bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Full motion compensation on subband domain
Authors: Ohta Mutsumi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses motion compensation on the subband domain. A rigorous mathematical formula is derived that presents how the motion compensation on the full band signal can be expressed on the subband representation. In this way, it is found that the cross‐term filter must be introduced and the motion compensation concept, which have not been discussed, must be extended. This result is confirmed with video signal. It is found that MC similar to that on the full band can be carried out on the subband. The present research is expected to contribute to improvement of the efficiency of the layered video coding scheme. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(4): 66–74, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1146
Performance evaluation of chip‐synchronous, code‐asynchronous optical CDMA systems for indoor infrared wireless communications with diffuse link
Authors: Satoh Takaaki , Hashimoto Takeshi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe transmission efficiency of optical CDMA is inferior to that of optical CSMA/CA, but it has the advantage of realizing indoor infrared wireless communication systems that are robust to sharp changes of the environment. However, intersymbol interference can easily be introduced into the indoor communication system by diffuse reflection, and its effect on optical CDMA systems may become a problem. In this paper, the bit error rate of optical CDMA using on‐off‐keying (OOK) and pulse position modulation (PPM) for optical orthogonal code and prime code is analyzed and the effects of intersymbol interference (ISI) produced by diffuse reflection links are investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(4): 75–88, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1147
Designing linear phase FIR digital filters with flat passband and equiripple stopband characteristics
Authors: Aikawa Naoyuki , Sato Masamitsu 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIt is known that linear phase FIR digital filters fall into four types considering the symmetry of impulse response. For example, filters of type 2 can be used at the time of partitioning and reconstruction of signals in multirate signal processing, and other types have similar special applications. Moreover, the linear phase FIR digital filters with flat passband and equiripple stopband characteristics are very important filters in practice because they have better time domain characteristics and less ringing than Chebyshev filters with equiripple stopband and passband characteristics. However, conventional design methods are restricted to type 1. In this paper, we therefore propose a method of design of linear phase FIR digital filters with flat passband and equiripple stopband characteristics for all four types. The proposed function is composed of two functions, one with a flat characteristic in the passband and the second with equiripple characteristics in the stopband. The latter function is obtained by using the well‐known Remez algorithm only for the stopband. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(4): 89–95, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1148
The green polder model: institutionalizing multi‐stakeholder processes in strategic environmental decision‐making
Authors: Glasbergen Pieter 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn many societies we observe a search for new institutional arrangements for dealing with strategic environmental issues. This paper discusses one of the first attempts to give environmental and nature conservation groups, alongside other public interest groups, a formal place in an early stage of political decision‐making. This so‐called green polder model is derived from experiences in the Dutch socio‐economic policy field and represents elements of a new political theory. The present author recognizes three alternatives in the debate about the green polder model. He analyzes two cases, which fit into the dominant pragmatic model. We can learn from the case studies about the scope, problems and opportunities of institutionalized multi‐stakeholder arrangements in environmental policy‐making. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
The use of eco‐labels: a review of the literature
Authors: Galarraga Gallastegui Ibon 
Published: December 2002

AbstractLabelling programs seek first to encourage a move towards more environmentally friendly consumption patterns, and second to induce productive structures, governments and other agents to increase the environmental standards of the products and services in the economy. This paper is devoted to revising the relevant literature on the issue. We divide the topic into three areas: (i) the study of demand, where most of the information available on the demand for labelled goods is presented; (ii) the study of supply, devoted to the analysis and summary of the information available in the literature and finally (iii) the market and trade impacts of labelling programmes, where the research carried out so far is carefully presented. The paper reveals the lack of proper and conclusive research to date, as well as the complexity of the topic of research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
IPPC and intensive pig production in England and Wales: compliance costs, emission abatement and affordability
Authors: Pellini Tiago , Morris Joe 
Published: December 2002

AbstractEU Directive 96/61/EC on Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC), for the first time, applies comprehensive environmental regulation to the intensive livestock sector. In this context, this paper assesses the impact of IPPC on the environmental and financial performance of intensive pig installations, using three case studies in England and Wales. Particular attention is paid to the impact of ‘best available techniques’ (BAT) and standard conditions of the permit on capital and operating costs, and on commercial viability. Key environmental and economic performance indicators are used to compare ‘with’ and ‘without’ IPPC situations.The case studies confirm that IPPC will have greatest impact on animal housing and waste management systems. There are risks, however, that BAT prescriptions may not ensure a completely integrated approach to environmental protection throughout the whole production process. Furthermore, given the current depressed state of the sector, IPPC compliance could threaten the viability of existing production units. IPPC could, however, drive innovation and structural change in the pig industry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Macrocyclic Melamine‐Based Ligand Complexes as Building Blocks for the Metal‐Directed Synthesis of Heterometallic Di‐ and Trinuclear Compounds
Authors: Comba Peter , Lampeka Yaroslaw D. , Lötzbeyer Lutz , Prikhod'ko Alexander I. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHeterodi‐ and heterotrimetallic NiII/CuII, Ni2II/CuII and NiII/Cu2II complexes of bis‐ and tris‐macrocyclic ligands, linked by a 1,3,5‐triazine spacer group, are obtained as products of copper(II)‐ or nickel(II)‐assisted condensations of the open‐chain tetraamine complexes [M2(2,3,2‐tet)]2+ [2,3,2‐tet= bis‐N,N′‐(2‐aminoethyl)propane‐1,3‐diamine, M2 = NiII or CuII] with formaldehyde and the monomacrocyclic ligand complexes [M1(L1)]2+, where L1 is a cyclam‐type macrocycle with a pendent melamine group (M1 = CuII or NiII). The spectroscopic (UV/Vis and EPR) and electrochemical properties of the oligonuclear heterometallic compounds in comparison with those of the homometallic analogues indicate small, but significant, intramolecular metal‐metal interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Vanadium‐Bromoperoxidase‐Mimicking Systems: Direct Evidence of a Hypobromite‐Like Vanadium Intermediate
Authors: Bortolini Olga , Carraro Mauro , Conte Valeria , Moro Stefano 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHere we report a direct observation, by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, of the intermediate [VO(OH2)(OH)(OBr)]+, which may be involved in the catalytic cycle of the V‐HalPO enzymes. Ab initio calculations also support the stability of such a species. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Syntheses and Molecular Structures of Metallasiloxanes Containing Zn3O4 and Zn6Si6O10 Cores
Authors: Merz Klaus , Hu Huai‐Ming , Rell Stefan , Driess Matthias 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe trinuclear zinc siloxane [(MeZn)2Zn(OSiPh3)4] (1) and the first novel siloxane‐bridged hexanuclear dimer [{Me(THF)Zn}2OZn(OSiR2)(R1)]2 (R = Ph, R1 = OSiR2OSiR2O) (2) are accessible by Brønsted acid/base reaction of triorganosilanols with the zinc base ZnMe2. Both compounds were characterised by NMR spectroscopy and a single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis. The X‐ray structures of the reported complexes are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Molecular Tectonics: Design of 1‐D Coordination Networks Based on Pyrene‐Bearing Pyrazolyl Units
Authors: Jouaiti Abdelaziz , Hosseini Mir Wais , Kyritsakas Nathalie 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of a new ligand based on a pyrene backbone bearing four pyrazolyl units is reported. Whereas this compound forms a discrete exo‐binuclear complex with palladium, in the presence of silver a 1‐D coordination network is obtained and structurally characterised in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction method. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Symmetric Tetraalkynyldisilanes
Authors: Ackerhans Carsten , Roesky Herbert W. , Vidovic Denis , Magull Jörg 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe reaction of the tetrachlorodisilane R2Si2Cl4 (1) [R = CH(SiMe3)2] with the lithium salt R*C≡CLi of the parent alkyne results in the replacement of the chlorine atoms with alkynyl groups to yield the product R2Si2(C≡CR*)4 [R* = Ph (2), tBu (3), SiMe3 (4), n‐C3H7 (5)]. Compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by X‐ray structural analysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Preparation of the First Complexes of Bidentate Sulfimides; the X‐ray Crystal Structures of [PdBr2{1,4‐(PhS{NH})2C6H4}]2, [PdCl2{1,2‐(PhS{NH})(PhS)C6H4}] and trans‐[PdCl2{1,2‐(PhS{NH})(PhS)C6H4}PPh3]
Authors: Elsegood Mark R. J. , Holmes Kathryn E. , Kelly Paul F. , MacLean Elizabeth J. , Parr Jonathon , Stonehouse Julia M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractReaction of [PPh4]2[Pd2X6] (where X = Cl, Br or I) with 1,4‐(PhS{NH})2C6H4 (1) in dichloromethane results in the formation of [Pd{1,4‐(PhS{NH})2C6H4}X2]2 (2). X‐ray crystallography (performed using a synchrotron source) confirms that in the case where X = Br (2a) both the bis‐sulfimides act as bridging ligands through N−Pd bonds producing an 18‐membered ring system linking the four sulfur atoms into an almost perfect square. Changing the reaction solvent to methanol/dichloromethane results in the formation of a polymeric material. Reaction of [PdCl2(PhCN)2] with 1,2‐(PhS{NH})(PhS)C6H4 (3) results in the formation of [PdCl2{1,2‐(PhS{NH})(PhS)C6H4}] (4) in which 3 acts as a bidentate ligand, bound by N−Pd and S−Pd bonds to form a unique MSCCSN metallacycle. The Pd−S bond is broken upon reaction with one equivalent of PPh3, generating trans‐[PdCl2{1,2‐(PhS{NH})(PhS)C6H4}PPh3] (5); further reaction with PPh3 results in complete removal of 3 from the system and formation of trans‐[PdCl2(PPh3)2]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Supramolecular Organisation of Polymeric Coordination Chains into a Three‐Dimensional Network with Nanosized Channels that Clathrate Large Organic Molecules
Authors: Zhang Xian‐Ming , Tong Ming‐Liang , Gong Meng‐Lian , Chen Xiao‐Ming 
Published: December 2002

AbstractHydrothermal treatment of a mixture of [Zn(MeCO2)2]·H2O, terephthalic acid, and 2,2′‐bipyridine resulted in a coordination polymer [Zn(bpy)(tp)](bpy) (1; bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, H2tp = terephthalic acid) which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, Mr = 541.85, a = 15.388(11), b = 21.963(11), c = 7.670(8) Å, β = 112.82(2)°, V = 2387(3) Å3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.506 g·cm−3. An X‐ray single‐crystal structural analysis reveals that 1 is a three‐dimensional network with nanosized channels constructed from one‐dimensional coordination chains via C−H···O hydrogen bonds and aromatic intercalations. TGA and XRPD showed that the porous network of 1 is very stable while the guest 2,2′‐bipyridine molecules in the channels are removable. Compound 1 shows a strong ligand‐centred emission at room temperature in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Fluorinated 1,3λ4δ2,2,4‐Benzodithiadiazines − A Synthetic, Structural and Theoretical Study
Authors: Makarov Alexander Yu. , Bagryanskaya Irina Yu. , Blockhuys Frank , Alsenoy Christian Van , Gatilov Yuri V. , Knyazev Vladimir V. , Maksimov Alexander M. , Mikhalina Tatiana V. , Platonov Vyacheslav E. , Shakirov Makhmut M. , Zibarev Andrey V. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe series of title compounds has been prepared through both electrophilic (C6HnF5−n−N=S=N−SiMe3 + SCl2) and nucleophilic (C6HF4−S−N=S=N−SiMe3 + CsF) intramolecular ortho‐cyclisation reactions, and the former route seems to be the more effective. High regioselectivity of the ring‐closing procedures is observed in both cases. The compounds were characterised by X‐ray crystallography and multinuclear (1H, 13C, 15N and 19F) NMR spectroscopy. In accordance with GIAO calculations, 15N{1H} experiments and the effects observed on complete substitution of hydrogen by fluorine, the high‐field signal in the 15N NMR spectra can be assigned to N‐4 and the low‐field signal to N‐2. In the crystal, 5,6,7‐trifluoro‐ (5) and 5,6,8‐trifluoro‐1,3λ4δ2,2,4‐benzodithiadiazine (6) are planar, whereas the 6,8‐difluoro derivative 3 is bent along the S1···N4 line by 8.3°. According to NICS calculations the heterocycle moiety in this compound class is antiaromatic while the carbocycle is aromatic. The fluorine substituents increase the aromaticity − and in some cases (especially when a fluorine atom is present in the 8‐position) the antiaromaticity − of the corresponding rings. The ortho‐fluoro‐containing starting material C6HnF5−n−N=S=N−SiMe3 (n = 2: 10) cyclises to the fluorinated 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole 27 upon treatment with CsF instead of SCl2. For starting compound 6‐HC6F4−S−N=S=N−SiMe3 (14) the planar (Z,E) configuration features a short intramolecular H···N contact, as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction. Both the reaction pathways mentioned are also discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis, Structural Study, and In Vitro Trypanocidal and Antitumour Activities of Tetrakis(3‐methoxypropyl)tin and (3‐Methoxypropyl)tin Chlorides
Authors: Lébl Tomáš , Smička Aleš , Brus Jiří , Bruhn Clemens 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA set of four water‐soluble (3‐methoxypropyl)stannanes of general formula (CH3OCH2CH2CH2)xSnCl4−x, where x = 4 (1), x = 3 (2), x = 2 (3), and x = 1 (4), was prepared. For 3 and 4, which were isolated in the crystalline state, it was shown by X‐ray diffraction that the tin atom is coordinated in distorted octahedral and trigonal‐bipyramidal geometries, respectively (i.e., the oxygen atoms of the 3‐methoxypropyl groups were coordinated to the central tin atom in both cases, forming chelates). For all compounds, structures in CDCl3 and [D6]DMSO solutions were proposed on the basis of their 13C and 119Sn NMR spectra. In CDCl3 solution, the degree of donor‐acceptor bonding between the central tin atom and oxygen atom of the 3‐methoxypropyl substituent was evaluated on the basis of 17O NMR chemical shifts and 3,6J(1H,119Sn) long‐range coupling constants. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited promising in vitro antitumour and trypanocidal activities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Photophysical and Magnetic Properties of Dimeric and Polymeric Lanthanide Complexes with Benzoic Acid and Its Derivatives
Authors: Lam Alex Wai‐Hing , Wong Wing‐Tak , Gao Song , Wen Gehui , Zhang Xi‐Xiang 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA new family of lanthanide carboxylate complexes with benzoic acid and its derivatives was synthesised and characterised. The structures of the complexes were established by X‐ray crystallography, which revealed that various chelating modes of the carboxylate ligands are present on the metal ion, resulting in the formation of dimeric and polymeric skeletons. The photophysical properties of the Eu and Tb complexes were studied: the complexes exhibited sensitised luminescence in the visible spectral region, but the luminescence intensities and lifetimes were very sensitive to quenching by the OH groups of methanol molecules. The solid‐state magnetic properties of the Gd and Tb complexes demonstrated the presence of weak antiferromagnetic exchange interactions at very low temperatures, caused by interaction between the neighbouring ions along the chain. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Anionic Cyclopentadienyl C60 Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten; The Strange Case of Iron
Authors: Thompson David M. , Jones Marni , Baird Michael C. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThermal and photochemical reactions of the carbonylate salts A[(η5‐C5H5)Fe(CO)2], A[(η5‐C5H5)Mo(CO)3] and A[(η5‐C5H5)W(CO)3] (A = Na, PPN) in THF with C60 result in all cases in electron transfer to give [C60]− and the transient 17‐electron, metal‐centered radicals CpFe(CO)2, CpMo(CO)3 and CpW(CO)3, respectively. Subsequent self‐coupling of the three metal‐centred radicals then results in the formation of the metal‐metal bonded dimers [CpFe(CO)2]2, [CpMo(CO)3]2 and [CpW(CO)3]2. In contrast, while the mixture of Na[C60] and [CpFe(CO)2]2 does not react further under photochemical conditions, photolysis of mixtures of Na[C60] and both [CpMo(CO)3]2 and [CpW(CO)3]2 ultimately results in complete homolysis of the dimers and regeneration of the corresponding metal‐centered radicals, which then combine with the [C60]− remaining in solution to form the η2‐C60 complexes A[CpMo(CO)2(η2‐C60] and A[CpW(CO)2(η2‐C60]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Detection of Single‐Stranded DNA at Electrochemically Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Wang Huai‐Sheng , Ju Huang‐Xian , Chen Hong‐Yuan 
Published: December 2002

AbstractElectrochemically modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was used to study the electrochemical oxidation and detection of denatured single‐stranded (ss) DNA by means of adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The modification of GCE, by electrochemical oxidation at +1.75 V (vs.SCE) for 10 min and cyclic sweep between +0.3 V and −1.3 V for 20 cycles in pH 5.0 phosphate buffer, results in 100‐fold improvement in sensitivity for ssDNA detection. We speculated that the modified GCE has a high affinity to single‐stranded DNA through hydrogen bond (specific static adsorption). Single‐stranded DNA can accumulate at the GCE surface at open circuit and produce a well‐defined oxidation peak corresponding to the guanine residues at about +0.80 V in pH 5.0 phosphate buffer, while the native DNA gives no signal under the same condition. The peak currents are proportional to the ssDNA concentration in the range of 0–18.0 μg mL−1. The detection limit of denatured ssDNA is ca. 0.2 μg mL−1 when the accumulation time is 8 min at open circuit. The accumulation mechanism of ssDNA on the modified GCE was discussed.
Iodide‐Selective Electrode Based on Copper Phthalocyanine
Authors: Shahrokhian Saeed , Taghani Abdollah , Moattar Fereidoon 
Published: December 2002

AbstractCopper phthalocyanine was used as ion carrier for preparing polymeric membrane selective sensor for detection of iodide. The electrode was prepared by incorporating the ionophore into plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane, coated on the surface of graphite electrode. This novel electrode shows high selectivity for iodide with respect to many common inorganic and organic anions. The effects of membrane composition, pH and the influence of lipophilic cationic and anionic additives and also nature of plasticizer on the response characteristics of the electrode were investigated. A calibration plot with near‐Nernestian slope for iodide was observed over a wide linear range of five decades of concentration (5×10−6−1×10−1 M). The electrode has a fast response time, and micro‐molar detection limit (ca. 1×10−6 M iodide) and could be used over a wide pH range of 3.0–8.0. Application of the electrode to the potentiometric titration of iodide ion with silver nitrate is reported. This sensor is used for determination of the minute amounts of iodide in lake water samples.
Square‐Wave Voltammetry of Quasi‐Reversible CE Reactions at Spherical Microelectrodes
Authors: Garay Fernando , Lovrić Milivoj 
Published: December 2002

AbstractA mathematical model for the CE mechanism in which the chemical together with the electrochemical reactions are quasi‐reversible at the surface of spherical macro and micro‐electrodes is presented for the case of square‐wave voltammetry. The analysis of voltammometric responses considers the influence of rate and equilibrium constants, together with the electrode radius, and their dependence on the square‐wave frequency (f). Both kinetics and the sphericity effect act synergistically on the electrochemical response. Also, the apparent electrode sphericity and the reversibility of the chemical as well as the electrochemical reactions are jointly affected by the variation of f. Disregarding the sphericity contribution in the calculation of kinetic parameters at a microelectrode may introduce errors even higher than one order of magnitude. The model allows the analysis of a more realistic and complex electrochemical system that requires not only the dependence of experimental responses on f, but also their fit with theoretical voltammograms, in order to provide some useful mechanistic information. Finally, concentration profiles are also studied to realize how the chemical contribution is buffering the absences of oxidized species at the electrode surface, and how those profiles are modified for the case of spherical macro and micro‐electrodes.
Electrical Control of Urease Activity Immobilized to the Conducting Polymer on the Carbon Felt Electrode
Authors: Uchiyama Shunichi , Kobayashi Masanao , Hasebe Yasushi 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe activity of urease varies by its redox reaction. Active urease has an SH group that is essential to exhibit its activity, however, oxidation agents such as quinone compounds can oxidize the SH group in urease and a S–S bond is produced, resulting in the loss of enzyme activity. The reduction potential of cystine was almost the same as that of the recovery of urease activity. In this work, it has been found that the SH group of urease can be oxidized by not only chemical reaction but also by the direct electrode oxidation of urease and the produced S–S bond can be reduced to SH group by chemical and electrode reactions, and the original enzyme activity is recovered. This research shows that the regulation of urease activity is easily possible by changing the electrode potential of the porous carbon felt immobilized urease. The variation of urease activity was monitored by ammonia or carbon dioxide electrode equipped with the urease immobilized carbon felt, and the ammonia or carbon oxide generated from urea can transfer through the carbon felt to reach the each gas permeable membrane. The combination of gas electrode with porous conducting material such as carbon can supply the novel device for the electrochemical investigation of enzyme activity.