bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the efficacies of three heartworm preventives against experimentally induced infections with Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in pups
Authors: Reinemeyer Craig R. , Faulkner Charles T. , Assadi-Rad Amir M. , Burr J. Hilty , Patton Sharon 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Forty 11- to 12-week-old helminth-naive Beagles were categorized by sex and weight and randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (group 1, ivermectin/ pyrantel pamoate; group 2, milbemycin oxime; group 3, untreated control; group 4, diethylcarbamazine/ oxibendazole). Each pup was inoculated po with approximately 100 infective Ancylostoma caninum larvae and 100 larvated Toxocara canis eggs on day 0, and repeatedly at 7-day intervals thereafter until day 56. Administration of anthelmintics also began on day 0, and subsequent treatments were administered according to label recommendations at 30-day intervals (groups 1 and 2) or daily (group 4) for a period of 90 consecutive days.
Body weight and A caninum and T canis fecal egg counts were measured at weekly intervals, and clinical observations of health status were conducted twice daily. Pups were euthanatized on day 90, and total gastrointestinal worm burdens were determined.
Compared with the mean A caninum egg counts of group-3 control pups, egg counts in group-1 pups were significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) lower on every sampling date from day 28 to 90, egg counts of group-2 pups were significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) lower on sampling days 35, 42, 49, 63, 70, 77, and 84, and were consistently the highest of all treated groups, and egg counts of group-4 pups were significantly (P ≤ 0.0001) lower on every sampling date from day 14 to day 90, and were consistently the lowest of all treated groups. Compared with mean A caninum egg counts of group-3 pups, egg counts in group-1 and group-2 pups were lower by 97.8 and 90.8%, respectively. Numbers of adult hookworms recovered at necropsy were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower by 99.4, 83.9, and 99.9% in groups 1, 2, and 4, respectively.
Patent T canis infections were detected in 11 of 40 pups and only 5 adult worms were recovered from 4 pups at necropsy. These findings were attributed to age resistance to T canis by maturing pups rather than to a primary pharmacologic effect.
This study identified substantial differences in the quantities of hookworm eggs in experimentally infected pups receiving ivermectin/pyrantel, milbemycin oxime, or diethylcarbamazine/oxibendazole at label dosages, but the observed performance of all products was consistent with their respective label indications.
Seizure classification in dogs from a nonreferral-based population
Authors: Podell Michael , Fenner William R. , Powers Jean D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
On initial evaluation for onset of seizure disorders at nonreferral veterinary practices, 50 previously healthy dogs were enrolled in a study to determine the probability of identifying a specific cause for the seizures. Treatment was not administered prior to entry of dogs in the study. On the basis of antemortem and postmortem test results, 22 dogs (44%) were classified as having primary epileptic seizures (pes; idiopathic or without identifiable cause), 23 (46%) had secondary epileptic seizures (ses; identifiable intracranial cause), and 5 (10%) had reactive epileptic seizures (res; metabolic or transient noxious cause). Forty-one dogs (82%) had 2 or more seizures before evaluation, with 37 (90%) of these dogs classified as having epilepsy on the basis of an underlying chronic brain disorder. For these 41 dogs, 17 (41%) had pes, 20 (49%) had ses, and 4 (10%) had res. Among the 9 dogs (18%) with nonrecurring seizures, 5 had pes, 3 had ses, and 1 had res. Generalized seizures were the most common first-observed seizure type associated with all etiologic classifications in all dogs with recurring and nonrecurring seizures.
Diagnosis of ses was statistically more probable when the dog was less than 1 or more than 7 years old at the first seizure, when the first seizure was a partial seizure, or when the first seizure occurred between midnight and 8 am. A diagnosis of res was statistically more probable only when the interval between the first and second seizure was brief (≤ 4 weeks). A diagnosis of pes was statistically more probable when the dog was between 1 and 5 years of age at the first seizure, when the dog was a large breed (> 15 kg), when the seizure occurred between 8 am and midnight, or when the interval between the first and second seizure was long (> 4 weeks).
Use of facilitated ankylosis in the treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in cattle: 12 cases (1987-1992)
Authors: Desrochers André , St-Jean Guy , Anderson David E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records were reviewed for 12 cattle with septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint that were treated by use of facilitated ankylosis. Information on signalment, clinical signs, digit affected, radiographic findings, and type and duration of treatment were compiled. Owners were contacted for information about the convalescent period, reasons for culling, productivity, and outcome. Outcome was classified as successful or unsuccessful on the basis of lameness, growth pattern, and whether the cattle were subsequently productive. Cause of the septic arthritis was unknown in 9 of 12 (75%) cattle. Eleven of 12 (92%) cattle represented beef breeds. Cattle were lame for a mean of 5.3 weeks before admission. In 8 of 12 (67%) cattle, a trephine was used in the creation of an arthrostomy, the middle and distal phalanges were curetted, and the joint was lavaged with isotonic solution. A drill bit was used in 4 of 12 (33%) cattle to remove articular cartilage and facilitate ankylosis.
Convalescent period after discharge from the hospital was 1 to 7 months (mean, 4 months; median, 4 months). After that period, all cattle had an apparently normal gait. Eight of 12 (67%) cattle were maintained in their herd of origin. None of the cattle were culled because of lameness. Two of 12 (17%) cattle had a deformation of the affected digit. According to the criteria for successful outcome that were used in the study reported here, the success rate was 100%. Treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint by use of facilitated ankylosis is an alternative to digit amputation and is recommended to promote longevity and productivity.
Evaluation of the pathogenic potential of Rickettsia canada and Rickettsia prowazekii organisms in dogs
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Hegarty Barbara C. , Davidson Michael G. , Szabados Nancy S. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
An unusual pattern of seroreactivity to antigens of rickettsial organisms (Rickettsia rickettsii, R rhipicephali, R montana, and R bellii), particularly to R bellii antigen, was detected in 3 dogs during a 2-month period. Thus, studies were initiated to clarify the pathogenic potential of the more distantly related rickettsial organisms (R canada and R prowazekii) in dogs. Because R bellii are nonpathogenic rickettsiae that share numerous common properties with spotted fever-group and typhus-group rickettsiae, and because closely related pathogenic relatives of R bellii have not been identified, we examined the pathogenic potential of these typhus-group rickettsiae by testing stored serum samples, by attempting rickettsial isolation from febrile dogs, and by experimentally inoculating dogs with R canada and R prowazekii.
Evaluation of results of a serosurvey of acute and convalescent serum samples from 80 dogs in which Rocky Mountain spotted fever had been considered as a differential diagnosis, but seroconversion to R rickettsii had not been documented, identified 1 dog with a fourfold increase in antibody titer to R rhipicephali and 3 dogs with fourfold increases in antibody titer to 1 or more antigens of typhus-group rickettsial organisms. A study of 15 dogs that were febrile during summer months failed to identify serologic or tissue culture evidence of typhus-group rickettsial infection or typhus-group rickettsemia, but did result in isolation of R rickettsii and Ehrlichia canis, respectively, from 1 dog each. In our final study, after experimentally inoculating 6 dogs with R canada and R prowazekii, all dogs seroconverted to the respective rickettsiae, but rickettsemia or clinical and hematologic evidence of disease was not observed.
Collectively, our results did not provide convincing evidence to support a pathogenic role for R canada and R prowazekii organisms in dogs. Our findings supported the conclusion that an unidentified microorganism, which results in production of antibodies against R bellii and antigens of typhus-group rickettsial organisms, contributed to an unexplained febrile illness of dogs in the southeastern United States. In an effort to identify dogs in which serologic evidence supports this conclusion, we recommend the use of selected spotted fever-group, typhus-group, and R bellii antigens for serodiagnostic purposes. We also recommend that diagnosticians attempt tissue culturing to isolate organisms when a rickettsial agent is suspected.
Gastric dilatation-volvulus after splenic torsion in two dogs
Authors: Millis Darryl L. , Nemzek Jean , Riggs Craig , Walshaw Richard 
Published: December 2023

Anatomic changes that develop with splenic torsion, including stretching of gastric ligaments, may predispose dogs to the development of gastric dilatation-volvulus because of increased mobility of the stomach.
Prophylactic gastropexy at the time of splenectomy may reduce the chance of future gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs.
Pheochromocytoma and hyperadrenocorticism in dogs: Six cases (1982–1992)
Authors: von Dehn Benita J. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Griffey Stephen M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Pheochromocytoma was diagnosed in 4 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and 2 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism caused by adrenocortical tumor. All dogs were examined initially because of clinical signs associated with hyperadrenocorticism. Pheochromocytoma was suspected in 2 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism that had ultrasonographic evidence of an adrenal gland mass, and in 1 dog suspected to have hyperadrenocorticism associated with an adrenocortical tumor after complications (systemic hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias) developed during induction of anesthesia. Pheochromocytoma was an unexpected finding at necropsy in the remaining 3 dogs. Two dogs collapsed suddenly and died before diagnostic tests could be performed; the other dog died during anesthesia for cobalt teletherapy of a pituitary macroadenoma. Hypertension, most notable during digital manipulation of the affected adrenal gland, developed during anesthesia and surgery in 3 dogs that underwent exploratory celiotomy.
Hyperlipidemia, hyperlipemia, and hepatic lipidosis in American Miniature Horses: 23 cases (1990–1994)
Authors: Mogg Tony D. , Palmer Jonathan E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The medical records of 23 American Miniature Horses with hyperlipidemia, hyperlipemia, or hepatic lipidosis were reviewed. The most common clinical signs were anorexia and lethargy. The mean duration of clinical signs was 2.4 days. A primary disease was identified in 19 cases. Enterocolitis was the most common primary disease (n = 10). Intentional feed restriction, as part of treatment for colic, resulted in hyperlipemia in 2 horses and hyperlipidemia in 1. Four horses had primary hyperlipemia, 3 of which had signs of hepatoencephalopathy secondary to hepatic lipidosis. Dextrose, heparin, and insulin were the most common treatments. The overall survival was 61% (14/23). All horses with peak serum triglyceride concentrations > 1,200 mg/dl died or were euthanatized, whereas all but 1 with peak serum triglyceride concentrations < 1,200 mg/dl survived. These findings suggest that when American Miniature Horses, like other ponies and donkeys, are in a negative energy balance, they can rapidly develop hyperlipidemia or hyperlipemia. Early detection and treatment may improve survival.
Effect of pretransit mixing on fatal fibrinous pneumonia in calves
Authors: Ribble Carl S. , Meek Alan H. , Shewen Patricia E. , Guichon P. Tim , Jim G. Kee 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A retrospective, epidemiologic study was performed to quantify the mixing of calves from various sources at auction markets, and to determine whether mixing at the markets and the risk of fatal fibrinous pneumonia (ffp) at the feedlot were associated. In this study, 32,646 spring-born steer calves that entered a single large feedlot during the fall seasons between 1985 and 1988 were traced back to their originating auction market, and sales tickets were used to measure the number of farm sources that contributed to each truckload of calves. Individual cow/calf producers contributed a median of only 2 calves/truckload arriving at the feedlot in this study. An average truckload of 60 steers comprised calves from as many as 20 to 30 farms. The degree of mixing varied little over time and could not, therefore, be used to explain the large variations in ffp risk during different months and different years of the study. However, variation in the degree of mixing of calves from various sources at the markets evidently was responsible for differences in ffp risk among truckloads assembled by different buyers. When truckloads were grouped by buyer, ffp risk and mean number of calves per source were negatively correlated in 1986 (r = -0.67, P = 0.099), and in 1987 (r = –0.90, P = 0.002). These variables also were negatively correlated in 1988 (r = –0.56), although the correlation was not significant.
The positive linear relationship between mixing of calves in truckloads supplied by different buyers and subsequent ffp risk suggested that veterinarians and feedlot owners should more aggressively observe and treat calves from truckloads that were highly mixed. However, the finding that mixing was constant over time, while ffp risk varied significantly within and between years, indicated other important factors also were responsible for the variation in disease prevalence.
Accuracy of microchip identification in dogs and cats
Authors: Sorensen Margaret A. , Buss Michael S. , Tyler Jeff W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A study was performed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available microchip identification system approximately 1 year after implantation in dogs and cats. Thirty-three dogs and 16 cats in which a microchip had been implanted and 31 dogs and 18 cats in which a microchip had never been implanted were included in the study. In cats, sensitivity and specificity of microchip identification were 1.00. In dogs, sensitivity and specificity were 0.97 and 1.00, respectively. The chip had migrated in the 1 dog with a false-negative result, but the chip remained functional, and identification was established in this dog following closer physical examination and scanning.
Correlation of ultrasonographic findings with surgical, portographic, and necropsy findings in dogs and cats with portosystemic shunts: 63 cases (1987-1993)
Authors: Holt David E. , Schelling Curtis G. , Saunders H. Mark , Orsher Robert J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Results of abdominal ultrasonography in 63 dogs and cats with suspected congenital portosystemic shunts (PSS) were compared with surgical, portographic, and necropsy findings. True-positive ultrasonographic results were found in 33 animals, and 2 animals had falsepositive results for detection of single extrahepatic PSS. In 4 animals, results were true negative and in 8 animals, were false-negative for detection of extrahepatic PSS. The false-negative rate decreased substantially with operator experience. The sensitivity of ultrasonography for detection of extrahepatic PSS in these animals was 80.5%, and the specificity was 66.7%. In 5 other animals, ultrasonographic examination was strongly suggestive of the existence of a shunt, but the vessel could not be definitively imaged. All 5 animals had single extrahepatic shunts. Eleven animals had true-positive results for detection of intrahepatic PSS. One animal had false-positive ultrasonographic results for intrahepatic PSS, but an extrahepatic shunt was diagnosed at surgery. The sensitivity of ultrasonography for detection of intrahepatic PSS was 100%.
Association of leptospiral seroreactivity and breed with uveitis and blindness in horses: 372 cases (1986-1993)
Authors: Dwyer Ann E. , Crockett R. S. , Kalsow Carolyn Μ. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Recurrent uveitis, a leading cause of blindness in horses, often develops as a sequela to systemic leptospirosis. Over a 7-year period, 63 of 112 (56%) horses with uveitis were seropositive for Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, but only 23 of 260 (9%) horses without uveitis were seropositive. Odds-ratio analysis revealed that seropositive horses were 13.2 times more likely to have uveitis than were seronegative horses. Of the 63 seropositive horses with uveitis, 59% developed blindness, compared with only 24% in the 49 seronegative horses with uveitis that lost vision in 1 or both eyes during the same period. Odds-ratio analysis revealed that seropositive horses with uveitis were 4.4 times more likely to lose vision than were seronegative horses with uveitis.
Of the 112 horses with uveitis, 28 (25%) were Appaloosas, compared with only 10 of the 260 (4%) horses without uveitis (odds ratio, 8.3). In addition, 19 of the 28 (68%) Appaloosas with uveitis developed blindness, compared with only 30 of the 84 (36%) non-Appaloosas with uveitis that lost vision in 1 or both eyes (odds ratio, 3.8). This field study therefore confirmed a strong positive relationship between uveitis and leptospiral seroreactivity in horses. Furthermore, the data suggested that seropositive horses with uveitis were at increased risk of losing vision, compared with that in seronegative horses with uveitis, and that Appaloosas were at increased risk of developing uveitis and associated blindness, compared with that in non-Appaloosas.
Comparison of serologic tests and bacteriologic culture for detection of brucellosis in swine from naturally infected herds
Authors: Ferris Richard A. , Schoenbaum Mark A. , Crawford Richard P. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To compare results of 6 serologic tests with results of bacteriologic culture for Brucella suis in swine.

Design—
Prospective study.

Animals—
Two hundred twenty-one swine from 39 naturally infected herds.

Procedure—
Blood samples and lymph nodes were collected at slaughter. Serologic tests conducted were the particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay, the automated complement fixation assay, the card test, the buffered acidified plate antigen assay, the standard tube test, and the rivanol test. Lymph nodes were plated on Farrell's medium and serum-enriched agar for bacteriologic culture.

Results—
Sensitivities ranged from 57 (automated complement fixation assay) to 83% (standard tube test). Specificities ranged from 62 (standard tube test) to 95% (rivanol test). Brucella suis was isolated from 46 of the 221 (21%) pigs. For 8 of the 46 culture-positive pigs, results of all 6 tests were negative.

Clinical Implications—
Data illustrate the difficulty of eliminating brucellosis by means of a test-and-removal program and support the policy of slaughtering infected herds.
Survival of Serpulina hyodysenteriae in an effluent lagoon
Authors: Olson LeRoy D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the survival of Serpulina hyodysenteriae in an infected lagoon that received effluent from a confinement building housing swine dysenteryinfected swine.

Design—
Prospective controlled trial.

Animals—
48 shedder swine inoculated with S hyodysenteriae and housed in the building drained by the lagoon; 18 clinically normal detector swine confined in a separate building.

Procedure—
Shedder swine were inoculated with S hyodysenteriae by oral administration of 20 g of diced colon from swine infected with swine dysentery. The lagoon that received effluent from the building housing the shedder swine was assayed for S hyodysenteriae by providing lagoon effluent twice daily for 2 or 4 days to detector swine as their sole source of drinking water and by subsequently examining these swine for signs of swine dysentery. Smears from rectal swab specimens and sometimes fecal specimens were stained for detection of large spirochetes. Fecal and rectal swab specimens and colonic scraping specimens were examined for S hyodysenteriae by anaerobic microbial culture on blood agar containing 400 μg of spectinomycin/ml. All shedder swine were necropsied after removal from the confinement building, as were detector swine after developing diarrhea or after 42 days of monitoring.

Results—
For the first 5 to 6 days after removal of swine dysentery-infected shedder swine from the confinement building, lagoon effluent from the building remained infective. Detector swine, given lagoon effluent as their drinking water for a 2-day period, developed clinical swine dysentery, and S hyodysenteriae was cultured from specimens from these swine. Swine dysentery did not develop in each group of 2 detector pigs given lagoon effluent as their sole source of drinking water on days 7 and 8, 9 and 10, 11 through 14, or 15 through 18 after removal of the infected shedder swine. Large spirochetes were not observed on microscopy of stained colonic scraping specimens, and S hyodysenteriae and Salmonella spp were not cultured from specimens from these detector swine after being monitored for 42 days. Serpulina hyodysenteriae or Salmonella spp were not cultured from samples of the lagoon effluent.

Clinical Implications—
Although many factors could influence the survivability of S hyodysenteriae in a lagoon, results suggested that a facility with an open gutter-flush system that housed swine dysentery-infected swine should remain idle for more than 5 to 6 days before repopulating with unexposed swine.
Clinical efficacy of increased dosages of milbemycin oxime for treatment of generalized demodicosis in adult dogs
Authors: Miller William H. , Scott Danny W. , Cayatte Suzanne M. , Buerger Robert G. , Bagladi Mary S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the efficacy of increased dosages of milbemycin oxime in the treatment of generalized demodicosis.

Design
Prospective clinical trial.

Animals
26 adult dogs with chronic generalized demodicosis.

Procedure
In phase 1, milbemycin was administered daily to 13 dogs at an approximate mean dosage of 1 mg/kg of body weight (
po) until 30 days after skin scrapings failed to detect mites. If the mite count had not decreased by 25% from the prior month's examination, the drug dosage was increased to approximately 2 mg/kg. Treatment was considered a failure if the mite count had not changed on 2 successive examinations. In phase 2 involving 13 other dogs, an approximate mean dosage of 2 mg/kg was used. If mite counts had not been reduced to 0 by 180 days, treatment was considered to have failed.

Results
In phase 1, when milbemycin was administered at the initial low dosage, 6 dogs were considered to have been cleared of mites. One of these relapsed 2 months after discontinuation of treatment. For the 7 dogs not cleared of mites, the dosage was doubled. Two of these were never cleared of mites. In phase 2, 12 of 13 dogs were cleared of mites after 60 to 180 days of treatment.

Clinical Implications
High-dose milbemycin was effective in the treatment of generalized demodicosis.