bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of beam-intercepting device robustness for intensity increase in CERN’s North Area
Authors: Sharp C J , Francia A Romero , Ximenes R Franqueira , Calviani M , Grenard J-L , Mazzola G , Esposito L S , Bernhard J , Mazuecos A Lafuente , Galan F Sanchez , Lazzaroni M , Brugger M , Ramjiawan R L , Fraser M A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
CERN’s North Area comprises several target and experimental systems and is a zone of interest for future development. Provision of beam to this area relies upon several beam-intercepting devices located in various branched transfer lines from the Super Proton Synchrotron. In several lines, these include a primary production target system of beryllium plates followed by a combined collimation, attenuation and dump device made from a set of aluminum, copper and iron blocks and known as a ‘TAX’ (Target Attenuator [for] eXperimental areas). These may operate in a range of configurations depending on experimental needs. Future operational regimes with higher beam intensities (increased from a current specification of 1.5× 1013 to 4.0× 1013
p
+/pulse), shorter pulse times (4.8 s reduced to 1.2 s), greater repetition rates (14.4 s cycle time reduced to 7.2 s) and ten times the annual intensity place more stringent thermo-structural demands on these existing devices, beyond their original specification. This contribution outlines the engineering analysis, including beam-matter interaction studies and thermo-structural simulations, carried out to assess their robustness under such conditions.
Electromagnetic design of 402 MHz normal conducting coaxial window for SNS facility
Authors: Pronikov A I , Agustsson R , Kang Y , Kutsaev S V , Lee S W , Moss J , Smirnov A Y , Thielk S U 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
RadiaBeam has developed a novel design of MW-class high-power RF windows to be used in high-power proton accelerators, such as SNS. This design is based on the utilization of a coaxial window between two waveguides to coaxial transitions, instead of a ceramic window in a uniform cylindrical waveguide, which provides several significant benefits. In this paper, we will present the RF and engineering design of this window.
Conceptual design of a super bend dipole magnet as a high-field source for the ILSF storage ring
Authors: Ehsanizadeh M , Saeidi F , Khorsandi M , Noori K 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Iranian Light Source Facility (ILSF) is in the detailed design phase. It will operate at 3 GeV and 400 mA with an ultra-low horizontal emittance of 0.27 nm.rad. The main storage ring combined dipole magnet has a 0.56 T magnetic field and a -7 T/m gradient. It can serve as a soft X-ray source. There are several ways to achieve hard X-rays; one is to use a high-field dipole. It is designed with a permanent magnet and consists of three parts; a high field part that provides a 3 T magnetic field and two low field parts on either side of the high field one. The basic design of the super-bend dipole magnet is presented here.
Evaluation of low-loss alumina material for high-power RF windows
Authors: Thielk S U , Agustsson R , Carriere P , Kutsaev S V 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Conventional RF vacuum windows are made of metalized ceramics, hermetically brazed to a pillbox cavity. High-power windows, operating in ultra-high frequency (UHF) band, require the fabrication of ceramic disks with diameters on the order of 9”. Furthermore, a Titanium Nitride (TiN) multipactor suppression coating must be applied to the ceramic surfaces. The large size and complex internal geometry of these windows create challenges in validating the coating in the fully fabricated assembly. This study evaluates a novel low-loss alumina AO479U, provided by Kyocera, and a reactive sputtering process suitable to deposit a 10-20 nm thick TiN coating on a large diameter window. The paper will report the changes in the TiN coating through chemical cleaning and vacuum braze processes using stylus profilometry, optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS).
Beam-Beam Long Range Compensator Mechanical Demonstrator
Authors: Sito L. , Accettura C. , Bertarelli A. , Carra F. , Garlaschè M. , Gentini L. , Valenzuela J. Guardia , Guinchard M. , Hoell S. , Motschmann F. , Papaphilippou Y. , Rossi A. , Sacristan de Frutos O. , Sterbini G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Beam-Beam Long-Range Compensators employing current-carrying wires are considered as valuable options in hadron colliders to increase dynamic aperture at small crossing angles. This paper presents a simple design proposal for application at CERN LHC. The preliminary design allows for a certain scalability of the number of modules, current flowing in the wire, and dimensions. It complies with two key requirements: (a) the use of a thin, bare metal wire that allows for movement as near to the beam as necessary while minimizing interactions with beam particles and meeting the specified DC current target; and (b) a wire support that is both an electrical insulator and a thermal conductor (ceramic). A molybdenum wire, vacuum brazed on an aluminium nitride support, is proposed, and the design is conceptually proved through the realization and extensive test of a demonstrator device. The wire brazing validation, as well as the system’s heat management, which are the most critical aspects, are given particular regard.
Evaluation of green laser source additive manufacturing technology for accelerator applications with ultra-high vacuum requirements
Authors: Ratkus A , Rarison S , Garion C , Kos H , Gruber S , Stepien L , Patil A. A. , Lopez E , Torims T , Pikurs G , Vedani M , Lacis V 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers different benefits such as efficient material usage, reduced production time and design freedom. Moreover, with continuous technological developments, AM expands in versatility and different material usage capabilities. Recently new energy sources have been developed for AM – green wavelength lasers, which provide better energy absorption for pure copper. Due to high thermal and electrical conductivity of copper, this novel AM technology is highly promising for various industries, particularly, there is a huge interest to use it for accelerator applications. In particular, these AM produced accelerator components should reach the associated Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) requirements. In this study, vacuum membranes of pure copper were produced by AM using a green laser source, in different thicknesses and built angles. Furthermore, a vacuum membrane helium leak tightness test was performed at room temperature by using a high-sensitivity mass spectrometer. Comparison of these test results was performed with previously established results. Through this study, novel knowledge and initial results are provided for green laser source AM technology usage for applications for UHV accelerator components.
Plasma Cleaning of Hydrocarbon and Carbon Contaminated Surfaces of Accelerator Components
Authors: Giordano M C , Pinto P Costa , Henrist B , Himmerlich M , Taborelli M , Thaus N , Carlino V , Fahey M , Monteiro J , Tran L 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To achieve the vacuum quality required for the operation of particle accelerators, the surface of the vacuum vessels must be clean from hydrocarbons. This is usually achieved by wet chemistry processes, e.g., degreasing chemical baths that, in case of radioactive vessels, must be disposed accordingly. An alternative way exploits the oxygen plasma produced by a downstream RF plasma source. This technique offers the possibility of operating in-situ, which is an advantageous option to avoid the handling of voluminous and/or fragile components and a more sustainable alternative to large volume disposable baths. In this work, we test a commercial plasma source in dedicated vacuum systems equipped with quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs). The evolution of the etching rates of amorphous carbon (a-C) thin films deposited on the QCMs to mimic contamination are studied as function of operating parameters. We present the results of the plasma cleaning process applied to the real case of a hydrocarbons-contaminated large vacuum vessel. The studies are complemented by transport simulations and surface contamination monitoring by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The evaluation of the vessel cleanliness, which is performed via residual gas analysis (RGA) measurements, is based on CERN’s outgassing acceptance criteria and agrees with both simulations and XPS results.
Innovations in the Next Generation Medical Accelerators for Therapy with Ion Beams
Authors: Benedetto E , Vretenar M 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Modern hadron-therapy accelerators have to provide high intensity beams, for innovative dose-delivery modalities such as FLASH, pencil beams for 3D scanning, as well as multiple ions with radio-biological complementarity. They need to be compact, cheap and have a reduced energy footprint. At the same time, they need to be reliable, safe and simple to operate. Cyclotrons and compact synchrotrons are nowadays the standard for proton therapy. For heavier ions such as carbon, synchrotrons remain the most viable option, while alternative solutions based on linacs, FFAs or cyclotrons are being proposed. In this context, the European project HITRIplus studies the feasibility of an innovative super-conducting (SC) magnet synchrotron for carbon ions, with state-of-the-art multi-turn injection from a specially designed linac and advanced extraction modalities. A compact synchrotron optimized for helium ions, making use of proven normal-conducting technology, is also being designed.
Cryogenic oxygen deficiency hazard assessment at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center
Authors: Kao S P , Wen P J , Lin Y C 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) uses cryogenic fluids to create a low-temperature cooling environment for equipment and to conduct various experiments. However, exposure to these cryogenic fluids can cause frostbite, hypoxic suffocation, behavioral incapacitation, insanity, and even death in severe cases. To evaluate oxygen deficiency hazard (ODH) in the NSRRC, we adopted the Fermilab assessment methodology and conducted ODH assessments in the Cryogenic Compressor Room, Taiwan Light Source (TLS) Tunnel, and TLS15A hutch. The results of the evaluation of the Cryogenic Compressor Room and TLS Tunnel revealed that the ODH class is 0 both when the exhaust fan is operating normally and when the exhaust fan is damaged. The exhaust equipment in the TLS15A hutch is only for emergency use. Without the emergency exhaust fan, the ODH class in the area is 1. If the emergency exhaust fan is always on, the ODH class is 0. Therefore, we recommend that those in TLS15A should undergo safety education and receive hazard notifications. In addition, we strongly recommend installing oxygen detectors in the beamline hutch to ensure safety.
Experimental validation of Monte Carlo simulation model for X-ray security scanner
Authors: Park Junsung , An Geunyoung , Yoon Seonkwang , Seo Hee 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Transmission X-ray security scanners are deployed to detect smuggling of contraband
articles, including weapons, narcotics, and explosives, for the purposes of homeland
security. Current X-ray scanners use a fixed tube voltage (i.e., 160 kV); hence, they have a
limitation in detecting thinly coated and/or low-density objects. To overcome this limitation, we
are developing an X-ray scanner that applies variable tube voltage according to the
physical/chemical properties of the object being inspected. To this end, in our previous study,
Monte Carlo simulations with Geant4 (GEometry ANd Tracking4) and MCNP (Monte Carlo N Particle)
were performed to optimize the design of the X-ray scanner for variable tube voltages. The MCNP
was used to simulate the radiation generator for the X-ray source term, and the Geant4 was used to
optimize the design of the dual-energy detector and to obtain the detector counts. In the present
study, we experimentally validated the reliability of the Monte Carlo simulation model for the
X-ray scanner. An 241Am source and a radiation generator were employed in this
validation. For the 241Am source, the dual-energy detector signal was measured
at a distance of 1 cm from the detector. In the case of the radiation generator, the
source-to-object distance and the source-to-detector distance were 70 cm and 120 cm, respectively,
as used in a typical X-ray security scanner. The tube voltage and the current were 140 kV and 10 mA, respectively. To obtain the X-ray images, the object was scanned while moving at a speed of 0.2 m/s on a conveyor system. The X-ray source term used in the simulation was obtained by
monoenergetic-electron-beam bombardment onto the target. 4-D simulations were performed for the
moving object. To validate the simulation model, we compared the simulated and measured image
profiles, as well as the pixel counts of the dual-energy detector. The percent differences between
the simulated and measured pixel counts and the image profiles were all within 5%. Thus, we
concluded that our simulation model for the X-ray scanner can be considered to be reliable.
Causal analysis of Canada’s environment-growth nexus for inclusive development metrics
Authors: Iwuoha Sochi , Onochie Joseph I 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Little is known about the relevance of alternative measures of growth in environmental and developmental economic analyses. In Canada, for example, no literature exists on whether there is a causal link between the level of environmental performance and alternative measures of economic progress (which are argued to better capture the overall economic wellbeing than the gross domestic product—GDP). As environmental policies may relate to overall economic wellbeing, we opine that understanding overall economic progress is essential for achieving sustainable development and emissions reduction targets. This paper addresses a knowledge gap by assessing the causal links and directions between Canada’s national-level greenhouse gas emissions (GHG—as an indicator of environmental performance) and three alternative measures of economic growth, namely, gross national disposable income (GNDI), human development index (HDI), and index of economic freedom (IEF); from 1995 to 2019. Our results indicate that causality exists between Canada’s GHG and the alternative growth measures. This implies that Canada’s GNDI, HDI, and IEF may be useful and complementary to GDP in forecasting the national-level total GHG emissions. The research provides insights to further consider the role of overall economic wellbeing in the quest for sustainable, lower-emissions, economic development in Canada and by extension in other nations.
Multilayer nanodrug delivery system with spatiotemporal drug release improves tumor microenvironment for synergistic anticancer therapy
Authors: Cai Jiahui , Yang Yibo , Zhang Jia , Bai Zhimin , Zhang Xin , Li Kun , Shi Ming , Liu Zhiwei , Gao Liming , Wang Jidong , Li Jian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The inflammatory response is one of the general symptoms that accompany tumorigenesis, the pro-inflammatory factors cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and COX-2-derived prostaglandin-2 (PGE-2) in the inflammatory environment surrounding tumors possess promoting tumor development, metastasis and angiogenesis effects. In addition, the hypoxic environment of tumors severely limits the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, a universal extracellular-intracellular ‘on-demand’ release nanomedicine DOX@PDA-ICG@MnO2@GN-CEL was developed for the combined fight against malignant tumors using a spatiotemporal controlled gelatin coated polydopamine (PDA@GN) as the carrier and loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX), the photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG), the PDT enhancer MnO2 and the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib (CEL) individually. Our results showed that DOX@PDA-ICG@MnO2@GN-CEL could release CEL extracellularly by matrix metalloproteinase-2 response and inhibit the COX-2/PGE-2 pathway, reduce chemotherapy resistance and attenuate the concurrent inflammation. After entering the tumor cells, the remaining DOX@PDA-ICG@MnO2 released DOX, ICG and MnO2 intracellularly through PDA acid response. MnO2 promoted the degradation of endogenous H2O2 to generate oxygen under acidic conditions to alleviate the tumor hypoxic environment, enhance PDT triggered by ICG. PDA and ICG exhibited photothermal therapy synergistically, and DOX exerted chemotherapy with reduced chemotherapy resistance. The dual responsive drug release switch enabled the chemotherapeutic, photothermal, photodynamic and anti-inflammatory drugs precisely acted on different sites of tumor tissues and realized a promising multimodal combination therapy.
Current advances in engineering meniscal tissues: insights into 3D printing, injectable hydrogels and physical stimulation based strategies
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Ashutosh , Ghibhela Baishali , Mandal Biman B 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The knee meniscus is the cushioning fibro-cartilage tissue present in between the femoral condyles and tibial plateau of the knee joint. It is largely avascular in nature and suffers from a wide range of tears and injuries caused by accidents, trauma, active lifestyle of the populace and old age of individuals. Healing of the meniscus is especially difficult due to its avascularity and hence requires invasive arthroscopic approaches such as surgical resection, suturing or implantation. Though various tissue engineering approaches are proposed for the treatment of meniscus tears, three-dimensional (3D) printing/bioprinting, injectable hydrogels and physical stimulation involving modalities are gaining forefront in the past decade. A plethora of new printing approaches such as direct light photopolymerization and volumetric printing, injectable biomaterials loaded with growth factors and physical stimulation such as low-intensity ultrasound approaches are being added to the treatment portfolio along with the contemporary tear mitigation measures. This review discusses on the necessary design considerations, approaches for 3D modeling and design practices for meniscal tear treatments within the scope of tissue engineering and regeneration. Also, the suitable materials, cell sources, growth factors, fixation and lubrication strategies, mechanical stimulation approaches, 3D printing strategies and injectable hydrogels for meniscal tear management have been elaborated. We have also summarized potential technologies and the potential framework that could be the herald of the future of meniscus tissue engineering and repair approaches.
Directing ligament-mimetic bi-directional cell organization in scaffolds through zone-specific microarchitecture for ligament tissue engineering
Authors: Sriram M , Priya Smriti , Mahajan Aman , Katti Dhirendra S 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Ligament tissues exhibit zone-specific anisotropic cell organization. The cells in ligament-proper are longitudinally oriented, whereas, the cells in epiligament are circumferentially oriented. Therefore, scaffolds developed to regenerate ligament tissues should possess adequate architectural features to govern ligament-mimetic bi-directional cell organization. The scaffold architectural features along with ligament-mimetic cell organization may ultimately yield neo-tissues with ligament-like extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and biomechanical properties. Towards this goal, we fabricated a silk/gelatin-based core–shell scaffold (csSG) with zone-specific anisotropic architectural features, wherein, the core of the scaffold possessed longitudinally aligned pores while the shell of the scaffold possessed parallel microgrooves that are aligned circumferentially around the surface of the scaffold. The ligament-mimetic architectural features significantly improved the mechanical properties of the scaffold. Moreover, architectural features of the csSG scaffold governed zone-specific anisotropic organization of cells. The cells in the core were longitudinally oriented as observed in the ligament-proper and the cells on the shell were circumferentially oriented as observed in epiligament. This bi-directional cell orientation partially mimicked the complex cellular network in native ligament tissue. Additionally, both the core and the shell individually supported fibrogenic differentiation of stem cells which further improved their potential for ligament tissue engineering. Further, the aligned pores of the core could govern unidirectional organization of ECM deposited by cells which is crucial for regenerating anisotropic tissues like ligaments. Finally, when implanted subcutaneously in mice, the scaffolds retained their anisotropic architecture for at least 2 weeks, were biocompatible, supported cell infiltration and governed anisotropic organization of cells and ECM. Taken together, the fabricated biomimetic csSG scaffold, through its zone-specific architectural features, could govern ligament-mimetic cellular and ECM organization which is ultimately expected to achieve regeneration of ligament tissues with native-like hierarchical structure and biomechanical properties. Consequently, this study introduces bi-directional structural parameters as design criteria for developing scaffolds for ligament tissue engineering.
Hidden in plain sight: hyperspectral documentation of complex biofluorescence produced by the green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis)
Authors: Juhasz-Dora Thomas , James Philip , Evensen Tor , Lindberg Stein-Kato 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Biofluorescence in echinoderms is largely unexplored, and even though the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis is a well-studied species, the presence and/or function of fluorescence remains very poorly understood. Hyperspectral imaging was conducted on adult sea urchins (N = 380) while fluorospectrometric analysis was conducted on sea urchin coelomic fluid (N = 30). Fluorescence was documented in both the spines and coelomic fluid of S. droebachiensis. Intact spines exhibited a low intensity green emission (∼550–600 nm), while broken spines averaged a high emission peak in the green spectrum (∼580 nm). Sea urchins produce a red exudate with a pronounced emission peak (∼680 nm) with a shoulder peak (∼730 nm). The sampled coelomic fluid exhibited high variability, with a majority exhibiting a low-level green fluorescence while pronounced emission peaks (N = 5) were found in the red spectrum (∼680 nm). The complex fluorescence produced by S. droebachiensis warrants further investigation on its applicability for monitoring welfare of sea urchins in aquaculture facilities.
Thermomechanical response of liquid crystal elastomers: role of crosslinker density
Authors: Derets N , Domenici V , Rešetič A , Zalar B 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this work thermomechanical properties of main-chain liquid crystal elastomers (MC-LCEs) with different degrees of crosslinking were investigated, and gradual loss of thermomechanical response was observed on repetitive measurements. Specifically, six samples of MC-LCEs were prepared, with crosslinker-to-mesogen relative concentration ranging from 5% to 10% in steps of 1%. The obtained results were then compared to thermomechanical response of side-chain liquid crystal elastomers (SC-LCEs). Additionally, thermomechanical response of polymer dispersed main-chain liquid crystal elastomers (MC-PDLCEs) was investigated. Results indicate that in MC-LCEs the concentration of crosslinker defines thermomechanical response and affects stability of the system. The loss of thermomechanical response is negligible in the case of crosslinker to mesogen ratio being the smallest, namely in 5% sample, and it is unaffected by glasslike to nematic phase transition. SC-LCEs do not show any sign of such behaviour and remain stable after several cycles of thermomechanical measurements.