bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence and Neurobiology
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is impossible to make a one-to-one correlation between violence and specific forms of neurological dysfunction or the brain regions involved. There is no “violence center” in the brain, that, when stimulated or destroyed, always produces violent behavior, though occasional case reports of such a sequence exist (Mark and Ervin, 1970; Ashford et al., 1980; St Hilaire et al., 1980). There is no region of the brain identified on positron emission tomography (PET) or other imaging techniques whose abnormal activity allows doctors to predict that the individual whose brain is abnormal will be violent. If one believes, however, that all thought and behavior derive from the brain, including morality and ethics (Greene et al., 2001), then the brain would be a reasonable starting point for studies of the origins of violence. As we will see below, the neurological status of most violent prisoners is abnormal (Blake et al., 1995); yet the relationship between neurological dysfunction of the brain and the propensity to violence is complex.
Disorders of Cognitive Function
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The terms organic brain syndrome and dementia are applied to those acquired disorders of thinking and cognitive functions where altered structure or function of the brain can be identified. Generally, neurologists care for patients with these disorders. When no lesion or physiologic change is apparent, cognitive dysfunctions are often labeled functional or psychological disorders. Psychiatrists care for these patients. The inadequacy of this distinction is immediately apparent: any change in behavior must be the result of altered brain activity. In 1994 DSM-IV recognized this arbitrary distinction and did away with the division of behavior disorders into organic and nonorganic conditions. The section called “Organic Disorders” in previous DSM editions is called “Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders” in DSM-IV; this category now stands alongside Affective, Anxiety, Schizophrenic Disorders, etc., removing any implication that there is one group of disorders related to the brain and another group that is just psychological (Tucker et al., 1994). To some degree, cognitive, affective, and behavioral symptoms characterize all disorders of the brain. There are cognitive disturbances in most of the major psychiatric disorders (see Chapters 3 and 5). However, the primary symptoms of delirium, dementia, and amnestic disorders are disturbances of cognition. Cognition comes from the Latin cognitio, which means to think.
How Can I Be Sure It’s Really Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteoarthritis is like many chronic diseases. With heart disease, for example, narrowing of the arteries begins many years before a patient develops chest pain, the chief symptom of atherosclerotic heart disease. A doctor evaluates the coronary arteries of someone with chest pain to find out how much narrowing is present. Osteoarthritis is very similar to heart disease in that articular cartilage begins to degenerate silently, and it is many years after this process has begun that a patient develops joint pain and consults a doctor. When the joint pain begins there is usually irreversible cartilage damage. However, the amount of cartilage damage at the time joint pain develops varies with each person. Some people do not develop joint pain until all of the articular cartilage has been destroyed, while others develop it very early in the disease process. However, by the time someone develops joint pain, cartilage damage has already begun. Once joint pain from osteoarthritis begins, the course is also variable. In some people the remaining cartilage is rapidly destroyed, their joint pain becomes very severe, and they need to have a joint replacement. However, other individuals may develop pain from osteoarthritis that remains very mild for many years.
Medications that Work for Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thus far, we have reviewed treatments of osteoarthritis that do not involve taking medicine. While diet, exercise, assistive devices, and behavioral modification play an important role, the fact remains that medication is perhaps the most important intervention we have available. By the time an osteoarthritis patient needs to take a medicine for their discomfort, articular cartilage damage can be extensive. There are no medications available to rebuild articular cartilage or slow its degeneration. Osteoarthritis does not shorten an individual’s lifespan, but it can make it less enjoyable. This chapter will review the two major classes of drugs used to manage osteoarthritis: acetaminophen and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Subsequent chapters will discuss local and topical treatments, pain killers, alternative treatments, and surgery.
Local Medical Therapie
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Doctor, my knee really hurts. Isn’t there something I can do locally without taking pills?” “Can’t you just give me a cortisone shot?” “I’ve heard that there is something safer than cortisone that you can inject. Is that true?” We hear at least one of these questions daily from our patients. And the answer, fortunately, is yes. This chapter will review treatments that approach osteoarthritis with local medications. Topical Anti-Inflammatories Arthritis patients have applied salves and ointments to painful joints since antiquity. Paraffin, camphor, and menthol preparations are soothing and provide temporary pain relief. Unfortunately, they do nothing about the underlying problem. Over the years, some drug companies have marketed topical products that contained salicylate-based (aspirin) products with camphor or menthol (e.g., Ben Gay). These combinations have mild anti-inflammatory effects and are well tolerated.
Alternative Therapies
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we have mentioned, there is no real cure for osteoarthritis, and some of the interventions practitioners recommend have complications or undesirable side effects. It is logical that many individuals seek out other options. Alternative or complementary approaches refer to a broad range of therapies or health care practices not generally learned in conventional medical training or used in general medical practice. In 1997, Americans spent $15 billion in out-of-pocket expenses on alternative therapies. Some of these approaches must work, or people would not continue to waste their money. This section will attempt to place complementary therapies in perspective. Who Provides Or Prescribes Alternative Therapies? Any physician, allied health professional or alternative practioner can advocate or prescribe complementary regimens, and patients can undergo these approaches without seeing a musculoskeletal practitioner. In certain countries (e.g., China), what we consider to be alternative therapies are the remedies most commonly prescribed by mainstream physicians.
When public opinion counts: inserting public opinion into health policy
Authors: Greenberg Stanley B , Danis Marion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book stresses the importance of giving a voice to those with a stake in policy. While the public as a whole has a great deal at stake in health policy, it is often difficult to envision how people’s views might be taken into account. Polling provides a mechanism for doing so, as public opinion surveys are increasingly prominent in the American political landscape. In this chapter we present a brief history of polling, its nature, and its limitations. We then describe the way in which surveys have provided a voice for public opinion during periods of change in health policy. Finally, we consider the extent to which public opinion influences policy making and the ethical implications of this interaction for those who sponsor, conduct, and make use of public opinion surveys.
Perspectives on accountability: past, present, and future
Authors: Malone Ruth E , Lutt Harold S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beginning in the early 1990s and continuing to the present, multiple structural changes within health care have contributed to a sense of instability and increased concern about ensuring accountability for health services. These changes include the economic incentives arising from new financial relationships among patients, clinicians, insurers, and payers; new organizational settings for the delivery of care; and new decision-making roles for patients. Changes of such magnitude and pervasiveness engender debate and resistance, and an unfortunate amount of finger-pointing has characterized much of the discussion to date.
Civil jurisdiction and the clergy
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the aspirations of the medieval canon law, one of the most emphatic was that the clergy should occupy a special place in the world. “There are two species of Christians,” pro- claimed an ancient text that Gratian placed in his Decretum (C. 12 q. 1 c. 7). There was the clergy, and then there was everyone else. It was not doubted which of the two was meant to hold the preeminent place. As Professor C. R. Cheney once stated it, the law of the church encouraged the clergy “to take a high view of their office” and taught them the desirability of maintaining a certain “separateness from the rest of the world.” A distinctive style of dress is the most visible reminder of this status that is noticeable today, but during the Middle Ages there were others—the clerical tonsure being the most remarkable. Separation from lay society was also more than a matter of appearances. Prohibitions against bearing arms or carrying on a trade were part of it. Clerical celibacy was another, a strong statement of the distance meant to divide the clerical order from the society around it.
The Genesis of Pain during Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction
Authors: Sylvén Christer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Heberdeen first described angina pectoris in 1772. At the time it was not possible to differentiate between reversible ischemia and acute myocardial infarction. Keefer and Resnik made that distinction in 1932 through electrocardiographic analysis. They were the first to describe reversible myocardial ischemia with transient ST changes, as opposed to acute myocardial infarction with definitive changes of the QRS complex. A few years later, Lewis formulated the idea that angina pectoris might be due to an imbalance in the oxygen supply/ demand ratio of the myocardium. He applied the concept of ischemia put forward by Virchow in 1858 to the heart. This term was derived from the two Greek words, ischo, to keep back, and haima, blood. In Virchow’s own words: “So habe Ich den neuen Ausdruck der ischaemie vorgeschlagen, um damit die Hemmung der Blutziifuhr, die Vermehrung des Einstromens zu bezeichnen.” “Thereby, I have suggested the new concept of ischemia in order to describe obstruction of the arterial blood supply.” Lewis advanced the hypothesis that the pain thus produced was due to the local release of a substance with the following characteris­ tics: (1) substantial release during ischemia, (2) capacity to excite sensory neurites, and (3) capacity to provoke painful sensations. A number of can­ didate substances have been proposed for such a role, including potassium, acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin, substance P, and adenosine. So far only adenosine fulfils all of the criteria proposed by Lewis, and this has led to hypotheses about the molecular basis for the etiology of angina pectoris.
The Decentralization of Post–World War II Denver
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Planning For Automobility In Denver In 1945, the Denver metropolitan area counted twice as many motor vehicles as in 1930, but the city’s streets were ill equipped to handle the traffic. Parking, which had traditionally been free on all Denver streets, was a particular problem. Mayor Stapleton was voted out of office before he could address the issue, but his successor, Quig Newton, launched three simultaneous initiatives to foster increased automobility. He established a traffic engineering department, built off-street parking facilities, and created the Denver Planning Office (DPO). Newton brought in Henry Barnes from Flint, Michigan, to run this new traffic engineering department. Barnes widened streets, often at the expense of lawns, sidewalks, and many of Mayor Speer’s trees, hailed as civic improvements by previous generations. His efforts continued those of George Cranmer, Mayor Stapleton’s manager of Parks and Improvements, who had considered tree-lined streets a maintenance and streetcleaning hindrance. Under Cranmer’s tenure, streetside trees all over Denver had been cut down. Barnes also made downtown streets one way and installed traffic lights throughout the city (previously, there had been only a handful of traffic lights, managed by the fire department). Soon celebrated nationwide for his work, Barnes became a leader in his field, working next in Baltimore and then in New York City, where he died from a heart attack at the age of sixty-one.
AutoCity: Smyrna, Tennessee
Authors: Gutfreund Owen D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Driving south on I-24, through a scenic landscape of rolling Tennessee hills twenty-three miles beyond Nashville, a road sign indicates that the next major city is Chattanooga, more than one hundred miles away. On the side of the highway, in addition to a peppering of roadside billboards, rests an occasional crumbling shack. Suddenly, in the middle of nowhere, an exit ramp connects to Tennessee State Route 102, a striking combination of two different highway standards: In one direction a two-lane country road, but in the other a four-lane limited-access divided highway, complete with a wide grassy median and grade-separated intersections. Here, incongruously enormous trucks lumber along, slicing through verdant farmland; cows graze next to the road, in the shadow of “For Sale” signs and wooden placards hawking new subdivisions. Then, around a bend, it looms–the largest auto assembly plant in North America, by itself constituting a landscape like that of a small industrial city. With production capacity of half a million cars a year, staffed by more than five thousand workers and hundreds of robots, the plant occupies over five million square feet, or if you include parking lots and satellite buildings, 782 acres.
I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That night* the theater of elegance in Havana was to be found at the Philharmonic Society. The taste and refinement of the ladies, as well as the respectable comportment of the gentlemen, shone there in all their splendor. In addition to the members and the usual invited guests, the foreign consuls, the officers of the garrison and of the royal Navy, the aides of the captain general and a number of other personages notable for their character and background, such as the son of the renowned Marshal Ney, who was touring abroad, and the Dutch consul posted to New York were also in attendance.
X
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was halfway through the month of November, 1830. The north winds had already driven onto Cuba’s beaches the first migratory birds from Florida, thus proving that winter had arrived early on the continent opposite. The sea often grew swollen, and with thunderous roars broke against the reefs along the shores, strewing a long stretch of them with white foam, broken seashells, and salty sediment.At four o’clock in the morning there was not enough light in the streets of Havana, nor could people be recognized at a distance, except for those, in all truth few in number, who were carrying a little lighted lantern swaying back and forth in their hand, as with quickened step they headed either to the markets or to the churches, in some of which there could be faintly heard the organ with which the nuns or friars accompanied the recital of matins.
X V I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
José Dolores Pimienta had said that the colored people’s ball would be held at Soto’s house. It stood on the west corner of the Calle de Jesús MarÍa, where it meets the Calzada del Monte, opposite the Campo de Marte.In front of the zaguán or entryway was a wide porch with a wooden railing. From it, through the very high windows thrown wide open, people who were not allowed to enter could witness the fiesta as long as they liked. Tables for the buffet supper had been set up in the square courtyard, which was covered with an awning; the orchestra played in the dining room; in the vast salon there was dancing; and in the adjoining rooms the guests rested and held intimate conversations with their friends or lovers.
I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Leonardo Gamboa left his family after lunch time at the cattle ranch or stock farm at Hoyo Colorado, and in the affable company of Diego Meneses took the turnoff to AlquÍzar, between Vereda Nueva and San Antonio de Los BaÑos, riding southwest from their point of departure.After a few leagues they found themselves in what in those parts is called tierra llana, a vast level plain, at the center of which, on this side, is the town first mentioned. Its subsoil is calcareous, very porous and pure, covered with a layer of earth quite thick and loose in places, reddish or brick-colored, an indication of its high content of iron oxide, and prodigiously fertile. With a few ups and downs it extends westward to Callajabos, at the foot of the mountains of Vuelta Abajo, and eastward to the far limits of Colón, within a generally narrow latitude.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the scene already described was taking place at one end of the porch, another very different one was being played out at the other. The Ilincheta sisters along with the two younger Gamboa sisters formed a lively and interesting group there, surrounded by a half-circle of gentlemen courting their favor or admiring them. All of them were standing, the young ladies leaning back against the railing and the gentlemen hanging on the lips of Rosa Ilincheta who, in a few vivid, charming words, was describing the little incidents that had occurred during their trip, her bad handling of the horse for part of the way, and her own impressions.
I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Uribe the tailor, Clara his wife, Pimienta, and his sister Nemesia accompanied Cecilia to the door of her little house on the Calle del Aguacate.As soon as Cecilia called out in the particular way agreed upon, the bolt of the door slid back and it opened by itself. This was because her grandmother, too ill to wait up for her granddaughter, had tied the end of a slender cord to the end of the bolt, next to the catch that supported it, and the other end to one of the bedposts, within her reach. Her friends left without a word being spoken for the moment.
Aureliano’s Smile
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A daguerrotype of Aureliano as a child is described-he is between Amaranta and Rebeca, wears a black velvet suit, has “the same languor and the same clairvoyant look that he was to have years later as he faced the firing squad” (51: 56}--but he permitted no photographs during his military days or after. The Buendia children of a later generation are told that a Tartar horseman in an encyclopedia is Aureliano because “in spite of his strange outfit” he has “a familiar (or a family) air,” “un aire familiar” (280: 297).1 And of course this is a picture of Aureliano, of the kind this book affords: his bony face and drooping moustache give him the oriental appearance so common in Latin America, and his spells of tyranny suggest some Asiatic scourge. But the gag also insists that the only picture we have of him as an adult is a picture of someone else, and from half the world away at that-a joking metaphor for our need of metaphor.
Broken Brains, Troubled Minds Being Blinded by False Dichotomies
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we mentally navigate through life and try to figure out where we have been, where we are now, and where we are going, we use two very basic approaches. One is analysis, and the other is synthesis.
When we analyze, we quite literally break things down into their parts (ana = down, apart; lysis = break, destroy). The old poet Yeats, wandering through a schoolroom filled with young children and pondering their past and future and that of all human beings, ends his musings on the continuities and discontinuities of life by analyzing a simple chestnut tree. Where does it begin and end? Which part is its essence? Is it the trunk (bole) from which it grows, and from which the tree will renew itself each year in the rebirth of spring? Is it the flower, fragrant and beautiful but also ephemeral, which produces a seed and then dies? Or is it the leaf, the green umbrella that breathes for the tree and gives it energy to sustain its life? Obviously, it is not one of these, but all of them.
Gods and the Ordering of Space
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As used in this book, the term “mythology” means either a group of creation stories or the study of these stories. The category may be stretched to include certain tales of otherworldly journeys, hero tales, and semihistorical legends. But it does not include such elements of sacred lore as the names and characteristics of gods, or beliefs about the structure of the sky, the earth, and the underworld.
Nevertheless, the subject of spirit powers and world pictures does relate to Indian myth, since gods may assume leading roles in the narratives, and the action may take place in a region of the universe inaccessible to ordinary eyesight.
The following few pages will attempt a broad view of these religious and philosophical ideas. But it should be kept in mind that this is a vast province of its own, making connection with myth only at selected points. The elaborate world pictures created by Aztec artists contain few features ever mentioned in myth, and for the most part the innumerable gods of the Maya, They say it happened long ago, they say a man was carried off by the lord of the clouds, who took him away to his home in the sky, and when the man looked around, he saw angels.
The Hungry Heroes
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Tlingit country it was once claimed that only the rich told Raven stories, because only they had the time to learn them. On the other hand, modern Tlingit, who still tell the stories, have said that Raven thinks of the poor, just as Jesus did. Different as they are, the statements both ring true if it is remembered that the Tlingit today, like other Northwest Coast tribes, struggle to preserve remnants of their cultural heritage, while a single Tlingit mask of the classical period can bring tens of thousands of dollars at auction in New York.
The Northeast: Turtle Island
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As in pre-Columbian times, the Iroquois of New York still make and use ceremonial rattles fashioned from dried, whole turtle shells. So important is the turtle in Iroquois lore that in 1977 the Native American Center at Lewiston, New York, took the unusual step of announcing plans for a new headquarters to be built in the shape of a turtle, with four legs and a tail, the mouth to be used as the main entrance.