bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ukraine
Authors: Potapenko Victor , Pushkar Pavlo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The role of law as a category of philosophy and theory, when it is filled up with real content, becomes instrumental in the community. One may argue about what law is, what realities it reflects, its origins can be viewed and interpreted in various ways, and dissenting opinions relating to the substance and mission of law may be professed. However, as soon as this issue is raised on a practical plane, regardless of one’s own frame of reference, one should always endeavour to search for a common point of view, a common attitude or approach. In fact if a practising lawyer resorts to law as an instrument for resolving a specific conflict and for finding a correct solution thereof, if law shall serve as a vehicle which enables us to evaluate the actions or omissions of citizens and officials and determine whether they are lawful or wrongful, if law comes to regulate the universal scale of human behaviour, there shall be certainty at least in one aspect: which specific sources one should resort to and which sources the decisions are to be based on.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Blackburn Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the start of the new century the UK is undergoing a revolution in its attitudes towards human rights generally. New developments of major constitutional importance are currently or imminently being implemented that will fundamentally alter the traditional methods and procedures of the country’s legal and political systems for establishing and protecting the basic rights and freedoms of its citizens and others resident within its borders. These momentous changes have been principally caused by the recent passage of the Human Rights Act 1998 which at last incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights into the domestic law of the UK. The Bill preceding the legislation was the subject of wide-ranging, lengthy debates in the House of Commons and House of Lords throughout the 1997 98 parliamentary session, and finally received the Royal Assent on 9 November 1998. However, the Human Rights Act’s entry into force was postponed for almost two years until October 2000, to allow for the huge amount of official preparation of an administrative and educational nature, including one of the largest programmes of judicial training ever under taken in the UK, which the government believed was necessary before the Act came into force. By a neat symmetry with the anniversary of the Convention itself, therefore, the UK became fully integrated into the Council of Europe’s human rights legal system just one month prior to the half-centenary of the signing of the Convention as an international treaty by the UK and the other founding members in Rome on 4 November 1950.
Pension Schemes And Pension Funds In The United Kingdom
Authors: Blake David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Never has there been so much media interest in pensions as there is currently. Never has the pensions world changed so rapidly as it has over the last few years; we have seen the introduction of a new state supplementary pension scheme, new stakeholder pensions, and a flood of companies closing their final salary schemes and replacing them with defined contribution schemes. Never have there been so many complaints about our pension system; about the state pension falling behind earnings, about the misselling of personal pensions, about the perceived poor value of annuities, and about high charges and poor investment performance. This new edition of Pension Schemes and Pension Funds in the United Kingdom provides the latest information on all the key state and private pension schemes operating in the UK, including: the basic state pension, minimum income guarantee and pension credit; the state second pension; company pension schemes; and personal and stakeholder pension schemes. It does this within the context of the long historical development of the UK pensions system since medieval times. It also examines government pensions policy over the last twenty years, in particular the reduction in state pensions and the transfer of the burden of pension provision to the funded private sector. It also examines future trends and future concerns, such as increasing longevity and the adequacy of savings for retirement when people are young and in work. As most pension schemes are funded, the author also examines the latest issues in pension funding, such as the new accounting standard FRS17, active and passive fund management, investment risk budgeting and management, global investment performance standards, short-termism and the Myners review of institutional investment. The book concludes with a proposal for the Ideal Pension Scheme.
Introduction
Authors: Lloyd Genevieve 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Philosophy has an uneasy-and largely unexamined-relationship with its past, which often surfaces in uncertainties about the place of history of philosophy in the philosophy curriculum: is it to be construed in its own right as philosophical thinking, or as mere historical background to the real thing? Pedagogically, in English speaking universities, the issue is often resolved by treating the history of philosophy as a repository of mistaken philosophical positions which can provide appropriate stimulation for the development of real philosophical skills-the techniques of analysis and argumentation developed in more central parts of the curriculum. There is, however, a growing interest in the historiography of philosophy, which has put more firmly on the philosophical agenda methodological issues posed by the reading of past philosophical texts. Feminist philosophy has played an important part in this development.
The Passions and Philosophy
Authors: James* Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1649 the Earl of Monmouth published an English translation of a popular French work by Jean Frarn;ois Senault entitled The Use of the Passions. Monmouth’s Letter to the Reader includes a story about the Count of Gondomar, who, we are told, was wont to say, elf you make a small inconsiderable present to any great man of the court, or to your mistress, you may do well to steer it in with some preamble, whereby to excuse the meanness, and make the fancy or workmanship thereof plead acceptance; marry, if you will present him or her with a thing of real value, as (for that it was he instanced in) with a bag of gold amounting to some three or four thousand pound, you need not use any circumlocutions, but bring it in, lay it down, and say, “Take it, there it is.
Spinoza on the Pathos of Idolatrous Love and the Hilarity of True Love
Authors: Rorty* Amelie Oksenberg 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Differ as we do about its nature, its causes and effects, its proper objects, we all agree that love is-or can be-the beginning of wisdom. But wisdom about what? Spinoza wrote not only truthfully but wisely about love, about its travails and dangers, about its connection to knowledge and power, about individuality and the disappearance of the self. To understand what is vital and what is mortifying about the passions, to trace the movement from the bondage of passivity to the freedom of activity, we could do no better than follow his investiga tions. In the nature of the case, each of us necessarily understands him-as we do all else-from the partiality of our own perspectives. We shall follow Ariadne’s thread, into the heart of the labyrinth, first speaking with the vulgar, telling fragmentary tales about appearances. Then we must follow the thread out again, thinking with the learned, gaining scientific understanding of what we really are; and finally we must put these two-vulgar appearance and scientific explanation together to tell the real story, the story of reality.
The Crisis of the Old Regime
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historians have long debated whether the eighteenth-century bourgeoisie was ‘class conscious’: that is, whether the French Revolution was the work of a bourgeoisie determined to overthrow the privileged orders and which therefore accelerated the transition from feudalism to capitalism in line with the Marxist model of historical development. The terms of this debate have often been cast in simplified terms, about whether the wealthiest members of the bourgeoisie were integrated into the ruling elites. If they were, could it not be argued that there was no deep-seated, long-term crisis within this society, that the Revolution had only short-term and therefore relatively unimportant causes? There is certainly evidence for this argument.
The Pioneering Swedish Experiment in Railway Regulation
Authors: Baumstark Luc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sweden’s railway reform is arousing interest in Europe. Initiated well before the European directive of 1991, it constitutes an ideal observatory for other countries facing the same problems. Held up as a success by numerous observers and presented as an alternative to the British reform, from which it differs in numerous respects, this experiment shows how deregulation of the railway industry can take a very different path. In Sweden, while the reform has been very gradual in nature, it appears to reflect a strong commitment. The decisions made to open the sector to competition have occurred without great discontinuity, as part of a transport policy whose main characteristics are the decentralization of decisions and a massive renewal of investment in railways. Openness to competition has not led to withdrawal by the state. Instead, it has been accompanied by profound institutional changes that have gradually created a new framework for public intervention that this paper proposes to analyse.
Regulation in the Water and Sanitation Sector in France
Authors: Roche Pierre-Alain , Johannes Bruno 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In France, the debate on the regulation of public services has often dealt sparingly with the water sector. Indeed, this is one of the few sectors that has not been involved in the postwar nationalization process. If water challenges the analysts, it is first of all because of its decentralized character: responsibility for its quality and price is placed on the communes, which are numerous in France. The multiplicity of contracts accords with the great diversity of local situations. Water is also the subject of health and environment policies, which often resort to economic instruments and consequent intervention on the market.
Regulating Energy in Italy
Authors: Ranci Pippo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What I am presenting in this chapter is not an essay on regulation: rather, it is an observation on the main issues I have found myself dealing with in three years as president of the Autorita per !’Energia Elettrica e il Gas in Italy. I hope that a brief description of Italy’s national experience may offer some food for thought on regulation in general.
The Spanish Experience of Regulation within the Telecommunications Sector
Authors: Quintana Jose Maria Vazquez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The change of government that occurred in Spain in 1996 was the occasion for a revision of Spanish telecommunications liberalization plans. At that time there was a clear awareness of the imbalances affecting the telecommunications market, which was then a monopoly, and of the time and effort that would be needed to correct them and transform the market into a competitive structure.
Improving Air Traffic Services Performance in Europe: The Economic Regulation Perspective
Authors: Dumez Hervé , Jeunemaître Alain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until recently, air traffic services (ATS) management has not been a primary focus of EU transport policy. The provision of these services has developed independently from involvement of the European Commission, alongside national cooperative initiatives. In 1960, an attempt was made to transfer air traffic control of the European upper airspace to a single agency, Eurocontrol, but this failed to materialize. Only Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and northern Germany agreed on the delegation of air space management to Eurocontrol; the other European member states chose to retain control over their national airspace. Eurocontrol was then left with an advisory role in the air traffic management of European airspace and was given the task of harmonizing national en route control systems and fostering cooperation among European states.
Introduction
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is dedicated to enquiring into the systemic and dynamic characteristic of the generation of technological knowledge and introduction of technological change. It contributes to the new debate on the economics of technological knowledge and innovation with a number of qualifications and specifications about the hypotheses of increasing returns in the production of knowledge and hence in the economy at large. It provides a general framework to understand the economic and institutional determinants of the regional and technological concentration of innovation activities. To do so the book elaborates an interpretative framework for understanding the long-term interactions between location in regional space, irreversibility, localized technological knowledge, and change and complementarity. The book builds upon the results of systematic explorations into the microdynamics of technological knowledge and technological change within a large number of European technological districts and the technological clusters centred upon new communication and mechanical engineering technologies.
Inflation in open economies: the main-course model
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As noted in the introductory chapter, an important development of macroeconometric models has been the representation of the supply side of the economy, and wage–price dynamics in particular. This chapter and the next three (Chapters 4–6) present four frameworks for wage–price modelling, which all have played significant roles in shaping macroeconometric models in Norway, as well as in several other countries. We start in this chapter with a reconstruction of Aukrust’s main-course model of inflation, using the modern econometric concepts of cointegration and causality. This rational reconstruction shows that, despite originating back in the mid-1960s, the main-course model resembles present day theories of wage formation with unions and price-setting firms, and markup pricing by firms.
Alexander von Humboldt and the Romantic Imagination of America: The Impossibility of Personal Narrative
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 1 August 1804 the ship La Favorita anchored off Bordeaux after a 27-day Atlantic crossing from Philadelphia. On board was the Prussian savant and explorer Alexander von Humboldt and his compagnon de voyage, French botanist Aimé Bonpland, returning to wide celebrity in Europe after their privately financed five-year expedition to the Spanish colonies of tropical America. Writing to his old friend K. K. Freiesleben from on board the same day, while awaiting quarantine clearance, Humboldt described his return journey from Mexico via Cuba and the United States.
The Lender of Last Resort: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Humphrey Thomas M , Keleher Robert E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The current international debt situation has led some analysts to suggest the possibility of a scenario whereby international debt defaults quickly lead to severe strains on domestic commercial banks. In this context, monetary and central bank policy become especially important, and references are often made to the central bank’s function as lender of last resort (LLR). In considering stopgap versus permanent solutions to financial crises, the role of the lender of last resort assumes special pertinence.
Rituals of Qeenship
Authors: Laynesmith J L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This text comes from a book of regulations for the conduct of certain state occasions which was drawn up for the king ‘s chamberlain and ushers early in Edward IV ‘s reign. The earliest surviving manuscript of this Ryalle Book dates from about 1491-3, and includes various Tudor additions, thus providing a valuable source for ideal ritual behaviour in the latter half of the fifteenth century. According to the preface of the Ryalle Book there was at the time of composition ‘butt littill knowlege ‘ of the matters it described, implying that the monarchy of Henry VI lacked the ceremony proper to a king and that Edward IV ‘s concern to conduct such ritual appropriately indicated his superior kingship.
The Queen ‘s Family
Authors: Laynesmith J L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Luchino Dallaghiexia ‘s exaggerated portrayal of the rise of the Woodvilles in a frequently inaccurate newsletter to the duke of Milan was almost certainly based upon propaganda issued by the earl of Warwick in 1469. Nonetheless, it highlights the contemporary perception of the tensions that existed between the ambitions of a queen ‘s natal and marital families. In his assessment of Elizabeth Woodville ‘s queenship Charles Wood argued that, whereas ‘a man ‘s place tended to be defined primarily by his membership of a patrilineal family ‘, women ‘were understood by their society, within the context of a dual kinship relationship ‘ in which their divided loyalties could ultimately prove destructive to both families.
Refined Nash Equilibria
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Subgame Perfection Very broadly, “backwards induction” refers to the idea that any solution to a given “large” problem should induce solutions to all its “small” subproblems. So, any “large” problem can be solved by first solving its “small” subproblems, then replacing the subproblems by their solutions, and finally solving the so reduced original problem. In an extensive form representation of a game, this means that a solution to the overall game entails solutions to all subgames.
Conclusion
Authors: Bell Andrew S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Forum shopping’ is a phrase which has entered into the common parlance of courts dealing with transnational disputes in the last three decades. As a practice, it is undoubtedly older than that, for it constitutes a totally rational response to a situation where a range of forums is available for the resolution of a given transnational dispute. In these circumstances it is not surprising that plaintiffs, or their legal advisers, will be astute to differences between litigating in particular forums and will select that forum which offers the best prospects for the most favourable outcome from the plaintiff’s perspective.
Towards Political Inclusiveness: The Changing Role of Local Government
Authors: MacDougall Terry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Japanese local government primarily from the perspective of local residents seeking to realize such fundamental political values as liberty (personal rights), political equality (collective preferences through broad participation in public affairs), and human welfare in their everyday lives. These are among the common aspirations of people around the world. Most often, scholars have thought about and examined how they are pursued at the national level. Local government, however, can be an important—even the most important—arena for achieving these goals in the everyday lives of the people. The focus of this chapter is on the role of Japanese local governments in translating such aspirations into reality, and thereby contributing to the quality of political life in the country. It is concerned foremost with the relationship between local government and local residents. That relationship is shaped to a great extent by the character of centre-local relations and the jurisdictional, fiscal, and human resources available to localities. Hence, our analysis must also be concerned with local governmental capacity in these areas.
Difference/Indifference between the Sexes
Authors: Collin Francoise 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Group of Feminist Research and Information) that she founded in 1973. It was the first feminist journal in the French language and one of the most widely recognized theoretical and political venues for European feminist dialogues. Her numerous books, articles, and lectures reflect the thus must be constantly theoretically and politically reworked and redefined. In Collin’s view, there is no one true embodiment of gender, but a material reality that is structured in every society by the effects of the roles, images, and power structures to which one gender is universality.
A Deceptive Universalism
Authors: Halimi Gisele 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Born on 27 July 1927 in French colonial Tunisia (La Goulette), Gisele (Zo’iza) Halimi first travelled to France to study law and philosophy at the Institute of Political Studies in Paris. She became a lawyer in 1948, and practised law in Tunisia until 1958, when she was called to become a member of the Paris Bar Association.
Versions of Difference
Authors: Agacinski Sylviane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sylviane Agacinski is a professor of philosophy at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris, where she is responsible for research seminars in the social sciences. From 1986 to 1992 she was Director of the College International de Philosophie, in Paris. She has written extensively on philosophy and politics, as well as other topics, including architecture. She is also active in the French political scene, including in the Feminist Parity Movement and in the debates surrounding the right of same-sex parents to adopt children. Intellectually engaged in current affairs generally, Agacinski writes regularly for several newspapers. Her husband, Lionel Jospin (Socialist Party), was the current Prime Minister of France.
The Meaning of Equality
Authors: Kristeva Julia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Julia Kristeva was born in 1941 in Bulgaria. She was educated by French nuns, studied literature, and worked as a journalist before going to Paris in 1966 to do graduate work with Lucien Goldmann and Roland Barthes. While in Paris she finished her doctorate in French literature, was appointed to the faculty of the Department of Texts and Documents at the University of Paris VI (Denis Diderot) and Kristeva continues to have a critical relationship to feminism and feminist movements. She objects to what she calls ‘herd’ feminism. And, she rejects some feminists’ stigmatization of maternity as the ultimate exploitation of women.
The Guillotine’s Clean Cut: The Bank of France and the Poincare Stabilization, 1926–1928
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Returned to office as leader of a Union National coalition in July 1926, Raymond Poincaré abruptly reversed the decline of the franc, ended inflation, and effected adorable stabilization of the franc without major unemployment or economic distress. TI1e speed and the low cost with which he ended the inflationary epoch have inspired conflict(ting explanations of the reasons for his success. 111e subsequent strength of the French exmomy has sparked debate on whether France undervalued the franc deliberately and the extent to which the stabilization adversely affected the international monetary system. This chapter assesses how Poincare stabilized the franc, with particular attention to the role of the Bank of France.