bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXI-19 A Novel Calculation Method in the Difference Procedure for Determining Energy Digestibility of Ingredients for Pigs
Authors: Kim Hansol , Kim Beob G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective was to suggest a novel calculation method in the difference procedure for determining the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) of ingredients for pigs. This procedure involves formulating a basal diet (BD) and a test diet (TD) which contains a test ingredient (TI), feeding these diets to pigs, determining ATTD of GE in the diets, and calculating ATTD of GE in a TI by extrapolation. To calculate ATTD of GE in a TI, it is necessary to calculate the proportional contribution of GE in the BD (PBD) and the TI (PTI) to the TD using the following equations: PBD = (analyzed GE of BD × inclusion rate of BD)/analyzed GE of TD; PTI = (analyzed GE of TI × inclusion rate of TI)/analyzed GE of TD. One of the assumptions for the difference procedure is that GE values in a BD and a TI are additive (PBD + PTI = 1). However, the analyzed GE in the TD is not always exactly equal to the calculated value based on analyzed GE values in the BD and the TI. To investigate the influence of non-additivity of GE in a TD on the ATTD of GE in a TI, 33 observations were collected from 9 studies that determined ATTD of GE using the difference procedure. A ratio of analyzed GE in TD to calculated GE in TD (GEAnalyzed:GECalculated, %) ranged from 98.7 to 101.3%. The following relationship was established: PTD = PTI + PBD = (GEAnalyzed:GECalculated)–1. Corrected PBD and PTI were calculated: corrected PBD = PBD × (GEAnalyzed:GECalculated)–1; corrected PTI = PTI × (GEAnalyzed:GECalculated)–1; and corrected PTD = corrected PBD + corrected PTI = 1. Four values for the ATTD of GE in TI were obtained or calculated: 1) presented in the literature (ATTDLiterature), 2) calculated based on the PTI (ATTDNon-corrected), 3) calculated based on the corrected PTI (ATTDCorrected), and 4) calculated based on the calculated GE in TD (ATTDCalculated). Three ratios (%) for each observation were computed, namely, ATTDLiterature:ATTDCalculated, ATTDNon-corrected:ATTDCalculated, and ATTDCorrected:ATTDCalculated. The GEAnalyzed:GECalculated was used as an independent variable against the ratios as dependent variable. Results indicated that a 1 percentage unit increase in GEAnalyzed:GECalculated led to 3.47% (r2 = 0.67) and 4.28% (r2 = 0.92) increases in ATTDLiterature:ATTDCalculated and ATTDNon-corrected:ATTDCalculated, respectively. However, for the ATTDCorrected:ATTDCalculated, a 1 percentage unit increase in GEAnalyzed:GECalculated only increased the value by 0.54% (r2 = 0.88). Overall, even a small deviation between analyzed and calculated GE can cause large errors in the digestibility of TI, but the use of corrected proportional contributions suggested in the present work can mitigate the problem.
PSXIII-6 Effects of High Humidity Under High-Temperature Conditions on Growing Pigs
Authors: Kim Yonghee , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Kyeong Il , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Ha Sewon , Nam Jinwook , Kim Kimoon , Kang Yonggu , Park Youngmin , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global warming and climate change have become major concerns. These changes have led to more frequent and prolonged heat waves, resulting in economic losses for livestock industry. Pigs are particularly vulnerable to heat stress under high temperatures due to their thick skin layers and limited sweat glands. Panting is a common behavior in pigs to dissipate heat through evaporation, but this process is less effective in high humidity environments. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of high humidity under high temperature conditions on rectal temperature, growth performance, blood profiles, and immune responses of growing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc; initial body weight (BW): 23.21 ± 3.77 kg] were randomly assigned to two environmental treatments (2 pigs/pen; 12 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = initial BW): thermal neutral conditions (TN: 23.5℃, 35%) and heat stress conditions (HS: 32.5℃, 80%). Throughout two weeks of experiment, the pigs had ad libitum access to a basal grower diet based on corn and soybean meal. The rectal temperature of each pig was measured daily throughout the experimental period to monitor changes in body temperature. Blood samples were collected from 1 pig per pen at the beginning and end of the experiment. Measurements included growth performance [BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio], blood profiles [the number of white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet] measured by an automated hematology analyzer calibrated for porcine blood, and immune responses (cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and transforming growth factor-beta1) by the ELISA kits. Statistical analysis was performed using the general linear model procedure of the SAS program. Experimental unit was a pen. The statistical model included environmental treatment as a main effect and BW as a covariate for rectal temperature, growth performance, blood profiles, and immune responses. During the entire experimental period, the mean rectal temperature was 39.9℃ for TN and 40.5℃ for HS. Pigs under HS had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI than those under TN. The WBC counts of pigs under HS were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) than those under TN. In contrast, serum cortisol concentrations of pigs under HS were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those under TN. In conclusion, this study suggests that exposure to high humidity in combination with high temperatures has a negative impact on the growth performance and immune responses of growing pigs.
PSXIII-10 Effects of Dietary Lactobacillus Reuteri on Growth Performance, Frequency of Diarrhea, and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Kang Yonggu , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Kyeong Il , Kim Yonghee , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Ha Sewon , Nam Jinwook , Kim Kimoon , Park Youngmin , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weaning stress of pig causes reduction of growth performance and high risk of diseases. These effects are directly connected to economic losses. Antibiotic growth promotors commonly used for improving the negative effects of weaning stress of pigs, but are banned for public health concerns. Therefore, probiotics can be one potential of an antibiotic alternative. Dietary Lactobacillus reuteri is one of the strains of probiotics which has the ability to enhance growth performance of animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri on growth performance, frequency of diarrhea, and biochemical parameters of weaned pigs. A total of 48 weaned pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire); initial body weight (BW) = 6.51 ± 0.87 kg; 21 days old)] were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 6 replicates/treatment) and fed for 4 weeks in a randomized complete block design (block = initial BW and sex). Dietary treatments consisted of a basal weaner diet (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.02% Lactobacillus reuteri IDCC 3701 (LR; ILDONG Bioscience Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). The frequency of diarrhea was calculated daily during two weeks in each pen with optical diarrhea scores. The scoring of diarrhea was from 1 to 5, and a score of over 4 was considered diarrhea. Blood samples were obtained from randomly selected one pig per pen at the end of the experiment. Sera were obtained from the blood sample to measure the blood biochemical parameters using the specific kits and a clinical auto-analyzer. All data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS. The experimental unit was a pen. Statistical model for growth performance and blood biochemical parameters included dietary treatments as a main effect and initial BW as a covariate. The frequency of diarrhea was analyzed by the Chi-square test. Pigs fed LR increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain from day 1 to 7 and 15 to 28 and gain to feed ratio from day 1 to 7 compared with those fed CON. Pigs fed LR tended to have reduced (P &lt; 0.10) frequency of diarrhea during the first two weeks of experiment than those fed CON. In addition, pigs fed LR tended to have greater (P &lt; 0.10) serum alanine aminotransferase than those fed CON, but no differences were observed in other blood biochemical parameters. In conclusion, addition of dietary Lactobacillus reuteri in weaner diet improved growth performance, reduced the frequency of diarrhea, and modulated the blood biochemical parameters of weaned pigs.
PSIV-16 Factors Affecting the Lh Release and Ovulatory Response to a Gnrh Treatment in Lactating Dairy Cows on Day 7 of the Estrous Cycle
Authors: Silva Lucas O e , Alves Rodrigo L O R , Cavalcanti Patrícia R , Cortat Paula R , Dias Mirela B , Monteiro Pedro L J , Gonzales Bruno , Caetano Heitor D , Hellu José Abdo A , Wiltbank Milo C , Sartori Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated factors affecting LH release and ovulation in response to a treatment with a conventional dose of gonadorelin (GnRH), in lactating dairy cows on day 7 of the estrous cycle. Factors evaluated were: GnRH preparation (ready-to-use vs. lyophilized), body condition score (BCS), parity, days in milk (DIM), milk yield and dominant follicle (DF) diameter, at the time of GnRH treatment. Seven days after an artificial insemination, preceded by a synchronization protocol, lactating Holstein cows were evaluated by ultrasound and those with a corpus luteum (CL) and a DF ≥10 mm were randomly assigned to receive 100 µg GnRH ready-to-use solution (Fertagyl; MSD, Brazil) or lyophilized (Profertil; J.A. Animal Health, Brazil) diluted just before its administration. Overall, 106 cows (BCS = 3.1 ± 0.1; DIM = 96.7 ± 4.2; 39.7 ± 0.7 kg of milk/d) were assigned to GnRH treatments. Ovulation was determined by ultrasound examinations 2 d after GnRH treatment, by disappearance of the DF, and confirmed 5 d later by the presence of an accessory CL. In a subset of cows (n = 33), blood samples were collected just before the GnRH treatment, and 2 and 4 h later, to evaluate circulating P4 and LH concentrations. Data were analyzed by GLIMMIX (SAS 9.4). Treatment effect and its interaction were included in the analyses of all other factors. Differences were declared when P ≤ 0.05 and tendency when 0.053.0 (1.4 ± 0.2 vs 0.7 ± 0.1 ng/mL; Table 1). Moreover, cows with DF ≤12 mm had greater LH peak than cows with DF &gt;12 mm (1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 ng/mL; Table 2). However, these factors did not affect ovulation. Neither milk yield nor DIM affected LH peak or ovulation. In conclusion, although no differences were detected on LH peak, primiparous cows on day 7 of the estrous cycle had greater ovulation when treated with Profertil compared with Fertagyl. Moreover, regardless of treatment, greater BCS and larger DF (&gt;12 mm) at the time of GnRH treatment were associated with decreased LH peak, however, without impairing ovulation.
PSXI-8 Comparison of Spectral and Motion Sensing for Grazing Behavior Determination in Extensive Systems
Authors: Wright Ryan , Simcik Charleez , White Robin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a need to classify eating behaviors of grazing animals to better understand time budgets and intake levels of extensively managed livestock. The objective of this work was to compare spectral and motion-based sensing for classification of animal grazing versus standing behaviors within extensive production systems. The sensor was an open-source setup with a TTGO-T-Beam microprocessor (Shenzhen Xin Yuan Electronic Technology Co, China), soldered with an AS7265x Spectral Triad (SparkFun Electronics, Niwot, CO) and generic 9 degree of freedom inertial motion unit. The sensors were attached to a mesh face mask and placed on 5 horses for 10 minutes of data collection. Within the data collection period, animals were allowed to graze for 5 minutes, and required to stand for 5 minutes. The order of grazing and standing was randomized among animals. Data were collected by the microprocessor at 100 hertz and averaged over a 20 second period. Average data were transmitted via long range radio (LoRa) to a base station. Data were matched by timestamp to ground truth observations of animal standing vs grazing behaviors. A random forest algorithm was used to explore predicting animal grazing versus standing behaviors based on motion data (average pitch, yaw, and roll of animals over the experimental period) individually, based on the top features selected from the spectral data individually, or based on all collected data together. The model using the motion data only returned an out of bag estimated error rate of 26.5%. The model using the top features selected from the spectral data yielded a much lower out of bag estimated error rate (8.82%), which was not improved by leveraging all data together. By comparing the spectral data with GPS coordinates attached to each observation, we were able to clearly distinguish the spatial area used for grazing compared with that used for standing. One potential impact of this preliminary exploration is in low-cost, low-power, more precise behavioral classification for grazing livestock. Because the spectral sensed data generated more reliable ability to distinguish grazing and standing behaviors, we may be able to rely on lower frequency observations, or lower data acquisition rates to achieve acceptable classification accuracies. Similarly, given the success of NIR in analyzing feed composition values, there is likelihood that spectral sensing could be used not only to identify grazing, but to character forage quality grazed.
PSIII-22 Substituting Palm Oil By Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Rich Oils Reduces Methane Emissions at a Different Degree Depending on Concentrate Formula of Dairy Beef Calves: in Vitro Screening
Authors: Devant Maria , Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Verge Gerard , Riera Joan , Medinya Carles , Cucurull Jordi , Perez Anna , Fernandez Belen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In dairy beef calves fed high-concentrate diets even methane emissions may be lesser than calves fed high-roughage diets there is still room to improvement. Substituting palm oil, an ingredient that is questioned by the impact on deforestation of some regions, by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may be a good strategy that needs to be tested. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the rumen in vitro methane gas production by substituting palm oil by different oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids in two different concentrates in T1 the main protein source was SBM (8%) and in T2 the main protein source was corn DDG (15%); the remaining concentrate ingredients were 50% corn, 15 to 13% barley, 15 to 16% wheat middlings, beet pulp (5.5% in T1), 1.8% calcium carbonate, 0.5% salt, 0.2% premix. Palm oil was substituted (4 or 3.5 % in T1 or T2, respectively) by canola oil (CO), sunflower oil (SU) or soybean meal oil (SO), so 8 treatments were tested (T1, T1-CO, T1-SU, T1-SO, T2, T2-CO, T2-SU, T2-SO), which are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids in two. Samples were 1-mm grinded at 1-mm and used in an in vitro digestibility assay as described by [Goeser and Combs (2009)]. The rumen liquid, obtained from rumens at slaughterhouse of beef animals fed high-concentrate diets with a close formula to T1 and T2, was strained through a cheesecloth, collected into pre-warmed thermal flasks, and kept at 39ºC until being used. Two incubation sets were done in parallel and in triplicate: one lasted 48 hours to calculate the DM digestibility; the second lasted 12 days to monitor the methane gas production. A tendency (P = 0.10) in the interaction among basal diet and oil source was observed in total methane production corrected by blank methane production; numerically the same trend (P = 0.14) was observed in net volume of CH4 per degraded DM. After 12 days, the least methane production values were observed in T1-SO and T2-CO (30 and 29 mL ± 4.6, respectively), while the largest methane values were observed in T1-SU (45 ± 4.6 mL) being the remaining treatments intermediate values (42, 39, 31, 38, 41 ± 4.6 mL for T1, T1-CO, T2, T2-SU, T2-SO, respectively). In conclusion, depending on the concentrate formula (protein source used) the effect of fat source used to substitute palm oil and reduce methane emission may differ.
PSVI-25 A Phytogenic Additive Improves Immune Responses of Growing Beef Cattle on Grazing System
Authors: de Matos Isabelle Errobidarte , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Santana Yohana Clara Siqueira , Timóteo Silvia Isabella , Ferreira Cecília Ayala , da Silva Aline Gomes , Fernandes Henrique Jorge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of a phytogenic additive in protein supplement for grazing Nellore young bulls on serum protein profile. One hundred and fourteen animals (iBW, n = 114; 273 ± 4.46 kg) were allocated for 152 days in six pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu (̴7 ha each), and randomly distributed in six treatments with or without additives on protein supplement (30% crude protein). Treatments were: 1) Negative Control (CON), with no additive; 2) Positive Control, with 15 ppm of Monensin (MON); 3) Digestarom (DSM Nutritional Products) at 0.2 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.2); 4) Digestarom at 0.4 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.4); 5) Digestarom at 0.6 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.6) and 6) Digestarom at 0.8 g· animal-1· /day-1 (D0.8). Supplement was offered ad libitum. Additives dosages were adjusted weekly to achieve the targeted dose/animal. Blood samples were collected in the last day and analyzed for positive acute phase proteins (increases with the inflammation response), haptoglobin (HAP) and glycoprotein (GLY); negative acute phase protein (decreases with the inflammation), transferrin (TRA); and Immunoglobulins A and G. Data were analyzed using SAS PROC GLIMMIX. Significance of 5% was adopted. Contrasts of use of Monensin, use of Digestarom, type of additive, and linear and quadratic effects of Digestarom were evaluated. Compared with MON, Digestarom decreased (P &lt; 0.05) HAP (124 vs. 76.2 mg/dL) and GLY (1,361 vs. 85.6 mg/dL). TRA increased (P &lt; 0.05) with Digestarom (310 and 307 mg/dL for D0.6 and D0.8, vs. 204 and 177 mg/dL for CON and MON). Digestarom increased (P &lt; 0.05) immunoglobulins A (193, 218 and 225 mg/dL for D0.4, D0.6 and D0.8) and G (1.5 g/dL for D0.4, D0.6 and D0.8) compared with CON (IgA 146 mg/dL and IgG 0.9 g/dL) and MON (IgA 93 mg/dL and IgG 0.3 g/dL). Digestarom levels also showed a quadratic effect on TRA (including 165 and 245 mg/dL for D0.2 and D0.4) and on IgA and IgG (including 124 mg/dL and 0.8 g/dL for D0.2). Overall serum protein responses of the animals receiving Digestarom (reduced haptoglobin and glycoprotein, and graeter transferrin, IgA and IgG) demonstrates that these animals had improved immune responses and could be better able to respond to infectious and stress challenges.
PSVI-21 Effects of Calcium Salts of Soybean Oil Supplementation to Nellore Heifers During Second and Third Trimesters of Gestation and Offspring Sex on Milk Production and Performance of the Offspring
Authors: de Queiroz Amanda Caroliny Marques , Marques Rodrigo S , Rodrigues Aline Naime , dos Santos Keuven Nascimento , Ferreira Igor Machado , de Abreu Mateus José Inácio , Camilo Fernando Rossi , Prados Laura Franco , de Resende Flávio Dutra , Siqueira Gustavo Rezende 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing calcium salts of soybean oil to Nellore heifers during the second and third trimesters of gestation and offspring sex on cow productivity and their male and female offspring growth. Forty-eight pregnant Nellore heifers [body weight (BW) = 387 ± 38.4 kg] were assigned to this experiment at day 123 ± 13 of gestation. All heifers were conceived during the same fixed-time artificial insemination protocol at 14 and 24 months of age. Heifers were randomly used in a completely randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement, consisting of supplementing or not (CON) calcium salts of soybean oil (CSSO; 3 g/kg of BW; Table 1) and the sex of the offspring (male or female), totaling four treatments and twelve reps per treatment. Throughout the experimental period, heifers were maintained in a pasture composed of Brachiaria brizantha cv.Marandu. After birth, all animals remained under the same pasture conditions and received the same supplementation until weaning. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS and heifer as the experimental unit. Treatment × offspring sex interaction was not detected (P &gt; 0.36) for any of the variables evaluated. Calves born from heifers supplemented with CCSO were 2 kg heavier (P = 0.03) at birth and 5 kg heavier (P = 0.03) at 120 days of age compared with calves born from CON heifers. At weaning (210 days), no dietary treatment effects were observed (P = 0.17) in offspring BW. Male offspring were 3.5 kg, 9 kg, and 12 kg heavier (P ≤ 0.01) at birth, day 120, and at weaning, respectively, compared with female offspring (Table 2). Throughout the experiment, male offspring gained 0.040 kg more daily (P = 0.01) than female offspring. The female offspring had 0.1 thicker subcutaneous fat per 100 kg of BW (P = 0.02) than the male offspring. Heifer milk production was not impacted (P &gt; 0.10) by the dietary treatments or sex of the offspring in any of the periods evaluated (days 30 and 210; Table 3). Hence, supplementing CSSO to Nellore heifers during the second and third trimester of gestation altered offspring BW up to 120 days after birth, suggesting programming effects on postnatal offspring growth resultant from the CSSO treatment. Male offspring were heavier from birth to weaning compared with female offspring. These outcomes indicate that supplementing CSSO to Nellore heifers during pregnancy might be a feasible alternative to optimize offspring productivity, and carcass merit in grazing systems.