bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reservations and Affirmative Action
Authors: Deshpande Ashwini 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the history and evolution of India’s affirmative action programme or the reservation system, which predominantly consists of quotas for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes in higher education, public sector employment and elected representatives at all levels. The chapter examines the original raison d’etre and continued relevance of India’s policy of compensatory discrimination towards castes and tribes that were historically disadvantaged but also continued to face contemporary discrimination. The chapter outlines the eligibility criteria for quotas and comments on the debate around the salience of caste as an indicator of backwardness. In 2019, the policy was modified to include a quota for “economically weaker sections”, signaling a departure from the identity group-based policy. The chapter comments on the implication of this change.
Hinduism and Caste System
Authors: Claveyrolas Mathieu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the caste system and Hinduism are consubstantial. On the one hand, caste hierarchy, daily practices and social rules are all directly rooted in an overarching, inextricably social and ritual, Hindu ideology. On the other hand, castelessness in mainstream Hinduism is limited to ideological theories - often contradicted by actual practices.
The caste system is as pervasive as it is flexible. Castes have been able to prevail at the very core of the Indian society, but also to grow both beyond the limits of Hinduism (in Indian Islam or Christianity), beyond the limits of religious matters (with caste-based social contestation movements and political lobbying), and beyond the Indian territory and society (in diasporic contexts). Most of these new avatars of caste have perpetuated the core principle of Hindu ritual ideology: the distinction between the pure and the impure.
Hindu Sects and Caste
Authors: Voix Raphaël 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In South Asia, Hindu sects have always involved only a minority of people. They nevertheless have played a crucial role to the point that some authors have seen them as being responsible for the very survival of Hinduism. How must this sectarian phenomenon be understood in a society organised around the caste system? This chapter deals with this question by examining the different ways sects have been defined throughout history, by indigenous authors as well as by sociologists. It also analyses the different ways Hindu sects interact with the caste system. It shows that because caste and sect represent two antagonistic, yet compatible, types of religious communalization, their distinction is a fecund one through which to apprehend the diversity of Hinduism. Yet, as sociological categories these two terms do not cover all scales of Hindu religious groups.
Caste and Hindutva
Authors: Lee Joel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Caste has played a far more integral role in the genesis and trajectory of Hindutva—the ideology of Hindu nationalism—than is generally recognized, even as Hindutva has influenced Indian and global representations of caste. Focusing on the crystallization of Hindutva as an ideology in the 1920s and on the efforts by which its proponents—primarily privileged-caste men—have sought subsequently to expand their base among Dalits and other disprivileged castes, this chapter charts the transformation of India by religious majoritarianism over the last century. An analysis of key texts and practices in the project of Hindu ‘consolidation’ throws light on the astonishing successes of Hindu nationalism as well as its enduring limits.
The Dominant Caste
Authors: Martin Nicolas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines M.N. Srinivas approach to power and hierarchy in rural India, reviews some of the critical responses to it, and examines whether his concept of ‘The Dominant Caste’ is still relevant for the sociology of rural India today. Regardless of whether Srivinas’ formulation reflected ground realities in the 1950s and 1960s, the chapter argues that with the introduction of democratic process, extensive mechanization of farm production combined with the diversification of the rural economy, older power structures have largely disintegrated. However, the democratizing impact of these changes over the rural social life has been limited, and members of the so-called dominant castes continue to wield power, but this time through their hold over the bureaucratic and political networks outside the village, which enables them to operate the clientage and patronage politics at the village level.
Caste Associations and the Post-Mandal Politics of Caste
Authors: Deshpande Rajeshwari 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter uses the post- Mandal moment of caste as a vantage point to understand and decipher the contemporary politics of caste associations. It argues how this phase of caste politics essentially internalized and thrived on the (gradually defunct) logic of Mandal, and at the same time complicated and defied that logic in several ways. The post-Mandal moment of caste sits at the cusp of routine processes of modernization, expansion and maturing of Indian democracy and skewed patterns of India’s capitalist development and contains within it many contradictory logics. The chapter discusses how these contradictory logics define the contemporary politics of caste associations as they resort to shrill caste rhetoric at a time when the communities they try to represent become hollow, and as caste survives clumsily in a democracy that lacks substantial representation.
Caste, Patronage and Criminalization of Politics
Authors: Michelutti Lucia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses what is the role of caste and patronage in current muscular political-economic systems of governance, popularly known in the region as ‘Mafia Raj’ or ‘Goonda Raj’ (rule by mafia/gangsters). It explores the nature of ‘goodagardi’ (criminal work) and how it gets politicised. It is argued that caste, kinship and family are important in structuring this work but not essential. The personalities of individual bosses can often trump caste.
How to Write New Histories of Caste
Authors: Rawat Ramnarayan S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This article urges students of caste histories to go beyond its extremely narrow body of traditional sources, the census and the caste and tribe volumes, by recognizing castes’ constitutive role in land tenure regimes and spatial organization of villages. A ‘history from below,’ of caste requires an engagement with settlement reports, tenancy and revenue reports, which contain insightful details on the relationship between caste and political economy, including, occasionally, voices of Dalit actors. I illustrate the rigor of this approach through a historical study of untouchable caste in northern India, which enabled me to document a previously unrecognized status of Chamars as peasants with an intrinsic role in agriculture. In addition, ethnography in Agra, Allahabad, Lucknow regions of Uttar Pradesh and attention to vernacular publications by Chamar groups contributed in writing a new history of caste.
Caste Logos
Authors: Headley Zoe E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines elements of language through which caste, as an inherited social identity, is enunciated. The focus is on specific sets of words, the logos of caste in Tamil, thereby setting aside the daily practice(s) of caste. The chapter addresses three broad fields which can yield some understanding of the logos of caste in its regional setting. First, it takes stock of the epigraphic exception that is the Tamil region in a bid to challenge the notion of caste immobility during the pre- colonial period. Second, it examines the staggering complexity and transformation of modern Tamil caste society. Third, it addresses the language of belonging to the birth group where one hears little about ‘identity’ and a lot about ‘relationship’. Finally, the annex proposes an indicative table of publications according to the castes and sub-castes.
The Invisibility of Caste in Bengal
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sarbani 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Caste in Bengal has been marked by an absent-presence. A large Muslim population, the first of the regions in India to be colonized, the dominance of bhadralok in all spheres of Bengal’s colonial life, the Partition and compared to many other regions of India, a near absence of major caste-centric physical violence have all contributed to viewing Bengal as one region where caste at least had minimum significance. Dalaladali and twentieth century mobilisations of marginalized castes on a massive scale for building of organized Hindu society (Hindu sanghathan) offer us significant insights into how caste worked in Bengal. Partition took away the marginalized castes’ challenge to dominant Bengali society. Having lived a life of exile after Partition caste began to ‘come to life’ with new refugee politics and the politics around reservation. This paper deals with caste’s historical and contemporary trajectory in Bengali middle class society.
Hierarchy
Authors: Fuchs Martin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Referring to its European background, the chapter discusses the idea of hierarchy and its applications to caste distinctions and the idea of social order. Putting Dumont’s conceptualizations at the centre, the chapter reconstructs the logic as well as the partiality and inconsistencies of his argument. The chapter addresses Dumont’s concept of a system of ideas and values and the ways Dumont handles notions of purity and pollution, the relation between the religious and politics / power, the opposition between holism and individuality, and the difficulties he has in acknowledging individuality and non-hierarchical values in Indian society. Passing major points of critique of Dumont’s dominating position in review, the chapter ends by briefly presenting alternative conceptualizations of hierarchy, paying particular attention to Ambedkar’s analysis.
Dalit Activism and Transnational Mobilization
Authors: Hardtmann Eva-Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on activists self-identifying as Dalits and mobilizing transnationally. It begins with a brief background to recapitulate how regional Adi movements organized across India in the 1920s and 1930s and how Ambedkarites and Ravidasis inspired by Ad Dharm, began to mobilize transnationally in the 1950s and 1960s. Next, it examines what different shapes Dalit transnational mobilization took after independence and Dalit involvements are put in the more recent context of neoliberal economic globalization. It is shown how Dalit feminists have been in the forefront of the movement and further discussed how a younger generation of Dalit musicians, artists and authors now communicates in new forms and with more direct channels of communication. The chapter ends with a brief reflection on Dalit transnational mobilization in the era of Covid19.
Caste, Race and Ethnicity
Authors: Reddy Deepa S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Early understandings of caste posited a hereditary, endogamous, doctrinally-based system of determining relative rank and occupational segregation specific to India. Decades of reform and reprisal later, UN conventions now regard minority rights frameworks as providing valuable supports for alleviating discriminations of “caste and analogous systems.” What has brought us to this moment of internationalism—and what can we say about the character of caste within it? This essay studies the global mobility of caste by considering it a form of ethnicity. "Ethnicity" highlights two important, related features of caste in contemporary India: its fluidity, in contrast to its asserted doctrinal rigidity, and therefore its capacity to strategically deploy established, essentialized notions of itself in a movement that seeks less to undermine caste than to restore dignity to re-claimed caste identities. The tendency of ethnic groups to strategically deploy immutable ideas about themselves enables the transformation of caste into something other than itself—precisely at moments when it insists it has never been transformed.
Denotified Communities
Authors: Kannabiran Kalpana 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter attempts to situate discussions around criminality, nomadism, surveillance, and stigmatization in the historical context of these colonial enactments, and their afterlives in independent India with reference to four colonial Criminal Tribes enactments. Because the identification and labelling of “denotified tribes” originates through their description, definition and treatment prescribed by a penal law, legislative history pertaining to denotified communities, along with ethnographic and historiographical accounts of the colonial period are examined. Finally, an attempt is made to flag practices of segregation and fragmentation of families and communities through the legally mandated policy of settlements and reformatory schooling and discuss the problem of inclusion, categorization and barriers against the backdrop of access to education, employment and affirmative action in contemporary India.
The Jajmani System
Authors: Mayer Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The jajmani system refers to hereditary patron-client ties between members of land-owning castes and members of other castes who provide them with services throughout the year. Since its formal description by Wiser in 1936 almost every aspect of the system has been the subject of controversy. Does the term apply to all service castes, or just to Brahman priests? Is the system found everywhere in India, or in only some regions? Is it characterised by reciprocity between patron and client or by exploitation? Is it separate from the market economy or deeply embedded in it? Is the system of great antiquity or did it come into being in the 19th century?
Caste and Merit
Authors: Subramanian Ajantha 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
What is the relationship between caste and merit? I pursue this question through a focus on the operations of caste within the Indian Institutes of Technology, or IITs, a set of highly coveted engineering colleges that are equally representative of Indian meritocracy and, until recently, of caste exclusivity. I argue that the politics of meritocracy at the IITs illuminates the social life of caste in contemporary India. Rather than the progressive erasure of ascribed identities in favor of putatively universal ones, what we are witnessing is the rearticulation of caste as an ascriptive basis for merit and the generation of newly consolidated forms of upper casteness.
Caste and Capital
Authors: Upadhya Carol 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The sociological understanding of the economic dimensions of caste, and especially its relation to capital, has been constrained by received theories – derived from Weber and Dumont – which relegate caste to the domain of culture or religion within a culture-economy binary. This chapter reviews several bodies of work that explore the role of caste in the economy, especially in commerce and industry. These include: (1) the earlier literature on India’s ‘traditional business communities’; (2) work on caste as a form of social capital or a ‘social structure of accumulation’; and (3) more recent scholarship that challenges the culture-economy dichotomy and locates capital squarely within caste. The chapter concludes that we lack an adequate theoretization of how caste operates in processes of capital accumulation, limiting our analysis of widening economic inequalities in contemporary India.
Caste and Class
Authors: Naudet Jules 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter intends to offer an analytical perspective on one of the most debated issues among sociologists of the Indian society: the nature of the relation between caste and class. A brief look at the literature immediately reveals how scholars hold very contrasting positions on this issue. Scholarship has progressively moved from a debate constructed around the idea of the necessity to choose between either caste or class and marked by the imperative of an analytical move from caste to class with India’s modernization and capitalist development, to a situation in which most scholars reckon that class dynamics and caste dynamics are distinct, though they intersect in multiple ways. This chapter acknowledges that the alternative between caste or class is outdated and argues that the most heuristic position consists in acknowledging the co-existence of caste and class processes and in investigating the various modalities through which they interact.
Caste and Kingship
Authors: Tambs-Lyche Harald 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Indian kingship, over the last two thousand years, has been characterized by the way in which kingship is founded on specific relationships to the castes and communities that constitute the kingdom. In contrast to conventional wisdom about Western kingship, modernity never replaced this structure with a universalist relationship to individual citizens. In this chapter, I use several examples to trace an outline of the history of Indian kingship during the Common Era, specifying various types of royal authority, and sketching a tentative typology of Indian kingship, where each type is defined by the specific make-up of castes and communities that structured and supported the king’s authority. As a conclusion, I note that these communitarian structures still characterize regional politics in India.
Multiwavelength observation of an active M-dwarf star EV Lacertae and its stellar flare accompanied by a delayed prominence eruption
Authors: Inoue Shun , Enoto Teruaki , Namekata Kosuke , Notsu Yuta , Honda Satoshi , Maehara Hiroyuki , Zhang Jiale , Lu Hong-Peng , Uchida Hiroyuki , Tsuru Takeshi Go , Nogami Daisaku , Shibata Kazunari 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We conducted four-night multiwavelength observations of an active M-dwarf star EV Lacertae on 2022 October 24–27 with simultaneous coverage of soft X-rays (NICER; 0.2–12 keV, Swift XRT; 0.2–10 keV), near-ultraviolet (Swift UVOT/UVW2; 1600–3500 Å), optical photometry (TESS; 6000–10000 Å), and optical spectroscopy (Nayuta/MALLS; 6350–6800 Å). During the campaign, we detected a flare starting at 12:28 UTC on October 25 with a white-light bolometric energy of 3.4 × 1032 erg. At about 1 h after this flare peak, our Hα spectrum showed a blueshifted excess component at a corresponding velocity of ∼100 km s−1. This may indicate that the prominence erupted with a 1 h delay of the flare peak. Furthermore, the simultaneous 20 s cadence near-ultraviolet (NUV) and white-light curves show gradual and rapid brightening behaviors during the rising phase at this flare. The ratio of flux in NUV to white light at the gradual brightening was ∼0.49, which may suggest that the temperature of the blackbody is low (&lt;9000 K) or the maximum energy flux of a non-thermal electron beam is less than 5 × 1011 erg cm−2 s−1. Our simultaneous observations of the NUV and white-light flare raise the issue of a simple estimation of UV flux from optical continuum data by using a blackbody model.
The plant POLYMERASE-ASSOCIATED FACTOR1 complex links transcription and H2B monoubiquitination genome wide
Authors: Blanco-Touriñán Noel , Pérez-Alemany Jaime , Bourbousse Clara , Latrasse David , Ait-Mohamed Ouardia , Benhamed Moussa , Barneche Fredy , Blázquez Miguel A , Gallego-Bartolomé Javier , Alabadí David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved POLYMERASE-ASSOCIATED FACTOR1 complex (Paf1C) participates in transcription, and research in animals and fungi suggests that it facilitates RNA POLYMERASE II (RNAPII) progression through chromatin. We examined the genomic distribution of the EARLY FLOWERING7 (ELF7) and VERNALIZATION INDEPENDENCE3 subunits of Paf1C in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The occupancy of both subunits was confined to thousands of gene bodies and positively associated with RNAPII occupancy and the level of gene expression, supporting a role as a transcription elongation factor. We found that monoubiquitinated histone H2B, which marks most transcribed genes, was strongly reduced genome wide in elf7 seedlings. Genome-wide profiling of RNAPII revealed that in elf7 mutants, RNAPII occupancy was reduced throughout the gene body and at the transcription end site of Paf1C-targeted genes, suggesting a direct role for the complex in transcription elongation. Overall, our observations suggest a direct functional link between Paf1C activity, monoubiquitination of histone H2B, and the transition of RNAPII to productive elongation. However, for several genes, Paf1C may also act independently of H2Bub deposition or occupy these genes more stable than H2Bub marking, possibly reflecting the dynamic nature of Paf1C association and H2Bub turnover during transcription.
Rates of adverse events and related risk factors following e-cigarette use
Authors: Cuomo Raphael E , Purushothaman Vidya L , Mackey Tim K , Yang Joshua W 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
E-cigarettes have emerged as popular products, especially for younger populations. However, concerns regarding health effects exist and there is a notable gap in understanding the prevalence and nature of adverse events. This study aims to examine the rate of adverse events in individuals who use e-cigarettes in a large sample.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of 4695 current and former e-cigarette users with a median age of 34 years. The survey collected data on e-cigarette use, adverse events experienced, product characteristics, related behaviors, sociodemographic factors and presence of medical comorbidities. Statistical analyses were conducted using Pearson’s chi-squared tests and logistic regression.

Results
A total of 78.9% of respondents reported experiencing an adverse event within 6 h of using a vaping device, with the most common events being headache, anxiety and coughing. Product characteristics and related behaviors significantly influenced the risk of adverse events. There were also sociodemographic disparities, with Hispanic respondents and those with at least college-level education reporting higher rates of adverse events.

Conclusions
Our study found a high rate of adverse events among e-cigarette users. We identified that certain e-cigarette product characteristics, behaviors and medical comorbidities significantly increased the risk of these events.