bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Freedom
Authors: Alan E. Brownstein 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Free Exercise Clause of the U.S. First Amendment has been conceptualized by the Supreme Court and many commentators in all- or-nothing terms. The Court has tended to either apply “strict scrutiny” to burdens on religious exercise—in which case the government’s justi*cations for imposing the burden are rigorously reviewed––or instead, as of late, to apply a minimalist test that asks only whether government burdens on religion are motivated by antireligious sentiment. As the following materials and notes illustrate, other jurisdictions have tried to chart more nuanced middle-ground approaches. Whether balancing tests such as Canada’s, discussed below, are workable––there or more generally— is for readers to decide. Note that Canada, unlike the United States, has no explicit non establishment provision in its Charter. And yet, as the materials below suggest, Canada has incorporated many of the principles of religious equality on which much of the U.S. Establishment Clause jurisprudence has been built on. Perhaps Canada’s textual protection for multiculturalism has been an adequate vehicle in this regard. After reading the materials, consider whether the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause could or should do more work in U.S. disputes implicating religious equality.
5
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I don’t feel seizures have affected my relationships or menstrual functions. But because I have epilepsy, I have decided not to have children unless I plan ahead with the advice of my doctors and take precautions. I am now single, so this has not become a problem. Sometimes a person who is unfamiliar with seizures may be frightened when they’re told that someone they know has epilepsy. But usually, once they have asked questions and gotten the proper answers, they are no longer frightened. I have never felt that hiding my epilepsy from people was the best thing to do. Whenever I am in a relationship, I always tell the other person about my epilepsy. I explain how I act during a seizure and then explain what to do if I have one.
10
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was not diagnosed with epilepsy until I was a senior in high school. I am now 21 years old, so I have dealt with this for only 3 years now. At first, it was a little scary to hear the neurologist say ‘‘You have epilepsy,’’ but it was even more frustrating before the diagnosis was made because my family and I had no idea what was wrong with me. At least having a diagnosis brought a bit of relief. At times I consider myself very lucky. There are so many people who have epilepsy that is more severe than mine. I have experienced a grand mal seizure; however, I have no memory of it. My mother is the one that has the not-so-pleasant honor of being able to recall the scene. I consider myself lucky because on a regular day-to-day basis, I just pop pills.
24
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Except for poor vision, I had always had very good health. Then, 10 years ago, I had my first seizure after a very emotionally traumatic experience. I am sure that there was a complex partial seizures every few hours. I would still go to work.
27
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I am going to try to fill you in on my past long life regarding my seizure disorder. When I was young, I just used to stare. Then I developed convulsions as I grew older. My mother always kept my problem a big secret from everyone. She was ashamed and so I felt the same way. My seizures didn’t affect dating or marriage because I always kept them in the closet. My husband and I were married 50 years ago. I never thought we would have children, but we had our first child 7 years later and our second child 4 years after that.
51
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I started noticing the changes in my late teenage years. Sometimes it felt more like the past than the present. At those times, I knew who I was, but it didn’t feel right. Part of me felt like someone else, not the way it should be. I wasn’t sure if my mother was really my mother. Her house looked different to me. Things seemed to have a brighter look, and they seemed larger. I felt kind of alone. I was afraid I might get lost. Sometimes I heard a mean voice laughing inside my head. That sounded wicked. Whenever those feelings came on, I would hold tight to my clothes. I was scared that I might not come out of this feeling.
57
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I am a woman with epilepsy who has recently reached menopause. Because my epilepsy was influenced by hormonal factors in the past, I am wondering what effect menopause will have on
moments ago. I know it really bothers him when I can’t recall the lovely dinner we had a while back at that beautiful restaurant. It hurts him that I have difficulty remembering other places we’ve been and things we’ve done together. When he gives me a few clues, sometimes I can bring certain memories back.
Seizure Descriptions
Authors: Schachter Steven C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Husband My initial introduction to my wife’s seizure disorder occurred months before we began dating. We were working in the same office complex when she came into my office one afternoon and sat in the chair across from me. I immediately discerned that something was amiss as she appeared disoriented and did not make much sense when she spoke to me. After a short time, she got up and went into the adjoining office. I immediately followed and stood beside her trying to stop her from wandering around and to ascertain her problem.
Seizure Descriptions
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Montouris Georgia D , Pellock John M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Age 11 Because I have nocturnal epilepsy, no one has ever actually seen me have a seizure except my parents. No one knows I have epilepsy unless I tell them or they see my photograph on our county epilepsy poster. Then they ask me why I’m on the poster and I tell them about me and epilepsy.
Guide for Teachers and Parents
Authors: Murphy William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For most students, school offers a safe, accepting, and nurturing environment. For a student with epilepsy, his or her sense of safety, acceptance, and opportunity is influenced by others’ understanding of the disorder, their response to seizures, and their expectations of the student. The unpredictable nature of epilepsy means that teachers—indeed, all school personnel—and other students may suddenly, without warning, have to respond to a seizure at school. The student who has a seizure at school may face a range of consequences and reactions to the episode, including embarrassment, fear, rejection, and interference with the learning process. These circumstances often limit the student’s opportunities to access the full spectrum of activities offered by the school community. Including epilepsy education and awareness in the school curriculum can minimize these consequences and help to assure everyone that epilepsy and seizures can be dealt with appropriately
The Public in the Museum
Authors: Siegel Jonah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the most compelling justification of the museum as a state institution was its effect on the public, the nature of this effect and of the public itself were far from simple questions. The ever-increasing numbers walking through the galleries of England—the British Museum in particular, but also the much-criticized National Gallery—called for reflection on what the goals of the museum in fact were, and how those goals were being met or failed by the institution. The impact of the collection on the public conscience was a central concern, but no more so than the impact of the public on prized objects. The risk of vandalism is one way to talk about the threat of the modern public, but the more subtle dangers posed to oil paint by the accumulation of bodily effluvia generated by individuals moving through galleries or by the coal smoke produced in the process of heating and feeding the bodies of the metropolis may be understood as related concerns.
Exhibiting India
Authors: Siegel Jonah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The relationship between museums and the British Empire was constant and varied. Important objects were acquired by trade, exploration, and—more rarely—by outright battle throughout the areas in which Britain had economic and political interests. In India itself museums were established as early as the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, founded in 1784, and they proliferated throughout the nineteenth century. While the history of museums in the empire—which ran parallel to developments in England but also diverged in important ways—is outside the scope of this volume, the uncertain fate of the national collection of Indian materials is one important cultural manifestation of the metamorphoses of imperial power in the period.
Introduction
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1915, a movie was released that changed the history of American cinema. Directed by David W. Griffith, it was originally known as The Clansman. Soon after its West Coast première, however, it was renamed The Birth of a Nation. This film would bring about a revolution in American movie going. The Birth of a Nation was the first American film to be twelve reels long and to last around three hours. It was the first to cost $100,000 to produce. It was the first to be shown mainly in regular theaters at the same admission prices of up to $2 that were charged for live performances. It was the first to have a specially compiled musical score to accompany the film’s exhibition. It was the first movie to be shown at the White House, the first to be projected for judges of the Supreme Court and members of Congress, the first to be viewed by countless millions of ordinary Americans, some of whom had made long journeys to see it, the first to run in so many places for months at a time, the first to attract viewers who returned to see it, sometimes again and again, and the first to have its existence treated as a story in its own right in local newspapers. Although it was not the first motion picture in the United States to be distributed by means of road shows, it was the first to be shown so extensively this way. The men who advertised and publicized it created ways of promoting movies that would soon become standard across the American movie industry. In many ways, in fact, Birth of a Nation was the first “blockbuster”: it was the most profitable film of its time (and perhaps, adjusted for inflation, of all time), it helped open up new markets (including South America) for American films, and it may eventually have been seen by worldwide audiences of up to 200,000,000.
Fighting a Vicious Film
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The long war over The Birth of a Nation began quietly. On January 20, 1915, a small subcommittee of the National Board of Censorship of Motion Pictures met in New York to watch The Clansman (soon to be renamed). The subcommittee was made up of ten people, including two members of the board’s general committee. It is impossible to identify the members of this group—the board insisted on the anonymity of its viewing committees. It was certainly all white and in all likelihood predominantly female: in the spring of 1915, the board had a general pool, the so-called Censoring Committee, of 116 censors, of whom 95 were women. All that is known about the committee for certain is that it approved Griffith’s film for general exhibition. The producers of The Clansman must have been pleased; the board’s decision seemed to suggest that the film would not be greatly troubled by censorship difficulties. Over the next few days and weeks, they would come to realize that this was an illusory impression.
Griffith’s View of History
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A few days before Griffith gathered his cast together to announce his intention of filming The Clansman, Lillian Gish noticed that “his pockets were crammed with papers and pamphlets.” Unusual for a Griffith film, the director felt obliged to consult printed source materials before embarking on rehearsals and shooting. Even after shooting began, Gish recalled, he still carried around with him pamphlets, maps, and books “which he read during meals and the rare breaks in his hectic schedule.” Although Griffith had already made films based on historical events before The Clansman, including several “Civil War” pictures, clearly there were crucial differences between them and his new project. Like Dixon, who also claimed to have mastered huge amounts of reading before writing his two novels about the Klan and consequently justified his fiction in terms of its “historical accuracy,” Griffith defended his greatest movie as a faithful representation of the events of the Civil War and Reconstruction eras. When Griffith set out to turn The Clansman into a film, the loyalties of the Civil War and Reconstruction eras were still very much a part of the American political and cultural scene. Despite his own personal engagement with the “Southern” point of view represented in Dixon’s novels and play, the director must have known that many Northerners and some Southerners would reject it as biased and inaccurate.
After Birth
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the beginning of 1916, apart from statewide bans on the exhibition of The Birth of a Nation in Ohio and Kansas, the campaign to suppress the film run by the NAACP had largely failed. Over the next few years, however, the organization’s efforts to prevent screenings proved considerably more successful. Part of the reason for this success was that events encouraged the NAACP to adopt a new and more convincing argument. “The day may come,” observed Elijah Hodges with prophetic foresight in July 1915, “when we shall need the colored man’s help to defend the flag.” Black soldiers played a major part in the American expeditionary force led by Brigadier-General John J. Pershing that invaded Mexico in March 1916 in an attempt to capture Mexican revolutionary leader Francisco (“Pancho”) Villa, who had killed Americans on both sides of the border in an attempt to embroil the existing Mexican government in a war with the United States. The participation of these black soldiers was obviously very much in the mind of W. E. B. Du Bois a few months later when a proposal was made to show The Birth of a Nation at theaters patronized by soldiers in the Canal Zone in Panama. “Colored troops,” argued Du Bois, “have been giving too good an account of themselves recently to deserve having this vicious attack on their race in military posts.” Once the United States entered the First World War,3 and African American soldiers formed part of the American army fighting in France, arguments such as these were deployed with increasing strength and frequency.
General Introduction
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When describing the historic development of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, Charles Warren called bankruptcy a gloomy and depressing subject. To this he added that bankruptcy law was a dry and discouraging topic. Discouraging, maybe, but gloomy, depressing, or dry? Perhaps in the eyes of the general public when people are thinking about the law, the legal profession, and the legal system in which bankruptcy legislation plays its role.
Modeling Cross-Border Insolvency: The Role of UNCITRAL
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The present global status of cross-border insolvency law has been brought about to a large extent by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). UNCITRAL was established in 1966 with the aim of providing the United Nations with a more active role in pushing back differences of national legal systems in the domain of international trade. UNCITRAL is composed of thirty-six member-states, chosen for a period of six years by the General Meeting of the UN.
Photography, Angiography, and Ultrasonography in Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Lam Andrew , Anderson Nicholas G , Regillo Carl D , Brown Gary C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fundus photography is becoming a popular method of screening large populations for diabetic retinopathy. Fluorescein angiography is useful to identify areas of nonperfusion, increased vascular permeability, and neovascularization. Fluorescein angiography is useful to guide laser treatment of clinically significant macular edema. Ultrasound is useful when media opacity obscures visualization of the fundus and often helps determine appropriate timing of surgical intervention.
Clinical Studies on Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Ferris Frederick L , Davis Matthew d. , Aiello, Llloyd m. , Chew emily y. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy has been, and probably remains, one of the four major causes of blindness in the United States [1,2]. Without treatment, eyes that develop proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) have at least a 50% chance of becoming blind within 5 years [3–5]. Appropriate application of treatments that have been developed in the last three decades can reduce this risk of blindness to less than 5% [6]. Medical treatments designed to maximize blood glucose control and reduce the development and progression of retinopathy can further reduce the risk of blindness [7]. This chapter discusses the treatments available, the evidence that the treatments are effective and whether the treatments are widely used.
Evolving Algorithms for Managing Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Do, Diana v. , Haller julia a. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The optimal management of diabetic macular edema (DME), the most common cause of moderate vision loss in individuals with diabetes mellitus, is complicated by the many systemic and ocular issues that impact on its therapy, the variable responses of individual eyes to treatment, and the increasing number of therapeutic approaches available to the clinician [1]. Because of this complex web of multifactorial and interrelated considerations, the disease is resistant to simple algorithmic formulations for its management.
Nonretinal Ocular Abnormalities in Diabetes
Authors: Scott, Ingrid u. , Flynn harry w. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Corneal abnormalities associated with diabetes include decreased corneal sensitivity, bacterial keratitis, neurotrophic ulcers, persistent epithelial defects, and recurrent epithelial erosions. There may be an association between diabetes and primary open-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, and blood-associated glaucoma. Lens abnormalities associated with diabetes include refractive changes and cataract. Optic nerve abnormalities associated with diabetes include acute optic disc edema, Wolfram syndrome, optic nerve hypoplasia, and optic atrophy. Diabetes is associated with cranial nerve III, IV, and IV palsies. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of endophthalmitis and mucormycosis.
A
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A filament protein that is immunoreactive to ALZ-50, a monoclonal antibody to the homogenates of ventral forebrain from patients with Alzheimer disease. The A68 protein/ antigen is not found in Guam-Parkinson dementia, dementia associated with Parkinson disease, Pick disease, or in neurologically normal controls. A68 is one of three ALZ-50 immunoreactive elements of ADAP (q.v.). See tau.
F
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
FAB Frontal Assessment Battery; a fast, short test to assess frontal lobe dysfunction. It comprises six subtests: conceptualization, verbal fluency, motor series, conflicting instruction, go–no go, and prehension behavior.
fabrication See confabulation; Korsakoff psychosis.
Fabry disease An inborn error of glycosphingolipid metabolism, transmitted by an X-linked gene, characterized by the systemic accumulation of glycolipids and by deficiency of the enzyme ceramide trihexosidase. (Other inborn errors of lysosomal storage and glycosphingolipid metabolism are metachromatic leukodystrophy, Gaucher disease, and Tay-Sachs disease.)
face cells Found primarily in the inferior temporal cortex (IT) and superior temporal sulcus (STS), face cells are neurons that respond at least twice as vigorously to faces or components of faces (such as eyes or mouths) as they do to other complex visual stimuli. The IT cortex is more important for processing facial identity, whereas STS is more involved in processing facial expressions (including eye gaze direction) and other “biological motion “ inputs. See behavioral ecology; fusiform face area.
The evidence supports the idea that there are separate routes for face detection and face identification, with face detection being supported by a subcortical route. Studies have implicated the superior colliculus, pulvinar, and amygdala as the main structures on this fast pathway.
I
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I cell disease Mucolipidosis II; a type of mental retardation, probably an autosomal recessive trait, characterized by early onset of retardation, short stature, cytoplasmic inclusions (of cells) in fibroblasts (which also are deficient in lysosomal hydralases and have excessive lipids and mucopolysaccharides), and progressive course leading to death (usually from pneumonia and congestive heart failure) before puberty.
IADL Instrumental activities of daily living. See ADL.
IAP Inhibitor of apoptosis (q.v.). IAPs are tied to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathways, but it is unknown how, or where, they exert their effect. A mammalian counterpart, discovered early in 1995, is the neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein (NAIP).
iatrogenesis Molding of a patient ‘s illness by the (often incompetent) doctor ‘s own ministrations.
iatrogeny Production or inducement of any harmful change in the somatic or psychic condition of a patient by means of the words or actions of the doctor. The physician may tell the patient that he has an enlarged heart, for example, or low blood pressure, or a glandular disturbance, and such information may provide a nucleus around which the patient builds a neurosis or psychosis.
IB See body build, index of.
ibogaine A West African plant alkaloid, banned in the United States because of its potential neurotoxic effects (with effects similar to those of LSD or PCP), but legal in most of the world and purported to interrupt addiction and eliminate withdrawal. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it may compete with heroin or morphine to fill opiate receptors. It also leads to increased secretion of GDNF (glial cell line–derived neurotropic factor), which some believe maintains or repairs dopamine receptors.