bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Founder effects and stochastic dispersal at the continental scale of the fungal pathogen of bananas Mycosphaerella fijiensis
Authors: Rivas Gonzalo‐Galileo , Zapater Marie‐Françoise , Abadie Catherine , Carlier Jean 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe worldwide destructive epidemic of the fungus Mycosphaerella fijiensis on banana started recently, spreading from South‐East Asia. The founder effects detected in the global population structure of M. fijiensis reflected rare migration events among continents through movements of infected plant material. The main objective of this work was to infer gene flow and dispersal processes of M. fijiensis at the continental scale from population structure analysis in recently invaded regions. Samples of isolates were collected from banana plantations in 13 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa. The isolates were analysed using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) and microsatellite molecular markers. The results indicate that a high level of genetic diversity was maintained at the plantation and the plant scales. The loci were at gametic equilibrium in most of the samples analysed, supporting the hypothesis of the existence of random‐mating populations of M. fijiensis, even at the plant scale. A low level of gene diversity was observed in some populations from the Africa and Latin America–Caribbean regions. Nearly half the populations analysed showed a significant deviation from mutation‐drift equilibrium with gene diversity excess. Finally, a high level of genetic differentiation was detected between populations from Africa (FST = 0.19) and from the Latin America–Caribbean region (FST = 0.30). These results show that founder effects accompanied the recent invasion of M. fijiensis in both regions, suggesting stochastic spread of the disease at the continental scale. This spread might be caused by either the limited dispersal of ascospores or by movements of infected plant material.
Medical Oophorectomy With and Without Estrogen Add‐Back Therapy in the Prevention of Migraine Headache
Authors: Martin Vincent , Wernke Suzanne , Mandell Karen , Zoma Willie , Bean Judy , Pinney Susan , Liu James , Ramadan Nabih , Rebar Robert 
Published: January 2004

Objectives.—To determine the preventive benefit of “medical oophorectomy” and transdermal estradiol in women with migraine.Background.—Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that declines in serum estrogen levels occurring during normal menstrual cycles can trigger headache in women with migraine. Prior to this study, no randomized controlled trials have evaluated whether minimizing these hormonal changes pharmacologically can prevent headache.Methods.—Twenty‐one women with regular menstrual cycles and a diagnosis of migraine headache were enrolled. After a 2.5‐month placebo run‐in phase, all patients received a subcutaneous goserelin implant (a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist) to induce a medical oophorectomy. One month later, while continuing goserelin, participants were randomized to receive a transdermal patch containing 100 μg of estradiol‐17β (gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/estradiol group, n  =  9) or a placebo patch (gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/placebo group, n  =  12) during a 2‐month treatment phase. The primary outcome measure was the headache index, which was defined as the mean of pain severity ratings (0 to 10 scale) recorded three times per day by daily diary. Secondary outcome measures included headache disability, headache severity, headache frequency, and the percentage of headaches with a pain severity rating of 7 or greater.Results.—The headache index was significantly lower during the treatment period in the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/estradiol group than in the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/placebo group (P  =  .025). Similar improvements were observed in the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/estradiol group for all secondary outcome measures with the exception of headache frequency, which was unchanged between the groups. Within the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/estradiol group, there was a 33.7% reduction (95% confidence interval, −64.4 to −3.0) in the headache index during the treatment phase when compared with the placebo run‐in phase; no difference was seen between those phases within the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist/placebo group.Conclusions.—Minimization of hormonal fluctuations with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist therapy alone is inadequate to prevent headache in women who are premenopausal with migraine. The addition of transdermal estradiol to existing gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist therapy provides a modest preventive benefit.
A Structural Representation of Migraine Diagnostic Criteria: The Experts' View
Authors: Nash Jane Gradwohl , Nash Justin M. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To generate an empirically derived structural representation of migraine diagnostic criteria in a group of international headache experts using the Pathfinder network scaling algorithm in order to evaluate the validity of the migraine criteria used in the International Headache Society (IHS) classification system.Background.—Because it is a disease entity that lacks objective defining markers, developing valid diagnostic criteria for migraine is a challenge. The IHS committee relied on expert consensus to develop their classification system in 1988. Expert consensus also was used to evaluate the validity of the IHS classification system, but further studies employing alternative methods still are needed.Methods.—Headache experts representing the Executive Committee of the IHS and the Board of Directors of the American Headache Society analyzed 14 criteria (7 IHS and 7 non‐IHS) considered relevant in diagnosing migraine. Their ratings were submitted to the Pathfinder algorithm to generate a network structure reflecting the experts' conceptualization of migraine diagnostic criteria.Results.—The expert network had 3 groupings: headache characteristics (eg, phonophobia, unilateral pain, throbbing pain), biological contributing factors (eg, family history, hormonal relationship, relief with sleep), and triggering factors (eg, worse with stress, food triggers). The IHS criteria were clustered together in the center portion of the network. A t test showed that each IHS criterion was closer conceptually to other IHS criteria than to non‐IHS criteria. Graph theory indices revealed that the most central criteria were unilateral pain, moderate/severe intensity, and nausea/vomiting.Conclusion.—The structural representation of migraine diagnostic criteria from these international headache experts is consistent with the migraine diagnostic criteria set forth in the IHS classification system and thus provides further support for the validity of migraine criteria in the IHS system.
Health Care Utilization in Patients With Migraine: Demographics and Patterns of Care in the Ambulatory Setting
Authors: Gibbs Trevor S. , Fleischer Alan B. , Feldman Steven R. , Sam Maria C. , O'Donovan Cormac A. 
Published: January 2004

Background.—Migraine affects people of all races and both sexes. Migraineurs suffer both financial losses and impaired quality of life. Recent progress in the treatment of migraine has not been made readily available to all who suffer the condition.Objective.—To assess outpatient health care delivery patterns for migraine sufferers in the United States.Methods.—National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data from 1990 to 1998 was used to assess the demographics of patients seen with a diagnosis of migraine, the types of physicians they saw, and the medications used to treat migraine.Results.—Women accounted for 79% of visits for migraines and whites for 91% of the visits. There was a dramatic increase in the number of migraine visits during the study period, from 9.4 visits per 1000 people in 1990 to 18 visits per 1000 in 1998. Primary care physicians saw the majority of patients (72.2%). Butalbital/aspirin/caffeine was the drug most commonly prescribed for migraine treatment, followed by acetaminophen/dichloralphenazone/isometheptene mucate, propranolol, and sumatriptan.Conclusion.—Perhaps in part due to newer treatment options, the number of visits for the treatment of migraine doubled over the study interval. Even so, most patients with migraine continue to be treated with older and presumably less effective medications.
Internet‐Based Treatment of Headache: Does Telephone Contact Add Anything?
Authors: Andersson Gerhard , Lundström Per , Ström Lars 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To study the contribution of therapist‐initiated telephone contact in the treatment of recurrent headache via the Internet.Background.—Internet‐based cognitive behavioral self‐help is a promising new venue for the treatment of recurrent headache. While cost‐effective, there are indications that this modality may be associated with high dropout rates.Design and Methods.—The role of therapist‐initiated contact was investigated in a randomized controlled trial in which 44 self‐recruited headache sufferers were randomized to either a Web‐based self‐help program with e‐mail support or to a group receiving, in addition, weekly individual telephone calls. An additional 8 control subjects were recruited to receive similar treatment outside of the study.Results.—Dropout rates were 29% in the telephone support group and 35% in the control group, suggesting that the telephone calls did not affect dropout. Results showed significant reductions in headache‐related disability, depression, maladaptive coping strategies, and perceived stress but little to indicate any superior performance in the Internet‐only group and little improvement in the headache index. In short, therapist‐initiated telephone calls did not influence the results.Conclusions.—Internet‐based treatment for headache is not affected by minimal therapist‐initiated telephone contact.
Migraine Headaches and Sleep Disturbances in Children
Authors: Miller V.A. , Palermo T.M. , Powers S.W. , Scher M.S. , Hershey A.D. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of sleep disturbances in children with migraine headaches and to describe individual differences in sleep behaviors based on headache features (eg, frequency, duration, intensity).Background.—A relationship between migraine headaches and sleep disturbances has been suggested in both children and adults, but there is a lack of research examining the relationship between specific headache features and the range of sleep behaviors in children.Methods.—One hundred eighteen children, aged 2 to 12 years (mean, 9.1; standard deviation, 2.3) were evaluated for headaches at two pediatric neurology departments. Parents completed the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and a standardized questionnaire regarding headache characteristics.Results.—Parents reported a high rate of sleep disturbances in children, including sleeping too little (42%), bruxism (29%), child co‐sleeping with parents (25%), and snoring (23%). Children with migraine headaches experienced more sleep disturbances compared to published healthy control norms. After controlling for child demographics, we found that the frequency and duration of migraine headaches predicted specific sleep disturbances, including sleep anxiety, parasomnias, and bedtime resistance.Conclusions.—Children with migraine headaches have a high prevalence of sleep disturbances. The direction of the relationship between headaches and sleep is unknown. Regardless, interventions targeting sleep habits may improve headache symptoms, and effective treatment of headaches in children may positively impact sleep.
Peripheral Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Chronic, Disabling Transformed Migraine
Authors: Popeney Charles A. , Aló Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2004

Background.—Up to 5% of the general population suffers from transformed migraine. This study analyzes clinical responses of transformed migraine to cervical peripheral nerve stimulation.Methods.—Headache frequency, severity, and disability (Migraine Disability Assessment [MIDAS] scores) were independently measured in an uncontrolled consecutive case series of 25 patients with transformed migraine implanted with C1 through C3 peripheral nerve stimulation. All patients met International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for episodic migraine, as well as suggested criteria for transformed migraine, and had been refractory to conventional treatment for at least 6 months. Responses to C1 through C3 peripheral nerve stimulation were recorded.Results.—Prior to stimulation, all patients experienced severe disability (grade IV on the MIDAS) with 75.56 headache days (average severity, 9.32; average MIDAS score, 121) over a 3‐month period.Following stimulation, 15 patients reported little or no disability (grade I), 1 reported mild disability (grade II), 4 reported moderate disability (grade III), and 5 continued with severe disability (grade IV), with 37.45 headache days (average severity, 5.72; average MIDAS score, 15). The average improvement in the MIDAS score was 88.7%, with all patients reporting their headaches well controlled after stimulation.Conclusions.—These results raise the possibility that C1 through C3 peripheral nerve stimulation can help improve transformed migraine symptoms and disability. A controlled study is required to confirm these results.
Nα‐Methylhistamine Safety and Efficacy in Migraine Prophylaxis: Phase I and Phase II Studies
Authors: Millán‐Guerrero Rebeca O. , Pineda‐Lucatero Alicia G. , Hernández‐Benjamín Trujillo , Tene Carlos E. , Pacheco Mauro F. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To study the therapeutic potential of the subcutaneous administration of Nα‐methylhistamine in migraine prophylaxis.Background.—The histamine catabolite, Nα‐methylhistamine, possesses a selective affinity for H3 receptors. We consequently considered it viable to conduct a clinical pharmacological study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this histaminergic H3 agonist in migraine prophylactic treatment, which specifically may inhibit the neurogenic edema response involved in migraine pathophysiology.Methods.—Phase I.—In a clinical trial of 30 healthy volunteers, the effects of the subcutaneous administration of Nα‐methylhistamine and placebo were studied to assess undesirable symptomatic effects. Phase II.—In a clinical open study, we evaluated the efficacy of Nα‐methylhistamine in reducing headache intensity, frequency, and duration; and in decreasing analgesic intake in 18 patients with migraine.Results.—Phase I.—None of the variables studied showed significant differences (P>.05), and no secondary effects were observed at doses below 10 ng. Phase II.—Nα‐methylhistamine, at doses of 1 to 3 ng, significantly reduced (P<.0001) the frequency, intensity, and duration of migraine attacks, as well as the need for rescue analgesics. However, at doses greater than 3 ng, patients experienced intense headache.Conclusions.—The present study provides evidence of the safety and efficacy of Nα‐methylhistamine applied subcutaneously at doses of 1 to 3 ng twice a week.
Efficacy of Sumatriptan Nasal Spray in Recurrent Migrainous Headache: An Open Prospective Study
Authors: Carpay J. A. , Linssen W. H. J. P. , Koehler P. J. J. , Arends L. R. , Tiedink H. G. M. 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To evaluate the effectiveness of sumatriptan 20 mg via nasal spray and 100‐mg tablets in treating migrainous headache in patients without a concomitant migraine diagnosis.Methods.—We prospectively investigated the efficacy of sumatriptan 20 mg via nasal spray and 100‐mg tablets in patients with a history of at least 5 moderate to severe headache attacks lasting 2 to 72 hours that consistently did not meet the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for migraine or episodic tension‐type headache.Results.—Nineteen headache attacks classifiable as migrainous disorder without aura (IHS 1.7) were evaluated in 13 patients using 20‐mg sumatriptan nasal spray within a 10‐week period. A 2‐point decrease in headache severity on a four‐point scale was achieved in 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50% to 89%) of the attacks within 2 hours. The pain‐free incidence (a reduction in headache severity from moderate or severe to none) was 37% (95% CI, 17% to 63%) after 2 hours. Ten patients completed the second part of the study, taking oral sumatriptan for 14 migrainous attacks: a 2‐point decrease in headache severity was achieved in 38% (95% CI, 13% to 71%) of the attacks within 2 hours and in 77% (95% CI, 48% to 92%) within 4 hours.Conclusion.—This is the first prospective study to show that intranasal or oral sumatriptan may be effective in patients experiencing moderate to severe headache attacks which consistently do not fulfill the IHS criteria for migraine or episodic tension‐type headache.
Chiari‐Associated Exertional, Cough, and Sneeze Headache Responsive to Medical Therapy
Authors: Buzzi M. Gabriella , Formisano Rita , Colonnese Claudio , Pierelli Francesco 
Published: January 2004

Benign exertional headache is coded as a separate entity within the International Headache Society's classification system, but the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this clinical headache subtype are unknown and possibly are similar to those generating migraine.Coexistence of migraine and benign exertional headache in the same patient is not unusual, and antimigraine pharmacologic treatments are often effective in both headache types. Regardless, optimal management mandates that the clinician exclude any intracranial or systemic disease that could mimic “primary” exertional headache. The same holds for primary headaches induced by coughing or sneezing; congenital malformations or neoplasms, particularly within the posterior fossa, are not rare in these patients. The neurologic examination may not be sufficiently sensitive to detect the offending lesion.We describe a patient with migraine without aura and exertional secondary headache due to Chiari malformation type I whose headaches responded to treatment with propranolol and indomethacin.
Sumatriptan in Migraine With Unilateral Cranial Autonomic Symptoms: An Open Study
Authors: Barbanti Piero , Fabbrini Giovanni , Vanacore Nicola , Pesare Marina , Buzzi Maria Gabriella 
Published: January 2004

Objective.—To investigate the response to sumatriptan in migraineurs with unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms such as lacrimation, eye redness, eyelid edema, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea.Background.—Given the potential large‐scale recruitment of peripheral neurovascular 5‐HT1B/1D receptors consequent to the activation of the trigeminal autonomic reflex in such patients, the presence of unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms may predict a positive response to sumatriptan.Methods.—Seventy‐two consecutive migraineurs with unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms were given sumatriptan 50‐mg tablets to treat 1 migraine attack and were asked to record their clinical response to the drug at different time points. End points were pain‐relief and pain‐free response at 1 and 2 hours.Results.—Pain relief was reported by 47 patients (65.3%) at 1 hour and by 59 (81.9%) at 2 hours. Pain‐free response was reported by 22 patients (30.6%) at 1 hour and by 44 (61.1%) at 2 hours. Responsiveness to sumatriptan did not correlate with the type or number of unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms, demographic characteristics, prophylactic treatments, use of contraceptives, or concomitant tension‐type headache.Conclusions.—Migraineurs with unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms seem to respond to sumatriptan better than other migraineurs. The presence of unilateral cranial autonomic symptoms may predict a positive response to the triptans.
Nuclear factor‐kappaB as a molecular target for migraine therapy.
Authors: Reuter U , Chiarugi A , Bolay H , Moskowitz MA 
Published: January 2004

Ann Neurol. 2002;51:507‐516.Nitric oxide (NO) generated from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) participates in immune and inflammatory responses in many tissues. The NO donor glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) provokes delayed migraine attacks when infused into migraineurs and also causes iNOS expression and delayed inflammation within rodent dura mater. Sodium nitroprusside, an NO donor as well, also increases iNOS expression. Because inflammation and iNOS are potential therapeutic targets, we examined transcriptional regulation of iNOS following GTN infusion and the consequences of its inhibition within dura mater. We show that intravenous GTN increases NO production within macrophages. L‐N(6)‐(1‐iminoethyl)lysine, a selective iNOS inhibitor, attenuates the NO signal, emphasizing the importance of enzymatic activity to delayed NO production. iNOS expression is preceded by significant nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐kappaB) activity, as reflected by a reduction in the inhibitory protein‐kappa‐Balpha (IkappaBalpha) and activation of NF‐kappaB after GTN infusion. IkappaBalpha degradation, NF‐kappaB activation, and iNOS expression were attenuated by parthenolide (3mg/kg), the active constituent of feverfew, an anti‐inflammatory drug used for migraine treatment. These findings suggest that GTN promotes NF‐kappaB activity and inflammation with a time course consistent with migraine attacks in susceptible individuals. We conclude, based on results with this animal model, that blockade of NF‐kappaB activity provides a novel transcriptional target for the development of anti‐migraine drugs. Comment: This paper suggesting the localization of NO production in dural macrophages as part of delayed inflammation may indicate proliferation and or recruitment of these cells in migraine. Could this also be a target for drug treatment? Specifically, is the genetic transcription that leads to nitric oxide generation such a target? To amend slightly the old advertising slogan, “when Michael Moskowitz talks, we all listen.” DSM and SJT
Drug overuse and rebound headache.
Authors: Silberstein SD , Liu D 
Published: January 2004

Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2002;6:240‐247.The overuse of acute medications in patients who are headache‐prone poses a great challenge to headache management. Medication overuse‐induced headache represents one of the most common iatrogenic disorders. It is the reason that most patients visit headache subspecialty clinics worldwide and often is the cause of an intractable or worsening headache in primary headache sufferers. The recent development of acute headache medications, especially the triptans, has provided increased migraine relief; however, the incidence of triptan‐overuse headache has also increased. Awareness of medication overuse‐induced headache and familiarity with the diagnosis and the treatment of this disorder are important to physicians who treat patients with headache. Comment: Medication overuse headache is the bugaboo of most neurologists and headache specialists, and this review is by a master of that topic who provides clinical guidance for the condition's recognition and treatment. SJT I would agree with Dr. Tepper. We need to scrutinize closely this group of patients to avoid replacing the “ergot abusers” of the past with the triptan overusers. Diener et al has proposed that patients should restrict triptan use to <12 attacks per month. DSM