bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement errors for a portable device measuring short‐term growth
Authors: Himes John H. , Carson Catherine , Pheley Alfred 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA field trial was conducted for a portable Knee Height Measuring Device (KHMD). Measurement errors for the machine, within and between observers (intraobserver and interobserver) and within subjects (intrasubject), were calculated from repeated observations of two anthropometrists on 40 children, 8 and 9 years of age. Interobserver technical error (0.452 mm) was larger than that published by the KHMD developers, but intraclass reliabilities are still very high (0.9975–0.9983). Attained size and fatness of subjects were not significantly correlated with interobserver measurement errors. Observed errors suggest they are sufficient to allow detection of knee height growth over periods of time much shorter than could be accomplished using more conventional anthropometry.
Is there a selective rural–urban migration in respect to height and weight?
Authors: Zielińska Dorota 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHeight and weight were examined in rural–urban premigrants from heavily depopulating regions in the countryside. The analysis involved children, 5.75–8.74 years, from rural schools in two rural districts in Poland, Bystrzyca Kłodzka and Pińczów, in 1978. Migrants were identified while reexamining the children in the same schools 10 years later, i.e., in 1988, and by using information from local census registers. The premigrants from the villages of Kłodzka Pińczów and Pinczow districts do not differ in height and weight when compared to the total population of rural children examined in each district. The comparison of height and weight in premigrants and nonmigrants in groups homogeneous for SES of the children's families indicates that if the SES of rural families is very low, individuals smaller in size tend to remain in the rural areas. When SES of the rural population improves, migration of the young seems to be random in respect to height and weight.
Epidemiological differences among birth weight and gestational age subgroups of newborns
Authors: Launer Lenore J. , Villar Jose , Kestler Edgar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor a sample of 16,113 women who received prenatal care from the Guatemalan Social Security Institute Hospital, we described the distribution of birth weight and gestational age subgroups and the association between known epidemiologic risk factors and the odds for 1) an appropriate‐weight‐for‐gestational‐age preterm vs. a small‐for‐gestational‐age term infant, 2) a small‐for‐gestational‐age preterm vs. a small‐for‐gestational‐age term infant, and 3) a normal ponderal index vs. a low ponderal index term small‐for‐gestational‐age infant. We found that low maternal income, education, height (3147 cm), prepregnancy weight (347.8 kg), and weight gain during pregnancy (30.72 kg) were associated with a greater odds for birth of a term small‐for‐gestational‐age infant (particularly those with a normal ponderal index) than for the birth of a preterm appropriate‐weight‐for‐gestational‐age infant. Conversely, medical and pregnancy‐related complications were associated with greater odds for a preterm birth of an appropriate‐ or a small‐for‐gestational‐age infant. Implications of these findings for interventions and research are discussed.
Heroin abuse during pregnancy: Effects on perinatal outcome and early childhood growth
Authors: Little Bertis B. , Snell Laura M. , Knoll Kraig A. , Ghali Fred E. , Rosenfeld Charles R. , Gant Norman F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHeroin abuse during pregnancy is associated with 1) fetal growth retardation and neonatal withdrawal syndrome in infants and 2) an increased frequency of abruptio placentae, sexually transmitted diseases, and other complications in mothers. Based on the findings of several small cohort studies, postnatal growth and development of infants whose mothers were addicted to heroin during pregnancy appears to fall within normal variation. In the present study, information about use of heroin and other substances during pregnancy in relation to neonatal outcome was analyzed in 47 heroin‐abusing mothers and 80 control women and their respective infants. In addition medical record information was available for postnatal growth follow‐up of 28 (58%) of heroin‐exposed children and 22 (27.5%) of control infants. Infants born to heroin addicts in this study were significantly (P<.01) smaller at birth but exhibited no increase in the frequency of congenital anomalies compared with controls. Similar to findings of previous investigators, postnatal development of infants born to addicts was not delayed.
Skinfold thicknesses, body circumferences and their relationship to age, sex, and socioeconomic status in adults from Northwest India
Authors: Sanjeev  , Indech Gary D. , Jit Indar , Johnston Francis E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSubcutaneous fatness, measured anthropometrically, was analyzed in a sample of 651 males and females, 18–49 years of age, of high and low socioeconomic status (SES) from the Chandigarh zone of Northwest India. There were significant differences between lower and upper SES males and females. In general, all groups tend to show increases in indicators of fatness between the 18–29 and the 30–39 year age groups. However, there was less consistency across groups between 30–39 and 40–49 years. There is no difference in sexual dimorphism between SES groups. Means of lower SES subjects are approximately 1 S.D. below those of U.S. reference data. Using the body mass index as a criterion, no lower SES individuals were classified as overweight or obese. In the upper SES sample, 12.1% were classified as overweight.
Body fat distribution: Associations with socioeconomic status in the Hispanic health and nutrition examination survey
Authors: Georges Eugenia , Mueller William H. , Wear Mary L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree indices derived from principal components analysis of four skinfold measurements were studied in relation to socioeconomic status (SES; income and education) in men and women of the U.S. Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). The three indices were fatness (PC1), central body fat distribution (PC2), and “centralized obesity” (PC1 + PC2). The well‐known inverse relation of fatness (PC1) with SES was demonstrated in women. This relationship tended to be positive in men, but not consistently so within the three Hispanic groups (Puerto Rican, Cuban, Mexican‐Americans) studied. A negative association of central body fat distribution (PC2) was also evident in both sexes and in all three groups except in Puerto Rican men, in whom the relationship was no longer significant after age adjustments. The third index combined information on both fatness level and central distribution. It was strongly related to SES in women but not in men.
Body composition estimates using different measurement techniques in a sample of highland subsistence farmers in Guatemala
Authors: Diaz Erik , González‐Cossío Teresa , Rivera Juan , Immink Maarten D. C. , Mendoza Ruben Dario , Flores C. Rafael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study aims at assessing the accuracy of estimates of body composition provided by bioimpedance (BIA) equations developed for U.S. populations when applied to a sample of Guatemalan farmers. If these equations were shown to have low validity, the second objective was to develop more accurate estimates of fat‐free mass (FFM). One hundred males and females 19 to 45 years of age were randomly selected from four rural communities in the Western Highlands of Guatemala. Bioimpedance equations explained 59 and 33% of the variation in FFM, with a RMSE of 2.7 and 2.8 kg in males and females, respectively. Body fat (BF) predictions had a lower R2. Using the “all possible regressions” procedure, the best subset for prediction of FFM used anthropometric and BIA variables as predictors. The best model for men and women included only anthropometric variables: 75% of the variance in FFM for men and 70% of the variance in women was explained by this model. The RMSE was 2.1 and 1.9 kg for both groups, respectively. It is concluded that FFM can be estimated from anthropometric dimensions with a high degree of accuracy and use of BIA does not provide more valid estimates.
The old and the new physical anthropology in the careers of E. A. Hooton and W. M. Krogman
Authors: Hunt Edward E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPhysical anthropology changed many of its theoretical premises after World War II under the influence of the synthetic theory of evolution. Earnest Albert Hooton (1887–1954) and Wilton Marion Krogman (1903–1987) were excellent examples of leading workers whose research orientations differed, but whose students were important parts of the new consensus. These theoretical innovations undermined the racial morphological typology which underlay much of Hooton's work on racial history, and radiographs of the sizes of bone, marrow, muscle, and fat in the human brachium undermined his work and researches of other constitutionalists and increased the prestige of alternative work on body composition. Krogman, however, initially worked on the growth of the skull and dentition of the great apes and was a leader in human growth studies all his life. He was the most important writer in the United States on forensic applications of human skeletal biology. Since neither growth studies nor forensic applications depended much on typology, Krogman's publications were generally more modern than Hooton's. In terms of parsimony, Hooton's works can be criticized in terms of his cumbersome typology, but not his ideas on arborealism and the adaptive radiation of the primates. Krogman's interest in roentgenographic cephalometry may have been motivated by a concern for parsimonious explanations of craniofacial growth. Indeed, research in the new physical anthropology can truly be said to stand on the shoulders of these two giants.
The aging process in the rib: An analysis of sex‐ and race‐related morphological variation
Authors: Işcan Mehmet Yaşar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne of the most important paleodemographic and forensic determinations is age at death from the adult skeleton. Techniques now in use vary from direct observation of a bone to microscopic examination of a given segment. Yet since the 1920s, only a few parts of the skeleton have been focused upon for this assessment. It was not until the 1980s that a method from a new site, the sternal end of the rib, was introduced. The rib studies were based on a sample of recent medical examiner's cases including bones from over 300 American Whites and Blacks of both sexes. All specimens came from individuals of documented age, sex and race. The ribs were first separated by sex and race then assigned to one of nine phases (0–8) based on the progression of changes observed at the constochondral junction. These included the formation of a pit, its depth and shape, configuration of the walls and rim surrounding it, and the overall texture and quality of the bone. Statistical analysis indicated that the morphological characteristics defining the phases were age related. There also were significant differences in the rate and pattern of metamorphosis by sex and race. The White male and female phase standards were blind tested and found to be easy to apply with little interobserver error between groups of judges divided by levels of education and experience. A comparison of age assessments from ribs and public symphyses from the same individuals revealed that twice as many ribs as symphyses were correctly phased. As with all skeletal methods there are some concerns with factors such as intraskeletal (in this case intercostal) variation, population specificity, and archaeological perservation. However, the rib phase technique can provide a more consistently accurate estimation of age within a narrower range than most other age assessment methods available today.
Digital dermatoglyphic fields in the Irish
Authors: Roberts D. F. , Greally M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalysis of digital dermatoglyphics from a large sample of Irish identifies principal components very similar to those in other United Kingdom samples, both in the eigenvalues and eigenvector distributions. These are interpreted as representing mathematical abstractions of developmental morphogenetic gradients in the embryonic handplate. Apart from the first component representing general size of ridge counts, the second depicts the contrast between ulnar and radial sides of digits, the third the contrast between lateral and mesial areas, and the fourth the gradient across the hand.
The validity generalization of skinfolds as measures of body density
Authors: Patterson Particia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractValidity generalization was used to ascertain the generalizability of skinfolds as measures of body density. A literature search was conducted to locate studies employing skinfolds as predictors of body density using hydrostatic weighing as the criterion test. The sites examined included the triceps, subscapula, suprailiac, abdomen, front thigh, midaxillary, and the log sum of the biceps, triceps, suprailiac, and subscapula. Results indicated that no single sites were generalizable across all subjects; however, the log sum of the four sites was generalizable. For adult males, the suprailiac and midaxillary sites were generalizable, while the subscapular site was generalizable for women. No sites were generalizable for boys, while the triceps site was generalizable for girls. Suggestions are provided for additional research.
Nutritional ecology of pastoralists in dry tropical Africa
Authors: Galvin Kathleen A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfrican pastoralists inhabit a variety of environments within tropical arid to semiarid regions. Ecological and cultural factors as well as economic opportunities and constraints influence the amounts and types of foods available. The preferred staple of all pastoral populations is milk from livestock. Pastoral diets are low in energy, but apparently adequate in protein. Growth in children is slow until late adolescence when height approaches the 50th percentile of reference data. Adult pastoralists are correspondingly tall and lean. Maintenance of high human numbers within the economy is a common strategy among a variety of pastoralists. The result is that pastoralists appear to be near the lower threshold of reasonable nutritional status at most times. This occurs despite marked variation in such elements as livestock and human numbers, diet composition, and activity patterns.
The monitoring of growth and nutritional status in South Africa
Authors: Cameron Noel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalyses of the economic, political, demographic, and health indicators of South Africa place it within the context of the developing nations of the world. In particular current urbanization and population growth rates will lead to an increase of the Black urban population from 6.5 million in 1985 to over 20 million by the year 2000. Such dramatic social change will place major stress on the health of urban children. Few studies are available, however, that may be used to monitor the growth, and by implication the health, of rural children and thereby act as a baseline for the investigation of the effects of the urban environment. Research since 1985 on the growth and nutritional status of children has concentrated on longitudinal studies of rural children to form a basis for comparison to their urban counterparts. The results of these rural studies demonstrate growth patterns characteristic of children living in developing countries with some degree of variation, particularly with regard to weight and subcutaneous fat, between different rural groups. Rural children have a superior growth status in comparison to “average” urban children but are inferior to “well‐off” urban children. The urban environment thus favors those children with adequate socioeconomic support but may be disadvantageous to children from “average” backgrounds. Interpretation of the effects of the rural environment will be greatly enhanced with information relating to nutritional intake and morbidity.
Physical size, school performance, and visual‐motor maturity in the Philippines
Authors: Steegmann A. Theodore , Datar Francisco A. , Steegmann Ruth M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe broad theoretical issue approached in this work is whether supposedly adaptive or maladaptive biological variation has any real impact on people's lives and well‐being. From a poor barrio of a rural lowland Philippine fishing community, a sample of 25 boys and 25 girls who had completed first grade at 8 years was measured. This population may be considered moderately undernourished by NCHS but not Philippine standards. Correlations between anthropometry, school grades, and visual‐motor skills were calculated. Grades, taken here to have both cognitive and social‐behavioral components, correlated best to percentage of median height (NCHS and Philippine), less strongly but still significantly to visual motor skill, and not to weight for height. Visual‐motor skills (estimated by the Beery VMI) did not correlate to anthropometry. Visual‐motor performance, however, is low by U.S. standards, a finding discussed in a behavioral context.
Secular trends in somatic and motor characteristics of physical education students
Authors: Claessens A. L. , Lefevre J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study investigated changes in somatic and motor characteristics of 3,514 physical education students at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium) from the academic years 1941–1942 to 1988–1989. To facilitate data handling, the span of 47 years was divided into nine cohorts for anthropometric variables, and 4 cohorts for the motor data which were available only since the 1968–1969 academic year. A total of 21 anthropometric variables (since 1959) and 9 motor performance tests (since 1968) are included in the analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables and for each cohort, and analyses of variance were done to test the significance of secular trends. For weight and length dimensions a significant increase was noted; current students are, on average, 4.2 kg heavier and 5.8 cm taller than those in 1941–1946. In contrast, however, there is no change and even a negative trend in circumferences and breadth dimensions. Current students had, on average, significantly narrower shoulders and hips by 0.5 cm and 1.0 cm for biacromial and bicristal breadths, respectively, than students in the 1959–1963 cohort, and a significantly smaller hip circumference by 3.3 cm between the 1959–1963 and 1984–1988 cohorts. Current students had a thicker triceps skinfold than students 25 years ago, with average values of 8.0 mm and 6.3 mm, respectively. However, no significant differences were observed in the subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds. For motor performance, current students obtained better results in flexibility, several strength tests, and running speed than students of 15 years ago. However, no change was observed in average speed of limb movement. It is hypothesized that the changes in both somatic characteristics and motor performance are related in part to changes in secondary school physical education programs and to changes in the first year university physical education curriculum. Published 1992 by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study of five growth models applied to weight data from congolese infants between birth and 13 months of age
Authors: Simondon Kirsten B. , Simondon Francois , Delpeuch Francis , Cornu Andre 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive growth models are compared using weight data from 95 rural Congolese infants between birth and 13 months of age. The objective is to find the best model in terms of goodness of fit and distribution of parameter estimates. The Infancy component of the Karlberg model, the Count model, and the Kouchi model, which are all three‐parameter models, are tested together with the four‐ and five‐parameter versions of the Reed model. The closest fits are obtained using the Reed models, followed by the Karlberg model, while the Count and Kouchi models provide poor fits. The five‐parameter Reed model is not superior to the four‐parameter version. Examination of mean residuals by age shows a systematic bias in neonatal weight estimation with the three‐parameter models. Mean within‐ and between‐individual correlations are especially high for the Kouchi and Reed models. Extreme skewness is observed for some parameters of the Kouchi model and of the five‐parameter Reed model. Despite its high degree of collinearity, the four‐parameter linear Reed model should be preferred on weight data between birth and 1 year. The I‐component of the Karlberg model could be used between ages 2 and 12 months. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body fat patterning in rural South African black children
Authors: Cameron N. , Johnston F. E. , Kgamphe J. S. , Lunz R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth status, body fatness, and fat patterning were investigated in two cross‐sectional samples of rural South African Black children 6–19 years of age. The results were compared to data for American Blacks who were part of the NHANES survey. The two South African samples differed consistently, although rarely significantly, but both were smaller, lighter, and less fat than American Blacks. Analyses of triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds demonstrated that all three samples had similar fat patterning when analysed either by investigating the Centripetal Fat Ratio or through an analysis of principal components. Following correction for general fatness, and in common with other studies of fat patterning, the first component related to central‐peripheral patterning, the second to a ventral‐dorsal patterning, and the third to upper‐lower body patterning. These three components accounted for 99.4% of the total variance. It is suggested that central‐peripheral fat patterning is a species characteristic but that other patterns are individual characteristics. Analysis of principal components within childhood, pre‐adolescent and adolescent age groups suggested that prior to adolescence a negative relationship exists between absolute level of fatness and centralization such that thinner, less fat, children are more centralized. During adolescence, however, there is no relationship between level of fatness and centralization. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computation of Foulkes and Davis' nonparametric tracking index using GAUSS
Authors: Schneiderman Emet D. , Kowalski Charles J. , Ten Have Thomas R. , Willis Stephen M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFoulkes and Davis (1981) define tracking as the maintenance of relative rank over a given time span. This paper outlines the development of their statistic, based on a set of individual growth profiles, which estimates the degree of tracking observed in a one‐sample longitudinal data set and shows how confidence intervals for the corresponding population parameter may be constructed. An example using a measure of skeletal growth is given and a GAUSS program to do the computations is provided. (Information on obtaining the GAUSS program is provided in the Appendix.) Properties of this statistical approach to tracking are contrasted with another non‐parametric method based on Cohen's kappa statistic. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.