bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro study of the function of adrenocortical cells from pigs of differing in vivo response to adrenocorticotropin
Authors: Zhang Shu-Hua , Hennessy David P. , Cranwell Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine whether within-breed differences in adrenocortical response to exogenous adrenocorticotropin (acth) might be accounted for by differences in responsiveness of the adrenocortical cells per se. Large White × Landrace male pigs (n = 20) were used; 10 had high adrenocortical response to acth administration and 10 had low response. Five high and 5 low responders were euthanatized at 15 weeks of age, and the remaining 5 high and 5 low responders were euthanatized at 21 weeks of age. Adrenal glands were removed and weighed, and adrenocortical cells were dispersed by tryptic digestion and incubated for 2 hours with synthetic acth at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10,000 pg/ml. Samples were taken at 30-minute intervals, and cortisol concentration was determined by use of a radioimmunoassay. Results indicate that for pigs of both age groups, high responders had heavier adrenal glands, with higher adrenocortical cell density and higher cell yield than did low responders. Synthetic acth had a stimulatory effect on dispersed porcine adrenocortical cells, as indicated by changes in cortisol concentration in vitro. Adrenocortical cells from high responders produced less cortisol, on a per-cell basis, than did those from low responders. However, when corrected for total cell yield, the potential cortisol production by each pair of adrenal glands was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the high responders than in the low responders. Thus, high-responding pigs have larger adrenal glands and higher adrenocortical cell density, which may result in higher output of cortisol after acth administration or exposure to stressors.
For high- and low-responding groups, 15-week-old pigs had higher adrenal gland weight to body weight ratio, higher adrenocortical cell density, and higher steroidogenic function per adrenocortical cell than did 21-week-old pigs.
Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, and concentrations of bicarbonate, lactate, and glucose in pleural fluid from horses
Authors: Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Benson Patricia A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Samples of pleural fluid from 20 horses with effusive pleural diseases of various causes were evaluated; samples from 19 horses were used for the study. There were differences for pH (P = 0.001) and partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) between arterial blood and nonseptic pleural fluid (P = 0.0491), but there were no differences for pH, Po2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2), and concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO3-), lactate, and glucose between venous blood and nonseptic pleural fluid. Paired comparisons of venous blood and nonseptic pleural fluid from the same horse indicated no differences.
There were differences (P = 0.0001, each) for pH, Po2, Pco2, and concentrations of HCO3- between arterial blood and septic pleural fluid. Differences also existed for pH (P = 0.0001), Pco2 (P = 0.0003), and concentrations of HCO3- (P = 0.0001), lactate (P = 0.0051), and glucose (P = 0.0001) between venous blood and septic pleural fluid. Difference was not found for values of Po2 between venous blood and septic pleural fluid, although 4 samples of septic pleural fluid contained virtually no oxygen. Paired comparisons of venous blood and septic pleural fluid from the same horse revealed differences (P < 0.05) for all values, except those for Po2.
These alterations suggested functional and physical compartmentalization that separated septic and healthy tissue. Compartmentalization and microenvironmental factors at the site of infection should be considered when developing therapeutic strategies for horses with septic pleural disease.
Development of wheat-sensitive enteropathy in Irish Setters: Biochemical changes
Authors: Hall Edward J. , Batt Roger M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Biochemical changes in the small intestine during development of naturally acquired wheat-sensitive enteropathy of Irish Setters were investigated. To distinguish primary biochemical abnormalities from secondary effects of intestinal damage, progeny of affected dogs reared on a normal wheat-containing diet were compared with their own littermates reared on a cereal-free diet and with age-matched clinically normal Irish Setters fed the same wheat-containing diet. Peroral jejunal biopsy specimens were sequentially obtained between weaning and 1 year of age; specific activity and reorientating sucrose density-gradient distribution of organelle marker enzymes were determined. Major primary biochemical abnormalities were not detected in affected progeny. In affected dogs fed wheat, there was a selective, but secondary, loss of the brush border alkaline phosphatase and aminopeptidase N activities. This loss was associated with the development of partial villus atrophy, but represented a specific effect of dietary wheat on the brush border, not merely a nonspecific effect of mucosal damage, because other brush border enzymes, including disaccharidases, were not similarly affected. Increased soluble activities of lysosomal and peroxisomal marker enzymes late in the disease process may represent alterations in these 2 organelles as a secondary consequence of mucosal damage.
Failure of pH to predict ionized calcium percentage in healthy horses
Authors: Kohn Catherine W. , Brooks Charles L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Blood, serum, and plasma total calcium concentrations and plasma and serum ionized calcium concentrations were anaerobically determined by use of a calcium-specific electrode for samples obtained from 39 healthy horses. Mean (± sd) serum ionized calcium concentration was 6.6 ± 0.3 mg/dl (1.6 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and the mean serum ionized calcium percentage was 58.2 ± 3.4%. Serum ionized calcium percentage was not significantly correlated with serum pH. Plasma ionized calcium percentage was weakly correlated with plasma pH (r = − 0.480; P ≤ 0.05). Ionized calcium concentration was determined in serum samples manipulated in vitro by additions of 1 to 80 μl of 0.1N hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide to yield 6 to 10 pH values between 6.8 and 8.2. In all horses, the relationship between serum ionized calcium percentage and serum pH at these pH values was then examined by use of a repeated-measures multiple regression analysis. Correlations between serum ionized calcium percentage and adjusted serum pH value for each horse were highly significant (P ≤ 0.05); however, analysis of pooled data from all horses indicated that a statistically significant relationship between serum pH and ionized calcium percentage did not exist. Lack of a significant relationship between these variables was most likely attributable to heterogeneity of variance of ionized calcium percentage among horses, reflecting variation in undefined biochemical constituents of serum that affect the equilibrium of calcium binding. When it is essential to evaluate the calcium status of a horse, direct measurement of serum ionized calcium concentration is recommended.
Isolation, characterization, and quantitative analysis of C-reactive protein from horses
Authors: Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi , Fujinaga Toru , Naiki Masaharu , Mizuno Shinya , Otomo Kanjuro 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
C-reactive protein (crp) was isolated from equine serum by use of calcium-dependent affinity chromatography conjugated pneumococcal C-polysaccharide, anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. It was identified as genuine crp by its immunochemical cross-reactivity with anti-human crp, its homology with human crp in amino acid composition, and its pentameric structure as revealed by electron microscopy. Purified equine crp had a molecular weight of approximately 118,000 and was composed of 5 identical, nonglycosylated and noncovalently associated subunits with molecular weight of approximately 23,000 each. Equine crp migrated in the region between β- and γ-globulin by results of immunoelectrophoresis, and its isoelectric point was about 7.0.
In horses, increased crp concentration was associated with clinical pneumonitis, enteritis, and arthritis, compared with values obtained in clinically normal horses by use of single radial immunodiffusion method. After im administration of turpentine oil or castration, serum crp concentration increased to 6 times higher than baseline values. Results indicate that crp may be an acute-phase reactant protein in horses.
Changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses during exercise
Authors: McKeever Kenneth H. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Kociba Gary J. , Reed Stephen M. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Changes in clotting time (ct) and fibrinolytic actvity (fa) were evaluated in 6 mature, female horses during exercise. Two trials were performed on consecutive days, using a randomized crossover design. Each mare was assigned to either an exercise trial or a control trial on the first day, and to the alternate trial 24 hours later. Mares exercised for 20 minutes on a treadmill at an elevation of 2° and a velocity of 5 m/s. Venous blood samples were collected immediately before exercise, at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 minutes during exercise, and 15 minutes after cessation of exercise. Blood was placed into plain glass tubes for determination of CT, and into chilled, citrated tubes for determination of FA, plasminogen/plasmin complex activity (plg), one-stage prothrombin time (ospt), activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), and antithrombin-III (at-III) activity. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the control and exercise groups for ct, fa, and plg. During exercise, clotting time decreased from 21.5 ± 1.6 minutes to 9.9 ± 1.6 minutes (mean ± sd; P < 0.05), without significant changes in ospt, aptt, or at-III. Fibrinolytic activity and plg increased (P < 0.05) during exercise. Changes in ct, fa, and plg were significant at 4 minutes of exercise, remained altered until the end of exercise, and returned to baseline values by 45 minutes of recovery. Clotting time, ospt, aptt, fa, at-III, and plg did not change (P > 0.05) during control trials.
Glucose tolerance and insulin response in normal-weight and obese cats
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Himsel C. A. , Feldman E. C. , Bottoms G. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Glucose tolerance and insulin response were evaluated in 9 normal-weight and 6 obese cats after iv administration of 0.5 g of glucose/kg of body weight. Blood samples for glucose and insulin determinations were collected immediately prior to and 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after glucose infusion.
Baseline glucose concentrations were not significantly different between normal-weight and obese cats; however, mean ± sem glucose tolerance was significantly impaired in obese vs normal-weight cats after glucose infusion (half time for glucose disappearance in serum—77 ± 7 vs 51 ± 4 minutes, P < 0.01; glucose disappearance coefficient—0.95 ± 0.10 vs 1.44 ± 0.10%/min, P < 0.01; insulinogenic index—0.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.12 ± 0.01, P < 0.005, respectively). Baseline serum insulin concentrations were not significantly different between obese and normal-weight cats. Insulin peak response after glucose infusion was significantly (P < 0.005) greater in obese than in normal-weight cats. Insulin secretion during the first 60 minutes (P < 0.02), second 60 minutes (P < 0.001), and total 120 minutes (P < 0.0003) after glucose infusion was also significantly greater in obese than in normal-weight cats. Most insulin was secreted during the first hour after glucose infusion in normal-weight cats and during the second hour in obese cats. The impaired glucose tolerance and altered insulin response to glucose infusion in the obese cats was believed to be attributable to deleterious effects of obesity on insulin action and β-cell responsiveness to stimuli (ie, glucose).
Synovial fluid pH, cytologic characteristics, and gentamicin concentration after intra-articular administration of the drug in an experimental model of infectious arthritis in horses
Authors: Lloyd K. C. Kent , Stover Susan M. , Pascoe John R. , Adams Paul 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Chemical and cytologic effects and bactericidal activity of gentamicin in septic synovial fluid were evaluated in an experimental model of infectious arthritis in horses. Septic arthritis was induced by inoculation of approximately 7.5 × 106 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli into 1 antebrachiocarpal joint in each of 16 clinically normal adult horses. Clinical signs of septic arthritis were evident 24 hours after inoculation. Horses were allotted to 3 groups: group-1 horses (n = 5) each were given 150 mg of gentamicin (50 mg/ml; 3 ml) intra-articularly (ia); group-2 horses (n = 5) each were given 2.2 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, iv, every 6 hours; and group-3 horses (n = 6) each were given buffered gentamicin, consisting of 3 mEq of sodium bicarbonate (1 mEq/ml; 3 ml) and 150 mg of gentamicin (50 mg/ml; 3 ml), ia. Synovial fluid specimens were obtained at posttreatment hour (pth) 0, 0.25, 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24 via an indwelling intra-articular catheter. Synovial fluid pH was evaluated at pth 0, 0.25, and 24. Microbiologic culture and cytologic examination were performed on synovial fluid specimens obtained at pth 0 and 24, and gentamicin concentration was measured in all synovial fluid specimens.
At pth 0, E coli was isolated from synovial fluid specimens obtained from all horses. Synovial fluid pH was lower (range, 7.08 to 7.16) and wbc count was higher (range, 88,000 to 227,200 cells/μl) and predominantly neutrophilic (95 to 99%) at pth 0 than before inoculation. Synovial fluid pH was lowered further (mean, pH 6.63) after ia administration of gentamicin in group-1 horses; mean pH remained unchanged (7.07) after buffered-gentamicin administration in group-3 horses. At pth 0.25, mean peak synovial fluid gentamicin concentration in horses of groups 1 and 3 (4,745 and 6,190 μg/ml, respectively) was 1,000 times greater than that in group-2 horses (5.1 μg/ml) at the same time. Synovial fluid gentamicin concentration in group-1 and group-3 horses was always greater than that in group-2 horses and remained greater than a minimal inhibitory concentration of gentamicin (2 μg/ml) against many common equine bacterial pathogens for at least 24 hours after injection. Further, the calculated apparent half-life and clearance of gentamicin in synovial fluid calculated after ia administration were similar in horses of groups 1 and 3. By pth 24, E coli could not be isolated from synovial fluid specimens obtained from group-1 horses. However, moderate to heavy growth of E coli was isolated from synovial fluid specimens obtained at pth 24 from horses in groups 2 and 3 (80 and 66%, respectively).
In selected cases, ia administration of unbuffered gentamicin may be a useful supplement to drainage, lavage, and systemic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory treatment in horses with naturally acquired infectious arthritis.
Ultrasonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the spleen in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , McCarthy P. H. , Angles J. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sonographic and/or anatomic observations were made of the spleen in 27 dogs. Anatomic studies were used to establish precise correlations between the gross anatomic features of the organ and its ultrasonographic image. In 8 anesthetized dogs, ultrasonographic images of the spleen were made in dorsal, transverse, and sagittal planes. When it was incident to the ultrasonic beam, the splenic capsule was represented by a fine echogenic line that defined the boundaries of the organ. The splenic substance had a uniformly mottled echogenicity apart from the anechoic lumen of the splenic venous rami, which were detected at and near the hilus of the spleen. Less regularly, splenic arterial rami were detected at the hilus, but not within the splenic substance. Dorsal and transverse images were made with the ultrasonic transducer perpendicular to the left thoracic and abdominal wall at the 11th intercostal space and caudoventrad to it. Sagittal images were produced with the transducer's face directed craniad, placed parallel to the left lateral abdominal wall, and pushed under the costal arch. The adoption of such an ultrasonographic imaging protocol ensures that all of the spleen is inspected. A definitive opinion can then be given as to whether the spleen is normal or abnormal. Pathologic changes in the spleen must also be differentiated from changes in adjacent organs or structures.
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in lactating cattle after single and multiple intramuscular and intravenous administrations
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Neff-Davis C. A. , Davis L. E. , Bass V. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of flunixin were studied in 6 adult lactating cattle after administration of single iv and im doses at 1.1 mg/kg of body weight. A crossover design was used, with route of first administration in each cow determined randomly. Plasma and milk concentrations of total flunixin were determined by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography, using an assay with a lower limit of detection of 50 ng of flunixin/ml.
The pharmacokinetics of flunixin were best described by a 2-compartment, open model. After iv administration, mean plasma flunixin concentrations rapidly decreased from initial concentrations of > 10 μg/ml to nondetectable concentrations at 12 hours after administration. The distribution phase was short (t½α, harmonic mean = 0.16 hours) and the elimination phase was more prolonged (t½β, harmonic mean = 3.14 hours). Mean ± sd clearance after iv administration was 2.51 ± 0.96 ml/kg/min. After im administration, the harmonic mean for the elimination phase (t½β) was prolonged at 5.20 hours. Bioavailability after im dosing gave a mean ± sd (n = 5) of 76.0 ± 28.0%.
Adult, lactating cows (n = 6) were challenge inoculated with endotoxin as a model of acute coliform mastitis. After multiple administration (total of 7 doses; first iv, remainder im) of 1.1 mg/kg doses of flunixin at 8-hour intervals, plasma flunixin concentrations were approximately 1 μg/ml at 2 hours after each dosing and 0.5 μg/ml just prior to each dosing. Flunixin was not detected in milk at any sampling during the study.
Flunixin concentrations necessary to induce therapeutic effects in cattle are unknown. Results of our study indicate that administration of 1.1 mg/kg doses of flunixin meglumine at 8-hour intervals would produce plasma concentrations similar to those demonstrated to be effective clinically in treatment of equine musculoskeletal disorders and colic.
Alteration in intestinal morphologic features associated with extensive large-colon resection in horses
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Cockerell Gary L. , Lee Robert E. , Stashak Ted S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Light microscopy, morphometry, and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the mucosal morphologic features of 7 intestinal specimens (3 from the small intestine; 4 from the large intestine) from each of 8 horses 1 year after sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or extensive large-colon resection (group 2; n = 5). Qualitative light microscopic examination did not reveal differences between groups, but morphometry revealed significantly (P < 0.05) greater intercrypt area and distance in horses with colon resection and this was most pronounced in the cecum and remaining right ventral and dorsal colon. Crypt area and depth were similar for horses with colon resection and sham operation (P > 0.05). Qualitative evaluation of the scanning electron micrographs revealed more prominent crypt orifices in the large intestine of horses with colon resection. The larger intercrypt distance in the colon of horses with resection was not an obvious feature of the qualitative evaluation of the surface with scanning electron microscopy. Small intestinal morphologic features were variable and significant differences were not detected between horses with sham operation and colon resection. Horses adapted to extensive large-colon resection within 1 year by increasing the absorptive (intercrypt) surface area of the remaining large intestine.
Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in cows
Authors: Braun U. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The size of the liver, as well as the situation and diameter of vessels in cattle were determined by use of ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic examinations of the liver were performed on 10 cows 10 times within 2 weeks, using a 3.5-MHz linear transducer on the right side in the 12th, 11th, and 10th intercostal spaces. Dorsal and ventral margin of the liver as well as localization and diameter of the caudal vena cava and the portal vein were determined in each intercostal space. Furthermore, the angle of the liver in the ventral area between the visceral surface and the diaphragmatic surface, the dorsal margin, and the circumference of the gall bladder were determined. The ultrasonographic values of liver size and localization in healthy cows can be used as reference values for the diagnosis of changes in liver size attributable to illness.
Effect of transport loading or noise on blood biochemical variables in calves
Authors: Agnes Francesco , Sartorelli Paola , Abdi Borrow Hagi , Locatelli Alberto 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The influence of 2 transport stressors (loading and noise) on several serum and plasma biochemical variables was studied in 4 calves. When calves were loaded and kept for 30 minutes on a motionless transport simulator or were exposed to the noise of the working simulator, increases in plasma epinephrine and serum cortisol and nonesterified fatty acids concentrations were similar to changes observed in calves subjected to simulated transport for 30 minutes. Results indicate that loading and noise have an important role in transport stress.
Renal net acid and electrolyte excretion in an experimental model of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in sheep
Authors: Lunn D. Paul , McGuirk Sheila M. , Smith Donald F. , MacWilliams Peter S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Renal electrolyte and net acid excretion were characterized during generation and maintenance of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis in a ruminant model. Two phases of renal response with regard to sodium and net acid excretion were documented. An initial decrease in net acid excretion was attributable to increase in bicarbonate excretion with associated increase in sodium excretion. As the metabolic disturbance became more advanced, a second phase of renal excretion was observed in which sodium and bicarbonate excretion were markedly decreased, leading to increase in net acid excretion and development of aciduria. Throughout the metabolic disturbance, chloride excretion was markedly decreased; potassium excretion also decreased. These changes were accompanied by increase in plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations. There was apparent failure to concentrate the urine optimally during the course of the metabolic disturbance, despite increasing plasma concentration of antidiuretic hormone.