bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of rapidly available glucose (RAG) in plant foods: a potentialin vitropredictor of the glycaemic response
Authors: Englyst Hans N , Veenstra Jan , Hudson Geoffrey J 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe glycaemic index (GI) is anin vivomeasurement based on the glycaemicresponse to carbohydrate-containing foods, and allows foods to be ranked on the basis of the rate of digestion and absorption of the carbohydrates that they contain. GI values are normalizedto a reference amount of available carbohydrate and do not reflect the amounts of carbohydrate normally present in foods; for example, a food with a low content of carbohydrates will have a high GI value if that carbohydrate is digested and absorbed rapidly in the human small intestine. This is potentially confusing for a person wishing to control his or her blood glucoselevels by the choice of foods. The rate and extent of starch digestionin vitrohas been measured using a technique that classifies starch into three major fractions: rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). In addition, thistechnique gives a value for rapidly available glucose (RAG), which includes RDS, free glucose and the glucose moiety of sucrose. When the values for thirty-nine foods were expressed on the basis ofthe available carbohydrate content of these foods, highly significant (P<0·001) positive correlations were observed between GI and both RDS and RAG. The measurement of RAGin vitroprovides values for direct calculation of the amount of glucose likely to be rapidly absorbed in the human small intestine and,thus, to influence blood glucose and insulin levels. These values can be used to compare foods, as eaten,on an equal-weight basis. Food-table RAG values would allow simple calculation of the total amount of RAG provided by single foods, by whole meals and by whole diets. Studies are planned in which RAG and the glycaemic response in man will be measured for identical food products.
Expansion of the humoral effector cell compartment of both systemic and mucosal immune systemsin a weanling murine model which duplicates critical features of human protein-energy malnutrition
Authors: Ha C.-L. , Paulino L.E. , Woodward B.D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA direct comparison of systemic (spleen) and mucosal (intestine) antibody-producing systems was made in weanling male C57BL/6J mice subjected to wasting protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) by means of a low-protein protocol known to duplicate immunological and physiological features of human malnutrition. ELISA revealed low concentrations of biliary and gut lumen immunoglobulin (Ig) A in malnourished mice concomitantly with a high concentration of blood IgA. The low-protein model, therefore, exhibited fidelity to human protein-energy malnutrition in its influence on the concentrations of the mucosal Ig, IgA, in critical biological fluids. The number of IgA-, IgM- and IgG-containing cells was estimated morphometrically on a per organ basis. The low-protein protocol supported expansion in numbers of mucosal IgA-containing cells (18 x relative to a zero-time control group) and of splenic IgG- containing cells (135 x ), albeit an attenuated expansion in comparison with that of well-nourished control animals (132x and 571x respectively relative to zero-time controls). Up to terminal differentiation of Ig-containing cells, systemic and mucosal antibody-producing systems exhibited similarly remarkable resistance to wasting malnutrition. Epithelial transport of IgA may be an aspect of the mucosal antibody response which is particularly sensitive to PEM.
Cholesterol-lowering effect of soyabean lecithin in normolipidaemic rats by stimulation of biliary lipid secretion
Authors: Polichetti Elisabeth , Diaconescu Nicolas , Porte Paulette Lechene De La , Malli Lina , Portugal Henri , Pauli Anne-Marie , Lafond Huguette , Tuchweber Beatriz , Yousef Ibrahim , Chanussot Francoise 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to assess the role of the liver in the plasma-cholesterol-lowering effect of soyabean lecithin. Normolipidaemic rats were fed on lecithin-enriched or control diets with the same amount of protein. The lecithin diets contained 200 g/kg high-fat commercial semi-purified soyabean lecithin (230 g/kg total lipids as soyabean phosphatidylcholine) or 200 g/kg high-fat purified soyabean lecithin (930 g/kg total lipids as soyabean phosphatidylcholine). The control diets were a low-fat diet (40 g fat/kg) and a high-fat triacylglycerol-rich diet (200 g fat/kg). The high-fat diets were isoenergetic. The cholesterol-lowering effect of the lecithin-enriched diets was associated with significantly lower levels of plasma total- and HDL-cholesterol and significantly higher levels of bile phosphatidylcholine (PC), bile salts and cholesterol. These findings suggest that the liver plays a major role in the reduction of plasma cholesterol, the increased biliary lipid being provided by both HDL and the hepatic microsomal pools of PC and cholesterol.
Mutational Decay and Age of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes Transferred Recently to Angiosperm Nuclear Chromosomes
Authors: Huang Chun Y. , Grünheit Nicole , Ahmadinejad Nahal , Timmis Jeremy N. , Martin William 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Transfers of organelle DNA to the nucleus established several thousand functional genes in eukaryotic chromosomes over evolutionary time. Recent transfers have also contributed nonfunctional plastid (pt)- and mitochondrion (mt)-derived DNA (termed nupts and numts, respectively) to plant nuclear genomes. The two largest transferred organelle genome copies are 131-kb nuptDNA in rice (Oryza sativa) and 262-kb numtDNA in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). These transferred copies were compared in detail with their bona fide organelle counterparts, to which they are 99.77% and 99.91% identical, respectively. No evidence for purifying selection was found in either nuclear integrant, indicating that they are nonfunctional. Mutations attributable to 5-methylcytosine hypermutation have occurred at a 6- to 10-fold higher rate than other point mutations in Arabidopsis numtDNA and rice nuptDNA, respectively, revealing this as a major mechanism of mutational decay for these transferred organelle sequences. Short indels occurred preferentially within homopolymeric stretches but were less frequent than point mutations. The 131-kb nuptDNA is absent in the O. sativa subsp. indica or Oryza rufipogon nuclear genome, suggesting that it was transferred within the O. sativa subsp. japonica lineage and, as revealed by sequence comparisons, after its divergence from the indica chloroplast lineage. The time of the transfer for the rice nupt was estimated as 148,000 (74,000–296,000) years ago and that for the Arabidopsis numtDNA as 88,000 (44,000–176,000) years ago. The results reveal transfer and integration of entire organelle genomes into the nucleus as an ongoing evolutionary process and uncover mutational mechanisms affecting organelle genomes recently transferred into a new mutational environment.
Balancing business process with business practice for organizational advantage
Authors: Lock Lee Laurence 
Published: June 2005

PurposeTo provide an argument and a practical approach for achieving a balance between business process optimization and the use of human‐centred business practices.Design/methodology/approachThe concepts of business process and business practice are positioned in the academic literature with related concepts like tacit and explicit knowledge, routine work, codification and bounded rationality. Process and practice are compared and contrasted prior to the development of a model for their co‐existence and interaction.Research limitations/implicationsThis research builds on the separate research streams supporting business process management and business practice development. The argument for their co‐existence still requires further field research to support the organizational advantages claimed.Practical implicationsA framework and approach are presented which can be applied directly as part of new field research or practical application.Originality/valueThis paper makes two original contributions. First, it anchors the modern concepts of business process and business practice to foundation concepts from the academic literature. Second, it provides a practical framework and approach for balancing business process and business practice, that can be practically applied by the reader.
The “global” and the “local” in knowledge management
Authors: Davis Joseph G. , Subrahmanian Eswaran , Westerberg Arthur W. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to unravel the complexities associated with knowledge sharing in large global organizations through a field study carried out in a large, multinational company (Du Pont), focusing on the critical issues, concrete practices, bottle‐necks, and constraints in knowledge sharing. The tension between “local” production of much of the knowledge and its globalizing is specifically addressed.Design/methodology/approachQualitative analysis based on a detailed case study of the knowledge‐sharing practices in two business units, two functional areas (R&D and engineering project management) in four countries.FindingsFocus on certain types of organizational knowledge to the exclusion of others can be counter‐productive. Knowledge management (KM) systems need to be integrative and flexible enough to facilitate the dynamic interplay between different forms of knowledge across the space and time.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of a case study are somewhat limited in terms of their generalizablity.Practical implicationsThe insights from the study offer useful guidelines for designing systems and processes for sharing and managing knowledge in large, diversified organizations.Originality/valueMost field‐based investigations into knowledge management tend to focus on specific KM projects. This is one of the few comprehensive studies that analyzed knowledge‐sharing practices and constraints at both local and global level in large organizations. It elucidates the key facilitators and inhibitors of knowledge sharing in such organizations.
Four‐year follow‐up of imprisoned male heroin users and methadone treatment: mortality, re‐incarceration and hepatitis C infection
Authors: Dolan Kate A. , Shearer James , White Bethany , Zhou Jialun , Kaldor John , Wodak Alex D. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the long‐term impact of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) on mortality, re‐incarceration and hepatitis C seroconversion in imprisoned male heroin users.Design, setting and participants  The study cohort comprised 382 imprisoned male heroin users who had participated in a randomized controlled trial of prison‐based MMT in 1997/98. Subjects were followed‐up between 1998 and 2002 either in the general community or in prison.Measurements  All‐cause mortality, re‐incarceration, hepatitis C and HIV serostatus and MMT retention.Findings  There were no deaths recorded while subjects were enrolled in MMT. Seventeen subjects died while out of MMT, representing an untreated mortality rate of 2.0 per 100 person‐years (95% CI, 1.2–3.2). Re‐incarceration risk was lowest during MMT episodes of 8 months or longer (adjusted hazard ratio 0.3 (95% CI, 0.2–0.5; P < 0.001), although MMT periods 2 months or less were associated with greatest risk of re‐incarceration (P < 0.001). Increased risk of hepatitis C seroconversion was significantly associated with prison sentences of less than 2 months [adjusted hazard ratio 20 (95% CI, 5–76; < P = 0.001)] and MMT episodes less than 5 months [adjusted hazard ratio 4.2 (95% CI, 1.4–12.6; P = 0.01)]. Subjects were at greatest risk of MMT dropout during short prison sentences of 1 month or less (adjusted hazard ratio 10.4 (95% CI, 7.0–15.7; P < 0.001). HIV incidence was 0.3 per 100 person‐years (95% CI, 0.03–0.99).Conclusions  Retention in MMT was associated with reduced mortality, re‐incarceration rates and hepatitis C infection. Prison‐based MMT programmes are integral to the continuity of treatment needed to ensure optimal outcomes for individual and public health.
IL-2 induces expression and secretion of IFN-γ in murine peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Puddu Patrizia , Carollo Maria , Pietraforte Immacolata , Spadaro Francesca , Tombesi Marina , Ramoni Carlo , Belardelli Filippo , Gessani Sandra 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe investigated the effect of interleukin (IL)-2, a T cell growth factor capable of activating certain macrophage functions, on interferon (IFN)-γ expression in resting mouse peritoneal macrophages (PM). IL-2 addition to PM from different mouse strains up-modulated IFN-γ mRNA and protein secretion. It is notable that endogenous type I and II IFNs did not play any role in the IL-2-mediated effect, as comparable levels of secreted IFN-γ were observed upon IL-2 stimulation of PM from deficient mice. In contrast, endogenous IFN-γ was requested for the IL-12-induced IFN-γ production. It is interesting that blocking of each component of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) by neutralizing antibodies almost completely abolished IL-2-induced IFN-γ production, suggesting that all IL-2R chains contribute to the PM biological response to IL-2. The simultaneous treatment of PM with IL-2 and IL-12 resulted in a higher IFN-γ secretion with respect to that obtained upon treatment with IL-2 or IL-12 alone. It is notable that IFN-γ protein was expressed intracellularly in the majority of cells exhibiting a macrophage phenotype (i.e., F4/80+) and was secreted upon IL-2 stimulation. Overall, these findings demonstrate that IL-2 regulates at different levels IFN-γ expression in macrophages, highlighting the crucial role of these cells and their regulated responsiveness to key cytokines in the cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity.
Environmental influences cause menstrual synchrony, not pheromones
Authors: Little B. B. , Guzick D. S. , Malina R. M. , Ferreina M. D. Rocha 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo assess the influence of environmental conditions on the pattern of menstrual variation among women, data on menstrual cycles were recorded longitudinally from 127 university women who lived in a group of houses surrounding a central courtyard. Adequate follow‐up was available on 76 women, among whom menstrual synchrony occurred in a short period of time. During the first month of coresidence, the day of menstrual onset deviated from the mean by an average of 13.7 days. During the next month, however, this average deviation declined to 2.6days. Moreover, it was found that menstrual synchrony occurred in the overall sample regardless of the house of residence, although synchrony occurred to a greater extent in some houses than in others. It would thus appear that common environmental influences play an important role in the overall pattern of menstrual cyclicity.
Gynoid and android fat patterning in Japanese‐American men: Body build and glucose metabolism
Authors: Newell‐Morris Laura , Moceri Victoria , Fujimoto Wilfred 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSubcutaneous fat patterning was investigated in a sample of 229 second generation (Nisei) Japanese‐American men enrolled in an epidemiological study of noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. The study sample consisted of 78 men with diabetes, 72 with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 79 with normal glucose tolerance, classified by a 75 gm oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) and world Health Organization criteria. A combination of hierarchal cluster analysis and logarithmic regression analysis using skinfold thickness at seven anatomical sites yielded two distinctive fat pattern groups, viz, a gynoid fat pattern group (n = 16), with a significantly greater percentage of fat on the extremities; and an exaggerated android group (n = 34), with proportionately more fat on the trunk than predicted from total skinfold fat thickness. The two fat pattern groups and a sample of men of normal glucose tolerance (n = 53) were compared by analysis of variance with respect to 12 somatometric variables and indices encompassing length, breadth and muscle mass parameters. The three groups did not differ in age or height. In weight and body mass index, the gynoid fat pattern group was lowest, although there were no significant intergroup differences in total skinfold fat (seven sites summed). The gynoid group was also significantly less robust in body build than the android group, as judged by a lower intermembral index, lower ratios of bony chest breadth and biacromial diameter to sitting height, and reduced arm muscle mass. The prevalence of diabetes within each fat pattern group was slightly less than expected on the basis of the prevalence of IGT (44%) was found within the gynoid group; none of the differences were statistically significant. During the OGTT, the gynoid and android groups, minus diabetic men, differed significantly from men with normal glucose tolerance in serum glucose levels at 1.5 and 2 hr but not from one another. The limitations of cross‐sectional data of this nature for determining a differential risk fordisorders of glucose metabolism associated with type of fat deposition are discussed.
Evidence for continuing secular increase in height within families in the United States
Authors: Bock R. Darell , Sykes Robert C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeasures of mature heights of the second generation of longitudinal subjects in the Fels Institute growth study are now becoming available. When augmented by the heights of the parents who enrolled the first‐generation children, these families provide three‐generation data for mature height. Heights of the first‐generation spouses are also available. The successive generations correspond approximately to the following birth cohorts: 1886–1920, 1921–1949, and 1950–1968. Also available in the Fels data are heights for two‐generation families with parents and offspring in successive cohorts. In the three‐generation families, the mean increases (cm) for 34 grandmothers, mothers, and daughters were 2.99 and 2.77, both significant with P < 0.01; for 14 grandfathers, fathers and sons, 3.15 and 3.63, the latter significant with P < 0.05. In the first and second cohort two‐generation families, the mean increase for 67 mothers and daughters was 4.01 (P < 0.01); for 62 fathers and sons, 3.84 (P < 0.01). In the second and third cohorts, the corresponding figures for 53 and 52 pairs were 3.00 and 4.36, both P < 0.01. In every case, the change in the rate of increase between the first and second generation cohort, and that between the second and third, was not statistically significant. There is no clear evidence that the secular increase in height is decreasing in these families. The finding must be qualified, however, by the observation that most of the first‐generation subjects grew to maturity during the Great Depression, when nutrition may have suffered relative to that of the post‐World War II years of the maturing second generation. Study of a third generation of Fels subjects may be necessary before a decrease in the secular trend becomes evident in this sample.
The FELS method of assessing the skeletal maturity of the hand‐wrist
Authors: Chumela Wm Cameron , Roche Alex F. , Thissen David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe FELS method of assessing the skeletal maturity of the hand‐wrist differs from the Greulich‐Pyle and Tanner‐Whitehouse methods in the observations made, the provision of a range of shapes to which maturity indicator grades can be assigned and in the statistical methods used to construct the scale of skeletal maturity. The FELS method for the hand‐wrist was developed using 13,823 serial radiographs of the left hand‐wrist of boys and girls in the Fels Longitudinal Study. One hundred‐thirty possible indicators were originally identified. Eighty‐five graded and 13 metric indicators were selected on the basis of an indicator's ability to discriminate between children at the same chronological age, its universal appearance, reliability, validity, and completeness. The subset of FEELS maturity indicators assessed at a chronological age are analyzed with a microcomputer program that provides the skeletal age and the standard error of the estimate for that skeletal age. Comparison among hand‐wrist skeletal age assessments for children in the Fels Longitudinal Study by the FELS, Greulich‐Pyle, and Tanner‐Whitehouse methods indicate that the FELS method is the more appropriate method for the present population of United States children.
Nutritional assessment of hospital patients: New methods and new opportunities
Authors: Van Itallie Theodore B. , Segal Karen R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecently, two new methods (total body electrical conductivity [TOBEC] and bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA]) have become available for the rapid, safe, and convenient estimation of total body water in hospital patients. Despite these clear advantages, the clinical usefulness of the TOBEC and BIA methods in patient diagnosis and care is likely to be restricted by illness‐related changes in the hydration of the lean body and in the distribution of water between the intracellular and extracellular water compartments. If these methods can be refined so as to permit their measurement of extracellular water as rapidly as they now measure total body water, the ability of clinicians to assess and monitor the nutritional and metabolic status of their hospital patients will be greatly enhanced.
Cohabitation, activity level, and energy intake in parent‐child resemblance for selected biological traits
Authors: Bouchard Claude , Tremblay Angelo , Perusse Louis , Leblanc Claude , Theriault Germain , George Valérie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractActivity level and energy intake were estimated from 3‐day records, including a weekend day, in parents and children from families of French descent. Subcutaneous fat from the summation of six skinfolds, fasting serum triglycerides, total and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and submaximal power output (PWC150) derived from a cycle ergometer test also were determined in these subjects. Dependent variables were normalized through log10 or squre‐root transformation, and scores were adjusted by generation for the effects of age and gender. Correlations with residual scores were performed with pairs of natural parents and child (N ≧ 1057) and pairs of foster parent and adopted child (N ≧ 283). Coefficients were generally little affected by statistical control over current activity level and energy intake. Pairs of biological relatives were classified as either very similar (25% of pairs) or very dissimilar (25% of pairs) in terms of energy intake or activity level. Correlations revealed that similarity or discordance in energy intake or activity level had only a slight effect on parent‐child resemblance. In addition, duration of cohabitation had little influence on parent‐child covariation. It was concluded that parent‐child resemblance in subcutaneous fat, work capacity, and blood lipids are not significantly affected by current patterns of energy intake, activity level, or duration of cohabitation.