bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural evidence for a role of γ‐aminobutyric acid in mediating the effects of corticotropin‐releasing factor on the rat dorsal raphe serotonin system
Authors: Waselus Maria , Valentino Rita J. , Van Bockstaele Elisabeth J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5‐HT) system has been implicated in acute responses to stress and in stress‐related psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Substantial findings suggest that the neuropeptide corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) is instrumental in modulating the activity of this system during stress. Because the DRN is neurochemically heterogeneous, dual immunoelectron microscopy was used to examine cellular substrates for interactions between CRF and either 5‐HT or γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the dorsolateral and ventromedial DRN. CRF immunoreactivity was identified primarily within axon terminals, where immunolabeling was particularly enriched in dense‐core vesicles. Although CRF terminals targeted 5‐HT‐containing dendrites in the dorsolateral DRN (16%; n = 251 terminals), synaptic contacts with dendrites that lacked detectable 5‐HT immunolabeling were more numerous (48%). In contrast, dual labeling for CRF and GABA (n = 240 terminals) in the dorsolateral DRN revealed that substantially more CRF terminals contacted GABA dendrites (42%) as opposed to unlabeled dendrites (29%). In the ventromedial DRN, contacts between CRF axon terminals and either 5‐HT‐labeled dendrites or GABA‐containing dendrites were fewer than in the dorsolateral DRN. As in the dorsolateral DRN, CRF terminals more frequently contacted GABA dendrites than 5‐HT dendrites (30% vs. 8%, respectively). The findings support physiological studies suggesting that CRF has both direct and indirect effects on DRN‐5‐HT neurons and further implicate GABA as a primary mediator by which CRF and stressors alter the activity of the DRN‐5‐HT system. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:155–165, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of Zif268 and c‐Fos in the primary visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus of normal Cebus monkeys and after monocular lesions
Authors: Soares Juliana G.M. , Pereira Ana C.C.N. , Botelho Eliã P. , Pereira Sandra S. , Fiorani Mario , Gattass Ricardo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe transcription factors c‐Fos and Zif268 have been used as markers of neuronal activity, and they also have been implicated in neuronal plasticity. In this study, we investigated the expression of c‐Fos and Zif268 proteins in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and in the cortical primary visual area (V1) of normal adult Cebus apella monkeys and in animals with monocular lesions. In the LGN, the reaction for c‐Fos showed immunopositive cells in both magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) layers; however, the label was heavier in P layers. In animals that suffered monocular lesions, the immunocytochemistry for c‐Fos showed more labeling in layers related to the normal eye compared with those of the lesioned eye. No specific label was observed after the reaction for Zif268 in the LGN. In V1, the reaction for both Zif268 and c‐Fos showed a pattern of lamination in which heavier labeling was found in layers 2/3, 4A, 4C, and 6. After monocular lesions, we observed a clear pattern of ocular dominance columns in V1 for both c‐Fos and Zif268, in which the columns related to the normal eye are more heavily labeled than those related to the lesioned eye. This pattern is more evident in layer 4C after c‐Fos reaction, whereas, after Zif268, it is more clearly observed in layers 2/3. These results suggest that, in addition to be regulated by functional activity, these transcription factors are involved in different processes during cortical reorganization. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:166–175, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐scale maintenance of dual projections by callosal and frontal cortical projection neurons in adult mice
Authors: Mitchell Bartley D. , Macklis Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIntegration of sensory‐motor information in premotor cortex of rodents occurs largely through callosal and frontal cortical association projections directed in a hierarchically organized manner. Although most anatomical studies in rodents have been performed in rats, mammalian genetic models have focused on mice, because of their successful manipulation on the genetic and cell biological levels. It is therefore important to establish the normal patterns of anatomical connectivity in mice, which potentially differ from those in rats. The goal of this study is to investigate the anatomical development of callosal and frontal premotor projection neurons (CPN and FPN, respectively) in mouse sensory‐motor and premotor cortex and to investigate quantitatively the potential laminar differences between these neurons with simultaneous callosal and frontal projections during development. The retrograde tracers Fluoro‐Gold and DiI were injected into sensory‐motor and premotor cortices, respectively, C57Bl/6 mice at different developmental times (P2, P8, P21, adult). We found that, in contrast to the case in primate and cat, there is widespread overlap in populations of long‐distance projection neurons in mice; many projection neurons have simultaneous projections to both contralateral somatosensory cortex and ipsilateral frontal cortex, and a considerable number of these dual projections persist into adulthood. In addition, there are significant laminar differences in the percentage of neurons with simultaneous callosal and frontal projections, and an isolated population of layer V FPN has bilateral projections to both premotor cortical hemispheres. Taken together, our results indicate that a large proportion of individual projection neurons maintains simultaneous callosal and frontal projections in adult mice, suggesting that these dual projections might serve the critical function of integrating motor coordination information with multimodal association areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:17–32, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the neuronal calcium sensor protein NCS‐1 in the developing mouse olfactory pathway
Authors: Treloar Helen B. , Uboha Ulyana , Jeromin Andreas , Greer Charles A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNeuron specific calcium sensor 1 (NCS‐1) is widely expressed in the developing and adult nervous system. Like calmodulin, NCS‐1 is a member of a family of calcium binding proteins that contain EF‐hand motifs, which bind calcium and induce conformational changes in the protein. Their binding varies with calcium concentration, allowing them to act as true calcium sensors rather than just calcium binding proteins. This family of proteins has been implicated in important synaptic events including neurotransmitter release and synapse formation. We examined the expression of NCS‐1 in the developing and mature olfactory system to determine whether this molecule may be playing a role in establishing and/or maintaining olfactory circuitry. During development, expression of NCS‐1 in the olfactory epithelium was localized in the dendritic knobs and axons of olfactory sensory neurons. Axonal expression was down‐regulated after synapse formation. In the developing olfactory bulb, NCS‐1 was expressed in the processes of mitral/tufted and granule cells. However, in the adult olfactory bulb, strongest expression was found in a subset of periglomerular cells (PGCs). This subset of PGCs did not express other known markers of PGCs including tyrosine hydroxylase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, calbindin, or calretinin, and only partially overlapped with the subpopulation of PGCs that express parvalbumin. Together, these data suggest multiple and overlapping roles of NCS‐1 in the developing and mature olfactory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 482:201–216, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐precision gene expression analysis of immunosuppressive agents in human whole blood
Authors: Tryon Victor V. , Cheronis John C. , Trollinger David B. , Bankaitis‐Davis Danute , Storm Kathleen , Zuzack John S. , Zhan Min , Macejak Dennis G. , Bevilacqua Michael P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAnalysis of gene expression is emerging as a valuable tool in drug discovery. Using a gene expression system involving high‐precision quantitative PCR, two robust in vitro models of inflammation in human whole blood were examined. In the first model, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) addition to whole blood resulted in profound changes in the expression of multiple inflammation‐related genes, ranging from increases of 1.5‐fold to several 1,000‐fold. In the second model, stimulation by interleukin 2 plus toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (IL2+TSST1) resulted in a distinct pattern of expression consistent with increased contributions from T‐lymphocyte activation. Both stimuli resulted in unique, but consistent patterns of gene expression across individual blood donors. In addition, experiments using the immunosuppressive drugs, dexamethasone and cyclosporin A, demonstrated that the distinct mechanisms of different immunosuppresants can be characterized at the molecular level in human whole blood using specific pathway markers. Thus, dexamethasone inhibited induction of gene expression at a number of loci in both models of the inflammatory response, while Cyclosporin A had minimal effects in the LPS model but had profound effects in the IL2+TSST1 model. These findings validate the use of high‐precision gene expression analysis (HPGEA) directly from human whole blood, coupled with well‐defined stimulation parameters, for characterizing, monitoring, and predicting the effects of novel therapeutic agents in pre‐clinical studies. Drug Dev. Res. 63:8–21, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced skin permeation of rofecoxib using topical microemulsion gel
Authors: Desai Kashappa Goud H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMicroemulsion gels containing rofecoxib and rofecoxib solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 were prepared for the study of rapid percutaneous absorption. The solubility of rofecoxib in oil phase of microemulsion, e.g., isopropyl myristate, was increased by the addition of dimethyl formamide and ethanol. Topical microemulsion gels (MEGs) were prepared by using neat rofecoxib as well as its solid dispersion to compare the efficacy of individual MEG with conventional gel (CG). MEGs showed better spreadability than CG and also showed increased globular size with increasing concentration of the oil phase. The release of rofecoxib through dialysis membrane and excised rat abdominal skin was affected by the size of the oil globule in MEGs. Rofecoxib release was higher for MEGs when compared to CG. MEGs containing rofecoxib‐PEG 4000 solid dispersion exhibited higher cumulative drug permeation when compared to MEG containing neat rofecoxib. MEGs containing rofecoxib‐PEG 4000 solid dispersion exhibited faster antiinflammatory activity than CG. Drug Dev. Res. 63:33–40, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Source of the endo Rule in the Diels−Alder Reaction: Are Secondary Orbital Interactions Really Necessary?
Authors: García José Ignacio , Mayoral José Antonio , Salvatella Luis 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe endo preference in Diels−Alder reactions is usually attributed to the occurrence of attractive Secondary Orbital Interactions (SOI), whereas other interaction mechanisms (primary interactions, closed‐shell repulsions, electrostatics) are assumed to be identical for both endo and exo approaches. However, analysis of the parallel approximation between s‐trans butadiene and fumaronitrile shows that SOI is overcome by closed‐shell repulsions. Furthermore, the study of several reactions (cyclopentadiene + maleic anhydride, cyclobutadiene + cyclobutenedione, cyclobutadiene + norbornadiene) indicates the absence of a net attraction for the atom pairs involved in SOI. As a conclusion, the endo preference is not due to the occurrence of an attractive interaction between the atom pairs involved in SOI and so this concept is unnecessary. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Honing Up a Genre of Amphiphilic Bistable [2]Rotaxanes for Device Settings
Authors: Jeppesen Jan O. , Nygaard Sune , Vignon Scott A. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn response to molecular electroactive device requirements, a molecular shuttle in the shape of an amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane has been designed, synthesized, and characterized. It contains a hydrophobic, tetraarylmethane and a hydrophilic, dendritic stopper and two π‐electron‐rich stations—a (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit and a 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene moiety — on the rod section of its dumbbell component, which can act as recognition sites for the tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene), to reside around. In contrast to a previously reported “slow” amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane, which has an SMe group attached directly to the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit, this “new and improved” bistable [2]rotaxane has a much less bulky hydrogen atom attached to the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit. This seemingly small difference in the substituents on the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit leads to profound changes when comparing the physical properties of the two bistable [2]rotaxanes. Two hydrophilic semidumbbell compounds, comprising only a (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit, and one hydrophobic semidumbbell compound comprising only a 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene moiety on its rod section have also been prepared and used to form their corresponding cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) complexes. The kinetics of the complexation/decomplexation process occurring in these complexes have been investigated, using both absorption and 1H NMR spectroscopy. In addition, these model complexes have been used to investigate the strength of the noncovalent bonding interactions occurring between the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) ring component and the semidumbbell component at different temperatures, allowing the free energies, enthalpies, and entropies for the formation of these complexes to be determined. The outcome of these investigations can be used to explain the fact that the “slow” [2]rotaxane exists as a 1:1 mixture of its two possible translational isomers, whereas the “new and improved” [2]rotaxane exists as a 4:1 mixture in favor of the translational isomer where the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) tetracation encircles the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit, and also to explain the thermochromic behavior of the “new and improved” [2]rotaxane. In this amphiphilic bistable [2]rotaxane, shuttling of the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) tetracation can be driven by both chemical and electrochemical oxidation of the (monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene unit rendering it a good candidate for incorporation into two‐terminal molecular switch tunnel junctions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Multicomponent Reaction of Aldehydes, Anhydrides, and Dienophiles: Synthesis of “Butterfly”‐Like Diazatetradecenes
Authors: Strübing Dirk , von Wangelin Axel Jacobi , Neumann Helfried , Gördes Dirk , Hübner Sandra , Klaus Stefan , Spannenberg Anke , Beller Matthias 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn operationally simple one‐pot synthesis of functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐2‐ene derivatives has been developed using a novel multicomponent coupling of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, carboxylic acid anhydrides, and dienophiles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Short‐term intertidal bar mobility on a ridge‐and‐runnel beach, Merlimont, northern France
Authors: Anthony E. J. , Levoy F. , Monfort D. , Degryse‐Kulkarni C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDigital elevation models and topographic proﬁles of a beach with intertidal bar and trough (ridge‐and‐runnel) morphology in Merlimont, northern France, were analysed in order to assess patterns of cross‐shore and longshore intertidal bar mobility. The beach exhibited a pronounced dual bar–trough system that showed cross‐shore stationarity. The bars and troughs were, however, characterized by signiﬁcant longshore advection of sand under the inﬂuence of suspension by waves and transport by strong tide‐ and wind‐driven longshore currents. Proﬁle changes were due in part to the longshore migration of medium‐sized bedforms. The potential for cross‐shore bar migration appears to be mitigated by the large size of the two bars relative to incident wave energy, which is modulated by high vertical tidal excursion rates on this beach due to the large tidal range (mean spring tidal range = 8·3 m). Cross‐shore bar migration is also probably hindered by the well‐entrenched troughs which are maintained by channelled high‐energy intertidal ﬂows generated by swash bores and by tidal discharge and drainage. The longshore migration of intertidal bars affecting Merlimont beach is embedded in a regional coastal sand transport pathway involving tidal and wind‐forced northward residual ﬂows affecting the rectilinear northern French coast in the eastern English Channel. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of aortic pulse pressure and pressure wave velocity MRI measurement in young adults
Authors: Laffon Eric , Marthan Roger , Montaudon Michel , Latrabe Valérie , Laurent François , Ducassou Dominique 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the feasibility of assessing, noninvasively, aortic pulse pressure (APP) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the ascending aorta of young adults by means of velocity‐encoded magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.Materials and MethodsIn a series of 11 healthy volunteers, velocity‐encoded MR imaging provided pairs of magnitude and phase‐contrast images. Blood flow velocity and aortic cross‐sectional area (CSA) were determined with a 30‐msec temporal resolution. A model analysis revealed that variation in aortic CSA and in maximal blood flow velocity throughout systole could be used to estimate APP and, hence, to derive PWV by means of two different methods.ResultsMean ± SD values of the APP for the series were 54.2 ± 16.4 mmHg (range 32.2–84.1 mmHg). The ascending aortic PWV mean ± SD values were 5.03 ± 1.10 m/second and 5.37 ± 1.23 m/second according to the two methods, and both estimates were not significantly different (95% confidence level).ConclusionThese results are in agreement with previously published data, suggesting that APP and PWV can be determined, noninvasively, in young adults using MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:53–58. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A knowledge‐guided active contour method of segmentation of cerebella on MR images of pediatric patients with medulloblastoma
Authors: Shan Zu Y. , Ji Qing , Gajjar Amar , Reddick Wilburn E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPurposeTo develop an automated method for identification of the cerebella on magnetic resonance (MR) images of patients with medulloblastoma.Materials and MethodsThe method used a template constructed from 10 patients' aligned MR head images, and the contour of this template was superimposed on the aligned data set of a given patient as the starting contour. The starting contour was then actively adjusted to locate the boundary of the cerebellum of the given patient. Morphologic operations were applied to the outlined volume to generate cerebellum images. The method was then applied to data sets of 20 other patients to generate cerebellum images and volumetric results.ResultsComparison of the automatically generated cerebellum images with two sets of manually traced images showed a strong correlation between the automatically and manually generated volumetric results (correlation coefficient, 0.97). The average Jaccard similarities were 0.89 and 0.88 in comparison to each of two manually traced images, respectively. The same comparisons yielded average kappa indexes of 0.94 and 0.93, respectively.ConclusionThe method was robust and accurate for cerebellum segmentation on MR images of patients with medulloblastoma. The method may be applied to investigations that require segmentation and quantitative measurement of MR images of the cerebellum. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:1–11. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved cardiac sodium MR imaging by density‐weighted phase‐encoding
Authors: Greiser Andreas , Haase Axel , von Kienlin Markus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPurposeTo show that density‐weighted (DW) k‐space sampling improves the quality of human cardiac sodium imaging, a novel method was implemented that combines the high signal‐to‐noise efficiency of three‐dimensional phase‐encoding with the advantageous localization performance of nonuniform sampling. A simulation demonstrates substantially reduced blood contamination in the myocardium.Materials and MethodsAt 2.0 T, DW cardiac “fast” sodium images with a voxel size of 844 μL in seven minutes and “high‐resolution” scans in 30 minutes with a voxel size of 570 μL were acquired. For comparison, conventional gradient‐echo imaging was also performed.ResultsIn the DW images, a myocardial signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of 16.0 in the left ventricle and 8.5 in the septum (N = 4) was measured. With longer experimental duration (about 30 minutes; N = 3), the image quality and the SNR could be further improved (voxel size: 570 μL; SNR: blood 16.1, septum 10.6). Compared to the gradient‐echo images, the image quality was substantially improved.ConclusionThis new method for human cardiac sodium imaging provides high image quality combined with optimal sensitivity and thus may improve the clinical applicability of 23Na cardiac MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:78–81. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping through NiTi stents in a flow phantom model
Authors: Walsh Edward G. , Holton Andrea D. , Brott Brigitta C. , Venugopalan Ramakrishna , Anayiotos Andreas S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPurposeTo assess constant and pulsatile flow velocity within the lumen of a peripheral NiTi stent using phase velocity mapping for comparison with independent assessments of flow velocity in a phantom model.Materials and MethodsA 9 × 20‐mm stent installed in flexible tubing was placed in a phantom filled with stationary fluid. Constant and pulsatile flow (produced by a pump programmed to produce a simulation of the carotid artery flow) was assessed using phase velocity mapping at 4.1 T (for constant flow) and at 1.5 T (for pulsatile flow). In all cases 256 × 256 gradient echo phase velocity maps were acquired. For the pulsatile flow condition, cine images with acquisition gated to the pump cycle were acquired with 40 msec temporal resolution across the simulated cardiac cycle. Computed flow volume rates were compared with fluid volume collection for the constant flow model, and with ultrasonic Doppler flow meter measurements for the pulsatile model.ResultsThe data showed that volume flow rate assessments by phase velocity mapping agreed with independent measurements within 10% to 15%.ConclusionPhase velocity mapping of the lumen of peripheral size NiTi stents is possible in an in vitro model. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:59–65. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.