bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1949-1950
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any notions that the new season could repeat the brilliance of the preceding one were brutally disabused early on. Continually inflating production costs so discouraged producers from gambling on an always risky Broadway reception that the number of new plays crashed by nearly 30 percent-a wrenching drop. Fewer than thirty new plays came before the footlights. Moreover, not even half of these were original American works. The others were either English pieces, adaptations from the French, or dramatizations of novels. (The total of new plays, revivals, and musicals was fiftyseven-far and away the lowest figure thus far in the century.)
1950-1951
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the number of novelties spurted during the season-the count given variously as somewhere between forty-three and forty-six-there was little cause for optimism. The Pulitzer committee felt no new play was worthy of its award-only the fifth time in more than forty years that it had passed over a season’s new dramas. And the dearth of quality was aggravated by a continuing economic crunch. The day when a play that ran 100 performances could reasonably expect to recoup its costs and be considered a commercial hit were gone forever. Thus Billy Budd and The Autumn Garden, both of which inched past the 100-performance mark, closed with losses of $105,000 and $70,000 respectively, while the relatively low-budget Second Threshold ran for 126 performances yet wound up $30,000 in the red.
1952-1953
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the commentary at season’s end was evasive or at least equivocating. Reactions to the just terminated theatrical year ran from “so-so” to “it has not been a particularly auspicious one” to the assessment by the Best Plays’s new, brahmin editor, Louis Kronenberger, that no small part of the season’s interest rested with the controversies several plays provoked rather than with the plays themselves. But then there were far fewer new plays to think about. The number of novelties was listed variously between twenty-nine and thirty-four. By way of compensation, business was somewhat better, and therefore the runs, at least of several hits, were longer than in the prior year.
1958-1959
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variety and the Times agreed that thirty-seven new plays were offered on Broadway during the seasonessentially the same figure as the two prior years. But the daily noted the startling fact that, for the first time, a rising Off Broadway surpassed the uptown total. As to quality, there were some differences of opinion, with the lofty Louis Kronenberger, as editor of Best Plays, lamenting the paucity of “the dramatic high voltage of something new, fresh, vibrant.” Still, as it almost always did, Broadway offered lots to please all but the most hypercritical. Clearly, the public thought so. Even though producers began cautiously testing a $7.50 top, no fewer than ten Broadway plays ran for more than six months, albeit two of these, reflecting the theatre’s swelling economic strains, closed in the red.
1967-1968
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theatrically speaking, there was both good news-some of it deceptively so-and bad news. The count of new plays took a sharp leap up, to between forty-one and forty-seven, depending on whose statistics were followed. For the fourth year running a new total record gross, a smidgen under $59,000,000, was set. Moreover, since there were no blockbuster musicals this season except the late-arriving Hair, a bigger share of the figure came from comedies and dramas. At the same time, though, inflation, which had been creeping along for several seasons, suddenly heated up. The $6.90 top disappeared, and prices of $7.50, $8.00, and $8.50 became commonplace. One play even asked and got $9.90 and $10.90. So the higher gross did not necessarily reflect more ticket sales. Also, once again, imports all but dominated the scene.
1968-1969
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Last season’s exciting leap in the number of new plays mounted on Broadway was not repeated in the current theatrical year. In fact, the figures plummeted to somewhere between twenty-eight and thirty-four, again depending on whose accounting was accepted, and never more would Broadway welcome anywhere near forty new plays in a single season. One immediate reason for this season’s drop in figures was that only about a third the number of foreign plays that Broadway had seen last year came in during the new session. Yet these few apparently were responsible for a disproportionate percentage of the year’s quality. Half of the ten works selected for the latest edition of the Best Plays were of foreign origin. By way of compensation, all the season’s major awards went to the same drama-an American one.
The Prehistory of Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An elderly black man sits astride a large cylindrical drum. Using his fingers and the edge of his hand, he jabs repeatedly at the drum head—which is around a foot in diameter and probably made from an animal skin—evoking a throbbing pulsation with rapid, sharp strokes. A second drummer, holding his instrument between his knees, joins in, playing with the same staccato attack. A third black man, seated on the ground, plucks at a string instrument, the body of which is roughly fashioned from a calabash. An­ other calabash has been made into a drum, and a woman beats at it with two short sticks. One voice, then other voices join in. A dance of seeming contradictions accompanies this musical give-and-take, a moving hieroglyph that appears, on the one hand, informal and spontaneous yet, on closer inspection, ritualized and precise.
The Jazz Age
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Revolutions, whether in arts or matters of state, create a new world only by sacrificing the old. With jazz, it is no different. To be sure, Louis Armstrong, who closed the book on the dynastic tradition in New Orleans jazz—putting an end to its colorful lineage of Kings Bolden, Keppard, and Oliver—stands out as an unlikely regicide. Armstrong always spoke with deference, bordering on awe, of his musical roots, and with especial devotion of his mentor Joe Oliver. Yet the evidence of the grooves does not lie: the superiority of Armstrong’s musicianship, the unsurpassed linear momentum of his improised lines, could serve only to make Oliver, Morton, Bolden, and the whole Nevv Orleans ensemble tradition look passé, a horse-and-buggy cantering by Henry Ford’s assembly line. The New Orleans pioneers exit stage left, Armstrong on trumpet enters stage right heralding the new Age of the Soloist.
Modern jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long before modern jazz emerged as a distinctive style, an ideology of modernism had been implicitly embraced by the music’s practitioners. From its earliest days, jazz had been an forward-looking art, continually incorporating new techniques, more expansive harmonies, more complex rhythms, more intricate melodies. Some­ times this ideology of progress was stated explicitly, as in Beiderbecke and the Chicagoans’ oft-spoken praise of Stravinsky and other contemporary classical composers; in other instances, no words were necessary, as with the implicit modernism of Armstrong’s breakthrough recordings of the l920s. But whether they expostulated about the future of music or merely announced its arrival through the bell of their horns, the leading musicians of early jazz were modernists in the truest sense of the term.
The Emergence and Development of SVO Patterning in Latin and French
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book analyses--in terms of branching--the pervasive reorganization of Latin syntactic and morphological structures: in the development from Latin to French, a shift can be observed from the archaic, left-branching structures (which Latin inherited from Proto-Indo-European) to modern right-branching equivalents. Brigitte Bauer presents a detailed analysis of this development based on the theoretical discussion and definition of "branching" and "head." Subsequently she relates the diachronic shift to psycholinguistic evidence, arguing that the difficuly of LB complex structures as reflected in their painstaking and delayed acquisition accounts for the extensive typological shift from left to right branching that took place in Latin/French and the other Indo-European languages. The author uses data from child language acquisition studies to support her thought-provoking claim.
Antibody Structure and Function
Authors: Searle Stephen J , Pedersen Jan T , Henry Andrew H , Webster David M , Rees Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The remarkably diverse specificity of antibodies can now be explained both in genetic and structural terms. In the early 1970s Wu and Kabat compared the amino acid sequences of immunoglobulin variable domains and showed that certain segments of sequence were more or less conserved while others exhibited high variability between one sequence and another. They proposed that the highly variable segments, or complementarity determining regions (CDRs), formed a contiguous structural element at one end of the antibody that was responsible for antigen recognition. Ip. 1973, this prediction was confirmed by Poljak and coworkers who reported the first X-ray crystallographic structure of an antibody Fab fragment that contained the antigen binding region.
The fall of the Great Society
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an issue of the Village Voice published late in 1966, cartoonist Jules Peiffer offered a wry analysis of the state of domestic politics in his weekly cartoon. “Big Daddy,” a young girl in western dress asks a stricken-looking, cow-boy-garbed Lyndon Johnson in the cartoon’s first panel, “That look on your face-yer hidin’ somethin’.” “Sit down, child,” Johnson replies gravely. “Yew gonna have t’be brave Great Society has had an accident, child.” She begs reassurance that it’s only a “li’l bitty accident,” but Johnson tells her not to get her hopes up. Then, in the final panel, the child looks up at Johnson with suddenly dawning suspicion: “This accident o’ Great Society’s, Big Daddy. Has it already happened-or are yew about t’have it happen?” “Naow,” Johnson responds slyly, “We don’t want t’grow up too fast, child.”2
Many Faiths: The ‘60S Reformation
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing changed so profoundly in the United States during the 1960s as American religion. That may seem a startling statement. So many aspects of national life underwent turmoil during that decade and the years surrounding it-from race relations and relationships between the sexes to the citizenry’s trust in politicians. The most familiar images of the period depict Americans protesting, dancing, taking drugs, or marching off to war-anything but praying. Yet an era when little could be taken for granted was also a time when millions of people rethought and re-formed the place of the spiritual in their lives. Following a tradition as old as the nation, Americans made sense of rapid social and moral change in religious terms. Some expressed their faith by participating in the same movements for human rights and against war that attracted secular activists; a greater number confined their hopes and energies to matters of the spirit.
“No Cease-Fire:” 1969-1974
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time Richard Nixon was sworn in as thirty-seventh president of the United States, it seemed to many Americans as though “the Sixties” had been going on forever. As the 1960s drew to an end, the war in Vietnam was costing the lives of hundreds of young Americans every week; American communities were tom with racial conflict; and the political and cultural gap between the generations had widened into what many believed was becoming an unbridgeable chasm. “I foresee the rest of this century as a dangerous time,” Cornell University political scientist Andrew Hacker predicted in an essay in Newsweek in 1970. “We can no longer be a single nation, possessed of a common spirit. Neither ‘class struggle’ nor ‘civil war’ entirely describes the contours of this discord. Suffice it to say that increasingly we will encounter one another as enemies.”
Early Childhood
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether you are the parent of an infant, toddle,, preschooler, some of the most natural and intuitive choices you will make are probably those related to music. The songs of your own childhood still ring in your ears. Your child is the beneficiary of your fondest memories as you create a musical environment in your home. This chapter explores the experiences that can be woven into the fabric of even the busiest of lives. Also discussed are some of the many instructional programs developed to enrich the early childhood music experience outside the home.
The hope is to expand your child’s musical horizons and to help nurture the multiple miracles of early childhood growth. Parents can be partners in this dramatic blossoming. By being alert to your child’s emerging interests and strengths, you can help shape this development. Day-to-day opportunities to create “sound choices” are yours for the imagining. In the best of all scenarios, you will create an environment that includes not only the sounds of your childhood and past heritage, but as wide an array of musical styles as possible.
The Child from Nine to Twelve
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The years from nine to twelve ace makc-oc-btcak ycacs w;th regard to music study. Some children find these years just the right time to begin. This is especially true for those who want to play band or orchestra instruments such as the trumpet, flute, saxophone, or clarinet (some of the most popular choices). The child now has the physical readiness to hold and play these instruments that was not possible when he was younger. If your child doesn’t begin to study during these years, it is much less likely to happen when he is a teenager.
For children who began music study earlier, these are make-or-break years in another sense. The child who has played for a few years may start to lose interest because taking lessons no longer seems special, because hobbies and other school activities may offer exciting new challenges, or because music studies were chosen by parents and the child is now more forceful about following personal inclinations. These are the years in which a child is likely to quit unless something happens to expand and support the child’s interest in music study.
The Adolescent Years
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Adolescent is a disease from which I think I have recovered.” So begins the saga of one college student. What of these transition years? Certainly for the teen, they are among the most mercurial, dramatic, challenging, terrifying, and thrilling years of life so far. At no other time in your role as a parent has the thought of the daunting choices been more fraught with danger or filled with so many exciting possibilities. As we explore the world of adolescence, that very special time when the young person has one foot on either side of childhood, the terminology immediately changes. We can no longer refer to this young offspring of yours as your “child,” although that relationship will be true throughout your life. The years of developing a sense of independence and separation have arrived, whether parents like it or not.
Establishing his own identity, or ruminating over the possibility of doing so, becomes a major preoccupation for your teen. The transition is challenging for both of you. These are the years when you must redefine your relationship with your child, whom we shall hereafter refer to as your “teen” out of respect for his need not to be viewed as a child ever again, no matter how many times that label may be accurate.
The Gifted Child
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If your pceschool child docs most or all of the things listed below, you may be tempted to think that your child is musically gifted. Parents are usually pleased and excited by that possibility, even though they may have no special interest or talent in music themselves. It is also true that most parents have little or no idea how to foster such a talent and begin to search out experts for advice and guidance.
It is possible that even if your preschooler acts in the ways described, she may not be specially gifted. Most children respond to music and many do so overtly, for example, by dancing, swinging, humming, or stopping to listen. Many also sing to themselves while playing, either inventing words and tunes or echoing those heard elsewhere. While these are good clues that a child is interested in music, they may not indicate exceptional ability.
Making a Difference
Authors: Machover Wilma , Uszler Marienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are giving your child the gill of music—lessons, support, encouragement, enrichment. You are there to assist practice, pay the bills, applaud at recitals, and drive to rehearsals. You believe in what you do and celebrate your child’s growth and development. You are enriching the world because you are preparing an informed and sensitive being to live in and react to it.
Stop a moment and consider that world. Imagine what it will be when your child is your age, parenting the next generation. By creating its own art, a generation identifies itself with civilizations past and to come. Ultimately, the art, music, dance, prose, poetry, and architecture of a generation are its most lasting and revealing symbols. Why is it, then, that arts education is the neglected aspect of the school curriculum? Why is it that painting, singing and playing, sculpting, dancing, and writing novels or poetry are considered extras—outside the limits of “real life”?
It is one thing to provide your child with arts experiences and lessons, and quite another to help ensure that your child, and all children, see art as a powerful and vital force, not merely as entertainment or decoration. That cannot happen until all children, in each school, learn art by experiencing it as an important part of daily life, just as important as numbers, letters, and facts. By giving children tools for their own pursuit of beauty, we give them not only a means for communicating their emotions, but we also nurture the young voices of our culture.
Logic and Cognition
Authors: Macnamara John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The received position in logic and cognition is that the two subjects have little or nothing to do with one another. This position, adopted at the tum of the last century, is the result of two events. One was the divorce between philosophy and psychology. In the settlement after the divorce, logic, specifying standards of correct inference, went to philosophy, whereas to psychology went what were viewed as the facts of mental life. We can express the division of labour not too fancifully as:
The second event was the close of the psychologism debate. That was the debate about the proper relation between logic and psychology. One side maintained that the foundations of logic rest on a psychological basis; that the truth of logical claims and the soundness of logical inference rules are guaranteed by the facts of psychology.
Mental Logic and How to Discover It
Authors: Braine Martin D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before considering empirical ways of discovering what is in the mental logic, it seems a necessary preliminary, in order to avoid seeming to beg the question, that I discuss reasons why it is plausible to expect there to be a mental logic, and what sort of mental logic those reasons should lead one to expect. So I begin with these sorts of preliminaries, and they will, I hope, situate the concept of a mental logic in a theoretical frame work within which it makes sense.
In the second section of the paper I briefly defend the notion that there must be a mental logic against two currents of today’s cognitive psychological scene which have both been generally hostile to the idea of a mental logic–one a claim (that all reasoning is based on mental models), and the other a highly visible line of work (connectionism). Then, in the third section I tum to the main question in the paper.
Husserl’s Notion of Intentionality
Authors: Føllesdal Dagfinn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intentionality is the central theme of phenomenology, its Generalthema, Husserl tells us in Ideas (§ 84). All of phenomenology can be regarded as an unfolding of the idea of intentionality.
It is well known that Husserl’s interest in intentionality was inspired by his teacher, Franz Brentano. However, there are many differences be tween Husserl’s treatment of this notion and that of Brentano. In this paper I will first discuss these differences and then consider further features of Husserl’s notion of intentionality that gobeyond the issues considered by Brentano.
In Ideas, Husserl retains the following basic idea of Brentano: we under stand by intentionality the peculiarity of experiences to be “conscious ness of something”. Husserl’s formulation comes close to Brentano’s oft-quoted passage from Psychology from an Empirical Point of View: “Every mental phenomenon is characterized by what the scholastics in the Middle Ages called the intentional (and also mental) inexistence of an object, and what we could also call, although in not entirely unambiguous terms, the reference to a content, a direction upon an object... ”.
Cognitive Content and Semantics
Authors: Hanson Philip P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do cognitive state ascriptions reveal the logical form of cognitive state contents? Not in general, says Hahn, because the interpretation of cognitive state ascriptions, which their logical form would make perspicuous, can include “direct reference” to objects in the world, whereas cognitive state contents are “essentially intentional” in a way that excludes such direct reference. But, Hahn continues, it is a mistake to sup pose that, in general, the logical form of cognitive state contents should be (fully) revealed by cognitive state ascriptions, the received view to the contrary notwithstanding. Instead, the interpretation of cognitive state ascriptions is importantly keyed to purposes and ontological commitments of ascribers: pragmatically, to their appropriateness for use in connection with the (e.g., explanatory) purposes and ontological commitments of particular ascribers in particular contexts of ascription; semantically, to whatever purposes or commitments the linguistic community has conventionally enshrined in the truth conditions it attaches to the sentences.
What’S My Name??
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The manipulation of personal pronouns is not the only means by which an articulate black subject might stake out a political position relative to other persons of African descent. Powerful political statements can also be registered through the designatory terms by which individuals reference themselves and other black people. We have noted, for instance, the emergence in the late 1960s of the word black as the chosen designation for a nationalistically conscious intelligentsia; later, of course, the political resonances of the term would be diminished somewhat as it came into general use to refer to any and all persons of African ancestry. More recently, African-American has gained widespread usage, its supposed desirability over other available terms deriving from its vaunted capacity to signal such ancestry explicitly.