bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gustav Mahler
Authors: Louis De La Grange Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gustav Mahler was one of the supremely gifted musicians of his generation. His contemporaries came to know him as a composer of startling originality whose greatest successes with the public never failed to provoke controversy among the critics. As a conductor, his relentless pursuit of perfection was sometimes viewed as tyrannical by the singers and musicians who came under his baton. Professor Henry-Louis de La Grange has devoted over thirty years of painstaking research to this study of Mahlers life and works. His biography, ultimately to be completed in four volumes, is drawn from a vast archive of documents, autographs, and pictures, assembled by La Grange at the Bibliothèque Musicale Gustav Mahler, Paris. This third volume covers the years 1904-1907 and shows Mahler in his final years at the Hofoper coping with the rival demands on his energy and creative powers of the Opera on the one hand and his continuing struggle for recognition as a composer in his own right on the other. The first signs of marital difficulties with Alma emerge. Mahlers trials culminate in 1907 with the death of Putzi, his eldest daughter, a terminal crisis at the Opera which makes him decide to leave Vienna, and the alarming diagnosis by the doctors of a cardiac deficiency. True to life portraits are drawn of Mahler the human being, the family man, and the composer, as well as the administrator, producer, and conductor at the Vienna Opera. Innumerable testimonies and anecdotes throw new light on the many aspects of Mahler’s complex personality.
Mutants in Metabolism
Authors: King John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physiological geneticist working with plants faces a number of major problems when approaching the isolation, characterization, and use of metabolic mutants. First, there is inadequate knowledge of metabolic pathways and their regulation. Without information of this kind, the devising of selection methods and of analyzing mutants is that much more difficult. Second, because of the prevalence of polyploidy throughout the plant kingdom, the production of true haploids containing only one basic chromosome set (monohaploids) is difficult. In the case of an autotetraploid, such as potato or alfalfa, reduction to the gametic chromosome number creates a dihaploid that still possesses two similar sets of chromosomes.
Mutants Affecting the Chloroplast and Photosynthesis
Authors: King John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photosynthesis is, essentially, the only path through which energy can be introduced into the living world. Because of this, great emphasis has been placed on understanding the complex processes that comprise photosynthesis. Mutants have been one of the tools used to dissect and analyze the photosynthetic apparatus. An array of genotypes has been generated in a variety of ways and a number of classes of these mutants have been of significant value in biochemical and physiological studies of both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. Case Studies 3-1 to 3-4 deal with mutants that have defects in some component(s) of the light reactions. Case Studies 3-5 and 3-6 give examples of mutants with lesions in the dark metabolic pathways.
The Problem of the Essential Indexical
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I once followed a trail of sugar on a supermarket floor, pushing my cart down the aisle on one side of a tall counter and back the aisle on the other, seeking the shopper with the torn sack to tell him he was making a mess. With each trip around the counter, the trail became thicker. But I seemed unable to catch up. Finally it dawned on me. I was the shopper I was trying to catch.
At A Crossroads: Shaping of Postwar Science
Authors: Kay Lily E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Shall we be free to ‘work as we please’?” wondered the influential Rockefeller trustee Henry Allen Moe in 1944 in his triangulations of European, American, and the Foundation’s interests. No one knows what Europe will be like after the war, he admitted, but it will be different and probably less favorable to the Foundation’s activities. Up until the war, he reassured his colleagues, Europeans perceived America as a neutral and generous world benefactor, making Europe particularly accessible to American ideas and technologies. This perception enabled the Foundation “to foster directly or indirectly, certain ‘American-born’ ideas, without provoking any suspicion of ulterior motive—everything that came from America in the way of ideas was regarded as a sort of Gospel. This will no longer be the case,” he warned.
Lasers Coupled with Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Nuwaysir Lydia M , Wilkins Charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) has evolved as a versatile analytical tool capable of ultrahigh resolution, accurate mass measurement, and low-pressure chemical ionization. In addition to its applicability for structure analysis, it also facilitates study of positive- and negative-ion gas-phase ion-molecule reactions. Many excellent review articles summarizing the numerous analytical, environmental, biological, and physical applications of FTMS have been published.1-5 Because of its wide mass range, FTMS permits analysis of otherwise refractory substances.
Resolution and Sensitivity in Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Opsal Richard B , Colby Steven M , Wilkerson Charles W , Reilly James P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been more than a decade since the successful demonstration of single atom detection by two-step laser ionization of alkali atoms.1 This pioneering physics experiment did more than elegantly demonstrate the simplicity and power of resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization; it captured the imagination of analytical chemists who for years had considered nanogram to picogram detection sensitivity for most techniques as state of the art.
Becoming Public Women: Women and Work
Authors: Michie Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paradox that characterizes nineteenth-century representations of women’s hunger-its banishment to the margins as a taboo and its rich and compelling return in the metaphoric subtexts of Victorian culture-is replicated in the representation of women’s work. Because, like eating, women’s work was perceived as closely involving women’s bodies, it is rarely represented in canonical texts; banning work and eating becomes a way of banning or censoring the female body. The dense metaphoric networks associated with women’s work, however, make the representations of it that do exist all the more compelling, physical and sexual.
Re-membering the Body: Contemporary Feminism and Representation
Authors: Michie Helena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “she” of “Feminist” might well be a Jenny wakened into consciousness and into the center of the poem; hers is the only action, the poem itself her unmediated territory which we see through her own, opened eyes. The guineas “Jenny” ‘s narrator places in her hair, signalling her victimization by and her complicity in a phallic economy, melt into shadows that are both sinister and insubstantial: sinister because they are tokens of a past in which a woman’s hair was simultaneously a sign of her sexuality and a synecdoche that figured female dismemberment, and insubstantial because Brown, one of feminism’s greatest optimists, has the bravado to suggest that this past and its signs can be shaken loose in a single physical gesture from the very symbol of its misogynist power.
Introduction
Authors: Swearingen C Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the case of Socrates this self-knowledge was scarcely so full of content, for it properly contained no more than the separation and differentiation of that which only subsequently became the object of knowledge. The expression “know thyself” means: separate yourself from the other. SIJ)REN KIERKEGAARD, The Concept of Irony For in old days at all events the system of instruction seems to have imparted education both in right conduct and in good speech; nor were the professors in two separate groups, but the same masters gave instruction both in ethics and in rhetoric....Socrates robbed [the liberal sciences] of this general designation, and in his discussions separated the science of wise thinking from that of elegant speaking, though in reality they are closely linked together… This is the source from which has sprung the undoubtedly absurd and unprofitable and repre­hensible severance between the tongue and brain, leading to our having one set of professors to teach us to think and anoth­er to teach us to speak.
The Dialectical Scheme
Authors: Meinwald Constance C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transitional section of the Parmenides occurs at 135c8-137c3. I call it “transitional” because of its role in connecting the exchange between Parmenides and Socrates (which revealed Socrates’ inability to uphold his views about forms) with the second part of the dialogue (Parmenides’ dialectical display). The transition is effected as follows: Parmenidcs tells Socrates that before he can get things right he will have to do a certain kind of exercise, involving the deriving of certain specified sets of results from a series of so-called hypotheses. Parm enides describes the exercise repeatedly. First he describes what the exercise would amount to when starting from Zeno’s hypothesis and then in the case of the hypothesis: if Likeness is. He continues with a general description of the exercise that abstracts from the particular choice of subject (or associated hypothesis). When Socrates says that he has not understood this advice, Parmenides is prevailed upon to demonstrate the exercise. Before starting his display, he announces what hypothesis he will take.
Hypotheses, Probability, and Waves
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The so-called method of hypothesis consists of deriving consequences from an hypothesis, and if the consequences are observed to be true, concluding that the hypothesis is true or at least probable. Mill rejects this as a method for establishing either the truth or the probability of hypotheses, on the grounds that conflicting hypotheses are possible from which the same true consequences can be derived; unless such alternatives can be excluded, nothing can be inferred about the truth or probability of any hypothesis being considered.
The Only Game in Town
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most frequent criticism of the method of hypothesis, or hypothetico-deductivism, is the “possibility of competitors” argument. You propose an hypothesis that entails known observational phenomena and successfully predicts new ones. Because of this you claim support for your hypothesis. If a range of different phenomena is derived (what Whewell, for example, calls consilience-see Essay 4), you may indeed claim high probability for your hypothesis. Now a criticism of this procedure-one typically voiced by champions of induction such as Newton and Mill-is this. There may be competing hypotheses that entail the very same phenomena. If such competitors exist, you cannot claim substantial probability for your favorite hypothesis.
The Trial of Curiosity
Authors: Posnock Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study integrates literary and biographical criticism with social and cultural theory to make a major advance in our understanding of the life of two of America's most luminous intellectual figures. The central premise is that to contextualize the novelist inevitably involves assessing his relationship with his elder brother, William, and the study reveals how the psychological and cultural components of the Henry/William relation reciprocally interact. Posnock provides a new way to think about the relation of the brothers to each other and to their larger cultural moment: the challenge and trauma of early twentieth-century modernity.
Reading Zarathustra
Authors: Higgins Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus Spoke Zarathustra was recommended to me when I was a high school senior, and I asked a fellow teenager who was reading it what the book was like. “Nietzsche’s kind of like a perverted Kahlil Gibran,” she told me. And when I perused the book for myself, I saw what she meant. Zarathustra was a prophet, and his sermons, although filled with blasphemous precepts, were pretentiously biblical in tone. I was annoyed even before I finished the prologue. The surreal plot seemed more theater of the absurd than philosophy, and I was appalled when Zarathustra tossed off his famous “God is dead” as a mere subordinate clause. (“Could it be possible? This old saint in the forest has not yet heard anything of this, that God is dead!”1) Interesting as some of Zarathustra’s comments were, he was too smug for me. I lasted only somewhere into part I. Setting the book aside, I did not reopen it for nearly a year.
Waking Giants
Authors: Schneidau Herbert N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schneidau's concern is with the way in which Modernism, named for its avant-garde propaganda, reveals itself to be dominated by a keen awareness, usually joyous, of the possibilities of the past recurring in the present. He argues that this idea represents a significant nexus in Modernism, an illuminating connection that explains some otherwise puzzling relationships.
Non-Mendelian Genetics in Humans
Authors: Ostrer Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When rediscovered at the turn of the century, Mendel's laws were found to be applicable to humans, but from the beginning they were fraught with problems. Sex-linked traits and linked genes defied Mendel's rules. Later, other exceptions were found, including sporadic cases, non-penetrance, variable expressivity, and preferential parental transmission. In this book, Harry Ostrer observes that some of these problems can be explained by incomplete ascertainment, typing errors and modifying genes. He then goes on to systematically explore the evidence for a number of newer genetic processes that were not foreseen by Mendel and his intellectual heirs, examining the molecular basis for these processes and their effects on transmission and phenotype. He shows that these non-Mendelian processes--gonadal and somatic mosaicism, sex-linked inheritance, mitochondrial transmission, genomic imprinting, accelerated rates of mutation, and viral infection--resolve many of the exceptions to Mendelian inheritance. He also provides a complete review of Mendelian genetics, as well as an overview of the structure and functions of genes, chromosomes, and their products. Thus the book presents a holistic view of human genetics. In the last chapter, Ostrer grapples with the possibilities for identifying new genetic processes, and with genetic determinism--the view that a person's phenotype is fully subject to his or her genetic constitution. He contends that despite the large number of genetic combinations, phenotypes cannot be predicted precisely, even with sufficient computing power. Genetic processes are frequently modified by environmental exposure or they may be random or stochastic in their occurrence. Hence, there are innate limits to genetic determinism. Although prediction of phenotype based on genotype will improve in the future as all of the human genes are identified, such predictions will always remain imprecise.
The Short, Happy Life of Commercial Surrogacy
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Law has become part of popular culture, and this is probably good.1 The People ‘s Court brings Judge Joseph P. Wapner into our homes five days a week to decide disputes between real people. L.A. Law, properly described as one part L.A. and one part law, has been said to have had “a beneficial influence on popular conceptions of law and legal ethics.” To sustain audiences, L.A. Law has had to ignore the more than 95 percent tedium of a typical law practice and concentrate instead on the spectacularly controversial cases that make the national press, such as “medical ethics” issues involving the termination of life support, a psychiatrist ‘s duty to warn others of his patient ‘s dangerousness, and forcing a terminally ill pregnant woman to have a cesarean section. One can argue persuasively that all of these cases were dealt with ineptly from a legal perspective, but they were presented in an entertaining manner, and entertainment is what television is all about.
Death and the Magic Machine: Consent to the Artificial Heart
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial heart implants represent the most public and publicized human experiments in the history of the world, and as such can be used to illustrate generic legal and ethical issues in human experimentation.1 In Solzhenitsyn ‘s Cancer Ward, Oleg Kostoglotov is confronted by his doctor, Ludmilla Afanasyevna. The doctor wants to use an experimental hormone treatment, but the patient refuses. Psychiatrist Jay Katz argues in his Silent World of Doctor and Patient that what makes conversation impossible between them is the patient ‘s undisclosed intention of leaving the hospital to treat himself with “a secret medicine, a mandrake root from Issyk Kul.” Oleg could not trust the doctor with this information because the doctor would disagree and make the treatment decision for him regardless of his wishes, because the doctor believed “doctors are entitled to that right....
Rationing Medical Care
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
rris Wofford summed up the feelings of many Americans in his successful 1991 senatorial campaign when he said: “If criminals have a right to a lawyer, I think working Americans should have the right to a doctor.” Our health care system is sick and more than tinkering is required to fix it. Although we spend more money as both a percentage of gross national product and per capita on medical care than any other country in the world, we continue to have a nonsystem. Almost 40 million citizens, one-third of them children, are completely uninsured and are effectively rationed right out of the system. This inequity is no longer socially or ethically tolerable. Almost 90 percent of Americans agree that our health care system needs “fundamental change”; when compared to countries like Canada and En gland, our system has been accurately described as the most expensive, least well-liked, least equitable, and perhaps least efficient system of health care delivery in the world. It is wasteful, technologically-driven, death-denying, legalistic, and individualistic. The three major issues are how to control cost, maintain quality, and improve access. The policy problem we have consistently refused to ac knowledge is that all three of these issues must be dealt with simultaneously.
Sophistry About Conventions
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sophists are once again among us. Like Socrates, we need a “true rhetoric.” That is, we need a form of discourse about literature that concerns itself with real things of serious human importance and that reveres, in so doing, the recently despised notions of truth, objectivity, even of validity in argument, clarity in definition. For if we are talking about real things, it does matter, and matter deeply, whether we say this or that, since human life, much though we may regret the fact, is not simply a matter of free play and unconstrained making. And if it matters, it is worth taking the pains to do years of undramatic, possibly tedious, rigorous work to get it right.
Population Growth, Mortality, and the Fishing Process
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population dynamics is the study of how and why a population changes. Quantitative population dynamics is the mathematical and statistical representation of a population and its changes. To understand the dynamics of a population, principles of biological life history need to be represented by coherent mathematical and statistical expressions. We use two common mathematical principles to represent change of a population: difference equations (Goldberg 1958) and differential equations (Braun 1983). In a difference equation, time is viewed as an ordinal index at discrete points. In a differential equation, time is used as a continuous variable. In this section, we consider simple models for population size based on minimal biological complexity.
Delay-Difference Models
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The class of delay-difference models represents a middle ground between simple, but biologically unrealistic, production models and complicated vector-based age-specific population models. They differ fundamentally from production models in chapter 2 in that delay-difference models explicitly contain the age-structured dynamics of a population, including the lag between spawning and recruitment. The reduction in complexity over formal vector-based models is possible because of simplifying assumptions about the dynamics of the population. A series of delay-difference models of increasing complexity is described in this chapter. We begin with models for which individual size or age does not affect survival or fecundity of adult individuals (i.e., individuals at least r years of age), such as discussed by Allen (1963), Clark (1976b), Deriso (1978, 1980, 1985a), Schnute (1985), and Bergh and Getz (1988).
Variations in Population Size
Authors: Temkin Larry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issue of whether inequality is affected by a society’s size has received little attention-in part, because debates regarding the “ideal” size of populations have focused on broadly utilitarian concerns and, in part, because the issue is one about which most have (implicitly) agreed. Nevertheless, the issue is complicated and will be resolved, if at all, only with careful deliberation.
Introduction
Authors: Haldane John , Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last twenty-five or so years, analytical philosophy has revived many of the traditional metaphysical concerns which, during its first half century, it found reason to bury. During this renaissance no cluster of issues has loomed larger than those very general questions concerning the relationship of mind and world which are debated by realism, of various stripes, and its various forms of opponent. The essays published here cover a wide conspectus of the issues about realism which have been of greatest concern in recent discussion.
Understanding Scepticism
Authors: Craig Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be asked to write about Realism and Scepticism is rather like being given the classic military order to go and do something somewhere: a great deal is left to one’s initiative. Recent work on realism and anti-realism has brought to the limelight a number of doctrines, in some cases closely related, in others less closely. But it has had little tendency to hone the word ‘realism’ itself down to a sharp semantic point. As for scepticism, it is true that one continually hears philosophers speak of ‘the sceptic’ in ways which suggest that they take those words to identify some view precise enough for conclusive discussion. If so, they make an assumption which does not so much define scepticism as deserve it.