bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structuralism and narrative poetics
Authors: Onega Susana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word ‘structuralism’ is equally applicable to work carried out in the social sciences, philosophy, and the humanities. Its birth is associated with a general movement in the history of ideas involving the attempt to give the status of science to humanistic areas of knowledge which were traditionally considered to lie outside the scope of science. Born in Russia and Switzerland and confirmed in Prague, it found fertile soil in France in marginal academic institutions outside the university, coming to fruition in the 1960s in the work of intellectuals such as the anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss, the philosophers Michel Foucault and Louis Althusser, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, and the literary critics Roland Barthes, Algirdas J. Greimas, Tzvetan Todorov, and Gérard Genette.
Virtue and Rights in Aristotle’s Best Regime
Authors: Jun. Fred D Miller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtue ethics, as a theory of moral obligation, holds that an action is morally correct in so far as it is an expression of moral virtue, for example, in so far as it is courageous, generous, or just. Virtue has an irreducible role in moral theory in that the correctness of a virtuous action cannot be explained on a more basic level, that is, in terms of duties derived independently of virtue (for example, from the categorical imperative or the principle of utility). A serious issue for modern virtue ethics is whether it can justify the respect for individual rights. If it cannot, this would seem to be a crucial lacuna for a theory of moral obligation. Moreover, it would present the disturbing prospect that an agent could act in a completely virtuous way yet disregard the rights of others. This essay attempts to make a start on addressing this issue by examining the relation between virtue and rights in Aristotle. It argues that Aristotle’s virtue ethics serves as the basis for a system of political rights, the most perfect embodiment of which is the best regime.
Habituation as Mimesis
Authors: Fossheim Hallvard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall be asking what motivation there might be to become virtuous; or, to put it as Myles Burnyeat and John Cooper have put it, what motivation there might be to become responsive to the noble. I believe that the most important single clue to understanding this motivation is provided not in the Ethics but in the Poetics . My point of departure is Aristotle’s first condition on action that is good or noble: namely, that it be done for its own sake. I shall end by showing how my interpretation fits in with what Aristotle says about the educational formation of the child, in the Nicomachean Ethics and in the Politics .
The Variety of Life and the Unity of Practical Wisdom
Authors: Chappell Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It can seem that there is no such thing as the virtue of practical wisdom. For virtues are particular dispositions, with particular fields of operation. So, for example, courage is a particular disposition— the disposition that makes you stand firm in ta tharralea , tight corners and frightening crises— and it has a particular field of operation: tight corners and frightening crises. Again temperance is a particular disposition— the disposition whereby you resist when the lures of pleasure or the goads of pain tempt you beyond propriety— and it has a particular field of operation: dealing with the lures of pleasure and the goads of pain.
Introduction
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book I first explain how Ibsen became a modernist (Parts I and II), and then I analyze the kind of modernism that was uniquely his (Part III). To show that Ibsen actually was a modernist, it has been necessary to expose a theoretical rigidity, uncover a case of historical amnesia, and develop a historically and culturally grounded understanding of Ibsens aesthetic development.
Ibsen and the Ideology of Modernism
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ibsen is the most important playwright writing after Shakespeare. He is the founder of modern theater. His plays are world classics, staged on every continent, and studied in classrooms everywhere. In any given year, there are hundreds of Ibsen productions in the world. A 1998 Bangladeshi adaptation of Ghosts directed by Kamaluddin Nilu drew crowds to village squares all over the country. The same year a Hebrew production of The Lady from the Sea filled a theater a stone’s throw from the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. In 1999 Mitsuya Mori staged a Japanese version of An Enemy of the People in the manner of a Kabuki play, while the 2002 Ibsen festival in Oslo presented a production of the same play from Upper Volta.
The Idealist Straitjacket Ibsen’s early aesthetics
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Ibsen arrived in Christiania in 1850, he found a fairly undeveloped artistic and theatrical world focused on one great project: that of forging a national culture. Romantic nationalism ruled unchallenged. Obsessed with national identity, Norwegian art and literature were churning out ideal Norwegian heroes and heroines. Poems, plays, and genre paintings featured themes and characters inspired by the Icelandic sagas, Norwegian folktales and folk songs, and, not least, Norwegian peasant life. Because Norway never developed feudalism, Norwegian peasants and farmers (den norske bonden) were considered the very incarnations of national independence, bearers of the proud traditions of the Viking past, miraculously unsullied by foreign influences for more than 500 years. It is a measure of Ibsen’s isolation in Grimstad that he chose a Roman—that is to say, a European and cosmopolitan—subject, rather than a national one for his first play, Catiline (1850).
Becoming Modern Modernity and Theater in Emperor and Galilean
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emperor and Galilean is pivotal in Ibsen’s work, literally as well as figuratively. It stands in the middle of his production: twelve plays come before, twelve plays come after. This enormous double play, a world-historical prose tragedy, also stands alone at the center of Ibsen’s œuvre. Four years (an unusually long gap for Ibsen) separate Emperor and Galilean from its neighbor on either side. In 1869 Ibsen finished The League of Youth, an entertaining comedy about politics and inauthenticity. In 1873 he published Emperor and Galilean, and in 1877, Pillars of Society. Together these three plays constitute Ibsen’s transition from being the author of Brand (1866) and Peer Gynt (1867) to becoming the author of A Doll’s House (1869). Of these three, Emperor and Galilean is by far the most important for an understanding of Ibsen’s modernism, for here Ibsen develops not just a full-scale analysis of modernity in Europe, but a new understanding of what theater is and what it can do. It also marks the moment in which Ibsen breaks with Norwegian nationalism and defines himself as a European: the immodest subtitle “A World-Historical Play” says it all. After Emperor and Galilean, Ibsen’s Norwegians are Europeans.
The Art of Transformation Art, Marriage, and Freedom in The Lady from the Sea
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The middle play of the so-called Munich trilogy, The Lady from the Sea (1888) follows Rosmersholm (1886) and precedes Hedda Gabler (1890). Whereas Rosmersholm and Hedda Gabler end with suicide, The Lady from the Sea has a happy ending. For this reason this remarkable play has often been treated as one of Ibsen’s least convincing and most light-weight works. Errol Durbach rightly comments that “the positive ending of The Lady from the Sea has opened it to ‘charges of artistic deficiency, of being somehow not echt Ibsen’—defying, as it does, the stereotypical image of Ibsen as the prophet of doom, while affrming the bourgeois carp-pond of marriage and family and distressing those modern Romantics for whom the dénouement betrays the vigorous Romantic spirit”.
Origins of the Olympics
Authors: Instone Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is not called ‘The Origins of the Olympics’. That would have introduced an inappropriate suggestion of definiteness, since the very subject- matter of the formation of both the Olympic festival and athletics events within it does not allow certainty, straddling as it does the interface of history with myth. As Aristotle said at the beginning of the Nicomachean Ethics, ‘It is a mark of the trained mind never to expect more precision in the treatment of any subject than the nature of that subject permits’ (NE 1. 3). And the ancient Olympic Games are complex because they embraced not just physical endeavour but also several other aspects of Greek life, for example, religion and politics.
Pindar, Place, and Performance
Authors: Carey Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emphasis in several contributions to this volume on the local or regional aspect both of athletes and athletics and of Pindar’s activities as a panegyrist offers an opportunity to revisit the issue of performance in order to tease out some of the variables between locations, occasions, and contexts. It is as well to start by confessing ignorance and stressing—if warning were needed—the speculative nature of much that follows. Facts are few. There is much about the physicality of performance we would like to know but cannot recover. The music can only be recreated by speculation.
Thessalian Aristocracy and Society in the Age of Epinikian
Authors: Stamatopoulou Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He comments on his great fortune, having been a victor himself and living to see a victorious son. Using a geographical metaphor and the world of the Hyperboreans as an example of the limits of human accomplishment,15 Pindar paves the way for the mythical narrative, which recounts the deeds of Perseus (lines 27–48, especially 31–6). At first glance the choice of Perseus as the protagonist of a myth for a Thessalian victor might appear surprising, especially given the very frequent references to famous Thessalian heroes, namely Peleus, Achilles, or Jason, in other odes, especially those for Aeginetan victors.16 However, Perseus is ‘genealogically’ linked to Herakles, who has already been said by Pindar to be the ancestor of the Aleuads.
Costs
Authors: Laporte Audrey , Dolinschi Roman , Tompa Emile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter suggests some good practice procedures in the assessment of the costs of an intervention. We intend it to be applicable to the entire range of types of economic evaluation studies—cost–benefit analysis (CBA), cost effectiveness analysis (CEA), cost–utility analysis (CUA), cost-minimizing analysis (CMA), and cost–consequence analysis (CCA)—but caution will have to be exercised in each context. Economic costs are not immutable entities that can be easily identified by the inspection of accounts. As has been explained earlier (see Chapter 2) the underlying idea of a cost is that it is a monetary sum representing the most valued alternative use of a resource (i.e., the opportunity cost). Costs will always be contingent on the perspective of a study and on the nature of the decision [classic references are Alchian (1959, 1968)]. For example, what appears as a cost in a study from the perspective of a workers’ compensation board might be a transfer from a societal perspective; what is not considered a cost in a study examining only the short term consequences of a possible decision may be a cost in a similar study taking a long-term view. Maintenance costs will be a significant cost component in a decision to introduce and maintain an item of equipment, but not in a decision to acquire it and sell it shortly thereafter. A decision to implement an occupational health and safety (OHS) intervention will invariably embody decisions about the timing (sooner versus later) and the speed (faster versus slower) of its introduction. Both typically affect costs: generally, the sooner the implementation the greater the cost; the faster the implementation the greater the cost. What is always true, however, is that the costs to be considered are the resource used as a result of the decision in question.
Parasitism, biodiversity, and conservation biology
Authors: Lebarbenchon Camille , Poulin Robert , Thomas Frédéric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological diversity—or biodiversity—can be defined as the variety and variability of all living organisms. It includes the genetic variability within species and their populations, the variability of species and of their life-forms, the diversity of related species complexes and of their interactions, and that of the ecological processes that are influenced by the organisms or of which organisms are the actors. Besides systematics and phylogeny that describe and classify the diversity of living organisms, population and community ecology are two of the main subjects for ecologists who study the dynamics of biodiversity.
Born’s Probability Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics (1926)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schrödinger’s wave mechanics was using the mathematics familiar to all physicists and was therefore preferred by most over matrix mechanics. Moreover, it contained a function Ψ, the Schrödinger function or wave function, which was expected to be connected in some way to the position of a particle in space. For some time this connection was unclear. Bloch quotes a verse (original and translation) by Hückel , recited in the summer of 1926 in Zurich, which describes the situation in a humorous way [1]:
Do We Know How Happy We Are?
Authors: Haybron Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Never mind what it’s like to be one of Professor Nagel’s bats. I want to know what it’s like to be me. This is a real question, not a joke, because there are good reasons for doubting that any of us have a firm grasp on the quality of our experience of life, in particular its affective character. Possibly, many of us are profoundly ignorant about such matters, to the point that we often don’t know whether we are happy or unhappy, or even whether is our experience is pleasant or unpleasant. This, at any rate, is what I will argue in what follows.
Lower extremity blocks
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lumbar plexus derives from the ventral rami of the spinal nerves L1–L3 and parts of L4 (furcal nerve). The first lumbar ramus commonly receives a branch from Th12. The lumbar plexus is formed within the posterior portion of the psoas major muscle. The branches of the lumbar plexus are the iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, femoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, and obturator nerves.
Catheter techniques
Authors: Marhofer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All catheter techniques can be performed as either single or continuous techniques: the degree of visualization of the nerves is equal. During positioning, the catheter could be directly visualized in most cases (Figure 12.1). More importantly, the spread of local anaesthetic was able to be observed. We suggest the use of adhesive, transparent tape for fixation of a peripheral nerve block catheter, so that a daily ultrasonographic investigation of the spread of local anaesthetic is possible.
A key to intersubjectivity: conjoint constitution
Authors: Berthoz Alain , Petit Jean-Luc , Macann Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the question of our relations with others: intersubjectivity. For a century or so, physiology has mostly been a physiology of the perceiving and acting subject. Philosophers might call it a solipsistic physiology. During the same period, social psychology has kept declining (at least in France). Today we note a tremendous growth in the evidence bearing on the perception and observation of the other, the neural bases of emotions, etc.: the solipsistic brain has given way to the social brain. The new fast-growing interest in so-called neuro-economy and the development of experiments in cerebral imagery bearing on empathy and the perception of emotions in the other attest to all this.
The Politics of Prognostication: Astrology, Political Conspiracy and Murder in Fifteenth-Century Milan
Authors: Azzolini Monica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 26 December 1476 Galeazzo Maria Sforza, second duke of Milan, was brutally assassinated while attending mass in the Church of Santo Stefano in Brolio. The three culprits were three young Milanese patricians, Giovanni Andrea Lampugnani, Carlo Visconti, and Gerolamo Olgiati. The basic events that preceded and followed the assassination are fairly well known: Galeazzo’s tyrannical style and rather volatile temper had not endeared him to the Milanese nobility (Fig. 1).
Accessing nature, circulating knowledge: Conrad Gessner’s correspondence networks and his medical and naturalist practices
Authors: Delisle Candice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conrad Gessner led a busy life. Born in 1516, he had produced when he died aged 49, fifty-nine books on a variety of subjects. He left hundreds of paintings of plants, and enough material for more than ten substantial publications. In 1553, he had been elevated to the position of first town physician for the Canton of Zurich. He therefore had to attend poor patients, to survey and visit the hospitals, to preside over the Wundgschau and the diagnoses of leprosy for the whole Canton, to assess and provide help to midwives, surgeons, and apothecaries & and to lecture every day at the Zurich’s Grossmu¨nster school, the local high school, on physics.
‘The loving labours of a learned German’: Adolf Michaelis and the historiography of classical sculpture in Britain
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter of 20 September 1877, Adolf Michaelis, Professor of Classical Archaeology at the new Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universitaät in Strasbourg, wrote from the London home of George Scharf, Director of the National Portrait Gallery, to the Right Honourable W. Cowper Temple at Broadlands in Hamp-shire: ‘beg[ging] your pardon for having delayed so longtime the returning the Memorandum [figure 3] and sending my slight Notes on your Collection [figure 4]’. The German academic had compiled these notes during his third research visit to England, undertaking exhaustive, first-hand, study for a forthcoming publication devoted to ancient sculptures in English private collections. Michaelis explained all this in a letter dated 25 August 1877 to the 5th Marquis of Lansdowne, whose ‘matchless collection’ of ancient sculptures at Lansdowne House in Berkeley Square, London he had previously examined during his second visit to Britain in 1873 and to which he wished to gain access again ‘to make notes upon the marbles, in order to give a fuller account of them’.
Bumblebees Abroad: Effects of Introduced Bees
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The devastating impacts which some exotic organisms have wreaked on native ecosystems are all too familiar, and surely ought to have taught us a lesson as to the perils of allowing release of alien species. The introduction of Nile perch to Lake Victoria, of cane toads, prickly pear, rabbits, foxes and cats amongst numerous others to Australia, and of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes , to waterways throughout the old world tropics, are perhaps some of the best known examples, but they represent only the tip of the iceberg. Australia alone had 24 introduced mammal species, 26 birds, 6 reptiles, 1 amphibian, 31 fish, more than 200 known invertebrates and no less than 2,700 nonnative plants at the last count (Alexander 1996; reviewed in Low 1999).
The Chronicle of Morea
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chronicle of Morea, one of the most important and controversial historical narratives written in the late Middle Ages, tells the story of the formation and government by the Villehardouin dynasty of a remarkably successful Crusader State following the conquest by western invaders of the capital - Constantinople - and the provinces of the Byzantine Empire. By examining all the Chronicle's surviving Greek, French, Spanish and Italian versions, this study, the first of its kind, explores in depth the literary and ideological contexts in which the work was composed, transmitted and re-written. The result is a fascinating analysis of cultural exchange in a rich and vibrant eastern Mediterranean world where different ethnicities were obliged to live alongside each other, and outside political interests frequently intruded in dramatic fashion. Translations into English have been provided of all the material discussed.
The Human History
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He [Jesus] was conscious of a vocation from God to proclaim this kingdom, and the record shows him as single-mindedly devoted to that vocation, even to the point at which it brought him to death. (John Macquarrie, Jesus Christ in Modern Thought) ‘ The Word became Mesh and made his home among us’ (John 1: 14). We might gloss the climax of John’ s prologue by saying that ‘ the Word took on a human history’ . Chapter 1 has already indicated certain issues connected with our historical knowledge of Jesus.
Lord, Saviour, God, and Spirit
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was their [the Christians’ ] habit on a fixed day to assemble before daylight and recite by turns a form of words to Christ as God. (Pliny the Younger, Letter 10) Those who wish to acquire a more adequate sense of how New Testament Christians evaluated Jesus’ being and doing rightly examine other high christological titles like ‘ Lord’ , ‘ Saviour’ , and ‘ God’ . Such titles exemplify further what Paul, John, and other New Testament witnesses held to be important about Jesus.
Medieval and Modern Christology
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ovens is cancelled only by love. (Thomas Aquinas, Contra gentiles) Any account of medieval Christology cannot ignore three lines of development, which may be labelled academic, monastic, and popular. Anselm’ s younger contemporary Peter Abelard (1079–1142) had an important impact on the scholastic method of debate to be used in the emerging European universities and other theological centres.
Universal Redeemer
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a real sense, only one human being will be saved: Christ, the head and living summary of humanity. (Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Le Milieu divin) That which is called the Christian religion existed among the ancients . . . from the beginning of the human race until Christ came in the fresh, at which time the true religion which already existed began to be called Christianity. (Augustine, Retractationes) From its earliest to its later books, the New Testament does not waver in acknowledging Christ as the one Saviour for all people.
Introduction
Authors: Perry Curtis , Watkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare played an incalculable role in shaping later impressions of the Middle Ages. Almost any book written on the Hundred Years War or the Wars of the Roses begins by explaining just how Shakespeare got it wrong. He conflated characters, condensed chronologies, cleaned up some careers, and sullied others. He turned Joan of Arc into a sexually voracious sorceress and suppressed Humphrey of Gloucester’s ambitions by characterizing him as a wise, disinterested councilor. His views of the conflict between York and Lancaster could not have been more biased. Even though we no longer see them as a reflection of Tillyard’s Elizabethan World Picture, we know that they derived more from sixteenth-century concerns about rebellion against the highly organized Tudor state than from anything like a modern scholar’s understanding of the parcellized sovereignty of late medieval England. If you want to know something about what actually happened during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Shakespeare is not the best place to start.