bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy, Participation, and Public Policy The Politics of Institutional Design
Authors: Robinson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reinvigoration of democracy in many parts of the developing world has created new opportunities for political participation on the part of organized groups in civil society which have been excluded from the formal political arena and the formulation of public policy. This increase in political participation is evident in the :flourishing of independent organizations such as trade unions, farmers’ organizations, and business associations, whose ability to influence policy under authoritarian regimes was extremely limited. The expectation is that democratic politics provides space for groups and individuals to organ¬ ize themselves politically, to freely express divergent opinions, and to become involved in a more open and inclusive policy-making process. Hence, political participation is considered to be desirable as a means of both deepening democracy and enhancing the effectiveness of pub¬lic policy.
Race and the Social Bases of Voter Alignments
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the postwar literature on social cleavages and political behavior, few ideas have been more central than the notion that in democratic polities no single cleavage is ever likely to become dominant. The underlying assumption is that individual voters have multiple, over lapping group memberships, producing ‘cross-cutting’ cleavages in the polity as whole. As a result, individuals are divided from one another not just by class, or race, or religion, or ethnicity, or gender; they are divided by all of these, and others as well. This is what makes the possibility of successful class-based revolutions appear virtually inconceivable in contemporary capitalist democracies, at least under normal conditions. It is also what prevents any one group from overpowering all others: the members of any powerful group are themselves divided along various lines.
‘Democratic’ Groups in Soviet Russia: An Assessment of the Literature
Authors: Lukin Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal has been written already on ‘democratic’ political groups in Soviet Russia. While some of these studies are based on valuable material and contain interesting conclusions, most of them are characterized by two major shortcomings: they either totally disregard the influence of beliefs and political culture on ‘democratic’ politics or approach these beliefs only formally, analysing the surface level of the belief system and interpreting ‘democratic’ language from the perspective of its common meaning in their own culture or in Western democratic theory, but not as it was understood by Russian ‘democrats’ themselves. This often prevents them from giving accurate answers to the questions they raise. The reason for these shortcomings cannot be clearly understood without analysing the general problems of studying Russian political culture.
Land Use Planning
Authors: Dalal-Clayton Barry , Dent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Land use planning and the implementation of these plans sets knowledge of the land to work: in deciding what to do, where and how to do it, and doing it. Land users have always made plans to meet their needs from the resources at their disposal, though these plans have usually been informal, and limited in scale and scope. More formal land use plans have often attempted dramatic changes in land use in a short space of time to cope with unprecedented demands on land resources. Land use planning on a scale beyond the individual plot reached nearest to the sun in the Soviet Union as a centralized, technocratic exercise whereby national demands upon the land were matched with those areas deemed best able to support them. This planning, on an unprecedented scale, was supported by a heroic effort to gather the natural resources information needed to underpin the decisions. The strides made by the planned economy and its apparent immunity to the economic turmoil of the 1920s and 1930s, as well as pressing needs elsewhere to respond to environmental catastrophes (e.g. the Dust Bowl in the USA), led to the espousal of planning in some form by responsible authorities world-wide.
States, Cities, and the Partitioning of Urban Space
Authors: Marcuse Peter , Kempen Ronald van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A spectre is haunting cities around the world: the spectre of globalization. The fear is of convergence on an undesired United States model of urban spatial form and social content, involving increased segregation, shrinkage of public amenities, commercialization of civic life, decline of central cities, and social polarization. In the United States, both the spatial form and its social content reflect deep partitions, indeed chasms, widening between rich and poor, between high-rise citadels of the rich, walled enclaves of the well-to-do and well-educated, sprawling suburbs of a declining middle class, sometimes concentrated in edge cities, mixed and unstable working-class and immigrant quarters, and ghettos of the excluded, often overwhelmingly of racial or ethnic minorities.
A Metropolis at the Crossroads: The Changing Social Geography of Istanbul under the Impact of Globalization
Authors: Güvenç Murat , Isik Oguz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the casual onlooker Istanbul is a city with many and, more often than not, conflicting faces. It may appear, to those who are not familiar with the peculiarities of urban development in Turkey, as a puzzling collage of not too closely related fragments, a city where social landscapes from earlier periods seem to coexist with those of today in particular ways without an apparent combining logic. This depiction of Istanbul as a city without order is further reinforced by the everyday images one can see in the media.
Anti-Semitism and Ethno-Nationalism as Determining Factors for Austria’s Political Culture at the Fin de Siécle
Authors: Pelinka Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, Habsburg Austria was among the late-comers of Europe-in political as well in economic terms. Austria did not develop a stabilized system of constitutional rule until 1867, and even then the constitution of the Austrian part of what had become Austria-Hungary did not fulfil the criteria of a parliamentary system. The prerogatives of the emperor to make decisions about government prevailed despite the existence of a directly elected parliament.
The Waning of the Kuomintang State on Taiwan
Authors: Gold Thomas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During its history, the Kuomintang (KMT) state has experienced something of a roller coaster ride. Although the mainland was officially the KMT’s Republic of China for much of the first half of the 20th century, in truth the KMT state was little more than the primus inter pares of several contending warlord powers. It had little ability to impose its authority over much more of China’s vast territory than its base in the Yangtzi Delta. Its social foundation was very thin. The party-state itself was seriously factionalized, and the supreme leader, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, preferred to keep his minions divided and competing with each other in order to strengthen his personal power rather than to forge a strong unified force.1 The KMT’s mainland debacle in 1949 was hardly surprising, especially in the face of the vastly superior organization and motivation of the Communists.
Migration International Law and Human Rights
Authors: GoodwinGill Guy S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International human rights law has developed with little direct regard either for migrants or refugees yet it is clearly and necessarily related to both groups of human beings who often remain on the periphery of effective protection In part this is due to still potent notions of state sovereignty and nonnationals simply because of their lack of citizenship and regardless of the fact of physical presence are seen as standing outside the community and the substantive and procedural entitlements normally accorded to members.
Challenges, Failures, and Final Success: The Winding Path of German Parliamentary Leadership Groups towards a Structurally Integrated Elite 1848–1999
Authors: Best Heinrich , Hausmann Christopher , Schmitt Karl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in patterns of parliamentary recruitment are the result of an interplay between two agents of change: on the one hand, alterations of the formal structure of opportunity for access to office—determined by electoral laws, eligibility rules, or financial provisions for members of parliament-and, on the other hand, the transformation of society in general, influencing the offer of and the demand for representatives with particular qualities and qualifications (cf. introductory chapter). Although in theory both agents of change are independent of each other, in reality they interact, either providing the conditions for a smooth adaptation of recruitment markets to new societal needs, or causing tensions and inconsistencies in the relationship between polity and society. German political history between 1848 and the foundation of the Federal Republic has been widely considered to follow the second mode of change, being strained by a delayed, erratic, and disruptive adaptation of the political system to the modernization of society (Kocka 1988; Steinmetz 1997). The notion of an ‘unusually extended delay of democratisation as against industrialisation’ is also at the core of the theory of a German Sonderweg,1 which claims a ‘particular position of Germany in the history of democratisation and industrialisation’ (Lepsius 1973: 56).
Closer to the Solution: Iterative Linear Solvers
Authors: Golub* Gene H , Vorst** Henk A van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The solution of dense linear systems received much attention after the second world war, and by the end of the sixties, most of the problems associated with it had been solved. For a long time, Wilkinson’s “The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem” [107], other than the title suggests, became also the standard textbook for the solution of linear systems. When it became clear that partial differential equations could be solved numerically, to a level of accuracy that was of interest for application areas (such as reservoir engineering, and reactor diffusion modeling), there was a strong need for the fast solution of the discretized systems, and iterative methods became popular for these problems.
Approximation of Multidimensional Hyperbolic Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Morton K W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten years ago, in the corresponding State of the Art lecture (see [34]), attention was properly focussed on the important development of solution-adaptive algorithms for systems of first order conservation laws in one dimension, that is Extensions to practically important two- and three-dimensional problems were regarded as “conceptually easy” and implemented in a straightforward way, even on unstructured meshes. Indeed, these methods have by this means become standard tools in the field. This is particularly true in aeronautical engineering where, in combination with Runge-Kutta time-stepping, they have become one of the two commonest approaches to modelling the steady equations of inviscid, compressible gas flow.
Introdnction to basics
Authors: Anderson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern study of block designs is often said to have begun with the publication in 1936 of a paper by the statistician F. Yates. In that paper he considered collections of subsets of a set with certain balance properties; one of his examples was the following. The second property, that of balance, is desirable in many experiments where for fairness all comparisons between pairs of elements should occur equally often. Designs with this property of balance became known as balanced incomplete block designs; some were listed in the statistical tables of Fisher and Yates in 1938. We now make our formal definition, using k-subset as an abbreviation for k-element subset.
Steiner systems
Authors: Anderson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Steiner triple system is simply a block design with k = 3 and λ= 1. This choice of parameters is one of the simplest which could be made, and the corresponding designs form one of the first families of designs for which existence was established. Without knowing of Kirkman’s work. Steiner came across the problem of the existence of such designs in a geometrical context in 1853, and publicized the problem. The designs were therefore to become known as Steiner triple systems. This is particularly unfair on Kirkman, since not only did Kirkman provide an existence proof, but Steiner did not. Reiss published a proof shortly afterwards which is essentially identical to Kirkman’s, and later on many other mathematicians, beginning with Moore in 1893, gave a variety of different proofs. Kirkman’s own proof has been undeservedly neglected.
Introduction
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no question that metric spaces occupy a dominant place in mathematics, not only in the auxiliary form of metrizable topological spaces but also in their own right, as for instance in the theory of Banach spaces. Nevertheless it is topology which provides the framework in which most of the basic concepts of analysis are defined, such as, for example, convergence, continuity, and compactness. One of the reasons why topologies “took over” from metrics is that TOP allows for all usual constructions such as subspaces, products, quotients, and coproducts, whereas MET (the construct of metric spaces and nonexpansive maps) is stable only under the formation of subspaces and finite products. Although this can easily be remedied by going from metrics to extended pseudometrics (“metrics” where the value infinity is allowed and which do not necessarily have an underlying topology which is Hausdorff), i.e. by going to the construct pMET∞, a fundamental problem which remains is that metric initial structures do not necessarily accord with topological initial structures and hence are virtually useless. In view of the importance of initial structures, this explains why in many areas of mathematics, out of necessity, one often has to abandon an originally metric setup to get to the setting of topological spaces.
Canonical Examples
Authors: Lowen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the foregoing chapters we have studied three fundamental classes of approach spaces: topological spaces, metric spaces, and uniform approach spaces. The fact that TOP is simultaneously embedded as a bireflective and bicoreflective subconstruct means that no interesting new types of objects can be obtained from topological spaces making use of categorical constructions in AP. The situation for pqMET𝒯 and pMET𝒯 𝒯, as we have seen, is quite different. The fact that the latter is not reflectively embedded in AP allowed us to construct its epireflective hull, the construct UAP of uniform approach spaces. In the foregoing chapters we were mainly concerned with filling in the positions created by the two question marks in our diagram. In the present chapter we would like to demonstrate that in various fields of mathematics, examples of natural approach spaces and traces of concepts and results which find their natural environment in the setting of approach spaces can be found.
Repartitions and differentials
Authors: Pretzel Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to prove the full Riemann-Roch theorem it is necessary to introduce the concept of a differential. Originally this was done analytically, but that limits the applicability of the theory to real and complex curves. In the 1920s Andre Weil found a purely algebraic way of defining differentials. Apart from extending the theory to arbitrary fields, this had the additional advantage that it simplified the proofs of the main theorems. However, the definitions were both abstract and difficult to link to the usual idea of a differential.
Einstein’s Equation and Conformal Structure
Authors: Friedrich Helmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Locally, Einstein propagation is governed by the null cone structure or, equivalently, the conformal geometry of the solutions. The “physical” characteristics of the Einstein equation, i.e. those which are independent of gauge conditions or specific representations of the equation, are the null hypersurfaces of its solutions. Considering now gravitational fields at larger scales, we may expect the relation between Einstein propagation and conformal geometry to get blurred due to the variation of the null cone structure in the course of its evolution. That there might also be a tight relationship between the conformal structure of the solutions and the propagational properties of the Einstein equation in the large was realized by Roger Penrose.
The Physics of Spin Networks
Authors: Smolin Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most important, and most robust, result of the study of non-perturbative approaches to quantum gravity is that the space of states of a large set of theories may be described in terms of spin networks [3; 4], which were originally invented by Roger Penrose in the early 1960s [1; 2]. In this contribution I would like to honour Roger by telling the story of how it is that his spin networks, originally invented as a simple model for discrete quantum geometry, have .come to occupy a central place in quantum gravity.
Entanglement and Quantum Computation
Authors: Jozsa Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of quantum entanglement is perhaps the most enigmatic feature of the formalism of quantum theory. It underlies many of the most curious and controversial aspects of the quantum mechanical description of the world. Penrose (1994) gives a delightful and accessible account of entanglement illustrated by some of its extraordinary manifestations. Many of the best known features depend on issues of non-locality. These include the seminal work of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (1935), Bell’s work (1964) on the EPR singlet state, properties of the GHZ state (Greenberger et al. 1989; Mermin 1990) and Penrose’s dodecahedra (Penrose 1994). In this paper we describe a new feature of entanglement which is entirely independent of the auxiliary notion of non-locality.
Infinite ends of hyperbolic manifolds
Authors: Matsuzaki Katsuhiko , Taniguchi Masahiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To investigate geometrically infinite torsion-free (which will be assumed here after) Kleinian groups, an understanding of infinite ends is crucial. In this chapter, we concentrate on this subject, following Thurston’s strategy. The key tools are measured laminations and pleated surfaces.
The integration of direct methods with isomorphous replacement techniques
Authors: Giacovazzo Carmelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have shown in Chapter 14 that the role of traditional direct methods in macromolecular crystallography is marginal. We will show in this chapter that direct methods can benefit from the supplementary information contained in the diffraction magnitudes of one or more derivatives. The probabilistic formulae estimating structure invariants will prove to have sufficient accuracy to be competitive with traditional isomorphous replacement techniques.
Ricci and Levi-Civita: from differential invariants to general relativity
Authors: Bottazzini Umberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one thinks of Ricci-Curbastro (henceforth usually referred to in this chapter as Ricci) and Levi-Civita and of their contributions to the early history of general relativity, one recalls Ricci ‘s pioneering role in the development of the tensor calculus and also Levi-Civita ‘s contributions to the mathematical refinement of Einstein ‘s theory. In recent times, important historical studies have been devoted to both the origins and early development of tensor calculus and Ricci ‘s part in it.1 Therefore, in this paper I will not discuss this matter again. Instead, it is of interest to try to look at the emergence of the absolute differential calculus (ADC in the rest of this chapter) from the viewpoint of the mathematical community of the time. Then, as Einstein ‘s essential use of it in his own work on general relativity apparently marked a turning point in the appreciation of ADC, I will discuss this change in mathematicians ‘ point of view, and eventually consider Levi-Civita ‘s main contribution to Einstein ‘s theory, as presented in his 1917 paper on the concept of parallel displacement. Ricci developed his calculus over a period of some 15 years, from 1884 to the end of the nineteenth Century.
The fruit-body
Authors: Freer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The FRUIT-BODY (79), a temporary part of vegetables, dedicated to reproduction, ending the old and beginning the new; seven parts of it are included in the reckoning. The CALYX , the bark of the plant that is present in the fruit-body. The perianth, the calyx of the plant (78), adjoining the fruit-body. Of the fruit-body, enclosing the stamens and the ovary. Of the flower, containing the stamens, but not the ovary. Of the fruit, containing the ovary, but not the stamens. The involucre, fig. 135; the calyx of the umbel (29), distant from the flower. Universal, placed under the universal umbel. Partial, placed under the partial umbel. The catkin, fig. 137; a calyx consisting of a chaffy bud-like common receptacle.
Introduction to Integration
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction to integration provides a unified account of integration theory, giving a practical guide to the Lebesgue integral and its uses, with a wealth of illustrative examples and exercises. The book begins with a simplified Lebesgue-style integral (in lieu of the more traditional Riemann integral), intended for a first course in integration. This suffices for elementary applications, and serves as an introduction to the core of the book. The final chapters present selected applications, mostly drawn from Fourier analysis. The emphasis throughout is on integrable functions rather than on measure. The book is designed primarily as an undergraduate or introductory graduate textbook. It is similar in style and level to Priestley's Introduction to complex analysis, for which it provides a companion volume, and is aimed at both pure and applied mathematicians. Prerequisites are the rudiments of integral calculus and a first course in real analysis.
Building foundations
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have developed an integral on Lstep and from it an integral defined for any continuous function on a compact interval. Now we examine an alternative way to define the integral of f ∈ C[a, b]. This revised approach, via increasing sequences of step functions, extends to a much wider class of functions. We want to bring in some powerful machinery and it is necessary first to construct the foundations to support it. Thus this chapter is in two parts. The first sections discuss the integration of continuous functions on compact intervals and the remainder present some highly technical results on sequences of step functions which underpin the later theory. We recommend that the proofs of these results be omitted on a first reading.
Null sets
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 9 we introduced null sets as the sets which are negligible in an integration-theoretic sense. On a null set the values of an integrable function f may be altered without changing ∫ f, and on a null set delinquent behaviour is condoned. Certainly any finite set must be null. In general, null sets can be very complicated, reflecting the rich structure of the real line. We do not explore far in this direction, since our emphasis is on functions (modulo their behaviour on negligible sets), rather than on sets per se. The harder sections of this chapter and many of the exercises may without detriment be omitted or delayed.