bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bamboo Inspired Silicon Anodes with Ultrahigh Initial Coulombic Efficiency and High Capacity for the Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ma Wencan , Wu Haomin , Long Teng , Cai Yifeng , Yu Zhiao , Liu Caixia , Fang Guigan , Zhang Qiuhong , Jia Xudong 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSilicon is regarded as the most promising candidate due to its ultrahigh theoretical energy density (4200 mAh g−1). However, the large volume expansion of silicon nanoparticles would result in the destruction of electrodes and a shortened cycle lifetime. Here, inspired by the natural structure of bamboo, the silicon anode with vascular bundle‐like structure is proposed to improve the electrochemical performance for the first time. The dense channel wall in the silicon anode can accommodate the volume change of silicon nanoparticles and the transport of ions and electrons is also enhanced. The obtained silicon anodes display excellent mechanical properties (50% compression resilience and the average peel force of 4.34 N) and good wettability. What more, the silicon anodes exhibit high initial coulombic efficiency (94.5%), excellent cycle stability (2100 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles) which stands out among the silicon anodes. Specially, the silicon anode with impressive areal capacity of 36.36 mAh cm−2 and initial coulombic efficiency of 84% is also achieved. This work offers a novel and efficient strategy for the preparation of the flexible electrodes with outstanding performance.
Extending Cycling Life Beyond 300 000 Cycles in Aqueous Zinc Ion Capacitors Through Additive Interface Engineering
Authors: Shi Wenchao , Song Zhenjun , Sun Weiyi , Liu Yu , Jiang Yalong , Li Qi , An Qinyou 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDeveloping low‐cost and long‐cycling‐life aqueous zinc (Zn) ion capacitors (AZICs) for large‐scale electrochemical energy storage still faces the challenges of dendritic Zn deposition and interfacial side reactions. Here, an interface engineering strategy utilizing a dibenzenesulfonimide (BBI) additive is employed to enhance the stability of the Zn metal anode/electrolyte interface. The first‐principles calculation results demonstrate that BBI anions can be chemically adsorbed on Zn metal. Meanwhile, the experimental results confirm that the BBI‐Zn interfacial layer converts the original water‐richelectric double layer (EDL) into a water‐poor EDL, effectively inhibiting the water related parasitic reaction at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In addition, the BBI‐Zn interfacial layer introduces an additional Zn ions (Zn2+) migration energy barrier, increasing the Zn2+ de‐solvation activation energy, consequently raising the Zn2+ nucleation overpotential, and thus achieving the compact and uniform Zn deposition behavior. Furthermore, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer derived from the BBI‐Zn interfacial layer during cycling can further maintain the interfacial stability of the Zn anode. Owing to the above favorable features, the assembled AZIC exhibits an ultra‐long cycling life of over 300 000 cycles based on the additive engineering strategy, which shows application prospects in high‐performance AZICs.
Kilogram‐Scale Synthesis of Extremely Small Gadolinium Oxide Nanoparticles as a T1‐Weighted Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Wu Lihe , Lu Xuanyi , Lu Yudie , Shi Meng , Guo Shuai , Feng Jie , Yang Sugeun , Xiong Wei , Xu Yikai , Yan Chenggong , Shen Zheyu 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging contrast agents are frequently used in clinics to enhance the contrast between diseased and normal tissues. The previously reported poly(acrylic acid) stabilized exceedingly small gadolinium oxide nanoparticles (ES‐GdON‐PAA) overcame the problems of commercial Gd chelates, but limitations still exist, i.e., high r2/r1 ratio, long blood circulation half‐life, and no data for large scale synthesis and formulation optimization. In this study, polymaleic acid (PMA) is found to be an ideal stabilizer to synthesize ES‐GdONs. Compared with ES‐GdON‐PAA, the PMA‐stabilized ES‐GdON (ES‐GdON‐PMA) has a lower r2/r1 ratio (2.05, 7.0 T) and a lower blood circulation half‐life (37.51 min). The optimized ES‐GdON‐PMA‐9 has an exceedingly small particle size (2.1 nm), excellent water dispersibility, and stability. A facile, efficient, and environmental friendly synthetic method is developed for large‐scale synthesis of the ES‐GdONs‐PMA. The weight of the optimized freeze–dried ES‐GdON‐PMA‐26 synthesized in a 20 L of reactor reaches the kilogram level. The formulation optimization is also finished, and the concentrated ES‐GdON‐PMA‐26 formulation (CGd = 100 mm) after high‐pressure steam sterilization possesses eligible physicochemical properties (i.e., pH value, osmolality, viscosity, and density) for investigational new drug application.
Body composition parameters predict survival in pancreatic cancer—A retrospective multicenter analysis
Authors: Damm Marko , Efremov Ljupcho , Jalal Mustafa , Nadeem Nabeegh , Dober Johannes , Michl Patrick , Wohlgemuth Walter A. , Wadsley Jonathan , Hopper Andrew D. , Krug Sebastian , Rosendahl Jonas 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundParameters to adapt individual treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are urgently needed. The present study aimed to evaluate body composition parameters as predictors of overall survival (OS) in PDAC patients.MethodsMeasurements of body composition parameters were performed on computed tomography scans at diagnosis. Height‐standardized and Body Mass Index‐ and sex‐adjusted regression formulas deriving cut‐offs from a healthy population were used. The Kaplan‐Meier method with the log‐rank test was performed for survival analysis. Independent prognostic factors were identified with uni‐ and multivariable Cox regression analyses.ResultsIn total, 354 patients were analyzed. In a multivariable Cox model, besides tumor stage and resection status, only myosteatosis (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.10–2.14, p = 0.01) was an independent prognostic factor of OS among body composition parameters. Subgroup analyses revealed that the prognostic impact of myosteatosis was higher in patients ≤68 years of age, with advanced tumor stages and patients without curative intended resection.ConclusionsThe analysis of one of the largest Caucasian cohorts to date, demonstrated myosteatosis to be an independent prognostic factor of OS in PDAC. To improve outcomes, prospective trials aiming to investigate the utility of an early assessment of myosteatosis with subsequent intervention by dieticians, sports medicine physicians, and physiotherapists are warranted.
Substrate dependent cracking behavior of CrAlN coatings
Authors: Bobzin Kirsten , Kalscheuer Christian , Tayyab Muhammad 
Published: November 2023

SummaryThe present study investigated the effect of substrate deformation behavior on crack resistance of CrAlN coatings under quasi‐static and cyclic loads using nanoindentation. (Cr47Al53)N coatings were deposited on cemented carbide WC‐Co and high‐speed steel HS652C substrates through physical vapor deposition (PVD) und characterized. In order to study the coating cracking behavior, the coated substrates were subjected to quasi‐static nanoindentations with indentation force Fmax = 1 N, Fmax = 1.5 N and Fmax = 2 N. Moreover, the crack resistance under cyclic loading with frequency f = 0.16 Hz was analyzed at F = 1 N and F = 1.5 N after n = 900 cycles. A conical diamond indenter was used for the tests. At the end, the indentation imprints were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The substrate dependency was apparent in cracking behavior of the coating. Albeit the lower indentation depth compared to the variant with HS6‐5‐2C substrate, the CrAlN coating on WC‐Co substrate showed surface cracks under quasi‐static and cyclic loading. These cracks on the coated surface were absent in the variant with HS6‐5‐2C substrate. This could be related to higher resistance of cemented carbide substrates against plastic deformation, prompting earlier crack initiation in CrAlN coating for effective energy dissipation during indentation.
Unequal trust: Bottled water consumption, distrust in tap water, and economic and racial inequality in the United States
Authors: Jaffee Daniel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractReviewing public health, nutrition, and social science literature, this article examines how bottled water consumption and spending in the United States differ along lines of race, ethnicity, and income, how these consumption patterns have changed in recent years, and how those shifts map onto perceptions of the safety and trustworthiness of tap water supplies, both before and since the Flint water disaster. It also addresses the differential impact of bottled water spending on household income. The findings challenge the truism that bottled water consumption is positively correlated with income, instead showing a bimodal racial and class consumption pattern that reflects widely divergent perceptions—and the uneven distribution—of threats to tap water safety. Bottled water consumption and spending, as well as distrust of tap water, are highest among low‐income, Black, and Latino/a households, exacerbating social inequality. The article also addresses how the bottled water industry is responding to these dynamics, and considers potential routes to restoring both public water infrastructure and trust in tap water supplies. This contribution links several current and salient topics: the relationship between bottled water's growth and tap water consumption; the dynamics of growing racial and income inequality; historical legacies of systemic racism and economic marginalization; and the uneven effects of disinvestment in US water infrastructure on tap water safety, access, and affordability.This article is categorized under:
Human Water > Human Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Human Water > Rights to Water
Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Influence of orientation of fibres on surface wave in fibre‐induced anisotropic elastic medium
Authors: Sharma M. D. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAn isotropic elastic solid reinforced with a family of parallel fibres behaves anisotropic to any deformation. With orientation of all fibres along a coordinate axis in rectangular Cartesian system, this anisotropy reduces to transverse isotropy. Else with arbitrary orientation of fibre‐family, induced anisotropy lacks any symmetry. In this composite medium with arbitrary anisotropy, three‐dimensional wave motion decaying with depth propagates as a surface wave along all directions on plane boundary. Real phase velocity for this surface wave lies implicit in a system of three equations with complex coefficients. An appropriate transformation of this system yields a real characteristic equation, which is solved to get the anisotropic phase velocity of generalised surface wave. This phase velocity defines a complex slowness vector, which is used to calculate the particle motion at any point in the medium. Effects of fibre‐orientation are analysed, numerically, on the phase velocity and polarisation of surface wave. For example, in the reinforced fibres alters the contours of particle motion through increased ellipticity. However, in the presence of fibres, the decay of particle motion with depth slows down.
Introduction
Authors: Hirsch Dennis , Bartley Timothy , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Norris Davon , Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Turner Piers Norris 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBusiness use of artificial intelligence (AI) can produce tremendous insights and benefits.
But it can also invade privacy, perpetuate bias, and produce other harms that injure
people and damage business reputation. To succeed in today’s economy, companies need
to implement AI in a responsible and ethical way. The question is: How to do this? This
book points the way. The authors interviewed and surveyed AI ethics managers at leading
companies. They asked why these experts see AI ethics as important, and how they seek
to achieve it. This book conveys the results of that research on a concise, accessible way
that readers should be able to apply to their own organizations. Much of the existing
writing on AI ethics focuses either on macro-level AI ethics principles, or on micro-level
product design and tooling. The interviews showed that companies need a third
component: data and AI ethics management. This third component consists of the management
structures, processes, training and substantive benchmarks that companies use to
operationalize their high-level data and AI ethics principles and to guide and hold accountable
their developers. AI ethics management is the connective tissue that makes AI ethics
principles real. It is the focus of this book.
Risks: From Privacy and Manipulation to Bias and Displacement
Authors: Hirsch Dennis , Bartley Timothy , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Norris Davon , Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Turner Piers Norris 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter leverages findings from both our semi-structured interviews and original survey to discuss the types of risks central to how data ethics managers and their advisors think about advanced analytics and AI. Both survey respondents and interview participants highlighted a broad range of concerns raised by their use of advanced analytics ranging from invasion of privacy and manipulation to bias against protected classes and concerns about power imbalances. While the risks were wide ranging, some risks received more attention than others. Respondents were far more focused on privacy, bias, errors and problems of opacity than on concerns of manipulation or the negative effects technology can have on displacing labor. Understanding the variation in the types of concerns and the unevenness in attention to different risks is critical as such variation likely lends itself to differences in the types of processes and structures organizations develop to manage those risks.
Motivations—Why Do Companies Pursue Data Ethics?
Authors: Hirsch Dennis , Bartley Timothy , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Norris Davon , Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Turner Piers Norris 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the reasons that companies go beyond compliance to engage in data ethics management. Our research suggests that a range of different pressures and incentives may encourage companies to adopt data ethics policies. These include issues of corporate and industry reputation (particularly in the wake of scandals), emerging or looming regulation (in both the U.S. and other jurisdictions, especially the EU), demand from employees, and strategic interests in improving decision-making and gaining competitive advantages. Delving into reputational dynamics, the chapter considers the role of data ethics policies in gaining trust not only with consumers/users but also with regulators and business partners. Using our survey data, we examine how types of markets (business-to-business vs. business-to-consumer), media and stakeholder pressures, and perceptions of regulation may be related to whether companies have a data ethics policy or not.
Management Structures and Functions
Authors: Hirsch Dennis , Bartley Timothy , Chandrasekaran Aravind , Norris Davon , Parthasarathy Srinivasan , Turner Piers Norris 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis chapter discusses the organizational challenges that businesses face when they pursue data ethics management and the development, in response to these challenges, of new organizational roles and structures to manage data ethics. The nature of data ethics management requires organizations to move away from traditional compliance or quality control check modes and towards prevention of ethically problematic actions. Some organizations have proactively begun to develop new organizational roles and structures that can help standardize data ethics management practices. New roles, such as the Data Ethics Officer, have emerged, as have new entities such as the Data or AI Ethics Committee. These new positions and committees make difficult data ethics decisions and translate new knowledge about data ethics into organizational practices. After introducing these new structures and functions, we discuss the importance of role clarity (i.e., who is responsible for data ethics) within organizations and its relationship with developing organizational structure to support data ethics management.
Molecular Biological Tools Used in Assessment and Remediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater
Authors: Taggart Dora M. , Key Trent A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMolecular biological tools (MBTs) are used to assess and characterize the microbiology and associated biological processes at contaminated sites, including ecological roles, phylogenetic diversity, and metabolic and co-metabolic capabilities related to contaminant biodegradation and biotransformation. MBTs have changed our approach to the assessment and remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment. In contaminated-site management, several MBTs and stable isotope analysis methods can be used to measure the presence, abundance, and activity of petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms and transformation pathways: (1) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to quantify microorganisms and genes encoding enzymes for biodegradation or biotransformation, (2) DNA sequencing to comprehensively identify the microorganisms presence and microbial community structure, (3) stable isotope probing (SIP) provides conclusive evidence of biodegradation through the use of 13C-labeled surrogate compounds of petroleum hydrocarbons that microbes use as carbon and/or energy sources, and (4) compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) measures the ratio of naturally occurring stable isotopes within a contaminant to indicate (bio)degradation. This chapter discusses the use, benefits, and limitations of MBTs. Several real-world case studies are provided to demonstrate how to investigate the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon constituents under varying field conditions to better characterize governing biogeochemical processes and to better inform remedial decisions.
LNAPL Transmissivity, Mobility and Recoverability—Utility and Complications
Authors: Beckett G. D. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLight non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) mobility, transmissivity (Tn), and recoverability are controlled by a suite of factors, namely release characteristics, the environment in which it resides, its age, physical/chemical properties, and others. LNAPL plumes are dynamic, but typically trend toward field stability after a release stops. Unlike groundwater mobility, finite LNAPL releases represent an ever-diminishing mobile mass due to degradation, residualization, and other factors that will be subsequently examined. For these and other reasons, mobility aspects vary both spatially and temporally. Tn is a useful, but complex, related parameter. It is commonly used to determine the applicability of LNAPL hydraulic recovery. But since it is not constant, a cutoff must be carefully considered, along with its manner of determination. Further, even if a plume is theoretically “recoverable” on a Tn rate basis that has very little relationship to whether that action would be expected to have any net environmental benefit. LNAPL hydraulic recovery is inherently self-limiting and has little net benefit unless a plume is mobile (and contained) or a significant mass recovery percentile is possible, which is rare.
Historical Development of Constitutive Relations for Addressing Subsurface LNAPL Contamination
Authors: Lenhard Robert J. , García-Rincón Jonás 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAn overview of the historical development of k-S-P relations (constitutive relations) to model potential flow of light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) in the subsurface is presented in this chapter. The focus is advancements proposed by Parker, Lenhard, and colleagues over time. Discussion includes constitutive relations for incorporation in numerical multiphase flow models as well as constitutive relations for predicting subsurface LNAPL volumes and transmissivities from fluid levels measured in monitoring groundwater wells. LNAPL saturation distributions are given for various subsurface properties and layering sequences.
Spatial Characterization of Shallow Structures in the Revell Batholith Integrating Seismic Imaging Techniques
Authors: Villamizar Brian J. G. , DesRoches Aaron , Parmenter Andrew , Sykes Eric 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe Revell Site, located in Northwestern Ontario within the Canadian Shield, is being assessed as a potential Deep Geological Repository (DGR) for Canada’s used nuclear fuel. Effective DGR establishment requires comprehensive subsurface assessment, particularly in evaluating structural stability, hydrogeological attributes, geological composition, and geochemical properties. Key among these considerations is understanding the three-dimensional characteristics of structural features to ensure the site’s suitability for long-term containment of radioactive materials. This case study focuses on imaging and characterizing structures within the predominantly intact biotite granodiorite-tonalite host rock at the Revell Site. Borehole data reveals these structures as mostly sub-horizontal mafic intrusions, with thicknesses of up to 3.5 m. They appear either as separate, discrete entities or in stacked configurations. Despite their limited thickness, most of these intrusions exhibit discernible attributes in surface seismic images due to their distinct physical properties. Some, however, exhibit velocity variations that decrease their overall reflectivity properties. An integrative approach employing surface seismic, Vertical Seismic Profiles (VSP), and borehole data facilitates the spatial identification of over 30 of these mafic structures. This comprehensive characterization not only lays the foundational framework for future discrete fracture network models but also provides important support for simulations related to fluid flow dynamics, groundwater behavior, contaminant dispersion, and heat transport mechanisms within the Revell Site. This study underscores the critical role of in-depth subsurface characterization in ensuring the secure, long-term management of radioactive materials in DGRs.