bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Competition versus Harmonization in European Company Law
Authors: Deakin Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European company law exemplifies the limited extent to which harmonizing measures have led to greater uniformity in the private and commercial laws of the EU member states. Although important Directives have been adopted in relation to a number of areas, including accounting requirements and rules relating to the maintenance of share capital, taken together they fall a long way short of establishing a systematic code relating to the formation and governance of companies. Numerous initiatives in the field of company law currently remain in a state of suspended animation; these include proposals for a model European company statute, standardized rules for public companies, and a framework for the regulation of takeover bids.
The Human Rights Act 1998 in Comparison with the Protection of Privacy and Personality in Germany
Authors: BrÖmmekamp Birgit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something highly exciting is happening in English law. For centuries England was one of the few countries without a written constitution. With the Human Rights Act (HRA) the United Kingdom is for the first time introducing a catalogue of civil rights into English law. Contrary to English law which developed unwritten rules and constitutional conventions over centuries, German law adopted a Bill of Rights within its Constitution (the German Basic Law—Grundgesetz, GG) after the experience of the Third Reich, a time when civil rights were denied, and under the control of the allied forces in 1949. Since 1954 it has acknowledged a general right of personality, which the Calcutt Committee considered impossible to define. Against the background of five decades of experience with statutory fundamental rights and forty-five years of experience with an acknowledged general right of personality, here are some thoughts English jurists will probably have to set their minds to in the future.
Defamatory Meaning: Pleading and Practice in New South Wales
Authors: Kenyon Andrew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What meaning does a publication convey? Is the meaning defamatory? These are difficult questions for defamation litigation to deal with, both at interlocutory and trial stages. Reforming the roles of judge and jury in defamation trials may improve the way in which these questions are answered. And there is much criticism to answer. This article considers some of the practical effects of recent New South Wales developments. The focus is on one aspect of New South Wales defamation procedure relevant to meaning. This is the relationship between pleading meaning, interlocutory hearings about meaning, and appeals from those hearings. The possibilities for significant change to New South Wales defamation litigation in this area became clearer during 1999. The merits of increasing the trial judge’s role are not debated directly here. The examination, however, may be useful for any consideration of the defamation jury’s contemporary significance, given its pivotal historical position under Fox’s Libel Act (1792).
The Data Protection Act 1998 and the Media
Authors: Tugendhat Michael qc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a Data Protection Act since 1984. The new Act passed in 1998 contains most of the provisions of the old one, with extensions, of which the most important is the inclusion of manual files. The 1984 Act applied to the media in principle, but not to manual files. In practice its effect was not felt until the use by the media of computers became widespread. Even then it was possible to avoid the application of the Act to any information simply by ensuring that it was kept only in a paper form. The importance of this legislation to the media has been recognized.
Film, Ciné and Audio-visual Works: Questions of Definition
Authors: Firth* Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terms such as ‘film’, ‘ciné’, ‘movie’ are full of meaning for many people. They may evoke pleasant memories or sad, describe an occasional pleasure or a lifelong obsession. Most of us would expect to recognize a ciné film or a movie when we saw it. But such works attract a great variety of legal definition. This survey attempts to investigate the mode of definition for copyright purposes.
The Music Industry in 1998–9
Authors: Enser* John , Sprawson Rupert , Brown Michelle , Thomas Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the practice of music law is well developed, it is a rare year which gives rise to more than one memorable case. This year is not one of those rare years, in that the only case of real note was the ‘Spandau Ballet’ case, which examined the interrelationship between band members and, in particular, the difference between those who are also song writers and those who are not.
EC and UK Competition Law Developments
Authors: Szlezinger* Sam , Aitman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The competition authorities in London and Brussels have, over the last year, reviewed a significant number of media-related acquisitions, mergers, and joint ventures. Many of these arrangements have been designed to deliver the resources necessary for providing digital services, often bringing together the skills and businesses of conventional media companies and telecommunications or Internet companies. Perhaps the most significant of such arrangements are the planned merger of Time Warner and AOL and Microsoft’s acquisition of a controlling interest in Telewest. The former transaction has yet to be considered by the competition authorities, while the European Commission has just opened a full investigation into the latter on the basis of vertical concerns about the effect on the market for supply of set-top boxes.
Survey of the Main Developments in the Field of Broadcasting Law in 1999
Authors: Ballard* Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During 1999, developments in the telecommunications sector have had considerable impact on the development of broadcasting law. The telecommunications regulator, OFTEL, decided that BT should unbundle its local loops and allow competing operators access to its ubiquitous copper-based local access network to facilitate the provision of higher bandwidth services to the mass market. The spectrum regulator, the Radio communications Agency (RA), an executive agency of the DTI, announced that spectrum would be made available for operators to deliver broadband services throughout the country using local microwave networks. It also published an Information Memorandum for the running of an auction for third-generation mobile networks, which will permit the delivery of higher bandwidth services to mobile terminals. Each of these technologies involves local access networks which are or will be capable of delivering not only high speed Internet access but also the traditional broadcast services to everyone.
Libel Law
Authors: Barendt Richard , Eric Shillito 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A radical innovation of the reforms is the concept of case management. The court has a duty actively to manage cases. Active case management includes, for example, identifying the issues at an early stage; fixing timetables or otherwise controlling the progress of the case; considering whether the likely benefits of taking a particular step justify the cost of taking it; and dealing with the case without the parties needing to attend at court. Using its case-management powers, the court (after serving an allocation questionnaire on the parties) will allocate each civil case to one of three tracks. They are: the small claims track. This is the normal track for a claim with a financial value of not more than £5,000. Costs are not normally recoverable unless a party has behaved unreasonably; (2) the fast track.
Money as Property
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this book is the proprietary consequences of transferring money as a means of payment. It explains how property in money passes when it is trans-ferred in an intentional payment and the consequences for the payer’s property if that payment is defective.1 This may be either because the payer’s intention to pay the money is vitiated to some degree, or because the underlying transaction in which he or she makes the payment is invalid or affected by some lack of authority of one of the parties to it. The book argues for a connected view of the behaviour of property in money in all its forms, whether corporeal or incorporeal.
Explaining The Property Rights Regime Applied to Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter has outlined the three main features of the characteristic proprietary regime applying to money. These are, first, its ability to pass as currency, so that fresh indefeasible title is created in the person who receives it as bona fide purchaser for value; secondly, its susceptibility to the principle of abstraction, which allows the legal title to money to pass by simple delivery or transfer regard-less of the validity of the underlying transaction in which it is paid; and, thirdly, its relative untraceability at law so that a former owner’s surviving legal title to money is practically extinguished once his or her money has been mixed.
Derivative Transfers Of Title: General Principles
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinctive feature of a derivative transfer of title to money is that the person acquires his or her title through some other person who previously owned it. Whatever interest the recipient has in the money is not newly created but is treated as the continuation of the interest which the payer had in the money before the transfer. In that sense, it can be distinguished from original means of acquiring title,such as taking possession of property, which generate a fresh title to the money regardless of whether the transfer between the former owner and the recipient of the money would have been effective to pass the former owner’s interest to him or her.
Derivative Transfers of Title to Incorporeal Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how title passes in a derivative transfer of incorporeal money made through a payment mechanism. Incorporeal money transfers need to be considered on their own terms. The corresponding principles governing the transfer of corporeal money provide only a rough analogy to explain the operation of transfers in an incorporeal medium. With a transfer through a payment mechanism, no coins or notes are ever delivered from the payer to the recipient. Indeed, it is not even necessary that any part of the payment process should be represented by physical delivery of a corporeal chattel between them, such as a negotiable instrument.
Introducing Cognitive Interfaces and Constraints on Linking Cognitive Information
Authors: Der Zee Emile Van , Nikanne Urpo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive science considers the human mind as an information-processing device which processes spatial information, linguistic information, motoric information, etc. (Posner 1989; Wilson and Keil 1999). Our minds are able to link together these different kinds of information in order to make it possible, for example, to talk about what we see or to act upon what we hear. All chapters in this book consider the linking between different kinds of cognitive information. More specifically, each chapter looks at some of the constraints that play a role in linking different kinds of cognitive information to each other. Why is it possible for English speakers to say, for example-when they link visual information to linguistic information-The bike is next to the building, but not The building is next to the bike (Talmy 1983; Landau and Jackendoff 1993)? This chapter looks at some general constraints on linking different kinds of cognitive information, and also shows how the different chapters in this book that address specific constraints fit into this more general picture.
Retrieving Spatial Relations From Observation and Memory
Authors: Bryant David J , Tversky Barbara , Lanca Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the classical view of imagery, images have analogue properties and are like internalized perceptions. Mental representations of some spatial situations, such as the one investigated here, do not conform to that view. In the present research, people studied spatial scenes consisting of an array of objects either around themselves or around a doll. To direction probes, they reported the objects lying in different directions from the body either from observation or from memory. The patterns of retrieval times from observation and memory differed, and were not analogue in memory, indicating that mental representations of these scenes are more like mental models than like images. Three models that account for the behaviour in the different tasks are presented. In contrast to images, mental models reflect conceptions of space rather than perceptions of it. Mental models are more schematic or categorical than images and incorporate knowledge about the world that is not purely perceptual.
Why We Can Talk About Bulging Barrels and Spinning Spirals: Curvature Representation in the Lexical Interface
Authors: Zee Emile Van Der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers Dutch nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that refer to path curvature, object curvature, and surface curvature (e.g. a kink, to zigzag, bent, and circling). It is shown (1) that part of the meaning of such words is described by spatial features encoding axis and contour curvature, (2) that certain features encoding axis curvature behave like focal values, (3) that there is a systematic link between conceptual and spatial representations in the lexical structure of Dutch curvature words, and (4) that semiproductive rules explain how Dutch curvature verbs, adjectives, and adverbs can be derived from Dutch nouns. The formal tools that are used to describe the lexical structure of curvature words derive from Conceptual Semantics (for example Jackendoff 1983) and Recognition by Components theory (for example Biederman 1987). The conclusions, however, are phrased in a theory-neutral way, and are accessible to other frameworks in lexical semantics and visual perception.
An Indo-European Linguistic Area and its Characteristics: Ancient Anatolia. Areal Diffusion as a Challenge to the Comparative Method?
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first examine in detail the characteristic features of a hitherto scarcely recognized ancient diffusional linguistic area, including both Indo-European languages of one subgroup and contiguous non-Indo-European languages. Chronological considerations are given particular attention, as well the apparent conjunction and — not disjunction — of areal development (diffusion towards a common proto type) and genetic development (language differentiation and the formation of species). I then present a classic case of diffusion of morphological or morphosyntactic features from one Indo-European subgroup (Anatolian) to another (Greek), geographica1ly contiguous. The particulars involved are of theoretical significance: marked extension of the syntactic development of a native morpheme on the model of the syntactic function of a phonetically similar morpheme in the diffusing language. I claim that the comparative method can handle such phenomena. In support I examine some recent contributions by J. Heath to the theory of genetic morphological change in its historical dynamics, which present striking analogies to the cases of diffusional morphological change just examined. Heath invokes the biological model of punctuated equilibrium previously adopted by Dixon (1997), but with significant differences in ‘scenario’. These are then discussed and evaluated in the light of the Indo-European evidence presented earlier, and a fluid scenario presented combining genetic and areal development, both viewed as the legitimate purlieu of the comparative method and the comparativist historian of language.
Language Contact and Areal Diffusion in Sinitic Languages
Authors: Chappell Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This analysis includes a description of language-contact phenomena such as stratification, hybridization, and convergence for Sinitic languages. It also presents typologically unusual grammatical features for Sinitic such as double-patient constructions, negative existential constructions and agentive adversative pass ives, while tracing the development of complementizers and diminutives and demarcating the extent of their use across Sinitic and the Sinospheric zone. Both these kinds of data are then used to explore the issue of the adequacy of the comparative method to model linguistic relationships inside and outside the Sinitic family. It is argued that any adequate explanation of language family formation and development needs to take into account these different kinds of evidence (or counter-evidence) in modelling genetic relationships.
Unicompartmental Knee Prosthesis Implantation with a Non-image-based Navigation System
Authors: Jenny Jean-Yves , Boeri Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accuracy of implantation is an accepted prognostic factor for the long term survival of unicompartmental knee prostheses (UKP).1–3 However, most UKP systems offer a limited and potentially inaccurate instrumentation that rely on substantial surgeon judgment for prosthesis placement. Rates of inaccurate implantation as high as 30 per cent have been reported with conventional, free hand instrumentation.4 The intramedullary femoral guiding device can improve these results,5,6 but does not allow reproducible optimal implantation.
Pelvic trauma
Authors: Kahler David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orthopaedic trauma surgeons are experienced in minimally invasive techniques using two-dimensional video output during either arthroscopy or C-arm fluoroscopy. Standard C-arm fluoroscopy is some- times sufficient for percutaneous placement of screws in various trajectories about the pelvis and acetabulum. The biggest limitation of this technique is that imaging is generally available in only one plane at a time. The surgeon must position the implant in one view, and then obtain additional images in other planes for ‘trial and error’ placement of guide wires or screws.
Why a history of dialysis?
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kidney failure is by no means as common as cancers or heart disease, but by the end of the last millennium nearly one million individuals worldwide, who had suffered complete and irreversible failure of kidney function, were being maintained alive by a ‘temporary’ treatment: dialysis. The interest of chronicling the development of this treatment arises, not only from its important role in treating patients with kidney disease, but because of the lessons it can teach us about the development of medicine and the introduction of new treatments. The kidney was the first organ for which complete mechanical substitution became possible. This meant that when the idea of treating kidney failure by a machine was first suggested more than half a century ago, neither the medical professions nor those in charge of the delivery of health care were able to comprehend the change that it represented, and most opposed its introduction.
The science of dialysis: ‘uraemic toxins’
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the concept of treating renal failure by dialysis could arise, two ideas had to be present first: (i) that in some way loss of renal function leads to the accumulation, in the blood and other body fluid, of substances normally excreted, which contribute to or cause the illness and subsequent death of the individual; and (ii) that these sub-stances might be removed from the blood (and secondarily from the tissues) by processes of diffusion or dialysis.
The rise of the concept of acute renal failure; the flame photometer, urologists and nephrologists
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that both Alwall and Kolff began their work with the clear intention of treating patients with chronic irreversible uraemia, who appeared to both of them as the main clinical problem in the 1930s. It is less certain what Murray’s original intentions were in 1940–1942, but seems likely he had the same goals—although it should be noted that unlike his two colleagues, his very first case treated in 1946 was a patient with acute renal failure from mercury poisoning, who had a successsful outcome after three dialyses. In fact, as it turned out, for the first 15 years of its existence as a clinical technique, dialysis was used for a parallel group of patients—those with acute, potentially reversible renal failure.
Current context and aims
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rate of change in provision in mental health services has been gathering pace for the last 20 years. As outlined in Chapter 1 this has been driven by the shift in emphasis from long-term care in mental hospitals to support in the community, with only episodic admissions to hospitals for acute breakdowns. This shift has been accompanied by the process of deinstitutionalization and the closure of the large, old mental hospitals. Such a picture is, of necessity, an oversimplification. There remains a significant minority of long-term patients who have not been able to transfer to community care. For some this is because their illnesses are so severe, or their behaviour so unacceptable, that psychiatric hospital remains the only tolerant and safe environment for them. Others have remained in hospital because their mental illness has been compounded by age and infirmity. They are often referred to as ‘graduate long-stay’ because their original psychotic illness has become overshadowed by cognitive impairment.
Who is assertive outreach for? Referrals and discharges
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Which patients an assertive outreach team should target is the first question usually asked when the decision is made to establish such a service. Various proposals are made, some based on evidence, some on wishful thinking, and some on simple desperation— ‘revolving door patients’, ‘dual-diagnosis patients’, ‘personality disorder patients’, ‘offender patients’, ‘the homeless’, etc. A local needs’ assessment promptly follows which identifies the number of potential patients who meet the agreed profile. From this calculations are made about the size of the team and the resource implications.
Key working versus the ‘team approach’
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In England and Wales, the care programme approach (CPA) (Department of Health 1990) requires that all individuals with mental health problems who are being cared for by specialist services should be registered on the CPA and that each should have a designated ‘key worker’. There have been various changes to this legislation and changes of terms (Department of Health 1990). What was originally called ‘higher level’ CPA metamorphosed through ‘levels 2 and 3’ to ‘enhanced’. ‘Key worker’ has sadly been renamed ‘care co-ordinator’, thereby perpetuating the confusion between brokeranage and clinical case management (and possibly CPA and social services care management) (Burns 1997b).
Medication compliance
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When patients are admitted with another relapse of their psychotic illness there is often discussion about whether they have been taking their medicines regularly. It is common in mental health practice to find that they have either stopped taking their tablets altogether or have been irregular with them several weeks before admission. The debate then arises about whether they have broken down because they stopped taking the medicine or stopped taking the medicine because they were breaking down. Whichever it is, failure to take medicines as prescribed has been unequivocally demonstrated to increase the risk of relapse (Curson et al. 1985; Hirsch et al. 1973).