bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collagen metabolism in folic acid deficiency
Authors: Hautvast J. G. A. J. , Barnes M. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effect of folic acid deficiency on collagen formation, with respect to the level of collagen-protein synthesis and the extent of collagen-proline hydroxylation, has been studied. A folic acid-free diet containing 10 g sulphasuxidine/kg was used to induce folate deficiency in young male rats. Animals were judged folic acid-deficient on the grounds of retardation of growth, characteristic haematological changes and the urinary excretion of formimino-L-glutamic acid.2. From isotope incorporation studies it was found that folic acid deficiency caused a marked impairment in collagen synthesis. It was shown, however, from the use of pair-fed control animals, that this was due in part to a reduced food intake accompanying the vitamin deficiency. The further reduction in synthesis in addition to that attributable to inanition was considered to arise from an involvement of folic acid in general protein synthesis, since it was found that the synthesis of elastin and non-collagenous skin proteins was similarly impaired.3. Reduced synthesis of collagen was not considered attributable to lack of hydroxylation of peptidyl proline that may occur in ascorbic acid deficiency. Hydroxylation of collagen- and elastin-proline was only very slightly impaired in folic acid deficiency. It was concluded that, at least when ascorbic acid is present, folic acid is not directly essential for the hydroxylation, in vivo, of peptidyl proline. The results support the view that ascorbic acid participates direct, in vivo, in this hydroxylation rather than indirect by simply maintaining an adequate level of reduced folates. They do not, however, exclude the possibility, arising from the known ability of tetrahydrofolate to participate in the hydroxylation of collagen proline in vitro, that when both ascorbate and folate are present, the latter may, in some measure, share in the role of reducing agent in the hydroxylation of peptidyl proline in vivo.
Hydrolysis of the phytate of wheat flour during breadmaking
Authors: Daniels D. G. H. , Fisher N. 
Published: May 2005

1. Differences in the extent of breakdown of phytate in wholemeal and white flours prepared from three wheats when the flours were made into bread using the three main UK commercial breadmaking processes were investigated.2. The extent of breakdown (31–46% for wholemeal breads, 88–99% for white breads) was not proportional to the relative processing times involved (1–4 h). The importance of destruction of phytate in the oven is stressed.3. The phytase (myo-inositol hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase.EC3.1.3.8) activities of the wholemeal flours and of the yeast were determined. Re-examination of some information in the literature enabled the relative importance of these activities, and of the various stages of breadmaking, in determining the extent of hydrolysis of phytate to be assessed.4. Average values for the molar ratio, phytate: zinc, of 22:1 and 0.8:1 were calculated for wholemeal and white breads respectively. The nutritional significance of these results is discussed.
Zinc absorption in the rat
Authors: Jackson M. J. , Jones D. A. , Edwards R. H. T. 
Published: May 2005

1. A method of studying zinc absorption in rats has been developed in which binding of radioactive Zn to the intestinal mucosa and absorption into the carcass was determined at different times after administration by stomach tube.2. This technique has been used to evaluate different hypotheses concerning the control of Zn absorption and to examine the processes by which this occurs.3. The proportion of radioactive Zn absorbed into the carcass was found to be dependent on the Zn status of the animals but that found within the small intestinal wall was independent of this, indicating the existence of two mechanisms of Zn absorption.4. One of these two mechanisms has been shown to be induced by a low dietary Zn content while the other was shown to be insensitive to this. This latter mechanism predominated in rats of normal dietary Zn status and a study of the characteristics of this process indicated that the quantity of Zn absorbed was proportional to the dietary Zn content over the normal range of intake. This implies that normally Zn homeostasis in rats is achieved through variations in Zn excretion. The additional mechanism of Zn absorption only becomes fully active at levels of dietary Zn below 0.24 μmol/g diet.
A possible control of food intake during pregnancy in the rat
Authors: Morgan Brian , Winick Myron 
Published: May 2005

1. Brain hypothalamic concentrations of serotonin and norepinephrine have been implicated in the control of food intake. During pregnancy and lactation a rat dam's food consumption is increased and so a study was performed to ascertain whether this was associated with changes in the hypothalamic content of serotonin and norepinephrine.2. In the first experiment, forty-eight Sprague Dawley rat dams were given a diet containing 250 g casein/kg adlib. After 2 weeks, eight were killed and their hypothalamic analysed for the previously-mentioned neurotransmitters. The rest were mated and continued on the diet. On each of days 7, 14 and 20 of gestation, day 14 of lactation and 2 weeks after weaning of their pups a further eight dams were killed and their hypothalami assayed as described previously. Food intake was monitored throughout the experimental period.3. The increased food intake of the dams during gestation and lactation increased to the same extent as elevations in hypothalamic norepinephrine content and depressions in serotonin content. After lactation food intake returned to pre-pregnancy levels as did the hypothalamic levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.4. By using the same experimental design but limiting the increase in food intake in pregnancy and lactation to half the expected amount the same changes were found in hypothalamic norepinephrine and serotonin contents.5. The possibility of hypothalamic neurotransmitter contents controlling food intake is discussed.
Digestion in the pig between 7 and 35 d of age 6. The digestion of hydrolyzed milk and soya-bean proteins
Authors: Leibholz Jane 
Published: May 2005

1. Four pelleted diets were prepared containing milk or isolated soya-bean protein (ISP) as the major protein source. The milk and ISP were given either as intact proteins or partially (0·65) hydrolyzed with papain before feeding.2. The diets were given ad lib. to thirty-two pigs from 7–28 d of age. The pigs were slaughtered at 28 d of age.3. Weight gains, food conversion ratios and nitrogen balances of pigs given diets containing milk protein were better than those of diets containing ISP (231 g/d, 0·80 and 11·5 g/d compared to 209 g/d, 0·88 and 9·00 g/d respectively)4. Partial hydrolysis of proteins before feeding did not affect the performance of the pigs.5. Apparent digestibilities of N before the ileum and in the whole tract were 0·78 and 0.94 for the pigs given the ISP diets and 0·86 and 0·97 for the pigs given the milk-protein diets.6. Retention time of ISP diets in the whole digestive tract was 1475 min and that of the milk-protein diets was 1089min.7. pH of digesta in the stomach was 5·0–5·3 for all diets and increased to 6·9–7.1 in the ileum.8. There were no differences in flows of total N and protein N to the ileum and lower digestive tract between the pigs given the intact- and hydrolyzed-protein diets.9. Apparent absorptions of N in the stomach, duodenum and jejenum were greater in the pigs given diets containing hydrolyzed proteins than in those given diets containing the intact proteins.10. Flows of total N and protein N to the ileum tract were greater when the pigs were given the ISP diets than when they were given the milk-protein diets.11. Hydrolysis of proteins before feeding resulted in a reduced trypsin and chymotrypsin activity in the duodenum and pancreas.12. Retention of dietary N in the carcass was greater in pigs given the milk-protein diets (0·79) than in those given the ISP diets (0·68).
An attempt to distinguish between the direct and indirect effects, in the laying domestic fowl, of added dietary copper sulphate
Authors: Stevenson Mary H. , Jackson N. 
Published: May 2005

1. An experiment is reported in which the effects of giving copper sulphate-supplemented diets and control unsupplemented pair-fed diets to laying hens were compared.2. The level of food intake significantly adversely affected mean body-weight, egg number, egg weight, liver, kidney, oviduct and ovary weights. Gizzard weight/kg body-weight was significantly increased both with decreasing levels of food intake and increased CuSO4supplementation.3. There was evidence of a depressing effect of CuSO4per seon egg production and possibly on oviduct and ovary weight.4. Liver lipid concentration was significantly decreased with decreasing levels of food intake and the results also suggest a depressing effect of CuSO4.5. The Cu concentrations and total contents in liver and kidneys were significantly increased by dietary added CuSO4. Liver and kidney Zn and Fe concentrations were increased with decreasing levels of food intake rather than by CuSO4. addition.
Utilization of free lysine by growing pigs
Authors: Batterham E. S. , Murison R. D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The results of nine estimates of the efficiency of utilization of supplements of free lysine by growing pigs fed once daily and reported by Batterham (1974) and Batterham & O'Neill (1978) were re-analysed using carcass rather than live-weight values as the criteria of response.2. The efficiency of utilization of free lysine with once daily feeding relative to frequent feeding was 0·53 using carcass gain as the criterion of response (P < 0·001), and 0·56 using food conversion efficiency on a carcass basis (P < 0·001). These estimates were lower than estimates of 0·67 using live-weight gain (P < 0·01) and 0·77 using food conversion ratio on a live-weight basis (P < 0·05).3. The results indicate that current estimates of the lysine requirements of pigs that are based on responses to supplements of free lysine under once daily feeding regimens may be 10–30% over-estimated, as a result of incomplete utilization of the free lysine.
Essential fatty acid deficiency and evidence for arachidonate synthesis in the cat
Authors: Sinclair A. J. , Slattery W. , McLean J. G. , Monger E. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. There is controversy regarding the capacity of the cat to convert 18:2ω6 to 20:4ω6 and the ability of the essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient cat to produce 20:3ω9.2. This paper reports the isolation and identification of 20: 3ω9 from kidney phospholipids of EFA-deficient cats.3. The results suggest that the cat is capable of limited synthesis of 20:4ω6 using a Δ5- and Δ8-desaturase.
Acetate supply and utilization by the tissues of sheep in vivo
Authors: Pethick D. W. , Lindsay D. B. , Barker P. J. , Northrop A. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. The supply and utilisation of acetate has been estimated simultaneously in the whole animal and tissues of sheep using a combination of isotope-dilution and arteriovenous-difference techniques. Animals were made alloxandiabetic and acetate metabolism was compared when stabilized to normal metabolite levels with insulin (ITA sheep) and when food and insulin had been withdrawn for 36 h (fasted, diabetic sheep).2. Acetate was simultaneously produced and utilized by all tissues. The exogenous (or gut) supply of acetate was the most important determinant of circulating acetate level. Endogenous acetate was produced mainly in the liver; 77 and 94% in fasted, diabetic and ITA sheep respectively. The production of endogenous acetate remained fairly constant and was not related to ketogenesis, which supports the idea that circulating acetate is largely a product of fermentation. The liver, gut and muscle utilized 17, 25 and 54% respectively (96% total) of the acetate entry rate in ITA sheep; a similar percentage utilization was found in fasted, diabetic sheep.3. Acetate is largely oxidized to carbon dioxide in the gut and muscles of sheep and may account for 30–40% of their oxidative metabolism. This figure is similar to that for the whole animal. The total acetate taken up by the liver could account for 30% of the oxygen consumption; however, the liver may not directly oxidize all the utilized acetate.4. The over-all conclusion from this study is that acetate is largely of dietary origin and the major factor determining its rate of utilization is the arterial concentration.
Measurement of zinc flux through plasma in normal and endotoxin-stressed pigs and the effects of Zn supplementation during stress
Authors: Chesters J. K. , Will Marie 
Published: May 2005

1. The rates of transport of zinc through plasma have been investigated in normal and endotoxin-stressed pigs.2.65Zn added to porcine plasma in vitro rapidly equilibrated with the Zn originally present.3.65Zn bound to albumin and injected intravascularly into pigs rapidly equilibrated with two kinetically distinguishable pools. The first of these pools was mainly associated with the plasma but was significantly larger than the plasma volume and substantially so in Zn-deficient pigs. The second pool appeared to represent a summation of the rapidly-exchangeable Zn within the extravascular tissues.4. In non-stressed animals, the flux of Zn from the plasma of Zn-deficient pigs was only half that in Zn-supplemented animals.5. Administration of endotoxin reduced the plasma Zn concentration of Zn-supplemented pigs but not of Zn-deficient animals. The fractional turnover rates of Zn were not altered in either of the two pools following endotoxin.6. At 10 h after giving endotoxin neither the Zn content of the two pools nor the flux of Zn through them differed significantly between Zn-deficient and control pigs.7. Intravascular infusion of Zn at a rate which essentially prevented the usual depression in plasma Zn concentration following endotoxin failed to alleviate the effects of endotoxin on Zn-supplemented pigs.8. The reduction in plasma Zn concentration following endotoxin stress appears to be a normal physiological response which is not indicative of an increased metabolic requirement for Zn.
Effect of monensin on the fermentation of basal rations in the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec)
Authors: Wallace R. J. , Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace 
Published: May 2005

1. A long-term experiment was made with the Rumen Simulation Technique (Rusitec), in which the fermentation of a mixed ration of hay (1Og/d) and bruised barley (5g/d) was compared with the fermentation of the same diet in the presence of 2, 10 and 50 mg monensin/d.2. Monensin depressed the production of acetic and butyric acids, markedly increased the production of propionic acid and virtually eliminated the production of isovaleric acid. The production of methane was decreased in the presence of monensin, but this decrease could be accounted for entirely by the changes in the production of volatile fatty acids and redistribution of metabolic hydrogen.3. The digestibility of dry matter (DM) in the rations declined in the presence of monensin. Determinations of the rates of digestion showed that the digestion of the readily-fermented food in the initial stages was not affected by monensin, but that at 24 h digestion had been inhibited by monensin. The inhibition was due entirely to its effect on the digestion of the fibrous components. Digestion of non-fibrous material was not affected.4. The efficiency of microbial growth, expressed as g dry weight/mol ATP formed (YATP) and in terms of dm digested, tended to be increased by monensin. This however occurred only at high, non-practical doses.5. Urease (EC3.5.1.5) was induced by the addition of urea to the fermentation, but monensin had no effect on urease activity. Although monensin increased the activity of protease in washed suspensions, more food protein apparently escaped degradation. This may have been due to decreased deaminative activity.6. Monensin altered the mircroscopic appearance of the fermentation fluid, and changed the activity of some enzymes in sonicated extracts, including alkaline phosphatase (EC3.1.3.1), acetate kinase (EC2.7.2.1) and succinate dehydrogenase (EC1.3.9.1). These results are discussed in terms of known sensitivities of rumen microbes to monensin and their contribution to the fermentation as a whole.
Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains
Authors: Taverner M. R. , Hume I. D. , Farrell D. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Pigs prepared with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used to determine the ileal availability of amino acids in nine cereal grains including five wheats, sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), maize, barley and Triticale.2. The average true availability of amino acids in these grains was 0·88 but there were consistent differences in availability among amino acids. Generally, lysine and threonine were among the least available amino acids while glutamic acid and arginine were among the most available amino acids in cereal protein.3. There was as much variation in amino acid availability within a grain species (wheat) as among the other grains.
Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains
Authors: Taverner M. R. , Farrell D. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Availability values for amino acids in nine cereal grains determined by faecal analyses with pigs and by the Silcock available lysine test (Roachet al.1967) and an in vitro digestibility assay were compared with ileal availability values for the same grains determined with pigs by Taverneret al.(1981b).2. There was a significant canonical correlation of ileal and faecal availability values. On average, apparent faecal availability of the indispensable amino acids was 4·2% greater than apparent ileal availability, but the difference was up to 12·6% for threonine. Furthermore, the difference appeared to increase as the digestibility of the grain decreased.3. Silcock available-lysine values for the cereal grains were unrelated to the lysine truly absorbed by the pig.4. There were close relationships of ileal protein and lysine availability values on nitrogen digestibility determined by an in vitro assay using pronase enzyme.
Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains
Authors: Taverner M. R. , Farrell D. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Protein digestibility and lysine availability were determined in a range of grain samples using an in vitro digestibility assay calibrated with ileal digestibility values.2. Mean(± SE) values predicted for nitrogen digestibility were 0·92±0·011 in wheat and 0·88±0·021 in barley, and the predicted lysine availability in wheat was 0·86±0·021.3. Chemical and physical characteristics of the grains were determined and those most closely associated with protein digestibility for wheat were the contents of hemicellulose, neutral-detergent fibre, the bulk density, and to a lesser extent, N and acid-detergent fibre contents. These relationships were used to determine prediction equations for the available lysine content of wheat.
Smear morphology of cryptococcosis presenting as a subcutaneous swelling in healthy adults: a report of three cases
Authors: Kumar P. , Saran R. K. , Gondal R. , Malhotra V. 
Published: May 2005

Objective:  To highlight the various morphological smear pattern in cases of subcutaneous Cryptococcus infection in healthy adults.Method:  Cryptococcus is an opportunist fungus and primary infection is acquired through respiratory tract. Dissemination by blood stream results in systemic infection. Ten to 15% of systemic infection present as cutaneous lesions. Between December 2002 and April 2004 three healthy adults presented to us consecutively with subcutaneous swelling.Results:  We diagnosed these cases on FNAC as Cryptococcus. In all the three patients there was no history of local penetrating injury and any signs or symptoms of systemic disease. They were two male and one female, immuno competent and were negative for HIV 1 & 2 tested by ELISA. The sites were right abdominal flank, occipital and left anterior upper thigh. Aspirated materials were oily fibro fatty tissue and necrotic purulent materials. Cryptococcus numbers varied in all the smears so also their size and capsule thickness. Background smear morphology and tissue reaction were also different. It could be gelatinous, granulomatous, and cellulitic response or mixed responses and this can be picked up on cytological smears. Cultures were confirmatory in all the three cases. These lesions were resolved with antifungal treatment.Conclusion:  Our brief article highlights the morphological spectrum on FNAC smears and diagnostic problems faced in these uncommon circumstances where the aspirates were purulent and the yeasts were small, few and thin walled. In the acute inflammatory smear with occasional giant cells and/or granulomas special stains like PAS or Mucicarmine are necessary to look for budding yeast of Cryptococcus with thin neck.
Clinico‐cytological study of uterine papillary serous carcinoma
Authors: Hagiwara T. , Kaku T. , Kobayashi H. , Hirakawa T. , Nakano H. 
Published: May 2005

Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine whether or not we could distinguish uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) from other types of endometrial cancer by cytology.Methods:  We examined the cytological findings of the endometrium from five cases with UPSC and compared them with 10 cases with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, grade 1 (G1). A morphometric analysis was performed. Cytological samples from the cervix and ascites of the patients with UPSC were also reviewed.Results:  All five patients had FIGO stage III and IV tumours. Three patients died of the disease and two are still alive with disease. The tumour cells of UPSC tended to be shed in papillary clusters with a tumour diathesis. Psammoma bodies were seen only in UPSC. The frequency of irregular‐shaped nuclei, membrane thickness and eccentric nuclei in UPSC was higher than in G1. The chromatin pattern was coarsely granular, and both anisonucleosis and bare nuclei were prominent in UPSC. Cytomorphometrically, the maximum diameter of the nuclei in UPSC was significantly greater than that in G1. The nucleoli were also more often seen in UPSC than in G1. The findings of the nuclei and nucleoli in the cervical and peritoneal fluid cytology closely resembled those in endometrial smears. The features of the cervical smears and peritoneal fluid cytology were different from those of endometrial cytology regarding clear background and small clusters of cells.Conclusion:  As the endometrial cytology findings accurately suggested the histological diagnosis of UPSC, the diagnosis of UPSC was confirmed in this study by endometrial cytology. The cytological diagnosis of UPSC should be based on the findings of tumour diathesis, psammoma bodies and papillary clusters composed of tumour cells with enlarged nuclei and numerous nucleoli.