bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Migration–Development Nexus: Afghanistan Case Study
Authors: Jazayery Leila 
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at the relationship between migration and development in the context of Afghanistan. It begins with a brief outline of the historical and political background to the refugee crisis of the past two decades, and looks briefly at the society and economy of Afghanistan. The history and pattern of aid flows are described and analysed in the next section, followed by consideration of migration and refugee flows over the past two decades, and of remittances and diaspora activities. Repatriation and reconstruction are covered in the following two sections. The penultimate section looks at lessons to be learned for policy making in Afghanistan in the future, and is followed by concluding observations.A cautionary note on data on Afghanistan: although the recent months have seen a surge of interest and writing on Afghanistan, there has always been a shortage of data on the country. Much writing on Afghanistan, both by journalists and a few academics during the 1980s and 1990s, relates to politics, given the Cold War context of the conflict at the time. Most other data available on Afghanistan tend to come from aid agencies involved in the country. While this provides the bulk of information and data on aid and refugee issues – as reflected in the sources used in this paper – it has little to offer on other aspects of life in Afghanistan, especially on recent history and economy.
Psycho‐physiological analysis of mental workload at an elevated work place
Authors: Usui Shinnosuke , Egawa Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The purpose of the present study was to make a psycho‐physiological analysis in order to study the degree of mental workload at an elevated place. Two experiments were carried out on 10 scaffolding workers and 10 office workers (seven in Experiment 2), who were made to walk along the footing boards of a temporary scaffold. In Experiment 1, the psycho‐physiological responses of the subjects were measured. In experiment 2, the subjects’ spare capacity at an elevated place was measured using a dual task method. The results did not indicate any clear physiological response due to height elevation, although an increase in mental workload caused by the height was observed and secondary task performance fell at an elevated place in the office workers. The effect of the height was less noticeable on the scaffolding workers than on the office workers, but their spare capacity at that height decreased as the task demand increased due to narrower footing boards or increased task difficulty.
‘Drawing Out’ ‐ a Humanist Approach to Drawing
Authors: Walker Rab 
Published: March 2003

Over the past twenty‐five years as an art teacher I have sought answers to three questions:1. In what ways and to what extent can drawing practice explore both conscious and unconscious thought processes?2. In what ways can the participant individuate his or her experience through the practice of drawing?3. In what ways can drawing form a dialogue between personal philosophy and experience?Refering to my own experience and pedagogy I define some of the historical, pschological and philosophical contexts for my perception of drawing, including comments from my students, in the process making no special distinction between child and adult art. I have studied the evolution of pupil’s drawing practices and particularly those of my own children, as they assert their own perceptions and responses to experience, conceptualising feelings both sensuous and emotional through telling stories and defining realities. Throughout history the will to draw has persisted, its function differing and changing through time and cultural contexts. Beuys commented that everyone can be an artist, if they want to be; can anyone really afford not to draw?
Reassessing Regimes: The International Regime Aspects of the European Union
Authors: Breckinridge Robert E. 
Published: March 2003

In the debate over how best to describe the European Union (EU) in institutional terms, several scholars have argued that it cannot be considered a regime. However, these authors miss an important point in their discounting of regime analysis: that regardless of what type of institution the EU is, there is a regime associated with it.While agreeing with those who describe it as an economic confederation, the argument is made that the European Union is embedded in a regime. Several regime aspects of the EU are outlined. Finally, several arguments are put forward supporting the appropriateness of using regime analysis when studying the EU.
Perceptions of stressful life events in Northern Irish school children: a longitudinal study
Authors: Muldoon Orla T. 
Published: March 2003

Background:  Adults’ perceptions of stressful life events have been acknowledged as important moderators of the stress adjustment relationship. Until recently, however, there has been a lack of research on children's perceptions of negative life events. This study assesses children's own perceptions of the stressfulness of negative familial, academic and social events as well as events related to the political conflict in Northern Ireland.Method:  Developmental changes in children's perceptions of events are traced over time. One hundred and sixty 8‐year‐old children completed a self‐report measure of the perceived stressfulness of a range of negative life events. The sample was drawn from schools in the Greater Belfast area to include children of both genders, primary religious affiliations in Northern Ireland (i.e., Protestant and Roman Catholic) and of varying socio‐economic status. Three years later, 113 of these children, then aged 11, were traced through the school system and completed the same measure.Results:  Children's perceptions of stressful events are related to a host of social factors. Girls viewed many negative events as more stressful than their male counterparts. Roman Catholic and Protestant children differed in their perceptions of conflict‐related events. Perceptions of various types of negative experiences were differentially related to socio‐economic status and age.Conclusion:  Personal, social and situational factors differentially determine children's perceptions of negative life experiences.
The pitch of maternal voice: a comparison of mothers suffering from depressed mood and non‐depressed mothers reading books to their infants
Authors: Reissland Nadja , Shepherd John , Herrera Eisquel 
Published: March 2003

Background: Research suggests that storybook reading promotes language development and that there is a relationship between maternal affective responses in relation to infant affect and language development. The purpose of this study is to relate maternal paralinguistic and verbal behaviour during storybook reading to maternal mood state.Method: Mothers (n=32) reporting depressed mood (as measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) were matched on age of baby (mean age = 6 months, mean age = 10 months), sex of baby, educational status of mother and parity with 32 non‐depressed mothers. They were video‐ and audio‐taped in their homes while reading a picture‐book to their infants. Maternal textual and extra‐textual utterances were transcribed and analysed in terms of mean length utterance (MLU), fundamental frequency and pitch modulation.Results: There was an interaction between psychological well being and age group with regard to MLU for text read. Non‐depressed mothers had a smaller MLU for younger babies in comparison with older babies, while depressed mothers showed no difference in their MLU. There was a main effect of psychological well being with depressed mothers speaking with a higher mean pitch and more modulations in their pitch, in comparison with non‐depressed mothers. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction of the psychological well being of the mother and the mean fundamental frequency used when reading the text and when speaking to their child during the picture‐book session.Conclusions: These differences in maternal speech indicate that mothers who are depressed are less attuned to their infants which might force the infant into self‐regulatory patterns that eventually compromise the child's development.
Replication of the latent class structure of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes in a sample of Australian twins
Authors: Rasmussen Erik R. , Neuman Rosalind J. , Heath Andrew C. , Levy Florence , Hay David A. , Todd Richard D. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Previous efforts to subtype Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using latent class analysis (LCA) applied to DSM‐IV symptom profiles of adolescent female twins from Missouri (USA) have identified distinct classes within the domains of inattention, hyperactivity‐impulsivity and combined‐type problems. The objective of the current report is to determine if the latent class structure of ADHD subtypes can be replicated in a culturally distinct sample of female and male Australian twins. Method: LCA was applied to parent‐report DSM‐IV ADHD symptom profiles of N=2,848 child and adolescent Australian twins and compared to North American findings. Separate models were fitted for females (N=1,432) and males (N=1,416). Results: The most congruent latent ADHD classes across samples included a non‐symptomatic class, three mild‐moderate and two severe classes. Also present within samples was a rare hyperactive‐impulsive class and a unique class, the structure of which was idiosyncratic across samples. Mean symptom endorsement and individual symptom endorsement probabilities for each of the stable classes were similar across samples. Consistent with previous findings, there was substantial overlap between the DSM‐IV inattentive and combined subtypes with the severe inattentive and severe combined latent classes. However, DSM‐IV inattentive and combined subtypes were distributed over several latent classes in each sample, and a substantial proportion of individuals with no DSM‐IV diagnosis were also assigned to these severe classes. Conclusions: Results from LCA using an Australian twin sample replicate six of the eight latent class subtypes previously reported using Missouri female twins and extend the findings to male twins. LCA and DSM‐IV systems of ADHD classification identify different phenotypic groups, and the basis of this disparity merits further investigation. LCA: latent class analysis; ADHD: Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
A model of smooth pursuit eye movement deficit associated with the schizophrenia phenotype
Authors: Thaker Gunvant K. , Avila Mathew T. , Hong Elliot L. , Medoff Deborah R. , Ross David E. , Adami Helene M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSmooth pursuit eye movement (SPEM) abnormalities in schizophrenia, although well described, are poorly understood. SPEMs are initiated by motion of an object image on the retina. During initiation, the eyes accelerate until they approximate target velocity and a state of minimal retinal motion is achieved. Pursuit is maintained through predictive eye movements based on extraretinal signals and corrections based on deviations from the fovea. Here, initiation and predictive pursuit responses were used to estimate the contributions of retinal and extraretinal signals to pursuit maintenance in schizophrenia patients' relatives. Relatives exhibited normal initiation, but had lower predictive pursuit gain compared with controls. Relatives had normal gain during pursuit maintenance, presumably by greater reliance on retinal error. This was confirmed by group differences in regression coefficients for retinal and extraretinal measures, and suggests that schizophrenia SPEM deficits involve reduced ability to maintain or integrate extraretinal signals, and that retinal error may be used to compensate.
Derivative Free Optimization in Higher Dimension
Authors: Ahmed Shamsuddin 
Published: March 2003

Non‐linear optimizations that do not require explicit or implicit derivative information of an objective function are an alternate search strategy when the derivative of the objective function is not available. In factorial design, the number of trials for experimental identification method in Em is about (m+ 1). These (m+ 1) equally spaced points are allowed to form a geometry that is known as regular simplex. The simplex method is attributed to Spendley, Hext and Himsworth. The method is improved by maintaining a set of (m+ 1) points in m dimensional space to generate a non‐regular simplex. This study suggests re‐scaling the simplex in higher dimensions for a restart phase. The direction of search is also changed when the simplex degenerates.The performance of this derivative free search method is measured based on the number of function evaluations, number of restart attempts and improvements in function value. An algorithm that describes the improved method is presented and compared with the Nelder and Mead simplex method. The performance of this algorithm is also tested with artificial neural network (ANN) problem. The numbers of function evaluations are about 40 times less with the improved method against the Nelder and Mead (1965) method to train an ANN problem with 36 variables.
Gains to Mutual Fund Sponsors Offering Multiple Share Class Funds
Authors: Lesseig Vance P. , Long D. Michael , Smythe Thomas I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAlthough the number of mutual funds grew during the 1990s, much of the growth is attributable to the introduction of multiple share class (MS) funds. Proponents argue that the MS structure leads to cost savings, which can be passed onto investors as lower expenses. However, if the structure lowers costs, sponsors are likely to profit from it. Though investors are concerned about the base expense ratio, the sum of administrative and management fees, fund sponsors generate profits from the management fees. As such, they would prefer to increase the management fee if they can simultaneously lower administrative fees. Our results indicate that MS fund investors pay lower administrative fees, but management fees are approximately 7 basis points higher than single‐class funds. Overall, base expense ratios are higher than for single‐class funds, suggesting fund sponsors capture the cost benefits the MS structure provides. Our results are robust to different model specifications and different estimation techniques.
Competitive and Information Effects of Cross‐Border Stock Listings
Authors: Bradford Bruce M. , Martin Anna D. , Whyte Ann Marie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examine the effect of 269 cross‐border listings on rivals in the listing and domestic markets and find that U.S. rivals experience significant gains whereas domestic rivals do not. Both competitive and information effects are important in explaining the reaction of U.S. rivals. Regarding the competitive effects, the reaction of rivals is less favorable when listings originate in developed countries and more favorable when listing firms do not have prior operating presence in the United States. Regarding the information effects, the reaction is less favorable when listings are combined with equity offerings and more favorable when the listing is the first to occur within an industry.
Do Female Mutual Fund Managers Manage Differently?
Authors: Atkinson Stanley M. , Baird Samantha Boyce , Frye Melissa B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examine the performance and investment behavior of female fixed‐income mutual fund managers compared with male fixed‐income mutual fund managers. We find that male‐ and female‐managed funds do not differ significantly in terms of performance, risk, and other fund characteristics. Our results suggest that differences in investment behavior often attributed to gender may be related to investment knowledge and wealth constraints. Despite the similarities between male and female managers, we find evidence that gender influences the decision making of mutual fund investors. We find that the net asset flows into funds managed by females are lower than for males, especially for the manager's initial year managing the fund.
Building Dynamic Capabilities in New Product Development through Intertemporal Integration
Authors: Marsh Sarah J. , Stock Gregory N. 
Published: March 2003

Although successful development of a given product may help explain the current success of a firm, creating longer‐term competitive advantage demands significantly more attention to developing and nurturing dynamic integration capabilities. These capabilities propel product development activities in ways that build on and develop technological and marketing capabilities for future product development efforts and create platforms for future product development. In this article, we develop a conceptual model of a dynamic integration process in product development, which we call intertemporal integration (ITI). In its most general form ITI is defined as the process of collecting, interpreting, and internalizing technological and marketing capabilities from past new product development projects and incorporating that knowledge in a systematic and purposeful manner into the development of future new products. Research propositions outlining the relationship of ITI to performance are presented. We provide specific examples of managerial mechanisms to be used in implementing ITI.We conclude with implications for research and practice. Effective management of ITI can increase new product development success and long‐term competitive advantage. This implies that management needs to engage in activities that gather and transform information and knowledge from prior development projects so that it can be used in future development projects. Project audits, design databases in computer‐aided design (CAD) systems, engineering notebooks, collections of test and experimental results, market research and test market results, project management databases, and other activities will all be important in the acquisition of knowledge from prior new product development (NPD) projects. Managers also should initiate the creation and maintenance of databases of technical and marketing information from prior projects, job performance reports, seminars and workshops related to technological issues and advances, and publication of technical journals to assist in the process of knowledge acquisition. Similarly, techniques such as assigning project managers from earlier development projects, reusing key components and technologies, and developing a company‐wide methodology for managing projects can be used to boost the application and use of knowledge.
Dollars and Decisions: Fiscal Policy and Administration in the American States
Authors: Clingermayer James C. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Glenn Beamer, Creative Politics: Taxes and Public Goods in a Federal SystemDavid Brunori, State Tax Policy: A Political PerspectiveKurt M. Thurmaier and Katherine G. Willoughby, Policy and Politics in State Budgeting
A Test of the Errors‐in‐Expectations Explanation of the Value/Glamour Stock Returns Performance: Evidence from Analysts' Forecasts
Authors: Doukas John A. , Kim Chansog (Francis) , Pantzalis Christos 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTSeveral empirical studies show that investment strategies that favor the purchase of stocks with low prices relative to conventional measures of value yield higher returns. Some of these studies imply that investors are too optimistic about (glamour) stocks that have had good performance in the recent past and too pessimistic about (value) stocks that have performed poorly. We examine whether investors systematically overestimate (underestimate) the future earnings performance of glamour (value) stocks over the 1976 to 1997 period. Our results fail to support the extrapolation hypothesis that posits that the superior performance of value stocks is because investors make systematic errors in predicting future growth in earnings of out‐of‐favor stocks.
Empirical Evaluation of Asset‐Pricing Models: A Comparison of the SDF and Beta Methods
Authors: Jagannathan Ravi , Wang Zhenyu 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe stochastic discount factor (SDF) method provides a unified general framework for econometric analysis of asset‐pricing models. There have been concerns that, compared to the classical beta method, the generality of the SDF method comes at the cost of efficiency in parameter estimation and power in specification tests. We establish the correct framework for comparing the two methods and show that the SDF method is as efficient as the beta method for estimating risk premiums. Also, the specification test based on the SDF method is as powerful as the one based on the beta method.
Hepatitis C Virus Glycoproteins Interact with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR
Authors: Pöhlmann Stefan , Zhang Jie , Baribaud Frédéric , Chen Zhiwei , Leslie George J. , Lin George , Granelli-Piperno Angela , Doms Robert W. , Rice Charles M. , McKeating Jane A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTDC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR are two closely related membrane-associated C-type lectins that bind human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein with high affinity. Binding of HIV to cells expressing DC-SIGN or DC-SIGNR can enhance the efficiency of infection of cells coexpressing the specific HIV receptors. DC-SIGN is expressed on some dendritic cells, while DC-SIGNR is localized to certain endothelial cell populations, including hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. We found that soluble versions of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 glycoprotein and retrovirus pseudotypes expressing chimeric forms of both HCV E1 and E2 glycoproteins bound efficiently to DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR expressed on cell lines and primary human endothelial cells but not to other C-type lectins tested. Soluble E2 bound to immature and mature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Binding of E2 to immature MDDCs was dependent on DC-SIGN interactions, while binding to mature MDDCs was partly independent of DC-SIGN, suggesting that other cell surface molecules may mediate HCV glycoprotein interactions. HCV interactions with DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR may contribute to the establishment or persistence of infection both by the capture and delivery of virus to the liver and by modulating dendritic cell function.
Influenza A Virus-Infected Hosts Boost an Invasive Type ofStreptococcus pyogenesInfection in Mice
Authors: Okamoto Shigefumi , Kawabata Shigetada , Nakagawa Ichiro , Okuno Yoshinobu , Goto Toshiyuki , Sano Kouichi , Hamada Shigeyuki 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe apparent worldwide resurgence of invasiveStreptococcus pyogenesinfection in the last two decades remains unexplained. At present, animal models in which toxic shock-like syndrome or necrotizing fasciitis is induced afterS. pyogenesinfection are not well developed. We demonstrate here that infection with a nonlethal dose of influenza A virus 2 days before intranasal infection with a nonlethal dose ofS. pyogenesstrains led to a death rate of more than 90% in mice, 10% of which showed necrotizing fasciitis. Infection of lung alveolar epithelial cells by the influenza A virus resulted in viral hemagglutinin expression on the cell surface and promoted internalization ofS. pyogenes. However, treatment with monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin markedly decreased this internalization. Our results indicate that prior infection with influenza A virus induces a lethal synergism, resulting in the induction of invasiveS. pyogenesinfection in mice.