bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new tool for hillslope hydrologists: spatially distributed groundwater level and soilwater content measured using electromagnetic induction
Authors: Sherlock Mark D. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractNew methods for obtaining and quantifying spatially distributed subsurface moisture are a high research priority in process hydrology. We use simple linear regression analyses to compare terrain electrical conductivity measurements (EC) derived from multiple electromagnetic induction (EMI) frequencies to a distributed grid of water‐table depth and soil‐moisture measurements in a highly instrumented 50 by 50 m hillslope in Putnam County, New York. Two null hypotheses were tested: H0(1), there is no relationship between water table depth and EC; H0(2), there is no relationship between soil moisture levels and EC. We reject both these hypotheses. Regression analysis indicates that EC measurements from the low frequency EM31 meter with a vertical dipole orientation could explain over 80% of the variation in water‐table depth across the test hillslope. Despite zeroing and sensitivity problems encountered with the high frequency EM38, EC measurements could explain over 70% of the gravimetrically determined soil‐moisture variance. The use of simple moisture retrieval algorithms, which combined EC measurements from the EM31 and EM38 meters in both their vertical and horizontal orientations, helped increase the r2 coefficients slightly. This first hillslope hydrological analysis of EMI technology in this way suggests that it may be a promising method for the collection of a large number of distributed soilwater and groundwater depth measurements with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fog precipitation in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala
Authors: Holder Curtis D. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractFog precipitation occurs when fog droplets are filtered by the forest canopy and coalesce on the vegetative surfaces to form larger water droplets that drip to the forest floor. This study examines the quantity of throughfall compared with incident precipitation produced by the canopy of a lower montane rain forest (2100 m) and an upper montane cloud forest (2550 m) in the Sierra de las Minas Biosphere Reserve, Guatemala. Fog precipitation was measured with throughfall and precipitation gauges from 23 July 1995 to 7 June 1996. Fog precipitation occurred during sampling periods when throughfall exceeded incident precipitation. Fog precipitation contributed <1% of total water inputs in the cloud forest at 2100 m during the 44‐week period, whereas fog precipitation contributed 7·4% at 2550 m during the same period. The depth equivalent of fog precipitation was greater at 2550 m (203·4 mm) than at 2100 m (23·4 mm). The calculation of fog precipitation in this study is underestimated. The degree of underestimation may be evident in the difference in apparent rainfall interception between 2100 m (35%) and 2550 m (4%). Because the apparent interception rate at 2550 m is significantly lower than 2100 m, the canopy probably is saturated for longer periods as a result of cloud water contributions. Data show a seasonal pattern of fog precipitation most evident at the 2550 m site. Fog precipitation represented a larger proportion of total water inputs during the dry season (November to May). Because cloud forests generate greater than 1 mm day−1 of fog precipitation in higher elevations of the Sierra de las Minas, the conservation of the cloud forest may be important to meet the water demands of a growing population in the surrounding arid lowlands. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A soil‐water‐balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain
Authors: Kendy Eloise , Gérard‐Marchant Pierre , Todd Walter M. , Zhang Yongqiang , Liu Changming , Steenhuis Tammo S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractRapidly depleting unconfined aquifers are the primary source of water for irrigation on the North China Plain. Yet, despite its critical importance, groundwater recharge to the Plain remains an enigma. We introduce a one‐dimensional soil‐water‐balance model to estimate precipitation‐ and irrigation‐generated areal recharge from commonly available crop and soil characteristics and climate data. To limit input data needs and to simplify calculations, the model assumes that water flows vertically downward under a unit gradient; infiltration and evapotranspiration are separate, sequential processes; evapotranspiration is allocated to evaporation and transpiration as a function of leaf‐area index and is limited by soil‐moisture content; and evaporation and transpiration are distributed through the soil profile as exponential functions of soil and root depth, respectively. For calibration, model‐calculated water contents of 11 soil‐depth intervals from 0 to 200 cm were compared with measured water contents of loam soil at four sites in Luancheng County, Hebei Province, over 3 years (1998–2001). Each 50‐m2 site was identically cropped with winter wheat and summer maize, but received a different irrigation treatment. Average root mean‐squared error between measured and model‐calculated water content of the top 180 cm was 4·2 cm, or 9·3% of average total water content. In addition, model‐calculated evapotranspiration compared well with that measured by a large‐scale lysimeter. To test the model, 12 additional sites were simulated successfully. Model results demonstrate that drainage from the soil profile is not a constant fraction of precipitation and irrigation inputs, but rather the fraction increases as the inputs increase. Because this drainage recharges the underlying aquifer, improving irrigation efficiency by reducing seepage will not reverse water‐table declines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis of a deterministic water temperature model to forest canopy and soil temperature in Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada)
Authors: St‐Hilaire André , El‐Jabi Nassir , Caissie Daniel , Morin Guy 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA coupled deterministic hydrological and water temperature model, CEQUEAU, was modified to include soil temperature and crown closure in its calculation of local advective terms in the heat budget. The modified model was than tested to verify its sensitivity to these modifications. An analysis of the heat budget of a small forested catchment in eastern Canada revealed that the advective term related to interflow plays a significant role in the daily water heat budget, providing on average 28% of the local advective budget (which also includes advective heat terms from surface runoff and groundwater) and nearly 14% of the total heat budget (which includes all radiative terms at the water surface, convection and evaporation, as well as the local advective terms).Relative sensitivity indices (RSIs) were used to verify the impact of the newly introduced parameters and variables. Among them, parameters related to the forest cover (crown closure and leaf area index) have a maximum RSI of −0·6; i.e. a 100% increase in value produces a 60% decrease in the local advective term. Parameters with the greatest influence are the volume of water contributing to interflow and the amplitude of the net radiative flux at the soil surface, which, if doubled, would double the contribution of the local interflow advective term to the heat budget. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediments, porewaters and diagenesis in an urban water body, Salford, UK: impacts of remediation
Authors: Taylor Kevin G. , Boyd Nathan A. , Boult Stephen 
Published: July 2003

AbstractContaminated sediments deposited within urban water bodies commonly exert a significant negative effect on overlying water quality. However, our understanding of the processes operating within such anthropogenic sediments is currently poor. This paper describes the nature of the sediment and early diagenetic reactions in a highly polluted major urban water body (the Salford Quays of the Manchester Ship Canal) that has undergone remediation focused on the water column.The style of sedimentation within Salford Quays has been significantly changed as a result of remediation of the water column. Pre‐remediation sediments are composed of a range of natural detrital grains, predominantly quartz and clay, and anthropogenic detrital material dominated by industrial furnace‐derived metal‐rich slag grains. Post‐remediation sediments are composed of predominantly autochthonous material, including siliceous algal remains and clays. At the top of the pre‐remediation sediments and immediately beneath the post‐remediation sediments is a layer significantly enriched in furnace‐derived slag grains, input into the basin as a result of site clearance prior to water‐column remediation. These grains contain a high level of metals, resulting in a significantly enhanced metal concentration in the sediments at this depth.Porewater analysis reveals the importance of both bacterial organic matter oxidation reactions and the dissolution of industrial grains upon the mobility of nutrient and chemical species within Salford Quays. Minor release of iron and manganese at shallow depths is likely to be taking place as a result of bacterial Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Petrographic analysis reveals that the abundant authigenic mineral within the sediment is manganese‐rich vivianite, and thus Fe(II) and Mn(II) released by bacterial reactions may be being taken up through the precipitation of this mineral. Significant porewater peaks in iron, manganese and silicon deeper in the sediment column are most probably the result of dissolution of furnace‐derived grains in the sediments. These species have subsequently diffused into porewater above and below the metal‐enriched layer.This study illustrates that the remediation of water quality in anthropogenic water bodies can significantly impact upon the physical and chemical nature of sedimentation. Additionally, it also highlights how diagenetic processes in sediments derived from anthropogenic grains can be markedly different from those in sediments derived from natural detrital material. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls on the chemistry of runoff from an upland peat catchment
Authors: Worrall Fred , Burt Tim , Adamson John 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis study uses 2 years of data from a detailed weekly water sampling programme in a 11·4 km2 upland peat catchment in the Northern Pennines, UK. The sampling comprised precipitation, soil‐water samples and a number of streams, including the basin outlet. Samples were analysed for: pH, conductivity, alkalinity, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Total N, SO4, Cl and colour. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify end‐members and compositional trends in order to identify controls on the development of water composition. The study showed that the direct use of PCA had several advantages over the use of end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) as it combines an analysis of mixing and evolving waters without the assumption of having to know the compositional sources of the water. In its application to an upland peat catchment, the study supports the view that shallow throughflow at the catotelm/acrotelm boundary is responsible for storm runoff generation and shows that baseflow is controlled by cation exchange in the catotelm and mixing with a base‐rich groundwater. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microeconomic effects of capital controls: The chilean experience during the 1990s
Authors: Gallego Francisco A. , Hernández F. Leonardo 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis paper provides empirical evidence on some of the microeconomic effects of the capital controls introduced in Chile during the 1990s, in particular, the unremunerated reserve requirement (URR). By looking at financial statements for a group of 73 Chilean firms during 1986–2001, the paper attempts to identify the effects of the URR on the firms' costs and ways of financing. Results show that the effects of the URR are firm specific; for instance, there are striking differences in the response to the URR among firms of different size and those with or without access to international capital markets. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital account liberalization and growth: was Mr. Mahathir right?
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Leblang David 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMuch ink has been spilled over the connections between capital account liberalization and growth. One reason that previous studies have been inconclusive, we show, is their failure to account for the impact of crises on growth and for the capacity of controls to limit those disruptive output effects. Accounting for these influences, it appears that controls influence macroeconomic performance through two channels, directly (what we think of as their positive impact on resource allocation and efficiency) and indirectly (by limiting the disruptive effects of crises at home and abroad). Because these influences work in opposite directions, it is not surprising that previous studies, in failing to distinguish between them, have been unable to agree whether the effect of controls tilts one way or the other. And because vulnerability to crises varies across countries and with the structure and performance of the international financial system, it is not surprising that the effects of capital account liberalization on growth are contingent and context specific. We document these patterns using two entirely different data sets: a panel of historical data for 21 countries covering the period 1880–1997, and a wider panel for the post‐1971 period like that employed in other recent studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capital account liberalization and financial globalization, 1890–1999: a synoptic view
Authors: Quinn Dennis P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAn indicator of financial openness spanning the period 1890–1999 is used to evaluate policies towards the capital account of the balance of payments. Findings include that: financial globalization was deeper in 1890–1913 than subsequently; countries with liberal capital account policies recovered more quickly from the Great Depression than countries that restricted capital account transactions; the correlation between democracy and capital account openness was negative or zero during the gold standard era, in contrast to subsequent periods, when it has tended to be positive; and countries in geographic proximity to one another have tended to behave similarly in their policies towards the capital account. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convertibility, currency controls and the cost of capital in Western Europe, 1950‐1999
Authors: Voth Hans‐Joachim 
Published: July 2003

AbstractFor most of the post‐war period, Europe's capital markets remained largely closed to international capital flows. This paper explores the costs of this policy. Using an event‐study methodology, I examine the extent to which restrictions of current and capital account convertibility affected stock returns. The delayed introduction of full currency convertibility increased the cost of capital. Also, a string of measures designed to reduce capital mobility before the ultimate collapse of the Bretton Woods System had considerable negative effects. These findings offer an explanation for the mounting evidence suggesting that capital account liberalization facilitates growth. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression in human neutrophils during activation and priming by bacterial lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Tsukahara Yasuhiro , Lian Zheng , Zhang Xueqing , Whitney Constance , Kluger Yuval , Tuck David , Yamaga Shigeru , Nakayama Yasuhiro , Weissman Sherman M. , Newburger Peter E. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractCirculating neutrophils play a key role both in the systemic inflammatory response and in complications of bacterial infection such as septic shock and septic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. We have analyzed gene expression patterns in human neutrophils stimulated by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with or without prior exposure to LPS, using differential display and oligonucleotide chip techniques. We identified 307 genes that were activated or repressed after treatment with LPS at 10 ng/ml and 385 genes after LPS at 100 ng/ml, compared with untreated neutrophils. The two sets included many transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, and surface antigens, as well as members of the toll‐like receptor, Rel/NF‐κB, and immune mediator gene families. Time course analysis showed that the early and late neutrophil responses to LPS share some common mechanisms, but many changes in gene expression are transient or late to develop. Neutrophils also showed a priming response to LPS, in which 97 genes significantly changed expression on re‐exposure to lower dose LPS and were analyzed by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. These findings indicate that the neutrophil is a transcriptionally active cell responsive to environmental stimuli and capable of a complex series of both early and late changes in gene expression. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Journal of Cellular Biochemistry website (http://jws‐edci.interscience.wiley.com:8998/jpages/0730‐2312/suppmat/89/v89.page.html). J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 848–861, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (gelatinase B) in gouty arthritis and stimulation of MMP‐9 by urate crystals in macrophages
Authors: Hsieh Ming‐Shium , Ho Hsin‐Chiu , Chou Der‐Tsay , Pan Shiann , Liang Yu‐Chih , Hsieh Tsu‐Yi , Lan Joung‐Liang , Tsai Shu‐Huei 
Published: July 2003

AbstractTo investigate the relevance of gelatinase‐B (matrix metalloproteinase 9, MMP‐9) in gouty arthritis (GA), we tested the occurrence of MMP‐9 in GA patients and cell culture system. Gelatinolytic activity in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with different kinds of arthritis was assessed by gelatin zymography. A predominant 92‐kDa MMP‐9 gelatinolytic activity was evident in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and GA samples, but no activity was observed in osteoarthritis (OA) samples. Among the 53 SF samples (9 RA, 24 GA, and 20 OA) analyzed for MMP‐9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP‐1) antigen levels by ELISA, MMP‐9 antigen levels were elevated tenfold in GA SF compared with OA SF. In addition, GA synovial tissue extracts revealed elevated levels of MMP‐9 expression as compared to OA tissue extracts by Western blot and RT‐PCR analysis. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that MMP‐9 immunoreactivity was more intense in GA than in OA synovial tissues. Furthermore, macrophages activation by gouty crystals in vitro was examined. Crystals stimulated MMP‐9 gene expression in macrophage cell line and such stimulation was suppressed by PD98059. These findings suggest that the abnormal production of MMP‐9 by macrophages is a reflection of the pathological conditions in joints of patients with GA, and that the activation of MMP‐9 in the joint is known to play an important role in joint disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 791–799, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits ultraviolet B‐induced apoptosis, Jun kinase activation, and interleukin‐6 production in primary human keratinocytes
Authors: De Haes Petra , Garmyn Marjan , Degreef Hugo , Vantieghem Katleen , Bouillon Roger , Segaert Siegfried 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe investigated the capacity of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] to protect human keratinocytes against the hazardous effects of ultraviolet B (UVB)‐irradiation, recognized as the most important etiological factor in the development of skin cancer. Cytoprotective effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on UVB‐irradiated keratinocytes were seen morphologically and quantified using a colorimetric survival assay. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 suppressed UVB‐induced apoptotic cell death. An ELISA, detecting DNA‐fragmentation, demonstrated that pretreatment of keratinocytes with 1,25(OH)2D3 1 μM for 24 h reduced UVB‐stimulated apoptosis by 55–70%. This suppression required pharmacological concentrations 1,25(OH)2D3 and a preincubation period of several hours. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 also inhibited mitochondrial cytochrome c release (90%), a hallmark event of UVB‐induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2D3 reduced two important mediators of the UV‐response, namely, c‐Jun‐NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) production. As shown by Western blotting, pretreatment of keratinocytes with 1,25(OH)2D3 1 μM diminished UVB‐stimulated JNK activation with more than 30%. 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment (1 μM) reduced UVB‐induced IL‐6 mRNA expression and secretion with 75–90%. Taken together, these findings suggest the existence of a photoprotective effect of active vitamin D3 and create new perspectives for the pharmacological use of active vitamin D compounds in the prevention of UVB‐induced skin damage and carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 663–673, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of glucose concentration on activation of the ASK1–SEK1–JNK1 signal transduction pathway
Authors: Song Jae J. , Lee Yong J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractRecently, acute total glucose deprivation has been shown to cause activation of ASK1–MEK–MAPK signal transduction and dissociation of glutaredoxin (GRX) from apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (ASK1). In this study, we investigated whether clinically relevant concentrations (0.01–0.1 mM) of glucose promote ASK1 activation. We observed that a prominent activation of JNK1 occurred at a glucose concentration less than or equal to 0.01 mM. Similar to JNK1 activation, we also observed that low glucose‐induced ASK1 activation, dissociation of GRX and thioredoxin (TRX) from ASK1, dimerization of ASK1, and association of Daxx and TRAF2 with ASK1 significantly occurred at a glucose concentration less than or equal to 0.01 mM. J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 653–662, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell cycle‐dependent transduction of cell‐permeant Cre recombinase proteins
Authors: Jo Daewoong , Lin Qing , Nashabi Abudi , Mays Deborah J. , Unutmaz Derya , Pietenpol Jennifer A. , Ruley H. Earl 
Published: July 2003

AbstractProtein transduction has been widely used to analyze biochemical processes in living cells quantitatively and under non‐steady‐state conditions. The present study analyzed the effects of cell cycle on the uptake and activity of cell‐permeant Cre recombinase proteins. Previous studies had suggested that the efficiency of recombination and/or protein transduction varied among individual cells, even within a clonal population. We report here that cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle undergo recombination at a lower rate than cells at other phases of the cell cycle, and that this variation results largely from differences in protein uptake, associated with differences in cell size. These results have implications regarding the mechanism of protein transduction and identify a source of heterogeneity that can influence the response of individual cells to cell‐permeant proteins. J. Cell. Biochem. 89: 674–687, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.