bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subordination or Empowerment?
Authors: Keiser Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why have Blacks won political empowerment in some cities and in others remained subordinated or had their achievements rolled back? Why do some cities have many Black leaders with multi-racial appeal while other cities have none? Subordination or Empowerment answers these questions through detailed historical examinations of the Black struggle for political power in Chicago, Gary, Philadelphia, and Atlanta. Keiser argues that electoral competition among White factions has created opportunities for Black leaders to win genuine political empowerment and avoid subordination. When electoral competition among Whites does not exist, Black votes lose their electoral leverage, leading to the rise of extra-electoral strategies. Keiser’s dynamic theory of leadership formation explains the current appeal of Black separatism and messianism at the local and national levels and the consequent rise of leaders such as Louis Farakhan, and offers a rejoinder to Cornel West’s critique of Black leadership in Race Matters.
Power Over People
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most of us, life is spent in one vast electromagnetic field. In the office we sit in front of computer terminals, at home, in front of the television. We cook our meals in microwave ovens, trim our hedges with electric shears, illuminate our houses, workplaces, and streets with incandescent and fluorescent lighting. And until only recently, the potential hazards imposed by life in the shadows of high-voltage power lines have hardly been considered. First published in 1973, Power Over People was the first book to address the frightening potential side effects of our dependence on electrical energy. Now brought up to date with a new introduction, and including an epilogue that offers the most current studies and findings available today, this classic book is more timely than ever. Louise Young here lays bare the short-sighted, materialistic policies of the electric power industry, showing how power and the conglomerates that produce it have clearly won out over rights and safety concerns of people. She provides disturbing documentary evidence that demonstrates how long-term exposure to radiation from power lines can cause brain cancer, childhood leukemia, as well as damage to the nervous system. Through the course of the book we come to understand that what is often blindly accepted as “progress” can mean the inexorable advance of environmental destruction and the withering—rather than enhancing—of the quality of life in America. Based on a case-study of a small, rural community in Ohio, Young shows in compelling fashion what happens when a grass-roots group of concerned citizens resists the construction of the world's largest electrical transmission towers, literally in their own backyards. Her story of their ultimate failure becomes a stinging indictment of indifferent government agencies and the lax laws that fail to protect the environment. Lively, readable, and, at times, even shocking, this is a book for environmentally-minded and safety-conscious readers of the 1990s. Its wealth of information, its incisive analysis, and its bold confrontation of facts we can no longer afford to ignore make Power Over People a book everyone should read and reflect upon.
Progress Comes to Zilchville, U.S.A.
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two bulldozers from the Ohio Power Company rumbled slowly up the narrow lane to Aunt Kiz’s place very early on a summer morning. A thin haze obscured the newly risen sun and dimmed its light, as though nature had drawn a veil over the day. The mist lay like white clouds in the little valleys, softening the outlines of the fence rows and blending the colors of golden wheat field with green pasture and yellow drifts of sweet clover. In the stillness of the morning .the bawling of a bereaved cow mourning for her weaned calf could be heard, sad and insistent from far away.
A Fictive People
Authors: Zboray Ronald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores an important boundary between history and literature: the antebellum reading public for books written by Americans. Zboray describes how fiction took root in the United States and what literature contributed to the readers’ sense of themselves. He traces the rise of fiction as a social history centered on the book trade and chronicles the large societal changes shaping, circumscribing, and sometimes defining the limits of the antebellum reading public. A Fictive People explodes two notions that are commonplace in cultural histories of the nineteenth century: first, that the spread of literature was a simple force for the democratization of taste, and, second, that there was a body of nineteenth-century literature that reflected a “nation of readers.” Zboray shows that the output of the press was so diverse and the public so indiscriminate in what it would read that we must rethink these conclusions. The essential elements for the rise of publishing turn out not to be the usual suspects of rising literacy and increased schooling. Zboray turns our attention to the railroad as well as private letter writing to see the creation of a national taste for literature. He points out the ambiguous role of the nineteenth-century school in encouraging reading and convincingly demonstrates that we must look more deeply to see why the nation turned to literature. He uses such data as sales figures and library borrowing to reveal that women read as widely as men and that the regional breakdown of sales focused the power of print.
Using Coherence Assumptions to Discover the Underlying Causes of the Sensory Input
Authors: Hinton G E , Becker S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on a conference talk given by the first author. In order to make the ideas as intelligible as possible we have attempted to preserve the informal style of the talk. Some of the more technical details can be found in Hinton and Becker (1990), and the full details are given in Becker and Hinton (1989). During the last decade people have discovered new learning procedures for multi-foyer networks of simple neuron-like units. Using these new procedures they have succeeded in getting neural networks to solve much more complicated tasks than was previously possible.
The Congress and Defense Policy Since Vietnam
Authors: Blechman Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the summer and fall of 1987 the nation was treated to the spectacle of the U.S. Senate striving desperately to save itself from itself. Over a six-month period, against the determined efforts of a small band of Democratic and Republican senators, the majority of the Senate employed an extraordinary series of parliamentary and rhetorical maneuvers to avoid invoking the “war powers” it had been granted in a historic struggle with the executive branch only fourteen years before.
Arms Control
Authors: Blechman Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all its closer attention to weapon programs and military spending, the Congress's role in U.S. defense policy has changed most dramatically with respect to efforts to control arms. As Vietnam stimulated greater congressional activism in defense policy in the 1970s, the stalemate in nuclear negotiations at the start of the 1980s led to renewed congressional initiatives. The analogy is striking. In both cases, growing popular concerns about international events catalyzed grass-roots political movements that, in tum, induced the Congress to change executive branch policies. In both cases, the popular political pressures overwhelmed the bureaucracy's resistance.
Covert Operations
Authors: Blechman Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989 concluded one of the largest and most successful covert operations ever mounted by the United States. Costing more than $2 billion over eight years, the program to arm and train Afghani Mujaheddin achieved an objective that Congressman Charles Wilson (D.-Tex.) characterized as being “completely beyond the realm of anyone’s imagination” at its outset. The successful Afghan operation is a demonstration of cooperation between the executive and the legislature at their best. Not only was the Congress able to review and discuss the operation over a protracted period of time without any breach of security, but it was the Congress that took the initiative to expand the program’s ambition and scope.
Neurobiology of Memory: The Significance of Anomalous Findings
Authors: Bures Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neurobiology of learning and memory is a relatively young discipline with a vague status that lacks a unifying theory. Facts are accumulating at a rate that vastly exceeds our capability to explain them. Research strategies highly valued in physics find little application in neurobiology. The almost obsessive interest of physicists in anomalies, an attitude that has led to the discovery of planets, subatomic particles, big bang, and superconductivity, is not seen in neurobiology, where it is often difficult to distinguish an anomaly from the normal state of affairs, to recognize an anomalous phenomenon against the background variability of the process studied. Even when the oddity of a finding is obvious and proved beyond any doubt, it is easier to consider it an enigmatic exception than to seek an explanation requiring a fundamental revision of the accepted beliefs. I believe that our discipline is mature enough to face embarrassing facts and that the study of anomalies will not undermine the coherence of the field but open the way to more comprehensive cross-level synthesis of cellular, systemic, and behavioral investigations.
The Development of Learning and Memory in Aplysia
Authors: Carew Thomas J , Marcus Emilie A , Nolen Thomas G , Rankin Catharine H , Stopper Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few issues have captured the imagination of psychologists more than the fundamental question of how, over a lifetime, animals are able to acquire a vast amount of information, store it in their brains, and retrieve it in one form or another for use at a later time. The depth and complexity of this question are reflected in the many rich and diverse approaches psychologists and neurobiologists have taken in analyzing mechanisms of learning and memory. As exemplified by the contributors to this volume, these approaches range from the analysis of membrane currents and molecular events in individual neurons to the investigation of computational strategies in highly complex neural networks. A unifying theme underlying all these approaches is a fascination with the remarkable capacity of animals to learn and remember.
Functional Forms of Human Memory
Authors: Johnson Marcia K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several recent theories of memory can be classed as “functional subsystems” approaches. They share the ideas that human memory is composed of distinguishable subsystems that serve different behavioral and cognitive functions, operate according to different laws, and are represented by different neural structures or mechanisms. These subsystems may develop at different rates from infancy to adulthood, and they may be differentially susceptible to disruption from alcohol and other drugs, aging, disease, or injury (e.g., Cohen, 1984; Johnson, 1983; Squire, 1982; Tulving, 1983; Warrington & Weiskrantz, 1982).
A Network Model for Learned Spatial Representation in the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Authors: Andersen Richard A , Zipser David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anatomists and neurophysiologists who study the cerebral cortex generally believe that they are studying a hard-wired, genetically determined circuitry. It is usually assumed that it is only during brief “critical periods” that the cortex is amenable to changes dictated by exposure to the environment which fine tune its structure. However, recent evidence suggests that the cortex is very plastic and that this plasticity extends into adult life (see Merzenich, Recanzone, Jenkins, Allard, & Nudo, in press, for review). In the experiments described in this chapter, combined neurophysiological and computational approaches were used to investigate how the posterior parietal cortex of macaque monkeys represents the location of visual stimuli in craniotopic coordinates (Andersen & Zipser, 1988; Zipser & Andersen 1988). A computer-generated network model was designed to learn stimulus locations in craniotopic space based on eye and retinal position inputs that were modeled on similar signals derived from the recording data and are assumed to be inputs to the posterior parietal cortex. The units in the network that map from input to output were found to develop the same response properties as a large subset of cells found in area 7a of the posterior parietal cortex. These experiments suggest that the spatial representation found in area 7a is in fact learned by associating eye position with retinal inputs.
Cortical Localization of Working Memory
Authors: Goldman-Rakic Pa Tricia S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Working memory is the term applied by cognitive psychologists and theorists to the type of memory that is relevant only for a short period of time, usually on the scale of seconds. This criterion-relevant only transiently-distinguishes working memory from almost every other form of memory in which the contents are stable over time. Thus working memory can be distinguished easily from what has been termed reference memory (Olton, Becken, & Handelmann, 1979), declarative memory (Squire & Cohen, 1984), semantic memory (Tulving, 1972), procedural memory (Squire & Cohen, 1984), and habit (Mishkin, Malamut, & Bachevalier, 1984)-all of which have in common that their contents do not depend on current experience or where or when the information was learned.
Neural Networks and Networks of Neurons
Authors: Lynch Gary , Larson John , Muller Dominique , Granger Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neural network models hold the promise of serving as a bridge, or translator, between the more familiar worlds of physiology and behavior. Behavior emerges from the collective activities of brain cells linked together in spatiotemporal patterns, and those activities are the result of the anatomical and physiological properties of individual neurons. Unfortunately, even a reasonably complete description of cellular neurobiology does not necessarily lead to precise predictions about the types of interactions that might occur between neurons in a particular brain region-let alone predictions about the coherent spatiotemporal patterns that presumably underlie visible behavior. It is easy to understand why this should be the case. Temporal interactions between any large group of objects are inherently difficult subjects for analysis; one need go no further than classical physics (e.g., celestial and statistical mechanics) to see this. Moreover, the influences that brain cells have over each other are by no means simple (i.e., synaptic responses are complex) and are transmitted via complicated architectures with any number of specialized and often subtle design features. In all, the objects of interest (neurons) are of several types, possess a host of relevant characteristics, and sense and exert a variety of influences over convoluted networks.
The Structure and Relations of Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A basic thesis of this study proceeds from the assumption that the category class by itself is not sufficient for a proper grasp of the essential character of neopatriarchalism. We need a perspective from which we can at once glimpse the historical, developmental aspect of neopatriarchal society as well as its inner dynamics. According to Marx, the impulse to development is the maturation of humanity’s productive powers (forces of production). And when he speaks of development he has in mind a broad evolutionary process. This concept, while indispensable for accounting for social change over the long duration, over shoots the narrower spaces of single epochs and specific events that compose the broad movement of history. Only in this narrower context does the cultural specificity of particular societies come into view and lend itself to closer analysis. A narrower perspective also endows superstructural elements with explanatory value; social reality, when made more specifically determinate, appears in its full concreteness and complexity. Critical analysis has to accommodate itself to this narrower approach by addressing a wider range of sociopsychological phenomena and by borrowing from the language and categories of other disciplines.
The Sociohistorical Origins of Neopatriarchy
Authors: Sharabi Hisham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we ought to pause for a brief overview of the sociohistorical development of (neo)patriarchy. Central among the considerations we will raise is the question of feudalism, which, according to Samir Amin, is the kind of social formation that did not arise in the Arab world until the late nineteenth century, and then only as a result of European imperialism.1 Perhaps of equal importance is the problem of institutional-legal modernization under the Ottomans in the nineteenth century, which led to the transformation of property ownership and the formation of a big landlord class. Politically, the crucial development is that involving the new ideological consciousness centered on social and political change, as reflected in secular liberalism and Islamic reformism. The final topic deserving our attention is the emergence in a modern form of the petty sultanate-small nation-state as the dominant form of state power following national independence.
A History of the Supreme Court
Authors: Schwartz Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States Supreme Court is the least examined branch of the United States government. Yet it has been at the centre of the major controversies in American history and Chief Justices like John Marshall and Earl Warren have shaped the United States as dramatically as any president. In this single-volume narrative history, Bernard Schwartz brings to life the personalities and the controversies that have animated the highest court of the United States. Schwartz is one of the premier scholars of American Constitutional law, and with an ability to bring clarity to complex legal matters, he illuminates the cases that have changed the course of history. He sheds new light on the colourful personalities and the tense politics behind decisions like Dred Scott, Lochner, Brown vs. Board of Education, and Roe vs. Wade.
Aphasic Syndromes
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Webster’s Dictionary defines syndrome “a number of symptoms occurring together and characterizing a particular disease.” This definition indicates that a syndrome ties a number of phenomena together. The simplest way for symptoms to be tied together is for them to co-occur (the first feature of a syndrome in Webster’s definition). The second feature— that symptoms that co-occur constitute a disease—is more a complex matter. The notion of a disease suggests a common pathogenesis and/or etiology, and/or natural history, and/or response to intervention. Of these features of diseases, some, such as a common natural history and response to intervention, are similar to co-occurrence of symptoms in that they may be simply facts that are observed about symptoms. Others—a common pathogenesis or etiology—require a deeper understanding of a disease, which can only be discovered by studying the mechanisms whereby the disease exerts its effects. From this perspective, calling a set of symptoms a syndrome may be thought of as a step toward understanding pathogenesis and etiology.
Acquired Dyslexia
Authors: Coslett H Branch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders of reading are frequently encountered in patients with acquired cerebral lesions. Investigations in the past few decades have improved our understanding of these disorders. In this chapter, we review the peripheral dyslexias, including neglect dyslexia, attentional dyslexia, and pure alexia (or alexia without agraphia), as well as the “central” dyslexias, including deep, surface, and phonological dyslexia. Current accounts of acquired dyslexia are also discussed. Finally, we briefly describe the reading tasks that serve to differentiate the different reading disorders.
Neglect and Related Disorders
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Watson, Robert T , Valenstein Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilateral neglect is the failure to report, respond, or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented in a specific location, when this failure cannot be attributed to either sensory or motor defects (Heilman, 1979). Neglect may be spatial or personal. Hemispatial neglect may occur in three spatial reference frames: body centered, environmentally centered, and object centered. One may be inattentive to stimuli in space or on the person (attentional or sensory neglect). A person might fail to act in a portion of space, in a spatial direction, or to use a portion of one’s body (intentional or motor neglect). Many specific disorders have been described, distinguished by their presumed underlying mechanisms, the distribution of the abnormal behavior, and the means of eliciting the behavior. Different behavioral manifestations may occur at different times, and in some patients certain manifestations are never seen.
Feral Pigeons
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feral pigeons are among the most familiar and abundant birds in the world, urban creatures living in close association with humans yet possessing the characteristics of highly adapted wild birds. However, they are seldom studied, even though the domesticated pigeon has long been one of the major bird models for laboratory research. This definitive monograph focuses on the population, biology, and behavioral ecology of feral pigeons, including a thorough listing of primary references of U.S. and European scholarly literature. Professional and amateur ornithologists, pigeon breeders, and students will find this an invaluable and fascinating study of a species that has evolved from familiar breeds of domesticated birds.
Reproductive success and mortality
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Annual reproductive success (ARS) of an individual or pair of pigeons is the total of squabs successfully reared to fledging in the course of an annual reproductive bout. We know that ARS varies ontogenetically within individuals, annually within a colony, and geographically among colonies. Data are summarized for 11 localities in Table 18.1.
Insight and Delusions
Authors: Garety Phillipa A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delusion is a key concept in psychosis, representing the symptom that epitomizes madness. For Karl Jaspers, the German phenomenologist, whose writings have so influenced Anglo-American psychiatry, a delusion “constitutes a transformation of one’s total awareness of reality” (Jaspers, 1913/1959). Contemporary definitions of delusion reflect Jasper’s views-for example, the DSM-IV definition states: a false personal belief based upon incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly sustained despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not one ordinarily accepted by other members of the person’s culture or sub-culture. (APA, 1995, p. 783).