bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grooming, kinship, and co‐feeding in captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Pastor‐Nieto Rosalía 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAllo‐grooming is perhaps the most powerful affiliative behavior observed in non‐human primates. However, the functional significance of grooming in New World monkeys has not yet been fully understood, perhaps because grooming is less frequently observed in platyrrhines. To differentiate the potential role of affiliative investment and/or kinship on sharing access to food (co‐feeding) in spider monkeys, behavioral data on grooming, embracing, and feeding were collected from two different groups of captive study subjects: a familiar/kin group and a non‐familiar/non‐kin group. The results of this study suggest that family‐related spider monkeys that engage in grooming tend to share access to food resources more than unfamiliar conspecifics that do not groom. One explanation for this difference is that the unfamiliar study subjects had not yet invested in the affiliative social network, were not reciprocating their affiliative investments and hence, had a higher tendency toward single animal monopolizing resources. Degree of relatedness alone was not found to be a determinant for sharing the access to food, suggesting that familiarity in spider monkeys is based on the extent to which animals invest in affiliative relationships. In this study, only animals that had engaged in long‐term grooming and recognized each other as familiar shared the access to food. Therefore, it might be likely that in spider monkeys, long‐term grooming of high intensity has to be developed for co‐feeding to occur. Zoo Biol 20:293–303, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sharp Retrenchment, Modulated Refinement and Simulation
Authors: Banach R. , Poppleton M. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Sharp retrenchment is introduced and brie y justified informally, as a liberalisation of refinement. In sharp retrenchment the relationship between an abstract operation and its concrete counterpart is mediated by extra predicates, allowing most particularly the description of non-refinement-like properties, and the mixing of I/O and state aspects in the passage between levels of abstraction. Sharp retrenchments are brie y contrasted with unsharp ones. Sharp retrenchments are shown to have a natural law of composition, and the way in which refinements may be viewed as sharp retrenchments is discussed. Modulated refinement is introduced as a version of refinement allowing mixing of I/O and state aspects, in order to facilitate comparison between sharp retrenchment and refinement, and various notions of simulation are considered in this context, specifically: stepwise simulation, the ability of simulator to mimic a sequence of execution steps of the simulatee; strong simulation, in which states and step labels are mapped independently between simulatee and simulator; and the refinement notion itself. Special cases of sharp retrenchment are shown to possess various subsets of these simulation properties, and the extent to which sharp retrenchments contain refinements within them is addressed. The details of the theory are worked out for the B-Method, though the applicability of the underlying ideas is not limited to just that formalism.
Effects of open versus closed kinetic chain training on knee laxity in the early period after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Morrissey Matthew C. , Hudson Zoe L. , Drechsler Wendy I. , Csoutts Fiona J. , Knight Philippa R. , King John B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKnee extensor resistance training using open kinetic chain (OKC) exercise for patients recovering from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery has lost favour mainly because of research indicating that OKC exercise causes greater ACL strain than closed kinetic chain (CKC) exercise. In this prospective, randomized clinical trial the effects of these two regimes on knee laxity were compared in the early period after ACLR surgery. Thirty‐six patients recovering from ACLR surgery (29 males, 7 females; age mean=30) were tested at 2 and 6 weeks after ACLR with knee laxity measured using the Knee Signature System arthrometer. Between tests subjects trained using either OKC or CKC resistance of their knee and hip extensors in formal physical therapy sessions three times per week. Following adjustment for site of treatment, pretraining injured knee laxity, and untreated knee laxity at post‐training, the use of OKC exercise, when compared to CKC exercise, was found to lead to a 9% increase in looseness with a 95% confidence interval of –8% to +29%. These results indicate that the great concern about the safety of OKC knee extensor training in the early period after ACLR surgery may not be well founded.
Feasibility of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Lymphatic Mapping in Nodular Thyroid Neoplasms
Authors: Dixon Elijah , McKinnon J. Gregory , Pasieka Janice L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the prognostic significance of occult lymph node metastases in thyroid cancer remains controversial, identifying these patients may help direct therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNBx) in thyroid nodular disease. Patients undergoing thyroid resection, with no evidence of clinical lymphadenopathy, were enrolled. The nodule was injected with isosulfan blue vital dye. Blue‐stained lymphatic channels were traced within the central compartment to the SLN, which was excised. A total of 40 patients underwent SLNBx; lymphatics were seen in 31 patients, and SLNs were found in 26. In 11 patients the lymphatic vessels were traced through the central compartment into the lateral or mediastinal compartments, although a central SLN was retrieved in only 6. Of the 18 patients with benign neoplasms, 14 had benign SLNs, and no SLN was found in 4. A thyroid lymphoma patient had a true positive SLN. In the 12 patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), 6 had true positive SLNs, and 2 had a true negative SLN. In one patient with metastatic PTC, the parathyroid stained blue. Another patient with PTC had lateral lymphatic channels, but no SLN was found. There were two false negatives, proven by a node dissection in one and lateral uptake on 131I scanning in the other. There were no postoperative complications. SLNBx for thyroid disease is feasible and safe. Potential staining of the parathyroids makes their identification before injection mandatory. The variable lymphatic drainage patterns and the two false‐negative nodes indicate that further investigation is required before the procedure can be recommended for patients with thyroid disease.
What Is Appropriate Treatment for Carcinoma of the Thoracic Esophagus?
Authors: Law Simon , Wong John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent advances in the treatment of esophageal cancer have yielded a variety of new options for management of this highly lethal disease. Various approaches to surgical resection have been proposed. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy with or without surgery have been tested in numerous trials, the results of which are often conflicting and confusing for clinicians. The changing epidemiology of the disease between East and West adds to the controversy. In this review, the authors address some of the more controversial debates. The following questions are asked: What is the appropriate approach for surgical resection? What is the appropriate extent of resection? Is multimodality treatment appropriate for esophageal cancer?
Lung Transplantation versus Lung Volume Reduction as Surgical Therapy for Emphysema
Authors: Meyers Bryan F. , Patterson G. Alexander 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere are currently two surgical therapies aimed at crippling, end‐stage emphysema: lung transplantation and lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). Unfortunately, most emphysema patients are poor candidates for any surgical intervention. The authors favor a meticulous selection process in which indications and contraindications are considered and the best solution is devised for each patient. Patients with ideal circumstances for LVRS—hyperinflation, heterogeneous distribution of disease, FEV1 of more than 20%, and normal PCO2—are offered LVRS. Patients with diffuse disease, low FEV1, hypercapnia, and associated pulmonary hypertension are directed toward transplantation. LVRS has not been a satisfactory option for patients with a1‐antitrypsin deficiency, and we prefer a transplant in most of these patients. With these considerations, we find that few patients are serious candidates for both procedures. Combinations of lung volume reduction and lung transplantation, simultaneously or sequentially, are possible but rarely necessary.
Hypercoagulability following Multiple Trauma
Authors: Engelman Daniel T. , Gabram Sheryl G.A. , Allen Lisa , Ens Gordon E. , Jacobs Lenworth M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe sought evidence of hypercoagulability in 59 seriously injured trauma patients. An extended coagulation profile (consisting of tissue plasminogen activator antigen concentration, plasminogen activator inhibitor, serum antithrombin III, protein C antigen, functional protein C, protein S antigen, D‐dimer, and prothrombin fragment 1.2) was compared to control values. Laboratory evidence of hypercoagulability was seen in 85% (n= 50) of the patients. Patients with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16 (n= 36) had significantly elevated levels of D‐dimer and decreased levels of functional protein C compared to patients with an ISS ≤ 15 (n= 23). Functional protein C had a negative correlation (r=−0.44;p< 0.001) with the ISS. A hypercoagulable state exists immediately following severe trauma. Greater injury severity may increase this hypercoagulable state. Decreased levels of functional protein C best correlated with increased injury severity.
Major Vessel Resection during Limb‐Preserving Surgery for Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Karakousis Constantine P. , Karmpaliotis Constantine , Driscoll Deborah L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is uncertainty in the literature as to whether major vessel involvement in extremity soft tissue sarcomas constitutes an indication for amputation. This retrospective review includes 21 patients who underwent major vessel resection in the context of limb preservation for soft tissue sarcomas. Resected vessels were the common iliac in one, external iliac and common femoral in six, common and superficial femoral in five, superficial femoral in six, distal superficial and popliteal in two, and subclavian vessels in one. Wound infection occurred postoperatively in five patients (24%). One Gore‐tex and one vein graft became exposed, but the wounds healed by secondary intention with routine wound care. Three patients (14%) manifested local recurrence, of which one required an amputation. The estimated 5‐year survival rate is 63%. Involvement of major vessel(s) by soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities is not in itself an indication for amputation, as with en bloc resection of major vessels the local recurrence and 5‐year survival rates parallel those of patients with soft tissue sarcomas not requiring major vessel resection.
Early Risk Factors for Postinjury Multiple Organ Failure
Authors: Sauaia Angela , Moore Frederick A. , Moore Ernest E. , Lezotte Dennis C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpidemiologic studies, based on retrospective data from heterogeneous populations with poor control of confounders, led early investigators to conclude that infection was the overriding risk factor for multiple organ failure (MOF). More recent studies have convincingly shown that MOF frequently occurs in the absence of infection. Consequently, we have shifted our research focus away from the traditional infectious models of MOF to the newer “one‐hit” and “two‐hit” inflammatory models. Clinically, we have chosen to study trauma patients because they are a relatively homogeneous group with a low incidence of common confounders. Trauma also permits a clear distinction between the first insult and the outcome, both temporally and with respect to the definition criteria. In this review we discuss the background, rationale, and our initial attempts to use indicators of the first insult (i.e., tissue injury quantification and clinical signs of shock) and indicators of the host response (i.e., systemic inflammatory response syndrome) to predict MOF early after injury.
Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Receptors in Parathyroid Disease
Authors: Lambert Darren , Eaton Colby L. , Harrison Barnard J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise a family of polypeptide growth factors implicated in the control of proliferation of glandular tissues. The aim of this study was to determine whether FGFs are produced in normal and abnormal parathyroid glands and if these tissues have the potential to respond to this growth factor family. We have examined the expression of FGF receptor (FGF‐R) types 1 and 2 and of FGFs 1, 2, 3, and 7 in a series of human parathyroid tissues using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Samples of 10 parathyroid adenomas and 10 hyperplastic glands from patients with renal hyperparathyroidism (HPT) were compared with samples from normal parathyroid glands from patients with primary HPT in the study. FGF‐R1 was expressed in all samples and FGF‐R2 in most. FGF1 and FGF2 were expressed in all samples at variable levels, with no correlation between disease type and amplified RT‐PCR product levels. FGF7 was expressed in normal parathyroid tissue and in all adenomas but was absent in all but one of the hyperplastic parathyroid glands from renal failure patients. FGF3 was expressed at low levels in normal tissue and variably expressed in diseased tissue, in some instances at high levels. These findings suggest that parathyroid tissue is potentially responsive to FGFs. The absence of FGF7 expression in all but one of the renal parathyroid samples compared with normal and adenomatous tissue requires further investigation. The presence of elevated levels of FGF3 expression in abnormal parathyroid tissue may be significant, as the FGF3 gene (int‐2 proto‐oncogene) is located on chromosome 11q13.3, a region already identified as being susceptible to rearrangement/mutation in parathyroid disease.
Lethality of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I
Authors: Doherty Gerard M. , Olson John A. , Frisella Margaret M. , Lairmore Terry C. , Wells Samuel A. , Norton Jeffrey A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe lethality of the endocrine tumors associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN‐I), particularly the pancreatic islet cell tumors, has been controversial. We evaluated the cause and age of death in MEN‐I kindreds. Our database contains 34 distinct kindreds with 1838 members. Reliable death data are available for 103 people (excluding accidents and age < 18 years). We compared survival curves of MEN‐I patients who died from causes related to MEN‐I with those from MEN‐I carriers who died from a nonendocrine cause and unaffected kindred members. We also compared ages of death between affected and unaffected members of MEN‐I kindreds. Of 59 MEN‐I‐affected patients, 27 died directly of MEN‐I‐specific illness and 32 of non‐MEN‐I causes. The MEN‐I‐specific deaths occurred at a younger age (median 47 years) than either MEN‐I patients whose death was from some nonendocrine cause (median 60 years, p < 0.02) or than all kindred members who did not die of MEN‐I disease (median 55 years,p < 0.05). The causes of death of the MEN‐I patients included islet cell tumor (n= 12), ulcer disease (n= 6), hypercalcemia/uremia (n= 3), carcinoid tumor (n= 6), and nonendocrine malignancies (n= 9). There was no difference in survival between MEN‐I carriers and unaffected kindred members. Of our MEN‐I patients, 46% died from causes related to their endocrine tumors after a median age of 47 years, which was younger than family members who did not die from these tumors. Pancreatic islet cell tumors were the most common cause of death of MEN‐I patients. Management of kindreds with MEN‐I should include an aggressive screening program with early therapeutic intervention when a tumor is identified.
Neuroendocrine Tumor Imaging: Can 18F‐Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Detect Tumors with Poor Prognosis and Aggressive Behavior?
Authors: Pasquali Claudio , Rubello Domenico , Sperti Cosimo , Gasparoni Piero , Liessi Guido , Chierichetti Franca , Ferlin Giorgio , Pedrazzoli Sergio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe evaluated the clinical value of positron emission tomography (PET) using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) for neuroendocrine tumor (NET) detection. Sixteen patients with cytologically or histologically proved NETs were investigated. Patients were divided in two groups of eight patients each according to the clinicopathologic features related to prognosis: slow‐growing NETs and aggressive NETs. Results of FDG tumor uptake as detected by PET were compared with computed tomography (CT) scans and with scans obtained with 111In‐octreotide scintigraphy (n= 13). Tumor FDG uptake was increased in the primary lesion of all eight aggressive NETs; the tracer was shown also in lymph nodes, liver metastases, or both in five of six of them (83%). In four cases, additional unknown tumor sites undetected by CT scan were identified. A slight positivity was found in only one of eight cases with a slow‐growing NET. The overall octreotide scintiscan sensitivity was 85%, but in the aggressive NETs it failed to detect the primary lesion in two of seven cases. Uptake of the tracer in some but not all tumor lesions in the same patient was seen by both FDG‐PET and octreotide scintiscans. From our limited experience 18F‐FDG PET seems to be useful for identifying NETs characterized by rapid growth or aggressive behavior. Uptake of the FDG tracer by the tumor may be related to a worse prognosis. Despite the heterogeneity of tracer uptake in the various lesions of NETs with multiple tumor sites, FDG‐PET was able to detect unsuspected distant metastases, contributing to better staging of advanced disease.
Overview of Operations for Morbid Obesity
Authors: Deitel Mervyn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMassive obesity is prevalent and associated with serious co‐morbidities. For patients who cannot sustain weight loss, malabsorption and gastric reduction operations have been developed. Patients with the former operation require surveillance for protein malnutrition and other sequelae; those with gastric reduction require a permanent tiny reservoir and stoma. Long‐term follow‐up surveillance is necessary. Postoperatively, 15% to 40% of patients, depending on the operative procedure performed, fail to maintain adequate weight loss. Successful weight loss in most of these patients makes this challenging surgery worthwhile, with alleviation of devastating disease and marked improvement in quality of life.
Asymptomatic Cholelithiasis Revisited
Authors: Patiño José F. , Quintero G.A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElective cholecystectomy in the asymptomatic patient has elicited considerable controversy, going back to the prelaparoscopy cholecystectomy era. Surgical services often see patients with known or unidentified cholelithiasis who, having been asymptomatic, present with serious complications, potentially lethal, in whom emergency operations are associated with technical difficulties that lead to high conversion rates and significant mortality and morbidity. Elective cholecystectomy is a safe procedure associated with low morbidity and no mortality. Based on an analysis of our experience and a review of the literature, we discuss the indications for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in asymptomatic patients at high risk of developing complications of their asymptomatic disease. The following high‐risk criteria are proposed for elective cholecystectomy: life expectancy > 20 years; calculi > 2 cm in diameter; calculi < 3 mm and a patent cystic duct; radiopaque calculi; polyps in the gallbladder (GB); nonfunctioning GB; calcified (“porcelain”) GB; concomitant diabetes; women < 60 years; and individuals in geographic regions with a high prevalence of GB cancer.
Hemodynamic Patterns of Survivors and Nonsurvivors during High Risk Elective Surgical Operations
Authors: Shoemaker William C. , Wo Charles C.J. , Thangathurai Duraiyah , Velmahos George , Belzberg Howard , Asensio Juan A. , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Postoperative survivors' and nonsurvivors' hemodynamic and oxygen transport patterns have been extensively studied, and the early postoperative circulatory events leading to organ failures and death have been documented. Outcome was improved when potentially lethal circulatory patterns were treated during the early (the first 8–12 hours) postoperative period; but after the appearance of organ failure, reversal of nonsurvival patterns did not improve the outcome. The purpose of this study was to describe prospectively intraoperative circulatory deficiencies that precede shock, organ failures, and death. The ultimate aim was to elucidate nonsurvivor patterns at the earliest possible time to develop more effective preventive strategies for lethal organ failures. This approach is based on the assumption that it is easier and more effective to prevent the initiators of shock, such as hypovolemia, hypoxemia, poor tissue perfusion, and tissue hypoxia, than to treat the mediators of organ failure, such as cytokines, antigens, eicosinoids, and heat shock proteins. We monitored 356 high risk elective surgical patients with preoperative and intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring by the pulmonary artery (PA) thermodilution catheter. The conventionally monitored mean arterial pressure and heart rate remained in the normal range in both groups; the nonsurvivor pattern included decreased cardiac index, stroke index, stroke work, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption. Low oxygen consumption was partly compensated by increased oxygen extraction rates, and arterial pressures were maintained by increasing systemic vascular resistance. The early temporal pattern of nonsurvivors' changes were similar to those described during the postoperative period that preceded development of organ failure and death. This suggests that lethal circulatory dysfunctions may begin during the intraoperative period but become more apparent before and after organs fail during later postoperative stages.