bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valvular Stenosis
Authors: El Sabbagh Abdallah , Nishimura Rick A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Aortic stenosis is a disease in which progressive obstruction to left ventricular outflow results in 1) pressure hypertrophy of the left ventricle; 2) symptoms of angina, dyspnea, and syncope; and 3) if untreated, death. The presentation, diagnosis, and eventual treatment of aortic stenosis depend on the cause and severity of the outflow obstruction. The causes can be divided into supravalvular aortic stenosis, fixed subvalvular aortic stenosis, and valvular aortic stenosis. Valvular aortic stenosis has many causes, including congenital unicuspid or bicuspid aortic valve, rheumatic heart disease, and senile degenerative disease. Two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography can be used to determine reliably the level of obstruction and to assess the severity of obstruction.
The Aorta
Authors: Mahowald Madeline K. , Spittell Peter C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The aorta is the largest arterial conduit arising from the left ventricle. Through its branch vessels, it serves as the foundation of the arterial supply for the entire body. Therefore, the varied and typically insidious diseases affecting the aorta are of importance to the general cardiologist. Aortic disease often first comes to clinical attention in the context of an acute aortic syndrome, which presents in young adults and can be catastrophic. Therefore, understanding the scope and pathogenesis of aortic disease, including clinical presentation, evaluation, surveillance, and treatment strategies, is important for the practicing cardiologist.
Pathophysiology of Arterial Thrombosis
Authors: McBane Robert D. , Wysokinski Waldemar E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the most common cause of major disability and death in the United States. This process involves platelet-rich thrombus formation over a ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, which results in acute organ ischemia such as myocardial infarction, stroke, or acute limb ischemia. This chapter reviews the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms of arterial thrombosis. For patients with arterial thrombosis in the absence of atherosclerotic plaque, alternative mechanisms are also provided for consideration.
Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Shields Raymond C. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Each year, approximately 795,000 first or recurrent strokes occur, from which about 140,000 persons die, making stroke the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. It is estimated that aggressive risk factor modification will prevent an estimated 80% of first strokes. Women have a higher lifetime stroke risk than men but tend to have their first stroke at a later age. Rates of first stroke are higher for African American and Hispanic persons than for white persons, and African American individuals have a comparatively higher related death rate. Stroke also is the leading cause of severe disability in the United States, where about 20% of the more than 6 million stroke survivors require long-term institutional care.
Heart Disease in Women
Authors: Mankad Rekha , Best Patricia J. M. , Hayes Sharonne N. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The leading cause of death in women is cardiovascular disease, outnumbering the deaths from all other causes combined. Each year, more than 500,000 women have myocardial infarction, and more than 250,000 die of coronary artery disease. A survey performed a few years ago reported that only 55% of women were aware that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women, and fewer than 15% perceived it as an important risk to themselves. Furthermore, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in women exceeds that in men in the US population older than 55 years. Importantly, increasing prevalence of risk factors for heart disease such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, which affect women to a greater extent than men, likely will make heart disease in women more prevalent at an even younger age in the future.
Heart Disease in Older Adults
Authors: Brenes-Salazar Jorge A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the largest cause of morbidity and death in older adults in the United States. The parallel growth of life expectancy and the burden of cardiovascular disease in this population have generated interest in geriatric cardiology as a particular discipline because the care of these patients is frequently compounded by major age-associated impairments, multiple comorbidities, and socioeconomic complexities.
Right Ventricular Infarction
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Jentzer Jacob C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction is rarely seen in clinical practice, but an estimated 30% to 50% of patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction have clinical, electrocardiographic, and/or echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular dysfunction or infarction. Right ventricular infarction is frequently underdiagnosed, which is clinically important, as right ventricular myocardial infarction complicating inferior wall myocardial infarction is associated with increased in-hospital mortality compared with inferior wall myocardial infarction in patients with preserved right ventricular function. Many studies have shown that patients with right ventricular infarction are a unique subgroup of patients with a distinctive clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis.
Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Waterbury Thomas M. , Anavekar Nandan S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Shock is defined as a physiologic state of inadequate blood flow to vital organs that leads to a global reduction in tissue perfusion with subsequent widespread cellular hypoxia and dysfunction. Four distinct types of shock are recognized: 1) hypovolemic shock, 2) distributive shock, 3) obstructive shock, and 4) cardiogenic shock.
Cardiac Emergencies,
Authors: Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra , Jentzer Jacob C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Shock defines a state of circulatory failure in which inadequate tissue oxygen delivery results in organ dysfunction. The therapeutic approach to acute coronary syndrome can encompass numerous aspects because the syndrome has a broad spectrum of manifestations. The important therapeutic goals for this spectrum are revascularization, antithrombotic treatment, anti-ischemic treatment, administration of disease-modifying agents, and supplemental therapy. Hemodynamically unstable cardiac arrhythmias may occur in the clinical setting of almost any serious underlying cardiac disease. Acute heart failure can be divided into 4 distinct clinical phenotypes or syndromes, each of which can be caused by acute coronary syndrome. Hypertensive urgency or severe uncontrolled hypertension is considered asymptomatic severe hypertension without acute end-organ injury.
Systolic Heart Function
Authors: Miller Wayne L. , Olson Lyle J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Contractile sarcomeres occupy about 50% of the mass of cardiac myocytes. The key element in the initiation of cardiac contraction is the release of sarcoplasmic calcium. The transmembrane calcium current does not directly cause cardiac contraction but promotes release of sarcoplasmic calcium. The ability to augment preload provides a functional reserve to the heart in situations of acute stress or exercise. The most commonly applied and clinically available measure of systolic performance or contraction is ejection fraction.
Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic &#x2028;Therapy for Systolic Ventricular Dysfunction &#x2028;and Heart Failure
Authors: Rodeheffer Richard J. , Redfield Margaret M. , Boilson Barry A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
All patients with systolic ventricular dysfunction, or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, should be considered for aggressive treatment of the underlying coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, or hypertension. The current 2022 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology/Heart Failure Society of America Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure includes important updates on guideline-directed medical therapy that should be started to reduce morbidity and death, concurrent with the evaluation and management of the underlying cause of ventricular dysfunction. Treatment strategies for all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, regardless of the underlying myocardial disorder, are described according to the stage of heart failure. Therapies that have been proved to decrease morbidity and death should be used for all patients with decreased systolic function.
Myocarditis,
Authors: Lyle Melissa A. , Cooper Leslie T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Myocarditis refers to inflammation of the myocardium and incorporates a broad spectrum of clinical and histopathologic presentations. Myocarditis classically results from either an external antigen, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, drugs, or toxins, or an endogenous trigger, such as autoimmune activation against self-antigens. Although viral infection remains the most common cause of myocarditis, drug hypersensitivity, toxic drug reactions, and peripartum cardiomyopathy are being increasingly recognized as possible etiologies of myocarditis. The clinical presentation can be variable, ranging from subclinical disease to fulminant myocarditis, requiring inotropic therapy or mechanical circulatory support.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kushwaha Sudhir S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Restrictive cardiomyopathy is defined as myocardial disease that results in impaired ventricular filling with 1) normal or reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles and 2) normal or near-normal systolic function and wall thickness. The condition usually results from increased stiffness of the myocardium, which causes pressure within the ventricles to increase precipitously with only small increases in volume. Affecting either or both ventricles, restrictive cardiomyopathy may cause symptoms or signs of right ventricular or left ventricular failure. Often, right-sided findings predominate, with elevated jugular venous pressure, peripheral edema, and ascites. When the left ventricle is affected, breathlessness and evidence of pulmonary edema are present, usually with normal cardiac dimensions. The diagnosis should therefore be considered when a patient has heart failure but no evidence of cardiomegaly or systolic dysfunction.
Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Boilson Barry A. , Daly Richard C. , Kushwaha Sudhir S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the United States, an estimated 5.7 million people carry a diagnosis of HF, and almost 300,000 people die of heart failure each year. The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise, and it increases with age. Advances in medical therapy have resulted in improved survival of patients with moderate or severe heart failure, but the prognosis for patients with end-stage heart failure remains poor. Orthotopic cardiac transplant is a highly successful procedure for the treatment of end-stage heart disease. Despite major advances since that first transplant, the number of procedures performed worldwide has plateaued, primarily because of the limited supply of donor organs. Cardiac transplantation is not appropriate for many patients due to advanced age and comorbidities. This has led to the development of new therapeutic avenues, including ventricular assist devices, the total artificial heart, cell therapy, and xenotransplantation.
Invasive Hemodynamics
Authors: Nishimura Rick A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Measurement of volumetric flow rate (ie, stroke volume or cardiac output) is important for evaluating systolic performance of the heart. Stroke volume is the amount of blood that the heart can eject during systole, specifically during the systolic ejection period from aortic valve opening to aortic valve closure. This ejection phase index depends on the loading conditions of the heart (afterload and preload) and on the intrinsic contractility of the heart muscle. It provides an overall measurement of the ability of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body.
Atlas of Hemodynamic Tracings,
Authors: Nishimura Rick A. , Murphy Joseph G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Double arterial pulses (Figures 93.1 through 93.5) can be divided into 2 main categories. In the first category, the double pulses span different cardiac cycles and include pulsus alternans and pulsus bigeminus. The other category of double pulses includes bifid, bisferiens, and dicrotic pulses. In this category, the split in the pulse is within 1 cardiac cycle.
Ninety-Nine Lessons in Critical Thinking
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There is a danger that key factors in the development of young doctors and scientists are being lost because of the unremitting competition for their attention created by a continuous avalanche of information. The needs of the patient may be lost because of a focus on data and the electronic medical record. Key features of scientific problems may similarly be lost through extensive focus on methods and the monumental growth of the literature. Critically, medical and scientific insights are frequently lost because questions have not been properly identified and the many forms of bias have interfered with clinical and scientific judgment. This book presents 99 ways in which the capacity for observation, attention, understanding, and compassion can be enhanced. Using stories from the author’s experience and from the literature, methods for focusing attention and enhancing the awareness of preconceived ideas and other biases are presented. Young doctors and scientists face the difficult task of acquiring a vast amount of information. Attention to human evolution and how it has influenced the way the brain works provides valuable guidance in developing skills of selective attention and critical thinking. The needs of the patient and of the scientific matters at hand must not be lost in competition with the vast amount of data that the internet provides. Young doctors and scientists must learn how to be aware of how they think and how they can enhance their observational skills and judgment to become more effective professionals.
The Fundamental Three-Step Approach to Diagnosis
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It is best to pursue diagnosis by first listening deeply to the patient to learn what they are telling you. After you consider the localization of the problem, then the etiology or cause can be considered. If you immediately consider the cause of a symptom or sign, you may miss other important features. It is critical to be able to recognize when you don't know something because understanding your level of ignorance is an important step in discovery. Attention to the patient is often more important than attention to the medical literature or the patients’ record. Family history and the possibility of toxic exposures are worth consideration. Salutogenesis, the production and maintenance of health, is just as relevant to patient care as pathogenesis, the production and maintenance of disease. Helping a patient enhance their fitness will be valuable in increasing their joy of living and ability to avoid disease.
Live in “Day-Tight Compartments”
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It is valuable to understanding how one learns best and where one finds meaning. These issues can only be resolved through a diverse range of experiences. Regardless of what area of specialization is chosen, the individual will need to recognize that they will be teaching and that they need to recognize the importance of salesmanship. The meaning of the disciplines and the need to avoid overspecialization it is important. Moreover, the capacity to look beyond the narrow confines of a chosen subspecialty will be rewarding (trespassing). Opportunities for collaboration, both locally and internationally, should be considered. In searching for educational and research opportunities, consider the best possible prospects. Attention to one’s own health in terms of physical exercise, diet, and mental health is important.
What Is Science?
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Science involves attending to the world with an open mind, one capable of thinking without restriction by bias or prior information that may be wrong. Progress in science involves creating new paradigms and fundamentally changing understanding. All of the disciplines are metaphors because they do not actually exist. The most important feature of success in science is hard work (tenacity) and not brilliance. Experimentation and not contemplation is the best way to make progress. Technology is often vital to discovery but should generally not be your primary focus. Statistical analysis may be helpful but may also be considerably misleading. Assumptions of your methods must not be overlooked, and a new idea does not need to be supported by all available evidence.
Can tidal evolution lead to close-in planetary bodies around white dwarfs – I. Orbital period distribution
Authors: Li Yuqi , Bonsor Amy , Shorttle Oliver , Rogers Laura K 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
The evolution of planetary systems around white dwarfs is crucial to understanding the presence of planetary material in the atmospheres of white dwarfs. These systems uniquely probe exoplanetary compositions. Periodic signals in the photometry of a handful of white dwarfs suggest material blocking the star, potentially from disintegrating planetesimals. Tidal evolution followed by scattering can bring planetesimals on to close-in orbits that would have been within the envelope of the white dwarf progenitor. The orbital period distribution of planetesimals undergoing tidal evolution will peak at short-period (nearly) circularized orbits (∼10 h–1 d), with a rising tail towards long-period highly eccentric orbits (∼100 d). This prediction is generally consistent with the observed white dwarf transiting systems. In order for the planetesimal on the 4.5 h period around WD 1145+017 to be explained by the tidal evolution of a planetesimal, that planetesimal must have an ultimate tensile strength comparable to that of iron meteorites.
Cold fronts in galaxy clusters – I. A case for the large-scale global eigenmodes in unmagnetized and weakly magnetized cluster core
Authors: Choudhury Prakriti Pal , Reynolds Christopher S 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
Galaxy clusters show large-scale azimuthal X-ray surface brightness fluctuations known as cold fronts. Cold fronts are argued to originate due to sloshing driven by sub-halo passage at close proximity to the cluster centre. While this causes large-scale perturbations, the physical mechanisms that can sustain spiral density structures are not clear. In this work, we explore whether long-wavelength thermal instability is an explanation for cold front formation in a cluster core that is perturbed by sub-haloes or active galactic nuclei activity. Using global linear perturbation analysis, we show that unstable internal gravity waves form large-scale 3D spirals, akin to observed cold fronts. We explore if the presence of magnetic field (along spherical $\hat{\phi }$) may support such structures (by suppressing small-scale Kelvin–Helmholtz modes) or disrupt them (by promoting additional thermal instability). We find that latter happens at shorter wavelengths and above characteristic Brunt–Väisälä frequency ($\gt N_{\rm BV}$). Our work implies that large-scale spirals are sustained over a long time-scale ($\gt N^{-1}_{\rm BV}$) even in presence of aligned magnetic fields that is otherwise supportive against mixing at the interface. Secondly, short-wavelength (but relatively longer along the field) unstable compressive modes may form within or in the vicinity of such spirals. The instability is an overstable slow wave, and grows in 2D at time-scales $\gtrsim 2{\small --}3$ times longer than the spiral growth time-scale (via thermal instability). Thus this instability cannot destroy the large-scale coherence.
Survival, Quality of Life, and Motor Function in Brain Metastases Surgery - The Role of Complete Resection
Authors: Winther Rebecca R , Hjermstad Marianne J , Yri Olav Erich , Skovlund Eva , Aass Nina , Astrup Guro L , Kaasa Stein , Saxhaug Cathrine , Vik-Mo Einar Osland 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
One in three patients with advanced cancer develops brain metastases. Surgical resection of brain metastases is done in 15-20% of these patients. While gross total resection (GTR) is believed to extend overall survival (OS), concerns exist regarding increased morbidity. This study examines the impact of surgical resection, particularly GTR, on self-reported symptoms, focusing on quality of life (QoL) and motor dysfunction.

Methods
We conducted a prospective cohort study involving adult patients undergoing surgical resection for brain metastases from solid tumors in a defined region of Norway between 2017 and 2021. Clinical data were collected at inclusion prior to surgery and every three months the first year. Patients completed monthly questionnaires assessing QoL and motor dysfunction. QoL was measured using the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL, while motor dysfunction was evaluated using the EORTC QLQ-BN20.

Results
A total of 155 patients were included and median OS was 13 months. GTR was achieved in 69 (44%) patients and was associated with longer median OS compared to subtotal resection (17.7 vs. 10.9 months, p=0.04). Mean QoL remained stable throughout the follow-up period. Improved motor dysfunction one month after surgery was reported by 23% of the patients, while 25% reported worse motor dysfunction. Factors associated with a high motor dysfunction score at one month were age &gt;70 years, higher baseline motor dysfunction, and multiple brain metastases. Neither GTR nor location of metastases in motor associated areas were associated with worsened motor dysfunction.

Conclusion
Self-reported QoL is maintained after surgery for brain metastases. Complete resection is associated with extended OS without compromising self-reported motor function.