bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intellect, the Will, and the Passions: Spinoza’s Critique of Descartes
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines (in sect. 1) Descartes’s theory of judgement and (in sect. 2) Spinoza’s well-known criticisms of it. I argue (in sect. 3) that, despite some important differences, there are many ways in which Spinoza’s views, so far from being anti-Cartesian, can be seen as a natural development of those of Descartes. I then go on to argue (in sect. 4) that Spinoza’s general critique of the Cartesian theory of the will does not take sufficient account of what Descartes actually claimed, and that if the Cartesian concept of freedom is properly understood, Spinoza is closer to it than he himself recognized. Finally (in sect. 5) I say a brief word about the relation between the will and the passions, and suggest that here again Spinoza tended to misinterpret Descartes’s true position, and as a result exaggerated the difference between his own views and those of Descartes. I hope that it will emerge by the end of the chapter that for all Spinoza’s anti-Cartesian flourishes, his views on the will are much closer to those of Descartes than is often supposed.
The Role of God in Descartes’s Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each age tends to reinterpret or refashion the ideas of the great canonical philosophers for its own purposes, and the ideas of Descartes have not been exempt from this process. Indeed, perhaps more than any other major thinker, Descartes has become a kind of philosophical icon, displayed in the textbooks and commentaries of the last hundred years or so in a confusing variety of guises. In a version of the history of ideas that was widely promoted some decades ago, he figured as the archetypal ‘rationalist’ metaphysician, attempting to spin out a whole deductive system of philosophy and science a priori, from premises derived entirely from inner reflection. In the ‘linguistic’ phase that gripped philosophy in the wake of Wittgenstein, he was pilloried as the supposed advocate of the fallacy that language and thought can occur within a wholly subjective or private domain.
Plato’s Sun and Descartes’s Stove: Contemplation and Control in Cartesian Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Let no one unskilled in Geometry enter here.’ Descartes could have marched in boldly under the famous inscription over the portals of Plato’s academy, since, as Thomas Hobbes reportedly remarked, he was set to be one of the best geometers of his age, had he not been diverted into philosophy. The cosmological system that Descartes produced was, like that of Plato, heavily dependent on geometrical and other mathematical ideas, both in its fine detail and in its general principles.
Electoral Redistricting in Ireland
Authors: Coakley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been plausibly argued that proportional representation based on multimember electoral districts “approximates the ideal of fair representation.” It is also the case that the issue of electoral redistricting in proportional representation systems is comparatively uncontroversial: electoral districts are stable, coinciding with well-known local government units or groups of these, and suffrage equality is secured by periodic reallocation of parliamentary seats taking account of population change but not interfering with boundaries.
Electoral Distortion Despite Redistricting by Independent Commissions: The British Case, 1950–2005
Authors: Johnston Ron , Pattie, Charles , Rossiter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Independent, politically neutral boundary commissions are heralded as a means of eliminating the manipulation of constituency boundaries to favor one political party or interest group over others. But one well-evidenced feature of electoral systems that employ single-member districts is that legislative contest outcomes are almost invariably disproportional, irrespective of any explicit political involvement in the drawing of district boundaries. The disproportionality usually favors the larger of the two parties which—as identified from Duverger’s classic work onward—tend to dominate such systems.
The Other Parthenon: Antiquity and National Memory at the Concentration Camp
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This incident brought home to me once again the now widely accepted idea that, in most cases, it is almost impossible for researchers to maintain the preference of distant objectified research, divorced from social experience, from emotions and feelings, both of the researcher and of her or his ‘interlocutors,’ from the ever-present, sometime painful, social memories. After all, I had decided to embark on this topic of research not only because of its obvious relevance to my wider project which forms the subject of this book, but also because of the emotive weight that it carried for me: I still remember during my childhood years in the mid to late 1970s and early 1980s, how in a village in east Crete, talk of people who ‘were sent to Makronisos’, uttered with a sense of part contempt, part fear, and in any case with that cloud of social stigma around it, used to mystify me. In later years, during my mostly literary and political encounters with the phenomenon, this mystification increased, but was also accompanied by the emotions and feelings of echoes of many painful memories and stories, mostly, it seemed, still untold. As someone who researches and teaches archaeology, one of the most intriguing aspects was the association in modern social memory of Makronisos with classical antiquity, especially with its most prominent specimen, the Parthenon. Of course, the uses of antiquity by Greek authoritarian regimes were hardly a novelty, as we saw in the previous chapter. Makronisos was different, however: not only was it linked to a period of apparent parliamentary democracy, but for reasons which will become clear later, there was until recently very little discussion on it, let alone investigation (cf. Someritis 2001).
Economy and Society c.1815–1830
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some ways the year 1815 marked a clear break, especially as the end of the long war. From other points of view, the year fell within continuing processes of change which were far from complete. Among these prolonged developments were the growth in population and the changes in its distribution, the economic shift traditionally summarized as the Industrial Revolution, and developments in science and technology, in architecture and the arts. We can look back at these with a fuller knowledge than could possibly have been available to those living through them. Changes which puzzled or alarmed contemporaries can be better understood in a longer perspective.
Government and Administration c.1830–1850
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these years British government expanded but remained, both in scope and efficiency, undeveloped in comparison with later periods. Yet, if the achievements of other contemporary governments are considered, those of the British State may appear more substantial. No other State, for instance, intervened to help the poor as much as did the much criticized English Poor Law system.1 Official activity grew, in the teeth of continuing demands for cheap government, fuelled by popular hostility to higher taxes.
Economy and Society c.1850–1880
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians, almost inevitably and probably necessarily, divide the past into periods. One example is the ‘mid-Victorian’ period, extending according to different authors from the mid-184os to as late as 1886 or more narrowly from 1852 to 1867 or 1851 to 1875.1 More controversial is the allocation to them of inherent characteristics2 though it is difficult to see how one identifies a period without making certain characteristics the basis of the division.
Pavlov’s Dogs and Schro¨dinger’s Cat
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the sheep, dog, and cockerel that were sent aloft in Montgolfier's balloon, to Galvani's frog's legs, Dolly the Sheep, the finches of the Galapagos, and even imaginary cats and simulated life forms, Pavlov's Dogs and Schrödinger's Cat explores the fascinating history of the role of living things in science. The ways in which animals and plants have been used in science has always been a matter for considerable public debate, and this book provides an important and fascinating new perspective, setting aside moral reflection to simply examine the history of how and why living creatures have been used for the purposes of scientific discovery. Many extraordinary stories are uncovered throughout five centuries of science - tales of the people involved, curious incidents and episodes, and the occasional scientific fraud too, as clear reflections on the history and philosophy of science are combined with remarkable accounts from the living laboratory.
Troy between Greece and Rome
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Troy linked Greece and Rome. It was once the subject of the greatest of Greek poems and the mother city of the Romans. It gave the Romans a place in the mythical past of the Greeks, it gave Greeks a way of approaching Rome, and it gave the emperor Augustus, descendant of Aeneas, a suitably elevated ancestry. In this book Andrew Erskine examines the role and meaning of Troy in the changing relationship between Greeks and Romans, as Rome is transformed from a minor Italian city into a Mediterranean superpower. In contrast to earlier studies the emphasis is on the Greek rather than the Roman perspective. The book seeks to understand the significance of Rome's Trojan origins for the Greeks by considering the place of Troy and Trojans in Greek culture. It moves beyond the more familiar spheres of art and literature to explore the countless, overlapping, local traditions, the stories that cities told about themselves, a world often neglected by scholars.
The Recovery of Trojan Rome
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the fall of Troy Aeneas and his band of Trojan survivors fled westwards. Their wanderings stopped on1y when they had arrived in central Italy, where they founded two settlements, Lavinium and Alba Longa. Later, and more importantly, the descendants of these Trojan refugees in the persons of Romulus and Remus established a third settlement in Latium, the city of Rome. Trojan origins are here an essential feature of the foundation story of Rome.
Troy and the Western Greeks
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginnings of Rome’s Trojan ancestry should be sought not in Rome, nor among Greek intellectuals and antiquarians, but rather in the relationship between the Greeks and non-Greeks who together inhabited Italy and Sicily. From the outset it was a myth of interaction, a co1laboration between the Greeks and their neighbours. It is easy to imagine that Rome was unique or exceptional. In many ways, of course, it was, but in acquiring a mytho-logical past that led directly into the mythological past of the Greeks, Rome was like so many other non-Greek states. Lost or homeless warriors from either side in the Trojan war had a tend-ency to turn up in the west, where they were incorporated into the traditions of both Greek and non-Greek communities. Any understanding of Rome’s Trojan past, therefore, must start with this phenomenon..
Trojan Past and Present
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 280 Be Pyrrhos, the Molossian ruler of Epiros, landed in South Italy to assist the Greek city of Taras against the Romans. His early victory at Herakleia may not have been decisive, but it did allow hirn to win over non-Greeks as well as Greeks. Bruttians, Lucanians, and Samnites all supported him. Rome, however, rejected any attempts at a negotiated settlement. Finally, in 275, after a two-year diversion in Sicily and a poor showing in battle against the Romans, Pyrrhos returned to mainland G-reece, leaving the Italian Greeks to succumb to the growing power of Rome.
Introduction
Authors: Hallett Christopher H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost every handbook of Roman art contains, in the section dealing with the art of the Roman Republic, an illustration of the ‘Pseudo-Athlete’ from Delos (Pl. 1) or the ‘Tivoli General’ (Pl. 2). Partly for this reason, one supposes, these are two of the best known of all Roman statues. What is not so well known is that these works are not isolated creations of the late Republic, but are merely two representative examples of a whole genre of Roman portraiture. Such ﬁgures were produced by setting a ‘realistic’—and in many cases rather elderly—Roman portrait head directly on to the nude (or semi-nude) ‘ideal’ kind of body normally used for representations of Classical Greek gods, heroes, or athletes. Hence the Delian portrait’s popular sobriquet—the ‘Pseudo-Athlete’. Portrait ﬁgures of this type continued to be produced in considerable numbers under the empire, right down to the end of the third century ad and the coming of Christianity; and more than 340 examples have come down to us, most of them over-lifesize, some colossal. By any standards, this constitutes a large and impressive corpus of ancient sculpture; but, despite their numbers, such works have traditionally received little notice in histories of Roman art.
The Greek Background
Authors: Hallett Christopher H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Greek art men are very often shown nude, while women are almost always clothed; and this remarkable distinction ﬁnds a clear parallel in Greek life. Greek men were often seen naked in public—at least in certain contexts: they bathed together, excercised together, and engaged in sport together naked; while Greek women were at all times expected to be respectably covered. These two circumstances are obviously connected; but the connection between them turns out to be far from clear. In cases like this the normal assumption is that art follows life; but here, paradoxically, the reverse seems to be true. For all the evidence suggests that the prevalent male nudity in Greek art preceded the acceptance of male nudity in Greek life.
Attitudes towards Nudity at Rome
Authors: Hallett Christopher H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Romans, like all the other peoples of the ancient world apart from the Greeks, had a strong taboo against being seen naked in public, and this seems to have persisted throughout their long history. Under the empire, with the increasing popularity of the public baths, nudity gradually became more acceptable—at least for men, although probably only while they were actually bathing. Outside the baths, on the other hand, to appear nude in public remained as unthinkable as ever for a respectable Roman man or woman. From the Roman perspective, to be stripped and exposed to public view was something that was inflicted on condemned criminals, or on slaves being displayed for purchase. Accordingly in Roman society the first and most obvious connotation of public nudity was with punishment and humiliation. But even in the case of criminals and slaves, persons morally beyond the pale, Roman feelings of modesty were so strong that, as we shall see, those described in our ancient sources as ‘stripped’ (nudus) will mostly have retained an undergarment which at least kept their sexual organs covered. Thus to avoid misunderstanding, we must begin with a word about the terminology which we find used in our ancient sources.
The Modalities of European Union Governance
Authors: Jones Alun , Clark Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the culmination of four years' research by the authors on European Union governance and agri-environment policy making. It is a timely contribution to the debate on Europe; it exposes the myriad processes underlying the European integration project, and demonstrates the implications for European rural economies of the emerging system of supranational governance. A range of contemporary theoretical approaches from political science writing is employed to respond to the complexities of the EU decision-making process, in the context of agri-environmental policy. The book fills an important gap in political-geographical studies of the EU.
Knowing Mental States: The Asymmetry of Psychological Prediction and Explanation
Authors: Andrews Kristin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis promotes the view that cognition, and with it consciousness, is an evolutionary adaptation that arose owing to the complexities of social life (Humphrey 1976; Whiten and Byrne 1988). According to this view, we have knowledge of our own minds because we needed to have knowledge of others’ minds. We needed to be able to predict what others were going to do in the future so that we could act to thwart their behaviours when they interfered with our own goals. If the Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis is right, our self-consciousness cannot be understood without also understanding our consciousness of others’ mental states.
Privileged Access
Authors: Sosa Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of his rejection of Cartesianism, Ryle discounts the importance and distinctiveness of self-knowledge, knowledge of one’s own mental or psycho¬ logical episodes, states, moods, traits, and so on. He argues that the difference between how we know our own minds and how we know other minds is vastly overrated. Mostly we know others in the same ways we know ourselves. We need to see patterns in our behaviour, for example, in order to discern a character trait, or a mood, or a motive. Where you know yourself better than do others, moreover, it’s through the richer bank of data derived from your closer and more steady proximity to yourself. But such data are also accessible to others. And character flaws are in fact more easily discerned by others than by the flawed.
McGinn on Consciousness and the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Brueckner Anthony , Beroukhim E Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a great difference between mind and body, inasmuch as a body is by nature alway divisible, and the mind is entirely indivisible. For, as a matter of fact, when I consider the mind, that is to say myself inasmuch as I am only a thinking thing, I cannot distinguish in myself any parts, but apprehend myself to be clearly one and entire ... But it is quite otherwise with corporeal and extended objects.
Anthropology and History in Franche-Comté
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of continuity and change in rural France based on fieldwork carried out over a period of 25 years, and on historical documents spanning more than 300 years. Producer co-operatives have existed in Franche-Comté since the thirteenth century. Communities there, unlike modern English villages, are highly corporate. Robert Layton explores the relationships between inheritance rules, management of common land, household labour, and inter- household relations, as well as the impact on villages of national politics and economy. Comparison with other regions of Western Europe allows a reinterpretation of the eighteenth-century enclosures in England. Layton presents a dialogue between ethnography and social theory, and argues for a revision of the theories of Marx, Giddens, and Bourdieu so as to better explain the mechanisms of continuity, change, and adaptation in social life.
Memes and Machines
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bourdieu argued that each individual carried his or her own habitus. In Ch. 4 I argued that variations in individuals’ dispositions towards com¬ munity life (i.e. their habitus) had practical consequences for their inclusion in, or rejection from, the network of mutual aid. Darwin demonstrated that adaptation occurred as a result of chance variation between individual organisms. Natural selection was driven by the effect of such variations in an environment where some variants increased their bearers’ chances of survival more than others. Giddens questioned, however, whether theories of evolution had any relevance to sociology. Social and biological anthropology have long been divided over the relative importance of the individual and the social system (see Layton 1989), indeed, the relationship between the structure of institutions and individual action has been debated since the Enlightenment.
The Recursive Effects of Mechanization
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century, but particularly since the Second World War, agriculture on the Plateau of Levier has depended increasingly on investment in capital equipment financed by the marketing of produce. According to one interpretation of social change in rural Europe, the past twenty-five years have swept away an age-old and once changeless way of life. ‘These days, revolutions follow each other in swift succession, from the steam engine to electricity, to electronics. The transformation is most keenly and brutally apparent in the rural world. For the first time in centuries the countenance of our villages is undergoing a profound change the rupture with the past has taken place but yesterday, and its full impact was hardly experienced before the nineteen sixties’ (Gresset 1994: 5-6).
On Generation and Corruption I. r: A False Start?
Authors: Brunschwig Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first chapter of an Aristotelian treatise is usually easier to read and to understand than the fo11owing ones. At first sight, GC L I looks like a standard Aristotelian introduction: according to a well-entrenched method of exposition, Aristotle first briefly lists the theoretical problems which he plans to deal with (314a1-6); then he introduces the discussion of these problems by way of a critical account of the views of his predecessors about them; the whole of the rest of the chapter is devoted to this discussion (314a6-315a25).
On Generation and Corruption I. 4: Distinguishing Alteration-Substantial Change, Elemental Change, and First Matter in GC
Authors: Broadie Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two parts to this chapter. The first is mainly a commentary on GC I. 4. 319b6-32oa7. In the course of it I raise the issue of first matter, and draw a comparison between this chapter and Physics I. 7. The second part is an attempt to come to better terms with the idea of first matter in the context of GC Aristotle has argued that genesis unqualified does occur, and is a process sui generis, not reducible to alteration. The discussion has assumed, of course, that genesis is radically different from alteration, but the difference has yet to be explained. This is the task of the present chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Cavanagh Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you ask people what we should be doing to make society a fairer place, the chances are they will say something about equality of opportunity. But what do they actually mean by this? That is the question this book tries to answer-what we mean when we talk about equality of opportunity. Clearly we mean something to do with the way jobs should be allocated. But what exactly? If you press people on what they mean by ‘equality of opportunity’, the appearance of general agreement soon evaporates. For some, ‘equality of opportunity’ turns out to mean that the best person should always get the job. For others, it means that everyone should start in the same position, or enjoy the same chance of success. For others still, it means something much narrower-simply that things like race or sex should not matter when it comes to getting a job.