bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opening arguments: Biology
Authors: Ceci Stephen J , Williams Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we review evidence for the alleged role of biology in producing sex differences in math-intensive fields, to parallel what we did in Chapter 2 for the alleged role of the environment. Here we will describe findings on brain organization, hormones, and putative evolutionary influences. We will also delve into differences in early spatial skills that show up prior to the onset of schooling, which suggest biological rather than environmental origin—at least to many researchers.
General Principles of Expression continued
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will now consider our second principle, that of antithesis.* Certain states of the mind lead, as we have seen in the last chapter, to certain habitual movements which were primarily, or may still be, of service; and we shall find that when a directly opposite state of mind is induced, there is a strong and involuntary tendency to the performance of movements of a directly opposite nature, though these have never been of any service. A few striking instances of antithesis will be given, when we treat of the special expressions of man; but as, in these cases, we are particularly liable to confound conventional or artificial gestures and expressions with those which are innate or universal, and which alone deserve to rank as true expressions, I will in the present chapter almost confine myself to the lower animals.
Disdain Contempt Disgust Guilt Pride, Etc. Helplessness Patience Affirmation and Negation
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scorn and disdain can hardly be distinguished from contempt, excepting that they imply a rather more angry frame of mind. Nor can they be clearly distinguished from the feelings discussed in the last chapter under the terms of sneering and defiance. Disgust is a sensation rather more distinct in its nature, and refers to something revolting, primarily in relation to the sense of taste, as actually perceived or vividly imagined; and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling, through the sense of smell, touch, and even of eyesight. Nevertheless, extreme contempt, or, as it is often called, loathing contempt, hardly differs from disgust. These several conditions of the mind are, therefore, nearly related; and each of them may be exhibited in many different ways. Some writers have insisted chiefly on one mode of expression, and others on a different mode. From this circusstance M. Lemoyne has argued that their descriptions are not trustworthy. But we shall immediately see that it is natural that the feelings which we have here to consider should be expressed in many different ways, inasmuch as various habitual actions serve equally well, through the principle of association, for their expression.
Ancestral Curses
Authors: West Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But it is not as simple as that. Already in Homer we can see a distinction between a simple prayer for someone’s harm and the curse proper. When, at the outset of the Iliad, Chryses prays to Apollo that the Danaans may pay the price for the distress they have caused him by taking his daughter, we cite this as a fine illustration of Greek prayer form, and we do not at all think of it as a curse. It stands in clear contrast to the two parental cursings recalled in book 9: the one where Phoenix’s father Amyntor invoked the Erinyes to see to it that Phoenix should never have a son, and his prayers were answered by Zeus of the Underworld and Persephone;1 and the other where Meleager’s mother prayed to the gods for his death, crouching and sobbing and beating the earth with her hands as she called upon Hades and Persephone, and the pitiless Erinys heard her prayer from Erebos. In both these cases the Erinyes, the powers of vengeance, and the gods of the Underworld are involved.
The Mausoleum Friezes before 1855
Authors: Cook B F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum on the south-west coast of Turkey) owed its place among the seven wonders of the world partly to its size and extraordinary architecture, and partly to the enormous quantity of sculpture that embellished it. Architecturally it was very influential: its form was widely imitated and developed during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, and has been echoed in more recent buildings. Its very name acquired a generic use in Latin and later languages as the word for a monumental tomb.
Introductio
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we think of Attic writing we think first of the inscriptions on stone, which appear in quantity after the Persian Wars. But these inscriptions give a very one-sided, not to say distorted, picture of the art of writing as it must have been practised on papyrus and wax tablets, and as it is reflected in painted and scratched inscriptions on various materials from the beginning of the introduction of the alphabet.
Introduction
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1948, the archaeologist Einar Gjerstad, director of the Swedish Cyprus Expedition from 1927 to 1931, published the results of his expedition’s research on Iron Age Cyprus. In doing so, he provided a historical framework upon which subsequent accounts of the island’s past have relied.1 Prior to 1948, the work of Oberhummer, Myres, and Hill had served as the basis for all general surveys of Cypriot archaeology and history.
Cyprus and Egypt
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was reminded of India—Eastern customs, Eastern dress, Eastern smells! The narrow street of this particular bazaar was roofed over with pieces of cloth or other material which had been slung across as a protection against the heat of the sun. Moslems and Greeks were here in numbers sitting outside their little shops or by their stalls of vegetables, fruit, or other commodities, some carrying on bargains, others merely enjoying a gossip. I noticed a board outside one of the little shops advertising the inevitable Singer sewing machines, without which no Eastern bazaar seems complete. I had seen these sewing machines in every village I visited in Egypt; they were even to be found in proud display at the desert oasis of Faiyum. It was not surprising therefore to find they had also invaded the bazaars of Cyprus.
The Sylloge Parisina
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
S is contained in one manuscript of the thirteenth century (Paris. suppl. gr. 352). But there is also one fourteenth-century manuscript (Paris. gr. 1630) that contains what appears in the main to be a rearranged excerpt from S, generally known as B. S has 114 epigrams, B 53 of which 9 are absent from S. Coincidence in error where they overlap removes any possibility of doubt: B is an excerpt from a fuller version of S. Its additional poems, consisting mainly of oracles and problems, have been discussed above. In general, however, the order of the poems in B is too much disturbed to render it of any independent value for study of the poems preserved in S. But it does prove what should already have been inferred from the structure of S itself: that S is incomplete.
The Suda
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Suda is a lexicon compiled some time probably during the second half of the tenth century, a product of the antiquarianism and research that characterized the age of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. In the matter of epigrams the contrast with the mid-ninth-century lexicon of Photius is striking. There are a mere five quotations from epigrams in Photius, three of which are absent from the Cephalan tradition. The fourth appears in a different form as AP ix. 700 and the fifth as AP xiii. 29. In the Suda, by contrast, there are 1,076 epigram quotations, from 430 different epigrams, all of which appear in AP. In addition, the Suda quotations reflect exactly the same wide and idiosyncratic range of poets as all the other Cephalan derivatees discussed in the preceding chapters: both the Garlands, the Cycle, Rufinus, the Diogenes Laertius sequence (vii. 83 f.), the Anacreon and Simonides sequences (vi. 134 f., 212 f.), even vi. 322 by the Emperor Hadrian.
AP xv, Constantine the Rhodian, and J
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There remains the collection of epigrams on pp. 664—706 of the Palatine MS misleadingly known as AP xv. Misleadingly, because there can be no question of it actually forming a part of Cephalas’ anthology. Contrary to what printed editions imply, it does not even follow AP xiv. The central epigrammatic corpus of AP is preceded and followed by some notable specimens of early Byzantine ecphrastic poetry. On pp. 1—48 stand two ecphraseis by Paul the Silentiary and some poems of Gregory Nazianzen; on pp. 643—64. 20, following AP xiv, John of Gaza’s ecphrasis of the world map in the winter baths at Gaza. It is not till p. 664. 24 f. that AP xv begins. Whatever we decide about AP i—iv, it seems clear that, for the Palatine scribes at least, xv had nothing to do with the main epigrammatic books v—xiv. Add to this the facts that it lacks a ‘Cephalan’ preface, consists disproportionately of ninth- and tenth-century rather than classical epigrams, and contains one poem (xv. 15) written if not (as commonly supposed) after the death of Leo the Wise, at any rate not before 908, and so after the appearance of Cephalas (before 907), and the conclusion is inescapable that xv is not Cephalan.
Homeric Soundings
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book combines the exploration of the`ethics' of the Iliad with its poetic and narrative techniques, which extend all the way from touches of phrasing to the shaping of whole scenes and the interaction between scenes, often separated by thousands of lines. These two approaches to the Iliad through ̀content̀ and through ̀form̀—are found to be inextricably worked together, which is why the book consists of ̀soundingś, or sample explorations, where larger arguments branch out from noticing details in the formation of particular passages. Homer was an archaic poet, and even if he could write he surely created the poems to be heard. Far from making all this intricate complexity, the discoveries of many rereadings, inapposite, this book maintains the contrary position: the kind of artistry uncovered, especially the long-distance interconnections, would be more rather than less accessible if perceived aurally. Furthermore, if the form and timing of the long sessions are arranged by the performer, then this opens up further opportunities for shapings, patterns that would be far more apparent when heard in real time than when inside the uniform format of printed pages. These `soundings' should interest those experienced in other literatures and cultures. All quotations of Greek are also given in translation.
The Past Beneath the Present
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iliad is much too good to begin at the beginning (or to end at the end). It begins at an exact time, the day that Chryses comes to the ships; but an extraordinary amount about the past is filled in by piecemeal reconstruction, especially during the first three and a half books. It is not, of course, blocked out in chronological order; and it is conveyed by a wide variety of narrative techniques, ranging from direct narration, to symbolic re-enactment, to passing allusions fitting the ’jig-saw’ as it has been pieced together so far. Always the poet controls the sequence and the developing picture perceived by his hearers.
Sophistic Display: The Florida
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The version of Apuleius’ Florida transmitted by the manuscript tradition, containing some forty pages of modern text, is evidently a collection of excerpts; the more than twenty sections distinguished in modern texts within these forty pages are dearly disparate extracts rather than a continuous whole, extracts which vary in length from six or seven lines (Flor. 5) to six or seven pages (Flor. 9, 16, and 18). This chapter will consider the transmission and title of the collection, analyse its contents with a view to establishing links with the literary culture of the Roman empire in the second century AD, especially Greek sophistic texts, and finally suggest the principles upon which it was excerpted. There is as yet no published commentary on the Florida, remarkable given its literary quality and cultural interest, though there has been much useful work.; for reasons of space, this account cannot offer an extensive commentary, especially on the longer pieces, but will aim to give the reader some idea of the character of the work and of each extract. The reader is assumed to have Vallette’s Budé text (1924) to hand (references are to its sections).
Review
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a major contribution to Aeschylean textual criticism. Mr Dawe gives a full collation of sixteen MSS (one more is cited occasionally); seven of these were not used by Wilamowitz, six being suggested by Turyn as better representatives of &lt;P than some Wilamowitz did use, and one chosen at random (I, Iviron 209). I is collated for Aeschylus for the first time, and previous collations of other MSS are superseded. For this alone we should be deeply indebted to him; but he has also shown by this evidence that the stemma established by Wilamowitz and elaborated by Turyn must be discarded. The apparatus cannot be accounted for by descent from a medieval archetype, or by vertical descent at all. We have to do with an open recension; at least two, perhaps more, uncial copies (of the triad) survived, and horizontal transmission took place at every stage.
Agamemnon 1127 and the Limits of Hyperbaton
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Page in his note holds that µrJxavnµan refers to the weapon, and that µeJayxeQ&lt;p . . . µr,xavnµan must therefore be taken closely with rvnut; and he produces a number of examples from early poetry to refute Fraenkel’s view that the resulting interlaced order is impossible. I shall argue (i) that his examples of hyperbaton do not support his conclusion; (ii) that, apart from word-order, his view is untenable.
Notes on Greek Tragedy, I
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These senses may be roughly classified as follows: (i) and (ii) refer to the (agreeable) effect the thing or person so described has, or may be expected to have, on others, without specifying what gives rise to it, (iii) specifies a particular kind of overt behaviour, compatible with good or bad intentions (‘whatever his feelings towards me, he is certainly courteous and agreeable’); (iv) specifies a disposition towards others in the person so described, referring to intentions rather than overt behaviour; (v), the adverbial use, is the reverse side of (i) and (ii)—it refers to the agreeable effect from the point of view of the person experiencing it.
Phaedrus and Folklore: An Old Problem Restated
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was once a man in a certain village in the mountains, who made his living by making up stories, which he used to tell to the people of his village to while away their evenings. One day he went on a journey to a strange village far away in the plains, and there he saw a group of men sitting round another story-teller. Being curious to learn whether his rival was as good a story-teller as he was, he joined the group and listened. He was astonished to find that the story being told was one he had made up himself. So when the story-teller had finished, the man took him aside and said, ‘That was a good story, but it is my story, which I made up, and you must pay me money for it.’ ‘You are wrong,’ said his rival. ‘It is my story, for I made it up myself this morning.’
Sophocles, Trachiniae 94-102
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
and especially (‘a passage ... which comes very close to Sophocles in spirit’) H. Cer. 69 ff, where ‘Demeter visits the Sun and implores him, “you wholook down on all earth and sea ... tell me truly of my dear child, if you have seen her anywhere, who has gone off with her ... “.
The Scope and Limits of Allusion In Greek Tragedy
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question whether the audiences of Greek tragedy knew the legends well or not is an old one. Aristotle, speaking presumably ofhis own day, says they did not; Antiphanes, a decade or so earlier, in a comic account of the advantages of tragedians over himself, says they did. The point of this paper is not to answer the question but to pose it in another form; how far did the tragic dramatists count on their audience taking the allusions in their plays and filling in for themselves what was not actually stated; and-a complementary question, equally important but less often raised-how far could their audiences be counted on to recognize a departure from traditional legend, that is, not to fill in for themselves what was not intended to be filled in? In the latter part, I shall be arguing against what seem on the way to becoming new orthodoxies.
Lucian’s Introductions
Authors: Nesselrath H G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lucian’s introductions (or prolaliai) and comparable pieces by other ancient writers have never been exactly showered with scholarly attention; in this century, apart from two recent short papers by Graham Anderson and Robert Bracht Branham, there are only two articles published in 1949 by Karl Mras and still earlier a Konigsberg dissertation De prolaliarum usu rhetorico of 1911 by Aloysius Stock, who, taking Lucian’s pieces as a starting-point, succeeded in outlining the general development of the form of prolaliai in antiquity. Short treatments of Lucia nic prolaliai can, of course, be found in more general works on Lucian. Authors of these, like Jacques Bompaire and Christo pher Robinson, tend to take a positive view of Lucian’s intro ductions; not so Graham Anderson, who dismisses them as belonging to ‘the slightest trifles among the vast amount of ephemera produced by the Second Sophistic’ . We shall have to take sides in this controversy; but first something has to be said about the genre or sub-genre (or whatever) of the rhetorical introduction of prolalia as such.
The People of Aristophanes
Authors: Silk Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristophanes is not, in the ordinary sense, a difficult writer, and many of the incidental difficulties which he does pose—say, those involving intricate verbal jokes—are well understood by his interpreters. The diverse creatures who people his plays, however, pose special problems of interpretation. Consider the following representative instances from Thesmophoriazusae, which serve to suggest some pertinent questions. The instances are transparently uncomplicated-and therefore convenient to begin with.
Thesmophoriazusae is a striking mixture of (inter alia) broad comedy and devotional lyrics. Some of the broad comedy and all of the devotional lyrics are carried by one set of people, the women at the Thesmophoria—some of them in the chorus, some ostensibly among ‘the characters’.
Accusative Theme-Word Patterns
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In musical pieces, especially those that tell a story, the musical motif often has a ’meaning’. Thus we find tonal/rhythmic sequences which are regularly associated with a specific character or situation. Prokofiev’s Peter and the Wolf and the operas of Wagner contain many well-known examples: ’the Wolf’, ’Peter’, ’the Grail’, ’the Valkyrie’. Musical motifs are generally assigned a meaning within a particular work, or group of works, by means of repeated association with a theme. This repetition allows a properly conditioned audience (i.e. an experienced audience) to identify and interpret particular musical sequences as signs. The musical motif is a good analogy in discussion of the semantic functions of shape and position. It shows us (1) that a work of art can create its own ’lexical items’, and (2) that it can do so by assigning meaning to formal structure.
Religious Authority and the Roman State
Authors: Rives J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter II I traced the development of a Romano-African elite in Carthage and its territory, people who considered themselves simultaneously Roman and African. By the end of the second century CE, their African heritage was no longer seen, by themselves or others, as incompatible with their Roman identity. No one would have had to insist on the Romanitas of the emperor Septimius Severus as a century previously Statius had felt obliged to insist on the Italian culture of Severus’ grandfather. This development was by no means peculiar to Africa, but was taking place in all the provinces of the empire. What had in the time of Tiberius been an arbitrary set of cities and people, differing widely in language, culture, and political organization, had by the Severan period become much more of a political and cultural unity. In 212 CE the emperor Caracalla, the son of Septimius Severus, took the spread of Roman citizenship to its logical conclusion by extending it to all free inhabitants of the empire. As many scholars have pointed out, the legal benefits of citizenship were by that time rather slight. Yet we should not for that reason underestimate the significance of Caracalla’s decree, for in a sense it capped the transformation of the empire from a collection of disparate territories ruled by Rome into an empire of Romans.
Introduction
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poetry is in fact speech only employed to carry the inscape of speech for the inscape’s sake--and therefore the inscape must be dwelt on. Now if this can be done without repeating it, once of the inscape will be enough for art and beauty and poetry but then at least the inscape must be understood as so standing by itself that it could be copied and repeated. If not, repetition, oftening, over-and-overing, aftering of the inscape must take place in order to detach it to the mind and in this light poetry is speech which afters and oftens its inscape, speech couched in a repeating figure and verse in spoken sound having a repeated figure ’.
Polyptoton
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of these items were collected and sorted by Landgraf in two valuable articles a century ago. After a few pages of introductory discussion in each case, he provides a systematic listing of relevant passages, organized by case and relationship to the noun, adjective, or verb governing the polyptoton. His catalogue sufficiently demonstrates the almost limitless semantic and syntactic possibilities for polyptoton, and I have not thought it useful to repeat that organization. Rather, the focus here is on stylistic choices and their historical pattern. After a brief overview of different functional strategies for polyptoton come studies of patterns or topics which might constitute a tradition or figure, with lists by poetic author added for comprehensive ness.
Repetition in Compounds
Authors: Wills Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A COMPLETE poetics of repetition would range from repetition of single sounds (e.g. alliteration) to word parts (e.g. rhyme) to full words (e.g. gemination) up to multiple words (e.g. refrain). On that scale, this book has been limited to the larger figures which involve at least the repetition of word stems. Included in this, and similar to figures of word-repetition like polyptoton and resumption, are a few figures involving the varying repetition of word-parts in compounds.