bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Method to Estimate the Secretion of Saliva From Minor Salivary Glands Using Iodine‐Starch Reaction
Authors: Inamura Tatsuya , Ino Chiyonori , Katoh Mako , Kishimoto Asako , Kumazawa Hirobumi , Matsumoto Ayumi , Yamashita Toshio 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis This study was undertaken to detect the faculty of secretion of saliva from minor salivary glands by analyzing a color reaction on a test tape containing iodine and starch that was applied on the lower lip.Study Design A study involving 63 patients with oral dryness, 7 patients with Sjögren syndrome, and 70 healthy individuals was performed.Methods A test tape (1 × 1 cm) containing iodine and starch was set on the mucosal area anterior to the labia frenulum for 30 seconds. Because the number of blue spots was considered to correspond to the number of ostia of the salivary gland on the lower lip that was examined, the number of blue spots occurring as a reaction of iodine and starch on the test tape was counted and was compared among three groups. In addition, the relationship between the histopathological findings and the number of spots was analyzed.Results The average number of spots in the patients with oral dryness (4.52 ± 3.18 [mean ± SD]) was lower than that in healthy individuals (9.49 ± 2.52, P <.01), and that in the patients with Sjögren syndrome (2.14 ± 1.35) was the lowest among all groups in the study. Moreover, this reduction in the number of spots in those patients was accompanied by histopathological changes of the minor salivary glands.Conclusion These findings suggest that this simple, noninvasive method can be successfully used for the estimation of the faculty of secretion of saliva from the minor salivary glands.
How Does Endotoxin Trigger Inflammation in Otitis Media With Effusion?
Authors: Schousboe Lars Peter , Ovesen Therese , Eckhardt Lars , Rasmussen Lars Melholt , Pedersen Christian Brahe 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives The relationship among microorganisms, endotoxin, and inflammatory mediators in otitis media with effusion (OME) was examined.Study Design Analysis of 152 middle ear effusions aspirated at the time of ventilation tube insertion from children with OME.Methods Effusion samples were cultured for pathogenic bacteria. The two primary cytokines, interleukin‐1β (IL1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), and the adhesion molecules, intercellular and vascular adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1), were quantified using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Endotoxin concentration was measured with a limulus amebocyte lysate assay, and total protein concentration was quantified using the Biorad microassay.Results The cultures of pathogenic bacteria were positive in 33 of the 152 effusions (22%), which contained more endotoxin and more of the primary cytokines than the 119 culture‐negative effusions. Endotoxin and the primary cytokines were positively correlated, both in the whole material and in the sterile effusions alone. The adhesion molecules were positively correlated with each other, but not with endotoxin or the primary cytokines.Conclusions We found a positive correlation between endotoxin and the primary cytokines TNFα and IL1β in culture‐positive OME effusions as well as in culture‐negative ones, suggesting endotoxin‐induced local production of TNFα and IL1β in the middle ear. ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 were also present in the middle ear, but their concentrations were not directly correlated to endotoxin or the primary cytokines.
Nitric Oxide Contributes to Control of Effusion in Experimental Otitis Media
Authors: Ryan Allen F. , Bennett Thecla 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, short‐lived free radical involved in cellular signaling and known to play a role in inflammation. It is generated on demand by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) on arginine. We have previously found that mRNA encoding NOS is produced in the middle ear during otitis media. The role of NO was therefore explored in an experimental model of immune‐mediated otitis media.Study Design and Methods Guinea pigs were systemically immunized and later challenged in the middle ear with the same antigen. One ear of each animal was challenged with antigen alone. In the opposite ear, antigen was combined with a potent inhibitor of NOS, NG‐amino‐L‐arginine (L‐NAA). After survival for 24, 48, or 72 hours, the middle ears were evaluated for otitis media.Results Inhibition of NOS resulted in significantly increased middle ear effusion at all three time periods. This increase was blocked by the addition of excess l‐arginine, which bypasses the inhibitory effects of L‐NAA. The infiltration of cells into the middle ear lumen and the hyperplasia of the middle ear mucosa were unaffected by L‐NAA administration.Conclusions The results suggest that NO is involved in regulating the permeability of the middle ear vascular, the transudation of serum into the middle ear mucosa, and/or the movement of extracellular fluid across the middle ear mucosal epithelium.
Alternative Voice After Laryngectomy Using a Sound‐Producing Voice Prosthesis
Authors: van der Torn M. , de Vries M. P. , Festen J. M. , Verdonck‐de Leeuw I. M. , Mahieu H. F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective To improve the voice quality of female laryngectomees and/or laryngectomees with a hypotonic pharyngoesophageal (PE) segment by means of a pneumatic artificial source of voice incorporated in a regular tracheoesophageal (TE) shunt valve.Study Design Experimental, randomized, crossover trial.Methods The new sound source consists of a single silicone lip, which performs an oscillatory movement driven by expired pulmonary air flowing along the outward‐striking lip through the TE shunt valve. A prototype of this pneumatic sound source is evaluated in vitro and in six laryngectomees. In vivo evaluation includes speech rate, maximal phonation time, perceptual voice evaluation of read‐aloud prose by an expert listener, speech intelligibility measurements with 12 listeners, and self‐assessment by the patients. Moreover, extensive acoustical and aerodynamic in vivo registrations are performed using a newly developed data acquisition system.Results The current prototype seems beneficial in female laryngectomees with a hypotonic PE segment only. For them the sound‐producing voice prosthesis improves voice quality and increases the average pitch of voice, without decreasing intelligibility or necessitating other pressure and airflow rates than regular TE shunt speech. Pitch regulation of this prosthetic voice is possible, yet limited.Conclusions The mechanism is feasible and does not result in unacceptable airflow resistance. For this new mechanism of alaryngeal voice to become an established technique for postlaryngectomy voice restoration, a voice suitably pitched for male laryngectomees has to be generated and a large part of the melodic and dynamic range of the sound source has to be attainable within physiological airflow rates.
Submandibular Gland Transfer: A New Method of Preventing Radiation‐Induced Xerostomia
Authors: Seikaly Hadi , Jha Naresh , McGaw Timothy , Coulter Linda , Liu Richard , Oldring Derald 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective Radiation‐induced xerostomia is a significant morbidity of radiation therapy in the management of patients with head and neck cancers. We have recently reported a method of transfer of one submandibular gland to the submental space in a small pilot series of eligible surgical patients. The submental space was shielded during postoperative radiation therapy. The transferred gland continued to function after the completion of radiation therapy and none of the patients developed xerostomia. The purpose of this article is to present the technique of submandibular gland transfer in detail and to evaluate the postoperative survival and function of the transferred submandibular glands.Design Prospective clinical trial.Methods The submandibular gland was transferred on eligible patients as part of their surgical intervention. The patients were followed clinically, with salivary flow and radioisotope studies.Results We performed the surgical transfer of the submandibular salivary gland in 24 of 25 patients placed on the protocol. All the glands survived transfer and functioned well postoperatively as demonstrated on the salivary flow and the radioisotope studies. The surgical transfer was relatively simple and added 45 minutes to the surgical procedure. There were no complications attributed to the submandibular gland transfer.Conclusions We have successfully demonstrated that the submandibular gland can be surgically transferred to the submental space with its function preserved. The gland seems to continue functioning even after radiation therapy with the appropriate shielding. This surgical transfer procedure has the potential to change the way we currently manage patients with head and neck cancer.
Technetium 99m Single Positron Emission Computed Tomography Scanning for Assessing Mandible Invasion in Oral Cavity Cancer
Authors: Imola Mario J. , Gapany Markus , Grund Frank , Djalilian Hamid , Fehling Sharon , Adams George 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives To study the accuracy of single positron emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning and compare its results to clinical examination, Panorex, and computed tomography (CT) scanning with respect to determining mandibular invasion by oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer, and to define the role of SPECT scanning in the preoperative assessment of oromandibular cancer.Study Design Prospective study of 38 patients who underwent technetium 99m SPECT scanning as part of their preoperative clinical assessment for cancer at risk of invading the mandible. All patients underwent partial or segmental mandibulectomy as part of their surgical management.Methods A data protocol was used to tabulate patient demographics, tumor characteristics and results of preoperative tests as patients were enrolled into the study. Following surgical treatment, these data were correlated with histopathological findings. Detailed analysis was performed to assess the tabulated data.Results The SPECT scanning demonstrated an 87% overall accuracy in predicting bone invasion compared with 71% for clinical examination, CT scanning, and Panorex x‐rays. The SPECT scanning was significantly more sensitive (95%) than either CT scans (55%) or Panorex x‐rays (50%). Notably SPECT scanning demonstrated a considerable improvement in specificity (72%) compared with conventional radionuclide scanning. Although not as specific as CT scanning or plain films, SPECT scanning was significantly more effective in ruling out disease than was clinical examination.Conclusions Preoperative SPECT scanning used in combination with clinical examination, CT scanning, and Panorex x‐rays to assess patients at risk for mandible involvement by oral cavity cancer can improve the accuracy of predicting bone invasion and help in appropriate treatment planning so as to safely reduce the proportion of disease‐free jaws resected.
Pretreatment With Portal Venous Ultraviolet B Irradiated Donor Alloantigen Promotes Donor‐Specific Tolerance to Rat Nerve Allografts
Authors: Genden Eric M. , Mackinnon Susan E. , Yu Samuel , Hunter Daniel A. , Flye M. Wayne 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective To determine if a single intraportal inoculation of ultraviolet B‐irradiated (UVB) donor splenocytes can prevent nerve allograft rejection and confer donor‐specific immunotolerance to rat nerve allograft segments.Methods Age‐matched, class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mismatched Buffalo (RT1b) rats were transplanted with a syngeneic nerve isograft, a Lewis (RT1l) nerve allograft, or a Brown‐Norway (RT1n) rat nerve allograft segment. Control Buffalo rats in group I received a 3.0‐cm Lewis (RT11) sciatic‐posterior tibial interposition nerve allograft without pretreatment;group II Buffalo rats received a syngeneic Buffalo nerve isograft without pretreatment. Group III Buffalo recipients were inoculated with 2.5 × 107 UVB‐irradiated Lewis donor splenocyte cells by portal venous administration 7 days before transplantation with a 3.0‐cm sciatic‐posterior tibial nerve allograft from a Lewis (RT11) or a third party Brown‐Norway rat (RT1n) donor (group IV). Nerve graft regeneration was assessed with walking track analysis, nerve conduction studies, retrograde neural tracing, nerve graft histology, and morphometry. Recipient immune tolerance was assessed through in vitro immunological assessment.Results Pretreatment with UVB‐irradiated donor splenocytes 7 days before transplantation prevented nerve allograft rejection. Pretreated animals receiving a nerve allograft recovered limb function, and demonstrated morphological, histological, and electrophysiologic parameters of nerve regeneration similar to that measured in rats receiving a nerve isograft. In vitro immunological assessment by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assay, limiting dilution analysis (LDA) of helper (pTH) and cytotoxic (pCTL) precursor frequencies, and IL‐2 production demonstrated a marked donor‐specific suppression in allografted animals pretreated with intraportal UVB‐irradiated donor splenocytes. These assessments correlated with indefinite acceptance of donor nerve allografts.Conclusions A single pretreatment with a single intraportal dose of UVB‐modified donor antigen specifically induces tolerance to peripheral nerve allografts in rats.
The Expression of Apoptosis‐Related Proteins in the Aged Cochlea of Mongolian Gerbils
Authors: Alam Shaheen Ara , Oshima Takeshi , Suzuki Masaaki , Kawase Tetsuaki , Takasaka Tomonori , Ikeda Katsuhisa 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective Apoptotic changes have been reported in the aged gerbil cochlea and are speculated to be one of the principal causes of presbyacusis. The objective of the study was to determine the underlying mechanism of apoptotic change in the aged gerbil cochlea.Study Design Prospective controlled animal study.Methods We examined the tissue distribution of bcl‐2, bax, caspase‐3p20, and caspase‐3p32 using immunohistochemical techniques in the young and aged gerbil cochlea, together with the measurement of the distortion product of otoacoustic emission (DPOAE).Results Aged gerbils showed a significant reduction of the DPOAE amplitude as compared with that of the young gerbils, suggesting a disturbance of the auditory function in the aged cochlea. There was a significant decrease in the number of bcl‐2–positive cells in the aged gerbils. The expression of bax in the aged group was slightly increased but did not significantly differ from that in the young gerbils. A significantly increased number of caspase‐3p20–positive cells was observed in the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion, and lateral wall of cochlea in the aged gerbils as compared with those of the young gerbils. There was no significant difference in the expression levels of caspase‐3p32 between the young and aged groups. In the aged cochlea, the degree of deterioration of DPOAE responses was compatible with those of both the reduction of bcl‐2 and the activation of caspase‐3p20.Conclusion These data suggest that the suppression of bcl‐2 protein expression may lead to apoptosis‐induced presbyacusis through activation of caspase‐3 in the aged gerbil cochlea.
Expression of p75NTR and Its Associated Protein NADE in the Rat Cochlea
Authors: Sano Hajime , Mukai Jun , Monoo Katsumi , Close Lanny G. , Sato Taka‐Aki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis To investigate the expression of the low‐affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) and its associated protein NADE in the cochlea of the developing and the adult rat. Studies such as this one will help to predict the functional role of p75NTR and NADE in cochlear development.Study Design Histochemical evaluation of p75NTR and NADE in the rat cochlea was performed.Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was used to localize p75NTR and NADE in the rat cochlea at postnatal (PN) days PN0, PN2, PN4, PN6, PN8, PN10, and PN13 and in the adult. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to analyze whole‐mount specimens.Results Immunoreactivity of both p75NTR and NADE was observed in pillar cells. However, these proteins displayed reciprocal expression patterns. Expression of p75NTR was detected at PN0 and PN2, but disappeared after PN4. In contrast, NADE expression was initially detected at PN2 and persisted into adulthood.Conclusions The neurotrophin receptor p75NTR and NADE have distinct and independent roles in developing and mature cochlea.
Unilateral or Localized Reinke's Edema (Pseudocyst) as a Manifestation of Vocal Fold Paresis: The Paresis Podule
Authors: Koufman James A. , Belafsky Peter C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground The nosology of free‐edge vocal fold lesions remains imprecise. In particular, the lesion termed pseudocyst remains enigmatic, because its histology is poorly defined and because its etiology is unknown. We define pseudocyst as a discrete, unilateral, localized area of Reinke's edema (without a capsule), usually occurring at the midportion of the free‐edge striking zone.Objective To report the demographic and clinical findings, as well as discuss our diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, in patients with unilateral Reinke's edema or pseudocyst.Methodology All patients diagnosed with unilateral Reinke's edema or pseudocyst over a 2‐year period (1998–1999) were identified from the clinical database of the Center for Voice Disorders of Wake Forest University, Winston‐Salem, North Carolina. The record of each patient was retrospectively reviewed.Results Thirteen patients were identified, 12 of whom were female. The mean age was 36 years. Sixty‐nine percent (9 of 13) had unilateral pseudocyst and 31% (4 of 13) had unilateral Reinke's edema. All patients had documented vocal fold paresis on laryngeal electromyography. The 9 patients with pseudocyst underwent excision of their lesions; 7 had bilateral medialization laryngoplasties, 1 had lipoinjection, and 3 did not have surgical intervention. Significant improvement was noted postoperatively on a self‐administered glottal insufficiency (symptom) index (P <.001).Conclusion Unilateral Reinke's edema and localized Reinke's edema (pseudocyst) are distinct clinical entities, occurring most frequently in women in their fourth decade. The finding of unilateral Reinke's edema or pseudocyst should alert the clinician to the likelihood of vocal cord paresis. Surgical intervention with medialization laryngoplasty appears to be beneficial.
Classification of Cilio‐Inhibiting Effects of Nasal Drugs
Authors: Merkus Paul , Romeijn Stefan G. , Verhoef J. Coos , Merkus Frans W. H. M. , Schouwenburg Paul F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis Nasal drug formulations are widely used for a local therapeutic effect, but are also used for systemic drug delivery. In the development of new nasal drugs, the toxic effects on the mucociliary clearance and therefore on the ciliated tissue is of importance. In this study, the effect of nasal drugs and their excipients on the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is investigated.Study Design Experimental, in vitro.Methods CBF is measured by a photograph–electric registration method. Excised ciliated chicken trachea tissue is incubated for 15 minutes in the formulation, followed by a reversibility test. To estimate the ciliostatic potential, a classification is given of all tested formulations. According to the CBF, after 60 minutes every drug or excipient could be classified as follows:cilio‐friendly: after 60 minutes the CBF has regained 75% or more of its initial frequency;cilio‐inhibiting: after 60 minutes the CBF has regained between 25% and 75% of its initial frequency; or ciliostatic: after 60 minutes the CBF has regained 25% or less of its initial frequency.Results Most formulations used are cilio‐friendly or cilio‐inhibiting. Only some are ciliostatic. Preservatives have a major role in the cilio‐inhibiting effect of the drug. Also, other additives can contribute to the toxicity profile of nasal drug formulations.Conclusion This classification of the cilio‐inhibiting potential of nasal drug formulations is a valuable tool in the design of safe nasal drugs. The number of animal studies in vivo can be reduced substantially by using this in vitro screening technique. This study demonstrates that the effect on ciliary movement of most drug formulations is due to the preservatives and/or additives and mostly not to the drug itself.
Differentiation of Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Skull Base Osteoradionecrosis by Epstein‐Barr Virus‐Derived Latent Membrane Protein‐1 Gene
Authors: Hao Sheng‐Po , Tsang Ngan‐Ming , Chang Kai‐Ping 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives In patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the differentiation between recurrent primary cancer and osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is clinically difficult. Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐derived latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) has been demonstrated to be highly associated with NPC. The objective of this study is to define the role of the LMP‐1 gene in the differential diagnosis of recurrent NPC and ORN.Study Design Prospective.Methods From July 1998 to June 2000, 15 postirradiated patients with NPC who were initially diagnosed to have skull base ORN underwent endoscopic sequestrectomy. The sequestra were examined for the presence of the LMP‐1 gene and cancer.Results Two of 15 patients had recurrent cancer and only these two patients demonstrated a positive LMP‐1 gene in their surgically removed sequestra. The presence of the LMP‐1 gene in the sequestrum coincided with biopsy‐proven local recurrence.Conclusions The LMP‐1 gene is a potential marker to differentiate between recurrent NPC and ORN. The presence of the LMP‐1 gene in patients with ORN may indicate local recurrence.