bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing ‘social capital’ for health promotion in small local communities: a micro‐qualitative study
Authors: Campbell Catherine , Gillies Pamela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper reports on a micro‐qualitative case study of peoples' experiences of local community life in a south‐east English town. This material is used as the basis for a critical discussion of the suitability of Putnam's notion of social capital as a conceptual tool for the design and evaluation of ‘community strengthening’ policies and interventions. The study was motivated by a concern that too much debate about social capital has been conducted by academics and policy‐makers in a top‐down manner, with inadequate attention to the realities of life in the local communities that they refer to. Three‐hour semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 37 residents in two less affluent wards in our town of interest. Informants—half men and half women, and spread across the 15–75 age group—were encouraged to talk about their personal experiences of local community life. Interview findings are presented within the ‘norm’ categories of trust, neighbourliness and reciprocal help and support, and the ‘network’ categories of participation in informal networks, voluntary groupings and community activist groupings. Our case study points to a number of ways in which Putnam's concept needs to be refined if it is to inform ‘community strengthening’ policies and interventions in England. Far more notice needs to be taken of the role played by informal networks of friends and neighbours in the construction of local community life. Attention also needs to be given to the complex and shifting geographical spread of peoples' significant social networks. Putnam's conceptualization of cohesive local communities and his unitary notions of trust and local identity may also be unduly essentialist. In our particular communities of interest, they failed to capture the fluidity of local community norms and networks in a rapidly changing society. They also failed to do justice to the extent to which social distinctions—such as age, gender, ethnicity and housing tenure—shape and constrain the way in which people create, sustain and access social capital. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of nitric oxide on iron‐mediated cytotoxicity in primary cultured renal proximal tubules
Authors: Wu Zhao‐long , Qiu Lian‐qun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) has been proved to be a mediator of hypoxic injury in renal proximal tubules (PT), but its effect on iron‐induced cytotoxicity has remained little known. In this study, we observed the relationship between NO production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in primary proximal tubular epithelia co‐incubated with different doses of NTA‐Fe and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in combination. NO production was monitored by NO2 concentration in supernatants based on the Griess reaction; while the semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR was applied to detect the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA level induced by NTA‐Fe and LPS together. In addition, experimental groups were subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers to determine the impact of the interaction between NO and ROS on iron‐mediated cytotoxicity. After a 12‐h co‐incubation, we found that NTA‐Fe increased both LDH release and 2− production in a dose‐dependent manner (P < 0.001). The level of iNOS mRNA induced by LPS was enhanced by 500 μm NTA‐Fe (P < 0.01), lower or higher concentrations had no effect. However, the supernatant 2− level in the same group did not change significantly (P > 0.05) although tubular injury was aggravated (P < 0.001). The addition of l‐arginine increased LDH release from 25.05 ± 8.36% in the iron group to 38.67 ± 7.67% in iron plus LPS group (P < 0.05); concomitantly, l‐NAME mitigated iron toxicity in LPS‐treated PT (P < 0.05). Hydroxyl scavengers provided complete protection against iron‐mediated cytotoxicity (P < 0.001), but the decrease of 2− production was only significant in the LPS‐treated group. In contrast, SOD was partially effective in the LPS group (P < 0.05) whereas the 2− level in the supernatant was inversely raised (P < 0.05). GSH had no effect on either iron toxicity or 2− production. Thus, we conclude that NO can exacerbate the cytotoxicity caused by NTA‐Fe in cultured proximal tubular epithelia, but NO is not the only factor. NTA‐Fe could enhance the upregulation of iNOS transcription induced by LPS in a specific concentration range, and its regulation of NO production might also involve a post‐transcription mechanism. The hydroxyl group is the major mediator in our model and the pro‐oxidant role of NO is probably due to its ability to promote the Fenton reaction and form both ONOO− and ˙OH via its interaction with ROS. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical outcome following percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with chronic renal failure
Authors: Gruberg Luis , Dangas George , Mehran Roxana , Mintz Gary S. , Kent Kenneth M. , Pichard Augusto D. , Satler Lowell F. , Lansky Alexandra J. , Stone Gregg W. , Leon Martin B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe clinical outcome of patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been systematically evaluated in a large cohort of patients. We retrospectively analyzed the in‐hospital and 1‐year clinical outcomes of 10,076 consecutive patients who underwent PCI between January 1994 and December 1997. A total of 95 patients (0.9%) had end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis, 786 patients (7.8%) had CRF, and 9,125 patients (90.6%) had normal renal function. Despite an angiographic success rate of 97% in all three groups, in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher among patients with renal disease, whether they were on dialysis or not, when compared to patients without renal dysfunction (6.8% vs. 4.2% vs. 0.9%; P < 0.0001). At 1‐year follow‐up, mortality rate was 48.8% for ESRD, 25.7% for patients with CRF, and 5.5%, for patients without renal dysfunction (P < 0.0001). By multivariate analysis, high left ventricular ejection fraction and creatinine clearance were associated with decreased late mortality (OR = 0.84 and 0.95; P < 0.0001), whereas ESRD (OR = 3.65; P = 0.0002), non–Q‐wave myocardial infarction (OR = 2.21; P < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.99; P < 0.0001), and CRF (OR = 1.74; P = 0.003) were independent correlates of increased late mortality. Therefore, PCI in patients with impaired renal function, whether on dialysis or not, is associated with poor in‐hospital and 1‐year survival. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:66–72. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Torn‐off balloon tip of Z‐5 atrial septostomy catheter
Authors: Akagi Teiji , Tananari Yoshifumi , Maeno Yasuki V. , Himeno Wakako , Furui Jun , Ishii Masahiro , Kato Hirohisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCreation of atrial communication was performed in a newborn with critical aortic stenosis. After the success of the initial creation, balloon atrial septostomy using Z‐5 catheter was performed. When catheter was pulled back, the tip of the balloon was torn off. This experience could be considered as noteworthy when using this catheter in patients with unusually thick atrial septum. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:500–503. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axially dissymmetric (R)‐(+)‐5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′ octahydro‐[1,1′]binaphthyldiimine chiral salen type‐ligands for copper‐catalyzed asymmetric aziridination
Authors: Shi Min , Wang Chun‐Jiang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAxially dissymmetric chiral diimine ligand 2 was prepared from the reaction of (R)‐(+)‐5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′‐octahydro‐[1,1′]binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine 1 with 2,6‐dichlorobenzaldehyde. The catalytic asymmetric aziridination of alkenes was examined using this novel chiral ligand. Excellent enantioselective aziridination of cinnamates was achieved using C2‐symmetric chiral ligand 2. Chirality 14:412–416, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life and mood in women with gynecologic cancer
Authors: Lutgendorf Susan K. , Anderson Barrie , Ullrich Philip , Johnsen Erica L. , Buller Richard E. , Sood Anil K. , Sorosky Joel I. , Ritchie Justine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDQuality of life (QOL) and mood were prospectively investigated during the first year of treatment among women with gynecologic cancers. Relationships of coping styles to QOL and mood were examined.METHODSNinety‐eight patients with early stage or regionally advanced gynecologic cancers were recruited. Mood and QOL were assessed at initial clinic visit and at one year, and medical information was abstracted from charts at both time‐points.RESULTSAlthough decrements in physical, functional, and total well‐being were reported at baseline by regionally advanced patients, by one year, all patients reported significant improvements in QOL and mood. There were no differences between early stage and regionally advanced patients in their improvement for these measures. Controlling for medical variables and age, patients who coped using greater acceptance and positive reframing at their initial visits reported better one year QOL; those with continued higher levels of these adaptive coping strategies at one year reported better concurrent functional and emotional well‐being. Greater seeking of social support at one year was associated with better concurrent social well‐being and doctor‐patient relationships. In contrast, disengaged coping at study entry was associated with poorer doctor‐patient relationships at one year; continued disengagement at one year was associated with poorer concurrent QOL and greater distress.CONCLUSIONSDuring the first year following treatment, QOL and mood improved among both early stage and regionally advanced gynecologic oncology patients. Patients using disengaged coping are particularly at risk for poor QOL and distress. Cancer 2002;94:131–40. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Expression of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor correlates with perineural invasion of bile duct carcinoma
Authors: Iwahashi Naoko , Nagasaka Tetsuro , Tezel Gaye , Iwashita Toshihide , Asai Naoya , Murakumo Yoshiki , Kiuchi Kazutoshi , Sakata Keita , Nimura Yuji , Takahashi Masahide 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPerineural invasion is one of the important prognostic factors for patients with bile duct carcinoma, and extensive surgery has not always improved their prognosis. It is necessary, therefore, to investigate not only clinicopathologic characteristics but also molecular mechanisms in patients with perineural invasion. The authors studied the relation between perineural invasion in patients with bile duct carcinoma and the expression of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), GDNF family receptor α1 (GFRα1), and RET receptor tyrosine kinase, which are expressed in both central and peripheral nerve tissues.METHODSImmunohistochemical staining of GDNF, GFRα1, and RET was performed in 58 paraffin embedded tissue sections, including 38 sections from patients with bile duct carcinoma with perineural invasion and 20 sections from patients with bile duct carcinoma without perineural invasion. The migration of cells that expressed GDNF was analyzed by cocultivation with cells that expressed both RET and GFRα1.RESULTSModerate to strong staining of GDNF in tumor cells was observed more frequently in the sections with perineural invasion compared with the sections without invasion (P < 0.05), whereas GFRα1 expression in the same sections was not correlated with perineural invasion. RET expression was undetectable in specimens of bile duct carcinoma. Conversely, RET and GFRα1 expression were detected consistently in peripheral nerve tissues. An in vitro cell migration assay revealed that the migration of cells that expressed GDNF was enhanced by cocultivation with cells that expressed RET and GFRα1. The cell migration was also enhanced by the conditioned media from GDNF‐treated cells that expressed RET and GFRα1.CONCLUSIONSThe results suggest that GDNF expression in tumor cells and GFRα1 and RET expression in peripheral nerve tissues may play a role in perineural invasion in patients with bile duct carcinoma through chemoattraction among these molecules. Cancer 2002;94:167–74. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
p53 and Ki‐67 as markers of radioresistance in head and neck carcinoma
Authors: Couture Christian , Raybaud‐Diogène Hélène , Têtu Bernard , Bairati Isabelle , Murry Danielle , Allard Josée , Fortin André 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDp53 and Ki‐67 are regarded as potential interesting predictors of radioresistance, although their exact influence awaits confirmation on a large cohort of uniformly treated patients.METHODSIn a retrospective cohort of 304 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who were treated with radical radiotherapy, the expression levels of p53 and Ki‐67 were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Local control and survival curves were generated for p53 and Ki‐67 using the Kaplan–Meier method. The difference between curves was calculated in univariate and multivariate analyses.RESULTSThe overexpression of p53 was associated with local treatment failure (P = 0.01) but not with survival (P = 0.09). In a Cox analysis, p53 overexpression remained an independent predictor of local failure, with a relative risk of local failure of 1.5 (P = 0.05). Low proliferation (Ki‐67 < 20%) was a significant factor in local failure for patients with tumors of the oral cavity only (P = 0.01). Patients with both unfavorable immunohistochemical markers (p53 overexpression and low proliferation) had a 45% rate of local control compared with a 67% rate for all other combinations (P = 0.002). This association was even more significant in patients with T1–T2 lesions (45% vs. 77%; P = 0.0002).CONCLUSIONSThe results support the role of p53 as an independent predictor of local failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck who are treated by radical radiotherapy, suggesting that it may predict radioresistance. Combined with p53, Ki‐67 may help in the better selection of patients for radiotherapy, especially for patients with early‐stage tumors. Prospective studies are now needed to confirm these results and to define better the role of these markers in the management of patients with head and neck carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:713–22. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10232
Construction of the Chinese University Prognostic Index for hepatocellular carcinoma and comparison with the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging system, and the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program staging system
Authors: Leung Thomas W. T. , Tang Amanda M. Y. , Zee Benny , Lau W. Y. , Lai Paul B. S. , Leung K. L. , Lau Joseph T. F. , Yu Simon C. H. , Johnson Philip J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current TNM staging system for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) does not include liver function parameters and does not provide a precise prognosis for patients in different risk groups. The objectives of this study were to construct a new prognostic index for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, the Chinese University Prognostic Index (CUPI), and to compare it with existing staging systems in terms of their ability to classify patients into different risk group.METHODSFrom 1996 to 1998, 926 ethnic Chinese patients who were diagnosed with HCC (mainly hepatitis B‐associated) at a single institution were recruited prospectively into this study. A multivariate analysis on 19 patient characteristics was performed using a Cox regression model to identify independent prognostic factors. Weights were derived from the regression coefficients of various factors to construct the CUPI. Patients were classified according to different staging systems. Survival curves were plotted with the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared by using a log‐rank test.RESULTSBoth the TNM staging system and the Okuda staging system had prognostic significance, but the significance was lower for the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) prognostic score among the patients in the study population. The CUPI was constructed by adding the following factors into the TNM staging system: total bilirubin, ascites, alkaline phosphatase, α fetoprotein, and asymptomatic disease on presentation. The new CUPI characterized three risk groups with highly significant differences in survival during the whole period of follow‐up (P< 0.00001) and was more discriminant than the other systems.CONCLUSIONSIn the study population of patients with mainly hepatitis B‐associated HCC, the CUPI was more discriminant than the TNM staging system, the Okuda staging systems, or the CLIP prognostic score in classifying patients into different risk groups and was better at predicting survival. The CUPI needs to be validated by different cohorts of patients before it can be recommended for general use. Cancer 2002;94:1760–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10384
Immunohistochemically detected hepatic micrometastases predict a high risk of intrahepatic recurrence after resection of colorectal carcinoma liver metastases
Authors: Yokoyama Naoyuki , Shirai Yoshio , Ajioka Yoich , Nagakura Shigenori , Suda Takeyasu , Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDHepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma frequently recur after resection and hepatic micrometastases most likely are important in the development of such recurrences. The objectives of the current study were to assess the feasibility of the immunohistochemical detection of hepatic micrometastases from colorectal carcinoma and to determine their clinical significance.METHODSFifty‐three patients underwent curative hepatic resection for colorectal carcinoma metastases. Multiple tissue sections were cut from the advancing margin of the largest hepatic metastasis in each patient and were stained with an antibody against cytokeratin‐20 to detect hepatic micrometastases, which were defined as discrete microscopic cancerous lesions surrounding the dominant metastasis.RESULTSNormal hepatocytes and intrahepatic bile duct epithelia stained negative for cytokeratin‐20 in all patients, whereas the largest hepatic tumors stained positive in 46 patients (86.8%). Among the 46 patients with hepatic tumors that were positive for cytokeratin‐20, hepatic micrometastases were found immunohistochemically in 32 patients (69.6%). The presence of hepatic micrometastases was associated with a larger number of macroscopic hepatic metastases (P = 0.047) and patients with hepatic micrometastases were found to demonstrate a higher probability of intrahepatic recurrence (P = 0.003) compared with those patients without hepatic micrometastases. In addition, patients with hepatic micrometastases demonstrated a worse survival (10‐year survival rate of 21.9%) compared with those patients without hepatic micrometastases (10‐year survival rate of 64.3%) (P = 0.017).CONCLUSIONSImmunohistochemical detection of hepatic micrometastases is feasible in patients with colorectal carcinoma liver metastases. Hepatic micrometastasis indicates widespread hepatic involvement and thus predicts an increased risk of intrahepatic recurrence after hepatic resection and a poorer patient prognosis. Cancer 2002;94:1642–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10422
Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma
Authors: Schouten Leo J. , Rutten Joost , Huveneers Hans A. M. , Twijnstra Albert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to report on the incidence of and factors related to the occurrence of central nervous system metastases in a cohort of patients who were diagnosed with colorectal, lung, breast, or kidney carcinoma or melanoma.METHODSUsing the population‐based Maastricht Cancer Registry (MCR), a cohort was created of patients with colorectal carcinoma (n = 720 patients), lung carcinoma (n = 938 patients), breast carcinoma (n = 802 patients), renal carcinoma (n = 114 patients), and melanoma (n = 150 patients). The patients had to live in the catchment area of the University Hospital Maastricht (UHM) and had to have been diagnosed at the UHM during the period 1986–1995. Patients with brain metastases were searched for by linking the MCR to the Neuro‐Oncology Registry of the UHM. Radiology files were checked as well. Follow‐up lasted until December 31, 1998.RESULTSBrain metastases were diagnosed in 232 patients (8.5%) in the cohort (n = 2724 patients). Of these patients, 84 patients were diagnosed with brain metastases within 1 month after their primary diagnosis, 82 patients were diagnosed with brain metastases within 1 year of their primary diagnosis, and 66 patients were diagnosed with brain metastases more than 1 year after their primary diagnosis. The cumulative incidence after 5 years was estimated at 16.3% in patients with lung carcinoma, 9.8% in patients with renal carcinoma, 7.4% in patients with melanoma, 5.0% in patients with breast carcinoma, and 1.2% in patients with colorectal carcinoma. The incidence was lower in patients age ≥ 70 years compared with younger patients (breast and lung carcinoma), lower in patients who were diagnosed before 1991 compared with patients who were diagnosed after 1991 (breast and lung carcinoma), and lower in patients who had nonsmall cell lung carcinoma compared with patients who had small cell lung carcinoma.CONCLUSIONSThe frequency of brain metastases in this cohort was highest in patients with lung carcinoma, followed by patients with renal carcinoma. There was no evidence of an increasing incidence of brain metastasis in patients with carcinoma of the breast or lung. Cancer 2002;94:2698–705. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10541
Evolving significance of prognostic markers associated with treatment improvement in patients with Stage 4 neuroblastoma
Authors: Mora Jaume , Gerald William L. , Qin Jing , Cheung Nai‐Kong V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDWith recent improvements in the treatment and outcome of patients with neuroblastoma (NB), the authors reassessed the prognostic importance of clinical and biologic markers in patients with Stage 4 NB who were treated at the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC).METHODSThe authors analyzed 84 patients with Stage 4 NB who were treated on the N5, N6, or N7 protocols at MSKCC from 1987 to 1999. The impact on survival of clinical factors (age, serum ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels), histopathology (International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification [INPC]), and tumor biologic markers (MYCN; ploidy; loss of heterozygosity [LOH] at 1p36, 1p22, 11q23, 14q12–q32, 9p21, and 19q13; and gain at 17q) were analyzed in univariate and multivariate models.RESULTSForty‐six of 84 patients were alive at the time of this report (55%), with a median follow‐up of 41 months from the time of diagnosis. In the univariate analysis, there was no prognostic impact on survival by age, serum ferritin and LDH levels,MYCN, 1p36 LOH, 14q32 LOH, or 17q gain. LOH at 11q23 was associated significantly with superior progression free survival (P= 0.04) and survival (P= 0.04) in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, it was found that 11q23 status was the most significant variable associated with overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.99). LOH at 11q23 and LOH at 1p22 were highly correlated (P= 0.02). It was found that 11q23 status and INPC score were the most significant variables associated with progression free survival.CONCLUSIONSBecause patient survival improves with more effective therapy, traditional prognostic markers, such as age,MYCNamplification, and elevated serum LDH levels, have become less important for patients with Stage 4 NB. In the current study, less common chromosomal abnormalities (LOH at 1p22 and 11q23) appeared to assume new importance. Cancer 2002;94:2756–65. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10548