bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects on alcohol related fatal crashes of a community based initiative to increase substance abuse treatment and reduce alcohol availability
Authors: Hingson R W , Zakocs R C , Heeren T , Winter M R , Rosenbloom D , DeJong W 
Published: April 2005

Objective:This analysis tested whether comprehensive community interventions that focus on reducing alcohol availability and increasing substance abuse treatment can reduce alcohol related fatal traffic crashes.Intervention:Five of 14 communities awarded Fighting Back grants by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to reduce substance abuse and related problems attempted to reduce availability of alcohol and expand substance abuse treatment programs (FBAT communities). Program implementation began on 1 January 1992.Design:A quasi-experimental design matched each program community to two or three other communities of similar demographic composition in the same state.Main outcome measures:The ratio of fatal crashes involving a driver or pedestrian with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.01% or higher, 0.08% or higher, or 0.15% or higher were examined relative to fatal crashes where no alcohol was involved for 10 years preceding and 10 years following program initiation.Results:Relative to their comparison communities, the five FBAT communities experienced significant declines of 22% in alcohol related fatal crashes at 0.01% BAC or higher, 20% at 0.08% or higher, and 17% at 0.15% or higher relative to fatal crashes not involving alcohol.Conclusions:Community interventions to reduce alcohol availability and increase substance abuse treatment can reduce alcohol related fatal traffic crashes.
Long term effects of a home visit to prevent childhood injury: three year follow up of a randomized trial
Authors: King W J , LeBlanc J C , Barrowman N J , Klassen T P , Bernard-Bonnin A-C , Robitaille Y , Tenenbein M , Pless I B 
Published: April 2005

Objective:To assess the long term effect of a home safety visit on the rate of home injury.Design:Telephone survey conducted 36 months after participation in a randomized controlled trial of a home safety intervention. A structured interview assessed participant knowledge, beliefs, or practices around injury prevention and the number of injuries requiring medical attention.Setting:Five pediatric teaching hospitals in four Canadian urban centres.Participants:Children less than 8 years of age presenting to an emergency department with a targeted home injury (fall, scald, burn, poisoning or ingestion, choking, or head injury while riding a bicycle), a non-targeted injury, or a medical illness.Results:We contacted 774 (66%) of the 1172 original participants. A higher proportion of participants in the intervention group (63%) reported that home visits changed their knowledge, beliefs, or practices around the prevention of home injuries compared with those in the non-intervention group (43%; p<0.001). Over the 36 month follow up period the rate of injury visits to the doctor was significantly less for the intervention group (rate ratio = 0.74; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.87), consistent with the original (12 month) study results (rate ratio = 0.69; 95% CI 0.54 to 0.88). However, the effectiveness of the intervention appears to be diminishing with time (rate ratio for the 12–36 month study interval = 0.80; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.00).Conclusions:A home safety visit was able to demonstrate sustained, but modest, effectiveness of an intervention aimed at improving home safety and reducing injury. This study reinforces the need of home safety programs to focus on passive intervention and a simple well defined message.
An evaluation of state firearm regulations and homicide and suicide death rates
Authors: Rosengart M , Cummings P , Nathens A , Heagerty P , Maier R , Rivara F 
Published: April 2005

Objective:To determine if any of five different state gun laws were associated with firearm mortality: (1) “shall issue” laws permitting an individual to carry a concealed weapon unless restricted by another statute; (2) a minimum age of 21 years for handgun purchase; (3) a minimum age of 21 years for private handgun possession; (4) one gun a month laws which restrict handgun purchase frequency; and (5) junk gun laws which ban the sale of certain cheaply constructed handguns.Design:A cross sectional time series study of firearm mortality from 1979 to 1998.Setting:All 50 states and the District of Columbia.Subjects:All residents of the United States.Main outcome measures:Firearm homicides, all homicides, firearm suicides, and all suicides.Results:When a “shall issue” law was present, the rate of firearm homicides was greater, RR 1.11 (95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.24), than when the law was not present, as was the rate of all homicides, RR 1.08 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.17), although this was not statistically significant. No law was associated with a statistically significant decrease in the rates of firearm homicides or total homicides. No law was associated with a statistically significant change in firearm suicide rates.Conclusion:A “shall issue” law that eliminates most restrictions on carrying a concealed weapon may be associated with increased firearm homicide rates. No law was associated with a statistically significant reduction in firearm homicide or suicide rates.
Out on a limb: risk factors for arm fracture in playground equipment falls
Authors: Sherker S , Ozanne-Smith J , Rechnitzer G , Grzebieta R 
Published: April 2005

Objectives:To investigate and quantify fall height, surface depth, and surface impact attenuation as risk factors for arm fracture in children who fall from playground equipment.Design:Unmatched case control study.Setting:Five case hospitals and 78 randomly selected control schools.Participants:Children aged less than 13 years in Victoria, Australia who fell from school playground equipment and landed on their arm. Cases sustained an upper limb fracture and controls had minor or no injury. A total of 402 cases and 283 controls were included.Interventions:Children were interviewed in the playground as soon as possible after their fall.Main outcome measures:Falls were recreated on site using two validated impact test devices: a headform (measuring peak G and HIC) and a novel anthropometric arm load dummy. Equipment and fall heights, as well as surface depth and substrate were measured.Results:Arm fracture risk was greatest for critical equipment heights above 1.5 m (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.49 to 3.84, p<0.01), and critical fall heights above 1.0 m (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.71 to 5.15, p<0.01). Peak headform deceleration below 100G was protective (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.99, p = 0.04). Compliance with 20 cm surface depth recommendation was poor for both cases and controls.Conclusions:Arm fracture-specific criteria should be considered for future standards. These include surface and height conditions where critical headform deceleration is less than 100G. Consideration should also be given to reducing maximum equipment height to 1.5 m. Improved surface depth compliance and, in particular, guidelines for surface maintenance are required.
Localization and Characterization of Specific Cornification Proteins in Avian Epidermis
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo , Toni Mattia 
Published: April 2005

Little is known about proteins involved in the formation of the stratum corneum in the avian apteric epidermis. The present immunocytochemical, autoradiographic and electrophoretic study shows that antibodies against characteristic proteins of mammalian cornification (α-keratins, loricrin, sciellin, filaggrin, transglutaminase) recognize avian epidermal proteins. This suggests the presence of avian protein with epitopes common to related mammalian proteins. These proteins may also be involved in the formation of the cornified core and cell envelope of mature avian corneocytes. The immunoblotting study suggests that protein bands, cross-reactive for antibodies against loricrin (45, 52–57 kDa), sciellin (54, 84 kDa), filaggrin (32, 38, 45–48 kDa), and transglutaminase (40, 50, 58 kDa), are present in the avian epidermis. Immunocytochemistry shows that immunoreactivity for the above proteins is localized in the transitional and lowermost corneous layer of apteric epidermis. Their epitopes are rapidly masked/altered in cornifying cells and are no longer detectable in mature corneocytes. In scaled epidermis a thick layer made of β-keratins of 14–18, 20–22, and 33 kDa is formed. Only in feathered epidermis (not in scale epidermis), an antifeather chicken β-keratin antibody recognized a protein band at 8–12 kDa. This small β-keratin is probably suitable for the formation of long, axial filaments in elongated barb, barbule and calamus cells. Conversely, the larger β-keratins in scales are irregularly deposited forming flat plates. Tritiated histidine coupled to autoradiography show an absence of both keratohyalin and histidine-rich proteins in adult feathered and scaled epidermis. Most of the labeling appears in proteins within the range of β- and α-keratins. These data on apteric epidermis support the hypothesis of an evolution of the apteric and interfollicular epidermis from the expansion of hinge regions of protoavian archosaurians.
NK/iDC interaction results in IL-18 secretion by DCs at the synaptic cleft followed by NK cell activation and release of the DC maturation factor HMGB1
Authors: Semino Claudia , Angelini Giovanna , Poggi Alessandro , Rubartelli Anna 
Published: April 2005

AbstractInteraction of natural killer (NK) cells with autologous immature dendritic cells (DCs) results in reciprocal activation; however, the underlying mechanisms are so far elusive. We show here that NK cells trigger immature DCs to polarize and secrete interleukin 18 (IL-18), a cytokine lacking a secretory leader sequence. This occurs through a Ca2+-dependent and tubulin-mediated recruitment of IL-18-containing secretory lysosomes toward the adhering NK cell. Lysosome exocytosis and IL-18 secretion are restricted at the synaptic cleft, thus allowing activation of the interacting NK cells without spreading of the cytokine. In turn, DC-activated NK cells secrete the proinflammatory cytokine high mobility group B1 (HMGB1), which induces DC maturation and protects DCs from lysis. Also HMGB1 is a leaderless cytokine that undergoes regulated secretion. Differently from IL-18, soluble HMGB1 is consistently detected in NK/DC supernatants. These data point to secretion of leaderless cytokines as a key event for the reciprocal activation of NK cells and DCs. DCs initiate NK cell activation by targeted delivery of IL-18, thus instructing NK cells in the absence of adaptive-type cytokines; in turn, activated NK cells release HMGB1, which promotes inflammation and induces DC maturation, thus favoring the onset of the adaptive immune response. (Blood. 2005;106:609-616)
Glucocorticoids inhibit activation-induced cell death (AICD) via direct DNA-dependent repression of the CD95 ligand gene by a glucocorticoid receptor dimer
Authors: Baumann Sven , Dostert Anja , Novac Natalia , Bauer Anton , Schmid Wolfgang , Fas Stefanie C. , Krueger Andreas , Heinzel Thorsten , Kirchhoff Sabine , Schütz Günther , Krammer Peter H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGlucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in the regulation of peripheral T-cell survival. Their molecular mechanism of action and the question of whether they have the ability to inhibit apoptosis in vivo, however, are not fully elucidated. Signal transduction through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is complex and involves different pathways. Therefore, we used mice with T-cell-specific inactivation of the GR as well as mice with a function-selective mutation in the GR to determine the signaling mechanism. Evidence is presented for a functional role of direct binding of the GR to 2 negative glucocorticoid regulatory elements (nGREs) in the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand (L) promoter. Binding of GRs to these nGREs reduces activation-induced CD95L expression in T cells. These in vitro results are fully supported by data obtained in vivo. Administration of GCs to mice leads to inhibition of activation-induced cell death (AICD). Thus, GC-mediated inhibition of CD95L expression of activated T cells might contribute to the anti-inflammatory function of steroid drugs. (Blood. 2005;106:617-625)
CXCL9 inhibits eosinophil responses by a CCR3- and Rac2-dependent mechanism
Authors: Fulkerson Patricia C. , Zhu Hongyan , Williams David A. , Zimmermann Nives , Rothenberg Marc E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRecently, inhibitory cytokine pathways for leukocyte chemoattraction and activation have been identified, but there is little insight into the operational mechanisms except for models that rely on simple receptor antagonism. We have previously identified the existence of a murine eosinophil inhibitory pathway mediated by the CXC chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9, Mig [monokine induced by interferon-γ]) that impressively blocks eosinophil chemoattraction and function, but the mechanism has remained elusive. We now demonstrate that Mig's inhibitory action extends beyond receptor antagonism alone. Notably, in addition to inhibiting eotaxin-induced filamentous actin (F-actin) formation and chemoattraction, Mig potently blocks platelet activating factor (PAF)– and leukotriene B4 (LTB4)–induced responses. Remarkably, Mig-treated eosinophils display an abnormal F-actin assembly in the absence of agonist stimulation. Additionally, Mig pretreatment inhibits eotaxin-induced activation of the Rho–guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rac, and Rac2-deficient eosinophils demonstrate an impaired transmigration and actin polymerization response to eotaxin stimulation. Furthermore, Mig was unable to inhibit eotaxin-induced responses in Rac2-deficient eosinophils. Finally, using CCR3 gene–targeted cells, Mig's inhibitory activity is demonstrated to be mediated by CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3). Thus, by altering agonist-induced signaling and abrogating cytoskeletal reorganization by a Rac2-dependent mechanism, Mig markedly inhibits eosinophil responses to diverse stimuli. These results establish evidence that distinct chemokines can use CCR3 to induce opposing signals in eosinophils.
Columba: an integrated database of proteins, structures, and annotations
Authors: Trißl Silke , Rother Kristian , Müller Heiko , Steinke Thomas , Koch Ina , Preissner Robert , Frömmel Cornelius , Leser Ulf 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Structural and functional research often requires the computation of sets of protein structures based on certain properties of the proteins, such as sequence features, fold classification, or functional annotation. Compiling such sets using current web resources is tedious because the necessary data are spread over many different databases. To facilitate this task, we have created COLUMBA, an integrated database of annotations of protein structures.

Description
COLUMBA currently integrates twelve different databases, including PDB, KEGG, Swiss-Prot, CATH, SCOP, the Gene Ontology, and ENZYME. The database can be searched using either keyword search or data source-specific web forms. Users can thus quickly select and download PDB entries that, for instance, participate in a particular pathway, are classified as containing a certain CATH architecture, are annotated as having a certain molecular function in the Gene Ontology, and whose structures have a resolution under a defined threshold. The results of queries are provided in both machine-readable extensible markup language and human-readable format. The structures themselves can be viewed interactively on the web.

Conclusion
The COLUMBA database facilitates the creation of protein structure data sets for many structure-based studies. It allows to combine queries on a number of structure-related databases not covered by other projects at present. Thus, information on both many and few protein structures can be used efficiently. The web interface for COLUMBA is available at http://www.columba-db.de.
Epidermal growth factor mediates detachment from and invasion through collagen I and Matrigel in Capan-1 pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Shirk Andrew J , Kuver Rahul 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly invasive neoplasm. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor are over expressed in pancreatic cancer, and expression correlates with invasion and metastasis. We hypothesized that EGF receptor and integrin signalling pathways interact in mediating cellular adhesion and invasion in pancreatic cancer, and that invasiveness correlates temporally with detachment from extracellular matrix.

Methods
We tested this hypothesis by investigating the role of EGF in mediating adhesion to and invasion through collagen I and Matrigel in the metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line Capan-1. Adhesion and invasion were measured using in vitro assays of fluorescently-labeled cells. Adhesion and invasion assays were also performed in the primary pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line MIA PaCa-2.

Results
EGF inhibited adhesion to collagen I and Matrigel in Capan-1 cells. The loss of adhesion was reversed by AG825, an inhibitor of erbB2 receptor signalling and by wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor, but not by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. EGF stimulated invasion through collagen I and Matrigel at concentrations and time courses similar to those mediating detachment from these extracellular matrix components. Adhesion to collagen I was different in MIA PaCa-2 cells, with no significant change elicited following EGF treatment, whereas treatment with the EGF family member heregulin-alpha elicited a marked increase in adhesion. Invasion through Matrigel in response to EGF, however, was similar to that observed in Capan-1 cells.

Conclusion
An inverse relationship exists between adhesion and invasion capabilities in Capan-1 cells but not in MIA PaCa-2 cells. EGF receptor signalling involving the erbB2 and PI3K pathways plays a role in mediating these events in Capan-1 cells.
Defining the timing of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) outbreaks: an epidemiological study
Authors: Terletskaia-Ladwig Elena , Enders Gisela , Schalasta Gunnar , Enders Martin 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Seasonal RSV infections occur every year and affect particularly children under six months of age. Passive immunoprophylaxis with monoclonal antibody Palivizumab is recommended in the period with high risk of RSV infection. This study aims to define the period for the southern part of Germany (Stuttgart area).

Methods
Epidemiological analysis of the RSV situation in southern Germany from 1996 to 2004 and comparison of results with literature was made. The respiratory tract specimens were sent in for the detection of RSV mainly by paediatric clinics. Detection of RSV was carried out mainly by real-time RT-PCR or by ELISA "Pathfinder". RSV outbreaks were depicted as an absolute number and as a percentage of RSV diagnoses in a month. Onsets, offsets, peaks, duration and severity of RSV seasons were defined and analysed.

Results
An early season with strong RSV activity (early-high phase) was followed by a weaker late season (late-low phase) in a regular biennial rhythm. However, onsets, offsets and durations of outbreaks varied significantly from year to year. RSV epidemics in southern Germany were found to oscillate in an antiphase with RSV epidemics in Finland and Sweden.

Conclusion
The long-term regular biennial rhythm allows predicting whether the next outbreak will be late or early and whether RSV activity will be strong or weak. Not foreseeable, however, is the precise time of increase and decrease of RSV activity. Moreover, the regular seasonal pattern may be disrupted by irregular outbreaks. Thus, activity of RSV has to be monitored every year to define the period with high risk of infection.
Public health education: A report from Mosul and a plan for change
Authors: Hughes Gail D , Mack Ally , Golden Kathie Stromile 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Today Iraq suffers from severe shortages of food, medicine, clean water and adequate sanitation. Malnutrition and communicable diseases are major factors in the rising morbidity and mortality rates. However, supplies and equipment are insufficient or outmoded, and public health training is outdated. The Universities have been unable to help because under-funding and isolation from their professional colleagues has limited their effectiveness.

Methods
To revitalize public health education, we describe a partnership between a US education consortium and the University of Mosul that will be carried out in the next several years. The plan is based on "three R's": Recovery from the past damage due to war and neglect; Retooling of key public health faculty to remedy the years of isolation and restriction of activity; and Reestablishment of the University as a resource for the its constituents, for the community and for other educational institutions. In all these activities, Iraqi minorities, especially women, will participate and contribute.

Conclusion
The work to repair the public health educational infrastructure has just begun. When completed, it will represent a small but necessary step in restoring normalcy to the people of Mosul, and of Iraq.
General practitioners' satisfaction with and attitudes to out-of-hours services
Authors: van Uden Caro JT , Nieman Fred HM , Voss Gemma BWE , Wesseling Geertjan , Winkens Ron AG , Crebolder Harry FJM 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
In recent years, Dutch general practitioner (GP) out-of-hours service has been reorganised into large-scale GP cooperatives. Until now little is known about GPs' experiences with working at these cooperatives for out-of-hours care. The purpose of this study is to gain insight into GPs' satisfaction with working at GP cooperatives for out-of-hours care in separated and integrated cooperatives.

Methods
A GP cooperative separate from the hospital Accident and Emergency (A&E) department, and a GP cooperative integrated within the A&E department of another hospital. Both cooperatives are situated in adjacent geographic regions in the South of the Netherlands. One hundred GPs were interviewed by telephone; fifty GPs working at the separated GP cooperative and fifty GPs from the integrated GP cooperative. Opinions on different aspects of GP cooperatives for out-of-hours care were measured, and regression analysis was performed to investigate if these could be related to GP satisfaction with out-of-hours care organisation.

Results
GPs from the separated model were more satisfied with the organisation of out-of-hours care than GPs from the integrated model (70 vs. 60 on a scale score from 0 to 100; P = 0.020). Satisfaction about out-of-hours care organisation was related to opinions on workload, guarantee of gatekeeper function, and attitude towards out-of-hours care as being an essential part of general practice. Cooperation with medical specialists was much more appreciated at the integrated model (77 vs. 48; P < 0.001) versus the separated model.

Conclusion
GPs in this study appear to be generally satisfied with the organisation of GP cooperatives for out-of-hours care. Furthermore, GPs working at the separated cooperative seem to be more satisfied compared to GPs working at the integrated cooperative.