bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of soy protein isolate on gel properties of Alaska pollock and common carp surimi at different setting conditions
Authors: Luo Yongkang , Kuwahara Ryuji , Kaneniwa Masaki , Murata Yuko , Yokoyama Masahito 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) on the gel properties of different grade Alaska pollock and common carp surimi at different setting conditions were evaluated and compared. Breaking force and distance of gels decreased with increasing SPI concentrations in direct cook (85 °C for 30 min) and in cook after setting at 30 °C for 60 min conditions. The effect of SPI on gel strength of common carp surimi was less than in Alaska pollock surimi. The breaking force obtained for addition of 10% SPI to Alaska pollock surimi was higher than for surimi alone when cooked after incubation at 50 °C for 60 min. Addition of SPI decreased the whiteness and increased the yellowness of the gel. The gel structure showed that the addition of SPI modified the microstructure of the fish protein gel, thus resulting in surimi with different gelling properties. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Zinc status in autistic children
Authors: Yorbik Özgür , Akay Cemal , Sayal Ahmet , Cansever Adnan , Söhmen Teoman , O. Çavdar Ayhan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe transition metal zinc is an essential element for normal development and function of biological systems including the central nervous system (CNS). Zinc may be an important trace element for the etiology and symptoms of subgroups of autistic children because it is an essential catalytic or structural element of many proteins and important for neural activity and the control of neuronal death. The aim of this study was to evaluate zinc status in children with autistic disorder. Plasma, erythrocyte, and hair zinc levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the 45 and 39 autistic children, respectively. Forty‐one healthy children in the same age group were selected as controls. Plasma and erythrocyte zinc levels in the autistic children were found to be significantly lower than normal (P < 0.05). The mean hair zinc level of the patients was also low when compared with that obtained from normal Turkish children. These results may indicate chronic zinc deficiency or metabolic abnormality of zinc in autistic children. Further studies are required to clarify underlying mechanisms. J. Trace. Elem. Exp. Med. 17:101–107, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1α, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐12 secreted by zinc‐induced murine macrophages in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Lastra M.D. , Aguilar A.E. , Cabañas M.A. , Hernandez R. , Humanez K. , Pastelin R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOral treatment of zinc modulates cytokine secretion during the gestation, lactation, and weaning periods. We used a experimental mice model of zinc supplementation during the perinatal stages to study the effects of this ion over the production of interleukin IL‐1α, IL‐12, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha by peritoneal macrophages. In addition, we determined the gene expression of these cytokines. Zinc (500 mg/L) was orally administered to mice from gestation to lactation (6‐week treatment, Zn+) and weaning (9‐week treatment). The serum cytokines IL‐1α and IL‐12 were assayed in the offspring at 21 and 42 days after birth. Our results showed a significant (P < 0.01) increase in cytokine production in the Zn+ animals at the end of the lactation stage. There was a tendency for the IL‐1 concentration to decrease at postweaning; nevertheless, IL‐12 concentrations were increased in mice at 42 days of age (P < 0.001). The production of IL‐1α, IL‐12, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha in the macrophages supernatants in vitro followed the same tendencies (P < 0.001). Molecular analysis showed an increase of mRNA synthesis in all cases, from 4‐fold to 6‐fold, in the cytokines analyzed. Our results suggest that the increase in the proinflammatory cytokines as a result of zinc administration may potentiate Th1 cells response, which could lead to the increase of cytokine production in deficient newborns. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 17:123–135, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel dysferlin mutations and characteristic muscle atrophy in late‐onset Miyoshi myopathy
Authors: Suzuki Naoki , Aoki Masashi , Takahashi Toshiaki , Takano Daiki , Asano Masahiro , Shiga Yusei , Onodera Yoshiaki , Tateyama Maki , Itoyama Yasuto 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMiyoshi myopathy is characterized by weakness of the calf muscles during early adulthood. We report a case of late‐onset Miyoshi myopathy presenting at 48 years of age, with novel mutations in the dysferlin gene. Muscle computed tomography clearly revealed severe atrophy in the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles. Even older patients with atrophy in the posterior compartment of the distal lower extremities and a relatively high serum creatine kinase level should be examined for the dysferlin gene. Muscle Nerve 29: 721–723, 2004
Proposed modification to data analysis for statistical motor unit number estimate
Authors: Miller Timothy M. , Kogelnik Andreas M. , Olney Richard K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMotor unit number estimation (MUNE) is an important electrophysiological technique for quantitative measurement of motor neuron loss. Although commonly used, there is no consensus concerning the optimal procedure for statistical MUNE, particularly regarding several operator‐dependent variables. To assess the variables, we analyzed 500 sequential, submaximal compound muscle action potential (CMAP) responses at three or four stimulus intensities in 10 controls and 10 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In both controls and ALS patients, we found that posttest filtering data based on 20% or 25% windows or 2, 2.5, or 3 SD excludes <5% of data. Windows of 10% or 15% excluded <5% of data in controls but not in ALS patients. Excluding data based on ±2 SD, the coefficient of variation for final MUNE was 12% in controls and 6% in ALS patients. Group sizes of 30 or 50 and sample sizes of 300 to 500 sequential CMAP responses per run yielded the lowest coefficient of variation. We propose that statistical MUNE data should be analyzed based on excluding data >2 SD from the mean, because this is operator independent, includes the majority of data, effectively excludes clearly outlying data, such as fasciculations or movement artifact, and has a reasonable coefficient of variation. Muscle Nerve 29: 700–706, 2004
Validity and reliability of a questionnaire to measure the impact of lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life: The Leicester impact scale
Authors: Shaw C. , Matthews R.J. , Perry S.I. , Williams K. , Spiers N. , Assassa R.P. , McGrother C. , Dallosso H. , Jagger C. , Mayne C. , Clarke M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAimsTo develop a condition specific quality of life measure for males and females with urinary storage symptoms of urgency, frequency, nocturia and incontinence.Materials and MethodsA sample of community dwelling males and females aged 40 years or more who were taking part in an epidemiological study provided data for development and validation of the scale. Questions were developed from literature review and discussions with clinicians and patients. Inclusion of items was dependent on levels of missing data and principal components analysis. Validity was assessed by comparison with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Bradburn Negative Affect Scale and single questions concerning the problematic nature of symptoms. Construct validity was assessed by comparing cases and non‐cases, and patients with different symptom patterns. Test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability statistics were calculated for individual items. Responsiveness to change was measured in subjects taking part in a randomised controlled trial of a nursing intervention.ResultsThe scale showed high levels of internal consistency and measures of construct validity were as hypothesised. Test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability was moderate to excellent. The distribution of scores was skewed with low levels of impact but the questionnaire was responsive to conservative treatments in patients receiving a nursing intervention.ConclusionsThe questionnaire proved to be a valid and reliable interviewer administered instrument for measuring impact of urinary symptoms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:229–236, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct inhibition of rat detrusor muscle contraction by erythromycin
Authors: England Roland C.D. , Norman Robert I. , Elliott Ruth A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPurposeDetrusor instability is a common problem in the elderly, which is usually treated with anti‐cholinergic medication. This study investigates the effect of erythromycin on rat detrusor muscle contractile response to characterise its potential as an alternative inhibitor of bladder muscle contraction.Materials and MethodsStrips of rat detrusor muscle were suspended in a perfusion organ bath. The contractile response to direct muscle stimulation, electrical field stimulation (EFS, 0.5–60 Hz), carbachol (10−5 M), and potassium (10–80 × 10−3 M) were determined before and after the addition of erythromycin (10−4–10−3 M). The contractile response to carbachol (10−5 M) in the presence of nifedipine (10−8 or 10−6 M) or in calcium‐free Kreb's solution was also determined in the absence and presence of erythromycin.ResultsErythromycin 5 × 10−4 M inhibited the maximum contractile response to EFS, carbachol, and potassium by 38% (P < 0.01), 62% (P < 0.001), and 17% (P < 0.05), respectively, but did not significantly reduce the response to direct muscle stimulation. The atropine‐resistant component of EFS‐evoked contraction was inhibited by 19.5% (P < 0.01) in the presence of erythromycin. In calcium‐free Krebs solution, the maximum contractile response to carbachol was reduced by 42% of control (P < 0.0001) and nifedipine 10−8 M had no additional effect. When erythromycin 5 × 10−4 M was added together with nifedipine 10−8 M, the response to carbachol was inhibited by a further 25% (P < 0.005).ConclusionsErythromycin inhibits rat detrusor muscle contraction through the inhibition of calcium influx and the modulation of intracellular calcium movement. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:273–279, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symptoms of urinary and faecal incontinence among men and women 75+ in relations to health complaints and quality of life
Authors: Stenzelius Karin , Mattiasson Anders , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm , Westergren Albert 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAimsThe aim was to investigate the prevalence of self‐reported symptom of urinary, faecal, and double incontinence (UI, FI, and DI) in men and women 75+ and to identify how other health complaints and Quality of Life (QoL) relate to incontinence symptoms.MethodsA randomised sample, stratified for age, of eligible men and women from the population were included in the study and 4,277 out of 8,500 completed a postal questionnaire (61.6% women). The questions focused on difficulties in controlling urine and faeces, other health complaints, socio‐economic background, and social relations.ResultsAmong all respondents 39% reported symptom of UI (more so among women P < 0.001), symptom of FI in 16.9% (ns between sexes), DI, i.e., a combination of UI and FI, was reported among 14.5% (ns between sexes). Incontinence increased with age, and persons reporting incontinence also had significantly more of all other health complaints compared with persons without incontinence. Those reporting DI comprised an especially vulnerable group. Health complaints associated with UI were communicative and mobility problems, other urinary complaints, dizziness, cough, and fatigue. FI was associated with diarrhoea, stomach pain, fatigue, and other pain. Risk factors for DI were diarrhoea, communication, and mobility problems.ConclusionsUI and FI were common among elderly men and women and increased with age. Furthermore, incontinence was associated with many other co‐existing health complaints, and the most frail were those with DI. Neurourol. Urodynam. 23:211–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An economical difference scheme for heat transport equation at the microscale
Authors: Zhang Zhiyue 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHeat transport at the microscale is of vital importance in microtechnology applications. In this article, we proposed a new ADI difference scheme of the Crank‐Nicholson type for heat transport equation at the microscale. It is shown that the scheme is second order accurate in time and in space in the H1 norm. Numerical result implies that the theoretical analysis is correct and the scheme is effective. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2004
Buckling analysis of a taper‐taper adhesive‐bonded composite joint
Authors: Helms Jack E. , Li Guoqiang , Pang Su‐Seng 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn analytical model of the behavior of an adhesive‐bonded taper‐taper composite joint under axial compressive loading has been developed using the Ritz Method. The model was based on laminated beam theory. A Fourier series was used to represent the transverse displacement variable and the Ritz Method was used to derive an eigenvalue equation for adhesively bonded taper‐taper composite joint. The smallest eigenvalue is the critical buckling load. Finite element analyses were performed on two unidirectional laminated beam joints with various taper angles to verify the analytical model. The effect of varying the taper angle, adhesive thickness, and adhesive modulus on the critical buckling load was investigated analytically.
Dynamic mechanical behavior of LLDPE composites reinforced with kevlar fibers/short glass fibers
Authors: Hashmi S. A. R. , Kitano Takeshi , Chand Navin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractKevlar fibers (DuPont) and glass fibers have been used to reinforce linear lowdensity polyethylene (LLDPE) by using an elastic melt extruder and the compression molding technique. The impact behavior of hybrid composites of different compositions is compared and has been explained on the basis of volume fraction of fibers. The addition of glass fibers decreases the Izod impact strength of LLDPE. The Izod impact strength of the composite increses when glass fibers are replaced by Kevlar fibers. Dynamic mechanical α‐relaxation is studied and the effect of variation of fiber composition on the relaxation is reported in the temperature range from −50°C to 150°C at 1 Hz frequency. The α‐relaxation shifts towards the higher temperature side on addition of fibers in LLDPE. The addition of fibers increases the storage modulus, E′, of LLDPE. The hybridization of Kevlar and glass fibers helps in desiging composites with a desirable combination of impact strength and modulus. At the low temperature region, E′ increases significantly with glass fibers as compared to that noted with the addition of Kevlar fibers. The α‐transition temperature of composites increases significantly with Kevlar fibers as compared to that observed with addition of glass fibers.
Using textile topography to analyze X‐ray CT data of composite microstructure
Authors: Parnas Richard S. , Wevers Martine , Verpoest Ignaas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe 3‐dimensional yarn architecture in a 2‐dimensional woven fabric reinforced composite is nonuniform. Many structural features appear that are not obvious from consideration only of the yarn architecture in the single layer textile fabric. A complete set of 3‐dimensional image data was acquired for a representative volume of the composite using X‐ray micro‐computed tomography. Extensive image analysis was, however, necessary to reveal the yarn architecture due to relatively low signal‐to‐noise ratio and contrast levels relative to optical microscopy of polished cross sections.
Lateral compaction effects in braided structures
Authors: Dasilva Robert A. , Chen Julie 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper addresses the phenomenology of strand interaction in biaxial non‐embedded braided textile structures under uniaxial tension. The specific interest in the development of new braided textile structures is a result of the shortcomings of current rope, belt, and cable performance under large strain controlled conditions. However, this work also holds particular significance in the area of textile composite preforms. In composites forming, the lateral strand compaction mechanism, which drives braid behavior under tension, may be applied to woven fabrics for predicting wrinkling during forming processes. Additionally, manufacturing models produced in this study may be used to predict shape and size limitations of braided composite preforms. In this paper, a generalized model is developed for these structures with the intent of characterizing and predicting mechanical behavior. The methodology consists of a modular framework, which includes the prediction of manufacturing parameters. Lateral strand compaction tests were performed to generate constitutive material curves for use in analytical geometric models. Model predictions correlate well with data generated from braid uniaxial tension tests. Results suggest that lateral strand strain drives braid tensile behavior.
Use of sensors and actuators to address flow disturbances during the resin transfer molding process
Authors: Lawrence Jeffrey M. , Advani Suresh G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn Resin Transfer Molding a fiber preform is placed in a mold, the mold is closed and a thermoset polymeric resin is injected through gates into the mold to saturate the preform completely. The resin flow rate is controlled by actuators, which are usually injection machines. When one places the preform into the mold, the gap between the preform and the mold walls can create race tracking channels and provide the resin flow paths that can severely influence the flow patterns and drastically change the flow history. As this gap is unavoidable and not reproducible, one could have different strengths of this disturbance from one part to the next, some of which will cause incomplete saturation of the fibers by the resin. Hence, an active control of the filling stage is necessary that can detect and characterize the race tracking and provide the control action to redirect the flow with the aim to saturate the preform without resin starved regions (macro voids or dry spots). A methodology is proposed that intelligently places sensors in the mold to detect the resin arrival times at these locations. This information is used to determine and quantify the strength of the disturbance and used as an input parameter for the actuators to redirect the flow. This paper demonstrates this methodology on a simple mold configuration, and outlines how this technique can be generalized to any mold geometry or disturbance set in an automated RTM environment. Numerical simulations are used to establish the control methodologies, and all of the efforts are confirmed in a laboratory setting. The proposed methodology should prove useful in increasing the yield of Resin Transfer Molded parts.
Flow monitoring in liquid composite molding based on linear direct current sensing technique
Authors: Luthy Thierry , Ermanni Paolo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOn‐line monitoring of the Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) process is a key element to improve part quality and to reduce manufacturing cost. In this context, direct current (DC) resistance measurement is a promising sensing technique allowing to track both flow front position and degree of curing of the resin during injection. An original measurement technique called Linear Direct Current (LDC) based on the same physical principle as DC was developed to record the flow front position continuously and not only at discrete nodes location. Preliminary measurements in a 1D‐flow channel have shown the large influence of the hardware configuration on the accuracy of the LDC system. Further experiments were conducted with the support of an embedded print plate in the flow channel as LDC sensor. These 2D measurements have demonstrated the relatively good spatial accuracy and stability of the LDC system. Permeability characterization in the 1D‐flow channel based on flow front position delivered by LDC, ultrasound monitoring techniques and visual recording is also presented in this paper. The flow front position determined by conventional methods based on video capture is taken as reference. Comparison of the permeability values (Kvisual, KLDC and KUS) shows a maximum deviation of 6.93% given by the LDC‐system. The ultrasound interface change measurement principle allows very accurate and reproducible punctual flow front tracking and shows a maximum deviation compared to the reference permeability (Kvisual) of 3.32%. This study shows the potential of the investigated techniques for flow front monitoring of LCM injection processes.
Predicting molding forces during sheet molding compound (SMC) compression molding. I: Model development
Authors: Abrams Lisa M. , Castro Jose M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBecause of its high strength‐to‐weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and low cost, Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) production offers great potential for growth in the automotive and trucking industry. Much attention is now being given to improving the economy of SMC compression molding by reducing the cycle time required to produce acceptable parts in steady production. One of the fastest‐growing applications of Sheet Molding Compound (SMC) compression molding panels is the manufacture of truck body panels. Owing to their large size, the molding forces developed are substantial and have a major influence in the molding cycle. The relevant process models for SMC flow are reviewed and a procedure is developed that can be used to obtain the closing force and calculate the needed material parameters. Experiments were done using commercially made SMC to verify the validity of this model and the compression force was predicted and compared to experimental values for commercially made automotive hoods.
Effect of interface modification on the mechanical properties of polystyrene‐sisal fiber composites
Authors: Nair K. C. Manikandan , Thomas Sabu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe effect of interface modification on the mechanical (tensile, impact and flexural) properties of polystyrene–sisal fiber composites was investigated. The interface modification was performed by treatment of sisal fibers with benzoyl chloride, polystyrene maleic anhydride (PSMA), toluene diisocyanate (TDI), methyl triethoxy silane and triethoxy octyl silane. These interface modifications improve the compatibility of hydrophilic sisal fiber with a hydrophobic polystyrene matrix and change the tensile, impact and flexural properties of the composite, but to varying degrees depending on the fiber modification. The treated fibers were analyzed by spectroscopic techniques. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the fiber surface, fiber pullout, and fiber‐matrix interface.