bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canada’s Implementation of the UN Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees: Advancing Foreign Policy Objectives and the Status Quo?
Authors: Atak Idil , Linley-Moore Claire , Kim Julie (Ha Young) 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Canada has been a strong supporter of the 2018 United Nations Global Compacts (GCs) on Migration and Refugees. This article examines Canada’s reception and implementation of the GCs in the policy domains of refugee resettlement, complementary protection pathways, gender equality, and migration governance capacity building. It draws on the analytical framework of “migration diplomacy” to argue that Canada’s efforts to carry out the GC objectives in these areas are primarily motivated by foreign policy considerations, including those with significant domestic implications, rather than efforts to ensure domestic alignment with the GC principles enhancing migrants’ rights and freedoms. By supporting the GCs, Canada has positioned itself as a global leader in migration management. Migration diplomacy has also legitimised the implementation by Canada of exclusionary refugee policies.
Rescuing transparency in the digital economy: in search of a common notion in EU consumer and data protection law
Authors: Jabłonowska Agnieszka , Tagiuri Giacomo 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Transparency remains a contested concept in European Union (EU) law and policy. All the main instruments of EU consumer and data protection law require that consumers be given access to and understand certain information about their relationships with traders. Improved transparency is also proposed as a response to a variety of problems associated with digital markets, including those experienced by consumers and data subjects. At the same time, transparency is increasingly challenged as ineffective and potentially even counterproductive from doctrinal and critical scholarship alike. First, transparency is seen as inherently unable to transform the economic reality on the ground and to address the power imbalances between consumers and traders. Secondly, it is argued that acts of representation involved in transparency suffer from complexity and are prone to exploitation by the actors who engage in it. This, in turn, casts doubt on the ability of transparency to steer the behaviour of businesses and transform markets to the benefit of consumers and society. This article builds upon prior critiques of transparency and connects them with a doctrinal analysis of EU consumer and data protection law and in particular the Unfair Contract Terms Directive, the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, and the General Data Protection Regulation. Seven different notions of transparency are identified: (i) Transparency as access to the medium over time; (ii) Transparency as presentation of information that facilitates understanding; (iii) Transparency as formulations that facilitate understanding; (iv) Transparency as non-ambiguity and logical intelligibility; (v) Transparency as the absence of deception and confusion; (vi) Transparency as completeness and specificity; and (vii) Transparency as non-arbitrariness. The article submits that the acts of representation involved in transparency are already recognized in the three legal regimes and attempts are made to leverage the mediated nature of transparency to consumers’ advantage. Crucially, existing efforts to regulate mediation and improve its quality can, nowadays, be reinforced with the help of algorithmic systems geared toward supporting consumers. Moreover, some of the deployments of transparency identified—most notably transparency as non-arbitrariness—push its outer conceptual boundaries in ways that bring transparency very close to fairness. The article ultimately questions a vision of transparency as a necessarily softer-touch protective frame, which cannot alter business conduct. The conceptual richness of transparency offers opportunities for its deployment in more disruptive ways.
Evolution of the ToxB Gene in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Related Species
Authors: Hafez Mohamed , Gourlie Ryan , McDonald Megan , Telfer Melissa , Carmona Marcelo A. , Sautua Francisco J. , Moffat Caroline S. , Moolhuijzen Paula M. , See Pao Theen , Aboukhaddour Reem 
Published: September 2023

Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (tan spot) is a destructive foliar pathogen of wheat with global impact. This ascomycete fungus possesses a highly plastic open pangenome shaped by the gain and loss of effector genes. This study investigated the allelic variations in the chlorosis-encoding gene ToxB across 422 isolates representing all identified pathotypes and worldwide origins. To gain better insights into ToxB evolution, we examined its presence and variability in other Pyrenophora spp. A ToxB haplotype network was constructed, revealing the evolutionary relationships of this gene (20 haplotypes) across four Pyrenophora species. Notably, toxb, the homolog of ToxB, was detected for the first time in the barley pathogen Pyrenophora teres. The ToxB/ toxb genes display evidence of selection that is characterized by loss of function, duplication, and diverse mutations. Within the ToxB/ toxb open reading frame, 72 mutations were identified, including 14 synonymous, 55 nonsynonymous, and 3 indel mutations. Remarkably, a, ∼5.6-kb Copia-like retrotransposon, named Copia-1_Ptr, was found inserted in the toxb gene of a race 3 isolate. This insert disrupted the ToxB gene's function, a first case of effector gene disruption by a transposable element in P. tritici-repentis. Additionally, a microsatellite with 25 nucleotide repeats (0 to 10) in the upstream region of ToxB suggested a potential mechanism influencing ToxB expression and regulation. Exploring ToxB-like protein distribution in other ascomycetes revealed the presence of ToxB-like proteins in 19 additional species, including the Leotiomycetes class for the first time. The presence/absence pattern of ToxB-like proteins defied species relatedness compared with a phylogenetic tree, suggesting a past horizontal gene transfer event during the evolution of the ToxB gene. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food. This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Establishing a Protocol for Determining the Costs of an Integrated Set of Evidence-based Practices Aimed at Reducing Opioid Overdose Deaths
Authors: Tin Yjuliana , Castry Mathieu , Bowers-Sword Rachel , Shantharam Shruti , Aldridge Arnie , Zarkin Gary A. , Starbird Laura , Linas Benjamin P. , Barocas Joshua A. , Morgan Jake R. 
Published: September 2023

Objectives
In the midst of the opioid overdose crisis, local jurisdictions face a choice of public health interventions. A significant barrier when considering evidence-based practices (EBPs) is the lack of information regarding their implementation cost. This protocol paper provides the methodological foundation for the economic cost evaluations of community-wide strategies on the scale of a national study. It can serve as a resource for other communities, local policymakers, and stakeholders as they consider implementing possible public health strategies in their unique settings.

Methods
We present a protocol that details (1) the process of identifying, reviewing, and analyzing individual strategies for study-funded and non–study-funded costs; (2) prospective costing tool designation, and; (3) data collection. To do this, we set up working groups with community stakeholders, reviewed financial invoices, and surveyed individuals with detailed knowledge of their community implementation.

Discussion
There were 3 main challenges/limitations. The first was the lack of a standard structure for documenting nonfunded costs associated with each strategy. The second was the need for timely implementation of cost data. The third was generalizability because our study designed its strategies for selected communities due to their high opioid overdose mortality rates. Future steps include more tailored questions to ask during the categorization/filter process and establishing realistic expectations for organizations regarding documenting.

Conclusions
Data collected will provide a critical methodological foundation for costing large community-based EBP strategies and provide clarity for stakeholders on the cost of implementing EBP strategies to reduce opioid overdose deaths.
Neonatal and Maternal Outcomes at 22–28 Weeks of Gestation by Mode of Delivery
Authors: Bitas Christiana , Onishi Kazuma , Saade George , Kawakita Tetsuya 
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:
To compare neonatal and maternal outcomes after 22- to 28-week delivery between cesarean and vaginal delivery after stratification by gestational age and fetal presentation.

METHODS:
This study was a repeated cross-sectional analysis using U.S. birth certificate data linked to infant death data from 2017 to 2020. We limited analyses to women with singleton pregnancies who gave birth at 22–28 weeks of gestation and whose neonates were admitted to the intensive care unit. Our primary outcome was neonatal death within 28 days. We also examined infant mortality within 1 year and severe maternal morbidity (SMM; any transfusion, unplanned hysterectomy, and intensive care unit admission). Outcomes were compared between cesarean and vaginal delivery after stratification by gestational age and fetal presentation. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (vaginal delivery as a referent), controlling for potential confounders.

RESULTS:
Of 69,672 individuals with eligible deliveries, 1,740 (2.5%) delivered at 22 weeks of gestation, 6,155 (8.8%) delivered at 23 weeks, 9,341 (13.4%) delivered at 24 weeks, 10,516 (15.1%) delivered at 25 weeks, 11,994 (17.2%) delivered at 26 weeks, 13,662 (19.6%) delivered at 27 weeks, and 16,264 (23.3%) delivered at 28 weeks. In cephalic fetuses, cesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery was associated with neonatal death and infant mortality at 24 weeks of gestation and greater (not significant at 22–23 weeks) and SMM in all gestational age groups. In contrast, in noncephalic fetuses, cesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery was associated with decreased odds of neonatal death and infant mortality in all gestational age groups. Sample size for SMM in noncephalic fetuses precluded multivariable modeling.

CONCLUSION:
Cesarean delivery in cephalic fetuses was associated with increased odds of adverse neonatal outcomes (24 weeks of gestation or greater) and SMM (all gestational age groups). Cesarean delivery was associated with decreased odds of neonatal death compared with vaginal delivery for noncephalic fetuses in all gestational age groups.
Correlations Between Eight Comprehensive Skeletal Maturity Systems in a Modern Peripubertal Pediatric Population
Authors: Chen Kallie J. , Mysore Amog , Furdock Ryan J. , Sattar Abdus , Sinkler Margaret A. , Glotzbecker Michael P. , Liu Raymond W. 
Published: September 2023

Background:
Several skeletal maturity systems allow for accurate skeletal age assessment from a wide variety of joints. However, discrepancies in estimates have been noted when applying systems concurrently. The aims of our study were to (1) compare the agreement among 8 different skeletal maturity systems in modern pediatric patients and (2) compare these discrepancy trends qbetween modern and historic children.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective (January 2000 to May 2022) query of our picture archiving and communication systems and included peripubertal patients who had at least two radiographs of different anatomic regions obtained ≤3 months apart for 8 systems: (1) proximal humerus ossification system (PHOS), (2) olecranon apophysis ossification staging system (OAOSS), (3) lateral elbow system, (4) modified Fels wrist system, (5) Sanders Hand Classification, (6) optimized oxford hip system, (7) modified Fels knee system, and (8) calcaneal apophysis ossification staging system (CAOSS). Any abnormal (ie, evidence of fracture or congenital deformity) or low-quality radiographs were excluded. These were compared with a cohort from a historic longitudinal study. SEM skeletal age, representing the variance of skeletal age estimates, was calculated for each system and used to compare system precision.

Results:
A total of 700 radiographs from 350 modern patients and 954 radiographs from 66 historic patients were evaluated. In the modern cohort, the greatest variance was seen in PHOS (SEM: 0.28 y), Sanders Hand (0.26 y), and CAOSS (0.25 y). The modified Fels knee system demonstrated the smallest variance (0.20 y). For historic children, the PHOS, OAOSS, and CAOSS were the least precise (0.20 y for all). All other systems performed similarly in historic children with lower SEMs (range: 0.18 to 0.19 y). The lateral elbow system was more precise than the OAOSS in both cohorts.

Conclusions:
The precision of skeletal maturity systems varies across anatomic regions. Staged, single-parameter systems (eg, PHOS, Sanders Hand, OAOSS, and CAOSS) may correlate less with other systems than those with more parameters.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective study.
Longitudinal Relationship between Reduced Modic change Edema and Disability and Pain in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Espeland Ansgar , Kristoffersen Per Martin , Bråten Lars Christian Haugli , Grøvle Lars , Grotle Margreth , Haugen Anne Julsrud , Rolfsen Mads Peder , Hellum Christian , Zwart John-Anker , Storheim Kjersti , Assmus Jörg , Vetti Nils 
Published: September 2023

Study Design.Secondary analyses of a randomized trial (Antibiotics In Modic changes (AIM) study).Objective.To assess whether or not reduced Modic change (MC) edema over time is related to reduced disability and pain in patients with chronic low back pain (LBP).Summary of Background Data.It is not clear whether or not reduced MC oedema implies improved clinical outcomes.Methods.Linear regression was conducted separately in two subgroups with MC oedema at baseline on short tau inversion recovery (STIR) or T1/T2-weigthed magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Independent variable: reduced edema (yes/no) at 1 year on STIR or T1/T2-series, respectively. Dependent variable: 1-year score on the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), or 0–10 numeric rating scale for LBP intensity, adjusted for the baseline score, age, smoking, body mass index, physical workload, and baseline edema on STIR (STIR analysis only).Post-hoc, we additionally adjusted all analyses for baseline edema on STIR, treatment group (amoxicillin/placebo) and prior disc surgery – or for disc degeneration.Results.Among patients with MC edema on STIR at baseline (n=162), reduced edema on STIR was not significantly related to the RMDQ (B -1.0, 95% CI -2.8, 0.8;P=0.27), ODI (B -1.4, 95% CI -5.4, 2.6;P=0.50) or LBP intensity scores (B -0.05, 95% CI -0.8, 0.7;P=0.90) after 1 year. Among patients with MC edema on T1/T2-series at baseline (n=116), reduced edema on T1/T2 (i.e., reduced volume of the type 1 part of MCs) was not significantly related to RMDQ (B -1.7, 95% CI -3.8, 0.3;P=0.10) or ODI score (B -2.3, 95%CI -7.1, 2.5;P=0.34) but was significantly related to LBP intensity at 1 year (B -0.9, 95% CI -1.8, -0.04;P=0.04; correlation coefficient 0.24). Thepost-hocanalyses supported these results.Conclusion.Reduced MC edema over 1 year was not significantly associated with pain-related disability but was (on T1/T2-series) significantly but weakly related to reduced LBP intensity.Level of evidence.3.
Comparison of the Safety of Inpatient versus Outpatient Lumbar Fusion
Authors: Subramanian Tejas , Akosman Izzet , Amen Troy B. , Pajak Anthony , Kumar Neerav , Kaidi Austin , Araghi Kasra , Shahi Pratyush , Asada Tomoyuki , Qureshi Sheeraz A. , Iyer Sravisht 
Published: September 2023

Study Design.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective.
The objective of this study is to synthesize the early data regarding and analyze the safety profile of outpatient lumbar fusion.

Summary of Background Data.
Preforming lumbar fusion in an outpatient or ambulatory setting is becoming an increasingly employed strategy to provide effective value-based care. As this is an emerging option for surgeons to employ in their practices, the data is still in its infancy.

Methods.
This study was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies that described outcomes of inpatient and outpatient lumbar fusion cohorts were searched from PubMed, Medline, The Cochrane Library, and Embase. Rates of individual medical and surgical complications, readmission, and reoperation were collected when applicable. Patient reported outcomes were additionally collected if reported. Individual pooled comparative meta-analysis was performed for outcomes of medical complications, surgical complications, readmission, and reoperation. Patient reported outcomes were reviewed and qualitatively reported.

Results.
The search yielded 14 publications that compared outpatient and inpatient cohorts with a total of 75,627 patients. Odds of readmission demonstrated no significant difference between outpatient and inpatient cohorts (OR=0.94 [0.81 - 1.11]). Revision surgery similarly was no different between the cohorts (OR=0.81 [0.57 - 1.15]). Pooled medical and surgical complications demonstrated significantly decreased odds for outpatient cohorts compared to inpatient cohorts (OR=0.58 [0.34 - 0.50], OR=0.41 [0.50 - 0.68] respectively). Patient reported outcome measures were largely the same between the cohorts when reported, with few studies showing better ODI and VAS-Leg outcomes among outpatient cohorts compared to inpatient cohorts.

Conclusion.
Preliminary data regarding the safety of outpatient lumbar fusion demonstrates a favorable safety profile in appropriately selected patients, with patient reported outcomes remaining comparable in this setting. There is no data in the form of prospective and randomized trials which is necessary to definitively change practice.
Incidence and factors for pseudoaccommodation after monofocal lens implantation: the Monofocal Extended Range of Vision study
Authors: Nanavaty Mayank A. , Mukhija Ritika , Ashena Zahra , Bunce Catey , Spalton David J. 
Published: September 2023

Purpose:
To screen patients with a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) for incidence of unaided 20/40 and 0.3 LogMAR for distance and near (pseudoaccommodation) and to find factors for pseudoaccommodation.

Settings:
University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom.

Design:
Prospective study.

Methods:
This was a single-eye study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04011696). At 3 to 9 months, refraction, uncorrected and corrected distance and uncorrected near visual acuity (logMAR), spherical equivalent (SEQ), mesopic pupil size (PS), total eye spherical (Z4
0), vertical coma (Z3
−1) aberrations, reading speed and smallest print size were assessed. Refractive astigmatism (RA) was classified as against-the-rule, with-the-rule, oblique and no astigmatism. Data on preoperative axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were collected.

Results:
29 patients (9.6%, 95% CI, 6.5-13.5) had pseudoaccommodation. In cases vs controls, median SEQ, PS, total Z4
0, Z3
−1, reading speed, smallest print size, preoperative ACD, preoperative AL were: −0.39 vs 0.0 diopters; 3.62 vs 4.10 mm; 0.01 vs 0.02 μm; 0.018 vs 0.022 μm; 106 vs 133 words per minute; 0.30 vs 0.50 logMAR; 2.94 vs 3.13 mm, 23.4 vs 23.7 mm, respectively. RA was not different between the groups. Univariate analysis revealed preoperative ACD (odds ratio [OR], 0.38, 95% CI, 0.16-0.94, P = .04), SEQ (OR, 0.61, 95% CI, 0.42-0.88, P = .01), total Z4
0 (OR, 0.0003, 95% CI, 0.00-0.39, P = .03) and PS (OR, 0.39, 95% CI, 0.22-0.69, P < .041) to be significant. Whereas multivariable logistic regression identified: preoperative AL (OR, 0.62, 95% CI, 0.42-0.91, P = .02), SEQ (OR, 0.49, 95% CI, 0.31-0.78, P = .01), Z4
0 (OR, 0.00, 95% CI, 0.0-0.01, P = .01) and PS (OR, 0.41, 95% CI, 0.23-0.75, P = .01) to be significant.

Conclusions:
A combination of low myopic SEQ, lower Z4
0, shorter preoperative AL, and smaller PS increases the chances of pseudoaccommodation.
Association Between Authentic Leadership in Nurse Managers and Performance and Intention to Leave Among Registered Nurses
Authors: ALLAN Safa'a Ali , RAYAN Ahmad Hussien 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Authentic leadership in nurse managers has been identified as a strong predictor of multiple nurse outcomes. However, its association with staff performance and nurses' intention to leave has yet to be established.

Purpose
This study was designed to identify the predictive effect of sociodemographic variables on nurse performance and intention to leave and to examine the relationship between authentic leadership in nurse managers and, respectively, nurse performance and intention to leave.

Methods
A comparative and correlational design and a cross-sectional survey approach were used. A convenience sample of 166 registered nurses working in a government hospital in Jordan was recruited. Data collection was performed online using the sociodemographics questionnaire, the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, the Turnover Intention Scale, and the Six Dimensions of Nurse's Performance Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and multiple hierarchical linear regression.

Results
The overall mean score was 2.08 (SD = 0.87) for the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire, 3.57 (SD = 1.76) for the Turnover Intention Scale, and 3.00 (SD = 0.51) for the Staff Performance Scale. Mean nursing performance differed significantly based on marital status, whereas intention to leave differed significantly based on marital status and the respondent's perception of their first-line manager. A statistically significant, positive correlation between authentic leadership and staff performance and a statistically significant, negative correlation between authentic leadership and intention to leave were found. In addition, authentic leadership was uniquely associated with staff performance (B = 0.19, p < .05) and intention to leave (B = −0.39, p < .05) in the hierarchical regression analysis after controlling for sociodemographic variables.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice
Authentic leadership from nurse managers is associated with improved nurse performance and lower nurse intention to leave. Nurse managers may enhance authentic leadership attributes to better retain nurses in hospitals and improve nurse job performance.