bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Backwardness’
Authors: Anandhi S. , Kannabiran Kalpana 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In connecting backwardness to caste the Indian Constitution as well as various national and state commissions recognised the formidable role of caste in backwardness of several marginalized communities, including some non-Hindus. Accordingly, the socially and educationally backward classes were identified as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and the Other Backward classes which comprised numerous ‘bahujan’ castes. However, caste as criteria for assessing backwardness had come under severe criticism of some sociologists, civil society organisations and the Indian courts. Linking caste with backwardness and the contestations around this has a long genealogy in Indian history, to which one could connect the early Christian missionaries’ efforts to educate the ‘backward classes’, the colonial governments’ official policies of affirmative actions in favour of ‘low caste communities’ and Muslims, and the anti-caste politics of the Indian social reformers and their movements for empowerment of backward classes. This essay explores the genealogy of linking caste and backwardness in order to understand the limit and possibilities these debates offered in addressing multiple, layered and interconnected inequalities that required the state attention.
Do Indians Vote Their Caste—or Their jati, or Their Class, or…?
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The 2014 general elections have reflected a certain erosion of the influence of caste compared to the growing importance of class elements. The first part of this chapter focuses on this evolution that is partly due to the socio-economic differentiation of caste groups that has resulted, in particular, in the formation of a ‘neo- middle class’. However, caste continues to play a significant role at the jati level, a more relevant unit of analysis than the large categories of ‘upper castes’, ‘Other Backward Classes’, and ‘Scheduled Classes’ which need to be disaggregated. The second part of the chapter makes this point by using data of the 2014 and the 2019 elections and by focusing on the state level. Finally, the chapter scrutinizes the impact of urbanization over the act of voting in relation to caste, as this variable also plays an important role at the jati level.
The Brahmins of Urban India
Authors: Narasimhan Haripriya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at recent ethnographic portraits of the Brahmins in urban India. The Brahmin(s) is faced with four challenges in the urban spaces of India in the new millennium. A strong undercurrent of nostalgia drives the Brahmins’ relationship to ‘native’ places in far flung areas. Technology comes in handy in creatively engaging with religious practices. Education and employment continue to be the main focus and complaint while gendering of spaces and comportment animate discussions on ‘appropriate’ behavior. The salient point in understanding the Brahmins of urban India is through the discourse of ‘castelessness’ and related beliefs in ‘merit’. In essence, talking about Brahmins in urban spaces of contemporary India is to render visible their struggle to hold on to a world and times that seem increasingly off the radar, and argue for relevance, mostly amongst themselves.
Agarwal Banias of Delhi
Authors: Ponniah Ujithra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Aggarwals are one of the dominant business castes in North India that are well represented in professional spheres. I focus on Agarwals that migrated from parts of Haryana and are involved in business in Delhi. It is established that businesses in India are structured by caste and family ties, however, little is known about how each of these social structures are sociologically structured and inhabited in contemporary Delhi. This case study, visibilises the processual formation of caste as network through a concerted effort by the elites. Through an intergenerational interrogation of the women’s question within families, the study, shows the changing processes of self-making. The case study shows that the success of a ‘middle’ caste to become an urban ‘upper’ caste lies in its careful negotiation of the women’s question.
Ambedkar’s Legacy
Authors: Teltumbde Anand 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter attempts to take stock of some broad aspects of Ambedkar’s legacy, which has been significantly shaped by history as well as contemporary social, economic, and political forces. The spread of education among Dalits and rise of a Dalit middle class that extended to constitute a sizable Dalit diaspora abroad; a section of it becoming entrepreneurs and advocating Dalit capitalism; the reservation policies that played a prominent role in catalyzing these changes; and the consequent identitarian instincts it induced in the upwardly mobile Dalits are all due to this legacy. Likewise, Ambedkar’s legacy could be noted in general constitutional discourse, civil rights activism, women’s struggles against gender discrimination, and the political activism of a vast political class to which numerous Dalit parties, including the Bahujan Samaj Party belong. Ambedkar’s multi-dimensional legacy encompassing all these multi-layered influences is thus a complex whole, which may not be easy to grasp and remains difficult to analyse.
The Mahars and Dalit Movement OF Maharashtra
Authors: Wankhede Harish 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
With a focus on Mahar Dalits, this chapter attempts to draw a chronological account of three major phases of Dalit Movement in Maharashtra. The first part narrates the social and political background responsible for the emergence of nascent ‘Mahar Movement’. The second phase is crucial as it witnessed the entry of Ambedkar as the most powerful leader of the untouchable castes. He offered Dalits a collective social identity and revolutionary political ideology to enable them effectively intervene in modern democracy. Finally, it maps the contemporary Dalit social and political life to showcase the arrival of newer complexities and divisions that could be described as the emerging Dalit conundrum.
Caste and Tribe
Authors: Prasad Jai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The idea of a ‘tribe’ is a colonial construct that spawned the now institutionalized and highly politicized administrative category: ‘Scheduled Tribes.’ This term seeks (and fails) to describe a large and diverse group of communities in India that are seen apart from the so-called caste-based Hindu society. Colonial-era evolutionary frameworks that see tribes as ‘primitive’ or backward and the mainstream as ‘advanced’ continue to undergirded policy discourses and predominant academic narratives on social change among these communities. The absorption of tribal communities into Hindu mainstream through processes of Sanskritisation is often portrayed as an ongoing, even inevitable, process. In contemporary India, however, that has not been the reality. India’s tribes, in their longstanding struggle against material and cultural violence, have asserted their identity and ethnic autonomy in search for a rightful place in national politics and collective imagination.
Caste and Kinship
Authors: Abraham Janaki 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This essay explores the way caste and kinship are mutually constituted by focusing on three critical themes. The first section looks at both kinship among castes through theories of origin, and at kin-like relationships across castes. The second section looks at hypergamy and endogamy as central to the reproduction of caste and outlines changes in these through a discussion of changing rural and urban landscapes and aspirations. The third and last section looks at contentious marriages / relationships and stresses that the very idea of what is ‘contentious’ shifts over time. This essay then highlights the importance of looking at temporal shifts in understanding the entangled nature of kinship and caste.
Community structure and distribution pattern of appendicularians in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional zone during summer
Authors: Sato Riki , Kodama Taketoshi , Hidaka Kiyotaka 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Kuroshio–Oyashio transitional zone (KOTZ), constituting the complex water–mass structure surrounding the oceanfront system, is one of the most important fisheries grounds in the western North Pacific. It serves as spawning and nursery sites among several commercially important fish species that consume appendicularians, particularly during the larval stages. In the present study, we investigated the species composition, abundance and biomass of appendicularian assemblages at 20 stations in the KOTZ in the summer of 2018. Appendicularian communities, including 24 species belonging to 7 genera—the highest record for the western North Pacific—were divided into three groups, corresponding to the anticyclonic eddy, a trough between the eddy and the Kuroshio Extension, and the rest of the study area. Statistically, the temperature within the surface layer and strength of water turbulence appear to strongly affect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the appendicularian community structure in the KOTZ. This relationship could be attributed to the effect of temperature on the population size and species coexistence, potentially offering an advantage for appendicularians in the future warming ocean scenario and the role of water turbulence in the predatory impact exerted by carnivores on appendicularians.
The persuasive effects of political microtargeting in the age of generative artificial intelligence
Authors: Simchon Almog , Edwards Matthew , Lewandowsky Stephan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The increasing availability of microtargeted advertising and the accessibility of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT, have raised concerns about the potential misuse of large language models in scaling microtargeting efforts for political purposes. Recent technological advancements, involving generative AI and personality inference from consumed text, can potentially create a highly scalable “manipulation machine” that targets individuals based on their unique vulnerabilities without requiring human input. This paper presents four studies examining the effectiveness of this putative “manipulation machine.” The results demonstrate that personalized political ads tailored to individuals’ personalities are more effective than nonpersonalized ads (studies 1a and 1b). Additionally, we showcase the feasibility of automatically generating and validating these personalized ads on a large scale (studies 2a and 2b). These findings highlight the potential risks of utilizing AI and microtargeting to craft political messages that resonate with individuals based on their personality traits. This should be an area of concern to ethicists and policy makers.
Quantum Euler angles and agency-dependent space-time
Authors: Amelino-Camelia G , D’Esposito V , Fabiano G , Frattulillo D , Höhn P A , Mercati F 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Quantum gravity is expected to introduce quantum aspects into the description of reference frames. Here we begin exploring how quantum gravity induced deformations of classical symmetries could modify the transformation laws among reference frames in an effective regime. We invoke the quantum group SUq(2) as a description of deformed spatial rotations and interpret states of a representation of its algebra as describing the relative orientation between two reference frames. This leads to a quantization of one of the Euler angles and to an aspect of agency dependence: space is reconstructed as a collection of fuzzy points, exclusive to each agent, which depends on their choice of reference frame. Each agent can choose only one direction in which points can be sharp, while points in all other directions become fuzzy in a way that depends on this choice. Two agents making different choices will thus observe the same points with different degrees of fuzziness.
Steps toward developing a comprehensive fatigue monitoring and mitigation solution: perspectives from a cohort of United States Naval Surface Force officers
Authors: LaGoy Alice D , Kubala Andrew G , Seech Todd R , Jameson Jason T , Markwald Rachel R , Russell Dale W 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Study Objectives
This study analyzed fatigue and its management in US Naval Surface Force warships, focusing on understanding current practices and barriers, and examining the influence of organizational and individual factors on managing chronic fatigue. Furthermore, this study explored the impact of organizational and individual factors on fatigue management.

Methods
As part of a larger study, 154 naval officers (mean ± standard deviation; 31.5 ± 7.0 years; 8.8 ± 6.8 years of service; 125 male, and 29 female) completed a fatigue survey. The survey addressed (1) self-reported fatigue, (2) fatigue observed in others, (3) fatigue monitoring strategies, (4) fatigue mitigation strategies, and (5) barriers to fatigue mitigation. Logistic and ordinal regressions were performed to examine the effect of individual (i.e. sleep quality and years in military service) and organizational (i.e. ship-class) factors on fatigue outcomes.

Results
Fatigue was frequently experienced and observed by 23% and 54% of officers, respectively. Of note, officers often monitored fatigue reactively (i.e. 65% observed others nodding off and 55% observed behavioral impairments). Still, officers did not frequently implement fatigue mitigation strategies, citing few operationally feasible mitigation strategies (62.3%), being too busy (61.7%), and not having clear thresholds for action (48.7%). Fatigue management varies across organizational factors, which must be considered when further developing fatigue management strategies.

Conclusions
Fatigue remains a critical concern aboard surface force ships and it may be better addressed through development of objective sleep and fatigue monitoring tools that could inform leadership decision-making.
Disease Modulation Versus Modification: A Call for Revised Outcome Metrics in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease
Authors: North Victoria S. , Dolman Peter J. , Garrity James A. , Kazim Michael 
Published: January 2024

Purpose:
This perspective introduces the concepts of disease-modulating and -modifying therapy for thyroid eye disease and offers novel metrics for therapeutic outcomes.

Methods:
A focused literature review was performed.

Results:
Modulators are treatments that suppress disease symptoms whereas modifiers alter the natural history of a disease. Though many drugs are capable of exhibiting both effects, consideration of a drug’s primary effect is useful when considering therapeutic options. For thyroid eye disease, corticosteroids and teprotumumab are effective at modulating many signs and symptoms of the disease, particularly those related to soft tissue inflammation. Orbital radiotherapy and rituximab have demonstrated effectiveness at durably modifying the natural history of thyroid eye disease.

Conclusions:
Outcome metrics should reflect the unique therapeutic objectives associated with disease modulation and modification. This conceptual framework should guide treatment of thyroid eye disease.
Correlation Between Radiologic and Histopathologic Features of Orbital Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts
Authors: Yun Hee Jee , Kim Jeong Hee , Woo Kyung In , Kim Yoon-Duck 
Published: January 2024

Purpose:
Epidermoid cysts (EC) and dermoid cysts (DC) typically appear as well-circumscribed lesions on CT. This study aimed to clarify the radiologic and histopathologic characteristics of orbital EC and DC and to determine the correlations between them.

Methods:
The medical records of 69 patients who underwent surgery for orbital DC or EC at Samsung Medical Center between January 2001 and August 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. The size and location of the cysts, rim enhancement, homogeneity of contents, presence of hemorrhagic or calcific components, radiodensity of contents, and extent of bony remodeling were evaluated using CT. Additionally, the cyst lining and contents were examined histopathologically.

Results:
Among patients with orbital cysts, EC and DC were diagnosed in 10 (14.5%) and 59 (85.5%) patients, respectively. Further, 50.0% of EC and 79.7% of DC were located in the superotemporal quadrant of the orbit. On orbital CT, the average radiodensity of EC and DC was 18.9 ± 56.2 and −67.9 ± 63.3 HU, respectively. The cystic contents were more frequently homogeneous than heterogeneous in both EC and DC; however, the radiodensity of cysts differed significantly, which may be attributed to sebaceous gland activity. Focal bony notching, bone remodeling under pressure, and bony changes from dumbbell-shaped cysts were observed more frequently in DC than in EC.

Conclusions:
Radiological and histopathological features are correlated in orbital EC and DC. Therefore, orbital EC and DC can be preoperatively differentiated using CT, based on the average radiodensity and bony remodeling.
Hemorrhage Following Muller’s Muscle Conjunctival Resection: Description and Case-Control Study
Authors: Gu David , Cohen Liza M. , Jung JooYeon , Rootman Daniel B. 
Published: January 2024

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report a series of patients with postoperative hemorrhage after Muller’s muscle conjunctival resection surgery and compare risk factors and outcomes with a control population.

Methods:
In this case-control study, records of patients who underwent Muller’s muscle conjunctival resection over 5 years were reviewed for a history of postoperative hemorrhage occurring >24 hours after surgery. A 4:1 control population was matched for age and sex. Clinical data collected included demographics, medical history, medications, and subsequent surgery. Preoperative and 3-month postoperative marginal reflex distance 1 were measured digitally using ImageJ. The hemorrhage and control groups were compared using Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables and independent samples t tests for continuous variables.

Results:
The hemorrhage group contained 10 patients (mean age 66.4 ± 18.5 years). The control group consisted of 40 age and sex-matched controls. Of 350 charts reviewed, there were 10 cases of postoperative hemorrhage (incidence 2.9%). Hemorrhage occurred a mean of 4.2 ± 1.3 (range 2–7) days after surgery and lasted for a mean of 29.3 ± 19.1 (range 12–72) hours. In all 10 cases, the bleeding resolved with conservative measures. There was no difference between the hemorrhage and control groups in terms of medical conditions, blood thinners, and surgical revision. Preoperative, postoperative, and change in marginal reflex distance 1 did not differ between the hemorrhage and control groups.

Conclusions:
Hemorrhage occurs approximately 4–5 days postoperatively in a small percentage of patients undergoing Muller’s muscle conjunctival resection surgery. This investigation did not identify any consistent risk factors, and outcomes in this patient population appear no different than controls.
The geography of arthritis-attributable pain outcomes: a county-level spatial analysis
Authors: Sun Feinuo , Zajacova Anna , Grol-Prokopczyk Hanna 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Research on the geographic distribution of pain and arthritis outcomes, especially at the county level, is limited. This is a high-priority topic, however, given the heterogeneity of subnational and substate regions and the importance of county-level governments in shaping population health. Our study provides the most fine-grained picture to date of the geography of pain in the United States. Combining 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data with county-level data from the Census and other sources, we examined arthritis and arthritis-attributable joint pain, severe joint pain, and activity limitations in US counties. We used small area estimation to estimate county-level prevalences and spatial analyses to visualize and model these outcomes. Models considering spatial structures show superiority over nonspatial models. Counties with higher prevalences of arthritis and arthritis-related outcomes are mostly clustered in the Deep South and Appalachia, while severe consequences of arthritis are particularly common in counties in the Southwest, Pacific Northwest, Georgia, Florida, and Maine. Net of arthritis, county-level percentages of racial/ethnic minority groups are negatively associated with joint pain prevalence, but positively associated with severe joint pain prevalence. Severe joint pain is also more common in counties with more female individuals, separated or divorced residents, more high school noncompleters, fewer chiropractors, and higher opioid prescribing rates. Activity limitations are more common in counties with higher percentages of uninsured people. Our findings show that different spatial processes shape the distribution of different arthritis-related pain outcomes, which may inform local policies and programs to reduce the risk of arthritis and its consequences.
Disruption of mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in dorsal root ganglia drives persistent nociceptive sensitization and causes pervasive transcriptomic alterations
Authors: Haque Md Mamunul , Kuppusamy Panjamurthy , Melemedjian Ohannes K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Metabolism is inextricably linked to every aspect of cellular function. In addition to energy production and biosynthesis, metabolism plays a crucial role in regulating signal transduction and gene expression. Altered metabolic states have been shown to maintain aberrant signaling and transcription, contributing to diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegeneration. Metabolic gene polymorphisms and defects are also associated with chronic pain conditions, as are increased levels of nerve growth factor (NGF). However, the mechanisms by which NGF may modulate sensory neuron metabolism remain unclear. This study demonstrated that intraplantar NGF injection reprograms sensory neuron metabolism. Nerve growth factor suppressed mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and enhanced lactate extrusion, requiring 24 hours to increase lactate dehydrogenase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDHK1) expression. Inhibiting these metabolic enzymes reversed NGF-mediated effects. Remarkably, directly disrupting mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation induced severe, persistent allodynia, implicating this metabolic dysfunction in chronic pain. Nanopore long-read sequencing of poly(A) mRNA uncovered extensive transcriptomic changes upon metabolic disruption, including altered gene expression, splicing, and poly(A) tail lengths. By linking metabolic disturbance of dorsal root ganglia to transcriptome reprogramming, this study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying persistent nociceptive sensitization. These findings imply that impaired mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation may drive chronic pain, possibly by impacting transcriptomic regulation. Exploring these metabolite-driven mechanisms further might reveal novel therapeutic targets for intractable pain.