bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Construction of Music Teacher Identity in Undergraduate Music Education Majors
Authors: Woodford Paul G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociology is the systematic study of society and its institutions and the ways individuals and groups interact. Sociologists examine the nature and structure of, and relations among, various groups with a view to obtaining a more comprehensive understanding of social life (Wallace & Wolf, 1999, p. 3). Of particular interest to many sociologists is how individuals and groups evolve in their thinking and social practices over time yet manage to develop and sustain a sense of personal and collective identity (Green, 1999, p. 160). Social constructivists go even further, asserting that our perceptions and understandings of the world and everyday reality are socially mediated and constructed, meaning that they are built up through social experience and interaction (Green, 1997, p. 192). As Small (1998) explains, What each of us holds to be reality is not objective or absolute but is, to use the sociologists’ term, socially constructed. It is composed of learned sets of assumptions about the relationships of the world, and it is those, overlapping and varying, that constitute the pattern of meanings that holds together groups of human beings, whether large or small, from empires and nations to associations, clubs, families, and bonded pairs. How we acquire that sense of what is reality is a dialectical process between, on the one hand, the experience and the inborn temperament of each individual and, on the other, the perceptions of the various social groups to which he or she belongs. (p. 131)
Introduction: Fuzzy Teacher Education
Authors: Raths James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This part of the Handbook includes some of the finest essays I have ever read in one collection dealing with research on teacher education. The chapters here are concerned with the major issues of the day, from teacher education curriculum, student teaching, teacher research, to professional development. The authors are primarily music educators and their interests are essentially focused on teacher education in the field of music. However, almost every chapter author agreed to address the assigned topics by reviewing the research in music teacher education more broadly conceived and then interpolating the meaning of that research for music teacher education. As a whole, they have performed their tasks admirably.
Research in Visual Art Education: Implications for Music
Authors: Galbraith Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a rich heritage of visual art education research, which inquires into how visual art enriches and gives aesthetic meaning to peoples’ private and public lives and experiences. Researchers explore the studio art-making process; examine how people teach and learn within the related disciplines of aesthetics, art criticism, and art history; and grapple with a variety of theoretical and practical issues that are related, for example, to child development, visual perception, diversity, culture, multiculturalism, social perspectives, gender (including sexual orientation), controversial issues, and technology. They conduct their research using philosophical, quantitative, and qualitative forms of inquiry that are often derived from related disciplines such as sociology, history, anthropology, psychology, and curriculum theory. Essentially, researchers in visual art education confront the exciting challenges-new and old-that visual art provides artists, teachers, and learners within a postmodern world. The content for this chapter is based on an analysis of research findings in visual art education. Research was examined from the following sources: important research published in journals during the last 20 years (for example, Journal of Aesthetic Education; Journal of Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Studies in Art Education; Studies in Art Education; Visual Arts Research); the Dissertation Abstracts database; selected doctoral dissertations; existing research analyses (Allison, 1986; Burton, 1991, 1998; Da­ vis, 1977; Hamblen, 1989; Jones & McPhee, 1986; La Pierre & Zimmerman, 1997; La Pierre, Stokrocki, & Zimmerman, 2000); and significant monographs, books, and reports (for example, Smith, 2000). Other sources included the various publications of the National Art Education Association’s (NAEA) Research Commission (National Arts Education Association [NAEA], 1994, 1996, 1998). In addition, international journals were examined (for example, Canadian Review of Art Education; and the United Kingdom’s Journal of Art and Design Education), given that visual art education research has a long history in other parts of the world.
Nonmusical Outcomes of Music Education: Historical Considerations
Authors: Mark Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Undoubtedly, people have always studied music in informal settings for the pleasure it has given them. For the purpose of this chapter, however, a distinction is made between informal and formal music education in order to focus on nonmusical outcomes of the study of music in formal education systems. In the context of this chapter, nonmusical outcomes are those that serve any purpose other than developing the learner’s sensitivity to the aesthetic component of music. The subject of nonmusical outcomes of formal music education is rich in historical roots, embracing the opinions and theories of educators, religious leaders, civic leaders, philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists, and others. It has continually, for millennia, referred to behavioral conformity, effects on intelligence, skill development, and religiosity. The literature on this subject is so broad and embracing that one who is familiar with it might well ask what purpose music education serves other than nonmusical values. Although music educators have probably never been insensitive to the sheer joy of music, it was only in the second half of the twentieth century that a widespread philosophy of music education, based on extensive research and reflective thinking, recognized the value of music education as knowledge and appreciation of the music itself. That philosophy, aesthetic education, will be discussed later in this chapter.
Prologue: Gynecology on Trial for Manslaughter
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We left Mary Dixon Jones and her son Charles in acute professional crisis at the end of Chapter 1. The Brooklyn Eagle had run a successful smear campaign that cast grave doubt on their personal integrity, suggesting that they took advantage of patients and practiced inferior, indeed irresponsible medicine. Though they attempted to defend themselves to Eagle reporters by giving their own version of events, they were unable to alter the negative public image the newspaper had so carefully crafted. The Eagle twisted their words, cast doubt on the veracity of their explanations, and cited their testimony as further proof of wrongdoing. Not even the Brooklyn Citizen’s willingness to take their side could mitigate the worst effects of the Eagle’s sensational revelations. At the end of May 1889, the two physicians were indicted for second-degree murder in the death of Sarah Bates, and manslaughter in the case of Ida Hunt. They were arraigned, arrested, and held in jail until a wealthy widow who admired their work put up bail. As if this were not humiliating enough, over the next several months, no fewer than eight former patients, emboldened by events, sued Dixon Jones for malpractice.
Spectacle in Brooklyn
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the citizens of Brooklyn in February and March of 1892, the courtroom became a stage. Commencing three years after the Eagle began its expose, the libel trial might well be likened to the public enactment of a popular, serialized mystery novel, now come to life as a morality play. Throngs of well-dressed men and women, “very different from an ordinary courtroom crowd,’’ and many of the principals involved faithfully attended the proceedings. Judging from the ‘‘remarks caught in the corridor as the crowd is dispersing,’’ the Eagle observed, the “cumulative effect” the testimony had on these observers was “considerable.”
Mind as a Scientific Object: A HistoricalPhilosophical Exploration
Authors: Leahey Thomas Hardy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1953, the German philologist Bruno Snell published The Discovery of the Mind: The Greek Origins of European Thought. His preface exemplifies the difficulties of defining the mind as an object. Despite the bold thesis proclaimed by his title, Snell was not entirely sure that the Greeks had actually discovered something that already existed. Although he asserted that “the rise of thinking among the Greeks [after Homer] was nothing less than a revolution They discovered the human mind ... , ” he hedged his claim by writing that the Greek discovery “cannot be compared with the discovery of, let us say, a new continent” (Snell, 1953, v). Snell wrestled with possibilities that have since loomed large in psychological metatheory. He specifically rejected the possibility (now espoused by some in cognitive science, e.g., Dahlbom, 1993) that the mind might be an artifact.
Emergence and Efficacy
Authors: Seager William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine the day when physics is complete. A theory is in place that unifies all the forces of nature in one self-consistent and empirically verified set of absolutely basic principles. There are some who see this day as perhaps not too distant (e.g., Hawking, 1988; Weinberg, 1992; Horgan, 1996). Of course, the mere possession of this theory of everything will not give us the ability to provide a complete explanation of everything: every event, process, occurrence, and structure. Most things will be too remote from the basic theory to admit of explanation in its terms; even relatively small and simple systems will be far too complex to be intelligibly described in the final theory.
The Detachment of Thought
Authors: Gcirdenfors Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When comparing the human mind to that of other animals, several properties have been proposed as being uniquely characteristic of human thinking. We are said to be alone in having a symbolic language, a free will, self-consciousness, and a sense of humor. I do not believe, however, that a sharp border line can be drawn between human and animal cognition. Rather, human thinking has evolved away from that of our common ancestors among the primates in a series of small steps. The main thesis in this chapter is that what characterizes the evolution of human thinking is that it shows a successively greater detachment from the current environment. In contrast, animal cognition is more entrained with the external world as it is presented to the sensory organs. I will outline the detachment of thought in a series of steps. My objective is to analyze the functions of certain aspects of cognition rather than to study their neurophysiological foundations or their behavioral correlates.
The Setting Fdr, American Public Opinion, And Nazi Germany Before Pearl Harbor
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
March 4, 1933, was a cold, gray day in Washington. As Americans contemplated a fourth year of economic depression, of bank panics, burgeoning unemployment, and plummeting in comes, Franklin D. Roosevelt took the presidential oath of office, carefully enunciating his determination to pre serve, protect, and defend the Constitution. Then, turning to the large crowd that had assembled outside the Capitol, the new president began the task of trying to revive hope and confidence, famously assuring his audience that they had nothing to fear but fear itself before stressing his intention to act boldly and quickly.
Planning Germany’s Defeat December 1941 To November 1943
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winston Churchill was at Chequers on Sunday, December 7, 1941, relaxing at the prime minister’s official retreat with John G. Winant, the American ambassador, and Averell Harriman, the president’s envoy. After a somewhat subdued dinner, the three men gathered around the radio set to catch the BBC’s nine o’clock news. As the announcer began to recount the first sketchy de tails of a Japanese attack on Hawaii, everyone in the room was stunned, for it seemed scarcely credible that the Japanese would be foolish enough to launch a direct assault on U.S. territory.
The Politics of Unconditional Surrender November1942tojune 1944
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sunday January 24, 1943, the last full day of the Casablanca Conference, dawned warm and sunny. Around mid day Roosevelt and Churchill went onto the lawn just outside the president’s villa. A short while later, the newspapermen who had made the long trek to North Africa were invited to sit down and make themselves comfortable. As they huddled around the two leaders, most reporters probably expected to hear nothing more than the normal platitudes of a wartime press conference.
Planning Germany’s Future JUNE I 944 TO APRIL I 945
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 6, 1944, as Allied troops poured onto the Normandy beaches to open the eagerly awaited second front,Franklin Roosevelt led the nation in prayer. “Our sons ... this day have set upon a mighty endeavor,” the president began in his calm, measured, patrician voice, “a struggle to preserve our republic, our religion, and our civilization, and to set free a suffering humanity.” “Their road will be long and hard,” he continued. “For the enemy is strong. He may hurl back our forces. Success may not come with rushing speed, but we shall return again and again; and we know that by Thy grace, and by the righteousness of our cause, our sons will triumph.”‘
Death of an Overseer
Authors: Wayne Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May of 1857, the body of Duncan Skinner was found in a strip of woods along the edge of the plantation near Natchez, Mississippi, where he worked as an overseer. Although a coroner’s jury initially ruled his death to be accidental, an investigation organized by planters from the community concluded that he had been murdered by three slaves acting under instructions from John McCallin, an Irish carpenter. Now, almost a century and a half later, Michael Wayne has reopened the case to ask whether the men involved in the investigation arrived at the right verdict. Part essay on the art of historical detection, part seminar on the history of slavery and the Old South, Death of an Overseer is, above all, a murder mystery-a murder mystery that allows readers to sift through the surviving evidence themselves and come to their own conclusions about who killed Duncan Skinner and why.
Democracy and Justice
Authors: Wayne Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As late as the beginning of the nineteenth century, most Americans considered “democracy” a pejorative term; it suggested mob rule. In 1800, Noah Webster—yes, the author of the first American dictionary, although that was a number of years later—defined a “democrat” as someone who attempted to exert “an undue opposition to or influence over government: by means of private clubs, secret intrigues, or by public popular meetings which are extraneous to the Constitution.” Many property holders had the vote, but only a privileged few were thought to be qualified to occupy office. In the southern states this meant wealthy planters. Political campaigns reflected the prevailing skepticism about the ability of the electorate to understand matters of public policy. A candidate for office would not make speeches outlining his views on the pressing issues of the day nor pledge himself to specific initiatives. Rather, his friends would testify to his sterling character and he would prove his generous nature by providing lavish “treats” of food and, more important, liquor, at picnics and barbecues held in his honor.
In Search of John McCallin
Authors: Wayne Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing a work of history is inevitably a humbling experience. Sooner or later someone comes along to point out mistakes you’ve made or challenge your interpretation. In December of 1990 I published an article on the murder of Duncan Skinner in the Journal of American History. Since then, I have come to learn that it contains a number of factual errors. That I was the one who discovered them provides not the slightest bit of solace.
The Unforgiving West
Authors: Steinberg Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In at least one respect, the American West—the vast expanse of land running from the 98th meridian bisecting the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas to the Pacific Ocean—was all a big mistake. Following the Civil War a period of unusually wet weather that lasted roughly two decades inspired Americans to head west in droves. Urged on by scientists such as Cyrus Thomas, who pronounced the ample rainfall permanent in nature and “in some way connected to the settlement of the country,” Americans forged into the region under the delusion that moisture would increase in proportion to population. As late as 1884, one Chicago reporter wrote, “Kansas was considered a droughty state, but that day is past, and her reputation for sure crops is becoming widely known.”
Community Social Casework
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mrs. J., a 30-year-old white female, was referred to a family services agency (FSA) for help. Her husband chronically physically and emotionally abuses her. Mrs. J. quit high school in her sophomore year because of pregnancy with her first child. She didn’t return to school or obtain a high school equivalency certificate. The child, John, is now 14 years old. Mrs. J.’s current husband is not John’s father. This is a source of conflict in the family. John and Mr. J. do not get along. Mr. J. is repeatedly physically and emotionally abusive to the boy. John is habitually absent from school, insolent, and a member of a loose-knit gang of antisocial white youth who call themselves skinheads. He often is out of Mrs. J.’s control.
The Structure of Belief and Perceptual Representation
Authors: Thau Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I turn to belief and perceptual representation. Some intentionalists have much to say about this topic. As their name suggests, many adopt Franz Brentano’s view that one defining characteristic of mental representation is its in tentionality.1 I begin by discussing the alleged intentionality of mental representation for several reasons. First, I think that the view is both wrong and on the wrong track, so it must be set aside if we are to get a clear picture of belief and perceptual representation.
Inheritance of Developmental Instability
Authors: Fuller Rebecca C , Houle David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetries (FAs) are nondirectional departures from perfect symmetry. FA is often used as a measure of developmental instability (DI), a hypothetical construct that we use to refer to the idea, that in some cases, variance in morphological traits may be maladaptive. Asymmetry is a logical way to approach this issue, because we can usually assume that the optimum phenotype is the same on either side of the body. This connection of FA and DI is speculative, as it is not clear that DI is a real property of an individual. In this chapter, we are concerned with the issue of whether FA is heritable, and what this might tell us about the inheritance of DI, assuming that DI does in fact exist. To study this relationship, we assume a standard model of the relationship between FA and DI (Van Valen 1962; Palmer and Strobeck 1986; Whitlock 1996; Gangestad and Thornhill 1999; Houle 2000).
Recent Developments and Shortcomings in the Analysis of Individual Asymmetry: A Review and Introduction of a Bayesian Statistical Approach
Authors: Van Dongen Stefan , Lens Luc , Molenberghs Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The developmental trajectory of a trait is assumed to be disturbed by random noise of environmental origin. As a consequence, the realized phenotype differs from its expected value, the latter being determined by genotype and environment experienced during development. Developmental stability (DS, i.e., the outcome of mechanisms that buffer the developmental trajectory against these random disturbances, thereby counteracting deviations of the realized phenotype from its expected value; Palmer and Strobeck 1992) is most often estimated by small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry (i.e., fluctuating asymmetry; FA; Ludwig 1932) where high asymmetry indicates low DS (Moller and Swaddle 1997). For metric traits it is generally assumed that each trait value reflects an independent sample from a normal distribution with mean equal to this expected phenotypic value and variance reflecting the amount of random noise and the degree of DS. This variance (further called V05) increases with noise and decreases with DS (figure 18.1) (Palmer and Strobeck 1986, 1992; Whitlock 1996; but see Houle 2000). This model is designed to examine statistical questions (i.e., the weak association between FA and DS, see section “The Problem of Sampling Error”), which is also the main subject of this chapter. Klingenberg (chapter 2, this volume), for example, reviews models of DS that relate to the underlying biological mechanisms of noise and stability.
Life Histories, Evolution, and Salmonids
Authors: Schaffer William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about salmonid fishes and the ways in which studying salmonids can inform general problems in evolution. My own involvement with salmon dates to the fall of 1969 when, at the urging of Professor J. T. Bonner, I attempted to apply my then nascent ideas on life history evolution to the genus Salmo. The occasion was the weekly ecology brown bag at which I had been scheduled to speak, and the ensuing discussion focused on the adaptive merits of semelparous versus iteroparous reproduction. Dr. Bonner, it transpired, spent his summers in Nova Scotia where he enjoyed angling for salmon. He was impressed by the tremendous obstacles elsewhere encountered by these fish when they returned from the ocean to spawn. Even though S. salar is technically iteroparous, it was apparent that individuals often had but a single crack at reproduction (Belding 1934). I should go to the Maritimes, he proposed; solicit the assistance of P. F. Elson, a fisheries biologist at the research station in St. Andrews; and learn about salmon. Perhaps, there were data that would inform the theory I was developing. Perhaps I would gain insight as to why Oncorhynchus is obligatorily semelparous and Salmo is not. And so, when the spring semester ended, I drove north, knowing little enough about the animals I had chosen to study, but convinced, as only a graduate student can be, that they would doubtless conform to my expectations. In due course, I met Dr. Elson who took me under a fatherly wing. With his assistance and encouragement, data were gathered, the theory refined, and results published (Schaffer and Elson 1975; Schaffer 1979a). Thereafter, I moved on to other taxa (Schaffer and Schaffer 1977, 1979) and other questions (Schaffer 1985). Thirty years later, an invitation arrived to write this chapter. Let me begin by thanking the editors for affording me an opportunity to revisit a formative stage in my scientific career.