bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burns from Illegal Drug Manufacture: Case Series and Management
Authors: Porter C. J. W. , Armstrong J. R. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
This case series presents our experience with burns sustained while manufacturing illegal drugs. All adult burn admissions in an 18-month period were retrospectively reviewed. All patients suspected of sustaining burns from illegal drug manufacture were contacted. Information regarding the burn mechanism was sought. Nine of the 64 adult burn admissions were caused by explosions during the manufacture of cannabis oil. Young males with hand and face burns were heavily represented. First-aid treatment was often ignored in favor of hiding incriminating evidence. Only two patients gave honest admission histories. Illegal drug manufacture is becoming more common as synthetic drugs become more consumer desirable. Burns sustained may be thermal and/or chemical. Dishonest patient histories negatively influence burn management. A high level of suspicion is required for diagnosing and treating burns from illegal drug manufacture. Public education is unlikely to be effective as the financial rewards outweigh the perceived risks.
Effects of Exogenous Growth Hormone on Resting Pulmonary Function in Children with Thermal Injury
Authors: Suman Oscar E. , Mlcak Ronald P. , Herndon David N. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Burned children living beyond the acute phase of injury often have extensive physical functional limitations, such as impaired spirometry pulmonary function (PF). In patients with both lung disease and nutritional compromise, such as cystic fibrosis, studies suggest that growth hormone (GH) therapy improves PF. However, whether GH will improve PF in burned children is presently unknown. We therefore evaluated whether GH administration of 0.05 mg/kg/day for 1 year would improve PF in burned children. Thirty children, aged 7 to 18, with a 40% or more total body surface area burned were randomized into two groups and studied. One group received GH (n = 17) and the other received saline (n = 13). No differences were noted at hospital discharge between groups in age, % total body surface area, height, and weight. At 12 months after burn, both groups had similar height and weight. Baseline PF were below normal in both groups, but no statistical differences were noted between groups. At 1 year, there was a significant increase in PF in both groups; however, this increase in PF was similar in both groups. We conclude that the response in PF in burned children from the administration of GH prescribed for up to 1 year is limited.
Treating Sleep Problems in Patients with Burn Injuries: Practical Considerations
Authors: Jaffe Suzan E. , Patterson David R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSleep disorders are a frequent but under-addressed complication of burn injuries. Burn injuries can potentially disrupt sleep for a variety of reasons, including the physiological effects of trauma as well as ramifications of treatment (ie, intensive care unit environment, pain, itching, medications). The literature on sleep disorders and burn injuries is reviewed, and suggestions for treatment are provided. Treatment is divided into two major types: nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic. Nonpharmacologic treatment, also referred to as behavioral techniques, may include any one or combination of the following: sleep hygiene, stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation techniques, cognitive, and light therapy. Pharmacologic therapies may include hypnotics (benzodiazepine, nonbenzodiazepine, or benzodiazepine receptor agonists), antidepressants, over-the-counter preparations, hormone replacement therapy, herbs, and melatonin.
Hot Beverage Scalds in Australian Children
Authors: Dewar D.J. , Magson C.L. , Fraser J. F. , Crighton L. , Kimble R.M. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Our objective was to compile data on the mechanism and severity of injuries associated with hot beverage burns in children. We identified 152 children over a 3-year period who attended a tertiary level burns center, representing 18% of all children treated. Their median age was 17.5 months and median body surface area burned was 4% (range, 0.25% to 32%). Significantly, 52% of children required admission, 18% received a split skin graft, and 26% required long-term scar management. In 70% of all cases, the mechanism of injury was the child pulling the hot beverage over himself or herself. In 80% of incidents, a primary care giver witnessed the injury. These findings indicate that scalding from hot beverages carries significant morbidity and is an important pediatric public health issue. It is clear that further research towards effective education programs for primary caregivers is warranted.
Evaluation of a Pediatric Scald Burn Clinical Pathway
Authors: Taylor Kim O. , Goudie Christine M. , Muller Michael J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Scald burns make up more than 75% of the pediatric burns patients who are admitted to our burns unit. A pediatric scald burn pathway was implemented at our center in November 1999, the aim of which was to improve consistency in the management of the acute phase of injury. This study assessed the effectiveness of the first 18 months of this scald burn pathway. Aspects of the management of pediatric scald burn patients were reviewed. This included all the patients admitted over a 6-month period 1 year before the implementation of the pathway and the first 6 months and between 12 and 18 months after the implementation of the pathway. Data collected included patient demographics, total body surface area burned, and key management guidelines, including nasogastric feeding, intravenous cannulation, analgesia prescription, multidisciplinary referrals, and family education Thirty-seven patients were enrolled in the first 6 months of the pathway's use. Between 12 and 18 months, a further 38 patients were enrolled. The patients within the three groups were similar in age and burn size. A comparison among the groups with respect to compliance with the treatment guidelines is presented graphically. In conclusion, the management of pediatric scald burns in the acute phase is more consistent since the implementation of the clinical pathway.
Personality Characteristics and Perceived Health Problems After Burn Injury
Authors: Kildal Morten , Willebrand Mimmie , Andersson Gerhard , Gerdin Bengt , Ekselius Lisa 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The relationship between personality traits and the perceived outcome of burn injury 1 to 18 years (mean, 9.2 years) after severe burn injury was evaluated in 166 individuals treated at the Uppsala Burn Unit. The perceived outcome was measured with the Burn Specific Health Scale-Brief (BSHS-B) and was related to personality traits evaluated by means of the Swedish universities Scales of Personality. After controlling for age at inquiry, time since injury, burn area, and sex, a stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed an association between the Swedish universities Scales of Personality domain Neuroticism and Bad outcome in all BSHS-B domains, both psychosocial and physical, and Insufficient outcome in the domains Work, Body image, Affect, and BSHS-B total score. The neurotic traits Somatic trait anxiety, Psychic trait anxiety, Stress susceptibility, Embitterment, and Mistrust each or in different combinations explained the observed relationships. The data suggest that personality is related to health status because it is perceived a long time after severe burn injury and that its effect is not confined only to psychological but also to physical aspects of life.
Treatment of Hydrofluoric Acid Burn to the Face by Carotid Artery Infusion of Calcium Gluconate
Authors: Nguyen Lan T. , Mohr William J. , Ahrenholz David H. , Solem Lynn D. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is highly corrosive substance often used in industrial processes. HF burns to the skin cause local tissue injury. Systemic hypocalcemia may ensue, with the potential to produce life-threatening arrhythmias. Medical treatment consists of local application of topical calcium gels, subcutaneous injection of calcium gluconate, and intravenous or intra-arterial infusion of calcium gluconate. Calcium gluconate infusions have been used for HF burns on distal extremities and digits. We report a case of HF burn to the face that was treated by the use of calcium gluconate infusion via the external carotid artery.
Firefighter Burn Injuries: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Rabbitts Angela , Alden Nicole E. , O'sullivan Geoffrey , Bauer Gregory J. , Bessey Palmer Q. , Turkowski Joseph R. , Yurt Roger W. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Our metropolitan area employs approximately 11,000 firefighters who respond to more than 435,000 fire-related incidents per year. It is inevitable that some of these firefighters will suffer burn injuries. This 10-year retrospective review describes the epidemiology of firefighters with burn injuries who were treated at our burn center. From 1992 to 2002, 987 firefighters were treated at our burn center. The total number of firefighters treated for burn injuries and the number of firefighters who were treated for burn injuries to the lower extremities occurred in a bimodal distribution. Injury prevention efforts will continue to further reduce the incidence of burn injuries in the firefighters of our community.
Grease Fryers: A Significant Danger to Children
Authors: Allen Steven R. , Kagan Richard J. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Scald injuries in children often occur as the result of them pulling a container of hot liquid off a countertop or stove. To date, there have been no studies that have specifically examined the impact of the burning agent after this mechanism of injury on the magnitude of injury or the hospital resources consumed in caring for these patients. In this study, we sought to compare the extent and depth of injury, hospital resources consumed, and outcomes of children burned by pulling a container of grease or other liquid onto themselves. We retrospectively reviewed all cases of children who were admitted to our pediatric burn center from January 1995 through December 2001 who sustained scald injuries as the result of pulling a container of hot liquid onto himself or herself. Patients were evaluated for extent TBSA burned, depth of injury, the need for skin grafts, and the number of ventilator, days in the intensive care unit, and total hospital days (length of stay). We identified 196 children admitted with scald injuries caused by this mechanism. Fifty-four (27.6%) were caused by grease or oil, and 142 (72.6%) were caused by other liquids. The mean age of children burned by this mechanism was approximately 3 years, and slightly more than half were males. The mean TBSA and full-thickness burn was 18.3% and 8.1% for the grease group and 14.4% and 4.5% for the no-grease group, respectively (P &lt; .05). Fifty-six percent of those children burned with grease required skin grafting compared with only 34% of those burned by other liquids. Twenty percent of the patients burned by grease required ventilator support compared with only 6.3% of those burned by other liquids (P &lt; .01). Of those burned by grease, 22.2% required care in the intensive care unit compared with only 6.3% of those burned by other liquids (P &lt; .005). Mean length of stay was 16.8 ± 2.5 days and 9.1 ± 1.0 days for the grease and nongrease groups, respectively (P &lt; .001). Scalds caused by children pulling a grease fryer onto themselves result in more extensive and deeper injuries and greater consumption of hospital resources than those from other liquids. These findings support the need for safer product design and more specific warnings in product labeling and instructions as to the danger of severe scald injury to minimize the occurrence of such injuries.
Car Radiator Burns: A Prevention Issue
Authors: Rabbitts Angela , Alden Nicole E. , Conlin Tara , Yurt Roger W. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Scald burns continue to be the major cause of injury to patients admitted to the burn center. Scald burns occurring from car radiator fluid comprise a significant subgroup. Although manufacturer warning labels have been placed on car radiators, these burns continue to occur. This retrospective review looks at all patients admitted to our burn center who suffered scald burns from car radiator fluid to assess the extent of this problem. During the study period, 86 patients were identified as having suffered scald burns as a result of contact with car radiator fluid. Seventy-one percent of the burn injuries occurred in the summer months. The areas most commonly burned were the head and upper extremities. Burn prevention efforts have improved greatly over the years; however, this study demonstrates that scald burns from car radiator fluid continue to cause physical, emotional, and financial devastation. The current radiator warning labels alone are not effective. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has proposed a new federal motor vehicle safety standard to aid in decreasing the number of scald burns from car radiators. The results of this study were submitted to the United States Department of Transportation for inclusion in a docket for federal legislation supporting these safety measures.
Effectiveness of a Burn Prevention Campaign for Older Adults
Authors: Tan Jensen , Banez Carol , Cheung Yvonne , Gomez Manuel , Nguyen Huy , Banfield Joanne , Medeiros Lina , Lee Ruth , Cartotto Robert , Fish Joel S. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Older adults are involved in one fifth of burn injury admissions in the Province of Ontario Canada. Most burn injuries in this population occur at home while cooking, bathing, or smoking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational campaign to improve burn prevention knowledge in older adults of a major metropolitan city. Changes in participants' burn prevention knowledge were determined using standardized precampaign and postcampaign (4-6 weeks) surveys. Of 209 older adult participants, 126 (60.3%) completed the precampaign and postcampaign surveys. There was a significant increase (P &lt; .05) in burn prevention knowledge postintervention. Age, education level, and living conditions did not influence the change in burn prevention knowledge. This burn prevention campaign for older adults was effective in improving burn prevention knowledge, but it remains unclear as to whether this will ultimately result in a change in burn prevention behavior.
A Survey of Airway and Ventilator Management Strategies in North American Pediatric Burn Units
Authors: Silver Geoffrey M. , Freiburg Carter , Halerz Marcia , Tojong Jonathan , Supple Kathy , Gamelli Richard L. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A survey was used to gather information regarding airway management patterns in thermally injured children. North American pediatric burn centers listed by the American Burn Association were sent a survey designed to examine patterns of pediatric airway management in children with acute respiratory failure. The sample population means for the number of patients ventilated more than 48 hours and the number of patients ventilated more than 48 hours with inhalation injury were used to separate centers into large and small pediatric burn centers. Small pediatric burn centers had less than 50 patients who were intubated during a 5-year period. A five-point nominal scale was used to facilitate statistical analysis. Twenty-five pediatric burn centers included in the analysis estimated that 11,494 children were admitted during the 5-year period. There was no statistically dominant ventilator mode being used in the setting of acute respiratory failure identified by this survey. Large pediatric burn centers reported more frequent use of cuffed endotracheal tubes and more frequent change from an uncuffed to a cuffed endotracheal tube in patients who were difficult to ventilate because of an excess leak. Large pediatric burn centers reported a higher prevalence of tracheomalacia then small pediatric burn centers. Steroids were used by most centers before extubation in patients with persistent airway edema. No centers reported complications from steroid use. There is lack of clear consensus regarding the application of various ventilator modes in the setting of acute respiratory failure irrespective of center volume. There were divergent of practice patterns between large and small pediatric burn centers regarding the use of cuffed endotracheal tubes and the timing of tracheostomy. There was agreement between large and small pediatric burn centers in tracheostomy use in children older the age of 7 and the use of steroids as an adjunct to extubation in patients with lingering airway edema. Pediatric burn patients may benefit from clinical trials that clarify the advantages and disadvantages of various ventilator modes, the use of cuffed tubes, and the timing of tracheostomy.
Temperature Threshold for Burn Injury: An Oximeter Safety Study
Authors: Greenhalgh David G. , Lawless Mary Beth , Chew Bradford B. , Crone Willem A. , Fein Michael E. , Palmieri Tina L. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Pulse oximeters have become essential devices for evaluating and monitoring patient oxygenation. The probe emits a small amount of heat into the skin in the process of signal detection. Regulations set by the Food and Drug Administration currently limit the maximum allowable temperature of an oximeter probe to 41°C. As a result of the prolonged exposure of extremities to these devices, we sought to determine the actual temperature threshold for burn injury in patients. Eighteen patients undergoing surgery for removal of redundant skin (abdominoplasty, breast reduction) consented to the application of a temperature-controlled custom probe with four light-emitting diodes that had temperatures set randomly at the expected threshold for burn injury (42.5°C, 43°C, 43.5°C, and 44°C). The probe was left in place for 8 hours (or less if significant pain was noted). The sites covered by the probes were then checked for signs of injury. On the next day, the redundant skin was removed as a scheduled procedure, and histopathology was performed to detect the extent of burn injury. The study was approved by the local institutional research board. Two patients were excluded because of technical problems with the probe, one of whom had the probe turned off because of pain. The only observed sign of injury was either erythema or a superficial blister that was usually unobservable or slightly red at operation. These subtle signs of a burn were noted in one patient at 43°C, four at 43.5°C, and nine at 44°C. No burns were noted in two patients. Minimal or no signs of injury frequently were noted by histopathology. Pulse oximeter probes are safe up to a temperature of 43°C for at least 8 hours in well-perfused skin. Above that temperature, there is a risk of burn injury. Performing temperature threshold tests in redundant skin that is planned for excision is a potential method for testing the safety of devices or materials.
Home Treadmill Friction Injuries: A Five-Year Review
Authors: Collier Margaret L. , Ward R Scott , Saffle Jeffrey R. , Edelman Linda S. , Morris Stephen E. , Lundy Cindy 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Treadmills are popular home fitness machines in American homes. Young children are at risk for friction injuries if they contact moving treadmills. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of treatment of treadmill friction injuries in children. A review of 1211 pediatric patients younger than 6 years treated at the Intermountain Burn Center between July 1997 and June 2002 was conducted. Forty-eight of these cases (4%) were treadmill friction injuries. The mean TBSA of these burns was 0.5%. The volar surface of the hand was the most common site of injury. Twenty-two (46%) of the 48 identified patients had full-thickness injuries that were treated surgically. Medical costs associated with treadmill friction injuries averaged $2385. The number of treadmill friction accidents resulting in friction injuries to children less than 6 years of age deserves serious attention and increased public awareness.
Use of Joshi External Stabilizing System in Postburn Contractures of the Hand and Wrist: A 20-Year Experience
Authors: Gulati Salil , Joshi Brij B. , Milner Stephen M. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Postburn contractures of the hand and wrist can range from a minor cosmetic problem to a crippling condition. The contractures, initially limited to the skin, extend to all the soft-tissue structures over time, often necessitating capsulotomies and tendon lengthening, although they still may not be amenable to total correction. The Joshi External Stabilizing System (JESS) is a versatile, lightweight external fixator consisting of K wires, distractors, and connecting rods (both hinged and nonhinged) along with various link joints. JESS is a dynamic system that allows the lengthening of the contracted tissues via slow distraction, causing minimal surgical insult. This is a retrospective review of 218 cases of postburn contractures of the hand treated with JESS during the last 20 years. Deformities varied from finger contractures to metacarpophalangeal joint and wrist contractures. All cases were of long duration at the time of presentation with the original injury being 4 months to 20 years old. All were assessed for the degree of function and deformity. The patients' activities of daily living were recorded and x-rays taken to evaluate joint configuration. The patients underwent a conservative surgical release followed by application of the appropriate JESS frame for the correction of the residual deformity. After 6 weeks, the frame was removed and hand therapy continued. An analysis is provided of the outcome. The technique produces functional hands with minimal surgical insult.