bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the effects of estrogens for symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder
Authors: Cardozo Linda , Lose Gunnar , McClish Donna , Versi Eboo 
Published: September 2004

Objective.  To perform a systematic review of the effects of estrogen therapy on symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder (OAB) in postmenopausal women.Materials and methods.  This analysis involved a literature review of Medline, Excerpta Medica, and the Science Citation Index and a manual search of popular urology, gynecology, gerontology, and primary care medicine journals from January 1969 to December 1999. Articles had to include estrogen and placebo treatment groups, published or original data presented at a scientific meeting and report symptoms suggestive of OAB. This search identified 11 randomized trials and included a total of 430 subjects. Thirty‐six subjects who participated in two crossover studies received both estrogen and placebo and thus are counted twice, therefore 236 received estrogen therapy and 230 were placebo controls. Estrogen was administered systemically or locally as estriol, estradiol, conjugated estrogen, or estradiol and estriol. A meta‐analysis of these studies was performed for all estrogen therapies and then separately for systemic and local therapies.Results.  Overall, estrogen therapies were associated with statistically significant improvements in all outcome variables: diurnal frequency (P = 0.0011), nocturnal frequency (P = 0.0371), urgency (P = 0.0425), number of incontinence episodes (P = 0.0002), first sensation to void (P = 0.0001), and bladder capacity (P = 0.0018). Local therapies had statistically significant beneficial effects on all outcome variables. However, systemic therapies were only associated with significant improvements in incontinence episodes and first sensation to void while nocturnal frequency actually worsened.Conclusion.  Estrogen therapy may be effective in alleviating the symptoms suggestive of OAB. Local administration may be the most beneficial route of administration.
Morphometric relationships between tooth and face shapes
Authors: Lindemann H.‐B. , Knauer C. , Pfeiffer P. 
Published: September 2004

summary  The shape of a patient's face is commonly used as a reference to select the shape of the maxillary central incisors in edentulous patients. The validity of this relationship has not been proved. The objective of this clinical study was to determine whether a relationship exists between maxillary central incisors and face shapes. Casts were made of the maxillas of 50 men and 50 women. A standardized digital photographic procedure was used to record frontal views of each subject's face and of the maxillary central incisors of the dental casts. The shapes of the maxillary central incisors were compared with the face forms. Shape matches were evaluated according to their Hausdorff distance (HDD). The function h(A,B) is called the directed HDD from shape A to shape B (this function is not a true distance). It reflects the distance of the point of shape A that is farthest from any point of shape B and vice versa. The similarity of both shapes is given as a non‐negative number. The value 0·0 indicates that the figures are identical (after scaling and shifting). Higher values indicate that shapes differ more substantially. Significant differences on the 5% level were calculated using the non‐parametric Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests. The face shape from the chin margin to the eyebrow line (superior edges of the eyebrows) produced a better match than the one from the chin to the hairline (P < 0·0001). On average, the maxillary central incisors displayed a variability (0·084 ± 0·028) that was higher by a factor of 1·9 than the face shapes (chin margin to the eyebrow line, 0·045 ± 0·015). In the interindividual comparison, the shapes of the maxillary central incisors of women displayed a significantly smaller HDD than the ones of the men (P < 0·0001).
School Performance in Australia: Is There a Role for Quasi‐Markets?
Authors: Bradley Steve , Draca Mirko , Green Colin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractRecent changes to the organisation of Australia's education system have raised the possibility of implementing wide‐ranging market reforms. In this article we discuss the scope for introducing reforms similar to the United Kingdom's ‘quasi‐market’ model. We discuss the role of school league tables in providing signals and incentives in a quasi‐market. Specifically, we compare a range of unadjusted and model‐based league tables of primary school performance in Queensland's public education system. These comparisons indicate that model‐based tables which account for socio‐economic status and student intake quality vary significantly from the unadjusted tables.
Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Queensland Electricity Supply Industry: Gas and Carbon Tax Scenarios
Authors: Simshauser Paul , Docwra George 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis article examines various greenhouse gas scenarios for the electricity supply industry in the coal‐rich state of Queensland. The authors use a dynamic partial equilibrium model of the Queensland electricity system to examine the effects of four alternate policy scenarios: a business‐as‐usual case, a centrally planned gas‐fired case, and two carbon tax scenarios– the first in which the merit order of coal and gas plant is reversed, and the second in which fuel switching is undertaken. The results indicate that no scenario is capable of delivering sufficient cuts in emissions to meet a ‘Kyoto equivalent’ industry target. While fuel switching brought about the greatest reduction in emissions, the high cost of this scenario indicates that a more efficient outcome for the electricity supply industry in Queensland would be a broad‐based Australia‐wide approach to emissions abatement, so that carbon reductions can be accessed from industries capable of achieving lower cost emissions abatement.
Flying in the face of climate change: a review of climate change, past, present and future
Authors: Watkinson Andrew R. , Gill Jennifer A. , Hulme Mike 
Published: September 2004

The distribution and abundance of birds is known to depend critically upon climate variability at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In this paper we review historical changes in climate in the context of what is known about climate variability over the last millennium, with particular reference to the British Isles. The climate of Britain is now warmer than it has been in at least 340 years, with the 1990s decade 0.5 °C warmer than the 1961–1990 average. In addition, the frequency of cold days (mean temperature below 0 °C), particularly during March and November, has declined and there has been a marked shift in the seasonality of precipitation, with winters becoming substantially wetter and summers becoming slightly drier. Current understanding is that the rate of future warming is likely to accelerate with more frequent and more intense summer heatwaves, milder winters, an increase in winter rainfall, an increased risk of winter river floods, and an increase in mean sea‐level and associated coastal flooding. All of these aspects of climate change are likely to impact on coastal birds. A range of potential future climate scenarios for the British Isles are presented derived from recently completed global climate model experiments. For migrant bird species, changes in the British climate have also to be seen within the context of remote climate change in both the breeding and the overwintering grounds.
The possible impact of climate change on the future distributions and numbers of waders on Britain's non‐estuarine coast
Authors: Rehfisch Mark M. , Austin Graham E. , Freeman Steve N. , Armitage Michael J. S. , Burton Niall H. K. 
Published: September 2004

The relationship between weather and wader distributions on non‐estuarine coasts is described and used to predict how future wader distributions may respond to climate change. The distributions of eight out of nine species of wader commonly wintering on the non‐estuarine coasts of Britain altered between two similar surveys, in 1984/85 and 1997/98, that covered 78% and 38% of Britain's 12 594 km of non‐estuarine coastline, respectively. These eight species moved at least in part either eastwards along the winter isotherms or northwards. These changes in distribution broadly coincide with a distributional shift towards the species’ respective breeding grounds and are correlated with the local winter weather over the period: increasingly mild extreme temperatures and changes in mean rainfall, mean wind speed and wind‐chill. Based on the scenarios for Britain's climate in 2020 and 2080, it is predicted that the distributions of the waders will move away from the west. The non‐estuarine coasts of Britain hold particularly high proportions of the international flyway populations of Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula, Sanderling Calidris alba, Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima and Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres that are all expected to show continuing decline to 2080. Overwintering waders appear to be good indicators of the effects of climate change.
Managed realignment in the UK – the first 5 years of colonization by birds
Authors: Atkinson Philip W. , Crooks Steve , Drewitt Allan , Grant Alastair , Rehfisch Mark M. , Sharpe John , Tyas Christopher J. 
Published: September 2004

With current losses of saltmarsh running at > 100 ha per year in the UK, creation of new intertidal habitats through managed realignment is likely to be increasingly used. Potentially, this has biodiversity as well as engineering benefits. However, assessing the conservation value of many of the current UK schemes is difficult as the biological monitoring has been generally poor, with a few notable exceptions. At the Tollesbury and Orplands realignment sites, Essex, bird communities were dominated by terrestrial species during the first year of inundation and waterbird communities rapidly developed during the second and third years. Five years after the initial breach in the sea wall, communities were similar to surrounding mudflats but with some notable exceptions. Dunlin Calidris alpina and Common Redshank Tringa totanus that prey on the early colonizing Nereis and Hydrobia used the sites in the first 2 years. Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus did not occur on the realignment site as there were no large bivalves, whereas Red Knot Calidris canutus used the site after 4–5 years coincidentally with the appearance of Macoma balthica. The differences in the bird communities occurred because UK sites are often small, enclosed and poorly drained. If at a suitable height in the tidal frame, UK managed realignment sites are successful in that they have developed saltmarsh and biologically active mudflats but they may lack the full range of biodiversity found in surrounding natural intertidal habitats, even decades after inundation.
Preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes: A survey of current practice
Authors: BUCHANAN Sarah , CROWTHER Caroline , MORRIS Jonathan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground:  Preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes (PPROM) complicates 1–2% of all pregnancies. Risks of remaining in utero need to be balanced against the risks of iatrogenic prematurity if early birth is planned.Aims:  To assess and further define the current management of women with pregnancies complicated with PPROM in Australia.Methods:  A mail out questionnaire was sent to all Australian Members and Fellows of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG).Results:  There were 731 responses from RANZCOG Fellows and Members. Corticosteroids were used routinely in the setting of PPROM by 99% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 98.4–100.0%) of obstetricians. Tocolysis was used commonly by 75% (95% CI 98.4–100.0%). Antibiotics are also used routinely by 63% (95% CI 58.8–67.3%) of Australian obstetricians. For women presenting with PPROM less than 34 weeks’ gestation 56% (95% CI 48.1–60.0%) of obstetricians would plan to deliver these women prior to term, while for women presenting with PPROM greater than 34 weeks’ gestation 50% (95% CI 46.0–54.8%) would offer delivery to such women prior to term.Conclusions:  There is significant variation in clinical practice in the management of women who present with PPROM in Australia. There is little consensus regarding the optimal timing of delivery for babies of women with pregnancies complicated with PPROM. The present survey supports the need and feasibility of a randomised controlled trial to assess the appropriate gestation at which to deliver women with PPROM near to term.
Vaginal birth after Caesarean versus elective repeat Caesarean for women with a single prior Caesarean birth: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: DODD Jodie , CROWTHER Caroline 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAims:  To assess the benefits and harms of planned elective repeat Caesarean section with planned vaginal birth after Caesarean section (VBAC).Methods:  The Cochrane controlled trials register and MEDLINE (1966–current) were searched using the following terms: vaginal birth after C(a)esare(i)an; trial of labo(u)r; elective C(a)esare(i)an; C(a)esare(i)an section, repeat; randomis(z)ed controlled trial; randomis(z)ed trial; clinical trial; and prospective cohort study, to identify all published randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. Primary outcomes related to success of trial of labour, need for Caesarean section, maternal and neonatal mortality, and morbidity.Results:  There were no randomised controlled trials identified that compared planned elective repeat Caesarean birth with planned vaginal birth. Two prospective cohort studies were identified where all 449 women compared had a single prior Caesarean section in their immediately preceding pregnancy and were suitable for an attempted VBAC in their next pregnancy. For all outcomes, data were available from a single study only. Reported outcome data were available for maternal deaths (0/137 women), in utero fetal deaths (2/312 fetuses), neonatal deaths (0/137 infants), uterine scar dehiscence (2/137 women), uterine scar rupture (1/312 women), and infant Apgar score of less than seven at 5 min of age (9/312 infants). There were no statistically significant differences between planned elective repeat Caesarean section and planned VBAC.Conclusions:  There is a paucity of quality information available to assist women and their caregivers regarding optimal mode of birth for women with a single prior Caesarean section in their next pregnancy.
Induction of labour for women with a previous Caesarean birth: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: DODD Jodie , CROWTHER Caroline 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAims:  To compare the benefits and harms of planned elective repeat Caesarean section with induction of labour and to assess different methods of cervical ripening and induction of labour for women with a previous Caesarean birth who require induction of labour in a subsequent pregnancy.Methods:  The Cochrane controlled trials register and MEDLINE (1966–current) were searched using the following terms: vaginal birth after C(a)esare(i)an, trial of labo(u)r, elective C(a)esare(i)an, C(a)esare(i)an repeat, induction of labo(u)r, prostaglandins, prostaglandin E2, misoprostol, prostaglandin E1 analogs, mifepristone, oxytocin, Syntocinon, randomis(z)ed controlled trial, randomis(z)ed trial and clinical trial, to identify all published randomised controlled trials with reported data comparing outcomes for women and infants who have a planned elective repeat Caesarean section with induction of labour; and different methods of induction of labour, where a prior birth was by Caesarean section.Results:  There were no randomised controlled trials identified where women with a prior Caesarean birth, whose labour required induction in a subsequent pregnancy, compared elective repeat Caesarean section with induction of labour. There were three randomised controlled trials identified in which women with a prior Caesarean section were allocated to different methods of induction of labour – vaginal prostaglandin E2 versus intravenous oxytocin; mifepristone versus placebo; and vaginal misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin. These studies varied considerably in the methods used and meta‐analysis was not appropriate.Conclusions:  There is a paucity of safety information for induction of labour agents in the women with a scarred uterus, and caution should be exercised in their use.
Red blood cell iso‐immunisation in the Wellington area of New Zealand: The case for antenatal prophylaxis
Authors: TUOHY Jeremy F. , SANGALLI Michel , KIM Lawrence 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe present study aimed to calculate the rate of Rhesus D iso‐immunisation during pregnancy in Wellington, New Zealand and to identify the timing of iso‐immunisation. The notes of all women and their babies with positive antenatal anti‐D antibody screens during the period 1994–2002 at the regional reference laboratory (Wellington Blood Transfusion Service) were reviewed to identify the antibody titre and the stage of pregnancy that the antibodies developed. Twelve percent of all tested pregnant women were Rhesus D negative and the annual immunisation rate during pregnancy was 1.4%. Sensitisation during the third trimester occurred in 50% of these women. Sensitisation in the third trimester was more common in primigravid women (87%) than in multiparous women (27%).
Hypertension during pregnancy in South Australia, Part 1: Pregnancy outcomes
Authors: HEARD Adrian R. , DEKKER Gus A. , CHAN Annabelle , JACOBS Danielle J. , VREEBURG Sophie A. , PRIEST Kevin R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground:  There have been conflicting reports about pregnancy outcome in the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The present study was undertaken to examine outcomes using a population database.Aims:  To examine for differences in a range of pregnancy outcomes between three different groups of hypertensive women and normotensive women in South Australia.Methods:  Nine pregnancy outcomes were compared for 70 386 singleton pregnancies in the South Australian perinatal data collection in 1998–2001, consisting of 639 women with pre‐existing hypertension, 5356 women with pregnancy hypertension, 448 women with superimposed pre‐eclampsia and 63 943 normotensive women. Means for the four groups were calculated for birthweight, gestational age, the baby's and mother's length of stay. The groups were also compared for perinatal deaths with an earlier period, 1991–1997.Results:  While all three hypertensive groups had high incidences of induction of labour and emergency Caesarean, only pre‐existing hypertension and superimposed pre‐eclampsia were significantly associated with elective Caesarean section. All hypertensive groups had increased risks for low birthweight and preterm birth and special and neonatal intensive care. Uncomplicated pre‐existing hypertension was not associated with small for gestational age infants, but with preterm delivery between 32 and 36 weeks’ gestation. Superimposed pre‐eclampsia had the worst prognosis for perinatal and maternal morbidity. While pregnancy hypertension held the intermediate position, it was not associated with an increase in perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality rate for women with hypertensive disorders in 1998–2001 was significantly lower than that of an earlier period and equivalent to that for normotensive women.Conclusions:  Superimposed pre‐eclampsia occurs in approximately 40% of pregnancies of women with pre‐existing hypertension and has the most severe outcomes. The hypertensive disorders are associated with high levels of morbidity and intervention, but the high perinatal mortality associated with these disorders has fallen significantly.
Hypertension during pregnancy in South Australia, Part 2: Risk factors for adverse maternal and/or perinatal outcome – results of multivariable analysis
Authors: VREEBURG Sophie A. , JACOBS Danielle J. , DEKKER Gus A. , HEARD Adrian R. , PRIEST Kevin R. , CHAN Annabelle 
Published: September 2004

AbstractObjective:  To identify factors associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with hypertension during pregnancyDesign:  A population‐based retrospective multivariable analysis using the South Australian perinatal data collection.Methods:  Perinatal data on 70 386 singleton births in 1998–2001 were used in multivariable analyses on three groups: all women combined, all hypertensive women and women with pregnancy hypertension only, in order to identify independent risk factors for requirement for level II/III care, preterm birth, small for gestational age (SGA) birth and maternal length of stay greater than 7 days.Results:  The risks for the four morbidities were all increased among women with hypertension compared with normotensive women. Those with pre‐existing hypertension had the lowest risk (with odds ratios (OR) 1.26–2.90). Pregnancy hypertension held the intermediate position (OR 1.52–5.70), while superimposed pre‐eclampsia was associated with the highest risk (OR 2.00–8.75). Among women with hypertension, Aboriginality, older maternal age, nulliparity and pre‐existing or gestational diabetes increased the risk for level II/III nursery care, preterm birth and prolonged hospital stay. Smokers had shorter stays, which may be related to their decreased risk of having a Caesarean section or operative vaginal delivery. Asian women, Aboriginal women, smokers and unemployed women had an increased risk for having an SGA baby, while women with pre‐existing or gestational diabetes had a reduced risk.Conclusions:  Among hypertensive pregnant women, nulliparity, older maternal age, Aboriginality, unemployment and diabetes are independent risk factors for one or more major adverse pregnancy outcomes. Smoking does not always worsen the outcome for hypertensive women except for SGA births.
Effect of tubal ligation on ovarian reserve and the ovarian stromal blood supply
Authors: KELEKCI Sefa , YORGANCIOGLU Zehra , YILMAZ Bülent , YASAR Levent , SAVAN Kadir , SONMEZ Suha , KART Cavit 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAim:  Our aim was to evaluate possible adverse effects of tubal ligation on ovarian reserve and ovarian stromal vascular support.Methods:  Ninety‐one women who underwent tubal ligation, using a modified Pomeroy technique, were studied. The main outcome measurements were serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and oestradiol levels, ovarian volume, number of antral follicles and Doppler study of ovarian stromal artery on the third day of the menstrual cycle immediately before, 1 month and 12 months after the surgical intervention.Results:  Statistically significant elevation of follicle stimulating hormone levels was observed at 1 and 12 months after tubal ligation (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Doppler flow studies of the ovarian stromal arteries showed that there were no significant differences before and after tubal ligation.
Endometrial thickness and the Doppler sonographic parameters of the uterine arteries as discriminators of endometrial status in postmenopausal women receiving anti‐hypertensive treatment
Authors: OZCAKIR Hasan Tayfun , INCEBOZ Umit Sungurtekin , UTUK Ozan , BAYTUR Yesim Bulbul , CAGLAR Husnu 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAim:  The aim of the present study was to establish the Doppler sonographic parameters of the uterine arteries in postmenopausal patients with or without hypertension and to determine the value of their measurement in the prediction of endometrial pathology.Methods:  Healthy postmenopausal women (n = 23) and the ones receiving anti‐hypertensive medication (n = 34) examined for both endometrial thickness and Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries by transvaginal sonography.Results:  There was no sigificant difference between endometrial thickness and uterine artery Doppler sonographic parameters in hypertensive postmenopausal women compared to normotensive controls.Conclusion:  The role of Doppler examination in the differential diagnosis of endometrial pathology in patients with or without hypertension seemed not to be effective.