bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathological Effects of Formalin (37% Formaldehyde) Mixed in Feed or Administered into the Crops of White Leghorn Cockerels
Authors: Khan M. Z. , Ali Z. , Muhammad G. , Khan A. , Mahmood F. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThis study compared the adverse effects of formalin administered by two different methods. Formalin mixed with the feed (2.5, 5.0 and 10 ml/kg) was given to 10‐week‐old White Leghorn cockerels for a period of 8 weeks. Simultaneously in other groups, a 3% solution of formalin was administered into the crops (5, 10, 15 and 20 ml/bird/day). Total amount of formalin utilized during the experiment in the feed of individual bird of groups given 2.5, 5 and 10 ml/kg was 6.25, 3.9 and 1.6% higher than those administered 5, 10 and 20 ml of 3% formalin into crop, respectively. Body mass and feed intake in all feed‐mixed groups and those given 5 and 10 ml formalin (3%) into the crop were not significantly different from control. Administration of 15 and 20 ml formalin (3%) into crop resulted in depression, delayed onset of crowing, significantly decreased feed intake, lower body mass, decreased mass and volume of testes, ulceration in crops, sloughing of mucosa and petechial haemorrhages in proventriculus. All the groups given formalin had significantly smaller diameters of seminiferous tubules. Kidneys of the birds administered formalin into crop exhibited pyknotic nuclei of epithelial cells in proximal tubules. Non‐significant differences in different parameters and lesser degree of pathological changes in birds given formalin‐mixed feed than their corresponding crop‐administered groups suggested that formalin present in the feed had partially evaporated. Therefore, birds ingested less amount of formalin than that originally mixed in the feed.
Levels of Retinol and Retinyl Esters in Plasma and Urine of Dogs with Urolithiasis
Authors: Raila J. , Forterre S. , Schweigert F. J. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryVitamin A (VA) deficiency and Tamm‐Horsfall glycoprotein (THP), a protein that binds retinol and retinyl esters in canine urine, might be involved in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis in dogs. In the present study, we assessed levels of retinol, retinyl esters, retinol‐binding protein (RBP) and THP in plasma and urine of dogs with a history of urolithiasis (n = 25) compared with clinically healthy controls (n = 18). Plasma retinol concentrations were higher in dogs with uroliths of struvit (P < 0.01), calcium oxalate (P < 0.05), urate (P < 0.01) and cysteine, but there were no differences in the concentrations of plasma RBP and retinyl esters. Excretion of urinary retinol and retinyl esters were tentatively, but not significantly higher in the stone‐forming groups, which was accompanied by increased levels of urinary RBP (P < 0.01) and lower excretions in THP (P < 0.01). The results show that VA deficiency may be excluded as a potential cause for canine urolithiasis. However, the occurrence of RBP and a concomitant reduction of THP in urine indicates a disturbed kidney function as cause or consequence of stone formation in dogs.
Metastatic Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Diffuse Hyperplastic Gastritis Resembling Human Menétrier's Disease in a Camel (Camelus ferus bactrianus)
Authors: Kühn N. , Gröne A. , Pagan O. , Bacciarini L. N. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryA captive 16‐year‐old male camel (Camelus ferus bactrianus) was euthanized after a prolonged period of inappetence leading to cachexia. At necropsy, there was a 7 cm large, tan, firm, well‐demarcated nodule in the tunica muscularis and serosa of the distal region of C3. Histologically, a gastric adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. Numerous metastases were found in the liver and the hepatic lymph nodes, in the wall of the portal vein and the aorta, in the lung, heart, and pleura parietalis. Osseous metaplasia was found within the pleural and aortic metastases.In the mucosa of the glandular region of the C3 compartment a diffuse marked hypertrophy of rugae resembling cerebral convolutions was observed. The lesion was characterized by glandular hyperplasia and stromal inflammation and oedema. These changes closely resembled Menétrier's disease described in humans.To our knowledge, this is the first report of concomitant metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric hyperplasia in a camel.
Hypocholesterolaemia in Dogs with Dominance Aggression
Authors: Pentürk S. , Yalçin E. 
Published: September 2003

SummarySerum lipids and lipoprotein concentrations have been associated with dominance aggression in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the link between serum lipids, including cholesterol, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), total cholesterol (TC) to HDL‐C ratio and dominance aggression in dogs. Levels of serum TC, triglyceride and HDL‐C were significantly lower in dogs with dominance aggression compared with non‐aggressive dogs (P < 0.001). These results suggest that a relationship exists between serum lipid profile and dominance aggression in dogs, and hypocholesterolaemia exists in dogs with dominance aggression.
Changes in the Level of Endogenous Leptin, FSH, 17β‐Oestradiol and Metabolites during Lupin‐induced Increase in Ovulation Rate in Ewes
Authors: Kosior‐Korzecka U. , Bobowiec R. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryThe aim of the study was to determine the changes in the plasma concentration of leptin during lupin feeding‐induced increase in the ovulation rate (OR) in ewes. Additionally, alterations in the plasma level of glycogenic amino acids and glucose (as the factors influencing leptin secretion) and the levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and 17β‐oestradiol (E‐2) (as the hormones regulated by leptin and engaged in recruitment, selection and development of ovulatory follicles) were analysed. Ninety‐six female Polish Lowland Sheep were used. All ewes were cyclic and synchronized with PGF2α. The ewes were divided into two groups: control (n = 48), fed only with hay, and experimental (n = 48), received additionally lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) grain as a high‐protein and a high‐energy supplement. They were given lupin from the second to 13th day of the oestrous cycle at increasing doses (150–750 g/day per ewe). On the 11th day of cycle blood samples for analysis of hormones, amino acids and total glucose concentration, were collected from the jugular vein. OR was determined by laparoscopy of ovaries on the sixth day of the following oestrous cycle. Mean OR of ewes supplemented with lupin grain (1.687 ± 0.463) was 30.67% higher than that of control (1.291 ± 0.454). In spite of the unchanged body mass, a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) in mean concentration of plasma leptin in the experimental ewes [2.17 ± 0.15 ng/ml human equivalent (HE)] was found in comparison with control (1.42 ± 0.12 ng/ml HE). A significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher plasma FSH level in the ewes fed lupin (105.21 ± 5.87 ng/ml) compared with those fed hay (67.88 ± 6.03 ng/ml) was also found. However, plasma level of E‐2 decreased after lupin feeding. Moreover, in the ewes fed lupin the plasma concentrations of glucose and nine glycogenic amino acids (Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Leu, Ile, Tyr, Phe and Arg) were increased. It can be concluded that lupin feeding exerts the stimulatory effect on the OR in Polish Lowland Sheep. The increase in OR is connected with significantly higher plasma leptin level and coincident with rise in FSH, glycogenic amino acids and glucose concentration. In contrast, the level of plasma E‐2 was significantly decreased in lupin‐fed ewes.
Spontaneous Uterine Fibroleiomyoma in a Captive Cheetah
Authors: Walzer C. , Kübber‐Heiss A. , Bauder B. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryInformation on uterine neoplasia in felids and more so in non‐domestic felids is sparse. In non‐domestic felids, this may be due to the small sample size. A uterine fibroleiomyoma is described in a 17‐year‐old captive cheetah. The multicentric nodular tumour masses were situated in the myometrium, were well demarcated, non‐encapsulated and did not show infiltrative growth. Between the neoplastic cells, numerous of varying width, and irregularly braided bundles and whorls of collagen and reticular fibres were demonstrated. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed positive reactions for both desmin, the marker for smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and vimentin, the marker for fibrocyte‐derived cells.
Lactoferrin and Citrate Concentrations at Drying‐off and During Early Mammary Involution of Dairy Cows
Authors: Kutila T. , Pyörälä S. , Kaartinen L. , Isomäki R. , Vahtola K. , Myllykoski L. , Saloniemi H. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryQuarter milk samples were taken from 48 clinically healthy, pregnant Finnish Ayrshire and Friesian dairy cows at the last milking before drying‐off, and 2 and 6 days later to determine the lactoferrin and citrate concentrations in the udder secretion. The mean lactoferrin concentration in the milk increased from 5.29 mg ml−1 on the last day of drying‐off process to 8.09 and 11.26 mg ml−1, 2 and 6 days later, respectively. Citrate concentration decreased from 1.85 mg ml−1 to 1.54 and 1.09 mg ml−1, respectively. Median molar ratio (citrate to native‐Lf) decreased from 153 to 86 and further to 44. Lf and citrate concentrations in milk varied greatly among cows. Sampling time had a statistically significant effect on lactoferrin and citrate concentrations in milk while the breed and the parity of the cows had no effect on either of these variables.
Leiomyosarcoma of the Kidney in a Dog
Authors: Sato T. , Aoki K. , Shibuya H. , Machida T. , Watari T. 
Published: September 2003

SummaryA leiomyosarcoma that occurred in the right kidney of a dog (7‐year‐old female Labrador retriever) was studied pathologically. On histological examination, tumour cells were spindle‐shaped, the cell density was high, and complex fasciculated tumour cells showing longitudinal and transverse cross‐sections were observed. Both ends of the nuclei were rounded, the nucleoli were clear and many images of nuclear division were observed. Immunohistochemically, tumour cells reacted intensely with anti‐vimentin antibody and anti‐actin smooth muscle antibody, and mildly with anti‐desmin antibody. On electron microscopy, the nuclei of tumour cells were rounded at both ends and elongated elliptically, and a large number of microfibrils with focal density and dense patches were observed in the cytoplasm. This is a case report of a very rare leiomyosarcoma of the dog kidney.
The potential effects of repeated outbreaks of phocine distemper among harbour seals: a response to Harding et al. (2002)
Authors: Lonergan Mike , Harwood John 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn 2002 phocine distemper virus (PDV) reappeared in the European harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) population. This outbreak seems to have followed a similar pattern to the 1988 one which killed almost 60% of individuals in most localities. Harding et al. (2002) suggested that there is a relatively high (18%) risk that recurrent outbreaks of PDV could reduce the European harbour seal population by 90%. We show that incorporating the effects of observation error during population surveys and of the long‐term immunity of survivors of morbillivirus outbreaks indicate a much lower level of risk (<1%). This suggests that, while the immediate effects of the disease are dramatic, it is unlikely that recurrent epidemics will pose serious conservation problems for this species under current conditions.
Ecological interpretations of the mid‐domain effect
Authors: Grytnes John Arvid 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe suggestion that spatial gradients in species richness are influenced by geometric constraints resulting in the mid‐domain effect has been investigated by null models. The technical aspects of making such null models are well explored, but the implicit ecological assumptions behind these models are less explored. Four ecological models that all assume that species ranges are constrained by hard boundaries are made: evolutionary model, source‐sink model, dynamic‐environment model, and range‐size model. These models give different predictions that make it possible to separate the models from each other, and from a model that assumes that hard boundaries are not important.
Testing intraguild predation theory in a field system: does numerical dominance shift along a gradient of productivity?
Authors: Borer Elizabeth T. , Briggs Cheryl J. , Murdoch William W. , Swarbrick Susan L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough ecological theory exists to predict dynamics in communities with intraguild predation (IGP), few empirical tests have examined this theory. IGP theory, in particular, predicts that when two competitors interact via IGP, with increasing resource productivity: (1) the IG predator will increase in abundance as the IG prey declines, and (2) increasing dominance of the IG predator will cause resource density to increase. Here, we provide a first test of these predictions in a field community consisting of a scale insect and its two specialist parasitoids, Aphytis melinus (the IG predator) and Encarsia perniciosi (the IG prey). The shared resource, California red scale, is a pest of citrus, and its productivity varies across a threefold range among citrus cultivars. We examined both absolute and relative densities of parasitoids along this natural gradient of scale productivity in three citrus cultivars (orange, grapefruit and lemon). Although both parasitoid species were found in all three cultivars, their abundances reflected those predicted by IGP theory: the IG prey species dominated at low productivity and the IG predator dominated at high productivity. This relationship was caused by an increase in Aphytis density with productivity. In addition, the density of scale increased with the dominance of the IG predator. These results from a field system demonstrate the important dynamic outcomes for food webs with IGP.
Diversity reduces invasibility in experimental plant communities: the role of plant species
Authors: van Ruijven Jasper , De Deyn Gerlinde B. , Berendse Frank 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSeveral studies have presented experimental evidence that diversity reduces invasibility in grassland communities. The interpretation of these results has been disputed recently and it was proposed that sampling effects were responsible for the observed decrease of invasibility with diversity. The experiments performed to date were not designed to adequately separate sampling from diversity effects. Using the establishment of native plant species in experimental plant communities as a model of invasibility, we show that the number of invaders decreased with increasing diversity. When the presence of particular species is included, their effects are dominant.Centaurea jaceashowed a strong effect at low diversity, whereasLeucanthemum vulgareshowed a very strong negative impact at each diversity level. The negative effect of the latter might be related to root‐feeding nematodes that showed far higher abundance in plots withLeucanthemum. However, diversity remained a significant factor in determining the number of invading species and the numbers of an abundant invader.
The species–area relationship derived from species‐specific incidence functions
Authors: Ovaskainen Otso , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe species–area relationship (SAR), describing the increase in species number (S) with increasing area (A), is one of the most robust patterns in ecology with great significance for conservation. The SAR is generally formulated as a power function, S = kAz, although the semilogarithmic form S = a + b log A has often been used by botanists. Here we unite the two forms by deriving SARs from the incidence functions of the species that make up the community. We show how the decisive scaling parameters z and b relate to the properties of individual species, and highlight why the biological interpretation of SARs has been so enigmatic.
Species richness, endemism, and abundance patterns: tests of two fractal models in a serpentine grassland
Authors: Green Jessica L. , Harte John , Ostling Annette 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough scaling relationships that characterize fractal species distributions offer an exciting potential for unification in biogeography, empirical support for fractal theory remains the subject of debate. We synthesize and test multiple predictions of two interrelated fractal models and a null model of random placement using Californian serpentine grassland data describing the spatial location of over 37 000 individually identified plants. The endemics–area relationship and species‐abundance distribution recently derived from a community‐level fractal property performed poorly because of an inaccurate assumption of homogeneity among species. In contrast, a species‐level fractal model that incorporates species‐level differences predicted abundances well, but systematically overestimated endemism and predicted a species–area relationship that violated the observed power law. These findings indicate that in order to make predictions based on the existence of a power‐law species–area relationship, ecologists need a unifying theory of how the community‐level fractal property arises in the presence of species‐level distributional differences.
Biodiversity and species interactions: extending Lotka–Volterra community theory
Authors: Wilson W. G. , Lundberg P. , Vázquez D. P. , Shurin J. B. , Smith M. D. , Langford W. , Gross K. L. , Mittelbach G. G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA new analysis of the nearly century‐old Lotka–Volterra theory allows us to link species interactions to biodiversity patterns, including: species abundance distributions, estimates of total community size, patterns of community invasibility, and predicted responses to disturbance. Based on a few restrictive assumptions about species interactions, our calculations require only that the community is sufficiently large to allow a mean‐field approximation. We develop this analysis to show how an initial assemblage of species with varying interaction strengths is predicted to sort out into the final community based on the species’ predicted target densities. The sorting process yields predictions of covarying patterns of species abundance, community size, and species interaction strengths. These predictions can be tested using enrichment experiments, examination of latitudinal and productivity gradients, and features of community assembly.
Experimental evolution of dispersal in spatiotemporally variable microcosms
Authors: Friedenberg Nicholas A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe world is an uncertain place. Individuals’ fates vary from place to place and from time to time. Natural selection in unpredictable environments should favour individuals that hedge their bets by dispersing offspring. I confirm this basic prediction usingCaenorhabditis elegansin experimental microcosms. My results agree with evolutionary models and correlations found previously between habitat stability and individual dispersal propensity in nature. However, I also find that environmental variation that triggers conditional dispersal behaviour may not impose selection on baseline dispersal rates. These findings imply that an increased rate of disturbance in natural systems has the potential to cause an evolutionary response in the life history of impacted organisms.
Radical Traditions and the Return to Scripture in Religion and Theology
Authors: Pecknold C. C. 
Published: September 2003

Books reviewed in this article:David Weiss Halivni, Revelation Restored: Divine Writ and Critical ResponsesPeter Ochs and Nancy Levene, Textual Reasonings: Jewish Philosophy and Text Study at the End of the Twentieth CenturyP. Travis Kroeker and Bruce Ward, Remembering the End: Dostoevsky as Prophet to ModernityStanley Hauerwas, Wilderness Wanderings: Probing Twentieth Century Theology and PhilosophyDavid Toole, Waiting for Godot in Sarajevo: Theological Reflections on Nihilism, Tragedy, and ApocalypseGeorge Lindbeck (ed.) and James J. Buckley, The Church in a Postliberal Age
Emigration from China: A Sending Country Perspective
Authors: Biao Xiang 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the policies pursued by the People's Republic of China (PRC) regarding the emigration of Chinese nationals. Most of the available literature on migration management has focused on receiving countries. With a few exceptions, little attention has been directed at migration management policies pursued in countries of origin. In the case of the PRC, policies regarding overseas Chinese have been fairly well documented and researched, but very little has been written about how the Chinese authorities manage ongoing emigration flows. This gap becomes particularly salient as the importance of the “partnership with the countries of origin” in devising migration policies is being increasingly acknowledged by receiving countries in Europe (Commission of the European Communities, 2000).Over the last 20 years, there have been significant changes in the Chinese Government's policies and perspectives on emigration. But, just like most other governments, the Chinese authorities do not have a single blanket policy covering all categories of emigrants. Emigration is normally managed on a case‐by‐case basis and the Government's attitude toward the same type of emigration may vary depending on different cases and circumstances. Because of this, this article examines China's major emigration‐related policy spheres one by one. Specifically, six issues will be discussed: (1) exit control; (2) diaspora policy; (3) student migration; (4) labour export; (5) regulations on emigration agencies and, finally (6) the Government's response to human smuggling.This article shows both the coherence and the fragmentation in China's policies toward emigration. The coherence is due to the fact that all the policies are inherently linked to China's overall economic and social development strategy. The emigration management regime is sometimes fragmented partly because emigration consists of different streams and is handled by different Government departments, partly because some emigration issues (such as regulations on emigration agents) are very new for the Chinese Government and the authorities are still exploring them. Overall, the Chinese authorities increasingly see emigration as a means to enhance China's integration to the world and are keen to avoid conflicts with the international community over migration issues. At the same time, China's emigration policies need to be more balanced, in particular, the emigration of unskilled labour should be given more priority.