bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discerning evolutionary processes in patterns of tamarin (genusSaguinus) craniofacial variation
Authors: Rogers Ackermann Rebecca , Cheverud James M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractQuantitative genetic theory specifies evolutionary expectations for morphological diversification by genetic drift in a monophyletic clade. If genetic drift is responsible for the evolutionary morphological diversification of a clade, patterns of within‐ and between‐taxon morphological variance/covariance should be proportional. We tested for proportionality of within‐ and between‐species craniofacial morphological variation in 12 species of tamarins (genusSaguinus). We found that within‐ and between‐taxon morphological variations across the entire genus were not proportional, and hence not likely to be due to genetic drift alone. The primary deviation from proportionality is that size and size‐related shape in the cranium is more variable relative to other aspects of cranial morphology than expected under genetic drift, suggesting differential size selection between the two major clades, the small‐bodied and large‐bodied tamarins. Within each of these major clades, most of the interspecific variation is consistent with the pattern expected under genetic drift, although specific contrasts may indicate the involvement of differential selection. Morphological distances among taxa do not correspond very closely to the phylogeny derived from mtDNA. In particular,S. oedipusandS. geoffroyiare very distinct morphologically from the rest of the tamarins, although they are phylogenetically the sister clade to a clade containingS. midasandS. bicolor. Morphological similarity is not a good guide to phylogenetic affinity in the tamarins, especially with regard to deeper nodes in the phylogenetic tree. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:260–271, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing isonymy with paternal and maternal lineages in the early Québec population: The impact of polyphyletism and demographic differentials
Authors: Gagnon Alain , Toupance Bruno 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIsonymy is an ingenious and useful approach to studying kinship in human populations. However, it relies on assumptions that are difficult to verify. In this study, we provided a way to assess, in the early Québec population, the impact of factors such as polyphyletism, unbalanced sex‐ratio among founders, and age differentials between spouses. All data were taken from the Population Register of Early Québec, which contains births, marriages, and deaths (>712,000) recorded in parish registers from the beginning of colonization (in 1608) to 1800. More specifically, using the 70,869 marriages recorded during that period, we compared kinship estimates given by genealogies, surnames, and paternal and maternal lineages. We also calculated a fifth coefficient of kinship by combining paternal and maternal lineage, thus providing a new way to test the isonymy method. The results show a good agreement between genealogical and isonymous estimates. However, this good correspondence is due to counterbalancing biases. Some of the implications of our results are discussed in the context of colonial America. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:334–341, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chimpanzee right‐handedness reconsidered: Evaluating the evidence with funnel plots
Authors: Palmer A. Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEvidence for population‐level right‐handedness in nonhuman primates seems inconsistent and contradictory, and many hypotheses have been advanced to account for this volatility. Funnel plots (scatter plots of percent right‐hand use vs. sample size) offer a straightforward graphical technique for assessing: 1) the strength and consistency of handedness, 2) whether variability is consistent with normal sampling variation, and 3) how likely reports of statistically significant handedness might have arisen due to chance (i.e., type I error). They are informative for both within‐ and among‐population variation.Reexamination of within‐population variation from a detailed and widely cited study reporting significant population‐level right‐handedness in 140 individual captive chimpanzees (Hopkins [1994] Dev. Psychobiol. 27:395–407) revealed several puzzling patterns: 1) funnel plots showed higher percent right‐hand use among individuals for which fewer observations were recorded, 2) when individuals with fewer than 25 observations were excluded, statistical support for population‐level right‐handedness either became marginal (P = 0.043, when computed as average percent use of the right hand) or disappeared (P = 0.62, when computed as proportion of individuals using the right hand more than the left, whether they did so significantly or not), and 3) the proportion of statistically ambilateral chimpanzees actually increased with increasing number of observations per individual, rather than decreased as would be expected for true population‐level right‐handedness. In addition, funnel plots of among‐population variation from an earlier meta‐analysis (McGrew and Marchant [1997] Yrbk. Phys. Anthropol. 40:201–232) suggested that the four reports of significant right‐handedness, out of 37 estimates from 14 studies, were likely those that achieved statistical significance simply due to chance. Funnel plots, and the more refined statistical tests they suggest, confirm that the current evidence for population‐level right‐handedness in chimpanzees remains equivocal. Am J Phys Anthropol 118:191–199, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dementia in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis‐Dutch type is associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy but is independent of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Authors: Natté Remco , Maat‐Schieman Marion L. C. , Haan Joost , Bornebroek Marjolijn , Roos Raymund A.C. , Van Duinen Sjoerd G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCerebral amyloid angiopathy is frequently found in demented and nondemented elderly persons, but its contribution to the causation of dementia is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relation between the amount of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the presence of dementia in 19 patients with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis‐Dutch type. The advantage of studying hereditary cerebral hemorrhage in amyloidosis‐Dutch type is that patients with this disease consistently have severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy with minimal neurofibrillary pathology. The amount of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, as quantified by computerized morphometry, was strongly associated with the presence of dementia independent of neurofibrillary pathology, plaque density, or age. The number of cortical amyloid β‐laden severely stenotic vessels, vessel‐within‐vessel configurations, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐associated microvasculopathies was associated with the amount of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and dementia. A semiquantitative score, based on the number of amyloid β‐laden severely stenotic vessels, completely separated demented from nondemented patients. These results suggest that extensive (more than 15 amyloid β‐laden severely stenotic vessels in five frontal cortical sections) cerebral amyloid angiopathy alone is sufficient to cause dementia in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis–Dutch type. This may have implications for clinicopathological correlations in Alzheimer's disease and other dementias with cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
N‐acetylaspartate is an axon‐specific marker of mature white matter in vivo: A biochemical and immunohistochemical study on the rat optic nerve
Authors: Bjartmar Carl , Battistuta Jan , Terada Nobuo , Dupree Erica , Trapp Bruce D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAxonal pathology is a major cause of neurological disability in multiple sclerosis. Axonal transection begins at disease onset but remains clinically silent because of compensatory brain mechanisms. Noninvasive surrogate markers for axonal injury are therefore essential to monitor cumulative disease burden in vivo. The neuronal compound N‐acetylaspartate, as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is currently the best and most specific noninvasive marker of axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. The possibility has been raised, however, that N‐acetylaspartate is expressed also by oligodendroglial lineage cells. In order to investigate N‐acetylaspartate specificity for white matter axons, transected rat optic nerves were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemistry. In transected adult nerves, N‐acetylaspartate and N‐acetyl aspartylglutamate decreased in concordance with axonal degeneration and were undetectable 24 days posttransection. Nonproliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, oligodendrocytes, and myelin were abundant in these axon‐free nerves. At 24 days posttransection, N‐acetylaspartate was increased (42%; p = 0.02) in nontransected contralateral nerves. After transection at postnatal day 4, total N‐acetylaspartate decreased by 80% (P14; p = 0.002) and 94% (P20; p = 0.003). In these developing axon‐free nerves, 25 to 33% of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells were proliferating. These data validate magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements of N‐acetylaspartate as an axon‐specific monitor of central nervous system white matter in vivo. In addition, the results indicate that neuronal adaptation can increase N‐acetylaspartate levels, and that 5 to 20% of the N‐acetylaspartate in developing white matter is synthesized by proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
Inhibition of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by a tetracycline
Authors: Popovic Natalija , Schubart Anna , Goetz Brian D. , Zhang Su‐Chun , Linington Chris , Duncan Ian D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have explored the use of minocycline, a tetracycline with antiinflammatory properties, to treat chronic relapsing‐remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Therapeutic treatment with minocycline dramatically suppresses ongoing disease activity and limits disease progression. Disease suppression is associated with immune deviation in the periphery and with suppression of the inflammatory cascade in the central nervous system. This association is demonstrated by inhibition of microglial activation and metalloproteinase‐2 expression, which results in a concomitant decrease in inflammation and demyelination. As an established antiinflammatory drug with neuroprotective properties, minocycline may provide a novel therapeutic agent for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis.
Subjective memory complaints: Objective neural markers in patients with Alzheimer's disease and major depressive disorder
Authors: Grön Georg , Bittner Daniel , Schmitz Bernd , Wunderlich Arthur P. , Riepe Matthias W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatients with probable Alzheimer's disease and depressive patients frequently present with subjective memory complaints. Objective distinction of underlying neuronal substrate malfunction and early cross‐sectional differential diagnosis have been elusive thus far. We used repetitive learning and free recall of abstract geometric patterns during functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess episodic memory in older subjects (ages 56–64 years) who sought first‐time medical attention with subjective memory complaints and were diagnosed with probable Alzheimer's disease (NINCDS‐ADRDA criteria; ages 51–67 years) or major depressive disorder (DSM‐IV; ages 50–65 years). Contrasting healthy seniors or depressive patients with Alzheimer's disease patients revealed superiority of hippocampal activation. Contrasting Alzheimer's disease patients with seniors showed bilateral prefrontal activity as a correlate of futile compensation of episodic memory failure. Contrasting patients who had major depressive disorder with seniors or patients who had Alzheimer's disease showed bilateral activation of the orbitofrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate. Subjective memory complaints may be classified objectively and very early with functional magnetic resonance imaging of episodic memory in groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depressive syndrome. This may facilitate drug trials with evaluation of specific treatments, but further studies will be needed to establish the differential diagnosis for the individual patient.
Speciation of some triorganotin compounds in sediments from the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers, Washington, DC, using Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Eng George , Desta Dereje , Biba Edmond , Song Xueqing , May Leopold 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTriorganotin compounds, namely the tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) moieties, have been used as the active components in antifoulant marine paints. Mössbauer spectroscopy was used in this work to identify the products of speciation of these triorganotin compounds in various types of sediment from rivers around the Washington, DC, USA, area. Aerobic and anaerobic sediments from several sites in the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers were spiked with tributyl‐ and triphenyl‐tin chloride, bis‐(tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide and triphenyltin hydroxide. Mössbauer spectra were recorded for the resultant interactions of the species produced with the various sediments. The Mössbauer spectra of both types of sediment, aerobic and anaerobic, spiked with tributyltin chloride and bis‐(tri‐n‐butyltin) oxide were the same, suggesting that these compounds were converted to the same species, mostly likely the hydrated tributyltin cation, TBT+. The spectra of all triphenyltin chloride and triphenyltin hydroxide spiked sediment samples were the same, indicating again that these compounds were converted to the same species, in this case the hydrated triphenyltin cation, TPT+. Thus the species that interacts with the various sediments are the respective hydrated cations. The results also support the previous conclusion obtained with Chesapeake Bay sediments, that the product of triorganotin speciation depends on the nature of sediment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grafting of long‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids onto acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer
Authors: Zhou Z. F. , Huang H. , Zhu C. Y. , Liu N. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of undecylenic acid, oleic acid, and crotonic acid onto acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer (ABS) was initiated by benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in 1,2‐dichloroethane solution. The infrared spectra confirmed that undecylenic acid, oleic acid, and crotonic acid were successfully grafted onto the ABS backbone. The grafting occurred at the butadiene region of the ABS. The grafting degree increased with increasing monomer concentration, but it decreased after monomer concentration, reaching 0.30 mol/L in undecylenic acid and oleic acid systems. The grafting degree increased rapidly with increasing initiator concentration, but slowed down at about 0.012 mol/L of initiator concentration. The grafting degree decreased considerably with increasing ABS concentration; however, the total amount of grafted monomer increased. Increasing reaction time and temperature led to an increase in grafting degree. The chain length of the monomer has a great influence on grafting. The grafting degree decreases with increasing the chain length due to a steric hindrance and monomer cage effect, which is in agreement with activation energy calculation. The overall activation energy of crotonic acid, undecylenic acid, and oleic acid systems are 118, 122, and 134 kJ/mol, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1934–1939, 2002
Modeling of high‐pressure ethylene polymerization. I. Kinetic parameters of oxygen initiation
Authors: Cerinski B. , Jelencic J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA kinetic model of a high‐pressure, free‐radical ethylene polymerization is presented. The model of S. Goto, K. Yamamoto, S. Furui, and M. Sugimoto (J Appl Polym Sci, Appl Polym Symp 1981, 36, 21), developed for several common peroxides, was extended to be applicable for the oxygen initiation also. Small‐extent propylene copolymerization, as well as telomerization with isobutane and propylene, are included into the overall kinetic scheme. The model is based on a string of elemental continuously stirred tank reactors and is particularly suited for the tubular low‐density polyethylene reactors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2043–2051, 2002
Formation and structure of polyacrylamide–silica nanocomposites by sol–gel process
Authors: Jang Jyongsik , Park Hwanseok 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe formation of nanocomposites by the sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in polyacrylamide (PAAm) is studied. The nanocomposites are prepared in aqueous solution. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy shows that substantial hydrogen bonding occurs in the nanocomposites. The fracture surfaces of the nanocomposites are observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a function of the TEOS content. The AFM images reveal that the PAAm–silica nanocomposite exhibits particle–matrix morphology. It is also found that aggregate formation is more dominant than the particle growth with the TEOS contents. The solution of composite precursor is also applied to spin coating. Furthermore, during the calcination there is an observable change in the silica networks, and then a microinterconnected structure is generated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1817–1823, 2002
Grafting of a styrene–acrylonitrile binary monomer mixture onto cellulose extracted from pine needles
Authors: Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Lal Harinder , Sharma Rajeev , Guleria Lalit , Sarwade B. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn an attempt to develop new reactive membrane materials, we graft‐copolymerized styrene (Sty) and acrylonitrile (AN) onto cellulose extracted from pine needles by a chemical initiation method. The optimum grafting reaction conditions for Sty onto cellulose were earlier evaluated as [Sty] = 656.25 mmol/L and [potassium persulfate–ferrous ammonium sulfate] = 146.3:12.75mmol/L in 20 mL of H2O with a reaction time of 3 h and a reaction temperature of 60°C for 1 g of cellulose. Under these conditions, Sty was graft‐copolymerized with AN at five different concentrations of the latter. Grafting parameters and different rates of concentration were evaluated. The effects of additives such as ZnCl2, LiNO3, and Cu(NO)3 were studied at the best comonomer concentration of Sty–AN. In the presence of ZnCl2, Sty–AN graft‐copolymerized in an alternate way, thus, making it evident that ZnCl2 coordinated to form a “complexomer,” or complex of monomers [Sty−AN+…ZnCl2], of two monomers. Evidence of the structural characteristics of grafted chains were provided by characterization with elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2000–2007, 2002
Study on N‐hydroxyphthalimide as blocking agent for isocyanates
Authors: Wei Wu‐Ji , Guo Zhi‐Rui , Zhang Yu‐Feng , Pan En‐Li 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article, N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPH) has been prepared with phthalic anhydride and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The blocked toluene diisocyanate (NTDI) by NHPH was synthesized also. The effects on the synthesis of NTDI were studied, and the deblocking temperature of NTDI was read by TG‐DSC and IR. In the meantime, actual crosslinking reaction conditions on the systems of polyhydroxy compounds were surveyed also. The stability of the mixture of NTDI and polyhydroxy compounds was observed by determining the viscosity of it. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1346–1352, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10242
Synthesis of chelating resins with iminodiacetic acid and its wastewater treatment application
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Chien , Chen Chuh‐Yung , Chang Chia‐Yuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chelating resins have high potential applications for the selective removal and recovery of metal ions from industrial waste solutions. The hydrophilic acrylate monomer with the iminodiacetic acid chelating group was prepared from glycidyl methacrylate and iminodiacetic acid at 60°C. The microbeads, prepared from acrylate monomer with the iminodiacetic acid chelating group, were employed by inversion suspension polymerization. In the pH range of 2–6, a reasonably good equilibrium sorption capacity is maintained for Cr3+ (ca. 2.7 mmol/g) and Cu2+ (ca. 1.8 mmol/g) in the chelating resins. The adsorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on microbeads is clearly affected by the pH of the solution, such that these ions' adsorption capacity increased with the pH of the aqueous solution. The adsorption of Cd2+ (ca. 1.25–1.87 mmol/g) and Pb2+ (ca. 0.99–1.89 mmol/g) showed a maximum at approximately pH = 5 and 6, respectively. The adsorption isotherms of Cr3+ and Cu2+ adsorbed on microbeads were following the Langmuir isotherm, but the adsorption behavior of Cd2+ and Pb2+ were not. The concentration of alkaline earth–metal cations on the range of 0–200 ppm had no influence on metal ions adsorbed capacity of chelating resins. Additionally, NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) had no significant influence on metal ion adsorption by chelating resins. Furthermore, phenol pollutant can be adsorbed effectively by metal ions chelated microbeads; therefore, the microbeads were useful not only in recovering metal ions but also in the treating phenol pollutants in wastewater. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1353–1362, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10243
Crystallization behavior of PHA/PEDEA oligoester blends
Authors: Cui Yanjun , Wang Xinling , Hong Ling , Tang Xiaozhen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe crystallization behavior of oligoester blends prepared from crystalline poly(hexanediol adipate) (PHA) and amorphous poly(ethylene diethylene glycol adipate) (PEDEA) was studied using POM, WAXD, and DSC. The crystal form of both PHA and the blends are spherulites. The crystallinity, melting enthalpies, and crystallization rate increased with increased PHA content in the blends. Two sharp diffraction peaks of each blend were detected at the same position, where, respectively, 2θ = 21.3° and 24.1°. The research on the crystallization kinetics showed that the Avrami exponent of all the oligoester blends is approximately 4. It was demonstrated that the crystallization mechanism of PHA is not disturbed by amorphous PEDEA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1363–1368, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10268
Variable‐frequency microwave curing of benzocyclobutene
Authors: Tanikella Ravindra V. , Bidstrup Allen Sue A. , Kohl Paul A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolymer dielectrics are widely used in the microelectronics industry for several applications including interlevel dielectrics, encapsulants, and passivating layers. To attain the desired properties, these materials need to be processed via lengthy cure cycles. Variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing has been investigated as a rapid curing alternative for the processing of thin‐film dielectrics. Previous studies on epoxies and polyimide‐based materials have shown significant reduction in cure time and improvement in properties on VFM processing. In this study, VFM curing of Dow Chemical Cyclotene™ 3022 benzocyclobutene (BCB) was investigated. The kinetics of the cure reaction were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR studies indicated no significant differences in chemical structure between VFM and thermally cured films. The electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties of VFM‐processed films were characterized and compared with thermally processed films to determine the effectiveness of microwave processing. The results showed that VFM curing of BCB is feasible, and properties comparable to thermally cured films can be attained. The residual stress of partially cured BCB was lower for VFM processing than for traditional thermal processing. The residual stress in fully cured BCB was similar. Improvements such as shorter cure times and lower processing temperatures than conventional thermal processing can be achieved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3055–3067, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10286