bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular system of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus
Authors: McGaw Iain J. , Reiber Carl L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe circulatory system of adult blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, was mapped by either injecting barium sulfate into intact animals followed by radiography or by resin corrosion casts (Batsons Monomer). Seven arteries arise from the heart. The anterior aorta exits from the anterior dorsal surface of the heart and gives rise to the optic arteries; these arteries supply hemolymph to the supraesophageal ganglion and eyestalks. The paired anterolateral arteries also exit from the anterior dorsal surface of the heart and supply hemolymph to the gonads, hepatopancreas, stomach, antennal gland, mandibular muscles, and the hypodermis of the anterior cephalothorax. The paired hepatic arteries exit the heart anteriorly and ventrally and branch profusely within the hepatopancreas. A smaller side branch, the pyloric hepatic artery, supplies hemolymph to the pyloric stomach and midgut. The smallest artery, the posterior aorta, branches off the posterior ventral surface of the heart; it joins with the inferior abdominal artery in the region of the second abdominal segment and these arteries supply hemolymph to the hindgut and abdomen. The largest artery is the sternal artery, which exits from the ventral surface of the heart; the ventral thoracic artery branches off the sternal artery and supplies hemolymph to the chelae, the mouthparts, and to each pereiopod. The present study shows that the circulatory system is highly developed, with arteries dividing into smaller capillary‐like vessels that ramify profusely within individual organs. The return vessels, the sinuses, are discrete channels rather than random open spaces, as previously described. The present study refines and advances descriptions of the circulatory system and is discussed in relation to recent work on hemolymph flow in crustaceans. J. Morphol. 251:1–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryogenesis of the glowworm Rhagophthalmus ohbai Wittmer (Insecta: Coleoptera, Rhagophthalmidae), with emphasis on the germ rudiment formation
Authors: Kobayashi Yukimasa , Suzuki Hirobumi , Ohba Nobuyoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe early embryonic development and features of the developing embryo of the glowworm Rhagophthalmus ohbai are described chiefly by light microscopy, with emphasis on the germ rudiment formation and its phylogenetic implication. The egg period is 30–34 days at about 23°C. The newly laid egg is a short ellipsoid, 1.09 by 0.78 mm in size, and the size increases to 1.15 by 0.95 mm by 17 days after oviposition. Cleavage is of the typical superficial type. The germ disk is formed by cell aggregation of the embryonic area at the anterior end of the egg. The central part of the germ disk then sinks into the yolk and the spherical germ rudiment is formed by fusion of the amnioserosal folds extended from all margins of the germ disk. The inner region of the germ rudiment soon becomes slender and develops into the short embryo, whereas the outer region facing the anterior end is extended to form the thin amnion. The embryo then rapidly elongates, the elongation being accompanied by embryo segmentation and formation of appendages. The submerged condition of the embryo persists until about 17 days after oviposition (about 1 day before embryonic revolution) and thereafter the embryo becomes superficial in position. The presence of the following embryonic characters in R. ohbai supports the molecular data placing it within the Lampyridae: 1) formation of a spherical germ rudiment near the anterior end of the egg, and 2) the submerged condition of the developing embryo persists until shortly before revolution. J. Morphol. 253:1–9, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IgM expressed by leukemic CD5+ B cells binds mouse immunoglobulin light chain
Authors: Weston Kathryn M. , Tangye Stuart G. , Dunn Rosanne D. , Smith Alison , Morris Michael B. , Raison Robert L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMouse immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules have previously been shown to bind to the surface of CD5+ B cells from patients with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL). The results indicated that surface IgM was involved in the interaction and suggested the phenomenon was an example of the polyreactive binding capacity of the surface Ig (sIg) expressed by these malignant cells. This article describes the further characterization of the interaction between human IgM and mouse Ig molecules and subunits. Mouse Ig molecules of both kappa and lambda light chain classes bound to the B‐CLL cell surface. The dissociation constant for the interaction of mouse IgG1 (K121) with the B‐CLL cell surface was 3.6 × 10−7 M. To confirm the involvement of the human IgM expressed by the B‐CLL cells in the interaction, the malignant cells were stimulated in vitro to induce secretion of human IgM. Enzyme immunoassay was used to show that secreted human IgM bound to intact mouse Ig, as occurred with the cell surface analysis. The mouse Ig epitope recognized by the purified secreted human IgM was shown by Western blot analysis to be located on the light chain of the mouse Ig molecule and to be conformationally dependent. K121 light chain was cloned and expressed in E. coli and the recombinant light chain bound to the surface of CLL B cells. The results confirm that human IgM is the reactive ligand in the interaction with mouse Ig and indicate that the interaction of polyreactive IgM with mouse IgG occurs via the light chain component of IgG. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Movement correction of the kidney in dynamic MRI scans using FFT phase difference movement detection
Authors: Giele E.L.W. , de Priester J.A. , Blom J.A. , den Boer J.A. , van Engelshoven J.M.A. , Hasman A. , Geerlings M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo measure cortical and medullary MR renograms, regions of interest (ROIs) are placed on the kidney in images acquired using dynamic MRI. Since native kidneys move with breathing, and breath‐holding techniques are not feasible, movement correction is necessary. In this contribution we compare three correction methods, based on image matching, phase difference movement detection (PDMD), and cross‐correlation, respectively. The PDMD‐based method showed the best performance and was able to determine kidney movement in our test series in 68% of the scans with no visible deviation, and in 88% of the scans if a one‐pixel deviation is considered acceptable. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:741–749. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimizing contrast agent dose during intraarterial gadolinium‐enhanced MR angiography: In vitro assessment
Authors: Hwang Ken‐Pin , Green Jordin D. , Li Debiao , Simonetti Orlando P. , Resnick Scott A. , Finn J. Paul , Duerk Jeffrey L. , Omary Reed A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo minimize contrast agent dosage for intra‐arterial (IA) contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA) by examining the effects of encoding order (elliptical vs. sequential) and injection duration (100% to 30% of the acquisition time).Materials and MethodsCatheter‐based IA gadolinium (Gd) injections were performed in an arterial flow phantom. Blood flow rates, injection rates, and injection durations were systematically varied. Signal‐to‐noise (SNR) measurements were obtained in the aorta, renal artery, and common iliac artery.ResultsNo significant SNR losses were observed for any of the vessels with 75% injection duration, or for the aorta and iliac artery with 50% injection duration. Excellent images of all vessels were obtained at 50% injection duration. There was no significant SNR difference between encoding schemes.ConclusionContrast agent dosage can be substantially reduced without loss of SNR by limiting injection to part of the imaging acquisition time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:55–61. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single breath‐hold extended free‐breathing navigator‐gated three‐dimensional coronary MRA
Authors: Huber Michael E. , Oelhafen Markus E. , Kozerke Sebastian , Weber Oliver M. , Boesiger Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo acquire the center of k‐space while extending three‐dimensional free‐breathing navigator‐gated coronary magnetic resonance (MR) angiography by an initial single breath‐hold.Materials and MethodsThis approach was successfully applied in eight healthy adult subjects. Resulting images were compared with conventionally acquired free‐breathing navigator‐gated MR angiograms.ResultsThe acquisition of k‐space center during the single breath‐hold resulted in a 26% increase (P < 0.05) of signal‐to‐noise ratio. Visible length of the right coronary artery, as well as contrast‐to‐noise ratio between the blood and the myocardial muscle, were identical.ConclusionThe breath‐hold extension was shown to be a valuable technique that may be combined with first‐pass contrast‐enhanced MR imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:210–214. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of hepatic lesions and hepatic parenchyma using diffusion‐weighted reordered turboFLASH magnetic resonance images
Authors: Moteki Takao , Horikoshi Hiroyuki , Oya Nariyuki , Aoki Jun , Endo Keigo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether the centric reordered snapshot fast low‐angle shot (reordered turboFLASH) magnetic resonance (MR) images with no, low, and high motion‐probing gradients (MPGs) were useful to evaluate hepatic lesions and hepatic parenchyma.Materials and MethodsThe measured diffusion coefficient (D), deviation factor (f), and apparent diffusion coefficient for flowing spin (D*) values for 92 hepatic lesions (33 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), 17 metastases, 27 hemangiomas, and 15 cysts) and the nonlesion‐bearing regions of parenchyma in 74 livers (46 noncirrhotic and 28 cirrhotic) were approximately calculated from the reordered turboFLASH images (modified for diffusion sensitivities of b = 0, 50.2, and 295 seconds/mm2).ResultsThese groups, listed in order of decreasing D* and f values, were cysts, noncirrhotic livers, cirrhotic livers, hemangiomas, metastases, and HCCs. The order on the basis of D values was cysts, hemangiomas, metastases, HCCs, cirrhotic livers, and noncirrhotic livers. Noncirrhotic livers showed higher D* and f values, and lower D values than HCCs and metastases (P < 0.04).ConclusionThe D* and f values, in addition to the D value, may be useful for evaluating the nature of diffusion and flowing spins in hepatic lesions and hepatic parenchyma. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:564–572. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Streamlined flow in the portal vein: Demonstration with MR angiography
Authors: Gallix Benoît P. , Reinhold Caroline , Dauzat Michel , Bret Patrice M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate whether streamlining of the portal vein flow exists by evaluating the relative distribution of blood flowing from the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) and splenic vein (SV) into the portal venous system.Materials and MethodsFifteen healthy adult volunteers underwent MR angiography of the main portal vein (PV) and portal vein branches after an overnight fast. Transverse two dimension time‐of‐flight gradient echo sequences were obtained three times, in suspended expiration and inspiration, respectively, as follows: 1) No presaturation slab, 2) presaturation slab across the SMV, 3) presaturation slab across the SV. Signal intensity (SI) measurements were obtained for all acquisitions. using regions of interest traced manually within the PV and portal branches.ResultsAfter presaturation of the SMV and SV during expiration, the overall SI average in the PV decreased by 47% ± 8 (mean ± SD) and 17% ± 9, respectively. Right to left portal branch SI ratio and right‐anterior to left‐posterior SI ratio in the PV were 0.91 ± 0.09 and 1.02 ± 0.08 at baseline, respectively. They decreased significantly (P < 0.05) to 0.87 ± 0.09 and to 0.95 ± 0.09 after saturation of the SMV, and increased significantly to 0.95 ± 0.08 and to 1.07 ± 0.10 after saturation of the SV.ConclusionMR angiography with selective saturation of the SMV and SV provided reproducible assessment of the respective contributions of the SMV and SV to portal flow, and allows demonstration that streamlining of splanchnic blood occurs in the portal vein of normal subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:603–609. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic imaging of the pelvic floor using an open‐configuration magnetic resonance scanner
Authors: Law P. A. , Danin J. C. , Lamb G. M. , Regan L. , Darzi A. , Gedroyc W. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aims of this study were to develop a noninvasive, erect, gravity‐dependent method for assessing movements of the female pelvic floor, to describe the range of movements in pelvic floor ascent and descent in asymptomatic and symptomatic women, and to quantify any differences. A total of 102 women, 28–86 years of age, 35 symptomatic and 67 asymptomatic, were included in the study. They were scanned in a sitting position in an open scanner with good vertical access using fast‐gradient echo sequences fast spoiled grass (FSPGR). Measurements of the bladder base, uterocervical junction, and anorectal junction were taken in the sagittal plane. The levator ani (LA) muscle insertion was assessed in the coronal plane with the patients at rest, during maximal strain, and during maximum contraction of the pelvic floor. Premenopausal multiparous women have a significantly lower bladder base (8/0 mm above the baseline; P value = 0.009) and uterocervical junction (15.5/3.5 mm; P value = 0.03) at rest than nulliparous women, and this becomes more apparent on straining. Parity confers a more significant effect on the position and function of the pelvic floor than menopausal status. All pelvic organs are lower at rest and on straining in women with defecation difficulties (0/–24 mm; P value = 0.001). These differences are also seen when comparing women with and without urinary incontinence. Dynamic seated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows that all the pelvic organs are lower at rest and on straining in multiparous women and in those with urinary incontinence than in a group of asymptomatic nulliparous volunteers. This difference is also seen in the position of the bladder base and anorectal junction during pelvic floor contraction. These findings suggest general pelvic floor weakness in women who present with symptoms in one compartment and indicate the need for evaluation of the entire pelvic floor particularly prior to surgery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:923–929. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR renography by semiautomated image analysis: Performance in renal transplant recipients
Authors: de Priester Jacobus A. , Kessels Alphons G.H. , Giele Eelco L.W , den Boer Jacques A. , Christiaans Maarten H.L. , Hasman Arie , van Engelshoven Jos M.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe evaluated a method of semiautomated analysis of dynamic MR image series in renal transplants. Nine patients were studied twice, with an average time interval of 7 days. MR examination consisted of a run of 256 T1‐weighted coronal scans (GE; TR/TE/flip: = 11/3.4/60°; slice thickness = 6 mm; temporal resolution = 2 seconds). Gadolinium‐DTPA (0.05 mmol/kg) was injected with an injector pump (5 ml/seconds). MR renographs of the cortex and medulla were obtained by segmentation of the renal transplant and placement of two regions of interest (ROIs) overlying the peripheral and central renal parenchyma. In the first 100 frames of the renographs, analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated significant intraclass correlation coefficients with mean values for the cortex and medulla of 0.47 and 0.59, respectively. We conclude that the procedure is a robust technique that generates meaningful signal curves. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:134–140. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging detects early neuropathology following four vessel occlusion ischemia in the rat
Authors: Gregory L. J. , O'Neill M. J. , Nunn J. A. , Gray J. A. , Williams S. C. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEarly neuropathology following a prolonged duration of four‐vessel occlusion (4 VO) ischemia in the rat was charted using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Animals received either 30 minutes of 4 VO (N = 6) or sham operation (N = 6) prior to in vivo assessment. Proton density and T2 and combined T2/diffusion‐weighted (T2/DW) MRI were performed at 6, 24, and 72 hours postocclusion. T2/DW imaging was the most effective sequence for delineating between injured and intact tissues, indicating neuropathology in the dorsolateral striatum at 24 hours and in the CA1/CA2 subfields of the hippocampus at 72 hours following ischemia. Apparent diffusion coefficient values were significantly reduced in the striatum (P = 0.03) and hippocampus (P = 0.005) at 24 and 72 hours, respectively. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of T2/DW imaging detecting lesions following 4 VO in accord with the known temporal evolution of ischemic brain damage. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:207–214. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An investigation into the use of sensitivity‐encoded techniques to increase temporal resolution in dynamic contrast‐enhanced breast imaging
Authors: Larkman David J. , deSouza Nandita M. , Bydder Mark , Hajnal Joseph V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGadolinium‐enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is playing an increasingly important diagnostic role in patients with breast cancer. Because of the multi‐focal nature of the disease, it is mandatory to cover all of both breasts, not only in the initial scan, but also at subsequent follow‐up. This requires volume acquisitions with a temporal resolution limited to 60–80 seconds, which is insufficient to clearly discriminate malignant from benign rates of contrast uptake. In this work, we performed sensitivity‐encoded imaging using a commercially available four‐channel breast coil (MRI Devices Corporation) on a commercial 0.5‐T scanner with moderate gradient performance to give increased temporal resolution in these dynamic contrast‐enhanced scans. A two‐fold increase in temporal resolution was readily achievable with this coil. Image reconstruction was robust and image quality was assessed qualitatively to be good. We also investigated higher speed‐up factors using two directions of sensitivity‐encoded reduction and discussed some of the potential artifacts associated with such imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:329–335. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MR ventilation‐perfusion imaging of human lung using oxygen‐enhanced and arterial spin labeling techniques
Authors: Mai Vu M. , Bankier Alexander A. , Prasad Pottumarthi V. , Li Wei , Storey Pippa , Edelman Robert R. , Chen Qun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMagnetic resonance ventilation‐perfusion (V/Q) imaging has been demonstrated using oxygen and arterial spin labeling techniques. Inhaled oxygen is used as a paramagnetic contrast agent in ventilation imaging using a multiple inversion recovery (MIR) approach. Pulmonary perfusion imaging is conducted using a flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery with an extra radiofrequency pulse (FAIRER) technique. A half Fourier single‐short turbo spin echo (HASTE) sequence is used for data acquisition in both techniques. V/Q imaging was performed in ten of the twenty volunteers, while either ventilation or perfusion was imaged in the other ten. This V/Q imaging scheme is completely noninvasive, does not involve ionized radiation, and shows promising potential for clinical use in the diagnosis of lung diseases such as pulmonary embolism. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:574–579. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Partial Fourier imaging in multi‐dimensions: A means to save a full factor of two in time
Authors: Xu Yingbiao , Haacke E. Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present an improvement to the traditional one‐dimensional partial Fourier method by extending the method to multi‐dimensions. The modified method allowed a full factor of two savings in time with much better coverage of the central k‐space information and, because of this, smaller reconstruction artifacts. The residual magnitude error was found to correlate strongly with the residual phase error. Numerical simulation also indicated that with a priori perfect phase information, the original magnitude image could be perfectly reconstructed with half of the k‐space data points in the multi‐dimensional case. Simulated, phantom, and human data sets were tested with edge differences ranging from 10% (consistent with variable Gibbs ringing) to 25% (consistent with a blurred version of the object). The method was found to be a valuable adjunct to human imaging for short TR, T1‐weighted three‐dimensional gradient‐echo imaging and magnetic resonance (MR) angiographic methods, especially when short echo times were used. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:628–635. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tandem mass spectrum of a farnesyl transferase inhibitor— gas‐phase rearrangements involving imidazole
Authors: Qin Xue‐Zhi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCompound 1 (1‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐[1‐(4‐cyanobenzyl)imidazolylmethyl]‐2‐piperazinone hydrochloride) is a farnesyl transferase inhibitor intended for treatment of cancer. A detailed analysis of the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry data of protonated 1 shows that in the gas phase, upon collision‐induced dissociation, this ion undergoes complicated rearrangement and fragmentation. These processes include a novel two‐step rearrangement. The first step involves a gas‐phase intramolecular SN2 reaction that forms an intermediate. The second step consists of three competitive rearrangement/fragmentation pathways of the intermediate, giving rise to protonated 2, protonated methylene‐imidazole, and a distonic methylimidazole radical cation. Deuterated 1 was studied under the same experimental conditions, and the results strongly support the proposed two‐step rearrangement process. It is noted that the unique structure of 1, especially the imidazole ring of 1, plays a critical role in the rearrangement of protonated 1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.