessment of the structural factors and cultural expectations that shape the ability to form movements and foster change. There is a need to understand the constraints and opportunities afforded by activists’ social traits, structural location, and the historical context in which they operate. This chapter discusses how these factors conditioned the ability of church workers to organize, build, and sustain the Central American solidarity movement.
From Ideologies to Parties
Authors: Ignazi Piero 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter explores the ideology and evolution of the extreme right. Historians and political philosophers have attributed the ideologies of ‘counter-revolutionism’ and ‘fascism’ to this term. However, in the 1980s, a new set of ideas entered the political discourse of the right; fascism and its variants no longer remained the unique cultural sources. Two types of extreme right parties have emerged: traditional extreme right parties, and post-industrial parties.
Absolute State and Patrimonial Administration
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractState formation to be an essential part of the capitalist revolution and of the modernization process that begins with the Renaissance and the commercial revolution. Its completion, which happened with the industrial revolution, required definite and regulated markets, which were brought by the absolute state. Hypothetically, the absolute state was the outcome of a Hobbesian social contract; in actual terms, the consequence of a historical agreement between the monarch and the new emerging merchant bourgeoisie at the expense of the feudal lords’ power. The monarch used tax revenues to maintain a dependent patrimonial aristocracy, living at the court, to take care of war, and a patrimonial bureaucracy to collect taxes and administer justice. It is a mistake to see patrimonial administration as merely corrupt and inefficient. Under such bureaucracy, the state apparatus advanced hugely in the seventeenth and eighteenth century.
The Social-Democratic State
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe social democratic state rises from the Great Depression and Second Word War. And up to the 1970s, the capitalist economies grow enormously, at the same time that social rights were recognized and the welfare state implemented. The tax burden and the state apparatus grow to face the new social and developmental activities taken on by the state. With the social state emerges plural or public opinion democracy. Political elites diversify, including increasing representatives of the professional middle class. Capitalism also diversifies, and we can detect four models of capitalism: the Anglo-Saxon market model, the European social model, the Asian developmental model, and the Latin American mixed model of capitalism. Particularly in the later two models, a developmental bureaucracy rises.
The Crisis of the Social-Democratic State
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe size of the state increased continuously since late nineteenth century, if we measure it by expenditures in relation to GDP. Growth leads cyclically to crisis. State intervention or regulation takes place according to a cyclical pattern. The social-democratic state was successful in promoting economic growth and social justice in the developed countries between the 1930s and the 1970s. In this last decade, however, three different, though related, historical processes–the neo-liberal ideological wave, globalization, and the fiscal crisis of the state–gained momentum and led the social-democratic state into crisis, aiding the transition to the social-liberal state. The fiscal crisis evolved from a distorted and excessive growth of the state; the other two factors were exogenous to the state organization.
The Social-Liberal State
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe political values involved in liberalism, democracy, socialism have historically been in conflict, but there is no reason why we cannot see them as complementary. A purely market as well as a fully state-coordinated economy never existed in history. The concepts of liberalism and socialism are elusive ones but they have one common origin: the capitalist revolution and modernity. The social-liberal state that is emerging out of the crisis of the social-democratic state is social because it maintains socialist commitments to social rights, while it gives more room for market competition in the coordination of the economy. It is also social-liberal because, in the social-democratic state, civil servants directly provide social and scientific services, whereas in the social-liberal state, competitive non-profit organizations contacted out and financed by the state already are or will be in charge.
The Republican State
Authors: Bresser-Pereira Luiz Carlos 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe social-democratic state existing in advanced democracies is gradually changing into a republican state. The ultra-liberal wave failed because modern societies need a strong, not a weak, state. A republican state is strong enough to protect itself and the public patrimony from private capture. Its strength originates in governments’ political legitimacy, in the active participation of citizens organized in civil society, in a dense public space where social accountability and public debate take place, and on the existence of politicians and civil servants endowed with republican virtues. The republican state that is emerging is fiscally strong because it limits its debts, it is administratively strong because it is engaged in public management reform, and it is politically strong because citizens, politicians, and civil servants know that the principles ruling politics are not the same that rule markets: besides the private, the public interest must be taken into consideration. Undertakes a short survey of the literature on republicanism to substantiate these claims.