bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copernicus: the flimsy arch
Authors: Barbour Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be a nice party game for historians of science to compile lists of worthy scientists born too early to receive that ultimate of accolades, the Nobel Prize. Who, one asks, should be awarded the first of these posthumous Nobel Prizes in the field of physics? Given the subject of this chapter, the reader will no doubt expect the nomination of Copernicus. In fact, the case will be argued for Ptolemy. The reasons for this will become clearer as the book proceeds, but we can already anticipate them in this imagined citation: ‘For the discovery of the equant and the important stimulus which this gave to the correct solution of the planetary problem by Copernicus and Kepler and to the development of the dynamical conception of motion by Kepler and Newton.’
Galileo: the geometrization of motion
Authors: Barbour Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘In the history of science there are few instances of coeval and complementary works as striking as in the case of Johann Kepler and Galileo Galilei.’ These words of Stillman Drake, the well-known authority on Galileo and translator of many of his works, are an apt introduction to this chapter. Kepler brought an ancient science to maturity, but completely lacked certain ideas essential for its interpretation; Galileo more or less created a new science and in the process introduced most of the seminal ideas and results which eventually did make possible the dynamical interpretation of the astronomy which Kepler so remarkably anticipated.
Huygens: relativity and centrifugal force
Authors: Barbour Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Descartes exerted a stronger influence on the development of dynamics than the quality of his work on motion as such might have led one to expect, with Huygens it was the other way round. In accordance with the tally promised in the Introduction, all but 2½of the ‘baker’s dozen’ of insights needed before the synthesis of dynamics could commence were to hand when Descartes died in 1650. The remainder were all obtained by Huygens, who almost certainly had sufficient mathematical skill to put them together and claim the prize of immortal fame that actually went to Newton. But it did not happen that way. Huygens ‘ results were published in only mutilated form in his lifetime; a decade and more after he had discovered them and before any of them had been published Newton rediscovered nearly all of them. Then, more than another decade later, fortunate circumstances prodded Newton into the work that finally led to the creation of dynamics. During all this time Huygens was held back from taking the final step to dynamics by an attitude of mind. It was, in fact, the very same attitude of mind that led him to his great discoveries in the first place but which then became a hindrance. The hero and villain of this story was likewise one and the same person—Descartes.
Introduction
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are varieties of inwardness, so it is important to know which one is being investigated in this book. My concern here is with the concept of self as private inner space or inner world—a whole dimension of being that is our very own, and roomy enough that we can in some sense turn into it and enter it, or look within and find things there. This, I take it, is the deepest and most thoroughgoing form of inwardness; other forms shall be of interest in this investigation only insofar as they lead up to it. In this regard all roads lead to Augustine: the thesis I argue here is that he invented the concept of private inner space. The argument for this thesis consists of two narratives: one telling of the tradition of philosophy upon which Augustine drew (part I) and the other of the development of Augustine’s own thought (part 11). The aim is to watch the concept of private inner self as it is under construction: to discern its Platonist philosophical foundations, its Christian theological connections, its memorable metaphorical texture, and the motives that led to its being constructed in the first place.
Explorations of Divine Reason
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inward turn comes before the private inner space. There is a project of inward turn in Plotinus (his exhortation for the soul to turn “into the inside”) and even a conception of an inner world (i.e., the intelligible world) but no private inner space belonging only to a particular individual soul. Augustine was engaged in a fully articulated project of inward turn (a modification of Plotinus’s inward turn) at least since the time of the second book of On Free Choice, about a decade before the writing of Confessions, in which he first elaborated the concept of a private inner space of the soul.
In book 2 of On Free Choice, Augustine examines the lower powers of the soul without invoking a picture of inner space, and when he comes to deal with the power of intellectual vision, the space he pictures is explicitly public. For the Truth the mind sees when turned inward is one and the same for all who see it; it cannot be anyone’s private possession.I Nor does it need to be cut into pieces in order to be shared, like bodily things that must be divided among the many who are greedy for them.
An Abandoned Proof
Authors: Cary Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The crowning task of the Soliloquies is to prove that the soul is immortal. Augustine’s general strategy here is one that goes back to the Phaedo: he tries to establish a necessary conceptual link between the soul and that which is immutable and divine. He follows Plotinus rather than Plato, however, in locating the immutable and divine within the soul. Hence with this argument we see the earliest version of an Augustinian philosophical project that bears the marks of an encounter with Plotinus’s inward turn. It is not yet Augustine’s inward turn, nor even an inward turn at all, but it takes the fundamental first step oflocating the immutable and divine within the soul. Hence in subsequent works he can conceive of seeking God there.
Augustine’s particular variation on the Platonist theme of the immortality of the soul is an attempt to demonstrate that the immutability of Truth, present within the soul, has a way of rubbing off on that in which it is present. The basic idea could have been suggested by Plato himself, who wrote in the Meno, “If the truth of beings is always in our souls, then the soul must be immortal.” But Augustine’s precise way of going about this demonstration is startling to the point of being bizarre and is quite unlike anything else in either Christianity or Platonism. We shall spend the rest of this chapter analyzing the structure of this astonishing argument, which was too bold and foolish to remain very long at the center of Augustine’s thinking.
The Evolution Of Mind: The Symbol-Making Animal
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent studies on the evolution of the bodies and brains of our ancestors have shed new light on the preadaptive changes that eventually allowed us to acquire and use the complex symbol systems of ordinary language. These studies suggest that these changes occurred over millions of years and that the differences between our species and other species, including the primates, are much more subtle and complex than previously imagined. Equally important, it now appears that enhanced symbolic communication among hominids altered conditions for survival and created selective pressures in new ecological niches that contributed to further enhancements in symbolic communication.
Mind Matters: Mega-Narratives And The Two-Culture War
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After adaptive changes in the brains and bodies of hominids made it possible for modern humans to construct a symbolic universe using complex language systems, something quite dramatic and wholly unprecedented occurred. We began to perceive the world through the lenses of symbolic categories, to construct similarities and differences in terms of categorical oppositions, and to organize our lives according to themes and narratives. Living in this new symbolic universe, modern humans had a large compulsion to code and recode experiences, to translate everything into representation, and to seek out the deeper hidden logic that eliminates inconsistencies and ambiguities.
Mind Matters: Poets Of A New Reality
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The worldview of classical physics allowed the physicist to assume that communion with the essences of physical reality via mathematical laws and associated theories was possible, but it made no other provisions for the knowing mind. In our new situation, the status of the knowing mind seems quite different. All of modern physics contributes to a view of the universe as an unbroken, undissectible, and undivided dynamic whole. “There can hardly be a sharper contrast;’ said Melic Capek, “than that between the everlasting atoms of classical physics and the vanishing ‘particles’ of modern physics.”
Was David a Shepherd?
Authors: McKenzie Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine rolling hills covered with thick grass under a glorious deep blue sky. Here and there the dark exclamation point of a tree punctuates the green carpet. The ribbon of a tiny brook meanders through the hills. Its steady gurgle is interrupted only by the occasional bleating of one of the cottony creatures lapping at its bank. An adolescent boy sits with his back to a tree beside the brook. His voice floats above the noises of the water and the sheep in clear, reverent tones. His hands strum a small harp cradled in his lap, while his eyes scan the horizon for any threat to his sheep.
Assassin
Authors: McKenzie Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Juan Bosch combined careers as Roman Catholic priest, statesman, professor of political science, and author. He worked for years in his native Dominican Republic against an oppressive dictatorship and was finally elected president in 1963 by a huge majority. After only nine months in office, though, he was forced into exile by rebels. While in exile he wrote David: The Biography of a King.
Poetic Justice
Authors: McKenzie Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the novels written about David, the most entertaining is Joseph Heller’s 1984 God Knows. It is certainly the most raucous and irreverent. Heller has David write a retrospective on his life that is also aware of developments in art, politics, and fashion in the three thousand years since. The book is full of insights into both the life and story of David and modern Jewish life. It is at once hilarious and touching. Though impotent and on his deathbed, David still desires Bathsheba. He is a man of few scruples and no regrets for anything he has done. In fact, he is angry with God over the loss of the child produced in his adultery with Bathsheba.
The Subject Matter of Philosophy
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his lectures during the 1930s Wittgenstein often commented on the difference between what he was doing and what previous philosophers had done. Yet despite these differences there were also connections, he said. Too often, I believe, the differences have been emphasized and the connections ignored, with the result that his work has been seriously misunderstood. I want, if possible, to rectify this situation.
Reductionism and Inftationism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have said that Wittgenstein very often dealt with philosophical problems by proposing reductionist solutions to them. To see that this is so, it is essential to understand what reductionism is and also what it is not. In this chapter, with the help of what is sometimes called Ramsey’s maxim, I will try to shed some light on this.
A Russellian Argument and Wittgensteinian Criteria
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have explained how Wittgenstein’s post-Tractatus version of reductionism was implemented, in part, by his substitution method. Equally important in this regard was his concept of criteria. In chapter 8 I will explain this concept in detail. In the present chapter I want to explain why Wittgenstein invented it.
Wittgenstein and the Metaphysical Use of Words
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued that Wittgenstein, far from being the ordinary language philosopher that he has been taken to be, was as deeply engaged in metaphysics as Russell and Moore. Why, then, did he say that what he does is “to bring words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use” (Pl, §116)? Doesn’t this show that his aim was to steer away from the metaphysical use of words-and, hence, from metaphysics? The answer to that question depends entirely on what one takes to be the metaphysical use of words. As I remarked in chapter 10, there has been a strong inclination to suppose that Moore went a long way toward drawing the line between the metaphysical and the everyday use of words, and philosophers inspired by Moore’s work are disposed to view ordinary language in terms of Moore’s realism.
System Care Management
Authors: Saunders Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health care delivery in the United States is undergoing a profound transformation in response to changes in health care financing and market dynamics. The future viability of health care systems depends, in part, on their ability to manage service, delivery, quality, consumer appeal, and cost. Effective service management, in turn, depends on the existence of a sophisticated care management infrastructure that is capable of affecting service access, utilization, and outcome across the care continuum.
Though system care management capability is essential for effective health network performance, few comprehensive models currently exist. This chapter offers one perspective on the nature and operational requirements of sys tem care management. The chapter highlights health care trends that necessitate system care management, delineates the broad objectives of a system care management program, describes care management functions and staffing patterns for designated sectors of the health delivery system, provides an overview of the information management requirements associated with system care management, and frames questions to be addressed in measuring the outcome of care management interventions.
Outcomes Research for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Stern Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenge to better meet the mental health needs of children and adolescents has long occupied a position of top priority among researchers, clinicians, and policy-makers alike. Children and adolescents experience a high incidence of emotional and behavioral problems that render them less able to function at home, in school, or in their community (Cohen, Provet & Jones, 1996). Recent estimates place the prevalence of mental health disorder among this population between 14% and 26% (Brandenberg, Friedman & Silver, 1987; Tuma, 1989). The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 1990) has estimated that between 11 and 14 million children under the age of eighteen are in need of mental health services. Sadly, there is a significant gap between the number of children in need of mental health services and those served. It has been estimated that over half of children in need of mental health services do not receive them and, for those who do, services are of ten inappropriate or ineffective (Henggeler, 1994; Saxe, Cross & Silverman, 1988; Tuma, 1989).
Research Need In the Managed Care of Substance-Abusing Patients
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma , Veeder Nancy W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social work intervention with substance-abusing patients needs further study in the current health care delivery system, which focuses on cost-containment and short-term treatment approaches. In many instances, addicted patients need extended care and treatment. While to some extent health care delivery systems have accommodated this need by increasing the number of visits allowable for substance-abuse treatment, alcohol and drug addicion problems are so pervasive in our society that there is an on going need to examine the role of counseling professionals such as social workers.
Alternative Global Futures in the Balance
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unprecedented level of paradoxical religious movement characterizes the contemporary era. On the one hand, there are a greater number of people than ever before who are expressing either secular perspectives on life or views of their own religions that are completely independent of traditional religious authority, dogma and law. There is more and more experimentation in some quarters on the basic meaning systems of traditional religion. This is due both to the unprecedented level of involvement of women in public religious life and to the interesting interaction of the liberal state and free religious inquiry and experimentation. Furthermore, the unprecedented mixture of people of all faiths in many parts of the globe, especially in large cosmopolitan centers, has also given birth to great creativity in religious life.
American Leadership:Understanding Our National Addiction to Individualism, Cooperation, and Authoritarianism
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American culture reveres leaders with a penchant for individualism, particularly when it’s laced with cooperation and discreet authoritarianism. In contrast to the overt authoritarianism of old Europe, our special brand demands a democratic context. Other societies, particularly in Asia and Latin America, gravitate toward leaders who prefer to work through family, friendships, and favors. Yet if the psychological and existential foundations of leadership that we explored in Chapter Two are really valid, shouldn’t people in all cultures seek the same kinds of leaders? The answer, as you may suspect, is “yes and no.” True, the underlying psychological and existential foundations for the acceptance of leaders exist in all societies.
The Direct Routes to Success: The Intrinsic, Competitive, and Power Styles
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin our examination of the achieving styles that constitute the Connective Leadership Model with the three direct styles: intrinsic, competitive, and power. The direct styles are as American as Apple Computer. These styles represent the core of American individualism. They also foster innovation, creativity, diversity, and authoritarian ism. In Chapter Three, we saw that the early American frontier, with its isolation and rugged terrain, and later the immigration experience favored strong, individualistic, self-reliant people. These conditions groomed individuals who looked to themselves and addressed their tasks directly, without counting on help from others except in crises. Direct achievers expect, even prefer, to con front their world head on in their own way. They welcome the enormous challenges of tasks, of competitors, and of situations.
By What Authority?:Hindu Women and the Legitimization of Reform in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Falk Nancy Auer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth century is a period especially crucial for understanding both the dilemmas and the distinctive opportunities that have emerged for Indian women. As is well known, the so-called “women’s question” was one of its focal issues, and repercussions from the way that question was addressed continue to affect the lives of Indian women today. The women’s question was the great nineteenth-century controversy over a series of customs that had restricted the lives of high-caste women and had prompted criticism from India’s British rulers. These customs had been cited to justify England’s argument that Indians—especially Hindus—were barbarians and therefore much in need of England’s “civilizing mission.” They were, moreover, much quoted by missionaries both in England and in the United States to justify evangelistic work in India.
Buddha Sakyamuni as a Saint
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Buddhist saints, though reflecting a variety of types deriving from different times, geographical locales, and traditions, are nevertheless unified by a common and quite detailed conception of what a holy person is. At the outset, it will be useful to summarize the major features of this conception, as a hypothesis to be clarified, amplified, and tested in the following pages. Most simply put, the saint in Buddhism may be understood as a person in whom the ultimate potentiality of every human, indeed sentient, being has been more or less fully realized. In the Indian Buddhist context, such a realization implies three overlapping and mutually interdependent spheres of religious understanding and action: a characteristic life journey made by the individual from an ordinary human status to saintly perfection; a set of traditional disciplines, including forest renunciation and meditation, that are understood to facilitate this transformation; and a societal dimension, wherein the saint may manifest his or her enlightened charisma and others may respond to it through certain cultic behaviors.
Some Orthodox Saints in Buddhism
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains discussion of three ‘ ‘orthodox saints ‘ ‘ of Indian Buddhism: Mahkasyapa, Upagupta, and Sariputra. These saints may be termed orthodox because they are paradigmatic, creative figures at the center of the history of the major Indian Nikaya schools, including those connected with the Mahasarpghika, the Sthavira/Theravada, and the Sarvastivada. Also, in the texts of the established monastic traditions, they are cast in a consistently positive light as embodiments of the schools ‘ highest ideals. The first saint to be treated, Mahakasyapa, is an important saint throughout the Northwestern and Southern sources, with a character that is variously described. The second, Upagupta, is celebrated chiefly, though not exclusively, in the Northwestern sources. The third, Sariputra, has particular importance for Southern Buddhism of the Sthavira/Theravada.
Cults of Arhants
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of the Buddhist saint is typically defined by the intersection of a particular paradigm of sainthood, characteristic traditions of forest renunciation, and an active cult. The preceding chapters have focused primarily upon the paradigm of Buddhist sainthood and have offered no more than glimpses of the saints ‘ traditions of forest renunciation and their cults. The present chapter contains a discussion of the cult of the Buddhist saints through an examination of the cults of the arhants, as expressed in two quite different but converging bodies of evidence: textual evidence of the cult of the sixteen arhants and the reports of the Chinese pilgrims on the general cult of arhants. As we shall see, the arhants depicted in this evidence possess many of the major features of the paradigm of the Buddhist saint outlined in previous chapters. However, in the evidence of the cult, almost the entire focus of attention is upon the arhants as fully realized saints. Although the postrealization careers of the arhants are depicted in the cultic evidence in bold and vivid colors, there is little discussion or even acknowledgment of their prerealization lives.