bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Compression Garments Improve Healing Among Runners With Acute Overuse Injuries of the Lower Extremities
Authors: Waller Lauren K , Donaldson Micheal , Giese Tera , Flaming Matt , Peterson Courtney , Raynes Edilberto 
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, runners have received increased demands on their performance. This increase on physical demand has also caused an increase in the risk of acute superficial overuse sports injuries, with most running injuries being in the lower extremity. Consequently, the injuries cause inflammation and connective tissue damage. About 50 to 75% appear to be overuse injuries due to the constant repetition of the same movement. Recent studies have focused on the use of lower body compression garments as an aid in performance and recovery time. There is reason to believe that these garments have beneficial physical and physiological effects. The purpose of the research is to explore the advantages of wearing compression garments during and after training to help improve the healing and inflammatory processes. We hypothesize that wearing compression garments will increase blood flow to the damaged tissue area and will improve the healing process, thereby decreasing the recovery time.Support or Funding InformationDee U. Silverthorn, PhD, FAPS Professor of Physiology Dell Medical School | The University of Texas at Austino: 512‐495‐5098| silverthorn@utexas.edu| dellmedschool.utexas.edu1912 Speedway, Mail code D2000Sánchez Building (SZB), Suite 546.18 Austin, TX 78712
Effect of Deep Slow Breathing on Pain‐Related Variables in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Brilla Lorrie , Larsen K.L. , McLaughlin W.L. , Li Y. 
Published: November 2023

This study evaluated the effect of a six‐week deep slow breathing (DSB) program on pain, physical function, and heart rate variability (HRV) in subjects with lower extremity joint pain. Twenty subjects were assigned into training (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The training group participated in a six‐week DSB program consisting of weekly training sessions and at‐home breathing exercises. DSB exercises focused on prolonging the exhalation and the pause following exhalation. The Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was used to assess pain and physical function and HRV data were obtained pre‐ and post‐intervention. Results revealed no significant interactions between group and time for any of the variables. There was no significant main effect for group, but there was a significant main effect (p < 0.025) and a large effect size for time on both pain (training pre 148 ± 94, post 84 ± 89; control pre 123 ± 87, post 92 ± 73; group ηp2 = 0.003, time ηp2 = 0.454) and physical function (training pre 434 ± 268, post 276 ± 287; control pre 482 ± 346, post 338 ± 274; group ηp2 = 0.010, time ηp2 = 0.506). There were no significant main effects (p > 0.017) for group and time on LF power (training pre 179.30 ± 562.1 ms2, post 9.82 ± 28.84 ms2; control pre 32.08 ± 66.55 ms2, post 0.74 ± 0.73 ms2; group ηp2 = 0.039, time ηp2 = 0.061), HF power (training pre 14.04 ± 39.76 ms2, post 7.02 ± 19.24 ms2; control pre 7.43 ± 9.99 ms2, post 1.50 ± 1.87 ms2; group ηp2 = 0.039, time ηp2 = 0.039), and LF/HF ratio (training pre 5.64 ± 10.03, post 2.13 ± 3.72; control pre 2.38 ± 3.79, post 0.97 ± 0.69; group ηp2 = 0.036, time ηp2 = 0.169). Results indicated that the six‐week DSB program was not sufficient to improve pain or physical function in subjects with lower extremity joint pain. The significant improvements in pain and physical function from pre‐to post‐intervention for both groups may be the result of an increase in perceived social support during the study. As this is the first study to examine the use of DSB for lower extremity joint pain and dysfunction, further research is needed to investigate the efficacy and applicability of DSB.Support or Funding Informationnone
Effect of Leg Blood Flow Restriction during Cycling on Cerebral Perfusion: Role of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Prodel Eliza , Balanos George M. , Braz Igor D. , Nobrega Antonio C. L. , Vianna Lauro C. , Fisher James P. 
Published: November 2023

Exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) enhances skeletal muscle metabolite accumulation and has been used to stimulate training‐induced improvements in strength and endurance, but the consequences for the cerebral circulation are unknown. The activation of group III and IV skeletal muscle afferents by exercise‐induced metabolites (muscle metaboreflex) has been suggested to increase cerebral perfusion during exercise. However, this may be masked by a hyperventilation related decrease in the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (indexed by partial pressure of end‐tidal carbon dioxide; PETCO2). We sought to determine how muscle metaboreflex activation with BFR affects cerebral blood flow and whether this is secondary to confounding changes in PETCO2. In 11 healthy male participants (age 25±4 years; height 180±1 cm; weight 71±7 kg; mean±SD) we measured middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAVm), internal carotid artery blood flow (ICAQ) and PETCO2, during leg cycling exercise under free‐flow conditions (target heart rate at 120 bpm) and with BFR. Trials were conducted where PETCO2 was permitted to fluctuate spontaneously (control) and where PETCO2 was clamped at 1 mmHg above resting levels. In the control trial, PETCO2 was slightly increased from rest during leg cycling (Δ2.2±0.3 mmHg; P<0.05) and significantly decreased during exercise with BFR (Δ‐4.8±0.9 mmHg; P<0.05). PETCO2 remained unchanged throughout the clamp trial. Leg cycling under free‐flow conditions evoked similar increases in MCAVm during the control (Δ6.5±1.8 cm.s−1) and PETCO2 clamp (Δ6.8±2.4 cm.s−1) trials (P<0.05 vs. rest). During exercise with BFR a further increase in MCAVm was noted in the PETCO2 clamp trial (Δ5.9±1.4 cm.s−1; P<0.05 vs. rest and free‐flow exercise), but not in the control trial. In both trials, ICAQ was not significantly changed from rest during leg cycling under free‐flow conditions (control Δ‐3.5±10.31 ml.min−1; PETCO2 clamp Δ7.2±7.41 ml.min−1; P>0.05 vs. rest). During exercise with BFR, ICAQ was significantly increased when PETCO2 was clamped (Δ27.2±6.6 ml.min−1; P<0.05 vs. rest), but was decreased in the control trial (Δ‐22.7±12.1 ml.min−1; P<0.05 vs. rest). In conclusion, enhanced muscle metaboreflex activation with leg BFR during cycling increases cerebral blood flow, but only when PETCO2 is maintained at resting levels.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES‐Brazil) through the program Science without Borders.
Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning on Neural and Hemodynamic Responses to Muscle Metaboreflex Activation
Authors: Incognito Anthony , Doherty Connor , Lee Jordan , Millar Philip 
Published: November 2023

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the exposure to brief intermittent periods of circulatory occlusion, has been demonstrated to reduce submaximal lactate accumulation and improve exercise performance. Lactic acid is a potent stimulator of the muscle metaboreflex, which results in increased efferent sympathetic outflow to skeletal muscle. We tested the hypothesis that IPC would attenuate the neural (muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA)) and hemodynamic response to activation of the muscle metaboreflex during post‐exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). In a randomized‐controlled design, 17 healthy young (24±3 yrs), normotensive (107±7/64±5 mmHg) men were allocated to IPC (n=10) or sham‐IPC (n=7) treatment groups. IPC and sham‐IPC treatments consisted of 3 cycles of 5 min cuff inflation at 200 mmHg or 20 mmHg, respectively, each followed by a 5 min cuff deflation. Continuous measurements of MSNA (microneurography), blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance were collected at rest and during 2 min of isometric handgrip (IHG) at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction followed by 3 min of PECO, before and after an acute bout of IPC or sham‐IPC. Compared to baseline, MSNA burst frequency increased during IHG and PECO (both p<0.01) but was unchanged following IPC (IHG Δ9±10 vs. Δ10±7; PECO Δ7±11 vs. Δ8±7 bursts/min) or sham‐IPC (IHG: Δ5±2 vs. Δ5±3; PECO: Δ5±2 vs. Δ3±6 bursts/min). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were increased during IHG and PECO (both p<0.01) but unchanged following IPC (IHG Δ23±13/17±9 vs. Δ21±10/16±7; PECO Δ19±14/11±7 vs. Δ18±15/11±8 mmHg) or sham‐IPC (IHG: Δ15±8/12±6 vs. Δ16±5/11±4; PECO Δ11±7/8±5 vs. Δ10±6/5±4 mmHg). Heart rate was increased during IHG (p<0.01) but not PECO and unchanged following IPC (IHG Δ18±11 vs. Δ19±12; PECO Δ5±7 vs. Δ6±8 bpm) or sham‐IPC (IHG: Δ15±9 vs. Δ13±8; PECO: Δ3±5 vs. Δ0±5 bursts/min). Similarly, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance responses were unchanged by IPC or sham‐IPC (p>0.05). These findings suggest that IPC is not capable of modulating the efferent sympathetic or hemodynamic responses during exercise or muscle metaboreflex activation. The mechanisms responsible for improvements in exercise capacity and time‐trial performance following IPC require further investigation but are unlikely neurogenic.Support or Funding InformationCanadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)
Sweating During Intermittent Exercise in the Heat in Young and Older Adults: A Role for P2 Receptors
Authors: Akbari Pegah , Fujii Naoto , Foudil‐bey Imane , Meade Robert D. , Singh Maya S. , Boulay Pierre , Sigal Ronald J. , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: November 2023

Recent findings have identified nitric oxide synthase (NOS) as an important modulator of sweating during exercise. Additionally, in vitro studies have identified the presence of P2 receptors (a subgroup of purinergic receptors) on human eccrine sweat glands, which may indicate that these receptors can modulate sweating. If so, these receptors may influence sweating through NOS‐dependent mechanisms, given that P2 receptor activation can increase calcium ion concentration, which in turn can activate NOS. Studies also demonstrate that NOS‐dependent sweating is impaired in older adults during exercise in the heat. In parallel, P2 receptors are down regulated in older adults, suggesting the contribution of P2 receptors, if any, to sweating may also be impaired. Thus, we assessed the separate and combined contribution of NOS and P2 receptors to the sweating response during exercise in the heat. Additionally, we evaluated whether ageing influences these responses. Eight young (24±4 years) and nine older (57±6 years) adults performed an intermittent cycling protocol consisting of two 30 min bouts of exercise (Ex) at a fixed rate of heat production of 400 W in the heat (35°C); followed by 20 and 40 min of recovery respectively. Sweat rate (ventilated capsule) was monitored at four forearm skin sites continuously perfused via intradermal microdialysis: 1) lactated Ringer (Control), 2) 10 mM NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, a non‐selective NOS inhibitor), 3) 100 mM pyridoxine (PDX, non‐selective P2 receptor blocker), or 4) a combination of PDX and L‐NAME. We show that in young adults, administration of L‐NAME attenuated sweat rate (Ex1: 0.65 mg min−1cm−2; Ex2: 0.67 mg min−1cm−2) in comparison to Control (Ex1: 0.79 mg min−1cm−2; Ex2: 0.82 mg min−1cm−2) at the end of both exercise bouts (both P≤0.05). Further, infusion of PDX, both independently (Ex1: 0.69 mg min−1cm−2, P=0.07; Ex2: 0.73 mg min−1cm−2, P=0.04) and in combination with L‐NAME (Ex1: 0.69 mg min−1cm−2, P=0.04; Ex2: 0.74 mg min−1cm−2, P=0.09), tended to reduce sweat rate relative to Control; albeit, these responses were not all statistically significant. However, the magnitude of reduction at each site compared to Control were not different (P=0.32). Finally, no differences in local sweat rate were observed between treatment sites in older adults (P=0.20). In summary, our findings indicate that P2 receptor activation can contribute to sweating in young adults through a NOS‐dependent mechanism. However, the contribution of these pathways to the sweating response is diminished in older adults.Support or Funding InformationFunding support: This study was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (Discover grant, RGPIN‐06313‐2014; Discovery Grants Program ‐ Accelerator Supplement, RGPAS‐462252‐2014; funds held by Dr. Glen P. Kenny).
Influence of Time of Day on Post‐Exercise Hypotension Might Be Different in Hypertensives Receiving Different Anti‐hypertensive Drugs: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Brito Leandro , Peçanha Tiago , Fecchio Rafael , Sousa Patricia , Rezende Rafael , Navarro Marilia , Silva Giovânio , Abreu Andrea , Mion‐Junior Décio , Forjaz Claudia 
Published: November 2023

IntroductionIn a previous study, we observed that time of day can affect post‐exercise hypotension (PEH) in none medicated pre‐hypertensives. PEH is greater in hypertensives, and different classes of anti‐hypertensive drugs might interact with time of day to affect PEH, but this has not been investigated.ObjectiveTo compare PEH after maximal exercise performed in the morning and evening in hypertensives taking angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).MethodsSixteen hypertensive men were allocated into two groups according to type of anti‐hypertensive drug (ACEi, n=8 and ARBs, n=8). All subjects underwent, in a random order, two maximal exercise tests (cycle ergometer, 15 watts/min until exhaustion followed by 5 min of recovery at 30 W): one conducted in the morning, between 7 and 9 a.m., and another in the evening, between 8 and 10 p.m. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP) were assessed before and 30 min after the maximal tests. A 3‐way ANOVA for repeated measures was employed, considering the main factors: group (ACEi vs ARBs), time of day (morning vs evening) and condition (pre vs post‐exercise).ResultsSystolic BP decrease was not different after exercise conducted in morning and evening for the ACEi group (−7±6 vs −6±8 mmHg, p=0.72), but for the ARBs group, systolic BP decrease was greater in the evening compared to the morning (−7±7 vs −13±9 mmHg, p<0.01) and also compared to the ACEi group (−13±9 vs. −6±8 mmHg, p=0.01). Diastolic BP did not change after exercise in either groups at either time of day.ConclusionThis exploratory study showed that systolic PEH is greater after evening than morning exercise in hypertensive patients receiving ARBs but not ACEi. Thus, ARBs associated with aerobic exercise might promote a greater PEH in the evening.Support or Funding InformationFinancial support: FAPESP: 2014/21667‐6.
Chronic binge alcohol (CBA) dysregulates mesenteric adipose tissue phenotype in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infected macaques
Authors: Simon Liz , Ricks Joshua , Berner Paul , Stouwe Curtis Vande , Molina Patricia E 
Published: November 2023

Alterations in lipid metabolism, with or without an associated fat “redistribution” or lipodystrophy lead to a greater risk of insulin resistance or frank diabetes mellitus in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). PLWHA with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have higher odds of presenting with lipodystrophy and altered adipokine profiles, which have been linked to metabolic dysregulation in anti‐retroviral therapy (ART)‐treated PLWHA. Our studies have shown significant reduction in circulating adiponectin levels and dysregulation of whole body glucose‐insulin dynamics in CBA/SIV compared to sucrose (SUC)/SIV macaques. To determine whether these changes are associated with adipose tissue dysregulation, male rhesus macaques were administered daily CBA or sucrose (SUC) starting 3 months prior to intrarectal SIVmac251 inoculation and continued throughout the study period. ART or placebo was initiated 2.5 months after SIV infection and continued through the study period. Mesenteric adipose tissue was excised from four treatment groups (SUC/SIV±ART and CBA/SIV±ART) at study endpoint (11 months post SIV inoculation). Mesenteric adipose tissue of CBA/SIV macaques had decreased adipocyte size and a significant increase in the number of mast cells, immune cell infiltration and collagen staining compared to that of SUC/SIV macaques. Moreover, adipose derived‐stem cells of CBA/SIV macaques showed decreased differentiation compared to SUC/SIV macaques. These findings suggest that CBA exacerbates dysregulation of adipose tissue phenotype potentially contributing to metabolic dysregulation in SIV infection.Support or Funding InformationThe work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants: P60 AA09803
Repeated Binge‐Like Alcohol Intoxication‐Induced Adaptive Immunity in Perilymphatic Adipose Tissue
Authors: Benavides Vienna Isabel , Song Kejing , Molina Patricia E , Souza‐Smith Flavia M. 
Published: November 2023

Adipose tissue inflammation, characterized by the presence of major histocompatibility complex class II cells (MHC II), macrophages, and T cell activation, has been proposed to lead to the development of insulin resistance. In our previous studies, we showed that acute alcohol intoxication (AAI) induces mesenteric lymphatic hyperpermeability, promotes perilymphatic adipose tissue (PLAT) inflammation, disrupts adipokine profile, and increases systemic circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels, suggesting a potential role of AAI on metabolic dysregulation. Moreover, repeated binge‐like alcohol intoxication (RBAI) was also shown to increase PLAT inflammatory cytokine expression. Whether RBAI‐induced PLAT inflammation is associated with dysregulation of the adaptive immune system remains unknown. We hypothesized that RBAI promotes PLAT gene expression of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes, exacerbating PLAT inflammation and increasing the risk for metabolic dysregulation. Male Sprague Dawley rats were surgically instrumented with a gastric catheter. RBAI was produced by daily administration of 2.5 g/kg/day of alcohol (12.5% alcohol w/v) or isocaloric dextrose in Vanilla Ensure (116 kcal/kg/day) for 3 consecutive days. PLAT was isolated at 30 minutes or 24 hours after the last RBAI episode. Gene expression of markers for T cells (CD4), macrophages (CD11c), monocytes (CD14), and dendritic cells (MHCII) was determined by Real Time PCR. RBAI resulted in a significant increase in gene expression of markers for T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells at 30 min post final alcohol binge when compared with PLAT isolated from controls and from RBAI animals at 24h post final binge. No significant differences in monocyte gene expression were detected between the groups. These results suggest that RBAI promotes adaptive immune cell infiltration to PLAT. We predict that these cells contribute to the increase in PLAT cytokine expression detected in our previous studies and speculate that together; PLAT inflammatory milieu and innate immunity cell infiltration, promote localized insulin resistance.Support or Funding InformationSupported by LSUHSC‐NO Department of Physiology, STRIDE Undergraduate Research Fellowship (APS and NHLBI 1 R25 HL1155473‐01)
Phrenic and Cervical Afferents Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Nair Jayakrishnan , Jorgensen Marda L , Reier Paul J , Fuller David D 
Published: November 2023

The phrenic nerve contains a mixture of motor, sensory, and sympathetic fibers. The diaphragm has few spindles and tendon organs, and a relatively greater population of unmyelinated afferents. Unmyelinated fibers are important in regulating diaphragm blood flow, and myelinated fibers convey information regarding diaphragm muscle contraction. The anatomical projections and distribution of phrenic afferents in the cervical spinal cord have not been described in detail in adult mammals. Using adult Sprague‐Dawley rats, our first purpose was to characterize the neuroanatomical projections of myelinated phrenic afferents in the cervical spinal cord and describe the distribution of non‐myelinated mid‐cervical afferents. Our second purpose was to test the hypothesis that cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) rostral to the phrenic nucleus would alter the distribution of myelinated phrenic afferents and non‐myelinated mid‐cervical afferents. We developed a new method to label myelinated phrenic afferents which consisted of prolonged soaking of the phrenic nerve with 1% cholera toxin‐β (CT‐β). In spinal‐intact rats, CT‐β‐positive afferents were relatively sparse, projected exclusively to the spinal cord ipsilateral to the nerve soak in 9 of 10 rats, and terminated in the dorsal horn (laminae II and III) and intermediate grey region (laminae IV and V). However, following both acute and chronic SCI (lateral cervical hemisection at C2), CT‐β‐positive phrenic afferents could be detected in the spinal cord contralateral to the side of CT‐β application in 11 of 12 rats. In additional studies, CT‐β was delivered directly to the C4 dorsal root ganglion, and this approach confirmed that robust detection of contralateral projecting cervical afferents only occurred in rats with SCI. Further experiments used immunochemistry to detect calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and isolectin‐B4 (IB4) as markers of unmyelinated cervical afferents in spinal cord from rats with C2 hemisection (>12 wks post‐injury) or uninjured control. Quantitative assessment of staining intensity showed significant and bilateral increases in CGRP‐ and IB4‐positive fibers in the C4 dorsal horn after injury (P<0.05 vs. control). We conclude that both unmyelinated cervical afferents and myelinated phrenic afferents undergo considerable remodeling following cervical SCISupport or Funding Information1R01NS080180‐01A1 (DDF)