bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintaining oral hydration in older adults: A systematic review
Authors: Hodgkinson Brent , Evans David , Wood Jacky 
Published: June 2003

Dehydration is the most common fluid and electrolyte imbalance in older adults. The objectives were to identify the factors that increase the risk of dehydration in older adults, how best to assess the risk and manage oral fluid intake. Data sources included Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase and Current Contents, which were searched until February 2002. Randomized controlled trials for management of adequate fluid intake were undertaken. Cohort and case control studies were used for the identification of risk factors for dehydration. Studies of assessment tools for the identification of dehydration were also considered.Results show that there is no clear determination of the risk factors for dehydration and decreased fluid intake. The recommended daily intake of fluids should be not less than 1600 mL/24 h in order to ensure adequate hydration. A fluid intake sheet and urine specific gravity might be the best methods of monitoring daily fluid intake. Regular presentation of fluids to bedridden older adults can maintain adequate hydration status. In conclusion, more research is required to determine the optimum method of maintaining adequate oral hydration in older adults.
Laparoscopic urology development in Hong Kong
Authors: Li Shu‐Keung , Fung Berry Tat‐Chow 
Published: June 2003

Objectives:  The application of laparoscopy in urology is increasing in Hong Kong. In the present paper the development of laparoscopic urology in Hong Kong is portrayed. The variety of laparoscopic urological operation that have been developed is defined, as well as interesting features associated with its development.Methods:  A search on presentation/publications on laparoscopic urological topics by local authors were carried out on the electronic database supplemented by a manual hand search from January 1991 to November 2002.Results:  A total of 68 presentations were identified covering a variety of urological topics including some of the most complex reconstructive procedures. The first report was in 1994. The three most presented topics were on paediatric urology, adrenalectomy and nephrectomy. Up to 45% of the reports were contributed by or collaborated with another specialty.Conclusions:  Laparoscopic urology had a good foundation and able to keep pace with the world development. Cross specialty collaboration and interaction is an important feature in its development.
Dissecting plant secondary metabolism – constitutive chemical defences in cereals
Authors: Osbourn Anne E. , Qi Xiaoquan , Townsend Belinda , Qin Bo 
Published: June 2003

SummaryCollectively plants synthesise a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are well known as agents that mediate pollination and seed dispersal. They may also act as chemical defenses that ward off pests and pathogens or suppress the growth of neighbouring plants. The ability to synthesise particular classes of secondary metabolite is commonly restricted to selected plant groups, and the evolution of different pathways in distinct plant lineages is likely to have been key for survival and for the generation of diversity at the organism level. An understanding of the evolution of secondary metabolism requires the characterisation of enzymes and genes for complete pathways in a broad range of plants in addition to the two model species, Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. Tracing the ancestry of the pathway components can then unravel the chain of events that led to the creation of individual pathways. This review summarises progress that has been made in the dissection of the pathways for constitutive chemical defences in cereals, namely saponins and benzoxazinoids.
Rust haustoria: nutrient uptake and beyond
Authors: Voegele Ralf T. , Mendgen Kurt 
Published: June 2003

SummaryHaustoria are morphological features of an extremely successful class of plant parasites, the obligate biotrophs. The broad phylogenetic spectrum of organisms producing haustoria suggests that these structures have arisen many times in the course of evolution and represent specific adaptations of these organisms to the close interaction with their respective host plants. This close interaction and the fact that these structures cannot be produced in vitro have hampered an analysis of the roles of haustoria in biotrophy for many decades. Only recently has it become possible to analyse haustorial function at a molecular level. A picture is beginning to emerge indicating that haustoria do not only serve in nutrient uptake – a task postulated for these elements ever since their discovery. Moreover, they seem to perform enormous biosynthetic duties. They also seem to be engaged in the suppression of host defense responses and in redirecting or reprogramming the host's metabolic flow. This review intends to summarize current knowledge about the structure and function especially of rust haustoria.
Resistance to plant pathogens: possible roles for free polyamines and polyamine catabolism
Authors: Walters Dale 
Published: June 2003

SummaryAlthough most work on polyamines in incompatible interactions between plants and pathogens has focussed on polyamines conjugated to phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic acid amides), changes in free polyamines and their catabolism have been shown to occur in such interactions. A common feature of these interactions is an increase in diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and, in some interactions, of polyamine oxidase (PAO). The activities of these two enzymes produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which may act in structural defense, as a signal molecule, or as an antimicrobial compound in host resistance. There are several possible roles for polyamines and polyamine catabolism in plant resistance to pathogen infection; H2O2 produced might trigger the hypersensitive response (HR), thought to be a form of programmed cell death (PCD), the polyamine spermine might act as an inducer of PR proteins, and as a trigger for caspase activity and hence HR. There is, however, a need for more precise information on the timing and location of changes in polyamine metabolism in the development of resistance. Only with this information can a case be made for the involvement of polyamines and polyamine catabolism in plant defense.
The Surgical Management of Chronic Cluster Headache
Authors: Lovely Thomas J. , Kotsiakis Xenofon , Jannetta Peter J. 
Published: June 2003

Objective.—Chronic cluster headache occurs in less than 10% of cluster headache sufferers, but remains an intractable medical problem. Surgical treatments have also been limited in their effectiveness. The authors describe their experience with attempted surgical amelioration of chronic cluster headache.Design.—Twenty‐eight patients, including two with bilateral cluster headache, underwent 39 operations for microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve, alone or in combination with section and/or microvascular decompression of the nervus intermedius. Follow‐up averaged 5.3 years.Results.—Initial postoperative success described as 50% relief or greater was achieved in 22 (73.3%) of 30 first‐time procedures and greater than 90% relief in half (15 of 30) of these. Long‐term follow‐up saw this success rate (excellent or good) drop to 46.6%. Repeat procedures have little success, with 7 of 8 failing at long‐term follow‐up. Morbidity and neurological deficit from the operations was minimal.Conclusions.—Chronic cluster headache remains a debilitating and poorly controlled syndrome. Although various surgical treatments have had limited success, microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve with section of the nervus intermedius compares very favorably to other destructive techniques without the accompanying neurologic deficits. It is, therefore, our recommendation as the first‐line operative treatment of chronic cluster headache.
Migraine Therapy: Development and Testing of a Patient Preference Questionnaire
Authors: Caro Graciela , Caro J. Jaime , O'Brien Judith A. , Anton Susan , Jackson Joseph 
Published: June 2003

Objectives.—To develop and test a patient preference questionnaire in migraine.Methods.—A user‐friendly, self‐administered questionnaire was developed to assess the relative importance of aspects of migraine therapy to patients. It was tested in a convenience sample of 66 migraineurs. The questionnaire has five sections: patient preference, migraine history, demographics, usual behavior during an attack, and migraine impact on cognition and functionality. It employs a special reverse‐ranking technique to quantify preferences.Results.—Sixty‐six migraineurs participated: 86% were women, 53% had not consulted their doctor about migraine in the previous year; and only 51% took prescribed medication, the majority (52%) at the start of a migraine. “A medication that can be taken any time during a migraine attack” was ranked most important by 20% of the migraineurs, one that decreases pain from the unbearable level in 30 minutes by 17%, and one that relieves pain completely within 2 hours by 15%. Not being able to think or concentrate with severe symptoms was reported by 71%. Optional activities were impeded by migraine in 83% of subjects, but required activities in only 60%.Conclusions.—The patient preference questionnaire is readily completed by subjects and reveals that the dimensions of relief preferred by patients can be addressed by a self‐report questionnaire.
Dihydroergotamine Nasal Spray in the Treatment of Acute Migraine
Authors: Treves Therese A. , Kuritzky Arieh , Hering Rachel , Korczyn Amos D. 
Published: June 2003

Objective.—To evaluate the efficacy and safety of dihydroergotamine (DHE) nasal spray in patients suffering from common or classical migraine.Methods.—In a double‐blind parallel‐group study, 52 outpatients with migraine were randomly allocated to DHE nasal spray or to placebo. Two puffs, one in each nostril, was taken as an initial dose (resulting in either 0.5 or 1 mg of DHE), followed by another puff (0.5 mg) after 30 and 60 minutes, if necessary, achieving a maximum dose of 2 mg for patients of the DHE 1‐mg group or of 1.5 mg for patients of the 0.5‐mg group. Four consecutive attacks were thus treated. The efficacy analysis was done for observed cases. The main outcome measure was reduction of the severity of the attacks.Results.—No differences were observed in the migraine characteristics or the number of treatments of the patients from the different groups. Dihydroergotamine 1 mg tended to provide better relief than 0.5 mg, although the effect was not statistically significant. Patients taking DHE used less rescue medications, with a dose‐dependent effect. Side effects were reported by four patients receiving DHF but not placebo. The tolerability of the drug was assessed as good by 94% of the patients.Conclusion.—These findings suggest that DHE nasal spray is well tolerated and has dose‐dependent efficacy in migraine.
Is Chronic Tension‐Type Headache a Vascular Headache? The Relation Between Chronic Tension‐Type Headache and Cranial Hemodynamics
Authors: Hannerz Jan , Jogestrand Tomas 
Published: June 2003

Twenty‐seven patients with chronic tension‐type headache were studied as to end‐tidal Pco2, heart rate, mean blood pressure, diameter and blood flow of the common carotid arteries, cranial vascular resistance, and headache intensity at supine rest, after administration of nitroglycerin, and at head down tilt. The results were compared to the results of nitroglycerin and head down tilt provocations in age‐ and sex‐matched controls.During supine rest, no change in chronic tension‐type headache occurred. Nitroglycerin and tilting induced significant increase of the headache intensity compared to baseline in patients with chronic tension‐type headache (P=0.01 and P<0.05, respectively) in contradistinction to controls who did not develop significant headache. Common carotid artery blood flow changes were similar during nitroglycerin provocations in the two groups, but greater (P<0.05) during head down tilt in patients than in controls.Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid pressure was found to be greater than 20 but less than 26 cm H2O in 45% of the 22 patients studied with chronic tension‐type headache. The results indicate that the pain in chronic tension‐type headache is related to cranial hemodynamics, presumably to distention of intracranial veins.
Comparative Analysis of SET Domain Proteins in Maize and Arabidopsis Reveals Multiple Duplications Preceding the Divergence of Monocots and Dicots
Authors: Springer Nathan M. , Napoli Carolyn A. , Selinger David A. , Pandey Ritu , Cone Karen C. , Chandler Vicki L. , Kaeppler Heidi F. , Kaeppler Shawn M. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Histone proteins play a central role in chromatin packaging, and modification of histones is associated with chromatin accessibility. SET domain [Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax] proteins are one class of proteins that have been implicated in regulating gene expression through histone methylation. The relationships of 22 SET domain proteins from maize (Zea mays) and 32 SET domain proteins from Arabidopsis were evaluated by phylogenetic analysis and domain organization. Our analysis reveals five classes of SET domain proteins in plants that can be further divided into 19 orthology groups. In some cases, such as the Enhancer of zeste-like and trithorax-like proteins, plants and animals contain homologous proteins with a similar organization of domains outside of the SET domain. However, a majority of plant SET domain proteins do not have an animal homolog with similar domain organization, suggesting that plants have unique mechanisms to establish and maintain chromatin states. Although the domains present in plant and animal SET domain proteins often differ, the domains found in the plant proteins have been generally implicated in protein-protein interactions, indicating that most SET domain proteins operate in complexes. Combined analysis of the maize and Arabidopsis SET domain proteins reveals that duplication of SET domain proteins in plants is extensive and has occurred via multiple mechanisms that preceded the divergence of monocots and dicots.
AraCyc: A Biochemical Pathway Database for Arabidopsis
Authors: Mueller Lukas A. , Zhang Peifen , Rhee Seung Y. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAraCyc is a database containing biochemical pathways of Arabidopsis, developed at The Arabidopsis Information Resource (http://www.arabidopsis.org). The aim of AraCyc is to represent Arabidopsis metabolism as completely as possible with a user-friendly Web-based interface. It presently features more than 170 pathways that include information on compounds, intermediates, cofactors, reactions, genes, proteins, and protein subcellular locations. The database uses Pathway Tools software, which allows the users to visualize a bird's eye view of all pathways in the database down to the individual chemical structures of the compounds. The database was built using Pathway Tools' Pathologic module with MetaCyc, a collection of pathways from more than 150 species, as a reference database. This initial build was manually refined and annotated. More than 20 plant-specific pathways, including carotenoid, brassinosteroid, and gibberellin biosyntheses have been added from the literature. A list of more than 40 plant pathways will be added in the coming months. The quality of the initial, automatic build of the database was compared with the manually improved version, and with EcoCyc, an Escherichia coli database using the same software system that has been manually annotated for many years. In addition, a Perl interface, PerlCyc, was developed that allows programmers to access Pathway Tools databases from the popular Perl language. AraCyc is available at the tools section of The Arabidopsis Information Resource Web site (http://www.arabidopsis.org/tools/aracyc).
Gene Expression of the NO3 – Transporter NRT1.1 and the Nitrate Reductase NIA1 Is Repressed in Arabidopsis Roots by NO2 –, the Product of NO3 – Reduction
Authors: Loqué Dominique , Tillard Pascal , Gojon Alain , Lepetit Marc 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNRT1.1 and NIA1 genes, which encode a nitrate (NO3 –) transporter and the minor isoform of NO3 – reductase (NR), respectively, are overexpressed in roots of NR-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis grown on nutrient solution containing NO3 – and reduced N. The overexpression is found only in mutants with reduced NIA2 activity, and disruption of the NIA1 gene alone has no effect on NRT1.1 expression. Because the up-regulation of NRT1.1 and NIA1 is observed in N-sufficient NR mutant plants, it cannot be related to a release of the general feedback repression exerted by the N status of the plant. Our data do not support the hypothesis of overinduction of these genes by an increased concentration of NO3 – in tissues. Furthermore, although a control by external pH might contribute to the regulation of NRT1.1, changes in external pH due to lack of NR activity cannot alone explain the up-regulation of both genes. The stimulation of NRT1.1 and NIA1 in NR mutants in these conditions suggests that NR activity is able to repress directly the expression of both genes independently of the availability of reduced N metabolites in wild-type plants. Accordingly, nitrite (NO2 –) strongly represses NRT1.1 and NIA1 transcript accumulation in the roots. This effect is rapid, specific, and reversible. Furthermore, transport studies on plants exposed to NO2 – show that down-regulation of the NRT1.1 gene is associated with a decrease in NO3 – influx. These results indicate that feedback regulation of genes of NO3 – assimilation relies not only on the repression exerted by reduced N metabolites, such as NH4 + or amino acids, but may also involve the action of NO2 – as a regulatory signal.
Expression of a Mutant Form of Cellulose Synthase AtCesA7 Causes Dominant Negative Effect on Cellulose Biosynthesis
Authors: Zhong Ruiqin , Morrison W. Herbert , Freshour Glenn D. , Hahn Michael G. , Ye Zheng-Hua 
Published: June 2003

AbstractCellulose synthase catalytic subunits (CesAs) have been implicated in catalyzing the biosynthesis of cellulose, the major component of plant cell walls. Interactions between CesA subunits are thought to be required for normal cellulose synthesis, which suggests that incorporation of defective CesA subunits into cellulose synthase complex could potentially cause a dominant effect on cellulose synthesis. However, all CesA mutants so far reported have been shown to be recessive in terms of cellulose synthesis. In the course of studying the molecular mechanisms regulating secondary wall formation in fibers, we have found that a mutant allele of AtCesA7 gene in the fra5 (fragile fiber 5) mutant causes a semidominant phenotype in the reduction of fiber cell wall thickness and cellulose content. The fra5 missense mutation occurred in a conserved amino acid located in the second cytoplasmic domain of AtCesA7. Overexpression of the fra5 mutant cDNA in wild-type plants not only reduced secondary wall thickness and cellulose content but also decreased primary wall thickness and cell elongation. In contrast, overexpression of the fra6 mutant form of AtCesA8 did not cause any reduction in cell wall thickness and cellulose content. These results suggest that the fra5 mutant protein may interfere with the function of endogenous wild-type CesA proteins, thus resulting in a dominant negative effect on cellulose biosynthesis.
Transcriptome Profiling of Sulfur-Responsive Genes in Arabidopsis Reveals Global Effects of Sulfur Nutrition on Multiple Metabolic Pathways
Authors: Maruyama-Nakashita Akiko , Inoue Eri , Watanabe-Takahashi Akiko , Yamaya Tomoyuki , Takahashi Hideki 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Sulfate is a macronutrient required for cell growth and development. Arabidopsis has two high-affinity sulfate transporters (SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2) that represent the sulfate uptake activities at the root surface. Sulfur limitation (–S) response relevant to the function of SULTR1;2 was elucidated in this study. We have isolated a novel T-DNA insertion allele defective in the SULTR1;2 sulfate transporter. This mutant, sel1-10, is allelic with the sel1 mutants identified previously in a screen for increased tolerance to selenate, a toxic analog of sulfate (Shibagaki et al., 2002). The abundance of SULTR1;1 mRNA was significantly increased in the sel1-10 mutant; however, this compensatory up-regulation of SULTR1;1 was not sufficient to restore the growth. The sulfate content of the mutant was 10% to 20% of the wild type, suggesting that induction of SULTR1;1 is not fully complementing the function of SULTR1;2 and that SULTR1;2 serves as the major facilitator for the acquisition of sulfate in Arabidopsis roots. Transcriptome analysis of approximately 8,000 Arabidopsis genes in the sel1-10 mutant suggested that dysfunction of the SULTR1;2 transporter can mimic general –S symptoms. Hierarchal clustering of sulfur responsive genes in the wild type and mutant indicated that sulfate uptake, reductive sulfur assimilation, and turnover of secondary sulfur metabolites are activated under –S. The profiles of –S-responsive genes further suggested induction of genes that may alleviate oxidative damage and generation of reactive oxygen species caused by shortage of glutathione.
Peroxisomal Ascorbate Peroxidase Resides within a Subdomain of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum in Wild-Type Arabidopsis Cells
Authors: Lisenbee Cayle S. , Heinze Michael , Trelease Richard N. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Previously we reported (R.T. Mullen, C.S. Lisenbee, J.A. Miernyk, R.N. Trelease [1999] Plant Cell 11: 2167–2185) that overexpressed ascorbate peroxidase (APX), a peroxisomal membrane protein, sorted indirectly to Bright Yellow-2 cell peroxisomes via a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER; peroxisomal endoplasmic reticulum [pER]). More recently, a pER-like compartment also was identified in pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) and transformed Arabidopsis cells (K. Nito, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kondo, M. Hayashi, M. Nishimura [2001] Plant Cell Physiol 42: 20–27). Here, we characterize more extensively the localization of endogenous Arabidopsis peroxisomal APX (AtAPX) in cultured wild-type Arabidopsis cells (Arabidopsis var. Landsberg erecta). AtAPX was detected in peroxisomes, but not in an ER subcompartment, using immunofluorescence microscopy. However, AtAPX was detected readily with immunoblots in both peroxisomal and ER fractions recovered from sucrose (Suc) density gradients. Most AtAPX in microsomes (200,000g, 1 h pellet) applied to gradients exhibited a Mg2 +-induced shift from a distribution throughout gradients (approximately 18%–40% [w/w] Suc) to ≥42% (w/w) Suc regions of gradients, including pellets, indicative of localization in rough ER vesicles. Immunogold electron microscopy of the latter fractions verified these findings. Further analyses of peroxisomal and rough ER vesicle fractions revealed that AtAPX in both fractions was similarly associated with and located mostly on the cytosolic face of the membranes. Thus, at the steady state, endogenous peroxisomal AtAPX resides at different levels in rough ER and peroxisomes. Collectively, these findings show that rather than being a transiently induced sorting compartment formed in response to overexpressed peroxisomal APX, portions of rough ER (pER) in wild-type cells serve as a constitutive sorting compartment likely involved in posttranslational routing of constitutively synthesized peroxisomal APX.