bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A ‘Mind-Bending Topic’
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The aim of the book is twofold: (1) to develop a comprehensive, contractualist theory of intergenerational ethics, and (2) to argue that contractualism’s ability to be that comprehensive theory of intergenerational ethics contributes to its plausibility as a moral theory in general. The introduction sets out the criteria that a ‘comprehensive theory of intergenerational ethics’ needs to meet, including the ‘scope’ and ‘content’ questions, the disanalogous properties between the intra- and intergenerational contexts, and two paradoxes in population ethics that a comprehensive theory of intergenerational ethics will need to resolve (the non-identity problem and the problem of optimal population size).
Optimal Population Size
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There are any number of possible population sizes, from zero (human extinction) to a population so large that people live barely-worth-living lives (the repugnant conclusion). This chapter argues that contractualist reasoning can explain why the repugnant conclusion ought to be rejected. It also examines the reasons why human extinction might be wrong and argues that allowing human extinction would be wrong unless it were universally voluntary, a highly unlikely ou. Having eliminated the largest and smallest population sizes, the chapter argues that the ‘reason-balanced sufficientarian’ principle implies that there is no ‘optimal’ population size, but rather many non-rejectable possibilities between the two extremes.
Conclusion
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes by showing how the different topics discussed in the book intersect with each other in interesting ways. The arguments in Chapter 4’s discussion of individual procreative decisions are intimately linked with the questions raised in Chapter 5’s discussion of optimal population size because individual procreative decisions affect population size and population size affects the permissibility of particular procreative decisions. Furthermore, the resources available to a particular generation as determined by the principles developed in Chapter 3 will also affect the permissibility of individual procreative decisions. Finally, resource distribution and population size are also closely related because a generation’s size will affect how many resources current people need to leave for the future. This concluding chapter argues that one of the advantages of contractualist reasoning is that the principles governing each of these topics are flexible enough to respond to the different conditions caused by the others.
The Classical Upaniṣads
Authors: Cohen Signe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
There are hundreds of Sanskrit texts called Upaniṣads. But about a dozen of these—usually regarded as the oldest ones—have been particularly significant in the history of Hinduism. These are often referred to as the “Classical Upaniṣads,” and the eighth-century ce philosopher Śaṅkara composed commentaries on eleven of these. Chapter 4 gives a synopsis of the main ideas of thirteen Upaniṣads: the eleven commented on by Śaṅkara (Bṛhadāraṇyaka, Chāndogya, Taittirīya, Aitareya, Īśā, Kena, Kaṭha, Muṇḍaka, Śvetāśvatara, Māṇḍūkya, and Praśna), as well as two other texts that seem to be of roughly the same age (Kauṣītaki and Maitrī). The chapter concludes by discussing the central role of the commentator Śaṅkara in creating a “canon” of Upaniṣads.
Central Ideas in the Upaniṣads
Authors: Cohen Signe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Upaniṣads claim that understanding the mystical identity between ātman (the self) and brahman (the divine impersonal force) is the path to enlightenment. But what exactly are ātman and brahman, and what are the different ways they are described in the Upaniṣads? Chapter 6 also discusses central ideas like puruṣa (“the person”), liberation through knowledge, mantras (sacred sounds), Upaniṣadic concepts of time and eternity, and karma and reincarnation. The concepts of karma and reincarnation, which become significant in later Hinduism, are first introduced in the Upaniṣads. But where did these ideas come from, and why were they taught in these texts?
Narrative and Main Characters in the Upaniṣads
Authors: Cohen Signe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Central ideas may be presented in passages of abstract philosophical reflection in the Upaniṣads, but some of the most important ideas are conveyed through narrative episodes, especially in dialogues between characters. Characters in the Upaniṣads are concerned with the ultimate reality, and they ask, instruct, and debate each other to get closer to the truth about this reality. The many memorable characters of the Upaniṣads not only serve to present philosophical ideas in a livelier, more personal way; they also demonstrate that even the most abstract knowledge is located in people, and that the path to knowledge is therefore to find the right teacher. This chapter gives an overview of the main characters in the Upaniṣads with a summary of their ideas.
The Canonical Status and Reception of the Upaniṣads
Authors: Cohen Signe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The final chapter discusses the two main categories of sacred Hindu texts, śruti and smṛti, and discusses the canonical status of the Upaniṣads in Hinduism. The chapter outlines the role the Upaniṣads have played in Indian society and discusses the influence of the Upaniṣads on Vedānta philosophy and on modern Indian thought. The first translation of the Upaniṣads, the seventeenth-century Persian version commissioned by the Mughal prince Dara Shikoh, is discussed in some detail. The chapter then outlines the reception of the Upaniṣads in the West and discusses their influence on Schelling, Schopenhauer, Emerson, Thoreau, and Schrödinger, before concluding with a brief historical survey of the printed editions and translations of the Upaniṣads.
Online or in PersonHow Do We Find Our Ideal Partner?
Authors: Coduto Kathryn 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Individuals no longer have to rely on only in-person options to find a romantic partner; rather, individuals looking to enter into romantic relationships can navigate the Internet and mobile options to connect and find love. The expansion of dating opportunities offers its own questions and challenges. This chapter examines the evolution of online dating, considers individual motivation and communication practices, and debates the potential for greater diversity in dating options and partners. It highlights the pre-interaction processes that accompany desktop and mobile affordances, assesses changes in proximal distance limitations, and explores how individuals transition from meeting online to in-person encounters. It discusses pre-interaction strategies for finding, communicating, and meeting ideal partners in the contemporary dating scene, while also delineating how individuals attempt to manage both uncertainty and safety when dating. This chapter concludes with insights about what happens after finding one’s partner, and the future of online and in-person dating.
Modern Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Perlman Daniel , Miller Rowland S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Many marriages are not as happy as people expected them to be, in part because modern spouses too often hold unrealistic expectations about the outcomes their futures hold. Dissatisfaction results when our outcomes are poorer than we expected. A variety of influences—marital misinformation, counterproductive personal beliefs, romantic illusions, adverse events, attention to one’s alternatives, and the unanticipated costs of intimacy—only some of them avoidable, can all lead partners to expect more delight and fewer frustrations than they actually experience. Dangerous disillusionment can result, so the pursuit of relational realism is encouraged. Readers are advised to be reasonable and more realistic than romantic, and suggestions are provided.
What Is a Marriage?
Authors: Balzarini Rhonda N. , Blair Karen L. , Walter Marissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For better or worse, the last two decades have seen rapid changes in the family system, with a trend toward increasing diversity of family structures and with people increasingly opting out of or choosing to delay marriage. Longer life spans, steep fertility declines, increased social acceptance of diverse marriages, and a host of social trends are changing society and introducing more diverse representations of relationships. Yet, despite the increased diversification of the family system, the nuclear, heterosexual monogamous family remains a powerful normative ideal in much of the Western world. People who do not follow this pattern, like individuals in same-sex or consensually non-monogamous (CNM) relationships, may experience stigma or discrimination, which can affect the individuals and their relationships. This chapter will discuss the diversification of the family structure, including a discussion of the evolution of marriage and a deep dive into interracial, same-sex, and CNM relationships. Furthermore, it will discuss the prejudice that people in diverse relationships face and how this might broadly shape their relationships, mental health, and well-being.
Marriage and Ethnicity Around the World
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Goffman (1963) alluded to the “tribal stigmas” of race, religion, and nationality. These stigmas may carry important social-psychological implications for individuals who are devalued along one or more of those dimensions. They may also affect the social and psychological experiences of those individuals’ relationship partners. To what extent are the “tribal stigmas” in question, whether reflecting individuals’ race (i.e., presumed biological heritage) and/or individuals’ religion and nationality (i.e., “faith-based” and “state-based” aspects of presumed cultural heritage, respectively), relevant to the establishment, maintenance, and potential dissolution of contemporary marriages, in the era of the global village? The present chapter will address marriage and ethnicity around the world by surveying available research and evaluating the usefulness of Goffman’s (1959) interactionist role theory—integrated with Thibaut and Kelley’s (1959; Kelley, 1979; Kelley & Thibaut, 1978), within Mead’s (1934/1967) social behaviorism—in light of current trends.
Conscious Uncoupling
Authors: Salehuddin Abdullah S. , Afifi Tamara D. , Salmon Jade 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Conscious uncoupling—an approach to relational termination grounded in tremendous amounts of goodwill, generosity, and respect between partners—is a modern, relational phenomenon challenging traditional perceptions and practices of divorce. Historically, the language of “happily ever after” and “until death do us part” has arguably generated unrealistic expectations for partners to remain in marriages despite any circumstances. However, recent divorce and marriage statistics suggest that most human beings will enter two to three serious relationships and, by extension, experience the effects of relational termination. The notion of divorce has historically had negative connotations, but conscious uncoupling reconceptualizes the meaning of relational termination with a sense of unity, wholeness, and productivity. In this chapter, we (1) discuss the history of marital ideology before reconceptualizing relational termination, (2) unpack conscious uncoupling in romantic relationships and its effects on children, and (3) identify important factors to consider for imminent research concerning conscious uncoupling.
The New and Significant Role of Friendship in the 21st Century
Authors: Beauparlant Emily T. , Hojjat Mahzad , Melancon Nicole , Machia Laura V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Romantic relationships are important to individuals’ well-being and crucial in fulfilling psychological needs. Considering the declining rates of marriage and an increase in single-person households, a sizable percentage of U.S. adults today live outside of the formal boundaries of a marriage and potentially without a long-standing romantic partner. Therefore, it is important to examine need fulfillment processes for single individuals. Research suggests that friends and family can play significant roles in need fulfillment in lieu of a romantic partner; thus, it is plausible that single adults are fulfilling their needs through alternative social relationships, particularly friendships. Changing cultural values (e.g., increased individualism) and attitudes (e.g., decreased emphasis on institutionalized marriage) are also important variables to consider. This chapter provides an overview of the current psychological research on postponement of marriage and the increase in single adults, followed by the authors’ own relevant findings about need fulfillment processes in single adults.
Friendships in the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Hojjat Mahzad , Moyer Anne , Brake Sydney , Nelson Brady D. , Richmond Lauren L. , Schleider Jessica L. , London Bonita 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Friendships are one of the most important close relationships. The significance of friendships looms large when faced with difficult life challenges, as people are in greatest need of support in such times. While friends have been an important source of social support for many during the pandemic, research suggests that many others experienced conflict with friends likely due to polarized views on coping with COVID-19. This chapter will explore the supporting role of friendships in coping with a significant public health crisis, and the factors that may have strained or sustained friendships during this pandemic. It will look at how different types of social support from friends may have helped individuals cope with social isolation and mental health crises during the pandemic. In addition, it will explore what factors (e.g., friendship characteristics, maintenance strategies) may have led to dissolution of some friendships, but not others.
Communication and Resilience in Stepfamilies
Authors: Braithwaite Dawn O. , Oliver-Blackburn Bailey M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Researchers have been working to better understand how stepfamily interactions, boundaries, roles, and expectations impact these restructured family systems. The authors center attention on important ways stepfamilies communicate to foster functional and resilient relationships among stepfamily members. We frame the stepfamily experience within Buzzanell’s communication theory of resilience to feature strengths and opportunities for stepfamilies as they are constituted in and through communicative processes that enhance their abilities to create new normalcies. We consider how stepfamilies interact and co-create their new family form via Buzzanell’s five resilience processes: (a) crafting normalcy, (b) foregrounding productive action while backgrounding negative feelings, (c) affirming identity anchors, (d) maintaining and using communication networks, and (e) putting alternative logics to work. We end with conclusions on the importance of focusing on the development of positive stepfamilies and everyday talk in functional stepfamilies.
Technology-Assisted Parenthood and Modern Families in the 21st Century
Authors: Gameiro Sofia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews theory and evidence that provide insight into how families using medically assisted reproduction (MAR) to have children, for instance, in vitro fertilization (IVF), cope with and adjust to the challenges these technologies pose. First, fertility problems and/or the use of technologies to have children can affect the way parents experience pregnancy and relate to their children. Second, the lack of a genetic link resulting from the use of donated gametes can affect parenting and parent–child relationships. Third, MAR has allowed for the proliferation of modern forms of families, and the implications of this are still being investigated. Fourth, issues of secrecy around MAR can impact family communication and child development. Finally, around one-third of those who use MAR do not manage to have children, and these families will have to adjust to this loss.
The Irrational Revolution
Authors: Nichols Shaun S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Despite the persistent mythology on the critical role the so-called Boston Associates and the “Lowell mills” played in the industrialization of America, these early mills were terribly constrained enterprises. With Massachusetts’s agricultural and mercantile economies still relatively robust—making capital scarce and labor itself a pricey commodity—early mills underperformed compared to their British counterparts. Worse yet, after the Civil War, capitalists and financiers, tempted away by new (and more profitable) opportunities in the American West, rapidly abandoned the state’s textile mills, leaving these early industrial cities to stagnate. This chapter shows how Massachusetts’s early attempts at industrialization failed precisely because the state was too prosperous to maintain either adequate reserves of industrial capital or a labor force cheap enough to sustain mass production.
Labor in Motion
Authors: Nichols Shaun S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the economic and political crises of the late nineteenth-century Atlantic world helped consolidate Massachusetts’s industrial workforce, bringing throngs of workers from Britain, French Canada, and the Azores to cities like New Bedford and Fall River. Each of these migrant groups came from a very specific set of social and economic circumstances—and were thus freighted with very different goals and ideologies—setting the stage for the ethnic conflict that made cities like Fall River such havens of industrial turmoil. Ultimately, through an analysis of immigrant politics in Massachusetts from the perspective of these immigrants’ sending states, the chapter shows how the mechanics of global labor migration and the role of British, French Canadian, and Portuguese institutions—hundreds or thousands of miles away—defined working-class development (and conflict) in industrial Massachusetts.
Toward Free Trade
Authors: Nichols Shaun S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Too often, globalization is imagined as a conspiracy concocted by high-flying capitalists and power-hungry financiers who surgically targeted the world’s cheapest sources of labor. This chapter argues that in Massachusetts, such a story must be flipped on its head. While manufacturers clung to protectionism and economic insularity, it was Massachusetts’s workers, immigrants, and budding global labor unions that sought to enthrone free migration, free capital mobility, and free trade as the linchpins of a peaceful and stable global economy. Midcentury unions are typically characterized as insular and provincial, but the opposite was true. Workers were not “shocked” by the globalization of American capitalism. Workers forged globalization from the ground up.
Reconstructing Industrial Ascendance
Authors: Nichols Shaun S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
As thousands of Portuguese migrants capitalized on the American immigration reforms of the 1960s and left home for the factories of Massachusetts, they spurred something rather unexpected: rapid economic growth. Manufacturing expanded, profits rose, and unemployment plummeted. But, as manufacturing thrived on new sources of immigrant labor, local industry re-emerged as a profitable capital investment opportunity, catalyzing the oft-forgotten merger wave of the 1960s. Emerging conglomerate multinationals hungrily swallowed up local manufacturing firms. Proprietary garment and electronics factories transformed into mere subsidiaries of massive conglomerates, many of which were, at the same moment, picking up firms in Latin America and East Asia. In an unexpected turn, immigration fueled prosperity, and prosperity fueled an unprecedented multinationalization of American capital.
Insurrection and Transgression
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at al-Zawahiri’s entry into militancy when he concluded that global revolution and insurrection should start in his native Egypt. In 1974, al-Zawahiri was part of a clandestine group that attempted to take over the Military Technical College near Cairo. The plot failed, and all the conspirators were arrested and executed except al-Zawahiri, who managed to avoid any blame. He was later arrested in the massive round-up of Islamists following the 1981 assassination of then-Egyptian president Anwar Sadat. Although on the periphery of the plot, al-Zawahiri ended up becoming the face of the entire jihadist movement and developed an interest in utilising the media for propaganda. Both incidents highlight al-Zawahiri’s knack for survival and evading punishment, a trait he would use to his advantage many more times.
Building the Base
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses al-Zawahiri’s agenda in trying to defeat the Mubarak government in Egypt whilst facing setbacks and having to reconsider his approach by collaborating with bin Laden in Sudan and Afghanistan. This critical period evaluates al-Zawahiri’s own reflections and how he saw the creation of al-Qaeda serving his strategic interests including targeting US interests in the Middle East and Africa. It also considers his pivotal role in the assassination of Northern Alliance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud as the precursor to the 9/11 attacks. During this period, al-Zawahiri developed a terrorist manual that became mandatory reading for all operatives and contributed to al-Qaeda’s long-term strategy and tactics. Al-Zawahiri also aggressively pursued al-Qaeda’s quest for biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons. It was during this period that al-Zawahiri enhanced al-Qaeda’s media propaganda development as part of an important outreach in controlling the narrative and optics.
Long-term physiological stability in nature
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of regulated changes to ensure the survival of the species, both long and short term. These include the annual migration of tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus), which occurs with an extraordinary level of precision and adaptations by relatively stationary animals such as the Eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) which shift their reproductive activity to coincide with the dramatic increase in food resources during the summer. Rare, predictable long-term physiological and behavioral cycles have evolved to span more than 1 year, such as periodical cicadas in the eastern region of North America, which (Magicicada septendecim) reside in the ground as juveniles and feed on plant roots for 13 or 17 years then emerge in late April or early May as adults all at once in the same year. The chapter concludes with an outline of the remaining chapters.
An endogenous clock for programmed rheostasis
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers studies that illustrate the distinction between homeostatic and rheostatic responses, how programmed circadian rheostasis functions with homeostatic systems, and how the nervous system codes for programmed changes in regulated values. It argues that the circadian clock system drives daily variation in regulated physiological variables, providing examples of daily changes in mammalian energy balance using glucose and insulin tolerance tests to highlight the difference between homeostatic and rheostatic systems. Finally, the chapter shows that the predictability of rheostatic systems optimizes any given physiological response to a daily change in the environment and thereby increases an animal’s fitness.