bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of suction on the mechanical behaviour of iron ore rock
Authors: Grgic Dragan , Giot Richard , Homand Françoise , Giraud Albert 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe effect of suction on the behaviour of iron ore has been studied from both physical and mechanical points of view. The porosity and the suction phenomena have been analysed using different experimental techniques. Uniaxial compressive tests on partially saturated samples have shown that the suction is responsible for strength and cohesion improvement. Considering the theory of partially saturated porous soils of Coussy and Dangla (Mécanique des sols non saturés (2002 edn). Hermès Science: 2002; 390), we have proposed a constitutive law for partially saturated iron ore. The real increase in the apparent cohesion due to the capillary attraction forces is overestimated if the yield function is written in terms of effective stresses. The effect of the capillary cohesion has been modelled with a function in the expression of the apparent cohesion of the yield function. The effect of suction on the mechanical behaviour has been represented in the effective stresses space and in the total stresses space like the Alonso model (Géotechnique 1990; 40:405–430). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk management for targeting customs controls in developing countries: a risky venture for revenue performance?
Authors: Geourjon Anne‐Marie , Laporte Bertrand 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCustoms authorities in developing countries are often reluctant to forget systematic inspections for fear of risking revenue loss. Such physical inspections however, impede rather than facilitate trade. Control selectivity is therefore a key issue in customs administration reform. This paper shows how a sophisticated risk management method can facilitate trade by automatically and rationally selecting transactions, with the end result of actually enhancing revenue performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A physical model of quantum cascade lasers: Application to GaAs, GaN and SiGe devices
Authors: Harrison P. , Indjin D. , Jovanović V. D. , Mirčetić A. , Ikonić Z. , Kelsall R. W. , McTavish J. , Savić I. , Vukmirović N. , Milanović V. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe philosophy behind this work has been to build a predictive “bottom up” physical model of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) for use as a design tool, to interpret experimental results and hence improve understanding of the physical processes occurring inside working devices and as a simulator for developing new material systems. The standard model uses the envelope function and effective mass approximations to solve two complete periods of the QCL under an applied bias. Other models, such as k·p and empirical pseudopotential, have been employed in p‐type systems where the more complex band structure requires it. The resulting wave functions are then used to evaluate all relevant carrier–phonon, carrier–carrier and alloy scattering rates from each quantised state to all others within the same and the neighbouring period. This information is then used to construct a rate equation for the equilibrium carrier density in each subband and this set of coupled rate equations are solved self‐consistently to obtain the carrier density in each eigenstate. The latter is a fundamental description of the device and can be used to calculate the current density and gain as a function of the applied bias and temperature, which in turn yields the threshold current and expected temperature dependence of the device characteristics. A recent extension which includes a further iteration of an energy balance equation also yields the average electron (or hole) temperature over the subbands. This paper will review the method and describe its application to mid‐infrared and terahertz, GaAs, GaN, SiGe cascade laser designs. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ILLICIT INSCRIPTIONS: REFRAMING FORGERY IN ELIZABETH GASKELL'SRUTH
Authors: Malton Sara A. 
Published: April 2005

Forgery is now considered an offence of the greatest magnitude;… In proportion, therefore, as a nation increases in wealth by buying and selling, it will magnify the criminality of a fraud by which buying and selling may be checked. The change of opinion will show itself in the penal laws, and in the not less deterrent force of social reprobation.—Luke Owen Pike,History of Crime in England(1876)
Promoting innovation in aid of industrial development: the Singaporean experience
Authors: Goh Andrew L.S. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to examine, appraise and highlight the significance of promoting innovation in aid of industrial development.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive range of published literature is critiqued first to understand why industrial development constitutes a major objective of a country's economic strategy and government policy. Then, through a theoretical review of industrial policy works, relevant issues (e.g. how efficient industrial development sustains economic growth) are highlighted for discussion. For instance, the importance of private sector‐led industrial development and the need to adopt a primary focus on innovation‐driven industrial policy.FindingsBy drawing lessons from the developed world, the article explains why industrial policy‐making must address the pursuit of innovation as a prime mover of economic development; and further outlines the role of government in innovation‐driven industrial policy. As a case study, evolutionary perspectives of Singapore's industrialisation process are elaborated to illustrate a government's role in industrial policy‐making.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could provide better guidance to address new emergent challenges of industrial policy‐making.Practical implicationsThe discussion on industrial policy issues raised in this article is expected to be of interest to policy makers, industry planners, academic researchers and business practitioners.Originality/valueThis article offers insights into effective industrial policy‐making for developing nations that may help to transform their economies.
Quantification of cell‐cycle distribution and mitotic index in Hydra by flow cytometry
Authors: Ulrich H. , Tárnok A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract.  The applicability of flow cytometry (FCM) to analyse cell‐cycle distribution and mitotic cells in Hydra oligactis and Hydra vulgaris is demonstrated. The freshwater polyps H. vulgaris and H. oligactis are well‐accepted animal models for studying cell proliferation, regeneration and differentiation. Disintegrated animals were labelled for FCM analysis according to the method of Nuesse et al. [(1990) Flow cytometric analysis of G1 and G2/M‐phase subpopulations in mammalian cell nuclei using side scatter and DNA content measurements. Cytometry 11, 813]. Proliferation and regeneration experiments, in the absence or presence of the oligopeptide head activator, were quantified. Cell‐cycle analysis of different parts of the animals shows low proliferation in the head region and high proliferation in the gastric and foot regions. Cell‐cycle analysis of different parts of Hydra, comparison of H. oligactis and H. vulgaris, as well as pharmacological treatment, yielded results that are in agreement with prior microscopic analysis. Our results demonstrate that FCM is an appropriate technique for quantifying proliferation in this animal model. It can be used for basic research on development, regeneration and differentiation as well as for innovative drug investigation and toxicology studies.
Coherence methods in mapping AVO anomalies and predicting P‐wave and S‐wave impedances
Authors: Barnola A.‐S. , White R.E. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTFilters for migrated offset substacks are designed by partial coherence analysis to predict ‘normal’ amplitude variation with offset (AVO) in an anomaly free area. The same prediction filters generate localized prediction errors when applied in an AVO‐anomalous interval. These prediction errors are quantitatively related to the AVO gradient anomalies in a background that is related to the minimum AVO anomaly detectable from the data. The prediction‐error section is thus used to define a reliability threshold for the identification of AVO anomalies. Coherence analysis also enables quality control of AVO analysis and inversion. For example, predictions that are non‐localized and/or do not show structural conformity may indicate spatial variations in amplitude–offset scaling, seismic wavelet or signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio content. Scaling and waveform variations can be identified from inspection of the prediction filters and their frequency responses. S/N ratios can be estimated via multiple coherence analysis.AVO inversion of seismic data is unstable if not constrained. However, the use of a constraint on the estimated parameters has the undesirable effect of introducing biases into the inverted results: an additional bias‐correction step is then needed to retrieve unbiased results. An alternative form of AVO inversion that avoids additional corrections is proposed. This inversion is also fast as it inverts only AVO anomalies. A spectral coherence matching technique is employed to transform a zero‐offset extrapolation or near‐offset substack into P‐wave impedance. The same technique is applied to the prediction‐error section obtained by means of partial coherence, in order to estimate S‐wave velocity to P‐wave velocity (VS/VP) ratios. Both techniques assume that accurate well ties, reliable density measurements and P‐wave and S‐wave velocity logs are available, and that impedance contrasts are not too strong. A full Zoeppritz inversion is required when impedance contrasts that are too high are encountered. An added assumption is made for the inversion to the VS/VP ratio, i.e. the Gassmann fluid‐substitution theory is valid within the reservoir area. One synthetic example and one real North Sea in‐line survey illustrate the application of the two coherence methods.
Common variants in the ATP‐sensitive K+channel genesKCNJ11(Kir6.2) andABCC8(SUR1) in relation to glucose intolerance: population‐based studies and meta‐analyses1
Authors: Van Dam R. M. , Hoebee B. , Seidell J. C. , Schaap M. M. , De Bruin T. W. A. , Feskens E. J. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims To evaluate the relation between common variants in the ATP‐sensitive K+channel genes and glucose intolerance.Methods We conducted a meta‐analysis of reported association studies in Caucasian populations for common variants in theABCC8(exons 16 and 18) and theKCNJ11(E23K) gene and examined sources of heterogeneity in the results. The meta‐analysis was based on 7768–10216 subjects (depending on the gene variant), and included two new population‐based studies in the Netherlands with 725 cases and 742 controls.Results For theKCNJ11variant, the summary odds ratio (OR) for glucose intolerance was 1.12 (1.01–1.23,P = 0.03) for the EK genotype and 1.44 (1.17–1.78,P = 0.0007) for the KK genotype, as compared with the EE genotype. For theABCC8exon 16 variant, the OR was 1.06 (0.94–1.19,P = 0.34) for ct and 0.93 (0.71–1.20,P = 0.56) for tt, as compared with the cc genotype. ForABCC8exon 18, the OR was 1.20 (0.97–1.49, P = 0.10) for CT/TT, as compared with the CC genotype. Studies of theABCC8variants that were published first or had smaller sample sizes (for the exon 18 variant) showed stronger associations, which may indicate publication bias. For theABCC8exon 18 and theKCNJ11variant, associations were stronger for studies of clinical diabetes than newly detected glucose intolerance. The population attributable risk for clinical Type 2 diabetes was 6.2% for theKCNJ11KK genotype and 10.1% for theKCNJ11EK and KK genotype combined.Conclusions The commonKCNJ11E23K gene variant, but not theABCC8exon 16 or exon 18 variant, was consistently associated with Type 2 diabetes.
Bayesian Analysis of Single-Molecule Experimental Data
Authors: Kou S. C. , Sunney Xie X. , Liu Jun S. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryRecent advances in experimental technologies allow scientists to follow biochemical processes on a single-molecule basis, which provides much richer information about chemical dynamics than traditional ensemble-averaged experiments but also raises many new statistical challenges. The paper provides the first likelihood-based statistical analysis of the single-molecule fluorescence lifetime experiment designed to probe the conformational dynamics of a single deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hairpin molecule. The conformational change is initially treated as a continuous time two-state Markov chain, which is not observable and must be inferred from changes in photon emissions. This model is further complicated by unobserved molecular Brownian diffusions. Beyond the simple two-state model, a competing model that models the energy barrier between the two states of the DNA hairpin as an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process has been suggested in the literature. We first derive the likelihood function of the simple two-state model and then generalize the method to handle complications such as unobserved molecular diffusions and the fluctuating energy barrier. The data augmentation technique and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are developed to sample from the posterior distribution desired. The Bayes factor calculation and posterior estimates of relevant parameters indicate that the fluctuating barrier model fits the data better than the simple two-state model.
Discrete Time Modelling of Disease Incidence Time Series by Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Morton Alexander , Finkenstädt Bärbel F. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryA stochastic discrete time version of the susceptible–infected–recovered model for infectious diseases is developed. Disease is transmitted within and between communities when infected and susceptible individuals interact. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used to make inference about these unobserved populations and the unknown parameters of interest. The algorithm is designed specifically for modelling time series of reported measles cases although it can be adapted for other infectious diseases with permanent immunity. The application to observed measles incidence series motivates extensions to incorporate age structure as well as spatial epidemic coupling between communities.
ANKERSMIT AND HISTORICAL REPRESENTATION1
Authors: ZAMMITO JOHN 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT
Historical debate is a semantic quarrel not about the exact meaning of words, but about the past. (HR:62)
In Historical Representation Frank Ankersmit seeks a juste milieu between postmodern theory and historical practice. But he still insists that the meaning of a historical representation “is not found, but made in and by [the] text.” Thus “there will be nothing, outside the text itself, that can govern or check [the conceptualization].” Accordingly, “a (historical) representation itself cannot be interpreted as one large (true or false) description. I would not hesitate to say that this—and nothing else—is the central problem in the philosophy of history.” On the other hand, he affirms that “a historical representation‘is about’a certain part of the past,” that historical debate is a “semantic quarrel not about the exact meaning of words, but about the past.” Everything hinges on how to grasp this idea of “aboutness.”I propose an alternative reading of postpositivist philosophy of science in hopes of reaching the juste milieu. The issue is whether colligatory concepts in history have a more radically constructed character than theoretical terms in natural‐scientific theory, and whether, as with the latter, they can make intersubjective claims to warrant. My view is that colligatory concepts in historical representations can be conceived to refer in roughly the same way that theoretical terms do in natural‐scientific theories.All the problems I find in Ankersmit's approach come to the fore in his fruitful analogy to portrait painting. First, the personality the portrait evokes is not restricted to the representation, but is of the sitter. We are offered insight not (merely) into painting but into an actual character. That is, there is a cognitive, not simply an aesthetic, dimension to representation. Historical terms pick out something intersubjectively affirmable in reality, and discrimination is possible among rival versions. The question is how to regard—to explain and to evaluate—these underdetermined objects of consideration, not to preclude them by stipulation.
The natural history of white coat hypertension during pregnancy
Authors: Brown Mark A. , Mangos George , Davis Greg , Homer Caroline 
Published: April 2005

Objective  White coat hypertension (WCH) is a common phenomenon with a long term prognosis intermediate between those with true hypertension and true normotension. The natural history of this phenomenon throughout pregnancy remains unknown. We assessed the likelihood of women with an initial diagnosis of WCH developing pre‐eclampsia (PE) as their pregnancy progressed.Design  Prospective observational study.Setting  St George Hospital, a teaching and University hospital.Population  Two hundred and forty‐one pregnant women with an early pregnancy diagnosis of essential hypertension (EH).Methods  Eighty‐six women had this diagnosis (EH) confirmed pre‐pregnancy by 24‐hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) or repeated automated home blood pressure (BP) self‐measurement. The remaining 155 underwent 24‐hour ABPM in early pregnancy to establish their diagnosis. Women found to have WCH did not receive antihypertensives during their pregnancy, whereas those with confirmed EH received oxprenolol or methyldopa. Women with WCH had repeated 24‐hour ABPM and/or BP assessments in a pregnancy day assessment unit until delivery.Main outcome measure  The development of PE in women with WCH or EH.Results  The overall prevalence of WCH was 32%. Half retained this phenomenon throughout pregnancy and had good pregnancy outcomes. Forty percent developed (benign) gestational hypertension and also had good pregnancy outcomes while 8% developed proteinuric PE, significantly fewer than in women with confirmed EH (22%), P= 0.008. No BP parameter at study entry permitted discrimination between those women with WCH who retained this phenomenon and those who developed GH or PE.Conclusion  WCH is a common phenomenon in pregnant women who appear to have EH according to routine BP measurement early in pregnancy. Antihypertensives may be withheld from this group initially and they can be advised they will have better pregnancy outcomes than women with true EH. However, continued monitoring throughout pregnancy remains important to detect the small group of white coat hypertensives who develop PE.
Prediction of congenital toxoplasmosis by polymerase chain reaction analysis of amniotic fluid
Authors: Thalib L. , Gras L. , Romand S. , Prusa A. , Bessieres M.‐H. , Petersen E. , Gilbert R.E. ,   for the European Multicentre Study on Congenital Toxoplasmosis (EMSCOT)
Published: April 2005

Objective  To determine the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of amniotic fluid for fetal toxoplasmosis according to clinical predictors of outcome and study centre.Design  Prospective cohort study.Setting  Nine European centres.Population  Women with suspected toxoplasma infection identified by prenatal screening.Methods  Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of gestational age at maternal seroconversion, treatment and timing of amniocentesis, on PCR accuracy, and to calculate the post‐test probability of congenital toxoplasmosis.Main outcome measures  Infants had congenital toxoplasmosis if specific IgG persisted beyond 11.5 months. Uninfected infants had undetectable IgG in the absence of anti‐toxoplasma treatment.Results  Of 593 PCR results, 64 were positive (57 confirmed infected), and 529 were negative (23 confirmed infected). The likelihood ratio for a positive PCR result decreased significantly with trimester at seroconversion, but did not change significantly for a negative result. Weak associations were detected between sensitivity and, inversely, with specificity, and gestational age at maternal seroconversion. There was no significant association between sensitivity and centre, type or duration of treatment, or timing of amniocentesis. Specificity differed significantly between centres (P < 0.001). The change in pre‐ to post‐test probability of infection was maximal for a positive PCR after first trimester seroconversion, affecting 1% of women tested, and a negative PCR after third trimester seroconversion, affecting half the women tested.Conclusions  Prediction of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis should combine estimates of test accuracy and maternal–fetal transmission, which take account of the gestational age at which the mother seroconverted. Local laboratory standards will affect the generalisability of these results.
Alternative Splicing Produces Two Endoglucanases with One or Two Carbohydrate-Binding Modules in
Mucor circinelloides
Authors: Baba Yuko , Shimonaka Atsushi , Koga Jinichiro , Kubota Hidetoshi , Kono Toshiaki 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

We previously cloned three endoglucanase genes,
rce1
,
rce2
, and
rce3
, that were isolated from
Rhizopus oryzae
as the first cellulase genes from a member of the subdivision Zygomycota. In this study, two cDNAs homologous to the
rce1
gene, designated the
mce1
and
mce2
cDNAs, were cloned from
Mucor circinelloides
, a member of the subdivision Zygomycota. The
mce1
cDNA encoded an endoglucanase (family 45 glycoside hydrolase) having one carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), designated MCE1, and the
mce2
cDNA encoded the same endoglucanase having two tandem repeated CBMs, designated MCE2. The two cDNAs contained the same sequences but with a 147-bp insertion. The corresponding genomic
mce
gene consisted of four exons. The
mce1
cDNA was created from exons 1, 3, and 4, and the
mce2
cDNA was created from exons 1, 2, 3, and 4. These results indicate that the
mce1
and
mce2
cDNAs were created from one genomic
mce
gene by alternative splicing. MCE1 and MCE2, purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture supernatant of
M. circinelloides
, had molecular masses of 43 and 47 kDa, respectively. The carboxymethyl cellulase specific activity of MCE2 was almost the same as that of MCE1, whereas the Avicelase specific activity of MCE2 was two times higher than that of MCE1. Furthermore, MCE2, whose two tandem CBMs might be more effective for degradation of crystalline cellulose than one CBM, was secreted only at an early culture stage when crystalline cellulose was abundant.
Global Gene Expression Responses to Cadmium Toxicity in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Wang Anyou , Crowley David E. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT

Genome-wide analysis of temporal gene expression profiles in
Escherichia coli
following exposure to cadmium revealed a shift to anaerobic metabolism and induction of several stress response systems. Disruption in the transcription of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and zinc-binding proteins may partially explain the molecular mechanisms of cadmium toxicity.