bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bavli: Canonical Echoes, Intimations of Dissent
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the Babylonian Talmud (henceforth: the Bavli) we come to the final and, in the opinion of many, definitive expression of classical rabbinic Judaism. The Bavli is a work of independent spirit, drawing widely on the earlier tradition but allowing no earlier authority to dictate its views. As in so many other matters, the Bavli not only records traditional opinions on suffering and related issues but also expresses opinions that have no rabbinic precedents, opinions that, when viewed against the earlier rabbinic canon, are genuinely radical.
The Great Mother
Authors: Motz Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of an all-embracing maternal divinity, a Great Mother, ruling religious life, manifest in the earliest symbolic expressions, and en during and unfolding through the ages in an infinite variety of forms, has been widely recognized by scholars of various disciplines. Her earliest epiphany has been discerned in statuettes of ivory or stone that were found in dwelling places of the Upper Paleolithic Aurignac-Solutrean cultures, dating back as far as 30,000 B.C.E. The artifacts were unearthed in such widely separated places as Austria, Russia, and Spain, yet show a certain homogeneity in certain aspects of the body. Frequently, the woman is of great obesity, with sagging breasts, protruding stomach, and enormous haunches, though slim and stylized versions have also been encountered. Since the woman’s form is suggestive of the state of pregnancy, she has been regarded as a power of fecundity who gives expression to the deeply felt mystery of birth and generation.
Demeter, tlie vislied ‘Eartli: Greece
Authors: Motz Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE earliest farming communities of Greece are dated to the seventh millennium B.C.E. and were centered in the fertile regions. A truly splendid civilization originated in the third millennium on the island of Crete, dazzling in its sophistication and accomplishments, and closely related to a similar, somewhat later culture on the mainland. The two groups share so many common elements that they are designated in conjunction with one another as Minoan-Mycenaean civilization.
Language in Mind
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viewed from a modern perspective, the universe of signs that Ramon Llull describes seems naively anthropocentric: he attributes to every entity a value relevant only to human beings. Llull’s universe is not only anthropocentric but also intensely logocentric: each entity’s value consists chiefly in its contribution to the human soul’s experience of truth. That experience is the central concern of all Llull’s projects for evangelism, moral reform, and spiritual perfection. Consequently, his writings devote more attention to questions of epistemology and psychology than to almost all other philosophical topics. Both logically and practically, his concern for the soul’s experience of truth precedes his interest in the arts of eloquence. Hence, the artful exercise of language is always a means to an end for Llull. Of course, we might say the same for Augustine or Cicero, insofar as they regard eloquence not as an end in itself, but as an instrument for persuading, instructing, and delighting. Llull could probably accept these broad classical objectives of eloquence and even the methods employed to achieve them, but he would understand them strictly according to his own general principles of epistemology and psychology. Like most aspects of Llull’s work, his theories of knowledge and mind await comprehensive study.
Beauty in Language
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Achieving beauty in language is the objective that Ramon Llull most often ascribes to the arts of eloquence. This focus seems narrower than the conventional definition of rhetoric as the “art of speaking well,” which both vernacular and Latin poetics invariably repeat. It may reflect Llull’s preference for a somewhat old-fashioned view of the arts curriculum: twelfth-century authorities who teach ethics through the trivium also tend to identify rhetoric largely as the art of verbal ornament. Yet his attitude also parallels that of the great contemporary preacher Remigio de’ Girolami, who usually mentions rhetoric in his learned writings only as an art of verbal ornament. At times Llull even seems to exclude completely Christian use of the arts of eloquence, in terms that recall the most severe patristic opponents of pagan learning. Still, he does recognizes in his Libre de contemplacio (240.22-24) that language is not innately sinful: it expresses truth or falsehood equally well. In this respect, Llull faithfully follows Augustine’s recommendation (DC 4.2.3) to exploit all the means of eloquence for the ends of Christian instruction. In general, Llull’s conception of rhetorical ornament probably parallels most closely the view expressed in Grosseteste’s De artibus liberalibus, which grants rhetoric the use of ornament for the sake of moving the emotions in moral instruction, but considers appeals to the passions unnecessary to teaching truth.
Order
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After beauty, order is the aspect of discourse most often mentioned in Ramon Llull’s precepts on eloquence. His accounts of rhetoric invariably relate order closely to beauty, an association already commonplace in late antique encyclopedists such as Fortunatianus and Cassiodorus.’ Although this regular mention of order and its close association with beauty certainly implies the importance of order for eloquence, Llull nonetheless devotes far less attention to order than he does to beauty. His specific suggestions regarding arrangement rarely exceed the recommendations cited above regarding the correct placement of words at the beginning, middle, or end of one’s discourse. At the same time, the comments that he does offer extend the definition of order far beyond the concern for disposition taught in Ciceronian rhetoric (De inv. 1.7.9; Rhet. ad Her. 1.2.3). Llull’s conception of order typically includes not only the arrangement of words in discourse but also propriety in speaking, which he treats as cognate linguistic and ethical modes of orderliness. This broad view of order and its invariable association with beauty define an aesthetics that serves the natural theology of Llull’s Great Art. Every creature signifies the Creator according to the beauty (or better, dignity) of its place in the order of creation. Llull in effect treats speech (and even individual words) as one of those creatures.
Propriety in Speaking
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to beauty and order, the other major aspect of eloquence that Llull mentions most often is propriety. This typically consists of regard for the appropriate conditions or occasions of speaking. These usually include the three occasions of time, place, and audience best known from Isidore of Seville (Etym. 2.16.1), as well as miscellaneous aspects of delivery and appeal to the audience. Enumerating these conditions of propriety in speaking is a commonplace in moral literature on speech and in preaching manuals. Superlative illustrations of each genre’s treatment are Albertano da Brescia’s Ars loquendi et tacendi and Humbert of Roman’s De eruditione praedicatorum.
Llull’s Sermons
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the many preceptive and descriptive accounts of eloquence that appear in Ramon Llull’s oeuvre, his writings also include many collections of model discourses that illustrate his own practical application of rhetoric and preaching. Virtually all of these model discourses are sermons. Hence, although they do not display the general exercise of artful communication proposed in the Rethorica nova, we might expect them to illuminate Llull’s conceptions of sacred eloquence. However, even as specimens of the preacher’s art his collections of model sermons present two broad limitations.
The President, The Speaker, and The Press
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After The fall 1994 election, the Republican leadership visited the Clinton White House for an introductory session. Their meeting was, in the words of newly elected Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, “great:” The Democratic president and Republican congressional leaders acknowledged the need to minimize unfunded mandates and apply the laws of the land to Congress as well. They also agreed on the need for a presidential line-item veto. In sum, the meeting was constructive and cordial.
On the White House lawn afterwards, the Republicans told the assembled journalists just that. “We say to the White House press corps: We had a great positive meeting;” recalled Gingrich. “We’re going to be able to work a lot more than people think. And we began to list these [areas of agreement]. The second question we were asked [was] ‘What do you think it will break down over?’” That question was symptomatic of a widely documented tendency of the press to focus on conflict, not consensus.
Learning From Strategic and Issue Coverage
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This and the following chapter, our focus is on learning from news. Learning from news can be explicit or implicit. Explicit learning—the focus of this chapter—concerns the acquisition of factual knowledge from news stories about campaigns and public policy debates. Implicit learning—the focus of Chapter 7—concerns the acquisition or activation of attitudes, especially those about the motivations and trustworthiness of political actors.
Here, we raise three questions about learning from news. If strategic news deals primarily with the game of politics—winning and losing, self-interest, and performance and artifice—can people be expected to learn anything of consequence from such coverage? We will argue that strategic coverage typically carries information about both the maneuvers and tactics of political positioning and about problems and solutions. So, it is possible for consumers of strategic news to acquire substantive as well as strategic information from exposure to game-oriented political reporting.
Activating The Public’s Cynicism About Politics
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our Central arguments, forecast in Chapters 2 and 3 are: (I) strategic frames for political news activate cynical responses to politicians, politics, governance, campaigns, and policy formation; (2) issue frames, by contrast, may depress cynical reactions or, at least, fail to activate them. This chapter provides results testing these hypotheses across a series of studies in contexts including print and televised news, a simulated campaign, and a public policy debate. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to directly evaluate the impact of strategic coverage on audience cynicism.
Research on the nature and assessment of what we call political cynicism has a long and rich history. That history is occluded in part by various labels attached to this concept and its kin. Political alienation (and alienation more generally), mistrust, lack of confidence, powerlessness, political inefficacy, apathy, meaninglessness, normlessness, as well as other terms and phrases have served as synonyms.
Contagious Cynicism
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Thesis of our research has been that the structures of news about politics have direct effects on the public’s cynicism about politics, government, policy debates, and campaigns. But there may also be an indirect effect on the press itself. The public’s trust in this institution is falling; in part, this may be due to the media’s own sowing of the seeds of public distrust. In other words, the elevation of public distrust of political institutions and processes may have attached itself to the bearers of information about those institutions—the news media themselves.
Recent data suggest that the public agrees that the press is part of the problem. The October 1994 Times Mirror survey on “The People, The Press and Politics” showed that seven in ten surveyed believe that the media make it more difficult for society to solve its problems.
A Tale of Two Stories: Exodus vs. Holocaust
Authors: Goldberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jews’ interest in these stories is not “current events”: it’s survival. The first story reflects Jewish anxiety over the survival of American Jewry, the second over the survival of Jews around the world, and the third over the survival of the State of Israel. In sum, all these stories touch in Jews the same raw-nerve issue-—the survival of the Jewish People.
Surviving the Holocaust: What Survived? How? And Nu ... ?
Authors: Goldberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 8, 1992, a plane carrying Yasser Arafat disappears from radar and goes down somewhere over the Libyan desert. For hours, there is no word about the plane’s fate or that of its passengers: Arafat is presumed dead. But just when all seems lost, he miraculously reappears. He is not severely hurt or injured. Reporters covering the story recount how, once again, Arafat has cheated death. Without a trace of irony, they go on to characterize him as a “survivor.”
A New Sinai, a New Torah, and the 614th Commandment
Authors: Goldberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over a quarter century ago, Emil Fackenheim projected a Holocaust-framed vision of Jewish survival that was an eerie reworking of the traditional, Exodus-based rationale for the Jewish People’s existence. Citing Elie Wiesel’s comparison of the Holocaust to Sinai in terms of “revelatory significance,” Fackenheim wrote that post Auschwitz, “we [Jews] must endure because we are commanded to endure.” Traditionally, Jews believed that 613 commandments were given as Torah at Mount Sinai. But Fackenheim heard from the “Commanding Voice of Auschwitz,” the new Sinai, a new Torah teaching a new, 614th commandment: “Jews are forbidden to hand Hitler a posthumous victory.”
Right to Bodily Access
Authors: McDonagh Eileen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade affirmed that women have the right of privacy to make choices about their own reproductive lives without state interference. The flaw in this perspective, however, is that it is not the state that imposes wrongful pregnancy: it is the fetus. The obvious question is why in over twenty years of reasoning about abortion rights the Court has failed to see that the primary right at stake is a woman’s right to be free of the fetus’s intrusion of her bodily integrity and liberty and, concomitantly, the state’s obligation to set her free to the degree that it does so for others whose bodily integrity and liberty has been imposed on by private parties. To find the answer to that question, we must turn not to the law but to the culture that the law reflects. As legal scholar Mary Ann Glendon notes, law can be thought of as a branch of rhetoric, a form of cultural hermeneutics and stories that interpret the world.
The Politics of Consent
Authors: McDonagh Eileen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pro-life advocates have generally been responsible for making the personhood of the fetus the key issue in the abortion debate, the point on which women’s right to terminate a pregnancy is presumed to stand or fall. Yet pro-choice advocates have also misdirected attention to what the fetus “is” rather than what it “does:’ This was evident at the very outset, in 1973, when the Court established the constitutionality of abortion rights in Roe. When pro-choice lawyer Sarah Weddington first argued the case before the Court in 1971, she linked the right to privacy to abortion rights precisely on the grounds that the “law had never treated the fetus as a person.” Later, when she reargued Roe in 1972, she spent most of her time dealing with the issue of “when life begins” as the key determinant of women’s right to terminate pregnancy.
De Electione Humana
Authors:   Regan
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questio est de electione humana. Et primo queritur utrum homo habeat liberam electionem suorum actuum aut ex necessitate eligat. Et uidetur quod non libere set ex necessitate eligat. Dicitur enim Ier. X “Non est hominis uia eius, nec uiri est ut ambulet et dirigat gressus suos.” Set illud respectu cuius homo habet libertatem, eius est, quasi in ipsius dominio constitutum. Ergo uidetur quod homo suarum uiarum et suorum actuum liberam electionem non habeat.
The Great Ultimate (T’ai-chi)
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to both himself and his biographer, Chu Hsi was interested in questions of cosmology from his early childhood. At age three, when his father pointed skyward to tell him, “This is heaven,” he is reported to have asked, “What is above heaven?” And at age four or five, Chu asked, “What is heaven-in-itself (t’ien-t’i), and what lies beyond its peripheries?” At age seven, while other children were playing in the sand, he sat by himself and drew in it the Eight Trigrams, the cosmological symbols of the Book of Changes.
Personal Cultivation (Hsiu-sheng)
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The affirmation that human nature is perfectible, that the human being naturally possesses a desire to transcend the narrow goals of self-survival and self satisfaction, implies that this desire is somehow possible of fulfillment. But how? A way by which such fulfillment is to be realized must be shown. Without specifying a way, there is no assurance that the theory can be tested, and without testing, the theory remains empty—a powerless wish or, rather, a wish capable of destroying the person through frustration and incapable of its own fulfillment.
Chu Hsi’s Critics
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of Chinese thought demonstrates epochal shifts, albeit differently from Western thought. I am speaking not just of philosophy here but of the al ternation between philosophical speculation and philological interests, in a civi lization dominated by book learning. For example, the classical period presented a spectrum of concerns, from morality and politics to the metaphysical Tao. The Han period witnessed some development in metaphysicals and much textual exegesis in an effort to absorb the legacy of the classical past.
Chu Hsi’s Relevance
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long before Chu Hsi’s system was declared state orthodoxy, Chu himself asserted his inheritance of the true mantle of the ancient sages, which had been lost since Mencius but was rediscovered by Chou Tun-yi and the Ch’eng brothers. He speaks of this in several places, being the first person to refer to the “orthodox line of the Tao” (Tao-t’ung). Especially in his preface to the annotated edition of the Doctrine of the Mean, he offers Tzu-ssu, Confucius’s grandson, as author of the Doctrine of the Mean. It was compiled, according to him, to safeguard Confucius’s spiritual legacy, derived from the ancient sage-kings
The Ancestors in Canaan
Authors: Hiebert Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second major section of the Yahwist’s epic begins in Genesis 9 with the family of Noah, the only human survivors of the flood, and concludes with the emigration of Jacob’s family to Egypt in Genesis 45-50. Its narratives are dominated by stories of Israel’s ancestors residing in the Canaanite hill country that made up the heartland of biblical Israel. Of these ancestors, the families of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are given by far the most attention. The stories of these three families in the hills of Canaan reveal most about the Yahwist’s environment and his attitudes toward it in this part of the epic.
Meeting Malcolm
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, I don’t profess to be anybody’s leader. I’m one of 22 million Afro-Americans, all of whom have suffered the same things. And I probably cry out a little louder against the suffering than most others and therefore, perhaps, I’m better known. I don’t profess to have a political, economic, or social solution to a problem as complicated as the one which our people face in the States, but I am one of those who is willing to try any means necessary to bring an end to the injustices that our people suffer. Malcolm X, in By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter, by Malcolm X
In Malcolm’s Shadow: Masculinity And The Ghetto In Black Film
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’m the man you think you are. And if it doesn’t take legislation to make you a man and get your rights recognized, don’t even talk that legislative talk to me. No, if we’re both human beings we’ll both do the same thing. And if you want to know what I’ll do, figure out what you’ll do. I’ll do the same thing-only more of it.
Spike’s Malcolm
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you teach a man to hate his lips, the lips that God gave him, the shape of his nose that God gave him, the texture of the hair that God gave him, the color of the skin that God gave him, you’ve committed the worst crime that a race of people can commit. And this is the crime you’ve committed This is how you imprisoned us. Not just bringing us over here and making us slaves. But the image that you created of our motherland and the image that you created of our people on that continent was a trap, was a prison, was a chain, was the worst form of slavery that has ever been invented by a so-called civilized race and a civilized nation since the beginning of the world. Malcolm X, in Malcolm X: The Last Speeches
Using malcolm: heroism, collective memory, and The crisis of black males
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s not wrong to expect justice. It’s not wrong to expect freedom. It’s not wrong to expect equality. If Patrick Henry and all of the Founding Fathers of this country were willing to lay down their lives to get what you are enjoying today, then it’s time for you to realize that a large, ever-increasing number of Black people in this country are willing to die for what we know is due us by birth. Malcolm X, in Malcolm X: The Last Speeches
The Queer Politics of Michel Foucault
Authors: Halperin David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fill in the blank. X is to contemporary AIDS activists as Norman 0. Brown or Herbert Marcuse was to student radicals of the New Left. Alternatively, if American labor organizers of the 1930s might all be imagined to have carried about with them in their back pockets a copy of The Communist Manifesto, and if antiwar demonstrators and campus protesters of the late 1960s might all be imagined to have carried about with them in their jeans a copy of Life Against Death or Love’s Body, Eros and Civilization or One-Dimensional Man, what book do we imagine the more reflective members of ACT UP to carry about with them in their leather jackets? What is the single most important intellectual source of political inspiration for contemporary AIDS activists—at least for the more theoretically-minded or better-outfitted among them? When I conducted an admittedly unsystematic survey in 1990 of various people I happened to know who had been active in ACT UP/New York during its explosive early phase in the late 1980s, and when I put those questions to them, I received, without the slightest hesitation or a single exception, the following answer: Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I.