bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment in Bioterrorism
Authors: Hope Bruce K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGeneral concerns about terrorist use of biological agents have increased at U.S. state and federal levels and in the popular press. However, establishment of effective security and counterterrorism programs will require condensing generalizations about such threats into specific attack scenarios, as well as use of an analysis method that helps focus decision makers on those scenarios that are both most probable and potentially most damaging. This chapter proceeds on the premise that risk assessment methodologies developed for human health and the environment can be adapted to move decision makers beyond potentially intractable generalizations about who or what is threatened by bioterrorism toward specific scenarios that can be evaluated, anticipated, and managed. A two‐step process is outlined with which to achieve this goal: first, a vulnerability analysis to define and rank scenarios, followed, for the more highly ranked scenarios, by a quantitative risk assessment to more clearly identify (and eventually manage) specific factors contributing to risk
Generating heat from conducting polypyrrole‐coated PET fabrics
Authors: Kaynak Akif , Håkansson Eva 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHeating effects in polypyrrole‐coated polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)‐Lycra® fabrics were studied. Chemical synthesis was employed to coat the PET fabrics by polypyrrole using ferric chloride as oxidant and antraquinone‐ 2‐sulfonic acid (AQSA) and naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA) as dopants. The coated fabrics exhibited reasonable electrical stability, possessed high electrical conductivity, and were effective in heat generation. Surface resistance of polypyrrole‐coated fabrics ranged from approximately 150 to 500 Ω/square. Different connections between conductive fabrics and the power source were examined. When subjected to a constant voltage of 24 V, the current transmitted through the fabric decreased about 10% in 72 h. An increase in resistance of conductive fabrics subjected to constant voltage was observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 194–207, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20040
Evaluation of numerical simulation methods in reactive extrusion
Authors: Zhu Linjie , Narh Kwabena A. , Hyun Kun S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractReactive extrusion is a complex process, and numerical simulation is an important method in optimizing operational parameters. In the current work, two different simulation methods, one‐dimensional (1D) model and three‐dimensional (3D) model, were introduced to predict the polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in fully filled screw elements. The predicted results of polymerization progression under different simulation conditions based on these two methods were compared. The simulation results show that the simplifications and assumptions in 1D model make it difficult to capture the complex mixing mechanism, heat generation, and heat loss in reactive extrusion. 1D model is feasible only under particular conditions, such as low screw rotating speed, small heat from reaction, and small screw diameter, whereas 3D model is a more powerful simulation tool for much wider processing conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 183–193, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20041
Preparation, characterization, and biodegradability of jute‐based natural fiber composite superabsorbents
Authors: Sahoo Prafulla K. , Sahu Gobinda C. , Rana Pradeep K. , Das Aswini K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractJute (Corchorus capsularis) based natural fiber composites were prepared by a series of experiments such as pulping, bleaching, and grafting with butyl acrylate (BA) together with a crosslinker, N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (MBA) and finally embedding the copolymer with sodium silicate (SS) additive using a complex initiating system CuSO4/histidine/potassium peresulfate (KPS). The (crosslinked jute pulp‐g‐PBA)/SS composites so obtained were characterized by FT‐IR and TGA, and their morphology was imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile properties, superabsorbency, and biodegradability of these composites in soil and sludge water were evaluated for their novel commercial importance as jute‐based superabsorbents. The water absorption of the grafted composites with SS was more than 35 times greater than that of the ungrafted fiber. The biodegradability of the grafted crosslinked composite with SS was lower than the other samples due to dispersed silicate layers in the composite matrix. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 208–214, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20042
The influence of process history on the ductile failure of polyethylene pipes subject to continuous hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Krishnaswamy Rajendra K. , Lamborn Mark J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFailure times of plastic and metal pipes subjected to hydrostatic pressure at various levels assist pipe manufacturers to not only design pipes for certain applications, but also to give them an indication of the useful service lifetimes of these pipes. In this work, a medium density polyethylene was converted into various pipes by varying extrusion parameters. These pipes displayed low levels of lamellar orientation and a skin‐core gradient in morphology. The hydrostatic pressure performance (ductile failure regime at 23°C) of the pipes was observed to depend on morphology, which was inferred by the systematic dependence of the failure times on the tensile behavior of the pipes. It was also found that pipes annealed at 80°C prior to testing displayed 400% longer failure times; annealing was found to increase the crystallinity of the pipe only marginally. Consequently, this performance improvement was attributed to relaxation of some of the frozen‐in residual stresses in the pipe. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 226–232, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20044
A review of current developments in process and quality control for injection molding
Authors: Chen Zhongbao , Turng Lih‐Sheng 
Published: July 2005

AbstractInjection molding is one of the most versatile and important manufacturing processes capable of mass‐producing complicated plastic parts in net shape with excellent dimensional tolerance. Injection molding process and quality control has been an active research area for many years, as part quality and yield requirements become more stringent. This paper reviews the state‐of‐the‐art research and development in injection molding control. It organizes prior studies into four categories, namely, process setup, machine control, process control, and quality control, and presents the distinction and connection of these different levels of control. This paper further reviews and compares the typical variables, models, and control methods that have been proposed and employed for those control tasks. Strictly speaking, real online quality control without human intervention has yet to be realized, primarily due to the lack of transducers for online, real time quality response measurement, and a robust model that correlates the control variables with quantitative quality measurements. Based on the research progress to date, this paper suggests that the different levels of control tasks have to be integrated into a multilevel quality control system, and that the quality sensor and the process and quality model are the two most important areas for further advancement in injection molding control. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 165–182, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20046
Synthesis of Water‐Soluble, Multiple Functionalizable Dendrons for the Conversion of Large Dendrimers or Other Molecular Objects into Potential Drug Carriers
Authors: Müller Stephan , Schlüter A. Dieter 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of dendrons and dendrimers which carry OEG chains and bidentate ligands and/or fluorescence tags is described. The orthogonally protected functional groups of the dendrons allow modification of the substitution pattern and attachment to larger entities. Both dendrons and dendrimers are highly water‐soluble. The dendrons should have considerable potential to convert, for example, commercially available, high‐generation dendrimers into water‐soluble, versatile support materials for antitumor therapy.
Inorganic Materials and Living Organisms: Surface Modifications and Fungal Responses to Various Asbestos Forms
Authors: Daghino Stefania , Martino Elena , Fenoglio Ivana , Tomatis Maura , Perotto Silvia , Fubini Bice 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn a previous study several strains of soil fungi were reported to remove iron in vitro from crocidolite asbestos, a process that was envisaged as a possible bioremediation route for asbestos‐polluted soils. Here, we get some new insight into the chemical basis of the fiber/fungi interaction by comparing the action of the most active fungal strain Fusarium oxysporum on three kind of asbestos fibers—chrysotile, amosite, and crocidolite—and on a surface‐modified crocidolite. None of the fibers examined significantly inhibited biomass production. Even the smallest fibrils were visibly removed from the supernatant following adhesion to fungal hyphae. F. oxysporum, through release of chelators, extracted iron from all fibers; the higher the amount of iron at the exposed surface, the larger the amount removed, that is, crocidolite>amosite≫chrysotile. When considering the fraction of total iron extracted, however, the ranking was chrysotile>crocidolite>amosite>heated crocidolite, because of the different accessibility of the chelators to the metal ions in the crystal structure. Chrysotile was the easiest to deplete of its metal content. Iron removal fully blunted HO. radical release from crocidolite and chrysotile but only partially from amosite. The removal, in a long‐term experiment, of more iron than is expected to be at the surface suggests a diffusion of ions from the bulk solid towards the surface depleted of iron by fungal activity. Thus, if the fibers could be treated with a continuous source of chelators, iron extraction would proceed up to a full inactivation of free radical release. The fungal metabolic response of F. oxysporum grown in the presence of chrysotile, amosite and crocidolite revealed that new extracellular proteins are induced—including manganese‐superoxide dismutase, the typical antioxidant defense—and others are repressed, upon direct contact with the fibers. The protein profile induced by heated crocidolite was different, a result suggesting a key role for the state of the fiber/hyphae interface in protein induction.
What Anions Do Inside a Receptor's Cavity: A Trifurcate Anion Receptor Providing Both Electrostatic and Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions
Authors: Amendola Valeria , Boiocchi Massimo , Fabbrizzi Luigi , Palchetti Arianna 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe trifurcate receptor 13+ forms stable 1:1 complexes with halide and oxo anions in MeCN solution, as shown by spectrophotometric and 1H NMR experiments, and selectively recognizes chloride (lg Kass>7) in the presence of fluoride and bromide. The high stability reflects the receptor's ability to donate up to six hydrogen bonds (from three pyrrole NH and three CH fragments, polarized by the proximate positive charge) to the included anion. Addition of an excess of more basic anions (F− and CH3COO−) induces stepwise deprotonation of the NH groups, an event signalled by the appearance of a bright yellow color. Crystal and molecular structures are reported for the complex with NO3− and a capsule consisting of two interconnected trifurcate subunits, one of which includes an H‐bound Br− ion, while the other is doubly deprotonated and includes an H‐bound water molecule. Finally, evidence is given for the formation in solution of an authentic complex of OH−, in which H‐bound hydroxide is included within the cavity of 13+.
Secondary neurogenesis in the brain of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, as revealed by PCNA, Delta‐1, Neurogenin‐related‐1, and NeuroD expression
Authors: Wullimann Mario F. , Rink Elke , Vernier Philippe , Schlosser Gerhard 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAfter primary neurogenesis in the Xenopus laevis embryo, a massive new surge of neurogenesis and related neurogenic and proneural gene expression occurs in the spinal cord at the beginning of the larval period (starting at Stage 46), which corresponds to well‐documented secondary neurogenesis in larval zebrafish central nervous system development. Here, we document related neural proliferation and gene expression patterns in the brain of Xenopus, in various embryonic and larval stages, showing the distribution of proliferative cells (immunostaining of cells containing the proliferating cell nuclear antigen; the auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase δ; PCNA), and the activity of some critical genes expressed during neurogenesis (i.e., Delta‐1, Neurogenin‐related‐1, NeuroD). This study reveals that the early larval stage in Xenopus (Stage 48) displays patterns of proliferation (PCNA), as well as of neurogenic (Delta‐1) and proneural (Ngnr‐1; NeuroD) gene expression that are qualitatively almost identical to those seen in the 3‐day postembryonic zebrafish or the 12.5/13.5‐day embryonic mouse. Furthermore, a comparable bauplan of early proliferation zones (including their neuromeric organization) as described in the postembryonic zebrafish apparently exists in tetrapods (Xenopus). Altogether, the data presented suggest a common brain bauplan on the level of early proliferation patterns and neurogenic/proneural gene activity in anamniotes, if not vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:387–402, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Movement suppression during anesthesia: Neural projections from the mesopontine tegmentum to areas involved in motor control
Authors: Sukhotinsky Inna , Hopkins David A. , Lu Jun , Saper Clifford B. , Devor Marshall 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMicroinjection of pentobarbital and GABAA‐receptor agonists into a brainstem region we have called the mesopontine tegmental anesthesia area (MPTA; Devor and Zalkind [2001] Pain 94:101–112) induces a general anesthesia‐like state. As in systemic general anesthesia, rats show loss of the righting reflex, atonia, nonresponsiveness to noxious stimuli, and apparent loss of consciousness. GABAA agonist anesthetics acting on the MPTA might suppress movement by engaging endogenous motor regulatory systems previously identified in research on decerebrate rigidity and REM sleep atonia. Anterograde and retrograde tracing revealed that the MPTA has multiple descending projections to pontine and medullary areas known to be associated with motor control and atonia. Prominent among these are the dorsal pontine reticular formation and components of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM). The MPTA also has direct projections to the intermediate gray matter and ventral horn of the spinal cord via the lateral and anterior funiculi. These projections show a rostrocaudal topography: neurons in the rostral MPTA project to the RVM, but only minimally to the spinal cord, while those in the caudal MPTA project to both targets. Finally, the MPTA has ascending projections to motor control areas including the substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, and the caudate‐putamen. Projections are bilateral with an ipsilateral predominance. We propose that GABAA agonist anesthetics induce immobility at least in part by acting on these endogenous motor control pathways via the MPTA. Analysis of MPTA connectivity has the potential for furthering our understanding of the neural circuitry responsible for the various functional components of general anesthesia. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:425–448, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Afferent connections of the amygdalopiriform transition area in the rat
Authors: Santiago Adriana C. , Shammah‐Lagnado Sara J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe amygdalopiriform transition area (APir) is often considered part of the lateral entorhinal cortex (Entl). However, in contrast to Entl, APir densely innervates the central extended amygdala (EAc) and does not project to the dentate gyrus. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of these territories, the afferent connections of APir were examined in the rat with retrograde (cholera toxin B subunit or FluoroGold) and anterograde tracers (Phaseolus vulgarisleucoagglutinin) and compared to those of the neighboring Entl. The results suggest that APir and Entl are interconnected and receive topographically organized hippocampal projections. Both are targeted by the olfactory bulb, the piriform, posterior agranular insular and perirhinal cortices, the ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe nucleus, and locus coeruleus. Most importantly, the data reveal that APir and Entl also have specific inputs and should be viewed as separate anatomical entities. The APir receives robust projections from structures affiliated with the EAc, including the anterior basomedial and posterior basolateral amygdaloid nuclei, the gustatory thalamic region, parasubthalamic nucleus, and parabrachial area. The Entl is a major recipient for amygdaloid projections from the medial part of the lateral nucleus and the caudomedial part of the basolateral nucleus. Moreover, the medial septum, subicular complex, nucleus reuniens, supramammillary region, and nucleus incertus, which are associated with the hippocampal system, preferentially innervate the Entl. These data underscore that APir processes olfactory and gustatory information and is tightly linked to EAc operations, suggesting that it may play a role in reward mechanisms, particularly in hedonic aspects of feeding. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:349–371, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual differentiation of the copulatory neuromuscular system in green anoles (Anolis carolinensis): Normal ontogeny and manipulation of steroid hormones
Authors: Holmes Melissa M. , Wade Juli 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe copulatory neuromuscular system of green anoles is sexually dimorphic and differentiates during embryonic development, although details of the process were unknown. In Experiment 1, we determined the time course of normal ontogeny. Both male and female embryos possessed bilateral copulatory organs (hemipenes) and associated muscles until incubation day 13; the structures completely regressed in female embryos by incubation day 19 (total incubation 34 days). In Experiment 2, we treated eggs with testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, or vehicle on both incubation days 10 and 13 to determine whether these steroid hormones mediate sexual differentiation. These time points fall between gonadal differentiation, which was determined in Experiment 1 to complete before day 10, and regression of the peripheral copulatory system in females. Tissue was collected on the day of hatching. Gonads were classified as testes or ovaries; presence versus absence of hemipenes and muscles, and the number and size of copulatory motoneurons were determined. Copulatory system morphology of vehicle‐treated animals matched their gonadal sex. Hemipenes and muscles were absent in estradiol‐treated animals, and androgens rescued the hemipenes and muscles in most females. Both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone treatment also caused hypertrophy of the hemipenes, which were everted in animals treated with these steroids. Copulatory motoneurons, assessed on the day of hatching in both experiments, were not dimorphic in size or number. Steroid treatment significantly increased motoneuron size and number overall, but no significant differences were detected in pairwise comparisons. These data demonstrate that differentiation of peripheral copulatory neuromuscular structures occurs during embryonic development and is influenced by gonadal steroids (regression by estradiol and enhancement by androgens), but associated motoneurons do not differentiate until later in life. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:480–490, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Region‐ and age‐specific deficits in γ‐aminobutyric acidergic neuron development in the telencephalon of the uPAR–/– mouse
Authors: Eagleson Kathie L. , Bonnin Alexandre , Levitt Pat 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe have previously shown that in adult mice with a null mutation in the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) gene, maintained on a C57BL/6J/129Sv background, there is a selective loss of GABAergic interneurons in anterior cingulate and parietal cortex, with the parvalbumin‐expressing subpopulation preferentially affected. Here, we performed a more detailed anatomical analysis of uPAR–/– mutation on the congenic C57BL/6J background. With glutamic acid decarboxylase‐67 and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunostaining, there is a similar region‐selective loss of cortical interneurons in the congenic uPAR–/– mice from the earliest age examined (P21). In contrast, the loss of parvalbumin‐immunoreactive cells is observed only in adult cortex, and the extent of this loss is less than in the mixed background. Moreover, earlier in development, although there are normal numbers of parvalbumin cells in the uPAR–/– cortex, fewer cells coexpress GABA, suggesting that the parvalbumin subpopulation migrates appropriately to the cortex, but does not differentiate normally. Among the other forebrain regions examined, only the adult hippocampus shows a loss of GABAergic interneurons, although the somatostatin, rather than the parvalbumin, subpopulation contributes to this loss. The data suggest that uPAR function is necessary for the normal development of a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons in the telencephalon. It is likely that the late‐onset parvalbumin phenotype is due to the effects of an altered local environment on selectively vulnerable neurons and that the extent of this loss is strain dependent. Thus, an interplay between complex genetic factors and the environment may influence the phenotypic impact of the uPAR mutation both pre‐ and postnatally. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:449–466, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous activation of mouse main and accessory olfactory bulbs by odors or pheromones
Authors: Xu Fuqiang , Schaefer Michele , Kida Ikuhiro , Schafer James , Liu Nian , Rothman Douglas L. , Hyder Fahmeed , Restrepo Diego , Shepherd Gordon M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIt is generally believed that the main olfactory system processes common odors and the accessory olfactory system is specifically for pheromones. The potential for these two systems to respond simultaneously to the same stimuli has not been fully explored due to methodological limitations. Here we examine this phenomenon using high‐resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to reveal simultaneously the responses in the main (MOB) and accessory olfactory bulbs (AOB) to odors and pheromones. Common odorants elicited strong signals in the MOB and weak signals in the AOB. 2‐Heptanone, a known mouse pheromone, elicited strong signals in both the MOB and AOB. Urine odor, a complicated mixture of pheromones and odorants, elicited significant signals in limited regions of the MOB and large regions of the AOB. The fMRI results demonstrate that both the main and the accessory olfactory systems may respond to volatile compounds but with different selectivity, suggesting a greater integration of the two olfactory pathways than traditionally believed. J. Comp. Neurol. 489:491–500, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.