bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Glory: The African-American Role in Union Victory
Authors: Glatthaar Joseph t. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DURING THE FINAL year of the war, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant employed his overwhelming superiority in manpower to defeat the Confederacy. Simply stated, Grant’s plan was to mobilize every available man, apply pressure on all fronts, and stretch the Confederacy to enable forces under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman to break up one of the two primary Confederate commands, the Army of Tennessee. Then, with all other forces maintaining the same stranglehold, Sherman’s army was to devastate the Confederate military infrastructure—its railroads, its factories, its agriculture, and its labor supply—thus bringing the Confederacy to its knees.
Cultural and Ethnic Sensitivity
Authors: Primm Annelle B , Lima Bruno R , Rowe Cyprian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, the term minority is used in a non-pejorative sense to reflect the current numerical status of African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics, and native Americans with respect to whites. It is understood that inherent in this terminology is the marginalization of any grouping of individuals not considered white, regardless of actual numerical representation. The politics of minority status and the history of the four major groups encompass an experience of (1) slavery; (2) migration, both voluntary and involuntary, with varying degrees of assimilation and acculturation; (3) internment; (4) exploitation of land and labor; (5) segregation; (6) exclusion; and (7) outward experiences of racism, discrimination, and oppression. These experiences have an impact on the collective psyche of the groups and contribute to their social attitudes regarding mental illness and psychopathology.
Mapping in the Mouse: An Overview
Authors: Silver Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remaining chapters in this book will be devoted to the process and practice of genetic mapping in the mouse. Although mapping was once viewed as a sleepy pastime performed simply for the satisfaction of knowing where a gene mapped as an end in itself, it is now viewed as a critical tool of importance to many different areas of biological and medical research. Mapping can provide a means for moving from important diseases to clones of the causative genes, which, in tum, can provide tools for diagnosis, understanding, and treatment. In the opposite direction, mapping can be used to uncover functions for newly derived DNA clones by demonstrating correlations with previously described variant phenotypes. Mapping can also be used to dissect out the heritable and non­ heritable components of complex traits and the mechanisms by which they interact. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a primer on classical genetics and to give an overview of mapping in the mouse, with further details provided in subsequent, more focused chapters.
Technical Innovation and National Systems
Authors: Nelson Richard R , Rosenberg Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about national systems of technical innovation. The heart of the work consists of studies of 15 countries, including the large market-oriented industrialized ones, several smaller high-income countries, and a number of newly industrializing states. The studies have been carefully designed, developed, and written to illuminate the institutions and mechanisms supporting technical innovation in the various countries, the similarities and differences across countries and how these came to be, and to permit at least preliminary discussion of how the differences matter.
The U. S. National Innovation System
Authors: Mowery David C , Mowery Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A descriptive analysis of the U.S. national innovation “system” is a gargantuan task, made all the more ambitious by our efforts to begin this discussion in the early twentieth century. We then examine the pre-World War II and postwar U.S. innovation “systems.” In the introductory and the concluding sections of the paper, we summarize some of the elements that appear to distinguish this national innovation system from those of other industrial and industrializing economies. Because of the dearth of reliable quantitative data for the pre-1953 era, most of our comparative assessments cover the postwar period or are largely qualitative. Moreover, the lack of data on other dimensions of the post-1953 U.S. innovation system (e.g., comprehensive statistics on the adoption of new technologies) means that our quantitative discussion of this period relies heavily on R&D investment data, with all of their limitations.
The Japanese System of Innovation: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki , Goto Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was commonly believed that the history of the Japanese economy was that of a country desperately trying to catch up with technologically advanced nations. When Japan opened its country around the time of the Meiji Restoration of 1868 following more than two centuries of seclusionism, the leaders had to realize how much Japan was behind Western countries in many aspects of technology. Naturally, the government made efforts to import superior technology, hire engineers from abroad, educate its people, and encourage the entrepreneurs to assimilate foreign technologies and apply them in Japanese factories. In addition, the determination to catch up in terms of military capacity gave the government a strong incentive to support technological advances and make domestic procurement possible. Such a catch-up process has been observed in many late-developing countries, such as Prussia and Russia in the nineteenth century or South Korea and Taiwan in recent decades. Japan’s experience was by no means unusual and neither were the policies taken by the government.
National System of Industrial Innovation: Dynamics of Capability Building in Korea
Authors: Kim Linsu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Korea (hereafter Korea) has emerged as one of the fastest growing economy and has been transformed from a subsistent agricultural country into a newly industrial one during the past quarter century. As late as 1961, Korea suffered from almost all difficulties facing most poor countries today. But beginning in 1962, the Korean economy grew at an average annual growth rate of almost 9%, raising GNP per capita in current prices from $87 in 1962 to $4936 in 1989. Exports increased from a mere $40 million in 1953 to $62 billion in 1989. The share of manufactured goods in exports increased from 14.3 to 95.0% during the same period. In the mid-1960s, Korea began exporting textile, apparel, plywood, and other labor-intensive products. Ten years later, ships, steel, and construction services from Korea challenged established suppliers from the advanced countries. By the mid-1980s, computers, semiconductor memory chips, video cassette recorders, and automobiles were added to the list of Korea’s major export items. By the end of the 1980s, Korea’s R&D investment as a fraction of GNP and the number of scientists and engineers as a fraction of the work force were approaching the levels of some of the highly industrialized countries of Europe. What made it possible for Korea to achieve such a phenomenal growth in industrialization? Will Korea be able to sustain the growth in the future? As a way to answer these questions, this chapter presents Korea’s national system related to industrial innovation, which influences to a great extent the direction and pace of technological capability development that in turn lead to industrialization. The main focus of this chapter will be concerned with describing the industrial innovation system as of this new era in Korea’s industrial history. It is, however, also important to examine how the national system in the past has worked for Korea to acquire technological capabilities that brought the country where it is today.
Organizational Hierarchies and Evolutionary Processes: Some Reflections on a Theory of Organizational Evolution
Authors: Baum Joel A C , Singh Jitendra V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we combine a number of ideas on organizational evolution into a more comprehensive conceptual framework. We introduce the idea that organizational processes-interaction and replication-act on two kinds of organizational entities-ecological and genealogical-at a variety of hierarchically nested levels of organization. The framework provides (1) an articulation of the domain of evolutionary inquiry in organization theory, (2) a context for the chapters that follow, and (3) a basis for identifying aspects of evolutionary theory in need of further investigation. We conclude by linking each chapter to the proposed framework, identifying some important challenges and themes revealed in the volume as a whole and making explicit several directions for future research that appear to hold promise for advancing an evolutionary theory of organizations.
Seeking Adaptive Advantage: Evolutionary Theory and Managerial Action
Authors: Miner Anne S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observers of outstanding high-technology organizations report that senior managers often set vague goals, embrace simplistic slogans, propel internal teams into cutthroat competition, set up processes but no outcome standards, and permit employees to use time on unapproved projects (Quinn, 1986; Van de Ven, Angle, and Poole, 1989; Nonako, 1988). These practices seem to violate crucial management principles such as setting clear goals, enhancing cooperation, and assuring that each employee efficiently focus on top priorities. In this chapter, I suggest that such high tech practices may not violate good management principles, but illuminate instead a potential integrating framework for managerial action. In particular, I explore a simple evolutionary framework for conceptualizing a wide variety of potentially valuable managerial practices. A basic evolutionary model of an organization envisions it as a collection of routines, or stable bundles of activities. Over time, both intentional and unintentional variation occurs in the routines. Some of the new routines are selected into the ongoing practices. This simple variation-selection-retention cycle repeats continuously (Weick, 1979; Baum, 1988). This cycle can also be seen as a form of organizational learning but will be referred to as the evolutionary framework in this chapter.
Turning Evolution Inside the Organization
Authors: Meyer Marshall W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Question: What do you do when you see a rhinoceros? Answer: Give him what he wants. The preceding is the full text of a reviewer’s evaluation of a research proposal submitted to the National Science Foundation in the early 1980s. I won’t divulge the names of either the reviewer or the investigator. All I will say is that both the reviewer and the investigator are highly respected researchers, and that the advisory panel recommended full funding of the proposal. The investigator almost certainly appreciated the very personal and, indeed, touching humor of the review, but I can’t explain why without disclosing his or her identity. Aside from demonstrating that social scientists are capable of a good joke from time to time, the review and the advisory panel’s recommendation show that rhinoceroses often do get what they want rather than what the world would otherwise dish out to them. Much of evolutionary theory, at least as it is applied to organizations, does not seem to appreciate this fact or, for that matter, to acknowledge the existence of rhinoceroses or their organizational equivalents. The population ecology version of evolutionary theory, which asserts that organizations are inertial, for the most part incapable of internal change, posits a selection process whereby differential rates of birth and death cause populations of organizations, not individual organizations, to accommodate to the environment. The internal evolution perspective, which is reflected in the chapters by Burgelman and Mittman and by Winter and is central to Anne Miner’s chapter, posits processes of variation, selection, and retention within individual organizations leading, again, to accommodation to the environment.
Density and Mass Dependence in Rates of Entry into New Markets
Authors: Haveman Heather A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Campbell (1969) and Aldrich (1979) outlined a three-part evolutionary model involving variation, selection, and retention. Most research in organizational ecology has studied organizational failure, thereby focusing on the process of selection. Although variation is an equally important process in organizational evolution (Hawley, 1987; Fombrun, 1987), there have been comparatively few studies of this process, except the small number of studies of organizational founding. Variation is a necessary precondition for selection: without the diverse products of variation, selection would have no raw material upon which to operate (Campbell, 1969). One important source of variation in organizational populations is change in organizational structure and activities, which has recently become a topic of interest in organizational ecology and organizational evolution. Previous research has studied the effects of organizational characteristics on change and stability: age (Singh, Tucker, and Meinhard, 1988; Baum, 1990b), possession of specialized assets and vulnerability of existing domain (Mitchell, 1989), and past experience with change (Amburgey, Kelly, and Barnett, 1993; Delacroix and Singh, 1991; Ginsberg and Baum, chapter 7, this volume). Some work has also modeled the impact of competitive and institutional factors on rates of organizational change, such as population density and differentiation (Swaminathan and Delacroix, 1991), fluctuations in environmental munificence (Delacroix and Swaminathan, 1991; Singh, Tucker, and Meinhard, 1991), the uncertainty that follows exogenous shocks (Amburgey, Kelly, and Barnett, 1993; Delacroix and Swaminathan, 1991), and conditions at time of founding (Romanelli, 1991b).
Mimetic Learning and the Evolution of Organizational Populations
Authors: Mezias Stephen J , Lant Theresa K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ecological (Hannan and Freeman, 1977) and institutional (Meyer and Rowan, 1977) perspectives have emerged as two dominant but distinct paradigms in organizational theory since their inceptions over a decade ago. Initially, one reason why these theories may have seemed irreconcilable, at least superficially, was the difference in the research questions that the original authors posed. Hannan and Freeman (1977) pointed to an apparent diversity of organizational forms and offered an ecological explanation for this multitude. Meyer and Rowan (1977) and especially DiMaggio and Powell (1983) stressed the lack of diversity of forms and proposed the mechanism of institutional isomorphism by which this diversity is eliminated. More recent work concerning populations of organizations has recognized the similarity of the interorganizational field (DiMaggio and Powell, 1983; Meyer and Scott, 1983) and the population (Hannan and Freeman, 1977, 1984; McKelvey and Aldrich, 1983) as units of analysis. For example, both institutional and ecological perspectives have been used in explaining the evolution of a population of Voluntary Social Service Organizations in the greater Toronto area (Singh, House, and Tucker, 1986; Singh, Tucker, and House, 1986; Singh, Tucker, and Meinhard, 1988; Tucker, Singh, and Meinhard, 1990). Singh and Lumsden (1990:182) argue that this convergence of the ecological and institutional paradigms “may be viewed as one of the more exciting research developments in organization theory.”
Density-Independent Selection and Community Evolution
Authors: Brittain Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As originally conceived, organizational ecology explicitly addressed the interpopulation dynamics that account for the evolution of organizational communities (Hannan and Freeman, 1977:942-46). A number of early ecological studies examined community development (Brittain and Freeman, 1980; Freeman and Hannan, 1983; Carroll, 1985), but the focus of recent ecological research has shifted to population analyses. And in particular, recent research has placed great emphasis on the role of density in population growth and decline (Hannan and Freeman, 1989; Carroll and Hannan, 1989b). The legitimacy-competition density formulation (Hannan and Freeman, 1989) was a significant contribution to ecological theory and has motivated considerable empirical research. But it has been at the cost of irrelevance to the broader concerns of organization theory. The legitimacy-competition density model is an endogenous, autocorrelated process specification, and as such, it focuses on specification issues that are of little interest to other organization theorists. In addition, the densitydependent formulation contributes little to our understanding of community development and the emergence of social structures, issues central to the original formulation.
The Coevolution of Technology and Organization
Authors: Rosenkopf Lori , Tushman Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider three examples of technological competition and selection: Machine tooling technology. During World War II, two distinct technologies for automated machine tooling emerged. Numerically controlled (NC) machines replaced the series of shop-floor worker movements with mathematical equations developed by engineers, while record-playback (RP) machines recorded the movements of the shop-floor worker on paper tapes. NC machines were much more technology-intensive and cost-intensive than RP machines, but the academic-militaryindustrial complex of MIT, GE, and the Air Force propelled NC technology to completely dominate RP technology. (Noble, 1984) Electrical supply systems. During the late nineteenth century, both alternating current and direct current electrical supply systems served to deliver electricity to consumers. Each had different advantages: AC systems were able to span greater geographic distances, whereas DC systems were more cost-efficient in densely populated areas. In different countries, electrical supply systems took different forms due to the political ideologies and their attendant regulation (Hughes, 1983). In the U.S., the victory of AC systems over DC systems resulted more from Edison’s decision to pull financial support from his DC technology development than from any inherent weaknesses in the technology. (David, 1987)
What the Non-Cognitivist Helps Us to See the Naturalist Must Help Us to Explain
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that one were not inclined toward non-cognitivism about discourse in general. What characteristic features of moral discourse might make one think non-cognitivism peculiarly appropriate to it?
Various features present themselves as candidates, and we will briefly consider two, the seeming oddness of ‘moral facts’ and the persistence of moral disagreement, before coming to a third, the normative character of moral judgement, which will occupy most of our attention.
“Little Women” Who Helped Make This Great War
Authors: Matthews Glenna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yet Lincoln’s acknowledgment of a certain level of female agency where the onset of the war was concerned has been seen as nothing more than an historical curiosity by most twentieth-century historians of that conflict. This essay will argue, conversely, that while Lincoln may have been engaging in slight hyperbole, he was also demonstrating an awareness of an important development in world history: a female public in the North-one of the first, if not the first, ever-had played a role in precipitating that most male of undertakings, an outbreak of armed hostilities.
The Crisis of American Democracy: The Political System and the Coming of the Civil War
Authors: Gienapp William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflict had such a profound impact on the nation, its society, institutions, and values, that few would deny its central importance in American history. Yet paradoxically the Civil War has stubbornly resisted incorporation into the mainstream of America’s historical experience. Whether historians have viewed the war as a singular and ultimately incomprehensible exception to the normal operation of the country’s political system, have pointed to vast unseen and uncontrollable forces as the cause of the war, or have blamed the nation’s political leaders for blundering into a war that could have and should have been avoided, underlying all these interpretations is an unspoken faith in democracy as a superior form of government; only rarely has the war been considered as an understandable product of America’s democratic political system.
Characteristics of the Japanese Production System and Its International Transfer Model
Authors: Kawamura Tetsuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research and Analytical Methods and the Operational Framework Chapter 1 examined the theoretical framework underlying this research, as well as the analytical perspectives which derived from it. It also presented an outline of the analytical methods that were employed. The management and production system characteristic of Japanese enterprises in the target industries (automotive assembly, automotive parts, consumer electronics, and semiconductors) were put forward as a model. Survey items were created on the basis of that model and arranged in an analytical framework. Following the observation of each company and plant, the survey results were compiled as “company records” and then carefully reexamined using the model and the survey items. Next, the Hybrid Evaluation Model was developed in order to illustrate and analyze the relationship between “application” and “adaptation” discovered to exist at the local production plants. The final outcome is shown in the Hybrid Evaluation Table (Table 2-1). It illustrates the main characteristics of the Japanese management and production system, and arranges and analyzes every aspect of”application” in the management and production system model at the local production plants in the United States, in terms of7-groups and 24-items.
Properties of Fractal Phenomena in Space and Time
Authors: Bassingthwaighte James B , Liebovitch Larry S , West Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the epigraph suggests, the ability to interpret the full meaning of experimental data is limited by the types of tools that can be used in the analysis. A new analytical tool enlarges the analytical window into the world. The features of the world, previously unseen, that can be made visible by the new instrument of fractals are beautifully surprising. These features give us new insight into anatomical structures and physiological processes.