bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contemporary cultural context for deception and malingering in Britain
Authors: Robinson W Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scene-setting comments address discontinuities between cultural prescriptions about the abstract values of truthfulness and honesty and the particular circumstances where departures from these are expected, condoned, and applauded. Falsifications to protect the feelings of others are approved. In competitive situations, as contrasted with cooperative ones, deceiving opponents can be necessary for winning and success, and in an individualistic competitive society which values wealth, power and status as markers of success, the achieving and retention of these can be expected to take precedence over truthfulness and honesty in relevant situations. Malingering is but one device to be employed to such ends. However, those who exploit this means may well feel a need to justify such conduct to themselves and to others. Two mechanisms for such justification are: engaging in behaviour that yields self-fulfilling prophecies of producing the symptoms of debilitating states, and ex post facto self-deluding reconstructions of events. Both are illustrated in respect of Paid Sickness Absence (PSA) and Pensionable Early Retirement (PER).
Investigating benefit fraud and illness deception in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kitchen Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the issues that a benefit fraud investigator needs to establish when investigating illness deception as a criminal offence. It will not seek to explain the intricacies of the British welfare system, in which the investigator works, or attempt to provide a comprehens ive overview of the English Criminal Justice system where benefit fraud is alleged (see Jones, Chapter 16 and Sprince, Chapter 18). The main purpose is to consider the extent to which illness deception contributes to alleged fraud within the UK benefit system.
Genetic epidemiology of stroke
Authors: Meschia James F , Brown Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stroke is rarely a manifestation of a single gene disorder. Much more commonly it is a multifactorial disease, but increasing evidence suggest that genetic predisposition is also important for this apparently ‘sporadic’ stroke. This chapter reviews this evidence, both for stroke in general and for particular subtypes of stroke, particularly ischaemic stroke subtypes and subarachnoid haemorrhage due to intracranial aneurysms.
Genetics of subarachnoid haemorrhage and intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Schievink Wouter I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 85 per cent of cases of subarachnoid haemorrhage are caused by intracranial aneurysms (see section ‘subarachnoid haemorrhage’). The exact etiology and pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms remain unclear (Schievink 1997).
Choosing the first-line drug for malaria treatment—how can cost-effectiveness analysis inform policy?
Authors: Goodman Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malaria drug policy in Africa is frequently argued to be in, or fast approaching, crisis (Attaran et al. 2004; Institute of Medicine 2004). Malaria is already responsible for over 10% of the total disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa, and its impact is increasing as a result of antimalarial drug resistance. For decades, most countries have relied on chloroquine as their first-line drug for treating uncomplicated malaria, benefiting from its effectiveness, low price and good safety profile. Those days are over because chloroquine resistance is already high in many African countries and growing fast in others (Bloland et al. 1998; EANMAT 2003). This is a cause of great concern as, if not effectively treated, uncomplicated malaria may progress to the severe form of the disease, with symptoms such as convulsions, coma and severe acidosis, and a significant risk of neurological sequelae in survivors. The in-patient case fatality rate is high, but in many settings the bulk of patients cannot access hospital care, leading to an even higher risk of death. High levels of chloroquine resistance have been associated with a high case fatality rate for malaria admissions in Kenya (Zucker et al. 1996), and with a dramatic increase in community-based measures of malaria-related mortality in Senegal (Trape et al. 1998).
e=2.718
Authors: Acheson David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that you lend someone some money – say, one pound. (I hope this is not too implausible.) Suppose, too, that by a combination of charm and guile you manage to persuade the borrower to agree an interest rate of 100% per annum. Then after one year you will collect 1 + 1 = 2 pounds. But if you are even more cunning (or degenerate) you might try to persuade the borrower to agree a compound interest rate of only 50% every six months.
Lost animals: Early Eliminations by Man
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the impact of Man on some of our native fauna from the sixteenth century, in the second half of the reign of Henry VIII. This is the logical point from which to trace the history of deliberate and planned persecution of those species considered as vermin because it represents the time at which statutory legislation, backed up with financial reward, was introduced. However, in starting at this point of history, we do of course pick up the story of Man’s impact on wildlife in Britain several thousand years after those interactions first began. The evolution of British wildlife in distant eras and the consequences of early human predation and conflict on it, have been thoroughly covered in other volumes (e.g. Yalden 1999, Harting 1880) and it is not the role of this book to dwell on that long period of time.
To kill a Rat or catch a Kite: methods of control
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus at the very beginning of the statutory process of vermin control, initially focused exclusively on the corvid family, the method of taking the birds was clearly prescribed. Villagers authorized to take crows on other’s land were to be paid at the rate of 2d. per dozen. There is little doubt that the standard method of netting was an early form of clap net used at a regular site (‘scrape’) baited with corn. The net, laid flat on the ground was jerked over the baited scrape by a taut cord, once sufficient birds were feeding there.
Your fetus: normal and abnormal development
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to know the facts about abnormalities, because this information should form the basis of your decisions about prenatal tests. Of the 4 per cent of babies born with a problem, about half are not serious and include conditions such as a port wine stain or an extra toe. Women worry about the possibility of having a baby with an abnormality although other problems such as prematurity—one in 20 births—or having an undersize baby—one in 10 births—are more likely. ‘Older’ pregnant women may be particularly concerned when in fact, being older increases your chance of only a small group of abnormalities, particularly Down syndrome.
Choosing the best prenatal tests for you: an overview
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You can decide not to have any prenatal tests, to have some of the tests on offer, or to have all the available tests. What you decide about prenatal testing will depend on your attitude to abnormalities and your feelings about terminating your pregnancy. When you are considering which tests are best for you, it is important to be aware of which risk factors, if any, apply in your situation. Risk factors can include your age, your pregnancy history and your health. See Chapter 3 for risks of abnormalities generally and Chapter 6 for your risk of Down syndrome.
Non-linear Time Series
Authors: Tong Howell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of time series data has for many years been a central component of statistical research and practice and the theory of linear time series is now well-established. However, the theory of non-linear time series is still a rapidly developing subject. This book is an introduction to some of these developments and the present state of research. It is a theme of this book that developments in the study of dynamical systems have motivated many of the advances covered here. Consequently, Professor Tong discusses in some detail the fundamental concepts of dynamical systems theory such as limit cycles, Lyapunov exponents, thresholds, and stability, and demonstrates their role in the analysis of non-linear time series. The result is a book which provides the first accessible and comprehensive account of these exciting new developments and bridges the gap between linear and chaotic time series analysis. Both statisticians and dynamical system theorists will benefit from this account of the interplay between their subjects and the author has included discussions of many of the outstanding open problems which remain. As a companion to this book, a microcomputer software package is available for the testing for nonlinearity and the fitting of threshold autoregressive models. For more information, please contact the author.
Introduction
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egon Sharpe Pearson has a secure place in any account of the development of statistical methodology during the twentieth century. Between 19 25 and 1938, his collaboration with Jerzy Neyman established the Neyman-Pearson theory of testing hypotheses. The continuing importance of this feature of statistical inference owes much to his interests in the connection between theory and practice, which are also shown by his work on editing statistical tables. His enthusiasm for the use of quality control in industry led to the Royal Statistical Society forming an Industrial and Agricultural Research Section in 1933, and greatly assisted the introduction of control charts in wartime. He was Managing Editor of Biometrika from 1936 to 1966, in which role the subject of statistics was immeasurably helped by his conscientious editing and kindly advice to contributing authors. His many honours attest to the esteem in which he was widely held.
However, Egon Pearson was not only a distinguished statistician but also an outstanding historian of statistics. His historical work was informed by a lucid style free from polemics, imbued with a deep understanding of the flow of ideas, and supported by knowledge and experience of exceptional range. The historical aspect of his career began in 19 38-9 when events led him to compile biographies of his father Karl Pearson and ‘Student’ (William Sealy Gosset).
Karl Pearson
Authors: Pearson E S , Plackett R L , Barnard G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly all Gosset’s papers originated in problems arising from work at the St James’s Gate Brewery on the manufacture of stout and the production of barley, so that his attention was directed to statistical methods for both industry and agriculture. During the period from 1906 to 1919, he was in regular contact with Karl Pearson (hereafter also referred to by his initials) by both personal meetings and correspondence, with the result that the questions which attracted his interest were strongly connected with activities of the Biometric School. The period accounts for about half of Gosset’s published research, and for practically all his work on correlation, time series, and discrete distributions. Gosset’s letters to K.P. contain not only the first signs of future papers, often years before publication, but also his comments and criticisms on a variety of matters which could be expected to interest his old teacher.
Biological Basques, Sociologically Speaking
Authors: MacClancy Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British newspapers usually portray the Basques as an ancient, dour, and mysterious people living within the mists of the Pyrenean mountains. They are commonly presented as an independent-minded people who have been stubborn enough to maintain a large part of their customary way of life. Both these senses of dogged determination and of myth-ridden traditionalism —bordering on superstition—are sometimes taken as partial ‘explanations’ for the persistent terrorist violence which has characterized the Basque Country for the last twenty-five years. Slightly more informed journalists have taken the continued existence of their language (the only non-Indo-European language still spoken in Western Europe) together with the scientific work done on their distinctive blood types as striking evidence for their supposed antiquity as a people.* The Basques, in sum, are popularly presented as both a biologically and a socially distinctive people, one with ancient roots in the rocky Pyrenean soil. If, as the tourist posters proclaim, ‘Spain is different’, then the Basques are seen as being very different indeed.
Biplot Display of Multivariate Categorical Data, with Comments on Multiple Correspondence Analysis
Authors: Gabriel KR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Categorical data, whether in the form of multi-way contingency tables or of matrices of multivariate indicators, can be represented graphically by biplots. Several such displays are discussed here, for centered and for standardized indicators, which correspond to analyses of covariances and of correlations, respectively. For each type of data some biplots use overall least squares fits, while others use off-diagonal weighted least squares so as to fit only the entries which associate categories of different variables, and ignore all covariances or correlations of categories of the same variable. Some of these biplots are related to Multiple Correspondence Analysis.
Historical and Contemporary Mortality Patterns in Polynesia
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall consider the impact that different patterns of European contact have had on the evolution of mortality and epidemiological regimes in Polynesia. In particular, I shall use historical and contemporary demographic and epidemiological data to address several issues having to do with the various ways in which people have attempted to understand social and economic change and their consequences for the well-being of populations.
The substance abuser
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shared care in the management of drug misusers is government policy in the UK, although strategies to implement shared care protocols are patchy (Geralda and Tighe, 1999). Department of Health (1999) guidelines distinguish between the generalist (a GP), the specialized generalist (a GP with a special interest in substance misuse) and the specialist, with roles and expectations varying according to expertise. Many GPs would prefer to leave treatment of substance misuse to specialists, but many aspects of recognition, harm prevention and treatment of medical complications will remain in primary care.
Disorders of body schema
Authors: Haggard Patrick , Wolpert Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brain contains multiple representations of the body. First, afferent inputs from the skin and proprioceptive receptors project to maps of the body surface and body segments, respectively, in the primary somatosensory cortex (Penfield and Rasmussen 1950). These somatotopic maps reflect the distribution of sensory receptors within the body and underpin somatic sensation (Romo et al. 1998). For example, area 3b contains a distorted ‘homunculus’, with enlarged lips and hands.
Anarchic hand
Authors: Sala Sergio Della , Marchetti Clelia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anarchic hand (AH) is one of the most intriguing phenomena in neurology. It defines the occurrence of complex movements of one hand that are apparently directed to a goal and are smoothly executed, i.e. the movements are not ballistic nor apraxic; how-ever, according to the affected people they are unintended. These unwanted movements might interfere with the desired actions carried out by the other (healthy) hand. The patients are aware of the bizarre and potentially hazardous behaviour of their hand but cannot inhibit it. They often refer to the feeling that one of their hands behaves as if it has a will of its own, but never deny that this capricious hand is part of their own body. The bewilderment comes from the surprising and unwanted actions, not from a sensation of the hand not belonging to them.
Our anaerobic inheritance
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even today there are many anaerobic organisms that cannot use O2 and in many cases they are killed by even trace amounts of oxygen. Anaerobes are found among all three main groups of organisms (eubacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes). In prokaryotes the anaerobic life-style is probably primary in many or most cases although secondary adaptation to anoxia has probably also taken place. In the case of the anaerobic eukaryotic microbes, this is probably in most or all cases a question of secondary adaptation.
The molecular tree
Authors: Fenchel Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comparative anatomy is the classical, and still useful, method for unravelling the kinship among organisms. Related organisms, the vertebrates for example, are built according to a common body plan. Certain structures in more or less related organisms are considered homologous if they have identical positions in the body plan. Such homologous structures represent different versions of a structure that existed in the common ancestor, but through evolution it has been modified in various ways. Thus the paired anterior limbs of vertebrates (pectoral fins, forelimbs of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, wings of birds) are homologous structures.
Introduction
Authors: Gaston Kevin J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first green-backed heron Butorides striatus(L.) that I ever saw was standing motionless on a steaming hot day, amidst a clump of mangroves growing at a remote site on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. In so doing, it gave decidedly better views than many other birds that I encountered on the journey that provided my introduction to the tropics. Since then I have observed this small, compact-looking, dark species of heron at innumerable sites around the world, on humid days in the Gambia and cool ones on the eastern coast of Australia, skulking around a small lake in Argentina, and flying boldly across a major river in South Africa.
Maximal Orders
Authors: Reiner I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a reissue of a classic text, which includes the author's own corrections and provides a very accessible, self contained introduction to the classical theory of orders and maximal orders over a Dedekind ring. It starts with a long chapter that provides the algebraic prerequisites for this theory, covering basic material on Dedekind domains, localizations and completions, as well as semisimple rings and separable algebras. This is followed by an introduction to the basic tools in studying orders, such as reduced norms and traces, discriminants, and localization of orders. The theory of maximal orders is then developed in the local case, first in a complete setting, and then over any discrete valuation ring. This paves the way to a chapter on the ideal theory in global maximal orders, with detailed expositions on ideal classes, the Jordan-Zassenhaus Theorem, and genera. This is followed by a chapter on Brauer groups and crossed product algebras, where Hasse's theory of cyclic algebras over local fields is presented in a clear and self-contained fashion. Assuming a couple of facts from class field theory, the book goes on to present the theory of simple algebras over global fields, covering in particular Eichler's Theorem on the ideal classes in a maximal order, as well as various results on the KO group and Picard group of orders. The rest of the book is devoted to a discussion of non-maximal orders, with particular emphasis on hereditary orders and group rings. The ideas collected in this book have found important applications in the smooth representation theory of reductive p-adic groups. This text provides a useful introduction to this wide range of topics. It is written at a level suitable for beginning postgraduate students, is highly suited to class teaching and provides a wealth of exercises.
Fortran 95/2003 Explained
Authors: Metcalf Michael , Reid John , Cohen Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortran remains one of the principal languages used in scientific, numerical and engineering programming and a series of revisions to the standard versions of the language have progressively enhanced its power. The latest standard-Fortran 2003-greatly extends the power of the language, by introducing object-oriented concepts, interoperability with C, better integration with operating systems and many other enhancements. This text details all these new features. Fortran 95/2003 Explained, significantly expands on the second edition of Fortran 90/95 Explained (also publised by Oxford University Press): the opening chapters contain a complete description of the Fortran 95 language and are followed by descriptions of three formally approved extensions; six completely new chapters describe in detail the features that are new in Fortran 2003, but the distinction between the various language levels is kept clear throughout. Authored by the leading experts in the development of the language, this is the only complete and authoritative description of the two languages (Fortran 95 and Fortran 2003). Containing numerous examples, exercises and solutions, and an extensive index, it is highly suitable as both a student textbook and practitioner reference.
Anaesthesia and myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Rogers Mark T , Clyburn Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with myotonic dystrophy, like anyone else, can require surgery, either as part of the essential management of their myotonic dystrophy or for incidental reasons unrelated to their condition. For the majority, surgery will be uneventful. Thus, it may seem dramatic to state that ‘anaesthesia in myotonic dystrophy is a major life-threatening event’, but the response to surgery and anaesthesia is unpredictable and disaster awaits the unwary or unprepared (Speedy 1990). The importance of correct anaesthetic management of the patient with myotonic dystrophy cannot be overstated, a fact fully supported by the literature with numerous examples of individuals who developed peri-or postoperative complications that led to their death (Kaufman 1960; Buzello et al. 1982; Aldridge 1985; Braham 1989; Mathieu et al. 1997). Many poor outcomes occurred because myotonic dystrophy had not previously been diagnosed in the family (Aldridge 1985; Mathieu et al. 1997), but too often the condition was known about, an inappropriate anaes­ thetic technique used, and the patient died. Mortality is the tip of the morbidity iceberg, and many patients have survived after episodes of prolonged postoperative recovery or other complications (Kaufman 1960; Webb et al. 1978; Aldridge 1985; Speedy 1990; Mathieu et al. 1997). In some instances, patients have continued to remain undiagnosed through several eventful anaesthetic procedures (Aldridge 1985; Nightingale et al. 1985).