bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation Sampling in Ultra-Low Mobility Reservoirs with the Aid of Targeted Stimulation Utilizing Wireline Formation Testing Tool
Authors: Ramadan Osama , Binghaith Abdulelah , Bhat Jeelani , Soleiman Wael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Combining modern wireline formation testing technology with advanced, production enhancement products help overcome the challenging corrosive effects of stimulation fluid on downhole tools and cable. This step change opens a new frontier of formation testing and sampling technology and makes it possible to explore ultra-tight carbonate reservoirs by conducting a "surgical" intervention while maintaining the highest operational standard and efficiency.
The innovative technique presented in this paper leverages existing Test-Stimulate-Test workflows, in-depth simulations and specially designed production enhancement fluid that can control the corrosive aspect of different stimulation fluids. In a single run, the stimulation and testing are performed with an existing wireline formation tester modified to perform an in-situ acid injection matrix stimulation followed by extended pre & post-stimulation Mini-DST operations. In addition to the capture of high-quality samples, it is also possible to quantify the improvements in the reservoir permeability associated with the stimulation versus the typical production logging techniques.
This tailored engineering design is a fit for purpose solution to unlock the hidden potential of low-quality reservoirs (LQR) while exceeding the operational requirements and standards, compared to the traditional alternatives in the likes of acid stimulation and well testing techniques. More importantly, it provides a precise quantification of stimulation improvement ratio that allows the collection of "ultra-clean" in-situ hydrocarbon samples under pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) conditions enabling a more accurate characterization of the reservoir performance than it was previously possible for this type of formations. The observed operational data shows different success levels based on multiple variables such as but not limited to, borehole fluid, invasion, rock fabric and the stimulation fluids. The conclusion from the multiple tests performed in this study, recommends that a detailed job design and pre-job planning are key factors for the success of this application, as well as, revealing the potential challenges of such an advanced engineered solution for different environments either open hole or cased hole.
The innovative technique provides reservoir engineers with a clear insight into the untapped assets by revealing uncertainties that influence further development challenges, leading to an informed decision-making process, while improving the operational efficiency. A noteworthy leap forward with this technique is the improvement in the reservoir characterization for both secondary and LQR, which have been historically hard to evaluate.
Inflow Chemical Tracers: An Innovative Approach to Quantify the Zonal Contribution from Inaccessible Drains
Authors: Al Maimouni Fadwa , Keshtta Osama , Bigno Yann , Rashed Rasha , Abasher Doha 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Individual zonal inflow production profiling and monitoring is very challenging in multi-lateral wells due to accessibility limitations post completion, hence, inflow chemical tracers were chosen to be deployed for this well. A transient campaign was planned and carried out with the objective of quantifying the relative inflow production from each zone in each of the three laterals.
Inflow chemical tracer systems were manufactured into a matrix and designed to provide 5 years of oil tracer and water tracer longevity (upon water breakthrough). The tracers were installed into externally vented tracer carriers which were then RIH with 3½" Inflow Control Valves in the mainbore and with 4½" in limited entry liners in the 3 laterals. The mainbore is fitted with 3 unique oil and 3 unique water tracer systems, whereas the laterals contained 7 unique oil tracer systems each, bringing the total installed tracers in the well to 24 oil and 3 water unique tracer systems.
To be able to quantify the relative inflow contribution in individual zones of each lateral, the well needed to be shut in for a duration of 24 hours to allow tracer contact with the formation fluid. Once in contact, the tracer molecules are released from the matrix and accumulate in the wellbore. The movement of these tracers to the surface gives a chemical signal that carry information on the flow – a signal that is captured during surface sampling and subsequent analysis in a high-end tracer lab.
The well was put on production with each lateral being opened sequentially, controlled by their respective ICV in the mainbore. High-frequency sampling was carried out where each ICV was kept open for an average duration of 12 hours allowing tracer production from each lateral.
The tracer signals proved the arrival of all installed oil tracers’ signatures and peaks. Results indicate that all reservoir zones in all three laterals are contributing to oil production. A quantitative interpretation was performed to determine relative inflow contribution per monitored zone.
The chemical inflow tracers were deployed in a smart multi-lateral well to enable production monitoring and surveillance of the laterals. This application is unique due to the limitation of other diagnostic methods in the market that can quantify flow inside a lateral.
Lack of Integration Between Academia and the Industry: How to Upscale Experience Through Innovative Guidelines Involving Research Outcomes
Authors: Hegazy Gehad M. , Ali Maryem. G. , Abdeltawab Bassel. A. , Ali Mena. G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The research aim is to propose an innovative strategy that intends to crosslink different level-experience engineers and to inspect why there is a lack of integrity between industry and academia. The target groups involved undergraduate, graduate, senior, and professional petroleum engineering levels. With the help of a survey that involved participants from five different levels of experience, we identified an efficient and cost-effective process that could link academia and the industry.
In the current academic learning styles, vast theoretical concepts are being focused on. It is essential to acknowledge the importance of industrial training. The lack of integration between industry and academia can violate the meaning of engineering, which is the art of application. A way to tackle such a lack of disintegration involves including real-life experiences within the taught academic courses. This could help students develop a comprehensive vision of real-life applications and gain insight into the actual applications.
The process to investigate the reasons behind the disintegration between academia and industry was done by conducting a simple survey to investigate what we termed the "5 Cycles of Experience," which divides up experience levels into 5 sectors: undergraduates, fresh graduates, five, ten, and above ten years of experience. A hundred participants were asked different questions to investigate the reasons for disintegration and the best time for a student to get industrial training.
The results showed that most of the undergraduates questioned pointed out that having early training while pursuing their major benefitted them vastly, and the best way to receive knowledge would be by being in direct contact with someone with at least five years of experience or above, not fresh graduates. The remainder of the participants agreed to that too. The lack of integration originated mainly from the difficulty for some undergraduates to get access to training, their lack of interest, and their belief that they are being forced to do something they consider secondary. Another reason could be the overwhelm of undergraduates with the academic workload imposed by some instructors.
We intend to propose solutions to the problems that lead to the lack of connection. These include the incorporation and contribution of those in higher positions to help those in need to reach out to sites that offer training. This also includes organizing campaigns to raise awareness among new learners that such training, especially early, is relevant but complements the educational learning process. It was, finally, incorporating training within academics with lowering the academic theoretical workload.
Success Story: Selective Completion Combined with Wide-Range ESP in KOC
Authors: Shuber Hussain , Al-Watyan Abdullah , Alaryan Ali , Kishore Kunal , Aparicio Ciro , Yadavalli Sameer , Houben Cai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the combination of selective completions with wide-range ESPs using Y-tools can be successfully deployed and operated. This represents a major impact in operating cost by minimizing future major workover interventions for Water Shut-off (WSO) and/or zonal changes.
The team analyzed different completion concepts (e.g., dual completions, multi-zone with ICDs/ICVs, etc), conducted a screening & ranking analysis and concluded that the conventional selective completion combined with a tubing conveyed wide-range ESP was the top ranked option which would represent the best cost/benefit among all the other options. Selective completion with flow control equipment operated by slickline tools (unlike Intelligent Down Hole Flow Control) is fit-for-purpose completion type for a large onshore oil field such as the Greater Burgan, with multiple zone reservoirs.
In selective completions, reservoir parameters such as well productivity index and bottom-hole pressure could change throughout the life of the well which shall be taken into consideration during ESP design. Multiple simulations were conducted to determine the best ESP design to cover optimal-case and worst-case scenarios at opened and closed zones. Each scenario was presented with a different productivity index and bottom-hole pressure with corresponding flowrate, motor load, and motor temperature. In which, the ESP design ensured continuous flow to the surface, minimum or no gas presence at the pump intake, and sufficient flowrate for motor cooling, within acceptable motor load ranges and pump operating ranges.
It has been shown with the results that following comprehensive ESP design modeling in selectively completed wells can potentially yield a resilient wide-range ESP system that can withstand dynamic reservoir conditions.
In KOC and in any brown field, the utilization of wide-range ESPs in combination with selective completions will reduce operational cost and deferred production, allow effective and un-expensive rig-less WSO via slickline operations, conduct well surveillance and flow performance adjustment, maximize well bore utilization and reduce requirement of workover rigs.
Industrial Operational Feedback of Solvent Acidification for a More Energy-Efficient Operation of an AGRU
Authors: Rakotoalimanana D. , Scala M. , Cadours R. , Cloarec E. , Lucile F. , Paran M.-A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
This paper describes operational feedback from one of our Acid Gas Removal Units (AGRUs), that operates an amine-based solvent technology, in the case of high H2S content in the sour gas (20 mol%). We show that the acidification of the solvent results in energy savings and a reduction of GHG emissions.

Methods, Procedures, Process
This paper focuses on the benefits of solvent acidification in an AGRU. In practice, the solvent acidification leads to a salting-out effect and lower residual acid gas content in the lean amine, allowing the optimization of the specific reboiler duty. The approach requires a regular solvent monitoring to quantify the solvent acidity and the residual amount of acid gases in the lean amine, and the evolution of the solvent degradation products over time. Indeed, the degradation products from amine oxidation are acidic components and excessive stripping may sometimes result in corrosion- and fouling-related operational issues. This shall be supported with modelling the salting out effect.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
In our case, we observe a continuous build-up of heat stable salts in the amine-based solvent, which come from the degradation of amine solvent after oxidant ingress. This induced a reduction of the H2S residual content from 500 ppmw to less than 50 ppmw. This allowed the optimization of the AGRU specific reboiler duty of about 20% energy savings (down to 80 kg 4 barg steam / m3 solvent), which leads to 10% reduction in GHG emissions. However, this salts build-up also generates operational issues such as higher corrosion rate of carbon steel equipment and fouling issues due to iron sulphates and carbonates deposits. Thus, this paper will present the trade-off found between energy savings and unit operability, based on our industrial feedback considering the "natural" acidification of the solvent. The modelling of the vapour-liquid equilibrium of the altered solvent is a must for unit optimization, considering the impact of acidic components coming from solvent degradation or components added on purpose to improve the solvent regeneration. This concept is currently already implemented in industrial sites, especially in low pressure units such as Tail Gas Treatment Units (TGTUs), to respect specifications on Sulphur compound emissions to the atmosphere.

Novel/Additive Information
This paper will present a solvent monitoring novel strategy to optimize the amount of steam required in the reboiler of the regeneration section without impairing the unit operability.
Generating Synthetic Temperature Surveys for Wells Through Subsurface Spatial Machine Learning Modeling and Time Series Forecasting
Authors: Al-Qahtani Ahmed S. , Momtan Bayan A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Temperature profiles are key element to ensure a healthy well life specially down-hole tubular integrity. Temperature surveys are routinely conducted and compared with a base well temperature survey, recorded soon after a well was completed. This paper demonstrates novel approach to synthesize virtual temperature surveys by data-driven meta model combining subsurface geospatial modeling and time series forecasting. The proposed model anticipates the next temperature survey profile utilizing historical temperature surveys from same well along with different wells with similar temperature behavior. Historical surveys for same well are fed as vectors into a time series forecasting model that predicts the upcoming temperature profile. While historical surveys for offset wells are fed into a 3D spatial correlation model that computes the temperature values at target well location. The final step is a probabilistic meta model trained to combine the outcomes of the two models to accurately predicted temperature profile for a target well.
This methodology has been piloted and used to predict temperature profiles for entire wells in the area using a dataset of historical surveys summing up to 29000 measurements. Predicted temperature values were evaluated using Root Mean Squared Error between predicted and actual temperature values. First step is a 3D Kriging spatial correlation which was applied to predict the temperature profile at target well location. Leave-One-Out evaluation was used where, at each round, one well survey is left out of training set, and used as evaluation. Average RMSE from all rounds was 4.43. The second step is time series prediction where LSTM RNN model was applied with 70-20-10 data division. The modeling cycle included tuning of LSTM hyperparameters in addition to optimizing the number of historical surveys used as predictor of next survey. RMSE for training, evaluation and test was 2.96, 3.6 and 4.2. In the third step, predicted temperature surveys using Kriging and LSTM were input into a probabilistic model that makes the final prediction. Final model error was 3.2 using Leave-One-Out evaluation approach. This paper includes more comprehensive evaluation of the synthetic temperature surveys’ accuracy and ability to predict abnormal behavior.
This paper presents a new approach to proactively assess the well healthiness and lower the cost of conventional temperature surveys by using data driven models to predict temperature profiles. These models not only capture historical trends of changing temperature inside the wellbore, but also address spatially distributed environmental trends that are not measured frequently such as formation properties and fluid distribution.
Tight Gas Reservoir Characterization and Comparison of PLT Methods: Micro-Seismic Monitoring, Fiber Optical Production Logging and Tracer Coated Sand Monitoring Applied in the Same Well
Authors: Yao Xiao , Qinggao Zeng , Haibo Deng , Linke Song , Xinggang Liu , Haiyan Heng , Wenjing Zhang , Geng Sun , Guangyu Wang , Belova Anna , Husein Nadir 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unconventional tight gas reservoir characterization is a complex process in continuous attempt to optimize hydrocarbon recovery. The production logging tools and formation evaluation tools currently existing in the market gained widespread adoption in conventional plays. Unconventional reservoirs are characterized with complex lithology, high heterogeneity and anisotropy. Typically, such reservoirs are developed by drilling clustered horizontal wells deploying multistage frac strategy to increase reservoir drainage and simulated reservoir volume (SRV). Accurate reservoir characterization is key to reduce uncertainties and economic feasibility of field developments. Operators are continuously looking to define reliable production logging tools for unconventional plays. This paper evaluates the comparison of three different measurement methods in the horizontal well straight after performing 15-stage hydraulic fracturing. The measurement methods in subject are: micro-seismic monitoring of neighboring wells, coiled tubing conveyed distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and novel quantum based inflow tracers. Inflow tracer technology is fairly new solution and as such, will be elaborated in greater detail compared to the other two solutions.
Multi-Scale Drill-Core Digitalization Technique and its Applications for Reservoir Characterization: A Case Study of an Unconventional Reservoir in China
Authors: Sun H. , Liu X. , Luo L. , Ge T. , Shi W. , Li D. , Zhu Y. , Sun L. , Zhang H. , Arif M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Multi-scale drill-core digitalization has been recognized as an efficient technique in geological survey and geophysical exploration. This technique conducts a comprehensive examination of the internal structure of rocks, and investigates the underlying mechanism of mineral and pore genesis. In this paper, a drill-core interval from an unconventional reservoir in China is selected for digitalization, aiming to address the challenge of multi-scale parameter testing and analysis in reservoir characterization. Various advanced imaging techniques, including medical computed tomography (CT) scan, hyperspectral scan, micro-CT scan, backscattered electron (BSE) image, and quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) are used to perform the analysis. These findings are necessary parameters for reservoir characterization and this comprehensive analysis resulted in a detailed understanding of favorable reservoir distribution.
Study and Application on Intelligent Carbon Emission Management System for Petrochemical Enterprises
Authors: Gong Yan , Zhang Liya , Cheng Liang , Liu Jian , Wang Hua 
Published: October 2023

With the rapid development of economy in China, total CO2 emission has reached about 11 billion tons in 2022, which accounts for nearly one-third of global carbon emissions. Therefore, china government has proposed the grand vision of carbon emission peak and neutrality to prompt the low-carbon development and environmental protection. As the significant part of highly energy-intensive industries, petrochemical industry bears great responsibility for carbon emission reduction and sustainable development.
Petrochina is one of the largest oil companies in China and holds above 20 refining and petrochemical enterprises. In order to reduce carbon emission and promote green transformation of petrochemical enterprises, Petrochina has researched on not only low-carbon technologies but also digital transformation technologies in petrochemical fields during the 14th Five Year Plan period.
Since the complexity of petrochemical industry, the numerous emission sources and their close relationships with actual production process are the characteristics of carbon emission for petrochemical enterprise. Therefore, the main target of carbon emission management system is to analyze carbon emission level of the whole process effectively and identify the potential of carbon emission reduction timely by using digital and intelligent technologies.
A Magnetic Levitation Turbine Generator for Downhole Electronic Devices
Authors: Fu Tao , Yang Qinghai , Sun Wei , Liao Chenglong , Shi Bairu , Liu Yazhen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stable and reliable power supply is essential for downhole electronic devices to fully function. A downhole generator can transform the available ambient energy in the downhole environment into electricity, which is an ideal way of downhole power supply. Turbine generators have proven useful in many different environments, but they have drawbacks such as large start-up flow rate, low energy conversion rate and short life expectancy that make them unsuitable for harsh downhole environments.
This paper presents a new method for the long-term energy supply of downhole electronic devices by using a magnetic levitation turbine generator. In this scheme, a turbine is used to convert the continuous wellbore flow into electricity and a permanent magnetic bearing is employed so that the turbine can float in the current, thus completely eliminating contact friction and allowing free rotation of the turbine, which then lead to a reduced start-up flow rate. The design of magnetic levitation structure also solves the contradiction between dynamic sealing and efficient rotation, thus achieving efficient energy conversion under different working conditions.
An experimental prototype was fabricated and tested in a closed cycle pipeline using water as the medium. The experimental results showed that the turbines can rotate smoothly at high speed and the magnetic levitation structure showed relatively high stability. At a flow rate of 20-45m3/d, the output power was 0.5-13W. With a rectifier circuit, such a generator can meet the requirements of charging the downhole electronic devices.
This magnetic levitation turbine generator has the advantages of simple structure, high conversion efficiency, easy processing and high feasibility. It is expected to offer an intriguing alternative for long-term downhole power supply, which is an important prerequisite for a wide range of future production systems and applications.