bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4–18 years
Authors: Smithers Gillian , Gregory Janet R. , Bates Christopher J. , Prentice Ann , Jackson Lisa V. , Wenlock Robert 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis review describes and present the findings of a survey of the diet and nutrition of young people aged 4–18 years living in private households in the UK, carried out between January 1997 and January 1998. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) of young people aged 4–18 years forms part of the NDNS programme, which aims to provide a comprehensive, cross‐sectional picture of the dietary habits, nutrient intakes and nutritional status of the British population by studying representative samples of defined age groups. The survey components included a detailed interview covering dietary habits, lifestyle and socio‐demographic characteristics; a 7‐day weighed dietary record; a 7‐day physical activity diary; measurements of height, weight, mid‐upper arm, waist and hip circumferences, and blood pressure; a blood sample for analysis of a range of nutritional status indices; a single urine sample; and an oral health interview and dental examination. A total of 1701 young people provided 7‐day dietary records, representing a response rate of 64%. Results have been published in two volumes covering the diet and nutrition survey and the oral health survey. The reports present results for boys and girls separately in four age groups: 4–6 years; 7–10 years; 11–14 years and 15–18 years. Results are also presented by region and by socio‐economic characteristics. This review summarises some of the main findings of the diet and nutrition survey, including: the proportion of young people who ate selected foods; energy and nutrient intakes compared with UK Dietary Reference Values; nutritional status; physical measurements; and physical activity.
The human uncoupling protein‐1 gene (UCP1): present status and perspectives in obesity research
Authors: Gonzalez‐Barroso M. Del Mar , Ricquier D. , Cassard‐Doulcier A.‐M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryEnergy expenditure through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis contributes either to maintenance of body temperature in a cold environment or to wasted food energy, i.e. cold‐induced or diet‐induced thermogenesis. Both mechanisms are due to a specific and unique protein: the uncoupling protein‐1. Uncoupling protein‐1 is exclusively expressed in mitochondria of brown adipocytes where it uncouples respiration from ATP synthesis, dissipating the proton gradient as heat. In humans, although uncoupling protein‐1 can be detected, the inability to quantify brown adipose tissue makes it difficult to argue for a role for uncoupling protein‐1 in thermogenesis and energy expenditure. This review summarizes data supporting the existence of brown adipocytes and the role of UCP1 in energy dissipation in adult humans. Understanding the mechanisms which regulate transcription and expression of the human UCP1 gene will facilitate the identification of molecules able to increase the levels of this protein in order to modulate energy expenditure in adult humans.
Obesity prevalence and trends in Latin‐American countries
Authors: Filozof C. , Gonzalez C. , Sereday M. , Mazza C. , Braguinsky J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe prevalence of obesity in some lower‐income and transitional countries is as high as, or even higher than, the prevalence reported in developed nations, and it seems to be increasing rapidly. In most countries, the prevalence of obesity is higher in women than in men, and higher in urban than in rural areas. Preobesity prevalence is very high in most Latin‐American countries. Sixty per cent of the population in Venado Tuerto (Argentina) has a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg m−2, as do 35% of the population in Brazil, 60% in Mexico, 68% in Paraguay and 53% in Peru. Trends are available from Brazil, where marked increases in the prevalence of obesity have occurred, except in women from higher‐income groups. Women from the higher‐income quartiles in urban regions experienced a marked reduction in obesity prevalence from 1989 to 1997 (12.8 to 9.2%). Although data in children is scant, the prevalence of undernutrition is decreasing and the prevalence of obesity is high also in Latin‐American children. The prevalence of obesity is high even in minority Indian groups. Rapid changes in dietary structure (in particular associated with urbanization) and major changes in the levels of physical activity, both occupationally and during leisure time, may explain these changes.
Beyond body mass index
Authors: Prentice A. M. , Jebb S. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryBody mass index (BMI) is the cornerstone of the current classification system for obesity and its advantages are widely exploited across disciplines ranging from international surveillance to individual patient assessment. However, like all anthropometric measurements, it is only a surrogate measure of body fatness. Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of body fat, and it is the amount of this excess fat that correlates with ill‐health. We propose therefore that much greater attention should be paid to the development of databases and standards based on the direct measurement of body fat in populations, rather than on surrogate measures. In support of this argument we illustrate a wide range of conditions in which surrogate anthropometric measures (especially BMI) provide misleading information about body fat content. These include: infancy and childhood; ageing; racial differences; athletes; military and civil forces personnel; weight loss with and without exercise; physical training; and special clinical circumstances. We argue that BMI continues to serve well for many purposes, but that the time is now right to initiate a gradual evolution beyond BMI towards standards based on actual measurements of body fat mass.
Obesity in Malaysia
Authors: Ismail M. N. , Chee S. S. , Nawawi H. , Yusoff K. , Lim T. O. , James W. P. T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study was undertaken to assess the recent data on Malaysian adult body weights and associations of ethnic differences in overweight and obesity with comorbid risk factors, and to examine measures of energy intake, energy expenditure, basal metabolic rate (BMR) and physical activity changes in urban and rural populations of normal weight. Three studies were included (1) a summary of a national health morbidity survey conducted in 1996 on nearly 29 000 adults ≥20 years of age; (2) a study comparing energy intake, BMR and physical activity levels (PALs) in 409 ethnically diverse, healthy adults drawn from a population of 1165 rural and urban subjects 18–60 years of age; and (3) an examination of the prevalence of obesity and comorbid risk factors that predict coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes in 609 rural Malaysians aged 30–65 years. Overweight and obesity were calculated using body mass index (BMI) measures and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Energy intake was assessed using 3‐d food records, BMR and PALs were assessed with Douglas bags and activity diaries, while hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and glucose intolerance were specified using standard criteria. The National Health Morbidity Survey data revealed that in adults, 20.7% were overweight and 5.8% obese (0.3% of whom had BMI values of >40.0 kg m–2); the prevalence of obesity was clearly greater in women than in men. In women, obesity rates were higher in Indian and Malay women than in Chinese women, while in men the Chinese recorded the highest obesity prevalences followed by the Malay and Indians. Studies on normal healthy subjects indicated that the energy intake of Indians was significantly lower than that of other ethnic groups. In women, Malays recorded a significantly higher energy intake than the other groups. Urban male subjects consumed significantly more energy than their rural counterparts, but this was not the case in women. In both men and women, fat intakes (%) were significantly higher in Chinese and urban subjects. Men were moderately active with the exception of the Dayaks. Chinese women were considerably less active than Chinese men. Chinese and Dayak women were less active than Malay and Indian women. In both men and women, Indians recorded the highest PALs. Hence, current nutrition and health surveys reveal that Malaysians are already affected by western health problems. The escalation of obesity, once thought to be an urban phenomenon, has now spread to the rural population at an alarming rate. As Malaysia proceeds rapidly towards a developed economy status, the health of its population will probably continue to deteriorate. Therefore, a national strategy needs to be developed to tackle both dietary and activity contributors to the excess weight gain of the Malaysian population.
Management of HIV and pregnancy in England's North Thames Region 1999: a survey of practice in 21 hospitals
Authors: Brook Mg , Taylor Gp , Dale A , Lyall Egh , Tomlinson D 
Published: March 2003

Objectives To ascertain current practices in the diagnosis and management of HIV and pregnancy in the North Thames Region. Methods Postal survey using a self‐completed questionnaire sent to the head of all of the Region's 34 units involved in the care of HIV. The survey asked questions on current policy around HIV and pregnancy in the HIV units and associated antenatal clinics and was linked to a case‐note survey of pregnant, HIV‐positive women in the last 2 years. Results Over 50% of the responding antenatal units recommended the HIV test by March 1999. Most HIV units were offering a range of antiretroviral regimens in pregnancy, although a minority (33%) did not offer triple therapy. Elective Caesarean section was the recommended mode of delivery for most women (90%) irrespective of drug therapy or viral load. Most infants were being tested for HIV infection by a combination of PCR, viral culture and antibody testing to 18 months of age. All the infants (19) followed to 6 months of age in the case‐note survey were PCR negative. Reporting rates to the National Survey of HIV in Pregnancy were high (87%) but poor for the Drug Exposure Register (33%). Conclusions Management of HIV and pregnancy in the North Thames units showed a large amount of consistency with regard to testing policies and management. However, there were a few units that did not offer therapy appropriate for advanced disease despite the recommendations of national bodies and a few units still did not recommend HIV testing to all women.
Oral carcinoma in a young man: a case of dyskeratosis congenita
Authors: Moretti S , Spallanzani A , Chiarugi A , Muscarella G , Battini Ml 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report a 28‐year‐old male with a voluminous growth of the tongue, present for 6 months. The histological examination revealed a squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was also affected by oral leukoplakia, nail dystrophy, reticulated poikiloderma of the neck and hyperkeratosis of palms and soles. On the basis of clinical features and histological findings, as well as findings from the family, the diagnosis of dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) was made.
Florid cutaneous and mucosal papillomatosis with acanthosis nigricans revealing a primary lung cancer
Authors: Bottoni Ugo , Dianzani Caterina , Pranteda Gugliemo , Innocenzi Daniele , De Giacomo Piero , Balzani Alberto , Zampetti Maurizio , Pala Salvatore , Calvieri Stefano 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis is the report of an 80‐year‐old patient with diffuse brownish hyperpigmentation and velvety thickening of the skin with onset 1 year before. Warty lesions on his limbs were present as well as papillomatous and verrucous lesions on his lips, mouth and eyelid conjunctivae with hyperkeratosis of the nipples. Biopsies, performed at different sites, showed histological pictures consistent with a diagnosis of acanthosis nigricans (AN) with florid cutaneous and mucosal papillomatosis. This type of AN is frequently associated with internal malignancy. In our patient serum levels of tissue polypeptide antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin fragment and squamous cell carcinoma antigen were high and chest computed tomography scan indicated a large tumour infiltrating the right lung and extending to the mediastinum. Cytological examination of bronchial drainage revealed the presence of neoplastic cells, non‐small cell type carcinoma. The most frequent cancer associated with malignant AN is gastric adenocarcinoma. Lung tumour has rarely been reported with AN. Malignant AN is sometimes associated with other cutaneous and mucosal warty lesions, as in our patient. These various skin and mucosal lesions are the expression of a systemic epithelial disorder and may help clinicians to suspect a malignant form of AN.
Myxoid plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour
Authors: Cho S , Chang S‐E , Choi J‐H , Sung K‐J , Moon K‐C , Koh J‐K 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPlexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour is a low‐grade malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of myofibroblastic origin with the capacity for biphasic differentiation toward a fibroblastic or histiocyte‐like morphology. We report a case of this rare tumour presenting as a tender subcutaneous nodule on the scalp of a 58‐year‐old man. Histopathological examination revealed multinodular biphasic proliferation of fibroblast‐like and histiocyte‐like cells with a few osteoclast‐like giant cells. This case is notable for the rare myxoid changes, which may reflect a different behaviour of this tumour when occurring in older people.
Pretibial myxedema as the initial manifestation of Graves’ disease
Authors: Georgala S , Katoulis Ac , Georgala C , Katoulis Ec , Hatziolou E , Stavrianeas Ng 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPretibial myxedema (PM) is a localized thickening of the pretibial skin due to accumulation of acid mucopolysacharides (glycosaminoglycans). Its pathogenesis is still under investigation. Pretibial myxedema, exophthalmus and thyroid acropachy are the classic extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves’ disease. Almost invariably, PM follows the onset of ophthalmopathy, developing after the diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism. Pretibial myxedema preceding Graves’ ophthalmopathy is rare.We report the case of a 28‐year‐old Greek woman, who presented with multiple, asymptomatic nodules and plaques of the lower legs in the absence of other physical findings. Histopathologic examination revealed deposition of mucopolysacharides in the lower dermis. Laboratory investigation showed elevated serum T3 and T4 and depressed TSH levels. In our patient, pretibial myxedema was the earliest manifestation, leading to the diagnosis of Graves’ disease.
Bacillary angiomatosis of the scalp in a human immunodeficiency virus‐negative patient
Authors: Kayaselçuk F , Çeken I , Bircan S , Tuncer I 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTBacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a recently recognized bacterial infectious disease that is mainly seen in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. BA has rarely been reported in immunocompetent individuals. A case of BA of the scalp in an immunocompetent patient, who was human immunodeficiency virus seronegative, is reported. The importance of differential diagnosis of this lesion is emphasized.
Factors Related to Positive Perceptions in Mothers of Children with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Hastings Richard P. , Allen Rachel , McDermott Kellyanne , Still Danielle 
Published: March 2003

Background  Existing theoretical and empirical work in the intellectual disability field has paid little attention to parents' positive perceptions of their child and the positive impact that the child may have on the family generally. The main aim of the present study was to explore the factors related to the mothers' positive perceptions of their child with intellectual disability.Methods  The mothers of 41 children with intellectual disabilities completed a self‐report questionnaire that measured demographic factors, child demographic variables (including caregiving demand), social support, coping strategies and dimensions of positive perceptions.Results  Mothers' perceptions of the child as a source of happiness/fulfilment and as a source of strength and family closeness were positively associated with reframing coping strategies. Mothers' perceptions of the child as a source of personal growth and maturity were also positively associated with reframing coping strategies, the helpfulness and usefulness of support from family and friends, and the caregiving demand.Conclusions  The relationship between coping and parental positive perceptions requires more investigation both theoretically and empirically. This relationship may also have important implications for the support of families of children with intellectual disabilities.
Amniocentesis with increased cell yield, obtained by filtration and reinjection of the amniotic fluid
Authors: Sundberg K. , Smidt‐Jensen S. , Philip J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to increase the cell numbers obtained by amniocentesis, a new amniocentesis technique has been developed and we report preliminary results.The amniotic fluid is aspirated in the usual manner and reinjected immediately into the amniotic cavity after passage through a filter which retains the cells from the fluid. By this procedure, the cells from a relatively large volume of amniotic fluid are concentrated on the filter while only a small volume of amniotic fluid is finally removed.The method has been tested on 30 pregnant women referred for prenatal diagnosis. The mean culture time was 8.3 days and no immediate side‐effects were observed. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The impact of sonographic assessment of the endometrium and meticulous hormonal monitoring during natural cycles in patients with failed donor artificial insemination
Authors: Gonen Y. , Calderon I. , Dirnfeld M. , Abramovici H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to determine whether the sonographic characteristics of the endometrium in the proliferative phase of the natural cycle combined with meticulous hormonal monitoring would have an impact on the prediction of conception. Fourteen women with regular ovulatory cycles were examined daily, from day 8 of the cycle, by transvaginal ultrasound through 16 unstimulated cycles. All patients had had at least four previous unsuccessful donor artificial insemination cycles scheduled by basal body temperature records. During the study, donor artificial insemination was meticulously timed by hormonal and sonographic monitoring. Four clinical pregnancies occurred with a success rate of 29% per patient, or 25% per cycle. The endometrial thickness at the mid‐proliferative phase (day 8) was significantly smaller in patients who conceived in comparison with patients who failed to conceive (0.33 ± 0.07 cm vs. 0.59 ± 0.03 cm; p < 0.01). The endometrial thickness on the day of the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the amount of endometrial growth between day 8 of the cycle and the day of the LH peak was significantly greater in conception than non‐conception cycles (0.55 ± 0.05 cm and 0.24 ± 0.06 cm; p < 0.01). No difference in hormonal parameters was observed either on day 8 of the cycle or on the day of the LH peak between conception and non‐conception cycles. On the day of the LH peak, an endometrium with typical triple line appearance and thickness of 0.6 cm or more was seen significantly more often in conception than non‐conception cycles (p < 0.05). No pregnancy occurred with an endometrium < 0.6 cm at the time of ovulation. The presence of the favorable endometrial pattern in the periovulatory phase was associated with a positive predictive value for pregnancy of 50% (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 67%), whereas the negative predictive value of the hyperechoic pattern at the time of ovulation was 100%. Our data show negative correlation between early growth of the endometrium and pregnancy in unstimulated cycles, suggesting that the amount of endometrial growth during the cycle up to ovulation may have an important role in implantation. The sonographic image of the endometrium in natural cycles provides useful information about the possible outcome of the treated cycle. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Ectopic pregnancy: sonographically‐guided transvaginal reduction
Authors: Shalev E. , Zalel Y. , Bustan M. , Weiner E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe advanced modalities of vaginal ultrasonography and sensitive human chorionic gonadotropin assays have greatly facilitated the diagnosis of early ectopic pregnancy. The treatment spectrum for ectopic pregnancy ranges from a variety of conservative operative measures, including salpingectomy and operative laparoscopy, to various medical regimens or simply watchful observation alone. We report 12 cases in which the ectopic gestation was treated by transvaginal instillation of potassium chloride or methotrexate under sonographic guidance. Three of these, one of two patients receiving potassium chloride and two of six patients receiving methotrexate, later required a laparotomy. The level of β‐subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin was found to be unreliable in predicting the outcome in these patients. Ultrasound follow‐up is mandatory. A protocol for treatment is presented. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Amnifiltration in the first trimester: feasibility, technical aspects and cytological outcome
Authors: Byrne D. L. , Marks K. , Braude P. R. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn amnifiltration system has been developed which allows collection of cells from the amniotic sac in the first trimester of pregnancy whilst only removing 1 ml of amniotic fluid in total. The cells can be cultured and harvested, using the same methods as early amniocentesis, to enable prenatal diagnosis of fetal karyotype. A range of filters constructed from different materials and of differing pore sizes were examined for their ability to trap and subsequently release a maximum number of amniotic fluid cells. The best filter membrane was found to be a cellulose acetate filter of 0.8 µm pore size. To achieve the same cytogenetic outcome as a 10 ml amniocentesis, a minimum of 20 ml amniotic fluid must be filtered and recirculated through the system. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology