bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: A PHAL study in the rat
Authors: Canteras N. S. , Simerly R. B. , Swanson L. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe organization of axonal projections from the four recognized parts of the medial amygdalar nucleus (MEA) were characterized with the Phaesolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in male rats. The results indicate that the MEA consists of two major divisions, ventral and dorsal, and that the former may also consist of rostral and caudal regions. As a whole, the MEA generates centrifugal projections to several parts of the accessory and main olfactory sensory pathways, and projections to (a) several parts of the intrahippocampal circuit (ventrally); (b) the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, and bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) in the basal telencephaon; (c) many parts of the hypothalamus; (d) midline and medial parts of the thalamus; and (e) the periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, and midbrain raphé. The dorsal division of the MEA (the posterodorsal part) is characterized by projections to the principal nucleus of the BST, and to the anteroventral periventricular, medial, and central parts of the medial preoptic, and ventral premammillary hypothalamic nuclei. These hypothalamic nuclei project heavily to neuroendocrine and autonomic‐related parts of the hypothalamic periventricular zone. The ventral division of the MEA (the anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral parts) is characterized by dense projections to the transverse and interfascicular nuclei of the BST, and to the lateral part of the medial preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. However, dorsal regions of the ventral division provide rather dense inputs to the medial preoptic region and capsule of the ventromedial nucleus, whereas ventral regions of the ventral division preferentially innervate the anterior hypotha lamic, dorsomeclial, and ventral parts of the ventromedial nuclei. Functional evidence suggests that circuits associated with dorsal regions of the ventral division may deal with reproductive behavior, whereas circuits associated with ventral regions of the ventral division may deal preferentially with agonistic behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholecystokinin activates catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal medulla that innervate the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats
Authors: Rinaman L. , Hoffman G. E. , Dohanics J. , Le W. ‐W. , Stricker E. M. , Verbalis J. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractStimulation of gastric vagal afferents by systemic administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) inhibits gastric motility, reduces food intake, and stimulates pituitary secretion of oxytocin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in rats. To characterize further the central neurol circuits responsible for these effects, the present study used triple‐labeling immunocytochemical methods to determine whether or not exogenous CCK activates cFos expression in catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal medulla that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). To identify these neurons, the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) was iontophoresed into the PVN of anesthetized rats under stereotaxic guidance. After 2 weeks, rats were injected with CCK (100 μg/kg, i. p.) and then anesthetized and killed 1 hour later by perfusion fixation. Medullary sections were processed for triple immunocytochemical localization of cFos, retrogradely transported FG, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In rats with FG injections centered in the PVN (n = 10), approximately 70% of the FG‐labeled neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) expressed cFos. Of these activated PVN‐projecting neurons, approximately 78% in the NST and 89% in the VLM were catecholaminergic (TH positive). These results indicate that PVN‐projecting catecholaminergic neurons within the caudal medulla are activated by periph eral administration of CCK, further implicating these ascending catecholaminergic path ways in the neuroendocrine, physiological, and behavioral effects produced by gastric vagal stimulation. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Müller glial cells of the tree shrew retina
Authors: Reichenbach A. , Frömter C. , Engelmann R. , Wolburg H. , Kasper M. , Schnitzer J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe tree shrew is one of the few mammalian species whose retinae are strongly cone dominated, which is usually the case in reptilian and avian retinae. Müller cells of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) retina were studied by transmission electron microscopy of tissue sections and freeze‐fracture replicas, by immunolabeling of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in radial paraffin sections and in whole retinae, as well as by intracellular dye injection in slices of retinae. In addition, enzymatically isolated cells were stained by Pappenheim's panoptic staining method. The cells showed an ultrastructure that is similar to other mammalian Müller cells with two exceptions: Due to the extensive lateral fins of cone inner segments, the apical microvilli of Müller cells are arranged in peculiar palisades, and the basket‐like Müller cell sheaths around neuronal somata in both nuclear layers consist of unusual multilayered membrane lamellae. Unlike Müller cells in other mammalian species studied thus far, but similar to reptilian and avian Müller cells, those of tree shrews commonly have two or more vitread processes rather than one main trunk. Müller cell densities range between some 13,000 mm−2 in the periphery and about 20,000 mm−2 in the retinal center. Neuron:(Müller) glial cell ratios were estimated to be 7.9:1 in the center and 6.2:1 in the periphery. For each Müller cell, about 1.5 (cone) photoreceptor cells, four or five interneurons of the inner nuclear layer, and about one cell of the ganglion cell layer were counted. This is a much lower number of neurons per Müller cell than in most other mammals studied. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fos expression induced by changes in arterial pressure is localized in distinct, longitudinally organized columns of neurons in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray
Authors: Murphy A. Z. , Ennis M. , Rizvi T. A. , Behbehani M. M. , Shipley M. T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe distribution of neurons expressing Fos within the periaqueductal gray (FAG) following pharmacologically induced high or low blood pressure was examined to determine (1) if PAG neurons are responsive to changes in arterial pressure (AP) and (2) the relationship of these cells to the functionally defined hypertensive and hypotensive columns in PAG. Changes in AP differentially induced robust Fos expression in neurons confined to discrete, longitudinally organized columns within PAG. Increased AP produced extensive Fos‐like immunoreactivity within the lateral PAG, beginning at the level of the oculomotor nucleus. At the level of the dorsal raphe, Fos expression induced by increased AP shifted dorsally, into the dorsolateral division of PAG; this pattern of Fos labeling was maintained throughout the caudal one‐third of PAG. Double‐labeling for Fos and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase confirmed that Fos‐positive cells induced by increased AP were located in the dorsolateral division of PAG at these caudal levels. Fos positive cells were codistributed, but not colocalized, with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase‐positive cells. Decreased AP evoked a completely different pattern of Fos expression. Fos‐positive cells were predominantly located within the ventrolateral PAG region, extending from the level of the trochlear nucleus through the level of the caudal dorsal raphe. Double‐labeling studies for Fos and serotonin indicated that only 1–2 double‐labeled cells per section were present. Saline infusion resulted in very few Foslike immunoreactive cells, indicating that volume receptor activation does not account for Fos expression in PAG evoked by changes in AP. These results indicate that (1) substantial numbers of PAG neurons are excited by pharmacologically induced changes in AP and (2) excitatory barosensitive PAG neurons are anatomically segregated based on their responsiveness to a specific directional change in AP. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orthograde axonal transport studies of projections from the zona incerta and pretectum to the basilar pontine nuclei in the rat
Authors: Mihailoff Gregory A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study employed orthogradely transported axonal tracers to demonstrate, in the rat, projections that reach the basilar pontine nuclei from the zona incerta or pretectal nuclei. Except for the most rostral levels, all subdivisions of the zona incerta give rise to substantive basilar pontine projections. Although some topographic differences exist among the temination patterns of various subdivisions, no clear somatotopically organized scheme is apparent. Most incertopontine axons descend to the basilar pons in association with fibers of the medial lemniscus or crus cerebri and reach ipsilateral ventral and medial pontine gray regions. A sparse number of terminals are evident in the contralateral medial pontine gray. The anterior pretectal axons also descend with the medial lemniscus and crus cerebri to enter exclusively the ipsilateral basilar pons where they terminate most densely in ventral and medial regions. Dual orthograde labeling experiments indicate that some pretectal terminal fields in the pontine gray are shared with incertopontine projections and with afferents from the dorsal column nuclei. This potential convergence of basilar pontine afferent projections is significant in light of (1) the known somatosensory input to the zona incerta and pretectum and (2), the fractured somatotopy of peripheral cutaneous inputs that arrive in the cerebellar cortex via mossy fibers. The present studies also employed electron microscopy to identify synaptic boutons formed by incerto‐ and pretectopontine axons, and they proved to be remarkably similar. Each is a medium to small‐sized bouton that contains spheroidal synaptic vesicles and forms asymmetric membrane specializations. Most incerto‐ and pretectopontine boutons participate in glomerular synaptic complexes that include a single, centrally located bouton contacted on its perimeter by several types of dendritic profiles including shafts and spine‐like appendages. A relatively small number of labeled boutons of either type contacts single, isolated dendritic elements in the neuropil. Taken together, these findings suggest that some basilar pontine neurons might receive convergent inputs from the zona incerta and pretectum as well as other somatosensory related systems such as the dorsal column nuclei and sensorimotor cortex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of synaptogenesis in the inner plexiform layer of macaque monkey fovea
Authors: Crooks J. , Okada M. , Hendrickson A. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSynaptogenesis has been tracked by using quantitative electron microscopic methods in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the developing Macaca monkey fovea from fetal day (Fd) 55 to Fd132. Vesicle‐containing profiles were classified according to whether (1) they contained a ribbon indicating that they originated from a bipolar cell, or (2) the profile formed a junction. Group 2 was further subdivided by morphological characteristics into (2a) amacrine, (2b) bipolar, or (2c) unknown profiles. Ribbon‐containing bipolar profiles are clearly identifiable at Fd55 when they occur at a density of 0.9/100 μm2. Bipolar synapses increase rapidly to 4.7/100 μm2 by Fd88, similar to their density at Fd132. Identifiable amacrine profiles forming a junction are rare at Fd55–68. By Fd88, amacrine synaptic density has jumped to 6.7/100 μm2 and continues to increase to 9.5/100 μm2 at Fd132. These quantitative data strongly suggest that, at the Macaca fovea, bipolar synaptogenesis both begins and ends before amacrine synaptogenesis. The large number of immature amacrine synaptic profiles and densities at Fd132 suggests that amacrine synapses continue to form after Fd132. This study confirms that cone‐dominated monkey fovea has a different sequence of synaptogenesis than the rod‐ dominated peripheral retina (Nishimura and Rakic, [1985] J. Comp. Neurol 241:420–434). The data support the concept that synaptic developmental sequence is determined by the type of photoreceptor which dominates a particular retinal region or species.Bipolar ribbon synapses are observed in the outer half of the IPL at Fd55, are present in the inner IPL at Fd60, and then, with increasing age, are found throughout the IPL. This pattern strongly suggests that vertical OFF bipolar pathways form earlier than ON pathways in the IPL. In contrast, amacrine profiles are found throughout the IPL at the youngest ages, with an adult‐like banding pattern present by Fd132. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tempo of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the primate cingulate mesocortex: Comparison with the neocortex
Authors: Granger B. , Tekaia F. , Le Sourd A. M. , Rakic P. , Bourgeois J. ‐P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the neocortex, the onset of the rapid phase (phase 3) of synaptogenesis occurs after the end of neurogenesis. However, we still do not know whether or not these two developmental events are causally related. The present study compares the time‐course and tempo of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the anterior cingulate cortex (area 24 of Brodmann) and in the primary visual cortex (area 17) in a series of pre‐ and postnatal rhesus monkeys. Autoradiographic analysis of animals fetally injected with 3H‐thymidine showed that all neurons destined for area 24 are generated by embryonic day 70, which is 30 days earlier than in area 17. The rapid phase of synaptogenesis in area 24 starts during the third embryonic month and continues at the same rate through the remainder of gestation and the first 2 months after birth, as has been seen in neocortical areas examined previously. Statistical analysis of the linear portions of the rapid phase indicates that, although neurogenesis in area 24 is completed 1 month earlier than in area 17, the rapid phase of synaptogenesis occurs 41 days later. Moreover, the tempo of synaptic accretion was remarkably similar to that in motor, somatosensory, visual, or associational areas. All were grouped within the same time window of about 40 days, centered at birth. After the second postnatal month, synaptic density in area 24 remains at a high level until sexual maturity. This work shows that the rapid phase of synaptogenesis in the cingulate mesocortex is not linked temporally to the end of neurogenesis. We suggest that it is regulated by the same genetic or humoral factors that control synaptogenesis in the phylogenetically newer neocortical areas. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and distribution of microglial cells in the young and adult mouse cerebellum
Authors: Vela José Miguel , Dalmau Ishar , González Berta , Castellano Bernardo 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe morphology and distribution of microglial cells were studied in the normal cerebellum of young and adult mice using the histochemical demonstration of nucleoside diphosphatase as a specific microglial marker. Our results showed that microglial cells were present in all cerebellar lobules of both young and adult mice, but their distribution and morphology were not homogeneous throughout the cerebellum. Heterogeneity in microglial cell distribution was exclusively related to their location in the different histological layers, and no significant differences were found either between the different cerebellar lobules or between young and adult mice. Microglial density was higher in the cerebellar nuclei than in the cortex; within the cortex, the molecular layer was less densely populated by microglial cells than the granular layer and the white matter. The morphological study revealed that microglial cells were ramified in all cerebellar lobules of both young and adult mice but showed different sizes and ramification patterns as a function of their specific location in the different histological layers. Several typologies of microglial cells were described on the basis of observations in both horizontal and coronal sections. The specific layer‐related pattern of microglial distribution and morphology in mouse cerebellum strongly suggests a physical and functional adaptation of these cells to the characteristics of their microenvironment. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proportions and structure of contacting and non‐contacting varicosities in the perivascular plexus of the rat tail artery
Authors: Luff Susan E. , Young Simone B. , McLachlan Elspeth M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMost sympathetic postganglionic noradrenergic varicosities of the perivascular plexus of small muscular arteries in laboratory mammals make contact with the outer smcoth muscle cells of the media at neuromuscular junctions. These neurovascular junctions have most of the characteristics of those in skeletal muscle. In the rat tail artery, which bears a particularly dense perivascular plexus, many studies indicate that both purinergic and noradrenergic mechanisms underlie neurally mediated vasoconstriction. We have examined the relationship of large axonal varicosities to the smooth muscle surface of proximal parts of this vessel using three‐dimensional reconstructions from serial thin sections photographed in the electron microscope. Unlike in small arterioles, less than 50% of the large varicosities lying within 1 μm of the outer surface of this artery were found to make neuromuscular junctions. In some non‐contacting varicosities, accumulations of synaptic vesicles were aggregated toward axonal membrane which was bare of Schwann cell toward the vessel surface. Prejunctional membrane specializations were detected at 20% of contacting and 12% of non‐contacting varicosities. All of the latter lay close (< 350nm) to the smooth muscle. These anatomical data suggest that, in the rat tail artery, transmitter release by exocytosis may occur from both types of varicosity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping subcortical extrarelay afferents onto primary somatosensory and visual areas in cats
Authors: Minciacchi Diego , Granato Alberto , Antonini Antonella , Tassinari Giancarlo , Santarelli Marialaura , Zanolli Luciana , Macchi Giorgio 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProjections from the claustrum (Cl) and the thalamic anterior intralaminar nuclei (MN) to different representations within the primary somatosensory (S1) and visual (V1) areas were studied using the multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing technique. The injected cortical regions were identified electrophysiologically. Retrograde labeling in Cl reveals two different projection patterns. The first pattern is characterized by a clear topographic organization and is composed of two parts. The somatosensory Cl shows a dorsoventral progression of cells projecting to the hindpaw, forepaw, and face representations of S1. The visual Cl has cells projecting to the vertical meridian representation of V1 surrounded dorsally by neurons projecting to the representation of retinal periphery. A second pattern of Cl projections is composed of neurons that are distributed diffusely through the nucleus. In both somatosensory and visual sectors, these intermingle with the topographically projecting cells. Neurons retrogradely labeled from cortical injections are always present in the AIN. In the central medial nucleus, the segregation of modality is evident: The visual‐projecting sector is dorsal, and the somatosensory is ventral. Projections from the central lateral nucleus display detectable somatotopic and retinotopic organization: Individual regions are preferentially connected with specific representations of S1 or V1. In the paracentral nucleus, no clear regional preferences are detectable. Also performed were comparisons of the proportions of neurons projecting to different sensory representations. Projections to V1 from both AIN and Cl are biased towards the retinal periphery representation. S1 projection preference is for the forepaw representation in Cl and for the hindpaw in the AIN. The quantitative analysis of multiply labeled cells reveals that, compared to Cl, the AIN contains a higher proportion of neurons branching between different representations of S1 or V1. The concept of topographic vs. diffuse projecting systems is reviewed and discussed, and functional implications of quantitative analysis are considered. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An integrated cognitive–behavioural approach to the aetiology and treatment of violence
Authors: Timmerman Irma G. H. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this article a number of environmental and psychological variables that play an important role in the assessment and treatment of violent offenders are discussed. Several theories on the aetiology of deviant and criminal behaviour are presented, with a special emphasis on parental rearing styles, traumatic experiences, co‐current mental disorders and personality disorders. These theories are integrated in a model of the development of criminal behaviour. This holistic model may be useful in the assessment and treatment of offenders, since it offers theory based explanations for the development of violent behaviour in individual offenders. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A selective review of research on offenders with developmental disabilities: assessment and treatment
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Taylor John L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe process of deinstitutionalization has changed the nature of research on offenders with developmental disabilities, transferring the focus of enquiry from institutions to the community. As a result, there have been significant increases in the extent of research on assessment, treatment and service systems. This selective review focuses on anger and aggression, fire‐setting and inappropriate sexual behaviour to illustrate the way in which developments are beginning to support clinical work in the area. We now have a number of assessments to delineate psychological variables and there are also developments in the assessment of risk for future violence. Treat‐ment programmes are becoming increasingly sophisticated, relying increasingly on developments in cognitive techniques. Controlled trials indicate that treatment for anger and aggression may be effective in terms of both proximal and socially validated outcomes. There is a lack of controlled outcome research in other areas. More recent research comparing individuals in different levels of security may have impacts on services. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stalking—perceptions and attitudes amongst helping professions. An EU cross‐national comparison
Authors: Kamphuis Jan H. , Galeazzi Gian M. , De Fazio Laura , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Farnham Frank , Groenen Anne , James David , Vervaeke Geert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study examined recognition of and attitudes towards abnormal, persistent, unwanted attention, or stalking, in two professional groups closely involved in assisting the victims of this behaviour, i.e. police officers and general practitioners (GPs), in four European countries (Belgium, n = 185; UK, n = 118; Netherlands, n = 113; Italy, n = 100). Responses to standardized questions on systematically developed vignettes depicting various male‐on‐female stalking scenarios were examined in terms of responses to a questionnaire on stalking‐related attitudes. Hierarchical stepwise multiple regressions analyses revealed that country of citizenship, profession (GP or police officer), and in particular individual attitudinal variables made independent contributions in explaining stalking recognition and stalking perceptions. Clinical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.