bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CARBOHYDRATE OF γ-GLOBULIN AND MYELOMA PROTEINS
Authors: Müller-Eberhard H. J. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: June 2004

Various preparations of γ-globulin homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge showed a similar content of hexose, hexosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. Subfractionation of Fr. II γ-globulin by zone electrophoresis revealed multiple components of different mean mobilities but containing similar amounts of carbohydrate.
Gamma globulin isolated directly from normal serum by zone electrophoresis showed a heavy component in addition to the usual 7 S material. The heavy component (s20, w = 19 S) concentrated by preparative ultracentrifugation was found to be considerably richer in carbohydrate than the rest of the γ-globulin and accounted for small differences in carbohydrate content between different preparations of γ-globulin.
Pathological sera with marked elevation in γ-globulin showed a carbohydrate-protein ratio for the γ-globulin similar to that found for the corresponding 7 S fraction in normal serum. This was only partially true of the myeloma proteins with a mobility in the γ-globulin region. Certain of these proteins showed slight but significant differences. The myeloma proteins of faster mobility (ß-myelomas) contained considerably more carbohydrate. The possible role of these carbohydrates in accounting for some of the mobility and immunological differences in the myeloma proteins is discussed. The pathological proteins found in two cases of macroglobulinemia showed a high carbohydrate content similar to but slightly lower than the normal 19 S component of γ-globulin.
SEQUENCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN EPITHELIAL CELL CULTURES INFECTED WITH POLIOVIRUS
Authors: Reissig Magdalena , Howes David W. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

A sequential study is reported of the cytological changes induced in cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells by poliovirus. The pattern of cytological changes was followed through a single cycle of virus multiplication. Morphological alterations were correlated with the appearance of new infective virus within the cells and in the culture fluid.
Alteration of the chromatin pattern of the nucleus, and Type B acidophilic intranuclear inclusions, were seen as early as 4 hours after virus inoculation. Later wrinkling and shrivelling of the nucleus occurred, and eosinophilic cytoplasmic masses appeared. The rounded, pycnotic cell, customarily used as an index of the cytopathic response, was found only during the last stages of the infective process. On the basis of these changes, infected cells could be classified into six different types. Differential cell counts were made on the stained cultures, and the stage of cytopathic degeneration was correlated with the appearance of virus in the cells and in the culture fluid. Newly formed virus could be detected within the infected cells at about the same time that the first nuclear alterations and intranuclear inclusions were seen.
The virus-induced morphological changes exhibited a specificity distinct from the classical pycnosis of autolytic degeneration.
FOCAL DESTRUCTION OF NERVOUS TISSUE BY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND: BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ITS APPLICATION
Authors: Ballantine H. T. , Hueter T. F. , Nauta W. J. H. , Sosa D. M. 
Published: June 2004

Ultrasound at frequencies of 1.0 mcps and 2.5 mcps can be focused by a suitable lens system to produce a small region of high vibrational intensity. The concentrated energy within and around the focal region can be used to destroy structures of the central nervous system.
The extent of destruction depends upon: (a) the size of the focal region, which varies inversely with the frequency, (b) the ultrasonic intensity, (c) the duration of exposure, and (d) the physical and physiologic characteristics of the tissue under irradiation.
With proper choice of ultrasonic dosage, mice were rendered monoplegic by destruction of one-half of the spinal cord without demonstrable injury to the skin or subcutaneous tissues through which the converging ultrasonic beam had been transmitted. In similar fashion, focal lesions were produced in the basal ganglia of living cats by stereotaxic transdural application of a focused ultrasonic beam delivered through the superior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres.
Histologic studies of mouse spinal cords and cat brains offered evidence that the fiber tracts of the central nervous system are more vulnerable to ultrasonic irradiation than aggregates of cell nuclei or vascular structures.
The destructive action of the ultrasound is apparently a result of mechanical strain combined with a rise in temperature at the focus of the beam. The heating factor was found to assume greater importance under conditions of high intensity and continuous (rather than pulsed) irradiation.
Trypan blue staining and radioautography using P32 have been employed to identify the lesions 1 hour after irradiation. This has been a valuable adjunct in our attempts to determine the accuracy of placement of the lesions and their size. Perhaps more important, however, is the indication from these studies that ultrasonically produced lesions may offer a useful method for investigation of the nature of the blood-brain barrier.
"Target studies" were undertaken to determine the precision with which lesions of predetermined size could be placed at predetermined sites in the basal ganglia of the cat. Results to date have been promising, but it is our opinion that further technical improvement will be necessary before ultrasound can be used as an accurate method for placing discrete lesions within the human brain.
INCREASED RESISTANCE TO INFECTION AND ACCOMPANYING ALTERATION IN PROPERDIN LEVELS FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF BACTERIAL LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Landy Maurice , Pillemer Louis 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that injection of lipopolysaccharides, derived from a variety of Gram-negative bacterial species, evokes in mice a rapidly developing rise in resistance to infection with Gram-negative pathogens. This is accompanied by an elevation in properdin titer, at times to levels 2 to 3 times the normal. The rate, magnitude, and duration of these responses are dependent on many factors, the most important of which are the quantity and timing of the lipopolysaccharide administered.
The increased resistance to infection evoked in mice by lipopolysaccharides was effective against infections produced by endotoxin-bearing organisms-bacterial species highly susceptible in vitro to the bactericidal action of the properdin system.
Properdin titers of mice prior to infection provide an incomplete picture of the subsequent reaction of the host to the infective agent. Following infection with Gram-negative organisms, properdin levels accurately reflect the bacteriologic course and outcome of the infection. Thus, in control animals, properdin titers progressively declined and the animals died, while in mice appropriately treated with lipopolysaccharide, properdin levels were either maintained in the normal range or increased, depending on the dose and time of administration of lipopolysaccharide; this was always accompanied by successful management of the infection.
The complex nature of the alterations produced in the host by lipopolysaccharides is stressed. It is pointed out that the increase in the ability of the host to cope with Gram-negative infections may be the result of stimulation of other defense mechanisms, in addition to the properdin system.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS. PROPERTIES OF THE INITIAL CELL-VIRUS COMPLEX
Authors: Ishida Nakao , Ackermann W. Wilbur 
Published: June 2004

The rate has been determined at which the initial stable complex is formed between cells of the chorioallantoic membrane and the PR8 strain of type A influenza virus.
Characterization of the complex revealed the following properties: (a) stability to dilution and to simple washing with buffered saline, (b) insensitivity to the action of receptor-destroying enzyme (obtained from cholera vibrio), (c) sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of anti-viral immune serum, (d) formation of the complex at low temperatures, 3°C., (e) accompanied by a loss of detectable viral infectivity from the reaction mixture, (f) stability at 3°C. but transformation at 37°C. to a state which is resistant to the inhibitory action of a specific anti-viral serum. The rate of this latter transformation has been determined. The infectious process in more than 50 per cent of the cells can be influenced by immune serum 2 hours after the completion of the initial reaction with virus.
ON THE RELATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS AND PLATELETS TO VENOM HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Turner Joseph C. ,   With the Technical Assistance of E. Ann Pearson
Published: June 2004

Removal of the white cells and platelets from suspensions of red cells usually produces substantial reduction in the hemolytic activity of venoms.
Guinea pig red cells constitute a notable exception and may be lysed by a direct action of venom.
White blood cells and platelets appear to contribute to hemolysis by serving as sources of phosphatides for the formation of lysophosphatides.
No correlation could be found between phospholipase activity and direct hemolytic activity of venoms.
A recently described method (8) of paper chromatographic separation of phospholipides has been used successfully in part of the work.
SELECTIVE INHIBITION BY PREPARATIONS OF STREPTOCOCCAL FILTRATES OF THE OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF MITOCHONDRIA PROCURED FROM RABBIT MYOCARDIUM
Authors: Carlson Arthur S. , Kellner Aaron , Bernheimer Alan W. 
Published: June 2004

When solutions of streptolysin O were added to Warburg flasks containing, among other constituents, suspensions of mitochondria from the myocardium of rabbits and citrate, fumarate, or alpha-ketoglutarate as the substrate, there followed regularly a sharp reduction, and eventually complete cessation, of oxygen consumption. This phenomenon was not observed when succinate was the substrate in the flasks, the finding pointing to a selective interference with DPN as the underlying change.
The agent in the solutions of streptolysin O responsible for this effect was shown to be a streptococcal product, and to be non-dialyzable and heat-labile. It differed from streptolysin O in that it did not appear to require prior activation with cysteine, and its effectiveness was not diminished by treatment with cholesterol or antistreptolysin globulins.
VARIATION IN THE GROUP-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

Soil organisms have been isolated which elaborate induced enzymes capable of attacking group A and variant (V) streptococcal carbohydrates. The V enzyme hydrolyzes V carbohydrate extensively to dialyzable split products with resultant total loss of precipitating activity with homologous antisera. The split products inhibit the reaction between intact V carbohydrate and its antiserum: evidence is presented which indicates that rhamnose oligosaccharides are responsible for the inhibitory effect. The serological specificity of the V carbohydrate thus appears to be primarily dependent on a rhamnose-rhamnose linkage.
The effect of the A enzyme on A carbohydrate is characterized by the removal of 50 to 70 per cent of the total glucosamine in the form of free N-acetyl-glucosamine. As a result of this treatment, the residual carbohydrate loses its reactivity with specific group A antisera and at the same time develops markedly increased cross-reactivity with V antisera. This cross-reactivity is in turn eliminated by treatment with V enzyme. The evidence suggests that the specificity of group A carbohydrate is determined to a large extent by side chains of N-acetyl-glucosamine which also serve to mask underlying rhamnose-rhamnose linkages with V specificity.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: June 2004

Leucocytes were obtained from the blood of rabbits, incubated in vitro with soluble antigenic material derived from Shigella paradysenteriae, washed, and transferred to irradiated recipient animals. On the 4th day after cell transfer, agglutinins to Shigella appeared in the sera of the majority of such recipients. The distribution of maximum agglutinin titers was substantially lower in these animals than in recipients of lymph node cells similarly incubated, as reported in earlier studies. Recipients of iodoacetate-treated cells showed no agglutinins. Similar results were obtained with cells of peritoneal exudates obtained 9 days after the intraperitoneal injection of lanolin and light mineral oil.
When cells of peritoneal exudates obtained 1 or 2 days after the injection of this irritant were incubated with the antigenic material and transferred to irradiated recipients, agglutinins did not appear in the sera of the latter. Similar results were obtained with cells from peritoneal exudates obtained a few days after the intraperitoneal injection of heavy mineral oil. The preponderant cell types in the suspensions from these two sources were the polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes, respectively.
THE FATE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN MOUSE TISSUES AS DETERMINED BY THE MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: McCune Robert M. , Tompsett Ralph , McDermott Walsh 
Published: June 2004

Populations of tubercle bacilli of human origin exposed in vivo to pyrazinamide and a companion drug, vanished from the tissues of the mouse in so far as could be determined by microscopy, culture, or guinea pig subinoculation. The vanishing did not represent a complete elimination of the tubercle bacilli from all the animals. 90 days after the completion of treatment, tubercle bacilli could be cultured from approximately one-third of the animals examined at that time. This complete disappearance of the tubercle bacilli thus meets the definition of a truly latent infection in that the infection is present but is hidden beyond the limits of diagnostic reach. All but one of the strains of tubercle bacilli which survived in the animals and were detectable in the posttreatment period, were susceptible to pyrazinamide when tested under appropriate conditions in vitro.
Only two factors could be identified which were essential for the uniform occurrence of the disappearance of tubercle bacilli: the administration of the pyrazinamide in a high daily dosage for at least eight of a total of 12 weeks of antimicrobial therapy; and the concurrent or prior exposure of the microbial populations to isoniazid or in some cases to other antituberculous drugs.
The observations suggest that the ability of pyrazinamide-containing chemotherapies to bring about the disappearance of a tubercle bacillus is closely related to the occurrence of some alteration in the bacillus, essential for maximal pyrazinamide action, in response to environmental influences, including other antituberculous drugs present in the environment.
EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: Guze Lucien B. , Beeson Paul B. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elizabeth R. Maloney
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the effect of ureteral ligation on the susceptibility of the kidney to pyogenic infection. In most experiments a strain of E. coli was employed as the test organism, being injected intravenously in varying quantity either before or after ureteral ligation. A few experiments were also carried out with S. marcescens.
Preliminary observations were made on the distribution and persistence of E. coli following its inoculation into the blood stream of normal rats. Rapid reduction in number of bacteria in the circulation occurred during the first 30 minutes, but bacteriemia persisted at a comparatively low level for at least 48 hours. Large proportions of the inoculated bacteria were arrested and apparently destroyed in the liver, spleen, and lungs. Comparatively small numbers were deposited in the kidneys; nevertheless, these continued to be demonstrable during the 1st week, without notable tendency to increase or decrease, then disappeared during the 2nd week. There was no acceleration in rate of disposal of the bacteria in the kidney when a second injection was made 1 week after the first.
In rats with one ureter ligated the number of bacteria lodging in the kidneys after intravenous inoculation did not differ from that found in normal animals. It appears, therefore, that the increased susceptibility of the obstructed kidney to infection via the blood stream is not attributable to an increased trapping of circulating bacteria. 4 to 6 hours after the intravenous injection, however, an increased number of bacteria could be demonstrated in the obstructed kidney, apparently due to local multiplication, and by the end of 24 hours purulent infection was usually obvious.
A comparatively large number of bacteria was required to cause infection, even in the kidney with obstruction. This appeared to be related to the small proportion of the intravenous inoculum which lodged in the kidney initially.
Although bacteria could be demonstrated in the normal kidney for a week or more following intravenous injection it was not possible to induce active infection with equal regularity by ligating the ureter throughout this time. During the first 3 days the majority of obstructed kidneys developed infection, but after 5 or more days this occurred in only a small proportion of animals so treated. The reason for the difference, in relation to interval between intravenous injection and time of ligation, is not apparent.
When the ureter was ligated but no intravenous injection of bacteria was given, staphylococcal infection developed in the obstructed kidney within 2 weeks in about one-third of the animals. Reasons are given for the belief that this was blood-borne infection, and not the result of contamination at the time of operation. Staphylococci were not recovered from the normal rat kidney. These "spontaneous" staphylococcal infections seldom developed when E. coli was injected intravenously at the time of ureteral ligation.
THE ROLE OF EPINEPHRINE IN THE REACTIONS PRODUCED BY THE ENDOTOXINS OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Zweifach Benjamin W. , Nagler Arnold L. , Thomas Lewis 
Published: June 2004

The effects of endotoxin on the epinephrine reactivity of blood vessels in the rat mesoappendix have been studied. Following intravenous injection of a relatively small, sublethal dose of endotoxin, the terminal arterioles and venules exhibited greatly augmented and prolonged vasoconstrictor responses to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Hyperreactivity became evident within 30 minutes after injection of endotoxin, and persisted for as long as 6 hours.
After larger doses of endotoxin, sufficient to cause illness or death, the vascular hyperreactivity to epinephrine was of briefer duration, and was followed by a stage of increasing hyporeactivity reaching levels much below normal. With lethal doses, the terminal arterioles and venules became completely refractory to epinephrine, while heightened reactivity persisted in the larger arteries and veins. The end result was pooling of stagnant blood in distended capillaries and venules, accompanied by the appearance of petechiae. Topical applications of epinephrine during this stage were followed promptly by an increase in petechial hemorrhage at the site of testing.
Rats which were rendered tolerant to the lethal effect of endotoxin, by repeated daily injections of small doses, developed resistance to the effects of endotoxin on epinephrine reactivity. Neither hyperreactivity nor hyporeactivity to epinephrine were demonstrable in these animals, nor were spontaneous abnormalities of blood flow or petechial hemorrhages observed in the mesoappendix.
Analogous results were obtained in perfusion studies of the vessels of the isolated rabbit ear. Perfusion of small amounts of endotoxin was followed within a few minutes by potentiation of epinephrine reactivity. Larger doses caused complete reversal of this effect, to such an extent that epinephrine now produced marked degrees of vasodilation.
The possible meaning of these observations in the interpretation of the endotoxin-epinephrine skin lesions described in the preceding paper is discussed. It is suggested that abnormal reactions to epinephrine or norepinephrine in the tissues of intact animals may represent a basic mechanism in the intoxicating and tissue-damaging properties of endotoxin.
FAILURE TO TRANSFER TUBERCULIN SENSITIVITY PASSIVELY WITH PLASMA FRACTIONS CONTAINING ALPHA GLOBULIN
Authors: Ehrenkranz N. Joel , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: June 2004

We are unable to confirm the observations reported by Cole and Favour that passive transfer of plasma fractions containing alpha globulin (IV + V or IV-10) from tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs confers delayed sensitivity to tuberculoprotein upon normal animals.
In guinea pigs with chronic cervical adenitis due to infection with group C hemolytic streptococci, injection of fraction IV + V and repeated skin tests with PPD induced indurated skin reactions of 9 to 10 mm., maximal at 24 hours, and, in one experiment, a positive tissue culture response to tuberculin. It is suggested that this reactivity was actively induced.
Normal or infected recipients of fraction I + II + III from the plasma of tuberculin-sensitive donors manifested edematous responses to tuberculopolysaccharide, maximal at 4 to 6 hours, as reported.
Skin tests with pneumococcal C polysaccharide revealed no evidence of passive transfer of C-reactive protein in fractions I + II + III or IV + V.
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Uhr Jonathan W. , Pappenheimer A. M. , Yoneda M. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pigs infected by intradermal injection of living toxigenic diphtheria bacilli and protected by horse antitoxic globulin, given either before or after infection, develop delayed hypersensitivity of the tuberculin type to diphtherial proteins. The highest degree of hypersensitivity is specifically directed against diphtheria toxin (or toxoid) itself, although smaller delayed skin reactions may be evoked in sensitized animals by other diphtherial proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains.
Animals sensitized to diphtheria toxin by infection with a toxigenic strain in this way react positively to the Schick test and their serum usually contains no detectable antitoxin 2 to 3 weeks after the initial infection.
Animals infected with living non-toxigenic diphtheria bacilli become sensitized to proteins common to both toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains but do not show sensitivity to toxin.
The observations suggest that a minute amount of toxoid, or of toxin comparable to that which might be liberated during infection, might induce the hypersensitive state if injected in the form of a complex with excess antitoxin. This prediction is verified by the results reported in the following paper (23).
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON HUMAN PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: Aladjem Frederick , Lieberman Miriam , Gofman John W. 
Published: June 2004

Low density human plasma lipoproteins Sf 17+, Sf 13, and Sf 6, high density lipoproteins 2 and 3, and a lipoprotein-free plasma protein fraction were isolated from human plasma by ultracentrifugal methods. It was found that human plasma lipoproteins are immunochemically distinct from the non-lipoprotein containing plasma protein fraction.
Lipoprotein fractions of a given hydrated density, isolated from different individuals, were found to be immunochemically indistinguishable by qualitative absorption tests.
Qualitative antigenic differences were shown to exist between low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins.
Quantitative precipitin reactions showed that low density lipoproteins Sf 6 and Sf 13 were immunochemically very similar. However, they differed with respect to the amount of antigen nitrogen required for maximum precipitation.
Agar diffusion analyses were performed; the results suggest heterogeneity of lipoproteins by this criterion.