bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear balanced simulation of a baroclinic wave
Authors: Ziemia'NSKI Micha Z. , Thorpe Alan J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe nonlinear balanced time integration of a baroclinic wave with a model applicable for synoptic and meso‐scale weather systems and based on the conservation of the Ertel–Rossby potential vorticity (PV) is presented. The simulation is performed for a realistic, but idealized, atmospheric configuration involving troposphere, stratosphere and flexible tropopause. The balanced model, compared with the primitive equation (PE) one, proves to be highly accurate. The balanced integration allowed strict implementation of the conservation of PV for the simulation of frontal processes, without generation of spurious low‐level PV anomalies, which emerge in PE simulations of baroclinic waves in the region of frontal collapse. Also, a hypothesis is formulated on the substantial role of these PV anomalies in the baroclinic amplification of the modelled PE baroclinic wave at advanced stages of its evolution. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Simulations of regional climatic effects of vegetation change in China
Authors: Zheng Yiqun , Yu Ge , Qian Yongfu , Miao Manqian , Zeng Xinmin , Liu Huaqiang 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn the context of a regional climate model (RegCM2), simulation is undertaken of climatic effects of changed vegetation over China with their possible mechanisms studied, reaching results which show that the increase in flood events over the Yangtze–Huai River valleys and the aggravation of north‐China droughts are likely to be under the joint action of desertification of the northern grassland, and southern degradation of evergreen broadleaf trees, the latter seeming to be the primary factor. Severe vegetation degeneration leads to a positive feedback between rainfall reduction and degradation with the consequence that the disaster expands steadily outward and the area affected is difficult to turn back into farmland. In contrast, less heavy degeneration causes a negative feedback between deterioration and rainfall reduction, and the stricken sector is likely to be reclaimed when human damages are decreased or removed. However, degeneration strengthens surface runoff, allowing flood occurrence. Vegetation deterioration makes the climate even more inhospitable. On the other hand, experiments show that the vegetation enlargement of northern grassland will lead to a mild climate, responsible for precipitation reduction in the outer belts of afforestation, possibly causing newly‐planted trees to die stepwise inwardly, a result that means the current climate in the grassy land does not seem to support a plan of large‐scale afforestation there. Study of climatic response to changed surface roughness and albedo shows that the former more strongly affects rainfall, atmospheric circulation patterns and humidity field, and the latter strongly affects temperature. Moreover, surface‐released effective thermal fluxes (sensible and latent heat) follow the change in vegetation, and so does their Bowen ratio, thereby resulting in a change in moist static energy distribution in the atmosphere, followed by a corresponding alteration of atmospheric stratification and vertical motion, which, in turn, affects vapour transportation that, in connection with changed vertical motion, leads to rainfall variation. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
On the thermodynamics of the oceanic general circulation: Irreversible transition to a state with higher rate of entropy production
Authors: Shimokawa Shinya , Ozawa Hisashi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe mechanism of transitions among multiple steady states of thermohaline circulation is investigated from a thermodynamic viewpoint. An oceanic general‐circulation model is used to obtain the multiple steady states under the same set of wind forcing and mixed boundary conditions, and the rate of entropy production is calculated during time integration. Three states with northern sinking and four states with southern sinking are shown to exist in the model by perturbing the high‐latitude salinity. It is found that for transitions among southern sinkings the transition tends to occur from a state with a lower rate of entropy production to a state with a higher rate of entropy production, but the transition in the inverse direction does not occur. These transitions can thus be said to be irreversible or directional, in the direction of the increase of the rate of entropy production. For transitions between northern sinking and southern sinking, the rate of entropy production can either increase or decrease depending on the direction of the perturbation. The decrease is found to be associated with a collapse of the northern sinking circulation by a certain amount of negative salt (positive fresh water) perturbation to the northern hemisphere. After this collapse, a new southern sinking circulation develops, and the corresponding rate of entropy production increases. All these results tend to support the hypothesis that a nonlinear system is likely to move to a state with maximum entropy production by perturbation. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Momentum flux due to trapped lee waves forced by mountains
Authors: Broad A. S. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA simple, but general, horizontal momentum budget for inviscid flow is developed to understand how the vertical flux of horizontal momentum varies with height in a mountain‐forced trapped lee‐wave train. Taking a sinusoidal form for the wave field, from the analytical solution for a two‐layer Scorer‐parameter atmosphere, the constant Bernoulli functional on a streamline is used to diagnose the momentum flux. It is shown that in an inviscid, steady wave train the magnitude of the momentum flux decreases with height as a sinusoidal function. The present theory clearly shows how this profile of momentum flux with height is a direct consequence of the exact balance between the vertical derivative of momentum flux and the dynamic pressure difference across the mountain in steady state. The simple analytic profile of flux with height shows a remarkable qualitative similarity with numerical‐model results from idealized case‐studies of flow over an isolated mountain ridge. © Crown copyright, 2002.
Relationship of serum sex‐steroid hormones and prostate volume in African American men
Authors: Joseph Michael A. , Wei John T. , Harlow Sioban D. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Dunn Rodney L. , Jaffe Craig A. , Montie James E. , Schottenfeld David 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious epidemiologic investigations of the associations of sex‐steroid hormones and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have focused on predominately white populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate potential associations of body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, use of alcohol, and endogenous sex‐steroid hormones with prostate volume in a population‐based sample of African American (AA) men, ages 40–79 yr.METHODSA total of 369 AA men without clinical evidence of prostate cancer were identified in the Flint Men's Health Study by using a population‐based sampling procedure. All subjects underwent a complete urologic evaluation that included prostate volume determination by transrectal ultrasonography and serum assays for androgens and estrogens.RESULTSAfter age adjustment, BMI (weight (kg)/height (m)2) was positively correlated with increasing levels of androstanediol glucuronide (AG), estradiol (E2), estrone sulfate (E1S), and the ratios of E2:total testosterone (TT) and E2:free testosterone (FT); however, increasing BMI was negatively correlated with androstenedione (AD), FT, TT, and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG). Multivariable regression models demonstrated that prostate volume increased with age (P < 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.02) and decreased with increasing levels of SHBG (P = 0.01). Larger prostatic volumes were also marginally associated with increasing levels of TT (P = 0.058).CONCLUSIONCirculating serum levels of SHBG and endogenous sex‐steroid hormones are correlated with prostate volume and potentially impact the natural history of BPH. However, longitudinal studies are needed to demonstrate the temporal relationships of hormones and growth factors in the pathogenesis of BPH in AA men. Prostate 53: 322–329, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen receptor expression induces FGF2, FGF‐binding protein production, and FGF2 release in prostate carcinoma cells: Role of FGF2 in growth, survival, and androgen receptor down‐modulation
Authors: Rosini Paolo , Bonaccorsi Lorella , Baldi Elisabetta , Chiasserini Chiara , Forti Gianni , De Chiara Giovanna , Lucibello Maria , Mongiat Maurizio , Iozzo Renato V. , Garaci Enrico , Cozzolino Federico , Torcia Maria G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlterations in fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) production and/or FGF receptors expression have been described to play key roles in prostate tumor progression, particularly in androgen‐independent tumors. However, the role of androgen receptor (AR) in altering FGF‐mediated growth and survival of prostatic neoplastic cells has not been completely defined. In this study, we investigated the alterations in FGF2 production and utilization by the PC3 cell line, after transfection with a full‐length AR.METHODSFGF1,2,7, FGF‐binding protein (FGF‐BP) production and FGF receptor (FGFR) 1–4 expression were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot analysis.RESULTSDe novo AR expression by PC3 cells restores FGFR2 IIIb isoform expression and sensitivity to FGF7 and FGF2. Androgen stimulation induces AR+ PC3 clones to secrete FGF‐BP, likely responsible for activation and mobilization from the extracellular matrix of the high amounts of FGF2 produced by the same cells. In addition to the effects on cell proliferation, FGF2 maintains the survival of AR+ PC3 clones through a positive modulation of the Bcl‐2 protein and down‐modulates AR protein expression, allowing the escape of selected clones from androgen regulation.CONCLUSIONIn the presence of an active AR, the combined production of FGF2 and FGF‐BP may play an important role in the progression of prostate cancer through the selection of AR− clones expressing high levels of Bcl‐2. Prostate 53: 310–321, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust performance optimization based on stochastic model errors: the stable case
Authors: Goodwin Graham C. , Miller Daniel E. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractRobust control aims to account for model uncertainty in design. Traditional methods for robust control typically assume knowledge of hard bounds on the system frequency response. However, this does not match well with system identification procedures which typically yield statistical confidence bounds on the estimated model. This paper explores a new procedure for obtaining a better match between robust control and system identification by using stochastic confidence bounds for robust control design. Given a nominal design, we set up an optimization problem which is aimed at reducing the statistical variability, measured in a mean square sense, from the nominal sensitivity. The proposed procedure is straightforward and leads to an easily computable solution for the final robust controller in the case of a stable plant and modest plant uncertainty. An illustrative example is provided which shows the advantages of the method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new absolute stability test for systems with state‐dependent perturbations
Authors: de Oliveira M. C. , Geromel J. C. , Hsu Liu 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a new test for the absolute stability of nonlinear systems with state‐dependent nonlinearities is developed. Scalar nonlinearities are assumed to lie in sectors. Using a Lur'e function as a Lyapunov function, a linear matrix inequalities (LMI) stability condition is derived. The new condition lets one go from a pure integral (Persidskii) to a pure quadratic Lyapunov function in an unified framework. Several results available in the literature are generated as particular cases of the new test. An example shows that the proposed condition can be much less conservative than available diagonal stability and passivity based methods, as the circle and Popov criteria. Tests for infinite as well as finite nonlinearity sectors can be easily generated, since the parameters of the nonlinearity sectors appear in the LMI condition in a very convenient way. This feature can also provide optimization of the absolute stability sector through convex programming techniques. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The case for fire safe cigarettes made through industry documents
Authors: Gunja M , Wayne G Ferris , Landman A , Connolly G , McGuire A 
Published: November 2002

Objectives:To examine the extensive research undertaken by the tobacco industry over the past 25 years toward development of a fire safe cigarette.Methods:Research was conducted through a web based search of internal tobacco industry documents made publicly available through the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement.Results:The documents reveal that the tobacco industry produced a fire safe cigarette years ago, but failed to put it on the market. These findings contradict public industry claims that denied the technical feasibility and commercial acceptability of fire safe cigarettes. Internal documents also reveal a decades long, coordinated political strategy used to block proposed legislation and obfuscate the fire safe issue.Conclusions:Federal legislation mandating fire safe cigarettes is needed.
Comparison of probability density functions for total specific humidity and saturation deficit humidity, and consequences for cloud parametrization
Authors: Price Jeremy D. , Wood Robert 
Published: November 2002

AbstractVarious models which predict cloud variables use probability density functions of either specific humidity or saturation deficit humidity to represent subgrid‐scale variations. Using the former is considered to be an approximation since it does not allow variation of dew‐point across the grid. In this paper the validity of that approximation is investigated and typical errors incurred are stated. Aircraft data from subtropical regions and tethered‐balloon data from midlatitudes are examined to compare differences between the two types of distribution. The average relative error in cloud fraction introduced by assuming a constant value of saturation across a grid is found to be approximately half an okta. However, results suggest that there is a fixed relation between the widths of both distributions allowing easy conversion between the two. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2002. J. D. Price's contribution is Crown copyright.
Effects of pre‐ and postnatal stimulation on developmental, emotional, and cognitive aspects in rodents: A review
Authors: Chapillon P. , Patin V. , Roy V. , Vincent A. , Caston J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractInteractions between the organism and its environment, during pregnancy as well as during the postnatal period, can lead to important neurobehavioral changes. We briefly review the literature, and successively present the main results from our laboratory concerning the behavioral effects of prenatal stress, differential rearing conditions, and postnatal handling. We show that submitting primiparous DA/HAN rats to an acute emotional stress (exposure to a cat) at gestational day10, 14, or 19 leads to greatly increased mortality of pups and to decreased body weight of surviving animals. The effects of such a stressor on emotional reactivity are less obvious. Cognitive processes are impaired depending on the learning task. Enriched environments restore abnormal behaviors (emotional reactivity, motor skills, motor and spatial learning) due to brain trauma or genetic deficiencies. In any case, environmental enrichment does prevent or slow down aging effects. The effects of postnatal handling noted when using classical tests of emotional reactivity also are clear when defensive reaction paradigms are used. Furthermore, pregnant females that are early handled are less anxious than nonhandled females. We hypothesize that, when subjected to a stressor, the offspring of early‐handled females would be protected from the deleterious effects of this stress compared to pups of nonhandled females. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 373–387, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10066
Sparse pseudo‐random graphs are Hamiltonian
Authors: Krivelevich Michael , Sudakov Benny 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this article we study Hamilton cycles in sparse pseudo‐random graphs. We prove that if the second largest absolute value λ of an eigenvalue of a d‐regular graph G on n vertices satisfies

and n is large enough, then G is Hamiltonian. We also show how our main result can be used to prove that for every c >0 and large enough n a Cayley graph X (G,S), formed by choosing a set S of c log5 n random generators in a group G of order n, is almost surely Hamiltonian. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 42: 17–33, 2003
Classification of certain subgraphs of the 3‐dimensional grid
Authors: Haugland Jan Kristian 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe prove by “trial‐ and‐error” that up to isometry, there are exactly four different non‐empty cubic induced subgraphs of the 3‐dimensional grid with girth ≥ 10. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 42: 34–60, 2003
An inspector calls: farm accommodation providers' attitudes to quality assurance schemes in the county of Devon
Authors: Hill Rachel , Busby Graham 
Published: November 2002

AbstractEstimates suggest that 10 000 farms in the UK offer bed and breakfast (B and B) serviced accommodation. A thorough review of the existing literature indicates over 50% of Devon and Cornwall's farmhouse B and B sector operate without participating in any form of quality assurance inspection scheme. This research executes a stratified postal survey to gain a comprehensive understanding of Devon's farmhouse B and B product, with particular interest in extracting providers' attitudes towards quality assurance inspection schemes. The very representative results suggest a divergence of attitudes towards the notion of quality inspections for all farmhouse B and B providers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the motivations of ecotourists: the case of trekkers in Annapurna, Nepal
Authors: Holden Andrew , Sparrowhawk John 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDespite the growth in eco‐ and nature‐based tourism, relatively little is understood about the intrinsic motivations of ecotourists. In addition to furthering our knowledge of the market, such an understanding may also provide a basis for the improved management of tourists for environmental goals. This paper is based upon empirical research of the intrinsic motivations of ecotourists visiting Annapurna in Nepal. Conclusions are reached that the medium of nature is central to the fulfilment of trekkers needs and that environmental education is essential for improved management. It also is suggested that the success of tourism in Annapurna should not be judged primarily on increasing the number of visitor arrivals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of 810 nm laser irradiation on in vitro growth of bacteria: Comparison of continuous wave and frequency modulated light
Authors: Nussbaum Ethne L. , Lilge Lothar , Mazzulli Tony 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLow intensity laser therapy may modify growth of wound bacteria, which could affect wound healing. This study compares the effects on bacteria of 810 nm laser using various delivery modes (continuous wave or frequency modulated light at 26, 292, 1,000, or 3,800 Hz).Study Design/Materials and MethodsStaphylococcus (S.) aureus, Escherichia (E.) coli, and Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa were plated on agar and then irradiated (0.015 W/cm2; 1–50 J/cm2) or used as controls (sham irradiated); growth was examined after 20 hours of incubation post exposure.ResultsThere were interactions of species and modulation frequency in the overall effects of irradiation (P = 0.0001), and in the radiant exposure mediated effects (P = 0.0001); thus individual frequencies and each bacterium were analysed separately. Bacteria increased following 3,800 Hz (P = 0.0001) and 1,000 Hz (P = 0.0001) pulsed irradiation; at particular radiant exposures P. aeruginosa proliferated significantly more than other bacteria. Pulsed laser at 292 and 26 Hz also produced species‐dependent effects (P = 0.0001; P = 0.0005); however, the effects for different radiant exposures were not significant. Bacterial growth increased overall, independent of species, using continuous mode laser, significantly so at 1 J/cm2 (P = 0.02). Analysis of individual species demonstrated that laser‐mediated growth of S. aureus and E. coli was dependent on pulse frequency; for S. aureus, however, there was no effect for different radiant exposures. Further tests to examine the radiant exposure effects on E. coli showed that growth increased at a frequency of 1,000 Hz (2 J/cm2; P = 0.03). P. aeruginosa growth increased up to 192% using pulsed irradiation at 1,000–3,800 Hz; whereas 26–292 Hz laser produced only a growth trend.ConclusionsThe findings of this study point to the need for wound cultures prior to laser irradiation of infected wounds. Similar investigations using other common therapeutic wavelengths are recommended. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:343–351, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue welding with biodegradable polymer films–demonstration of acute strength reinforcement in vivo
Authors: Sorg Brian S. , Welch Ashley J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo demonstrate, in vivo, acute strength reinforcement benefits of polymer film patches.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFull thickness incisions created in a dorsal skin flap of Sprague–Dawley rats were closed by laser‐tissue welding: albumin solder was topically applied to the incision on the dermal surface, and a poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymer film placed on the solder as a patch (controls had no film). Breaking strength was tested acutely (15–20 minutes after sacrifice).ResultsThe patched incisions were statistically stronger than the controls (ANOVA, P < 0.05).ConclusionsPolymer film patches may be a viable method to increase acute breaking strengths of welds using topically applied solder. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:339–342, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.