Control of Liquid Water Transport in Cathode of PEFC Using Wettability-Patterned Electrodes
Authors: Kaneko Reiya , Chate Vedant , Nishida Kosuke 
Published: February 2024

During the operation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), the product water that accumulates in the cathode electrode blocks the oxygen transport to the reaction sites and causes severe performance degradation. This phenomenon, known as “flooding,” is one of the critical issues to be solved for achieving high efficiency and high power density. To alleviate water flooding, it’s necessary to design an electrode/channel structure that could actively remove liquid water from the porous electrode. Zhang et al. [1] reported that the wettability patterning of a gas diffusion layer (GDL) enables it to provide the liquid water pathway in the cathode electrode. Furthermore, Nishida et al. [2] demonstrated that the hydrophilization of cathode channel walls promotes water removal from the GDL to the flow channel. This study fabricated a wettability-patterned GDL impregnated with a hydrophilic silica-based solvent and newly proposed an electrode/channel structure combining the patterned electrode and hydrophilized flow channel. The effect of its structure on the liquid water distribution within the cathode GDL of an operating PEFC was also investigated using X-ray imaging.
The authors fabricated the experimental fuel cell with an effective electrode area of 1.8 x 1.6 cm2. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was sandwiched between two carbon separators with a single-serpentine flow field (number of channels: 7, channel width: 1.0 mm, depth: 1.0 mm, total length: 88.5 mm). Fig. 1 shows the regions measured by X-ray imaging in the cross-sectional view of the cathode. Since the cathode GDL is irradiated with an X-ray beam in the in-plane direction, the through-plane distributions of water can be observed in the GDL. The measurement regions were set under the 4th channel and under the land between the 3rd and 4th channel. The GDL in the cathode was impregnated with the silica-based solvent in the range of 0.3 mm width x 10 mm length x 0.1 mm depth. The hydrophilized region was positioned along the right sidewall of the 4th channel. The channel walls of the cathode were also coated with the same hydrophilic solvent. Fig. 2 represents the distribution of water saturation in the (a) uncustomized and (b) wettability-patterned GDL. The current density was increased stepwise from 0.14 to 1.02 A/cm2 for 8 min at room temperature and non-humidified condition. All images were captured at t=6 min after starting the operation. Dry hydrogen (stoichiometry: 1.5@2.0A/cm2) and oxygen (stoichiometry: 3.0@2.0A/cm2) were supplied to the anode and cathode, respectively, in a counter-flow arrangement. As shown in Fig. 2(b), it was noted that the water saturation around the hydrophilized region was effectively reduced due to the in-plane water suction. The patterned GDL partially impregnated with the highly hydrophilic solvent enables to induce the product water from the hydrophobic to hydrophilic region, resulting in the reduction of flooding. To further accelerate the through-plane water transport from the hydrophilized region in the GDL to the channel sidewall, it’s essential to introduce a difference in their wettability and optimize their combinations.
References:
[1] W. Zhang, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces., 14(15), 17578 (2022).
[2] K. Nishida, et al., ECS Trans., 75(14), 227 (2016).

Figure 1