bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freshness Indicating Substance Sensor in Meat Using Molecularly Imprinted Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Yoshimi Yasuo , Sato Yui , Iwasaki Takumi , Aaryashree Aaryashree 
Published: February 2024

Fresh fish and meat are rich in adenosine-triphosphate (ATP), which over time is converted via adenosine-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine-monophosphate (AMP) into the flavor component inosinate, which, with more time, is converted into the unpleasant-tasting components inosine and hypoxanthine . These six substances are indicators to measure the freshness and maturity of meat and fish. If these substances can be easily measured at the distribution site, fair trade based on objective judgments of freshness and ripeness will become possible.
We are attempting a simple disposable sensor using molecularly imprinted polymer-immobilized carbon paste (MIP-CP). Graphite particles immobilized with a radical polymerization initiator were immersed in a solution of the target materials, inosine, methacrylamidophenylboronic acid, methacrylic acid, and methylenebisacrylamide, and graft polymerized by photoirradiation. The particles were washed with hydrochloric acid to remove the inosine to obtain graphite covered with an MIP layer. This was mixed with ferrocene-containing silicone oil to form a paste and applied to a commercial carbon screen-printed electrode (Zensor, Taipei) to obtain disposable electrodes.
Differential pulse voltammetry was performed in buffer solutions containing inosine or sodium inosinate; the current at 0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl increased with increasing inosine concentration, but there was little sensitivity to sodium inosinate concentration as shown in the Figure. These results indicate that a sensor has been created that shows a highly selective response to inosine, which is the template for MIP. The measurement takes about 30 seconds. We will continue to improve the reproducibility and develop a sensor that can detect the other five indicator substances in the same way.
This work is partially supported by Small-Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program of Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN), in Japan (SU23A03).

Figure 1
Development of Glutamate Sensor Based on Mxene/NiO Modified Screen Printed Carbon Electrode
Authors: Aziz Adnan Bin , Alom Nur , Han Tan Kim , Saidur R , Jamal Mamun 
Published: February 2024

Glutamate plays a vital role as a neurotransmitter, contributing significantly to both physiological and pathological processes. Although enzymatic electrochemical sensors exhibit the ability to selectively detect glutamate, the presence of enzymes introduce sensor instability. Consequently, there is a pressing need for the advancement of enzyme-free glutamate sensors [1-3]. In this study, we have developed an incredibly sensitive non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for detecting glutamate.
This was achieved by synthesizing nanoparticles of nickel oxide (NiO) and physically combining them with MXene on a Screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE)[2]. Fig. 1 shows the MXene-NiO nanoparticles (NPs) modification process on SPCE. In this work, cyclic voltammetry and amperometric techniques were carried out in a three-electrode system with an oxygen-saturated environment, where MXene-NiO/SPCE, pt wire, and Ag/AgCl electrode were used as working, counter, and reference electrode respectively. MXene-NiO/SPCE showed significant electro-catalytic activity in catalyzing the oxidation of glutamate in 0.1 M NaOH solution. A linear relationship was established between the current response and Glutamate concentration after the electrochemical experiments were conducted while working parameters were optimized. We conducted an extensive investigation of glutamate-sensing mechanism. The optimized sensor exhibited an irreversible oxidation process for glutamate, involving the transfer of one electron and one proton. It displayed a fast response time of < 5 s and a linear response within the concentration range of 20 to 300 µM at a pH of 7, with a LOD of 17.5 µM, sensitivity of 4500 µA.mM−1.cm−2. The morphology of the MXene-NiO composites was characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, and UV spectroscopy techniques. The investigation into interference on the MXene-NiO/SPCE revealed a noteworthy current response to glutamate even in the presence of uric acid and ascorbic acid. As a result, the development of a reliable, enzyme-free glutamate sensor could be enabled by this simple sensor based on MXene-NiO composites.
Fig. 1. The process of MXene/NiO/SPCE electrode.
Reference
[1] M. Jamal et al., Microsyst. Technol., 24, 4217–4223, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s00542-018-3724-6.
[2] M. Jamal et al.,
Biosens. Bioelectron., 40, 213–218, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.07.024.
[3] K. M. Razeeb et al., Vertically Aligned Nanowire Array-Based Sensors and Their Catalytic Applications. In: Vestergaard, M., Kerman, K., Hsing, IM., Tamiya, E. (eds) Nanobiosensors and Nanobioanalyses, Springer, Tokyo, 2015.

Figure 1
Study on Factors Affecting Water Resistance of Titanium Negative Electrode Materials for Na Batteries
Authors: Ishikawa Tetsuya , Yabuuchi Naoaki 
Published: February 2024

【Background】
In recent years, sodium-ion batteries, which use abundant Na ions as charge carries, have been attracting attention as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion batteries are expected to be used as large-scale energy storage devices due to moderate energy density, but air storage stability of the layered oxides is an important issue to be considered. In this study, air storage stability of titanium layered oxides with different chemical compositions and structures, P2 Na2/3Cr1/3Mg1/6Ti1/2O2, P2 Na0.67Li0.22Ti0.78O2, P2 Na2/3Cr2/3Ti1/3O2, and P3 Na0.58Cr0.58Ti0.42O2, is systematically examined, from which the factors affecting air storage stability is discussed.
【Results and Discussion】
Figure 1 shows the X-ray diffraction patterns of P2 Na2/3Cr1/3Mg1/6Ti1/2O2 (P2 NaCrMgTi) before and after soaking in water for 30 minutes (and then dried after vacuum filtration). After the soaking test, although the profile of diffraction lines is broadened, its original crystal structure is retained. On the other hand, for P2 Na2/3Cr2/3Ti1/3O2 (P2-NaCrTi), and P3-Na0.58Cr0.58Ti0.42O2 (P3-NaCrTi), hydrated phases are formed.
Figure 2 compares charge/discharge curves of these layered oxides after the soaking test. Electrodes with P2-NaCrMgTi, which have a minor change in crystal structure, shows the deterioration in initial Coulomb efficiency, but no reduction in discharge capacity is evidenced. In contrast, both P2-NaCrTi and P3-NaCrTi, where the hydrated phases were formed, shows the degradation in electrode reversibility. From these results, air storage stability of these different layered oxides is discussed in detail.

Figure 1
Solid Electrolyte Coated NCM523 for Composite Cathode in All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Kim Jun tae , Shin Hyeon-ji , Jung Hun-Gi 
Published: February 2024

All-solid-state battery using sulfide solid electrolyte has advantages such as high lithium ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. Although it is attracting great attention in that it is capable of high power and high energy density, there are problems to be improved.
Organic liquid electrolytes in conventional lithium ion batteries have excellent wettability and can form uniform lithium ion transfer channels in electrodes. However, in the case of all-solid-state battery, the formation of a solid-solid interface is limited due to the solid characteristics. In addition, the degradation of the interfacial contact between the active material and solid electrolyte in the composite electrode due to the volume change of the active material with (de)-intercalation of lithium ion during cycling causes loss of the lithium ionic pathway and deterioration of cell performance. This study focuses on improving battery performance by coating the surface of active material with solid electrolyte to maintain an even lithium ion transfer path in the composite electrode. The solid electrolyte coating of the active material has a decisive effect on the electrochemical behavior of the cell because it affects the formation of smooth lithium ionic pathway and suppression of voids in the composite electrode. Therefore, the focus of this study is to confirm the formation of uniform solid electrolyte coating layer according to the size of the solid electrolyte.
Therefore, the particle size of the solid electrolyte was diversified using a liquid-phase process and a dispersant, and the solid electrolyte coating was performed using a dispersion process. It was confirmed that an even solid electrolyte coating layer was formed as the particles size of the solid electrolyte decreased, and the electrochemical performance was improved due to the solid electrolyte coating layer. In addition, it was confirmed that the lithium ionic pathway was maintained even after long cycling with the solid electrolyte coating layer, and also the side reactions occurred less according to the homogeneous electrochemical reaction.
Accelerated 3D Simulation for Analyzing Electrochemical and Thermal Distribution in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Sanghyun , Kim Seongyoon , Ha Jinho , Choi Jung-Il 
Published: February 2024

Understanding the spatial and temporal internal behavior of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for ensuring safe operation and preventing unexpected faults during manufacturing and diagnosis processes. Traditional approaches, such as the pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) model, provide a simplified representation of LIBs but limit the analysis of continuum-scale electrochemical distribution inside the cell.
This study proposes an accelerated three-dimensional (3D) simulation methodology, expanding the conventional P2D model into a pseudo-four-dimensional (P4D) model, including three dimensions of cell structure and a pseudo-dimension inside electrode particles based on the porous electrode theory. In this study, the electrochemical model in the pseudo-four-dimension is combined with a thermal model, considering energy balance with ohmic heat, reaction heat, entropic heat, and internal short circuit (ISC) heat generation.
To analyze the P4D model, we apply the following numerical strategies: 1) Elimination of nonlinearity inside model equations using Taylor series expansion, 2) Separation of electrochemical and thermal model variables using a staggered time-stepping method, and 3) Determination of time step size based on the gradient of model output. The proposed method is validated by comparing simulation results for an LFP cell with experimental results and a commercial software under constant current discharge operations (1C, 2C, 3C, and 5C).
The accelerated 3D simulation methodology offers significant advantages for exploring internal inhomogeneous properties under different materials operating conditions, ensuring battery safety and reliability under various scenarios. We demonstrate that the proposed method enables the investigation of internal distributions of concentration, potential, and temperature inside battery cells, paving the way for designing and managing batteries with various materials.

Figure 1
Ion Transport in Plasticized Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 Based Electrolytes
Authors: Lifshitz Moran , Greenbaum Anna , Sasaki Kaito , Gladkich Alex , Feldman Yuri , Golodnitsky Diana 
Published: February 2024

The development of an efficient devices for energy storage, conversion, and transmission is one of the key priority areas today. At the center of these activities is the development of all-solid-state high-energy and high-power lithium-ion batteries.
Our research is focused on the study of ion transport in a plasticized-by-ionic-liquid composite membrane formed by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The EPD membrane comprises above 85% of high-ion-conductivity ceramic matrix Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP) and less than 15% polyethyleneimine (PEI). The EPD rate and morphology of the membrane were characterized by SEM, TOFSIMS and DSC methods. 0.3M LiTFSI–PYR14TFSI was infused in the membrane to form a quasi-solid electrolyte. The complex, non-Debye dielectric response of the quasi-solid electrolyte, tested over the temperature and frequency ranges of (-140oC) to (+100oC) and 10-2 – 106 Hz, has been described in terms of several distributed relaxation processes separated by different frequency and temperature ranges. While at low temperatures, the main contribution is from LAGP, in the middle- and high-temperature regions, the superposition of a few non-Arrhenius processes is observed. Relaxation is perturbed by clear phase transition related to melting of the ionic liquid. Different scales of the ionic transport and corresponding relaxation of the apparent dipole moment in the materials are discussed.
Electrochemical Preparation and Characterization of Gold Coatings on Stainless Steel Bipolar Plates for Corrosion Protection in PEM Electrolyzers
Authors: Hoess Christian Elieser , Leimbach Martin , Kurniawan Mario , Fritz Mathias , Bund Andreas 
Published: February 2024

With the increasing demand for CO2 reduction in all industrial sectors, the utilization of renewable energy and a sustainable storage structure plays an essential role to reach a clean energy system. Hydrogen is one of the important elements which can be used as an energy carrier due to its high specific energy density (ca. 40 kWh/kg) and also as a reducing agent in steel production to greatly lower CO2 emissions. Currently, hydrogen is mainly produced via steam reforming of natural gas which produces large amounts of CO2 gas. This can be replaced by a much cleaner process of water electrolysis using a PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyzer. The projected high demand for PEM electrolyzer stacks urges an industrial scaled-up manufacturing process of the electrolyzer’s components such as the bipolar plates (BPP) and porous transport layers (PTL). To reduce the production costs, an inexpensive base material like stainless steel can be utilized but needs a stable, conductive, and protective thin coating to withstand the highly acidic conditions during electrolysis at the anode.
This contribution will discuss recent results on applying a noble metal coating (e. g. Au) to increase surface conductivity and to protect the stainless steel BPP from corrosion. Several electrochemical deposition methods including the pretreatments were investigated to ensure a stable and homogenous coating. Different layer combinations with Ni as an adhesive layer were also tested and compared for their corrosion stability. So far, a single-layer Au coating showed good performance as a protective coating.
Crevice Corrosion Initiation and Growth of Die-Cast ADC12 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Takeuchi Kaito , Muto Izumi , Nishimoto Masashi , Sugawara Yu 
Published: February 2024

Die-cast ADC12 (Al-3Cu-10Si) aluminum alloy is widely used because of mechanical properties and castability. In atmospheric environments, crevice corrosion sometimes occurs on ADC12; therefore, improvement of corrosion resistance and elucidation of corrosion mechanisms are needed.
As-cast specimens of ADC12 were used in this study. Pure Al sheets were used for comparison. The microstructure of ADC12 was composed of α-Al and Al-Si eutectic phases. Intermetallic particles (IMPs) containing Cu existed. IMPs containing Fe also existed. The size of IMPs was around 1 μm.
Crevice was made between a polycarbonate nut and bolt, and immersion test was performed in 0.1 M NaCl. After immersion, the dissolution of α-Al was observed inside the crevice. To ascertain the effect of pH on α-Al phase dissolution, immersion test was carried out in 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaCl (pH 10.0) In 0.1 M HCl, α-Al dissolved, and the corrosion morphology was similar to that inside the crevice.
An Easy-to-Use 3D-Printed Electrochemical Cell for I
n Situ Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kawashima Kenta , Son Yoon Jun , Wang Ziqing , Rose Roger F. , Marquez-Montes Raul A. , Smith Lettie A. , Chukwuneke Chikaodili E. , Mullins Charles Buddie 
Published: February 2024

In energy conversion devices such as electrolyzers and batteries, the monitoring of electrode surfaces during electrochemical processes is essential to understand their operation mechanisms. One of the promising techniques is in situ Raman spectroscopy, which can analyze (i) electrode surface structure, (ii) surface species (reaction intermediate species), and (iii) localized electrolyte species.1 The bottleneck for using this technique is the high cost and complexity of commercially available electrochemical cells designed for in situ Raman spectroscopy. To solve these issues, a few research groups provided 3D-printed spectroelectrochemical cells with low cost and less complexity.2,3 However, the spectroelectrochemical cells so far reported require a specific sample type (i.e., particles). We need a low-cost and less-complex spectroelectrochemical cell that can be used for more varieties of samples.
In this study, we will provide a new design of a spectroelectrochemical cell that has compatibility with various sample types [i.e., substrates (e.g., metal foil strips, fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass, indium tin oxide-coated glass, etc.) and particle]. Specifically, a versatile, low-cost, and less-complex electrochemical cell for in situ Raman spectroscopy will be fabricated using a stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer with resin as a printing material. Herein, using the SLA 3D-printed spectroelectrochemical cell, we will also demonstrate a few example studies for electrolyzer and battery applications.

References

W. Zheng, Chemistry–Methods, 3, e202200042 (2023).

M. F. dos Santos et al., Anal. Chem., 91, 10386–10389 (2019).

G. D. da Silveira et al., Anal. Chim. Acta, 1141, 57–62 (2021).
Electrochemical Monitoring of Super-Engineering Polymer Depolymerization: A Rapid and Simple Approach
Authors: Kim Jee Woo , Kim Byung-Kwon 
Published: February 2024

The mechanical properties and processability of polymers are strongly influenced by their molecular weight, underscoring the critical importance of controlling depolymerization during storage in polymer synthesis and application. However, conventional methods of determining molecular weight, including viscosity measurements, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, typically necessitate substantial quantities of polymer samples and protracted measurement times. Moreover, certain polymers may undergo continuous degradation post-polymerization, rendering depolymerization analysis via traditional means highly challenging. Hence, there is an imperative need to develop novel analysis techniques that overcome these limitations and facilitate comprehensive depolymerization characterization.
To surmount these challenges, we have developed a novel electrochemical method utilizing cyclic voltammetry to facilitate polymer depolymerization measurement. For measuring degree of depolymerization, we used thermal depolymerization process. As the polymer's molecular weight diminishes because of thermal depolymerization, the solution viscosity decreases correspondingly, thereby enabling unimpeded redox species diffusion and a proportional increase in steady-state current. By constructing a calibration curve of current versus thermal depolymerization time for a polymer, we can swiftly and accurately determine its molecular weight tendency in solution. Our investigations indicate that this electrochemical technique is more efficient and cost-effective as it necessitates smaller sample volumes and shorter measurement times than conventional methods, and it exhibits excellent potential for analyzing and maintaining polymer properties across various industries.
[1] Kim, J. W., Kim, S. J., Song, I. Y., Lee, W. E., Heo, K., Kim, S. Y., ... & Kim, B. K. (2022). Simple and rapid electrochemical monitoring for depolymerization of polyamic acid. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1233, 340489.
(Invited) TiO2 Single Nanotubes Decorated with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Photocatalytical Environmental Applications
Authors: Sepúlveda Sepúlveda Lina Marcela , Saldan Ivan , Sopha Hanna , Macak Jan M. 
Published: February 2024

Self-organized TiO2 nanotubes arrays, formed by electrochemical anodization of Ti, have attracted tremendous scientific and technological attention, due to their remarkable properties such as the tunability of dimensions, their directionality, high surface area, high stability, and ability to absorb a significant amount of incident light [1,2].
The most widely used electrolyte for the synthesis of TiO2 nanotube layers is based on ethylene glycol containing small amounts of water and fluoride ions. However, nanotubes prepared in these electrolytes present a double-walled structure. The outer wall consists of almost pure TiO2, and the inner wall consists of TiO2 contaminated with carbon and fluoride species [3,4]. In recent years, the selective etching of the inner nanotube wall on Ti layer enabled the synthesis of single-wall nanotubes that showed superior photo-electrochemical performance compared to their double-walled counterparts [5]. An extensive etching also enabled the synthesis of single-tube powders, which can be in turn effectively decorated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles to act as magnetically guidable photocatalysts [6,7].
The presentation will discuss the synthesis of these nanotube morphologies and their performance in the photocatalytic degradation of model dye in the liquid phase as well as model drugs that are problematic in wastewaters. We will demonstrate how the photocatalytic performance is influenced by the single nanotubes and single nanotubes decorated with Fe3O4 magnetic particles. Experimental details and photocatalytic results will be presented and discussed.
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[4] A. Dronov et al., Appl. Surf. Sci.,
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[7] M. Sepúlveda et al.,
Ceram Int., 2023
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