bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autism, PDD, and the Child’s Activities and Interests
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several aspects of how a child may observe and react to the world around him can give us a clue to whether that child has autism or PDD. The activities, interests, and responses of children to their environment comprise a third area that clinicians study to determine whether there are any difficulties associated with autism. We first looked at social development, and then language. Play is the third dimension of a triad of social impairments associated with autism. In this chapter, we discuss differences in how autistic children play with toys; how differently they react when excited, bored, or frustrated; and how they are different in the way that they develop particular narrow interests, routines, and rituals. Figure 5 shows the areas of interest and activities of autistic children that will be discussed in this chapter.
Play and Imagination
Finding Resources
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first hurdle for parents of autistic and PDD children is realizing that their child has a problem. The second hurdle is finding out what the problem is. The third is planning what to do about it. In this chapter, we discuss how to find educational and other resources for your child, and how to act as an advocate for your child’s best interests. Basically, as a parent, you need to know what resources are available to you, and who can help you get them. This includes infant stimulation programs, special education programs, state-funded services for the developmentally disabled, and additional therapy for language, physical, or social skills development. Available resources also include other books on autism or parenting special-needs children, and parent support organizations such as the Autism Society of America. Depending on your child and the resources available in your area, you may also find that you need to become your child’s legal advocate or even your child’s special education teacher. Figure 6 is a flowchart of the agencies, services, and treatment available for autistic children in the United States. As we go along, we’ll discuss each box in the flowchart and explain how and when children are eligible for these services, and how various services interrelate.
Behavior Management and Teaching Methods for Children with Autism and PDD
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central issue in the education of children with autism and PDD is the ways in which they learn differently. The Individual Education Program (IEP) as the name implies, is an individualized educational plan, based on the assumption that every special educational student has a somewhat different profile of problems that need specific remediation. The idea of special education is to provide an environment for learning in which the child can be taught at a slower pace, with more emphasis on particular subjects, and appropriate instructional techniques so as to help him compensate for his difficulties. In this chapter, we will focus on special methods of instruction that work particularly well with many autistic and PDD children. Thus far, we have discussed different types of classrooms. Which type of class a child is offered depends in part on how far behind he is when he starts school, and how specific his deficits are.
Forks in the Road: The Elementary School Years and Beyond
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language instruction is usually the primary focus of the first few years of an autistic child’s educational program. As we’ve seen in the preceding chapter, all of the various language activities that can be done in school can also be done at home—and in fact should be done at home. There are other skills that some autistic children learn mostly at school; these include learning to read, do math, and other regular academic tasks. For some other autistic children though, those with the more marked cognitive impairments, schooling consists of a focus on learning to be more independent in the functions of everyday living. In this chapter, we’ll discuss how both these sets of skills are taught to children with autism and PDD.
Non-Mainstream Treatments for Autism
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of treatments for autism that are fairly controversial because they became widespread even before—or in spite of—scientific data about their effectiveness. Some of these treatments wax and wane in popularity, and some are just a flash in the pan. At most times, there are oneor two nontraditional forms of treatment for autism that are particularly popular, and a certain percentage of parents decide to try one or more of these just in case it does help their child. In this chapter we’ll discuss a number of nonmainstream treatments including facilitated communication, auditory training, the “Options” method, holding therapy, allergy treatments, and special diets.
Lawyers and Citizens
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not only were lawyers heavily represented among the men who rose to power in France in 1789, to a large extent, they also shapted the evolution of French political culture under the ancien régime. David Bell's new book traces the development of the French legal profession between the reign of Louis XIV and the French Revolution, showing how lawyers influenced, and were influenced by, the period's passionate political and religious conflicts. Bell analyses how these key "middling" figures in French society were transformed from the institutional technicians of absolute monarchy into the self-appointed "voices of public opinion," and leaders of opposition political journalism. He describes the birth of an independent legal profession in the late seventeenth century, its alientation from the monarchy under the pressure of religious disputes in the early eighteenth, and its transformation into a standard-bearer of "enlightened" opinion in the decades before the Revolution. His work illuminates the workings of politics under a theoretically absolute monarchy, and the importance of long-standing constitutional debates for the ideological origins of the Revolution. It also sheds new light on the development of the modern professions, and of the middle classes in France.
The Birth of a Controversy
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 4:00 A.M., November 12, 1915, in Chicago’s German-American Hospital, Anna Bollinger gave birth to a seven-pound baby boy. Dr. Climena Serviss, who delivered the infant, quickly awakened Dr. Harry J. Haiselden, the surgeon who headed the hospital staff. Haiselden diagnosed multiple physical anomalies in the infant, including absence of a neck and one ear, deformities of the shoulders and chest, very slow reaction of the pupils to light, and an imperforate anus. X rays revealed prematurely hardened skull and leg bones, and a membrane blocking the lower bowel, although the digestive tract seemed otherwise normal. The rectum extended to within half an inch of the surface (Fig. 1). Haiselden concluded that surgery could correct the intestinal defects and thus save the infant’s life, but that gross physical and mental abnormalities would remain, and he urged the parents not to request an operation. The Bollingers agreed, and five days later the baby died.
Tales of the Earth
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global change, a term unheard of only a few years ago, is now a standard phrase in scientists' vocabularies, and has even crept into the language of lay people. One of the best ways to understand global changes, and to keep alive concern for the environment, is to look at significant examples in the past where nature has affected humans, and in turn, where humans have affected nature. In Tales of the Earth, Charles Officer and Jack Page describe some of the great events of environmental history, blending accounts by interested observers with clear explanations of the science involved. The "tales" range from descriptions of earthquakes and catastophic volcanic eruptions - proving that the earth is still hot and moving - to accounts of floods and ice ages, meteors and comets, extinctions and plagues, killer smogs and the present-day depletion of the ozone layer. Proving that climate change is nothing new, and providing instances as diverse as the plague described in Boccaccio’s Decameron to the Chernobyl disaster, this fascinating book will interest anyone concerned with the environment or the natural world.
Beginning Again
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Ehrenfeld is one of the world’s leading writers on environmental issues. In this challenging new book, he examines both the current state of affairs and the prospects of preventing further damage to the planet. In calling for a more enlightened and sustainable relationship with the natural world, Professor Ehrenfeld also considers the influence exerted by certain social, economic, and political forces which seem to be pulling in the opposite direction.
Physicians and Healers
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In primitive societies, the totality of health service consisted of the ministrations of the healer or “medicine man.” Since disease was believed to arise from supernatural forces, various magical measures were used to counteract those forces. Certain physical or medicinal interventions were also found helpful, from experience, to cope with disease. The relationship between patient and doctor was on a one-to-one basis, uncomplicated by laws or regulations, except for the influence of custom.
Health Planning and Administration
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as every national health system requires economic support, in the modern world it also requires management. In earlier centuries, when health needs were so great that almost any health service was its own justification, deliberate management may not have been necessary. But as the resources, organization, and services for health purposes grew larger and more complex, the need for prudent health system management became widely recog-nized.
Refusing the Favor
Authors: González Deena J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Refusing the Favor tells the little-known story of the Spanish-Mexican women who saw their homeland become part of New Mexico. A corrective to traditional narratives of the period, it carefully and lucidly documents the effects of colonization, looking closely at how the women lived both before and after the United States took control of the region. Focusing on Santa Fe, which was long one of the largest cities west of the Mississippi, Deena González demonstrates that women's responses to the conquest were remarkably diverse and that their efforts to preserve their culture were complex and long-lasting. Drawing on a range of sources, from newspapers to wills, deeds, and court records, González shows that the change to U.S. territorial status did little to enrich or empower the Spanish-Mexican inhabitants. The vast majority, in fact, found themselves quickly impoverished, and this trend toward low-paid labor, particularly for women, continues even today. González both examines the long-term consequences of colonization and draws illuminating parallels with the experiences of other minorities. Refusing the Favor also describes how and why Spanish-Mexican women have remained invisible in the histories of the region for so long. It avoids casting the story as simply "bad" Euro-American migrants and "good" local people by emphasizing the concrete details of how women lived. It covers every aspect of their experience, from their roles as businesswomen to the effects of intermarriage, and it provides an essential key to the history of New Mexico. Anyone with an interest in Western history, gender studies, Chicano/a studies, or the history of borderlands and colonization will find the book an invaluable resource and guide.
The Crisis of 387/6
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the predicament in which the Athenians were caught in 387 one must look at a city, Abydos, and at a Spartan, Antalkidas. For Abydos provided the harbor whence the Spartan commander contrived to outmaneuver the Athenians and seize control of the straits. It was on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont, opposite Sestos, and for some years it had been for the Spartans their most reliable base in or near the eastern Aegean. In 394 Pharnabazos, commanding a Persian fleet and having Konon the Athenian in his service, had defeated the Peloponnesian fleet off Knidos. The two admirals followed up their victory by sailing into the eastern Aegean and freeing the maritime cities from Spartan control. Spartan harmosts fled from most of the cities and the liberators were welcomed. But Derkylidas, a highly competent officer who had an old grudge against Pharnabazos, was in Abydos at the time of the battle of Knidos. He rallied the people of Abydos to the Spartan cause and he captured Sestos. When Phamabazos and Konon attacked Abydos, Derkylidas withstood them successfully.
Destabilization in the North
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within two years after the battle of Leuktra the Athenians had joined Sparta against Thebes, and in the winter of 370/69 they had followed up their new diplomatic commitment by sending an armed force to the Peloponnese. They continued operations in alliance with the Lakedaimonians until 362, when the indecisive battle of Mantinea led to a treaty of common peace. But about the time of their change of alignment the Athenians also began to contemplate new designs for naval operations in the northern Aegean. The circumstances prompting the new initiatives and the degree of success achieved will be the main focus of attention in this chapter. A digression on developments in the western part of the Persian Empire will be needed to explain changes occurring in the straits between Asia and Europe. During the 360s Demosthenes grew to manhood, and it will be proper to consider what incited him to take an interest in politics.
War and Peace in the North
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a state of war between Philip II and Athens from 357, when the king seized Amphipolis. But armed operations were mostly conducted at a safe distance from Athens and from places where the Athenians recognized that their vital interests were at stake. By sending cleruchs to the Chersonese in 353/2 and by dispatching Nausikles with a force to Thermopylai in the same year, they convinced themselves that they could maintain their security, even in an emergency. The outbreak of war between Philip and Olynthos in 349 gave them a new opportunity and they rose to meet it. The destruction of Olynthos shocked them but posed no threat to their own city. By 347 they could recognize that their war against Philip did not offer them any prospect of success; it would be better to acknowledge their losses and make peace. But in 346 Philip took advantage of developments in Phokis to seize control of Thermopylai and of the route into central Greece. His success transformed the geopolitical situation for the Athenians. The change in their condition is reflected in the deeds and utterances of Demosthenes. These developments will be the subject of this chapter.
The Athenians Frustrated
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 346 unexpected changes shattered Athenian security, when Philip gained control of Thermopylai and entrusted Nikaia to a Thessalian garrison. In 339 another change, likewise unforeseen, put a temporary end to Philip’s mastery of the route into central Greece. In the intervening years the Athenians feared and resented Macedonian power; they considered themselves threatened directly and they could do little against the threat, although they launched diplomatic initiatives of many kinds. Through the survival of Demosthenic and other speeches the state of opinion in Athens is better documented than for any other period of similar length. The evidence deserves to be approached without presuppositions. That will be the task of this chapter.
Doing Science
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an introduction to concepts needed in the different parts of the process of doing science. It includes topics that will help achieve clarity in the posing of scientific questions, the design of ways to answer the questions, and the methods to evaluate the results and effectively communicate scientific information. It will be useful to the professional or student in the practice of writing papers, books or journal articles and can be applied to most any area of science that requires presentation of data in an effective and informative way.
Essays in Quasi-Realism
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these essays, Simon Blackburn explores one of the most profound and fertile of philosophical problems: the way in which our judgements relate to the world. This debate has centred on realism, or the view that what we say is validated by the way things stand in the world, and a variety of oppositions to it. Prominent among the latter are expressive and projective theories, but also a relaxed pluralism that discourages the view that there are substantial issues at stake. The figure of the `quasi-realist’ dramatizes the difficulty of conducting these debates. Typically philosophers thinking of themselves as realists will believe that they alone can give a proper or literal account of some of our attachments-to truth, to facts, to the independent world, to knowledge, and to certainty. The quasi-realist challenge, developed by Blackburn in this volume, is that we can have those attachments without any metaphysic that deserves calling realism, so that the metaphysical picture that goes with our practices is quite idle. The cases treated here include the theories of value and of knowledge, modality, probability, causation, intentionality and rule-following, and explanation. A substantial new introduction has been added, drawing together some of the central themes.
Morals and Modals
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conclusions properly drawn must be true when the premises are; events must unfold in accordance with natural law; people must obey the moral laws. Why do we find it so tricky to give a satisfactory philosophy of these necessities? In the first part of this essay, I suggest that it is because we have a rooted, and inadequate, conception of what is needed to establish such an understanding. This conception dominates the philosophy of modality, just as it does other areas, but it makes a genuine advance in understanding impossible. The diagnosis here is quite simple, but it is not so simple to disentangle ourselves from its influence, and to become practised with tools that are better suited to the problem.
Errors and the Phenomenology of Value
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Mackie described himself as a moral sceptic, and he described his theory of ethics as an error theory. The ordinary user of moral language wants to claim something that, according to Mackie, cannot be claimed without error: he wants to claim ‘something that involves a call for action or for the refraining from action, and one that is absolute, not contingent upon any desire or preference or policy or choice, his own or anyone else’s’ (p. 33). Again, someone in moral perplexity may want to know whether a course of action is wrong ‘in itself’ (p. 34), and ‘something like this is the everyday objectivist concept’, which is erroneous. For, according to Mackie, ordinary judgements and perplexities include an assumption that there are objective values, in a sense in which he denies that there are. This assumption is ingrained enough to count as part of the meaning of ordinary moral terms, but it is false.
Albertus Magnus
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Reporter Writes of the happenings of the day, while an essayist waits a year to two or ten or a century or a millennium and then comments on an event. Thus, when the Einstein Memorial in Washington, D.C., was dedicated on April 22, 1979, I thought about writing a personal note on my feelings about the statue, but fortunately I waited, and some seven years later I am seated at the memorial on a sunny Sunday afternoon trying to get my thoughts together.
Humans, Animals, And Physicians’ Waiting Rooms
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Was In A Somewhat adversarial situation with an “animal rights” advocate who was trying to convince me that if we gave up eating meat and conducting animal research, it would make us kinder, gentler people. To a biologist, something in these words didn’t quite ring true. Having personally encountered the Cape buffalo and hippopotamus in Kenyan game preserves, I was well aware that these herbivores are among the most dangerous animals in East Africa. Their vegetarian diet does not induce gentleness. But a memory of an earlier reading placed the issue in a more human context, and I have looked up the appropriate references.
The Missing Volumes
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Am An Unrepentant Devotee of libraries. I have never outgrown habits acquired as a youngster, wandering down to Adriance Memorial Library in Poughkeepsie, N.Y., on Saturday afternoons and spending endless hours reading about whatever came to mind. It was truly a window on the world. Library books have a characteristic smell, a feel-one might almost say an aura. The edges of pages crack in characteristic ways. There is something sensual as well as intellectual in being surrounded by aged books. I also love the silence of the stacks, for aisle-wandering is a lonely occupation.
Killer Cheese
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutrition Remains One of the most enigmatic subjects in modern health care. It is doubly perplexing: First, because reliable information on human diet and health is so difficult to obtain by experiment or epidemiologic analysis, and second, because of the public’s unpredictable responses to the available information. A modest case study illustrates these features. Among the dietary caveats that have emerged over the past 20 years, three have stood out as having achieved consensus support among nutritionists. These are 1. Moderate the amount of fatty acid in the diet, with particular attention to minimizing saturated fatty acid. This recommendation comes with particular force from students of heart disease and cancer.
A Two-Coffee Culture
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Was Quietly Studying my Linguaphone German book one evening and was startled to have Frau Pfaffinger state, “Kaffee schadet meiner Gesundheit.” The rough translation, “Coffee harms my health,” reminded me that I am behind on my triennial analysis of the medical literature on coffee. I carry out this periodic ritual to prepare myself for the many discussions I seem to get into on coffee and the state of health.
The Sidewalks Of New York
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Was Walking Down Seventh Avenue in a particularly sad and pensive mood, for I was returning from the funeral of two nephews whose lives had abruptly ended in an accident. Each intersection I passed from 39th Street to 33rd Street was the scene of some gridlock, which resulted from drivers moving into intersections when there was no clear route ahead. The obvious thought emerged that people thoughtlessly trying too hard to get an advantage were tying things up for themselves and everyone else. The clear and simple moral was noted, and I was searching for clear and simple morals.