bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The History of Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz is the most colourful and varied art form in the world and it was born in one of the most colourful and varied cities, New Orleans. From the seed first planted by slave dances held in Congo Square and nurtured by early ensembles led by Buddy Bolden and Joe ‘King’ Oliver, jazz began its long winding odyssey across America and around the world, giving flower to a thousand different forms -- swing, bebop, cool jazz, jazz-rock fusion -- and a thousand great musicians. Now, in The History of Jazz, Ted Gioia tells the story of this music as it has never been told before, in a book that brilliantly portrays the legendary jazz players, the breakthrough styles, and the world in which it evolved. Here are the giants of jazz and the great moments of jazz history -- Jelly Roll Morton (`the world’s greatest hot tune writer’), Louis Armstrong (whose O-Keh recordings of the mid-1920s still stand as the most significant body of work that jazz has produced), Duke Ellington at the Cotton Club, cool jazz greats such as Gerry Mulligan, Stan Getz, and Lester Young, Charlie Parker’s surgical precision of attack, Miles Davis’s 1955 performance at the Newport Jazz Festival, Ornette Coleman’s experiments with atonality, Pat Metheny’s visionary extension of jazz-rock fusion, the contemporary sounds of Wynton Marsalis, and the post-modernists of the Knitting Factory. Gioia provides the reader with lively portraits of these and many other great musicians, intertwined with vibrant commentary on the music they created. Gioia also evokes the many worlds of jazz, taking the reader to the swamp lands of the Mississippi Delta, the bawdy houses of New Orleans, the rent parties of Harlem, the speakeasies of Chicago during the Jazz Age, the after hours spots of corrupt Kansas city, the Cotton Club, the Savoy, and the other locales where the history of jazz was made. And as he traces the spread of this protean form, Gioia provides much insight into the social context in which the music was born. He shows for instance how the development of technology helped promote the growth of jazz -- how ragtime blossomed hand-in-hand with the spread of parlor and player pianos, and how jazz rode the growing popularity of the record industry in the 1920s. We also discover how bebop grew out of the racial unrest of the 1940s and ‘50s, when black players, no longer content with being ‘entertainers’, wanted to be recognized as practitioners of a serious musical form. Jazz is a chameleon art, delighting us with the ease and rapidity with which it changes colors. Now, in Ted Gioia’s The History of Jazz, we have at last a book that captures all these colors on one glorious palate. Knowledgeable, vibrant, and comprehensive, it is among the small group of books that can truly be called classics of jazz literature.
Introduction
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many have deplored the loss of Latin, which they considered the epitome of a concise, systematic, and even elegant language. In the past, poets as well as linguists have identified the linguistic system of Latin with the civilization it carried: the language of Rome reflected, it was thought, the elegance and refinement of its civilization. These epithets did not apply, of course, to modern times, nor to their languages. Even in recent history we find examples of the prestige attributed to inflected languages. For Schleicher, for instance, according to whom language was to be considered a living organism, Latin as well as the Ursprache reflected maturity in its full bloom, whereas the Romance development was only the decay and decomposition of a living organism (1873; Robins 1979:181 et seq.). And even in this century Marr, the official linguist of the former Soviet Union, classified the inflected languages as being the most evolved; isolating languages on the other hand were considered primitive and therefore occupied a low place in the linguistic hierarchy. The political reasons were clear as well as the motives that pushed the Soviets to change their official linguistic judgment when the communists came to power in China: Chinese is an isolating language (see Lehmann 1993:38). The aim of the present study is not to bewail the loss of Latin nor to praise Russian inflection. Its aim is to analyze and identify the nature of the development the structures of Latin underwent and to understand the advantage of the new structural organization. Therefore, this study has two parts: first I will examine in detail the ordering of the Latin grammatical sequences and the reorganization they underwent.
Diachronic Analysis: The Noun Phrase
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to account consistently for the underlying regularity of Latin syntactic and morphological structures and their evolution, I will carry out an analysis in terms of branching. Systematic diachronic analysis of word order patterns is not new, of course. (See Lehmann [1971 et seq.] and Adams [1977a], who deals with typological word order patterns in Latin.) In the preceding chapter I therefore indicated in what respect the branching analysis is different from earlier systematic analyses of word order. I elaborated this approach and its relation to typology and other phrase structure analyses and attempted to give an independently motivated definition of head. With this definition it is possible to determine the branching of every grammatical structure. In the following chapters I analyze the linear organization of grammatical structures of Latin and their development. I show with this analysis that the syntactic and morphological structures of Latin shifted from left to right branching. Since the analysis in terms of branching is based on the principle that every unit or phrase has its own head, I will proceed by individual phrases. For each phrase I first determine the original unmarked place of the head and then trace its development. Moreover, the analysis of morphological units is integrated into the discussion of syntactic phrases because the underlying principle of organization is identical in both types of entities. My diachronic analysis of grammatical structures is treated in three chapters. In the first, I discuss the nominal phrase, where the noun can be combined with a genitival complement (section 3.1), an adjective (section 3.2), and a determiner (section 3.3).
Expressing Antibodies in Escherichia coli
Authors: Ge Liming , Knappik Achim , Pack Peter , Freund Christian , Pluckthun Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons why researchers may wish to work with recombinant antibodies: for answering basic questions of protein architecture, specific binding and protein folding, for applying the modified antibodies in biology and biotechnology (ranging from biosensors to affinity chromatography), or for use in medicine. At the beginning of each project there is the problem of producing the protein in sufficient quantities. This problem will still be encountered, even if the antibody is first selected from a phage library. This chapter will summarize methodology for cloning, expression, purification, and detection of recombinant antibodies, using Escherichia coli, the most familiar host in biochemical laboratories.
Robert Schumann
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forced by a hand injury to abandon a career as a pianist, Robert Schumann went on to become one of the world’s great composers. Among many works, his Spring Symphony (1841), Piano Concerto in A Minor (1841/1845), and the Third, or Rhenish, Symphony (1850) exemplify his infusion of classical forms with intense, personal emotion. His musical influence continues today and has inspired many other famous composers in the century since his death. Indeed Brahms, in a letter of January 1873, wrote: ‘The remembrance of Schumann is sacred to me. I will always take this noble pure artist as my model’. Now, in Robert Schumann: Herald of a ‘New Poetic Age’, John Daverio presents the first comprehensive study of the composer’s life and works to appear in nearly a century. Long regarded as a quintessentially romantic figure, Schumann also has been portrayed as a profoundly tragic one: a composer who began his career as a genius and ended it as a mere talent. Daverio takes issue with this Schumann myth, arguing instead that the composer’s entire creative life was guided by the desire to imbue music with the intellectual substance of literature. A close analysis of the interdependence among Schumann’s activities as reader, diarist, critic, and musician reveals the depth of his literary sensibility. Drawing on documents only recently brought to light, the author also provides a fresh outlook on the relationship between Schumann’s mental illness - which brought on an extended sanitarium stay and eventual death in 1856 - and his musical creativity. Schumann’s character as man and artist thus emerges in all its complexity. The book concludes with an analysis of the late works and a postlude on Schumann’s influence on successors from Brahms to Berg. This well-researched study of Schumann interprets the composer’s creative legacy in the context of his life and times, combining nineteenth-century cultural and intellectual history with a fascinating analysis of the works themselves.
Musical Love Letters in the Higher and Smaller Forms
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art and life are perhaps more closely interwoven in Schumann’s music than in that of any other composer of the nineteenth century. Nowhere is this phenomenon better represented than in his piano music of the middle and later 1830s, much of it bound up with the young woman with whom he fell passionately and irrevocably in love during the latter half of 1835: Clara Wieck. As he put it to his old counterpoint teacher, Heinrich Dorn, in a letter of 5 September 1839: “Certainly much in my music embodies, and indeed can only be understood against the background of the battles that Clara cost me. She was practically the sole motivation for the Concert [sans Orchestre, op. 14], the Sonata [op. 11], the Davidsbundlertiinze, Kreisleriana, and the Novelletten.” 1 The Kinderscenen, op. 15, and Fantasie, op. 17, belong in the same list. So too does a little piece in A major composed in December 1838 while Schumann was unsuccessfully attempting to gain a professional footing in Vienna. A nocturne in A major eventually published as the lead item in Bunte Blatter, op. 99, it was dedicated wishfully “To my beloved bride.”
The Symphonic Year: 1841
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 11 December 1839, Schumann dispatched to his future wife a breathless account of a reading of Schubert’s “Great” C-major Symphony he had heard just that day at the Leipzig Gewandhaus:
Clara, today I was in seventh heaven. A symphony of Franz Schubert [the “Great” C-major) was played in the rehearsal [of the Gewandhaus orchestra]. It’s beyond description; the instruments are made to sound like human voices-ingenious beyond measure-and this instrumentation despite Beethoven-and this length, this heavenly length like a novel in four volumes, longer than [Beethoven’s] Ninth Symphony. I was totally happy, and wished only that you should be my wife and that I also could write such symphonies.
Tense And Aspect From Semantics to Morphosyntax
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the interactions between the morphosyntax and the semantic interpretation of tense and aspectual forms in the Germanic and Romance languages. These languages diverge not only in their variety of tense and aspectual forms, but also in the distribution and interpretation of given forms. Adopting Noam Chomsky's minimalist framework, AG and FP attempt to provide theoretical explanations for the observed patterns of form and meaning which link the morphosyntactic properties of languages in both universal and language-particular constraints on interpretation.
On the Italian, Latin, and Portuguese Temporal Systems
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we compare the morphosyntactic systems of tense in Italian with that of (classical) Latin, and then we further extend our analysis to Portuguese. The reason for this choice of languages is due to the consideration that Latin on the one hand and Italian and Portuguese on the other are strictly related for historical reasons, although superficially they are very different. A major point of investigation is constituted by the fact that Italian uses auxiliaries to obtain complex verbal forms, whereas this seems not to be the (classical) Latin, at least in the active voice. We will show, however, that the main difference between Latin and Italian, and to a certain extent Portuguese, does not lie in the presence or absence of auxiliaries, but rather in a divergent feature specification of the temporal morphemes in the two languages. We will show that, in spite of the differences, the same theoretical apparatus which accounts for Italian can be adopted for Latin; the temporal systems of the two languages, in fact, instantiate similar temporal values by means of items that exhibit different morphological properties. According to the hypothesis sketched in the first chapter, in fact, languages vary morphosyntactically. The inventory of features contained in the adult grammar and the way in which they are organised into categories—that is, the syncretic and hybrid realisations—differ from language to language. We will show that the main property which distinguish Latin and Italian in the domain considered here consists in a different categorial specification of the temporal items—that is, in a difference in the association of the temporal morphemes with the features determining the categorial status. Independent evidence in favour of our ideas will be provided by our analysis of the (European) Portuguese temporal system. We will show that Portuguese exhibits intermediate properties with respect to Italian on the one hand and Latin on the other.
The Economics of Music Study
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As you consider, the economks of musk study, a prime question will be whether to choose the teacher or the instrument first. In our estimation, it is better to know the instrument your child wants to study, but to wait for the actual purchase or rental until you have selected a teacher. The teacher will then be able to give you valuable opinions about instrument makers, sources for purchase, rental, maintenance, and a variety of other options that are unique to your location. Once you have selected a teacher, you will need to make decisions about the instrument. Will you rent or purchase? Will you choose a brand name? And what of hidden costs?
The budgets listed in this chapter include most items you will need to consider. The cost of an instrument and lessons themselves will be your biggest expenses. The specific price of each item has been left blank for you to fill in after you do some calling and shopping. We will go over each item, describing choices, but not exact figures because fluctuation in the economic climate as well as regional differences will affect each item on the budget.
The Child with Special Needs
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have a chHd wilh special needs, you are busy coping with many adjustments to help him get through an ordinary day. You are probably meeting with medical and educational experts, who provide opinions and assistance that aid you in understanding your child’s needs and challenges. None of these specialists, nor you yourself, are likely to give much thought to how music might contribute to your child’s happiness and growth. Music is often regarded as an extra and, for children with special needs, an extra that may seem to be only remotely useful. It is important to remember that all children respond to music and enjoy taking part in activities that include it. A child with special needs is no different.
As you consider whether, and how, music may play a role in your child’s life, keep in mind that, although some general recommendations are possible (and that is about the limit of what we offer in this chapter) the real focus must be on the needs of your own child. Her age, the home environment, and her specific physical and mental abilities determine what will be possible and useful for her as an individual. The variety of disabilities, and the complex way in which these are identified and dealt with, is as impressive as it is bewildering. Challenges faced by a child with Down syndrome are not those confronted by one with dyslexia. A child with hearing impairment trusts the use of different senses than a child who is blind. Here, more than anywhere, a child must be seen as unique. The course of action taken to aid each child is indeed a special education.
Category Theory as a Conceptual Tool in the Study of Cognition
Authors: Magnan François , Reyes Gonzalo E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce category theory as a conceptual tool in the study of cognition. We believe that category theory has several advantages over set theory as a guide in analyzing and conceptualizing basic intentional abilities of the human mind such as the abilities to refer, to count and to learn.
We illustrate consideration (1) with an example. We all know from high school that some quantities are scalars (temperature, pressure), whereas others are vectors (velocity, force).The latter have not only magnitude but direction. As physics developed, the need for a generalized notion of vector was felt and the question arose how one should define such a notion. The answer turned out to be both deep and simple: a generalized vector is an element of a vector space, i.e., of an algebraic structure satisfying some simple laws. Thus, we do not over-deter mine a generalized vector by defining it as a kind of “super-arrow” with more directions and further angles (including possibly solid ones) and satisfying complicated conditions which generalize those of high school vectors. Using an Aristotelian term, we could say that the essence of a vector is its belonging to a vector space.
Referential Structure of Fictional Texts
Authors: Reyes Marie La Palme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commonplace observation that motivated this work is that we can understand narrative fictional texts, although to do so we are forced, as in fairy tales and fables, for instance, to allow for a wide variety of possibilities that seem to contradict our system of background beliefs. But if this is so, how can we understand fictional texts? I do not confront this question directly, but remark that certain aspects of our understanding of fiction are quite systematic and, in fact, may be formulated in the systematic way that we call logic or, more precisely, logic of fictional texts. This logic will be partly “unveiled” through an analysis of reference, that is, an analysis of the relation between words and their reference. As we will see, the analysis of this relation will permit us to deal in a new way with the well-known problems of existence, possibility and identity which lie at the heart of the fictional phenomenon.
Third-Party Rules
Authors: Hall Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter argues that it is an unappealing solution to the health care spending problem to force unwilling patients to pay for most of their own medical costs out of pocket. Fortunately, there is no compelling need to adopt this extreme position. The medical-industrial complex has no shortage of other institutions perfectly willing to set spending limits for consumers. The principal contenders are insurance companies, government agencies, and employers—those who pay for the treatment. I classify these as “third-party,” “centralized,” or “external” decision makers. They are third-party or external authorities because they are outside of the primary doctor/patient relationship. They are centralized because, by and large, they make uniform decisions for everyone under their authority. Third-party authorities also include the courts and innovative institutions such as citizen committees or physician overseers. This chapter addresses anyone who makes medical spending decisions other than the doctor or patient who is directly involved in the particular treatment affected by the decision. If either of these parties to the treatment relationship feels bound by an explicit resource constraint on a treatment option, then a third-party spending decision has been imposed.
Class Acts
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such politically specious “identification” as I have suggested characterizes U.S. blacks’ adoption of the term African-American is by no means unique to that particular context. Indeed, we can arrive at a fuller sense of its potential offensiveness if we consider its manifestation in a rather more “classic” scenario, without for a second suggesting the commensurability of the two instances. In a November 1986 article titled “The King of Rap;’ Village Voice reporter Barry Walters chronicled the professional rise of Rick Rubin, the young white music producer who had just recently drawn upon his interest in and knowledge of African-American musical culture, his entrepreneurial bravado, and his family’s money to help effect the “crossover” of rap music from the ghetto of black hip-hop culture into the “mainstream” of the pop-music recording industry.
The Reassuring Shock of Recognition
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By October 1995, when actor and former pro football star 0. J. Simpson was acquitted in the 1994 murders of his estranged wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and Ronald Goldman, .l&gt;O much media coverage had been accorded to so many details of the case that one could well have forgotten a relatively small wrinkle from the earliest days of the reportage, involving a likeness of Simpson printed on the cover of one of the nation’s leading weekly news magazines just after his arrest by the Los Angeles Police Department. Both Time and Newsweek based the covers for their 27 June 1994 issues on a mug shot of Simpson taken by the LAPD, running the portrait at full-page size along with headlines bristling with sensationalism—Newsweek’s “Trail of Blood”—and melodrama—Time’s “An American Tragedy” (see cover stories by Turque et al. and by Gibbs); but the fundamental identicalness of the images was largely overridden by some distinguishing features that a New York Times reporter evidently found difficult to ascribe:
Backing Up, Crossing Over, Breaking Out
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not only do the analyses presented in Part II of this book indicate that black masculinity is a source of great anxiety throughout U.S. culture and society, but Chapter 6, in particular, suggests that that anxiety is so intense as to characterize even sites from which African-American men are notably absent. Even such absence itself, however, can obviously signal the anxiety with which I am concerned, resulting from the multiform subtle but nonetheless effective modes of discriminatory practice that still generally prevent black men from entering the bastions of, say, corporate capitalism. And yet, absence as such generally indicates more than simply a discriminatory boundary that bars black men from a given, relatively discrete, social realm; it also suggests that realm’s extensive implication in the defining problematics of the larger culture.