bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum apolipoprotein B-100, a major triglyceride-transport protein in dairy cows
Authors: Yamamoto Osamu , Oikawa Shin , Katoh Norio 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An elisa was developed to determine serum concentration of apolipoprotein B-100, a major triglyceride-binding protein in very low-density lipoproteins and a putative maker for hepatic lipidosis of dairy cows. Serum apolipoprotein B-100 was prepared electrophoretically, and antibodies to this protein were raised in rabbits. The antiserum prepared was further purified by affinity chromatography, using bovine serum albumin-Sepharose 4B, to remove antibodies to albumin. For the elisa, addition of 2-mercaptoethanol to the coating buffer (50 mM sodium carbonate, pH 9.6) was required to evaluate apolipoprotein B-100 concentration in serum. The elisa developed was sensitive (detection limit was 300 to 400 ng/ml of serum) and reliable (coefficients of variance were in the range of 3.3 to 7.6%). By use of the established elisa, the serum apolipoprotein B-100 concentration was found to be significantly (P < 0.01) lower during the early lactating stage than during other stages of lactation. Reduced hepatic synthesis or secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 during the early lactating stage, together with the excess uptake by the liver of serum nonesterified fatty acids, is suggested to be relevant in the accelerated accumulation of triglycerides in the liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period.
Epidemiologic evidence for clustering of equine motor neuron disease in the United States
Authors: de la Rúa-Domènech Ricardo , Mohammed Hussni O. , Atwill Edward R. , Cummings John F. , Divers Thomas J. , Summers Brian A. , deLahunta Alexander , Jackson Cindy 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the regional variations in the distribution of equine motor neuron disease (emnd) in the United States and the factors that might explain those variations.

Design
Cluster investigation and case-control study.

Sample population
The study population consisted of 97 horses with histopathologically confirmed emnd and 698 controls with diagnosis of other spinal cord disorders at 21 US veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Base.

Procedure
The total horse population of the United States was divided into 21 regions, and the regional incidence rates of emnd from January 1985 through January 1995 were estimated. Moran's index of spatial autocorrelation was calculated to test for spatial clustering of the disease. The 21 regions were then joined in broader areas according to the similarity of their emnd rates by means of the cluster analysis statistical technique. Finally, the role of potential confounding factors (age at diagnosis, month of diagnosis, breed, and sex) in the present distribution of emnd was assessed, using logistic regression analysis.

Results
Differences in estimated rates across the 21 regions resulted in a strong pattern of spatial clustering of emnd in the United States. The geographic units were grouped into 5 risk regions, with the gradient of emnd incidence rates increasing from the western states (almost 0 cases/1,000,000 horse-years) toward New England (20.78 cases/1,000,000 horse-years). Reported risk factors of emnd (age, breed) and other extraneous factors (sex, month of diagnosis) could not explain the observed geographic variations of disease rates. Nevertheless, there is evidence of some confounding attributable to age and breed.

Conclusions
Although the mechanism responsible for the clustering of emnd in northeastern states is still unexplained, it is not an epiphenomenon caused by regional differences in the distribution of the factors investigated.
Effects of animal and soy fats and proteins in the diet on fatty acid concentrations in the serum and skin of dogs
Authors: Campbell K. L. , Czarnecki-Maulden G. L. , Schaeffer D. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Growing dogs were fed diets containing soy oil or poultry fat as the main fat source and soybean meal or meat meal as the main protein source to examine the effects of types of dietary fat and protein on fatty acid concentrations in serum and skin and on serum cholesterol concentrations. Dogs fed diets containing soy oil had higher serum linoleic acid concentrations and lower serum oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and cholesterol concentrations than dogs fed diets containing poultry fat. The type of dietary protein had marginal effects on fatty acid concentrations and did not affect serum cholesterol. Similar differences were found in cutaneous fatty acid concentrations, with soy oil-fed dogs having significantly (P < 0.05) higher linoleic acid and lower oleic acid concentrations in their skin than had poultry fat-fed dogs. This study suggested that dietary fat source influences serum and cutaneous fatty acid concentrations and serum cholesterol concentrations in dogs, irrespective of dietary protein source.
Effects of giardiasis on production in a domestic ruminant (lamb) model
Authors: Olson M. E. , McAllister T. A. , Deselliers L. , Morck D. W. , Cheng K.-J. , Buret A.G. , Ceri H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine the effects of giardiasis on production and carcass quality, using growing lambs as a domestic ruminant model.

Design
Randomized block.

Animals
Giardia-free lambs: 23 in infected group, 24 in control group.

Procedure
Six-week-old, specific-pathogen-free lambs were infected with Giardia trophozoites; control lambs received saline solution. Clinical signs of infection, body weight, and feed intake were determined for 10 weeks. Carcass weight and quality were determined at slaughter weight of 45 kg.

Results
Giardia infection persisted from weeks 7 to 16. For 5 weeks after challenge exposure, abnormal feces were more frequently observed in infected lambs. Giardia infection was associated with a decrease in rate of weight gain and impairment in feed efficiency. Time to reach slaughter weight was extended in infected lambs, and the carcass weight of Giardia-infected lambs was lower than that of control lambs.

Conclusion
Giardiasis has a negative effect on domestic ruminant production.

Clinical Relevance
Giardiasis in domestic ruminants is an economically important disease, thus necessitating control or elimination of the infection.
Effects of hydrogen peroxide on isolated trachealis muscle of horses
Authors: Olszewski Michal A. , Robinson N. Edward , Yu Ming-Fu , Derksen Frederik J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
During acute bouts of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) in horses, neutrophils that are capable of increased production of reactive oxygen species accumulate in the airways. In the study reported here, the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 1 µM to 0.1M), one of these reactive oxygen species products, on the responses of isolated trachealis muscle of horses was determined. Before and after incubation with H2O2, contractile responses to acetylcholine, electrical field stimulation (efs), 127 mM KCl, and relaxation responses to isoproterenol and activation of the nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory response (iNANC) were evaluated. Beginning at 1 mM, H2O2 contracted trachealis muscle in a concentration-dependent manner. This contraction was unaffected by atropine (1 µM), tetrodotoxin (1 µM), or 1 µM meclofenamate. Contraction of trachealis muscle in response to H2O2 is, therefore, not attributable to release of prostaglandins, acetylcholine, or other neurotransmitters. Above a concentration of 0.1 mM, H2O2 depressed the responses to efs, acetylcholine, and KCl in a concentration-dependent manner. At 0.1M, H2O2 decreased the maximal responses to efs, acetylcholine, and KCl by 62.7 ± 7.2, 60.58 ± 6.12, and 37.8 ± 9.54%, respectively. In the presence of meclofenamate (1 µM), partial but significant protection against 1 to 100 mM H2O2 was observed. In tracheal strips contracted with 0.3 µM methacholine, H2O2 had no effect on the isoproterenol concentration-response curve. Up to a concentration of 100 mM, H2O2 had no effect on iNANC response. However, in the presence of 100 mM H2O2, this response was abolished in 2 of 4 horses. We conclude that high concentrations of H2O2 affected the responses of airway smooth muscle by actions on neurotransmission, muscarinic receptors, and downstream from receptors; some of the H2O2 effects were in part mediated by cyclooxygenase products; and H2O2 had no effect on β-adrenergic or iNANC-induced relaxation.
Down-regulation of β-adrenergic receptors and up-regulation of estrogen and progesterone receptors induced in the reproductive system of female veal calves by dietary clenbuterol
Authors: Re Giovanni , Badino Paola , Novelli Antonella , Girardi Carlo 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects induced by long-term administration of clenbuterol at anabolic dosages (20 µg/kg of body weight for 40 days) on β-adrenergic receptor (β-ar) subtypes, estrogen receptors (er), and progesterone receptors (PgR) in the reproductive system of female veal calves were investigated. Clenbuterol treatment induced a significant (P < 0.01) down-regulation of β-ar subtypes (β1-ar, β2-ar, myometrial high-affinity β2-ar, and ovarian low-affinity β2-ar). On the other hand, a significant (P < 0.01) increase of uterine and ovarian er and PgR receptors was observed in treated calves. Treatment did not affect dissociation constant values of β-ar, er, or PgR. In similar manner, clenbuterol did not significantly modify distribution of er and PgR in the various tissues of the genital tract. In fact, these receptors were significantly (P < 0.05) more concentrated in the uterus than in the vagina in treated and untreated calves. Data indicated that prolonged clenbuterol exposure induced homologous β-ar down-regulation (down-regulation of its specific receptors) and heterologous er and PgR up-regulation (up-regulation of different types of receptors, not specifically bound by clenbuterol) in the genital tract of veal calves. Modification of the receptorial status could be reasonably related to the pathologic changes observed in long-term treated calves (eg, hydrometra, dilatation of uterine glands, cystic ovaries). The increased concentrations of er and PgR suggested the possible existence of subcellular mechanisms regulated by repeated β-adrenergic stimulation.
Icterus in bob veal calves and its association with lack of colostrum intake and high serum creatine kinase activity
Authors: Gray Mary L. , Bounous Denise I. , Kelley Lynda C. , Almazan Pedro , Brown John 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Icterus condemnations compose a substantial proportion (41%) of total condemnations of bob veal, the class of veal composed of calves < 3 weeks old and weighing up to 68 kg. At postmortem examination, bob veal condemned because of icterus have generalized yellow discoloration of tissues, which is commonly associated with large, yellow liver (fatty liver), and a paucity of other gross pathologic changes. To establish that the generalized yellow discoloration was attributable to high tissue bilirubin concentrations and to examine the underlying mechanism(s) that might be responsible, blood samples and tissue specimens were obtained from clinically normal and icteric bob veal calves at slaughter. For comparison, blood samples were collected from clinically normal, 1- to 5-day-old Holstein calves being raised on local dairy farms. Hematologic and serum biochemical analyses were obtained for the 3 groups of calves (normal local, normal slaughter, and icteric slaughter), and tissues of slaughter calves were examined for histologic evidence of inflammatory or degenerative changes. Mean ± sd total bilirubin concentration and creatine kinase (ck) activity in icteric bob veal (3.3 ± 0.8 mg/dl; 869 ± 788 U/L), normal bob veal (1.4 ± 0.7 mg/dl; 486 ± 890 U/L), and normal local calves (0.5 ± 0.2 mg/dl; 156 ± 158 U/L) were significantly different. When data for both normal and icteric bob veal calf groups were combined for analysis, total bilirubin concentration regressed significantly on hepatic lipid scores (P = 0.00003) and ck activity (P = 0.00049). Colostrum consumption was determined by measuring serum total protein concentration and serum γ-glutamyltransferase activity. Bob veal calves that had not consumed colostrum had significantly higher total bilirubin (P = 0.00005) and ck (P = 0.0008) values. It was concluded that normal and icteric bob veal calves have significant increase in total bilirubin concentration, and icterus of bob veal calves is secondary to unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Lack of colostrum consumption was strongly correlated with icterus in bob veal calves.
Comparison of N-acetylcysteine and methylene blue, alone or in combination, for treatment of acetaminophen toxicosis in cats
Authors: Rumbeiha Wilson K. , Lin Yu-Shang , Oehme Frederick W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Acetaminophen is widely used in human beings for analgesic purposes, but is one of the most frequent causes of poisoning in cats. Acetaminophen-poisoned cats develop methemoglobinemia and sometimes hepatic failure. To determine the benefit of using methylene blue, a treatment for methemoglobinemia, along with N-acetylcysteine (nac), the recommended treatment for acetaminophen-poisoned cats, groups of 3 male and 3 female cats each were given methylene blue nac, or both after administration of acetaminophen (120 mg/kg of body weight, po). Male cats seemed more susceptible than female cats to acetaminophen toxicosis, because 3 males died of hepatic failure (2 cats given acetaminophen/methylene blue and 1 given acetaminophen/nac/methylene blue). Although nac alone seemed to elicit the best overall response, methylene blue, alone or in combination with nac, may be useful in female cats.
Effect of flunixin meglumine on endogenous prostaglandin F2α secretion during cloprostenol-induced abortion in mares
Authors: Daels P. F. , Mohammed H. O. , Odensvik Kristina , Kindahl H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the relative role of endogenous prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α secretion in cloprostenol-induced abortion in mares that no longer require luteal progesterone secretion for maintenance of pregnancy, and to evaluate the ability of a prostaglandin cyclooxygenase inhibitor (flunixin meglumine) to prevent cloprostenol-induced abortion.

Design
The effect of flunixin meglumine on pgf2α secretion and outcome of pregnancy was compared between mares treated with cloprostenol only and mares treated with cloprostenol plus flunixin meglumine.

Animals
Five pregnant mares, aged 4 to 15 years, of light-horse type.

Procedure
Cloprostenol (250 μg) was administered at 24-hour intervals to 5 pregnant mares. Flunixin meglumine (500 mg, iv) was administered at 8-hour intervals starting 15 minutes before the first cloprostenol administration. Hourly blood samples were analyzed for 15-ke-todihydro-pgf2α, progesterone, and estrogen concentrations. Previously reported data on cloprostenol-induced abortion in 6 pregnant mares treated daily with cloprostenol only were used as historic controls.

Results
The mean (± sem) interval from first cloprostenol administration to fetal expulsion 56.4 (± 13.7) hours and number of cloprostenol administrations 3.2 (± 0.6) in the 5 flunixin meglumine-treated mares were not significantly different, compared with values for 6 pregnant mares treated daily with cloprostenol only, 48.6 (± 5.6) hours and 2.8 (± 0.2) cloprostenol administrations. Flunixin meglumine did not inhibit endogenous pgf2α secretion. Prostaglandin F2α secretion rates on the day before and day of fetal expulsion were similar in both groups.

Conclusion
Flunixin meglumine at a dosage of 500 mg/animal, administered iv every 8 hours, is ineffective in modulating uterine pgf2α secretion during cloprostenol-induced abortion.

Clinical Relevance
Flunixin meglumine is ineffective in the modulation of prostaglandin-induced uterine pgf2αsecretion and, therefore, does not offer a viable alternative for the prevention of abortion in mares at risk of abortion because of systemic illness.
Effect of coculture with stallion spermatozoa on de novo protein synthesis and secretion by equine oviduct epithelial cells
Authors: Thomas Philip G. A. , Ignotz G. G. , Ball B. A. , Brinsko S. P. , Currie W. B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Adhesion of equine spermatozoa to homologous oviduct epithelial cells (oec) in vitro results in specific changes in spermatozoa and oec function. To test the hypothesis that adhesion of spermatozoa affects protein synthesis and secretion by oec, the following treatment groups were established in culture: oec with culture medium only; control spermatozoa in culture medium only; oec in coculture with spermatozoa; and oec and spermatozoa in coculture, but physically separated by a microporous membrane. The experiment was replicated within each of 4 ejaculates from 3 stallions. De novo protein secretion by oec was measured and compared by incorporation of [35S]methionine, and evaluated, using two-dimensional Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography. Monolayers of oec secreted a large number of proteins of molecular mass ranging from 14 to 205 kd. Adhesion of spermatozoa consistently caused reduced synthesis of 2 oec secretory proteins and new or increased synthesis of 6 proteins. When spermatozoa and oec were separated by a microporous membrane, some but not all of these changes were duplicated. Synthesis of 3 oec secretory proteins, unaffected by binding of spermatozoa, was reduced when spermatozoa were prevented from contact with oec by a microporous membrane. Adhesion of equine spermatozoa to homologous oec monolayers and presence of equine spermatozoa resulted in qualitative and quantitative changes in synthesis and secretion of proteins by oec. These changes have implications for storage, longevity, and maturation of spermatozoa.
Prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci, other than Staphylococcus aureus, in bovine mastitis
Authors: Roberson Jerry R. , Fox Lawrence K. , Hancock Dale D. , Gay John M. , Besser Thomas E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine prevalence and relevance of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus hyicus and S intermedius intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows and determine the ability of the 4-hour tube coagulase (TC) test to differentiate the coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS).

Design
Prevalence of CPS was determined for primiparous cows (point prevalence and prevalence at first parturition) and multiparous cows (point prevalence) of 2 herd groups: < 6% CPS IMI prevalence = low prevalence (LP); > 10% CPS IMI prevalence = high prevalence (HP).

Sample population
For prevalence, cows of 22 dairy herds. For TC, 1,038 CPS strains isolated from cow milk.

Procedure
Speciation of CPS from aseptically collected composite milk samples was performed. Coagulase-positive isolates from 4 cow groups were tested for their ability to coagulate rabbit plasma by 4 hours: LP and HP primiparous cows at parturition, and LP and HP cows any time after first parturition.

Results
Of 487 CPS in the prevalence study, 82.1% were S aureus, 17.7% were coagulase-positive S hyicus, and 0.2% were S intermedius. Of all CPS IMI in LP herds, 34% were coagulase-positive S hyicus; of all CPS IMI in HP herds, 9% were coagulase-positive S hyicus. Coagulase-positive S hyicus appeared to persist to the end of lactation in 4 cows (mean linear somatic cell count = 3.7). The TC test was ≥ 97% sensitive, ≤ 33% specific, and had a predictive value positive range of 60 to 97% for S aureus isolates.

Conclusion
Coagulase-positive S hyicus appears capable of inducing chronic, low-grade IMI. Staphylococcus intermedius does not appear to be an important mastitis pathogen. The TC test is not valid to use as the sole method to differentiate CPS species. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:54-58)
Preliminary evaluation of antimicrobial agents for treatment of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in hamsters and swine
Authors: Alt David P. , Bolin Carole A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate antimicrobial agents for treatment of models of acute and persistent leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.

Design
Randomized trials comparing dosages and regimens of various antimicrobial agents for treatment of acute and persistent leptospirosis.

Animals
245 Golden hamsters to model acute leptospirosis and 121 mixed-breed swine to model persistent leptospirosis.

Procedure
Hamsters and swine were inoculated with L interrogans serovar pomona. Antimicrobial agents were given to hamsters for 3 or 5 days after inoculation, with necropsy at 14 days after inoculation. Swine were treated for 1, 3, or 5 days beginning at 3 weeks after inoculation, and were necropsied 7 to 10 days after completion of antimicrobial agent treatment. Hamster tissue and swine tissue and urine specimens were examined by culture, fluorescent antibody testing, and histologic examination for presence of leptospires.

Results
All untreated control hamsters became infected and manifested clinical signs and lesions of acute leptospirosis. Leptospires were not detected in hamsters treated with dihydrostreptomycin/penicillin G (25 mg/kg of body weight). Administration of ampicillin at all dosages reduced the number of hamsters infected, as confirmed at necropsy; the other agents tested required dosages greater than label recommendations to reduce the number infected. All untreated control swine became infected and shed leptospires in urine through the time of necropsy. Leptospires were not detected in kidneys or urine of swine treated with dihydrostreptomycin/penicillin G (25 mg/kg) for 1, 3, or 5 days, or in swine treated with oxytetracycline (40 mg/kg for 3 or 5 days), tylosin (44 mg/kg for 5 days), or erythromycin (25 mg/kg for 5 days). Treatment with ceftiofur and ampicillin was not effective in elimination of L interrogans serovar pomona in swine.

Conclusions
Dihydrostreptomycin/penicillin G is effective for treatment of acute and persistent leptospirosis. Differences between the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in the acute and persistent model of leptospirosis emphasize the importance of using the appropriate model for treatment evaluation. Antimicrobial agents evaluated for treatment of persistent leptospirosis in swine required the use of dosages above those recommended by the manufacturer.

Clinical Relevance
Use of antimicrobial agents at extra-label dosages for treatment of persistent leptospirosis may cause residue problems in food animals; however, these regimens may be useful for treatment of breeding stock or animals destined for import/export. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:59-62)