bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Commonwealth of Knowledge
Authors: Dubow Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Commonwealth of Knowledge addresses the relationship between social and scientific thought, colonial identity, and political power in nineteenth- and twentieth-century South Africa. It hinges on the tension between colonial knowledge, conceived of as a universal, modernizing force, and its realization in the context of a society divided along complex ethnic and racial fault-lines. By means of detailed analysis of colonial cultures, literary and scientific institutions, and expert historical thinking about South Africa and its peoples, it demonstrates the ways in which the cultivation of knowledge has served to support white political ascendancy and claims to nationhood. In a sustained commentary on modern South African historiography, the significance of `broad' South Africanism - a political tradition designed to transcend differences between white English- and Afrikaans-speakers - is emphasized. A Commonwealth of Knowledge also engages with wider comparative debates. These include the nature of imperial and colonial knowledge systems; the role of intellectual ideas and concepts in constituting ethnic, racial, and regional identities; the dissemination of ideas between imperial metropole and colonial periphery; the emergence of amateur and professional intellectual communities; and the encounter between imperial and indigenous or local knowledge systems. The book has broad scope. It opens with a discussion of civic institutions (eg. museums, libraries, botanical gardens and scientific societies), and assesses their role in creating a distinctive sense of Cape colonial identity; the book goes on to discuss the ways in which scientific and other forms of knowledge contributed to the development of a capacious South Africanist patriotism compatible with continued membership of the British Commonwealth; it concludes with reflections on the techno-nationalism of the apartheid state and situates contemporary concerns like the `African Renaissance', and responses to HIV/AIDS, in broad historical context.
What Is and Is Not Wrong with Enhancement?1
Authors: Kamm Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article examines the arguments concerning enhancement of human persons recently presented by Michael Sandel. In the first section, I briefly describe some of his arguments. In Section II, I consider whether, as Sandel claims, the desire for mastery motivates enhancement and whether such a desire could be grounds for its impermissibility. Section III considers how Sandel draws the distinction between treatment and enhancement, and the relation to nature that he thinks each expresses.
Enhancing Our Truth Orientation
Authors: Hanson Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans lie and deceive themselves, and often choose beliefs for reasons other than how closely those beliefs approximate truth. This is mainly why we disagree. Three future trends may reduce these epistemic vices. First, increased documentation and surveillance should make it harder to lie and self-deceive about the patterns of our lives. Second, speculative markets can create a relatively unbiased consensus on most debated topics in science, business, and policy. Third, brain modifications may allow our minds to be more transparent, so that lies and self-deception become harder to hide. In evaluating these trends, we should be wary of moral arrogance.
The system of Breton plural nouns
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the student of plural, Breton is something of a classic. The number oppositions defined by this language are not particularly exotic; it is the relation between morphological and semantic categories that gives this system its fascinating complexity and its exceptional value as a window on the relation between number and part-structure conceptualization. The exponence of plural on Breton nouns is by itself a rich and complex system. In addition, semantic properties such as animacy, countability, boundedness, and cohesion, all impinge on the choice of plural form for a given noun. The choice itself is not always deterministic, and many nouns have more than one possible plural. Most significantly, nouns inflected for plural often appear word-internally as input to nominal, adjectival, or verbal affixation; and, notoriously, they can even he input to pluralization itself.
The essence of physical health care
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physical health assessment is part of the comprehensive holis- tic assessment offered by mental health nurses, forming one of the core paradigms of all nursing models and theories. It has, however, been one of the most neglected areas of practice despite the known interactions between mental and physical health. This chapter addresses the central characteristics of physical health, physical health assessment, and health pro- motion to enable practitioners to incorporate and integrate physical health assessments and interventions into mental health care planning. The chapter has been organized so that it moves through the levels of a developing therapeutic rela- tionship from general observations, through more intimate questioning and examination, to collaborative health care and health promotion. The central and underlying skill set relates to the establishment and development of a rapport through assessment and engaging collaboratively in enabling service users to consider and initiate changes to lifestyle. Physical health assessment has to be considered in the context of the individual and where they are in their individual health–illness continuum.
Recognition and therapeutic management of self-harm and suicidal behaviour
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In practice, mental health nurses inevitably encounter actions in people of what might seem to be superficial acts of harm to self through to clear attempts to end life. The chapter addresses this by providing background to the sub- ject area and a brief epidemiological overview of the behav- iour. Current policy is at the centre of guiding practice; therefore, we shall place this subject into this policy context. At the heart of working with an individual is the assessment of risk in people who self-harm. This will support negotia- tion and participation in ways of working therapeutically with people who are actively suicidal and those who repeat self-harming behaviour. The evidence and guidance in this chapter applies to people of all ages. Clinical scenarios will facilitate exploration of ways of working with different peo- ple. We include service user quotes (expressed in italics) to emphasize specific points.
Personal and professional development
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on personal and professional devel- opment. In essence this means keeping up to date with changes in practice and participating in lifelong learning, and personal and professional development for oneself and colleagues through supervision, appraisal, and reflective prac- tice (Department of Health [DH] 2004a). Mental health nursing students at the point of registration are required to demon- strate a commitment to continuing professional develop- ment and personal supervision activities, in order to enhance the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes needed for safe and effective nursing practice (DH 2006a). After registration, it is a professional expectation that mental health nurses continue to develop their skills, knowledge, and attitudes throughout their entire careers to meet the needs of service users effec- tively. This expectation is clearly articulated in the Nursing and Midwifery Council Code: (NMC 2008, p. 4)
Mandatory skills
Authors: Mcdonald William , Ness Valerie , Taylor Ken , Mcguinness Claire , Simpson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have created this chapter because these mandatory skills underpin good nursing practice and are required for the safety of people in care and those who care for them. Hence, these skills tend to be the compulsory skills that placement providers expect first-year students to be familiar with prior to their first placement. It is, therefore, essential that you read this chapter before you do anything else.
Liverworts (Marchantiophyta)
Authors: Wikström Niklas , He-Nygrénb Xiaolan , Shaw A Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of land plants marks one of the most important events in earth history. Because of their lengthy and well-documented fossil record, the major patterns in early land plant evolution have mainly been interpreted using macrofossil evidence from the vascular plant lineage (1). Liverworts (Fig. 1), in contrast, have a limited fossil record, they are easily neglected due to their small size, and their role in early land plant evolution is rarely emphasized. Nevertheless, growing evidence (1–7) indicates an early split in land plant evolution between the liverworts and all other land plants. this implies that liverworts occupy a critical position, and that they may help us understand the morphological and reproductive changes that favored the successful radiation of land plants and their adaptations to life in a terrestrial environment. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among major lineages and the origin and divergence times of those lineages.
Nematodes (Nematoda)
Authors: Blaxter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phylum Nematoda encompasses small and abundant organisms (Fig. 1) that inhabit most of the available habitats on Earth. A famous image derived from a pioneering, evangelical nematologist, Nathan Cobb, suggested that if all the other matter of the Earth, apart from nematodes, were taken away, it would still be possible to make out the shape of the planet, and of most organisms on it because of the abundance and ubiquity of the group. Commonly known as roundworms or eelworms, they largely escape notice except when they cause damage to humans, domestic animals, and agricultural crops; many species are successful parasites. Over 23,000 species have been described from just over 3000 genera in 250 families, but estimates of true nematode diversity range from 100,000 to 10 million species (1, 2). Nematodes are deAned by their generally cylindrical body shape (secondarily modiAed in some parasites), a collagenous cuticle that is moulted four times in postembryonic development, and a series of anterior sensory organs that have a particular hexaradially symmetrical distribution (Fig. 1). Here I review the divergence times and evolutionary relationships of selected taxa within the Nematoda. Traditional systematics have placed the Nematoda in several diBerent places within Metazoa, but recent molecular analyses are converging upon a placement within the Superphylum Ecdysozoa (3). 7is conPicts with opinions based on morphological characters such as the possession of a true coelom, and of metameric segmentation, but is supported by features of moulting and ciliated epithelia.
Crabs, shrimps, and lobsters (Decapoda)
Authors: Crandalla Keith A , Porterc Megan L , Pérez-Losada Marcos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crustaceans comprise the fourth most species-rich group of metazoans on the planet, following insects, chelicerates, and mollusks. But in terms of morphological diversity (disparity), they are unrivaled (see 1, 2). Foremost among the crustaceans in number and diversity are the decapods. With over 15,000 described species they include those crustaceans most familiar to the general public—shrimp, lobsters, crabs (Fig. 1), and crayAsh— but also lesser known and unusual groups (3). themost recent classification (2) partitions 62,000 species of extant Crustacea among 849 families (compared to 874 families for all 1.6 million species of insects). Approximately 152 of those extant families belong to the Decapoda with another 20 families known only from fossils, an enormous assemblage that has been called “the pinnacle of crustacean evolution.” More than six new families of decapods have been recognized since 2001 from both extant (e.g., 4, 5) and extinct (e.g., 6, 7) groups. 7us, 18% of all described crustacean families belong to the decapods. Additionally, some 91 decapod families contain fossil taxa, including 27 known only from fossils (8).
Stalked and acorn barnacles (Thoracica)
Authors: Pérez-Losadaa Marcos , Høegc Jens T , Crandall Keith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barnacles are a member of a non-monophyletic assemblage of crustaceans including (sometimes) ostracods, copepods, barnacles, and other assorted crustaceans. Within the Class Maxillopoda, the most recent classification places the barnacles into the Subclass 7ecostraca (1). Within the 7ecostraca, they are further subdivided into three Infraclasses, namely the Facetotecta (with a single family), the Ascothoracida (with six families), and the Cirripedia (containing the bulk of the barnacle diversity). Within the Cirripedia (e.g., Fig. 1), there are three superorders, the boring Acrothoracica, the parasitic Rhizocephala, and the stalked and sessile 7oracica. It is the 7oracica (the stalked and acorn barnacles) that we concentrate on in this chapter with representatives from the Rhizocephala as outgroups. the7oracica contains two orders: the stalked Pedunculata (14 families) and the sessile Sessilia (15 families). Note that this current classification is in the midst of some Pux as new phylogenetic studies come to light that bare directly on the classification of barnacles (2, 3). the7oracica, ordinary or true barnacles, is the most diverse group of barnacles with over 1000 species found in virtually all marine and estuarine environments from intertidal pools to abyssal vents. 7ey deviate from all other Crustacea in being permanently and irreversibly attached suspension feeders that have abandoned the normal arthropod growth pattern by being armed externally with mineralized plates that are never shed in molts but increase incrementally in size (4). Barnacles were in many respects the Arst model organism in evolutionary biology as rePected in Darwin’s work (5–8).
Caecilians (Gymnophiona)
Authors: Gower David J , Wilkinson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caecilians are a monophyletic group of elongate, snakeor wormlike amphibians lacking all trace of limbs and girdles, and with tails reduced or absent (Fig. 1). 7ey are one of the three orders of the extant Lissamphibia, the Gymnophiona (naked snakes), and are most likely the closest relatives of the more familiar frogs and salamanders (1, 2). All caecilians possess a distinctive cranial sensory organ, the tentacle, and have a unique dual jaw closing mechanism (3). Males have an eversible cloaca used in copulation, and fertilization is internal (4). Some groups retain the ancestral trait of an aquatic larval stage, but direct development and viviparity are common (5). theskin is externally segmented, with scales present in dermal pockets in many species. Most of the 170 known species, grouped into three to six families (1, 6), inhabit soils as adults and, associated with burrowing, have reduced visual systems and heavily ossiAed skulls. thegroup has a primarily tropical (Gondwanan) distribution. Here we review the inferred phylogenetic relationships and estimated divergence times of the major lineages of caecilians. theclassification used here follows the most recent review (6).
Birds (Aves)
Authors: Tuinen Marcel van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living birds are grouped in the Subclass Neornithes, and currently divided into three Superorders: the Paleognathae (ratites and tinamous), Galloanserae (waterfowl and gamefowl), and Neoaves (all other birds; Fig. 1). Based on morphological classification, Neornithes and archaic birds are grouped together in the Class Aves, a subgroup of theropod dinosaurs. theevolution of archaic avians to neornithine birds shows progressive loss of teeth, reduction in tail length, and modification of feathers and limbs for powered Pight. thesecombined characteristics are not yet seen in the oldest lineage of birds, Archaeopteryx. However, several nonmodern birds also displayed remarkable Pight adaptations, particularly the Cretaceous enantiornithines. Between 9000 and 10,000 living species of birds have been described, and they have been placed in 20–28 orders (1, 2). Here, the relationships and divergence times of the three superorders of living birds are reviewed.
Owls (Strigiformes)
Authors: Browna Joseph W , Mindell David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Owls (Order Strigiformes) are grouped into two cosmopolitan families: the species-rich Strigidae (typical owls, 187 species; Fig. 1) and the relatively depauperate Tytonidae (barn owls and bay owls, 15 species). Owls are broadly characterized by adaptations to predation (strong zygodactyl feet, raptorial bill and talons, and soJ-fringed edges of some Pight feathers enabling quiet Pight) and adaptations to a predominantly nocturnal or crepuscular lifestyle (large eyes and highly developed auditory system, facilitated by feathers arranged in a distinctive “facial disc”). Here, we review the relationships and divergence times of the strigiform families. Owls form a morphologically homogeneous group that is easily distinguishable from other avian orders. Since the earliest classifications there has been no question that owls form a natural group (1). Recent studies of DNA–DNA hybridization data (1), mitochondrial (mt) (2), nuclear (2–4), and combined (2) DNA sequences, and morphology (5–7) support the monophyletic status of this large avian order. Equally supported is the division of owls into two families, Arst identified 160 years ago (8). In addition to the character data establishing monophyly of each family, karyological (9), allozyme (10), and mtDNA restriction fragment (11) data reveal a deep split between the two families.
Mammals (Mammalia)
Authors: Madsen Ole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mammals (Mammalia) comprise a diverse class of vertebrates characterized by three morphological characters: mammary glands, hair, and three middle ear bones. Mammals are divided into three well-established groups: the Subclass Prototheria (Fig. 1) (Ave species, e.g., platypus and echidnas); the Infraclass Metatheria (seven orders, 330 species, e.g., kangaroos and opossums); and the Infraclass Eutheria (18–20 orders, 5080 species, e.g., elephants, bats, anteaters, and humans) (1). themosaic appearance of monotremes, with reptilian (e.g., egglaying) and mammalian (e.g., mammary glands) characteristics, has placed them as remnants of an ancestral stock of mammals, classiAed into their own subclass, basal to 7eria (marsupials and eutherians) (2). Here, the phylogenetic relationships and times of divergence of these three most basal mammalian groups are briePy reviewed.
Marsupials (Metatheria)
Authors: Springer Mark S , Krajewskib Carey W , Mereditha Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marsupialia is a diverse group comprising 330 living species that occur in North America, South America, and Australasia (1). Metatheria includes marsupials as well as stem fossils that are more closely related to Marsupialia than to Placentialia. Marsupials, like placentals, are viviparous mammals with mammary nipples. Marsupials generally lack the chorioallantoic placenta that occurs in placental mammals, have a very short gestation period, and give birth to young that are at an early stage of development. Neonates make their way from the mother’s urogential aperture to a nipple, usually enclosed within an abdominal marsupium, where they begin suckling and continue development through an extended period of pouch life. Living marsupial species are placed in seven orders and 16–22 families (1–4). Here we review the phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among the living families of marsupials.
Placental mammals (Eutheria)
Authors: Murphy William J , Eizirikb,C Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eutherians form a monophyletic group of taxa that are distinguished from other mammals by a number of characters, the most prominent among these being their extended gestation period, faster overall growth, and higher reproductive rates than marsupials and monotremes (1). Fossil evidence indicates that eutherians originated in the early Cretaceous 125 Ma (2). All extant eutherians are members of the crown-group Placentalia, which we refer to henceforth as placentals. 7ere is still debate about the phylogenetic placement of many fossil eutherians; whether they are stem or crown placentals is controversial (3, 4). Living placental mammals have traditionally been divided into 18 orders based on morphological data (5). As discussed later, molecular data accumulated in the past 15 years have led to revisions in the composition of several orders, resulting in as many as 20 currently recognized orders of placental mammals (6, 7).
An unfamiliar proportional quantifier
Authors: Matthewson Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates an element in St’át’imcets (Lillooet Salish) which appears to straddle the divide between weak and strong quantifiers. This element, nukw, is described by Eijk (1997: 131, 263) as being an indefinite quantifier meaning ‘some’ or ‘other’. Many thanks to St’át’imcets consultants Gertrude Ned, Laura Thevarge, Rose Agnes Whitley and the late Beverley Frank.
Dislocation Effects, Uninterpretable Features, Functional Heads, and Parametric Variation: Consequences of Conflicting Interface Conditions
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In current minimalist reasoning language is assumed to be a “perfect” solution to the task of relating sound and meaning (Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2005, 2008; Lasnik 2002). This perspective takes language to be an optimal solution to conditions that are imposed on the faculty of language by its neighboring mental modules, the Sensorimotor system and the Conceptual-Intentional systems.
Non-Simultaneous Spell-Out in the Clausal and Nominal Domain ∗
Authors: MarušiCˇ Franc Lanko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phases have interface realities, that is, they are propositional elements at the LF interface and have certain phonetic independence at the PF interface (Chomsky 2004a, 2005). These interface units are created by Spell-Out, the operation shipping syntactic structure to the two interfaces. Spell-Out applies cyclically and as a result we get multiple interface units. Whatever gets shipped to the interfaces at one go is a unit at the relevant interface. By looking at the PF and LF properties of various syntactic objects and checking what kind of units they are, we can determine their phasal composition (cf. Matushansky 2003).
Living with muscular dystrophy
Authors: Emery Alan E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coping process, following a stressful event, occurs in five stages: (1) shock and denial; (2) anxiety; (3) anger and guilt; (4) depression; (5) psychological homeostasis.
The emotional and psychological effects of dystrophy on the affected person as well as on the family are often suppressed and ignored. Individuals vary in their response. Some adapt very well but others may withdraw and become isolated and depressed. The relationship between the parents of an affected child may suffer. They have to learn to share responsibilities and often need time for each other so that their own relationship does not deteriorate. When there is already a family history of the disorder, relatives may well be able to provide additional support and comfort.