bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desire Going Forth And Returning Poetry and Eros 1940-1950
Authors: Gelpi Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Thirties Mystique-the hope for a poetry that was not merely personal but responsive to and responsible to the social condition-buckled under the flanking pressures of Stalinist tyranny and fascist belligerence. The sincerity and desperation of that hope can be measured by the talent expended to realize it and by the number of disavowals and obituaries required to pronounce it dead: among the more famous, MacNeice’s Autumn journal (1939); Auden’s “September I, 1939,” dated just days be fore the outbreak of war; Malcolm Muggeridge’s righteously reactionary anatomy of what went wrong in The Thirties (1940); and Virginia Woolf’s cool pronouncement in “The Leaning Tower” (1940) that the idealistic didacticism of the thirties had become tainted with “discord and bitter ness, ... confusion and ... compromise” (“The Leaning Tower,” 172).
“On Not Saying Everything” Poetry and Thanatos 1950-1972
Authors: Gelpi Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1949, Day Lewis began writing “Elegy Before Death,” memorializing his Italian visit and his relationship with Rosamond Lehmann, while the two of them were on another jaunt to southern Europe-this time to W. Somerset Maugham’s villa at Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat. Years later she would reflect: “I never thought at the time that it was more than a beautiful, romantic farewell to an idyll Though with hindsight it does seem strange, as if he was already denying us a future together” (Sean Day Lewis, 178). She seems to have been correct in suspecting that, as the end of their decade together approached, he had already, mentally and emotionally, begun to detach himself in preparation for a final break. But anticipation could not mitigate the pain of rupture, and when it came it was for him another stormy “departure in the dark.”
Musculus and the Fathers on the Healing of the Ruler’s Son
Authors: Farmer Craig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Protestant circles, Musculus was considered an authority on the Fa thers. He devoted much of his scholarly career to the study of patristic literature, publishing several editions and translations of Greek patristic writings. In almost all of his theological writings, the fruit of this scholarship is evident. Even a cur sory reading ofMusculus’s Loci communes sacrae theologiae (1560) reveals an au thor steeped in the writings of the ancient Church Fathers; patristic references and citations abound throughout this massive work in systematic theology.’
Musculus and the Lutheran Commentators on the Healing of the Man Born Blind
Authors: Farmer Craig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his commentary on John, Musculus openly acknowledges his reliance on patristic exegesis, citing the commentaries of Augustine, Chrysostom, and Cyril throughout. We have also seen that Musculus makes systematic use of Erasmus’s translation and Annotationes in the composition of his commentary. There can be little doubt that Musculus consults some of the sixteenth-century commentaries on John authored by Protestant theologians as well, but it is surprisingly difficult to determine these sources with precision. This difficulty stems from the fact that he never cites by name the opinions of his contemporaries (with the exception of Erasmus), preferring to refer to the opinions of”recentiores” or “quidam.”Hav ing examined these anonymous references to “recent authors,” however, I have found no evidence that Musculus makes programmatic use (either as source or adversary) of any contemporary Protestant exegete.
The Dharma
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dharma is Buddhist teaching, the equivalent of the Christian creed. With the Buddha and the sangha (community), it comprises The “Three Jewels,” or three key aspects, of Buddhist religion. When formally becoming a Buddhist, a person “takes refuge” in the dharma, as well as in the Buddha and the sangha. In other words, one vows to make Buddhist teaching the doctrinal form of one’s life.
The Sangha
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sangha denotes both the whole Buddhist community, all who take ref uge in the Three Jewels, and the monastic part of that community. Together, with special symbolic power deriving from the monastic community, lay Buddhists, monks, and nuns have contributed to social peace by embodying values counter to samsaric culture-ways of discipline and nonviolence opposing karmic ways of selfishness and grasping. The Buddhist teachings about chastity (one of the five precepts of core Buddhist ethics, which we consider in Chapter 6) are a good ex ample of how the sangha has made its social mark.
Conclusion
Authors: Carmody Denise Lardner , Carmody John Tully 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our evaluation in chapter 7 was both doctrinal and speculative. This seemed appropriate in the context of a Christian appreciation of Buddhist wisdom. Buddhist wisdom has borne intimately on Buddhist holiness. Buddhist wisdom has been heavily doctrinal and speculative, as well as closely tied to meditation and morality. As we reflected on the pluses and minuses of meditation and morality, so did we reflect on Buddhist wisdom, moving into its mentality.
James Cone
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Cone (b. 1938), a long time professor of theology at Union Theological Seminary in New York, is widely regarded as the most prominent and influential African American theologian of the twentieth century. His groundbreaking writings in black liberation theology in the late 196os and early 1970s, and beyond, have been foundational for all subsequent work and reflection on theology and ethics from African American perspectives. James Cone clearly sees himself as a theologian grounded in the Bible. Reflecting on the social and political contexts that shaped the writing of his first book, Black Theology and Black Power (1969), contexts of the suffering and oppression of African Americans in such cities as Detroit, Watts, and Newark in the middle to late 1960s, Cone writes: Of significance here is that Cone views the Bible as the primary source for theological reflection, and that he characterizes this view as instinctive or natural, a reflection of the prominent role the Bible has played in the African American church tradition in which Cone was reared. Elsewhere, Cone refers to his “assumption that Scripture is the primary source of theological speech.” Indeed, for Cone, “that Christian theology must begin with Scripture appears selfevident Without this basic witness Christianity would be meaningless. This point seems so obvious to me that it is almost impossible to think otherwise.”
Rosemary Radford Ruether
Authors: Siker Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rosemary Radford Ruether (b. 1936) is one of the foremost contemporary feminist theologians. With some twenty-five books and over four-hundred articles to her name, she is certainly one of the most prolific. And although she is most widely known for her work in feminist theology, it should not be forgotten that her writings cover a much broader range of subjects, all of which she sees as closely interrelated, including Jewish-Christian relations, race and class relations, environmental ethics, contemporary Palestinian-Israeli relations, and various issues in contemporary Roman Catholicism. Ruether’s professional training was in historical theology, with an emphasis on classics and patristic theology. After she received her Ph.D. from Claremont Graduate School in 1965 (her dissertation was “Gregory Naziansus: Rhetor and Philosopher”), she taught church history, among other things, at Howard Divinity School, a primarily African American seminary in Washington, D.C. During the mid-196os she participated actively in the Civil Rights movement. In 1976 she moved to Garrett Evangelical Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois (outside Chicago), where she became the Georgia Harkness Professor of Applied Theology, and where she still teaches today. She grew up and remains a Roman Catholic, though she engages in constant critique of the church.
What was postmodern poetry?
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern poetry holds in solution contradictory tendencies which, isolated and exaggerated in postmodernism, look startlingly opposed both to each other and to the earlier stages of modernism. This sentence was almost written by Randall Jarrell. Where Jarrell said romantic and modern, I’ve substituted modern and postmodern, and the resulting sentence not only offers a good way to begin thinking about the vicissitudes of American poetry over the last several decades; it also reminds us that those vicissitudes follow a pattern we’ve seen before.1
Elizabeth Bishop’s Social Conscience
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The art of losing isn’t hard to master,” Bishop said, and Rich’s response to the line cuts two ways. On the one hand, she admires Bishop’s artistry, feeling that she herself has not mastered the art—”only badlydone exercises.” On the other hand, Rich is uncomfortable with Bishop’s reticence, preferring the anger of the badly done to the artistry of a villanelle.
Amyclampitt’ s United States
Authors: Langenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Westward: the word appears in many of Amy Clampitt’s early poems (most prominently in “Procession at Candlemas”), and in 1990 it became the title of her fifth full-length collection. Clampitt was a poet finely tuned to a word’s accretion of usage, so while “westward” has a natural place in her vocabulary, it inevitably came to her enriched by Henry James. Marianne Moore quoted one of James’s descriptions of the American sensibility in her essay “Henry James as a Characteristic American.”
The Golden Rule
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wattles offers a comprehensive survey of the history of the golden rule, ‘‘Do unto others as you want others to do unto you’’. He traces the rule’s history in contexts as diverse as the writings of Confucius and the Greek philosophers, the Bible, modern theology and philosophy, and the American ‘‘self-help’’ context. He concludes by offering his own synthesis of these varied understandings.
In The Other Person’s Shoes
Authors: Wattles Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one will say that the emotional life is simple, nor the intellectual life, nor the spiritual life. Not only are they complex within themselves, but their interrelations also form a thicket that resists analysis. The business of psychology is to plunge into that thicket and to bring forth increasingly well-established results that help us comprehend ourselves and others. Surveying a century of psychological literature, one may observe that the major theorists are those who bring to light a previously neglected theme or cluster of themes, developed with enough systematic structure, empirical evidence, and philosophic and literary appeal to attract support and criticism; they focus discussion, affecting the shape of their discipline or subdiscipline for more than a decade. This chapter will first review the work of several such theorists who have explicitly written about the golden rule and then present selected results on sympathy, empathy, self-deception, perspective taking, and altruism that are helpful in applying the golden rule.
The reader should not be deceived by the occasional semblance of coherence in the account formed from the studies distilled here. The studies were designed to answer different questions, and they utilize different psychological methods: description of the researcher’s own experience, psychoanalytic observation, observation of childrens’ games, interviews with altruistic persons, interviews combined with moral problem solving, interpretation of biography, experiments with subjects unaware of the focus of the investigation, dramatic adventures in personal realization, and programs for professional development.
Introduction
Authors: Booth Allyson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There came later in the summer ominous sounds like the measured blows of hammers dulled on felt, which, with their repeated shocks still further loosened the shawl and cracked the tea-cups. Now and again some glass tinkled in the cupboard as if a giant voice had shrieked so loud in its agony that tumblers stood inside a cupboard vibrated too. Then again silence fell; and then, night after night, and sometimes in plain mid-day when the roses were bright and light turned on the wall its shape clearly there seemed to drop into this silence, this indifference, this integrity, the thud of something falling. This passage essentially constitutes the novel’s attention to the Great War: textually bracketed, numerically limited, and architecturally contained. War is reported by an ambiguous narrator lodged in an empty house; the report relies on no witness, details no wound, and elicits no response. War here is the sound of hammers dulled on felt, the vibration of tumblers in a cupboard, the thud of something falling. Yet despite Woolf’s positioning of it at an extraordinarily complicated remove from both narrator and reader, the first time I read To the Lighthouse,Andrew’s death made me gasp.
Examination of Elements
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to a characteristic of space There is not the slightest space. If it arose prior to the characteristic Then it would, absurdly, arise without a characteristic. A thing without a characteristic Has never existed. If nothing lacks a characteristic, Where do characteristics come to be? Neither in the uncharacterized nor in the characterized Does a characteristic arise. Nor does it arise In something different from these two.
Examination of the Prior Entity
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since sight and hearing, etc., and Feeling, etc., exist, He who has and uses them Must exist prior to those, some say. If there were no existent thing, How could seeing, etc., arise? It follows from this that prior to this, there is an existent thing. How is an entity existing prior to Seeing, hearing, etc., and The felt, etc.,
Examination of Essence
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Essence arising from Causes and conditions makes no sense. If essence came from causes and conditions, Then it would be fabricated. How could it be appropriate For fabricated essence to come to be? Essence itself is not artificial And does not depend on another. If there is no essence, How can there be difference in entities? The essence of difference in entities Is what is called the entity of difference.
Introduction to the Commentary
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nāgārjuna’, who lived in South India in approximately the second century C.E., is undoubtedly the most important, influential, and widely studied Mahayana Buddhist philosopher. He is the founder of the Madhyamika, or Middle Path schools of Mahayana Buddhism. His considerable corpus includes texts addressed to lay audiences, letters of advice to kings, and the set of penetrating metaphysical and epistemological treatises that represent the foundation of the highly sceptical and dialectical analytic philosophical school known as Madhyamika. Most important of these is his largest and best known text, Mūlamadhyamakakārikiāliterally Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way). This text in turn inspires a huge commentarial literature in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Chinese, Korean and Japanese. Divergences on interpretation of Mūlamadhyamakakārikiāoften determine the splits between major philosophical schools. So, for instance, the distinction between two of the three major Mahayana philosophical schools, Svatantrika-Madhyamika and Prasangika-Madhyamika reflect, inter alia, distinct readings of this text, itself taken as fundamental by scholars within each of these schools.1
Dedicatory Verses
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I prostrate to the Perfect Buddha, The best of teachers, who taught that Whatever is dependently arisen is Unceasing, unborn, Unannihilated, not permanent, Not coming, not going, Without distinction, without identity, And free from conceptual construction. Dedicatory verses are often treated as mere performatives. But these are special and announce in a subtle but powerful way the program of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā There is a common point being made in the four pairwise denials, but also a specific insight being expressed in each. The relation between the conventional and the ultimate that will be developed in the text is also expressed poetically in the dedication. In fact, Candrakfrti, in Prasannapadii, argues that the dedication determines the Prasangika reading of Nāgārjuna’s text.
Examination of the Senses
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, which is most immediately about vision, Nāgārjuna’ really addresses the status of sense perception generally, as he makes clear in the opening and closing verses. Just as in Chapter II, where the target positions Nāgārjuna’ argues against are positions according to which motion and the mover inherently exist as distinct, independent, but somehow related entities, here he argues against positions according to which the sense faculties, the sense organs, the subject of sensory experience, and the sense object inherently exist and are distinct, independent, but somehow related entities. For we do perceive motion and change, and the argument for the conventional existence of motion did suggest that it could be seen as a relation between the positions at which we perceive objects at different times. So one can imagine an opponent saying, “Even if the motion we perceive is not real, the perception must be.” Again, it will be important for Nāgārjuna’ that his analysis of perception as empty of inherent existence, and as merely dependently arisen, does not entail its complete nonexistence. He must, that is, steer a middle path between reification and nihilism using emptiness as his compass.
Examination of Elements
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the ontological status of characteristics and the characterized, or in more familiar terms, properties and individuals. The question, as always, is this: Does it make sense to think of either as existing independently, substantially, or fundamentally? Or, on the other hand, are they mutually interdependent and therefore empty? The example Nāgārjuna’ chooses to focus on is space since it is one of the six primal elements according to classical Buddhist cosmology. 49 If he can show that these elements must be understood as neither inherently existing entities nor as inherently existing characteristics of entities, he will have shown that no ontological decomposition of phenomena into their primary constituents yields inherently existing constituents. Moreover, according to some early Buddhist schools, each of the primal elements has a distinguishing characteristic and, hence, an essence. So, Nāgārjuna’ is addressing his opponent on the opponent’s home turf.
Examination of Desire and the Desirous
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter represents a continuation of the discussion begun in the previous one. That is, while the chapter is nominally about desire, an example chosen for its obvious soteriological significance, it is in a larger sense a further discussion of the relation between entities and their properties, with specific attention to the relation between human beings and their psychological characteristics. Locating the discussion at this point is consonant with a tradition of Mahayana discussions of emptiness in which one first addresses external phenomena, which are both easier to analyze and less succeptible of reification than the self, and then generalizes the discussion to human psychological phenomena.51 The chapter opens with an echo of the discussion of space.
Examination of the Agent and Action
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of external phenomena comprised by the first seven chapters of the text leads naturally to a discussion of the subject side of experience, a discussion that occupies the next six chapters. For it might be granted that the phenomenal external world is empty, but argued that it depends for its nominal existence on an inherently existing subject. This idealist tactic, familiar in the West through Berkeley and Hume (and criticized by Kant in the refutation of idealism), was adopted by some (the Cittamiitra school) in the history of Buddhist philosophy. We can well imagine an opponent at this stage in the dialectic conceding to Nāgārjuna’ that external phenomena lack inherent existence and that the dependent arising that characterizes them lacks inherent existence, but that their very emptiness entails their nominal character and, hence, some subject capable of engaging in nominal imputation. So the subject as agent must exist.
Examination of Compounded Phenomena
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Nāgārjuna’ begins to develop the idea of emptiness more explicitly. Up to this point, he has been arguing that phenomena are empty, but has not been characterizing emptiness itself, or its relation toentitihood or to conventional reality, except by example and by implication. At this point, through a general discussion of all compounded phenomena-that is, all phenomena constituted of parts or brought into being dependent upon causes-he argues explicitly both that emptiness is the lack of essence and that emptiness itself is wholly negative in character. It is not an essence that things have instead of whatever essence naive common sense or sophisticated reification might have thought they had-rather, it is the total lack of essence or inherent existence.
Examination of Essence
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion begun in Chapter XIII and carried on in Chapter XIV of the fundamental nature of things and the relation between emptiness and existence. Here Nāgārjuna’ rejects the coherence of the concept of essence and explores its ramifications for the concept of inherent existence, the concept of an entity, and the concept of a nonentity. This chapter is also aimed at dispelling any nihilistic interpretation of the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā philosophical orientation and in explaining the deep connection between the analysis of phenomena as empty of essence and the demonstration of the possibility of empirical reality.
Examination of Actions and Their Fruits
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arguing for the emptiness of bondage and liberation, however, raises a further question that demands an answer: If there is no real bondage and no real release, what are the effects of our actions? For it would appear, at least given standard Buddhist moral theory and the doctrine of karma on which it is grounded,86 that meritorious actions conduce to liberation and that morally wrong actions increase bondage. Given the emptiness of these latter, an analysis of the consequences of action is in order. Nāgārjuna’begins with Buddhist moral truisms, accepted by the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā as well as by members of other Buddhist schools. It is important to note that the first nineteen verses of this chapter represent the views of four distinct opponents in order of increasing similitude to the Mūlamadhyamakakārikiā understanding. Despite the fact that Nāgārjuna’sets these views up as targets, however, some of the views the opponents put on the table are, suitably interpreted, shared by Nāgārjuna’.