bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutathione transferase
Authors: Tsuchida Shigeki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The glutathione transferases (GSTs) are a family of multi-functional proteins which act as enzymes and also as binding proteins in detoxification processes (1-5). GSTs catalyse the nucleophilic attack of the sulfur atom of reduced glutathione by electrophilic groups in a second substrate. Most GSTs are located in the cytosol, and are grouped into five classes, Alpha, Mu, Pi, Theta and Sigma. Some forms of GST have selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase activity towards lipid hydroperoxides.
Mathematical And Fluid Mechanical Introduction
Authors: Sobey I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in a world which is largely fluid. Air, oceans, rivers and so on are all fluids whose behaviour is mostly described by a simple set of continuum equations, the Navier-Stokes equations. There are many fluids which are not described by these equations: visco-elastic fluids, visco-plastic fluids, thixotropic fluids and others all show more complicated behaviour, but for most fluids we encounter, the Navier-Stokes equations are adequate to model their motion.
The generation of magnetic fields
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The magnetic fields that are created by the currents carried by the straight wire, the long solenoid and the circular plane coil are deduced using only Gauss’s law and Ampe’re’s law. The Biot-Savart law, which can be used to calculate the magnetic fields generated by currents flowing in a conductor of any geometry, is introduced. The regions where the magnetic field varies by less than 1% and by less than 5% are calculated for the most practical configurations of coils used to generate magnetic fields in the laboratory.
The motion of a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields and relativity
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the forces that act upon static and moving charged particles in electric and magnetic fields are collected together as the Lorentz force equation. The motion of a free charged particle and a charged particle subject to a strong centrally directed force are explored as examples of these forces. The Larmor theorem is introduced, which describes in general the rotation that is superimposed on motion that is caused by a strong centrally directed force, when an additional magnetic field is applied. The relativistic approach to the understanding of magnetic fields is briefly discussed and contrasted with the approach taken in this book.
Mathematical preliminaries
Authors: Bressan Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents various background material which will be used in later chapters. Section 2.1 recalls the implicit function theorem, while in Section 2.2 we discuss the continuous dependence on parameters of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a hyperbolic matrix. Section 2.3 reviews the most basic definitions in the theory of distributions. The concept of distributional derivative given here will become essential in what follows, when we consider discontinuous solutions to a conservation law.
Semilinear and quasilinear systems
Authors: Bressan Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A quasilinear system of n equations in one space variable takes the form By a classical solution of (3.1) we mean a continuously differentiable function u = uft, x) which satisfies (3.1) at every point of its domain. In later sections, we shall also consider broad solutions, corresponding to fixed points of a suitable integral functional.
Radiation, physics, and measurement
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The art of ‘radiation effects’, as practised by the authors, is an interdisciplinary subject centred on radiological physics and solid-state physics along with some interest in radiobiology. Radiology is the science of high-energy particles and photons and their interaction with matter. This science began with the discoveries, in the 1890s, of X-rays and radioactivity by Rontgen, of radioactivity by Becquerel, and of radium by the Curies (see Roesch and Attix 1968). The effect of natural radiation on silver chloride–a mixture of a physical and a chemical radiation effect–was the phenomenon which ushered in Becquerel’s discovery of radioactivity. The damage that radiation can do to human tissues–a biological radiation effect–was discovered, at some personal cost, by the users of Rontgen’s tubes. The radiation effects which we describe occur predominantly in solids and require a considerable appreciation of solid-state physics.
Diodes, solar cells, and optoelectronics
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are combining a discussion of diodes and optoelectronics because, throughout their history, the two series of devices have had a lot in common (see, for example Holmes-Siedle and Watts 1997). Since the discoverer of the silicon p-n junction in1944 noticed that it yielded a large photovoltaic effect (Riordan and Hoddeson 1997), semiconductor diodes have been used as optical detectors and power generators. Indeed, radiation damage in silicon was first noted by Loferski and Rappaport (1958) when developing an isotope as a micro-power source. The class of diodes includes, of course, vacuum tubes (the original pre-war ‘electric eye,). Commercial semiconductor diodes have a wide range: simple, very small discrete silicon rectifiers sealed in a thin glass vial; photodiodes and discrete III-V light-emitters carry a window and, with the arrival of blue and UV emitters and detectors such as AIGaN and InGaN alloys, the ‘browning’ of glasses is of greater significance (see Chapter 8). The next stage of complexity includes several junctions on a chip, several layers of materiat made by implantation or epitaxy. High power levels require large sizes of rectifier and vacuum tube. Most optoelectronic devices have a very high level of complexity. The many special functions (avalanching, switching etc; see e.g. Sze 1981) require special types of silicon. In some applications (solar cells, particle detectors etc) serious effort has been put into ‘defect engineering’ to enhance tolerance to radiation. This is because, as long ago as 1972 (Heijne 1975; Heijne et al. 1975) the need for silicon detectors in high-energy physics beams was recognized (see Section 6.8).
Radiation testing
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sensitivity of semiconductors and some other engineering materials to radiation is often very variable and it is therefore impossible to use theory alone to predict the effect on a device of a given exposure to radiation. See e.g. the story of the ‘mavericks’ in Section 5.4 and the effect of air and moisture in Section 10.5. Actual irradiation tests must therefore be an integral part of the evaluation of the parts of a system and, sometimes, tests must be performed on each batch of parts. The simulation of radiation effects in the laboratory is quite difficult and the results thereof are often not those expected during planning. This chapter is aimed at providing guidance on the design of adequate test programmes.
On the shoulders of computers
Authors: Tweed Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dream of creating an artificial mind goes back at least to Rabbi Loewe, who lived in Prague in the 16th century. According to legend, the rabbi fashioned a human-shaped statue called a golem out of the mud of the Moldau river and animated it with a sort of software in the form of a text written in Hebrew on a slip of paper inserted under the creature’s tongue.9 Another pioneer in this field was Dr Frankenstein, but he assembled his creature from prefabricated parts dug out of grave yards, which is cheating. Rabbi Loewe’s closest modern successors may be the roboticists, who build their creations out of metal and electronic parts. Brain theorists pursue the same dream in a slightly different way, building our artificial minds inside computer simulations instead of in hardware. This is mainly a matter of convenience. When we want to try out a new idea, we reach for a computer keyboard and mouse, not a blow torch and safety glasses. Development goes faster, and if our creation turns evil and runs amok, we switch off the computer rather than hunting down the creature through the sewers of Prague, as Rabbi Loewe had to do.
Genome for a network
Authors: Tweed Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if there is no objection in principle to the idea of simulating a mind inside a computer there are still practical problems, the main one being the sheer complexity of the brain. It helps that we will be starting with simpler neural systems and leaving the details to computers, but what matters most is that we find patterns in the brain’s organization to simplify our descriptions. Our role models might be the image-compression algorithms like JPEG, which exploit regularities in pictures to shrink graphics files. Grander examples are the laws of physics, which are regularities that simplify our description of the universe. But some people doubt that many such simplifying principles exist for the brain. The law-based approach that has worked so well in physics may not work in neuroscience, they say, because the brain may be its own simplest description. It may be incompressible, like a computer file that has already been zipped once and can’t be zipped any further. In this chapter I will suggest that we can learn from the example of natural selection, which has managed to zip the brain dramatically, into a self-extracting file in the form of an egg cell, though I will also urge that the egg cell’s lessons have to be interpreted with care.
Unfolding in time
Authors: Tweed Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 17th century, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton, and others made the momentous discovery that many aspects of order in the universe, including some of the most basic laws of nature, can’t be seen in a single snapshot but are manifest in the way things unfold in time. Nature’s patterns are temporal patterns. To survive in this dynamic universe, the brain has to be able to detect and create order in temporal streams of signals.
Most of what the brain does, from vision to speech comprehension to steering the eyes and limbs, involves sensing and controlling temporal patterns. Music, for instance, affects our brains largely through its temporal unfolding. It is possible to get some pleasure from a chord sounding all on its own, but generally if you choose a favorite moment in a piece of music, and then omit everything that came before, playing only that one sound, the impact is diminished.
The flow of information
Authors: Tweed Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information is in some ways like so much water that has to be pumped from place to place in the brain. To move more information you need a stronger pump or a bigger pipe. And contaminants can reduce the amount of useful information that arrives at the far end. It was an American engineer, Claude Shannon, who in the late 1940s managed to define, in a precise way, the concept of information. He defined the unit of information, called the bit, which I mentioned in Chapters 2 and 3, and he derived mathematical formulae for estimating the number of bits in a signal and for quantifying how signals are contaminated by noise.
Plenary presentations
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South African seaweed industry uses two kelps, three species of Gelidium, and Gracilaria!Gracilariopsis. Most material is exported for colloid extraction, but minor uses include florist products and fish-food additives. Ecklonia (kelp) is harvested for the production of a plant-growth stimulant, and, increasingly, to feed cultured abalone. In the last decade there has been considerable research on all the above as well as five potential carrageenophytes and Porphyra. Mariculture research has concentrated on open-water cultivation of Gracilaria/Gracilariopsis in the only two suitable bays on the west coast. The Namibian seaweed industry is centred in Liideritz Bay, and based on Graci/aria (mariculture and beach-cast, all dried and exported) and harvested kelp, Laminaria, used for soil-conditioner (stipes) and in cosmetics and thalassotherapy (fronds). Beach-cast kelp is exported for use in fish-feed and for alginate extraction. There is research on phycocolloids and seaweed as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. Policies for the management of South African and Namibian seaweed resources are discussed. In Angola, civil war has prevented the development of a seaweed industry, although species with potential are found and sever al bay systems may be suitable for mariculture. In Mozambique, the best prospects are probably in the mar iculture of warm-water carrageenophytes.
Pollution, remediation and nuisance factors
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The metal plating and processing industries generate large volumes of effluent containing dissolved and par ticulate metals. The removal of heavy metals from industrial effluent has been practiced for several decades, but the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the most common physical-chemical processes has been ques tioned. A study has been carried out on the biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous effluents by natural biosorbent materials derived from the seaweed processing industry. The interest in seaweeds and materials derived from seaweeds lies in the combination of their efficient biosorption and their low cost. While metal ion binding experiments in the past have used standard metal ion solutions, the comparison of these results with practical applications is limited. The presence of surfactants, greases, cleaning agents and other mate rials used in the plating process is likely to affect biosorption. The ability of dealginated seaweed waste, a waste product from the commercial manufacture of alginates, to sequester cadmium, copper, aluminium and zinc ions from ‘raw’ metal plating wastewaters, at laboratory scale, has been determined.
Perpetuum Mobile
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Well, the pace of technological change is breathtaking these day, isn’t it?” Dan Rather asked rhetorically on the CBS Evening News. “Now a backyard tinkerer in Mississippi says he’s built a machine, a kind of perpetual motion machine, that defies the laws of physics—and you know, some people think that just maybe he has. Bill Whitaker has taken a look at it.” I couldn’t believe it. It was March n, 1987, more than three years since CBS first visited Joe Newman and his Energy Machine. Just when it looked like he had finally run out of energy, CBS was giving him another jump start! Bill Whitaker caught up with Newman in Biloxi, Mississippi, standing beside the red Sterling sports car.
Only Mushrooms Grow in the Dark
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1994 Secretary of the Air Force Sheila Widnall agreed to issue an unprecedented blanket order relieving anyone with information about an alleged 1947 UFO incident near Roswell, New Mexico, from any obligation to keep the information secret. A no-nonsense physicist and aeronautical engineer on leave from MIT, Secretary Widnall thought the air force had more important business than chasing down UFO stories, but Representative Steven Schiff of New Mexico was insisting on an all-out search for records and witnesses. Schiff wanted to reassure the public that there was no government cover-up. I did not expect anyone to come forward with new information, but I recalled with some chagrin my own “Roswell incident.”
Basic models and simple applications
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We use models to represent reality in simpler ways, so we can understand, describe, predict or control it better. In statistics, the reality is variability, without which there would be no statistics (and life would be rather dull). In modelling we typically separate a systematic pattern from the stochastic variation. The systematic pattern may describe a relationship between variables of interest, while the stochastic variation usually represents the unaccounted part of the total variation. Probability models are used to represent this stochastic variation.
Evidence and the likelihood principle*
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a strong consensus about the utility of likelihood for modelling, but its direct use for inference is controversial. This is not surprising: most of the consensus in statistics is associated with modelling, and most of the controversies with inference. While we are able to specify and estimate very complex models, statisticians still cannot agree on how to interpret the CIs (see Section 5.10). The persistent controversies indicate that the issues are not simple.
Large-sample results
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While likelihood-based quantities can be computed at any sample size, small-sample frequentist calibration depends on specific models such as the normal, Poisson, binomial, etc. (Chapter 5). A general technique for complex models is provided by the large-sample theory. As the price for this generality, the theory is only approximate. The results in this chapter provide theoretical justifications for the previous claims regarding the sampling properties of likelihood ratio and the MLE. In modelling, we use the large-sample theory to suggest approximate likelihoods.
Dealing with nuisance parameters
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nuisance parameters create most of the complications in likelihood theory. They appear on the scene as a natural consequence of our effort to use ‘bigger and better ‘ models: while some parameters are of interest, others are only required to complete the model. The issue is important since nuisance parameters can have a dramatic impact on the inference for the parameters of interest. Even if we are interested in all of the parameters in a model, our inability to view multidimensional likelihood forces us to see individual parameters in isolation. While viewing one, the other parameters are a nuisance.
Robustness of likelihood specification
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Section 9.4 we have shown that, under general conditions, the likelihood approach leads to the best possible inference. The notion of ‘best ‘, e.g. achieving the Cram´er-Rao lower bound, is measured within a particular model. The likelihood approach requires a full specification of the probability structure, and it is difficult to quantify the uncertainty associated with model selection. The question we will address is how sensitive the result is to the correctness of an assumed model.
Estimating equations and quasi-likelihood
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many practical problems for which a complete probability mechanism is too complicated to specify, hence precluding a full likelihood approach. This is typically the case with non-Gaussian time series, including repeated measures or longitudinal studies, and image analysis problems. From our discussion in Chapter 13 we can specify convenient working models that do not necessarily match the underlying model. It makes sense, however, to require that the model and methodology achieves a robust inference for the parameters of interest.
Spatial distance sampling models
Authors: Hedley S L , Buckland S T , Borchers D L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Increasingly, wildlife managers wish to extract more than just an abundance estimate from their sightings surveys. They frequently need to relate animal density to spatial variables reflecting topography, habitat, and other factors that affect the animals’ environment. This aids assessment of how to manage that environment, and the animals within it. There is therefore a strong demand for spatial models for analysing line transect data.
Further topics in distance sampling
Authors: Burnham K P , Buckland S T , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Marques T A , Bishop J R B , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceptually, line transects can be considered as one-dimensional distance sampling, because only distances perpendicular to the line of travel are used, even though objects are distributed in two dimensions. Point transects sample distances in those two dimensions because radial detection distances are taken at any angle in what could be represented as an x y coordinate system. In principle, distance sampling can be conducted in three dimensions, such as underwater for fish, where objects can be located anywhere in three dimensions relative to the observer. The observer might traverse a ‘line’, and record detection distance in two dimensions perpendicular to the line of travel, or remain at a point, recording data in three dimensions within the sphere centred at the point. Given the assumption of random line or point placement with respect to the three-dimensional distribution of objects, the mathematical theory is easily developed for the three-dimensional case. In practice, the third dimension may pose a problem: there may only be a thin layer in three dimensions, and in the vertical dimension, objects may exhibit strong density gradients (e.g. birds in a forest canopy, or fish near the sea surface).
Dynamical systems theory
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen examples of dynamical systems for iterated maps and continuous flows. Maps are simpler to analyze numerically and have a rich variety of dynamical behaviors, even in one dimension. By contrast, except in the simplest cases, flows require approximate numerical methods, and in one dimension the solutions cannot do anything more complicated than grow or decay to an equilibrium point. Even in two dimensions, the most complicated behavior is a growth or decay to a periodic limit cycle.
Calculation of the fractal dimension
Authors: Sprott Julien Clinton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the interest in chaos is motivated by the hope that an apparently random time series from some experiment arises from a low-dimensional dynamic, in which case it is amenable to simple modeling and short-term prediction. Chapters 9 and 10 described a few such models and discussed how you might fit them to data and test for predictability. Another important indicator of low-dimensional chaos is the existence of a strange attractor.
Integral Estimates
Authors: Iwaniec Tadeusz , Martin Gaven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years .Jacobians of mappings and wedge products of closed differential forms have been studied intensively and have proven to be fundamental tools in the calculus of variations, PDEs and non-linear elasticity. Some of their rather special properties were already visible in the “div–curl” lemma of Murat [262] and Tartar [320]. This lemma initiated the theory of “compensated compactness”. Because of its wide application and theoretical significance the subject has been greatly expanded. Here we shall restrict our attention to those aspects of this theory that pertain to mappings of finite distortion.