bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective study of psychiatric and psychological aspects of Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Kelly William F. , Kelly Miranda J. , Faragher Brian 
Published: November 2003

OBJECTIVE Cushing's syndrome is associated with psychiatric and psychological disturbances. The aim of this study was to ascertain the extent of mental illness in patients before and after treatment for Cushing's syndrome. DESIGN AND PATIENTS Patients with Cushing's syndrome were identified for a prospective study. Control patients were selected with pituitary adenomas secreting GH or PRL. The aim was to reassess patients after Cushing's syndrome had been treated. MEASUREMENTS Psychiatric symptoms were measured and classified using the Present State Examination (PSE), and analysed on the Catego Programme. The Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) was used to measure depression. The Crown‐Crisp Experiential Index was used to measure common psychoneurotic symptoms (anxiety, phobia, obsession, somatic, depression and hysteria scales). The Eysenck Personality Inventory was used to assess extroversion and neuroticism. Cortisol, ACTH, and other hormones were measured by conventional methods. Parametric and non‐parametric tests were used where appropriate. RESULTS Catego analysis of psychiatric ratings showed only 8 patients of 43 with active Cushing's syndrome (19%) were normal. Psychiatric diagnoses were obtained as follows: neurotic depression in 20 (46%), possible neurotic depression in 1 (2%), reactive depression in 6 (14%), and non‐specific neurotic symptoms in 8 (19%). Additional Catego ratings of suspected other psychoses were made for 3 patients who were also depressed. None of these 43 patients with active Cushing's syndrome had ratings of schizophrenia or mania, obsessional neurosis or pathological anxiety. In the control group 13 (87%) were normal, 1 patient with acromegaly had an anxiety state and one patient with a prolactinoma had neurotic depression. It was possible to reassess the Present State Examination after treatment in 25 patients, when cortisol levels had been substantially reduced (to normal in 88%), the percentage rated as psychiatrically normal increased from 19 to 68 (χ2=11.7, 1 d.f., P<0.01). Hamilton Rating Scale scores for depression showed significant improvements after treatment for Cushing's syndrome (mean decrease from 9.2 to 2.4, n=36, P<0.001). Crown‐Crisp experiential index data showed significant improvements in anxiety, somatic symptoms, and depression (n=25, P<0.05). Eysenck Personality Inventory assessments showed a significant improvement in neuroticism score (n=26 P=0.016), but no significant change in extroversion (P=0.5) or lie score (P=0.6). CONCLUSIONS Most patients with Cushing's syndrome had significant psychiatric pathology, usually depressive illness. As cortisol levels were returned to normal there were significant improvements in scores for depression and anxiety. Management of patients with Cushing's syndrome should include careful assessment of psychological and psychiatric illness.
Uptake of Apoptotic K562 Leukaemia Cells by Immature Dendritic Cells is Greatly Facilitated by Serum
Authors: Dalgaard J. , Beckstrøm K. J. , Brinchmann J. E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen‐presenting cells and play an important role in T‐cell‐mediated immunity. DCs have been shown to induce strong antitumour immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. One way of providing the DCs with all relevant tumour antigens would be to incubate the DCs with material from dead tumour cells. We have examined the uptake of apoptotic and necrotic K562 leukaemia cells by DCs under different culture conditions. Results from coincubation experiments strongly suggested that uptake of apoptotic K562 cells was dependent upon the addition of autologous serum (AS). Under these conditions, 47–79% of all DCs were shown to ingest apoptotic material. AS also seemed to be important for the expression of functionally important markers, most notably HLA class I, CD86, CCR7 and CD83. The vast majority of DCs were shown to ingest necrotic material from K562 cells, with no additional effect of AS. The results suggest that incubation of DCs with apoptotic material for cell therapeutic purposes may best be performed in the presence of AS.
Authigenic mineralogy, depositional environments and evolution of fault‐bounded lakes of the Yunnan Plateau, south‐western China
Authors: XIOUZHU ZHANG , YUNFEI WANG , HUAIYAN LEI 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe Dianchi, Erhai and Fuxian lakes lie in faulted basins in a subtropical humid region of the Yunnan Plateau, China. Three groups of authigenic minerals have been recognized in their recent sediments ‐ carbonate minerals, Fe‐bearing minerals and silica minerals. The main authigenic minerals are goethite, calcite, aragonite, siderite and quartzine. Goethite is chemically precipitated from a colloidal suspension. Calcite is a widespread chemical precipitate that is present in deep parts of the lakes and in shallow areas associated with aquatic macrophytes. Aragonite is mainly biochemical in origin, and commonly associated with shallow benthos. Siderite forms in reducing environments, associated with pore waters with a high PCO2 that resulted from microbial degradation of organic matter. It forms mainly in deep‐water environments. Quartzine, which occurs mainly in delta front and prodeltaic sites, forms from diatom dissolution and dissolved silica introduced by streams.Six authigenic mineral associations are recognized, each of which can be related to depositional setting within the lake and the stage of lake development. The same associations can also be recognized in a 480‐m‐long core recovered from Dianchi Lake. Strong reducing environments and migrating pore fluids with high PCO2 have led to the early diagenetic alteration of some of the initial authigenic minerals. Using the mineral associations from the modern lakes, the Pliocene to Recent history of Dianchi Lake has been interpreted, and is in general agreement with palaeoenvironmental reconstructions based upon palaeontological and other evidence.
Petrogenesis of sediments in the absence of chemical weathering: effects of abrasion and sorting on bulk composition and mineralogy
Authors: NESBITT H. WAYNE , YOUNG GRANT M. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTComminution in the glaciers that debouch into Guys Bight Basin, followed by selective sorting in the fluvial system, has had little effect on the bulk composition, or on the mineralogy, of the basin sands and muds. Most striking are the feldspar contents, and the feldspar‐quartz ratios in sands and muds, both of which remain similar to those of average bedrock. The feldspar contents of sands and muds range from 48 to 52% feldspar whereas average bedrock contains 51·7% feldspar. Feldspar‐quartz ratios average 1·58:1 in bedrock and 1·54:1, 1·66:1 and 1·69:1 in the medium to coarse sands, fine sands and muds, respectively, indicating minimal feldspar enrichment in the fine‐grained sediments. In the absence of appreciable chemical weathering, extreme abrasion followed by hydraulic sorting has not produced mature sediments such as quartz arenites and clay‐mineral‐rich muds. There is, however, some chemical differentiation. Preferential accumulation of mafic minerals in fine sands and muds is reflected in bulk compositions by higher abundances of MgO, FeO and TiO2, and in the mineralogy by enrichment of biotite in the fine grades. Bulk compositional studies focused solely on muds and mudstones will result in an overestimate of the mafic contribution from source rocks. This work shows that bulk compositional studies of sediments and sedimentary rocks should include all available granulometric grades.
Toward a model for airflow on the lee side of aeolian dunes
Authors: FRANK ANDREW , KOCUREK GARY 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe interaction between dunes and the primary wind results in a complex pattern of secondary airflow on the lee side of dunes. From 15 dunes studied during transverse flow conditions at Padre Island in Texas, White Sands in New Mexico, and the Algodones in California, distinct flow regions can generally be recognized, with the overall flow structure comparing favourably to that proposed for subaqueous bedforms. Downwind of dunes with flow separation is a back‐flow eddy that extends about four dune‐brink heights downwind from the brink of the dune. Beyond the separation cell, the velocity profiles can be divided into regions based upon segments separated by ‘kinks’ in the velocity profiles. The interior is an area above the dunes of relative high wind speed but low velocity gradient. Beneath the interior is the wake, which consists of two layers. The upper wake exhibits an uppermost portion where the flow decelerates while the remainder exhibits accelerating flow, so that the overall velocity gradient decreases downwind. The lower wake exhibits low velocity gradients and wind speeds that accelerate downwind at all heights, but primarily near the top of the layer, thereby causing the velocity gradient to increase downwind. At about eight dune heights downwind, the upper and lower wakes equilibrate to a single profile with the kink between them no longer apparent. The lowest recognizable region is the internal boundary layer. It is recognized by a relatively steep velocity gradient below the wake, and never exceeds a few tens of centimetres in height for our data set. Because of acceleration and increasing shear stress within this layer, interdune flats are at least potentially erosional. Overall, the wake and internal boundary layer show a downward transfer of momentum from upper regions so that the flow recovers. Where flow separation does not occur, simple flow expansion down the lee‐face causes flow deceleration.
Flow dynamics and geomorphology of a trough blowout
Authors: HESP PATRICK A. , HYDE ROBERT 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe dynamics and geomorphological development of a trough blowout located at Fiona Beach in the Myall Lakes National Park in NSW, Australia, are examined. Wind speeds, velocities and flow structure were measured utilizing an array of miniature Rimco cup anemometers, Gill bivane and UVW instruments, and wind vanes. Flow measurements indicate that when the wind approaches the trough blowout parallel to the throat orientation, jets occur both in the deflation basin and along the erosional walls, relative flow deceleration and expansion occurs up the depositional lobe, jets are formed over the depositional lobe crest accompanied by downwind flow separation on the leeward side of the lobe, and flow separation and the formation of corkscrew vortices occur over the crests of the erosional walls. Maximum erosion and transport occurs up the deflation basin and onto the depositional lobe. Trough blowout morphologies are explained as a function of these flow patterns.When the wind approaches the blowout obliquely, the flow is steered considerably within the blowout, and the degree and complexity of topographic steering is dependent on the blowout topography. The flow is usually extremely turbulent and large corkscrew vortices are common. The local topography of a blowout can be very important in determining overall sand transport and blowout evolutionary conditions and paths.Estimates of potential sand transport within the blowout may be up to two orders of magnitude lower than actual rates if remotely sensed wind data are used.
Hydraulic characteristics of bioclastic deposits: new possibilities for environmental interpretation using settling velocity fractions
Authors: KENCH PAUL S. , McLEAN ROGER F. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the hydraulic behaviour of heterogeneous bioclastic sediments using settling velocity fractions. Bioclastic deposits are divided into fractions by splitting hydraulically sorted samples. Compositional analysis of fractions shows that grains exhibit marked variation in composition, shape, size and density which control the hydraulic behaviour of bioclastic deposits. Despite the heterogeneous grain properties of fractions (analogous to sieve fractions) sedimentation analysis shows that they possess a narrow range of settling velocity values. Flume experiments also show that the settling velocity fractions possess a narrow range of threshold velocity values. A threshold relationship is identified in which the velocity required to entrain mixed settling fractions increases from 20.5 to 65‐0cm s −1 for settling fractions with mean settling values of 5.5 chi (2‐2 cm s −1) to 1.4 chi (36.0 cm s −1), respectively. Heterogeneous settling fractions, due to intergrain effects, were found to possess larger threshold velocities than individual components showing that the composition of bioclastic deposits controls hydraulic behaviour. Thus, caution must be exercised in using the threshold relationship for homogeneous sediments or deposits of markedly different composition.As settling velocity fractions reflect narrow hydraulic (settling and threshold) properties of sediments the mean settling velocity of fractions is considered a good indicator with which to interpret transport and depositional processes.Comparison of settling and sieve‐size distributions shows that size distributions do not reflect the hydraulic behaviour of bioclastic deposits and should not be used to interpret environmental processes. The study indicates that examination of settling velocity fractions (for which hydraulic settling and threshold properties are known) coupled with compositional analysis of these fractions will allow much greater environmental interpretation of deposit‐forming and energy processes in reef environments.
Wind tunnel and field testing of a simple sand catcher for sampling inhomogeneously saltating sand in desertified environments
Authors: MOHAMMED A. E. , VEER O. D. VAN DE , OLDENZIEL H. J. , STIGTER C. J. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTProblems of vertical alignment and vibrations of disposable coffee cups used in a modified version of the De Ploey saltating sand catcher were solved. The new version was tested in a sediment wind tunnel. Its catches appeared linearly related to amounts of eroded sand, largely independent of wind speed and wind direction, and depended logarithmically on height. The catch efficiency may therefore be taken to be approximately independent of wind speed and direction. The instrument performed well under conditions of inhomogeneously saltating sand in a strongly desertified environment in Central Sudan. Use and results show the improved simple catcher to be easy to assemble, reproducible and cheap, suitable for multipoint use to cover all inhomogeneities in outdoor saltating sand fields.
Facies architecture of alluvial floodbasin deposits: three‐dimensional data from the Upper Triassic Callide Coal Measures of east‐central Queensland, Australia
Authors: JORGENSEN P. J. , FIELDING C. R. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTA detailed investigation of floodbasin facies architecture was undertaken in the Upper Triassic (Carnian‐Rhaetian) Callide Coal Measures in east‐central Queensland, Australia, using extensive highwall and exploration borehole data from ongoing mining activities. The composite Callide Seam Member varies up to 23 m in thickness and is locally split by a number of clastic partings up to several metres thick, ranging from claystone to coarse sandstone. A subset of the nine lithofacies recognized in surface exposures was identified from geologists' logs of cored and uncored drillholes through the Callide Seam Member. Facies mapping of each clastic parting (split) was then undertaken using all available highwall and drilling data. Sequential maps of facies and interval thickness for each coal body and clastic parting over the mine area (6000 × 2500 m) record sediment accumulation in alluvial channel and floodbasin environments (including levees, splays and splay complexes, and mires). The maps indicate that the numerous splays have dominantly elongate plan geometry (up to 4 km long), with lesser irregular and rare lobate shapes. Small, elongate splays were evidently formed during single flood events, whereas larger, elongate bodies and more irregularly shaped complexes were the product of longer‐term splay construction over several flood cycles. Quantitative summaries of splay dimensions indicate a wide variety of shape and size. The distribution of splay orientations is similar to the palaeocurrent distribution in major alluvial channel deposits as established from cross‐bedding. Alluvial channels that sourced the splays and other clastic sediments within seam splits were of low sinuosity, braided planform, constructed sediment bodies up to 2800 m wide and were dominantly loaded rather than incised into underlying peat‐rich substrates.
Grain‐size characteristics of fine‐grained unflocculated sediments II:‘multi‐round’ distributions
Authors: KRANCK KATE , SMITH P. C. , MILLIGAN T. G. 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe grain‐size spectrum of sediment deposited by settling of a suspension with a ‘one‐round’ grain size distribution is described by a power law in which the integer exponent characterizing the fine‐grained limb is increased by one over that of the suspension. If this better‐sorted sediment, in turn, is resuspended and settles, further sorting and steepening of the limb occurs. Each resuspension event or‘round’changes the distribution by a predictable amount. Equations describing this sorting process, based on the derivation of the one‐round equation, are fitted to grain‐size analyses of well‐sorted sediment from a variety of locations to verify the model. A suite of sandy bottom sediment samples from the Bay of Fundy shows that the steepness of the fine‐grained limbs of the sand fraction indeed increases in integral steps.
Sedimentary model and high‐frequency cyclicity in a Mediterranean, shallow‐shelf, temperate‐carbonate environment (uppermost Miocene, Agua Amarga Basin, Southern Spain)
Authors: MARTÍN JOSÉ M. , BRAGA JUAN C. , BETZLER CHRISTIAN , BRACHERT THOMAS 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTUppermost Tortonian to lower Messinian temperate carbonates crop out in the Agua Amarga Basin (SE Spain). They consist of four units. The lower three units can be tentatively assigned to the lowstand systems tract of a fourth‐order sequence, constituting in turn the lowstand (‘megatrough unit’), transgressive (‘breccia unit’) and highstand (‘bedded unit’) stages of a higher‐order cycle. All these materials were deposited in a small pull‐apart basin related to the sinistral Carboneras strike‐slip fault system. The best represented is the bedded unit (up to 25 m thick), which consists of bioclastic, bryozoan/bivalve‐dominated calcarenites/calcirudites with abundant fragments of echinoids, barnacles, benthic foraminifers, coralline algae, brachiopods and solitary corals. Facies trends within this unit are roughly arranged in an E‐W direction, with the coastline to the north of the basin. The depositional model is that of a gentle ramp with prograding beaches and shoals in its higher parts. Seaward of the shoals was the ‘factory area’, where most organisms lived and maximum carbonate production took place. From this area some of the skeletons were washed landwards by waves and/or currents during storms and incorporated into the shoals and beaches, and others moved downslope along the ramp as mass‐flows, accumulating to form the ‘fan‐bedded zone’.The factory‐area and fan‐bedded sediments intercalate five well‐defined, thick beds of calcarenites/fine‐grained calcirudites. They show bar morphologies (single or amalgamated), or make up sand‐waves with very consistent tabular cross‐bedding pointing landwards. These beds formed in a very shallow, wave/current‐influenced, coastal environment. The bars and sand waves in the fan‐bedded zone developed during lowstands, while those located higher up in the ramp interbedded with the factory facies are related to transgressive stages. Prograding beaches, shoals, factory facies and fan‐bedded layers developed during the highstands. Net skeletal production occurred mainly during the highstands.Sediment‐accretion values of these sediments are similar to those of present and ancient shallow‐marine, temperate carbonates considering that the whole bedded unit was deposited in a 100 000‐year interval (equivalent to the short eccentricity cycle). The five cycles inside the bedded unit would therefore correspond to the c. 20 000‐year precession cycles of the Milankovitch band.
Experimental soft‐sediment deformation: structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples
Authors: OWEN GERAINT 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTThe effects of liquefaction in saturated sand bodies under a variety of driving forces are described from shaking table experiments, and structures from the geological record are presented which are analogous to the experimental structures. The collapse of sloping heaps of cross‐bedded sand under a gravitational body force generates low‐angle, essentially uncontorted stratification. A basal zone of shearing may be present, with steepened and folded foresets. Stretching of foresets may be accommodated on normal faults, and bottomsets may be contorted into inclined folds. In natural systems the substrate may also liquefy, causing deformation driven by an unevenly distributed confining load. Stratification in the surface bedform is flattened, and stratification in the substratum contorted. Experiments failed to produce relative displacement at the interface between stacked sand bodies. Liquefaction of gravitationally unstable systems in sands generates load structures comparable to those from sand‐mud systems. Recumbent‐folded deformed cross‐bedding is formed by current shear over a liquefied bed, as has been inferred from field and theoretical analyses. Shear of nonliquefied sand forms angular folds. Other deformation mechanisms, such as fluidization or seepage, may generate structures similar to all of these. Local water‐escape structures driven by fluidization occur in the upper parts of some liquefied sand bodies. They include cusps, sand volcanoes and clastic dykes. Transient cavities formed in some experiments and seemed to be preserved as breached cusps. Although the experiments tried to isolate individual driving forces, driving forces may operate together, and there may be a continuum between deformation driven by water escape and deformation driven by loading. Different structures from those described here may form where liquefaction develops in a buried layer as opposed to at the sediment surface.