bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Wish List for 21st Century Environmental Policy: Decentralization, Integration, Cooperation, Flexibility, and Enhanced Participation by Citizens and Loc Governments
Authors: Weber Edward P. 
Published: June 2005

Jeanne W. Clarke and Daniel McCool,Staking Out the Terrain: Power and Performance Among Natural Resource Agencies (2nd 4.).Larry S. Luton,The Politics of Garbage: A Community Perspective on Solid Waste Policy Making.Peter J. May, Raymond J. Burby, Neil J. Ericksen, John W. Handmer, Jennifer E. Dixon, Sarah Michaels, and D. IngleSmith, Environmental Management and Governance: Intergovernmental Approaches to Hazards and Sustainability.
Early growth and adult health outcomes – lessons learned from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Eriksson Johan G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSlow growth during fetal life and infancy is often followed by accelerated weight gain in childhood. These patterns of growth seem to precede the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes in adult life. Patterns of growth associated with CHD and type 2 diabetes in adult life are described based upon findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. We are beginning to understand that adult degenerative diseases are associated with different patterns of early growth. Yet it is not clear what optimal growth is and how it can be achieved. Most data suggest that the development of many non‐communicable diseases involve a number of interactions including genetic ones. Therefore these diseases can best be focused upon from a life cycle perspective.
The developmental origins of adult disease
Authors: Gluckman Peter D. , Hanson Mark A. , Pinal Catherine 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEpidemiological and clinical observations have led to the hypothesis that the risk of developing some chronic diseases in adulthood is influenced not only by genetic and adult lifestyle factors, but also by environmental factors acting in early life. These factors act through the processes of developmental plasticity and possibly epigenetic modification, and can be distinguished from developmental disruption. The concept of predictive adaptation has been developed to explain the relationship between early life events and the risk of later disease. At its base, the model suggests that a mismatch between fetal expectation of its postnatal environment and actual postnatal environment contribute to later adult disease risk. This mismatch is exacerbated, in part, by the phenomenon of ‘maternal constraint’ on fetal growth, which implicitly provides an upper limit of postnatal nutritional environment that humans have adapted for and is now frequently exceeded. These experimental, clinical and conceptual considerations have important implications for prevention and intervention in the current epidemic of childhood obesity and adult metabolic and cardiovascular disorders.
The policy challenge of coexisting undernutrition and nutrition‐related chronic diseases
Authors: James W. Philip T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe original focus on energy and protein needs for combating malnutrition gave way to UNICEF promoted concerns for maternal care and complementary feeding in association with longer‐term breast feeding. Nevertheless the World Food Summit's drive to halve malnutrition rates by 2015 was not accelerating the fall in malnutrition prevalences. The UN's Standing Committee on Nutrition's commission highlighted the crucial role of maternal nutrition and low birthweights, the need for a life cycle approach to prevention and the current global effects of maternal/fetal and childhood malnutrition in amplifying the impact of the new epidemic of obesity and chronic diseases. The emphasis on poverty reduction and free market solutions is too crude and national interventions geared to protecting the vulnerable, promoting equity with major community involvement in integrated multifaceted programmes are needed. The same principles apply to overnutrition and specifically to the avoidance of the current pandemic of the metabolic syndrome. An intergenerational amplification of diabesity is now emerging as overweight but poorly fed micronutrient deficient girls enter pregnancy and produce ever more susceptible children. So new strategies are now needed as recognized by economists but not by doctors and nutritionists! Economy, agriculture, food processing and marketing policy changes are crucial in determining patterns of food consumption because the costs of foods and their availability, rather than policies centred on individual responsibility for consumer choice, are the keys to making coherent public health advances.
Association between chronic undernutrition and hypertension
Authors: Sawaya Ana L. , Sesso Ricardo , Florêncio Telma M. de Menezes Toledo , Fernandes Maria T.B. , Martins Paula A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn developing countries nutritional deficit during prenatal and continuing in post‐natal life is very common. This condition leads to stunting and important metabolic changes. Over 30% of children in the world are stunted. The metabolic resultants of nutritional deficit during growth are classically known to aim at energy conservation. This review summarizes data from Brazil, a developing country undergoing the double burden of obesity and undernutrition, especially among the poor, and suggests that stunting or chronic undernutrition increases the risk of obesity and hypertension later in life. Around 60 million people are under the poverty line in Brazil. In São Paulo, the richest city of the country, 20% of the population live in slums and in Maceió, the capital of one of the poorest states, this percentage reaches 50%. Undernutrition in this population is around 20% among children, with high frequency of infections, anemia, and parasitic infestations, associated with poor sanitation. Among stunted adolescents, we found a high prevalence of hypertension (21%) that is a considerably higher estimate compared to non‐stunted adolescents (less than 10%). The prevalence of hypertension in undernourished pre‐school children, or in those who recovered from undernutrition, was higher than that in controls (29%, 20% and 2%, respectively, P < 0.001). Among stunted adults eating no more than 66% of the requirements (adjusted for stature), overweight/obesity was 35% in women and 25% in men. The prevalence of hypertension was 44% among stunted women and 18% among stunted men. Fifty per cent of stunted and obese women had hypertension. These data reinforce the important association between undernutrition and hypertension from childhood through adulthood. Health policies for preventing and combating childhood undernutrition should have an impact on the morbidity and mortality related to hypertension during adulthood.
The coexistence of child undernutrition and maternal overweight: prevalence, hypotheses, and programme and policy implications
Authors: Garrett James , Ruel Marie T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to document the prevalence of the phenomenon of the coexistence of a stunted child and an overweight mother (SCOWT) in the same household in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We also explore whether this phenomenon is associated with a country's level of economic development and urbanization and highlight policy directions for public nutrition. Data from 36 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were used (23 in Africa, 8 in Latin America, and 5 in Asia). Stunting was defined as height‐for‐age < −2 SD of the reference population and maternal overweight as a body mass index (BMI) of > 25 kg m−2. World Bank and United Nations figures were used for gross national product per capita (an indicator of economic development) and for level of urbanization respectively. Descriptive statistics were derived, and multivariate linear regression analysis was used to model the association between economic development, urbanization and the prevalence of SCOWT. The prevalence of SCOWT is generally below 10%, except in four countries, of which three are in Latin America. Among our sample of countries, SCOWT is generally more prevalent in Latin America than in Africa, and is near or below 5% in all five countries of Asia. Contrary to our expectations, SCOWT is not necessarily more prevalent in urban than rural areas. We also find that when economic development is controlled for, SCOWT is associated with urbanization only in Latin America. In Africa and Asia, SCOWT is associated with economic development, but not urbanization. The concrete recognition of the SCOWT phenomenon is an important step to delineating more effective and integrated strategies to address problems of over‐ and undernutrition and dietary quality within countries, regions and households. This gives special importance to designing programmes and policies that will address the food and nutrition needs of each individual, rather than assuming that those needs are addressed by targeting programmes or policies to the household as a whole.
How we started: the family literacy programme in Slovenia
Authors: Knaflic Livija 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDifferent research on literacy demonstrates that the family has an important impact on literacy in general and it seems that there may be an inter‐generational transfer of literacy level and reading habits within families. In order to compensate for lack of encouragement of reading at home, different initiatives have been developed involving work with children and adults, because of their stronger influence on the whole family. The more effective methods are those that include members of the same family, especially parents and children. The Slovenian Institute for Adult Education has developed a family literacy programme for parents and their children called ‘Read and Write Together’. This is aimed at parents with a low standard of education who have children in the initial years of elementary school. At that time, parents are very motivated to help their children to succeed at school, but their own basic skills need some refreshment before they are able to help their children. The school programme involves two teachers, 50 hours of organised schoolwork and 25 hours of planned homework.
‘A place of their own’: creating a classroom ‘third space’ to support a continuum of text construction between home and school
Authors: Cook Margaret 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper uses aspects of ‘third space’ theory to support the use of site‐based classroom role play as a means of ensuring continuity of text construction between home and school. A hypothetical continuum of text construction between home and school is described, and it is suggested that schools wishing to support this continuum might consider incorporating some home‐type contexts and pedagogies into classroom practice. A model of site‐based role play is described that aims to do this by setting up an actual third space in primary classrooms, together with some of the educational outcomes of the model's implementation. Implications for schools and family learning programmes are briefly discussed. In conclusion, the paper argues that if we want curriculum continuity between home and school, we need to create ‘third spaces’ in schools that bring together the experiences and pedagogies of both.
Cost‐effective faster wound healing with a sustained silver‐releasing foam dressing in delayed healing leg ulcers – a health‐economic analysis
Authors: Scanlon Elizabeth , Karlsmark Tonny , Leaper David J , Carter Kate , Poulsen Peter B , Hart‐Hansen Kristian , Hahn Tina W 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe aim of this analysis was to examine the cost‐effectiveness of Contreet Foam (A) in comparison with three other commonly used venous leg ulcer treatment protocols: Aquacel Ag (B), Actisorb Silver (C) and Iodoflex (D). A health‐economic analysis reflecting the UK treatment practice and cost structure was performed. The analysis was set up to assess the cost of relative wound area reduction over a 4‐week treatment period. The model was validated by a UK expert panel consisting of four wound care specialists. To assure that the 4‐week model had a realistic link to cost‐effectiveness of complete wound healing, a Markov analysis was also performed. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to ensure validity. Protocol A and C proved to be the most effective treatments. The mean relative reduction in wound area after 4 weeks of treatment was 50·2% (protocol A), 23·9% (protocol B), 44·6% (protocol C) and 36·0% (protocol D). Cost‐effectiveness ratios showed that protocol A proved to be the most cost‐effective treatment, and protocol B the least. The cost per percentage reduction in wound area was £9·50 for protocol A, compared to £16·50–17·60 for the other treatment options. The cost‐effectiveness of complete healing (Markov analysis) and sensitivity analyses confirmed these results. Using Contreet Foam instead of the other dressing alternatives may imply savings of £2·2–4·4 million per year to the National Health Service.
Dystrophic calcification as a cause for non healing leg ulcers
Authors: Enoch Stuart , Kupitz Susanne , Miller David R , Harding Keith G 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDespite advances in molecular biology and a repertoire of other therapeutic options, chronic venous leg ulcers remain a significant problem within our society. There are various reasons, both local and systemic, which contribute to the non healing nature of such wounds. Among them, dystrophic calcification (DC) or calcified deposits within the ulcer bed, although rare, is an overlooked and a seldom reported cause. In the presence of DC, wound healing cannot proceed through a timely and orderly manner resulting in a non healing ulcer. In this article, we discuss the aetiology, pathophysiology and the management options of this rarely reported condition. We also report their clinical prognosis using a series of patients with venous ulcers complicated by DC leading to difficulties in healing.
Wound healing university diplomas in France: an impact measurement after 6 years
Authors: Meaume Sylvie , Téot Luc , Dereure O 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn educational programme in wound healing was developed in France in 1998. The course lasts for 1 year and consists of 100 hours of interactive education including wound‐healing principles, management of pressure ulcers, leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, burns and trauma. The programme mixes theoretical and practical issues and results in the award of a diploma that identifies students as having a level of expertise in wound healing. A large component of each student's evaluation is based on a thesis that has been developed by the student during the year. After 6 years of continual development and modification, this educational approach was analysed to evaluate its impact on wound healing in France. More than 500 individuals have been trained by this educational programme, including nurses, physicians, pharmacists, physiotherapists and employees of commercial concerns. In order to evaluate the impact of such a training programme on changing practice in France, a questionnaire was developed and a telephone survey carried out. The results of this survey are reported here and they show that education and training provided undertaking a university diploma has played an important role in the development of wound healing and the subsequent change in practice in France.
Silver‐containing alginate fibres and dressings
Authors: Qin Yimin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSilver is a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial agent that is gaining more and more importance in the wound‐management industry. By incorporating silver ions into alginate fibres, highly absorbent alginate wound dressings with antimicrobial properties can be made. Laboratory studies have shown that by incorporating fine particles of silver sodium hydrogen zirconium phosphate, the silver‐containing alginate fibres can maintain the white physical appearances while providing a sustained release of silver ions when in contact with wound exudates. Test results have proven that these fibres are highly effective against bacteria.
Nano-Kinematics for Analysis Of Protein Molecules
Authors: Kazerounian Kazem , Latif Khalid , Rodriguez Kimberly , Alvarado Carlos 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Proteins are evolution’s mechanisms of choice. The study of nano-mechanical systems must encompass an understanding of the geometry and conformation of protein molecules. Proteins are open or closed loop kinematic chains of miniature rigid bodies connected by revolute joints. The Kinematics community is in a unique position to extend the boundaries of knowledge in nano biomechanical systems. In this work, we have presented a comprehensive methodology for kinematics notation and direct kinematics for protein molecules. These methods utilize the zero-position analysis method and draws upon other recent advances in robot manipulation theories. The procedures involved in finding the coordinates of every atom in the protein chain as a function of the dihedral and Rotamer angles are computationally the most efficient formulation developed to date. The notation and the methodologies of this paper are incorporated in the computer software package PROTOFOLD and will be made available to individuals interested in using it. PROTOFOLD is a software package that implements novel and comprehensive methodologies for ab initio prediction of the final three-dimensional conformation of a protein, given only its linear structure. In addition to the new kinematics methodologies mentioned above, we have also included all the basic kinematic parameter values that are needed in any kinematic analysis involving proteins. While these values are based on a body of knowledge recorded in the protein data bank, they are presented in a form conducive to kinematics.
Analysis of Decomposability and Complexity for Design Problems in the
Context of Decomposition
Authors: Chen Li , Li Simon 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The current practice in problem decomposition assumes that (i) design problems can be rationally decomposed a priori and (ii) decomposition can usefully result in complexity reduction a priori. However, these assumptions are not always true in reality. In response to this concern, this paper introduces the notions of decomposability and complexity to problem decomposition. In particular, a full scale of decomposability analysis and complexity analysis in the context of decomposition are presented along with approaches and algorithms. These new analyses not only address the viability and validity of decomposition, but also help achieve an optimal number of subproblems during decomposition, which is usually determined by trial and error or a priori. Furthermore, a procedure able to combine these new analyses into our two-phase decomposition framework is described. This effort leads to an enhanced decomposition method able to find the most appropriate decomposition solution to a complex design problem.
A Linear Beam Finite Element Based on the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation
Authors: Kerkkänen Kimmo S. , Sopanen Jussi T. , Mikkola Aki M. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
In this paper, a new two-dimensional shear deformable beam element based on the absolute nodal coordinate formulation is proposed. The nonlinear elastic forces of the beam element are obtained using a continuum mechanics approach, without employing a local element coordinate system. In this study, linear polynomials are used to interpolate both the transverse and longitudinal components of the displacement. This is different from other absolute nodal-coordinate-based beam elements where cubic polynomials are used in the longitudinal direction. The use of linear interpolation polynomials leads to the phenomenon known as shear locking. This defect is avoided through the adoption of selective integration within the numerical integration method. The proposed element is verified using several numerical examples. The results of the proposed element are compared to analytical solutions and the results for an existing shear deformable beam element. It is shown that by using the proposed element, accurate linear and nonlinear static deformations, as well as realistic dynamic behavior including the capturing of the centrifugal stiffening effect, can be achieved with a smaller computational effort than by using existing shear deformable two-dimensional beam elements.
Enhancing Discrete Choice Demand Modeling for Decision-Based
Design
Authors: Wassenaar Henk Jan , Chen Wei , Cheng Jie , Sudjianto Agus 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Our research is motivated by the need for developing an approach to demand modeling that is critical for assessing the profit a product can bring under the decision-based design framework. Even though demand modeling techniques exist in market research, little work exists on demand modeling that addresses the specific needs of engineering design, in particular, that facilitates engineering decision making. In this work, we enhance the use of discrete choice analysis to demand modeling in the context of decision-based design. The consideration of a hierarchy of product attributes is introduced to map customer desires to engineering design attributes related to engineering analyses. To improve the predictive capability of demand models, the Kano method is employed to provide econometric justification when selecting the shape of the customer utility function. A (passenger) vehicle engine case study, developed in collaboration with the market research firm, J. D. Power & Associates, and the Ford Motor Company, is used to demonstrate the proposed approaches.
Platform Selection Under Performance Bounds in Optimal Design of Product Families
Authors: Fellini Ryan , Kokkolaras Michael , Papalambros Panos , Perez-Duarte Alexis 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Designing a family of product variants that share some components usually requires a compromise in performance relative to the individually optimized variants due to the commonality constraints. Choosing components for sharing may depend on what performance losses can be tolerated. In this article an optimal design problem is formulated to choose product components to be shared without exceeding user-specified bounds on performance. This enables the designer to control tradeoffs and obtain optimal product family designs for maximizing commonality at different levels of acceptable performance. A family of automotive body side frames is used to demonstrate the approach.
A Global Merged Land–Air–Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction Based on Historical Observations (1880–1997)
Authors: Smith Thomas M. , Reynolds Richard W. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A merged land–air–sea surface temperature reconstruction analysis is developed for monthly anomalies. The reconstruction is global and spatially complete. Reconstructed anomalies damp toward zero in regions with insufficient sampling. Error estimates account for the damping associated with sparse sampling, and also for bias uncertainty in both the land and sea observations. Averages of the reconstruction are similar to simple averages of the unanalyzed data for most of the analysis period. For the nineteenth century, when sampling is most sparse and the error estimates are largest, the differences between the averaged reconstruction and the simple averages are largest. Sampling is always sparse poleward of 60° latitude, and historic reconstructions for the polar regions should be used with caution.