bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ultrastructural and a cytochemical study of candidal invasion of reconstituted human oral epithelium
Authors: Jayatilake J. A. M. S. , Samaranayake Y. H. , Samaranayake L. P. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Opportunistic yeast, Candida albicans causes superficial and systemic mycoses in compromised patients. Adhesion to host tissues, morphogenesis and extracellular phospholipases (PL) are thought to contribute to its virulence. The nature of numerous host–parasite interactions at the invasive phase of oral candidiasis is not fully understood. Hence in this study, we explore the ultrastructural features of oral candidiasis using a tissue culture model based on reconstituted human oral epithelium (RHOE).Methods:  Reconstituted human oral epithelium (Skinethic Laboratory, Nice, France) was inoculated with C. albicans SC5314 and incubated up to 48 h. The infected tissue was harvested at 12, 24 and 48 h and examined using light, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Localized activity of PLs of C. albicans during tissue invasion was also examined using a cytochemical method.Results:  Over a period of 48 h C. albicans invaded the RHOE, and histological examination revealed characteristic hallmarks of pathological tissue invasion. Hyphal penetration into the superficial epithelium, particularly at cell junctions, together with features of cellular internalization of yeasts was noted. Phospholipase activity was visible at the tips of hyphae and initial sites of bud formation. Further, SEM studies revealed cavitations on the surface epithelial cells particularly pronounced at the sites of hyphal invasion. Hyphal invasion was seen both at cell surfaces and intercellular cell junctions of the epithelium, the latter resembling thigmotropic behaviour.Conclusions:  Our findings confirm that multiple cellular interactions such as internalization, thigmotropism and extracellular PLs contribute to invasive candidiasis. The RHOE model, described here, appears to be a satisfactory model for the investigation of ultrastructural and histochemical features of invasive candidiasis in humans.
Ultraviolet protective performance of photoprotective lipsticks: change of spectral transmittance because of ultraviolet exposure
Authors: Maier H. , Schauberger G. , Martincigh B. S. , Brunnhofer K. , Hönigsmann H. 
Published: March 2005

Background: Photoinstability of sunscreens because of ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a well‐known and common phenomenon. Recently, it was also shown that sunscreens with complex filter combinations are photoinactivated by UV exposures, which can easily be acquired by solar exposure over several hours.Objectives: To assess the change of the spectral transmission after UV exposure (UV‐challenged protective performance) of 27 commercially available photoprotective lipsticks.Methods: Quartz slides were covered with a lipstick layer (area density 1.0±0.1 mg/cm2) and irradiated with increasing doses of solar‐simulated radiation. The spectral transmission (T) was measured spectrophotometrically before and after 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 standard erythema doses (SED) of exposure. We calculated the change in transmission (photoinstability) as the difference between the spectral transmission before and after a defined UV exposure, ΔT, and the arithmetic mean, for both the UVA (ΔTA) and UVB (ΔTB) ranges. A product was labelled as photounstable if the mean photoinstability in the UVA, ΔTA, or UVB range, ΔTB, was higher than 5% for an UV exposure of 12.5 SED.Results: Eleven products showed a significant photoinstability in the UVA range (ΔTA between 6% and 27%), only one product in the UVB range (ΔTB=13%), and one product in both the UVA (ΔTA=31%) and UVB (ΔTB=9%) range. In one product photoinstability became significant in the UVA range at higher UV exposures.Conclusions: Out of 27 lipsticks only 13 products showed a photostable performance (ΔTA<5% and ΔTB<5% for 12.5 SED). We propose therefore that only products, which fulfil these UV photostability criteria should be marketed.
The connection between star formation and stellar mass: specific star formation rates to redshift one
Authors: Feulner Georg , Goranova Yuliana , Drory Niv , Hopp Ulrich , Bender Ralf 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
We investigate the contribution of star formation to the growth of stellar mass in galaxies over the redshift range 0.5 &lt; ɀ &lt; 1.1 by studying the redshift evolution of the specific star formation rate (SSFR), defined as the star formation rate per unit stellar mass. We use an I-band-selected sample of 6180 field galaxies from the Munich Near-Infrared Cluster Survey (MUNICS) with spectroscopically calibrated photometric redshifts. The SSFR decreases with stellar mass at all redshifts. The low SSFRs of massive galaxies indicate that star formation does not significantly change their stellar mass over this redshift range: the majority of massive galaxies have assembled the bulk of their mass before redshift unity. Furthermore, these highest mass galaxies contain the oldest stellar populations at all redshifts. The line of maximum SSFR runs parallel to lines of constant star formation rate. With increasing redshift, the maximum SFR is generally increasing for all stellar masses, from SFR ≃ 5 M⊙ yr−1 at ɀ≃ 0.5 to SFR ≃ 10 M⊙ yr−1 at ɀ ≃ 1.1. We also show that the large SSFRs of low-mass galaxies cannot be sustained over extended periods of time. Finally, our results do not require a substantial contribution of merging to the growth of stellar mass in massive galaxies over the redshift range probed. We note that highly obscured galaxies which remain undetected in our sample do not affect these findings for the bulk of the field galaxy population.
The discovery of a type II quasar at ɀ = 1.65 with integral-field spectroscopy
Authors: Jarvis Matt J. , van Breukelen Caroline , Wilman R. J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In this Letter we report the serendipitous discovery of a genuine type II quasar at ɀ = 1.65 using integral-field data from the Visual Multi-Object Spectrograph (VIMOS) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). This is the first discovery of a type II quasar at ɀ &gt; 1 from optical data alone. J094531-242831, hereafter J0945-2428, exhibits strong narrow (v &lt; 1500 km s−1) emission lines, has a resolved host galaxy, and is undetected to a radio flux density limit of S5 GHz = 0.15 mJy (3σ). All of these characteristics lead us to believe that J0945-2428 is a bona fide type II quasar.
The luminosity of the narrow emission lines in this object suggest that the intrinsic power of the central engine is similar to that found in powerful radio galaxies, indicative of a similarly large supermassive black hole of ∼ 3 × 108 M⊙ (assuming that it is accreting at its Eddington limit). However, from near-infrared imaging observations we find that the old stellar population in the host galaxy has a luminosity of ∼ 0.2 L★, mildly inconsistent with the correlation between black hole mass and bulge luminosity found locally, although the uncertainty in the black hole mass estimate is large.
This discovery highlights the power that integral-field units have in discovering hidden populations of objects, particularly the sought-after type II quasars, which are invoked to explain the hard X-ray background. As such, future large integral-field surveys could open up a new window on the obscured accretion activity in the Universe.
Circumstellar discs around solar mass stars in NGC 6611
Authors: Oliveira J. M. , Jeffries R. D. , van Loon J. Th. , Littlefair S. P. , Naylor T. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
We have performed IZJHKL′ observations in NGC 6611, the young cluster that ionizes the Eagle Nebula. We have discovered a rich pre-main sequence concentrated around the O-stars in the cluster. As measured by their L′-band excesses, at least 58±5 per cent of the pre-main sequence objects (0.45 &lt; M &lt; 2 M⊙) have circumstellar discs. By comparing this disc frequency with frequencies determined for regions where the pre-main sequence stars are subject to less ionizing radiation, we find no evidence that the harsher environment of NGC 6611 (approximately an order of magnitude more ionizing Lyman continuum radiation than the Trapezium cluster) significantly hastens the dissipation of circumstellar discs around solar mass stars.
Development of Immunoglobulin M Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To Differentiate Human Flavivirus Infections Occurring in Australia
Authors: Taylor Carmel , Simmons Russell , Smith Ina 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT
We report the development of a flavivirus immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) which improves the determination of an infecting flavivirus serotype over that by current serological methods. A panel of 165 IgM-positive sera from flavivirus patients with specific diagnostic results was tested by the flavivirus MAC-ELISA using a panel of 10 antigens. For 134 of these sera (81.2%), the highest reactivity was demonstrated against the infecting virus, which was consistent with the original diagnostic result. Specific antibody reactions inconsistent with the original diagnosis were found for six sera (3.6%). In our experience, the flavivirus-serotyping ELISA provides a rapid and accurate alternative to other serological tests, such as hemagglutination inhibition, for the specific diagnosis of flavivirus infections.
Application of Monoclonal Antibodies in Functional and Comparative Investigations of Heavy-Chain Immunoglobulins in New World Camelids
Authors: Daley L. P. , Gagliardo L. F. , Duffy M. S. , Smith M. C. , Appleton J. A. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Of the three immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes described to occur in camelids, IgG2 and IgG3 are distinct in that they do not incorporate light chains. These heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) constitute approximately 50% of the IgG in llama serum and as much as 75% of the IgG in camel serum. We have produced isotype-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in order to investigate the roles of HCAbs in camelid immunity. Seventeen stable hybridomas were cloned, and three MAbs that were specific for epitopes on the γ chains of llama IgG1, IgG2, or IgG3 were characterized in detail. Affinity chromatography revealed that each MAb bound its isotype in solution in llama serum. The antibodies bound to the corresponding alpaca IgGs, to guanaco IgG1 and IgG2, and to camel IgG1. Interestingly, anti-IgG2 MAbs bound three heavy-chain species in llama serum, confirming the presence of three IgG2 subisotypes. Two IgG2 subisotypes were detected in alpaca and guanaco sera. The MAbs detected llama serum IgGs when they were bound to antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and were used to discern among isotypes induced during infection with a parasitic nematode. Diseased animals, infected with
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
, did not produce antigen-specific HCAbs; rather, they produced the conventional isotype, IgG1, exclusively. Our data document the utility of these MAbs in functional and physiologic investigations of the immune systems of New World camelids.
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Protects against Exacerbation of Allergic Asthma Due toBordetella pertussisin a Murine Model
Authors: Ennis Darren P. , Cassidy Joseph P. , Mahon Bernard P. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of asthma and allergic disease has increased in many countries, and there has been speculation that immunization promotes allergic sensitization.Bordetella pertussisinfection exacerbates allergic asthmatic responses. We investigated whether acellular pertussis vaccine (Pa) enhanced or preventedB. pertussis-induced exacerbation of allergic asthma. Groups of mice were immunized with Pa, infected withB. pertussis, and/or sensitized to ovalbumin. Immunological, pathological, and physiological changes were measured to assess the impact of immunization on immune deviation and airway function. We demonstrate that immunization did not enhance ovalbumin-specific serum immunoglobulin E production. Histopathological examination revealed that immunization reduced the severity of airway pathology associated with sensitization in the context of infection and decreased bronchial hyperreactivity upon methacholine exposure of infected and sensitized mice. These data demonstrate unequivocally the benefit of Pa immunization to health and justify selection of Pa in mass vaccination protocols. In the absence of infection, the Pa used in this study enhanced the interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-13 responses and influenced airway hyperresponsiveness to sensitizing antigen; however, these data do not suggest that Pa contributes to childhood asthma overall. On the contrary, wild-type virulentB. pertussisis still circulating in most countries, and our data suggest that the major influence of Pa is to protect against the powerful exacerbation of asthma-like pathology induced byB. pertussis.
Protein Z in normal pregnancy
Authors: Stiller Ruth , Roos Malgorzata , Zimmermann Roland , Quack Loetscher Katharina C. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryChanges in the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems during pregnancy lead to a higher risk of thromboembolism. These changes include the increase of many clotting factors, as well as a significant fall in activity of fibrinolytic proteins, such as protein C. Protein Z is a vitamin-K-dependent plasma glycoprotein and inhibits the activation of factor X by serving as a cofactor to a plasma proteinase inhibitor. Protein Z deficiency has recently been reported in women with unexplained early fetal losses, and antibodies to protein Z can contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the range of protein Z in normal pregnancies at different gestational weeks in a cross-sectional and a longitudinal setting. In the longitudinal study we found a 20% increase (p=0.006) of protein Z from first trimester to delivery and a 30% decrease (p<0.0001) 6 to 12 weeks after delivery. In the cross-sectional study these findings were reproducible. In summary, our data show a progressive increase in protein Z levels with gestational age in normal pregnancies and a return to normal levels around 6 to 12 weeks postpartum. The normal increase of protein Z during pregnancy may balance the increase of clotting factors to protect pregnant women from thrombosis.
Suppression of rat breast cancer metastasis and reduction of primary tumour growth by the small synthetic urokinase inhibitor WX-UK1
Authors: Setyono-Han Buddy , Stürzebecher Jörg , Schmalix Wolfgang A. , Muehlenweg Bernd , Sieuwerts Anieta M. , Timmermans Mieke , Magdolen Viktor , Schmitt Manfred , Klijn Jan G. M. , Foekens John A. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe serine protease uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) and its receptor uPAR (CD87) are often elevated in malignant tumours, hence, inhibition of this tumour-associated plasminogen activation system provides an attractive target for therapeutic strategies. WX-UK1, a derivative of 3-aminophenylalanine in the L-conformation with inhibitory antiproteolytic properties, was tested for its specificity spectrum using specific chromogenic paranitroanilide peptide substrates. The corresponding D-enantiomer of WX-UK1 was used as a control. The anti-tumour and anti-metastatic (number of lung foci and weight of the axillary lymph nodes) properties were studied by subcutaneous administration of WX-UK1 to Brown Norwegian (BN) rats carrying orthotopically transplanted BN472 rat breast tumours. WX-UK1 selectively inhibited tumour-related proteases from rats and humans such as uPA, plasmin, or thrombin in the sub or low micromolar range. The activity was stereoselective as the D-enantiomer of WX-UK1 inhibited uPA and plas-min at approximately 70-fold higher Ki
values than the active L-form. Chronical administration of the L-enantiomer of WXUK1 impaired primary tumour growth and metastasis of BN472 rat breast cancer in a dose-dependent manner. The minimum inhibitory dosage with maximal effect was between 0.15 and 0.3 mg/kg/day. The inactive D-enatiomer of WX-UK1 was not active in this respect. Daily treatment with WX-UK1 for up to 35 days was well tolerated as judged by the unchanged body and organ weight development. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that WX-UK1 as a single agent inhibits breast tumour growth and metastasis in vivo, and thus is a promising candidate drug to treat human cancer.
Plasminogen and matrix metalloproteinase activation by enzymatically modified low density lipoproteins in monocytes and smooth muscle cells
Authors: Schmidt Roland , Bülbül özgür B. , Hölderle Monika , Walther Franziska , Schömig Albert , Gawaz Meinrad , May Andreas E. , Klouche Mariam 
Published: March 2005

SummaryProtease activity promotes the progression and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. LDL has been described to become enzymatically modified within the vessel wall yielding an atherogenic moiety (E-LDL). We studied the effect of E-LDL on the activation of plasminogen and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in mono-cytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) as well as on MMP activation during cellular interactions. Human monocytes, monocytic MonoMac6 cells and human VSMCs were incubated with human native LDL (n-LDL) or E-LDL for 24 hours. E-LDL in contrast to n-LDL induced substantial activation of the plasminogen activation system as well as of the MMP system in monocytic cells, as measured by enhanced cell surface expression of the urokinase receptor (uPAR), the extracellular matrix metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN) and the membrane type-1 MMPs (MT1-MMP, MMP-14), as well as by secretion of active uPA, and of MMP-9. Consistently, E-LDL-treated monocytes exhibited increased transmigration through “matrigel”, which was specifically abrogated by the MMP inhibitor galardin or the plasmin inhibitor aprotinin. In VSMCs, E-LDL induced MMP-1 and MMP-2 secretion. Moreover, monocyte incubation with supernatants of E-LDL-treated (but not n-LDL-treated)VSMCs strongly induced MMP-9 in monoytes, which was inhibited by blocking mAb anti-TNF-α. Together, enzymatical modification of LDL allows a direct activation of MMP expression in monocytes and VSMCs, and indirectly promotes the induction of paracrine, cytokine-mediated intercellular activation processes. Thereby, E-LDL may contribute to atheroprogression, inflammation and plaque rupture.
Plasminogen activation and cancer
Authors: Behrendt Niels , Høyer-Hansen Gunilla , Johnsen Morten , Lund Leif R. , Ploug Michael , Rømer John , Danø Keld 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBreakdown of the extracellular matrix is crucial for cancer invasion and metastasis. It is accomplished by the concerted action of several proteases, including the serine protease plasmin and a number of matrix metalloproteases. The activity of each of these proteases is regulated by an array of activators, inhibitors and cellular receptors. Thus, the generation of plasmin involves the pro-enzyme plasminogen, the urokinase type plasminogen activator uPA and its pro-enzyme pro-uPA, the uPA inhibitor PAI-1, the cell surface uPA receptor uPAR, and the plasmin inhibitor α2-antiplasmin. Furthermore, the regulation of extracellular proteolysis in cancer involves a complex interplay between cancer cells and non-malignant stromal cells in the expression of the molecular components involved. For some types of cancer, this cellular interplay mimics that observed in the tissue of origin during non-neoplastic tissue remodelling processes. We propose that cancer invasion can be considered as uncontrolled tissue remodelling. Inhibition of extracellular proteases is an attractive approach to cancer therapy. Because proteases have many different functions in the normal organism, efficient inhibition will have toxic side effects. In cancer invasion, like in normal tissue remodelling processes, there appears to be a functional overlap between different extracellular proteases. This redundancy means that combinations of protease inhibitors must be used. Such combination therapy, however, is also likely to increase toxicity. Therefore for each type of cancer, a combination of protease inhibitors that is optimised with respect to both maximal therapeutic effect and minimal toxic side effects need to be identified.
Comparison of the Global Meridional Ekman Heat Flux Estimated from Four Wind Sources
Authors: Sato Olga T. , Polito Paulo S. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The variability in the meridional Ekman heat flux estimated using wind data from four different sources is examined. The wind vectors are obtained from the European Remote Sensing (ERS), Quick Scatterometer (Quikscat), and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite instruments and from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) model. The datasets range over a period of 10 years except for the Quikscat, which spans the period between 1999 and 2003. The comparison of the annual mean of the zonally integrated Ekman heat flux shows some discrepancies. In comparing the four sources, the differences increase from the tropical regions toward the equator. The annual mean of the meridional Ekman heat flux is consistently smaller when estimated with the ERS data. The correlation analysis shows that ERS and the other sources have a better agreement in the tropical regions, with correlations between 0.6 and 0.8, while in the extratropical regions the correlation is 0.4. The SSM/I, NCEP, and Quikscat winds lead to better correlations, between 0.7 and 1 in the extratropical regions. The western side of the north Indian Ocean is a site where all sources are very well correlated to each other. The variability in the Ekman heat flux is determined by changes in the temperature and wind stress fields. A combination of digital filters was used to quantify the role of several regions in the frequency–zonal wavenumber spectrum of the wind in establishing the observed Ekman heat flux. The Ekman flux component that is obtained from the product of the long-term mean wind and the temperature dominates in the low latitudes of the Atlantic Ocean. Its fractional covariance reaches 0.6 in the Atlantic, in the Pacific Ocean it is at most 0.3, and it is negligible in the Indian Ocean. The temporal variability of this heat flux component is only due to the temperature variability, because the mean winds were used. Other Ekman heat flux components are obtained from the product of the filtered wind anomalies and the temperature. These components include several bands of propagating signals (Rossby waves) and have fractional covariances that are larger in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, while in the Atlantic they can explain at most 20% of the total variance. All wind sources show a shift in the variability regime around 15° of latitude, with the mean and large-scale prevailing over meso- and small-scale variability within the Tropics and vice versa in the extratropical regions.
Oceanic Fluxes in the South Atlantic
Authors: McDonagh Elaine L. , King Brian A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A box inverse of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment A10 (30°S) and A11 (nominally 45°S) sections in the South Atlantic Ocean was undertaken. The authors find a heat flux across A10 of 0.22 ± 0.08 PW, consistent with previous studies, and a heat flux of 0.43 ± 0.08 PW across A11. The A11 heat flux is lower than some previous analyses of this section but implies a plausible oceanic heat convergence (heat loss to the atmosphere) of 0.21 ± 0.10 PW. The difference is principally due to adding a cyclonic component to the circulation in the Cape Basin. As compared with the solution of other studies, the anticyclonic circulation in the surface and intermediate water of the subtropical gyre is weakened. The circulation of the deep water is cyclonic rather than anticyclonic; this is in better agreement with previously published circulation schemes based on examination of water properties. A southward freshwater flux of 0.7 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) at A11, consistent with previous inverse studies, is still inconsistent with the net Atlantic evaporation inferred from integrated surface climatologies. Results suggest a small gain of freshwater (0.2 ± 0.1 Sv) between the sections.