bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrative Body–Mind–Spirit Approach to Enhance Women’s Well-being
Authors: Lee Mo Yee , Ng Siu-Man , Leung Pamela Pui Yu , Chan Cecilia Lai Wan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1980s, research on the effects of multiple roles on women’s health focused on the number of roles women engaged in. Within the context of two competing hypotheses, women’s psychological well-being may be increased by less life involvement, that is, the scarcity hypothesis, or increased by more life involvement, that is, the expansion hypothesis, (Froberg, Gjerdingen, & Preston, 1986). In later years, the direction of research on women’s multiple roles shifted to analyzing the effects of specific role combinations. Individuals tend to internalize the multiple roles they play and the statuses they occupy in their social networks; however, there are fewer psychological advantages of holding multiple roles for women than there are for men. Numerous studies have been done on examining the distressing aspects of enacting the specific primary roles of worker, wife, and mother. Among women, simultaneously attending to the demands of multiple roles showed immediate negative effects on their psychological well-being (Williams, Suls, Alliger, Learner, & Wan, 1991). This gender difference in distress may contribute to male–female differences in perception of the nature of work–parent conflict, attributions of responsibility for marital problems (Chan, Chan et al., 2001), feelings of guilt, and self-evaluation as parents and spouses (Simon, 1995).
Clinical Epidemiology
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s say that among your patients is a middle-aged man with intermittent claudication and that his symptoms have been increasing in severity over the last several years. His blood sugar level is normal, but he has a long history of cigarette smoking. The results of the physical examination are normal except for the absence of pulses in his legs. The systolic blood pressure measured in the dorsalis pedis artery is only 70% of that measured in the brachial artery.
Therapeutic Safety
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen the heavy reliance that is placed on results of randomized trials in evaluating the efficacy of a given therapy. Unfortunately, randomized trials cannot contribute as much to our understanding of the adverse effects associated with these same therapies. Randomized controlled trials usually are based on samples of several dozen to several thousand subjects. Some adverse effects that bear heavily on a therapy’s risk/benefit ratio are relatively uncommon and so may not occur in any one study. Even if certain adverse experiences do occur among the study subjects and differ in frequency between the treated and untreated groups, their frequency may be too low to exclude chance as an explanation.
Summarizing Evidence
Authors: Weiss Noel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s and 1990s, an era in which computerized access to the medical literature became widespread, the systematic review emerged in the medical literature. A systematic review is narrowly focused on a single question or related group of questions. For example, a systematic review might compare laparoscopic hernia repair with open repair in terms of complications, length of time before return to work, and recurrence (Memon et al., 2003). The authors of a systematic review attempt to find all or a clearly described part of the available evidence related to their study questions. They state their strategy for finding the evidence and summarize what they find in tables and text. Many systematic reviews use numerical methods to combine in a quantitative way evidence from relevant studies; this quantitative summary is called “meta-analysis.”
Implementing Best Practice and Expert Consensus Procedures
Authors: Corcoran Kevin , Vandiver Vikki L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based practice (EBP) reflects the continuum in the development of the scientific revolution. Prior to the scientific revolution, methods of answering questions were paramount to the accuracy of the answer (Dear, 2001). The scientific revolution, in contrast, improved the soundness of the methods in order to increase the likelihood of more accurate observations. Improved methods tended to provide more persuasive evidence.
Overview of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Rosenthal Richard N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the good old days clinicians defined best practices from the guild’s platform, and then the public tacitly accepted them. When the doctor ordered something, it was accepted as correct; if a specialist offered it, it was implicitly accepted as the best approach (Kramer & Glazer, 2001). Without detracting from the role of clinical experience and mentoring for the honing of clinical judgement in trainees, today’s Dr. Welby is faced with the unlikely proposition of having to read an estimated 19 articles a day in his or her field just to keep up with the advances in clinical research. As such, without higher-level strategies to organize and evaluate qualitatively the increasing torrent of information, the knowledge base of any clinician is likely to drift away from the center or be doomed to become ever more specialized and restricted over time. Although there is a clear place for individual expertise, it has become apparent that expert intuitions and opinions are not necessarily correspondent with the results of systematic reviews of high quality research. Even the most experienced clinicians need help from reliable studies and other sources of statistical data in order to complement their clinical experience with accurate estimates of benefit and harm (Donald, 2002). Given the rapid pace with which practice is evolving, “without current best evidence, practice risks becoming rapidly out of date, to the detriment of patients” (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, Haynes, & Richardson, 1996).
Evidence-Based Treatment for Traumatized and Abused Children
Authors: Munson Carlton E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic premise of this chapter is that intervention with traumatized children must have a developmental focus, using a scientific perspective that relies on evidence that is grounded in a therapeutic relationship. There have been few efforts to link the concepts of a developmental perspective, evidence, and the science of relationship in work with traumatized children. The research literature regarding child trauma is generally not presented or described in a way that is usable for the average practitioner. This chapter provides information that can assist in specifying and measuring relationship in ways that have not been systematically applied in the past and explains uses of evidence in work with traumatized children. This chapter uses a practical but comprehensive approach to child trauma treatment that can be easily understood and applied by practitioners.
Treating Juvenile Delinquents With Conduct Disorder, Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Springer David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Juvenile delinquents with externalizing disorders are a challenging, yet rewarding, population to treat. The externalizing disorders—namely, attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder (CD), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)—are some of the most common encountered by practitioners working with juvenile delinquents (Kazdin, 2002; Kronenberger & Meyer, 2001). In studies of community and clinic samples, a large percentage of youths with CD or ADHD (e.g., 45% to 70%) also met criteria for the other disorder (Fergusson, Horwood, & Lloyd, 1991), and comorbidity between CD and ODD, anxiety disorders, and depression is common as well (Kazdin, 2002). In a recent epidemiological study that examined psychiatric disorders in juvenile delinquents (Teplin, Abram, McClelland, Dulcan, & Mericle, 2002), the most common disorders were substance use disorders and disruptive behavior disorders (ODD and CD), with more than 40% of males and females meeting criteria for a disruptive behavior disorder. Accordingly, this chapter presents a case exemplar of treating a juvenile delinquent dually diagnosed with conduct disorder and alcohol abuse. First, it is important to highlight the difference between juvenile delinquency and CD. Many readers may be aware of the behaviors associated with a diagnosis of CD, such as aggressive behavior toward others, using a weapon, fire setting, cruelty to animals or persons, vandalism, lying, truancy, running away, and theft (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). The DSM-IV-TR allows for coding a client with one of two subtypes of CD: childhood-onset type (at least one criterion characteristic occurs prior to age 10) and adolescent-onset type (absence of any criteria prior to age 10). While an adolescent may be considered a “juvenile delinquent” after only one delinquent act, to warrant a diagnosis of CD, that same adolescent must be engaged over an extended period (at least 6 months) in a pattern of behavior that consistently violates the rights of others and societal norms. It is critical, therefore, that practitioners take painstaking care in their diagnostic assessments of conduct disorder, as both false positives and false negatives carry potentially serious consequences for both the offender and society (Springer, McNeece, & Arnold, 2003).
Epicurus’ Role in Controversies on Asceticism in European Religious History
Authors: Berner Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name of Epicurus has been known in European religious history predominantly as a symbol of hedonism-that is, of a non­ ascetic, if not anti-ascetic, way of life. In late antiquity already, pagan as well as Christian authors polemicized Epicurus and his hedonistic philosophy.1 His name was even used as an invective by some church fathers, in the context of polemics against heretics. For example, Jovinian, a critic of asceticism who was condemned as a heretic, was attacked as the “Epicurus of Christianity” by Jerome, the famous church father and proponent of asceticism.
The Caiva Devaluation of Pautta and Caina Asceticism in Precolonial Tamilakam
Authors: Schalk Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall consider certain Tamil religious terms. I intend to identify anti-Pautta (-Buddhist) and anti-Caiga (-Jain) sec­ tions with special regard to anti-ascetic statements from the tevaram,1 “garland of the god.”2 It is part of tirumu_rai, “holy order,” the canon of the Tamil Caivas (Saivas), which was finalized around the thirteenth century C.E. The Caivas have chosen the god Civag (Siva) as their main god. They constitute the dominant religious group in South India. There is also a strong minority of Vail’_lavas (Vai l’_lavas), who worship the god PerumaJ (Vi l’_lu). The present form of Caivam is a result of a formation of about 1,500 years in Tamilakam. Before Western colonization in the sixteenth century in premodern India, Tamilakam was comprised ofTamilnatu (Tamilnadu) and Kera!am (Kerala).
“The Epitome of the Ascetic Life”: The Controversy over Self-Mortification and Ritual Suicide as Ascetic Practices in East Asian Buddhism
Authors: Kleine Christoph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These practices are indeed striking, given that Buddhism is typically thought of as a religion of moderation that readily avoids all extremes. We should therefore briefly consider the attitude of early Buddhism towards self­ mutilation and ritual suicide and deal with the question of how this relates to the problem of asceticism.
“Gotami, Do Not Wish to Go from Home to Homelessness!”: Patterns of Objections to Female Asceticism in Theravada Buddhism
Authors: Husken Ute 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyzes criticism of female asceticism within the Theravada Buddhist tradition as it emerges from authori­tative Pāli texts and scholarly depictions of the contemporary attitude of male and female monastics and laypeople in Sri Lanka. Theravada Buddhism is conceived of as an uninterrupted religious tradition since the fifth century B.C.E., the time of the Buddha Gotama. 2 Since the Buddha Gotama's time, there has been a reported resistance against establishing a monastic institution for female Buddhists (bhikkhunisamlgha). This resistance is multivocal, and diverse arguments are brought forward. This chapter will inves­tigate whether a common pattern of criticism is discernible, whether a common basis of these patterns can be detected, and how these relate to the criticism of asceticism in general.
Early Buddhism, Asceticism, and the Politics of the Middle Way
Authors: Freiberger Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the various religious and ascetic groups of ancient India, the early Buddhist community is well known for its critical stance toward asceticism. While cultivating a certain “moderate” ascetic lifestyle themselves, early Buddhists are usually portrayed as being critical toward the severe ascetic practices of contemporary groups. This critical view is particularly manifested in the doctrine of the Middle Way, which describes the way between the “extremes” of indulging in sensual pleasures and of practicing severe asceticism. As a major issue of the Buddha’s first dharma talk, this concept can be considered a core doctrine of early Buddhism.
The Monte Carlo method
Authors: Metropolis N , Ulam S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper Metropolis and Ulam gave a brief introduction to “the Monte Carlo method” which is described as a statistical approach to the study of differential equations as applied by Metropolis, Ulam, Fermi, von Neumann, Feynman, and others at the Los Alamos Laboratory in the 1940s.0 Several examples of applications of Monte Carlo calculations are given. These include predicting the probability of winning at the game of solitaire, calculating the volume of an irregular region in high-dimensional space, and solving the Fokker-Planck equation for diffusion and multiplication of nuclear particles. The paper is completed with the first published description of the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method, which is attributed to a suggestion by Fermi. In their words, “... the time-independent Schrödinger equation could be studied as follows. Re-introduce time dependence by considering This last equation can be interpreted however as describing the behavior of a system of particles each of which performs a random walk, i.e., diffuses isotropically and at the same time is subject to multiplication, which is determined by the point value of V.” The authors then indicate that the procedure gives the wavefunction corresponding to the lowest eigenvalue E.
Monte Carlo calculations of the ground state of three- and four-body nuclei
Authors: Kalos M H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper Kalos proposed what is now known as the Green’s function quantum Monte Carlo (GFQMC) method for solving the Schrödinger equation. Kalos made the “critical” observation that the time-independent Schrödinger equation could be transformed into an integral equation for which the Green’s function is known if the boundary conditions correspond to the wavefunction vanishing at infinity. In a 3n-dimensional space R the integral form is (modified here) an equation which may be simulated by a random walk process in which particles at positions R’ are altered in weight by the V / E term and moved to new positions R obtained by sampling the Green’s function G(R’,R). As for simple diffusion, repetition leads to a distribution of particles corresponding to the lowest-energy wavefunction from which the energy E may be determined. Since time is not involved, there is no time-step error associated with the procedure. The term V / E must remain positive if mixed signs for particle weights are to be avoideda. Kalos examined the utility of the method in determining the boson ground-state energies for several three- and four-body nuclear problems involving pairwise-additive interactions with square, Gaussian, and exponential wells. The errors in the computed binding energies were estimated to be about 1%.
Helium at zero temperature with hard-sphere and other forces
Authors: Kalos M H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In using the Green’s function QMC method for calculations of hard-sphere systems one encounters the problem of multiplying the weight of a walker by the term V / E or (potential energy)/ (energy) when two spheres overlap and the potential energy is infinity. The authors of this paper note that this is “the only - but very great - complication in the Green’s function,” and they were able to devise a sampling method using subdomains to overcome the problem. Calculations were carried out for 256 particles in three-dimensional boxes of several sizes. Periodic boundary conditions were imposed by replacing exiting walkers at the opposite sides of the boxes. Importance sampling was used to aid in controlling the weights of walkers, as with a drift term in diffusion QMC, and in evaluating the energies. The trial function for importance sampling was a simple product of terms for all particle-particle distances. Both fluids and fee crystals were treated at several particle densities. The Green’s function calculations produced energies slightly but significantly lower than those of corresponding variational QMC calculations. The treatment for hard spheres was extended to Lennard-Jones 6-12 particles simulating helium atoms with use of a perturbation approach. The energies calculated in this way gave reasonable agreement with experimental values except at high densities.
Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the energy of the relativistic homogeneous electron gas
Authors: Kenny S D , Rajagopal G , Needs r. J , Leung W -K , Godfrey M J , Williamson A J , Foulkes W M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several earlier QMC calculations0,b had been successful in predicting the energy of the homogeneous electron gas. This paper extended the earlier work to include relativistic effects with use of first-order perturbation theory for a wide range of densities. The required perturbation expression was derived in the 1950s. It consists of four terms known as the mass-velocity, Darwin, contact, and retardation terms. The small perturbative correction to the nonrelativistic energy is given by the sum of the expectation values of the individual terms The wavefunctions were obtained from variational and fixed-node diffusion calculations. The system was treated as a face-centered cubic simulation cell with periodic boundary conditions, containing up to 338 electrons for the variational and 178 electrons for the diffusion calculations. The trial functions 1/JT were composed of Slater determinants of plane waves, along with Jastrow factors. The required integrals based on ff were accumulated with Metropolis sampling, and those based on J1/}T were accumulated with importance-sampling diffusion simulations. Values based on lp2 were obtained by extrapolation The mass-velocity term was found to dominate at high densities and to agree with Hartree-Fock results. At lower densities the mass-velocity term from QMC was a factor of three larger than for HF, but the retardation term was dominant and much larger than predicted by HF. Overall, the results show clearly the importance of correlation, even for relativistic effects.
Characterization of a cage form of the water hexamer
Authors: Liu K , Brown M G , Carter C , Saykally R J , Gregory J K , Clary D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper received attention in the news of 1996 for providing, at least in part, an answer to the question, “How many molecules of H20 are required to make a drop of water?” It reports an experimental investigation of the spectroscopy of the water hexamer and companion QMC calculations indicating the structure of the hexamer is cage-like. Since the trimer, tetramer, and pentamer are most likely cyclic in structure, the three-dimensional cage-like cluster of the hexamer would qualify it as the smallest possible drop. The structure of the hexamer was investigated with terahertz laser vibration-rotation spectroscopy, which established the cluster size and vibration-rotation splittings consistent with a cage structure held together with eight hydrogen bonds, in agreement with the QMC calculations. These were carried out in diffusion QMC to determine the vibrationally averaged ground-state rotational constants for the five lowest-energy potential energy minima for the hexamer. Since these involved 30 strongly coupled degrees of freedom, diffusion QMC was the method of choice. The results showed that although a prism structure has the lowest potential energy minimum, the cage structure is slightly more stable due to a lower zero-point energy. Vibrational averaging has a large effect on the moments of inertia (and therefore the rotational constants) for the cage, and it brings them into good agreement with the experimental values for these small “drops” of water.
Structure and energetics of small helium clusters: Quantum simulations using a recent perturbational pair potential
Authors: Lewerenz M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small helium clusters Hen (n = 2, 3, ... , 10) in molecular beams produced by supersonic expansion of gaseous helium have been observed in several different experiments. Among these clusters the dimer, which has a single very slightly bound state, and the trimer, which could have many bound states, have especially unusual properties which QMC calculations can explain in detail. In this paper, diffusion QMC calculations were used to determine ground state properties for clusters (n = 2, ... , 10) using two accurate, but slightly different pairwise-additive potential energy expressions, a perturbation-based potential by Tang et al.a and an empirical potential (HFD-B) proposed by Aziz et al.b Trial functions for importance sampling were based on those determined earlier by Rick et alc. Expectation values and probability distributions were determined by the descendent-weighting technique to give results independent of the trial functions. As expected, a single bound state of the dimer was found, and its average internuclear distance was predicted to be 51.5 A. Energies for clusters with n = 2, 7 with the HFD-B potential were in good agreement with those of earlier calculations. Comparisons of the results for the two different potential energy expressions showed energies differing by a few percent. Tests of possible nonadditive interactions showed these to be far less important in their effects on predicted energies.
Quantum chemistry by random walk. H2
P, ,H3
+
D3h
1A’1 H2
3Σu
+, H4
1Σg, Be1S
Authors: Anderson J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Applications of a fixed-node method for treating the node problem for excited states and for many-electron ground states were explored in this study. For cases of several particles in wells of one dimension and for the helium atom, the excited atom H2 P, the excited molecule H2 3Σu the many-electron system linear H4 1Σg +, and the atom Be1S, it was shown that the antisymmetry requirements of the Pauli principle could be satisfied by the imposition of boundary conditions on the wavefunction. In the case of H2 3Σu +, the six-dimensional electron configuration space is divided into two regions, one positive and one negative, separated by a single nodal surface. In a fixed-node diffusion calculation these nodes or boundaries act as sinks for walkers. The calculations are variational in nature, yielding (in the absence of any other errors) the exact energy for an exact specification of the nodal surface, and an energy higher than exact for an inexact nodal surface. For the several systems examined the energies so calculated were found to be within their statistical errors of the best estimates of the energies for these systems. The paper also reported several extensions to reduce the error associated with finite time-steps and with possible node crossing and recrossing.