bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ‘ever closer union’ of national policy? The convergence of national environmental policy in the European Union
Authors: Liefferink Duncan , Jordan Andrew 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article examines how far the EU has succeeded in encouraging the content, structure and style of national environmental policies to converge. Using fresh empirical evidence collected from 10 national environmental policies, it presents a very mixed pattern of change, with some elements of national policy converging more rapidly (and through different causal pathways) than others. These findings are viewed through the lens of popular theories of structural convergence, integration and Europeanization respectively, to reach a fuller understanding of the pathways and outcomes of change in an enlarging EU. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Biosci. 3/2005
Authors: Normi Yahaya M. , Hiraishi Tomohiro , Taguchi Seiichi , Abe Hideki , Sudesh Kumar , Najimudin Nazalan , Doi Yoshiharu 
Published: March 2005

Cover: An evolved PHA synthase enzyme from Ralstonia eutropha (termed G4D), exhibiting enhanced enzyme concentration in vivo, was successfully generated by suppression‐type mutagenesis (via the in vitro evolution method). Higher PHB accumulation could be achieved as a result of the high in vivo concentration of the G4D synthase enzyme. Further amino acid substitutions at the G4 position mostly generated similar results. The G4 mutant enzymes are promising basic‐type enzymes for highly effective PHB production in vivo.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by Y. M. Normi, T. Hiraishi,* S. Taguchi, H. Abe, K. Sudesh, N. Najimudin, and Y. Doi on page 197.
Preparation and Structure of Porous Silk Sericin Materials
Authors: Tao Wei , Li Mingzhong , Xie Ruijuan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: Porous materials of Bombyx mori silk sericin were prepared by freeze‐drying. The effects of concentration of the sericin solution and that of freezing temperature on the structure and properties of materials were investigated. The results indicated that porous sericin materials, with average pore radius between 60 and 90 μm and porosity between 75 and 85%, could be prepared by freeze‐drying. Thicker solution and lower freezing temperature resulted in smaller pore radius and porosity and moreover, bigger pore density. The condensed structure of interior sericin was mainly amorphous, and contained some crystal structure. Compared to the non‐crosslinked porous sericin materials, the content of the β‐sheet structure of the sericin materials, cross‐linked by poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, increased to some extent.Cross section SEM photograph of the porous sericin material.magnified imageCross section SEM photograph of the porous sericin material.
Multiplet luminescence of sulfur implanted silica – SiO2:S
Authors: Salh Roushdey , Schmidt B. , Fitting H.‐J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThermally wet oxidized SiO2 layers of 500 nm thickness have been implanted by sulfur ions of energy 150 keV and a dose 5 × 1016 ions/cm2 leading to an atomic dopant fraction of 4 at% at a mean depth of 190 nm. The cathodoluminescence spectra of these sulfur implanted SiO2 layers show besides a characteristic violet band at 405 nm a sharp and intensive multiplet structure beginning in the green region at 500 nm over the yellow‐red region and extending to the near IR measured up to 820 nm. The energy step differences of the sublevels amount in average to 120 meV and indicate vibration associated electronic states, probably, of unsaturated sulfur radicals ≡ Si–S• or ≡ Si–O–S• substituting the former non‐bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) ≡ Si–O• as an intrinsic defect of the pure SiO2. After 1 min electron beam irradiation with a dose of 0.3 As/cm2 the spectral multiplet structure is nearly lost but the NBOHC red band R (660 nm) remains. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of ab initio absolute Raman excitation profiles using linear response theory
Authors: Vidal Luciano N. , Vazquez Pedro A. M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA study of the computational requirements for the calculation of Raman‐related properties is presented, and the importance of the inclusion of electronic correlation and basis sets on the convergence of absolute Raman intensities and depolarization ratios for a set of small polyatomic systems (H2O, NH3, CH4, and C2H2) is discussed. These properties are derived from the geometric gradients of the dynamic polarizabilities evaluated with linear response equations. The Complete Active Space Self‐Consistent Field (CASSCF) static correlation effects as well as the effects of dynamic electronic correlation at the Møller‐Plesset Second‐Order Perturbation Theory (MP2), approximate Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles (CC2), and Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles (CCSD) levels on these properties were investigated and are presented. Basis set convergence for the series aug‐cc‐pV(D,T,Q)Z were analyzed. The results obtained using Sadlej's polarizability basis set are also presented. While the MP2 level produces good relative Raman intensities, it is shown that accurate absolute intensities require high‐level correlated wave functions (CCSD). The importance of static correlation effects for the Raman intensities is assessed. Large basis sets are required to predict Raman intensities accurately (aug‐cc‐pVTZ), but Sadlej's basis set is shown to be the best choice to compute these properties for large molecules. Depolarization ratios showed little dependency on the basis set and the theoretical level. It was determined that the correlation effects on geometric gradients of polarizabilities are associated mainly with molecular polarizabilities, and not with normal coordinates. The optimal size of the atomic displacements used to compute numerical derivatives of polarizabilities without influencing the Raman properties derived from them was ascertained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Analysis of dichloroacetic acid in rat blood and tissues by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Delinsky Amy D. , Delinsky David C. , Muralidhara S. , Fisher Jeffrey W. , Bruckner James V. , Bartlett Michael G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDichloroacetic acid (DCA) is a compound found in chlorinated drinking water. In addition, the compound is a metabolite of several halogenated solvents, including trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). Exposure to DCA is of concern because high doses of the compound have been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Dosages of TCE administered to animals in cancer studies are designed to elicit maximal DCA formation in vivo, whereas levels of DCA to which individuals are exposed in drinking water are very low. Analysis of DCA in biological samples has been quite challenging. Derivatizing reagents commonly used to convert DCA into a more volatile form for analysis by gas chromatography (GC) have been found to convert trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a major metabolite of TCE and PCE, into DCA. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis does not require derivatization of DCA and can thus avoid this problem. However, the most popular stationary phases in HPLC columns do not retain small, polar compounds such as DCA well. The liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method described in this paper uses hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), a type of chromatography that is able to retain these small, polar compounds. Method validation was performed using the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) and International Conference on Harmonziation (ICH) Guidance for Industry: Bioanalytical Method Validation as a guide. Levels of DCA found in rats dosed with 2 g/kg TCE were 17.2 ng/mL (liver), 262.4 ng/mL (kidney), 175.1 ng/mL (lung), and 39.5 ng/mL (blood). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trace elements in the teeth of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from the North Pacific
Authors: Ando Noriko , Isono Takeomi , Sakurai Yasunori 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe occurrence of trace elements in the teeth of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) collected from the North Pacific from 1968 to 1999 is described. Using particle‐induced X‐ray emission analysis, we detected eight trace elements: Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Sr and Pb. We used a general linear model to evaluate long‐term trends of trace element accumulation. Zn (Zn/Ca) and Fe (Fe/Ca) levels both varied during the last three decades, and showed significant differences between animals of different age (Fe/Ca), season (Zn/Ca and Fe/Ca), and sex (Zn/Ca); both Zn/Ca and Fe/Ca ratios were higher in young males than older males. Pb was detected in 39% of the samples from Hokkaido (Japan) and 22% of those from Alaska. The high levels of Pb recorded in 1975 were thought to be related to the use of leaded gasoline during the 1970s. Our results indicate that the levels of trace elements in the teeth of Steller sea lions can be used as indicators of temporal and spatial variations of trace element pollution.
A tool for assessing ‘readiness’ in emergency obstetric care: The room‐by‐room ‘walk‐through’
Authors: Gill Z. , Bailey P. , Waxman R. , Smith J.B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article presents a tool that can be used to assess the readiness of a health facility to provide emergency obstetric care. The ‘walk‐through’ tool is a checklist that follows the physical path that a woman and her caregivers might follow. The items on the checklist are critical to an enabling environment in which skilled providers can save lives. The article explains how the tool can be used and by whom, and it describes several experiences in the field.
Executive function in Tourette's syndrome and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: WATKINS LAURA H. , SAHAKIAN BARBARA J. , ROBERTSON MARY M. , VEALE DAVID M. , ROGERS ROBERT D. , PICKARD KATHRYN M. , AITKEN MICHAEL R. F. , ROBBINS TREVOR W. 
Published: March 2005

Background. Cognitive performance was compared in the genetically and neurobiologically related disorders of Tourette's syndrome (TS) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), in three domains of executive function: planning, decision-making and inhibitory response control.Method. Twenty TS patients, twenty OCD patients and a group of age- and IQ-matched normal controls completed psychometric and computerized cognitive tests and psychiatric rating scales. The cognitive tests were well-characterized in terms of their sensitivity to other fronto-striatal disorders, and included pattern and spatial recognition memory, attentional set-shifting, and a Go/No-go set-shifting task, planning, and decision-making.Results. Compared to controls, OCD patients showed selective deficits in pattern recognition memory and slower responding in both pattern and spatial recognition, impaired extra-dimensional shifting on the set-shifting test and impaired reversal of response set on the Go/No-go test. In contrast, TS patients were impaired in spatial recognition memory, extra-dimensional set-shifting, and decision-making. Neither group was impaired in planning. Direct comparisons between the TS and OCD groups revealed significantly different greater deficits for recognition memory latency and Go/No-go reversal for the OCD group, and quality of decision-making for the TS group.Conclusions. TS and OCD show both differences (recognition memory, decision-making) and similarities (set-shifting) in selective profiles of cognitive function. Specific set-shifting deficits in the OCD group contrasted with their intact performance on other tests of executive function, such as planning and decision-making, and suggested only limited involvement of frontal lobe dysfunction, possibly consistent with OCD symptomatology.
Relationship of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 with depression in a middle-aged community sample
Authors: SACHDEV PERMINDER S. , PARSLOW RUTH A. , LUX ORA , SALONIKAS CHRIS , WEN WEI , NAIDOO DAYA , CHRISTENSEN HELEN , JORM ANTHONY F. 
Published: March 2005

Background. Case control studies have supported a relationship between low folic acid and vitamin B12 and high homocysteine levels as possible predictors of depression. The results from epidemiological studies are mixed and largely from elderly populations.Method. A random subsample of 412 persons aged 60–64 years from a larger community sample underwent psychiatric and physical assessments, and brain MRI scans. Subjects were assessed using the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire for syndromal depression and severity of depressive symptoms. Blood measures included serum folic acid, vitamin B12, homocysteine and creatinine levels, and total antioxidant capacity. MRI scans were quantified for brain atrophy, subcortical atrophy, and periventricular and deep white-matter hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging.Results. Being in the lowest quartile of homocysteine was associated with fewer depressive symptoms, after adjusting for sex, physical health, smoking, creatinine, folic acid and B12 levels. Being in the lowest quartile of folic acid was associated with increased depressive symptoms, after adjusting for confounding factors, but adjustment for homocysteine reduced the incidence rate ratio for folic acid to a marginal level. Vitamin B12 levels did not have a significant association with depressive symptoms. While white-matter hyperintensities had significant correlations with both homocysteine and depressive symptoms, the brain measures and total antioxidant capacity did not emerge as significant mediating variables.Conclusions. Low folic acid and high homocysteine, but not low vitamin B12 levels, are correlates of depressive symptoms in community-dwelling middle-aged individuals. The effects of folic acid and homocysteine are overlapping but distinct.
Dimensions and classes of psychosis in a population cohort: a four-class, four-dimension model of schizophrenia and affective psychoses
Authors: MURRAY V. , McKEE I. , MILLER P. M. , YOUNG D. , MUIR W. J. , PELOSI A. J. , BLACKWOOD D. H. R. 
Published: March 2005

Background. Classification of psychosis lacks a biological basis and current diagnostic categories may obscure underlying continuities. Data reduction methods of symptom profiles within a population-based cohort of people with a wide range of affective and non-affective psychoses may permit an empirical classification of psychosis.Method. OPCRIT (operational criteria) analysis was performed on 387 adults aged 18–65 years in an attempted ascertainment of all patients with psychosis from a geographical area with a stable population. The data were analysed firstly using principal components analysis with varimax rotation to identify factors, and secondly to establish latent classes. Information relating to key variables known to be of relevance in schizophrenia was coded blind to the establishment of the classes and dimensions.Results. Striking correspondence was obtained between the two methods. The four dimensions emerging were labelled ‘depression’, ‘reality distortion’, ‘mania’ and ‘disorganization’. Latent classes identified were ‘depression’, ‘bipolar’, ‘reality distortion/depression’ and ‘disorganization’. The latent classes corresponded well with DSM-III-R diagnoses, but also revealed groupings usually obscured by diagnostic boundaries. The latent classes differed on gender ratio, fertility, age of onset and self-harming behaviour, but not on substance misuse or season of birth.Conclusions. Both dimensional and categorical approaches are useful in tapping the latent constructs underlying psychosis. Broad agreement with other similar studies suggests such findings could represent discrete pathological conditions. The four classes described appear meaningful, and suggest that the term non-affective psychosis should be reserved for the disorganization class, which represents only a subgroup of those with schizophrenia.
Beyond major depression
Authors: PARKER GORDON 
Published: March 2005

Background. The DSM concept of ‘major depression’ has accrued increased status but demonstrated limited utility since inception.Method. An historical overview of models of depression and the initially perceived advantages presented by the concept of ‘major depression’ are presented before detailing its limitations in application.Results. Challenges to the utility of ‘major depression’ are provided by examining its conceptual model, its validity, its utility and the limited information generated in aetiological and treatment efficacy studies.Conclusion. It is argued that the concept of ‘major depression’ has led to sterility in depression research and clinical practice, and that there is a need for a paradigm shift in modelling and classifying the depressive disorders.
Living with Nietzsche
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This is a different kind of book about Nietzsche. It is about Nietzsche as a personal role model and a guide to a “rich inner life” and focuses neither on Nietzsche’s biography nor on the usual scholarly questions about “what Nietzsche really meant” but on Nietzsche’s effects on his readers and students. Nietzsche is an example as well as a promulgator of “passionate inwardness,” a life distinguished by its rich passions, deep emotions, exquisite taste, and a sense of personal elegance and excellence. He urges us to embrace an unusually powerful sense of personal virtue and integrity, like that of Socrates and the ancient Stoics, who also focused their attention on that “health of the soul” that was more or less independent of external forces and fortune. But where the Stoics identified virtue and the health of the soul with a sort of peace of mind (ataraxia), Nietzsche rather urges us toward an energetic “Dionysian” life, filled with enthusiasm. A virtuous life is a creative life, a life of exquisite good taste. Since our modern world so celebrates the very opposite, “celebrity,” fame and public display, vulgarity, and mass culture, many of Nietzsche’s efforts make him seem like a snob, an elitist. But this is to misunderstand him.
Nietzsche's Virtues
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nietzsche is a “virtue ethicist,” like Aristotle, though his virtues are obviously very different. I discuss both Nietzsche’s Aristotelian virtues, and others that are not Aristotelian at all. In the first group are courage, generosity, temperance, truthfulness, honor, justice, pride, and friendship. In the second are such virtues as exuberance, “style,”“depth,” taking risks, fatalism, aestheticism, playfulness, and solitude. I also discuss health, strength, egoism, and responsibility as virtues. Finally, I come back to the Ubermensch as a projection of our ideals.
Landfall
Authors: Gatta John 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
During the colonial era, British settlers only gradually allowed North America’s actual physical environment to shape their idea of the New World they inhabited. Although New England Puritans were generally fearful of unsettled land, they were also disposed to regard the wild continent as uncorrupted space—and even, on occasion, as a sacred site of regeneration by contrast with the rejected Catholic emphasis on locally consecrated church edifices. That distrust toward the American environment shown, for example, in writing by Governor William Bradford must be understood in its proper historical and religious context. Bradford’s Puritan theology thus proves to be no less ecologically benign than the neopagan, naturalistic religion that informs the writing of Thomas Morton, whose famous maypole at Ma-re Mount disturbed the peace of nearby Plymouth. By the third-generation era of Cotton Mather, Puritan New Englanders had become all the more willing to envision the continent itself as a sanctified geophysical place that could be compared through biblical typology with the land of Israel.
Towards a Respatialized Marxism: Lefebvre, Harvey, and Castells
Authors: Katznelson Ira 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe most important urban studies within Marxism since the 1960s are examined by looking at the work of Henri Lefebvre, David Harvey, and Manuel Castells, the three most influential recent students of Marxism and the city, who, through the study of the city, have introduced space into the core of one or more of Marxism's three projects. By examining their work, it is possible to assess the current status of the respatialized Marxism they have tried to fashion, and this post‐1960s Marxism of the city has shown how Marxist social theory can powerfully illuminate things urban, and also how an explicitly urban focus can strengthen Marxism as social and empirical theory. The work accomplished in the past quarter‐century has treated Marx's project of understanding epochal change mainly as background to more current events, although it has successfully elaborated and deepened his project of the analysis of capitalism as an economic system. However, in spite of much effort, it has contributed only unsteadily to Marx's project of a social theory for capitalist societies. The limitations of these Marxist urban studies are identified as being due principally to a certain narrowness of subject matter, a lack of engagement with history, and a restrictive treatment of the issues central to, but difficult for, Marxist social theory: base and superstructure, structure and agency, and causal determination, which neither Harvey nor Castells tackled persuasively in their later work in the 1980s.
Kant's Transcendental Deduction as a Regressive Argument
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Presents the original version of a regressive reading of Kant’s transcendental deduction of the categories on the basis of a detailed analysis of the B edition version and a critique of influential non-regressive interpretations by Wolff, Strawson, and Bennett. It stresses difficulties in using the deduction directly to meet traditional empiricist concerns about skepticism, and it also argues that the concluding stages of Kant’s argument are not easily separated from substantive aspects of his notions of space and time as ideal forms. This essay is influenced by the early work of Dieter Henrich, and it discusses how his stress on the ‘two part’ structure of the deduction bears on important ways in which Kant’s argument is closely related to the form and content of the Transcendental Aesthetic as well.
Order and Disorder in World Politics
Authors: Bleiker Roland 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this final chapter of Part Two, the author addresses arguably the central stumbling block for those who would enlarge international society to incorporate elements of world society, alternative levels of analysis, and subject matters: namely, the problem of order. He argues that a concern with order, in its methodological, theoretical, and empirical guises, is the principal feature of the understanding of international society by the English School of International Relations. While order may endorse methodological pluralism, the author argues that the approach does not embrace it and has powerful canons that structure its work, one being the requirement that to count as valid knowledge about international society, a piece of work must begin by referring to the established fathers of the tradition. This preoccupation with order carries over into the empirical and theoretical work conducted by those associated with the School, and the author attempts to critique this by challenging the assumption, central to English School theorizing since Henry Bull, that a degree of order is necessary for the achievement of social goods. Instead, he argues that an over‐preoccupation with order can serve the cause of oppression, and therefore insists that progressive change tends to come about through periods of disorder.