bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphic Nature, Polytheistic Culture, and the Orientalist Imaginaire
Authors: Pennington Brian K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Alongside the development of missionary discourses about Hinduism, Orientalists in the employ of the East India Company derived their own sets of idioms and tropes to represent Hindu traditions. Founded by Sir William Jones as an advertisement for the beauty and antiquity of Indian civilizations, and later headed by such eminent scholars as Henry Thomas Colebrooke and Horace Hayman Wilson, the Asiatic Society and its journal the Asiatic Researches displayed from their beginning a close alliance with the designs of the colonial state. As the evolving state discarded Orientalist policies that sought rapprochement with and accommodation of Indian traditions, the journal itself came to reflect a colder conquest of the minds and territories of Indian subjects. A conceptual systematization of Hinduism parallel to that seen among evangelical missionaries is evident in this journal, but what distinguishes the imagination of British Orientalism is an enchantment with the natural world of India, whose profuse and lush flora and fauna functioned as tropes for religion in India as well. An initial fascination with the apparently self-multiplying, polymorphic pantheon and mythology of Hindu India reflected a similar scientific wonder among the Society’s naturalists. Just as that wonder would give way to a quest for mastery, the officials of the colonial state who authored the articles for the Researches demonstrated their own growing sense of intellectual command and moral superiority over what they came increasingly to identify as Hinduism.
Transcriptional Profiling of Sorghum Induced by Methyl Jasmonate, Salicylic Acid, and Aminocyclopropane Carboxylic Acid Reveals Cooperative Regulation and Novel Gene Responses
Authors: Salzman Ron A. , Brady Jeff A. , Finlayson Scott A. , Buchanan Christina D. , Summer Elizabeth J. , Sun Feng , Klein Patricia E. , Klein Robert R. , Pratt Lee H. , Cordonnier-Pratt Marie-Michèle , Mullet John E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We have conducted a large-scale study of gene expression in the C4 monocot sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) L. Moench cv BTx623 in response to the signaling compounds salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and the ethylene precursor aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid. Expression profiles were generated from seedling root and shoot tissue at 3 and 27 h, using a microarray containing 12,982 nonredundant elements. Data from 102 slides and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR data on mRNA abundance from 171 genes were collected and analyzed and are here made publicly available. Numerous gene clusters were identified in which expression was correlated with particular signaling compound and tissue combinations. Many genes previously implicated in defense responded to the treatments, including numerous pathogenesis-related genes and most members of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and several other genes that may represent novel activities or pathways. Genes of the octadecanoic acid pathway of jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis were induced by SA as well as by MeJA. The resulting hypothesis that increased SA could lead to increased endogenous JA production was confirmed by measurement of JA content. Comparison of responses to SA, MeJA, and combined SA+MeJA revealed patterns of one-way and mutual antagonisms, as well as synergistic effects on regulation of some genes. These experiments thus help further define the transcriptional results of cross talk between the SA and JA pathways and suggest that a subset of genes coregulated by SA and JA may comprise a uniquely evolved sector of plant signaling responsive cascades.
The Arabidopsis IspH Homolog Is Involved in the Plastid Nonmevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis
Authors: Hsieh Ming-Hsiun , Goodman Howard M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Plant isoprenoids are synthesized via two independent pathways, the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastid nonmevalonate pathway. The Escherichia coli IspH (LytB) protein is involved in the last step of the nonmevalonate pathway. We have isolated an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ispH null mutant that has an albino phenotype and have generated Arabidopsis transgenic lines showing various albino patterns caused by IspH transgene-induced gene silencing. The initiation of albino phenotypes rendered by IspH gene silencing can arise independently from multiple sites of the same plant. After a spontaneous initiation, the albino phenotype is systemically spread toward younger tissues along the source-to-sink flow relative to the initiation site. The development of chloroplasts is severely impaired in the IspH-deficient albino tissues. Instead of thylakoids, mutant chloroplasts are filled with vesicles. Immunoblot analysis reveals that Arabidopsis IspH is a chloroplast stromal protein. Expression of Arabidopsis IspH complements the lethal phenotype of an E. coli ispH mutant. In 2-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings, the expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), IspD, IspE, IspF, and IspG genes is induced by light, whereas the expression of the IspH gene is constitutive. The addition of 3% sucrose in the media slightly increased levels of DXS, DXR, IspD, IspE, and IspF mRNA in the dark. In a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod, the accumulation of the IspH transcript oscillates with the highest levels detected in the early light period (2–6 h) and the late dark period (4–6 h). The expression patterns of DXS and IspG are similar to that of IspH, indicating that these genes are coordinately regulated in Arabidopsis when grown in a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod.
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor KRP2 Controls the Onset of the Endoreduplication Cycle during Arabidopsis Leaf Development through Inhibition of Mitotic CDKA;1 Kinase Complexes
Authors: Verkest Aurine , Manes Carmem-Lara de O. , Vercruysse Steven , Maes Sara , Van Der Schueren Els , Beeckman Tom , Genschik Pascal , Kuiper Martin , Inzé Dirk , De Veylder Lieven 
Published: April 2005

AbstractExit from the mitotic cell cycle and initiation of cell differentiation frequently coincides with the onset of endoreduplication, a modified cell cycle during which DNA continues to be duplicated in the absence of mitosis. Although the mitotic cell cycle and the endoreduplication cycle share much of the same machinery, the regulatory mechanisms controlling the transition between both cycles remain poorly understood. We show that the A-type cyclin-dependent kinase CDKA;1 and its specific inhibitor, the Kip-related protein, KRP2 regulate the mitosis-to-endocycle transition during Arabidopsis thaliana leaf development. Constitutive overexpression of KRP2 slightly above its endogenous level only inhibited the mitotic cell cycle–specific CDKA;1 kinase complexes, whereas the endoreduplication cycle-specific CDKA;1 complexes were unaffected, resulting in an increase in the DNA ploidy level. An identical effect on the endoreduplication cycle could be observed by overexpressing KRP2 exclusively in mitotically dividing cells. In agreement with a role for KRP2 as activator of the mitosis-to-endocycle transition, KRP2 protein levels were more abundant in endoreduplicating than in mitotically dividing tissues. We illustrate that KRP2 protein abundance is regulated posttranscriptionally through CDK phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation. KRP2 phosphorylation by the mitotic cell cycle–specific CDKB1;1 kinase suggests a mechanism in which CDKB1;1 controls the level of CDKA;1 activity through regulating KRP2 protein abundance. In accordance with this model, KRP2 protein levels increased in plants with reduced CDKB1;1 activity. Moreover, the proposed model allowed a dynamical simulation of the in vivo observations, validating the sufficiency of the regulatory interactions between CDKA;1, KRP2, and CDKB1;1 in fine-tuning the mitosis-to-endocycle transition.
Nicking activity on pBR322 DNA of ribosome inactivating proteins from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves
Authors: Aceto Serena , Di Maro Antimo , Conforto Barbara , Siniscalco Gesualdo G. , Parente Augusto , Delli Bovi Pasquale , Gaudio Luciano 
Published: April 2005

AbstractRibosome-inactivating proteins isolated fromPhytolacca dioicaL. leaves are rRNA-N-glycosidases, as well as adenine polynucleotide glycosylases. Here we report that some of them cleave supercoiled pBR322 dsDNA, generating relaxed and linear molecules. PD-L1, the glycosylated major form isolated from the winter leaves of adultP.dioicaplants, produces both free 3′-OH and 5′-P termini randomly distributed along the DNA molecule, as suggested by labelling experiments with [α-32P]dCTP and [γ-32P]dATP. Moreover, when the reaction is carried out under low-salt conditions, cleavage is observed mainly at a specific site, located downstream of the ampicillin resistance gene (close to position 3200), ending with the deletion of a fragment of approximately 70 nucleotides. This cleavage pattern is similar to that obtained under the same conditions with mung bean nuclease, a single-strand endonuclease. Furthermore, pBR322 DNA treated with PD-L1 shows reduced transforming activity withE.coliHB101 competent cells in comparison to untreated control plasmid DNA.
Homology modeling and SAR analysis of Schistosoma japonicum cathepsin D (SjCD) with statin inhibitors identify a unique active site steric barrier with potential for the design of specific inhibitors
Authors: Caffrey Conor R. , Placha Lenka , Barinka Cyril , Hradilek Martin , Dostál Jiří , Sajid Mohammed , McKerrow James H. , Majer Pavel , Konvalinka Jan , Vondrášek Jiří 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Proteases that digest the blood-meal of the parasitic fluke Schistosoma are potential targets for therapy of schistosomiasis, a disease of chronic morbidity in humans. We generated a three-dimensional model of the cathepsin D target protease of Schistosoma japonicum (SjCD) utilizing the crystal structure of human cathepsin D (huCD) in complex with pepstatin as template. A homology model was also generated for the related secreted aspartic protease 2 (SAP2) of the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans. An initial panel of seven statin inhibitors, originally designed for huCD [Majer et al., Protein Sci. 6 (1997), pp. 1458–1466], was tested against the two pathogen proteases. One inhibitor showed poor reactivity with SjCD. Examination of the SjCD active-site cleft revealed that the poor inhibition was due to a unique steric barrier situated between the S2 and S4 subsites. An in silico screen of 20 potential statin scaffolds with the SjCD model and incorporating the steric barrier constraint was performed. Four inhibitors (SJ1–SJ4) were eventually synthesized and tested with SjCD, bovine CD and SAP2. Of these, SJ2 and SJ3 proved moderately more specific for SjCD over bovine CD, with IC50 values of 15 and 60 nM, respectively. The unique steric barrier identified here provides a structural focus for further development of more specific SjCD inhibitors.
First Homopolymerizable Monomer Containing [C60]Fullerene as a Monoadduct Substituent
Authors: Ungurenasu Cezar , Pinteala Mariana 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSummary: The hydrosilylation of C60 with 2,4,6,8‐tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane in the presence of platinum/carbon catalyst produced the cationically polymerizable (C60HsiMeO)4 along with [(C60HsiMeO)3SiMeO]2C60H2 and a polymer consisting of C60 and (SiMeO)4 units. The synthesis and characterization of this first polymerizable tetracyclosiloxane ring system containing C60 as a monoadduct substituent are also reported.Synthesis and polymerization of 2,4,6,8‐tetramethyl‐2,4,6,8‐tetrafulleryl‐cyclotetrasiloxane.imageSynthesis and polymerization of 2,4,6,8‐tetramethyl‐2,4,6,8‐tetrafulleryl‐cyclotetrasiloxane.
Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of vertebral metastases in a rat model of human breast carcinoma
Authors: Burch S. , Bisland S. K. , Bogaards A. , Yee A. J. M. , Whyne C. M. , Finkelstein J. A. , Wilson B. C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe feasibility and efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of vertebral metastases using a minimally invasive surgical technique adapted from vertebroplasty was evaluated in a rodent model. Initial validation included photosensitizer (benzoporphyrin‐derivative monoacid‐ring A) drug uptake studies and in vitro confirmation of PDT efficacy. Intracardiac injection of human MT‐1 breast cancer cells was performed in athymic rats. In 63 rats that developed vertebral metastases 21 days postinoculation, single treatment of PDT was performed using a parapedicular approach placing an optical fiber adjacent to targeted vertebrae. Two milligrams per kilogram of photosensitizer drug was administered intravenously followed by 150 mW of 690 nm light illumination at varying drug–light intervals and light energies. Histologic and immunohistochemical analysis was performed assessing treatment effect. Local tumor viability and growth was quantified by bioluminescence imaging pre and 48 h post‐treatment. PDT demonstrated an ablative effect on vertebral metastases (light energies 25–150 J). The effect varied in proportion to light energy with the greatest anti‐tumor effect observed at 150 J using a 3 h drug–light interval. 9/22 rodents in the 3 h drug–light interval developed hindlimb paralysis following treatment, consistent with drug uptake studies demonstrating an increase in spinal cord uptake 3 h following drug administration. The observations of paralysis following treatment highlight the importance of closely defining the therapeutic window of treatment in safety and efficacy. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
Was Hinduism Invented?
Authors: Pennington Brian K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Is “Hinduism” a legitimate term for the widely varying religious practices of India that are commonly called by that name? The appearance of “religion” as a category comprising a set of practices and beliefs allegedly found in every culture dates from the modern period, emerging as Europe expanded trade abroad and established its first colonial relations in the 17th and 18th centuries. Hinduism emerged in the encounter between modernity’s greatest colonial power, Great Britain, and the jewel of her imperial crown, India. Around the turn of the 19th century, officials of the British colonial state and Christian missionaries helped cement the idea that regional and sectarian traditions in India possessed a sufficient coherence to be construed as a single, systematic religion. This encounter was deeply shaded by the articulation and development of the concept of “religion”, and it produced the now common idea that Hinduism is a unified religion. The Bengal Presidency, home of Calcutta — capital of colonial India and center of economic gravity in the eastern hemisphere — emerged as the locus of ongoing and direct contact between Indians and colonial officials, journalists, and missionaries. Drawing on a large body of previously untapped literature, including documents from the Church Missionary Society and Bengali newspapers, this book presents a portrait of the process by which “Hinduism” came into being. It argues against the common idea that the modern construction of religion in colonial India was simply a fabrication of Western Orientalism and missionaries. Rather, it involved the active agency and engagement of Indian authors who interacted, argued, and responded to British authors over key religious issues such as image-worship, satī, tolerance, and conversion. This book retells the story of Christians’ and Hindus’ reception of each other in the early 19th century in a way that takes seriously the power of their religious worldviews to shape the encounter itself and help produce the very religions that colonialism thought it “discovered”. While post-colonial theory can illuminate issues of power and domination, the history of religions reminds us of the continuing importance of the sacred and spiritual dimensions of the peoples under colonial rule.
Introduction
Authors: Pennington Brian K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Between 1789 and 1832, Great Britain created a comprehensive portrait of Hinduism that exhibited it as a coherent system of beliefs and practices operating by means of clear, regular, and often sinister principles. Hindus responded in print beginning in the second decade of the 19th century. This important period of rapidly expanding inter-religious and intercultural encounter is set in the midst of a century of radical transformation in the manner in which Britain conceived and conducted colonialism. Post-colonial theory and the work of Subaltern studies have tended to render the role of religion in these encounters as a mask for other motives. In contrast, a history of religions approach to these critical years of Britain’s attempts to comprehend Indian religious traditions presents a different picture. Focusing on religion highlights Hindu contributions to the modern idea of Hinduism and displays a continuity with prior Hindu identities that is erased by the idea that Britain “invented” Hinduism.
The Other Without and the Other Within
Authors: Pennington Brian K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the genesis of the missionary movement in Great Britain and the strategies for proselytization adopted by upper class, evangelical Christianity. Situated at the center of colonial power, such figures as William Wilberforce and Hannah More helped launch a comprehensive evangelization of Britain and India alike that employed the benighted pagan and vulgar factory laborer as reflections of one another, particularly in Sunday school literature. Such an approach clearly illustrates how modern forms of colonial encounter took place not along avenues of diffusion between metropole and colony, but under an umbrella of power relations and signs shared by those in Britain and India who would be mutually transformed by the experience. Missionaries for such groups as the Church Missionary Society viewed the working classes of Britain not only as sources of income and energy, but also as targets of the very proselytization they were preparing for India. The Church of England’s own struggle to address and accommodate the working poor marginalized by industrialization and high-church polity accounts for much of the style and scope of its missionary societies.
“Scarcely Less Bloody than Lascivious”
Authors: Pennington Brian K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Nineteenth-century British missionaries to India such as William Carey and William Ward of Serampore, and army chaplain Claudius Buchanan helped construct the idea of a conceptual and ritual core to an array of Hindu communities and deities. Although strenuously opposed by French scholar Abbé J. A. Dubois, a strain of Christian iconoclasm then being nurtured by a rampant anti-Catholicism in Britain fashioned a system of Hindu theology and ritual for British evangelical Christians that focused squarely on image worship and cast Hindu ritual as an infantile version of the idolatry condemned in the Christian Old and New Testaments. Idol worship and satī (widow immolation) were used to create the impression of an overarching logic in Hinduism that was then offered to the working-class audiences of the Church Missionary Society’s popular newspapers as a systematized, coherent, pan-Indian Hinduism.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles Associated with Cell Cycle Transitions in Growing Organs of Arabidopsis
Authors: Beemster Gerrit T.S. , De Veylder Lieven , Vercruysse Steven , West Gerrit , Rombaut Debbie , Van Hummelen Paul , Galichet Arnaud , Gruissem Wilhelm , Inzé Dirk , Vuylsteke Marnik 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Organ growth results from the progression of component cells through subsequent phases of proliferation and expansion before reaching maturity. We combined kinematic analysis, flowcytometry, and microarray analysis to characterize cell cycle regulation during the growth process of leaves 1 and 2 of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Kinematic analysis showed that the epidermis proliferates until day 12; thereafter, cells expand until day 19 when leaves reach maturity. Flowcytometry revealed that endoreduplication occurs from the time cell division rates decline until the end of cell expansion. Analysis of 10 time points with a 6k-cDNA microarray showed that transitions between the growth stages were closely reflected in the mRNA expression data. Subsequent genome-wide microarray analysis on the three main stages allowed us to categorize known cell cycle genes into three major classes: constitutively expressed, proliferative, and inhibitory. Comparison with published expression data obtained from root zones corresponding to similar developmental stages and from synchronized cell cultures supported this categorization and enabled us to identify a high confidence set of 131 proliferation genes. Most of those had an M phase-dependent expression pattern and, in addition to many known cell cycle-related genes, there were at least 90 that were unknown or previously not associated with proliferation.
Increased Sedoheptulose-1,7-Bisphosphatase Activity in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Stimulates Photosynthesis and Growth from an Early Stage in Development
Authors: Lefebvre Stephane , Lawson Tracy , Fryer Mike , Zakhleniuk Oksana V. , Lloyd Julie C. , Raines Christine A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Activity of the Calvin cycle enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) was increased by overexpression of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cDNA in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. In plants with increased SBPase activity, photosynthetic rates were increased, higher levels of Suc and starch accumulated during the photoperiod, and an increase in leaf area and biomass of up to 30% was also evident. Light saturated photosynthesis increased with increasing SBPase activity and analysis of CO2 response curves revealed that this increase in photosynthesis could be attributed to an increase in ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regenerative capacity. Seedlings with increased SBPase activity had an increased leaf area at the 4 to 5 leaf stage when compared to wild-type plants, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging of these young plants revealed a higher photosynthetic capacity at the whole plant level. Measurements of photosynthesis, made under growth conditions integrated over the day, showed that mature plants with increased SBPase activity fixed 6% to 12% more carbon than equivalent wild-type leaves, with the young leaves having the highest rates. In this paper, we have shown that photosynthetic capacity per unit area and plant yield can be increased by overexpressing a single native plant enzyme, SBPase, and that this gives an advantage to the growth of these plants from an early phase of vegetative growth. This work has also shown that it is not necessary to bypass the normal regulatory control of SBPase, exerted by conditions in the stroma, to achieve improvements in carbon fixation.