bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the Balance Between Production Availability, Capex and Opex of Projects While Managing Environmental Aspects with a Simulation Tool
Authors: Clavé N. , Estécahandy M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With economic and environmental constraints growing stronger every day, engineering high-performance system architectures at an acceptable cost is of critical importance. The ability to quickly model the various alternatives under consideration in order to calculate their production availability plays a key role here.
The basis of the technique our team worked out is in fact not really new. The idea is to build a Production Availability or RAM model into a specific tool in a block flow diagram format, that is a well-known approach. Then, by integrating GHG emission estimates and costs, and by modeling the different options under study, the results obtained can provide decision aid support to project teams and operated sites. Many aspects can be tested on future or new installations: design/redundancy levels, operating philosophy, maintenance philosophy, spare part management… The final objective is to compare the different options and determine the one optimizing at the best the balance between performances, costs, and environmental aspects.
It is important to point out that economic i.e. CAPEX, OPEX, cash flow, NPV… calculations performed can only provide rough estimates. Indeed, all topics being not covered in detail, these first economic results have to be confirmed by real calculations performed by architects or strategy team members.
The new modeling/simulation tool has been developed in the GRIF software suite environment and is named GRIF-Petro. It is the only software module of its kind in our industry. It has significantly modified the working methods of our reliability engineers and field development engineers, providing effective decision support. It has enabled us to test and validate proposals that have reduced CAPEX and OPEX by more than $400 million over the past 3 years. New uses for these models are likely to emerge as modeling times are drastically reduced and the solution is connected to our supercomputer.
Potential Formation Damage Following Matrix Acidizing Treatments. North Africa Field
Authors: Khodja A. Ali , Chouali K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sludges formation during acid stimulation is a serious issue as it induces a damage that cannot be easily dissolved with most of treating chemicals. Recently, many wells experienced a drop in their potential following matrix acidizing treatment. Many factors could be attributed to this poor production performance following the treatments.
In this paper, we addressed the issue of sludge formation in contact of the acid (HCl 7.5% & Mud acid 6:1.5) with crude oil. As described by Moore et al (1965), sludge tendency test was carried out in the laboratory using samples of acid recipe being used in the field with samples of oil collected from wells with suspected sludge issues. Surprisingly, results show sludge formation in contact of both HCl 7.5% and Mud Acid 6:1.5. The sludge deposit formed was dried in oven and both volume and weight percentage were calculated and compared with published values of different crude oils around the world. Some case examples with suspected formation damage by sludges are presented in this paper.
Hydrogen: Comparing Production and Optimized Solutions
Authors: Singh Jag 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Golu-H2 is a member of the SBI Group, a clean energy innovator in cutting edge technologies development for over 25 years.
SBI has invested over $40 million to reach the point we are at today, with a fully equipped state of the art 25,000 sq. ft. facility with modern analytical equipment and fabrication capabilities.
SBI's Renewable diesel/Sustainable Aviation fuel (Jet Fuel) technology has been licensed by Royal Dutch Shell in 2016, we have global patents on this and our Hydrogen technology. This proved our abilities in scaling up processes, catalyst development, process and processor design and optimization. We also have in-house automation and controls, providing the most flexibility to execute projects efficiently.
Artificial Intelligence Eco-Mobility System Unmanned Shuttle
Authors: Al Blooshi S. , Al Salami A. , Salem W. , Al Hammadi M. , Mahyoub M. , Al Marzooqi A. , Al Tamimi A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper represents the experience of adapting an Artificial Intelligence Eco-mobility system as a pilot in a non-industrial area on an Oil & Gas offshore Island. Upon successful operation for six months, full-phase implementation will also occur, including in the industrial areas. The System reduces 40% of greenhouse gas emissions daily from transportation, improves 80% of OPEX, eliminates accidents, and enhances innovation and digitalization. At one of ADNOC Offshore Islands, as a trial, the AI Eco-mobility system is replacing the existing airport shuttles. The System has proven Artificial Intelligence technology, battery operated, that functions without drivers. As a precautionary measure, the System is supervised from the control room by an operator who can monitor several shuttles simultaneously. It has fail-safe features with evacuation procedures and works with reverse logic, which detects obstacles before proceeding. Replacement of traditional transportation with an AI Eco-system adds enormous value in health, safety, environment, people, and profitability. The test phase execution scope is to replace only two shuttles with an AI system; however, twelve present shuttles will take place after a six-month trial, covering the whole Island, including the industrial areas. The six-month trial is ongoing, and the System is user-friendly, with precise timing, safety characteristics, and high efficiency. It reduces 40% of emissions compared to traditional shuttles and enhances operation costs. The Full-Phase execution expects to eliminate 100% of the emissions produced by public transportation after ADNOC Project Lightening of the Power Supply, eliminate the accidents resulting from human errors, and reduce the OPEX cost by 80% due to non-availability of the consumable mechanical parts. The Trial-Phase execution cost is optimum, considering the worldwide benefits to Oil & Gas industries. Such systems function with no incident records, while they have never been tested in the oil & gas industries due to the safety prerequisite. ADNOC Offshore is working with OEM to have an intrinsically safe design suitable for industrial areas.
Provision of Hydrogen and Nitrogen for Blue Ammonia Production at Large Scale
Authors: Brandl A. , Wawrzinek K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The increasing impact of climate change illustrates the necessity to reduce carbon intensity in industry. Many countries have already set a target to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. However, not only regulation by authorities is an important driver, but public perception and investor interest also push all relevant industries to increase their efforts to act more sustainably. Therefore, an increasing number of companies has also set internal targets for sustainability and greenhouse gas reductions.
The target of transformation to a carbon-free society is widely acknowledged. Ammonia as a key element for fertilizer production and hence agriculture, but also as a potential energy carrier, plays an important role. According to IEA [IEA NH3 2021], ammonia production contributes 450 mil. t direct CO2 emissions per year. Additionally, the related power consumption and emissions from the use of urea add 170 mil. t indirect CO2 emissions annually. This corresponds to almost 2 % of the world’s total CO2 emissions, which are reported 31.5 Gt in 2020 [IEA Energy 2021]. Therefore, the NH3 industry has the potential and obligation to contribute to overall CO2 emissions reductions.
The average direct CO2 emissions per produced ton of ammonia is approx. 2.4 tons. However, the emission value of a specific plant depends widely on feedstock, applied technologies, and age. Ammonia plants based on natural gas roughly emit 1.8 t CO2 per t NH3, and even lower numbers are achieved nowadays. Coal-based plants on the other hand emit approx. 3.2 t CO2 per t NH3, due to the high carbon content of the coal.
Upscaling of Modeling of Thermal Dispersion in Stratified Geothermal Formations
Authors: Tang Jinyu , Wang Yang , Rossen William R. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Upscaling of geothermal properties is necessary given the computational cost of numerical simulations. Nevertheless, accurate upscaling of thermo-physical properties of layers combined in simulation grid blocks has been a long-standing challenge. In stratified porous media, non-uniform velocity between layers combined with transverse thermal conduction across layers causes spreading of the thermal front: thermal Taylor dispersion. Neither effect of heterogeneity is accounted for in conventional upscaling. Based on thermal Taylor dispersion, we develop a new upscaling technique for simulation of geothermal processes in stratified formations. In particular, we derive a model for effective longitudinal thermal diffusivity in the direction of flow, αeff, to represent this phenomenon in two-layer media. αeff, accounting for differences in velocity and transverse thermal conduction, is much greater than the thermal diffusivity of the rock itself, leading to a remarkably larger effective dispersion. We define a dimensionless number, NTC, a ratio of times for longitudinal convection to transverse conduction, as an indicator transverse thermal equilibration of the system during cold-water injection. Both NTC and αeff equations are verified by a match to numerical solutions for convection/conduction in two-layer systems. We find that for NTC &gt; 5, thermal dispersion in the system behaves as a single layer with αeff This suggests a two-layer medium satisfying NTC &gt; 5 can be combined into a single layer with an effective longitudinal thermal diffusivity αeff. Compared with conventional approaches by averaging, the αeff model provides more accurate upscaling of thermal diffusivity and thus more-accurate prediction of cooling-front breakthrough. In stratified geothermal reservoirs with a sequence of layers, upscaling can be conducted in stages, e.g. combining two layers satisfying the NTC criterion in each stage. The application of the new technique to upscaling geothermal well-log data will be presented in a companion paper.
Green Hydrogen Export – Technical Readiness of Jetty-Less Marine Loading Terminals
Authors: Peace C. , Campbell D. , Shen W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Middle East is a competitive global energy powerhouse, and it has the opportunity to lead the energy transition. Already home to some of the world’s lowest-priced solar projects, the Middle East has ambitious green hydrogen developments underway. The Middle East has an opportunity to harness its clean energy resources to lead the way for green hydrogen exporting. This paper presents the technical readiness and challenges associated with exporting green hydrogen in different vectors via Single Point Mooring (SPM) systems.
Jetty-less marine loading and unloading terminals provide a potentially less-intrusive solution for import and export of green hydrogen. These can potentially be used in areas where coastlines and/or seastate do not support conventional jetties.
Improving Industrial Operations with Real-Time Information Using Augmented Reality
Authors: Alshamsi Shamma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective and scope of this project are to leverage the latest technological advancements, such as Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation, to enhance operations. Specifically, this project will focus on the implementation of Augmented Reality to superimpose crucial digital information onto real-time views of various sections and elements of the ADNOC Gas Sites. This approach aims to improve accuracy, efficiency, and operations safety.
Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that overlays digital content onto the real world. The process for using AR in an industrial setting involves identifying equipment, gathering data, creating AR overlays, choosing an AR device, integrating device, data, training users, and monitoring and refining system. Data collection includes equipment specifications, design, P&ID graphs, operational parameters, and related essential information. The AR device is then configured to recognize the equipment and display relevant overlays. User training is necessary, and the system must be monitored and updated to remain effective.
The use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology in an industrial setting to identify equipment-related information can provide numerous benefits to various stakeholders. This includes improved accuracy, efficiency, and safety across the entire organization. The process of using AR in an industrial setting involves several steps as mentioned above. This process requires collaboration between various stakeholders, including AR experts, equipment engineers, IT specialists, and operational staff. The implementation of AR technology in ADNOC Gas sites can greatly enhance operations and improve overall performance, productivity, and safety. By utilizing AR overlays to display equipment-related information in real-time, operators can quickly and accurately identify issues and make necessary adjustments and actions. Engineers can use AR to visualize equipment designs and simulate potential changes or upgrades. Maintenance personnel can use AR overlays to identify equipment components and perform repairs more quickly and accurately. Management can use AR to receive real-time data on equipment performance to make data-driven decisions. Additionally, AR can be used in training programs to provide a more immersive and interactive experience for trainees.
This paper will present novel information by showcasing a unique and transformative implementation of AR within the petroleum industry. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and real-world examples, it will demonstrate how the strategic integration of AR overlays can significantly improve accuracy, efficiency, and safety in industrial operations. This valuable contribution to the existing body of knowledge can guide petroleum industry professionals in harnessing AR's potential to drive innovation and enhance productivity in their operations.
Hands-Free Driving of Flush OD Conductor Tubulars
Authors: Dupuis P. D. , Adams P. A. , Smith L. E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the continued focus on increasing safety and improving operational efficiencies, these areas of needed improvement was highlighted in a recent conductor driving operation. To improve and strive towards achieving a truly "hands-free" conductor driving, the use of various technologies was reviewed. Combining technologies, the ability of remote-operated equipment such as the specialty flush joint elevator, remote-operated slips, and the hydraulic hammer has allowed the shift to a more hands-off operation nearly reaching our goal of "hands-free".
With the upcoming work, the client expressed a drive to make these operations not only as efficient as possible but to increase the focus on red zone entry and overall safety. The pre-planning of these operations drove our operations team to review all equipment selections and review ongoing operations worldwide to determine the best solution for this project.
The results of this focus-driven planning and collaborative effort led to the completion of these operations in a hands-free manner and improved running speeds. The project was completed before their required date which led to savings for our client and without incident proving this complex operation under adverse conditions can be completed while improving safety on the rig floor.
The continued use of these procedures and technology will continue to set the standard for operations well into the future of conductor-driving operations. Along with the procedures that were improved throughout the campaign, the solution aboard proved once again that having the right equipment for the job not only increases safety but improves the overall product delivered to our client, in this case, a stable and sound start of their well.
With the combination of these technologies, producing a nearly hands-free driving operation, the customer can improve their chances of safe efficient operations by keeping personnel out of hazardous areas.
Unlocking a Digital Twin and Scalable AI Models Through Fit-For-Purpose Reliable Data
Authors: Baeck Bert 
Published: October 2023

Digital transformation has become a strategic imperative for industrial manufacturers and asset owners, promising significant improvements in operational efficiency and profitability. According to Thierry Cartage, former Senior Vice President of Digital at SOLVAY and a renowned industry expert, the potential for digital transformation to enhance industrial operations is estimated at 2-3% improvement in EBITDA. However, unlocking this potential requires a comprehensive journey spanning 2 to 5 years, as highlighted in a joint presentation at the Connected Plant Conference in June 2023.
When embarking on digital initiatives, various captivating topics emerge, such as Digital Twin, AI in production, Real-time optimizers, Predictive maintenance, industrial knowledge graphs, and the more recent addition of Generative AI. These topics generate considerable interest and enthusiasm among industry professionals, as they hold the promise of revolutionizing industrial operations and driving competitive advantages. The ability to create virtual replicas of physical assets (Digital Twins) and leverage advanced analytics and machine learning techniques (AI in production) can offer unprecedented insights and efficiencies.
Real-time optimizers enable organizations to dynamically optimize operations based on real-time data, while predictive maintenance helps prevent costly equipment failures by identifying maintenance needs in advance. Industrial knowledge graphs provide a structured representation of information, allowing for effective data integration and knowledge discovery. The emerging field of Generative AI opens up possibilities for creating novel and innovative solutions by generating new content or designs based on existing data.
Curing Total Losses Via Placement of Aggressive Cement Recipe Through Sacrificial Fiberglass Pipe
Authors: Aljuzayri M. , Corona M. , Franco N. , Alzlfawi A. , Bansal S. , Albarut A. A. , Siddiqi F. , Buizran T. , Al Kubaish Y. A. , Ertus C. , Alhassan M. E. , Antonov M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drilling across severely fractured formations results in losses of circulation that are almost impossible to cure. In the cases under study, offset wells showed a struggle to regain returns even after spending 33% of the well construction time, pumping more than 15 conventional and non-conventional loss circulation plugs (5,000 bbl of slurry). The objective of this paper is to describe the methodology developed to recover returns from a total losses scenario and demonstrate its effectiveness.
After encountering losses, a mud cap is pumped through the annulus to maintain well control as per local requirements. However, the mud cap contaminates any cement plug placed to regain circulation. That can be mitigated by spotting a vast amount of fast-setting slurry which increases the risk of stuck pipe if the job is performed with conventional cement stinger. The risk of a stuck pipe can be mitigated by utilizing a sacrificial fiberglass pipe to spot a large volume of slurry across the loss zone. The cement setting time can be accelerated by pumping silicate spacer which will flash set when it reacts with the slurry.
In the extreme cases of cavernous formations, gravel solids can be used to create a base where loss circulation plug is spotted. After filling the loss zone with gravel, conventional cement is placed on top of it and wait till it is set. The mixture of gravel and cement is then drilled which can smear the wellbore wall and fill the caverns. The paper introduces the utilization of sacrificial fiberglass pipe to be able to pump a higher volume of cement slurry with flash setting silicate spacer that improves the possibility of curing losses and mitigating stuck pipe risk. In addition, it shows how smearing the wellbore with gravel can enhance the chances to cure the most challenging downhole mud losses.
Worldwide's First Time Successful Hydraulic Fracture Operation Through GRE Composite Fiberglass Lined API 5CT Carbon Steel String
Authors: Ali A. , Radhakrishnan G. , AlKhouly A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an attempt that is considered the first in well stimulation techniques by means of Hydraulic Fracture practice in GRE lined tubing, Badr Petroleum Company, BAPETCO (A SHELL Joint Venture in Egypt) has a successful experience to report. The company performed a hydraulic fracture operation through one of its water injection well installations completed with GRE (fiberglass) lining.
The need for fiberglass tubular lining raised from the fact that the injected water in Neag-1 field is saturated with 1000 ppb of oxygen content and a range between 60,000 to 80,000 of salinity which led to an active corrosion cell within the downhole injection strings.
The company has been using GRE fiberglass lining for their downhole tubing since 2013 for corrosion protection. However, whenever a frac job was required in a GRE lined string, the tubing had to be pulled out of hole, a frac string had to be run allowing for flowback through the temporary frac string and then the GRE lined string to be re-run again. This sequence of processes lead to a significant downtime and increased workover costs.
The concerns about the hydraulic fracture jobs with a GRE lined string came from the fear that the proppants flowing back would erode away the internal GRE lining. There was no availability of any test reports on erosion from conditions mimicking frac jobs through GRE lined tubing that could duplicate the flow back conditions.
In two of the wells already completed with GRE lined tubing since 2014, the operations required hydraulic fracture job to be carried out using proppants. The injection rates were high at 20 barrels per minute (28,800 bpd flow rate) for a period of 30 minutes. The proppant injection pressure was 4000 psi. The flow back (cleaning post frac) took 24 hours to complete. 90,000 lb of proppants was injected.
At the completion of the fracture job operations in 2018, no returns of GRE or flare or corrosion barrier ring pieces were collected in the surface. The paper will share the intervention jobs that have been recently run through the tubing that corroborates with the fact that the GRE lining inside the tubing is intact.
This paper demonstrates the preparatory steps taken by the company to carry out hydraulic fracture jobs through a fiberglass GRE lined string and the learnings from this operation. It also sets a new limit on the erosional resistance of GRE lined tubing.
The paper will also highlight the gains of Bapetco utilizing GRE within their water injection wells for corrosion protection. The injection flowrate gains will also be shared in detail, as well as the economic gains of performing the frac job through an already RIH GRE lined string instead of using the conventional frac string operation procedures.