bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plane autonomous systems and linearization
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This approach permits a useful line of argument based on a mechanical interpretation of the original equation. Frequently, however, the appropriate formulation of mechanical, biological, and geometrical problems is not through a second-order equation at all, but directly as a more general type of first-order system of the Near the equilibrium points we may make a linear approximation to X(x,y), Y(x,y), solve the simpler equations obtained, and so determine the local character of the paths. This enables the stability of the equilibrium states to be settled and is a starting point for global investigations of the solutions. Assume that the functions X(x, y) and Y(x,y) are smooth enough to make the system regular (see Appendix A) in the region of interest. As in Section 1.2, the system is called autonomous because the time variable t does not appear in the right-hand side of (2.1). We shall give examples later of how such systems arise.
Periodic solutions; averaging methods
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be possible to take advantage of this fact to construct approximate solutions: the phase paths will be nearly circular for c small enough. However, the original equation will not, in general, have a center at the origin. The approximate and the exact solutions may differ only by a little over a single cycle, but the differance may prevent the paths from closing; apart from exceptional paths, which are limit cycles. The phase diagram will generally consist of slowly changing spirals and, possibly, limit cycles, all being close to circular. We show several methods for estimating the radii of limit cycles and for detecting a center. Extensions of the methods permit determination of the stability and the period of limit cycles, the shape of the spiral path around limit cycles and amplitude-frequency relations in the case of a center. Similar estimates are successful even in very unpromising cases where E is not small and the supporting arguments are no longer plausible (see Example 4.12 and Section 4.5). In such cases we can say that we are guided to the appropriate sense of how best to fit a circle to a non-circular path by arguments which are valid when E is small.
The evolution of music: Theories, definitions and the nature of the evidence
Authors: Cross Ian , Morley Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is nowadays uncontroversial among scientists that there is biological continuity between humans and other species. However, much of what humans do is not shared with other animals. Human behaviour seems to be as much motivated by inherited biology as by acquired culture, yet most musical scholarship and research has treated music solely from a cultural perspective. Over the past 50 years, cognitive research has approached the perception of music as a capacity of the individual mind, and perhaps as a fundamentally biological phenomenon.
The human nature of dance: Towards a theory of aesthetic community
Authors: Bond Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My first theoretical musings about whether dance might be part of our human biological endowment date to my daughter’s infancy, a time of sensory–emotional delights, full of breathy duets of dipping and twirling, finger dancing and shared rhythms. I had a distinct sense that she was initiating these dances, and I remember thinking, ‘I wonder if we’re wired for this.’ I forged a deeper connection between dance and biology two decades later during an extended inquiry into the meanings and effects of dance for six non-verbal children with deaf-blindness (Bond 1991, 1994a).
Inbreeding In Egypt And In This Book: A Childish Perspective
Authors: Hamilton William d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amount of inbreeding in the living world is great if we count species that inbreed1 much less great if we estimate total inbred biomass. This is because most of the world ’s species are small-bodied and these are the ones most apt to inbreed. Most of the world ’s biomass is in big organisms like trees and grass. The relation of inbreeding to size (and concomitant longevity) is little discussed in other chapters of this book. I will later devote part of mine to saying why I think such a relation exists but first will illustrate my claim about size and numbers with some examples chosen from among my own earliest experiences of entomology. Although the examples are anecdotes and as such perhaps inappropriate to a serious book about inbreeding, they nevertheless give entry to an ever-surprising world that is strongly linked to our theme.
Tomato Attractors On The Wall Of An Abandoned Church
Authors: Sasaki Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was early July of 1999 when I arrived at Oxford to resume the collaborative research on the desynchronization in host-parasite metapopulation dynamics with Bill Hamilton, which we had started in the previous summer. He had just returned from a journey to Congo. The journey was not to test the Red Queen hypothesis for the evolution of sex or the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis about sexual selection. He went to collect chimpanzee feces. And the feces must have been collected from chimpanzee troops living around the former Stanleyville in the Belgian Congo.
Statistical Evidence in Medical Trials
Authors: Simon Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical Evidence in Medical Trials is a lucid, well-written and entertaining text that addresses common pitfalls in evaluating medical research. Including extensive use of publications from the medical literature and a non-technical account of how to appraise the quality of evidence presented in these publications, this book is ideal for health care professionals, students in medical or nursing schools, researchers and students in statistics, and anyone needing to assess the evidence published in medical journals. Stephen D. Simon earned a Ph.D. in statistics from the University of Iowa in 1982. He currently works as a research biostatistician at Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics in Kansas City, MO. He has authored or co-authored over 60 publications in a variety of medical and statistical journals, four of which have won awards. He has given a wide range of lectures and classes on statistics, evidence based medicine, research ethics, and quality control.
One of the most basic natural systems: the pendulum
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us start by illustrating the model of an oscillating pendulum, basing ourselves on the simplest assumption: a pendulum that makes small oscillations in obviously completely theoretical conditions, in which there is no form of friction. Let us imagine that we strike the pendulum, initially still in a position of stable equilibrium, with a small force: it distances itself from equilibrium, but, as it does so, it starts to undergo the action of a restoring force, which increases with the size of the open angle with respect to the vertical (Figure 5.1 ). The speed of the pendulum decreases until it cancels itself out, when the restoring force becomes equal to the force applied initially that moved the pendulum from equilibrium.
Extension of the concepts and models used in physics to economics
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models such as the osci11ators, in particular the harmonic oscillator illustrated in chapter 8, constitute a set of mathematical models of physical systems that have been studied for some time and that represent some of the first and most important accomplishments of classical-era mathematical physics. In principle, models of this kind can be used to describe any oscillating system, with a few simple adaptations that don’t affect their substance. In particular., the linear model of the harmonic oscillator is particularly suited to describing all cases of oscil1ating systems for which linear approximation is considered acceptable: these range from systems in physics, e.g. when we describe the movement of electrons in an oscillating electric circuit, or of the electrical or magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave, to systems in other disciplines in which we believe that we can observe periodic oscillations over time, such as an economic system, a population, etc.
‘Axiomatics, Empiricism, and Anschauung in Hilbert’s Conception of Geometry: Between Arithmetic and General Relativity’
Authors: Corry Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To what extent the philosophy of mathematics of any individual mathematician is relevant to historically understanding his mathematical work, and to what extent his mathematical work has any bearing in understanding philosophical issues related with mathematics, are questions that have different meanings and have to be approached differently when they refer to different mathematicians. Take, for example, Descartes and Frege. These two thinkers can be considered philosophers in the strict sense of the word, with philosophical interests going well beyond the strict scope of mathematics, each of them in his own way. They devoted much of their time and efforts to develop coherent, well-elaborated philosophical systems, and their writings turned them into philosophers in the eyes of the philosophical community. Their philosophical systems are directly relevant to addressing central questions pertaining to the nature of mathematical knowledge, but they were not intended exclusively as answers to specific problems in the philosophy of mathematics. And besides their intense involvement with philosophical questions, both Descartes and Frege contributed positive mathematical results of various kinds, albeit of different overall impact on mathematics at large, and while working under quite different professional circumstances. A natural question that the historian may be easily led to ask in relation to these two thinkers concerns the mutual relationship between the philosophical systems they developed and the mathematics that each of them produced. One way to answer this question is by investigating, separately, the philosophy and the mathematics of each of them, and then trying to articulate the said relationship.
Emmy Noether’s ‘Set Theoretic’ Topology: From Dedekind to the Rise of Functors
Authors: McLarty Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘In these days the angel of topology and the devil of abstract algebra fight for the soul of each individual mathematical domain.’ (Weyl 1939, 500) If Hermann Weyl ever put faces on these spirits they were his good friends, the angel Luitzen Brouwer, and the devil Emmy Noether. Weyl well describes the scope of their ambition. But topology and algebra were not fighting each other. They would come to share the soul of most of mathematics. And the angel and devil had worked together. In 1926 and 1927 Emmy Noether induced young topologists gathered around Brouwer to use her algebra to organize the kind of work on topological maps that Brouwer taught. This created the still current basis for ‘algebraic topology.’ It was a huge advance for the structuralist conception of mathematics. And it turned Noether from a great algebraist to a decisive figure for twentieth-century mathematics.
Epigenetic events in cancer
Authors: Cheng Jonathan C , Jones Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diverse cell types in multicellular organisms have identical genotypes but are functionally and morphologically different. This is due to differences in gene expression patterns which are established during development and are subsequently retained through mitosis. Stable alterations of this kind are known as epigenetic modifications, which are defined as heritable, but potentially reversible changes in gene expression that occur without alterations in the DNA sequence. In this chapter, we will focus on two key epigenetic phenomena that seemingly impact each other: DNA methylation and chromatin inheritance.
The spread of tumours
Authors: Hart Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metastasis is ‘the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due to the transfer of pathogenic organisms or to the transfer of cells, as in malignant tumours’. This transfer of cancer cells, which underlies the metastasis of malignant tumours, is perhaps the fundamental problem in oncology. Surgical removal, often combined with irradiation and chemotherapy, frequently is successful in the treatment of primary tumours (particularly when initiated early in tumour development) but wide- spread dissemination of the cancer cells often defeats this approach to treatment. Neoplastic cell spread is responsible for the major portion of can- cer deaths, while the relentless and seemingly intractable movement of a cancer from a primary site to distant organs is a major factor in people’s fear of neoplastic disease.
Animal models of cancer
Authors: Jonkers Jos , Berns Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animal models have been invaluable in the study of human cancer, and they will undoubtedly continue to be so. Spontaneous as well as carcinogen-induced malignancies have been studied in baboons, dogs, birds, rabbits, hamsters, rats, mice, and zebrafish; even fruit flies have been instrumental in the identification of Drosophila tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) with orthologues involved in human cancer. Nevertheless, the mouse remains the animal of choice for several reasons. First, mice and humans have roughly the same complement of genes, and most signalling pathways are highly conserved between the two species.
Constraints on the acquisition of specialization for face processing
Authors: Gauthier Isabel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The domain-specificity of the mechanisms supporting face perception is debated both for early preferences observed in the newborn and later skills found in adults. However, an even more complex question is that of the relationship between newborns’ face preference and adult face expertise. Here, I review the evidence addressing the question of the necessity of early constraints for the development of expertise with objects or faces. These results suggest little reason to postulate that newborn’s face preferences constrain the acquisition of face recognition in adults, beyond conjectures of an evolutionary benefit.
Atypical representational change: Conditions for the emergence of atypical modularity
Authors: Thomas Michael S C , Richardson Fiona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where do functional modules come from? This question is particularly pertinent for developmental disorders, where some researchers have argued that apparently domain-specific behavioural deficits (e.g., in language) correspond to the failure of an isolated module to develop normally. Such a view requires that modules are pre-specified and develop independently. By contrast, other researchers argue that functional modules are emergent, the product of development rather than a precursor to it. If this is true, the emergence of specialized structures (as exhibited, for example, in patterns of lateralization) might be disrupted in developmental disorders, where the process of development is itself atypical.
Modeling integration and dissociation in brain and cognitive development
Authors: O’Reilly Randall C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the course of development, brain areas can become increasingly dissociated in their functions, or increasingly integrated. Computational models can provide insights into how and why these opposing effects happen. This paper presents a computational framework for understanding the specialization of brain functions across the hippocampus, neocortex, and basal ganglia. This framework is based on computational tradeoffs that arise in neural network models, where achieving one type of learning function requires very different parameters from those necessary to achieve another form of learning.
The infant as synesthete?
Authors: Maurer Daphne , Mondloch Catherine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hypothesis that newborns’ perception is synesthetic holds up well in light of recent evidence on the neural basis of synesthesia, on developmental plasticity, and on cross-modal interactions in non-synesthetic adults and children. The starting point for this paper is our previous proposal that newborns’ perception is synesthetic: that their undifferentiated sensory pathways lead to cross-modal influences on their perception resulting in perceptual experiences that resemble, in some respects, the perception of adults with synesthesia (Maurer 1993; Maurer and Maurer 1988; Maurer and Mondloch 1996, 2004; see Johnson and Vecera 1996, for a similar argument they called the parcellation conjecture).
Learning about learning and development with modern imaging technology
Authors: Casey B J , Amso Dima , Davidson Matthew C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predictive learning is a cornerstone of cognitive development. Knowing what events to expect when, and in which contexts, is critical for the individual in planning and maintaining appropriate thoughts and actions in different contexts over time. Adjusting behavior when these predictions are violated is an essential element of cognitive control. In this chapter we describe three different neural systems involved in predictive learning and cognitive control: a frontostriatal system that learns about the frequency of events, a frontocerebellar system that learns about their timing, and a hippocampal system that learns about the contexts in which they occur.
To See Feelingly: Emotion, Motivation And Hypnosis
Authors: Woody Erik , Szechtman Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard laid the foundation for modern hypnosis research by devising standardized hypnosis scales. They modified the earlier hypnosis scale of Friedlander and Sarbin (1938) by adding additional comparatively easy test suggestions, particularly direct motor suggestions, resulting in two alternate forms, the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, Forms A and B (SHSS: A and SHSS: B; Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard 1959). They then devised another hypnosis scale with a better representation of relatively difficult suggestions, such as hallucinations and age regression, resulting in the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS: C; Weitzenhoffer and Hilgard 1962). The SHSS: C is now widely regarded as the gold standard of hypnosis research (Woody and Barnier 1996).
Universal Circles
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin a systematic study of the macroscopic geometry and topology of taut foliations. The leafwise geometry can be understood via Candel’s uniformization Theorem (to be proved below), which implies that for a taut foliation ℱ of an atoroidal 3-manifold M, one can find a metric on M for which every leaf of F is hyperbolic, with respect to the induced path metric.
Neuroeconomics
Authors: Zak Paul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroeconomics is an emerging transdisciplinary field that uses neuroscientific measurement techniques to identify the neural substrates associated with economic decisions. ‘Economics’ here should be interpreted in the broadest possible sense as any (human or non-human) decision process that is made by evaluating alternatives. A classic nonhuman example is ‘optimal foraging’ where, for example, an ungulate must decide when to expend energy to move from the patch of grass it is currently eating to a different location with an uncertain quantity and quality of grass. A human example would be whether to accept a job as a stock analyst at Goldman Sachs for $100 000 per year but with few future pay increases or advancement versus a job as a stockbroker for a small company starting at $40 000 per year but with the potential for much greater income if successful (and the risk of being fired if not). Both of these examples can be expressed mathematically as constrained optimization problems that generate empirically testable predictions. A prediction in the human example is that a person who is more risk averse (in a precisely defined and agreed upon mathematical sense) is more likely to take the ‘safe’ $100 000 per year job, whereas someone who is less risk averse will gravitate towards the job as a stockbroker.
Convergence of random variables
Authors: Grimmett Geoffrey R , Stirzaker David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The many modes of convergence of a sequence of random variables are discussed and placed in context, and criteria are developed for proving convergence. These include standard inequalities, Skorokhod’s theorem, the Borel–Cantelli lemmas, and the zero–one law. Laws of large numbers, including the strong law, are proved using elementary arguments. Martingales are defined, and the martingale convergence theorem proved, with applications. The relationship between prediction and conditional expectation is explored, and the condition of uniform integrability described.
Behavioural adaptive strategies
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endogenous rhythmicity appears to be synchronized with, and selected by, the environment as an adaptive strategy increasing fitness. Subterranean mammals, both herbivores and insectivores, are active day and night, and their activity is linked with feeding periods. This is true for Geomys (Vaughan and Hansen, 1961; Elliott, 1976; De Coursey, 1989; Benedix, 1991, 1994), Talpa, Parascalopus (Godfrey and Crowcroft, 1960), and Scalopus (Harvey, 1976). In some species daytime activity is either greater, (Spalax; Savic’ and Mikes, 1967), preferable (Eremitalpa, Ellobius; Dubost, 1968), distinct, (Tachyoryctes, but little less so in Heliophobius; Jarvis, 1973b), or absolute, (Ctenomys; Pearson, 1959 and Heterocephalus; Jarvis, 1978).
Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors and Respiratory-Cardiovascular Integration
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book describes how changes in respiration can affect the heart and circulation, with particular reference to the control of the two systems by small organs, known as chemoreceptors, which are situated in the neck and chest. These are stimulated when the body is partly deprived of an oxygen supply. Apart from a detailed description of the mechanisms by which the respiratory and circulatory systems are integrated the book also contains chapters which would appeal to those interested in the historical, morphological, medico-legal and clinical aspects of the subject.
Early radiation of the Mollusca
Authors: Morris N J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last three decades more and more Cambrian Mollusca have been discovered, particularly among the small shelly faunas of the Lower and Middle Cambrian. Many of these have led to considerable discussion about their classification and the course of molluscan phylogeny. These early molluscs show an important radiation at the beginning of the Phanerozoic which led to the diversification into the recognized classes living today. This radiation seems to have been dependent on the origin of a dorsal exoskeleton and its subsequent calcification, and possibly its interference with the ancestral pattern of simple metamery. The apparent synchronous development of a skeleton in several independent phyla suggests there may be a link with changing composition of the atmosphere and sea.