bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reparation
Authors: Sassoli Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘reparation’ is not specific to post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction. Rather, it is a general concept dating from the beginning of time and existing in all cultures, which can be found in legal systems and social relations. Indeed, ‘[i]t is a principle of international law, that the breach of an engagement involves an obligation to make reparation in an adequate form. Reparation therefore is the indispensable complement of a failure to apply a [rule]’ (Permanent Court of International Justice, 1927: 21). For traditional internationalist doctrine, responsibility for an unlawful act entails only the obligation to make reparation, whereas the International Law Commission adds the obligation to put an end to the unlawful act (which may also be understood as a kind of restitution) and, in some cases, to offer guarantees of non-repetition of the unlawful act (Draft Articles, 2001: Arts 31-9).
Transitional Administration
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transitional administration refers to the temporary assumption of responsibility of the principal governance functions of a state or territory by an international organization or organizations, often but not always led by the UN. The terms ‘international administration’, ‘international trusteeship’ (or ‘neo-trusteeship’), and ‘international protectorate’ are sometimes used interchangeably with that of ‘transitional administration’; however, only ‘international administration’ (or ‘international territorial administration’) is considered to be an acceptable substitute.
Research in the Social Sciences
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social scientists have many goals in life. Like researchers in physics or biology they want to understand a critical problem in the world: HIV or the origins of the universe for biologists and physicists, understanding the causes of poverty or discrimination for social scientists. Social scientists are flattered if their ideas show up in policy documents, or if their arguments guide governments or international organizations in setting guidelines for intervention. But, alongside developing these substantive insights into the world, we have a slightly more down-to-earth reason for doing research: we also strive to become footnotes. For many of us, one of the biggest aims in life is to be taken suficiently seriously by our peers so that they will cite us, either approvingly or disapprovingly. There are only so many footnotes that the world needs, though: the number of social science Ph.D. students in the world is now so large that it is simply impossible for all of them to make it to the status of a footnote in someone else’s work. The process by which you become a footnote is not always fair and transparent: some small groups cite each others’ work a lot and that then raises (quite artificially, in fact) their collective impact factor. But most of the time, good research helps.
Constructing a Research Design
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most, possibly all, graduate programmes in the social sciences today require students to take a basic inferential statistics class, where they learn how regression coefficients are constructed, what the meaning of significance levels is, and some general rules about how to handle (usually interpret rather than perform) regression analysis. This is generally a good thing: if a large part of your discipline relies on sophisticated statistical analysis, knowing how to read such articles is a crucial skill. But there is a problem: too often, the research skills training in graduate programmes stops there, and other research designs are treated as the weak little brother of statistical analysis.
Basic Linguistic Theory
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Basic Linguistic Theory R. M. W. Dixon provides a new and fundamental characterization of the nature of human languages and a comprehensive guide to their description and analysis. In three clearly written and accessible volumes, he describes how best to go about doing linguistics, the most satisfactory and profitable ways to work, and the pitfalls to avoid. In the first volume he addresses the methodology for recording, analysing, and comparing languages. He argues that grammatical structures and rules should be worked out inductively on the basis of evidence, explaining in detail the steps by which an attested grammar and lexicon can built up from observed utterances. He shows how the grammars and words of one language may be compared to others of the same or different families, explains the methods involved in cross-linguistic parametric analyses, and describes how to interpret the results. Volume 2 and volume 3 (to be published in 2011) offer in-depth tours of underlying principles of grammatical organization, as well as many of the facts of grammatical variation. 'The task of the linguist,' Professor Dixon writes, 'is to explain the nature of human languages - each viewed as an integrated system - together with an explanation of why each language is the way it is, allied to the further scientific pursuits of prediction and evaluation.' Basic Linguistic Theory is the triumphant outcome of a lifetime's thinking about every aspect and manifestation of language and immersion in linguistic fieldwork. It is a one-stop text for undergraduate and graduate students of linguistics, as well as for those in neighbouring disciplines, such as psychology and anthropology.
Phonology
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on grammar. But every description of a language must, of course, include a section on phonology, which interrelates with grammar in a myriad ways. As pointed out in §4.7, the first chapter to be drafted in any fieldwork-based endeavour must be phonology, since phonemes need to be recognized as the basis for an orthography in which to write the language. But the phonology chapter will be the last to be finalized, since the range of morphological alternations and conditioned variants will feed into a definitive statement of phonological structures and processes. This chapter presents just a brief overview of the most basic points which must be taken account of, to ensure a decent phonological description.
Lexicon
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A language is made up of two interlocking components—grammar and lexicon. As discussed in §1.11 and §5.2, the grammar deals with closed systems: pronouns, articles, tense, gender, and so on. These are exhaustively listed and fully described within the grammar. The lexicon consists of open classes. The members of a lexical class have the same or similar grammatical properties, but differ in terms of their ranges of referents. The lexicon comprises all the lexemes (alternatively called lexical items) in the open and semi-open classes of the language—nouns, verbs, adjectives, and so on. ‘Vocabulary’ is an alternative name for lexicon; a lexicon arranged in alphabetical order is a ‘dictionary’.
Hospice and Palliative Care in Southeast Asia
Authors: Wright Michael , Hamzah Ednin , Phungrassami Temsak , Bausa-Claudio Agnes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the turn of the century, there has been worldwide growth in the effort to improve the quality of end of life care. Alongside these initiatives, growing interest in the international development of hospice and palliative care has created the need for an informed, in depth overview of the state of development in different world regions. A follow-up to the successful Hospice and Palliative Care in Africa: a review of developments and challenges (Wright and Clark, OUP 2006), this book provides a detailed evidence-base of the palliative care provision in Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, identifies barriers to development and how these may be overcome. The book aims to stimulate a more informed debate around these issues, to improve policy-making among intergovernmental and governmental organisations on end of life care in these regions, and to encourage further research and improved practice. Hospice and Palliative Care in Southeast Asia: a review of developments and challenges in Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines includes in-depth country reports that analyse the current state of hospice and palliative care. The book is written using a template that allows effective comparison between countries and regions. Data has been gathered from multiple sources, field visits, and interviews with key activists made possible by close working relations with hospice-palliative care colleagues across the region and in particular through links with the Asia Pacific Hospice Palliative Care Network (APHN) and the national associations of each country. This book will be of relevance to anyone interested in international palliative care, including practitioners, researchers, policy-makers, social scientist, and medical historians.
The Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality Among Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network and Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Network Trials*
Authors: Tea Kevin , Zu Yuanhao , Chung Cheng Han , Pagliaro Jaclyn , Espinoza-Barrera Diana , Mehta Prakriti , Grewal Himmat , Douglas Ivor S. , Khan Yasin A. , Shaffer Jeffrey G. , Denson Joshua L. 
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVES:
Metabolic syndrome is known to predict outcomes in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) but has never been studied in non-COVID-19 ARDS. We therefore aimed to determine the association of metabolic syndrome with mortality among ARDS trial subjects.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study of ARDS trials’ data.

SETTING:
An ancillary analysis was conducted using data from seven ARDS Network and Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Network randomized trials within the Biologic Specimen and Data Repository Information Coordinating Center database.

PATIENTS:
Hospitalized patients with ARDS and metabolic syndrome (defined by obesity, diabetes, and hypertension) were compared with similar patients without metabolic syndrome (those with less than three criteria).

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Among 4288 ARDS trial participants, 454 (10.6%) with metabolic syndrome were compared with 3834 controls (89.4%). In adjusted analyses, the metabolic syndrome group was associated with lower 28-day and 90-day mortality when compared with control (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.70 [95% CI, 0.55–0.89] and 0.75 [95% CI, 0.60–0.95], respectively). With each additional metabolic criterion from 0 to 3, adjusted 28-day mortality was reduced by 18%, 22%, and 40%, respectively. In subgroup analyses stratifying by ARDS etiology, mortality was lower for metabolic syndrome vs. control in ARDS caused by sepsis or pneumonia (at 28 d, aOR 0.64 [95% CI, 0.48–0.84] and 90 d, aOR 0.69 [95% CI, 0.53–0.89]), but not in ARDS from noninfectious causes (at 28 d, aOR 1.18 [95% CI, 0.70–1.99] and 90 d, aOR 1.26 [95% CI, 0.77–2.06]). Interaction p = 0.04 and p = 0.02 for 28- and 90-day comparisons, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
Metabolic syndrome in ARDS was associated with a lower risk of mortality in non-COVID-19 ARDS. The relationship between metabolic inflammation and ARDS may provide a novel biological pathway to be explored in precision medicine-based trials.
Looking Beyond the Hutchinson Sign: A Retrospective Study of Clinical Factors Indicating the Presence and Invasiveness of Nail Unit Melanoma in Patients With Longitudinal Melanonychia
Authors: Lee Sang Gyun , Oh Byung Ho , Chung Kee Yang , Roh Mi Ryung 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
The data underlying this article are available in the article.
Longitudinal melanonychia (LM) presents a challenge because nail unit melanoma (NUM) must be considered as a differential diagnosis. Because nail matrix biopsy may result in nail dystrophy, it is important to distinguish NUM from LM.

OBJECTIVE
To provide evidence of previously reported clinical factors indicative of NUM in patients with LM.

METHODS
This was a retrospective study of patients who presented with LM and had biopsy-confirmed NUM from 2005 to 2021. Benign LM was either confirmed by biopsy or considered benign if followed without the need for biopsy. Clinical factors associated with LM and NUM were compared by multivariate regression.

RESULTS
A total of 177 patients (97 LM and 80 NUM) were included. Multivariate regression showed that high band color intensity (p = .0031), variegation (p = .0005), nail plate splitting (p = .0017), Hutchinson sign (p = .0027), and band change (p = .001) correlated with malignancy. Nail plate splitting was associated with Breslow thickness.

CONCLUSION
Malignancy should be suspected and biopsy performed in patients with LM and high band color intensity, variegation, nail plate splitting, Hutchinson sign, and band change.
Industry Payments Comparison Between Female and Male Mohs Surgeons From 2015 to 2021
Authors: Rosales Santillan Monica , Guzman Anthony , Waldman Abigail H. 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
There are limited data on female Mohs surgeon industry relationships.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate industry payment activity between female and male Mohs surgeons.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective review of the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services open payments data was performed between 2015 and 2021 for Mohs surgeons in the United States. Gender, academic affiliation, practice region, annual total payment, cumulative payment, and industry payment type was collected.

RESULTS
Male Mohs surgeons received higher mean total payments than female Mohs surgeons (p = .04), which persisted when data were stratified based on industry payment type and practice region. Both genders had similar median total payments (p = .4). Females in academic practice received higher mean total payments than those in private practice. Females experienced a significant lower mean total payment compared with males in the South (p = .03).

CONCLUSION
High total payments received by male Mohs surgeons skewed the data, which is supported by a significant mean total payment difference despite a similar median total payment distribution. Female Mohs surgeons receiving the top payments may address this mean payment difference. Females seem to have higher payments if they practice in the Northeast and are in academics. Further studies are needed to evaluate this payment gap.
SCLEROMYXEDEMA ASSOCIATED WITH MACULAR EDEMA AND RETINAL HEMORRHAGE
Authors: Willett Keirnan L. , Comfere Nneka , Bakri Sophie J. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
We discuss a case of macular edema and retinal hemorrhage associated with scleromyxedema.

Methods:
A case report is presented.

Results:
A 64-year-old man with history of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism presented with new-onset rash in the setting of switching anticoagulation treatments. He developed blurred vision, was found to have macular edema and dot blot retinal hemorrhages that improved with systemic and topical corticosteroids.

Conclusion:
Systemic autoimmune conditions including scleromyxedema should be considered in the workup of occult cystoid macular edema.
Improving Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Function of Korean Firefighters
Authors: Kim Ji-Been , Xiang Ying-Ying , Kim Chae-Been , Seo Dongil , Song Wook , Lee Hanjoon , Kang Hyunjoo , Lee Chung Gun , Ahn Yeon-Soon , Park Jung-Jun 
Published: November 2023

Objective
This study addresses declining physical fitness among Korean firefighters due to a low exercise participation rate caused by the absence of exercise instructors. The research explores Virtual Mate (VM), a Kinect-based mixed reality device, as a potential solution, but its capacity to replace training instructors in enhancing physical fitness remains uncertain.

Methods
Twenty Korean male firefighters were divided into two groups: the exercise group received an 8-week intervention using VM, while the control group maintained regular physical activity. Cardiopulmonary function and muscle function were measured.

Results
After 8 weeks, the exercise group demonstrated a significant improvement in VO2peak. Furthermore, there were notable enhancements in the strength and endurance of most knee, shoulder, and trunk flexors and extensors.

Conclusions
Integrating VM into an exercise program can effectively improve cardiorespiratory and muscular function in Korean firefighters.
Vaccine Induction of Heterologous HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody B Cell Lineages in Humans
Authors: Williams Wilton B. , Alam S. Munir , Ofek Gilad , Erdmann Nathaniel , Montefiori David , Seaman Michael S. , Wagh Kshitij , Korber Bette , Edwards Robert J. , Mansouri Katayoun , Eaton Amanda , Cain Derek W. , Martin Mitchell , Parks Robert , Barr Maggie , Foulger Andrew , Anasti Kara , Patel Parth , Sammour Salam , Parsons Ruth J. , Huang Xiao , Lindenberger Jared , Fetics Susan , Janowska Katarzyna , Niyongabo Aurelie , Janus Benjamin M. , Astavans Anagh , Fox Christopher B. , Mohanty Ipsita , Evangelous Tyler , Chen Yue , Berry Madison , Kirshner Helene , Van Itallie Elizabeth , Saunders Kevin , Wiehe Kevin , Cohen Kristen W. , McElrath M. Juliana , Corey Lawrence , Acharya Priyamvada , Walsh Stephen R. , Baden Lindsey R. , Haynes Barton F. 
Published: November 2023

SummaryA critical roadblock to HIV vaccine development is the inability to induce B cell lineages of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in humans. In people living with HIV-1, bnAbs take years to develop. The HVTN 133 clinical trial studied a peptide/liposome immunogen targeting B cell lineages of HIV-1 envelope membrane proximal external region (MPER) bnAbs (NCT03934541). Here, we report MPER peptide-liposome induction of polyclonal HIV-1 B cell lineages of mature bnAbs and their precursors, the most potent of which neutralized 15% of global tier 2 HIV-1 strains and 35% of clade B strains, with lineage initiation after the second immunization. Neutralization was enhanced by vaccine-selection of improbable mutations that increased antibody binding to gp41 and lipids. This study demonstrates proof-of-concept for rapid vaccine induction of human B cell lineages with heterologous neutralizing activity and selection of antibody improbable mutations, and outlines a path for successful HIV-1 vaccine development.
How to train a post-processor for tandem mass spectrometry proteomics database search while maintaining control of the false discovery rate
Authors: Freestone Jack , Käll Lukas , Noble William Stafford , Keich Uri 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDecoy-based methods are a popular choice for the statistical validation of peptide detections in tandem mass spectrometry proteomics data. Such methods can achieve a substantial boost in statistical power when coupled with post-processors such as Percolator that use auxiliary features to learn a better-discriminating scoring function. However, we recently showed that Percolator can struggle to control the false discovery rate (FDR) when reporting the list of discovered peptides. To address this problem, we introduce Percolator-RESET, which is an adaptation of our recently developed RESET meta-procedure to the peptide detection problem. Specifically, Percolator-RESET fuses Percolator’s iterative SVM training procedure with RESET’s general framework of determining the list of reported discoveries in a target-decoy competition setup, where each putative discovery is augmented with a list of relevant features. Percolator-RESET operates in both a standard single-decoy mode and a two-decoy mode, the latter requiring the generation of two decoys per target. We demonstrate that Percolator-RESET controls the FDR in both modes, both theoretically and empirically, while typically reporting only a marginally smaller number of discoveries than Percolator in single-decoy mode. The two-decoy mode is marginally more powerful than both Percolator and the single-decoy mode and exhibits less variability than the latter.
The Molecular Architecture of Variable Lifespan in Diversity Outbred Mice
Authors: Hackett Mohamed Sean R , Magzoub Majed Mohamed , Maile Tobias M , Vu Ngoc , Wright Kevin M , Melamud Eugene , Haas Wilhelm , McAllister Fiona E , Churchill Gary A , Bennett Bryson D 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTo unravel the causes and effects of aging we can monitor the time-evolution of the aging process and learn how it is structured by genetic and environmental variation before ultimately testing theories about the causal drivers of aging. Diverse Outbred (DO) mice provide widespread, yet controlled, genetic variation generating considerable variation in mouse lifespan - here, we explore the relationship between DO mouse aging and lifespan. We profiled the plasma multiome of 110 DO mice at three ages using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics and lipidomics and proteomics. Individual mice varied more than two-fold in natural lifespan. The combination of known age and resulting lifespan allows us to evaluate alternative models of how molecules were related to chronological age and lifespan. The majority of the aging multiome shifts with chronological age highlighting the accelerating chemical stress of aging. In contrast, proteomic pathways encompassing both well-appreciated aspects of aging biology, such as dysregulation of proteostasis and inflammation, as well as lesser appreciated changes such as through toll-like receptor signaling, shift primarily with fraction of life lived (the ratio of chronological age to lifespan). This measure, which approximates biological age, varies greatly across DO mice creating a global disconnect between chronological and biological age. By sampling mice near their natural death we were able to detect loss-of-homeostasis signatures involving focal dysregulation of proteolysis and the secreted phosphoproteome which may be points-of-failure in DO aging. These events are succeeded by massive changes in the multiome in mice’s final three weeks as widespread cell death reshapes the plasma of near-death mice.
Introducing flocker: an R package for flexible occupancy modeling via brms and Stan
Authors: Socolar Jacob B. , Mills Simon C. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOccupancy models are a widespread tool for analyzing biological survey data, but packages for fitting these models offer a limited variety of effects structures.We developedRpackageflockerto connect occupancy models (single- and multi- species; single- and multi-season) to the uniquely powerful formula syntax ofRpackagebrms.Using familiar formula-based syntax,flockermodels can readily incorporate a wide array of effects structures, including phylogenetic random effects, splines, Gaussian processes, autoregressive structures, monotonic effects, and nonlinear predictors. These are available for use in formulas for occupancy, detection, colonization, extinction, and autologistic terms (as applicable to the model type).flockeradditionally provides functionality for data simulation, posterior prediction, and model comparison, following well-documented statistical decisions that we put forward as best practices.We anticipate thatflockerwill facilitate the work of practitioners who seek added realism in occupancy models. We further hope thatflocker’s synthesis of these models will help inform best practices around occupancy modeling.