bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the etched terminal structure of a 4H-SiC PiN diode
Authors: Zhou Hang , Yan Jingrong , Li Jialin , Ge Huan , Zhu Tao , Zhang Bingke , Chang Shucheng , Sun Junmin , Bai Xue , Wei Xiaoguang , Yang Fei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The comparison of domestic and foreign studies has been utilized to extensively employ junction termination extension (JTE) structures for power devices. However, achieving a gradual doping concentration change in the lateral direction is difficult for SiC devices since the diffusion constants of the implanted aluminum ions in SiC are much less than silicon. Many previously reported studies adopted many new structures to solve this problem. Additionally, the JTE structure is strongly sensitive to the ion implantation dose. Thus, GA-JTE, double-zone etched JTE structures, and SM-JTE with modulation spacing were reported to overcome the above shortcomings of the JTE structure and effectively increase the breakdown voltage. They provided a theoretical basis for fabricating terminal structures of 4H-SiC PiN diodes. This paper summarized the effects of different terminal structures on the electrical properties of SiC devices at home and abroad. Presently, the continuous development and breakthrough of terminal technology have significantly improved the breakdown voltage and terminal efficiency of 4H-SiC PiN power diodes.
Development of a simple two-step lithography fabrication process for resonant tunneling diode using air-bridge technology
Authors: Samanta Swagata , Wang Jue , Wasige Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article reports on the development of a simple two-step lithography process for double barrier quantum well (DBQW) InGaAs/AlAs resonant tunneling diode (RTD) on a semi-insulating indium phosphide (InP) substrate using an air-bridge technology. This approach minimizes processing steps, and therefore the processing time as well as the required resources. It is particularly suited for material qualification of new epitaxial layer designs. A DC performance comparison between the proposed process and the conventional process shows approximately the same results. We expect that this novel technique will aid in the recent and continuing rapid advances in RTD technology.
Studies on τ decays at Belle II
Authors: Zani L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tau leptons are powerful tools to probe physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). The Belle II experiment is installed at the SuperKEKB asymmetric energy electron-positron collider and aims at collecting the world's largest sample of tau pair events e+e-→τ+ τ-.
Direct searches for new invisible mediators, charged lepton flavor violation in τ decays, and tests of the SM via precision measurements of τ lepton properties and couplings are reported in the following article. The results presented here are based on the data collected by Belle II during 2019–2021.
CaloClouds: fast geometry-independent highly-granular calorimeter simulation
Authors: Buhmann Erik , Diefenbacher Sascha , Eren Engin , Gaede Frank , Kasicezka Gregor , Korol Anatolii , Korcari William , Krüger Katja , McKeown Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simulating showers of particles in highly-granular detectors
is a key frontier in the application of machine learning to particle
physics. Achieving high accuracy and speed with generative machine
learning models would enable them to augment traditional simulations
and alleviate a major computing constraint. This work achieves a
major breakthrough in this task by, for the first time, directly
generating a point cloud of a few thousand space points with energy
depositions in the detector in 3D space without relying on a
fixed-grid structure. This is made possible by two key innovations:
i) Using recent improvements in generative modeling we apply a
diffusion model to generate photon showers as high-cardinality point
clouds. ii) These point clouds of up to 6,000 space points are
largely geometry-independent as they are down-sampled from initial
even higher-resolution point clouds of up to 40,000 so-called
Geant steps. We showcase the performance of this approach
using the specific example of simulating photon showers in the
planned electromagnetic calorimeter of the International Large
Detector (ILD) and achieve overall good modeling of physically
relevant distributions.
A quantum algorithm for track reconstruction in the LHCb vertex detector
Authors: Nicotra D. , Lucio Martinez M. , de Vries J.A. , Merk M. , Driessens K. , Westra R.L. , Dibenedetto D. , Cámpora Pérez D.H. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractHigh-energy physics is facing increasingly demanding computational challenges in real-time event reconstruction for the near-future high-luminosity era. Using the LHCb vertex detector as a use case, we explore a new algorithm for particle track reconstruction based on the minimisation of an Ising-like Hamiltonian with a linear algebra approach. The use of a classical matrix inversion technique results in tracking performance similar to the current state-of-the-art but with worse scaling complexity in time. To solve this problem, we also present an implementation as a quantum algorithm, using the Harrow-Hassadim-Lloyd (HHL) algorithm: this approach can potentially provide an exponential speedup as a function of the number of input hits over its classical counterpart, in spite of limitations due to the well-known HHL Hamiltonian simulation and readout problems. The findings presented in this paper shed light on the potential of leveraging quantum computing for real-time particle track reconstruction in high-energy physics.
Archetypes of social-ecological-technological systems for managing ecological infrastructure
Authors: Wicki Sergio , Black Benjamin , Kurmann Manuel , Grêt-Regamey Adrienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of ecological infrastructure (EI) as a lens for landscape management has the potential to address environmental challenges, such as biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation, by instrumentalizing Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP). NCPs stems from the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) and refers to the various ways in which the natural world provides benefits, values, and services that directly and indirectly contribute to the well-being, livelihoods, and cultural aspects of human societies. This research explores this potential by proposing an archetype analysis of social-ecological-technological systems (SETS) to manage EI. We derived archetypes using machine learning and clustering on a data-driven SETS framework co-produced with experts in EI management. The archetype analysis was conducted by combining K-means with hierarchical clustering on spatial patterns to generate clusters with similar configurations of social, ecological, and technological subsystems. The approach is illustrated for the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, which experiences high urbanization and ecological pressures. The resulting spatially explicit archetypes of SETS facilitate policy recommendations tailored to multifunctional landscapes, which can be used to derive coherent management strategies for EI. In addition, the approach demonstrates that by taking an integrated landscape approach and engaging with diverse stakeholders, it is possible to develop effective landscape-based management recommendations for promoting the sustainable provision of NCPs and biodiversity within the concept of EI.
Evaluating permafrost definitions for global permafrost area estimates in CMIP6 climate models
Authors: Steinert Norman J , Debolskiy Matvey V , Burke Eleanor J , García-Pereira Félix , Lee Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global permafrost regions are undergoing significant changes due to global warming, whose assessments often rely on permafrost extent estimates derived from climate model simulations. These assessments employ a range of definitions for the presence of permafrost, leading to inconsistencies in the calculation of permafrost area. Here, we present permafrost area calculations using 10 different definitions for detecting permafrost presence based on either ground thermodynamics, soil hydrology, or air–ground coupling from an ensemble of 32 Earth system models. We find that variations between permafrost-presence definitions result in substantial differences of up to 18 million km2, where any given model could both over- or underestimate the present-day permafrost area. Ground-thermodynamic-based definitions are, on average, comparable with observations but are subject to a large inter-model spread. The associated uncertainty of permafrost area estimates is reduced in definitions based on ground–air coupling. However, their representation of permafrost area strongly depends on how each model represents the ground–air coupling processes. The definition-based spread in permafrost area can affect estimates of permafrost-related impacts and feedbacks, such as quantifying permafrost carbon changes. For instance, the definition spread in permafrost area estimates can lead to differences in simulated permafrost-area soil carbon changes of up to 28%. We therefore emphasize the importance of consistent and well-justified permafrost-presence definitions for robust projections and accurate assessments of permafrost from climate model outputs.
Time-independent, paraxial and time-dependent Madelung trajectories near zeros
Authors: Berry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Madelung trajectories associated with a wavefunction are the integral curves (streamlines) of its phase gradient, interpretable in terms of the local velocity (momentum) vector field. The pattern of trajectories provides an immediately visualisable representation of the wave. The patterns can be completely different when the same wave equation describes different physical contexts. For the time-independent Schrödinger or Helmholtz equation, trajectories circulate around the phase singularities (zeros) of the wavefunction; and in the paraxially approximate wave, streamlines spiral slowly in or out of the zeros as well as circulating. But if the paraxial wave equation is reinterpreted as the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, its Madelung trajectories do not circulate around the zeros in spacetime: they undulate while avoiding them, except for isolated trajectories that encounter each zero in a cusp singularity. The different local trajectory geometries are illustrated with two examples; a local model explains the spacetime cusps.
Application of singular spectrum analysis to nonstationary time series in flow-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder
Authors: Shen Linwei , Zhu Qianyun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In numerical simulations of flow-induced vibrations (FIV) of a circular cylinder, abundant time series data are available, including cylinder displacement and acting forces. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is employed to deal with nonstationary multi-component time series produced in two FIV cases with proper interpretation in physics. In the first case, the cylinder displacement time series is decomposed into two oscillatory components using SSA. The instantaneous frequencies of these two components are obtained by Hilbert transform (HT) and found to be in agreement with the wavelet transform of the cylinder displacement. In the second case, three oscillatory components are extracted from the cylinder displacement time series by SSA. The dominant component is characterized by steady oscillations at the vortex shedding frequency, which suggests a relatively steady vortex shedding process behind the rear cylinder. In contrast, the second component, which is closely associated with the alternate boundary layer separations from the front cylinder, features in the increasing amplitude with time. This implies that the unsteady flow field in the gap might be attributed to the nonstationary cylinder oscillations. This work demonstrates that SSA, in conjunction with HT, enables a comprehensive time-frequency analysis of nonstationary time series obtained in FIV.
Tunable multi-metamaterials intergrated with auxiliary magnetorheological resonators
Authors: Jafari Hamid , Sedaghati Ramin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in utilizing multi-metamaterials for various purposes, such as vibration control, noise reduction, and wave manipulation. To enhance their performance and tunability, auxiliary resonators and magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) can be effectively integrated into these structures. This research aims to formulate the wave propagation analysis of periodic architected structures integrated with MRE-based auxiliary resonators. For this purpose, cantilever MRE beams are embedded into conventional unit cells of square and hexagonal shapes. Integrating MREs into multi-metamaterial structures allows for real-time tuning of the material properties, which enables the multi-metamaterial to adapt dynamically to changing conditions. The wave propagation in the proposed architected structures is analyzed using the finite element method and Bloch’s theorem. The studied low-frequency region is significant, and the addition of MRE resonators leads to the formation of a mixture of locally resonant and Bragg-type stop bands, whereas the basic structures (pure square and hexagonal) do not exhibit any specific band gaps in the considered region. The effect of different volume fractions and applied magnetic fields on the wave-attenuation performance is also analyzed. It is shown that band gaps depend on the material parameters of the resonators as well as the applied magnetic flux stimuli. Moreover, the area of band gaps changes, and their operating frequency increases by increasing the magnetic flux around the periodic structure, allowing for the tuning of wave propagation areas and filtering regions using external magnetic fields. The findings of this study could serve as a foundation for designing tunable elastic/acoustic metamaterials using MRE resonators that can filter waves in predefined frequency ranges.
A novel method for online prediction of the remaining useful life of rolling bearings based on wavelet power spectrogram and Transformer structure
Authors: Guo Xin , Tu Jiesong , Zhan Shengpeng , Zhang Wulin , Ma Lixin , Jia Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vibration signal characteristics of rolling bearings are closely related to the performance decay process, predicting the remaining useful life (RUL) of rolling bearings by vibration signals can effectively prevent the occurrence of bearing failures. In this paper, a deep learning-based method for rolling bearing RUL prediction is proposed. The convolutional neural network (CNN), which is more effective in extracting local information, is combined with the Transformer structure, which is specialized in extracting global information, to deeply explore the complex mapping relationship between signal features in wavelet power spectrogram and bearing RUL. Meanwhile, the method of detecting the first prediction time of rolling bearings based on 3

σ

criteria is improved. The proposed method is validated with the XJTU-SY rolling element bearing accelerated life test datasets, as well as compared with other methods to prove its superiority. The results show that the proposed method can effectively extract bearing degradation information and realize the accurate prediction of rolling bearing RUL. The performance-improved rolling bearing RUL prediction model is highly robust and generalizable, which applies to other mechanical parts performance prediction and can be realized for practical applications in industrial fields.
Thymoma Involved by Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL): A Rare and Challenging Diagnosis
Authors: Khan J , Mesa H , Segura S , Cramer H M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
Thymoma is a malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus. It usually affects patients between the fourth and sixth decades of life. There is a strong association of thymoma with myasthenia gravis and other paraneoplastic syndromes Thymic epithelial tumors are the most common tumors of the anterior mediastinum; however, lymphomas frequently present as mediastinal masses. Concurrent thymoma and lymphoma affecting the thymus is very rare.

Methods/Case Report
A 79-year-old woman with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) presented with night sweats and weight loss. Chest CT revealed small pulmonary nodules, a 3.3 x cm anterior mediastinal mass and enlarged hilar lymph nodes. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the mass revealed a mixture of lymphocytes and epithelial cells. Flow cytometry showed a monoclonal B-cell population, and double CD4/CD8-positive T-cells consistent with thymocytes. Core biopsy showed scattered neoplastic epithelial cells interspersed among densely packed small lymphocytes. Scattered and small clusters of epithelial cells were highlighted by the CK AE1/3 immunostain. CD3 and PAX5 showed the thymocytes and infiltrating B-cells, respectively. Based on cytomorphologic, flow cytometric, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings, the diagnosis of thymoma, type B2 involved by SLL was rendered.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
N/A

Conclusion
A multimodality diagnostic work-up integrating cytomorphology, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry allowed recognizing this unusual association.
Comparison of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for BerEp4 and MOC31 in Bowen Disease (BD)
Authors: Brudnik R , Toosi P , Barklow T A , Shurbaji M S , Youngberg G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
Ber-EP4 and MOC31 are antibodies that target the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep- CAM). In dermatopathology, BerEP4 IHC is classically used to differentiate between basal cell carcinoma (positive) and primary squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (negative). BerEP4 also stains pagetoid tumor cells in Paget Disease (PD), and can be used as part of a panel to assist in differentiating Paget Disease (positive) and Bowen Disease (presumed negative). However, a published abstract reported the unexpected finding that some cases of BD can stain variably positive for BerEP4, a potential pitfall. This finding was subsequently reported in several publications. Recently, MOC-31 has been proposed to be superior to Ber-Ep4 for use in Mohs surgery on basal cell carcinoma. We investigated whether MOC-31 might also show less positivity than Ber-Ep4 in BD, which would be helpful in the context of BD vs. PD.

Methods/Case Report
Biopsy samples from 20 cases of Bowen Disease were examined immunohistochemically with BerEP4 and MOC31.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
In Bowen Disease, we found significant BerEP4 positivity (14/20) compared to MOC31 (5/20).

Conclusion
MOC31 shows less frequent staining of BD than Ber-Ep4, which enhances its utility in a BD vs. PD panel.
Histological anatomical levels of penile shaft. A histochemical evaluation of 15 cases
Authors: Canete Portillo S , Theriault A , Sanchez D F , Cubilla A L , Celias L , Fernandez-Nestosa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
Penile carcinomas (PeCa) arising in the skin of the shaft are rare. Staging systems for PeCa are based on tumor invasion of anatomical levels designed for tumors arising in the glans and foreskin but not for those primary of the shaft. There is scant information about anatomical levels in the shaft. The objective of this study was to evaluate and describe anatomical levels of the shaft with emphasis of the fascias, using histochemical stains.

Methods/Case Report
Sections of penile mid shaft from 15 penectomies with PeCa from 2000-2015 were evaluated. H&E, trichromic and orcein stains were performed to evaluate and describe anatomical levels of the shaft.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
Skin: Epidermis: 7-15 cell thick, thin keratin, granulosis, basal pigmentation. Papillary dermis: Loose connective tissue, capillaries, nerve fibers pilo-sebaceous structures. Absence of elastic fibers. Reticular dermis. prominent elastic fibers layer parallel to epidermis merging with dartos. Dartos (superficial fascia): Poorly delineated, merging with reticular layer with no separating space, composed of thin smooth muscle bundles. Deep fascia (Busck's fascia): All tissues between dartos and tunica albuginea. Fibro-elastic, encases vessels, nerves and fibro adipose tissues. Closely attached to the albuginea.Tunica albuginea: Dense mostly fibrous tissue with few elastic fibers encasing corpora cavernosa. Corpus cavernosum: Thick-walled inter-anastomosed vessels. Smaller nutritional vessels, nerves and adipose tissue. No elastic fibers present.

Conclusion
There are 5 distinct anatomical layers in the shaft. Reticular dermis and dartos should be considered as one layer given the poor delineation between them. This knowledge is necessary for staging and prognosis of the rare PeCa arising in the shaft.
RARE PRIMARY CLEAR CELL CARCINOMA OF BLADDER OF MULLERIAN ORIGIN: MORPHO- IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL PROFILING
Authors: Jain D , Alazawi S , Ballouk C , Jaiman S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Introduction/Objective
Primary clear cell carcinoma of urinary bladder (PCCCUB) is a rare and aggressive cancer variant with uncertain and debatable histogenesis. The hypotheses include origins from the urothelium, pre-existing Müllerian precursors, or mesonephric remnants. Definitive diagnosis is achieved through histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We present an unusual case of PCCCUB in a sexagenarian woman.

Methods/Case Report
Patient with history of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking presented with gross hematuria. Computed tomography urogram revealed a 2.3 x 1.2 cm enhancing mass at the base of the urinary bladder. Patient underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (TURBT). Histopathology revealed features of tubulo-papillary, solid, glandular structures with hyalinized stroma. Cytologic features varied from flat, hobnail, to polygonal with abundant clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm and prominent nucleoli. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong reactivity for PAX8, CK7, ER, and racemase; focal reactivity for vimentin, napsin A, p53, CA125; and non-reactivity for PAX2, WT1, PR, GATA3, pCEA, CK20, p63, p40, CD10, RCC, BRST-2, and mammaglobin. P53 showed a wild type staining pattern and Ki-67 was 10%. Combined morphologic and IHC features confirmed PCCCUB, and in the absence of muscularis mucosal invasion, tumor was staged pT1N0. PAX8 positivity and urothelial marker negativity excluded clear cell pattern of urothelial carcinoma. IHC also excluded nephrogenic adenoma, and metastasis. The female gender, and CK 7 (+)/CK 20 (−) profile supported Müllerian origin. Restaging TURBT showed consistent results.
Subsequently, anterior pelvic exenteration and bilateral pelvic lymph nodes dissection was performed revealing muscularis propria invasion upstaging to mpT2 N0.

Results (if a Case Study enter NA)
NA

Conclusion
Poor prognosis, aggressive behavior, and advanced stage at the time of diagnosis warrants accurate diagnose of PCCCUB. Ambiguous origin, limited literature, and lack of clear management guidelines merit reporting in order to enhance knowledge of this rare and intriguing entity.