bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROTEUS X-19 AND TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz , Zia Samuel 
Published: June 2004

1. The absorption of typhus sera (human or antityphus horse serum) with Proteus X-19 removes only the Proteus agglutinins, leaving the Rickettsia agglutinins intact.
2. The absorption of typhus sera with Mexican Rickettsiae removes the agglutinins for both the Rickettsia and Proteus X-19.
3. While normal or formalinized Rickettsiae are not agglutinated by anti-Proteus serum, these organisms—when formalinized and heated at 75°C.—become agglutinable by such serum.
4. The absorption of anti-Proteus serum with Mexican Rickettsiae removes agglutinins for formalinized and heated Rickettsiae but does not affect those for Proteus X-19.
THE FORM AND FUNCTION OF SYNOVIAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURES
Authors: Vaubel Ernst 
Published: June 2004

1. Synovial cultures are differentiated in tissue cultures from other tissues of mesenchymal origin by their type of growth and cell function.
2. In these respects they are more closely allied to chondroblasts and osteoblasts than to fibroblasts.
3. Synovial cells in tissue cultures develop marked globular cytoplasmic granulations that stain easily with neutral red and sometimes with toluidine blue; they show marked polymorphism with all transitions from round to spindle, polygonal and star shapes and eventually form an epithelial-like membrane, composed of cells with numerous syncytial bridges.
4. In cultures of typically growing synovial cells a mucin-like substance is elaborated. Typical growth and maximal mucin production is best maintained in media containing a minimum of growth-stimulating substances. Transformation of synovial cell growths into fibroblastic growth is accompanied by a loss of mucin production. Dying cells apparently do not produce mucin.
5. Amitotic cell division and the formation of macrophage-like cells were observed.
6. Marked tendency to liquefaction of the plasma about the growths was observed and attributed to the elaboration of a proteolytic ferment.
7. The specific designation "synovioblasts" is proposed for these cells.
THE RACES THAT CONSTITUTE THE GROUP OF COMMON FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Parker Raymond C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Under appropriate conditions, fibroblasts are able to multiply in serum, at a slow rate, for very long periods.
2. The rate of multiplication of fibroblasts in a given sample of serum depends entirely upon the nature of the strain. Cell races endowed with a high residual growth energy multiply more rapidly in serum than those whose growth potencies are of a lower order.
3. Fibroblasts, in the beginning, multiply more abundantly in plain serum than in heparinized serum, and also more abundantly in heparinized serum than in herparinized plasma. Later, these differences become less pronounced.
4. The first effect of serum on fibroblasts is invariably injurious, the degree of injury differing according to the nature of the cell strain and the age of the animal from which the serum is derived. With the passage of time, however, the colonies undergo gradual improvement, both in the appearance of the component cells and in their rate of proliferation.
5. In media containing embryonic tissue juice, or other growth-activating substances, fibroblasts form colonies that are isomorphic and composed of isomorphic cells. In serum, fibroblasts form colonies of heteromorphic appearance. Each colony becomes composed of cells that differ from one another, to a more or less marked degree.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. , Soo Hoo Check M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The preparation is described of a deep red protein dye, R-salt-azo-benzidine-azo-crystalline egg albumen, which contains no more than traces of protein with the original egg albumen specificity.
2. Based on previous publications of the writers, a quantitative method is given for the micro estimation of precipitin in the antisera to the dye. The method gives the actual weight of precipitin and may be applied to the determination of the maximum amount of precipitable antibody in any antiserum.
3. Data are given (1) on the influence of the period between the final injection and the bleeding on the precipitin content of rabbit antisera to the azo protein; (2) on the magnitude of the antibody response following the injection of multiple doses of the antigen varying within wide limits; (3) on the variations in the precipitin content of the sera of rabbits given successive courses of antigen injections; and (4) on the stability of antisera stored in the cold.
4. Four antisera were obtained in which over 100 times as much precipitin was recovered as the amount of antigen injected. This supplements the growing mass of evidence against the theory that specific antigen fragments are actually incorporated into the antibody molecule.
THE EFFECT OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSATES UPON PNEUMOCOCCUS DERMAL INFECTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Goodner Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

In pneumococcus dermal infections in rabbits, the addition of pneumococcus autolysate to an infective inoculum favors the invasiveness of the particular strain employed, but does not alter the kind of virulence possessed by that strain.
Autolysates exhibiting this enhancing property also induce purpura in mice and inhibit the coagulation of rabbit blood. The relation of these properties to the infectivity of Pneumococcus and the possible role of bacterial autolysis in natural infection are discussed.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Three types of an uncomplicated fowl coryza, differing in the onset and duration of symptoms, developed after the intranasal injection into normal birds of exudate from natural cases. Protection tests were carried out with 2 of the types in an attempt to explain why the "bacillary" disease regularly ran a shorter course than the "exudate" disease. Reciprocal protection was demonstrated in one case, but in the other the birds which had recovered from the "bacillary" disease were susceptible to reinfection with exudate. There was no indication, however, that a second infectious agent was present in the exudate, and the failure to cross-immunize was ascribed, rather, to a reduction in the immunizing properties of the specific bacillus induced by artificial cultivation.
It was also noted that the coryzas produced by exudate and bacilli, respectively, could be transmitted from infected birds to normal ones by direct contact. In both cases 1 bird out of 5 failed to contract coryza on exposure. These 2 birds were later injected with the respective agents to which they had been exposed and found to be resistant.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPECIFICITY OF BACTERIAL ALLERGY TO CERTAIN OF THE NEISSERIAE
Authors: Miller C. Phillip , Castles Ruth 
Published: June 2004

By means of the reaction to intracutaneous inoculation with bacterial suspensions in amounts of 0.2 cc., bacterial allergy was demonstrated in rabbits into which had been implanted agar foci containing either gonococci, meningococci, M. catarrhalis, or Bact. lepisepticum. The criterion of hypersensitiveness was the relative size and intensity of reaction evoked by an identical dose in "agar focus" and control rabbits. Rabbits sensitized to gonococci or meningococci usually reacted indistinguishably to either of these organisms, but were less allergic to M. catarrhalis. Similarly, animals sensitized to M. catarrhalis gave moderate but not maximal responses to the two former organisms. Cross-reactions did not occur between Bact. lepisepticum and any of the three Neisseriae. Animals sensitized to the four organisms mentioned reacted no more intensely than did controls to hemolytic streptococci, staphylococci, and rough pneumococci.
The hypersensitive state was found to begin early in the 2nd week and to end usually by the 4th week, being at its height in most instances on the 10th to 12th days. The number of organisms contained in the agar focus determined the success of the sensitization only to this extent, that very small and very large inocula failed to evoke the allergic state.
Rabbits immunized by intravenous injection of live organisms developed cutaneous reactions indistinguishable from those in controls.
The "secondary rise" of Andrewes, Derick, and Swift was rarely observed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF TESTICLE EXTRACT UPON THE EFFECT OF TOXINS, BACTERIA, AND VIRUSES, AND ON THE SHWARTZMAN AND ARTHUS PHENOMENA
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

The lesions produced by the Shwartzman and Arthus phenomena, as well as those produced by bacterial toxin and foreign sera in the normal rabbit, are spread by testicle extract over a larger area than would normally take place. With this spreading of the lesions there is a definite reduction in their intensity.
Lesions produced by invasive strains of staphylococcus at high dilutions or non-invasive staphylococci at moderate dilutions are definitely lessened in severity or even suppressed by the spreading action of testicle extract. Virus lesions are consistently enhanced by the spreading factor regardless of the dilution.
INTRANASAL VIRULENCE OF PNEUMOCOCCI FOR MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Clow Anna D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Smooth colony pneumococci fresh from human beings, instilled in small doses into the nasal passages of special mice raised under standard conditions, brought about a characteristic infection and this spread to healthy contacts inciting in them the carrier state or fatal infection.
2. Differences in individual host response to the same dose of a given culture ranged from a complete refractory or nasopharyngeal carrier state, or a local cervical lymphadenitis, to fatal lobular or lobar pneumonias with or without pleurisy, empyema, and pericarditis, and acute fatal septicemia.
3. Pneumococci exhibited consistent individual strain differences with respect to ability to infect, when instilled intranasally into mice, and also differences in the spread to contacts. Degree of intranasal virulence paralleled demonstrable ability to spread to contacts.
4. Degree of intranasal virulence of strains did not parallel intraperitoneal virulence in 50 per cent of strains—high intranasal was accompanied by either high or moderate intraperitoneal virulence, and low intranasal by high, moderate, or low intraperitoneal virulence.
5. Type III strains were of relatively high intranasal and intraperitoneal virulences; Type II strains mostly low in intranasal but high or moderate in intraperitoneal virulence; Type I strains all low in intranasal but either high or moderate in intraperitoneal virulence. Most strains of other types were low both in intranasal and intraperitoneal virulences.
6. The intranasal virulence of pneumococci was not enhanced by animal passage. Nasal passage reduced the intranasal virulence to zero but did not affect intraperitoneal virulence, colony form, and agglutinative specificity. Passage by the intraperitoneal method maintained the characteristic level of intranasal virulence for a period, increased intraperitoneal virulence in some instances, but did not affect colony form or agglutinative properties.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE HYPOPHYSEAL SUBSTANCE GIVING INCREASED GONADOTROPIC EFFECTS WHEN COMBINED WITH PROLAN
Authors: Evans Herbert M. , Simpson Miriam E. , Austin Paul R. 
Published: June 2004

The hypophyseal substance—the synergic factor—which gives increased gonadotropic effects when combined with prolan has been shown to itself possess a definite though slight gonadotropic activity. It produces transitory follicular enlargement within 24–48 hours, which, however, regresses at once on cessation of treatment so that by the end of the 4th day the ovary again approximates its infantile weight.
The synergic principle indeed provokes only moderate ovarian development when administered in 100 times the dose necessary to demonstrate the activation phenomenon.
By means of isoelectric precipitation or by means of tryptic and ereptic digestion, fractions containing the synergic principle were freed of many contaminants, in particular of the antagonistic factor.
The synergic principle has been shown to be unaffected by digestion with trypsin or trypsin followed by a short digestion with erepsin, but the action of pepsin inactivated the material.
A preparation of the active substance has been obtained which is potent in a total dose of 27 gamma.
THE RECOGNITION AND COMPARISON OF PROLAN AND PROLAN-LIKE SUBSTANCES
Authors: Evans Herbert M. , Simpson Miriam E. , Austin Paul R. 
Published: June 2004

The synergism phenomenon has made possible the recognition of substances, which we have called "prolan-like," in a wide variety of conditions. Indeed, it has been possible to demonstrate a prolan-like material in the urine of normal men.
The method has shown a wide distribution of prolan-like substances in sera and urines of non-primates without demonstrating, however, significant difference in the reactions secured from pregnant as contrasted with non-pregnant states, or in males as contrasted with females.
The synergism phenomenon with pregnancy prolan can also be shown in the increased development of the seminal vesicles of immature male rats. However, such males cannot be advantageously employed in the detection of prolan-like gonadotropic substances occurring in the blood and urine in conditions other than pregnancy, for the prolan-like substances usually do not effect appreciable development of the seminal vesicles.
CONCENTRATION OF THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONE IN PREGNANT MARE'S SERUM
Authors: Evans Herbert M. , Gustus Edwin L. , Simpson Miriam E. 
Published: June 2004

The gonadotropic hormone of the blood of the pregnant mare has been greatly concentrated by adsorption on active aluminum hydroxide followed by elution. The preparations so obtained gave demonstrable gonadotropic effects within 100 hours in 21 day old female mice following three subcutaneous injections of 0.001 mg. in 1 cc. of physiological saline.
As is well known, other gonadotropic substances do not cause conspicuous development of the male gonads but injections of comparatively large doses of these preparations into immature male rats caused marked development of the testes, which in 10 days were trebled in weight. An astonishing increase in the weight of the seminal vesicles resulted, for these organs were approximately 75 times heavier than in controls.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M. 
Published: June 2004

A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been passed through 99 successive culture passages. This procedure led to a diminution in the pathogenicity of the active agent for the rabbit. By repeated testicular passages in rabbits, however, the virus regained its pathogenicity for that host. New cultures were initiated with the revived virus. A culture strain of virus that has been twice revived in this manner has remained fairly stable for the rabbit through 60 culture passages and it produces mild, yet effective vaccinal reactions in man.
Virus in early cultures was not attenuated for man, but later cultures of the original strain and cultures of the 2nd and 3rd revived strains produced mild reactions without fever and discomfort to the patients. Intradermal vaccinations with the culture virus are safe and satisfactory.
With the culture virus 118 infants and children have been inoculated and in 100 of them a positive reaction occurred. The culture virus produced a refractory state to a standard dermal strain of calf lymph and vice versa.
Culture virus stored in 50 per cent neutral glycerol at –10°C. or at +3°C. maintained a considerable amount of its activity for at least 1 year. Desiccated culture virus sealed in tubes maintained some of its activity when stored at 37°C. for 5 weeks.
Fresh cultures can be initiated without difficulty from desiccated virus or from virus that has been stored with or without glycerol.
CONCERNING THE RELATIVE RESPONSE TO BLOOD GAINS AND BLOOD LOSSES; AND HABITUATION TO AN EXCESS OF BLOOD PIGMENT
Authors: Dick Macdonald 
Published: June 2004

The effects of very gradually increasing or diminishing the amount of circulating hemoglobin have been studied in rabbits. Contrary to expectation it was found that when the pigment was increased by the injection of a small quantity of compatible blood every day during some weeks the erythropoietic tissue did not lessen its activities. The hemoglobin percentage mounted gradually yet considerably when even as little as 1/100 of the amount of blood initially possessed by the animal was injected each day; and the figure it finally attained must in some instances at least have been expressive of a superabundance. To this superabundance the animal itself evidently contributed through its persisting erythropoietic activity.
The results were very different when rabbits were bled daily to the same small amount that was injected into their fellows. The marrow became abnormally active, and this activity continued undiminished throughout the long period of the bleedings. The organism is evidently far more susceptible to blood losses than to blood gains, a fact which is scarcely surprising when one considers that throughout its differentiation as a going concern it has had to cope with exigencies of the first sort only.
Rabbits in which the hemoglobin is very gradually increased by the injection of strange blood become so accustomed to the abundance of pigment that even a slight falling off causes the erythropoietic tissue to become abnormally active to maintain the new status quo. Good reasons exist for referring the habituation thus manifested to readjustments in the functioning of the physiological mechanisms which mediate between oxygen demand and erythropoietic response. Too little recognition has been given to the rôle of these mechanisms in such relation. No evidence was obtained of any effective readjustment to protect the erythropoietic tissue from the stimulus of daily small blood losses.
CHEMOIMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

The soluble specific substance of Pneumococcus Type I has been chemically isolated from the bacterial cells and from autolyzed cultures as an acetyl polysaccharide.
So far as could be determined by the methods employed, the acetyl polysaccharide in highly purified form absorbs from Type I antipneumococcus serum all demonstrable type-specific precipitins, agglutinins and protective antibodies.
Mice injected intraperitoneally with minute quantities of the acetyl polysaccharide develop active immunity to subsequent infection with Pneumococcus Type I. The immunity thus induced is type-specific. In several instances purpura has been observed in mice following the injection of larger amounts of the acetyl polysaccharide.
Under the experimental conditions of this study, no type-specific precipitins, agglutinins or protective antibodies were demonstrable in the serum of rabbits following repeated intravenous injections of the Type I acetyl polysaccharide. The treated rabbits were not immune to subsequent infection with Pnemnococcus Type I.
The acetyl polysaccharide is readily converted into its deacetylated derivative by treatment with dilute alkali.
The chemical and immunological properties of the deacetylated polysaccharide are identical with those of the soluble specific substance in the chemical form in which it was originally isolated; the deacetylated form of the specific carbohydrate is non-antigenic, does not produce purpura in mice, and only incompletely absorbs the type-specific antibodies from Type I antipneumococcus serum.
The immunological significance of the acetyl polysaccharide and its possible relationship to the specific substances isolated from Pneumococcus Type I by other workers are discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ETIOLOGY OF MUMPS
Authors: Johnson Claud D. , Goodpasture Ernest W. 
Published: June 2004

1. From four out of six specimens of saliva from six cases of mumps in the early stages of the disease, a filterable cytotropic virus has been obtained which induces in M. rhesus monkeys, following inoculation of the parotid glands through Stensen's duct, an acute, non-suppurative parotitis analogous to mumps.
2. This virus has not been found in normal saliva, nor does it correspond to any known virus with which we are familiar.
3. The virus is free of demonstrable microorganisms including spirochetes.
4. It is judged that this virus is the causative agent of mumps.
STUDIES ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN DEFICIENCY DISEASES
Authors: Zimmerman H. M. , Burack Ethel 
Published: June 2004

Adult dogs maintained on an artificial, balanced ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except water-soluble, heat-stable vitamin B2 (G) developed, after a sufficient time, a slowly progressive disease characterized by loss of weight, persistent vomiting and diarrhea, and marked muscular weakness, which ended fatally in from 200 to over 300 days.
The clinical features of this condition, as pointed out in the discussion, are quite different from those characterizing the canine disease known as black tongue.
The anatomic changes in this condition consist of marked demyelination of the peripheral nerves, including the vagus; degeneration of the medullary sheaths and replacement by gliosis of the posterior columns of the spinal cord, particularly the fasciculi graciles; degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the posterior and less often of the anterior nerve roots of the cord; occasionally slight degenerative changes in most of the other fiber tracts of the cord.
Attention is called to the fact that degenerative lesions in the central nervous system similar or identical with these have frequently been described in pellagra in man.
NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHY IN DUCKLINGS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Goettsch Marianne ,   With the Assistance of Anna Alexieff
Published: June 2004

Ducklings fed on a diet of skimmed milk powder, casein, corn-starch, lard, cod liver oil, yeast, salts and paper pulp rapidly develop a disease characterized by extreme and progressive myasthenia, ending in death within a few days.
Pathological changes are found in the skeletal muscles. These show widespread hyaline necrosis of fibers, with edema and cellular reaction. The brain and other parts of the central nervous system are not affected, and no significant alterations are found in other viscera or tissues. The creatine content of the muscles is reduced in proportion to the muscle injury. Controls on a natural food diet remain free from the disease.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HORMONAL FACTORS IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Engle Earl T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Adult rhesus monkeys possess frequently a greater resistance to experimental infection with poliomyelitis virus than young monkeys as indicated by the prolongation of the incubation period and the content of feeble neutralizing substances in the normal serum.
2. Virucidal substances can be demonstrated in the normal serum of subadult chimpanzees.
3. Immature monkeys prepared with glandular anterior pituitary hormones and anterior pituitary-like principles from the urine of pregnant women are protected only in exceptional instances against intracerebral infection with poliomyelitis virus. However, the serum of such prepared animals frequently acquires the property of inactivating the virus in vitro.
4. Active immunization with live poliomyelitis virus renders the immunized monkeys resistant to intracerebral infection in a higher percentage of the cases than does preparation with hormone.
5. The relative merits of non-specific enhancement of resistance and of specifically acquired immunity are discussed in their relation to the probable mechanism of resistance to poliomyelitis in man.