bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mind A Brief Introduction
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The philosophy of mind is unique among contemporary philosophical subjects, writes John Searle, “in that all of the most famous and influential theories are false.” In Mind, Searle dismantles these famous and influential theories as he presents a vividly written, comprehensive introduction to the mind. Here readers will find one of the world’s most eminent thinkers shedding light on the central concern of modern philosophy. Searle begins with a look at the twelve problems of philosophy of mind--which he calls “Descartes and Other Disasters”--problems which he returns to throughout the volume, as he illuminates such topics as the freedom of the will, the actual operation of mental causation, the nature and functioning of the unconscious, the analysis of perception, and the concept of the self. One of the key chapters is on the mind-body problem, which Searle analyzes brilliantly. He argues that all forms of consciousness--from feeling thirsty to wondering how to translate Mallarmé--are caused by the behavior of neurons and are realized in the brain system, which is itself composed of neurons. But this does not mean that consciousness is nothing but neuronal behavior. The main point of having the concept of consciousness, Searle points out, is to capture the first person subjective features of the phenomenon and this point is lost if we redefine consciousness in third person objective terms. Described as a “dragonslayer by temperament,” John Searle offers here a refreshingly direct and open discussion of philosophy, one that skewers accepted wisdom even as it offers striking new insights into the nature of consciousness and the mind.
Pursuing Visions: Interpretation
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The constitutional decisions of the Supreme Court are political not merely in the sense that they are based on considerations that go beyond the traditionally legalistic but also in the more specific sense that they take account of political reactions to judicial interpretations. This is, I have suggested, simultaneously widely known and widely denied. It is both a commonplace and a heresy. It is desirable and intolerable. As the abortion cases demonstrate, it happens most dramatically while being denied most emphatically.
History of Stress Testing
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cornerstone of modern stress testing is based on the empirical discovery that exercise in patients with coronary disease produces ST-segment depression. This discovery might be credited to Bousfield, who recorded STsegment depression in the three standard ECG leads during a spontaneous attack of angina in 1918; or, it might be credited to Feil and Siegel, who, in 1928, actually exercised patients with known angina to bring about pain and, concurrently, the ST- and T-wave changes we now recognize as showing evidence of ischemia. These researchers described the changes as being due to a decrease in blood flow to the heart, and they published tracings showing a return to normal after the pain had subsided and also after administration of nitroglycerin. Feil and Siegel conducted their stress tests by having the patients do sit-ups; in selected cases, they held their hands on the patient’s chest to increase the resistance and therefore the energy required to perform this maneuver. Einthoven may have actually recognized the changes associated with ischemia. He published a tracing in 1908 showing ST-segment depression after exercise, but did not comment on this finding. Felberbaum and Finesilver probably published the first paper describing a step test in 1927. Using a footstool 12 inches high, they regulated the rate of stepping and monitored the heart rate before and after exercise.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Responses to Exercise
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A review of the mechanisms leading to the changes in cardiac output and other circulatory adaptations associated with activity will be helpful in understanding the body’s cardiovascular and pulmonary response to exercise. Various factors, including venous tone, body position, blood volume, and depth of respiration, control the input to the heart. The heart responds by pumping into the arterial circulation the volume delivered from the venous side. The amount per beat in milliliters is called the stroke volume. The total cardiac output (measured in liters per minute) is the stroke volume (usually 50 to 80 mL of blood) multiplied by the heart rate. For example, if each beat pumped 80 mL out and there were 70 beats per minute, the cardiac output would be 80 X 70 or 5600 mL, or 5.6 L of blood per minute. This is an average value for a 70-kg adult at rest. The output increases with exercise, depending on the effiency of the system, up to about 30 L/min in a well conditioned athlete. An individual’s ability to increase pumping volume is the most important factor limiting the ability to increase physical work capacity.
Physiology of Cardiac Ischemia
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I review current concepts that help to explain the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. Although our understanding of these mechanisms is constantly changing, a review is important because it provides a framework on which to organize clinical observations.
Ischemia results from an imbalance between the oxygen supply and the myocardial demand. In simple terms, supply is primarily a function of coronary artery luminal diameter times the driving pressure minus the noncoronary resistance to flow, modified by hemoglobin content and blood viscosity. Myocardial demand is primarily influenced by heart rate, wall tension, and contractile state. An imbalance in the supply/demand ratio may be either global or, more often, localized in certain areas of the heart muscle. This imbalance may be silent clinically or manifested by chest pain, arm or jaw pain, dyspnea, sudden weakness, or arrhythmias.
A Generational Shift
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a great national contest that will be immediately recognizable to you. Two men were vying for one prize. Although tens of millions of ballots were cast, the margin separating the two was less than 1 percent of the total. The announcer ticked off the state-by-state tallies as the two candidates, both Southerners, watched closely. One candidate had won Ohio and New York. The other had won a great bounty: Florida. As the night wore on, reporters came to us live from massive placard-waving rallies in the candidates’ hometowns. Minutes later, the network was ready to make its announcement, one that would answer the question on the minds of millions.
Conclusion: How to Tune Back In
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leonard Downie, Jr. and Robert Kaiser ended their recent book, The News About the News (2002), on a hopeful note. They wrote that despite all the pressures—from the government, the corporate boards, and the tabloids next door—journalism will continue to thrive because of tomorrow’s news consumers: “In the end, the most important people shaping tomorrow’s news won’t be the owners or the journalists, but the readers and viewers. As long as they create a market for good journalism, there will be good journalism. That’s the good news.” Downie and Kaiser were, of course, correct that consumers can make a difference by choosing quality news. However, the authors’ last sentence, “That’s the good news,” caused me to yell back at the still-open book, “No, that’s the bad news!” If researching and writing this book has taught me one thing it is that our democracy is on the brink of a crisis and that the problem will not right itself. Nearing the time when 20- and 30-somethings will be given the tiller of the ship of state, we and they might ask, are they informed enough for the journey? We must do something to address the crisis and we must not let false optimism prevent us from acting swiftly and forcefully.
A Casebook On Roman Family Law
Authors: Frier Bruce W , McGinn Thomas A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman household ( familia) was in many respects dramatically different from the modern family. From the early Roman Empire (30 B.C. to about A.D. 250) there survive many legal sources that describe Roman households, often in the most intimate detail. The subject matter of these ancient sources includes marriage and divorce, the property aspects of marriage, the pattern of authority within households, the transmission of property between generations, and the supervision of Roman orphans. This casebook presents 235 representative texts drawn largely from Roman legal sources, especially Justinian's Digest. These cases and the discussion questions that follow provide a good introduction to the basic legal problems associated with the ordinary families of Roman citizens. The arrangement of materials conveys to students an understanding of the basic rules of Roman family law while also providing them with the means to question these rules and explore the broader legal principles that underlie them. Included cases invite the reader to wrestle with actual Roman legal problems, as well as to think about Roman solutions in relation to modern law. In the process, the reader should gain confidence in handling fundamental forms of legal thinking, which have persisted virtually unchanged from Roman times until the present. This volume also contains a glossary of technical terms, biographies of the jurists, basic bibliographies of useful secondary literature, and a detailed introduction to the scholarly topics associated with Roman family law. A course based on this casebook should be of interest to anyone who wishes to understand better Roman social history, either as part of a larger Classical Civilization curriculum or as a preparation for law school.
How I Fell in Love With Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I fell in love with music in a murky alley when I was eleven. Sometimes I ask friends when and where and how it happened to them, and they recount childhood memories of hearing a beautiful cousin play a Chopin étude, of being stunned by a broadcast of the Saint Matthew Passion, or sent into reveries lying under the family piano while Mother practiced Songs without Words. My own fall was less romantic.
Another Word for Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1991, the year of the Mozart bicentennial, a friend in Germany wrote to me that even she, who had no contact with the world of classical music, had noticed it was “Mozarting like mad everywhere.” She asked whether Mozart was born or died two hundred years ago, and I liked her own answer that “it makes no difference really.” Of course the music historian in me wanted to get on his high horse and tell her not only that Mozart died in 1791, on 5 December, at 12:55 in the morning, but also to point out that if Mozart had been born that year, he’d be a contemporary, more or less, of Weber, Meyerbeer, Marschner, Loewe, Schubert, Donizetti, and such characters, and he would have written a very different sort of music.
On the Trail of W. A. Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vincent Novello called Mozart “the Shakespeare of music.” No phrase so grand or telling exists to describe Novello himself, and though to call him the Leonardo of musicians might suggest the breadth of interest and experience he brought to his profession, he would have dismissed that label as grandiose or stupid. At any rate, composers need people like Novello. He was an organist, a choirmaster, a conductor, an editor, a publisher. He dedicated himself to preserving and spreading the word about music he cared for. He had good taste and even better judgment, and the music he championed grew healthy and strong, into long and distinguished life.
A Short Life of J. S. Bach
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two hundred years since [Bach’s] death each rising generation has seen him differently; his creations have been analyzed and criticized, performed and deformed, used and abused; books and pamphlets, paintings and plaster busts have made him a common household article; in short he has finally been transformed into a statue. It seems to me that having this statue constantly before our eyes has impaired our view of the true stature of Bach, both of the man and of his work.
Introduction
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 30 years, we have worked to develop a theory and supporting evidence to account for the evolution of the human capacity for culture and how this capacity leads to distinctive evolutionary patterns. Much of our early work is summarized in our book Culture and the Evolutionary Process, published in 1985. Since that time we have published numerous articles that expand the theory and discuss relevant data. We think that these articles fit together to tell a consistent story about how the capacity for culture evolved in the human lineage and why it has led to evolutionarily novel outcomes like large-scale cooperation. However, because this work is relevant to scholars in disciplines ranging from evolutionary biology to archaeology to economics, these essays are scattered among an equally wide range of journals. As a result, the overall story is not so easy to discern. So when Steve Stich suggested that we might bring a sampling of this work together in a single volume of his Evolution and Cognition series, we jumped at the chance.
Climate, Culture, and the Evolution of Cognition
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the causes of the evolution of complex cognition? Discussions of the evolution of cognition sometimes seem to assume that more complex cognition is a fundamental advance over less complex cognition, as evidenced by a broad trend toward larger brains in evolutionary history. Evolutionary biologists are suspicious of such explanations because they picture natural selection as a process leading to adaptation to local environments, not to progressive trends. Cognitive adaptations will have costs, and more complex cognition will evolve only when its local utility outweighs them.
Cultural Evolution of Human Cooperation With Joseph Henrich
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cooperation1 is a problem that has long interested evolutionists. In both the Origin and Descent of Man, Darwin worried about how his theory might handle cases such as the social insects in which individuals sacrificed their chances to reproduce by aiding others. Darwin could see that such sacrifices would not ordinarily be favored by natural selection. He argued that honeybees and humans were similar. Among honeybees, a sterile worker who sacrificed her own reproduction for the good of the hive would enjoy a vicarious reproductive success through her siblings.
How Microevolutionary Processes Give Rise to History
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade a number of authors, including ourselves, have attempted to understand human cultural variation using Darwinian methods. This work is unified by the idea that culture is a system of inheritance: individuals vary in their skills, habits, beliefs, values, and attitudes, and these variations are transmitted to others through time by teaching, imitation, and other forms of social learning. To understand cultural change, we must account for the microevolutionary processes that increase the numbers of some cultural variants and reduce the numbers of others.
Principles and Parameters of Molecular Robustness
Authors: Krakauer David C , Plotkin Joshua B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of replication of RNA or DNA, genomes incorporate large numbers of mutations. These mutations can be small, such as the modification of a single nucleotide (point mutations), or large, involving repeating motifs of nucleotides (micro-satellites), damag, to whole chromosomes (genetic instability), or even duplication or loss of whole chromosomes (aneuploidy). The influence of mutation on the evolutionary process is two-fold. On the one hand, mutation leads to phenotypic variance mediated by developmental dynamics, thereby providing the variability required by selection to fix new variants in a population. On the other hand, mutation undermines preadapted phenotypes by perturbing development in such a way as to lead to poorly adapted variants. The tension between the advantage of a few novel phenotypes, and the disadvantage of the majority of novel phenotypes is reflected in those mechanisms controlling the rate of mutation, and in those strategies influencing the impact of mutation on phenotypes. In an effort to understand the evolutionary response to mutations, we present three distinct, albeit closely related, principles. The principle of canalization, the principle of neutrality, and the principle of redundancy. These are contrasted with the parameters of robustness-the precise mechanisms by which these principles are realized. The principles and parameters metaphor is derived from linguistics [11] where the principles are the invariant properties of universal grammar and the parameters the local rules and practices of language.
Robustness in Neuronal Systems: The Balance Between Homeostasis, Plasticity, and Modulation
Authors: Marder Eve , Bucher Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals live long lives. Humans, sea turtles, elephants, and lobsters all may live for a good portion of a century. In these animals the nervous system that generates appropriate behavior consists, for the most part, of neurons that are born early in the animal’s life. During early development the complex neuronal circuits that mediate behavior are formed, and these circuits retain their functional integrity for most of the healthy animal’s lifetime. Several features of nervous systems make this particularly remarkable. (1) The nervous system must retain its essential flexibility and plasticity so that the animal can adapt to changes in its environment and learn. (2) Although individual neurons can live for tens or even one hundred years, all of the ion channels, receptors, and cell signaling proteins that give each neuron its characteristic structure and electrical properties turn over in minutes, hours, days, or weeks. Indeed, unlike electronic circuits which are built of static components, the nervous system consists of a relatively stable structure that is constantly rebuilding itself, as all of its constituent molecules are replaced. Moreover, during normal behavior the properties of individual neurons and their synaptic connections are constantly varying, but do so in a manner that ensures functional changes in network output, and rarely leads to loss of network stability.
Robustness and the Internet: Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Doyle John C , Low Steven H , Paganini Fernando , Vinnicombe Glenn , Willinger Walter , Parrilo Pablo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While control and communications theory have played a crucial role throughout in designing aspects of the Internet, a unified and integrated theory of the Internet as a whole has only recently become a practical and achievable research objective. Dramatic progress has been made recently in analytical results that provide for the first time a nascent but promising foundation for a rigorous and coherent mathematical theory underpinning Internet technology. This new theory directly addresses the performance and robustness of both the “horizontal” decentralized and asynchronous nature of control in TCP /IP as well as the ‘‘vertical” separation into the layers of the TCP /IP protocol stack from application down to the link layer. These results generalize notions of source and channel coding from information theory as well as decentralized versions of robust control. The new theoretical insights gained about the Internet also combine with our understanding of its origins and evolution to provide a rich source of ideas about complex systems in general. Most surprisingly, our deepening understanding from genomics and molecular biology has revealed that at the network and protocol level, cells and organisms are strikingly similar to technological networks, despite having completely different material substrates, evolution, and development/construction.
Sexual Differentiation
Authors: Parker Keith L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual differentiation is a sequential process that begins at fertilization with the establishment of chromosomal sex, continues with the determination of gonadal sex, and culminates in the development of secondary sexual characteristics that comprise the male and female phenotypes. This basic paradigm (Fig. 8-1) was formulated by Alfred Jost to explain the results of castration experiments in fetal rabbits. If the gonads (ovaries or testes) were removed before sexual differentiation, female sexual differentiation inevitably ensued. The male pathway could be partly restored by testosterone implants, suggesting that hormones produced by the testes mediate male sexual development. Thus, the concept arose that the testes induce a male pattern of differentiation on an embryo that otherwise would follow the female pathway. Cytogenetic studies shortly thereafter showed that the critical genetic determinant of sex is the presence or absence of the Y chromosome, leading to the proposal that the Y chromosome directs the gonad to differentiate into a testis, which then produces hormone(s) that cause male sexual differentiation.
The Thyroid
Authors: Griffin James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thyroid hormones are important for the normal growth and development of the maturing human. In the adult, thyroid hormones maintain metabolic stability by regulating oxygen requirements, body weight, and intermediary metabolism. Thyroid function is under hypothalamic-pituitary control, and thus, like the gonads and adrenal cortex, it serves as a classical model of endocrine physiology. In addition, the physiological effects of thyroid hormones are regulated by complex extrathyroidal mechanisms resulting from the peripheral metabolism of the hormones. These mechanisms are not under hypothalamic-pituitary regulation.
Calcium Homeostasis
Authors: Heller Howard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ionized calcium plays a pivotal role in many physiological and biochemical processes, including the contraction of muscles, the clotting of blood, and impulse conduction in the heart and nervous system. Moreover, it acts as a secondary messenger within the cell to initiate other cascades important for cell signaling and both exocrine and endocrine secretion. The major storage sites for calcium in the body are the teeth and skeleton. These hard tissues, which contain 99% of the body’s calcium (approximately 1 kg), provide the structure necessary for mastication, locomotion, and protection of internal organs. In the blood, calcium is found in three forms-ionized (50%), protein-bound (40%), and soluble complexes (10%). Unlike the other two forms of calcium, the protein-bound fraction, which is primarily bound to albumin, is not filtered by the kidney. In normal individuals, the range of serum total calcium is 8.5 to 10.3 mg/dl. In a given individual, however, the diurnal variation of serum calcium is limited to 0.3 mg/dl. This chapter reviews calcium homeostasis in the extracellular fluid, the integrated response to calcium stressors, and disorders of calcium metabolism.