bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early events of electroporation‐mediated intramuscular DNA vaccination potentiate Th1‐directed immune responses
Authors: Grønevik Eirik , Mathiesen Iacob , Lømo Terje 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundApplication of electrical pulses after DNA injection into muscle increases expression of the encoded genes, and is shown to improve antigen‐specific immune responses when used for DNA vaccination. In addition, electroporation causes tissue injury and inflammatory reactions. Together with immune stimulatory motifs in the injected DNA these factors may potentiate the immune response by acting as adjuvants for the antigen. Here, we have examined the role of these factors in promoting the efficiency of DNA vaccination.MethodsWe injected a plasmid DNA vector containing the gene Ag85B from M. tuberculosis into mouse quadriceps muscles followed by electroporation. Ag85B was under control of a Tet‐responsive promoter, and was expressed either immediately or up to 28 days later by administrating doxycycline to the mice. Delayed expression was combined with injection of non‐coding DNA or saline with or without electroporation to examine the ability of these factors to enhance the Ag85B‐specific antibody response in the blood and cellular responses in the spleen. Blood samples were analysed with ELISA, while the number of Ag85B‐specific IFN‐γ‐ and IL‐4‐producing spleenocytes was analysed with ELISpot.ResultsDelaying Ag85B expression by 5 or 28 days caused lower anti‐Ag85B‐specific IgG2a levels. In contrast, the IgG1 antibody response was not significantly affected. Injection of non‐coding DNA followed by electroporation moderately increased the IgG2a response. Delaying the Ag85B expression by 28 days reduced the average number of Ag85B‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing spleenocytes by over 60%. No significant change in the number of IL‐4‐producing Ag85B‐specific spleenocytes was observed.ConclusionsThese results suggest that DNA and electroporation per se may act as good adjuvants in promoting efficient Th1‐directed responses during DNA vaccination. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructural study of two kinds of muscle in sea anemones: The existence of fast and slow muscles
Authors: Amerongen H. M. , Peteya D. J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe sea anemones studied have two morphological types of muscle fiber. Types A and B are distinguishable on the basis of myofilament patterns, size of fibers, responses to fixation, and staining with methylene blue. Observation of the muscle in both resting and contracted states has shown that the two types do not result from differences in contraction state of the muscle. The fine structural characteristics distinguishing A and B fibers are similar to those which distinguish fast and slow muscle fibers in higher animals. The distribution of A and B fibers in Stomphia and Aiptasia is consistent with the distribution of fast and slow muscles in these two species. It is proposed that the A and B fibers represent two morphologically distinct kinds of smooth muscle, and that the capacity for fast and slow contraction in the muscles of Stomphia and Aiptasia, and possibly in all actinians, is due to morphological differentiation in the muscle system.
Morphology of the abdominal skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Owen William B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe morphology of the abdominal skeleton and muscles of the adult mosquito is incompletely known. The objectives of this study were to investigate these features in a common species, Culiseta inornata (Williston). Preserved specimens were stained lightly with methylene blue and studied with a dissecting microscope at 70 × and lower. The sclerites of the pregenital segements are best developed in segment II. The base of segment VIII in the male is narrow and semicircular in shape. This modification aids in rotation of the terminalia. Two new names are introduced for parts of the terminalia. Apodeme of sternum 9 is proposed for atrial plate of the female. Gonocoxital apodeme is a new term for a structure in the male. Both of these structures serve for attachement of muscles. Terms preferred for parts of the male terminalia are: (1) gonocoxite and gonostylus for the clasping organ; (2) paramere for the sclerotized plates on each side of and joined to the aedeagus; (3) sternum 10 for paraprocts. Sternum 10 is used because the occurrence of true paraprocts in the Nematocera is questionable. Thirty‐four muscles are illustrated, and the origin and insertion of each is described. Eighteen of the muscles are newly described for the mosquito. The rotational muscles of the male terminalia were identified. The results are presented in 21 text figures.
Avian scale development. VII. Normal keratinization follows abnormal morphogenesis of reticulate scales from the “scaleless” mutant
Authors: Sawyer Roger H. , Borg Thomas K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe scutate scales are entirely missing in chick embryos homozygous for the gene, “scaleless.” Reticulate scales of this mutant are present; however, they have undergone abnormal morphogenesis into irregular mounds and crevices. The pattern of keratinization seen along the anterior metatarsus of normal embryos differs dramatically from that seen along the anterior metatarsus of scaleless embryos. In contrast, we find that the unique pattern of keratinization seen in the epidermal cells of normal reticulate scales is retained in mutant reticulate scales, even though these scales are morphologically abnormal. We believe that differences in the initial tissue interactions (which establish the inductive ability of the dermis) of these two types of scales are responsible for the differences seen in their responses to the scaleless gene. The pleiotropic nature of the scaleless gene is discussed.
Fetal tooth development and adult replacement in Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): Fields versus clones
Authors: Wake Marvalee H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTeeth of fetuses of a caecilian, Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), show ontogenetic variation in crown structure from small, multidenticulate, and non‐pedicellate to larger, spoon‐shaped, pedicellate teeth with a single apical spike. Number of denticles decreases as enamel‐secreting cells mature. Numbers of teeth and of tooth rows increase ontogenetically. A fetal vomeropalatine set of teeth is present in D. mexicanus but absent in species previously examined. Teeth transitional to the adult shape and arrangement appear shortly before birth. The transition is correlated with birth, not fetal size. There is relatively little increase in numbers of teeth during the juvenile period. The pattern of development does not fully agree with either morphogenetic field theory or with clone theory, both as defined by Osborn ('78). Sequence of initiation is appropriate to either. Tooth shape changes agree with aspects of clone theory. Multiple rows of fetal teeth and the transition to adult follow field theory. Clone theory holds that patterns of development and shape are self‐regulated, field theory that they are controlled extrinsically. I suggest that substances regulating differentiation mediate early development, and hormones later development, including inception of adult teeth, and are comparable to “field substances” influencing primordia that originate according to clone theory. Components of both theories are appropriate to analyzing tooth development phenomena.
A commentary on muscle unit properties in cat hindlimb muscles
Authors: McDonagh Jennifer C. , Binder Marc D. , Reinking Robert M. , Stuart Douglas G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA broad survey of muscle unit properties in 14 muscles of the cat hind limb is presented which emphasizes some general features of unit properties in mammalian muscles. A more detailed analysis of muscle unit properties in three muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg is then presented using Burke's tetrapartite (FF, FI or F (Int.), FR, and S) unit classification scheme. Our data on the properties of motor units in cat tibialis posterior (TP) have been compared to those generated by Burke and colleagues on units in flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG). In all three muscles, twitch contraction time was distinctly slower for type S units and specific tension outputs were substantially greater for type FF units than for type S units. The innervation ratios of type FR units were slightly lower than for type S units but the specific tension of the FR units was closer to FF units than to type S units. The FF units controlled 70–74% of the cumulative force output of each muscles, indicating a substantial capacity for powerful rapid contractions of all three of these muscles despite their differences in “size,” action, and force generation. Distinctive features of the three muscles included differences in the unit types' force producing capabilities and in the relative representation of “nonfatigable” type FR and S units in each muscle. In particular, TP is endowed with some unusually powerful type FF units and a high percentage (42%) of type S units. In contrast, FDL has units that develop relatively little force and an unusually high representation (56%) of type FR units. The possible relationships between these muscle features and their presumed role in posture and locomotion is discussed.
Transformation of the endostyle of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., during metamorphosis. II. Electron microscopy
Authors: Wright Glenda M. , Youson John H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractElectron microscopy was used to follow the transformation of the endostyle to a thyroid gland in the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., throughout metamorphosis (stages 1–7). Transformation of the larval (ammocoete) endostyle begins at the first signs of external change (stages 1–2), and the adult form of the gland is reached by stage 5. Only slight modifications of the gland accompany further development to the end of metamorphosis.Development of the thyroid gland involves degeneration, proliferation, and reorganization of the cells in the endostyle, and changes in their fine structure. Ultrastructural changes during early stages are most obvious in the type 1 cells that make up the shrinking glandular tracts, and involves the accumulation of cytoplasmic microfilaments and a variety of cytoplasmic inclusions. The glandular tracts and their cells gradually disappear through autolysis and, apparently, through phagocytosis by neighboring epithelial cells and macrophages. Although the fine structure of the type 2, 3, 4, and 5 cells is not altered in the early stages, by stage 3, many of these cells become either vacuolated, undergo autolysis, or are extruded. Phagocytosis of some of each of these cell types likely occurs.Thyroid follicles are first observed during stage 4. Some of their lumina seem to arise from the accumulation of material in intercellular spaces and from vacuoles among cell clusters. Other lumina may represent a portion of the original lumen of the endostyle. Many follicles appear to be comprised of cells with cytological characteristics similar to those of larval cell types 3 and 2c. Some of the other larval cell types, such as type 5, may also be involved. In young adult lampreys follicles are composed of cuboidal to columnar cells that lack the dilated cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum seen in follicular cells of higher vertebrates. Dense collagenous connective tissue surrounding the follicles contains relatively few blood vessels.The transformation process described may have some relevance to our understanding of the development and evolution of the vertebrate thyroid gland.
D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is neuroprotective against hypoxia in serum‐free hippocampal primary cultures
Authors: Masuda R. , Monahan J.W. , Kashiwaya Y. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHypoxia decreased survival of cultured rat primary hippocampal neurons in a time dependent manner. Addition of 4 mM NaD‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (bHB), a ketone body, protected the cells for 2 hr and maintained the increase in survival compared to that of controls for up to 6 hr. Trypan blue exclusion indicated that acute cell death was reduced markedly after 2‐hr exposure to hypoxia in the bHB‐treated group. The presence of bHB also decreased the number of neurons exhibiting condensed nuclei visualized by propidium iodide, indicative of apoptosis. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Em/c) was maintained for up to 2 hr exposure to hypoxia in the bHB‐treated group, whereas the potential in the control group was decreased. Furthermore, cytochrome C release, caspase‐3 activation, and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage were decreased in the bHB‐treated group for the first 2 hr of exposure. These findings indicate that ketone bodies may be a candidate for widening the therapeutic window before thrombolytic therapy and at the same time decreasing apoptotic damage in the ischemic penumbra. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caspases‐2, ‐3, and ‐7 are involved in thapsigargin‐induced apoptosis of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Dahmer Mary K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCaspase‐2 has been reported to play a role in the cell death observed under a number of different conditions; however, it is unclear whether caspase‐2 plays a role in cell death triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The purpose of this study was to determine whether caspase‐2 is involved in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell death caused by thapsigargin‐induced ER stress. Thapsigargin treatment (1 μM, 16 hr) stimulated the proteolytic processing of caspases‐2, ‐3, and ‐7, suggesting that these caspases are activated by ER stress. The role of these caspases in thapsigargin‐induced cell death was examined by using cell‐permeable caspase inhibitors. In the absence of pretreatment with caspase inhibitors, thapsigargin (0.1 μM, 20 hr) reduced the number of viable cells to 53.9% ± 3.3% of starting‐time control. Pretreatment for 90 min with either the pan‐caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK or the caspase‐2‐selective inhibitor Z‐VDVAD‐FMK inhibited thapsigargin‐stimulated cell death, resulting in the number of viable cells being 115.6% ± 5.3% (P < 0.001) and 69.3% ± 2.9% (P < 0.01), respectively, of starting‐time control. Neither the caspase‐3‐ and ‐7‐selective inhibitor Z‐DEVD‐FMK nor the caspase‐9‐selective inhibitor Z‐LEHD‐FMK significantly affected thapsigargin‐stimulated cell death. An anticaspase‐12‐reactive protein was also identified in SH‐SY5Y cells, but thapsigargin had no effect on proteolysis of this protein. These data demonstrate that caspases‐2, ‐3, and ‐7 are involved in ER stress‐mediated death of SH‐SY5Y cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compact ring resonators using negative‐refractive‐index microstrip line
Authors: Scher Aaron D. , Rodenbeck Christopher T. , Chang Kai 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA compact ring resonator using a negative‐refractive‐index microstrip line is presented. It is demonstrated that the ring structure resonates even with an inner diameter of zero. The total circumference of the proposed resonator is reduced by 84%, as compared to a conventional ring resonator at 1.2 GHz. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 294–295, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20799
Comparison of the temperature dependence of different types of Bragg gratings
Authors: Lima M. J. N. , Nogueira R. N. , Silva J. C. C. , Teixeira A. L. J. , André P. S. B. , da Rocha J. R. F. , Kalinowski H. J. , Pinto J. L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe investigate and compare the thermal stability and sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) obtained from different growth mechanisms, including the well‐known types I, IA, IIA and a new abnormal regime, written in high‐Germanium‐doped optical fiber. The highest stability and sensitivity values are achieved for the type IIA grating. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 305–307, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20804
A novel compact miniaturized wideband microstrip bandpass filters with dual‐mode ring resonators
Authors: Chen Chu‐Yu , Hsu Cheng‐Ying , Lin Sung‐Fong 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a novel, compact, low‐insertion‐loss, sharp‐rejection, wideband microstrip bandpass filter. The filter is based on a ring resonator with direct‐connected orthogonal feed lines, and uses two stepped‐impedance open stubs to construct a wideband passband with two sharp stopbands. The unit cell of the ring resonators is easily cascaded and also has the feature of a compact structure. The filter is designed to reduce interference in full‐duplex systems for satellite communications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 312–315, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20807
Small perforated shorted‐patch antenna
Authors: Kan H. K. , Waterhouse R. B. , Pavlickovski D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe present a patch antenna that is small in area as a result of combining two size‐reduction procedures: using a single shorting pin and perforating the patch conductor. The new printed antenna is 30% smaller in area than a conventional shorted (single‐post) patch and 93% smaller than a traditional probe‐fed patch antenna, all designed on the same material. The measured 10‐dB return loss of the shorted perforated patch is 8.1% and the gain varies from 0.5 to 1 dBi across this bandwidth. The overall size of the antenna (including ground plane) is 0.13λ0 × 0.12λ0 × 0.07λ0. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 319–321, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20810
Study of microstrip mode in RF on‐wafer probes
Authors: Safwat Amr M. E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn RF on‐wafer probe is simulated using commercial 3D simulation software. The two‐port simulated S‐parameters are found to be in a good agreement with the experimental data. The model is extended to study the microstrip‐mode effects in a typical RF on‐wafer probe. The microstrip mode is studied as the mode between the probe coax outer conductor and the wafer chuck. The microstrip‐mode reflection coefficient looking into the probe tips is determined for the first time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 324–328, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20812
Wideband folded‐patch antennas fed by L‐shaped probe
Authors: Yang Steven S. L. , Luk K. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSimple folded‐patch antennas fed by an L‐shape probe are designed and studied experimentally. This simple antenna structure with thick air substrate attains a projection‐length reduction of about 30% with reference to the conventional half‐wave patch antenna. This antenna attains an impedance bandwidth of 35% and a gain of 6 dBi. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 352–355, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20821
High char‐yielding poly[acrylonitrile‐co‐(itaconic acid)‐co‐(methyl acrylate)]: synthesis and properties
Authors: Devasia Renjith , Reghunadhan Nair CP , Sivadasan P , Ninan KN 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPolyacrylonitrile terpolymers of various compositions consisting of acrylonitrile (AN), itaconic acid (IA) and methyl acrylate (MA) were synthesized by solution polymerization in dimethylsulfoxide. Increase in concentration of either IA or MA retarded the overall polymerization rate and the polymer molecular weight. The system consisting of AN + MA and varying IA concentration was more prone to retardation in comparison with the system composed of AN + IA with variable MA concentration. The retardation factors were quantified. Minor quantities of MA boost the reactivity of IA in the terpolymer system. The terpolymer was richer in MA vis‐à‐vis the feed. The thermal characteristics of the terpolymer were examined as a function of its composition. In contrast to the copolymer of AN and IA requiring 1–1.5 mol% IA, the terpolymer required an IA content of approximately 2.5 mol% for optimum thermal stability. The polymer with 90 mol% AN, 2.5 mol% IA and 7.5 mol% MA exhibited reasonably good char‐forming characteristics and thermal stability. The overall crystallinity and crystallite size of the polymers were found to decrease on incorporation of the comonomers. The ‘aromatization index’ of the copolymer increased with the temperature of pyrolysis through re‐organization of the tetrahydropyridine ladder structure. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of new thermally stable poly(ester‐imide)s derived from 2,2′‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy)biphenyl and 2,2′‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl and various aromatic dihydroxy compounds
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Habibian Sedigheh 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA series of new alternating aromatic poly(ester‐imide)s were prepared by the polycondensation of the preformed imide ring‐containing diacids, 2,2′‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy)biphenyl (2a) and 2,2′‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (2b) with various aromatic dihydroxy compounds in the presence of pyridine and lithium chloride. A model compound (3) was also prepared by the reaction of 2b with phenol, its synthesis permitting an optimization of polymerization conditions. Poly(ester‐imides) were fully characterized by FTIR, UV‐vis and NMR spectroscopy. Both biphenylene‐ and binaphthylene‐based poly(ester‐imide)s exhibited excellent solubility in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, m‐cresol, pyridine and dichloromethane. However, binaphthylene‐based poly(ester‐imide)s were more soluble than those of biphenylene‐based polymers in highly polar organic solvents, including N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide. From differential scanning calorimetry thermograms, the polymers showed glass‐transition temperatures between 261 and 315 °C. Thermal behaviour of the polymers obtained was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, and the 10 % weight loss temperatures of the poly(ester‐imide)s was in the range 449–491 °C in nitrogen. Furthermore, crystallinity of the polymers was estimated by means of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The resultant poly(ester‐imide)s exhibited nearly an amorphous nature, except poly(ester‐imide)s derived from hydroquinone and 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl. In general, polymers containing binaphthyl units showed higher thermal stability but lower crystallinity than polymers containing biphenyl units. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxidative degradation of polyaniline during the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous methanol medium
Authors: Chakraborty Mukut , Mandal Broja M , Mukherjee Dulal C 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe course of chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as the initiator in acidic (1 M HCl) aqueous methanol (30 to 70 vol%) was studied spectrophotometrically. It was found that at temperatures greater than about 10 °C the reaction leads to degradation of polyaniline, the effect being greater with increasing methanol concentration. This is quite unlike the situation in aqueous ethanol where the product is the usual emeraldine hydrochloride form of polyaniline. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry