bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Oral Clefts Through the Use of Folic Acid and Multivitamin Supplements: Evidence and Gaps
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral clefts (OCs) are among the most extensively studied congenital abnormalities (CAs) due to their visibility, which frequently causes serious psychological problems, and their common occurrence (1/500-550 births). CAs including OCs represent a distinct category of disorders because of their early (prenatal) onset without a good chance of spontaneous or medically assisted complete recovery. Thus, prevention of OCs is the optimal solution. Several maternal and environmental factors have been studied in relation to OCs, and some have possible associations (Wyszynszki and Beaty, 1996). Among maternal factors, epilepsy and/or use of antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin appear to be important. Many studies have proposed an association between acute viral infections and OCs; however, viruses, medications, hyperthermia, and other related factors are questionable. Drugs such as corticosteroids, ampicillin, metrodinazole, and folate antagonists are potential teratogens in the etiology of OCs as well. Maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption may also have a role as co-teratogens through gene-environment interaction. Pesticides/herbicides, water contaminants, and occupational exposures have been cited as possible causes of OCs, but they probably explain only a small portion of cases. Currently, nutritional factors such as folate deficiency appear to be the most relevant, according to the concept of gene-environment interaction, in the etiology of OCs.
Educating the Practitioner and the Public
Authors: Jones Marilyn C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although in the aggregate congenital anomalies affect 3% to 4% of all term infants, individual birth defects are usually infrequent enough that the public, most parents at least at the outset, and many professionals have no experience with the specific problem and consequently no skill sets with which to approach affected individuals. Public education plays a significant role in dispelling myths and raising awareness about the issues faced by people with a variety of medical problems. Moreover, increased public awareness can influence attitudes, perceptions, health policy, and research agendas. Advocacy groups, such as AIDS awareness groups and the Breast Cancer Coalition, have demonstrated the impact of aggressive lobbying and public education campaigns. Concomitant with increased awareness of human immunodeficiency virus-related diseases and breast cancer as important health issues has come increased support for affected individuals and increased funding for research and treatment. Patients have been empowered in treatment decisions, public misperceptions have been dispelled, and professionals have broader knowledge of treatment options. This chapter explores past and current educational efforts with respect to cleft lip and palate. Over the past 20 years, a number of investigators have surveyed groups of parents, professionals, students, and the general public to define the magnitude of the gaps in knowledge and create solutions. The only published study of public awareness dates from the mid-1980s. Middleton et al. (1986) surveyed 1200 individuals selected at random in six cities across the United States regarding their knowledge about cleft palate. More than half of the respondents had never heard of the condition. Over 60% did not know anyone with a cleft palate.
Perspectives on Policy: Introduction
Authors: Rabin Robert L , Sugarman Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tobacco policy has assumed center stage in recent years. A product responsible for more than 400,000 premature deaths annually in the United States alone clearly raises a serious public health concern. Yet in our society there is a strong presumption that freedom of choice to engage in risky activities ought to be protected from paternalistic regulation (at least so long as the activities result in no harm to others). As a consequence, it does not follow inexorably that public health concerns require governmental action. Perhaps the clearest evidence in support of this proposition is the lack of any discernible current support for an absolute prohibition on the sale and consumption of tobacco products. Correspondingly, until very recently, the tobacco industry relied, with unbroken success, on this same personal responsibility theme in the judicial forum as the foundation of its defense to smokers’ compensation lawsuits.
Nevertheless, over the course of almost four decades, since the surgeon general’s famous 1964 report on smoking, a consensus has arisen that governmental intervention to control tobacco use is not only legitimate but essential. Indeed, the tobacco industry itself, in the face of unassailable evidence and public indignation, no longer contests the need to curtail youth access and ensure adult awareness of the dangers of smoking. But there has been and remains intense controversy over precisely what tobacco control policy should include.
Young’s Branch
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Confederate commanders rode toward the action, the remnants of Evans’, Bee’s and Bartow’s units crowded behind James Robinson’s house. About 150 yards away, Confederate Captain John Imboden, with four cannon, frantically poured shot and shell into the Union ranks on Matthews Hill and John Dogan’s farm.2 Nearby, in the yard of the Robinson house, Colonel Wade Hampton’s South Carolina Legion awaited orders. With the left flank crushed, Hampton and the 7th Georgia covered the Confederate retreat.
The Pursuit
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having recaptured Ricketts’ battery, the Confederates turned several of the cannon around and began shelling the retreating Union troops. Beauregard rode along Henry Hill shouting, “The day is ours! The day is ours!”1 He then directed the 18th Virginia, Hampton’s Legion, 2d and 8th South Carolina, and Captain Del Kemper’s battery toward the Stone Bridge. About one mile south of the Cub Run bridge, Kemper unlimbered two of his cannon in the road and began bombarding the old country road and the turnpike. A wagon overturned on the Cub Run bridge, and the entire area became a traffic jam. To make matters worse for the Union soldiers, after Kemper had shelled the area, Colonel Richard Radford’s and Lieutenant Colonel Thomas T. Munford’s horsemen charged into them. The Black Horse troop led the attack. With no alternative the Union troops fled for their lives, leaving their possessions behind.
Change of Commanders
Authors: McDonald JoAnna M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two days after the battle Lincoln met with McDowell. Always polite, the president stated to the general, “I have not lost a particle of confidence in you.”1 The general, however, was unaware that the successful Union Major General George B. McClellan had been summoned to the White House. On Friday, July 26, Lincoln and his cabinet appointed McClellan commander of the Division of the Potomac.2 On August 25, 1861, McClellan requested that no more Union regiments be uniformed in gray.3 In addition, Congress organized a special congressional committee in December 1862, to review the failures and events of First Manassas, Ball’s Bluff, Virginia and future battles. These hearings were recorded in the Reports of Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War.
A Place to Stand
Authors: Lindquist Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linguists have become increasingly interested in examining how class culture is socially constructed and maintained through spoken language. Julie Lindquist's examination of the linguistic ethnography of a working-class bar in Chicago is an important and original contribution to the field. She examines how regular patrons argue about political issues in order to create a group identity centered around political ideology. She also shows how their political arguments are actually a rhetorical genre, one which creates a delicate balance between group solidarity and individual identity, as well as a tenuous and ambivalent sense of class identity.
A Place in the Middle: Behind Bar at the Smokehouse
Authors: Lindquist Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two o’clock on Friday afternoon: I am scheduled to work the bar tonight. My shift begins at 3:30, but there is plenty to do before then. I pick out my work clothes: a short denim skirt, sleeveless blouse, sneakers and socks. Or should I find a long skirt to wear, maybe? I know tonight will be busy, and a longer, fuller skirt will be easier to move around in. I look into my closet once again and see only blue jeans. Perry, the bar owner, has forbidden us to wear jeans at the bar, insisting that if we must wear pants, they should be “dress pants.”But the boss’s dress code is less rigid than his gender code: for jobs tending bar, he hires only “girls.”
A Place to Be: The Smokehouse as Local Institution
Authors: Lindquist Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People come to the bar at the Smokehouse to drink. But more important, they come to drink among others. The bar is a place where one can arrive and immediately find a place in the structured chaos of serious play, in the comforting rhythms of planned spontaneity. The Smokehouse is a utopian place outside the uncompromising routines of work as well as the everyday center of things where what is real reveals itself to those who share investments in its authenticities. It is a place of concentrated leisure, where the coarse textures of sociality are pressed into relief. It is the place of a dense and busy social imaginary.
Across the Table: Walter, Joe, Arlen, Maggie, and Perry
Authors: Lindquist Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any consideration of the how and why of arguments at the Smokehouse must, given that an argument is always about something, include a careful consideration of the what. This “content” derives from the form arguments take and the purposes they serve for those who engage in them—and is there- fore impossible to isolate as a cultural text—but if (as I will go on to show) arguments play a role in the public construction of knowledge for the Smoke-housers, then it is useful to clear alternative spaces where one might see how this knowledge is thematically configured. To create a rhetorical situation that might work heuristically to offer another perspective on the ideologies authorized through, and activated in, public discourse, I spoke one-on-one, in “private” interviews, with five Smokehouse regulars and employees: Walter, Perry, Joe, Maggie, and Arlen.
A Place to Tell It: Smokehouse Themes and Topoi
Authors: Lindquist Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you hang around the bar with Smokehousers long enough, you begin to notice that what first appeared to be a dense and formless thicket of discourse is really a well-traveled and elaborately mapped rhetorical landscape, that topics emerge and resurface with predictable regularity. You might even conclude that this terrain has an architecture of sorts; that of all possible discursive territories to explore, some are in fact more habitable than others.
Two Models of Modernization: Jewish Women in the German and the Russian Empires
Authors: Hyman Paula E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like most phenomena in Jewish history, the ways in which European Jews were modernized has been discussed almost exclusively without consideration of gender differences. By modernization, a highly contested term, I mean the socioeconomic, political, and cultural changes that occurred as a consequence of emancipation (or its promise), capitalist development, and the exposure of Jews to secularism. It includes the erosion of Jewish communal autonomy and of rabbinic authority, the dissemination among Jews of secular culture, and the reconsideration of their self-definition as well as of their relations to the larger society. These changes, many of which continue into our own time, first gained real momentum during the “long nineteenth century,” which extended from the French Revolution until the First World War.
The Impact of Feminism on Rabbinic Studies: The Impossible Paradox of Reading Women into Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Alexander Elizabeth Shanks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rabbinic corpus that was written and compiled between 70 and 600 c.E., consisting of the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the two Talmuds, and the collections of midrash, forms the cornerstone of postbiblical Judaism. While scholars are increasingly coming to the consensus that in its historical context the rabbinic movement held minimal sway over the Jewish populations in Palestine and Babylonia(and even less in the Greco-Roman diaspora), the literature produced by the rabbinic movement has had enduring influence. These documents not only set the norms for Jewish behaviors and rituals, but they also convey the primary myths that form the basis for postbiblical theology and belief systems. How are we to explain the paradox of a canon that holds so much power in the imagination of later generations, yet was not definitive in its own day? The key lies in the ability of these texts to project a vision into the future, and in the willingness of future generations of Jews to accept this program as inevitable. A unique feature of rabbinic literature, then, is the dialectic it proposes between itself and future generations: its influential power lies somewhere between past, present, and future.
Bearing Witness to the “Differend”: Jean-Fran&lt;ois Lyotard, the Postmodern Intellectual, and “the jews”
Authors: Judaken Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last 30 years, under the rubric of “postmodernism,” a widespread challenge has been launched against some of the central notions that are often held to have defined the modern world since the Enlightenment, condensed in the idea of the autonomous individual and the sovereign nation progressing together toward universal liberty and emancipation on the basis of science and knowledge. One significant strand running through the postmodern position concerns the Jewish experience of modernity and the influence of Jewish thought-and the thought about Jews and Judaism-on postmodern theory. The present essay focuses on this aspect of postmodern ism, with specific reference to Jean-Franc;;ois Lyotard.
The Rise of Corning Glass Works, 1875-1908
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under its first generation of leadership, the Houghtons’ peripatetic glass company had found difficulty establishing itself as a profitable, going concern. With Amory Houghton Sr. essentially retired, it fell to a second generation his sons, Amory Jr. and Charles-to attempt to revive the bankrupt company. Fortunately, the brothers would prove to be shrewder operators than their father had been. Over the course of the next three decades, they would build Corning Glass Works into a powerful, profitable company. They would do so by creating new glass compositions for railroad globes, by establishing themselves as a leading producer of lightbulbs for the growing electric industry, and by developing proprietary methods of creating specialty glassware like tubing. As the nineteenth century gave way to the twentieth, the Houghtons’ family concern would plant its roots deeper in the soil of the small town that was quickly developing into a center of glass manufacturing.
Digging Out and Tough Economic Times, 1972-1975
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 18, the first hurricane of the season, designated Agnes, hit Florida, triggering floods and tornadoes and causing nine deaths and millions of dollars in property damage. That was the first act and, as it turned out, a warm-up. As the storm worked up the coast, it showed signs of weakening. Then unexpectedly it bounced out to sea and gathered fresh strength. On June 21, the revived hurricane again veered inland, this time moving westerly across New Jersey, northern Pennsylvania, and the Southern Tier of New York state-an area already soaked by two straight days of rain.
Gene Action
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a college student, Werner Maas took a course in genetics in 1941 and wondered why so little was said about the biochemical action of genes in controlling the specific function of an organism. Just at that time, biochemists and geneticists began to investigate jointly the basis of gene action, especially in microorganisms. Thus, Maas was able to witness firsthand the spectacular developments that led in the next twenty-five years to a clear picture of the action of genes. The history of these remarkable discoveries is the core of this book. After 1965, building on insights gained from the work with microorganisms, studies of gene action turned to animals and plants and concentrated on processes not present in microorganisms, such as embryonic development, the role of genes in diseases, and the function of the nervous system. Because of the rapidity of technical advances made in handling genes, it has been possible to learn much about these complex processes. The last part of the book deals with these developments, which are ongoing parts of the history of gene action.
Building a Scaff old: Genes Within Chromosomes
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1865 and 1900 major developments occurred in the study of cells, resulting in a field called cytology. It was in the structure and function of the nucleus where important discoveries were made. It was shown that during part of the life cycle of a cell, material present in the nucleus condensed into thread-like structures called chromosomes. The number of chromosomes was the same in all cells of an organism and was characteristic of the species. Prior to cell division, the chromosomes divided in a process called mitosis and each daughter cell received one complete set of chromosomes. In the formation of the male and female germ cells a reduction occurred in the number of chromosomes. During one cell division, the chromosomes did not divide and their number was reduced to half. This reduction division was later called meiosis. At fertilization, male and female germ cells were united and the full complement of chromosomes was restored. All these observations on mitosis and meiosis were made possible by improved techniques of microscopy and by the development of staining techniques by which chromosomes could be visualized. The word chromosome, introduced in 1885, reflects this technique (chromo = color; soma = body).
Building a Theoretical Framework for Gene Action
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1953, Crick began to construct a general theory for the mechanism of gene action in the control of protein synthesis. In his delightful book What Mad Pursuit there is a chapter entitled “Theory in Molecular Biology.” There he justifies his theoretical approach by saying that problems like the mechanism of gene action may not be solved by theoretical approaches alone, but that a general theoretical framework will be helpful in guiding the directions that experiments might take. The history of molecular genetics has given ample proof of the validity of Crick’s attitude. It should be said, however, that Crick was unusual among theoreticians in that he was always very careful to take into account the restrictions imposed on his theories by experimental facts.
Biochemical Identification of Adaptors
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During 1953, while Crick was busy in Cambridge constructing his model of gene action, two groups of biochemists at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston were working on the steps of protein synthesis starting from the level of amino acids. Eventually their studies would lead to the identification of Crick’s adaptors. However, in 1953 they were not aware of Crick’s efforts and they would have been surprised to learn that within a short time they would meet him and become involved in a joint enterprise. In this chapter we see how this meeting came about and how it led to the chemical identification of the adapter molecules.
Deciphering the Code
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deciphering of the genetic code was a crowning achievement in the history of molecular genetics. This discovery made it possible to translate the sequence of bases in the DNA of a gene into the sequence of amino acids in the corresponding protein molecule. The heroes of the story were two young biochemists, Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei. Other main actors were the biochemists Severo Ochoa and Har Gobind Khorana and the geneticist George Streisinger. The experimental work was carried out in the early 1960s.
Feedback Control of Biosynthetic Pathways
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the elucidation of most biosynthetic pathways in the 1940s it became of interest to see how these pathways are controlled. A priori it seemed reasonable to suppose that if an end product of a biosynthetic pathway, such as an amino acid, a purine, or a pyrimidine were supplied in the medium of a growing microorganism such as E. coli, it would no longer be necessary for the organism to synthesize this end product.
Adaptive Enzymes
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of adaptive enzymes, like the history of repressible enzymes, starts from the recognition of an adaptive physiological process and goes from there to the regulation of metabolic pathways and then to the control of gene action by specialized genetic elements. This chapter discusses how the two separate approaches leading to the control of gene action met in 1958 and resulting in a unified hypothesis.
The Floodgates Open
Authors: Maas Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adecisive factor in the rapid development of molecular genetics was the changes in the methodology from the cumbersome procedures of classical genetics involving the analysis of crosses, to chemical methods that make it possible to determine genetic characteristics directly and rapidly. These methods were introduced mainly by biochemists who, after 1965, entered the field in ever increasing numbers. Talks presented at meetings dealing with gene action were more and more in the province of chemistry.
Introduction
Authors: Morreim E Haavi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past thirty years, health care in the United States has been rocked by two developments that seemed to threaten its very foundations. Tort law provided the first. Malpractice crises erupted in the early 1970s, then again in the mid-1980s, as the number of claims against physicians skyrocketed and the economic severity of awards from juries and from out-of-court settlements rose commensurately.’
A Basic Distinction
Authors: Morreim E Haavi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 suggested that between health plans and physicians any reasonable formulation of who ought to be liable for what should be based on a plausible account of who ought to control what. If we do not want health plans dictating, day to day, what a particular person’s diagnosis is or which patients should have which routine lab tests or x-rays, then we should not make health plans preeminently liable for errors in such decisions.
Reshaping Liability for Health Plans: Expertise and Tort
Authors: Morreim E Haavi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with physicians, health plans’ expertise duties should be addressed in tort, while resource duties should be litigated under contract law. This chapter concerns the former, and Chapter 9 the latter. As noted in Chapter 3, tort allegations against health plans are not novel. Suits have been brought for a variety of claims, such as direct liability for negligent credentialing and indirect liability for staff physicians’ malpractice.’