bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
James’s Second Car: A Goofy-Looking Aluminum Thing
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Worden had built his first roadworthy electric car when he was still in high school. He called it Solectria I. The paint was still drying on Solectria I as James and his father rushed it to an exhibition hall, where it won first prize in the 1984 Massachusetts state science fair. The next year, as a high school senior, Worden built Solectria II. Ed Trembly, who later became Solectria Corporation’s first full-time employee, remembered Worden bringing a piece of the car into a machine shop in Arlington.
1989: The Founding of Solectria Corporation
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That fall, back at MIT, Worden was test-driving Solectria V on Memorial Drive when Catherine Anderson brought a classmate, Anita Rajan, out to watch. Rajan had been born in England to Indian parents. She had gone to school in Algeria and Florida, where she’d been valedictorian of her high school class. At MIT, she was studying electrical engineering. She’d known Catherine Anderson since they had been freshmen, and through her had learned about the solar racing team.
Forces Gathering Behind Cleaner Cars and Air
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In California, America’s laboratory of atmospheric sickness and health, pressure was once again building to do something about declining air quality. During the rnid-1980s the state’s economy had boomed. Many new jobs were created in clean, light industries and in government services, a highly desirable mix. One negative consequence, though, was an economic growth/ clean air paradox: the creation of clean jobs was offset by the pollution from vehicles getting people to the jobs.
The Sunrise Project and Its Partners
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1994, Solectria was located in a single-story, nondescript brick building in a small industrial park off 1-93, about fifteen miles north of Boston. There was no sign, but an orange extension cord, a symbol of sorts of what went on inside, usually snaked out the front door, available to charge cars and trucks. Inside were thirty-five employees.
Sunrise Almost Stalls, Then Rolls, Finally Races
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was more work to do than even Worden imagined- and a trying period to get through. It began in late January at a meeting Sheila Lynch organized for the partners in Sunrise’s phase two, the design for manufacturing study. James Worden, James Hogarth, and representatives of the smaller companies joining the study, which was still just getting off the ground, all attended. Lynch also invited James Womack, coauthor of The Machine That Changed the World, to come and talk about agile manufacturing, which might fit into the future of Sunrise.
Defending Therapy
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like lawyers, therapists as a group have a vested interest in the promotion of distinctive views of the clergy-abuse problem. For purposes of litigation, there is a natural commonality of interest between therapists and child-abuse experts on the one hand and the lawyers who are seeking to prove the extent and harm of clergy abuse on the other. The earlier recognition of the child sexual abuse phenomenon had greatly enhanced the authority and visibility of therapists and psychologists as experts claiming a peculiar competence in dealing with this problem. Throughout the 1980s this expertise had been established and expanded as a result of a series of court battles and legal encounters, and it was to be expected that the therapeutic community would be closely involved in the new clergy-abuse problem. The common assumptions and interests of that profession helped to determine the ways in which the problem would be formulated.
Introduction: The Talmud as Religious Literature
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in my graduate career I participated in a Talmud seminar with David Weiss Halivni, considered by many to be the premier Talmudist of this generation. Halivni’s method, a higher source­ criticism, was directed at restoring the “original” (the quotation marks speak for my reservations, not his) version of traditions which, in his reading, had been corrupted in the course of transmission from one generation of rabbis to the next. Seminar time was devoted to identifying textual difficulties that were taken to be evidence of such corruptions and, through a combination of comparison with parallel texts and intuitive speculation, suggesting the “urtext” from which the tradition at hand had derived.
Debate often focused on the question of which sorts of considerations could properly be brought to bear on the project of restoration. Reduced to its starkest elements, the debate was this: Was the Talmudic tradition we were studying a legal one, in which questions of the law and its rational limits constrained all possibilities, or were matters of formulation, balance, and the like also at play? Would the rabbis formulate traditions that made less legal sense but were stylistically more elegant or functional ( = easier to memorize)? Or, to put it in the words of one participant in the seminar, was the Talmud we were studying “Law or Literature?”
The Rabbis and Scripture
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we examined the Bavli’s most detailed discussion of the relationship of the Written and Oral Torahs, understanding the sugya as asserting the fundamental equality of these two forms. But for those familiar with the Bavli’s method of exposition, this conclusion may not rest easily, for they will surely know that the Bavli, like other rabbinic documents before it (excluding the Mishnah and the Tosefta), constantly refers to Written Torah for support of rabbinic opinions. Why else, if not the recognized superior authority of Written Torah, would this exercise be so ubiquitous?
Modern critics might respond that the practice of justifying rabbinic opinions by reference to the Written Torah is merely a rhetorical apologetic that supports the authority of rabbinic law on the basis of the recognized authority of Written law.
Rhetorics of Tradition and Innovation
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, I read Baba Qamma 83b–84a as a statement on the relationship of Written and Oral Torah, of scripture and rabbinic tradition. In that reading, I understood rabbinic opinions as bold but muted; remarkably candid, but only by implication. I saw the larger rhetorical structures—numerous exercises in determining the purported scriptural source of the Mishnah’s law—as undermining the very goal the gemara had seemingly set out for itself. Constituting, in my analysis, a major utterance on the priority of rabbinic formulations vis-à-vis scripture, that sugya offered its testimony only circuitously, and thus failed to announce the gravity of the question it was ultimately addressing.
On Truth, Human and Divine
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to say that rabbinic tradition is “Torah?” If by “Torah” the rabbis mean that it was “all given to Moses at Sinai” (to borrow the language used at Berakhot 5a), then it makes little difference whether any particular word of Torah is Written or rabbinic. If it was all given to Moses at Sinai, it is fundamentally irrelevant what form it later took. But if the sages also admit genuine innovation in the tradition (as the text studied in the preceding chapter seems to imply) or if they view the Oral tradition as imperfect or incomplete—this would make a big difference. If the law is justified on the basis of something other than the authority of Sinai, then our vision of the tradition, as represented by the rabbis, would change significantly. Which is it, then, Sinai or Palestine? Is rabbinic Torah a perfect record of what happened at Sinai, or is it also a product of the struggles of rabbis living in the later Palestine and Babylonia?
Introduction
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of Islamic revivalism as a social movement is closely tied to the life histories and intellectual contributions of particular individuals. It is they who advanced the formative ideas, spoke to the concerns of various social groups, shaped public debates by selecting which ideas would be included and which would not, and related individual and social experiences to lasting questions and concerns about freedom justice, good, evil, and salvation. In short, they articulated an ideology, one that uses social impulses to make a new discourse possible.
The Formative Years
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sayyid Abu’l-A’la Mawdudi was born on September 25, 1903 (3 Rajah 1321), in Awrangabad, Deccan, the youngest of Sayyid Ahmad Hasan Mawdudi’s five children and the second son from his second marriage. The Mawdudis claimed a proud heritage. They were descended from one of the most prominent branches of the Chishti Sufi order,1 a lineage that was later an important aspect of Mawdudi’s claim to authority.2 In 1932, he wrote “I belong to one such family that has a 1,300-year history of guiding, asceticism and Sufism.”3 The Chishtis traced their origins back to a family of sayyids (descendants of the Prophet) of the ahlu’l-bayt (descendants of the Prophet through his daughter, Fatimah)-a mark of nobility among Muslims of the subcontinent-who in the tenth century initiated “the exalted Chishtiyah Sufi silsilah (lineage)” in Afghanistan.
The Turn to Revivalism
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although events in Mawdudi’s life up to 1930 had pointed him in the direction of Islamic revivalism, the actual turn to an Islamic ideological perspective occurred in the years from 1932 to 1937. During that time, his revivalist tendencies became manifest and his authority as a mujaddid took form. In 1930 he accepted an offer from Nawab Salar Jang, a leading statesman of Hyderabad, to prepare a plan for propagating Islam in that princely state. Mawdudi worked hard on the plan, but to his chagrin, the nawab took little note of it and ignored his counsel, which Mawdudi found reckless. He thought the nizam’s government was both unaware of the scope of its problems and ill prepared to contend with them, and he lost faith in the nizam’s state.
The Tortuous Road to War
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ROM THE F’ALL OF 1940 to the summer of 1941, while Roosevelt struggled to aid Britain against Berlin, the Far East continued to force itself on his attention. ‘I110ugh he remained eager to keep things as quiet as possible in the Pacific and to divert the fewest possible resources from the Atlantic and the Middle East, continuing Japanese pressure on China and Southeast Asia denied him that option. On October 18, 1940, Chiang Kai-shek sent word that continued resistance to Japan depended on prompt additional help from the United States. He contended that the loss of American and Russian supplies after the closing of the Burma Road in July, rampant inflation, and Communist exploitation of current difficulties in order to weaken Nationalist rule were sapping China’s ability and resolve to fight. To meet these difficulties, Chiang asked for 500 planes in the next three months, American volunteers to fly them, and “a single big loan rather than small piecemeal credits” as given in the past. The planes and crews would allow Chiang’s Chungking government to oppose Japan’s uncontested control of the skies and to defend the recently reopened Burma Road; they would permit raids on naval bases in Japan and Formosa and thus impair Tokyo’s ability to fight the United States.
Race
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Tom Gosset’s Race: The History of an Idea in America appeared more than a generation ago, it explored the impact of race theory on literature in a way that anticipated the entire current scholarly discourse on the subject. Though it has gone out of print, it has never been rendered obsolete. Its reprinting is a boon to younger scholars in particular who are unfamiliar with its rich presentation of fact and its clear, efficient analysis, from which so much later theorizing has developed. With a new afterword by and about the author, and an introduction by series editors Arnold Rampersad and Shelley Fisher Fishkin, this edition should find a wide readership among young scholars and students working in African-American, literary, and cultural studies.
Learning to Care
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urgent calls have gone forth--from the White House and Congress, from schools, churches, synagogues, and other agencies--for Americans to become more involved in caring for the needy and in serving their communities. And as federal and state governments across the nation cut back on aid to the poor and disabled, the role of volunteerism can only grow in importance. But how can we inspire caring behavior in our young when so many adults seem indifferent to the problems of the needy, when many problems (such as homelessness) seem beyond individual effort, and when agencies often come under fire for ineffectiveness if not corruption? Drawing on deeply moving personal accounts from young people who have become involved in community service, as well as on data from recent national surveys, Learning to Care looks at why teenagers become involved in volunteer work, what problems and pressures they face, and what we can do to nurture caring in our youth. Robert Wuthnow's intimate interviews bring to life the stories of high school student volunteers, teenagers such as Tanika Lane, a freshman who works with Literacy Education and Direction (LEAD), a job-training program for inner-city kids, and Amy Stone, a homecoming queen and student-body president at a suburban southern school who organizes rallies for AIDS awareness. Through these profiles, Wuthnow shows that caring is not innate but learned, in part from the spontaneous warmth of family life, and in part from finding the right kind of volunteer work. He contends that volunteers' sense of service is shaped by what they find in school service clubs, in shelters for the homeless, in working with AIDS victims, or in tutoring inner-city children. And Wuthnow also argues that the best environment to nurture the helping impulse is the religious setting, where in fact the great bulk of volunteering in America takes place. In these organizations, as well as in schools and community agencies, teenagers can find the role models and moral incentives that will instill a sense of service that they can then carry into their adult life. Robert Wuthnow is one of our leading commentators on religious life in America, the author of Acts of Compassion, which was nominated for both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award. Learning to Care, the sequel to that highly acclaimed volume, offers an eye-opening (and somewhat reassuring) portrait of volunteerism among America's youth, as it helps lay the groundwork for teaching our children to care.
Serving God? Kindness and Transcendence
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These two statements-written by Vaclav Havel before he became president of the Czech Republic-capture the dilemma we face in trying to figure out how religious faith relates to kindness in our society. In the first statement, Havel describes the uncertainties that many of us feel about the sacred. Some people doubt the existence of God at all. Others regard the existence of God as an item of faith but are unsure what authority that belief holds over their lives. They question whether the existence of God can provide them with absolute standards of right and wrong, but they nevertheless think that religious faith is necessary in order for life to be bearable. Havel’s second statement suggests a connection between the loss of transcendence and kindness. Paradoxically, uncertainties about the existence of God do not result in good deeds’ being abandoned. In­ stead, we strive all the harder to perform “heroic” acts in the hope that they will compensate for our lingering doubts about God. Kindness may thus be a way of finding transcendence, but this form of caring may also serve ourselves more than it serves others.
Careers of Service: The Preservation of Caring
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does volunteering influence the future? Does it encourage young people to think more imaginatively about opportunities for service? Or after a brief courtship with their talents and their dreams, do they simply tire of them?Kindness can become a part of the routine behavior that occupies our attention in the adult world only if we can imagine how to be kind in these roles. We have to imagine ourselves visiting a sick coworker in the hospital, for ex­ ample, before we are ever likely to do it. We have to imagine that we could actually save someone’s life by giving him or her cardiopulmonary resuscitation-or imagine that we could take part in a protest march, do lobbying on behalf of the environment, or work as a teacher or a nurse.
The Private Feasts of a Gentile
Authors: Hayes Christine Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The example in this chapter concerns prohibitions regarding the private feasts of idolaters. The Bavli and the Yerushalmi diverge on two questions, one economic and one social, regarding the private feast day of an individual non-Jew. The economic question is: Does the prohibition of commercial transactions listed in m. AZ 1:1 apply to days on which an idolater holds a private feast [for his son]?1 The social question is: Are Jews permitted to attend or participate in the private feast days of idolaters? In the discussion of both questions, an exegetical irregularity in the Babylonian gemara may signal a cultural difference between the Babylonians and Palestinians in regard to the issue of interaction with non-Jews. In other words, the Babylonian amoraim violate their own norms of interpretation, suggesting that an extratextual agenda or reality has disturbed their usual reading practices.
Introduction
Authors: Orr Leslie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every well-appointed Hindu temple aims at being an earthly reproduction of the paradise of the god in whose honour it was built… The Gandharvas are represented by the Temple-band, the Apsarases by the courtesans who sing and dance in the service. These are dedicated to the service of the god; but they give their favours to his worshippers. They are usually called Devadiisfs, handmaidens of the god… They dance and sing in the temple services and also when the images are carried out through the town in procession. Hence the common name for them everywhere is Nautch-girls, Dancing-girls… How foul the atmosphere is in which this custom thrives may be realized from the hideous sculpture visible on the gates and walls of many Hindu temples in Central and Southern India….
Organizational Life in the Indian Community
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chicago’s Asian Indians, like many other ethnic communities, rely upon ethnic associations to organize the public side of community life. The many events sponsored by the community’s vast array of Indian ethnic organizations are either stylized, formal affairs, with introductions, speeches, and votes of thanks, or fun-filled family occasions-picnics, fairs, fashion or cultural shows. Behind the facade of well-ordered speeches and banquets and joyful family outings, one will find organizations animated by questions of collective identity (who are we as “the Indian community”? who do we want to be?) and collective purpose (what is the proper order of public life?).
Families and Organizations: A Division of Labor in Support of Community
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study consists of two distinct analyses of the Indian-American com­ munity. Part I examines the organizational life and public debates of the community, while part II examines issues of adjustment as played out within families. The two analyses also rely upon different methodologies. The organization analysis employs traditional methods of participant observation and interviewing and content analysis of newspaper articles. The family analysis uses somewhat unorthodox techniques in a series of family portraits. However, the central concerns of both parts are the changes that have taken place between the immigrant generation and their young adult children. The purpose of this final chapter is to integrate the two analyses in order to present an accurate view of the process of assimilation taking place among Indian Americans. A key element of this process is the division of labor between organizational and family life.
The Epigrams of Philodemos
Authors: Sider David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This edition collects all the epigrams attributed to Epicurean philosopher and poet Philodemos of Gadara (c.110-40 BC). In editing these epigrams, Sider has re-examined several manuscripts of the Greek Anthology. Thirty-eight epigrams (three only doubtfully Philodemean, and two spurious) are printed in the original Greek and in English translation, with full critical apparatus and commentary. Sider also includes the text of a recently edited papyrus containing fragments of many known and newly discovered epigrams by Philodemos. In addition to the usual issues involved in editing a Classical poet--i.e. the poet's life, his use of meter, the epigrammatic tradition, and the place of the epigrams in the Greek Anthology--Sider's introduction considers the relationship between Philodemos' philosophy and poetry. He explains how the epigrams fit into the literary views expressed in Philodemos' On Poems and how they clashed with the Epicurean stance against the writing of poetry.
Testimonia Ad Philodemum Pertinentia
Authors: Sider David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of sources contains texts where Philodemus is clearly (section A) or quite likely (B) referred to by others. A very brief selection is offered of passages from the papyri where Philodemus seems to refer to himself (C). These are limited to those alluded to in the Introduction. Excluded are all epigrams that have been interpreted autobiographically. Annotation is minimal.
Indian Epigraphy
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a general survey of all the inscriptional material in the Sanskrit, Prakrit, and modern Indo-Aryan languages, including donative, dedicatory, panegyric, ritual, and literary texts carved on stone, metal, and other materials. This material comprises many thousands of documents dating from a range of more than two millennia, found in India and the neighboring nations of South Asia, as well as in many parts of Southeast, central, and East Asia. The inscriptions are written, for the most part, in the Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts and their many varieties and derivatives. Inscriptional materials are of particular importance for the study of the Indian world, constituting the most detailed and accurate historical and chronological data for nearly all aspects of traditional Indian culture in ancient and medieval times. Richard Salomon surveys the entire corpus of Indo-Aryan inscriptions in terms of their contents, languages, scripts, and historical and cultural significance. He presents this material in such a way as to make it useful not only to Indologists but also non-specialists, including persons working in other aspects of Indian or South Asian studies, as well as scholars of epigraphy and ancient history and culture in other regions of the world.