bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical Philosophy and Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Prinz Jesse J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There seems to be a methodological revolution taking place in philosophy. In some corners of the field, it’s business as usual, but in others, philosophers have become resolutely impure: integrating lessons from various branches of psychology (cognitive, developmental, social, and cross-cultural), neuroscience (cognitive, molecular, and clinical), evolutionary theory, experimental economics, and other “scientific” fields. The trend has been especially widespread in philosophy of mind and moral philosophy, but methodological perturbations can be felt in other areas as well. To use a trite metaphor, philosophers have been rolling up their sleeves and getting their hands dirty. The latest development in this trend takes this slogan even more seriously. Rather than just reporting scientific findings, philosophers are contributing to science by designing and conducting experiments. As with any revolution, it can be a bit hard to make sense of what’s happening while the battles are still taking place. In this chapter, I will attempt to describe and defend some of the methodological changes. I will distinguish two different approaches, which I will call experimental and empirical philosophy respectively. I will also argue that neither approach can function without some armchair methods, and neither collapses into psychology. The borders in this area are blurry, but even rough distinctions can help expose a methodological division of labor. Like many divisions of labor, the different methods I will discuss are best construed as components of a collective process rather than isolated intellectual fiefdoms.
The Creative Aspect of Language Use and Nonbiological Nativism
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, innateness has become closely associated with evolutionary psychology, but there are other logical possibilities. This chapter focuses on one particular component of the language faculty, which Chomsky calls the “creative aspect of language use” (CALU). I argue that the CALU is a distinct module of the mind, and that it is innate in humans. I go on to show that the biological paradigm adds nothing to our understanding of it. On the contrary, there is a striking lack of evidence that this part of the language faculty is neurally embodied, genetically encoded, or an evolved adaptation. It seems to be characterized by a kind of abductive reasoning that does not even fit within the computational theory of the mind. I conclude that this may be an instance of a sort of nativism that falls outside the purview of evolutionary psychology and would fit better within a different explanatory paradigm.
The Moral Mind How Five Sets of Innate Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules
Authors: Haidt Jonathan , Joseph Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morality is one of the few topics in academe endowed with its own protective spell. A biologist is not blinded by her biological nature to the workings of biology. An economist is not confused by his own economic activity when he tries to understand the workings of markets.1 But students of morality are often biased by their own moral commitments. Morality is so contested and so passionately valued that it is often difficult to set aside one’s humanity and study morality in a clinically detached way. One problem is that the psychological study of morality, like psychology itself (Redding, 2001), has been dominated by politically liberal researchers (who include us). The lack of moral and political diversity among researchers has led to an inappropriate narrowing of the moral domain to issues of harm/care and fairness/reciprocity/justice (Haidt and Graham, 2007). Morality in most cultures (and for social conservatives in Western cultures) is in fact much broader, including issues of in¬ group/loyalty, authority/respect, and purity/sanctity (Haidt and Graham, 2007, and in press).
How to Write a Scientific Paper
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that you’ve designed and carried out your experiment, you’ll need to convey your findings to others in the field. The most effective way of doing so is to write and publish a scientific paper in a widely read journal. The success you have in telling your colleagues about your results, and in making the case for their significance, depends largely on how well you convey your information. Most students have experience in writing papers, which are then “reviewed” (i.e., graded) by their teachers. These school assignments provide critical background for the task of “writing up” your experiments. Many of the skills you learn at this earlier stage of your education are important for communicating scientific data in a journal article. There are, however, some peculiarities of writing a scientific paper, particularly with respect to format.
Ethical Conduct of Research
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After years of neglect, there is now a growing awareness of, and focus on, ethical issues involved in research. There are increasing pressures to develop rules that regulate our conduct in the laboratory—that is, how we carry out our experiments, how we analyze our data, and how we report the results of our studies. Such rules and guidelines have become particularly important as the public distrust of research science has increased. These pressures come both from within the scientific community and from the non- scientific public. There are now departments within virtually every research institution that provide education and training on various aspects of responsible conduct of research (RCR).
Lumps and Bumps Kantian Faculty Psychology, Phrenology, and Twentieth-CenturyPsychiatric Classification
Authors: Radden Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Influenced by the great psychiatric classifiers of the past, Western twentieth century no so logical maps reveal a notable division among the severe conditions known as either disorders (DSM) or psychoses (ICD). The forms of dysfunction associated with mood or affect are separated from those associated with schizophrenia. We may suppose we understand why this is so. Yet many psychological concepts, we know, are a reflection of culture. And it is not only that other cultures mark aspects of the self, personality, disposition, and behavior in terms and categories distinguishable from ours and adhere to contrary mental health norms. In addition, the very broadest categories and divisions by which different mental disorders are classified are in other cultures and traditions radically different from ours, as a recent survey (1990) by Wig has illustrated. Based on an analysis of medical classifications in Asian, African, and Islamic traditions, Wig concludes of the current division of psychoses separating mood or affective disorder from schizophrenia that “such concepts do not find are cognitionin traditional Third World classifications” (195; my emphasis).
Women’s Estrus, Pair Bonding, and Extra-Pair Sex
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, we argued that women possess estrus, just as all (or nearly all) mammalian and, indeed, vertebrate females possess estrus. Estrous sexuality is marked by adaptation that functions to obtain from sires genetic bene0ts for offspring. Hence females should generally 0nd relatively 0t males more sexually attractive when fertile in their cycles. As the result of research accumulated just over the past decade, women’s fertile sexual interests, relative to their interests when infertile in their cycles, are understood perhaps better than those of any other vertebrate female. And the research to date points to a de0nite conclusion: When fertile, women are sexually attracted by purported (ancestral) markers of genetic 0tness in men. Women possess estrous sexuality, as we conceptualize it.
Board certification in Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors demystify the ABPP-CN board certification process and provide specific guidance, tips, recommendations, and direction for neuropsychologists ready to pursue the diplomate status through ABCN. The book complements existing educational information about board certification, including materials provided through AACN workshops and the AACN study guide.
Person, Polis, Planet
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume collects thirteen of David Schmidtzs essays on the question of what it takes to live a good life, given that we live in a social and natural world. Part One defends a non-maximizing conception of rational choice, explains how even ultimate goals can be rationally chosen, defends the rationality of concern and regard for others (even to the point of being willing to die for a cause), and explains why decision theory is necessarily incomplete as a tool for addressing such issues. Part Two uses the tools of analytic philosophy to explain what we can do to be deserving, what is wrong with the idea that we ought to do as much good as we can, why mutual aid is good, but why the welfare state does not work as a way of institutionalizing mutual aid, and why transferring wealth from those who need it less to those who need it more can be a bad idea even from a utilitarian perspective. Most ambitiously, Part Two offers an overarching, pluralistic moral theory that defines the nature and limits of our obligations to each other and to our individual selves. Part Three discusses the history and economic logic of alternative property institutions, both private and communal, and explains why economic logic is an indispensable tool in the field of environmental conflict resolution. In the final essay, Schmidtz brings the volume full circle by considering the nature and limits of our obligations to nonhuman species, and how the status of nonhuman species ought to enter into our deliberations about what sort of life is worth living.
How to Deserve
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People ought to get what they deserve. And what we deserve can depend on effort, on performance, or on excelling in competition, even when excellence is partly a function of our natural gifts. Or so most people believe. Philosophers sometimes say otherwise. At least since Karl Marx complained about capitalist society extracting surplus value from workers, thereby failing to give workers what they deserve, classical liberal philosophers have worried that to treat justice as a matter of what people deserve is to license interference with liberty.
Guarantees
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People have accidents. They get old. They eat too much. They have bad luck. And sooner or later, something will be fatal. It would be a better world if such things did not happen, but they do. There is no use arguing about it. What is worth arguing about is whether it makes for a better world when people have to pay for other people’s misfortunes and mistakes rather than (or as well as) their own.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids The stuff of genes
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cells are the basic building blocks of living organisms. For some, the cell is the living organism: bacteria or algae for example. For others, such as humans, the organism contains a great number of cells (many trillion in the human body) of many different sorts—about 200 unique cell types in humans.
Chemical communication
Authors: Cordes Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She sent for one of those squat, plump little cakes called “petite madeleines” which look as though they had been molded in the fluted valve of a scallop shell. And soon, mechanically, dispirited after a dreary day with prospect of a dreary morrow, I raised to my lips a spoonful of the tea in which I had soaked a morsel of the cake. No sooner had the warm liquid mixed with the crumbs touched my palate than a shiver ran through me and I stopped, intent upon the extraordinary thing that was happening to me. An exquisite pleasure had invaded my senses, something isolated, detached, with no suggestion of its origin. And at once the vicissitudes of life became indifferent to me, its disasters innocuous, its brevity illusory—this new sensation having had the effect, which love has, of filling me with a precious essence; or rather this essence was not in me, it was me. I had ceased to feel mediocre, contingent, mortal. Whence could it have come to me, this all-powerful joy? I sensed that it was connected with the taste of the tea and cake.
The Babinski Circle
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph Babinski’s personal relationships help to shed light on his character and personality. Family is the innermost circle, composed of his parents and brother, with whom he shared living space and meals throughout his life, beginning on boulevard Montparnasse, where the brothers were born, on rue Bonaparte, and finally on boulevard Haussmann, where all the family members successively passed away. A second circle was made up of a small number of close and intimate friends, carefully selected, all of whom were about the same age, and who were regular guests at Sunday luncheons.1 9is group included Henri Vaquez, Jean Darier, Pierre Bazy, Émile Picard, and Fernand Widal.2 Except for Picard, they were all physicians, but not neurologists, and of high social and cultural standing: physicians in chief in the Parisian hospital system, university professors, members of the national academies, and recipients of the Legion of Honor.
The Babinski Papers
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the encouragement of his friends and colleagues (and perhaps due to an innate shyness), Babinski never found the time to edit an exhaustive compilation of his work. No trace has been found of any personal archive that he may have kept. Reconstructing a complete list of Babinski’s medical papers thus has been an interesting but di4cult exercise. 9e major sources are found in two of his own reports and in the 1934 textbook, the Oeuvre scientifique, edited by his pupils. In addition, the authors have made an in-depth study of the scientific journals and the minutes of professional organizations in which he published or where his commentaries are recorded. 9e 1892 note on his scientific work was intended for his candidacy for the agrégation; it contained thirty-one references, mainly on histological and pathological anatomy subjects and a few related to hysteria.1 9e note of 1913, when he was a candidate for the Académie de médecine, was quite naturally more extensive.
Outline of the Clinical History
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clinical history reviews the pertinent present and past information about the patient’s health and the patient’s health-related values and beliefs. The physician elicits the clinical history by orderly questions, addressed to the patient or to an informant, and from review of previous medical records. The physician phrases the inquiries in specific ways to elicit the characteristics, sequence, and severity of present or past symptoms. The history includes previous illnesses and treatments and all other health-related information, including the family history. For children, the physician questions the mother about the gestation, birth, developmental milestones, behavior, and school performance.
The Past Clinical History and the Review of Systems
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definition: The past clinical history includes illnesses, injuries, hospitalizations, workups, and treatments prior to the onset of the present illness. The open, transitional question Upon completing the history of the present illness and summarizing it, the physician signals the switch to the past clinical history by an open question: “I understand about your health at present. Let’s see about your health in the past.
The Pregnancy and Developmental History (for Pediatric Patients)
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Threefold goals of the developmental history To disclose risk factors for the infant’s brain by reviewing the pedigree, pregnancy, perinatal events, and postnatal illnesses of the infant or child To disclose whether the infant or child’s psychomotor development matches or lags behind the normal timetable To disclose any parental worries or concerns about the infant’s development and to learn about the child-rearing practices and expectations of the parents Glossary of developmental stages (Table 10-1) Outline of the developmental history (Table 10-2) D. Setting for the pregnancy and developmental history 1. Insure privacy during this part of the history because you probe the mother’s reproductive and sexual past for risk factors that may have harmed the infant or child (Table 10-3).
Childhood Testing for Genetic Traits
Authors: Davis Dena S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Reimers are a couple in their thirties who live in Montreal. They have a six-year-old boy, Josh, and a four-year-old girl, Sarah. Rob and Miriam are struggling to recover from a major tragedy. Their third child, a little boy named Daniel, recently died at the age of two, from Tay-Sachs disease. Rob and Miriam had had no idea that they might be carriers and were stunned by Daniel’s diagnosis. Although Miriam had always been active in the Jewish community, Rob had grown up in a nonreligious, unaffiliated family, with a Jewish father and non-Jewish mother, and didn’t really think of himself as Jewish. Thus the Reimers had not paid much attention to the various public service announcements about the prevalence of Tay-Sachs disease in the Jewish community and the advantages of genetic testing.
Death and the Psychological Conception of Personal Identity
Authors: Fischer John Martin , Speak Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is frequently claimed in the literature on the metaphysics of death that human beings have asymmetric attitudes toward death and prenatal nonexistence. The claim is that we tend to consider the prospects of our future deaths as bad or unfortunate for us, whereas we do not regret the fact that we were born when we actually were born, rather than earlier. This is not to say that we would think of any future death as bad; if we are asked to consider that we might be in the end stages of a very painful, debilitating, and terminal disease, we might well look at death in such circumstances as a welcome relief. However, when it is assumed that life is still good, we tend to consider death (but not failure to be born earlier) a bad thing for the individual in question.
The Job of Justice
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inequalities come in many forms. Some people are poorer, less well educated, and live shorter and less healthy lives than others. Some have fewer rewarding life experiences, satisfy fewer of their personal preferences, have a limited array of valuable life options from which to choose, exercise little power and authority within political and economic arenas, and in numerous other possible ways can be counted as less fortunate than others. Some who fare worse than others, often in multiple respects, are members of groups who are socially situated within densely woven patterns of disadvantage. Are all of these inequalities injustices? Is the primary job of justice to prevent or redress all of these inequalities, only some, or perhaps none?
Discussions of justice within bioethics have concentrated on inequalities in health and access to health care, and on questions about how priorities should be set when resources are scarce. Are all inequalities in health and access to health care morally problematic? How important are moral concerns about setting priorities in health care and public health compared to inequalities in health and quality of life? How much inequality in health, if any, can a decent society tolerate? How, if at all, should the existence of other inequalities matter to our judgments about health care and public health?
Major Books of Raymond D. Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Raymond D. Adams: A Life of Mind and Muscle is a contribution to the history of neurology and the history of American medicine. Adams, one of the greats of neurology, advanced the fields of neurology, neuropathology, internal medicine, psychiatry, pediatrics, and psychology. Drawing on 50 interviews with Raymond D. Adams and on interviews with 50 other professionals and family members, this book documents his contributions to knowledge, his expansion of the realm of neurology, and his vast impact as an educator and author. Following an introductory chapter, “The Phenomenon of Raymond Adams,” the book deals chronologically with the phases of his life, education, and professional work. Another section of the book is arranged by disease categories and related topics, explaining his investigative work and ideas. There is a chapter of summation, analyzing the accomplishment and legacy of Dr. Adams. Numerous appendices include letters of correspondence, a letter of nomination, and extracts of interviews with other neurologists. These documents provide further insight into Adam’s personality and work patterns. This book convincingly demonstrates Dr. Adam’s seminal role in the completion of the 19th century task of clinicopathologic analysis of neurological diseases, the opening of the study of muscle pathology, the systematic study of cerebrovascular diseases, and emergence of the modern field of pediatric neurology, along with demonstrating the extent to which he educated generations of leaders in neurology and to which he guided neurologists everywhere with his great synthesis, Principles of Neurology.
Culture and Spirituality in Integrative Pediatrics
Authors: Reaney Judson B , Plotnikoff Gregory A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious and spiritual practices are the most common integrative therapies for health and healing. In contemporary North America, these are commonly misunderstood as personal or individual practices. However, spiritual beliefs and practices are embedded deeply into a culture. Indeed, they form an important part of one’s cultural framework. Thus, one cannot talk about spirituality without talking about culture and one cannot address culture without considering its spiritual determinants.
Essential Medicine: Self-Care for Pediatric Providers
Authors: Park Danna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have chosen me to watch over the life and health of your creatures. I am about to apply myself to the duties of my profession . . . Support me in this great work that it may benefit my fellow creatures . . . Inspire me with love for my occupation and for your creatures . . . Preserve my physical and spiritual strength that I may cheerfully be of help to rich and poor, good and bad, friend and foe alike.
A Pediatric Perspective on Naturopathic Medicine
Authors: Baral Matthew I , Weber Wendy , Mitchell Jessica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A licensed naturopathic physician receives a degree from an accredited 4-year naturopathic medical program. Licensed naturopathic physicians complete a minimum of 4100 hours of training in basic and clinical sciences. Naturopathic physicians are required to take two national board exams for licensure.
Integrative Pediatric Mental Health (Assessment and Treatment Using an Ecological Perspective)
Authors: Shannon Scott M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children are complex, constantly changing and have plastic brains of enormous potential. Remember that change and growth are the cornerstones of development. In all ecological models, any attempt to isolate and label individual pathology is less valuable then understanding the interdependent relationships that enhance or diminish the individual’s ability to sustain the well point of true health.