bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editing Early Music
Authors: Caldwell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Editing Early Music is designed as a guide to editorial procedures suitable for music written from the Middle Ages to about 1830. Some of the suggestions are relevant to the editing of any music no longer in copyright. There is an introductory chapter on the principles of editing and transcribing, followed by three chronologically arranged chapters devoted to medieval and early renaissance music, the Renaissance, and baroque and classical music. The final chapter deals with the preparation of copy and other practical matters. Some of the technicalities are presented in the form of tables and appendices; there are musical illustrations and sample score-layouts, and a bibliography. While the book does not aim to descript early notations in detail, some of the basic information is conveyed, particularly through the extensive discussion of such matters as reduced time values and the treatment of accidentals. For this revised edition, the author has incorporated a number of corrections, brought the bibliography up to date, and added a Postscript on stemmatics and textual criticism.
Lesclarcissement: Composition, Production, and Structure
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the letters and documents that relate to Palsgrave’s life we learn very little about the composition of Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse. Our only sources of information are his contract with Richard Pynson for the printing of the work and Stephen Vaughan’s letter to Thomas Cromwell. Both precede the actual date of publication, 1530, and might enlighten us on stages of the work. In this chapter we shall look at them more closely and assess how far they are in line with what Palsgrave tells us about his work, its beginnings, its progress, and its difficulties, as well as his aim in Lesclarcissement de la langue francoyse itself.
Networks and Structural Relations
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complexity of the lexicon of a language is such that no single ordering principle suffices to make a dictionary consultable. This is why all dictionaries are produced on the basis of a set of structural relations. Some examples from English may illustrate this. Compilers of purely alphabetical English dictionaries, for instance, will meet with problems when they come to decide on the order of such items as (to) smoke, (a) smoke; (to) make up, (her) make-up; (to) throw away, (a) throw-away (line); reformation, Reformation. Which member of these pairs of words should come first? Consistency-conscious lexicographers will make policy decisions for the whole of the work and avoid ad hoc solutions.
Japanizing and Westernizing Patterns
Authors: Loveday Leo J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this chapter explores some of the complex and diverse changes undergone by English (and other European languages) when integrated into Japanese. The innovative introduction of sounds unavailable in Japanese, and their written representation, receive special attention here. A systematic account of orthographic variation in this process of adaptation is also offered. Finally, there is an analysis of the morphological patterns involved in Japanizing English. These patterns modify the donor language so radically that the ensuing divergence is often labelled ‘deviant’.
Preliminaries
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about a single morpheme in English and the constructions in which it occurs. The morpheme in question is the one that attaches to the ends of noun phrases to give the forms John’s, the city’s, the children’s, and the like. I shall refer to it as the possessive morpheme, and denote it by the mnemonic abbreviation POSS. I have opted for this designation over its chief competitor-the genitive-mainly because genitive could suggest that the morpheme is an exponent of genitive case, and that the items to which it attaches inflect for genitive case. As I shall argue later, whatever POSS is, it is definitely not a marker of genitive case, as this notion is generally understood especially with respect to the lndo-European languages. On the other hand, possessive is not an ideal term, either, since it could imply too intimate a link between the morpheme and the semantic relation of possession, in the everyday sense of the word. We shall see that the notion of possession does indeed play an important role in the semantics of POSS and of the constructions in which it occurs. However, at the outset of the investigation, it would be better not to pre-judge the issue, and to regard the term possessive merely as a convenient label for a morpheme whose semantic value will emerge in due course.
Prenominal Possessives: Some Generative Approaches
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prenominal possessive construction in English has a number of distinctive properties, concerning both its internal structure and its usage range, which set it apart from possessive constructions in many other languages (section I. 1.3). In spite of (or perhaps because of) its parochial character, the construction has figured quite prominently in the transformational-generative literature of the past two and a half decades or so. In this chapter, I undertake a critical review of some of these analyses.
The Question of Origins
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reason why animals do not speak is because they have nothing to say. This first sentence, presented as a witticism, is of course only an approximation. Although animals do not speak, which is obvious, they do some times communicate, even though, as far as we know, the content of this communication is very limited. Among the many studies dedicated to animal communication, the two examples that have been quoted most frequently are the dance ofbees1 and the acquisition of signs by chimpan zees.2 It should be noted here that these two examples, the best known within the subject, are not to be classed together.
A Multilingual World
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So human beings are confronted by languages. Wherever they are, whatever the first language they understood or learnt, they meet other people every day, understand them or not, recognize them or not, like them or not, are dominated by them or dominate them. It is a fact that the world is multilingual. Linguistic history, which is one aspect of the history of the world, is to a great extent constituted by how this multilingualism is managed.
The Pacificist Illusion and Esperanto
Authors: Calvet Louis-Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the seventeenth century, however, there appeared in Europe the notion that it might be possible to resolve the problems posed by multilingualism in vitro, by constructing a universal language. Evidence of this exists, for example, in the writings of Comenius (Jan Komensky), such as La Porte ouverte sur !es langues (1631), but also in a long letter by Rene Descartes who kept up a large scientific correspondence from Amsterdam. On 20 November 1629 he devoted a letter to the plan that a correspondent, Martin Mersenne, had put forward, a plan for a new language in which there would only be ‘one way of conjugating, declining and constructing words’.
New Data for the OED:Methodological Problems
Authors: McConchie R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having spent some time examining attitudes to the use of English in the sixteenth century and some of the ways in which the medical profession used it and the lexicographers recorded it, we now turn our attention to the works which have been the special subject of this study and to the work which best records the vocabulary of these books, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). We have now seen that the bulk of the sixteenth-century medical terminology in its pages probably did not come from the dictionaries of the period, and it is also probable that these dictionaries did not make a serious attempt to record this terminology. It seems possible therefore that we do not now understand the emergent terminology of the profession sufficiently well. However, the primary focus of an investigation into the recording of a particular semantic domain in the sixteenth-century lexicon must inevitably be the OED, and only secondarily those sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century dictionaries which were the source of some of its information. If the OED is inaccurate or misleading, in what ways and to what extent is it so? What are its actual deficiencies? This also leads inevitably to questions about the way in which the OED was put together, and to the ways in which it utilized its sources.
Antedatings
Authors: McConchie R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hunt for antedatings to the OED will seem to many to be pedantry of the most futile and pointless kind; a sort of ankle-biting at worst, and a fussy cleaning up of others’ crumbs at best. But the fact is that the exercise has usually been treated as an adjunct to some more important piece of work-an edition for example-during the course of which they inevitably turn up, impede progress by their irritating presence, and are filed away for later use in some learned note. Only rarely has the collection of such information become an end in itself, and been subjected to some kind of scholarly analysis. Neither has it often been realized just how much material is potentially available to the scholar.
An Exploration of Directional Systems in West Indonesia and Madagascar
Authors: Adelaar K Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the nature and origins of various directional systems that are used in West Indonesian societies. On cultural historical grounds and for all practical purposes, I consider Madagascar and the Chiasmic area as part of West Indonesia, together with Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Bali, and Lombok. All these areas are Austronesian-speaking, and they have experienced strong linguistic and cultural influences from the Malays and from the Indian subcontinent.
Finding the Right Path: The Route Knowledge of the Yupno of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wassmann Jürg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It does not contradict our commonsense impressions to assume that we all possess an inner mental image of our spatial environment. This allows us to find the way to our office, to come up with a faster way to the shopping centre, to take an alternative route if we are caught in a traffic jam (these, as the reader will have already noticed, are very American examples). These cognitive maps (Tolman 1948; Downs and Stea 1973) are the individual, internalized cognitive representation of our exterior geographical environment. It is the conceptual construction of space, not the perception of ‘space’ in the sense of ‘perceptual skills’ (Jahoda 1988; Deregowski 1989). It refers to the ‘models of macrospace’ (Siegel and White 1975) which are not only a static, visual image but ‘the symbolic and internalized mental reflection of spatial action’ (Piaget and Inhelder 1967: 454). At best, such cognitive maps are an analogous representation of the environment, fragmentary, distorted in an individual way, at the same time somehow an image, reduced to the essential (for the individual). Which form do these mental models take in the long-term memory? Frequently, two kinds of representation were distinguished, one analogous or ‘pictorial’, the other symbolic or ‘propositional’ (Kosslyn I 98I). It seems plausible to assume, following Piaget and Inhelder (1966) and Bruner et al. (1966), that spatial know ledge is more likely to be represented graphically, even though to date this has not been successfully proven in experiments (Kosslyn 1980).
What Mathematical Truth Could Not Be-I
Authors: Benacerraf Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cohens were very exacting in their requirements on just the right match for their only son Abie, and Hyman Lapidus, the shatchen to whom they had entrusted the search, at wits’ end after having proposed match after match to the Cohens only to have them all turned down, came by one day with a pro­posal, his ‘final ofter’: Mrs Cohen. I have just the right girl for Abie.
Language and Nationalism in Italy: Language as a Weak Marker of Identity
Authors: Ruzza Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Languages are among the most powerful symbols of national identity. Both historically and in the recent past, the feeling of common belonging that sustains nationalism has often been enhanced by a common language, which has, therefore, frequently been used as a means of identifying the community in question. Together with anthems, flags, oath-swearing ceremonies, and the vast array of symbols and historical myths that sustain national identity, languages are often the marker that communities utilize to differentiate insiders from outsiders (Edelman 1977). This is particularly the case where the nation and the language community largely coincide. However, in Italy, I will argue, language is a relatively weak indicator of national identity, despite the substantial coincidence of linguistic, national, and state boundaries. In order to explain this seeming anomaly, I will review the emergence of the Italian language, showing how the difficult gestation and late development of the standard language reduced its relevance as a marker of national identity. Only in recent times, with the advent of mass literacy and mass-media consumption, has a standard language become prevalent, while for substantial minorities mutually incomprehensible dialects are still the language of choice.
Conclusions: Language and National Identity in Europe
Authors: Carmichael Cathie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the chapters in this book have considered ways in which certain languages have become dominant as national languages. In addition, the relationship between language, ethnicity, and state formation over several centuries of European history has been examined. Contained within these narratives are the stories of the waning of some peripheral languages, the codification of standard languages, and the increasing use of English as a lingua franca across Europe. In other words, the overall emphasis is on change in language use rather than stasis.
Syntagmatic Relations: A Classification of Signs
Authors: McGregor William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power of certain pictures, of certain visual representations, in the historical development of science ... is a power, in the early stages, to initiate progress, when the ideas it conveys are still creative and successful, and it becomes, later on, a power to obstruct, when the momentum is gone and repetition of old theories prevents the emergence of new ideas. (Ekeland 1988: 9)
Dependency: The Logical Semiotic
Authors: McGregor William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we continue our elaboration of SG by investigating dependency relationships, the syntagmatic relationships which characterize, define, and are defined by the logical semiotic. The first section, section 5.1, reviews some of the fundamental properties and characteristics of dependency relationships (as originally set out in section 3.2.1 above), and goes on to identify and discuss the main types of dependency relationships. Following this, in section 5.2 we discuss dependency relationships within the clause. It is argued that a semiotically significant class of logical clauses must be identified, these being characterized by the fact that they show at least one inherent dependency relationship; these clauses do not show inherent experiential structure.
Conjugation: The Interpersonal Semiotic
Authors: McGregor William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates conjugational relationships, the syntagmatic relationships which characterize, define, and are defined by the interpersonal semiotic. We begin, in section 6.1, by discussing some of the fundamental properties of these syntagmatic relationships (as per section 3.2.2) and identifying the main types. Following this, in section 6.2 various types of intraclausal interpersonal modification are investigated; these embrace a variety of phenomena, a number of which fall under the rubrics modality and mood. Then in section 6.3 we propose an interpersonal classification of clauses according to the inherent conjugational relationships contained within them. The following two sections, sections 6.4 and 6.5, discuss interclausal relationships of the interpersonal type, scopal and framing, respectively. Section 6.6 presents arguments that information packaging involves a conjugational relationship and is most appropriately understood in terms of the interpersonal semiotic. The final section, section 6.7, concludes the chapter with a brief summary and makes a few cursory remarks on a couple of phenomena which are not dealt with in the body of the chapter.
Multiple Switching and Complex Cases
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the foregoing chapters of Part Two we have examined various types of categoryswitching. Common to all these switching types is that they define double or triple encoding for one single predicate category. As such, they present pairings of patterns which differ in the strategy choice for one category, while the other categories remain constant. As we have seen, there are quite a few languages which allow more than one category switch. To quote just one example, Scottish Gaelic has been shown to have adjectival N-L-switching (see Section 5.3), nominal N-Lswitching (see Section 6.4), as well as verbal V-L-switching (locational merging (see Section 7.5)). The crucial point is, however, that these switching options are principally independent of one another. Although we can formulate takeover paths which link category switches to one another, each category switch is in itself uniquely conditioned. That is, its occurrence is not forced by the switching of some other category in the pattern.
Tense and Emotion
Authors: Cockburn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In so far as the mind conceives a thing under the dictates of reason, it is affected equally. whether the idea be of a thing future, past, or present. (Spinoza 1955: IV. lxii) One of the strands of argument by which Spinoza reaches this conclusion starts from the following thought: So long as a man is affected by the image of anything, he will regard that thing as present, even though it be non-existent ... he will not conceive it as past or future, except in so far as its image is joined to the image of time past or future ... Wherefore, the image of a thing, regarded in itself alone, is identical, whether it be referred to time past, time future, or time present.
The Search Begins
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Father Zumbohm arrived back on Rapanui from Valparaiso on 2 December 1869 with Bishop Jaussen’s instructions to collect whatever inscriptions and information about rongorongo that he and Father Roussel might find. Perhaps it was in the following weeks that Zumbohm acquired the two tablets he described in his letter of 1880 (see above), since he wrote on 28 January 1870 to Jaussen, “I am keeping and guarding for you a very lovely ‘timo te ako ako”‘, meaning with this the second rongorongo he had obtained, evidently “Mamari” (RR 2), not the weathered one. This letter to Jaussen he sent by way of the Chilean corvette O’Higgins which had anchored off Rapanui on 22-9 January 1870.
Bishop Jaussen and Metoro Tau’a Ure
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once Bishop Jaussen had been informed by the Russian explorer and scientist Miklukho-Maklai in 1871 what the latter had learnt about rongorongo from Father Roussel on Mangareva and what leading ethnologists and other scientists had been saying about the script in Berlin, London, and Santiago, the Bishop’s enthusiasm for his unique collection of tablets waxed even greater. He eventually questioned his resident house staff at Ha’apape, who had recently arrived from Rapanui with Brother Escolan (Fig. 4), about the Easter Island script. They told him that there was a certain Rapanui living on Tahiti who knew the rongorongo “by heart”.
From von Heine-Geldern to Heyerdahl
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be years before Alfred MÉtraux’s scientific approach toward the rongorongo of Easter Island would prevail. This is because the 1930s were still very much the season of de Hevesy-that is, of Grail quests for the supposed extrainsular origins of this fascinating script of Earth’s most isolated inhabited island.
Mama
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapanui’s imitative mama “script” is the island’s most recent graphic invention. Because the “Physeter Bone” (RR e}--whose inscription is a crude copy of the photograph of the “London Tablet” (RR 19r) in Routledge (1919: Fig. 98) displays on the right side of the bottom line several mama “fillers”, this permits us to pinpoint mama’s use to the first half of the twentieth century. Mama postdates, then, even the imitative ta’u “script” that had been elaborated in the 188os and 1890s.
Other Inscriptions
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Authentic rongorongo glyphs also adorn the surfaces of other artefacts and objects from Easter Island than those discussed in previous chapters. Perhaps most Birdman statuettes, for example, bore one or two rongorongo glyphs announcing the owner, celebrating a recipient, or otherwise commemorating or invoking someone or something special. Though only one incised Birdman (RR 25) has survived, Te Haha told Katherine Routledge (1914-15: Reel 2, notebook, p. 114v) that, “All the Manu Miro [lit. ‘Wooden Birds’] had RoR on them”. This demonstrates that the memory of such incised objects was still recalled at the beginning of the twentieth century. And the Rapanui clearly associated these objects’ glyphic adornment with the rongorongo inscriptions.
Case Study I: The Gwenhwyseg Dialect
Authors: Jones Mari C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gwentian dialect, compared with the other dialects of Wales, is perhaps less chaste, but is simpler in structure and richer in expressive and symbolic words than the Venedocian; less subtle, but more forcible than the dialect of Dyfed. It lacks the majesty of the former and the delicacy of the latter, but this is compensated by its beautiful, if rustic, melody. It is the language of the ear, not of the eye. In type it appears strange and forbidding, but when spoken is convincing and entrancing.
Situated at the head of the Rhymney Valley, the town of Rhymney lies twenty-four miles to the north of Cardiff, the capital of Wales. According to the 1991 census, it has a population of some 9,490 residents, 6.7 per cent of whom (aged 3 and above) are Welsh-speaking. The town was at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution, playing a prominent part in the production of iron and later coal. By 1835, 31 pits existed between Rhymney and the neighbouring village of Pontlottyn, resulting in a massive increase in population, many of the immigrants coming from England, Ireland, and other parts of Wales. Today, however, the pits have all closed and what little industry the town still attracts tends to be in the tertiary sector. A comprehensive account of the town’s history is given in E. E. Edwards (1974).