bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation
Authors: Schluter Dolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adaptive radiation is a spectacular feature of evolution. It is also widespread, more so than the list of familiar cases, including the Galapagos finches, the cichlid fishes of East African lakes, and the Hawaiian silversword alliance, alone would suggest. Much of life’s diversity, perhaps even most of it, has arisen during similar episodes of speciation and phenotypic and ecological divergence. My main goal in this book is to assess how far we have come in understanding the causes of this remarkable process. Before I began the book I held the naive notion that my years of study on the Galapagos finches, where my fascination with adaptive radiation began, on African and American finches, and more recently on fishes of postglacial lakes, had taught me enough about adaptive radiation that my task would involve little more than writing down all I knew before I forgot it. As the book got underway the limits of my knowledge became distressingly apparent, and I now feel I learned most of its contents along the way. Here I aim to put the results of many studies together to ask whether they conform or contra st with the dominant ‘ecological’ theory of adaptive radiation that was formulated in the first half of the last century.
The ecology of adaptive radiation
Authors: Schluter Dolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the ecological causes of adaptive radiation? The last major synthesis of ideas led to the ‘ecological theory’ that phenotypic divergence and rapid speciation in adaptive radiation are ultimately the outcome of divergent natural selection arising from differences between environments and competition for resources. In this final chapter, I summarize our state of knowledge of the ecology of adaptive radiation, and judge the theory in light of the evidence presented in the previous chapters. I also review some of the major questions that remain and thus the work that lies ahead.
Early life: anaerobic prokaryotes
Authors: Williams R J P , Silva J J R Fraústo Da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 9 we have given an account of the early crust of Earth, of its sea and of its atmosphere. We have also described there the development of these physically separate zones up to the present day. In Chapter 10 we described the essential features of all living systems, in general terms of cellular content and activity.
Multidimensional Continued Fractions
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book gives an up to date overview of various aspects of multidimensional continued fractions, which are here defined through iteration of piecewise fractional linear maps. This includes the algorithms of Jacobi-Perron, Güting, Brun, and Selmer but it also includes continued fractions on simplices which are related to interval exchange maps or the Parry-Daniels map. New classes of subtractive algorithms are also included and the metric properties of these algorithms can be therefore investigated by methods of ergodic theory. The recent connection between multiplicative ergodic theory and Diophantine approximation presented, as well as several results on convergence and Perron's approach to periodicity, which has never appeared in book despite being published in 1907. Further chapters include the basic properties of continued fractions in the complex plane, connections with Hausdorff dimension and the Kuzmin theory for multidimensional maps.
Introduction
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The status of chemistry in society is a profound, dichotomy of perceptions, and neither of these perceptions are in consistent agreement with the facts. While those engaged in the science and industry of chemistry hail the accomplishments that have come from the central science, there are a large number of people who view chemicals and chemistry as something to be afraid of, curtailed, and avoided wherever possible. Neither of these perspectives can possibly capture the full vision of chemistry because it encompasses the characterization, interaction, and manipulation of all matter. The true nature of chemistry, therefore, is complex and vast, as is its effect.
Chemistry has resulted in the medical revolution of the past century in which drugs such as antibiotics have been used to cure diseases that have ravaged mankind for millennia. These advances, brought about by chemistry, have resulted in the average life expectancy rising from 47 in 1900, to 75 years in the 1990s. The world’s food supply has seen an explosive expansion in this century because of the development of chemicals that protect crops and enhance growth. In virtually every arena and every aspect of material life – transportation, communication, clothing, shelter, etc. – chemistry has resulted in an improvement, not merely in the trappings of life, but also in the quality of the lives of the billions of individuals who now inhabit the planet.
Evaluating reaction types
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When considering a synthetic procedure, it is useful to identify the general type of transformation being employed. Several constructive strategies based on well-known and well-documented routes are often available. The synthetic chemist is trained to identify these pathways. A thorough literature search of the massive collection of chemical books, journals, and other publications will uncover any prior reports of a given synthetic process, or at least give information concerning similar systems that have been investigated in the past. If the particular transformation is unprecedented, the synthetic chemist then draws on their own ingenuity, expertise, and knowledge of basic principles of what transformations are theoretically possible to design or create a new pathway that leads to the desired target material. The information available to the researcher, in combination with his or her own chemical skills, will lend insight into a synthetic sequence’s likely efficiency. A fundamental under­ standing of mechanistic organic chemistry allows the practising chemist to predict the specificity of a reaction process and thus speculate and in some cases predict the relative success of a given synthetic route.
Principles of Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Krzanowski W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an introduction to the principles and methodology of modern multivariate statistical analysis. It is written for the user and potential user of multivariate techniques as well as for students coming to the subject for the first time. The author's emphasis is problem-orientated and he is at pains to stress geometrical intuition in preference to algebraic manipulation. Mathematical sections that are not essential for a practical understanding of the techniques are clearly indicated so that they may be skipped by the non-specialist. Discrete and mixed variable techniques are presented as well as continuous variable techniques to give a comprehensive coverage of the subject. This updated edition includes a new appendix which traces developments that have taken place in the years since the publication of the first edition and which clarifies some issues raised by readers of the original text. References to about 60 recent books and articles supplement the material in this appendix. Overall, this volume provides an up-to-date and readable practical account of the subject, both for students of statistics and for research workers in subjects as diverse as anthropology, education, industry, medicine and taxonomy. The new edition includes a survey of the most recent developments in the subject.
Signal transduction pathways controlling morphogenesis and haematopoiesis
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prominent role of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-βactivin/ bone morphogenetic factor (BMP) family of growth factors in the control of development and morphogenesis of multicellular organisms, from Drosophila to humans, sets the superfamily of TGF-β factors apart from other growth factors. In humans, BMPs control bone formation and bone repair, and in Drosophila dorsal patterning and morphogenesis of eye and wings.
Machinery of gene transcription
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Signals of growth factors, cytokines, and hormones, received and transmitted by membrane receptors or nuclear receptors, are eventually targeted to genes. In the nucleus, they call up information essential for the regulation of growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. The read-out of the genetic information is tightly regulated at every level—at both the transcriptional and the translational level. Splice variants of premRNAs enlarge the supply of regulatory proteins. Moreover, there are controls of mRNA lifetimes. Finally, the lifetime of the finished product, the protein, is controlled by adjusting rates of protein synthesis and degradation (Fig. 9.1).
Nephron-sparing surgery
Authors: Ghavamian Reza , Zincke Horst 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The curative management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains surgical. Recent advances in preoperative staging, specifically modern imaging techniques, and improvements in surgical techniques have made nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) an attractive alternative to radical nephrectomy in select patients. Over the past decade, there has been an increasing body of literature regarding, not only the indications, but also the safety and efficacy of NSS for RCC. The goals of conservative resection of RCC are complete local surgical removal of the malignancy and preservation of adequate renal function. This is a delicate balance, which makes renal-preserving surgery at times both challenging and controversial.
Lymph node dissection
Authors: Zisman Amnon , Pantuck, Allan J , Belldegrun Arie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pathological evidence of lymph node positive disease portends a striking decrease in life expectancy for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (deKernion et al. 1978). Intuitively speaking, the inclusion of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) during radical nephrectomy should add information relevant to the determination of prognosis, but more intriguing is whether it exerts a survival advantage and what is the trade-off for this benefit as compared to the potential additional morbidity and mortality. Lately, substantial evidence stemming from European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) studies as well as UCLA experience suggest that nephrectomy followed by immunotherapy provides a survival advantage over nephrectomy alone for metastatic patients (Fig. 31.1).
The course and development of early reactions to traumatic events: baseline evidence from a non-intervention follow-up study
Authors: Schnyder Ulrich , Moergeli Hanspeter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the immediate aftermath following exposure to a traumatic event, the majority of people affected have at least short periods in which they feel distressed or show some sort of psycho logical disturbance. For instance, in accident survivors, dysphoric-depressed emotions, anxiety and dissociative symptoms, such as de-realization occur quite frequently during the first few days post-accident (Malt and Olafsen, 1992; Shalev et al., 1996; Schnyder and Malt, 1998). High lev els of dissociation were also found in recent victims of sexual and non-sexual assault (Dancu et al., 1996), and in victims of natural disasters (Koopman et al., 1994). With regard to the symp tom clusters of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), re-experiencing symptoms have been reported by up to 71% of survivors of disasters and violent assaults (Sloan, 1988; Feinstein, 1989; Cardena and Spiegel, 1993). Avoidance has been found in 30% of earthquake survivors (Cardena and Spiegel, 1993) and 50% of motor vehicle accident victims (Bryant and Harvey, 1996). Similarly, high levels of arousal have been reported in subjects who had been exposed to differ ent types of traumatic events (Sloan, 1988; Feinstein, 1989; Cardena and Spiegel, 1993). Taken together, the current literature provides clear evidence for the significant levels of distress that may occur across a range of different traumas within the first days and weeks of the traumatic event.
The role of hospitals in delivering early intervention services following traumatic events
Authors: Ruzek Josef I , Cordova Matthew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any attempt to reconstruct early psychological intervention services after traumatic events must include a consideration of how hospitals might provide this essential service. Many of the injuries for which patients seek hospital care result from events (e.g., assault, motor vehicle collisions, other accidents) that may be experienced as life threatening and may elicit significant emotional distress. Other medical stressors (e.g. life-threatening illness, myocardial infarction, bums, inva sive procedures) may also exact a serious psychological toll. In short, hospitals are full of patients whose experiences can be conceptualized as psychological trauma, making this setting a vital ‘capture site’ for those at risk for a broad range of trauma-related psychosocial problems. In this chapter, we specifically focus on traumatic injury as an example of a traumatic medical stressor for which early intervention may be efficacious. We discuss the negative outcomes associated with traumatic injury, note limitations of psychosocial care in most emergency medical settings and propose a model of hospital-based early intervention services following traumatic events.
Pediatric Neurology
Authors: Bouffet Eric , McGee Phyllis , Beal Deryk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In pediatrc neurology, the time taken for the transition into palliative care differs according to the underlying disease (e.g. brain tumor, CNS degenerative disease, neuromuscular disorders). Symptom management, to alleviate, for example, nausea, constipation, convulsions, or pain, is paramount. Whereas the management of pain does not differ much from adults, it is expressed very differently by children, and may just present as a ‘too quiet a child’. Communication with a neurologically impaired child may be an everlasting struggle for relatives and caregivers. For this, setting up new communication systems may be very helpful. Other issues in neurologic palliative care for children are intellectual deterioration, swallowing impairment, and withdrawal of life-sustaining medical treatment.
Integrated Living Systems of Elements
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As stated at the beginning of Part I our ambition in writing this book is to give in essential outline an account of organisms in terms of general chemistry including all relevant elements. It might appear to be then just another biochemistry book, but our approach has been informed not by the conventional attitude to this chemistry-that, in essence, life can be understood from the analysis of the properties of particular organic molecules extracted from living cells-but by the study of the way in which a moderately large group of elements, about twenty (see Aside) including C, N, 0 and H, come together systematically to form a living organism.
Transmission, genetic counselling, and prenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial DNA disease
Authors: Poulton Joanna , Macaulay Vincent , Marchington David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited in humans. Thousands of copies of mitochondrial DNA are present in every cell and in most normal individuals these are virtually identical. Mitochondrial diseases may be caused by mutations in either mitochondrial or nuclear genes and hence give rise to maternal or autosomal patterns of inheritance. Antenatal diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases based on chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is available for Mendelian disorders and the syndromes caused by a limited number of human mitochondrial DNA mutations.
Urologic Emergencies
Authors: Keane Patrick F , Hagan Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urologic emergencies are common in cancer patients. They can be the presenting features of a new malignancy, or as complications of cancer treatment. The majority of these emergencies relate to urinary tract infection, hematuria, renal failure and upper urinary tract obstruction, urinary retention and priapism. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment reduces the complication rate and long-term morbidity.
Radiation Emergencies
Authors: Kinsella Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of patients with cancer is generally a multi-modality proposition. Rarely are patients treated with one intervention alone, whether surgery, chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The role of radiation in the treatment of cancer patients has therefore grown tremendously in the past few decades. It has been estimated that more than fifty percent of all cancer patients will receive radiation at some point in their management. Although radiation may remain the sole treatment of choice for some early cancers, for example, basal cell skin cancers and early stage vocal cord cancers, its role has dramatically expanded. Ionizing radiation is used in both a definitive fashion and as adjuvant therapy. Technological advances using three-dimensional computer driven planning has allowed higher doses to be delivered in a fashion that is better tailored to treating neoplasms in locations where previously treatment could not be given due to normal tissue toxicity. New combinations of radiation and chemotherapy have enhanced the oncologist’s ability to cure, or at least more effectively treat a number of cancers. This increased application of radiation and the combination of chemotherapy and radiation make it absolutely essential that the various treating physicians involved in the management of the patient with cancer have knowledge of the expected side effects of treatment and their effective management. Occasionally the morbidity is more than anticipated and timely assessment and therapeutic intervention may be required to satisfactorily relieve the problem. Radiation oncologists generally are aware of the side effects and complications of their prescribed treatment, but this basic knowledge must also be shared with numerous other health care professionals. Adequate knowledge of the benefits, side effects and complications of radiation therapy will help streamline the care of these patients and result in better outcomes, both acutely and in the long term.
Chemical control of biomineralization
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The high level of regulation associated with biologically controlled mineralization is fundamentally dependent on the chemical control of inorganic precipitation and crystallization. In this chapter, we review the key principles of precipitation—usually from the standpoint of ‘crystallization’ —and illustrate their relevance to biomineralization. The aim is to introduce the fundamental chemical concepts that are pivotal to the specific biological control mechanisms described in Chapters 5 to 8.
Morphogenesis
Authors: Mann Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphogenesis is a general term that refers to the origin and development of form in biological systems. Remarkably, there seems little to distinguish between Nature’s ability to sculpt structures out of soft organic materials—hearts, lungs, etc.—and hard inorganic minerals, such as bones and teeth. Indeed, as we described in Chapter 2, the propensity to produce elaborate inorganic skeletons and shells is part and parcel of the development of form in microscopic creatures, which suggests that the processes of morphogenesis and biomineralization have been strongly coupled throughout evolution.
Phylogenetics
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Phylogenetics’ is the reconstruction and analysis of phylogenetic (evolutionary) trees and networks based on inherited characteristics. It is a flourishing area of intereaction between mathematics, statistics, computer science and biology. The main role of phylogenetic techniques lies in evolutionary biology, where it is used to infer historical relationships between species. However, the methods are also relevant to a diverse range of fields including epidemiology, ecology, medicine, as well as linguistics and cognitive psychology This graduate-level book, based on the authors lectures at The University of Canterbury, New Zealand, focuses on the mathematical aspects of phylogenetics. It brings together the central results of the field (providing proofs of the main theorem), outlines their biological significance, and indicates how algorithms may be derived. The presentation is self-contained and relies on discrete mathematics with some probability theory. A set of exercises and at least one specialist topic ends each chapter. This book is intended for biologists interested in the mathematical theory behind phylogenetic methods, and for mathematicians, statisticians, and computer scientists eager to learn about this emerging area of discrete mathematics. 'Phylogenetics' in the 24th volume in the Oxford Lecture Series in Mathematics and its Applications. This series contains short books suitable for graduate students and researchers who want a well-written account of mathematics that is fundamental to current to research. The series emphasises future directions of research and focuses on genuine applications of mathematics to finance, engineering and the physical and biological sciences.
Patients and Carers
Authors: Lee Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was leaving the flat of a ninety-two-year-old woman when her sister waylaid me in the hallway. ‘Edith’s had enough,’ she said, ‘she’s just waiting for the call, but she knows there’s nothing she can do to make it hurry up.’ We then fell into conversation and I asked if Edith had been married. ‘Oh yes, he was very good to her. She’s had a lovely life you know, no kids, no worries, plenty of money.’ I expect if you asked Edith about her life she might interpret events differently. But there was no denying that Edith was waiting for the call, she was weary of a life whose natural course had run far beyond three score years and ten. How different was she from the patient who has work still to do, commitments to meet, plans to see through, the patient whose biography has been interrupted by their illness. But whether young or old, weary of life or fighting to survive, everyone will wonder about the journey ahead and what it will hold for them. After ninety-two years my patient felt she was ready to find out.
Sex differences in schizophrenia: the case for developmental origins and etiological implications
Authors: Goldstein Jill M , Walder Deborah J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are numerous studies demonstrating sex differences in the phenomenology and genetic transmission of schizophrenia (for review see Goldstein and Lewine 2000). Although one’s sex modifies the phenotypic expression of schizophrenia, there is some debate about whether these differences have etiological implications (Goldstein 1995a, 1995b; Goldstein and Lewine 2000). We have argued that sex differences in incidence, genetic transmission, and brain abnormalities underscore its importance for understanding the etiology of the illness.