bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projections of individual purkinje cells of identified zones in the ventral nodulus to the vestibular and cerebellar nuclei in the rabbit
Authors: Wylie D. R. , De Zeeuw C. I. , Digiorgi P. L. , Simpson J. I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projections of Purkinje cells from zones in the ventral nodulus of pigmented rabbits were studied with the use of extracellulary injected biocytin as an anterograde tracer. The zones were physiologically identified according to the complex spike modulation of Purkinje cells in response to optokinetic stimulation. Purkinje cells in the most medialzone do not respond to optokinetic stimulation; they project to the fastigial nucleus, the perifastigial white matter, the periinterposed white matter, and the medial vestibular nucleus. In the adjacent zone, Purkinje cells respond best to optokinetic stimulation about the vertical axis; they project to the periinterposed white matter and the medial vestibular nucleus. Purkinje cells in the next zone respond best to optokinetic stimulation about an axis approximately perpendicular to the ipsilateral anterior canal; they project to the periinterposed white matter, dorsal group y, the superior vestibular nucleus, and the medial vestibular nucleus. In the most lateral zone, Purkinje cells respond best to optokinetic stimulation about the vertical axis; they project to the periinterposed white matter, dorsal group y, and the medial vestibular nucleus. The majority of axons gave off collaterals and innervated more than one nucleus. Often, three or four different areas received terminals from a single Purkinje cell axon. The zonal projection pattern of the ventral nodulus is compared to that of the flocculus, which, with respect to the visual climbing fiber afferents, has similar zones. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of nerve growth factor in transgenic mice induces novel sympathetic projections to primary sensory neurons
Authors: Davis Brian M. , Albers Kathryn M. , Seroogy Kim B. , Katz David M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPeripheral nerve crush induces novel projections from noradrenergic sympathetic neurons to sensory ganglia, and it has been suggested that these projections provide an anatomical substrate for chronic pain syndromes that occur after nerve injury. The present study demonstrates that novel sympathetic projections to sensory neurons are also induced in transgenic mice that overexpress nerve growth factor (NGF) in the skin. Specifically, a large proportion of trigeminal neurons in NGF transgenic mice were innervated by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐positive pericellular arborizations that were seen only rarely in controls. Electron microscopic analysis of NGF transgenic mice revealed that trigeminal neurons were surrounded by numerous axonal varicosites containing synaptic specializations. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion abolished TH‐immunoreactive arborizations in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion confirming that these fibers were sympathetic axons. A two‐site enzymelinked immunosorbent assay revealed that transgenic ganglia contained a tenfold increase in NGF peptide compared to controls. However, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis showed no apparent expression of transgene mRNA in sensory ganglia, suggesting that the additional NGF was derived from increased NGF expression in the skin. These results indicate that NGF can induce novel sympathetic projections to sensory neurons in vivo and suggests a model in which increased NGF expression plays a role in the development of sympathetic hyperalgesia after nerve injury. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid expression and transport of embryonic N‐CAM in dentate gyrus following entorhinal cortex lesion: Ultrastructural analysis
Authors: Styren S. D. , Lagenaur C. F. , Miller P. D. , Dekosky S. T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeural cell adhesion molecules are known to be important in axon guidance and synapse formation in the developing brain. The embryonic form of neural cell adhesion molecule (eN‐CAM) is reexpressed in the outer molecular layer (OML) of the dentate gyrus following entorhinal cortex (ERC) lesion. Ultrastructural analysis revealed localization of eN‐CAM to the membrane of granule‐cell dendritic membranes and occasionally axons within the denervated zone. Because eN‐CAM is expressed rapidly (within 2 days) after ERC lesion, we were interested in the temporal sequence of expression. Denervated hippocampi (12, 15, 24, and 48 hours post‐ERC lesion) were stained with anti‐eN‐CAM and processed for immunoelectron microscopy. At 12 hours, there was no evidence of staining for eN‐CAM. By 15 hours after lesion, membranes of both dendrites and axons throughout the molecular layer exhibited moderate eN‐CAM staining, and dendritic cytoplasm was heavily labeled. Twenty‐four hours following lesion, plasma membrane staining of eN‐CAM on both axons and dendrites had increased in intensity within the OML, whereas membrane eN‐CAM staining was diminished in the inner molecular layer (IML), and the intradendritic cytoplasmic staining disappeared. By 48 hours after lesion, eN‐CAM staining had disappeared from the IML but remained intense and widely distributed in the OML. These findings suggest a rapid transport of de novo synthesized protein. A generalized reaction appears to occur immediately following denervation, and eN‐CAM is up‐regulated in the complete expanse of the dendritic membrane, despite the fact that only the OML is denervated. The newly up‐regulated eN‐CAM is rapidly withdrawn or disappears from the membrane in the (nondenervated) IML over the 24–48 hours postlesion. The brain rapidly responds to injury at the cellular level in the denervated zone in preparation for renervation by axon sprouting. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual and somatosensory inputs to the avian song system via nucleus uvaeformis (Uva) and a comparison with the projections of a similar thalamic nucleus in a nonsongbird, columbia livia
Authors: Wild J. Martin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNucleus uvaeformis (Uva), previously identified as a component of song control circuitry in songbirds, and nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami, pars caudalis (DLPc) in pigeon, were compared with respect to their relative positions in the dorsolateral part of the posterior thalamus, their cell types, and their afferent and efferent projections. Both nuclei are closely related to the habenulointerpeduncular tract, have similar cell types, and receive a dense projection from deep layers of the optic tectum, predominantly ipsilaterally, and a distinct projection from the dorsal column and external cuneate nuclei, predominantly contralaterally. Recordings of multiple unit activity evoked by visual and somatosensory stimuli were used to guide injections of tracer into either DLPc or Uva, and the projections to the telencephalon were charted. Both nuclei were found to have a major terminal field in the medial part of the ipsilateral neostriatum intermedium (NI), known as nucleus interfacialis (NIf) in songbirds, and a minor terminal field in the roof of the neostriatum caudale (NC). In pigeon, the DLPc terminations in NC were within a region known as neostriatum dorsale (Nd), and, in male songbirds, the Uva terminations were in the high vocal center (HVC). Recordings of visual and somatosensory evoked activity were then used to guide injections of tracer into NI, and the afferent and efferent projections were again compared in pigeon and songbirds. The projections from either DLPc or Uva were confirmed, and terminal fields were observed either in Nd in pigeon, the dorsolateral part of NC in female songbirds, or HVC in male songbirds. Injections of tracer into either Nd or HVC confirmed their sources of afferents in DLPc or Uva, respectively, and in NI, but there was incomplete overlap of the distribution of retrogradely labelled cells in NI and the terminal fields of DLPc or Uva.It is concluded that DLPc and Uva are comparable nuclei having similar afferent and efferent projections relaying visual and somatosensory information to the telencephalon. The possible role of this information in vocal control is discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size‐related colocalization of glycine and glutamate immunoreactivity in frog and rat vestibular afferents
Authors: Reichenberger I. , Dieringer N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPresence and distribution of glutamate, glycine, GABA and β‐alanine in VIIIth nerves of frogs and rats were investigated with postembedding immunocytochemical methods on serial semithin sections.In Scarpa's ganglion of the frog, all cell bodies were glutamate immunoreactive. About 17% of the cells per section were also glycine immunoreactive, but none were GABA or β‐alanine immunoreactive. The mean diameter of glycine‐positive cell bodies (26.7 ± 6.9 μm; N = 130) was significantly (P < 0.0001) larger than that of glycine‐negative cell bodies (15.7 ± 5.4 μm; N = 272). The intensity of glutamate immunostaining decreased with cell diameter, whereas the intensity of glycine immunostaining increased with cell diameter. As a result, the staining intensities for glutamate and glycine in a given cell were negatively correlated. Glycine immunoreactivity was also present in a size‐related manner in distal and proximal afferent fibers. The majority of thin fibers ( < 4 μm) was glycine negative, whereas most of the thick fibers ( > 10 μm) were glycine positive. Glycine‐positive fibers were observed in the sensory epithelia of all end organs in the inner ear. The saccular macula and its nerve, however, contained only few glycine immunoreactive structures.In Scarpa's ganglion of the rat, all cells were immunoreactive for glutamate, about 12% for colocalized glycine, and none for GABA or β‐alanine. Glycine‐positive cell bodies were significantly (P < 0.0001) larger (32.2 ± 5.2 μm; N = 82) than glycine‐negative cell bodies (25.1 ± 5.3 μm; N = 274). Cell bodies in the spiral ganglion were only glutamate immunoreactive, whereas staining for glutamate, glycine, and GABA was dense in the ventral cochlear nucleus.These results demonstrate that thicker vestibular afferent fibers represent a particular subpopulation that differs from the majority of thinner afferents due to their glycine immunoreactivity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of catecholamine systems in the brain of the lizard Gallotia galloti
Authors: Medina Loreta , Puelles Luis , Smeets Wilhelmus J. A. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFor a better insight into general and derived traits of developmental aspects of catecholaminergic (CA) systems in amniotes, we have studied the development of these systems in the brain of a lizard, Gallotia galloti, with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐ and dopamine (DA) immunohistochemical techniques. Two main groups of TH‐immunoreactive (THi) perikarya appear very early in development: one group in the midbrain which gives rise to the future ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral cell groups, and another group in the tuberomammillary hypothalamus. Somewhat later in development, TH/DA‐immunoreactive cells are observed in the thalamus, rostrodorsal hypothalamus and spinal cord, and, with another delay, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the periventricular organ, and the pretectal posterodorsal nucleus. CA cell groups that appear rather late in development include the cells in the olfactory bulb, the locus coeruleus and the caudal brainstem. As expected, the development of immunoreactive fibers stays behind that of the cell bodies, but reaches the adult‐like pattern just prior to hatching.The present study revealed considerable variation in the relation between the state of cytodifferentiation and first expression of TH/DA immunoreactivity between CA cell groups. Catecholamine cells in the midbrain and tuberomammillary hypothalamus are still migrating, immature (absence of dendrites) and express only TH immunoreactivity at the time of first detection. Cells which appear at later developmental stages lie already further away from the ventricle, possess two or more dendritic prccesses, and generally express both TH‐ and DA immunoreactivity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss. Inc.
Primate cingulostriatal projection: Limbic striatal versus sensorimotor striatal input
Authors: Kunishio Katsuzo , Haber Suzanne N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe organization of the projections from the cingulate cortex to the striatum in the monkey was studied using the retrograde tracers Lucifer Yellow conjugated to dextran amines and horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. These tracers were injected into the different regions of the ventral (limbic) striatum and the dorsal (sensorimotor) striatum. The shell region of the nucleus accumbens was defined using calbindin‐D28K immunohistochemistry. Following injections into the ventral striatum, there are numerous retrogradely labeled neurons in the various regions of the primate cingulate cortex, most of which are derived from layer V. The cytoarchitectural subdivisions of cingulate cortex include the anterior cingulate cortex, areas 25, 24a–c, and 24a'–c', and the posterior cingulate cortex, areas 23a–c, 29, 30, and 31. There is a topographical organization of the projections from these different cingulate areas to the ventral and dorsal striatum. The medial ventral striatum receives input from the rostral part of the anterior cingulate cortex (areas 25 and 24a, b). The shell region of the nucleus accumbens receives fibers from areas 25, 24a,b, and 24a',b'. Projections to the central ventral striatum including the core of the nucleus accumbens are derived primarily from areas 25, 24a, 24b, and the medial part of area 24c. However, few labeled cells are detected in areas 24c and 24c'. The lateral ventral striatum receives input primarily from areas 24b, 24b' and 23b and medial portion of area 24c. The medial ventral striatum and the shell of the nucleus accumbens have a similar distribution of labeled cells, such that these regions derive their input almost entirely from the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast to the ventral striatum, the dorsal sensorimotor striatum receives projections from areas 24c, 24c' 23c and 31. These arise primarily from the lateral portion of lower bank and the fundus of the cingulate sulcus.Our results demonstrate that areas 24c, 24c' and 23c, the lateral portion of the lower bank and the fundus of the cingulate sulcus project to the dorsal sensorimotor striatum. The medial portion of the lower bank of the cingulate cortex projects to the ventral striatum including the core of the nucleus accumbens. Different projections to striatum from discrete subdivisions of cingulate cortex indicate that these areas are heterogeneous and have different functions such that the fundus of the cingulate sulcus is related to skeletomotor function, whereas the medial portion of the lower bank of the cingulate sulcus is associated with the limbic‐related and association cortical function. The lateral portion of the lower bank may be a transition area and related to both motor and limbic functions.
Functional morphologies of retinal ganglion cells in the turtle
Authors: Kittila C. A. , Granda A. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetinal ganglion cells in the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, were examined by intracellular recording with a protocol of stationary and moving lights. Responses were apportioned among OFF, and ON, and ON‐OFF categories, and directional selectivity. Cells were injected with Neurobiotin, then later conjugated with avidin‐horseradish peroxidase in standard procedure. Morphological analysis of the stained cells included measurements of soma and dendritic field sizes, dendritic stratification, number of cell processes, dendritic branchings, and dendritic symmetry ratios.ON and ON‐OFF cells are at least bistratified, sometimes tristratified, in both sublaminae A and B whether directionally selective or not. OFF cells, in contrast, are monostratified, or at least confined to sublamina A.Morphological parameters of somal and dendritic field areas, branch point densities, and dendritic field asymmetries do not predict directional selectivity. Membrane polarization accompanying moving stimulation is discussed in terms of shunting inhibition and recording site. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic and non‐GABAergic neurons in the nucleus of the optic tract project to the superior colliculus: An ultrastructural retrograde tracer and immunocytochemical study in the rabbit
Authors: Cardozo B. Nunes , Mize R. Ranney , van der Want J. J. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBoth the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT) and the superior colliculus (SC) are thought to play important roles in the regulation of eye movements. The superior colliculus contributes to visual orientation and saccades, and the nucleus of the optic tract contributes to the detection of slow movements of the visual surround. Recently, a GABAergic projection has been described between these two nuclei in the cat, a species with frontal vision. The present study aimed at determining whether a similar GABAergic pathway exists in the rabbit, a species with lateral vision. To study this pathway we used the retrograde tracer cholera‐toxin (CTB) to identify NOT neurons projecting to the SC and GABA‐antibody immunostaining to identify GABA‐containing neurons and processes.CTB injections into the superficial laminae of the SC showed that GABAergic and non‐GABAergic neurons in the NOT project to the SC. Both types of neurons have structural characteristics similar to other projection neurons in the NOT. In contrast to the NOT neurons projecting to the inferior olive (IO) which are mainly located in the rostral NOT, the GABAergic and non‐GABAergic NOT‐SC neurons are situated throughout the nucleus. The somata and principal dendrites of both neuron types receive numerous synaptic contacts from GABAergic terminals and only a few from retinal terminals. The NOT projection neurons to the SC thus establish prominent excitatory and inhibitory links between the two structures, suggesting the existence of separate circuits that could interact through a GABAergic and non‐GABAergic NOT‐SC projection. It is further suggested that these circuits may be involved in the regulation of saccades in the SC during optokinetic nystagmus. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ hybridization analysis of CHOT1, a creatine transporter, in the rat central nervous system
Authors: Happe H. Kevin , Murrin L. Charles 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA putative choline transporter (CHOT1) has been cloned from rat brain and is reported to express a high‐affinity, sodium‐dependent, hemicholinium‐3‐insensitive choline transporter in oocytes. A second transporter (OCCREATRA) cloned from rabbit brain is 98% homologous to CHOT1 and is reported to transport creatine. We examined the distribution of CHOT1 mRNA in rat brain by in situ hybridization, using a 48 base oligonucleotide probe. In adult rats, the hybridization signal was widespread, but with a distinct pattern. High levels of expression were detectedin the cerebellum (Purkinje and granule cell layers), choroid plexus, medial habenula, pontine nuclei, several brainstem, nuclei, and hippocampus (pyramidal cell layer). Moderate signal was detected in cortex, globus pallidus, corpus callosum, and most other white matter tracts. Very low levels were present in striatum, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus molecular layer, and cerebellar molecular layer. Emulsion autoradiography indicated cellular localization to both neurons and glia. CHOT1 mRNA was relatively abundant in some cholinergic regions, including the medial habenula, the medial septum, and several brainstem nuclei. However, the overall pattern was distinctly different from that expected for cholinergic markers and correlated well with the localization of creatine kinase. The widespread distribution and poor correlation with cholinergic markers indicates that the CHOT1 gene does not encode the classical choline transporter known to be associated with acetylcholine synthesis. It is possible that CHOT1 is associated with cholinergic neurotransmission in some brain regions. However, it appears to encode the rat creatine transporter, and its widespread and heterogeneous distribution suggests regions where creatine phosphate is an important energy source. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.
Dynorphin‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat nucleus accumbens: Ultrastructure and synaptic input from terminals containing substance P and/or dynorphin
Authors: van Bockstaele Elisabeth J. , Gracy K. Noelle , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe endogenous opioid peptide dynorphin is enriched in neurons in the nucleus accumbens, for which coexistence and synaptic interactions with substance P have been postulated. We examined the immunogold‐silver localization of dynorphin and immunoperoxidase labeling for substance P in single coronal sections through the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens of acrolein‐fixed rat brain tissue. Dynorphin‐immunoreactive somata were more prevalent than substance P‐containing neurons throughout the region sampled for ultrastructural analysis. Dynorphin‐labeled cells were spherical, contained unindented nuclei, and were closely apposed to other somata and dendrites, some of which also contained dynorphin immunoreactivity. The appositions were characterized by the absence of glial processes and contiguous contacts between the plasma membranes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and coated vesicles could also be identified in the cytoplasms on either side of the somatic or dendritic appositions. The dynorphin somata and dendrites received synaptic input from numerous unlabeled as well as dynorphin‐and/or substance P‐labeled axon terminals. Both types of terminals were morphologically similar in their content of small and large dense core vesicles and their formation of mainly symmetric synaptic specializations. In addition to dynorphin‐immunoreactive targets, numerous dynorphin‐and substance P‐labeled terminals also formed synapses with unlabeled somata and dendrites. In some cases, terminals separately labeled for dynorphin and substance P converged on common targets with or without detectable dynorphin immunoreactivity. Terminals colocalizing both peptides were also found to synapse on unlabeled or dynorphin‐labeled somata and dendrites. Additionally, presynaptic interactions were suggested by close appositions between dynorphin‐and/or substance P‐labeled terminals and other terminals that were unlabeled, dynorphin labeled, or substance P labeled. These results provide morphological data suggesting nonsynaptic communication between dynorphin‐immunoreactive neurons and other neurons possibly mediated through receptive sites or second messengers associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the nucleus accumbens. They also indicate that, in this region, 1) the activity of dynorphin neurons may be dependent on activation of autoreceptors for dynorphin as well as substance P and 2) additional neurons lacking dynorphin immunoreactivity are most likely inhibited (symmetric junctions) by terminals containing either one or both peptides. The findings may have implications for motor and analgesic responses to aversive tonic pain transmitted through dynorphin and substance P pathways within the nucleus accumbens. © 1995 Willy‐Liss, Inc.