bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of prostate cancer treatment: The good news
Authors: Denmeade Samuel R. , Isaacs John T. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractProstate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men representing one‐third of all new cancer cases each year. This translates into one out of every six American men being diagnosed with prostate cancer over the course of their lifetimes. Over 31,000 of these men die each year from prostate cancer. Before the 1980's, 50% of men were diagnosed with widespread metastatic disease and there were few therapeutic choices for patients. The good news for patients is that, over the last 30 years there have been significant advances in detection and prognostication as well as major improvements in the surgical, radiation, and medical oncological management of prostate cancer. This review describes the evolution of these therapeutic modalities for prostate cancer. This evolution has been driven by the explosion of knowledge concerning cancer in general and in the specific biology of prostate cancer in particular over the last 30 years. This knowledge has been obtained by concentrating human and financial resources in organ specific studies of the prostate. The end result of this effort is that, today, 85% of new prostate cancer cases are diagnosed at local and regional stages and the 5‐year relative prostate cancer survival rate has increased by 20% since 1985. In addition, the therapeutic approach to prostate cancer can now be individualized based on the characteristics of the patient's disease. Finally, recent data suggest that the death rate from prostate cancer is decreasing by ∼4% per year since 1994. Further good news for patients is that new discoveries about the biology of prostate cancer are rapidly being translated into new therapies, a large number of which are currently being tested in clinical trials. Continued allocation of appropriate human and material resources should yield new, more effective therapies for prostate cancer that will further impact patient quality of life and survival in the 21st century. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heritage preservation and sustainability of China's development
Authors: Wai‐Yin Chan , Shu‐Yun Ma 
Published: January 2004

AbstractUnder the influence of economic growth theories, the idea of sustainable development has been revised to sustainable economic development. As a result, cultural concern has often given way to economic calculation in the course of development. This has been evident in the case of China, where economic construction has destroyed a number of invaluable heritage sites. Development in China, therefore, may not be sustainable, since the major concern of its development policy is focused on sustainable economic development rather than sustainable development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Grazing‐exit electron probe x‐ray microanalysis of light elements in particles
Authors: Spolnik Z. , Tsuji K. , Van Grieken R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractArtificial and atmospheric aerosol particles consisting of light elements were analyzed by grazing‐exit electron probe x‐ray microanalysis with an ultra‐thin window energy‐dispersive x‐ray detector. It is shown that it is possible to observe the surface layer of the particle without any influence of the x‐rays emitted from the core of the particle. Such an approach helps to solve the problem of overlapping x‐ray lines originating from the surface and core of the particle and from the substrate. However, the present experimental setup was only suitable for performing qualitative localized analysis of a single particle. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographic and quantitative microanalysis of human central nervous system tissue using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Szczerbowska‐Boruchowska M. , Lankosz M. , Ostachowicz J. , Adamek D. , Krygowska‐Wajs A. , Tomik B. , Szczudlik A. , Simionovici A. , Bohic S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSynchrotron microbeam X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐SXRF) was applied for topographic and quantitative analysis of selected elements in human brain and spinal cord. The main goal of the study is a better understanding of the role of elements, mainly metals, in processes leading to degeneration and atrophy of nerve cells in cases of two neurodegenerative disorders, i.e. Parkinson's disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The samples were taken during the autopsy from patients deceased with PD, ALS, and from a patient who died due to non‐neurological conditions. In measurements, a 5 × 2 µm2 X‐ray beam was applied for scanning the thin tissue slices. Two‐dimensional maps of elemental distribution were compared with histopathological sections. The results obtained showed that the spatial distribution of selected elements precisely corresponds to the microscopic views of scanned area of tissue. Moreover, differences in accumulation of selected elements in nerve cell bodies and areas representing white matter between patients affected by PD, ALS and the control case were noticed. The present investigation showed that the µ‐SXRF technique is suitable for elemental analysis at the single cell level in applications in neurological research. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of environmental condition in the waste disposal site of an ex‐alumina plant near Obrovac, Croatia
Authors: Kutle A. , Nađ K. , Obhođaš J. , Oreščanin V. , Valković V. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe waste disposal site of the abandoned alumina plant near Obrovac, Croatia, contains two basins filled with red mud and waste base in total amounts estimated at 0.85 × 106 and 0.65 × 106 m3, respectively. The Red mud was analyzed for its major components, heavy metals content, free base content and leaching properties under different conditions of pH and temperature. Concentrations of 15 elements (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, and Pb) were measured using tube excited EDXRF. The major compounds were determined by XRD, and AAS and XRF methods were used for elemental concentration determinations in different types of leachates. It was found that a possible threat to the environment from red mud under normal environmental conditions could be caused only by leaching of alkalis and V. On the other hand, the concentrations of V, Cr, Cu, As and Se in the waste base and the pH are much higher than allowed for technical waste waters discharged directly into the environment. Waste base treatment (neutralization and heavy metal removal) can be achieved in a one‐step process. During this process, neutralization of acidic red mud would result in the production of a gel‐like coagulant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dresden EBIT: a novel source of x‐rays from highly charged ions
Authors: Kentsch U. , Landgraf S. , Zschornack G. , Grossmann F. , Ovsyannikov V. P. , Ullmann F. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe Dresden EBIT, a source of highly charged ions, is based on electron impact ionization of primarily neutral atoms in a high‐density electron beam. Inside the source x‐radiation originates from direct excitation, radiative recombination and dielectronic recombination processes. Since the energy of the exciting electrons is tunable, specific atomic states can be prepared for particular investigations. The intensity of the x‐ray flux allows the realization of energy‐ and wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry of highly charged ions. Spectra of helium‐ and hydrogen‐like titanium and zinc ions are shown as examples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Portuguese banking: A structural model of competition in the deposits market
Authors: Canhoto Ana 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this article, we specify a structural model of competition in the deposits market, in line with the New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) approach, and estimate it using data from Portuguese banking in the early 1990s. The article contributes to the general debate on competition issues by the theoretical model selected and by the particular banking industry considered. In contrast with most related articles, our model assumes product differentiation and interest rates as the strategic variables. Besides, research on competition in Portuguese banking deserves a special attention given the deep deregulatory changes operated. Our results suggest that, in the early 1990s, the Portuguese deposits market was operating under conditions far from perfect competition, evidencing market power features. However, some progress towards more competition could be clearly detected following deregulation. On the other hand, differences in the size of the banking institutions have not dictated significant differences in terms of their competitive behavior.
The Increasing Political Power of Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel: From Passive Citizenship to Active Citizenship
Authors: Horowitz Tamar 
Published: January 2004

The immigrants in Israel from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) followed a different pattern of political growth than other immigrant groups. Their increased power began on the national level and moved down to the local level, rather than from the periphery toward the centre – the pattern followed by the Oriental Jewish immigrants. We can trace three stages in the development of their political power.The first stage was during the 1992 elections when the immigrants attempted to organize their own list. Though they failed, the results of the election strengthened them because they were given credit for the left's victory, giving them a sense of political effectiveness.The second stage came during the 1996 elections. It was a defining moment for the former Soviet immigrants' political power. In this stage external factors and internal factors reinforced each other. The change in the electoral system made it possible for the immigrants to vote for their community on the one hand and for a national figure on the other, thus resolving their identity dilemma.The local elections in 1998 marked the third stage in their political strength. They found the immigrant community better organized, with an improved understanding of its local interests, the capacity to put forward a strong local leadership, and a stronger link between the immigrant political centre and the local level.
Global production and local jobs: can global enterprise networks be used as levers for local development?
Authors: Palpacuer Florence , Parisotto Aurelio 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article is developed out of a research project on ‘Global Production and Local Jobs’ launched by the International Institute for Labour Studies of the International Labour Organization (ILO). It identifies salient features of global production networks in the automobile, electronics and apparel industries, and discusses their implications for local industrial upgrading, jobs and development policy. The approach combines in novel forms complementary analytical frameworks such as the global value chain and industrial district perspectives, in order to highlight interactions between global and local forces in the operation of transnational production networks. Central issues revealed by this approach include: the rise of entry barriers into the most profitable, service‐intensive activities of global value chains, that reduce small firms' prospects for industrial upgrading; the uneven benefits derived from participation in global production networks at the local level; and the need for local institutions to devise policy responses through a flexible, network‐oriented approach involving a broad local constituency.
Globalization and supply chain networks: the auto industry in Brazil and India
Authors: Humphrey John 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe automotive industries of emerging markets were transformed in the 1990s by trade liberalization and large investments by global assemblers. The impact of these investments was decisively influenced by government policies aimed at promoting local production and assembly of vehicles and by changing assembler—supplier relationships in the global auto industry. The cases of Brazil and India show how the assemblers created new linkages between operations in emerging markets and their global operations through the adoption of follow design and follow sourcing policies. These policies were hard to implement in practice, but they decisively transformed the components industries in both countries.
Commodity chains, foreign investment and labour issues in Eastern Europe
Authors: Czaban Laszlo , Henderson Jeffrey 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn terms of ownership and operations, many companies in Eastern Europe have now been integrated into the world economy. In this article, informed in part by a critical engagement with the Global Commodity Chains (GCC) perspective, we explore the nature and significance of international linkages among firms in Eastern Europe. In particular, we argue that it has been the legacies of the state socialist past embedded in the inherited macro‐ and microeconomic structures, on the one hand, and the strategies of multinational firms on the other, rather than the international linkages in any simple sense, that have been the main influencing factors. While we do not deny the existence of inter‐firm relations similar to the ones described in the GCC literature, we point out that these relationships are much more complex than assumed in that approach and that this complexity is a product of the very different historical backgrounds and modes of incorporation into the world economy of the various Eastern European societies. Drawing on empirical evidence from Hungary and focusing specifically on employment and other labour issues, we argue that there are a variety of firm development paths in Eastern Europe and that these have differing implications for the integration of firms, regions and countries of Eastern Europe into the world economy.
Architecture of secondary lymphoid tissue in sheep experimentally challenged with scrapie
Authors: Davies Marie L. , Hopkins Lee J. , Halliday Sue , Houston Fiona , Hunter Nora , McConnell Ian 
Published: January 2004

SummaryScrapie is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in which there is an accumulation of the abnormal form of the prion protein, PrPsc, in the lymphoreticular system and nervous system. There is a particular accumulation of PrPsc on follicular dendritic cells within the germinal centre of B‐cell follicles. Because accumulation of PrPsc in the nervous system leads to neuronal cell loss we have examined PrPsc accumulation in the prescapular and mesenteric lymph nodes in relation to lymph node architecture of scrapie‐challenged sheep. We demonstrate that an accumulation of PrPsc in the lymph node fails to result in gross defects in the microanatomy and phenotype of T‐ and B‐cell areas in the lymph nodes.
γδ T‐cell clones from intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes inhibit development of CTL responses ex vivo
Authors: Kapp Judith A. , Kapp Linda M. , McKenna Kyle C. , Lake Jeffrey P. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryOral administration of antigen induces a state of tolerance that is associated with activation of CD8+ T cells that can transfer unresponsiveness to naïve syngeneic hosts. These T cells are not lytic, but they inhibit development of antibody, CD4+ T helper cell, and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses upon adoptive transfer into naïve, syngeneic mice. In addition, we have shown that depletion of γδ T cells by injection of the anti‐δ chain antibody (GL3) down modulates the expression of γδ T‐cell receptor (TCR) and inhibits the induction of oral tolerance to ovalbumin. Oral administration of antigen also fails to induce tolerance in TCR δ‐chain knockout mice suggesting that γδ T cells play a critical, active role in tolerance induced by orally administered antigen. To further study the contribution of γδ T cells to tolerance, murine γδ T cells were isolated from intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) of the small intestine by stimulation with splenic filler cells, concanavalin A and growth factors. γδ IEL lines demonstrated lytic activity in a redirected lysis assay. γδ T‐cell clones express different γδ TCR genes and secrete large amounts of interleukin (IL)‐10, but little or no IL‐2, IL‐4, or interferon‐γ. γδ IEL clones expressed transforming growth factor‐β1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor, as well as IL‐10, mRNA. Moreover, γδ T‐cell clones potently inhibited the generation of CTL responses by secreted molecules rather than by direct cell‐to‐cell contact.
Activation of Epstein–Barr virus by saliva from Sjogren's syndrome patients
Authors: Nagata Yoshifumi , Inoue Hiroko , Yamada Koichi , Higashiyama Hiroyuki , Mishima Kenji , Kizu Yasuhiro , Takeda Ienaka , Mizuno Fumio , Hayashi Yoshio , Saito Ichiro 
Published: January 2004

SummaryThe aim of this study was to examine the mechanism of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) activation by soluble factors from the inflamed salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Saliva from SS patients was used to examine the regulation of EBV activation by an inflammatory salivary microenvironment. Transient transfection of the EBV‐negative salivary gland cell line (HSY) with BZLF1, a trans‐activating EBV gene promoter‐fusion construct (Zp‐luc), was used in this study. The results showed that under conditions where the BZLF1 promoter is activated by potent stimuli, SS saliva (from eight of 12 patients) exerts a significant effect on expression of the luciferase gene. A specific inhibitor of protein kinase C did not affect the SS saliva‐induced Zp‐luc activity, whereas treatment with inhibitors of calmodulin, calcineurin and IP3, dose‐dependently decreased this induction. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1), which is known to be expressed in SS salivary glands, dose‐dependently induced Zp‐luc activity. Hence, these results demonstrate the activation of EBV by SS saliva and suggest that EBV activation at the inflammatory site may occur in the presence of TGF‐β1 via triggering of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase signalling pathway.
Cloning and characterization of an immunoglobulin A Fc receptor from cattle
Authors: Morton H. Craig , Pleass Richard J. , Storset Anne K. , Dissen Erik , Williams John L. , Brandtzaeg Per , Woof Jenny M. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryHere, we describe the cloning, sequencing and characterization of an immunoglobulin A (IgA) Fc receptor from cattle (bFcαR). By screening a translated EST database with the protein sequence of the human IgA Fc receptor (CD89) we identified a putative bovine homologue. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification confirmed that the identified full‐length cDNA was expressed in bovine cells. COS‐1 cells transfected with a plasmid containing the cloned cDNA bound to beads coated with either bovine or human IgA, but not to beads coated with bovine IgG2 or human IgG. The bFcαR cDNA is 873 nucleotides long and is predicted to encode a 269 amino‐acid transmembrane glycoprotein composed of two immunoglobulin‐like extracellular domains, a transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail devoid of known signalling motifs. Genetically, bFcαR is more closely related to CD89, bFcγ2R, NKp46, and the KIR and LILR gene families than to other FcRs. Moreover, the bFcαR gene maps to the bovine leucocyte receptor complex on chromosome 18. Identification of the bFcαR will aid in the understanding of IgA–FcαR interactions, and may facilitate the isolation of FcαR from other species.
Effect of chemotherapy on primordial follicular reserve of rat: An animal model of premature ovarian failure and infertility
Authors: Yucebilgin Mehmet Sait , Terek Mustafa Cosan , Ozsaran Aydin , Akercan Fuat , Zekioglu Osman , Isik Ecmel , Erhan Yildiz 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim:  To determine the effect of paclitaxel and cisplatin in the reduction of primordial follicular reserve in rat.Material and methods:  Thirty young female rats were divided randomly into three groups of 10 rats each. Paclitaxel 7.5 mg/kg and cisplatin 5 mg/kg were administered intraperitoneally in a single dose sterile technique to paclitaxel (n = 10), and cisplatin (n = 10) groups, and sterile saline solution was given to a control group (n = 10). To assess the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the primordial follicles, the rats were oophorectomised 7 days after the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Haematoxylin and eosin staining was used to determine the number of primordial follicles. Primordial follicles were identified by the presence of an oocyte encapsulated partially or completely by a single layer of flattened follicular cells without a theca layer at the ovarian cortex.Results:  The number of primordial follicles in the control group was 23.1 ± 16.1 follicles. The number of primordial follicles were decreased significantly in both paclitaxel and cisplatin groups compared to control group (10.3 ± 13.0 and 13.9 ± 15.2 follicles, respectively) (P = 0.001 and P = 0.01, respectively). The difference in the number of primordial follicles between the paclitaxel and cisplatin groups was insignificant (P = 0.465).Conclusion:  The administration of high dose paclitaxel and cisplatin to young rats causes the depletion of primordial follicles. However, no significant difference was observed between the two agents.
Antiphosphatidyl serine antibodies are more common in normotensive women with small for gestational age pregnancies
Authors: McCowan Lesley M. E. , Chamley Larry W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground:  Small for gestational age (SGA) babies are more common in women with antiphospholipid antibodies but data are limited about the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies in women who have delivered SGA babies.Aim:  To determine whether elevated levels of anticardiolipin, antiphosphatidyl serine and/or antiß2 glycoprotein I antibodies are more common in normotensive women who delivered SGA babies compared with women who delivered appropriate for gestational age babies.Methods:  Case–control study. Cases were normotensive women who delivered an SGA baby (birthweight <10th%) without chromosomal or congenital abnormality. Controls were healthy women who delivered a baby at term with birthweight >10th percentage.Results:  A total of 137 women with SGA pregnancies and 290 controls had antiphospholipid antibodies measured. The prevalence of anticardiolipin and antiß2 glycoprotein I antibodies did not differ between SGA cases and controls. Antiphosphatidyl serine IgG antibodies were more common in women with SGA pregnancies than controls seven (5%) versus five (1.7%), relative risk (RR) 1.84 (1.12–3.03). There was no difference in the prevalence of ‘any antiphospholipid antibodies’ between SGA 10 (7.2%) and controls 16 (5.6%). There was a trend to more abnormal umbilical Doppler studies in SGA pregnancies with positive antiphospholipid antibodies three (50%) versus 19 (24%), RR 2.9 (0.62–13).Conclusions:  Antiphospholipid antibodies were uncommon in this cohort of SGA pregnancies. Further studies are needed in SGA pregnancies with abnormal umbilical Doppler studies to determine if screening for antiphospholipid antibodies is worthwhile in this severe subgroup.