bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Phase II trial of intra‐cerebrospinal fluid alpha interferon in the treatment of neoplastic meningitis
Authors: Chamberlain Marc C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDNeoplastic meningitis (NM), a metastatic complication of both primary central nervous system and systemic cancer, occurs in 1‐5% of patients with known cancer. Currently available treatment options are limited and provide only modest benefit. The current study was performed to determine the toxicity and response rate of intra‐cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) alpha interferon (α‐IFN) in the treatment of patients with NM.METHODSTwenty two patients (median age, 56 years) with clinical and cytologically documented NM received intra‐CSF α‐IFN. Tumor histologies included: lung (five patients); brain (five patients); non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (three patients); breast (three patients); melanoma (two patients); chronic myelogenous leukemia (two patients); colon (one patient); and prostate (one patient). Concurrent involved‐field radiotherapy (12 out of 22 patients) or systemic chemotherapy (11 out of 22) was administered based on clinical indications. ‐α‐IFN was administered at a fixed dose (1 × 106 IU every other day given three times per week for four weeks by induction). Patients were evaluated by CSF cytology and neurologic examination at the conclusion of induction therapy. Responding patients continued to receive α‐IFN with monthly evaluations.RESULTSTen out of 22 patients (45%) treated with α‐IFN had a cytologic response and either stable or improved neurologic status at the conclusion of induction. Duration of response ranged from 8 to 40 weeks (median, 16 weeks). Toxicity was manifested as transient chemical arachnoiditis (16 out of 22 patients; 60% of all treatment cycles) and chronic fatigue (20 out of 22 patients). No treatment‐related hospitalizations or deaths were seen.CONCLUSIONSα‐IFN has modest activity against NM. However, it is associated with considerable toxicity at the dose and schedule used in the current study and, as a result, may prove difficult to administer. Cancer 2002;94:2675–80. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10547
Cognitive functioning and quality of life in long‐term adult survivors of bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Harder Helena , Cornelissen Jan J. , Van Gool Arthur R. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Eijkenboom Wil M. H. , van den Bent Martin J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe late neurotoxic effects of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) on cognitive functioning and quality of life (QOL) were investigated in a consecutively treated cohort of long‐term adult survivors.METHODSProgression‐free patients treated with BMT or peripheral stem cell grafts for a hematologic malignancy at least 2 years before study participation were examined with a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and questionnaires for QOL and mood states. The results of the neuropsychological tests were compared with healthy population norms.RESULTSForty patients were included, 87.5% of whom had undergone an allogeneic transplantation. All received total body irradiation up to 12 Gy (in two fractions). Assessment took place 22–82 months after BMT. Mild to moderate cognitive impairment was found in 24 patients (60%). Compared with healthy population norms, selective attention and executive function, information processing speed, verbal learning, and verbal and visual memory were most likely to be affected. The mean score for the total patient group revealed that these patients scored significantly lower on the information processing speed task compared with expected scores obtained from the normal population. The main predictors for poor neuropsychological performance were fatigue, global health, and educational level. Other correlations with moderate to severe cognitive impairment were subjective cognitive complaints, physical functioning, social functioning, overall mood states, and employment status.CONCLUSIONSThese data indicate that BMT may lead to cognitive complaints and late cognitive deficits in long‐term adult survivors. Cognitive functioning should therefore be used as an outcome parameter in BMT studies. Cancer 2002;95:183–92. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10627
Loss of basal forebrain P75NTR immunoreactivity in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Mufson Elliott J. , Ma Shuang Y. , Dills John , Cochran Elizabeth J. , Leurgans Sue , Wuu Joanne , Bennett David A. , Jaffar Syed , Gilmor Michelle L. , Levey Alan I. , Kordower Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe long‐held belief that degeneration of the cholinergic basal forebrain was central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and occurred early in the disease process has been questioned recently. In this regard, changes in some cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) markers (e.g. the high affinity trkA receptor) but not others (e.g., cortical choline acetyltransferase [ChAT] activity, the number of ChAT and vesicular acetylcholine transporter‐immunoreactive neurons) suggest specific phenotypic changes, but not frank neuronal degeneration, early in the disease process. The present study examined the expression of the low affinity p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), an excellent marker of CBF neurons, in postmortem tissue derived from clinically well‐characterized individuals who have been classified as having no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild AD. Relative to NCI individuals, a significant and similar reduction in the number of nucleus basalis p75NTR‐immunoreactive neurons was seen in individuals with MCI (38%) and mild AD (43%). The number of p75NTR‐immunoreactive nucleus basalis neurons was significantly correlated with performance on the Mini‐Mental State Exam, a Global Cognitive Test score, as well as some individual tests of working memory and attention. These data, together with previous reports, support the concept that phenotypic changes, but not frank neuronal degeneration, occur early in cognitive decline. Although there was no difference in p75NTR CBF cell reduction between MCI and AD, it remains to be determined whether these findings lend support to the hypothesis that MCI is a prodromal stage of AD. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:136–153, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia activation and cell death in response to diethyl‐dithiocarbamate acute administration
Authors: Zucconi Gigliola Grassi , Laurenzi Maria Assunta , Semprevivo Massimo , Torni Federica , Lindgren Jan Ake , Marinucci Eva 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn increasing body of evidence suggests a role for activated microglia in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, it would be useful to have a better understanding of the significance of microglial activation for neuronal damage. Unfortunately, most models of microglial activation use invasive or long‐lasting insults, which make it difficult to evaluate the role played by microglia. We have instead developed a model for microglial activation by using brief exposure to the widely available neurotoxin diethyl‐dithiocarbamate (DDTC). Despite evidence for the neurotoxic nature of this substance, microglia involvement has not been hitherto investigated. After acute i.p. administration of DDTC at two different doses, microglia were already activated in selected areas of the rat brain (hippocampal dentate gyrus, entorhinal‐pyriform cortex and hypothalamus) after 1 hour, reaching a peak at 3–6 hours and subsided within 6–48 hours, depending on the brain region. Microglia activation was associated with interleukin‐1 beta immunopositivity between 3 and 6 hours and with up‐regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression between 24 and 48 hours. No significant changes in astrocyte immunostaining were detected between 6 hours and 6 days. The TUNEL procedure revealed the death of a limited number of cells in the above‐mentioned structures that peaked at 6h and then declined rapidly. Cell death was detected in sites with major, minor, or no microglial activation, indicating that these two events can occur concomitantly or independently. The study shows that the administration of DDTC provides a useful model for studying the implications of region‐specific reactivity of microglia and its differential interaction with neuronal damage. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:135–150, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in the brain of a caecilian amphibian, Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)
Authors: González Agustín , López Jesús M. , Sánchez‐Camacho Cristina , Marín Oscar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe organization of the cholinergic system in the brain of anuran and urodele amphibians was recently studied, and significant differences were noted between both amphibian orders. However, comparable data are not available for the third order of amphibians, the limbless gymnophionans (caecilians). To further assess general and derived features of the cholinergic system in amphibians, we have investigated the distribution of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive (ChAT‐ir) cell bodies and fibers in the brain of the gymnophionan Dermophis mexicanus. This distribution showed particular features of gymnophionans such as the existence of a particularly large cholinergic population in the striatum, the presence of ChAT‐ir cells in the mesencephalic tectum, and the organization of the cranial nerve motor nuclei. These peculiarities probably reflect major adaptations of gymnophionans to a fossorial habit. Comparison of our results with those in other vertebrates, including a segmental approach to correlate cell populations across species, shows that the general pattern of organization of cholinergic systems in vertebrates can be modified in certain species in response to adaptative processes that lead to morphological and behavioral modifications of members of a given class of vertebrates, as shown for gymnophionans. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:249–267, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zinc co‐localizes with GABA and glycine in synapses in the lamprey spinal cord
Authors: Birinyi András , Parker David , Antal Miklós , Shupliakov Oleg 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe presence of zinc in synaptic terminals in the lamprey spinal cord was examined utilizing a modification of the Timm′s sulfide silver method and with the fluorescent marker 6‐methoxy‐8‐quinolyl‐p‐toluenesulfonamide (TSQ). Axons labeled with a Timm′s staining method were predominantly located in the lateral region of the dorsal column. This correlated with a maximum of TSQ fluorescence in this region of the spinal cord. Single labeled terminals accumulating Timm reaction product were also found throughout the gray matter and fiber tracts. At the ultrastructural level, zinc was located in a population of synaptic terminals that co‐localized γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. Possible effects of Zn2+ on neuronal activity were examined. In spinobulbar interneurons, which receive GABAergic input in the dorsal column, zinc potentiated responses to GABA application, but it did not affect responses to GABA in motoneurons. Responses in motoneurons to pressure application of glycine were also not affected by Zn2+. Zinc, however, potentiated monosynaptic glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) evoked in motoneurons by inhibitory locomotor network interneurons and increased frequency, but not amplitude of spontaneous miniature IPSPs recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), suggesting presynaptic effects. Glutamate responses and the amplitude of monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) in motoneurons were reduced by zinc. These effects appeared to be mediated largely postsynaptically through an effect on the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) component of the glutamatergic input. Our results thus show that free zinc is present in inhibitory synaptic terminals in the lamprey spinal cord, and that it may function as a modulator of inhibitory synaptic transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:208–221, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABA and glycine‐like immunoreactivity at axoaxonic synapses on 1a muscle afferent terminals in the spinal cord of the rat
Authors: Watson Alan H.D. , Bazzaz Ayoub A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe object of this study was to analyze the synaptic interactions of identified muscle spindle afferent axon terminals in the spinal cord of the rat. Group 1a muscle afferents supplying the gastrocnemius muscle were impaled with microelectrodes in the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord and stained by intracellular injection with Neurobiotin. Postembedding immunogold techniques were used to reveal GABA‐ and glycine‐like immunoreactivity in boutons presynaptic to afferent terminals in the ventral horn and the deep layers of the dorsal horn. Serial‐section reconstruction was used to reveal the distribution of synaptic contacts of different types on the afferent terminals. The majority of afferent boutons received axoaxonic and made axodendritic or axosomatic synaptic contacts. In the ventral horn, 91% of boutons presynaptic to the afferent terminals were immunoreactive for GABA alone and 9% were immunoreactive for both GABA and glycine. The mean number of axo‐axonic contacts received per terminal was 2.7, and the mean number of synaptic contacts at which the terminal was the presynaptic element was 1.4. In the deep layers of the dorsal horn, 58% of boutons presynaptic to afferent terminals were immunoreactive for GABA alone, 31% were immunoreactive for GABA and glycine, and 11% for glycine alone. The mean number of axoaxonic contacts received per afferent terminal in this region was 1.6 and the mean number of synaptic contacts at which the terminal was the presynaptic element was 0.86. This clearly establishes the principle that activity in 1a afferents is modulated by several neurochemically distinct populations of presynaptic neuron. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:335–348, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preproenkephalin mRNA is expressed by C1 and non‐C1 barosensitive bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat
Authors: Stornetta Ruth L. , Schreihofer Ann M. , Pelaez Nicole M. , Sevigny Charles P. , Guyenet Patrice G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe autonomic regions of the thoracolumbar spinal cord receive a dense enkephalinergic (ENK) innervation from supraspinal sources, including the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). In the present study, we sought to determine whether the barosensitive bulbospinal (BSBS) neurons of the RVLM express preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA. After injection of Fluoro‐Gold (FG) into the upper thoracic spinal cord, neurons with PPE mRNA (PPE+ neurons) were retrogradely labeled throughout the ventrolateral medulla. At the most rostral RVLM level, 29% of bulbospinal PPE+ cells were tyrosine hydroxylase–immunoreactive (TH‐ir) and the latter constituted 19.4% of the bulbospinal TH‐ir cells. We determined whether the bulbospinal PPE+ RVLM neurons are barosensitive in two ways. First, we examined Fos production by FG‐labeled RVLM neurons after 2 hours of hydralazine‐induced hypotension (to 73 ± 2 mm Hg) in conscious rats. Hydralazine (10 mg/kg i.v.) increased the number of Fos‐ir neurons by two‐ to eightfold at all levels of the ventrolateral medulla examined. In the RVLM, 54% of bulbospinal PPE+ neurons were Fos‐ir, whereas such cells were more rarely found at caudal ventrolateral medullary levels. Second, we recorded individual BSBS RVLM units extracellularly in anesthetized rats and filled them juxtacellularly with biotinamide. Most biotinamide‐filled neurons were PPE+ (10 of 17), and the PPE+ BSBS cells had a faster axonal conduction velocity than those without PPE mRNA (4.2 vs. 0.67 m/sec). Four of the 10 PPE+ BSBS RVLM neurons were TH‐ir. In summary, PPE mRNA is predominantly expressed by RVLM BSBS neurons with lightly myelinated spinal axons. PPE mRNA is present in most noncatecholaminergic BSBS neurons and also in approximately 20% of the bulbospinal C1 neurons. BSBS RVLM neurons most likely provide a major ENK input to sympathetic preganglionic neurons and PPE mRNA is the first identified positive phenotype of the non‐C1 BSBS RVLM neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:111–126, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between electrophysiology and morphology of three groups of neuron in the dorsal commissural nucleus of lumbosacral spinal cord of mature rats studied in vitro
Authors: Lu Yan , Inokuchi Hiroe , McLachlan Elspeth M. , Li Ji‐Shuo , Higashi Hideho 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe dorsal commissural nucleus (DCN) in the lumbosacral spinal cord receives afferent inputs from the pelvic organs via pudendal and pelvic nerves. Electrophysiological and morphological properties of neurons in the DCN of L6‐S1 were examined using whole‐cell recordings with biocytin‐filled electrodes in transverse slices of mature rat spinal cord. Neurons were categorized into three groups according to their discharge in response to suprathreshold depolarizing pulses; neurons with tonic (19/42) and phasic (13/42) firing patterns, and neurons (10/42) that fired in bursts arising from a Ca2+‐dependent hump. The predominantly fusiform somata of neurons labeled during recording (n = 31) had on average 3.1 primary dendrites, 7.5 terminating dendritic branches, 3.1 axon collaterals, and 14.2 axon terminations per neuron. The groups were morphologically distinct on the basis of their dendritic branching patterns. Phasic neurons (n = 10) had the most elaborate dendritic branching and the largest numbers of axon collaterals. All tonic neurons (n = 11) had axons/collaterals projecting to the intermediolateral area but none to the funiculi, suggesting that they function as interneurons in local autonomic reflexes. Many axons/collaterals of all phasic neurons lay within the DCN, suggesting that they integrate segmental and descending inputs. Seven of 10 neurons with Ca2+‐dependent humps had axons/collaterals extending into one of the funiculi, suggesting that they project intersegmentally or to the brain. Ca2+ hump neurons also had more axons/collaterals within the DCN and fewer in the intermediolateral area than tonic neurons. This correlation between firing pattern and morphology is an important step toward defining the cellular pathways regulating pelvic function. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:156–169, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling of addition of filler material in large deformation analysis of multipass welding
Authors: Lindgren Lars‐Erik , Hedblom Erika 
Published: August 2002

AbstractModelling of multipass welding by defining the complete computational model at the start of the analysis requires special procedures for activation of elements at the times when the corresponding parts of the welds are made. The developed logic for handling this is applicable in any situation where elements are defined in an initial geometry which has been changed at the time when the elements are activated as in a large deformation analysis. The current implementation is for two‐dimensional models but can be extended to three‐dimensional cases as well. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Splitting elastic modulus finite element method and its application
Authors: Faning Dang , Tingyu Rong , Xunfang Sun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo establish the best precision FEM, the proportion of potential and complementary energy in the functional of the variational principles must be changeable. A new kind of variational principle in linear theory of solid mechanics, called the splitting elastic modulus variational principle, is introduced. Its distinctive feature is that the functional contains one arbitrary additional parameter, called splitting factor; the proportion of potential and complementary energy in the functional can be changed by the splitting factor. Finite element method, which is based on the new principle, is established. It is called splitting modulus FEM, its stiffness can be adjusted by properly selecting the splitting factors, some ill‐conditioned problem can be conquered by it. The methods to choose the splitting factors, reduce the condition number of stiffness matrix and improve the precision of solutions are also discussed. The reason why the new method can transform the ill‐conditioned problems into well‐conditioned ones is analysed finally. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric colour matching: Memory matching versus simultaneous matching
Authors: de Fez M. D. , Capilla P. , Luque M. J. , Pérez‐Carpinell J. , del Pozo J. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have compared corresponding pairs obtained by simultaneous matching (haploscopic matching) and by memory matching (after 10 min) using 34 reference tests selected from the Munsell Atlas (glossy), belonging to the four main hues 5Y, 5G, 5PB, and 5RP. These colours lie very close to the F1 and F2 axes in the SVF space, where we have analyzed our results. Illuminants D65 and A were used as reference and matching illuminants, respectively. Our results show for both kinds of matching a tendency to select more colourful colours than the original ones, with significant differences between matching and test colours, whereas hue does not seem to follow a definite pattern. This behavior is similar to that found in colour‐matching experiments without illuminant changes. The analogy does not hold for lightness, which in the present experiment does not seem to follow a clear pattern. The best matching colours lie along the red‐green axis and the worst matching colours along the blue‐yellow axis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 458–468, 2001
A real time algorithm for the location search of discontinuous conductivities with one measurement
Authors: Kwon Ohin , Seo Jin Keun , Yoon Jeong‐Rock 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider an inverse problem for finding the anomaly of discontinuous electrical conductivity by one current‐voltage observation. We develop a real time algorithm for determining the location of the anomaly. This new idea is based on the observation of the pattern of a simple weighted combination of the input current and the output voltage. Combined with the size estimation result, this algorithm gives a good initial guess for Newton‐type schemes. We give the rigorous proof for the location search algorithm. Both the mathematical analysis and its numerical implementation indicate our location search algorithm is very fast, stable and efficient. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stokes‐Fourier and acoustic limits for the Boltzmann equation: Convergence proofs
Authors: Golse François , Levermore C. David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe establish a Stokes‐Fourier limit for the Boltzmann equation considered over any periodic spatial domain of dimension two or more. Appropriately scaled families of DiPerna‐Lions renormalized solutions are shown to have fluctuations that globally in time converge weakly to a unique limit governed by a solution of Stokes‐Fourier motion and heat equations provided that the fluid moments of their initial fluctuations converge to appropriate L2 initial data of the Stokes‐Fourier equations. Both the motion and heat equations are both recovered in the limit by controlling the fluxes and the local conservation defects of the DiPerna‐Lions solutions with dissipation rate estimates. The scaling of the fluctuations with respect to Knudsen number is essentially optimal. The assumptions on the collision kernel are little more than those required for the DiPerna‐Lions theory and that the viscosity and heat conduction are finite. For the acoustic limit, these techniques also remove restrictions to bounded collision kernels and improve the scaling of the fluctuations. Both weak limits become strong when the initial fluctuations converge entropically to appropriate L2 initial data. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.