bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on monitoring method for crack depth of railway hollow axle during bench test
Authors: Yan Rui‐Guo , Wang Wen‐Jing , Zhou Ping‐yu , Shan Wei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHollow axles are critical safety components for high‐speed trains, and the operational safety of the axle is ensured by combining infinite life design and damage tolerance analysis based on ultrasonic testing. The establishment of the ultrasonic inspection interval requires the axle bench test, but it has been a challenge to obtain the initial crack at a determined depth. This paper proposes a method for predicting the transverse crack depth of axles by combining a full‐scale axle bench test with simulation analysis. The monitoring of crack depth is achieved by measuring the cracks on the axle surface. The crack propagation test was conducted to validate the prediction method with good results. The test results demonstrate the potential of crack monitoring methods in axle crack monitoring and provide new ideas for axle safety monitoring.
Thermal conductivity improvement in silicon nitride ceramics via grain purification
Authors: Imamura Hisayuki , Kawata Tsunehiro , Honda Sawao , Iwamoto Yuji 
Published: September 2023

Abstractβ‐silicon nitride (β‐Si3N4) ceramics with an additive oxide system of 1 wt% MgO and 3 wt% Re2O3 (Re = Gd, La, Y, and Yb) were fabricated by liquid phase sintering at 1950°C under nitrogen pressure of 748 kPa. Starting α‐Si3N4 powder with 10 vol% rod‐like β‐Si3N4 seed crystallites and an extended sintering time from 5 to 40 h resulted in the formation of bimodal microstructure composed of fine matrix grains and large grains. The 40 h‐sintered specimens of pseudo ternary β‐Si3N4‐MgO‐Gd2O3 system exhibited enhanced thermal conductivity of 127.2 ± 2.5 W m−1 K−1 associated with a degradation of the fracture strength from 1008.0 ± 38.0 to 491.7 ± 32.0 MPa, which was due to the formation of coarse‐grained aggregates that acted as both fracture origin as well as a thermal conductive pathway. The theoretical thermal conductivity was predicted for the sintered specimens by using equations based on a mean‐field micromechanics model to estimate the effective thermal conductivity of each component of binary composites. The calculation results suggested that the thermal conductivity of the large β‐Si3N4 grains (≥ 2 μm in diameter) was relatively high and estimated to be in the range of 175 to 191 Wm−1 K−1. The improved thermal conductivity of the 40 h‐sintered specimens was further discussed for the series of β‐Si3N4‐MgO‐Re2O3 systems based on the nanostructure characterization results obtained by the high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry analyses.
Interdisciplinary treatment of mutilated dentition and transverse maxillary deficiency with microimplant‐assisted rapid palatal expansion, microimplants, and dental implants
Authors: Lee Mi‐Young , Park Jae Hyun , Chang Na‐Young , Chae Jong‐Moon 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis case report demonstrates an interdisciplinary approach to treat a 26‐year‐old male patient with hyperdivergent Class II skeletal pattern, maxillary transverse deficiency, slight anterior open bite, and multiple hopeless teeth with root rests.Clinical ConsiderationsAn interdisciplinary treatment was required for oral hygiene improvement, caries treatment, extraction of residual roots and hopeless teeth, maxillary expansion using microimplant‐assisted rapid palatal expansion, improvement of skeletal and dental relationship using orthodontic microimplants, and prosthetic restorations with the aid of dental implants.ConclusionConsequently, esthetic and functional occlusal rehabilitation was achieved.Clinical SignificanceHyperdivergent Class II facial and skeletal patterns with multiple missing teeth can be effectively treated using orthodontic skeletal anchorage. In young adults, the transverse discrepancy can be resolved using MARPE, which is also useful for improving the sagittal and vertical relationships. In the case of multiple missing teeth, orthodontic treatment can provide the proper space to facilitate dental implants to achieve optimal esthetics and function.
The impact of labor on the performance of founder‐family firms
Authors: Jagannathan Murali , Myers Brett W. , Niu Xu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractFirms managed by the scions of founders continue to be prevalent in the United States despite the increase in shareholder activism over the last few decades, calling into question the argument that such organizational structures reduce firm value. Founder‐family successions are rare in high‐growth industries where the benefits of selecting from a larger pool of managers is significant. Rather, they tend to happen in low‐growth industries, in manufacturing/retail firms. Once we account for the differences in firm characteristics, we do not find that founder‐family successions reduce firm value. We explore a mechanism that compensates for the costs of choosing from a smaller pool of managers and document evidence consistent with family firms benefiting from improved labor relations.
PETROGRAPHY OF PYROBITUMENS IN MIDDLE – LATE JURASSIC SANDSTONES FROM THERMALLY DEGRADED HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATIONS, EAST GREENLAND
Authors: Strogen Dominic P. , Marshall John E. A. , Whitham Andrew G. , Andrews Steven D. 
Published: September 2023

A number of exhumed hydrocarbon traps have been described from the Traill Ø region of East Greenland. This study focuses on the Bjørnedal area where the distribution of bitumen has been mapped out. Bitumen staining clearly has a cross‐cutting relationship to stratigraphic units and can be shown to form distinct palaeo‐accumulations. Detailed petrographic studies show that bitumen occurs as late diagenetic phases in Middle to Late Jurassic sandstones, and is present both as both grain‐coating and pore‐filling phases. Geochemical analyses confirm that the bitumen is organic in composition and is composed largely of carbon and hydrogen. Both H/C ratios and bonds identified by FTIR behave as expected with increasing maturity measured using bitumen reflectance. Together, these results provide strong evidence that the material is pyrobitumen derived from the in situ thermal degradation of a liquid hydrocarbon precursor. On the basis of textures in transmitted and reflected light and quantitative bitumen reflectance distributions, two populations of pyrobitumen may be recognised in some samples.Two phases of Paleogene magmatism occurred in the Traill Ø region. The first late Paleocene – early Eocene phase was related to the opening of the northern North Atlantic in the earliest Eocene, and was experienced throughout East Greenland and the northwest European margin. The later magmatic phase was related to the gradual separation of the Jan Mayen microcontinent from East Greenland through the late Eocene – early Oligocene. A single pyrobitumen phase is recognised in accumulations only affected by the early magmatism, and a second phase is only observed in areas affected by both the early and later magmatism. This relationship is interpreted as evidence for a direct relationship between magmatic phases and bitumen generation. The presence of bitumen formed by the thermal degradation of liquid hydrocarbons during the later magmatic event suggests that a viable petroleum system remained active following the early magmatic event.
Socialisation of children to nurse and nursing images: A Goffman‐inspired thematic analysis of children's picture books in a Swedish context
Authors: Glasdam Stinne , Xu Hongxuan , Stjernswärd Sigrid 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPicture books are often part of children's socialisation processes, contributing to the children forming images of the world, including ideas about (categories of) people, such as nurses. The study aims to explore how nurses/nursing are portrayed in children's picture books in a Swedish context. Through a systematic search, 44 books were included for analysis using thematic analysis and a theoretical lens inspired by Goffman. The results were presented in three themes: ‘The costume characterised and designated nurses’, ‘Nurses and nursing were defined through specific activities and accessories’, and ‘Nurses’ role as caregivers and decency practitioners'. The results showed that nurses were depicted/described in varied contexts, performing their roles mainly front stage in ‘hands‐on work’ in close contact with patients and relatives. Nurses were attributed different accessories and personality characteristics. Nurses/nursing were generally set within a healthcare context, oftentimes within an overarching medical logic. Historical depictions of nurses' uniforms still appeared as a signifier for nurses/nursing. The presentation of nurses/nursing might have potential implications on children's understanding of and for reputations of nurses/nursing in the long term as primary socialisation and related understandings of the (sub)world(s) are deeply rooted in humans.
Identification of biomarkers related to prognosis and diagnosis of periodontitis by bioinformatics based on public database
Authors: Wang Xi , Zou Yuchun , Zhang Jingque 
Published: September 2023

AbstractObjectivesPeriodontitis is a multifactorial disease that has a negative impact on people's life. However, studies on potential key genes with excellent diagnostic value for periodontitis disease have not been systematically explored.MethodsGSE10334 data set was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Following the gene expression profiles were normalized by the Robust multi‐array average (RMA) algorithm, the differentially expressed genes were screened and incorporated into Weight gene correlation network analysis to obtain hub genes. Receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis was used to verify the validity and agility of the hub genes‐based least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model. Furthermore, we validated the expression of these hub genes by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.ResultsEight hub genes were identified and had good diagnostic values. Besides, the upregulations of eight hub genes were verified both in protein and mRNA levels in clinical periodontitis gum tissue.ConclusionWe discovered potential biomarkers in periodontitis based on the public database and these biomarkers focused on several immune responses and inflammatory pathways. Thus, this study may provide potential therapeutic targets for early diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis.
Hertz's legacy in Tractarian metaphysics1
Authors: Schmidt Martin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe influence of Heinrich Hertz's The Principles of Mechanics on Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus has been studied for decades, but it has never become a mainstream topic in the Wittgensteinian literature. This paper focusses on Tractarian notions of objects, elementary facts and elementary sentences and discusses their similarities with Hertz's concepts of mass, its constituents and their mechanistic images. As the paper demonstrates, the Hertzian context provides some fruitful interpretational leads concerning several controversial ideas endorsed by early Wittgenstein, namely propositional analysis, logical independence of elementary facts, logical independence of elementary sentences, and modalities.
Psychopathy and COVID‐19: Callousness, impulsivity, and motivational reasons for engaging in prevention behavior
Authors: Tacke Luke J. , Lishner David A. , Knepple Carney Amy , Vitacco Michael J. , Saltigerald Ben , Jacquez Haley R. , Hillman Vanessa , Meendering MacKenzie , Burgess Brittany , Smith Allison , Neumann Craig S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTwo direct replication studies were conducted to investigate the associations of psychopathic traits with engagement in COVID‐19 prevention behavior and motivational reasons for engaging in such behavior. College undergraduate students completed two self‐report measures of psychopathic traits based on the four‐factor conceptualization of psychopathy (callous affect, manipulative tendency, erratic lifestyle, criminal tendency) and the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy (meanness, disinhibition, boldness). Participants then reported the degree to which they engaged in COVID‐19 prevention behavior currently and in the past, and reported their self‐focused and other‐focused motivational reasons for doing so. Results aggregated across both studies (N = 292) revealed that traits reflecting emotional callousness and impulsivity independently predicted lower levels of other‐focused reasons for engaging in prevention behavior. Moreover, controlling for other‐focused reasons appreciably reduced negative associations of emotional callousness and impulsivity with prevention behavior. The results provide insight into points of convergence in conceptualization and measurement of psychopathy from multiple theoretical perspectives and the importance of considering the impact of divisive personality traits on motivation to protect others during pandemics.
Multi‐level Implementation of International Law: The Role of Vertical Epistemic Communities
Authors: Niederhauser Matthieu , Maggetti Martino 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSubnational entities in federal states typically retain a degree of sovereignty and enjoy leeway in implementation, raising questions such as whether—and how—international law is actually implemented at the subnational level. This article sheds light on these questions, using two contrasted case studies in Switzerland: The Istanbul Convention on domestic violence and the European Union (EU) Directive 2016/680 on data protection. Based on a document analysis of the law‐making process and 44 semi‐structured interviews with national and subnational political actors, we observe how international obligations are legally implemented, that is, transposed into legislation at the subnational level. Our results show that: (1) Subnational civil servants play a decisive role, while members of parliament are marginal. (2) Civil servants may constitute Vertical Epistemic Communities (VECs), which are able to “technicize” the issue to ensure swift implementation through administrative venues. (3) VECs are particularly influential as they use intercantonal conferences as institutional platforms to shape implementation processes. Otherwise, implementation becomes politicized, and its success strongly depends on subnational politics.
Digital connectedness and exports upgrading: Is sub‐Saharan Africa catching up?
Authors: Cariolle Joël , da Piedade Camille 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe highlight a new dimension of the submarine cable infrastructure network, termed ‘digital connectedness’, reflecting a country's digital proximity to main world markets and assess its impact on export upgrading. Using an instrumental variables approach conducted on a sample of 60 developing countries—including 23 sub‐Saharan African countries—over the period 1995–2017, we find that digital connectedness contributes positively and significantly to the export basket complexity but also points out spatial heterogeneity within our sample. In fact, estimations stress that compared to the Rest of the World, a 10 pp increase in the share of world GDP directly cabled to SSA countries leads to a supplementary increase ranging from 4.6 index points to 5.3 index points in the export complexity index. Moreover, while everywhere else the positive effect of digital connectedness declines with distance from global markets, in sub‐Saharan Africa the benefit increases. Finally, in line with the literature, improved digital connectedness also translates into higher exports of differentiated goods and greater participation in the global value chain.
Heat Transfer in an Injector-Scaled Additively Manufactured Fuel Passage
Authors: Walker Thomas D. , Bonham Clare 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of heat transfer in fuel wetted passages is important for informing injector design and life estimates due to the effects of temperature on fuel degradation. Future injectors will be manufactured using additive methods in an effort to reduce production costs and time, while also facilitating more agile design practices. Additive manufacturing (AM) is known to result in increased surface roughness compared to conventional manufacturing techniques, however limited data exist on how this roughness impacts heat transfer, particularly in liquid flows. This paper solves the inverse heat conduction problem for heat transfer coefficient in liquid flows through rough 90 deg channel bends typical of the pilot gallery in a lean direct-injection fuel spray nozzle. Heat transfer distributions across two rough surfaces are compared to an equivalent smooth surface. The two rough surfaces have different morphologies but have the same relative effective sand grain roughness which is matched to a prototype AM fuel injector. The sand grain roughness is predicted from a correlation that has been adapted for the high relative roughness scales characteristic of additively manufactured fuel passages. The effective sand grain roughness estimated from surface measurements of a prototype AM fuel gallery was ∼13% of the passage hydraulic diameter. For the two rough surfaces, the heat transfer enhancement is up to three times the smooth surface value for the straight section preceding the bend and up to four times around the bend. Heat transfer distributions across the two rough surfaces are similar, but the magnitudes differ by ∼17% depending on the surface morphology. This highlights the importance of the heat transfer effectiveness of surface features, which unlike the sand grain roughness is not matched for the two surfaces considered. Adjusting the data for differences in heat transfer effectiveness corrects the average heat transfer for the rough surfaces to within 7%.
Compressor Design for Compact, Highspeed Electric Motors
Authors: Teichel Sönke , Çokşen Ahmet , Handschuh Philipp 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
High-speed electric drives and compact turbo compressors allow to increase efficiency and decrease size of gas supply systems. A new high-speed drive platform using highly loaded electrical components and passive gas bearings is introduced. Aiming at a large variety of gas supply applications (e.g. general air supply, fuel cell gas supply, refrigeration), the required mass flow, pressure ratio and power also greatly varies. To cover all applications, the full design space of axial, mixed, and radial flow compressors is relevant. In this paper, general design considerations for electrically powered, compact compressors are presented along with exemplary compressor designs. These designs are investigated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as well as experimental tests. Using test data, it is shown that the numerical predictions in terms of compressor performance agree well with the experimental results. The test data confirm that gas supply system efficiencies above 55% are possible with compact turbo compressors.
A Machine Learning Approach for Probabilistic Evaluation of Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Diermeier Florian , Voigt Matthias , Mailach Ronald , Meyer Marcus 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The geometric shape of turbine blades varies due to manufacturing scatter and wear. The influence of these variations on the stresses can be quantified using probabilistic methods. This requires several finite element analyses. However, to obtain statistically reliable results, a large number of deterministic calculations are required. In this context, the use of deep neural networks (DNN) is a promising approach to replace finite element calculations. Unlike traditional surrogate models such as polynomials, DNNs are able to use data from multiple nodes simultaneously. They can exploit the interdependence of result values from locally nearby nodes without the need for a topologically identical mesh in the finite element analysis (FEA). This is a significant advantage over conventional surrogate models that must be evaluated at topologically identical positions.
To introduce and validate the approach, a probabilistic analysis of an FEA model of a beam is performed. Training and benchmark data are generated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The separate benchmark data is used to validate the model. A sensitivity analysis using the Coefficient of Importance serves as a demonstration example of probabilistic methods. The developed method is then applied to local results on an evaluation mesh of a cooled turbine blade model. A sensitivity study is carried out with the validated model and the results are compared with a previous publication.
Finally, a DNN model is trained on the MCS data of the turbine blade model without using an evaluation mesh. Good agreement is obtained with the approximation of a new parameter set using this model. It is shown that the DNN is a promising surrogate model for probabilistic analysis.
Applicability of Numerical Simulation to the Classification of Fluid Dynamic Loss in Aeroengine Transmission Gears
Authors: Arisawa Hidenori , Tanaka Mitsuaki , Hashimoto Hironori , Goi Tatsuhiko , Banno Takahiko , Imai Hideyuki 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In high-speed gear systems for aeroengines, reducing the fluid dynamic loss, which accounts for the majority of power loss, can significantly improve fuel economy. However, few practical numerical examples are available regarding high-speed gas-liquid two-phase flows involving gear meshing and gear shrouds (gear enclosures, which are effective for loss reduction).
Therefore, in this study, the porosity method for object boundaries including the gear meshing, the volume of fluid method, and the surface compression method for the gas-liquid interface were used as fast and numerically stable calculation methods. In addition, a gap was provided at the contact surface of the gear tooth surface to improve the calculation stability, and the oil properties were set considering the difference between the flow resistance in a two-phase flow and that in a single-phase flow (due to the separation of oil particles) to improve the calculation accuracy.
To validate the numerical simulation method, a two-axis helical gearbox with a maximum peripheral speed of 100 m/s with specifications equivalent to aeroengine gears was used, and the air flow, oil flow, and fluid dynamic losses were validated. Once the practical accuracy was confirmed, the numerical simulation was used to understand the relationship among air and oil flows, torque, and the effect of the shroud. Consequently, the fluid dynamic loss could be classified phenomenologically.