bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early amniocentesis with the filtration technique: neonatal outcome in 123 singleton pregnancies
Authors: Farrán I. , Sánchez M. A. , Mediano C. , Plaja A. , Guzmán A. , de la Riva A. M. , Cabero L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate results of a prospective study of pregnancies in which early amniocentesis with the filtration technique was performed at 10–13 weeks' gestation (mean 12.3 weeks' gestation).Methods123 singleton pregnancies in which early amniocentesis with the modified filtration technique was performed at 10–13 weeks' gestation (mean 12.3 weeks' gestation). The amniotic fluid was aspirated into the syringe and reinjected through the filter.ResultsAll the procedures were performed successfully by a single needle insertion. Neither dry taps nor filtration failures occurred. The mean time of amniocentesis was 4.02 min (95% confidence interval, 3 min and 36 s to 4 min and 18 s). The karyotyping success rate was 99.2%. Temporary amniotic fluid leakage occurred in three women (2.4%). There were 110 (89.4%) live births. Two cases of stillbirth occurred at week 38 and week 40. Two unintended losses occurred within three weeks after sampling (1.62%). Another additional unintended fetal death was notified at the 20‐week screening ultrasonography. The total fetal‐loss rate was 10.6%. In one case, talipes equinovarus was detected at the 20‐week screening ultrasound study.ConclusionsFurther studies are needed to determine the risk of amniotic leakage and its relation to duration of the procedure in patients undergoing early amnifiltration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early second trimester (13 to 20 weeks) transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (TA‐CVS): a safe and alternative method for both high and low risk populations
Authors: Brambati Bruno , Tului Lucia , Camurri Lamberto , Guercilena Stefano 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess feasibility, effectiveness and risk of prenatal diagnosis by TA‐CVS at 13–14 and 15–20 weeks' gestation.MethodsCVS was performed transabdominally by free‐hand single needle insertion technique under continuous ultrasound visualization on 1844 pregnant women, aged 18 to 48, at 13 to 20 weeks' gestation, whose primary indication was chromosomal anomalies and single gene defects in 85% and 15% of cases, respectively Clinical follow‐up of women undergoing TA‐CVS at 13 to 20 weeks' was prospectively obtained; the population was split in two groups of 13–14 (series B) and 15–20 weeks' (series C) gestation. Statistical evaluation included a group of TA‐CVS cases performed at 11–12 weeks (series A).ResultsSampling was feasible in 98.2%, 99.1% and 95.8% of cases of series A, B and C, respectively. Sampling was successful in all cases of the three series and a second insertion was required in 1.5%, 1.3% and 0.9%, respectively. A trend towards lower fetal loss rate is apparent (1.02%, 0.86%, and 0.46 in series A, B, and C, respectively), although differences were not statistically significant. No post‐procedural complications were reported for series B and C, while spotting was present in 1.8% of cases for series A. Karyotyping was totally successful by short term culture and was also available by long term culture in 99% of cases for series A, B and C when the amount of chorionic tissue was more than 15 mg.ConclusionTA‐CVS appears highly effective and safe and might be offered as a valuable alternative to early as well as mid‐trimester amniocentesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for chromosomal anomalies in the first trimester: does repeat maternal serum screening improve detection rates?
Authors: Spencer Kevin , Cuckle Howard S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the within person biological variability of first trimester maternal serum biochemical markers of trisomy 21 across the 10–14 week gestational period. To evaluate whether repeat sampling and testing of free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A during this period would result in an improved detection rate.MethodsWomen presenting at the first trimester OSCAR clinic have blood collected prior to ultrasound dating and nuchal translucency measurement. All samples are analysed for free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A before an accurate estimate of gestation is available. In 10% of cases the gestation is prior to the minimum time for NT measurement (11 weeks) and these women are rebooked for a repeat visit to the clinic at the appropriate time. Our fetal database was interrogated to obtain cases in which two maternal blood samples had been collected and analysed in the 10–14 week period. Using data from the marker correlations and statistical modelling, the impact of repeat testing on detection rate for trisomy 21 at a fixed 5% false positive rate, was assessed.Results261 pairs of data were available for analysis collected over a 3 year period. The correlation between free β‐hCG in sample 1 and sample 2 was 0.890 and that for PAPP‐A was 0.827. The average within person biological variation for free β‐hCG was 21% and 32% for PAPP‐A. The increase in detection rate when using both sets of marker data was 3.5% when using serum biochemistry and maternal age, and 1.3% when using nuchal translucency, serum biochemistry and maternal age.ConclusionRepeat sampling and testing of maternal serum biochemical markers is unlikely to substantially improve first trimester screening performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed power generation versus grid extension: an assessment of solar photovoltaics for rural electrification in Northern Ghana
Authors: Nässén Jonas , Evertsson Josefine , Andersson Björn A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe competitiveness of distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation for rural electrification in northern Ghana is assessed and compared with the conventional option of extending the national grid and increasing the capacity for centralised power generation. A model is constructed to calculate the life‐cycle cost (LCC) of the two options and to test the sensitivity of different parameters. All calculations are based on information from the GEF/UNDP pilot region in the East Mamprusi District. In addition to the economic aspect, issues of quality and environmental effects are discussed. The LCC of distributed PV is lower than that of a grid extension for an electricity demand corresponding to solar home systems of 140 Wp or smaller. Thus, distributed PV is cost competitive for purposes of lighting, entertainment, information and basic public facilities, such as schools and hospitals. The LCC for the option of grid extension with central power generation is dominated by the cost of low‐voltage micro‐grids within the communities. Important factors are the density of households and the penetration (fraction of households electrified), as they affect the line length per connected household. The relatively low cost of regional medium‐voltage grids makes the geographical location of each community less important than expected. Battery replacement every fifth year makes up the major part of the LCC of solar home systems and is also responsible for the large energy input in the production of the systems. This could limit both future cost reductions of distributed PV and its potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress in the technique of upgrading metallic structures with advanced polymer composites
Authors: Hollaway L C , Cadei J 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe use of advanced polymer composite (APC) materials to upgrade and to rehabilitate metallic structures offers an attractive solution for short‐term retrofits and long‐term rehabilitation. The basic principles of plate bonding metallic structures are similar to those used for the plate bonding of reinforced concrete (RC) structural units, but metallic adherends pose a different and a more difficult set of problems from those for RC systems.This paper reviews the problems encountered in plate bonding onto metallic structures and discusses how these problems might be overcome. Initially, the paper investigates some of the in‐service problems associated with APC and metallic adherends and reviews their solutions. The weakest link in the bonded joint is the adhesive, and a review of the various solutions is included. Another potential area for concern is the durability of the APC and adhesive and a review of this area has been undertaken. The degradation of metallic structures has been covered in the literature, and consequently, this area is not covered. To date, few upgradings of metallic structures with APC plates, have been undertaken and generally these have not been published, therefore, a review of the practical applications of this technique to metallic structures is included, discussing some case histories.
Designing buildings for fire safety: a risk perspective
Authors: Bennetts I D , Thomas I R 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper considers the basis of current regulation for fire safety. It recognizes that regulation and design of buildings for fire safety are both really about managing the risks associated with fire events. A picture of the range of fire events and their effects is presented from the available statistical data. It is found that fatalities in fire are associated with factors other than the behaviour of the building structure. Fire, by its nature, is quite different from other ‘loads’ for which buildings are designed. The various measures used to manage the risks associated with fire are presented and the effectiveness of these measures are discussed. The effects of fires in buildings are complicated, and various methods of assessing the associated risk have been developed. These methods are based on a number of assumptions that are not always recognized. Acts of destruction are then considered in comparison with the ‘normal’ range of fire events and the characteristics associated with extreme acts such as the World Trade Center attack are considered. It is recognized that these events fall well outside those currently envisaged. Risk management of fire events and acts of destruction is considered. Current fire‐safety measures are aimed at mitigating the risks associated with common acts of destruction in the form of arson. However, in the case of extreme acts of destruction, the most cost‐effective way to manage the risk is to prevent the occurrence of such events.
Context‐based compression of binary images in parallel
Authors: Ageenko Eugene , Forsell Martti , Fränti Pasi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBinary images can be compressed efficiently using context‐based statistical modeling and arithmetic coding. However, this approach is fully sequential and therefore additional computing power from parallel computers cannot be utilized. We attack this problem and show how to implement the context‐based compression in parallel. Our approach is to segment the image into non‐overlapping blocks, which are compressed independently by the processors. We give two alternative solutions about how to construct, distribute and utilize the model in parallel, and study the effect on the compression performance and execution time. We show by experiments that the proposed approach achieves speedup that is proportional to the number of processors. The work efficiency exceeds 50% with any reasonable number of processors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of Early Brain Damage in Carotid Endarterectomy: Evaluation of S‐100B Serum Levels and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in a Pilot Study
Authors: Mussack Thomas , Biberthaler Peter , Geisenberger Thomas , Gippner‐Steppert Cornelia , Steckmeier Bernd , Mutschler Wolf , Jochum Marianne 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The release of the neuronal protein S‐100B into the circulation has been suggested as an early indication of cellular brain damage. The objective of this prospective pilot study was to determine S‐100B serum levels in patients undergoing cross‐clamping during carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and to correlate the results with the monitoring of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP)
and the neurological short‐term outcome. Arterial blood samples of 21
patients were drawn before oral intubation, cross‐clamping, and unclamping, as well as before extubation and 6 hours later. Recording of SSEP was obtained during carotid occlusion and reperfusion. If loss of SSEP appeared, cerebral ischemia was assumed and an intraluminal shunt was placed. During cross‐clamping, S‐100B serum levels of 14
patients increased significantly from 0.05 ng/ml to 0.21 ng/ml, but returned to baseline levels after unclamping. In 5 cases, loss of SSEP amplitudes occurred but was reversed by the shunt insertion. No significant differences of S‐100B serum values, neurological examination, and carotid duplex surveillance became obvious in this group when compared to the patients with undisturbed SSEP. However, 2
patients with complete disappearance of postcentral SSEP components suffered from neurological deficits in the postoperative period. S‐100B serum levels remained highly elevated 6 hours after extubation (0.78
ng/ml and 0.41 ng/ml) compared to the baseline values (0.15 ng/ml and
0.07 ng/ml). During CEA a transitory increase of the S‐100B serum levels appears to present an impairment of the blood–brain barrier integrity without any neurological deficits. In contrast, persistently elevated S‐100B serum levels seem to be associated with transient loss of SSEP and development of neurological deficits.
Spigelian Hernias: Repair and Outcome for 81 Patients
Authors: Larson David W. , Farley David R. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Spigelian hernia is a rare partial abdominal wall defect. The frequent lack of physical findings along with vague associated abdominal complaints makes the diagnosis elusive.
A retrospective review of Mayo Clinic patients was performed to find all patients who had undergone surgical repair of a Spigelian hernia from 1976 to 1997. Patients were scrutinized for presentation, work‐up,
therapy, and outcome. The goal of this study was to obtain long‐term outcome. The study was set in a tertiary referral center. There were 76
patients in whom 81 Spigelian hernias were repaired. Symptoms most commonly included an intermittent mass (n = 29), pain
(n = 20), pain with a mass (n = 22),
and bowel obstruction (n = 5). Five patients were asymptomatic. Preoperative imaging was performed in 21 patients and correctly diagnosed the hernia in 15. Spigelian hernias were repaired by primary suture closure (n = 75), mesh
(n = 5), and laparoscopic (n = 1)
techniques. Eight patients (10%) required emergent operations.
Thirteen hernias (17%) were found to be incarcerated at the time of the operation. Overall mean follow‐up for the 76 patients was 8 years,
with three hernia recurrences identified. Spigelian hernia is rare and requires a high index of suspicion given the lack of consistent symptoms and signs. An astute physician may couple a proper history and physical examination with preoperative imaging to secure the diagnosis.
Mesh and laparoscopic repairs are viable alternatives to the durable results of standard primary closure. Given the high rate of incarceration/strangulation, the diagnosis of Spigelian hernia is an indication for surgical repair.
History of the ISS/SIC: Robert Danis, a True General Surgeon
Authors: Kinnaert Paul 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Robert Danis created his Prize in 1947 to reward a surgeon‐member of the Société Internationale de Chirurgie (presently ISS‐SIC), "author of the most important and personal work in connection with surgical treatment of fractures."
Consequently, many people believe that Robert Danis was an orthopedic surgeon. In fact, he was a man interested in all fields of surgical activity, not only in bone and joint surgery.
Efficacy and Safety of Doxazosin for Perioperative Management of Patients with Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Prys‐Roberts Cedric , Farndon John R. 
Published: October 2002

Despite adverse side effects, phenoxybenzamine has been widely used for the preoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma. Doxazosin, a specific a 1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, has a pharmacologic profile more suited to controlling blood pressure in such patients. A sequential study of 35 patients with pheochromocytoma encompassed a definite and prescribed change in preoperative drug management from phenoxybenzamine to doxazosin. Hemodynamic, pharmacologic, and biochemical indicators of a‐ and b‐adrenoceptor blockade were measured before, during, and after anesthesia and surgery in 8 patients pretreated with phenoxybenzamine and 27 patients pretreated with doxazosin. Doxazosin (2–16 mg/day) was as effective as phenoxybenzamine in controlling arterial pressure and heart rate before and during surgery, but doxazosin caused fewer undesirable side effects both before and after surgery. Following phenoxybenzamine therapy substantial a 1‐adrenoceptor blockade, detected as a right shift of phenylephrine dose‐response curves, persisted for more than 2 days postoperatively, whereas after doxazosin it was undetectable on the first postoperative day. Doxazosin provided safe, efficacious pre‐ and perioperative control of arterial pressure. In patients with predominantly norepinephrine‐secreting tumors, pretreatment 24‐hour urinary norepinephrine excretion gave an indication of the daily doxazosin requirement.
Viral load of high‐risk human papillomavirus in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions
Authors: Sun C.A. , Liu J.F. , Wu D.M. , Nieh S. , Yu C.P. , Chu T.Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectives: This case‐control study was conducted to investigate the role of viral load of high‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in the development of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and invasive cancers. Methods: A total of 30 female cases who had histological evidence of low‐grade SIL (n=10) or high‐grade SIL and above (n=20) were identified as the case group at the Tri‐Service General Hospital, Taipei between September 1998 and March 1999. In addition, 80 female controls who had normal cervical cytology were enrolled and individually matched on age (±5 years) and date of recruitment to each case. Cervical swabs collected from study subjects were tested for the positivity and viral load of high‐risk HPVs by Hybrid Capture II assay. Additionally, subjects completed a risk factor questionnaire. Results: Among sex behavioral factors studied, younger age at first intercourse was associated with a significantly elevated risk of cervical SIL and invasive cancers. With respect to HPV infection, high‐risk HPV DNA was present in 70% (21/30) of case and 21% (17/80) of control subjects, resulting in an odds ratio (OR) of 6.6 [95% confidence interval (C.I.)=2.6–17.0]. Moreover, women who had a high viral load were at significantly greater risk for cervical SIL and invasive cancers than those who were infected with a low viral load (OR=18.0, 95% C.I.=3.0–108.5). Conclusions: Among the variables tested, infection with a high viral load of high‐risk HPVs is the strongest determinant for cervical SIL and cervical cancers in Taiwan.
Modularity, product variety, production volume, and component sourcing: theorizing beyond generic prescriptions
Authors: Salvador F , Forza C , Rungtusanatham M 
Published: October 2002

AbstractResearch in operations management suggests that firms can mitigate the negative impact of product variety on operational performance by deliberately pursuing modularity in the design of product family architectures. However, modularity is not a dichotomous property of a product, as different types of modularity can be embedded into a product family architecture. The present paper explores how manufacturing characteristics affect the appropriate type of modularity to be embedded into the product family architecture, and how the types of modularity relate to component sourcing. The study is based on a qualitative research design involving a multiple case study methodology to examine six product families belonging to six European companies. The themes derived through case analyses are synthesized in the form of empirical generalizations. Insights from these empirical generalizations are subsequently developed into two propositions explaining why and under what conditions these empirical generalizations might hold for a product family outside of the original sample. The theoretical results formalize, first of all, a type of modularity (i.e. combinatorial modularity) not currently described in literature. Second, the theoretical propositions suggest that when the desired level of product variety is low (high) relative to total production volume, component swapping modularity (combinatorial modularity) helps to maximize operational performance. Finally, the complexity of component families outsourced to suppliers and the geographical proximity of component family suppliers affect the extent to which the product variety–operational performance trade‐off can be mitigated through modularity.
Tensile properties of the physis vary with anatomic location, thickness, strain rate and age
Authors: Williams John L. , Do Pat D. , Eick J. David , Schmidt Thomas L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe variable outcome of physeal distraction has raised questions as to the mechanism by which bone lengthening is achieved. Is it by stretching of the matrix or does it stimulate growth? In order to explore the contribution of matrix stretching, we sought to answer the following questions in an animal model: (a) Are the tensile properties of the lateral side of the proximal tibial physis different from the medial? (b) Are the tensile properties strain‐rate dependent? (c) Does the growth plate fracture through any preferred zone in tension? (d) Are the tensile properties of the bovine growth plate a function of age? (e) Are thicker growth plates weaker in tension? (f) Are the tensile properties of the bovine growth plate comparable to those of a child's? We compared bone—cartilage—bone specimens (0.5 ± 2.5 mm2 in cross‐section) from the lateral, central and medial regions of the proximal tibial growth plates of 12‐ to 18‐month heifers. 70 specimens were tested to failure in tension at 0.0004, 0.004 and 0.04 mm/s. Tensile strength and tangent modulus were 33% and 25% greater, respectively, on the lateral side compared with the medial, and both were increased at the higher strain rates. We found no difference in the ultimate strains by region or strain rate. Thicker growth plates were weaker. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a three‐dimensional fracture pattern extending from the upper columnar into the reserve zone. Bundles of intact chondrons remained intact, but only on the metaphyseal side, having been torn from an interterritorial matrix which remained mostly on the epiphyseal side of the fracture. We compared 21 specimens of 12‐ to 18‐month and 19 specimens of 5‐month calves from similar regions of the proximal tibia. These were tested to failure in tension at 0.004 mm/s. The older bovine growth plate was 25% thinner, 34% stronger and failed at 65% greater strain. For comparison, we tested eight samples from the femoral capital growth plate of two cerebral palsy patients. These were twice as thick as our bovine samples and about half as strong, but with similar ultimate strain values. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.