bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Late Eighteenth Century: Mozart and Haydn
Authors: Smallan Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following his early experiments with the accompanied sonata Mozart delayed for over ten years before again embarking on concerted chamber works for one or more strings and piano. During the intervening period the string quartet was the chamber form which principally engaged his attention, together with the solo piano sonata. When, in 1778, he began again to explore the combination of piano and strings, it was particularly to the violin sonata that he turned, his interest having been sparked by a new constructive principle, the elements of which he had encountered in some sonatas (Divertimenti da camera) by the Saxon Kapellmeis¬ter Joseph Schuster. A reference to this discovery occurs in a letter which he sent to his father from Munich on 6 October 1777. ‘Schuster’s sonatas’, he wrote, ‘are not bad ... if I stay on I shall write six myself in the same style, as they are very popular here.’ The new structural device which Mozart identified in these works, and sought to develop in his own violin sonatas (his ‘Clavierduetti mit Violin’ as he called them), was a crucially important one. It involved the elevation of the violin from its customary accompanying role to one of near-equal partnership with the keyboard, by entrusting it with a large share of the melodic material in alternation with the piano, and with the opportunity to contribute significantly to the whole texture by means of imitations, counterthemes, and transitional passagework.
The Twentieth Century
Authors: Smallan Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the eye of the historian, eager to trace clear patterns of development, the piano trio’s progress during the twentieth century presents a complex and varied picture. A large number of composers of many nationalities have been involved, and their combined output has been very substantial. Some have shown progressive and others conservative inclinations, and their works, naturally, have revealed wide divergences of style and technique. Some have turned to the piano trio very early, and others very late, in their careers, and many have produced only single examples of the genre. Nationality has remained a significant element, as much if not more than in the previous century; but the wars and revolutions of the period, by their resultant mi¬grations, have introduced, also, a significant strain of cosmopoli¬tanism. Not only have composers from mainland Europe moved as refugees to Britain and the United States and exercised a powerful influence in their new environments, but others, again, have travelled in the reverse direction in search of intellectual stimulus, particularly to Paris where the teaching of Nadia Boulanger (up to her death in 1979) proved a constant magnet.
American Theatre
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This three-volume work will accomplish for the American non-musical theatre what Bordman's American Musical Theatre did for our song-and-dance entertainments: it chronicles, in order by opening, every Broadway comedy and drama, show by show, season by season, offering a plot synopsis, principal players, and important statistics. Scenery and costumes are described where they might be of interest, and comments of the plays' contemporary critics are quoted. In many instances, extended excerpts from the play are included to give the reader a fuller understanding of its nuances and its period dialogue. Also included, and worked chronologically into the text, are details about cheap-priced, cliff-hanging melodramas, such as Bertha, the Sewing Machine Girl and His Sister's Shame, which were among America's most popular diversions in theatres catering to blue-collar playgoers until silent films drew away their audiences. Examples of shows produced and designed for other than New York are included. This volume deals with the great expansion of American theatre after the Civil War, the careers of such prominent actors and actresses as Edwin Booth, Mrs. Fiske, the Drew and Barrymore families, the first important American playwrights like Clyde Fitch, producers like David Belasco, and the influence of foreign plays and players. This stage history, besides giving a sense of each production, touches on the literary worth of the plays, provides brief biographies of major figures, and sets all of this against the economic and social backgrounds of the time. Readers will close the book feeling they, like their parents and grandparents, have sat through performances of these shows of another era.
1912–1913
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rumblings overseas grew a little louder and a little more ominous during the new season, but Broadway blithely went its own way, rarely attempting to look at the gathering storm or to scratch beneath the surface of domestic problems. Relying comfortably on romance and farce, the theatre was busy providing the simple escapist entertainment most ticket buyers sought. Variety’s count indicated the number of productions climbed sharply to 162, up from 140 in the preceding year. That the count of American hits dropped slightly while the number of successful foreign plays rose a bit probably is meaningless. Curiously, a few of the foreign plays dared to tackle subjects American writers still held at arm’s length. Yet none, or at most one, of the foreign works continues to be revived with any regularity. The record of major revivals for the American offerings is no better, but several retained the affection of a generation of playgoers only now disappearing from the scene.
The Mutiny
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early April of 1839 the Portuguese slave merchants at Lomboko, on the west coast of Africa, were loading their human cargo onto the Teqora, in preparation for the long Middle Passage to Cuba. For weeks this process had been under way, and now, under the blazing equatorial sun, the slave dealers tried to make haste in order to reduce their crew's exposure to African fever, to avoid a seizure by pirates or enemy vessels, and to lessen chances of a slave revolt before the ship could get to sea.
Appeal
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 has charted the fortunes of the various Jewish political movements in two radically different countries. The first, Poland, was home to a typical East European Jewish community similar in many ways to the neighboring communities of Lithuania, Latvia, eastern Czechoslovakia, and Romania. The second, America, witnessed during the interwar period the coming of age of a Western-type Jewry, in many ways reminiscent of those in Western and Central Europe. It is surely paradoxical that in this Western-type, rapidly acculturating community Zionism—albeit of a rather peculiar type—encountered much less organized opposition than in the heartland of Jewish nationalism, Poland, where it was severely challenged by antinational Orthodoxy and especially by the anti-Zionist Jewish left, above all the Bund.
Experiment in Republicanism
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1788 the American minister to France, Thomas Jefferson, presented Thomas Lee Shippen, the son of a prominent Philadelphia family, to the French Court of Versailles. Young Shippen, who was studying law at the Inns of Court in London, was very excited; the young man, the nephew of Richard Henry and Arthur Lee of Virginia, was very socially conscious and, since he had “a little Vanity, ” was apt to “run wild after the tinsel of life. ” He had looked forward to his “Continental tour ” with all its opportunities for cultivating “the acquaintance of titled men and Ladies of birth, “ whose names, ” a friend of the Shippen family regretfully observed, “he soon gets and . . . will never forget. “
“Miss, I Wish I Had Your Life” The Poor of London and Their Chroniclers
Authors: Ross Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years when African voyages of discovery were being recounted in bestsellers like Henry Morton Stanley’s In Darkest Africa (1890), it was conventional to apply Dark Continent imagery to the slums of London: Remote as “Timbuctoo,” these “unknown” and “unexplored” districts were populated by “savages” or “aborigines.” Indeed, the impeialists’ impulse to explore, convert, help, or conquer brought the friends and siblings of the world travelers to the poor quarters of the metropolis. Their reports emphasized the exoticism of urban poverty and its contrasts with the comfortable and brilliant life of Parliament, the theaters, and the Kensington drawing rooms. As they appear, for example, at the opening of the period of this study, in Dore and Jerrold’s collaborative London: A Pilgrimage (1869), the wealth and poverty of the metropolis were still being represented in stark contrasts based on urban demarcations: glamorous, glittering West and sinister, huddling East. In the 1880s and 1890s, however, some social explorers set out with a more complex mission to analyze the different grades of poverty and to assess its causes. In the process, they added many new shades between the dusky black of destitution and the gleaming white of carriageowning, servant-keeping wealth, presenting a new social topography of London.
No Duty to Retreat
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No Duty to Retreat takes as its starting-point the increased popularity in American society of the old English common-law concept that a person under physical attack has the right to stand his ground, defend himself, and even kill his assailant in self-defence in certain circumstances. This doctrine came to public awareness recently when Berhard Goetz took the law into his own hands when assaulted by four youths in a New York City subway train. There is a chapter on the American as gunfighter, another on a famous vigilante case in California in the 1870s, when farmers retaliated against the Southern Pacific Railroad trying to move them off their lands , and a long chapter discussing `crime, law, and society in America since 1930 ‘, in which Brown shows that the crime surge since the 1950s has occurred with the emergence of the Post-Industrial Society, which has left many people alienated and looking for quick solutions.
Conclusion: No Duty to Retreat in Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Brown Richard Maxwell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the Industrial Society of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century to the Information Society of our own time, the factor of values has been crucial in regard to American violence and crime. Central to understanding the doctrine of no duty to retreat is the realm of values, for the notion of no duty to retreat is an expression of American values as well as American behavior.
Dean Acheson
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dean Acheson was one of the most influential Secretaries of State in U.S. history, presiding over American foreign policy during a pivotal era--the decade after World War II when the American Century slipped into high gear. During his vastly influential career, Acheson spearheaded the greatest foreign policy achievements in modern times, ranging from the Marshall Plan to the establishment of NATO. In this acclaimed biography, Robert L. Beisner paints an indelible portrait of one of the key figures of the last half-century. In a book filled with insight based on research in government archives, memoirs, letters, and diaries, Beisner illuminates Acheson's major triumphs, including the highly underrated achievement of converting West Germany and Japan from mortal enemies to prized allies, and does not shy away from examining his missteps. But underlying all his actions, Beisner shows, was a tough-minded determination to outmatch the strength of the Soviet bloc--indeed, to defeat the Soviet Union at every turn. The book also sheds light on Acheson's friendship with Truman--one, a bourbon-drinking mid-Westerner with a homespun disposition, the other, a mustachioed Connecticut dandy who preferred perfect martinis. Over six foot tall, with steel blue, "merry, searching eyes" and a "wolfish" grin, Dean Acheson was an unforgettable character--intellectually brilliant, always debonair, and tough as tempered steel. This lustrous portrait of an immensely accomplished and colorful life is the epitome of the biographer's art.
Male Sexuality and the “Perversions” in the Fin De Siècle
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third and last aspect of Foucault’s notion that the “blood” of the bourgeoisie was its “sex,” is one that sprang to life only in the 1870s and 1880s, coinciding with military defeat and the founding of the new republic. I refer to the “discovery” of the sexual perversions by medical experts in France, elsewhere in Europe, and in the United States. In France, as we have seen, the tradition of medical and scientific thinking in which the myriad varieties of human sexuality were analyzed was heavily disposed to a conception of sexual identity that subsumed sexuality in sex.
Biologic Perspectives of Adoptee Adjustment
Authors: Cadoret Remi J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human behavior has had no lack of apologists and explanations since time immemorial, including such diverse explanatory schemes as phrenology and astrology. Scientific explanations of the vagaries of human character have been more recent additions to a long list of “whys” of behavior. Toward the end of the last century there was an organized effort to study factors influencing personality and human abilities with the avowed goal of using this information to improve the race. The eugenic movement, as it came to be called, stemmed largely from the lifework of a British genius, Sir Francis Galton. Galton, whose life spanned almost a century (1822-1911), was fascinated by the tremendous individual variation found in human social status, intellectual abilities, and temperament. He conceived two categories of factors responsible for this variation: nature, or what was physically inherited from parents through the procreative process; and nurture, or what was transmitted through culture, upbringing, and other environmental conditions. In order to measure “nature” and “nurture,” Galton devised ingenious techniques used today in the study of inheritance. These approaches include the family study, the twin method, and statistical devices such as regression. Using these techniques Galton came to the conclusion that nature was more important than nurture where human abilities, social success, and temperament were concerned.
Adopted Adolescents in Residential Treatment: The Role of the Family
Authors: Grotevant Harold D , Mcroy Ruth G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adoption is a social and legal process in which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated by birth. Through this process a child born to one set of parents becomes the child of other parents, a member of another family, and thereby assumes the rights and duties of children in birthfamilies (Costin, 1972).
The Residential Treatment of Severely Disturbed Adolescent Adoptees
Authors: Goodrich Wells , Fullerton Carols. , Yates, Briant. , Berman Linda Beth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adolescents require hospitalization (Miller, 1980) when their disturbed behavior becomes dangerous to themselves or to others, and when their affective states, cognitive dysfunctions, or personal suffering are so extreme as to make outpatient treatment infeasible. Hospitalization also may be indicated when age-appropriate behavior and adaptation are no longer possible in relation to peers, to school, or to the patient’s family. Finally, disturbed adolescents may require hospitalization when the family psychopathology exacerbates the patients’ difficulties so that the patient becomes unmanageable as an outpatient. Approximately 3% of the United States’ adolescent population will enter a psychiatric hospital and 0.5% may require repeated or long-term psychiatric hospitalization (Almqvist, 1986).
History, Values, and Placement Policy Issues in Adoption
Authors: Cole Elizabeth S , Donley Kathryn S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Adoption” is a term used to describe a personal and legal act as well as a social service. Because adoption is a social construction, it is value laden and shaped by cultural forces. The Child Welfare League of America defines legal adoption as “the method provided by law to establish the legal relationship of parent and child between persons who are not so related by birth” (Child Welfare League of America, 1978, p. 11). Adoption services, in contrast, are the necessary array of professional assistance offered and coordinated by an agency, first, to assist birthparents whose children are placed for adoption, second, to place a child in an adoptive home, and third, to preserve and strengthen the adoptive family.
Surrendering an Infant for Adoption: The Birthmother Experience
Authors: Brodzinsky Anne B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In modem Western societies, adoption is currently regarded as an acceptable and sensible solution to a critical problem in the lives of three groups of people-infertile couples, unmarried women facing unexpected pregnancy, and children without families. Since the early 1900s, a variety of human service agencies have been the facilitators and guardians of most adoption proceedings. Implied in the designation of this solemn responsibility is the assumption that these agencies will work to meet the needs of all three groups assigned to their care. However, in an agency-supervised adoption, where three clients are seeking relief from a single service and only one of them is paying a fee, the potential for a conflict of interest has been noted (Benet, 1976; Deykin, Campbell, & Patti, 1984; Vincent, 1961). Specifically, until the recent past, it has been fairly common knowledge that, despite some efforts to the contrary (Child Welfare League of America, 1988; Moore & Burt, 1982; O’Leary, Shore, & Wilder, 1984), a greater commitment of both professional energy and financial resources has been made in the service of a relationship between a child and prospective adoptive parents than in support of a relationship between the same child and his or her biological mother (Bernstein, 1963; Child Welfare League of America, 1960; Kadushin, 1974; Riben, 1988; Sorich & Siebert, 1982).1
The University at War: Veblen, Yerkes, Beard, and Cattell
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of war in 1914 created a painful conflict for American academics. Many of them had once looked to Germany as a center of advanced learning and culture. Several who had taken doctorates there fondly recalled their days in German university towns. But like most American university students and administrators, they generally sided with Great Britain and France, regarded the Central Powers as chiefly responsible for the war, and were appalled by the way Germany conducted it. Brander Matthews, a professor of dramatic literature, expressed the feelings of many American professors when he accused Germany of under mining its reputation for cultural eminence and noted that the Germans had destroyed art works in the university town of Louvain, bombed civilian centers, and retained a “barbaric medieval alphabet.”
Observations On Interview Surveys Of The Oldest Old
Authors: Wallace Robert B , Kohout Frank J , Colsher Patricia L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the number of older persons increases and they become more frequent subjects of survey and other quantitative research, investigators will face special methodological problems in obtaining credible and useful interview data. Although the problems and issues discussed here are not unique to the oldest old, they become particularly important with this group. We have not attempted to review exhaustively the issues that emerge in interviewing the oldest old. Instead, we focus on selected issues and problems that we have found particularly troublesome in our own research and that should be addressed in future studies.
Disability and Mortality Among the Oldest Old: Implications for Current and Future Health and Long-term-Care Service Needs
Authors: Manton Kenneth G , Soldo Beth j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aging of the U.S. population has wide-ranging implications for both social and health policy, some aspects of which are well understood and documented. For ex ample, the elderly population is projected to grow to 36.3 million by the year 2000 and to 67.3 million by 2040. We can anticipate many of the changes produced by this growth (Myers, Manton, and Bacellar 1986), such as increases in the proportion of the gross national product devoted to health care. This share grew from 5.3 per cent in 1960 to 9.5 percent in 1980 and is projected to reach 12.0 percent by 1990 (Freeland and Schendler 1983a; Rice 1980; Rice and Feldman 1983).
The Oldest Old and the Use of Institutional Long-term Care from an International Perspective
Authors: Doty Pamela J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health policy makers in the world’s advanced industrial nations are only just beginning to realize the implications of population growth among the oldest old in terms of increased demand for certain types of health services and associated increases in national health expenditures (Ray et al. 1987). This chapter addresses the relation between advancing age and use of health services-particularly long-term care services-from an international perspective. The principal value of cross-national comparisons of health services use in relation to aging is to bring into clearer focus the relative role of “malleable” versus “nonmalleable” variables in shaping health pol icy. By examining the experience of other countries, policy makers can more readily understand the interplay between the factors that they can control and the elements that are so deeply rooted in biology, history, and social structure as to constitute predetermined imperatives that leave little room for maneuvering.
The Social Environment of the Very Old
Authors: Kovar Mary grace , Stone Robyn i. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preoccupation with institutionalization, disability, and death conceals the fact that the majority of very old people continue to live in households in the community. They are survivors; they have not only outlived their expected number of years of life, they have also outlived their expected number of active years. Besides residing in the community, most of them care for themselves, see and talk with family and friends, and go about their daily business with relative independence.
Sharing Increasing Costs On Declining Income: The Visible Dilemma Of The Invisible Aged
Authors: Torrey Barbara Boyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today the federal government provides an estimated $50 billion in benefits and services to the 6 million people who are very old (80 years of age and over). These are more benefits than are given for all of the nonaged poor; it is also twice what is spent today for total veterans benefits or unemployment benefits in the United States. As the size of this age group grows disproportionately to the rest of the aged, their total benefits will increase faster than for any other beneficiary group.
How To Understand Diseases
Authors: Cassell Eric J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
history in the gathering of knowledge about disease. The essence of modem disease theory that developed in the early nineteenth century is contained in the beliefs that persons become sick because they have a disease; diseases are entities, each with a unique cause and a unique underlying structural or (nowa days) biochemical abnormality; and diseases can be discovered in the sick person by finding the characteristic structural or biochemical abnormality (Chapter 1). Not surprisingly, such ideas do not fit all the known afflictions of humankind-there are states of illness that seemed to be characterized by rather constant pathologic changes, but more than one cause can be found. These are usually called syndromes.