bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEINS AS INFLUENCED BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF GUM ACACIA
Authors: Heckel G. P. , Erickson C. C. , Yuile C. L. , Knutti R. E. 
Published: June 2004

Lowered plasma protein concentration following single injections of gum acacia in the dog is due in some part to dilution, and in greater part to actual decrease in total circulating protein. The maximum decrease in the total circulating protein does not take place at the same time as the maximum decrease in concentration. Fluctuations in fibrinogen concentration are marked, and are not necessarily proportional to changes in plasma protein concentration. Plasma protein concentration returns to normal limits within 10 to 21 days after the injection, at which time total circulating protein and plasma volume are lower than normal. Loss of protein cannot be accounted for by increase in urinary nitrogen.
It is possible to maintain dogs at low levels of plasma protein concentration for several weeks by repeated injections of gum acacia solution. Anatomical changes following such a procedure in a normal dog are most conspicuous in the liver (Fig. A). These observations further implicate the liver as a source of plasma protein.
Two mechanisms for the diminution of plasma protein following gum injection are suggested. One of these is based on the possibility that the liver cells being engorged with gum acacia are not able to produce the necessary amount of plasma protein to supply the normal demand. The other possibility is that with the injection of the gum, since there is obviously a greatly increased amount of colloid in the blood, the more readily removable colloid, i.e. plasma protein, is taken out of the blood stream, in an attempt to return plasma volume and colloid osmotic pressure to the normal limits. It is probable that both of these mechanisms are involved.
Injection of gum acacia is suggested as a technique for further study of disturbed liver function.
It must be obvious that clinical use of gum acacia for intravenous injection is not without danger.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF A HEAT-STABLE SUBSTANCE ISOLATED FROM TISSUES INFECTED WITH VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Parker Robert F. 
Published: June 2004

We have shown that it is possible to obtain from extracts of vaccine virus-infected tissues a substance or substances, apparently protein, which are serologically active, and which are specifically related to vaccinal infection. The present investigation is concerned with a study of their immunological reactions. Their intraperitoneal injection in rabbits is followed by the appearance in the serum of these animals of antibodies directed specifically against them. The precipitating capacities of this serum are entirely removed after addition of appropriate quantities of heated vaccine virus extract, indicating that antibodies against only the heat-stable antigens have been produced. Further evidence of the specificity of the antibodies is gained from the reverse experiment, that is, absorption of a virus extract with the serum. We have shown that under suitable conditions the serum will remove S antigen specifically leaving the labile substances in solution. This would apparently indicate that they are serologically distinct although both are vaccinal products.
Serum of animals injected with the S substance and containing antibodies against it in high titer is apparently capable of neutralizing minute amounts of active virus. The animals providing the serum are, however, without demonstrable resistance to vaccinia. The significance of the neutralizing activity of the serum is debatable because it is of a greatly different order of magnitude from that which follows infection with vaccinia.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION AS INFLUENCED BY FASTING, INFECTION, AND DIET FACTORS
Authors: Madden S. C. , George W. E. , Waraich G. S. , Whipple H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal low protein diet. These dogs are clinically normal with normal appetite, no anemia and normal nitrogen metabolism. These dogs become test subjects by which various factors relating to plasma protein production may be tested.
The normal dog (10 to 13 kg.) has a substantial reserve store of plasma protein building material (10 to 60+ gm.) which requires 2 to 6 weeks plasmapheresis for its complete removal. After this period the dog will produce uniform amounts of plasma protein each week on a fixed basal diet.
Dogs previously depleted by plasmapheresis and then permitted to return to normal during a long rest period of many weeks, may show much higher reserve stores of protein building material in subsequent periods of plasma depletion (see Table 1).
Under uniform conditions of low protein diet intake when plasmapheresis is discontinued for 2 weeks the plasma protein building material is stored quantitatively in the body and can subsequently be recovered (Table 4) in the next 2 to 3 weeks of plasmapheresis.
Given complete depletion of plasma protein building reserve stores the dog can produce very little (2± gm. per week) plasma protein on a protein-free diet. This may be related to the wear and tear of body protein and conservation of these split products.
Abscesses produced in a depleted dog during a fast may cause some excess production of plasma protein which is probably related to products of tissue destruction conserved for protein anabolism.
Gelatin alone added to the basal diet causes very little plasma protein production but when supplemented by tryptophane gives a large protein output, while tryptophane alone is inert.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

The production of the acute malignant phase of experimental hypertension has been accomplished in seventeen dogs.
The method used to produce this type of hypertension was the same as for the benign type (4), namely, constriction of the main renal arteries, or the equivalent, constriction of the aorta above the origin of both main renal arteries, but the constriction was especially severe.
The malignant phase in the animals was characterized by hypertension, terminal renal insufficiency and the development of petechiae and larger hemorrhages in many internal organs, especially the alimentary tract. These were due to dissecting hemorrhage through, or rupture of, the wall of severely hyalinized or necrotic arterioles, or rupture of capillaries. Hyalinization and necrosis of arterioles were more severe and more widespread in animals that had a period of benign hypertension before the onset of renal insufficiency. In animals with a previous long period of benign hypertension, thickening of the media also occurred in arterioles, with or without hyalinized intima.
Elevation of blood pressure (mechanical factor) and renal insufficiency (humoral factor) are at least two of the necessary conditions for the development of the necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages. Necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages have not yet been observed in animals that have had very high blood pressure for years without renal insufficiency, nor in animals with azotemia, due to removal of both kidneys, but without hypertension. Hyalinized retinal arterioles have been observed in dogs with persistent hypertension and with moderate or no disturbance of renal function. That ischemia is not the cause of the necrosis of the arterioles is shown by their absence from the ischemic kidneys of the dogs and their widespread presence in other organs that were not ischemic.
These experiments show that the necrotic arterioles and hemorrhages are secondary to and not the primary cause of the malignant phase of hypertension.
BLEEDING TENDENCY AND PROTHROMBIN DEFICIENCY IN BILIARY FISTULA DOGS: EFFECT OF FEEDING BILE AND VITAMIN K
Authors: Smith H. P. , Warner E. D. , Brinkhous K. M. , Seegers W. H. 
Published: June 2004

In biliary fistula dogs the plasma prothrombin falls eventually to low levels and bleeding commonly occurs. Faulty absorption of vitamin K from the intestine in these animals is an important causative factor. Feeding bile permits absorption of the traces of this vitamin normally present in mixed diets, and as a result a slow rise in prothrombin level is observed. If a standard diet is supplemented with large amounts of vitamin K concentrate the prothrombin rise is rapid, provided bile or bile salt is supplied to aid in the absorption.
Variations in the rate of prothrombin depletion in biliary fistula dogs kept on constant diet indicate the existence of additional factors which require further study. Our experience indicates that vitamin A and vitamin D supplements do not correct the prothrombin deficiency in biliary fistula animals.
RENAL INSUFFICIENCY FOLLOWING TRYPSIN INJECTION INTO THE RENAL ARTERIES
Authors: Friedman M. , Katz L. N. 
Published: June 2004

1. The injection of trypsin into both renal arteries of the dog was found to cause an acute necrosis of large sections of the kidney, an immediate excretory insufficiency, and a transient hypertension.
2. Dogs surviving the acute phase of the trypsin injection, developed a chronic renal excretory insufficiency with no hypertension, despite the severity and duration of the renal excretory insufficiency.
3. The application of a Goldblatt clamp to the renal artery of one of the two kidneys, previously injected with trypsin, led to a rise in blood pressure which returned at once to normal when the ischemic kidney was removed, even though the pre-existing renal excretory insufficiency was augmented. This experience demonstrated unequivocally that chronic renal excretory insufficiency and hypertension are not directly related.
4. The application of a Goldblatt clamp to the renal artery of one kidney and the simultaneous injection of trypsin into the other led to a hypertension. The later removal of the ischemic kidney led to a severe renal excretory insufficiency, at the same time the pre-existing hypertension disappeared. This indicated again that renal excretory insufficiency and renal ischemia produced different phenomena and that the former had no direct relation to hypertension.
STUDIES ON THE NASAL HISTOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE FERRET
Authors: Francis Thomas , Stuart-Harris C. H. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the respiratory mucous membrane was made in the turbinates of ferrets which had received repeated inoculations of influenza virus. There was no evidence that persistent immunity is related to the presence of a structural modification of the respiratory epithelium. In fact, the respiratory epithelium in fully immune animals differs histologically only in minor respects from that of the normal, untreated ferret. On the other hand, a functional difference exists between the normal and the previously infected animals as evidenced by a marked acceleration of the repair process in the latter.
Serological studies at the time of reinfection, 4 months or more after the previous attack, indicate that a relation exists between the height of antibody titer and resistance. The degree of immunity is probably a product of serological immunity and the rate of tissue repair.
The implications of these studies to the problem of influenza in man are discussed.
NUTRITIONAL CYTOPENIA (VITAMIN M DEFICIENCY) IN THE MONKEY
Authors: Langston William C. , Darby William J. , Shukers Carroll F. , Day Paul L. 
Published: June 2004

Young rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were given a diet containing casein, polished rice, whole wheat, salt mixture, sodium chloride, cod liver oil, and ascorbic acid. They developed a syndrome characterized by anemia, leukopenia, and loss of weight. Ulceration of the gums and diarrhea were common, and death occurred between the 26th and 100th day. 4 monkeys were given the deficient diet supplemented with 1 mg. of riboflavin daily, and these developed the characteristic signs and died. in periods of time similar to the survival of monkeys receiving the deficient diet alone. Nicotinic acid, either alone or in combination with riboflavin and thiamin chloride, failed to alter appreciably the course of the deficiency manifestations. Thus, it is evident that this nutritional cytopenia is not the result of a deficiency of vitamin B, riboflavin, or nicotinic acid.
The deficient diet supplemented with either 10 gm. of dried brewers' yeast or 2 gm. of liver extract (Cohn fraction G) daily supported good growth, permitted normal body development, and maintained a normal blood picture over long periods. It is obvious that yeast and liver extract contain a substance essential to the nutrition of the monkey which is not identical with any of those factors of the vitamin B complex that have been chemically identified. We have proposed the term vitamin M for this factor which prevents nutritional cytopenia in the monkey.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS EXISTING IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Parsons Robert J. 
Published: June 2004

The interstitial movement of several dyes of widely different chemical constitution and diffusibility, in the connective tissues of the mouse ear, has been observed at high magnification. Dye extension seems to be conditioned by the form and structure of the connective tissue fibers. After escaping from the lymphatics of the ears of living mice, each dye appeared first in the tissues as bristly projections of color. These bent and twisted when pressed upon by a micro probe but sprang back into place when the pressure was removed. The present work and the preceding have shown that the lines of color are formed by dye along or between connective tissue fibers.
Intermittent external pressure applied to the tissue, squeezes and bends the fibers together and greatly increases the spread of dye along them. The connective tissue fibers assume an important role in the spread of substances through tissues subjected to pressure changes.
The experiments have given evidence of the existence of a tissue matrix in the organ but none of the presence of free interstitial fluid. In tissue subjected to irritant stimuli and in frankly edematous tissue, free fluid is readily demonstrated. When it is present the method of extension of dye is completely changed. Dye appears in the tissues as a diffusely colored cloud which can be freely moved by pressure with a micro probe.
The bearing of this evidence upon the condition of interstitial fluid and the nature of the interstitial spaces is discussed.
NEPHRITIS AND ITS INFLUENCE UPON HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. 
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous glomerulonephritis develops not infrequently (11 per cent incidence) in the anemia colony. The course of the nephritis is insidious and usually extends over several years but ends in uremia, often with terminal bronchopneumonia.
Hemoglobin production in these standard anemic dogs is well established as related to various standard food factors. These tests are summarized in the tables above to show the changes that appear year by year in the life of each dog.
Nephritis causes little or no change in hemoglobin production in anemic dogs in the early stages of the disease. In the late stages of nephritis there may be no change or moderate changes in hemoglobin production in these anemic dogs. The average is 70 per cent of normal hemoglobin production in advanced nephritis.
It seems unlikely that this degree of impairment of hemoglobin production in nephritis would result in spontaneous anemia in the dog.
THE SOLUBLE MALARIAL ANTIGEN IN THE SERUM OF MONKEYS INFECTED WITH PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: June 2004

A soluble malarial antigen which fixes complement with immune serum is found in the serum of monkeys infected with Plasmodium knowlesi.
The amount of antigen in the serum is related to the parasite count during the acute phase of the infection. The antigen is not excreted in the urine.
Intravenous injection into normal monkeys of serum containing the antigen stimulates the production of specific complement-fixing antibodies which react with antigens extracted from parasitized cells, as well as with the antigen present in serum obtained during the acute phase of infection.
Monkeys immunized with serum antigen apparently possess very little or no immunity to infection.
The soluble malarial antigen is labile to acids and alkalies, is not destroyed by a temperature of 56°C., and is precipitated, for the most part, in the albumin fraction of the serum by ammonium sulfate.
EFFECT OF PREGNANCY UPON THE IMMUNITY OF MICE VACCINATED AGAINST ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
Authors: Hodes Horace L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Virgin and pregnant Swiss mice are equally susceptible to intracerebral inoculation of St. Louis encephalitis virus.
2. Following subcutaneous vaccination with the St. Louis virus, the great majority of virgin Swiss mice become immune to subsequent intracerebral injection of 10,000 M.L.D. of the virus.
3. The majority of mice vaccinated during pregnancy do not become immune to even as little as 500 intracerebral M.L.D. of the virus. The depression of the ability to acquire immunity against the virus is most marked when the vaccination is carried out late in pregnancy, but it is also demonstrable when the mice are vaccinated early in the gestation period and during the first 2 weeks postpartum. At 7 weeks postpartum the response to vaccination is more nearly like that of virgin mice.
4. Pregnancy not only interferes with the development of acquired immunity but it also diminishes a previously established immunity.
5. Offspring of the mice vaccinated during pregnancy are not immune to 100 M.L.D. of virus.
ENCEPHALOPATHY FOLLOWING INJECTIONS OF BONE MARROW EXTRACT
Authors: King Lester S. 
Published: June 2004

Monkey bone marrow extract when injected intracerebrally into guinea pigs or rabbits produces a distinctive encephalopathy. The Purkinje cells are severely affected, especially those at the periphery of the cerebellum. Nuclear alterations first appear, with well marked intranuclear acidophilic inclusion bodies. Similar inclusions appear at a little later stage in the ectodermal glia. The affected cells later become necrotic and usually disappear. The reaction is essentially glial and non-inflammatory, and hence is called encephalopathy rather than encephalitis.
A hyaline necrosis of cerebral blood vessels, especially at the base of the brain, is described. Small areas of softening may appear in the cerebellum as a result, but this is considered a secondary process, independent of the Purkinje cell loss. There may also inconstantly be found a loss of cerebellar granule cells and a selective necrosis of the hippocampal pyramidal cells. Secondary and reparative reactions are described.
Similar changes are produced by extracts of lymph nodes from Hodgkin's disease, and by leucocytic cream of human blood.
A tentative explanation of the pathogenesis is suggested, and similarities to certain virus diseases are pointed out.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A STRAIN OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS ENCOUNTERED AS A CONTAMINANT IN TISSUE CULTURES OF RABIES VIRUS
Authors: Casals-Ariet J. , Webster L. T. 
Published: June 2004

A strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus has been encountered, which grows readily in mouse embryo, serum, Tyrode culture media. Its origin is not definitely known but appears to be either the mouse brain tissue or, more probably, the monkey serum.
This strain gives clear cut results on filtration tests through Elford membranes, establishing the size of the virus, according to formula, as 33 to 50 mµ.
The strain shows a high and uniform virulence in W-Swiss mice. This appears to be due in part, at least, to the age and strain of mice employed for passage and titration.
The strain has been found to be more virulent in young than in old mice, especially following intraperitoneal inoculation.
Finally, the strain, when given as a vaccine intraperitoneally in amounts as small as 160 intracerebral lethal doses, induces an immunity against subsequent intracerebral inoculations of as much as 10,000 lethal doses.
PASSIVE IMMUNITY IN AVIAN MALARIA
Authors: Manwell Reginald D. , Goldstein Frederick 
Published: June 2004

The effect of therapy with immune serum has been studied in thirty-two cases of Plasmodium circumflexum infection, all of them produced by blood inoculation. Eighteen of these cases never showed parasites, and seven others developed infections which were definitely milder than those of the controls. The therapeutic serum was in all cases obtained from chronic cases which had previously been superinfected to raise the immune titre. It seems justifiable to conclude that:
1. Passive immunity can be conferred in avian malaria, at least when caused by Plasmodium circumflexum just as it can be in certain types of monkey malaria, and perhaps in human malaria as well.
2. Whatever the nature of the protective substances present in the serum of chronic cases may be, they are present in very low concentration. Their concentration can be raised by superinfection, however. These substances may be strain-specific or species-specific, but the results of these experiments do not give any clear-cut answer to this question.
3. Serum therapy previous to infection seems to be more effective than when given afterward.
4. The administration of normal serum or even of physiological saline in a dosage comparable to that employed with the immune serum used in these experiments produced similar macroscopic changes in the size of the spleen.
5. Agglutination of cells parasitized by Plasmodium circumflexurn when mixed with immune serum was observed.
STUDIES ON THE RENAL ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND THE METABOLISM OF KIDNEY TISSUE IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Mason M. F. , Robinson C. S. , Blalock Alfred 
Published: June 2004

1. In the hypertension which accompanies constriction of the renal arteries, there is no constant relationship between the height of the general systemic arterial pressure and the pressure in the renal artery distal to the point of constriction. The hypertension may persist even though the renal arterial pressure returns to or almost to the control level.
2. Studies on the renal blood flow and oxygen consumption following subtotal nephrectomy were abandoned because of inability to produce hypertension in dogs by this method. It is suggested that the mechanism of the hypertension following renal arterial constriction (dogs) and that following subtotal nephrectomy (rats) may not be the same in the two instances.
3. Studies on isolated renal cortical tissue of dogs and of rabbits following renal arterial constriction and subtotal nephrectomy showed that there is not necessarily a diminution in the capacity of the tissues of hypertensive animals to use oxygen.