bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enantio- and Diastereoselectivity in 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones with 3-Crotonoyl-2-oxazolidinone Catalyzed by Ni(II)- Binaphthyldiimine Complexes
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki , Kakehi Akikazu , Ito Suketaka , Sugimoto Hiroaki 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Chiral Ni(II)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diimine complexes were found to be effective Lewis-acid catalysts for an asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of N-benzylideneaniline N-oxide with 3-crotonoyl-2-oxazolidinone. In the presence of molecular sieves (4 Å), when the chiral N,N′-bis(2,6-dichlorobenzylidene)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-diamine (BINIM-DC) and Ni(ClO4)2·6H2O were used to prepare the catalyst, up to 81% ee of the corresponding endo-cycloadduct was obtained with endo-selectivity (87 : 13, and up to 96 : 4). The use of N,N′-bis(3-chloro-substituted 2-hydroxybenzylidene) derivatives as ligands under similar conditions showed high exo-selectivity (up to 95 : 5) with moderate enantioselectivity. Although almost no diastereoselectivity was observed, endo- and exo-cycloadducts were obtained with promising levels of enantioselectivity (up to &gt; 98%) in the presence of catalysts, which were prepared from chiral BINIM-DC, NiBr2, and AgBF4, AgSbF6, or AgPF6.
Influence of the Polarity of the Medium on the Catalysis of Formation, Rate of Hydrolysis and Stability of the Schiff Bases Formed by Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate with l-Tryptophan
Authors: Gorostidi Gerardo R Echevarría , Santos José G , Basagoitia Andrea , Castillo Marta , Blanco Francisco García 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The apparent rate constants of formation (k1) and hydrolysis (k2), and the equilibrium constant (KpH), of the Schiff bases formed by pyridoxal 5′-phosphate with l-tryptophan in water and different aqueous ethanol mixtures at a variable pH, 25 °C and an ionic strength of 0.1 M (1 M = 1 mol dm−3) were determined. The individual rate constants of formation and hydrolysis of the Schiff bases of the systems corresponding to the different chemical species present in the medium, as a function of its acidity, were also determined, as were the pK values for the Schiff bases. The influence of the solvent medium on the formation and hydrolysis rate constants of the Schiff bases is discussed.
Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Ferrocenylphosphine Compounds by Enantioselective Oxidation Using Cyclic Selenoxides Having a Chiral Ligand
Authors: Miyake Yoshihiro , Yamauchi Akiyoshi , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Uemura Sakae 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Cyclic selenoxides having an optically active binaphthyl skeleton work as the reagents for enantioselective oxidation of phosphines to the corresponding phosphine oxides. Treatment of a racemic 2-oxazolin-2-ylferrocenylphosphine with one of the selenoxides in carbon tetrachloride in the presence of phenol affords the corresponding phosphine oxide together with the unreacted starting phosphine, both with moderate enantioselectivities (the phosphine oxide, up to 13% ee; the phosphine, up to 29% ee).
Electrochemical Oxidation of Substituted Amide Oximes and 4,5-Dihydro-1,2,4-Oxadiazoles
Authors: Okimoto Mitsuhiro , Takahashi Yukio 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The electrooxidation of several substituted amide oximes to yield the corresponding nitriles, alcohols, and imidate was successfully carried out. The reaction products were dependent on the substituents. Additionally, 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazoles derived from amide oximes were electrooxidized to afford 1,2,4-oxadiazoles in good yields.
Comparing cancer risks between radiation and dioxin exposure based on two‐stage model
Authors: Nakamura Tsuyoshi , Hoel David G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study investigates the use of the Moolgavkar two‐stage model to compare the biological and statistical nature of cancer risks from dioxin exposure and from radiation exposure. The two‐stage model is a biologically based stochastic model for carrying out statistical inferences of cancer risks using biologically motivated hypothesis. This article briefly describes the conditional likelihood for the model recently developed by the authors and then presents results obtained from applying it to dioxin dietary data in rats (Kociba et al., 1978) and radiation exposure data in mice. Comparing the results following the two different types of exposures based on the two‐stage model confirms that the radiation exposure increases the initiation rates while the dioxin exposure increases the net‐proliferation rate. The results indicate that the effect of TCDD at 100 ng/kg/day is an approximately 40 per cent increase in the net‐proliferation rate in the intermediate cells. Portier et al. (1996b) and Moolgavkar et al. (1996) used the two‐stage in‐vivo initiation‐promotion model in the rat liver. Measuring liver foci after administration of DEN followed by TCDD as a promoter, they observed an increase in proliferation rate in their initiated cells by 25–35 per cent. This closely agrees with our estimated increase of 40 per cent in the whole animal cancer incidence study of (Kociba et al., 1978). Another statistically important aspect obtained from the study is that the proportional hazards model is appropriate to apply to cancer incidence data following radiation exposure but is not appropriate for cancer risks following dioxin exposure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges posed by the precautionary principle and accountability in ecological risk assessment
Authors: Matsuda Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to protect the environment, type II errors, e.g. a species is not listed as endangered (H0) when it is in fact endangered (H1), are avoided at the risk of making a type I error. However, it is almost impossible to determine if management efforts have been efficient or if many type II errors have occurred. Applying the precautionary principle to environmental protection without full scientific certainty requires a new academic code for scientists. If we manage ecosystems or bioresources under uncertainty, we need to incorporate new knowledge (accountability) and to change actions with ecosystem states (adaptability). This is called adaptive management. The extinction risk of exploited species under adaptive management is much lower than that under constant exploitation. The revised management procedure (RMP) in whaling and the deer management program in Hokkaido, Japan, share the merit of adaptive management. Under the RMP, the period allowed in considering the extinction risk of the southern hemisphere minke whale is far too long. Population management of over‐abundant deer threatened endangered eagles, because of lead contamination from bullets. Although the effect of lead contamination on the extinction risk of eagles was uncertain, the Hokkaido Government prohibited the use of lead bullets in deer hunting. When designing management programs, it is also important to consider cost–benefit measures in the ecological risks. The value of biodiversity is often much higher than the economic benefit from exploiting the bioresource by agriculture, forestry or fisheries. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BCL‐2/JH translocation in peripheral blood lymphocytes of unexposed individuals: Lack of seasonal variations in frequency and molecular features
Authors: Roulland Sandrine , Lebailly Pierre , Roussel Gilbert , Briand Mélanie , Cappellen David , Pottier Didier , Hardouin Agnès , Troussard Xavier , Bastard Christian , Henry‐Amar Michel , Gauduchon Pascal 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBCL‐2/JH rearrangement has been proposed as a biomarker for evaluating the genotoxicity of occupational and environmental exposures. Available data on time‐related modification of this rearrangement in peripheral blood lymphocytes in unexposed healthy individuals is scarce. We investigated the characteristics of BCL‐2/JH rearrangements in 33 adults unexposed to genotoxins at 2 seasonal time points: winter and spring. BCL‐2/JH rearrangement was detected in 79% of individuals (detection limit = 8.48 × 10−8). Its frequency ranged from <1 to 40 translocations per million lymphocytes with a significant (p = 0.04) positive correlation with age. No significant modifications of BCL‐2/JH rearrangement frequency or in the number of clones harboring this rearrangement were observed according the 2 time points. No obvious influence of season‐related environmental factors on frequency or molecular features of BCL‐2/JH rearrangements was found in this population suggesting that this would not be a confounding factor. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects between amphoterin and advanced glycation end products on colon cancer cells
Authors: Kuniyasu Hiroki , Chihara Yoshitomo , Kondo Hideaki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAmphoterin is 1 ligand of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). We studied expression of amphoterin and RAGE mRNA and proteins in colorectal carcinoma cells and investigated their associations with the invasive activities of cells exposed to advanced glycation end products (AGE). Expression of RAGE and amphoterin was examined in 4 colorectal carcinoma cell lines. All cell lines expressed both RAGE and amphoterin. The effects of RAGE and amphoterin on cell growth (MTT assay), migration (wound healing assay) and invasion (in vitro invasion assay) were tested by treatment of cells with RAGE and amphoterin antisense S‐oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Cell growth, migration and invasion were inhibited significantly in Colo320 and WiDr carcinoma cells treated with RAGE and amphoterin antisense S‐ODNs compared with sense‐treated cells. Differences in ligand activity between amphoterin and AGE were examined with AGE‐bovine serum albumin (BSA). AGE‐BSA decreased cell growth, migration and invasion of amphoterin antisense S‐ODN‐treated Colo320 and WiDr cells compared with those of cells treated with Colo320 conditioned medium. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐1/2, Rac1 and AKT and production of matrix metalloproteinase 9 were increased to a greater degree by amphoterin than by AGE‐BSA. In contrast, production of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor‐κBp65 were increased to a greater degree by AGE‐BSA than by amphoterin. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Policy management of strategy (hoshin kanri)
Authors: Witcher Barry J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This paper reports on an Economic and Social Research Council investigation of Policy Management (Hoshin Kanri) practice in UK‐based companies. It covers:
The background to the emerging literature.
The research applied a tracer approach where strategic objectives were followed by researchers in real time to see how these were developed, deployed and managed.
The findings are presented under categories using each of the FAIR (focus, alignment, integration, review) framework areas for good practice strategic management.
The characterizing features of Policy Management are summarized.
Policy Management is compared to the Balanced Scorecard.
Management by Objectives.
The conclusion is that Policy Management is a good approach for building strategy into daily management on an organization‐wide basis.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Taiwan: a comparative study among Min‐nan, Hakka, Aborigines and Mainland Chinese
Authors: Shaw C.‐K. , Chen L.‐L. , Lee A. , Lee T.D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:A total of 8,497 blood samples were typed for HLA‐A, B, DR and DQ. Of these, 7,137 Min‐nan, 714 Hakka, 535 Mainland Chinese (152 from North China, 211 from Middle China, and 172 from South China) and 111 Aborigines were randomly selected from Tzu Chi Taiwan Marrow Donor Registry (TCTMDR). Differences in HLA gene and antigen frequencies have been observed between various ethnic groups of the Chinese population in Taiwan. The phylogenic tree shows Taiwan Aborigines and Javanese cluster together; Min‐nan shares a common cluster with Hakka, Southern Hans and Thai; and Northern Hans shares a cluster with Middle Hans. The separation between Northern/Middle and Southern Chinese Hans support the idea that Northern and Southern Chinese have different genetic background. Aborigines appeared to be quite distinct in the distribution of a majority of the class I and class II antigens. High frequency of HLA‐A24 (60.4%) and relatively restricted HLA polymorphisms are noted in Aborigines. The HLA haplotypes with high frequency in Aborigines included A24‐B60‐DRB1*04, A24‐B60‐DRB1*14, A24‐B48‐DRB1*04, and A24‐B48‐DRB1*14, which are different from the other ethnic groups. Although the phylogenic tree separates Aborigines and Han Chinese populations, 4 out of 20 most common HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐DR haplotypes presented in both Aborigines and Han Chinese may reflect an ancient common origin or intermixture between early settlers of Han Chinese and Taiwan Aborigines. The results in this study are essentially a summary of the observed gene/haplotype frequencies and differences among various ethnic groups in Taiwan.
HLA haplotypes and microsatellite polymorphisms in and around the major histocompatibility complex region in a Native American population with a high prevalence of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)
Authors: Tan F.K. , Stivers D.N. , Arnett F.C. , Chakraborty R. , Howard R. , Reveille J.D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Choctaw Native Americans in southeastern Oklahoma have the highest prevalence of scleroderma or systemic sclerosis yet found (469/100,000). An Amerindian HLA DR2 haplotype (DRB1*1602) was significantly associated with scleroderma in this population in a previous study. It is not known, however, if other disease genes are linked to this HLA haplotype. The regions flanking the HLA loci were studied with polymorphic microsatellite markers. An extended HLA DR2 (DRB1*1602, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301, DPB1*1301) haplotype that includes the class I and III regions was identified which was significantly associated with scleroderma in the Oklahoma Choctaw. No other significant associations with microsatellite marker alleles immediately flanking the HLA region were found.
Aberrant splicing of intron 1 creates a novel null HLA‐B*1501 allele
Authors: Curran M.D. , Williams F. , Little A.‐M. , Rima B.K. , Madrigal J.A. , Middleton D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:A comparison of serological and DNA HLA class I typing data identified a serological “blank” HLA‐B15 antigen in a volunteer donor on the bone marrow registry. Isoelectric focusing and Western blot analysis of a cell line established from this individual confirmed that the HLA‐B15 antigen is not expressed at the cell surface. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the HLA‐B*15 null allele revealed a 10‐bp deletion near the 3′ end of intron 1, when compared to the normal HLA‐B*1501 sequence. All of the HLA‐B*15 specific cDNA clones examined retained the intron 1 sequence. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Southern blot analysis demonstrated that the HLA‐B*15 mRNA molecule contained the intron 1 sequence, indicating an inability to efficiently splice out intron 1 from the mRNA transcript. The retention of the mutated intron 1 sequence in the mRNA causes a frameshift and premature termination of translation at the start of exon 2, explaining the HLA‐B*1501 null phenotype. Our data predicts that the HLA‐B*1501 null allele would express a small truncated protein containing the signal sequence fused to an ORF within intron 1 and terminating (out of frame) just within exon 2.
Sequencing of HLA class II genes based on the conserved diversity of the non‐coding regions: sequencing based typing of HLA‐DRB genes
Authors: Kotsch K. , Wehling J. , Blasczyk R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:In this paper, we present a novel sequencing based typing strategy for the HLA‐DRB1, 3, 4 and 5 loci. The new approach is based on a group‐specific amplification from intron 1 to intron 2 according to the serologically‐defined antigens. For this purpose, we have determined the 3′ 500 bp‐fragment of intron 1 and the 5′ 340 bp‐fragment of intron 2 of all serological antigens and their most frequent subtypes. We discovered a remarkably conserved diversity characterized by lineage‐specific sequence motifs. This lineage‐specificity of non‐coding motifs in the 1st and 2nd intron offered the possibility to establish a clear serology‐related amplification strategy. The method allows the complete analysis of the 2nd exon and the definition of the cis/trans linkage of sequence motifs by intron‐mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based separation of the haplotypes in nearly all serologically heterozygous samples. In particular, the non‐coding variabilities between the DR52‐associated DRB1 groups made their independent amplification possible. Thus, compared to the standard procedures using exon‐based amplification primers, the groups DR3, DR12, some DR13 alleles (1301, 1302) and the DR14 group could be amplified by specific primer mixes. The DR8 could be amplified with an individual primer mix not co‐amplifying the DR12. The DR11 and DR13 did not show any individual motif in intron 1 or intron 2. In order to achieve a separate amplification, they had to be amplified by multispecific primer mixes (DR3/11/13/14; DR3/11/13 or DR11/13/14) excluding the other haplotype. Thus, exclusively the alleles in rare DR11,13 heterozygosities without a DRB1*1301 or 1302 could not be amplified separately. Fourteen primer mixes are used to amplify the specificities DR1‐14, and 6 primer mixes for the specificities DR51‐53. The sequence homology of the 3′ end of intron 1 facilitated the application of only three different sequencing primers for all DRB alleles.
DNA typing of HLA class II genes (HLA‐DR, ‐DQ and ‐DP) in Japanese patients with histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi’s disease)
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ohmori M. , Yasunaga S. , Ohshima K. , Kikuchi M. , Sasazuki T. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The pathogenesis of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (HNL), which was reported first by Kikuchi et al. and Fujimoto et al. in 1972, is as yet unknown. HNL is frequently reported in Asian countries including Japan, however it is rare in Europe and North America. To elucidate whether the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and haplotypes are associated with HNL, we performed DNA typing of HLA class II genes (HLA‐DR, ‐DQ, and ‐DP) in 86 patients with HNL and 525 unrelated healthy Japanese controls with polymerase chain reaction using sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR‐SSOP). In this study, we found DPA1*01 and DPB1*0202 allele frequencies in HLA class II genes are significantly higher in HNL patients than in normal controls. It is known that the frequency of DPB1*0202 alleles is extremely low or absent in Caucasians (e.g., French 0.4%, Italian 0.8%) and Negroid (e.g., South African 0%, Hottentot 0%), but relatively frequent in Asians (e.g., Korean 9.9%, Japanese 4.5%). Previous reports have said the incidence of HNL is frequent in Asians but rare in other races. In light of this background, HLA class II genes of HNL and the incidence of HNL in Asian countries, including Japan, might have a positive relationship to DPA1*01 and DPB1*0202 allele.
Multiple sclerosis: a modifying influence of HLA class I genes in an HLA class II associated autoimmune disease
Authors: Fogdell‐Hahn A. , Ligers A. , Grønning M. , Hillert J. , Olerup O. 
Published: March 2003

Acknowledgments:This study was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council, the Childrens’ Cancer Foundation, the Tobias Foundation and the Swedish association of the Neurologically Disabled.Abstract:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a presumed autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, shown to be associated with the HLA class II haplotype DRB1*15,DQB1*06. Carrying the HLA class II haplotype DRB1*15,DQB1*06 increases the risk of MS by 3.6. By adopting a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based typing technique for HLA class I and class II genes, 200 Swedish MS patients and 210 Swedish healthy controls were analysed for their HLA alleles. Additional HLA class I alleles that increase and decrease the genetic susceptibility to MS were identified. The HLA‐A*0301 allele increases the risk of MS (odds ratio=2.1) independently of DRB1*15,DQB1*06. HLA‐A*0201 decreases the overall risk (odds ratio=0.52) and the presence of A*0201 reduces the risk of MS for DRB1*15,DQB1*06 carriers from 3.6 to 1.5. Our findings are the first to identify a major modulating effect of HLA class I alleles on the susceptibility to a human autoimmune disease; a phenomenon that has previously only been observed in animal models.
Evolution of Pacific/Asian populations inferred from HLA class II allele frequency distributions
Authors: Mack S.J. , Bugawan T.L. , Moonsamy P.V. , Erlich J.A. , Trachtenberg E.A. , Paik Y.K. , Begovich A.B. , Saha N. , Beck H.P. , Stoneking M. , Erlich H.A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The allele frequency distributions for the HLA class II loci, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1, in eight Pacific/Asian populations: Hawaiian, Samoan, Malay, Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands, and two Indonesian and PNG Lowland groups, were determined using high‐resolution polymerase chain reaction/sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe (PCR/SSOP) typing methods. The allele frequency distributions for the HLA‐DRB1 locus were determined for a third Indonesian population as well as for an additional Filipino population. DRB1 alleles in the DR2 serogroup (or allelic lineage) are very common in this region; in some populations, more than 50% of the alleles belong to this serogroup. The DRB1*1502 allele is frequent in nine of the ten populations studied, reaching a frequency of 0.48 in one Indonesian population and among Filipinos. Extensive DR‐DQ haplotype diversity was detected in these populations. Seven different DR2‐DQB1 haplotypes were observed in the Indonesian and PNG Lowland populations, eight in the PNG Highlands and ten in Malays and Filipinos. The DRB1*0410 allele, commonly observed in Australia, is observed in the PNG Highlands at a low frequency (f=0.03) and is absent in the other populations. Two additional DRB1 alleles commonly observed in Australia, DRB1*0405 and *1407, are also observed in the PNG Highlands at high frequencies (f=0.132 and 0.126), while they are rare in the PNG Lowlands (f=0.039 and 0.013). These alleles are generally rare or absent in the other populations. The DPB1*0501 allele, common in Chinese and Japanese populations, is most frequent in the Samoan, Hawaiian, Indonesian, and Malay populations, and the *0401 allele is the most frequent DPB1 allele in the PNG Lowlands. Both of these alleles have the same very high frequency (f=0.34) in the PNG Highlands. Analyses of homozygosity (the Ewens‐Watterson F statistic) in these and other populations indicate that, while most allele frequency distributions are consistent with balancing selection, values of F for the Indonesian and Javan populations may reflect positive directional selection. Phylogenetic trees constructed using the allele frequencies at the DRB1 locus of the populations reported here, as well as those for additional Pacific, Asian, and Australian populations, indicate that the PNG Highland population is more closely related to Australian populations than to PNG Lowland populations, while the PNG Lowlands are more closely related to other Melanesian populations.