bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ISIS database: An evaluation of records essential for captive management
Authors: Earnhardt Joanne M. , Thompson Steven D. , Willis Kevin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSpecies databases are essential for the scientific management of species and specimens in captive wildlife populations. Population managers in North America base their decisions on information in two databases:the International Species Information System (ISIS) and American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) approved regional studbooks. Genetic and demographic management of species relies on studbooks, whereas regional collection planning and management by Taxon Advisory Groups (TAGs) may use a combination of studbooks, direct surveys, and data from ISIS. Use of ISIS data as the primary basis for population management and collection planning is increasing, yet there has been no assessment of how ISIS data differ from studbooks. Thus these databases were compared to determine if they are interchangeable for the purposes of regional collection planning or species management. Population sizes of living individuals in 68 SSP© taxa were compared to assess the magnitude of differences between the databases. Differences in population size were considerable and highly variable; ISIS on average underestimated the number of living animals in SSP© taxa populations. Ten studbooks were also analyzed in detail to identify specific types of discrepancies between the two databases. On average, 19.2 ± 2.2% of the information in the ISIS database differed from that in the studbook. Most discrepancies derived from data that were either missing from, or incorrect in, the ISIS database. The most common discrepancies involve parents who were either unidentified or misidentified in the ISIS database (x̄ = 37.5 ± 5.7% of all records). No single type of discrepancy, however, was prevalent across all 10 species; the overall rate of discrepancies per species was attributable to a combination of discrepancies peculiar to each species. Protocols concerning data entry standards, data collection, and the scope of data collected are likely causes of most discrepancies. In its present form, the ISIS database is not appropriate for single species management; if used cautiously, it can be of assistance in the development of regional collection plans. Development of an ISIS database that is suitable for population management will require an increased commitment to data quality by records keepers, zoological institutions, and ISIS. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seminal characteristics and artificial insemination of Chinese pheasants, Tragopan temminckii, Lophophorus impeyanus, and Lophophorus lhuysii
Authors: Durrant Barbara S. , Burch Catherine D. , Yamada Joan K. , Good Jackie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLong‐term conservation plans for endangered species of birds include the study of basic reproductive functions and the development of artificial reproductive techniques. This 6 year study of Chinese pheasants resulted in the description of seminal characteristics and the production of chicks from artificial insemination in each of three species. Semen was collected three times a week from February through June from two Temminck's tragopans (Tragopan temminckii), four Himalayan monals (Lophophorus impeyanus), and one Chinese monal (Lophophorus lhuysii). Ejaculates were analyzed for volume, concentration, and motility; some were extended and used for artificial insemination (AI). A semen quality index (SQI) was calculated from all measured semen parameters to generate a single number to facilitate the comparison of males, years, and species. For all three species, insemination of fresh semen began the day a hen laid an egg and continued two or three times a week until the end of the study. Over all years, tragopan 2 produced semen with a higher SQI than tragopan 1. Variation within individual Himalayan monals was also recorded with SQIs ranging from a low of 10.8 for male 4 to a high of 25.8 for male 1. When all males were compared by species, the Chinese monal, collected only in 1 year, exhibited a higher SQI than the tragopans or the Himalayan monals. During one 54 day period, a single tragopan hen was inseminated twice, 28 days apart to assess the longevity of inseminated sperm in the female reproductive tract. Fertile eggs were laid for 21 days following the first insemination and for 26 days following the second insemination. AI of tragopans and Himalayan monals resulted in 100% hatchability; for Chinese monals, the figure was 57%. It is believed that this study represents the first report of successful artificial insemination in Himalayan and Chinese monals. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of statistical models based on radiographic measurements to predict oviposition date and clutch size in rock iguanas (Cyclura nubila)
Authors: Alberts Allison C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ability to noninvasively estimate clutch size and predict oviposition date in reptiles can be useful not only to veterinary clinicians but also to managers of captive collections and field researchers. Measurements of egg size and shape, as well as position of the clutch within the coelomic cavity, were taken from diagnostic radiographs of 20 female Cuban rock iguanas, Cyclura nubila, 81 to 18 days prior to laying. Combined with data on maternal body size, these variables were entered into multiple regression models to predict clutch size and timing of egg laying. The model for clutch size was accurate to 0.53 ± 0.08 eggs, while the model for oviposition date was accurate to 6.22 ± 0.81 days. Equations were generated that should be applicable to this and other large Cyclura species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum and urinary hormones during pregnancy and the peri‐ and postpartum period in an Asian elephant (Elephas, maximus)
Authors: Brown Janine L. , Lehnhardt John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBlood and urine samples were collected weekly from an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) for 10 months before conception, throughout pregnancy, and for 10 months after parturition. Additional daily samples were collected for 41 days before through 10 days after parturition to define endocrine events during the peripartum period. During gestation, serum progesterone concentrations increased gradually and, after ∼13 weeks, were higher (P < 0.05) than those observed during the nonpregnant luteal phase. Concentrations peaked at ∼12 months of gestation, gradually declined during the last month, and then decreased sharply to nondetectable levels 2 days before parturition. A 12 week lactational anestrus was observed before cyclicity resumed. The urinary profile of progestagen excretion paralleled that of circulating progesterone (r = 0.79; P < 0.05); however, radioimmunoassay of HPLC‐separated fractions of urinary eluates indicated that this immunoactivity was not associated with native progesterone. After remaining basal through the first 16 weeks of gestation, serum prolactin concentrations increased to 100‐fold about midterm and remained elevated until after parturition. Neither serum nor urinary cortisol concentrations were altered during pregnancy, but both increased markedly the day after parturition and remained elevated above prepartum levels for several weeks thereafter. These data indicate that analysis of serum prolactin can confirm pregnancy in the Asian elephant after ∼4 months of gestation and that daily monitoring of serum or urinary progestagens is useful for predicting parturition. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A preliminary study of the effect of pregnancy and of lactation on the voluntary intake of food by cows
Authors: Campling R. C. 
Published: June 2005

1. Monozygotic twin cattle were used in a preliminary study of the effect of pregnancy and of lactation on the voluntary intake of food and water, and on eating and ruminating behaviour. Also, results are reported of an experiment with five pairs of monozygotic twin heifers to examine the variation within pairs of twins in voluntary intake of food and water and eating and ruminating behaviour.2. Voluntary food and water intakes were measured during the last few weeks of pregnancy and during early lactation. Within each twin pair one twin was pregnant or lactating and the other non-lactating and not pregnant, and the food and water intakes of a pair of twins were measured simultaneously.3. On average the variation in voluntary intake of hay within pairs of non-pregnant, monozygotic twin heifers was 0.2 kg or 3 % of the mean daily hay intake.4. The effect of pregnancy was observed in six pairs of twins and in five of the pairs the pregnant animal ate iess hay than its non-pregnant twinmate; in four of these five pairs the effect was small (13 % ). Changes in eating and ruminating behaviour associated with pregnancy were small; the pregnant animals ate concentrates and hay more slowly and ruminated longer than the non-pregnant animals.5. Lactation was associated with a mean increase of 29 % in hay intake in eight out of the nine pairs studied. In four pairs of twins given a diet of concentrates alone the lactating animal ate on average 8 % more than the non-lactating animal. The lactating cows tended to eat concentrates and hay more quickly than the non-lactating cows; because of differences in the ratio of hay to concentrates it was not possible to interpret the changes in rumination that occurred with lactation.
The effect of lowered environmental temperature on lipid metabolism in rats fed on normal and high-fat, high-cholesterol diets
Authors: Bobek P. , Ginter E. 
Published: June 2005

1. Prolonged intermittent exposure to reduced environmental temperature (+2°) produced in rats given a nutritionally well-balanced diet a decrease in the concentration of esterified fatty acids in the blood serum, liver and epididymal fat tissue. In the last there was a significant increase in the unesterified: esterified fatty acid ratio. The hepatic synthesis of fatty acids from [1–14C]acetate remained unchanged. A decrease in the concentration of cholesterol was found in the blood serum, liver and lungs of animals exposed to cold.2. When a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet was given, exposure to cold increased the mobilization of lipids; this was indicated by the elevation of the unesterified fatty acid levels in the blood serum and in the epididymal fat tissue. In rats given the high-fat diet the lipotropic action of cold on the liver was confirmed. This action was characterized by a decrease of esterified fatty acid levels and by an increase of glycogen concentration in the liver. This effect is probably due to a lowering of hepatic lipogenesis and to increased oxidation of fatty acids in the liver tissue. In rats given the high-fat dict, cold exposure produced an increased cholesterol accumulation in the tissues and more pronounced morphological changes in the myocardium.
Nutritional effects of autoxidized fats in animal diets
Authors: Lea C. H. , Parr L. J. , L'estrange J. L. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Turkey poults were fed from day-old to 6 weeks on a practical-type diet containing 10 % white fish meal (supplying 0.7 % lipid) and other constituents, mainly cereals (supplying 3.3 % lipid), together with either 1.5 % of anchovy oil that had been allowed to autoxidize under various conditions or 1.5 % of fresh beef fat.2. For group I the whole diet with anchovy oil was stored in air at 15° for 3 months before feeding. Its lipid oxidized only slowly, with no appreciable rise in peroxide value and little destruction of its polyunsaturated fatty acids. For groups 2 and 3 the anchovy oil was mixed with the white fish meal, and the mixture was stored for 3 months, by which time most of its polyunsaturated fatty acids had been destroyed by autoxidation and the pv of the extractable lipid, after reaching a peak of 260 μmoles/g, had fallen again to 110. At this point the anchovy oil-fish meal premixture was further mixed with the basal diet and used, either immediately (group 2) or after 3 months' further storage (group 3). 3. The turkeys in all three groups receiving ‘fish oil’ remained healthy and grew well, with only slightly apparent (and not significantly) lower weight gains than those on the control diet. There was no significant treatment effect on liver weight, serum aspartate amino-transferase or serum alanine aminotransferase activity. All the birds stored vitamin A in their livers, though the diets had provided not more than adequate supplies of this vitamin, but the reserves accumulated were significantly lower when the diets contained oxidized fat. On roasting, the turkeys of group 1 had a definite and objectionable fishy flavour, whereas those of groups 2 and 3 were as palatable as the controls on the beef fat diet.
Severe undernutrition in growing and adult animals
Authors: Lister D. , Cowen T. , McCance R. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex poultry attained their full size in about 6 months.2. When they were held back by undernutrition so that they weighed only about 170g at 6 months of age and were then given unlimited food, they grew—like the normal birds—for about 6 months, i.e. till they were 1 year old, but still they did not attain the same stature as normal birds. 3. The pullets more nearly attained the size of their controls than did the cockerels. 4. On rehabilitation after the period of undernutrition poultry frequently suffered leg weakness which in its extreme form could be diagnosed as perosis. 5. Rehabilitated pullets began to lay large eggs after a comparatively short period of growth and when they were still a small size.
Some effects of overfeeding for four days in man
Authors: Strong J. A. , Shirling D. , Passmore R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Food which provided from 2960 to 7880 kcal in excess of requirements was eaten by sixteen subjects, ten hospital patients and six students, in each instance for a period of 4 days.2. The proportion of the nutrients lost in the faeces was not increased during overfeeding.3. The metabolic rates were in no instance increased by an amount equivalent to more than 15% of the excess calories. The increase could be attributed to the specific dynamic action of the extra dietary protein.4. The gains in weight ranged from 370 to 5460 g/4 days and the calorie equivalent of the weight gained varied from 1·1 to 10·0 kcal/g. These variations can be attributed to variations in the amount of water retained.5. Analysis of their respiratory exchanges suggests that most subjects stored from 400 to 1500 g of carbohydrate in the tissues, possibly in the form of muscle glycogen.
Phospholipids of the liver in children suffering from protein–calorie undernutrition
Authors: Chatterjee K. K. , Mukherjee K. L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Thirty-nine children suffering from protein–calorie undernutrition were classified into nineteen with kwashiorkor, twelve with marasmus and eight with nutritional oedema according to history, physical findings and laboratory investigations. Liver biopsy samples from these patients were extracted with lipid solvents and the phospholipids were fractionated into phosphatidylcholine, ethanolamine and serine, and sphingomyelin.2. The total liver phospholipids were found to be reduced in kwashiorkor and the reduction was mainly in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction. The decrease in phosphatidyl ethanolamine was probably due to an observed reduction in free serine content. The ethanolamine phosphatase activity of the liver was found to be high in kwashiorkor.
The measurement of hair growth as an index of protein synthesis in malnutrition
Authors: Sims R. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. The purpose of this paper is to propose the measurement of scalp hair diameter as a useful index of protein synthesis in the management of cases of malnutrition.2. Observations on scalp hair from ten control infants showed that each hair tapered very gradually towards its free end.3. Observations on scalp hair from twenty-six infants with kwashiorkor showed that each hair narrowed towards the follicle; the effect was statistically significant.4. After I month's treatment for kwashiorkor, scalp hair thickened towards the follicle and the effect was statistically significant.5. Serial measurements of the greatest diameter at 0·5 mm intervals along the hair shaft had a main trend which was related to nutritional history.6. The period of time over which narrowing of the hair shaft took place was calculated from the rate of hair growth and the serial diameter measurements: this time was always longer than the history of kwashiorkor.
Observations on the nature and origin of lipids in the small intestine of the sheep
Authors: Lennox Aileen M. , Lough A. K. , Garton G. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Total lipids were extracted from digesta obtained from the rumen, abomasum and upper small intestine (jejunum) of each of four slaughtered sheep. The lipids were fractionated into unesterified fatty acids, neutral lipids and phospholipids and the proportional contribution of each fraction to the total fatty acids was determined.2. The contribution made by phospholipids to the total fatty acids in the digesta showed a marked increase in the samples from the small intestine compared with those from the rumen and abomasum. This increase was apparently due to the presence of biliary phospholipids.3. Total lipids and conjugated bile acids were extracted from sheep bile, the lipids were fractionated and their fatty-acid composition was determined. Phospholipids predominated and these consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine, together with some lysophosphatidylcholine.4. Both phospholipids contained significant amounts of unsaturated C18components which could account, at least in part, for the previously reported increament to the proportion of these acids in the digesta when it enters the upper jejunum.5. The overall fatty acid compositions of the two biliary phospholipids were very similar and, in common with other naturally occurring phosphatidylcholines, the fatty acids present in position 2 of the phosphatidylcholine of bile were found to consist almost entirely of unsaturated components.6. Total lipids and conjugated bile acids were extracted from samples of digesta obtained from three sheep with cannulas in different positions in the jejunum. Analysis of the lipids indicated that biliary phospholipids, in particular phosphatidylcholine, underwent progressive hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen.7. The distribution of conjugated bile acids, unesterified fatty acids and phospholipids between the solid (particulate) and liquid (micellar) phases of the intestinal digesta was determined. These chyme constituents were, for the most part, associated with the particulate matter and thus, at any given time, it appears that only a small fraction of the total fatty acids is available for absorption in micellar form. It is suggested that the micellar solubilization of fatty acids may be facilitated by the presence of lysophosphatidylcholine.
The absorption of long-chain fatty acids from the small intestine of the sheep
Authors: Lennox Aileen M. , Garton G. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Three sheep, each of which was fitted with a rumen cannula and with two pairs of reentrant cannulas in different parts of the small intestine, were used in this study. They were fed on dried grass cubes or hay plus linseed meal and oats: an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was infused continuously into the rumen.2. Total lipids were extracted from samples of the chyme entering and leaving the different lengths of the small intestine embraced by the respective cannulas. The lipids were fractionated into unesterified fatty acids, neutral lipids and phospholipids and the contribution of each fraction to the total fatty acids was determined. The samples were also analysed for their PEG content, thus affording an index of the extent to which water had been absorbed from each particular length of intestine.3. From the above findings and a knowledge of the flow-rate of the digesta, the uptake of unesterified fatty acids and the degree of dissimilation or uptake, or of both, of esterified fatty acids was calculated.4. The results indicated that, by the time the digesta reached the ileum (i.e. the distal half of the small intestine), the uptake of fatty acids was almost complete, as was also the hydrolytic release of esterified fatty acids.5. Though there were no gross differences in the overall composition of the unesterified and esterified fatty acids in different parts of the small intestine, it appeared that C18mono-unsaturated acid, the principal unsaturated unesterified acid, was absorbed somewhat more efficiently than were the major saturated acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid).
A note on the estimation of nitrogen retention in chicks by body analysis and balance methods
Authors: Davidson J. , Williams R. B. 
Published: June 2005

1. In a balance study with young chicks estimates of nitrogen retention were made by a balance method and by a body analysis method.2. N retention appeared to be about 15% greater by the balance method when no allowance was made for N in alimentary tract contents. Allowance for tract contents reduced the difference to about 13%.3. Only about one-third of the discrepancy could be accounted for interms of the possible sources of N loss investigated.4. About a quarter of the difference was due to loss of N on drying the droppings before analysis and another tenth to loss of N on freeze-drying minced chick tissues.5. No appreciable loss of ammonia could be detected from chickens and excreta under conditions prevailing in the balance trial. The efficiency of digestion of feathers, uric acid and droppings from birds appeared to be complete by the Kjeldahl method employed.6. A difference of about 8% could therefore not be explained.
The development of primary teeth in children from a group of Gambian villages, and critical examination of its use for estimating age
Authors: McGregor I. A. , Thomson A. M. , Billewicz W. Z. 
Published: June 2005

1. Numbers of erupted primary teeth were counted in young children in four rural villages in The Gambia. The ages of all children were precisely known, and their heights and weights were measured.2. The majority of children were recorded as having an even number of teeth. The number of primary teeth present in children of given age varied widely. Up to 18 months of age, the Gambian children lagged behind American and European children in number of erupted teeth.3. From the distributions, it appears that a child having no teeth is unlikely to be over 12 months of age, and one with all primary teeth is unlikely to be under 20 months. Between these dental limits, estimates of age from the number of primary teeth present are likely to be accurate to ± 3 or 4 months.4. Children who were tall or heavy for age tended to have more teeth than those who were short or light. Thus, children with delayed dentition would be systematically assessed as younger than true chronological age.5. There was, however, no evidence that slow growth was associated with prolongation of the total period of dental eruption, nor that seasonal variations in rate of growth were associated with similar variations in rate of tooth eruption.