bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Indo-European Religion
Authors: Oberlies Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines religious elements that can be reconstructed for an Indo-European period based on a comparison of the Ṛgveda with other ancient Indo-European texts. It is possible to reconstruct a number of individual deities that very likely already existed as part of an Indo-European religious tradition. The inherited deities are not merely marginal entities but include important participants of the pantheon such as a Father Sky, the Dragon Slayer, the Divine Twins, and others. When the Vedic tribes first set foot in India, they brought with them religious views and cultic forms that were closely related to those of the people who would later become Zoroastrians, enshrining as they did a number of gods, myths and forms of worship very like those in the Avesta, the holy texts of Zoroastrianism.
Myths
Authors: Oberlies Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Myths, defined as traditional tales that are authoritative within the society that shares them, supply information about the gods, including their relationships and conflicts. In the central myth of the Rigveda, reflecting the significance of martial life in the Ṛgvedic society, a battle between gods portrays the foundation of the contemporary world; a clash that marks the caesura between this world and prehistory. The war is waged between the Asuras, primeval gods of the prevailing chaos which had made life impossible, and the gods who conquered and disempowered them. When the victors come into power the world is created, with some parts of it emerging from (some parts of) the defeated gods—for example, heaven—while other parts are pushed aside to the marginal areas of the world where they abide at a safe distance from (Vedic) society, which emerges in the centre of the world. Handed down in various versions, this cosmogonic myth—interwoven with an ancient myth about the succession of power—is also political, in that it tells of the (present-day) conquest of lands for settlement, noting that the war-god Indra, for example, is incarnated in the leader of the tribe.
Julio-Claudian Emperors as Fathers and Sons
Authors: Cowan Eleanor 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Julio-Claudian family came to be represented as a dynasty in which members of the domus of Augustus (men and women, adults and children) were ideologically and iconographically important. This chapter examines two sets of representations within this wider web of relationships: the emperor as father and the emperor as son. It argues that potent and powerful images of the emperor as good father and dutiful son were central to the emerging language of power and legitimacy in the early Principate, but that they also prompted and informed a critical assessment of each of the Julio-Claudian emperors as ‘bad father’ and ‘bad son’. These representations of the emperor as father and as son drew on long-standing ideas about fathers and sons at Rome, but were given particular impetus at a time when the emperor was also being represented as father of all, pater patriae. Representing an emperor as a good or bad father, therefore, had implications for the community as a whole.
Roman Emperors in Montesquieu’s Considerations
Authors: Malik Shushma 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In his Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734, rev. 1748), the French political philosopher Montesquieu presented his theory concerning the decline and fall of the Roman empire. For a while, Rome maintained its greatness through prudence and audacity in war, and through impeccable statecraft. However, once Augustus instituted the system of the Principate, Rome irreversibly lost its spirit of greatness. Although extremely well versed in a range of ancient sources (both Latin and Greek), Montesquieu uses evidence with such a high level of selectivity that his emperors became essentially unrecognizable to those with any knowledge of Roman imperial history. This chapter explores how and why Montesquieu chose Tacitean style over ancient content to create his version of the Roman empire. It argues that Considérations serves his broader philosophical purpose as a warning about absolute monarchy. This is conditioned by Montesquieu’s context and seventeenth-to-eighteenth century French imperialism.
Fictions of Power
Authors: Scourfield J. H. D. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Unlike their most famous nineteenth-century counterparts, in which the protagonists are fictional, many of the most distinguished ‘Roman’ historical novels of the twentieth century centre on Roman emperors or closely related figures. This chapter explores two notable examples, both written in the United States in the period after the Second World War: Thornton Wilder’s The Ides of March (1948) and John Williams’s Augustus (1972). Unusually cast in a documentary mode that reflects but goes beyond the tradition of the epistolary novel, both works present a broad range of predominantly fictional material, mimicking the manner of a historical sourcebook. Highlighting the challenges delivered by the form, content, and arrangement of these novels to our understanding of (Roman) history and particularly to notions of historicity and fictionality, the chapter examines their representations of Julius Caesar in the last seven months of his life (Wilder) and Augustus over a period of almost sixty years (Williams). Together, it is argued, the novels offer a varied set of perspectives on the central theme of power and, in their common recognition that nothing can be known for certain, present an essentially anti-teleological view of history, emerging less as instances of historical storytelling than as vehicles for philosophical exploration.
Epilogue
Authors: Grosescu Raluca 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s findings and discusses their implication for research on international criminal law (ICL). It argues that semi-peripheries of the global system—such as Latin America and Central Eastern Europe—are central to contestations and reformulations of hegemonic readings of this body of law. Legal actors from such regions often adapt ICL to the national and regional contexts of specific mass atrocities, because such traumatic pasts have been ignored or even intentionally left out of the scope of ICL during international negotiations. Rather than a harmful phenomenon, such reinterpretations can be seen as transformative visions that contribute to the gradual development of a more inclusive ICL. The chapter also highlights how the education, political values, and visions of legal actors about dictatorial pasts impacted their understanding—and thus their transformation—of different norms and principles. Such a sociological approach offers a better understanding of how law functions and how it is systematically fashioned and refashioned at the intersection of history, political decision-making, and the subjective attitudes of those involved in these processes. Finally, the chapter calls for more ethnographic and cultural research alongside the analysis of the jurisprudence as a way to fully understand how judicial officials and justice activists employ and understand international law across the globe.
De Systematibus Civitatum
Authors: Holland Ben 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates Pufendorf’s concept of systema civitatum or ‘system of states’. The chapter illuminates the concept by excavating it in several contexts. First, it examines the evolution of the term in Pufendorf’s own writings, from his early dissertations on systems of states and irregular states to the posthumously published second edition of his analysis of the Holy Roman Empire. Second, this evolution is plotted against the background of Pufendorf’s conceptual innovations that enabled such an extension, namely, his application of a composite model of human decision-making at the level of what he would call the ‘moral person’ of the state. Third, Pufendorf’s writings on systems of states are discussed in the light of the international political situation in Europe. Fourth, and finally, the chapter turns briefly to the twentieth century and the appropriation of Pufendorf’s concept of a system of states in the theory of international relations.
Between Voters and Eurocrats
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
How do governments justify their budgets towards the national parliament? Are their socioeconomic policies shaped more by electoral pressures or by institutional constraints? This book presents a framework and methodology for studying these questions. Based on theories of democratic legitimacy, the book argues that if governments temporarily pursue unpopular policies with the justification that they need to be fiscally responsible, in subsequent years they need to become more responsive again to domestic socioeconomic demands in order to maintain the trust of citizens. The recent crises faced by European countries have repeatedly evoked the impression that European economic governance constrains governments’ ability to be responsive to domestic demands. Presuming that during the years of the sovereign debt crisis fiscal discipline was the main imperative for national budgetary policy in the eurozone, this book raises the question whether there was a return to responsiveness in subsequent years, or whether instead this return was prevented by European budgetary rules. This question is investigated in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The empirical evidence shows that fiscal responsibility was indeed the dominant criterion for decision-making during the years of the sovereign debt crisis, but declined progressively from 2014 onwards, with responsiveness gradually becoming a more prominent criterion. The findings thus show that European economic governance per se has not cancelled out the mechanisms by which governments maintain a balance between institutional responsibility and democratic responsiveness.
Working with a disease or disability
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
How does impaired health affect people’s opportunities of continuing their employment? In this chapter essential information on work trajectories following chronic disease or disability is provided. We start by considering serious conditions that result in early exit from paid work, with a focus on socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. This part is followed by an illustration of the diversity of work trajectories among employed people who return to work. To this end, three scenarios are presented, exemplified by three disorders: job continuity (acute myocardial infarction), job change (spinal cord injury), and job instability (depression). Within each scenario, important psychosocial aspects of re-adaptation and sustainable development are emphasized. Moreover, different models of professional support are discussed, with a focus on evidence of their efficacy. In summary, the chapter documents the bi-directionality of associations between work and health, and it familiarizes readers with concepts and new metrics required to analyse the complexities of these associations.
Modes of Consenting
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers five distinct modes of consenting and to what extent each of them can be considered genuinely morally transformative. They are: (1) explicit consent; (2) tacit consent which can reasonably be inferred, sometimes from the ‘nature of the business’ at hand; (3) presumed consent, best in cases of on-going activities or where people are ‘on notice’, explicitly or customarily, that consent will be inferred from silence; (4) consent that is implicit, logically or pragmatically; and (5) consent that ‘ought to’ be given, even if it has not actually been given. It is decreasingly credible that consent has genuinely been given, or ought to be considered morally transformative, the further you go down that list.
Consent by Extension
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Many failed attempts have tried to tie the obligation to obey the law from consent. This chapter explores three more, all of which also fail. One is to derive implicit consent from the ‘nature of the business’ of either politicians standing for office or voters casting ballots. A second asserts a logical entailment between engaging in a collective decision procedure and the outcome of that procedure constituting a binding collective decision (‘a collective decision’ may be analytic, whether morally binding is a wholly separate question). Neither does consent to lower-order rules necessarily logically imply consent to higher-order rules. At most consenting to something becoming law by voting in an election or a legislature may pragmatically imply consent to the institutional infrastructure required to make that law-on-the-ground.
Constitutional Courts and the Exceptionality of Regime Change
Authors: Yam Julius 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter challenges two common ways of understanding constitutional courts in transitional regimes—the Descriptive View and the Normative View. The Descriptive View describes constitutional courts as active participants in transitional politics, while the Normative View suggests that successful transition requires constitutional courts taking up a democracy-building role. The chapter argues that both have failed to properly account for the exceptionality of regime change. The exceptional nature of transitions suggests that there is tremendous diversity among the paths of transitional regimes, patterns of constitutional politics, and courts’ involvement during transitional periods. The fact that courts are operating in transitional regimes tells us very little about their actual judicial roles. The exceptional nature of transitional regimes also has normative implications. The chapter contends that the exceptionality of regime change can potentially work against judicial intervention. Exceptionality, in and of itself, is not a justification for a stronger judicial role. It is argued that there are situations where it is, in fact, desirable for courts to stay out of transitional politics.
The Impact of COVID-19
Authors: Grogan Joelle 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on whether the COVID-19 crisis has served as a catalyst for deeper commitment to constitutional consolidation and proof of the resilience of democratic institutions in Asia and Africa or as a means of furthering democratic decay and deconsolidation. It traces the central themes, questions, and issues raised by the case studies as regards the measures adopted in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It connects this with an examination of whether the predicted dangers of the abuse of emergency powers took place and whether countries were successful in limiting the potential for abuse, as well as preventing or sanctioning it. It considers the degree to which constitutional limits on the use of emergency powers during a pandemic, as well as provisions for parliamentary oversight and judicial scrutiny, have provided an effective safeguard against the abuse or misuse of power during pandemic among the case studies.
Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in The Gambia
Authors: Nabaneh Satang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
After 22 years of uninterrupted authoritarian government headed by Yahya Jammeh, in 2017, The Gambia formally began the transition to democracy after the ‘unprecedented’ 2016 presidential elections. Incumbents in semi-competitive authoritarian regimes often retain power despite having to regularly compete in multiparty elections. What happened in The Gambia is the first time in post-colonial Africa’s political history that a ‘military-turned-civilian’ dictator lost an election. This transition sparks a key question: what are the prospects for democratic consolidation and constitution endurance in the Gambian case? While conventional assumptions categorised The Gambia as a ‘least likely’ case, it is argued that there is a fair chance for democratic consolidation, given The Gambia’s context of the withering of an authoritarian regime and its replacement by a democratic government. This chapter gives an overview of the constitutional change processes, the role of governing and judicial institutions, and the influence of entrenched political culture on democratic constitutional performance after more than two decades of autocratic rule.
Ethiopia’s Transition
Authors: Abebe Adem Kassie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes and interrogates the (hopes for) transition to democracy in Ethiopia that was set off by the protest-induced reshuffle within the ruling party in April 2018 (mainly up to October 2020). In addition to describing the main issues, actors, and reforms in the transition, the chapter outlines some insights relevant to policy and scholarly understanding of political transitions and constitutional design. The chapter observes that the transition not only failed to deliver democracy, but it has also degenerated into civil war, necessitating a more confounding double transition from conflict to peace and to democracy. The chapter highlights the importance of constitutional arrangements even in authoritarian settings, the need to build a coalition of democracy to backstop a transition and ameliorate inherent vulnerabilities to conflict, and the criticality of reforms outside the legal and constitutional framework. The chapter concludes with observations on the magnetic pool of a socio-political tradition of authoritarianism in stalling, and even reversing and worsening, democratic and constitutional transitions.
Making Progress on a Rocky Path
Authors: Vern Wilson Tay Tze 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the significance of Malaysia’s ‘regime change’ in the general election of 2018 and its tumultuous aftermath. It contextualises the ‘regime-change event’ within the ethnocentric landscape of Malaysian politics, setting out the prelude to the landmark events of 2018. This chapter also explains why the driving forces behind the watershed moment of 2018 were able to make only limited reforms at best and ultimately lost their grasp on power altogether. Nonetheless, this analysis argues that despite the appearance of the ‘old guard’ having returned to power, the Malaysian political landscape has been altered in profound and long-lasting ways which bring Malaysia closer towards genuine multiparty democracy. Constitutional mechanisms for a transition of power at federal level have been successfully tested and developed, marking further steps in the country’s path towards a mature democracy. Most importantly, the political crises that have rocked Malaysia in recent years have served to underscore the resilience of constitutional democracy and institutions in the country. The practices and principles of constitutional democracy has been severely tested by the political turmoil of 2018–2021 and the concurrent onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, and have held firm. There are grounds for cautious optimism as we look to the future.
Pikins
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the rice that held the Lowcountry aristocracy together is what simultaneously threatened to destroy it. It describes the hydraulic irrigation system that nourished the rice fields and generated a commercial industry, but also produced ideal breeding places for mosquitoes and mosquito-borne illness. It also cites Charles Ball’s memoir of slavery, which implies how no “stranger” could spend a week in a rice swamp during the summer months without falling ill. The chapter describes the good deal of fever and malaria and chills on Paul’s Place Plantation, where Old Head Andrew Wyatt worked as plowman and field hand. It mentions apologists for slavery that used the notion that Blacks were immune to fevers and agues as a justification for enslaving them.
John Brown’s “Men”
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Blacks in places like Maryland’s Eastern Shore that intensified their efforts to liberate themselves by running away, which also meant that the efforts by kidnappers intensified as well. It highlights Harriet Tubman’s risky efforts in helping liberate enslaved people with the help from free Blacks in Pennsylvania and elsewhere. It also recounts her expanding her role as an Underground Railroad conductor and liberator, and her fundraising activities among abolitionists and abolitionist societies, especially in Massachusetts and Upstate New York. The chapter mentions abolitionists like William H. Seward, former governor of and senator for New York, who provided assistance after learning Tubman’s accomplishments. It details how Mary Edmundson and her sister Eliza Wigham sent contributions for Tubman to Thomas Garrett to support her mission to rescue her parents.
The Burdens and Rewards of Informal Cancer Caregivers
Authors: Tan Kelly R , Gray Tamryn F , Erardy Alyson , Kent Erin E 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a foundational overview of cancer caregiving and the role of social work in this context. The chapter reviews the broad landscape of cancer caregiving, key social worker competencies for providing psychosocial support to caregivers, relevant theories, and commonly reported positive and negative experiences by cancer caregivers. The chapter then describes best practices in assessing caregiving-related psychosocial issues including timing of assessments and validated measures. The chapter introduces exemplars of evidence-based interventions that social workers can apply when addressing caregiving-related psychosocial issues with a specific focus on dyadic interventions. The chapter concludes with policy and practice considerations for the field of social work.
Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Cancer
Authors: Cincotta Nancy , Paul Sarah , Patneaude Arika 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the experience of children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer and their support networks as they cope with the diagnosis and its treatment. At a phase in life when “growing up” should be the primary focus, cancer poses unique challenges. Assisting individuals with cancer through a developmental framework and in the context of the culture of the family and the communities in which they grow are emphasized as being integral to the helping process. Incorporating cultural humility and responsiveness and understanding the intersection between facing cancer at young ages and the developmental tasks at hand (such as identity formation, mastering decision-making skills, and finding a place in family and peer networks) provides a framework for facilitating coping with cancer and enabling growth throughout the illness journey, whether facing issues around survivorship or at the end of life.
The Increasing Role of Credentialing, Certification, and Continuing Education
Authors: Nwachuku Brittany , Bires Jennifer , Leff Vickie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to help oncology and palliative social workers understand the history, nature, and goals of licensure and certification, and the role of continuing education to increase knowledge on how to provide culturally humble psychosocial care across practice settings. These core tenets provide the basis for education of a quality workforce, and are recognized by employers, licensing bodies, and the public. Having an evidence-based certification, licensure, and education underscores the role of social work in the field of serious illness and health, encourages funding opportunities, and provides the public with assurance of excellence for their social work services. The barriers patients face with a cancer diagnosis are always evolving; therefore, this chapter stresses the importance for oncology and palliative social workers to stay educated and informed on the best practices to serve their patient populations.