bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subtle hyperproinsulinaemia characterises the defective insulin secretory capacity in offspring of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-positive patients with latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults
Authors: Vauhkonen Ilkka , Niskanen Leo , Knip Mikael , Mykkänen Leena Moilanen , Haffner Steven , Uusitupa Matti , Laakso Markku 
Published: August 2005

Objective: We set out to assess whether hyperproinsulinaemia is an early finding in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA).
Research design and methods: We measured plasma proinsulin and C-peptide responses during a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and in the hyperglycaemic clamp in 21 normoglycaemic offspring of LADA patients testing positive for glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) or islet cell antibodies (ICA), and in 17 healthy control subjects without a family history of diabetes.
Results: The study groups had comparable areas under the curves of blood glucose, plasma proinsulin, C-peptide and proinsulin/C-peptide in the OGTT. However, the offspring of LADA patients had higher proinsulin/C-peptide in the hyperglycaemic clamp (P < 0.01 versus the control group). The offspring of GADA-positive LADA patients (n = 9) had higher proinsulin and proinsulin/C-peptide than did the control group in the OGTT (P < 0.05 for both comparisons) and in the hyperglycaemic clamp (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05 respectively). They also had higher proinsulin than the offspring of ICA-positive LADA patients (n = 12) (P < 0.001) in the hyperglycaemic clamp. The offspring of ICA-positive LADA patients did not clearly show hyperproinsulinaemia during the tests, but they had lower maximal glucose-stimulated insulin secretory capacity than the control group (P < 0.05) and the offspring of GADA-positive LADA patients (P < 0.05) in the hyperglycaemic clamp.
Conclusions: These results suggested that insulin secretion in the offspring of GADA-positive LADA patients is characterised by subtle defects in the processing of insulin precursors. Furthermore, various proinsulin responses among the offspring of LADA patients with different autoimmune markers provided further evidence that LADA is a heterogeneous disorder.
Estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms are associated with estradiol levels in postmenopausal women
Authors: Schuit Stephanie C E , de Jong Frank H , Stolk Lisette , Koek W Nadia H , van Meurs Joyce B J , Schoofs Mariette W C J , Zillikens M Carola , Hofman Albert , van Leeuwen Johannes P T M , Pols Huibert A P , Uitterlinden André G 
Published: August 2005

Objective: Postmenopausal estradiol (E2) levels vary widely between individuals and this variation is an important determinant of diseases such as osteoporosis. It has been suggested that the estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene may influence peripheral E2 levels, but the role of common sequence variations in the ESR1 gene is unclear.
Methods: In 631 postmenopausal women and 528 men from the Rotterdam Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study of individuals aged 55 years and over, ESR1 PvuII-XbaI haplotypes were determined and correlated with plasma E2 levels.
Results: In women, haplotype 1 (T-A) was significantly associated with an allele-dose-dependent decrease in E2. After adjusting for age, body mass index, years since menopause and testosterone levels, plasma E2 levels decreased by 1.90 pmol/l per allele copy of this haplotype (P < 0.05). Extreme genotypes, representing 23 and 27% of the population, varied by 3.93 pmol/l. No association with plasma testosterone was observed. In a subset of 446 women, no association of genotype with plasma concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione or estrone was seen. In men, none of the sex hormone levels was associated with the ESR1 PvuII-XbaI haplotypes.
Conclusion: We have demonstrated a role for genetic variations in the ESR1 gene in determining post-menopausal E2 levels in women.
Effect of Oxygen Management on Culture Performance of Channel Catfish in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Torrans Eugene L 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Aeration allows for higher feeding rates and increased production of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems. However, the effect of specific dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations on various production parameters remains unknown. The purpose of this 2-year study was to determine the effect of daily minimum DO concentration on channel catfish production. Six 0.1-ha ponds were each equipped with three 0.37-kW (0.5-hp) aerators and one 0.37-kW circulator. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were monitored and recorded with a commercial oxygen monitor that also controlled aeration. During both years, aeration in the high-oxygen treatment was initiated when the DO concentration dropped below 5.0 mg/L (mean, 64% saturation from May to September); aeration in the low-oxygen treatment was initiated when the DO concentration dropped below 2.5 mg/L (32% saturation; 2001) or 1.5 mg/L (19% saturation; 2002). The minimum DO concentrations resulting from this aeration protocol differed somewhat from aerator set points. In the low-oxygen treatment, delaying aeration until the DO concentration dropped below 2.5 mg/L reduced feed consumption by 6% relative to the high-oxygen treatment. Other production parameters were not significantly different. In 2002, when aeration was delayed until the DO concentration dropped below 1.5 mg/L, the low-oxygen treatment group exhibited reductions in food consumption (45% less than consumption by the high-oxygen treatment), average fish weight (31% less), and net production (54% less). Even at the high feeding rates of 2002 (maximum of 680 kg · ha−1 · d−1; 44,066 kg/ha total in one pond), other water quality variables were acceptable. Net production in the high-oxygen treatment in 2002 averaged 23,547 kg/ha, a potential record for channel catfish in earthen ponds. Neither the feed conversion ratio nor survival was significantly different between treatments in either year. While these results cannot be directly extrapolated to large commercial ponds, it appears that increased aeration may increase production well above current commercial levels.
Rearing in Enriched Hatchery Tanks Improves Dorsal Fin Quality of Juvenile Steelhead
Authors: Berejikian Barry A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The present study compared the dorsal fin condition of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in conventional hatchery tanks, enriched hatchery tanks (i.e., with the addition of submerged structure, overhead cover, and underwater feeders), and a natural stream to determine whether structural enrichment would reduce dorsal fin erosion in hatchery-reared fish. Dorsal fin height at 27 d postemergence did not differ significantly between the two hatchery rearing treatments. Steelhead reared in the conventional tanks had dorsal fins 78% as long as steelhead reared in enriched tanks and in the natural stream at 50 d postemergence (P &lt; 0.05) and 45–55% as long at 64 d postemergence (P &lt; 0.05). Variation in fin length did not substantially affect the ability to achieve dominance in agonistic contests for feeding territories; fish with longer dorsal fins won approximately 57% of contests against fish with fins that were 25% shorter on average. Rearing methods (such as structural enrichment), that simultaneously improve several attributes of juvenile salmonid morphology, physiology, or behavior may be important in the development of conservation hatchery rearing strategies.
Ichthyophonus in Puget Sound Rockfish from the San Juan Islands Archipelago and Puget Sound, Washington, USA
Authors: Halos Daniel , Hart S. Alexandra , Hershberger Paul , Kocan Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In vitro explant cultures identified Ichthyophonus in 10.9% of 302 Puget Sound rockfish Sebastes emphaeus sampled from five sites in the San Juan Islands archipelago and Puget Sound, Washington, in 2003. None of the infected fish exhibited visible lesions and only a single fish was histologically positive. Significantly more females were infected (12.4%) than males (6.8%), and while infected males were only detected at two of the five sites, infected females were identified at all sites, with no significant differences in infection prevalence. Genomic sequences of Ichthyophonus isolates obtained from Puget Sound rockfish, Pacific herring Clupea pallasii, and Yukon River Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were identical in both the A and B regions of the small subunit 18S ribosomal DNA but were different from Ichthyophonus sequences previously isolated from four different species of rockfish from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Ich-thyophonus in Puget Sound rockfish may not have been previously detected because the infection is subclinical in this species and earlier investigators did not utilize in vitro techniques for diagnosis of ichthyophoniasis. However, since clinical ichthyophoniasis has recently been identified in several other species of northeast Pacific rockfishes, it is hypothesized that this either is an emerging disease resulting from changing marine conditions or the result of introduction by infected southern species that appear during periodic El Niño events.
Water Temperature Affects a Host–Parasite Interaction: Tubifex tubifex and Myxobolus cerebralis
Authors: Kerans Billie L. , Stevens Richard I. , Lemmon J. C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The aquatic oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex is an obligate host of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of salmonid whirling disease. Tubifex tubifex becomes infected by ingesting M. cerebralis myxospores and releases triactinomyxons (TAMs) into the water that then infect salmonids. In a laboratory experiment, we examined how water temperature influenced changes in oligochaete population size and biomass and the release of TAMs in three genetically identified strains of T. tubifex when exposed and not exposed to M. cerebralis myxospores. Increases in population size and biomass were greatest at 8.0°C for the Gallatin River strain, greatest at 15.0°C for the Madison River strain, and similar at both temperatures for the Mt. Whitney strain. After exposure to M. cerebralis myxospores, Mt. Whitney and Madison River T. tubifex both released TAMs at 15°C beginning on day 88 and at 8.0°C on day 169 (Mt. Whitney strain) and day 182 (Madison River strain); thus, between 1,320 and 1,456 degree-days were required for M. cerebralis to develop. Gallatin River T. tubifex did not release TAMs. We found no evidence that M. cerebralis developed differently in strains of T. tubifex with different temperature requirements; therefore, it appears that temperature-driven parasite development rates are a primary determinant of the timing of TAM release.
TRPV1 activation results in disruption of the blood–brain barrier in the rat
Authors: Hu De‐En , Easton Alexander S , Fraser Paul A 
Published: August 2005

We have examined the role of TRPV1 activation in disrupting the blood–brain barrier by measuring the permeability of single pial venular capillaries in anaesthetized rats.
Capsaicin application to the brain surface resulted in increased permeability, maximal 2.1±0.12 × 10−6 cm s−1 (mean±s.e.m.) with log EC50 −4.5±0.10. Substance P methyl ester gave a similar response (maximal 2.0±0.07, n=6, log EC50 −4.8±0.07), but the selective NK2 agonist, β‐Ala8‐NKA4–10 peptide, had no effect. Although CGRP decreased the permeability of venules (log EC50 10.3±0.11), its receptor antagonist CGRP8–37 had no effect on the response to capsaicin.
The TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (1 mM) reduced the response to capsaicin (100 μM), from 1.78±0.15 to 0.63±0.10 (n=4). The NK1 receptor antagonists GR205171 (100 μM) and SDZ NKT 376 (1 mM) also reduced the response to capsaicin (from 1.75±0.14 to 0.46±0.08; n=6, and from 1.85±0.13 to 0.48±0.05; n=5, respectively), indicating that capsaicin acts via TRPV1 in series with NK1.
Starch microspheres were used to produce transient focal ischaemia. Permeability was increased on reperfusion to a greater extent and more rapidly in vessels with diameter greater than 40 μm than those less than 15 μm. Capsazepine given intraperitoneally during ischaemia reduced the permeability increase in small venules from 5.9±0.3 to 2.4±0.1, and from 11.4±0.8 to 5.1±0.9 in large venules.
In conclusion, the TRPV1 receptor is active in the brain microvasculature and has its permeability‐increasing effect via substance P. It also plays a role in the immediate blood–brain barrier disruption following ischaemia–reperfusion.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 576–584. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706350
Reduction of repolarization reserve by halothane anaesthesia sensitizes the guinea‐pig heart for drug‐induced QT interval prolongation
Authors: Takahara Akira , Sugiyama Atsushi , Hashimoto Keitaro 
Published: August 2005

The utility of halothane‐anaesthetized guinea‐pigs as an in vivo model for predicting the clinical potential of a drug to induce QT interval prolongation was assessed using the electrocardiogram and monophasic action potential (MAP) recordings with electrical ventricular pacing.
Intravenous administration of D‐sotalol (0.3 mg kg−1) and terfenadine (0.3 mg kg−1), blockers of a rapid component of delayed rectifier potassium currents, prolonged the QT interval by 32±7 and 23±6 ms, respectively, whereas chromanol 293B (1 mg kg−1), a blocker of a slow component of delayed rectifier potassium currents, lengthened it by 33±8 ms. The extent of the QT interval prolongation by these drugs was greater than those in previous reports using pentobarbital‐anaesthetized guinea‐pigs.
The MAP duration at the control was shortened by decreasing the pacing cycle length from 400 to 200 ms, but the MAP duration at each cycle length was prolonged by D‐sotalol.
The formulas of Van de Water, Matsunaga, Fridericia and Bazett showed good correlation of the repolarization period when compared with the MAP duration at a pacing cycle length of 400 ms.
The halothane‐anaesthetized guinea‐pig model may possess enough sensitivity to detect drug‐induced QT interval prolongation, indicating that halothane anaesthesia can reduce the repolarization reserve of the heart in vivo.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 561–567. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706352
The role of epithelial P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors in the regulation of intestinal chloride secretion
Authors: Ghanem Esam , Robaye Bernard , Leal Teresinha , Leipziger Jens , Driessche Willy Van , Beauwens Renaud , Boeynaems Jean‐Marie 
Published: August 2005

UTP‐induced chloride secretion by the intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers was assessed by measurement of the short‐circuit current (Isc) in the presence of phloridzin in the case of jejunum or amiloride in the case of colon to eliminate any contribution of electrogenic Na+ movement to the net ionic transport. Since we have previously demonstrated the absence of chloride‐secretory response to apical UTP in the jejunum from P2Y4‐null mice, in the present study we studied the response to basolateral UTP in the jejunum and to either apical or basolateral UTP in the colon, in both P2Y2‐ and P2Y4‐deficient mice.
In the jejunum, the chloride‐secretory response to basolateral UTP was partially reduced in both P2Y2‐ (40%) and P2Y4‐ (60%) null mice.
In the colon, both apical or basolateral UTP increased the Isc. That response was abolished in a chloride‐free medium.
The colonic chloride‐secretory response to either basolateral or apical UTP was abolished in P2Y4‐deficient mice, but not significantly affected in P2Y2‐deficient mice. The chloride‐secretory response to forskolin was potentiated by prior basolateral addition of UTP and this potentiation was abolished in P2Y4‐null mice.
The jejunum of mice homozygous for the ΔF508 mutation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator was responsive to UTP, but the magnitude of that response was smaller than in the wild‐type littermates.
In conclusion, the P2Y4 receptor fully mediates the chloride‐secretory response to UTP in both small and large intestines, except at the basolateral side of the jejunum, where both P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors are involved.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 364–369. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706353
Chronic nitroglycerine administration reduces endothelial nitric oxide production in rabbit mesenteric resistance artery
Authors: Yamamoto Tamao , Kajikuri Junko , Watanabe Yoshimasa , Suzuki Yoshikatsu , Suzumori Kaoru , Itoh Takeo 
Published: August 2005

We investigated whether 10 days' in vivo treatment with nitroglycerine (NTG) would inhibit nitric oxide production by the endothelial cells of resistance arteries ex vivo and, if so, what the underlying mechanism might be.
ACh increased the intracellular nitric oxide concentration ([NO]i; estimated using the nitric oxide‐sensitive fluorescent dye diaminofluorescein‐2) within the endothelial cells of rabbit mesenteric resistance arteries. This effect was significantly smaller in arteries isolated from NTG‐treated rabbits than in those from control rabbits. The reduction in endothelial [NO]i in NTG‐treated rabbits was prevented when olmesartan (blocker of type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1Rs)) was coadministered in vivo with NTG and also when the superoxide scavenger manganese (III) tetrakis‐(4‐benzoic acid) porphyrin (Mn‐TBAP), the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X or L‐arginine (with or without the active form of folate (5‐methyltetrahydrofolate)) was incubated with the arteries in vitro.
Endothelial cell superoxide production (estimated by ethidium fluorescence) was greatly increased in arteries from NTG‐treated rabbits. This was normalized by in vivo coadministration of olmesartan with NTG and also by in vitro application of Mn‐TBAP or GF109203X (but not of 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate+L‐arginine).
ACh increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration (estimated using the Ca2+‐sensitive dye Fura 2) within endothelial cells, the increase being not significantly different between NTG‐treated rabbits and control rabbits.
We conclude that in NTG‐treated rabbits, endothelial nitric oxide production in mesenteric resistance arteries is reduced, possibly through a reduction in the bioavailability of L‐arginine via an action mediated by superoxide. Activation of the AT1R–PKC pathway may be involved in increasing superoxide production.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 534–542. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706365
EFFECT OF THE SURFACES ON ORIENTATIONAL PROPERTIES AND PECULIARITIES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THERMOTROPIC NEMATICS
Authors: NESRULLAJEV ARIF , TEPEHAN FATMA Z. 
Published: August 2005

In this work, the effect of thin films on the orientational, thermotropic and optical properties and on the peculiarities of the nematic–isotropic liquid phase transition has been carried out.The planar textures of MBBA+EBBA eutectic mixture on the surfaces coated with Al2O3and ZrO2thin films have been obtained. The optical and thermodynamical parameters of the obtained, oriented textures have been determined. The effect of thin films on the temperature width of heterophase region and on the nematic–isotropic liquid phase transition temperatures has been investigated. The shift of the phase transition temperatures and the change of the temperature width of the heterophase region have been revealed.For the analysis of peculiarities of the nematic–isotropic liquid phase transition and the heterophase regions of this transition, the mean field theory has been used.
Uphill Transport of Saccharides across an Anion-Exchange Membrane
Authors: Shigemasa Yoshihiro , Terada Naofumi , Mori Takatoshi , Morimoto Minoru , Sashiwa Hitoshi , Saimoto Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Unmodified carbohydrates were transported across an anion-exchange membrane from a neutral solution cell (Part O) to a basic solution cell (Part A) against their concentration gradients. The amount of each sugar transported across the membrane tended to decrease along with an increase in the pKa value of the sugar. The transportation was dependent on the presence of a hydroxide-ion concentration gradient. These results suggest the uphill transport of sugars based on a coupled counter-transport of hydroxide ion through the anion-exchange membrane. A comparison of the transportation of monosaccharides with that of disaccharides showed that the steric bulkiness of the sugar molecules affected the amount of each sugar transported. Among the water-soluble organic solvents which have a membrane swelling effect, acetonitrile, having the larger dielectric constant, was found to be a highly effective cosolvent to facilitate uphill transport. When aqueous KOH (10 mM) containing d-fructose (2 mM) was added to Part A and a solution of d-fructose (2 mM) in a 3 : 7 mixture of water and acetonitrile was added to Part O, the dialysis at 20 °C for 3 h changed the ratio of the amount of d-fructose in Part A to the amount of d-fructose in Part O from 50 : 50 to 72 : 28.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Hexanuclear Zr(IV) Complex with Hydroxo and Carboxylato Bridging
Authors: Reza Mohammad Yeamin , Matsushima Hideaki , Koikawa Masayuki , Nakashima Michio , Tokii Tadashi 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A novel hexanuclear eight-coordinate complex, [Zr6(OH)8(OCH3)4(Ph2CHCOO)12]·2CH3CN (1), has been prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, infrared-spectroscopy measurements, and X-ray crystallography. The crystallographic data for complex 1 are : monoclinic, P21/n, a = 18.09(1), b=21.73(2), c = 20.349(8) Å, β = 96.26(4)°, V = 7952(8) Å3, Z = 2, R = 0.055 and Rw = 0.058 for 5133 observed reflections [I &gt; 3σ(I)]. Complex 1 resides on a crystallographic inversion center, thus making only three of the six zirconium unique. The six zirconium ions are arranged in apices of an octahedron. Two axial Zr(IV) metal ions (Zr1, Zr1*) are joined with four equatorial Zr(IV) metal ions (Zr2, Zr2*, Zr3, Zr3*) by eight syn–syn bridging carboxylate groups, and both axial Zr(IV) ions have four triangle μ3-OH bridges through equatorial Zr(IV) metal ions. On the other hand, each equatorial Zr(IV) metal ion is connected with axial Zr(IV) metal ions by two bridging carboxylates and four triangle μ3-OH bridges. Besides these, each equatorial Zr(IV) metal ion is coordinated by one monodentate carboxylate and one methoxy group.
Novel S-Bridged CoIIIPdII Polynuclear Complexes Derived from [NiII{CoIII(aet)2(en)}2]Cl4 (aet = 2-Aminoethanethiolate). Crystal Structures of [Pd{Co(aet)2(en)}2]Cl4 and [PdCl2{Co(aet)2(en)}]Cl
Authors: Konno Takumi , Machida Takayuki , Okamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The reaction of an S-bridged CoIIINiIICoIII trinuclear complex, [Ni{Co(aet)2(en)}2]Cl4 (1), with Na2[PdCl4] in a ratio of 1 : 1 gave an S-bridged CoIIIPdIICoIII trinuclear complex, [Pd{Co(aet)2(en)}2]Cl4 (2), while the corresponding 1 : 2 reaction produced an S-bridged CoIIIPdII dinuclear complex, [PdCl2{Co(aet)2(en)}]Cl (3). The crystal structures of 2 and 3 were determined by X-ray crystallography: 2·6H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 14.951(2), b = 19.753(2), c = 12.926(2) Å, β = 113.33(1) °, V = 3505.4(9) Å3, Z = 4, and R = 0.034. 3·2H2O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 14.282(5), b = 8.497(2), c = 16.139(6) Å, β = 115.13(1) °, V = 1773(1) Å3, Z = 4, and R = 0.026. In 2 the PdII atom is coordinated by four S atoms from two C2-cis(S)-[Co(aet)2(en)]+ units, while the PdII atom in 3 is coordinated by two Cl atoms besides two S atoms from one octahedral C2-cis(S)-[Co(aet)2(en)]+ unit. 2 was readily converted to 3 by the reaction with Na2[PdCl4], while the conversion of 3 to 2 was achieved by reacting 3 with 1. 2 and 3 were optically resolved and their electronic absorption and CD spectral behavior is also reported.