bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Islands of the Unalashka District
Authors: Venianimov Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ivan Venianimov (1797-1879), a Russian missionary born in Siberia and educated in a seminary at Irkutsk, figures prominently in the Russian-American period.
He arrived in Unalashka with his family in 1824 and immediately set to work learning about the Aleut language and culture, and developing plans to help the native people. He traveled widely in the Russian colony and as far south as California, writing several important works, the most influential of which was Notes on the Islands of the Unalashka District (St. Petersburg, 1840).
The Alexander Archipelago
Authors: Muir John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scottish-born John Muir (1838-1914) was the great popularizer of the conservation legacy of Henry David Thoreau. The Father of botl1 Yosemite National Park and the Sierra Club, Muir was also active in movements to establish other parks in the west, including Sequoia National Park and Grand Canyon National Park, and was involved in many of the salient issues of the day, such as the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley.
Taku Inlet
Authors: Higginson Ella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ella Higginson (1862-1940) authored nine books, in cluding From the Land of the Snow-Pearls: Tales from Puget Sound (Macmillan, 1897), When the Birds Go
North Again (Macmillan, 1898), and Mariella, of Out-West (Macmillan, 1902). It was in Alaska, the Great Country (Macmillan, 1908) that her talent reached its fullest expression. The work presents a history of Alaska in alternating chapters with personal accounts of her four trips to the region. As with Mary Austin’s The Land of Little Rain (Houghton Mifflin, 1903), a book to which it can be favorably compared, Ella Higginson’s Alaska, the Great Country focuses more on the land than on the people.
Koyukon Riddles
Authors: Jetté Julius 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A riddle is a creation of ingenuity. It resembles one of those little nick nacks, which a small boy will often whittle out of a stray bit of wood, with no other tool than a common pocket-knife. In itself the trifle is worthless, void of artistic qualities, and still, despite its uncouthness, one looks at it with a feeling akin to admiration, for it bespeaks coordination and planning in the mind, and deftness in the hand ... [these] reflect, as it were, the mind-characteristics of their authors.
The Wolves of Mount McKinley
Authors: Murie Adolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolph Murie (1899-1974), the son of Norwegian immigrants and a graduate of Concordia College in Moor-head, Minnesota, arrived in Alaska in September 1922 to assist his older stepbrother Glaus Murie in a study of caribou. Adolph Murie, or “Ade” as he was known to friends and family, fell in love with the far north, and, after completing doctoral work at the University of Michigan, returned often to Alaska.
Sheenjek
Authors: Brower Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1967 Kenneth Brower (1944-), the son of conservationist David Brower, John Milton, and Steve Pearson made an historic 300-mile back-packing trip over the
Brooks Range from south to north. John Milton wrote of this adventure in his book Nameless Valleys, Shining Mountains (Meredith, 1970) and Kenneth Brower told of the same trip in his format-series book Earth and the Great Weather, The Brooks Range (Friends of the Earth, 1973).
The Subsistence Cycle
Authors: Nelson Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthropologist Richard Nelson (1941-) received his doctorate from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and has subsequently devoted his life to living with and studying the native peoples of Alaska. He has authored numerous works of cultural anthropology, including Hunters of the Northern Forest (University of Chicago, 1973), which documents the cultural ecology of the Kutchin Indians near Ft. Yukon, Alaska, and Make Prayers to the Raven (University of Chicago, 19B3), which examines the boreal lifestyle of the Koyukon Athabaskan Indians of Huslia, Alaska.
“A Most Scientific Institution”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Katharine Bement Davis became superintendent of the Bedford Hills, New York, Reformatory for Women in 1901, she arrived with few credentials other than an advanced degree in political economy. Her years at Philadelphia’s College Settlement had exposed Davis to the problem of urban crime, but she was in no sense an expert in criminology or an experienced penologist. Neither were most other prison wardens of the day. Yet American prisons, and indeed, the criminal justice system as a whole, were undergoing a metamorphosis during the Progressive era.
“The School Is Yours”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The struggle to balance social inquiry with social activism attained one of its most lasting expressions in the work of Edith Abbott and Sophonisba Breckinridge. Unlike their two contemporaries, Abbott and Breckinridge maintained close ties with academia while pursuing their many interests in reform. They held faculty appointments, conducted scholarly research, and published in academic journals. Yet their success in blending careers as social scientists and social activists was a measure of their professional ingenuity rather than their adherence to any predetermined avenue of advancement.
The Reorganization of Poor Relief, 1786-1788
Authors: Lindemann Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1770s and 1780s no social issue excited more debate than poverty, and no topic was more vigorously discussed in Hamburg than poor relief reform. If at first few people envisioned more than a belated tinkering with the existing system of poor relief, by the late 1780s most of those involved acknowledged the futility of stopgap measures and admitted, sometimes be-grudgingly, the need for a total refurbishing. The truly momentous expansion of commerce, the quickened economic tempo, the narrowing gap separating the working poor from indigence
The General Poor Relief, 1799–1830: Decline and Rebirth?
Authors: Lindemann Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the eighteenth century drew to a close, Hamburg stood at the very zenith of its power. The harbor was jammed with ships, warehouses bulged with the goods of five continents, and merchants coolly calculated the profits to be reaped from a war-torn Europe. Not all the signs were auspicious, of course. The conflict between republican France and Great Britain threatened to disrupt or even break the cycle of European and world trade that had so richly rewarded Hamburg. Some men, perhaps more prescient than the rest, worried that the widening European conflict would eventually sweep northward and feared that Hamburg might suffer the same terrible fate as Antwerp and Amsterdam.
Sergei Prokofiev
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prokofiev, a much-cosseted only child ( two sisters had died before he was born), began composing at five, and before he was out of his teens he had written four operas, two symphonies, and a stack of piano music. His mother, a cultivated player, was his first piano teacher, and in 1902 the composer Reinhold Gliere was brought into the household as musical tutor to the eleven-year-old Sergei Sergeievich.
Dmitri Shostakovich
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a good life-and-works of Shostakovich at last appearsone, that is, based on thorough study of sources, free of political parti pris, and written by someone of musical and human sensibility―we shall have one of the most gripping of all artistic biographies. The subject is a critic ‘s and historian ‘s dream: a composer who added essential works to the repertory, a man who could not commit himself to heroism or to moral and intellectual slavery, one whose actions and statements cover the gamut from the noble to the base, whose music exhibits staggering divergence between public and private works, whose achievement is so uneven, not just between compositions but within them, who functioned in a society tyrannically demanding of its artists, and whose every anguished photograph screams for an answer to the question “Who is this man? “ The scores exist and are open to our scrutiny. It is hard, though, to think of another composer whose work is so intensely, so immediately, so drastically affected by life―his own, but also that of the world in which and for which he wrote.
Jean Sibelius
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sibelius began his Symphony No. 1 in the last week of April 1898 and completed it early the following year. On 26 April 1899, Sibelius himself conducted the Helsinki Philharmonic in the first performance. In March 1900, he revised the orchestration somewhat, and this new and final version was first played on 4 July 1900 in Stockholm at the start of a Helsinki Philharmonic tour. This time Robert Kajanus conducted.
Ancient Theories of the Simple Tenses
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with so many other things, our most basic ideas about the verb go back to the ancient Greeks. Plato defines the verb as that word which denotes action, and it is still often called the “action word.”But for Aristotle, “a verb is a composite sound with a meaning, indicative of time”; it is tense which is its essential feature.
Traditional Theories of the Complex Tenses
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graeco-Roman grammars attempted to categorize verbal forms in terms of their meanings. Expressions such as verbs were viewed as signs expressing mental “affections.” As the mind presumably apprehended in reality three segments of time (past, present, and future), so language, as a reflection of ideas in the mind, must have three tenses to convey this distinction.
Formal Semantics of Tense and Aspect
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem with much earlier research into tense and aspect is the lack of any objective theory against which the ideas of individual theorists can be judged. What Konig has to say regarding the literature on the English progressive can well be extended to all the earlier discussion on tense and aspect: “The most serious shortcoming of the older analyses is that they have not been made precise to such a degree that they are falsifiable.“1 An adequate semantic theory of tense and aspect must be an objective and explicit semantics.
Beyond the Semantics of Tense and Aspect
Authors: Binnick Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first person to seriously study these sequence-of-tense (SOT) phenomena was Reichenbach (1947). Reichenbach seemingly interpreted these phenomena as reflecting constraints on sequences of tenses (“certain rules which the grammarians call the rules for the sequence of tenses”), although he refers to them as reflecting some kind of “adjustment” of tenses to one another within a “com­ pound” sentence.He interprets these rules as the principle of the permanence of the reference point: “although the events referred to in the clauses may occupy different time points, the reference point should be the same for all clauses.”
Cognition
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognition is the ability to know and think, using intellect, logic, reasoning, memory, and all of the higher cortical functions. Intact cognition allows humans to appreciate their inner and outer worlds, and to interact with others and negotiate daily life. Thus, appropriate communication and comprehension depend not only on speech and language abilities (Chapter 4) and the absence of a thought disorder (Chapter 5), but also on other brain functions that relate to cognition and intellect. These functions should be indirectly and directly assessed during the MSE interview. In contrast to the other portions of the MSE, cognition is tested in a structured fashion. Specific assessment of a variety of cognitive functions should be completed during patient examination.
In many cases, it is useful to administer one of any number of standardized screening cognitive tests so that the patient’s performance can be compared to normative data from a larger population of persons. The use of standardized tests allows a comparison to the patient’s performance at a different time or when tested by a different examiner. Test scores can be recorded in the chart and graphed over time. Standardized tests range from cognitive screening tests to be used at the bedside or in the office to formal neuropsychologic testing. Screening tests can be administered in a brief period and are usually comprised of a small number of items that assess different cognitive and language abilities. One of the most widely used screening tests is the Mini-Mental state exam (see Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh, 1975), which superficially assesses a variety of cognitive functions. Screening tests can then be supplemented with more sensitive tests of specific areas of cognition.
Invasion and Armistice
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the tortuous course of Vichy’s relations with Germany since the Armistice, there had existed the possibility of broad cooperation between the two states based on an active French contribution to the war effort against Britain in return for a significant alleviation of the armistice terms. The dismissal of Laval in December 1940 had destroyed the hopes of the more ardent collaborationists in the Petain regime, but only temporarily. The appointment of Admiral Darlan to the vice-presidency of the council in February 1941 marked Vichy’s reversion to a more active pursuit of military cooperation and diplomatic reconciliation with Germany. After a number of feelers had been extended by Darlan without much success, the events of May in Iraq suddenly created a new climate for cooperation.
Conclusion
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regarded through the lens of hindsight, the wartime events in Syria and Lebanon seem like scenes from a low-budget stage production of a dusty, old period piece. While the future of mankind hinged on the outcome of the monumental struggle between the Axis powers and the Allies, the Levant witnessed an anachronistic game of colonial rivalry, quaintly reminiscent of the nineteenth-century imperial contest in Africa.
Epilogue: A Measure of Civilization
Authors: Barth Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FoR THREE CENTURIES, the European invaders of North America sought to master nature in the New World. They were eager to use the resources and people of the continent for their own purposes, and their efforts to control nature overshadowed the brief moments of concord between nature and culture experienced by some of the newcomers. The most venturesome among the European conquerors led the way in the onslaught against nature. Unaware of the enormous size of the geographic obstacle in their road to the riches of the Far East, they charged into the heart of the continent, with Spaniards, Frenchmen, and Englishmen in the forefront.
The Evolution of Zionist Rescue Policy
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dilemmas of illegal immigration brought Zionist leaders to an impasse by 1942. Although the political strategy that was to have saved the Struma demonstrably failed, there was no far-reaching critique of overall Zionist policy. Instead, as in 1941, the leadership banked on passivity. Spontaneous attempts to reach Palestine were even hailed, but this was a far cry from leaders taking the initiative in planning immigration operations.
Fertility Curtailment: Selected Issues
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term fertility derives from the Latin ferre meaning “to bear” or “carry.” Sterility is its opposite-the inability to bear. Despite the fact that women alone are capable of childbearing, both terms are used for men as well as women in the context of reproduction. Elective means of fertility curtailment include contraception, sterilization, and abortion. In this chapter, I focus on selected aspects of each of these types of interventions. Although contraception is relatively uncontroversial for most people, I briefly consider the natural law argument against it. With regard to sterilization, I examine the special case of the retarded as a possible example of discrimination against disabled persons. Preconceptive and postconceptive genetic counseling are considered in the context of sex selection, and fetal reduction in multiple gestation is also discussed. A number of these issues illustrate the fact that decisions about fertility curtailment and decisions about fertility enhancement are sometimes intertwined.
Transport of Stone
Authors: Arnold Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Building material such as sand, gravel, mud, bricks, timber (fig. 3.1), and stones often had to be transported overland for long distances from canals and harbors up to the desert edge or through the fields to the construction site. The simplest method, and the traditional one, was to carry these materials on the shoulders of men or on the backs of donkeys. Representations of this kind of transport are frequent.
Other Building Activities
Authors: Arnold Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Digging shafts and tunnels in the bedrock was routine work for the Egyptian workmen, who were experienced with cutting underground tombs or quarrying stone from underground quarries since the Second Dynasty. Because working in sandstone and limestone presented no difficulties for Egyptian masons and all known tombs and shafts were dug in these relatively soft stones, the problem was actually not cutting the stone but preventing its collapse due to cracks or the presence of softer strata of desert conglomerate, shales, or even sand. In order to penetrate these dangerous strata, the upper sections of tomb shafts or entrance corridors had to be cased with brick walls and vaults.
Violence Against the Elderly
Authors: Pillemer Karl , Frankel Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive review of research on domestic elder abuse. First, definitional problems are reviewed, and it is asserted that no widely accepted definition of the problem exists. For the purpose of clarity, this chapter focuses on physical violence against the elderly by family members. Second, existing data sources about elder abuse are described. Sources fall into three major categories: surveys, case-control studies, and other sources. Third, a theoretical framework is proposed that stresses five potential causes of elder abuse: intraindividual dynamics, intergenerational transmission of violent behavior, dependency and exchange relations between abuser and abused, external stress, and social isolation. Fourth, consequences of elder abuse are discussed; lack of data, however, prevents specification of the nature and extent of such effects.
Introduction
Authors: Epstein Samuel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within an X' theory of phrase structure, each lexical category X (= noun, verb, adjective, preposition) is immediately dominated by a category X' that is, in turn, immediately dominated by a category X". We refer to X as the “head” of the “projections” X' and X". The X' projection of the head X consists of X and its complements. The X" projection, the “maximal projection” of X, consists of X' and the Specifier of X'. This schema thus defines the dominance relations of phrase structure representations. The order of constituents can be assumed to follow from properly formulated specifications of certain principles and parameters, including those governing Case assignment and theta assignment, and perhaps also from a principle that independently determines head-complement order.
Deriving Asymmetries in Gamma Assignment*
Authors: Epstein Samuel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we will eliminate (1), deriving its effects from independently motivated principles of grammar. In the resulting system there is no asymmetry with respect to the level at which argument and nonargument traces are g-assigned. Rather, at every level of representation each trace present is g-assigned. Before deriving (1), we will review the general features of the ECP as proposed by L&S, including the motivation for principle (1).
Martin Luther King and the Meanings of Freedom
Authors: King Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the 1960s recede in time, the public stature of Martin Luther King has grown apace. The observance of his birthday as a national holiday (the first non-president so honored) and the presence of his bust in the U.S. Capitol (the first black person so honored) indicate the degree to which King has become a member in good standing of the American pantheon. While such monumentalization of King makes it more difficult to express blind hostility toward him, it also tends to blunt efforts to probe more deeply into his thought without being accused of outright hostility. As a result, King runs the risk of being “overpraised but undervalued.”
Exploration, Imperialism, and Anthropology
Authors: Smith Woodruff D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, we have focused primarily on the development of the cultural sciences in Germany in the context of German intellectual life, politics, and society. It would, perhaps, have been more traditional, at least with respect to anthropology, to have concentrated also on the experience of Europeans who were in contact with the rest of the world’s cultures as another source of interest in the systematic study of culture. According to one standard interpretation of the history of anthropology, the impetus to scientific ethnology arose mainly out of an eighteenth-and early-nineteenth-century enthusiasm for exotic peoples that accompanied a flood of information into Europe about them at that time. Explorers were led to go out and procure even more information, and intellectuals began to see the need to classify and analyze the data thus acquired more systematically than the dilettantes of the past had done. The scientific ethnology that grew from these roots received, in the last third of the nineteenth century, a sudden and decisive boost from the “New Imperialism”: the rapid establishment of bureaucratic colonial administrations in European countries’ vast and newly acquired overseas possessions. The requirements of colonial administration are held to have been the main influences on the development of anthropological theory and organization at the end of the nineteenth century and during the first three decades or so of the twentieth.
Baltimore
Authors: Crunden Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the other incubators of American modernism, Baltimore produced no identifiable group that brought gifted people from different families together in pursuit of new artistic achievements. It had no tradition of innovative cultural activity. But Baltimore had two advantages when it came to producing modernist sensibilities. It had a substantial, established bourgeoisie not based on ideals which were exclusively British or Protestant in origin; and it had a private university which drew talented graduate students from all over the country.
HIV Infection and Obstetric Care
Authors: Repke John T , Johnson Timothy R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted throughout this volume, the decision to screen for HIV in a pregnant population must take account of numerous social, legal, and ethical considerations, as well as more practical medical concerns. The purpose of this chapter is to explore those medical concerns that arise in obstetrics and prenatal care. Specifically, we examine five sets of issues: vertical transmission and obstetric management; the impact of HIV on pregnancy and the impact of pregnancy on HIV; counseling and education; risk of transmission of HIV to obstetric workers; and HIV screening in the obstetric context, including past and current screening policies of our prenatal clinical service.