bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canon and Scientia
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe division between the East and West in the Church is brilliantly carried forth in the West in the work of Thomas Aquinas. By reaching for a conception of theology as scientia and by privileging the concept of divine revelation over scripture, Aquinas incorporated epistemic conceptions of scripture into the hard‐drive of the Church. Revelation displaced soteriology as primary in the life of the Church. The canonical heritage was refigured as a combination of scripture and tradition to reflect this revolution. Once he was canonized as the teacher par excellence, his epistemology was given a privileged position in the Roman Catholic Church.
Theological Foundationalism
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Reformation did not represent a radical break from the epistemological vision of scripture developed in the Western tradition. Initially, valiant efforts were made to focus on the soteriological significance of scripture as mediating the gospel, but these were quickly overtaken by the need to supply a justification for the new and sometimes radical theologies developed by the Reformers. That justification took the form of a robust theological foundationalism that sought to ground all theological claims in scripture alone. Tradition and teaching magisterium were sidelined or set aside.
The Epistemic Fortunes ofSola Scriptura
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe appeal to sola scriptura, scripture alone, had devastating consequences for the canonical heritage of the Church within Western Christendom, systematically eroding and eliminating everything that could not be grounded in scripture. Thus, the great doctrines of the Church, like the doctrine of the Trinity, were now displaced by theories of revelation and inspiration. Paradoxically, doubt triumphed over fellowship and faith. The Reformers who failed to reach an agreement on critical issues of faith, found themselves cornered when asked to defend their foundationalism and divided the Church into a network of warring factions. Not surprisingly, friendly overtures to Eastern Orthodoxy failed.
Canonical Synthesis: The Anglican Via Media
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe great architects of the Anglican Reformation were clearly uneasy with the practical and pastoral problems generated by an exclusive appeal to sola scriptura . They restricted the authority of scripture to matters essential to salvation, while making judicious appeal to tradition and reason to supplement the appeal to the bible. In time, the appeal to scripture, tradition, and reason has tended to supplant and erode the critical components of the canonical heritage that were central to the early Anglican tradition.
The Rule of Reason
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe instability of the epistemology of the Anglican Reformation and the continuing failure to reach agreement on contested moral and religious issues came to the fore in the work of John Locke. Locke sought to make reason both prior to, and judge over, divine revelation. In so doing, he developed a robust form of empiricism that matched in form the foundationalism of Descartes. By this time, the tradition of the Church, not least its central creedal doctrines, was idling. The Church had become fully hostage to philosophy and epistemology.
Theology Within the Limits of Experience Alone
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOnce the Church had privileged epistemology over its canonical heritage, its theologians were drawn inescapably into solving problems in the epistemology of theology and into developing fitting material theological proposals. Schleiermacher, the founder of Liberal Protestantism, opted for religious experience as the foundation of faith and allowed only that which could be grounded in the religious affections. He rejected the Old Testament canon and reworked the conception of the New Testament canon as a norm of Christian identity. The doctrine of the Trinity became strictly optional.
More Light Amid the Encircling Gloom
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe creation of Anglo Catholicism represents a fresh way to deal with the epistemological crisis at the heart of Western Christianity. John Henry Newman's journey from Evangelicalism to Roman Catholicism can be seen as a valiant effort to find a way to salvage scriptural foundationalism. While he appealed to conscience and judgement, he developed a vision of the infallibility of the Church and of the pope that emerged as a real alternative to Liberal Protestantism and scepticism. Epistemology has by now fully triumphed within Western Christianity.
Ending the Great Misery of Protestantism
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKarl Barth's vision of a Neoorthodoxy that would recover the insights of the Protestant Reformation looked to the material content of scripture to fend off the encroachments of bad epistemology as represented by natural theology. His bold and exclusivist vision of special revelation was intimately tied to a retrieval of the doctrine of the Trinity. Contrary to his avowals, this enterprise continued the Cartesian revolution at the root of the Enlightenment. Its resources for recovering the full faith of the Church were severely limited; it is more by accident than by deep principle that it upheld the doctrine of the Trinity.
Institutions and the Evolution of European Democracy
Authors: Hall Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to place contemporary debate about European democracy in a wider historical context by considering how analyses of the institutions that underpin democracy in Europe have evolved over time in tandem with political developments. It is said that those who neglect history are doomed to repeat it, and that can be also true of social science. We depend on the insights of successive generations of scholars for much of what we know about democracy, and by examining how their analyses shifted as European governance itself evolved, we can develop perspectives with which to understand the problems confronting Europe today. The survey is necessarily brief survey, but references are provided that lead to deeper debates. The different sections of the chapter are: The Feasibility of Popular Government; The Importance of Culture, Organization, and Social Conditions; Technocracy, Neo–Corporatism, and the Romantic Revolt; The Move to the Market; and Contemporary European Democracy.
National Courts and Community Law
Authors: Craig Paul P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn examination is made of the way in which national courts have reacted to European Community law, in particular to the claim to supremacy over national law contained in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. The discussion begins with a brief account of the Community’s supremacy doctrine. This is followed by an analysis of the reaction of national courts to this claim. The focus then shifts from positive law to the normative evaluation of a number of issues central to this topic. The chapter concludes with an overview of the political science literature that has considered the reasons for the reaction of national courts to the claims made by the Community’s judicial institutions.
On Studying Governments
Authors: Andeweg Rudy B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of approaches to the study of governments, building explicitly on the work of A. King (1975) and C. Campbell (1993), who, respectively, offered three research themes (composition, internal dynamics and external relations) and three theoretical perspectives (institutionalism, rational choice and political sociology/psychology). Each of the three research themes is discussed separately, using examples that illustrate the theoretical perspectives: under ‘composition’, the examples are coalition formation (rational choice) and recruitment/motivation (political sociology/psychology); under ‘internal dynamics’, the examples are prime–ministerial v. cabinet government (institutionalism) and political roles/groupthink (political sociology/psychology); and under ‘external relations’, the examples are executive–legislative relations (institutionalism) and control over bureaucracy (rational choice). The last section of the chapter compares the three theoretical approaches.
What Is New About Governance and Why Does It Matter?
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter defends the ‘private patois of political science’, revisiting in separate sections the notions of governance, the core executive, the hollowing out of the core executive, and the differentiated polity. There are already plenty of formal academic statements, but the aim here is to provide an informal guide to one way of understanding British government, to what we are trying to understand, and to how we understand it. The author believes that the old vocabulary for describing Westminster and Whitehall is at best a partial description of how British government works, and that a new language is needed to capture the changes that have taken and are taking place.
Executives in Comparative Context
Authors: Goetz Klaus H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe comparative study of European executives stands at the interface of two subdisciplines of political science – comparative government (which focuses on the primarily political and governmental aspects of the executive) and comparative public administration (which focuses on the bureaucratic parts of the executive that extend beneath its thin political veneer). The tension between politics and administration is central to understanding the institutionalization of executives: it is first about the tasks that executives are expected to perform and the most appropriate executive organization; and second about the relation between the formal office and the office holders. The first main section of the chapter analyses how these two constitutive tensions in the institutionalization of executives play out in different countries; the discussion is with reference to executive coordination and the organization of centres of government. Further sections discuss the evaluation of executives, and executive reform. Overall, the analysis of the state of, and trends in, executive development suggests that the institutional foundations and fortifications of the executive may be less solid than is generally assumed.
The Political System of the European Union
Authors: Nugent Neill , Paterson William 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn examination is made of the political system of the European Union (EU), which seeks to highlight its key features. One of these underpins much of the explanation and analysis of the chapter: that the European Union is at the centre of what is becoming a European system of governance, in which different levels of government are increasingly interpenetrated and in which boundaries between the EU and its member states are becoming eroded. The chapter begins with an analysis of the nature of EU policy activity, and this is followed by an examination of EU decision making, focused particularly around the question of who governs. Next, there is an analysis of the nature of the EU as a political system, with particular consideration given to the extent to which it displays the characteristics of a state on the one hand and features of new governance on the other. There is then an examination of an issue that concerns all political systems and which has become increasingly debated in EU circles – the nature of the EU’s legitimacy.
Dismantling and Rebuilding the Weberian State
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe title of this chapter reflects an important question about the contemporary development of public administration and its role within the contemporary state. It is clear that the public sectors in most contemporary European countries have been through some process of administrative reform, and that the traditional public bureaucratic (Weberian) sector has been, to a great extent, dismantled. The character of the emergent system for governing is not always clear, but the question posed by the reforms that have taken place is whether that earlier version of government can, or should, in any way be recaptured. The implicit and explicit argument is that a good deal of value has been lost through these changes in the style of governing, but that it may well be impossible (and undesirable) to rebuild anything approximating the older version of the state and the public bureaucracy. The different sections of the chapter look at the Weberian state (and other forms of bureaucratic government), critiques of the Weberian model, the dismantling administrative reforms of the 1980s and 1990s, and the issue of putting back together the Weberian state.
The Age of Administrative Reforms
Authors: Cassese Sabino 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first section of the chapter discusses the factors that give rise to a need for administrative reform in the public sector: the size and stability of public administrations means that they change less quickly than the political, economic and social framework within which they operate; and frictions periodically emerge between their two components – the political overseers and the administration proper. The second section identifies administrative reform as a peculiarly twentieth century phenomenon in Europe. The remaining sections of the chapter go on to look at various aspects of this administrative reform: reform motivations and objectives; administrative reform in West Europe; and comparative contrasts in administrative reform.
Europeanization and the Persistence of Administrative Systems
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEuropeanization represents something of a paradox: at one level it is impossible to argue that the state has not been ‘Europeanized’ to some degree in various sectors; and on the other hand, there is precious little evidence of ‘Europeanization’. The difference between these two views can be explained by the different meanings of ‘Europeanization’ on which they are based: the first argument is based on the definition of Europeanization as impact of whatever sort on the way in which policies are developed in member states of the European Union (EU); the second argument is far more exacting since it is based on a definition of Europeanization as having a homogenizing impact on specific institutions and practices across a wide range of state activities; to a very large degree then the argument about whether and to what extent ‘Europeanization’ is taking place, depends upon the definition used. This investigation addresses a central theme in much of Vincent Wright’s later comparative work, as well as his work on French politics – the persistence of national differences in the light of wider global as well as European influences on the institutions of individual states. The chapter looks at the expectation of homogenization, and whether or not European administrative systems have converged. The various mechanisms considered through which this convergence could occur are: coercion, imitation, adjustment and polydiffusion.
The Decline of Party?
Authors: Smith Gordon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe question of party political decline is approached by examining four aspects that have featured prominently in debate: parties as representative agencies; party organization; parties in relation to the state and society; and parties in their ‘external’ environment. The last aspect includes discussion of the alternatives to party democracy and ‘party deficit’ in the European Union. Since this account is concerned with European developments, the effects of European integration on the role of political parties are particularly relevant. Before the main analysis is undertaken, the chapter takes a brief look at the whole question of party decline in its historical context.
Contentious Politics in Western Europe and the United States
Authors: Tarrow Sidney 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first part of this chapter examines the four main types of political contention outlined in the introduction to it: expressive contention, reformist contention, integral contention and communal contention. The second section looks at how contentious political movements change; the four types frequently intersect, combine and transmute from one form to another. The types of change considered here are institutionalization, radicalization of once–moderate movements, the creation of hybrid forms of organization and strategy, and the privatization of movement activists. The third section of the chapter turns to how states interact with movements and considers the hypothesis that Western Europe and the United States are, in some ways, becoming movement societies. The chapter closes on a speculative note: how are European social movements – which arose in relation to the national state – being affected by the forces of ‘globalization’ and European integration in today’s world?
Democratizations in the European Periphery
Authors: Alonso Sonia , Maravall José María 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe 1962 Birkelbach report of the European Parliament declared that only those states that guaranteed truly democratic practices and respect for human rights and fundamental liberties would be admitted into the Community. This political requirement was addressed to the South European dictatorships, and had an important influence on political events in these countries, to which the European Community represented, thus, a form of political conditionality; this ‘conditioning’ required monitoring. The European Union 1993 summit in Copenhagen opened the door to membership to the new regimes in the East if political and economic conditions, later ratified by the Amsterdam Treaty in 1997, were fulfilled: the political conditions referred to democracy, the respect of minorities and the rule of law; the economic ones, to a market economy, an independent financial sector and macroeconomic stability. The Commission submitted regular reports on the fulfilment by each candidate country of such conditions. The monitoring, however, described states of affairs while not explaining their causes. This chapter examines these two periods of regime change in Southern and Central Eastern Europe, reviewing (with empirical evidence), arguments about economic development, regimes and political institutions; the purpose is to understand better the political and economic transformations that went on in what was the southern and eastern periphery of Europe.
The Politics of Regulation and European Regulatory Institutions
Authors: Majone Giandomenico 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA distinctive feature of the modern regulatory state is the extensive delegation of powers to politically independent institutions (agencies, boards, commissions, tribunals), and this delegation of legislative powers to unelected policy- makers has always been somewhat problematic from the viewpoint of democratic theory. The American regulatory state has grappled with this issue for more than a century, and regulatory legitimacy is becoming an increasingly important political problem also in Europe, both at national and Community levels. In the United States the ‘non–delegation doctrine’ was the first attempt to resolve the normative problems raised by the emergence of a modern system of administrative regulation, and found widespread acceptance, but the delegation problem is considerably more complicated in the European Community/European Union (EC/EU), where various initiatives have been enacted. In both the United States and in Europe, constitutional doctrines against delegation have unravelled because the practical case for allowing regulatory discretion is overwhelming, so it is impossible to study the politics of regulation without first understanding why political principals choose to delegate rule–making powers. This is the subject of the first section of this chapter, which then goes on to analyse the relation between delegation and agency independence using the concept of political property rights, and to discuss the future of European regulation, and the politics of institutional change.
Recasting European Welfare States
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio , Hemerijck Anton , Rhodes Martin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter presents, in synthesis form, some key elements of what is now understood about welfare regimes, their respective pathologies of development, their current paths of reform, and the challenges that still confront them. The first section examines welfare state performance thematically, focusing on employment, the scale and shape of social security systems, and distributive outcomes. The second section takes Europe’s four welfare regimes (those of Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, continental Europe and Southern Europe) and analyses their respective strengths and vulnerabilities. The conclusion considers where the literature on welfare states is likely to go in the future.
International Relations, International Institutions, and the European State
Authors: Hurrell Andrew , Menon Anand 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter takes a broad look at the impact exerted by international economic and political pressures on patterns of government and governance in Europe. It assesses the degree to which, as a consequence of the end of the Cold War and of the forces of globalization, these pressures are changing, and considers the implications of such change. It is argued in the first section of the chapter that the profound impact of the external environment on the character of the European state has been all too evident, despite the internalist tendencies of so much comparativist scholarship; moreover, West European states continue to confront several external challenges to the stability that has, since the Second World War, characterized their half of the Old Continent. The first challenge comes from the continued development of the very forces of liberalization that have played such an important role in Europe's recent past, changes that, for the sake of convenience, can be categorized under the heading of ‘globalization’; the second section examines some of the major aspects of the globalization debate as it relates to the European state, but takes a sceptical viewpoint. The second challenge comes from the changes in the international political system (the emergence of the United States as the single superpower; the collapse of the Soviet Union; the changing character of the security problems facing Europe); an emphasis on these changes can be found most prominently in the writings of US neo–realists who asserted that the end of the Cold War would inevitably result in Europe returning to its geopolitical and conflictual ‘historic norm’. In the third section it is shown why such extreme predictions have been proved wrong but nevertheless argues that the neo–realist emphasis on the international political system is, in a fundamental sense, correct.
Moral Writings
Authors: Prichard H. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Develops Prichard's intuitionist position on moral philosophy. As a realist, he maintains that through direct perception in particular cases, we come to have knowledge of universals. To questions about moral obligation, he argues that no single principle explains why right acts are right, that is to say, why certain acts are obligatory. Prichard rejects any link between ‘the right’ and ‘the good’, maintaining that the rightness of action depends not upon what is good, nor upon our own good, nor upon what we believe is good, nor upon what we desire. In these essays, Prichard analyses the views of Plato, Aristotle, Green, Sidgwick, Kant, and others. Only the last of these thinkers, according to Prichard, steers clear of those views that Prichard finds to be in error since Kant also distinguishes between what is right and what is good.