bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Hematopoietic Cell Culture, Transduction, and Analyses
Authors: Nolta Jan A. , Kohn Donald B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit provides methods to introduce genes into human hematopoietic progenitor cells. The describes isolating CD34+ cells, transducing these cells with a retroviral vector in the presence of a stromal cell layer, assaying the efficiency of transduction, and establishing long‐term cultures. One support protocol describes how colonies can be plated from long‐term cultures. An alternate procedure describes the use of fibronectin‐coated plates as a substitute for the stromal cell layer in transduction. Support protocols describe methods for maintenance and supernatant collection from vector‐producing fibroblasts (VPF), screening medium components for the ability to support hematopoietic cell growth, and establishing colonies from long‐term cultures. Other protocols provide PCR‐based methods to analyze individual colonies for transduction. Methods are given to analyze cells harvested from long‐term cultures. Additional protocols describe freezing and thawing hematopoietic cells.This unit provides methods to introduce genes into human hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Human and Mouse Gene Nomenclature
Authors: Wain Hester , Povey Sue , Maltais Lois 
Published: June 2004

AbstractStandard genetic nomenclature is necessary to help researchers, clinicians, and the public to access data on their genes of interest, and to communicate in a globally understood language of approved gene symbols. In both human and mouse, one unique symbol (acronym/abbreviation) and one name are assigned for each gene. Co‐ordination between human and mouse gene nomenclature is a successful endeavor, due in part to the historical interaction between the two nomenclature committee groups. This interaction grew out of the Human Gene Mapping (HGM) Workshops. This appendix discusses development and organization of gene nomenclature, how to find a gene and how to name a new gene.
Establishment of Permanent Cell Lines by Epstein‐Barr Virus Transformation
Authors: Gilbert John 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis basic protocol presents Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) transformation of B cells to create a permanent cell line to provide cells for genetic and DNA analysis. Virus stocks are prepared from cultures of an infected marmoset cell line in the first support protocol. Transformed cells may be analyzed immediately or frozen for future use as described in the second support protocol.
Basic Statistics
Authors: Moore Jason H. , Thornton Tricia A. , Ritchie Marylyn D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractStatistics is a relatively new science with most of the important developments occurring within the last 100 years. The goal of this unit is to summarize some of the philosophical ideas behind statistics and to provide a general framework in the form of flowcharts for deciding which statistical test is appropriate for a given dataset and scientific question. Also provided is a list of references and software for commonly used statistical methods.
Proper Alignment and Adjustment of the Light Microscope
Authors: Salmon Edward D. , Canman Julie C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe light microscope is a basic tool for biologists, who should have a thorough understanding of how it works, how it should be aligned for different applications (e.g., brightfield, phase‐contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence epi‐illumination), and how it should be maintained as required to obtain maximum image‐forming capacity and resolution. The principles of microscopy and step‐by‐step alignment and adjustment procedures are described in this unit.
[4+2] Cycloaddition of ortho‐Quinone Methides Promoted by Ionic Liquids: an Efficient and Mild Protocol for the Synthesis of Tetrahydropyranobenzopyrans
Authors: Yadav J. S. , Subba Reddy B. V. , Sadashiv K. , Padmavani B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe stereoselective synthesis of trans‐annelated pyrano[3,2‐c]benzopyrans has been achieved by intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition of o‐benzoquinone methides that are generated in situ from o‐hydroxybenzaldehydes and unsaturated alcohols using an air‐ and moisture‐stable ionic liquid, i.e., 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmim]BF4 under mild and neutral conditions.
N‐Methylprolinol Catalysed Asymmetric Baylis−Hillman Reaction
Authors: Radha Krishna Palakodety , Kannan V. , Narasimha Reddy P. V. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractN‐methylprolinol is used as a chiral base catalyst for the Baylis–Hillman reaction to obtain the adducts in good yields with moderate to good enantioselectivities in 1,4‐dioxane:water (1 : 1, v/v) under ambient conditions.
Oxidation of p‐Cresol to p‐Hydroxybenzaldehyde with Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of CuMn‐Oxide Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Wang Feng , Yang Guanyu , Zhang Wei , Wu Wenhai , Xu Jie 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA high‐yield synthesis of p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde from p‐cresol and molecular oxygen was achieved over a CuMn‐oxide supported carbon catalyst. The reaction parameters such as pressure, stirring speed, reaction temperature, solvent, and the amount of sodium hydroxide in the reaction media were optimized. As a result, a high conversion of p‐cresol (99%) and a high selectivity to p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (96%) were realized at the same time. Catalyst separation and recycling tests clearly showed that the reaction proceeded on the heterogeneous catalyst but not on dissolved species.
Oxidation of Amino Diols Mediated by Homogeneous and Heterogeneous TEMPO
Authors: Testa Maria Luisa , Ciriminna Rosaria , Hajji Chakib , Zaballos Garcia Elena , Ciclosi Marco , Sepulveda Arques Jose , Pagliaro Mario 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe conversion of amino diols to aminohydroxy acids by oxidation of the primary hydroxy group mediated by homogeneous and heterogeneous TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine 1‐oxyl radical) is reported. The synthesis uses NaOCl as primary oxidant and TEMPO, either dissolved in the homogeneous phase or entrapped in a sol‐gel matrix, as catalytic mediator. Homogeneous TEMPO is suitable for the oxidation of aliphatic methylamino diols, while the hybrid organic‐inorganic silica sol‐gel catalysts are more selective mediators for the oxidation of benzylic amino diols like the potent antibiotic chloramphenicol which, under homogeneous conditions, are unselectively oxidized to benzoic acids.
Sunflower oil hydrogenation on Pd/C in SC propane in a continuous recycle reactor
Authors: Ramírez E. , Recasens F. , Fernández M. , Larrayoz M. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFluid‐phase, continuous hydrogenations of sunflower oil on 2% Pd/C were carried out in an internal recycle, radial‐flow, packed‐bed microreactor (50 cm3) using propane as supercritical‐fluid solvent. Temperature (428–488 K), oil liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV = 30–70), H2 mol composition (2–10%), and stirrer speed (52–262 rad/s) were changed according to a four‐variable, two‐level, central composite design to predict the effect of process variables on the iodine value (IV) and on trans fatty acid content (trans C18:1). Feed and product were well above the condensation conditions so that a single fluid phase was present (according to recent calculations by Pereda et al.). The total system pressure, the molar oil concentration and the catalyst mass were held constant at 20 MPa, 1 mol %, and 0.1085 g, respectively. An empirical quadratic‐form response‐surface model is shown to fit the results, and shows the regions where a potential CSTR process could be operated to obtain a certain outlet iodine value and a minimum trans C18:1 content. For the time‐on stream values used here catalyst deactivation effects were not observed. In an extension of the results, a kinetic analysis of the steady‐state CSTR reaction rate data allows determination of the kinetic constants, and their temperature dependency, for the multiple reactions of hydrogenation–isomerization network involving triglyceride species. The kinetic formalism, proposed earlier for vegetable oil hydrogenations, was used. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1545–1555, 2004
The 11q terminal deletion disorder: A prospective study of 110 cases
Authors: Grossfeld Paul D. , Mattina Teresa , Lai Zona , Favier Remi , Jones Ken Lyons , Cotter Finbarr , Jones Christopher ,   the 11q Consortium
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe performed a prospective study of 110 patients (75 not previously published) with the 11q terminal deletion disorder (previously called Jacobsen syndrome), diagnosed by karyotype. All the patients have multiple dysmorphic features. Nearly all the patients (94%) have Paris‐Trousseau syndrome characterized by thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction. In total, 56% of the patients have serious congenital heart defects. Cognitive function ranged from normal intelligence to moderate mental retardation. Nearly half of the patients have mild mental retardation with a characteristic neuropsychiatric profile demonstrating near normal receptive language ability, but mild to moderate impairment in expressive language. Ophthalmologic, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary problems were common, as were gross and fine motor delays. Infections of the upper respiratory system were common, but no life‐threatening infections were reported. We include a molecular analysis of the deletion breakpoints in 65 patients, from which genetic “critical regions” for 14 clinical phenotypes are defined, as well as for the neuropsychiatric profiles. Based on these findings, we provide a comprehensive set of recommendations for the clinical management of patients with the 11q terminal deletion disorder. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotype/phenotype analysis in a patient with pure and complete trisomy 12p
Authors: Zumkeller Walter , Volleth Marianne , Muschke Petra , Tönnies Holger , Heller Anita , Liehr Thomas , Wieacker Peter , Stumm Markus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractReports on patients with pure and complete trisomy 12p are rare. Up to now, 12 cases have been described in the literature. Here, we report on the genotype/phenotype‐correlation of a female patient with a pure trisomy 12p. Conventional cytogenetic studies on peripheral blood chromosomes as well as molecular cytogenetic (fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH) techniques including whole chromosome painting (WCP), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), multicolor‐banding (MCB) detected a female karyotype with an abberant chromosome 12:46,XX,der(12).ish dup(12)(pter → q24.3::p11.2 → pter). In addition to the trisomy 12p specific clinical hallmarks, the patient showed some features of Pallister–Killian syndrome (PKS) such as sparse hair, macroglossia, and epilepsy. These findings contribute to the genotype/phenotype correlation in trisomy 12p patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Android subcutaneous adipose tissue topography in lean and obese women suffering from PCOS: Comparison with type 2 diabetic women
Authors: Horejsi R. , Möller R. , Rackl S. , Giuliani A. , Freytag U. , Crailsheim K. , Sudi K. , Tafeit E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe new optical device, the lipometer, enables the noninvasive, quick, safe, and precise determination of the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) layers at any given site of the human body. Fifteen anatomically well‐defined body sites from neck to calf describe a SAT topography (SAT‐Top) like an individual “fingerprint” of a subject. This SAT‐Top was examined in 16 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and compared to the body fat distribution of 87 age‐matched healthy controls and 20 type‐2 diabetic women. SAT‐Top differences of these three groups were described and, to render the possibility of visual comparison, the 15‐dimensional body fat information was condensed to a two‐dimensional factor plot by factor analysis. All PCOS patients had an android body fat distribution with significantly thinner SAT layers on the legs as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, a hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in two distinctly different groups of PCOS women, a lean (PCOSL) and an obese (PCOSO) cluster: compared to healthy women, lean PCOS patients had significantly lower total SAT development, even though height, weight, and body mass index did not deviate significantly. Especially on the legs, their SAT layers were significantly lowered, indicating a more “apple‐like” fat distribution type. Obese PCOS women showed a SAT‐Top pattern very similar to that of women with type‐2 diabetes, although the mean age difference between these groups was more than 30 years. Compared to healthy controls, the SAT‐Top of these obese PCOS patients was strongly shifted into the android direction, appearing as “super‐apples” with a significantly increased upper trunk obesity to 237.8% and a significantly decreased leg SAT development to 79.8%. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ein synthetisches Antithrombin III bindendes Pentasaccharid ist jetzt ein Wirkstoff! Was kommt danach?
Authors: Petitou Maurice , van Boeckel Constant A. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHeparin, ein aus tierischen Organen gewonnenes sulfatiertes Glycosaminoglycan, findet seit den 40er Jahren als antithrombotischer Wirkstoff klinische Verwendung. Ein Durchbruch in der Heparinforschung war in den frühen 80er Jahren die Entdeckung, dass eine charakteristische Pentasacchariddomäne in manchen Heparinketten den Serinproteaseinhibitor Antithrombin III (AT‐III) aktiviert, der in der Gerinnungskaskade Thrombin und den Faktor Xa inhibiert. Sanofi‐Synthélabo und Organon entwickelten das Analogon2(Fondaparinux) des Pentasaccharids. Die Verbindung wurde zum antithrombotischen Medikament Arixtra weiterentwickelt, das 2002 in den USA und Europa auf den Markt kam. Arixtra bewirkt ausschließlich die AT‐III‐vermittelte Inhibierung des Faktors Xa. Durch strukturbezogenes Design wurden auch Analoga mit längerer Wirkungsdauer wie Idraparinux sowie neue Konjugate und lange Oligosaccharide mit spezifischer Anti‐Xa‐ und Antithrombin‐Aktivität zugänglich. Die neuen Wirkstoffkandidaten wirken selektiver als Heparin, was insbesondere die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Thrombopenie verringert.
Photocrosslinking of an ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer and the characterization of its structure and mechanical properties
Authors: Wang Weizhi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) was photocrosslinked under UV irradiation with benzil dimethyl ketal (BDK) as a photoinitiator and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) as a crosslinker. The efficiency of the photoinitiated crosslinking system EPDM–BDK–TMPTA, various factors affecting the crosslinking process (the photoinitiator and crosslinker and their concentrations, the irradiation time, the temperature, the atmosphere and UV‐light intensity, and the depth of the UV‐light penetration), and the mechanical properties of photocrosslinked EPDM were examined extensively through the determination of the gel contents, infrared spectra, and mechanical measurements. EPDM samples 3 mm thick were easily crosslinked with a gel content of about 90% after 30 s of UV irradiation under optimum conditions. The photoinitiating system of a suitable initiator combined with a multifunctional crosslinker such as BDK–TMPTA enhanced the efficiency of the photocrosslinking reaction, especially by increasing the initial rate of crosslinking. The gel content of photocrosslinked EPDM, which was determined by the content of diene in EPDM, the depth of the UV‐light penetration, and the light intensity, played a key role in increasing the mechanical properties of the photocrosslinked samples in this work. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1837–1845, 2004
Characterization of konjac glucomannan–quaternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐butyl) pyridine blend films and their preservation effect
Authors: Liu Changhua , Xiao Chaobo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNovel polymer blends were prepared from a mixture of 2 wt % konjac glucomannan and 4 wt % quaternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐butyl) pyridine (QPVP) in aqueous solution and dried at room temperature for 72 h. Their structure and properties were studied by infrared, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal stability in the dry state was reduced with increasing content of QPVP. Compared with QPVP film, the tensile strength of the films was improved in the dry state. The maximum value of 12.74% tensile break elongation was reached when the content of QPVP was 30%. Structural analysis indicated that clear phase separation was observed when the content of QPVP was only 50%. Results from the filmcoating preservation experiments with lychee showed that this blend film had water‐holding ability. The fruit weight loss rate and rot rate both decreased in various degrees. The potential uses of these novel polymer films could be as preservative films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1868–1875, 2004
Using a water‐soluble melamine‐formaldehyde resin to improve the hardness of Norway spruce wood
Authors: Gindl Wolfgang , Hansmann Christian , Gierlinger Notburga , Schwanninger Manfred , Hinterstoisser Barbara , Jeronimidis George 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSamples of Norway spruce wood were impregnated with a water‐soluble melamine formaldehyde resin by using short‐term vacuum treatment and long‐term immersion, respectively. By means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV microspectrophotometry, it was shown that only diffusion during long‐term immersion leads to sufficient penetration of melamine resin into the wood structure, the flow of liquids in Norway spruce wood during vacuum treatment being greatly hindered by aspirated pits. After an immersion in aqueous melamine resin solution for 3 days, the resin had penetrated to a depth > 4 mm, which, after polymerization of the resin, resulted in an improvement of hardness comparable to the hardwood beech. A finite element model describing the effect of increasing depth of modification on hardness demonstrated that under the test conditions chosen for this study, a minimum impregnation depth of 2 mm is necessary to achieve an optimum increase in hardness. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1900–1907, 2004
Thermal and flame‐retardant properties of polyester fabric grafted with polyanilines
Authors: Salgaonkar L. P. , Jayaram R. V. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe chemical grafting of polyaniline, poly(o‐anisidine), and poly(o‐toluidine) on polyester fabric was carried out with ammonium peroxodisulfate in an acidic medium. The formation of the grafted fabric substrate was confirmed with reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight‐loss studies, and conductivity measurements. The grafting percentage and efficiency percentage were determined for the different grafted substrates. The thermal and flame‐retardant properties of these grafted substrates were elucidated. Thermogravimetric analysis thermograms and derivative thermogravimetry curves showed that the grafted substrates had a higher thermal stability and char‐residue percentage at 700°C. The grafted substrates showed a higher activation energy of thermal decomposition than the nongrafted substrates. The grafted substrates showed good flame retardancy, which was evident from the increase in the limited oxygen index in comparison with that of the nongrafted substrate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1981–1988, 2004
Sequential morphological changes of erythrocyte apoptosis in Xenopus larvae exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD)
Authors: Sakamoto Michiko Kamimura , Mima Shin , Kihara Takahide , Tanimura Takashi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin treatment of Xenopus laevis during the early stages of life induces apoptosis in larval erythrocytes (Sakamoto et al., 1997). In the present study, an examination of these cells at the ultrastructural level was undertaken to elucidate the sequential morphological changes that occur during apoptosis. Xenopus embryos were exposed to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin for 5 days shortly after fertilization. The circulating erythrocytes in larvae 12 days after fertilization were examined. Ultramicroscopic studies revealed four roughly defined stages of apoptosis. During the first stage, many small roundish vacuoles begin to appear in the cytoplasm. No noticeable changes can be found in the nucleus. In the second stage, the perinuclear cisterna become dilated, and huge cisternae can be seen in some erythrocytes. The roundish cytoplasmic vacuoles also become larger. Condensation of nuclear chromatin is not yet evident and the erythrocytes still maintain their elliptical shape. During the third stage, chromatin condensation and margination along the nuclear membrane becomes apparent. The nuclear pores gather in the diffuse chromatin region where the perinuclear cisterna is not dilated. The cytoplasm of some erythrocytes also becomes condensed and electron‐dense. The normal arrangement of microtubules is disorderly and the erythrocytes deform into a roundish shape. Also, macrophages usually contact some part of the cell. In the final stage, those erythrocytes which show typical nuclear condensation, where neither nuclear or cytoplasmic fragmentation have occurred, are almost or completely phagocytosed by macrophages. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atomic force microscopic studies on erythrocytes from an evolutionary perspective
Authors: Bhattacharyya Kajal , Guha Tapan , Bhar Radhaballav , Ganesan V. , Khan Manoranjan , Brahmachary Ratan Lal 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe examined atomic force microscopy (AFM) and lateral force microscopy (LFM) images of human, avian, reptilian, amphibian, and piscine erythrocytes to determine whether the general pattern of erythrocyte membrane architecture has been largely conserved in the course of phylogenetic evolution or relatively minor modifications have taken place. The general pattern of the cell surface structure is indeed very similar among the phyla examined. The surface features include a number of blebs or globular structures and hole‐like depressions. Such features are particularly clear in fish (Heteropneustes sp.), in which globular blebs are arranged in tiers around the depressions. The same pattern is found in the other phyla, although the sizes of the blebs and depressions vary. The depressions are ∼340 and ∼100 nm in diameter in chickens and fish, respectively, and are smaller in other phyla. The images of human erythrocytes presented here show holes more clearly than the images obtained by Zhang et al. (Scanning Electron Microsc., 1995; 9:981–989), who showed for the first time the highly uneven surface of these cells. The globules range in size from ∼50–150 nm in diameter. These nanostructures have a width of approximately 333–1,000 atoms, assuming that the average dimension of an atom is 1.5 Å. The size range of the holes is approximately 40–432 nm (equivalent to a width of approximately 266–2880 atoms). LFM images, which take into account the lateral component of the force, represent the variation of surface friction (roughness) on the erythrocyte surface. This is very clear in the toad images, which show well‐ordered strata that have not been revealed in ordinary AFM images. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.