bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing the Predictive Power of Dividend Yields
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Jorion Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do low dividend yields forecast a stock market decline? Does this commonly used financial ratio indicate whether stocks are over- or undervalued? This apparently simple question has been widely debated for financial economists for more than 10 years, and subjected to a battery of tests. In particular, a number of top research teams have found evidence that yields do predict returns. These include Michael Rozeff (1984), Eugene Fama and Kenneth French (1988a,b), John Campbell and Robert Shiller (1988), and Robert Hodrick (1992) (all cited in full in “Suggested Reading”). On the other hand, we come to the opposite conclusion. What might explain the differences in research outcomes? A key issue in crafting an empirical test of the predictability of dividend yields is to recognize the fact that dividing a dividend by the stock price on one side of the regression and using a lagged value of that same stock price on the other side of the regression can cause test statistics to behave quite poorly—so poorly, in fact, that standard t-statistics are quite misleading. In this paper, Philippe Jorion and I develop a procedure that builds this dependent price structure into a simulation. Using U.S. data from 1926, we find the evidence on dividend yields as a predictor to be marginal, not quite strong enough to reject the null hypothesis at standard confidence levels.
Does Asset Allocation Policy Explain 40, 90, or 100 Percent of Performance?
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Kaplan Paul D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Does asset allocation policy explain 40 percent, 90 percent, or 100 percent of performance? The answer depends on how the question is asked and what an analyst is trying to explain. According to well-known studies by Brinson and colleagues, more than 90 percent of the variability in a typical plan sponsor’s performance over time is the result of asset allocation policy. So, if one is trying to explain the variability of returns over time, asset allocation is very important. Unfortunately, the Brinson et al. studies are often misinterpreted and the results applied to questions that the studies never intended to answer. For example, an analyst might want to know how important asset allocation is in explaining the variation in performance among funds. Because the Brinson studies did not address this question, the analyst can neither look to them to find the answer nor fault them for not answering it correctly. A different study is required.
The Distribution of Functional Projections in ASL: Evidence from Overt Expressions of Syntactic Features
Authors: Neidle Carol , Maclaughlin Dawn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Signed languages provide a unique type of evidence of the architecture of functional projections. As in other signed languages, ASL, the focus of this article, has nonmanual expressions of many of the major syntactic features postulated to occur in functional heads. These expressions take the form of particular gestures on the head and upper body that occur potentially over phrasal domains, in parallel with manual signing. The distribution and intensity of these grammatical markings provide evi¬dence of hierarchical structure and phrasal boundaries. In this article, we summarize the major findings of our recent research on the syntax of ASL relevant to the issue of the mapping of functional projections. For further detail and discussion of the structure of the noun phrase and the clause in ASL, see especially Neidle, Kegl, MacLaughlin, Bahan, and Lee (2000),where we have argued for the hierarchical structures shown in figures 7-1 and 7-2. Here we focus, in particular, on the projec¬tions of tense, aspect, agreement, and negation.
The Marketing Power of Emotion
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotion is one of the defining forces in our lives. It lies at the very heart of many of our most important experiences and memories. Not surprisingly, the worlds of business and marketing have long drawn on the power of emotion to influence consumer impulses and brand loyalty. Yet beyond the obvious emotions evoked by an inspirational Nike ad or an affecting Hallmark commercial lies an emotional universe that is less conspicuous, even transparent, yet no less influential. In this definitive work, two marketing experts provide a highly original, entertaining and anecdote-rich account of the marketing power of emotion. The primordial force behind motivation and persuasion, emotions enter into all decisions involving tradeoffs and are thus especially relevant to consumer decision-making. The Marketing Power of Emotion traces the manner in which companies rely on emotion to connect with consumers, develop new products, improve their strategic position, and increase brand recognition. Synthesizing key research in a variety of scientific fields, the authors cover the role of mood in persuasion; affect-driven consumer behavior; choice processes; associationism (how consumers develop positive and negative associations with a product); the importance of consistency; response prediction; and emotional response manipulation, among a host of other topics. Importantly, the centrality of emotion in developing brand loyalty is explored in depth. Essential reading for executives and middle management alike, as well as all students and scholars of consumer behavior, The Marketing Power of Emotion is the most authoritative statement yet on this critically important aspect of business strategy.
Pathology of Atherosclerosis in Youth and the Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: McGill Henry C , McMahan C Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the arterial lesion underlying most forms of adult cardiovascular disease, was formerly considered an inevitable consequence of aging. Studies of the past half-century dispelled the notion of inevitability and showed that atherosclerosis resulted from the interaction between a genetic substrate and a number of environmental agents, a model now applicable to many common chronic diseases. Application of this knowledge to control the epidemic of atherosclerotic disease that developed in the first half of the twentieth century, particularly coronary heart disease, became a major public health goal of the latter half of that century and remains so today. Most efforts are directed at middle aged and older adults, but there is now evidence that primary prevention should begin earlier in life. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and progresses through adolescence and young adulthood to result in clinically manifest disease many years later. The rate of progression during those preclinical stages is affected by the same conditions, commonly known as risk factors, that predict the prob ability of adult clinical atherosclerotic disease. Long-range primary prevention will be most effective if control of these risk factors begins in youth.
Artery Calcification
Authors: Mahoney Larry T , Burns Trudy L , Bielak, Lawrence F , Peyser Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From examination of pathologic specimens, it is well known that calcium eventually becomes incorporated into the developing advanced atherosclerotic lesion. Early attempts to identify calcific lesions used the plain chest radiograph; how ever, the lesions had to be quite extensive to be seen as a radiopaque lesion using this technique. Advances in rapid acquisition computed tomography (CT) have led to a reliable, noninvasive technique for identifying, locating, and quantifying even small calcific lesions. This chapter provides background information on coronary artery calcification (CAC), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, and describes the results from investigations focused on validation of a non invasive method to detect and quantify CAC. The chapter summarizes the results from epidemiologic investigations of the association between CAC and current and previously measured coronary risk factor (CRF) levels, including childhood measures, genetic studies, and studies of the progression of CAC. In adolescents and young adults, assessment of CAC may provide a measure of the early atherosclerotic process before occlusive cardiovascular disease becomes evident. Very little is known about the detection of CAC during childhood. There is a need to study its utility in high-risk children, such as those with markedly elevated cholesterol levels. Clearly, from a clinical perspective, CT measurement of CAC should not be recommended for general pediatric practice.
Identification and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with High Cholesterol
Authors: Lauer Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is convincing pathologic evidence (see Chapter 1) that the atherosclerotic process begins during childhood and adolescence (Newman et al., 1986; Davies, 1990; Haust, 1990; PDAY Research Group, 1990). The Bogalusa Heart Study has reported research relating cholesterol levels to the extent of early arterial lesions of atherosclerosis in children (Freedman et al., 1988; Berenson et al., 1998). In addition to cholesterol levels, other risk factors in children and adolescents require attention. Specifically, smoking should be discouraged, hypertension should be identified and treated, obesity should be avoided and reduced, exercise should be encouraged, and diabetes mellitus should be identified and treated (Kavey et al., 2003). This chapter discusses lipids and lipoproteins, their relationship to the atherosclerotic process, and their medical management in children and adolescents.
Dietary Management of Children and Adolescents with High Cholesterol
Authors: Snetselaar Linda , Lauer Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dietary change for managing hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents is key to the treatment of a condition that tracks into adulthood with associated morbidity and mortality end points. Studies that have focused on eating habits and parental control (Birch and Fisher, 1998) and on dietary intervention, such as the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) (1995), have taught us a great deal about behavior change. This chapter reviews information from population oriented studies like DISC and discusses the individualized approach to changing eating habits of children. Parental control issues and strategies for altering eating behaviors in children and adolescents are also discussed.
Identification and Management of Children and Adolescents with High Blood Pressure
Authors: Daniels Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research has clearly shown that blood pressure elevation is associated with in creased cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality in adults. This finding has led to a clinical mandate to identify adults with hypertension and treat them appropriately (Joint National Committee, 1997). More recently, it has become clear that the origins of acquired cardiovascular disease may occur in childhood and adolescence (see Chapter 1). As knowledge in this area has increased, an approach to identification and management of pediatric patients with high blood pressure has been developed.
The Epidemiology of Childhood Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Burns Trudy L , Peyser, Patricia A , Donohoue Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overweight refers to an excess of body weight and obesity refers to an excess of body fat. Although not infectious diseases, these conditions have reached epi demic proportions in the United States. In 1999 to 2000 (Ogden et al., 2002) an estimated 10.4% of children ages 2 to 5, 15.3% of children ages 6 to 11, and 15.5% of adolescents ages 12 to 19 years were overweight (body mass index [BMI] being at or above the age- and sex-specific 95th percentile defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] on the basis of nationally representative data obtained between 1971 and 1994). There were more than twice as many overweight children and more than three times as many overweight adolescents as there were in 1976 to 1980 (Fig. 12.1). The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) of the CDC has discouraged use of the term obesity when classifying children and adolescents; however, the two terms are used interchange ably in the chapters of this book.
The Need for Physical Activity among Children and Adolescents for Prevention and Treatment of Obesity
Authors: Saelens Brian E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physical activity in childhood exerts both immediate and long-term effects on health, particularly for children already at risk for incurring negative weight related consequences. Numerous mechanisms exist by which physical activity likely benefits children and adults, including but not limited to better cardio vascular fitness, weight control, and insulin sensitivity. High levels of physical activity in childhood could convey long-term benefit into adulthood regardless of the level of physical activity retained into adulthood. Children’s physical activity can also have a more immediate benefit to health in childhood, with better tracking of positive health into adulthood and thus transmission of long-term benefits. In an attempt to convey to health practitioners information about the current status of knowledge about children’s physical activity, this chapter pro vides an overview of evidence regarding the impact of physical activity on children’s health. It also discusses the prevalence and correlates of physical activity among children, as well as interventions and recommendations for activity. Given the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity, physical activity benefits and interventions are considered with particular relevance for over weight children.
Electrophysiology of Seizures
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ictal events appear on EEG traces as electrical storms. Microphysiological techniques reveal the ways in which the normal finely-tuned yet stable-patterned activity of healthy neurons can be perverted during seizures. Chapter 7 explores in detail the electrophysiology of epileptiform discharges and their relationship to the normal electrical function of brain cells.
Ions and Seizures
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During seizure discharges the concentration of potassium in cerebral ISF in creases, and the concentrations of calcium and sodium decrease (Figs. 8–2, 8–3, 8—4) (Heinemann et al., 1977; Hotson et al., 1973; Lothman et al., 1975; Lux and Heinemann, 1978; Somjen, 1980; Somjen and Giacchino, 1985; Somjen et al., 1986). These changes in extracellular concentration are due to the release of K+ from and the influx of Na+ and Ca2+ into excited neurons. On balance, more ions enter than leave cells, glia as well as neurons. Because of the net gain of osmotic equivalents, cells swell and the interstitial volume fraction ((ISVF) decreases (Lux et al., 1986).
Mechanisms of Action of Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Somjen George G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To cure epilepsy, one should repair the defective channels. While no longer considered beyond the realm of the possible, attainment of this ideal goal is some time in the future. Meanwhile, clinicians do what they can to alleviate the suffering of patients with seizure disorders. To stress the obvious, seizures could, of course, be completely suppressed by blocking Na+ channels, but this is incompatible with survival. Nonetheless, most of the routinely used anticonvulsants are indeed channel or receptor antagonists or modulators. Such treatment amounts to balancing one malfunction by inducing another, opposing malfunction. For this reason, all of the therapeutic agents have side effects (Meldrum, 2002a). Schachter (2002) emphasized that currently available drugs are “anti-ictal, not anti-epileptic,” treating the symptom, not the disease. Yet Leite et al. (2002) are more optimistic and suggest that some drugs in fact rein in epileptogenesis. Accepting Gowers’ dictum that “seizures beget seizures” (see Chapter 6: “The mirror focus”), it may be hoped that suppressing fits at an early stage might at the least retard the progression of the disease. In any case, compared to the total helplessness of the physicians of old, today’s neurologists have an impressive array of tools, and many patients are well helped. The adoption of bromides was an advance from having nothing whatsoever, barbiturates were a great advance over bromides, and phenytoin marked a leap from barbiturates. Developments are accelerating. The report of a conference held in 2000 listed 10 antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) licensed recently and 11 others then undergoing various prelicense clinical trials (Bialer et al., 2001).
From Cripps’s Failure to the Failure of the Congress Party’s “Quit India” Movement, April–October 1942
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cripps mistakenly believed that his mission, “despite failure,” had definitely improved the attitude of India toward the war and made the National Congress Party more sympathetic toward the Raj’s struggles against the Japanese. On the eve of his departure, he wrote Churchill that he believed there was “a chance” the Congress Party might soon see the wisdom of their cabinet’s offer just as Jinnah’s Muslim League and most of the Sikhs did. Cripps felt “sad,” though “not depressed,” ending his message on a note that sounded more like one Churchill might have sent to him: “Now we must get on with the job of defending India.”
Financial Markets and Corporate Environmental Results
Authors: Dixon Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental sustainability looms as one of the largest challenges ever faced by business. Financial impacts on companies are growing as customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders continue to press for improvements in corporate environmental performance and movement toward sustainability.2 This drives increasing demand from the financial community for high quality analysis of corporate environmental performance. The sophistication of analysis has increased greatly over the past five years. However, limited data availability poses ongoing challenges for the capital markets, business, and other interested parties, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Dynamic Asset Analysis
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assertion that the risk profile of a structured security changes over time is not new. In fact, the key conclusion of Moody’s pioneering study of MBS rating upgrades and downgrades, known as rating transitions, is that “rating revisions are correlated with the aging of underlying asset pools. “ The study describes the changing credit contour of MBS based on performance data from 1987 to 1994 as follows: [V]ery few rating changes occur within two years of issuance. By the third year, the pace of rating changes increases, with downgrades exceeding upgrades by more than two to one when weighted by the distance of the rating movement. Interestingly, upgrades outnumber downgrades through the sixth year following issuance, but when weighted by the distance of the movement, average rating quality is still shifted downwards. Again, this is due in part to the initial ratings being predominantly in the highest rating categories, with only downward rating changes available to them.
The Average Life of Assets and Liabilities
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The average life of assets or liabilities is an essential concept of structured finance that addresses the fact that principal repayments on the underlying loans do not come all at once, as would those of bullet maturity bonds, but rather trickle in over time. The ideal analytical method would be to value each cash flow according to its exact maturity date, but this would be next to impossible given their essentially unpredictable repayment characteristics; the random nature of prepayments and defaults usually plays havoc with a theoretical forecast of principal repayments. Because liabilities can carry only a single rate of interest, investors must choose some measure of debt maturity that best captures the expected repayment process. This measure should replicate as closely as possible the desired bullet maturity concept on which the yield curve is built. To do this, an aggregate measure is used under which the series of individual periodic principal amortizations is transformed into an equivalent principal repayment of the entire pool balance at some unique, “average “ maturity, thereby synthetically simulating an obligation with the corresponding bullet maturity. The maturity thus obtained is defined as the average life of the pool.
PACs and TACs
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have alluded, while the purely pro rata or sequential allocation schemes may be said to form the two ends of the risk allocation spectrum, infinitely many intermediate structures can be devised through the introduction of the TAC and Planned Amortization Class (PAC) concepts. These operate on the basis of a pre established schedule of theoretical principal allocations in an attempt to accommodate the varieties of investor appetite for credit risk and prepayment speculation. Their popularity having increased significantly over the past twenty years, we feel a fuller treatment is warranted. This section is concerned exclusively with PACs while the next addresses TACs.
Regression Analysis
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in chapter 6, the nonlinear nature of structured finance significantly complicates the credit analysis of structured securities and requires the use of iterative solution procedures that fully articulate the codependence between the shape of the yield curve and the target credit ratings. The complexity of the task usually requires access to high-speed computers. In fact, the greatest contribution of numerical analysis over the past twenty years has probably been the ability to solve nonlinear problems without undue recourse to simplifying assumptions. Before proceeding to the techniques of linear and nonlinear regression, however, we must ask ourselves why nonlinearity makes problem solving so complicated. The answer is that, although linearity has a formal definition, nonlinearity does not. Linear operators abound in all branches of mathematics, physics, and economics. They tend to be treated uniformly and generically because they all share the same formal properties. By contrast, each nonlinear operator has idiosyncratic characteristics. In some cases, these characteristics contribute to a closed-form solution, but in others, the problem is virtually unsolvable without the aid of numerical analysis. The heterogeneous character of non-linear problems makes nonlinearity easiest to apprehend as the opposite of linearity.
The Newton-Raphson Nonlinear Optimization Method
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serious cash flow models used in structured finance are generally required to solve systems of nonlinear equations that stem either from nonlinear regression analysis or from an ad hoc asset-behavior model. Commercial packages exist to solve most nonlinear systems, but integrating them smoothly into a structured analysis code can be difficult; the result is often a hybrid construct no one wants to maintain or use. Our main goal in this section is to guide analysts in building nonlinear solution packages that can be maintained and reused for any given asset class. A subsidiary benefit is the ability to write fast routines that reduce the CPU requirements of Monte Carlo simulations by an order of magnitude. In chapter 20, we discuss Newton-Raphson (NR) implementation in detail in the case of auto-loan-backed securities.