bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed haematological complications of mustard gas
Authors: Ghanei Mostafa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHaematopoiesis could be affected by mustard gas. We randomly selected 318 chemical victims exposed to mustard gas and compared their cell blood counts and peripheral blood smears (PBS) with those of 377 healthy men, and also various haematological indices of 57 of these victims compared with previous data 5 years ago.The average number of red blood cells and haemoglobin of victims compared with the controls was not signiﬁcantly different, but they were increased compared with data from 5 years ago. White blood cell counts, neutrophils and lymphocytes did not show any clinically meaningful difference compared with the control group but 20 cases with atypical lymphocytes in their PBS have been found.Change in lymphocyte shape may be related to committed stem cell involvement. Further studies on bone marrow cells and cell markers are needed to document this hypothesis. The mild increase in erythroid cells and haemoglobin concentration may be due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and other respiratory diseases in these patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protection and inﬂammatory markers following exposure of guinea pigs to sarin vapour: comparative efﬁcacy of three oximes
Authors: Levy A. , Chapman S. , Cohen G. , Raveh L. , Rabinovitz I. , Manistersky E. , Kapon Y. , Allon N. , Gilat E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to compare the antidotal efﬁcacy and the combined effects on inﬂammatory markers of three oximes — toxogonine, TMB4 and 2‐PAM — in combination with anticholinergic drugs following exposure to sarin vapour by inhalation.Guinea pigs restrained in plethysmographs were exposed to various doses of sarin vapour (in the range of 1.4–4.4ld50). The antidotal mixture was injected immediately (5–20 s) following exposure (3 mg kg−1 atropine and 1 mg kg−1 benactyzine in combination with 6 mg kg−1 toxogonine, 2 mg kg−1 TMB4 or 12 mg kg−1 2‐PAM). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were taken from surviving animals 24 h after exposure to determine the levels of inﬂammatory markers. A differential cell count was performed in BAL samples on Giemsa‐stained slides. The inﬂammatory markers — histamine and prostaglandins (PGE) — were measured in BAL using radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques.The survival rate in the various treatment groups and analysis of BAL samples showed that:(i) Toxogonine, TMB4 and 2‐PAM, without pyridostigmine pretreatment, at doses that were proportional to their doses in the respective auto‐injectors, exhibited similar antidotal efﬁcacy against sarin exposure.(ii) The results demonstrated that a centrally acting anticholinergic drug is essential in the antidotal mixture to ensure survival.(iii) Histamine release and eosinophilia following sarin inhalation might require additional intervention, aimed at reducing the symptoms of allergic reaction and possibly expediting recovery. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective role of melatonin in ochratoxin a toxicity in rat heart and lung
Authors: Okutan Huseyin , Aydin Gulsen , Ozcelik Nurten 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOchratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by different fungi. The most pronounced adverse effect of OTA is hepatonephrotoxicity. Melatonin (MEL) has an antioxidant effect and has free‐radical scavenger properties. The effects of OTA on heart and lung tissue and possible ameliorating effects of MEL were investigated in rats. Twenty‐four rats were allocated to three groups (each with eight rats): control; OTA‐treated group (OTA dose 289 µg kg−1 per day); and OTA + MEL‐treated group (MEL dose 10 mg kg−1 per day). After 30 days of treatment, the histopathological changes in the heart and lung of all groups were examined. Compared with the control rats, myocardial tissue of rats treated with OTA showed extensive cytoplasmic vacuole formation, necrosis of the myocytes, dissolution of the nucleus, clumped ﬁbres, ﬁbrillolysis, swollen myocardial ﬁbres, small haemorrhagic areas and hyperaemic vessels (P < 0.05). In addition, lungs of rats treated with OTA showed alveolar congestion, alveolar cell hyperplasia, prominent alveolar septal vessels, variable intensity loss of alveolar architecture, intraparenchymal inﬂammatory inﬁltration, intraparenchymal hyperaemic vessels, respiratory epithelial proliferation, perivascular and peribronchial inﬂammation, pneumonic inﬁltration, distorted appearance of lung parenchyma and emphysematous areas (P < 0.05). In comparison with the OTA groups, the ameliorating effects of MEL in the lung damage parameters were on alveolar cell hyperplasia, prominent alveolar septal vessels, variable intensity loss of alveolar architecture, intraparenchymal inﬂammatory inﬁltration, perivascular inﬂammatory inﬂammation, distorted appearance of lung parenchyma and focal emphysematous areas in lung (P < 0.05). Melatonin also signiﬁcantly reduced myocardial damage in most of the parameters: extensive cytoplasmic vacuole formation, necrosis of the myocytes, clumped ﬁbres, ﬁbrillolysis, small haemorrhagic areas and hypaeremic vessels in heart (P < 0.05). On the other hand, MEL did not lower the degree of damage in lung and heart to the level of the control rats, except for the parameters of the interstitial oedema and small haemorrhagic areas only in myocardial tissue. Histopathological ﬁndings showed that OTA induced damage in heart and lung and MEL treatment signiﬁcantly reduced the degree of damage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of caffeine in urine and saliva of horses subjected to urinary acidiﬁcation
Authors: Carregaro A. B. , Mataqueiro M. I. , Soares O. A. B. , Queiroz‐Neto A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe study of caffeine in racing horses has been of growing concern in veterinary sports medicine since the Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) stated that it has no valid therapeutic use in racehorses. We examined the kinetic alterations in the urinary excretion and salivary secretion of caffeine in seven horses subjected to urinary acidiﬁcation using ascorbic acid because this procedure can simulate the acidosis that follows anaerobic exercise. They participated in two treatment groups: the control group (SG) received 500 ml of saline and then 2.0 mg kg−1 caffeine i.v. 30 min later; and the acidiﬁed group (AG) was subjected to urinary acidiﬁcation with ascorbic acid at a dose of 0.5 g kg−1 i.v. and then 2.0 mg kg−1 caffeine i.v. 30 min later. Samples were collected 30 min before caffeine administration, immediately before caffeine administration (time zero) and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h afterwards. The samples were assayed by gas chromatography. The mean urinary pH for SG was 8.2, but for AG it was as low as 5.9 at 4 h, extending acidosis for up to 8 h. The kinetic curves for the two groups were similar for urinary excretion and salivary secretion. Differences occurred only in peak excretion and peak secretion in SG obtained at 1 h and 30 min, respectively, and in AG at 2 h and 1 h, respectively. This could be explained, in part, to the diuresis in AG compared with SG, resulting in less concentrated urine in the former group. The large difference between the pKa of caffeine and the pH of the medium may be responsible for the similar pharmacokinetics observed for the two groups. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the local irritation potential of hypertonic saline–dextran (HSD) in mice and rabbits
Authors: Dubick Michael A. , Wade Charles E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRecent questions have renewed concerns regarding possible irritation associated with intravenous (i.v.) injection of 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) or hypertonic saline–dextran (HSD: 7.5% NaCl and 6% Dextran‐70). This study investigated local injection site irritation associated with i.v., paravenous (p.v.), intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of HSD or its individual components. Mice (n = 10 per group per time point) and rabbits (n = 10 per group per time point) were infused i.v. with the maximum tolerated dose (28 or 20 ml kg−1, respectively) of HSD, HS, Dextran‐70 (D‐70) or lactated Ringer's solution (LR). Animals were observed at 1,2 and 4 h after injection and then twice daily until euthanized on day 3 or 14. In irritation studies, 24 rabbits were randomized to receive the four ﬂuids and they were evaluated histologically at 4, 24, 48 or 72 h after i.v., p.v., i.m. or s.c. infusion. The sites were observed immediately after injection, at 4 h and then twice daily until euthanasia. In surviving mice, bruising of the tail was observed in 6/18 and 5/19 animals in the HSD and HS groups, respectively, compared with 0/20 animals in the D‐70 or LR groups. Sloughing of the tail was eventually observed in two HSD‐infused and three HS‐infused mice, compared with none in the other groups. More bruises, hematomas and blebs were observed after i.v. or s.c. injection of HS and D‐70 than LR or HSD in the rabbit irritation studies, but the differences among groups were not statistically signiﬁcant. In the acute toxicity study in rabbits, bruising at the site of injection was observed in 7/20 and 5/14 surviving animals from the HSD and HS groups, respectively, but none was observed in the LR or D‐70 groups. These data suggest that, if infused over 5–10 min into a peripheral or central vein, a therapeutic dose of HSD (4 ml kg−1) should not induce any greater inﬂammation on the vein than LR. However, if signiﬁcant extravasation of hypertonic ﬂuid occurs, the possibility of localized, focal necrosis might be expected to occur. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzyme reactivator treatment in organophosphate exposure: clinical relevance of thiocholinesteratic activity of pralidoxime
Authors: Petroianu Georg A. , Missler Anke , Zuleger Katia , Thyes Caroline , Ewald Vanessa , Maleck Wolfgang H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOrganophosphate compounds are responsible for a large number of accidental and/or suicidal exposures and have been used also for warfare and terrorism. The mechanism of toxicity is by inhibition of cholinesterase. Oximes are the only enzyme reactivators clinically available but clinical experience with oximes is disappointing. There is a gap between laboratory data and clinical impression concerning the efﬁcacy of oxime compounds. Oximes are responsible for thiocholinesteratic activity, a spurious signal caused by interaction between pralidoxime and the thiocholine substrate used for photometric enzyme activity determinations. In a prospective, controlled, non‐randomized study performed in anaesthetized miniature pigs, we quantiﬁed the extent of pralidoxime‐induced cholinesteratic pseudo‐activity ex vivo (human blood) and in vivo (minipig) in order to be able to correct values obtained by photometric methods. Plasma cholinesteratic activity using two substrates (acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine) was determined in vitro and in vivo in the presence of pralidoxime.Pralidoxime reacts with the substrate (acetyl‐ and butyrylthiocholine) used for enzyme activity determinations, producing a spurious signal implying cholinesterase activity (even in the absence of plasma and thus of any enzyme). Cholinesterase activities determined photometrically after pralidoxime therapy can be erroneously high. Although in theory this could mislead clinicians into assuming an efﬁcacious therapy, this is unlikely to occur in vivo under normal pralidoxime dosing conditions. To avoid any ambiguity it is recommended that blood be drawn for enzyme activity determinations prior to reactivator use and no less than 1 h after its administration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver microsomal biotransformation of nitro‐aryl drugs: mechanism for potential oxidative stress induction
Authors: Letelier M. E. , Izquierdo P. , Godoy L. , Lepe A. M. , Faúndez M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractToxic effects of several nitro‐aryl drugs are attributed to the nitro‐reduction that may be suffered in vivo, a reaction that may be catalysed by different reductases. One of these enzymes is NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase, which belongs to the cytochrome P450 oxidative system mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatic cell. This system is responsible for the biotransformation of oxidative lipophilic compounds, so that oxidative and reductive metabolic pathways of lipophilic nitro‐aryl drugs can take place simultaneously. Because of the afﬁnity of nitro‐aryl drugs (xenobiotics) for the endoplasmic reticulum, we propose this subcellular organelle as a good biological system for investigating the toxicity induced by the biotransformation of these or another compounds.In this work we used rat liver microsomes to assess the oxidative stress induced by nitro‐aryl drug biotransformation. Incubation of microsomes of rat liver with nifurtimox and nitrofurantoin in the presence of NADPH induced lipoperoxidation, UDP‐glucuronyltransferase activation and an increase in the basal microsomal oxygen consumption. Nitro‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines did not elicit these prooxidant effects; furthermore, they inhibited lipoperoxidation and oxygen consumption induced by Fe3+/ascorbate. Nifurtimox and nitrofurantoin modiﬁed the maximum absorption of cytochrome P450 oxidase and inhibited p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylation, an oxidative reaction catalysed by the cytochrome P450 system, signifying that oxidation may proceed in a similar way to that described for nitro‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines. Thus the balance between lipophilic nitro‐aryl drug oxidation and reduction may be involved in the potential oxidative stress induced by biotransformation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical correlation between cell adhesion and proliferation on biocompatible metallic materials
Authors: Bigerelle M. , Anselme K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOur ambition for several years is to appreciate and quantify the long‐term adhesion of cells on materials at times where the interface between cells and substrate becomes more complex, more closed to the cell/matrix/substrate interface existing in vivo. With this objective, we quantified the long‐term adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblasts cultured from 24 h to 21 days on pure titanium, titanium alloy, and stainless‐steel substrates presenting six different surface morphologies and two different roughness amplitude. Hence, we did proceed to the statistical correlation of cell adhesion and cell proliferation on 30 different substrates. Additionally, we described surface topography not only by the roughness amplitude but also by the roughness morphology using new specific parameters. By multiple analysis of variance, we demonstrated that nor material composition nor surface roughness amplitude did influence cell proliferation, whereas a very significant influence of the process used to produce the surface was observed meaning that the main influent factor on cell proliferation was the surface morphology. The long‐term adhesion and proliferation capacity of cells were positively correlated on 23 types of substrates on 30, this positive correlation being statistically asserted on 13 types of substrates on 23. This study is the first demonstration of the existence of a statistical correlation between long‐term adhesion and proliferation capacity of human bone cells on substrates with various chemical composition, surface chemistry, and surface topography. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 36–46, 2005
Biaxial flexure testing of calcium phosphate bioceramics for use in tissue engineering
Authors: Meganck Jeffrey A. , Baumann Melissa J. , Case Eldon D. , McCabe Laura R. , Allar Jaclyn N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study analyzes data from 206 CaP specimens (68 HA, 70 BCP, and 68 β‐TCP) fractured via biaxial flexure testing. Specimens were divided into four groups: (a) Group I, dry; (b) Group II, wet (day 0, immersion time ∼ 5–10 s); (c) Group III, after immersion in media for 21 days (day 21); and (d) Group IV, after culturing osteoblasts (OBs) on the surface for 21 days (day 21 with cells). X‐ray diffraction verified the presence of minor second phases in HA and β‐TCP while BCP was a biphasic mixture of HA and β‐TCP with minor phases present. The statistical significance (p < 0.05) of differences in the measured biaxial flexure fracture strength, S, between groups was assessed via one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's test. Also, a two‐parameter Weibull analysis assessed the mechanical reliability of each group. Osteoblasts increase the biaxial flexure fracture strength in a statistically significant way compared to both the HA discs in Groups II and III. Scanning electron microscope examination revealed grain boundary grooving on the sintered surfaces and with thermal expansion anisotropy, likely leads to the observed rapid strength decline upon exposure to media found in Groups II, III and IV. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 115–126, 2005
Remythologizing culture: Narrativity, justification, and the politics of personalization
Authors: Quackenbush Steven W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe thesis that the self is a story unfolding inprescriptivespace is typically embraced by social constructionists as a radical alternative to naturalistic accounts of human development. Yet, the Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System proposed by Henriques (2003) implies that events at multiple levels of analysis (i.e., matter, life, mind, and culture) can be considered as conditions of possibility for the emergence of meaningful personal narratives. Thus, the ToK System represents an opportunity to recast the work of naturalists and social constructionists in a framework that is at once scientific and humanistic. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Justifying the Justification Hypothesis: Scientific‐humanism, Equilintegration (EI) Theory, and the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI)
Authors: Shealy Craig N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Justification Hypothesis (JH; Henriques, 2003) is a basic, general, and macro‐level construct that is highly compelling. However, it needs greater specification (i.e., justification) regarding what it is, how it might be operationalized and measured, and what it does and does not predict in the real world. In the present analysis, the act of “justification” is conceptualized as the ongoing attempt to convince self and/or others that one's beliefs and values, which is to say one's “version of reality” or VOR, is correct, defensible, and good. In addressing these issues, this paper is divided into two complementary parts: (a) consideration of justification dynamics and exemplars from a scientific‐humanist perspective and (b) an examination of how justification systems and processes have been studied vis‐à‐vis research and theory on beliefs and values as well as an extant model—Equilintegration (EI) Theory—and method—the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Toward a useful mass movement
Authors: Henriques Gregg R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPsychology has failed to reach its full potential as either a science or a profession. The inability of psychologists to generate a shared, general understanding of their subject matter and fundamental differences between scientific and nonscientific views of human behavior in society at large interact to render psychology's contributions to the world's most pressing problems much less potent than might otherwise be the case. The Tree of Knowledge (ToK) System affords new opportunities both to define the discipline of psychology and to examine the epistemological interrelations between the institution of science and other societal institutions, such as law, governance, health care, the arts, and religion. In this article I articulate how the foundation can be laid for the development of a useful mass movement that could transform the discipline of psychology in a manner that unleashes its constructive potential, while at the same time it attempts to address many of the concerns about the proposal raised by the contributors to these two special issues. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Sonography of entrapment neuropathies in the upper limb (wrist excluded)
Authors: Martinoli Carlo , Bianchi Stefano , Pugliese Francesca , Bacigalupo Lorenzo , Gauglio Cristina , Valle Maura , Derchi Lorenzo E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe progressive refinement of broadband transducers with frequencies higher than 10 MHz and improved near‐field resolution has enhanced the potential of sonography to evaluate a variety of nerve entrapment syndromes occurring in the upper limb, such as suprascapular neuropathy in the area of the spinoglenoid‐supraspinous notch, the quadrilateral space syndrome (axillary neuropathy), radial neuropathy in the area of the spiral groove, the supinator syndrome (posterior interosseous neuropathy), the cubital tunnel syndrome (ulnar neuropathy), and the Kiloh‐Nevin syndrome (anterior interosseous neuropathy). In these settings, high‐resolution sonography can depict changes in the nerve's shape and echotexture and can depict many extrinsic causes of nerve entrapment. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:438–450, 2004
Sonography of the knee: Intra‐articular pathology
Authors: Court‐Payen Michel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMRI is the gold‐standard imaging technique for evaluation of the intra‐articular structures of the knee, and the use of sonography remains controversial. Sonography nevertheless is a useful alternative in several conditions: Inflammatory joint diseases, where it is appropriate for early diagnosis and follow‐up of joint effusion and synovitis; peri‐articular masses, where it is the best modality for guidance of needle puncture or biopsy; suspected meniscus or ligament lesion, where it may provide a positive diagnosis but is not sufficient to exclude intra‐articular lesions; and loose bodies, where it is an outstanding modality for diagnosing lesions not evident on radiographs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32:481–490, 2004
Sonography in wrist tendon pathology
Authors: Daenen Bénédicte , Houben Georges , Bauduin Emmanuel , Debry Roland , Magotteaux Paul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWrist tendons may be affected by a variety of pathologic conditions, including those caused by trauma and overuse, inflammatory and metabolic disorders, or infection. Sonography is a very sensitive means of detecting tendinous pathology because of its spatial resolution and its comparative and dynamic capabilities. Its wide availability makes it the preferred first‐line imaging modality in the case of wrist pain. This article reviews the pathologic conditions that may involve the wrist and their sonographic appearances. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 32: 462–469, 2004