bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of cortisol suppression on craving for and satisfaction from nicotine in high and low impulsive subjects
Authors: Reuter M. , Netter P. , Rogausch A. , Sander P. , Kaltschmidt M. , Dörr A. , Hennig J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe rewarding properties of drug self‐administration have been shown to depend on mesolimbic dopamine release but also on the availability of corticosterone, as shown in rats. Since this became particularly evident when tested in rat strains bred for high (HR) and low (LR) reactivity to novel stimuli, the role of cortisol and personality in drug craving was investigated in 60 male nicotine‐deprived smokers divided according to questionnaire scores into high and low impulsives, a dimension considered to represent HR/LR rats. They either received the peripheral cortisol blocker metyrapone (MET) or the centrally blocking substance dexamethasone (DEX) or placebo (n=20 each) and were then allowed to smoke. MET more than DEX reduced craving for cigarettes during deprivation. This was only observed in low impulsives while high impulsives developed low craving unmodified by blockade of cortisol. Satisfaction from smoking was less achieved with DEX than with MET and not modified by impulsivity. Differences between MET and DEX in influencing craving during deprivation and satisfaction from smoking were discussed on the basis of different glucocorticoid receptors. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) seems to be the ‘turn on switch’ and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) the ‘turn off switch’ in mediating the rewarding properties of dopamine in drug self‐administration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the impacts of climate change on Australian streamflow
Authors: Chiew Francis H. S. , McMahon Thomas A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the likely impacts of climate change on runoff, evapotranspiration and soil moisture in the more populated and important agricultural regions of Australia. The impacts are estimated by comparing the water fluxes simulated by a hydrologic model using present climate data and greenhouse‐enhanced climate scenarios predicted by general circulation models. The results indicate that changes in rainfall are amplified in runoff. In wet and temperate catchments the percentage change in runoff is about twice the percentage change in rainfall, whereas in ephemeral catchments with low runoff coefficients the percentage change in runoff can be more than four times the percentage change in rainfall. The modelling study estimates that the annual runoffs in catchments on the northeast coast and east coast of Australia could change by −5 to +15% and ±15% respectively by the year 2030. The annual runoff in southeast Australia could decrease by up to 20%, and in Tasmania a ±10% change in runoff by 2030 is possible. The model simulates a decrease in the annual runoff in catchments in the South Australian Gulf of up to 25% by 2030, and a change of −25% to +10% in the runoff on the southwest coast of Australia. Although there are large uncertainties in these estimates, the results show the potential for climate change to bring about runoff modifications that may require a significant planning response. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Japanese experiences to enhance the World Commission on Dams guidelines
Authors: Nakayama Mikiyasu , Fujikura Ryo , Yoshida Tsuneaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe impact of large dam construction projects on the human environment, and particularly on resettlers, is often the main reason for opposition toward large dam construction projects. The World Commission on Dams (WCD) published its only and final report ‘Dams and Development’ in November 2000. The report contains a set of 26 guidelines. The WCD itself mentioned that the guidelines are not intended as a blueprint, and that these should be used as a starting point for discussion. Despite the clarification by the WCD, some non‐governmental organizations argue that these guidelines must be immediately adopted for all future large dam projects. The authors assume that only several of these guidelines are operational and many of these are either too experimental or theoretical to be put into use. Furthermore, some seemingly ‘ready for operation’ guidelines still need to be enhanced to be really operational in the real world. About 2000 large dams were constructed in Japan after World War II. Various principles and mechanisms were then developed to better address the issues related to involuntary resettlement. The knowledge accumulated through large dam construction projects in Japan may be applied to other countries. The aim of this paper is to identify the lessons, out of the experiences gained in Japan through large dam construction projects in the past, which could be applicable for future large dam construction projects in other nations. The socio‐economic setting, as well as the legal framework, in Japan differs much from those in the developing world. Nevertheless, the following aspects of the experiences gained in Japan are found to be both applicable and useful for future large dam construction projects abroad: (a) integrity of community in the negotiation process, (b) provision of alternative occupations, (c) funding mechanism in the post‐project period, (d) measures needed during planning process; and (e) making resettlers ‘shareholders’. These lessons may prove useful to enhance the WCD guidelines. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach for evaluating the hydrological effects of urbanization and its application
Authors: Cheng Shin‐jen , Wang Ru‐yih 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study focuses mainly on observing urban development in Taiwan's Wu‐Tu watershed from the perspective of urban hydrological theory. An approach is proposed for developing a method for incorporating available meteorological data to define the degree of change in a runoff hydrograph for urbanizing basins. The mean rainfall was estimated using the Kriging method. For calibration, two methods of calculating the effective rainfall (the Φ‐index method and the non‐linear‐programming (NLP) method) were used as model inputs, and the optimal global parameters of the linear reservoir model were then obtained from the shuffled complex evolution (SCE) algorithm. Twenty‐six (1966–1991) and eight (1994–1997) rainfall–runoff events were used for calibration and verification, respectively. The NLP method yielded better results than the Φ‐index method, especially for multipeak rainfall–runoff events. The regression equation determined the relationship between the parameters of the model and impervious areas. A comparison based on the results of the instantaneous unit hydrograph of the study area revealed that three decades of urbanization had increased the peak flow by 27%, and the time to peak was decreased by 4 h. The study simply describes the results of the impact of imperviousness on hydrological modelling. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaporation and energy balance of a sub‐Arctic hillslope in northern Finland
Authors: Harding R. J. , Jackson N. A. , Blyth E. M. , Culf A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents measurements of the energy balance (radiation, sensible heat flux, evaporation) from a sub‐arctic hillside in northern Finland for a summer season. Comparisons are also made with a nearby wetland site. The hillslope measurements show an equal partition of the radiant energy into sensible and latent heat flux. The evaporative ratio of just over one half was remarkably constant throughout the season, despite very large day‐to‐day and diurnal variations of temperature, humidity deficit and radiation input. This conservative behaviour of the evaporation was caused by a strong rise in effective surface resistance to evaporation with increasing vapour pressure deficit. This suggests a strong physiological control on the evaporation, with stomata closing at times of high evaporative demand. There was no obvious impact of soil‐water stress on the evaporation. However, a comparison with the evaporation measured at a nearby mire site in 1997 suggests that the mire has a significantly lower surface resistance, even when the impact of a significantly lower humidity deficit in the earlier year is taken into account.The measurements are used to test, off‐line, the performance of MOSES (Meteorological Office Surface Exchange Scheme), a simple, but comprehensive, land surface model. The sensitivity of the energy exchanges to the thermal properties of the top soil layer (a surrogate for the upper soil/vegetation layer) is investigated with the use of the model. It is found that the evaporation is insensitive to these properties; they do, however, influence the partition of energy between the sensible heat flux and the ground heat flux (and hence the soil temperatures). It is suggested that the model needs to represent the thermal properties of the canopy more realistically. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer incidence in a population‐based cohort of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Knight Ann , Askling Johan , Ekbom Anders 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWegener's granulomatosis is necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of unknown origin, which untreated has a high mortality within the first year of onset. The introduction of corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide in the treatment has considerably improved survival rates, but past studies have indicated an increased cancer risk, including an increased risk for urinary bladder cancer. No large assessment of the general cancer occurrence in Wegener's granulomatosis has been reported. The aim of our study was to assess the general incidence of cancer in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and to put this in relation to the risk for bladder cancer. We identified a population‐based cohort of 1,065 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis in the Swedish In‐patient Register. Through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Register, we followed the cohort for cancer occurrence for up to 26 years. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) between observed and expected numbers of cancers were used as a measure of relative risk. There was a 2‐fold overall increased risk for cancer in the cohort. The increase was most pronounced for bladder cancer (SIR = 4.8; 95% CI 2.6–8.1), squamous cell skin cancer (SIR = 7.3; 95% CI 4.4–12), leukemias (SIR = 5.7; 95% CI 2.3–12) and for malignant lymphomas (SIR = 4.2; 95% CI 4.2–8.3). The results confirm previous indications of an increased risk for cancer of the urinary bladder but also points to increased risks for cancer at other sites. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of dna repair gene polymorphisms on BPDE‐DNA adducts in human lymphocytes
Authors: Pastorelli Roberta , Cerri Annalisa , Mezzetti Maurizio , Consonni Erica , Airoldi Luisa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo determine whether variations in DNA repair genes are related to host DNA damage, we investigated the association between polymorphism in the XPD gene (codon 199, 312, 751) and the XRCC1 gene (codon 194, 399) and the presence of benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide adducts to lymphocyte DNA (BPDE‐DNA) in a group of male patients with incident lung cancer, all current smokers. BPDE‐DNA adducts were analyzed by high‐resolution gas chromatography‐negative ion chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry. XPD and XRCC1 genotypes were identified by PCR‐RFLP. XRCC1 and XPD genotypes did not affect the levels and proportion of detectable BPDE‐DNA adducts. The patients were also genotyped for the GSTM1 polymorphism, given its role in the detoxification of BPDE. Individuals with the GSTM1 deletion had significantly higher levels of BPDE‐DNA adducts when they were XPD‐Asp312Asp+Lys751Lys than carriers of at least one variant allele. No such association was found with the XRCC1 genotypes. Because of the small study population (n = 60), further statistical analysis of possible gene‐gene and gene‐environment would not be informative. This is the first study analysing the specific BPDE‐DNA adduct in vivo with regard to polymorphic repair genes (XPD, XRCC1) and xenobiotic metabolizing gene (GSTM1). Our results raise the possibility that the XPD‐Asp312Asp+Lys751Lys genotype may increase BPDE‐DNA damage; this effect might be evident in individuals who are especially likely to have accumulated damage, probably because of lower detoxification capacity and high environmental exposure. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced expression of the insulin‐induced protein 1 and p41 Arp2/3 complex genes in human gastric cancers
Authors: Kaneda Atsushi , Kaminishi Michio , Nakanishi Yukihiro , Sugimura Takashi , Ushijima Toshikazu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAberrantly methylated DNA fragments in a human gastric cancer were searched for by a genome‐scanning method, methylation‐sensitive‐representational difference analysis (MS‐RDA). Six DNA fragments flanked by CpG islands (CGIs) and hypermethylated in the cancer were isolated. Four of the 6 fragments possessed genes in their vicinities. Quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of the 4 genes showed reduced expression of 2 genes in cancers: Insulin‐induced protein 1 (INSIG1/CL‐6) and p41 Arp2/3 complex (p41‐Arc). As for INSIG1, a DNA fragment was derived from the edge of a CGI in the promoter region. The edge was methylated in 11 of 22 primary gastric cancers, whereas the center was not methylated in any cancer. INSIG1 expression was markedly reduced in 19 cancers, including the 11 cancers with the methylation. By 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine treatment of 5 cell lines with the methylation of the edge, partial restoration of INSIG1 expression was detected only in 2 of them. These data indicated that, although the reduced INSIG1 expression in cancers was associated with the methylation at the edge of the CGI in the promoter region, the methylation was likely to be a secondary change. As for p41‐Arc, a DNA fragment was derived from a CGI overlapping exon 8, and its methylation did not correlate with its expression. However, methylation of a CGI in the promoter region with a marked reduction of its expression was observed in 1 of the 22 primary cancers. INSIG1 and p41‐Arc are known to be involved in cellular differentiation and morphology, respectively, and it was suggested that their reduced expressions might be involved in gastric cancer development or progression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of CD154 on renal cell carcinomas and effect on cell proliferation, motility and platelet‐activating factor synthesis
Authors: Bussolati Benedetta , Russo Simona , Deambrosis Ilaria , Cantaluppi Vincenzo , Volpe Alessandro , Ferrando Ugo , Camussi Giovanni 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCD40 activation by CD154 may trigger diverse cellular responses, ranging from proliferation and differentiation to growth suppression and cell death, in normal and malignant cells. However, the pathophysiologic role of CD154 expressed by tumor cells remains unclear. We have investigated the expression of the CD40–CD154 system in 24 primary cultures derived from renal cell carcinomas, its correlation with tumor stage and its potential functional significance. We found coexpression of CD40 and CD154 in most of the renal carcinoma cell lines. CD154, but not CD40 expression, significantly correlated with tumor stage. Moreover, renal carcinoma cell lines also released the soluble form of CD154 into the supernatant. CD40 engagement by CD154 did not affect apoptosis or survival. On the contrary, CD154 stimulated cell proliferation, motility and production of PAF, a phospholipid mediator of inflammation with angiogenic properties. Furthermore, the renal carcinoma cell lines expressed PAF‐R. Blockade of PAF‐R by WEB‐2170, a PAF‐R antagonist, abolished the CD154‐dependent motility, indicating a role for PAF synthesized after CD154 stimulation in renal carcinoma cell motility. In conclusion, this study identifies new functional properties for CD154, which are potentially relevant for the growth and dissemination of renal carcinoma cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VEGF isoforms and mutations in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Uthoff Sonja M.S. , Duchrow Michael , Schmidt Mirko H. H. , Broll Rainer , Bruch Hans‐Peter , Strik Martin W. , Galandiuk Susan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe wished to demonstrate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcript polymorphism in human colon cancer. RNA was extracted from 25 primary human colorectal adenocarcinomas followed by VEGF transcript amplification, fragment elution, subcloning, positive selection via insert analysis and sequencing. Four distinct splice variants were consistently expressed in cancer, including VEGF121, VEGF165, VEGF189 and the newly identified truncated splice variant VEGF145. Six novel mutations were characterized, all of which occurred within the conserved expression site of the gene and which consequently were present in all splice forms. Five cancers exhibited single nucleotide changes and 1 cancer a 2‐nucleotide deletion. A silent mutation was observed in exon 1 at position +70 relative to the amplification start site, a 1‐ and 2‐base deletion with frameshift and protein truncation in exon 3 at positions +172 and +171/172, respectively, a transition mutation in exon 3 at position +248 and 2 transition mutations in exon 4 at positions +398 and +403. All of these sense mutations should alter protein conformation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of VEGF145 in solid malignancy. Its biologic activity remains to be determined. We have demonstrated a variety of sporadic mutations within human colorectal cancer VEGF mRNA. Mutant angiogenic VEGF may provide a genomic basis for the diversity of tumor‐host response and may prove to be important in antisense oligonucleotide targeting, since all the different VEGF isoforms would have to be neutralized to prevent angiogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnic variation in kallikrein expression in nipple aspirate fluid
Authors: Sauter Edward R. , Welch Tamara , Magklara Angeliki , Klein Gary , Diamandis Eleftherios P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSocioeconomic factors cannot entirely explain why black women have an earlier age of breast cancer onset and higher mortality rates, stage for stage, than whites. We and others have shown that prostate‐specific antigen [PSA, also known as human kallikrein (hK) 3] is a marker of breast as well as prostate cancer, that hK2 and hK3 are highly homologous at the DNA and protein level and that the level of progesterone, which appears to upregulate hK3, is influenced by ethnicity. We hypothesized that nipple aspiration fluid (NAF) hK2 and hK3 levels are (i) lower in black than white women; (ii) independently associated with breast cancer; (iii) influenced by menopausal status; and (iv) in combination are more informative about whether a woman has breast cancer than either marker alone. NAF was assayed for hK2 and hK3, and the results were stratified by ethnicity, presence or absence of cancer and menopausal status. Statistical analysis was then performed. When stratified by ethnicity, hK2 (p = 0.003) and hK3 (p = 0.027) levels in blacks were lower than in whites. hK2 was lower in premenopausal black than in white subjects, regardless of cancer status. Overall, hK2, hK3 and the ratio hK2/hK3 were lower in subjects with breast cancer than in normal subjects. hK3 was lower in postmenopausal women with breast cancer, regardless of ethnicity. hK2 and hK3 levels were higher in pre‐ than in postmenopausal whites. Using logistic regression and considering hK2, hK3, hK2/hK3 and ethnicity, hK3 was significantly associated with breast cancer in both pre‐ (p < 0.001) and postmenopausal women (p = 0.023). In conclusion, whereas hK2, hK3, hK2/hK3 and ethnicity are each significantly associated with breast cancer bivariately, after entering the strongest predictor, hK3, into a logistic regression model, no other variable accounted for additional variation, although this observation is preliminary due to the limited number of black subjects in the study. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does aversive behavior during toddlerhood matter? The effects of difficult temperament on maternal perceptions and behavior
Authors: Calkins Susan D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeventy‐three mothers and their toddlers were observed when the children were 18 and 24 months of age in a series of laboratory procedures designed to assess relations among frustration distress, aggression/venting, and defiance, as indicators of aversive behavior, and their relations to maternal interactive style concurrently and over time. A second goal was to identify the predictors of aversive behavior at 24 months of age. Child aversive behavior as a predictor of increases in maternal negativity over time was also examined. Results indicated that distress, venting, and defiance were related to one another at 18 months of age. For boys, venting at 24 months of age, but not distress or defiance, was associated with greater maternal report of stress and higher incidence of behavior problems at 24 months of age. Venting behavior at 24 months of age was predicted by the interaction of early aversive behavior and low maternal positive guiding behavior. Increases in maternal negative behavior over the six‐month period were predicted by the interaction of earlier negative maternal behavior and child sex, with negative mothers of boys displaying greater increases in negative behavior at the later age. These findings are discussed in terms of the significance of early aversive behavior, in the context of mother–child interaction, for later problematic behavior. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Protection from half‐mustard‐gas‐induced acute lung injury in the rat
Authors: McClintock Shannon D. , Till Gerd O. , Smith Milton G. , Ward Peter A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe chemical warfare agent analog, 2‐chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, known as ‘half‐mustard gas’ (HMG), is less toxic and less of an environmental hazard than the full molecule and has been shown to produce an acute lung injury in rats when instilled via intrapulmonary injection. This injury is characterized by massive, localized hemorrhage and edema into the alveolar compartment and can be quantitated by measuring extravasation of 125I‐bovine serum albumin into the extravascular compartment. Employing this rat model of HMG‐induced lung injury, we observed significant attenuation of the pulmonary injury when experimental animals were complement or neutrophil depleted prior to HMG challenge. Significant protection also was provided by the use of antioxidants such as catalase, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl thiourea, resveratrol and N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC). The last compound showed protection from lung injury as high as 70% and was still effective even when given up to 90 min after exposure of the lungs to HMG. These data suggest that acute lung injury caused by exposure to HMG may be related partially to complement mediated pathways and the generation by neutrophils of toxic oxygen species The data indicate that NAC is an effective antidote against HMG‐induced acute lung injury in the rat. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.