bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-5 Confirmation of Passive Transfer of Anti-Endotoxin Igy in Neonatal Foals
Authors: Conrad Matthew B , Trauner Alex , Hull Jason , Hawkins Michelle , Robley Brian , Bradbery Amanda N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Passive immune transfer in a newborn foal is highly dependent upon the quality and concentration of immunoglobulins (Ig) in maternal colostrum, primarily IgG. Anti-endotoxin IgY derived from chicken egg yolks has been used in calves to reduce morbidity and mortality. Its use may provide additional pathogen-specific immune protection to neonatal foals, but passive transfer has not been confirmed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify passive IgY transfer in neonatal foals given an egg-derived anti-endotoxin IgY supplement (Camas, Inc.) and identify effects on passive immunity. To test this, 5 neonatal foals were randomly divided into two treatment groups. Within 20 minutes after first nursing, the treated group (TRT; n = 3) was administered 40 g of the egg yolk supplement diluted in 50 mL water orally via syringe and the control group (CON; n = 2) was given isovolumetric water. At birth, physical measurements including BW, wither height (WH), hip height (HH), body length (BL), and heart girth (HG) circumference were recorded. Serum samples were collected prior to first nursing (h 0) and h 2, 6, 12, 24, 72, 168, 336 post treatment administration. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiration rate were recorded at all blood collection timepoints. Serum samples were analyzed for IgG, IgA, and IgY by commercial ELISA. Custom ELISA was used to identify endotoxin-specific IgY for Salmonella and E. coli at h 6. Western immunoblotting was used to confirm that passively transferred IgY was intact. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Vital signs remained within normal, healthy ranges and physical measurements at birth were similar for all foals (P &gt; 0.26). There was an effect of treatment (P = 0.05), time (P &lt; 0.01), and treatment × time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for serum IgY concentrations where IgY was only detectable in TRT foals and peaked at h 6 and 12, decreasing thereafter to h 336. Concentrations of IgG and IgA increased from h 0 to 12 (P &lt; 0.01); however, there were no effects of treatment nor treatment × time interactions (P &gt; 0.24) for either Ig. Western immunoblotting confirmed that IgY was transferred intact and custom ELISA identified IgY specific against Salmonella and Escherichia coli. These results confirm the intact passive transfer of IgY in neonatal foals when given an IgY-infused egg yolk supplement with no negative impact on passive transfer of IgG and IgA from maternal colostrum.
PSV-1 Colostrum Quality Differs By Breed and Photoperiod Exposure in Dairy Cows
Authors: Alward Kayla J , Cockrum Rebecca , Duncan Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exposing Holstein dry cows to short-day photoperiod (SDPP) of 8 hours per day can improve milk production post-calving by 3.2 kg per day, compared with cows exposed to long-day photoperiod (LDPP) of 16 hours per day. Based on seasonal variations in colostrum quality and quantity, we hypothesized that altered photoperiod during the dry period also impacts colostrum production in dairy cows. Our objective was to study the effect of LD and SD during the dry period on colostrum production in Holstein and Jersey cows. Holstein and Jersey cows (n = 33) dried off 60 days before their due date were exposed to either SD (n = 9 Holstein, n = 8 Jersey) or LD (n = 8 Holstein, n = 8 Jersey) photoperiod at 18.3 °C until calving. Within 1 hour of calving, colostrum production was measured (kg), Brix score was determined and a milk sample was collected to evaluate composition (fat, protein, other solids, lactose, lactoferrin, somatic cell count) by DHIA and immunoglobulin content (IgA, IgG, IgG1, IgM) via ELISA. Data were analyzed with the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of breed and photoperiod treatment. Replicate, animal age, number of days of treatment, season of calving, inbreeding percentage and previous lactation production were included as random effects. Only the percentage of IgG made up by IgG1 differed by treatment, being greater for SDPP cows (79.6% ± 4.6%) than LDPP cows (68.0% ± 3.1%; P &lt; 0.05). Jerseys had greater Brix score (27.8% ± 0.7% vs. 23.4% ± 0.7%), colostral protein (9.3% ± 0.3% vs. 7.6% ± 0.3%) and IgA (5.7 ± 0.7 vs. 3.2 ± 0.5 g/L; P &lt; 0.01), and a tendency for fat and IgM to be greater as well (P &lt; 0.10). These data indicate that measures of colostrum quantity and quality differ by breed but are largely unaffected by photoperiod treatment.
PSV-11 The Effect of Fermented Co-Products on Sensory Characteristics of Extruded Dog Kibble
Authors: Koulicoff Larissa A , Kilburn-Kappeler Logan , Koppel Kadri , Aldrich Charles G G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To promote sustainability, the pet food industry could use fermented co-products from ethanol and beer production as ingredients. However, these ingredients may impact the appearance, smell, and taste of the final product. The aim of this study was to analyze the sensory characteristics of extruded dog kibble produced with fermented co-products. Four diets were evaluated: 1) a control diet with no fermented co-products (CON), 2) a diet containing 3.5% brewers dried yeast (BDY), 3) a diet with 17.5% distillers dried grains plus solubles and 2.5% brewer's dried yeast (DDGS+BDY), and 4) a diet with 17.5% corn fermented protein (CFP). Five human trained panelists rated various characteristics of the product in terms of appearance, texture, aroma, and flavor from 0 to 15 (0 = none; 15 = extremely high). Results were analyzed using the sensory package in XLSTAT, and for significant attributes (P &lt; 0.05), sample effects were assessed using Fisher LSD. For appearance, DDGS+BDY was browner than the other treatments (P &lt; 0.05), and all treatments had similar porosity (P &gt; 0.05). For texture, all treatments had similar ratings for particle amount, toothpacking, and oily mouthcoating (P &gt; 0.05). The CFP was harder than DDGS+BDY (P &lt; 0.05), and DDGS+BDY had decreased fracturability than CON and BDY (P &lt; 0.05). The aroma characteristics including grain, cardboard, metallic, and overall intensity were similar for all treatments (P &gt; 0.05). The BDY had less oxidized oil aroma than CON and CFP (P &lt; 0.05). The CFP had less barnyard aroma than DDGS+BDY (P &lt; 0.05),but was more brothy than DDGS+BDY (P &lt; 0.05). The CON had a less intense vitamin aroma than BDY and DDGS+BDY (P &lt; 0.05). In terms of flavor, barnyard, fish, brothy, salt, bitter, and metallic flavors were similar for all treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Treatment CFP had stronger grain flavor than BDY (P &lt; 0.05). Vitamin flavor was less intense for CON than DDGS+BDY and CFP (P &lt; 0.05). Cardboard flavor was stronger for DDGS+BDY than BDY (P &lt; 0.05), and oxidized oil flavor was less intense for DDGS+BDY than CON (P &lt; 0.05). In addition to producing a nutritionally balanced product, the pet food industry must also accommodate the preferences of human consumers. For this reason, the final product must contain sensory characteristics that appeal to pet parents. Overall, the fermented ingredients evaluated did not seem to negatively impact the food sensory properties, resulting in desirable texture, aroma, and flavor profiles.
PSV-13 Characterization of the Relative Abundance of Duodenal Mrna Related to Genes Involved in Copper Absorption in Different Breeds of Sheep
Authors: Loh Huey Yi , Renn Olivia , Maquivar Martin G , Irlbeck Nancy , Engle Terry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to characterize relative expression of mRNA related to genes involved in Cu absorption in the duodenum of different breeds of sheep. Opportunistic liver and small intestine samples were collected from three harvested market weight Lincoln and Suffolk wether lambs (3 to 4 months of age) fed a low-quality forage based diet. A 5 cm sample of the duodenum (15 cm aboral from the pyloric sphincter) was collected from each lamb at the time of slaughter. Samples were immediately excised, sliced open, and washed with a PBS solution. The mucosal lining of the intestine was scraped with a scalpel blade to collect enterocytes. The scraped enterocytes were placed into a conical tube containing RNAlater. Furthermore, a one cm cubed sample from the center of the right lobe of the liver was collected from each lamb, washed with PBS solution, and stored in a conical tube until liver Cu concentrations could be determined. All intestinal and liver samples were stored at 4°C until transported back to the laboratory. Total enterocyte RNA was extracted and purified using TRI reagent and RNeasy. Primers for antioxidant 1 (ATOX1), Cu transporting alpha-polypeptide Atpase (ATP7A), Cu transporting beta-polypeptide Atpase (ATP7B), and Cu transporter1 (CTR1), were designed for real time PCR analysis. Liver Cu concentrations were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in Lincoln (225.3 ± 23.1 mg Cu/kg DM) compared with Suffolk lambs (342.1 ± 31.2 mg Cu/kg DM). The relative mRNA expression of ATOX1 (P &lt; 0.05), ATP7B (P &lt; 0.01), and CTR1 (P &lt; 0.04) in duodenal enterocytes were decreased in Lincoln compared with Suffolk lambs. These data indicate that Cu absorption from the duodenum may be different in these breeds of sheep. Further research examining the impact of dietary Cu dose on genes involved in Cu absorption in different breeds of sheep as well as identification and quantification of proteins involved in Cu absorption, is warranted.
PSVI-9 In Vitro Effects of Monoglycerides and Zinc Glycinate: Anti-Inflammatory and Epithelial Barrier Function
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Kovanda Lauren L , Sokale Adebayo O O , Barri Adriana , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of monoglycerides and zinc glycinate with porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and their impacts on epithelial barrier function using the IPEC-J2 cell line. MTT assays were performed for each compound to determine cell viability and appropriate treatment doses. PAMs were isolated from 6 piglets at 7 weeks of age, and then seeded into 24-well plates with 106 cells/mL. After 24 h incubation, cells were treated with each compound or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experimental design was 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with 2 doses of LPS (0 or 1 μg/mL) and 6 doses of each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 µg/mL). The supernatants were collected after another 24 h incubation to analyze concentration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by ELISA. IPEC-J2 cells (5 × 105 cells/mL) were seeded into 12-well plates on transwell cell culture inserts and cultured until confluence, and then were treated with each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 25, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 µg/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 2, 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/mL). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured in Ωcm2 using a Millicell ERS-2 voltohmmeter at 0 h (before treatment) and at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. LPS challenge increased (P &lt; 0.05) the production of TNF-α and IL-1β from PAMs. In the non-challenge group, supplementing 50 or 100 μg/mL of monoglycerides stimulated (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α and IL-1β production from PAMs. Treatment with 25 or 100 μg/mL of zinc glycinate also enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α production from PAMs. In LPS-treated PAMs, 1,000 μg/mL of monoglycerides increased (P &lt; 0.05) IL-1β production, while zinc glycinate suppressed (P &lt; 0.0001) the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β at the doses of 100, 250, and 500 μg/mL. IPEC-J2 cells treated with 250 or 1,000 μg/mL of monoglycerides, or 5 μg/mL of zinc glycinate had increased (P &lt; 0.0001) TEER values at 48 and 72 h post-treatment, compared with control. However, cells treated with 50 μg/mL of zinc glycinate reduced (P &lt; 0.0001) TEER values at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment compared with other treatments. In conclusion, results of this in vitro study indicate that monoglycerides have a positive effect on the barrier function of epithelium, while zinc glycinate may have strong immune regulatory benefits. Future in vivo animal studies will be needed to verify their impacts on animal gut health, immune responses, and growth performance.
PSIV-4 Impact of Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin on Growth and Viability of Ovarian Granulosa Cells
Authors: Arellanes Jeffrey Dominguez , Castro Briza , Shuster Charles , Gifford Craig A , Gifford Jennifer A Hernandez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria has been demonstrated to negatively impact reproductive parameters leading to ovarian dysfunction. Ovarian granulosa cells express the toll-like receptor 4 complex necessary to elicit inflammatory immune responses in the presence of LPS. Quantifiable amounts of LPS have been detected in follicular fluid from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries with further deleterious effects on granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of LPS on granulosa cell proliferation in vitro. We hypothesized that increasing concentrations of LPS would negatively impact granulosa cell proliferation dynamics. A human granulosa cell line (KGN) was plated at 60% confluency in 96-well tissue culture plates and treated with phosphate buffered saline-vehicle or LPS (0.01, 0.1, 1, or 10 µg/mL) in the presence or absence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Cells were incubated for 48 h at 37 ºC and 5% CO2 in an IncuCyte incubator that utilizes real-time automated microscopy to continuously capture images of cells and measure cell confluency. Individual well images were collected every 6 h. The study was performed in 3 independent experiments with 8 replicates per treatment group in each experiment. Cells were allowed to equilibrate in the IncuCyte for 6 h before image collection. Cell confluency for each treatment group was normalized to vehicle-treated control confluency at 6 h. A significant difference was observed at the initial 6 h timepoint, with 1 and 10 µg/mL LPS treatment groups demonstrating decreased cell confluency compared with vehicle-treated controls (P &lt; 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in 0.01 (P = 0.65) and 0.1 (P = 0.53) µg/mL LPS treatment groups compared with vehicle-treated controls at 6 h timepoint. Interestingly, the deleterious effects of LPS on confluency and cell growth parameters were mitigated with the addition of FSH. No observable differences were detected in the two largest LPS doses concurrently incubated with FSH, 1 and 10 µg/mL LPS (P = 0.55 and P = 0.62, respectively), compared with vehicle-treated controls. From 12 h until the end of the incubation period, cell confluency in 1 and 10 µg/mL LPS treatment groups remained significantly different compared with FSH-treated cells (P &lt; 0.05). Comparably, no differences were detected among FSH-stimulated groups, regardless of LPS dose or time (P = 0.99). Results indicate that greater LPS concentrations (1 and 10 µg/mL) negatively impacts cell confluency and proliferation in vitro; however, FSH has the ability to protect granulosa cells against the detrimental effects that LPS has on cell confluency. These data suggest that FSH is critical in regulating cell growth and proliferation despite the action of inflammatory pathways induced by bacterial endotoxin.
PSIV-5 High Desert Hemp Varieties Under Varied Nitrogen Fermentation Techniques Effects on Its Utilization as Livestock Feed Through in Vitro Fermentation
Authors: Field Alexa N , Silva Aghata , Franco Arturo Macias , Holton Graham , Brody Tio , Barrios Felipe Masias , Farnisa Mona , Fonseca Mozart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizing of hemp varietals in high the high desert may assist in ensuring that production levels match the demand for growing hemp varietals. However, altering fertilizer levels may differently affect plant biomass and cannabinoid concentrations of plant tissues which changes the potential by-product utilizable for livestock feed. This study aimed to determine the influence of hemp fractions [flower (FL) vs stem and leaves (SL)] under three nitrogen fertilization regimens (0, 100, and 200 kg· ha-1) on in vitro rumen fermentation. Incubations runs consisted of triplicates of 500-mL bottles containing approximately 0.5 g of either ground SL or FL of hemp at the three nitrogen fertilization regimens. Rumen fluid was collected from two ruminally cannulated Angus steers, filtered through four layers of cheesecloth, and diluted to 4:1 with a standard buffer solution. A total incubation volume of 75 mL of the buffer: rumen fluid mix was added to each flask. Flasks were then placed in a rotating incubator (55 rpm) at 39°C, connected to an Ankom RF gas production system (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY), and removed after 24, 48, and 96h. Total gas production (TGP), metabolizable energy (ME), ammonia nitrogen concentration (N-NH3), and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using lmer function in lme4 package in R with treatment and time as a fixed effect and replicates as a random effect. Statistical significance was established at P &lt; 0.05 (Table 1). No differences were observed for N-NH3 (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, SL samples had greater total VFA than FL, with T0SL having the greatest concentration among all treatments (P &lt; 0.01). In congruence, acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and the ratio between acetate and propionate concentrations were also greater for T0SL (P &lt; 0.01). Concentrations of butyrate were greater for T200SL (P &lt; 0.01), while T100SL had the greatest concentration of butyrate among all the treatments (P &lt; 0.01). Overall, SL fractions of hemp seem to be more suitable as a ruminant feed source. The greater fat content of the FL compared with SL may detrimentally affect microbial populations and should further be explored. From our results, N supplementation significantly alters fermentation patterns during in vitro, which further warrants the evaluation of these feeds on in vivo experiments.
PSIX-18 A Meta-Analysis on Undigestible Neutral Detergent Fiber as a Predictor for Feedlot Cattle Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Williams Melissa S , Ellis Jen L , Penner Greg B , Wood Katharine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Undigestible neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) is a non-nutritive component of the diet representing the portion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) that is not digested. The uNDF amount affects ruminal fill, passage rate, diet digestibility, and cattle performance. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential use of dietary uNDF to predict finishing feedlot cattle performance and carcass characteristics. A specific search string was used to obtain 22 eligible experiments forming a database in which models were developed. The search string used was as follows “(feedlot OR beef) AND (forage OR roughage OR iNDF OR uNDF) AND (dressing percentage OR dressing %) AND (liver abscess) AND (feed efficiency OR GF OR FG) AND (DMI) AND (ADG) AND (rumen pH OR ruminal pH OR reticulo-ruminal pH)”. Due to the lack of measurement and reporting of uNDF in the literature, the dietary uNDF of each treatment included in the meta-analysis was estimated using data from the Cumberland Valley Analytical Services database. A comparison of uNDF and NDF as predictor variables of performance was also assessed. Models were developed using a mixed model approach, where experiment was modelled as a random effect. Models with dry matter intake (DMI), implant or tylosin as driving variables alongside uNDF concentration or uNDF intake lowered the root mean square prediction error (RMSPE) and improved the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC). The comparison of uNDF and NDF as predictors of outcomes demonstrated more accurate predictions with uNDF as the driving variable. Developed models from this meta-analysis can reasonably predict average daily gain, DMI, dressing percentage, final body weight, dressing percentage, feed efficiency, and hot carcass weight in healthy Bos taurus feedlot cattle. Results suggest there is still more to be discovered about uNDF and its impact in diets for finishing cattle and that uNDF may be a more informative metric than NDF alone. Further research to improve the characterization of forage in the diets of beef cattle is recommended.
PSIX-4 A Veterinary Gastrointestinal Diet Affects Fecal Characteristics, Metabolites, Bile Acids, and Microbiota Concentrations of Antibiotic-Treated Cats
Authors: Belchik Sara E , Oba Patricia Massae , Lin Ching-Yen , Suchodolski Jan S , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibiotics are often used to treat animals with gastrointestinal diseases or infections, but their use is known to have negative effects on the intestinal microbiota community. Identifying dietary strategies that may aid in the recovery from antibiotic use is of interest. The objective of this study was to determine how a veterinary gastrointestinal diet affected the fecal characteristics and metabolite, bile acid (BA), and microbiota concentrations of cats recovering from metronidazole administration. Twenty-four healthy adult cats were used in an 8-wk completely randomized design study. The study began with a 2-wk baseline phase where all cats consumed a leading grocery brand dry diet (GBD; wk 0 to wk 2). Over the next 2 wk, cats continued to consume GBD and received metronidazole (20 mg/kg BW; wk 2 to wk 4). At wk 4, cats were randomly allotted to one of two treatments [GBD; Blue Buffalo Gastrointestinal Support (BB)] for the remaining 4 wk (wk 5 to wk 8). Fecal scores were recorded daily, and fresh fecal samples were collected at wk 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 for measurement of pH, dry matter, and metabolite and BA concentrations. Fecal microbiota were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and qPCR, which was used to calculate dysbiosis index. All data were analyzed as repeated measures using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with treatment treated as a fixed effect, cat as a random effect, and significance set at P&lt; 0.05 and trends at P &lt; 0.10. Metronidazole administration had dramatic effects on the outcomes measured, including increased fecal scores (looser stools), reduced fecal pH and dry matter %, reduced fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), branched-chain fatty acid, ammonia, phenol, and indole concentrations, and altered fecal BA concentrations (increased primary BA; reduced secondary BA). Furthermore, fecal bacterial alpha diversity was reduced, dysbiosis index was increased, and the abundance of several individual bacterial taxa were altered. Fecal outcome variables partially recovered over the next 4 wk, with some being impacted by diet. The change in fecal acetate concentrations were greater and the change in total SCFA concentrations tended to be greater in cats fed BB. Dysbiosis index and alpha diversity measures slowly recovered over 4 wk, without differences due to diet. Recovery of about 20 bacterial genera were impacted by diet. Primary and secondary BA concentrations and ratios demonstrated a prolonged impairment of primary to secondary BA conversion. Most of these changes were an effect of time, but the change of fecal cholic acid concentrations were less in cats fed BB. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that metronidazole is a powerful antibiotic that has long-lasting effects on the fecal microbiota and metabolites of cats. The veterinary gastrointestinal diet tested aided in the recovery of some variables measured.