bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hurricanes of 1780
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1780, the Caribbean was raked by three violent hurricanes, the second of which ranks as the deadliest storm ever to affect the Western Hemisphere. These events greatly altered the political and economic history of the region and further weakened the British Navy at a time when it was engaged in the American Revolutionary War. The first hurricane began somewhere in the far southern Caribbean on October 1 and moved northwestward, striking Jamaica on the afternoon of the third. Early in its life, it sunk the British transport ship Monarch, killing all of its crew as well as several hundred Spanish prisoners onboard. As the storm approached the Jamaican port city of Savanna-la-Mar, curious residents lined up to watch the building seas. With no warning, a storm surge estimated to have been 20 ft high swept across the coast, engulfing the onlookers and hurling large ships far inland. The storm laid waste to the city and surrounding sugar plantations. Few structures withstood the onslaught, and many people perished in collapsing buildings, including the city’s courthouse. In the port village of Lucea, about 20 mi north of Savanna-la-Mar, 400 people died and all but two houses were demolished; even the trees and shrubs were swept away. Further north, at Montego Bay, another 360 were killed.
Galveston, 1900
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 was by far the worst natural calamity in U.S. history. The city itself was almost completely destroyed, and the death toll of between 8,000 and 12,000 exceeds that of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, the 1889 Johnstown Flood, and the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane combined. Between the badly bungled forecast of September 6 and the tragedy at Galveston two days later lies a tale of individual courage and misjudgment, of bureaucratic envy and xenophobia. In 1900, Galveston was the premier city of Texas, the “New York of the Gulf,” as the New York Herald proclaimed. It was competing with Houston to become the dominant city of the region, on a par with New Orleans. It exuded an air of terrific optimism and boasted an annual population growth of almost 3 percent. The city was built on Galveston Island, a narrow, low sandbar separating the Gulf of Mexico from Galveston Bay, its developers having ignored stories that an 1841 storm had submerged the entire island to such a depth that ships could cross it.
Genesis
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tropics are primed to produce hurricanes. Like a coiled spring, the atmosphere ocean system is poised to unleash huge reservoirs of energy. But fortunately for us, hurricanes are unusual: only about 85 tropical cyclones develop globally each year, of which roughly half go on to become full-fledged hurricanes. Even during the peak of hurricane season, a vacation in the Tropics is a good bet: the chances of being affected by a hurricane in any given year are miniscule. Tropical cyclones develop in three principal belts, as shown in Figure 14.1.
Death and Transfiguration
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the core of a hurricane makes landfall, its death usually comes quickly. Suddenly bereft of their source of power—evaporation of warm ocean water—the now unopposed frictional forces rapidly diminish the speed of the winds, especially near the surface. Wind speeds diminish exponentially, losing half their landfall value in about 7 hours, 75 percent in 15 hours, and 90 percent in a day. Thus even a 65 m/s (150 mph) hurricane will be reduced below hurricane strength in about 7 hours, and after a day all that remains is a light breeze. Over mountainous terrain, death can come even faster. When hurricanes pass over swamps instead of dry ground, however, they can suck enough heat out of the swampy water to slow their decay. Even a foot of standing water holds enough heat to noticeably slow a storm’s decay, as shown in Figure 16.1. A swamp 1 m (3 ft) deep can sustain a marginal hurricane indefinitely. Hurricane Andrew (Chapter 31) provides a good example of how swamps can fuel storms. After slamming into southern Florida with 74 m/s (165 mph) winds, Andrew crossed directly over the Everglades, a vast wetland south of Lake Okeechobee. Though over Florida for less than a day, it picked up enough heat from the Everglades to slow its dissipation, possibly leading to a more intense storm in Louisiana several days later (Figure 16.2).
The Great New England Hurricane of 1938
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 4, 1938—almost exactly a year before Hitler’s Germany invaded Poland and precipitated World War II—a French weather observer at the Saharan station of Bilma Oasis noted a gentle wind shift, signaling the passage of another of the easterly waves that move across Africa and out over the Atlantic with great regularity in summer. Little did he know that this wave was destined to spawn the greatest natural disaster in New England history, leaving 680 people dead amidst terrible wreckage. Like many natural disasters, the Great New England Hurricane was a lethal combination of meteorological chance and human error. The next definitive observation of the system was made by the SS Algegrete, encountering a full-blown hurricane northeast of Puerto Rico on September 16. This drew the attention of the U.S. Weather Bureau office in Jacksonville, Florida, which then had jurisdiction for all tropical weather south of Cape Hatteras. From the sixteenth until midday on the nineteenth, the strengthening storm headed straight toward southeast Florida (Figure 21.1), prompting the Weather Bureau to post a hurricane warning there. Landfall was expected less than a day later, and a storm-wary state prepared for the worst.
Waves
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No aspect of a hurricane is more frightening than its enormous waves. Many a ship has succumbed to them, and breaking waves are responsible for much of the damage ashore, even in storms that never make landfall. Waves higher than 60 ft have been recorded in hurricanes, but worse than these colossal heights is the turmoil of the seas near the eye, where the wind direction shifts very quickly. Over the centuries, various strategies have been developed to help ships cope with large waves, but these are useless when waves are coming from many different directions, adding to one another and creating a state of maritime chaos. Adding to the sailor’s misery is the horrifying prospect of a rogue wave, a solitary monster arising without warning from the general chaos and quickly overwhelming anything afloat, from a dory to a supertanker (Figure 22.1). A gentle breeze blowing across the water excites myriad ripples, shimmering in the sunlight. These are called capillary waves, and they owe their existence to surface tension, the same force that holds water droplets together. Deflect the water surface upward, and surface tension will force it back down; this restoring force is the primal ingredient of all oscillations.
Bodily Sensibility: Intelligent Action
Authors: Schulkin Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The brain is a cognitive organ, and regions of the brain that traverse brainstem and cortical sites orchestrate the expression of bodily sensibility: intelligent action. They can appear perfunctory or intimate, calculating a sum or selecting a mate. Schulkin presents neuroscientific research demonstrating that thought is not on one side and bodily sensibility on the other; from a biological point of view, they are integrated. Schulkin further argues that this integration has important implications for judgements about the emotions, art and music, moral sensibilities, attraction and revulsion, and our perpetual inclination to explain ourselves and our surroundings. He begins the book by setting forth a view of the emotions not as a bodily burden to be borne, but rather as a great source of information. He then moves on to other domains, claiming that underlying the experience of aesthetics in at least some instances is the interplay between expectation and disappointment from its infraction, and suggesting that, among other things, repulsion and attraction to the cries and joys of others constitutes moral responsiveness. This book should appeal to researchers in behavioural neuroscience, emotion, and psychophysiology, as well as cognitive and social psychologists and philosophers of mind.
Early Bilingual Acquisition: Focus on Morphosyntax and the Separate Development Hypothesis
Authors: Houwer Annick De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses morphosyntactic development in bilingual children under age 6 years. The primary focus is on the relationship between children’s two languages in production. The available empirical evidence so far from children acquiring 13 different language combinations strongly supports the Separate Development Hypothesis (SDH), which states that in learning to speak, children raised with two separate languages from birth approach their languages as two distinct, closed sets. The SDH can only be meaningfully addressed, however, after taking into consideration some basic methodological and analytical steps.
A Unified Model of Language Acquisition
Authors: MacWhinney Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an extended formulation of the Competition Model. The extended model is designed to account for a large range of phenomena in first and second language acquisition, including bilingualism. As in the classic version of the Competition Model, competition is at the core of a set of non modular interacting forces. However, now the various inputs to competition are described in terms of six additional subcomponents: arenas, cues, chunking, storage, codes, and resonance. Learning is viewed as a resonant process that relies on storage, chunking, and support to acquire new mappings.
Being and Becoming Bilingual: Individual Differences and Consequences for Language Production
Authors: Michael Erica B , Gollan Tamar H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of bilingual cognitive processing advantages and disadvantages can be used to constrain models of bilingual language processing and to highlight aspects of cognitive processing that are critical for achieving and maintaining proficient bilingualism. We review some differences between bilinguals and monolinguals and consider whether or not skills known to influence monolingual language fluency, such as working memory capacity and suppression skills, may also be used to explain which individuals are successful in achieving proficiency in a second language and avoiding disadvantages associated with bilingualism.
The Vigilante Tradition and Modern Executions
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The substantive feature of American experience that has encouraged executions and protected them from being associated with excessive government power is a mythology of local control that appears to be linked to historical traditions of vigilante violence. This chapter shows a striking parallel between the practice of capital punishment at the end of the twentieth century and the practice of lynching a century earlier. Those parts of the United States where mob killings were repeatedly inflicted as crime control without government sanction are more likely now to view official executions as expressions of the will of the community rather than the power of a distant and alien government. For this reason, modern executions are concentrated in those sections of the United States where the hangman used to administer popular justice without legal sanction. Of equal note-worthiness, those areas of the United States where lynchings were rare a century ago are much less likely now to have a death penalty or to execute. In this important respect, the propensity to execute in the twenty-first century is a direct legacy of a history of lynching and of the vigilante tradition if it is still a part of regional culture.
“Creative and Cultural Lag” The Radical Education of Ralph Ellison
Authors: Maxwell William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does American democracy sound like? Thanks to Ralph Ellison, a student of the chromatic runs of guitarist Charlie Christian as well as the fractured syntax of poet T. S. Eliot, more than a few Americans now suspect that it sounds like jazz. While Ellison once pledged to high-flying confidant Albert Murray that he “wouldn’t be a jazz critic for love or money” (TT 193), he spent crucial writing time in the dozen years after Invisible Man (1952) beingjust that. From 1955 through 1964, Ellison contributed a string of jazz-centered essays to fully visible periodicals such as Esquire and the Saturday Review. With painstaking elegance balancing spiked judgments, he surveyed everything from the frontier lyricism of singer Jimmy Rushing, to the cult of the brilliantly doomed alto saxophonist Charlie “Bird” Parker, to the speculative sociology of Blues People (1963), LeRoiJones’s pioneering study of black music in white America. Several of these pieces on jazz gained the status of small classics during the conquering twilight of Ellison’s life, when his late 1960s reputation as an elitist sellout faded along with the militancy of the Black Arts movement.
“Something Warmly, Infuriatingly Feminine” Gender, Sexuality, and the Work of Ralph Ellison
Authors: Smethurst James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critical assessments of the representation of women in the work of Ralph Ellison, particularly the novel on which his Reputation ultimately rests, Invisible Man, often seem at odds. Claudia Tate argues that “like underground station masters of the American slave era, these female characters assist the Invisible Man along his course to freedom” (164). Ann Folwell Stanford asserts that Mary Rambo “stands out as the only positively memorable woman character in the novel (out of a cast of almost twenty black women characters)” (118). And even Mary Rambo is a limited character whom the narrator sees as hardly human. Yet these two statements are not as irreconcilable as they first appear. Gender and sexuality are absolutely crucial to Ellison’s cultural vision-and crucial to his success as an artist and as a public intellectual, to employ a vague and overused term.
F. Scott Fitzgerald, Professional Author
Authors: West III James L W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From 1919 until 1940, F. Scott Fitzgerald was a successful professional Writer in America, a country in which full-time authorship ,has always been a precarious occupation. During those years, the extent of his working life, he earned his living altogether with his pen. He did nothing else: he had no other vocation and drew on no private source of income. Fitzgerald produced novels, short stories, personal essays, and the occasional poem; he attempted drama and wrote for the movies. He made his way on talent, ambition, self-discipline, and luck. Fitzgerald’s good fortune ran out toward the end of his career, but he still had a fine run as an author, especially during the 1920s. He was hampered by personal problems and bad habits, but he was also working within a system not designed (even today) to support full-time professional writers.
Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Costello E Jane , Mustillo Sarah , Keeler Gordon , Angold Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a public health perspective, epidemiologists focus on a number of important questions about diseases, including these: How important is a particular disease? Which group in the population is at highest risk for specific diseases? Are there characteristics of certain environments that increase the risk of particular diseases? What are the most effective methods of preventing or controlling the spread of specific diseases? Encompassed within these central questions are numerous other issues related to prevalence (i.e., how many people have a particular disease at any one time), incidence (i.e., how many new cases of this disease will occur during a defined period), and overall burden to society in terms of mortality, morbidity, economic costs, functional impairments, and need for treatment.
Evaluating Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services
Authors: Orwin Robert G , Goldman Howard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While some areas of social programming have undergone relatively little evaluation, this is not true of the delivery of alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health services. From the advent of the community mental health movement through the Robert Wood Johnson and McKinney Act demonstrations of the late 1980s and early 1990s, and most recently the numerous multisite studies sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration (SAMHSA), evaluation has been part of the mental health program development and policy-making process. With increasing competition for shrinking resources and uncertainty over future organization and financing of services, the need for anyone associated with the delivery of services to understand what evaluation can do, how it is done, and how it is used has probably never been greater. This is true whether the individual is a direct service provider, program manager/administrator, policy maker/ sponsor, or other stakeholder.
Performance Analysis as a Tool for Understanding the Ecological Morphology of Flower-Visiting Bats
Authors: Nicolay Christopher W , Winter York 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Performance analysis provides a tool for understanding the functional and ecological correlates of morphological variation. We have examined two measures of nectar-feeding performance within phyllostomid bats: tongue extension and rate of nectar extraction. Tongue extension provides a measure of maximal capacity and potentially limits the lengths of flowers that a bat can visit. Rate of nectar extraction at different feeders provides a measure of performance at a task within the capacity of the bats. We found strong relationships between apparent morphological specialization for nectarivory and tongue extension. However, morphological specialization is not strongly associated with nectar extraction rates. Tongue extension is more closely tied to apparent morphological specialization for nectarivory in phyllostomids than is rate of nectar extraction, which is influenced by feeding styles and behavioral plasticity. Other factors, such as the ability to extract small amounts of nectar from flowers, probably also play an important role in the evolution of nectarivory.
Relatedness, Life History, and Social Behavior in the Long-Lived Bechstein’s Bat, Myotis bechsteinii
Authors: Kerth Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1993, I have studied the social behavior and genetic population structure of the communally breeding Bechstein’s bat, Myotis bechsteinii, to analyze the adaptive value of female sociality. Maternity colonies of
M. bechsteinii normally consist of 15–45 females and their young; males are solitary. Individual females do not give birth every year, weaning on average c. 0.7 young per year. Thus, colonies are comprised of reproductive and nonreproductive bats. Low annual individual reproductive success is balanced by a high survival rate of about 80% per year for adult females. Genetic population analysis, using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, revealed strict female philopatry and male dispersal. Maternity colonies are closed societies, comprised of closely related and genetically unrelated females that probably live together for their entire lives. Within colonies, females display a fission–fusion society. Colonies regularly split into several subgroups that occupy different roosts. Individuals switch roosts frequently and subgroup composition is characterized by strong mixing of colony members. The social organization of maternity colonies suggests that the long-lived females have familiar, cooperative partners, some of which are close relatives, for raising their young. Colony members probably profit from sociality via warming by nonreproductive females, babysitting, and information transfer about roosts, whereas allonursing and information transfer about food are of little or no importance.
Healthy Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether dealing with the tantrums of a demanding two-year-old, or the hostile, rejecting rage of a distraught teenager seeking greater independence, dealing with a child’s anger is one of the most frustrating and challenging tasks faced by a parent. While some children learn constructive strategies to manage anger, many learn ineffective ways that may lead to more severe emotional and behavioural difficulties, such as underachievement, depression, interpersonal conflict, and, in extreme cases, even violence. In Healthy Anger, psychologists and anger expert Dr Bernard Golden helps us understand how children experience and express anger and how parents can help them to manage this complex and charged emotion. Rather than just examining the child’s disruptive behaviour, Golden focuses on parent-child interaction, teaching parents constructive ways to respond to the whole child. Anger, Golden explains, is a natural emotion that is distinct from behaviour that is aggressive. He emphasizes that anger does not occur in isolation, but rather in the context of individual needs, attitudes, perceptions and emotions. Golden helps parents work with their children to identify the causes of their anger, and then to implement strategies for coping in a healthy way. He gives parents constructive guidance for helping to understand “child logic”, talking about anger and forgiveness, responding to escalating anger, rewarding good behaviours, and recognizing those children and teens who need professional help. Throughout the book, Golden includes clear, step-by-step instructions for exercises and tasks that will build coping strategies and build problem-solving skills for managing and channeling anger in healthy ways. Healthy Anger is an accessible and comprehensive guide for parents, teachers, and clinicians who work with children and teens.
A Comprehensive View of Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why is it that one five-year-old is quick to have a tantrum while an other child responds calmly to the same situation? What makes one teenage boy spring into aggression while a neighbor’s son assertively expresses both hurt and anger about the same event? What leads your spouse to respond to anger in one way and your child to manage anger the way she does? Why is it that some people never seem to experience anger?
In this chapter, I present a model of anger, a framework for understanding anger, that will help answer these types of questions. It will assist you in recognizing when and how specific motivations, thoughts, and other emotions contribute to the experience of anger.
Gentral Guidelines for Using the Mode1 of Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While this model of anger was initially developed with children, adolescents, and adults who demonstrated a wide range of difficulties in understanding and managing anger, this book focuses on preparing your child or teen to develop the knowledge and skills to understand and manage anger long before he or she experiences more serious difficulties related to anger.
The more you apply the techniques in these different ways, the more you will help your child internalize the kind of understanding that leads to increased self-awareness, self-control, tolerance for frustration, and problem-solving skills. Help your child to view these anger management strategies as rehearsals for constructive anger management rather than as strategies to practice only when immersed in the experience of anger.