bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Experience of Personation
Authors: Cottom Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In work that calls for innovation and improvisation, people sometimes get stuck. The experience of writing is exemplary. (That is, if one ignores its more specialized distresses - at work, most of us cannot excuse ourselves by raising a hand to a suffering brow and complaining that we are “blocked.”) It is a common experience for writers stalled at a certain point in their progress to spend hours and even days worrying at the troublesome spot, writing and crumpling page after page, only to realize that all this time they have been on the wrong track.
Dream Work
Authors: Cottom Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A city street, tilted toward us, dominated on either side by the impassive arcades of anonymous buildings. Nothing happens, nothing much. A shadowed girl rolls her hoop past a wooden cart, also in shadow. Like the girl, it is turned away from us, the open doors in back permitting us to glimpse an interior that is perfectly empty, at least as far as our vision can reach. By their attitudes, the running girl and the undistinguished cart draw us toward another shadow: a silhouette fallen across the street. This figure elongated by the sun seems to be waiting for, or heading toward, the girl, the cart, and us.
Flora Tristan: Rebel Daughter of the Revolution
Authors: Desanti Dominique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth century is the second wave of the French Revolution. Utopian socialists extended its ideas to the people the revolution had forgotten—women and workers—and thereby deepened those ideas. At this time, one woman, Flora Tristan (1803-44), acting alone, cast upon the political scene a flash of brilliance that lasted but a few years. Through her life and her work, inseparable from each other, she appears the emblematic figure of this second revolutionary wave.
Development of Deaf Children: Issues and Orientations
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sensory deprivation limits the world of experience. It deprives the organism of some of the material resources from which the mind develops. Because total experience is reduced, there is an imposition on the balance and equilibrium of all psychological processes. When one type of sensation is lacking, it alters the integration and function of all of the others. Experience is now constituted differently; the world of perception, conception, imagination, and thought has an altered foundation, a new configuration. Such alteration occurs naturally and unknowingly, because unless the individual is organized and attuned differently, survival itself may be in jeopardy. (Myklebust, 1960, p. 1)
The Nature and Scope of Deafness
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended as a general introduction to deafness, deaf people, and sign language. Understanding the development of deaf children requires some “feel” for the environments in which they grow up. Before considering the details of their early development within either hearing or deaf families, however, it is helpful to consider what the adult deaf community is like. Although most deaf children do not truly enter the deaf community until they are adolescents or adults, that description provides some idea of the “endpoint” of development for the average deaf child. The overview of deaf culture also is designed to give some feel for deaf children of deaf parents. Insofar as the context and rate of development in those children appear much the same as for hearing children of hearing parents, deaf children of deaf parents provide an important standard of comparison for deaf children of hearing parents-those who comprise fully 90% of all deaf children.
Social and Personality Development During the School Years
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginnings of social development in deaf children were explored in Chapter 3. The primary focus in that context was on the early interactions and relationships between mothers and infants because of, first, their preeminence as the infant’s initial foray into the social world, and second, the role of mother-infant social interactions as the foundation for the child’s later interactions with others. The course of these earliest social interactions, however, was shown to depend on the reciprocal interchanges of deaf children with their mothers and with other significant individuals in the environment.
Intelligence and Cognitive Development
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys several sources of evidence concerning the cognitive or intellectual abilities of deaf children. A variety of studies have explored the issues surrounding intelligence testing with deaf children-issues such as the confounding of intelligence and language ability, the culturejairness of intelligence tests, and the validity of nonverbal versus verbal measures of intelligence. Regrettably, asking these questions has not led to many answers, and all of the issues remain open to debate. Research conducted from both psychological and educational perspectives, however, has brought us a long way toward a better understanding of intellectual development in deaf children and its interaction with language and social development (Marschark, 1993).
Creativity and Flexibility: The Myth(?) of Concreteness
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most general and frequently invoked characterization of deaf children is that they are literal and concrete in both their language and cognitive functioning (Blackwell et al., 1978; Conrad, 1979; Furth, 1966, 1973; Heider & Heider, 1941; Liben, 1978; Myklebust, 1953; Oleron, 1953; Quigley & Paul, 1984; Watts, 1979). Historically, this conclusion has derived from numerous observations indicating that deaf children tend to be relatively limited in their abilities to grasp complex, abstract, or nonliteral concepts, even when those concepts involve nonverbal domains. Most frequently, however, both teaching and assessments of deaf children’s abilities were (and still are) conducted using printed materials. It therefore is unclear to what extent observed deficits in such abilities reflect language-specific deficits rather than more pervasive intellectual limitations-with or without linguistic origins or correlates.
Prologue
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alexander Portnoy, the narcissistic narrator of Philip Roth’s 1969 novel, Portnoy’s Complaint, reveled in telling the story of Miltie, stationed with American forces in Japan. “Mamma,” Miltie tells his mother excitedly in a phone call from Yokohama, “I have good news. I found a wonderful Japanese girl and we were married today. As soon as I get my discharge, I want to bring her home, Mamma, for you to meet each other.” “So,” Mamma replies, “bring her home.”
In The Shadow Of The Occupation: Japan And The United States, 1952-55
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE Occupation ended in April 1952, but Japan remained a client state for many years after. The presence of 200,000 American troops on hundreds of bases as well as foreign control over Okinawa and other outlying islands left Japan less than fully independent. Japan’s diplomacy, security, and trade remained tethered to priorities set by Washington. Subordination, however, did not require passivity. During the long twilight of the Yoshida era, political and business leaders man aged to steer many American initiatives in directions favorable to Japan.
Japanese-American Political Relations, 1954-58
Authors: Schaller Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the five years following Yoshida’s resignation, economic and security ties with the United States remained Japan’s magnetic north. At the same time, Tokyo’s more nationalistically inclined leaders struck out in directions that occasionally unnerved Washington. Aside from questions over China and Southeast Asia, disputes over the pace of rearmament, the terms of the security treaty, and Japan’s efforts to improve ties with its Communist neighbors aroused American fears of ideological adultery.
Prologue: Rewriting the Revolution
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1953, sixteen months after they had seized power, nearly a full year after they had outlawed all political parties, members of Egypt’s ruling junta marched in the funeral procession of one Hifni Mahmud. A former pasha-the officers had abolished the honorific title within days of their takeover-Mahmud had been a leader of the Liberal Constitutionalist party. A minority faction comprising primarily large landowners, it seemed an old regime party the officers would hardly care to honor. Hifni Mahmud, to his credit, had been a bit of a freethinker. The pasha had often played foil to leftist intellectuals at nightly gatherings in the office of the editor of Al-Misri, Egypt’s largest daily, that Carnal Abdel Nasser and other members of the military junta often attended. There they came to respect the “mocking philosopher’s” satirical wit.
“A Country of Failure”
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Egypt awoke on July 23, 1952, the country greeted news of a military coup with nervous anticipation. Politicians and their colleagues, those not vacationing abroad, scurried to contact one another, to share news and trade rumors. Many gathered at the San Stefano Hotel in Alexandria, summer haunt for the political establishment. As it became apparent over the course of the following week that the army would change little and little blood would be shed (only two soldiers died, as a result of scattered gunfire outside the Rasal-Tin Palace on July 26), Egyptians heaved a sigh of relief. Few rued the army’s action. Rather, a nation disillusioned by the instability and inefficacy of a parliamentary system gone wild considered the electric shock administered the body politic, as well as the deposition of a disgraced king, a blessing.
Mechanically Excited Sound Generators
Authors: Fletcher Neville H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synopsis. An active animal can typically produce a sustained mechanical power output of up to 10 watts per kilogram of body weight. or 10 mW/g, though humans can work at only about one tenth of this rate. Humans and other vertebrates can typically employ only a small fraction, 1 to 10%, of this power for sound production, but insects may be able to use as much as 50%. These figures serve as a guide to the available power input to the acoustic system but. as we see later, the efficiency with which it is converted to radiated sound is very small.
Joan of Arc and Richard III
Authors: Wood Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joan of Arc and Richard III loom large in the histories of their countries, but the myths surrounding them have always obscured just who they were and what they hoped to accomplish. In this book, medieval historian Charles Wood brings these fascinating figures to life through an original combination of traditional biography and wide-ranging discussion of the political and social world in which they lived. Wood draws on a range of unusual sources--from art and legal codes to chronicles and lives of saints--to present a new picture of medieval people and their concerns. Focusing on topics often neglected by other historians, he includes lively discussions of royal adultery scandals, child-kings and the problems they posed, and earlier people and crises that helped to shape the culture of sex and sainthood that was profoundly that of the Middle Ages. In so doing, he clarifies the historical contributions of Richard and Joan, and sheds new light on the political, social, and religious forces that shaped medieval government and made France and England such widely different countries.
Celestine V, Boniface VIII, and the Authority of Parliament
Authors: Wood Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pope Nicholas IV died on April 4, 1292, but the choice of a successor proved frustratingly difficult. The law of the conclave then in force required unanimity among the cardinals, and they were badly split by national rivalries, family antagonisms, and pure personal differences. Twenty-seven months had therefore passed without an election when, on July 4, 1294, the college received a letter from Peter of Morrone, a cave-dwelling hermit of almost eighty. Apocalyptic in tone, the letter foretold of coming doom if the cardinals did not rapidly move to heal the Church’s wounds by restoring its head. Response to Peter’s predictions was immediate: On the very next day, July 5, the college elected this hermit pope.
Joan of Arc
Authors: Wood Charles T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1415, when Joan of Arc turned three, she was far too young to understand the world into which she had been born. Nevertheless. events in that year did much to shape her role in history as well as the way in which her contemporaries would view her. First and foremost, 1415 saw Henry V’s stunning victory at Agincourt, that unexpected miracle of St. Crispin’s Day that made possible English reconquest of Normandy and, after Charles the dauphin’s murder of Duke John of Burgundy at Montereau, the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. In it, England’s king was given Charles Vi’s daughter Catherine of France in marriage, and all rights to the French throne were transferred from a discredited dauphin to Henry and the heirs of his body.
“He keeps Him Like a Woman”: Age and Gender in the Social Organization of Sodomy
Authors: Rocke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up an exploration of the nature and significance of sodomy in male culture and sexual experience in late medieval Florence by beginning with the fundamental issues of how homoerotic interactions were typically organized and how they were perceived and represented. Recent studies in both anthropology and history have shown that the social forms in which homosexual behavior occurs, and the meanings attributed to it, vary considerably across time and culture. Many studies have stressed, moreover, that it is necessary to distinguish sexual behavior from sexual identity. Simply to project current Western conceptions of homosexuality—which are dominated by the notion of a permanently deviant and distinct minority—onto same-sex erotic relations in past or other societies inevitably tends to misrepresent their historical and cultural specificity.
Regarding the traditional societies of medieval and early modern Europe, the most persuasive view now holds that homosexual behavior usually occurred between an “active” adult and a “passive” adolescent, and that most males who engaged in sex with other males probably also had sexual relations with females. Only in the eighteenth century, and then, it seems, above all in northwestern Europe (England, the Netherlands, and France), did this pattern gradually begin to be replaced by a new model.
Politics and Sodomy in the Late Fifteenth Century: The Medici, Savonarola, and the Abolition of the Night Officers
Authors: Rocke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At no time in the history of the Florentine Republic were the social, political, and moral divergences over sodomy in this community more strident, or disputed more publicly, than during the last decade of the fifteenth century. The epigraphs to this chapter give some sense of the terms in which this controversy was played out. For Girolamo Savonarola, the charismatic Dominican friar who exerted a powerful, yet divisive, influence on the city, the repression of sodomy and other “vices” formed a key part of his efforts to reform public morality. After the Medici fell in 1494, his program for moral renewal became tightly wedded to the political rebirth of the Republic, and was pursued not only through harsh new laws sponsored by his supporters, but also through a massive mobilization of reformed boys and adolescents to serve as examples of purity and to police activities deemed “immoral.”
Yet however wide-ranging and spectacular these efforts to suppress sodomy were, they met with only brief or partial success. Popular opposition frustrated the adoption of the friar’s most rabid demands; lax enforcement limited the effects of the laws; and, remarkably, for the first time in Florence—perhaps the first time in Christian Europe—groups of men, mainly youths, are found defiantly challenging attempts to repress sodomy.
Opening Statement of the Prosecution December 9, 1946
Authors: Taylor Telford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defendants in this case are charged with murders, tortures, and other atrocities committed in the name of medical science. The victims of these crimes are numbered in the hundreds of thousands. A handful only are still alive; a few of the survivors will appear in this courtroom. But most of these miserable victims were slaughtered outright or died in the course of the tortures to which they were subjected.
Historical Origins of the Nuremberg Code
Authors: Grodin Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nuremberg Code consists of 10 principles enumerated in the final judgment of the Doctors’ Trial or Medical Case. These principles were formulated in an attempt to establish the substantive standards and procedural guidelines for permissible medical experimentation with humans. They were not identified as a code of medical ethics but rather appear as part of the final legal judgment, where it is claimed that they are derived from the “natural law” of all people. (George Annas discusses the legal standing of the Nuremberg Code in U.S. law in Chapter 11.)
Eunuchs And Sacred Boundaries In Islamic Society
Authors: Marmon Shaun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this thought-provoking interdisciplinary work, Shaun Marmon describes how eunuchs, as a category of people who embodied ambiguity, both defined and mediated critical thresholds of moral and physical space in the household, in the palace and in the tomb of pre-modern Islamic society. The author's central focus is on the sacred society of eunuchs who guarded the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina for over six centuries and whose last representatives still perform many of their time honored rituals to this day. Through Marmon's account, the "sacred" eunuchs of Medina become historical guides into uncharted dimensions of Islamic ritual, political symbolism, social order, gender and time.
Chorion Protein Genes: Cp36, Cp38, Cpl5, Cpl6, Cpl8, Cpl9
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CP36 and CP38 (chorion proteins of 36 kD and 38 kD) are two of the six major protein components of the egg chorion; the other four are the product of genes on chromosome 3 (Petri et al. 1976). CP36 and CP38 are probably the main components of the innermost chorionic layer and the internal region of the thick endochorion (Parks and Spradling 1987; Orr-Weaver 1991). An Nterminal segment of approximately 20 amino acids is probably a signal peptide that is cleaved upon protein secretion (Waring and Mahowald 1979). As is true for all major chorion proteins, CP36 and CP38 are rich in Gly, Ala, Pro and Ser (in CP36, these amino acids constitute 40% of the residues and in CP38, 50%) and in Tyr, an amino acid that is extensively cross-linked in the mature chorion (Petri et al. 1976). Both proteins have runs of Ala and Gly-His, but overall sequence similarity is not striking.
The Cytochrome c Gene Cluster: Cytc1, Cyic2
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two Cys residues near the N-terminus bind the heme group. Another region near the N-terminus has a primary role in the import of cytochromes c into mitochondria in vitro; other portions of the molecule are also necessary for this transport (Sprinkle et al. 1990). These proteins are ubiquitous among eukaryotes and, judging from comparisons made among cytochromes c from 30 species, they are highly conserved. The CYTC1 sequence is very similar to the consensus sequence for other eukaryotic cytochromes c: at every position, the residue present in CYTC1 is found also in some other eukaryotic cytochrome c. CYTC2, on the other hand, is more divergent and has some unique characteristics: at 12 positions, the residues found in CYTC2 are not represented in any other eukaryotic cytochrome c (Fig. 10.1) (Limbach and Wu 1985). It is not known whether the two Drosophila proteins have specialized functions.
The Heat-Shock Gene Cluster at 67B: Hsp22, Hsp23, Hsp26, Hsp27, HspGl, HspG2, HspG3
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The small HSPs of Drosophila are thought to be homologous to those of many other species, from bacteria to mammals and higher plants. Although diverse in sequence, they all share the following features: (1) heat-inducibility; (2) some structural characteristics; and (3) the ability to form polymeric aggregates. In some species, Drosophila included, these proteins are phosphorylated and associated with RNA (see Lindquist and Craig (1988) for a review).
Paired: Prd
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A DNA-binding regulatory protein of the homeodomain type important in establishing the segmentation pattern in early embryos. The following potentially important sequence features occur. The segment between residues 27 and 154 has great similarity to regions in both gooseberry genes and has been designated the “paired domain” (Bopp et al. 1986). This is a DNA-binding region (Treisman et al. 1991).
The Yolk Protein Gene Family: Yp1, Yp2, Yp3
Authors: Maroni Gustavo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yolk proteins 1, 2 and 3 (YP1, YP2, YP3) of 46, 45 and 44 kD, respectively; also known as vitellogenins, when circulating in the hemolymph, and vitellins, when deposited in the oocyte. YP precursors contain signal peptides that are cleaved before secretion (Warren et al. 1979). Other post-translational modifications include the sulfation of Tyrresidues (Tyr-172 in YP2) (Baeuerle and Huttner 1985; Baeuerle et al. 1988), glycosylation and phosphorylation (Minoo and Postlethwait 1985; Brennan and Mahowald 1982).
Translation Start Sites and mRNA Leaders
Authors: Cavener Douglas R , Cavener Beth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prototypical eukaryotic mRNA is often described as having a short (less than 100 nt) 5’ untranslated leader sequence upstream of start codon containing a good consensus sequence (Lewin 1990). Translation initiation from such a mRNA follows the scanning model whereby: (1) a complex of proteins including the cap-binding protein (eIF-4E) associates with the 5’ cap of the mRNA; (2) this complex in turn facilitates binding of the preinitiation complex (40S ribosomal subunits + eIF-2-GTP-tRNAmet); (3) the preinitiation complex scans the mRNA searching for the start codon (the first AUG encountered in the prototypical mRNA); (4) the large ribosomal subunit (60S) joins the 40S subunit beginning translation (Kozak 1989).
Last of the Beaten Track
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If 1955 was a turning point in the history of the Middle East, 1954 set the stage for this drama. At the periphery, Turkey and Pakistan concluded a defense treaty that aimed at bridging the North Atlantic Trea y Organization (NATO) and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), a move inspired by Great Power politics and as yet of no direct interest to the Arab world. But in August 1954, Nuri al-Said resumed power at Baghdad and at once set out to engineer Iraq’s inclusion in the treaty, and in doing so turned the alliance into a lever to achieve Iraq’s dominance in the Arab world.