bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Lowhead Dams on Riffle‐Dwelling Fishes and Macroinvertebrates in a Midwestern River
Authors: Tiemann Jeremy S. , Gillette David P. , Wildhaber Mark L. , Edds David R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMany studies have assessed the effects of large dams on fishes and macroinvertebrates, but few have examined the effects of lowhead dams. We sampled fishes, macroinvertebrates, habitat, and physicochemistry monthly from November 2000 to October 2001 at eight gravel bar sites centered around two lowhead dams on the Neosho River, Kansas. Sites included a reference site and a treatment site both upstream and downstream from each dam. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that habitat, but not physicochemistry, varied immediately upstream and downstream from the dams, with resultant effects on macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages. Compared with reference sites, upstream treatment sites were deeper and had lower velocities and downstream treatment sites were shallower and had higher velocities; both upstream and downstream treatment sites had greater substrate compaction than reference sites. Macroinvertebrate richness did not differ among site types, but abundance was lowest at downstream treatment sites and evenness was lowest at upstream treatment sites. Fish species richness did not differ among site types, but abundance was highest at downstream reference sites and evenness was highest at upstream sites. The abundance of some benthic fishes was influenced by the dams, including that of the Neosho madtom Noturus placidus, which was lowest immediately upstream and downstream from dams, and those of the suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis, orangethroat darter Etheostoma spectabile, and slenderhead darter Percina phoxocephala, which were highest in downstream treatment sites. Although limited to one system during a 1‐year period, this study suggests that the effects of lowhead dams on fishes, macroinvertebrates, and habitat are similar to those reported for larger dams, providing important considerations for riverine ecosystem conservation efforts.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in the Grilse Proportion of Atlantic Salmon in Norwegian Rivers
Authors: L'Abée‐Lund J. H. , Vøllestad L. A. , Beldring S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVariation in the sea age at maturity of Atlantic salmonSalmo salarwas studied in 158 Norwegian rivers over large spatial (58–71°N; 5–30°E) and temporal (1983–2000) scales. Age at sexual maturity was expressed as the proportion of grilse (fish with one sea winter) in the nominal salmon catch. No general temporal trend was found in the proportion of grilse in the catches. However, grilse proportion declined significantly in 10 rivers and increased significantly in 11 rivers out of the 55 rivers with data for all 18 years. There were no short‐term cycles in grilse proportion within rivers. We found coherence and similarity in the temporal variation in grilse proportion for rivers draining into large fjord systems. Reasons for the temporal variation in grilse proportions must be sought at a river‐specific or regional scale. River‐specific factors (water discharge, river steepness, and presence of lakes) explained a large percentage of the spatial variation in grilse proportion. Grilse proportion increased with decreasing river size (measured as mean annual water discharge) and with increasing proportion of water discharge occurring during summer (i.e., the migration season). Grilse proportion was higher in rivers located nearer to the open ocean, probably indicating an effect of early feeding on growth and maturation. Even after accounting for environmental variation at the local scale, we found large regional differences in grilse proportion. Region captured this variation more efficiently than latitude, but grilse proportion was higher in the northern part of Norway than in the more southerly part. This variability may indicate large‐scale differences in, for example, oceanic migration routes for fish originating from different regions.
Relations among Habitat Characteristics, Exotic Species, and Turbid‐River Cyprinids in the Missouri River Drainage of Wyoming
Authors: Quist Michael C. , Hubert Wayne A. , Rahel Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe used data from 91 stream reaches in the Missouri River drainage of Wyoming to determine whether abiotic and biotic factors were related to the abundance of four cyprinid species associated with turbid‐river environments: flathead chub Platygobio gracilis, sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida, plains minnow Hybognathus placitus, and western silvery minnow H. argyritis. The abundance of these cyprinids was positively related to the percentage of fine substrate in a reach and inversely related to the percentage of gravel substrate, the percentage of large rocky substrate, and the abundance of exotic piscivores. Differences in substrate composition and abundance of exotic piscivores were largely explained by the presence and location of large, main‐stem impoundments. Reaches without any large impoundments in their watershed had a high percentage of fine substrate, high catch rates of turbid‐river cyprinids, few exotic piscivores, and little gravel or large rocky substrate. Reaches with a downstream impoundment (i.e., within 200 km) had habitat characteristics similar to those without impoundments but had few turbid‐river cyprinids and many exotic piscivores. Reaches with an upstream impoundment (i.e., within 200 km) had little fine substrate, a high percentage of large rocky substrate, few turbid‐river cyprinids, and many exotic piscivores. Our results suggest that impoundments have had a substantial influence on the distribution and abundance of cyprinid species adapted to hydrologically dynamic, turbid prairie streams and that conserving these species is dependent on maintaining natural flow and sediment transport regimes and on reducing habitat suitability for exotic piscivores.
Impact of Age and Gender on the Pharmacokinetics of Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
Authors: Korth‐Bradley Joan M. , Dowell James A. , King S. Peter , Liu H. , Berger Mark S. ,   Mylotarg Study Group
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of the components of gemtuzumab ozogamicin and to assess the possible influence of age and gender on the values.Design. Phase II, multicenter, open‐label, nonrandomized, parallel study.Setting. Hospitals and outpatient oncology clinics.Patients. Fifty‐eight patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse participated. Demographic data included 29 men and 29 women; 34 were younger than 60 years of age (mean age 53 ± 16 yrs).Intervention. Patients received gemtuzumab ozogamicin as a single 2‐hour infusion of 9 mg/m2. Serial plasma samples were collected over 10 days after the beginning of the infusion.Measurements and Main Results. Plasma concentrations of components of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (hP67.6 antibody, total and unconjugated calicheamicin derivatives) were measured by validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods and comparisons between groups were made by analysis of variance. No significant differences were seen between men and women or between those over 60 and those less than 60 years of age in maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration, area under the curve, clearance, or volume of distribution for components of gemtuzumab ozogamicin.Conclusion. No differences occur in the pharmacokinetics of the components of gemtuzumab ozogamicin (hP67.6 or calicheamicin) based on gender or age.
Influence of Coadministration of Fluoxetine on Cisapride Pharmacokinetics and QTc Intervals in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Zhao Qinying , Wojcik Mary Ann , Parier Jean‐Loup , Pesco‐Koplowitz Luana 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of fluoxetine on the pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular safety of cisapride at steady state in healthy men.Design. Open‐label, three‐phase, sequential study.Setting. Clinical research center.Subjects. Twelve healthy male volunteers.Interventions. Each subject was treated according to the following sequence: baseline; phase 1 (days 1–6): cisapride 10 mg 4 times/day; washout (days 7–13); phase 2 (days 14–44): fluoxetine 20 mg/day; and phase 3 (days 45–52): cisapride 10 mg 4 times/day (days 45–51) plus fluoxetine 20 mg/day (days 45–52).Measurements and Main Results. Blood samples were drawn and 12‐lead electrocardiograms performed at specified time points after the last morning dose of cisapride in phases 1 and 3. Blood samples also were taken before morning doses on the 3rd, 4th, and 5th days of phases 1 and 3. Electrocardiograms were done at baseline and on the last day of the washout period and phase 2. Coadministration of fluoxetine significantly decreased cisapride plasma concentrations. There were no clinically significant changes in corrected QT intervals during administration of cisapride alone or with fluoxetine. Cisapride was well tolerated when administered alone or with fluoxetine.Conclusion. Cisapride can be administered safely to patients receiving low therapeutic dosages of fluoxetine.
Relative Bioavailability of Lamotrigine Chewable Dispersible Tablets Administered Rectally
Authors: Birnbaum Angela K. , Kriel Robert L. , Im Yoonsun , Remmel Rory P. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine the relative bioavailability of lamotrigine (LTG) chewable dispersible tablets after rectal administration.Design. Two‐period, crossover study with a 2‐week washout between dosing periods.Setting. Clinical research center.Patients. Twelve healthy adult volunteers.Intervention. One hundred milligrams of a LTG chewable dispersible tablet was administered by oral and rectal routes.Measurements and Main Results. Plasma samples were collected before and up to 120 hours after drug administration. The samples were analyzed for LTG by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and the relative bioavailability was determined. Drug concentrations were lower after rectal than after oral administration. The relative bioavailability (F = AUCrectal/AUCoral) was 0.52 ± 0.23 (SD).Conclusion. Drug prepared from LTG chewable dispersible tablets is absorbed rectally, although not to the same extent as when given orally. Rectal administration of suspension of these tablets can be an acceptable route of administration.
Lack of Effect of a Single Dose of Ketoconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Citalopram
Authors: Gutierrez Marcelo , Abramowitz Wattanaporn 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To determine whether the pharmacokinetics of the antidepressant citalopram are affected by ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4.Design. Single‐center, double‐blind, randomized, three‐way crossover trial.Setting. Research facility.Participants. Eighteen healthy male and female volunteers.Intervention. Subjects received three treatments with a 14‐day washout period: single dose of ketoconazole 200 mg plus placebo, single dose of citalopram 40 mg plus placebo, and single dose of ketoconazole 200 mg plus single dose of citalopram 40 mg.Measurements and Main Results. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined after each treatment. The pharmacokinetic profile of citalopram administered alone was essentially identical to that when administered with ketoconazole. Similarly, the pharmacokinetics of the metabolite desmethylcitalopram were unaltered by ketoconazole.Conclusion. No changes in pharmacokinetics of citalopram were observed after coadministration of ketoconazole, suggesting that ketoconazole and other CYP3A4 inhibitors may be administered safely with citalopram. Furthermore, no adjustment of citalopram dosage should be necessary in most patients who receive the drug in combination with a CYP3A4 inhibitor.
The Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Brophy Donald F. , Wazny Lori D. , Gehr Todd W. B. , Comstock Thomas J. , Venitz Jürgen 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of enoxaparin in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), and determine if dosage reduction is necessary to maintain antifactor Xa activity concentrations within the therapeutic range.Design. Prospective, single‐dose pharmacokinetic study.Setting. University‐affiliated general clinical research center.Patients. Eight nonthrombosed patients with ESRD requiring hemodialysis.Intervention. All subjects received a single dose of enoxaparin sodium 1 mg/kg subcutaneously and had serial plasma antifactor Xa activity concentrations measured over 24 hours.Measurements and Main Results. The pharmacokinetics of enoxaparin were determined from plasma antifactor Xa activity concentrations, and various multiple‐dose regimens were simulated. After administration of the drug, total body clearance was 14.6 ml/minute and there was a 2‐fold prolongation in antifactor Xa activity half‐life compared with values reported in healthy subjects. All other pharmacokinetic parameters were similar to those in healthy subjects and patients with chronic renal insufficiency. An accumulation ratio of 1.6 was estimated for a dosing interval of every 12 hours based on single‐dose pharmacokinetics. When various therapeutic regimens were simulated to predict average steady‐state antifactor Xa activity, standard enoxaparin dosages of 1 mg/kg subcutaneously every 12 hours and 1.5 mg/kg every 24 hours resulted in average steady‐state concentrations within the therapeutic range.Conclusions. Based on antifactor Xa activity, ESRD has little effect on the pharmacokinetics of enoxaparin, and dosing adjustments are unnecessary.
Evaluation and Survey of Intravenous Vitamin K1 for Treatment of Coagulopathy in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: MacLaren Robert , Wilson S. Jo‐Anne , Campbell Amanda , Anderson David , Rocker Graeme 
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To determine patient factors associated with coagulopathy, to assess variables affecting response to vitamin K1, to describe vitamin K1‐associated adverse reactions, and to survey Canadian tertiary care hospitals about vitamin K1 practice patterns in their intensive care units (ICUs).Design. Retrospective chart audit and prospective survey.Setting. Medical‐surgical ICU with a 23‐bed complement in a tertiary care, university‐affiliated hospital, and 47 Canadian tertiary care hospitals.Patients. Forty‐eight critically ill patients with nonconsumptive coagulopathies.Intervention. Intravenous vitamin K1 utilization over 4 months.Measurements and Main Results. The only independent risk factor for elevated baseline international normalized ratios (INRs) was Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (r2 = 0.51, p<0.05). The INR values decreased after two doses of vitamin K1 10 mg for patients grouped as a whole (2.14 ± 0.96 to 1.61 ± 0.62, p<0.0001) and when patients were stratified according to APACHE II scores below 23 (1.83 ± 0.44 to 1.34 ± 0.18, p<0.05). The INRs were not significantly reduced for patients with APACHE II scores of 23 or greater (2.44 ± 1.23 to 1.82 ± 0.66). No variables were associated with response, and adverse events were not observed. Of 47 Canadian tertiary care hospitals surveyed, 27 (55%) responded. Twenty‐four (89%) indicated that vitamin K1 was administered intravenously, and no adverse events resembling anaphylaxis were reported.Conclusion. Administration of two doses of intravenous vitamin K1 10 mg was associated with reversal of coagulopathies, but variable responses may be expected for patients with high APACHE II scores. Randomized, placebo‐controlled studies are necessary to confirm the effectiveness of vitamin K1.
Improved Health‐Related Quality of Life with SSRIs and other Antidepressants
Authors: Taylor A. Thomas , Spruill William J. , Longe R. Leon , Wade William E. , Wagner Peggy J. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To document the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of depressed patients receiving antidepressant drugs.Design. Cross‐sectional study.Setting. Community pharmacy‐based setting.Patients. Fifty‐seven depressed patients.Intervention. Independent pharmacist members of the Community Pharmacists Research Network in Georgia administered the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) to subjects.Measurements and Main Results. Sixty‐one percent of patients were treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and 38.6% were treated with a non‐SSRI. Those receiving SSRIs scored higher on the mean physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) health summary scores of the SF‐36 than those not receiving the drugs. No significant differences were seen in PCS or MCS scores of men and women.Conclusion. Community pharmacists documented better HRQOL in patients receiving SSRIs than in those given other antidepressants.
Comparison of Length of Hospital Stay for Patients with Known or Suspected Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcusSpecies Infections Treated with Linezolid or Vancomycin: A Randomized, Multicenter Trial
Authors: Li Zhiming , Willke Richard J. , Pinto Lionel A. , Rittenhouse Brian E. , Rybak Michael J. , Pleil Andreas M. , Crouch Charles W. , Hafkin Barry , Glick Henry A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective.To compare hospital length of stay (LOS), weekly discharges, and days of antibiotic treatment with linezolid (intravenous with oral follow‐up) and vancomycin (intravenous only).Design.Multinational, randomized, phase III trial.Settings.Hospitals in North America, Latin America, and Europe.Patients.Four hundred sixty hospitalized patients with infections of known or suspected methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcusspecies.Intervention.Administration of linezolid or vancomycin.Measurements and Main Results.For linezolid recipients, median LOS was 5 and 8 days shorter (p=0.05 and 0.003) in the complicated skin and soft tissue infection intent‐to‐treat (230 patients) and clinically evaluable (144) samples, and slightly but not significantly shorter in the overall intent‐to‐treat (460) and clinically evaluable (254) samples. In all samples, linezolid recipients had more discharges in the first week of treatment and fewer days of intravenous therapy than vancomycin recipients.Conclusion.Our results support linezolid's ability to reduce medical resource use.
Improving Blood Pressure Control in a Pharmacist‐Managed Hypertension Clinic
Authors: Vivian Eva M. 
Published: June 2004

Objective. To determine whether pharmaceutical care provided by a pharmacist‐managed hypertension clinic results in better treatment outcomes when compared with traditional health care from a primary care physician.Design. Prospective, controlled study.Setting. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Patients. Fifty six patients with essential hypertension; 27 were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 29 to the control group.Intervention. Patients in the intervention group were scheduled monthly to meet with a clinical pharmacist who made appropriate changes in prescribed drugs, adjusted dosages, and provided drug counseling in accordance with the hypertension guidelines in the sixth report of the Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Patients in the control group received standard care from their physicians. The study period was 6 months.Measurements and Main Results. Treatment outcomes were measured by changes in compliance, blood pressure, and patient satisfaction. The Short Form‐36 health survey and a patient satisfaction survey were used to measure changes in patient satisfaction, and a compliance evaluation survey measured compliance. Twenty‐one (81%) patients in the intervention group attained their blood pressure goal of below 140/90 mm Hg at the completion of the study versus only eight (30%) in the control group (p<0.0001). Of 11 patients with diabetes in the intervention group, 10 (91%) attained their blood pressure goal (< 130/80 mm Hg) versus only two (12 %) of 16 patients with diabetes in the control group (p<0.0001). No significant differences in patient satisfaction or compliance were reported between the intervention and control groups.Conclusions. Pharmaceutical care improves blood pressure control and results in more patients with hypertension reaching their blood pressure goal.
Compliance with National Guidelines in Patients with Diabetes in a Family Practice Clinic
Authors: Kirk Julienne K. , Poirier Jessica E. , Mattox Michelle G. , Thomas Perry M. , Michielutte Robert 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To assess whether clinicians are treating patients with both type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia according to national goals for blood pressure, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and glucose levels.Design. Retrospective chart review.Setting. University‐based family medicine teaching practice.Patients. One hundred twenty‐four patients with both type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia.Measurements and Main Results. Sixty‐nine patients (58%) met the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel II's goals for LDL (< 130 mg/dl for primary prevention and < 100 mg/dl for secondary prevention). Only 47 patients (38%) were in compliance with national standards for both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The mean hemoglobin A1c (A1C) level was 8.6%; 27 patients (21.8%) had A1C levels below 7%.Conclusion. A high percentage of patients in our family practice clinic met their goals for reducing lipid levels, but more aggressive therapy is necessary to attain glucose and blood pressure goals. Data from this study emphasize the need for understanding which factors influence clinicians' treatment decisions.
Filtration of flocculated suspensions under declining pressure
Authors: Martin A. D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe modeling of gravity driven batch filtration is dicussed in which the slurry is considered to comprise a flocculated suspension. The gravity belt thickener and the sludge drying bed are commonly employed devices to which this model may be applied. In both devices, the slurry is applied to a filter medium through which the filtrate passes under the influence of the hydraulic head of the slurry. The solids are retained on the filter and accumulate in up to 3 distinct zones. A fourth zone of clear liquor may also exist above the solids zones. As the filtration process proceeds, the hydraulic head declines because of the discharge of filtrate. A model of this filtration process is developed together with methods for its solution. The model links the filtration rate to the physical properties of the slurry through constitutive relationships for the permeability and compressive yield stress. 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:1418–1430, 2004
Measurement and prediction of the ultrafiltration of whey protein
Authors: Davey M. , Landman K. , Perera J. M. , Stevens G. W. , Lawrence N. D. , Iyer M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUltrafiltration of proteins and other compressible material is characterized by a significant transmembrane pressure and is often limited by the formation of a fouling layer. This study examines the compressive rheology of such fouling layers. A model is proposed that can be used to predict the performance of filtration processes where there is significant pressure drop across the clean membrane and the filtration rate is limited by fouling during the filtration cycle. The information required for the model can in principle be obtained from simple centrifuge tests and the clean membrane pressure drop. The model can be used to optimize the cycle times, pressures, and other operating parameters of the ultrafiltration process. The model was tested on the ultrafiltration of whey protein concentrate and shown to describe the experimental data. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1431–1437, 2004