bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Test Of Lasegue
Authors: Oosterhuis Hans J G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ernest-Charles Lasegue was born on 5 September 1816 in Paris. His father Antoine, a botanist, served as librarian of the Delessert family. He was soon aware of the extraordinary intelligence and capacities of his son and placed him at the prestigious Lycee Louis-le Grand for the completion of his scientific education. The young Lasegue studied philosophy and retoric, spoke fluent Latin, and was able to translate Greek philosophical texts at first reading. In 1838, at the age of 22, he was appointed teacher to the school he had just left; there Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) became one of his pupils. At that time he became a friend of Claude Bernard (1813-1878), whom he assisted in animal experiments and by whom he was persuaded to study medicine.
Acalculia and Disturbances of the Body Schema
Authors: Denburg Natalie L , Tranel Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We review in this chapter the recent literature on acalculia and body schema disturbances. Neither of these conditions is common in clinical neuropsychology, although interestingly, both have attracted a considerable amount of research attention. Both conditions have been inconsistently defined, and not surprisingly, this has contributed to a tremendous confusion in the literature as to their specific neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates. Moreover, the disorders of acalculia, finger agnosia, and right–left disorientation have the (mis)fortune of being part of the tetrad of manifestations which comprise the Gerstmann syndrome (the other being agraphia), the reality and significance of which has been repeatedly and forcefully questioned (e.g., Benton, 1961, 1977, 1992; Critchley, 1966). Thus, a review of the literature on the topics of acalculia and body schema disturbances immediately encounters some major obstacles: neither condition has a consensual set of neuroanatomical correlates, which means the “localizing” value of these signs in clinical neuropsychology is fairly weak; moreover, both conditions are relatively infrequent, at least in terms of being the nuclear component of a neuropsychological presentation, and, thus, both are frequently neglected in the clinical training of neuropsychologists, and both have suffered from a lack of availability of well-standardized and validated assessment procedures.
Apraxia
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Rothi Leslie J Gonzalez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The motor systems are capable of directing muscles to make an almost infinite number of movements. In order to perform purposeful skilled movements, the brain must acquire the knowledge to program motor systems appropriately. Apraxia is a cognitive motor disorder that entails the loss or impairment of the ability to program motor systems to perform purposeful skilled movements. Because apraxia is a cognitive motor disorder, abnormal movements should not be called apraxic if they can be attributed to weakness, dystonia, tremor, chorea, athetosis, ballismus, seizures, myoclo- nus, ataxia, defects of sensory feedback, or if they result from non-motor cognitive disorders such as poor comprehension, agnosia, or inattention. Although apraxia is in part defined by exclusion, a variety of errors may characterize the apraxic patient’s performance and these errors help define the variety of apraxias seen in the clinic. This chapter will be limited to descriptions of apraxias that are associated with forelimb and buccofacial movements. The forms of limb apraxia we will discuss include limb-kinetic, ideomotor, disassociation, conduction, ideational, and conceptual apraxias. We will also briefly discuss buccofacial apraxia.
Neglect and Related Disorders
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M , Watson, Robert T , Valenstein Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neglect is the failure to report, respond, or orient to novel or meaningful stimuli presented to the side opposite a brain lesion, when this failure cannot be attributed to either sensory or motor defects (Heilman, 1979). Neglect may be spatial or personal. Spatial neglect may occur in three reference frames: body centered, environmentally centered, and object centered. One may be inattentive to stimuli in space or on the person (attentional or sensory neglect) and one may fail to act in a portion of space, in a spatial direction, or to use a portion of one’s body (intentional or motor neglect). Many specific disorders have been described, distinguished by their presumed underlying mechanisms, the distribution of the abnormal behavior, and the means of eliciting the behavior. Different behavioral manifestations may occur at different times, and in some patients certain manifestations are never seen.
The major behavioral manifestations that we will discuss in this chapter include (1) inattention or sensory neglect, (2) extinction to simultaneous stimuli, (3) motor neglect, (4) spatial neglect, (5) personal neglect, (6) allesthesia and allokinesia, and (7) anosognosia (unawareness of illness). The first section of this chapter will define specific disorders and describe clinical tests that may be used to assess them.
Amnesic Disorders
Authors: Bauer Russell M , Grande, Laura , Valenstein Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past five decades, our understanding of disorders of memory and of normal memory processes has increased dramatically. In 1950, very little was known about the localization of brain lesions causing amnesia. Despite a few clues in earlier literature, it came as a complete surprise in the early 1950s that bilateral medial temporal resection caused amnesia. The importance of the thalamus in memory was hardly suspected until the 1970s and the basal forebrain was an area virtually unknown to clinicians before the 1980s. An animal model of the amnesic syndrome was not developed until the 1970s.
During this same period, neuropsychological characteristics of amnesia were being un- covered through intense research efforts with clinical populations. The amnesic syndrome has been a topic of fundamental interest to neuropsychologists, neuroscientists, and cognitive psychologists (Baddeley, 1982); the resulting literature in many respects reflects a model system for the interdisciplinary activity that some refer to as “cognitive neuropsychology” (Caramazza, 1992; Kosslyn and Intriligator, 1992) or “cognitive neuroscience” (Kosslyn and Koenig, 1992; Schacter et al., 1998). As a result of this explosion of activity, we no longer consider memory to be a unitary phenomenon.
The Dissolution of the Monarchy and the Crisis of Jewish Identity, October 1918–June 1919
Authors: Rozenblit Marsha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When World War I ended and the Habsburg Monarchy collapsed, Erna Segal, a young Viennese woman born in Galicia, was “deeply shocked.” As she remembered:
We were raised with deep reverence for the imperial family, we loved Austria and its rulers and now with one blow everything had come to an end. What now? I asked myself.
Personal Resources and Organizational Well-Being
Authors: Klonowicz Tatiana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the joint contribution that intelligence, reactivity, and mobility as determinants of personal resources make to the regulation of subjective well-being in a new organization. I have assumed that a new organizational environment forces newcomers to adapt themselves to it. The adaptive process enables an individual to achieve “congruence” or “fit” to the organizational requirements and variably engages his or her personal resources. Resources are viewed here as instrumental to achieving a person-organization fit: Individuals feel less distress if their personal resources enable them to manage the situation, that is, when they fit the requirements of a situation.
Time Sampling of Unemployment Experiences by Slovak Youth
Authors: Dzˇuka Jozef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unemployment has been marking the life of many young people in industrialized Western countries (Roth, 1989; Kirchler, 1993). With an unemployment rate of more than 11% in 1996, Slovakia, though still at a lower level of industrial development than the industrialized Western nations, for some time now has had to struggle with the problem, too.
Positive Emotions
Authors: Fredrickson Barbara L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first blush, it might appear that positive emotions are important to the field of positive psychology simply because they are markers of optimal well-being. Certainly moments in our lives characterized by experiences of positive emotions (such as joy, interest, contentment, love, and the like) are moments in which we are not plagued by negative emotions (such as anxiety, sadness, and anger). Consistent with this intuition, the overall balance of people’s positive and negative emotions has been shown to contribute to their subjective well-being (Diener, Sandvik, & Pavot, 1991).
The Truth About Illusions Authenticity and Positivity in Social Relationships
Authors: Swann William B , Pelham Brett W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the centuries-old struggle between advocates of truth and illusion, the illusionists seem to have gained the upper hand of late. In fact, illusion has emerged as the darling of the age, the source of a wide array of benefits including success, creativity, and even longevity. Truth, in contrast, has fallen into disfavor, the alleged origin of failure, rigidity, and even morbidity (e.g., Peterson & Seligman, 1987; Taylor & Brown, 1988). Curiously, some of the most ardent advocates of illusion and wishful thinking have been behavioral scientists—the same group who championed truth and realism only a few decades ago. Proponents of positive thinking have buttressed their claims with mountains of empirical support.
Authenticity
Authors: Harter Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the concept of personal authenticity can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophy as revealed in injunctions such as “Know thyself” and “To thine own self be true.” However, there is no single, coherent body of literature on authentic-self behavior, no bedrock of knowledge. Rather, there are unconnected islands that address different aspects of authenticity in rather piecemeal fashion, including historical analyses, clinical treatments, social-psychological perspectives, and developmental formulations.
Uniqueness Seeking
Authors: Lynn Michael , Snyder C R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similar to the character in Shakespeare’s play whose lines open this chapter, people have a need to be distinctive and special. Interpersonal difference, or uniqueness, contributes to self-identity, attracts attention, and enhances self-esteem and social status (see Codol, 1984; Maslach, 1974; Tesser, 1988). On the other hand, people also have a need for similarity. Interpersonal similarity begets affiliation, belief validation, emotional security, empathy, helping, liking, and social influence (see Brock, 1965; Byrne, 1971; Schachter, 1959). These needs for distinctiveness and similarity oppose one another in the sense that the satisfaction of one enhances the potency of the other. Accordingly, people find a compromise position of intermediate levels of selfdistinctiveness more satisfying than either extreme similarity or extreme dissimilarity relative to other persons (Brewer, 1991; Fromkin, 1968, 1970; Snyder & Fromkin, 1980).
The Pursuit of Meaningfulness in Life
Authors: Vohs Roy F Baumeister & Kathleen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings begin life as animals and remain tied throughout life to natural cyles of birth and death, eating and sleeping, reproduction, danger and safety, and more. Yet to this natural dimension of human life must be added a cultural one. Humans use their thinking capacity to transcend their immediate environment and their natural urges and responses. Thinking usually involves meaning, as in the use of language, symbols, and connections between concepts. Whereas natural law depends on the principles of physics, chemistry, and biology, culture rests on language and meaning.
Humor
Authors: Lefcourt Herbert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a sense of humor often is regarded as an asset today, this has not always been the case. In the early writings of Plato (in Philebus ), Aristotle (in Poetics ), Hobbes (in Leviathan ), and Rousseau (in Lettre à M. d’Alembert ), humor was characterized as a form of hostility. For these philosophers, the derisive qualities of laughter, most often directed at ugliness and deformities in others, made humor seem undesirable and cruel. Laughter was said to reflect the more unattractive aggressive qualities of humans that resulted in the victimization of others.
A Science of Couple Therapy: For What Should We Seek Empirical Support?
Authors: Christensen Andrew , Doss Brian D , Atkins David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As scientist-practitioners, we want our clinical efforts to be supported by scientific evidence. Indeed, science can provide the most compelling evidence that our treatments are beneficial to our clients rather than ineffective or harmful for them. Not only does scientific evidence meet our own values and standards for the credibility of psychotherapeutic treatment, it provides accountability to our clients and to third-party payers, who increasingly want evidence that what they pay for is effective. Thus, the demand for scientific evidence is high, and many treatments and providers seek the mantle of scientific respectability.
Accuracies and Statistical Tests of Phylogenetic Trees
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a phylogenetic tree is constructed, it is important to know the reliability of the tree obtained. There are two types of errors in a phylogenetic tree: topological errors and branch length errors. The former errors are differences in branching pattern between an inferred tree and the true tree, and the latter are deviations of estimated branch lengths from the true (realized or expected) branch lengths. If the true topology is known, as in the case of computer simulation, it is possible to evaluate the extent of topological errors by the method described in chapter 5. In practice, however, the true topology is almost never known, and therefore the reliability of the topology obtained is usually tested by examining the statistical confidence of various parts (branching patterns) of the topology.
Introduction
Authors: Singley Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edith Wharton is by critical and popular acclaim one of the United States’ finest novelists and short story writers. A consummate stylist and astute critic of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American social life, Wharton often ridiculed the upper-class New York society of which she herself was a member. She also turned her sharp eye to New England and Europe, creating incisive portraits of characters deeply affected by their social and physical environments. Wharton’s ability to combine such cutting satire and irony with compassion for human suffering results in a unique American realism that elevates her characters’ struggles against restrictive conventions and circumstances beyond comedy of manners to pathos, and even tragedy. Today Wharton’s critical reputation has never been higher; indeed, her place in American letters as one of the premier practitioners of realism seems assured.
Wharton, Travel, and Modernity
Authors: Bentley Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edith Wharton loved the sensation of speed. In The Custom of the Country (1913), when Wharton writes of the “rush of physical joy” that comes from flying in an open car at twilight through the wintry boulevards of Central Park, the passage be speaks her own infatuation with motor cars and their mechanical power (N, 754). For Wharton, local motor-flights and transatlantic travel were fundamental conditions of living. Henry James always pictured her “wound up and going”; in alarm and bemusement his letters define her through “her dazzling, her incessant braveries of far excursionnism.” Edith Wharton loved speed, almost as much as she loved stillness—the contemplative space of gardens, the quiet stimulation of indoor conversation, the nearly motionless concentration necessary for the work of writing. These contraries—mobility and reflective stillness—inform Wharton’s complex stance as an observer of modern life. Her taste for speed and travel on the one hand, and the rooted critical focus she achieved in her writing on the other, reflect Wharton’s divided disposition about the kind of world she saw emerging in the first two decades of the twentieth century.
A World of Diversity
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If asked to name as many languages as possible, the average person could probably easily name a dozen, but would certainly not come up with this list: Abenaki, Bella Coola, Rama, Guguu Yimidhirr, Kahana, Adzera, Boiken, Toba Batak, Fyem, Tzotzil, Cebuano, Mokilese. You have probably never heard of these languages, or thousands more like them. One of us asked some graduate students in linguistics at the University of Oxford to write down the names of as many languages as they could think of. The number ranged from 50 to 75.
Even professional linguists perhaps would not be able to name more than a hundred. A recent advertisement for “Teach yourself language courses” appearing in a popular magazine claimed to “offer introductory and advanced courses in most of the world’s languages.” To be precise, they boasted a total of 215 courses in 76 languages! However, this number represents but repercent of the total number of languages. Most ordinary readers are surprised to find that linguists estimate the number of languages in the world to be between 5,000 and 6,700.
Why Something Should Be Done
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen how the changing face of linguistic diversity in the modern world is the story of how a few metropolitan languages expanded very rapidly at the expense of the rest, as smaller communities have been pulled into the orbit of more powerful ones. Must we accept the demise of the world’s small languages? Or should we try to support them, and if so, what might really be achieved in practice?
We hope we have made clear that the reasons most non-Eurasian languages are in danger of dying out have nothing to do with the intrinsic properties of those languages—which are just as complex, expressive, and creative as any others—nor with the greater intelligence, virtue, or industry of their speakers compared to speakers of other languages. If the tale of the Eurasian rise to global dominance were told as a tale of human motives it would be a shabby one indeed, with more than its share of greed, dishonesty, cruelty, and sloth. But the rise to dominance cannot be explained at this level. It instead requires an understanding of the deeper, complex, structural conditions obtained in Eurasian societies and not elsewhere. Eurasia had by far the world’s most productive farming and livestock complex. This was no more than a fluke of biogeography, but it allowed Eurasians to boom in number and eventually expand beyond their shores. It also made them hosts to the great killer diseases, which, paradoxically, gave them an edge over other peoples when the continents collided. Finally, the dense population and the high agricultural productivity, in Europe at least, unleashed a process of diversification and specialization that set those economies on the path to industrialization. Thus, a world of small-scale societies more or less equal in wealth and power has become a world of nation-states, some far wealthier and stronger than others, with ruling classes and minorities within them.
The Constitution In The Courts
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the modern period of American constitutional law—the period since the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed racially segregated public schooling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)—there has been a persistent and vigorous debate in the United States about whether the Court has merely been enforcing the Constitution or whether, instead, in the guise of enforcing the Constitution, the Court has really been usurping the legislative prerogative of making political choices about controversial issues. In this book, Professor Perry carefully disentangles and then thoughtfully addresses the various fundamental issues at the heart of the controversy: What is the argument for “judicial review”? What approach to constitutional interpretation should inform the practice of judicial review? How large or small a role should the Court play in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts? To what extent are the Court’s most controversial modern decisions—for example, decisions about racial segregation, discrimination based on sex, abortion, and homosexuality—sound; to what extent are they problematic? The Constitution in the Courts is a major contribution to one of the most fundamental controversies in modern American politics and law.
Among The Blackfeet: Walter McClintock and Mary Roberts Rinehart
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Bird Grinnell was not the only yale offspring to find his way to the Blackfeet of Montana at the close of the nineteenth century. Ten years after Grinnell’s interest in these Indians was ignited, Walter McClintock entered their world. The son of a wealthy Pittsburgh carpetmaker, McClintock graduated from Yale in 1891. Like Grinnell, McClintock returned home to take a place in the family business, but a severe bout of typhoid fever allowed him to escape the humdrum commercial world of his father and go west. In 1895, McClintock visited Eaton’s Cattle Ranch in North Dakota, the first dude ranch in the American West. It is a sign of the quickly changing times that a dude ranch even existed for such a comparatively tame option was unavailable to Grinnell in the 1870s. The trip apparently did the trick. McClintock recuperated but he traded one malady for another. He became addicted to the West.
Making Imperatives: Evidence from Central Rhaetoromance
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Zanuttini Raffaella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of the syntax of imperatives by analyzing the properties they exhibit in a Rhaetoromance variety spoken in northeastern Italy, in the Dolomites area, in a valley called Val Badia.1 This language, which we call Badiotto, exhibits properties typical of verb second languages, as discussed in Beninca (1985/1986) and Poletto (2000). For a positive imperative to be grammatical in this variety, one of the four particles ma, mo, pa,pö must be present, as exemplified in (1):2 This constraint does not stem from a phonological or prosodic restriction which makes sequences such as the ones in (2) and (3) ungrammatical in this language. Neither does it stem from a restriction against monosyllabic sequences, since bisyllabic verbs are as ungrammatical as monosyllabic ones in positive imperatives if they lack one of the particles.