bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational Capabilities in Complex Worlds
Authors: Levinthal Daniel A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter provides a theoretical framework for the analysis of organizational capabilities, underlining complementarity and interdependence among organizational routines and assets. A crucial consequence concerns what one could call the ‘competitiveness diagnostics’ of corporate performances: precisely because of the (non‐linear) interrelatedness in the contribution of the various organizational traits to overall performances, ‘credit assignment’ is a difficult exercise. Relatedly, in terms of organizational learning, ‘local’ exploration and adjustments are likely to be the rule, since otherwise one is likely to lose any grasp on the relationships between causes (i.e. changes in organizational behaviour) and effects (i.e. changes in revealed performances). But a fundamental corollary of all this is also that organizations are likely to end up stuck into local peaks of the ‘fitness landscape’ (which is, roughly speaking, the mapping between organizational traits and ‘competitiveness’), with low probabilities of exploring radically diverse organizational arrangements.
Introduction
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe author traces the origins of incentives in the design of political institutions to the works of Adam Smith, the American Federalists, and R. Frisch. The Chicago View of interest group politics is critically reviewed and seen as the background for the modern principal‐agent analysis of political economy. The structure of the book is reviewed and basic concepts of complete and incomplete contracting, asymmetric information, and endogenous coalition formation are introduced.
Toward a Political Theory of the Emergence of Environmental Incentive Regulation
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses the choice of economic instruments for environmental policy in the political economy framework of imperfect information and the need to provide incentives for political majorities. Models of command‐and‐control regulation and interest groups competition are presented. These models are then extended to study the impact of the dynamics of re‐election based on campaign contributions.
Evolution of the Most Favoured Nation Principle Up to 1929
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with the international economic system established in the 1860s and its operation until 1929. Section 1 analyses why the most‐favoured nation (MFN) principle emerged. Unconditional MFN treatment came to dominate intra‐European trade by the 1870s, although the USA maintained conditional MFN treatment. Section 2 analyses the growing protectionism between the 1870s and 1914, which undermined the system of non‐discriminatory trade relationships. Section 3 addresses attempts during the 1920s to re‐establish the pre‐1914 system. Section 4 examines the trading relationships between imperial powers and their colonies. Section 5 draws conclusions about the period.
Regionalism Versus Multilateralism During the Uruguay Round
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with the conflict between regionalism and multi‐lateralism during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. The strengthening of regionalism in Western Europe (Sect. 1) and North America (Sect. 2) during the 1980s is described, and reactions to European and American regionalism are outlined (Sect. 3). Section 4 deals with the collapse of the CMEA and the USSR. Section 5 describes the successful completion of the Uruguay Round, and its role in reinforcing multi‐lateralism and forestalling the spread of regionalism.
Extending the Model
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSurveys extensions to the mainstream models that were introduced in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s: higher dimensionality (Sect. 1), tariffs in the rest of the world (Sect. 2), the terms of trade (Sect. 3), economies of scale (Sect. 4), and technical efficiency and growth (Sect. 5).
Numbers and Geography
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with the fundamental question of what should be the unit of analysis in trade theory, which has been driven in part by difficulty in determining the analytical status of the EU; is intra‐EU trade international or domestic trade? Presents models of the economic determinants of the number of nations (Sect. 1) and the optimum size of nations (Sect. 3). Also addresses the issues of which partners will be selected for RTAs (Sect. 2) and of sub‐regional zones that cover regions of more than one country but not the entire national economies (Sect. 4), as well as other geographical issues.
Western European Integration
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDeals with the process of economic integration in Western Europe since the early 1950s. Section 1 analyses the origins of the EU, focusing on the customs union among the six signatories of the Treaty of Rome. Section 2 deals with the European Free Trade Association. Section 3 examines the three enlargement episodes of 1972, 1981–6, and 1995, which brought the EU up to 15 members. Section 4 analyses the deepening of the EU, centring on the 1992 programme for completing the internal market. Section 5 draws conclusions.
Global Issues
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Section 1 of this chapter investigates whether RTAs have led to increased regionalization of world trade. Section 2 reports on studies using CGE models to identify gainers and losers from the spread of RTAs as opposed to non‐discriminatory trade liberalization. Section 3 draws conclusions, emphasizing that the problem for all empirical work on RTAs is our poor knowledge of elasticities of substitution between imports from different sources.
Why Do Discriminatory Trading Arrangements Exist?
Authors: Pomfret Richard 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAddresses the question of why RTAs exist. Section 1 lists four proximate explanations on the basis of the immediate consequences of RTAs. Section 2 draws on the political economy of trade barriers literature to explain RTAs in terms of the impact on various groups with differing degrees of influence over trade policy formation and implementation. Section 3 offers some concluding observations.
Developing the New Product Design
Authors: Geroski P. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explains how from a muddle of product proliferation, emerges a dominant design. It begins by noting the interest that both consumers and producers have to standardize products. Then identifies the idea of a dominant design with that of a ‘consensus good’ and describes how this ‘consensus’ is reached in the market. Illustrations are drawn from several product‐case studies such as typewriters, computer operating systems, video cassette recorders, automobiles, and quadraphonic sound.
Into the Future
Authors: Geroski P. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sketches out the basic features of market evolution that follow from the events in the early stages of development. It assesses the advantages and disadvantages of being the first or second mover in a new market. It considers as well, the changing character of the competition once there is a dominant design and the issue of getting locked‐in. It concludes with some remarks on the possible character and origin of the new technology.
The Theory and Measurement of Passive‐Use Value
Authors: Carson Richard T. , Flores Nicholas E. , Mitchell Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An attempt is made to disentangle passive‐use value and contingent valuation and present them in a useful perspective as regards environmental goods. The first part of the chapter provides a theoretical exposition of passive‐use value – defined as value oriented towards the researcher in that it relates to what is potentially observable or estimable. The approach taken differs from earlier definitions that rely on motives. In the second main part of the chapter, six issues are addressed concerning the measurement of total value that are frequently advanced as criticisms of contingent valuation and are thought to be related to passive‐use value. These are commodity valuation; the effect of different means of project provision and payment aspects on the value of goods; resource familiarity; the claim that passive‐use values are an issue only in cases of irreversible changes to unique resources; how to deal with substitutes in a valuation analysis; and the incentive compatibility structures of contingent valuation questions.
Alternatives to the Neo‐Classical Theory of Choice
Authors: Sugden Robert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The concepts of accuracy and bias in surveys, like that of elicitation of preferences, presuppose that there are true answers to the questions that contingent valuation (CV) studies address. This chapter reviews a body of research that raises doubts about that presupposition; it focuses on two issues in CV methodology: divergences between willingness‐to‐pay and willingness‐to‐accept valuations, and the sensitivity of reported valuations to the elicitation method. Section 6.1 discusses the status of Hicksian consumer theory, and Sects, 6.2 and 6.3 investigate how far the valuations elicited by CV surveys might be expected to differ between willingness‐to‐pay and willingness‐to‐accept formats, and between different elicitation methods if respondents had Hicksian preferences and if survey instruments were unbiased. Section 6.4 considers the possibility that, although respondents do have Hicksian preferences, certain CV survey designs are systematically biased, and Sects. 6.5 and 6.6 look at some non‐Hicksian theories of decision‐making, and draw out their implications for the valuations generated by CV surveys. Sects. 6.7 and 6.8 review the evidence generated by CV and experimental research, and ask whether this can best be explained by Hicksian theory alone, by Hicksian theory combined with hypotheses about bias, or by non‐Hicksian theories; Sect. 6.9 draws some tentative conclusions.
Doubt, Doubts, and Doubters: The Genesis of a New Research Agenda?
Authors: Boyle Kevin J. , Bergstrom John C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe controversy surrounding contingent valuation following the Exxon Valdez disaster and the NOAA Panel report suggests the need for improved CV study designs. Three issues are of importance in CV studies: understanding option price, sorting out non‐use values, and the relationship between willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) and willingness‐to‐accept (WTA) compensation. Progress also demands more research on the types of information respondents commonly use when answering CV questions, as well as resolving issues of how to deal with zero, protest, and misstated responses.
A Psychological Perspective
Authors: Green Colin , Tunstall Sylvia 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The application of psychological perspectives is crucial to deriving reliable estimates of value in contingent valuation studies. A more elaborate version of the Fishbein –Ajzen model is developed to explore the relationships between beliefs, attitudes, and behavioural intentions. Cognitive beliefs, attitudes, social norms, and awareness are shown to affect responses to CV questions. Also important to the process is the demands of interviewers and respondents in the survey situation.
The Statistical Analysis of Discrete‐Response CV Data
Authors: Hanemann Michael , Kanninen Barbara 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEconomic theory of responses to CV survey questions is developed, set within the framework of the random utility maximization model, which generates statistical models for the survey responses. A number of statistical issues arise in the estimation of economic welfare measures from data on CV responses using the maximum likelihood method. Optimal experimental design procedures are outlined to select the bids to be used in CV surveys. Advanced topics in statistical design and the analysis of discrete choice data are presented.
Patterns of Movement Inclusion and Exclusion in the Four Countries
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe experience of environmentalism in the US, UK, Germany, and Norway is introduced in detail, with special reference to the relationship between the state and the movement. The history of each country in the modern environmental era is sketched. The movement took a very different form in each country. The oppositional public sphere confronting the state in Germany looks very different from the well‐behaved set of interest groups in the US or the Norwegian organizations that are tightly integrated into government. The shape and fortunes of environmentalism are heavily influenced by the state's orientation to societal interests, which can feature inclusion or exclusion, and be passive or active.
Co‐optive or Effective Inclusion? Movement Aims and State Imperatives
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSometimes the inclusion of the environmental movement in the state that has occurred has been genuine, and sometimes it has involved co‐option, i.e. access without real influence. We argue that inclusion can be genuine when the movement's defining interest can be attached to one of the core state imperatives; this explains why the US alone could prove such an environmental success story around 1970. Later in the 1970s, energy crisis meant that environmentalism was kept away from the state's core in all four countries, though there was substantial variation in how this was played out. More recent history reveals environmentalism generally kept away from the core, though there are exceptions (especially in Norway and, later, Germany).
The Dynamics of Democratization
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSocial movements contribute to democracy and democratization. This chapter broadens the focus to democracy within society as a whole, civil society, and the public sphere as well as the state, and the contributions that movements can make to it. The counterintuitive conclusions are that inclusive states can actually be bad for democracy in the society as a whole (even if they look positive when it comes to democracy within the state), while passive exclusion in states such as Germany can promote democracy. States with a prescriptive orientation to civil society, be it on behalf of inclusion or exclusion, stifle movement diversity.
Evaluating Movement Effectiveness and Strategy
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Downes David , Hunold Christian , Schlosberg David , Hernes Hans‐Kristian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Evaluates and compares movement strategy and success in influencing public policy within the state when environmentalists act in conventional interest group or in political party fashion. But movements can also influence public policy when they confront the state from civil society. In addition, movements in civil society can take effect more directly by changing the terms of political discourse and political culture, and engaging paragovernmental activity that bypasses the state. In light of these possibilities, guidelines are developed for movements contemplating whether to act within the state, in oppositional civil society, or in both. We show when and how the popular ‘dual strategy’ for movement action can work—and when it cannot.
Bahrain
Authors: Hartmann Christof 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Bahrain since its independence. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Bahrain's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Iran
Authors: Kauz Ralph , Sharoudi Hamid Khosravi , Rieck Andreas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Iran since 1906. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Iran's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Iraq
Authors: Axtmann Dirk 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Iraq since 1921. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Iraq's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Israel
Authors: Ries Matthias 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections held in Israel since its independence in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Israel's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary, presidential elections and elections for Prime Minister, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Jordan
Authors: Dieterich Renate 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections held in Jordan since its independence in 1946. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Jordan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Lebanon
Authors: Scheffler Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Lebanon since its independence in 1941. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Lebanon's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Syria
Authors: Zisser Eyal 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Syria since its independence. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Syria's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Turkey
Authors: Schüler Harald 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held since the proclamation of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Turkey's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Yemen
Authors: Glosemeyer Iris 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in the former two Yemeni states and today's Republic of Yemen. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Yemen's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Eschment Beate , Grotz Florian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIncludes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Kyrgyzstan since 1990. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Kyrgyzstan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).