bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on the eating quality of rice
Authors: Terao Tomio , Miura Shu , Yanagihara Tetsuji , Hirose Tatsuro , Nagata Kenji , Tabuchi Hiroaki , Kim Han‐Yong , Lieffering Mark , Okada Masumi , Kobayashi Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRice plants (Oryza sativa L cv Akitakomachi) were grown under free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) in farmers' fields in Shizukuishi, Iwate, Japan during 1999 and 2000. The grains were harvested and subsequently analyzed for protein and amylose contents as well as the traits related to cooked‐rice viscosity. The cooked rice was also subjected to sensory evaluation. The protein content of rice grains grown under elevated CO2 was significantly lower than that of rice grown under ambient conditions. In addition, CO2 enrichment increased the whiteness of the grains in both brown and milled rice and reduced their surface hardness. Although the amylose content of rice grains was unaffected, starch pasting properties demonstrated that rice grains in elevated CO2 had higher maximum viscosity and breakdown than those grown in ambient conditions. Sensory evaluation of cooked rice with respect to umami (deliciousness), appearance, aroma, hardness, stickiness and overall palatability index indicated that the sensory properties were not significantly altered by the CO2 enrichment treatment. Therefore, we conclude that the growth of the rice cultivar Akitakomachi under elevated CO2 concentration decreased the protein content, but did not change the palatability to a level that may be detected by sensory taste panel evaluation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical and biological modification of cynaropicrin and grosheimin: a structure–bitterness relationship study
Authors: Cravotto Giancarlo , Nano Gian Mario , Binello Arianna , Spagliardi Paola , Seu Gianfranco 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis work is part of a plan to investigate the structure–bitterness relationship in sesquiterpene lactones of dietary origin. The major guaianolides from artichoke (Cynara scolimus L) were chosen for this study because of their exceedingly bitter taste and well‐proven safety at concentrations currently employed in alcoholic beverages. Moreover they are available from horticultural left‐overs and amenable to a wide range of chemical modifications. We isolated cynaropicrin and grosheimin from artichoke leaves and used either chemical modification or bioconversion by basidiomycetes to prepare a number of derivatives which were submitted to a panel test for sensory evaluation. Bitterness variations appeared to be related to changes in molecule polarity. Bitter taste was markedly abated by either the loss of exomethylenes or the opening of the lactone ring. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro fermentation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of fresh forage, silage and hay of Avena sativa
Authors: Calabrò Serena , Cutrignelli Monica I , Bovera Fulvia , Piccolo Giovanni , Infascelli Federico 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of preservation methods on the fermentation kinetics of carbohydrate fractions of fresh forage, hay and silage of oats, which have been harvested at the milky stage of grain ripening. Samples of unfractionated forage (WF), residue insoluble in 90% ethanol (EIR) and isolated neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were fermented in vitro and the gas production was monitored. To obtain the gas production and fermentation kinetics of the ethanol‐soluble fraction (A fraction) the gas produced from the EIR fermentation was subtracted from the WF gas at each time point. The same approach was used to obtain the gas production and fermentation kinetics of the fraction insoluble in 90% ethanol but soluble in neutral detergent solution (B1 fraction), by subtracting the isolated NDF gas curve from the corresponding EIR curve. The fractional maximum rate of gas production (RM) was lower for both preserved forages (p < 0.01 for silage; p < 0.05 for hay) than for fresh forage. Ensiling did not change the size of the A fraction but reduced by 40% its RM (p < 0.01) compared with fresh forage. The potential gas production from the B1 fraction and its RM were reduced by 19% (p < 0.01) and 44% (p < 0.05), respectively. RM of both A and B1 fractions was the same for hay and fresh forage. The curve subtraction technique may be used to obtain an estimation of the rate for neutral detergent‐soluble fractions and to determine changes due to ensiling and haymaking on the rate of gas produced. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical and biochemical changes of pumpkin (Cucumis moschata, Duch) tissue in relation to osmotic stress
Authors: de Escalada Pla Marina F , Ponce Nora M , Wider María E , Stortz Carlos A , Rojas Ana M , Gerschenson Lía N 
Published: May 2005

AbstractChemical and biochemical changes of pumpkin (Cucumis moschata, Duch) tissue in relation to osmotic stress were studied and related to tissue textural behavior. Turgor pressure of raw tissue was adjusted by immersion in hypotonic (0.0 mol m−3), isotonic (250 mol m−3) and plasmolyzing (1050 mol m−3) buffered (20 mol m−3 potassium phosphate, pH 6.8) solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG). It was found that a substantial proportion of polysaccharides located in the cell wall (CW)–middle lamellae (ML) of studied tissue was water extractable. This proportion decreased when CW‐stretch increased. Ionically bound peroxidase (POX) presented an increased activity in swollen and isotonic tissue, probably associated to oxidative cross‐linking of extensin located in the CW of this tissue, as a response to stress promoted by cut, immersion and turgor pressure change. The resistance of CW to elongation when equilibrated in hypotonic medium, might be ascribed to reinforcement of the CW by the oxidative cross‐linking of extensin, with simultaneous formation of pectin‐in‐extensin entanglements. Plasmolyzed tissue where CW is relaxed, showed pectin–rhamnogalacturonan degradation. The water‐soluble fraction (WSF) was shown to be a negative function of CW stretching and infinite force of relaxation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of slope exposure, altitude and yield on coffee quality in two altitude terroirs of Costa Rica, Orosi and Santa María de Dota
Authors: Avelino Jacques , Barboza Bernardo , Araya Juan Carlos , Fonseca Carlos , Davrieux Fabrice , Guyot Bernard , Cilas Christian 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis study assessed the effects of slope exposure, altitude and yield on several cup quality criteria of coffees from two altitude terroirs of Costa Rica, Orosi (between 1020 and 1250 m above sea level) and Santa María de Dota (between 1550 and 1780 m above sea level). East‐facing slopes gave beverages with generally superior attributes, probably owing to better exposure to morning sunlight. These beverages were mainly more acid: at Orosi an acidity score of 2.73 out of 5 was obtained (3.64 for Santa María de Dota) for eastern exposures, as opposed to 2.36 on average (3.28 for Santa María de Dota) for other exposures. In addition, a positive relation was found between altitude and taster preferences in both terroirs. A negative relation was also found between yield and beverage acidity at Santa María de Dota, where some coffee trees produced up to 13 kg of coffee cherry. Coffees from Orosi were characterised by a floral flavour, which depended on slope exposure, whilst coffees from Santa María de Dota displayed a chocolate taste, which was more marked at high altitude. In both terroirs the caffeine, trigonelline, fat, sucrose and chlorogenic acid contents were not well correlated with the sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Robust capacity planning in semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Barahona Francisco , Bermon Stuart , Günlük Oktay , Hood Sarah 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe present a stochastic programming approach to capacity planning under demand uncertainty in semiconductor manufacturing. Given multiple demand scenarios together with associated probabilities, our aim is to identify a set of tools that is a good compromise for all these scenarios. More precisely, we formulate a mixed‐integer program in which expected value of the unmet demand is minimized subject to capacity and budget constraints. This is a difficult two‐stage stochastic mixed‐integer program which cannot be solved to optimality in a reasonable amount of time. We instead propose a heuristic that can produce near‐optimal solutions. Our heuristic strengthens the linear programming relaxation of the formulation with cutting planes and performs limited enumeration. Analyses of the results in some real‐life situations are also presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Algebraic multigrid and algebraic multilevel methods: a theoretical comparison
Authors: Notay Y. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe consider algebraic methods of the two‐level type for the iterative solution of large sparse linear systems. We assume that a fine/coarse partitioning and an algebraic interpolation have been defined in one way or another, and review different schemes that may be built with these ingredients. This includes algebraic multigrid (AMG) schemes, two‐level approximate block factorizations, and several methods that exploit generalized hierarchical bases. We develop their theoretical analysis in a unified way, gathering some known results, rewriting some other and stating some new. This includes lower bounds, that is, we do not only investigate sufficient conditions of convergence, but also look at necessary conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superlinear convergence in minimum residual iterations
Authors: Kaporin I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe superlinear convergence of minimum residual‐type methods for solving systems of linear equations with diagonalizable non‐singular unsymmetric matrix is estimated using a special conditioning measure. For the construction of the latter, the distance from the spectrum of the matrix to the origin and the Frobenius distance between the matrix and the identity is used. Asymptotical exactness of the presented result is discussed theoretically and illustrated numerically. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐level multigrid analysis for the convection–diffusion equation discretized by a discontinuous Galerkin method
Authors: van Raalte M. H. , Hemker P. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we study a multigrid (MG) method for the solution of a linear one‐dimensional convection–diffusion equation that is discretized by a discontinuous Galerkin method. In particular we study the convection‐dominated case when the perturbation parameter, i.e. the inverse cell‐Reynolds‐number, is smaller than the finest mesh size.We show that, if the diffusion term is discretized by the non‐symmetric interior penalty method (NIPG) with feasible penalty term, multigrid is sufficient to solve the convection–diffusion or the convection‐dominated equation. Then, independent of the mesh‐size, simple MG cycles with symmetric Gauss–Seidel smoothing give an error reduction factor of 0.2–0.3 per iteration sweep.Without penalty term, for the Baumann–Oden (BO) method we find that only a robust (i.e. cell‐Reynolds‐number uniform) two‐level error‐reduction factor (0.4) is found if the point‐wise block‐Jacobi smoother is used. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical time schemes for an ocean‐related system of PDEs
Authors: Petcu M. , Rousseau A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this article we consider a system of equations related to the δ‐primitive equations of the ocean and the atmosphere, linearized around a stratified flow, and we supplement the equations with transparent boundary conditions. We study the stability of different numerical schemes and we show that for each case, letting the vertical viscosity δ go to 0, the stability conditions are the same as the classical CFL conditions for the transport equation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Kinetics of solvent responsiveness in poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels of different morphology
Authors: Pastoriza Alejandra , Pacios Isabel E , Piérola Inés F 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCrosslinked poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) hydrogel samples were synthesized with various total comonomer concentrations and crosslinker ratios in the reacting mixture, and at two different temperatures: room temperature and the boiling point of the reacting mixture, about 80 °C. During gelation of samples prepared at the higher temperature, the bubbles of the boiling system were trapped in positions homogeneously distributed, and post‐gel reactions fixed them. These samples were macroporous, showing about three times the swelling capacity of conventional hydrogels synthesized at room temperature with the same composition. Both types of hydrogel swollen at equilibrium in water deswelled exponentially with time when they were immersed in acetone or dioxane. The rate of shrinking was higher for macroporous than for conventional samples and it was smaller in dioxane, the solvent with higher viscosity (η), although there was no proportionality to the solvent fluidity, η−1. The morphology, which was in the scale of micrometres (as revealed by scanning electron microscopy), played a minor role in the shrinking rates of both types of gels. The excess swelling and the faster solvent response of macroporous gels were ascribed to the store and draining capacity of macropores at the millimetre scale. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of a novel quaternary ammonium tetraphenylborate salt and its use for photo‐induced thermal curing of epoxides and radical polymerization of acrylates
Authors: Yu Xueya , Chen Jia , Yang Jianwen , Zeng Zhaohua , Chen Yonglie 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA novel photoinitiator, quaternary ammonium tetraphenylborate salt bearing 4‐(4′‐benzoylphenyl)‐acetophenone (BPPAPG), has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis 1H NMR and IR. The photochemistry and photophysics of BPPAPG were investigated by UV spectroscopy. The formation of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane in the photolysis of BPPAPG was ascertained by mass spectrometry. The photoinitiation reactivity of BPPAPG was studied and the results showed that it possessed two sorts of initiation properties, ie thermal curing of the epoxy resin EPON827 and free radical polymerization of acrylates such as trimethylolpropane triacrylate. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of Clar's aromatic π‐sextet rule by means of PDI, NICS and HOMA indicators of local aromaticity
Authors: Portella Guillem , Poater Jordi , Solà Miquel 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe local aromaticity of a series of benzenoid systems was determined through the use of structurally (HOMA) and magnetically (NICS) based measures, and also by using a new electronically based indicator of aromaticity, thepara‐delocalization index (PDI). The results were compared with the predictions of Clar's aromatic π‐sextet rule. It is found that, for all analyzed benzenoid hydrocarbons having a single Clar structure, local aromaticity orderings of the different six‐membered rings given by all descriptors of aromaticity tested are identical and in agreement with Clar's aromatic π‐sextet rule. For benzenoid species that are described by a superposition of Clar structures, HOMA and PDI indices provide local aromaticity values that are totally consistent with Clar's rule, whereas NICS results deviate somewhat from the estimations based on this model. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chain
Authors: Cui Mengzhong , Li Zhuyun , Xi Jingyu , Zheng Sixun , Tang Xiaozhen 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA synthetic route to polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chain (PSEMH) is reported that allows access to hitherto inaccessible oxygen‐interrupt polysilanes. By a Wurtz reductive coupling reaction, an equimolar ratio of dichloromethylsilane to alkali metal yields dichlorodisilane. The alcoholysis of Wurtz coupling resultants is in situ performed, and the polycondensation of hydrolysis occurs simultaneously in the presence of a small amount of N,N‐(dimethylamino)pyridine. The linear polymer is monomodal PSEMH with molecular weights as high as 24,900. The ultraviolet absorption at 292 nm is due to the interactions of the σ(SiSi) orbital electron delocalization and the pπ(O)–σ*π(SiO) delocalization along the (SiSiO)n skeleton. It is redshifted in comparison with those of permethyl polysilaethers analogues and blueshifted in comparison with those of poly(dialkylsilane)s. The fluorescence emissions of the polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chain are in a narrow range of 300–400 nm. SiH bonds in polysilaethers play an important role in hydrosilylation reactions. The polysilaethers containing moiety SiH bonds in the side chains can be used as the starting point for further functionalization via hydrosilylation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2476–2482, 2005
Octa(maleimido phenyl) silsesquioxane copolymers
Authors: Krishnan P. Santhana Gopala , He Chaobin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOcta(maleimido phenyl) silsesquioxane (OMPS) was prepared from octa(aminophenyl) silsesquioxane (OAPS) and maleic anhydride. Initially, octaphenyl silsesquioxane was prepared, and it was nitrated to obtain octa(nitrophenyl) silsesquioxane; subsequently, reduction was carried out to obtain OAPS. These compounds were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Differential scanning calorimetry scans of OMPS showed an exotherm above 100 °C, and it was attributed to the curing. The peak maximum temperature depended on the heating rate. Both Ozawa's and Kissinger's methods were used to determine the activation energy for the curing reaction, which was approximately 29 kcal/mol. OMPS was copolymerized with various molar percentages of (1) N,N′‐p‐phenylenedimaleimide (PPMI) and (2) urethane methacrylate (UMA) by thermal and free‐radical polymerization, respectively. The copolymers were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, dielectric analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. In the PPMI and UMA copolymer series, the glass‐transition temperature increased with an increase in the OMPS concentration. The permittivity of the UMA copolymers decreased and tan δ increased with an increase in the OMPS concentration. In air and nitrogen atmospheres, the thermal stability of the PPMI and UMA copolymers increased with an increase in the OMPS concentration. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2483–2494, 2005
Synthesis of a highly transparent poly(o‐hydroxyamide) in the i‐line region and its application to photosensitive polymers
Authors: Toyokawa Fumihiro , Fukukawa Ken‐Ichi , Shibasaki Yuji , Ando Shinji , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA novel poly(σ‐hydroxyamide) (PHA) based photosensitive polymer that exhibits high transparency at 365 nm wavelength (i‐line) has been developed. Time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations using the B3LYP hybrid functional were performed to predict the transparencies of various hydroxyamides in the i‐line region. Based on the calculations, 4,4′‐sulfonylbis(σ‐aminophenol) (SAP) was prepared and polymerized with 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoyl chloride) (OBBC), and the resulting PHA, which is abbreviated as PHA‐S, showed a high transparency comparable to that of PHA derived from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(σ‐aminophenol). Positive‐type photosensitive PHA was then formulated based on PHA‐S with a crosslinker 1,3,5‐tris[(2‐vinyloxy)ethoxy]benzene (TVEB) and a photoacid generator (5‐propylsulfonyloxyimino‐5H‐thiophen‐2‐ylidene)‐2‐(methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) (17:3:1 in weight ratio), and demonstrated photosensitivity and contrast of 14 mJ/cm2 and 2.7, respectively, when the resist film was prebaked at 120 °C for 5 min, irradiated by i‐line, post exposure baked at 120 °C for 5 min, developed with an 2.38 wt% TMAH solution for 5 s. A clear positive image featuring 10‐μm line‐and‐space was also printed in a film which was exposed to 50 mJ/cm2 of i‐line by contact‐printing. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2527–2535, 2005
Effects of Electrode Positioning on the Atmospheric‐Pressure DBD Plasma Torch
Authors: Kuwabara Atsushi , Kuroda Shin‐ichi , Kubota Hitoshi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: Various positions of electrodes were examined for a double cylindrical barrier discharge plasma torch with a pulse‐modulated power source. It was found that a stable He plasma jet was generated when the inner electrode was earthed and withdrawn back into the outer electrode. The plasma jet could oxidize a polystyrene film surface and a greater effect was achieved when the film was treated in the plasma jet rather than in the afterglow region.Effect of applied voltage and He gas‐flow rate on plasma jet length.magnified imageEffect of applied voltage and He gas‐flow rate on plasma jet length.
Acoustic arousal responses in children with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Moreira Gustavo A. , Tufik Sergio , Nery Luiz E. , Lutz Janita , Verfaille Karen , Luan Xianqun , Marcus Carole L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOur objectives were to study the arousal responses to nonrespiratory (acoustic) stimuli in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The acoustic arousal response was studied in children with OSAS due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy compared to normal, age‐matched children. Acoustic stimuli were delivered incrementally from 30–100 dB during stage 2, slow wave sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The percentage of children who aroused in response to acoustic stimuli, and the arousal threshold (i.e., sound level at which arousal occurred), were compared between groups and sleep stages. The percentage of children who aroused was similar between children with OSAS and controls. The percentage of children who aroused was lower during slow wave sleep than REM sleep and stage 2 in both OSAS and controls. There were no statistically significant differences in acoustic arousal threshold between OSAS and control children. There was no difference in arousal response to moderate acoustic stimulation between children with OSAS and controls. These results contrast with previous data showing blunted arousal responses to hypercapnia and upper airway loading during sleep in children with OSAS, suggesting that children with OSAS have an arousal deficit specific to respiratory stimuli. However, further studies evaluating arousal to both respiratory and nonrespiratory stimuli in the same subjects are needed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.