bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Form: Narrative Structure
Authors: Black Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Asked why they enjoyed Sons and Lovers and remember it with pleasure, many readers would answer that they found it vivid, or ‘realistic’. This lifelikeness starts with the evocation of the countryside and the town, the mining community and its people, and the Morel parents themselves, who are portrayed so carefully, so much in the round that most people find that good balances bad. We find fresh and arresting the scene where Morel gets up, breakfasts and goes off to the pit: this is how it once was, and it both renders a way of life, now lost, in a given place at a certain time, and gives us a sympathetic sense of him as a man comfortably rooted in his way of life and his work. What he is feeling at this moment, or as he picks mushrooms on the way to the pit (cut by Garnett) is the joy that is often unconscious. This is not wage slavery or industrial oppression; Morel lives in a way that he loves. What he does, where he lives, give him his identity.
Tobacco and Nicotine
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum is native to America. In his first voyage in 1492, Christopher Columbus found the Arawaks of the West Indies smoking crude cigars of tobacco leaf. These people had probably learned about the cultivation and use of tobacco from the Mayans, who inhaled the smoke of burning, dried tobacco leaves over 2000 years ago. The purpose of smoking tobacco may have been primarily medicinal for Native Americans, and for that reason the seeds of the tobacco were taken or sent to Europe for cultivation. Nicotine and the plant genus are named for Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Portugal, who sent tobacco seeds to France in 1556. Sir Walter Raleigh was in part responsible for the popularity of tobacco smoking in Great Britain in the sixteenth century. James I, however, presciently condemned the practice as dirty and unhealthy and prohibited tobacco production in Britain during his reign (1566-1625).
Medical Issues Associated with Drug Abuse
Authors: Winger Gail , Woods James H , Hofmann Frederick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chronic drug abusers are likely to develop health problems that are less commonly observed in people who do not abuse drugs. Some of these health problems, such as overdosage and drug toxicity, are due directly to the use of a particular drug; they are discussed for the most part in the chapters that deal with those drugs. Other health problems may be tied only indirectly to administration of a particular drug, but may be more related to the process of drug-taking, to the environment where drug-taking is likely to occur, to the behavior related to obtaining and taking drugs, or to the fact that chronic drug abusers are less likely than others to seek medical attention.
Indigenous Peoples In International Law
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this thoroughly revised and updated edition of the first book-length treatment of the subject, S. James Anaya incorporates references to all the latest treaties and recent developments in the international law of indigenous peoples. Anaya demonstrates that, while historical trends in international law largely facilitated colonization of indigenous peoples and their lands, modern international law’s human rights program has been modestly responsive to indigenous peoples’ aspirations to survive as distinct communities in control of their own destinies. This book provides a theoretically grounded and practically oriented synthesis of the historical, contemporary and emerging international law related to indigenous peoples. It will be of great interest to scholars and lawyers in international law and human rights, as well as to those interested in the dynamics of indigenous and ethnic identity.
Epilogue: England, France, and America
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paine was fifty years old when he returned to Europe in 1787. Ahead lay two decades that began with exhilarating success as a pamphleteer of revolution, followed by disappointment and ultimately despair. In literary merit and political impact, Paine’s greatest pamphlets of the 17gos-The Rights of Man and The Age of Reason-equaled Common Sense. Paine’s writings helped to inspire an upsurge of popular radicalism in England and led to his being chosen to sit in the National Convention of revolutionary France.
Nature, Youth, and Nowell’s Flood
Authors: Kolve V A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the Miller sets out to “quite” the Knight’s Tale—to offer a countervision of human experience—the fact that the Knight has chosen to address the Christian purpose of the journey only by indirection plays no part whatsoever in bringing the Miller to the fore. The Miller’s characters, to be sure, swear many a Christian oath, with even St. Thomas of Kent, toward whose shrine the pilgrims travel, twice pressed into service. But such oaths invite no close attention and enjoy no privileged status within the fiction; they are simply part of the colloquial English speech that Chaucer imitates in this tale with a special felicity and accuracy of ear. When Gerveys the smith greets Absolon.
The Wilsonian Moment
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, while key decisions were debated by the victorious Allied powers, a multitude of smaller nations and colonies held their breath, waiting to see how their fates would be decided. President Woodrow Wilson, in his Fourteen Points, had called for "a free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims," giving equal weight would be given to the opinions of the colonized peoples and the colonial powers. Among those nations now paying close attention to Wilson's words and actions were the budding nationalist leaders of four disparate non-Western societies--Egypt, India, China, and Korea. That spring, Wilson's words would help ignite political upheavals in all four of these countries. This book is the first to place the 1919 Revolution in Egypt, the Rowlatt Satyagraha in India, the May Fourth movement in China, and the March First uprising in Korea in the context of a broader "Wilsonian moment" that challenged the existing international order. Using primary source material from America, Europe, and Asia, historian Erez Manela tells the story of how emerging nationalist movements appropriated Wilsonian language and adapted it to their own local culture and politics as they launched into action on the international stage. The rapid disintegration of the Wilsonian promise left a legacy of disillusionment and facilitated the spread of revisionist ideologies and movements in these societies; future leaders of Third World liberation movements - Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Jawaharlal Nehru, among others - were profoundly shaped by their experiences at the time. The importance of the Paris Peace Conference and Wilson's influence on international affairs far from the battlefields of Europe cannot be underestimated. Now, for the first time, we can clearly see just how the events played out at Versailles sparked a wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today.
Just Monogamy?
Authors: Emens Elizabeth F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Right now, marriage and monogamy feature prominently on the public stage. Efforts to lift state and federal prohibitions on same-sex marriage have inspired people across the political spectrum to speak about the virtues of monogamy’s core institution and to express views on who should be included within it. In this brief comment, I want to talk about something else. Like an “unmannerly wedding guest,” I want to invite the reader to pause amidst the whirlwind of marriage talk, to think about alternatives to monogamy. In particular, I want to talk about multiparty relationships, or “polyamory,” as these relationships are called by some of their participants. Before doing so, I should acknowledge that I do not think that same-sex marriage will lead ineluctably to multiparty marriage. Our cultural commitment to the pair, the couple, the idea of total mutual love between two individuals, runs deep. Moreover, to design multiparty marriage would be a complicated legal endeavor, and the state may arguably have an interest in maintaining the efficiency of a relationship in which each person names just one other as a partner for all legal purposes.
Push and Energy
Authors: Postel Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Farmers’ Alliance, the largest and most important constituency of what would become the Populist coalition, rose in the 1870s out of the dust and smoke of the central Texas frontier. The “honest, earnest, and brave” pioneers of the Alliance drove off the horse thieves, stood down the land sharks, built up law and order, and made central Texas safe for settlement and civilization. At least this is the account provided by official histories of the Farmers’ Alliance, which also acknowledged that little evidence of these early days survived in the historical record. The reliability of the pioneer story of the 1870s, however, is less important than the reasons why the story was retold by Alliance historians in the 1880s and 1890s.
A Better Woman
Authors: Postel Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The women of the Farmers’ Alliance disagreed about women’s rights. Their letters to the Southern Mercury revealed the extent of the disagreements. A correspondent writing under the pen name Ann Other, an agile polemicist for women’s suffrage, leveled the following set of questions at her opponents: For Ann Other, equal rights meant equality in politics, too, and political rights were essential for women’s independence. Charitie from Ruston, Louisiana, disagreed, articulating the anti-suffrage argument. Although her own husband favored women voting, she argued that entering the dirty business of politics would deprive women of their moral advantage and their “influence over men” in the household. Charitie held a minority viewpoint, as most letters to the Southern Mercury supported women’s voting rights.
Shrine of Science
Authors: Postel Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a leader of the Populist movement in Georgia, Charles C. Post stirred controversies with his investigations of “mental science” and the fallacies of religion. Post believed that the Christianity in which he was raised failed to comply with modern demands. He searched for a belief system more suitable to an era of discovery and progress, and he found “mental science” especially persuasive. Its scientific ethos marked an improvement over worn-out Christian dogmas, placing the human spirit in the same framework of empirical exploration as electricity and similar natural phenomena. “Mental science,” as Post understood it, exposed the very notion of a supreme being as contrary to reason and logic. “The evolution of man had scarcely proceeded beyond the ape,” Post explained, when the idea originated “that some great, big man made us.” However, “in the light of a more scientific day,” the concept of a god was “idiotic” and irrational. “Dependence upon ‘God’ or any one else,” he concluded, “weakens the individuality; destroys the will; obliterates the Ego.”
Introduction: Black Mayors and Social Change
Authors: Thompson J Phillip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most immediate impetus for the election of black mayors was demographic shifts in cities as blacks moved North in the 1940s and 1950s from the rural South and whites moved out to the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960, 1.2 million whites left Chicago, Philadelphia, and Newark, New Jersey, and 301,000 blacks moved in. In New York City, between 1950 and 1965, one million whites left and a nearly equal number of blacks and Puerto Ricans entered. White suburbanization was fostered by federal and state transportation policies that favored the automobile over public transportation and by federal housing and tax policies that benefited suburbs most by subsidizing new homeownership. The Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and Veteran’s Authority (VA) initiated mortgage-underwriting policies that covered 90 percent of the cost of purchasing a new house and stretched payments over thirty years (Powell 2002, 78).
Death
Authors: de Waal Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kuwebe lies in Dar Zaghawa, a hamlet of no more than a dozen households. In one desperately poor compound lived two co-wives, abandoned by their husband, and the brother of one of them, with his wife. In October 1985 these three women had five living children between them. A few months earlier, in the space of three weeks, these children had seen seven of their siblings die, of ‘swollen heads’. We did not want to press the mothers any further with our questions. Instead we spoke to the sheikh, who merely commented ‘Allah takes whomever he wishes.’
Before the GI Bill Veterans and Politics from the Revolution through World War I
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The iconic status of the GI Bill derives mostly from the profound effects that have been ascribed to it—to its role in shaping both the lives of individual World War II veterans and the collective life of postwar America. In no small measure the bill’s legendary status depends as well on its uniqueness. Here was an act like no other in the long legislative history of the United States— not merely a stunning instance of congressional wisdom and good-will but also a substantive departure from the veterans’ benefit laws that had followed all previous American wars. Many Americans seem to know that the bill was unique. However, it is fair to say that very few understand how. Setting the bill in the political and institutional contexts surrounding its enactment in 1944 is crucial to appreciating its significance. Yet to understand the uniqueness of the GI Bill we must also look back much further, to the longer evolution of American policy toward returning veterans.
Breast Cancer Patients and the Emergence of a Treatment
Authors: Rettig Richard A , Jacobson Peter D , Farquhar Cynthia M , Aubry Wade M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
&gt;Pamela Pirozzi, a 35-year-old mother of three, was diagnosed with breast cancer in May 1989 (Leff 1990b). After a modified mastectomy and 6 months of chemotherapy, her prognosis looked good. But, in early 1990 she learned that the cancer had returned and spread elsewhere in her body. Her physician, Stanley P. Watkins, Jr., advised her that her best chance for surviving more than a year was a new procedure involving high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) augmented by transplantation of her bone marrow. However, her insurer, Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Virginia, denied the request for coverage on the grounds that the procedure, estimated to cost at least $100,000, was experimental. Pamela and her husband, Mike Pirozzi, sued, and on April 18, 1990, a federal district court judge in Alexandria, Virginia, ruled in her favor (Howe 1990).
Mediterranean Triumph
Authors: Leiner Frederick C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At Two O’Clock On May 20, 1815, the Guerriere signaled for the ships of the squadron to up anchor and make sail. The keeper of the log of the schooner Torch noted that the day had begun with gales and rain squalls, but by the afternoon, Peter M. Potter, the captain’s clerk who kept a diary aboard the Spitfire, noted that it was “remarkably fine with a favorable wind.” At three-thirty, the Torch weighed her anchor “together with the Fleet — stood to Sea.” The squadron set out in a preassigned formation, the flagship in the lead and the other ships behind in two parallel columns, the frigate Macedonian leading the left column and the frigate Constellation leading the right. As the Guerriere cleared the Narrows, Decatur dashed off a last note to Crowninshield, which he handed to the pilot to send to Washington, that he “had passed the Bar with a fair wind” and was destined for the Mediterranean “with all possible dispatch.”
The British Bombardment and an “Occular Demonstration”
Authors: Leiner Frederick C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Whirlwind of naval and diplomatic action by the United States against Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli caught the European nations completely off guard. News of Decatur’s lightning success against Algiers, considered the foremost Barbary power, arrived after the allied coalition had beaten Napoleon at Waterloo, marched into Paris, and convened again on methods to secure the peace and security of Europe. At first, the proof pro- vided by the Americans that Algiers was a weak despotism, and not the all-powerful threat imagined for centuries, had little effect except with newspapers. British newspapers had a field day, railing that the Americans had triumphed while the great powers of Europe—specifically, England— continued with the tribute racket. One of the great political essayists of the early nineteenth century was William Cobbett, an Englishman who had spent several years in the United States, the editor and scrivener of a polemical Federalist newspaper in Philadelphia in the 1790s aptly named Porcupine’s Gazette.
Subject Headings and the Library Catalog
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A library’s online catalog lists the book holdings of the institution; it may also list non-book formats such as manuscripts, sound recordings, videos, maps, photographs, and so on. The titles of journals held by the library will also be recorded, but as a general rule, the catalog will not enable you to search for the individual articles that appear within journals. (For those you will need separate databases and indexes, discussed in Chapters 4 through 8). Each entry in the catalog will provide you with a call number enabling you to locate the desired volume on the shelves. The most frequent, and most serious, problem that people have in looking for books in the catalog is determining the right subject headings to use. For example, if a reader wants books on morality, should she look under “Morality” or under “Ethics”? Or must she try both? Or perhaps, with a more focused topic in mind, she should look directly under “Ethical relativism”? Similarly, if another reader wants information on sentencing criminals to death, should he look under “Death penalty” or under “Capital punishment”? And how does he know that he’s thought up all of the right terms? Perhaps he should look under “Execution” or some other synonyms as well. Note that these three terms fall into quite different sections of the alphabet.
Keyword Searches
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many of the Eureka, First Search, Wilson Web, EBSCO Host, and other commercially available databases discussed in the previous chapter, like the library’s book catalog, are of the subject-heading or controlled vocabulary type. The advantage of such an encoding method is that it solves the problems of synonym variations (e.g., “death penalty,” “capital punishment”), of foreign language terms (“peine de mort,” “pena capitale”), and of relationship connections to other topics (through BT, RT, and NT cross-references, thesaurus menus, online-browse displays, and linkages of headings to classification numbers). The collocation function of controlled vocabularies saves researchers the considerable trouble of having to look under a wide variety of terms for material on one subject, and the associative function provides formal pathways to multiple related topics.
Reference Sources: Searching by Types of Literature
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So far we have been concerned mainly to delineate the options for pursuing research questions rather than reference questions. The former are more open-ended, in the sense of not having definite “right” or “wrong” answers. For example, “What information exists on land reform in seventeenth-century China?” or “What is available on U.S.–Israeli relations after the Six Day War?” are research questions, in the sense that I’m using the term here. Reference questions, in contrast, are those looking for a specific bit of information—for example, “What is the height of the Washington Monument?” “Who won the Oscar for Best Actor in 1932?” The latter have an ascertainable “right” answer.
Hercules
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is not a lot of snow in Florence, but in the winter of 1406 there was enough to build snowmen. One of the figures made on this occasion was a gigantic Hercules almost twenty feet high, armed with a stout shield and a heavy club, and accompanied by a fierce lion. The Florentines knew who Hercules was because he had been on a seal of the city since 1281. And if they looked carefully they would have seen his exploits carved in the right jamb of the Porta della Mandorla of the cathedral, completed the previous year. Some of the masons from the cathedral may have helped. It was not just children who made snowmen. In 1494, Michelangelo was commissioned to build a snowman in the courtyard of the Medici palace. Perhaps this was a Hercules too, for the artist’s biographers both mention it in connection with a marble Hercules he had made a couple of years earlier. Then, grieving at the death of Lorenzo de’ Medici, Michelangelo had spontaneously started work on a spare block of marble and carved a stone giant to take the place of his dead patron. It has since disappeared, lost at Fontainebleau. Like the snowmen, it seems to have been made without thought of the future, just for the sake of making something out of materials that were ready to hand. In the fifteenth century, Hercules often appears like this – unexpectedly, made out of whatever material was locally available. Yet spontaneous actions are often the most heavily determined. The Florentines usually made snow lions rather than snowmen (in 1406 there had been a whole pride of them roaming the streets), but that was not an accident either, for the lion, the marzocco, was also a symbol of the Republic. Even so, it is hard to tell if the snowHercules of 1406 was, strictly speaking, a civic sculpture. That same year the Chancellor of Florence, Coluccio Salutati, died, leaving behind the manuscript of De laboribus Herculis. He had been prompted to write not by local concerns but by a friend who had asked how Hercules could kill his own family in one of Seneca’s plays and then go to Olympus as a god in the next.
Prologue: At Mrs.Shippen’s
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Late in August 1774, strangers began rolling into Philadelphia. They arrived from all along the Atlantic coast for an extraordinary meeting. History knows it as the Continental Congress, called because citizens of the American colonies objected to their treatment by England. While most of these newcomers had to learn their way around the city, one of them knew exactly where to go.
The Scholar: 1664-1715
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When his father, the Founder, died in 1664, young Richard Lee was a student in England, presumably at Oxford. Although he was only seventeen at the time, we are told his talents had already profoundly impressed the faculty. According to Richard’s grandson, William Lee, some of England’s “great men” guaranteed if the youth was allowed to remain at Oxford, they would see that he rose “to the highest dignities” in the Church of England. As the senior Richard was dying, he asked that all his children but Francis return to Virginia, a request his bookish son Richard obeyed after graduating from Oxford. Family lore says young Lee, in a woebegone mood, reluctantly exchanged the libraries and erudite talk of a great university community for residence on the remote Poropotank River in Gloucester County, Virginia. He had inherited the old family place, which was still called Paradise, a name that would have seemed ironical to Richard-if there is any truth to what we are told about his return.