bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Auditors
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Securities markets have long employed ‘gatekeepers’ - independent professions who pledge their reputational capital - to protect dispersed investors. This strategy of relying on reputational intermediaries to assess, verify and certify the corporate issuer’s disclosures appears to have failed during the late 1990s, as accounting irregularities increased exponentially. Part I of this paper assesses the reasons for this failure, emphasizing both a shortfall in deterrence and the sudden shift from a cash-based to an equity-based system of executive compensation during the 1990s. Part II and III then survey the realistic regulatory options and the incomplete steps taken by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Breaking down these options into four categories - structural rules, prophylactic rules, procedural rules, and liability-enhancing rules, - Part III concludes that simply increasing the threat of liability could cause the market for gatekeeping services to fail.
Bureaucracy at Work: Misunderstandings and Mixed Blessings
Authors: Thompson Paul , Alvesson Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its review of ‘The World in 2003’, The Economist proclaims that ‘Bureaucracy, after many years of decline, will be on the rise again’. Apparently, empowerment and flexibility are out and hierarchy, structure, and command and control are in. A more accurate take on this might be that after many years of decline in the management literature, bureaucracy is back. In the world of practice, it never went away, though in crucial respects it has changed in form and content. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. We subject the evidence on the extent and character of organizational change to critical scrutiny. Less conventionally, we try to explain how academics and other commentators could get it so wrong, arguing that the answer lies in part with the symbolic character of the post­bureaucratic project.
Beyond the Iron Cage? Bureaucracy and Democracy in the Knowledge Economy and Society
Authors: Reed Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The imminent collapse of bureaucracy has been anticipated many times throughout the history of modern social and political theory. On both the right and the left of the ideological and intellectual spectrum, bureaucratic organization has been generally viewed as, at best, a necessary evil that will inevitably fade away as the ‘progressive democratic dynamic’ inherent in historical change imposes itself on the logic and trajectory of socio­economic development. Thus, a neo­ liberal management theorist such as Bennis, a neo­liberalist economist such as Schumpeter, a social democrat such as Schumacher, a neo­ corporatist such as Elias, a technological determinist such as Bell or Castells, and a theorist of radical participatory democracy such as Illich, can all agree that the underlying currents of history will,
Bureaucracy and Beyond: Managers and Leaders in the ‘Post­Bureaucratic’ Organization
Authors: Salaman Graeme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An insistence on the limitations of and alternatives to bureaucracy is fundamental to current approaches to the analysis of organization and business in two ways. Ideologically the notion of the market dominates thinking on organizations. An emphasis on market principles, forms and relationships, widely prevalent and pervasive within political approaches to the role of government and the necessary structure and functioning of public organizations, underpins much current consultancy and expert prescription and exhortation which impacts on public and private organizations alike. This overwhelming and largely unquestioned (at least at governmental levels) regime of truth supplies the necessary legitimation for a wide variety of organizational initiatives (or, revealingly, ‘reforms’).
The Embeddedness of Electronic Markets: The Case of Global Capital Markets
Authors: Sassen Saskia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We might expect today’s global financial market to be generally unlike other current and past markets and to approximate, and even enact, key principles of neoclassical market theory. The effort of this chapter is to understand the limits of this electronic, trans jurisdictional, globally interconnected market, and to lay bare its modes of embeddedness and its conditionalities. The argument is that while today’s global capital market is indeed a complex formation markedly different from earlier global financial markets, this does not necessarily mean that it is totally disembedded.
How to Recognize Opportunities: Heterarchical Search in a Trading Room
Authors: Beunza Daniel , Stark David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Novum Organum, one of the founding documents of modern science, Francis Bacon (1960 [1620]) outlined a new course of discovery. Writing in an age when the exploration, conquest, and settlement of territory was enriching European sovereigns, Bacon proposed an alternative strategy of exploration. In place of the quest for property, for territory, Bacon urged a search for properties, the properties of nature, arguing that this knowledge, produced at the workbench of science, would prove a yet vaster and nearly inexhaustible source of wealth.1
Conflicts of Interests in the US Brokerage Industry
Authors: Swedberg Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will be focusing on the role that conflicts of interest have played in the brokerage industry during the recent corporate scandals in the United States. My reason for choosing this particular topic and this particular period has to do with the fact that a number of interesting cases involving conflicts of interest in the brokerage industry came to light during 2001-2.
Image Theory
Authors: Beach Lee R , Mitchell Terence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1974, at the University of Washington, the two of us began a sixteen-year collaboration that possibly was the most productive period of our respective careers and that certainly was the most fun. The initial motive for collaborating was to meld our skills so we could broaden our research capability; Mitchell was skilled in Weld research and Beach was skilled in laboratory studies. The meld of skills was achieved, but the more important outcome of our collaboration was the melding of our respective substantive interests; Mitchell was interested in decisions made in organizations and Beach was interested in personal decisions. It was the process of working together to understand decision making in the broader sense that led us to Image Theory.
Developing Psychological Contract Theory
Authors: Rousseau Denise M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with a disclaimer: My recollections of how my own contributions to psychological contract theory came about cannot be completely accurate. The biases of recall, availability, and attribution are impossible to cull completely. I started actively working on the psychological contract twenty years ago in 1985. What I recall is undoubtedly weighted in the direction of my own motives and experiences, hence I might not do justice to other factors that operated too. One such factor may have been the zeitgeist of the late 1980s with its disruptions of employment via downsizing, buyouts, and restructurings.
Institutional Theory Contributing To Atheoretical Research Program
Authors: Scott W Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Institutional theory attends to the deeper and more resilient aspects of social structure. It considers the processes by which structures, including schemas, rules, norms, and routines, become established as authoritative guidelines for social behavior. It inquiries into how these elements are created, divested, adopted, and adapted over space and time; and how they fall into decline and disuse. Although the ostensible subject is stability and order in social life, students of institutions must perforce attend not just to consensus and conformity but to convict and change in social structures (Scott, 2004b).
Transaction Cost Economics The Process Of Theory Development
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transaction cost economics is an interdisciplinary research project in which law, economics, and organization theory are joined (Williamson, 1985). Although the operationalization of transaction cost economics began in the 1970s and has continued to develop in conceptual, theoretical, empirical, and public policy respects since, many of the key ideas out of which transaction cost economics (TCE) works have their origins in path-breaking contributions in law, economics, and organization theory from the 1930s. It was not, however, obvious how these key ideas were related, much less how they could be fruitfully combined.
Past, Current, and Future Trends in Mass Communication Research
Authors: Eastin Matthew S , Daugherty Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The construct of mass communication bridges many different disciplines. For example, advertising, journalism, broadcasting, and communication all function as components to mass communication. The current chapter outlines three key research frameworks that have influenced the dominant approaches being used today, discusses current trends and key research, and speculates about research directions yet to come. In doing so, this chapter focuses on how audience perception of media consumption has changed and the changes that marketing professionals have faced over the past fifty years. For example, the transformation of mass media, techno- logical advancements in message delivery, and power shifts from the marketer to the media user have all made the art of marketing within the framework of mass media more complex in the contemporary media environment.
Modeling the Resource Allocation Process
Authors: Bower Joseph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very complexity that limited the ability of the disciplines to capture the essential elements of strategic processes would seem to limit the possibility of building a model of the process itself. In fact, a series of questions first asked in Bower’s 1970 study of resource allocation made it possible to present the phenomenon as a set of three basic processes acting over three generic levels of organization influenced by an identified set of forces. Subsequent researchers have used the same conceptual ingredients, and literally dozens of clinical studies have demonstrated the explanatory value of the model. When dealing with complex phenomena such as strategic processes, it is difficult to provide conventional statistical corroboration of a model. The questions are whether a model is complete and informative enough to use as a basis for normative analysis or action and whether there is a better model.
The Entrepreneurial M-Form: A Case Study of Strategic Integration in a Global Media Company
Authors: Eisenmann Thomas R , Bower Joseph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘pyramid’ headed by the single, all-powerful individual has become a symbol of complex organizations, but through historical and misleading accident. The all-powerful chief can maintain such control only to the extent that he is not dependent on others within his organization; and this is a situation of modest complexity , not one of a high degree of complexity.(James Thompson, Organizations in Action , 1967: 132) I think Sumner ends up with the biggest pyramid in the desert.(John Malone, CEO of TCI, referring to Sumner Redstone, Chairman and dominant shareholder of Viacom Inc.1)Organizational researchers contend that in large, complex, diversified corporations, the CEO cannot possibly have enough specific knowledge of the threats and opportunities facing individual business units personally to develop their strategies.
Effects Of Drugs On Witness Memory
Authors: Curran H Valerie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many factors that affect a witness’s ability to remember accurately. An important 5.01 one of these is the influence of ‘psychoactive’ drugs—drugs that have an action on the brain. There are hundreds of them, including alcohol, street drugs and a wide range of prescribed medications. Drugs are frequently a factor in criminal activity and in crime reporting. A victim, suspect and/or eyewitness may have been under the influence of a drug around the time the relevant events of the case occurred. When a judge and jury hear testimony from such a witness, they must take into account the effects the drug(s) may have had upon their memory and all the myriad factors influencing memory, in evaluating the weight to give their testimony.
European Identity, Penal Sensibilities, and Communities of Sentiment
Authors: Girling Evi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the latter years of the twentieth century, the European Union and the Council of Europe campaigned actively for the worldwide abolition of the death penalty. This chapter examines these campaigns as an instance of the translocalization of penal sensibilities, an instance that elucidates some of the seemingly intractable and unpredictable global future(s) of penal sensibilities. Penal sensibilities as ‘structures of affect’ and ‘emotional configurations’ (Garland 1990: 195) contour our sense of what is tolerable, appropriate, or permissible in the practice of punishment.
Chemicals
Authors: Molyneux Candido Garcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Europe is carrying the flag of a chemicals regulatory revolution. A few years ago, sceptics would hardly have believed that a European Community (EC) proposal on chemicals would generate more than 6,000 comments from interested parties, make the front page of the &lt;i&gt;Financial Times &lt;/i&gt;and the &lt;i&gt;Wall Street ]ournal,2 &lt;/i&gt;mobilize the most important figures of United States (US) diplomacy,3 and generate a joint letter from worried prime ministers and heads of state in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom (UK). But it did. Moreover, the Commission’s Proposal for a Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restrictions of Chemicals (‘Proposed REACH Regulation’) is just the tip of the iceberg of Europe’s new regulatory approach to environmental and health issues, and more particularly to chemicals.
The Tradable-permits Approach to Protecting the Commons: Lessons for Climate Change
Authors: Tietenberg Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The atmosphere is but one of many commons and climate change is but one example of over-exploitation of the commons. An approach employed increasingly for coping with the problem of rationing access to the commons involves the use of tradable permits. Applications of this approach have spread to many different types of resources and many different countries. A recent survey found nine applications in airpollution control, 75 in fisheries, three in managing water resources, five in controlling water pollution, and five in land-use control (OECD, 1999, Appendix 1, pp. 18–19). And that survey failed to include many current applications, including those that have sprung up in response to the Kyoto Protocol. The logic behind this rather remarkable transition is quite simple. One of the insights derived from the empirical literature is that traditional command-and-control regulatory measures, which depend upon government agencies to define both the goals and the means of meeting them, are, in many cases, insufficiently protective of the value of the resources.
Russian Foreign Relations and Investment Law
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian Foreign Relations and Investment Law is the fourth volume in OUP’s Russian law mini-series and is the first comprehensive study of Russian foreign relations law which examines the legal rights of, and limitations on, foreigners in Russia. Increasing investment in Russia makes this an ideal time to publish a further volume with the focus on this area. With the emphasis placed on the commercial investor, Butler provides a thorough guide from both perspectives of the foreigner trading into Russia and the foreign investor exporting from within Russia. Through twelve logical chapters Butler covers areas such as foreign trade law, foreign investment law, different types of foreigners and thier rights, aspects of employment law, civil law rights and duties, and general principles of international law all within the context of the Russian legal system. This text is a welcome addition to the other titles in series:The Civil Code of the Russian Federation , Russian Company and Commercial Legislation and the second edition of Professor Butler’s acclaimed general text Russian Law .
Knowledge of the Firm, Combinative Capabilities, and the Replication of Technology
Authors: Zander Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental puzzle, as first stated by Michael Polanyi (1966), is that individuals appear to know more than they can explain. That knowledge can be tacit has broad implications for understanding the difficulty of imitating and diffusing individual skills, a problem lying at the heart of artificial intelligence to the competitive analysis of firms. Though the idea of tacit knowledge has been widely evoked but rarely defined—as if the lack of definition is itself evidence of the concept, it represents a dramatically different vantage point by which to analyze the capabilities and boundaries of firms.
Social Entrepreneurship: Agency in a Globalizing World
Authors: Grenier Paola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to explore how human action, the agency so clearly apparent in social entrepreneurship, can influence what at first seem to be the agent-less processes of globalization. Another purpose is to explore how social justice and social change are pursued globally, when economics and finance seem to rule. The argument presented here is that social entrepreneurship cannot be fully understood as a significant societal phenomenon without locating it within the increasingly dominant global processes of economic and social integration (Bornstein 2004; Martin 2004). Similarly the impact and potential of social entrepreneurship depend on its ability to engage with the often unpredictable and erratic unfolding of globalization as it is felt differentially across the world. Social entrepreneurship, it will be suggested, is not simply about changing national practices and systems, or even of spreading beneficial social innovations internationally. Rather, it is about the abilities and opportunities of those pursuing social justice within the loosely defined field of social entrepreneurship to create global platforms and networks through which they can interact with and influence globalization, and start to fashion better worlds across the globe.
Rhetoric, Reality, and Research: Building a Solid Foundation for the Practice of Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Anderson Beth Battle , Dees J Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of social entrepreneurship may be quite old, but as a distinct field of academic inquiry, it is still in its infancy. It appears that the first dedicated course in this arena was launched at Harvard Business School (HBS) in Spring 1995 as part of the new Initiative on Social Enterprise. Since then, numerous other schools have launched similar courses, initiatives, and centres. This dramatic increase in activity at academic institutions represents tremendous progress in a relatively short time frame. However, a review of the top programmes reveals a potentially damaging weakness. Many of the new courses are staffed by practitioners who bring an invaluable depth of experience to this work, but who have limited research experience and are not on the regular tenure track at their institution where rigorous research is required. As a result, relative to other academic fields, social entrepreneurship is not yet blessed with a wealth of serious researchers.
The Law Of Institutional Investment Management
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Law of Institutional Investment Management fills a gap for a work that describes the custom and practice of the institutional investment management industry with reference to both English law and to the European regulatory framework. The governing theme of the work is the structure of the institutional investement process. The work seeks to define the legal risks that an institutional investor who invests in the financial markets through a professional investment manager must be aware of, both in relation to the investment manager and in relation to the financial markets. The analysis addresses the key investment strategies and management styles, the investment manager’s responsibility for delivering investment returns through asset allocation and asset selection decisions, the execution of those decisions, and the management of conflicts. The discussion includes an in-depth analysis of the modi operandi of various trading venues, the structure and legal aspects of key financial market transactions (including on-exchange and OTC traded derivatives, and securities lending and repo transactions), and the legal aspects of cash and securities movements in connection with settlement and collateralisation of those financial market transactions.
Institutional Economics and the Analysis of Work
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay considers the contribution of the ‘old’ institutional economics to the analysis of work, work organization, and the production process. By the ‘old’ institutional economics we refer to a tradition founded in the USA and inspired by Thorstein Veblen, John R. Commons, Wesley Mitchell, and many others. The first section below gives an overview of the nature and history of the ‘old’ institutionalism. The second section addresses more specifically its contribution to the analysis of work.
Towards Collaborative Community
Authors: Adler Paul S , Heckscher Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last thirty years the celebration of the unfettered market has gained considerable momentum. There has been a sustained attack on colJective institutions-on government, large bureaucracies of all kinds, worker associations, and communal norms of equity and solidarity-and a growing chorus celebrating competition and its association with individual freedom and choice. This chapter, and indeed the whole volume that it introduces, voices a counterpoint to that chorus.
Beyond Hacker IdiocyThe Changing Nature of Software Community and Identity
Authors: Adler Paul S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professions are often taken as prototypical of a more collegial form of community, one that can be contrasted with both traditional Gemeinschaft and modem Gesellschaft. Indeed, the collegiality of professionals doing intrinsicaJly meaningful work stands as a prefigurative model of the communist utopia of a ‘free association of producers. ‘1 The key features of professions giving them this status are their common professional socialization and their autonomy in economic status and in technical decision making.