bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variance estimation for spatially balanced samples of environmental resources
Authors: Stevens Don L. , Olsen Anthony R. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe spatial distribution of a natural resource is an important consideration in designing an efficient survey or monitoring program for the resource. We review a unified strategy for designing probability samples of discrete, finite resource populations, such as lakes within some geographical region; linear populations, such as a stream network in a drainage basin, and continuous, two‐dimensional populations, such as forests. The strategy can be viewed as a generalization of spatial stratification. In this article, we develop a local neighborhood variance estimator based on that perspective, and examine its behavior via simulation. The simulations indicate that the local neighborhood estimator is unbiased and stable. The Horvitz–Thompson variance estimator based on assuming independent random sampling (IRS) may be two times the magnitude of the local neighborhood estimate. An example using data from a generalized random‐tessellation stratified design on the Oahe Reservoir resulted in local variance estimates being 22 to 58 percent smaller than Horvitz–Thompson IRS variance estimates. Variables with stronger spatial patterns had greater reductions in variance, as expected. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On detecting hump‐shaped relationships in ecology: a bootstrap test for monotonicity
Authors: Murtaugh Paul A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractEcologists and environmental scientists are often interested in determining whether a response achieves a maximum at an intermediate value of some explanatory variable. Typically, statistical significance of a quadratic term added to a simple linear regression model is interpreted as evidence for an intermediate maximum. Relationships that are monotone but non‐linear can easily be misclassified by this criterion.A bootstrap test of the monotonicity of the relationship between two variables is proposed, based on fitting an isotonic regression and examining the curvature of scatterplots generated by adding resampled residuals to that regression function. The test operates at or below the nominal level when applied to data sets simulated from a variety of monotone functions, and it has reasonable power against several non‐monotone alternatives. By comparison, a test of the significance of the second‐order coefficient in a quadratic regression may have very high rejection rates when applied to monotone functions with appreciable curvature. This argues for caution in the interpretation of a significant quadratic regression as strong evidence against monotonicity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire‐resistant cyanate ester–epoxy blends
Authors: Walters Richard N. , Lyon Richard E. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe cure chemistry, thermal stability and fire behaviour of a series of fire‐resistant cyanate ester–epoxy blends were examined. The dicyanate and diepoxide of 1, 1‐dichloro‐2, 2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethylene (bisphenol‐C, BPC) were combined in various molar ratios and the reaction chemistry was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The fire behaviour of the BPC cyanate–epoxy blends was studied in flaming and non‐flaming combustion, using OSU calorimetry and pyrolysis‐combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), respectively. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire‐resistant elastomers
Authors: Lyon Richard E. , Speitel Louise , Walters Richard N. , Crowley Sean 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe molecular design of semi‐inorganic polymers has produced polysilphenylene–siloxane and polyphosphazene elastomers having comparable fire safety to heat resistant engineering plastics. In flaming combustion a polyphosphazene rubber had a four times lower peak heat release rate than the polyurethane elastomer currently used in fire‐blocked aircraft seat cushions. The addition of expandable graphite flakes to polyurethane and polyphosphazene elastomers reduces their peak heat release rates by factors of seven and five, respectively. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Descriptive functional analysis of behavioral excesses shown by adults with Down syndrome and dementia
Authors: Millichap David , Oliver Chris , McQuillan Sharna , Kalsy Sunny , Lloyd Vicki , Hall Scott 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectivesThe study examined the hypothesis that a functional relationship exists between social environmental events and behavioral excesses in individuals with Down syndrome and dementia.DesignA case‐series design was employed (n = 4) using an direct observation‐based descriptive functional assessment procedure.MethodsObservations were conducted in the natural environments of four participants over periods ranging from 11 to 15.4 hours. Data were collected on non‐verbal and verbal behavioral excesses, appropriate engagement and verbal interaction with others. Social environmental events observed including both staff and peer behavior.ResultsAnalysis of co‐occurrence for behavioral excesses and social environmental events indicated significant relationships for some behaviours consistent with operant reinforcement processes. Sequential analysis showed that changes in the probability of social contact occurred in the period directly preceding and following verbal behaviors.ConclusionsResults support the hypothesis that, consistent with literature for older adults with dementia in the general population, some behavioral excesses were functional in nature and not randomly occurring events. No relationship was found between appropriate engagement and staff contact. Evidence of the functional nature of target behavioral excesses indicates that behavioral interventions have potential for this client group. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guideline for the management of late‐life depression in primary care
Authors: Baldwin Robert C. , Anderson David , Black Sarah , Evans Sandra , Jones Rob , Wilson Ken , Iliffe Steve 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a guideline for the primary care management of depression in later life based on best practice.MethodSource material included relevant guidelines, literature reviews and consensus documents coupled with an updated literature review covering 1998–October, 2001. This material was summarised as a series of evidence‐based statements and recommendations agreed by consensus.ResultsGood quality evidence exists for the pharmacological and psychological treatment of depressive episode (major depression), although not specifically in primary care. There is some evidence of efficacy of antidepressants in late‐life dysthymia and minor depression associated with poor functional status. In depressive episode, current evidence suggests acute treatment for at least six weeks and a continuation period of at least 12 months. Both tricyclic antidepressants and Selective Serotonin Re‐uptake Inhibitors are effective in longterm prevention. There is less data on how to manage patients who do not respond in the acute treatment phase. More data is needed on sub‐groups of patients with specific co‐morbid medical conditions and those who are frail. Collaborative care is effective in older depressed primary care patients.ConclusionsThere are effective treatments for depression in primary care. More research is needed to address the optimum treatment of depression with medical co‐morbidity and to elucidate the role of newer psychological interventions. Collaborative care between primary care and specialist services is a promising new avenue for management. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Willingness to pay and size of health benefit: an integrated model to test for ‘sensitivity to scale’
Authors: Yeung Raymond Y.T. , Smith Richard D. , McGhee Sarah M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA key theoretical prediction concerning willingness to pay is that it is positively correlated with benefit size and is assessed by testing the ‘sensitivity to scale (scope)’. ‘External’ (between‐sample) sensitivity tests are usually regarded as less powerful than ‘internal’ (within‐subject) tests. However, the latter may suffer from ‘anchoring’ effects. This paper studies the statistical power of these tests by questioning the distributional assumption of empirical data. We present an integrated model to capture both internal and external variations, while controlling for sample heterogeneity, applied to data from a survey estimating the value of reducing symptom‐days. Results indicate that once data is properly transformed, WTP becomes ‘scale sensitive’ and consistent with diminishing marginal utility theory. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A structural econometric model of family valuation and choice of employer‐sponsored health insurance in the United States
Authors: J. Vanness David 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper estimates a fully structural unitary household model of employment and health insurance decisions for dual wage‐earner families with children in the United States, using data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey. Families choose hours of work and the breakdown of compensation between cash wages and health insurance benefits for each wage earner in order to maximize expected utility under uncertain need for medical care. Heterogeneous demand for the employer‐sponsored health insurance is thus generated directly from variations in health status and earning potential. The paper concludes by discussing the benefits of using structural models for simulating welfare effects of insurance reform relative to the costly assumptions that must be imposed for identification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of infiltration models
Authors: Mishra Surendra Kumar , Tyagi J. V. , Singh Vijay P. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFourteen popular, representative infiltration models, some physically based, some semi‐empirical and some empirical, were selected for a comparative evaluation. Using the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency criterion, the models were evaluated and compared for 243 sets of infiltration data collected from field and laboratory tests conducted in India and the USA on soils ranging from coarse sand to fine clay. Based on a relative grading scale, the semi‐empirical Singh–Yu general model, Holtan model and Horton model were graded respectively as 6·52, 5·57 and 5·48 out of 10. The empirical Huggins and Monke model, modified Kostiakov and Kostiakov model were graded as 5·57, 5·30 and 5·22, respectively. The physically based non‐linear and linear models of Smith–Parlange were graded as 5·48 and 5·22, respectively. Other models were ranked lower than these models. All the models generally performed poorly in field tests on Georgia's sandy soils, except the Robertsdale loamy sand. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of rainfall‐runoff relation in paddy fields by diffusive tank model
Authors: Chen Rong‐Song , Pi Lan‐Chieh , Huang Ying‐Hua 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDue to the occurrence of ponding during the period of rice growth, the analyses of rainfall‐runoff in paddy fields are different from those in general lands. The diffusive tank model has been successfully applied in rainfall‐runoff simulations in paddy fields because it can well describe the features of the local water flow. In most of the applications of this model, although the determination of the related model parameters is important, detailed investigations on each individual parameter are definitely needed to improve the accuracy of the results.In the study, an improved procedure is proposed to determine certain variables involved in the diffusive tank model and the application is conducted in a field area in Taiwan. In the application, the roughness of the river channel was assessed according to the actual field conditions. Instead of using the observed water levels in each rainfall event, the notch width of the rectangular contracted weir per unit area was evaluated by direct field measurements to calibrate the discharge coefficient. Test results from the selected field in six rainfall events showed that the local average value of the notch width of the rectangular contracted weir per unit area was 1·025 m/ha. Compared to the results of field measurements, the relative errors of the predictions were within 3% in all tests of rainfall events. In addition, for different types of catchment partitions, it was found that the corresponding weir discharge coefficients remained roughly unchanged. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reliability‐based selective index for regional flood frequency analysis methods
Authors: Lin Gwo‐Fong , Chen Lu‐Hsien 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn this paper, a new index is proposed for the selection of the best regional frequency analysis method. First, based on the theory of reliability, the new selective index is developed. The variances of three regional T‐year event estimators are then derived. The proposed methodology is applied to an actual watershed. For each regional method, the reliability of various T‐year regional estimates is computed. Finally, the reliability‐based selective index graph is constructed from which the best regional method can be determined. In addition, the selection result is compared with that based on the traditional index, root mean square error. The proposed new index is recommended as an alternative to the existing indices such as root mean square error, because the influence of uncertainty and the accuracy of estimates are considered. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating pan‐Arctic runoff with a macro‐scale terrestrial water balance model
Authors: Rawlins Michael A. , Lammers Richard B. , Frolking Steve , Fekete Balàzs M. , Vorosmarty Charles J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA terrestrial hydrological model, developed to simulate the high‐latitude water cycle, is described, along with comparisons with observed data across the pan‐Arctic drainage basin. Gridded fields of plant rooting depth, soil characteristics (texture, organic content), vegetation, and daily time series of precipitation and air temperature provide the primary inputs used to derive simulated runoff at a grid resolution of 25 km across the pan‐Arctic. The pan‐Arctic water balance model (P/WBM) includes a simple scheme for simulating daily changes in soil frozen and liquid water amounts, with the thaw–freeze model (TFM) driven by air temperature, modelled soil moisture content, and physiographic data. Climate time series (precipitation and air temperature) are from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis project for the period 1980–2001.P/WBM‐generated maximum summer active‐layer thickness estimates differ from a set of observed data by an average of 12 cm at 27 sites in Alaska, with many of the differences within the variability (1σ) seen in field samples. Simulated long‐term annual runoffs are in the range 100 to 400 mm year−1. The highest runoffs are found across northeastern Canada, southern Alaska, and Norway, and lower estimates are noted along the highest latitudes of the terrestrial Arctic in North America and Asia. Good agreement exists between simulated and observed long‐term seasonal (winter, spring, summer–fall) runoff to the ten Arctic sea basins (r = 0·84). Model water budgets are most sensitive to changes in precipitation and air temperature, whereas less affect is noted when other model parameters are altered. Increasing daily precipitation by 25% amplifies annual runoff by 50 to 80% for the largest Arctic drainage basins. Ignoring soil ice by eliminating the TFM sub‐model leads to runoffs that are 7 to 27% lower than the control run. The results of these model sensitivity experiments, along with other uncertainties in both observed validation data and model inputs, emphasize the need to develop improved spatial data sets of key geophysical quantities (particularly climate time series) to estimate terrestrial Arctic hydrological budgets better. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disposition of rainwater under creosotebush
Authors: Abrahams Athol D. , Parsons Anthony J. , Wainwright John 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn desert shrubland ecosystems water and nutrients are concentrated beneath shrub canopies in ‘resource islands’. Rain falling on to these islands reaches the ground as either stemflow or throughfall and then either infiltrates into the soil or runs off as overland flow. This study investigates the partitioning of rainwater between stemflow and throughfall in the first instance and between infiltration and runoff in the second.Two series of 40 rainfall simulation experiments were performed on 16 creosotebush shrubs in the Jornada Basin, New Mexico. The first series of experiments was designed to measure the surface runoff and was performed with each shrub in its growth position. The second series was designed to measure stemflow reaching the shrub base and was conducted with the shrub suspended above the ground. The experimental data show that once equilibrium is achieved, 16% of the rainfall intercepted by the canopy or 6·7% of the rain falling inside the shrub area (i.e. the area inside the shrub's circumscribing ellipse) is funnelled to the shrub base as stemflow. This redistribution of the rainfall by stemflow is a function of the ratio of canopy area (i.e. the area covered by the shrub canopy) to collar area (i.e. a circular area centred on the shrub base), with stemflow rate being positively correlated and throughfall rate being negatively correlated with this ratio.The surface runoff rate expressed as a proportion of the rate at which rainwater arrives at a point (i.e. stemflow rate plus throughfall rate) is the runoff coefficient. A multiple regression reveals that 75% of the variance in the runoff coefficient can be explained by three independent variables: the rainfall rate, the ratio of the canopy area to the collar area, and the presence or absence of subcanopy vegetation. Although the last variable is a dummy variable, it accounts for 66·4% of the variance in the runoff coefficient. This suggests that the density and extent of the subcanopy vegetation is the single most important control of the partitioning of rainwater between runoff and infiltration beneath creosotebush. Although these findings pertain to creosotebush, similar findings might be expected for other desert shrubs that generate significant stemflow and have subcanopy vegetation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Huang Mingbin , Zhang Lu , Gallichand Jacques 
Published: August 2003

AbstractAfforestation has been suggested as a means of improving soil and water conservation in north‐western China, especially on the Loess Plateau. Understanding of the hydrological responses to afforestation will help us develop sustainable watershed management strategies. A study was conducted during the period of 1956 to 1980 to evaluate runoff responses to afforestation in a watershed on the Loess Plateau with an area of 1·15 km2, using a paired watershed approach. Deciduous trees, including locust (locusta L.), apricot (praecox L.) and elm (ulmus L.), were planted on about 80% of a treated watershed, while a natural grassland watershed remained unchanged. It was estimated that cumulative runoff yield in the treated watershed was reduced by 32% as a result of afforestation. A significant trend was also observed that shows annual runoff reduction increases with the age of the trees planted. Reduction in monthly runoff occurred mainly from June to September, which was ascribed to greater rainfall and utilization by trees during this period. Afforestation also resulted in reduction in the volume and peak flow of storm runoff events in the treated watershed with greater reduction in peak flow. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An epidemiologic study of index and family infectious mononucleosis and adult Hodgkin's disease (HD): Evidence for a specific association with EBV+ve HD in young adults
Authors: Alexander Freda E. , Lawrence Davia J. , Freeland June , Krajewski Andrew S. , Angus Brian , Taylor G. Malcolm , Jarrett Ruth F. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractInfectious mononucleosis (IM) is an established risk factor for Hodgkin's disease (HD). A substantial minority (33%) of cases of HD have Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA within the malignant cells (are EBV+ve). It is unclear whether risk after IM applies specifically to EBV+ve HD. We report the results of a population‐based case‐control study of HD in adults (n = 408 cases of classical HD, 513 controls) aged 16–74 years; the case series included 113 EBV+ve and 243 EBV‐ve HD. Analyses compared total HD, EBV+ve HD and EBV‐ve HD with the controls and EBV+ve HD with EBV‐ve HD cases using, mainly, logistic regression. Regression analyses were adjusted for gender, age‐group and socioeconomic status, and were performed for the whole age range and separately for young (< 35 years) and old adults (≥ 35 years); formal tests of effect modification by age were included. For the young adults, reported IM in index or relative was strongly and significantly associated with EBV+ve HD when compared to controls (odds ratio [OR] = 2.94, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–7.98 and OR = 5.22, 95% CI: 2.15–12.68, respectively). These results may be interpreted as indications that late first exposure to EBV increases risk of HD, especially in young adults; this applies primarily to EBV+ve HD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stromal expression of invasion‐promoting, matrix‐degrading proteases MMP‐1 and ‐9 and the Ets 1 transcription factor in HNPCC carcinomas and sporadic colorectal cancers
Authors: Behrens Peter , Mathiak Micaela , Mangold Elisabeth , Kirdorf Simona , Wellmann Axel , Fogt Franz , Rothe Marcus , Florin Alexandra , Wernert Nicolas 
Published: August 2003

AbstractHereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancers (HNPCCs) are an important subgroup of colorectal carcinomas. Compared to sporadic variants, they present several particular features, the most important of which are less invasive and metastatic properties linked to a more favorable prognosis. This contrasts to the generally poor differentiation of the epithelial tumor component. Since matrix‐degrading proteases secreted by stromal fibroblasts contribute significantly to tumor invasion, we analyzed the stromal expression of 2 matrix metalloproteinases (MMP‐1 and ‐9) and of one of their regulators, the Ets 1 transcription factor, by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in sporadic colorectal carcinomas and HNPCC tumors. We found that MMP‐1 and ‐9 as well as Ets 1 are upregulated in the fibroblastic stroma during the development from sporadic adenomas to invasive carcinomas. HNPCC tumors exhibited a significantly lower expression of Ets 1, MMP‐1 and ‐9. These findings on the basis of lower matrix‐degrading properties of the fibroblastic tumor stroma in HNPCC tumors might help to explain why, in spite of their less differentiated phenotype, HNPCC tumors have a less invasive and metastatic potential compared to sporadic cancers. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.