bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cancer of retromolar trigone: Long‐term radiation therapy outcome
Authors: Huang Chih‐Jen , Chao K. S. Clifford , Tsai Jason , Simpson Joseph R. , Haughey Bruce , Spector Gershon J. , Sessions Donald G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundCancer of the retromolar trigone is an uncommon head and neck cancer. In this retrospective study, we identified the prognostic factors and evaluated the therapeutic outcomes of patients treated with preoperative radiation therapy (RT), postoperative RT, and RT alone.MethodsBetween 1971 and 1994, 65 patients with histologically proven epidermoid carcinoma of the retromolar trigone were treated at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology; 10 patients received preoperative RT (30–55.2 Gy), 39 received postoperative RT (46–66.6 Gy), and 15 were treated with RT alone (63–74 Gy). Surgery included 44 composite resections and 7 wide excisions. The minimum follow‐up was 5 years.ResultsThe 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 90% with preoperative RT, 63% with postoperative RT, and 31% with RT alone. The 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 76% for patients with T1 disease, 50% for T2, 72% for T3, and 54% for T4. The 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 69% for patients with NO disease, 56% for N1, and 26% for N2. The locoregional recurrence rates were 10% (1 of 10) for preoperative RT, 23% (9 of 39) for postoperative RT, and 44% (7 of 16) for RT alone. On multivariate analysis, the significant factors for disease‐free survival were treatment modality (p = .002) and N stage (p = .012); for locoregional control it was treatment modality (p = .046); and for distant metastasis it was N stage (p = .002). The incidence of bone necrosis, soft tissue necrosis, and severe trismus was 12% with postoperative RT, 11% with RT alone, and none with preoperative RT.ConclusionsCombination surgery with postoperative or preoperative RT offers better locoregional control and disease‐free survival than RT alone for epidermoid carcinoma of the retromolar trigone. Lymph node status significantly influences the disease‐free survival and distant metastasis rates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 758–763, 2001.
Effects of chemotherapy on invasion and metastasis of oral cavity cancer in mice
Authors: Kawashiri Shuichi , Kojima Kiyoshi , Kumagai Shigehiro , Nakagawa Kiyomasa , Yamamoto Etsuhide 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundUsing an orthotopic implantation model in which oral cancer invasion and metastasis can be reproduced, we investigated the inhibitory effects of anticancer agents on invasion and metastasis.MethodsA highly invasive and metastatic human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, OSC‐19, was implanted into the oral floor of nude mice, and cisplatin or peplomycin was administered to the mice 7 or 14 days after implantation. The effects of each anticancer drug and different administration timings on cancer invasion and metastasis were investigated.ResultsTumor size and the ratio of proliferating cell nuclear antigen–positive cells was significantly reduced. In the control group, the tumors showed grade 4C mode of invasion, whereas in the groups treated with anticancer drugs, grade 3 was observed in 77.3% of the mice, with an inhibitory effect on tumor invasion being observed. The rate of metastasis in the cervical lymph node was significantly decreased in the groups treated with the cisplatin or peplomycin on day 7 after implantation. The tumor stage progression in the metastatic lymph nodes was also inhibited.ConclusionsChemotherapy is effective not only for tumor diminution but also for inhibiting invasion and metastasis. In light of these effects, administration of anticancer drugs may be clinically useful in this regard. 23: 764–771, 2001.
Do nodal metastases from cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck follow a clinically predictable pattern?
Authors: Pathak Irvin , O'Brien Christopher J. , Petersen‐Schaeffer Karin , McNeil Edward B. , McMahon Jeremy , Quinn Michael J. , Thompson John F. , McCarthy William H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundPotential lymphatic drainage patterns from cutaneous melanomas of the head and neck are said to be variable and frequently unpredictable. The aim of this article is to correlate the anatomic distribution of pathologically involved lymph nodes with primary melanoma sites and to compare these findings with clinically predicted patterns of metastatic spread.MethodsA prospectively documented series of 169 patients with pathologically proven metastatic melanoma was reviewed by analyzing the clinical, operative, and pathologic records. Clinically, it was predicted that melanomas of the anterior scalp, forehead, and face could metastasize to the parotid and neck levels I–III; the coronal scalp, ear, and neck to the parotid and levels I–V; the posterior scalp to occipital nodes and levels II–V; and the lower neck to levels III–V. Minimum follow up was 2 years.ResultsThere were 141 therapeutic (97 comprehensive, 44 selective) and 28 elective lymphadenectomies (4 comprehensive dissections, 21 selective neck dissections, and 3 cases in which parotidectomy alone was performed). Overall, there were 112 parotidectomies, 44 of which were therapeutic and 68 elective. Pathologically positive nodes involved clinically predicted nodal groups in 156 of 169 cases (92.3%). The incidence of postauricular node involvement was only 1.5% (3 cases). No patient was initially seen with contralateral metastatic disease; however, 5 patients (2.9%) failed in the contralateral neck after therapeutic dissection. In 68% of patients, metastatic disease involved the nearest nodal group, and in 59% only a single node was involved.ConclusionsCutaneous malignant melanomas of the head and neck metastasized to clinically predicted nodal groups in 92% of patients in this series. Postauricular and contralateral metastatic node involvement was uncommon. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 785–790, 2001.
Salvage treatment for persistent and recurrent T1–2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma by stereotactic radiosurgery
Authors: Chua Daniel T. T. , Sham Jonathan S. T. , Hung Kwan‐Ngai , Leung Lucullus H. T. , Cheng Pui‐Wai , Kwong Philip W. K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo study the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery in salvaging early‐stage persistent and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after primary radiotherapy.MethodsA prospective single‐arm study evaluating the response and outcome of patients with rT1–2 NPC treated by stereotactic radiosurgery. Eleven patients with rT1–2 were treated by radiosurgery between March 1998 and March 2000. Four patients were treated for persistent disease occurring within 4 months after primary radiotherapy, six were treated for first recurrence, and one for third recurrence. Six patients had rT1 disease and five had rT2 disease. Most patients had disease not amenable to brachytherapy, surgery, or external re‐irradiation. The median target volume was 5.8 cc (range, 3.3–16.9). Radiosurgery was performed with multiple noncoplanar arcs of photon, with a median dose of 12.5 Gy delivered to the 80% isodose line (range, 12–14 Gy). Median follow‐up time after radiosurgery was 18 months (range, 9–30).ResultsNine patients had complete regression of tumor as assessed by imaging, nasopharyngoscopy, and biopsy; one patient had partial regression of tumor; whereas one patient had static disease. The overall response rate was 91% (10 of 11) and the complete response rate was 82% (9 of 11). Two patients with complete response subsequently had local relapse develop, with one recurrence outside the treated volume 8 months after radiosurgery, and the other within the treated volume 6 months after radiosurgery. One patient with a partial response had neck node recurrence develop. Temporal lobe necrosis occurred in one patient but probably represents sequelae of primary radiation after reviewing the dosimetry. Ten patients are still alive, whereas one patient with local relapse had distant metastases develop and died. The estimated 1‐year local control rate after radiosurgery was 82%.ConclusionsOur preliminary results indicate that stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective treatment modality for persistent and recurrent T1–T2 NPC, and early control rate seems to be comparable to other salvage treatments. More clinical experiences and longer follow‐up are still needed to validate our results and to address fully the role of radiosurgery in salvaging local failures of NPC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 791–798, 2001.
Evidence for a direct projection from the postrhinal cortex to the subiculum in the rat
Authors: Naber Pieterke A. , Witter Menno P. , Lopes da Silva Fernando H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBehavioral data indicate that three of the areas which form the parahippocampal region in the rat, i.e., the entorhinal, perirhinal, and postrhinal cortices, have different, although related functions that also differ from those of the hippocampal formation. These functional differences might be related to differences in connectivity, on the one hand with parts of the association cortex, and on the other with the hippocampal formation. In a previous study, we showed the existence of both a direct and an indirect projection from the perirhinal cortex to areas CA1 and subiculum of the hippocampus. Here we present the result of a second study, demonstrating a similarly organized projection from the postrhinal cortex to the subiculum, comprising both a direct and an indirect route.Electrical stimulation of the postrhinal cortex in vivo evoked field potentials throughout the subiculum and the dentate gyrus. Current source density analysis in both the subiculum and dentate gyrus revealed the presence of sink‐source pairs, indicative of a synaptic termination. Based on comparison with the sink‐source pairs found after stimulation of the medial entorhinal cortex, we conclude that the connection between the postrhinal cortex and the dentate gyrus most likely is formed by a polysynaptic pathway mediated via the medial entorhinal cortex, while the pathway from the postrhinal cortex to the subiculum is likely monosynaptic. In order to substantiate these findings, we carried out several tracer experiments. Anterograde tracer injections in the postrhinal cortex resulted in labeled fibers in limited parts of the subiculum, but no anatomical evidence for a projection of the postrhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus was found. Additional retrograde tracer injections in the subiculum also showed evidence for a direct postrhinal‐to‐subiculum projection with a strong topological organization. Based on these combined anatomical and electrophysiological data, we conclude that the postrhinal cortex indeed can reach the subiculum via both a direct and an indirect pathway. Hippocampus 2001;11:105–117. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medial temporal and prefrontal contributions to working memory tasks with novel and familiar stimuli
Authors: Stern Chantal E. , Sherman Seth J. , Kirchhoff Brenda A. , Hasselmo Michael E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLesions of parahippocampal structures impair performance of delayed matching tasks in nonhuman primates, suggesting a role for these structures in the maintenance of items in working memory and short‐term stimulus matching. However, most human functional imaging studies have not shown medial temporal activation during working memory tasks and have primarily focused on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal intensity changes in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that the difference between the human and nonhuman primate data results from the use of highly familiar stimuli in human working memory studies and trial‐unique stimuli in nonhuman primate studies. We used fMRI to examine prefrontal and temporal lobe activation during performance of a working memory (two‐back) task, using blocks of novel and highly familiar complex pictures. Performance of the working memory task with novel complex pictures resulted in greater signal change within medial temporal lobe structures than performance of the task with familiar complex pictures. In contrast, the working memory task with highly familiar stimuli resulted in greater prefrontal activation. These results are consistent with‐ out hypothesis that the medial temporal lobe is recruited for the short‐term maintenance of information that has no prior representation in the brain, whereas the prefrontal cortex is important for monitoring familiar stimuli that have a high degree of interference. A second set of tasks examined stimulus matching. Subjects performed a target‐matching task, during which they identified a single target presented in blocks of novel or familiar stimuli. The results provide evidence of hippocampal and parahippocampal recruitment in the target‐matching task with familiar stimuli. These results are consistent with prior animal studies and suggest that prefrontal regions may be important for the monitoring and matching of familiar stimuli which have a high potential for interference, whereas medial temporal regions may become proportionally more important for matching and maintenance of novel stimuli. Hippocampus 2001;11:337–346. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MRI‐based evaluation of locus and extent of neurotoxic lesions in monkeys
Authors: Málková Ludiše , Lex Carolyn K. , Mishkin Mortimer , Saunders Richard C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTo minimize the variability in the extent of lesions made by injections of the excitotoxin ibotenic acid in rhesus monkeys, we developed and validated an MRI‐based method to determine the efficacy of the injections soon after surgery. T2‐weighted MR images were obtained 6–11 days after surgery from 17 brain hemispheres of monkeys that had received bilateral lesions of either the hippocampal formation (HF), perirhinal cortex, or parahippocampal cortex. The extent of lesion estimated from the hypersignal that appeared in and outside of the targeted area on these MR images was compared with the extent of damage assessed histologically after survival periods ranging from 120–370 days. Highly significant correlations (r values between 0.85–0.99) were found between these two measures for several regions in the medial temporal lobe. Based on this finding, lack of hypersignal in the targeted area of some Ss was followed by successful reinjection of the neurotoxin to create more complete cell loss prior to the postoperative phase of the study. We also assessed the relationship between a postoperative reduction in HF volume, measured from T1‐weighted MR images, and the extent of damage determined histologically in 14 hemispheres of monkeys with bilateral excitotoxic HF lesions. The HF volume decreases sharply after surgery until 40–50 days postoperatively, after which there is only a minor further decrease. Based on this finding, we obtained T1‐weighted MR images at least 44 days but in most cases close to 1 year after surgery. A highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.95, P < 0.001) was found between neuronal damage and volume reduction, with nearly complete neuronal damage (96–99%) corresponding to a volume reduction of 68–79%. These MRI‐based methods thus provide an accurate in vivo evaluation of the locus and extent of neurotoxic lesions. Application of these methods can ensure that each animal in the experiment is used effectively. Hippocampus 2001;11:361–370. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a relationship between place‐cell spatial firing and spatial memory performance
Authors: Lenck‐Santini Pierre‐Pascal , Save Etienne , Poucet Bruno 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe rat hippocampus contains place cells whose firing is location‐specific. Although many properties of place cells have been uncovered, little is known about their actual contribution to the animal's spatial performance. In this study, we addressed this issue by recording place cells while rats solved a continuous spatial alternation task in which they had to alternate between the two arms of a Y‐maze to get a food reward in the third (goal) arm. By manipulating the information available to the animals, we induced the cells to establish their fields in locations that were out of register relative to their standard position, thus making them inconsistent with the learned spatial task. When this happened, the rats' performance in the alternation task was markedly decreased. In addition, the nature of the behavioral errors during inconsistent field placements also changed dramatically in a way that was highly indicative of the rats' spatial disorientation. These results suggest that there is a functional relationship between the spatial firing patterns of place cells and the spatial behavior of the rat, thus strengthening the idea that these cells are part of a navigational system. Hippocampus 2001;11:377–390. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entorhinal cortex of the mouse: Cytoarchitectonical organization
Authors: van Groen Thomas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe present study describes the cytoarchitectonical and chemoarchitectonical organization of the entorhinal cortex of the mouse (C57BL/6J strain). The entorhinal cortex is medially bordered by the parasubiculum, and laterally by the perirhinal cortex; rostrally and medially it is bordered by the piriform cortex, whereas caudally and dorsally it is bordered by the postrhinal cortex. The entorhinal cortex is divided into two main areas, i.e., the lateral entorhinal area (LEA) and the medial entorhinal area (MEA). Both entorhinal areas are further divided into subfields, i.e., LEA is divided into DLE (dorsolateral entorhinal field), DIE (dorsal intermediate entorhinal field), and VIE (ventral intermediate entorhinal field), whereas MEA is divided into CE (caudal entorhinal field) and ME (medial entorhinal field). Cytoarchitectonically, the main difference between LEA and MEA is displayed by layer II neurons: while these are in a dense layer in LEA, they are more dispersed in MEA. Further, in LEA there is a relatively cell‐free zone between layers II and III; this zone is not present in MEA. Histochemically, in acetylcholinesterase (AChE)‐stained material, MEA is characterized by darker‐stained bands in the superficial layer (i.e., layer I) and in the lamina dissecans, in contrast to LEA, which is more evenly stained for AChE. Further, both the border with the perirhinal cortex and the border with the parasubiculum are characterized by dark‐stained bands of AChE. The border between the entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex is also easily distinguished in parvalbumin‐stained material; while the entorhinal cortex is darkly stained, the perirhinal cortex is lightly stained. In contrast, in sections stained for calretinin, the entorhinal cortex is more lightly stained than the parasubiculum, which has a darkly stained superficial layer, and a densely stained group of neurons in layer III. Hippocampus 2001;11:397–407. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circuit analysis of NMDAR hypofunction in the hippocampus, in vitro, and psychosis of schizophrenia†
Authors: Greene Robert 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNMDA antagonists provide the best pharmacological model of psychosis‐related schizophrenia. Data from circuit analysis of the effects of the antagonism of NMDA receptors in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of rats in vitro suggest a hypothesis concerning cortical circuit dysfunction responsible for NMDA antagonist‐dependent psychosis, relevant to the psychosis associated with schizophrenia. The NMDA antagonists may act by causing a selective, partial, disinhibition of cortical projection cells. The effects are partially due to the partial role of NMDA‐dependent transmission in the excitatory glutamate drive of interneurons. Characterization of the selectivity is incomplete, but includes disinhibition of the recurrent inhibitory circuit and is concentration‐sensitive. It may result from differences in NMDA receptors (NMDARs) on interneurons. At higher concentrations, antagonism of all NMDA‐dependent transmission results in anesthesia. At low concentration, selective blockade of NMDA‐dependent LTP of the recurrent inhibitory circuit may disrupt particular aspects of information processing involving learning and/or memory, consistent with the generation of abnormal associations. An endogenous peptide, NAAG, is shown to antagonize NMDARs in a manner similar to known psychotogenic agents like ketamine or phencyclidine. Finally, mechanisms that could enhance NMDAR function are discussed as possible therapeutic strategies for psychosis. Hippocampus 2001;11:569–577. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical staging of prostate cancer: Reproducibility and clarification of issues
Authors: Campbell Timothy , Blasko John , Crawford E. David , Forman Jeffrey , Hanks Gerald , Kuban Deborah , Montie James , Moul Judd , Pollack Alan , Raghavan Derek , Ray Paul , Roach Mack , Steinberg Gary , Stone Nelson , Thompson Ian , Vogelzang Nicholas , Vijayakumar Srinivasan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for prostate cancer adopted in 1992 is based on tumor‐node‐metastasis (TNM) designations. It has been widely accepted for use in local and advanced disease. The purpose of this study was to assess reproducibility of staging among observers and to help clarify staging issues. Twelve prostate cancer cases were sent to 20 physicians with special expertise in prostate cancer including eight urologists, eight radiation oncologists, and four medical oncologists. Physicians were asked to assign a stage based on the 1992 AJCC clinical staging. The most frequently reported stage assigned to each case was taken to be the consensus. Agreement was the percentage of physicians who reported that particular stage. Seventy‐five percent of the physicians responded. The overall agreement for assignment of T stage was 63.9%. Differences were found by specialty for inclusion of available information in designating a T stage. The overall agreement for N stage was 73.8%. The most common designation was Nx regardless of availability of a computed tomography scan. The overall agreement for M stage was 76.6%. Without a bone scan the most common designation was Mx regardless of Gleason grade or prostate‐specific antigen (PSA). A frequent comment was that PSA was more indicative of disease extent than current clinical staging. The reproducibility of the 1992 clinical AJCC staging is poor even among experts in the field. This problem arises primarily from disagreement regarding which studies are included in assigning a stage. Some of these difficulties are addressed in the 1997 revision. However, the clinical staging does not address the true biological significance of disease in many instances. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.