bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding ecology of Philippine fruit bats: patterns of resource use and seed dispersal
Authors: Utzurrum Ruth C B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information on diet compos1t10n of, feeding patterns in, and seed dispersal by pteropodids was gathered in a primary tropical rain forest area in southern Negros Island, Philippines. Seeds and marked remains of food plants were collected: (1) in 1 m x 1 m seed traps laid out at 3-m intervals along four orthogonal transects around selected fruiting figs, and (2) randomly from the forest floor within a 100 m x 100 m area surrounding these trees.
Echolocation signal design, foraging habitats and guild structure in six Neotropical sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae)
Authors: Kalko Elisabeth K V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three major families of aerial insectivorous bats that occur in both Old and New World tropics (Emballonuridae, Molossidae, Vespertilionidae) show great variety in echolocation signal design. To understand better the function of this variation, I used an ultrasound detector and night-vision goggles to study echolocation and foraging behaviour of six species of emballonurids that occur sympatrically at each of five field sites spanning Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela. At all five localities I found a consistent association of specific signal types with three distinct habitat types in which these species foraged, suggesting that the guild of insectivorous bats is highly structured. First, the ghost bat (Diclidurus a/bus) and a bat tentatively identified as Peropteryx sp. both hunted in open, uncluttered space and emitted low-frequency, shallow-modulated echolocation signals. Second, two white-lined bats (Saccopteryx bilineata, S. leptura) and Wagner’s sac-winged bat (Cormura brevirostris) foraged in cluttered habitats close to vegetation and used medium-frequency echolocation signals with a shallow-modulated middle part starting and ending with a steep frequency-modulated component. Third, the proboscis bat (Rhynchonycteris naso) restricted its foraging to within a metre or two of the surface of small streams. Its high-frequency echolocation signals were similar in structure to those of noctilionid bats, which use similar habitats.
Street lamps and the feeding ecology of insectivorous bats
Authors: Rydell J , Racey P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In southern Sweden, densities of northern bats Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling & Blasius) flying along artificially lit roads in built-up areas (villages) were assessed, by using an ultrasound detector, at 2-5 bats per kilometre. In comparison, there were 0.1-0.4 bats per kilometre of unlit road. Means of 3.2 and 3.l common pipistrelle bats Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Schreber) were recorded per kilometre of lit road in England and Scotland respectively.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in protein studies: competitive or complementary?
Authors: Roepstorff* Peter , Jaquinod* Michel , Neilsent K laus , Anderson* Jens S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major breakthrough in the potential for applying mass spectrometry (MS) in protein studies was achieved in the early 1980s by demonstration of the possibility of recording mass spectra of small proteins, e.g. insulin, independently by two different mass spectrometric ionization techniques, i.e. plasma desorption (PD) and fast atom bombardment (FAB) by Hakansson et al. 1982 and Dell and Morris 1982, respectively. These methods were quickly applied to numerous protein studies. In spite of their demonstrated capabilities, the techniques did not gain the expected rapid acceptance in protein research laboratories. Too low sensitivity, limited mass range, limited mass accuracy, difficulties in sample handling, and instrumental complexity were claimed to be the major reasons. Most of these impediments were overcome by the introduction of two new ionization methods in the late 1980s. As described below the combined use of electrospray ionization (ESI) (Fenn et al. 1989) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) (Karas and Hillenkamp 1988) now gives a nearly indefinite mass range, femtomole sensitivity, high tolerance towards salts and additives, and a mass accuracy of 0.01% or better. In addition, the instrument manufacturers have realized that simpler user friendly instrumentation is needed, and the time-of-flight mass spectrometers especially have reached a state where the practical operation of the instrument does not require any expertise. A number of additional features further render these two ionization techniques attractive for protein chemistry and biochemistry; these include for ESI: easy on-line coupling with HPLC and CZE, good perspectives for quantitation and the opportunity to obtain information about higher order protein structures and non-covalent interactions; and for MALDI: excellent mixture handling capabilities, still higher sensitivity, and compatibility with protein separation by PAGE. The principles and features of all four techniques have recently been reviewed (Roepstorff and Richter 1992).
Mass spectrometry of natural and synthetic lignin polymers: on the detection of coumaryl units by in-source pyrolysis mass spectrometry
Authors: Van Der Hage Erik R E , Weeding Tina L , Boon Jaap J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lignin constitutes approximately 25–35% of the dry weight of wood and provides wood with its unique elastic and structural properties. In contrast to cellulose, which is formed by all plants, the formation of lignified cell walls is unique to vascular plants adapted to life on land, and enables the development of large upright forms and conduction systems for aqueous solutions. The current status of plant lignification in terms of its biological and biochemical aspects has been reviewed by Freudenberg and Neish (1968), Wardrop (1971), Gross (1985), Higuchi (1985), and Lewis and Yamamoto (1990).
In vitro differentiation of mouse ES cells into muscle cells
Authors: Tarasova Yelena S , Riordon Daniel R , Tarasov Kirill V , Boheler Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the derivation of ES cell lines from mouse embryos (1, 2), Wobus et al. 1 and Doetschman et al. (4) observed that mouse ES (mES) cells when grown in suspension culture spontaneously form three-dimensional cell aggregates, termed embryoid bodies (EBs), which generate multiple differentiated cell types. These aggregates were later shown to give rise to, in vitro, cell lineages including those typical of striated and non-striated muscle. This chapter provides current techniques for the production of muscle derivatives from mES cells via EBs, and for their functional analysis.
In vertebrates, striated cardiac and skeletal muscle cells are derived from mesoderm. Commitment of mesodermal cells to the cardiogenic lineage is established during and shortly after gastrulation, at which time cardiogenic cells are organized in bilateral epithelial sheets that are part of the visceral mesoderm lining the developing coelomic cavity (5). Skeletal muscle forms in the vertebrate limb from progenitor cells that originate in somites; these cells delaminate from dermomyotome, and migrate into the limb bud where they proliferate, express myogenic determination factors, and differentiate into skeletal muscle (6). Non-striated smooth-muscle cells (SMC) originate both from neuroectoderm (neural crest), which contains cells committed to the SMC lineage, and from mesodermal sources (endothelium, epicardium) that have undergone limited differentiation (7).
In vitro differentiation of mouse ES cells into haematopoietic cells
Authors: Ohneda Osamu , Yamamoto Masayuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In mammals, the haematopoietic system originates from the mesodermal layer in the developing embryo, and is established by a complex hierarchy of cell differentiation pathways associated with so-called ‘primitive’ and ‘definitive’ haematopoiesis (1). Primitive haematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac (YS) and gives rise to one main cell lineage, the primitive erythrocytes (eryP); and definitive erythropoiesis takes place in the YS and diverse sites in the embryo proper, giving rise to multiple lineages constituting all haematopoietic cell types, apart from eryP (1).
Differentiation of human ES cells
Authors: Gerecht-Nir Sharon , Itskovitz-Eldor Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the establishment of ES cell lines from human embryos was first accomplished relatively recently (1; and see Chapter 10), procedures already elaborated for the in vitro differentiation of human ES (hES) cells confirm the pluripotency of this cell type, and the power of the ES cell-based methodology: hES cells hold great promise for the study of human embryonic development, and for transplantation therapies.
Rietveld analysis programs RIETAN and PREMOS and special applications
Authors: Izumi F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A FORTRAN program named RIETAN (RIETveld ANalysis) was independently developed in Japan for Rietveld analysis of angle-dispersive X-ray and neutron powder data (Izumi 1985; Izumi 1989). It has since become the heart of a suite of related programs called FAT-RIETAN (Section 13.2). RIETAN was later modified to work with TOF neutron powder data (Izumi et al.1987) measured on the high-resolution powder diffractometer, HRP (Watanabe et al.1987), installed at the KENS pulsed neutron source at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK). Since 1983, structures of many metals and inorganic compounds, most of which are superconducting copper oxides and related compounds, have been refined routinely with this program. As well as having many of the ‘usual’ features of other good programs, such as GSAS and DBWS-9006 described in Chapter 1, RIETAN has some special features of interest. Chief among them are (i) a choice of three different least-squares algorithms (Section 13.1.6), (ii) the possibility to change from one algorithm to another under programmatic control to confirm the convergence to a global minimum (Section 13.1.7), and (iii) incremental refinement in which variable parameters in each cycle are changed appropriately during the course of a refinement series (Section 13.1.7). Databases storing crystallographic information and physical quantities of elements are attached to RIET AN (Section 13.1.2). Both linear and non-linear constraints can be accommodated, the latter along with an exterior penalty function method (Section 13.1.5).
Position-constrained and unconstrained powder-pattern-decomposition methods
Authors: Hideo Toraya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The individual profile fitting, the Pawley, and the Rietveld methods are compared in Table 14.1. The first two methods, described in this chapter, are classified as pattern decomposition methods. With them, one executes the decomposition of the powder pattern into individual Bragg components without reference to a structural model (Young et al. 1982). The difference between these two models is that the peak positions are unconstrained, varied independently as adjustable parameters in the least-squares in the individual profile fitting method while they are constrained by adjustable unit-cell parameters in the Pawley method. Furthermore, in individual profile fittings, pattern decomposition is carried out in a small 20-range, changing the range of analysis successively, whereas the whole powder pattern is decomposed in one step by the Pawley method. These two methods do not require crystal structural data (atom site occupancy, positional, and thermal parameters) to start the least-squares fitting.
Diffraction Contrast and High Resolution Electron Microscopy of Structures and Structural Defects
Authors: Amelinckx S , Dyck D Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In volume I of this treatise the kinematical and dynamical theories of electron diffraction by perfect crystals were discussed [1]. In the present chapter we will discuss the application of these theories to the imaging of defects in crystals. We shall first recall the basic equations of both theories and in some cases provide an alternative derivation of these equations, which might shed some additional light on their physical contents. We shall formulate them furthermore in a form which is well adapted to the study of defects.
Although the kinematical theory is in itself not sufficient as a basis for the realistic computation of images, it is nevertheless of some importance in providing insight and making possible analytical treatments which lead to informative, albeit qualitative conclusions.
lndentification of Unknowns
Authors: Lyman C E , Carr M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electron diffraction is most often employed to determine or set the orientation of a particular single crystal of a known phase and to confirm the identity of that phase. An equally important application of electron diffraction is the identification of an ‘unknown’ phase. An unknown phase in this sense falls into one of two broad classes: it is either a phase that is new-to-science or a phase that has been described previously but was not known to be in the specimen under consideration. If the unknown is truly new-to-science, then its proper identification will require quantitative information about its composition and a determination of its space group, unit cell dimensions, and atom positions within the unit cell. Methods for obtaining such information are covered in Volume 1, Chapters 6 and 7, of this book. However, if the interplanar spacings and angles of the unknown can be matched to those of a previously documented phase by a search through a database of reference compounds, the unknown may be efficiently identified without a detailed structure analysis.
Introductory Material
Authors: Shmueli Uri , Weiss George H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The determination of crystal and molecular structures achieved its present respectable status thanks to advances in techniques of data collection, the widespread availability of computing power and the development of methods for the interpretation of experimental data in terms of crystal symmetry and atomic and molecular models. Some of the most successful of these rely heavily on statistical methodology. Structure-factor statistics play an important role among these methods and many investigations of this subject can be found in the crystallographic literature, since its introduction by Wilson (1949). Early work on statistical properties of a single structure factor (or normalized intensity), as applied to intensity statistics, is summarized in the book of Srinivasan and Parthasarathy (1976). This work is mainly based on central limit theorem methods. A detailed treatment of approximate joint probability density functions (hereafter: pdfs) of several structure factors, relevant to the implementation of direct methods of phase determination, is given in a book by Giacovazzo (1980), which is also a good source of references to earlier work on the subject. There is no book or monograph which develops or summarizes exact expressions for the pdfs required to implement structure-factor statistics, and certainly none that addresses numerical problems in evaluating such expressions. Our main purpose is to develop pdfs of the magnitude of the structure factor. In addition, we discuss some of the approximations that result in less accurate but more conveniently computable expressions for these densities. In many instances we recall the mathematical tools that may be required by the reader for following details of the derivations. The quantities to be discussed in this monograph are of importance to the theories and practice of intensity statistics and direct methods.
Fourier Representations of Pdfs
Authors: Shmueli Uri , Weiss George H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One can always express the pdf of a sum of random variables in terms of a Fourier integral containing the characteristic function as part of the integrand [as in eqn(2.1.11)]. However, an accurate numerical evaluation of such integrals can pose difficulties due to the oscillatory integrand. Consequently this approach has not been exploited in crystallographic applications. Nevertheless, a slight modification does lead to representations which are found, in practice, to produce accurate results with a reasonable amount of numerical effort.
Renormalized Perturbation Theory And The Turbulence Closure Problem
Authors: McComb W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of renormalization methods to the problem of closing the turbulent moment hierarchy was begun by Krishnan (1959). He was soon followed by other pioneers (Wyld 1961; Edwards 1964; Herring 1965), and since then there have been many similar approaches. It is this body of work which forms the principal topic of the present book, and we shall refer to any theoretical approach of this general type as a ‘renormalized perturbation theory’ (RPT). This gives us a convenient generic term and, at the same time, allows us to distinguish between the subject of the next few chapters and the renormalization group (RG), which will be discussed later in Chapter 9. Introductory discussions of these topics can be found in Section 3.5. In Chapters 6 and 7, we shall divide the various RPTs into two classes, which are (respectively) those which do not yield the Kolmogorov spectrum as a solution, and those which do, and discuss particular theories in some detail. In this chapter our aim is to expose the basic ideas behind RPTs in general. We shall try to achieve this by introducing RPT in other many-body problems (particularly in certain situations where we can be confident about the soundness of this method), and then by considering its application to turbulence through the Wyld (1961) formulation.
Renormalized Perturbation Theories of the First Kind
Authors: McComb W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussing renormalized perturbation theories (RPTs), we shall divide them into two categories. We shall then devote a separate chapter to each of these categories. Firstly, in this chapter we will concentrate on those theories which are not compatible with the Kolmogorov inertial-range spectrum. These can be thought of as the older theories although, in point of strict chronological order, this is not true of every case. Secondly, in Chapter 7, after first turning our attention to the problems involved in finding an analytical theory which does have the Kolmogorov spectrum as its solution, we then consider those theories which can claim to have achieved that result. Questions concerning the significance of one or other category will be deferred until Chapter 8, where we shall attempt to make an overall assessment of the various theories. The theories which we are just about to discuss in the present chapter can again be subdivided, but this time on the basis of the general approach to the problem. That is, there are those theories which are based on a direct manipula-tion of the equations of motion and there are those which work with the probability distribution of the fluctuating velocities. Loosely speaking, we could refer to the first as a ‘Chapter 5’ type of theory, and the second as a ‘Chapter 4’ type of theory. We shall discuss the work of Krishnan (1959), as representing the first type, and the work of Edwards (1964), as representing the second.
The Molecular Model
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A gas flow may be modelled at either the macroscopic or the microscopic level. The macroscopic model regards the gas as a continuous medium and the description is in terms of the spatial and temporal variations of the familiar flow properties such as the velocity, density, pressure, and temperature. The Navier-Stokes equations provide the conventional mathematical model of a gas as a continuum. The macroscopic properties are the dependant variables in these equations, while the independent variables are the spatial coordinates and time.
Binary Elastic Collisions
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that intermolecular collisions in dilute gases are overwhelmingly likely to be binary collisions involving just two molecules. An elastic collision is defined as one in which there is no interchange of translational and internal energy. The pre-collision velocities of the two collision partners in a typical binary collision may be denoted by c1 and c2&#x95; Given the physical properties of the molecules and the orientation of the trajectories, our task is to determine the post-collision velocities and Linear momentum and energy must be conserved in the collision.
Analytical Methods For Transition Regime Flows
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A transition regime flow† is defined here as one in which the mean free path is neither very small nor very large in comparison with a typical linear dimension of the flow. The mathematical difficulties associated with the full Boltzmann equation generally preclude direct approaches that would lead to exact closed-form solutions. Moreover, for flows that involve chemical reactions and thermal radiation, there is difficulty even in the formulation of a Boltzmann equation that includes these effects. This has meant that a large number of indirect approaches have been investigated, and many of the resulting methods involve a degree of approximation that would not be accepted for less difficult equations. It is therefore necessary to distinguish between and to assess the results from a wide variety of competing methods. The answers to the following questions assist with the evaluation process.
General Issues Related To Direct Simulations
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remaining chapters of this book are concerned with the detailed procedures of the DSMC method, the implementation of these procedures through demonstration programs, and the verification and illustration of the method through the results from these programs. The recommended DSMC procedures have evolved over a considerable period of time and this developmental process will continue. Alternative procedures are available for most aspects of the simulation, and there may be some argument over the best choice for particular applications. The issues that relate directly to the procedures will be dealt with as they arise in the chapters that follow. However, there are a number of general issues that are relevant to all direct simulation methods, and these are best discussed prior to the presentation and implementation of the DSMC algorithms.
One-Dimensional Unsteady Flows
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Program DSMC1U. FOR is a version of DSMC1 that has been adapted to make ensemble averages of repeated runs of an unsteady flow, rather than a time average of a steady flow that is established as the large-time state of a single run of an unsteady flow. As in the preceding programs, the flow is sampled each NIS time steps, but a separate sampling record must be made for each of these sampling events. Excessive memory would be required if the sampling arrays were simply given an extra dimension equal to the total number of sampling events MNOI in each run. The answer is to establish the direct access file DSMClU.DAT with MNOI records. Note that MNOI is set in the PARAMETER statement and, together with NIS, it controls the length of each run. No more than one record of this file is in memory at any time and, on some occasions that a record of this file is read, most of the variables must be read into dummy arrays so that they do not overwrite the current values of these variables that already exist.