bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Bombesin and Cholecystokinin Receptors in Gastric Injury Induced by Hemorrhagic Shock in the Rat
Authors: Ünlüer Erol Erden , Denizbaşi Arzu , Özyazgan Sibel , Akkan Ahmet Gökhan 
Published: April 2003

Bombesin has been shown to have trophic effects on the gastrointestinal tissue. Bombesin has direct mitogenic effects besides stimulating release of gastric hormones. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bombesin in hemorrhagic shock-induced stress ulcers in rats, and the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors in this activity. Hemorrhagic shock was created by withdrawing 3 ml blood/200 g b.w. of rats. At the end of the 1-hour hypovolemic shock period, histological analysis, gastric ulcer index, gastric myeloperoxidase activity and gastric protein oxidation levels were determined. When given before the hemorrhage, subcutaneous bombesin (10 µg/kg) reduced macroscopically gastric ulcer index (p < 0.05). Blockade of CCK-A receptors with intraperitoneal MK-329 (1 mg/kg) did not reverse bombesin-induced gastroprotection. Blockade of CCK-B receptors with intraperitoneal L-365,260 (25 mg/kg) reversed bombesin-induced gastroprotection. Blockade of the two receptors resulted in no gastroprotection at all. It is concluded that bombesin treatment attenuated hemorrhagic shock-induced stress ulcers in rats via CCK receptors.
A Magnetic Stimulation Examination of Orthographic Neighborhood Effects in Visual Word Recognition
Authors: Lavidor Michal , Walsh Vincent 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
The split-fovea theory proposes that visual word recognition is mediated by the splitting of the foveal image, with letters to the left of fixation projected to the right hemisphere (RH) and letters to the right of fixation projected to the left hemisphere (LH). We applied repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left and right occipital cortex during a lexical decision task to investigate the extent to which word recognition processes could be accounted for according to the split-fovea theory. Unilateral rTMS significantly impaired lexical decision latencies to centrally presented words, supporting the suggestion that foveal representation of words is split between the cerebral hemispheres rather than bilateral. Behaviorally, we showed that words that have many orthographic neighbors sharing the same initial letters (“lead neighbors”) facilitated lexical decision more than words with few lead neighbors. This effect did not apply to end neighbors (orthographic neighbors sharing the same final letters). Crucially, rTMS over the RH impaired lead-, but not end-neighborhood facilitation. The results support the split-fovea theory, where the RH has primacy in representing lead neighbors of a written word.
Adult Brain Plasticity Elicited by Anomia Treatment
Authors: Cornelissen Katri , Laine Matti , Tarkiainen Antti , Järvensivu Tiina , Martin Nadine , Salmelin Riitta 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
We describe a study where a specific treatment method for word-finding difficulty (so-called contextual priming technique, which combines massive repetition priming with semantic priming) was applied with three chronic left hemisphere-damaged aphasics. Both before and after treatment, which focused on naming of a series of pictures, naming-related brain activity was measured by magnetoencephalography (MEG). Due to its excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution, we were able to track treatment-induced changes in cortical activity. All three subjects showed improved naming of the trained items. In all subjects, a single source area, located in the left inferior parietal lobe, close to the lesioned area, displayed statistically significant training-induced changes. This effect was of long latency as it started 300–600 msec after picture presentation. The change in activation was specific to training, as it could not be accounted for by variation of cortical dynamics associated with increased proportion of correct answers. Our interpretation is that the training effect reflects more effective phonological encoding and storage of the trained items through the engagement of a left hemispheric word-learning system. This is in line with recent functional imaging studies, which have linked left inferior parietal lobe activity to the phonological storage component of the verbal working memory, as well as with theoretical arguments stating that the primary role of the phonological loop is to acquire new words. Finally, the MEG results showed no evidence of increased right hemisphere participation following training, supporting the view that restoration of language-related networks in the damaged left hemisphere is crucial for anomia recovery.
A Novel Antiinflammatory Maintains Glucocorticoid Efficacy with Reduced Side Effects
Authors: Coghlan Michael J. , Jacobson Peer B. , Lane Ben , Nakane Masaki , Lin Chun Wei , Elmore Steven W. , Kym Philip R. , Luly Jay R. , Carter George W. , Turner Russell , Tyree Curtis M. , Hu Junlian , Elgort Marc , Rosen Jon , Miner Jeffrey N. 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are commonly used to treat inflammatory disease; unfortunately, the long-term use of these steroids leads to a large number of debilitating side effects. The antiinflammatory effects of GCs are a result of GC receptor (GR)-mediated inhibition of expression of proinflammatory genes as well as GR-mediated activation of antiinflammatory genes. Similarly, side effects are most likely due to both activated and repressed GR target genes in affected tissues. An as yet unachieved pharmaceutical goal is the development of a compound capable of separating detrimental side effects from antiinflammatory activity. We describe the discovery and characterization of AL-438, a GR ligand that exhibits an altered gene regulation profile, able to repress and activate only a subset of the genes normally regulated by GCs. When tested in vivo, AL-438 retains full antiinflammatory efficacy and potency comparable to steroids but its negative effects on bone metabolism and glucose control are reduced at equivalently antiinflammatory doses. The mechanism underlying this selective in vitro and in vivo activity may be the result of differential cofactor recruitment in response to ligand. AL-438 reduces the interaction between GR and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1, a cofactor critical for steroid-mediated glucose up-regulation, while maintaining normal interactions with GR-interacting protein 1. This compound serves as a prototype for a unique, nonsteroidal alternative to conventional GCs in treating inflammatory disease.
Factors relating to patients' reports about hospital care for coronary heart disease in England
Authors: Jenkinson Crispin , Coulter Angela , Bruster Steve , Chandola Tarani , Jones Phil 
Published: April 2003

Objectives: All health care providers in England are required to conduct surveys of their patients' experience of health care. Data from such surveys contribute to the 'star rating' performance indicators. However, there are concerns that these subjective measures may be influenced more by characteristics of patients than by true variations in the quality of care. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics and an index measure of patients' reported experience; to explore the extent to which patients' experiences may be accounted for by the particular National Health Service (NHS) trust they attended; and to assess how meaningful a summary index is in terms of its ability to discriminate between providers. Methods: Data from patients in the National Survey of National Health Service Patients treated for coronary heart disease in 194 NHS trusts. Patients were sent questionnaires after discharge, with a covering letter and a prepaid stamped addressed envelope. Up to two reminders were sent to non-responders. Multi-level linear regression models were used to estimate the extent to which patients' experiences differed between trusts and the association of demographic variables with the summary index. Results: In total, 116 872 patients were sent questionnaires, but 3399 proved to be ineligible for the survey. Responses were gained from 84 310 (74.3% of eligible respondents). Age and sex were most strongly associated with reported patients' experiences. However, the actual impact of age and sex on patients' experience is small, accounting for less than 3% of the variance. The proportion of the variance that was accounted for by the hospital trust in which patients were treated was only 5%. Conclusions: Demographic characteristics do not appear to account for differences between hospital trusts in patients' experience of health care. However, there is considerable variation in patients' experience within each provider. This would suggest that summary indices of patients' experience should not be used to rank providers, although detailed information from patient surveys have a useful role in determining priorities for quality improvement within individual hospitals and for assessing changes over time.
Action research: a way of researching or a way of managing?
Authors: Lilford Richard , Warren Rachel , Braunholtz David 
Published: April 2003

Scrutinising recent systematic reviews both on action research and on the management of change in organisations, we have made two observations which, we believe, clarify a rather amorphous literature. First, by comparing formal descriptions of each, action research cannot be clearly distinguished from many other change methodologies. This applies particularly to total quality management (TQM). Both action research and TQM are cyclical activities involving examination of existing processes, change, monitoring the apparent effects of the change and further change. Both emphasise active participation of stakeholders. The examples used to illustrate action research would serve equally well as examples of TQM and vice versa. Second, the methods used in action research are neither specific to action research nor are they of any particular kind. It therefore follows that action research, in so far as it purports to describe a unique or discrete form of research rather than a change process, is a misnomer. Based on these observations, we make two suggestions. Organisational change should be described in terms of the steps actually taken to effect change rather than in 'terms of art' which, like the various brands of post-Freudian psychotherapy, obscure what they have in common rather than illuminate substantive differences. And the research embedded in any cyclical managerial process can have two broad (non-exclusive) aims: to help local service managers to take the next step or to assist managers in other places and in future years to make decisions. These can be described as limited (formative) and general (summative) aims. Whether, or to what extent, a research finding is generalisable across place and time is a matter of judgement and turns on the form of the research and on its context; it is completely independent of whether or not the research was carried out within a cycle of managerial action currently described by terms such as action research or TQM.
Erhöhtes Krebsrisiko bei Störungen der inneren Uhr
Authors: Brennicke Axel 
Published: April 2003

AbstractInnere Uhren steuern unser Leben, ohne dass wir uns dessen bewusst werden. Der Wecker steht jeden Morgen auf 7 Uhr, aber wir wachen schon eine Minute vor 7 auf und hören die Schaltung leise einrasten: Unsere innere Uhr hat uns pünktlich geweckt. Jetzt berichten Wissenschaftler, dass bei Mäusen sogar die Anfälligkeit für Krebs durch die innere Uhr reguliert wird.
Aktuelle Informationen zum Drogenkonsum: Cannabis, Ecstasy, Heroin & Co.
Authors: Croissant Bernhard , Croissant Daniela , Mann Karl 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEine nicht zu unterschätzende Anzahl der deutschen Jugendlichen beginnt schon früh mit dem Konsum von Drogen: Vom 18. Lebensjahr an hat bereits mehr als ein Drittel aller Jugendlichen Drogenerfahrung. Die meisten späteren Konsumenten illegaler Drogen (84 Prozent) machen erste einschlägige Erfahrungen im Alter von 14 bis 19 Jahren. Das Abhängigkeitspotenzial psychotroper Substanzen ist sehr unterschiedlich. Nicht jede Substanz, die eine psychische Abhängigkeit hervorruft, bewirkt automatisch auch eine physische Abhängigkeit. Umgekehrt allerdings besteht bei physischer Abhängigkeit meistens eine psychische Abhängigkeit. Eine physische Abhängigkeit ist im Wesentlichen durch ein körperliches Entzugssyndrom gekennzeichnet, welches dazu führt, dass ein großes Verlangen besteht, diese Substanz erneut zu konsumieren. Bei einer psychischen Abhängigkeit empfindet die Person die Notwendigkeit, in bestimmten Abständen eine entsprechende Substanz zu konsumieren, um bestimmte angenehme Wirkungen zu erzielen oder unangenehme Empfindungen zu vermeiden, die beim Nachlassen der Substanzwirkung auftreten würden.
Johann Friedrich Miescher
Authors: Dahm Ralf 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAm 25. April 1953 veröffentlichte die Fachzeitschrift „Nature”︁ einen kurzen Aufsatz von zwei jungen Forschern aus Cambridge. In ihm beschrieben der amerikanische Biologe James Watson und der britische Physiker Francis Crick zum ersten Mal die korrekte Struktur der DNA. Entdeckt wurde die Erbsubstanz jedoch fast 100 Jahre vor der Entschlüsselung ihrer Struktur: Bereits im Jahr 1869 isolierte der junge Schweizer Mediziner Johann Friedrich Miescher in der ehemaligen Küche des Tübinger Schlosses die DNA.
Kieselalgenschalen — Spielerei oder Anpassung?
Authors: Hamm Christian 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDiatomeen (Kieselalgen) besitzen komplexe, meist sehr ästhetische Schalen aus Silikat, einem glasartigen Material. Es wird seit langem diskutiert, ob diese in zahlreichen Arten unterschiedlich ausgeprägten Strukturen eine bestimmte Funktion haben. Neue Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine günstige Kombination von Material und Struktur die Schalen so stabil macht, dass sie einen effektiven Schutz vor Fressfeinden bieten.
Mass equidistribution for Hecke eigenforms
Authors: Luo Wenzhi , Sarnak Peter 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this work, we study the mass equidistribution for holomorphic Hecke eigenforms and establish, by employing incomplete Poincaré series and the Petersson formula, sharp equidistribution results when the average is performed over intervals much shorter than before. A key feature is the analysis of the off‐diagonal terms that result from this shortening of intervals. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pseudoathetosis in a patient with leprosy
Authors: Misra Usha Kant , Kalita Jayantee , Mahadevan Anita , Shankar Susarla Krishna 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA 35‐year‐old man with borderline tuberculoid leprosy developed Type I lepra reaction 12 days after anti‐leprosy treatment. There was acute worsening of neuropathic symptoms and skin lesions. He developed severe sensory ataxia and pseudoathetosis resulting in marked disability. His symptoms significantly improved on corticosteroid therapy. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Dielectric properties of self‐catalytic interpenetrating polymer network based on modified bismaleimide and cyanate ester resins
Authors: Fan Jing , Hu Xiao , Yue Chee Yoon 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBismaleimide (BMI) resins with good thermal stability, fire resistance, low water absorption, and good retention of mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, especially in hot/wet environments, have attracted more attention in the electronic and aerospace industries. However, their relatively high dielectric constant limits their application in the aforementioned fields. In this work, a new promising approach is presented that consists of the formation of a self‐catalytic thermoset/thermoset interpenetrating polymer network. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on modified BMI resin (BMI/DBA) and cyanate ester (b10) were synthesized via prepolymerization followed by thermal curing. The self‐catalytic curing mechanism of BMI/DBA‐CE IPN resin systems was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The dielectric properties of the cured BMI/DBA‐CE IPN resin systems were evaluated by a dielectric analyzer and shown in dielectric properties‐temperature‐log frequency three‐dimensional plots. The effect of temperature and frequency on the dielectric constant of the cured BMI/DBA‐CE IPN resin systems is discussed. The composition effect on the dielectric constant of the cured IPN resin systems was analyzed on the basis of Maxwell's equation and rule of mixture. The obtained BMI/DBA‐CE IPN resin systems have the combined advantages of low dielectric constant and loss, high‐temperature resistance, and good processability, which have many applications in the microelectronic and aerospace industries. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1123–1134, 2003
High‐modulus, high‐strength, thick polypropylene monofilament production: Response surface analysis approach
Authors: Lim Jung Yul , Kim Sang Yong 
Published: April 2003

AbstractResponse surface analysis was used in optimizing spinning and drawing conditions for the production of a high‐modulus, high‐strength, thick polypropylene (PP) monofilament. Rotatable octagonal central composite design was adopted with two independent variables (take‐up velocity and draw ratio), and variations in the diameter, tensile modulus, and tenacity of the PP monofilament were observed. Quadratic response surface functions described the variations in those properties with quite high correlation coefficients. Canonical analysis combined with contour plots revealed the variation sensitivity: the diameter varied more markedly with the take‐up velocity, and the tensile modulus varied somewhat equally with the two variables, whereas the tenacity varied more markedly with the draw ratio. From such contour plots, the optimum processing conditions for desired properties were predicted without intensive structural analysis. Case studies showed that under the suggested processing conditions, the PP monofilament fulfilled the property requirements, such as a tensile modulus of 10.4 GPa and a tenacity of 672 MPa with a diameter still above 400 μm. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1175–1182, 2003
Macroscopic quantum behavior of superconducting quantum interference devices
Authors: Castellano M.G. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSuperconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) are made by a superconducting loop interrupted by one or more Josephson junctions. They are described in terms of a macroscopic variable, the magnetic flux, which shows quantum effects such as tunnelling through a potential barrier. Besides making up the source of a quantum state, SQUIDs also provide the instruments necessary for its probing: as a fact, SQUID based magnetometers have a sensitivity approaching the quantum limit. In this paper I will review the working principle of these devices and illustrate the system of SQUIDs realized in my group to test the quantum behavior at a macroscopic level.
A multiple beam interferometer for Bose‐Einstein condensates
Authors: Cataliotti F.S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe condense 87Rb atoms in the combined potential of an optical standing wave superimposed on a harmonic magnetic trap. By releasing the atoms from the combined trap we realise a multiple beam atom interferometer. The measured atomic interferogram provides information about macroscopic coherence throughout the sample. The atomic distribution is characterised by interference peaks. The time evolution of the peaks, their relative population, as well as their radial size are in agreement with the predictions of theory. By a perturbation of the magnetic trap we induce an oscillating atomic current related to coherent tunnelling of the Bose‐Einstein condensates through the optical barriers. The frequency and amplitude of the oscillations are in agreement with a model based on the Josephson current‐phase relations.
Experimental demonstration of quantum logic operations using linear optical elements
Authors: Franson J.D. , Jacobs B.C. , Pittman T.B. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractProbabilistic quantum logic operations can be implemented using linear optical elements, additional photons (ancilla), and post‐selection based on the results of measurements made on the ancilla photons. Here we describe the experimental demonstration of several quantum logic devices of that kind, including a quantum parity check and a destructive controlled‐NOT (CNOT) gate. An experimental demonstration of feed‐forward control for use in quantum logic operations is also reported. The implementation of a conventional CNOT gate using polarizing beam splitters is described, along with a new “high‐fidelity” approach in which the logic gates always produce an output.
Towards high‐fidelity two‐photon quantum communications
Authors: Kurizki G. , Petrosyan D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe propose two alternative scheme for highly efficient nonlinear interaction between weak optical fields. The first scheme is based on the attainment of electromagnetically induced transparency simultaneously for two fields via transitions between magnetically split F = 1 atomic sublevels, in the presence of two driving fields. The second scheme relies on simultaneous electromagnetically‐ and self‐induced transparencies of the two fields. Thereby, equal slow group velocities and giant cross‐phase modulation of the weak fields over long distances are achieved.
Frequency hopping in quantum interferometry
Authors: Mataloni P. , Giorgi G. , De Martini F. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe have realized the nonlinear frequency conversion of optical quantum superposition states in a new kind of Mach‐Zehnder interferometer which is terminated at two different frequencies. The information‐preserving character of the relevant unitary transformation represented by the nonlinear process has been experimentally demonstrated in the cases of input qubits and ebits. The theoretical expression of the quantum efficiency of the process is compared with the experimental results. Besides its own intrinsic fundamental interest, the new scheme is expected to find important applications in modern quantum information technology.
On Bell's theorem for N‐qubits
Authors: Żukowski M. , Brukner C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe present a single general Bell inequality that summarizes all possible Bell type constrains on the correlation function for the N‐particle system (i.e., it is a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of local realistic models for the correlation function). It is applicable in the case when measurements on each particle can be chosen between two arbitrary dichotomic observables. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for an arbitrary N‐qubit mixed state to violate this general Bell inequality.
Postnatal development of rat alpha‐ and beta‐adrenergic receptors: A comparison between tissues
Authors: Morris Margaret J. , Woodcock Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe rates of development of rat kidney α‐ and β‐adrenoceptors were compared with those of heart and lung adrenoceptors in the same animals by direct binding studies using [3H]WB4101 (α1), [3H]yohimbine (α2) and [125I]HYP (β). Kidney α1 and β‐adrenoceptors had reached adult concentrations 7 days after birth, while the α2‐adrenoceptor concentration plateaued at 21 days. Lung β‐adrenoceptor concentration was stable initially, then increased rapidly to adult levels by 18 days. In contrast, heart α1‐and β‐adrenoceptor concentrations were at mature levels at birth. In all tissues studied the increase in noradrenaline concentration was slower than the increases in adrenoceptor concentrations.