bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healing of human intrabony defects following regenerative periodontal therapy with an enamel matrix protein derivative alone or combined with a bioactive glass
Authors: Sculean Anton , Pietruska Malgorzata , Schwarz Frank , Willershausen Britta , Arweiler Nicole B. , Auschill Thorsten M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAim: The purpose of the present study was to compare clinically the treatment of deep intrabony defects with a combination of an enamel matrix protein derivative (EMD) and a bioactive glass (BG) to EMD alone.Methods: Thirty patients (16 females and 14 males) suffering from advanced marginal periodontitis were included in this prospective, controlled parallel design multicenter study. In each of the patients, one intrabony defect was randomly treated with either EMD+BG (test) or with EMD alone (control). Clinical measurements were recorded at baseline and at 1 year following therapy.Results: No differences in any of the investigated parameters were observed at baseline between the two groups. Healing was uneventful in all patients. At 1 year after therapy, the test group showed a reduction in mean probing depth (PD) from 8.5±1.1 to 4.4±1.2 mm (p<0.001) and a change in mean clinical attachment level (CAL) from 10.4±1.5 to 7.1±1.5 mm (p<0.0001). In the control group, the mean PD was reduced from 8.5±1.5 to 4.0±1.6 mm (p<0.001) and the mean CAL changed from 10.2±2.1 to 6.3±2.2 mm (p<0.01). In the test group, 12 sites (80%) gained at least 3 mm or more of CAL, whereas in the control group a CAL gain of 3 mm or more was measured at 13 sites (87%). No statistically significant differences in terms of PD reduction and CAL gain were found between the test and the control treatment.Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study it can be concluded that: (i) at 1 year after surgery, both therapies resulted in significant PD reductions and CAL gains, and (ii) the combination of EMD+BG does not seem to additionally improve the clinical results.
Anti‐gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice
Authors: Mankodi Suru , Bartizek Robert D. , Leslie Winston J. , Biesbrock Aaron R. , McClanahan Stephen F. , He Tao 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjective: Stannous fluoride is a broad‐spectrum anti‐microbial agent that has been used in dentistry as a chemical adjunct to prevent dental caries and gingivitis. The objective of this study was to assess the anti‐gingivitis efficacy of a stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice relative to a negative control.Methods: This was a randomized, 6‐month, double‐blind, parallel‐group gingivitis study conducted according to the guidelines for evaluating chemotherapeutic products for the control of gingivitis outlined by the American Dental Association. A stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice was tested against a commercially available negative control dentifrice. Following baseline measurements, subjects received a dental prophylaxis. Subjects were then instructed to brush twice daily for 60 s using their assigned product. Oral soft‐hard‐tissue examinations and clinical examinations using the Modified Gingival Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, and the Turesky modification of the Quigley–Hein Plaque Index were performed at baseline, 3 and 6 months post‐treatment.Results: A total of 143 subjects were enrolled and 130 of them completed the 6‐month study. After 6 months of product usage, the experimental group had 21.7% less gingivitis (p<0.001), 57.1% less bleeding (p<0.001), and 6.9% less plaque (p=0.01) on average compared with the negative control group. No adverse oral soft‐hard‐tissue effects or extrinsic tooth staining was observed in the study.Conclusion: The results demonstrate that use of the stabilized 0.454% stannous fluoride/sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice over a 6‐month period provided statistically significant reductions in gingivitis, gingival bleeding, and plaque when compared with a negative control dentifrice.
Serum vitamin C–periodontal relationship in community‐dwelling elderly Japanese
Authors: Amarasena N. , Ogawa H. , Yoshihara A. , Hanada N. , Miyazaki H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjective: To determine the relationship between serum vitamin C and periodontitis as estimated by clinical attachment loss (CAL) in community‐dwelling elderly Japanese.Material and Methods: This analysis was confined to 413 Niigata citizens aged 70 years in whom the data for serum vitamin C and CAL were available. High‐pressure liquid chromatography method was used to ascertain the serum vitamin C levels while CAL was assessed on six sites of all teeth present including third molars by means of pressure‐sensitive probes. Other variables included gender, smoking, toothbrushing frequency, number of teeth present and random blood sugar levels.Results: Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely related to CAL (r=−0.23, p<0.00005) at bivariate level. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that CAL was 4% greater in subjects with lower serum vitamin C levels than in subjects with higher serum vitamin C levels notwithstanding smoking, diabetes, oral hygiene, gender or number of teeth present.Conclusion: The findings suggested that serum vitamin C might have relatively weak but a statistically significant relationship with periodontitis in this elderly population.
Changes over 5 years in utilization of dental care by a Swedish age cohort
Authors: Ståhlnacke Katri , Söderfeldt Björn , Unell Lennart , Halling Arne , Axtelius Björn 
Published: January 2005

Abstract –  Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal development of the utilization of dental care, in relation to socio‐economic factors and also considering perceived oral health, attitudes to dental care, dental anxiety, care organisation and changes in the way that dental care is paid for. A conflict model was used as a theoretical framework.Methods:  In 1992, a mail questionnaire was sent to all 50‐year‐old persons in two counties in Sweden, Örebro and Östergötland, as part of a cross‐sectional study. This study group numbered 8888 persons. In 1997, the same population was sent a new questionnaire. There were 5363 persons who completed the questionnaire in both 1992 and 1997. Changes in utilization of dental care were analysed.Results:  An increase in personal expenditure for care was obvious, 42% paid more in 1997 compared with 1992. In the study, 7% had prolonged their time since most recent visit and 12% had less frequent visits. In regression models, education, occupation, place of residence, country of birth, marital status, gender, dental anxiety, having poor perceived oral health and poor general health were associated with utilization. Care organisation factors showed there was a greater probability of having higher utilization and higher cost of care when private practitioners provided the care.Conclusion:  Small changes in the utilization of dental care occurred during this study time. Inequality in utilization existed and socio‐economic factors affected utilization as well as health perception and dental anxiety. Changes in the cost of care did not affect utilization appreciably, probably because of a selected population with high price elasticity. Having a private care provider compared with one in the public system affected the probability of having higher utilization and higher cost for care.
Predoctoral implant dentistry curriculum survey: European dental schools
Authors: Afsharzand Z. , Lim M. V. C. , Rashedi B. , Petropoulos V. C. 
Published: January 2005

Purpose:  In 2002 a survey of European dental schools was conducted. The purpose of the survey was to determine the curricular structure, teaching philosophies and materials used in predoctoral implant dentistry courses.Materials and methods:  Fifty‐six European dental schools were randomly selected from the Association for Dental Education in Europe representing 33 countries. A questionnaire was mailed to the predoctoral implant dentistry director/chairperson of the selected European dental schools. Of these, 40 schools returned the completed survey, resulting in a response rate of 71%. The mean, median and range of responses were computed where applicable.Results:  The results from this survey show that 80% of the responding schools required a course in implant dentistry. Between 1997 and 1999 over a third of responding schools (36%) incorporated a predoctoral implant dentistry course into their curriculum. Eighty‐seven per cent of the schools have some prosthodontists teaching the course. Thirty‐seven per cent of schools are offering a laboratory course in conjunction with the implant course. Sixty‐three per cent of the schools are not restoring implant cases at the predoctoral level. However, 68% of schools reported students are required to be present during implant surgery. Ten per cent of schools require that the implant‐related laboratory work be completed by the students.Conclusions:  Predoctoral implant dentistry educational programmes vary from school to school. Yet a large percentage of schools agree on certain topics, including the importance of including implant education in predoctoral dental programmes.
Evidence for Preferential Genotyping of a Minority Human Immunodeficiency Virus Population Due to Primer-Template Mismatching during PCR-Based Amplification
Authors: Martinez-Picado Javier , Morales-Lopetegi Kristina , Villena Cristina , Gutiérrez Carolina , Izquierdo Nuria , Marfil Silvia , Clotet Bonaventura , Ruiz Lidia 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genotyping assays have come to be widely used for monitoring antiretroviral drug resistance. We report a case in which primer-template mismatches during nested PCR-based amplification biased the composition of the original viral population in the sample, magnifying a distinct minority HIV-1 population. This observation might help to explain some unexpected HIV-1 genotypes.
Illegal Construction in Hanoi and Hanoi's Wards
Authors: Koh David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the drama of negotiation of state boundaries, the role of local administrators as mediators is indispensable. They mediate between state demands for more discipline and societal demands for more liberties. Their ability and willingness to enforce determines the extent of state power. They are a particular type of elites chosen by the state to administer; yet often they have an irrational and morally corrupt relationship with their subjects. The questions that arise then are: When do the local administrators decide to or not to enforce the rules? What considerations do they hold in the face of contradicting demands for their loyalties? This paper seeks answers to the above questions by examining state enforcement of its construction rules in Hanoi after 1975, in which the ward, a level of local administrators in the urban administration landscape, plays an important role in holding up (or letting down) the fences. I will examine the irrationality of the housing regime that led to widespread offences against construction rules, and then show why and how local administrators may or may not enforce rules. This paper comprises two parts. The first part outlines the nature and history of the housing regime in Vietnam and the situation of state provision of housing to the people. These provide the context in which illegal construction arises. Part Two looks at illegal construction in Hanoi chronologically, and focuses on important episodes. The theme that runs through this paper is the role of local administrators in the reality of illegal construction.
The Effect of Soil and Vegetation Parameters in the ECMWF Land Surface Scheme
Authors: Richter H. , Western A. W. , Chiew F. H. S. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and climate models are sensitive to evapotranspiration at the land surface. This sensitivity requires the prediction of realistic surface moisture and heat fluxes by land surface models that provide the lower boundary condition for the atmospheric models. This paper compares simulations of a stand-alone version of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) land surface scheme, or the Viterbo and Beljaars scheme (VB95), with various soil and vegetation parameter sets against soil moisture observations across the Murrumbidgee River catchment in southeast Australia. The study is, in part, motivated by the adoption of VB95 as the operational land surface scheme by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in 1999.
VB95 can model the temporal fluctuations in soil moisture, and therefore the moisture fluxes, fairly realistically. The monthly model latent heat flux is also fairly insensitive to soil or vegetation parameters. The VB95 soil moisture is sensitive to the soil and, to a lesser degree, the vegetation parameters. The model exhibits a significant (generally wet) bias in the absolute soil moisture that varies spatially. The use of the best Australia-wide available soils and vegetation information did not improve VB95 simulations consistently, compared with the original model parameters. Comparisons of model and observed soil moistures revealed that more realistic soil parameters are needed to reduce the model soil moisture bias. Given currently available continent-wide soils parameters, any initialization of soil moisture with observed values would likely result in significant flux errors. The soil moisture bias could be largely eliminated by using soil parameters that were derived directly from the actual soil moisture observations. Such parameters, however, are only available at very few point locations.
Scale Dependence of Radar-Rainfall Rates—An Assessment Based on Raindrop Spectra
Authors: Steiner Matthias , Smith James A. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Scale differences may introduce a bias when comparing, merging, or assimilating rainfall measurements because the dynamic range of values representing the underlying physical process strongly depends on the resolution of the data. The present study addresses this issue from the perspective of how well coarser-resolution radar-rainfall observations may be used for evaluation of hydrologic point processes occurring at the land surface, such as rainfall erosion, infiltration, ponding, and runoff. Conceptual and quantitative analyses reveal that scale differences may yield substantial biases. Even for perfect measurements, the overall bias is composed of two contributing factors: one related to a reduction of dynamic range of rain rates and the other related to a dependence of the relationship between observed radar reflectivity factor and retrieved rainfall rate on the scale of observation. The effects of scale differences are evaluated empirically from a perspective of averaging in time based on raindrop spectra observations. Averaging drop spectra over 5 min, on average over a large dataset, resulted in an underestimation of median and maximum rainfall rates of approximately 50% compared to the corresponding 1-min values. Overall, standard deviations of rain rates retrieved from 5-min-averaged radar reflectivity factors may easily be off a corresponding high-resolution (1 min) rainfall rate by a factor 2 or more. This magnitude is larger than the uncertainty resulting from limitations of the radar measurement precision. Scale-difference effects are thus important and should be considered when comparing, merging, or assimilating data from very different spatial and temporal scales. A similar challenge arises for downscaling schemes attempting to recover subgrid-scale features from coarse-resolution information.
Comparison, Validation, and Transferability of Eight Multiyear Global Soil Wetness Products
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Guo Zhichang , Gao Xiang 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The characteristics of eight global soil wetness products, three produced by land surface model calculations, three from coupled land–atmosphere model reanalyses, and two from microwave remote sensing estimates, have been examined. The goal of this study is to determine whether there exists an optimal dataset for the initialization of the land surface component of global weather and climate forecast models. Their abilities to simulate the phasing of the annual cycle and to accurately represent interannual variability in soil wetness by comparing to available in situ measurements are validated. Because soil wetness climatologies vary greatly among land surface models, and models have different operating ranges for soil wetness (i.e., very different mean values, variances, and hydrologically critical thresholds such as the point where evaporation occurs at the potential rate or where surface runoff begins), one cannot simply take the soil wetness field from one product and apply it to an arbitrary land surface scheme (LSS) as an initial condition without experiencing some sort of initialization shock. A means of renormalizing soil wetness is proposed based on the local statistical properties of this field in the source and target models, to allow a large number of climate models to apply the same initialization in multimodel studies or intercomparisons. As a test of feasibility, renormalization among the model-derived products is applied to see how it alters the character of the soil wetness climatologies.
Updating a Land Surface Model with MODIS-Derived Snow Cover
Authors: Rodell M. , Houser P. R. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
A simple scheme for updating snow-water storage in a land surface model using snow cover observations is presented. The scheme makes use of snow cover observations retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. Simulated snow-water equivalent is adjusted when and where the model and MODIS observation differ, following an internal accounting of the observation quality, by either removing the simulated snow or adding a thin layer. The scheme is tested in a 101-day global simulation of the Mosaic land surface model driven by the NASA/NOAA Global Land Data Assimilation System. Output from this simulation is compared to that from a control (not updated) simulation, and both are assessed using a conventional snow cover product and data from ground-based observation networks over the continental United States. In general, output from the updated simulation displays more accurate snow coverage and compares more favorably with in situ snow time series. Both the control and updated simulations have serious deficiencies on occasion and in certain areas when and where the precipitation and/or surface air temperature forcing inputs are unrealistic, particularly in mountainous regions. Suggestions for developing a more sophisticated updating scheme are presented.
Singularities and Undefinitions in the Calibration Functions of Sonic Anemometers
Authors: Cuerva Alvaro , Sanz-Andrés Angel , López Oscar 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
A mathematical model of the process employed by a sonic anemometer to build up the measured wind vector in a steady flow is presented to illustrate the way the geometry of these sensors as well as the characteristics of aerodynamic disturbance on the acoustic path can lead to singularities in the transformation function that relates the measured (disturbed) wind vector with the real (corrected) wind vector, impeding the application of correction/calibration functions for some wind conditions. An implicit function theorem allows for the identification of those combinations of real wind conditions and design parameters that lead to undefined correction/ calibration functions. In general, orthogonal path sensors do not show problematic combination of parameters. However, some geometric sonic sensor designs, available in the market, with paths forming smaller angles could lead to undefined correction functions for some levels of aerodynamic disturbances and for certain wind directions. The parameters studied have a strong influence on the existence and number of singularities in the correction/ calibration function as well as on the number of singularities for some combination of parameters. Some conclusions concerning good design practices are included.
Farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib (R115777) preferentially inhibits in vitro autonomous erythropoiesis of polycythemia vera patient cells
Authors: Larghero Jérôme , Gervais Nathalie , Cassinat Bruno , Rain Jean-Didier , Schlageter Marie-Hélène , Padua Rose Ann , Chomienne Christine , Rousselot Philippe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPolycythemia vera (PV) is an acquired myeloproliferative disorder with primary expansion of the red cell mass leading to an increased risk of thrombosis and less frequently to myelofibrosis and secondary acute leukemia. Standard therapies include cytoreduction with either phlebotomy or chemotherapeutic agents and antithrombotic drugs. Because long-term exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy may increase the risk of acute transformation, new therapeutic options are needed. Tipifarnib is a nonpeptidomimetic inhibitor of farnesyl transferase that was developed as a potential inhibitor of RAS signaling. In the present study we report that tipifarnib used at pharmacologically achievable concentrations strongly inhibits the erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E) autonomous growth that characterizes patients with PV. Moreover, at low tipifarnib concentrations (0.15 μM), the inhibitory effect was preferentially observed in PV BFU-E progenitors and not in normal BFU-E progenitors and was not rescued by erythropoietin (EPO). Thus tipifarnib may specifically target PV stem cells and may be of clinical interest in the treatment of patients with PV.
A qualitative study investigating patients' beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Cooper A F , Jackson G , Weinman J , Horne R 
Published: January 2005

Background: The opportunity to attend a cardiac rehabilitation course is usually offered to patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction. However, despite referral, many patients fail to attend. Objective: To elicit patients' beliefs about the role of the cardiac rehabilitation course following myocardial infarction. Design: Qualitative study using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Setting: London Teaching Hospital. Subjects: Thirteen patients were interviewed after discharge from hospital following myocardial infarction, but prior to attendance at cardiac rehabilitation. Main outcome measures: Patients' beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation that may act as barriers to attendance. Results: Themes identified included: the content of cardiac rehabilitation, perceptions of exercise, benefits of cardiac rehabilitation, explicit barriers to attendance and cardiac knowledge. Whilst some patients viewed cardiac rehabilitation as an important and necessary part of recovery others expressed doubt that it was appropriate for them. Some patients were uncertain of the course content and misunderstood the role of exercise and its perceived effects. Misconceptions with regard to cardiac knowledge were also apparent. The combination of erroneous beliefs about cardiac rehabilitation and cardiac misconceptions seemed to result in doubts regarding attendance. Conclusions: Prior to course attendance some patients hold erroneous beliefs about the course content, especially the exercise component. Co-existent cardiac misconceptions are also apparent. Further research is needed to clarify the extent to which these beliefs may contribute to the decision not to attend cardiac rehabilitation.