bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of nabilone on neuropsychological functions related to driving ability: an extended case series
Authors: Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Bodner Thomas , Kemmler Georg , Entner Tanja , Wissel Joerg , Berger Thomas , Fleischhacker W. Wolfgang 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe primary goal of this prospective extended case series was to obtain the first data about the potential influence of nabilone intake on driving ability related neuropsychological functions. Six patients were investigated within a placebo controlled, double‐blind crossover study of this synthetic cannabinoid (2 mg/day) in patients with multiple sclerosis and spasticity associated pain. Five neuropsychological functions (reaction time, working memory, divided attention, psychomotor speed and mental flexibility) were assessed.No indication was found of a deterioration of any of the five investigated neuropsychological functions during the 4‐week treatment period with nabilone. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fighting costly health care fraud
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Lindquist Stanton C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThere is a rising tide of health care fraud in this country. And it is costing all of us upwards of $100 billion each year, adding to already skyrocketing medical costs. Many companies do not have adequate internal controls over their health care system. And even when they do, monitoring or auditing is lax. The authors explore the scope of these problems and offer practical advice on stemming the tide. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF‐A) expression in human mesenchymal stem cells: Autocrine and paracrine role on osteoblastic and endothelial differentiation
Authors: Mayer Hubert , Bertram Helge , Lindenmaier Werner , Korff Thomas , Weber Holger , Weich Herbert 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAngiogenesis is essential in bone fracture healing for restoring blood flow to the fracture site. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor have been implicated in this process. Despite the importance of angiogenesis for the healing processes of damaged bones, the role of VEGF signaling in modulation of osteogenic differentiation in human mesenchymal stem cells has not been investigated in great detail. We examined the expression of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐1 in human adult mesenchymal stem cells derived from trabecular bone (hTBCs). VEGF‐A was found to be secreted in a differentiation dependent manner during osteogenesis. Transcripts for VEGF‐A were also seen to be elevated during osteogenesis. In addition, transcripts for VEGF‐A and the corresponding receptor VEGFR‐1 were upregulated under hypoxic conditions in undifferentiated hTBCs. To investigate the signaling of VEGF‐A on osteogenesis recombinant hTBCs were generated. High expression of VEGF‐A stimulated mineralization, whereas high expression of sFLT‐1, an antagonist to VEGF‐A, reduced mineralization suggesting that VEGF‐A acts as autocrine factor for osteoblast differentiation. In addition, VEGF‐A secreted by hTBCs promotes sprouting of endothelial cells (HUVE) demonstrating a paracrine role in blood vessel formation. In summary, an in vitro analysis of transgene effects on cellular behavior can be used to predict an effective ex vivo gene therapy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Membrane localization of all class I PI 3‐kinase isoforms suppresses c‐Myc‐induced apoptosis in Rat1 fibroblasts via Akt
Authors: Link Wolfgang , Rosado Aranzazu , Fominaya Jesus , Thomas James E. , Carnero Amancio 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPhosphoinositide 3′‐kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a family of lipid kinases implicated in signal transduction through tyrosine kinase receptors and heterotrimeric G protein‐linked receptors. PI3Ks are heterodimers made up of four different 110‐kDa catalytic subunits (p110α, p110β, p110γ, and p110δ) and a smaller regulatory subunit. Despite a clear implication of PI3Ks in survival signaling, the contribution of the individual PI3K isoforms has not been elucidated. To address this issue, we generated Rat1 fibroblasts that co‐express c‐Myc and membrane targeted derivates of the different p110 isoforms. Here we present data for the first time showing that activation of PI3‐kinase signaling through membrane localization of p110β, p110γ, and p110δ protects c‐Myc overexpressing Rat1 fibroblasts from apoptosis caused by serum deprivation like it has been described for p110α. Expression of each p110 isoform reduces significantly caspase‐3 like activity in this apoptosis model. Decreased caspase‐3 activity correlates with the increase in Akt phosphorylation in cells that contain one of the myristoylated p110 isoforms. p110 isoform‐mediated protection from cell death was abrogated upon expression of a kinase‐negative version of Akt. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiosynthesis of carbon‐11‐labelled GI181771, a new selective CCK‐A agonist
Authors: Dollé F. , Martarello L. , Bramoullé Y. , Bottlaender M. , Gee A.D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe novel CCK‐A agonist, (S)‐3‐(3‐{1‐[(isopropylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]‐2,4‐dioxo‐5‐phenyl‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benzo[b][1,4]diazepin‐3‐yl}ureido)benzoic acid, GI181771 ((S)‐1) has been isotopically labelled with carbon‐11 at its urea site using [11C]phosgene in a one‐pot two‐step process, via the intermediate preparation of an [11C]isocyanate derivative. Optimized conditions for the preparation of (S)‐[11C]‐1 were the following: (1) Trapping of [11C]phosgene (radiosynthesized from cyclotron‐produced [11C]methane via [11C]carbon tetrachloride using minor modifications of published processes) at room temperature for 1–2 min in 300 µl of acetonitrile containing 0.6 µmol of the appropriate (structurally complex) chiral‐amine giving the corresponding [11C]isocyanate followed by (2) addition of an excess of 3‐aminobenzoic acid (40 µmol in 100 µl of THF) as the second amine giving the desired urea derivative (S)‐[11C]‐1 and (3) high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification on a semi‐preparative Waters Symmetry® C18. Starting from a typical 1.2 Ci (44.4 GBq) batch of [11C]methane, 25–35 mCi (0.92–1.29 GBq, 6.8–9.6% decay‐corrected yield based on starting [11C] methane, n = 5) of (S)‐[11C]‐1 could be obtained within 35 min of radiosynthesis (HPLC purification and formulation as an i.v. injectable solution using a home‐made Sep‐pak®Plus C18 device included) with specific radioactivities ranging from 500 to 1500 mCi/µmol (18.5–55.5 GBq/µmol). The radiotracer preparation was a clear and colourless solution and its pH was between 5 and 7. As demonstrated by HPLC analysis, the radiolabelled product was found to be >99% chemically and radiochemically pure and the preparation was shown to be free of non‐radioactive precursors (starting amines) and radiochemically stable for at least 60 min. Finally, enantiomeric purity was found to be >99% according to chiral HPLC, demonstrating the absence of racemization during the process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrastructure, development, and homology of insect embryonic cuticles
Authors: Konopová Barbora , Zrzavý Jan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractUltrastructure and deposition of the cuticles secreted by embryos representing eight insect orders were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Embryos of the apterygote silverfish Thermobia domestica deposit two embryonic cuticles. Deposition of the first (EC1) is initiated at the beginning of appendage development when the intercalary segment and the neural groove are clearly visible. This cuticle lacks surface microsculpture and consists of an outer epicuticle and an underlying fibrous layer, thought to represent procuticle. At the time of dorsal closure, deposition of a second embryonic cuticle (EC2) begins; this bears sensilla and functions in the first instar larva. In representative embryos of seven pterygote orders (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Mecoptera), three cuticles were found to be secreted. The first cuticle in pterygotes is homologous to EC1 of T. domestica, but consists solely of outer epicuticle. EC2, the “prolarval cuticle,” bears a characteristic surface microsculpture in embryos of some species and egg‐teeth and other hatching devices, and consists of outer and inner epicuticles and a more or less reduced procuticle. EC2 is reduced in the embryos of derived endopterygotes, where a procuticle is lacking and the inner epicuticle is reduced. After hatching, when EC2 is shed, the first instar larva is covered by a third embryonic cuticle (EC3), whose deposition was initiated while the insect was still within the egg. Presence of only two embryonic cuticles in cyclorrhaphous flies is due to the total loss of prolarval cuticle. Investigated exopterygote and endopterygote insects excluding flies thus deposit three embryonic cuticles, and their juveniles (exopterygote “nymphs”; endopterygote “larvae”) seem to hatch at equivalent stages of development. Differences between the modes of cuticulogenesis in silverfish and pterygote embryos suggest that the apterygote first larval instar was embryonized and became a fully embryonic prolarva in pterygotes. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Orbitrap: a new mass spectrometer
Authors: Hu Qizhi , Noll Robert J. , Li Hongyan , Makarov Alexander , Hardman Mark , Graham Cooks R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractResearch areas such as proteomics and metabolomics are driving the demand for mass spectrometers that have high performance but modest power requirements, size, and cost. This paper describes such an instrument, the Orbitrap, based on a new type of mass analyzer invented by Makarov. The Orbitrap operates by radially trapping ions about a central spindle electrode. An outer barrel‐like electrode is coaxial with the inner spindlelike electrode and mass/charge values are measured from the frequency of harmonic ion oscillations, along the axis of the electric field, undergone by the orbitally trapped ions. This axial frequency is independent of the energy and spatial spread of the ions. Ion frequencies are measured non‐destructively by acquisition of time‐domain image current transients, with subsequent fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) being used to obtain the mass spectra.In addition to describing the Orbitrap mass analyzer, this paper also describes a complete Orbitrap‐based mass spectrometer, equipped with an electrospray ionization source (ESI). Ions are transferred from the ESI source through three stages of differential pumping using RF guide quadrupoles. The third quadrupole, pressurized to less than 10−3 Torr with collision gas, acts as an ion accumulator; ion/neutral collisions slow the ions and cause them to pool in an axial potential well at the end of the quadrupole. Ion bunches are injected from this pool into the Orbitrap analyzer for mass analysis. The ion injection process is described in a simplified way, including a description of electrodynamic squeezing, field compensation for the effects of the ion injection slit, and criteria for orbital stability. Features of the Orbitrap at its present stage of development include high mass resolution (up to 150 000), large space charge capacity, high mass accuracy (2–5 ppm), a mass/charge range of at least 6000, and dynamic range greater than 10.3Applications based on electrospray ionization are described, including characterization of transition‐metal complexes, oligosaccharides, peptides, and proteins. Use is also made of the high‐resolution capabilities of the Orbitrap to confirm the presence of metaclusters of serine octamers in ESI mass spectra and to perform H/D exchange experiments on these ions in the storage quadrupole. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic arguments for a new crystal phase of glycolaldehyde
Authors: Mohaček‐Grošev Vlasta 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to elucidate the nature of glycolaldehyde dimer solid phases further, low‐temperature Raman spectroscopy was employed and phonon spectra were recorded in the temperature in range 10–300 K. It seems probable that the α phase of glycolaldehyde dimer belongs to the P21/n space group with Z = 2, the same crystal class in which 1,4‐dioxane and DL‐glyceraldehyde crystallize. Studying the temperature dependence of the low‐wavenumber Raman bands of glycolaldehyde dimer α phase, one observes an increase in the number of phonons from six to 13 when the sample is cooled below 80 K. We suggest that a phase transformation into a new phase γ takes place, with the number of molecules per unit cell probably equal to Z = 4. Normal coordinate analysis was performed for glycolaldehyde dimer with two equatorial and with two axial hydroxyl groups, in order to predict the number of internal modes falling in the phonon region. If there were any centrosymmetric dimers with two axial hydroxyl groups present, than a band around 150 cm−1 would have been expected in the Raman spectrum, which was not observed. This is by far the strongest argument in favour of the hypothesis that the α phase consists of dimers with two equatorially placed hydroxyl groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detailed Molecular Structure Modeling – A Path Forward to Designing Application Properties of ldPE
Authors: Schmidt Christian‐Ulrich , Busch Markus , Lilge Dieter , Wulkow Michael 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSummary: This paper describes a step on the ambitious aim to “design” application properties of ldPE by first simulating the detailed molecular structure of a high‐pressure tubular reactor product. The reactor of a certain configuration produces under well‐defined operating conditions. The next step is to correlate the structure with the application properties. Finally, the sequence will be reversed in order to deduce the operating conditions, which lead to the desired product quality. Two‐dimensional distributions, in molecular weight and branching frequency, as well a two compartment models with a core and a shell stream were simulated and compared with experimental results. Therefore, CFD simulations were carried out to discretize the reaction medium. Samples were taken from both pilot and commercial plants. The TREF‐SEC analytical method was successfully applied in order to measure the microscopic structure of the material. The tremendous numerical problems were solved with the help of the software PREDICI.Detailed MWD for a pilot scale reactor product.magnified imageDetailed MWD for a pilot scale reactor product.
Lesion of the dorsorostral midbrain sparing the nigrostriatal tract mimics axial rigidity seen in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Lewerenz Jan , Zurowski Bartosz , Jenicke Lars , Bäumer Tobias , Lees Andrew J. , Münchau Alexander 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe report on a patient with a residual dorsorostral midbrain lesion after resection of a pineal gland tumor. In addition to severe vertical gaze palsy, this patient exhibited other neurological features closely resembling progressive supranuclear palsy. Normal dopamine transporter single‐photon emission computed tomography imaging excluded significant dopamine deficiency. We suggest that dorsorostral midbrain pathology rather than dopamine deficiency due to degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons or basal ganglia nuclei might be responsible for axial rigidity in extension. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
On the stability of the FDTD method for solving a time‐dependent Schrödinger equation
Authors: Dai Weizhong , Li Guang , Nassar Raja , Su Shengjun 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is often employed in simulation of electromagnetic fields. The scheme is explicit and two‐level in time. However, it is not clear what the time step, Δt, should be when the FDTD method is applied for solving a time‐dependent Schrödinger equation. In this study, we analyze the stability of the FDTD scheme for solving the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation. A condition for choosing the time step is obtained in order that the scheme is stable. A numerical example is illustrated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2005
Livelihood strategies and performance of Ghana's health and education sectors: exploring the connections
Authors: Owusu Francis 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe public sector in Africa is riddled with widespread ineffectiveness. Although some countries have implemented various reform programmes with the support of international development agencies, the results so far have been disappointing. One reason for the failure is that the policies have focussed more on achieving macroeconomic stability than making the organisations effective. This article explores a fundamental problem of the policies—the need to focus on the human component of organisational performance. Using education and health organisations in Ghana as examples, the article advances a hypothesis that the livelihood strategies of public sector employees and the performance of their organisations are interconnected. Specifically, it is argued that as public sector employees have become more dependent on multiple sources of income, they have developed multiple social identities, which influence the culture of their organisations. The organisational culture may have encouraged employee effectiveness in some cases, but for most organisations, it has resulted in practices that perpetuate inefficiency and poor performance. To be successful, public sector reform policies must therefore involve deliberate efforts to change organisational cultures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel saturated red‐emitting poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) copolymers with narrow‐band‐gap units of 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole synthesized by a palladium‐catalyzed Stille coupling reaction
Authors: Li Xianzhen , Zhang Yong , Yang Renqiang , Huang Jian , Yang Wei , Cao Yong 
Published: April 2005

AbstractNovel poly(p‐phenylenevinylene) (PPV) copolymers derived from 1‐methoxy‐4‐octyloxyphenylene (MOP), 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BT), and trans‐1,2‐bis(tributylstannyl)ethylene were first prepared by a palladium‐catalyzed Stille coupling reaction. The feed ratios of MOP to BT were 99.5:0.5, 99:1, 95:5, 85:15, 70:30, and 50:50. An efficient energy transfer from the 2‐methoxy‐5‐octyloxy‐p‐phenylenevinylene segment to the narrow‐band‐gap units was observed. The poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐octyloxy‐p‐phenylenevinylene‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazolevinylene) copolymers emitted deep red light. The maximum electroluminescence emission of these PPV copolymers occurred at 659–724 nm and was accompanied by gradual redshifting with an increasing BT concentration. The photophysical properties were examined in comparison with those of copolymers based on BT and fluorene or N‐alkylcarbazole doped with the same BT concentration in the copolymer main chain. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2325‐2336, 2005
Improved thermosets obtained from cycloaliphatic epoxy resins and γ‐butyrolactone with lanthanide triflates as initiators. I. Study of curing by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared
Authors: Mas Cristina , Mantecón Ana , Serra Angels , Ramis Xavier , Salla Josep Maria 
Published: April 2005

Abstract3,4‐Epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4‐epoxycyclohexane carboxylate was cured with different proportions of γ‐butyrolactone with lanthanum, samarium, and ytterbium triflates as catalysts. The curing was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared in the attenuated‐total‐reflection mode (FTIR/ATR). FTIR/ATR was used to monitor the competitive reactive processes and to quantify the evolution of the epoxide, lactone, and intermediate spiroorthoester groups. The glass‐transition temperature of the crosslinked materials was high and increased when the proportion of lactone decreased. The kinetics were studied with DSC experiments and were analyzed with isoconversional procedures. The differences in the reactivities of the systems were related to the Lewis acidity of the lanthanide salt used as the initiator. An increase in the proportion of lactone produced an increase in the reaction rate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2337‐2347, 2005
Quantification of imidacloprid toxicity to avocado thrips, Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), using a combined bioassay and ELISA approach
Authors: Byrne Frank J , Toscano Nick C , Urena Anthony A , Morse Joseph G 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA competitive ELISA (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) technique was evaluated for quantifying titres of imidacloprid in homogenates of leaf discs sampled from avocado plants treated with systemic applications of imidacloprid 240 g litre−1SC (Admire®). Matrix effects were evident with undiluted leaf tissue homogenates, but these were effectively eliminated by dilution of homogenates in water. In a field trial conducted in a commercial nursery, there was an excellent correlation between imidacloprid residues within leaves and avocado thrips (Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara) mortality. However, with subsequent sampling over a 2‐month period, the relationship between mortality and apparent imidacloprid concentration became less robust, suggesting that the material was being degraded within the plant to non‐toxic metabolites. Nevertheless, assessments of thrips mortality on leaves that had been recently treated with imidacloprid established a lower threshold of activity for imidacloprid residues of 6 ng cm−2 leaf. Limitations on the use of ELISA to quantify the impact of systemic insecticides on pest populations are discussed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous analysis of twenty‐one glucocorticoids in equine plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Luo Y. , Uboh C. E. , Soma L. R. , Guan F. Y. , Rudy J. A. , Tsang D. S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA method for the simultaneous separation, identification, quantification and confirmation of the presence of 21 glucocorticoids (GCC) in equine plasma by liquid chromatography coupled with triple stage quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC/TSQ‐MS/MS) is described. Plasma sample augmented with the 21 GCC was extracted with methyltert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and analyzed by positive electrospray ionization. Desoxymetasone or dichlorisone acetate was used as the internal standard (IS). Quantification was performed by IS calibration. For each drug, one major product ion was chosen and used for screening for that drug. Analyte confirmation was performed by using the three most intense product ions formed from the precursor ion and the corresponding mass ratios. The recovery of the 21 GCC when spiked into blank plasma at 5 ng/mL was 45–200% with coefficient of variation (CV) from 0.3–18%. The limit of detection (LOD) and that of quantification (LOQ) for most of the analytes were 50–100 pg/mL and 1 ng/mL, respectively, whereas that of confirmation (LOC) was 100–300 pg/mL depending on the analyte. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions expressed as CV for quantification of 1 and 10 ng/mL was 1.0–17%, and 0.51–19%, respectively, and the accuracy was from 84–110%. The linear concentration range for quantification was 0.1–100 ng/mL (r2 > 0.997). Estimated measurement uncertainty was from 11–37%. This study was undertaken to develop a method for simultaneous screening, identification, quantification and confirmation of these agents in post‐race equine plasma samples. The method has been successfully applied to screening of a large number of plasma samples obtained from racehorses in competition and in pharmacokinetic studies of dexamethasone in the horse and concurrent changes in endogenous GCC, hydrocortisone and cortisone. The method is simple, sensitive, selective and reliably reproducible. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.