bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and serologic evaluation of cats with cryptococcosis
Authors: Flatland Bente , Greene Russell T. , Lappin Michael R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the long-term clinical outcomes and serologic changes in cryptococcal antigen and antibody titers in cats with confirmed Cryptococcus neoformans infection.

Design
Prospective case series.

Animals
47 cats with cryptococcosis.

Procedure
Cats included in this study were determined to have cryptococcosis on the basis of identification of C neoformans on histologic or cytologic examination, isolation of C neoformans in culture, or positive serologic test results for cryptococcal antigens. Information concerning the signalment, history, physical examination findings, FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus status, serologic testing, treatment, and outcome for each cat was requested on a survey form. Follow-up measurements of serum cryptococcal antigen and antibody titers were requested for all surviving cats.

Results
Signalment and clinical signs of cats with cryptococcosis reported here were consistent with previous reports. Treatment consisted primarily of azole antifungal drugs. All cats were seronegative for cryptococcal antibodly titers, whether tested initially or at follow-up examination. All but 1 cat tested were seropositive for cryptococeal antigens when initially tested. Cats with and without clinical signs of C neoformans infection were seropositive for cryptococcal antigens months to years after initial diagnosis of cryptococcosis.

Clinical Implications
The results of this study indicate that serum titers to cryptococcal antigens in cats can persist with or without clinical signs for months to years after an initial diagnosis of cryptococcosis is made. Repeated evaluation of serum cryptococcal antigen titers is advised during the treatment of cats to monitor progress, evaluate prognosis, and guide cessation of treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1110-1113)
Evaluation of vitamin D status of llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets
Authors: Van Saun Robert J. , Smith Bradford B. , Watrous Barbara J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate vitamin D concentrations in juvenile llamas and alpacas with hypophosphatemic rickets.

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Animals
21 llamas (14 with rickets, 7 clinically normal) and 9 alpacas (6 with rickets, 3 clinically normal).

Procedures
Blood samples were collected at the time of diagnosis and prior to the initiation of treatment. Serum concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol ({vitamin Dy were determined on all samples. Comparisons were completed for disease status, age, sex, species, month of birth, and all interactions.

Results
Serum concentrations of phosphorus and vitamin D were lower in affected llamas and alpacas than in clinically normal llamas and alpacas, even when mean concentrations were adjusted for age differences. Species (Ilama or alpaca), sex, and age did not affect any of the metabolite concentrations within this study population. Month of birth influenced vitamin D concentrations and number of affected llamas and alpacas per month. The greatest number of affected llamas and alpacas was identified between January through March, suggesting a seasonal pattern to this syndrome. Treatment of affected llamas and alpacas with vitamin D resulted in increased concentrations of phosphorus and vitamin D. Serum phosphorus concentration was best predicted by 2 independent variables (serum vitamin D concentration and month of birth).

Clinical Implications
We believe vitamin D deficiency is the primary cause of hypophosphatemic-rickets of growing camelids, and the observed hypophosphatemia is secopdary to a primary deficiency of vitamin D. Appropriate treatment with vitamin D supplements can correct hypophosphatemia and vitamin D deficiency in camelids. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996; 209:1128-1133)
Comparison of topical application of three products for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Britt Jenks Swann , Gaska Jerome , Garrett Edward Frank , Konkle Darlene , Mealy Martha 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To test the effectiveness of 3 topical sprays for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in dairy cattle.

Design
Prospective field trial.

Animals
48 lactating cows with PDD randomly assigned to 4 groups of 12 cows each.

Procedure
For 3 weeks, cows in each group were treated topically with oxytetracycline solution (100 mg/ ml), acidified ionized copper solution, acidified sodium chlorite solution, or a placebo (tap water). Cows were milked 3 times daily, and at each milking, lesions were washed with a pressure hose and treatment solutions were sprayed on the lesions. Degree of lameness was graded before and after 3 weeks of treatment.

Results
Mean lameness score decreased (ie, cows were less lame) for all 3 treatment groups, but increased for the control group.

Clinical Implications
Daily application of topical solutions was effective in decreasing degree of lameness associated with PDD in cattle tested. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1134-1136)
Intervertebral disk disease in dogs with signs of back pain alone: 25 cases (1986–1993)
Authors: Sukhiani H. R. , Parent J. M. , Atilola M. A. O. , Holmberg D. L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the population characteristics; historical, clinical, and diagnostic findings; and treatment outcome of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) whose only clinical signs were those of back pain.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
Dogs with IVDD and clinical signs of back pain only, without neurologic deficits, in which survey radiography of the vertebral column and diagnostic myelographic studies were performed.

Procedure
Review of the medical record, evaluation of survey radiographs of the vertebral column, evaluation of myelograms and estimation of apparent extent of spinal cord compression, and follow-up information provided by telephone contact with owners.

Results
Spinal cord compression was detected on myelography in 20 of 25 (80%) dogs. Treatment included decompressive surgery in 18 of 25 (72%) dogs and all dogs underwent intervertebral disk fenestration. The condition was improved in 24 of 25 (96%) dogs after surgery.

Clinical Implications
Dogs with thoracolumbar IVDD that have clinical signs of back pain alone, without neurologic deficits, may have substantial compression of the spinal cord. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1275–1279)
Papillomatous digital dermatitis in 458 dairies
Authors: Rodríguez-Lainz Alfonso , Hird David W. , Walker Richard L. , Read Deryck H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To estimate prevalence of papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) in California dairies during 1993, to describe temporal and spatial patterns of PDD and response of cows to treatment, and to evaluate herd-related risk factors for PDD.

Design
Epidemiologic survey.

Sample Population
All southern California dairies and a 50% random sample of the rest of California dairies.

Procedure
A questionnaire was mailed to managers of 1,429 selected dairies.

Results
Prevalence of PDD during 1993 was significantly higher for dairies in the south (75.3%) and central (68.8%) regions, compared with north coast (33.3%) and north (23.1%) regions of the state. Herd mean and median proportions of affected cows in PDD-affected herds were 11.6 (SEM = 0.9) and 5%, respectively. Most (74%) dairy managers surveyed observed PDD for the first time during 1992 or 1993. Highest PDD activity was reported as taking place in summer in the south and in fall and winter in the north coast and north regions; an obvious pattern was not determined for the central region.

Clinical Implications
PDD was widespread in California dairies during 1993 and affected a high proportion of cows, especially in the south and central regions of the state. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1464–1467)
Evaluation of the results of a survey of dairy producers on dairy herd biosecurity and vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea
Authors: Rauff Yvette , Moore Dale A. , Sischo William M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A survey on biosecurity and vaccination practices was sent to 632 dairy producers in Pennsylvania to determine the proportion of the approximately 12,500 dairy herds in Pennsylvania that might be at risk for outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Most producers relied on their veterinarian for vaccination information and vaccine purchases, but administered the vaccine to the cattle themselves. Many producers did not vaccinate all susceptible groups of cattle in their herd. Also, many producers did not administer a booster vaccination after administration of an initial killed-virus vaccine, as recommended by vaccine manufacturers. As a result, although 309 of 376 (82.2%) dairy producers indicated that they routinely vaccinated their herds, only 73 of 266 (27.4%) herds were considered adequately vaccinated. Veterinarians were as likely to administer vaccines to cattle in adequately vaccinated herds as to cattle in inadequately vaccinated herds. Adequately vaccinated herds were more likely to be larger herds (> 121 cattle) than smaller herds. Analysis of survey results indicated that veterinarians are not taking full advantage of their pivotal role in dairy herd vaccination programs.
Cost effectiveness of use of a solution of 6% dextran 70 in young calves with severe diarrhea
Authors: Wall Piper L. , Nelson Lee M. , Guthmiller Lynn A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine whether intravenous administration of 6% dextran 70 solution to young calves with severe diarrhea is cost effective.

Design—
Randomized, prospective, clinical trial.

Animals—
22 calves < 2 months old that were hospitalized for diarrhea and that did not have pneumonia.

Procedure—
All calves received antibiotics, were fed by use of an orogastic tube, were supplied with radiant heat, and were given crystalloids, IV, as deemed appropriate by an attending veterinarian. A group of 12 calves also received 500 ml of 6% dextran 70 solution, IV, over a 1-hour period as part of the initial treatment. Data were collected to determine whether early treatment with 6% dextran 70 solution resulted in a similar end cost for treatment because of a decrease in the volume of fluids administered IV, a decrease in antibiotic usage, a decrease in the amount of time hospitalized, or a decrease in mortality.

Results—
Capillary refill times, heart rates, respiratory rates, and rectal temperatures; and scores for dehydration, mucous membrane color, lung sounds, mental status, and suckling response were not different between the 2 groups of calves at admission. Differences were not detected in client charges or in hospitalized time (6% dextran 70 group, $89.68 ± 11.05 and 36 ± 3 hours; control group $88.02 ± 4.93 and 36 ± 4 hours), but those charges did not include costs for the 6% dextran 70 solution.

Clinical Implications—
Use of 6% dextran 70 solution as part of the resuscitation of most young calves with diarrhea requiring hospitalization is not likely to be cost effective. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1714–1715)
Diagnosis and treatment of insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors in ferrets: 57 cases (1986–1994)
Authors: Caplan Elaine R. , Peterson Mark E. , Mullen Holly S. , Quesenberry Katherine E. , Rosenthal Karen L. , Hoefer Heidi L. , Moroff Scott D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate clinical, laboratory, radiographic, ultrasonographic, surgical, and histologic findings in ferrets with insulinoma and to determine their long-term outcome.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
57 ferrets with a histopathologic diagnosis of pancreatic islet cell tumor.

Procedure—
Medical records of ferrets with pancreatic islet cell tumors were reviewed.

Results—
Lethargy, weakness, and collapse were the most common clinical signs. All ferrets had hypoglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia was documented in 39 of 47 (83%) ferrets. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen revealed pancreatic nodules in 5 of 23 ferrets. Surgical treatment was performed in 50 ferrets, 3 were treated by medical management alone, and 4 did not have treatment. At the time of surgery, 1 pancreatic nodule was found in 13 (26%) ferrets and multiple nodules were found in 37 (74%) ferrets. Pancreatic carcinoma alone was found in 34 ferrets, whereas a combination of carcinoma and either hyperplasia or adenoma was found in 23 ferrets; 4 ferrets had metastasis to regional lymph nodes or liver. In 26 (53%) ferrets, hypoglycemia persisted after surgery, necessitating medical treatment with prednisone, diazoxide, or both. Sixteen (33%) ferrets had redevelopment of hypoglycemia at 1 to 23.5 months (median, 10.6 months) after surgery. Only 7 of the 50 (14%) ferrets remained euglycemic after surgery.

Clinical Implications—
In ferrets, surgical removal of insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cell tumors is recommended as definitive treatment; however, multiple pancreatic nodules are common, making complete excision of all tumor tissue difficult. Persistent hypoglycemia after surgical treatment indicates that lifelong medical management with prednisone or diazoxide or both may be necessary in many ferrets. Finally, because the insulin-secreting tumors are malignant, long-term cure and survival are not likely. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1741–1745)
Effects of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats
Authors: Stubbs W. Preston , Bloomberg Mark S. , Scruggs Sherry L. , Shille Victor M. , Lane Thomas J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the effect of prepubertal gonadectomy on physical and behavioral development in cats.

Design—
Prospective controlled study of kittens randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: group 1, neutered at 7 weeks of age; group 2, neutered at 7 months of age; and group 3, sexually intact controls.

Animals—
31 clinically normal male and female kittens.

Procedure—
Age at distal radial physeal closure and mature radius length were determined radiographically. Six behavioral characteristics were recorded monthly. At 1 year of age, body weight was recorded and thickness of the falciform ligament was measured from a lateral abdominal radiographic view. Secondary sex characteristics were also examined at 1 year of age.

Results—
There were no differences between group-1 and group-2 cats for any of the study variables. Sexually intact cats (group 3) weighed significantly less than group-2 cats and had less falciform fat and earlier distal radial physeal closure than cats of both neutered groups. Group-3 cats manifested greater intraspecies aggression, less affection, and greater development of secondary sex characteristics than neutered cats.

Clinical Implications—
Neutering cats at 7 weeks of age had similar effects on physical and behavioral development, compared with neutering at the more traditional age of 7 months. These data lend support to the concept of prepubertal gonadectomy, already performed by many animal shelters/humane organizations, as a method of enhancing the effectiveness of pet population control programs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1864–1871)
Safety and efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole for treatment of suspected or confirmed ethylene glycol intoxication in dogs: 107 cases (1983–1995)
Authors: Connally Heather E. , Thrall Mary Anna , Forney Stuart D. , Grauer Gregory F. , Hamar Dwayne W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To evaluate safety and efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP) treatment in dogs and to determine clinical signs and outcome of, and clinicopathologic abnormalities in, dogs treated in early or late stages of ethylene glycol (EG) intoxication.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
107 dogs.

Procedure—
For dogs treated with 4-MP, 1 of 2 dosage regimens was usually used: 20 mg/kg of body weight, IV, initially, 15 mg/kg 17 hours later, and 5 mg/kg 25 and 36 hours after the initial dose, or 20 mg/kg, IV, initially, 15 mg/kg 12 and 24 hours later, and 5 mg/kg 36 hours after the initial dose.

Results—
Neither adverse clinical signs nor clinicopathologic abnormalities were associated with the administration of 4-MP except in 1 dog, which developed tachypnea, gagging, excess salivation, and trembling after the second dose of 4-MP was given. Ethylene glycol intoxication was confirmed in 37 dogs. Of these, 21 were azotemic or became azotemic within 18 hours after admission, and only 1 of the 21 survived. All 16 dogs that did not become azotemic survived. Median time from EG ingestion to treatment with 4-MP was 5 hours (range, 2 to 8.5 hours) for dogs that were not azotemic at admission and 14.5 hours (range, 8.5 to 38 hours) for dogs that were azotemic at admission.

Clinical Implications—
4-MP was a safe and effective treatment for EG intoxication when it was given before sufficient quantities of EG had been metabolized to induce renal failure. Dogs treated within 8 hours of EG ingestion had a good prognosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1880–1883)
Clarifying the relationship of veterinary medical education and moral development
Authors: Self Donnie J. , Olivarez Margie , Baldwin DeWitt C. , Shadduck John A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To clarify the relationship between veterinary medical education and moral development in response to 2 previous studies that presented conflicting evidence that the experience of veterinary medical education may inhibit moral development.

Design
The Defining Issues Test (DIT) was used to survey the moral reasoning of veterinary medical students at the beginning and end of their education.

Sample Population
First- and fourth-year veterinary medical students.

Procedure
The moral reasoning of 98 veterinary medical students was assessed at the beginning of their first semester of veterinary medical education and again, 4 years later, at the end of their last semester to determine whether their moral reasoning scores would reflect the expected maturity-related increases usually found at this age range and education level.

Results
The DIT scores ranged from 8.3 to 70.0 for first-year students and from 16.7 to 76.7 for fourth-year students. The first-year mean was 44.0 and the fourth-year mean was 45.4.The mean change of +1.45 points was not significant. Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant correlation between the moral reasoning scores and age; however, there was a significant correlation between the moral reasoning scores and gender, with females scoring higher on the first and second test. The difference in the rate of change between tests by gender was not significant.

Conclusion
This study appears to confirm the findings of an earlier study suggesting veterinary medical education inhibits an increase of moral reasoning in veterinary medical students. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:2002–2004)
Glucocorticoid deficient hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 18 cases (1986–1995)
Authors: Lifton Stephanie J. , King Lesley G. , Zerbe Carole A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To characterize naturally developing glucocorticoid deficiency in dogs.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
18 dogs with glucocorticoid deficiency defined by an inadequate response to stimulation with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a normal Na:K ratio (> 27), and no history of receiving corticosteroids for at least 6 weeks.

Procedure
Information including signalment, body weight, clinical signs on admission, historical findings, physical examination findings, results of CBC and serum biochemical analyses, results of ACTH stimulation tests and other ancillary endocrine tests, diagnostic imaging findings, findings from other procedures such as endoscopy and surgery, and information on concurrent diseases, management, and outcome were retrieved from the medical records of dogs with glucocorticoid deficiency treated between 1986 and 1995 at the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Veterinary Medicine and 2 dogs from private practices.

Results
Most dogs were young (< 7 years) and represented larger breeds (> 20 kg). Clinical signs were nonspecific: lethargy, weight loss, and gastrointestinal disturbances including regurgitation with radiographic evidence of megaesophagus. Hypocholesterolemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoglycemia, and a mild, nonregenerative anemia were common. Ten of the 18 dogs responded well to glucocorticoid supplementation alone, with only 2 dogs developing electrolyte abnormalities. Four (22%) of the dogs died, with death usually occurring as a result of secondary disease processes rather than hypoadrenocorticism.

Clinical Implications
An ACTH stimulation test should be considered as part of the diagnostic plan in dogs with signs of weight loss, inappetence, and interminent vomiting and diarrhea. Glucocorticoid-deficient dogs may not require supplemental mineralocorticoids. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:2076–2081)
Long-term results of treatment of traumatic coxofemoral joint dislocation in dogs: 64 cases (1973-1992)
Authors: Evers Petra , Johnston Gary R. , Wallace Larry J. , Lipowitz Alan J. , King Vickie L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine long-term results of various treatments for traumatic coxofemoral joint dislocation in dogs.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
64 dogs that underwent closed reduction and bandage stabilization, extracapsular suture stabilization, transacetabular pinning, toggle pinning, DeVita pinning, or femoral head and neck excision.

Procedure
Follow-up evaluations included owner evaluation (64 dogs), physical evaluation (23), and radiography (19). Follow-up time ranged from 8 to 156 months.

Results
Owner evaluation scores after closed reduction were significantly better than scores after DeVita pinning, extracapsular suture stabilization, and femoral head and neck excision. On physical examination, 6 of 23 dogs were lame on the side of the previous dislocation. Signs of pain and crepitation were evident during palpation of 12 and 8 of 25 joints, respectively. Thirteen of 21 joints had radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease. There was a greater progression of degenerative joint disease in previously dislocated joints than in unaffected joints. There were not any significant differences between treatments in regard to results of physical and radiographic evaluation. Time between trauma and treatment and existence of concomitant injuries did not influence follow-up results, but there was a significant association between body weight and radiographic evaluation score.

Clinical Implications
Concomitant injuries do not appear to justify a worse prognosis in dogs with traumatic coxofemoral joint dislocation, nor does a delay in treatment of > 3 days. Gait abnormalities and degenerative joint disease might develop in the long term. Proper body weight should be maintained regardless of treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210:59–64)