bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lamin A/C Expression Is a Marker of Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
Authors: Constantinescu Dan , Gray Heather L. , Sammak Paul J. , Schatten Gerald P. , Csoka Antonei B. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Nuclear lamins comprise the nuclear lamina, a scaffold-like structure that lines the inner nuclear membrane. B-type lamins are present in almost all cell types, but A-type lamins are expressed predominantly in differentiated cells, suggesting a role in maintenance of the differentiated state. Previous studies have shown that lamin A/C is not expressed during mouse development before day 9, nor in undifferentiated mouse embryonic carcinoma cells. To further investigate the role of lamins in cell phenotype maintenance and differentiation, we examined lamin expression in undifferentiated mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Wide-field and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that undifferentiated mouse and human ES cells express lamins B1 and B2 but not lamin A/C. Mouse ES cells display high levels of lamins B1 and B2 localized both at the nuclear periphery and throughout the nucleoplasm, but in human ES cells, B1 and B2 expression is dimmer and localized primarily at the nuclear periphery. Lamin A/C expression is activated during human ES cell differentiation before downregulation of the pluripotency marker Oct-3/4 but not before the downregulation of the pluripotency markers Tra-1-60, Tra-1-81, and SSEA-4. Our results identify the absence of A-type lamin expression as a novel marker for undifferentiated ES cells and further support a role for nuclear lamins in cell maintenance and differentiation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Confocal Microscopy Studies of Magnetically Labeled Endothelial Progenitor Cells Trafficking to Sites of Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Arbab Ali S. , Frenkel Victor , Pandit Sunil D. , Anderson Stasia A. , Yocum Gene T. , Bur Monica , Khuu Hanh M. , Read Elizabeth J. , Frank Joseph A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
AC133 cells, a subpopulation of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, can transform into endothelial cells that may integrate into the neovasculature of tumors or ischemic tissue. Most current imaging modalities do not allow monitoring of early migration and incorporation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) into tumor neovasculature. The goals of this study were to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to track the migration and incorporation of intravenously injected, magnetically labeled EPCs into the blood vessels in a rapidly growing flank tumor model and to determine whether the pattern of EPC incorporation is related to the time of injection or tumor size. Materials and Methods: EPCs labeled with ferumoxide–protamine sulfate (FePro) complexes were injected into mice bearing xenografted glioma, and MRI was obtained at different stages of tumor development and size. Results: Migration and incorporation of labeled EPCs into tumor neovasculature were detected as low signal intensity on MRI at the tumor periphery as early as 3 days after EPC administration in preformed tumors. However, low signal intensities were not observed in tumors implanted at the time of EPC administration until tumor size reached 1 cm at 12 to 14 days. Prussian blue staining showed iron-positive cells at the sites corresponding to low signal intensity on MRI. Confocal microcopy showed incorporation into the neovasculature, and immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated the transformation of the administered EPCs into endothelial cells. Conclusion: MRI demonstrated the incorporation of FePro-labeled human CD34+/AC133+ EPCs into the neovasculature of implanted flank tumors.
Measurement of defect‐mediated diffusion: The case of silicon self‐diffusion
Authors: Vaidyanathan Ramakrishnan , Jung Michael Y. L. , Braatz Richard D. , Seebauer E. G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn many solids, diffusion of foreign atoms takes place primarily through highly mobile intermediate species that periodically exchange with atoms in the crystalline lattice. A method is developed for determining key diffusion parameters via the short‐time decay of an initial step concentration profile. This method takes advantage of the relative ease with which step concentration profiles can be fabricated by thin film deposition, and in the limit of very short times provides particularly simple analytical means for obtaining parameters connected to diffusion length and defect formation. Application of the method to isotopic heterostructures of silicon shows that under the ultrahigh vacuum conditions of the experiment, interstitial atoms mediate self‐diffusion. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Composing chaos: An experimental and numerical study of an open duct mixing flow
Authors: Metcalfe Guy , Rudman M. , Brydon A. , Graham L. J. W. , Hamilton R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBy using a programmed sequence of boundary motions to introduce flow reorientation to a steady, laminar axial flow in an open duct, we develop a novel device to investigate and exploit chaotic advection of viscously dominated (low Reynolds number) flows. The design and operation of the Rotated Arc Mixer (RAM) is discussed. Among other things, the RAM can effect good continuous mixing of viscous materials without use of any internal elements; moreover, the RAM has several control parameters to tune the chaotic advection, making it flexible for applications and theoretical developments. Numerical methods to discover the robust parameter regions where chaos covers the entire flow domain, and how these parameters change with fluid properties is also discussed. Poincaré sections, dye advection and residence time calculations are presented for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian fluids. Experiments, including advection field, velocity field and residence‐time measurements, confirm all aspects of the device for Newtonian fluids. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Discrete element simulation for pneumatic conveying of granular material
Authors: Wee Chuan Lim Eldin , Wang Chi‐Hwa , Yu Ai‐Bing 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe pneumatic transport of granular material is a common operation frequently employed to transport solid particles from one location to another. It is well established in the literature that different flow regimes can arise in such transportation processes depending on the system geometry and operating conditions used. In this study, the pneumatic transports of solid particles in both vertical and horizontal conveying lines were studied numerically using the discrete element method coupled with computational fluid dynamics. The simulation outputs corresponded well with reported experimental observations in terms of the different flow regimes obtained at different operating conditions. In the vertical pneumatic conveying simulations, two different flow patterns corresponding to the experimentally observed dispersed flow and plug flow regimes were obtained at different gas velocities and solid concentrations. Similarly, the homogeneous flow, stratified flow, moving dunes, and slug flow regimes previously reported to occur in horizontal pneumatic conveying were also reproduced computationally in this study. Solid concentration profiles obtained by spatial averaging along the length of the pipe showed a symmetrical but non‐uniform distribution for dispersed flow and an almost flat distribution for plug flow in vertical pneumatic conveying. The profile for stratified flow in horizontal pneumatic conveying showed higher solid concentration near the bottom wall due to the effects of gravitational settling, while that for slug flow was flat. Hysteresis in solid flow rates was observed in vertical pneumatic conveying near the point where transition between the dispersed and plug flow regimes was expected to occur. Solid flow rates were also found to be more sensitive towards the coefficient of friction than the coefficient of restitution of particles and the pipe walls in a sensitivity analysis study of these parameters. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Effect of curvature of coating die edges on the pinning of contact line
Authors: Romero Oldrich Joel , Scriven L. E. , Carvalho Márcio da Silveira 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCoating die edges are not mathematical corners, they are rounded. Contact lines do not actually pin. The effects of the radius of curvature of the downstream edge of slot dies on contact line location, effective contact angle, and low‐flow limit—air‐fingers penetrating from downstream and breaking apart the coating‐bead—are examined by solving the Navier‐Stokes system for Newtonian flow. The geometry of the die surface is represented by two straight lines and an arc of circle connecting them. The local contact angle is treated as a specified equilibrium value. The system of equations is solved by Galerkin's method and finite element basis functions. The results show how the edge rounding affects the contact line position and stability of the flow, and indicate the minimum radius of curvature necessary to apparently pin the contact line. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Equation of state for the viscosity of Lennard‐Jones fluids
Authors: Woodcock Leslie V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA one‐parameter model constitutive transport equation for the viscosity of the Lennard‐Jones (L‐J) fluid that is accurate for all equilibrium states of liquid and gas is proposed:

equation image

The form of this equation is based upon the soft‐sphere scaling laws for the residual density‐dependent viscosity discovered originally by Ashurst and Hoover and uses their empirical coefficient (CAH). Enskog's density‐independent limit theoretical term (η0) is included to reproduce the viscosity in the limit of zero density accurately. Remaining discrepancies at low temperatures, for both gas and liquid densities, are largely removed when the linear‐density Rainwater‐Friend coefficient is added. The equation is comparable in accuracy to the 24‐parameter empirical equation of state proposed by Rowley and Painter. Comparison with this correlation and previous MD results reveals a discrepancy near the triple point. To test the equation, new MD data for three fluid states are reported. Here, the viscosity is computed from time correlation functions resolved into the single‐particle auto‐ and cross‐correlation terms. It is found that, at high density (ρ* > 0.8), the cross–correlations extend beyond 7σ (molecule diameters) and oscillate in sign. This explains the wide scatter of previous MD viscosities for small L‐J systems. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Nogo‐A antibody improves regeneration and locomotion of spinal cord–injured rats
Authors: Liebscher Thomas , Schnell Lisa , Schnell Dina , Scholl Jeannette , Schneider Regula , Gullo Mirjam , Fouad Karim , Mir Anis , Rausch Martin , Kindler Diana , Hamers Frank P. T. , Schwab Martin E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSpinal cord trauma leads to loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions below the lesion. Recovery is very restricted, due in part to neurite growth inhibitory myelin proteins, in particular Nogo‐A. Two neutralizing antibodies against Nogo‐A were used to study recovery and axonal regeneration after spinal cord lesions. Three months old Lewis rats were tested in sensory‐motor tasks (open field locomotion, crossing of ladder rungs and narrow beams, the CatWalk® runway, reactions to heat and von Frey hairs). A T‐shaped lesion was made at T8, and an intrathecal catheter delivered highly purified anti‐Nogo‐A monoclonal IgGs or unspecific IgGs for 2 weeks. A better outcome in motor behavior was obtained as early as two weeks after lesion in the animals receiving the Nogo‐A antibodies. Withdrawal responses to heat and mechanical stimuli were not different between the groups. Histology showed enhanced regeneration of corticospinal axons in the anti‐Nogo‐A antibody groups. fMRI revealed significant cortical responses to stimulation of the hindpaw exclusively in anti‐Nogo‐A animals. These results demonstrate that neutralization of the neurite growth inhibitor Nogo‐A by intrathecal antibodies leads to enhanced regeneration and reorganization of the injured CNS, resulting in improved recovery of compromised functions in the absence of dysfunctions. Ann Neurol 2005
A novel X‐linked form of congenital fiber‐type disproportion
Authors: Clarke Nigel F. , Smith Robert L. L. , Bahlo Melanie , North Kathryn N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe describe a four‐generation family with a previously unreported form of congenital fiber‐type disproportion that follows an X‐linked inheritance pattern. Affected male family members have a striking pattern of weakness. From birth there is marked ptosis, facial weakness, poor sucking, hypotonia, respiratory weakness, and relatively preserved limb strength. Most affected male individuals die of respiratory failure within the first months of life. A mild dilated cardiomyopathy developed in infancy in the sole surviving affected male member of this family. Some carrier female individuals manifest milder signs. We have demonstrated linkage to two regions of the X chromosome, Xp22.13 to Xp11.4 and Xq13.1 to Xq22.1, with a maximum logarithm of odds score of 3.25 in the latter region. We propose that clinical clues can differentiate this disorder from other forms of congenital fiber‐type disproportion so that affected families can receive appropriate genetic counseling. Ann Neurol 2005
Engineering Silicon Oxide Surfaces Using Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Onclin Steffen , Ravoo Bart Jan , Reinhoudt David N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAlthough a molecular monolayer is only a few nanometers thick it can completely change the properties of a surface. Molecular monolayers can be readily prepared using the Langmuir–Blodgett methodology or by chemisorption on metal and oxide surfaces. This Review focuses on the use of chemisorbed self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as a platform for the functionalization of silicon oxide surfaces. The controlled organization of molecules and molecular assemblies on silicon oxide will have a prominent place in “bottom‐up” nanofabrication, which could revolutionize fields such as nanoelectronics and biotechnology in the near future. In recent years, self‐assembled monolayers on silicon oxide have reached a high level of sophistication and have been combined with various lithographic patterning methods to develop new nanofabrication protocols and biological arrays. Nanoscale control over surface properties is of paramount importance to advance from 2D patterning to 3D fabrication.
Characterisation of ligand binding to the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone‐related peptide receptor in MCF7 breast cancer cells and SaOS‐2 osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Alokail Majed S. , Peddie Margaret J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractParathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTHrP‐receptor, PTH/PTHrP‐R, are frequently expressed in mammary carcinomas as well as in bone cells. In this study we compared the ligand binding characteristics of the PTH/PTHrP–R in SaOS‐2 human osteosarcoma cells with those in MCF7 breast cancer cells. We used both Scatchard analysis of saturation kinetics for iodinated ligand and the level of expressed receptor protein by visualising the single radio‐labelled receptor‐ligand complex from isolated membrane preparations from the two cell lines. In MCF7 cells, ligand binding, (receptor number) was increased by prior exposure of the cultured cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF), estradiol (E2), or dexamethasone (DEX), and decreased following calcitriol (1,25 DHCC). In contrast in the SaOS‐2 cells, PTH/PTHrP‐R number was increased by exposure to E2 and 1,25DHCC and decreased by DEX while EGF had no effect. These data were confirmed when the PTH/PTHrP‐R was cross linked with 125I‐PTHrP‐1‐34Tyr, and extended by visualising the intensity of the isolated radiolabelled receptor complex by autoradiography following SDS‐PAGE at several time points during the treatment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The antioxidant effect of hydroxyl‐substituent Schiff bases on the free‐radical‐induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes
Authors: Tang You‐Zhi , Liu Zai‐Qun 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe major objectives of the present work were focused on assessing the antioxidant capacities of two hydroxyl‐substituent Schiff bases, 2‐((o‐hydroxylphenylimino)methyl)phenol (OSAP) and 2‐((p‐hydroxylphenylimino)methyl)phenol (PSAP) either used alone or in combination with some familiar water‐soluble antioxidants i.e. 6‐hydroxyl‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox) and L‐ascorbic acid (VC), and lipophilic ones i.e. α‐tocopherol (TOH) and L‐ascorbyl‐6‐laurate (VC‐12). 2,2'‐Azobis(2‐amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH). Induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes functioned as the evaluation experimental system in this research. The present findings showed that either OSAP or PSAP not only was an antioxidant with high activity in protecting erythrocytes against AAPH‐induced hemolysis concentration‐dependently, but can also protect erythrocytes by acting with Trolox, TOH, VC and VC‐12 synergistically. Based on chemical kinetic deduction, the number of trapping peroxyl radicals, n, of the above‐mentioned antioxidants can be calculated in relation to Trolox that traps two peroxyl radicals; thus, TOH can trap 3.83 peroxyl radicals, VC‐12 traps 2.87 and VC can only trap 1.08. As for OSAP and PSAP, 8.71 and 13.7 peroxyl radicals can be trapped, respectively, indicating that they were the most efficient inhibitors against AAPH‐induced hemolysis. Moreover, the total number of peroxyl radicals trapped by OSAP+Trolox, OSAP+TOH, OSAP+VC and PSAP+VC were higher than the sum of the above individual antioxidant used alone, demonstrating that a mutual promotive effect existed in the above mixed antioxidants. In contrast, owing to the fact that the total number of peroxyl radicals trapped by OSAP+VC‐12, PSAP+Trolox, PSAP+TOH and PSAP+VC‐12 were less than the sum of the above individual antioxidant used alone, a mutual antagonistic effect was suggested in these combinative usages. This information may be helpful in the pharmaceutical application of two Schiff bases. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gebäudediagnose und Entscheidungskriterien für Ersatzneubauten: Umsetzung am Bauvorhaben Seelow
Authors: Zink Ulrich 
Published: September 2005

Abstract“Der Mauerwerksbau, ” so Dr. Ronald Rast, Geschäftsführer der DGfM in Berlin, “hat sich in den letzten Jahren signifikant weiterentwickelt. Daraus resultieren neue Anforderungen an alle, die mit Planung und Ausführung von Mauerwerk befaßt sind.” Ziel sei, so Rast weiter, “die aktuellen Änderungen im Rahmen des Kongresses einer breiten Fachöffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen”.Entsprechend ist der Einsatz von Mauerwerk bei Neubauten sowie bei Gebäuden im Bestand ein wichtiger Schwerpunkt der Tagung. Gebäudediagnosen und Entscheidungskriterien für Ersatzneubauten werden nachfolgend am Beispiel des Bauvorhabens Seelow vorgestellt. Gebäudediagnose und Entscheidungskriterien für Ersatzneubauten/ Umsetzung am Bauvorhaben Seelow.
Ökologische und ökonomische Potentiale von Mauerwerk
Authors: Graubner Carl‐Alexander , Herzog Kati , Hock Carolin 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDie massive Mauerwerksbauweise steht als Synonym für Schutz, Stabilität, Haltbarkeit und Langlebigkeit; Eigenschaften, die ein Nutzer auch heute an Gebäude stellt. Neben der Erreichung ökonomischer Ziele werden jedoch Forderungen nach der Sicherstellung der Umweltverträglichkeit von Bauwerken zunehmend wichtiger. “Nachhaltigkeit” ist das Stichwort des 21. Jahrhunderts und führt zu wesentlichen Veränderungen im Baugeschehen.Die Geschichte zeigt, daß sich das Mauerwerk in seiner langen Geschichte den permanent wechselnden Anforderungen angepaßt und weiterentwickelt hat. Um den heutigen Anforderungen einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung im Bauwesen gerecht zu werden, sind die Nachhaltigkeitspotentiale von Mauerwerkskonstruktionen über den Lebenszyklus zu identifizieren und als Qualitätsmerkmal auszuweisen. Der vorliegende Beitrag befaßt sich mit der Nachhaltigkeitsbeurteilung unterschiedlicher Bauweisen und den daraus resultierenden ökologischen und ökonomischen Potentialen von Mauerwerk.
Entwicklungen in der Mauerwerksnormung
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Schöps Peter , Hoffmann Jens , Beier Gunar , Pflücke Torsten 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMauerwerk hat in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten eine bemerkenswerte Entwicklung genommen, die die Normung wesentlich beeinflußt. Sie wurde ausgelöst durch die notwendige Reduzierung der Umweltbelastung und das gestiegene Verantwortungsbewußtsein im Umgang mit fossilen Energieträgern. Die Verfahrenstechnik konnte in beeindruckender Weise den Erfordernissen in der Stein‐ und Mörtelherstellung folgen. Produkte wurden entwickelt, die sich immer mehr von den althergebrachten Steinen und Mörteln wegbewegten. Entsprechende Hilfestellungen der Hersteller bei der Anwendung der neuen Produkte wurden und werden gegeben. Durch diese Entwicklung ist es gelungen, daß der Mauerwerksbau im Wettbewerb mit den anderen Bauarten seine Position behaupten und festigen konnte.Die Veränderungen auf baustofflicher Seite und schließlich im mechanischen Verhalten des heutigen Mauerwerks erfordern eine Neubewertung bisheriger Ansätze. Das betrifft die gewohnte Herangehensweise an zu lösende Problemstellungen sowohl in der Forschung als auch die ingenieurmäßige Umsetzung neuer Erkenntnisse zur Analyse und Nachweisführung. Das, was dabei ausreichend abgesichert und in der Fachwelt konsensfähig ist, wird Bestandteil der Norm, die die Grundlage für den aktuellen Stand der Technik darstellt.Mauerwerk ist nach wie vor einer der am weitesten verbreiteten Baustoffe, dessen einfache Anwendung und Handhabung aber auch in der Zukunft gewahrt bleiben soll. Diese Zielstellung stellt eine besondere Randbedingung in der Mauerwerksnormung dar und betrifft auch den derzeit im Vollzug befindlichen Übergang vom globalen zum semiprobabilistischen Sicherheitskonzept, der derzeit in Europa einheitlich für alle Bauarten vorgenommen wird. Die Mauerwerksnormung gerät dabei in die Gefahr, ihre bisherige Einfachheit zu verlieren, was sich für die breite Anwendung als nachteilig erweisen kann. Das Argument der allgemeinen Computeranwendung zieht dabei nur bedingt, da einerseits Übersichtlichkeit und Durchschaubarkeit erhalten bleiben und Kontrollen durch Verantwortungsträger jederzeit möglich sein sollten.Der Beitrag geht auf den derzeitigen Stand und seine Hintergründe in der Normung für unbewehrtes Mauerwerk ein und zeigt auf, welche Entwicklungen zukünftig notwendig sind, um dem in der Anwendung einfachen aber mechanisch sehr komplexen Baustoff eine solide Basis mit fundierten Bemessungsnormen zu geben.