bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Last Best Hope”: The Union, the Confederacy, and Civil War Diplomacy, 1861–1877
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American Civil War was an event of great international importance.1 Union and Confederate leaders recognized that their success or failure might swing on actions taken or not taken by the European great powers. European leaders, in turn, saw enticing opportunities and grave threats in the conflagration across the Atlantic. For Europeans, the Civil War also had momentous ideological implications. Conservatives welcomed the breakup of the Union, which some had long predicted, hoping that it would eliminate the menace of U.S.-style democracy throughout the world. Along with President Abraham Lincoln, on the other hand, liberals viewed the Union as the “last best hope of earth,” agreeing that upon its survival hinged the future of republicanism for “the whole family of man.”2 The triumph of the Union, as Lincoln seems to have understood, ensured that within a short time the United States would emerge as a major world power.
Gulliver’s Troubles: Kennedy, Johnson, and the Limits of Power, 1961–1968
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his inaugural address, delivered on a blustery, bitterly cold day in January 1961, John F. Kennedy set forth in the starkest terms his nation’s universalist approach to foreign policy in the heyday of the Cold War. The United States, he vowed, would “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty.” In practice, Kennedy found the world much less susceptible to U.S. influence than his soaring inaugural rhetoric proclaimed. By the time of his November 1963 assassination, he had begun to reassess some of the most basic Cold War assumptions. But it was his successor, Lyndon Baines Johnson, who would confront head-on the limits of U.S. power in a changing international system. LBJ’s drastic 1965 escalation of the war in Vietnam produced no more than a stalemate. His withdrawal from the presidential race on March 31, 1968, just seven years after Kennedy’s inauguration, the product in large part of simultaneous foreign policy crises in North Korea, the world economy, and Vietnam, made clear the inability of the nation to bear the burden as Kennedy had pledged. March 1968, in the words of authors Evan Thomas and Walter Isaacson, represented the “high-water mark of U.S. [postwar] hegemony.”
Foreign Policy in an Age of Dissonance, 1974–1981
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is not the alliance as it once seemed,” the venerable London Economist fretted in a somber article entitled “The Fading of America” printed just days before the fall of Saigon in April 1975. The Economist found solace in its belief that Europe remained important to the United States while Vietnam had always been “at the farthest stretch of the American arm.” But obvious changes in the national mood on the eve of defeat in war still raised fears that “the pulling in of burned American fingers could affect Europe too.”
Dynamics and Fluctuations of the Order Parameter
Authors: Šimánek Eugen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To start talking about quantum fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter, one must first establish the laws of the classical dynamics of the condensate wave function. Conceptually, it seems reasonable to abandon the microscopic approach and proceed directly from the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau model. The static version of this model has been used with great success to interpret the thermodynamic and magnetic properties of both the first and second kind of superconductors. A well-written review of these topics can be found in the monographs by de Gennes (1966) and Tinkham (1975).
Microscopic Theory of Superconducting Tunneling
Authors: Šimánek Eugen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we discussed the effect of dissipation on the MQT by introducing the concept of effective Euclidean action. For ohmic friction, this action was determined by a phenomenological model in which the tunneling particle is coupled to an ensemble of environmental harmonic oscillators. Such a model provides a suitable description of a resistively shunted Josephson junction for which the MQT takes place in the space of the phase variable.This phase variable couples to “dissipative” currents in the shunting resistor via the Josephson relation (4.4); according to this relation, the voltage drop across the junction is proportional to the rate of change of the phase.
The Politics of Myth
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1 I indicated several ways in which myth could potentially be employed in attempts to change the nature of existing social formations. I suggested that, among other possibilities, one might struggle to deprive an established myth of its authority; one might agitate for the elevation of a lesser narrative to the status of myth; or one might modify the details in an accepted myth’s standard narration or advance new lines of interpretation for it. The time has now come to put flesh on these bare bones and provide some examples.
The Uses of Anomaly
Authors: Lincoln Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A well-known myth of ancient India relates that after having engaged in an inconclusive combat, the god Indra and the demon Namuci concluded a pact of friendship. Namuci, however, took advantage of this pact and stole from Indra the miraculous and highly prized ritual intoxicant known as soma. Thereupon Indra sought help from several other deities, recounting to them the nature of his pact with the demon,1 “I have sworn to Namuci thus: ‘I will not kill you by day, nor by night; not with a staff, nor with a bow; not with an open hand, nor with a clenched fist; not with anything dry, nor anything wet.’ Yet he has stolen my soma. Please help steal it back!” And after exacting a goodly price-a share in the soma-offerings that form the core of Vedic ritual-the others extended their assistance, “They poured out the froth of the waters as a weapon, saying, ‘Neither dry, nor wet.’ With that froth, Indra cut off Namuci’s head when the night was giving way to dawn, saying, ‘Neither day, nor night.’ “2 Thus ends the encounter and the story, a seemingly simple point having been established: There is no contract without its loophole.
Introduction
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 29, 1992, three hours after an all-white jury acquit ted four white police officers in the brutal beating of black motorist Rodney King, the streets of Los Angeles erupted in flames as enraged ghetto residents took to the streets. In the eyes of a stunned nation, and especially its black citizens, the verdict was incomprehensible. How could anyone discount the videotaped horror of King being clubbed and kicked 56 times in 81 seconds? Six days later, when the flames had been reduced to smoldering rubble, President George Bush declared that what had triggered the riot was not frustration at an unjust system, not the despair of grinding poverty and blocked opportunity, but rather the failure of the liberal social programs of the 1960s.
Unfinished Democracy
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the British sociologist T. H. Marshall, democratization has proceeded in three stages with the granting of civil, political, and finally social rights. In Europe the struggle for civil rights emerged out of a feudal heritage where serfdom locked workers to the land. The transition from servile to free labor “introduced the notion of citizenship as the right to pursue the occupation of one’s choice freely, without compulsion, subject only to requirements for training. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the principle of individual economic “freedom” was accepted as axiomatic.
Extending Equal Employment Opportunity
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the South, African Americans clearly lacked the most basic civil right-the right to freely pursue an occupation without constraint. Less obvious were the constraints on free labor in the North. Here discrimination by the skilled trade unions prevented black men from pursuing work in these coveted jobs, a practice that the federal government had tacitly allowed since the New Deal. As poor, black men moved out of the job-training programs established by the Economic Opportunity Act and into the labor market, their inability to obtain employment highlighted the barriers to equal opportunity erected by the unions. Federal officials could no longer ignore practices that threatened the success of the antipoverty effort. Yet in banning discrimination by trade unions on projects using federal funds, the government provided an easy and highly visible target for civil rights protestors. Federal job sites became the locus of the struggle for equal opportunity, mandating government intervention in union prerogatives to make the recalcitrant unions admit black men. The conflict between these two Democratic party constituents-trade unionists and African Americans-triggered a backlash among resentful skilled trades men.
The Politics of Motherhood
Authors: Quadagno Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first half of the turbulent sixties, child-care policy remained disengaged from the volatile battles raging over race and rights. Rather, improving child care remained the obscure mission of two federal bureaus, the Women’s Bureau and the Children’s Bureau. Before the decade was over, child care, too, became embroiled in the struggle for racial equality. Child care provided through the War on Poverty’s Headstart program was designed to provide enriching experiences for poor children, which in practice meant black children. Day care provided to welfare mothers to reduce the welfare rolls also disproportionately benefited African Americans.
France: A Statute but No Objectors
Authors: Martin Michel L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In France, the concept of the citizen soldier and the obligation of male citizens for military service through universal conscription have been vital parts of the nation’s tradition ever since the French Revolution linked democracy and universal service. In the French view, conscription contributes to the republican tradition and national unity as well as to national defense: Those who refuse to serve are seen as directly challenging a unifying and primary principle that underlies the nation and the state itself. Objection to armed service is a perennial phenomenon. It takes various forms, from lack of discipline and disobedience to draft dodging and desertion. Its causes are complex—at the same time psychological, economical, and social. They can also be idealistic, related to the domain of conscience. Weapons are rejected because they suggest the inflicting of death on others; bearing arms is refused because it prefigures the resort to violence. In a less holistic fashion, military service is denied because it operates in an unjust or questionable sociopolitical order.
Denmark: The Vanguard of Conscientious Objection
Authors: Sørensen Henning 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Europe, the Scandinavian countries’ historically have been in the vanguard in recognizing the right of conscientious objection and, in most cases, in liberalizing provisions for COs, including alternative service. Among these advanced countries, Denmark has been a leader of this movement toward liberalizing and secularizing conscientious objection. Universal compulsory military service for males was first introduced in Denmark by the Danish Constitution of 1849, and remains in force to the present day. (Before that time, only the rural population had been conscripted, as needed.) Initially, however, conscription was not implemented universally. Although the urban population was now included in the program, ministers, teachers, and members of certain other occupations were exempted. In addition, between 1849 and 1867, it was legal for other persons to purchase exemption from the draft.
Chattel or person?
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of women’s status in the Mishnah is multifaceted, having legal, theological, anthropological, psychological, and sociological dimensions. Though I shall touch on all of these aspects, the present study emphasizes a jurisprudential approach, which focuses on the specific question of women’s personal status in the law of the mishnaic system. Central to the analysis are the basic legal concepts person and chattel. We must consequently begin with some definitions.
The Mishnaic Woman And Feminist Theory
Authors: Wegner Judith Romney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The raising of women’s consciousness in the past two decades has generated both secular and religious feminism in the Western world. Jewish, Christian, and Muslim feminists share a strong interest in understanding the relationship between patriarchy and religion; but the focus of discussion varies in response to different doctrinal and practical problems in the three traditions. After reviewing some of the more important differences, we shall discuss some recent Jewish feminist scholarship that has particular relevance to the present study.
From Liberty to License
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abdullah’s assassination was at least as much a turning point in the life of his grandson Hussein as it had been for the kingdom as a whole.1 It thrust the young prince into the political limelight for the first time and ushered in twenty-two months of continuous, almost dizzying, change. Forced to discard plans to return to Alexandria’s Victoria College, Hussein was sent instead to Harrow. There, Whitehall first began to take interest in the education, both scholastic and political, of the heir to the throne of its closest Middle East ally. Shortly before Talal’s deposition, when Fawzi al-Mulqi, Jordan’s ambassador in London, suggested that Hussein enroll in a training course at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, the idea caught the prince’s fancy, and over Abu’l Huda’s initial objections, he departed in September 1952 for a condensed, six-month course.2 Again, London attached great importance to Hussein’s training and took steps to ensure that he “profited not only in his military instruction” but also from his exposure to “aspects of British life.” In particular, Sandhurst’s commandant took pains to strike the proper balance between
The Kingdom Restored
Authors: Satloff Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first weeks of 1957 were the nadir of King Hussein’s young reign. One by one, the essential elements of the Hashemite system-a loyalist government; a strong, formidable, and cohesive army; a dependable and faithful patron-were slipping away. “People were convinced that the country didn’t have any potential for surviving,” Hussein later recalled. “Everything was falling apart.”1 But before all was lost, Hussein summoned up the courage and resources to arrest what looked like an inexorable slide toward extinction and to patch together an alliance of royalist forces unseen in Jordan since the days of Abdullah. In retrospect, Hussein was excruciatingly slow to respond to the fateful challenges facing his regime. There were at least three reasons to account for that. First, it was Hussein’s nature to tarry long before deciding to act but then to act swiftly once the decision was made. Such was the case, for example, with his sacking of al-Mulqi in 1954 and with the buildup to the Baghdad Pact crisis in 1955, and he remained true to form in 1957, too.* Second, for a dangerously long time, Hussein underestimated the magnitude of those challenges. He continued to retain confidence in the loyalty of the army’s command, and especially in ‘Ali
The Khalapur Rajputs, 1955 to 1975
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was on a hot September afternoon, 20 years to the week after my first field trip to Khalapur, that I found myself, with my new assistant, Swaran Kapoor, traveling once again from the railroad station in Bhudana to Khalapur. We still traveled in a horse-drawn cart, but the road was now paved, so the ride was considerably less bumpy. I was returning to a village that was larger and more prosperous than it had been during my 1955 visit. The Khalapur of 1975 also had a faster pace and more sophistication than the one I had left. The population had doubled since 1955, from 5,000 to 10,000. Rajputs continued to be the largest and dominant caste. The population of children between the ages of 3 and 10 had tripled in the families I studied. The increase in children was evident throughout the village. On my first visit I had the impression that the journey from Delhi to Khalapur was a journey back in time; on my second visit I was impressed with the degree to which Khalapur had moved forward in time. The river of modernity was flowing by the village, and the villagers, not being fools, were bathing in it.
Purdah: Respect-Avoidance, Dominance-Submission
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This quotation, recorded in 1954, is typical of the descriptions of restrictions imposed by the complex customs of purdah on Rajput women of that time. Purdah is a severe form of cloistering women, observed by high-caste Hindus. This chapter describes these customs and their significance for the regulation of social interaction, the maintenance of traditional authority, and the solidarity of the extended family. I refer to purdah customs as a keystone custom complex because they are, in my opinion, such important regulators of traditional role relationships that their demise may cause that tradition to collapse. The anger and anxiety expressed by older women over such seemingly trivial matters as a 4-to 5-inch difference in the degree to which the sari covers the faces of their bahus, conversation between their sons and bahus, or the practice of some bahus of sitting on cots, at the same level as older women, instead of on floor mats can only be understood in terms of the symbolic significance of these practices.
Land and Dowry: Modern Laws, Traditional Beliefs
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally sons inherited land, while daughters’ inheritance was given in dowry goods and jewelry. Landholdings passed from father to son, and gold jewelry passed from mother to daughter. Traditionally, dowry goods and food supplies were controlled by sasus. Dowry goods came from bahus and were distributed to daughters and other household members by sasus. Although traditional law gave sons the right to claim their share of the family land when they reached adulthood, this right was seldom exercised. Land, crops, and money from their sale was owned by soosars. Therefore, elder men controlled the land, and elder women controlled the distribution of household goods. Elders of either sex might control some or all of the household money.
Domestic Economy: Chores, Chuulas, Cash, and Clothing
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bughars are women’s workplaces as well as women’s quarters. Much of the grain is processed in the bughars. Traditionally sasus assigned work to bahus and exercised control over stored grain, unallocated dowry goods, money bahus brought from home, and income from spinning and loans. The control of bahus over the money and clothing they bring from home has increased in recent years, and some bahus have more autonomy over their work selection than was the case in former times. The increase in literate bahus in bughars with illiterate sasus has enhanced the financial autonomy of bahus, who buy products not previously available. Educated bahus may think they are more capable of handling financial matters than their illiterate sasus, and some sasus agree. As might be expected, these changes are a cause for concern for some sasus, but they are adjusting to them as they are adjusting to the other innovations sweeping the country.
Widows: Sati, Rand, Bhaktani
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Widows are unlucky, so unlucky that they are frequently underreported in census figures, because other family members are reluctant to admit that a widow, particularly a young widow, lives in the household. Hindus believe that misfortune is the result of bad karma earned by sins of previous lives, and widows may be blamed for their husbands’ deaths. They are an unwelcome burden on their husbands’ families, particularly if they do not have grown sons. Although the general improvement in women’s status by 1975 had lessened the stigma of widows, their basic situation was the same as I described it in 1955. Rajput widows were still forbidden to remarry but remained in their husbands’ homes as financial burdens and potential sources of scandal.
Socialization
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
its forehead at birth was one of the most frequently stated beliefs. Mothers of that time were very reluctant to express any long-term expectations for their children’s future, and, if they did answer questions concerning such expectations, such as how much schooling they wanted their children to have, they usually qualified their nervous answers with “if it is in his/her fate.” In 1975 no mother quoted this proverb, and they readily answered questions concerning their plans for their children’s futures. Clearly, the mothers of 1975 thought that they had control over their children’s future. The 1975 mothers also had more control over their own lives than the mothers of 1955. They practiced less purdah, controlled more of their money, had more autonomy, and were less subservient to their sasus than the mothers of 1955. The increased education and autonomy of mothers was accompanied by changes in their treatment of their children. These were documented by repeating the socialization interview given in 1955 with a sample of mothers in 1975.
Constructing Ethnic Identity
Authors: Nagel Joane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decades after World War II, social science thinking on both the right (assimilationist models) and the left {class models) predicted the end of ethnicity. Despite their ideological differences, these models depicted ethnicity as a primordial form of group organization, rooted in history, fixed in content, and premodern in form. Such ancient differences were destined to wither in the face of more modern class and national forms of identification. These expectations were only partially met. Numerous ethnic mobilizations and conflicts around the world challenged the view of ethnicity as a vestigial form of group organization likely to give way in the face of modernization. In the United States, the failure of the American melting pot to assimilate most nonwhites and the resurgence of ethnic identification among American whites further called into question both social science and popular assumptions about the inevitable decline of ethnicity.