bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histochemical and morphometric study of fiber types in ten skeletal muscles of healthy young adult cats
Authors: Braund Kyle G. , Amling Karen A. , Mehta Jagjivan R. , Steiss Janet E. , Scholz Carole 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A histochemical and morphometric study of fiber types in a variety of skeletal muscles of healthy young adult cats was undertaken to provide normative data not available previously. Using a standardized system of nomenclature, fiber types 1, 2A, 2B, and 2C were identified in most cat muscles on the basis of myosin ATPase staining at pH 4.45. Type-2M fibers were present in temporalis (tem) and masseter (mas) muscles. Type-1 fibers predominated in medial head of triceps (mht) and soleus muscles. Type-2B fibers were dominant in biceps femoris, lateral head of gastrocnemius, cranial tibial, long head of triceps, and superficial digital flexor muscles; type-2A fibers were dominant in buccinator muscle samples; and type-2M fibers were dominant in tem and mas muscles. Numbers of type-2C fibers did not exceed 2 to 3% of the myofiber population in any muscle. In CT and LHT muscles, a gradient of fiber type distribution was observed, with significant (P < 0.05) increase in numbers of type-1 and type-2A fibers in deeper regions of the muscles. The distribution of fiber types was compartmentalized in mht and mas specimens. Diameter of type-2B fibers was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that of type-1 and type-2A fibers in biceps femoris, lateral head of gastrocnemius, cranial tibial, long head of triceps, and superficial mht muscles. Diameter of type-2M fibers was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than that of type-1 fibers in tem and mas muscles. The soleus type-1 muscle fibers were the largest fibers encountered in any muscle. In mht muscle, fiber diameter of type-1 and type-2B fibers varied significantly (P < 0.05) in oxidative and glycolytic compartments. Variability coefficients were less than 200 in all muscles. In every muscle specimen, the number of fibers with internal nuclei was less than or equal to 2%.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for apolipoprotein A-I in the serum of cattle
Authors: Oikawa Shin , Katoh Norio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
An elisa was developed to evaluate the concentration of apolipoprotein A-I, a major apoprotein in high-density lipoprotein, in the serum of cattle. Serum apolipoprotein A-I was purified electrophoretically, and antibodies to this protein were raised in rabbits. The specificity of the antiserum was assessed by use of several immunologic techniques including western blotting. The elisa was sensitive (detection limit was 70 ng of apolipoprotein A-I/ml) and reliable (coefficients of variance were in the range of 3.5 to 8.2%). By use of this method, the serum apolipoprotein A-I concentration was higher in 2- to 6-year-old Holstein cows (mean ± SD, 0.580 ± 0.304 mg/ml) than in 7- to 15-month-old heifers (0.339 ± 0.237 mg/ml), 6-month-old heifers (0.238 ± 0.188 mg/ml), and 6-month-old steers (0.173 ± 0.146 mg/ml). The concentration, however, is not largely different in cows in early, middle, and late lactation and in nonlactating stages. Results also indicated that apolipoprotein A-I concentration was decreased in cows with hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) induced by administration of ethionine, suggesting that this method is a useful tool for the pathophysiologic study of lipid metabolism and its impairment in cattle.
Efficacy of injectable doramectin against natural Boophilus microplus infestations in cattle
Authors: Muniz R.A. , Hernandez F. , Lombardero O. , Leite R.C. , Moreno J. , Errecalde J. , Goncalves L. C. B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three experiments were conducted in Latin America—1 in Brazil, 1 in Venezuela, and 1 in Argentina—using a common protocol to investigate the efficacy of a single SC injection of doramectin (200 μg/kg of body weight) for treatment and control of Boophilus microplus infestations in grazing cattle. In each experiment, 2 groups of 20 to 27 cattle were allocated on the basis of tick burdens present 24 hours before treatment to a treated or control group, which received saline solution (1 ml/50 kg). All cattle were injected in the mid-dorsal cervical region and examined on treatment day and on posttreatment days (ptd) 8, 14, 21, and 28. On each observation day, the number of engorged and semiengorged ticks on half of each animal was counted and recorded. Doramectin was highly efficacious in removing tick burdens and controlling reestablishment of B microplus under field conditions of continuous reinfestation. Compared with tick counts in the control group, doramectin-treated cattle began to eliminate ticks after treatment and efficacy improved on subsequent observation days. In Brazil, efficacy was 91% at ptd 8 and 14, and increased to 99% or higher at ptd 21 and 28. In Venezuela, efficacy was 100% at ptd 8, 14, and 21 and 92% at ptd 28. In Argentina, efficacy progressed from 94.5% at ptd 8 to 99 and 98.5% at ptd 21 and 28, respectively. The reduction of the number of ticks in the doramectin-treated cattle was significant (P < 0.05) at each observation day. None of the doramectin-treated cattle had clinical signs of adverse reactions to treatment in any of the 3 experiments.
Pharmacokinetics and residues of enrofloxacin in chickens
Authors: Anadón A. , Martínez-Larrañaga M. R. , Díaz M. J. , Bringas P. , Martínez M. A. , Femández-Cruz M. L. , Fernández M. C. , Fernández R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The pharmacokinetic properties of enrofloxacin were determined in broiler chickens after single IV and orally administered doses of 10 mg/kg of body weight. After IV and oral administrations, the plasma concentration-time graph was characteristic of a two- compartment open model. The elimination half-life and the mean ± SEM residence time of enrofloxacin for plasma were 10.29 ± 0.45 and 9.65 ± 0.48 hours, respectively, after IV administration and 14.23 ± 0.46 and 15.30 ± 0.53 hours, respectively, after oral administration. After single oral administration, enrofloxacin was absorbed slowly, with time to reach maximal plasma concentration of 1.64 ± 0.04 hours. Maximal plasma concentration was 2.44 ± 0.06 μg/ml. Oral bioavailability was found to be 64.0 ± 0.2%. Statistically significant differences between the 2 routes of administration were found for the pharmacokinetic variables—half-lives of the distribution and elimination phase and apparent volume of distribution and volume of distribution at steady state. In chickens, enrofloxacin was extensively metabolized into ciprofloxacin. Residues of enrofloxacin and the major metabolite ciprofloxacin in fat, kidney, liver, lungs, muscles, and skin were measured in chickens that received an orally administered dose of 10 mg/kg once daily for 4 days. The results indicate that enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues were cleared slowly. Mean muscle, liver, and kidney concentrations of the metabolite ciprofloxacin ranging between 0.020 and 0.075 μg/g persisted on day 12 in chickens after dosing. However, at the time of slaughter (12 days), enrofloxacin residues were only detected in liver and mean ± SEM concentration was 0.025 ± 0.003 μg/g.
Adrenocortical function in neonatal and weanling Beagle pups
Authors: Randolph John F. , Center Sharon A. , Reimers Thomas J. , Scarlett Janet M. , Corbett Julie R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Adrenocortical function was assessed in 27 Beagle pups at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age by determination of plasma sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations; serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations; and plasma ACTH concentrations. Serum cortisol concentration was measured before and 1 and 2 hours after IM administration of 2.2 IU of acth/kg of body weight. Serum progesterone concentration also was determined for all pups at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age.
Mean baseline cortisol concentration was lower for pups 8 weeks old or younger than for mature dogs. Nevertheless, mean serum ACIH-stimulated cortisol concentration in dogs of all age groups increased into the adult reference range after administration of acth. For pups 4 weeks old or younger, increase in cortisol concentration was maximal at 2 hours after acth administration. However, in pups between 6 and 12 weeks of age, the increase in cortisol concentration was maximal 1 hour after acth administration in about a third of the pups, whereas the remaining pups had peak values at 2 hours.
Mean plasma sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations for each age group were within the reference ranges established for mature dogs, with the exception of lower mean plasma sodium and chloride concentrations in pups 4 weeks old or younger. Mean serum aldosterone concentration in pups of each age group was substantially higher than the range of aldosterone concentrations for clinically normal mature dogs. Median progesterone concentration was uniformly less than 0.2 ng/ml for all pups 6 weeks old or younger.
The normal endogenous acth concentration and adequate cortisol responses to exogenous acth seen in our pups would support functional pituitary gland and adrenal cortex for cortisol production. The low baseline cortisol concentration observed in the pups of this study may be related to reduced binding of cortisol to plasma proteins, as exists in human infants. The hyponatremia and increased aldosterone concentration may be explained by reduced renal tubular response to aldosterone, as also evidenced in the human infant kidney.
Effects of age, sex, reproductive status, and hospitalization on serum α1-antitrypsin concentration in dogs
Authors: Hughes Dez , Elliott Denise A. , Washabau Robert J. , Kueppers Friedrich 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We performed a study to determine a reference range for serum α1-antitrypsin (α1at) in dogs by specific immunoassay; to evaluate whether serum α1at concentration varied with age, sex, or reproductive status in healthy dogs; and to investigate whether the serum α1at concentration in hospitalized dogs differed from that of healthy, nonhospitalized dogs. Serum α1at was quantitated by radial gel immunodiffusion for 60 healthy dogs and 311 hospitalized dogs. In healthy dogs, serum α1at concentration was 2.33 ± 0.41 mg/ml (mean ± sd), yielding a reference range (mean ± 2 sd) of 1.51 to 3.15 mg/ml. A correlation was not found between serum α1at concentration and age in healthy dogs. The serum α1at concentration (mean ± sem mg/ml) was significantly higher in healthy, sexually intact females (2.64 ± 0.1) than in healthy, spayed females (2.22 ± 0.12; P < 0.004); healthy, sexually intact males (2.14 ± 0.1; P < 0.0006); and healthy, castrated males (2.25 ± 0.14; P < 0.02). Hospitalized, sexually intact females had a lower serum α1at concentration (1.93 ± 0.07) than healthy, sexually intact females (2.64 ± 0.1; P < 0.0002). Likewise, the serum α1at concentration in hospitalized, sexually intact males (1.92 ± 0.04) was less than in healthy, sexually intact males (2.14 ± 0.1; P < 0.04). A difference in α1at concentration was not found between healthy and hospitalized, neutered dogs.
Improved early and long-term detection of bovine lentivirus by a nested polymerase chain reaction test in experimentally infected calves
Authors: Suarez David L. , Van Der Maaten Martin J. , Whetstone Cecelia A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test was developed to examine infection with the bovine lentivirus, bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (biv), in cattle. Primers were designed to amplify 2 separate regions of the pol and env segments of the biv genome. Two calves were experimentally infected with an isolate derived from the original strain of biv, R29, or with a recent field isolate, FL491. Serial blood samples were collected and examined by virus isolation, protein immunoblot, and nested pcr. The nested pcr test detected biv infection by 3 days after inoculation, earlier than the other 2 methods, and continued to identify infected cattle 9 to 15.5 months after inoculation, even when results from virus isolation and serology became negative. Nested pcr also detected multiple-size env products in samples obtained later in the infection from the calf that received FL491, giving evidence that viral quasispecies were selected during in vivo replication of the virus. Results indicated that the nested pcr test is more sensitive than virus isolation or serology for the detection of biv infection in cattle.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgA in the aqueous humor of cats
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Burney Derek P. , Hill Steven A. , Chavkin Matthew J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgA, IgM, and IgG were measured by ELISA in the serum and aqueous humor of 29 client-owned cats with endogenous uveitis and 7 specific-pathogen-free cats tested sequentially for 20 weeks after inoculation with T gondii. Local antibody production in aqueous humor was estimated by multiplying the aqueous humor-to-serum T gondii-specific antibody ratio by the serum-to- aqueous humor total IgG (C value) or calicivirus-spe- cific IgG (CTC value) ratio. Evidence for local production of antibody in aqueous humor was defined as C value greater than 8 or CTC value greater than 1. Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM CTC values, IgG CTC values, or IgA CTC values greater than 1 were detected in the aqueous humor of 18 of 29 (62.1%) client- owned cats with endogenous uveitis; 2 cats had IgA CTC values greater than 1 without detectable IgM or IgG in aqueous humor. Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM was not detected in the aqueous humor of experimentally inoculated cats before or after inoculation. Immunoglobulin G C values greater than 8 were detected in all 7 experimentally inoculated cats and ranged from 10.4 to 145.5.
Immunoglobulin G C values greater than 8 were first detected 4 to 8 weeks after T gondii inoculation and were undetectable by week 16 after inoculation. Immunoglobulin A C values greater than 8 were detected in 4 of 7 cats and ranged from 12.7 to 264.3. Immunoglobulin A C values greater than 8 were first detected 4 to 8 weeks after inoculation, and were detected in 2 cats during week 20 after inoculation. It was concluded that some cats infected with T gondii develop detectable concentrations of T gondii-specific IgA in aqueous humor.
Biomechanical properties of canine corticocancellous bone frozen in normal saline solution
Authors: Griffon Dominique J. , Wallace Larry J. , Bechtold Joan E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Eleven pairs of canine metacarpal bones, 10 pairs of metatarsal bones, and 7 pairs of ribs were harvested cleanly and prepared for banking at −20 C for 1 year. One bone of each pair was randomly assigned to 1 type of storage: plastic pack vs immersion in a normal solution of sodium chloride. The contralateral bone was assigned to the opposite treatment.
Six pairs of metacarpal bones and 5 pairs of metatarsal bones were tested in torsion to failure. No significant difference was found within pairs. All ribs, 5 pairs of metacarpal bones, and 5 pairs of metatarsal bones were loaded in 4-point bending to failure. The energy absorbed at failure and the ultimate displacement of ribs and metacarpal and metatarsal bones were increased by 25 to 30% and 18 to 24%, respectively, when the bones were frozen in isotonic saline solution. Corticocancellous grafts frozen in normal saline solution are biomechanically less fragile and brittle than grafts stored in plastic without saline solution.
Urinary indices in llamas fed different diets
Authors: Lackey Margaret N. , Belknap Ellen B. , Salman Mo D. , Tinguely Laura , Johnson LaRue W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Indices of renal function and damage were measured in 12 healthy male adult llamas fed a diet of mixed alfalfa/grass hay (mixed hay) and water ad libitum. Using a collection bag fitted over the preputial area, urine samples were collected at 6, 12, and 24 hours. Serum samples were obtained concurrently to determine endogenous creatinine clearance (cl), total (te) and fractional excretion (fe) of electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, P), electrolyte cl, urine and serum osmolality, urine enzyme activities (γ-glutamyltransferase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase), and urine protein concentration. Urine production was quantified. Three months later, 10 of the 12 llamas were fed a grass hay diet and water ad libitum. Similar samples were obtained, and similar measurements were made.
Urine production was higher when the llamas were fed the mixed hay diet. Total urine volume for llamas fed mixed hay ranged from 628 to 1,760 ml/24 h, with a median of 1,307.5 ml/24 h, compared with a range of 620 to 1,380 ml/24 h and a median of 927.50 ml/24 h for llamas fed grass hay. Median urine osmolality was higher in llamas fed mixed hay (1,906 mOsm/kg of body weight, with a range of 1,237 to 2,529 mOsm/kg), compared with llamas fed grass hay (1,666 mOsm/kg, with a range of 1,163 to 2,044 mOsm/kg). Creatinine cl did not vary significantly over time for either diet. Median creatinine cl was higher for llamas fed mixed hay, compared with llamas fed grass hay-0.78 ml/min/kg, with a range of 0.20 to 1.83 ml/min/kg vs 0.45 ml/min/kg, with a range of 0.13 to 3.17 ml/min/kg. Clearances for K and a varied significantly among the periods. However, median Cl for Na and P did not vary over time for either diet. Overall values for these electrolytes in llamas fed mixed hay and grass hay diets were: clNa, 0.001 and 0.002 ml/min/kg and clP, 0.0006 and 0.0004 ml/min/kg, respectively. The FE rates of K, cl, and P did not vary significantly over time for either diet. Median respective FE for these electrolytes in the llamas fed mixed hay and grass hay diets include: feK, 84.90 and 63.10%; feCl, 0.85 and 1.30%; and feP, 0.10 and 0.10%. Fractional excretion of Na varied over time for both diets and could not be expressed accurately as an overall median. Median respective te of electrolytes for llamas fed the mixed hay and grass hay diets were: teNa, 0.007 and 0.03 mEq/kg/h; teCl, 0.04 and 0.06 mEq/kg/h; and teP, 0.0002 and 0.00 mg/kg/h; teK varied significantly (P < 0.05) over time for both diets. Urine γ-glutamyltransferase activity changed significantly (P < 0.05) over time. Urine N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity was influenced by an interaction between diet and time. Median urine protein concentration was 26.0 mg/dl, with a range of 11.0 to 73.0 mg/dl for llamas fed mixed hay, and was 28.0 mg/dl, with a range of 16.0 to 124.0 mg/dl for Hamas fed grass hay.
Microorganisms isolated from the corneal surface before and during topical cyclosporine treatment in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Salisbury Mary-Alice R. , Kaswan Renee L. , Brown John 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect that topical administration of cyclosporine would have on the number and type of microorganisms isolated from the corneal surface of dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca was studied. Schirmer tear tests were performed on and corneal swab specimens were collected from 61 eyes of 31 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca prior to and after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment with cyclosporine.
In eyes that responded to cyclosporine treatment (Schirmer tear test value increased by ≥ 5 mm/min, compared with pretreatment value), the percentage of eyes from which bacteria were isolated after 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment was significantly (P < 0.001) less than the percentage from which bacteria were isolated prior to treatment. However, among eyes that did not respond to treatment, we did not detect a significant change over time in prevalence of bacteria or type of bacteria isolated. The percentage of eyes from which fungi were isolated decreased during treatment; however, the small number of eyes in which fungal culture results were initially positive precluded demonstration of a significant change. For all eyes, we did not detect any significant differences over time in the frequency with which specific bacterial genera were isolated, with the exception of β-hemolytic Streptococcus spp.
Opportunistic comeal infections were not detected even though none of the dogs received antibiotics. An increase in production of tears, which contain anti-infection proteins, was believed to be the primary factor responsible for the decrease in the percentage of eyes from which microorganisms could be isolated.
Effects of topically applied mitomycin-C on intraocular pressure, facility of outflow, and fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Glover Tony L. , Nasisse Mark P. , Davidson Michael G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of mitomycin-C on intraocular pressure (iop), facility of outflow (C), and Tenon's capsule fibrosis were studied over 60 days in 10 clinically normal dogs. A 1-piece, silicone glaucoma implant was surgically implanted into both eyes; the filtration site of one eye was treated with a single, 5-minute intra-operative application of mitomycin (0.5 mg/ml), and the fellow eye was treated in a similar manner with balanced salt solution.
There were no significant differences in preoperative iop or C-values between treatment groups. Mean iop in eyes of both groups initially decreased from the preoperative value, but returned to the baseline value by day 21. Mean facility of aqueous outflow (C-value) increased in all eyes during the first 14 days (mitomycin-C-value = 2.26 ± 0.72; control C-value = 2.38 ± 0.81), then reached a plateau that was significantly higher than the baseline value in mitomycin (P = 0.039) and control (P = 0.041) eyes. Histologic evaluation revealed all implants surrounded by a connective tissue capsule composed of regular dense collagen and fibroblasts that was significantly (P = 0.003) thinner in the mitomycin-treated (scleral side = 167 ± 62 μm; conjunctival side = 122 ± 41 μm) than the control (scleral side = 261 ± 92 μm; conjunctival side = 180 ± 48 μm) group. There were, however, no significant differences in iop or C-values between groups at any postoperative time interval. Results of this study indicate that intraoperative treatment with mitomycin suppresses, but does not prevent fibrosis around silicone filtering implants.
Effect of the neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser on postoperative neuroma formation after neurectomy in rats
Authors: Nickels Frank A. , Patterson Jon S. , Arnoczky Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser-performed neurectomy was compared with conventional scalpel-performed neurectomy, using the rat sciatic nerve model. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent unilateral transection of the sciatic nerve by 1 of 3 methods. The sciatic nerve of rats under general anesthesia was transected by use of a steel scalpel blade (group 1, n = 5); a contact Nd:YAG laser at 6 W of power (group 2, n = 6); or an Nd:YAG laser at 12 W of power (group 3, n = 5). Thirty days after surgery, all rats were euthanatized and the nerves were harvested, imbedded in paraffin, fixed, and sectioned for light microscopy. Neurodegenerative changes and perineurial cell proliferation were least severe in the nerves transected by use of a steel scalpel (group 1), and were most severe in nerves transected by use of the laser at 6 W of power (group 2). There was a significant difference in prevalence of perineurial proliferation between the scalpel and laser neurectomy groups (P = 0.029). There was no significant difference in prevalence of neuroma formation or neurodegeneration between the laser and scalpel neurectomy groups, although neuromas were found in 3 rats (2 from group 2 and 1 from group 3). Within the limits of this study, we found that the Nd:YAG laser was less successful than sharp division, using a scalpel, in preventing neuroma formation after nerve transection.