bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Livelihoods, nutrition and health in Dhaka slums
Authors: Pryer Jane A , Rogers Stephen , Normand Charles , Rahman Ataur 
Published: February 2003

Abstract:Objectives:To identify groups within Dhaka slums that report similar patterns of livelihood, and to explore nutritional and health status.Design:A random sample of households participated in a longitudinal study in 1995–1997. Socio-economic and morbidity data were collected monthly by questionnaire and nutritional status was assessed. Cluster analysis was used to aggregate households into livelihood groups.Setting:Dhaka slums, Bangladesh.Subjects:Five-hundred and fifty-nine households.Main outcome measures: Socio-economic and demographic variables, nutritional status, morbidity.Results:Four livelihood groups were identified. Cluster 1 (n = 178) was the richest cluster with land, animals, business assets and savings. Loans as well as income were higher, which shows that this group was credit-worthy. The group was mainly selfemployed and worked more days per month than the other clusters. The cluster had the second highest body mass index (BMI) score, and the highest children's nutrition status. Cluster 2 (n = 190) was a poor cluster and was mainly dependent selfemployed. Savings and loans were lower. Cluster 3 (n = 124) was the most vulnerable cluster. Members of this group were mainly casual unskilled, and 40% were femaleheaded households. Total income and expenditure were lowest amongst the clusters. BMI and children's nutritional status were lowest in the slum. Cluster 4 (n = 67) was the second richest cluster. This group comprised skilled workers. BMI was the highest in this cluster and children's nutritional status was second highest.Conclusions:Cluster analysis has identified four groups that differed in terms of socioeconomic, demographic and nutritional status and morbidity. The technique could be a practically useful tool of relevance to the development, monitoring and targeting of vulnerable households by public policy in Bangladesh.
Anthropometric indices predict physical function and mobility in older Australians: the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Bannerman Elaine , Miller Michelle D , Daniels Lynne A , Cobiac Lynne , Giles Lynne C , Whitehead Craig , Andrews Gary R , Crotty Maria 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To evaluate, in terms of function and mobility, the predictive value of commonly adopted anthropometric ‘definitions’ used in the nutritional assessment of older adults, in a cohort of older Australians.Design:Prospective cohort study – Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA).Setting:Adelaide, South Australia (1992–1994).Subjects:Data were analysed from 1272 non-institutionalised (685 males, 587 females) older adults ≥70 years old in South Australia. Seven ‘definitions’ commonly used in the anthropometric assessment of both under- and overnutrition (including four using body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference and percentage weight change) were evaluated at baseline, for their ability to predict functional and mobility limitation assessed (by self-report questionnaire) at two years follow-up. All questionnaires were administered and anthropometry performed by trained investigators. The associations between the definitions and decline in mobility and physical function were evaluated over two years using multiple logistic regression.Results:A BMI >85th percentile or >30 kgm−2 or a waist circumference of >102 cm in males and >88 cm in females increased risk of functional and mobility limitations. Over two years, a loss of 10% body weight significantly increased the risk of functional and mobility limitations.Conclusion:Maintaining weight within older adults, irrespective of initial body weight, may be important in preventing functional and mobility limitations. Excessive weight is associated with an increased risk of limitation in function and mobility, both key components of health-related quality of life.
Severe underreporting of energy intake in normal weight subjects: use of an appropriate standard and relation to restrained eating
Authors: Asbeck I , Mast M , Bierwag A , Westenhöfer J , Acheson KJ , Müller MJ 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To assess the influence of different standards and restrained eating on underreporting in healthy, non-obese, weight-stable young subjects.Design and subjects:Eighty-three young adults (20–38 years, 55 women, 28 men) were assessed under weight-stable conditions with a 7-day dietary record and the three-factor eating questionnaire by Stunkard and Messick. Resting energy expenditure (REE; indirect calorimetry) plus data derived from physical activity records (PA) (Standard 1) or REE times an activity factor (AF) (Standard 2) was used as standard for total energy expenditure (TEE). For comparison, doubly labelled water (DLW) was used to measure TEE in a subgroup of subjects.Results:There was an association between self-reported energy intake and Standard 2 (r = 0.72) but not with Standard 1. When compared with DLW both calculated standards were inaccurate, but Standard 2 avoided high levels of overreporting. Using Standard 2 to identify ‘severe’ underreporting (SU; as defined by a deviation of energy intake (EI) and TEE of >20%), SU was seen in 37% of all subjects. It was more frequently found in women than in men (49% of women, 14.3% of men, P < 0.05). Underreporting subjects had a reduced EI (P < 0.01) but there were no significant differences in nutritional status (body weight and height, body mass index, fat mass and fat-free mass), energy expenditure and the proportion of energy from macronutrients between normal and underreporting subjects. However, high restraint was associated with a higher degree of underreporting in the total group, whereas disinhibition had an influence only in men.Conclusions:A high prevalence of SU is seen in non-obese subjects. Characteristics of eating behaviour (restraint and disinhibition) were associated with underreporting but seemed to have a different influence in men and women.
Long-term effects of breast-feeding in a national birth cohort: educational attainment and midlife cognitive function
Authors: Richards Marcus , Hardy Rebecca , Wadsworth Michael EJ 
Published: February 2003

Abstract:Objective:A recent meta-analysis showed that breast-feeding confers a 3.2 point increment in cognitive function through adolescence. Little is known, however, about possible longer-term effects of breast-feeding. We investigated the effect of breast-feeding on educational attainment, and on a range of cognitive skills in midlife, in the British 1946 birth cohort.Objective:Design: Regression analyses were used to test the association between breast-feeding, likelihood of obtaining advanced educational qualifications by age 26 years, and three cognitive test scores at age 53 years: i.e. reading ability (NART), timed visual search and verbal memory. These associations were then adjusted for social confounding variables and for cognitive ability at age 15 years.Setting and subjects:One thousand seven hundred and thirty-nine male and female participants in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, also known as the British 1946 birth cohort, distributed throughout England, Wales and Scotland.Results:Breast-feeding was significantly and positively associated with educational attainment, an effect that was independent of early social background, but largely accounted for by cognitive ability at age 15 years. Breast-feeding was significantly and positively associated with the NART at 53 years, an effect that was independent of early social background, educational attainment and adult social class, but, again, largely accounted for by cognitive ability at 15 years. There was no independent effect of breast-feeding on timed visual search or verbal memory at 53 years.Conclusion:The benefit of breast-feeding has long-term potential impact across the life course through its influence on childhood cognition and educational attainment.
Socio-economic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults
Authors: Giskes Katrina , Turrell Gavin , Patterson Carla , Newman Beth 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectives:To determine whether socio-economic groups differ in their fruit and vegetable consumption, and the variety eaten, and whether socio-economic differences are similar for adolescents and adults. The study also examined whether socio-economic groups vary in their reported desire to increase the amount of fruit and vegetables consumed, and the perceived barriers to achieving this.Design, setting and subjects: The 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey collected fruit and vegetable intake data from adolescents aged 13–17 years (n = 654) and adults 18–64 years (n = 7695) using a 24-hour dietary recall. Gross annual household income was used to measure socio-economic position.Results:Approximately 44% of males and 34% of females did not consume fruit in the 24 hours preceding the survey, and 20% of males and 17% of females did not consume vegetables. Among adolescents and adults, fruit and vegetable consumption was positively related to income. The only exception was vegetable consumption among adolescent males, which did not vary by income Lower-income adults consumed a smaller variety of fruits and vegetables than their higher-income counterparts. Fruit and vegetable variety did not vary by income among adolescents. Lower-income adults expressed less desire to increase their fruit and vegetable consumption, and were more likely to report that price and storage were barriers to doing so. Socio-economic differences in consumption and variety were more apparent for adults than for adolescents.Conclusions:In addition to increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables among the general population, nutrition interventions, programmes and policy aiming to improve diet should target adolescents and adults from low socio-economic groups. Strategies should address price and storage barriers.
Food insecurity among refugee families in East London: results of a pilot assessment
Authors: Sellen Daniel W , Tedstone Alison E , Frize Jacqueline 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To identify child hunger and examine its association with family factors, receipt of benefits, housing conditions and social support among recently arrived refugee families with young children.Design:Structured and semi-structured questionnaire administered to a service-based, purposive sample of caregivers.Setting:East London, United Kingdom.Subjects:Thirty households with children <5 years old, resident in the UK for <2 years.Results:All households sampled were food-insecure, and 60% of index children were experiencing hunger as defined on the Radimer/Cornell scale. Child hunger was significantly associated with recent arrival, marginally significantly associated with receipt of fewer benefits and younger parenthood, and not associated with maternal education or self-efficacy score, household size or composition, or measures of social support.Conclusions:A community-based, participatory approach for rapid assessment of the prevalence, extent and causes of child hunger among newly arrived asylum seekers recently arrived in Britain is feasible, and preliminary results suggest a programmatic need for a broader, population-based assessment of food insecurity in this rapidly growing population group.
Acceptability of the use of iron cooking pots to reduce anaemia in developing countries
Authors: Geerligs Paul Prinsen , Brabin Bernard , Mkumbwa Albert , Broadhead Robin , Cuevas Luis E 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To evaluate acceptability, compliance and attitude towards the use of iron pots compared with aluminium pots, for cooking in a community that traditionaly did not use iron pots.Design:Randomised trial.Setting:Two rural Malawian villages.Subjects:Fifty-two households received iron pots and 61 aluminium pots.Results:Pot characteristics were assessed by a questionnaire after 3, 6, 11 and 20 weeks of use. Within households using iron pots there was a significant decrease in acceptability score with usage, from an initial value of 13.7 to 11.4 (range 1–20) (P = 0.01). Answers to questions concerning cooking characteristics showed that after 3 weeks' use the aluminium pot scored better, whereas after 20 weeks fewer answers differed between the iron and aluminium pot groups. Almost a third of the households planned to continue using iron pots daily after 20 weeks, although they had ready access to their former aluminium pot. The presence of a group of consistent pot users suggests that if households were convinced about daily use, then they were likely to maintain consistent use. Some householders considered that iron pots required less firewood for cooking than aluminium pots. The main problems related to lower acceptability were rusting and pot weight. About 25% of problems with iron pots were unrelated to their cast iron characteristics. Overall 23.4% of the households indicated they would buy an iron pot.Conclusions:The low acceptability of iron pots for cooking could limit their value as an intervention to control iron-deficiency anaemia. Design modifications and better instructions on pot use should improve acceptability. The study highlights the need to assess the acceptability of interventions in order to facilitate their adoption in traditional communities.
Sociodemographic inequalities in the diet of young children in the 1946 British birth cohort
Authors: Prynne CJ , Paul AA , Mishra GD , Hardy RJ , Bolton-Smith C , Wadsworth MEJ 
Published: February 2003

AbtsractObjective:To evaluate whether there was food and nutrient equality across occupational social classes and geographical region for members of the 1946 British birth cohort at age 4 years.Design:Cross-sectional analysis of selected food groups, energy and nutrients from one-day recall diet records.Setting:England, Scotland and Wales in 1950.Subjects:Nationally representative sample of 4419 children aged 4 years in 1950 from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (1946 Birth Cohort).Results:Significant food and nutrient inequalities occurred by region and occupational social class of the father. Disparity in fruit and vegetable consumption primarily led to the nutrient differences, especially with respect to lower vitamin C and carotene intakes in children from Scotland and from a manual social class background. Lower energy intake in Scottish children was attributable to inequality in the consumption of foods providing fat, and also to the retention of the traditional Scottish diet that included porridge and soups. Consumption of some rationed foods – bacon, orange juice and tea – was inequitably distributed by father's social class, but others, in particular meat and spreading fats, were consumed more uniformly. In contrast to fruits and vegetables, which showed marked sociodemographic disparities, other non-rationed foods such as bread and potatoes were consumed universally.Conclusion:Local cultural norms may have played as strong a part in sociodemographic differences in the diet of children in the early 1950s as did the strict, post-war food rationing that prevailed. In consequence, nutritional equality was not achieved, and the relatively low intake of antioxidant vitamins during early childhood in certain population groups may have compromised health in the long term.
The contribution of foods to the dietary lipid profile of a Spanish population
Authors: Cucó Gemma , Fernández-Ballart Joan , Martí-Henneberg Carles , Arija Victoria 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:To identify the food that has the greatest effect on the variation in the percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids for the consumption of a Spanish population.Design:A cross-sectional study of food consumption, using the 24-hour recall method for three non-consecutive days, one of which was a non-working day. Subjects were interviewed by trained interviewers in the subjects' homes. We used multiple linear regression for statistical analysis.Setting:The citizens of Reus.Subjects:One thousand and sixty subjects over five years old, randomly selected from the population census of Reus.Results:In both sexes, the foods that mainly determine a high consumption of fat are oil and red meat while those that determine a lower consumption of fat are bread, savoury cereals and fruit. The foods that mainly determine a high consumption of saturated fatty acids are red meat and whole-fat dairy products while those that determine a low consumption are bread, savoury cereals and fruit.Conclusions:In our population, feasible variations in the intake of some foods – less than one portion – would reduce the estimated percentage of energy intake derived from fat and saturated fatty acids by a quantity considered important for cardiovascular disease prevention. The periodic identification and quantification of the food that most affects the dietary fat profile will help in drawing up dietary guidelines with more reasonable strategies for consuming a healthier diet and decreasing the risk of developing nutritional disorders.
Urinary excretion of dithiocarbamates and self-reported Cruciferous vegetable intake: application of the ‘method of triads’ to a food-specific biomarker
Authors: Fowke Jay H , Hebert James R , Fahey Jed W 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:Greater intake of Cruciferous vegetables (e.g. broccoli) may prevent cancer at several sites. Urinary excretion of isothiocyanate conjugates (dithiocarbamates, DTC) provides a specific biomarker of Cruciferous vegetable consumption suitable for epidemiological investigations. However, no gold-standard referent is available for evaluating urinary DTC levels as an estimator of Cruciferous vegetable consumption. We compared urinary DTC levels to intake as measured by two self-reported dietary assessment techniques.Design:Cruciferous vegetable consumption was measured before and after a behavioural dietary intervention using multiple 24-hour recalls (24HR), a food-counting questionnaire (VFQ) and urinary DTC excretion levels. Analysis included a structural equation approach (Method of Triads) combining these three assessment techniques to estimate the relationship between DTC level and the study population's ‘true’ Cruciferous vegetable intake.Setting:The intervention curriculum assisted participants in consuming about 2 servings per day for a 6-week period. Participants attended four classes emphasising problem-solving skills, dietary counselling and vegetable preparation skills. There were no dietary restrictions.Subjects:Thirty-three healthy, free-living, post-menopausal women.Results:Although few participants reported Cruciferae consumption prior to the intervention, 30 participants reported Cruciferae consumption after the intervention (Post-intervention). Urinary DTC levels were correlated with estimated intake derived from either the 24HR ( r = 0.57; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.28, 0.76) or VFQ ( r = 0.49; 95% CI 0.17, 0.71). The validity coefficient (Method of Triads) between urinary DTC excretion and an index of true Cruciferous intake was stronger than the Pearson correlation ( rv = 0.65; 95% CI 0.35, 0.90), and comparable to estimates derived from the 24HR ( rv = 0.82; 95% CI 0.65, 1.00) or VFQ ( rv = 0.76; 95% CI 0.47, 0.92) method. These associations were not affected by adjustment for body mass index, energy intake, or social approval or desirability response sets.Conclusions:Food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) suitable for large epidemiological studies may not be designed to measure all Cruciferae, and cannot capture exposure to phytochemicals derived from those vegetables. Urinary DTC measurement was significantly correlated with Cruciferae intake derived from two dietary assessment approaches, and urinary DTC levels could supplement traditional FFQ data by providing an index of recent Cruciferous vegetable intake not susceptible to reporting biases.
Diet patterns and the risk of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Handa Kiren , Kreiger Nancy 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectives:Our objective was to identify food intake patterns that might be associated with the risk of renal cell carcinoma.Design:A total of 461 cases (210 females, 251 males) were age frequency matched to population controls. Diet factors were created using factor analysis of 69 food items from a food-frequency questionnaire. These factors were modelled using logistic regression to identify those associated with renal cell carcinoma.Setting:We investigated the role of diet in the aetiology of renal cell carcinoma using a population-based case–control study conducted in Ontario between 1995 and 1996.Subjects:Cases were Ontario residents 20 to 74 years of age identified through review of pathology reports in the Ontario Cancer Registry.Results:A ‘dessert’ diet factor was positively associated with disease for both sexes (odds ratio estimate (OR) for males = 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0–6.9; OR for females = 1.4, 95% CI 0.8–2.2, for the highest vs. lowest quartile). In males, a ‘beef’ diet factor was identified and was associated with an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, a ‘juices’ diet factor also showed an association with increased risk in males ( OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.0–3.1). For females, a positive association was observed between renal cell carcinoma and an ‘unhealthy’ diet factor ( OR = 1.4, 95% CI 0.8–2.4).Conclusions:Our findings confirmed that high-fat and high-protein diets might be risk factors for renal cell carcinoma. The data also suggest an increased risk associated with juice intake, a finding not previously reported.
Breast-feeding and the working mother in Nairobi
Authors: Lakati Alice , Binns Colin , Stevenson Mark 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjective:In the fast growing city of Nairobi, women often combine the roles of mother and worker in trying to achieve better standards of living. The objective of this study was to document the effect of returning to work on breast-feeding by mothers in Kenya.Design:A cross-sectional survey.Setting:Outpatient clinics of two major hospitals in Nairobi, one government hospital in an economically deprived area and one high-fee private hospital.Subjects:Four hundred and forty-four working mothers from low and higher socio-economic areas in Nairobi. All working mothers with infants aged 4 to 12 months attending during the survey period were invited to participate.Results:The prevalence of breast-feeding at the time of interview was found to be 94.1%. The lower socio-economic group exhibited a higher prevalence of breast-feeding (99%), 10% greater than the higher socio-economic group. The mean number of hours the mothers were away from home due to work was 46.2 hours each week. The majority (54.4%) of the mothers employed a ‘house-girl’ to care for their infant while they were at work, while 28.4% were able to take their infants to work. Most of the breast-feeding mothers (95%) breast-fed their infants at least three times a day and only 23 mothers reported not being able to breast-feed their infants during the day. The lower socio-economic group had a mean of 5.09 breast-feeding times per day while the higher socio-economic group had a mean of 3 times a day. In a logistic regression analysis the mode of work (fixed working hours vs. shift working hours) was associated with exclusive breast-feeding at one month (odds ratio (OR) = 0.45) and two months (OR = 0.39).Conclusion:In Western countries ‘return to work’ is often cited as the reason that breast-feeding is discontinued prematurely. In this study we have shown how mothers in Kenya are able to successfully continue breast-feeding after they have returned to work, often for very long hours.