bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating science and practice: Reclaiming the science in practice
Authors: Carter Jean A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article is intended to be somewhat provocative, stimulating discussion in our efforts to better integrate science and practice. Three major areas of divisiveness between science and practice are posited—understanding of practitioners' approach to practice, definition of scholarship, and the role of theory and diagnosis in practice. Some general principles are offered that may further our thinking about integration of the applications of science in the practice of psychology and the participation of practitioners in science: (a) all practitioners do evidence‐based practice; (b) scholarship has many forms, each of which provides an important piece of the puzzle of advancing knowledge; and (c) “eclectic” is a theoretically and practically meaningful term. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 1285–1290, 2002.
Neighborhood experiences, community connection, and positive beliefs about adolescents among urban adults and youth
Authors: Zeldin Shepherd , Topitzes Dimitri 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAdults have become increasingly isolated from adolescents in their communities, and this condition contributes to negative stereotypes about teens. Integrating research‐ and practice‐based knowledge, a theoretical model was constructed to predict positive beliefs about adolescents, specifically the extent to which adults and adolescents believe that teens are motivated and competent to act on behalf of their neighborhoods. The model includes two pathways to positive beliefs about adolescents. It was hypothesized that the experience of volunteering, and residing in a neighborhood that is perceived as safe and having adequate resources, would be associated with positive beliefs about adolescents. It was further predicted that community connectedness, as assessed by individuals' sense of community and perceived norm of adult caring, would mediate these associations. The hypotheses were tested through analysis of phone interviews with adults and adolescents from a large northeastern city. The model received consistent, albeit not complete, support between both samples. Results indicate that an understanding of beliefs about teens lies, in significant part, in the neighborhood experiences of adults and adolescents and in their sense of connectedness with the places in which they live. Implications for further research in this emerging area of inquiry are identified. While community‐driven research poses methodological challenges, this inquiry also illustrates the theoretical and practical utility of grounding study hypotheses, in part, on the causal relationships that have been observed by practitioners in neighborhood settings. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is relative deprivation beneficial? the effects of richer and poorer neighbors on children's outcomes
Authors: Turley Ruth N. López 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of a child's family income relative to the income of his or her neighbors. Relative deprivation theory predicts that having less than others in your reference group leads to negative psychological and behavioral outcomes. In contrast, theories of neighborhood resources predict that affluent neighbors are a valuable asset for children, even if such neighbors make children feel deprived. I define relative advantage as the income gap between children and their lower‐income neighbors and find that it has no effect on their test scores, self‐esteem, or behavior. In contrast, relative disadvantage (the income gap between children and their higher‐income neighbors) has a positive and significant effect on these outcomes, including self‐esteem. This analysis distinguishes between the number of higher‐income families and the magnitude of their income advantage, and it addresses the potential influence of selection bias. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new bioinorganic process for the remediation of Cr(VI)
Authors: Mabbett Amanda N , Macaskie Lynne E 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPalladised biomass ofDesulfovibrio desulfuricansATCC 29577 (bio‐Pd(0)) effected reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under conditions where biomass alone or chemically‐prepared Pd(0) were ineffective. Reduction of 500 µmol dm−3Cr(VI) by 0.4 mg cm−3bio‐Pd(0) (Pd : biomass ratio of 1:1) was achieved from 1 mol dm−3formate/acetate buffer at pH 1–7 at room temperature; the optimum pH was 3.0. The ratio of mass of Pd : dry mass of biomass, and the need for finely ground bio‐Pd(0) were important parameters for optimal Cr(VI) reduction, with a ratio of 1:1 giving 100% reduction of 500 µmol dm−3Cr(VI) within 6 h at room temperature, decreasing to 30 min following heat treatment of the Pd(0)‐loaded biomass. The reduced Cr was recovered quantitatively as soluble Cr(III) at pH 3.0 with no poisoning of the bioinorganic catalyst with respect to continued reduction of Cr(VI).© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphological studies on the mechanisms of pigmentary organelle transport in fish xanthophores and melanophores
Authors: Kimler Victoria A. , Taylor John D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPigmentary organelle translocations within fish chromatophores undergo physiological color changes when exposed to external signals. Chromatophores can be isolated in high yields, and their pigmentary organelles can be tracked readily by microscopy. The combined efforts of morphology and biomolecular chemistry have led to the identification of and determination of the interrelationships between cytoskeletal elements and accessory proteins, motor molecules, cytomatrix, and pigmentary organelles of various sizes. Fish chromatophores have been classified as fast, intermediate, and slow translocators, based on the relative numbers of microtubules. Studies on cultured goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) xanthophores for over 20 years have demonstrated that in this slow translocator, tubulovesicular structures of the smooth endoplasmic reticular (SER) cisternae are involved in the disperson and aggregation of associated carotenoid droplets (CD) with some involvement of cytoskeletal elements. Killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus L.) melanophore, a fast translocator, was also examined. Recent work demonstrates a bright fluorescent “starburst”‐like spot that we call an actin filament‐organizing center (AFOC) with radiating microfilaments, akin to the microtubule‐organizing center (MTOC) with radiating microtubules. Melanosomes translocate single‐file on microtubules and are not associated with SER cisternae. Slower CD dispersion or aggregation in goldfish xanthophores seems to be predominantly microfilament‐based transport, or microfilament‐ and microtubule‐based transport, respectively. Faster melanosome translocations in killifish melanophores are based on microtubules, with our evidence indicating microfilament involvement. Neural crest‐derived chromatophores are models for vesicular transport in axons, and immunocytochemical and imaging technologies may help to elucidate the cellular transport mechanisms. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:470–480, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐3 in breast cancer cell growth
Authors: Schedlich Lynette J. , Graham Lloyd D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe mitogenic effects of insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) are regulated by a family of insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). One member of this family, IGFBP‐3, mediates the growth‐inhibitory and apoptosis‐inducing effects of a number of growth factors and hormones such as transforming growth factor‐β, retinoic acid, and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3. IGFBP‐3 may act in an IGF‐dependent manner by attenuating the interaction of pericellular IGFs with the type‐I IGF receptor. It may also act in an IGF‐independent manner by initiating intracellular signaling from a cell surface receptor, or by direct nuclear action, or both. The possibility of a membrane‐bound receptor is strengthened by recent studies which have identified members of the transforming growth factor‐β receptor family as having a role, either directly or indirectly, in signaling from the cell surface by IGFBP‐3. A number of growth factors and hormones stimulate the expression and secretion of cellular IGFBP‐3, which then signals from the cell surface to bring about some of the effects attributed to the primary agents. Within the cell, the apoptosis‐inducing tumor suppressor, p53, can also induce IGFBP‐3 expression and secretion. Since IGFBP‐3 upregulates the cell cycle inhibitor, p21Waf1, and increases the ratio of proapoptotic to antiapoptotic members of the Bcl family, it appears to exert the same effects on major downstream targets of cell signaling as p53 does. The nuclear localization of IGFBP‐3 has been described in a number of cell types. IGFBP‐3 may act to import IGFs or other nuclear localization signal‐deficient signaling molecules into the nucleus. It may also act directly in the nucleus by enhancing the activity of retinoid X receptor‐α and thereby promote apoptosis. All of the above phenomena will be discussed with particular emphasis on the growth of breast cancer cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:12–22, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diverse roles for the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases in carcinogenesis
Authors: Nakamoto Masaru , Bergemann Andrew D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases and their cell‐presented ligands, the ephrins, are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers, including breast, small‐cell lung and gastrointestinal cancers, melanomas, and neuroblastomas. In particular, one Eph family member, EphA2, is overexpressed in many cancers, including 40% of breast cancers. EphA2 can also transform breast epithelial cells in vitro to display properties commonly associated with the development of metastasis. Remarkably, the oncogenic properties of EphA2 contravene traditional dogma with regard to the oncogenic properties of a growth factor and its receptor tyrosine kinase: while stimulation of EphA2 by its ligand (ephrin‐A1) results in EphA2 autophosphorylation, the stimulation reverses the oncogenic transformation. As will be discussed in this review, the apparent dependence of oncogenicity on the dephosphorylated state of EphA2 most probably reflects the unique nature of Eph signaling. In particular, oncogenecity may depend on the capacity of unactivated EphA2 to interact with a variety of signaling molecules. As well as acting in oncogenic transformation, a growing body of evidence supports the importance of the concerted actions of ephrins and Eph molecules in tumor angiogenesis. Genetic studies, using targeted mutagenesis in mice, reveal that ephrin‐B1, ephrin‐B2, and EphB4 are essential for the normal morphogenesis of the embryonic vasculature into a sophisticated network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Initial studies indicate that these molecules are also angiogenic in tumors, and as such represent important new targets for the development of chemotherapeutic treatments. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:58–67, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histologic classification of ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Jaffer Shabnam , Bleiweiss Ira J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrior to the current mammographic era, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) usually presented as a large mass, was classified morphologically by architecture, and treated by mastectomy. The introduction of screening mammography led to an increase in the incidence of DCIS, a decrease in the average size of DCIS, and an increased emphasis on its heterogeneous nature. Thus, a reproducible and prognostically relevant classification system for DCIS is necessary. The ultimate goal of this classification is proper selection of patients for whom lumpectomy would suffice rather than mastectomy. Features to evaluate include: extent and size of disease, adequacy of resection margins, and histology. While none of the proposed histological classification systems were endorsed at the recent Consensus Conference on the Classification of DCIS, nuclear grade was the most important feature common to most of them. Architecture was given secondary importance. By definition, DCIS is a non‐invasive clonal proliferation of epithelial cells originating in the terminal duct lobular unit, which would be expected to be monomorphic; however, it is the degree of nuclear pleomorphism that is primarily used to separate DCIS into low, intermediate, and high grades. Architecturally, DCIS has been divided into the following types: comedo, solid, cribriform, micropapillary, and papillary. Different architectural patterns and grades may be present in a given particular case; however, some combinations of patterns occur more frequently than others. Interobserver studies have shown nuclear grading to be interpreted with greater consistency than architecture, and nuclear grading methods have correlated with biological and molecular marker studies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:92–101, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genealogical process on a correlated fitness landscape
Authors: Wilke Claus O. , Campos Paulo R. A. , Fontanari José F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe study with extensive numerical simulation the genealogical process of 2Nhaploid genetic sequences. The sequences are under selective pressure, and fitness values are assigned at random, but with a tunable degree of correlation to the fitness values of closely related sequences. The genealogies that we observe can be classified into three different categories, corresponding to different regimes of the mutation rate. At low mutation rates, the sequences remain localized around a small number of central sequences, which leads to trees with short pairwise distances and slow turnover of the most recent common ancestor of the population. At high mutation rates, we observe trees similar (but not identical) to those of neutral evolution. In this regime, the population drifts rapidly, and selection does not influence the distribution of fitness values in the population. The third regime, for intermediate mutation rates, is only found in strongly correlated landscapes. It resembles the one for high mutation rates in that the population drifts rapidly, but nevertheless selection still shapes the distribution of fitness values.J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:274–284, 2002.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On graph irregularity strength
Authors: Frieze Alan , Gould Ronald J. , Karoński Michał , Pfender Florian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn assignment of positive integer weights to the edges of a simple graph G is called irregular, if the weighted degrees of the vertices are all different. The irregularity strength, s(G), is the maximal weight, minimized over all irregular assignments. In this study, we show that s(G) ≤ c1 n/δ, for graphs with maximum degree Δ ≤ n1/2 and minimum degree δ, and s(G) ≤ c2(log n)n/δ, for graphs with Δ > n1/2, where c1 and c2 are explicit constants. To prove the result, we are using a combination of deterministic and probabilistic techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 120–137, 2002
Hamilton cycles in plane triangulations
Authors: Jackson Bill , Yu Xingxing 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe extend Whitney's Theorem that every plane triangulation without separating triangles is hamiltonian by allowing some separating triangles. More precisely, we define a decomposition of a plane triangulation G into 4‐connected ‘pieces,’ and show that if each piece shares a triangle with at most three other pieces then G is hamiltonian. We provide an example to show that our hypothesis that each piece shares a triangle with at most three other pieces' cannot be weakened to ‘four other pieces.’ As part of our proof, we also obtain new results on Tutte cycles through specified vertices in planar graphs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 138–150, 2002
A generalization of the Oberwolfach problem
Authors: El‐Zanati S. I. , Tipnis S. K. , Vanden Eynden C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLet n > 1 be an integer and let a2,a3,…,an be nonnegative integers such that $\sum_{i=2}^{n} a_i=2^{n-1} - 1$. Then $K_{2^n}$ can be factored into $a_2 C_{2^2}$‐factors, $a_3 C_{2^3}$‐factors,…,$a_n C_{2^n}$‐factors, plus a 1‐factor. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 151–161, 2002
Regular representations of finite groups as automorphism groups of k‐tournaments
Authors: Marshall S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt was shown by Babai and Imrich [2] that every finite group of odd order except $Z^2_3$ and $Z^3_3$ admits a regular representation as the automorphism group of a tournament. Here, we show that for k ≥ 3, every finite group whose order is relatively prime to and strictly larger than k admits a regular representation as the automorphism group of a k‐tournament. Our constructions are elementary, suggesting that the problem is significantly simpler for k‐tournaments than for binary tournaments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 238–248, 2002
Circular chromatic number of distance graphs with distance sets of cardinality 3
Authors: Zhu Xuding 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSuppose D is a subset of R+. The distance graph G(R, D) is the graph with vertex set R in which two vertices x,y are adjacent if |x−y| ∈ D. This study investigates the circular chromatic number and the fractional chromatic number of distance graphs G(R,D) with |D| = 3. As a consequence, we determine the chromatic numbers of all such distance graphs. This settles a conjecture proposed independently by Chen et al. [J. Chen, G. Chang, and K. Huang, J Graph Theory 25 (1997) 281–287 and Voigt [M. Voigt Ars Combinatoria, 52 (1999) 3–12] in the affirmative. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 41: 195–207, 2002
Human development and regional disparities in Iran: a policy model
Authors: Noorbakhsh F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper argues that the future of composite indices of development such as the Human Development Index depends on how successfully they become operational and this is more likely to be possible at the country level for a variety of reasons. With this in mind the paper proposes a method and a model for the systematic reduction of regional disparities in the Islamic Republic of Iran, a problem which is of serious concern to policy makers in Iran at present. A number of indicators of education, health and economic welfare, from the recent Human Development Report of Iran, are employed to compare 26 provinces (regions) of Iran. This paper considers (i) a method for combining the data into a composite index of development and thereby ranking provinces with respect to their overall development; (ii) it proposes a method for capturing the extent of regional disparities with respect to the selected indicators, and (iii) it suggests a way of including the results into a policy model which aims at the systematic reduction of regional disparities in Iran. For this purpose it computes a set of targets for various provinces and suggests a way of adjusting these targets. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postnatal skeletal ontogeny in five Xantusiids (Squamata: Scleroglossa)
Authors: Anderson Maisano Jessica 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe construction of a comparative database of squamate postnatal skeletal development is continued with the detailed description of the mineralization of the skeleton from birth to near maximum size in Lepidophyma gaigeae and four Xantusia taxa. Observed patterns in the sequence of appearance of epiphyseal secondary centers, ossification centers, apophyseal ossifications, and calcifications, the distribution of sesamoids, and the timing of fusions are compared and contrasted with other squamates. Xantusiids share a similar sequence of braincase fusions, but differ in the sequence of appearance of ossification centers and epiphyseal secondary centers. Relative to other squamates they exhibit an immature neonatal state of ossification, a delayed appearance of ossification centers and epiphyseal secondary centers, and an accelerated appearance of apophyses. All five xantusiid taxa possess two sesamoids previously unreported in squamates. These observations add to the growing body of evidence that morphogenesis and osteogenesis are largely independent developmental phenomena. J. Morphol. 254:1–38, 2002. © 2002 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Loricrin‐like immunoreactivity during keratinization in lizard epidermis
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo modalities of keratinization are present in lizard epidermis: alpha (soft‐pliable corneous layers) and beta (hard and inflexible corneous layers). While beta‐keratinization is probably due to the synthesis of a new (beta)‐keratin gene product, alpha keratinization resembles in part that of mammalian epidermis. The goal of this study was to test whether a sulfur‐rich molecule similar to the mammalian corneous cell envelope protein loricrin is also present in lizard epidermis. This was done using X‐ray microanalysis and immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods. In the epidermis of the lizard Podarcis muralis small (0.1–0.3 μm) to large (1–5 μm) keratohyalin‐like granules (KHLGs) are produced in alpha‐keratinizing cells, especially in the clear layer. Small KHLGs contain sulfur and show weak filaggrin‐like and stronger loricrin‐like immunoreactivities. The latter is also present in keratinizing alpha‐layers but is absent in the beta layers. Large KHLGs in the clear layer derive from the aggregation of the small granules with other components, including lipid material. These large granules show some loricrin‐like immunoreactivity and contain sulfur and phosphorous, histidine, but not filaggrin‐like immunoreactivity. It is suggested here that phosphorous derives from their phospholipid component. The present study shows that the modality of alpha‐keratinization of lizard epidermis resembles that of mammals and suggests that the basic molecular mechanisms of keratin aggregation and formation of the corneous cell envelope were already present in the therapsid line of reptiles from which mammals evolved. J. Morphol. 254:132–138, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeted imaging using ultrasound
Authors: Dayton Paul A. , Ferrara Katherine W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe discipline of medical imaging is expanding to include both traditional anatomic modalities and new techniques for the functional assessment of the presence and extent of disease. Current FDA‐approved ultrasound contrast agents are micron‐sized bubbles with a stabilizing shell. Microbubble contrast agents can be used to estimate microvascular flow rate in a manner similar to dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The concentration of these agents within the vasculature, reticulo‐endothelial, or lymphatic systems produces an effective passive targeting of these areas. Liquid‐filled nanoparticles and liposomes have also demonstrated echogenicity and are under evaluation as ultrasound contrast agents. Actively targeted ultrasound relies on specially designed contrast agents to localize the targeted molecular signature or physiologic system. These agents typically remain within the vascular space, and therefore possible targets include molecular markers on thrombus, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the requirements, challenges, current progress, and future directions of targeted imaging with ultrasound. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:362–377. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.