bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Framework and Institutional Context
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What makes medical malpractice insurance tick? How can we explain the behavior of malpractice insurers? This chapter discusses the nature of the product of malprnctice insurance, the nature and behavior of insurance firms, and the structure and behavior of the market. We start by describing some relevant characteristics of the malpractice product, firms, and market. Some of these arc common to the property-liability insur¬ ance industry, of which malpractice insurers arc a part. Other features are more specific to the malpractice insurance line.
Carolina’s Appalachian Promise
Authors: Hatley Tom 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN 1674 Henry Woodward opened trading relations with the Westoes, a broker tribe which had recently sought out the trade of the new English toehold at Albemarle Point on the Ashley River. As he traveled west toward the Savannah River town newly colonized by the Westoes, Woodward saw sign-posts of willing sellers: “these Indians had drawne upon trees (the barke being hewed away) the effigies of a bever, a man, on horseback, and guns.” While he was at the Westoe town, Woodward looked forward to a trading visit from the tribe in the next season, “wth deare skins, furrs and younge slaves.” Woodward’s reconnaissance had taken him only just beyond the fall-line from Charlestown, and the Westoes alluded to the promise of further frontiers beyond. His hosts told him that eight days’ travel beyond their outpost ‘‘inhabit the Cowatoe and Chorakae Indians wth whom they are at continual warrs.” This first notice of the Cherokee presence to the west was followed by sporadic contacts, including a treaty of 1684, perhaps initiated by the tribe to staunch the slaving activities of the Westoes themselves. However, the Cherokees for years remained a distant presence, even though their goods-and at least some of their own folk--were sold in Charlestown markets.
From a House Divided to a Full House
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The outcome of The Game, when Max Lanier beat Habana at the end of the 1946-47 season, was an escalation of hostilities between Latin American and Organized Baseball, with Cuba as the focus. The frenzy created by the race between Almendares and Habana, the attendance records set in the Gran Stadium, and the obvious availability of Latin American talent and money did nothing but whet the appetite of U.S. baseball, and harden its resolve to control the Latin American market and solidify its claim to primacy. Mexico had not only drawn an alarming number of American players, but even more Latin players, mostly from Cuba, though also from Puerto Rico, Panama, and Venezuela. The Mexican League had, in 1946-47, a dangerously intimate relationship with the Cuban League, then the premier winter circuit in Latin America. The sense of alarm among U.S. baseball magnates must have been heightened also by labor problems at home. American players formed a players’ union and then initiated a pension fund. The Mexican League’s tempting offers, moreover, started rumblings among U.S. players about the legality of the reserve clause, which bound them for life to the major-league team that signed him.
Introduction
Authors: Nolan Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
America was very much on the minds of Germans in the mid,1920s. Its advanced technology and unprecedented economic prosperity, its high wages and brisk work pace, its dizzying consumption patterns and emer, gent mass culture, its “new women” and disturbing family life-all were the subject of intense debate. In closed conferences and public forums, indus, trialists sought to unravel the secrets of American economic success, while engineers from universities and firms analyzed American technology and probed factory organization. Trade unionists of varying political affiliations debated the reality and significance of American wages, assessed working conditions, and pondered the possibilities of mass consumption in Germany. For industrialists, engineers, and trade unionists alike, the character of American entrepreneurs and the mentality of American workers were a source of constant fascination and disputation. Nothing symbolized the economic performance and promise of America better than Henry Ford and “Fordism,” as the technological system and economic ideology embodied in the Ford automobile company was grandiously labeled.
Journeys to America
Authors: Nolan Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In their search for models of modernity, Weimar Germans of many classes and varied political outlooks traveled to America. They were certainly not the first Germans to venture across the Atlantic to explore the United States, observe the peculiarities of its people and institutions, and record their impressions. In the decades before World War I, for example, Carl Legien, the head of the Social Democratic General Confederation of Ger, man Trade Unions, crisscrossed the land, meeting with socialists and trade unionists.1 The novelist and world traveler Arthur Holitscher, with less purpose and a distinct taste for the picaresque, wandered across America absorbing nature and culture, politics and architecture, ethnicity and race.2 Erwin Rosen, the black sheep of a respectable southern German bourgeois family, worked and traveled in America for five years after he was expelled from his academic high school.3 The sociologist Werner Sombart made the journey before completing Why Is’There ]’{o Socialism in the United States?4 And Hugo Mtinsterberg, the German psychologist who taught for years at Harvard, produced a weighty tome on American life and the American psyche in 1904.
The Infatuation with Fordism
Authors: Nolan Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have long gone through life with perceptive eyes, a thinking soul, and an open heart, enthusiastic about everything beautiful, be it nature, art, sport, or pro, ductivity. Nonetheless, my most powerful experience was a visit to the Ford works, that gigantic production facility created in a short time by human hands, which not only impresses the eyes by its size and the manner of its technical construction but whose living spirit is palpably present to such a degree that it simply draws people into its orbit. Few observers spoke quite as rhapsodically about Ford’s Highland Park and River Rouge factories as the engineer Franz Westermann, but most shared his sense of awe, regardless of whether it inspired approval, anxiety, or repulsion. In Detroit Germans found something startlingly new. The size and speed of production, the degree of mechanization and division of labor could scarcely be grasped by even the most technologically experienced observer. Nature’s most impressive wonders, such as Niagara Falls, which most Germans visited on the way to Detroit, paled in comparison to such a mechanical creation.2 Production alone did not exhaust the allure and enigma of Fordism. There was the product and the marketing strategy that lay behind it, the Model T and mass consumption; there was the surprising coexistence of high wages and low prices; and there was the man and his philosophy, that spirit of “service” that ostensibly animated every aspect of Fordism, explained its success, and distinguished it-ideologically and practically-from previous forms of capitalism.
Engineering the New Worker
Authors: Nolan Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A great enveloping assault by German industrialists on the soul of the German worker is in progress. The goal of this attack consists in nothing less than a com, plete restructuring of the mentality of millions of male and female workers. With this ominous warning the Social Democratic trade unionist Fritz Fricke began his 1927 pamphlet ‘They See the Souls. He proceeded to deliver a scathing attack on new forms of social rationalization in industry. His criti, cisms were also aimed at the German Institute for Technical Labor Train, ing (Dinta).1 Fricke’ s alarmist prose was occasioned by a proliferation of fac, tory,based programs aimed at transforming workers’ attitudes toward work and the firm, coworkers and capitalism, family and fatherland. Dinta and the engineers it trained ran apprenticeship programs, company newspapers, and welfare and education services. Like several other Weimar institutions run by scientists of work, engineers, and industrialists, Dinta claimed to have discovered “the human being as a factor of production.”2
The Structure of Classical Legal Thought, 1870-1905
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The separation between law and politics has always been a central aspiration of American legal thinkers. Operating uncomfortably within a democratic political culture that has been obsessed with the threat of “tyranny of the majority,” American jurists since the Revolution have striven to embody “a government of laws and not of men” in a conception of an autonomous system of law untainted by politics.
The Place of Justice Holmes 1n American Legal Thought
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first two chapters I sought to capture the basic structure of Classical Legal Thought and to set the stage for the Progressive assault on its premises. In chapter 3, I began to focus on the vast institutional and ideological changes in American society that triggered the crisis of legitimacy at the turn of the century. In this chapter I demonstrate how these changes affected the legal thought of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., the most important and influential legal thinker America has had.
The Legacy of Legal Realism
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Legal Realism is the culmination of the early-twentieth-century attack on the claims of late-nineteenth-century Classical Legal Thought to have produced an autonomous and self-executing system of legal discourse. The creation of a system of legal thought that could separate law and politics has been the leading aspiration of American legal orthodoxy since the Revolution. In a nation lacking either an established social order or an established church to produce the social cement of legitimate authority, from the beginning Americans turned the rule of law into a “civil religion.” 1 And in this most democratic country in the world, Americans after the Revolution obsessed about the dangers of “tyranny of the majority” and about how a “government of laws, not of men” might spare them from its ravages. If in 1776 tyranny of the majority might well have meant sectarian religious tyranny, by 1830 it had come almost exclusively to represent fear of leveling, confiscation-fear of the redistribution of wealth or power from rich to poor.
Economic Dimensions: The Role of Limited Liability
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Under traditional doctrines of entity law, the concept of the separate personality of the corporation insulates the legal consequences of the actions of one related party, such as a subsidiary corporation (or controlled corporation) from being attributed to its parent corporation (or controlling shareholders). In a significant number of cases, these legal consequences relate to matters of procedure, nonmonetary duties, or restrictions on behavior under statutory law. In these areas, consideration of the application of enterprise principles to supersede traditional entity law does not involve the determination of liability, and the doctrine of limited liability plays no role in the choice between enterprise and entity law. Utilization of entity law in such cases rests solely on the traditional concept of the separate corporate personality. In many other areas, however, the legal consequences of enterprise principles do directly involve the imposition of liability upon one or more constituent corporations of a group for the obligations of an other constituent corporation. In those cases, the use of enterprise principles involves not only the abandonment of traditional principles of entity law but also the repudiation of limited liability. The focus is no longer purely conceptual; it involves issues of profound economic importance.
The Rise and Decline of Tweed’s Tammany Hall
Authors: Bernstein Iver 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
William M. Tweed’s Tammany Democracy was the most successful attempt to resolve the problem of political rule exposed by the volcanic social eruption of July 1863. Tweed and Tammany’s domination of the Democratic Party dated from late 1864 and 1865. In the eighteen months after the riots, a loyal Tammany Hall gained ascendancy after the Peace Democracy was branded the provocateur of an insurrectionary working class and traitor to the Northern cause. Tweed’s political domination began with the electoral victories of December 1865 and in the state with the victories of December 1869. His regime lasted until the Orange riot and revelations of fraud in July 1871. During this six-year tenure, Tweed’s organization managed to negotiate tensions between contesting groups of wage earners and elites, an accomplishment which had eluded a host of Republican and Democratic predecessors during the middle decades.
Share tenancy and efficiency in u.s. Agriculture
Authors: Lee Hyunok , Somwaru Agapi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the time of Adam Smith, economists have argued that share tenancy is ineffi­ cient. Because outputs are shared with the landlord, a share tenant gets only a portion of what he or she produces. Hence, the tenant does not have the incentive to culti­ vate efficiently on share-rented land and the tenant can be expected to undersupply resources [Bardhan and Srinivasan (1971), Bell and Zusman (1976), Braverman and Srinivasan (1981), Braverman and Stiglitz (1982)]. The result is Paretian inefficiency. Share tenancy, however, has survived the modem land reform era in developing as well as developed economies. This persistence has led many economists to attempt an economic explanation of share tenancy. Several have questioned the classical argument of share tenancy inefficiency. Starting by observing that if share tenancy were inefficient as claimed it would have died out, Johnson (1950) and later Cheung (1969) argued that efficiency can be achieved with effective monitoring of share tenants. Johnson argued that short-term contracts could be used to ensure that tenant farmers use resources efficiently. If the tenant does not deliver an adequate share of output to the landlord he or she may be penalized by contract termination.
Why Airplanes Crash
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The authors discuss what private and public policies can do to increase airline safety in an age of the deregulation of commercial airlines. The book compares the US experience with aviation in other countries, especially Canada. Then it examines the three safety issues: the safety margin that allows for human error and equipment failure; the worldwide ageing of all airline fleets; and terrorism and sabotage.
Risk in Air Travel
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A series of well-publicized aviation accidents and dramatic changes in airline industry structure during the 1980s and early 1990s have fueled growing public concern about safety. The horrific consequences of a major airline accident have been brought to the public’s attention in dramatic fashion by accidents such as the 1982 crashes of Air Florida in Washington, D.C., and Pan Am in a New Orleans suburb; the 1985 crashes of Delta Airlines in Dallas-Fort Worth and Midwest Express in Milwaukee; the 1986 collision over Los Angeles between an Aeromexico passenger jet and a general aviation aircraft; the 1987 accidents in Detroit and Denver involving Northwest Airlines and Continental Airlines, respectively; the 1988 bombing of a Pan Am B-747 over Lockerbie, Scotland; the crash landing of a United Airlines DC-10 in Sioux City in 1989; the run way collisions between two Northwest jets in 1990 and between a USAir B-737 and a Skywest commuter plane in 1991; and the 1991 crash of a United B-737 in Colorado Springs.
The U.S. Airline Safety Record in the Post-Deregulation Era
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The U.S. airline industry has changed dramatically since passage of the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978. Flexibility in route entry and exit and in fare setting stimulated competition, encouraged new entrants, and forced all airlines to pay more attention to cost control, productivity improvements, and marketing. These changes, while generally beneficial for consumers,1 have raised questions and concern about safety.
Charter Service and General Aviation
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most public attention to aviation safety has focused on scheduled passenger service provided by major airlines and commuter service. Little attention has been paid to other segments of the aviation industry. In the United States, however, only about 21 percent of aviation activity and 12 percent of aviation fatalities occur in the major airline and commuter segments of the industry.
Cotton Dust Regulation: An OSHA Success Story?
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A pivotal regulation in the history of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is its standard to limit the cotton dust exposures of textile workers. This regulation was the subject of a major internal battle within the Carter administration, served as the focal point of a fundamental U.S. Supreme Court decision in the risk-regulation area, and was the target of a controversial reassessment under the Reagan administration.
The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulation, 1973–1983
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration began operations in 1971 as the most extensive effort to influence workplace conditions. This regulatory program also assumed broader significance as OSHA became a principal target of opponents of the new risk and environmental regulations. The popular consensus that early OSHA operations epitomized ineffective governmental regulation was borne out in the academic studies as well (Oi [1975]; Mendeloff [1979]; R. S. Smith [1976, 1979b]; Viscusi [1979b, 1983]; Zeckhauser and Nichols [1979]). Econometric studies, such as that in Chapter 11, found little or no impact of OSHA regulation on workplace safety, and this view continues to prevail in the literature.
Retrospective: History, Procedure, and the Social Role of the Federal Courts
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Industrialization, the westward movement, urbanization, immigration, the railroads-the composite of elements that transformed American society in the decades after the Civil War-created a social context that shaped anew the day-to-day significance of federal diversity jurisdiction. Those developments helped generate large national corporations that organized far-flung commercial and industrial operations; they spread the American population across vast ranges of the trans Mississippi West; and they created hundreds of bustling towns and cities throughout the land. In the process they also generated new classes of grievances and multiplying numbers of injuries that forced millions of individuals to confront those corporations with claims for redress. Hundreds of thousands of those individuals eventually brought legal actions to seek relief. As they did so, they formed new patterns of litigation around the jurisdiction that the federal courts had exercised since 1789. The system of corporate diversity litigation emerged after 1870 and evolved through three major stages before disintegrating in a new mid-twentieth-century social context.
The Disposition of the Self
Authors: Crittenden Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Communitarian critiques first began during the Renaissance, when individuality became more of a “virtue” and less a vice. Since that time communitarians have lamented the collapse of community, those bonds of fellowship and solidarity that come from intimately sharing a way of life that both expresses and reinforces a common understanding or worldview. Yet today’s communitarians differ from their predecessors, even those as recent as the 1950s.1 Then communitarians attacked modernity; today many attack liberalism.
The Pursuit of Novelty
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What does an organism do when all its needs are satisfied, all its discomforts eliminated? The original answer, nothing, is now generally recognized to have been wrong. Perfect comfort and lack of stimulation are restful at first, but they soon become boring, then disturbing. At that stage the or­ ganism actively seeks stimulation. Fighting boredom is the opposite of relieving discomfort: the one raises too low, the other lowers too high, an arousal level. They are opposites also in that, while discomfort is usually specific and is fully relieved only by satisfying the particular need causing it, boredom is general and can be escaped through a great variety of activities. Boredom, therefore, is much harder to analyze, because we must deal with the whole gamut of activities capable of fighting boredom, but try at the same time to find what their common element is which explains their ability to stimulate.
Enter Economics
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have looked at the psychologist’s broad canvas of human satisfactions, and though we have made next to no mention so far of economic activity, it should be clear that it is only one of many sources of satisfaction, perhaps not a very important one. Why is it that some satisfactions depend on economic activity while others do not and are kept out of the market altogether? The economy’s contribution to human welfare-its magnitude, nature, and components-is well known, well measured, and much discussed. What we lack, however, is an understanding of the economy’s place in the total scheme of human satisfactions. Only by comparing the economy’s contribution with that of all other sources can we attain a balanced perspective, and to do that we must understand better what all the other contributions are. We also need to reclassify satisfactions according to some principle which will separate the economic from the non-economic and help us identify the factors that distinguish them.
Income and Happiness
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After all this discussion of the psychologist’s concepts and constructs, it will be useful to stop for a moment and take stock before proceeding to the more practical and interesting task of applying them. At the center of the economist’s stage is the market, with its wheeling and dealing, and its central act in which two parties make an exchange because each prefers what he gets to what he gives in return. That act of exchanging is the source and proof of all economic gain, which explains the economist’s preoccupation with it. Yet market exchange is neither necessary nor sufficient for mutual gain. It is not necessary because innumerable exchanges occur without benefit of the market and because many unreciprocated acts also yield satisfaction to both giver and recipient. It is not sufficient because market exchanges often create not only satisfactions, but also the needs they satisfy, and anything that gives rise to both a need and its satisfaction is of little or no use to anyone.