bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Typology of the subclavian and axillary lymphatics
Authors: Murakami Gen , Shimada Kazuyuki , Sato Iwao , Kunieda Hiroyuki , Suzuki Seiichi , Hoshi Hajime 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDetailed dissections were performed bilaterally on 90 human adult cadavers to obtain more accurate data on the course and origin of the subclavian lymphatics and especially of the subclavian lymphatic trunk. We classified these into four types from the morphology. Type A (46.1 %): The subclavian lymphatics were located along the medial edge of the subclavian vein edge close to the lateral thoracic wall. In this type, the subclavian lymphatics consisted of the subclavian node chain, interconnecting vessels, and short lymph trunks. Type B (20.0%): A large connecting vessel ran along the lateral edge of the subclavian vein or on the subclavian artery, with the result that the trunk was located away from the thoracic wall. In the Type B configuration, the vessels originated from the nodes near the origin of the thoracoacromial artery. Type C (21.7%): The Type B large collecting vessel was observed with the Type A subclavian lymphatics. Type D (12.2%): Lymph vessels were too fine to be found and dissected in the subclavian lymphatics. These observations provide critical information for an unproved clinical examination and lymphatic resection of breast cancer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arterial supply of the latissimus dorsi muscle: A comparative study in human, sheep, dog, and pig
Authors: Windisch Alfred , Burggasser Georg , Traxler Hannes , Grabenwöger Florian , Happak Wolfgang , Losert Udo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe latissimus dorsi muscle (LD) has been the subject of numerous studies, especially because of its variety of possible applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery.The clinical use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and cardiomyoplasty has raised completely new questions in recent years. It was the aim of our study to find an optimal model for animal experiments for this cardiosurgical method, in which the LD is completely removed from its origin and transferred into the thorax. For this purpose, we compared the LD's arterial supply in animals used in experimental surgery, the sheep, dog, and pig, with the LD's supply in human.For studying the arteries of the LD macroscopically and by X‐ray, we used an injection solution of latex and barium sulfate. After injection of the solution the vascularization was photographically documented. Subsequently, the muscle was detached from the neurovascular pedicle and prepared for radiological examination of the arterial vascularization.The planimetric computer‐assisted identification of the various areas supplied by arterial branches was based on these radiograms. In order to also assess the weight of the supplied parts, the muscles were gravimetrically analyzed.The study showed that the blood supply in pig is very similar to that of man. This species, therefore, would be best suited for experimental cardiomyoplasty. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of membranous ventricular septum in the human heart
Authors: Walmsley Robert , Sinclair David W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOne of the most common congenital abnormalities of the human heart is a defect in the development of the membranous part of the ventricular septum which, in this study, is designated the MVS. The WS is a thin fibrous membrane, about 1 cm long, which extends upward and to the right from the muscular ventricular septum to the adjacent part of the aortic fibrous annulus that also gives attachment to the right posterior (noncoronary) and anterior (right coronary) aortic valve cusps. It is of considerable clinical importance that there lies between the muscular ventricular septum and the MVS the atrioventricular (AV) bundle of the cardiac conduction system. The MVS has an irregular quadrangular form and has right and left surfaces. This study is based on macroscopic and histological sections of more than 30 normal and abnormal hearts. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tomographical anatomy of the pelvis, visceral pelvic connective tissue, and its compartments
Authors: Fritsch Helga , Hötzinger Harald 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe sectional anatomy of the pelvic connective tissue was studied in plastinated sections of fetal and adult pelves, by computed tomography and by magnetic resonance imaging. The comparative study of the different specimens shows that the pelvic connective tissue consists of three compartments: a presacral compartment, a perirectal compartment, and a paravisceral compartment. The content and the borders of the compartments are described. Furthermore the pelvic fasciae and the pelvic ligaments are studied within the different specimens. A thin pelvic visceral fascia can only be found around the perirectal compartment. In tomographical anatomy the so called supportive ligaments of the uterus are only composed of the round ligaments and the sacrouterine ligaments. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Failure of the isthmus lobe to fuse in the midline
Authors: Yüksel Mehtap , Yüksel Eser , Kaymaz Figen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFour developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland are to be noted: a pyramidal lobe, failure of the lobes of thyroid tissue to develop, failure of the isthmus to fuse, and absence of a significant part of the lateral lobes. We encountered failure of the isthmus to fuse in the midline of the thyroid gland in a 48‐year‐old female cadaver. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Additional renal veins: Incidence and morphometry
Authors: Satyapal K. S. , Rambiritch V. , Pillai G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractModern surgical and radiological techniques dictate a reappraisal and definition of the renal venous anatomy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and morphometry of additional renal veins. One hundred fifty‐three morphologically normal en bloc renal specimens were randomly selected from post‐mortem examinations. Single additional renal veins were common on the right side (26%), while it was rare on the left side (2.6%). Second additional renal veins occurred infrequently on the right side (5%). Since additional renal veins may be encountered more than occasionally, it is worthwhile emphasizing their presence particularly to the transplant surgeon and the angiologist. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Sacral edema: Computed tomographic and anatomical observations
Authors: Cooper Mark , Hacking Jeremy C. , Dixon Adrian K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSacral edema is a widely recognized clinical sign. Hitherto there has been no method of radiological confirmation, nor has the anatomy of this sign been well described. In a prospective study of 100 patients referred for abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT), 17 showed radiological evidence of sacral edema. It was demonstrated clinically in 12 of these 17 patients, leaving five patients with apparent CT evidence of sacral edema in whom this was not demonstrated clinically. In two patients with clinical evidence of sacral edema, their tissue planes in this region appeared normal on CT. The edema fluid accumulates in an intermediate plane of fibrous tissue within the subcutaneous fatty layer of the trunk. In those 17 patients with CT evidence of edema, the center of the fluid accumulation was situated over the lumbar rather than the sacral spine, suggesting that the term “sacral” edema is something of a misnomer. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Human gross anatomy: A crucial time to encourage respect and compassion in students
Authors: Weeks Susan E. , Harris Eugene E. , Kinzey Warren G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe suggest four ways in which human gross anatomy instructors can reinforce respect and compassion in students. First, encourage respectful language in the laboratory. The term “donor” should be used instead of “cadaver” or “corpse” in referring to the donated body because this promotes appreciation for the students' first “patient.” Second, provide the students with the actual name, age, history, and likely cause of death of the donor so that they more fully appreciate the donor as having once been a living human being. Third, prompt students to explore feelings and discuss topics stimulated by the intense experience of human dissection. Suggested topics include the students' feelings about dissecting a human being, the difficulty in deciding to donate one's body, the central importance of anatomy to a medical practitioner's role, and the historical development of the study of anatomy. Fourth, hold a memorial ceremony, in which both students and faculty participate, as a positive closure to an emotionally and intellectually intense course. Additionally, a ceremony reinforces salutary values in students, enhances social bonding among students, and encourages their appreciation of various cultural and religious beliefs. These methods introduce a new dimension of experience for anatomy students. We have developed these methods in response to what we view as a negative trend in the medical profession in which health care becomes technical and patients become objects. It is our role as faculty to reinforce respectful and compassionate attitudes in medical students from the very beginning. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Hemicorporectomy
Authors: Stelly Terry C. , McNeil James W. , Snypes Stephen R. , Thomas William O. , Rodning Charles B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIntractable decubitus ulcers and femoropelvic osteomyelitis are rare sequelae of paraplegia. Therapy for these conditions ranges from the simple to the complex, including; wound debridement and care, alimentary and urinary tract diversion, hip disarticulation, and myofasciocutaneous rotational flaps. Should the condition be recalcitrant to these modalities the only curative therapy is hemicorporectomy. A 28‐year‐old rendered paraplegic 3 years ago presented manifesting sepsis; marasmus; hip and knee flexion contractures; suppurative sacral and femoropelvic decubitus ulcers, exposed bone, and osteomyelitis; and fecal and urinary incontinence. Pre‐operative nutritional supplementation, wound debridement and care, and psychological counselling were provided. Hemicorporectomy was performed, including colostomy, ureteroileal conduit, gastrostomy, and translumbar amputation. Several anatomical, physiological, and operativetechnical perspectives are emphasized: a two‐staged approach may be preferable—at the first setting an intra‐peritoneal exploratory celiotomy with alimentary and urinary tract diversion; and at the second setting an extra‐peritoneal hemicorporectomy; preservation of abdominal wall musculature and fasciae to facilitate wound closure; sequential and bilateral ligation of the arteriae et venae iliaca communis; translumbar amputation between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae; extirpation of the fourth lumbar processus spinosus vertebrarum; closure of the dura mater and translation of musculi sacrospinalis into the vertebral canal; avoidance of hypervolemia and hyperthermia; avoidance of wound pressure; testosterone replacement therapy for eunuchism; and physical and occupational rehabilitation including adaptation to a customized bucket prosthesis. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Atrial veins of the human heart
Authors: Von Lüudinghausen Michael , Ohmachi Nobuko , Besch Stephan , Mettenleiter Reas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractModern anatomical description divides the cardiac veins into two groups: tributaries of the greater cardiac vascular system (GCVS) and tributaries of the smaller cardiac vascular system (SCVS), consisting of the Thebesian vessels. Both systems intercom municate extensively. With the exception of the oblique vein of the left atrium (Marshall's vein), veins draining the walls of both the left and right atrium have not been well illustrated or described in anatomical atlases and textbooks. Consequently, we do not know exactly to which of the two groups (GCVS or SCVS) the atrial veins belong. There are three groups of left atrial veins: (1) tributaries of the left coronary vein and the coronary sinus; (2) special veins draining the right‐sided walls of the left atrium that terminate via intramural sinuses in the right atrium, which vessels occur in 92% of cases and belong to the GCVS; (3) in 81% of cases special veins drain the myocardium of the posterior and superior walls of the left atrium. In most cases they empty into the left atrium itself; in almost 40% of the cases they are connected with mediastinal veins. These veins, also belonging to tributaries of the GCVS, constitute a distinctly separate category of cardiac veins and should be designated proper veins of the left atrium. The veins draining the walls of the right atrium fall also into three groups: (1) In most cases there are short or large intramural tunnels or sinuses in the basic walls of the auricle and atrioventricular node area. The generally valveless openings of all the venous tunnels and sinuses are lined up on a circle just above the tricuspid valve and between the openings of both venae cavae. (2)There are also thin veins at the junction of the right atrium with both the superior and inferior vena cava. (3) In addition, there are numerous cardiac veins of the “smallest size” (real Thebesian veins). © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Arterial embolism from anatomical variation at the thoracic outlet
Authors: Dovgan Peter S. , Edwards John D. , Ayoub Magi T. , Horpe Patricia T , Agrawal Devendra K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) represents a constellation of symptoms arising from the compression of the neurovascular bundle as it exits the thorax. We report a unique case of multiple rare anatomical anomalies resulting in TOS manifested by distal arterial embolism. These anomalies include the combination of: (1) a unilateral right cervical rib, Gruber's type II (Gruber 1869), (2) nonunion of the first thoracic rib, (3) abnormal fibrous insertions of the anterior scalene muscle onto the epineurium of the brachial plexus and adventitia of the subclavian artery, (4) anterior position of the brachial plexus in relation to the third portion of the subclavian artery, and (5) the bifurcation of a single root of the phrenic nerve at the level of the anterior scalene muscle. This series of findings suggest an underlying developmental abnormality with a delayed onset of symptomatology consisting of the thoracic outlet syndrome. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The anatomy of left bronchus syndrome
Authors: Ashour M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis explanation of the previously described left bronchus syndrome (Ashour et al., 1990, Thorax, 45:210–212) is based on a prospective study of 17 additional cases with unilateral lung destruction. It is likely that the anatomic peculiarities of the left main bronchus predispose the left lung to more frequent bronchial obstruction and hemodynamic changes than the right. Broncho‐pulmonary shunt formation and retrograde filling of the pulmonary artery most likely lead to increased oxygen tension and impaired lymph flow in the entire lung, thus spreading tuberculosis in the lung and ultimately leading to left lung destruction. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The sympathetic innervation of the eyes and face: A clinicoanatomic review
Authors: Watson Craig , Vijayan Nazhiyath 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMost of the details regarding the course of the sympathetic fibers to human ocular structures are based on anatomical and physiological studies in lower animals. While studying a clinical problem involving pericarotid sympathetic fibers, it became obvious that these animal observations cannot adequately explain the findings in human diseases affecting these pathways. An attempt was made, therefore, to clarify this situation.We were able to gather enough information from human clinical and experimental studies, from our own clinical observations, and from our cadaver dissections to conclude that these pathways are somewhat different from those which are usually described in the literature. Based on this information, we conclude that (1) the oculosympathetic fibers in man do not course through the tympanic plexus and/or trigeminal ganglion, and (2) the sweat glands of the face receive their innervation from both internal and external carotid sympathetic plexuses. We also have suggestive, but inconclusive, evidence regarding the final mode of distribution of these fibers to the dilator of the pupil and the smooth muscle portion (deep layer) of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle (superior tarsal muscle). © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The size of the anterior spinal artery in relation to the arteria medullaris magna anterior in humans
Authors: Zhang Tao , Harstad Lynn , Murray Michael J. , Parisi Joseph E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe studied the anterior spinal artery (ASA) in 25 cadaveric human spinal cords to determine the cross‐sectional area of the ASA cephalad and caudal to the entry of the arteria medullaris magna anterior (AMMA). Spinal cords were removed en bloc and latex was injected into the AMMA. The preparations were then fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, mounted, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The diameter and cross‐sectional area of the ASA 1 cm above and 1 cm below the entry of the AMMA were measured. The mean radius of the ASA above the entry of AMMA was 0.14 ± 0.03 mm compared to 0.28 ± 0.05 mm below the entry of the AMMA (P < 0.001). According to Poiseuille's equation, the resistance to blood flow in the ASA cephalad to the AMMA would be 14.8 times greater than the resistance to blood flow caudal to the ANIMA. This resistance could affect the distribution of blood flow in the distal spinal cord whenever flow in the AMMA or distal ASA is altered. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Styloid chain ossification: Report of a case with articulations
Authors: Kiely Michael L. , Sawyer Danny R. , Gowgiel Joseph M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA bilateral ossified stylohyoid ligament was observed in a cadaver specimen. On the left side, the stylohyoid chain was markedly enlarged. The stylohyoid ligament was completely ossified into two segments separated by a diarthrodial‐like joint. An articulation was also observed between the enlarged styloid process and the ossified ligament. On the right side, the styloid process had a normal appearance. The middle part of the stylohyoid ligament was ossified and it was attached to the styloid process and to the hyoid bone by a fibrous band. Proposed theories to account for the ossification oaf this ligament are discussed. Since the presence of an enlarged and ossified stylohyoid chain can cause much discomfort and pain, a greater understanding of the causative factors responsible for this anomaly is needed to provide for more effective diagnosis and treatment. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The official nomenclature of the superficial veins of the lower limb: A case for revision
Authors: Staubesand J. , Li Y. , Steel F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAttention is called to the discrepancy which exists between the official terminology of the Nomina Anatomica (PNA) as it relates to the superficial venous system of the lower limb, and anatomical reality. Suggestions are also put forward as to how the PNA could be altered to accord better with the systematic classification and topography of these vessels, and more usefully serve the needs of clinicians. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Aspects of Glycosidic Bond Formation in Aqueous Solution: Chemical Bonding and the Role of Water
Authors: Stubbs John M. , Marx Dominik 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA model of the specific acid‐catalyzed glycosidic bond formation in liquid water at ambient conditions is studied based on constrained Car–Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics. Specifically the reaction of α‐D‐glucopyranose and methanol is found to proceed by a DNAN mechanism. The DN step consists of a concerted protonation of the O1 hydroxyl leaving group; this process results in the breaking of the C1O1 bond, and oxocarbenium ion formation involving C1O5. The second step, AN, is the formation of the C1Om glycosidic bond, deprotonation of the methanol hydroxyl group OmHm, and re‐formation of the C1O5 single bond. A focus of this study is the analysis of the electronic structure during this condensed phase reaction relying on both Boys/Wannier localized orbitals and the electron localization function ELF. This analysis allows the clear elucidation of the chemical bonding features of the intermediate bracketed by the DN and AN steps, which is a non‐solvent equilibrated oxocarbenium cation. Most interestingly, it is found that the oxygen in the pyranose ring becomes “desolvated” upon double bond/oxocarbenium formation, whereas it is engaged in the hydrogen‐bonded water network before and after this period. This demonstrates that hydrogen bonding and thus the aqueous solvent play an active role in this reaction implying that microsolvation studies in the gas phase, both theoretical and experimental, might lead to qualitatively different reaction mechanisms compared to solution.
Assembly of a Series of Malarial Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Oligosaccharides
Authors: Kwon Yong‐Uk , Soucy Regina L. , Snyder Daniel A. , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe report an efficient and convergent synthesis of a series of oligosaccharides comprised of the malaria GPI glycan (2 a), a promising anti‐malaria vaccine candidate currently in preclinical trials and several related oligosaccharide sequences (3–8) that are possible biosynthetic precursors of the malarial GPI. A flexible synthetic strategy is disclosed that relies on a late‐stage coupling between oligomannosides of varying length and pseudo‐disaccharide glycosyl acceptor 11 to readily access various malarial GPI structures. Phosphorylation was accomplished by mild and efficient H‐phosphonate chemistry before the final deprotection was carried out by using sodium in ammonia. The direct connection of a thiol group via a phosphate diester linkage to the inositol moiety provides a handle for easy conjugation of the GPI glycan to carrier proteins, immobilization on carbohydrate microarrays and photo‐affinity labels identification. These synthetic oligosaccharides will serve as molecular probes.
An OsII–Bisbipyridine–4‐Picolinic Acid Complex Mediates the Biocatalytic Growth of Au Nanoparticles: Optical Detection of Glucose and Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibition
Authors: Xiao Yi , Pavlov Valeri , Shlyahovsky Bella , Willner Itamar 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe complex OsII–bisbipyridine–4‐picolinic acid, [Os(bpy)2PyCO2H]2+ (1), mediates the biocatalyzed growth of Au nanoparticles, Au NPs, and enables the spectroscopic assay of biocatalyzed transformations and enzyme inhibition by following the Au NP plasmon absorbance. In one system, [Os(bpy)2PyCO2H]2+ mediates the biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose and the growth of Au NPs in the presence of glucose oxidase, GOx, AuCl4−, citrate and Au NP seeds. The mechanism of the Au NPs growth involves the oxidation of the [Os(bpy)2PyCO2H]2+ complex by AuCl4− to form [Os(bpy)2PyCO2H]3+ and AuI. The [Os(bpy)2PyCO2H]3+ complex mediates the GOx biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose and the regeneration of the mediator 1. Citrate reduces AuI and enlarges the Au seeds by the catalytic deposition of gold on the Au NP seeds. In the second system, the enzyme acetylcholine esterase, AChE, is assayed by the catalytic growth of the Au NPs. The hydrolysis of acetylcholine (2) by AChE to choline is followed by the [Os(bpy)2PyCO2H]3+ mediated oxidation of choline to betaine and the concomitant growth of the Au NPs. The mediated growth of the Au NPs is inhibited by 1,5‐bis(4‐allyldimethylammonium‐phenyl)pentane‐3‐one dibromide (3). A competitive inhibition process was demonstrated (KM=0.13 mM, KI=2.6 μM) by following the growth of the Au NPs.