bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative immunohistochemical studies of bcl‐2 and p53 proteins in benign and malignant ovarian endometriotic cysts
Authors: Nezhat Farr , Cohen Carmel , Rahaman Jamal , Gretz Herbert , Cole Patrick , Kalir Tamara 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDA number of histologic and epidemiologic studies have suggested an association between endometriosis and ovarian carcinoma. Some reports have described a transition from endometriosis to atypical endometriosis to carcinoma. Using immunohistochemistry, the authors compared staining patterns in benign endometriotic cysts with ovarian tumors and the endometriotic cyst lining from which they arose, in an attempt to identify sequential or etiologic correlations.METHODSOne hundred thirteen formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections were studied (30 benign ovarian endometriotic cysts, 24 endometriotic cysts containing endometrioid carcinomas, 19 endometriotic cysts harboring clear cell carcinomas, and 40 ovarian papillary serous cystadenocarcinomas). All sections were immunostained with anti‐bcl‐2 and anti‐p53 antibodies using the streptavidin‐biotin method.RESULTSbcl‐2 was reported to stain 23% of benign endometriotic cysts, 67% of endometrioid carcinomas, 73% of clear cell carcinomas, and 50% of papillary serous carcinomas. Approximately 42% of benign endometriotic lesions adjacent to the endometrioid carcinoma and 73% adjacent to clear cell carcinomas were found to stain for bcl‐2 (p = 0.274 [not significant (NS)] and P = 0.008, respectively). p53 staining was negative in the benign endometriotic cyst group and was positive in 37–55% of the group with tumors. p53 staining was positive in 25% of the benign endometriotic lesions next to the endometrioid carcinoma and in 9% of the benign endometriotic lesions next to clear cell carcinoma (P = 0.014 and P = 0.239 [NS], respectively).CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study suggest that alterations in bcl‐2 and p53 may be associated with the malignant transformation of endometriotic cysts. Cancer 2002;94:2935–40. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10566
Cortical and thalamic connections of the parietal ventral somatosensory area in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Qi Hui‐Xin , Lyon David C. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMicroelectrode mapping methods were used to define the parietal ventral somatosensory area (PV) on the upper bank of the lateral sulcus in five marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). In the same animals, neuroanatomical tracers were placed into electrophysiologically identified sites in PV and/or the second somatosensory area (S2). Foci of anterograde and retrograde label were related to electrophysiological maps of cortical areas and cortical and thalamic architecture. The results lead to the following conclusions: (1) Multiunit recordings from cortex on the upper bank of the lateral sulcus demonstrate that PV is somatotopically organized, with the face representation adjoining area 3b and the hindlimb and tail representations away from this border in cortex deep on the upper bank of the lateral sulcus. The forelimb representation is caudal in PV adjacent to the S2 forelimb representation. The body surface representation in PV approximates a mirror image of that in S2; (2) Areas PV and S2 are less myelinated and have less cytochrome oxidase enzyme activity than area 3b; (3) The ventroposterior inferior nucleus (VPI) of the thalamus provides the major somatosensory projections to PV. PV is reciprocally connected with VPI and anterior pulvinar; (4) PV has ipsilateral cortical connections with areas 3a, 3b, 1, and M1 and higher order somatosensory fields, and at least most of these connections are somatotopically matched; and (5) Callosal connections of PV are with S2 and PV of the other cerebral hemisphere. These results further establish PV as one of at least four somatosensory areas of the lateral sulcus of primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:168–182, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate receptors at rod bipolar ribbon synapses in the rabbit retina
Authors: Li Wei , Trexler E. Brady , Massey Stephen C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the mammalian retina, maximum sensitivity is achieved in the rod pathway, which serves dark‐adapted vision. Rod bipolar cells carry the highly convergent rod input and make ribbon synapses with two postsynaptic elements in the inner retina. One postsynaptic neuron is the AII amacrine cell, which feeds the rod signal into the cone pathways. The other postsynaptic element is either an S1 or S2 amacrine cell. These two wide‐field GABA amacrine cells both make reciprocal synapses with rod bipolar terminals but their individual roles are unknown. AII and S1/S2 dendrites come in close together and form a dyad opposing the presynaptic ribbon, which is the site of glutamate release. Therefore, two postsynaptic neurons sense the very same neurotransmitter yet serve different functions in the rod pathway. This functional diversity could be derived partly from the expression of different glutamate receptors on each postsynaptic element. In this study, we labeled all pre‐ and postsynaptic combinations and a signal‐averaging method was developed to locate glutamate receptor subunits. In summary, GluR2/3 and GluR4 are expressed by AII amacrine cells but not by S1/S2 amacrine cells. In contrast, the orphan subunit δ1/2 is exclusively located on S1 varicosities but not on AII or S2 amacrine cells. These results confirm the prediction of divergence mediated by different glutamate receptors at the rod bipolar dyad. Each different amacrine cell type appears to express specific glutamate receptors. Finally, the differential expression of glutamate receptors by S1 and S2 may partly explain the need for two wide‐field GABA amacrine cells with the same feedback connections to rod bipolar terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:230–248, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of nonmuscle myosin‐II in honeybee photoreceptors and its possible role in maintaining compound eye architecture
Authors: Baumann Otto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhotoreceptor and accessory cells in the insect compound eye exhibit a characteristic architecture, probably established and maintained by the contribution of membrane‐associated cytoskeletal elements. The present study identifies and localizes nonmuscle myosin‐II in honeybee photoreceptors by use of an affinity‐purified antibody against scallop muscle myosin‐II heavy chain (MHC). Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining confirmed cross‐reactivity of the antibody with honeybee muscle MHC. In the compound eye, the antibody identified a protein that comigrated with muscle MHC on sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gels. Association with the cytoskeleton, ATP‐dependent binding to exogenous actin filaments, and cross‐reactivity with several other antibodies against MHC, including an antibody toDrosophilanonmuscle MHC, support the conclusion that the cross‐reacting protein represents nonmuscle MHC. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy on honeybee eyes showed that the motor protein was highly enriched at distinct regions of the photoreceptor surface next to the light‐receptive compartment, the rhabdom. To determine the function of myosin‐II in these cells, retinal tissue was incubated with 2,3‐butanedione 2‐monoxime (BDM), an inhibitor of myosin activity. BDM treatment resulted in an increase in surface curvature at precisely those membrane areas that exhibited intense immunoreactivity for MHC. Moreover, the positioning and alignment of the rhabdoms was altered after exposure to BDM. These results suggest that the activity of nonmuscle myosin‐II in the visual cells exerts tension on a distinct surface region next to the rhabdom, contributes to the positioning of the rhabdom, and, thus, plays a role in maintaining the cellular architecture within the compound eye. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:364–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erbb transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors are differentially expressed throughout the adult rat central nervous system
Authors: Gerecke Kimberly M. , Wyss J. Michael , Karavanova Irina , Buonanno Andres , Carroll Steven L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe neuregulin (NRG) family of growth and differentiation factors and their erbB receptors contribute importantly to the development of the nervous system, but their distribution and function in the adult brain are poorly understood. The present study showed that erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 transcripts and protein are distributed throughout all areas of adult rat brain. These three receptors were differentially expressed in neurons and glia. Some neurons expressed only a subset of erbB kinases, whereas other neurons expressed all three erbB receptors but sequestered each of these polypeptides into distinct cellular compartments. In synapse‐rich regions, erbB immunoreactivity appeared as punctate‐, axon‐, and/or dendrite‐associated staining, suggesting that NRGs are involved in the formation and maintenance of synapses in adult brain. ErbB labeling also was present in neuronal soma, indicating that NRGs act at sites in addition to the synapse. Glia in adult brain also differentially expressed erbB3 and erbB4. Approximately half of the erbB3 labeling in white matter was associated with S100β+/glial fibrillary acidic protein negative macroglia (i.e., oligodendrocytes or glial fibrillary acidic protein negative astrocytes). In contrast, macroglia in gray matter did not express erbB3. The remaining erbB3 immunoreactivity in white matter and erbB4 glial staining seemed to be associated with microglia. These results showed that erbB receptors are expressed widely in adult rat brain and that each erbB receptor subtype has a distinct distribution. The differential distributions of erbB receptors in neurons and glia and the known functional differences between these kinases suggest that NRGs have distinct effects on these cells. The continued expression of NRGs and their erbB receptors in mature brain also implies that these molecules perform important functions in the brain throughout life. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:86–100, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral hypothalamus: Early developmental expression and response to hypocretin (orexin)
Authors: Van Den Pol Anthony N. , Patrylo Peter R. , Ghosh Prabhat K. , Gao Xiao‐Bing 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHypocretin is a recently discovered peptide that is synthesized by neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LH) and is believed to play a role in sleep regulation, arousal, endocrine control, and food intake. These functions are critical for the development of independent survival. We investigated the developmental profile of the hypocretin system in rats. Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of hypocretin mRNA increased from postnatal day 1 to adulthood. Both of the identified hypocretin receptor mRNAs were strongly expressed very early in hypothalamic development, and expression subsequently decreased in the mature brain. Immunocytochemistry revealed hypocretin‐2 peptide expression in the cell bodies of LH neurons and in axons in the brain and spinal cord as early as embryonic day 19. Whole‐cell patch clamp recordings from postnatal P1‐P14 LH slices demonstrated a robust increase in synaptic activity in all LH neurons tested (n = 20) with a 383% increase in the frequency of spontaneous activity upon hypocretin‐2 (1.5 μM) application. A similar increase in activity was found with hypocretin‐1 application to LH slices. Hypocretin‐2 evoked a robust increase in synaptic activity even on the earliest day tested, the day of birth. Furthermore, voltage‐clamp recordings and calcium digital imaging experiments using cultured LH cells revealed that both hypocretin‐1 and ‐2 induced enhancement of neuronal activity occurred as early as synaptic activity was detected. Thus, as in the adult central nervous system, hypocretin exerts a profound excitatory influence on neuronal activity early in development, which might contribute to the development of arousal, sleep regulation, feeding, and endocrine control. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:349–363, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and cell type heterogeneities of the inner ear epithelia in adult and juvenile zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Bang Pascal I. , Sewell William F. , Malicki Jarema J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the zebrafish has become an important model for genetic analysis of the vertebrate auditory system, a comprehensive description of the zebrafish ear has been provided for embryonic and larval development only (Haddon and Lewis [1996] J. Comp. Neurol. 365:113). Here we describe the development of sensory maculae in juvenile fish and the morphology of the adult zebrafish ear. This description was obtained via three‐dimensional reconstruction of serial sections and confocal microscopy of immunolabeled preparations and includes the Weberian ossicles and fluid spaces. Phalloidin staining, which labels actin filaments of stereocilia, was used to delineate the sensory epithelia, to visualize the distribution of hair cells, to estimate their density in different areas of the maculae, and to perform hair cell counts. Morphology of ciliary bundles in different regions of the lagena, saccule, utricle, macula neglecta, and cristae was characterized with an anti‐acetylated tubulin antibody and by phalloidin staining. We have identified two antibodies characterized by region‐specific staining patterns in the inner ear epithelia. Zn‐1 antibody staining largely correlates with the presence of short‐bundle hair cells in the peripheral regions of sensory epithelia. Zn‐4 antibody, on the other hand, labels a zone of epithelial cells surrounding the sensory maculae. These analyses extend previous observations of cell‐type heterogeneity in both sensory and nonsensory epithelia of the fish ear. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:173–190, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presynaptic localisation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β2 subunit immunoreactivity in rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurones
Authors: Jones Ian W. , Bolam J. Paul. , Wonnacott Susan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) are widely distributed in the central nervous system, where they exert a modulatory influence on synaptic transmission. For the striatum, pharmacological evidence supports the presence of presynaptic α3β2* and α4β2* nAChR that modulate dopamine release from nigrostriatal terminals. The objective of this study was to examine the precise subcellular distribution of the nAChR β2 subunit in these neurones and its localisation at presynaptic sites. Double immunolabelling with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) at the confocal level revealed that the cell bodies and axon terminals (synaptosomes) of nigrostriatal neurones were also immunoreactive for the nAChR β2 subunit. Double‐preembedding electron microscopy confirmed that β2‐immunogold labelling was enriched in TH‐positive terminals in the dorsal striatum. Quantitative analysis of doubly immunogold‐labelled sections in postembedding electron microscopy showed that 86% of TH‐positive axonal boutons are also labelled for the nAChR β2 subunit, whereas 45% of β2 subunit‐immunolabelled boutons do not contain TH. Thus the β2 subunit is localised within at least two populations of axon terminals in the dorsal striatum. In these structures, 15% of β2 subunit immunoreactvity was at the plasma membrane but was rarely associated with synapses. These findings are compatible with functional presynaptic β2‐containing nAChR that may be stimulated physiologically by acetylcholine that diffuses from synaptic or nonsynaptic sites of acetylcholine release. These results demonstrate the presynaptic localisation of an nAChR subunit in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurones, providing morphological evidence for the presynaptic nicotinic modulation of dopamine release. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:235–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical distribution of delta opioid receptors in the rat central nervous system: Evidence for somatodendritic labeling and antigen‐specific cellular compartmentalization
Authors: Cahill Catherine M. , McClellan Kelly A. , Morinville Anne , Hoffert Cyrla , Hubatsch Doug , O'Donnell Dajan , Beaudet Alain 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany studies have reported on the distribution of delta opioid receptors (δOR) in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) by using a variety of techniques. However, no general consensus has emerged with regards to the localization of this receptor due to inconsistencies in the immunohistochemical literature. In the present study, we analyzed the cellular and subcellular distribution of immunoreactive δOR in the rat CNS using two different antibodies (directed against a sequence in the C‐terminus or N‐terminus of the rat δOR). By using Western blotting, these two antibodies recognized similar forms of the δOR in COS‐7 cells transfected with this receptor, but distinct forms in membranes from the rat spinal cord. By using light microscopic immunohistochemistry, both antibodies recognized identical populations of nerve cell bodies throughout the CNS; the distribution of these cell bodies conformed to that of δOR mRNA‐expressing cells detected by in situ hybridization. However, whereas the C‐terminus‐directed antibody recognized predominantly perikarya and proximal dendrites, the N‐terminus–directed antibody also labeled extensively dendritic and terminal arbors. Furthermore, by using electron microscopy, the two antibodies were found not only to label differentially somatodendritic versus axonal compartments, but also plasma membrane versus cytoplasmic ones, suggesting that distinct immunological forms of the receptor are being targeted preferentially to different cellular and subcellular domains. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:65–84, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and physiology of the polyaxonal amacrine cells in the rabbit retina
Authors: Völgyi Béla , Xin Daiyan , Amarillo Yimy , Bloomfield Stewart A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe examined the morphology and physiological response properties of the axon‐bearing, long‐range amacrine cells in the rabbit retina. These so‐called polyaxonal amacrine cells all displayed two distinct systems of processes: (1) a dendritic field composed of highly branched and relatively thick processes and (2) a more extended, often sparsely branched axonal arbor derived from multiple thin axons emitted from the soma or dendritic branches. However, we distinguished six morphological types of polyaxonal cells based on differences in the fine details of their soma/dendritic/axonal architecture, level of stratification within the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and tracer coupling patterns. These morphological types also showed clear differences in their light‐evoked response activity. Three of the polyaxonal amacrine cell types showed on‐off responses, whereas the remaining cells showed on‐center responses; we did not encounter polyaxonal cells with off‐center physiology. Polyaxonal cells respected the on/off sublamination scheme in that on‐off cells maintained dendritic/axonal processes in both sublamina a and b of the IPL, whereas processes of on‐center cells were restricted to sublamina b. All polyaxonal amacrine cell types displayed large somatic action potentials, but we found no evidence for low‐amplitude dendritic spikes that have been reported for other classes of amacrine cell. The center‐receptive fields of the polyaxonal cells were comparable to the diameter of their respective dendritic arbors and, thus, were significantly smaller than their extensive axonal fields. This correspondence between receptive and dendritic field size was seen even for cells showing extensive homotypic and/or heterotypic tracer coupling to neighboring neurons. These data suggest that all polyaxonal amacrine cells are polarized functionally into receptive dendritic and transmitting axonal zones. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:109–125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural pathways connecting the deutocerebrum and lateral protocerebrum in the brains of decapod crustaceans
Authors: Sullivan Jeremy M. , Beltz Barbara S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe olfactory and accessory lobes of eureptantian decapod crustaceans are bilateral brain neuropil regions located within the deutocerebrum. Although the olfactory lobe seems to receive only primary olfactory inputs, the accessory lobe receives higher‐order multimodal (including olfactory) inputs. The output pathways from both the olfactory and accessory lobes are provided by the axons of a large population of projection neurons, whose somata lie adjacent to the lobes. The axons of these neurons form a large tract that projects bilaterally to the medulla terminalis and hemiellipsoid body in the lateral protocerebrum. To gain insights into the ways in which olfactory information is processed on leaving the deutocerebrum, we examined the neuroanatomy of the projection neuron pathways of three species of eureptantian decapod crustaceans: the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes rusticus, and the clawed lobster, Homarus americanus. Projection neurons were labeled by focal injections of the lipophilic tracers DiI and DiA into the olfactory and accessory lobes. In all three species, projection neurons innervating the accessory lobe were found to exclusively innervate the neuropils of the hemiellipsoid body. In contrast, projection neurons innervating the olfactory lobes primarily target neuropil regions of the medulla terminalis. The results of this study indicate, therefore, that the projection neuron pathways from the olfactory and accessory lobes project to separate, largely nonoverlapping regions of the lateral protocerebrum. The implications of these findings for our understanding of the processing of olfactory information in the brains of decapod crustaceans are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:9–22, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A prominent soma‐dendritic distribution of Kv3.3 K+ channels in electrosensory and cerebellar neurons
Authors: Rashid Asim J. , Dunn Robert J. , Turner Ray W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe expression pattern and subcellular distribution of a teleost homologue of the mammalian Kv3.3 potassium channel, AptKv3.3, was examined in the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) and two cerebellar lobes in the hindbrain of the weakly electric gymnotiform Apteronotus leptorhynchus. AptKv3.3 expression was brain specific, with the highest level of expression in the cerebellum and 56% relative expression in the ELL. In situ hybridization revealed that AptKv3.3 mRNA was present in virtually all cell classes in the ELL as well as in the cerebellar lobes eminentia granularis pars posterior (EGp) and corpus cerebellum (CCb). Immunocytochemistry indicated a distribution of AptKv3.3 channels over the entire soma‐dendritic axis of ELL pyramidal, granule, and polymorphic cells and over the soma and at least proximal dendrites (100 μm) of multipolar cells and neurons of the ventral molecular layer. AptKv3.3 immunolabel was present at the soma of cerebellar granule, golgi, eurydendroid, and CCb Purkinje cells, with an equally intense label throughout the dendrites of CCb Purkinje cells and EGp eurydendroid cells. Immunolabel was virtually absent in afferent or efferent axon tracts of the ELL but was detected on climbing fiber axons and on the axons and putative terminal boutons of CCb Purkinje cells. These data reveal a prominent soma‐dendritic distribution of AptKv3.3 K+ channels in both principal output and local circuit neurons, a pattern that is distinct from the soma‐axonal distribution that characterizes all other Kv3 K+ channels examined to date. The widespread distribution of AptKv3.3 immunolabel in electrosensory cells implies an important role in several aspects of signal processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:234–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.