bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approximal brush head used on a powered toothbrush
Authors: Van Der Weijden G. A. , Timmerman M. F. , Danser M. M. , Piscaer M. , IJzerman Y. , Van Der Velden U. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAim: This study was designed to test whether the approximal efficacy of a powered toothbrush (Braun Oral‐B 3D Plaque Remover) can be improved when a pointed‐shaped brush head (PBH) specifically designed for these approximal areas is used as compared with the standard cup‐shaped brush head (CBH).Material and Methods: Forty non‐dental students were included. They all received the powered toothbrush and two different brush heads (CBH+PBH). Instructions were given to use each brush head twice every day (2 min. with the CBH followed by 1 min. with the PBH). Two weeks later they received an appointment for the first experiment (Exp 1), prior to which they abstained from all oral hygiene procedures for 48 h. Plaque was assessed at 6 sites/tooth. Next, the dental hygienist brushed for 2 min. (30 s/quadrant) with the CBH. Plaque was scored again. Subsequently, the dental hygienist brushed the approximal areas for another minute: in two randomly selected contra‐lateral quadrants for 30 s with the CBH and in the opposing quadrants for 30 s with the PBH. The next approximal plaque was scored a third time. After 2–3 weeks, Exp 2 was carried out comparable to Exp 1; only this time the panelists brushed themselves.Results: Exp 1 showed approximal plaque scores at the baseline of 1.70 and 1.72 and at post‐brushing 0.21 and 0.26 for the CBH + PBH and CBH only, respectively (p<0.05). The additional increase in approximal plaque reduction after 30 s of brushing with PBH was 22% and for the CBH 19% (p<0.05). Exp 2 showed approximal plaque scores at baseline of 1.76 and 1.74 and post‐brushing of 0.21 and 0.24 for the CBH+PBH and the CBH, respectively. The additional approximal plaque reduction of 30 s brushing with PBH was 19% and 18% with the CBH (no significant difference).Discussion/Conclusion: An additional 1 min. showed minor differences (1–3%) between brush heads. The effect of the 1 min. extra brushing (±18%) itself was much larger. It seems therefore beneficial to advise the patient to brush longer. A second different brush head may stimulate to do so.
HOW SHOULD "KNOWLEDGE BASES" BE ORGANISED IN MULTI-TECHNOLOGY CORPORATIONS?
Authors: SAPSED JONATHAN D. 
Published: March 2005

This paper addresses a key interest in Keith Pavitt's later work; the organisational arrangements for co-ordinating technological knowledge. It also concurs with Pavitt's insistence on the constraints on managerial agency and his nihilistic amusement at frustrated plans. The paper considers Pavitt's conceptualisation of knowledge bases as technical disciplines and argues that there is an inconspicuous sub-level of specialised knowledge base associated with tools, products, project experience and requirements that may hamper the intents of higher-level organisation design. Two contrasting case studies are analysed of organisations attempting to manage transitions that are aimed at improving co-ordination processes. The first has moved from organisation around functional disciplines to product-based, cross-functional teams, while the second has done the reverse. The paper reviews the effects of these opposing organizational solutions on the processes of knowledge integration within the firms, the effects on communities of practice and the ways in which the systems have developed and adapted in response to the reorganisations. The paper challenges some of the simplistic prescriptions offered in the literature and provides further fuel for the debates over organisation design and the knowledge integration task.
COMPLEXITY AND INTERNATIONALISATION OF INNOVATION — WHY IS CHIP DESIGN MOVING TO ASIA?
Authors: ERNST DIETER 
Published: March 2005

Among Keith Pavitt's many contributions to the study of innovation is the proposition that physical proximity is advantageous for innovative activities that involve highly complex technological knowledge. But chip design, a process that creates the greatest value in the electronics industry and that requires highly complex knowledge, is experiencing a massive dispersion to leading Asian electronics exporting countries. To explain why chip design is moving to Asia, the paper draws on interviews with 60 companies and 15 research institutions that are doing leading-edge chip design in Asia. I demonstrate that "pull" and "policy" factors explain what attracts design to particular locations. But to get to the root causes that shift the balance in favour of geographical decentralisation, I examine "push" factors, i.e., changes in design methodology ("system-on-chip design") and organisation ("vertical specialisation" within global design networks). The resultant increase in knowledge mobility explains why chip design — which in Pavitt's framework is not supposed to move — is moving from the traditional centres to a few new specialised design clusters in Asia.
The prevention of street life among young people in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: de Moura Sérgio Luiz 
Published: March 2005

English This article reports on social environments for the implementation of interventions aimed at preventing street life among young people in Sâo Paulo, Brazil. The findings suggest the prospect of prevention of street life, which focuses on families and communities in this context, is hardly feasible. Public institutions are identified as the most suitable localities for preventive interventions. French Cet article explore les environnements sociaux les plus appropriés pour mener des interventions visant à empêcher la vie de rue parmi les jeunes à São Paulo, Brésil. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une perspective de prévention mettant l’accent sur les familles et les communautés est à peine appropriée dans ce contexte. Les établissements publics sont identifiés comme étant les endroits les plus appropriées pour mener des interventions préventives. Spanish Se informa sobre entornos sociales para la puesta en práctica de intervenciones dirigidas a prevenir el peligro de la vida callejera entre los jóvenes de San Pablo en el Brasil. Los hallazgos sugieren que las posibilidades de prevención de la vida callejera no son buenas si la prevención se enfoca en las familias y las comunidades. Se señalan las instituciones públicas como los lugares más adecuados para intervenciones preventivas.
A systematic review of stress among mental health social workers
Authors: Coyle Dave , Edwards Deborah , Hannigan Ben , Fothergill Anne , Burnard Philip 
Published: March 2005

English In the UK mental health social workers reported role conflict, role ambiguity and fulfilling statutory responsibilities as possible sources of stress. Burnout was related to workload, degree of involvement with patients, lack of social support and role conflict. Further work, which investigates coping strategies and stress management interventions, is recommended. French Au Royaume-Uni, les travailleurs sociaux en santé mentale signalent un problème de conflit de rôle, de l’ambiguïté de rôle et des responsabilités statutaires en tant que sources possibles de stresse. L’épuisement professionnel (burnout) a été lié à la charge de travail, au niveau d’implication auprès des patients, au manque d’appui social et aux conflits de rôle. L’article souligne la nécessité d’entreprendre d’autres études sur les stratégies employées pour gérer et maîtriser le stresse. Spanish En el Reino Unido, los trabajadores sociales en el área de salud mental nos informan que el conflicto y la ambigüedad de roles, así como las responsabilidades estatutarias son posibles causas de estrés. El desgaste profesional (burnout) fue relacionado con la cantidad de trabajo, el grado de envolvimiento con los pacientes, la falta de apoyo social y el conflicto de roles. Se recomienda la investigación de estrategias ‘para arreglárselas’ (‘coping strategies’) e intervenciones para controlar el estrés.
Presbyteral Ministry in the Church of England
Authors: Fisher Peter 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Church of England’s Ordination rites of the sixteenth and twentieth centuries are presented and interpreted as primary sources for the understanding of Priestly/presbyteral ministry in the Church of England today. These texts are supplemented by reference to other ‘official’ sources and to some classic nineteenth-century and more recent discussions. The article concludes with a definition of ministerial priesthood as a ‘sacred office’.
Differences between men with screening-detected versus clinically diagnosed prostate cancers in the USA
Authors: Hoffman Richard M , Stone S Noell , Espey David , Potosky Arnold L 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The advent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing in the United States of America (USA) has led to a dramatic increase in the incidence of prostate cancer in the United States as well as the number of men undergoing aggressive treatment with radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy. We compared patient characteristics and treatment selection between American men with screening-detected versus clinically diagnosed prostate cancers.

Methods
We evaluated 3,173 men with prostate cancer in the USA. Surveys and medical records provided information on demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, symptoms, tumor characteristics, and treatment. We classified men presenting with symptoms of advanced cancer – bone pain, weight loss, or hematuria – as "clinically diagnosed"; asymptomatic men and those with only lower urinary tract symptoms were considered "screening-detected." We used multivariate analyses to determine whether screening predicted receiving aggressive treatment for a clinically localized cancer.

Results
We classified 11% of cancers as being clinically diagnosed. Men with screening-detected cancers were more often non-Hispanic white (77% vs. 65%, P < 0.01), younger (36% < 65 years vs. 25%, P ≤ 0.01), better educated (80% ≥ high school vs. 67%, P < 0.01), healthier (18% excellent health vs. 10%, P < 0.01), and diagnosed with localized disease (90% vs. 75%, P < 0.01). Men with screening-detected localized cancers more often underwent aggressive treatment, 76% vs. 70%, P = 0.05.

Conclusion
Most cancers were detected by screening in this American cohort. Appropriately, younger, healthier men were more likely to be diagnosed by screening. Minority status and lower socio-economic status appeared to be screening barriers. Screening detected earlier-stage cancers and was associated with receiving aggressive treatment.
Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in skin nerve fibres and related vanilloid receptors TRPV3 and TRPV4 in keratinocytes in human breast pain
Authors: Gopinath Preethi , Wan Elaine , Holdcroft Anita , Facer Paul , Davis John B , Smith Graham D , Bountra Chas , Anand Praveen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Breast pain and tenderness affects 70% of women at some time. These symptoms have been attributed to stretching of the nerves with increase in breast size, but tissue mechanisms are poorly understood.

Methods
Eighteen patients (n = 12 breast reduction and n = 6 breast reconstruction) were recruited and assessed for breast pain by clinical questionnaire. Breast skin biopsies from each patient were examined using immunohistological methods with specific antibodies to the capsaicin receptor TRPV1, related vanilloid thermoreceptors TRPV3 and TRPV4, and nerve growth factor (NGF).

Results
TRPV1-positive intra-epidermal nerve fibres were significantly increased in patients with breast pain and tenderness (TRPV1 fibres / mm epidermis, median [range] – no pain group, n = 8, 0.69 [0–1.27]; pain group, n = 10, 2.15 [0.77–4.38]; p = 0.0009). Nerve Growth Factor, which up-regulates TRPV1 and induces nerve sprouting, was present basal keratinocytes: some breast pain specimens also showed NGF staining in supra-basal keratinocytes. TRPV4-immunoreactive fibres were present in sub-epidermis but not significantly changed in painful breast tissue. Both TRPV3 and TRPV4 were significantly increased in keratinocytes in breast pain tissues; TRPV3, median [range] – no pain group, n = 6, 0.75 [0–2]; pain group, n = 11, 2 [1–3], p = 0.008; TRPV4, median [range] – no pain group, n = 6, [0–1]; pain group, n = 11, 1 [0.5–2], p = 0.014).

Conclusion
Increased TRPV1 intra-epidermal nerve fibres could represent collateral sprouts, or re-innervation following nerve stretch and damage by polymodal nociceptors. Selective TRPV1-blockers may provide new therapy in breast pain. The role of TRPV3 and TRPV4 changes in keratinocytes deserve further study.
Prokinetic Drug Therapy in Children: A Review of Current Options
Authors: Chicella Michael F , Batres L Arturo , Heesters Michael S , Dice James E 
Published: March 2005

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, safety, and efficacy of the prokinetic agents metoclopramide and erythromycin in children. DATA SOURCES: English-language literature was accessed using MEDLINE (1970–June 2004) with metoclopramide, erythromycin, macrolides, gastroesophageal reflux, and gastrointestinal motility as the search terms. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Abstracts and original research articles were included. Preference was given to published controlled trials. Articles providing descriptions of pharmacology, safety, and effectiveness of metoclopramide and erythromycin for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) were also used in this review. DATA SYNTHESIS: Some authors advocate using a prokinetic agent along with acid suppression for treatment of GER in children. The 2 prokinetic agents most commonly used are erythromycin and metoclopramide. Erythromycin has numerous observational reports and controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy in improving feeding tolerance in children. Adverse drug reactions associated with its use were uncommon in prospective controlled trials. Few data support the use of metoclopramide for management of GER, and the potential adverse effects associated with its use need to be considered before prescribing. CONCLUSIONS: The literature supports the use of erythromycin as a prokinetic agent. Many children with GER are adequately controlled with acid suppression alone; however, if use of a prokinetic agent is warranted, erythromycin in combination with acid suppression should be considered. Given the lack of prospective controlled studies demonstrating metoclopramide's efficacy and safety in the treatment of GER in children, metoclopramide should not be considered a treatment option.
Improved Method for the Detection of TATP After Explosion
Authors: Muller D , Levy A , Shelef R , Abramovich-Bar S , Sonenfeld D , Tamiri T 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
TATP in post explosion exhibits was reported earlier to be best recovered from vapor phase. A typical procedure includes its adsorption on Amberlite XAD-7, elution with acetonitrile and analysis by GC/MS. In this work, improved recovery of TATP from the vapor phase was achieved by SPME using PDMS/DVB fiber and immediate sampling to GC/MS. The recovery of TATP by SPME was compared with headspace and with adsorption on Amberlite XAD-7 by spiking onto filter paper put in a 100 mL beaker. The limit of detection of TATP was 6.4 ng in these conditions, few orders magnitude more than in the other tested methods. Recovery of TATP in the presence of various solvents was also studied. Acetone, water, and mixtures of water:alcohols (1:1) were found to reduce the recovery of TATP. Using SPME, TATP has been identified in dozens of post-explosion cases.
Allele Frequency Data for Profiler Plus Loci in Australia
Authors: Weir B S , Bagdonavicius A , Blair B , Eckhoff C , Pearman C , Stringer P , Sutton J , West J , Wynen L 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Data from over 12,000 Profiler PlusTM profiles collected from eight Australian forensic agencies have been combined to give samples for three major groups: Asian (N ¯721), Aboriginal (N ¯ 3515) and Caucasian (N ¯ 8261).
Effect of Eight Solvents on Ethanol Analysis by Draäger 7110 Evidential Breath Analyzer
Authors: Laakso O , Pennanen T , Himberg K , Kuitunen T , Himberg JJ 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The Dräger 7110 MK III FIN Evidential breath analyzer is classified as a quantitative analyzer capable to provide sufficient evidence for establishing legal intoxication. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ethanol specificity of this instrument in the presence of other solvents. Effects of eight possible interfering compounds on ethanol analysis were determined in a procedure simulating a human breathing. Most of the compounds studied had either a negligible effect on ethanol analysis (acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone) or were detected in very low concentrations before influencing ethanol readings (methanol, ethyl acetate, and diethyl ether). However, 1-propanol and 2-propanol increased the ethanol readings significantly. Thus, Draäer ethanol readings should be interpreted carefully in the presence of propanol.
Effects of Processing Techniques on the Forensic DNA Analysis of Human Skeletal Remains
Authors: Arismendi JL , Baker LE , Matteson KJ 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Human remains processed by forensic anthropologists may potentially be used for genetic analysis. Therefore, the condition of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in processed remains may become an issue for future analysis. Processing techniques employed by anthropologists are highly variable and scanning electron microscopy reveals significant alterations to the bone surface depending upon the technique used. Such damage to the bone indicates differences may exist in quality and quantity of DNA extracted. This study assessed how five processing procedures used by major forensic anthropology laboratories around the country affects the amounts of DNA extracted from human rib bones and the subsequent DNA analysis. The DNA was analyzed using the short tandem repeat (STR) locus CSF1PO and amelogenin. The findings indicate processing procedures used by forensic anthropologists do not adversely affect DNA analysis but prolonged exposure to heat during processing may decrease the yield of information from the DNA.
Analysis of Nitrite in Adulterated Urine Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Kinkennon AE , Black DB , Robert TA , Stout PR 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A simple method for analyzing nitrite in urine has been developed to confirm and quantify the amount of nitrite in potentially adulterated urine samples. The method involved separation of nitrite by capillary electrophoresis and direct UV detection at 214 nm. Separation was performed using a bare fused silica capillary and a 25 mM phosphate run buffer at a pH of 7.5. Sample preparation consisted of diluting the urine samples 1:20 with run buffer and internal standard, and centrifuging for 5 min at 2500 rpm. The sample was hydrodynamically injected, then separated using –25 kV with the column maintained at 35C. The method had upper and lower limits of linearity of 1500 and 80 ∐g/mL nitrite, respectively, and a limit of detection of 20 ∐g/mL. The method was evaluated using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) protocol (Document EP10–A2), and validated using controls, standards, and authentic urine samples. Ten anions, ClO¯, CrO¯4 2, NO¯3, HCO¯3 , I¯, CH3COO¯, F¯, SO¯4 , S2O¯8 2, and Cl¯, were tested for potential interference with the assay. Interferences with quantitation were noted for only CrO¯4 2 and S2O¯8 2. High concentrations of Cl- interfered with the chromatography. The method had acceptable accuracy, precision, and specificity.
Use of Solid-Phase Double-Antibody Radioimmunoassay to Identify Species from Small Skeletal Fragments
Authors: Ubelaker DH , Lowenstein JM , Hood DG 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Protein radioimmunoassay (pRIA) offers the potential to identify species in small skeletal fragments submitted as forensic evidence. The technique consists of protein extraction followed by a solid-phase double-antibody radioimmunoassay using controls of antisera (raised in rabbits) and radioactive (iodine-125) antibody of rabbit gamma globulin (produced in donkeys). Species determination results from evaluation of radioactivity uptake. To demonstrate the potential of this technique, six known bone samples (three human and three nonhuman, including one from a deer [Odocoileus virginianus]) were submitted for blind analysis. pRIA correctly distinguished the human from the nonhuman samples. Using 200 mg or less of each sample, species of the deer specimen was identified correctly, given the choices of cow, deer, dog, goat, and pig.
The Belated Autopsy and Identification of an Eighteenth Century Naval Hero—The Saga of John Paul Jones
Authors: Rogers NL , Field K , Froede RC , Towne B 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
John Paul Jones, the “Father of the American Navy,” is known for the battletime assertion that he had “not yet begun to fight.” His central role in a triumph of scientific forensic identification more than a century after his death is less known. John Paul Jones died in 1792 and was buried in Paris, France. The location of his grave was lost over time and a search for his corpse began in 1899. Remains matching his physical characteristics and circumstance of burial were discovered in 1905 and returned to the United States for a hero's burial. Some questioned the identification at the time and the major source of identifying information (17) has since been shown to contain false information. The published forensic literature fails to address existing critiques of the identification. We provide a substantive analysis and conclude that the available evidence supports the identification of the unknown remains as those of John Paul Jones. Erratum to this paper appears in 49(5).
Fingerprint's Third Dimension: The Depth and Shape of Fingerprints Penetration into Paper—Cross Section Examination by Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Almog J , Azoury M , Elmaliah Y , Berenstein L , Zaban A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In an attempt to maximize the yield of latent fingerprints from paper items, we conducted a study of a fundamental process between fingerprint deposits and paper. Fingerprint ridges have been observed in the cross section of paper by fluorescence microscopy. It was possible to see, for the first time, how residue from fingerprint ridges is embedded in paper. Undeveloped, latent fingerprints, as well as latent prints developed by the two fluorogenic reagents, DFO and 1,2-indanedione, have been examined. The shape and depth of penetration of fingerprints vary with different types of paper. An inverse relationship between the smoothness of the paper and the penetration depth was observed: higher smoothness values result in lower depths of penetration. High quality prints appear to correlate with an optimal penetration depth—between 40 and 60 microns.
Body Height Estimation Based on Dimensions of Sacral and Coccygeal Vertebrae
Authors: Pelin C , Duyar İ , Kayahan EM , Zagyapan R , Ağildere AM , Erar A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This study is to evaluate whether it is possible to predict living stature from sacral and coccygeal vertebral dimensions. Individual vertebral body heights, sacral height(SH), and sacrococcygeal height (SCH) were recorded from the magnetic resonance images of 42 adult males. Sum of the heights of five sacral vertebrae (ΣS), the first four coccygeal vertebrae (ΣC), and the total height of the sacral and the first four coccygeal vertebrae together (ΣSC) were also recorded. Linear regression equations for stature estimation were produced using the above mentioned variables. The regression equations were constructed and tested by using jack-knife procedure. Statistical analyses indicated that the combined variables (SH, SCH, ΣS, ΣC, ΣSC) were more accurate predictors of stature than the heights of individual vertebrae. The results of the study pointed out that the equations derived from sacrococcygeal dimensions perform somewhat better than ones based on foot and head variables, but worse than those based on long-bone length. As a conclusion, the dimensions of sacral and coccygeal vertebrae could be used for stature estimation when long bones are not available.