bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of the embryonic and early postnatal murine hippocampus. I. Immunocytochemical characterization of neuronal populations in the subplate and marginal zone
Authors: Soriano Eduardo , Del Río Jose Antonio , Martínez Albert , Supèr Hans 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunocytochemical techniques were used to characterize the neuronal populations in the hippocampal subplate and marginal zone from embryonic day 13 (E13) to postnatal day 5 (P5). Sections were processed for the visualization of microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) and other antigens such as neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, calcium‐binding proteins and a synaptic antigen (Mab SMI81). At E13–E14, only the ventricular zone and the primitive plexiform layer were recognized. Some cells in the later stratum displayed MAP2‐, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐and calretinin immunoreactivities. From E15 onwards, the hippocampal and dentate plates became visible. Neurons in the plexiform layers were immunoreactive at E15–E16, whereas the hippocampal and dentate plates showed immunostaining two or three days later. Between E15 and E19 the following populations were distinguished in the plexiform layers: the subventricular zone displayed small neurons that reacted with MAP2 and GABA antibodies; the subplate (prospective stratum oriens) was poorly populated by MAP2‐ and GABA‐positive cells; the inner marginal zone (future stratum radiatum) was heavily populated by multipolar GABAergic cells; the outer marginal zone (stratum lacunosum‐moleculare) displayed horizontal neurons that showed glutamate‐ and calretinin immunoreactivities, their morphology being reminiscent of neocortical Cajal‐Retzius cells. Thus, each plexiform layer was populated by a characteristic neuronal population whose distribution did not overlap. Similar segregated neuronal populations were also found in the developing dentate gyrus. At perintal stages, small numbers of neurons in the plexiform layers began to express calbindin D‐28K and neuropeptides. During early postnatal stages, neurons in the subplate and inner marginal zones were transformed into resident cells of the stratum oriens and radiatum, respectively. In contrast, calretinin‐positive neurons in the stratum lacunosum‐moleculare disappeared at postnatal stages. At E15–E19, SMI81‐immunoreactive fibers were observed in the developing white matter, subplate and outer marginal zone, which suggests that these layers are sites of early synaptogenesis. At PO‐P5, SMI81 immunoreactivity became homogeneously distributed within the hippocampal layers.The present results show that neurons in the hippocampal subplate and marginal zones have a more precocious morphological and neurochemical differentiation than the neurons residing in the principal cell layers. It is suggested that these early maturing neurons may have a role in the targeting of hippocampal afferents, as subplate cells do in the developing neocortex. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of vimentin‐positive cells in the rabbit superior colliculus
Authors: Pulido‐Caballero José , Jiménez‐Sampedro Félix , Echevarría‐Aza Diego , Martínez‐Millán Luis 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study examined the postnatal development of the radial glib in the rabbit superior colliculus during the first 40 postnatal days. An antivimentin monoclonal antibody and the carbocyanine fluorescent tracer DiI were used in order to investigate the development of laminar connectivity in the superior colliculus. We focused our study on the superficial gray layer, the intermediate layer, and the deep layers of the superior colliculus, the periaqueductal gray matter (PAGM), and the medial intercollicular region.Vimentin‐positive structures of glial lineage consisted of (1) the main radial system, which in the newborn rabbit was made up of wavy fibers that ran from the aqueduct to the glial surface, where they terminated in end‐feet. At postnatal day 15, these fibers diminished to 100–200 μm long wavy tracts, which emanated from the aqueduct, and to a few straight or arched fragments in the superficial gray layer; (2) The median ventricular formation, which extends from mesencephalic aqueduct to the intercollicular sulcus, was characterized by a series of ascending, vimentin‐positive fibers, some of large caliber, which persisted until postnatal day 40; (3) the tangential fiber system, which was made up of fibers that diverged from the median ventricular formation and of a number of short tracts running perpendicular to the periaqueductal radial fibers; these structures may provide support for migrating subpopulations of neurons; (4) immature and mature‐like protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes, which appeared during the second postnatal week. Thereafter, the number of vimentin‐positive astrocytes decreased sharply. Our findings generally support earlier descriptions of the radial glib, except for the persistence, in superficial layers of the superior colliculus, of straight and curved fragments of fibers, which may participate in the organization of visual afferents at this level. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal aromatase expression in preoptic, strial, and amygdaloid regions during late prenatal and early postnatal development in the rat
Authors: Shinoda Koh , Nagano Mamoru , Osawa Yoshio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBrain aromatase has been considered to be an important clue in elucidating the actions of androgen on brain sexual differentiation. Using highly specific anti‐P450arom antiserum, the regional and subcellular distributions were immunohistochemically evaluated in the preoptic, strial, and amygdaloid regions of developing rat brains. Aromatase‐immunoreactive (AROM‐I) neurons were classified into three groups. The first, in which immunostaining occurs only during certain pre‐ or neonatal days (E16–P2), included the anterior medial preoptic nucleus, the periventricular preoptic nucleus, neurons associated with the strial part of the preoptic area, and the rostral portion of the medial preoptic nucleus. The second is a striking AROM‐I cell group in the “medial preopticoamygdaloid neuronal arc,” which extends from the medial preoptic nucleus to the principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminals and the posterodorsal part of the medial amygdaloid nucleus. The AROM‐I neurons appeared by E16, reaching a peak in staining intensity between E18 and P2 and diminishing after the perinatal stage. After P14, a third group of AROM‐I neurons emerged in the lateral septal nucleus, the oval nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the central amygdaloid nucleus. The second group was thought to be the major aromatization center in developing rat brains, while the center might partly shift to the third group of neurons after the late infantile stage. The distribution and developmental patterns were basically similar in males and females, suggesting that the neonatally prominent aromatase is not induced by male‐specific androgen surges occurring around birth. On immunoelectron microscopy, subneuronal aromatase was predominantly localized on the nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum, which appeared to be appropriate for the efficient conversion of androgen into estrogen just prior to blinding to the nuclear receptors. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A quantitative morphological analysis of the cerebellar nuclei in normal and lurcher mutant mice. II. Volumetric changes in cytological components
Authors: Heckroth John A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the present study the stereological point counting method has been used to determine volumetric changes in the cytological components of the lurcher cerebellar nuclei. The volume fraction of neuronal somata was estimated, using semithin toludine blue stained sections. Seven categories of profiles were analyzed in electron micrographs: (1) dendrites, (2) boutons on dendrites, (3) boutons on somata (4) myelinated fibers, (5) glial perikarya, (6) vascular elements, and (7) unclassified components. Volume fraction data indicate that the volumetric composition of the wild‐type murine cerebellar nuclei is: 38% myelinated fibers, 8% neuronal somata, 11% dendrites, 10% boutons on dendrites, less than 1% boutons on somata, 2.5% glial somata, and 6% vascular elements. Unclassified elements, consisting primarily of glial processes and intercellular space, comprised 23% of the volume of the wild‐type cerebellar nuclei. In lurcher, the loss of myelinated axons and boutons accounts for 59% of the atrophy of the cerebellar nuclei. Loss of nuclear neurons accounts for 2%, and a reduction in dendritic arbors for another 8.3% of this atrophy. The remaining 30.7% of the lost nuclear volume results from reduced volume of glial processes, vascular elements, and intercellular space. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunolocalization of aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase in goldfish (Carassius auratus) brain
Authors: Beltramo M. , Krieger M. , Tillet Y. , Thibault J. , Calas A. , Mazzi V. , Franzoni M. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of monoamines (catecholamines and serotonin) in fishes has been previously studied by immunohistochemistry of both the monoamines themselves and their biosynthetic enzymes. But the distribution of neuron containing aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase, and enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of both catecholamines and serotonin, has up to now not been investigated. In order to improve knowledge about the localization of aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase, neurons containing this enzyme were mapped immunohistochemically in the goldfish brain. Furthermore, neurons bearing aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity have been compared with those containing tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin immunoreactivities. Our results show that distribution of aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity generally coincides with that of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin. Nevertheless, the presence of nine D cell groups (containing aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase but lacking both catecholamines and serotonin) and six groups of neurons which are aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase‐immunoreactive but contain tyrosine hydroxylase, and might produce L‐DOPA, have been revealed. The occurrence of both D cell groups and presumptive L‐DOPA neurons in goldfish brain is discussed in relation to similar findings in fish and mammalian brain. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are there three types of horizontal cell in the human retina?
Authors: Kolb Helga , Fernandez Eduardo , Schouten James , Ahnelt Peter , Linberg Kenneth A. , Fisher Steven K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGolgi‐impregnated horizontal cells (HCs) as viewed in whole mount human retinas have been studies by light microscopic (LM) techniques. Impregnated HCs have been drawn by camera lucida and by the Eutectics neuron tracing method to provide quantitative data on dendritic tree sizes, dendritic tree shapes, and dendritic terminals for statistical treatment and cluster analysis. In addition, fractal analysis of HC dendritic branching patterns have been performed.Three significantly different HCs can be classified on both subjective and objective morphological criteria in central and peripheral human retina. In the fauves all HCs are so small that it is difficult to achieve a clear separation of the subtypes, although they can be distinguished by the experienced observer. HI types are the classic HCs of Polyak (The Retina, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941) with distinct dendritic terminal clusters going to cones and a fan‐shaped axon terminal consisting of large numbers of rod‐destined terminals. HII cells have profusely branched, overlapping dendrites, with poorly defined terminals going to cones and a short curled axon bearing small terminals also going to cones. The HIII types exhibit larger diameter, more asymmetrically shaped dendritic trees and 30% nire dendritic terminal clusters than HI cells at any location on the retina. Many HIII cells appear to emit a process from the cell body in the inner nuclear layer (INL) that descends into the outer strata of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). The axon of the HIII cell may end in a loosely organized, sprawling arborization.Fractal dimensions of the horizontal cells also show significant differences between the three groups. HIII cells exhibit the highest fractal dimension followed by HI and HIII cells with lower and lowest fractal dimensions, respectively. The fractal dimension of HII cells of rhesus monkeys, as determined from drawings by other authors in other publication, are the same as HII cells of human retina. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parietal, temporal, and occipita projections to cortex of the superior temporal sulcus in the rhesus monkey: A retrograde tracer study
Authors: Seltzer Benjamin , Pandya Deepak N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe afferent cortical connections of individual cytoarchitectonic areas within the superior temporal sucus (STS) of the rhesus monkey were studied by retrograde tracer techniques, including double tracer experiments. Rostral superior temporal polysensory (STP) cortex (area TPO‐1) receives input from the rostral superior temporal gyrus (STG), cortex of the circular sulcus, and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) (areas 35, TF, and TL). Mid‐STP cortex (areas TPO‐2 and ‐3) has input from the mid‐STG, cortex of the mid‐circular sulcus, caudal inferior parietal lodule (IPL), cingulate gyrus (areas, 23, 24, retrosplenial cortex), and mid‐PHG (areas 28, TF, TH, and TL). Caudal STP cortex (area TPO‐4) has afferent connections with the caudal STG, cortex of the cauda insula and caudal circular sulcus, caudal IPL, lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), medial parietal lobe, cingulate gyrus, and mid‐ and caudal PHG (areas TF, TH, TL; prostriate area). The most rostral cortex of the lower bank of the STS (areasTEa and TEm), a presumed visual association area, receives input from the rostal inferotemporal (IT) region; more cauda portions of areas TEa and TEm have afferent connections with the caudal IT region, PHG, preoccipital gyrus, and cortex of the lower bank of the IPS. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Compartment of brain‐type cretine kinase and ubiquitous mitochondrial cretine kinase in neurons: Evidence for a cretine phosphate energy shuttle in adult rat brain
Authors: Friedman David L. , Roberts Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMultiple isoforms of cretine kinase (CK) are expressed in specific cell types as part of an energy delivery or shuttle system. To test hypothesis that neurons utilize a cretine phosphate energy shuttle, we examined the pattern of CK isoform expression and localization in adult rat brain. Two isoforms of CK are present in brain extracts, “brain‐type,” or BCK, and the ubiquitin form of the mitochondrial CK (uMtCK), as detected by enzyme activity following nondenaturing electrophoresis and by Western blotting following denaturing electrophorsis. In formalin‐fixed and parafinn‐embedded sections of rat brain, uMtCK immunostaining is detected in the somata of all Golgi type I neurons in the cerebellum, pontine reticular formation, red nucleus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. Immunostainig for uMtCK appears throughout the cell body but not in nuclei. BCK immunostaining is also present in somata of Golgi type I neurons in the cerebellum, red nucleus, and pons and is distributed throughout the cell body and within nuclei. BCK immunostaining also appeared in neuronal processes and is concentrated in the molecular layers of the cerebellum and the hippocampus and in cortical pyramidal cell dendrites. These results demonstrate a coordinate pattern of expression and compartmentation of BCK and MtCK isoform in neurons, which provides an anatomic basis for the transfer of metabolic energy via a cretine phosphate energy shuttle. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The morphological development of the inferior colliculus in a marsupial, the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus)
Authors: Aitkin Lindsay , Nelson John , Farrington Moyra , Swann Sue 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs a part of a project concerning the development of hearing, some features of the morphological development of the inferior colliculus were studied in a marsuglial, the Northern quall or native cat (Dasyurus hallucatus). Marsuglials are of particular interest in developmental studies because much embryonic development occurs outside the uterus, in the pouch. Nissl‐stained material was prepared from pouch‐young at various ages between 11 and 81 days, and for a number of adults. Four pouch‐young were injected with tritiated thymidine and killed later during pouch life.The inferior colliculus is first recognizable in pouch‐young aged 23 days, when it is bordered by a cell‐sparse ring of tissue. By this time, the labelling patterns following injections of tritiated thymidine made on days 7–9 suggest that migration of cells to the inferior colliculus from the ventricular germinal zone has been largely completed. At 81 days, close to the time when the young move out of the pouch, the adult cytoarchitecture—a central nucleus flanked by dorsal and lateral cortical regions—is clear.Cell areas expand monotonically as a function of age. The period of days 45–50 is associated with a large expansion of cell volume and a concomitant decrease in packing density. It is likely that functional connections are forming during this period, which may herald the onset of hearing in the quall.Total cell numbers increase to a peak at day 36, fall to a minimum at day 50, and rise again to the adult value. The second increase is likely to be a phase of glial proliferation, in part associated with the onset of myelination. This increase correlates with departure of the young from the pouch. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy and projection patterns of the superior olivary comlex in the mexican free‐tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana
Authors: Grothe Benedikt , Schweizer Hermann , Pollak George D. , Schuller Gerd , Rosemann Christina 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe superior olivary complex (SOC) is the first station in the ascending auditory pathway that receives binaural projections. Two of the principal nuclei, the lateral superior olive (LSO) and the medial superior olive (MSO), are major sources of ascending projections to the inferior colliculus. Whereas almost all mammals have an LSO, it has traditionally been thought that only animals that hear low frequencies have an MSO. Recent reports, however, suggest that the medial part of the SOC in bats is highly variable and that at least some bats have a well‐developed MSO. Thus, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the cytoarchitecture and connections of the principal superior olivary nuclei of the Mexican free‐tailed bat, with specific attention directed at the MSO. Cell and fiber stained material revealed that the LSO and the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) are similar to those described for other mammals. There are two medial nuclei we refer to as dorsomedial periolivary nucleus (DMPO) and MSO. Tracer experiments exhibited that the DMPO receives bilateral projections from the cochlear nucleus, and additional projections from the ipsilateral MNTB. The DMPO sends a strong projection to the ipsilateral inferior colliculus. Positive staining for acetylcholinesterase indicates that the DMPO is a part of the olivocochlear system, as it is in other animals. The MSO in the free‐tailed bat meets many of the criteria that traditionally define this nucleus. These include the presence of bipolar and multipolar principal cells, bilateral innervation from the cochlear nucleus, a strong projection from the ipsilateral MNTB, and the absence of cholinergic cells. The major difference from traditional MSO features is that it projects bilaterally to the inferior colliculus. Approximately 30% of its cells provide collateral projections to the colliculi on both sides. Funcional implications of the MSO for the free‐tailed bat are considered in the Discussion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between structure and function of neurons in the rat rostral nucleus tractus solitarii
Authors: King Michael S. , Bradley Robert M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo investigate the relationship between the structure and function of neurons in the rostral (gustatory) nucleus tractus solitarii (rNTS), we analyzed the morphological and biophysical properties of rNTS neurons by performing whole‐cell recordings in a brain slice preparation. Overall, neurons (n=58) had a mean somal diameter of 16 μm, an average dendritic length of 598 μm, an average dendritic thickness of 0.91 μm, and a spine density of 0.037 spines/μm. Neurons were separated into three groups (elongate, miltipolar, and ovoid) on the basis of previously established morphological criteria. The highest percentage (49%) of neurons were classified as ovoid, while 35% were multipolar and only 16% were elongate.The most frequently ovserved firing pattern, in all three cell types, elicited by a 1,200 ms, 100 pA depolarizing current pulse was a regularly firing spike train. However, the intrinsic firing properties of the remaining neurons were different. Thirty‐one percent of the ovoid neurons responded with a short burst of action potentials and 44% of the elongate neurons showed a delay in the onset of the spike train following a hyperpolarizing prepulse. Less than 16% of the multipolar neurons demonstrated either of these firing characteristics.Therefore, rNTS neurons with similar morphology do not have unique biophysical properties. However, the data suggest that there may be subpopulations of the three morphological types, each of which displays a different firing pattern. Since the structure and function of the three morphological groups were not strictly correlated, these subpopulations may represent functional groups. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.