bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Inference Layer Integration in Mistral LLM for Accurate Information Retrieval
Authors: Wang Bing , Wang Shiyu , Ouyang Qian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This study introduces a novel integration of a Probabilistic Inference Layer (PIL) into the Mistral Large Language Model (LLM), aiming to address the critical challenge of accurate and reliable information retrieval in natural language processing. By employing advanced statistical models within the PIL, the enhanced Mistral LLM demonstrates a marked improvement in information retrieval accuracy, context understanding, and bias reduction. The PIL's application of Bayesian networks and sophisticated mathematical constructs, such as matrix calculus and principles akin to Bernoulli's and Lorentz transformations, enables the Mistral LLM to process information with a higher degree of accuracy and reliability. The study's results indicate significant advancements in the model's performance across various tests, particularly in discerning context and intent, reducing biases, and handling complex logical operations. Despite its computational demands and the ongoing challenge to completely eliminate biases, the PIL integration establishes a new benchmark for LLMs and opens avenues for future research. This study contributes to the field by demonstrating the potential of probabilistic methods in enhancing the capabilities of generative AI models, thus paving the way for more sophisticated and reliable AI-driven information systems.
İran’da Tütün İmtiyazının İngilizlere Verilmesi Meselesi ve İranlı Kadınlar (1890- 1892)
Authors: KARABALIK Kamuran 
Published: January 2024

İran’da 8 Mart 1890 tarihinde tütün işletme imtiyazı İngilizlere verildi. Tütün, İran halkı için hem bir geçim kaynağıydı hem de partilerde, kutlamalarda ve seyahatlerde yaygın olarak tüketilmekteydi. Bu sebeple tütün işletme imtiyazının İngilizlere verilmesi İran halkı arasında büyük protestolara sebep oldu. Protestolara katılanlar arasında din adamları, esnaflar ve tüccarlar dışında İranlı kadınlar da vardı. İranlı kadınlar, erkeklerle birlikte Şiraz, Tebriz, Tahran ve Meşhed’deki protestolarda ön sıralarda yer aldılar. Protestocular, bu sırada Nasıreddin Şah’a telgraf göndererek imtiyazın iptal edilmesini istediler. Bu tepkiler neticesinde Nasıreddin Şah, Ocak 1892’de tütün imtiyazını iptal etmek zorunda kaldı.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, tütün imtiyazının İngilizlere verilmesi sürecini ve bu sırada İranlı kadınların üstelendiği rolü kaynaklar ışığında incelemektir.
Cumhuriyet Döneminde Tifüsle Mücadele: Konya Kirligiret Köyü Örneği (1935)
Authors: KARDAŞ Abdulaziz 
Published: January 2024

Tifüs, insana bitle bulaşan bir hastalıktır. Tifüsün yayılmasında toplu göçler, açlık, sefalet, bakımsızlık büyük rol oynamıştır. Tifüs hastalığı önceleri mücadele metotlarının ilkel ve mücadele araçlarının yetersiz olması nedeniyle bütün dünyada geniş bir yayılma alanı bulmuştur. Türkiye’de eskiden beri tifüs hastalığı münferit vakalar halinde görülmüştür. Özellikle Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve Milli Mücadele dönemlerinde vakalar artmaya başlamış, halk arasında ve ordularda çok büyük tahribat yapmıştır. Cumhuriyet döneminde bulaşıcı ve salgın hastalıklara karşı verilen mücadelelerden olumlu sonuçlar alınmasına rağmen tifüs münferit vakalar halinde varlığını sürdürmüştür.
Şubat 1935’te Konya’nın Sille Nahiyesi’nin Kirligiret Köyü’nde bir tifüs salgını baş göstermiştir. Salgının ilgili kurumlara geç bildirilmesi hasta ve vefat sayısının artmasına neden olmuştur. Salgının önce Sille Nahiyesi’ne, kısa bir süre sonra valiliğe ve Sıhhat ve İçtimai Muavenet Müdürlüğü’ne bildirilmişti. Vilâyet bazında alınan önlemlerin yetersiz kalması nedeniyle salgın hakkında Başvekil İsmet İnönü ve Sıhhat ve İçtimai Muavenet Vekâleti’ne bilgi verilmiştir. Söz konusu kurumlar hastalığın yayılmasını engellemek ve hastaların tedavisi için harekete geçerek köye doktor ve sağlık ekipleri gönderilmiştir. Köy karantina altına alınmış, hastalığın sebebi olarak görülen kirli yerler temizlenmiş ve aşı çalışması başlatılmıştır. Köy evlerindeki eşyaların temizliğini yapmak üzere Vilâyet Sıhhiye Müdürlüğü ve Sıhhat ve İçtimai Muavenet Vekâleti’nden etüv makineleri getirtilmiştir. Mücadele kapsamında Kızılay köyde bir seyyar bir hastane kurmuş ve hastaların ilk tedavileri burada yapılmış, gerekli görülenler Konya Memleket Hastanesi’ne gönderilmiştir. Mücadele ekipleri Kirligiret’te bir tarafta tifüsle mücadele ederken diğer tarafta hastalarını doktorlardan saklamak için akla gelmedik yöntemlere başvuran köylüleri ikna etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Kirligiret Köyü’nde çıkan tifüs salgının etkisi, Sıhhat ve İçtimai Muavenet Vekâleti, Konya Valiliği ve Konya Sıhhat ve İçtimai Muavenet Müdürlüğü’nün işbirliği ve koordineli çalışmaları neticesinde 10 Haziran 1935’ten itibaren kırılmaya başlamıştır.
Monitoring WASH and school dropouts in India: Is there adequate data? An assessment of four national databases
Authors: Pednekar Sulochana , Desouza Shaila , Mukhopadhyay Pranab 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are crucial to human development. Lack of WASH affects girls’ health and school attendance, particularly after puberty. This has long-term consequences on gender equality and empowerment. Several international (like the World Health Organisation's WASH standards, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (4, 5 and 6)) and national initiatives (like The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009, the Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya campaign and guidelines for menstrual hygiene management) are expected to address this issue in schools. There is a need to systematically and regularly collect and disseminate WASH data on school infrastructure facilities and attendance details. This would help assess the achievement of better WASH infrastructure and examine how much it reduces school dropouts. We assess four national-level databases routinely used for studies in human development – India Human Development Survey, National Family Health Survey, National Sample Survey Office and the Unified District Information System in Education. Our study finds limited data availability, making assessing the extent of target achievement difficult. It underscores the need for re-orienting data collection on school attendance and WASH school infrastructure.
Distribution of Voltage-gated Sodium Channel Mutations in Aedes Aegypti Populations from Rural Areas of Indonesia
Authors: Cahyati Widya Hary , Siyam Nur , Nugroho Efa 
Published: January 2024

Introduction:
Semarang has been one of the endemic districts; since 2017, it has contributed to high dengue cases in Central Java. The study was conducted to see the mutation in the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) Aedes aegypti genera.

Materials and Methods:
Aedes aegypti from 6 sub-districts in Semarang were examined, where each sub-district was taken from 2-3 villages endemic areas with high fogging intensity in Semarang. Ten larvae samples were taken from each village.

Results and Discussion:
The results showed that the resistant samples were 48.4% heterozygous and 51.6% homozygous resistant from Bawen, 100% heterozygous resistant from Bandungan, 73.3% heterozygous and 26.7% homozygous resistant from West Ungaran, 65% heterozygous and 35% homozygous resistant from Sumowono, 23.3% heterozygous and 66.7% homozygous resistant, and 10% still susceptible from Ambarawa, and 30% heterozygous and 70% homozygous resistant from East Ungaran districts.

Conclusion:
Based on the results of the molecular test, the Ae. Aegypti in Semarang Regency has proven resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin.
Longitudinal Associations between Childhood Neighborhood Disadvantage and Young Adult Income
Authors: Conway Harrison M. , Conway Sadie H. 
Published: January 2024

Introduction:
This study examines the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage experienced in childhood and income level in young adulthood, with further assessment of whether that relationship is moderated by the duration of or age at exposure.

Methods:
Relationships between three types of neighborhood disadvantage (i.e., cohesion, quality, safety) at three developmental stages (i.e., childhood, early adolescence, adolescence) and income at age 25 (±1 year) were assessed among employed young adults using multivariable fixed effects models stratified by gender in a retrospective cohort of 660 U.S. youths drawn from a nationally representative panel study.

Results:
Findings demonstrated that childhood exposure to unsafe neighborhoods is negatively associated with income, but neighborhood cohesion and quality showed no effect. Further, the length of exposure to unsafe neighborhoods has a negative association with income among females (though not among males), but only for those residing in the most dangerous neighborhoods for the longest durations. Finally, the age of exposure provided statistically equivalent effects, indicating that there was no evidence that exposure timing mattered.

Conclusion:
These results suggest that a multi-faceted view of neighborhood disadvantage may be helpful in understanding its potential influence on adult economic achievement and raises questions about how these contexts are differentially experienced across genders.
Assessing the Influence of Graduate Characteristics on Employer Satisfaction: A Multi-dimensional Analysis
Authors: Chatterji Niti , Manohar Sridhar , Verma Balraj 
Published: January 2024

Introduction:
Developing countries around the world are facing a surplus of availability of labour compared to the demand in the markets. But the paradox is that the labour supply lacks the employable characteristics that are expected by organizations.

Methods:
Hence it becomes indispensable for employers to be able to hire the most employable graduates out of the available pool of candidates, especially in the context of soft skills like personality, emotional intelligence, and kinesics (non-verbal communication).

Results:
The present study has tried to assess the impact of emotional intelligence, personality traits, and kinesics on the satisfaction level of employers while hiring graduates. Model fit indices (CMIN/DF= 2.43 to 4.22, GFI= 0.90 to 0.95, NFI= 0.90 to 0.933, CFI= 0.920 to 0.951, RMSEA = 0.047 to 0.075) indicate a good model fit. It was established that personality traits had the strongest relationship with employer satisfaction, followed by emotional intelligence and kinesics. All three variables emerged as significant.

Conclusion:
The results from this have practical implications for employers and help them in making an informed choice while hiring prospective candidates.
An ever-changing world: Interconnections in the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean (ca. 3500-300 BC)
Authors: Freitas António José Gonçalves de , Flammini Roxana 
Published: January 2024

The Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean were geographical and sociopolitical scenarios with fluent and constant connectivity from the earliest times in history. Prestige goods and raw materials found their way from one side to another through extensive networks even before the emergence of the state in Egypt and Mesopotamia, integrating movements not only of goods but also of people, technologies, cultural practices, gods, languages, and ideas (Wilkinson et al. 2011; Warburton 2020). In this volume, we named them “interconnections” to precisely emphasize the relevance of exchange in the adoption, modification, or re-adaptation of foreign traces. The influence of incoming technologies and the shaping of identities in such a dynamic world, always moving, is also considered. Naturally, many diverse theoretical approaches were proposed over time to explain those interconnections, contributing to completing the never-ending panorama of relationships (e.g. Warburton 2020: 1-21). At the same time, nowadays a comprehensive amount of evidence is usually considered in explaining those interconnections, mainly material remains, textual registers, and iconography.
Differences in Psychological Inflexibility Among Men With Erectile Dysfunction Younger and Older Than 40 Years: Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Saito Junichi , Kumano Hiroaki , Ghazizadeh Mohammad , Shimokawa Chigusa , Tanemura Hideki 
Published: January 2024

Background
Psychological inflexibility is a core concept of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), which is a comprehensive, transdiagnostic interpretation of mental health symptoms. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition that affects male sexual performance, involving the inability to achieve and maintain a penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual activity. Psychosocial factors primarily influence ED in men younger than 40 years, whereas biological factors are more likely to be the underlying cause in older men.

Objective
This web-based cross-sectional study examined differences in depression, anxiety, and psychological inflexibility among men with ED younger and older than 40 years in a Japanese population.

Methods
We used a web-based survey to gather data from various community samples. ED was assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF-5) questionnaire, while depression, anxiety, and psychological inflexibility were evaluated by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ), and Valuing Questionnaire–Obstacle Subscale (VQ-OB) questionnaires. The chi‐square test estimated the scores of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 among men with ED, comparing those younger than 40 years and those older than 40 years. Additionally, a two-way ANOVA was conducted with ED severity and age group as independent variables, assessing psychological inflexibility.

Results
Valid responses from 643 individuals (mean age 36.19, SD 7.54 years) were obtained. Of these, 422 were younger than 40 years (mean age 31.76, SD 5.00 years), and 221 were older than 40 years (mean age 44.67, SD 2.88 years). There was a statistical difference in the prevalence of depression as judged by PHQ≥10 between men with ED younger and older than 40 years (P<.001). On the other hand, there was no difference in the prevalence of anxiety as judged by GAD≥10 (P=.12). The two-way ANOVA revealed that the interactions for CFQ (P=.04) and VQ-OB (P=.01) were significant. The simple main effect was that men with ED younger than 40 years had significantly higher CFQ (P=.01; d=0.62) and VQ-OB (P<.001; d=0.87) scores compared to those older than 40 years in moderate ED and severe ED. Additionally, it was found that men younger than 40 years with moderate to severe ED had significantly higher CFQ (P=.01; d=0.42) and VQ-OB (P=.02; d=0.38) scores compared to men younger than 40 years without ED. On the other hand, no interaction was found for AAQ-II (P=.16) scores.

Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this web-based cross-sectional study is the first to examine the relationship between psychological inflexibility and ED. We conclude that men with moderate and severe ED younger than 40 years have higher psychological inflexibility and might be eligible for ACT.
The Impact of a Web-Based Restorative Dentistry Course on the Learning Outcomes of Dental Graduates: Pre-Experimental Study
Authors: Al-Sbei Rasha , Ataya Jawdat , Jamous Issam , Dashash Mayssoon 
Published: January 2024

Background
Restorative dentistry plays a crucial role in dental practice, necessitating professionals to stay abreast with the latest advancements in the field. The advancement of technology has made web-based learning a widely used method of education delivery in dentistry, providing learners with extensive information and flexibility.

Objective
This study aims to evaluate how effective an online educational course in restorative dentistry is for dental graduates in Syria.

Methods
This study used a pre-experimental study design, with pretest and posttest assessments to measure changes in participants’ knowledge and skills. A total of 21 dental graduates completed the online course in restorative dentistry, which was hosted on Moodle, using the learning management system of the Syrian Virtual University. Participants were provided with a suggested learning sequence and had the flexibility to navigate the course on their own and at their own pace. The course was developed based on the principles of web course design and web-based course development using the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) general instructional design model. The pretest and posttest assessments consisted of 50 multiple-choice questions with a single correct answer, aligning with the course content. Furthermore, participants were asked to complete a course acceptance survey upon finishing the course.

Results
The results showed a significant improvement in the participants’ knowledge of restorative dentistry, supported by a statistically significant P value of less than .05. The effect size of the difference between the pre and posttest indicated that the effect size, as indicated by ω2, demonstrated a significant 62.1% difference between the pre and posttest, indicating a high and statistically significant effect. Furthermore, the value derived from the Haridy obtained work ratio formula indicated that the educational program was effective, with an effectiveness amount of 3.36%. Additionally, 93% (n=19) of respondents expressed confidence in having gained the expected benefits from the educational course upon its completion.

Conclusions
The findings indicated a notable enhancement in the participants’ understanding of restorative dentistry. The participants’ high satisfaction rate and positive feedback from the course acceptance survey further emphasize the favorable reception of the web-based learning approach. This study highlights the potential of web-based learning in dental education, opening the door for future research in this area. The findings of this study carry important implications for the design and implementation of web-based educational programs in dentistry, suggesting that such programs can serve as an effective tool for continuous professional development in the field.
Heavy hydrocarbon recovery with integration of turboexpander and JT valve from highly CO2-containing natural gas for gas transmission pipeline
Authors: Yusupandi Fauzi , Widiatmoko Pramujo , Sukmana Ira Febrianty , Fitri Hera Rahma , Eviani Mitra , Devianto Hary 
Published: January 2024

Demand of natural gas is predicted to increase since many valuable products can be produced. Water and heavy hydrocarbon content are the key for gas pipeline facility. To meet requirement of natural gas transportation, dehydration unit (DHU) and hydrocarbon dew point control unit (DPCU) are necessary to avoid water and hydrocarbon condensation during transmission. The conventional dehydration technology, TEG contactor, can lower water content from 1,304 mg/m3 to 80.35 mg/m3 where the maximum limit of water content in natural gas is 97 mg/m3 to prevent hydrate formation. DPCU is installed to remove heavy hydrocarbon, especially C5+. Integration of JT valve and turboexpander was employed to obtain the low gas dew point. The hot gas stream that entered the JT valve was observed. The lower hot bypass gas was applied, the lower hydrocarbon dew point and the more condensate flowrate was achieved. The highest power generation can be gained at low hot gas flow ratio which also influenced the exit pressure and temperature of compressor. In pipeline simulation, the pressure and temperature drop occurred at the high hot gas rate. To examine the arrival condition, dew point curves were generated and showed that the limitation of hot gas flow ratio has to be below 0.6 to prevent heavy hydrocarbon condensation in pipeline.
Lidocaine, Esmolol, and Beyond: A Comprehensive Analysis of Hemodynamic Stress during Laryngoscopy and Intubation
Authors: Aasim Syed Ali , Kumar Reddy I.Raj , Kiran Kayyam , Trivikram Neelagiri , Varma J.Rohith 
Published: January 2024

Aim: To evaluate the haemodynamic stress response in combination of lidocaine and esmolol versus lidocaine or esmolol alone during laryngoscopy and intubation
Methods: This research comprised 60 patients who provided written permission and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Selected patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups based on a computer-generated random number: lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg (n=40), esmolol 2mg/kg (n=40), or lignocaine 1mg/kg and esmolol 1mg/kg (n=40). This research comprised patients aged 20 to 42 who had elective procedures under general anaesthetic and had ASA I and II. Patients with contraindications to beta blockers, such as bronchial asthma, COPD, a basal heart rate of 60 beats per minute, respiratory impairment, and documented reactions to local anaesthetics.
Results: There were no significant variations in age, preoperative heart rate, or blood pressure between the groups. Males and females were approximately equally dispersed throughout all groupings. Following the delivery of the test medicines, all three groups saw a substantial drop in heart rate (Group E 61.23±3.64, Group L 73.25±5.36, Group LE 72.23±5.36) (p<0.001). Four Group E patients developed bradycardia. (HR <60). Although both Group LE and Group L showed near baseline values, Group L showed near baseline values until the third minute, whereas Group LE showed a continuous reduction in heart rate rates. After 30 minutes, all three groups' heart rates were statistically insignificant. Following induction and administration of the test medicines, systolic, diastolic, and hence mean arterial blood pressure lowers gradually in all three groups (p<0.001). (This is for systolic blood pressure.). Group E 97.36±5.69, Group L 125.39±6.36, Group LE 116.78±4.78) Group E 60.034.69, Group L 82.935.36, Group LE 72.034.78) (Group E 72.10±3.69, Group L 96.90±3.85, Group LE 86.44±2.87) Before intubation, patients in Group E experienced substantial decreases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure (less than 20% of baseline). Following intubation, blood pressure levels in Group LE were near baseline until the 30th minute (p<0.001). Group E had a consistent fall in all three blood pressure readings following intubation until the fifth minute. Group E's blood pressures were likewise around baseline at the 15th and 30th minutes. Until the 15th minute, Group L had a considerable rise in all three blood pressures.
Conclusion: As a result, esmolol and lidocaine together are a safe and effective strategy to minimise laryngoscopy responses to intubation and extubation, lowering myocardial oxygen consumption and the risk of myocardial ischemia under general anaesthesia.