bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATIONS OF EMBRYONIC TISSUE AND TUMOR IN MIXED GRAFTS
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

Implanted mixtures of mouse embryo and tumor sometimes result in an excellent growth of both. To assure this, it is necessary that the tumor selected be one which proliferates slowly, because more active ones prevent the development of the fragments of embryo. Transplanted embryonic tissue (of the type used) does not, at its best, grow as rapidly or in so large a percentage of hosts as some tumors.
The morphological relations between tumor and embryonic tissue in the mixed graft are often intimate. Apparently either may adapt the other to its structural purposes. Occasionally a direct union takes place between cancerous epithelium and that of the embryo, with result in pictures suggesting an origin of one from the other. This observation has considerable significance in view of the current reliance upon just such histological data to prove that cancer arises from normal epithelium.
ON ABSORPTION FROM INTRAMUSCULAR TISSUE
Authors: Auer J. , Meltzer S. J. 
Published: June 2004

Injections of adrenalin or other substances into the lumbar muscles of rabbits are followed by a rapid absorption in whole or in part of these substances.
The rapid absorption is not due to the needle being within a vein or to the tearing of veins by the needle during its insertion.
Similar injections into gluteal muscles fail to give reliable results.
A HISTOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDY OF THE FATTY MATTER OF NORMAL AND CRYPTORCHID TESTES
Authors: Hanes Frederic M. , Rosenbloom Jacob 
Published: June 2004

1. About 19 per cent. of the dry weight of the normal pig testicle is fatty matter. Histologically this fat occurs largely in the cells of the seminal tubules, and especially in the Sertoli cells.
2. During spermatogenesis the fat of the Sertoli cell passes inward for the nutrition of the spermatids and spermatozoa. During this passage its character is altered from a neutral fat to a lipoid.
3. About 30 per cent. of the dry weight of the cryptorchid pig testicle is fatty material. Histologically this fat lies within the seminal tubules, partially filling the Sertoli cells. The spermatogenic cells have completely disappeared.
4. We conclude that the presence of such an excessive amount of fat in the cryptorchid testicle is due to the absence of the spermatogenic cells which normally utilize during their development the fat furnished by the Sertoli cells.
THE CULTIVATION OF THE LEPROSY BACILLUS FROM THE HUMAN TISSUES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AMINO-ACIDS AS CULTURE MEDIA
Authors: Duval Charles W. 
Published: June 2004

In the cultivation of Bacillus lepræ the initial multiplication outside the body cannot be obtained unless amino-acids are present in the medium. The amino-acids are believed to be essential nutritives for the initial growth of the organisms.
It has been demonstrated that the primary growth of the leprosy bacilli occurs only in the presence of the products of tryptic digestion.
Hence, putrefactive and other bacteria which are capable of splitting nucleo-proteids into their end acid products are, in consequence, of value in the isolation and cultivation of the leprosy bacilli. Amebæ are not necessary for securing the primary multiplication of the leprosy bacilli upon artificial media and are detrimental since they feed with avidity upon the bacilli themselves.
Two methods may be employed for recovering in culture Bacillus lepræ from the tissues. In one (the direct), tryptophane or a mixture of albumen and trypsin are employed with a culture medium; in the other (indirect), bacterial species capable of digesting the albumen constituent of the culture medium are introduced into the medium. In both, the end result is identical, since they both provide for the presence of the amino-acids in the medium, without which the primary multiplication of the leprosy bacilli cannot be secured.
THE VALUE OF HYDROGEN PEROXID IN THE MICROCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF IRON
Authors: Brown W. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that hemoglobin in solution or within the red blood corpuscles can be oxidized by hydrogen peroxid to form a colorless substance capable of manifesting a microchemical reaction for iron, the type of the reaction depending upon the degree of oxidation.
2. It has been further shown that hematin and hemin, when treated with hydrogen peroxid, are decolorized. The colorless or nearly colorless body, preserving the form of the original body and being an intermediate product of its oxidation, will also exhibit a typical reaction for iron.
3. A method has been described for obtaining microchemical reaction for iron from hemoglobin and its various modifications and iron-containing derivatives, from tissue cells, from cell nuclei, and from eosinophil granules, by an appropriate degree of oxidation with hydrogen peroxid.
A STUDY OF CANCER IMMUNITY BY THE METHOD OF CULTIVATING TISSUES OUTSIDE THE BODY
Authors: Lambert Robert A. , Hanes Frederic M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Sarcoma cultivated in plasma from immune animals grows quite as vigorously as in plasma from normal and tumor-bearing animals, thus affording further proof of the absence of specific cytolytic substances in the body fluids of animals immune to transplantable cancer.
2. Animals may be successfully inoculated with sarcoma cultivated in vitro, although, in the case of rat sarcoma, there is evidence of diminished virulence.
3. Subcultures of sarcoma cultivated in vitro may be made by transferring to fresh plasma the original piece of tissue, or a portion of the outgrowth. The duration of life of sarcoma cells under these conditions seems dependent only on a renewal of the medium.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE QUESTION OF ASPIRATION OF FOREIGN MATERIAL INTO THE AIR PASSAGES DURING INTRATRACHEAL INSUFFLATION
Authors: Githens T. S. , Meltzer S. J. 
Published: June 2004

The foregoing experiments clearly justify the following conclusions :—
Intratracheal insufflation protects the respiratory tract very efficiently against any invasion from the pharynx. The filling up of the pharynx with extraneous material, whether it be from the stomach or from the mouth, brings no danger to the trachea and bronchi. This holds true even if the animal is under deep anesthesia.
On the other hand, the presence of a tube in the trachea or larynx without the protection of an effective recurrent air stream, definitely facilitates the entrance of foreign material from the pharynx into the trachea. Anesthesia, which removes the protective action of deglutition, greatly increases the danger from aspiration in these cases.
STUDIES IN IMMUNITY AND ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Pearce Richard M. , Karsner Howard T. , Eisenbrey Arthur B. 
Published: June 2004

1. The sera of rabbits injected repeatedly with the nucleoproteins, globulins, and albumins of the liver and kidney of the dog give no evidence in vitro or in vivo experiments of organ affinity. The precipitin test offers no proof of the specificity of these sera for the proteins employed as antigens.
2. The anaphylaxis reaction applied to the same proteins indicates a slight relative organ affinity but no specificity as far as the respective protein fractions are concerned. The relative organ affinity resides, rather, in the globulin and albumin fractions than in the nucleoprotein fraction. Dog serum used both as a sensitizing and an intoxicating agent gives rise to very active cross reactions with organ proteins, thus failing to support the theory of organ or of protein specificity.
3. These results do not support the view put forward that nucleoproteins play an important part in the course of production of cytotoxic immune sera.
SERUM TREATMENT OF INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Wollstein Martha 
Published: June 2004

The injection of virulent cultures of Bacillus influenzæ into the subdural space of several species of lower monkeys is followed by the development of an acute inflammation of the meninges, corresponding in clinical, bacteriological, and pathological effects with influenzal cerebrospinal meningitis in human beings.
Experimental influenzal meningitis in the monkey is a lethal disease which terminates fatally in from thirty-six hours to four days after the inoculation.
The injected influenza bacilli produce their effects through multiplication in the course of which they penetrate from the subdural space into the general blood current, from which they may be recovered during life and at autopsy, as is also true of the spontaneous form of influenzal meningitis in man.
By repeated injection, over a period of many months, of living virulent cultures of Bacillus influenzæ into the goat, an immune serum possessing moderate agglutinating and high opsonic power may be produced, which is capable, when injected into the subdural space, of arresting the progress of an experimental influenzal meningitis, and of bringing about recovery in monkeys thus affected.
As a result of the serum injections, the influenza bacilli in the meninges are more freely englobed by phagocytes, their number is reduced, their capacity of growth diminished, and the eruption into the blood arrested. Along with these effects go, hand in hand, cessation of the local inflammatory process and progressive amelioration of the symptoms of illness, to be followed usually by rapid restoration of health.
In view of the highly fatal character of influenzal meningitis in human beings, the employment of an immune serum by subdural injection is recommended. Undoubtedly it will be necessary to apply the serum early and by repeated injections, by means of lumbar puncture, to secure beneficial results. The early application will, in turn, be dependent upon prompt bacteriological diagnosis, which can be made, as a rule, by the immediate microscopical examination of the cerebrospinal fluid without the employment of cultural methods. When possible, the microscopical diagnosis should be confirmed by cultural tests.
COMPLEMENT DEVIATION IN SCARLET FEVER WITH COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE WASSERMANN AND NOGUCHI SYSTEMS
Authors: Kolmer John A. 
Published: June 2004

The Wassermann reaction in scarlet fever per se is uniformly negative. The antigen of scarlet fever liver yields practically the same results as that of luetic liver, and both fail to deviate complement with scarlet fever antibodies.
The Noguchi reaction in scarlet fever is practically negative. Sixteen cases, or 6.4 per cent. of 250 cases, were positive when active serum was used; with inactivated serum, but eleven, or 4.4 per cent., remained positive. Five of these eleven cases were also positive with the Wassermann system. In other words, sixteen cases, or 6.4 per cent., were positive according to the Noguchi system with active or inactivated serum or both, whereas with the Wassermann system only 2 per cent. were positive.
The presence of anti-sheep hemolysin normally in human serum is one of the main disturbing factors in the Wassermann system; for this reason, complement and hemolysin (made by immunization of rabbits) require careful titration. A positive Wassermann reaction usually indicates the presence of syphilitic antibodies, and a negative Noguchi reaction, their absence, and both systems should be used in the examination of all cases.
THE EFFECT OF SALVARSAN UPON THE HEART IN DOGS
Authors: Auer J. 
Published: June 2004

The intravenous infusion of 0.5 per cent. acid "606" causes a weakening of the heart which is usually fatal.
The intravenous infusion of 0.5 per cent. alkaline "606" causes no marked apparent effect upon the heart, but its factors of safety may be so reduced in some instances that a slight extra strain produces fibrillation and death.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LOCALIZED INFECTIONS
Authors: Lamar Richard V. 
Published: June 2004

In the test tube, sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate kill and dissolve virulent pneumococci more rapidly and in higher dilutions than sodium oleate; otherwise their action is the same. The intensity of action on the cocci is directly proportional to the degree of unsaturation of the acid.
Blood serum inhibits the bacteriolytic and hemolytic action of unsaturated soaps partially or completely, according to definitive quantitative relations between serum and soap. Small quantities of serum completely inhibit the action of dilute soap solutions, but even whole serum does not prevent bacteriolysis and hemolysis by relatively concentrated soap solutions, i. e. 1 per cent. and 0.5 per cent.
A given quantity of serum inhibits the action of the soaps in inverse ratio to their degree of unsaturation.
The hemolytic and bacteriolytic action of soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids is probably due in part to their avidity for protein and not wholly to their ability to dissolve lipoids.
Attempts to prevent serum inhibition of the lytic action of sodium linoleate and sodium linolenate were unsuccessful.
The more unsaturated soaps are not as efficient in preventing fatal pneumococcic infection of animals as sodium oleate.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS DUE TO BACTERIAL POISONS AND CYTOTOXIC SERA
Authors: Pearce Richard M. , Eisenbrey A. B. 
Published: June 2004

The physiological study of experimental nephritis caused by poisons of bacterial origin demonstrates that the poisons may produce types of nephritis in which either vascular or tubular changes predominate. Diphtheria toxin produces a nephritis which in its late stage is of the vascular type, but in its early stage is distinctly tubular. Tuberculin and mallein uniformly cause lesions of the tubular type, which do not pass into the vascular type.
Nephrotoxic and hemolytic immune sera cause changes in the kidneys which by physiological methods of observation present no evidence of vascular injury, but which are anatomically characterized by exudative glomerular lesions of moderate severity. This discrepancy between the results of anatomical and physiological study indicates that a lesion of the membrane controlling the passage of fluids may occur without alteration in the power of the vessels to contract and dilate. This fact is shown clearly by the lesion caused by hemolytic immune serum, which is in sharp contrast to the lesion caused by diphtheria toxin, since the latter substance not only alters the permeability of the membranes but also influences markedly the power of the vessels to contract and dilate. It is necessary therefore if the term "vascular" is used in its broadest sense, to recognize three types of vascular nephritis: (1) one in which little or no anatomical evidence of vascular injury is found, but in which physiological methods show profound vascular changes, as in arsenical nephritis; (2) one in which anatomical evidence of vascular (exudative) injury is prominent, but in which the physiological tests are negative, as in nephritis caused by a hemolytic immune serum; and (3) one in which both anatomical and physiological changes are prominent, as in diphtheria toxin nephritis.
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE NEPHRITIS: THE ELIMINATION OF NITROGEN AND CHLORIDES AS COMPARED WITH THAT OF PHENOLSULPHONEPHTHALEIN
Authors: Austin J. Harold , Eisenbrey A. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Uranium and cantharidin, in the smallest doses capable of producing a distinct nephritis, tend to increase the elimination of nitrogen, probably by stimulating tissue katabolism.
2. Uranium, cantharidin, and potassium chromate, in larger doses, impair the power of the kidney to eliminate nitrogen; but this may not be evident unless the animal is on a high nitrogen diet, and the impairment, when due to potassium chromate, may not persist more than a day.
3. Small doses of uranium and of cantharidin cause a transient increase of chloride elimination which corresponds in a general way to the excess of diuresis.
4. Large doses of uranium and of chromate cause a fall, usually transient, in the chloride elimination. The chloride elimination may, however, be diminished forty per cent. for twenty-four hours without evidences of intoxication (vomiting).
5. The anatomic appearance of the kidney varies somewhat with the poison used and greatly with the period of survival after administration of the poison, but bears no definite relation to the nitrogen, chloride, or phenolsulphonephthalein elimination; marked anatomic alteration is compatible with normal elimination of all these substances and with freedom from symptoms of intoxication (vomiting).
6. The decrease in the elimination of phenolsulphonephthalein, which occurs in uranium, chromate, and cantharidin nephritides, and which, in a general way, is proportional to the dose of the poison, bears no constant relation to the changes in the nitrogen or chloride elimination.
7. A marked decrease in the elimination of the phenolsulphonephthalein occurs synchronously, as a rule, with the onset of the symptoms of intoxication (vomiting), and therefore the phenolsulphonephthalein test would seem to be a better indicator of the ability of the kidney to eliminate the toxic substance responsible for the symptoms of renal insufficiency than are either the anatomic changes or the elimination of total nitrogen or of chlorides.
A METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF FECAL BACTERIA
Authors: Mattill H. A. , Hawk P. B. 
Published: June 2004

From results of which the foregoing data form a part, it appears that the amount of bacterial nitrogen in the feces is a valuable index to intestinal conditions, and the method herein described is a simple and satisfactory one for making this determination. It involves three serial centrifugalizations of a two gram sample of the fresh feces brought into suspension in 0.2 per cent. hydrochloric acid. The bacterial suspension finally obtained is concentrated and extracted by alcohol, and nitrogen is determined in the precipitated material. The complete data on a given stool can be obtained in about five days, and one operator can take care of three or four stools in duplicate in one day.
On an absolutely uniform diet of simple and easily digested food during a period of three to four weeks, the average amount of bacterial nitrogen in two subjects was found to be 53.9 per cent. of the total fecal nitrogen, and this percentage, though higher than that obtained by workers heretofore, is probably more nearly a true value for bacterial nitrogen, because no ether extraction was employed.
The average daily amount of dry bacteria, calculated on the basis of the nitrogen values, is 8.27 grams.
LETHAL CARDIAC ANAPHYLAXIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Auer J. 
Published: June 2004

Acute lethal anaphylaxis in the intact rabbit is caused by a failure of the heart.
This failure of the heart is due to a change in the heart itself; it is peripheral and independent of the central nervous system for its production.
This change in the heart is shown anatomically and functionally by decreased translucency, change in consistency, and by failure to respond to stimuli, and is probably to be classed as a chemical rigor.
The rigor of the heart is most pronounced in the right ventricle, the wall of which may be gray, stiff, very tough to the finger nail, and non-irritable.
Cardiac stimulants of the digitalis group seem to exert a harmful effect when injected in acute anaphylaxis.
Blood coagulation is delayed; a loose clot forms after one half to two hours.
Anti-anaphylaxis is produced when the animal does not succumb to the injection.
When anaphylactic death is delayed for about one hour, a well developed rigor of the white muscles of the thigh, and of the diaphragm may occur while the animal is still alive.
Reasons are brought forward to show the necessity of more caution in employing the word anaphylaxis.
Friedberger's statement, that the lungs of guinea pigs dead from acute anaphylaxis are not characteristic of anaphylaxis for this animal, is shown to be baseless.
A CUTANEOUS REACTION IN SYPHILIS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

1. I have proposed the name luetin for an emulsion or extract of pure cultures of Treponema pallidum which is designed to be employed for obtaining, in suitable cases, a specific cutaneous reaction that may become a valuable diagnostic sign in certain stages or forms of syphilitic infection.
2. The repeated inoculation of either living or killed pallida into the testicles of rabbits leads to a condition in which an intradermic injection of luetin is followed by a well marked inflammatory reaction. A corresponding reaction has been obtained neither in rabbits suffering from active syphilitic orchitis, nor in those in which the condition had been cured by the administration of salvarsan four months previously. Normal rabbits, likewise, do not react to the luetin.
3. The luetin produces a similar cutaneous reaction in syphilitic and parasyphilitic patients that is most constant and severe in the tertiary and hereditary affections. In my series of cases, it was present constantly (100 per cent.) in the manifest tertiary affection, in 94 per cent. of latent tertiary affection, and in 96 per cent. of the hereditary affection.
4. During the primary and secondary stages, the reaction is infrequent, and when present it is of mild degree. An exception has been found in cases in which energetic treatment has been or is being carried out and in which clinical signs of syphilis are absent. Such cases may show a severe reaction. Apparently this is true especially of the cases treated with salvarsan.
5. In certain cases of old infection in which no treatment has been taken and in which no symptoms have appeared for many years, and in the course of which miscarriages have not occurred, the cutaneous reaction has failed to appear. But, despite the absence of symptoms, mothers who have young syphilitic children have usually given the reaction.
6. It remains to be determined in how far the cutaneous reaction with luetin can be used to supplement the Wassermann reaction in determining the complete and permanent suppression of a syphilitic affection.
7. It appears probable that the Wassermann reaction is more constant in the primary and secondary, and the cutaneous reaction in the tertiary and latent forms of syphilis. Moreover, it appears that the Wassermann reaction is more directly and immediately affected by antisyphilitic treatment than is the cutaneous reaction.
8. A more active preparation of luetin can certainly be produced by improved methods. This phase of the subject is being considered at the present time and will be reported upon in a later paper.