bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of estradiol and progesterone on accumulation of relaxin‐ and carbohydrate‐containing granules in endometrial gland cells of the guinea pig
Authors: Larkin Lynn H. , Ogilvie Susan , Wubbel Loretta , Welch David E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGuinea pigs were spayed and given various regimens of injections of estradiol and progesterone. The following were monitored in each animal: pubic separation (relaxin stimulation), resorption of the vaginal membrane (estrogen priming), and the presence of PAS‐positive granules and/or relaxin in endometrial gland cells (EGC). Injections of estradiol alone resulted in resorption of the vaginal membrane, accumulation of PAS‐positive granules in EGC of all animals, and accumulation of relaxin in EGC of two of four animals; but they did not cause pubic separation. Progesterone injections did not result in resorption of the vaginal membrane, separation of pubes, or accumulation of PAS‐positive granules; however, one of three animals demonstrated a few EGC that contained relaxin. Animals that received both estradiol and progesterone exhibited PAS‐positive granules and relaxin in EGC as well as separated pubes, but did not have resorbed vaginal membranes.Upon examination with the electron microscope, EGC from animals that received estradiol alone exhibited remarkable numbers of secretory granules that contained a carbohydrate‐rich material. Secretory granules were not prominent in EGC from animals that received progesterone alone. Estradiol and progesterone injections resulted in accumulation of secretory granules in EGC that contained relaxin and a carbohydrate‐rich material.The observations that estradiol and progesterone induce relaxin production in EGC support the hypothesis that uterine relaxin plays an important role in pregnancy and/or parturition in the guinea pig.
Ultrastructure of complex carbohydrates of rodent and monkey ependymal glycocalyx and meninges
Authors: Rhodes Roy H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe surfaces of the brain offer metabolic and mechanical support to the underlying parenchyma. Mouse, rat, and monkey brains were fixed by immersion in a glutaraldehyde fixative or glutaraldehyde with cetylpyridinium chloride, followed by block staining for complex carbohydrates using alcian blue with OsO4 postfixation, or OsO4 postfixative solution containing ruthenium red, or alcian blue and then ruthenium red‐OsO4 treatment. The ependyma in these species had a glycocalyx extending into the ventricular fluid as a finely filamentous network when stained with alcian blue or with alcian blue followed by ruthenium red‐OsO4. Mice in the middle age range had stained material in this glycocalyx resembling the hyaluronic acid reported in the ocular vitreous body. Similar material was seen in the arachnoidal space of these mice and in the inner connective tissue matrix of the dura mater. Both the mouse and monkey had a cell‐free zone, termed the inner dural matrix zone, between the thick fibrous dura and its innermost cellular layer. This zone contained filamentous and globular alcian blue‐stained material. The complex carbohydrates of the mouse ependymal glycocalyx and inner dural matrix zone underwent changes developmentally. Aged rats were injected intraventricularly with latex beads, which, along with extravasated erythrocytes, were seen to adhere to the ependymal glycocalyx. A similar adhesion of erythrocytes was seen in the mouse and monkey ependymal glycocalyx and in the filamentous network of the mouse and monkey inner dural matrix zone.The ependymal glycocalyx, formed in part of complex carbohydrates, is much thicker than previously demonstrated. Some activities related to the ependymal lining of the ventricles, including the movement of cells or particles, the penetration of metabolites or serumprotein fractions (e.g., immunoglobulins), and cell‐surface hydration, probably depend in part on complex carbohydrates that provide a sticky, electrically negative, hydrophilic environment. The complex carbohydrates in the inner dural matrix zone might provide mechanical buffering. Complex carbohydrates in the arachnoidal space may help to maintain a loose tissue that needs not only to be hydrated, but also to be open enough to provide cerebrospinal fluid circulation.
Postnatal development of the ovarian bursa of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): Its complete closure and morphogenesis of lymphatic stomata
Authors: Shinohara Harumichi , Nakatani Toshio , Matsuda Takeshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe golden hamster ovarian bursa was studied by light and electron microscopy to clarify the process of its complete closure and the development of lymphatics that leads to morphogenesis of stomata. The results were as follows. (1) The bursa completely closed at 9 days of age primarily due to development of the mesotubarium superius. (2) With the closure, the ovary and bursa became closely apposed, and most of the original bursal cavity disappeared. (3) Between 9 and 12 days of age U‐shaped folds of the bursal mesothelium began to invade the connective tissue of the bursa. (4) Widening of the internal angle of the U‐shaped folds contributed to reappearance of the bursal cavity, and thus separation of the bursa from the ovary. It also contributed to future geometrical proximity of lymphatics to the cavity of the bursa. (5) The separation of the bursa from the ovary began as early as 12 days of age in the cephalic half of the bursa. It occurred remarkably late in the caudal half. Juxtaposition of the window portion of the bursa to the ovary remained in some adult animals. (6) Development of lymphatics in the cephalic half of the bursa was divided into two stages, before and after days 21–24 of life. In the first stage, lymphatics grew in the submesothelial connective tissue, and the framework of lymphatics was formed. In the second stage, lymphatics extended small branches to form the submesothelial plexus or lymphatic lacuna. (7) Intercellular junctions between contiguous lymphatic endothelial cells were mostly tight and desmosomelike. Open junctions were, if they occurred at all, rare. (8) A smooth‐surfaced area lined with the lymphatic endothelium was found in the bursa on day 27 of life, before the initiation of ovulation. Valvelike stomal orifices were absent before the initiation of ovulation and extremely rare even after the first ovulation. They were commonly present in the bursae after the fourth ovulation, however.The process of complete closure of the ovarian bursa is very complex and may be related to the later development of the bursal mesothelium and lymphatics. Some liplike stomal orifices are of purely developmental origin. However, all valvelike stomal orifices are assumed to be formed as a result of damage to the bursal mesothelium, as well as to the submesothelial connective tissue and lymphatics, by repetition of ovulation. It is possible that liplike stomal orifices may be formed in the process of repairing the damage.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of keratins in the cysts of thyroid glands, parathyroid glands, and C‐cell complexes of the dog
Authors: Kameda Yoko 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCyst structures were often detected in and around thyroid glands of the dog. The present study revealed the frequency of occurrence, the light microscopic features, and the immunoperoxidase reactions to anti‐keratin and anti‐ldS‐thyroglobulin antisera of each cyst located in parathyroid III, parathyroid IV, thymus IV, C‐cell complexes, and thyroid parenchyma from 112 dogs. In each location, cysts showed characteristic features. In parathyroid III, the cysts were covered with single or pseudostratified epithelium composed of ciliated cells; whereas in parathyroid IV they were covered with keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium. In C‐cell complexes, small cysts lined with small packed cells were predominant, and large cysts lined with single cuboidal cells or stratified squamous cells were also present. In thymus IV located in the close vicinity of parathyroid IV, cyst epithelium consisted of several types of cells showing variable futures. In thyroid parenchyma, there were several types of cysts: some were covered with ciliated columnar cells, and others were covered with two or multilayers of small packed cells or cuboidal cells. In spite of these differences in appearance of the cysts located in different tissues, all their epithelia were immunoreactive to the keratin antisera, except for small cysts in C‐cell complexes, which were regarded as immature structures. Thus, the presence of keratin filaments in epithelial cells seems to be a characteristic feature of all cysts. The lumens of each cyst contained variable amounts of amorphous materials, which showed colloid‐like, flocculent, foamy, and granular features and were periodic acid‐Schiff‐positive in variable degrees, from weak to intense. Although the lumenal contents of the cysts in parathyroid III revealed no immunoreactivity for 19S‐thyrogIobulin, those in thyroid parenchyma, C‐cell complexes, parathyroid IV, and thymus IV reacted strongly with the 19S‐thyroglobulin antiserum.
Morphological study of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the atrioventricular node and bundle cells in guinea pig hearts
Authors: Tomita Yoshtfumi , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe osmium‐ferrocyanide method for staining of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was used for a morphological investigation of the various components of the SR in the atrioventricular node and bundle (AVNB) cells of guinea pig hearts. On the basis of light microscopic observations, the AVNB tissue in guinea pig hearts can be divided into five regions: atrionodal junction, midnode, proximal bundle, distal bundle, and bundle branches. Electron microscopic observations revealed two types of junctional SR (j‐SR) saccules in the cells from all the regions of AVNB tissue. One is similar to that seen in the working cardiac cells, i. e., flattened saccules with junctonal granules. The second type is dilated and contains electrondense granular material throughout its lumen. The flattened type is seen more often than the dilated type in atrionodal junctional cells and midnode cells, whereas the dilated type occurs more often in distal bundle cells and bundle branch cells. In most cells from the atrionodal junction and midnode regions, the j‐SR saccules are apposed more often to sarcolemmal areas associated with nonspecialized regions of intercellular junctions than to other sarcolemmal areas. This distribution was not found in the distal bundle and bundle branch cells. Free SR tubules around the myofilament bundles are poorly developed in the midnode cells, generally in accord with the extent of development of myofibrils. Z‐tubules are found in cells from all regions but are poorly developed in midnode cells. Corbular SR vesicles are found in cells from all the regions of AVNB tissues but are rare in midnode cells. Thus, each of the regions in the AVNB tissue has a different, characteristic distribution of SR components. Because of their possible relationship to the regulation of the intracellular concentrations of calcium, these differences in SR morphology may contribute to the diverse physiological properties of the different regions of the AV node and bundle.
Radioautographic comparison of RNA synthesis patterns in the epithelial cells of mouse pyloric antrum following 3H‐uridine and 3H‐orotic acid injections
Authors: Bissonnette R. , Leblond C. P. , Lee E. R. , Paiement J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRNA synthesis was examined in the epithelial cells of the mouse pyloric antrum using radioautography 20 min after injection of either 3H‐uridine or 3H‐orotic acid. The epithelium of the mouse antrum was known to invaginate into blind tubular units composed of mucous cells arranged from base to lop into a gland, an isthmus, and a pit. These were subdivided into segments and, after radioautography, silver grains were counted over cell nuclei in each segment.Following 3H‐uridine injection, silver grains were present over all nuclei but were more abundant over those of the isthmus than of the gland or the pit. When nuclei were examined in the electron microscope, nucleoplasmic as well as nucleolar silver grains were more numerous in the isthmus than in the pit or gland.Following 3H‐orotic acid injection, silver grains were again present over all nuclei; but maximal incorporation appeared to be in pit cell nuclei where, by electron microscopy, it was mainly assigned to the nucleoplasm. When the incorporation was calculated per whole nucleus, however, it was less in pit cell than in isthmal cell nuclei. Even so, the proportion of label in pit cell nuclei was much greater than after 3H‐uridine injection.The interpretation of these findings is based on the fact that isthmal cells are immature, whereas cells migrating from the isthmus to become gland or pit cells show increasing differentiation. The immature cells of the isthmus incorporate! both uridine and orotic acid more effectively than do the differentiated cells of pit and gland. Since silver grain counts over nuclei provide an index of the rate of RNA synthesis, this synthesis proceeds more actively in the isthmus than in the pit or gland. This is true of ribosomal RNA synthesis, as shown by nucleolar grain counts, and of other RNA's synthesis, as shown by nucleoplasmic grain counts. It seems, however, that while uridine is involved in the synthesis of all types of RNA, orotic acid is mainly implicated in the synthesis of the heterogeneous UNA from which the messenger RNA arises.
Cytochemical localization of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase in perivascular cells of cartilage canals in the developing mouse epiphysis
Authors: Cole Ada A. , Wezeman Frederick H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCytochemical localization of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), tartratc‐sensitive acid phosphatases (TSAP), alkaline phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase was used to characterize perivascular cells within cartilage canals. In the distal femoral epiphyses of 5‐ to 7‐day‐old mice, three stages of canal development can be distinguished, and at each developmental stage different perivascular cells were present with morphological characteristics of degradative cells. Vacuolated cells resembling macrophages, fibroblastic cells, and chondroclasts were present adjacent to the matrix in superficial, intermediate, and deep canals, respectively. In order to characterize these perivascular cells cytochemically, nonspecific esterase and TSAP staining was used to identify macrophages, alkaline phosphatase staining was used to identify fibroblastic cells, and TRAP staining was used to identify chondroclasts. There were no cells present in the canals at any developmental stage that were positive for TSAP or strongly positive for nonspecific esterase, placing doubt on the identity of the vacuolated cells as macrophages. Alkaline phosohatase‐positive perivascular cells were present in the intermediate and deep canals adjacant to matrix containing alkaline phosphatase‐positive chondrocytes. These alkaline phosphatase‐positive cells were found in the same location within canals as the fibroblastic cells. Tartrate‐resislant acid phosphatase was localized in chondroclasts at the tips of deep canals but was not confined exclusively to chondroclasts. Except for the very early stage of canal development prior to chondrocyte hypertrophy, TRAP‐positive cells were present at the tips of superficial and intermediate canals as well as at the tips of the deep canals. Additionally, the presence of TRAP in chondrocytes with in the growth plate, in chondrocytes within the epiphyseal cartilage near some canals, and in perichondrial cells suggests that TRAP is associated with matrix degradation in the cartilage.
Three‐dimensional presentation of the fibroblast progenitor compartment in the periodontal ligament of the rat incisor
Authors: Michaeli Y. , Weinreb M. , Barad A. , Steigman S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the shape, size, and spatial configuration of the fibroblust progenitor compartment (PC) of the tooth‐related periodontal ligament (PDL). Five albino rats (weight 200 gm) were killed 1 hr following intraperitoneal injection of 3H‐thymidine. The incisors were decalcified, embedded in glycol‐methacrylate, and sectioned serially, perpendicularly to the long axis of the tooth. Ten 2‐μm‐thick sections along each tooth were selected, processed autoradiographically, and the distance from the apex measured. Labeled and unlabeled fibroblasts were counted in 8 × 80‐μm consecutive layers. Cell density (CD) and labeling index (LI) were plotted on a three‐dimensional system of coordinates depicting the directions: apex to incisal edge, cementum to bone, and cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to lingual tooth surface.The CD along the tooth was constant, except at 2–6 mm distant from the apex, where it was significantly higher. The highest concentration of cells around the tooth was in the 20‐μm region adjacent to the cementum. The PC on the mesial arid lateral tooth sides extended 1–4 mm from the apex, with the LI peak (6.5%) occurring at 2 mm. The PC on the lingual tooth side was located at 2‐G mm from apex, peaking (14%) at 4 mm. On the cemenuim‐bone coordinate, the PC extended to about 50 μm from the cementum on all sides, the LI peak appearing at a distance of 20–40 μm from the tooth. The LI was consistently higher on the lingual side than on the mesial and lateral aspects.
Sequence of development of innately regenerated growth‐plate cartilage in the hindlimb of the neonatal rat
Authors: Libbin Richard M. , Weinstein Martin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt has long been appreciated that the neonatal rat can regenerate the distal femoral growth‐plate. Earlier descriptions of this process pointed to the age of the rodent and level and angle of amputation as significant modifiers of the regeneration process; but none identified the origin of the chondrocytes forming the growth‐plate regenerate, nor described the time course and significant milestones of the process. Examination of these issues constitutes the objective of the present report. Fifty‐four male, outbred albino rats sustained low femoral (48 rats) or midtibiofibular (six rats) hind‐limb amputations when ten to eleven days old. They were killed after 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 22 or 29 postoperative days; and their amputation stumps were sectioned longitudinally. Twenty‐four hr after amputation, the distal femoral periosteum was thickened and metachromatic regions were observed forming within it. Intraperiosteal cartilage was observed by the end of the second postoperative day in four of six limb stumps and, during the following week, expanded considerably in volume. Regenerated growth‐plate cell architecture was recognized within the enlarging cartilage mass by the end of the second week; and, by the end of the fourth postoperative week, the regenerating growth‐plate region had achieved considerable architectural maturity.
Observations on the anatomy of the stomach and duodenum of the bowhead whale,Balaena mysticetus
Authors: Tarpley Raymond J. , Sis Raymond F. , Albert Thomas F. , Dalton Leslie M. , George John C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGastric and cranial duodenal structure of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) was examined grossly and microscopically. The stomach was arranged in a series of four compartments. The first chamber, or forestomach, was a large nonglandular sac. lined by a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It was followed by the fundic chamber, a large, somewhat globular and entirely glandular compartment. At the entrance of the fundic chamber, a narrow cardiac gland region could be defined. The remaining onucosa of the chamber contained the proper gastric glands. A narrow, tubular connecting channel, the third distinct gastric division, was lined by mucous glands and joined the fundic chamber with the final stomach compartment, or pyloric chamber. This fourth chamber was also tubular and lined by mucous glands but was of a diameter considerably larger than the connecting channel. The stomach terminated at the pyloric sphincter which consisted of a v/ell‐developed band of circular smooth‐muscle bundles effecting a division between the pyloric chamber and small intestine. The small intestine began with the duodenal ampulla, a dilated sac considerably smaller than the fundic chamber of the stomach. The rnucosa of this sac contained mucous glands throughout. The ampulla led without a separating sphincter into the duodenum proper which continued the intestine in a much more narrow tubular fashion. The mucosal lining of the duodenum was composed of villi and intestinal crypts. Although their occurrence varied among whales, enteroendocrine cells were identified within the mucous glands of the cardiac region, connecting channel, pyloric chamber, and cranial duodenum. The hepatopancreatic duct entered the wall of the duodenum shortly after the termination of the duodenal ampulla and continued intramurally along the intestine before finally joining the duodenal lumen.
Effect of neural crest ablation on development of the heart and arch arteries in the chick
Authors: Bookman Dale E. , Redmond Mary E. , Waldo Karen , Davis Harry , Kirby Margaret L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMesenchymal derivatives of the neural crest contribute to the connective tissues and blood vessels of the pharyngeal arches, and participate in the septation of the outflow tract of the heart. The present study was designed to determine the nature and timing of alterations in the development of the heart and arch arteries subsequent to diminished neural crest contributions. The neural crest contributing to the three caudalmost pharyngeal arches was ablated bilaterally in chick embryos and compared with sham or unoper‐ated controls. Heart development was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Arch artery development was studied microscopically after intravascular injection of India ink and clearing of the specimen. Neural crest ablation caused morphological changes in most hearts. Hearts in experimental animals commonly were elongate and were subject to inappropriate development of ventricular and atrial areas. A surgical effect delayed the disappearance of arch arteries one and two, and removal of neural crest produced an additional delay. Neural crest ablation caused failure of arch arteries three, four (right), and six to develop to the proper size in some animals. Survival of those whose sixth arch arteries achieved the proper size caused group measurements to reach normal values again by stage 32. Closure of arch arteries in some animals and maintenance in others produced greater variability in experimental animals than in controls. It is significant that heart morphology was altered before septation of the outflow tract normally occurs. This indicates at the least that another factor, such as altered blood flow, contributes to the abnormal development. Altered flow may result from changes in pharyngeal arch mesenchyme and arch artery endothelium.