bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship in the large corporation: a longitudinal study of how established firms create breakthrough inventions
Authors: Ahuja Gautam , Morris Lampert Curba 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a model that explains how established firms create breakthrough inventions. We identify three organizational pathologies that inhibit breakthrough inventions: the familiarity trap – favoring the familiar; the maturity trap – favoring the mature; and the propinquity trap – favoring search for solutions near to existing solutions. We argue that by experimenting with novel (i.e., technologies in which the firm lacks prior experience), emerging (technologies that are recent or newly developed in the industry), and pioneering (technologies that do not build on any existing technologies) technologies firms can overcome these traps and create breakthrough inventions. Empirical evidence from the chemicals industry supports our model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology‐based firms
Authors: Yli‐Renko Helena , Autio Erkko , Sapienza Harry J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEmploying a sample of 180 entrepreneurial high‐technology ventures based in the United Kingdom, we examine the effects of social capital in key customer relationships on knowledge acquisition and knowledge exploitation. Building on the relational view and on social capital and knowledge‐based theories, we propose that social capital facilitates external knowledge acquisition in key customer relationships and that such knowledge mediates the relationship between social capital and knowledge exploitation for competitive advantage. Our results indicate that the social interaction and network ties dimensions of social capital are indeed associated with greater knowledge acquisition, but that the relationship quality dimension is negatively associated with knowledge acquisition. Knowledge acquisition is, in turn, positively associated with knowledge exploitation for competitive advantage through new product development, technological distinctiveness, and sales cost efficiency. Further, our results provide evidence that knowledge acquisition plays a mediating role between social capital and knowledge exploitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variations in ownership behavior and propensity to diversify: a study of the Indian corporate context
Authors: Ramaswamy Kannan , Li Mingfang , Veliyath Rajaram 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between ownership and diversification has been the focus of renewed debate between financial economists and strategic management scholars. While financial economists hold that manager‐controlled firms tend to reflect higher levels of diversification, strategy researchers argue that ownership and diversification are not systematically related. In throwing light on this debate, this study uses a fine‐grained definition of ownership groups to explore how the different objectives and monitoring predispositions of distinct ownership groups might influence diversification strategy. The empirical examination is set in India to offer a striking contrast from the predominantly U.S.‐based studies that have shaped the ongoing debate. Findings show that diverse ownership groups adopt different postures in monitoring and/or influencing organizational diversification. While some ownership groups are closely associated with focused strategies, and some encourage diversification, others are quite indifferent. These results suggest that the context‐specific variation among ownership groups is germane to our understanding of diversification strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Option value and entry timing
Authors: Miller Kent D. , Folta Timothy B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhen facing uncertainty, firms entering new markets can make initial foothold investments rather than undertake large sunk investments. Such investments are real call option purchases. They offer management flexibility, but also raise questions about whether and when to increase commitments to new markets. We present an entry timing decision criterion and discuss its application to a variety of market entry situations. Optimal timing for exercising real options depends on current dividends, possibilities for preemption, and whether the option is simple or compound, proprietary or shared. Our analysis reveals critical assumptions and new theoretical insights regarding market entry timing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field studies using functional size measurement in building estimation models for software maintenance
Authors: Abran Alain , Silva Ilionar , Primera Laura 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEven though a significant number of estimation models have been proposed for development projects, few have been proposed for software maintenance. This paper reports on two field studies carried out on the use of functional size measures in building estimation models for sets of maintenance projects implementing small functional enhancements in existing software. The first field‐study reports on models built with 15 projects making functional enhancements to an internet‐based software program for linguistic applications. The second field study analyses 19 maintenance projects on a single real‐time embedded software program in the defense industry. Both field studies collected functional size measures using version 2.0 of the COSMIC‐FFP functional size measurement method. Also both field studies classified projects into two classes of project difficulty in order to aid identifying subsets of projects with greater homogeneity in the relationship of project effort to functional size. This paper is the first published paper reporting on the use this second generation of functional size‐measurement methods in a maintenance‐estimation context. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On misdirected systemsa
Authors: Ackoff Russell L. , Pourdehnad John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany, if not most, social systems are trying to do things right, but are not doing the right things. Examples are drawn from transportation, health care, law and order, and education. In addition, it is argued that most corporations do not practice what they preach, and that such remedies as downsizing are dysfunctional and harmful to society. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Connection matters: exploring the implications of social capital and social networks for social policy
Authors: White Leroy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe concept of social capital is a useful metaphor which suggests that a society with a rich web of relationships and widespread participation in community organizations will flourish, at many levels including the economic. Furthermore individuals who hold large accumulations of social capital will be at an advantage over others with less. A number of people, particularly ‘third way thinkers,’ have taken up the theme in the UK context. The view is that it can be an indicator of social change or its accumulation will lead to social change in some form. In this paper an overview of some of the developments of social capital will be given. The issue about measurement will be addressed, particularly social networks as a proxy to social capital. Some recent application to current social and health policy programmes will be explored. Finally some questions about whether social networks are an indicator of social capital will also be explored. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal cocaine exposure increases mesoprefrontal dopamine neuron responsivity to mild stress
Authors: Elsworth John D. , Morrow Bret A. , Roth Robert H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChildren whose mothers used cocaine during pregnancy appear to have an increased incidence of certain neurobehavioral deficits. Rodent models of prenatal cocaine exposure have mimicked these deficits in the offspring, yet the biochemical basis of the behavioral abnormalities is unknown. We have been able to reproduce short‐term memory deficits in our rat intravenous model of prenatal cocaine exposure, and as short‐term memory is dependent on the function of dopamine neurons innervating the medial prefrontal cortex, we hypothesized that prenatal cocaine induces a dysfunction in the regulation of this pathway. Here we report that mild footshock stress, which preferentially activates the mesoprefrontal dopamine system, leads to an enhanced increase in dopamine turnover in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex of adolescent (postnatal day 35–37) rats exposed to cocaine in utero, suggesting that the dopamine neurons innervating this region are hyperresponsive in these rats. Thus, this biochemical alteration may be central to some of the cognitive deficits exhibited by offspring that were exposed to cocaine during fetal development. Synapse 42:80–83, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insufficient folic acid intake in the Netherlands: What about the future?
Authors: De Walle H.E.K. , De Jong‐Van Den Berg L.T.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundIn 1993 all women of childbearing age in the Netherlands were advised to take a daily 0.5 mg folic acid pill to reduce the risk for neural tube defects. This study describes both recent and past awareness and use of folic acid supplements in relation to socio‐economic status in the Northern Netherlands. The consequences of a recent report of the Dutch Health Council report will be discussed as well.MethodsIn the most recent cross‐sectional study (November 2000), pregnant women filled out a questionnaire. Out of 473 women, 461 were willing to cooperate. The highest fulfilled level of education was taken as an indicator for socio‐economic status.ResultsSeventy‐seven percent (n = 357) of the respondents had heard about folic acid before being pregnant. Sixty‐three percent (n = 289) knew about the protective effect for NTDs and 33% (n = 151) knew the entire advised period. Sixty‐one percent (n = 265) of the respondents used folic acid in some part of the advised period and 36% (n = 164) used it in the entire advised period. Higher educated women knew more about folic acid and used it significantly more often in the periconceptional period than lower educated women.ConclusionsBecause compliance to proper use of folic acid was poor, food fortification in the Netherlands must be seriously considered. The Dutch Health Council wants to limit the fortification of food products to those products that are especially aimed for women who wish to become pregnant. The fortification of specific products instead of staple foods is a missed chance to reduce NTDs and possibly other birth defects and cardiovascular defects as well. Teratology 66:40–43, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene and association of its Pro185Ala polymorphism with micropenis
Authors: Fujita Hideki , Kosaki Rika , Yoshihashi Hiroshi , Ogata Tsutomu , Tomita Masaru , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Takahashi Takao , Matsuo Nobutake , Kosaki Kenjiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundGenetic background of a fetus contributes to the abnormal development after teratogen exposure. In rodents, in utero exposure to dioxins affects male external genital development. The effects of dioxins are mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its binding protein, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT). In mice, aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR), which binds to ARNT in competition with AHR, plays a critical negative regulatory role in AHR signaling. We attempt to characterize the human AHRR gene and investigate the relationship between AHRR polymorphisms and the incidence of micropenis, a phenotype of undermasculinization.MethodsWe identified and characterized the human homolog of mouse AHRR, taking advantage of the publicly available draft version of the human genome sequence. After detecting an AHRR protein polymorphism by the direct sequencing of pooled human genomic DNA, we evaluated the association between the polymorphism and the presence or absence of micropenis (<−2.5 SD) in patients with micropenis and control subjects.ResultsThe deduced sequence for human AHRR (715 residues) and the mouse AHRR protein exhibited 81% sequence homology to each other. The Pro185Ala polymorphism was identified between the PAS‐A region and the highly conserved arginine/cysteine‐rich RCFRCRL/VRC region. Forty‐six percent (27/59) of patients with micropenis and 27% (22/80) of the controls were homozygous for 185Pro; this difference in frequencies was significant (P = 0.03).ConclusionsHomozygosity for the 185Pro allele of AHRR may increase the susceptibility of a fetus to the undermasculinizing effects of dioxin exposure in utero, presumably through the diminished inhibition of AHR‐mediated signaling. Teratology 65:10–18, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brazil.com
Authors: DeGouvea Raul , Kassicieh Suleiman K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractE‐commerce is rapidly becoming an important component of business environments. The use of the Web
internationally has its challenges and its potential. This article examines the Brazilian e‐business
environment that has been undergoing dramatic changes. It analyzes these changes and the business models
required for success in this prominent Latin American market. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Interaction of SMKT, a killer toxin produced by Pichia farinosa, with the yeast cell membranes
Authors: Suzuki Chise , Ando Yoshiji , Machida Sachiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSMKT (salt‐mediated killer toxin), a killer toxin produced by the halotolerant yeast, Pichia farinosa, kills yeasts of several genera, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To elucidate the killing mechanism of SMKT, we examined the interaction of SMKT with membranes using liposomes. Leakage of calcein from calcein‐entrapped liposomes was observed in the presence of SMKT. Destruction of liposomes was observed by dark‐field microscopy. Comparison of intact S. cerevisiae cells with SMKT‐treated cells by dark‐field microscopy indicated that the spherical cell membrane is disrupted by SMKT. Using sodium carbonate extraction, we obtained direct evidence for the first time that SMKT is associated with the membrane of sensitive cells. Our results indicate that SMKT kills sensitive S. cerevisiae by interacting with the yeast cell membrane. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting the yeast chromosome VI DNA sequence reveals a correction merging YFL007w and YFL006w to a single ORF
Authors: Robben Johan , Hertveldt Kirsten , Volckaert Guido 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe overall contiguity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VI sequence assembly was assessed by systematic long‐range PCR, PCR product size determination and sequencing. Using S. cerevisiae strain FY1679 total genomic DNA as template, 41 overlapping PCR products were generated, covering the complete 270 kb chromosome VI sequence. Specificity of the PCR products was confirmed by direct end‐sequencing. No fragment size discrepancies with the published sequence were observed, confirming the overall sequence assembly. Gel reads of the PCR‐fragment ends compile to a total of resequenced DNA representing 16% of the entire chromosome VI and reveal three single nucleotide differences. One of these is an extra G in the protein‐coding region of YFL007w. Due to this additional nucleotide, the coding sequences of YFL007w and YFL006w become part of a 6432 bp ORF. The same sequence also resulted from analysis of strain BY4743. Homologous proteins of unknown function found in Candida albicans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans and man, as well as comparative data from published transcript profiles of YFL006w and YFL007w, give additional evidence for the existence of a single gene at this locus in yeast. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Philosophy of environmental enrichment: Past, present, and future
Authors: Mellen Jill , Sevenich MacPhee Marty 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe brief tenure of environmental enrichment has been influenced both directly and indirectly by the field of psychology, from the work of B.F. Skinner to that of Hal Markowitz. Research on enrichment supports the supposition that an enriched environment does indeed contribute to a captive animal’s well‐being. Critical elements of effective environmental enrichment are 1) assessing the animal’s natural history, individual history, and exhibit constraints and 2) providing species‐appropriate opportunities, i.e., the animal should have some choices within its environment. This paper presents a historic perspective of environmental enrichment, proposes a broader, more holistic approach to the enrichment of animals in captive environments, and describes a framework or process that will ensure a consistent and self‐sustaining enrichment program. Zoo Biol 20:211–226, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Which joint position puts the axillary nerve at lowest risk when performing arthroscopic capsular release in patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder?
Authors: Jerosch J. , Filler T. , Peuker E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe success of arthroscopic capsular release of the glenohumeral joint depends on complete incision of the inferior capsule. This study determined the distance between capsule and the axillary nerve in different joint positions. In 14 human shoulder specimens the anterior joint capsule and axillary nerve were dissected, and the anterior joint capsule was incised between the 1 and 5 o'clock positions. The shortest distance between the insertion of the inferior capsule and the axillary nerve was measured at the glenoid and humeral insertions in abduction, adduction, internal, and external rotation. The axillary nerve is surrounded from soft connective tissue and is closer to the humeral than to the glenoidal attachment of the joint capsule. During abduction and external rotation the nerve stays in its position while the glenohumeral capsule tightens, which increases the distance between the two structures. This results in the following distances: to the glenoidal/humeral capsule insertion: in adduction and neutral rotation, 21.2±4.2/14.2±2.6 mm; in abduction and neutral rotation, 24.0±4.9/15.0±5.0 mm; in abduction and internal rotation, 21.1±6.6/14.6±3.7 mm; and in abduction and external rotation, 24.9±3.8/16.4±4.4 mm. Thus, when performing arthroscopic capsular release the incision of the glenohumeral joint capsule should be undertaken at the glenoidal insertion in the abducted and externally rotated shoulder.
Experimental and clinical assessment of the accuracy of knee extension measurement techniques
Authors: Jagodzinski M. , Kleemann V. , Angele P. , Schönhaar V. , Iselborn K.W. , Mall G. , Nerlich M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of commonly used techniques for the measurement of knee extension and to compare them with a new measurement device. The bars of an external fixator were used to determine reference knee extension angles of 15 human cadavers. These angles were compared with measurements of knee extension on radiographs limited to the knee joint. Extension was determined in various knee positions using a generic goniometer and a novel long arm goniometer. In a clinical study, two independent examiners categorized knee extension performance according to the IKDC. Sixteen knees with deficits in the range of motion were rated using a generic goniometer, a long arm goniometer and the novel extension measurement device. The radiological measurement of knee extension angles that were restricted to the shaft of femur and tibia had a systematic error of –5.2±1.9° compared with the lines created by the centers of rotation. In the experimental setup, the mean absolute deviations were 3.92±1.41° with a generic goniometer and 1.22±0.20° with the extension measurement device. The variance of the measurements was significantly lower (2.64±0.28) than with the generic goniometer (23.72±4.39;P<0.05). Correspondence in the IKDC rating was 63% using a standard goniometer, 50% with the long arm goniometer, and 96% using the novel device. Radiological measurements of knee extension limited to the area of the knee joint deviates systematically from measurements of the total axis of the bones. A precision goniometer that utilizes bony landmarks of the tibia and femur is superior in accuracy compared with standard and long arm goniometer techniques.
Efficacy and Safety of Preoperative Lobar or Segmental Ablation via Transarterial Administration of Ethiodol and Ethanol Mixture for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Clinical Study
Authors: Cheng Yu‐fan , Kan Zuxing , Chen Chao‐long , Huang Tung‐liang , Chen Tai‐yi , Yang Bor‐yau , Ko Sheung‐fat , Lee Tze‐yu 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Transarterial embolization (TAE) using various thrombotic substances for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) performed on many patients has resulted in a better survival rate. We evaluated the efficacy and clinical safety of using an Ethiodol–ethanol mixture as the embolizer for treatment of HCC and the possibility of a surgical approach for inoperable tumors after TAE. Twenty patients with HCC who underwent TAE and tumor resection were included in the study. Initially, eight had increased retention rate of indocyanine green dye via intravenous injection (0.5 mg/kg) at 15 minutes (ICGR15), and six had an insufficient residual volume that precluded them from undergoing tumor resection. TAE was performed by slowly infusing the mixture of Ethiodol and ethanol into the artery supplying the tumor until dual hepatic artery and portal vein embolization was achieved. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase increased after embolization, but all biochemistry studies reverted to normal within 2 weeks. A decreased tumor size (n= 15), improved ICG (n= 8), and increased volume of the nonembolized lobe (n= 10) were noted. The operations performed were right lobectomy (n= 11), extended right lobectomy (n= 3), left lobectomy (n= 2), extended left lobectomy (n= 2), and wedge resection (n= 2), which included patients who did not want to undergo major hepatectomy. Complete tumor necrosis was found in seven cases. All patients survived with no associated complications. The 1‐year survival rate was 95%. Transarterial Ethiodol and ethanol administration creating dual hepatic artery and portal vein embolization was a safe and efficacious method for treating HCC. It effectively decreases tumor size, causes compensatory hepatic hypertrophy, and improves the ICGR15, which allows a wider range of patients to undergo liver surgery and achieve better survival.