bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calbindin D28k in mammalian intestinal absorptive cells: immunohistochemical evidence
Authors: Pochet Roland , Blachier François , Gangji Valérie , Kielbaska Viviane , Duée Pierre‐Henri , Résibois Anne 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Calbindin D28k and D9k are two cytosolic calcium‐binding proteins abundant in intestinal absorptive cells which appear to play a role in calcium translocation. Until today, calbindin D28k was found in avian and reptilian absorptive cells but not in mammalian ones. We have described the presence of calbindin D28k‐immunoreactivity in intestinal absorptive cells of pig and jerboa (Jaculus jaculus). Pig calbindin D28k‐immunoreactive absorptive cells were prominent in duodenum, they were scattered along the villi and nearly absent in the crypts. Jerboa labelled absorptive cells were located along the colonic mucosal surface. No calbindin D28k could be detected in mouse, rat and goat absorptive cells. Topography of calbindin D28k absorptive cells was compared with calbindin D9k distribution. Our results confirmed the data of the literature showing a gradient of labelling increasing from the crypt to the top of the villus and no positive endocrine cell. Young (48 h old) pigs did not expressed calbindin D28k in absorptive cells although calbindin D9k was detected. Calbindin D28k was also observed in endocrine cells which were numerous in pig and goat duodenum and very rare in mouse and jerboa. Western blot experiments confirmed the presence of calbindin D28k in the adult pig intestine, in the jerboa colon and the absence of cross‐reactivity between calbindin D28k antibody and calbindin D9k.
Cytogenetic applications of high resolution secondary ion imaging microanalysis: detection and mapping of tracer isotopes in human chromosomes
Authors: Levi‐Setti Riccardo , Le Beau Michelle 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Analytical imaging by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) using a state‐of‐the‐art scanning ion microprobe enables the detection and mapping of tracer isotopes in human metaphase chromosomes. The stimulated mitosis of cells cultured in media containing labelled nucleosides, typically 14C‐labelled thymidine or adenosine, and BrDU, yields chromosomes that have incorporated the labelled molecule in their constituent DNA. The label is subsequently detected and localized by SIMS imaging. The relative label signal intensities of sister chromatids can be quantified. The occurrence of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) can be detected. The distribution of specific nucleosides can be directly mapped. This is non‐uniform along the chromatids, giving rise to characteristic banding patterns (SIMS bands) that seem to correspond to the well known G‐ or Q‐bands resulting from conventional staining methods. The study of a number of cytogenetic problems is expected to benefit from the use of this new method of approach, similar in principle, but potentially more sensitive and capable of higher spatial resolution than autoradiography.
Microanalysis and image processing of stable and radioactive elements in ecotoxicology. Current developments using SIMS microscope and electron microprobe
Authors: Chassard‐Bouchaud Colette , Escaig Françoise , Boumati Pierre , Galle Pierre 
Published: August 2004

Summary—Ecotoxicological investigations were performed on two sets of biological models. The first one concerns marine pollution and was composed of invertebrates (molluscs and crustaceans) contaminated by stable or radioactive elements originating from wastes discharged into sea water. The second one concerns freshwater pollution and was composed of vertebrates (fish) contaminated by aluminium which was dissolved in rivers, as a consequence of an atmospheric pollution by acid rain. Mechanisms involved in the uptake, storage and elimination processes of these toxicants were studied, with a special emphasis on cellular and subcellular aspects of concentration sites. Two microanalytical methods were employed: secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), using the ion microscope and the ion microprobe, and X‐ray spectrometry using the electron microprobe (EMP). SIMS, which enables the visualization of trace elements, was associated with an image processing system using a highly sensitive television camera connected to an image computer. Polychromatic images were obtained, allowing to establish the cellular distribution of metal contaminants. In marine organisms, the target organs and tissues of Al, rare earth elements (Tm and La) and radionuclides (U, Pu, Am) were shown to be mainly digestive gland and exoskeleton. The target organelles were shown to be spherocrystals and lysosomes where the enzymatic lysosomal coprecipitation with phosphorus was observed. Amoebocytes, which are enzymatically equipped with lysosomal phosphatase, were involved in the phagocytic clearance of metal pollutants. In trout, two processes appeared to be involved in Al accumulation. The first one corresponds to the well known insolubilisation of Al phosphate, within lysosomes of organs devoted to uptake and excretion such as gill and kidney. The second one demonstrates that organs and tissues which cannot eliminate, such as bone, heart and brain, retain Al, exhibiting a high intracellular metal concentration; moreover, large Al deposits inducing nervous tissue destruction have been observed. Data have been discussed in connection with the relationship between man and his environment.
Subcellular localization of two neurotropic drugs in three varieties of central nervous system cells by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) microscopy
Authors: Zhang Li Li , Tardy Marcienne , Berry Jean‐Pierre , Escaig Françoise , Galle Pierre 
Published: August 2004

Summary—The intracellular localization of two neurotropic drugs, flunitrazepan (benzodiazepine) and triflupromazine (phenothiazine), was studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry microscopy (SIMS) in three varieties of cells. The images of the intracellular distributions of the two drugs are easily obtained by selecting the fluorine atom of the molecules. These images show that the drug from the benzodiazepine group is mainly located in the nuclei, whereas the phenothiazine is exclusively located inside the cytoplasm.
Higher eucaryotic cdc25 proteins are structurally related to phosphoseryl/threonyl protein phosphatases
Authors: Bellé Robert , Ollivier Emmanuelle , Guerrucci Marie‐Anne 
Published: August 2004

Summary—cdc25 proteins are universally involved in the control of cell division. Using an original method of sequence analysis, cdc25 proteins from different sources were compared to protein phosphatases. Protein phosphatases could clearly be characterized as two distinct protein families, the phospho‐seryl/threonyl phosphatases, and the phospho‐tyrosyl phosphatases. None of the cdc25 proteins analyzed fitted with the phospho‐tyrosyl phosphatases, indicating that if they indeed possess this biochemical activity, they form a distinct phosphatase protein group. Unexpectedly, higher eucaryotic cdc25 proteins (from human and fly) were found to be structurally related to phospho‐seryl/threonyl phosphatases. These results fit well with the expected function of the proteins, associated solely in higher eucaryotes, to dephosphorylation of threonine in the cell cycle control protein cdc2.
Localization of the enzyme geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase in Capsicum fruits by immunogold cytochemistry after conventional chemical fixation or quick‐freezing followed by freeze‐substitution. Labelling evolution during fruit ripening
Authors: Cheniclet Catherine , Rafia Fatima , Saint‐Guily Agnes , Verna Alain , Carde Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2004

Summary—The enzyme geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS), which plays a key role in the synthesis of diterpene compounds, carotenoids and higher terpenoids, has been localized in Capsicum fruit cells by ultrastructural immunogold cytochemistry, after conventional chemical fixation of tissues and quick‐freezing followed by freeze‐substitution of isolated chloroplasts and chromoplasts. In agreement with previous biochemical studies on cell fractions, the enzyme seems restricted to the plastid compartment. Together with the phenotypic changes of the fruit and the ultrastructural modifications of the plastids during the transition of chloroplasts to chromoplasts, the amount of immunolabelling over plastid sections increases more than a ten‐fold factor in the course of fruit ripening. In chemically fixed tissues, the gold labelling of chloroplasts is very faint and erratically localized whereas in further transition stages, and in chromoplasts, most of the gold particles surround the developing plastoglobuli, which are the characteristic carotenoid‐bearing structures. Because of the very low and inconstant labelling of chloroplasts in green fruits after chemical fixation, cryofixed and acetone freeze‐substituted purified plastids were used as a model system for an accurate localization of the enzyme in these organelles. Quick‐freezing in buffered sucrose by slam‐freezing on a cold copper block results in optimal preservation of the plastids and improved labelling of GGPPS. The enzyme is not scattered at random throughout the stroma. Gold particles are concentrated in distinct stroma regions, and especially at the sites of initiation of stroma globuli which are the early structural event of carotenoid accumulation. A few gold particles are also present on the margins of thylakoids and, presumably, on the plastid envelope. This paper reports further evidence of the central role of the plastid compartment in the production of C20 isoprenoid intermediates in the plant cell, shows the spatial relationship of the enzyme geranylgeranylpyrophosphate synthase with the plastid substructures and the existence of several GGPPS pools within the plastids. It demonstrates the interest of cryo‐methods for an accurate localization of various enzymes in plant cells.
Timing the phases of the microtubule cycles involved in cytoplasmic and nuclear divisions in cells of undisturbed onion root meristems
Authors: Utrilla Lourdes , Giménez‐Abián M. Inmaculada , De la Torre Consuelo 
Published: August 2004

Summary—The duration of the different phases of the microtubule and chromosome cycles were estimated in the native diploid cell populations of Allium cepa L root meristems proliferating undisturbed, under steady state conditions, at the physiological temperature of 15°C. The cycles were coupled by considering their fitting in relation to the short process of nuclear envelope breakdown. In the cycle related to cytoplasmic division, the preprophase band which predicts the future position of the phragmoplast made its appearance, as a wide band, 16 mm before the G2 to prophase transition, ie it was only present during the final 5% of the total G2 timing (5 h 30 mm). The band became narrow only 6 mm after prophase had started and it was present in this form for the remaining prophase time (2 h 24 mm). Its disappearance occurred strictly coinciding with nuclear envelope breakdown, at the end of prophase. No microtubules related to cytoplasmic division were apparent until 9 mm after telophase had initiated. The two initial stages of phragmoplast formation which followed occupied, respectively, 27 mm and 54.5 mm of the 2‐h long telophase. On the other hand, the third and last stage in phragmoplast formation covered both the final 35 mm of mitosis and the 6 initial mm of the G1 of the next interphase. A very short (less than 4 mm) stage of microtubular nucleation around the nuclear envelope took place immediately afterwards, before the cortical array of microtubules appeared. The microtubule cycle related to nuclear division started with the apparent activation of the future spindle poles 7.4 mm before prophase was over. The mitotic spindle developed in the 5.6 mm long prometaphase. The spindle functioned in metaphase for the 42 mm it lasted, half spindles being separated for the 37 mm anaphase occupied in these cells.
Altering the course of neurodevelopment: a framework for understanding the enduring effects of psychotropic drugs
Authors: Andersen Susan L. , Navalta Carryl P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChildhood is a time filled with wondrous changes, as brain plasticity permits experiences to shape the immature brain to meet the demands of the environment. Change occurs at various levels—from neuroanatomy, including within a given region and its connectivity to other regions, to the function of neurotransmitter systems and their reactivity to pharmacological agents in the short‐ and long‐term. The nature and degree to which drug exposure influences the final adult topography is influenced greatly by the maturational phase of these critical factors. Moreover, evidence is slowly emerging that suggests that the long‐term effects of drug exposure are delayed and expressed once the vulnerable system reaches maturation (i.e., typically during adulthood). This phenomenon is known as neuronal imprinting and occurs when the effects of drug exposure outlast the drug itself. Thus, understanding the persistent effects critically depends on the window of observation. Embracing this concept should influence how we conduct preclinical assessments of developmental drug exposure, and ultimately how we conduct clinical assessments of drug efficacy, effectiveness, and safety for the treatment of childhood psychiatric disorders. In this article, we present a model to provide a heuristic framework for making predictions about imprinted effects of childhood drug exposure. We then review epidemiological data on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and childhood depression, prescription practices, and what is known regarding the long‐term consequences of drug exposure in these populations. We conclude with a discussion of the current status of preclinical studies on juvenile stimulant exposure.
Hydrosonography in screening for intracavitary pathology in infertile women
Authors: Guven M.A. , Bese T. , Demirkiran F. , Idil M. , Mgoyi L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives: We evaluated the value of hydrosonography in screening for intracavitary pathologies in infertile patients. Methods: A total of 93 infertile women with suspected intracavitary lesions on transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) underwent hydrosonography. Specimens obtained either by dilatation and curettage or hysteroscopic resection were compared with findings on TVS and hydrosonography. Results: Pathology confirmed the presence of sonographically diagnosed intracavitary lesions in 40 out of 66 (60%) women. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of TVS for the detection of endometrial cavity lesions were 78%, 38%, 61%, and 59%, respectively. Forty‐six out of 71 (65%) women who were found to have intracavitary lesions on hydrosonography were pathologically confirmed. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of hydrosonography in the detection of endometrial cavity lesions were 90%, 40%, 65%, and 77%, respectively. Conclusions: Hydrosonography is a useful procedure in screening for intracavitary pathologies and allows differentiation of intracavitary, endometrial, and submucosal abnormalities.
What is the cost‐effectiveness of hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users on methadone maintenance in New Zealand?
Authors: SHEERIN I. G. , GREEN F. T. , SELLMAN J. D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe cost‐effectiveness of hepatitis C virus (HCV) anti‐viral therapy for injecting drug users (IDUs) on methadone maintenance is important because the majority have chronic infections that remain untreated. Cost‐effectiveness analysis examines the costs of treatment compared with the benefits, which in this study are defined as savings in life. The cost‐effectiveness of treatment for HCV infection is investigated for Mäori and non‐Mäori IDUs on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) in New Zealand. Markov models are used to model cohorts of IDUs, changes in their health states and the effects of MMT and anti‐viral therapy on morbidity and mortality. Comparisons were made between conventional combination therapy (COT) and combination therapy with pegylated interferon. Sensitivity analysis is used to model cost‐effectiveness of treatment under varying assumptions of progression of liver disease and compliance with treatment. The cost‐effectiveness of MMT alone was estimated at $25 397 per life year saved (LYS) for non‐Mäori men and $25 035 for non‐Mäori women IDUs (costs and benefits discounted at 3%). The incremental effects of providing COT to all eligible patients were to save extra years of life, as well as to involve additional costs of anti‐viral therapy. Analysis of both the incremental costs and benefits showed that a policy of providing COT to all patients meeting treatment criteria would have similar cost‐effectiveness to MMT alone. Costs per LYS were estimated to be lower for Mäori for both men and women, reflecting ethnic differences in mortality. Cost‐effectiveness was found to improve if the average age of stabilizing on MMT could be lowered by 5 years from the current average age of 31 years to age 26. Cost‐effectiveness of the new treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin was found to be similar to that of COT because the increased LYS were offset by expected higher costs of the new pharmaceuticals. Sensitivity analysis showed that anti‐viral treatment remained cost‐effective under varying assumptions of the rate of disease progression and compliance with treatment.
Health status of clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment using the SF‐36 health survey questionnaire
Authors: DEERING DARYLE E. , FRAMPTON CHRISTOPHER M. A. , HORN JACQUELINE , SELLMAN J. DOUGLAS , ADAMSON SIMON J. , POTIKI TUARI L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study investigated the health status of a representative sample of clients (35 Maori, 72 non‐Maori) receiving methadone maintenance treatment in New Zealand, using the SF‐36 health survey. The publication of New Zealand norms in 1999 enabled comparisons of the health of the Methadone Treatment Programme study participants with that of the New Zealand population. Although over 50% of participants rated their health as good, very good or excellent, 44% rated their health as fair or poor and compared with population norms, the health of the study participants was significantly poorer on all eight SF‐36 scales. Male and female participants rated their health similarly to male and female clients attending another New Zealand Methadone Treatment Programme. Results highlighted the impact of a chronic disorder and co‐existing health‐related problems on the health and well‐being and day‐to‐day functioning of this client group. Higher frequency of benzodiazepine use was associated with poorer social functioning, mental health and role functioning and higher frequency of cannabis use was associated with poorer role functioning due to emotional problems. Findings support routine monitoring of health status with clients receiving methadone maintenance treatment as a guide to preventative and treatment interventions and health maintenance strategies.
Changes in patterns of drug use among injecting drug users following changes in the availability of heroin in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: ROXBURGH AMANDA , DEGENHARDT LOUISA , BREEN COURTNEY 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine changes in drug use patterns among groups of injecting drug users (IDU) who remained in the drug market during a period of reduced heroin availability in NSW, Australia. Cross‐sectional data collected from regular IDU interviewed as part of the NSW Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) between 1996 – 2003 were analysed. Drug use patterns, reported drug availability and price were assessed. There was a marked decrease in the frequency of heroin use during the period of reduced availability in 2001, with some increase in 2002 and 2003. Heroin availability and frequency of use have not returned to levels reported prior to 2001; however; even at the peak of the reduction in supply, users continued to access heroin. There was a significant shift among IDU from heroin to cocaine during 2001, which subsequently reversed. The availability of cocaine has fluctuated in recent years, but the price has remained stable. The price of heroin appeared to be more responsive to market fluctuations, and co‐varied with heroin availability. IDU used cocaine when heroin was less available; however, patterns of cocaine use were not maintained. The frequency of heroin use remained lower, which may be indicative of a less consistent supply, increased price or increased numbers of IDU entering treatment. The reduced supply of heroin in 2001 highlighted the adaptable nature of IDU patterns of use, indicative of the need for a commensurate treatment response. It also highlighted the importance of the ongoing monitoring of drug trends in Australia.
Fourteen to 17‐year‐olds' experience of ‘risky’ drinking—a cross‐sectional survey undertaken in south‐east England
Authors: COLEMAN LESTER M. , CATER SUZANNE 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn the UK, young people's alcohol consumption is considered an important social and health problem, and is the focus of government strategy and intervention. There is widespread concern that many young people are drinking in a ‘risky’ way. That is, they are often drinking large amounts of alcohol in a single session, in unsupervised locations. This small‐scale, quantitative study used a shortened adaptation of the Adolescent Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire (AEQ) to examine 14 – 17‐year‐olds' experience of ‘risky’ drinking. The results suggest that a major transition towards first ever drunkenness occurs between the ages of 14 and 15. Young people of this age are more likely to be getting very drunk in unsupervised, and potentially more harmful, locations. It is suggested that using this questionnaire could offer the potential to obtain a rapid and reliable indication of young people's propensity towards possible alcohol‐related harm.
State to Market
Authors: Gilbert Neil 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
An account is given of the movement towards the privatization of social welfare activity that has taken place since the mid 1980s. Various aspects of this are discussed: the different paths that have been taken; public erosion of retirement income; contracting out services from the public to the private sector; the larger trend of devolving responsibility for social welfare from central to local government units, and from local government to community‐based private agencies; the commodification of social care; and private ‘safety net’ accounts.
Citizenship to Membership
Authors: Gilbert Neil 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The concept of social solidarity, and the two competing views on its source (Marshall's, which suggests that it stems from the social rights of citizenship; and Durkheim's , which suggests that it stems from intellectual and moral homogeneity, and is advanced through voluntary association) are discussed. The profound implications that these two different views have for the relation between social solidarity and the welfare state are outlined, and the situation in the transition to an enabling state (where there is a contraction of the social rights of citizenship) is discussed, including the possible conflicts between different community groups that may (and do) arise. The last part of the chapter addresses the possibility of shareholding as an alternative foundation for social solidarity to citizenship rights.
From Civil War to Civil Society: Social Capital in Spain from the 1930s to the 1990s
Authors: Pérez‐Díaz Víctor 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The case of Spain illustrates the complexity of social capital. The country has different kinds of organisations that may be civil, uncivil, or with varying “degrees of civility”. These may transform themselves from civil to uncivil form, and vice versa. For instance, churches, parties, and unions which were rather uncivil during Spanish Civil War began behaving in a civil manner and demonstrating civil character by the period of democratic transition.