bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Textual Problems in M of Genesis 1-11
Authors: Hendel Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is nothing new to suggest that M of Genesis is an imperfect text. The KettbQere system implemented by the Masoretes is a text-critical apparatus designed to improve the base text, probably reflecting some kind of collation of variant readings (see Tov 1992a: 58-63; Yeivin 1980: 52-61). The Talmud records a warning to scribes to beware graphic and auditory errors when copying biblical texts: A story about Rabbi Ishmael (ca. early second century C.E.) makes this case in more dramatic terms: “When I came to Rabbi Ishmael he said to me, ‘My son, what is your occupation?’ I said to him, ‘I am a copyist.’ He said to me, ‘My son, be careful in your work, for your work is heaven’s work; for should you omit one letter or add one letter, you will destroy the entire universe’” (B. ‘Erubin 13a). One can see that great care was taken in the transmission of the rabbinic-M text, but there remained a certain anxiety about the commission of scribal errors.
Popular Short Pilgrimages
Authors: Huber Toni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This verse, whose composition preceded the rise of popular pilgrimage to the mountain, permits something for everyone at Tsari. An elite of Tantric adepts converted the site for the practice of their esoteric style of ritual. But they, as Buddhists, also maintained a theory of the graded faculties and ritual status of personhood that took account of karmic condition and degrees of mental and physical cultivation and relative purity. Thus, they considered that all devout persons could benefit from visiting the mountain in their own ways. Advanced Tantric meditators might have been able to totally identify with the reality of the mountain as and the archetype deities in it, or at least enjoy the vision of its subtle and underlying representations as grand, divine palace, enormous crystal shrine, and so on. But the vast majority of” ordinary” (sokyewo) and “impure” (madakdro) persons whose faculties and status were held to be “lowest” (thama) experienced its manifest embodiment in the form of gross physical landscape features and substances, organic life forms and climatic systems. Not only were such persons believed to have lower grades of perceptual appreciation, ritual status, and purity, they also had to use correspondingly lower zones of space on the mountain ’s slopes, as I will show. Ordinary persons all knew some details of the alternative realities of the place and of its various representations. So, prepared with their narrative maps, they visited the site, constituting by far the largest proportion of practitioners in a ritual relationship with the mountain: peasant farmers and nomads, traders and criminals, nuns and monks, government officials, aristocrats, hunters, and so on.
Ritual and Ceremonial
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liturgical development within the main stream of Islam was completed early in its history, never to be renewed within J legal religion. Subsequent growth came through the Sufis. Their organized seances were entirely separate from ritual salat, but in the course of time, when Sufism was brought to the level of the average man, the very dhikr of the divine names was so vulgarized and associated with salat as an extra personal appendage, as to become despiritualized. The Sufis’ deeper devotions, however, were maintained in other ways as a separate expression.
Comparative Religion The Founding Fathers And The Theological Legacy
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is impossible not to conclude from reading Sharpe’s reliable account of the origins of the modern study of religion in his Comparative Religion: A History (1986) that the guiding concept lying behind the thought of almost all the founding fathers, and usually quite explicitly stated, is that of a transcendent intelligent Being who gives meaning and purpose to human history. There are several qualifications to make about this generalization. Sharpe himself emphasizes throughout his book the struggles of comparative religion to establish itself against the opposition of established Christianity and its doctrines of a unique, once and for all revelation acting as the sole guarantee of salvation. He also emphasizes the tradition of objective, disinterested historical and philological scholarship. Further, he indicates the important writers in the study of religion who tended to develop humanistic and non-theological theories of religion. These theorists included pioneering sociologists and anthropologists such as E. Tylor, J. G. Frazer, and Durkheim. I would further suggest here--though I cannot argue it in detail-that both the theological and the humanistic tendencies, in individualist and holistic forms, were to varying degrees implicit in Deism and German romantic philosophy, respectively.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of government, civil war, the execution of the king, the abolition of monarchy, and the establishment of a republic marked the period 1640-60 in English history. During these tumultuous years, the grip of the ruling elite was sufficiently loosened that radical ideas-political, social, economic, and religious-could be advocated openly and even acted out in England’s otherwise hierarchical and deferential society. Levellers, for example, urged the extension of the franchise; Diggers called for land reform and established agricultural communities on common land; and Fifth Monarchists expected the imminent return of King Jesus to rule with his saints on earth, and some were willing to take up arms to expedite that return. These two decades also witnessed the expansion of the Baptist sect and the rise of Seekers, Ranters, and Quakers. In 1652 the experiences of John Reeve and Lodowick Muggleton led to the beginning of yet another religious movement that eventually took the latter’s name and shared the radical end of the Protestant spectrum with these last four groups.
Religion in the Collapse of the American Union
Authors: Genovese Eugene D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I can fight your battles so long as you make the constitution your fortress,” Governor William L. Marcy of New York wrote John C. Calhoun. “But if you go to the Bible or make it a question of ethics, you must not expect me or any respectable member of the free states to be with you.” Marcy did not understand that the scriptural defense of slavery provided the moral foundation of the slaveholders ‘ worldview. And as for the southern slaveholders, so for their opponents. “As I view the contest,” an antislavery farmer wrote Abraham Lincoln, “it is no less than a contest for the advancement of the kingdom of Heaven or the kingdom of Satan.”
“Without Pilot or Compass”: Elite Women and Religion in the Civil War South
Authors: Faust Drew Gilpin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most notable and distinctive features of the Old South, we have long been told, was its overwhelmingly Protestant and, in particular, evangelical character. From Virginia to Texas, from soon after the Revolution to the Civil War, a shared religious orientation united the vast majority of blacks and whites, rich and poor, women and men into a single culture of belief and behavior. At a time when immigration, economic development, and expansion were introducing diversity and conflict into northern life and religion, the South clung both to traditional social forms and common religious orientation.
Religion and the American Civil War in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Wilson Charles Reagan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some three decades ago, historian David Potter wrote an article chiding historians for their failure to look at the American Civil War in comparative perspective. It was part of a broader pattern of parochialism, he observed, whereby historians in this country wrote about liberty without reference to the French Revolution and about antebellum reform without considering the ferment in Britain to end the slave trade and to aid industrial workers. Decades later, comparative history has made much progress, becoming part of a historiographical movement to look beyond American exceptionalism and place the national story in broader contexts.
Specifying Power:Sacramental Signification in Calvin’s Theology of the Eucharist
Authors: Elwood Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1541 a small theological work, written in French, came off the presses of the Genevan printer Michel du Bois with the title Petit traicte de la saincte Cene du nostre Seigneur Jesus Christ, or Short Treatise on the Holy Supper of our Lord Jesus Christ.1 The author was the pastor and teacher Jean Calvin, who would return to Geneva in September of that year to resume his duties in the city after a period of exile spent principally in Strasbourg. This was not Calvin’s first written treatment of the eucharist, but it marked the first occasion on which his attention was given over wholly to the topic. The treatise also stands as Calvin’s first attempt to give a comprehensive account of his sacramental position in the French language.2 The 1540s would see a number of productions from Calvin’s pen that would bear significantly on the formation of a consolidated position on the eucharist within the Reformed party in general and, more particularly, within that part of the movement that was making steady inroads in France. Among these writings, those written in the vernacular exerted the greatest influence on the French populace, since they were designed to appeal directly to lay readers who lacked any formal Latin or theological education. In addition to the Short Treatise on the Holy Supper, which would appear in at least four separate editions before the end of the decade, Calvin produced in 1541 his Institution de la religion chrestienne, a translation into French of his first revision of the Latin Institutio christianae religionis, or Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Basic concepts of Criminal law
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criminal law, according to George Fletcher, has become localized law in the sense that each country and, within the USA, each state has adopted its own set of criminal codes, conceptions of punishable behaviour, etc. In this book, Fletcher maintains that there is much greater unity among diverse systems of criminal justice than commonly realized, and that any adequate system of criminal law necessarily must address a set of universal, basic issues. He introduces and sets out the twelve concepts that shape and guide every system of criminal justice, knowledge of which is essential to understanding the structure of the law and its local and national variations.
Attempts versus Completed Offenses
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Murder, theft, rape, arson, robbery, and the other hard-core felonies leave damage in their wake. The decedent is killed; the property taken; the body violated. Crime consists in an attack against a tangible human interest. The crime succeeds when the goods of life, limb, property, and freedom fall hostage to hostile intentions. At the core of the criminal law, then, there lies a victim. One function of criminal proceedings is to address the victim’s sense of having suffered unjustly. The victim demands justice-both in seeing the criminal brought to account and even in seeing the offender suffer as the victim has suffered. But retribution is not the only function of punishment. Crimes also threaten the public interest in security. Accordingly, the state takes charge of prosecuting criminals. But the pursuit of justice in response to a crime eventually gives rise to a more basic question: Would it not make sense to intervene and prevent harm before it occurs? If the would-be offender is about to kill or rape, why not stop him at that point and convict him of the crime? Thus was born the idea of attempted crime.
“East Of The Sun And West Of The Moon”: Victorians and Fairy Brides
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Most Victorian Folklorists agreed that fairies were of both sexes, they were particularly drawn to the females of the elfin species. What is more surprising, at first glance, is their special interest in married fairy women-those wedded to mortal men. These fairy brides or swan maidens, as they were often called, were figures derived primarily from English and continental folklore rather than from romance or literary fairy tale (though they had been incorporated into these genres). Re peatedly analyzed in the works of the numerous amateur and professional folklorists who collected, chronicled, and studied materials about them, their personalities and behavior were endlessly fascinating to the Victorians. Moreover, it is not coincidental that the Victorian preoccupation with fairy brides reached its zenith in the 1880s and \Jos, when the debates on other issues pertaining to women-their right to keep their property in marriage and their right to separate from abusive mates (or even to divorce them)-were also escalating. The figure of the supernatural wife and the discussion of her rights and duties thus came to occupy an important and controversial place in the Victorian imagination.
Farewell To The Fairies
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fairies Have Been Leaving England since the fourteenth century—at least according to Chaucer’s Wife of Bath—but despite their perpetual farewells they had not completely vanished from Great Britain by the 1920s, and, some argue, they have not yet left. The spreading of the towns and the growing urbanization of former country people, the growth of standardized education and the elevation of science, the widespread materialism, the power of official religion, whether Roman Catholicism in Ireland, Presbyterianism in Scotland or Methodism in Wales, were all among the factors blamed for their demise. Paradoxically, however, it was their very prominence-their popularity especially after the turn of the century-that seems to have hastened their ostensible departure.
A Black Man in Jewface
Authors: Melnick Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his printed autobiography, the African American stride pianist Willie the Lion Smith outlines unflinchingly how musical materials circulated in New York during the 1910s and 1920s. Throughout this “as-told-to” memoir Smith relates how non-African Americans (usually Jews) appropriated musical styles developed by African Americans. Smith offers one anecdote in particular that provides a sharp accounting of the complex interactions between Jewish and African American musicians in the age of ragtime and jazz. He tells of a party he attended in 1924 (along with fellow piano players Fats Waller and James P. Johnson) that celebrated the debut of George Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue at Paul Whiteman’s famous Aeolian Hall concert.
Incognito Ergo Sum
Authors: Newton Adam Zachary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epigraph to this essay traces parallel lines from lineage to culture to exile to desire (for redemption), but the vantage point in Joyce’s most modernist of texts is purposely retrospect. With modernity added as a fifth element to Joyce’s cultural itinerary, and with American blacks and American Jews standing in for Hebrews and Gaels, the trajectories marked out by the five texts I discuss in this essay become visible. The Rise of David Levinsky, by Abraham Cahan; The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, by James Weldon Johnson; Passing, by Nella Larsen; and “Soap and Water” and “Children of Loneliness,” by Anzia Yezierska: each of these fictions offers a study in ethnic erasure and self-fashioning. In each, what classical poetics calls recognition—albeit amplified from plot lineaments to the thematic and the political—takes the form of that small mark either linking (hyphen) or subtracting (minus sign) “American” to and from ethnoracial identity-the sign that one’s people is inflected by modernity. Though the mark itself is actually visible only in the case of the Ex-Colored Man—it hyphenates his very name—it plays no less a constitutive role for the protagonists of the other fictions in as much as they ride or pass under its sign.
The Homeric Wars Through Shakespeare
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My object in this chapter is to examine how two great poets, in works composed some twenty-three centuries apart, address the humanitarian principles or norms of chivalry supposedly practiced in the Trojan wars. These wars are an established legend with some loose connection to conflicts estimated to have taken place between the fourteenth and twelfth centuries BC. The fall of Troy probably happened in the mid-thirteenth century BC and the Iliad was composed a long time thereafter.
Principle Under Stress
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I address Shakespeare’s discussion of how the principles of chivalry fare under the stress of factors such as necessity, reprisal, vengeance, anger and Staatsraison. I focus on mercy and quarter, treatment of women and oaths. Although I concentrate on the violations, I do not intend to imply that the rules were “[m]ore honoured in the breach than the observance” (Hamlet, I.iv.18). Actually, principles of chivalry were generally respected in medieval warfare. However, the violations, especially those on a large scale or with regard to prominent persons, the conflicts and the behaviour under pressure naturally attracted chroniclers, poets and dramatists.
Strangers within Their Borders: Esulalu Religion in the Era of French Expansion, 1800-1880
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first eighty years of the nineteenth century, the French expanded their activities in the Casamance from sporadic trading expeditions to permanent settlements, while gaining formal recognition of French sovereignty over the Diola townships. During this period, however, they did not attempt to establish the type of formal control expressed in taxation, forced labor, and land cessions typical of their activities in northern Senegal or seek to regulate the internal affairs of the Diola townships. Rather than French administrators, African Muslim and Lusa-African traders were the primary representatives of French expansion. These groups established a series of small villages throughout the region, including Esulalu.
Aitareya Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Aitareya Upanisad consists of chapters 4-6 of the second book of the Aitareya Āraiyaka, which has altogether five books. The Arai:iyaka itself is part of the Aitareya Brahmana belonging to the Aitareya school of the gveda. The distinction between the Upanisad proper and the rest of the Āraiyaka is somewhat artificial, there being little difference in the topics covered. Indeed, the third book explicitly calls itself Sarhita Upani!.,ad, and the second book contains speculations on the gvedic recitation, Uktha, a subject treated in several Upanisads. The native tradition itself considers the Aravyaka to contain three Upanisads: the first consists of chapters 1-3 of book 2; the second is our Upanisad; and the third consists of book 3. On the issue of the Upanisads contained in the AA, see Keith (1909, 39-52).
Mundaka Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mun.Qaka Upanisad does not form part of a larger Vedic text, although tradition ascribes it to the Atharvaveda. This ascription, however, should not be taken too seriously, because most later Upanisads that did not form part of any other vedic collection were, almost by default, ascribed to the Atharvaveda. The title “MUndaka” has been the subject of some discussion. It literally means “shaven” or “shaven-headed;’ On the basis of this title, some have suggested that the MuU was composed by and/or intended for shaven-headed ascetics. They have interpreted the “head-vow” (sirovrata) mentioned at the conclusion of the Upanisad as a reference to the shaving of the head and as another indication that the text was meant for ascetics. Although such an interpretation is plausible, especially in light of the MuU’s antiritual attitude and its use of the terms yat probably in the sense of ascetic (MuU 3.1.5; 3.2.6), and sarJznyiisa, in the sense of ascetic renunciation (MuU 3.2.6), I do not think it is certain. The text also uses the term mw:u;laka for “chapter,” clearly an unusual term.
Historical Pedagogy
Authors: Stevenson William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When combined with a strong identification by believers of God’s providential intention and design, Calvin’s third part of Christian freedom places those believers in an “indifferent” pose toward certain cultural “outward” things, thereby implying the possibility of real historical progress and even revolutionary change. On the other hand, however, this third part-freedom from the adiaphora-also, and as important, reminds believers of the indeterminacy, the ambiguity, even the apparent “contingency” (contingentia) (1.16.9, 210) of God’s providence. It reminds them that history unfolds not as their story but as God’s story. And God’s specific purposes and directions are not always manifest. The other side of freedom as indifference to cultural forms, therefore, tells believers that any particular culture or tradition, far from being idiosyncratic, signifies a clear and potentially crucial stage in God’s unfolding providential design. As much as Christian freedom emancipates believers from their cultural, historical contexts, it grounds them even more firmly in the workings of God by means of such contexts.
Neo-slave Narratives
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NeoSlave Narratives is a study in the political, social, and cultural content of a given literary form--the novel of slavery cast as a first-person slave narrative. After discerning the social and historical factors surrounding the first appearance of that literary form in the 1960s, NeoSlave Narratives explores the complex relationship between nostalgia and critique, while asking how African American intellectuals at different points between 1976 and 1990 remember and use the site of slavery to represent the crucial cultural debates that arose during the sixties.
Kingdoms in Crisis: Vindicating the promise
Authors: Schniedewind William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archaeological excavations and surveys have made it clear that Jerusalem underwent a rapid urbanization, which began in the late eighth century. These demographic changes catapulted Jerusalem from a small isolated city into a major urban center. Jerusalem’s rapid growth was tied to two influxes of refugees. First, in the late eighth century, a large number of refugees fled south in the wake of Assyrian campaigns against the northern kingdom of Israel. These refugees were largely responsible for at least a fourfold increase in the size of the walled city of Jerusalem in the late eighth century BCE. A second wave of refugees into the Jerusalem environs in the early seventh century BCE, following the campaign of Sennacherib against Judah, further expanded the size of Jerusalem itself, as well as the density of agricultural settlements in its immediate vicinity. Accompanying these rapid demographic changes was political centralization. In the words of Johannes Pedersen, “When the northern kingdom collapsed, Jerusalem became the pivot round which everything turned.” This insight begs for further elaboration.