bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments for Derived Factors with Application to Hydraulic Gear Pumps
Authors: Sexton C. J. , Lewis S. M. , Please C. P. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY
For experiments on mechanical products composed of several components, such as a hydraulic gear pump, conventional methods of designing and implementing factorial experiments can be impractical because of the prohibitive costs of obtaining certain components with factors set to prespecified values. A further difficulty is that often some of the factors that are believed to influence the product’s performance are not features of a single component but are derived as functions of the dimensions of several components arising from the product’s assembly. Experiments are proposed which use a sample of measured components to explore the influence of such derived factors. An algorithmic method for obtaining efficient designs is presented and applied to finding plans for studies on the gear pump. An experiment on the pump is described which involved both conventional and derived factors. This experiment led to new knowledge on how to improve the engineering design of the pump and, in particular, on how to improve its robustness to the varying pressures that are experienced in operation.
The Effect of Dependence in a Binary Sequence on Tests for a Changepoint or a Changed Segment
Authors: Avery Peter J. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY
The effect of partial dependence in a binary sequence on tests for the presence of a changepoint or changed segment are investigated and exemplified in the context of modelling non-coding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). For the levels of dependence that are commonly seen in such DNA, the null distributions of the test statistics are approximately correct and so conclusions based on them are still valid. A strong dependence would, however, invalidate the use of such procedures.
Determinants of Union Membership: A Review
Authors: Riley Nicola‐Maria 
Published: March 2003

The recent drastic decline in trade union membership levels in most Western countries has led to renewed interest in the factors which influence the decision of employees to join unions. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the three main approaches: structural determinism, individual‐level analysis, and conceptual models of trade union joining behaviour. Structural determinism is discussed in the context of the Bainian model and its various extensions. In contrast, the diverse findings in the field of individual‐union joining behaviour is assessed by drawing on a comprehensive table comprising all variables examined in this area. The first two sections focus exclusively on trade union joining behaviour as the independent variable whereas the third part of the paper uses an individuals' voting behaviour in the USA. This focus was necessary due to the lack of causal models using union joining behaviour as their dependent variable. The author selects two of the most advanced models for a detailed analysis, and relates the findings to the preceding sections.It is the objective of the paper to critically evaluate the three approaches and their contributions towards understanding this complex field of research.
Technical Progress, Life of Capital and Employment
Authors: Tronti Leonello , Tanda Paola 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the hypothesis of a quickening of capital replacement, triggered by the acceleration of technical progress. We present a microeconomic model of replacement processes inspired by the “unbalanced growth” school, highlighting the role of productivity in determining the growth path. The model distinguishes between two types of enterprise, stagnant and progressive, on the basis of productivity trends and shows that prolonged acceleration in the rate of technical progress may be sufficient reason for a rational entrepreneur to make replacements earlier, thus approaching a system of continuous restructuring.We then discuss the main theoretical implications for aggregate employment and the fundamental questions of measurability of the effects. To this end, we undertake an empirical test of aggregate data for the manufacturing sector in four leading economies (the United States, France, Germany, the United Kingdom) from 1970 to 1991. We estimate labour demand functions in which the traditional explanatory variables are supplemented by proxies that capture the effect of a shortening of the life of capital equipment (the replacement rate and the ratio between depreciation and gross fixed capital formation). The empirical evidence confirms the shortening of the average lifetime of capital and is consistent with the main implications of the microeconomic model. The results show, at least indirectly, a negative correlation between an increase in speed of technical progress and the growth of employment.
Leashing God with Levinas: Tracing a Trinity with Levinas
Authors: Purcell Michael 
Published: March 2003

Levinas' ethical metaphysics opens up a nexus of relationships, in the midst of which God becomes accessible as the counterpart of the justice I render to others. Although Levinas refuses a theorising theology which does violence to God, we attempt in this article nonetheless to glimpse the possibility of a divine threesome (leash) which can be articulated in the language of ethical metaphysics. We seek to trace a Trinity, not in Levinas, but with Levinas. We seek to ‘leash God with Levinas.’Thus, we argue the liturgical nature of God. God is utterly ‘for‐the‐other.’ The Father, as utterly self‐diffusive, is ‘for‐the‐Son’, and the Son, as utterly responsive, is ‘for‐the‐Father.’ The divine nature (ousia) is the ethical reality of ‘for‐the‐other.’ Secondly, this one nature (ousia) has three distinct hypostases, which need to be understood ethically. The relationship between Father and Son is not the same as the relationship between the Son and the Father. The Father and the Son are the same in that they are essentially ‘for‐the‐other,’ bound by a bond or a Spirit of responsibility. Yet, the Son's relation to the Father is responsive, whereas the Father's relation to the Son is initiative or originary. Thus, there is both an identity yet a non‐identification of Father and Son. Again, since responsibility is the ethical hypostasis of ‘the‐other‐person‐in me,’ we might say that the Father is in the Son and the Son is in the Father (cf. John 14:10,11), in a non‐identical way, and that it is precisely this perichoresis of the one in the Other which constitutes the hypostasis of each.
The date and authorship of Robert Grosseteste's Rules for Household and Estate Management*
Authors: Burger Michael 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Grosseteste's Rules is canonically dated 1240–2 arguing thus: the countess of Lincoln, for whom the work was written, was a widow since only widows needed a manual concerning matters not pertinent to married noble women. The one widowed countess of Lincoln during Grosseteste's episcopate (1235–53) was widowed in 1240 and remarried in 1242. Given, however, the activities of married noblewomen, and the appearance of other unmarried countesses of Lincoln during Grosseteste's pontificate, the treatise is datable only to 1235–53. Pace& Dr. Dorothea Oschinsky, Grosseteste also had the capacity to write the Rules, and so presumably wrote it.
The Church of England in the eighteenth century
Authors: Barrie Viviane 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article is an attempt to study the position of the Church of England in one particular region – the diocese of London in the south-east of England – throughout the eighteenth century. It considers three problems which the author came across when first researching the subject several years ago: firstly, the social and economic status of parishes; secondly, clerical recruitment and the careers of the clergy; and finally, the pastoral life and work of the Church, especially through the corpus of episcopal visitations.
Managerial Recruitment Advertisements – Just How Market Orientated Are They?
Authors: Mathews Brian P. , Redman Tom 
Published: March 2003

There is a wealth of advice offered by ‘experts’ in HRM concerning the content of the effective job advertisement. This study considers whether following such advice would provide the potential job applicant with the information they want and questions the extent to which employers actually heed this advice.It firstly compares the normative guidelines with what potential applicants' for managerial posts consider to be important. A second strand to the analysis examines the extent to which advertising practice mirrors the requirements of the job‐seeker market. The results give some solace to recruiters but also demonstrates that there is a long way to go before job advertisements achieve the content that job‐seekers require.
Informal Spaces: The Geography of Informal Economic Activities in Brussels
Authors: Kesteltoot Christian , Meert Henk 
Published: March 2003

This paper unravels the relations between different categories of the informal economy and their spatial distribution in the geographical setting of Brussels. Micro perspectives (households as economic agents) and macro perspectives (the informal economy related to economic recession) are combined in order to deal with categories of informal activities which are homogenous in terms of their spatial logic. In the first part we review several classifications of informal economic activities and assess them in terms of their congruence with the distinctions of economic actors and spatial logic. The second part elaborates on the raisons d’être of three large categories of informal economic activities in relation to urban development and on the production environments of these activities in Brussels: the domestic sector and suburban development; economic recession and survival strategies in the inner city; and, finally, flexibility and informalization in urban light industry. Polanyi’s concept of modes of economic integration (market, redistribution and reciprocity) offers a powerful tool to understand informal economic activities as a set of interrelations between households and other economic actors in order to gain access to their living resources—Ce texte analyse les relations entre différentes catégories d’activités économiques informelles et leur répartition spatiale à Bruxelles. Les perspectives micro (les ménages en tant qu’agents économiques) et macro (l’économie informelle liée à la récession économique) sont combinées pour aboutir à des catégories d’activit’és’économiques informelles homogènes en termes de logique spatiale. Dans une première partie nous considérons plusieurs classifications des activités économiques informelles pour évaluer au niveau théorique leur congruence avec les types d’acteurs et les logiques spatiales. La seconde partie décrit les raisons d’?tre de trois grandes catégories d’activités économiques informelles et les met en relation avec le développement urbain et leurs milieux de production à Bruxelles. On distingue ainsi le secteur domestique liéà la péri‐urbanisation, les stratégies de survie liées à la récession dans le centre‐ville et la flexibilité et l’informalisation de l’industrie urbaine. Le concept de modes d’intégration économique de Polanyi (échange marchand, redistribution et réciprocité) constitue un outil d’analyse efficace pour comprendre ces activités économiques informelles en tant que combinaisons précises d’interrelations entre ménages et autres acteurs économiques permettant aux premiers d’accéder à leurs moyens d’existence.
Social Agents, the Provision of Buildings and Property Booms: The Case of Sã0 Paulo
Authors: Soares de Magalhãs Claudio 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the systems of social relations underpinning the late 1980s’ office boom in São Paulo, Brazil. Using ‘institutionalist’ approaches to provide an empirical examination of these systems, it focuses on the nature of the dominant agents and their strategies, the linkages that allow them to perform their functions, and the relative position and power of the agents in the production and use of built structures. The paper tries to situate these systems in their economic and social environment and to point to the connections between socially constructed property markets, their environment, and the characteristics and outcomes of the property boom. In doing so, it aims to cast some light on the processes through which a mix of economic, social and cultural impulses, of global and ã local origins, are related to the structures of provision of offices in the context of So Paulo and lead to the production of specific forms of built environment.—Cet article examine les sytèmes de relations sociales qui a soutenu le boom des bureaux à S ão Paulo à la fin les années quatre‐vingt. Utilisant des approches ‘institutionnalistes’ afin de fournir une examination empirique de ces systèmes, il se concentre sur la nature des agents principaux et sur leurs stratègies, sur les liens qui leur permettent d’assurer leurs fonctions, et sur la position de pouvoir relatif de ces agents dans la production et l’utilisation des structures bâties. Cet article essaie de situer ces sytèmes dans leur environnement social et économique, et de montrer les rapports entre les marchés immobiliers construits socialement, leur environnement et les caractéristiques et résultats de l’essor immobilier. Ce faisant, il entend éclaicir les processus par lesquels un mélange d’impulsions économiques, sociales et culturelles d’origine locale et globale est lié aux structures de construction des bureaux dans le contexte de S ão Paulo et conduit à la production de formes spécifiques d’environnement construit.
The Development of Open‐air Markets in East‐Central Europe
Authors: Sik Endre , Wallace Claire 
Published: March 2003

This paper considers the way in which open‐air markets have developed as a legacy of both the communist and pre‐communist systems, but have taken distinctive forms in the post‐communist context. The small‐scale capitalism represented by open‐air markets is often informal and not often analysed in the context of the transformation process in East and Central Europe. However, this paper argues that they can represent an important indicator of some aspects of the nature and extent of economic and social transformation. The paper considers theoretical insights for analysing open‐air markets and particular features of post‐communist open‐air markets: the degree of informalization; the role of ethnic communities; moral perspectives on markets; open‐air markets and social capital or other forms of informal social control; and the role of social structure in understanding open‐air markets.Cet article analyse la façon dont les marchés en plein air, se sont développés à partir de leurs origines dans les systèmes pré‐communistes et communistes, tout en prenant des formes distinctes dans le contexte post‐communiste. Le capitalisme à petite échelle représenté par les marchés en plein air est souvent informel et rarement analysé dans le contexte du processus de transformation en Europe de l’est et en Europe centrale. Néanmoins, cet article soutient qu’ils peuvent ?tre un indicateur important de certains aspects de la nature et du degré de transformation sociale et économique. Les éléments théoriques sont mis en relation avec l’analyse des marchés en plein air et leurs éléments caractéristiques après le communisme: L’importance de l’economie soutenue; le rôle des communautés ethniques; les perspectives morales sur les marchés; les marchés en plein air et le capital social ou d’autres formes de contrôle social officieux; et le rôle de la structure sociale pour comprendre les marchés en plein air.
Urban Development under Ambiguous Property Rights: A Case of China’s Transition Economy
Authors: Zhu Jieming 
Published: March 2003

Property rights play a key role in maintaining sustainable growth and in achieving efficient development. China’s economic reforms have stimulated urban physical development through the commodification and marketization of land‐use rights and building construction. Property rights over urban land have been decentralized, but the gradualist reform of state assets has not assigned and delineated property rights clearly between the principal and agents. Within a short space of time, Shanghai, a city in a transition economy, is facing a great property glut for the first time in its history. It is the two‐tier incentive structure that has created the dynamics of Shanghai’s urban physical development since 1980. The marketization of buildings makes property development a viable business. Capitalization on valued properties in the open domain motivates key actors in the development process to initiate redevelopment projects. Rapidly rising price benchmarks established by the booming property market escalate the urge to transform rents in the unsecured public domain to physical assets that are protected by the socialist use right.Les droits de propriété jouent un rôle essentiel dans la réussite d’une expansion durable et d’un aménagement efficace. En Chine, les réformes économiques ont stimulé un urbanisme construit, via une banalisation et une marchandisation des droits d’utilisation du sol et de la construction de bûtiments. Les droits de propriété sur les terrains urbains ont été décentralisés; cependant, la réforme gradualiste des biens de l’État n’a ni attribué ni délimité clairement les droits de propriété entre commettant et mandataires. En un court laps de temps, Shanghai, ville en économie de transition, se trouve confrontée à une surabondance de biens immobiliers pour la première fois de son histoire. C’est une structure incitative à deux niveaux qui a généré la dynamique de l’urbanisme construit de Shanghai depuis 1980. La marchandisation des immeubles fait de la promotion immobilière une activité lucrative. La capitalisation sur des propriétés valorisées dans un marché libre motive les acteurs‐clés du processus de développement à lancer des projets de réaménagement. Les prix de référence en croissance rapide, instaurés par le marché immobilier florissant, intensifient la tendance à transformer les loyers sans garantie du domaine public en biens construits protégés par le droit d’usage socialiste.
Social Movements and Public Administration: Spontaneous Citizens’ Committees in Florence
Authors: Della Porta Donatella , Andretta Massimiliano 
Published: March 2003

Urban protest is often carried out by citizens’ committees: that is, political groups that mobilize on issues affecting a small territorial area, use various forms of protest, and are organized in very loosely structured forms. Based on interviews with members of citizens’ committees in Florence, this article discusses their identities, strategies and organizational models, as well as their interaction with local authorities. Active mainly in issues of pollution and security, the Florentine committees frame their demands in terms of defending or improving quality of life in a defined territory. Mobilizing citizens who have often had previous experience in voluntary and/or political associations, citizens’ committees evidence a strongly participatory organizational model, with, however, notably discontinuous levels of activity. Whilst privileging moderate forms of protest, citizens’ committees also seem to have more and more channels of access to the institutions of local government, which sometimes perceive them as a source of information and aggregate consensus. The quality of the interactions between citizens’ committees and the public administration plays an important role in determining the extent to which this type of urban protest produces social capital.La contestation urbaine est souvent menée par des comités citoyens, c’est–à–dire des groupes politiques qui se mobilisent sur des problèmes affectant une zone territoriale limitée, emploient diverses formes de protestation et s’organisent selon des structures très informelles. A partir d’entretiens avec des membres de comités citoyens de Florence, cet article étudie leurs identités, stratégies et modèles d’organisation, ainsi que leur interaction avec les autorités locales. Surtout actifs sur des questions de pollution et de sécurité, les comités florentins formulent leurs revendications en termes de défense ou d’amélioration de la qualité de la vie dans un territoire donné. Mobilisant les citoyens qui, souvent, ont déjà eu une expérience dans des associations bénévoles et/ou politiques, ces comités démontrent un modèle organisationnel fortement participatif avec, toutefois, des degrés d’activité particulièrement intermittents. Bien que privilégiant des formes modérées de contestation, les comités citoyens semblent disposer de moyens toujours plus nombreux d’accéder aux institutions des gouvernements locaux, lesquelles les considèrent parfois comme une source d’informations et de consensus collectif. La qualité des interactions entre les comités citoyens et l’administration publique est importante si l’on veut déterminer dans quelle mesure ce type de contestation urbaine génère un capital social.
Temporary and Illegal Labour Migration: The Israeli Experience
Authors: Borowski Allan , Yanay Uri 
Published: March 2003

In recent years, Israel has become a major recipient of documented and undocumented temporary labour migrants from many countries outside the Middle East region. The purposes of this article are to describe Israel’s experience of temporary labour migration and its concomitant, illegal labour migration; and also to explore what her policies on temporary labour migration indicate about the nature of the policy‐making process in this policy domain in Israel.To these ends the article traces the evolution of temporary labour migration – legal and illegal – and recent policy initiatives of the Israeli government. It then considers some of the major conceptions of the policy‐making process found in public policy literature. The article concludes by pointing to the uniqueness of Israel’s experience of temporary labour migration and to the fact that her policies have been overwhelmingly reactive – inadequately considered, ill‐conceived, ambivalent in relation to their ultimate purpose and, in the course of implementation, vulnerable to “privatization” (being taken over by vested interest groups).Analysis of the most recent policy initiatives designed to reduce the number of legal labour migrants and address the problem of illegal labour migrants, reflect a policy‐making process that is not followed by commensurate action.
Brazilian Immigration to Ontario
Authors: Goza Franklin 
Published: March 2003

Immigration to Canada from non‐traditional donor nations has increased in recent years and is likely to continue to increase in the long‐term. This article examines one flow of “new” immigrants: from Brazil to Toronto, Ontario. Their adaptation experiences are analysed from primary data collected from 205 Brazilians interviewed during 1991.A large proportion of the immigrants who arrived after 1987, the year a visa requirement was initiated for Brazilians, gained entry by claiming to be “refugees”. Because of numerous court system delays, this strategy permitted them to work, study and collect social benefits until all their appeals, no matter how spurious, were exhausted. Meantime, many acquired English skills and on‐the‐job training which enabled them to score high enough on the Canadian immigrant point scale to become legal permanent residents.Results also demonstrate that immigrants from Brazil are relatively well educated and highly motivated to succeed. Although the group included some target earners who will return to Brazil, many have become well integrated into Canadian society and desire to remain permanently.