bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Health Risks Associated with Formalin Treatments Used in Aquaculture: Initial Study
Authors: Wooster Greg A , Martinez Casandra M , Bowser Paul R , O'Hara Dustin S 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
No studies exist that address the health risks to humans resulting from environmental exposure to formaldehyde used to treat fish diseases. This study monitored formaldehyde exposure during two treatment scenarios to better ascertain the health risk. When a single 110-L tank was treated as an indefinite bath treatment at 250 mg/L formaldehyde, mean short-term exposure limit (STEL) averaged 0.76 ± 0.73 mg/L and permissible exposure limit (PEL) was 0.152 ± 0.10 mg/L, 10 cm from the source. One meter from the source, mean STEL and PEL were 0.45 ± 0.35 mg/L and 0.070 mg/ L ± 0.013 mg/L, respectively. The second scenario involved a 530-L flow-through tank treated at 250 mg/L as a 1-h flow-through treatment. Mean STEL averaged 1.61 ± 0.344 mg/L and mean PEL averaged 0.14 ± 0.012 mg/L, 10 cm from the source. One meter from the source, mean STEL and PEL were 0.97 ± 0.744 mg/L and 0.172 ± 0.0495 mg/L, respectively. For both scenarios, STEL and PEL were below the recommended exposure limits set by the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). However, factors such as water temperature, room air exchange rates, and the number of tanks treated per area must be considered when evaluating human health risk.
Use of Prepositioned Grid Electrofishers for the Collection of Robust Redhorse Broodstock
Authors: Grabowski Timothy B , Isely J Jeffery 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We investigated the potential of prepositioned grid electrofishers as a means of collecting broodstock for the rare robust redhorse Moxostoma robustum. We found that combined with visual observation, this technique allowed for the efficient capture of fish in breeding condition. We were able to harvest eggs in the field and bring only fertilized eggs into the hatchery. There was no need to induce spawning hormonally. Although their use is limited by water depth and clarity, prepositioned grid electrofishers used in conjunction with visual observation warrants further consideration as an effective tool for the collection of reproductively active broodstock for conservation purposes.
Inheritance of Predorsal Black Stripe in Black Crappie
Authors: Gomelsky Boris , Mims Steven D , Onders Richard J , Novelo Noel D 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This study presents data on inheritance of the predorsal black stripe in black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Four progeny groups, obtained by crossing fish with certain phenotypes and of known origin, were investigated. Presence of the black stripe in all fish in two progeny groups, produced by crossing fish with and without the black stripe, indicated dominance of this trait. In two F2 progeny groups, segregations of fish with: without stripe did not differ significantly from the 3:1 Mendelian ratio. It was concluded from the data that the appearance of predorsal stripe in black crappie is under the control of a dominant mutation of one gene (St/st): fish with genotypes StSt and Stst have a stripe, while fish with genotype stst do not possess this trait. Presence or absence of the black stripe was not connected with sex of the fish. This indicates that gene St/st is located in an autosome but not in a sex chromosome. Distribution of fish with stripe in one F2 progeny group with regard to relative width of stripe did not differ significantly from unimodal normal distribution. This indicates that allele St approaches complete dominance or is, in fact, completely dominant. Black stripe may be used as a genetic marker in experiments on induced gynogenesis and in stocking programs for distinguishing introduced fish from the native stocks.
Quantitative Analysis of Body Silvering during Smoltification in Masu Salmon using Chromameter
Authors: Ando Daisei , Kitamura Takaya , Mizuno Shinya 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In Japan, the phase distinction of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou during smoltification is determined based on external appearance such as body silvering and black pigmentation of dorsal and caudal fin margin. This method is subjective, and it is difficult to quantify smoltification because body silvering and fin pigmentation level change continuously. Therefore, innovative and easily used criteria to establish smoltification are necessary. We therefore tested a chromameter (L-value) to measure body silvering in two brood years of hatchery-reared and natural (wild and hatchery-origin fish occurring in the wild) masu salmon and examined its effectiveness in determining the progress of smoltification as it relates to establishing smolt release time. Time required to measure body silvering using a chromameter was approximately 10 s per fish. For both brood years, the L-values of hatchery-reared and natural fish differed. With the progress of smoltification in both hatchery-reared and natural fish, the L-values increased gradually from 48.6 to 81.5. Significant linear correlations between L-value and dorsal fin pigmentation were observed in both hatchery-reared and natural groups, but these regression lines were not significantly different. These results suggest that the L-value can be used as a simple index to quantify body silvering during masu salmon smoltification and may be a useful tool in deciding their release time.
Dietary Phosphorus Modifications in Practical Feeds Do Not Affect Waterborne Phosphorus Concentrations and Phytoplankton Abundance in Channel Catfish Ponds
Authors: Tucker Craig S , Hargreaves John A , Kingsbury Susan K 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We measured concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a in 0.04-ha ponds containing channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus during three feeding trials to evaluate the effect of dietary phosphorus modifications on water quality and the potential discharge of phosphorus and organic matter in pond effluents. In experiment 1, a basal diet with 0.20% available phosphorus was compared with diets supplemented with 0.5% or 1.0% dicalcium phosphate to provide 0.27% or 0.35% available phosphorus. In experiment 2, fish were fed diets supplemented with either dicalcium phosphate or defluorinated rock phosphate to contain 0.40% available phosphorus. In experiment 3, fish were fed one of three diets containing 250 or 500 phytase units of phytase per kilogram (0.27% available phosphorus) or 0.75% dicalcium phosphate (0.39% available phosphorus). Husbandry practices in all three experiments were typical of commercial culture conditions. Quantitative and qualitative modifications of dietary phosphorus did not affect waterborne phosphorus concentrations or phytoplankton abundance and, therefore, will not reduce phosphorus or organic matter mass loading in pond effluents. Lack of effectiveness results from high baseline nutrient loading from phosphorus contained in practical feed ingredients combined with high internal phosphorus loading (recycling) within ponds. These factors overwhelm any effect of small changes in external phosphorus loading associated with diet modification. Therefore, the source and level of dietary phosphorus in channel catfish feeds should be based on nutritional and economic considerations rather than potential environmental impact.
Optimum Dietary Protein Level for Growth and Protein Efficiency without Hepatocyte Changes in Juvenile African Cichlids Pseudotropheus socolofi
Authors: Royes Juli-Anne B , Murie Debra J , Francis-Floyd Ruth 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Six diets were formulated with protein levels ranging from 32.5% to 58.8% to determine the dietary protein level that would provide adequate growth and enhanced protein efficiency without pathological changes in the hepatocytes of juvenile ornamental African cichlids Pseudotropheus socolofi. Fish (0.11 g; 1.8 cm) were fed three times daily at 12% body weight per day for 10 weeks. Survival was greater than 95% for all treatments. At the end of the trial, fish on all diets had similar final lengths (P = 0.21). Final weight and final weight gain were significantly different among treatments (P = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively), and both variables exhibited a graded response. Final weight and weight gain increased as the protein level increased to 42.5% and then leveled off at protein levels greater than 42.5%. For fish on all diets, the final carcass protein composition was similar (P &gt; 0.05) to the initial composition. Protein efficiency ratio and protein conversion efficiency decreased with an increase in dietary protein. The hepatosomatic index was not significantly different among diets (P &gt; 0.05). There was a moderate amount of lipid storage in the liver irrespective of diet (40–59% lipid droplet area). Despite this, none of the diets produced liver pathologies. Based on broken-line analysis, the minimum level of dietary protein for optimum growth of P. socolofi to market size, under these experimental conditions and without significant pathological changes in the liver, was 40%.
Effects of Maintenance Feeding Regimens on Weight Gain, Feed Efficiency, and Body Condition of Pond-Raised Channel Catfish
Authors: Li Menghe H , Manning Bruce B , Oberle Daniel F , Robinson Edwin H 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of initial fish size and weekly feeding frequency during the growing season on production characteristics and body condition of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Two sizes of channel catfish (averaging 39 or 249 g/fish) were stocked into eighteen 0.04-ha ponds at a density of 14,820 fish/ha. On days fed fish were fed to apparent satiation with a commercial 28% protein diet for 15 weeks. Fish fed once weekly to satiation gained 92% or 39% of initial weight for small and large fish, respectively. Maintenance feeding frequency (satiation) for these sizes of fish stocked at 14,820 fish/ha would be less frequent than once weekly. The condition factor improved as weekly feeding frequency increased. Larger fish had a better survival than smaller fish. However, fish survival was not affected by weekly feeding frequency. Based on results from the present study, it appears that feeding once weekly to satiation can maintain the body weight of advanced fingerling and larger sized channel catfish stocked at the density used in the present study. However, if economic conditions permit, fish should be fed more frequently to maintain a better body condition. This is especially true for smaller fish raised using a multiple-batch cropping system.
Management of Musty Off-Flavor in Channel Catfish from Commercial Ponds with Weekly Applications of Copper Sulfate
Authors: Schrader Kevin K , Tucker Craig S , Hanson Terrill R , Gerard Patrick D , Kingsbury Susan K , Rimando Agnes M 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We evaluated the effectiveness of weekly low-dose applications of copper sulfate (0.12 mg of Cu/L of water) for reducing the prevalence of off-flavor in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus on commercial farms. The study was conducted over 3 years in ponds (3.2–8.4 ha) on two catfish farms in western Mississippi. Farm managers applied copper sulfate (0.5 mg of copper sulfate pentahydrate/L of water) weekly beginning in the late spring or early summer and continued until the water temperature dropped below 20°C. Water samples were collected from treated and untreated ponds approximately every 3 weeks during the application period and were monitored for levels of the musty compound 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), chlorophyll a, and phytoplankton community structure and abundance. In addition, channel catfish were caught from each study pond during the third year of the study and were checked for flavor. Levels of MIB and the abundance of the MIB-producing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata were significantly lower in treated ponds than in control ponds at one farm, while numbers of green algae and diatoms at both farms were significantly higher in treated ponds than in control ponds. Also, fish flavor analysis indicated that the overall prevalence of all types of off-flavor was 50% lower in treated ponds than in control ponds. Based upon our results, weekly low-dose applications of copper sulfate appear to be beneficial in mitigating musty off-flavor problems in commercially produced channel catfish. Copper sulfate treatment reduced potential harvest delays by nearly half and reduced costs associated with off-flavor by 35%. However, the economic benefit of treatment was not statistically significant, although this result is probably attributable to the small data set used for economic analyses rather than ineffectiveness of treatment.
Efficacy of Hydrogen Peroxide versus Formalin Treatments to Control Mortality Associated with Saprolegniasis on Lake Trout Eggs
Authors: Rach Jeff J , Redman Steven , Bast Dale , Gaikowski Mark P 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We compared the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide versus formalin treatments to control fungal infections on eggs of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush incubated at a hatchery in Wisconsin. Four strains of lake trout eggs were incubated in six vertical-flow Heath incubators; three replicate incubators for each chemical. Each incubator had 13 trays containing approximately 25,000–30,000 eggs/tray. Formalin (1,667 mg/L) or hydrogen peroxide (1,000 mg/L) treatments were administered once daily for 15 min up to the development of visible eye spots in the eggs (eyed egg stage). Eyed and dead eggs were separated using a photoelectric egg sorter, and the number of live and dead eggs was determined volumetrically. In the hydrogen peroxide test group, the bottom trays of each incubator had fungus present on the eggs, whereas no fungus was observed on eggs treated with formalin. The mean percentage of eyed eggs for an incubator treated with formalin (75%) was significantly greater than an incubator treated with hydrogen peroxide (70%). Formalin was the most efficacious therapeutant; however, both therapeutants were effective in increasing lake trout egg survival up to the eyed egg stage.
CFD predictions for flow‐regime transitions in bubble columns
Authors: Monahan Sarah M. , Vitankar Vivek S. , Fox Rodney O. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis work evaluates the ability of multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to predict known flow regimes in air–water bubble columns. An initial grid‐resolution study shows that grid spacing of 0.25 cm or smaller must be used for adequate resolution. The ability of the two‐fluid model to predict homogeneous‐ and transitional‐flow behavior is analyzed next, and the flow predictions are found to be highly dependent on the model formulation (that is, bubble‐induced turbulence, drag, virtual mass, lift, rotation, and strain). At low gas velocities, homogeneous flow is observed for only a particular set of force models. At higher gas velocities, the same set of models yields reasonable predictions of transitional flow for small columns. Bubble size and liquid coflow also affect flow structures and flow stability at high gas flow rates. Scale‐up to larger column diameters is studied for both the homogeneous‐ and transitional‐flow regimes. In the homogeneous regime, the flow behavior is found to be independent of column diameter. However, because of neglect of coalescence, transition to churn‐turbulent flow is not observed at high gas velocities for large column diameters. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of 2,6‐Bis(styryl)anthracene Derivatives: Effects of Donor–Acceptor Substituents and the π Center
Authors: Yang Wen Jun , Kim Dae Young , Jeong Mi‐Yun , Kim Hwan Myung , Lee Yun Kyoung , Fang Xingzhong , Jeon Seung‐Joon , Cho Bong Rae 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA series of 2,6‐ and 2,7‐bis(styryl)anthracene derivatives with the donors at the styryl group and acceptors at the 9,10‐positions have been synthesized, and their two‐photon cross sections (Φδmax) were determined. These compounds exhibit a peak two‐photon absorptivity (δmax) in the range of 700–2500 GM at 780–1030 nm. Values of λmax and Stokes shifts increase as the acceptor is changed to a stronger one. There is also a parallel increase in ${\lambda {{(2)\hfill \atop {\rm max}\hfill}}}$ and δmax with the same variation of the chromophore structure. Both ${\lambda {{(2)\hfill \atop {\rm max}\hfill}}}$ and Φδmax have been optimized by introducing donor‐substituted styryl groups at the 2,6‐positions and p‐cyanophenyl groups at the 9,10‐positions, respectively. The effect of a π center on the two‐photon absorption properties has been assessed by comparing the existing data for a variety of D–π–D derivatives.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ols: Development of Novel Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Strübing Dirk , Kirschner Anett , Neumann Helfried , Hübner Sandra , Klaus Stefan , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Beller Matthias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMulticomponent reactions of aldehydes, dienophiles, and alcohols or carboxylic acid anhydrides have been developed for the first time. In situ generation of 1‐acyloxy‐ and 1‐alkoxy‐1,3‐butadiene derivatives in toluene in the presence of electron‐deficient dienophiles provides selective and efficient access to functionalized cyclohex‐2‐ene‐1‐ols in good yields. Subsequent enzyme‐catalyzed kinetic resolution gave the corresponding enantiomers with high enantioselectivity.
Inhibition of Mitosis by Glycopeptide Dendrimer Conjugates of Colchicine
Authors: Lagnoux David , Darbre Tamis , Schmitz M. Lienhard , Reymond Jean‐Louis 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGlycopeptide dendrimers have been prepared bearing four or eight identical glycoside moieties at their surface (β‐glucose, α‐galactose, α‐N‐acetyl‐galactose, or lactose), natural amino acids within the branches (Ser, Thr, His, Asp, Glu, Leu, Val, Phe), 2,3‐diaminopropionic acid as the branching unit, and a cysteine residue at the core. These dendrimers have been used as drug‐delivery devices for colchicine. Colchicine was attached to the dendrimers at the cysteine thiol group through a disulfide or thioether linkage. The biological activities of the glycopeptide dendrimer conjugates were evaluated in HeLa tumor cells and non‐transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The concentrations of glycopeptide dendrimer drug conjugates required to achieve inhibition of cell proliferation by interference with the tubulin system were found to be higher (IC50 > 1 μM) compared to the required colchicine concentration. On the other hand, the glycopeptide dendrimer conjugates inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells 20–100 times more effectively than the proliferation of MEFs. In comparison, non‐glycosylated dendrimers and colchicine itself showed a selectivity of 10‐fold or less for HeLa cells.
Lipid classes, fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol molecular species of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Tomiyama Yuka , Kita Sayaka , Mizushina Yoshiyuki 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSeed oils from five legume cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris, grown in Japan, were extracted and classified by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) into seven fractions: hydrocarbons (HC; 0.7–1.4 wt‐%), steryl esters (SE; 1.7–3.3 wt‐%), triacylglycerols (TAG; 33.8–45.9 wt‐%), free fatty acids (FFA; 0.6–1.5 wt‐%), sn‐1,3‐diacylglycerols (1,3‐DAG; 0.3–1.0 wt‐%), sn‐1,2‐diacylglycerols (1,2‐DAG; 0.4–1.2 wt‐%) and phospholipids (PL; 49.4–58.8 wt‐%). Fatty acids derivatized as methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and a flame ionization detector. Molecular species and the fatty acid distribution of TAG isolated from the total lipids in the beans were analyzed by a combination of argentation‐TLC and GC. A modified argentation‐TLC procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total TAG, provided 18 different groups of TAG, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total length of the three acyl chains of fatty acid groups. SDT (3.2–4.2 wt‐%), M2T (3.8–5.0 wt‐%), D3 (4.8–5.9 wt‐%), MDT (8.0–13.9 wt‐%), D2T (12.5–15.8 wt‐%), MT2 (19.4–22.7 wt‐%), DT2 (17.8–23.5 wt‐%) and T3 (9.2–13.0 wt‐%) were the main TAG components. The dominant fatty acids of TAG were α‐linolenic (48.5–57.8 wt‐%) and linoleic (16.7–25.8 wt‐%) acids, with appreciable amounts of palmitic (8.3–13.2 wt‐%) and oleic (7.8–13.8 wt‐%) acids. The high content of α‐linolenic acid in the cultivars of P. vulgaris could very likely play a beneficial role in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease among the large populations consuming them in Japan.
Mathematical expressions for calculation of oil‐polymer blends
Authors: Dutt Nidamarthy V. K. , Sreekumar Gudipati , Ravikumar Yerrapragada V. L. , Chalapathi Rao Mannava G. V. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA study of the recent literature emphasized the importance of blending polymers with oils for improving the performance characteristics (like flexibility, corrosion resistance, etc.) of adhesives, coatings and laminates. Investigation of the available data revealed that several properties of such oil‐polymer blends could be correlated by molar refraction (RM), with reasonable accuracies. The properties of the linseed oil‐polystyrene (PS) and linseed oil‐polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blends studied are iodine value (IV), hydroxyl value (HV), inherent viscosity (η), melting temperature (TM), and glass transition temperature (Tg). In the case of safflower, palm and peanut oil‐sucrose polyester formulations, the viscosity at 40 °C (η40) and the melting point TM have been correlated by RM with the average absolute deviations (ē) of 17.8% and 3.0%, respectively. Using the orientation polarization PO (to represent polarity) in addition to RM, η40 and TM of oil‐polyester formulations could be calculated with ē values of 8.9% and 1.7%, compared to 17.8% and 3.0% using RM alone. The results indicated the importance of PO in improving the accuracy of predictions for properties.
Solvent and structural effects on the kinetics of the reactions of cycloalkenylcarboxylic and cycloalkenylacetic acids with diazodiphenylmethane
Authors: Nikolić J. B. , Ušćumlić G. S. , Krstić V. V. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe rate constants for the reaction of different cycloalkenylcarboxylic, cycloalkenylacetic acids, and phenylacetic acid with diazodiphenylmethane were determined in 12 aprotic solvents at 30°C. In order to explain the kinetic results through solvent effects, the second‐order rate constant of the examined acids was correlated using the Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic equation. The correlations of the kinetic data were carried out by means of multiple linear regression analysis, and the solvent effects on the reaction rates were analyzed in terms of initial and transition state contributions. The opposite signs of the electrophilic and the nucleophilic parameters are in agreement with the well‐known mechanism of the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane. The quantitative relationship between the molecular structure and the chemical reactivity is also discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 361–367, 2005