bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of the fetal orbit and lens in normal pregnancies
Authors: Goldstein I. , Tamir A. , Zimmer E. Z. , Itskovitz‐Eldor J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo construct nomograms of the size of the fetal orbit and lens during gestation.SubjectsThe study group included 349 normal pregnant women at 14–36 weeks' gestation.MethodsRoutine biometric measurements were obtained in all the participants; these included biparietal diameter, head and abdominal circumferences, measurements of the long bones and the diameters of the fetal orbit and lens. The orbital and lens circumference measurements were also related to gestational ages.ResultsA linear growth function was observed between gestational age (GA) and orbital diameter (r = 0.94; p < 0.00001; y = −0.66 + 0.5 × GA), orbital circumference (r = 0.94; p < 0.00001; y = −2.1 + 1.5 × GA) and orbital area (r = 0.94; p < 0.00001; y = −98.1 + 8.3 × GA). Significant correlation was also found between femoral length (FL) and orbital diameter (r = 0.95; p < 0.00001; y = 3.3 + 1.9 × FL), orbital circumference (r = 0.95; p < 0.00001; y = 10.3 + 5.9 × FL) and orbital area (r = 0.93; p < 0.00001; y = −28.2 + 32.2 × FL). A linear growth function was observed between orbital circumference and biparietal diameter (r = 0.94; p < 0.00001) and head circumference (r = 0.95; p < 0.00001). A linear growth function was also observed between gestational age and the diameter of the lens (r = 0.89; p < 0.00001; y = 0.88 + 1.4 × GA) the circumference of the lens (r = 0.89; p < 0.00001; y = 2.78 + 0.4 × GA) and the area of the lens (r = 0.89; p < 0.00001; y = −7.95 + 1.0 × GA). The correlation was found between the ratios of the diameters, circumferences and areas of the lens and the orbit.ConclusionsThese results provide normative data of the growth of the fetal orbit and lens and may aid future studies relating to fetal eye anomalies. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Pregnancy outcomes in women treated with elective versus ultrasound‐indicated cervical cerclage
Authors: Guzman E. R. , Forster J. K. , Vintzileos A. M. , Ananth C. V. , Walters C. , Gipson K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo compare pregnancy outcomes in women at risk for pregnancy loss treated with elective versus ultrasound‐indicated placement of cerclage.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed on two groups of patients with singleton gestations. The first group consisted of women at risk for pregnancy loss who were treated with an elective cerclage, while the second group was managed conservatively and followed with serial transvaginal cervical sonography and transfundal pressure. An emergency cerclage was placed in women in the second group when the endocervical canal length shortened to < 20 mm, either spontaneously or in response to transfundal pressure. The two groups were compared with respect to maternal demographics, obstetric and gynecological history, and gestational age, both at time of cerclage placement and delivery.ResultsA total of 138 patients were identified. Eighty‐one patients were treated with an elective cerclage and 57 with an ultrasound‐indicated cerclage. Patients treated with elective cerclages were older (32 versus 27 years, p = 0.0003), more commonly white (56.8% versus 38.6%, p = 0.0380), less commonly nulliparous (23.5% versus 43.9%, p = 0.0063), and more often private patients (92.6% versus 28.1%, p < 0.0001). A history of previous treatment with cerclage (45.7% versus 10.5%, odds ratio (OR) 0.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–0.4) and one prior midtrimester loss (53.1% versus 33.3%, OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.9) were also more common in the elective versus ultrasound‐indicated cerclage group. However, there was no difference in the rates of previous preterm delivery, two midtrimester losses, two terminations of pregnancy, in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure, uterine anomalies, history of cone biopsy or parity. As expected, gestational age at placement of cerclage was significantly earlier in the elective group (13.0 versus 20.0 weeks, p < 0.0001). The median (range) gestational age at delivery (37 (15–41) versus 37 (17–41) weeks, p = 0.90), the number of early (< 25 weeks) losses (9.9% versus 8.8%, OR 1.6, 95% CI 0.3–7.9), and preterm deliveries (< 37 weeks) (35.8% versus 36.8%, OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.4–3.2) were similar in the elective and ultrasound‐indicated cerclage patients, respectively.ConclusionIn patients at risk for pregnancy loss, placement of cervical cerclages in response to ultrasono‐graphically detected shortening of the endocervical canal length is a medically acceptable alternative to the use of elective cerclage. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal diagnosis of prune belly syndrome at 12 weeks of pregnancy: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Hoshino T. , Ihara Y. , Shirane H. , Ota T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a case of prune belly syndrome in a 12‐week fetus whose previous anomaly scan at 10 weeks had been normal. The ultrasound diagnosis was based on the findings of a lower abdominal cystic echo caused by abnormal dilatation of the bladder. Termination was performed at 14 weeks and autopsy confirmed the distended bladder. In addition, there was bilateral hydronephrosis and an absence of abdominal muscles, liver, spleen and diaphragm. A review of the literature indicates that ours may be the earliest reported case of prune belly syndrome. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The significance of choroid plexus cysts, echogenic heart foci and renal pyelectasis in the first trimester
Authors: Whitlow B. J. , Lazanakis M. L. , Kadir R. A. , Chatzipapas I. , Economides D. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the significance of certain soft ultrasonographic markers for chromosomal abnormalities in the first trimester.DesignThis was a prospective cross‐sectional study.SettingUniversity Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, London, UK.MethodsA total of 5385 women from an unselected population underwent a detailed assessment of fetal anatomy at 11–14 weeks of gestation (confirmed by crown‐rump length) by transabdominal sonography (5.0 MHz) and transvaginal sonography (6.0 MHz) when necessary.ResultsIn normal fetuses, the prevalences of choroid plexus cysts, pyelectasis and echogenic heart foci were 2.2, 0.9 and 0.6%, respectively in the first trimester and 2.0, 0.8 and 0.8%, respectively in the second trimester. Pyelectasis (likelihood ratio = 8.0, p = 0.03) and echogenic heart foci (likelihood ratio = 10.3, p = 0.02) were found to be associated significantly with fetal aneuploidy, while choroid plexus cysts were not.ConclusionsAlthough the majority of aneuploidies were detected by increased nuchal translucency and/or the presence of structural abnormalities (78%; 25/32), the use of soft ultrasonographic markers in the first trimester would have increased the overall detection by a further 3%. These data are preliminary and many thousands of pregnancies will need to be examined to determine the significance of the individual markers in different chromosomal abnormalities. Copyright © 1998 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Comparison of prenatal ultrasound and postmortem findings in fetuses and infants with congenital heart defects
Authors: Isaksen C. V. , Eik‐Nes S. H. , Blaas H.‐G. , Tegnander E. , Torp S. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveDetection of congenital heart defects by prenatal ultrasound examination has been one of the great challenges since the investigation for fetal anomalies became part of the routine fetal examination. This prospective study was designed to evaluate the concordance of prenatal ultrasound findings with autopsy examination in a population consisting of both referred women and non‐selected pregnant women.DesignCriteria for inclusion were an ultrasound examination at the National Center for Fetal Medicine and an autopsy performed during the years 1985–94. Results from the ultrasound and autopsy examinations were systematized into categories depending on the degree of concordance.ResultsOf 408 infants and fetuses with developmental anomalies, 106 (26%) had congenital heart defects. In 63 (59%) of these 106 cases, the heart defect was the principal reason for the termination of pregnancy or the cause of death. Excluding five cases with a secundum atrial septal defect, there was complete agreement between the ultrasound examination and the autopsy findings in 74 (73%) of 101 cases. In 18 cases, there were minor discrepancies between ultrasound and autopsy findings. The main diagnosis was thus correct in 92 cases (91%). From the first time period (1985–89) to the second (1990–94), the detection rate of all heart defects increased from 48% to 82%.ConclusionThis study confirms a good correlation between ultrasound and autopsy diagnoses in fetuses and infants with congenital heart defects. A significant improvement in the detection of heart defects occurred from the first time period to the second and was probably due to increased experience and technical advances. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Magnetic resonance imaging supplements ultrasonographic imaging of the posterior fossa, pharynx and neck in malformed fetuses
Authors: Poutamo J. , Vanninen R. , Partanen K. , Ryynänen M. , Kirkinen P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare antepartum ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and exclusion of malformations of the fetal neck, pharynx, skull base and posterior fossa in late pregnancy.Materials and methodsThe study involved 26 women and 27 fetuses with ultrasonographically or clinically suspected abnormalities of the fetal neck, pharynx or central nervous system (CNS). Findings obtained by ultrasound were compared with those obtained by MRI (1.5 T) in the last trimester.ResultsIn cases with CNS malformation (n = 19), MRI provided additional information on the anatomy of the foramen magnum and posterior fossa in nine cases (47%). When antepartum ultrasonography indicated malformation of the soft tissues of the neck or pharynx (n = 8), MRI provided additional information on diagnosis or exclusion of the abnormality in six cases (75%). The imaging capacity of the anatomy of the naso‐, oro‐ and hypopharynx, trachea, esophagus and cervical skin outlines was better with MRI.ConclusionsMRI proved to be a valuable supplementary method to ultrasound in obtaining accurate information from the fetal neck, pharynx and posterior fossa, particularly when acoustic shadowing by bony structures or adjacent malformation impaired the quality of the ultrasonographic examination. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for fetal macrosomia in the non‐diabetic pregnancy
Authors: Rotmensch S. , Celentano C. , Liberati M. , Malinger G. , Sadan O. , Bellati U. , Glezerman M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundAntenatal weight estimations have limited sensitivity and specificity for the detection of macrosomia. The objective of our study was to examine the screening efficacy of the subcutaneous tissue width/femur length ratio for the intrapartum detection of fetal macrosomia in a non‐diabetic population at term.Study designIntrapartum sonographic measurements were performed in 178 well‐dated gravidas at 37–41 weeks' gestation with negative glucose tolerance screens. The biparietal diameter, femur length (FL), abdominal circumference and subcutaneous tissue width of the thigh (SCT) were determined. Subsequently, predictions for macrosomia (actual birth weights above the 90th centile) were made using varying cut‐off points of the examined parameters or estimated fetal weights.ResultsMacrosomia occurred in 27 newborns (15.1%). The SCTFL ratio was independent of gestational age (r = −0.017). Maternal age, gravidity, parity, gestational age and the ratio of male‐to‐female infants were similar in pregnancies resulting in appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age and macrosomic infants (NS). There was no difference in the SCT/FL ratio between these groups (p = 0.067; 99% power to detect 2 standard deviation differences). Comparison of screening efficacy by the univariate z score for the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (θ) revealed that the abdominal circumference had the best sensitivity‐specificity trade‐off (θ = 0.8843; p < 0.0001 for comparison with SCT/FL ROC curve), followed by weight estimations based on the Hadlock formula (θ = 0.8773; p < 0.0005), the Shepard formula (θ = 0.8606; p < 0.0001), subcutaneous tissue thickness alone (θ = 0.6872; p < 0.01) and the SCT/FL ratio (θ = 0.6303).ConclusionsWe conclude that the SCT/FL ratio is a poor sonographic predictor of fetal macrosomia in the non‐diabetic pregnancy and does not improve fetal weight estimations by conventional sonographic parameters. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Spontaneous superfetation diagnosed in the first trimester with successful outcome
Authors: Tuppen G. D. , Fairs C. , de Chazal R. C. , Konje J. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report a twin pregnancy in which a 4‐week discordance in size between the fetuses was identified in the first trimester. The discordance was maintained throughout the pregnancy, which was otherwise uneventful and resulted in the delivery of a live girl and boy. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Placental blood flow measured by simultaneous multigate spectral Doppler imaging in pregnancies complicated by placental vascular abnormalities
Authors: Yagel S , Anteby E. Y. , Shen O. , Cohen S. M. , Friedman Z. , Achiron R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the role of placental blood flow measurements by simultaneous multigate spectral Doppler imaging in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and for early detection of placental vascular abnormalities in highhyphen; and low‐risk pregnancies.MethodsTo assess the sensitivity and specificity of abnormal placental blood flow in detecting IUGR, we followed 22 women whose pregnancies were complicated by IUGR at 28–34 weeks' gestation, and compared the findings with those obtained in 22 matched controls. We defined placental blood flow impedance as abnormal when 10% of placental pulsatility index (PI) measurements were greater than, or equal to, the mean umbilical artery PI (placental PI / umbilical PI ≥1).To determine the predictive value of abnormal placental blood flow measurement for identifying developing utero‐placental insufficiency, we examined an unselected group of 100 low‐ and high‐risk patients at 20–22 weeks' gestation. We correlated the Doppler findings with the development of pre‐eclampsia, IUGR, placental abruption, oligohydramnios and the presence of persistent late decelerations during labor.ResultsPlacental blood flow determination was more sensitive than umbilical artery blood flow in detecting abnormal umbilical‐placental flow impedances as manifested by the presence of IUGR. Of the 100 mixed high‐ and low‐risk patients examined at 20–22 weeks, 32 had abnormal placental blood flow. Of these, 19 (59.4%) subsequently developed pathologies associated with placental vascular disease. Of the 68 patients with normal placental blood flow, only six (8.8%) developed such pathologies. The sensitivity was 76% (19/25), with positive predictive value 59.4% (19/32); the specificity was 82.7% (62/75), with negative predictive value 91.2% (62/68).ConclusionsAbnormal intraplacental blood flow at 28–34 weeks' gestation is strongly associated with IUGR. In addition, it has moderate positive and negative predictive values for identifying subsequent development of uteroplacental vascular abnormalities. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Doppler waveform analysis of the intertwin blood flow in acardiac pregnancy: implications for pathogenesis
Authors: Shih J.‐C. , Shyu M.‐K. , Hunag S.‐F. , Jou H.‐J. , Su Y.‐N. , Hsieh F.‐J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate interfetal hemodynamics in acardiac twins andthe implications for pathogenesis.DesignA retrospective study.SubjectsAll acardiac twins involved in this study were identified by B‐mode ultrasound at a teaching hospital in Taiwan.MethodsColor Doppler imaging and, in one case, color power angiography were used to assess umbilical blood flow between acardiac twins and their normal co‐twins. Placental anastomoses were examined by pathologists after delivery.ResultsIn total five sets of acardiac twins and their normal co‐twins were enrolled. Autonomous cardiac activity in the form of a contractile pocket was detected in two cases. Analysis of the pattern of the Doppler waveforms in each case enabled us to classify the type of hemodynamics into one of three categories: ‘collision‐summation’, typified by a pattern of cyclic alternations of bidirectional flow; ‘twin‐pulse’, which described the simultaneous recordings of two opposite constant flows with different pulsating rates; and the ‘pump in’ pattern, which indicated pulsatile flow in the reversed direction towards the acardiac mass. In two cases we detected, we believe for the first time, an artery‐to‐vein placental anastomosis between the acardiac twin and its co‐twin. The nature of the vascular connections were confirmed on pathological follow‐up.ConclusionsOur observations suggest that acardiac twins may be not only the result of but also the cause of placental vascular anastomoses, which may involve either artery‐to‐artery or artery‐to‐vein anastomoses. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta by transabdominal color Doppler ultrasound
Authors: Chou M.M. , Ho E.S.C. , Lee Y.H. 
Published: March 2003

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transabdominal color Doppler ultrasound in diagnosing placenta previa accreta.
Design
Eighty patients with persistent placenta previa underwent transabdominal B‐mode and color Doppler ultrasound evaluation in the second and third trimesters because they had a high risk of placenta accreta. Color Doppler imaging criteria used included diffuse intraparenchymal placental lacunar flow; focal intraparenchymal placental lacunar flow; bladder–uterine serosa interphase hypervascularity; prominent subplacental venous complex; and loss of subplacental Doppler vascular signals. The color Doppler images were interpreted prospectively for signs of placenta previa accreta according to the exhibited color Doppler sonographic features.
Results
Sixteen of the 80 patients exhibited characteristic color Doppler imaging patterns highly specific for placenta accreta according to the preceding criteria, and 14 of these had histopathological proof of placenta accreta. Two patients had false‐positive color Doppler imaging evidence mistaken for interphase hypervascularity caused by bladder varices. Thirteen patients underwent hysterectomy in the group suspicious for accreta. Of the 64 patients with negative color Doppler imaging results, three had placenta accreta, while two required cesarean hysterectomy; the remaining patient underwent uterine artery ligation for bleeding from the lower uterine segment. The sensitivity of color Doppler imaging in the diagnosis of placenta previa accreta was 82.4% (14/17) and the specificity was 96.8% (61/63). The positive and negative predictive values were 87.5% (14/16) and 95.3% (61/64), respectively.
Conclusions
Variable vascular morphological patterns of placenta previa accreta were exhibited and categorized by transabdominal color Doppler sonography in the antenatal period. The identification of these specific vascular patterns had a positive impact on the peripartum clinical management of the affected patients.
Early prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia
Authors: Stewart P. A. , Wallerstein R. , Moran E. , Lee M.‐J. 
Published: March 2003

A woman was referred in the first trimester of her third pregnancy because of a family history of cleidocranial dysplasia. An ultrasound examination at 14 weeks 4 days revealed a fetus with appropriate biometric measurements. However, the clavicles were noted to be hypoplastic and the cranium appeared less well ossified than expected for gestational age, suggesting the diagnosis of cleidocranial dysplasia. On subsequent examination at 21 weeks, the findings were essentially unchanged. Induced vaginal delivery owing to decreased amniotic fluid volume occurred at 37 weeks, and a female weighing 3200 g was delivered. The infant had clinical and X‐ray signs of cleidocranial dyplasia.
Fetal penile length
Authors: Johnson P. , Maxwell D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo construct a reference range for fetal penile length.MethodsThe length of the penis was measured during ultrasound assessment of 95 structurally normal male fetuses of gestational ages 16–38 weeks. Two fetuses with bladder outflow obstruction were also examined.ResultsFetal penile length increases significantly with gestational age, from a mean value of 6.0 mm at 16 weeks to 26.4 mm at 38 weeks. One fetus with urethral agenesis had a penile length on the 0.3rd centile.ConclusionsMeasurement of the fetal penis is easy and not time‐consuming. In cases of bladder outflow obstruction, assessment of penile length assists in the differentiation between urethral agenesis and posterior urethral valves. Copyright © 2000 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Using three‐dimensional ultrasound to detect craniosynostosis in a fetus with Pfeiffer syndrome
Authors: Benacerraf B. R. , Spiro R. , Mitchell A. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA case of fetal Pfeiffer's syndrome is presented, showing the contribution of three dimensional (3D) sonography in the diagnosis of craniosynostosis – a major feature of this syndrome. Copyright © 2000 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology