bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combating Latency in Haptic Collaborative Virtual Environments
Authors: Gunn Chris , Hutchins Matthew , Adcock Matt 
Published: July 2005

Haptic (force) feedback is increasingly being used in surgical-training simulators. The addition of “touch” is important extra information that can add another dimension to the realism of the experience. Progress in networking these systems together over long distances has been held back, principally because the latency of the network can induce severe instability in any dynamic objects in the scene. This paper describes techniques allowing long-distance sharing of haptic-enabled, dynamic scenes. At the CSIRO Virtual Environments Laboratory, we have successfully used this system to connect a prototype of a surgical-simulation application between participants on opposite sides of the world in Sweden and Australia, over a standard Internet connection spanning 3 continents and 2 oceans. The users were able to simultaneously manipulate pliable objects in a shared workspace, as well as guide each other's “hands” (and shake hands!) over 22,000 km (13620 miles) of Internet connection. The main obstacle to overcome was the latency-induced instability in the system, caused by the delays and jitter inherent in the network. Our system involved a combination of an event-collection mechanism, a network event-forwarding mechanism and a “pseudophysics” mechanism. We found that the resulting behavior of the interconnected body organs, under simultaneous-user manipulation, was sufficiently convincing to be considered for training surgical procedures.
Effect of nematodes on root and shoot growth of in vitro-propagated and sword sucker-derived plants of six Musa spp. genotypes
Authors: Blomme Guy , de Beule Hilde , Swennen Rony , Tenkouano Abdou , De Waele Dirk 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of infection by a mixture of nematode species
(including Helicotylenchus multicinctus, H. dihystera, Hoplolaimus
pararobustus, Meloidogyne spp. and Radopholus similis) on the root system
size and shoot growth of six Musa genotypes. In addition, the influence of
type of planting material on susceptibility and sensitivity to nematodes was
assessed, comparing suckers (i.e., lateral shoots) and in vitro-derived
planting material, produced through shoot-tip culture techniques. The Musa
genotypes were the triploid (AAA-group) dessert banana cvs Yangambi km5 and
Gros Michel, the triploid plantain cvs Agbagba and Obino l'Ewai (both
AAB-group) and two IITA improved tetraploid plantain hybrids TMPx 548-9 and
TMPx 5511-2. The study was carried out at the International Institute of
Tropical Agriculture High Rainfall station at Onne in southeastern Nigeria
in an ultisol soil. During vegetative growth, shoot growth of infected
plants was less than that of non-infected plants. At flower emergence, a
severe reduction in root system size (as much as 75%) was associated with
moderate (in most cases less then 20%) reduction in corm and shoot growth
characteristics. This indicates that Musa spp. plants grow relatively well
with a reduced root system, i.e., the remaining root system can supply the
plant with the necessary nutrients and water. Root systems of sucker-derived
dessert bananas tolerated higher nematode population densities than those of
in vitro-derived plants. Plantains were highly sensitive as moderate
nematode population densities caused a severe reduction in root system
size.
Effect of soil pH on the pathogenesis of Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyne incognita on Glycine max genotypes
Authors: Melakeberhan Haddish , Dey Jyotirmoy , Baligar Virupax C. , Carter Jr Thomas E. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The effect of soil pH 4.3, 4.6, and 5.9 on the pathogenicity of Heterodera
glycines and Meloidogyne incognita on acid soiladapted soybean genotypes
(Davis and PI 416937) was investigated in three glasshouse experiments over
28 days after inoculation with 0 or 1000 (Experiments 1 and 2) and 0 or 5000
(Experiment 3) second-stage juveniles. Although nematodes of both species
infected both genotypes at all of the soil pH, the numbers decreased with
decreasing soil pH. Both genotypes seem to be better hosts for M. incognita
than for H. glycines, Davis more so than PI 416937. Both nematodes decreased
shoot weight at high inoculum levels, indicating that H. glycines may be
more pathogenic than M. incognita. Nematode development after infection of
roots was not affected by soil pH or by genotypes. Overall, the results
suggest that adaptation of these nematodes should be considered in breeding
programmes to develop low pH tolerant soybean cultivars.
The relationship between soybean cyst nematode seasonal population dynamics and soil texture
Authors: Avendaño Felicitas , Ierce Francis J. , Melakeberhan Haddish 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, cyst
population densities at planting and at harvest have been related to soil
texture but the seasonal mechanisms by which these correlations are
established are less well known. The purpose of this work was to analyse the
relationship of SCN life stages and reproductive potential (number of eggs
per cyst) with soil texture. Cyst population density was positively
correlated with sand and negatively correlated with clay and silt percentage
in the soil within the ranges of 45-80% sand, 8-23% clay, and 8-43% silt in
one field, but not in the other at five sampling times. The relationship
between soil texture and juvenile stages in roots was weak. The stable
relationship between SCN spatial and seasonal population dynamics and soil
properties provides further support for potential delineation of management
zones in SCN infested fields with a wide range of soil textures.
The isolation of a single spore isolate of Pasteuria penetrans and its pathogenicity on Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Trotter James R. , Darban Daim Ali , Gowen Simon R. , Bishop Alistair H. , Pembroke Barbara 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We have obtained a single spore isolate of Pasteuria penetrans, derived by
allowing a single spore to attach to a secondstage juvenile (J2) of the
root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. By analysing DNA sequences at three
different loci we have obtained evidence that the isolate is, indeed,
genetically pure. We compared the ability of the single spore isolate and
the parent population from which it was selected to attach to and parasitise
both the original population of M. javanica on which it was isolated and a
single egg mass line derived from it. There was no difference in the
attachment of spores of the single spore isolate to juveniles compared to
the parental population, although there were higher numbers of both
attaching to J2 of the single egg mass line compared to its parental
population. Judging from the numbers of egg masses and Pasteuria -infected
females, the single spore isolate was less pathogenic to the parental
population of M. javanica than was the parental spore population.
Extracting massive numbers of nematodes from muddy marine deposits: efficiency and selectivity
Authors: Rzeznik-Orignac Jadwiga , Fichet Denis , Boucher Guy 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Extraction of large numbers of living and debris-free nematodes is based on
the active downward migration of nematodes through muddy sediments. This
study is an assessment of how representative the extracted nematode
population is in comparison to the in situ population. Nematode extraction
efficiencies ranged from 20-29%; however, the method yielded 153 000 and 223
000 debris-free nematodes in 48 h (per m2 of mud with nematode population
density of 776 000 individuals m–2). Sieve mesh size, migration device mesh
size, and size distribution and behaviour of nematode species all influenced
the extraction results. The species composition of the extracted nematode
populations was significantly different from the in situ population
assemblage. Metachromadora remanei and M. vivipara migrated less efficiently
than Ptycholaimellus jacobi, Chromadora macrolaima and Daptonema oxycerca.
This bias should be monitored in experimental studies using nematode
populations extracted by means of sieving and downward migration.
Spatial analysis of soybean yield in relation to soil texture, soil fertility and soybean cyst nematode
Authors: Avendaño Felicitas , Pierce Francis J. , Melakeberhan Haddish 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the spatial distribution of the
soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines Ichinohe, in relation to
soil fertility (pH, P+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ), and soybean yield spatial patterns
in relation to SCN, soil texture and soil fertility. SCN was positively
cross-correlated with soil pH within a range of 60-130 m, and negatively
cross-correlated with Ca2+ up to a range of 110 m in Field B; the
correlation was weaker in Field A. Yield was negatively correlated with SCN.
Yield was strongly cross-correlated with soil texture (r(sand)= –0.89,
r(clay) = 0.84), soil pH (r = –0.60), and Ca2+ (r = 0.60) in Field B (range
= 130-140 m). We conclude that management zone delineation would be an
appropriate strategy to overcome yield losses in fields where soil
properties and SCN densities appear spatially structured and where SCN and
unfavourable soil conditions pose a strong influence on yield spatial
variability.
Interactions between host plants, the subterranean burrower bug, Cyrtomenus bergi, and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis
Authors: Ebssa Lemma , Borgemeister Christian , Poehling Hans-Michael , Ehlers Ralf-Udo , Struck Elisabeth , Gaigl Andreas 
Published: July 2005

AbstractInteractions between seedlings of Zea mays L. as a host plant, the subterranean burrower bug, Cyrtomenus bergi Froeschner, as a pest, and Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, an entomopathogenic nematode, as a biological control agent, were studied, with a particular emphasis on the host finding behaviour of the nematode. For the trials a sand-filled Y-tube olfactometer was used. In the Y-arms, a bug, a maize seedling, a combination of both, or sand only was offered. Six experiments were carried out with differently treated Y-arms. Nematodes were significantly attracted to maize as well as to the combination of maize and bug, but not to C. bergi alone or to sand only. The influence of the feeding strategy of C. bergi on the host finding behaviour of H. megidis is discussed.
Effect of Steinernema feltiae-Xenorhabdus bovienii insect pathogen complex on Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Fallon Declan , Kaya Harry , Gaugler Randy , Sipes Brent 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIsolates of Steinernema feltiae MG-14 from Hawaii and SN from France, and the symbiont Xenorhabdus bovienii from each nematode isolate, were tested for their glasshouse efficacy against the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, on several vegetable plants. Steinernema feltiae application for 3-5 consecutive days at rates of 1000 or 10 000 infective juveniles (IJ) did not affect M. javanica root penetration and development in glasshouse pot experiments. IJ were recovered from the cortical tissue of tomatoes, soybeans, snow peas and cow peas. Xenorhabdus bovienii applied at 1010 colony-forming units (CFU) ml–1 reduced root-knot nematode penetration in cow peas but was ineffective in tomato or snow pea. Xenorhabdus bovienii metabolites had no effect on M. javanica root penetration and egg production in soybean. Soybean plant growth was unaffected by nematode and bacterial treatment; biomass was lower in M. javanica-infected soybean, irrespective of treatment, than in non-infected soybean, but the differences between the treatments were non-significant. Accordingly, the Steinernema feltiae-Xenorhabdus bovienii complex did not meet the objective for the suppression of M. javanica root penetration and development.
Description of two new species of Plectinae (Nematoda: Araeolaimida) from India
Authors: Ahmad Wasim , Tahseen Qudsia , Baniyamuddin Mohammad , Hussain Ather 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTwo new plectid species from India are described and illustrated. Plectus glandulatus sp. n. has 917-1307μm long body; strongly annulated cuticle; conspicuously large hypodermal glands; ovoid amphidial apertures; offset lip region; separate, globular, lips; thickly cuticularised, arcuate, cheilostomal walls; basal bulb with four to five paired denticulate ridges; a pair of pseudocoelomocytes located posterior to the cardia and tail with a subterminal spur and three pairs of caudal setae. Chiloplectus indicus sp. n. has 695-1041μm long body; thick, transversely annulated, cuticle; three lateral incisures; markedly offset, narrow, lip region; lips with conical apices and slightly raised papillae; inner margin of lips forming well cuticularised oral framework; prorhabdion as long as wide and comprising 20% of the stoma length; basal bulb with six pairs of denticulate ridges; paired pseudocoelomocytes located posterior to the cardia, genital tract weakly developed and tail with one median spur and two pairs of caudal setae.
Nematostatic activity of aqueous extracts of West African Crotalaria species
Authors: Jourand Philippe , Mateille Thierry , Fargette Mireille , Rapior Sylvie 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe in vitro paralysis of second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica and M. mayaguensis by aqueous extracts of 15 West African Crotalaria species was analysed. A multivariate analysis distinguished four groups, based on their nematostatic activity: i) C. glaucoides extracts were not active; ii) the root extracts from C. goreensis, C. lathyroides and C. perrottetii were more active than the shoot extracts; iii) the shoot extracts from C. comosa and C. cylindrocarpa were more active than the root extracts; iv) both shoot and root extracts of C. atrorubens, C. barkae, C. grantiana, C. hyssopifolia, C. pallida, C. podocarpa, C. retusa, C. senegalensis and C. sphaerocarpa have nematostatic effects depending on either the Crotalaria species or plant tissue from which the extracts were derived. However, considering the greater biomass contribution of the leaves and stems compared to the roots when the plants are used as green manure, C. barkae, C. grantiana, C. pallida and C. podocarpa are the most efficient Crotalaria species, whatever the Meloidogyne species targeted.
Effect of the rhg1 gene on penetration, development and reproduction of Heterodera glycines race 3
Authors: Chen Senyu , Li Yuhong , Young Nevin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPenetration, development, and reproduction of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode, SCN) were compared in the roots of near-isogenic lines (NIL) differing at the rhg1 locus. Soybean seedlings were inoculated with newly hatched second-stage juveniles (J2) of an SCN race 3 inbred population. At an inoculum level of 2500 J2 per plant, similar numbers of J2 were detected in both NIL sampled daily up to 4 days after inoculation (DAI), although juvenile numbers in roots varied among experiments and over the sampling points. Samples were collected at 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 21 DAI to observe nematode development. All life stages of the nematode were detected in both NIL. No significant differences were observed between the NIL in the number of nematodes at juvenile stages or the adult male stage in the roots. By contrast, significant differences were detected in the number of mature females. Adult females were first seen at 12 DAI. A significantly lower number of females was consistently detected on the NIL-R line than on the NIL-S line at both 16 and 21 DAI. The number of females per plant on the NIL-R line was about 31 and 23% of those on the NIL-S line at 16 and 21 DAI, respectively. On average, the number of females at 21 DAI represented 7% of the number of J2 at 1 DAI on the NIL-R line, compared to 28% on the NIL-S line. Significantly fewer eggs were produced per female from the NIL-R line than from the NIL-S line at 21 DAI. At 28 DAI, the females on the NIL-R line were also significantly smaller than those from the NIL-S line. This study demonstrated that the presence of the rhg1 gene did not stop the nematode from penetrating. Instead, the effect of the rhg1 gene was to slowly suppress SCN growth, development and fecundity of females.
Revised hypotheses for phylogenetic homology of the stomatostylet in tylenchid nematodes
Authors: Baldwin James , Bumbarger Daniel , Ragsdale Erik 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMolecular phylogenetic systematics suggest that Tylenchida share an immediate ancestor with Cephalobina. This relationship has implications, contradicting classical views, for evolution of the stomatostylet and homology with the cephalobid stoma. Emerging evidence from comparative TEM and 3D modelling is the basis for hypothesising that the tylenchid stylet, specifically the cone and shaft, is homologous with cuticle associated with arcade syncytia of the cephalobid gymnostom; furthermore, the stylet knobs and associated m1 protractors, are prostegostom. The guiding apparatus through which the stylet moves is lined by epidermal syncytia and is homologous with the cephalobid cheilostom. Junctional complexes associated with the epidermal syncytia of the cheilostom and adjacent gymnostom arcade cells occur in both cephalobids and tylenchids, but in the latter the membrane complexes are folded and modified as the guide ring. Testing of the hypothesis requires clearer phylogenetic resolution as well as additional ultrastructural and developmental observations of representatives of tylenchids and outgroups.
A three year study of seasonal dynamics of a zoobenthos community in a eutrophic lake
Authors: Michiels Iris , Traunspurger Walter 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe meiofauna community in the eutrophic Lake Obersee was investigated, with special emphasis on nematodes, from March 2001 to December 2003. Meiobenthos showed a stable annual and seasonal pattern with oligochaetes contributing most to benthic biomass and nematodes to benthic abundance. With 152 nematode species, Lake Obersee is the most nematode species-rich lentic habitat described so far. The nematode community was dominated by the family Monhysteridae. Bacterial feeders were the most abundant feeding type; omnivorous nematodes contributed most to total nematode biomass. Reproduction occurred throughout the year, with most species reproducing parthenogenetically. No seasonal pattern in reproductive strategies was found.
Family School Enrollment in Rural Malawi and Kenya: A Regional Analysis
Authors: Schafer Mark 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis study examines family school enrollment practices under five distinct national/regional contexts in two sub-Saharan African nations, Malawi and Kenya. This paper presents a model of family enrollment practices rooted in family economy theory and dependent upon local, regional, and national contexts of schooling. The model incorporates social capital arguments that family decision-making strategies may be influenced by members' networks of social relationships within communities. The paper discusses specific national and regional contexts highlighting aspects of institutional change in sub-Saharan Africa. The findings suggest that a broadened family institution model, along with community social capital contexts, can provide a more comprehensive and nuanced explanation of enrollment practices. Implications for scholarship and policy are discussed.
Democratization, Economic Liberalization, and Labor Politics: Mexico and Korea
Authors: Hamilton Nora , Kim Sunhyuk 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis study examines the impact of economic liberalization and democratization on labor politics in Mexico and Korea and the strategies labor has evolved in response to these changes. It begins with an overview of the pre-transition period in the two countries with particular emphasis on the distinct patterns of state-labor relations that emerged in each and their impact on the respective labor movements. The following section focuses on the effects of economic liberalization and democratization on labor and the response of labor in each country. The comparative section identifies and analyzes the similarities and differences in the ways in which economic and political reform has affected the labor movements and compares the strategies of labor. We suggest two sets of factors to explain these effects and differences: the characteristics of the respective labor movements and state-labor relations that had emerged as a result of pre-transition historical developments in the two countries; and the dynamics of the transition process itself, particularly the relative significance, sequence, and timing of political and economic liberalization.
A Reply to Fine, Lapavitsas and Milonakis
Authors: Smith Tony 
Published: July 2005

AbstractI should like to thank Ben Fine, Costas Lapavitsas and Dimitris Milonakis for their stimulating and detailed comments. In the limited space available, I cannot respond to every criticism. A number of criticisms appear to be a matter of mere semantics. In the Marxian literature, the term ‘crisis’ is often used to refer to extended downturns as well as to short and sharp declines. And Marx himself defines the organic composition of capital as the value composition considered ‘in so far as this is determined by its technical composition and reflects it’, which is how the value composition is considered in my paper. Nor will I respond to the charge that my ‘use of Grossmann is mechanical and unpersuasive’, since I am not sure what exactly the objection is. Firstly, I will take up the criticisms regarding the logical structure of Capital. Then I move on to consider one substantive issue raised regarding the tendency for the falling rate of profit. I will next respond to criticism of my treatment of the relation between systematic and historical dialectics. Finally, I respond to criticism of my main thesis overall.
Materialism in Ancient Greek Philosophy and in the Writings of the Young Marx
Authors: Burns Tony 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWhat is the young Marx's attitude towards questions of psychology? More precisely, what is his attitude towards the human mind and its relationship to the body? To deal adequately with this issue requires a consideration of the relationship between Marx and Feuerbach. It also requires some discussion of the thought of Aristotle. For the views of Feuerbach and the young Marx are (in some respects) not at all original. Rather, they represent a continuation of a long tradition which derives ultimately from ancient Greek philosophy, and especially from the philosophy of Aristotle. As is well known, Aristotle's thought with respect to questions of psychology are mostly presented, by way of a critique of the doctrines of the other philosophers of his day, in his De Anima. W.H. Walsh has made the perceptive observation that Aristotle's views might be seen as an attempt to develop a third approach which avoids the pitfalls usually associated with the idealism of Plato, on the one hand, and the materialism of Democritus on the other. It might be argued that there is an analogy between the situation in which Aristotle found himself in relation to the idealists and materialists of his own day and that which confronted Marx in the very early 1840s. For, like Aristotle, Marx also might be seen as attempting to develop such a third approach. The difference is simply that, in the case of Marx, the idealism in question is that of Hegel rather than that of Plato, and the materialism is the ‘mechanical materialism’ of the eighteenth century rather than that of Democritus. This obvious parallel might well explain why Marx took such a great interest in Aristotle's De Anima both during and shortly after doing the preparatory work for his doctoral dissertation – the subject matter of which, of course, is precisely the materialist philosophy of the ancient Greek atomists Democritus and Epicurus.