bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilitarianism, Moral Dilemmas, and Moral Cost
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Utilitarianism has been charged in a number of different ways with oversimplifying morality and the moral life. But the present paper will confine its attention to two closely related ways in which this criticism can be made. Utilitarianism has recently been accused both of blindness to the possibility of moral dilemmas and of an inability to conceive the idea of moral cost, and in what follows I would like to respond to these charges, not, in the perhaps expectable utilitarian fashion, by admitting them but denying their destructive force against utilitarianism, but by questioning the truth of the charges. It is certainly true that (act-) utilitarian, and, more broadly, (act-) consequentialist moral theories have almost always been presented in ways that seem to preclude moral dilemmas and moral costs, but this appearance results from a tendency to overlook certain historically important forms of utilitarianism and from a failure to recognize the implications of the traditional utilitarian appeal to universal impersonal benevolence. I hope, therefore, to show that the dilemmas and costs that have recently been said to characterize ordinary moral thinking can be plausibly modelled within (act-) utilitarian moral theory. Whether this unsuspected capacity for complexity will be welcome to utilitarians and whether it will take the edge off some of the criticism that has been directed at utilitarianism by defenders of common-sense morality are questions to be discussed at the end of this essay.
Utilitarian Virtue
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever would utilitarianism want with a doctrine of virtue or of particular virtues? Such a question may well occur to anyone reading the title of this essay who is aware of the gulf between utilitarianism—especially act utilitarianism—and the recently reviving tradition of virtue ethics, a tradition that is supposed, among other things, to represent the very opposite of the utilitarian approach. But even if present-day utilitarians have no particular interest in developing a theory of the virtues, I hope to show you that the consistent development of a utilitarianism concerned with more than the evaluation of actions calls for, or at the very least strongly suggests, a utilitarian conception of virtue. Recent work on utilitarianism has shown that optimific right actions are not the only means by which the utilitarian concern for good results may be realized; there is a separate and honorable place for the consequentialist evaluation of human motives and dispositions, and the latter naturally leads to a utilitarian view of the virtues of the sort to be introduced and considered here.
Moderation, Rationality, and Virtue
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these lectures I shall be discussing some central features of practical rationality. The focus will largely be on extra-moral, or individualistic, practical rationality— though what I shall have to say about such rationality will frequently be supported by comparison with analogous claims that can be made about morality and about practical reason as swayed by moral, and not just individualistic, considerations.
Nietzsche and Virtue Ethics
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years virtue ethics has been undergoing a remarkable revival, and Aristotle has been the principal focus and model of attempts to formulate a contemporary virtue ethics that can hold its own against utilitarianism, Kantian ethics, and contract theory. But other historical names are also associated with virtue ethics and Nietz-sche’s is among them.
Privatization And Just Health Care
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When advocates of insurance privatization consider whether private-insurancedominated systems achieve justice at all, they tend to rely on an incomplete set of criteria for a just health-care system. They also mistakenly assume that it is enough to show that justice is in principle achievable within a private-insurance-dominated system. This essay offers a more complete set of criteria for a just health-care system. It then argues that the motivational assumptions needed to make insurance privatization at all plausible (on grounds of choice, efficiency, and quality of care) are inconsistent with the motivational assumptions needed to show that in practice a private insurance-dominated system will achieve justice. A private-insurance-dominated system can be expected to satisfy the criteria for just health care only if (a) there is extensive and effective regulation to constrain the normal competitive behavior of private insurers or if (b) generous public funds are provided to fill the gaps in access left by the private insurance market. Yet the assumptions about the motivations and abilities of the public, regulators, and public officials needed to satisfy conditions or (b) contradict the privatization advocate’s explanations of how privatization will maximize efficiency, choice, and quality of care.
Managed Care: Rationing Without Justice, But Not Unjustly
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three ethical criticisms of managed care are often voiced: (1) by “skimming the cream” of the patient population, managed care organizations fail to discharge their obligations to improve access, or at least, to not worsen it; (2) managed care organizations engage in rationing, thereby depriving patients of care to which they are entitled; and (3) by pressuring physicians to ration care, managed care organizations interfere with physicians’ fulfillment of their fiduciary obligations to provide the best care for each patient. This article argues that each of these criticisms is misconceived. The first rests on the false assumption that the health-care system includes a workable division of responsibility regarding access that assigns obligations concerning access to managed care organizations. The second and third criticisms wrongly assume that we in the United States have taken the first step toward assuring equitable access to care for all, articulating a standard for what counts as an “adequate level of care” to which all are entitled. These three misguided criticisms obscure the most fundamental ethical flaw of managed care: the fact that it operates in an institutional setting within which no connection can be made between the activity of rationing and the basic requirements of justice.
The Continuing Assault on Personal Autonomy in the Wake of the Schiavo Case
Authors: Eisenberg Jon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Core Values
Advance directives for health care have been slow to catch on with the American public since their inception in the late 1960s. But that has changed in the wake of the Schiavo case. During the weeks surrounding Terri Schiavo’s death in early 2005, hundreds of thousands of Americans Wooded health care advocacy organizations and state bar associations with requests for advance directive forms. Pre-Schiavo studies suggested that no more than 10 to 20 percent of Americans had given advance directives, but by November 2005 a Pew Research Center study had that number surging to 29 percent.
Chaucer and the Love-Vision Form
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary form which dominates Chaucer’s Shorter Poems is that of the dream-vision: the Book of the Duchess,’House of Fame, and Parliament of Fowls and the prologue to the Legend of Good Women all feature narrators who experience highly significant slumber. The main subject treated within the dream framework is love, though in the House of Fame as we now have it love-tidings are promised but not actually reported. It is appropriate, therefore, to provide a general discussion of these matters at the outset, before proceeding to consider the individual poems.
The Tartar’s Bow and the Bow of Ulysses
Authors: Hill Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Tuneful and well measur’d Song’, as Milton praised it in his tribute to Henry Lawes’s word-setting, is not exclusively a matter of technique. It also involves a recognition and acceptance of one’s place in the scheme of things. The musician, spanning words ‘with just note and accent’, shows his mastery in acknowledging that the poet is master. It is the composer’s duty and privilege to ‘humor’ the English tongue, to ‘comply with [its] peculiar nature and exigencies’ and perhaps to confer, by so doing, ‘a particular character or style’. The distinction between advocating technical compliance and maintaining the civil ‘Arts of Complacency and good behaviour’ (645) is not always easily drawn; and our literature might be less rich and resonant if things were otherwise. Milton’s sonnet pays its own tribute to reciprocity, and not merely in a phrase or two of stately cant (‘Thou honour’st Verse, and Verse must lend her wing I To honour thee, the Priest of Phoebus Quire’). The poem did not achieve its final form without trial and error and is, even now, not impeccable.
‘Envoi (1919)’
Authors: Hill Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Envoi (1919)’ recalls in its title the form of the alba (e.g. ‘Alba Innominata’, a version of which Pound had included in his Exultations of 1909) and in its opening lines the melody of Waller’s ‘Go lovely Rose’ which had been set by Milton’s friend and collaborator, the Royalist musician Henry Lawes. From the time of his first discovery of Lawes’s music Pound held it in the highest esteem. ‘To Thomas Campion his ghost, and to the ghost of Henry Lawes, as prayer for the revival of music’: so runs the dedication to the translation of Cavalcanti’s ‘Donna mi prega’ which Pound published in 1928. It is equally the case that Pound held the theory and practice of the nineteenth-century French poet Theophile Gautier, particularly his Emaux et Camees, in comparably high esteem and that Gautier’s prescriptive ‘Chaque piece devaitctre un mcdaillon . . . ‘ can be seen as anticipating the title of ‘Medallion’, the final poem in Hugh Selwyn Mauberley. At the same time, as Pound suggested in an essay of February 1918, ‘On the Hard and Soft in French Poetry’, to view ‘hardness’ itself as ‘a virtue in the poetic’ is an error; the hardness must be a virtue in the ‘intent’;
Gallivanting with Campbell: Orlando and Biography
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of Orlando had a peculiarly personal resonance for Virginia Woolf. From the very beginning, the writing of the book was bound up with her desire for Sackville-West. Its conception was a response to Sackville-West’ immediate absence (she was in Teheran, visiting her husband Harold Nicolson), and it can be read now as a testimonial to Woolf’s intimate knowledge of, and love for, her subject.
‘A Private Matter’: V. Sackville-West’s Later Novels
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years following the end of Sackville-West’s relationship with Trefusis were a time of adjustment and consolidation. Having caused great scandal by her elopement, Sackville-West returned to Nicolson and, with him, devoted much energy to the stemming of the publicity she had created. Like her autobiographical writing, her life would now be a continual negotiation of the relationship between pleasure, privacy, and openness. This chapter will explore the way this nexus is represented in some of her later, more popular novels.
Tubular Times
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighties almost looked like the twenties, at least if you were looking down Wall Street. The market was bullish, and everyone rushed to get in the money. Fronters in boiler rooms were busy dialing and smiling, hoping to land a mullet. These bucketeers were real experts. They plucked more chickens than a poultry farmer. Lobby lizards followed the ticker tape closely before buying, while Aunt Jane clung to her blue-chip stock.
Match Me In London and the Spanish Match
Authors: Gasper Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It could be Tormiella’s example of fidelity that London is being invited to match, i.e. to emulate. But there are two other meanings that an audience could have noticed much earlier. One is ‘Marry me in London rather than in Spain.’ The word ̔match̔, particularly in a play concerned with Spain and with enforced marriages, would immediately have suggested the Spanish Match, the great issue of the times.
The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Originally published in 1976, this highly acclaimed, full-scale account of Restoration drama is now available for the first time in a paperback edition. Following the changing patterns of drama decade by decade from 1660 to 1710, the author fully explores the diversity of the plays as they reflect the fads and fashions of a small, highly competitive theatre world constantly buffeted by political and social change. Anxious to avoid misleading generalizations - such as the dominance of `comedy of manners' and the rise of `sentimental' drama - Hume carries out a detailed, chronological survey of some five hundred plays, chronicling the emergence of numerous dramatic modes and their interaction and mutual influence. This meticulous documentation is set within the context of a critical discussion of theories of comedy and tragedy prevalent in the period.
Theories Of Comedy
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The numerous late seventeenth-century pronouncements on comedy have never proved notably helpful in reading the plays of the time. Critic after critic tells us that comedy must instruct and please by ‘holding the glass’ to a society in need of satiric correction-and faced with such platitudes, modern readers have tended to look elsewhere for help. Indeed, literary theory in this period appears in scraps, and recent studies of it have generally consisted either of dismal lists of puzzling clichés, or of heaps of evidence piled up to support pre-conceptions. If, however, we can get beyond the platitudes and consider more practical issues, we will find information of real value for reading Carolean and post-Carolean comedies. And in the light of recent disagreements about the very nature of ‘Restoration comedy’ and how we should respond to it this seems a worthwhile endeavour.
The Roots of Antifeminist Tradition
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid’s poetry became quite widely known in the Middle Ages, particularly from the twelfth century onwards. Christine de Pizan was to target him as a bastion of misogyny, and although her verdict might be open to question it is undeniable that, among the Ovidian epigrams which people loved to remember, not a few were antifeminist. ‘A girl’s word is lighter than leaves in autumn’; ‘A wife’s dowry is wrangling’; ‘Her chastity consists in not having been asked’; ‘Provided he’s rich, they’ll warm to an absolute oaf’—such sayings might be absorbed at school and become the stock-in-trade of any (usually male) literate person. Of course, they simplify the attitude to women in his poetry, which is elusive because of the kaleidoscope of dramatic poses he explores, from the medley of erotic lyricism and suavity in the short poems of the Amores, through the mock-lectures on love psychology in the Art of Love, to the voice of woman betrayed in the Heroides. Generalizations are perilous. It would be especially misleading to highlight passages in which Ovidian women are associated with deceit and twotiming, because duplicity is equally urged upon men. In fact, an intention to treat the sexes evenhandedly is explicitly paraded. ‘I’m giving arms to both sides’, asserts the narrator in Cures for Love (Remedia Amoris, 49-50), and the same holds true for The Art of Love.
Hogarth’s Dilemma
Authors: Wendorf Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is surely one of the ironies-and, as I have suggested, one of the weaknesses-of Roger North’s biographical work that, despite the high value he placed on family relations, he rarely drew his brothers together for a group portrait. There was, of course, no existing biographical form on which North could have drawn, and it is also understandable that he modelled his lives of his brothers on his own experiences with them, experiences that were to a large extent separate from each other. His brother John was closest to him while Roger was still his pupil; Francis helped him to advance at the bar; whereas Dudley, with whom Roger enjoyed his most festive relationship, shared with Roger in high-spirited forays about London and in relaxed, intimate interludes with Dudley’s family in the country. But if North had chosen to draw these often diverse strands together, he would have found an analogous form of portraiture emerging in England during the years of his retirement. The ‘conversa-tion’, a group portrait depicting family members or close friends engaged in a common activity, was import d from the Continent by Philippe Mercier, a Frenchman whose polished work was soon absorbed by the more traditionally middle-class character of native English (and Dutch) painting.
Boswell’s Flemish Picture
Authors: Wendorf Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the maxims that James Northcote collected in his two-volume biography of Reynolds is one that raises important questions about the role of distinctiveness and particularity in verbal or visual portraiture: ‘Portraits, as well as written characters of men, should be decidedly marked, otherwise they will be insipid.’ Reynolds’s statement should remind us of Jonathan Richardson’s justification for heightening the characters of his subjects nearly fifty years earlier. ‘Life would be an Insipid thing indeed,’ he wrote in An Essay on the Theory of Painting, ‘if we never saw, or had Ideas of anything but what we commonly see.’ Reynolds, who championed the role of ideal form in painting by arguing that ‘the whole beauty and grandeur of the art consists, in my opinion, in being able to get above all singular forms, local customs, particularities,
Alexander Pope and Burke ‘s A Letter to a Noble Lord: Generic Innovation and Political Discourse
Authors: Bruyn Frans De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1794 the Pitt administration, in a gesture strongly supported by King George Ill, offered Edmund Burke a sizable pension which, given his chronic financial difficulties, he accepted with gratitude. The situation was not without its ironies, as even the King noted, for in 1782 Burke had been the driving force behind the reform of the very civil list from which he was now to benefit. But that was the least of the ambiguities summoned up on this occasion. Not only did Burke lay himself open to charges, however baseless, of being a ministerial hireling, but, more broadly, his acceptance exposed a labyrinth of tensions and contradictions through which he had threaded his way from the beginning of his career, most notably, the vexed relationship of patron and client, the virtues imputed to independence and the indignities associated with dependence, the prestige of the gentleman-amateur versus the stigma of professionalism, and the disparity between hereditary privilege and hard-won personal accomplishment.
Gentlemen's Prospects: Viewing the World from the ‘Elevation of Reason'
Authors: Bruyn Frans De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most salient formal contribution of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poets to the georgic tradition they inherited from their classical forebears and revived in their topographical poems is, as we have observed, the prospect survey. James Thomson ‘s The Seasons, one of the most ambitious and extended adaptations of georgic form in the eighteenth century, is punctuated by such passages of visual assessment, moments when the narrator stands back and takes a broad view, an ‘equal wide Survey ‘, as he phrases it in Summer, vouchsafing him (and the reader) a glimpse of the order that underlies the welter of detail crowding the poem:
Theatre and Counter-Theatre in Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France
Authors: Bruyn Frans De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I shall not live to behold the unravelling of the intricate plot, which saddens and perplexes the awful drama of Providence, now acting on the moral theatre of the world, ‘ wrote Edmund Burke in the opening paragraphs of the Letters on a Regicide Peace, his last great polemic on the French Revolution (ix. 188). The metaphor invoked here of revolution as grand, tragic theatre must be one of the most sustained leitmotivs running through the outpouring of letters, pamphlets, speeches, and treatises that the events in France provoked from Burke ‘s prolific pen. In his earliest recorded comment on the Revolution, he wrote to Lord Charlemont on 9 August 1789 of his ‘astonishment at the wonderful Spectacle which is exhibited in a Neighbouring and rival Country-what Spectators, and what actors ‘ (Corr. vi. rn). The perception that all the political world ‘s a stage is certainly not new with Burke, nor is it a point of novelty to observe, as Thomas Paine had been quick to note in 1791, that the theatrical metaphor is central to Burke ‘s histrionic interpretation of revolutionary events.
Publications initiated 1770–9
Authors: Fleeman J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notes: Attributed by Thomas Percy (0: Percy 87), who annotated SJ’s MS of this ‘Character’ (Handlist 111, from J. Waller, Catalogue 82 (1870), 174, £2. 12s. 6d.), which is still untraced. Notes: SJ composed the pamphlet 10-11 January 1770. Strahan printed 500 copies within a week (L: Add. MS 48803, fo. 35), and it was published on 16 January at ls. (Land. Chron.). As is common with such small pamphlets the ½t is often missing.
A Critical Difference
Authors: Goldie David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Critical Difference is a detailed study of perhaps the most intriguing and important literary-critical dialogue of the 1920s. Goldie places the critical writing of T. S. Eliot and John Middleton Murry firmly in the context of a contentious post-war literary culture and argues for the need to read their work as a series of interventions within that culture. The book traces the development of their criticism from early collaboration on the Athenaeum through to the rivalries between Eliot's Criterion and Murry's Adelphi. It explores the informing contexts of several of Eliot's better-known essays and sheds new light on his role as a polemicist and critical controversialist.
Reconstruction: Murry, Eliot, and the Athenaeum,1919–1921
Authors: Goldie David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euot and Murry were peculiarly insulated from the First World War. Murry had been declared unfit for military service, and only in the latter part of the war did he take up an administrative post in the War Office. Indeed, his only spell in France during the war years was in 1916, when he had an idyllic holiday with Katherine Mansfield in Bandol in the south of the country. Eliot had arrived in Britain in 1914, and although he volunteered for military service towards its end, he passed the war firstly in education and then in banking. Although neither was directly involved in it, however, the war and its aftermath would prove of lasting consequence to their criticism.
All’s Well that Ends Well
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
II. Adams, James Alan. [—]. MS [I 980 ]. Incidental music: [2 tpt, perc, vln, vcl, pf]. First performed B. Iden Payne Theatre, University of Texas at Austin, 14 November r980 (Sean Henningan, Bertram; Marcia Hardin, Helena; James Coate, Lavatch; Mark Watley and Keith McGuire, tpts; Carlos Torrez, perc; Neela Kinariwala, vln; Mark Holt, vcl; Vickie Bibro, pf; Kathleen Conlin, director).
II. Amram, David. [—]. MS [1966 (composer)]. Incidental music: [ch orch]. First performed New York Shakespeare Festival, Delacorte Theater, Central Park, [8] June 1966 (Richard Jordan, Bertram; Barbara Barrie, Helena; Charles Durning, Lavatch; Joseph Papp, director).