bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonological spelling errors among dyslexic children learning a transparent orthography: the case of Czech
Authors: Caravolas Markéta , Volín Jan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSubstantial evidence from studies of English‐speaking dyslexic children's spelling suggests that these individuals have a persistent impairment in representing the phonological structure and content of words in writing. In contrast, several studies of German dyslexic children (Landerl & Wimmer, 2000) suggest that, among learners of transparent orthographies, the above impairment is transient and resolves by the end of grade 2; instead dyslexic spelling is characterised by a persistent impairment in learning inconsistent spelling patterns. In order to determine whether phonological spelling difficulties are transient among dyslexic spellers of other transparent orthographies, we analysed phonological accuracy in the spellings of 43 dyslexic children, 43 age‐matched control and 43 spelling‐matched control children attending primary schools in Prague. Czech dyslexic children presented an interesting test case because Czech has a transparent orthography. Czech dyslexics as old as 11 years (grade 5) continued to produce high rates of phonologically inaccurate spellings relative to their age peers; thus their difficulties with phonological representation in spelling had not resolved. This pattern is consistent with findings from studies of English‐speaking dyslexics, and it suggests that orthographic depth may impact less dramatically on the manifestation of dyslexia than has been proposed previously. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deficits in haptic perception and right parietal theta power changes in patients with anorexia nervosa before and after weight gain
Authors: Grunwald Martin , Ettrich Christine , Assmann Bianka , Dähne Angelika , Krause Werner , Busse Frank , Gertz Hermann‐Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveOur goal was to investigate whether patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) show deficits in haptic exploration tasks before and after weight gain.MethodThe haptic exploration tasks consisted of palpating the structure of six sunken reliefs in sequence with both hands, eyes closed. After each exploration, the structure was reproduced on a piece of paper. A 19‐channel digital electroencephalogram (EEG; linked ears) was continuously recorded during rest and haptic tasks for 10 AN patients (females, mean age: 15.90) and 10 healthy controls (CO; females, mean age: 16.14). Mean spectral power density was calculated as the mean amplitude of the spectral lines of the theta band (4–8 Hz). The AN patients were examined again after weight gain (T0 and T1).ResultsThe reproductions submitted by the AN patients were of notably poorer quality than those of the CO. Reproduction quality was unchanged after weight gain and independent of body mass index and intelligence. Mean exploration time was similiar in AN patients and CO. The analysis of spectral EEG power of both groups showed significant decrease in power data in the theta frequency band during haptic exploration compared with the rest intervals. The comparison of the theta power between CO and AN patients during haptic exploration showed major differences between the groups in both T0 and T1. Theta power was lower in AN patients than in the CO over the right hemisphere and right parietal regions.DiscussionThe quality of reproduction of the haptic stimuli and the theta‐power changes indicate a cortical dysfunction and deficits in somatosensory integration processing of the right parietal cortex in AN patients even after weight gain. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 417–428, 2001.
Predictors of low bone density in young adolescent females with anorexia nervosa and other dieting disorders
Authors: Turner J. M. , Bulsara M. K. , McDermott B. M. , Byrne G. C. , Prince R. L. , Forbes D. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the bone density of adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa with adolescent patients with other dieting disorders and to evaluate risk factors for low bone density in these patients.MethodSixty‐nine consecutive female patients referred to an adolescent eating disorders clinic were studied by interview, blood sampling, body composition, and lumbar spine bone density measurement using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsAlthough patients with anorexia nervosa were more malnourished, their bone density was similar to other dieting patients. Patients were divided into a low and normal bone density group irrespective of psychiatric diagnosis. Patients with low bone density had dieted for longer, had lower lean body mass, more often had not achieved menarche, and had longer duration of secondary amenorrhea and lower estrogen levels.DiscussionIrrespective of clinical diagnosis, adolescents with dieting disorders have increased risk of low bone density when malnutrition commences early in puberty and is associated with reduced lean body mass and impaired ovarian function. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 245–251, 2001.
Magnetic dipole signal detection and localization using subspace method
Authors: Inaba Takayuki , Shima Akihiro , Konishi Masaharu , Yanagisawa Hajime , Takada Jun‐ichi , Araki Kiyomichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe likelihood ratio method has been reported for signal processing involving the detection problem (magnetic anomaly detection) of magnetic dipole target (such as a sunken ship) by a magnetic sensor on board an aircraft. However, the observed waveform of the magnetic dipole target is not uniquely determined and varies with the magnetic dipole moment direction of the target. Therefore, many reference functions are needed for detection. It is a challenge to carry out stable detection with a small computational overhead. In this paper, based on the fact that the mathematical model of the magnetic dipole target is a linear combination of functions of three types electromagnetically, a method of detection based on the subspace method is proposed. Use of the wavelet transform as a preliminary process is discussed for improvement of the detection capability in the background noise. Further, in order to estimate the signal source of the magnetic dipole target, the subspace method is extended and a signal source estimation method is proposed that does not require complex nonlinear search. Finally, by means of a computer experiment, it is shown that the detection based on the subspace method is effective for detection of a magnetic dipole target with a low S/N ratio and that robust signal detection of a magnetic dipole target is possible by the proposed signal detection and localization method. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(5): 23–34, 2002
Optimal seismic response control with dampers
Authors: Singh Mahendra P. , Moreschi Luis M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe usefulness of energy dissipation devices to reduce seismic response of structures is now well established. For a given installation of such devices in a structure, one can easily compute the level of response reduction achieved. However, the solution of an inverse problem of how many devices one would need to achieve a desired level of response reduction in a structure, or to achieve an expected level of performance from a structural system, is not quite as straightforward and well formulated. In this paper, a method is presented to obtain the amount of viscous and visco‐elastic damping one would need to obtain a desired level of response reduction. The needed supplemental devices are also optimally distributed in the structure to achieve the best performance. To solve the optimal problem, a gradient‐based optimization approach is used. To illustrate the application, numerical results for a 24‐storey building structure are presented where the objective is to achieve the maximum reduction in the performance functions expressed in terms of the inter‐storey drifts, base shear, or floor accelerations. Other forms of performance functions can also be treated similarly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistency of dynamic site response at Port Island
Authors: Baise Laurie G. , Glaser Steven D. , Sugano Takahiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSystem identification (SI) methods are used to determine empirical Green's functions (EGF) for soil intervals at the Port Island Site in Kobe, Japan and in shake table model tests performed by the Port and Harbor Research Institute (PHRI) to emulate the site during the 17 January 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu earthquake. The model form for the EGFs is a parametric auto‐regressive moving average (ARMA) model mapping the ground motions recorded at the base of a soil interval to the top of that interval, hence capturing the effect of the soil on the through‐passing wave. The consistency of site response at Port Island before, during, and after the mainshock is examined by application of small motion foreshock EGFs to incoming ground motions over these time intervals. The prediction errors (or misfits) for the foreshocks, the mainshock, and the aftershocks, are assessed to determine the extent of altered soil response as a result of liquefaction of the ground during the mainshock. In addition, the consistency of soil response between field and model test is verified by application of EGFs calculated from the shake table test to the 17 January input data. The prediction error is then used to assess the consistency of behaviour between the two cases. By using EGFs developed for small‐amplitude foreshock ground motions, ground motions were predicted for all intervals of the vertical array except those that liquefied with small error. Analysis of the post‐liquefied ground conditions implies that the site response gradually returns to a pre‐earthquake state. Site behaviour is found to be consistent between foreshocks and the mainshock for the native ground (below 16 m in the field) with a normalized mean square error (NMSE) of 0.080 and a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.5g. When the soil actually liquefies (change of state), recursive models are needed to track the variable soil behaviour for the remainder of the shaking. The recursive models are shown to demonstrate consistency between the shake table tests and the field with a NMSE of 0.102 for the 16 m to surface interval that liquefied. The aftershock ground response was not modelled well with the foreshock EGF immediately after the mainshock (NMSE ranging from 0.37 to 0.92). One month after the mainshock, the prediction error from the foreshock modeled was back to the foreshock error level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
Relative displacement response spectra with pounding effect
Authors: Ruangrassamee Anat , Kawashima Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo avoid unseating of a deck, an adequate seat width must be provided. The seat width is basically determined from maximum relative displacement between two bridge segments. Under a strong ground excitation, pounding between two decks may occur at a joint. The pounding will affect the response of two bridge segments. This research is conducted to investigate the effect of pounding on the relative displacement between two adjacent bridge segments. A simplified analytical model of two linear single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems is employed. To take into account the pounding, the laws of conservation of momentum and energy are applied. The analytical results are represented in the form of relative displacement response spectra with pounding effect. It is found that due to the pounding the relative displacement can be amplified, resulting in the requirement of a longer seat width to support a deck. The formulation of normalized relative displacement response spectra is presented together with an application example. It is found that the seat width determined from the relative displacement response spectra with pounding effect becomes close to the value specified in the Japanese design specifications for structures with large difference of natural periods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic processes of soil production and transport: erosion rates, topographic variation and cosmogenic nuclides in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Heimsath Arjun M. , Dietrich William E. , Nishiizumi Kunihiko , Finkel Robert C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLandscapes in areas of active uplift and erosion can only remain soil‐mantled if the local production of soil equals or exceeds the local erosion rate. The soil production rate varies with soil depth, hence local variation in soil depth may provide clues about spatial variation in erosion rates. If uplift and the consequent erosion rates are sufficiently uniform in space and time, then there will be tendency toward equilibrium landforms shaped by the erosional processes. Soil mantle thickness would adjust such that soil production matched the erosion. Previous work in the Oregon Coast Range suggested that there may be a tendency locally toward equilibrium between hillslope erosion and sediment yield. Here results from a new methodology based on cosmogenic radionuclide accumulation in bedrock minerals at the base of the soil column are reported. We quantify how soil production varies with soil thickness in the southern Oregon Coast Range and explore further the issue of landscape equilibrium. Apparent soil production is determined to be an inverse exponential function of soil depth, with a maximum inferred production rate of 268 m Ma−1 occurring under zero soil depth. This rate depends, however, on the degree of weathering of the underlying bedrock. The stochastic and large‐scale nature of soil production by biogenic processes leads to large temporal and spatial variations in soil depth; the spatial variation of soil depth neither supports nor rejects equilibrium morphology. Our observed catchment‐averaged erosion rate of 117 m Ma−1 is, however, similar to that estimated for the region by others, and to soil production rates under thin and intermediate soils typical for the steep ridges. We suggest that portions of the Oregon Coast Range may be eroding at roughly the same rate, but that local competition between drainage networks and episodic erosional events leads to landforms that are out of equilibrium locally and have a spatially varying soil mantle. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of wastewater discharge on the channel morphology of ephemeral streams
Authors: Hassan Marwan A. , Egozi Roey 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe impact of wastewater flow on the channel bed morphology was evaluated in four ephemeral streams in Israel and the Palestinian Territories: Nahal Og, Nahal Kidron, Nahal Qeult and Nahal Hebron. Channel changes before, during and after the halting of wastewater flow were monitored. The wastewater flow causes a shift from a dry ephemeral channel with intermittent floods to a continuous flow pattern similar to that of humid areas. Within a few months, nutrient‐rich wastewater flow leads to rapid development of vegetation along channel and bars. The colonization of part of the active channel by vegetation increases flow resistance as well as bank and bed stability, and limits sediment availability from bars and other sediment stores along the channels. In some cases the established vegetation covers the entire channel width and halts the transport of bed material along the channel. During low and medium size flood events, bars remain stable and the vegetation intact. Extreme events destroy the vegetation and activate the bars. The wastewater flow results in the development of new small bars, which are usually destroyed by flood flows. Due to the vegetation establishment, the active channel width decreases by up to 700 per cent. The deposition of fine sediment and organic material changed the sediment texture within the stable bar surface and the whole bed surface texture in Nahal Hebron. The recovery of Nahal Og after the halting of the wastewater flow was relatively fast; within two flood seasons the channel almost returned to pre‐wastewater characteristics. The results of the study could be used to indicate what would happen if wastewater flows were introduced along natural desert streams. Also, the results could be used to predict the consequences of vegetation removal as a result of human intervention within the active channel of humid streams. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scale‐up of analytical chromatography to the simulated moving bed separation of the enantiomers of the flavour norterpenoids α‐ionone and α‐damascone
Authors: Zenoni Gianmarco , Quattrini Francesca , Mazzotti Marco , Fuganti Claudio , Morbidelli Massimo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe scale‐up of the HPLC separation of the enantiomers of the flavour norterpenoid ketones α‐ionone and α‐damascone from analytical to preparative scale was achieved using the chromatographic simulated moving bed (SMB) technique. Commercial HPLC columns, with heptakis‐(2,3,6‐per‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin bound to silica gel as chiral stationary phase, were employed for the separation. High‐purity enantiomers of both chiral compounds have been obtained with a rather satisfactory productivity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical errors of the volume‐of‐fluid interface tracking algorithm
Authors: Černe Gregor , Petelin Stojan , Tiselj Iztok 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne of the important limitations of the interface tracking algorithms is that they can be used only as long as the local computational grid density allows surface tracking. In a dispersed flow, where the dimensions of the particular fluid parts are comparable or smaller than the grid spacing, several numerical and reconstruction errors become considerable. In this paper the analysis of the interface tracking errors is performed for the volume‐of‐fluid method with the least squares volume of fluid interface reconstruction algorithm. A few simple two‐fluid benchmarks are proposed for the investigation of the interface tracking grid dependence. The expression based on the gradient of the volume fraction variable is introduced for the estimation of the reconstruction correctness and can be used for the activation of an adaptive mesh refinement algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulations of high‐aspect‐ratio jets
Authors: Holdø A. E. , Simpson B. A. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere are many practical situations when jets are emanating from non‐axis‐symmetric apertures, yet numerical simulations of such three‐dimensional jets are scarce and most of them have failed to reproduce some of the unique flow features. Examples of this type of jets are gas leaks from flanges. These can be treated as jets issuing from high aspect ratio rectangular orifices. The present work consists of a series of large eddy simulations typifying such jets using different inflow boundary conditions. Good agreement with available experiments was observed provided appropriate boundary conditions were present.A discrete method for formulating turbulence data with a known energy spectrum for an inflow condition is outlined and evaluated with three other inflow conditions–a steady uniform profile, a steady parabolic profile and pseudo‐random noise. The implementation of the new inlet condition results in a more realistic centreline velocity decay where the division between the end of the potential core region and the start of the characteristic decay region is clearly visible. Large velocity oscillations are also observed in the final quarter of the domain (15–20 slot widths downstream). Similar oscillations have been observed in real jets. Off‐centre mean velocity peaks are present along the major axis 10 slot widths downstream of the exit in all the simulations. The peaks are approximately 3% of the centreline velocity. The presence of the off‐centre peaks are proved to be independent of jet inflow boundary conditions and an explanation for the mechanism causing the off‐centre peaks is given. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outlier Detection in Regression Models with ARIMA Errors using Robust Estimates
Authors: Bianco A. M. , García Ben M. , Martínez E. J. , Yohai V. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA diagnostic procedure for detecting additive and innovation outliers as well as level shifts in a regression model with ARIMA errors is introduced. The procedure is based on a robust estimate of the model parameters and on innovation residuals computed by means of robust filtering. A Monte Carlo study shows that, when there is a large proportion of outliers, this procedure is more powerful than the classical methods based on maximum likelihood type estimates and Kalman filtering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume and Volatility Surrounding Quarterly Redesignation of the Lead S&P 500 Futures Contract
Authors: Kawaller Ira G. , Koch Paul D. , Peterson John E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring the last weeks before each quarterly expiration of Standard & Poor's (S&P) 500
futures, the bulk of trading volume begins to shift away from the next‐to‐expire (nearby or
lead) contract toward the second‐to‐expire (next out) contract. At some point, the
exchange formally redesignates the next out as the new lead contract, and the next out replaces the nearby in
the futures pit location designated for the lead contract. This event invariably results in a dramatic increase
(decrease) in trading activity in the next out (nearby) contract. This shift in relative
trading volumes is due to the microstructure of the futures exchange rather than new information or underlying
volatility conditions. The event thus offers us an opportunity to examine how volatility responds to
noninformation‐based exogenous changes in volume. This study examines the volatility behavior of nearby
and next out S&P 500 futures contracts on the 10 days surrounding quarterly redesignation of the lead
contract. Our model measures possible changes in (a) the level of volatility and/or (b)
the association between volume and volatility after redesignation of the lead contract. Results indicate that
when we account for the association between volume and volatility, the higher volume lead contract consistently
experiences a lower level of volatility. This outcome supports the view that the larger population of liquidity
providers who trade the more active lead contract fosters greater market depth and lower volatility. © 2001
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1119–1149, 2001
Alterations of the SDHD gene locus in midgut carcinoids, Merkel cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and abdominal paragangliomas
Authors: Kytölä Soili , Nord Brita , Edström Elder Elisabeth , Carling Tobias , Kjellman Magnus , Cedermark Björn , Juhlin Claes , Höög Anders , Isola Jorma , Larsson Catharina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral types of endocrine tumors show frequent somatic deletions of the distal part of chromosome arm 11q, where the tumor‐suppressor gene SDHD (succinate‐ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit D), constitutionally mutated in paragangliomas of the head and neck, is located. In this study, we screened 18 midgut carcinoids, 7 Merkel cell carcinomas, 46 adrenal pheochromocytomas (37 sporadic and 9 familial), and 7 abdominal paragangliomas for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and/or mutations at the SDHD gene locus. LOH was detected in 5 out of 8 (62%) informative midgut carcinoids, in 9 out of 30 (30%) sporadic pheochromocytomas, in none of the familial pheochromocytomas (0%), and in 1 out of 6 (17%) abdominal paragangliomas. No sequence variants were detected in the pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas. However, two constitutional putative missense mutations, H50R and G12S, were detected in two midgut carcinoids, which were both associated with LOH of the other allele. The same sequence variants were also detected in two Merkel cell carcinomas. In addition, the S68S polymorphism was found to coexist with the G12S sequence variant in both cases. In conclusion, we show that alterations of the SDHD gene seem to be involved in the tumorigenesis of both midgut carcinoids and Merkel cell carcinomas. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.