bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Music
Authors: Kelly Thomas Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The south Italian Exultet has one of the simplest melodies ever written down; it uses only three adjacent pitches. A complete performance of the Exultet might last twenty minutes; the effect of the seemingly endless repetitions of the same few musical phrases is potentially stupefying or mesmerizing. And yet this melody is so intimately bound up with the text, so closely associated with the phraseology, the rhetorical structure of the words sung, that even the unfamiliar listener, soon made aware that the melody serves to heighten and underscore the larger and smaller phraseology of the text, is eventually drawn into an understanding of the performance as a sort of heightened speech or formal recitation, where the importance is on the shape of the poetical text being presented. The opening of the Exultet as sung in southern Italy is given in Example 1.
Prevention and Resolution
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous eight chapters represent the results of a study and a commentary on legal and social policy issues. There is much that can be learned from the parents interviewed for this book and from literature on divorce and mental health counseling. In this chapter, I draw on these sources and offer concrete suggestions to parents in a self-help format for prevention of a loss of contact and for resolution when a loss does occur.
The Global Context of Well-Being
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World mental health is first and foremost a question of economic and political welfare. Although the links between social forces and ill health are complex and varied, close inspection suggests that mental health concerns almost always relate to more general concerns that have to do with the economic welfare of a family or community, the environment in which a person lives, and the kinds of resources that he or she can draw upon. In general, enduring political and economic structures-both within and between societies-contribute to the perpetuation of poverty, hunger, and despair. Demographic and environmental pressures spark regional and intrastate conflicts, which in turn lead to personal trauma, social demoralization, and dislocation. And the mental health problems associated with natural disasters, environmental scarcities, urbanization, and physical illness generally take a greater toll on poorer communities because of a lack of programs and services to lessen their impact. At first glance, these pressures and problems might appear to have distinct origins and histories. But a closer review suggests that they typically relate to the economic and political disadvantages facing poor communities in the world today.
Outdoor Air II:Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Jordi Sunyer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)is an air pollutant generated by combustion. It occurs both in homes, primarily from gas stoves or heaters, and in the outdoor air, primarily from cars. Indoor levels have been more of a concern because they can exceed outdoor levels. The main focus of epidemiologic studies has been on respiratory effects in children; children in homes with gas stoves have often been compared to children in homes without them.
Communicable Diseases and Disease Control
Authors: Lillibridge Scott R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most common myths associated with disasters is that epidemics of communicable diseases are inevitable. This myth is often perpetuated by the media and by local politicians who demand mass vaccination campaigns immediately following natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods. The public’s perception that disease outbreaks are imminent often derives from its exaggerated sense of the risk posed by dead bodies that remain exposed after an acute natural disaster. The truth is that communicable disease epidemics are relatively rare after rapid-onset natural disasters unless large numbers of people are displaced from their homes and placed in crowded and unsanitary camps (1-3 ). On the other hand, numerous studies have shown a severe increase in the risk of epidemics during and after complex emergencies involving armed conflict, mass population displacement, relief
Volcanoes
Authors: Baxter Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human and economic losses from volcanic eruptions have been dwarfed by those from floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, but the potential for devastating events from volcanic eruptions is so great that volcanic hazards now warrant close attention. The main factors that contribute to volcanic disasters include the lack of accurate volcanic-hazard mapping, the few resources devoted exclusively to monitoring the most dangerous volcanoes, and the continuing growth and spread of populations with the result that about 500 million people will live in areas of volcanic activity by the end of this century. Hundreds of dangerous and explosive volcanoes exist, yet few of them have been subjected to any detailed hazard analysis. To advance hazard-zonation studies around volcanoes, the United Nations’ International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) has designated some of the most hazardous volcanoes in developing and developed countries as Decade Volcanoes for special study (J) (Table 9-1).
Cold Environments
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike summer heat waves, sustained periods of unusually cold winter weather are not characteristically associated with a rise in numbers of deaths from all causes. Nevertheless, the cold causes mortality and severe morbidity of considerable public health importance. If one considers only U.S. deaths certified by physicians as being temperature-related, the average number of deaths attributed to the cold, approximately 770 yearly, is substantially higher than the average yearly number attributed to the heat, about 270 (]).
Complex Emergencies: Refugee and Other Populations
Authors: Toole Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the end of the cold war in 1991, the frequency of violent civil conflicts has increased worldwide. Recent examples that have attracted widespread media attention include the Kurdish exodus from northern Iraq in 1991, Somalia in 1992-93, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992-93, and Rwanda in 1994. Moreover, equally severe though less visible conflicts during the past several years have affected millions of people in Angola, Burundi, Mozambique, southern Sudan, Liberia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia. Wars have increasingly targeted civilian populations, resulting in high civilian casualty rates, widespread human rights abuses, forced removal of communities from their homes or “ethnic cleansing,” and, in some countries, the total collapse of governance. The deliberate use of food as a weapon of war in some instances has led to severe famine. A new term-complex emergency-has been coined to describe these relatively acute situations that affect large civilian populations and usually involve a combination of war or civil strife, food shortages, and population displacement that results in significant excess mortality.
Psychological Adaptation to Sexual Coercion in Victims and Offenders
Authors: Thornhill Nancy Wilmsen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Controversy and misunderstanding often surround studies of human behavior that utilize the modern adaptationist approach (e.g., see Scarr’s [1989] view of evolutionary psychology; but also see Crawford et al., 1990). Some of the misunderstanding stems from a lapse in recognition of the importance of both proximate and ultimate causes and explanations for adaptations, the complexly integrated, purposeful traits of individual organisms. Proximate explanations for the existence of adaptations focus on genetic, biochemical, physiological, developmental, social, and all other immediate causes leading to the expression of adaptations. Ultimate explanations of adaptation have their theoretical foundation in causes that operated during evolutionary history to lead to adaptation.
A Comparative Analysis of Incarcerated Battered Women and a Community Sample of Battered Women
Authors: Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent estimates indicate that between 2 million and 4 million women are beaten in their homes each year (Biden, 1993; Roberts & Roberts, 1990; Sugg & Inui, 1992). The battering of an intimate partner is much more widespread and prevalent than usually realized. Woman battering, also known as domestic violence, is finally being recognized as one of the greater social and public health problems of our times, and this recognition is increasing year by year as the number of injuries and the death toll continue to climb. Several studies have found that 22 to 35 percent of emergency room visits were made because of symptoms or injuries related to physical abuse (Hasselt et al., 1988; Randall, 1990). The habitual nature, escalation, self-destructive precursors, and lethality of woman battering are only beginning to be assessed.
Domestic Violence and Woman Battering: Theories and Practice Implications
Authors: Dwyer Diane C , Smokowski Paul R , Bricout John C , Wodarski John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public attention to the problem of domestic violence has escalated over the past two decades. Academics and practitioners have assessed the problem and its potential solutions using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. More recently, public-policy makers have joined in the effort. According to the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee,
Data we have collected from across the Nation show, for the first time ever, the terrifying extent of violence in thehome every single week of the year. Projected nationally, we have found that:
The False Connection Between Adult Domestic Violence and Alcohol
Authors: Zubretsky Theresa M , Digirolamo Karla M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s, significant efforts have been made to increase the public’s understanding of domestic violence and to educate professionals and service providers about this problem. Through accounts from battered and formerly battered women, domestic violence is now understood to include a range of behaviors—physical, sexual, economic, emotional, and psychological abuse—directed toward establishing and maintaining power and control over an intimate partner. There is also an increased awareness that the societal tendency to blame domestic violence victims and excuse perpetrators is rooted in a history of cultural and legal traditions that have supported the domination and abuse of women by men in intimate relationships. Despite greater public awareness, however, myths and misconceptions about battered women’s experiences persist. Interventions based on these myths can have a devastating effect on victims and their families.
Latina Battered Women: Barriers to Service Delivery and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Bonilla-Santiago Gloria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the cultural barriers, social service, and legal needs of Latina battered women. Latina women are women with parents, grand-parents, or great grandparents from Latin America: Puerto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Central America and South America. As the prevalence of family violence has been recognized and shelter services, police proarrest laws, and orders of protection have become more readily available, the oppression and brutal assaults against Latina battered women are finally being acknowledged as well. For a variety of reasons, including cultural and religious beliefs, Latina battered women have not used existing community agencies to escape a violent home.
Tex, The Internet, And Multimedia
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can anyone call TEX “free” when it may take many valuable hours to run a TEX problem to earth? While users of commercial versions of TEX can (and should!) avail themselves of the company helpline, people using free implementations have no such resource-or do they? It is the goal of this Chapter to show how the Internet and related topics might be useful in this regard. The Internet provides a mechanism for answering puzzling questions, just like an expensive vendor helpline, although the turnaround may be longer.
Using Metafont And Metapost
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
META FONT and MetaPost-the META twins-are serious tools for creating images, but they are also great fun. One of the purposes of this Chapter is to demonstrate how interesting these tools are. Another purpose is instructional. There is a need for clear, well-written texts for these languages, but the length of this Chapter precludes presenting a comprehensive tutorial here. Nevertheless, I hope that the approach I have adopted will prove beneficial. There is some discussion of the main concepts underlying a METAFONT or MetaPost program, and there are many examples-both code and output-illustrating this discussion. The problem lies with the underlying generality of these languages; there is simply no room here for a discussion of every topic. I hope that readers will tolerate this state of affairs, and I also hope that the visual output of the programs shown will let careful readers infer what is going on. The current Chapter should accompany perusal of the main references for these tools, Knuth (1986c), Hobby (1992), and Hobby (1993).
Behavior, Physiology, and Natural Selection, 1949–1961
Authors: Chitty Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1950 we had replicated the prewar observations and made as much use as we could of purely descriptive evidence. To test the implications of the maternal stress hypothesis we now had to do manipulative experiments. The first part of the idea—that voles have a form of behavior that keeps their numbers in check—could not be corroborated by direct observation in the field. If they had been birds fighting for territories, the task would have been easier. But as voles are seldom seen in nature, the only way to check a behav ioral hypothesis was indirectly, which meant adding extra links to the chain of reasoning. As some links were weak, it was prudent to think up a variety of implications. For example, one could study the behavior of voles in captiv ity and be wrong in thinking they behaved that way in nature. Or one could manipulate wild populations and disrupt their social structure in more ways than intended. Some results might confirm, others refute one’s preconcep tions; but everything would be grist to the mill and might some day point in the right direction.
Introduction: The Past and Present of Militarized Genocide
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As our century draws to a close, many obsetvers are overcome with a sense of d èj à vu. The intensification of ethnic, religious, and nationalist conflicts, the inability of the great (and not so great) powers either to settle international disputes or put their own houses in order, economic dislocation and loss of optimism, widespread anxieties in the face of a looming “invasion” from the poorer parts of the world, growing xenophobia and extremism, popular pressure for clear and simple answers to perplexing and ambiguous circumstances, a general atmosphere of disillusionment, fear, and gloom—it all seems so familiar. After all, the end of the nineteenth century was also accompanied by growing chaos in international relations, the disintegration of great empires, increasing domestic tensions and frustrations, fears of foreign, non-Western perils along with laments about the decline of the West, racial and cultural degeneration, and a growing desire for quick, violent, uplifting actions to resolve depressing realities. The current project of “genetic mapping” of humanity, to take just one but to my mind crucially important example, is once more allied with attempts by both real and pseudo-natural and social scientists to apply their “findings” to a reorganization of human society and its priorities, and as such is much closer to the eugenic fantasies of pre-1914 Europe (and pre-1945 Germany) than many of us would like to admit, reflecting the same urge to enforce a “scientific” order on a bewildering, unresponsive humanity that defies all “rational” analyses, categorizations, and forecasts by those charged with studying and controlling it.2
The European Imagination in the Age of Total War
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most striking aspects of battlefield descriptions in Great War literature is the extent to which they resemble accounts of the Holocaust. The similarity is rooted in the sense of existing in an unimaginable environment, one that no human mind, not even the most perverse, could have conjured in fiction. The only fictive universe that can claim affinity to these worlds is that of Hell, especially the imaginary Hell of medieval painting.2 Yet Hell enjoys the advantage of accommodating only sinners, and is ruled by strict laws and divine logic. The landscapes of World War One and the Holocaust, on the other hand, are the domain of the innocent, inhabited by souls who never expected to end up in them, and conforming to no rational plan or logic decipherable by their victims (although precisely because they are real, their inhabitants and survivors are often obsessed with figuring out both the responsibility for and the purpose of their ordeal). Indeed, the major difference between a subterranean Hell and these earthly environs is that while the former is, by definition, either a product of the imagination or the creation of superhuman forces, the latter are man-made, and defy any attempt at fictionalization. Neither before, nor during, nor indeed after the event, has any fictive imagination been able to fully capture the reality of the Western Front or of Auschwitz, nor even to approximate the accounts of their survivors.3
Antisemitism, the Holocaust, and Reinterpretations of National Socialism
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a common tendency to view the Holocaust as a well-ordered plot, in which antisemitism led to Nazism, Nazism practiced genocide, and both were destroyed in a spectacular, “happy” end. This is a tale most people would like to believe, university students and filmgoers, book readers and television viewers. It breeds complacency about our own world. It refuses to acknowledge that this is a story without a clear beginning and with no resolution. For this reason one finds it such a difficult period to teach; we strive to provide our students with a more comforting, rational, logical, palatable explanation for an event that would otherwise threaten to undermine our civilization’s fundamental values and beliefs. And yet we know that would be false; the story has not been resolved, its plot has not been revealed. Ultimately, the world we live in is the same world that produced (and keeps producing) genocide.2
Historians on the Eastern Front: Andreas Hillgruber and Germany’s Tragedy
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1950 Hannah Arendt reported on a six-month visit to post war Germany, the homeland she had fled seventeen years earlier. Some of her impressions recorded in this essay, only recently published in the Federal Republic,2 ring a disturbingly familiar note today, in view of the controversy initiated by a number of Germany’s most prominent scholars over the possible need to revise and reinterpret the history of the Third Reich. Five years after what Friedrich Meinecke had termed the “German Catastrophe,”3 the reality of the Nazi crimes, the war, and the defeat, Arendt wrote, still dominated all aspects of life in Germany, whether it was recognized or repressed; yet the Germans had already discovered various ways of coping with their recent past. Thus, in reference to the death factories of the Third Reich, Arendt often heard the claim being made that the Germans had only done what others were also capable of doing or might still do in the future. Consequently, anyone who raised the issue was immediately suspected of trying to justify himself. Indeed, the policies of the Allied Powers toward Germany were seen as a successful campaign of revenge: in this view, everything that had happened to the German people during the final years of the war and in the wake of the “capitulation” was simply the consequence of a well-executed plan of revenge.
Religion and Labor
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preston Brooks of South Carolina sat in the Senate Chamber and listened to the speech of Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner with mounting disgust. Sumner’s vitriolic attack on the South offended Brooks. More personally, Sumner impugned the honor of Brooks’s elderly cousin, Senator Andrew Butler of South Carolina. Senator Butler, said Sumner, has chosen a mistress [slavery] to whom he made his vows, and who, though ugly to others, is always lovely to him; though polluted in the sight of the world, is chaste in his sight. Senator Butler spoke with a slight speech defect; Sumner mocked this too. Brooks, who was a member of the House of Representatives and a veteran of the Mexican War, did not challenge Sumner to a duel. Brooks had fought one in his youth. But the code of the Old South dictated that a duel must be fought between social equals, and Brooks did not consider Sumner his equal. Besides, Brooks suspected that Sumner would refuse and might report the matter to the police. To punish an insulting inferior, Brooks later explained, one used not a pistol or sword but a cane or horsewhip. He debated: I ... speculated somewhat as to whether I should employ a horsewhip or a cow hide. But he decided to use his walking stick made of gutta-percha, a hard, rubbery substance.
PADO: A New learning Architecture For Object Recognition
Authors: Teller Astro , Veloso Manuela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In general, AI systems use symbols to represent knowledge and to reason about tasks. Most of these systems today still work on simple problems and artificial domains. One of the main reasons for this is the common assumption that sensing is not only perfect, but also that sensors return specific symbols, not raw data. The signal-to-symbol problem is the task of converting raw sensor data into a set of symbols that the data can be seen as representing.
One of the main goals of computer vision is to provide a solution to the signal to-symbol problem. In particular, this goal involves object recognition, that is, the ability to recognize what (and where) objects are shown in an image. Machine learning can do induction on a set of examples to learn to discriminate among classes. These two fields, machine learning and computer vision, are natural mates and are particularly suited to cooperate on object recognition tasks.
Several proven machine learning architectures, such as neural networks, have been integrated with computer vision, and the results in the recognition of “everyday” objects have been modest at best. It is possible that better parameter values, more training data, or faster computers will allow one of these architectures to make some significant advance in the field of object recognition. This chapter proposes a different view: given the experienced difficulties with the current architectures, a more profitable path is to investigate new architectures.