bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Reactor by the Combination of Water Electolyzer with Methanation Reactor Targeting the Space and Terrestrial Applications
Authors: Sone Yoshitsugu , Shima Asuka , Mendoza-Hernandez Omar Samuel , Nakajima Hironori , Matsumoto Hiroshige , Inoue Mitsuhiro , Abe Takayuki 
Published: February 2024

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) collaborates with Toyama University and Kyushu University to create the hybrid system where the water electrolyzer is directly combined with Sabatier reactor shown in Fig. 1.
In order to generate oxygen, people use water electrolyzer. Under the micro-gravity condition, the specially designed gas-water separator is always needed to generate oxygen for breezing. The hydrogen which is the by-product from water electrolysis can also be used for the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide to generate methane and water. It is so called ‘Sabatier reaction’ which is very convenient for the water recovery in the closed environment.
In general, the Sabatier reaction can be triggered with maintaining rather high temperature above 300 degrees C. However, the conversion of the reaction should become higher at lower temperature since the reaction is exothermic.
We first focused our efforts to develop the catalysts which realizes the Sabatier reaction at around 200 degrees C.
We then tried to transfer the heat generated from the Sabatier reaction to the water electolyzer.
The novel internal structure of the water electolyzer was developed. Pressurized water without circulation is supplied to the water electrolyzer in which the interdigitated electrode locates. Water first contacts to the proton conducting electrolyte directly, and then diffuses to the electrode where the electrolysis reaction takes place. The electrode is covered with the hydrophobic materials so that only the gaseous material should pass through it without using any gas-water separation devices. The heat transferred from the Sabatier reaction enhances the efficiency of the water electrolysis reaction. By the combination, oxygen can be used for breezing, and hydrogen can be used for the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide to create water and methane as a unitized device.
We successfully demonstrated the performance of the tandem device where the water electolyzer is combined with Sabatier reactor through both experiment and mathematical modeling.
Acknowledgments
This work was partially supported by JST CREST and NEDO Green Innovation Fund Projects.

Figure 1
Deuterium Enrichment by PEM Water Electrolysis Using Water Circulation
Authors: Sato Ibuki , Matsushima Hisayoshi , Ueda Mikito 
Published: February 2024

Artemis Project, an international space exploration project proposed by the United States and involving Japan, plans a long-term manned lunar exploration in the late 2020s. That project considers the capture of He3, a resource for fusion that does not exist on Earth. On the other hand, He3 is produced by the half-life of tritium (T). Now new hydrogen isotope separation is required for recovering T exhausted from nuclear reactors.
The water electrolysis is well known to enrich protium (H) in gas phase and, deuterium (D) and T in the electrolyte [1]. The modern electrolysis is performed by solid polymer membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). However, there are few reported cases for the isotope separation by PEMWE. In this study for pursing high D separation, the optimization of the electrolysis system was investigated.
The initial D concentrations in the electrolyte were 10, 30, and 50 at% IrO2 was used as the anode catalyst and Pt/C as the cathode one. The electrolysis was galvanostatically conducted. Hydrogen gas was analyzed by a quadrupole mass spectrometer (Q-Mass) to determine the ratio of H2, HD, and D2. The electrolyte was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) to determine the ratio of H2O, HDO, and D2O.
Figure. 1 shows the schematic illustration of gas and water flow chart in experimental setup. Electrolyte was sent to the cell by the electric pump constantly. When the experiment was carried out, evolved gas and drained water was analyzed. The water out from the cell was returned into the electrolyte tank and electrolyzed repeatedly. The gas was introduced to Q-Mass. By using this circulation system, D was concentrated in the electrolyte efficiently . In this experiment, its concentration reached about 95at.%. To quantitatively evaluate the D enrichment by PEMWE, the separation factor α was calculated from the ratio of D concentrations in the electrolyte to the gas. The value of α was approximately 4.0. However, the valueslightly decreased above 90 at.% D. More detailed results will also be presented in our Poster, Abstract #176411.

Figure 1
(Invited) Case Studies for in-Space Electrochemical Operations
Authors: Hall Timothy , Wang Dan , Liu Danny , Moran Andrew , Vijapur Santosh Hanamant , More Santosh R , Garich Holly , Radhakrishnan Rajeswaran , Snyder Stephen , Inman Maria , Taylor Earl Jennings 
Published: February 2024

Faraday Technology Inc. is a research, development and electrochemical engineering firm developing electrochemical innovations for terrestrial and space system.[1,2] With that founding basis Faraday has been able to bridge the gap between academic understanding and small-scale demonstrations to commercialization of practical components for over 32 years of operation.
This presentation will discuss a broad range of electrochemical approaches to improve the performance of components used in space or to be used for in-space production. We will provide insight into case studies, performed at Faraday, from our four business units of electrodeposition, electrochemical surface finishing, electrochemical conversion, and electrochemical system design. For instances, we will discuss direct print electrodeposition, electrophoretic application of coatings for glare resistance, surface finishing of rocket components, bioelectrochemical treatment of urine, and the generation of peroxide. Each electrochemical process has applications on earth and in space; additionally, each program had to overcome specific challenges that only space can present.

References:

J. Taylor “Adventures in Pulse/Pulse Reverse Electrolytic Processes: Explorations and Applications in Surface Finishing” J. Applied Surface Finishing,
3(4), 178-189 (2008).

J. Taylor, et al., (2019; Chapter 7) “Breaking the Chemical Paradigm in Electrochemical Engineering: Case Studies and Lessons Learned from Plating to Polishing” R.C. Alkire (Volume 18). Electrochemical Engineering: The Path from Discovery to Product.Wiley-VCH.
(Invited) Advanced Fluoropolymer Binder for Solvent-Free Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Xun Shidi , Aryal Shankar , Waters Crystal , Upasani Tejas 
Published: February 2024

With rising demand of lithium-ion batteries for consumer electronics and electric vehicles, battery manufacturers are eager to increase energy density, reduce cost of manufacturing and minimize environmental footprints. Solvent-free electrode manufacturing technology has advantages over conventional wet electrode casting methods. It can save the cost of solvent, reduce energy consumption associated with drying off the solvent and eliminate capital investment for solvent recovery facilities. It also can reduce the environmental impact and mitigate health concerns of organic solvents, such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, used in wet slurry process. In addition, the solvent-free process enables manufacturing of high-quality thick electrodes; This is challenging for wet slurry process due to the sedimentation of particles and redistribution of binders during drying. Teflon™ PTFE fluoropolymer is the top binder candidate for a solvent-free electrode process due to its strong fibrillation property. The fibrils provide the binding force necessary to maintain the structural integrity of electrodes and make it feasible to scale up a roll-to-roll production process.
Chemours is a global market leader in advanced fluoropolymers with strong capabilities in molecular design, synthesis, scale-up and manufacture; This ensures the delivery of the high-quality products to meet customer needs. In this presentation, we will give an overview of Chemours advanced fluoropolymer products for solvent-free manufacturing of anode and cathode electrodes. By tailoring the physical and chemical properties of fluoropolymers, electrode processibility and battery performance can be significantly improved.
(Invited) Challanges with Novel Binders for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4
li-Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Mathew Alma , Heiskanen Satu Kristiina , Lacey Matthew , Younesi Reza , Brandell Daniel 
Published: February 2024

In the search for high-energy density Li-ion battery electrode materials which are also comparatively sustainanble, LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is often targeted as a promising next-generation alternative. While the capacity of LNMO is limited, it has a high operating voltage around 4.7 V vs. Li+/Li, and the spinel structure of the materials renders useful power capacilities. Moreover, it is a cobalt-free cathode. However, fabricating functional electrodes have shown problematic due to inherent instabilities at both bulk and surfaces, where especially operation at elevated temperatures has shown to cause capacity degradation. Problems comprise structural changes, loss of oxygen, and Mn dissolution, often interconnected with each other. One strategy to improve stabilization would be through coatings of the LNMO particles, either inorganic or organic.
The polymer binder used for battery processing is inherently an organic coating layer, since it wraps around the particles of the electrodes. Thereby, binders has been shown to being able to add functionalities to electrode materials, e.g. to improve electronic conductivity, add storage capacity or mitigate side-reactions. The binder is at interplay with the reactions causing interphase layer formation. Thereby, changing or taioring the binder can cause direct improvements in cell performance.
Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVdF) and its many derviates is since long time the standard for Li-ion battery electrodes, despite not being particular sustainable and being dependent on toxic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). LNMO is, in this context, no exception. Nevertheless, while PVdF is chemically intert, it provides little other capabilities to the battery electrodes, and other binder systems could improve in this context: either through electochemica performance or through being more sustainable.
Here, two other binder systems for LNMO are discussed: polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyacrylic acid (PAA). Polynitriles are often promoted as being comparatively stable at higher potentials, while also being ionically conductive, and should therefore in principle add functionalities into the resulting electrodes. PAA, on the other hand, has shown good adhesion and adherence to oxide surfaces, and can thereby form more robust interfacial layers on the cathode. We show here, however, that challenges remain for these alternative binder systems, not least due to the high operating potential of LNMO electrodes which cause side-reactions of both types of alternative binders. These side-reactions are their products are analyzed through a range of methods, e.g. photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy and electroanalytical techniques, thereby providing guidance to the development of novel binders for high-voltage electrodes.
Redox Shuttle Additives for Sodium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Das Dhrubajyoti , Nagmani . , Kumar Ananya , Puravankara Sreeraj 
Published: February 2024

Redox shuttle additives are already known in the battery field to provide overcharge protection, mainly at high-voltage cathode electrodes. The electroactive species can get either oxidized at the cathode side or reduced at the anode side, preferentially during the battery cycling. The mechanism involves the generation of positively charged radicals during oxidation and the subsequent diffusion and reduction at the anode surface. This shuttling process continues between the electrodes through baseline electrolytes. Redox shuttle additives are extensively studied in Li-ion batteries (LIBs).1–3 Benzophenone (BP) is one of the redox shuttle additives used successfully in lithium-ion batteries.4 No report exists in the literature for BP additives in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).
This work investigates BP (an already known overcharge protecting additive) and substituted 4-methyl BP (4-methyl benzophenone) as an electrolyte additive in baseline electrolyte containing NaClO4 in EC/PC solvent on both electrodes. The aim is to investigate BP's SEI-forming properties in sodium-ion batteries. The initial half-cell test with a Hard Carbon anode without and with 0.5 wt% 4-methyl BP as the additive is shown in Fig.1. 4-Methyl BP additive shows a large increase in specific capacity from 337 mAh gm-1 to 438 mAh gm-1 at 0.1C rate in a 5 mV - 1.5 V voltage range. The oral presentation will focus on the effect of additive concentration on the battery performance of HC and polyanionic cathode NVP in half-cell and full-cell configurations in Na-ion batteries.

References:

C. Buhrmester, L. Moshurchak, R. L. Wang, and J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A288 (2006).

L. M. Moshurchak et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 156, A309 (2009).

M. Tang and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, A530–A536 (2011).

Q. Wang, S. M. Zakeeruddin, I. Exnar, and M. Grätzel, Electrochem. commun., 10, 651–654 (2008).

Figure 1
A Protocol for Predicting Lithium-Ion Battery Performances Reflecting the Three-Dimensional Structure of Electrodes
Authors: Mandai Toshihiko , Nishikawa Kei , Inoue Gen , Kanamura Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2024

As social needs for higher capacity and longer life of lithium-ion batteries increase, shortening the period from research to development and commercialization of batteries has become an extremely important issue. To minimize the above period, a protocol for predicting the performances of (lithium-ion) batteries is highly urged for. Many reports have been published so far regarding the simulation technology of charge-discharge profiles of lithium-ion batteries.1,2 However, in most of simulations, the porous structure of lithium-ion battery electrodes is simplified into a 1D or 2D models. To achieve more accurate battery performance prediction, we adopted the actual 3D structure of the positive and negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries in simulations.
A plasma FIB SEM (Helious5, Thermofisher Scientific Inc.) was used to obtain the 3D structures of the positive and negative electrodes of the lithium-ion battery. The porosity and tortuosity of the electrodes were calculated by reconstructing a 3D image and performing image analysis. Based on this 3D structure, we also calculated the lithium ion conductivity in the electrode. The obtained 3D structural parameters were applied to the simulation of battery characteristics and compared with actual charge/discharge test results. We have also developed a performance prediction protocol that allows to reflect the measured physical properties of battery materials in the simulation.
Figure 1 shows cross-sectional images of two different high-nickel-type positive electrodes prepared under different experimental conditions. It can be seen that the active materials are packed densely for both the electrodes, but the level of conductive carbon and binder dispersion is different. The particle size distribution of the active materials was also found to be largely different between the two samples. Structural parameters were obtained from the 3D structure by image analysis, and highly accurate performance prediction was performed. It can be predicted that the rate capability reflects the structural homogeneity. Also, the simulation revealed that the particle size distribution plays an important role for achieving favorable rate capability.

Acknowledgement

This work was financially supported by the NEXT Center of Innovation Program (COI-NEXT, Grant Number JPMJPF2016) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency.

References

(1) M Doyle , J. Newman, A. S. Gozdz, C . N. Schmts, and M. Tarascon, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 1890
(2) G. Li and C. W. Monroe, Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 2020, 11 277.

Figure 1
Multi-Functionalized High Ionic Conductive Soft Matter for Separator-Free All Solid-State Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Wang Fu-Ming 
Published: February 2024

Solid state battery (SSB) with its promising advantages such as extreme light weight, thin film manufacturing, and compact structure, which leads to a possibility of high energy density design (up to 400-500 Wh/kg). The most important key for the development of SSB is the solid electrolyte (SE). Nowadays, there are several SEs been studied to overcome many drawbacks that are being investigated. Those problems are low ionic conductivity at room temperature, low electrochemical stability, low interfacial compatibility, and low mechanical property, respectively. Although several SEs like sulfide, halide, oxide, and polymer-based materials are developed, but there are still big challenges for further commercialization.
In this research, multi-functionalized high ionic soft matters have been synthesized successfully. These soft matters are siloxane polyelectrolytes that contains two functions of single ion transfer and lithium-ion compensation. With the single ion transfer design, the ionic conductivity of siloxane polyelectrolyte is achieved to 4*10-4 S/cm at room temperature and the electrochemical stability is illustrated to a window of 0-5.5V. This soft matter provides outstanding interfacial compatibility to solid-solid interface owing to its unique function of lithium-ion compensation by directly coverage on cathode active materials. According to the results, the impedance of SSB with siloxane polyelectrolytes is decreased by 50% as well as the initial capacity on NMC811 cathode is 213.3 mAh/g (CE: 91.4%). The cycle ability on this separator-free polymer based SSB shows almost no fading in 50 cycles (at 60oC) without any assistances, the SSB only has NMC811 cathode, SE, and lithium metal anode. Fig. 1 shows the SEM images of pristine and siloxane polyelectrolyte covered NMC811. According to the results, the NMC811 is homogeneously covered by thin film siloxane polyelectrolyte, which is used to transfer lithium ions.
This research demonstrates a separator-free all SSB by multi-functionalized siloxane polyelectrolyte. High ionic conductivity, high interfacial compatibility, lithium-ion compensation, and high mechanical property are provided to a future high energy density battery.

Figure 1
3D Electrothermal Model for Internal Temperature Distribution in Lithium-Ion Battery Cell and Module
Authors: Tardy Erwan , Thivel Pierre-Xavier , Druart Florence , Kuntz Pierre , Devaux Didier , Bultel Yann 
Published: February 2024

In recent years, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been massively developed in many applications as they provide high energy and power densities, high efficiency and long lifespan compared to other battery technologies. Despite remarkable improvements, Li-ion batteries still face thermal issues, which cause performance drop, limited calendar life, safety concerns and temperature-caused degradation. Therefore, proper thermal management for a LIB is necessary to control its temperature and to extend its lifetime. Internal temperature measurement remains very challenging for LIB. So, electrothermal LIB models, developed to forecast both electrical performances and temperature distributions, seems to be a powerful and complementary tool to experiments, in particular to obtain battery temperatures in use. Most of models, assume simplified approach considering that heat sources are either located in the center of the cell or uniformly distributed in the volume of the cell and so do not consider the real internal geometry of the cells.
In this work, a 3D electrothermal model of a large commercial prismatic NMC-type lithium-ion cell (25 Ah) is developed based on the internal geometry reconstructed from tomography. The electrothermal model, developed with the COMSOL Multiphysics® software with the real internal geometry as well as the anisotropy of the thermal properties, accounts for irreversible and reversible heat sources. The entropy variation profiles were estimated by Entroview™ using their patented method. The validation of the model is performed thank to temperature measurement during charge and discharge at several currents in a climatic chamber at 25°C. Simulation results highlight exothermal and endothermal behaviors related to the entropy change along with the charge and discharge stages. Moreover, the internal temperature distribution is thoroughly impacted by the internal geometry of the cell and the anisotropy of the thermal properties.
Finally, the 3D electrothermal model is extended to a module of 12 cells in series (12S) to evaluate the heterogeneities of internal temperatures considering the real geometry of each cell. Once validated, simulation (as shown of figure 1) underline the heterogeneous temperature distribution at the module scale and the importance of having an efficient battery thermal management system to limit an excessive increase of the temperatures which can cause performance drops until irreversible degradations.

Figure 1
(Best Presentation Award - 1st Place) Cyclic Aging Study of Commercial Li-Ion Batteries Focusing on Temperature
Authors: Cloos Lisa , Queisser Oliver , Wetzel Thomas 
Published: February 2024

It is well known that temperature significantly impacts the cyclic aging behavior of Lithium-ion batteries. Temperatures outside the recommended optimum range promote different aging mechanisms. However, the temperature dependency of these aging mechanisms might also vary for different cell chemistries used in commercial Li-ion battery cells. Additionally, due to heat generation inside the cell and the cooling strategies in the applications the temperature field inside the cell is most likely inhomogeneous. This has led to several cyclic aging studies looking into these non-homogeneous temperature fields [1–4]. Hunt et al.[4] observed more pronounced aging for surface cooled cells, which they attributed to through-plane thermal gradients. Werner et al.[1,2] found no acceleration of the aging behavior for the applied in-plane thermal gradients compared to homogeneously aged cells. For thermal transients both Werner et al.[1,2] and Carter et al.[3] found faster aging in some cases.
Few cyclic aging studies have been done on the impact of more complex temperature boundary conditions. These studies involved very few cell chemistries and more research is needed. A test was set up and preliminary results of a cyclic aging study on commercial Lithium-ion battery cells can be presented. Multiple parameters, such as capacity and resistance, are evaluated and compared to reference cells, which are cycled at a standard, homogeneous temperature.

Werner et al. (2020) Inhomogeneous Temperature Distribution Affecting the Cyclic Aging of Li-Ion Cells. Part I: Experimental Investigation. Batteries 6:13. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6010013

Werner et al. (2020) Inhomogeneous Temperature Distribution Affecting the Cyclic Aging of Li-Ion Cells. Part II: Analysis and Correlation. Batteries 6:12. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries6010012

Carter et al. (2019) Detection of Lithium Plating During Thermally Transient Charging of Li-Ion Batteries. Front Energy Res 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00144

Hunt et al. (2016) Surface Cooling Causes Accelerated Degradation Compared to Tab Cooling for Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells. J Electrochem Soc 163:A1846-A1852. https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0361609jes