bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi‐likelihood
Authors: Zeger Scott L. , Liang Kung‐yee 
Published: July 2005

AbstractQuasi‐likelihood is a method of estimation for regression analysis which requires the specification of only the first two moments of the response distribution, and the term refers also to the objective function analogous to the likelihood. In generalized linear models, the iterative weighted least squares algorithm for solving the score equations depends only on the mean and variance of the response. The solution of the estimating equations is consistent even when the variance expression is incorrect. Various extensions are described.
Shrinkage Estimation
Authors: Casella George 
Published: July 2005

AbstractShrinkage estimation developed from the work of Stein for the estimation of the mean of a multivariate normal distribution. The observed vector is, from a decision theory viewpoint, inadmissible. The James–Stein estimator shrinks the observations toward zero. Later work involves estimators shrunk toward the sample mean. Shrinkage estimators are, however, not dominant in problems with a finite sample space, such as the binomial distribution. There are connections with Bayesian and empirical Bayes solutions.
Spearman Rank Correlation
Authors: Zar Jerrold H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn a nonparametric (distribution‐free) approach to the correlation between two sets of measurements made on the same individuals, each set may be ranked in order of magnitude. The standard (Pearson) product‐moment correlation coefficient is calculated on the two sets of ranks. Simple formulae are available, and adjustments are made for tied ranks. Test and estimation procedures are described. The relationship with the Kendall rank correlation coefficient is discussed.
Wilcoxon Signed‐Rank Test
Authors: Woolson R. F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis is a nonparametric test procedure for the analysis of matched‐pair data, based on differences, or for a single sample. The null hypothesis is that the differences, or individual observations in the single‐sample case, have a distribution centered about zero. The absolute values are ranked. The test statistic is the sum of the ranks for either the positive or the negative values. Examples and details, including large‐sample properties, are given.
Adaptive Sampling
Authors: Seber George A. F. , Mohammad Salehi M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAnimal populations are often highly clustered. For example, fish can form large, widely scattered schools with few fish in between. Even rare species of animals may form small groups that are hard to find. Applying standard sampling methods such as simple random sampling of plots to such a population could yield little information, with most of the plots being empty. Adaptive sampling is based on the simple idea that when some animals are located on a sample plot, the neighboring plots (and possibly their neighbors as well) are added to the sample; in this way, the whole cluster can be sampled. The scheme lends itself to a variety of modifications, for example, sampling with and without replacement, sequential and inverse sampling, stratified sampling, two‐stage sampling, and so‐called adaptive allocation, as well as extensions to multivariate data and incomplete detectability.
Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Raghavarao D. , Altan S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractResponse Surface Methodology (RSM) is used to determine the optimal setting givenkquantitative experimental factors. A preliminary first‐order experiment based on a Plackett–Berman design identifies important factors with a first pass estimate of the optimal point by means of the method of steepest ascent. This is followed by a confirmatory second‐order experiment using a suitable fractional factorial, Central Composite or Box–Behnken design. RSM identifies the optimal setting by estimating the coefficients of a polynomial equation describing the responses from thenexperimental runs, each run corresponding to a prescribed choice of factor combinations. The relationship betweennandk, the points in the experimental design and their properties in relation to orthogonality, rotatability, and uniform precision constitute the major part of the RSM.
B
ayes,
T
homas
Authors: Lindley Dennis V. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Thomas Bayes (1701–1761) is remembered for a paper published in 1763 and often reprinted. In modern terminology, he showed how to pass from the observation of
r
successes in
n
binomial trials of unknown chance θ, to an inference about θ. To do this, he introduced and used what is nowadays always referred to as Bayes's theorem that
p
(θ/
r
) ∝
p
(
r
/θ)
p
(θ), a result that has wide applications throughout science.
B
ortkiewicz,
L
adislaus
V
on
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Von Bortkiewicz contributed to statistics and economics, developing theories of overdispersion of binary data. His “law of small numbers”, illustrated by celebrated data on deaths from horse‐kicks in the Prussian army, showed that a near‐Poisson marginal distribution could hide considerable internal heterogeneity.
B
radley,
R
alph
A
.
Authors: Billard Lynne 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Ralph Bradley's contributions to the world of statistics fall under two headings: his statistical research (especially the Bradley–Terry test used extensively in taste‐testing experiments) and his professional leadership role in statistical science, as evidenced by his development of statistical programs, by his presidency (1981) of the American Statistical Association, and by his editorial efforts.
Cooperative Cancer Trials
Authors: Rubinstein Lawrence V. , Ungerleider Richard S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe clinical trials cooperative group program was established by the US National Cancer Institute in 1955. The number of groups increased to 18 by 1985 and then decreased to 11. This article describes the work of the groups since the mid‐1980s. It covers Phase I, II, and III studies, in a range of histologic groups, including breast, colorectal, lung, ovary, central nervous system, and prostate. Developments include intergroup studies, formalized interim monitoring systems, and increased emphasis on pediatric cancer and cancer prevention and control. Various methodologic developments are summarized.
Cooperative Heart Disease Trials
Authors: Geller Nancy L. , Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis review of multicenter trials in heart disease sponsored by the United States National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute illustrates some design and biostatistical advances that selected trials have developed or used effectively to answer important public health questions. Many of the design, organizational characteristics and methods for monitoring modern clinical trials were implemented as a result of the Greenberg Report completed in 1967 and were first used in the Coronary Drug Project during the 1960s. While more recent studies employed more efficient organizations, newer designs, and newer monitoring guidelines, the genesis of multicenter clinical trial practice in heart disease was outlined in the 1960s and that early structure has endured the test of time.
G
reenhouse,
S
amuel
W
Authors: Greenhouse Joel B. , Lachin John M. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Samuel W. Greenhouse helped pioneer the use of statistical methods in epidemiological research and was influential in the early development of the theory and practice of clinical trials.
As one of the founding statisticians at the National Institutes of Health, he helped create the current infrastructure that supports biostatistical research and service at the NIH.
H
aenszel,
W
illiam
M
.
Authors: Levy Paul S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Born 1910; died 1998. Although William M. Haenszel is probably best known as the name to the right of the hyphen on the Mantel–Haenszel test and Mantel–Haenszel odds ratio, he made other equally important contributions throughout a very long and productive career as a biostatistician and epidemiologist. Of particular importance was his leadership in establishing and maintaining the population‐based cancer registry known as
SEER
(for
S
urveillance
E
pidemiology and
E
nd
R
esults); his comparative studies of cancer occurrence in foreign‐born and native‐born Japanese Americans; and his use and advocacy of biomarkers and pathological findings in studies of cancer etiology, especially those involving gastric and large bowel cancer. His work from the 1950s to 1970s at the National Cancer Institute was at the cutting edge of chronic disease epidemiology, and greatly enriched that field both substantively and methodologically.
Health Statistics, History of
Authors: Feinleib Manning 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Early work in demography and vital statistics in the seventeenth century was influenced both by the development of probability in relation to gambling problems and by the analysis of astronomic data. The work of Graunt and Petty is described, as is the later work of Pinel and Louis in clinical statistics. In nineteenth century England, Farr's work on classification and registration of vital events was important, and similar developments took place in the United States, where extensive health surveys were established.
H
otelling,
H
arold
Authors: Gehan Edmund A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Harold Hotelling was born on September 29, 1895, in Fulda, Minnesota and died on December 26, 1973, in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He was responsible for much original theoretical work in both statistics and mathematical economics and did much to advance the teaching of statistics at US universities, including Columbia and the University of North Carolina. Hotelling's undergraduate degree was a B.A. in journalism from the University of Washington in 1919, but his mathematical talent was recognized and encouraged by Eric T. Bell. Hotelling received an M.S. degree in Mathematics at the University of Washington in 1921 and a Doctorate of Philosophy at Princeton University in 1924, with a dissertation in the field of topology.
K
endall,
M
aurice
G
eorge
Authors: Altman Douglas G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Kendall (1907–1983) worked for the British Chamber of Shipping, then joined the London School of Economics, later directing a computer consultancy company, and then the World Fertility Survey. He revised Yule's classic textbook, then wrote the first comprehensive and advanced book on statistics. Many other books followed, as he did research in many areas including rank correlation, time series, and sample surveys.
Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolayevich
Authors: Suhov Yurii 
Published: July 2005

AbstractKolmogorov (1903–1987), who worked in the Moscow State University, was one of the greatest mathematicians of the twentieth century. In probability theory, which was merely one of his fields of study, he introduced axioms and clarified various basic concepts. In statistics, he introduced the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic for testing goodness of fit, and worked on problems in estimation theory. His work in population genetics involved stochastic processes.
L
aplace,
P
ierre–
S
imon
Authors: Armitage Peter 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
One of the most influential of all scientists, Laplace worked prolifically in many branches of mathematics, including probability and statistics. His early work was Bayesian, as in the use of a beta prior for binary data. Other topics include generating functions, characteristic functions, the Laplace transform, the central limit theorem, and many results in least squares.
M
ahalanobis,
P
rasanta
C
handra
Authors: Ghosh J. K. , Majumder Partha P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Mahalanobis (1893–1972) became involved with the analysis of anthropologic data in the 1920s and developed his measure of generalized distance in 1930. In the Indian Statistical Institute, he made important theoretical and practical contributions to sample surveys and became Chairman of the United Nations Sub‐Commission on Statistical Sampling.
Medical Ethics and Statistics
Authors: Hutton J. L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractEthical choice and behavior in health care practice and research require an understanding of uncertainty and the contribution that can be made by statistical methods. Various criteria for judging what is “best” are discussed in relation to routine medical practice, the perception of “normality”, screening for disease, epidemiologic research, and the communication of uncertainty. Attention is given to the ethics of medical research in developing countries, informed and uninformed consent, and cluster randomized trials. Guidelines provided by various national and international organizations are described.
Medico–Legal Cases and Statistics
Authors: Gastwirth Joseph L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMedico‐legal statistics concerns the use of data from animal studies, case–control and cohort studies and clinical trials in the context of the legal and regulatory system. Statistical findings are submitted to courts and governmental agencies to demonstrate that a new drug is safe and efficacious; exposure to a chemical in the workplace is harmful or not as well as in product liability cases. The validity of clinical findings that are used in advertisements claiming a product is superior to a competitor's or in support of a patent are subject to legal challenge. Recently, the adequacy of the information provided to patients who participate in clinical trials and similar studies has become an issue. This aspect of trials is especially important when the main investigators or the University have a financial interest in the outcome either through stock ownership or options or a royalty agreement.
Poisson,Siméon–Denis
Authors: Seneta E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe Poisson distribution is named after him; he derived it as the limit of a negative binomial. The use of the notion of random variable, of cumulative distribution function, and of the density as its derivative, may be due to him. He considered the Cauchy distribution some 20 years before Cauchy.His monograph of 1837 on probabilities and their applications is historically only second in importance to Laplace's of 1812.
Royal Statistical Society
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J. , Goddard Ivor J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe Society was founded in 1834, initially as the Statistical Society of London. During the nineteenth century, it was concerned mainly with the compilation of statistical information relating to social conditions. Discussions of statistical methodology were gradually introduced, and by the middle of the twentieth century they played a major role in the Society's program. Specialist sections dealing with areas of application were formed, including a Medical Section. In 1993, the Society merged with the Institute of Statisticians, thereby assuming more responsibility for professional affairs. The Society'sJournal,in three parts, continues to publish theoretical and applied research, and in 2004, a new magazine,Significance, was launched, marking the Society's continuing concern with outreach. The Society currently has over 6000 members.
Scientific Method and Statistics
Authors: Hand David J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractStatistics is the science of extracting information from data. As such, the methods of statistics are intimately interwoven with ideas of scientific method to formulate scientific explanations of natural phenomena; that is, with ideas of how science progresses and of scientific method. Examples of such common features are the notions of descriptive summaries of data, of experimentation, of model selection and formulation, and of inference from samples of observations.
Expert Witness, Statistician as
Authors: Meier Paul 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe practice of inferential statistics in the courts, although quite modest before 1975, was given a burst of enthusiasm when the Supreme Court began to deal with the Civil Rights Act. The SC needed some kind of inference procedures to assess whether, say, the difference in hire rates between two groups was the usual play of chance, or did that fact evince enthusiasm for hiring one group of applicants in preference to another. They chose of course, the usual statistical inference procedures.
W
ilcoxon,
F
rank
Authors: Gehan Edmund A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Frank Wilcoxon was born on September 2, 1892, in County Cork, Ireland and died on November 18, 1965, in Tallahassee, Florida. He is best known in statistics for his fundamental work on ranking methods, but he was also an excellent chemist and made research contributions to physical chemistry, biochemistry, plant pathology, and entomology. Also, Frank Wilcoxon was an outstanding human being, with an enthusiasm for understanding the world and communicating his excitement to all around him.
Y
ates, Frank
Authors: Healy M. J. R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Frank Yates spent almost all his working life in agricultural research at Rothamsted Experimental Station where he succeeded R. A. Fisher as head of a Statistics Department which at one point included twenty professional statisticians. He was a pioneer in three separate fields, experimental design, sample surveys, and statistical computation, to all of which he made fundamental contributions. He also worked in operational research and published two important papers on the analysis of two‐by‐two tables.
Instrumental Variables in Health Services Research
Authors: Newhouse Joseph P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Instrumental variable (IV) estimators provide consistent estimates of regression coefficients if an explanatory variable or variables are correlated with the error term. They require a variable or variables that do not explain variation in the dependent variable directly but are correlated with those explanatory variables that are correlated with the error term. Although developed for applications in economics, they have recently become popular in health services research.
Nanotechnological Aspects in Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Fichtner M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA nanotechnological app#roach aims at making tailor‐made developments for storage materials by combining different scientific disciplines and focussing on processes on the microscale. The approach has already been successful in achieving major advances in the field of novel solid materials for hydrogen storage. However, further breakthroughs are necessary to reach the goal of storage systems for fuel cell‐driven, mobile applications.
Inside Front Cover: Self‐Assembly and Magnetism of Mn12 Nanomagnets on Native and Functionalized Gold Surfaces (Adv. Mater. 13/2005)
Authors: Naitabdi A. , Bucher J.‐P. , Gerbier Ph. , Rabu P. , Drillon M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSingle molecule magnets (SMMs) are likely to find applications as elementary units in data storage and spin electronics. The deterministic organization of SMMs on a surface is a prerequisite for their individual addressing with a scanning probe tip. On p. 1612, Bucher and co‐workers present a molecular‐scale STM study of the successive self‐assembling steps of Mn12L on a Au(111) surface, as illustrated on the inside cover. The molecules in the monolayer keep their magnetism, as observed by SQUID magnetometry, although the broadening of quantum effects compared to the bulk material refers to a distribution of molecular environment.
Dynamics of Population and Scumming on a Full‐scale Wastewater Treatment Plant in Switzerland
Authors: Hug Thomas , Ziranke Mandy , Siegrist Hansruedi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe formation of stable scum (activated sludge foaming) is a serious operational problem in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) all over the world. Although scumming seems to be related to high numbers of “Microthrix parvicellaμ” and nocardioform actinomycetes, it is still unknown whether these organisms are necessary and sufficient for the formation of stable scum. To tackle this question, the abundance of these organisms and the scum coverage of the activated sludge basins were measured on a WWTP in Switzerland for almost two years. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization we were able to recognize “M. parvicella” as well as filamentous and non‐filamentous types of nocardioform actinomycetes. A newly developed rapid quantification method allowed us to measure seasonal variations of the population. The highly variable scumming followed only partly the abundance of the filamentous types of nocardioform actinomycetes and was not correlated to “M. parvicella”. Neither these organisms nor any plant operating condition could fully explain the dynamics of the scumming. The data lead us to suggest that high numbers of “M. parvicella” or nocardioform actinomycetes are not sufficient to cause scumming. The measured dynamics of the population and the scum coverage also imply that, to investigate scumming at a particular WWTP, time‐series of measurements including different seasons and periods of different scumming intensities are necessary.
Screening of Filamentous Microorganisms in Activated Sludge Plants
Authors: Krhůtková Olga , Denis Nicolas , Wanner Jir̆í 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDuring the year 2002 the authors sampled 47 WWTPs with different design (from conventional plants with nitrification basin only to the most modern, with regeneration, anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic zones) and with different capacity (from less than 1000 to more than 1000000 population equivalents). Microthrix parvicella dominated nearly 60% of activated sludges samples. Very commonly – 60% – thin (around 5 cm layer) and stable foam was observed in WWTPs. Foams were formed mainly by M. parvicella and GALOs.
Control of Microthrix parvicella in Activated Sludge Plants by Dosage of Polyaluminium Salts: Possible Mechanisms
Authors: Nielsen Per H. , Kragelund Caroline , Nielsen Jeppe L. , Tiro Senada , Lebek Martin , Rosenwinkel Karl‐Heinz , Gessesse Amare 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAn effective control of the filamentous bacterium Microthrix parvicella in activated sludge wastewater treatment plants can take place by dosage of polyaluminium chloride, PAX‐14. The mechanism how it works is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate in detail the mechanism by which PAX‐14 controls M. parvicella. After addition of PAX‐14, a reduction in substrate uptake, measured as uptake of radiolabelled oleic acid and trioleic acid under anaerobic conditions was observed by microautoradiography, indicating an effect on the physiology of M. parvicella or on the ability to transport substrate into the cell. Hydrophobic surface properties of the bacterium were not altered, but a significant reduction of exoenzyme activity was observed after PAX‐14 addition. This was measured as bulk enzyme activity as well as surface‐associated enzyme activity for esterase and lipase. New lipase production was not inhibited, indicating a need for a continuous addition of PAX‐14 for an efficient control of M. parvicella. Furthermore, since PAX‐14 is an efficient flocculating agent, it improved formation of dense flocs, so M. parvicella was embedded into floc material, making access to substrate difficult due to increased diffusional resistance. In conclusion, there seemed to be several reasons why PAX‐14 could control M. parvicella: The physiology and particularly the lipase production were partly inhibited, the accessibility of substrate was affected, and a better flocculation occurred.