bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyaniline thin film optical waveguides for integrated optics and VLSI prepared by vacuum evaporation technique
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Raghuvanshi M. S. , Bhavsar S. V. , Patil A. R. , Misra S. C. K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolyaniline is emerging as an important polymer material which offers challenging opportunities for both fundamental research and new technological applications in waveguides. Metal doped polyaniline has been prepared initially in the form of powder by a solution growth technique. The emeraldine salt with doped metal was also prepared by solution growth technique. This powder was used for vacuum evaporation on optically flat glass substrate. The dark green doped (Fe, Al) polyaniline thin films were prepared by vacuum evaporation technique (10−4 torr). Deposited waveguide thin films have been characterized structurally, using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optically etc. Effective refractive index of the thin film waveguide was also calculated theoretically and experimentally. Waveguide parameters, namely refractive index, propagation loss and depth of vacuum deposited polyaniline thin films optical waveguide have been determined. The optical spectra and structure and waveguide parameters of vacuum deposited polyaniline thin films are strongly affected by the type of doping. It is possible to reduce the losses by addition of Fe to the vacuum deposited polyanine thin film and modify the effective refractive index (Oeff) according to particular requirements. Results are compared with the results in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of heterozygosity and allelic imbalance in apocrine metaplasia of the breast: microdissection microsatellite analysis
Authors: Selim Abdel‐Ghani A. , Ryan Andy , El‐Ayat Ghada , Wells Clive A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLoss of heterozygosity (LOH) and allelic imbalance (AI) at loci reported to show allele loss and/or imbalance in preinvasive and invasive breast cancer were examined in 41 cases of apocrine metaplasia (APM) of the breast using a microdissection technique, polymorphic microsatellite markers, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Occasional examples of LOH and/or AI were identified in 2/28 (7.1%) informative cases at 1p (MYCL1), 2/14 (14.3%) at 11q (INT2), 1/15 (6.7%) at 13q (D13S267), 3/22 (13.6%) at 16q (D16S539), 2/23 (8.7%) at 17p (TP53), and 1/11 (9.1%) at 17p (D17S513) and 3/16 (18.8%) at 17q (D17S250). The finding of LOH/AI in cases of APM indicates that a subset of APM appears clonal, but the significance of allelic loss or imbalance in the pathogenesis of APM or its possible subsequent progression to carcinoma is not yet clear and requires further investigation. Clinical follow‐up of these particular cases of APM showing LOH/AI would be of further value. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitotic counts provide additional prognostic information in grade II mammary carcinoma
Authors: Lynch J. , Pattekar R. , Barnes D. M. , Hanby A. M. , Camplejohn R. S. , Ryder K. , Gillett C. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe ability to predict how long a patient diagnosed with breast cancer is likely to survive is still imprecise, despite numerous studies which have identified potential prognostic markers. The ‘established’ markers such as nodal status, tumour size, and histological grade have been used for many years and certainly provide some degree of accuracy upon which treatment can be based. However, women with similar prognostic features can vary significantly in their outcome and very few of the newly identified markers provide information that is sufficiently useful to warrant the time and expense spent on their evaluation. In a cohort of 145 women, an assessment has been made of whether knowledge of the proliferative activity of grade II infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas can improve the accuracy of predicting clinical outcome for individual patients. Use of the mitotic count (MC), which was assessed as part of the grading system, enabled patients to be stratified into ‘good’ and ‘bad’ prognostic groups. The measurement of S‐phase fraction using flow cytometry gave a similar result, but has the disadvantage that the technique requires specialized equipment. The evaluation of Ki‐67 expression using immunohistochemistry was of no additional prognostic value in this defined group. It is proposed that MC, used once to establish grade, could be used again amongst the grade II tumours to improve the accuracy of prognosis and thus influence treatment strategies with minimal additional effort or expense. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of activated matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) as the main gelatinolytic enzyme in malignant melanoma by in situ zymography
Authors: Kurschat Peter , Wickenhauser Claudia , Groth Wolfgang , Krieg Thomas , Mauch Cornelia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe involvement of extracellular matrix‐degrading enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteases, during tumour progression and metastasis is well established. In particular, the activation of pro‐matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 on the surface of malignant cells by membrane‐bound MT1‐MMP has been shown to contribute to the invasive abilities of various tumours. This study presents evidence that in tissue of malignant melanomas, increased effective gelatinolytic activity is mainly located at sites where melanoma cells interact with the surrounding extracellular matrix. Forty‐one primary melanomas (30 superficial spreading and 11 nodular type) and six lymph node metastases were investigated by a modified technique of gelatin in situ zymography. This technique localizes areas of effective proteolytic activity within tissue sections. In 28/41 (68%) primary melanomas and in 6/6 (100%) metastases, considerable proteolysis was detected at the invading part of the tumour and especially at sites of tumour–stroma interactions, whereas no or only weak proteolytic activity was localized within the centres of solid nests of tumour cells. Zymographic analysis of extracts obtained from different areas of microdissected melanoma specimens identified activated MMP‐2 as the enzyme responsible for this activity. Immunohistochemical analysis detected strong staining for MMP‐2 and MT1‐MMP, even in areas in which no proteolytic activity was found by in situ zymography, emphasizing the importance of more functional techniques for the investigation of balanced proteolytic systems. This technology makes it possible to draw conclusions regarding the balance between activated proteases and inhibitors, which are frequently found to be present together in close proximity in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclin D1 overexpression in colorectal carcinoma in vivo is dependent on β‐catenin protein dysregulation, but not k‐ras mutation
Authors: Wong N. A. C. S. , Morris R. G. , McCondochie A. , Bader S. , Jodrell D. I. , Harrison D. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCyclin D1 protein overexpression is commonly found in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and is associated with a poorer prognosis, but the mechanism underlying overexpression remains uncertain. Both dysregulation of β‐catenin protein expression and k‐ras mutation have recently been shown to promote cyclin D1 expression in human in vitro and rodent in vivo studies. In this study, 53 sporadic CRCs were examined by immunohistochemistry for cyclin D1 and β‐catenin protein expression, and with PCR and direct DNA sequencing for k‐ras gene status. The study also addressed whether cyclin D1 overexpression might associate with poorer prognosis because of a relationship with poorer response to 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) chemotherapy. Cyclin D1 overexpression was demonstrated in 34/53 (64%) CRCs, was significantly associated with higher Dukes' stage, and was particularly prominent at the invasive edges of carcinomas. Furthermore, cyclin D1 overexpression was always and only seen in association with nuclear expression of β‐catenin. There were no significant associations between cyclin D1 overexpression and k‐ras mutation or response to 5FU. Amongst 17 microsatellite unstable CRCs, a smaller proportion of tumours showed cyclin D1 overexpression (18%), but again cyclin D1 overexpression was only seen in cases showing nuclear β‐catenin expression. In conclusion, β‐catenin protein dysregulation, but not k‐ras mutation, appears to be required for cyclin D1 overexpression in colorectal carcinoma in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
iNOS gene upregulation is associated with the early proliferative response of human lung fibroblasts to cytokine stimulation
Authors: Romanska Hanna M. , Polak Julia M. , Coleman Robert A. , James Rowena S. , Harmer Daniel W. , Allen Jennifer C. , Bishop Anne E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIncreased release of oxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Previous work in the rat showed that formation of the early fibrotic lesion is associated with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pulmonary fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that NO is involved in the activation of pulmonary fibroblasts. The effects of endogenous and exogenous NO on proliferation of human pulmonary fibroblasts were investigated by administration of cytomix or SNAP, respectively. At low concentrations, both treatments increased cell numbers, an effect attenuated by iNOS inhibitor or NO scavenger. Induction of iNOS was confirmed by measurement of nitrate/nitrite production and by immunodetection. Quantitative RT‐PCR showed an increase in iNOS mRNA as early as 3 h after stimulation. These results support the hypothesis and show that upregulation of the iNOS gene is an early event in the proliferative response of human lung fibroblasts to inflammatory stimuli. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allelic imbalance in the diagnosis of benign, atypical and malignant Spitz tumours
Authors: van Dijk Marcory C. R. F. , Rombout Paul D. M. , Mooi Wolter J. , M van de Molengraft Fred J. J. , van Krieken Joannes H. J. M. , Ruiter Dirk J. , Ligtenberg Marjolijn J. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo test the diagnostic usefulness of allelic imbalance (AI) analysis based on routinely paraffin‐embedded tissue, a series of 55 benign Spitz naevi, Spitz tumours with uncertain malignant potential, and malignant Spitzoid melanomas was investigated. Laser microdissection was used to ensure representative sampling of lesional cells and to investigate AI in separate tumour areas of four melanomas. AI was found in 2/12 (17%) typical Spitz naevi, 3/9 (33%) atypical Spitz tumours, 12/17 (65%) atypical Spitz tumours suspicious for melanoma and 15/17 (88%) Spitzoid melanomas. Additional immunohistochemical staining for Ki‐67 using the MIB‐1 antibody revealed positive deeply situated lesional cells in 0/6 (0%) Spitz naevi, 1/8 (13%) atypical Spitz tumours, 5/14 (35%) atypical Spitz tumours suspicious for melanoma, and 7/14 (50%) Spitzoid melanomas, respectively. Two of the melanomas examined for AI in separate tumour areas showed intratumoural genetic heterogeneity. In view of the finding of AI and deeply situated Ki‐67 positive cells not only in melanomas but also in Spitz tumours with uncertain malignant potential, these approaches appear to have no direct diagnostic applicability for the distinction between benign and malignant Spitz tumours. Further molecular studies will be required to determine whether Spitz tumours and Spitzoid melanomas are unrelated entities, or whether there is a true spectrum of tumour progression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous expression of Ku70 in human tissues is associated with morphological and functional alterations of the nucleus
Authors: Choi Eun Kyung , Lee Yeon Hee , Choi Yong Seok , Kwon Hyock Man , Choi Mi Sun , Ro Jae Y. , Park Su‐Kil , Yu Eunsil 
Published: October 2002

AbstractKu70 is a subunit of DNA–protein kinase complex and involved in diverse intranuclear events including the repair of double‐stranded DNA breaks. Ku70 is rich in the interphase nucleus of cultured cells. In human tissues, however, the distribution of Ku70 has not yet been systematically examined. To characterize the difference of Ku70 distribution between cells of human tissues and cultured cells, the expression of Ku70 was examined in various normal and neoplastic human tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. In addition, the role of Ku70 in the cellular response against ionizing radiation (IR) was analysed in fibroblasts after exposure to 5 Gy IR and apoptotic indices were examined in Ku70‐overexpressed fibroblasts from an ataxia telangiectasia patient and in normal fibroblasts, before and after irradiation. In contrast to cultured cells, Ku70 was not detected in some interphase cells of human tissues and was distributed heterogeneously, even in the same nucleus. Ku70 expression was strikingly low in terminally differentiated cells such as neutrophils, eosinophils, glomerular capillary endothelial cells and fibroblasts, and was absent in spermatids. In spermatocytes, Ku70 was tightly integrated with chromosome filaments, unlike other somatic cells under mitosis. After exposure to IR, Ku70 expression was not increased in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts, but was significantly increased in normal fibroblasts. Most of the increased Ku70 was of soluble nuclear protein fraction. Furthermore, overexpression of Ku70 increased radiation resistance both in ataxia telangiectasia fibroblasts and normal fibroblasts. The presented data indicate that the distribution of Ku70 in cells of human tissues is closely associated with the cell cycle, cellular differentiation, nuclear shape and the process of repair of DNA damage caused by IR. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of chromosomal aberrations in urinary bladder tumours and adjacent urothelium
Authors: Steidl Christian , Simon Ronald , Bürger Horst , Brinkschmidt Christian , Hertle Lothar , Böcker Werner , Terpe Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBladder cancer is often characterized by recurrent and multifocal growth, and tumours are frequently accompanied by precancerous alterations of the surrounding urothelium. These findings have led to the hypothesis that cells from areas of genetically aberrant but morphologically non‐cancerous or even unremarkable mucosa may be the source of bladder carcinomas. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed using ten probes targeting five different chromosomes that are known to be frequently altered in bladder cancer (centromere 1, 8, 9, 11, 17 and 1p36, 8p23, 9p21, 11q13, 17p13) on paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of 11 superficial bladder cancers. Copy number changes of the tumours were compared to those in the urothelium adjacent to the tumour. Eleven of 11 (100%) tumours and eight of 11 (73%) samples of adjacent urothelium showed copy number changes of at least one chromosome. The occurrence of similar patterns of chromosomal aberrations in the tumours and their associated urothelium supports the hypothesis of a clonal relationship. It is concluded that FISH analysis targeting five different chromosomes is more sensitive than conventional histology for distinguishing between neoplastic and normal cells of the urothelium. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits of monitoring blood glucose by collection of blood on filter paper strips
Authors: Birdsall T , Roland JM , Doran JF , Palmer KT 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe accuracy of blood glucose meters has been questioned and the quality control remains rudimentary. Collection of blood spots on filter paper strips allows laboratory estimations whilst maintaining the convenience of blood collection in the patient's own home.MethodPatients provide blood spots on specially prepared filter paper strips and post them to the laboratory for analysis.ResultsIn 12 months, eight of 19 pregnant diabetic patients had their meter changed because of inconsistency between meter readings and filter paper results. In six consecutive cases of discrepancy between HbA1c and home monitoring, filter paper glucose all proved higher than home monitoring results. This led to a change of meter in three cases, and of insulin regime in all cases, resulting in a mean absolute reduction in HbA1c of 1.92 % (SD 0.9, p < 0.01).Over the past two years, nine patients without diabetes have been investigated for hypoglycaemia by self‐collection of blood spots when symptomatic. In eight cases hypoglycaemia was excluded, but was confirmed in the remaining case, and an insulinoma was subsequently diagnosed and excised.ConclusionMonitoring of blood glucose levels using filter strips proved a useful tool in pregnancy management, in evaluating discrepancies between HbA1c and home monitoring results, and investigating unexpected hypoglycaemia in non‐diabetic patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journeys of a lifetime
Authors: Walker Rosemary 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper is based on the Janet Kinson Lecture, given at the Diabetes UK Annual Professional Conference 2001. The lifelong nature of living with diabetes can be likened to a journey, during which a number of events may occur and need to be dealt with. Using the analagies of ‘hijack’ (the diagnosis of diabetes), ‘breakdown’ (the need for hospital admission), and ‘refuelling and servicing’ (consultations for routine care and surveillance), the paper describes and discusses these key issues in diabetes care. The paper also discusses ‘transport policy’ (the influences of political level on the provision of diabetes care) and highlights some important issues for ‘navigators’ (diabetes specialist nurses). Finally, it suggests a new, alternative ‘transport infrastructure’ (a programme of training for diabetes health professionals). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical Diabetes International 18(9) November December 2001, page 309. ‘Attaining UKPDS management targets in type 2 diabetes’.
Authors: Woodward A , Groves T , Wallymahamed M , Wilding JP , Gill GV 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe original article: ‘Attaining UKPDS management targets in type 2 diabetes’ to which this Erratum referes was published in Practical Diabetes International 18(9) November December 2001, page 309. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural aspects of the thermally accelerated ageing of cellulose: effect of cellulose source and ageing conditions
Authors: Kato K Lisa , Cameron Ruth E 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSmall angle X‐ray scattering has been used to study the void parameters of filter paper, kraft paper and ramie after ageing in air and in vacuo at 160 °C and 120 °C. The cellulose fibres contain long thin voids oriented with their long axis roughly parallel to the fibre axis. The aged samples were observed both dry and fully hydrated. Hydration caused small voids to open up between the fibrils which compose a single fibre. The void parameters of dry cellulose remained largely unchanged on ageing, but the wet values of aged material approached those of dry. This effect was more profound the more extreme the ageing conditions. The conclusion is that high temperatures and chain scission encourage chain mobility and facilitate hydrogen bonding between the fibrils in a mechanism similar to that proposed for hornification. Conventional hornification, whereby intrafibre hydrogen bonding increases due to dehydration below a threshold value is also likely. The additional hydrogen bonding means that the fibre is less able to open small voids and absorb water after ageing.Measurements of water retention values of filter paper support the model of structure closure. Zero span and wide span tensile strengths of filter paper fall by greater amounts, the more severe the ageing conditions. The effect of chain scission evidently dominates any internal structural modifications in determining the mechanical strength of aged fibres.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Convergent and concurrent validity of two measures of phonological processing
Authors: Havey J. Michael , Story Natasha , Buker Kelsie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purposes of this study were to determine the degree to which two measures of phonological awareness/ability (Test of Phonological Awareness; Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing) correlate with each other and with a measure of reading (Letter‐Word Identification), and to determine which of the individual measures of phonological ability best predict early reading skill in kindergarten children. With one exception, all correlations among measures of phonological awareness/ability were significant. In addition, all correlations among the phonological awareness measures and the reading measure were significant. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the combination of all predictor variables accounted for approximately 51% of the variability in scores on the Woodcock Letter‐Word Identification subtest. The Phonological Awareness and the Rapid Naming composites of the CTOPP were the best predictors of performance on the measures of word identification. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing giftedness with the WISC‐III and the SB‐IV
Authors: Simpson Michael , Carone Dominic A. , Burns William J. , Seidman Traci , Montgomery Doil , Sellers Alfred 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC‐III) and the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (SB‐IV), were administered to 20 gifted children and 20 non‐gifted children to examine the extent of the difference in IQ scores obtained on the two tests and whether order effects were present. Results show that the SB‐IV Composite Score was significantly higher than the WISC‐III Full Scale IQ for both groups. However, for the gifted group, unlike the non‐gifted group, this difference achieved significance only when the SB‐IV was administered first. When either IQ test was administered to the gifted students for the first time, without the confound of a learning influence, there was no significant difference in mean scores. However, when both tests were administered, it was found that the SB‐IV influenced the WISC‐III Full Scale IQ in a downward direction whereas the WISC‐III influenced the SB‐IV Composite Score in an upward direction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specific and non‐specific solvent effects on aromatic nucleophilic substitution. Kinetics of the reaction of 1‐fluoro‐2,6‐dinitrobenzene and homopiperidine in binary solvent mixtures
Authors: Mancini P. M. , Fortunato G. , Adam C. , Vottero L. R. , Terenzani A. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a comparative study of the solvent effects on the kinetics of the reactions between 1‐fluoro‐2,6‐dinitrobenzene and hexahydro‐1H‐azepine in ethyl acetate + chloroform or acetonitrile and acetonitrile + chloroform binary solvent mixtures. The purpose was to asses the contribution of each molecular‐microscopic solvent property to the overall solvation effect of the reaction critical state. The influence of the dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen‐bond donor acidity and hydrogen‐bond acceptor basicity of the solvent mixtures on the reaction rate was analyzed by the application of the multiparametric approach of Kamlet, Abboud and Taft. The evaluation of the correlation coefficients shows that the solvation effects are dominated by the non‐specific interactions. Moreover, the incidence of the hydrogen‐bond acceptor solvent ability is more important than that corresponding to the hydrogen‐bond donor character, except for the reactions that manifest kinetic retarding effects. The influence of the solvation effects on the base catalysis was analyzed, describing the response patterns of the partial rate coefficients to the mixture composition and also to each solvent property. The application of a preferential solvation model to the kinetic results yields information on the preferential solvation of the reaction critical state by any of the pure solvents, or by the hydrogen‐bonded complexed media. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.