bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 5‐kHz‐bandwidth low‐bit‐rate speech coder: Bandwidth, noisiness, and opinion scores
Authors: Harada Noboru , Ohmuro Hitoshi , Mano Kazunori 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWith the development of PCs, Internet technology, and mobile communications, the demand for low‐bit‐rate speech coding schemes as well as for high‐information‐level natural speech have increased in recent years. While naturalness increases with the use of speech signals of broad frequency bands, more information is needed for coding. In this paper, we propose a 5‐kHz‐band speech coding scheme that clarifies the relationships between the frequency band feeling, noisiness, and subjective opinions on quality by means of evaluation experiments using multiple frequency bands, while allowing selection between low bit rate and naturalness. The proposed scheme operates in three bit‐rate modes, 7.8, 5.75, and 3.95 kbit/s. Subjective quality evaluation tests confirm that the coding scheme achieves quality almost equal to G.729 (3.4‐kHz bandwidth, 8 kbit/s) and G.722 (7‐kHz bandwidth, 48 kbit/s) at 5.75 kbit/s and quality higher than these at 7.8 kbit/s. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(14): 110–119, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1181
Promoting preservice chemistry teachers' understanding about the nature of science through history
Authors: Lin Huann‐shyang , Chen Chung‐Chih 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this quasi‐experimental study was to document the benefits of teaching chemistry through history. The experimental group consisted of seniors enrolled in a teacher preparation program in which they learned how to teach chemistry through the history of science. Their understanding of the nature of science was compared with that of a control group, which consisted of juniors in the same department. The results of the analysis of covariance revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group on an instrument documenting respondents' understanding of the nature of science. Additional frequency analysis and interview data indicated that the experimental group students had a better understanding of the nature of creativity, the theory‐based nature of scientific observations, and the functions of theories. In the pretreatment interviews, students in the experimental group based their explanations concerning the nature of science primarily on their intuition. In the posttreatment interview, however, they were able to explain their beliefs by using scientists' arguments or hypotheses as examples. This result indicates that the experimental group's understanding about the nature of science was enhanced by learning to teach through the history of science. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 773–792, 2002
Student use of narrative and paradigmatic forms of talk in elementary science conversations
Authors: Kurth Lori A. , Kidd Raymond , Gardner Roberta , Smith Edward L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to examine and characterize student use of narrative and paradigmatic expression in elementary science discourse. This interpretive study occurred over a 2‐year period in a professional development school with a largely international population. This analysis focused on the narrative and paradigmatic modes of expression used by combined first–second‐ and second‐grade students in a semistructured, fairly autonomous, whole‐class conversational format. Students demonstrated competence with both modes of talk at the beginning of the year. Over time, students moved toward more paradigmatic talk, but narrative examples continued to be key components of the science conversations. Topically, students used narrative more often for life sciences and paradigmatic talk for physical sciences. For gender there were no qualitative differences in narrative or paradigmatic expression. However, boys obtained more opportunities to practice their use of both discourse forms by either receiving more speaking turns or expressing more language features per turn. These conversations show that narrative and paradigmatic modes in science need not be in opposition but can, in fact, be used together in complementary ways that are mutually enhancing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 793–818, 2002
Comparing three attitude‐behavior theories for predicting science teachers' intentions
Authors: Zint Michaela 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSocial psychologists' attitude‐behavior theories can contribute to understanding science teachers' behaviors. Such understanding can, in turn, be used to improve professional development. This article describes leading attitude‐behavior theories and summarizes results from past tests of these theories. A study predicting science teachers' intention to incorporate environmental risk education based on these theories is also reported. Data for that study were collected through a mail questionnaire (n = 1336, radjusted = 80%) and analyzed using confirmatory factor and multiple regression analysis. All determinants of intention to act in the Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior and some determinants in the Theory of Trying predicted science teachers' environmental risk education intentions. Given the consistency of results across studies, the Theory of Planned Behavior augmented with past behavior is concluded to provide the best attitude‐behavior model for predicting science teachers' intention to act. Thus, science teachers' attitude toward the behavior, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm need to be enhanced to modify their behavior. Based on the Theory of Trying, improving their attitude toward the process and toward success, and expectations of success may also result in changes. Future research should focus on identifying determinants that can further enhance the ability of these theories to predict and explain science teachers' behaviors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 819–844, 2002
Learning to teach science for all in the elementary grades: What do preservice teachers bring?
Authors: Howes Elaine V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractImplicit in the goal of recent reforms is the question: What does it mean to prepare teachers to teach “science for all”? Through a teacher research study, I have encountered characteristics that may assist prospective elementary teachers in developing effective, inclusive science instruction. I describe these strengths, link them to requirements for teaching, and suggest how science teacher educators might draw on the strengths of their own students to support teaching practices aimed at universal scientific literacy. My conceptual framework is constructed from scholarship concerning best practice in elementary science education, as well as that which describes the dispositions of successful teachers of diverse learners. This study is based on a model of teacher research framed by the concept of “research as praxis” and phenomenological research methodology. The findings describe the research participants' strengths thematically as propensity for inquiry, attention to children, and awareness of school/society relationships. I view these as potentially productive aspects of knowledge and dispositions about science and about children that I could draw on to further students' development as elementary science teachers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 845–869, 2002
PBX, MEIS, and IGF‐I are potential mediators of retinoic acid‐induced proximodistal limb reduction defects
Authors: Qin Pu , Cimildoro Rebecca , Kochhar Devendra M. , Soprano Kenneth J. , Soprano Dianne Robert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundPhocomelia, which is primarily due to a disruption in the proximodistal axis, is found in virtually all mouse embryos exposed to high doses of retinoic acid (RA) on 11 days post coitum (dpc).MethodsTo identify genes that potentially mediate the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on limb development, we have examined the expression of 9,000 clones from the IMAGE consortium by microarray analysis of RNA isolated from 11 dpc mouse forelimbs exposed to RA or vehicle for 6 hr. Eight genes that demonstrated altered expression were chosen for further study of their mRNA levels using RT‐PCR. Protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis.ResultsOf the 9,000 genes examined in the microarray, approximately 111 demonstrated altered expression (33 known genes and 78 ESTs). Of the eight known genes chosen for further study using RT‐PCR, four mRNAs (PBX1a, PBX1b, IGF‐Ia, and IGF‐Ib) demonstrated consistent elevation (≈3‐fold) in their levels after RA treatment in both the forelimbs and hindlimbs as early as 3 hr after RA treatment. In addition to the two PBX1 isoforms, the mRNA level of the other two subtypes (PBX2 and PBX3) and the level of PBX1/2/3 protein were also found to be elevated in limb buds after RA treatment. Finally, we examined the expression of MEIS1, MEIS2, and MEIS3 because these proteins are necessary for PBX nuclear localization. The mRNA level of all three subtypes of MEIS were elevated approximately three‐ to four‐fold in both the forelimbs and hindlimbs after RA treatment.ConclusionsBecause both PBX and MEIS (and their orthologs) are believed to be involved in the control of proximodistal axis formation in mouse and fly limbs and IGFs in the development of limbs, we suggest that increases in PBX, MEIS and IGF‐1 mRNA levels may contribute to proximodistal limb reduction defects caused by teratogenic doses of RA. Teratology 66:224–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decline of neural tube defects cases after a folic acid campaign in Nuevo León, México
Authors: Martínez de Villarreal Laura , Pérez Jesús Z. Villarreal , Vázquez Patricia Arredondo , Herrera Ricardo Hernández , Campos Ma. Del Roble Velazco , López Roberto Ambriz , Ramírez José Luis Herrera , Sánchez Jesús Manuel Yañez , Villarreal Juan José Morales , Garza Manuel Treviño , Limón Adriana , López Abel Guzmán , Bárcenas Mario , García Juan Ramón Cepeda , Domínguez Andrés Sánchez , Nuñez Rogelio Hernández , Ayala Jorge Luis García , Martínez Jorge Garza , González Mario Tijerina , Alvarez Carlos García , Castro Roberto Negrete 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundNuevo León is a state in northeastern Mexico, near the border of Texas. Mean mortality rate from 1996–98 due to anencephaly cases was 0.6/1,000. In 1999 a surveillance program for the registry and prevention of neural tube defects (NTD) cases was initiated.MethodsCases were obtained from hospitals and OB‐GYN clinics by immediate notification, death certificates, or fetal death registries. Only isolated cases of NTD were included. In August 1999 a folic acid campaign was initiated with the free distribution of the vitamin to low‐income women with a recommendation to take a 5.0‐mg pill once a week. Number of cases and rates from 1999 to 2001 were compared (χ2 test).ResultsAfter 2 years there has been a significant reduction in the number of cases and rates. In 1999 there were 95 NTD cases and in the years 2000 and 2001 there were only 59 and 55 respectively (P < 0.001). NTD rate decreased from 1.04/1,000 in 1999 to 0.58/1,000 in 2001. Anencephaly and spina bifida rates decreased from 0.55/1,000 to 0.29/1,000 and from 0.47/1,000 to 0.22/1,000 respectively, from 1999–2001. Decrease of female cases was higher than male cases for both phenotypes.ConclusionAfter 2 years there was a 50% decrease in the incidence of anencephaly and spina bifida cases with a significant reduction of infant mortality and disability. These results encourage us to propose the use of a single tablet of 5.0‐mg of folic acid per week as an alternative to supplementation on a daily basis. Teratology 66:249–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein B genotypes and risk for spina bifida
Authors: Volcik Kelly A. , Zhu Huiping , Shaw Gary M. , Lammer Edward J. , Finnell Richard H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAltered cholesterol metabolism and defects in cholesterol biosynthesis may influence abnormal central nervous system (CNS) development. During early stages of embryonic development, high levels of cholesterol are needed by rapidly proliferating cells that utilize cholesterol as a key cell membrane component. Alterations in cholesterol levels are influenced by variations in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) genes. The purpose of our study was to explore the possible association between infant genetic variations in the apoE and apoB genes and spina bifida (SB) risk.MethodsGenomic DNA was extracted from newborn screening blood spots obtained from 26 infants with SB and 73 non‐malformed control infants. ApoE and apoB genotypes were determined by restriction enzyme digestion of PCR amplification products.ResultsGenotype frequencies for the apoE and apoB polymorphisms were not statistically different between case and control infants. For each apoB polymorphism, however, the frequency of the wild‐type allele was higher in SB infants as compared to controls. Additionally, the apoE genotype E2/E3 was observed more frequently in the controls than in SB infants [15% in controls compared to 4% in cases; OR = 0.2 (0–1.6)].ConclusionsResults from this study suggest that genetic variations in the apoE and apoB genes, known to regulate cholesterol metabolism, do not substantially contribute to the risk of SB in infants. Teratology 66:257–259, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpressed yeast mitochondrial putative RNA helicase Mss116 partially restores proper mtRNA metabolism in strains lacking the Suv3 mtRNA helicase
Authors: Minczuk Michal , Dmochowska Aleksandra , Palczewska Malgorzata , Stepien Piotr P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRNA helicase, encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene SUV3, is a subunit of the mitochondrial (mt) degradosome: an enzyme complex that takes part in turnover of mtRNAs. Deletion of the SUV3 gene leads to a variety of disturbances in mtRNA metabolism and results in respiratory incompetence of yeast cells. Here we show that the nuclear gene MSS116, which codes for a mitochondrial putative RNA helicase necessary for splicing of several mt introns, can suppress the lack of the SUV3 gene. Overexpression of the Mss116 putative helicase from a multicopy plasmid present in the SUV3‐deleted strains partially restores respiratory competence, brings the steady‐state levels of COB and ATP6/8 mRNA back almost to normal and lowers the accumulation of 21S rRNA and ATP6/8 RNA precursors to the wild‐type levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a substitution of one RNA helicase by another, belonging to a different class of RNA helicases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐respiratory oxygen consumption pathways in anaerobically‐grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae: evidence and partial characterization
Authors: Rosenfeld Eric , Beauvoit Bertrand , Rigoulet Michel , Salmon Jean‐Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDespite the absence of an alternative mitochondrial ubiquinol oxidase, Saccharomyces cerevisiae consumes oxygen in an antimycin A‐ and cyanide‐resistant manner. Cyanide‐resistant respiration is typically used when the classical respiratory chain is impaired or absent (i.e in anaerobically‐grown cells shifted to normoxia or in respiratory‐deficient cells). We characterized the non‐respiratory oxygen consumption pathways operating during anoxic–normoxic transitions in glucose‐repressed resting cells. High‐resolution oxygraphy confirmed that the cellular non‐respiratory oxygen consumption pathway is sensitive to high concentrations of cyanide, azide, SHAM and TTFA, and revealed several new characteristics. First, the use of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors showed that this pathway makes a considerable contribution (about 25%) to both endogenous and glucose‐dependent oxygen consumption. Anaerobically‐grown glucose‐repressed cells exhibited high apparent oxygen affinities (Km for oxygen = 0.5–1 µM), even in mutants deficient in respiration or sterol synthesis. Exogeneously added glucose and endogenous stored carbohydrates were the only substrates that were efficient for cellular oxygen consumption (apparent Km for exogenous glucose = 2–3 mM). On the other hand, fluorimetric measurements of the cellular NAD(P)H pool showed that the cellular oxygen consumption (sterol biosynthesis and unknown pathways) was dependent more on the intracellular level of NADPH than of NADH. High oxygen affinity NADPH‐dependent oxygen consumption systems were thought to be mainly localized in microsomal membranes, and several data indicated a significant contribution made by uncoupled P450 systems, together with still uncharacterized systems. Such activities are associated in vitro with a massive production of O2·− and, to a lower extent, H2O2 and a likely concomitant production of H2O. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic physiology of aroma‐producing Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Wittmann Christoph , Hans Michael , Bluemke Wilfried 
Published: October 2002

AbstractKluyveromyces marxianus has a high potential for industrial production of aroma compounds, such as 2‐phenylethanol, which is derived in a bioconversion from L‐phenylalanine. In the present work the product yield of K. marxianus in batch cultivation was estimated as 0.65 mol 2‐phenylethanol/mol L‐phenylalanine and thus significantly below the theoretical optimum of 1 mol/mol. By a comprehensive approach of stoichiometric balancing and GC–MS analysis of various substrates and products of K. marxianus a detailed insight into its metabolism was gained. For this purpose ring‐labelled (13C6) L‐phenylalanine and naturally labelled glucose were applied as substrates in tracer studies in batch culture. The produced aroma compounds 2‐phenylethanol and 2‐phenylethylacetate stem exclusively from the supplied L‐phenylalanine, whereas glucose was not converted into these products because of efficient feed‐back inhibition of prephenate dehydratase in the L‐phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway. It could be further shown that the supplied L‐phenylalanine completely covers the anabolic cellular demand for this amino acid. Quantification of 13CO2 in the exhaust gas provided clear evidence for catabolic breakdown of L‐phenylalanine during cultivation. Metabolic balancing around the pool of free intracellular L‐phenylalanine revealed a significant loss of L‐phenylalanine into catabolic and anabolic pathways. While 73.3% of L‐phenylalanine was converted into 2‐phenylethanol or 2‐phenylethylacetate, 22.4% was catabolized through the cinnamate pathway and 4.3% was directed towards protein biosynthesis. Catabolic breakdown of L‐phenylalanine via hydroxylation to L‐tyrosine could be excluded. In addition to an insight into metabolic functioning and regulation of 2‐phenylethanol‐producing K. marxianus, the approach presented here provides important information on potential targets for genetic optimization of 2‐phenylethanol‐producing yeasts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular and structural characterization of the spindle pole bodies in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. japonicus
Authors: Horio Tetsuya , Kimura Nachi , Basaki Akemi , Tanaka Yasuko , Noguchi Tetsuko , Akashi Tomohiro , Tanaka Kenji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe structure and localization of the microtubule organization centres (MTOCs) of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. japonicus were examined by fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. Spindle pole bodies (SPBs), which are the fungal equivalent of centrosomes, of Sz. japonicus were visualized by immunofluorescent staining using a monoclonal anti‐γ‐tubulin antibody. The behaviour of the SPBs during the cell cycle mostly coincided with previous reports on the most widely used fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We cloned the γ‐tubulin gene from Sz. japonicus by PCR using redundant sets of primers corresponding to conserved regions of known γ‐tubulins. The predicted amino acid sequence of Sz. japonicus γ‐tubulin was most similar to the Sz. pombe γ‐tubulin. Under the electron microscope, the SPBs of Sz. japonicus were detected as electron‐dense multilayered structures located just outside the nuclear envelope. The SPBs of Sz. japonicus were composed of three electron‐dense layers and were surrounded by fuzzy material. Each layer showed structural changes according to the progression of the cell cycle. In mitotic cells, the SPBs were located on the fenestrae of the nuclear envelopes through which the mitotic spindle microtubules ran into the nucleoplasm. Our results show that Sz. japonicus is a very potent and attractive organism for the investigation of the microtubule nucleation system and morphogenesis in yeasts. The Accession No. for the nucleotide sequence of the Sz. japonicus gtb1+ gene is AF159163. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cation/H+ antiporters mediate potassium and sodium fluxes in Pichia sorbitophila. Cloning of the PsNHA1 and PsNHA2 genes and expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Bañuelos María A. , Ramos José , Calero Fernando , Braun Valerie , Potier Serge 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPichia sorbitophila grows rapidly in the presence of very high NaCl concentrations. Under these conditions, even when the K+ concentration is low, P. sorbitophila cells can maintain low Na+ and high K+ contents. This remarkable capacity of P. sorbitophila fails when the external pH is not acidic. This indicates that Na+ efflux is mediated by an electroneutral Na+/H+ antiporter. We have cloned and sequenced two genes designated as PsNHA1 and PsNHA2, which probably encode two antiporters of this type. The genes present high similarity with the corresponding genes from other yeasts. The heterologous expression of PsNHA1 or PsNHA2 in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant lacking the Na+ efflux systems and sensitive to high concentrations of Na+ and K+ rescued the tolerance and the ability to extrude both cations. The Accession Nos of the sequenced DNA fragments are: PsNHA1, AJ496431; PsNHA2, AJ496432. (TC 2.A.36) Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public works and municipal government in two Italian capital cities: Comparing technical bureaucracies in Turin and Rome, 1848–88
Authors: Bocquet Denis , de Pieri Filippo 
Published: October 2002

SummaryThe article draws a comparison between nineteenth-century Turin and Rome, linking the growth of technical bureaucracies in the municipal institutions of both cities to the local struggles for control over urban space. In both post-1848 Turin and post-1870 Rome, the implementation of new institutional reforms offered local city councils an opportunity to gain more power and autonomy than they had enjoyed in the recent past. The organization and the role of municipal technical services were therefore affected, with quite opposite results, by the conflicts opened with the state about the redefinition of the province of local government
The centre and the suburbs: Social protest and modernization in Milan and Turin, 1898–1917
Authors: Levy Carl 
Published: October 2002

SummaryThis article focuses on two points of disorder and social-political tension in the histories of Milan and Turin: 1898 and 1917. It examines the reasons for different shapes of protest during the ‘ Fatti di Maggio ‘ in 1898 and the events in the summer of 1917. Both cities are the hubs of Italian industrialization and modernization but in 1898, 1917 and later in 1919-20, ‘pre-modern’ protests about the price of bread were melded together with modern political mobilization. This article also examines the growth of working-class suburbs in each city and their relationship to the ‘historic city centres’ on the one hand and the rural hinterland on the other. The uniqueness of protest in each city is related to the political economy and politics of Milan and Turin and the specific relationships between city centre, suburbs and hinterlands in each. The importance of municipal history for the national historical narrative of modern Italy is thus emphasized in this article.