bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent change in surface mass-balance trends of glaciers on James Ross Island, north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Engel Zbyněk , Láska Kamil , Smolíková Jana , Kavan Jan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Glaciers cover 132 900 km2 around the Antarctic Ice Sheet, but few are subject to annual mass-balance measurements. Lookalike Glacier and Davies Dome on James Ross Island have been monitored since 2009, providing the third longest mass-balance record for the northern Antarctic Peninsula. These glaciers had a balanced mass budget over the period 2009/10–2014/15 but started to lose their mass thereafter. Between 2014/15 and 2020/21, mass change rates were −0.15 ± 0.13 and −0.26 ± 0.11 m w.e. a−1 for Lookalike Glacier and Davies Dome, respectively. The mean equilibrium-line altitudes over this period at Lookalike Glacier (362 ± 18 m a.s.l.) and Davies Dome (>427 ± 22 m a.s.l.) are 51 and >34 m higher compared to the previous 6-year period. The mean accumulation area ratio values determined for the period 2014/15–2020/21 are lower than the balanced-budget ratio indicating that glaciers are out of balance with the current climate. The data confirm the transition from positive to negative mass-balance periods around 2014/15, which is attributed to the change in air temperature trends. The mean summer temperature increased by 0.9°C between the periods 2009/10–2014/15 and 2015/16–2020/21 and melt-season temperatures became predominantly positive.
Cisuralian–Guadalupian brachiopod assemblages from the northern Tengchong Block in western Yunnan, China and their paleogeographical implications—a revisit
Authors: Zong Pu , Zhan Lipei , Lee Sangmin , Huang Hao , Shi G.R. , Jin Xiaochi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe early to middle Permian brachiopods from the Tengchong Block in western Yunnan, southwestern China, play important roles in biostratigraphic correlation and paleogeographic inferences of tectonic units on eastern peri-Gondwana. However, detailed taxonomic studies of these brachiopods have been limited. In this paper, we provide the systematic description of three Permian brachiopod assemblages from the Shanmutang section in the northern Tengchong Block, which in ascending order include theElivina-EtherilosiaAssemblage from the top of the Kongshuhe Formation, and theSpiriferella-SpiriferellinaAssemblage and theWaagenites-CostiferinaAssemblage from the base and lower part, respectively, of the overlying Dadongchang Formation. Based on the biostratigraphic assessment of the brachiopod taxa as well as the age constraints from the associated fusulinid assemblages, the age of theElivina-EtherilosiaAssemblage is considered to be most likely late Sakmarian to early Artinskian, theSpiriferella-SpiriferellinaAssemblage probably late Artinskian, and theWaagenites-CostiferinaAssemblage late Roadian to early Wordian. A transition from cool-water faunas with Gondwanan affinities to mixed warm-temperate (transitional) faunas with Cathaysian elements is evident for the Artinskian and through the Guadalupian. The climatic transition inferred from the faunal evidence is interpreted to have resulted from the combined effect of Gondwana deglaciation and the northward drift of the peri-Gondwanan blocks (including the Tengchong Block) during the Cisuralian and Guadalupian.
What does Covid-19 teach us about English contract law?
Authors: Mitchell Catherine 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis paper examines how English courts have responded to the contract problems generated by the Covid-19 pandemic and considers what this tells us about future contract law development. In relation to consumers, the case law on pandemic-affected contracts, though limited, indicates that traditional contract doctrine does not necessarily produce beneficial outcomes for consumers. This further diminishes the importance of the common law in the consumer contracting context. In the commercial sector, contracting parties were encouraged by government and other organisations to co-operate with one another and act in good faith during the crisis, but this has not influenced the courts applying contract law in the pandemic aftermath. The emerging case law suggests that contract law has retained its commitment to certainty, freedom of contract and sanctity of contract, notwithstanding the extraordinary circumstances around the outbreak and its unpredictable effects on contracts. The unalloyed application of formal contract law in the post-pandemic case law augments the position of relational norms as extra-contractual in English law, putting the further judicial development of relational contract principles in doubt. The paper concludes that despite the considerable social and economic upheaval caused by the pandemic, its impact on contract law development is likely to be minimal.
A New Response to the Problem of Natural Evil
Authors: Cumberland Caleb 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis paper will offer a new defense in response to the problem of natural evil, called the Perfect Will defense. The defense argues that in sustaining the universe, God conforms the system of physical laws to his intellect and will. Yet, God could not fully conform the system of laws (for our universe) to his intellect and will without simultaneously forcing people into a loving relation with God. Yet, since God would not force people to love him, God must thereby initially create people in a universe that has a system of laws that is only partially conformed to God’s intellect and will. However, while a universe with a system of laws that is only partially conformed to God’s intellect and will allows for people to exercise their freedom over their relation with God, it also results in the occurrence of natural evils. The paper will argue that once this defense is fully developed, it is able to account for why God allows for natural evils to occur within the universe. The paper will outline the defense, as well as respond to the defense’s major objections.
Using paleopathology to provide a deep-time perspective that improves our understanding of one health challenges: Exploring urbanization
Authors: Mitchell Piers D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The question posed is how deep-time perspectives contribute to tackling contemporary One Health challenges, improving understanding and disease mitigation. Using evidence from the field of paleopathology, it is possible to explore this question and highlight key learning points from the past to focus the minds of those making healthcare policy decisions today. In previous centuries urbanization led to poorer health for a wide range of indicators, including life expectancy, sanitation and intestinal parasites, airway disorders such as maxillary sinusitis, metabolic diseases such as rickets, and even conditions resulting from clothing fashions such as bunions. Modern concerns regarding the quality of urban air and rivers show we have still to incorporate these lessons. When we consider major infectious diseases affecting past societies such as bubonic plague, tuberculosis and leprosy, interaction between humans and wild mammal reservoirs was key. Wild red squirrels in Britain today remain infected by the medieval strain of leprosy that affected people 1,500 years ago. It is clear that the One Health focus on the interaction between humans, animals and their environment is important. Eradicating zoonotic infectious diseases from humans but not these reservoirs leaves the door open to their spread back to people in the future.
Analysis of insecticide resistance and de novo transcriptome assembly of resistance associated genes in the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Albaz Esra , Katsavou Evangelia , Cagatay Naciye Sena , Ioannidis Panagiotis , Ilias Aris , Mylona Kyriaki , Kremi Katerina , Roditakis Emmanouil , Guz Nurper , Vontas John 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana (Denis & Shiffermüller 1776) is an economically important pest of the vine-growing areas worldwide. Chemical insecticides have been used for its control; however, its resistance status is largely unknown in many regions. We monitored the susceptibility of several L. botrana populations from Greece and Turkey. In addition, based on RNAseq transcriptome analysis, we identified and phylogenetically classify the cytochrome P450 genes of L. botrana, as well as analysed target site sequences and looked for the presence of known resistance mutations. Resistance against chlorantraniliprole, alpha-cypermethrin, spinetoram, etofenprox, and acetamiprid was very low (below 2.5-fold in all cases, compared to a reference strain from Greece) in all populations from Greece that were included in the study. However, resistance against indoxacarb (4–30-fold), spinosad (5–59-fold), and deltamethrin (18–30 fold) was detected in the L. botrana populations from Turkey, compared to a reference population from Turkey. De novo transcriptome assembly and manual annotation, and subsequent PCR-based analysis of insecticide target sequences (i.e. voltage-gated sodium channel – VGSC: target of pyrethroids and oxadiazines; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit a6 – nAChR_α6: target of spinosad; ryanodine receptor – RyR: target of diamides; glutamate-gated chloride channel – GluCl: target of avermectins and; acetylcholinesterase – AChE: target of organophosphates) showed the absence of known resistance mutations in all specimens from both countries. Finally, the L. botrana CYPome (116 genes) was manually analysed and phylogenetically characterised, to provide resources for future studies that will aim the analysis of metabolic resistance.
Laser-machined two-stage nozzle optimised for laser wakefield acceleration
Authors: Tomkus V. , Mackevičiūtė M. , Dudutis J. , Girdauskas V. , Abedi-Varaki M. , Gečys P. , Račiukaitis G. 
Published: February 2024

In this paper, the modelling and manufacturing of a two-stage supersonic gas jet nozzle enabling the formation of adaptive plasma concentration profiles for injection and acceleration of electrons using few-cycle laser beams are presented. The stages are modelled using the rhoSimpleFoam algorithm of the OpenFOAM computational fluid dynamics software. The first 200–300

${\rm \mu}$

m diameter nozzle stage is dedicated to 1 % N2 + He gas jet formation and electron injection. By varying the pressure between the first and second stages of the injectors, the electron injection location could be adjusted, and the maximum acceleration distance could be ensured. By changing the concentration of the nitrogen in the gas mixture, the charge of the accelerated electrons could be controlled. The second nozzle stage is designed for acceleration in fully ionised He or hydrogen gas and forms the optimal plasma concentration for bubble formation depending on the laser pulse energy, duration and focused beam diameter. In order to reduce the diameter of the plasma profile formed by the first nozzle and the concentration drop gap between the two nozzles, a one-side straight section was introduced in the first nozzle. The shock wave reflected from the straight section of the wall propagates parallel to the shock wave of the intersecting supersonic jets and ensures a minimal gap between the jets. The second-stage longitudinal plasma concentration profile could have an increasing gas density gradient to compensate for dephasing between the electron bunch and the plasma wave due to wave shortening with increasing plasma concentration.
How to be absolutely fair Part I: The Fairness formula
Authors: Wintein Stefan , Heilmann Conrad 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe present the first comprehensive theory of fairness that conceives of fairness as having two dimensions: a comparative and an absolute one. The comparative dimension of fairness has traditionally been the main interest of Broomean fairness theories. It has been analysed as satisfying competing individual claims in proportion to their respective strengths. And yet, many key contributors to Broomean fairness agree that ‘absolute’ fairness is important as well. We make this concern precise by introducing the Fairness formula and the absolute priority rule and analyse their implications for comparative fairness.
Emerging evidence on selenoneine and its public health relevance in coastal populations: a review and case study of dietary Se among Inuit populations in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Little Matthew , Achouba Adel , Ayotte Pierre , Lemire Mélanie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Selenium is an essential mineral yet both deficiency and excess are associated with adverse health effects. Dietary intake of Se in humans varies greatly between populations due to food availability, dietary preferences, and local geological and ecosystem processes impacting Se accumulation into agricultural products and animal populations. We argue there is a need to evaluate and reconsider the relevance of public health recommendations on Se given recent evidence, including the metabolic pathways and health implications of Se. This argument is particularly pertinent for Inuit populations in Northern Canada, who often exceed dietary tolerable upper intake levels and exhibit very high whole blood Se concentrations due to their dependence on local country foods high in the newly discovered Se compound, selenoneine. Since selenoneine appears to have lower toxicity compared to other Se species and does not contribute to the circulating pools of Se for selenoprotein synthesis, we argue that total dietary Se or total Se in plasma or whole blood are poor indicators of Se adequacy for human health in these populations. Overall, this review provides an overview of the current evidence of Se speciation, deficiency, adequacy, and excess and implications for human health and dietary recommendations, with particular reference to Inuit populations in the Canadian Arctic and other coastal populations consuming marine foods.
Optimal pattern synthesis of circular antenna arrays with improved effective aperture and beam area
Authors: Kumar Satish , Ram Gopi , Mandal Durbadal , Kar Rajib 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCircular antenna array (CAA) is one of the most widely used antenna array designs. This paper addresses the design challenges of the CAA with the non-uniform single ring, which is placed in an X-Y plane with the best sidelobe level (SLL) and improved first null beamwidth (FNBW). It has been solved using differential evolution, craziness-based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO), and novel particle swarm optimization (NPSO) techniques. An optimal combination of feeding current and inter-element spacing provides an array pattern with the best SLL and improved FNBW, as well as some other parameter calculations of the antenna array like maximum directivity, maximum effective aperture, total effective aperture, maximum beam area, total beam area, circumference, and radius of the CAAs using these techniques. There are six designs of CAAs with different antenna elements (i.e., 10-, 12-, 16-, 20-, 36-, and 64-elements) which have been taken into account. Simulations are done in MATLAB. Based on various simulation results, we can analyze the performance of SLL and FNBW with other parameters using NPSO and compare them with different techniques of CAAs, as shown in the numerical analysis and simulation result section.
A review of existing model-based scenarios achieving SDGs: progress and challenges
Authors: Orbons K. , van Vuuren D.P. , Ambrosio G. , Kulkarni S. , Weber E. , Zapata V. , Daioglou V. , Hof A.F. , Zimm C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Non-Technical Summary
In 2015, the United Nations articulated the ambition to move toward a prosperous, socially inclusive, and environmentally sustainable future for all by adopting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, little is known about the pathways that could lead to their concurrent achievement. We provide an overview of the current literature on quantitative pathways toward the SDGs, indicate the commonly used methods and indicators, and identify the most comprehensive pathways that have been published to date. Our results indicate that there is a need for more scenarios toward the full set of SDGs, using a wider range of underlying narratives.

Technical Summary
Quantitative goal-seeking scenario studies could help to explore the needed systems' transformations to implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by identifying enabling conditions and accounting for the synergies and trade-offs between the SDGs. Given that the SDGs were adopted some time ago, here, we review the existing global scenario literature to determine what it can offer in this context. We found only a few scenarios that address a large set of SDGs, while many more deal with specific clusters of 2–6 SDGs. We identified the most frequent clusters and compared the results of the most comprehensive sustainable development scenarios. The latter is complicated because of the diversity of methods, indicators, and assumptions used. Therefore, we suggest that an effort is needed to develop a wider set of scenarios that would achieve multiple SDGs, using a more standardized framework of targets and indicators.

Social Media Summary
This study reviews the current global pathways toward the SDGs and shows the need for a broader set of SDG scenarios.
On the Two Approaches to Incorporate Wave‐Particle Resonant Effects Into Global Test Particle Simulations
Authors: Lukin A. S. , Artemyev A. V. , Zhang X.‐J. , Allanson O. , Tao X. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEnergetic electron dynamics in the Earth's radiation belts and near‐Earth plasma sheet are controlled by multiple processes operating on very different time scales: from storm‐time magnetic field reconfiguration on a timescale of hours to individual resonant wave‐particle interactions on a timescale of milliseconds. The most advanced models for such dynamics either include test particle simulations in electromagnetic fields from global magnetospheric models, or those that solve the Fokker‐Plank equation for long‐term effects of wave‐particle resonant interactions. The most prospective method, however, would be to combine these two classes of models, to allow the inclusion of resonant electron scattering into simulations of electron motion in global magnetospheric fields. However, there are still significant outstanding challenges that remain regarding how to incorporate the long term effects of wave‐particle interactions in test‐particle simulations. In this paper, we describe in details two approaches that incorporate electron scattering in test particle simulations: stochastic differential equation (SDE) approach and the mapping technique. Both approaches assume that wave‐particle interactions can be described as a probabilistic process that changes electron energy, pitch‐angle, and thus modifies the test particle dynamics. To compare these approaches, we model electron resonant interactions with field‐aligned whistler‐mode waves in dipole magnetic fields. This comparison shows advantages of the mapping technique in simulating the nonlinear resonant effects, but also underlines that more significant computational resources are needed for this technique in comparison with the SDE approach. We further discuss applications of both approaches in improving existing models of energetic electron dynamics.
A Cold Lid on a Warm Ocean: Indian Ocean Surface Rain Layers and Their Feedbacks to the Atmosphere
Authors: Shackelford Kyle , DeMott Charlotte A. , Jan van Leeuwen Peter , Mazloff Matthew R. , Sun Rui 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOcean surface rain layers (RLs) form when relatively colder, fresher, less dense rain water stably stratifies the upper ocean. RLs cool sea surface temperature (SST) by confining surface evaporative cooling to a thin near‐surface layer, and generate sharp SST gradients between the cool RL and the surrounding ocean. In this study, ocean‐atmosphere coupled simulations of the November 2011 Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) event are conducted with and without RLs to evaluate two pathways for RLs to influence the atmosphere. The first, termed the “SST gradient effect,” arises from the hydrostatic adjustment of the boundary layer to RL‐enhanced SST gradients. The second, termed the “SST effect,” arises from RL‐induced SST reductions impeding the development of deep atmospheric convection. RLs are found to sharpen SST gradients throughout the MJO suppressed and suppressed‐to‐enhanced convection transition phases, but their effect on convection is only detected during the MJO suppressed phase when RL‐induced SST gradients enhance low‐level convergence/divergence and broaden the atmospheric vertical velocity probability distribution below 5 km. The SST effect is more evident than the SST gradient effect during the MJO transition phase, as RLs reduce domain average SST by 0.03 K and narrow vertical velocity distribution, thus delaying onset of deep convection. A delayed SST effect is also identified, wherein frequent RLs during the MJO transition phase isolate accumulated subsurface ocean heat from the atmosphere. The arrival of strong winds at the onset of the MJO active phase erodes RLs and releases subsurface ocean heat to the atmosphere, supporting the development of deep convection.
Seasonal Wetlands Make a Relatively Limited Contribution to the Dissolved Carbon Pool of a Lowland Headwater Tropical Stream
Authors: Solano Vanessa , Duvert Clément , Hutley Lindsay B. , Cendón Dioni I. , Maher Damien T. , Birkel Christian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWetlands process large amounts of carbon (C) that can be exported laterally to streams and rivers. However, our understanding of wetland inputs to streams remains unclear, particularly in tropical systems. Here we estimated the contribution of seasonal wetlands to the C pool of a lowland headwater stream in the Australian tropics. We measured dissolved organic and inorganic C (DOC and DIC) and dissolved gases (carbon dioxide—CO2, methane—CH4) during the wet season along the mainstem and in wetland drains connected to the stream. We also recorded hourly measurements of dissolved CO2 along a ‘stream–wetland drain–stream’ continuum, and used a hydrological model combined with a simple mass balance approach to assess the water, DIC and DOC sources to the stream. Seasonal wetlands contributed ∼15% and ∼16% of the DOC and DIC loads during our synoptic sampling, slightly higher than the percent area (∼9%) they occupy in the catchment. The riparian forest (75% of the DOC load) and groundwater inflows (58% of the DIC load) were identified as the main sources of stream DOC and DIC. Seasonal wetlands also contributed marginally to stream CO2 and CH4. Importantly, the rates of stream CO2 emission (1.86 g C s−1) and DOC mineralization (0.33 g C s−1) were much lower than the downstream export of DIC (6.39 g C s−1) and DOC (2.66 g g C s−1). This work highlights the need for further research on the role of riparian corridors as producers and conduits of terrestrial C to tropical streams.