bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Interpretation of Matrix and Wave Mechanics
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter covers the emergence of the statistical interpretation of the new quantum mechanics. After covering the earliest suggestions in this direction by Born and Pauli, it covers the statistical transformation theory of Dirac and Jordan, focusing on Jordan’s version. This version was an important part of the inspiration of Heisenberg’s uncertainty paper, which is covered next. The chapter concludes with the Como and Solvay conferences of late 1927 where Bohr revealed his complementarity principle and where the Copenhagen-Göttingen matrix-mechanics camp of Bohr, Born, Heisenberg, and Pauli squared off with Schrödinger, Einstein, De Broglie, and others in the wave-mechanics camp over the interpretation of the new quantum formalism.
Cities of the Mind
Authors: Nandy Ashis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A city acquires its individuality not only from its geographical location, cultural riches, or political salience but also from the psychological space it occupies in the lives of its inhabitants, visitors, and distant admirers. Like countries, a city too can have its diaspora. In that diaspora, nostalgia and a sense of loss may set up a city of the mind that challenges the reality of the living city and reviews its cosmopolitan credentials. The city of the mind may then become more real than the living city for millions.
Interpreting Catastrophes
Authors: Ramaswami Shankar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Catastrophes provoke theological questions and awaken the awareness of human wrongdoing. This essay explores three interpretations of catastrophes. It begins with a discussion of M. K. Gandhi’s statements on the Bihar earthquake of 1934, which he described as divine punishment for the sin of untouchability. It then describes the perspectives of Ramchandra Gandhi on the Bihar earthquake and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which are viewed as reactions to the distorted karma of dualistic consciousness in relation to human beings and nature. Finally, it discusses the narrative of Naresh, a migrant worker in Delhi, which depicts the Indian Ocean tsunami and other ecological catastrophes as the martyrdom of the earth goddess within the advancing epoch of the Kalyug. The essay concludes with a consideration of possible atonements for catastrophes.
From Here to Denmark
Authors: Nag Rajat M. , Kohli Harinder S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Here’ is a hypothetical place where governance is poor, and justice often denied. The situation in ‘Denmark’, another hypothetical place, is the opposite. The journey from Here to Denmark is a quest seeking good governance for all. That in turn needs robust, inclusive institutions which are both the formal and informal rules governing a society. Formal rules are essentially aspirational and by now, most countries have put formal institutions in place though many still do not perform effectively. Informal rules evolve from shared beliefs, social norms, mental models, and local cultural context. Such informal rules greatly influence how well institutions function in a society and take time to change and evolve. In addition to efforts at trying to make the formal institutions work better, the key challenges for any society are to build greater public trust, change peoples’ behaviors and influence informal institutions so crucial for better governance. Enhanced human capital through improved education and health will also be crucial to empower citizens and enable them to participate more effectively in the affairs of their society. There is no easy road map for this journey. Each society will have to find its own way to Denmark. But, history indicates that the arc of the journey does bend towards Denmark. The book has outlined ten global megatrends which give hope that many countries will indeed be able to reach Denmark, sooner rather than later, where, to quote Tagore, ‘the mind is without fear and the head is held high’.
Good Governance is Good Development
Authors: Mohan Rajat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Good governance is good development. It is not only conducive to economic growth and higher incomes (its instrumental value) but even more importantly leads to greater freedoms from violence and injustice (its intrinsic value). Governance is about the process of governing a society to provide its citizens such freedoms. Good governance essentially comprises four basic elements: predictability, transparency, participation, and accountability. Measuring governance and its impact is a complex process. Given the wide range of interpretations of what governance means, it is helpful to consider measures of governance in two broad categories: de jure or rules-based and de facto or outcomes-based. While the de jure indicators are a useful starting point, at the end of the day, de facto realities are what matters. Do higher incomes lead to better governance? Studies show quite convincingly that the causality works the other way around, that better governance leads to higher per capita incomes and better social outcomes as well. This has an important policy implication: countries cannot attempt to get rich first and then focus on improving governance. There is evidence around the world of countries doing well economically even when they do not score well on governance measures. However, evidence also points to such growth not being sustainable in the long run.
I Think—Therefore, I Am
Authors: Mohan Rajat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Humans display bounded rationality, bounded willpower, and bounded self-interest. Since all human actions and behaviour are influenced by the process of thinking, it is important to model this process based on the reality of boundedness. Psychologists have long recognized that human thinking is a function of two simultaneous processes: one, automatic and fast; and the other reflective but slow. The automatic system intuitively draws on an evolutionary pool of data hardwired into our minds and using default options and mental shortcuts produces adequately well-adapted decisions with minimal efforts. The reflective system, on the other hand, is more deliberative: weighs the nuances of various options consciously before deciding on one. Evidence shows that people under cognitive strain often find it difficult to think reflectively, this leading them to make less-than-optimal life choices and decisions. Under such stress, people frame their choices too narrowly, not consciously considering other, better options. Humans often act irrationally. Incorporating this reality in public policy decisions, some seemingly minor and low-cost policy changes can have large impacts on achieving better development outcomes. Most humans find the realities of their thinking and subsequent actions (or the lack of it) as fairly serious impediments in making the right choices. While the automatic system serves humans well, they could also veer towards less-than-optimal choices. In such situations, a nudge may help. Simple but suitable public policy and institutional changes, many of which can be seemingly minor and low-cost, can help a society do better.
How Denmark Got to Denmark and Great Britain’s Journey
Authors: Mohan Rajat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A major institutional breakthrough in Denmark happened with the Lutheran Reformation of 1536, when the monarch was anointed as the head of the church as well. Fortuitously, he and his successors used it well to expand and strengthen the institutions of state administration as well as the judiciary. Under a new constitution adopted in 1665, property rights were recognized and adherence to a rule of law enforced by a stronger and meritocratic bureaucracy and an impartial judiciary. All these developments gradually led to the emergence of inclusive economic institutions in the country. However, inclusive political institutions began to emerge only after the transition to constitutional monarchy in 1849. In Great Britain, politically inclusive institutions began to emerge as early as 1265 with the signing of the Magna Carta. However, the transition took over 650 years to take root, with frequent and sometimes even formidable setbacks along the way. Tensions between the monarch and Parliament only began to be resolved with the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Its major achievement was the enshrinement of some basic tenets of liberty in the country’s first Bill of Rights. It limited the sovereign’s power, reaffirmed the judiciary’s independence and Parliament’s control over taxation and legislation. Note that in Denmark, economic institutions first turned inclusive, followed by political institutions about two centuries later. The sequence in Great Britain was the opposite. Note too that institutions had to be both politically and economically inclusive to get to ‘Denmark’, and the process took centuries.
The State, the Markets, and the COMMUNITY
Authors: Mohan Rajat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Getting a community to take charge of its own development is not easy. For the State, the challenge is to overcome its tendency to consider people as only passive recipients of State actions, rather than as active participants in the process as well. One major impediment to achieving this is the asymmetry of power in most societies. Strengthening communities requires devolving political power to them through a process of decentralization. But, over time, in the evolution of the nation state, and more lately as markets have globalized, power has devolved up the chain from the community to the top. Decentralization would seek to reverse this trend, adopting the principle of subsidiarity: powers and corresponding accountability should be vested at the lowest level, where it is best put to effective use, in a process aptly described as inclusive localism. Often a community is weakened by the State’s simply ignoring it. This can be corrected by transparently sharing as much information as possible with the community. Inclusive localism demands more than just exchange of information. It would involve active participation by the community in the design and implementation of public services, and ultimately have control over planning decisions and investment resources. But decentralization of responsibilities would require the simultaneous devolution of financial resources to the community too. Inclusive localism also calls for the State to hold the community accountable for the tasks and resources devolved to it. However, this needs to be done with a soft touch, not a heavy hand.
Oxford and the Crown
Authors: Aston Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the uneven relationship of the University with the monarchy after the Glorious Revolution. Oxford was the loyal city, Charles I’s headquarters during the first Civil War (1642–6) but the breaks in the hereditary succession in 1688 and 1714 proved hard to accommodate. Relief at William III’s rescue from James II’s Catholicising policies soon palled and Anne’s reign was a Tory interlude that never delivered on expectations. The chapter insists on the importance of an influential Whig minority within the University under George I and George II that ensured a limited degree of state largesse, but Oxford’s reputation for Jacobite Toryism was a barrier to a harmonious relationship. It was only after George III succeeded in 1760 that divisions gave way to solidarity of opinion in his favour across the University. That loyalist reservoir could thereafter function as a foundational strength of the dynasty and the kingdom.
Beyond the University
Authors: Aston Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers the University’s outreach and influence across Britain and Ireland. First, engagement with the City of Oxford, with which the University shared many physical spaces, then with county society across the south Midlands and, finally, the provincial interactions generated through collegiate land ownership across England and Wales. Oxonian values were transmitted through schools, which were as vital as the clergy in forming Anglican identities in the young. The University’s cultural connections via its graduates extended across the British Isles. Wales, Trinity College, Dublin, and the Scottish universities all had strong collegiate connections with Oxford. Considered numerically, Oxford’s effect on the Crown’s non-English subjects may have been small but the University was too great a cultural force-field in terms of its values and its history for it to be ignored anywhere in the two kingdoms.
Beer
Authors: Bamforth Charles W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book represents a reader-friendly journey through all the key aspects of beer and its brewing. The nature of the global brewing business is addressed, with a detailed analysis of who brews what and how much and who consumes the most of this product. Having covered the 8,000-year history of brewing, the malting and brewing processes are described, and the rich diversity of beer styles, both ales and lagers of many types, is covered. The importance and nature of different malts, hops, adjuncts, and of water are shown, including their importance for the many aspects of beer quality, including foam, color, clarity, flavor, and stability. Reverence for beer is described, including the pairing of beer with food, as well as the nutritional value of beer in relation to various bodily functions and conditions. Analysis of beer, the impact of the process on the environment, and a look forward to the future of the industry are included, as is a detailed glossary.
See, Smell, Savor
Authors: Bamforth Charles W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brewers strive for consistency in the flavor of their beers: no such thing as vintage in a brewing context! The quality of beer starts to be judged by the consumer from the moment they see a label or inspect a package. It is said that they “drink with their eyes,” so brewers pay great attention to ensuring that there is an excellent foam on the beer and that it has the right color and clarity. Then the flavor must be right: the taste and the aroma, with most of the flavor being detected by the nose. The flavor of beer changes with time, usually for the worse, and brewers strive to prevent this by minimizing oxygen levels and keeping beer cold as much as possible once packaged. The brewer aims for “more-ishness” (“drinkability”) in their products.
Rice, Corn, and Other Touchy Subjects
Authors: Bamforth Charles W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A selection of alternative sources of carbohydrate—the so-called adjuncts—can be used alongside malt to make beer. There are many beer aficionados who feel negatively about these materials, but they are wholesome and valuable products that can be used in the production of diverse types of beer. A good example is rice, which if used to replace perhaps a third of the malt will enable the brewing of a gently colored and flavored beer that has less of the astringency that can be found in an all-malt beer. Adjuncts can also enhance quality characteristics for beers, such as enhanced foam and turbidity in beers intended to be hazy. The most widely used adjuncts are syrups (liquefied sugars) that can be added at the boiling stage to “extend” the amount of wort, leading to cost savings. Alternatively, they facilitate the production of beers of higher alcohol content, for example, Trappist beers.
Godesgood
Authors: Bamforth Charles W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fermentable sugars in the wort are converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast in fermenters. The wort, the yeast strain, the size and shape of the fermenter, and the process conditions (amount of oxygen provided to the yeast, temperature, etc.) all influence the type of beer that will be produced. Lager yeast strains are more complex than ale strains. Fermentation is monitored by tracking the decrease in the specific gravity of the wort. During fermentation a range of chemical species are scavenged by the yeast and produced by the yeast, among them a molecule with a generally disagreeable aroma of butterscotch (diacetyl). Most brewers apply various techniques to eliminate this substance from their products. Many beers nowadays are produced in very tall, high-volume so-called cylindro-conical fermenters, but there remains much beer fermented in traditional open shallow vessels. Techniques such as high-gravity brewing and continuous fermentation have their advocates for enhancing fermentation efficiencies.
Measure for Measure
Authors: Bamforth Charles W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brewers employ a wide range of analytical approaches to ensure that they produce consistently excellent beer. Key instrumental tests include the measurement of alcohol, specific gravity, carbon dioxide, oxygen, flavorsome substances, color, clarity, and foam. Brewers also use a range of sensory tools, including a simple difference test, as well as descriptive approaches in which trained tasters can score the various flavors that they register in the beer. There are also microbiological tests, both traditional ones using agar plates and rapid approaches such as ATP bioluminescence and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brewers interact through membership in several major organizations, two of which (EBC, ASBC) publish standardized methods that can be used to ensure the reliability of analytical data.
Anthrax lethal toxin and tumor necrosis factor-α synergize on intestinal epithelia to induce mouse death
Authors: Gao Xinhe , Teng Teng , Liu Yifei , Ai Tingting , Zhao Rui , Fu Yilong , Zhang Peipei , Han Jiahuai , Zhang Yingying 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bacillus anthracis lethal toxin (LT) is a determinant of lethal anthrax. Its function in myeloid cells is required for bacterial dissemination, and LT itself can directly trigger dysfunction of the cardiovascular system. The interplay between LT and the host responses is important in the pathogenesis, but our knowledge on this interplay remains limited. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine induced by bacterial infections. Since LT accumulates and cytokines, predominantly TNF, amass during B. anthracis infection, co-treatment of TNF + LT in mice was used to mimic in vivo conditions for LT to function in inflamed hosts. Bone marrow transplantation and genetically engineered mice showed unexpectedly that the death of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) rather than that of hematopoietic cells led to LT + TNF-induced lethality. Inhibition of p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling by LT in IECs promoted TNF-induced apoptosis and necroptosis of IECs, leading to intestinal damage and mouse death. Consistently, p38α inhibition by LT enhanced TNF-mediated cell death in human colon epithelial HT-29 cells. As intestinal damage is one of the leading causes of lethality in anthrax patients, the IEC damage caused by LT + TNF would most likely be a mechanism underneath this clinical manifestation and could be a target for interventions.
Uptake of Technology for Neurorehabilitation in Clinical Practice: A Scoping Review
Authors: Alt Murphy Margit , Pradhan Sujata , Levin Mindy F , Hancock Nicola J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
Technology-based interventions offer many opportunities to enhance neurorehabilitation, with associated research activity gathering pace. Despite this fact, translation for use in clinical practice has lagged research innovation. An overview of the current “state of play” regarding the extent of clinical uptake and factors that might influence use of technologies is required. This scoping review explored the uptake of technologies as neurorehabilitation interventions in clinical practice and factors that are reported to influence their uptake.

Methods
This systematic scoping review was conducted with narrative synthesis and evidence mapping. Studies of any design reporting uptake or implementation of technology (wearable devices, virtual reality, robotics, and exergaming) for movement neurorehabilitation after stroke and other neurological conditions were sought via a formal search strategy in MEDLINE (Ovid), CINAHL, AMED, and Embase. Full-text screening and data extraction were completed independently by 2 reviewers.

Results
Of 609 studies returned, 25 studies were included after title, abstract, and full-text screening. Studies investigated a range of technologies at various stages of development. Only 4 of the included studies explored the sustained use of technology in practice. The following 5 themes representing experiences of technology use emerged: perceived usefulness, technology design, social interaction, integration with services, and suggested improvements to enhance uptake.

Conclusion
Reporting of uptake and use of neurorehabilitation technologies in clinical practice is limited. The synthesis provided comprehensive knowledge of barriers to and facilitators of uptake to be considered in future protocols, including a steep learning curve required to engage with technology, a need for a supportive organizational culture, and a need for user involvement in both design and development.

Impact
This scoping review has provided indicators from current evidence of important factors to consider in the planning of research into and clinical implementation of technologies for neurorehabilitation. It serves to support an evidence-based, user-centered platform for improved research on and translation of technologies in neurorehabilitation clinical practice.
Theory of systems change: An initial, middle-range theory of public health research impact
Authors: Craike Melinda , Klepac Bojana , Mowle Amy , Riley Therese 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is increasing attention on evidencing research impact and applying a systems thinking perspective in public health. However, there is limited understanding of the extent to which and how public health research that applies a systems thinking perspective contributes to changes in system behaviour and improved population health outcomes. This paper addresses the theoretical limitations of research impact, theory-based evaluation and systems thinking, by drawing on their respective literature to develop an initial, middle-range Theory of Systems Change, focused on the contribution of public health research that takes a systems perspective on population health outcomes. The Theory of Systems Change was developed through four phases: (1) Preliminary activities, (2) Theory development, (3) Scripting into images, and (4) Examining against Merton’s criteria. The primary propositions are: that well-functioning systems create the conditions for improved population health outcomes; the inter-related properties of, and practices within, well-functioning systems include adaptation, alignment, collaboration and evidence-driven action and learning; and public health research contributes to population health outcomes by embedding capacity in the system. The Theory of Systems Change can guide researchers in developing project-specific theories of change and creates the theoretical architecture for the accumulation of learning. The Theory of Systems Change is necessarily incomplete and an initial attempt to develop a theory to be scrutinized and tested. Ultimately, it seeks to advance theory and provide evidence-based guidance to maximize the contribution of research. We provide examples of how we have applied the Theory of Systems Change to Pathways in Place.