bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Scriptural Teacher
Authors: Wainwright Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of Scripture in the life, teaching, and practice of Lesslie Newbigin will by now be apparent. While he was a theological student at Westminster College, Cambridge, the Epistle to the Romans, as commented on by James Denney, was instrumental in bringing him to evangelical faith; and the essay he wrote there on Exodus 30:11–16 treated in the Atonement—the human need for it and God’s gracious provision of it—a theme that he would never abandon. In offering comprehensive teaching during his Indian years, whether as a young missionary to students (as in What is the Gospel?) or as a bishop to local pastors and lay workers in the diocese of Madurai (as in Sin and Salvation) or to intellectuals at the Christian Medical College in Vellore (as in Christ our Eternal Contemporary), it was always to the Bible that Newbigin turned, both for the big picture and for the details of doctrine. As an evangelist, he proclaimed the Gospel by way of the gospel stories.
State and Opposition in Islamic History
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Islamic activist movements challenge some regimes and support others. The political interests of Islamic revivalist groups may lead them into revolutionary opposition to existing governments, or such movements may participate in the existing political system as opposition movements. In some cases, Islamist movements are part of the government or are themselves the ruling force in the political system. This broad spectrum provides four different general situations within which Islamic revivalism and democratization interact. These are Islamic activism as (1) revolutionary opposition to the existing political system; (2) legal or cooperating opposition operating within the existing political system; (3) active participation in government in alliance or coalition with other political forces; and (4) the con trolling force in the existing political system. The current experience in each of these situations shapes both the nature of emerging democratic ideals in the Islamic world and the developing Islamically influenced new political orders. Democratization in Muslim societies involves all of the broader issues, present in all societies, of defining and creating democratic political systems. In specific experiences, the basic issues of popular political participation and majority and minority rights should be examined. In the interaction between the processes of democratization and the development of the Islamic resurgence, Islamic activist movements both challenge and support existing regimes. This interaction raises the significant issues of the nature of opposition in democratic societies. Is it possible to suspend democratic processes, as happened in Algeria, in the name of pre serving or protecting democracy? What are the limits on opposition in the cur rent experiences of democratization? And, in terms of the Islamic context, are there special aspects of the Islamic heritage that can provide support for the developing definition of opposition within a democratizing society?
Sudan
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current efforts to establish an Islamic state in Sudan are identified with Hasan al-Turabi and the Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood. However, these efforts are part of a history of more than a century of conscious activities aimed at the development of Islamic social and political structures in Sudan. In the late nineteenth century, the Sudanese Mahdi movement, like its successor at the end of the twentieth century, attracted international attention as it successfully raised the banner of Islamic revolution. The followers of the Mahdi created both an Islamically identified political system and the first independent Sudanese “national” state. During the twentieth century, movements affirming national identity and independence and efforts to establish political systems that would reflect popular aspirations were closely tied to the Islamic experiences of Sudanese peoples. The affirmation of local identity and the desire for popular political participation are not, in other words, new phenomena in Sudan in the late twentieth century. They are developments with deep historical roots in modern Sudanese history, although the specific forms of Islamic resurgence and democratization also manifest the conditions of the final quarter of the twentieth century.
Pakistan
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Pakistan’s creation as a Muslim homeland in 1947 and its designation in its first constitution in 1956 as an Islamic Republic, religion, identity, and democracy have been intertwined and manipulated. Military and non-military governments, religious and secular political parties, and movements with competing agendas and interests have appealed to Islam in order to enhance their legitimacy and to support a variety of political, economic, and class interests. Islam has been adopted in diverse ways to legitimate both government and opposition movements and to rationalize a range of options from democracy to political and religious authoritarianism. Pakistan has struggled throughout its history with the meaning of its Islamic identity. A review of Islam’s role in Pakistan reveals the diverse and often contending usages of lslam, its linkage to democratic claims, and, too often, its potential to divide rather than unite. At a time when many are concerned about political Islam and its compatibility with democratization, Pakistan offers an extensive test case of the role of religion in government-engineered state building, as well as of the ability of Islamic organizations to participate within the political system. The Jamaat Islami and other Islamic organizations and parties in Pakistan offer an instructive example of participation within a multiparty political system. Islam and democracy have often existed more in form than substance, subordinated to political and social realities rather than acting as a controlling or guiding forces.
Malaysia
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Few Muslim countries in the world have gone as far as Malaysia in the attempt to use the power of the state to enforce for Muslims the prescriptions of the Koran and the Hadith:’However, fewer Muslim states are less well known than Malaysia. Malaysia presents a unique Islamic experience. Malaysia is a multiethnic and multireligious society in which Malays constitute approximately 45 percent of the population but are the dominant political and cultural force. The remainder of the country consists of a variety of ethnic and religious groups, the largest being the Chinese (35 percent) and Indian (10 percent) communities. Islam and Malay national identity and politics have long been interconnected, as reflected in the popular belief that to be Malay is to be Muslim. A distinctive characteristic of Malaysian political development is the role of political Islam in Malay politics. Malaysia is a federation of states, an officially pluralistic polity in which Islam is the official religion and Islam and Muslims enjoy a privileged position.
Conclusion
Authors: Esposito John L , Voll John O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout much of the Muslim world, the 1990s have witnessed the impact and interaction of the forces of resurgent Islam and democratization. Issues of religious and cultural identity, authenticity, and legitimacy have been intertwined with those of political participation, empowerment and civil society. The post-independence drift along a more Western, secular path of development has been challenged if not rejected. Both governments and political and social movements have often reappropriated religious symbols and vocabulary; they have used and abused, implemented and manipulated religion in politics and society.
Change at Work
Authors: Cappelli Peter , Bassi Laurie , Katz Harry , Knoke David , Osterman Paul , Useem Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book illuminates what is really happening in the American workplace. The contributors explain how the widespread restructuring of American firms--usually resulting in a reduction of the workforce to cut costs--has had a profound impact on the lives of workers. The book explains how the new relationship requires high skill levels, but does not provide training for them. Workers themselves now must take charge of their personal development instead of relying on their employers. Their alienation from their firms is compounded by the large disparity between the pay of top managers and that of workers. The future is uncertain, but the authors argue that the traditional relationship between employer and employees will continue to erode.
Introduction
Authors: Stout Harry S , Hart D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1977, Religious History was largely identified as a subfield of American intellectual history. When Henry May described the “recovery” of religious history, his subject matter was dominated by Perry Miller and the “Puritan synthesis” that ran from John Winthrop and Jonathan Edwards through Ralph Waldo Emerson and the American Renaissance up to Reinhold Niebuhr and neo-orthodoxy. Yet as substantial as the recovery was, it was under siege from almost the time May wrote his article. In fact, both intellectual history and religious history were already challenged in 1977, by the “New Social History,” and the tone of the conference at Wingspread that year reflected this beleaguered status. The mood of intellectual (and religious) history in 1977 was defensive. The New Social History had begun its invasion of all fields in American history and threatened to turn the mainline of intellectual history as it had evolved since the 19 50s into a sideline. In religion, the threat was doubly severe. Mainline Protestant denominations, which had inspired much of the canon until then, were themselves “declining” at a precipitous rate.
Studies Of Religion In American Society: The State of the Art
Authors: Stout Harry S , Taylor Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Minihistoriographical Revolution has occurred in studies of American religion over the past 20 years as they have proliferated at the epicenter of the historical and sociological enterprises. Religious history has entered the mainstream of historical research, no longer confined to the American Society of Church History and its sponsoring divinity schools. Likewise, the sociology of religion, once marginalized in its discipline, has become a leading edge in sociological research through its base in the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. Spurred by the creation of new departments of religion, by increasing numbers of faculty and graduate students, by the addition of American religious history to history and American studies programs, and, not least, by unprecedented levels of funding by private foundations, the field has exhibited more growth than any other save women’s studies. Yet while historians and sociologists bask in the glow of energized disciplines, their common institutional goals remain unexplored. What would the future hold if the two fields resumed the short-lived conversations of the late 1970s? This question we try to answer in the context of our commenting on the character of contemporary American religion research.
Narrating Puritanism
Authors: Hall David D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three Years Out Of Harvard College, Jonathan Mitchel was named in 1650 to the office of pastor in the covenanted church of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Thereafter, his ministry to the men and women of the parish unfolded in ways that carried him beyond the training he received at Harvard and the rules of church discipline enshrined in the Cambridge Platform of 1648. Not that he disdained the Platform; it meant much to him, as did the “experimental” preaching of his predecessor in the Cambridge pulpit, Thomas Shepard. Mitchel may have known of Shepard’s manuscript diary, with its revelations of that minister’s recurrent questioning of his state of grace. The lessons to be learned from this diary were supplemented by the heart-searching meditations Mitchel himself engaged in and by what he observed among his people.
God’s Designs: The Literature of the Colonial Revivals of Religion, I735-I760
Authors: Guelzo Allen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December Of 1990, after the completion of a section on Jonathan Edwards at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in New York City, a dozen or so of mostly younger scholars of Jonathan Edwards swept around the corner from the convention hotel and settled themselves down to a staggering repast at a posh north Italian restaurant. In the midst of some very un-Edwardsean consumption, I offered a question to everyone around the table: What is the most important book which you’ve ever read on the Great Awakening? With only one exception, the Young Edwardseans gave the palm to an obscure nineteenthcentury Congregationalist, Joseph Tracy; the one dissenter held out for a book from the 1960s, but it was the book that most Young Edwardseans are ritually required to despise, Alan Heimert’s Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the American Revolution.
Religion And The American Revolution
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Relation Of Religion to the American Revolution has always been a problem. We sense that there should be a relationship, but we are not at all clear what it is or even ought to be. Although the eighteenth century was still a deeply religious age, at first glance the Revolution does not seem to have much to do with religion. To be sure, there was a good deal of talk about the people’s inalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of their conscience or about the separation of church and state. But these liberal and enlightened beliefs, culminating in the First Amendment to the Constitution, seem to emphasize less the significance of religion than its subordination to politics and other more important matters. As the new 1777 state constitution of New York put it, the Revolution was very much designed to end the “spiritual oppression and intolerance wherewith the bigotry and ambition of weak and wicked priests” had “scourged mankind.” If truth be told, most of the Founding Fathers, enlightened men in an enlightened age, were not all that enthusiastic about religion, certainly not about religious enthusiasm.
Experience and Explanation In Twentieth-Century American Religious History
Authors: Fox Richard Wightman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Remember My Dismay a decade ago when a colleague, a historian of early modern Europe, gruffly remarked that all twentieth-century American historiography was “journalism.” It was nothing but the reporting of “current events,” he said. Having learned to take fright at the mere term “journalistic,” academia’s favored term of execration, I leapt to the defense of my field and rattled off the names of excellent books on the twentieth century. I confidently rebutted his comment, but all the while the thought gnawed away inside me that the greatest historians of our day did seem to work in earlier periods. The history of early twentiethcentury Progressivism or the New Deal had attracted many leading historians in the 1950s, but by the 1960s and 1970s the most interesting work seemed to be on such topics as Puritanism, slavery, or nineteenth-century women, immigrants, or laborers.
On Jordan’s Stormy Banks: Margins, Center, and Bridges in African American Religious History
Authors: Weisenfeld Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chicago World’S Columbian Exposition of 1893 was an event rife with difficult meanings for African Americans. Thirty years out of slavery and on the cusp of a new century, many African Americans were contemplating their place in history, searching the Bible for a key to their destiny, and looking to the future with an unmitigated faith in progress and in the “uplift of the race.” At this exposition, a moment for the nation to evaluate the status of the world since Columbus and to consider the future, however, the organizers of this public self-examination vigorously excluded African American representation in the exhibits.
Introduction: Postunification Challenges to German Democracy
Authors: Kurthen Hermann , Bergmann Werner , Erb Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of the Communist regime in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) and the opening of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, were welcomed around the world. But the rapid unification of East and West Germany brought ambivalent reactions, especially from Germany’s European neighbors. On the one hand there were fears of the political and economic dominance of a united Germany in the center of Europe. On the other hand recollections of the devastating consequences of German national unification movements of the past were rekindled. Voices were heard even within Germany that warned of the emergence of a new sense of nationalism that would slacken ties to Western democracies and promote a new chapter of German assertiveness-one that would seek, for example, to repress memories of World War II and the Holocaust. Such anxiety was directed in particular toward East Germans because very little was known of their political attitudes. Because they had lived under the conditions of a second dictatorship, they were expected to harbor antidemocratic, authoritarian, and intolerant views. In response to these fears, numerous empirical studies were begun in 1990 in the former GDR on voter profiles, issues regarding the political culture, and attitudes toward foreigners.
The Syllabaries
Authors: Woodard Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two syllabaries in which ancient Greek was written share the trait of consisting almost entirely of two types of symbols: (1) symbols representing simply vowels (i.e., V characters); and (2) symbols representing sequences of consonant + vowel (i.e., CV characters). In figure 2.1 the symbols of Linear B are presented; as indicated, the only characters having a value other than V or CV are the dental + glide characters twe, two, dwe, dwo, nwa (and perhaps swa and swi), tya, rya, ryo, and the double stop character pte. It is true that the consonantal component of the characters transcribed as za, ze, and zo does correspond etymologically to the alphabetic Greek character zeta (ζ) and that zeta represents the sound sequence [zd] (i.e., zeta is a CC alphabetic character); however, the phonetic value of zV in the second-millennium script of Mycenaean Greek was almost certainly not the same as that of first-millennium zeta.
Cyprus and Beyond
Authors: Woodard Roger D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 6 I argued that disparate aspects of the Greek treatment of the Semitic sibilant characters are reasonably accounted for when the origin of the Greek alphabet is viewed as the work of adapters who were accustomed to writing with the syllabic Cypriot script and who incorporated features of this script into the alphabet which they were devising. This hypothesis not only makes sense of the use of the Phoenician sibilant graphemes but also has crucial consequences for interpreting other aspects of the Greek alphabetic writing system.
Feminization of the Clergy in America
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminization is said to occur when women enter any given occupation in substantial numbers, and ostensibly leads to such dynamics as sex-segregation, reduced opportunities for men, and depressed wages and diminished prestige for the occupation as a whole. Spanning more than 70 years, Paula Nesbitt’s study of feminization concentrates on the Episcopal Church and the Unitarian Universalist Association, utilizing both statistical results and interviews to compare occupational patterns prior and subsequent to the large influx of women clergy. Among her findings, the author discovers that a decline in men’s opportunities is evident before the 1970s, preceding the great influx of women over the last two decades. She also finds that increases in the number of women ordained reduced occupational prospects for other women, but enhanced those for men, thus contradicting the popular myth that women in the workplace are responsible for occupational decline.
Primitivism Radicalism and the Lambs War
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mid-seventeenth century saw both the expansion of the Baptist sect and the rise and growth of Quakerism. At first, the Quaker movement attracted some Baptist converts, but relations between the two groups soon grew hostile. Public disputes broke out and each group denounced the other in polemical tracts. Nevertheless in this book, Underwood contends that Quakers and Baptists had much in common with each other, as well as with the broader Puritan and Nonconformist tradition. By examining the Quaker/Baptist relationship in particular, Underwood seeks to understand where and why Quaker views diverged from English Protestantism in general and, in the process, to clarify early Quaker beliefs.
The Andhaka Outcome
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elephanta cave. Andhaka’s transformation into Bhri).gin completes and concludes one central developmental strand that emerges from the game, and also opens up a second major course or sequence. To state the matter in a crudely linear dimension, perhaps foreign to its logic: when Siva plays dice, at once engendering and isolating himself (as male) in the game, he moves toward a moment when he will be forced to impale his blind son Andhaka on his trident, thereby producing the parodic masculine, mis formed Bhri).gin, in a world of destructive sexual isolation and existential impoverishment. At the same time, given the Andhaka outcome, an alternative path toward reconstituting the self fragmenting godhead becomes available and active.
The dice game opens up spaces inside god-spaces of uncertainty, of tentative selfhood, of devolution outward. Andhaka is one such space, dark, menacing, unformed. Once externalized by the god, with ParvatI’ s help, this dark gap in the texture of reality objectifies itself, congeals, petrifies-although it remains pregnant with dangerous energies of desire. The Andhaka story is about the god’s relationship to this potentially destructive and uncertain part of himself, viewed in the context of an internal split in the godhead, along lines of gender and the general problems consequent upon Siva’s self-externalizing drive. In important ways, this story shows us what it really means to call god a male, taking this label seriously, and non metaphorically. If Siva can be referred to by the pronoun “he”-as the texts repeatedly do, as we do in their wake-then, sooner or later, “he” must deal with “his” aborted Andhaka-self.
Note that these two-Siva and Andhaka/Bhri).gin-are, in any case, remarkably alike. Bhri).gin’ s emaciated body looks like a caricature of the yogic Siva, at the higher reaches of self-transformation, via the internalizing mode we refer to as tapas. It is entirely appropriate that this ghoulish figure should be assimilated to the ranks of Siva’s terrifying, usually deformed or misformed followers (the Saiva ga1J,as); all of them show us that side of this god that is off balance, hideous, saturated with death. In addition, Bhri).gin has a third, bony leg, a gift from Siva that allows this pathetic skeleton somehow to stand erect; here, too, the servant and follower mimics or caricatures his ithyphallic lord.