bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of U(VI) and Th(IV) alpha-sources from sea and fresh water samples by combining coprecipitation, solvent extraction and electrodeposition procedures
Authors: Zarki R. , Elyahyaoui A. , Chiadli A. 
Published: April 2004

Summary
A simple method combining coprecipitation, solvent extraction and electrodeposition for determining uranium and thorium in sea water and fresh water samples is developed. It offers a considerable saving in time, minimising chemical treatment and costs. The analytical procedure consists of enrichment of U and Th by coprecipitation with iron(III) hydroxides and subsequent extraction by diethylether solution and electrodeposition of each actinide in the extracting organic phase in which it was separated.
The dependence of the coprecipitation, the extraction-electrodeposition and the overall yields of the above mentioned elements is examined in relation to the initial aqueous solution acidity and various amounts of iron carrier. At an initial pH between 6 and 10, quantitative coprecipitation of U and Th requires use of an Fe(III) quantity which depends on the acidity of these solutions. This quantity varies, under explored conditions, between 10 and 110mg/L. At a starting pH of 11, this coprecipitation becomes almost independent of Fe(III) amounts.
The proposed procedure was used to analyse the content of U and Th isotopes in water samples. Recoveries of 60%-93% are obtained for uranium and 63%-86% for thorium. Good resolutions (37-56.5keV) are also achieved under optimum conditions. These resolutions allow to make accurate determination of U and Th isotopes in various water samples.
Adaptive output tracking for a class of non‐linear time‐delay systems
Authors: Pepe P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper the output tracking control problem for a class of non‐linear time delay systems with some unknown constant parameters is addressed. Such a problem is solved in the case that the non‐linear time‐delay system has full delay relative degree and stable internal dynamics. It is supposed moreover that the output and its time derivatives until n−1, where n is the length of the state vector (euclidean part), do not depend explicitly on the unknown parameters. This work is the first step towards the application of the methodologies of adaptive control for non‐linear delayless systems, based on tools of differential geometry, to non‐linear time‐delay systems too. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical spectrum of myelophthisis in cancer patients
Authors: Makoni Stephen N. , Laber Damian A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMyelophthisis is a form of bone marrow failure due to replacement of hematopoietic tissue by abnormal tissue, most commonly metastatic carcinomas. This results in extramedullary hematopoiesis, typically in the spleen leading to premature release of hematopoietic cells into the circulation. Peripheral blood findings may include nucleated red blood cells, tear drop forms, giant platelets, and immature leukocytes. This is called a leukoerythroblastic picture. The first case demonstrates acute myelophthisis as a presentation of pancreatic cancer. The second case is of extramedullary hematopoiesis as a manifestation of widely metastatic melanoma. The presence of a leukoerythroblastic peripheral blood picture should serve as a valuable clue about a possible underlying malignancy. This late presentation of advanced cancer may now be rarely seen because of early diagnosis and more effective therapies. Am. J. Hematol. 76:92–93, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of red cell exchange transfusion on plasma levels of inflammatory mediators in sickle cell patients with acute chest syndrome
Authors: Liem Robert I. , O'Gorman Maurice R. , Brown Deborah L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRed cell exchange transfusion is the recommended therapy for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) who have severe, progressive acute chest syndrome (ACS). A double‐volume red cell exchange transfusion decreases the percentage of hemoglobin S (Hgb S) containing red blood cells to less than 20%, improving vascular perfusion. We speculated that reduction of pro‐inflammatory mediators might also contribute to the therapeutic effect of an exchange transfusion. We measured white blood cell count (WBC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), platelet concentration as well as plasma levels of interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1) in 8 sickle cell patients with 9 episodes of ACS who received a manual, double‐volume exchange transfusion. Six patients with SCD seen during a routine clinic visit were used as controls. The mean number of hospitalization days was 6, with an average of 2 days in the intensive care unit. All patients recovered without complication. Sickle cell patients with ACS had a higher WBC and ANC at baseline but lower sVCAM‐1 levels compared to controls. TNF‐α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐8 levels were not significantly different from controls. WBC, ANC, platelet, and sVCAM‐1 measurements were significantly decreased immediately post‐exchange in patients with ACS; however, this effect was not persistent as levels trended towards pre‐exchange values by 24 hr post‐exchange. Due to wide inter‐individual variability, a consistent pattern was not seen for TNF‐α, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, or IL‐8. We conclude that in sickle cell patients with ACS, a manual, double‐volume exchange transfusion lowers WBC, ANC, platelets, and sVCAM‐1 levels, but the effect is short‐lived. Am. J. Hematol. 76:19–25, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parenteral iron therapy options
Authors: Silverstein Scott B. , Rodgers George M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractParenteral iron therapy is occasionally necessary for patients intolerant or unresponsive to oral iron therapy, for receiving recombinant erythropoietin therapy, or for use in treating functional iron deficiency. There are now three parenteral iron products available: iron dextran, ferric gluconate, and iron sucrose. We summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each product, including risk of anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity, dosage regimens, and costs. The increased availability of multiple parenteral iron preparations should decrease the need to use red cell transfusions in patients with iron‐deficiency anemia. Am. J. Hematol. 76:74–78, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity in Usher syndrome
Authors: Keats Bronya J.B. , Savas Sevtap 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMutations in seven different genes have been associated with Usher syndrome, and an additional four loci have been mapped. The identified genes encode myosin VIIa, harmonin (a PDZ‐domain protein), cadherin 23, protocadherin 15, sans (a scaffold‐like protein), usherin and clarin. Three clinical types of Usher syndrome have been described: USH1 patients have severe to profound congenital hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, and retinal degeneration beginning in childhood, those with USH2 have moderate to severe congenital hearing loss, normal vestibular function, and later onset of retinitis pigmentosa, and USH3 patients have progressive hearing loss, which distinguishes them from the other two types. The shaker‐1, waltzer, Ames waltzer, and Jackson shaker mice provide murine models for four of the genetic forms of Usher syndrome. Ongoing studies are enabling early diagnosis of Usher syndrome in children who present with hearing loss, thus providing time to prepare for the onset of visual loss. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disomy of distal Xq in males: Case report and overview
Authors: Novelli Antonio , Bernardini Laura , Salpietro Damiano Carmelo , Briuglia Silvana , Merlino Maria Valeria , Mingarelli Rita , Dallapiccola Bruno 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA 46,XYq 8‐year‐old male was referred for microcephaly, growth, and mental retardation, hypotonia, genital hypoplasia, and dysmorphisms. FISH analysis showed that the rearranged Y chromosome originated from an unbalanced translocation of Xq27.3‐qter onto the deleted Yq11.22. Analysis of reported patients with disomy of region distal to Xq26 suggests that this rare anomaly, associated with failure to dosage compensate X‐linked genes that are normally inactivated, when present in two copies, is causing a quite distinct phenotype. This imbalance is the aberrant by product of the recombinogenic pairing of the distal pseudoautosomal Xq–Yq region at male meiosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional Porous Coordination Polymers
Authors: Kitagawa Susumu , Kitaura Ryo , Noro Shin‐ichiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe chemistry of the coordination polymers has in recent years advanced extensively, affording various architectures, which are constructed from a variety of molecular building blocks with different interactions between them. The next challenge is the chemical and physical functionalization of these architectures, through the porous properties of the frameworks. This review concentrates on three aspects of coordination polymers: 1) the use of crystal engineering to construct porous frameworks from connectors and linkers (“nanospace engineering”), 2) characterizing and cataloging the porous properties by functions for storage, exchange, separation, etc., and 3) the next generation of porous functions based on dynamic crystal transformations caused by guest molecules or physical stimuli. Our aim is to present the state of the art chemistry and physics of and in the micropores of porous coordination polymers.
Rectorite/thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites: Preparation, characterization, and properties
Authors: Ma Xiaoyan , Lu Haijun , Liang Guozheng , Yan Hongxia 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA newly developed kind of layered clay, rectorite (REC), has been used to yield intercalated or exfoliated thermoplastic polyurethane rubber (TPUR) nanocomposites by melt‐processing intercalation. Because of the swollen layered structure of REC, similar to that of montmorillonite, organic rectorites (OREC) can also be obtained through ion‐exchange reaction with two different quaternary ammonium salts (QAS1, QAS2) and benzidine (QAS3). The microstructure and dispersibility of OREC layers in TPUR matrix were examined by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed not only that the composites with lower amounts of clay are intercalation or part exfoliation nanocomposites, but also that the mechanical properties of the composites were substantially enhanced. The maximum ultimate tensile strength for TPUR/OREC nanocomposites appeared at 2 wt % OREC loading. With increasing OREC contents, the tear strength of the composites increased significantly. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 608–614, 2004
Effect of thermal conductivity and heat transfer on crystallization, structure, and morphology of polypropylene containing different fillers
Authors: Radhakrishnan S. , Sonawane Pradip , Pawaskar N. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe crystallization behavior, structure, and morphology developed was investigated for polypropylene containing different fillers such as silica, calcium carbonate, talc, mica, graphite, etc. by using compression‐molded samples prepared at several cooling rates. It was observed that the crystallinity obtained for any given composition depended on the thermal conductivity of the filler and the PP composite containing it as well as the cooling rate to which it was subjected. These composites exhibited skin‐core type of morphology and the skin layer thickness was found to depend not only on the cooling rate but also on the type of filler, its thermal conductivity, etc. These various experimental findings were discussed in light of the phenomenological model described in our earlier work, which correlates thermal conductivity and degree of crystallinity for various compositions of PP containing additives. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 615–623, 2004
Crystallization kinetics of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Chen G. X. , Hao G. J. , Guo T. Y. , Song M. D. , Zhang B. H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe preparation and properties of nanocomposites, consisting of a poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) and an organophilic clay are described. The effect of organophilic clay on the crystallization behavior of (PHBV) was studied. A differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to monitor the energy of the crystallization process from the melt. During the crystallization process from the melt, the organophilic clay led to an increase in crystallization temperature (Tc) of PHBV compared with that for plain PHBV. During isothermal crystallization, dependence of the relative degree of crystallization on time was described by the Avrami equation. The addition of organophilic clay caused an increase in the overall crystallization rate of PHBV, but did not influence the mechanism of nucleation, and growth of the PHBV crystals and the increase caused by a small quantity of clay is move effective than that large one. The equilibrium melting temperature of PHBV was determined as 186°C. Analysis of kinetic data according to nucleation theories showed that the increase in crystallization rate of PHBV in the composite is due to the decrease in surface energy of the extremity surface. The mechanical test shows that the tensile strength of hybrid increased to 35.6 MPa, which is about 32% higher than that of the original PHBV with the incorporation of 3 wt % clay, and the tensile modulus was also increased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 655–661, 2004
Development of an integrated automation system with a magnetic bead‐mediated nucleic acid purification device for genetic analysis and gene manipulation
Authors: Akutsu Jun‐ichi , Tojo Yuriko , Segawa Osamu , Obata Kimimichi , Okochi Mina , Tajima Hideji , Yohda Masafumi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe have developed an integrated automation system for genetic analysis and gene manipulation. The system, SX‐8G Plus, is equipped with an 8‐nozzle dispensing unit, a thermal cycler, a cooled reagent reservoir, four tip storage racks, four microplate platforms, buffer reservoirs, an agarose gel electrophoresis unit, a power supply, a pump for exchanging electrophoresis buffer, and a CCD camera. Automation of nucleic acid extraction and purification, the most difficult step in automating genetic analysis and gene manipulation, was realized using magnetic beads with Magtration Technology, which we have previously developed for automating the handling of paramagnetic beads. Using this system, we could perform the automated separation and purification of DNA fragments by agarose gel electrophoresis starting from sample loading. The system would enable the automation of almost all procedures in genetic analysis and gene manipulation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemoarchitectonic subdivisions of the songbird septum and a comparative overview of septum chemical anatomy in jawed vertebrates
Authors: Goodson James L. , Evans Andrew K. , Lindberg Laura 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAvailable data demonstrate that the avian septal region shares a number of social behavior functions and neurochemical features in common with mammals. However, the structural and functional subdivisions of the avian septum remain largely unexplored. In order to delineate chemoarchitectural zones of the avian septum, we prepared a large dataset of double‐, triple‐, and quadruple‐labeled material in a variety of songbird species (finches and waxbills of the family Estrildidae and a limited number of emberizid sparrows) using antibodies against 10 neuropeptides and enzymes. Ten septal zones were identified that were placed into lateral, medial, caudocentral, and septohippocampal divisions, with the lateral and medial divisions each containing multiple zones. The distributions of numerous immunoreactive substances in the lateral septum closely match those of mammals (i.e., distributions of met‐enkephalin, vasotocin, galanin, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, tyrosine hydroxylase, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P, corticotropin‐releasing factor, and neuropeptide Y), enabling detailed comparisons with numerous chemoarchitectonic zones of the mammalian lateral septum. Our septohippocampal and caudocentral divisions are topographically comparable to the mammalian septohippocampal and septofimbrial nuclei, respectively, although additional data will be required to establish homology. The present data also demonstrate the presence of a medial septal nucleus that is histochemically comparable to the medial septum of mammals. The avian medial septum is clearly defined by peptidergic markers and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity. These findings should provide a useful framework for functional and comparative studies, as they suggest that many features of the septum are highly conserved across vertebrate taxa. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:293–314, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon diameters and intradural trajectories of the dural innervation in the rat
Authors: Strassman Andrew M. , Weissner Wendi , Williams Molly , Ali Saad , Levy Dan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNeurophysiological studies have characterized the sensory responses of primary afferent nociceptors that innervate the intracranial dura. The present study used anatomical methods to examine in greater detail the axonal trajectories within the dura, as well as the axonal size distribution of the dural innervation. Immunostaining for CGRP in dural wholemounts revealed a network of fibers extending across the entire dura, with an especially dense plexus running along the borders of the transverse and superior sagittal sinuses. The plexus along the caudal border of the transverse sinus partially overlapped the dural area that shows the greatest density of mast cells. Visualization of axon bundles by DiI application in formalin‐fixed tissue revealed two separate systems of fibers in the dura that could be distinguished by the orientation of their trajectories: one that runs parallel to the middle meningeal artery (MMA), and another with a more or less orthogonal orientation that runs rostromedially from the transverse sinus across the MMA. Axons traversed large distances across the dura, but the majority of the branching and arborization was usually concentrated in the distal part of the trajectory. In separate animals, measurement of myelinated axon diameters with electron microscopy showed that approximately one‐third of the myelinated axons in the nerves supplying the dura (nervus spinosus and tentorial nerves) could be classified as A‐beta, since they were comparable in size to the majority of axons in the trochlear nerve and the upper end of the size range in the trigeminal nerve (i.e., >5 μm). J. Comp. Neurol. 473:364–376, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Full f particle simulation method for solution of transient edge phenomena
Authors: Heikkinen J. A. , Janhunen J. S. , Kiviniemi T. P. , Kåll P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn electrostatic gyrokinetic guiding‐centre particle code is described where electrons and ions are simultaneously followed in the edge region. Full f technique is used for particle sampling and loading to allow efficient treatment of strong time variation in the collisional edge bulk plasma. Both the gyrokinetic ion polarization term and the implicit electron term in the quasi‐neutrality condition are determined based on the full‐f sampling for both electrons and ions. Issues relevant for the SOL modeling like recycling, heat source, and boundary conditions for plasma/wall interaction are discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy transport modelling including ergodic effects
Authors: McTaggart N. , Bonnin X. , Runov A. , Schneider R. , Zagorski R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe effect of ergodization (either by additional coils like in TEXTOR‐DED or by intrinsic plasma effects like in W7‐X) defines the need for transport models being able to describe this properly. A prerequisite for this is the concept of local magnetic coordinates allowing a correct discretization with minimized numerical errors. For these coordinates the full respective metric tensor has to be known.To study the energy transport in complex edge geometries (in particular for W7‐X) we use a finite difference discretization of the transport equations on a custom‐tailored grid in local magnetic coordinates. This grid is generated by field line tracing to guarantee an exact discretization of the dominant parallel transport (this also minimizes the numerical diffusion problem). The perpendicular fluxes are interpolated on cross‐sectional planes (toroidal cuts), where a quasi‐isotropic problem is solved by a constrained Delaunay triangulation (preserving magnetic surfaces where they exist), and discretization. All terms involving toroidal terms are discretized by finite differences. The first tests for W7X and NCSX were successfully performed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Particle transport and density gradient scale lengths in the edge pedestal
Authors: Stacey W. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new flux‐gradient relation for the ion particle flux in the edge pedestal is derived from continuity and momentum balance, taking into account atomic physics, and cast in the form of a generalized ‘diffusion‐pinch’ transport relation. This flux‐gradient relation is used to derive a new expression for a first‐principles calculation of the ion density gradient scale length. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Space‐Charge Limited Current from Plasma‐Facing Material Surface
Authors: Takamura S. , Ohno N. , Ye M. Y. , Kuwabara T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe have derived an exact theoretical expression for the space‐charge limited current from the solid surfaces adjacent to plasmas that is applicable for an arbitrary sheath voltage. Our expression shows that the spacecharge limited current tends to saturate with the sheath voltage. This new formula is evaluated by 1‐D Particle in Cell (PIC) simulation and experiment, and is in a good agreement with the simulation and experimental results. We have also obtained an analytical equation fitted to the new formula based on conventional Child‐Langmuir formula by taking into account a more sophisticated dependence of the electrode potential and the plasma density through the effect of Debye shielding and a sheath expansion due to increased voltage across the sheath. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Particle Simulation Study of Dust Particle Dynamics in Sheaths
Authors: Smirnov R. , Tomita Y. , Takizuka T. , Takayama A. , Chutov Yu. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDynamics of dust particles in a divertor plasma is simulated using numerical solutions of dust momentum and charging equations in an electrostatic sheath and an ionizing presheath, where an electrostatic force and a drag force due to absorption of plasma ions are taken into account. Spatial distributions of plasma parameters in a divertor are obtained with particle simulations including ionization by electron‐impact. We found that the critical dust radius exists. Dust particles with a larger radius than this critical one are incapable to come off a divertor plate because the ion drag force is stronger compared to the electrostatic force. Control of the plate potential can suppress the dust motion from the plate. The radii of heavy dust particles are classified with respect to equilibrium positions. Considering dust particles started at the plate with radii smaller than the critical one, two types of dust motion were found. Dust particles with the first type of motion come back to the plate before approaching their equilibrium positions. The second type of motion is presented by smaller dust particles which oscillate around their equilibrium positions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)