bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroinvertebrate Communities in Agriculturally Impacted Southern Illinois Streams: Patterns with Riparian Vegetation, Water Quality, and In‐Stream Habitat Quality
Authors: Stone Mandy L. , Whiles Matt R. , Webber Jeremy A. , Williard Karl W. J. , Reeve John D. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTRelationships between riparian land cover, in‐stream habitat, water chemistry, and macroinvertebrates were examined in headwater streams draining an agricultural region of Illinois. Macroinvertebrates and organic matter were collected monthly for one year from three intensively monitored streams with a gradient of riparian forest cover (6, 22, and 31% of riparian area). Bioassessments and physical habitat analyses were also performed in these three streams and 12 other nearby headwater streams. The intensively monitored site with the least riparian forest cover had significantly greater percent silt substrates than the sites with medium and high forest cover, and significantly higher very fine organics in substrates than the medium and high forested sites. Macroinvertebrates were abundant in all streams, but communities reflected degraded conditions; noninsect groups, mostly oligochaetes and copepods, dominated density and oligochaetes and mollusks, mostly Sphaerium and Physella, dominated biomass. Of insects, dipterans, mostly Chironomidae, dominated density and dipterans and coleopterans were important contributors to biomass. Collector–gatherers dominated functional structure in all three intensively monitored sites, indicating that functional structure metrics may not be appropriate for assessing these systems. The intensively monitored site with lowest riparian forest cover had significantly greater macroinvertebrate density and biomass, but lowest insect density and biomass. Density and biomass of active collector–filterers (mostly Sphaerium) decreased with increasing riparian forest. Hilsenhoff scores from all 15 sites were significantly correlated with in‐stream habitat scores, percent riparian forest, and orthophosphate concentrations, and multiple regression indicated that in‐stream habitat was the primary factor influencing biotic integrity. Our results show that these “drainage ditches” harbor abundant macroinvertebrates that are typical of degraded conditions, but that they can reflect gradients of conditions in and around these streams.
Bioproduction of Ferric Sulfate Used during Heavy Metals Removal from Sewage Sludge
Authors: Drogui Patrick , Mercier Guy , Blais Jean‐François 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTToxic metals removal from wastewater sewage sludge can be achieved through microbial processes involving Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans The oxidation of ferrous ions by A. ferrooxidans, cultured in sewage sludge filtrate, was studied in both batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactors. Sewage sludge filtrate containing natural nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) was recovered as effluent following the dehydration of a primary and secondary sludge mixture. Batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactor tests demonstrated that A. ferrooxidans were able to grow and completely oxidize ferrous iron in a culture medium containing more than 80% (v v−1) sewage sludge filtrate with 10 g Fe(II) L−1 added. Toxic levels were reached when total organic carbon in the sewage sludge filtrate exceeded 250 mg L−1 The ferric iron solution produced in the sludge filtrate by A. ferrooxidans was used to solubilize heavy metals in primary and secondary sludge. The solubilization of Cu, Cr, and Zn yielded 71, 49, and 80%, respectively. This is comparable with the yield percentages obtained using a FeCl3 solution. The cost of treating wastewater sewage sludge by bioproducing a ferric ion solution from sewage sludge is three times less expensive than the conventional method requiring a commercial ferric chloride solution.
Management Strategy Impacts on Ammonia Volatilization from Swine Manure
Authors: Panetta Diane M. , Powers Wendy J. , Lorimor Jeffery C. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTAmmonia emitted from manure can have detrimental effects on health, environmental quality, and fertilizer value. The objective of this study was to measure the potential for reduction in ammonia volatilization from swine (Sus scrofa domestica) manure by temperature control, stirring, addition of nitrogen binder (Mohave yucca, Yucca schidigera Roezl ex Ortgies) or urease inhibitor [N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)], segregation of urine from feces, and pH modification. Swine manure [total solids (TS) = 7.6–11.2%, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) = 3.3–6.2 g/L, ammonium nitrogen ] was stored for 24, 48, 72, or 96 h in 2‐L polyvinyl chloride vessels. The manure was analyzed to determine pre‐ and post‐storage concentrations of TS and volatile solids (VS), TKN, and NH+4–N. The concentration of accumulated ammonia N in the vessel headspace (HSAN), post‐storage, was measured using grab sample tubes. Headspace NH3 concentrations were reduced 99.3% by segregation of urine from feces (P < 0.0001). Stirring and NBPT (152 μL/L) increased HSAN concentration (119 and 140%, respectively). Headspace NH3 concentration increased by 2.7 mg/m3 for every 1°C increase in temperature over 35°C. Slurry NH+4–N concentrations were reduced by segregation (78.3%) and acidification to pH 5.3 (9.4%), and increased with stirring (4.8%) and increasing temperature (0.06 g/L per 1°C increase in temperature over 35°C). Temperature control, urine–feces segregation, and acidification of swine manure are strategies with potential to reduce or slow NH+4–N formation and NH3 volatilization.
Persistence and Pathways of Testosterone Dissipation in Agricultural Soil
Authors: Lorenzen Angela , Chapman Ralph , Hendel John G. , Topp Edward 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTThe persistence and pathways of dissipation of testosterone in three agricultural soils were examined in laboratory microcosm incubations at different soil moistures (1.7–39%) and temperatures (4–30°C) using 14C‐ and 3H‐labeled and unlabeled testosterone. Sterilized loam was also examined to assess possible abiotic pathways. Extractable 14C decreased rapidly for all three soils at 30°C with times to dissipate 50% of material (DT50) ranging from 8.5 to 21 h. Respired 14CO2 accounted for approximately 50% of the applied 14C after 120 h. Androgenic activity of soil extracts declined faster than the extractable 14C levels demonstrating that testosterone was not being converted to compounds with greater activity. Dissipation rates of nonvolatile, extractable 3H in loam at 7, 15, and 39% moisture were similar, but the rate in air‐dried loam (1.7% moisture) was significantly reduced. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of extracts of 14C‐testosterone‐treated loam incubated at 30°C for 6 h revealed that the 14C was distributed among the remaining testosterone and three major metabolites (4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione, 5α‐androstane‐3,17‐dione, and 1,4‐androstadiene‐3,17‐dione), which accounted for 48.7, 23.7, and 9.6% of the remaining 14C, respectively. Periodic analysis of soil incubated at 23, 12, and 4°C showed that the rates of testosterone dissipation and metabolite appearance and subsequent dissipation were temperature dependent with rates decreasing with decreasing temperature. In sterilized loam, 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione was the only metabolite detected. We conclude that testosterone is rapidly and thoroughly biodegraded in agricultural soils under a range of conditions typical of a temperate growing season and thus is unlikely to pose a long‐term risk to adjacent aquatic environments.
Persistent Organic Pollutants in Source‐Separated Compost and Its Feedstock Materials—A Review of Field Studies
Authors: Brändli Rahel C. , Bucheli Thomas D. , Kupper Thomas , Furrer Reinhard , Stadelmann Franz X. , Tarradellas Joseph 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTComposting and the application of compost to the soil follow the principle of recycling and sustainability. Compost can also have a positive effect on physical, chemical, and biological soil parameters. However, little is known about the origin, concentration, and transformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in compost. We therefore compiled literature data on some priority POPs in compost and its main feedstock materials from more than 60 reports. Our data evaluation suggests the following findings. First, median concentrations of Σ 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Σ 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Σ 17 polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and ‐furans (PCDD/Fs) were higher in green waste (1803, 15.6 μg/kg dry wt., and 2.5 ng international toxicity equivalent [I‐TEQ]/kg dry wt.) than in organic household waste (635, 14.6 μg/kg dry wt., and 2.2 ng I‐TEQ/kg dry wt.) and kitchen waste (not available [NA], 14.9 μg/kg dry wt., 0.4 ng I‐TEQ/kg dry wt.). The POP concentrations in foliage were up to 12 times higher than in other feedstock materials. Second, in contrast, compost from organic household waste and green waste contained similar amounts of Σ 16 PAHs, Σ 6 PCBs, and Σ 17 PCDD/Fs (1915, 39.8 μg/kg dry wt., and 9.5 ng I‐TEQ/kg dry wt., and 1715, 30.6 μg/kg dry wt., and 8.5 ng I‐TEQ/kg dry wt., respectively). Third, concentrations of three‐ring PAHs were reduced during the composting process, whereas five‐ to six‐ring PAHs and Σ 6 PCBs increased by roughly a factor of two due to mass reduction during composting. Σ 17 PCDD/Fs had accumulated by up to a factor of 14. Fourth, urban feedstock and compost had higher POP concentrations than rural material. Fifth, the highest concentrations of POPs were usually observed in summer samples. Finally, median compost concentrations of POPs were greater by up to one order of magnitude than in arable soils, as the primary recipients of compost, but were well within the range of many urban soils. In conclusion, this work provides a basis for the further improvement of composting and for future risk assessments of compost application.
Dairy Farm Effluent Effects on Urine Patch Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Authors: Clough Tim J. , Kelliher Francis M. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTDairy farm effluent (DFE) comprises animal feces, urine, and wash‐down water collected at the milking shed. This is collected daily during the milking season and sprayed onto grazed dairy pastures. Urine patches in grazed pastures make a significant contribution to anthropogenic N2O emissions. The DFE could potentially mitigate N2O emissions by influencing the N2O to dinitrogen (N2) ratio, since it contains water‐soluble carbon (WSC). Alternatively, DFE may enhance N2O emissions from urine patches. The application of DFE may also provide a substrate for the production of CO2 in pasture soils. The effects of DFE on the CO2 and N2O emissions from urine patches are unknown. Thus a laboratory experiment was performed where repeated DFE applications were made to repacked soil cores. Dairy farm effluent was applied at 0, 7, or 14 d after urine deposition. The urine was applied once on Day 0. Urine contained 15N‐enriched urea. Measurements of N2O, N2, and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, soil pH, and soil inorganic N concentrations were made. After 43 d the DFE had not mitigated N2O fluxes from urine patches. A small increase in the N2O flux occurred from the urine‐treated soils where DFE was applied 1 wk after urine deposition. The amount of WSC applied in the DFE proved to be insignificant compared with the amount of soil C released as CO2 following urine application. The priming of soil C in urine patches has implications for the understanding of soil C processes in grazed pasture ecosystems and the budgeting of C within these ecosystems.
Green Roof Stormwater Retention
Authors: VanWoert Nicholaus D. , Rowe D. Bradley , Andresen Jeffrey A. , Rugh Clayton L. , Fernandez R. Thomas , Xiao Lan 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTUrban areas generate considerably more stormwater runoff than natural areas of the same size due to a greater percentage of impervious surfaces that impede water infiltration. Roof surfaces account for a large portion of this impervious cover. Establishing vegetation on rooftops, known as green roofs, is one method of recovering lost green space that can aid in mitigating stormwater runoff. Two studies were performed using several roof platforms to quantify the effects of various treatments on stormwater retention. The first study used three different roof surface treatments to quantify differences in stormwater retention of a standard commercial roof with gravel ballast, an extensive green roof system without vegetation, and a typical extensive green roof with vegetation. Overall, mean percent rainfall retention ranged from 48.7% (gravel) to 82.8% (vegetated). The second study tested the influence of roof slope (2 and 6.5%) and green roof media depth (2.5, 4.0, and 6.0 cm) on stormwater retention. For all combined rain events, platforms at 2% slope with a 4‐cm media depth had the greatest mean retention, 87%, although the difference from the other treatments was minimal. The combination of reduced slope and deeper media clearly reduced the total quantity of runoff. For both studies, vegetated green roof systems not only reduced the amount of stormwater runoff, they also extended its duration over a period of time beyond the actual rain event.
The Effect of Phosphogypsum on Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Cattle Manure Composting
Authors: Hao Xiying , Larney Francis J. , Chang Chi , Travis Greg R. , Nichol Connie K. , Bremer Eric 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACTPhosphogypsum (PG), a by‐product of the phosphate fertilizer industry, reduces N losses when added to composting livestock manure, but its impact on greenhouse gas emissions is unclear. The objective of this research was to assess the effects of PG addition on greenhouse gas emissions during cattle feedlot manure composting. Sand was used as a filler material for comparison. The seven treatments were PG10, PG20, PG30, S10, S20, and S30, representing the rate of PG or sand addition at 10, 20, or 30% of manure dry weight and a check treatment (no PG or sand) with three replications. The manure treatments were composted in open windrows and turned five times during a 134‐d period. Addition of PG significantly increased electrical conductivity (EC) and decreased pH in the final compost. Total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and mineral nitrogen contents in the final composted product were not affected by the addition of PG or sand. From 40 to 54% of initial TC was lost during composting, mostly as CO2, with CH4 accounting for <14%. The addition of PG significantly reduced CH4 emissions, which decreased exponentially with the compost total sulfur (TS) content. The emission of N2O accounted for <0.2% of initial TN in the manure, increasing as compost pH decreased from alkaline to near neutral. Based on the total greenhouse gas budget, PG addition reduced greenhouse gas emissions (CO2–C equivalent) during composting of livestock manure by at least 58%, primarily due to reduced CH4 emission.
Immobilized Co/Rh Heterobimetallic Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Pauson–Khand‐Type Reaction
Authors: Park Kang Hyun , Chung Young Keun 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCo/Rh heterobimetallic nanoparticles were prepared from cobalt‐rhodium carbonyl clusters [Co2Rh2(CO)12 and Co3Rh(CO)12] and immobilized on charcoal. HR‐TEM revealed that the size of the heterobimetallic nanoparticles was ca. 2 nm and ICP‐AES analysis showed a 2 : 2 and a 3 : 1 cobalt‐rhodium stoichiometry (Co2Rh2 and Co3Rh1) in the heterobimetallic nanoparticles. The Co/Rh heterobimetallic nanoparticles immobilized on charcoal were used as a catalyst in the Pauson–Khand‐type reaction under 1 atm of CO. The catalytic reactivity was highly dependent upon the ratio of Co : Rh with the highest reactivity being observed when the ratio was 2 : 2 (Co2Rh2). The Co2Rh2 immobilized catalyst is quite an effective catalyst for intra‐ and intermolecular Pauson–Khand‐type reactions. When the immobilized Co2Rh2 catalyst was used as a catalyst in the Pauson–Khand‐type reaction in the presence of an aldehyde instead of carbon monoxide, the catalytic system was highly efficient. When the reaction was carried out in the presence of chiral diphosphines, ee values up to 87% were observed. The catalytic system can be reused at least five times in the presence of chiral diphosphines without loss of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. The addition of Hg(0), a known heterogeneous catalyst poison, completely inhibits further catalysis. Thus, an environmentally friendly and sustainable process was developed.
Continuous Chirality Measure in Reaction Pathways of Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Handgraaf Jan‐Willem , Reek Joost N. H. , Bellarosa Luca , Zerbetto Francesco 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHere we report theoretical studies on the ruthenium‐catalyzed reduction of acetophenone (and 2‐hexanone) with the intent of understanding the relative roles of catalyst and substrate along the reaction path. Overall ten reaction pathways are examined. The first eight are for acetophenone: they arise from the presence of two catalysts, with the more enantioselective one labeled 1, and the poorer one labeled 2, multiplied by the two configurations that the metal center of the catalysts can assume, multiplied by the two approaches, Re‐ and Si‐side, of the substrate to the catalyst. Two pathways are examined for 2‐hexanone and entail the two approaches to the ketone of the more effective catalyst. Density functional theory calculations provide structures of the minima and transition states, which subsequently have been assessed with the “continuous chirality measure” model developed by Avnir and collaborators. The picture that emerges is that the asymmetric induction is due to the interplay between the organometallic system and the organic substrate. This is effective only for catalyst 1, which can interact effectively with acetophenone along only one in four of the reaction pathways, but not for 2 for which two out of four pathways are opened. For the hydrogenation of 2‐hexanone, the same catalyst 1 cannot produce enantiomeric excesses because the conformation of the substrate in the transition state induced by the catalyst has a relative low chirality.
Enantioenriched Calcium‐(R)‐5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′‐Octahydro‐BINOL (H8‐BINOL): An Efficient Catalyst for the Creation of a Quaternary Stereocenter#
Authors: Kumaraswamy G. , Jena Nivedita , Sastry M. N. V. , Padmaja M. , Markondaiah B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn efficient catalyst for the creation of a quaternary stereocenter has been developed utilizing easily available, eco‐friendly CaCl2 and applied for enantioselective carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions. Among the surveyed ligands, it was found that (R)‐5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′‐octahydro‐BINOL‐Ca (2f) gave maximum ee (72%) with excellent yields.
Iridium Complex‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes with Internal Alkynes via CH Activation of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Hirabayashi Tomotaka , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe cross‐dimerization of an electron‐rich terminal alkyne with an electron‐deficient internal alkyne was promoted by an iridium complex to produce a 1 : 1 adduct in high regio‐ and stereoselectivities. This reaction was extended to various combinations of terminal alkynes with internal alkynes such as alkynyl esters and alkynyl aldehydes. The selectivity of the reaction was found to markedly depend on the ligands used. When dppe was used as a ligand, the 1 : 2 cross‐cyclotrimerization reaction took place to form substituted benzene derivatives. A plausible reaction path was suggested based on a labeling experiment. This reaction provides a method for the production of complicated enynes which are difficult to be prepared by conventional methods.
Cu(acac)2 Immobilized in Ionic Liquids: A Recoverable and Reusable Catalytic System for Aza‐Michael Reactions
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Neeraja V. , Kavita B. , Neelima B. , Chaudhuri Mihir K. , Hussain Sahid 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCopper(II) acetylacetonate immobilized in ionic liquids efficiently catalyzes the aza‐Michael reaction of amines with α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds to produce the corresponding β‐amino carbonyl compounds with great alacrity in excellent yields. The reactions are far more facile than those reported earlier. The recovered ionic liquid phase containing the copper catalyst can be reused for several cycles with consistent activity.
Ligand Descriptor Analysis in Nickel‐Catalysed Hydrocyanation: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Burello Enrico , Marion Philippe , Galland Jean‐Christophe , Chamard Alex , Rothenberg Gadi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe problem of choosing the ‘right chelating ligand’ for a homogeneously catalysed reaction is outlined. A model is introduced that combines mechanistic information and ligand descriptors. This model is used together with automated synthesis tools to study the structure‐activity relationship in a diverse set of forty‐two ligands, and extract information on active regions in the catalyst space. The concept is demonstrated on nickel‐catalysed hydrocyanation, using bidentate phosphine and phosphite ligands. The charge at the ligating atoms, the rigidity of the molecules, the steric crowding around the Ni atom, and the bite angle are found to be the most important descriptors. A comparison is made with literature hydrocyanation data and approaches for designing new homogeneous catalysts are discussed.
A Mechanistic Study on Alcohol Oxidations with Oxygen Catalysed by TPAP‐Doped Ormosils in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Campestrini Sandro , Carraro Massimo , Ciriminna Rosaria , Pagliaro Mario , Tonellato Umberto 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe heterogeneous oxidation of various alcohols with oxygen catalysed by TPAP‐doped ormosils in scCO2 at 75 °C and 22.0 MPa has been studied in detail. Sol‐gel segregation of TPAP into the inner porosity of an organically modified silica (ormosil) xerogel along with the use of a reaction medium which does not dissolve the catalyst, prevents aggregation of oxidation‐inactive ruthenium derivatives without the need of chemical tethering. Thus, at least 140 TONs may be obtained in the oxidation of primary alcohols with the formation of aldehydes as sole reaction products. Investigation of the oxidation mechanism shows that the catalytic process exhibits a first‐order dependence on the amount of catalyst, a fractional order on the alcohol concentration and a negative order for oxygen pressures higher than 0.2 bar. Evidence is presented for an associative oxidation mechanism simultaneously involving TPAP, organic substrate and oxygen.
Click Chemistry: Copper Clusters Catalyse the Cycloaddition of Azides with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Pachón Laura Durán , van Maarseveen Jan H. , Rothenberg Gadi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAir‐stable copper nanoclusters are good catalysts in the Cu(I)‐catalysed “click” cycloaddition of azides with terminal alkynes to give 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles. No additional base or reducing agent is required. The reaction kinetics using various copper catalyst types and the function of copper particles in this system are studied and discussed.
Highly Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution. Synthesis of 3‐(2‐Aminobutylidene)‐ 4‐arylazetidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Cardillo Giuliana , Fabbroni Serena , Gentilucci Luca , Perciaccante Rossana , Tolomelli Alessandra 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed benzylamine attack to a particular allylic moiety, the 3‐alkenyl‐3‐bromoazetidin‐2‐one is herein reported. This reaction shows interesting mechanistic aspects and allows us to introduce in one step and under high regio‐ and stereocontrol the amino function in the C3 side chain of non‐conventional β‐lactams, thus offering the opportunity for designing new potential glutamine syntethase inhibitors, such as Tabtoxin analogues.