bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐wall carbon nanotube–polymer solar cells
Authors: Landi Brian J. , Raffaelle Ryne P. , Castro Stephanie L. , Bailey Sheila G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInvestigation of single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)–polymer solar cells has been conducted towards developing alternative lightweight, flexible devices for space power applications. Photovoltaic devices were constructed with regioregular poly(3‐octylthiophene)‐(P3OT) and purified, >95% w/w, laser‐generated SWNTs. The P3OT composites were deposited on ITO‐coated polyethylene terapthalate (PET) and I–V characterization was performed under simulated AM0 illumination. Fabricated devices for the 1.0% w/w SWNT–P3OT composites showed a photoresponse with an open‐circuit voltage Voc of 0.98 V and a short‐circuit current density (Isc) of 0.12 mA/cm2. Future optimization of carrier transport and exciton dissociation within these novel photovoltaic systems is proposed to derive from incorporation of nanostructure–SWNT complexes into the polymer. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Super‐high‐efficiency multi‐junction solar cells
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Takamoto T. , Khan A. , Imaizumi M. , Matsuda S. , Ekins‐Daukes N. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe status of Japanese development of super‐high‐efficiency In0.49Ga0.51P/In0.01GaAs/Ge multi‐junction solar cells is reviewed. Key issues for a successful cell design are discussed, together with the technologies that have led to efficiency values of 29.1% AM0 and >36% under concentrated 400×AM1.5 illumination. The radiation resistance of the multi‐junction solar cell is discussed, showing the degradation in performance for the InGaP, InGaAs and Ge junctions. Finally, some perspectives for further multi‐junction cell development and alternative approaches to high efficiency are outlined. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent advances in high‐efficiencyIII–Vmulti‐junction solar cells for space applications: ultra triple junction qualification
Authors: Yoon Hojun , Granata Jennifer E. , Hebert Peter , King Richard R. , Fetzer Christopher M. , Colter Peter C. , Edmondson Kenneth M. , Law Daniel , Kinsey Geoffrey S. , Krut Dmitri D. , Ermer James H. , Gillanders Mark S. , Karam Nasser H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecent advances in Spectrolab's high efficiencyIII–Vmulti‐junction space solar cells are reported. The latest generation GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells under production—the Ultra Triple Junction (UTJ)—have an average efficiency at maximum power of 28.0% (AM0, 28°C, 135.3 mW/cm2) at beginning of life (BOL), and 22.6% at 60°C at end of life (EOL, 15 years in GEO orbit). This represents a 5.5% relative higher efficiency at EOL, compared with the previous generation Improved Triple Junction (ITJ) cells. The P/P0—for 1 MeV electrons after 1015 cm−2fluence has also improved to 0.86, compared with 0.84 for the ITJ cells. These and other performance results of UTJ solar cells are reviewed in comparison with ITJ solar cells. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Academic achievement of children in China: The 2002 Fulbright experience
Authors: Phelps LeAdelle 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe 2002 Fulbright team, led by Zheng Zhou of St. John's University, consisted of 12 professionals in the fields of education, counseling psychology, and school psychology. Spending one month visiting elementary schools, universities, governmental bodies, hospitals, and private schools throughout China, the Fulbright team had an opportunity to observe educational systems and mental health services to children in multiple sites (Beijing, Kunming, Shanghai, and Suzhou). This article outlines the educational system currently utilized in China and explores the cultural factors and key variables that impact Asian children. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 233–239, 2005.
Perceptions of mathematics curricula and teaching in China
Authors: Moy Robert , Peverly Stephen T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractChina and other East Asian countries (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) have consistently outperformed the United States and other Western countries in mathematics achievement. As part of a Fulbright‐sponsored trip to China in the Summer of 2002, a New York City public school teacher and a trainer of school psychologists offer their impressions of some of the reasons for these differences. Their impressions are based on observations of schools and classrooms, review of curricula, and a review of the literature. Four areas are covered: textbooks, curricula, teaching practices, and teacher knowledge. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 251–258, 2005.
Loneliness, peer acceptance, and family functioning of Chinese children with learning disabilities: Characteristics and relationships
Authors: Yu Guoliang , Zhang Yaming , Yan Rong 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough children with learning disabilities are often considered to be a heterogeneous group, they are always situated in specific social surroundings such as schools and families with which they interact dynamically in everyday life. Therefore, peer acceptance and family functioning may be related to the loneliness experienced by children with learning disabilities. This study explores the characteristics of loneliness and peer acceptance among children with learning disabilities and discusses the relationships among loneliness, peer acceptance, and family functioning. The results indicate that children with learning disabilities reported higher degrees of loneliness, but lower levels of peer acceptance; significant correlations existed between peer acceptance and loneliness, and between peer acceptance and family functioning; however, no significant correlations were found between loneliness and family functioning. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 325–331, 2005.
Helicobacter pylori protein HP0222 belongs to Arc/MetJ family of transcriptional regulators
Authors: Popescu Andrei , Karpay Anne , Israel Dawn A. , Peek Richard M. , Krezel Andrzej M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHelicobacter pylori is a widespread human bacterial pathogen responsible for inducing gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric cancers. To date, only 16 protein structures from this organism have been determined, and more than 30% of its 1500 protein functions remain unknown. We report the biochemical characterization, the tertiary structure determined by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods and the putative function of the previously uncharacterized protein HP0222 (JHP0208) from H. pylori. Recombinant HP0222 behaves as a dimer in crosslinking and size exclusion chromatography experiments. The structure consists of a ribbon–helix–helix fold characteristic of transcription factors of the Arc/MetJ family, which all bind DNA as higher order oligomers. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays reveal that HP0222 binds to double‐stranded DNA. Previous studies have shown significant increases in transcription levels of HP0222 in response to acid shock and adherence to gastric epithelial cells. To assess possible involvement of HP0222 in acid resistance, we constructed and assayed an H. pylori HP0222 null mutant. We propose that HP0222 is a novel transcriptional regulator in H. pylori. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal unfolding simulations of a multimeric protein—Transition state and unfolding pathways
Authors: Duan Jianxin , Nilsson Lennart 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe folding of an oligomeric protein poses an extra challenge to the folding problem because the protein not only has to fold correctly; it has to avoid nonproductive aggregation. We have carried out over 100 molecular dynamics simulations using an implicit solvation model at different temperatures to study the unfolding of one of the smallest known tetramers, p53 tetramerization domain (p53tet). We found that unfolding started with disruption of the native tetrameric hydrophobic core. The transition state for the tetramer to dimer transition was characterized as a diverse ensemble of different structures using Φ value analysis in quantitative agreement with experimental data. Despite the diversity, the ensemble was still native‐like with common features such as partially exposed tetramer hydrophobic core and shifts in the dimer–dimer arrangements. After passing the transition state, the secondary and tertiary structures continued to unfold until the primary dimers broke free. The free dimer had little secondary structure left and the final free monomers were random‐coil like. Both the transition states and the unfolding pathways from these trajectories were very diverse, in agreement with the new view of protein folding. The multiple simulations showed that the folding of p53tet is a mixture of the framework and nucleation‐condensation mechanisms and the folding is coupled to the complex formation. We have also calculated the entropy and effective energy for the different states along the unfolding pathway and found that the tetramerization is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular dynamics simulation of sucrose‐ and trehalose‐coated carboxy‐myoglobin
Authors: Cottone G. , Giuffrida S. , Ciccotti G. , Cordone L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe performed a room temperature molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on a system containing 1 carboxy‐myoglobin (MbCO) molecule in a sucrose–water matrix of identical composition (89% [sucrose/(sucrose + water)] w/w) as for a previous trehalose–water–MbCO simulation (Cottone et al., Biophys J 2001;80:931–938). Results show that, as for trehalose, the amplitude of protein atomic mean‐square fluctuations, on the nanosecond timescale, is reduced with respect to aqueous solutions also in sucrose. A detailed comparison as a function of residue number evidences mobility differences along the protein backbone, which can be related to a different efficacy in bioprotection. Different heme pocket structures are observed in the 2 systems. The joint distribution of the magnitude of the electric field at the CO oxygen atom and of the angle between the field and the CO unit vector shows a secondary maximum in sucrose, absent in trehalose. This can explain the CO stretching band profile (A substates distribution) differences evidenced by infrared spectroscopy in sucrose‐ and trehalose‐coated MbCO (Giuffrida et al., J Phys Chem B 2004;108:15415–15421), and in particular the appearance of a further substate in sucrose. Analysis of hydrogen bonds at the protein–solvent interface shows that the fraction of water molecules shared between the protein and the sugar is lower in sucrose than in trehalose, in spite of a larger number of water molecules bound to the protein in the former system, thus indicating a lower protein–matrix coupling, as recently observed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) experiments (Giuffrida et al., J Phys Chem B 2004;108:15415–15421). Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of 3C–SiC/Si wafer bending by the “checker‐board” carbonization method
Authors: Chassagne T. , Ferro G. , Haas H. , Mank H. , Leycuras A. , Monteil Y. , Soares F. , Balloud C. , Arcade Ph. , Blanc C. , Peyre H. , Juillaguet S. , Camassel J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDue to the large difference in lattice parameters and thermal expansion coefficients, the hetero‐epi‐ taxial growth of 3C–SiC on Si mainly results in highly defective layers on strongly bent wafers. The defects may not be detrimental for very basic applications, but the bow is. In order to solve this problem, we have developed a technique called “checker‐board” carbonization which, basically, balances a compressive (interfacial) stress by a tensile one. In this way, the overall bending is effectively reduced. In this work, we will report on the effect of polishing the thick, as‐grown, 3C–SiC layers deposited on top and results from, both, infrared and Raman spectroscopy collected on 35 mm diameter wafers will be presented. From DDX and low temperature photoluminescence measurements, we will show that a similar 3C–SiC quality can be achieved on, both, parts of the initially compressive and tensile re‐grown layers. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical mapping of aluminum doped p‐type SiC wafers
Authors: Wellmann P. J. , Straubinger T. , Künecke U. , Müller R. , Sakwe S. A. , Pons M. , Thuaire A. , Crisci A. , Mermoux M. , Auvray L. , Camassel J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe discuss the application of optical techniques to address the spatial distribution of electronic properties of highly aluminum doped p‐type SiC wafers; optical techniques are superior over their electrical counterparts in a sense that they are non‐destructive. While absorption and birefringence mapping are powerful tools to determine the homogeneity of charge carrier concentration and defects in n‐type SiC, respectively, the same methods fail in highly p‐type doped SiC due to the opaque nature of the latter. Therefore reflective methods like Raman spectroscopy and low temperature photoluminescence have to be applied in order to address electronic properties by optical techniques. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimization of InAsSb photodetector for non‐cryogenic operation in the mid‐infrared range
Authors: Aït‐Kaci H. , Nieto J. , Rodriguez J. B. , Grech P. , Chevrier F. , Salesse A. , Joullié A. , Christol P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe present an InAsSb interband photodetector grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaSb substrate which operates in the mid‐infrared domain (3–5 µm). To achieve uncooled high performance detection, the design of the structure was optimized to reduce the noise‐inducing currents due to generation‐recombination processes and diffusion currents. The technological procedure was further improved by using alkali sulfur passivation that suppresses surface leakage currents along the mesa edges. As a first result, the room temperature detectivity D* of the InAsSb photodiode, extracted from measurements, is comparable to the commercial HgCdTe device with a detectivity equals to 1 × 1010 cm Hz1/2 W–1 at about 3.5 µm. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increasing throughput and information content for in vitro drug metabolism experiments using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
Authors: Castro‐Perez Jose , Plumb Robert , Granger Jennifer H. , Beattie Iain , Joncour Karine , Wright Andrew 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe field of drug metabolism has been revolutionized by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) applications with new technologies such as triple quadrupoles, ion traps and time‐of‐flight (ToF) instrumentation. Over the years, these developments have often relied on the improvements to the mass spectrometer hardware and software, which has allowed users to benefit from lower levels of detection and ease‐of‐use. One area in which the development pace has been slower is in high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the case of metabolite identification, where there are many challenges due to the complex nature of the biological matrices and the diversity of the metabolites produced, there is a need to obtain the most accurate data possible. Reactive or toxic metabolites need to be detected and identified as early as possible in the drug discovery process, in order to reduce the very costly attrition of compounds in late‐phase development. High‐resolution, exact mass measurement plays a very important role in metabolite identification because it allows the elimination of false positives and the determination of non‐trivial metabolites in a much faster throughput environment than any other standard current methodology available to this field. By improving the chromatographic resolution, increased peak capacity can be achieved with a reduction in the number of co‐eluting species leading to superior separations. The overall enhancement in the chromatographic resolution and peak capacity is transferred into a net reduction in ion suppression leading to an improvement in the MS sensitivity. To investigate this, a number of in vitro samples were analyzed using an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system, with columns packed with porous 1.7 μm particles, coupled to a hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight (ToF) mass spectrometer. This technique showed very clear examples for fundamental gains in sensitivity, chromatographic resolution and speed of analysis, which are all important factors for the demands of today's HTS in discovery. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further results on global stabilization of uncertain nonlinear systems by output feedback
Authors: Yang Bo , Lin Wei 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor a family of uncertain nonlinear systems dominated by a triangular system that satisfies linear growth condition with an output dependent growth rate, we prove that global robust stabilization can be achieved by smooth output feedback. This conclusion has incorporated and generalized the recent output feedback stabilization results, for instance, the work (IEEE Trans. Automat. Control2002;47:2068–2073) where the same conclusion was already shown to be true for planar systems, and the work (Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE, CDC, 2003; 1544–1549) where the growth rate is required to be a polynomial function of the system output. There are two key ingredients in the present contribution. One of them is the introduction of a rescaling transformation with a dynamic factor that is tuned on‐line through a Riccati‐like differential equation, which turns out to be extremely effective in dealing with the system uncertainty. The other one is the development of a recursive observer design algorithm making it possible to assign the robust observer gains in a step‐by‐step fashion. Both a smooth state feedback controller and a robust observer are explicitly constructed for the rescaled system using only the knowledge of the bounding system. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the synthesis of robust PID controllers for plants with structured and unstructured uncertainty
Authors: Ho Ming‐Tzu , Huang Sheng‐Tsai 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the problems of synthesizing PID controllers for robust stability and performance for a given linear time‐invariant plant subject to both parametric andH∞‐norm‐bounded perturbations. Using results from the area of parametric robust control, synthesis problems are converted into simultaneous stabilization of a family of complex segment polynomials. The results onH∞PID synthesis are then used to devise a design procedure for determining the admissible PID gain values. One of the important features of the proposed method is that it constructively characterizes the approximated set of all admissible PID controllers. This characterization can facilitate the optimal design of any additional design requirements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS studies of the oxidation of Fe by D2O vapour: comparison with XPS
Authors: Grosvenor A. P. , Francis J. T. , Kobe B. A. , McIntyre N. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe oxidation of iron (Fe) by water (D2O) vapour at low pressures and room temperature was investigated using time‐of‐flight (ToF) SIMS. The results supported those found previously using XPS and the QUASES™ program in that a duplex oxide structure was found containing a thin outer surface hydroxide (Fe(OD)2) layer over an inner oxide (FeO) layer. The extraordinary depth resolution of the ToF‐SIMS profiles assisted in identifying the two phases; this resolution was achieved by compensation for surface roughness. A substantial concentration of deuterium was found in the subsurface oxide layer. This observation confirmed previous assessments that the formation of FeO was from the reaction of Fe(OD)2 with outward‐diffusing Fe, leaving deuterium as a reaction product. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computable processes and bisimulation equivalence
Authors: Ponse Alban 
Published: February 2005

Abstract

A process is called
computable
if it can be modelled by a transition system that has a recursive structure—implying finite branching. The equivalence relation between transition systems considered is strong bisimulation equivalence. The transition systems studied in this paper can be associated to processes specified in common specification languages such as CCS, LOTOS, ACP and PSF. As a means for defining transition systems up to bisimulation equivalence, the specification language
μ
CRL is used. Two simple fragments of,
μ
CRL are singled out, yielding universal expressivity with respect to recursive and primitive recursive transition systems. For both these domains the following properties are classified in the arithmetical hierarchy:
bisimilarity, perpetuity
(both ∏
1
0
),
regularity
(having a bisimilar, finite representation, Σ
2
0
),
acyclic regularity
(Σ
1
0
), and
deadlock freedom
(distinguishing deadlock from successful termination, ∏
1
0
). Finally, it is shown that in the domain of primitive recursive transition systems over a fixed, finite label set, a genuine hierarchy in bisimilarity can be defined by the complexity of the witnessing relations, which extends r.e. bisimilarity. Hence, primitive recursive transition systems already form an interesting class.
Effects of a dual endothelin-1 receptor antagonist on airway obstruction and acute lung injury in sheep following smoke inhalation and burn injury
Authors: COX Robert A. , ENKHABAATAR Perenlei , BURKE Ann S. , KATAHIRA Jiro , SHIMODA Katahiro , CHANDRA Abhijit , TRABER Lillian D. , HERNDON David N. , HAWKINS Hal K. , TRABER Daniel L. 
Published: February 2005

Studies have suggested that ET-1 (endothelin-1) is associated with lung injury, airway inflammation and increased vascular permeability. In the present study we have tested the hypothesis that treatment with a dual ET-1 receptor antagonist will decrease airway obstruction and improve pulmonary function in sheep with combined S+B (smoke inhalation and burn) injury. Twelve sheep received S+B injury using the following protocol: six sheep were treated with tezosentan, an ETA and ETB receptor antagonist, and six sheep received an equivalent volume of vehicle. Physiological and morphological variables were assessed during the 48 h study period and at the end of the study. There was no statistically significant difference in the PaO2/FiO2 (partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood/fraction of O2 in the inspired gas) ratio of the tezosentan-treated animals compared with controls; however, lung lymph flow was significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) in the treated animals. PVRI (pulmonary vascular resistance index) was significantly reduced (P&lt;0.05) in the tezosentan-treated animals. Assessment of NOx (nitric oxide metabolite) levels in plasma and lymph showed significantly elevated (P&lt;0.05) levels in the tezosentan-treated animals compared with levels in untreated sheep. The degree of bronchial obstruction was similar in both treated and control sheep; however, bronchiolar obstruction was reduced in sheep treated with tezosentan. Histopathologically, no difference in the degree of parenchymal injury was detected. In conclusion, administration of a dual ET-1 receptor antagonist prevented an increase in PVRI after injury and reduced the degree of bronchiolar obstruction in sheep with S+B; however, treated sheep showed higher levels of NOx and increased lung lymph flow. Tezosentan treatment was ineffective in protecting against acute lung injury in this model.