bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Picasso’s “dusty manikins”
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon is a striking composition of five nude figures, only a few of which are obviously feminine (figure 2.1). The figure in the center has her arms lifted and crossed above her head; her dark eyes stare straight ahead with a blank expression. She and the figure immediately to her left flaunt their nudity, but the leftmost figure is a more staid observer of the scene. The fruit dish in the foreground, filled with grapes, an apple, and a slice of watermelon, is depicted in so flat a manner as to underscore the two-dimensionality of the image. Both fruits and bodies hardly resemble their natural counterparts.
Introduction: The Study of Spontaneous Facial Expressions in Psychology
Authors: Rosenberg Erika L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the research in which facial behavior has been measured and related to other variables is unknown to many psychologists because the work has been published in a wide variety of places. In addition to journals in psychology, many studies have appeared in journals of psychiatry, European journals, and journals of medicine. This unique book presents previously published articles on spontaneous facial expression in a single volume, so that they may be more accessible to interested scholars and practitioners. It also contains afterwords by the authors that offer the reader a glimpse of the researchers’ current thinking on the issues addressed in their articles.
Components and Recognition of Facial Expression in the Communication of Emotion by Actors
Authors: Gosselin Pierre , Kirouac Gilles , Dore Franyois Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to psychoevolutionist theories (Ekman, 1984, 1993; Izard, 1977; Izard & Malatesta, 1987; Plutchik, 1980), facial expressions play an important role in the communication of emotion and in the regulation of social interactions. The information provided by facial displays allows protagonists involved in social interactions to mutually appraise their emotional states and adjust their behavior in the appropriate way. One phenomenon that contributes to the complexity of the communication of emotion is the control that human beings have of their facial expressions. According to Ekman (1977) and Malatesta and Izard (1984), many control strategies may be used, such as attenuating, amplifying, simulating, or masking the expression of an emotion. The ability of human beings to control their facial expressions raises several issues. One of the main issues is the degree of similarity between facial expressions of genuine emotions and those of simulated emotions. Given that simulation is a strategy commonly used by the encoder to convince the decoder that an emotion is felt, it is justified to assume that facial expressions of simulated emotions are good reproductions of those of genuine emotions.
The Role of Individual Identification in Conservation Biology
Authors: McGregor Peter , Peake Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role that a knowledge of the identity of individuals can play in conservation. Much of the impetus for such a discussion comes from the field of behavioral ecology. This is partly because behavioral ecologists have developed a number of techniques for identifying individuals, many of which are designed to have minimal effects on behavior. It is also partly because such techniques have uncovered differences between individuals in features relevant to conservation.
A Minimum Intervention Approach to Conservation: the Influence of Social Structure
Authors: Durant Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade, research within conservation biology has centered on the concept of a minimum viable population (MVP), originally defined as a population that has a 95% probability of persisting for 100 years without intervention (Shaffer, 1983). The number of individual animals constituting an MVP has become a fundamental question within conservation biology (Soulé, 1987) because, with this knowledge, it might be possible to establish reserves of a suitable size to sustain a population of a particular species. Minimum viable population research largely targets endangered species (e.g., grizzly bears Ursus arc-tos: Shaffer, 1983; black-footed-ferrets Mustela nigripes: Groves and Clark, 1986; redcock aded woodpeckers Picoides borealis: Reed et al., 1988; spotted owls Strix occidentalis: Barrowclough and Coats, 1985: Leadbeaters possums Gymnobelideus leadbeateri: Lin denmayer et al., 1993). More recently this approach to conservation has expanded into population viability analysis, or PVA, which is used to assess the viability of populations across a whole array of population variables rather than just population size (Gilpin and Soule, 1986). Both PVA and MVP theory hinge on being able to establish whether a reserve can support viable populations. Yet they neglect the increasingly urgent issue of how to main tain existing small populations or metapopulations in protected and sometimes unprotected areas (Caughley, 1994).
Behavior as a Tool for Management Intervention in Birds
Authors: Curio Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of species have become extinct in the wild and survive only in captivity (Magin et al., 1994). Over the next century, therefore, it will be necessary to finesse our abilities to breed highly endangered species in captivity because there will be no room for error. In addition, as conservation areas in the wild become more isolated and smaller in size, we may have to manage in situ populations along similar lines to captive populations. Eventually captive individuals will have to be reintroduced into the wild, yet there are difficulties in reintroducing captive-bred animals into nature. For example, captive-born individuals survive significantly less well than wild-caught ones when released into the wild (Griffith et al., 1989; Beck et al., 1994; Ginsberg, 1994; Miller et al., 1994). Often releases have to be repeated, with the success rate increasing with the number of releases (Beck et al., 1994; see also Veltman et al., 1996) and the number of places where release occurs (Veltman et al., 1996). Based on this poor record, some postulate spreading releases over many years, but it may be more cost effective to understand the reasons that releases fare so poorly so that captive breeding, now called conservation breeding, and prerelease and postrelease training can be improved.
Conspecific Aggregation and Conservation Biology
Authors: Dobson Andy , Poole Joyce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly all animals aggregate for some period of their lives, for mating, for raising offspring, at feeding sites, or because they live in temporary or permanent groups (Wilson, 1975). Many years of behavioral ecological research have shown that there are costs and benefits for each individual in associating with conspecifics, and that these may be important for predator defense (e.g., Thomson’s gazelles Gazella thomsoni: FitzGibbon, 1990), increasing access to food (weavers Quelea quelea: De Groot, 1980; wild dogs Lycaon pictus: Creel and Creel, 1995), or for reproduction (many cooperatively breeding birds; Stacey and Koenig, 1990). Because many benefits of grouping affect survival and reproduction, and many of these benefits fall disproportionately on certain segments of the population a priori, it seems likely that variations in patterns of conspecific aggregation will affect population growth rates and thus the ability of populations to withstand exploitation, environmental insult, and to make a recovery. The difficulty is in determining the precise ways in which conspecific aggregation affects growth rates, as well as understanding ramifications for other aspects of conservation biology including habitat selection, metapopulation dynamics, and monitoring strategies. Despite these acknowledged difficulties, it is increasingly recognized that models and management plans will continue to remain crude if such knowledge is not incorporated (see Durant, Chapter 5, this volume).
The Importance of Mate Choice in Improving Viability in Captive Populations
Authors: Grahn Mats , Langefors Åsa , von Schantz Torbjörn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a constant increase in the number of species threatened with extinction, and a number of measures are being used to save endangered species or populations, with varying success. One of these is captive breeding, and a growing number of species are today dependent on zoological parks for their existence. Indeed, the main enterprise for many conservation biologists is to maintain viable and reproductive populations of such species in captivity. Specifically, their goal is to create a self-sustaining population that is able to maintain 75-98% of its original heterozygosity for 20-200 years (Ebenhard, 1995; Wiese et al., 1996) in order to “maintain the population’s evolutionary plasticity” (Vrijenhoek and Leberg, 1991). The methods for achieving this goal include minimization of inbreeding with the aid of pedigree records and reduction of genetic drift by planned matings and equalized family sizes (Haig et al., 1990).
Patterns of Development: The Altricial-Precocial Spectrum
Authors: Starck J Matthias , Ricklefs Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Late Triassic, the time of Protoavis texensis (Chatterjee 1991), over 200 million years of evolutionary diversification of birds have resulted in about 8900 living species. Rather than there being a gradual and continuous diversification of birds, recent paleontological perspectives suggest that most avian lineages produced during the Mesozoic did not survive the extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous period and that most recent lineages arose in a second, almost explosive phyletic radiation during a relatively short period of IO million years in the early Tertiary (Chiappe 1995; Feduccia 1995).
Embryonic Growth and Development
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E , Starck J Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past century, avian biologists have developed a conventional wisdom concerning the relationship among egg size, incubation period, embryo growth, and the developmental state of the neonate. Precocial birds lay larger eggs relative to adult body size than do altricial species (Rahn et al. 1975; Sotherland and Rahn 1987), and they take longer to hatch (Portmann 1955). It seems reasonable that precocial offspring should benefit more than altricial offspring from larger neonatal size (e.g., Nisbet 1978; Ankney 1980; Williams et al. 1993) and that the more mature state of the precocial neonate should take longer to achieve. Portmann (1955) argued that altricial and precocial species progress through the same developmental stages but that altricial chicks hatch relatively earlier in this progression and precocial chicks later. Thus, a portion of the maturation achieved by altricial nestlings is accomplished by precocial embryos before they hatch. Increased self-reliance of precocial neonates results in reduced postnatal growth potential, apparently because of a trade-off between functional maturity and the growth rate of tissues (Ricklefs 1979; see chapter 11). By the same argument, altricial chicks maintain high growth rates well after hatching. Because postnatal growth is strikingly influenced by the functional state of the neonate, it is reasonable to ask about the extent to which variation in the neonate condition is reflected in growth of the embryo.
Energy Metabolism, Gas Exchange, and Ventilation
Authors: Vleck Carol M , Bucher Theresa L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The altricial precocial condition has traditionally been used to describe the morphological and behavioral characteristics of different species of bird chicks at the time of hatching (chapter 1). However, the ramifications of developmental mode reach far beyond the hatchling characteristics to affect such factors as energy and water density of the egg, ontogeny of metabolism, embryonic and hatchling growth pattern, and the parent birds’ time and energy budgets. Here we discuss the current state of knowledge about how the developmental mode appears to affect organismal-level energy metabolism, gas exchange, and ventilation in both the embryonic stage and the hatchling and nestling stages. Particularly for egg energy content and energy metabolism of the embryo, different developmental patterns and their correlations with the altricia precocial condition have been identified for some time (see section 4.2.2). For the hatchling and nestling stages, metabolism and ventilatory patterns and their correlations with the developmental pattern are only now emerging.
Models for Avian Growth and Development
Authors: Konarzewski Marek , Kooijman Sebaastian A L M , Ricklefs Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models applied to growth (in birds) serve several purposes. For the most part, models have been used to describe growth empirically. Characterizing growth by parameter values of simple equations facilitates the comparison of growth between species. The generalized growth curve of Richards (1959), of which the logistic, Gompertz, and von Bertalanffy are special cases is frequently applied in this context (e.g., Ricklefs 1973, 1983a; White and Brisbin 1980; Bradley et al. 1984; Brisbin et al. 1986).
The Evolution of the Developmental Mode in Birds
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E , Starck J Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The altricial precocial spectrum represents a continuum of functional capabilities of neonates, ranging from the complete independence and adultlike capabilities of megapode chicks to the total dependence of passerines, psittaciforms, and other fully altricial taxa. The dimensionality of this variation - whether it represents one or several axes of diversification is important in understanding how the mode of development evolves. When evolution is constrained to a single dimension of variation, this implies that each aspect of function is linked genetically or developmentally to every other aspect. When evolution can respond in several dimensions of morphology and physiology, the possibilities for adaptation increase enormously.
Economic Growth and Problems of Intergroup Relations
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the second decade of the eighteenth century, basic commercial patterns had developed in colonial New ‘York that would shape its economic destiny for several generations to come. Before about 1712, the rates at which trade multiplied, production increased, agriculture improved, and population grew were varied, erratic, and uncertain. A depression that began in the 1670s had carried over into the 1680s; and thereafter the Leislerian brouhaha in politics, the Anglo-French wars, and the hovering presence of French privateers, as well as French competition in the fur trade, all served to curtail the potential for full economic activity. With the cessation of war in 17 I 3, however, New York entered its first major period of concentrated commercial growth. This phase lasted (with ups and downs) for almost two. decades; and it had profound implications for the colony’s labor force, Indian relations; political activity, and provincial attitudes—both public and private.
War, Trade, and Empire
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York’s position in the British Empire was both important and uncertain at mid-century. The province played a relatively minor role in King George’s War (1744–48) but thereafter became literally a linchpin among the continental colonies. New York generally, and the area from Albany to Ticonderoga in particular, became the most critical sector during the French and Indian War, and between 1755 and 1760 Albany was the nerve center of British operations in North America. The formal onset of war in 1756, moreover, marked a significant turning point in New York’s history because it diverted attention from civic problems, such as the King’s College controversy, to military, diplomatic, and economic matters of greater moment.
During the governorship of George Clinton, 1743–53—the longest term for any English governor in the colony’s history the structure of political alignments in New York underwent several major convolutions.
Recipes for Grains of Salt
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Corning all too keenly recognized, clear optical fibers were not the only building block vital for fiber-optic communications. A second crucial ingredient was a matching light source. From Bell Labs to the British Post Office, developers of optical communication systems thought the ideal light source would be a semiconductor laser. By a curious coincidence, the spring and summer of 1970 also marked symbolic breakthroughs on the semiconductor laser frontier, although as with fibers, practical devices took longer.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis as a Guide to Resource Allocation in Health: Roles and Limitations
Authors: Russell L B , Siegel J E , Daniels N , Gold M R , Luce B R , Mandelblatt J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a method used to evaluate the outcomes and costs of interventions designed to improve health. It has been used to compare costs and years of life gained for such interventions as screening for breast cancer (Eddy, 1989), bypass surgery for coronary artery disease (Weinstein and Stason, 1982), and vacci-nation against pneumococcal pneumonia (Willems et al., 1980). The results of an analysis are usually summarized in a series of cost-effectiveness ratios that show the cost of achieving one unit of health outcome-for example, the cost per year of life gained for different kinds of patients and variations of the intervention (Table 1.1).
Reflecting Uncertainty in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Manning W G , Fryback D G , Weinstein M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In conducting a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to evaluate the desirability of a treatment or prevention regimen, the analyst combines information on the course of disease and treatment, the clinical effectiveness of the regimens, preferences regarding health outcomes, the costs of the intervention and its sequelae, and other aspects of the clinical problem. For many of these pieces of information, the analyst may have a very good sense of what the true values and relationships are, based on clinical trials and observational studies in the literature, or experience. For some aspects of the study, the level of certainty concerning the correct value or the form of the relationship may be very limited.
Reporting Cost-Effectiveness Studies and Results
Authors: Siegel J E , Weinstein M C , Torrance G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way a cost-effectiveness analysis is reported is a critical determinant of the impact and utility of an analysis. The comprehensiveness of a report affects the degree to which research can be reviewed or extended by other analysts. Its organization and clarity govern its accessibility to an audience, its credibility, and, ultimately, the likelihood that study results will play a part in policy discussions.
Introduction: Learning the hard way
Authors: Ching Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about hard country music for two reasons. First, it’s impossible to really understand country music, now one of the most popular forms of music in the United States, without recognizing that its “country” is a disputed territory where a mainstream-oriented pop production style reigns over a feisty and less fashionable form—”hard country.” Second, hearing hard country music offers an important perspective on the bewildering cultural situation, often called postmodernism, in which we find ourselves. Conversely, once we recognize the postmodern rhetoric of cultural distinction embedded in contemporary hard country, we can hear the music as something more significant than a stylistic variant of a harmless breed of popular music. Although cultural critics like Susan Sontag may well assert that contemporary culture has done away with the traditional distinction between high and low culture,1 you don’t find them writing an appreciative essay on George Jones. Country music—let alone hard country music—has not figured in any of the now canonical discussions of postmodernity. The difficulty of imagining it may suggest just how remote country music is from intellectual discourse, and thus how overlooked it is in contemporary cultural politics.
Dying hard: Hard country at the finish line?
Authors: Ching Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ’70s, as Owens’s career was fading, the much-heralded Outlaw movement, led by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson (but including a range of others),1 managed to buck the system in ways very similar to Owens’s. Like Owens, the Outlaws armed themselves with Telecasters and a rock beat, and then insisted on the right to produce their own music. Like Owens, they preferred show venues like Manhattan’s hip Max’s Kansas City or massive festivals and arenas to the staid and low-paying Opry. “Who listens to the Opry nowadays? Ain’t nobody out there listening anymore,” Jennings told Peter Guralnick in 1974 (208). According to Frye Gaillard, Roy Acuff denounced Nelson’s rejection of the fold from the Opry stage (146). However, this rebellion would have been far less newsworthy if the rebels had acknowledged their similarity to Owens. Instead, one of Jennings’s first appearances in the outlaw mode introduces him as a pill-popping “psychedelic cowboy” and critic of Owens: “he does some of the most ridiculous damn things I ever heard,” Jennings complained (Grissim, 80).2
American Health Care and the Law
Authors: Havighurst Clark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time, the U.S. health care industry was not beset on all sides by law and lawyers. Indeed, when I first surveyed the field of health law in the late 1960s, the list of emergent legal issues in health care was quite short. In addition, the salient issues arose within relatively few fields of law, principally medical malpractice (including the area of informed consent), occupational licensure, the tort liability of hospitals, abortion, prescription drug development, human experimentation, and several other aspects of what we now call bioethics.
Federalism and the Future of Health Care Reform
Authors: Briffault Richard , Glied Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important theme in the ongoing health care reform debate is federalism. During the battle over the Clinton Health Plan in 1993–94, the question of which level of government—federal or state—should take the leading role in health policy was almost as contentious as the particular proposals for extending access to quality health care and controlling health care costs. With the failure in 1994 to achieve comprehensive legislation at the national level, many policymakers and commentators gave fresh attention to the states as potential agents for health care reform.
Toward a Mediation of Field Methods and Field Experience in Ethnomusicology
Authors: Rice Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fieldwork is so central to contemporary ethnomusicology that I would suppose nearly every graduate program devoted to training ethnomusicologists has a course on it, probably with a title containing the phrase “fieldwork methods:’ The three nouns in these courses’ titles (method, field, and work) speak volumes about our collective understanding of theory and method in ethnomusicology, and thus pro vide the place where I would like to begin this reflection on fieldwork. I hope to show the limits of the usefulness of this phrase and the possibilities for an alternative view of where the field is and what happens in the field, a view that balances method and working with experience and playing. To do so, I move narratively between theoretical or philosophical reflection and some of my own fieldwork experiences, just as I do in practice.