bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of the First (1, 2‐Benzenedithiolato)iron(III) Complexes with Tripodal Ligands
Authors: Merkel Michael , Pascaly Matthias , Wieting Michael , Duda Mark , Rompel Annette 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe reaction of iron(III) perchlorate nonahydrate with the tripodal tetradentate ligand tris[(2‐pyridyl)methyl]amine (tpa) or bis[(2‐pyridyl)methyl][(1‐methylimidazol‐2‐yl)methyl]amine (bpia) and 1, 2‐benzenedithiolate (dtc) yields the iron(III) coordination compounds [Fe(tpa)(dtc)]ClO4·0.25 MeOH (1) and [Fe(bpia)(dtc)]ClO4 (2), respectively. These are the first iron(III) complexes with tripodal ligands and dtc, resulting in a N4S2 coordination environment. The new compounds were isolated and characterized by single crystal X‐ray crystallography as well as spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 29.636(6), b = 12.502(3), c = 14.390(3)Å, β = 102.19(3)°, V = 5211(2)Å3, Z = 8. Compound 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 (No. 19) with a = 8.881(2), b = 16.155(3), c = 17.895(4)Å, V = 2567.4(9)Å3, Z = 4. Furthermore the new compound [Fe(tpa)(tcc)](ClO4)·0.25 H2O (3) (where tcc = tetrachlorocatecholate dianion) is presented and compared to the dithiolato complexes. 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with a = 8.982(1)Å, b = 34.329(6)Å, c = 8.648(1)Å, β = 94.22(1)°, V = 2659.3(6)Å3, Z = 4.
Nicht länger im Dunkeln: Die Kristallstruktur von AuPS4
Authors: Jörgens Stefan , Johrendt Dirk , Mewis Albrecht 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAuPS4 wurde durch Erhitzen der Elemente auf 600 °C (24h) und anschließendes langsames Abkühlen (10°/h) in Form dunkelrot durchscheinender Kristallnadeln erhalten. Die röntgenographische Untersuchung eines Einkristalls ergab trikline Symmetrie (P1¯; Z = 2) mit a = 5, 891(1), b = 6, 961(1), c = 8, 063(2)Å, α = 78, 18(3)°, β = 87, 59(3)°, γ = 79, 29(3)<°. Die Verbindung besteht aus [AuS4/2PS4/2]‐Ketten, in denen sich nahezu quadratisch planare AuS4‐Einheiten mit PS4‐Tetraedern abwechseln und über gemeinsame Kanten miteinander verknüpft sind. Zwischen den Ketten, die längs [111] verlaufen, sind nur van der Waals Kräfte wirksam, was einen enorm faserigen Kristallhabitus verursacht. Die Bindungsverhältnisse werden mit selbstkonsistenten DFT‐Bandstrukturrechnungen diskutiert.
Catecholate Adducts of Binuclear Copper Complexes Modelling the Type 3 Copper Active Site — Spectroscopic Characterization and Relevance to the Tyrosinase Reaction
Authors: Plenge Tanja , Dillinger Renée , Santagostini Laura , Casella Luigi , Tuczek Felix 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe p‐nitrochatecholate (NCat) adducts 2 and 4 of the two copper(II) complexes [Cu2(L66)](ClO4)4 (1; L66 = α, α′‐bis{bis[2‐(1′‐methyl‐2′‐benzimidazolyl)ethyl]amino}‐m‐xylene) and [Cu(L6)](ClO4)2 (3; L6 = N, N‐bis[2‐(1′‐methyl‐2′‐benzimidazolyl)ethyl]amine), respectively, have been prepared and investigated by infrared, Raman and electronic absorption spectroscopies. The combined spectroscopic information suggests that the binding mode of p‐nitrocatecholate in 2 and 4 is similar for both adducts although for catecholate complexes of mononuclear Cu complexes like 4 an η2 coordination applies and for binuclear copper sites like 2 an η1:η1 bridging modes has been postulated. In addition a double catecholate adduct of 1, [Cu2(L66)(NCat)2] (5), has been prepared which again shows spectral features similar to 1 and 3. Based on these results it is suggested in all cases catecholate is binding in an η2 mode to one copper atom, eventually exhibiting an additional η1 bridging coordination to a second copper atom. This arrangement also plays an important role in inhibitor complexes of type 3 copper proteins like tyrosinase and catechol oxidase. The relevance of the η1:η2 binding mode of catecholate to the mechanism of the tyrosinase reaction is discussed.
Low Dimensional Arrangements of the Zintl Ion [Ge9‐Ge9]6— and Chemical Bonding in [Ge6]2—, [Ge9‐Ge9]6—, and {[Ge9]}2—
Authors: Hauptmann Ralf , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe compounds [Rb(Benzo‐18‐crown‐6]2Rb4[Ge9‐Ge9](en)6 (1), [Rb(Benzo‐18‐crown‐6]2Rb4[Ge9‐Ge9](en)4 (2), [K(18‐crown‐6)]2K4[Ge9‐Ge9](en)2 (3), and [K(18‐crown‐6)]3Cs3[Ge9‐Ge9](en)2 (4) have been synthesized by dissolving the phases of the formal composition LiRb3Ge9, NaRb3Ge9, K4Ge9, and K2Cs2Ge9, respectively, in ethylenediamine followed by the addition of the crown ethers under consideration. All four compounds contain a dimeric [Ge9‐Ge9]6— unit. Whereas the [Ge9‐Ge9]6— units in 1, 2 and 3 are connected via the alkali metal atoms to infinite chains of the composition {A6[Ge9‐Ge9]} (A = K or Rb) the connection via the Cs atoms in 4 leads to layers of the composition {K2Cs3[Ge9‐Ge9]}1—. The increased number of dimers, which is now available, establishes the distortion of the clusters: The [Ge9] clusters have the shape of a monocapped quadratic anti prism, which is compressed along one of the diagonal of the open rectangle. In each compound two idealized C2v symmetric [Ge9] clusters are connected via an exo‐bond between two Ge atoms of the open rectangle to form a dimeric [Ge9‐Ge9]6— anion. In all cases the exo‐bond is oriented collinear to the shorter diagonal. Thus the square of the open rectangle of the cluster is compressed along the exo bond. The exo‐bond lenghts are in the range of 2.471Å and 2.521Å.The analysis of the results of an Extended Hückel calculation using the electron localization function (ELF) reveals that a localized two‐centre‐two‐electron bond connects the clusters of the dimeric unit. The results are compared to the ELF of an octahedral [Ge6]2— cluster and of the polymer {[Ge9]}2—.
In‐vitro Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate in the Presence of Biological Additives — Comparison of the Ammonium Carbonate Method with Double‐Diffusion Techniques
Authors: Becker Alexander , Becker Wilhelm , Marxen Julia C. , Epple Matthias 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe biomineralization process was simulated in vitro by the precipitation of calcium carbonate in the presence of two biological additives: bovine serum albumin (BSA) and soluble matrix from the shell of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata. The crystallization was carried out with the classical ammonium carbonate diffusion method and with a double diffusion setup under pH‐controlled conditions. The inhibiting effects of BSA and soluble shell matrix could only be observed in the double diffusion setup, but not with the ammonium carbonate method.
Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen neuer heterobimetallischer Niob‐Kupfer‐Chalkogen‐Cluster
Authors: Feuerhake Robert , Fenske Dieter 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDie Reaktion des Thioniobates (NEt4)4[Nb6S17]·3MeCN mit Kupfersalzen CuX (X = Cl, OAc) führt in Anwesenheit tertiärer Alkylphosphane zu Niob‐Kupfer‐Sulfido‐ oder Niob‐Kupfer‐Selenido‐ Clustern 1—3, deren Strukturmotive schon aus derKoordinationschemie der Thiometallate elektronenarmer Übergangsmetalle bekannt sind.Bei der direkten Umsetzung von NbCl5 und CuCl mit Se(R)SiMe3 (R = Ph, SiMe3) in Anwesenheit von Phosphanen entstehen dagegen Koordinationsverbindungen des Tetraselenoniobat‐Anions 4—7.Mit Hilfe der Einkristall‐Strukturanalyse konnten die Strukturen folgender Verbindungen aufgeklärt werden: [NbCu3S4(PEt3)3] (1), [Nb3Cu9Cl4OS9(PEt3)9] (2), (NEt4)[Nb2Cu6Cl5S6(PPh3)6] (3), [NbCu3Se4(PEt3)4] (4), [NbCu5Cl2Se4(PEt3)5] (5), [NbCu6Cl3Se4(PiPr3)6] (6) und [NbCu2(SePh)6(PEt3)2] (7).
Über Münzmetall‐Quecksilber‐Chalkogenidhalogenide. III Zur Kristallstruktur von Ag2HgSI2
Authors: Keller Hans‐Lothar , Wimbert Lars 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAg2HgSI2 wird aus AgI und α‐HgS durch Umsetzung bei 120 °C in mikrokristalliner Form als gelbes Pulver erhalten. Die Substanz kristallisiert im Raumgruppentyp Cmc21 mit a = 1384, 35(6) pm, b = 746, 97(3) pm, c = 710, 29(3) pm und Z = 4. Die Struktur besteht aus einer verzerrt hexagonal dichtesten Packung von Schwefel‐ und Iodatomen, in der Quecksilber ein Drittel der Oktaederlücken und Silber ein Drittel der Tetraederlücken besetzt. Die Verzerrung der hexagonalen Struktur wird durch den Platzbedarf der freien Elektronenpaare am Schwefel und Iod hervorgerufen, was durch die Berechnung der Elektronenlokalisierungsfunktion (ELF) gezeigt werden konnte.
Coordination Chemistry of Aliphatic, Tripodal Ligands with Zinc Salts
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Jocher Christoph , Lügger Thomas , Pape Tania 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe unsymmetrical, aliphatic tripods N(CH2CH2CH2NH2)2(CH2CH2OH)(H5‐2) and N(CH2CH2CH2NH2)2(CH2CH2CH2OH) (H5‐4) were prepared and their coordination chemistry with zinc salts was studied. The reactivity of the ligands with zinc chloride, zinc perchlorate and zinc bis(tetrafluoroborate) depends on the anion present. Ligand H5‐2 reacts with Zn(ClO4)2 under formation of the dinuclear centrosymmetric complex [(H4‐2)Zn]2(ClO4)2 (5) containing bridging η2‐alkoxy functions. Ligand H5‐2 reacts with Zn(BF4)2 under formation of the trigonal‐bipyramidal complex [(H5‐2)ZnF]BF4 (7), while the reaction of (H5‐4) with ZnCl2 yields the mononuclear, tetrahedral complex [(H5‐4)ZnCl]Cl (8) with an uncoordinated alcohol donor group. Complexes 5, 7 and 8 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of the First Gold(I) Carbene Complex with a Gold‐Oxygen Bond — First Catalytic Application of Gold(I) Complexes Bearing N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Schneider Sabine K. , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Herdtweck Eberhardt 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA series of silver(I) and gold(I) carbene complexes of the type [Ag(R2‐imy)2]+[AgBr2]— and [Au(R2‐imy)X] (R2‐imy = 1‐diphenylmethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene; X = Cl, OC(O)CH3) have been prepared and structurally characterized. The complex [Au(R2‐imy) OC(O)CH3] is the first gold(I) carbene complex with a gold‐oxygen bond. The results of a single crystal structure determination of this gold(I) carbene acetate are similar to those of the analogous (triphenylphosphane)gold(I) acetate. The gold oxygen distance Au‐O1 with 2.040(4)Å parallels the majority of (phosphane)gold(I) carboxylates. Furthermore we successfully employed the Au(I) carbene acetate as a catalyst for the addition of water to 3‐hexyne in the presence of a Lewis acid as co‐catalyst. This is the first example for the use of a gold(I) carbene complex in homogeneous catalysis.
New Double Salts with Boron‐Centered Zirconium Clusters: Syntheses and Structures of Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)X15] (X = Cl or Cl+I), and Anion Distribution in the Mixed Halide Phase
Authors: Rohm Henning W. , Köckerling Martin 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTwo new members of a double salt containing halide supported zirconium octahedra were obtained from solid state reactions. Single‐crystal X‐ray data refinements established the isotypic compounds as Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)Cl15] (I) (R3¯c, Z = 6, a = 12.765(2), c = 34.652(6)Å, R1(F) = 0.0339, wR2(F2) = 0.0770) and the mixed halide Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)Cl14.57(2)I0.43] (II) (R3¯c, Z = 6, a = 12.777(2), c = 34.668(7)Å, R1(F) = 0.0459, wR2(F2) = 0.1279), respectively. The structure contains a network of boron centered [(Zr6B)Cli12] clusters interbridged three‐dimensionally by 6/2 Xa‐a atoms at all zirconium vertices (X = Cl, or Cl+I, respectively). Within voids of the cluster network [ZrCl5]— anions and Cs+ cations are located, allowing for the description as a double salt. The [ZrCl5]— anion (D3h‐symmetry) has been found so far only in this structure type. The space requirement of a variety of transition metal complexes is estimated and compared with the volume of the [ZrCl5]— anion in order to see if other double salts are geometrically possible. Besides the unusual [ZrCl5]— ion the mixed chloride‐iodide structure reveals another interesting feature. Contrary to many other structures an ordered chlorine atom substitution by iodine is observed on the cluster interconnecting site. The phase width for Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)Cl15‐xIx] has been found to cover 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
Ein‐ und zweikernige Kupfer(I)‐ und Silber(I)‐Phosphan‐Komplexe mit β‐Diketonato‐Teilstrukturen
Authors: Lang H. , Leschke M. , Melter M. , Walfort B. , Köhler K. , Schulz S. E. , Geßner T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDie Reaktion von [(η2‐Me3SiC≡CSiMe3)CuBr]2 (1) mit zwei Äquivalenten an [M(O∩O)] [M = Na, Ag; O∩O = Acetylacetonat, acac, 2a/ 3a; = 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 5‐Hexafluoroacetylacetonat, hfac, 2b/ 3b; = 2, 2, 6, 6‐Tetramethyl‐3, 5‐heptandionat, tehe, 2c/ 3c; = 1, 3‐Diphenyl‐1, 3‐propandionat, dipa, 2d/ 3d; = 2‐Methyl‐4‐pyronat, mepy, 2e/ 3e; = Troponolat, trop, 2f/ 3f) führt zu [(η2‐Me3SiC≡CSiMe3)Cu(O∩O)] (4a, acac; 4b, hfac; 4c, tehe; 4d, dipa; 4e, mepy; 4f, trop), welche durch Umsetzung mit PR3 (R = C6H4CH2NMe2‐2)3 (5) unter Verdrängung von Me3SiC≡CSiMe3 die Phosphan‐Kupfer(I)‐β‐Diketonato‐Komplexe [(R3P)Cu(O∩O)] (O∩O = acac, 6a; = hfac, 6b; = tehe, 6c; = dipa, 6d; = mepy , 6e; = trop, 6f) ] ergeben. Die Komplexe 6a — 6f werden auch gebildet, wenn man 5 mit äquimolaren Mengen an CuCl (7) und dann mit Na(O∩O) (2) zur Reaktion bringt. Verwendet man an Stelle von 2 bzw. 3 das Silbersalz Ag2(O2∩O2) (O2∩O2 = 1, 4‐Benzochinoat, benz, 9a; = 1, 4‐Anthrachinoat, anth, 9b), so werden homobimetallische Komplexe des Typs [(R3P)CuO2∩O2Cu(PR3)] (O2∩O2 = benz, 10a; = anth, 10b) erhalten, in denen zwei Kupfer(I)‐Phosphan‐Bausteine über π‐konjugierte organische O2∩O2‐Brücken miteinander verknüpft sind.Die Reaktion von 3 mit 5 im Verhältnis von 1:1 ergibt die entsprechenden phosphanstabilisierten Silber(I)‐Komplexe [(R3P)Ag(O∩O)] (O∩O = acac, 11a; = mepy , 11b; = trop, 11c)]. Bringt man dagegen 5 mit 0.5 Teilen an Ag2(O2∩O2) (9) zur Umsetzung, so sind die zu 10 isostrukturellen zweikernigen Komplexe [(R3P) AgO2∩O2Ag(PR3)] (O2∩O2 = benz, 12a; = anth, 12b) zugänglich.Während die Kupfer(I)‐Komplexe 6 und 10 in Lösung und im Festkörper beständig sind, beobachtet man für die isostrukturellen Silber(I)‐Spezies 11 und 12, daß sie sich unter Einwirkung von Licht unter Abscheidung von elementarem Silber zersetzen. Die Verwendung von 4a und 6c als Ausgangsverbindungen zur Abscheidung von Kupferfilmen auf TiN‐beschichteten SiO2‐Wafern durch die chemische Gasphasenabscheidung wird vorgestellt.Die Kristallstruktur von 6f wird beschrieben. Einkerniges 6f kristallisiert zusammen mit [(R3P)CuCl] (8) (Verhältnis 6f : 8 = 85 : 15) in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1¯ mit den Zellparametern a = 8.962(2), b = 10.753(3), c = 17.037(5)Å, α = 78.29(2), β = 77.12(2), γ = 81.220(10), V = 1557.3(7)Å3, Z = 2 mit 4703 beobachteten unabhängigen Reflexen (R1 = 0.0661). Das Kupfer(I)‐Ion in 6f weist die Koordinationszahl 4 auf. Es liegt eine wannenförmige Konformation für die sechsgliedrigen CuPNCH2C2/Phenyl‐Ringe vor und der Troponolat‐Ligand bindet über beide Sauerstoffatome symmetrisch an das Kupfer(I)‐Ion.
Synthese, Eigenschaften und Molekülstrukturen der 2, 3, 4, 5‐ Tetraethylphospholide der Alkalimetalle Natrium, Kalium, Rubidium und Caesium sowie die Metathesereaktion des Kalium‐Derivates mit Zinn(II)‐chlorid und Gallium(III)‐chlorid
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Oßberger Manfred W. , Keilbach Andreas , Gückel Christian , Piotrowski Holger , Suter Max , Nöth Heinrich 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDie Reduktion der Chlor‐2, 3, 4, 5‐tetraethylphosphole mit Natrium, Kalium, Rubidium und Caesium in THF oder 1, 2‐Dimethoxyethan (DME) führt in guten Ausbeuten nach dem Umkristallisieren aus einer DME Lösung zu den Alkalimetall‐2, 3, 4, 5‐tetraethylphospholiden (DME)Na(PC4Et4) (1), K(PC4Et4) (2), (DME)Rb(PC4Et4) (3) und (DME)Cs(PC4Et4) (4). Wenn die Abtrennung des bei der Darstellung des Chlor‐2, 3, 4, 5‐tetraethylphosphols anfallenden Zirconocendichlorids nicht restlos gelingt, fällt bei dieser Reduktionsreaktion heteroleptisches (THF)CsC5H5·Cs(PC4Et4) (5) an. Während sich das Natrium‐Derivat 1 als Dimer abscheidet, kristallisieren die Phospholide 2 bis 4 der schweren Alkalimetalle als eindimensionale Polymere. Wegen der Größe des Kaliumkations sind keine weiteren Etherliganden an dieses Metallatom koordiniert und eine lineare Säule kristallisiert aus, während sich bei den Rb‐ und Cs‐Verbindungen die DME‐Komplexe bilden, die sich als Zickzack‐Kette abscheiden. Die Substitution der Hälfte der Phospholidanionen durch Cyclopentadienid‐Liganden in 5 führt in kristalliner Phase zu einem dreidimensionalen Netzwerk. Die Metathesereaktion des Kaliumderivates 2 mit GaCl3 und SnCl2 ergibt dimeres (DME)K[(μ‐Cl)4Ga2(PC4Et4)3] (6) und monomeres Sn(PC4Et4)2 (7). Während in den Alkalimetall‐phospholiden 1 bis 5 eine weitgehende Delokalisierung der anionischen Ladung innerhalb des fünfgliedrigen Rings und eine η5‐Koordination beobachtet wird, treten die 2, 3, 4, 5‐Tetraethylphospholidanionen zum Gallium(III)‐Atom in 6 und zum Zinn(II)‐Atom in 7 σ‐gebunden auf.
The generalization of Holditch theorem for closed space curves
Authors: Düldül M. , Kuruoğlu N. , Tutar A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn this paper, under the 1‐parameter closed homothetic motion in three dimensional Euclidean Space, we generalized the classical Holditch Theorem [1], for closed space curves by using their orthogonal projection on any fixed plane in space. We also obtained a formula equivalent to the result on the planar kinematics given by [6].
Some remarks on the history and future of averaging techniques in a posteriori finite element error analysis
Authors: Carstensen C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractGiven a flux or stress approximation ph from a low‐order finite element simulation of an elliptic boundary value problem, averaging or (gradient‐)recovery techniques aim the computation of an improved approximation Aph by a (simple) post processing of ph. For instance, frequently named after Zienkiewicz and Zhu, Aph is the elementwise interpolation of the nodal values (Aph)(z) obtained as the integral mean of ph on a neighbourhood of z. This paper gives an overview over old and new arguments in the proof of reliability and efficiency of the error estimator η𝒜 := ‖ph ‐ Aph‖ as an approximation of the error ‖p ‐ ph‖ in (an energy norm) ‖⋅‖. High‐lighted are the general class of meshes, averaging operators, or finite elements (conforming, nonconforming, or mixed). Emphasis is on old and new aspects of superconvergence and arguments to circumvent superconvergence at all within proofs of a posteriori finite element error estimates.
The flow of a viscoelastic fluid on an oscillating plate
Authors: Hayat T. , Mohyuddin M.R. , Asghar S. , Siddiqui A.M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAn analytic solution of the flow of a second‐grade fluid on a porous plate is constructed. The porous plate is executing oscillations in its own plane with superimposed injection or suction. An increasing or decreasing velocity amplitude of the oscillating porous plate is also examined. It is also shown that in case of second‐grade fluid, a combination of suction/injection and decreasing/increasing velocity amplitude is possible as well. Several limiting situations with their implications are given and discussed.
Abnormal serotonergic development in a mouse model for the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome: implications for autism
Authors: Waage‐Baudet H. , Lauder J.M. , Dehart D.B. , Kluckman K. , Hiller S. , Tint G.S. , Sulik K.K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation/mental retardation syndrome resulting from an inborn error in 3β‐hydroxysteroid Δ7‐reductase (DHCR7), the terminal enzyme required for cholesterol biosynthesis. Using a targeting strategy designed to virtually eliminate Dhcr7 activity, we have created a SLOS mouse model that exhibits commissural deficiencies, hippocampal abnormalities, and hypermorphic development of serotonin (5‐HT) neurons. The latter is of particular interest with respect to current evidence that serotonin plays a significant role in autism spectrum disorders and the recent clinical observation that 50% of SLOS patients present with autistic behavior. Immunohistochemical analyses have revealed a 306% increase in the area of 5‐HT immunoreactivity (5‐HT IR) in the hindbrains of mutant (Dhcr7−/−) mice as compared to age‐matched wild type animals. Amount of 5‐HT IR was measured as total area of IR per histological section. Additionally, a regional increase as high as 15‐fold was observed for the most lateral sagittal hindbrain sections. In Dhcr7−/− mice, an expansion of 5‐HT IR into the ventricular zone and floor plate region was observed. In addition, the rostral and caudal raphe groups exhibited a radial expansion in Dhcr7−/− mice, with 5‐HT IR cells present in locations not seen in wild type mice. This increase in 5‐HT IR appears to represent an increase in total number of 5‐HT neurons and fibers. These observations may help explain the behavioral phenotype seen in SLOS, and provide clues for future therapeutic interventions that utilize pharmacological modulation of the serotonergic system.
Serotonin and its transporter on proliferation of fetal heart cells
Authors: Sari Youssef , Zhou Feng C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBesides neuronal transmission, serotonin (5‐HT) also acts as a trophic signal during the development of the central nervous and neural crest systems. In this study, we report that in addition to trophic effect, 5‐HT increases the proliferation of fetal heart cells. We showed for the first time that the cultured heart cells, express serotonin transporter (5‐HTT), which confirmed the previously observed accumulation of 5‐HT in developing heart. The influence of 5‐HT on developing heart cells is studied throughout the dosage. We found that 5‐HT concentration at physiological level, 4 μM, permits an optimal proliferation of heart cells as indicated by the number of 5‐bromo‐deoxyuridine immunoreactive (BrdU‐im) cells and myosin heavy chain immunoreactive cells (MF20‐im); fluctuation towards either concentrations reduce the proliferation. We hypothesized that 5‐HTT plays a role in the heart development. Our study indicated that the blockade of 5‐HT uptake by paroxetine decreased the number of BrdU‐im cells and MF20‐im cells. These data indicate a role of 5‐HT and 5‐HTT on heart development. Abnormal 5‐HT level or misuse of 5‐HT uptake blocker may alter the heart development.
Building diverse community networks for sustainable food systems: Guiding philosophies of the Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Carnes Laura M. , Karsten Heather D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) is a grassroots organization that facilitates the exchange of sustainable farming practices among its members, creates marketing opportunities for local farmers, and promotes consumer awareness and support for sustainable agriculture. Interviews with PASA's board members and staff, content analyses of PASA's literature, and a mail survey and spatial analysis of PASA's members—who include both farmers and members who do not farm—were used to examine members' characteristics, why they value being members, and the philosophies and strategies that guide the organization's successes. Results indicate that by embracing a broad definition of sustainable agriculture, PASA promotes profitable and environmentally sound farming practices to a diversity of farmers. Networking with a broad cross-section of local and regional organizations and institutions has enabled PASA to use the expertise of community leaders and share fundraising to develop marketing opportunities for farmers. Linking sustainable agriculture with priorities of community economic development has brought farmers to urban planning tables, increased inner city access to fresh, local food, and increased the economic viability of local farmers. PASA's experiences exemplify the opportunities and tensions involved with networking with mainstream institutions to gain greater support for the sustainable agriculture community. PASA provides one model of how sustainable agriculture organizations can play an integral role in supporting sustainable agriculture.