bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 28, 1996, for the first time since the formation of the Turkish Republic in 1923, Turkey’s prime minister was a leader whose avowed political philosophy and personal identity was based on Islam. By winning 2r.3 percent of the total vote, along with 158 seats in the 550-seat Parliament, the Welfare Party (RP: Refah Partisi), after intensive maneuvering, was able to form a coalition government with the True Path Party (DYP: Doĝru Yol Partisi) of Tansu Çiller This coalition between the pro-Islamic prime minister Necmettin Erbakan and the Europhile-secularist Çiller aptly reflected the dualistic tensions inherent in contemporary Turkish identity and held promise for the dawn of a new era in state-society interactions in Turkey. However, this promising start at reconciling the deep social fissures introduced by the radical secular reforms of Mustafa Kemal and his followers was derailed abruptly by the militarybureaucratic establishment’s “soft coup” of February 28, 1997.
From Slavery to Freedom
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sally Thomas was so well-known in Nashville by the 1840s that many residents thought she was free and owned her own home. She was respected by whites as an industrious, dependable, intelligent, and skillful laundress; she was admired by blacks as a devoted mother and grandmother who had made great sacrifices to protect her family. In fact, she was such a fixture in the city that when the United States census marshal arrived at 10 Deaderick Street in the summer of 1840, he listed her by name as the head of the household. It was extremely rare for slaves to be cited in such a manner; in fact, census takers were instructed only to check a box designating an age range for each slave. For example, the unnamed male slave in Sally Thomas’s household, listed as between the ages of ten and twenty-three, was her twelve-year-old son James. The year after the census taker cited her as a resident of Nashville’s Third Ward, Sally’s two grandchildren, John and James Rapier, arrived in the city to begin their schooling. Sally nurtured her grandsons as she had nurtured her own children, guiding and protecting them during most of the next decade. She also provided a room, helped pay for their board, and sometimes paid their tuition of one dollar per month.
Pilgrims from the Vacuum 1890– 1920
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans read about the exotic Indian cultures of the West and Southwest, and they could see photographs, but critically, from the end of the nineteenth century, they were also likely to travel to these regions themselves. Tourism and travel fostered an enthusiastic interest in Indian life, and focused on religious, ritual, and ceremonial aspects of those cultures. Since travelers were most likely to encounter the elaborate cultures of the Southwest, those glamorous rituals came to symbolize Indian religion for the white audience. Seeing southwestern religion as a microcosm of the Native experience as a whole was multiply misleading, but the long-term political effects were beneficial. The more white travelers knew and enjoyed their contacts with Pueblos or Navajos, the less willing they would be to see those customs and rituals suppressed.By the era of the First World War, Indian religion was attracting attentionthat went beyond mere sympathy for the downtrodden. Significant numbers of influential Americans were prepared to defend Indian spirituality, and even, on occasion, to assert its superiority to white ways.
Crisis in Red Atlantis 1914–1925
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All Indian “dances” are ceremonies of a religious nature, and cannot be described without reference to the life and beliefs of the Indian. Even the medicine men, less frequent today than formerly, are deeply religious in significance The ancient ways were now endangered by social and political trends that were pushing toward forcible assimilation. The First World War, which discredited Western civilization in the eyes of some intellectuals, also promoted the growth of the federal government, and encouraged intervention— even regimentation — in moral matters. In the second decade of the century, too, Americans were debating new concepts of racial and national identity. Mass immigration provoked demands for homogenization, for Americanization, while the wartime rhetoric of national unity reduced toleration for dissent and dissenters. Between 1919 and 1925, a series of Supreme Court decisions on free speech and political dissent placed severe limits on the First Amendment right to free expression. Repeatedly, too, religious minorities ran afoul of new laws intended to promote conformity. Pacifist sects suffered for draft resistance during the war years, and during the early 1920s, the Amish were persecuted and jailed for refusing to send their children to public schools. In the name of assimilation, some states tried to force all children into the state schools, including Roman Catholics. Not until 1925 did the Supreme Court temper these efforts, reaffirming that “the child is not the mere creature of the state.
Vision Quests 1960–1980
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my vision I saw people returning to the land with a new humbleness and respect for the Earth Mother. I saw new ceremonies coming out of the old.Through American history, romantic Indian images are most sought after in eras of alienation and crisis. Not surprisingly, then, the greatest surge of interest in things Indian to date occurred during the 1960s, as Native issues became inextricably linked with other critical social and political concerns. Quite rapidly, sympathy for Indians was transformed into an active interest in pursuing Native spirituality, a quest that soon unearthed rich materials from earlier eras of enthusiasm: the works of Frank Waters, the accounts of Black Elk offered by John Neihardt and Joseph Epes Brown, the diverse visions of the Indian as Natural Mystic and Child of Nature. Culturally, most modern attitudes toward Indian culture and religion can be traced to the traumatic circumstances of America 1970.
Keeping Water Out
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elaborate and expensive precautions are taken in buildings to prevent the entry of even a drop or two of water, because water is an agent of destruction. Water chills the skin, destroys the insulating value of clothing and building fabric, and raises the moisture content of the air in buildings to unhealthy levels. Water is the universal solvent, dissolving many materials used in building interiors and encouraging the staining or corrosion of others. Water is a necessity for all forms of life, including bacteria, molds, mildew, other fungi, plants, and insects.
Seeing and Illumination
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We gather most of our information about the world through our eyes. Eyes are organs capable of sensing a portion of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation that we call light. We perceive the longest visible wavelengths as red in color and progressively shorter wave lengths as orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet (13.1). “Colorless” light, which we perceive as white, is in reality a balanced mixture of all the wavelengths, whereas black is an absence of light.
Providing Structural Support
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A building is constantly being pushed and pulled by various forces. The most constant force is gravity exerting its downward pull on the fixed components of the building-roofs, walls, windows, floors, partitions, stairs, fireplaces-a force referred to as the dead load of the building. The live loads of the building include the less constant forces-the shifting, varying weights of people, furnishings, goods, and vehicles; the weight of snow on the roof; the pressures (pre dominantly horizontal) of wind on the walls. Earthquakes, which cause rapidly fluctuating horizontal displacements of the ground on which a building stands, also cause horizontal live loads.
Controlling Fire
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A building supplies a concentration of fuel for an accidental fire. A wooden building is itself a source of fuel, but even a concrete or steel building usually contains furniture, paper, carpets, and combustible building materials such as wood paneling and plastic insulating materials. Oil, gas, gasoline, paints, rubber, chemicals, and other highly flammable materials are often present in buildings.
The Space Environment
Authors: Anderson Brian J , Mitchell Donald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a description of the phenomena in space that affect spacecraft and launch vehicles. The common impression is that space is empty and that the vacuum of space is the only engineering challenge to be met. Even though the gas density in space is orders of magnitude lower than that achieved in the best vacuum systems, the environment is not benign and spacecraft are exposed to a range of hazards including intense particle and electromagnetic radiation, dense plasma flows, highly reactive species, and variable neutral gas densities in low Earth orbit (LEO). Additionally, spacecraft communications and radio navigation must account for propagation of electromagnetic waves through the ionospheric plasma in the uppermost layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. We introduce here the basic concepts, equations, and references needed to identify the features of the space environment that must be considered for operations in Earth orbit. Interplanetary conditions involve some of the same phenomena and are also mentioned.
Spacecraft Thermal Control
Authors: Mehoke Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function of the thermal control subsystem in a space flight program is to control the temperatures of all the individual components throughout the entire mission including ground, launch, and flight operations. Temperature control is an important part of the operation of most spacecraft systems. Spacecraft thermal designs balance the benefit gained by having equipment operate in a specific temperature range with the resources required to keep the equipment in that range. This balancing of requirements and resources is accomplished through the generation of a specific mission concept with detailed thermal requirements. Thermal requirements are a consideration in the design of electronic components, scientific sensors, precise alignment-controlled structures, high power applications, and extreme environments. Typically, these requirements come in the form of temperature limits. Table 7.1 shows typical temperature limits for a variety of commonly used spacecraft components. Other thermal requirements that influence the design of a spacecraft are the external environments to which the craft is exposed, the power and mass constraints imposed by the system, and the limits imposed on thermal hardware options. Heritage and experience are important considerations for the use of any mission-critical hardware.
Spacecraft Configuration and Structural Design
Authors: Skullney W E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering missions of opportunity, very few investigators or program managers are interested in flying just the mechanical or structural system. The role of the mechanical system and structure is, however, an important one. The primary function of the structural subsystem is to provide the mechanical interface with the launch vehicle and structural support to all spacecraft subsystems. This structure must be sturdy enough to withstand the severe launch environment, yet have minimum mass and provide adequate protection of the sensitive payload so that the mission objectives can be successfully completed. Since many of the spacecraft subsystems may provide conflicting requirements, one of the primary tasks of the mechanical designer is to carefully coordinate inputs from each area and, after careful consideration, arrive at the most optimum configuration that will satisfy the mission requirements. In addition, the designer must package each subsystem’s hardware such that it fits into the launch vehicle envelope while allowing as much access as possible and providing the most optimum mass distribution.
Spacecraft Command and Telemetry
Authors: Moore Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The command and telemetry systems of a spacecraft provide communication to and from the spacecraft. The command system is responsible for communication(s) from the ground to the spacecraft; the telemetry system is responsible for communication(s) from the spacecraft to the ground. Commands are sent to the spacecraft to tell it what we desire it to do; telemetry data are sent from the spacecraft to report back what it has measured and done, plus engineering status data that indicate the health and status of the spacecraft itself. It is common for spacecraft command and telemetry systems to process the command and telemetry data using custom, onboard, embedded microprocessors.
Spacecraft Integration and Test
Authors: Peterson Max R , Rodberg Elliot H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The design of a spacecraft is divided into several phases, as described in chapter 1: conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design, fabrication and assembly, and integration and test. This chapter will address the integration and test phase, which includes assembling the various mechanical, electrical, and thermal subsystems into an integrated spacecraft and performing tests on the integrated spacecraft to ensure that it will operate properly in the environment in which it must function. This process includes transport to a launch site where the spacecraft will be mated to the launch vehicle and again tested to ensure that all spacecraft systems are functioning correctly and that the spacecraft-launch vehicle combination is ready for launch.
“Expecting a Blessing of Unusual Magnitude”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the little-known Chicago evangelist D. L. Moody arrived in Liverpool, England, on June 17, 1873, the local press considered it less significant than the story of a ship’s captain who had been fired for assaulting a steward “over pastry improperly cooked.” When he left the same city two years and two months later after preaching all over England, Scotland, and Ireland, Moody was celebrated as God’s man for the Gilded Age, the greatest evangelist in the English-speaking world. When “arousing preachers” of other times had to be content “with apathy where they did not meet approbrium,” the circuit of Moody and his colaborers in the United Kingdom resembled “a triumphant tour.” Although the “round-shouldered, beetle-browed” former shoe salesman appeared “very much like other men,” editorial writers in city after city were constrained to admit that there was “no parallel in the religious history of Britain” to what Moody had done. Everywhere the press reported “a great anxiety to be present” at Moody’s overflow meetings, a widespread understanding that “we are passing through a marvelous experience”—one that in sheer numbers seemed to swamp the outpouring of religious conversion that had marked the Reformation.
“Sidewalks and Rooftops Are Black for Blocks Around”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At five in the morning on Saturday, August 14, 1875, the New York Herald received word that the Steamship Spain, which had left Liverpool ro days earlier, had been seen off Sandy Hook near New York harbor. An hour later a Herald reporter saw the ship drop anchor opposite the Upper Quarantine Landing, her flag at half mast. The reporter at first feared that D. L. Moody “worn out by hard work might have given up the ghost.” Despite a more than two-year absence, he was “more the center of religious thought and expectation than any man in America.” That was why the reporter was so relieved to finally find the famed evangelist, under a great beaver hat, leaning out over the starboard side of the ship.
“Good morning, Mr. Moody,” the young man abruptly said, while awkwardly reaching for his notebook.
“Where did you come from?” Moody, weary from the rough sea voyage, wanted to know.
“From the Curbstone to the Ashpit, the Fix Is In”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
D. L. Moody was determined to shake Chicago to its sinful center, but first he took on an overly excited celebrant whoD wouldn’t let him finish. The Chicago Tribune reported many at the Christian convention were “shocked” when the 32-year-old Moody came down from his pulpit and “unceremoniously” hustled the poor man out. The episode was warily reported in 1869 by Chicago’s leading paper, the Tribune, as an admonition to a favorite son. The paper warned that Moody was too “impulsive and excitable” to be taken fully seriously. As a young colt he would have to be “brought to harness” if he expected to amount to much in the Lord’s work. The “fatherly advice” was from 46-year-old Joseph Medill, the editor and publisher of a paper that boasted “no superior in power and influence among Republican newspapers.” By r 869, the overly eager evangelist and the unctuous Presbyterian who had studied law and helped elect Lincoln had had a long and sometimes strained relationship. “Crazy Moody” had alienated Medill and other members of Chicago’s frontier press by barging into newspaper offices and demanding coverage of evangelistic efforts “to lift Chicago out of its darkness.”
The Beginning
Authors: Evensen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly before D. L. Moody’s death, his longtime associate in evangelistic work, Ira Sankey, wrote in Success, for a generation who may not have heard the story, the tale of how the two had gotten their start. “We sailed in June 1873 to England,” he recalled. At Queens town they received word that “the two men who had invited us to England had died.” Moody was undeterred. When their ship arrived in Liverpool, Moody told his colleague in widely quoted words of faith that would often be repeated: “If the Lord opens a door to us, we will go in.” That night, as Sankey remembered the story, “Mr. Moody found an unopened letter among his papers.” It supposedly said: “If we ever came to England we would be welcome at York to speak at the YMCA.” It was the sign Moody sought. At once he told his favorite singer, “We will go to York.”
Job Hunting and the Path to Rome First Trip 1587
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 1587, a young man of 23 arrived from Florence on his first trip to the Eternal City. His name was Galileo Galilei, and, in accor¬dance with an Italian custom of calling great men by their first name, we shall continue to refer to him as Galileo. In an age when class conscious¬ ness was on the rise in Italy, Galileo was proud of the fact that he descended from a noble family. Originally called Bonaiuti, they had exchanged that name for Galilei in the fourteenth century, although they kept their coat of arms unchanged, a red stepladder on a gold shield, forming a pictograph of the word buonaiuti, which literally means good help. The first Galileo Galilei, the older brother of the young Galileo’s great-grandfather, was a successful doctor and an influential professor at the University of Florence. He also held high office in the Republic and was elected gonfaloniere or chief magistrate in 1445.
Foul Weather in Raine Sixth Trip 13 February-6 July 1633
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 21 February 1622, the Florentine printer Giovan Battista Landini heaved a sigh of relief and wrote to a correspondent in Bologna: “Praise be to God, today I finished Galileo’s book, which will be presented to the Grand Duke and the Princes tomorrow.” One thousand copies had been printed, a large run for the period, and it had taken Landini nine months to complete. As was frequently the case at the time, the title page was a cross between a summary and a publicity blurb, and it ran as follows on so many lines.
Proclaim Liberty Throughout All The Land
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Should prayer be allowed in public schools? Should biology be taught according to Darwin or to the book of Genesis? Why is polygamy against the law? These are just a few of the questions that touch our lives directly and emerge out of the separation of church and state. In this volume, one of the most distinguished scholars of American religious history traces the complicated relationship of church and state from the early colonial period, through the unique American experiment in religious liberty after the Revolution, to the ongoing debate over religious issues in our schools and communities. Edwin Gaustad relates entertaining and edifying accounts of headline-grabbing court trials involving polygamy, witchcraft, and church taxation. He quotes moving passages from the speeches and writings of American Presidents and Supreme Court justices to prove that, to paraphrase Michelangelo, ‘religious liberty is made up of a series of trifles, but religious liberty is no trifle’. General Editors: Jon Butler and Harry S. Stout, both at Yale University Religion in American Life explores the evolution, character, and dynamics of religion in America from 1500 to the present day. Written by distinguished religious historians, these books weave together the varying stories that compose the religious fabric of the United States, from Puritanism to alternative religious practices. Primary source material coupled with handsome illustrations and lucid text make these books essential in any exploration of Americas diverse nature. Each book includes a chronology, suggestions for further reading, and index.
Epilogue: The Supreme Court and the Road Ahead
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Supreme Court is generally perceived as a relatively stable institition: that is, no elections every two or four years that bring in a flood of new faces, and no wholesale resignations are required when the political control of the White House or the Congress shifts. Each justice to this Court is appointed for life (barring any gross misconduct), and most justices serve far beyond such retirement milestones as age sixty-five or seventy. Moreover, the Court endeavors, not always successfully, to avoid the passionate partisanship more readily evident in the legislative and executive branches of government. During the Presidential State of the Union address, for example, the members of the Court attend as a group, fully robed and seated in a prominent position. Unlike the members of Congress, who usually interrupt the President’s speech with applause or even cheering, the justices maintain a sober demeanor throughout the President’s speech.
In hearing the cases that come before them, on the other hand, the justices are neither silent nor united. They question the lawyers who represent the opposing sides, sometimes sharply, and interrupt them as often as individual temperament dictates. The public is allowed to view this part of the proceedings.
Chronology Of Dio’s Life, Career, And Writings
Authors: Swan Peter Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronology Of Dio’s Life, Career, And Writings Cassius Dio1 born in Nicaea in Bithynia,2 son of M.? Cassius Apronianu (PIR2 C 485), Roman senator and consul3 in Rome by the accession of Commodus (ruled 180-31 Decem ber 192) (72.4.2-3) with his father, then legate of Cilicia (69.1.3; 72.7.2; cf.