bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of sodium bicarbonate infusion on serum osmolality, electrolyte concentrations, and blood gas tensions in cats
Authors: Chew Dennis J. , Leonard Mark , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of single iv injections of sodium bicarbonate (0.5 mEq/kg of body weight, 1 mEq/kg, 2 mEq/kg, and 4 mEq/kg) on serum osmolality, serum sodium, chloride, and potassium concentrations, and venous blood gas tensions in 6 healthy cats were monitored for 180 minutes.
Serum osmolality increased and remained significantly (P < 0.05) increased for 120 minutes in cats given 4 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg. Serum sodium was increased significantly (P < 0.05) for 30 minutes in cats given 4 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg. Serum sodium decreased and remained significantly (P < 0.05) decreased for 120 minutes in cats given 1 g of 20% mannitol/kg, and serum osmolality was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at 30 and 60 minutes. Serum chloride decreased significantly (P < 0.05) for 10 minutes in cats given 1 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg, and was significantly decreased for 30 minutes in cats given 2 mEq and 4 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg. Serum chloride decreased and remained significantly (P < 0.05) decreased for 30 minutes in cats given 1 g of 20% mannitol/kg. Serum sodium and serum osmolality did not change significantly (P < 0.05) in cats given 4 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride/kg.
Serum potassium decreased significantly (P < 0.05) for 10 minutes in cats given 1 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg, and for 120 minutes in cats given 2 mEq/kg or 4 mEq/kg. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) greater decrease in serum potassium that lasted for 30 minutes after giving sodium bicarbonate at the dosage of 4 mEq/kg, compared with other dosages given. Serum potassium did not change significantly in cats given 1 g of 20% mannitol/kg, but was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased 10 minutes following 4 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride/kg.
Sodium bicarbonate infusion significantly (P < 0.05) increased venous blood pH and plasma bicarbonate concentration in all cats. The magnitude and duration of these changes were significantly greater following administration of sodium bicarbonate at dosages of 2 mEq/kg and 4 mEq/kg. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in Pco2 were associated only with the highest dosage of sodium bicarbonate (4 mEq/kg). Base excess increased significantly (P < 0.05) in all cats following sodium bicarbonate infusion. There were significantly (P < 0.05) greater increases in base excess lasting 30 minutes following administration of sodium bicarbonate at dosages of 2 mEq/kg and 4 mEq/kg. Significant (P < 0.05) changes in venous blood pH, Pco2, or bicarbonate were not observed in cats given 4 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride/kg, or in cats given 1 g of 20% mannitol/kg. Base excess was significantly (P < 0.05) increased for 10 minutes in cats given 1 g of 20% mannitol/kg.
As expected, 4 mEq of sodium bicarbonate/kg induced the most time- and dosage-related effects. Caution should be used when administering sodium bicarbonate iv to cats at dosages > 2 mEq/kg, because of the potential for important acid-base and electrolyte changes.
Pudendal reflexes and effects of conditioning stimuli in cats
Authors: Cook James R. , Oliver John E. , Purinton Paul T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Evaluation of pudendal reflexes and effects of pudendal branch conditioning on those reflexes was carried out in 2 studies. In the first study of pudendal reflexes, 20 adult male and female mixed-breed cats underwent surgical isolation of the anal branch, urethral branch, and distal trunk (consisting primarily of the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris) of the pudendal nerve. Reflexes were tested in all possible ipsilateral and contralateral test-response combinations. Latency values and effects of increasing stimulus rate on response amplitude were recorded. Reflexes were detected in all combinations, with response latencies between 6.3 and 13.0 ms. Response amplitudes were diminished at stimulus rates of 3 to 5 Hz, and responses were apparently abolished at 4 to 16 Hz, suggesting that pudendal reflexes are polysynaptic.
In the second study of conditioning effects, 9 adult male and female mixed-breed cats underwent preparation similar to that for study 1. A train of conditioning stimuli was applied to branches of the pudendal nerve prior to attempting to induce reflex responses, as performed in study 1. Conditioning completely abolished reflex responses for a period of 70 to 130 ms. Reflex responses were diminished in amplitude, compared with those observed during preconditioning trials, for 180 to 300 ms after conditioning.
Seroprevalence of ovine progressive pneumonia virus in various domestic and wild animal species, and species susceptibility to the virus
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Brogden Kim A. , Schmerr Mary Jo F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ovine progressive pneumonia is caused by a lentivirus of known infectivity only for sheep and goats. Virus susceptibility of 11 other species of animals was examined. Species included cattle, chickens, deer, dogs, goats, hamsters, horses, mice, pigs, rabbits, and rats. Of these species, only goats and rabbits could be experimentally infected with the virus. The infection in rabbits was acute, and virus did not persist or induce antibody production as it does in sheep and goats. Sera obtained from several people working in close contact with the virus and from several wild species, with unknown exposure history, were tested for antibodies to viral antigens. All results were negative. Knowledge of the host range of this virus is important for scientific studies and for virus eradication programs.
Effects of flunixin meglumine on endotoxin-induced prostaglandin F2α secretion during early pregnancy in mares
Authors: Daels Peter F. , Stabenfeldt George H. , Hughes John P. , Odensvik Kristina , Kindahl Hans 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The role of prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α) in embryonic loss following induced endotoxemia was studied in mares that were 21 to 44 days pregnant. Thirteen pregnant mares were treated with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, flunixin meglumine, to inhibit the synthesis of pgf2α caused by Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin given iv. Flunixin meglumine was administered either before injection of the endotoxin (group 1, -10 min; n = 7), or after endotoxin injection into the mares (group 2, 1 hour, n = 3; group 3, 2 hours, n = 3); 12 pregnant mares (group 4) were given only S typhimurium endotoxin.
In group 4, the secretion of pgf2α, as determined by plasma 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-pgf2α concentrations, was biphasic, initially peaking at 30 minutes followed by a second, larger peak approximately 105 minutes after the endotoxin was given iv. When flunixin meglumine was administered at −10 minutes, synthesis of pgf2α was inhibited for several hours, after administration of flunixin meglumine at 1 hour, the second secretory surge of pgf2α was blocked, and administration of the drug at 2 hours did not substantially modify the secretion of pgf2α.
Plasma progesterone concentrations were unchanged after endotoxin injections were given in group 1. In group 2, progesterone values decreased < 2 ng/ml and remained low for several days. In group 3 and group 4, progesterone concentrations decreased to values < 0.5 ng/ml by 48 hours after endotoxin injections were given. Pregnancy continued in all 7 mares in group 1; in group 2, pregnancy continued in 2 of 3 mares; and in group 3, none of the 3 mares was pregnant by 4 days after endotoxin administration.
The abortifacient effect of endotoxemia in mares < 2 months pregnant is mediated indirectly through the secretion of pgf2α; compromised luteal activity and inadequate progesterone secretion are the primary causes of fetal death. Although flunixin meglumine administration can be used to prevent loss of pregnancy in cases of endotoxemia, it must be initiated at an early stage of the endotoxemia, that is, when clinical signs are often not yet apparent.
Pharmacologie enhancement or suppression of phagocytosis by bovine neutrophils
Authors: Paape Max J. , Miller Robert H. , Ziv Gideon 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sixty-three drugs, belonging to 10 chemical classes, were tested in vitro to determine effects on phagocytosis of 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils isolated from milk. Within each class, the number of antibiotics tested were: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaid; 8), peptolids (2), aminoglycosides (8), tetracyclines and fusidic acid (4), β-lactam antibiotics (25), secretolytic agents (2), macrolides (5), polypeptides (2), and antibacterial quinolones (8). Percentage of phagocytosis was determined after incubating (2 hours at 37 C) 12.5 × 106 viable neutrophils, 200 × 106 32P-labeled S aureus with antibiotics and 5% skimmed milk. Concentrations of antibiotics tested were 1,000, 500, and 10 μg/ml of incubation media. When compared with nonantibiotic controls at the highest drug concentration, the nsaid acetylsalicylic acid and centrophenoxine increased phagocytosis 23.2 and 8.8%, respectively, and benzydamine, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, and acetominophen decreased phagocytosis 22.8, 14.2, 9.8, 27.0, and 18.2%, respectively. The peptolids novobiocin and pristinamycin decreased phagocytosis 24.5 and 22.0%, respectively. The aminoglycosides tobramycin, amikacin, and gentamicin decreased phagocytosis 21.1, 15.4, and 19.2%, respectively. For the tetracyclines and fusidic acid, minocycline and doxycycline decreased phagocytosis 39.8 and 54.2%, respectively. The β-lactam antibiotics carfecillin, cephapirin sodium, and cephacetrile sodium decreased phagocytosis 11.2, 12.8, and 23.8%, respectively. The secretolytic agent, bromhexin, increased phagocytosis 10.8%. These data indicate that the potential for enhanced phagocytosis exists through use of some nsaid, and for depressed phagocytosis through use of aminoglycosides, peptolids, tetracyclines, and beta-lactams, as well as certain other nsaid.
Effects of α-ketoisocaproate on adrenocorticotropin-induced suppression of lymphocyte function in sheep
Authors: Kuhlman Gail , Roth James A. , Nissen Steven 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Previous studies of the amino acid analogue, α-ketoisocaproate (kjc), indicate that it can stimulate lymphocyte blastogenesis and antibody responses of sheep. To determine whether kic could overcome the effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth)-induced lymphocyte suppression, 24 lambs were fed a control diet, a diet supplemented with 0.05% kic, or a diet supplemented with 0.05% of the parent amino acid leucine. Immune status was monitored by determining lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin-P (pha), concanavalin A (conA), and pokeweed mitogen (pwm) and percentages of T-cell subsets in the blood, using monoclonal antibodies and a flow cytometer. Serum Cortisol, insulin, and glucagon concentrations also were determined. After 60 days of consuming the respective diet, lambs were administered either saline solution or acth (100 IU) twice daily for 3 consecutive days. Administration of acth increased serum cortisol and insulin concentrations; however, no effects were seen for serum glucagon concentration. Compared with saline administration, acth administration significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis by approximately 50%, regardless of the mitogen used, and significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the percentage of circulating T lymphocytes and decreased (P < 0.01) the ratio of T4 to T8 cells. Lambs fed kic had greater pha- and conA-stimulated blastogenic responses and significantly (P < 0.05) increased ratio of T4 to T8 cells in the blood, compared with lambs fed the leucine-supplemented diet or the control diet and given corresponding injections. These data indicate that acth decreased in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis and altered the subset ratios of blood lymphocytes in sheep. These changes were partially prevented by feeding kic.
Effect of ivermectin on the immune response in mice
Authors: Blakley B. R. , Rousseaux C. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To assess the effect of ivermectin on immune function (antibody production), male CD-1 mice were inoculated with an antigen the day after sc administration of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg of body weight or 20 mg/kg). Responses were evaluated 5 days after inoculation of the antigen. Antibody production against sheep rbc, a T lymphocyte-, macrophage-dependent response, was enhanced by ivermectin treatment (P = 0.00049). In contrast, antibody production against dinitrophenyl-Ficoll, a T lymphocyte independent, macrophage-dependent response, was not altered by ivermectin treatment. Results indicate that the immunostimulatory properties of ivermectin are associated with altered function of T lymphocytes, in particular, T-helper lymphocytes. The immunomodulating effects of ivermectin may provide an alternative approach for treatment of disease problems involving immunosuppression.
Colonization control of lactose-fermenting Salmonella typhimurium in young broiler chickens by use of dietary lactose
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , Elissalde Marcel H. , Hinton Arthur , Beier Ross C. , Spates George E. , Corrier Donald E. , Benoit Thomas G. , DeLoach John R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Inclusion of lactose in the diets of chickens has been determined to reduce cecal colonization with Salmonella typhimurium. We hypothesized, therefore, that dietary lactose may be a practical means for reducing the prevalence of Salmonella contamination of chicken products. Because some strains of Salmonella are atypical and ferment lactose, we investigated the effects of dietary lactose on cecal colonization with lactose-fermenting S typhimurium. Broiler chicks were inoculated intracloacally with Lac+ S typhimurium selected for resistance to novobiocin and rifampicin. The chicks also were inoculated orally with certain anaerobes that do not effectively inhibit colonization by S typhimurium, but do appear essential for lactose mediated inhibition of cecal colonization. Control chicks were not given dietary lactose, and chicks in the experimental group were fed a diet containing 7% lactose. Enumeration of Lac+ S typhimurium in cecal contents revealed dietary lactose to be effective at controlling this organism. Control was correlated with changes in cecal pH and increases in undissociated volatile fatty acids, especially propionic acid.
Serum glucose and insulin responses to an insulin-containing ophthalmic solution administered topically in clinically normal cats
Authors: Hopper Patrick E. , Murphy Christopher J. , Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Bottoms G. D. , Franti Charles E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serum glucose and immunoreactive insulin concentrations were monitored after topical administration of an insulin-containing ophthalmic solution in 20 clinically normal cats. Three ophthalmic surface-acting agents, benzalkonium chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide, and proparacaine hydrochloride, were evaluated individually for their effectiveness in enhancing absorption of topically applied insulin. The ophthalmic effects of insulin-containing ophthalmic preparations were assessed by complete ophthalmic examination before and at the conclusion of each test period. Withholding of food overnight (12 hours) preceded each topical application of insulin-containing ophthalmic solution (12.25 to 26.4 U/cat), either alone or in combination with surface-acting agents, after which blood samples were drawn serially from an indwelling iv catheter over a period of 8 hours. Baseline serum insulin concentration, after food was withheld for 12 hours, in nonstressed cats was 6.0 μU/ml (geometric mean), and an exponentiation of the logarithmic quantity (mean ± sd) yielded values of 1.5 to 23.0 μU/ml. All ophthalmic solutions tested failed to significantly lower serum glucose concentration or increase serum insulin concentration. Solutions used did not induce deleterious effect on ocular structures. Results indicate that topical administration of insulin-containing ophthalmic solution, either alone at the concentrations used or in combination with surfaceacting agents, did not result in effective absorption of insulin across the conjunctival and lacrimal nasal mucosa in biologically relevent quantities. Thus, this route of insulin administration, under these specific conditions, is not an effective alternative or adjunct to SC administration of insulin for treatment of cats with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or severe noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Serially determined plasma α-tocopherol concentrations and results of the oral vitamin E absorption test in clinically normal horses and in horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Authors: Blythe L. L. , Craig A. M. , Lassen E. D. , Rowe K. E. , Appell L. H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Plasma α-tocopherol (vitamin E) values were monitored serially in 9 foals sired by a stallion with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM) and in 5 agematched control foals (sired by a clinically normal stallion) raised in the same environment for the first year of life. Clinical evaluation determined that 8 of the 9 foals sired by the stallion with EDM had neurologic deficits consistent with the disease on one or more occasions during the study period, whereas control foals had normal gait. From 6 weeks to 10 months of age, plasma α-tocopherol values in foals with signs of EDM were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than those in control foals. An oral vitamin E absorption test was performed, and results for 8 of the affected horses and the affected stallion were compared with results for 4 of the monitored control horses and 4 additional control horses. Significant differences were not evident in any of the absorption indices. On the basis of data from this study and supported by reported prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of supplemented vitamin E, low plasma concentration of vitamin E is concluded to be a factor in the development of EDM in the first year of life of hereditarily predisposed foals. It was also concluded that the significantly lower α-tocopherol values seen in the foals in this study did not reflect a primary gastrointestinal tract absorption problem.
Proto-oncogenes of genomic DNA in clinically normal animals of various species
Authors: Miyoshi Noriaki , Tateyama Susumu , Ogawa Kandai , Nosaka Dai , Ohashi Tomio , Sunyasootcharee Boonmee 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To provide information about oncogenes for molecular biological studies of tumors in domestic animals, the protooncogenes homologous to the c-myc, c-erbB-2, c-ros-1, c-yes-1, v-myc, v-Ki-ras, and v-Ha-ras oncogenes of genomic DNA in cattle, horses, pigs, dogs, cats, and chickens were investigated by Southern blot hybridization. High molecular weight genomic DNA in each of the animals contained proto-oncogenes that had a certain homology with the oncogenes used, but the extent of nucleotide homology of the proto-oncogenes differed in number and molecular weight: ie, 1 or 2 bands at 1.6 to 22.0 kilobase (kb) in the c-myc probe, 1 or 2 bands at 1.1 to 16.0 kb in the c-ros-1 probe, 1 to 3 bands at 0.7 to 23.0 kb in the c-erbB-2 probe, 1 to 4 bands at 0.6 to 18.0 kb in the c-yes-l probe, 1 to 3 bands at 1.6 to 30.0 kb in the v-myc probe, 1 to 7 bands at 1.0 to 36.0 kb in the v-Ki-ras probe, and 1 to 4 bands at 1.0 to 27.0 kb in the v-Ha-ras probe. Furthermore, signal strength of each band, as determined by autoradiography, was not always the same for each probe in the various animals. Our findings indicate that these protooncogenes are well conserved with species specificities in each animal.
Evaluation of a live avirulent Escherichia coli vaccine for K88+, LT+ enterotoxigenic colibacillosis in weaned pigs
Authors: Francis David H. , Willgohs JoAnn A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Live, avirulent Escherichia coli vaccine strains were constructed and tested for efficacy in preventing colibacillosis in 4-week-old pigs. Either or both of 2 plasmids were inserted into avirulent E coli strain G58-1 (0101:NM). These plasmids were pPMC4, which encodes for LTb subunits of heat-labile enterotoxin, and pDHF1, which encodes for K88ac fimbriae. Litter- and weight-matched pigs were removed from sows when they were 10 days old and vaccinated orally with the constructed strains or with G58-1 (negative control vaccine) when they were 2 weeks old and 5 days later. All pigs were challenge-inoculated with virulent E coli strain 3030-2 (0157:K88, LT+, STb+ ) 2 weeks after the first vaccination. Only 1 pig vaccinated with G58-1/pPMC4/pDHF1 developed diarrhea and none died following challenge inoculation. Seventeen of 31 control pigs developed diarrhea and 11 died. Of 18 pigs vaccinated with G58-1/pDHF1 then challenge-inoculated with the virulent strain, 5 developed diarrhea and 2 died. Fifteen of 18 litter- and weight-matched controls developed diarrhea and 8 died. When compared with G58-1 (negative control), G58-1/pPMC4 afforded no protection to pigs challenge-inoculated with 3030-2.
High sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid associated with nutritionally induced polioencephalomalacia in calves
Authors: Gould Daniel H. , McAllister Milton M. , Savage Joseph C. , Hamar Dwayne W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Nine 115- to 180-kg, hay-adapted, Holstein steers were fed an experimental diet with added sodium sulfate that induces polioencephalomalacia (pem). Five calves developed the disease. Thiamine concentrations in blood, csf, brain, and liver were not indicative of thiamine deficiency. The odor of hydrogen sulfide in eructated rumen gas was associated with the onset of pem. Sulfide concentrations in rumen fluid were measured 1 or 2 times a week by 2 techniques. Sulfide concentrations progressively increased in all 9 calves after the feeding of the pem-inducing diet commenced. The highest concentrations coincided with the onset of clinical signs of pem and were significantly higher in the calves that developed pem than in those that did not. This suggests that pem can result from sulfide toxicosis following excess production of sulfide in the rumen.
Antibiotic and sulfonamide agents in bob veal calf muscle, liver, and kidney
Authors: Wilson Dennis J. , Franti Charles E. , Norman Ben B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
During the fiscal year 1988, USDA-FSIS detected 3,095 antimicrobial violations in bob veal calves, using the calf antibiotic and sulfonamide test. Of the 3,095 carcass submissions involved, 945 were tested further to identify the causative agents. The results of tests on the available kidney, liver, and muscle specimens are reported. Kidney specimens yielded a specific agent most often (71.2%), with neomycin (42.6%) being cited most among agents found in kidneys. Neomycin was found less frequently in liver (4.5%) and muscle (0.2%). Among all tissues, unidentified microbial inhibitors were either the largest or second largest category found (kidney, 10.5%; liver, 27.1%; muscle, 7.8%), and no other agent exceeded 7.0% (streptomycin in kidney). The proportion of liver and muscle specimens that had unidentified microbial inhibitors is particularly important because the next most common classes were streptomycin in liver at 5.5% and sulfamethazine in muscle at 2%. The frequency of unidentified microbial inhibitors may justify the addition of tests to the FSIS battery for identification of agents. Not all tissues were tested for sulfonamides, hence these agents are likely to have been underreported. Less than 10% of the muscle specimens evaluated yielded an agent, suggesting most calf antibiotic and sulfonamide test-positive carcasses may have been safe with regard to residues in meat, although organs might have been adulterated. Specimens for verification were not selected completely randomly from the population of all calf antibiotic and sulfonamide test-positive animals and calves selected for testing were not chosen strictly by random sampling; therefore, extrapolation of the contents of this report to the bob veal calf industry must be done with caution.