bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative expansion of structural genomic alterations in the spectrum of neuroendocrine lung carcinomas
Authors: Gugger Mathias , Burckhardt Elisabeth , Kappeler Andreas , Hirsiger Hans , Laissue Jean A. , Mazzucchelli Luca 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe pathogenesis and interrelationships of neuroendocrine lung carcinomas are not well understood. Tissue macro‐arrays prepared from surgical resection specimens from 35 patients with typical carcinoid (TC), six with atypical carcinoid (AC), 13 with large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and 15 with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry. Hybridizations with locus‐specific DNA probes demonstrated a high incidence of deletion for the tumour suppressor genes p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb), and for the oncogene cyclin D1, comparable in all carcinoma types. Similarly, an increase of DNA copy number for the Her‐2/neu and c‐myc oncogenes was noted in all neoplasms. A more detailed quantitative analysis of the results, however, demonstrated increasing numbers of cells harbouring these genomic alterations, from low‐grade TC to highly malignant SCLC, with the exception of cyclin D1 deletion. Mutations of the p53 and Rb genes, as assayed by immunohistochemical studies, were observed at high incidence in high‐grade carcinomas, compared with a low incidence in the low‐grade carcinomas. Conversely, in all carcinoma types, neither membrane‐bound Her‐2/neu nor nuclear cyclin D1 was detected. It is concluded that structural genomic alterations are frequent in neuroendocrine lung carcinomas and that their occurrence may be underestimated by immunohistochemical studies alone. The quantitative expansion of the Rb, p53, c‐myc, and Her‐2/neu alterations towards high‐grade carcinomas suggests common pathogenetic mechanisms in the spectrum of these neoplasms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression and regulation of collagenase‐2 (MMP‐8) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Moilanen M. , Pirilä E. , Grénman R. , Sorsa T. , Salo T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMMP‐8 (collagenase‐2) is the most effective collagenase to initiate type I collagen degradation. Since initiation of lysis of the surrounding collagen matrix is an essential prerequisite for carcinoma cells to spread, this study investigated the expression of MMP‐8 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck in vivo and in vitro. Most of the recently established head and neck carcinoma cell lines (22/25), corresponding tumour (5/7) and dermal (2/2) fibroblasts, commercial tongue carcinoma (HSC‐3 and SCC‐25), and transformed keratinocyte cell lines of the tongue (IHGK) and skin (HaCaT) expressed MMP‐8 mRNA analysed by the PCR method. Western blotting revealed a latent 50 kD band in concentrated culture media of carcinoma cells and corresponding tumour and dermal fibroblasts. The expression of immunoreactive MMP‐8 protein was reduced 30% by transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGF‐β1) at 1 ng/ml concentration and 60% at 10 ng/ml concentration, but up‐regulated 2‐ and 2.5‐fold after 10 nM and 100 nM phorbol 12‐myristate 13 acetate (PMA), respectively. Immunohistological staining localized MMP‐8 protein in a few malignant invading tumour cell islands, certain fibroblasts, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and plasma cells. In situ hybridization revealed a faint sporadic signal in carcinoma cells of all eight tissue sections analysed. It is concluded that tissue from head and neck carcinomas can express MMP‐8 both in vivo and in vitro. Since the amount of MMP‐8 in carcinoma and stromal cells is rather low, MMP‐8 may have a potential role, with other collagenases, in the proteolysis of connective tissue associated with the spreading of invasive carcinoma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) with features of the tibia‐metacarpal type and maternal phenytoin treatment during pregnancy
Authors: Wester U. , Brandberg G. , Larsson M. , Lönnerholm T. , Annerén G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe a 2‐year‐old boy with chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP). The boy was exposed to phenytoin, in combination with carbamazepine, during pregnancy. There has been previous evidence for a connection between phenytoin exposure during pregnancy and chondrodysplasia punctata. The boy had clinical and some radiological characteristic features of CDP, of the tibia‐metacarpal type. We know of no other report on a child exposed to phenytoin during pregnancy who developed CDP of this type. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell diseases using oligonucleotide ligation assay coupled with laser‐induced capillary fluorescence detection
Authors: Day Nancy S. , Tadin Marija , Christiano Angela M. , Lanzano Patricia , Piomelli Sergio , Brown Stephen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrenatal diagnosis of sickle cell diseases has been available for several years, and our laboratory has performed over 1000 prenatal diagnoses. However, currently available techniques are labor‐intensive and time‐consuming, and thus the diagnosis is delayed, making the mother's decision difficult. We describe a rapid, high‐throughput technique based on the ligation assay coupled with automated capillary fluorescence detection. This new approach allows the diagnosis of both Hgb S and Hgb C to be available in a few hours. We have utilized this technique in 30 prenatal diagnoses and found it to be in complete agreement with the standard diagnoses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison and integration of first trimester fetal nuchal translucency and second trimester maternal serum screening for fetal Down syndrome
Authors: Hang Lam Yung , Peng Lee Chin , Yuen Sin Sai , Tang Rebecca , Soo Wong Hong , Fun Wong Sai , Yee Tak Fong Danial , Hoi Yin Tang Mary , Hai Nin Woo Hennie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundIt is uncertain whether first trimester nuchal translucency (NT) is more effective than the well‐established second trimester serum screening for fetal Down syndrome or whether their combination works best. We report data from a large multicentre non‐interventional trial in which all subjects underwent both first and second trimester screening.MethodsAll women who attended the obstetric clinic before 15 weeks' gestation were recruited. An ultrasound examination was performed at 10 to 14 weeks to measure the NT. The nuchal measurements were not acted upon unless the fetus showed gross features of hydrops fetalis. All women had serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) assay at 15 to 20 weeks. The Down syndrome risk assigned by serum screening was disclosed and amniocentesis was offered if this assigned risk was ⩾1:250 or if the women were 35 years and older. The efficacy of different combinations of screening markers was compared.ResultsBetween January 1997 and August 2000, 17 590 women were recruited (19% ⩾35 years old). After excluding subjects who miscarried, defaulted the serum test and other reasons, 16 237 pregnancies were analysed. Of these, 35 pregnancies were affected by Down syndrome (2.2 cases per 1000 pregnancies). At a false‐positive rate of 5%, the detection rate of Down syndrome by NT alone, NT and age, serum hCG, AFP and age, and NT, hCG, AFP and age were 61%, 69%, 73% and 86%, respectively.ConclusionIntegration of NT and second trimester serum AFP and hCG assay yielded the best screening efficacy for Down syndrome. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis in consanguineous parents revealed by ultrasound prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Rousseau Thierry , Laurent Nicole , Durand Christine , Maingueneau Catherine , Cormier‐Daire Valérie , Sagot Paul , Faivre Laurence , Nivelon‐Chevallier Annie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report here the fourth case of hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis (HFD). The diagnosis was made at birth on the association of severe retrognathia, microstomia, severe hypoglossia with glossoptosis, persistent buccopharyngeal membrane, median cleft palate, bifid uvula, down‐slanting palpebral fissures, short nose with anteverted nares, laryngeal hypoplasia, and low‐set ears. A severe microstomia and micrognathia were detected by ultrasound at 31 weeks of gestation. Interestingly, even though the present case exhibits many facial dysmorphic features characteristic of HFD, craniosynostosis was absent. This report suggests that craniosynostosis is not mandatory for the diagnosis of this condition. Furthermore, we present a new argument for an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance for HFD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The importance of validating the diagnosis of coronary heart disease when measuring secondary prevention: a cross‐sectional study in general practice
Authors: Connolly Paul , Cupples Margaret E. , Cuene‐Grandidier Hazel , Johnston Dennis , Passmore Peter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo compare levels of recorded risk factors and drug treatment between patients with validated and non‐validated diagnoses of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Northern Ireland.MethodsPatients with a nitrate prescription in the previous year or a CHD Read code were identified from computer records of 25 practices, stratified by partnership size and area board. Computer and paper records of a random sample of 10% of these were searched for specified criteria to validate the diagnosis of CHD. The diagnosis was considered valid if the patient was found to have one or more positive investigations for CHD. Records of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, body mass index and drugs prescribed were taken into account.ResultsThe combined practice population was 151 071; 7338 (4.86%) were identified by the computer search as meeting the defined entry criteria for CHD. Among the 10% random sample the diagnosis of CHD could not be validated for 36.5% (265/727). Significantly more patients with a validated than non‐validated diagnosis had recorded cholesterol levels below 5.0 mmol/l (55.8 vs. 34.5%, p < 0.001) and were prescribed aspirin (75.3 vs. 40.8%, p < 0.001), beta‐blockers (51.5 vs. 28.3%, p < 0.001), angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitors (29.2 vs. 15.5%, p < 0.001) and lipid‐lowering drugs (50.9 vs. 23.0%, p < 0.001). A recent nitrate prescription had a higher predictive value for validated CHD than a Read code for CHD alone (71.2 vs. 53.1%, p < 0.001). No other significant differences were found between the two groups regarding the extent or levels of recorded risk factors.ConclusionsPatients with a validated diagnosis of CHD appear to be better managed than those whose diagnosis has not been confirmed. Validation of diagnosis has important implications for assessing the provision of secondary prevention and for clinical governance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient variables associated with expectations for prescriptions and general practitioners' prescribing behaviour: an observational study
Authors: von Ferber Liselotte , Köster Ingrid , Prüss Ulrike 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo determine patients' needs and expectations for prescriptions as a function of demographic and illness‐associated variables versus outcome of consultation.DesignQuestionnaire study consisting of patient interview before and after consultation with general practitioner.SettingA total of 618 consecutive patients in the waiting room of nine general practices in Germany (Hesse).Main outcome measuresPatient needs and expectations for prescriptions and agreement between expected outcome and prescriptions received.ResultsAs their top priority for consultation (33% of group), patients expected to receive information about their illness. Their needs for prescriptions (26%) and expectations of receiving them (41%) were clearly lower than physician prescribing (56%). Marked interpatient differences emerged with regard to need/expectation for medication according to age, minor versus chronic illness, duration of treatment, and first‐time attendance, but this was not reflected in how often physicians prescribed. A total of 85% of patients expecting a prescription received one; 44% not expressing a need for medication were issued one. Although only 4% of patients would want a drug with questionable effectiveness, doctors wrote such prescriptions to no less than 21% of patients—and especially to those with minor, newly arisen ailments (33%). Nevertheless, patient satisfaction with their visit was very high (98%).ConclusionsIn Germany, patient needs and expectations for medication are clearly lower than prescribing tendencies, and marked differences between patient groups in their needs or expectations for prescriptions are not reflected in the rates of prescriptions received. Above all, patients with minor illnesses wish to receive information about their illness, and they do not expect prescriptions of drugs with questionable effectiveness. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effect on the [2 + 3] cycloaddition of (E)‐β‐Nitrostyrene with (Z)‐C,N‐Diarylnitrones
Authors: Baranski Andrzej 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe kinetics of the title reaction were studied in toluene at 80 °C by means of HPLC. The overall rate constant (ktotal) of the reaction of (E)‐β‐nitrostyrene (1) with (Z)‐C‐phenyl‐N‐arylnitrones (2a–g) was found to increase with increasing Hammett σ‐constant, whereas in the case of (Z)‐C‐aryl‐N‐phenylnitrones (2g–p) and the same nitrostyrene the rate decreased. The substituent effect in these reactions is inconsistent with FMO treatments of cycloaddition rates. For both reaction series good linear relationships were obtained between log ktotal and the net charge on the carbon atom in the >CN(O)— moiety of the nitrones calculated by the AM1 method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic study of methoxide‐promoted elimination reactions of some 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(phenyl‐substituted)ethanes
Authors: Fontana Gianfranco , Frenna Vincenzo , Lamartina Liliana , Natoli Maria Concetta , Noto Renato 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe methoxide‐promoted elimination reaction of some 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(phenyl‐substituted)ethanes (1) was investigated. The ortho‐substituted derivatives were found to be less reactive than the corresponding ortho‐unsubstituted derivatives, irrespective of the nature of their substituent. The reactivity data were correlated with the 13C NMR chemical shift values of C‐β of either 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(phenyl‐substituted)ethanes or 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(phenyl‐substituted)ethenes and the better result was obtained for the former correlation. Activation parameters for the methoxide‐promoted elimination of 1 show very similar values for ortho‐substituted derivatives. The total data set seems to be more indicative, even if not compelling, of an irreversible E1cB mechanism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyrolytic elimination reactions of sulfinate and sulfonate esters
Authors: McCulla Ryan D. , Cubbage Jerry W. , Jenks William S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe barriers to pyrolytic unimolecular elimination by ethyl methanesulfonate and ethyl methanesulfinate were calculated for both five‐membered ring eliminations that yield acetaldehyde and six‐membered ring eliminations that yield ethylene. The experimental observation that related sulfinates undergo the five‐centered elimination and sulfonates the six‐centered elimination is reproduced by the calculations and rationalized in terms of a nucleophilicity/electrophilicity matching issue in the former and a charge‐separated transition state in the latter. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microcalorimetry as a tool in mechanistic studies of organic reactions
Authors: Thibblin Alf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIsothermal microcalorimetry is a powerful tool in studies of organic reactions in solution. Both reaction kinetics and thermodynamic parameters at a single temperature are conveniently derived by this technique. Some applications of batch microcalorimetry in reaction mechanistic studies are reviewed. These include kinetic and thermodynamic studies of aromatization reactions of biologically interesting oxides, hydrates of aromatic hydrocarbons and studies of complex reactions and equilibria. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of the ternary solvent mixture methanol–acetonitrile–1‐propanol
Authors: Leitão Ruben Elvas , Martins Filomena , Ventura M. Cristina , Nunes Nelson 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRefractive indices and ET values were measured for the ternary mixture methanol–acetonitrile–1‐propanol at 25.0 °C for 13 mole fractions, and also for the corresponding binary mixtures, methanol–1‐propanol, methanol–acetonitrile and 1‐propanol–acetonitrile, at 25.0 and 50.0 °C, at 10 different compositions. Solvent exchange equilibrium models were applied to the transition energy of the Dimroth–Reichardt ET(30) solvatochromic indicator in the binary systems and the Redlich–Kister polynomial was used to correlate excess ETN and nD values for the binary solvent mixtures data. The results allowed the analysis of synergetic behaviours, polarizability effects and preferential solvation trends both in the binary and in the ternary mixtures. Our results point towards the prevalence of specific solute–solvent–solvent interactions mainly due to hydrogen bonding by the hydroxylic components of the ternary mixture. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive complexation in the cationic polymerization of isobutylene in a nonpolar medium
Authors: Wu Yixian , Wu Guanying 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe cationic polymerization of isobutylene coinitiated by Al(i‐Bu)Cl2(Al) was carried out in mixed butane–butene fractions at −50 °C. The expected polymerization processes induced by the trace of moisture with Al system in the presence of a small amount of external electron‐donor modifiers, such as methyl acrylate (MA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were obtained. The experimental results showed that these polymerizations produced polymers with relatively high number‐average molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions (1.5–2.2). That the gel permeation chromatography traces of the polymers depended on the types and concentrations of external donors suggested that there existed competitive complexation reactions of various electron donors (H2O, MA, and DMSO) with the Al Lewis acid. The roles of external electron donors were to take part in the initiation step by competitive complexation and to modify the reactivity of the growing chain ends in the propagation step by mediation and/or solvation, which impaired the high reactivity of the original growing chain ends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2209–2214, 2002
Synthesis and properties of waterborne self‐crosslinkable sulfo‐urethane silanol dispersions
Authors: Lewandowski Kevin , Krepski Larry R. , Mickus Daniel E. , Roberts Ralph R. , Heilmann Steven M. , Larson Wayne K. , Purgett Mark D. , Koecher Steven D. , Johnson Stephen A. , McGurran Daniel J. , Rueb Chris J. , Pathre Sadanand V. , Thakur Khalid A. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel type of crosslinkable waterborne polyurethane ionomer was prepared by the acetone process. Two new types of sulfonated diols compatible with this process were synthesized from dimethyl 5‐sodium sulfo isophthalate using a one‐ or two‐stage method. Isocyanate‐terminated polyurethane oligomers were prepared from the sulfonated diols with various combinations of diols and diisocyanates and subsequently reacted with amino silane derivatives. Stable, low‐volatile organic chemical, waterborne dispersions of the sulfo‐urethane silanol polymers spontaneously crosslink upon drying without extra additives or processing steps. Despite the lack of organic coalescing solvents, the dispersions have minimum film‐forming temperatures below 10 °C, regardless of glass‐transition temperature. Tensile strengths up to 6000 psi with elongations between 300 and 600% were obtained for the crosslinked films. The hard‐segment content of the films can be controlled to produce films with a Sward–Rocker hardness value up to 42. Through silane end‐group modification, the crosslinking density of the films can also be modified to produce polyurethanes with a wide range of physical properties. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3037–3045, 2002
Lay constructions of decision‐making in cancer
Authors: Henman M.J. , Butow P.N. , brown R.F. , Boyle F. , Tattersall M.H.N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn recent years there has been increased emphasis on involving people in decision‐making about their medical care. However, few studies have addressed the questions of why women with cancer want information, and what they believe to be the important factors influencing their decision‐making. In order to examine these questions 20 women with cancer were interviewed via telephone 2 weeks after their first consultation with one of 6 medical oncologists. Recruitment continued until informational redundancy was achieved.While women cited the risk of recurrence, life expectancy, side‐effects, and quality of life as influencing their decisions, they placed at least as much emphasis on their personal relationship with the specialist. These ‘personal’ factors included: feeling that the doctor cared for, understood and respected them; that they could trust and have confidence in the doctor; that the doctor would give them enough time; that they would be listened to; and that the doctor would be open and honest. If these factors were felt to be present, many women were happy to accept the doctor's recommendation, confident that they would receive the optimum treatment. However, many women felt there was no decision to be made: further treatment must be undertaken to reduce risk, and minor variations in the treatment protocol were of little significance. These results underline the importance of establishing patient priorities and concerns before embarking on discussions about treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of exercise‐induced arterial hypoxemia in prepubescent females
Authors: Laursen Paul B. , Tsang Garry C.K. , Smith Gareth J. , van Velzen Min V. , Ignatova B.B. , Sprules Erica B. , Chu Kelly S. , Coutts Kenneth D. , McKenzie Donald C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDue to the recent discovery of exercise‐induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) in healthy active women with normal levels of peak oxygen uptake (${\rm V'}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} {\rm peak}}$), this study examined the incidence of EIAH in prepubescent females. Nineteen healthy, active, prepubescent females (${\rm \overline X}$ ± SD: age = 11.1 ± 1.6 years; height = 145.8 ± 9.1 cm; weight = 35.6 ± 7.0 kg) performed a progressive maximal exercise test on an electronically braked cycle ergometer starting at 0 W and increasing power by 15 W · min−1. During this test, expired gases, heart rate (HR), and percent arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (%SaO2) were measured.Results for physiological variables at maximal exercise were as follows: ${\rm V'}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} {\rm peak}}$ = 43.7 ± 7.0 ml · kg−1 · min−1; HRmax = 199 ± 5 beats · min−1; %SaO2 = 96.6 ± 1.2%. For nearly all subjects, the %SaO2 at maximal exercise was above levels that would reduce ${\rm V'}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} {\rm peak}}$. Therefore, in comparison to previous reports of EIAH in adult women with similar ${\rm V'}_{{\rm O}_{\rm 2} {\rm peak}}$, EIAH does not appear to occur in the prepubescent female population. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:37–41. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.