bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of hemodialysis machines dedication in reducing Hepatitis C transmission in the dialysis setting in Iran: A multicenter prospective interventional study
Authors: Shamshirsaz Alireza Abdollah , Kamgar Mohammad , Bekheirnia Mir Reza , Ayazi Farzam , Hashemi Seyed Reza , Bouzari Navid , Habibzadeh Mohammad Reza , Pourzahedgilani Nima , Broumand Varshasb , Shamshirsaz Amirhooshang Abdollah , Moradi Maziyar , Borghei Mehrdad , Haghighi Niloofar Nobakht , Broumand Behrooz 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant problem among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (HD). We conducted a prospective multi-center study to evaluate the effect of dialysis machine separation on the spread of HCV infection.

Methods
Twelve randomly selected dialysis centers in Tehran, Iran were randomly divided into two groups; those using dedicated machines (D) for HCV infected individuals and those using non-dedicated HD machines (ND). 593 HD cases including 51 HCV positive (RT-PCR) cases and 542 HCV negative patients were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of HCV infection in the D group was 10.1% (range: 4.6%– 13.2%) and it was 7.1% (range: 4.2%–16.8%) in the ND group. During the study conduction 5 new HCV positive cases and 169 new HCV negative cases were added. In the D group, PCR positive patients were dialyzed on dedicated machines. In the ND group all patients shared the same machines.

Results
In the first follow-up period, the incidence of HCV infection was 1.6% and 4.7% in the D and ND group respectively (p = 0.05). In the second follow-up period, the incidence of HCV infection was 1.3% in the D group and 5.7% in the ND group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
In this study the incidence of HCV in HD patients decreased by the use of dedicated HD machines for HCV infected patients. Additional studies may help to clarify the role of machine dedication in conjunction with application of universal precautions in reducing HCV transmission.
Increase of Adhesion Force of Poly(carboxylate) Ligand on Calcium Phosphate Crystals by an NH···O (Oxyanion) Hydrogen Bond
Authors: Takahashi Kazuyuki , Doi Mototsugu , Mohri Hiroshi , Okamura Taka-aki , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Ueyama Norikazu 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Ca–O bond is strengthened by carboxylate ligand with an intramolecular NH···O hydrogen bond. A novel NH···O hydrogen-bonded polymer, poly[1-carboxylato-2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-3-methylsulfanylpropylcarbamoyl)-ethylene-alt-ethylene] exhibits higher adhesion force on the surface of calcium phosphate crystals than the non-NH···O one.
Recurrent Infusion Phlebitis Induced by Cyclosporine
Authors: Rottenberg Yakir , Fridlender Zvi G 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVE To report a case of recurrent infusion phlebitis during cyclosporine treatment, which, as of October 14, 2004, is a previously unreported adverse effect of this drug. CASE SUMMARY A 28-year-old man previously diagnosed with ulcerative colitis was admitted to the internal medicine department due to exacerbation of the condition and treated with intravenous hydrocortisone, followed by treatment with intravenous cyclosporine. During this treatment, the patient experienced quick, recurrent, and significant infusion phlebitis. The intravenous catheter and its site needed to be replaced repeatedly during the continuum of treatment, eventually leading to complete remission of the ulcerative colitis. After 8 months, the patient was still in remission, with no permanent signs of damage to the involved phlebitic veins. DISCUSSION Infusion phlebitis induced by drugs is a common phenomenon that causes pain and difficulty in a patient's treatment. Many drugs, mainly antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs, have previously been reported to induce infusion phlebitis. We describe the first report of a patient with cyclosporine–induced recurrent infusion phlebitis. According to the Naranjo probability scale, the relationship of the encountered phlebitis to cyclosporine therapy is probable. CONCLUSIONS Recurrent infusion phlebitis is a previously unreported adverse effect encountered during treatment with cyclosporine. This important adverse effect must be considered when treating patients with this unique drug.
Method for Preparation of Semiconductor Quantum‐Rod Lasers in a Cylindrical Microcavity
Authors: Kazes M. , Lewis D. Y. , Banin U. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn efficient method for preparation of semiconductor quantum rod films for robust lasing in a cylindrical microcavity is reported. A capillary tube, serving as the laser cavity, is filled with a solution of nanocrystals and irradiated with a series of intense nanosecond laser pulses to produce a nanocrystal film on the capillary surface. The films exhibit intense room‐temperature lasing in whispering‐gallery modes that develop at the film–capillary interface as corroborated from the spacing detected for the lasing modes. Good lasing stability is observed at moderate pump powers. The method was applied successfully to several quantum‐rod samples of various sizes.
Shape‐Selective Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles Stabilized by Highly Branched Amphiphilic Polymers
Authors: Schlotterbeck U. , Aymonier C. , Thomann R. , Hofmeister H. , Tromp M. , Richtering W. , Mecking S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDespite the current broad interest in such materials, the synthesis of defined structures in the size range of 10 nm to ca. 1 μm (“mesoscopic”) is challenging. Few routes shape‐selectively afford geometrically regular structures, other than the typical spherical metal particles of 1 to 10 nm. Moreover, these few routes are largely restricted to aqueous systems, however, for catalysis and other applications dispersions in organic solvents are desirable. Carbon monoxide reduction of a palladium(II) compound in combination with stabilization by (readily available) amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers surprisingly affords dispersions of hexagonal platelets selectively with average sizes of thirty to several hundred nanometers in toluene. The size can be controlled by the polymer composition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy demonstrate these palladium(0) platelets to be extremely thin (1–2 nm). Despite this high aspect ratio, the platelets prove quite shear resistant.
A Highly Active 4‐Siloxyproline Catalyst for Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Hibino Kazuhiko , Sumiya Tatsunobu , Urushima Tatsuya , Shoji Mitsuru , Hashizume Daisuke , Koshino Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2004

Abstracttrans‐4‐tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy‐L‐proline displays a greater catalytic activity than the parent proline without compromising the enantioselectivity, which widens the substrate scope in the α‐aminoxylation of carbonyl compounds, as well as O‐nitroso‐aldol/Michael, and Mannich reactions.
Carbon/carbon composites derived from poly(ethylene oxide)‐modified novolac‐type phenolic resin: Microstructure and physical, and morphological properties
Authors: Hung Albert Y. C. , Wang Feng‐Yih , Yeh Shang‐Ru , Chen Wei‐Jen , Ma Chen‐Chi M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) novolac‐type phenolic resin blend was prepared by the physical blending method. The modified novolac‐type phenolic resin with various PEO contents was used as a matrix precursor to fabricate carbon/carbon composites. The effect of the PEO/phenolic resin mixing ratio on the change of the density and of the porosity was studied. The flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength of the PEO/phenolic resin blend‐derived carbon/carbon composites were also investigated. The results show that the density of the PEO/phenolic resin blend‐derived carbon/carbon composites decreases with the PEO content. The X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectra studies showed that the carbon fiber in the samples will affect the growth of the ordered carbon structure. From SEM morphological observation, it is shown that the fracture surface of specimens is smooth. Also, there is less fiber pull‐out and fiber breakage on the fracture surface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1609–1619, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10407
Improvement of physical properties of crosslinked alginate and carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan blend films
Authors: Xiao Chaobo , Weng Lihui , Zhang Lina 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBlend films from carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan and sodium alginate in different ratios were prepared by blending 4 wt % sodium alginate aqueous solution with 2 wt % konjac glucomannan aqueous solution. After crosslinking with 5 wt % calcium chloride aqueous solution, the blend films formed a structure of semi‐interpenetrating networks. The structure and physical properties of both uncrosslinked and crosslinked films were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectra (FTIR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile tests. The results indicated that the mechanical properties and the thermal stability of the films were improved by blending sodium alginate with carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between sodium alginate and carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan. The crosslinked blend films with Ca2+, compared with uncrosslinked blend films, exhibited further improved physical properties due to the formation of a semi‐IPN structure. Furthermore, the degree of swelling of the crosslinked films was also investigated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2554–2560, 2002
Comparative anatomy of the buccinator muscle in cat (Felis domestica)
Authors: Tomo Soichiro , Tomo Ikuko , Nakajima Koh , Townsend Grant C. , Hirata Kazuaki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPublished descriptions of the buccinator muscle of the cat (Felis domestica) differ from those for the same muscle in other mammals. Only an oral component of the muscle has been described in cats, not a buccal part. The purpose of this study was to identify the buccinator muscle in the cat and report on its anatomical features in detail. Dissections of the facial muscles were carried out on 12 specimens of adult cats (6 males and 6 females) that had been fixed with 10% formalin. We then observed the facial muscles and traced their innervations, arteries, and veins under a binocular microscope. The buccinator muscle in the cat was identified underneath an orbicularis oris, arising from the lower buccal membrane and from the molar region of the alveolar border of the mandible. It was about 3 mm wide at its origin, 4 mm wide at its insertion, and about 11 mm in length from origin to insertion. This contrasts with humans, in whom the muscle arises not only from the mandible, but also from the maxilla. Apart from this difference, this muscle in cats displays the following similarities to the buccinator muscle of other mammals: 1) it is innervated by the facial nerve; 2) it supports the buccal membrane; 3) it seems to insert into the modiolus; 4) its bundles run antero‐posteriorly; 5) the posterior part of the muscle is located medially to the masseter muscle; 6) the parotid duct, facial nerve, artery, and vein run lateral to the muscle; 7) it is located deeper than other facial muscles; and 8) the buccal nerve runs on its surface. These relationships are spatially similar to those of the buccinator muscle in mammals. This muscle may aid in mastication, including suckling, and in expelling air forcibly, like the buccinator in humans. Anat Rec 267:78–86, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the gubernacular bulb in cremaster muscle development of the rat
Authors: Hrabovszky Zoltan , Pilla Naja Di , Yap Tiffany , Farmer Pamela J. , Hutson John M. , Carlin John B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe role of the gubernaculum during the inguino‐scrotal phase of testicular descent remains controversial. Some authors propose involution and eversion while others suggest active migration, although the site of growth is unknown. We aimed to determine whether the gubernacular bulb is actively proliferating or regressing during inguino‐scrotal testicular descent in the rat. Gubernacula were removed from Sprague‐Dawley rats and congenitally‐cryptorchid TS mutant rats. Animals (0, 3, 7, 10, and 11 days of age) were treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) 2 hr before they were killed. BUdR incorporation into newly synthesized DNA served as a marker of cell division. The gubernacula were histologically processed for hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) and immunoperoxidase staining. Four different areas within the gubernaculum were examined for BUdR‐positive cells: area 1: plica gubernaculi (cord); area 2: pars infravaginalis gubernaculi (bulb); area 3: distal part of the cremaster muscle; and area 4: proximal part of the cremaster muscle. The rate of cell division for each of these areas was determined by counting the number of BUdR‐positive cells per 100 cells. The highest rate of BUdR labeling in both types of rats was in area 2, which is the tip of the gubernacular bulb, and this was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than in the gubernacular cord or developing cremaster muscle. The mitotic activity was also noted to be significantly greater (P < 0.0001) at the distal end of the cremaster muscle than at the proximal end. The amount of mitosis decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in areas 2 and 4 of the gubernaculum in Sprague‐Dawley rats across the period studied. This trend was not observed in TS rats. Our results suggest that the bulb actively proliferates after birth, with possible differentiation into new cremaster muscle cells. We propose that the bulb is the growing end of the elongating gubernaculum, analogous to the growth of a limb bud. Anat Rec 267:159–165, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological definition of the vomeronasal organ in humans and chimpanzees, with a comparison to other primates
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Shimp Kristin L. , Kinzinger Jonathan H. , Bonar Christopher J. , Burrows Annie M. , Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe vomeronasal organ (VNO) is a chemosensory structure that has morphological indications of functionality in strepsirhine and New World primates examined to date. In these species, it is thought to mediate certain socio‐sexual behaviors. The functionality and even existence of the VNO in Old World primates has been debated. Most modern texts state that the VNO is absent in Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. A recent study on the VNO in the chimpanzee (Smith et al., 2001b) challenged this notion, demonstrating the need for further comparative studies of primates. In particular, there is a need to establish how the human/chimpanzee VNO differs from that of other primates and even nonhomologous mucosal ducts. Histochemical and microscopic morphological characteristics of the VNO and nasopalatine duct (NPD) were examined in 51 peri‐ and postnatal primates, including humans, chimpanzees, five species of New World monkeys, and seven strepsirhine species. The nasal septum was removed from each primate and histologically processed for coronal sectioning. Selected anteroposterior intervals of the VNO were variously stained with alcian blue (AB)‐periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS), PAS only, Gomori trichrome, or hematoxylin‐eosin procedures. All strepsirhine species had well developed VNOs, with a prominent neuroepithelium and vomeronasal cartilages that nearly surrounded the VNO. New World monkeys had variable amounts of neuroepithelia, whereas Pan troglodytes and Homo sapiens had no recognizable neuroepithelium or vomeronasal nerves (VNNs). Certain unidentified cell types of the human/chimpanzee VNO require further examination (immunohistochemical and electron microscopic). The VNOs of P. troglodytes, H. sapiens, and New World monkeys exhibited different histochemistry of mucins compared to strepsirhine species. The nasopalatine region showed great variation among species. It is a blind‐ended pit in P. troglodytes, a glandular recess in H. sapiens, a mucous‐producing duct in Otolemur crassicaudatus, and a stratified squamous passageway in all other species. This study also revealed remarkable morphological/histochemical variability in the VNO and nasopalatine regions among the primate species examined. The VNOs of humans and chimpanzees had some structural similarities to nonhomologous ciliated gland ducts seen in other primates. However, certain distinctions from the VNOs of other primates or nonhomologous epithelial structures characterize the human/chimpanzee VNO: 1) bilateral epithelial tubes; 2) a superiorly displaced position in the same plane as the paraseptal cartilages; 3) a homogeneous, pseudostratified columnar morphology with ciliated regions; and 4) mucous‐producing structures in the epithelium itself. Anat Rec 267:166–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rationally designed fluorescently labeled sulfate‐binding protein mutants: Evaluation in the development of a sensing system for sulfate
Authors: Shrestha Suresh , Salins Lyndon L. E. , Mark Ensor C. , Daunert Sylvia 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPeriplasmic binding proteins from E. coli undergo large conformational changes upon binding their respective ligands. By attaching a fluorescent probe at rationally selected unique sites on the protein, these conformational changes in the protein can be monitored by measuring the changes in fluorescence intensity of the probe which allow the development of reagentless sensing systems for their corresponding ligands. In this work, we evaluated several sites on bacterial periplasmic sulfate‐binding protein (SBP) for attachment of a fluorescent probe and rationally designed a reagentless sensing system for sulfate. Eight different mutants of SBP were prepared by employing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to introduce a unique cysteine residue at a specific location on the protein. The sites Gly55, Ser90, Ser129, Ala140, Leu145, Ser171, Val181, and Gly186 were chosen for mutagenesis by studying the three‐dimensional X‐ray crystal structure of SBP. An environment‐sensitive fluorescent probe (MDCC) was then attached site‐specifically to the protein through the sulfhydryl group of the unique cysteine residue introduced. Each fluorescent probe‐conjugated SBP mutant was characterized in terms of its fluorescence properties and Ser171 was determined to be the best site for the attachment of the fluorescent probe that would allow for the development of a reagentless sensing system for sulfate. Three different environment‐sensitive fluorescent probes (1,5‐IAEDANS, MDCC, and acylodan) were studied with the SBP171 mutant protein. A calibration curve for sulfate was constructed using the labeled protein and relating the change in the fluorescence intensity with the amount of sulfate present in the sample. The detection limit for sulfate was found to be in the submicromolar range using this system. The selectivity of the sensing system was demonstrated by evaluating its response to other anions. A fast and selective sensing system with detection limits for sulfate in the submicromolar range was developed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 517–526, 2002.
Monitoring of complex industrial bioprocesses for metabolite concentrations using modern spectroscopies and machine learning: Application to gibberellic acid production
Authors: McGovern Aoife C. , Broadhurst David , Taylor Janet , Kaderbhai Naheed , Winson Michael K. , Small David A. , Rowland Jem J. , Kell Douglas B. , Goodacre Royston 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTwo rapid vibrational spectroscopic approaches (diffuse reflectance–absorbance Fourier transform infrared [FT‐IR] and dispersive Raman spectroscopy), and one mass spectrometric method based on in vacuo Curie‐point pyrolysis (PyMS), were investigated in this study. A diverse range of unprocessed, industrial fed‐batch fermentation broths containing the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi producing the natural product gibberellic acid, were analyzed directly without a priori chromatographic separation. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied to all of the information‐rich spectra obtained by each of the methods to obtain quantitative information on the gibberellic acid titer. These estimates were of good precision, and the typical root‐mean‐square error for predictions of concentrations in an independent test set was <10% over a very wide titer range from 0 to 4925 ppm. However, although PLSR and ANNs are very powerful techniques they are often described as “black box” methods because the information they use to construct the calibration model is largely inaccessible. Therefore, a variety of novel evolutionary computation‐based methods, including genetic algorithms and genetic programming, were used to produce models that allowed the determination of those input variables that contributed most to the models formed, and to observe that these models were predominantly based on the concentration of gibberellic acid itself. This is the first time that these three modern analytical spectroscopies, in combination with advanced chemometric data analysis, have been compared for their ability to analyze a real commercial bioprocess. The results demonstrate unequivocally that all methods provide very rapid and accurate estimates of the progress of industrial fermentations, and indicate that, of the three methods studied, Raman spectroscopy is the ideal bioprocess monitoring method because it can be adapted for on‐line analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 527–538, 2002.
Coil‐like structure of the inner core of chordae tendineae
Authors: Sato Iwao 
Published: October 2004

AbstractScanning electron microscopy was used to examine the chordae tendineae in young (∼20 years old) and old (∼85 years old) cadavers. A network of collagen fibrils was observed in both the outer and intersurface layers of the chordae tendineae. In young subjects, a regularly arranged series of disconnected collagenous ring‐like structures surrounded the longitudinal collagen bundles forming the inner core of the chordae tendineae. In old subjects, the ring‐like structures of the chordae tendineae were few or absent. The ring‐like structures may be related to reducing mechanical stress during the tightening, twisting, and slackening of the chordae tendineae. Clin. Anat. Month:196–198, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital undescended scapula (Sprengel deformity): A case study
Authors: Boon J.M. , Potgieter D. , Van Jaarsveld Z. , Frantzen D.J.M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study describes a congenital deformity of the shoulder joint in a 5‐year‐old female, associated with an undescended scapula and the presence of an omovertebral bone. Dissections on 16 cadavers were done to identify structures in danger of injure before operating on the patient. Surgeons need to take specific note of the dorsal scapular nerve. Clin. Anat. 15:139–142, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve
Authors: Roy T.S. , Sarkar A.K. , Panicker H.K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe inferior alveolar nerve and maxillary artery were studied in 40 human heads through infratemporal dissection; in one specimen, a unusual variation in the origin of the inferior alveolar nerve and its relationship with the surrounding structures was observed. The inferior alveolar nerve originated from the mandibular nerve by two roots and the second part of the maxillary artery was incorporated between them. An embryologic origin of this variation and its clinical implications is discussed. Because the maxillary artery ran between the two roots of the inferior alveolar nerve, and the nerve was fixed between the foramen ovale and mandibular foramen, tension and compression of the nerve from arterial pulsation could cause mandibular neuralgia. Clin. Anat. 15:143–147, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.