bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The communists in rural Guangdong, 1928–1936
Authors: Chan Gordon Y. M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractResearch on the subject of Chinese communism has long been marred by the “spotlight approach”, which, as Kathleen Hartford rightly criticises, “illuminates key actors and events, but leaves in the shadow the action transpiring in the corners of the historical stage”. Assuming that only a few great names and signal events bear relevance to its development, such an approach often produces simplified pictures of the Chinese communist revolution. During the last decade or so, however, an increasing number of historians have begun to take seriously the great complexities and diversities involved in this revolutionary movement. Using newly available communist Party sources, they have ventured to excavate forgotten or even deliberately ignored episodes in the history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In so doing, they have not only expanded the scope of enquiry in Chinese communism but also provided new evidence for testing old interpretive structures. This article joins that trend by presenting the little-known story of the Communist struggle in rural areas of the Guangdong province from 1928 to 1936.
SPACE HIERARCHIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL ALTERNATING TURING MACHINES, PUSHDOWN AUTOMATA AND COUNTER AUTOMATA
Authors: OKAZAKI TOKIO , INOUE KATSUSHI , ITO AKIRA , WANG YUE 
Published: April 2003

This paper investigates the space hierarchies of the language classes for two-dimensional Turing machines (2-TM's), two-dimensional pushdown automata (2-PDA's) and two-dimensional counter automata (2-CA's) with small space. We show that (1) if L(n) is space constructible by a 2-TM, L(n) ≤ log n and L′(n) = o(L(n)), then strong 2-DSPACE(L(n)) – weak 2-ASPACE(L′(n)) ≠ ∅, (2) if L(n) is space constructible by a 2-PDA, L(n) ≤ log n and L′(n) = o(L(n)), then strong 2-DPDA(L(n)) – weak 2-ASPACE(L′(n)) ≠ ∅, and (3) if L(n) is space-constructible by a 2-CA, L(n) ≤ n and L′(n) = o(L(n)), then strong 2-DCA(L(n)) – weak 2-ACA(L′(n)) ≠ ∅, (4) where strong 2-DSPACE(L(n)) (strong 2-DPDA(L(n)), strong 2-DCA(L(n))) denotes the class of sets accepted by strongly L(n) space-bounded deterministic 2-TM's (2-PDA's, 2-CA's), and weak 2-ASPACE(L′(n)) (weak 2-ACA(L′(n))) denotes the class of sets accepted by weakly L′(n) space-bounded alternating 2-TM's (2-CA's). We also investigate the closure property of space-bounded alternating 2-PDA's and 2-CA's under complementation, and show that (1) if L(n) = o( log log n), then the class of sets accepted by L(n) space-bounded alternating 2-PDA's is not closed under complementation, and (2) if L(n) is space-constructible by a 2-CA, L(n) ≤ n and [Formula: see text], then the class of sets accepted by L′(n) space-bounded alternating 2-CA's is not closed under complementation.
Differential effects of IL-12 on the generation of alloreactive CTL mediated by murine and human dendritic cells: a critical role for nitric oxide
Authors: Nishioka Yasuhiko , Wen Hua , Mitani Kayo , Robbins Paul D , Lotze Michael T , Sone Saburo , Tahara Hideaki 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
We examined the mechanisms involved in interleukin (IL)-12-mediated suppression of cellular immunity in mice using allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) stimulated by dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and compared the effect of IL-12 on MLR in mice and humans. Although IL-12 stimulated human MLR, the addition of IL-12 or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of MLR in mice. The treatment with NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (L-NMMA) completely abrogated IL-12- and IFN-γ-mediated suppression of MLR in mice. Furthermore, IL-12 enhanced the alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction in human MLR, whereas the addition of L-NMMA was required to generate alloreactive CTLs in the presence of IL-12 in mice. Nitric oxide (NO) was detected only in mouse MLR. Murine DCs could produce NO, but neither human CD34+ cell- nor monocyte-derived DCs produced a detectable amount of NO. These results suggest that NO produced by DCs might play an important role in IL-12-mediated immune suppression in mice but not in humans.
Imatinib restores expression of CD62L in BCR-ABL-positive cells
Authors: Fruehauf S , Topaly J , Schad M , Paschka P , Gschaidmeier H , Zeller W J , Hochhaus A , Ho A D 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by aberrant trafficking of malignant hematopoietic progenitor cells in the peripheral blood. Expression of the cell adhesion molecule CD62L was reported to be significantly lower in CML patients than in normal controls. We studied whether the transcription of CD62L in CML cells is dependent on the activity of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Following addition of the Abelson (ABL) tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (formerly STI571) to two BCR-ABL-positive cell lines (BV173, SD-1), we observed a dose-dependent increase in CD62L RNA levels of up to 45-fold by a quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction and an increase in the amount of cell surface-bound CD62L of up to 18-fold by quantitative flow cytometry, respectively. These data are validated by an increased CD62L expression in the bone marrow of patients (n=6) with advanced CML who received imatinib. Restoration of defective cell adhesion mediated via the CD62L pathway may be one mechanism of action of imatinib in BCR-ABL-positive leukemias.
Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Kowalski Robin M. , Smith Laura , Phillips Stephen 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMedia commentators have suggested that recent school shootings were precipitated by social rejection, but no empirical research has examined this claim. Case studies were conducted of 15 school shootings between 1995 and 2001 to examine the possible role of social rejection in school violence. Acute or chronic rejection—in the form of ostracism, bullying, and/or romantic rejection—was present in all but two of the incidents. In addition, the shooters tended to be characterized by one or more of three other risk factors—an interest in firearms or bombs, a fascination with death or Satanism, or psychological problems involving depression, impulse control, or sadistic tendencies. Implications for understanding and preventing school violence are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 29:202–214, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secondary embolization of a Helex occluder implanted into a secundum atrial septal defect
Authors: Peuster Matthias , Reckers Julia , Fink Christoph 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe report on a 2‐year‐old patient with atrial septal defect with a stretched diameter of 11 mm. The defect was closed uneventfully by use of a 25 mm Helex device. There was only trivial residual shunting (1 mm at the cranial margin of the device). After 36 hr, routine postinterventional echocardiography confirmed device embolization into the pulmonary artery. The child was asymptomatic. Transcatheter device retrieval with snares of different sizes, bioptomes, and retrieval forceps failed due to the mismatch of the diameter of the device and the small diameter of the pulmonary artery. Therefore, the device was retrieved surgically and the ASD closed by primary sutures. Secondary embolization of a Helex device complicated the closure of an uncomplicated atrial septal defect with a device‐to‐defect ratio according to the manufacturer's suggestion due to a mechanism not yet understood. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;59:77–82. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating irrigation scheduling of hydroponic tomato in Navarra, Spain
Authors: Lizarraga Alberto , Boesveld Harm , Huibers Frans , Robles Camilo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe correct supply of water and nutrients is important in hydroponic growing systems in order to use water efficiently, avoid stress situations, and control production.The present study was conducted to evaluate two irrigation scheduling techniques for hydroponic tomato production in Navarra, northern Spain, related to the crop water requirements. The results show that although daily over‐irrigation was applied (45.7% of drainage), 18% of the total yield (35 kg m−2) was affected by blossom‐end rot problems, due to water stress suffered by the crop. Irrigation scheduling by time clock was not flexible enough to satisfy the varying crop water requirements through the day and during the season. With constant irrigation intervals and volumes, water and fertilisers were wasted during the morning (excessive irrigation) whereas during the afternoon, the plants suffered water stress. Irrigation scheduling by radiation method at a level of 0.81 MJ m−2, with some supplementary time clock irrigation applications during the hours of darkness (in order to keep the growing medium wet), appeared to be a good solution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure and stability of Si60 and Ge60 cages: A computational study
Authors: Chen Zhongfang , Jiao Haijun , Seifert Gotthard , Horn Anselm H. C. , Yu Dengke , Clark Tim , Thiel Walter , Von Ragué Schleyer Paul 
Published: April 2003

AbstractStructural studies of fullerene‐like Si60 and Ge60 cages using ab initio methods were augmented by density functional tight‐binding molecular dynamics (DFTB‐MD) simulations of finite temperature effects. Neither the perfect Ih symmetry nor the distorted Th structures are true minima. The energies of both are high relative to distorted, lower symmetry minima, Ci and T, respectively, which still preserve C60‐type connectivity. Both Si60 and Ge60 favor Ci symmetry cages in which Si and Ge vertexes exhibit either near‐trigonal or pyramidal geometries. These structural variations imply significant reactivity differences between different positions. The small magnetic shielding effects (NICS) indicate that aromaticity is not important in these systems. The inorganic fullerene cages have lower stabilities compared with their carbon analogs. Si60 is stable towards spontaneous disintegration up to 700 K according to DFTB‐MD simulations, and thus has potential for experimental observation. In contrast, Ge60 preserves its cage structure only up to 200 K. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 24: 948–953, 2003
Where did the ventricular localization of mental faculties come from?
Authors: Green Christopher D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDuring the Middle Ages it was widely believed that the various mental faculties—sensation, cognition, memory, and so forth—were each located in a specific part of the three ventricles that were thought to be housed in the brain. The origin of this scheme was commonly attributed to the ancient scholars, but it was rare for a specific individual to be identified as the originator. Modern researchers sometimes attribute it to Galen, but Galen was clear in his contention that the mental faculties were located in the substance of the brain rather than in the ventricles. It was only later scholars who, using Galen's anatomy as their basis, placed the mental faculties in the ventricles themselves. The system came together piece by piece over a period of centuries, probably not appearing fully in the form known to the Medieval world until the Middle Ages themselves. This article traces the development of the theory of ventricular localization of the mental faculties from the Ancient world to the early part of the Middle Ages. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the three‐dimensional structures of a human Bence‐Jones dimer crystallized on Earth and aboard US Space Shuttle Mission STS‐95
Authors: Terzyan Simon S. , Bourne Christina R. , Ramsland Paul A. , Bourne Philip C. , Edmundson Allen B. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCrystals of a human (Sea) Bence‐Jones dimer were produced in a capillary by vapor diffusion under microgravity conditions in the 9 day US Space Shuttle Mission STS‐95. In comparison to ground‐based experiments, nucleation was facile and spontaneous in space. Appearance of a very large (8 × 1.6 × 1.0 mm) crystal in a short time period is a strong endorsement for the use of microgravity to produce crystals sufficiently large for neutron diffraction studies. The Sea dimer crystallized in the orthorhombic space group P212121, with a = 48.9 Å, b = 85.2 Å, and c = 114.0 Å. The crystals grown in microgravity exhibited significantly lower mosaicities than those of ground‐based crystals and the X‐ray diffraction data had a lower overall B factor. Three‐dimensional structures determined by X‐ray analysis at two temperatures (100 and 293 K) were indistinguishable from those obtained from ground‐based crystals. However, both the crystallographic R factor and the free R factor were slightly lower in the models derived from crystals produced in microgravity. The major difference between the two crystal growth systems is a lack of convection and sedimentation in a microgravity environment. This environment resulted in the growth of much larger, higher‐quality crystals of the Sea Bence‐Jones protein. Structurally, heretofore unrecognized grooves on the external surfaces of the Sea and other immunoglobulin‐derived fragments are regular features and may offer supplementary binding regions for super antigens and other elongated ligands in the bloodstream and perivascular tissues. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a 1 M Gd‐chelate (gadobutrol) for total‐body three‐dimensional MR angiography: Preliminary experience
Authors: Goyen Mathias , Herborn Christoph U. , Vogt Florian M. , Kröger Knut , Verhagen Rüdiger , Yang Fan , Bosk Silke , Debatin Jörg F. , Ruehm Stefan G. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether higher concentrated gadolinium chelates are advantageous for the recently introduced concept of total‐body magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), allowing whole‐body coverage, extending from the carotid arteries to the runoff vessels, in merely 72 seconds.Materials and MethodsTotal‐body three‐dimensional (3D) MRA using a 1 M Gd‐chelate (gadobutrol, Gadovist®, Schering, Berlin, Germany) at a dosage of 0.2 mmol/kg body‐weight (biphasic injection protocol: 1.3 mL/second and 0.7 mL/second) was performed on three healthy volunteers and ten consecutive patients with DSA‐documented peripheral vascular disease. Separated by at least 72 hours, the three healthy volunteers also underwent the same MRA‐protocol, using gadopentetate dimeglumine in equimolar dosages.ResultsCompared to equimolar dosages, mean signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) values in the three volunteers were significantly higher (up to 32.5% for the arteries of the thighs and calves) using gadobutrol. In the ten patients, gadobutrol‐based total‐body MRA accurately assessed significant stenoses (luminal narrowing > 50%) with sensitivities and specificities of 96.2% (95% CI 0.83–0.97) and 95.7% (95% CI 0.84–0.96), respectively, compared to digital subtraction angiography.ConclusionThe MRA image quality for total‐body MRA provided by the administration of gadobutrol is superior to that obtained following administration of an identical dose of gadopentetate dimeglumine, and therefore shows promise for use as a comprehensive single exam assessing the entire arterial system for the presence of atherosclerotic disease manifestations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;17:565–571. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Räumliche Variabilität der Phosphorgehalte im Oberboden landwirtschaftlich genutzter Flächen in kleinen Einzugsgebieten
Authors: Halbfaß Stefan , Grunewald Karsten 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn den Oberböden zweier kleiner landwirtschaftlich genutzter Einzugsgebiete wurde die räumliche Variabilität der Gehalte an Gesamtphosphor (Pt) in Abhängigkeit von der Reliefposition und der Nutzung untersucht. Bei mittleren Pt‐Gehalten von 982 mg kg–1 lagen 80 % der Werte zwischen 560 und 1530 mg kg–1. Die jeweils höchsten Gehalte wurden auf der Hangkuppe und am Hangfuß gefunden, hingegen an den Mittelhängen stets niedrigere Gehalte. Auf den Hangpositionen wurde die räumliche Variabilität durch die Relief‐ und Bodeneigenschaften verursacht, auf dem Maßstab der Einzugsgebiete vor allem durch die Bewirtschaftungsmethoden. Diese Unterschiede müssen für die Modellierung des diffusen P‐Eintrages in die Oberflächengewässer berücksichtigt werden.
Adsorption of “real” dissolved organic matter on the clay and fine silt fractions of a forested Stagnic Gleysol
Authors: Rennert Thilo , Mansfeldt Tim 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils is partially adsorbed when passing through a soil profile. In most adsorption studies, water soluble organic matter extracted by water or dilute salt solutions is used instead of real DOM gained in situ by lysimeters or ceramic suction cups. We investigated the adsorption of DOM gained in situ from three compartments (forest floor leachate and soil solution from 20 cm (Bg horizon) and 60 cm depth (2Bg horizon)) on the corresponding clay and fine silt fractions (< 6.3 μm, separated together from the bulk soil) of the horizons Ah, Bg, and 2Bg of a forested Stagnic Gleysol by batch experiments. An aliquot of each clay and fine silt fraction was treated with H2O2 to destroy soil organic matter. Before and after the experiments, the solutions were characterized by ultra‐violet and fluorescence spectroscopy and analyzed for sulfate, chloride, nitrate, and fluoride. The highest affinity for DOM was found for the Ah samples, and the affinity decreased in the sequence Ah > Bg > 2Bg. Dissolved organic matter in the 2Bg horizon can be regarded as slightly reactive, because adsorption was low. Desorption of DOM from the subsoil samples was reflected more realistically with a non‐linear regression approach than with initial mass isotherms. The results show that the extent of DOM adsorption especially in subsoils is controlled by the composition and by the origin of the DOM used as adsorptive rather than by the mineralogical composition of the soil or by contents of soil organic matter. We recommend to use DOM gained in situ when investigating the fate of DOM in subsoils.
Soil carbon and nitrogen response to 25 annual cattle manure applications
Authors: Hao Xiying , Chang Chi , Travis Greg R. , Zhang Fengrong 
Published: April 2003

AbstractImproving manure management to benefit both agricultural production and the environment requires a thorough understanding of the long‐term effects of applied manure on soil properties. This paper examines the effect of 25 annual solid cattle manure applications on soil organic carbon (OC), total N (TN), and KCl‐extractable NO3‐N and NH4‐N under both non‐irrigated and irrigated conditions. After 25 annual manure applications, OC and TN contents increased significantly with the rate of manure application at the top two sampling depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm), and the increases were not affected by the irrigation treatment. The NO3 content increased at all sampling depths with greater increases observed under non‐irrigated conditions, while NH4 content was not affected by manure application rates or the irrigation treatment. The changes in OC and TN at the surface (0–15 cm) and 15–30 cm depth were dependent on the cumulative weight of manure added over the years. The relationships between cumulative manure OC added and soil OC content and between cumulative manure TN added and soil TN content were linear and not affected by the irrigation treatment. For every ton of manure OC added, soil OC increased by 0.181 g kg–1 in the topsoil (0–15 cm). Similarly, for every ton of manure TN added, surface soil TN increased by 0.192 g kg–1. The linear relationship between manure C added and soil C content suggests that the soil had a high capacity for short‐term C sequestration. However, the total amount of NO3‐N in the soil profile (0–150 cm) was affected by both the manure application rates and the irrigation treatment. A large amount of NO3 accumulated in the soil, especially under non‐irrigated conditions. The extremely high level of NO3 in the soil increases the potential risk of surface and groundwater pollution and losses to atmosphere as N2O.
The transfer matrix method applied to steel sheet pile walls
Authors: Kort D. A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes two subgrade reaction models for the analysis of steel sheet pile walls based on the transfer matrix method. In the first model a plastic hinge is generated when the maximum moment in the retaining structure is exceeded. The second model deals with a beam with an asymmetrical cross‐section that can bend in two directions.In the first part of this paper the transfer matrix method is explained on the basis of a simple example. Further the development of two computer models is described: Plaswall and Skewwall.The second part of this paper deals with an application of both models. In the application of Plaswall the effect of four current earth pressure theories to the subgrade reaction method is compared to a finite element calculation. It is shown that the earth pressure theory is of major importance on the calculation result of a sheet pile wall both with and without a plastic hinge.In the application of Skewwall the effectiveness of structural measures to reduce oblique bending is investigated. The results are compared to a 3D finite element calculation. It is shown that with simple structural measures the loss of structural resistance due to oblique bending can be reduced. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interferon‐beta treatment in multiple sclerosis patients decreases the number of monocytes in peripheral blood
Authors: Anlar Omer , Tombul Temel , Ozbek Hanefi , Dilek Imdat 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, characterized by the presence of sclerotic lesions throughout the brain. During clinical activity, monocytes activation markers such as Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) increase. The effect of interferon beta (IFN‐β) in reducing exacerbation rate and in slowing sustained worsening of disability has been shown in MS. The aim of this study was to determine levels of monocytes percentage in peripheral blood of MS patients receiving IFN‐β.We carried out this study in two groups of MS patients and a group of healthy subjects. First (study) group consisted of 13 patients treated by INF‐β. The control groups consisted of a) 14 MS patients group with no treatment by INF‐β and b) 20 healthy subjects. We counted the percentage of monocytes in the study group before and after one year of treatment by IFN‐β and in the control groups patients in the same period. At the end of one year, there was a significant reduction in the percentage of monocytes in peripheral blood of MS patients treated by interferon.
The effect of long‐term therapy with sodium valproate on oxidant/antioxidant status in epileptic children
Authors: Ozerol Elif , Aslan Mehmet , Cakmak Ecir Ali , Gulec Mukaddes , Yakinci Cengiz , Akyol Omer 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAntiepileptic drugs may cause the changes in the oxidant/antioxidant status of the body. Reactive oxygen species have been suggested to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of various diseaases as well as drug interactions and/or adverse effects. The aim of this study, therefore, is to investigate the status of major antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the end products of lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte and plasma from epileptic children after therapy with sodium valproate (VPA). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in erythrocyte and plasma were analyzed in 41 epileptic patients under long‐term antiepileptic therapy with VPA and 32 healthy controls. Erythrocyte SOD activity was found to be increased (p=0.024) whereas erythrocyte CAT activity decreased (p=0.016) in patients with epilepsy under VPA treatment compared to the controls. MDA levels in erythrocyte were found to be markedly decreased in epileptic children compared to controls (p<0.001). In conclusion, decreased CAT activity seems to be compensated with increased SOD activity in erythrocytes protecting erythrocyte membranes from lipid peroxidation in patients with epilepsy under VPA treatment.