bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐lasting UV‐blocking Mechanism of Lignin: Origin and Stabilization of Semiquinone Radicals
Authors: Fu Yu , Xiao Yuting , Chen Xin , Qiu Xueqing , Qian Yong 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSemiquinone (SQ) radicals play a critical role in the long‐lasting UV‐blocking application of lignin, while their origin and stable structure are unclear. Here, the organosolv lignin extracted from poplar (OL‐P) is self‐assembled into normal micelles (LNM) with more phenolic hydroxyl groups on the surface, and reverse micelles (LRM) with more methoxyl groups on the surface. After 12 h UV irradiation, the SQ radical contents in LNM and LRM increase 33% and 78% respectively. The performance of LNM based sunscreen keeps upswinging due to radical stabilization of phenolic hydroxyl groups. LRM based sunscreen experiences a gradual decrease after reaching maximum UV absorbance due to the quick generation and over oxidation of SQ radicals. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal that methoxyl groups in OL‐P has bigger bond length and smaller bond dissociation enthalpy than phenolic hydroxyl groups, and are easy to form SQ radicals. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) needed for SQ‐quinone transformation is above 26.10 kcal mol.−1, while that for SQ‐hydroquinone transformation is below −66.78 kcal mol.−1. Hydroquinone is the stable structure of SQ radicals. This work discloses the origin and stable structure of SQ radicals in lignin under UV irradiation, and provides an important guidance for its long‐lasting UV‐blocking application.
Equivalence testing for multiple groups
Authors: Pourmohamad Tony , Lee Herbert K. H. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTesting for equivalence, rather than testing for a difference, is an important component of some scientific studies. While the focus of the existing literature is on comparing two groups for equivalence, real‐world applications arise regularly that require testing across more than two groups. This paper reviews the existing approaches for testing across multiple groups and proposes a novel framework for multigroup equivalence testing under a Bayesian paradigm. This approach allows for a more scientifically meaningful definition of the equivalence margin and a more powerful test than the few existing alternatives. This approach also allows a new definition of equivalence based on future differences.
The colocation of primary care physicians and audiologists in the Chicago metro region reinforces racial, ethnic, and class inequities in spatial access to care
Authors: Planey Arrianna Marie , Thomas Sharita R. , Lewis Jodi A. , Maaita Marah 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn primary‐care‐centric models of care provision, specialist co‐location with primary care physicians (PCPs) can potentially improve care coordination and continuity. This study asks whether the co‐location of specialists with referring PCPs can reinforce racial, ethnic, and class inequities in spatial access to care. Given a US healthcare policy context wherein audiologist services are only reimbursed if they are medical practitioner‐referred, audiologists are hypothesized to co‐locate with PCPs. Using spatial cluster analysis and spatial regression approaches, this study quantifies the tendency for PCPs and audiologists to co‐locate and analyzes the consequences for spatial access disparities in the Chicago, Illinois metropolitan region. Audiologists and PCPs co‐cluster significantly across Chicagoland. The spatial lag model confirms racial, ethnic, and class disparities in network travel distance to audiology services in the core counties of the region. The results suggest that, for audiology services, health policies and the resultant interdependence across the hierarchy of care manifest spatially, possibly reinforcing service access disparities within segregated city regions.
Pollution challenges and consequences of the Akaki catchment, Upper Awash Basin, Ethiopia: Evidence for policy reform and action
Authors: Dessie Bitew K. , Aschale Minbale , Assegide Endaweke , Alamirew Tena , Walsh Claire L. , Zeleke Gete 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis paper draws upon previous and current research on the levels of various pollutants in the Awash River Basin. The research used high‐tech instruments to determine the levels of physio‐chemical parameters, potentially toxic elements, and other pollutants in wastewater, sediment, soil, vegetables, and fish samples collected from different sampling sites in the Akaki catchment. The results showed that the average concentration for most of the analyzed parameters exceeded the recommended limits stated by drinking and irrigation water quality guidelines. The concentrations varied with the sites significantly with trends of localized contributions of the different contaminants associated with industrial, municipal, domestic, medical centers, garages, petrol stations, and other commercial centers evident. Concentrations of contaminants were remarkably high in the catchment rivers and shallow groundwater reservoirs. Comparison with permissible standards showed poor environmental management by relevant regulatory bodies and industries. Despite having good laws and standards at the federal and regional levels, they are not effectively implemented or enforced to prevent environmental pollution. Given the potential health implications of the toxic substances, we recommended a range of mitigation measures as a matter of urgency to the relevant authorities.
The Cancer Care Challenge in the Light of Pandemic Experience
Authors: Mackintosh Maureen , Banda Geoffrey , Njeru Mercy Karimi , Srinivas Smita , Makene Fortunata Songora 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis introductory chapter argues that tackling the escalating cancer crisis in Africa and India is essential for human wellbeing and inclusive health care, while having much to teach about how to build better local health security in low- and middle-income contexts. Global health security is built on the foundations of strong local health security. Local health security in turn relies on effective and innovative industrial supply chains to provide essential medicines, devices and other commodities at manageable prices, and effective industrial-health sector policy collaboration to ensure broad health benefit, lessons the pandemic has hammered home.
Broken Supply Chains and Local Manufacturing Innovation: Responses to Covid-19 and Their Implications for Policy
Authors: Banda Geoffrey , Wanjala Cecilia , Manduku Veronica , Mugwagwa Julius , Kale Dinar 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe immense scale of the pandemic healthcare supply crisis across Sub-Saharan Africa showed that a stronger industrial base allowed India, and some African countries, to better tackle crucial supply gaps. Governments have been forced by Covid-19 into developing new “socio-technical imaginaries”: shared visions of what is possible and important for local health security. The pandemic confirmed widespread pre-pandemic African predictions that in a major crisis, African countries would find themselves at the back of the queue; that truth is driving a new recognition of industrialisation’s role in building local health security, including the huge challenge of cancer care in Africa.
Manufacturing for Cancer Care in East Africa: Raising the Ambition
Authors: Manduku Veronica , Wangwe Samuel , Wanjala Cecilia , Mackintosh Maureen , Ngilangwa Richard 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter starts with the paradox of unmet need for cancer supplies in Kenya and Tanzania alongside low yet unmet market demand. An apparent lack of ambition is evidenced within the local industrial/innovation system, including manufacturers, entrepreneurs, regulators and policy makers. Pharmaceutical firms were failing to upgrade, expand product ranges and develop new markets, though that was starting to change before 2020. The chapter identifies market disorganisation and fragmentation as a key constraint on generating more sustainable investment and innovation to improve cancer-related manufacturing and finds scope for institutional change to link industrial incentives to health needs.
Dynamics of dark matter misalignment through the Higgs portal
Authors: Batell Brian , Ghalsasi Akshay , Rai Mudit 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A light singlet scalar field feebly coupled through the super-renormalizable Higgs portal provides a minimal and well-motivated realization of ultra-light bosonic dark matter. We study the cosmological production of dark matter in this model by elucidating the dynamics of two sources of scalar field misalignment generated during the radiation era. For large scalar masses (above $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(10−3 eV)), dark matter is produced through thermal misalignment, by which the scalar field is driven towards large field values as a result of the finite-temperature effective potential. The dominance of thermal misalignment in this mass range leads to a sharp relic abundance prediction which is, to a significant extent, insensitive to the initial conditions of the scalar field. On the other hand, for low mass scalars (below $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(10−5 eV)), dark matter is produced via VEV misalignment, which is caused by the induced scalar field vacuum expectation value triggered by the electroweak phase transition. We show that the relic abundance in this low mass range is sensitive to the scalar field initial conditions. In the intermediate mass range, the relic abundance is a consequence of a competition between thermal misalignment and VEV misalignment, which can potentially lead to novel forced resonance effects which cause a recurring enhancement and suppression in the late time oscillation amplitude as a function of the scalar mass. We compare our relic abundance predictions with constraints and projections from equivalence principle and inverse square law tests, stellar cooling, resonant molecular absorption, and observations of extra-galactic background light and diffuse X-ray backgrounds. New experimental ideas are needed to probe most of the cosmologically motivated regions of parameter space.
Entropy bounds and the species scale distance conjecture
Authors: Calderón-Infante J. , Castellano A. , Herráez A. , Ibáñez L. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Swampland Distance Conjecture (SDC) states that, as we move towards an infinite distance point in moduli space, a tower of states becomes exponentially light with the geodesic distance in any consistent theory of Quantum Gravity. Although this fact has been tested in large sets of examples, it is fair to say that a bottom-up justification based on fundamental Quantum Gravity principles that explains both the geodesic requirement and the exponential behavior has been missing so far. In the present paper we address this issue by making use of the Covariant Entropy Bound as applied to the EFT. When applied to backgrounds of the Dynamical Cobordism type in theories with a moduli space, we are able to recover these main features of the SDC. Moreover, this naturally leads to universal lower and upper bounds on the ‘decay rate’ parameter λsp of the species scale, that we propose as a convex hull condition under the name of Species Scale Distance Conjecture (SSDC). This is in contrast to already proposed universal bounds, that apply to the SDC parameter of the lightest tower. We also extend the analysis to the case in which asymptotically exponential potentials are present, finding a nice interplay with the asymptotic de Sitter conjecture. To test the SSDC, we study the convex hull that encodes the large-moduli dependence of the species scale. In this way, we show that the SSDC is the strongest bound on the species scale exponential rate which is preserved under dimensional reduction and we verify it in M-theory toroidal compactifications.
Multi-charged moments and symmetry-resolved Rényi entropy of free compact boson for multiple disjoint intervals
Authors: Gaur Himanshu , Yajnik Urjit A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We study multi-charged moments and symmetry-resolved Rényi entropy of free compact boson for multiple disjoint intervals. The Rényi entropy evaluation involves computing the partition function of the theory on Riemann surfaces with genus g > 1. This makes Rényi entropy sensitive to the local conformal algebra of the theory. The free compact boson possesses a global U(1) symmetry with respect to which we resolve Rényi entropy. The multi-charged moments are obtained by studying the correlation function of flux-generating vertex operators on the associated Riemann surface. Symmetry-resolved Rényi entropy is then obtained from the Fourier transforms of the charged moments. Rényi entropy is shown to have the familiar equipartition into local charge sectors upto the leading order. The multi-charged moments are also essential in studying the symmetry resolution of mutual information. The multi-charged moments of the self-dual compact boson and massless Dirac fermion are also shown to match for the cases when the associated reduced density moments are known to be the same. Finally, we numerically check our results against the tight-binding model.
The Schatten Classes of Calderón–Zygmund Operators
Authors: Villarroya Paco 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWe prove sufficient conditions for a Calderón–Zygmund operator to belong to the Schatten classes. As in the classical T1 theory, the conditions are given in terms of the smoothness of the operator kernel, and the action of both the operator and its adjoint on the function 1. To show membership to the Schatten class when $$p>2$$

p
>
2

we develop new bump estimates for composed Calderón–Zygmund operators, and a new extension of Carleson’s Embedding Theorem.
Limited Range Extrapolation with Quantitative Bounds and Applications
Authors: Cao Mingming , Liu Honghai , Si Zengyan , Yabuta Kôzô 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn recent years, sharp or quantitative weighted inequalities have attracted considerable attention on account of the $$A_2$$

A
2

conjecture solved by Hytönen. Advances have greatly improved conceptual understanding of classical objects such as Calderón–Zygmund operators. However, plenty of operators do not fit into the class of Calderón–Zygmund operators and fail to be bounded on all $$L^p(w)$$

L
p

(
w
)

spaces for $$p \in (1, \infty )$$

p
∈
(
1
,
∞
)

and $$w \in A_p$$

w
∈

A
p

. In this paper we develop Rubio de Francia extrapolation with quantitative bounds to investigate quantitative weighted inequalities for operators beyond the (multilinear) Calderón–Zygmund theory. We mainly establish a quantitative multilinear limited range extrapolation in terms of exponents $$p_i \in (\mathfrak {p}_i^-, \mathfrak {p}_i^+)$$

p
i

∈

(

p
i
-

,

p
i
+

)

and weights $$w_i^{p_i} \in A_{p_i/\mathfrak {p}_i^-} \cap RH_{(\mathfrak {p}_i^+/p_i)'}$$

w
i

p
i

∈

A

p
i

/

p
i
-

∩
R

H

(

p
i
+

/

p
i

)

′

, $$i=1, \ldots , m$$

i
=
1
,
…
,
m

, which refines a result of Cruz-Uribe and Martell. We also present an extrapolation from multilinear operators to the corresponding commutators. Additionally, our result is quantitative and allows us to extend special quantitative estimates in the Banach space setting to the quasi-Banach space setting. Our proof is based on an off-diagonal extrapolation result with quantitative bounds. Finally, we present various applications to illustrate the utility of extrapolation by concentrating on quantitative weighted estimates for some typical multilinear operators such as bilinear Bochner–Riesz means, bilinear rough singular integrals, and multilinear Fourier multipliers. In the linear case, based on the Littlewood–Paley theory, we include weighted jump and variational inequalities for rough singular integrals.
Kooperation zwischen dem Health Data Hub und dem FDZ Gesundheit am BfArM beim Aufbau des europäischen Gesundheitsdatenraums
Authors: Arzideh Roxana , Jendrossek Mario , Zittlau Irene 
Published: January 2024

ZusammenfassungIn den vergangenen Jahren hat der grenzübergreifende Austausch der europäischen Mitgliedstaaten in Bezug auf die Nutzung von Gesundheitsdaten an Relevanz zugenommen. Um der aktuell bestehenden Heterogenität und den gesundheitsbezogenen Herausforderungen gemeinschaftlich entgegenzuwirken sowie die Vision des europäischen Gesundheitsdatenraums (EHDS) unter Einhaltung der hohen Datenschutzstandards sukzessive umzusetzen, wurden unterschiedliche Projekte mit Beteiligung des Health Data Lab (HDL) am Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM) und des Health Data Hub (HDH) initiiert. Durch die enge deutsch-französische Kooperation werden einerseits Synergien geschaffen und Herausforderungen sowie Lösungsansätze europäisch beleuchtet. Andererseits fördert die Zusammenarbeit zwischen beiden Institutionen den grenzübergreifenden Wissens- und Erfahrungsaustausch, um auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene gemeinsam Herausforderungen zu begegnen und Ziele zu erreichen.
Altered expression of Sialyl Lewis X in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nunes Maria João , Carvalho Andreia Neves , Rosa Alexandra I. , Videira Paula A. , Gama Maria João , Rodrigues Elsa , Castro-Caldas Margarida 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are still not fully understood. Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification that affects protein function, cell-cell contacts and inflammation and can be modified in pathologic conditions. Although the involvement of aberrant glycosylation has been proposed for PD, the knowledge of the diversity of glycans and their role in PD is still minimal. Sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) is a sialylated and fucosylated tetrasaccharide with essential roles in cell-to-cell recognition processes. Pathological conditions and pro-inflammatory mediators can up-regulate sLeX expression on cell surfaces, which has important consequences in intracellular signalling and immune function. Here, we investigated the expression of this glycan using in vivo and in vitro models of PD. We show the activation of deleterious glycation-related pathways in mouse striatum upon treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a toxin-based model of PD. Importantly, our results show that MPTP triggers the presentation of more proteins decorated with sLeX in mouse cortex and striatum in a time-dependent manner, as well as increased mRNA expression of its rate-limiting enzyme fucosyltransferase 7. sLeX is expressed in neurons, including dopaminergic neurons, and microglia. Although the underlying mechanism that drives increased sLeX epitopes, the nature of the protein scaffolds and their functional importance in PD remain unknown, our data suggest for the first time that sLeX in the brain may have a role in neuronal signalling and immunomodulation in pathological conditions.

Key messages

MPTP triggers the presentation of proteins decorated with sLeX in mouse brain.

MPTP triggers the expression of sLeX rate-limiting enzyme FUT 7 in striatum.

sLeX is expressed in neurons, including dopaminergic neurons, and microglia.

sLeX in the brain may have a role in neuronal signalling and immunomodulation.
Age of onset for increased dose-adjusted serum concentrations of antidepressants and association with sex and genotype: An observational study of 34,777 individuals
Authors: Tveit Kristine , Hermann Monica , Nilsen Roy M. , Wallerstedt Susanna M. , Rongve Arvid , Molden Espen , Hole Kristine 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the age of onset for increased dose-adjusted serum concentrations (C/D ratio) of common antidepressant drugs and to explore the potential association with sex and CYP2C19/CYP2D6 genotype.

Methods
Serum concentrations and prescribed daily doses for citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, venlafaxine and mirtazapine, and CYP genotypes, were obtained from a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service. Segmented linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between age and antidepressant log C/D ratio in (i) all individuals, (ii) men and women, and (iii) CYP2D6/CYP2C19 normal metabolizers (NMs) and CYP2D6/CYP2C19 intermediate or poor metabolizers (IMs/PMs).

Results
A total of 34,777 individuals were included in the study; CYP genotype was available for 21.3%. An increase in C/D ratio started at 44‒55 years of age. Thereafter, the increase progressed more rapidly for citalopram and escitalopram than for venlafaxine and mirtazapine. A doubled C/D ratio was estimated to occur at 79 (citalopram), 81 (escitalopram), 86 (venlafaxine), and 90 years (mirtazapine). For sertraline, only modest changes in C/D ratio were observed. For escitalopram and venlafaxine, the observed increase in C/D ratio started earlier in women than in men. The results regarding CYP genotype were inconclusive.

Conclusion
The age-related increase in C/D ratio starts in middle-aged adults and progresses up to more than twofold higher C/D ratio in the oldest old. Sertraline seems to be less prone to age-related changes in C/D ratio than the other antidepressants.
AMWEst, a new thermostable and detergent-tolerant esterase retrieved from the Albian aquifer
Authors: Adjeroud Moussa , Kecha Mouloud , Escuder-Rodríguez Juan-José , Becerra Manuel , González-Siso María-Isabel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A fosmid library was constructed with the metagenomic DNA from the high-temperature sediment-rich water of the Albian aquifer (Algeria). Functional screening of this library was subsequently done looking for genes encoding lipolytic enzymes. We identified a novel gene named AMWEst (1209 base pairs) encoding a protein of 402 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 43.44 kDa and conferring esterase activity. AMWEst was successfully overexpressed in the yeast mesophilic host Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the expression system used proved to be efficient and produced sufficient activity for its biochemical characterization. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that AMWEst contained a conserved pentapeptide motif (Gly120-His121-Ser122-Gln123-Gly124). The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant esterase AMWEst were 8 and 80 °C, respectively. Additionally, AMWEst showed higher activity towards short carbon substrates and showed maximum activity for p-nitrophenyl hexanoate (C6). Notably, AMWEst has a remarkable thermostability, and the enzyme retains almost maximum activity at 70 °C after incubation for 1 h. Moreover, enzyme activity was enhanced by high concentrations of SDS and Triton X-100 detergents.

Key points
• A novel thermostable esterase has been retrieved through functional metagenomics
• The esterase is detergent-tolerant, which is attractive for some applications
• The esterase can be expressed in a yeast mesophilic host to enhance its yield