bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Uses and Abuses of Riders and Continuing Resolutions in National Security
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congress has been familiar with the employment of restrictions in the national security appropriation process since the early years of the nation. Although riders were occasionally employed to thwart constitutional exercises of the president’s power in the nineteenth century, especially during the turbulent presidency of Andrew Johnson, they were not used regularly to control the president’s engagement of the military abroad until President Nixon’s secret bombing of Cambodia in 1970. Since then, appropriation restrictions to control the president-and its attendant controversy-have become almost routine. Although Congress has supplied various internal correctives along the way to curb the use of riders, these devices have been largely ineffectual.
Informal Controls on National Security Spending
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Records of committee and subcommittee hearings and floor debates, as well as appropriations and conference committee reports routinely accompany appropriations for national security activities, where they help to explain lump-sum appropriations for categories such as “operations and maintenance” or “salaries and expenses.” This legislative history may include instructions about spending, usually though not always tracking the estimates supplied by the agencies. The executive branch must decide the extent to which these nonstatutory controls should be taken into account, how much weight to attach to commands or requests found somewhere other than in the statute itself.
The Environment Of The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Goldson Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States during 1993, about 3,979,000 infants were born. Of this number 7.2%-that is, about 288,482 babies- had birth weights less than 2,500 g (Guyer et al., 1995). The proportion of very low birth weight (VLBv\0 babies, those weighing less than 1,500 g, was 1.3% in 1993. If one considers the more precise vital statistics from 1990, during which the number of births was 4,158,212, 7%, or 289,419, had a birth weight less than 2,500 g (Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 1993). Of this number, 108,003, or 2.6% of the total number of infants born, had birth weights less than 2,000 g and most likely required some care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). These numbers, however, do not include infants born at term with a variety of birth defects or term infants who sustained severe birth asphyxia and also required intensive care. Thus, the numbers probably underestimate the actual number of infants cared for in NI CUs.
Evidence for a Verb-Second Phase in Old Portuguese*
Authors: Ribeiro Ilza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic facts related to the verb-second phenomenon have been studied in generative grammar based on data from Modern Germanic languages (except Modern English) and both Old Germanic and Romance languages. There is a consensus among researchers who have developed studies on this phenomenon that the verb-second effects are derived from two rules of movement: a) a rule which moves the finite verb to the second position of the sentence, the verb fronting being obligatory for every root clause: b) a rule which moves any XP constituent (the NP-subject or a VP element or any XP of the sentence [e.g., an adverbial]) to the first position of the sentence. This movement is obligatory for every root declarative clause.
Introduction: Redesigning the Firm
Authors: Bowman Edward , Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book revolves around two ideas: the first appears center stage, the second is behind the scenes. The first idea is that fundamental changes occurring in advanced industrial societies have occasioned a revolutionary rethinking of the design of corporations and business. The second is that the business school, as one of the most important institutions for the formation of managers and for the advancement of business-related knowledge, is itself being transformed by wider social and economic changes.
The chapters in this book consequently represent two endeavors. The first is to present a wide range of insights into organizational redesign that will allow firms to compete into the next century. Nineteen experts examine the critical issues facing firms and, in chapters written for practicing managers, provide powerful tools for orchestrating change.
Organizing the Global Multinational Firm
Authors: Farley John , Kobrin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizing multinational firms to capture the advantages of global competition is one of the most difficult problems facing international business managers today. Top managers of multinationals have an intuitive sense that “organization matters” and that the proper fit between organizations, strategy, and environment will lead to better financial performance. Beyond that basic premise, both practitioners and academics agree that adapting a firm to the rigors of global competition is a daunting task—one often arrived at through a process of trial and error.
In this chapter, we analyze the question of the linkage between structure and performance in the global multinational firm. First, we examine the idea of the integrated global firm and explore the paradox posed by the need to fashion a global multinational firm out of local materials. Second, we specifically examine the empirical evidence for the relationship between multinational organization and financial performance. Third, we ask the questions: “What kinds of macrostructures are suitable for this task? and “Is there a logical progression in the evolution of the multinational firm toward global status?” Fourth and finally, we discuss the implications of our inquiry and try to come up with a set of practical guidelines for managers of global multinational firms.
(Re-)lntroducing Suffixaufnahme
Authors: Plank Frans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although not a household term (yet), Suffixaufnahme has a typological record that is astonishingly long for a rare and seemingly marginal phenomenon. This unsung record merits retracing. As will emerge from the historical narrative to follow (Section 2), the morphological and syntactic issues that Suffixaufnahme has now and then been seen to raise are not really so marginal, and indeed are issues that contemporary typology is increasingly recognizing as formidable challenges. They involve the limits on case marking and on agreement; the word-class distinction of nouns and adjectives, the difference between inflection and derivation, and the status of genitives and other possessive forms in these two respects; the nature of attribution; noun-phrase constituency and, generally, the depth or flatness of syntax; and systematic interdependencies among all kinds of further structural features. In the remaining sections the approach will be systematic rather than historical, presenting the comparative anatomy of Suffixaufnahme in broad outline, to be fleshed out in the rest of this volume.
Direct-Oblique Agreement of Attributes in Daghestanian
Authors: Kibrik Aleksandr E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Daghestanian languages are not normally included among those showing Suffixaufnahme, the encoding of attributive constructions in some of them bears a striking resemblance to this pattern insofar as markers of nominal attributes are found to vary with the case of the head (as was noted in Plank 1990: 1040 for Tsakhur). The comparative examination of these peculiarities across relevant Daghestanian languages is intended to bring out their similarities to, and differences from, prototypical Suffixaufnahme, and thus to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of agreement possibilities in the NP and of multiple case marking.
Suffixaufnahme and Related Case Marking Patterns in Australian Languages
Authors: Schweiger Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to survey the occurrence of Suffixaufnahme and related patterns of double case marking in Australian languages. Following the classical prototype in Old Georgian, two conditions give rise to a case marking pattern called Suffixaufnahme: first, an adnominal possessor is marked by a case suffix usually labeled genitive (although in Australian languages syncretism of genitive and dative is common; see Blake 1977); second, the entire NP is marked for its case role by attaching an appropriate suffix to the head (=possessed) and to the dependent ( =possessor), with the dependent thus receiving double case marking.
Tropical Deforestation
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fate of tree-covered areas close to the equator is important to all humankind. As forests are cleared to make way for new cropland and pasture, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere. The earth grows warmer as a result, all else remaining the same (Detwiler and Hall, 1988). Biological diversity is also diminished since many of the world’s plant and animal species live only in tropical forests (Wilson, 1988). In addition to causing global warming and species extinction, ecosystem destruction in Africa, Asia, and Latin America carries a direct human cost. Some native forest dwellers have dealt with missionaries, traders, and mineral prospectors for more than a century. But contact between some groups and the rest of the world was minimal until very recently. For many people, recent decades have brought economic exploitation and the loss of cultural identity, not to mention exposure to outsiders’ diseases.
Shrimp Mariculture and Coastal Ecosystems
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late 1970s, Ecuador has become the Western Hemisphere’s leading producer and exporter of shrimp. From modest beginnings, the country’s shrimp industry has grown to the point where it often generates more foreign exchange than any other part of the rural economy. Increased production has come about largely through maricultural development. About 8,000 metric tons have been captured off the Ecuadorian coast each year since the middle 1970s. Meanwhile, pond output has increased severalfold, from less than 5,000 metric tons in 1979 to more than 100,000 metric tons in the early 1990s.
Tourism and Species Preservation in the Galapagos
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many foreigners, Ecuador is best known for the Galapagos Islands (Figure 9-1), which are located about 1,000 kilometers west of the South American coast. Being relatively isolated, the archipelago is home to a unique mix of flora and fauna. Of course, anybody who has taken a biology class knows of Charles Darwin’s brief visit to the islands, described in a highly entertaining chapter of the Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle (1845). The observations he made there eventually flowered into his theory that new species arise because of natural selection (Darwin, 1859).
On the Relevance of Tense for Sentential Negation
Authors: Zanuttini Raffaella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much recent work has focused on the issue of which functional categories are present in a sentential structure. Both Moro (1987) and Pollock (1989), independently and on the basis of quite different considerations, suggest that in Romance and in English the Infl node should be split into two components, a Tense Phrase and an Agreement Phrase. Kitagawa (1986, section 2.4.3) argues for the existence of a negative head in Japanese, an idea extended to Romance by Kayne (1989a:242) and to English by Pollock (1989), who suggest that sentential negative markers can be analyzed as belonging to a Negative Phrase. Rivero (1994) proposes the existence of a functional projection of a modal or aspectual nature in the Balkan languages. Shlonsky (1989), based on facts from Semitic languages, suggests that the functional category Agreement Phrase should be further split into three distinct components— PersonP, NumberP and GenderP.
The Medieval Background
Authors: Jordan William Chester 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sophisticated Christian readers of religious texts in the European Middle Ages recognized four levels of interpretation. The first was literal and addressed the basic matters of physical reality. If the word “Jerusalem” appeared in scripture, its literal interpretation evoked the biblical or historical city in Israel. However, Jerusalem also connoted the Church allegorically, the believing soul morally, and the heavenly City of God mystically.1 Similarly, the words “Jew” (Latin Judeus or any of its vernacular forms) and “Blackness” (nigredo with its vernacular synonyms) had various levels of meaning in the texts in which we find them. “Jew” literally denoted a person who professed the religion of Judaism either in biblical or contemporary times; “Blackness,” the absence of light. Yet, allegorically the words “Jew” and “Blackness” conjured the Devil; morally they denoted evil; and mystically they evoked the Day of Judgment. Although this negative cast given to the two terms was not entirely unrelieved, derogatory and demeaning associations were those which predominated in the Middle Ages.
Blacks and Jews: The Struggle in the Cities
Authors: Kaufman Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1966, Martin Luther King, Jr. decided to move the Civil Rights struggle north, to America ‘s cities. He announced that he would begin a series of demonstrations in Chicago. It would mark a new stage for the civil rights movement, which up until then had fixated America with its battles and demonstrations in Montgomery and Birmingham, Alabama; Jackson, Mississippi; Greensboro, North Carolina; and Albany, Georgia. It would also mark a new stage in the relationship between Blacks and Jews. For decades Blacks and Jews had been neighbors, economic and even political allies in the North. But after 1966, their relationship would become more intense and more pointed. Cities were the scene of the earliest cooperation between Blacks and Jews; they would soon become the scenes of their most bitter conflicts. Through changes in neighborhoods and clashes over schools and jobs, the relationship between Blacks and Jews would deteriorate until by the 1990s the two groups were barely on speaking terms with each other.
Black-Jewish Universalism in the Era of Identity Politics
Authors: Carson Clayborne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He victories of the modern civil rights movement during the period from 1954 to 1965 were made possible by political coalitions that brought together African Americans and Jewish Americans. Yet ironically the increasing militancy of that movement also led many blacks and Jews to question assimilationist assumptions that had guided previous racial reform efforts. As black Americans turned from NAACP-led litigation and lobbying efforts to the mass civil rights protests and community-wide mobilizations of the early 1960s, blacks and Jews began to argue publicly with one another and among themselves over fundamental issues involving group identity and advancement strategies. Debate over these issues was particularly intense in urban black communities, where class divisions among blacks and between blacks and non-blacks persisted despite civil rights gains. After the June 1966 Mississippi voting rights march introduced the Black Power slogan to the nation, established civil rights leaders faced increasingly forceful challenges from competitors who derided nonviolent tactics and questioned the racial loyalties of leaders committed to interracialism and the maintenance of black-Jewish ties. In an era of identity politics and cultural conflict, the universalistic values and cosmopolitan perspectives which had characterized the civil rights movement exerted less and less influence over national politics and over the attitudes of African Americans and Jews. On a deeper, more general level, tensions and controversies in contemporary black-Jewish relations have reflected the worldwide decline of transracial, transcultural, and transnational movements seeking to realize egalitarian and democratic ideals.
Allies of a Different Sort: Jews and Blacks in the American Left
Authors: Buhle Paul , Kelley Robin D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jewish Americans and African Americans occasionally venture into the fringes of American liberalism, where Leftists dream of workers ‘ revolution even when working for reform. Such discussions recall the golden age of a radical Black-Jewish alliance conditioned by a vanished socialist tradition. Like all memories, however, this one is very selective, revealing as much about the degree of mythmaking and self-deception in such recollections as the deep scars left by the collapse of the alliance. In this discourse, Black Nationalism usually figures as the culprit-deserter, with the vanquished hopes of the Great Society the tragic backdrop. On the other hand, Black nationalist intellectuals, most conspicuously Harold Cruse, recollect a history of Jewish paternalism suffocating native Black radicalism, of nationalist-minded Jews pushing for their own cultural autonomy at the expense of their darker comrades.
The Need To Remember: Three Phases in Black
and Jewish Educational Relations
Authors: Lewis Earl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He comes to collect the rent, so you know him in that role. He runs the grocery store and he give you credit, so you know him in that role. He runs the drug store and he bandages your wounds, and you know him in that role... You don ‘t really know him from anybody else, but... you deal with it one way or another. When I was growing up it was a time, after all, of the Second World War. My best friends in high school were Jewish. It was a very, very important moment in my life because it was a time when I realized in a way ...my friends...were not so far from the fiery furnace after all.
Structural Focus, Structural Case, And the Notion of Feature Assignment
Authors: Horvath Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cross-linguistic variation with respect to the syntactic position(s) occupied by arguments, e.g. by subjects, within clauses has traditionally been in the center of research within the framework of GB theory, and has given rise to important developments in relation to the parametrization of UG. (see e.g. Chomsky (1981), Travis (1984), Borer (1986), Koopman and Sportiche (1990)). Likewise, variation among languages with respect to the S-structure position(s) of Wh-phrases in particular, in situ vs. moved into [SPEC, CP]-has received considerable attention (see e.g. May (1985), Chomsky (1986), Kuroda (1988), Rizzi (1991)). A further, fundamentally similar, instance of cross-linguistic variation, involving the range of S-structure positions for focus-i.e., for constituents interpreted as the (identificational) FOCUS of their clause-however has gone largely un-recognized until recently. The first proposal involving restrictions and language-particular differences in the syntactic distribution of FOCUS and their incorporation into the theory of GB appeared in Horvath (1981, 1986); only a couple of recent papers take up this topic of obvious theoretical significance, such as Tuller (1988, 1992), Brody (1990), proposing modifications and additions (to be discussed below) for the account of the syntax of Focus in the former works. The present study will undertake further investigation of the sources and theoretical implications of the cross-linguistic variation manifested by the syntax of Focus, more precisely, the existence and specific location(s) of designated-Le. syntactically/structurally limited-Focus positions in a variety of languages.
The Study
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research Instruments To test the hypotheses underlying this study, an experimental design was applied in the form of a structured test (see Appendix A) specifically devised for this purpose. The decision to construct a test aimed at production rather than comprehension of linguistic forms was dictated by the nature of the materials to be investigated-active knowledge of rules of inflectional morphology, e.g. Normative/Standard nikiti vs. Nonstandard niketi ‘(I) cleaned’. The input test items directed respondents towards a limited range of possible output forms; the final choice depended on an array of structural, developmental, sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic factors that constitute the subject matter of this study.
Linguistic Variation and Cost
Authors: Ravid Dorit Diskin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These last two chapters aim to integrate the central factors motivating synchronic variation and eventually diachronic change: surface opacity interacting with propensities towards Consistency, Transparency and Saliency. These are checked by Maturation, by the conservative force of Literacy, and by the evaluation measure of Cost, to explain the disappearance, partial retention, and fossilization of the deviations described above. For Modern Hebrew, this means that old standards are giving way to new in a language that was artificially revived but which is nonetheless shaped by the same factors as underlie the evolution of all human languages.
Labor Cost Incentives for Capital Mobility in the European Community
Authors: Kuruvilla Christopher L Erickson Sarosh C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 31, 1992, the twelve economies making up the European Community (EC) took a major step toward becoming a single market with the initiation of the internal market program allowing for the free movement of goods, people, and money across borders. One major hypothesized effect is that capital will flee from high-labor-cost countries to those with low labor costs, or that “social dumping” will occur: a lowering of labor standards and social protection in the wealthier countries in response to competition from countries with substantially lower labor standards and costs. One aspect of this issue involves labor protection and social policies, which are expected to be addressed to a greater or lesser extent by the Social Charter and its supporters’ goal of long-term upward harmonization of social policies. How ever, even if standards are equalized, there remains the issue of labor costs. Labor costs can be a key component of competitive strategy, and it seems doubtful that harmonization policies will be able to equalize the currently large differences in man unfaltering labor costs across the EC countries. Despite the considerable attention given to harmonization of labor standards, relatively little attention has been paid to the question of the levels of labor costs within the EC.
Labor and the Politics of Exchange Rates: The Case of the European Monetary System
Authors: Frieden Jeffry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely believed that the great economic openness of modern industrial societies has fundamentally reduced the possibilities of successfully implementing labor oriented or social democratic economic policies. This is especially the case in regard to the very high contemporary levels of financial-market integration. Analysts and activists from all sides of the political spectrum assert that the ability of investors to move financial assets from country to country at low cost and high speed has significantly increased the political power of the investing community, and significantly curtailed the ability of labor to prevail in economic policy debates. This chapter outlines the effects of increased financial integration on the possibilities for labor-oriented macroeconomic policies. It argues that cross-border capital mobility alters, but does not eliminate, the scope of national monetary policy-primarily by shifting it away from interest rates and toward the exchange rate. This has been illustrated with great force in Europe over the past several years, especially in the ongoing process of European monetary integration.