bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuning Knobs in the Genome: Evolution of Simple Sequence Repeats by Indirect Selection
Authors: King David G , Trifonov Edward N , Kashi Yechezkel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are highly mutable sites that are distributed throughout eukaryotic genomes. They often occur as functional elements within genes and gene-regulatory regions where mutational changes in repeat number provide extensive variation with minimal genetic load. Implicit in this mutability is the potential for rapid and reversible adjustment of quantitative traits. Although these repetitive elements have been regarded as “junk” or “selfish” DNA, their unique properties are consistent with indirect selection for a “tuning knob” function that facilitates efficient evolutionary adaptation.
Eukaryotic Transposable Elements: Teaching Old Genomes New Tricks
Authors: Wessler Susan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When transposable elements were discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock over 50 years ago they were regarded as a curiosity—now they are known to be to the most abundant component of probably all eukaryotic genomes. As such, they make up the vast majority of the output of genome sequencing projects. The availability of so much new information has fueled a revolution in their analysis and studies of their interaction with the host. In addition to discovering transposable elements, McClintock also uncovered three ways that the elements can alter genetic information: by restructuring the genome through element-mediated chromosomal rearrangements; by inserting into and around genes and, in the process, generating new alleles; and by imposing their epigenetic marks on flanking chromosomal DNA. In the context of this book, what is implicit about transposable elements is that their presence and extraordinary abundance in genomes promotes a myriad of genome-altering events. By presenting recent case studies that illustrate each of the three modes of action, this chapter brings the reader up to date on the molecular consequences of transposable element activity on host gene expression and genome evolution.
Josephine Lang And Christian Reinhold Köstlin
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1840, Josephine Lang fell ill with pleurisy. The Bavarian Queen Mother, Caroline, who had for a number of years taken a warm interest in Lang, sent the young composer to the health resort of Kreuth, known today as Wildbad Kreuth, for a whey cure. Lang arrived there on 13 June 1840. On the evening of 30 June, another invalid arrived in Kreuth: the law scholar and writer Christian Reinhold Köstlin. Born in 1813 in Stuttgart, he was the second son of the Protestant prelate Nathanael Köstlin. He had a strong predilection for the arts. He was apparently a good pianist; his son wrote that he played all of Beethoven’s piano sonatas from memory. He was passionately interested in theater and was a prolific writer of poems and novellas. At the wish of his father he had studied law, at the universities of Tübingen, Heidelberg, and Berlin. After earning his doctorate, he had practiced law in Stuttgart and, in 1839, acceded to a position in the law faculty at the University of Tübingen. While being extremely productive in his “official” career, he was also attempting to make a name for himself as a novelist, dramatist, and poet.3 Owing in part to the demands of maintaining two careers, Köstlin had fallen critically ill in the spring of 1840. Kreuth gossip had it that “shattering events”5 had also contributed to his illness; these supposedly involved an unhappy love affair with the prominent singer Agnese Schebest, who either had not returned or had betrayed his love.6 Köstlin had indeed been in love with Schebest for more than three years. His diary-like poetry manuscripts document many upheavals in this relationship, but they do not refer to any crisis in the first half of 1840.
Lang’s Final Years
Authors: Krebs Harald , Krebs Sharon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ferdinand Hiller invested a great deal of effort in ensuring that his biography would have a positive impact on Lang’s situation. During the period between his completion of the essay (26 April 1867) and its appearance in the Kölner Zeitung on 29 May 1867, he explored other options for publication that would result in greater exposure for Lang. On 4 May 1867, the wife of a Berlin banker wrote to him that she was “very eagerly looking forward to the ‘Biography of a Woman.’” She went on to inform Hiller, who had apparently asked her advice, that a magazine entitled Gartenlaube would doubtless have the widest circulation, although Hiller might prefer a weekly or daily periodical. After the appearance of the essay, Frau [Sophie] Klingemann (a close friend of the Mendelssohns) wrote to ask permission to translate the article into English for publication. She and Marie Benecke (Felix Mendelssohn’s eldest daughter) had decided that there were more “men of wealth and power”2 in England than in Germany and that such men might be motivated by the publication to come to Lang’s aid.3 To our knowledge, the English translation did not materialize. Hiller’s article was, however, reprinted in German along with his other Musikalische Briefe in a two-volume set entitled Au dem Tonleben unserer Zeit (1868); this reprint no doubt resulted in further publicity for Josephine Lang.
Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony (conclusion)
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to normal practice, the first part of the Scherzo has no modulation and thus neither a two-nor a three-part song form. Keeping its tonality intact, it proceeds in a single sweep, driving upward from 3to5 in bars 1-97– 1-97 and then falling in bars 98-140– from 5 to 1. The piece may be reckoned among those whose form cannot be determined without knowledge of the Urlinie. The following ilustration offers insight into the origin and development of the voice-leading that the master has chosen for the construction of 3 –5: Just as with 3 –5 of the theme of the Andante (bars 1– 8), the ascent (see Fig. 1a) here, inclusive of 5, should also take place entirely above the I. Although the simpler adornment with neighbor notes in the earlier movement is replaced here with the more artistic technique of reaching over, the upper-fifth divider of I is also present, exactly as in the earlier movement; the divider is clearer in the Andante, at bar 7, whereas here at bar 60 it is somewhat less clear, on account of the reaching-over technique. On the other hand, there is a fundamental difference between the bass parts in the two movements: in the Andante the bass ascends in accordance with the basic plan of making its way via III to V; here it descends linearly through a fourth to the root of the upper-fifth divider, which effects a completely different voice-leading.
True Performance
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no epoch of human history in which even one ingenious creative achievement was understood: essence and core invariably founder upon the inadequacy of the generations. What emerges, even in the best of cases, is perhaps an entirely external relationship, but for the most part it is only perversion and distortion. What founders of religion and great poets, musicians, and thinkers conceived and taught, being confined to the inner life of the idea, thus rests apart from mankind, whose spirituality consists less in an actual result or increasing benefit, than in a joy that derives from the impulse to imitate and pretends to be spiritual reception.
Miscellanea
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The marble statue comes to mind constantly. It is truly remarkable, but the conception of a human body as a single entity has dawned on me for the first time in the last few days. Up until now I had a general notion of a lot of strands of muscle moving this way and that, swelling, subsiding, forming humps here, flat planes there, and in the process knitting the body together around the skeleton. Only now have I fully grasped the conception of the entire musculature as a single pliable mass that clothes the skeleton, hard in one place, soft in another, compacted in yet another; as a mantle of muscle, its fabric capable of stretching here, contracting there, and through which the bone occasionally protrudes.
Principles of Patient and Family Assessment
Authors: Glass Elaine , Cluxton Douglas , Rancour Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An effective assessment is key to establishing an appropriate nursing care plan for the patient and family. The initial palliative care nursing assessment varies little from a standard nursing assessment. In order to assess effectively, members of the health care team need to maximize their listening skills and minimize quick judgments. Medical experts contend that during a medical assessment interview, in which a physician mostly listens and gently guides the patient’s story, the physician can accurately diagnose the patient’s problem 70% to 80% of the time.
Fatigue
Authors: Anderson Paula R , Dean Grace E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients do not have the energy, words, or language that would make doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals understand just how tired they feel. Fatigue is a devastating symptom that deserves the same attention that pain and other well-recognized symptoms of chronic illness receive. Fatigue is the symptom that has the greatest potential for hindering the optimism of patients that they will one day be well again.
Anorexia and Cachexia
Authors: Kemp Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anorexia, the “lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat,” and resulting weight loss are common in many illnesses. In the early stages, anorexia usually resolves with resolution of the illness, and any weight lost may be replaced with nutritional supplements or increased intake. Unchecked, anorexia (or decreased nutritional intake from other causes such as lack of available food) leads to protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) and weight loss, primarily of fat tissue but also of lean muscle mass. These conditions are common among patients with advanced cancer and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Urinary Tract Disorders
Authors: Gray Mikel , Campbell Fern 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways, the techniques used for management of urinary symptoms are similar to those used for patients in any care setting. However, in contrast to traditional interventions, the evaluation and management of urinary tract symptoms in the palliative care setting are influenced by considerations of the goals of care and closeness to death. Urinary system disorders may be directly attributable to a malignancy, systemic disease, or a specific treatment such as radiation or chemotherapy. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system, which serves as a framework for understanding of the pathophysiology of bothersome symptoms and their management. This is followed by a review of commonly encountered urinary symptoms seen in the palliative care setting, including bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), lower urinary tract pain, urinary stasis or retention, and hematuria.
Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Pasacreta Jeannie V , Minarik, Pamela A , Nield-Anderson Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides information regarding the assessment and treatment of anxiety and depression among individuals who are faced with chronic or life-threatening illness and delineates psychosocial interventions that are effective at minimizing these troubling symptoms. Practical guidelines regarding patient management and identifying patients who may require formal psychiatric consultation are offered.
Sexuality
Authors: Lamb Margaret Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexuality is a basic aspect of human life, seen by many as fundamental to “being human.” It is a complex phenomenon that basically comprises the greatest intimacy between two humans. The ability to give and to receive physical love is very important for many individuals, even through the trajectory of an incurable illness. The ability to maintain close sexual relations can be viewed as maintaining an essential part of one’s “self.” Sexuality can affirm love, relieve stress and anxiety, and distract one from the emotional and physical sequelae of an eventually terminal chronic illness. Sexual expression can foster hope and accentuate spirituality. Health care providers in all clinical settings where palliative care is provided can be pivotal in facilitating the expression of sexuality in the terminal stages of life. Holistic palliative care throughout the trajectory of an incurable illness should include the promotion of sexual expression and assistance in preventing or minimizing the negative effects of an illness’s progression on a couple’s intimacy. Sexual partners’ caring can comfortably include sexual expression if both parties are interested and able.
Supporting Families in Palliative Care
Authors: Davies Betty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognizing the importance of a family focus necessitates clearly defining what is meant by “family.” Most often, families in palliative care do consist of patients, their spouses, and their children. But in today’s world of divorce and remarriage, steprelatives must also enter into the family portrait. In other instances, people unrelated by blood or marriage may function as family. Therefore, the definition of family must be expanded. The family is a group of individuals inextricably linked in ways that are constantly interactive and mutually reinforcing. Family can mean direct blood relatives, relationships through an emotional commitment, or the group or person with which an individual feels most connected.2 Moreover, family in its fullest sense embraces all generations—past, present, future; those living, those dead, and those yet to be born. Shadows of the past and dreams of the future also contribute to the understanding of families.
Poor, Homeless, and Underserved Populations
Authors: Hughes Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poverty is inextricably linked to increased morbidity, premature mortality, and limited access to both preventive health care and ongoing medical care. Beyond the medical outcomes of poverty, the individual and community costs are substantial and often invisible. People who are poor constitute a vulnerable population, a term used in community health to describe social groups at greater risk for adverse health outcomes. The root causes of this vulnerability typically are low socioeconomic status and a lack of access to resources. The Institute of Medicine’s report, which evaluated racial and ethnic disparities in health care, failed to address the role of poverty in disparities. However, the role of poverty in contributing to inequalities, independent of race and ethnicity, is difficult to decipher because class and race are often closely intertwined. Some believe poverty may be most responsible for disparities in health care.
The Experience of the Nurse in End-of-Life Care in the 21st Century
Authors: Vachon Mary L S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discipline of hospice palliative care nursing began more than 30 years ago. The author has been involved in the field as a researcher, educator, and practicing clinician since before its early days and has written what might be seen as snapshots of stress and coping in hospice palliative care at various points over the past three decades. This chapter focuses on the experience of hospice palliative care nursing at the beginning of the 21st century.
Palliative Care and Requests for Assistance in Dying
Authors: Volker Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of palliative care, as described by the World Health Organization, is in direct conflict with the idea of deliberately hastening a person’s death via the practice of assisted dying (AD). Indeed, palliative care “intends neither to hasten nor postpone death.”1 Yet patients may be fearful of the extreme discomfort they anticipate, or they may simply want some certainty as to the timing or circumstances of death. Nurses who care for patients with life-limiting disease encounter patient and family questions, concerns, and requests for AD. Receiving such a request can represent a morally troubling dilemma in which there is uncertainty about how best to respond. The purpose of this chapter is to review the ethical and legal status of AD, summarize empirical findings regarding both professional and lay opinions and experiences with AD, and offer guidelines for responding to requests for AD.
A Community-Based Approach to Improving the Quality of Life’s End
Authors: Byock Ira , Norris Kaye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palliative care strives to bring the best of clinical practice to the goals of comfort and quality of life for individuals and families living with advanced illness. Toward those ends, it has become a specialty focus within the fields of medicine and nursing. Health care is often critically important in the lives of dying people. Yet, dying is fundamentally personal. Life with illness spans the entire spectrum from mundane daily activities, including basic tasks of self-care and family caregiving, to profound existential or spiritual experiences evoked by dying and grief. In caring for those whose disease has advanced beyond cure or substantial control, clinicians are wise to remember the subordinate, albeit essential, role that health care plays in lives of people who are ill. In palliative care, primacy and priority are rightfully accorded to people’s personal values and goals.
Making Slayer Slang
Authors: Adams Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English is full of words, but the processes by which they form are relatively few. Slang forms according to the same processes as mainstream English, but it bends those processes a little in order to resist convention or the linguistic status quo. Essentially all English word-formative processes operate within slayer slang; but slayer slang, both as an engine driving the formation of new words and as a social lexicon, a style of language use, depends very much on the processes by which it is made and the novel ways in which it handles what are, by and large, the tools with which we craft new words in English.
Sources of Frenchness
Authors: Ellis Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Origins matter. For French musicians and writers of the nineteenth century they were a constant source of fascination, their successful unearthing an inspiration to editors, historians, and performers alike. It is therefore unsurprising to find origins provoking especially heated debate when it came to making sense of some of the earliest musics they knew. The chanson populaire tradition, Adam de la Halle’s Le jeu de Robin et Marion, and the Franco-Flemish polyphonic chanson all exemplify the importance and the nature of the search.
Reality And Rationality
Authors: Salmon Wesley C , Dowe Phil , Salmon Merrilee H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume of articles (most published, some new) is a follow-up to the late Wesley C. Salmon’s widely read collection Causality And Explanation (OUP 1998). It contains both published and unpublished articles, and focuses on two related areas of inquiry: First, is science a rational enterprise? Secondly, does science yield objective information about our world, even the aspects that we cannot observe directly? Salmon’s own take is that objective knowledge of the world is possible, and his work in these articles centers around proving that this can be so. Salmon’s influential standing in the field ensures that this volume will be of interest to both undergraduates and professional philosophers, primarily in the philosophy of science.
An Empiricist Argument for Realism
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I sit in my office and glance about, I see many ordinary things—some chairs, my briefcase and umbrella, pencils, books, and various other objects. With a modicum of effort I can touch them. Like Descartes, I know that I could be dreaming or hallucinating and that in the past I have sometimes been mistaken about such matters. Unlike Descartes, I am not epistemologically disturbed by this fact. Certainty about contingent matters of fact is beyond our reach, but I am convinced, “with a probability bordering on certainty,” that such middle-sized material objects exist and that we are aware of many of their properties.
Rationality and Objectivity in Science
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas S. Kuhn’s (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions has been an extraordinarily influential book. Coming at the height of the hegemony of logical empiricism —as espoused by such figures as R. B. Braithwaite, Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Carl G. Hempel, and Hans Reichenbach—it posed a severe challenge to the logistic approach that they practiced. It also served as an unparalleled source of inspiration to philosophers with a historical bent. For a quarter of a century there has been a deep division between the logical empiricists and those who adopt the historical approach, and Kuhn’s book was undoubtedly a key document in the production and preservation of this gulf.
Dynamic Rationality
Authors: Salmon Wesley C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the time of Bishop Butler we have known that probability is the very guide of life —at least it should be if we are to behave rationally. The trouble is that we have had an extraordinarily difficult time trying to figure out what kind of thing—or things—probability is. I shall argue that causality is a key piece in the puzzle, and consequently, an indispensable aspect of rationality.
Marvelous Images
Authors: Walton Kendall L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twelve essays by Kendall Walton in this volume address a broad range of theoretical issues concerning the arts. Many of them apply to the arts generally-to literature, theater, film, music, and the visual arts-but several focus primarily on pictorial representation or photography. In “ ‘How Marvelous! ‘: Toward a Theory of Aesthetic Value” Walton introduces an innovative account of aesthetic value, and in this and other essays he explores relations between aesthetic value and values of other kinds, especially moral values. Two of the essays take on what has come to be called imaginative resistance-a cluster of puzzles that arise when works of fiction ask us to imagine or to accept as true in a fiction moral propositions that we find reprehensible in real life. “Transparent Pictures”, Walton ‘s classic and controversial account of what is special about photographic pictures, is included, along with a new essay on a curious but rarely noticed feature of photographs and other still pictures-the fact that a depiction of a momentary state of an object in motion allows viewers to observe that state, in imagination, for an extended period of time. Two older essays round out the collection-another classic, “Categories of Art”, and a less well known essay, “Style and the Products and Processes of Art”, which examines the role of appreciators ‘ impressions of how a work of art came about, in understanding and appreciation. None of the reprinted essays is abridged, and new postscripts have been added to several of them.
“How Marvelous!”
Authors: Walton Kendall L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aesthetics is often classified as a branch of value theory. This classification is curious and in some ways objectionable. Many important issues of aesthetics, as traditionally practiced, have no direct connection with notions of value or evaluation. This is as it should be, if aesthetics is the theoretical or philosophical examination of the cultural institution of art. For there is much to the institution besides evaluation, and one might argue that it is far more important to understand and appreciate works of art than to decide how good they are.