bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular interactions in the development of the olfactory system: An ablation and homotypic transplantation analysis
Authors: Wang Xiao‐jun , Gao Chen , Norgren Robert B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the current study, we addressed two questions: First, is the olfactory placode necessary for the development of the olfactory bulb and the entire telencephalon? Second, does the olfactory placode contribute cells to the olfactory bulb? We addressed these questions by unilaterally ablating the olfactory placode in chick embryos before an olfactory nerve was produced and, in a second series of experiments, by replacing the ablated chick olfactory placode with a quail olfactory placode. Our results indicate that the olfactory placode is critical for olfactory bulb development, but is not necessary for the development of the rest of the telencephalon. Further, our results support the hypothesis that LHRH neurons and olfactory nerve glia originate in the olfactory placode, but do not support an olfactory placodal origin for other cell types within the olfactory bulb. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 29–39, 2001
Optical detection of neuromodulatory effects of conditioned taste aversion in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Hosono Tomoko , Fujito Yutaka , Ito Etsuro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiple site optical recording was used to analyze the neural activity changes caused by conditioned taste aversion (CTA) training in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. In response to electrical stimulation of the median lip nerve, which transmits chemosensory signals of appetitive taste to the central nervous system, we optically detected large numbers of spikes in several parts of the buccal ganglion. The effects of CTA training on the spike responses were examined in two areas of the ganglion where the most active neural responses occurred. In one area (termed Area I) that included the N1 medial (N1M) cells, a class of central pattern generator interneurons involved in feeding behavior, the number of spikes in a period 1500–2000 ms after median lip nerve stimulation was significantly reduced in conditioned animals compared to control animals. In another area (termed Area II) positioned between buccal motoneurons, the B3 and B4CL (cluster) cells, the evoked spike responses were unaffected by CTA training. These results, taken together with our previous results indicating an enhancement of an inhibitory input to the N1M cells during CTA, suggest that an appetitive taste signal transmitted to the N1M cells through the median lip nerves is suppressed during CTA, resulting in a decrease of the feeding response. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 118–128, 2001
A stabilized finite element formulation for the transonic small‐disturbance system
Authors: Giddings Thomas E. , Fish Jacob , Rusak Zvi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA stabilized finite element formulation for the transonic small‐disturbance system of equations is developed and used to solve a variety of problems in transonic aerodynamics. An adaptive mesh refinement technique and a common discontinuity capturing operator are used to resolve regions with large gradients in the velocity field. The scheme works well in both flow regimes, subsonic and supersonic, and captures shocks naturally. Agreement with available experimental observations and theoretical approximations is very good. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐Reynolds‐number flow around an oscillating circular cylinder using a cell viscousboundary element method
Authors: Uzunoğlu B. , Tan M. , Price W. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFlow fields from transversely oscillating circular cylinders in water at rest are studied by numerical solutions of the two‐dimensional unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations adopting a primitive‐variable formulation. These findings are successfully compared with experimental observations. The cell viscous boundary element scheme developed is first validated to examine convergence of solution and the influence of discretization within the numerical scheme of study before the comparisons are undertaken. A hybrid approach utilising boundary element and finite element methods is adopted in the cell viscous boundary element method. That is, cell equations are generated using the principles of a boundary element method with global equations derived following the procedures of finite element methods. The influence of key parameters, i.e. Reynolds number Re, Keulegan–Carpenter number KC and Stokes' number β, on overall flow characteristics and vortex shedding mechanisms are investigated through comparisons with experimental findings and theoretical predictions. The latter extends the study into assessment of the values of the drag coefficient, added mass or inertia coefficient with key parameters and the variation of lift and in‐line force results with time derived from the Morison's equation. The cell viscous boundary element method as described herein is shown to produce solutions which agree very favourably with experimental observations, measurements and other theoretical findings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generation of hexahedral meshes for assembly geometry: survey and progress
Authors: Tautges Timothy J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe finite element method is being used today to model component assemblies in a wide variety of application areas, including structural mechanics, fluid simulations, and others. Generating hexahedral meshes for these assemblies usually requires the use of geometry decomposition, with different meshing algorithms applied to different regions. While the primary motivation for this approach remains the lack of an automatic, reliable all‐hexahedral meshing algorithm, requirements in mesh quality and mesh configuration for typical analyses are also factors. For these reasons, this approach is also sometimes required when producing other types of unstructured meshes. This paper will review progress to date in automating many parts of the hex meshing process, which has halved the time to produce all‐hex meshes for large assemblies. Particular issues which have been exposed due to this progress will also be discussed, along with their applicability to the general unstructured meshing problem. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A coupled BEM and arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian FEM model for the solution of two‐dimensional laminar flows in external flow fields
Authors: Young D. L. , Chang J. T. , Eldho T. I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a new computational model developed to solve two‐dimensional incompressible viscous flow problems in external flow fields. The model based on the Navier–Stokes equations in primitive variables is able to solve the infinite boundary value problems by extracting the boundary effects on a specified finite computational domain, using the pressure projection method. The external flow field is simulated using the boundary element method by solving a pressure Poisson equation that assumes the pressure as zero at the infinite boundary. The momentum equation of the flow motion is solved using the three‐step finite element method. The arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method is incorporated into the model, to solve the moving boundary problems. The present model is applied to simulate various external flow problems like flow across circular cylinder, acceleration and deceleration of the circular cylinder moving in a still fluid and vibration of the circular cylinder induced by the vortex shedding. The simulation results are found to be very reasonable and satisfactory. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Locking in the incompressible limit for the element‐free Galerkin method
Authors: Huerta Antonio , Fernández‐Méndez Sonia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVolumetric locking (locking in the incompressible limit) for linear elastic isotropic materials is studied in the context of the element‐free Galerkin method. The modal analysis developed here shows that the number of non‐physical locking modes is independent of the dilation parameter (support of the interpolation functions). Thus increasing the dilation parameter does not suppress locking. Nevertheless, an increase in the dilation parameter does reduce the energy associated with the non‐physical locking modes; thus, in part, it alleviates the locking phenomena. This is shown for linear and quadratic orders of consistency. Moreover, the biquadratic order of consistency, as in finite elements, improves the locking behaviour. Although more locking modes are present in the element‐free Galerkin method with quadratic consistency than with standard biquadratic finite elements. Finally, numerical examples are shown to validate the modal analysis. In particular, the conclusions of the modal analysis are also confirmed in an elastoplastic example. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frame‐indifferent beam finite elements based upon the geometrically exact beam theory
Authors: Betsch P. , Steinmann P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a new beam finite element formulation based upon the geometrically exact beam theory. In contrast to many previously proposed beam finite element formulations the present discretization approach retains the frame‐indifference (or objectivity) of the underlying beam theory. The space interpolation of rotational degrees‐of‐freedom is circumvented by the introduction of a reparameterization of the weak form corresponding to the equations of motion of the geometrically exact beam theory. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Murine dopamine transporter proximal promoter sequences do not direct lacZ transgene expression to ventral midbrain
Authors: Donovan David M. , Nguyen John , Revay Randall , Liu Zi‐yao , Rowley Daniel L. , Barrett Tanya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDopamine is an important neurotransmitter involved in a variety of central nervous system functions including locomotion, cognition and emotions. The dopamine transporter is uniquely expressed on dopamine neurons, where it's uptake of dopamine constitutes the primary mechanism for terminating dopamine neurotransmission. Although dopamine transporter (DAT1) sequences have been isolated from several organisms, little is known about the genomic regulatory elements required for expression. This work describes transgenic analysis of a series of murine DAT1 promoter fusions to the lacZ reporter gene to localize putative promoter elements. Despite lacZ expression from these constructs in cultured cells, no expression was observed in any dopaminergic loci from either adult or embryonic mouse brains, for any of the four constructs described. Thus, the murine DAT gene sequences sufficient for activating expression are not located within 2.8 kb 5 to the transcription start site, or within the first eight kb of transcribed sequences.
Mitochondrial protecting agents inhibit t‐butylhydro‐peroxide‐induced and caspase‐mediated neuronal death in cultured cerebellar neurons
Authors: Ouyang Yi‐Bing , Zhang Xiao‐Hu , Liu Chun‐Li , Csiszar Katalin , Li Ping‐An , Hu Bing‐Ren 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMitochondrial release of cytochrome c and activation of caspases are considered to be parts of a major cell death pathway in cells of various origins. In order to study if caspases are involved in the events leading to cell death induced by oxidants we exposed cerebellar granule cells to tert‐butylhydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH). The cultured cells were treated with various concentrations of t‐BuOOH for 30 min, then washed with normal cell culture medium and allowed to recover for 3 h in the normal medium before the analyses were performed. Neuronal viability was assessed. The results showed that t‐BuOOH caused neuronal death in a dose‐dependent manner. Double‐staining confocal microscopy with antibodies against active forms of caspase‐3 or caspase‐7 and propidium iodide demonstrated that both caspase‐3 and caspase‐7 were markedly activated in cultured neurons after t‐BuOOH treatment. The activation of caspase‐3 and caspase‐7 was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The mitochondrial protecting agents cyclosporin A (CsA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and the free radical scavenger alpha‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butyl nitrone (PBN) protected cerebellar granule cells against t‐BuOOH induced neuronal death and inhibited the activation of caspases. These data provide evidence that cultured cerebellar granule cells, when exposed to an oxidant such as t‐BuOOH, undergo cell death by activation of caspases. Furthermore, compounds that protect mitochondria or act as free radical scavengers may salvage the cells by blocking the death process.
The role of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in the proliferation and differentiation of human neural stem cells
Authors: Pagano Stefano F. , Lucchiari Sabrina , Bez Alessandra , Ponti Dario , Onofrj Marco , Vitello Francesco , Torrente Yvan , Etteri Sabrina , Di Giorgi Valeria , Colombo Augusto , Bresolin Nereo , Girelli Marina , Cova Lidia , Parati Eugenio A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe proliferation of human embryonic and adult stem cells is controlled by extrinsic factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Their differentiation, instead, is clearly determined by a family of neuropoietic factors including ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). The results of this study show the capability of the interleukin‐6 to delay the differentiation processes and to improve significantly the proliferation condition of embryonic neural stem cells. Besides, clonal analysis shows that the self‐renewing capacity and the multipotentiality of human embryonic neural stem cells are not modified by the presence of IL‐6 during early and later culture passages. This is an important demonstration of the high clonogenic potential of IL‐6 in human embryonic neural stem cells (heCNS‐SC), whose capacity to secrete IL‐6 we have, finally, demonstrated.
Analysis of a block red‐black preconditioner applied to the Hermite collocation discretization of a model parabolic equation
Authors: Brill Stephen H. , Pinder George F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe are concerned with the numerical solution of a model parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) in two spatial dimensions, discretized by Hermite collocation. In order to efficiently solve the resulting systems of linear algebraic equations, we choose the Bi‐CGSTAB method of van der Vorst (1992) with block Red‐Black Gauss‐Seidel (RBGS) preconditioner. In this article, we give analytic formulae for the eigenvalues that control the rate at which Bi‐CGSTAB/RBGS converges. These formulae, which depend on the location of the collocation points, can be utilized to determine where the collocation points should be placed in order to make the Bi‐CGSTAB/RBGS method converge as quickly as possible. Along these lines, we discuss issues of choice of time‐step size in the context of rapid convergence. A complete stability analysis is also included. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17:584–606, 2001
Numerical solution of the three‐dimensional parabolic equation with an integral condition
Authors: Dehghan Mehdi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDevelopement of numerical methods for obtaining approximate solutions to the three dimensional diffusion equation with an integral condition will be carried out. The numerical techniques discussed are based on the fully explicit (1,7) finite difference technique and the fully implicit (7,1) finite difference method and the (7,7) Crank‐Nicolson type finite difference formula. The new developed methods are tested on a problem. Truncation error analysis and numerical examples are used to illustrate the accuracy of the new algorithms. The results of numerical testing show that the numerical methods based on the finite difference techniques discussed in the present article produce good results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 193–202, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.1040
The Internet and NGO–government relations: injecting chaos into order
Authors: Brainard Lori A. , Siplon Patricia D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn recent years, theory building on NGO–government relations has proliferated, but it has not accounted for changes in communications technology or for the quantitative and qualitative expansion of the NGO sector. In this article we look at relations between and among government and disease‐ and disorder‐based NGOs. We draw on cases in which we study relations between traditional NGOs and new, more radical and more exclusively Internet‐based health advocacy groups. We argue that, contrary to investigating NGO–government relations in isolation, our theories must account for antecedent variables including NGO delivery of benefits to members and supporters (including informational, purposive and solidary benefits) and the motivations for organizing. After summarizing how different kinds of health advocacy organizations use the Internet to organize and provide benefits to members and supporters, we show that these variables have important implications not only for the relations between NGOs, but between NGOs and government. Specifically, we conclude that theories that distinguish between ‘cooperation’ and ‘co‐optation’ in NGO–government relations may need to be adjusted to reflect the realities as they are perceived by NGOs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affirmative action, duality of error, and the consequences of mispredicting the academic performance of african american college applicants
Authors: Mumpower Jeryl L. , Nath Radhika , Stewart Thomas R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe implications of different potential affirmative action policies depend on three factors: selection rate
from the applicant pool, base rate of qualified applicants, and accuracy of performance predictions. A series of
analyses was conducted under various assumptions concerning affirmative action plans, causes of racial
differences in average college admissions test scores, and racial differences in accuracy of performance
predictions. Evidence suggesting a lower level of predictive accuracy for African Americans implies that, under
a program of affirmative action, both proportionately more false positives (matriculated students who do
not succeed) and proportionately more false negatives (rejected applicants who could have
succeeded) will be found among African American applicants. Unless equivalent levels of predictive accuracy
are achieved for both groups, no admission policy can be fair simultaneously to majority group applicants and
African American applicants. © 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Focused microwave‐assisted extraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves
Authors: Brachet A. , Christen P. , Veuthey J.‐L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExtraction of cocaine and benzoylecgonine from coca leaves was performed by focused microwave‐assisted extraction (FMAE). Cocaine extraction was optimised with respect to the nature of the extracting solvent, the particle size distribution, the moisture of the sample, the applied microwave power and the radiation time. A central composite design was used to optimise the two latter parameters and to assess the robustness of the extraction method around the best conditions. FMAE generated extracts similar to those obtained by conventional solid–liquid extraction but in a more efficient manner, i.e. 30 s were sufficient to extract cocaine quantitatively from leaves. Analyses of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in coca leaves was carried out by capillary GC‐FID and GC‐MS for peak identification, as well as by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency: molecular genetic findings and prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Aoshima Tsutomu , Kajita Mitsuharu , Sekido Yoshitaka , Mimura Shunji , Itakura Atsuo , Yasuda Izumi , Saheki Takeyori , Watanabe Kazuyoshi , Shimokata Kaoru , Niwa Toshimitsu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report a Japanese boy who died at Day 28 of life because of severe carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) deficiency that was proven by enzyme assay. By analysis of cDNA and genomic DNA, he was shown to be a compound heterozygote with two point mutations of the CPS1 gene, 840G>C leading to an aberrant splicing and 1123C>T (predicting Q375X). The 840G>C was a mutation described in another Japanese family. Since his parents carried each mutation heterozygously, we performed prenatal diagnosis at 16 weeks of his mother's next gestation by multiplex PCR and melting curve analysis in a single capillary containing two‐color fluorescent (LC‐Red 640 and LC‐Red 705) probes on LightCycler. We analyzed genomic DNA extracted from amniotic cells and found that the fetus was homozygous for the wild‐type alleles. At term a healthy girl was born without hyperammonemia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deletion 15q24‐26 in prenatally detected diaphragmatic hernia: increasing evidence of a candidate region for diaphragmatic development
Authors: Schlembach D. , Zenker M. , Trautmann U. , Ulmer R. , Beinder E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurvival of children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is mainly dependent on the extent of lung hypoplasia and the presence of additional congenital anomalies or chromosomal aberrations. A chromosomal deletion 15q25‐q26.2 in a fetus with prenatally diagnosed CDH and growth retardation is reported. Despite optimal pre‐ and neonatal management the baby died shortly after birth. There is increasing evidence that the long arm of chromosome 15, and especially the region 15q24 to 15q26, plays a crucial role in the development of the diaphragm. The finding of a deletion within 15q24‐26 in a fetus with CDH has to be considered a predictor of poor prognosis. It is of utmost interest for proper parental counselling to search in fetuses with CDH for subtle chromosomal lesions paying special attention to chromosome 15q. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attaining UKPDS management targets in type 2 diabetes: failures and difficulties
Authors: Woodward A. , Groves T. , Wallymahamed M. , Wilding J.P. , Gill G.V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe UKPDS highlighted the importance of good blood glucose control and tight blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes. We have audited 500 consecutive clinic records from patients with type 2 diabetes attending consultant clinics (hospital) and data from a district diabetic register of 500 type 2 patients attending general practice (community) to determine whether internationally agreed targets of good blood glucose (HbA1c<7%, using a 'DCCT‐aligned' method) and tight blood pressure (BP) control (BP<140/85) are achieved in patients with type 2 diabetes. The mean HbA1c was 8.7±1.8 (SD)% (hospital) and 8.2±1.5% (community); 81% (hospital) and 72% (community) patients with a recorded measurement in the last twelve months had an HbA1c level>7%; 58% (hospital) and 44% (community) patients had levels>8%. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 151±25 mmHg (hospital) and 151±20 mmHg (community); the mean diastolic blood pressure (DPB) was 77±13mmHg (hospital) and 83±11mmHg (community), 68% (hospital) and 66% (community) had at least one measurement above 140/85, of which 45% (hospital) and 49% (community) patients were not prescribed any anti‐hypertensive medication. Guideline targets, particularly with regard to glycaemic and blood pressure control are not achieved in a high proportion of diabetic patients. The problem is similar in both hospital and community‐based care; in many patients, simple adjustments of medication may be all that is required to achieve better control of BP and glucose. However, it is recognised that this will be more difficult in some patients, and may require increased investment in personnel and an increase in prescribing costs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.