bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injury during anaesthesia
Authors: Mccahon Robert A , Hardman Jonathan G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will deal specifically with injury arising during anaesthesia as result of technical procedures, posture, or external, physical threat. Other forms of injury occur during anaesthesia (e.g. cerebrovascular events, myocardial infarction, and awareness) but these are covered separately. Nerve and spinal cord injuries arising during general or regional anaesthesia, while clearly qualifying as ‘injury arising during anaesthesia’, are dealt with in Chapter 15. In the main, the chapter is organized by the physical location of the injury; these locations comprise: oral, laryngeal, tracheal, ocular, cutaneous, orthopaedic, muscular, and vascular. External ocular injury is discussed in this chapter, but postoperative visual loss is dealt with in Chapter 15. Injury during anaesthesia is very common. Removal of the patient’s natural, protective mechanisms of pain perception and movement of the affected part causes the risk of superficial injury to be increased. The great majority of such injuries (e.g. cut lips, bruised limbs, pinched skin) are minor and recover rapidly and without the need for medical intervention(1). The minor associated symptoms and the brief discomfort produced result in few accusations of blame and litigation. Substantial, life-altering injuries do occur. Occasionally, apparently minor injuries may lead to a chronic pain syndrome in the affected part, especially if neurological injury has occurred.
Equipment
Authors: Moppett Iain K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The equipment used by anaesthetists is largely for the benefit of the patient. The anaesthetic machine is explicitly designed to deliver a known, safe mixture of medical gases and vapours to the patient. Breathing systems and ventilators allow the anaesthetist to maintain or provide safe and efficient ventilation of the patient’s lungs. Monitoring devices exist to warn the anaesthetist of actual or impending problems. Furthermore, equipment manufacturers have generally been responsive to theoretical problems, near misses, and episodes of patient harm, introducing safety features to minimize risk to the patient. Generally, the benefit of using modern anaesthetic equipment far exceeds the risks attached to it, but patients may sometimes suffer harm because of the equipment used by anaesthetists. In some instances, patients may also possibly suffer harm due to equipment that was not used. This chapter explores the risks associated with anaesthetic equipment, and the benefits associated with their use. Injuries specific to the airway and respiration are discussed in detail in Chapter 12. Only a small fraction of equipment errors and failures are reported. Most information is presented as single case reports detailing problems with a single piece of equipment. The manufacturers’ published response to these tends to be defensive(1), but where manufacturing or design faults are identified, this does lead to change. The fact that case reports are published is indirect evidence of the rarity of the problem. One large, prospective, audit of over 83 000 anaesthetics in the late 1990s(2) identified equipment problems in 157 (0.19%); general anaesthesia had a higher rate (0.23%) and regional anaesthesia lower (0.05%), presumably reflecting the amount of equipment used for the different techniques. Around 70% of problems were trivial, 25% of intermediate severity, and 2.5% (4 out of 157) were serious. In this series, no patients died or suffered long-term morbidity. For comparison, in the same patient series, around 1% of anaesthetics were associated with intraoperative problems; equipment problems, therefore, accounted for around 20% of all problems. An earlier qualitative interview study(3) found a slightly smaller ratio of equipment failure to human error (4%).
Escaping impossibilities: social choice rules
Authors: Gaertner Wulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Impossibility theorems are ubiquitous in social choice theory. By now, the reader has encountered several of these, among them the famous impossibility results by Arrow, Sen, and Gibbard and Satterthwaite. We think that it is high time to study various possibility results. Of course, this has a price: at least one of Arrow ‘s conditions must be weakened and the reader has to ask himself or herself whether in each individual case, the ensuing possibility is worth its price.
Distributive justice: Rawlsian and utilitarian rules
Authors: Gaertner Wulf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over more than two centuries, utilitarianism had been the uncontested school of thought for issues of welfare and redistribution. In Hutcheson ‘s (1725) An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, one can find the utilitarian postulate ‘of the greatest happiness of the greatest number ‘ which became famous through Bentham ‘s work (1776) who admitted to have been heavily influenced by Helvétius ‘s writings (1758). In order to decide whether state x is at least as good for society as state y (the reader will hopefully excuse our more prosaic language), utilitarianism prescribes that the utilities that accrue to the individual members of society under the two states be summed or aggregated.
Complement Clause Types in Israeli
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil‘ad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complement clauses in Israeli (aka ‘Modern Hebrew ‘) demonstrate inter alia that the fascinating, new, ‘semi-engineered ‘ language is caught in a war between prescriptivism and descriptivism. For example, the prescribed complementizer ki ‘that ‘ is possible and comprehensible but—as opposed to the usual complementizer she‘that ‘—unproductive (see §4.2). By and large, authors of Israeli grammars attempt—deliberately or subconsciously—to force a ‘Mosaic ‘ grammar, which is Semitic, on a ‘mosaic ‘ language, which is made up of both Semitic and Indo-European components.
Liability To Extradition; Extradition Offences
Authors: Nicholls Clive , Montgomery Clare , Knowles Julian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this chapter examines the circumstances in which a person becomes liable to extradition under the EA 2003 as either an accused person or a person who has been convicted and is unlawfully at large following his conviction. The second part of this chapter considers the important topic of extradition offences. These are the offences for which extradition from the UK can be granted. Whilst there are some similarities with the way in which extradition offences were defined in Part III of the EA 1989, the scheme established by the EA 2003 contains a number of significant differences.
The Golden Years Of Pills And Profits
Authors: Greenwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 50 years that followed the end of the Second World War witnessed a seemingly endless flow of new antibacterial agents. Well over 250 individual compounds suitable for systemic use (i.e. excluding those restricted to topical application, which would include many antiseptics) found their way on to the market throughout the world and, although some were mere copycat products or novel compounds of dubious value, many proved to be of genuine benefit in helping to transform the treatment of infectious disease. There is no dispute that it was the success of sulphonamides and penicillin that provided the impetus for pharmaceutical and chemical firms to invest in research into what clearly had the potential to be an extremely lucrative area.
Introduction
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of Chinese civilization traces back to Yandi (also known as Shen Nong, Divine Peasant) and Huangdi (also known as Xuan Yuan, Emperor Huang), legendary rulers of China in remote antiquity and the commonly recognized ancestors of the Chinese nation. The earliest dictionary in the Chinese language, The Ready Guide (&lt; 尔 雅 &gt;, also known as Erya), boasts a history of around 2,200 years. However, a systematic and coherent probe into the history of Chinese lexicography is something of a novelty, having started in the last quarter of the twentieth century. A Narrative History of Lexicography in China (&lt;中国辞书史话&gt;, 1979) by Fang Houshu (方厚枢) is the first serious monologue concerned with that part of dictionary research and with a wide time span, initiating a whole series of articles and works. Their pioneering endeavours, especially those studies on the classic wordbooks, have provided illuminating insights into later research. However, there is still a great deal of new ground to be covered and problems solved, some of which are fundamental in nature. This introduction will give an overview of various aspects of diachronic studies of lexicography in China, covering the status quo, the approaches to adopt, the methodology to employ, the segmentation of historical periods, and the practical implications, paving the way for discussions that run throughout this presentation.
The Emergence of Lexicographical Culture In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are numerous myths and legends about the origin of human beings. In the West, it was popularly circulated that men were created by God. A man was first created and named Adam, and a woman was made from one of his ribs and named Eve. They were pronounced man and wife and gave birth to children that were the ancestors of human beings today. In China, there was a different story – human beings were created by Nüwa, a Goddess in the Chinese legend, out of clay. She moulded clay figurines by mixing water with clay. After making a number of them she stopped to blow breath and life into each of them and they became the first human beings on Earth. The development of the means of production and the progress of science and technology provide a better understanding of the origin of human beings and a scientific theory of its evolution: human beings evolved from ancient apes and labour played a decisive role in this process of evolution.
Historian Zhou’ S Primer – The Source Of Lexicographical Culture In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role reading primers play in the advancement of world civilization and their significance to the study of the history of world civilization have not attracted due attention or received serious study, but it is undeniable that the evolution of any civilization is intimately related to reading primers, which facilitate human progression, social development, and literacy education. As pointed out by the American anthropologist Leslie Alvin White (1900–1975) in The Science of Culture (1949), all human civilization relies on symbols. It is the ability to produce and use symbols that makes it possible for culture to be created and passed on. And it is the use of symbols that makes culture eternal. There would be no culture without symbols and human beings would be identified with animals without symbols. Only when human beings have had a fluent command of the language system can culture and civilization progress from one generation to another. The children’s reading primers are the most primitive and direct tools for the inception and initiation of human civilization and the activation of language symbols. It is these textbooks that help make the language and culture of a nation expand, extend, and prosper.
The Ready Guide – The Initiator of Thesaurus Dictionaries In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE Ready Guide (abbreviated to RG hereinafter within this chapter) enjoys a very remarkable position in the history of philological and linguistic studies in China. It is the first work of exegetic studies conducted on a systematic basis and the first thesaurus dictionary of an encyclopedic nature. It aims to explain the meaning of ancient fiords and a great variety of object names and serves as the starting point from which other classic works can be justifiably interpreted. That partly explains why RG has aways been placed into the category of ancient Chinese classics rather than ancient Chinese dictionaries. This chapter will concentrate chief on the role it plays as the initiator of dictionary compilation in ancient China.
An Explanatory Dictionary of Chinese Characters – The Origin Of Character Dictionaries In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chinese characters rank among the oldest writing systems in the world. In modern times, people who are devoted to the study of Chinese characters will have to seek help from flu Shen and his An Explanatory Dictionary of Chinese Characters (hereinafter abbreviated to EDCC, also known as The Origins of Chinese Characters). without this monumental work, it would be impossible to read and interpret the zhuan scripts in the Qin and Han Dynasties, to say nothing of the Jiaguwen in the Shang Dynasty, the Jin inscriptions in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, or the ancient texts in the FIarring States Period. EDCC is a precious collection of ancient classic texts, scriptures and exegetic studies, tracking the origin of Chinese characters, manifesting evolutional changes of different scripts, and encompassing fiords and expressions from all walks of life. Subsequent generations hold its author in greatest esteem and commend him as ‘the father of Chinese characters’, ‘the sage of Chinese characters’, and ‘the great master of culture’. EDCC is simply an inexhaustible gold mine that has attracted numerous generations of explorers.
The Dictionary Of Chinese Characters And Terms – The Inception Of Etymological Dictionaries In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the western world, the practice of providing etymological information in a dictionary started in the middle of the seventeenth century when Thomas Blount published Glossographia in 1656. Blount is one of the earliest lexicographers who attempted to provide etymological information in a systematic fashion. Bailey later observed the practice in making his dictionary – A Universal Etymological English Dictionary. Bailey’s dictionary paid enormous attention to etymology and treated it consistently, purposefully, and strictly (Landau 1989:45, 99), though in the eyes of modern etymologists much of it might be wild guesswork. Considering the fact that it was compiled a century before great strides had been made in the study of Germanic philology, the value of this dictionary should not be underestimated. The practice of providing etymology in a dictionary reached its peak with the compilation and publication of The Oxford English Dictionary.
Theoretical Inquiries Into Lexicographical Issues in Ancient China: A Survey
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest dictionaries in the world originated about 4,000 years ago in the Middle East. They were mainly bilingual glossaries. About one thousand years later in ancient India dictionaries were also compiled in the form of bilingual glossaries for explaining the difficult fiords in Veda. The earliest dictionary in China can be traced back to The Ready Guide, a monolingual dictionary compiled 2,200 years ago. Lexicography, a branch of learning with such a long history, has made brilliant and indispensable contributions to world civilization and at the same time has formed a culture of its of in. Viewed from a different perspective, lexicography can also be considered a newly emerging discipline whose theoretical generalization and methodological formulation are still in the process of being matured and perfected, with the deepening of lexicographical investigations and the constant interaction between dictionary compilation and language studies. The Chinese character dictionary is a unique product of lexicographical culture in China. The term 字典 (character dictionary) was coined before the Tang Dynasty, which can be justified by the fact that it occurred nine times in Sounds and Meanings of all the Buddhist Scriptures (&lt;大藏音义&gt;) by Hui Lin (see Qian Jianfu, 1989).
Classified Dictionaries – The Encyclopedic Dictionary In Ancient China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Chinese-English Edition, 2002), 类书 (classified dictionaries) is defined as ‘reference books with materials taken from various sources and arranged according to subjects’. A comparison between classified dictionaries and modern encyclopedic dictionaries will reveal that there is quite a lot in common between the to, in terms of mega-configuration, information organization, and interpretation of fiords and phrases. Therefore, classified dictionaries are treated as one type of encyclopedic dictionary in this chapter. In ancient China the classified dictionaries were usually supervised by the government in their compilation. They were compiled to meet both the political and academic needs of the time.
The Formation Of Chinese Character Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chinese language ranks among the oldest languages in the world, with a peculiarly abundant vocabulary, compared to that of other languages, which is the quintessence of the 5000-year evolution of Chinese culture and language. In terms of quantity, there were only around 4,600 Jiagufien characters but the number ascended to 47,035 in the Qing Dynasty when The Imperial Dictionary of Kangxi was compiled. Its publication marks an unparallelled peak in the history of Chinese dictionaries.
Religious Preaching From The Fiest And Chinese Bilingual Dictionary Compilation
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT the turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, European missionaries came into the mysterious Chinese territories to preach religion. To meet the need for religious preaching, the missionaries, represented by the Jesuits, started to study Chinese and Chinese culture and left behind them a great deal of valuable data on Chinese studies and teaching. 23.1 matteo ricci’s contributions to chinese bilingual lexicography Among the first missionaries to arrive in China was Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit missionary. He came to Canton (now Guangzhou) by boat and started his Christian mission in China in 1582. In 1601 he fient to Peking to meet Chinese Emperor wanli, which was considered a prologue to western learning.
Introduction—the Beginning of the End?
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title and theme of this book—the end of lawyers—might appear rather self-destructive. I am a lawyer myself (of sorts). Many of my close friends are lawyers. Most of my clients are major law firms. Socially and commercially, it might seem that I am shooting myself in both feet.
However, as the question mark in the title should at least hint, I write not to bury lawyers but to investigate their future. My aim is to explore the extent to which the role of the traditional lawyer can be sustained in coming years in the face of challenging trends in the legal marketplace and new techniques for the delivery of legal services.
Resolving and Avoiding Disputes
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One morning in early January 2008, as I sat at my laptop writing this book, I received an unsolicited phone call from a man employed by a claims company. He wondered if I had recently been involved in any accidents. I paused for a short while before answering and, in that hiatus, I thought I could hear him salivating; he was hoping to hear that some calamitous event had recently left me severely disadvantaged. Knowing perfectly well why he was calling, I asked him why he was calling.
VI.Waste
Authors: Calster* Geert van , Vandenberghe** Wim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
:e Waste Framework Directive (WFD) was originally adopted in 1975 as Directive 75/442/EEC. Because of the extent to which it had been amended since its original adoption in 1975, most substantially in 1991 through Directive 91/156/EEC amending Directive 75/442/EEC, a decision was made by the European Commission (Commission) to clarify the WFD by consolidating legislation. :e outcome is that Directive 75/442/EEC (as amended) was repealed with effect from 17 May 2006 and the WFD ‘s provisions are now contained in Directive 2006/12/EC on Waste (2006 Waste Framework Directive or
II.Review Articles
Authors: Wyman* Katrina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Law of the Sea: Progress and Prospects, edited by David Freestone, Richard Barnes, and David Ong. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006, 480 pp., £84 hb. ISBN 9780199299614; (analysed through the lens of positive political theory), by Katrina Wyman, and sustainable development law, by Marie-Claire Cordonnier Segger and Ravi Shankar Kuar Singh). Secondly, in Section III, a further selection of noteworthy recent publications on topical issues in European and international environmental law and policy is critically discussed by a panel of established European and North-American scholars, in their respective areas of expertise.
Complaints and Misconduct II: Overview Of The 2004 And 2008 Conduct and Performance Regulations, and Associated Appeals
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Regulations relating to police conduct and performance have undergone four fundamental changes since 1985—in 1999,2003,2004, and 2008. Certain of the provisions, such as notifi cation requirements to the officer concerned once a matter is sent for investigation, have a pedigree extending back atleast as far as the Police (Discipline) Regulations 1977.
Misconduct Proceedings under the Police (conduct) Regulations 2008
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part 4 of the Police (Conduct) Regulations 2008 sets out the procedures to be followed once a decision has been taken to refer a case for misconduct pro-ceedings—that is, a misconduct meeting or hearing. This Part applies whatever the origins of the case. In other words, Sch 3 to the Police Reform Act 2002 and the 2008 Conduct Regulations formally converge from this point and here-inafter (for the purposes of the procedures to be followed), although, as will be seen, some distinctions remain within the process if the referral to misconduct proceedings arose from an investigation under any of paras 16–19 of Sch 3 to the 2002 Act.
Inquests
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A significant area of growth in recent years has been the scale and expectations attaching to inquests in connection with police conduct. This, in part, reflects a general momentum towards greater public accountability by the police when they are associated in any way with a death. More specifically, it reflects the inves-tigative obligation on the State under Art 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), as to which the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) created enforceable rights for deaths occurring after 2 October 2000.
The risks of seizures
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The risks associated with epilepsy can be reduced considerably by better treatment and sensible precautions.
Precautions taken need to be geared to the patient and her particular seizures.
All people with epilepsy need to adopt precautions when bathing or swimming.
Injury in seizures is surprisingly common.
Up to 1000 people in the UK die as the result of a seizure each year.
Many of these deaths could be prevented.
Other treatments, other problems
Authors: Betts Tim , Clarke Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgical treatment of epilepsy.
Incidental (removal of brain lesion).
Direct—removing surgical focus as in temporal lobe surgery.
Palliative—as in hemispherectomy.
Indirect—as in vagal nerve stimulation.
Psychological treatments—behavioural and cognitive.
Ketogenic diet treatment.
Complementary and alternative therapies.
Travelling abroad—health insurance, malarial prophylaxis etc.
Having an anaesthetic if you have epilepsy.