bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Good, The True, And The Beautiful Female Body Popular Icons of Womanhood and the Salvation Myth of Female Slenderness
Authors: Lelwica Michelle Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout Western history, religious ways of seeing-humans’ ways of searching for and imagining the utmost truths and purposes of their lives-have created a pantheon of sacred symbols: from the fullbodied statuettes of goddesses in ancient Neolithic cultures, to the images of Yahweh that fill the Hebrew Scriptures, to the Christian stories of a divine man who is sent to redeem the world. Despite their obvious variances, these symbols share the common task of pointing their users beyond the vicissitudes of ordinary life by envisioning a view of the whole and by focusing attention on that which is believed to bring fulfillment.1 While the beliefs that sacred symbols inspire become especially important in times of acute crisis and loss, they are also a vital aspect of day-to-day living.
Bhakti as Devotion
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholarly consensus today tends to view bhakti as a post-Vedic development that took place primarily in the watershed years of the epics and purai:ias, literatures that are credited with a primary role in the cultural transition from Vedism to Hinduism. The scholarly periodization of texts within Vedism and Hinduism is based on a view of tradition reworking itself, but its relentlessly linear nature probably obscures contemporaneous and competing formulations, rather than elucidating them. Since the Bhagavad Gītā is the first text to thematize bhakti overtly and it is contextualized in the Mahābhārata epic, we must acknowledge that the first selfconsciously bhakti text does appear in a post-Vedic milieu, in spite of a minority scholarly position that bhakti can be found in the Vedas.
Defining a Community
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the bhakti hymns suggest that there are three major components of good Tamil society: the presence of Siva, Tamils who meditate upon him, and the prosperity of the Tamil lands. The three are intimately related. Sometimes a hymn is thematically split: Half extols the beauty of Śiva, and half emphasizes the beauty of the Tamil lands. In these cases, the poets are suggesting that the power of Śiva and the productivity of the land are mutually related, as center to periphery. Śiva’s presence makes the land potent, and fertile land is an attractive home for Śiva. Between these two are the Tamil people, who meditate on Śiva and who live in and from the land.
It was perhaps to facilitate people’s remembrance of Śiva that the mūvar sang in their mother tongue of Tamil.
What Pure Eyes Could See
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barbara Pitkin traces the way in which Calvin's exegetical labors contributed to his understanding of faith. Through detailed analysis of Calvin's interpretation of selected biblical passages, this study shows how his views evolved. Pitkin describes the gradual development of the mature Calvin's view that faith exhibits a twofold character--saving faith and providential faith--that corresponds to the twofold aspect of its object--Christ as both the incarnate and eternal Son of God.
Monotheism and Freedom
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusion of the previous chapter was that for thinkers in the rationalist tradition, the possibility of holiness implies the possibility that we can perfect our nature as rational beings. In this connection, both Maimonides and Cohen cite Deuteronomy 4:6: “[F]or this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of all the people, that, when they hear all these statutes, shall say: ‘Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people:” Thus Israel is supposed to be a source of wisdom for all peoples. We saw that according to Maimonides, the crux of that wisdom is the existence and unity of God as summed up in the first and second commandments.
What Is a White Man?*
Authors: Chesnutt Charles W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fiat having gone forth from the wise men of the South that the “all-pervading, all-conquering Anglo-Saxon race” must continue forever to exercise exclusive control and direction of the government of this so-called Republic, it becomes important to every citizen who values his birthright to know who are included in this grandiloquent term. It is of course perfectly obvious that the writer or speaker who used this expression-perhaps Mr. Grady of Georgia-did not say what he meant. It is not probable that he meant to exclude from full citizenship the Celts and Teutons and Gauls and Slavs who make up so large a proportion of our population; he hardly meant to exclude the Jews, for even the most ardent fire eater would hardly venture to advocate the disfranchisement of the thrifty race whose mortgages cover so large a portion of Southern soil. What the eloquent gentleman really meant by this high-sounding phrase was simply the white race; and the substance of the argument of that school of Southern writers to which he belongs, is simply that for the good of the country the Negro should have no voice in directing the government or public policy of the Southern States or of the nation. But it is evident that where the intermingling of the races has made such progress as it has in this country, the line which separates the races must in many instances have been practically obliterated. And there has arisen in the United States a very large class of the population who are certainly not Negroes in an ethnological sense, and whose children will be no nearer Negroes than themselves. In view, therefore, of the very positive ground taken by the white leaders of the South, where most of these people reside, it becomes in the highest degree important to them to know what race they belong to. It ought to be also a matter of serious concern to the Southern white people; for if their zeal for good government is so great that they contemplate the practical overthrow of the Constitution and laws of the United States to secure it, they ought at least to be sure that no man entitled to it by their own argument, is robbed of a right so precious as that of free citizenship; the “all-pervading, all conquering Anglo-Saxon” ought to set as high a value on American citizenship as the all-conquering Roman placed upon the franchise of his State two thousand years ago.
Representing Miscegenation Law *
Authors: Saks Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Racial Purity and Interracial Sex 81 by the social text rather than the legal. Only Brittain, the American Digest’s final “Miscegenation” entry, produced a reconstructed human figure to strike down Alabama’s miscegenation law over the state’s defense of mootness: “There is no reason for this Court to delay making such a declaration until another couple in just the right circumstances next feels the pinch of these laws.” Redefining the body’s position in miscegenation law, the court recognizes this law as a force inflicting itself on the human body in a painful way: it “pinches.” Although the body still serves as a figure (since the law is personified as a person who “pinches”), the body also retains its sentience: it “feels.” This case makes material the dignity of the human body. This new figure has a new relation to race, property, and representation. It is no longer enslaved by the semiotic system of blood. Loving and Brittain present a happy ending-but they may not represent the final curtain on miscegenation. When The Octoroon played London in 1861, Boucicault rewrote the ending to reflect popular prejudice (and keep Zoe alive). The play of miscegenation is always open to reproduction.
Reading Race, Rhetoric, and the Female Body in the Rhinelander Case *
Authors: Wacks Jamie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 14, 1924, Alice Beatrice Jones and Leonard Kip Rhinelander ex changed marriage vows in a courthouse in Westchester County, New York. Only This previously unpublished essay is in large part excerpted from Jamie Wacks’s fully documented 1995 Harvard University senior honors essay, “Reading Race, Rhetoric, and the Female Body: The Rhinelander Case and 1920s American Culture.”
Copiap∂: Today’s Tertulias
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This custom of people gathering to spend the evening must not be very ancient, since to tell the truth it’s not all that bad; neither could it have been invented yesterday, because there are men so addicted to it that they’re only alive when they’re attending a tertulia and when there isn’t one, they sleep. It’s also true that it’s only over the last thirty years that there’s been anything to talk about here, and some among us have so much to say that when they get the floor they seem to think it’s their job to get the mail through come hell or high water, and pity the poor fool who gets in their way, because he and anything he tries to say will be swept along in the torrent of words.
A Practical Joke
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I remember it well,” said a third man, “because the morning they discovered the poor fellow murdered, the women in the house made me get up early so I could go out and bring them back details of that sad event. Apparently they chased him for more than a block, because some neighbors declared they’d heard shouts and a scuffle at midnight, the time the deceased left the tertulia several pesos ahead.
Law Practice and the Limits of Moral Philosophy
Authors: Hazard Geofferey C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I explore the relationship between law practice and several virtues identified in some main branches of traditional moral philosophy.1 “Law practice” refers to the ordinary activities of ordinary lawyers, in the United States in particular but also in modern political regimes generally. These activities include conducting litigation, giving confidential counsel to clients, and drafting legal documents such as contracts, wills, and mortgages. The specific virtues I have in mind are autonomy, impartiality, and truthfulness. These virtues find expression in classic Greek philosophy and are an integral part of our moral traditions and are postulates of most contemporary moral philosophy. Simply stated, my argument is that in the practice of law, considered unromantically, one cannot fulfill these virtues. In my view the same is true for most roles of people in modern life, so that the contradiction in law practice is simply a special case, although a salient one, of a general moral phenomenon. The contradiction is between professed moral virtues and the virtues required in our work and lives. Lawyers’ experience is peculiar in that it continually requires kinds of “unvirtuous” conduct that are required less often and less systematically by people in other roles and walks of life.
Ethics in Litigation: Rhetoric of Crisis, Realities of Practice
Authors: Sarat Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periodically the legal profession, or more precisely some part of the profession, discovers or declares that the profession is in “crisis.” Crises in the profession do not just happen; they are marketed by particular segments of the bar hoping to mobilize their colleagues to deal with particular issues.1 Because the profession is experiencing important shifts in the demographics and conditions of law practice,2 large segments of the bar feel that values to which they are deeply attached are today endangered. As a result, during the late 1980s and the 1990s, some claims about crisis have been well received by both the bar and the media.
In Hell There Will Be Lawyers Without Clients or Law
Authors: Koniak Susan P , Cohen George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than twenty years ago, moral philosopher Richard Wasserstrom framed the debate in legal ethics by asking two questions:1 Does the lawyer’s duty to represent the client zealously, constrained only by the bounds of the law, render the lawyer “at best systematically amoral and at worst more than occasionally immoral in … her dealings with the rest of the world [?]”2 And is the lawyer’s relationship with the client likewise morally tainted in that it generally entails domination by the lawyer over the client rather than mutual respect?3 Wasserstrom answered both questions affirmatively. Though these questions have preoccupied legal ethics scholars ever since,4 they are the wrong questions. They were off-base when posed and, if anything, are even more off-base today. The problem with Wasserstrom’s questions is that they presuppose individual clients and settled law. The truly troubling questions in legal ethics arise, however, when clients are entities and the law governing these clients and the lawyer’s relationship to them is contested. Class actions, the subject of this essay, raise perhaps the most troubling questions of all.
Beyond “Bleached out” Professionalism: Defining Professional Responsibility for Real Professionals
Authors: Wilkens David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Anthony Griffin, a black lawyer affiliated with the ACLU, agrees to defend the Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan. The case involves the state of Texas’s attempt to subpoena the Klan’s membership list in order to assist a probe into Klan violence against black residents in a newly integrated housing project. The African American head of the Port Arthur branch of the NAACP subsequently fires Griffin from his position as the unpaid general counsel for that organization when Griffin refuses to withdraw from representing the Klan.1
Contested Identities: Task Forces on Gender, Race, and Ethnic Bias and the Obligations of the Legal Profession
Authors: Hensaler Deborah R , Reskin Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past few decades, questions of identity have become central in legal discourse. We use the word “identity” here in reference to two sets of issues. First, we are interested in the relevance of “identity politics” to lawyering. Animated by concerns that individuals who share certain characteristics (“women,” “women of color,” “people of color,” “Latinos,” “gays”) are not sufficiently represented or do not fully participate in economic, social, and political processes, identity politics incorporate efforts to increase recognition, inclusion, status, and authority of members of such groups.
Why They Went Bad
Authors: Rafter Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crime films serve as a cultural resource, creating a reservoir of images and stories on which viewers draw when they think about the causes of crime. Many crime films also endorse a particular explanation of crime. Whether they merely hint at a criminological theory or beat us over the head with one, crime films expose viewers to national (and even international) debates about the causes of crime. Films draw on popular criminological explanations and in turn embody these explanations, feeding them back to mass audiences.
The Gazelle
Authors: Scheindlin Raymond P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the tenth century to the thirteenth, the Jews of Spain belonged to a vibrant and relatively tolerant Arabic-speaking society, a sophisticated culture that had a marked effect on Jewish life, thought, artistic tastes, and literary expression. In this companion volume to Wine, Women, and Death, we see how the surrounding Arabic culture influenced the new poetry that was being written for the synagogue service. The Hebrew poems here, accompanied by elegant English translations and explanatory essays, are short lyrics of the highest literary quality.
Israelite Traditions
Authors: Edward Wright J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient Israelite ideas about the heavenly realms developed within the context of other ancient Near Eastern cultures. Thus, ancient Israel’s notions about the sky and the realm of the gods have many parallels among Israel’s neighbors. This chapter examines the Israelite materials to determine how the ancient Israelites imagined the heavenly realms. I use the term Israelite to identify both peoples of ancient Israel—the Northern Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom of Judah. The religious ideology promoted in a majority of the texts that now form the Hebrew Bible represent the beliefs of only a small portion of the ancient Israelite community; the late Judean individuals who collected, edited, and transmitted the biblical materials were, for the most part, members of a religious tradition centered in Jerusalem that worshipped the god Yahweh exclusively.1 The Bible is thus a curated artifact—it contains a selective account of history and a biased religious perspective. Here we will look at the biblical materials afresh in order to portray ancient Israelite views of the heavenly realm. In addition to the Bible itself, there are numerous extrabiblical texts, inscriptions and archaeological artifacts that will contribute to a more complete perspective on these beliefs. Since this evidence does not come to us through the hands of the biblical editors, it sheds additional, and in some ways undistorted, light on what the ancient Israelites actually believed. The goal here is more than simply recreating the “biblical” depiction of the heavenly realms; rather, I hope to represent the ideas of a larger segment of Israelite society in what may be termed the Israelite depictions of the heavenly realms.
literary culture and Us. Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Carlos Rowe, considered one of the most eminent and progressive critics of American literature, has in recent years become instrumental in shaping the path of American studies. His latest book examines literary responses to U.S. imperialism from the late eighteenth century to the 1940s. Interpreting texts by Charles Brockden Brown, Poe, Melville, John Rollin Ridge, Twain, Henry Adams, Stephen Crane, W. E. B Du Bois, John Neihardt, Nick Black Elk, and Zora Neale Hurston, Rowe argues that U.S. literature has a long tradition of responding critically or contributing to our imperialist ventures. Following in the critical footsteps of Richard Slotkin and Edward Said, Literary Culture and U.S. Imperialism is particularly innovative in taking account of the public and cultural response to imperialism. In this sense it could not be more relevant to what is happening in the scholarship, and should be vital reading for scholars and students of American literature and culture.
The Education of Henry Adams and the American Empire
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The imperial power of the United States has traditionally relied on its invisibility or what today might be termed its “deniability.” In “King Leopold’s Soliloquy,” Mark Twain claims that the invention of the Kodak may well be the means of exposing at long last the violence and cruelty of Imperialism in the Belgian Congo.
The Idolatrous Eye
Authors: O’connell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study argues that the century after the Reformation saw a crisis in the way that Europeans expressed their religious experience. Focusing specifically on how this crisis affected the drama of England, O’Connell shows that Reformation culture was preoccupied with idolatry and that the theatre was frequently attacked as idolatrous. This anti-theatricalism notably targeted the traditional cycles of mystery plays--a type of vernacular, popular biblical theatre that from a modern perspective would seem ideally suited to advance the Reformation project. The Idolatrous Eye provides a wide perspective on iconoclasm in the sixteenth century, and in so doing, helps us to understand why this biblical theatre was found transgressive and what this meant for the secular theatre that followed.
Introduction
Authors: O’connell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The personal origin of my interest in the issues explored in this book goes back about a decade and a half to a moment of wonder that the sculpture lining the walls of the fourteenth-century Lady Chapel of Ely Cathedral had been systematically defaced by iconoclastic hammers. While enough of the intricate foliage decoration and the undulating pattern of nodding ogee arches is left to suggest something of the magnificence the chapel once possessed, the heads and faces of the figures in sculpted scenes of the life and miracles of the Virgin are mutilated. The grace of what remains of the figures and their drapery indicates a high level of sculptural accomplishment, but among the hundreds of figures, not one now remains whole and undamaged (facing page, top).1 The stained glass of the chapel is gone as well, and the overall impression is a vast, almost bare interior space—the forty-six-foot span is one of the widest stone vaults in England—that has been drained of the warmth and color it once possessed (facing page, bottom).
I had, of course, seen other evidence of iconoclasm dating from the reign of Edward VI, but the stark nature of the damage to this chapel struck me forcibly. What, I wondered, made the representational sculpture and glass adorning the chapel so abhorrent in the late 1540s that it had to be defaced? I had around the same time been fascinated by what seemed to me the curious use of the term “idolatry” in tracts attacking theater in the late 1570s and, early 1580s.
“Let the Audience Look to Their Eyes”
Authors: O’connell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In itself the attack of the antitheatrical writers described in chapter I would not necessarily have influenced the self-understanding of the Elizabethan public theater. There is little evidence that the playwrights or theater entrepreneurs took direct notice of the tracts when they first appeared in the late 1570s and early 1580s. But these tracts were the tip of the iceberg of social discourse about the nature and place of the stage, something that is evident in the mechanism of licensing and control that developed from the 1570s onward, in the jurisdictional contention, until the reign of James, between civic authority in London and the crown, and in sermon literature. Opposition to the stage was not merely a response to the novelty of the public theaters at their inception; it clearly persisted through the first four decades of the seventeenth century. Thomas Heywood responded to the antitheatrical discourse with An Apology for Actors in 1612, and in 1614 Ben Jonson caricatured the continuing Puritan opposition in Zeal-of-the-land Busy, who attacks the puppet theater in Bartholomew Fair.
A Coordinator’s View of the Impact of Policy on the Financing and the Managing of Library Automation
Authors: Czermiński Jurand B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter should be understood as a record of the author’s reminiscences during his long term as Chair of the Coordinating Committee for VTLS implementation.1 It was originally planned as an analysis of Polish state policy, but as the writing of it progressed, greater attention was paid to other policies, as well as to their mutual relationship. Policy in Poland is widely known for its peculiar character. Inevitably, everyone wants someone else to disclose some policy to him/her, while at the same time attempting to hide his/her own policy. Therefore, any task that targets such a matter might be perceived as requiring a kind of mixed behavior: a spy’s and an engineer’s investigation of the contents or structure of a “black box” that has only input and output channels and no information about its type of, say, proprietary query language. By the nature of the matter discussed, the resulting opinions can be very subjective, incomplete, and often unjustified. Some of the problems we faced from 1993 to 1998 may look different today, especially those concerning the export of high-level technology.