bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graduate density, gender, and employment
Authors: Brynin Malcolm 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTThe expansion of higher education is often viewed as reflecting increased demand for skills, whether related to technological change or the growing complexity of the economy. It is also linked to widening pay differentials between the poorly and highly educated. There are reasons, however, to question these associations. Even if demand for graduates is growing the supply of graduates might as a result of the status derived from having a degree still exceed this. The demand for graduates itself need not be wholly tied in with upgrading of the labour force. Graduates could be part of a more flexible workforce who increasingly undertake non‐graduate work, thus downgrading their labour‐market position. LFS (Labour Force Survey) and BHPS (British Household Panel Study) data are used to show that there has been no major shift in the distribution of graduates in the British labour market, that career starts are increasingly at a lower status point, and that there is a negative effect of graduate density on wages. There are also redistributional effects. There has been a large increase in the social demand for higher education by women, and they have gained from this expansion while men have lost out. In addition, graduate density is positive for non‐graduates, who gain from the reduced rewards accruing to graduates. The results call into question the simple idea of a trend towards a demand for increasing levels of skills and qualifications. More attention should be paid to the distribution of skills and to complex interactions within this.
Weberian perspectives on science, technology and the economy
Authors: Schroeder Ralph , Swedberg Richard 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTSeveral disciplines have contributed to the understanding of the relationship between science, technology, and economic change. Weber's perspective on this relationship, however, has not been properly explored. In the first part of this paper, we give an account of Weber's perspective. In the second part, we critically assess Weber's ideas, indicating those that are useful and those that deserve to be abandoned. We also confront a revised Weberian perspective with those of the main contemporary competitors, the key ideas of economists and economic historians on one side and social constructivists on the other. We conclude that a Weberian comparative‐historical approach compares favourably with these competitors, and suggest where his approach still requires further work.
Regulating ‘unruly’ bodies: work tasks, conflict and violence in Britain's night‐time economy1
Authors: Monaghan Lee F. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTSecurity work in urban licensed premises is a risky occupation in Britain's fast expanding liminal night‐time economy. Sociologically, little is known about this masculinist work, including those embodied strategies used by doorstaff or ‘bouncers’ to regulate ‘unruly’ bodies in and around commercial space. Using participant observational data generated in south‐west Britain, this paper describes how the door supervisors’ routine work tasks (largely comprising requests and demands) provide the conditions of possibility for hierarchical conflict and (near) violence between themselves and (potential) customers inside and at the entrances to licensed premises. Besides providing a thick description of this work and the phenomenology of physical violence, the paper supports recent theoretical arguments for an explicitly embodied sociology. Centrally, the paper maintains that bodies matter and that an empirical, inter‐pretative sociology cannot ignore the corporeal dimensions of social life if it is to arrive at an adequate understanding of everynight tensions and conflict.
The theorization of social co‐ordinations in differentiated societies: the theory of generalized symbolic media in Parsons, Luhmann and Habermas*
Authors: Chernilo Daniel 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTThe problem of the differentiation of societies is at the core of the sociological imagination about the rise of modernity. In postwar sociology, T. Parsons developed the theory of generalized symbolic media in the mid‐1960s to tackle, theoretically and historically, the issue of differentiation. According to him, the interchange media are defined as resources oriented to exchange processes between the subsystems of the social system. Starting with money, Parsons argues that the remaining media (power, influence, and value‐commitments) have a set of characteristics defined as common properties for all media. After this first formulation, contemporary theorists such as Niklas Luhmann and Jürgen Habermas have developed and modified the Parsonian theory: Luhmann rejects the idea of interchange and proposes the use of communication; Habermas distinguishes between steering and communication media. In all three cases, the focus of the theory is on the characterization of the strongest dynamics of social co‐ordination present in differentiated societies. A major result of these developments is the inclusion of new dimensions on which to conceive the properties of media, not only those of money but also language. Beyond differences, then, it is proposed that there is only one theory of generalized symbolic media which can be understood as a progressive research programme, in Lakatos’ terms. Finally, the hand‐in‐hand evolution between the theory of media and Habermas’ and Luhmann's re‐conceptualizations on societal differentiation in contemporary societies will also be revealed.
Researching youth culture and popular music: a methodological critique
Authors: Bennett Andy 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTIn this article I argue the need for critical evaluation of qualitative research methodology in sociological studies of the relationship between youth culture and popular music. As the article illustrates, there is currently an absence of critical debate concerning methodological issues in this field of sociological research. In the first part of the article I begin to account for this absence by illustrating how early research on youth and music rejected the need for empirical research, relying instead on theories and concepts drawn from cultural Marxism. The second part of the article illustrates how the legacy of this early body of work in youth and music research manifests itself in current research which, although empirically grounded, is characterized by an almost total lack of engagement with methodological issues such as negotiating access to the field, manangment of field relations and ethical codes. Similarly problematic is the uncritical acceptance on the part of some researchers of their insider knowledge of particular youth musics and scenes as a means of gathering empirical data. In the final part of the article I focus on the issue of insider knowledge and the need for critical evaluation of its use as a methodological tool in field‐based youth and music research.
Hope and despair: making sense of politics in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Stewart Angus 
Published: September 2002

Books reviewed in this article: Books Reviewed: J. Dunn 2000 The Cunning of Unreason: Making Sense of PoliticsR. D. Putnam 2000 Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American CommunityB. Parekh 2000 Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural Diversity and Political TheoryJ. Drysek 2000 Deliberative Democracy and Beyond
Recent research advances in the dynamic behavior of shells: 1989–2000, Part 2: Homogeneous shells
Authors: Qatu Mohamad S 
Published: September 2002

AbstractShell-like structures are used in various engineering applications including civil, aerospace, mechanical, marine, and automotive engineering. This article reviews most of the recent research done in the field of dynamic response of homogeneous shells with special attention to free vibrations. Literature on dynamics of laminated composite shells was reviewed in Part 1 published in the July 2002 issue of AMR. Emphasis is given to the theory being applied (thin, thick, 3D, nonlinear,…), the shell geometries that were subject to dynamics research (cylindrical, conical, spherical,…), the analysis method (exact, Ritz, finite elements,…), and the various complicating effects (initial stress, imperfection, added masses and springs, elastic supports, rotating shells, interaction with fluids, and others). This review article contains 606 references.
Contact mechanics of multilayered rough surfaces
Authors: Bhushan Bharat , Peng Wei 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe deposition of layers is an effective way to improve the tribological performance of rough surfaces. The contact mechanics of layered rough surfaces needs to be studied to optimize layer parameters. Since 1995 a lot of progress has been made in the development of numerical contact models, which analyze the contact behavior of layered rough surfaces with no assumption concerning the roughness distribution as well as the effect of interfacial liquid film on the contact statistics. These models predict the contact pressure profile on the interface and contact statistics, namely fractional contact area, the maximum value of contact pressure, von Mises and principal tensile stresses, and relative meniscus force. The results allow the specification of layer properties to reduce friction, stiction, and wear of layered rough surfaces. A comprehensive review of these numerical contact models is presented here. Based on the formulation of contact problems, these models are classified into three categories: direct formulation, weighted residual formulation, and minimum total potential energy formulation. The numerical methods applied in these models include Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM), and Boundary Element Method (BEM). Typical examples of layered rough surfaces of contact simulated by those models are presented. The examples contain data for various surface topographies, elastic and elastic-plastic material properties, normal and tangential loading conditions, and dry and wet interfaces. A 3D BEM model based on a variational principle is described in detail for its capability to analyze the layered rough surfaces of contact involving a large number of contact points. Applications of the model to magnetic storage devices and MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) are presented. This review article contains 92 references.
Nontraditional
theories of shells and plates
Authors: Ambartsumian SA 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
In this review, I shall discuss some of the aspects of the Mechanics of Solid Deformable Media, which have been for more than half a century among my main research priorities.
It is somewhat difficult to write about research to which one has devoted his life. First of all, because you have to write about yourself, describing personal feelings—successes and failures, triumphs and defeats. It is hardly going to be of major interest for the readers. Thus, I am just going to note down, with corresponding comments some results, obtained by my colleagues, followers and myself. I think this can be rather interesting for junior researchers, who have not tasted yet the joy of success and the bitterness of the failure. This might be interesting as well for the mature scholars with relatively high self-esteem, willing to present each and every obtained result as a discovery—classical theory to be followed. The weight of a scientific result is evaluated by time. Time and coming generations of researchers will show the place in science of all results, even those which are widely advertised.
Modeling of metallic
materials at high strain rates with continuum damage mechanics
Authors: Voyiadjis GZ , Palazotto AN , Gao X-L 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
Damage modeling of metallic materials under high strain rate loading conditions is reviewed. The emphasis is on the modeling efforts based on continuum damage mechanics, although many important references dealing with general aspects of dynamic behavior of materials are also discussed. Relevant issues on the use of continuum damage mechanics and on the damage modeling of composites are addressed as well. This review article deals with 134 references
Functional Blocking of
Staphylococcus aureus
Adhesins following Growth in Ex Vivo Media
Authors: Massey Ruth C. , Dissanayeke Shobana R. , Cameron Brian , Ferguson David , Foster Timothy J. , Peacock Sharon J. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

Defining the role of
Staphylococcus aureus
adhesins in disease pathogenesis may depend on the use of bacteria grown in culture media that more closely reflect the human milieu than conventional broth. This study examined the functional effect on
S. aureus
adhesins following growth in an ex vivo medium containing a complex mixture of human proteins (used peritoneal dialysate) relative to growth in Todd-Hewitt broth. The adherence of
S. aureus
, cultured in dialysate, to fibronectin and fibrinogen was markedly reduced despite the expresion of full-length ClfA, ClfB, and fibronectin-binding proteins. Growth in dialysate resulted in the acquisition of a surface coat, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy, which was shown to contain fibronectin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulins. Adherence of
S. aureus
to fibrinogen following growth in dialysate was significantly reduced by expression of protein A but was restored following growth in immunoglobulin-depleted dialysate. We conclude that bacterial adherence to solid-phase protein is critically dependent on the culture medium, that
S. aureus
adhesins may become saturated with target protein prior to contact with solid surfaces, and that there is an interaction between fibrinogen-binding proteins and immunoglobulin bound to protein A following contact with host proteins. These findings have important implications for future studies of
S. aureus
adhesins.
The Class A Macrophage Scavenger Receptor Is a Major Pattern Recognition Receptor for
Neisseria meningitidis
Which Is Independent of Lipopolysaccharide and Not Required for Secretory Responses
Authors: Peiser Leanne , de Winther Menno P. J. , Makepeace Katherine , Hollinshead Michael , Coull Philip , Plested Joyce , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Moxon E. Richard , Gordon Siamon 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

Macrophages (Mφ) play a key role in the pathogenesis of invasive meningococcal infections. The roles of two pattern recognition molecules, the Mφ scavenger receptor (SR-A) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), have been investigated using bone marrow culture-derived Mφ (BMMφ). Surprisingly, a comparison of BMMφ from wild-type and SR-A knockout (SR-A
−/−
) mice showed that nonopsonic phagocytosis of meningococci was mediated almost exclusively via SR-A. Previous studies have demonstrated only a partial involvement of the receptor in the uptake of other bacteria, such as
Escherichia coli
. Interestingly, we also show that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was not the ligand for the receptor on these organisms. Further study of the downstream events of SR-A-mediated ingestion of
Neisseria meningitidis
demonstrated that SR-A was not required for cytokine production. To determine the bacterial and host factors required to stimulate Mφ activation, we examined TLR-4-deficient Mφ from C3H/HeJ mice and LPS-deficient meningococci. TLR-4-deficient cells elaborated reduced amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-12 (IL-12), and IL-10, even though ingestion via SR-A was unaffected in these cells. Similarly, although there was no change in SR-A-mediated ingestion of LPS-deficient meningococci, the mutant failed to stimulate a Mφ-dependent cytokine response. Thus, we show that Mφ SR-A mediates opsonin-independent uptake of
N. meningitidis
independently of lipid A and that this activity is uncoupled from the Mφ secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which provides a basis for further investigation of the role of this receptor in meningococcal disease in humans.
The Alternative Sigma Factor σ
E
Plays an Important Role in Intestinal Survival and Virulence in
Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Kovacikova Gabriela , Skorupski Karen 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

The alternative sigma factor σ
Ε
(RpoE) is involved in the response to extracytoplasmic stress and plays a role in the virulence of a variety of different bacteria. To assess the role of σ
Ε
in
Vibrio cholerae
pathogenesis, a
ΔrpoE
mutant was constructed and analyzed using the infant mouse model. The results here show that σ
Ε
contributes significantly to the virulence of
V. cholerae
. The Δ
rpoE
mutant was highly attenuated with a 50% lethal dose more than 3 logs higher than that for the parental strain, and its ability to colonize the intestine was reduced approximately 30-fold. A time course of infection revealed that the number of CFU of the Δ
rpoE
mutant was approximately 1 log lower than that of the parental strain by 12 h postinoculation and decreased further by 24 h. The defect in virulence in the Δ
rpoE
mutant thus appears to be a diminished ability to survive within the intestinal environment. The results here also show that σ
Ε
is not required for growth and survival of
V. cholerae
in vitro at high temperatures but is required under other stressful conditions, such as in the presence of 3% ethanol. As in
Escherichia coli
, the expression of
rpoE
in
V. cholerae
is dependent upon two promoters located upstream of the gene, P1 and P2. P1 appears to be σ
70
dependent, whereas the downstream promoter, P2, is positively autoregulated by σ
Ε
.
Immune Responses to Novel Pneumococcal Proteins Pneumolysin, PspA, PsaA, and CbpA in Adenoidal B Cells from Children
Authors: Zhang Qibo , Choo Sharon , Finn Adam 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

Studies of mice suggest that pneumococcal proteins, including PspA, pneumolysin, PsaA, and CbpA, are promising vaccine candidates. To determine whether these proteins are good mucosal immunogens in humans, adenoidal lymphocytes from 20 children who had adenoidectomies were isolated and tested by ELISpot for antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Cells were also cultured for 7 days in the presence of a concentrated culture supernatant (CCS) from a type 14 strain of pneumococcus which contained secreted pneumococcal proteins, including PspA, pneumolysin, PsaA, and CbpA, and then tested by ELISpot. ELISpot assays done on freshly isolated cells detected ASCs to all four antigens in most children studied. However, there were differences both between antigens and between isotypes. The densities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) ASCs against both PsaA and CbpA were significantly higher than those of ASCs for PspA and PdB (pneumolysin toxoid B) (
P
< 0.001). For all antigens, the numbers of IgA ASCs tended to be lower than those of both IgG and IgM ASCs. The numbers of anti-CbpA and -PsaA IgA ASCs were higher than those of anti-PdB IgA ASCs (
P
< 0.01). Concentrations of IgA antibodies to PspA and PsaA in saliva correlated with the numbers of IgA ASCs to PspA and PsaA in freshly isolated adenoidal cells, but no such correlation was found between salivary IgG antibody concentrations and IgG ASCs to the four antigens in adenoidal cells. In cultured cells, anti-PspA, -PsaA, and -CbpA IgG ASCs proliferated significantly, but only two of eight samples showed >2-fold increases in anti-CbpA and -PspA IgA ASCs after CCS stimulation. The results suggest that CbpA, PsaA, and PspA may be good upper respiratory mucosal antigens in children. Adenoids may be important inductive sites for memory IgG responses and important sources of salivary IgA. Some protein antigens may also prime for mucosal IgA memory. These data support the effort to explore mucosal immunization against pneumococcal infection.
Essential Role for Verotoxin in Sustained Stress-Activated Protein Kinase and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling, Stimulated by
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 in Vero Cells
Authors: Cameron Pamela , Bingham Deborah , Paul Andrew , Pavelka Martin , Cameron Scott , Rotondo Dino , Plevin Robin 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

The effects of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 (strains E30480 and PM601) and the associated verotoxins (VTs), VT1 and VT2, on stress-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling were investigated with Vero cells, which are extremely sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of
E. coli
O157:H7 in vitro. Cell-free supernatants prepared from E30480 and PM601 cultures and purified VT1 and VT2 stimulated a strong and prolonged (>4-h) activation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. However, JNK activity stimulated in response to E30480 supernatants was substantially reduced following pretreatment with anti-VT1 and anti-VT2 antibodies, while a VT1 and VT2 gene knockout mutant of PM601 was unable to stimulate JNK activity. E30480 supernatants also caused a sustained activation of NF-κB DNA binding, degradation of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκBα), and an increase in inhibitory kappa B kinase α activity, although PM601 supernatants and VT1 and VT2 had no effect. However, preincubation with VTs prolonged the transient activation of NF-κB and IκBα degradation stimulated by either tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin 1β, while preincubation with anti-VT antibodies prevented the prolonged loss of IκBα and partially reduced DNA binding in response to E30480 supernatants. These results strongly suggest that in Vero cells, VT plays an essential role in sustained JNK and NF-κB signaling in response to
E. coli
O157:H7 and that this action may underpin their cell-selective cytotoxic effects. These studies also suggest that another component released by strain E30480 contributes to the early activation of JNK and NF-κB.
Contribution of Membrane-Damaging Toxins to
Bacillus
Endophthalmitis Pathogenesis
Authors: Callegan Michelle C. , Cochran Daniel C. , Kane Scott T. , Gilmore Michael S. , Gominet Myriam , Lereclus Didier 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT

Membrane-damaging toxins are thought to be responsible for the explosive clinical course of
Bacillus
endophthalmitis. This study analyzed the contribution of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) to the pathogenesis of experimental
Bacillus
endophthalmitis. Isogenic mutants were constructed by insertion of
lacZ
into
Bacillus thuringiensis
genes encoding PI-PLC (
plcA
) and PC-PLC (
plcB
). Rabbit eyes were injected intravitreally with 2 log
10
CFU of strain BT407 (wild type), the PI-PLC mutant (BT
plcA
::
lacZ
), or the PC-PLC mutant (BT
plcB
::
lacZ
). The rates of decrease in retinal responses of eyes infected with the isogenic mutants were similar to that of wild type, with all infections resulting in elimination of retinal function by 18 h. Strain BT407 caused a significant increase in the latency of retinal responses at 6 h, but strains BT
plcA
::
lacZ
and BT
plcB
::
lacZ
did not. All strains elicited significant inflammatory cell influx into the anterior chamber by 12 h. Histologically, eyes infected with each strain were indistinguishable throughout the infection course. In this model, neither PI-PLC nor PC-PLC had an effect on the course or severity of experimental
Bacillus
endophthalmitis. Alterations in retinal responses early in infection may mark the beginnings of specific photoreceptor or glial cell dysfunction.