bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial correlates of depressive symptoms among 12–14‐year‐old Norwegian adolescents
Authors: McConachie Helen 
Published: February 2004

Background  The aim of the study was to examine the relationships between various psychosocial factors and depressive symptoms in early adolescence.Methods  A representative sample of 2465 12–14‐year‐old adolescents comprising 50.8% girls and 49.2% boys, with a mean age of 13.7 years, was recruited in two counties in Norway. The participation rate was 88.3%. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ).Results  Correlations between the total sum of stressful events/daily hassles and the total sum of MFQ were moderately high, rs = 0.49 and rs = 0.53, respectively. Depressive symptoms were more strongly correlated with school‐related stress among boys than girls, whereas the correlation between daily hassles and depressive symptoms was higher for girls than boys. The results of univariate analyses showed significantly higher mean total MFQ scores among adolescents not living with both natural parents, those who had moved more than twice and those with more than 3 siblings or having fewer than 2 close friends. Further, adolescents from Third World societies and adopted adolescents, those from lower socio‐economic status (SES) groups, having unemployed parents or living in coastal areas had higher mean depressive symptom scores. The results of multiple regression analyses yielded the following six significant predictors of total MFQ scores in order of importance: Sum of daily hassles and sum of stressful life events, gender, number of friends, ethnicity and mother's employment status. Altogether, these variables accounted for 43% of the total variance in MFQ scores.Conclusions  It is concluded that these psychosocial predictors should be addressed when assessing depressive symptoms in early adolescence. The findings of the study are discussed in view of previous research in the field and their clinical significance.
Randomized controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2004

Objectives  To test the efficacy of treatment for unilateral visual loss detected by preschool vision screening and the extent to which effectiveness varies with initial severity.Design  Randomized controlled trial of full treatment with glasses and patching, if required, compared with glasses only or no treatment. Masked assessment of best corrected acuity after 1 year of follow‐up.Setting  Eight UK eye departments.Participants  One hundred and seventy‐seven children aged 3–5 years with mild to moderate unilateral impairment of acuity (6/9–6/36) detected by screening.Results  Children in the full and glasses treatment groups had incrementally better visual acuity at follow‐up than children who received no treatment, but the mean treatment effect between full and no treatment was equivalent to only one line on a Snellen chart (0.11 log units; 95% confidence interval 0.050–0.171; P < 0.0001). The effects of treatment depended on initial acuity: full treatment showed a substantial effect in the moderate acuity group (6/36–6/18 at recruitment) and no significant effect in the mild acuity group (6/9–6/12 at recruitment) (P = 0.006 for linear regression interaction term). For 64 children with moderate acuity loss the treatment effect was 0.20 log units, equivalent to one to two lines on a Snellen chart. When all children had received treatment, 6 months after the end of the trial, there was no significant difference in acuity between the groups.Conclusions  Treatment is worthwhile in children with the poorest acuity, but in children with mild (6/9–6/12) unilateral acuity loss there was little benefit. Delay in treatment until the age of 5 did not seem to influence effectiveness.
Child health indicators for Europe. A priority for a caring society
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2004

Background  Measurement of children's health is important for two reasons: first, because young people are citizens in their own right, yet largely unable to act as self‐advocates, particularly at the population level; and second, because their health determines the health of the future population. Indicators based on measurements of child health are important for identifying progress, problems and priorities, changes over time, and newly emergent issues. The European Community Health Monitoring Programme (HMP) is a comprehensive programme to develop and implement a set of national‐level indicators. The Child Health Indicators of Life and Development (CHILD) project is the only population group‐specific project, seeking to determine a holistic set of measures.Methods  The project endeavoured to address all aspects of child health and its determinants, balancing positive and negative aspects. It undertook a structured search of published evidence to seek to identify, and validate, indicators of health and illness, health determinants and challenges to health, quality of healthcare support and health‐promoting national policies. A systematic approach was used in identifying valid indicators, and in assembling a balanced composite list. All ages from infancy to adolescence were covered.Results  The project's final report identifies 38 core desirable national indicators, citing purpose and evidence for each. Of equal importance, it also identifies 17 key child health topics on which further research work is needed in order to identify and validate indicators appropriate across different national settings.
Ecology and government policies: the GM crop debate*
Authors: Gray Alan J. 
Published: February 2004

Summary

The current controversy over the possible commercial‐scale cultivation of genetically modified crops in Europe presents enormous challenges for the science of ecology. In little more than a decade, ecology has come to occupy centre stage in a very heated public debate.
In outlining the challenge to ecology I discuss some of the key elements in the GM debate, and trace the growing importance of ecological questions within the regulatory and advisory system in the UK. The need to understand, and predict, some of the potential wider environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) crops has both driven changes in the regulations and led directly to farm‐scale evaluation of herbicide‐tolerant crops.
Several examples illustrate how ecological science is being used, and abused, in the public debate and in the provision of advice to regulators. In particular short‐term or laboratory studies identifying possible hazards or impacts often receive widespread media attention but the thorough ecological field‐based studies which either evaluate exposure to a hazard or assess fitness over several generations are rarely carried out, or, in the classic case of the impact of Bt maize on the Monarch butterfly, pass almost unnoticed.
It is increasingly important that trained ecologists become involved in the public debate. The challenge of dealing with the problems of variability, complexity and uncertainty, and of developing the necessary predictive tools for risk assessment, bring with it a huge responsibility, not only to be clear about the limitations of our science, but to recognise and acknowledge the boundary between science and informed opinion.
Capercaillie breeding success in relation to forest habitat and predator abundance
Authors: Baines D. , Moss R. , Dugan D. 
Published: February 2004

Summary

The capercaillie Tetrao urogallus is widely valued as a game bird and an indicator of forest ecosystem quality. In Scotland, its numbers have declined since the 1970s, due primarily to poor breeding success. We investigated whether differences in breeding success among forests are related to predator abundance or to aspects of forest structure, with a view to identifying beneficial management practices.
Capercaillie breeding success was estimated in 7–14 forest areas in Scotland each year during 1991–2001. Forest habitat, including ground vegetation, and indices of predator abundance were assessed in each of the 14 areas in 1995.
Capercaillie breeding success increased with increasing bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus ground cover, but did not improve further above 15–20% cover.
The main predators were carrion crow Corvus corone, fox Vulpes vulpes and raptors. Indices of their abundance were confounded such that their respective effects on capercaillie breeding success could not readily be distinguished. However, capercaillie breeding success was negatively related to a principal component score that represented the combined abundance of crows, foxes and, to a lesser extent, raptors.
A management trial in one forest showed that capercaillie bred better when most crows and some foxes were killed than when they were not.
An index of pine marten abundance was related neither to the other predator indices nor to capercaillie breeding success.
Synthesis and applications. Capercaillie reared more young in forests with more bilberry and fewer predators. Management to improve the breeding success of capercaillie should aim for at least 15–20% bilberry ground cover, and legal control of crows and foxes.
Elements that promote highway crossing structure use by small mammals in Banff National Park
Authors: McDonald Wayne , St Clair Colleen Cassady 
Published: February 2004

Summary

Corridors provide important structural connectivity in habitats that have been fragmented by human activities, but more empirical work is needed to identify the attributes of effective corridor design under a broad range of ecological conditions.
We tested the efficacy with which murid rodents in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, used crossing structures constructed across the Trans‐Canada Highway. We studied the effects of size, vegetative cover at entrances, and distance from home ranges as determinants of crossing structure use with potential relevance to other corridor types.
We translocated animals across underpasses and overpasses, coated them with fluorescent dye, released them at standardized distances, and followed them to obtain detailed information on two scale‐dependent movement parameters, return success and tortuosity (or complexity) of movement paths, as well as a scale‐independent metric of movement, the fractal dimension.
Translocated animals returned with higher success across smaller crossing structures than across larger ones, perhaps because these structures afforded more overhead cover from predators.
Adding overhead cover to crossing structure entrances further improved return success and correlated with more tortuous movement of translocated animals.
Animals translocated further (60 m) from crossing structures returned with lower success than those translocated closer to them (20 and 40 m). Among the three species studied (deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus, meadow voles Microtus pennsylvanicus and red‐backed voles Clethrionomys gapperi), deer mice had significantly higher return success at 60 m, perhaps owing to their larger home range sizes and willingness to cross the road directly.
Synthesis and applications. Ideal crossing structure characteristics will often be species‐specific, even within guilds of animals. Our results imply that wildlife corridors, more generally, need to offer sufficient cover and be placed with a frequency that corresponds to the spatial scale over which targeted species move.
Systematic collection data in North American invertebrate conservation and monitoring programmes
Authors: Goldstein Paul Z. 
Published: February 2004

Summary

Although likely to yield less copious collections than their tropical counterparts, temperate inventories focused on invertebrates require individuals not only trained to deal with a wide array of taxa but also versed in the techniques used to process and archive specimens.
Due in part to the prevalence of physically intensive conservation management practices (e.g. prescribed burning) or resource management practices (e.g. selective logging), and in part to a better understanding of temperate invertebrate faunas relative to their tropical counterparts, temperate conservationists bear an inescapable responsibility for monitoring the effects of such practices on species assemblages of conservation concern.
Counterintuitively, North American conservation programmes, particularly those involving monitoring, run the risk of turning away from concerns for invertebrate assemblages, despite their being relatively well‐understood, recognized as powerful conservation tools or indicators, and in some areas the demonstrable majority of the most threatened of animal species.
Synthesis and applications. To prevent further erosion or underuse of invertebrate monitoring and inventories, there is a recognizable need for professional space in the North American conservation community for parataxonomist‐like individuals. These should be trained to deal with both the required field procedures and the standards and practices associated with maintaining systematic voucher and reference collections in natural history museums and herbaria. In particular, the relevance of discovery‐orientated biological inventories and collections‐based systematic research to the design and implementation of adequate natural areas management and monitoring remains underemphasized and underappreciated by some allegedly science‐based conservation programmes.
Measurements of sublethal effects on individual organisms indicate community‐level impacts of pollution
Authors: Crowe Tasman P. , Smith Emma L. , Donkin Peter , Barnaby Deborah L. , Rowland Steven J. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryDue to the cost and complexity of sampling biological communities, surrogate biological measures or concentrations of toxic contaminants are often used to indicate environmental impacts. Such indicators can be powerful tools, but their effectiveness requires evaluation. Mussels are widely used as bioindicators of environmental contamination. For example, physiological measurements on live mussels form the basis of scope for growth (SFG), an integrated indicator of environmental stress. However, the effectiveness of SFG as an indicator of community level effects has rarely been tested in the field.In this study of six sites on the west coast of the UK, the diversity of macrofaunal communities associated with mussels was reduced at sites with low SFG (< 10 J g−1h−1) compared with those with high SFG (> 15 J g−1h−1). At smaller scales, variation in community structure was related to biomass of mussels, mass of coarse sediments and the fractal dimension of the surface of the mussel bed.We measured hydrocarbon contamination as a first step in identifying contaminants that might underpin the relationship between SFG and diversity. Unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) are often the most abundant hydrocarbon contaminants in the environment, but have, until recently, been largely ignored. We found generally good accordance between UCM concentration in mussel tissues, SFG and diversity, but other pollutants are also likely to be involved.Synthesis and applications.Our findings illustrate the complexity of relating changes in diversity to synoptic or sublethal measures of environmental stress in the field. However, the results represent a significant step towards a biotic indicator of environmental quality that integrates impacts across a range of levels of biological organization (from intra‐individual to community). Such indicators may be of particular value in the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Europe and similar environmental legislation elsewhere.
Inverted follicular keratosis simulating malignant melanoma
Authors: Thom Graham A , Quirk Christopher J , Heenan Peter J 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYA 93‐year‐old woman was noted to have a single pigmented lesion on the posterior aspect of her neck. Clinical examination revealed a 12 × 8‐mm flat lesion, with an irregular border and variegated pigmentation. Dermatoscopic examination revealed a lesion with multiple colours, featureless areas and black dots, suggestive of malignant melanoma. With a presumed clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma, an elliptical excision was performed, with a 1‐cm margin. However, histological examination revealed the unexpected diagnosis of pigmented inverted follicular keratosis.
Granular cell basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Dundr Pavel , Štork Jiří , Povýšil Ctibor , Vosmík František 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYA 69‐year‐old woman presented with a 2‐year history of a slowly growing tumour on the nose. The clinical diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and a complete excision was performed. Histologically, the tumour had the general features of a BCC but with sheets and nests of cells with granular cytoplasmic changes in the centre of the lesion. A pathological diagnosis of granular cell BCC was made. On immunohistochemical examination, the tumour cells were Ber‐EP4, cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and cytokeratin CAM 5.2 positive but S100 protein negative. Only the granular cells were CD68 antigen (monoclonal antibody KP1) positive.
Aoteaoroa/New Zealand nursing: from eugenics to cultural safety ...
Authors: Richardson Sandy 
Published: February 2004

The concept of cultural safety offers a unique approach to nursing practice, based on recognition of the power differentials inherent in any interaction. It is from within the context of nursing in Aoteaoroa/New Zealand (A/NZ) that the concept developed and was subsequently integrated into nursing education. Cultural safety is based within a framework of biculturalism, and is congruent with the tenets of the nation's founding document, the Treaty of Waitangi. Clarification of the concept is offered, together with a review of the historical shift in nursing attitudes that has led to the emergence of ‘cultural safety’ as a viable and valued component of nursing practice.The argument is made that cultural safety has allowed for a more reflective, critical understanding of the actions of nursing to develop. This includes recognition that nurses’ attitudes and values have inevitably been influenced by social and political forces, and as such are in part reflective of those within the wider community. Comparison between the support given by nurses in the early 1900s to the theory of eugenics and the current acceptance of cultural safety is used to highlight this point. An examination of the literature identifies that ideological and conceptual changes have occurred in the approach of A/NZ nurses to issues with cultural implications for practice. A review of background factors relating to Maori health status and the Treaty of Waitangi is presented as a necessary context to the overall discussion.The discussion concludes with an acknowledgement that while the rhetoric of cultural safety is now part of nursing culture in New Zealand, there is no firm evidence to evaluate its impact in practice. Issues identified as impacting on the ability to assess/research a concept, such as cultural safety, are discussed. For cultural safety to become recognised as a credible (and indispensable) tool, it is necessary to further examine the ‘end‐point’ or ‘outcomes’ of the process.
Involving users with learning difficulties in health improvement: lessons from inclusive learning disability research
Authors: Walmsley Jan 
Published: February 2004

In this paper the author considers the lessons to be drawn from what is termed ‘inclusive’ learning disability research for user involvement around health improvement. Inclusive learning disability research refers to research where people with learning difficulties (intellectual disability) are involved as active participants, as opposed to passive subjects. There is by now a considerable body of such research, developed over the past 25 years. From the review, the author draws attention to areas which can inform practice in involvement of users in a way that adds value.
Is Induction Epistemologically Prior to Deduction?
Authors: Couvalis George 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMost philosophers hold that the use of our deductive powers confers an especially strong warrant on some of our mathematical and logical beliefs. By contrast, many of the same philosophers hold that it is a matter of serious debate whether any inductive inferences are cogent. That is, they hold that we might well have no warrant for inductively licensed beliefs, such as generalizations. I argue that we cannot know that we know logical and mathematical truths unless we use induction. Our confidence in our logical and mathematical powers is not justified if we are inductive sceptics. This means that inductive scepticism leads to a deductive scepticism. I conclude that we should either be philosophical sceptics about our knowledge of deduction and induction, or accept that some of our inductive inferences are cogent.
Loar's Defence of Physicalism
Authors: Law Stephen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBrian Loar believes he has refuted all those antiphysicalist arguments that take as their point of departure observations about what is or isn’t conceivable. I argue that there remains an important, popular and plausible‐looking form of conceivability argument that Loar has entirely overlooked. Though he may not have realized it, Saul Kripke presents, or comes close to presenting, two fundamentally different forms of conceivability argument. I distinguish the two arguments and point out that while Loar has succeeded in refuting one of Kripke's arguments he has not refuted the other. Loar is mistaken: physicalism still faces an apparently insurmountable conceptual obstacle.
Can we Describe Possible Circumstances in which we would have Most Reason to Believe that Time is Two‐dimensional?
Authors: Oppy Graham 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHow one answers the question whether time could be two‐dimensional depends upon what one takes to be the essential properties of time. I assume that it is essential to time that it has a ‘sense’ or ‘direction’; and, on the basis of this assumption, I argue that no‐one has yet succeeded in giving a clear account of how it could be that time is two‐dimensional. In particular, I argue that no‐one has yet succeeded in describing possible circumstances in which we would have serious reason to entertain the hypothesis that time is two‐dimensional.
A. G. Dickens and the English Reformation
Authors: Haigh Christopher 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
This article considers the contribution that Professor Dickens made to the flowering of local studies of the Reformation in England, and asks why his influence waned in the nineteen-seventies and after. When Dickens began work on Yorkshire in the early nineteen-thirties, he was one of a number of young scholars looking at the Reformation in the localities. By the nineteen-fifties he was the leading spokesman for a regionalist approach and the search for ordinary people's experience of the Reformation. The cause was helped by the development of county archives, the expansion of postgraduate education and the provision of research grants. But when research students went to diocesan records they did not always find what Dickens had expected, and his interpretation of the Reformation became controversial.
A. G. Dickens and his critics: a new narrative of the English Reformation
Authors: Pettegree Andrew 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
This article considers the debate on the English Reformation triggered by the revisionist assault on the work of A. G. Dickens. It questions the narrow view of Dickens as the protagonist of a ‘rapid Reformation from below’, drawing attention to the far greater subtlety of ideas that permeated Dickens's early work. Finally, it offers an alternative framework for a new Reformation narrative.