bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plan: The Instrument of Policy
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A plan is many things, depending upon how one looks at it. From the point of view of society as a whole, a plan is an instrument of policy, a means of facilitating a certain line of action. Thus the plan of an American city, or entire metropolitan area, or region, may be regarded as an instrument of socioeconomic policy for the production and exchange of goods and ideas. The plans of individual buildings of which the city, or suburban satellite center, is composed are likewise expressions of smaller, individual policies. From the standpoint of the architect or physical planner, however, a plan is a representation of a horizontal plane passed through a building, city, or community. In this sense, a plan is a solution for a given line of action. It inevitably reflects the designer’s concept of how—within thelimits given—a certain amount of space may be best organized for the specific operation to be housed. For the people who live or work in the completed building or city, a plan is something else again. It is the schema of a control mechanism that, to a large extent, determines how happily they live or how well they work together.
Toward Sustainability
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When first published in 1948, this book was predicated on the assumption that wise use of energy is basic to good design. However, energy conservation per se was then a minor consideration in the text. This remained true in the revision published in 1972, immediately preceding the energy crisis. That was a reflection of the times; with heating oil retailing at II cents per gallon, energy shortages seemed hypothetical at best. This situation is reversed today; the conservation of energy is a central concern for many serious architectural theoreticians, including such specialized groups as the green architects.
Biscuits Are Being Beaten Craig Claiborne and the Epistemology of the Kitchen Dominatrix
Authors: Witt Doris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Beaten Biscuit” appears in a volume of plantation school poems by the discreetly credited (Miss) Weeden. Introduced to the public by Joel Chandler Harris, Bandanna Ballads is “[dedicated to the memory of all the faithful mammies who ever sung southern babes to rest” (n. pag.). Like other works from this tradition, the poems hearken to a romanticized or, more accurately, fictionalized antebellum past, a period when “the old-time quality negro” (x), as Harris puts it, was “quaint and gentle . . . tender-hearted and devoted” (xi). The speaker is clearly intended to be a slave woman; the implied listener, probably her mistress.
Spelunking, Simulation, and Slime
Authors: Walton Kendall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Works of fiction induce in appreciators thoughts about people, situations and events; let’s say that they induce appreciators to imagine them. The imagined people, situations, and events are frequently ones that do not really exist or occur, but we can (as we do) speak of them as constituting a “fictional world,” the world of the novel or story or film.
Fetishism and Objectivity in Aesthetic Emotion
Authors: Sousa Ronald De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My problem starts, as do so many, with one of Plato ‘s mad ideas: the thought that we don ‘t really love the people that we think we love, but only something else, beauty itself, of which our lovers merely occasioned the recollection. Thus, progress in love consists in extending our love from the original individual to all those of the same type, and from there to the Type itself:
In addition, Plato taught that since art merely copies life, and life is already one step away from the ideal, art is worse than useless. But when he urged us to spurn the products of art as imperfect copies, was it their imperfection that most warranted contempt or their being copies? The question seems more urgent now that we have actually become capable of making copies to an arbitrary degree of perfection, and that we are able to envisage at least a theoretical possibility of copying persons too, whether by cloning or teleportation.
Physical Well-Being and Relaxation
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the many things you can do to enhance your performance, some have a greater impact than others, especially when you perform under pressure. Your whole lifestyle is an important factor in nurturing your ability to deal with pressure. Of the many factors that could limit your success in performance, one-rarely dealt with during your training for performance-is your physical well-being and your health. You want to be able to perform well under all circumstances, but if you are ill in any way, you will not perform well. At worst, you may not be able to perform at all.
The Art of Concentrating
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concentration could be deemed the “name of the game” of performance. Why? In order to apply your skills and experiences and expand your performance boundaries, you must concentrate. Proficiency at concentrating can be learned, and your present ability to concentrate can be improved upon. This is because concentration is a skill. You probably have some level of competency already and are probably somewhat able to change your focus in order to stay with the most important facets of your performance. But even if this is the case, your performances will benefit from heightened concentration skills.
Imagery in Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagination is a key to all learning and problem solving-and to your performance as well. Imaging is a magical skill. It allows you to think in a very creative way while enhancing your performance. Creative imagination has sparked some of the greatest minds in the world. Einstein arrived at his scientific conclusions about time and space by mentally projecting himself out among the planets, where he rode around on moonbeams! In large part, this ability to maintain a childlike attitude helped him to become a giant among intellectuals. In the same way, your ability to use your imagination in a childlike fashion can be a tremendous advantage for you as a performer.
The Coach’s Place in Singers’ Preperformance Work
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonsingers, even musicians who are not singers, are sometimes perplexed by the mere existence of a singer’s coach, not to mention the exact parameters of his or her occupation. A flutist doesn’t have a coach; a pianist doesn’t have a coach. (In both instances the teacher acts as a coach as well as a technical adviser.) Why must a singer have a coach in addition to a voice teacher? Even singers may often fail to recognize that only solo instrumentalists are required to play from memory. In a song recital, you are accompanied by a piano or a chamber group of instruments, each player using written music. In an opera or orchestra concert, you are accompanied by an orchestra whose members and whose conductor do not memorize but use written music.
Coactivators
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to Chapters 5 through 12, which described genetic defects involving trans-acting factors that directly bind to DNA and either activate or repress the transcription of target genes, this chapter will focus on disorders involving mutations in genes encoding coactivators, proteins that exert their effects on transcription strictly via protein-protein interactions (see Chapter 3). Coactivators function by establishing physical interactions between sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins and the transcription initiation complex containing Pol II and associated general transcription factors. In addition, many coactivators contain catalytic domains involved in the enzymatic modification of other regulatory proteins or chromatin. Both DNA-binding proteins and coactivators share in common the characteristic that they each regulate only a subset of the Pol II-transcribed sequences in the genome. Whereas the specificity of DNA binding proteins is based on the presence of high-affinity binding-site sequences in proximity to target genes, the specificity of coactivator function must be based in turn on the nature of the DNA-binding proteins that have assembled at regulatory sequences. Because multiple, relatively low-affinity interactions may be involved in determining coactivator interactions, the rules defining coactivator specificity may be more difficult to delineate than those determining DNA-binding activity.
The Role of Geography and Atmospheric CO2 in Long Term Climate Change: Results from Model Simulations for the Late Permian to the Present
Authors: Fawcett Peter J , Barron Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the geologically long timescale (tens to hundreds of millions of years) Earth’s climate has varied considerably from periods of extreme warmth to periods of major glaciations (the so-called “greenhouse” and “icehouse” climates of Fischer, (1982). These marked variations in climate have been attributed to a variety of factors including both terrestrial and extraterrestrial processes. Since the general acceptance of plate tectonic theory, changes in geography which encompass both continental positions and orography, or elevation, have been frequently cited as an important long term climate forcing factor (e.g., Crowell and Frakes, (1970); Donn and Shaw, (1977)). The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide is another frequently cited forcing factor, especially in view of today’s fossil fuel emissions and the global warming debate.
Reconstruction of Realistic Early Eocene Paleobathymetry and Ocean GCM Sensitivity to Specified Basin Configuration
Authors: Bice Karen L , Barron Eric J , Peterson William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oceanic circulation affects climate through the transport of heat, salt, and nutrients. Oceans are the second largest reservoir of carbon in the Earth’s system and ocean circulation is a primary control on the addition of carbon to significant portions of the one of the largest carbon reservoirs: Earth’s sedimentary deposits. The circulation of the oceans is controlled in part by the configuration of the ocean basins, including shelf morphology, seafloor topography, and the configuration of oceanic gateways. Considerable effort is being applied to the construction of atmosphere and ocean global general circulation models (GCMs), both coupled and uncoupled, which adequately incorporate the role of oceans in the climate system. Our attempts to use these models in the simulation of past climates are hindered by our ability to adequately reconstruct the boundary conditions to the modeled system.
Sensitivity of Phanerozoic Atmospheric CO2 to Paleogeographically Induced Changes in Land Temperature and Runoff
Authors: Berner Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a discussion of the role of tectonic boundary conditions in climate reconstruction, it is important to examine not only how changes in paleogeography directly affect climate (e.g., Fawcett and Barron, this volume, Chapter 2), but also how such changes indirectly affect climate via changes in the level of atmospheric CO2. Variations in the size and elevation of continents and migration of the continents through different climate zones will affect relief, land temperature, and river runoff which are major factors that control the rate of uptake of CO2 via rock weathering. By means of the atmospheric greenhouse effect, changes in atmospheric CO2 in turn affect land temperature and runoff.
Race and Historiography
Authors: Keita Maghan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There you have it. It may be unfair to dredge up Sir Hugh again, but his is the phrase that categorizes several generations of colonial and postcolonial historians, some of whom are writing still. It also epitomizes popular thought on the history or histories of Africa as well. As Sir Hugh has put it, there is no history of ‘‘black” Africa, and therefore no need to entertain even more specious ideas such as “Egypt in Africa,” or ‘‘.A..frica in Egypt” for that matter.
Behavior & Its Neural Control in Gastropod Molluscs
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past quarter century, there has been a tremendous expansion in our knowledge about gastropods, their behavior and their neurobiology. We can understand a great deal about mammaliam nervous systems by studying the relatively larger and simpler structure of the gastropod nervous system. Behavior and its Neural Control in Gastropod Molluscs first reviews the broader aspects of molluscan biology and draws attention to the special features of the gastropod nervous system. The book then examines different types of behavior, reviewing progress in understanding the mechanisms of neural control, and emphasizing cases in which control can be attributed to identified neurons and indentified neural circuits.
Sensory Systems
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behavior of every animal depends on its perception of the external world. In the case of gastropods, their world has no sounds and, in most cases, no sights. Gastropods do have eyes, but in only a few species are they used for object recognition. Thus, the distance perception of gastropods usually depends on olfaction, and their perception of near objects is dependent on a combination of chemoreception and mechanoreception. The present chapter contains descriptions of the major sense organs, the receptor cells types found within them, and associated sensory structures.
Reproduction
Authors: Chase Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The variation in gastropod reproductive behaviors is even greater than the variation in feeding behaviors. The internal reproductive structures are often amazingly complex, and in many cases they are sufficiently different among closely related species to constitute the main criteria for taxonomical distinctions. Some of the mating behaviors of gastropods are said to be “unusual” or even “bizarre,” but such descriptors, of course, reflect an anthropocentric point of view.
Diet and the Risk of Cancer
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancers that occur in different organs of the body and in different tissues are not one disease, but many different diseases. Although they share some features, they also exhibit differences. This complicates the epidemiologic picture since different cancers have different sets of causal factors, although some may be important for several cancers.
Cancers as a group are common, but cancer of a particular organ is much less so. Even the more frequent cancers, such as breast, colon, and prostate, are less common than cardiovascular disease. Thus statistical power is often a problem in prospective studies because it is difficult to find sufficient numbers of new cases of a particular cancer.
Until recently, cancer epidemiology relied mainly on retrospective case-control studies, which could identify large numbers of cancers at a specific site much more efficiently than prospective studies. But unfortunately, retrospective studies may not be so well suited to dietary epidemiology. The cases in a case-control study are those that already have cancer. These persons may well have altered their diet as a result of the disease and, further, may not be able to accurately recall what they ate before developing cancer. Nonetheless, given the focus of this book, it is worth mentioning a meta-analysis that combined a number of case-control studies in Italy (Tavani et al., 2000) and showed significantly increased risks in those eating more meat for cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, bladder, breast, uterus, and ovaries.
The Challenge of Nutritional Epidemiology
Authors: Fraser Gary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years of dietary research have shown that the disease experience and risk factor status of vegetarians often differ markedly from those of others. This almost invariably seems to be in the direction of lower risk. The question of which specific nutrients or foods, either used or avoided by vegetarians, affect the risk of chronic disease has been much more difficult to answer. It will be clear to the reader that despite decades of research, what is not known still far outweighs what is known with confidence. There are many “maybes” and “probables,” and rather fewer “almost certains.”
This situation must raise questions about the adequacy of the research methods being used to define the effects of particular foods or nutrients, and indeed the methodologic challenge is quite severe. Diet is a complex matter that involves choices among hundreds or even thousands of foods. These each contribute dozens of well-known nutrients/vitamins/minerals in different combinations, and this is aside from the large number of phytochemicals that, though often poorly defined chemically, may possess important biological activity.
Gender and Depression
Authors: Bromberger Joyce T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression is a ubiquitous term we use to refer to transient feelings of low mood or sadness that are occasional responses to the stresses of daily life. However, major depressive disorder, or clinical depression, is characterized by a persistent low mood or loss of interest or pleasure in one’s usual activities in conjunction with other symptoms, such as decreased energy, disturbances in sleep and appetite, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt. Such symptoms are persistent and cause significant distress and/or interference with one’s functioning (see Table 3-1 below for the primary criteria used to diagnose a major depressive episode.) Major depression is frequently a recurrent disorder1,2 and in 12%-20% of cases is a chronic one. 3,4 However, it is treatable in many cases. There is increasing evidence that “subclinical or subsyndromal” depression, which reflects a constellation of symptoms that may not meet the full criteria identified below but which persists, is associated with significant morbidity. This chapter is primarily concerned with clinical depression. Research that has been conducted on depressive symptoms and may have implications for clinical depression is also discussed.
Hormones in Women
Authors: Ryan Kathleen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many endocrine glands whose normal functioning is required for good health in women and men. However, the hormones secreted by the endocrine system to regulate reproduction in women, and the hormones and endocrine glands that make fertility, pregnancy, and lactation possible, are unique to women and at times contribute in a unique way to the physiology of health and (eventually) to the pathophysiology of or susceptibility to disease in women. This chapter will describe the basic mechanisms underlying the hormonal milieu in normal, healthy women to provide a foundation for considering the issues of women’s health.
Anatomic Influences on Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Diseases
Authors: Ness Roberta B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a common belief that women suffer adverse consequences from having sexually transmitted bacterial infections whereas men do not. Sexually transmitted pathogens are endemic in both men and women. It is estimated that in the United States, there are about two million cases of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and four million cases of Chlamydia trachomatis per year. These sexually transmitted pathogens primarily infect the cervices of women2-5 and the urethras of men. In both sexes, gonorrhea and chlamydia may then ascend into the organs inside the pelvis where they infect, induce inflammation, and damage the delicate structures involved in normal fertility. In women, this upper genital tract infection is termed pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and may involve the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and/or adjacent structures. In men, upper genital tract involvement is termed epididymo-orchitis for the typically dual involvement of epididymis and testes. Although men and women are both commonly infected with and develop cervicitis and urethritis from gonorrhea and chlamydia, women appear to be more likely to develop PID than men are likely to develop epididymo-orchitis. Women also appear to suffer more frequently than men from chronic pelvic pain and infertility after sexually transmitted infections.
Methodological and Definitional Issues in Shame Research
Authors: Andrews Bernice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tie measurement of shame cannot be discussed without consideration of the ways in which it has been defined or the purpose for which it is being measured. The shame measures on which this chapter focuses are those that have been used to assess the extent to which individuals are inclined to feel shame. The task has been to measure shame as a trait or a disposition that may be manifested in repeated reactions to particular events. Repetitive patterns of emotional response, whether caused by endogenous or situational processes, can become dysfunctional (Oatley & Jenkins, 1992), and the main purpose of using these measures has been to in vestigate associations between shame and psychopathology or other maladaptive cognitions and behavior (e.g., Allan, Gilbert, & Goss, 1994; Andrews, 1995, 1997; Andrews & Hunter, 1997; Cook, 1988; Gilbert, Pehl, & Allan, 1994; Harder, Cutler, & Rockart, 1992; Hoblitzelle, 1987; Tangney, Wagner, & Gramzow, 1992, 1992). Very often the aim has been to compare the relation of shame and guilt to psycho pathology. Investigations of dispositional shame have also included explorations of etiological factors (e.g., Andrews, 1995; 1997; Andrews & Hunter, 1997; Gilbert, Allan, & Goss, 1996; Hoglund & Nicholas, 1995), and cross-cultural differences Uohnson et al., 1987).
The Emotional Disorders of Shame
Authors: Tantam Digby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dick was a runner. He would set himself goals which shocked other runners, so demanding did they seem. He became something of a celebrity and even became an exemplar for others. He laughed about recreating a network of runners taking documents from place to place, and his friends took him seriously and pushed him into starting a business. It surprised him by being successful, and he felt increasingly resentful of the demands that it made of him. He felt obliged to these friends who had given him money to start it up, and he considered that, as he had played some sort of role all his life, he might as well carry on playing the role of businessman. But after a year of attending meetings, taking messages, issuing invoices, and occasionally running (he had, by now, taken on other people to do much of the actual running), he began to come in late and finally sold the business at much below its probable value, returning himself to live on welfare.