bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The AIB1 glutamine repeat polymorphism is not associated with risk of breast cancer before age 40 years in Australian women
Authors: Montgomery Karen G , Chang Jiun-Horng , Gertig Dorota M , Dite Gillian S , McCredie Margaret R , Giles Graham G , Southey Melissa C , Hopper John L , Campbell Ian G 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Introduction
AIB1, located at 20q12, is a member of the steroid hormone coactivator family. It contains a glutamine repeat (CAG/CAA) polymorphism at its carboxyl-terminal region that may alter the transcriptional activation of the receptor and affect susceptibility to breast cancer through altered sensitivity to hormones.

Methods
We evaluated this repeat polymorphism in the context of early-onset disease by conducting a case-control study of 432 Australian women diagnosed with breast cancer before the age of 40 years and 393 population-based control individuals who were frequency matched for age. Genotyping was performed using a scanning laser fluorescence imager.

Results
There were no differences in genotype frequencies between cases and control individuals, or between cases categorized by family history or by BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutation status. There was no evidence that the presence of one or two alleles of 26 glutamine repeats or fewer was associated with breast cancer (odds ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval = 0.73–1.44), or that women with alleles greater than 29 repeats were at increased risk of breast cancer. Exclusion of women who carried a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation (24 cases) and non-Caucasian women (44 cases) did not alter the risk estimates or inferences. We present raw data, including that on mutation carriers, to allow pooling with other studies.

Conclusion
There was no evidence that risk of breast cancer depends on AIB1 CAG/CAA polymorphism status, even if affected women carry a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2.
The effect of activated protein C on experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis
Authors: Yamenel Levent , Mas Mehmet Refik , Comert Bilgin , Isik Ahmet Turan , Aydin Sezai , Mas Nuket , Deveci Salih , Ozyurt Mustafa , Tasci Ilker , Unal Tahir 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Acute pancreatitis is a local inflammatory process that leads to a systemic inflammatory response in the majority of cases. Bacterial contamination has been estimated to occur in 30–40% of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. Development of pancreatic necrosis depends mainly on the degree of inflammation and on the microvascular circulation of the pancreatic tissue. Activated protein C (APC) is known to inhibit coagulation and inflammation, and to promote fibrinolysis in patients with severe sepsis. We investigated the effects of APC on histopathology, bacterial translocation, and systemic inflammation in experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

Materials and method
Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Rats were randomly allocated to three groups. Acute pancreatitis was induced in group II (positive control; n = 15) and group III (treatment; n = 15) rats by retrograde injection of taurocholate into the common biliopancreatic duct. Group I rats (sham; n = 15) received an injection of normal saline into the common biliopancreatic duct to mimic a pressure effect. Group III rats were treated with intravenous APC 6 hours after induction of pancreatitis. Pancreatic tissue and blood samples were obtained from all animals for histopathological examination and assessment of amylase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 levels in serum. Bacterial translocation to pancreas and mesenteric lymph nodes was measured.

Results
Acute pancreatitis developed in all groups apart from group I (sham), as indicated by microscopic parenchymal necrosis, fat necrosis and abundant turbid peritoneal fluid.
Histopathological pancreatitis scores in the APC-treated group were lower than in positive controls (10.31 ± 0.47 versus 14.00 ± 0.52; P < 0.001). Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and to pancreas in the APC-treated group was significantly decreased compared with controls (P < 0.02 and P < 0.007, respectively). Serum amylase, tumor necrosis factor--α, and IL-6 levels were also significantly decreased in comparison with positive controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.04 and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion
APC improved the severity of pancreatic tissue histology, superinfection rates and serum markers of inflammation during the course of acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
Cited2is required both for heart morphogenesis and establishment of the left-right axis in mouse development
Authors: Weninger Wolfgang J. , Floro Kylie Lopes , Bennett Michael B. , Withington Sarah L. , Preis Jost I. , Barbera Juan Pedro Martinez , Mohun Timothy J. , Dunwoodie Sally L. 
Published: March 2005

Establishment of the left-right axis is a fundamental process of vertebrate embryogenesis. Failure to develop left-right asymmetry leads to incorrect positioning and morphogenesis of numerous internal organs, and is proposed to underlie the etiology of several common cardiac malformations. The transcriptional modulator Cited2 is essential for embryonic development: Cited2-null embryos die during gestation with profound developmental abnormalities, including cardiac malformations, exencephaly and adrenal agenesis. Cited2 is also required for normal establishment of the left-right axis; we demonstrate that abnormal heart looping and right atrial and pulmonary isomerism are consistent features of the left-right-patterning defect. We show by gene expression analysis that Cited2 acts upstream of Nodal, Lefty2 and Pitx2 in the lateral mesoderm,and of Lefty1 in the presumptive floor plate.Although abnormal left-right patterning has a major impact on the cardiac phenotype in Cited2-null embryos, laterality defects are only observed in a proportion of these embryos. We have therefore used a combination of high-resolution imaging and three-dimensional (3D) modeling to systematically document the full spectrum of Cited2-associated cardiac defects. Previous studies have focused on the role of Cited2in cardiac neural crest cell development, as Cited2 can bind the transcription factor Tfap2, and thus affect the expression of Erbb3 in neural crest cells. However, we have identified Cited2-associated cardiac defects that cannot be explained by laterality or neural crest abnormalities. In particular, muscular ventricular septal defects and reduced cell density in the atrioventricular (AV) endocardial cushions are evident in Cited2-null embryos. As we found that Cited2 expression tightly correlated with these sites, we believe that Cited2 plays a direct role in development of the AV canal and cardiac septa. We therefore propose that, in addition to the previously described reduction of cardiac neural crest cells, two other distinct mechanisms contribute to the spectrum of complex cardiac defects in Cited2-null mice; disruption of normal left-right patterning and direct loss of Cited2 expression in cardiac tissues.
Two Trans and Two Cis Isomers in Caprylolactam in Mixed Solvent of Methanol and Water
Authors: Tsutsumi Yu , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Chiba-Kamoshida Kaori 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In 13C NMR spectra, four signals of two trans and two cis conformers in caprylolactam were found in a mixed solvent of water and methanol. NMR line broadenings and coalescent phenomena in two conformers occurred at higher temperatures, giving high activation free energy (ΔG‡) for the isomerizations between two trans and cis conformers. ΔG‡ are greatly influenced by the mixed ratio between water and methanol.
Unprecedented Ligand Dependent SN2′ Mechanism on the Palladium-catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution to Bicyclic Dienyl Acetates
Authors: Daimon Hisashi , Kitamura Takahiro , Kawahara Tamotsu , Shimizu Isao 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed nucleophilic reaction to bicyclic dienyl acetates 1 was studied with both optically active substrates and deuterium labeled substrates in order to clarify regioselectivity of the reaction. The regioselectivity depended on phosphine ligands. Thus, SN2 type reaction was observed using PPh3. Whereas, unprecedented SN2′ type reaction proceeded in high yields using DPPP and DPPB, which is applicable to a remote nucleophilic substitution.
Efficient Decomposition of NO2 into N2 and O2 by 193-nm ArF Laser in N2 Atmosphere
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Noda Kenji , Sako Hiroshi , Hamagami Taro , Tsuji Takeshi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Decomposition of NO2 in N2 by 193-nm ArF excimer laser was studied at atmospheric pressure. The NO2 conversion was 86% and the formation ratios of N2, O2, and NO were 32, 75, and 22%, respectively, at a low NO2 concentration of 200 ppm. The lower NO yield than that predicted from simple NO2 → NO + O photolysis was explained as the second absorption of 193-nm light by NO (X2Π:ν″ &gt; 0) followed by N + O predissociation and subsequent secondary reactions leading to N2 and O2.
Thermal Stability of the Hydration Structure of Short-chain Poly(oxyethylene) in Carbon Tetrachloride: An Infrared Spectroscopic Observation of the Breakdown of Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Matin Md Ruhul , Wahab Shaheda A , Katsumoto Yukiteru , Matsuura Hiroatsu , Ohno Keiichi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The temperature-dependent infrared spectra of water dissolved in carbon tetrachloride containing varying amounts of short-chain poly(oxyethylene) (POE) have demonstrated that an increase of temperature destabilizes bidentate hydrogen bonds between water and POE, and changes them to monodentate hydrogen bonds, which are eventually disrupted at higher temperatures. This process of hydrogen bond breakdown is a possible mechanism, among others, of the phase separation in the POE–water system.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Manganese(II) Wire Made Up of Octahedral and Square Pyramidal Mn(II) Ions
Authors: Kumagai Hitoshi , Akita-Tanaka Motoko , Kawata Satoshi , Inoue Katsuya 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Hydrothermal reaction between Mn(II) ion and α-phenylcinnamic acid yields a 1D-chain complex, [Mn5L8(OH)2] (L = α-phenylcinnamate). [Mn5L8(OH)2] contains pentanuclear Mn(II) cores, α-phenylcinnamate and hydroxide ions as bridging ligands. The pentanuclear Mn(II) core consists of distorted octahedral {MnO6} and distorted square pyramidal {MnO5} linked through μ-carboxylate and μ3-hydroxide ligands. The octahedrons and the distorted square pyramids share the edges and vertexes to form 1D-chain structure.
Stereospecific Electrochemical Carboxylation of β-Bromostyrene by Use of Nickel(II) Catalyst
Authors: Kuang Chunxiang , Yang Qing , Senboku Hisanori , Tokuda Masao 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Electrochemical carboxylation of (E)- and (Z)-β-bromostyrenes (1) under an atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide with a platinum cathode and a magnesium anode in the presence of 20 mol % of NiBr2·bpy proceeded with retention of stereochemistry to give the corresponding (E)- or (Z)-cinnamic acids (2). The stereochemical outcome of nickel(II)-catalyzed electrochemical carboxylations was discussed by comparison with predominant formation of a (Z)-isomer from either (E)- or (Z)-β-bromostyrenes.
Reductive Coupling of Aryl Bromides Using Cat. Pd/TDAE System in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kuroboshi Manabu , Takeda Toshiyuki , Motoki Ryota , Tanaka Hideo 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Pd/TDAE-promoted reductive coupling of aryl bromides (Ar–Br) proceeded in ionic liquids, e.g., BdmimBF4 and BdmimTf2N, to afford the corresponding symmetric biaryls (Ar–Ar) in good yields. Proper choice of ionic liquids and Pd catalysts is indispensable. Recycle use of BdmimTf2N and Pd catalyst was performed successfully.
Stepwise Preparation of Linear π-Conjugated Bis(terpyridine)metal Polymer Chains at Gold Surface
Authors: Kanaizuka Katsuhiko , Murata Masaki , Nishimori Yoshihiko , Mori Ichiro , Nishio Kazuyuki , Masuda Hideki , Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Defect-free structures of a film composed of linear redox polymer chains were prepared using stepwise complexation of Fe(II) and/or Co(II/III) ions with azobenzene-bridged bis(tpy) (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) ligands, tpy–AB–tpy, on tpy-terminated SAM on gold. This method realizes a formation of desired number of polymer units (for example, 47-mer of Co(tpy)2) and a desired sequence of Co–Fe heterometal structures in the polymer chain (for example, 10-mer of Co(tpy)2 plus 5-mer of Fe(tpy)2).
Suction diathermy adenoid ablation
Authors: Owens David , Jaramillo Mario , Saunders Michael 
Published: March 2005

Adenoidectomy Is A Surgical Procedure Frequently Carried Out In Otolaryngological Practice, Traditionally Undertaken Blindly With Curettage Using An Adenotome Following Palpation Of The Adenoid Bed. While A Number Of Alternative Methods Have Been Described For Surgical Removal Of The Adenoid Pad (Power-Assisted/Microdebrider, Transnasal Adenoid Ablation, Suction Coagulation And Liquefaction/Aspiration) None Has Become The Definitive Procedure. Suction Diathermy Adenoidectomy Has Been Known And Used For Some Time; It Has Gained In Popularity Over Recent Years And Is Established As An Alternative To Conventional Curettage, Particularly In Children.We Describe Several Techniques Which Improve The View Of The Surgical Field While Performing Suction Diathermy Adenoid Ablation.
Efficacy of intratympanic methylprednisolone acetate in treatment of drill-induced sensorineural hearing loss in guinea pigs
Authors: El-Hennawi Diaa M , El-Deen Mohamed H Badr , Abou-Halawa Ashraf S , Nadeem Hani S , Ahmed Mohamed R 
Published: March 2005

Intratympanic steroids offer direct access to the inner ear with high concentration and without systemic effects. In this study, the efficacy of intratympanic methylprednisolone acetate (IT-MPA) was evaluated in a guinea-pig model of drill-induced inner ear trauma.Twenty-five guinea pigs were divided into a control group to document the baseline distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and the normal scanning electron microscopic (SEM) morphology of the inner ear. The animals in the study group were subdivided into a steroid-only group (S), a trauma-only group(T), a trauma-plus-time group (TT), and a trauma-plus-steroid (TS) group.IT-MPA was found to have no damaging effect on the inner ear. Twelve days after trauma, there was spontaneous although incomplete recovery of the DPOAEs amplitudes and SEM morphology with scar tissue replacing lost outer hair cells. Statistically higher DPOAEs amplitudes (p < 0.05) were recorded in the TS group that had nearly normal SEM morphology compared to the TT group. The authors conclude that IT-MPA significantly improves drill-induced sensorineural hearing loss and inner ear morphological changes in guinea pigs.
Study on spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: its aetiology and management
Authors: Dunn C J , Alaani A , Johnson A P 
Published: March 2005

The aim of this study was to identify the common features in a study group of patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea, to develop a hypothesis to explain the cause of this condition and to investigate the outcome of surgical techniques adopted to repair the leak. In this retrospective study the authors have reviewed all the cases of spontaneous CSF leaks attending and receiving treatment from the otolaryngology department of Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, from 1992 to 2002.Of 34 patients with CSF leaks, 15 were spontaneous in nature and formed the study group. Of these 15 patients, 14 were female; with ages ranging from 37 to 70 years and a median age of 50 years. All the female patients were overweight with a body mass index (BMI) >24.9 and, of these, nine were considered obese with a BMI >30. It was attempted to identify common factors in the study group and it was evident that female sex, obesity and age played a key role in this condition.The follow-up period ranged from two to 98 months. Thirteen patients were asymptomatic but two patients remained symptomatic, one of these despite repeated surgical intervention.
Superior mediastinal and internal jugular venous thrombosis presenting to the otolaryngologist
Authors: De Casso Carmen , Ghosh Sudip , Timms Michael , Morar Pradeep 
Published: March 2005

Venous thromboembolic disease has an estimated annual incidence of one in 1000 people. However, thrombosis of the superior mediastinum and neck veins is less frequent and it is usually due to direct trauma to the neck by intravenous catheters, drug abusers or neck dissection surgery. Local or distant malignancy (Trousseau’s syndrome) is also an important cause.Thrombosis of the superior mediastinal and internal jugular veins is rarely a cause of primary referral to the otolaryngologist. On these rare occasions, it can present as a painful neck mass, but may also present with stridor, dysphonia or dysphagia. The four patients presented here illustrate different ways of presentation. Different imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and venogram, will produce a diagnosis of thrombosis, occasionally with a mass, but only a biopsy will confirm or rule-out malignancy.Spontaneous thrombophlebitis can be the first manifestation of an occult neoplasm and any investigation into venous thrombosis must include a thorough general examination and follow up.
Simple compressive method for treatment of auricular haematoma using dental silicone material
Authors: Choung Y H , Park K , Choung P H , Oh J H 
Published: March 2005

Most of the previous treatment methods for auricular haematoma are inconvenient for both patients and doctors because they are time-consuming and complex and must be performed under sterile conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple compressive method using a dental (silicone) impression material and comparing it with other methods for treatment of auricular haematomas. The authors aspirated a haematoma and then placed a mixed base and catalyst of silicone putty material on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the auricle in the shape of an inverted U for seven days.From the 24 cases managed with this method, 23 cases (95.8 per cent) were successfully healed. Eight patients were treated with a collodion-cotton wool cast and 16 of 19 patients were successfully treated with dental cotton-wool rolls. The average number of those visiting the hospital was 2.7 for the collodion-cotton wool cast, 6.9 for the dental cotton-wool roll, and 3.1 for dental silicone. The mean treatment durations were 8.1 days for the collodion-cotton wool cast, 13.8 days for the dental cotton-wool roll, and 8.6 days for dental silicone. The authors believe that this compressive method using dental silicone material is simple and appropriate for the treatment of auricular haematoma.
The Influence of Nonaudit Service Revenues and Client Pressure on External Auditors' Decisions to Rely on Internal Audit*
Authors: FELIX WILLIAM L. , GRAMLING AUDREY A. , MALETTA MARIO J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper investigates how external auditor provision of significant nonaudit services and client pressure to use the work of internal audit influence external auditors' use of internal auditors' work. More specifically, we study how external audit evidence gathering choices are influenced by nonaudit fees and client pressure. Our research is motivated by an observation that the magnitude of nonaudit services provided to audit clients introduces the risk that client management may leverage its position with the external auditor and potentially affect the audit process. We address this issue by extending prior research and focusing on the importance of various explanatory variables, including nonaudit service revenues, client pressure, internal audit quality, and coordination, to the external auditor's decision to rely on the work of internal audit. We use data primarily obtained through surveys completed by internal and external auditors. The survey responses represent 74 separate audit engagements. Our findings reveal that when significant nonaudit services are not provided to a client, internal audit quality and the level of internal‐external auditor coordination positively affect auditors' internal audit reliance decisions. However, when the auditor provides significant nonaudit services to the client, internal audit quality and the extent of internal ‐ external auditor coordination do not significantly affect auditors' reliance decisions. Furthermore, when significant nonaudit services are provided, client pressure significantly increases the extent of internal audit reliance. Thus, external auditors appear to be more affected by client pressure and less concerned about internal audit quality and coordination when making internal audit reliance decisions at clients for whom significant nonaudit services are also provided.
A Reexamination of Behavior in Experimental Audit Markets: The Effects of Moral Reasoning and Economic Incentives on Auditor Reporting and Fees*
Authors: SCHATZBERG JEFFREY W. , SEVCIK GALEN R. , SHAPIRO BRIAN P. , THORNE LINDA , WALLACE R. S. OLUSEGUN 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis study uses experimental markets to investigate how moral reasoning influences auditor reporting under different levels of economic incentives. In each multiperiod market, auditor subjects could either (1) misreport low observed outcomes as high and thereby reap economic advantages at the expense of third‐party investors, or (2) truthfully report low observed outcomes as low but thereby forgo the economic advantages of misreporting. We extend the Calegari, Schatzberg, and Sevcik 1998 experimental‐markets setting to incorporate moral reasoning, and test hypotheses based on the economic model of Magee and Tseng 1990 and the neo‐Kohlbergian moral reasoning framework of Rest, Narvaez, Bebeau, and Thoma 1999. We document a significant effect of moral reasoning on auditor behavior. Specifically, we find that misreporting and premium fees are more likely with higher than with lower moral reasoning subjects, and the moral reasoning effect diminishes as economic penalties increase in the market. These findings provide valuable insights for specifying the determinants of auditor misreporting, the observable behaviors that signal its existence, and the institutions that can prevent its occurrence in the market. We conclude that the relation between moral reasoning and behavior is more complex than commonly assumed in the accounting literature, and identify directions for future research.