bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Politics and Sexual Meaning
Authors: Sedgwick Eve Kosofsky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean-what difference does it make-when a social or political relationship is serialized? [... ] [w]hat theoretical framework do we have for drawing any Links between sexual and power relationships? This question. in a variety of forms, is being posed importantly by and for the different gender politics movements right now. Feminist along with gay male theorists. for instance. are disagreeing actively about how direct the relation is between power domination and sternal sadomasod1ism. Start with row arresting images:
Is Transgression Transgressive?
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The demand for the recognition of bisexuality challenges the foundations of the lesbian and gay movement, which for better or worse, is predicated on the assumption that the lesbian/ gay identity is at least relatively feed. we might argue for or believe in the possibility, or indeed the existence in many cases, of more fluid senilities. Yet we must also recognize the problems th.is poses for political activism, and the bisexual movement in its demand for recognition primarily from the lesbian and gay movement has been insensitive to these difficulties.
Sexual Liberation and Feminist Politics
Authors: Segal Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘There is feminism and then there’s fucking’, declares the bulimic and alcoholic ex-feminist literary critic Maryse, in the Canadian film A Winter Tan (1987). based on the published letters of maries Holder. Give Sorrow Wirds. maryse tells her audience that she is taking a holiday from feminism to indulge herself and her ‘natural loutishness’ with young Mexican men-one of whom eventually murders her.
Introduction
Authors: Kemp Sandra , Squires Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘[T]o expose the fixed nature of se1.7.lal identity as a fantasy and, in the same gesture, to trouble, break up, or rupture the visual field before our eyes.’ This, claims Jacqueline Rose, is one of the central tasks of an art which explores the ‘presence of the sexual in representation’ (p. 388). Such feminist explorations of sexuality in the image entail both political and aesthetic approaches. For scrutinizing the image involves not only holding ‘the image accountable for the reproduction of norms’.
The Dialectic of ‘Feminism’ and ‘Aesthetics’
Authors: Felski Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important achievements of the women’s movement has been to depoliticize art on the level of both production and reception, and to question ruling ideologies of the text as a self-contained artifact whid1 recur in boll modernist aesilietics and formalist criticism. This politicization of the aesthetic sphere does not imply, in my view, that aesthetic categories are to be interpreted as a direct reflection of the interests of a political ideology, or that literary meaning is limited to its current political use-value for the women’s movement, assumptions iliat lay themselves open to the obvious charge of reductionism.
Just Like a Woman
Authors: Godeau Abigail Solomon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Running throughout the body of woodman’s work are three central and overarching themes. First, and perhaps most compelling, is woodman’s staging of herself as the model for herself, the artist. In this alternating movement between active, creative subject-a producer of meaning-and passive object-a receiver of meaning-are metaphorically enacted the difficult;, and paradox that attend the activity;, of the woman artist. Moreover, this seesaw of subject/ object positions involves another set of relations: those of the artist and the model to the camera. Accordingly, Wood mans work reckons with the camera as a third term in the construction of an elaborately coded femininity.
A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s
Authors: Haraway Donna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an effort to build an ironic political myth faithful to feminism, socialism. and materialism. Perhaps more faithful as blasphemy is faithful, than as reverent worship and identification. Blasphemy has always seemed to require taking things very seriously. I know no better stance to adopt from within the secular religious, evangelical traditions of U.S. politics, including the politics of socialist feminism. Blasphemy prefects one from the moral majority within, while still insisting on the need for community. Blasphemy is not apostasy. Irony is about contradictions that do not resolve into larger wholes. even dialectically.
Brownian Motion: Women, Tactics, and Technology
Authors: Penley Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
women have been writing Star Trek pornography since at least 1976, mostly in the United States. but also in Britain, Canada, and Australia. The idea did not begin with one person who then spread it to others, but seems to have arisen spontaneously in various places beginning in the mid-seventies, as fans recognized, through seeing the episodes countless times in syndication and on their own taped copies, that there was an erotic homosexual subtext there, or at least one that could easily be we to be there. Most of the writers and readers started off in ‘regular’ Star Trek fandom. and many are still involved in it, even while they pursue their myriad activities in what is called ‘K/S’ or ‘slash’ fandom.
The Fellow-Travellers’ Factory
Authors: Niethammer Lutz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lutz Niethammer’s pioneering study of denazification in Bavaria, which originally appeared in 1972, showed how the Americans’ under¬ standing of Nazism as a personal quality led them to privilege a person-centred approach over structural reform; once in the control of German authorities, the emphasis quickly shifted from punishment to rehabilitation, with the bulk of the ‘ordinary party comrades’ being acquitted as fellow-travellers (Mitläufer).In retrospect denazification is regarded by many West Germans as that process by which any share of responsibility on their part for fascism in Germany and for its consequences was more than dealt with, and namely in a discriminatory and corrupt fashion.
Denazificatlon
Authors: Vollnhals Clemens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clemens Vollnhals’ assessment of the impact of denazification is representative of a generally critical attitude of most German scholars to the process.If the judicial settling of accounts-beginning with the main trial before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg’-was by its nature focused on the past, then in the case of denazification the motive of general retribution and that of general prevention were directly linked. Did the change of political system and the removal from power of the old leadership caste make for an adequate break with the National Socialist past? Or was it not far more the case that the eradication of Nazism would falter halfway as long as the millions of former party members remained in high office and honour? If denazification was primarily to facilitate the replacement of elites as part of a limited political purge, then the main focus had to be on the occupation of a broadly defined set of key positions in politics, administration, economy, and cultural life with reliable democrats.
Bitburg History
Authors: Maier Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting on the debates surrounding the Bitburg controversy, Charles Maier suggests that they reflected a broader agenda which was seeking to shift the boundaries of acceptability in public discussion of and attitudes to the National Socialist past. The misrepresentation of the past articulated in the alleged service of reconciliation was thus linked to an intellectual culture in which the Historikerstreit itself occurred a year or so later.Begin, where historical memory so often starts, with the dead. In this case just a handful of dead, whose honoring at the German military cemetery at Bitburg raised questions about the millions of dead left by the most recent German Reich and, finally, by the adversaries who combined to defeat it. At Bitburg, it will be recalled, Ronald Reagan was scheduled to lay a wreath as part of the fortieth-anniversary celebrations of V-E Day. The visit was intended as a ritual of reconciliation; it ended as catharsis manque. It failed as ceremonial because it mobilized contrary impulses about history.
Bltburg as Symbol
Authors: Hilberg Raul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of the controversy over Bitburg was itself replete with ironies which revealed the problematic and distorted memory of National Socialism. Amidst all the controversy over the Waffen-SS graves, for example, no one questioned the appropriateness of a visit to the military cemetery itself, despite the deep complicity of the regular Wehrmacht in the worst atrocities of the regime. As Hilberg argues here, this itself was symptomatic of the extent to which the Second World War was being remembered as a ‘normal’ war, a war qualitatively little different from the First World War, and the extent to which the peculiar atrocities associated with it were being filtered out of public memory.
Germany: The Ambiguity of Memory
Authors: Young James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even the need to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust and National Socialist brutality has been, and still is, disputed in Germany. The difficult search for an adequate medium to articulate memories reflects the ambivalence of German memory itself. Memorials, and monuments even more, traditionally act as legitimizing devices celebrating national achievements; as James E. Young discusses here, this creates particular problems for a nation seeking to commemorate the millions of victims of its own acts in the past.[N]o one takes their memorials more seriously than the Germans. Competitions are held almost monthly across the ‘Fatherland’ for new memorials against war and fascism, or for peace; or to mark a site of destruction, deportation, or a missing synagogue; or to remember a lost Jewish community. Students devote their summers to concentration camp archaeology at Neuengamme, excavating artifacts from another, crueler age.
Jews and Russians in the Memory of the Germans
Authors: Niethammer Lutz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lutz Niethammer draws on the experience of collecting and interpreting self-narrated biographies through the practice of oral history to compare German memories of National Socialist anti-Semitism in the post-war Federal Republic and in the former Democratic Republic. He emphasizes how narrative of private testimony is structured in accordance with the dominant ideological frameworks and cultural responses of each post-war state respectively; with private memories being written and rewritten under the influence of public and state-sanctioned discourses in each case.Overall, in the self-narrated life stories of older Germans, Jews rarely appear in the period before the war, and discrimination against them before the autumn of 1938 is almost never mentioned. If Jews are mentioned, it is usually as employers, as traders, or as providers of services (e.g. doctors). In West Germany a Jewish employer, doctor, or neighbour seems to me to have remained in the active memory or to be recallable through prompting more often; overall, the social distance to the Jews appears to have been less in parts of the middle class than in the rest of society.
The Meaning of Fascism
Authors: Laski Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harold Laski, a Jewish socialist intellectual closely associated with the British Labour Party, argued that there was a strong relationship between big business interests and the establishment of the Nazi dictatorship, and saw that business derived great benefit, initially at least, from the Nazi seizure of power. However, he argued against seeing the regime as a puppet of big business, recognizing that the regime enjoyed far more autonomy on the political plane than most Marxist contemporaries believed. Characterizing Fascism as a movement of ‘doctrineless nihilism·, he argues in this passage that the nature of the Nazi system itself contained contradictions which could only be resolved by recourse to war; while recognizing that the militaristic side of Nazism was one of innate destructiveness, his dismissal of the significance of ideology led Laski himself to understate the importance of anti-Semitism to the Nazi regime.
The Causes of National Socialism
Authors: Kocka Jurgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst accepting the significance of the short-term crisis of capitalism in bringing National Socialism to power, Kocka argues that the real peculiarity of German development is still to be found in the survival of pre-industrial and pre-modern traditions and structures‘Whoever is unwilling to talk about capitalism should also keep silent about fascism.’’ Max Horkheimer’s dictum of 1939 has—in many different variations—played a major part in the discussions of recent years. This hypothesis, that German fascism too was a fruit of the crisis of the capitalist economic and bourgeois social system and emerged from this with a certain necessity, has been supported in many relevant publications, particularly from the Marxist side.
The Rise of German Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of the key works of the renewed wave of interest in the concept of’fascism’ in the 1990s, Griffin argues that Nazism, like other forms of fascism, represented a revolutionary ultra-nationalist force driven by a vision of national renewal and rebirth after a period of decay or decline associated with liberalism and democracy: This passage emphasizes the extent to which the ability of Nazism to portray itself as something radically new and different was bound up with its new style of politics and activism. As with much other recent work, Griffin stresses the diffuse nature of Nazism’s mass support; arguably, as with much other recent work too, he understates the middle-class nature of Nazism’s core support.
The Growth of National Socialism in the Countryside
Authors: Zofka Zdenek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with many relatively early studies of the rise to power on a regional basis, Zdenek Zofka’s study of the predominantly Catholic rural community of Giinzberg placed emphasis on statistical evidence of electoral behaviour and party membership; however, in addition, Zofka offered thoughtful discussion of the ways in and extent to which Nazism was able to penetrate the local public sphere and co-opt local elites which prefigured much more recent research.
Protestant Rural Milieu and National Socialism prior to 1933
Authors: Pyta Wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysing the success of the National Socialists in mobilizing support within the Protestant rural milieu, Wolfram Pyta notes the success with which the Nazis were able to co-opt the support of local village elites, who played an important role in giving political leads to the community. The relatively closed and homogeneous community lent itself to rapid penetration once this co-option had occurred, especially given the conditions of agrarian crisis prevailing at this time.
State Formation and Political Representation in Nazi Germany
Authors: Caplan Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this extract from one of the most perceptive studies of the evolution of the internal structures of the state under National Socialism, Jane Caplan questions the extent to which the language used by various institutions within the polity to describe the system —and particularly their representations of each other —can be taken at face value, suggesting that the rhetorical strategies being deployed were themselves reflections of the process of conflict within the system.
Split Consciousness
Authors: Schäfer Hans Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Dieter Schafer argued that the experience of everyday life in the Third Reich, and the memory of that daily experience, was and is characterized by split consciousness. While propaganda, indoctrination, and terror formed an important part of the equation, they existed co-terminously with the integrative experience of the regime’s stimulation of consumerism, a consumerism which did not necessarily have to be matched by a growth in actual consumption. The ability of the regime to create the illusion that it could satisfy the demands of an increasingly consumerist culture played an important role, according to Schafer, in the stabilization of the regime in the eyes of workers and the middle classes alike.
National Socialism and Modernization
Authors: Alber Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However, the destructive dynamism of National Socialism and, in particular, its tendency to cloak the social and political inadequacies of its notions of Volksgemeinschaft by seeking out ever larger numbers of external enemies, reveals a long-term pathological dimension within modern industrial society itself: a dimension which was transfigured into the utopian vision of a racialist reconstitution of society and which found its apocalyptic fulfilment in the extermination camps.
The Persecution of Homosexuals in Nazi Germany
Authors: Stümke Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gestapo began collecting information on known or suspected homosexuals in 1934; in 1936 the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion was formed. The suffering of homosexual men was a product of ideological belief reinforced by widespread and deeply rooted social prejudice; the prevalence and durability of homophobic attitudes is shown by the fact that, after the war, the persecution of homosexuals during the ‘Third Reich’ was not deemed by the courts to have been a specifically ‘Nazi’ crime. Indeed, it took until 1969 for discriminatory legislation formulated during the National Socialist era to be removed from the West German statute books.
Economy and Society
Authors: Briggs Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the rise in both population and prices during the sixteenth century had advantaged the few at the expense of the many, the full impact of this process was only to be felt in the next century. In broad terms historians seem agreed that a great upward movement of economic activity and production, which had begun in the aftermath of the Hundred Years War, was faltering by the later decades of the sixteenth century. In many ways the situation resembled that of the century before the Black Death, with population having risen more rapidly than agricultural productivity, to create pressures which actually threatened to reduce yields from the land in the long run. The combined effects of plague and prolonged war had provided a brutal solution to the earlier period of crisis, but it had been merely a matter of time before the fundamental problem reappeared, with the old rural economy apparently coming up against some kind of ceiling.
The Government of France 1598–1715
Authors: Briggs Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the peace settlements of 1598 must have come as an enormous relief to a country exhausted by decades of war, it was always obvious that they were far from secure. In many respects the Edict of Nantes was a prescription for continuing trouble; limited religious toleration was accepted only as a last resort, and enforcement at the local level was always difficult. The partisans of both creeds were quick to take any opportunity of advancing their position, by opening a new place of worship, packing the municipal governments, and generally exploiting any loophole in the provisions of the Edict. Their alacrity in pushing their own cause was equalled only by the ferocity with which they denounced similar practices by their opponents. This situation was probably inevitable, given the attitudes of the time; the Huguenots in particular needed to maintain their cohesion and morale by this kind of limited aggression, even if in the long run they were damaged by it. The dominance of the Catholic viewpoint at court was especially dangerous in this context, since the royal attitude was bound to be influenced by the way local incidents were represented, and here the cards were stacked in favour of the Catholics. This placed the Huguenots in something of a dilemma; they could not afford to let their position go by default, yet since what they saw as legitimate self defence often appeared to the government as wilful trouble-making, each incident tended to worsen their image. Relations between Henri IV and his onetime supporters soon became difficult, and would have been worse without the mediating role played by Sully, whose high position in the government reassured the Protestants, while giving him enough authority to restrain them from their more dangerous enterprises.
Homeric and Hesiodic poetry
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Greek literature first appears in the eighth century B.c., the reason is simply that that was when the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians. They had not by any means been without literature during the preceding centuries of illiteracy. All peoples at all times have poetry, song, and storytelling, whether or not they have writing, and it may safely be asserted, on more than one ground, that the earliest Greek poetry we have is the matured product of many hundreds of years of evolution. We must not think of Greek literature as beginning in the eighth century but as coming into view.
Tragedy
Authors: Dover K J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
we may compliment him by calling his performance ‘dramatic’, if he utters it with pathos and conviction, but he is none the less a narrator of a story. If, on the other hand, he comes before us and begins straightway ‘Prophet of woe, never yet have you foretold me weal ... ‘ he is an actor, and this is drama. He is, so to speak, being Agamemnon, no longer simply telling us what Agamemnon said, and it is still drama even if he is wearing everyday clothes and even if Calchas is invisible to us. Exactly when and in what circumstances a Greek poet took the crucial step of composing for an actor, we do not know. It may well be that humorous performances, in which individuals or a chorus dressed up as if they were satyrs or foreigners or old women, are of immemorial antiquity, and the birth of tragedy was simply the application of this technique to serious matter. Tragedy was an Athenian invention, and by 500 B.c. its presentation was established as a part of one of the annual festivals in honour of the god Dionysus, the City Dionysia, celebrated in spring.
Classical oratory
Authors: Dover K J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the genres of Greek literature, oratory is the least appreciated in our own time; many of us who have read a great deal of Greek epic, drama, history, and philosophy have yet to read a Greek speech. Yet we cannot expect to understand the Greeks’ view of their own literature and culture unless we come to terms with their respect for the good orator. Some societies in which the art of writing is unknown develop a very sensitive ear for the spoken word, enjoying the inventiveness, ingenuity, colourful imagery, pathos, and histrionic skill of a man pleading for justice or exhorting an assembly, and there is little doubt that the Greeks of the archaic period were such a society.