bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of El Niño–southern oscillation upon weather regimes over Europe and the North Atlantic during boreal winter
Authors: Moron Vincent , Plaut Guy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe influence of the warm and cold sea‐surface temperatures in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific associated with El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) on the probability of occurrence of weather regimes (WRs) over the North Atlantic sector is investigated for the period November–March. Five WRs are identified from daily sea‐level pressure anomalies (SLPAs) during 119 winters (1882–2000) over this sector by applying cluster analysis: the positive North Atlantic oscillation (NAO; called ZO for zonal) and negative NAO (called WBL for west blocking) patterns; GA (for Greenland anticyclone), with a positive SLPA shifted north of 60° N; EA (for European anticyclone) with a positive SLPA over Europe but enhanced north–south SLPA gradient over the western and central North Atlantic; and AR (for Atlantic Ridge) with a positive (negative) SLPA over the central North Atlantic (northern and central Europe).El Niño winters are associated with a significant increase (decrease) in the prevalence of ZO (WBL) in November–December and a significant increase (decrease) in the prevalence of GA and WBL (EA and ZO) in January–March. During La Niña winters, ZO (WBL and AR) occurs significantly less (more) frequently in November–December, and GA and WBL (EA and AR) are less (more) frequent in January–March. So, the anomalies of the WR frequencies are almost inverted between November–December and January–March. The response of the WR frequencies to ENSO extremes is most pronounced in February.On the inter‐ and multi‐decadal time scales, the typical ENSO signals tend to be stronger during preferred phases of the basinwide westerlies, especially in January–March. The typical El Niño signal in January–March (e.g. more GA and WBL and less ZO and EA than normal) is strong when westerlies are slower than normal, around 1900, 1915 and mainly from 1930 to 1970. The generally reversed association during La Niña winters (e.g. more EA and AR and less GA and WBL than normal) in January–March is strong mainly when westerlies are faster than normal. Anomalies are weaker and quite different during ‘slow westerlies–La Niña’ and ‘fast westerlies–El Niño’ January–March winters. Such a modulation also appears in November–December with reversed association (i.e. stronger ENSO signal during ‘slow westerlies–La Niña’ and ‘fast westerlies–El Niño’ November–December winters), but the difference between the slow and fast westerlies phases is weaker than in January–March. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid‐13th century volcanic eruption
Authors: Oppenheimer Clive 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIce cores from both the Arctic and Antarctic record a massive volcanic eruption in around AD 1258. The inter‐hemispheric transport of ash and sulphate aerosol suggests a low‐latitude explosive eruption, but the volcano responsible is not known. This is remarkable given estimates of the magnitude of the event, which range up to 5 × 1014–2 × 1015 kg (∼200–800 km3 of dense magma), which would make this the largest eruption of the historic period, and one of the very largest of the Holocene. The associated collapse caldera could have had a diameter up to 10–30 km. Palaeoclimate reconstructions indicate very cold austral and boreal summers in AD 1257–59, consistent with known patterns of continental summer cooling following tropical, sulphur‐rich explosive eruptions. This suggests an eruption in AD 1257, producing a stronger climate forcing than hitherto recognized. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Estimation of transboundary air pollution on the basis of synoptic‐scale weather types
Authors: Helmis C. G. , Moussiopoulos N. , Flocas H. A. , Sahm P. , Assimakopoulos V. D. , Naneris C. , Maheras P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA methodology to estimate annual transboundary atmospheric transport is proposed, taking into account different background meteorological conditions. For this purpose, the 850 hPa synoptic‐scale atmospheric circulation over the area examined was classified on a daily basis into 14 distinct synoptic types, using a database for an extended period of 40 years. The corresponding frequency of appearance of the synoptic types for a normal year was calculated. For selected days representing the synoptic types during this year, the inflow–outflow fluxes of NOx and SO2 were estimated through a balancing box with the aid of a MEMO/TRAPPA modelling system. According to the proposed method, the total inflow–outflow fluxes were calculated using the lateral fluxes for each representative day, being weighted by the annual relative frequency of appearance of the synoptic scale weather types. It was demonstrated that this approach provides similar results to the intensive method based on day‐by‐day calculations. Furthermore, this approach is easier to use, since it is based on the simulations of selected days, and it allows the investigation of the influence of different types of atmospheric circulation on the inflow–outflow budget. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Sea‐level pressure observations from Dutch ships 1854–1938 incorporated in COADS Release 1c climatology
Authors: Wallbrink H. , Koek F. , Können G. P. , Brandsma T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe quality of the 5.7 million punched sea‐level pressure observations from Dutch ships for 1854–1938 has been under debate due to ambiguities in the gravity correction. The observations were omitted from the 1985 COADS (Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set) Release 1 monthly summaries. We re‐examined the Dutch data with the help of original meteorological ship logs. It is concluded that the Dutch procedure for pressure reduction was consistent throughout time. The Dutch data are incorporated in the recent (2001) COADS Release 1c. This increases the number of COADS pressure observations for 1854–1938 by about 28%. For the 1854–80 subperiod the increase is more than a factor two. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Antioxidant actions and phenolic and vitamin C contents of common Mauritian exotic fruits
Authors: Luximon‐Ramma Amitabye , Bahorun Theeshan , Crozier Alan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeventeen commonly consumed exotic fruits from Mauritius were analysed for their antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and vitamin C content. Two independent methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential of total fruit extracts. The antioxidant activities of the fruits ranged from 1 to 47 µmol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) g−1 fresh weight and from 0.3 to 34 micro/mol g fresh weight (FRAP) g−1 fresh weight. Total phenolics in the fruits ranged from 118 to 5638 µg g−1 fresh weight, proanthocyanidins from 7 to 2561 µg g−1 fresh weight, flavonoids from 21 to 712 µg g−1 fresh weight and vitamin C content from 8 to 1426 µg g−1 fresh weight. There were strong correlations between antioxidant activity (assessed by both TEAC and FRAP) and total phenolics and proanthocyanidins. Flavonoids seemed to contribute less to the antioxidant potential of the fruits, while very poor correlations were observed between ascorbate content and antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant capacities were observed in red and yellow Psidium cattleianum Sabine ‘Chinese guava’, sweet and acid Averrhoa carambola L ‘starfruit’, Syzygium cumini L Skeels ‘jamblon’ and white Psidium guajava L ‘guava’. These fruits were also characterised by high levels of total phenolics. Mauritian exotic fruits are thus a significant source of phenolic antioxidants, which may have potential beneficial effects on health. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidantcontent of tomatoes
Authors: Dumas Yvon , Dadomo Mario , Di Lucca Giuseppe , Grolier Pascal 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAntioxidants are believed to be important in the prevention of diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Lycopene is one of the main antioxidants to be found in fresh tomatoes and processed tomato products. The lycopene content also accounts for the redness of the fruit, which is one of the main qualities for which industry and consumers now look. Other carotenes (such as β‐carotene), vitamin C, vitamin E and various phenolic compounds are also thought to be health‐promoting factors with antioxidant properties. Since the antioxidant content of tomatoes may depend on genetic factors, the choice of variety cultivated may affect the results at harvest. To be able to control the antioxidant content of tomatoes at the field level when growing a given variety, it is necessary to know the effects of both environmental factors and the agricultural techniques used. Temperatures below 12 °C strongly inhibit lycopene biosynthesis and temperatures above 32 °C stop this process altogether. The effects of the temperature on the synthesis of other antioxidants have not yet been properly assessed. The effects of light have been studied more thoroughly, apart from those on vitamin E. The effects of water availability, mineral nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium) and plant growth regulators have been studied, but results are sometimes contradictory and the data often incomplete. During the ripening period, lycopene content of tomatoes increases sharply from the pink stage onwards, but no sufficient attempts have been made so far to assess the changes in the other antioxidants present in the fruit. This paper reviews the present state of the art. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of tannic acid on in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis of some protein sources
Authors: Martínez Tomás F , Moyano Francisco J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe pH‐stat system has been used to assess the effect of tannic acid (TA) on solubility and in vitro enzyme hydrolysis of different proteins. Added TA (from 10 to 50 g kg−1) decreased the extent of hydrolysis of bovine serum albumin. Enzymic hydrolysis of casein, pea meal, soybean meal, and haemoglobin (HB) was increased, as measured by total amino acids released and by the degree of hydrolysis. SDS‐PAGE confirmed the results of the in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis. These findings suggest that, under in vitro conditions, when simulating the gastrointestinal environment of domestic mammals, the negative effects of TA described from in vivo experiments are not necessarily due to reduced hydrolysis of proteins. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Sorghum kafirin interaction with various phenolic compounds
Authors: Emmambux Naushad M , Taylor John RN 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe ability of various phenolic compounds to bind and precipitate kafirin, the prolamin protein of sorghum, was investigated with regard to effects on its nutritional and functional uses. The protein–phenolic compound interaction was quantified by haze formation and colorimetric determination of total polyphenol bound. Ferulic acid, catechin and extracted phenolics (flavonoids) from condensed tannin‐free sorghum did not complex kafirin. Only tannic acid and sorghum‐condensed tannins had the ability to complex kafirin. The sorghum‐condensed tannins interacted more strongly than tannic acid. The haze of sorghum‐condensed tannins–kafirin was permanent, indicating a strong interaction. The fact that sorghum‐condensed tannins can bind irreversibly to kafirin indicates that this may play a role in decreasing protein digestibility in high‐tannin sorghum and can cause haze formation in lager beer made from high‐tannin sorghum. However, in condensed tannin‐free sorghum, phenolic compounds may not appear to play a major role in decreasing protein digestibility, as these endogenous phenolics may not bind with kafirin. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical and physicochemical properties of dried wet masa and dry masa flour
Authors: Bello‐Pérez Luis A , Osorio‐Díaz Perla , Agama‐Acevedo Edith , Solorza‐Feria Javier , Toro‐Vázquez Jorge F , Paredes‐López Octavio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCommercial ‘masas’ and dry ‘masa’ flours (DMFs) were evaluated for chemical composition, water retention capacity (WRC), gelatinization, retrogradation and X‐ray diffraction. Both masas and DMF had similar chemical compositions. The masas had higher soluble carbohydrate contents and lower WRCs than DMF. In the same way, DMFs had lower gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies of gelatinization than masas. These results were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis showing a lower degree of crystallinity in DMFs than in masas. The melting temperature in retrogradated samples of both masas and DMFs had a tendency to increase as storage time increased. This increment was more apparent with the enthalpy of melting. These results were probably associated with crystal perfection during starch retrogradation, ie recrystallization of gelatinized starch occurred as a time‐dependent process. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Short‐term in vivo digestibility assessment of a highly oxidized and polymerized sunflower oil
Authors: González‐Muñoz M José , Bastida Sara , Sánchez‐Muniz Francisco J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test the in vivo digestibility of a highly polymerized sunflower oil. The true digestibility of both the unheated oil and of an oil heated at frying temperature (180 °C) for 50 h in the presence of air was determined by using a 4 h in vivo test after applying the oil by an oesophageal probe to Wistar rats followed by high‐performance exclusion chromatography analysis of the luminal remaining fat. The true digestibility coefficient of the heated oil did not change significantly with respect to the unheated oil, although it tended to decrease (p < 0.1; 38%). The true digestibility of polymers, dimers, and total oligomers was 30%, 59%, and 38% respectively, whereas those of the unheated oil was much higher (95%, 90%, and 91% respectively). True digestibility did not change for the triacylglycerol monomers. The plasma concentration of triacylglycerol tended to decrease (9.7%; p > 0.05) in the rats receiving the heated oil, suggesting some delay in the absorption mechanism. Data show that thermoxidized compounds from abused oil are poorly but actively hydrolysed and absorbed in vivo. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Fatty acid composition and sensory quality of Musculus longissimus and carcass parameters in red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazed on natural pasture or fed a commercial feed mixture
Authors: Wiklund Eva , Manley Timothy R , Littlejohn Roger P , Stevenson‐Barry Joanne M 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effects of feeding regimen on carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition and sensory quality of Musculus longissimus were studied in 16 male red deer. All animals were farm raised; eight were grazed on pasture and eight were fed a pelleted commercial feed mixture for 10 weeks prior to slaughter. The pellet‐fed deer had a significantly higher dressing percentage than the pasture group. No differences were found in ultimate pH values and muscle glycogen content when comparing the treatment groups. Polar and neutral lipid fatty acid composition of the meat were analysed separately. Meat from pasture‐fed deer showed a high content of the fatty acid 18 : 3 n‐3 in the polar lipid fraction. In the same lipid fraction, the fatty acid 18 : 2 n‐6 was dominant in meat from the pellet fed animals. Similar differences in the neutral lipid fraction were found when comparing fatty acid composition between treatment groups; however, the abundance of these fatty acids was much less. A trained expert panel using a descriptive test assessed the sensory profile of the meat. There was a significant difference between the two treatment groups for the sensory attribute of grassy flavour, with the pellet‐fed animals having less grassy flavour than the animals grazing pasture. It was concluded that further research is needed to explore the effects of various feeding regimens applied to deer on parameters associated with meat lipids, including antioxidants and oxidation products. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Microbial degradation of rice and barley straws in the sheep rumen and the donkey caecum
Authors: Agbagla‐Dohnani Ahoefa , Cornu Agnès , Nozière Pierre , Besle Jean‐Michel , Dulphy Jean‐Pierre , Doreau Michel , Grenet Elisabeth 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe chemical composition, intake, digestibility, ultrastructure and microbial degradation of rice straw from Camargue were compared with barley straw. These variables were observed in two different herbivore digestive ecosystems: the sheep rumen and the donkey caecum. The two straws differed essentially in their ash content, which was three times higher in rice, owing to its silica content. Other chemical components were comparable, except a higher phenolic acids‐to‐lignin ratio in rice. Rice straw was better ingested than barley straw. Organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were the same in both straws. Dry matter and cell wall disappearances could be adjusted to the exponential modelling equation with lag time, and differed between animals but not between straws. The sheep rumen had a higher extent of degradation, but the donkey caecum had a higher degradation rate. Statistical analysis revealed that cell‐wall components degradation was similar in the two straws except for ferulic acid, which was more degraded in rice straw. Scanning electron microscopy showed important differences in parenchyma degradation, which was much more effective in rice. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of mass transport on microstructure of Granny Smith apple parenchyma during osmotic dehydration
Authors: Quiles Amparo , Pérez‐Munuera Isabel , Hernando Isabel , Lluch Ma Ángeles 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe chemical components of foods are organized in microscopic structures that can modify mass transfer. The study of material penetration in foods can be made using X‐ray microanalysis. In order to study the microstructural behaviour when fruit was osmotically dehydrated, a glucose molecule modified with chloral (1,2‐O‐2′,2′,2′‐trichloroethylidene‐α‐D‐glucofuranose) was used as an osmotic standard with chlorine detectable by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis. Parenchyma of Granny Smith apple is a simple tissue, so it was chosen as reference. The results show that both the apoplastic and symplastic routes played an active role in mass transfer. The osmotic agent penetrated both the symplast and apoplast well into the depths of the fruit, although greater deterioration of cells was observed near the surface. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Immobilization of invertase on celite and on polyacrylamide by an absorption procedure
Authors: Mansour Esam H , Dawoud Fathy M 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInvertase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was immobilized on celite and on polyacrylamide by an absorption procedure. The properties of the immobilized invertase were characterized and compared with those of soluble invertase. The activity yield for immobilized invertase on celite and on polyacrylamide was 92% and 81% respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for both soluble and immobilized invertase activity were 4.6 and 60 °C respectively. The activity of immobilized invertase is stable in the range pH 4.0–6.5. The immobilized invertase was thermostable when incubated at temperatures ranging from 40 to 60 °C. Immobilized invertase had a high stability when stored at room temperature for 90 days and had an excellent operational stability when used 20 times repeatedly. The invertase immobilized on celite was more stable than invertase immobilized on polyacrylamide. The invertase preparations immobilised by absorption procedures exhibited marked stability towards temperature, pH changes and had high storage and operational stability, suggesting their excellent potential for use as supports. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein and banana chips after deep‐fat frying
Authors: Che Man Yaakob B , Ammawath Wanna , Rahman Russly A , Yusof Salmah 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe changes in quality characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein used for deep‐fat frying of banana chips (180°C for 3 min at 17 min intervals for 2 h day−1, to give six fryings per day and 30 fryings over five consecutive days) were studied. Four frying systems were used: RBD palm olein without antioxidant (system 1); RBD palm olein with 0.2 g kg−1 α‐tocopherol (system 2); RBD palm olein with 1 g kg−1 oleoresin rosemary (system 3); and RBD palm olein with the combination of 0.1 g kg−1 α‐tocopherol + 0.5 g kg−1 oleoresin rosemary (system 4). Fried oil samples were analysed for fatty acid composition, peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AnV), totox value, free fatty acids (FFA) value, iodine value, $E_{\rm 1cm}^{1\%}$ at 232 and 268 nm, colour and viscosity. The crispness and sensory evaluation of the banana chips fried in this study were also evaluated. The results showed that RBD palm olein with added antioxidant reduced PV, AnV, totox value, $E_{\rm 1cm}^{1\%}$ at 232 and 268 nm, FFA and viscosity. The order of effectiveness in inhibiting oil oxidation in RBD palm olein was: oleoresin rosemary > α tocopherol + oleoresin rosemary > α‐tocopherol > control. For the crispness, the force values of banana chips fried in all systems were comparable. Sensory evaluation of fried banana chips for each system showed that there was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in terms of colour, flavour, odour, texture and overall acceptability. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of variety on chemical composition, in situ nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production of spineless cacti
Authors: Batista Angela M , Mustafa Arif F , McAllister Tim , Wang Yuxi , Soita Henry , McKinnon John J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study determined the chemical composition, in situ ruminal nutrient disappearance and in vitro gas production kinetics of three cactus varieties grown in northeastern Brazil. The varieties were Gigante, IPA‐20 and Miúda. Results of the chemical analysis showed no significant differences in ash, ether extract, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) between the cactus varieties. However, acid detergent fibre was highest (P < 0.05) for IPA‐20, intermediate (P < 0.05) for Gigante, and lowest (P < 0.05) for Miúda. Fractionation of carbohydrate and true protein based on rates of ruminal degradation indicated that the main carbohydrate component was the rapidly degradable fraction, whereas the main true protein component was the intermediately degradable fraction. No differences in carbohydrate or protein fractions were observed between the cactus varieties. Results of the in situ experiment showed no differences in ruminal dry matter (DM, average 803 g kg−1 of DM), CP (900 g kg−1 of CP) and NDF (611 g kg−1 of NDF) disappearance between the three cactus varieties after 48 h of ruminal incubation. Potential gas production at the end of 48 h of incubation was higher (P < 0.05) for Gigante than for the Miúda or IPA‐20 variety. However, rate of gas production and lag time in gas production were similar for the three cactus varieties at 6.8% h−1 and 0.6 h respectively. Our results showed little or no differences in chemical composition or ruminal nutrient degradabilities between the three cactus varieties. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry