bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and chondroitin sulfate after oral and intravenous single dose administration in the horse
Authors: Du Jianping , White Nathaniel , Eddington Natalie D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObjective—The purpose of this study was to determine if glucosamine (GL) hydrochloride (FCHG49®) and low molecular weight (LMW) chondroitin sulfate (CS) (TRH122™) are absorbed after oral administration to horses. The bioavailability of LMWCS was evaluated by quantifying the total disaccharides found in the plasma following chondroitinase ABC digestion.Methods—Two separate studies were conducted. In study 1, ten adult horses received the following four treatments in a randomized crossover fashion: (1) i.v. LMWCS (3 g of 8 kDa), (2) p.o. LMWCS (3 g of 8 kDa), (3) i.v. LMWCS (3 g of 16.9 kDa) and (4) p.o. LMWCS (3 g of 16.9 kDa). Each group received 9 g GL with LMWCS. In a second study, each horse (n=2) was randomly assigned to receive either i.v. administration of GL HCl (9 g) or p.o. administration of GL HCl (125 mg/kg). Blood samples were collected, assayed and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined.Results—GL was absorbed after oral dosing with a meanCmaxof 10.6 (6.9) μg/ml and a meanTmaxof 2.0 (0.7) h. The extent of absorption of LMWCS after dosing with both the 8.0 and 16.9 kDa provides evidence that LMWCS is absorbed orally.CmaxandAUCwere higher (p<0.05) for the 16.9 kDa material compared with 8.0 kDa. However, the 16.9 kDa bioavailability was less than 8.0 kDa, but this difference was not significant.Conclusions—This study provides the first report of the bioavailability of orally administered GL and LMWCS in the horse. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental toxicity evaluation of emodin in rats and mice
Authors: Jahnke Gloria D. , Price Catherine J. , Marr Melissa C. , Myers Christina B. , George Julia D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUND: Emodin, a widely available herbal remedy, was evaluated for potential effects on pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Emodin was administered in feed to timed‐mated Sprague–Dawley (CD) rats (0, 425, 850, and 1700 ppm; gestational day [GD] 6–20), and Swiss Albino (CD‐1) mice (0, 600, 2500 or 6000 ppm; GD 6–17). Ingested dose was 0, 31, 57, and ∼80–144 mg emodin/kg/day (rats) and 0, 94, 391, and 1005 mg emodin/kg/day (mice). Timed‐mated animals (23–25/group) were monitored for body weight, feed/water consumption, and clinical signs. At termination (rats: GD 20; mice: GD 17), confirmed pregnant dams (21–25/group) were evaluated for clinical signs: body, liver, kidney, and gravid uterine weights, uterine contents, and number of corpora lutea. Fetuses were weighed, sexed, and examined for external, visceral, and skeletal malformations/variations. RESULTS: There were no maternal deaths. In rats, maternal body weight, weight gain during treatment, and corrected weight gain exhibited a decreasing trend. Maternal body weight gain during treatment was significantly reduced at the high dose. In mice, maternal body weight and weight gain was decreased at the high dose. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal mortality, live litter size, fetal sex ratio, and morphological development were unaffected in both rats and mice. At the high dose, rat average fetal body weight per litter was unaffected, but was significantly reduced in mice. The rat maternal lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was 1700 ppm; the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 850 ppm. The rat developmental toxicity NOAEL was ≥1700 ppm. A LOAEL was not established. In mice, the maternal toxicity LOAEL was 6000 ppm and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm. The developmental toxicity LOAEL was 6000 ppm (reduced fetal body weight) and the NOAEL was 2500 ppm. Birth Defects Res B 71:89–101, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein adsorption at air–water interfaces: A combination of details
Authors: de Jongh Harmen H. J. , Kosters Hans A. , Kudryashova Elena , Meinders Marcel B. J. , Trofimova Daria , Wierenga Peter A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractUsing a variety of spectroscopic techniques, a number of molecular functionalities have been studied in relation to the adsorption process of proteins to air–water interfaces. While ellipsometry and drop tensiometry are used to derive information on adsorbed amount and exerted surface pressure, external reflection circular dichroism, infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy provide, next to insight in layer thickness and surface layer concentration, molecular details like structural (un)folding, local mobility, and degree of protonation of carboxylates. It is shown that the exposed hydrophobicity of the protein or chemical reactivity of solvent‐exposed groups may accelerate adsorption, while increased electrostatic repulsion slows down the process. Also aggregate formation enhances the fast development of a surface pressure. A more bulky appearance of proteins lowers the collision intensity in the surface layer, and thereby the surface pressure, while it is shown to be difficult to affect protein interactions within the surface layer on basis of electrostatic interactions. This work illustrates that the adsorption properties of a protein are a combination of molecular details, rather than determined by a single one. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Investigation of the thermal stability of porin from Paracoccus denitrificans by site‐directed mutagenesis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sukumaran S. , Zscherp C. , Mäntele W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe folding of membrane proteins was addressed using outer membrane protein porin from the soil bacterium Paracoccus denitrificans (P. den.). IR spectroscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis were used to probe the effect of mutagenesis on the thermal stability of the protein. Secondary structure analysis by amide I ir spectroscopy showed that the wild‐type protein was predominantly composed of β‐sheet, which supports the x‐ray crystal structure information (A. Hirsch, J. Breed, K. Saxena, O.‐M. H. Richter, B. Ludwig, K. Diederichs, and W. Welte, FEBS Letters, 1997, Vol. 404, pp. 208–210). The mutants E81Q, W74C, and E81Q/D148N were shown to have similar secondary structure composition as the wild type. Wild‐type protein and the mutants in detergent micelles underwent irreversible denaturation as a result of heating. Transition temperature calculated from the amide I analysis revealed that mutant porins were slightly less stable compared to the wild type. The protein in micelles showed complete monomerization of the trimer above 85°C. In native‐like conditions (provided by liposomes), no change was observed in the secondary structure of the protein until 95°C. This is supported by SDS‐PAGE as no change in quaternary structure was observed, proving that the proteins are structurally thermostable in liposomes as compared to micelles. Our studies demonstrated that porins resistant to detergents and proteases are highly thermostable as well. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Intracellular uptake of modified oligonucleotide studied by two fluorescence techniques
Authors: Kočišová Eva , Praus Petr , Rosenberg Ivan , Seksek Olivier , Sureau Franck , Štĕpánek Josef , Turpin Pierre‐Yves 
Published: April 2004

AbstractInteraction, i.e., cellular uptake and intracellular distribution, of synthetic modified antisense oligonucleotide with the B16 melanoma cell line was studied using cationic polyene antibiotic, amphotericin B 3‐dimethylaminopropyl amide, as a carrier vector. The antisense oligonucleotide–dT15 oligomer analogue containing isopolar, nonisosteric, phosphonate‐based internucleotide linkages 3′‐O‐P‐CH2‐O‐5′–was labeled with fluorescent tetramethylrhodamine marker. The oligonucleotide itinerancy across the cell membrane and its distribution inside the cell was visualized using fluorescence microimaging. During the first several hours a strong preference staining of the cell nucleus was found. Fluorescence lifetime measurements from the intracellular environment (confocal laser microspectrofluorimeter, frequency domain phase/modulation technique in 1 to 200 MHz frequency region) yielded two spectral components of 4.9 and 1.4 ns lifetime, respectively. While the former component correlates with the previously characterized effect of the fluorophore binding to biomolecular targets in membranes and/or cytoplasm, the latter component is newly observed and its possible origin is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Raman study of potential “antisense” drugs: Nonamer oligonucleotide duplexes with a central mismatch as a model system for the binding selectivity evaluation
Authors: Nemecek Daniel , Stepanek Josef , Turpin Pierre‐Yves , Rosenberg Ivan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA set of four 9‐mer oligonucleotide duplexes formed between the 5′‐GCATNTCAC‐3′, N=A,C,T,G, and the 5′‐GTGATATGC‐3′ complement has been proposed as a model system for the investigation of novel oligonucleotide analogues (candidates for antisense use) binding selectivity. Raman measurements were carried out on a set of natural DNA 9‐mer in order to verify suitability of the model and to obtain reference spectral data. Difference Raman spectra between the mismatch and match duplexes obtained at 15°C exhibited numerous spectral features sensitively indicating the structural changes. All the three mismatches only very weakly disturb the overall B‐form conformation of the duplex. Significant structural changes that occurred at the mismatch site are reflected mainly by the neighboring thymidine Raman bands at 1377, 1650, and 1675 cm‐1. The intensity change of the two latter bands is almost the same for the T:G and the T:T mismatch while in the case of the T:C mismatch it is just opposite, demonstrating a very different arrangement of the mismatched pair. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Predicting the survival of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin treated by aggressive cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy
Authors: Verwaal V J , van Tinteren H , van Ruth S , Zoetmulder F A N 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundPeritoneal carcinomatosis in the absence of distant metastasis occurs in approximately 8 per cent of patients with colorectal cancer. Cytoreduction followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is a new treatment option. Patient selection is crucial to outcome.MethodsCytoreduction followed by HIPEC was performed in 102 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. The following factors were studied for association with survival: perforation and obstruction of the primary lesion, location of the primary lesion, obstruction associated with carcinomatosis, presentation, tumour differentiation and histological type. Extent of disease and completeness of cytoreduction were also studied. Hazard ratios (HRs) were used to study these factors.ResultsLocation of the primary tumour in rectum (HR 3·14 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·11 to 8·91); P = 0·069), poor differentiation (HR 1·73 (95 per cent c.i. 1·04 to 2·88); P = 0·031) and signet cell histological type (HR 2·24 (95 per cent c.i. 1·21 to 4·16); P = 0·008) were associated with shorter survival. Important factors predicting survival were the number of affected regions (HR 1·38 (95 per cent c.i. 1·20 to 1·59); P &lt; 0·001), the simplified peritoneal cancer score (HR 1·19 (95 per cent c.i. 1·12 to 1·26); P &lt; 0·001) and completeness of cytoreduction (HR 8·54 (95 per cent c.i. 4·01 to 18·18); P &lt; 0·001). No other factor correlated with survival.ConclusionThe survival of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin is dominated by the extent of disease and the amount of residual tumour after cytoreduction.
Changes in contrast thresholds with mean luminance for chromatic and luminance gratings: A reexamination of the transition from the DeVries–Rose to Weber regions
Authors: Valero Eva M. , Nieves Juan L. , Hernández‐Andrés Javier , García José A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe have examined the influence of the mean luminance level on the detection thresholds for luminance and red–green chromatic gratings for three different spatial frequencies. The changes in detection thresholds according to the mean luminance level reflect the two different regions, the DeVries–Rose and Weber ranges, found in previous studies. The results for luminance gratings suggest that the transition luminance is proportional to the spatial frequency of the grating. Predictions based on the constant‐flux hypothesis indicate, however, that the transition luminance is proportional to the square of the spatial frequency of the grating and so do not describe the distributions of luminance contrast thresholds adequately. For chromatic gratings, we obtained the same transition luminance for the two lowest spatial frequencies, showing that luminance and chromatic mechanisms behave differently as far as the dependence of the transition luminance on spatial frequency is concerned. Our results suggest that the transition luminance is related to the peak spatial frequency of visual mechanisms that respond to luminance and chromatic gratings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 177–182, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20003
Color assimilation on grating affected by its apparent stripe width
Authors: Shinoda Hiroyuki , Ikeda Mitsuo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe spatial characteristic of color assimilation with a grating was investigated in terms of the perceptual size. Strength of assimilation was assessed on color gratings at several vergence angles without changing the retinal size. The perceived size of the grating was also measured as a function of the vergence angle. Our results showed that the strength of color assimilation was modulated by perceived size. At a larger vergence angle, the perceived size becomes smaller and the appearance of color stripes shifts toward a spatially averaged color, despite no change in retinal size. This spatial characteristic cannot be explained by any retinal processes, suggesting cortical processes of color assimilation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 187–195, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20005
Color errors of digital cameras
Authors: Orava Joni , Jaaskelainen Timo , Parkkinen Jussi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe mean color errors of a high‐quality digital camera are defined in CIELAB and CIEDE2000 ΔE units by using 16 ceramic color samples, whose accurate CIELAB values have been measured by a calibrated spectrophotometer. The bandwidths of CCD's color filters are evaluated by taking photographs of CRT‐display primaries. The lowest mean color errors were 13.1 CIELAB ΔE units and 8.1 CIEDE2000 ΔE units before corrections. Large color errors are decreased successfully by using three different methods: simple photoeditor, gamma correction, and multiple regression. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 217–221, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20007
Color change due to a varnish layer
Authors: Simonot Lionel , Elias Mady 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe presence of a varnish layer modifies the light scattered and reflected by a painting. A general equation, valid for any bidirectional configuration, allows the expression between the final and initial diffuse reflectance by taking into account the influence of the different interfaces. This equation can be simplified to a homothetic relationship. In this case, the final colorimetric coordinates are directly expressed in terms of the initial coordinates. The results are then compared with the exact computations. Hue is not affected by the addition of a varnish. Lightness and chroma variations depend on the refractive index of the paint (np) to that of the varnish (n). If np > n, lightness and chroma increase. Conversely, if np > n, lightness always decreases, but chroma increases for light initial painting and chroma decreases for dark ones. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 196–204, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20008
Antibody binding capacity for evaluation of MDR‐related proteins in acute promyelocytic leukemia: Onset versus relapse expression
Authors: Damiani Daniela , Michieli Mariagrazia , Michelutti Angela , Candoni Anna , Stocchi Raffaella , Masolini Paola , Geromin Antonella , Michelutti Teresa , Raspadori Donatella , Ippoliti Micaela , Lauria Francesco , Fanin Renato 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundMultidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major obstacle for successful treatment in cancer, in particular in acute leukemia. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), the high sensitivity to anthracyclines appears to be attributable to the low frequency of MDR proteins overexpression at onset even if 30% of patients still relapse and become resistant to therapy. In attempt to explain different blast cell sensitivity, we studied the expression of PGP, MRP1, MRP2, and LRP in 45 cases of APL, comparing onset of disease with relapse.MethodsPGP, LRP, and MRP on bone marrow or peripheral blood blast cells were evaluated by flow cytometry using the MRK‐16, LRP‐56, MRP‐m6, and MRP2 antibodies and results expressed by the mean fluorescence index (MFI). The antibody binding capacity (ABC) for each MDR protein was also calculated.ResultsAt diagnosis, only 2 of 45 patients overexpressed PGP and 1 overexpressed LRP. PGP and LRP overexpressing cases significantly grew up during disease progression and at second relapse mean PGP MFI and mean LRP MFI were significantly higher than at onset (P = 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). By analyzing ABC, the same trend was more evident because a significant increment of PGP and LRP was observed at second (P = 0.002 and P = 0.002, respectively), but even at first relapse (P = 0.018 and P = 0.002, respectively). No changes were demonstrated in MRP1 and MRP2 expression in any phase of disease considered.ConclusionsOur data confirm the low expression at diagnosis of proteins related to development of drug resistance in APL. The evidence of a relative easy induction of PGP and LRP, but not of MRP, can be useful in choosing drugs to employ for consolidation or rescue therapy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation system for logic functions based on decision diagrams
Authors: Iguchi Yukihiro , Sasao Tsutomu , Matsuura Munehiro , Iseno Atsumu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe authors propose a system to evaluate multiple output logic functions using hardware based on a decision diagram. In addition, the authors propose a PMDD (Paged reduced ordered Multivalued Decision Diagram) as a data structure. Methods to evaluate a logic function in hardware include methods based on an SBDD (Shared reduced ordered Binary Decision Diagram). The method based on a PMDD evaluates multiple output functions using several computational units, and as a result is faster compared to methods based on an SBDD. The multiple output logic function to be created is represented using a PMDD and stored in memory. Then a control circuit which can search the PMDD is added. The authors compare the memory capacity and processing time required for various benchmark functions for the SBDD and their PMDD. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(9): 73–81, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20097
An information flow analysis of recursive programs based on a lattice model of security classes
Authors: Kuninobu Shigeta , Takata Yoshiaki , Seki Hiroyuki , Inoue Katsuro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper shows a technique for efficiently analyzing the information flow of a program that generally includes recursive procedures. This technique enables security levels representing the secrecy of data to be assigned according to an arbitrary finite distributive lattice. This paper proves the soundness of the proposed information flow analysis method and shows that this algorithm can be executed in cubic order of the program description size. In addition, a congruence relation is used to extend the algorithm so that functions can be appropriately introduced to enable information within arguments to be hidden. Finally, a prototype system is used to present execution results of the proposed algorithm. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(9): 48–61, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20099
A hydrogen production method using latent heat of liquefied natural gas
Authors: Ogawa Masaru , Seki Tatsuyoshi , Honda Hiroshi , Nakamura Motomu , Takatani Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn recent years, fuel cell electrical vehicles have offered promise of improving the urban environment. In particular, hydrogen‐fueled FCEVs have been considered for urban use because of their excellent characteristics such as short start‐up time, high responsiveness, and zero emissions. On the other hand, as far as hydrogen production is concerned, large amounts of CO2 are exhausted into the atmosphere by the process of LNG reforming.In our research, we studied the utilization of LNG latent heat for hydrogen gas production as well as the liquefied hydrogen process. CO2 capture in the liquid or solid state from hydrogen gas production by LNG was also studied. The results of our research show that the latent heat of LNG is very effective in cooling hydrogen gas for the conventional hydrogen liquefaction process. However, the latent heat LNG is not available for the LNG reforming process. If we want to use LNG latent heat for this process, we must develop a new hydrogen gas production process. In this new method, both hydrogen and CO2 are cooled directly by LNG, and CO2 is removed from the reforming gas. In order to make this method practical, we must develop a new type of heat exchanger to prevent solid CO2 from interfering with performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(4): 32–42, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10299
A study of the merits of a battery combined photovoltaic generation system for a residential house
Authors: Yamaguchi Masahide , Iga Atsushi , Ishihara Kaoru , Wada Daishiro , Yoshii Kiyoaki , Sueda Osamu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper we examine the merits that a practical photovoltaic system combining photovoltaic generation with storage batteries would provide if used in ordinary residences. Various configurations and operation methods could be envisaged for such a system. In this research we examined the optimal battery capacity, operation methods, and economic effects for a system emphasizing an economical merit for the user. We first calculated the hourly amount of photovoltaic generated electricity each month, and used data on average load patterns from actual measurements to calculate battery capacity. Next, taking battery capacity and photovoltaic module capacity/price as parameters, we calculated and evaluated the economic merit for ordinary residences. The result showed that the optimal battery capacity for combination with 3‐ or 5‐kW photovoltaic generation is around 10 kWh, and that a combined system provides a merit even though it entails higher photovoltaic module costs than the use of photovoltaic generation alone. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 147(4): 20–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10302