bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses of new amino‐functionalized methacrylates and their use in free radical polymerizations
Authors: Geurts John M. , Göttgens Christianne M. , Van Graefschepe Marco A. I. , Welland Rob W. A. , Steven Van Es J. J. G. , German Anton L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor use in emulsion and solution copolymerization a series of novel amino‐functional methacrylates has been synthesized, most of which have seldom, or never, been described in the literature before. In this investigation, the preparation of the hydrochloric and/or tosylate salt of the monomers aminoethyl, 3‐amino‐1‐propyl, 5‐amino‐1‐pentyl, 6‐amino‐1‐hexyl and 11‐amino‐1‐undecyl methacrylate will be described, along with the characterization of the parameters water solubility, pKa and chemical stability. The homopolymers of these monomers have been prepared and characterized. Results show the occurrence of an acyl migration upon neutralization of the monomers aminoethyl‐ and 3‐amino‐1‐propyl methacrylate. This migration does not occur in the monomer 5‐amino‐1‐pentyl methacrylate, which makes it possible to synthesize the neutralized monomer although, after neutralization, a Michael addition occurs, resulting in a limited lifetime. Copolymerizations have been performed in emulsion. The monomer aminopentyl methacrylate especially proved to be suitable for emulsion copolymerizations when used under controlled conditions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1401–1415, 2001
Studies on high‐speed melt spinning of noncircular cross‐section fibers. II. On‐line measurement of the spin line, including change in cross‐sectional shape
Authors: Takarada Wataru , Ito Hiroshi , Kikutani Takeshi , Okui Norimasa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOn‐line measurement was performed in the high‐speed spinning of flat, hollow, and circular fibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate), paying particular attention to the change in cross‐sectional shape along the spin line. The diameter profiles of hollow and circular fibers were essentially identical, whereas the deformation of flat fiber shifted to the region closer to the spinneret. The necklike deformation of hollow and circular fibers started at the takeup velocity of 5 km/min. In the case of flat fibers, presence of the necklike deformation was confirmed at 4 km/min, and extremely steep diameter attenuation was observed at 5 km/min. The spin‐line tension of the flat fiber was also larger than that of circular fibers. Combined measurements of fiber velocity and thickness enabled us to evaluate the aspect ratio of the flat fiber and hollow ratio of the hollow fiber in the spin line. These two factors were found to decrease steeply near the spinneret. Accordingly, the thinning of the spin line and the change in cross‐sectional shape appeared to proceed independently. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1582–1588, 2001
Relationship between molecular structure and zero‐shear viscosity of polymers
Authors: Yamamoto Takeshi , Furukawa Hiroaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between molecular structure and zero‐shear viscosity of polymers was studied. In this study we propose a new equation, which is based on Berry and Fox's equation. This new equation is constructed from some molecular parameters, such as mean square length and average molecular weight of statistical skeletal unit, characteristic ratio, entanglement molecular weight, glass‐transition temperature, free volume fraction at glass‐transition temperature, and thermal expansion coefficient of free volume. It is proposed that some of these molecular parameters could be predicted by group contribution methods, except for the free volume parameters. We also propose new empirical relations between free volume parameters and molecular structures of polymers, which make it possible for free volume parameters to be obtained from molecular structure. Using these relationships, it is possible that the zero‐shear viscosity and its temperature dependence are obtainable from the molecular structure of polymers. We applied this formula to some polymers, including both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers. Comparison between the measured and calculated zero‐shear viscosity showed quite good agreement. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1609–1618, 2001
Study of propylene‐1‐butene‐ethylene terpolymer and reactor blend by TREF and 13C‐NMR
Authors: Filho Adilson Arli Silva , Galland Griselda Barrera 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA terpolymer of propylene‐1‐butene‐ethylene (TERPO) and a reactor mixture of TERPO with an ethylene‐1‐butene copolymer (BLEND) were completely characterized by TREF, 13C‐NMR, DSC, and GPC, from which special equations for quantitative 13C‐NMR were derived. TERPO was shown to be composed mainly of highly isotactic propene and similar amounts of ethylene and 1‐butene. BLEND fractions were composed of variable amounts of TERPO and a random copolymer of ethylene‐1‐butene. The blend of TERPO and copolymer acts as two independent phases, each having its own elution temperatures dependent only on its crystallizability, itself only influenced by the comonomer content. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1880–1890, 2001
Fluorescence quenching method for measuring monomer consumption rates during free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization
Authors: Pekcan Ö. , Kaya D. , Erdoǧan M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe steady‐state fluorescence (SSF) technique was used to study the polymerization rate in free‐radical crosslinking copolymerization (FCC) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM). Pyrene (Py) was used as a fluorescent probe for the in situ polymerization experiments. The increase in Py intensity was monitored during FCC. The Stern–Volmer kinetic was employed to determine the MMA consumption rate during gelation process for various EGDM contents and at different temperatures. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1907–1913, 2001
Nonaqueous emulsion copolymerization of ethyl methacrylate/lauryl methacrylate in propylene glycol. II. Adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide)–polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer on latex particles
Authors: You Xiaorong , Dimonie Victoria L. , Klein Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of various poly(ethylene oxide)–polystyrene–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO‐PS‐PEO) triblock copolymer (TBC) s on acrylic latex particles in propylene glycol was studied. The composition of the PEO‐PS‐PEO triblock polymers varied from 41 to 106 in each PEO block length and from 18 to 41 in the PS block length. The location of the PEO‐PS‐PEO TBC was determined by analyzing for the physically adsorbed amount on the latex surface, the anchored mount on the surface, the entrapped amount inside the particle, and the “free” PEO‐PS‐PEO TBCs in the propylene glycol. A contour graph technique was applied to analyze the experimental data, which showed that a minimum existed for the physically adsorbed portion at a PS block length of about 30 units. When the PS block length was less than 30 units, the adsorption decreased with increasing PS block length, indicating rearrangement of mixed PEO brush and adsorbed PS block. When the PS block was greater than 30 units, the adsorption increased with increasing block length because of the poor solvency of the PS block in the propylene glycol medium, resulting in a collapse of the PS chain. Considering the binding energy between the PS block and the latex particle surface, which governs adsorption, it was hypothesized that a lower block length limit exists, below which no adsorption takes place. The solubility of the PS block in propylene glycol guides the important upper block length limit. The anchored fraction of the block copolymer increased continuously with increasing PS block length in the entire region investigated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 1963–1975, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of chiral smectic side‐chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes and ionomers containing sulfonic acid groups
Authors: Hu Jianshe , Zhang Baoyan , Feng Zhiliu , Wang Hongguang , Zhou Aijuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of new chiral smectic A (SA) side‐chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes (LCPs) and ionomers (LCIs) containing 4‐allyloxy‐benzoyl‐4‐(S‐2‐ethylhexanoyl) p‐benzenediol bisate (ABB) as mesogenic units and 4‐[[4‐(2‐propenyloxy)phenyl]azo]benzenesulfonic acid (AABS) as nonmesogenic units is presented. The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers are confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy or 1H–NMR. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical polarizing microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction measurements reveal that all the polymers PI–PIV and ionomers PV–PVI exhibit SA texture. The results seem to demonstrate that the tendency toward the SA‐phase region increases with increasing sulfonic acid concentration, and the thermal stability of the SA phase is determined by the flexibility of the polymer backbones and the interactions of sulfonic acid groups. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2335–2340, 2001
Effect of shearing on crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Myung Hee Soo , Yoon Won Jae , Yoo Eui Sang , Kim Byoung Chul , Im Seung Soon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe shear‐induced crystallization behavior of PET was investigated by measuring the time‐dependent storage modulus (G′) and dynamic viscosity (η′) with a parallel‐plate rheometer at different temperatures and shear rate. The morphology of shear‐induced crystallized PET was measured by DSC, X‐ray, and polarizing optical microscopy. When a constant shear rate was added to the molten polymer, the shear stress increased with the time as a result of the orientation of molecular chains. The induction time of crystallization is decreased with frequency. Moreover, the rate of isothermal crystallization of PET was notably decreased with increasing temperature. The shape of spherulites is changed to ellipsoid in the direction of shear. In addition, aggregation of spherulites is increased with increasing frequency. Particularly, the row nucleation morphology could be observed under polarized light for ω = 1. From the results of DSC, the melting point and enthalpy have a tendency to decrease slightly with increasing frequency. The crystallite size and perfectness decreased with frequency, which was confirmed with X‐ray data. The unit length of the crystallographic unit cell of the PET increased and the (1 0 3) plane peak increased with increasing frequency. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2640–2646, 2001
Synthesis of poly(ester‐anhydride)s based on poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) prepolymer
Authors: Korhonen Harri , Seppälä Jukka V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to prepare high molecular weight poly(ester‐anhydride)s by melt polycondensation. The polymerization procedure consisted of the preparation of carboxylic acid terminated poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) prepolymers that were melt polymerized to poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)s containing anhydride functions along the polymer backbone. Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) prepolymers were prepared using either 1,4‐butanediol or 4‐(hydroxymethyl)benzoic acid as initiators, yielding hydroxyl‐terminated intermediates that were then converted to carboxylic acid‐terminated prepolymers by reaction with succinic anhydride. Prepolymers were then allowed to react with an excess of acetic anhydride, followed by subsequent polycondensation to resulting high molecular weight poly(ester‐anhydride)s. Upon coupling of prepolymers, size exclusion chromatography analyses showed an increase from 3600 to 70,000 g/mol in number‐average molecular weight (Mn) for the 1,4‐butanediol initiated polymer, and an increase from 7200 to 68,000 g/mol for the 4‐(hydroxymethyl)benzoic acid‐initiated polymer. 4‐Hydroxybenzoic acid and adipic acid were also used as initiators in the preparation of poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) prepolymers. However, with these initiators, the results were not satisfactory. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 176–185, 2001
Structural analysis during creep process of ultrahigh‐strength polyethylene fiber
Authors: Ohta Yasuo , Kaji Atsushi , Sugiyama Hiroshige , Yasuda Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStructural changes during the creep process of ultrahigh‐strength polyethylene fiber (UHSPE) were investigated using X‐ray and the solid‐state NMR techniques. As the creep strain increases, the quantity of the amorphous phase area estimated by the 13C‐NMR method increases until the final creep rupture. On the other hand, the amorphous quantity estimated by the X‐ray method does not change noticeably. To explain this contrast, we proposed a new model that illustrates how the defects such as chain ends incorporated into the crystalline phase are excluded from the crystallite and agglomerate to generate a new amorphous area, which has a size hardly detected by the X‐ray method. These small amorphous areas are considered to cause a decrease in the tensile strength and the successive final creep rupture. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 312–320, 2001
Thermal interaction between polymer‐based composite friction materials and counterfaces
Authors: Abbasi F. , Shojaei A. , Katbab A. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAttempts have been made to improve the performance of polymeric composite friction materials for eliminating undesirable mechanical and thermal effects on the opposing surfaces. Elastic compression modulus and thermal conductivity of the moulded friction materials were found to be the most effective parameters upon the thermal interaction between the disc and brake pad. Effects of elastic modulus on temperature accumulation of the interface have also been studied. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 364–369, 2001
Phase separation and crystallization behavior in extruded polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber blends
Authors: Lee Jong Kwan , Lee Joo Hyung , Lee Kwang Hee , Jin Byung Suk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLiquid–liquid (L–L) phase separation and its effects on crystallization in polypropylene (PP)/ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR) blends obtained by melt extrusion were investigated by time‐resolved light scattering (TRLS) and optical microscopy. L–L phase separation via spinodal decomposition (SD) was confirmed by TRLS data. After L–L phase separation at 250°C for various durations, blend samples were subjected to a temperature drop to 130°C for isothermal crystallization, and the effects of L–L phase separation on crystallization were investigated. Memory of the L–L phase separation via SD remained for crystallization. The crystallization rate decreased with increasing L–L phase‐separated time at 250°C. Slow crystallization for the long L–L phase‐separated time could be ascribed to decreasing chain mobility of PP with a decrease in the EPR component in the PP‐rich region. The propylene‐rich EPR exhibited good affinity with PP, leading to a slow growth of a concentration fluctuation during annealing. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 695–700, 2001
Effects of carboxylic additives on the polymerization characteristics of nylon‐6 reactors with diffusional water removal
Authors: Ahn Young‐Cheol 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of carboxylic acid on the polymerization characteristics of nylon‐6 were investigated in reactor models that consist of a continuous‐flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and a tubular reactor with a diffusional water‐removal system, which are connected in series. Mathematical models for the CSTR and the tubular reactor were established and solved by numerical methods. In the CSTR, with an increase of the feed acetic acid content, the monomer conversion, and the molecular weights are increased. In the tubular reactor, the acid behaves like a catalyst and a modifier at the same time in the polymerization of nylon 6. The effects of the feed acetic acid content and the diffusional water removal on the zeroth, first, and second moments and the polydispersity index of the polymer were investigated. The polydispersity index is greatly affected by the feed content of carboxylic acid in the CSTR, but it finally approaches to values of ∼ 2 in the tubular reactor. The diffusional water removal is found to have little effect on the polydispersity index of the polymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1226–1237, 2001
Effects of polymer concentration and zone drawing on the physical properties of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) thick film
Authors: Lyoo Won Seok , Kim Joon Ho , Yoon Won Sik , Kim Dae Heum , Choi Jin Hyun , Ji Byuhg Chul , Lee Chul Joo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo check the possibility of zone‐drawn poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) thick films as base materials of photorefractive polymers, the effects of the initial polymer concentration and zone drawing on the physical properties of PVK film were investigated. PVK films were prepared from 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane (TCE) solutions with different initial concentrations. To investigate the drawing behavior of the PVK films with different solution concentrations, the films were drawn under various zone‐drawing conditions. Through a series of experiments, it turned out that the initial concentration of the PVK solution in TCE caused significant changes in the draw ratio of the PVK film, that is, the zone draw ratios of the film at an initial concentration of 9.8 g/dL exhibited their maximum values and gradually decreased at higher or lower concentrations. Thus, it was determined that the initial concentration of 9.8 g/dL is the optimum polymer concentration to produce the maximum draw ratio in this work. The lightness (whiteness) of the zone‐drawn PVK film was much higher than that of the hot‐drawn PVK film, resulting from diminishing microcrystallite formation, crystallization, and back‐folding of molecular chains by zone drawing. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the PVK film were dominantly improved by introducing a zone‐drawing technique, maintaining lightness of the zone‐drawn film to a similar degree as that of the undrawn film. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1297–1304, 2001
Poly(styrene‐alt‐maleic acid)–metal complexes with divalent metal ions. synthesis, characterization, and physical properties
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Seguel Gloria V. , Geckeler Kurt E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolymer–metal complexes of the alternating copolymer styrene and maleic acid with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrarred and electronic spectra, and thermogravimetry. In addition, magnetic measurements were performed and the electrical conductivity was studied at different temperatures. Semiempirical calculations at the PM 3 level were carried out to elucidate the geometrical arrangement of the polychelates. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1310–1315, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of novel poly(aryl ether ketone ketone)s containing the o‐dibenzobene moiety
Authors: Xuan Yingnan , Gao Yue , Huang Yong , Jian Xigao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of a novel chloro monomer containing the 1,2‐dibenzoylbenzene moiety was described. The chloro monomer was reacted with 4‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1(2H)‐phthalazinone compound in the presence of excess anhydrous potassium carbonate in an aprotic solvent (Sulfolane), and high molecular weight amorphous poly(aryl ether ketone ketone) was synthesized. The polymers with high glass transition temperature were soluble in solvents such as chloroform and nitrobenzene at room temperature and easily cast into flexible, colorless, and transparent films. The 5% weight loss of the polymers was >400 °C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1487–1492, 2001
Dynamic adsorption behaviors between Cu2+ ion and water‐insoluble amphoteric starch in aqueous solutions
Authors: Chan Wu‐Chung , Wu Jun‐Yi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDynamic adsorption behavior between Cu2+ ion and water‐insoluble amphoteric starch was investigated. The sorption process occurs in two stages: external mass transport occurs in the early stage and intraparticle diffusion occurs in the long‐term stage. The diffusion rate of Cu2+ ion in both stages is concentration dependent. In the external mass‐transport process, the diffusion coefficient (D1) increases with increasing initial concentration in the low‐ (1 × 10−3‐4 × 10−3M) and high‐concentration regions (6 × 10−3‐10 × 10−3M). The values of adsorption activation energy (kd1) in the low‐ and high‐concentration regions are 15.46–24.67 and −1.80 to −11.57 kJ/mol, respectively. In the intraparticle diffusion process, the diffusion coefficient (D2) increases with increasing initial concentration in the low‐concentration region (1 × 10−3‐2 × 10−3M) and decreases with increasing initial concentration in the high‐concentration region (4 × 10−3‐10 × 10−3M). The kd2 values in the low‐ and high‐concentration regions are 9.96–15.30 and −15.53 to −10.71 kJ/mol, respectively. These results indicate that the diffusion process is endothermic in the low‐concentration region and is exothermic in the high‐concentration region for both stages. The external mass‐transport process is more concentration dependent than the intraparticle diffusion process in the high‐concentration region, and the dependence of concentration for both processes is about equal in the low‐concentration region. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2849–2855, 2001
Water‐soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) grafted with propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin: Characterization, mechanical properties, and model reactions
Authors: Carlotti Stéphane J. , Giani‐Beaune Olivia , Schué François 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) prepared by full hydrolysis of poly(vinyl acetate) was etherified with propylene oxide and epichlorohydrin. The reaction was done in water with sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide. Previously, model reactions were carried out on propan‐2‐ol, pentan‐3‐ol, and pentan‐2,4‐diol in order to make the NMR characterization of grafted PVA easier. The new materials were also characterized by DSC and mechanical tests. A determination of their solubility in cold water was done as well. Generally, the prepared polymers showed excellent solubility in water at 10°C and a very low glass‐transition temperature. Consequently, the properties of tension, elongation, elasticity, and resistance were improved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 2868–2874, 2001
Morphological development of impact polypropylene produced in gas phase with a TiCl4/MgCl2 catalyst
Authors: Debling Jon A. , Ray W. Harmon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article reports on a comprehensive study of the reaction kinetics, particle morphology development, and polymer properties of impact polypropylene produced in gas phase with a TiCl4/MgCl2 catalyst. Experiments were conducted over a range of copolymerization times, temperatures, monomer compositions, and hydrogen levels. The catalyst was found to exhibit a decay‐type reaction rate for ethylene and propylene, but the presence of both monomers together caused an activation of the catalyst. Copolymer composition was constant over reaction time. Hydrogen was found to reversibly enhance the rate of propylene polymerization but to have no effect on ethylene. Microscopy provided evidence that the copolymer phase segregates from the homopolymer during polymerization. As copolymer content increased, product bulk density decreased because of the presence of sticky material on the particle surface. However, even at 70 wt % copolymer, enough pores were present in the particle to prevent monomer diffusion limitations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3085–3106, 2001