bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 17: Sampling
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a practical point of view, sampling is a necessity in those anti-dumping proceedings in which a large number of parties, product types or transactions is involved. The purpose of the provisions as contained in Article 17 is to enable Community Institutions to conclude the investigation within a reasonable time. Sampling is all the more important in proceedings which are subject to strict time limits. Other provisions concerning sampling can be found in Articles 2(11), 9(6) and 11(4), (9). The WTO Anti-dumping Agreement contains provisions on sampling in its Articles 6.10, 9.4 as well as in its footnote 13.
Judicial Review: Admissibility
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Court of First Instance (CFI) is competent to exercise jurisdiction at first instance over actions brought both by natural or legal persons and (as regards anti-dumping measures) Member States, pursuant to It is also competent to prescribe interim measures in cases falling within its jurisdiction, in accordance with Articles 242 and 243 EC.Requests for preliminary rulings pursuant to Article 234 EC remain within the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Appeals may be made against judgments of the CFI on a point of law to the ECJ. The Court’scase law concerning locus standi of private applicants to bring actions against measures in the anti-dumping field is quite complex.There are two principal reasons for this; (1) not all acts adopted by the Community Institutions in the course of an anti-dumping proceeding are reviewable acts under the Treaty, and (2) anti-dumping measures largely take the form of regulations or decisions sui generis which brings into play the interpretation of the concept of ‘direct and individual concern’ within the meaning of Article 230(4) EC, a provision that is interpreted quite strictly. Locus standi has therefore been a fundamental issue in much anti-dumping litigation, although in recent years the pattern of rules relating to admissibility has become more clearly resolved.
Innovation, technology, and the energy revolution
Authors: rodi Professor dr michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all likelihood, limiting climate change and its detrimental consequences (as well as realistically adapting to them) pose the largest challenge to governmental and international environmental policy to date. Regardless of which limitation and stabilization targets we favour, one thing seems beyond doubt: a fundamental reform of our approach to technology—essentially an ‘Energy Revolution’, is inevitable. This includes the mobilization of new energy sources, significant improvements of energy efficiency, and possibly also large-scale technological solutions and geo-engineering (which may include different technologies to sequester CO2, or initiatives to re?ect solar radiation). The sole alternative to all technology-based efficiency strategies are, broadly understood, sufficiency strategies, ie a choice to forego current levels of energy consumption and use. Such a choice would amount to a no less fundamental revolution, albeit more sociocultural in nature, and thus hardly seems feasible given current consumption patterns in industrialized countries, not to mention the developing world and its understandable desire to participate in the many amenities of modern technology.
Green, white, and brown certificates working together: the italian experience
Authors: Panella Giorgio , Zatti, Andrea , Carraro Fiorenza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tradeable certificates systems have recently become quite a diffuse instrument in the energy and environmental agenda of European countries. Basically, they have been developed to foster energy efficiency (white certificates, WhC) to increase the attractiveness of renewable energy sources (green certificates, GC) and to promote the abatement of CO2 emissions (brown certificates, or emission permits).
The most extensive tradeable certificates scheme in operation is the European Emission Trading Scheme to reduce carbon dioxide emissions at EU level; it has been developed to serve as a trial in view of the future larger emission trading scheme established by the Kyoto protocol.
Towards An Environmental Tax On Motor Vehicles (A Proposal For A Community Directive And Its Incidence On Spanish Autonomous Communities)
Authors: Herrera Molina Pedro M , Maria Amparo Grau Ruiz , Pablo Chico Grau Ruiz , Camara de la 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taxation of passenger cars and other road vehicles does not include major environmental goals in many countries. However, it could be a powerful instrument, not only to reduce CO2 emissions, but also to cope with greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, noise levels, and traffic congestion. The issue is of vital interest because—as the European Commission has pointed out—’passenger cars are a major source of CO2 emissions and are, therefore, of particular relevance to the European Union’s environmental objective, namely to meet its environmental commitments under the Kyoto Protocol’.
The traditional circulation and registration taxes should be re-designed taking into account potential emissions, according to the available technologies, conditions, and uses of the vehicles. This re-orientation of car taxes faces some problems in federal states, where taxing powers on vehicles are allocated among several levels of government. In the Spanish model, the registration of cars is taxed at the national level, the consumption of fuel at both the national and regional level, and car ownership at the local level. Therefore, strong and efficient coordination is necessary in order to achieve the environmental goals.
Environmental Fiscal Reform In Italy: Something In The Way …
Authors: Douvan Aldo Ravazzi , , Claudia Cordié 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An apparently favourable climate has been growing in the last 12 months and is likely to help to create the conditions for an environmental tax reform in Italy.
At the international level in the last year, we have witnessed:
the Stern Review (October 2006) on the economics of climate change —a report commissioned by the UK Government and led by an orthodox economist of the Bank of England tradition, recognizing and analysing costs and risks of climate change, and which might represent a milestone in the attitude and comprehension by the community of economists;
Energy Taxes In Europe—Lessons Learned With Relevance For Switzerland
Authors: Iten Rolf , Lückge, Helen , Peter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The energy sector faces some major challenges, including the threats posed by climate change and shortfalls in the supply of fossil fuels and electricity. In order to overcome these challenges effectively, energy will have to be used more efficiently in all areas of daily life. For a number of years now, various academic and political players have been pointing to the opportunities provided by marketbased instruments, which can help to create the necessary structural change towards sustainable development in an efficient and socially acceptable manner.
From Simple Concept To Complex Reality: Us Tax Incentives To Reduce Household Use Of Fossil Fuels
Authors: Milne Professor Janet E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States’ Energy Policy Act of 2005 included a new array of federal tax expenditures intended to reduce households’ use of fossil fuels. The goal was justified. The 124 million residential units in the United States consume 21 per cent of the nation’s energy and generate 330 million metric tonnes of carbon equivalents annually. With this legislation, the United States built on its longstanding tradition of using tax expenditures to encourage the use of renewable energy, but significantly expanded its activity into the arena of energy efficiency.
Demanding More: The Role Of Demand Management And Improved End-Use Efficiency In Australian Electricity Markets
Authors: Cantley-Smith Rowena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electricity generation in Australia is heavily biased towards the use of coal, giving the stationary energy sector the dubious title of the country’s single largest greenhouse gas emitter. While this situation is far from desirable, effecting reductions in stationary energy greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs) is proving to be a difficult task. Despite a raft of initiatives directed towards reducing the footprint of the energy sector on the environment, the adverse impact of stationary energy production and consumption on the Australian environment is significant. In the face of rising demand, stationary energy emissions continue to grow. Recently, under new federal political leadership, Australia finally ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Consequently, discussions on the introduction of a national Emissions Trading System (ETS) have assumed a far more serious nature. In 2007, the Coalition of Australian Governments (COAG) established the Garnaut Climate Change Review to investigate, inter alia, climate change and GGEs abatement policy and market mechanisms. More recently, in its July 2008 Green Paper, the federal government included a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (an ETS) as part of its climate change strategy for achieving emission reductions of 60 per cent below 2000 levels by 2050. While an ETS is widely acknowledged as being of fundamental importance to Australia’s response to climate change and domestic GGE mitigation strategy, the exact nature, operative effect, and timely introduction of an Australian ETS has not, at this time, been resolved. Likewise, the extent to which the proposed ETS will interact with the myriad of existing federal-, state-, and territory-based measures requires further consideration and remains a source of ongoing debate. Perhaps more importantly, in its Green Paper the federal government has already acknowledged that its proposed ETS will have serious implications for the electricity sector. As a result of Australia’s heavy reliance on coal-fi red generators, the government has already indicated its commitment to provide fi nancial and other assistance to this sector of the energy market.
Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy Supply For The G-7 Countries, With Emphasis On Germany
Authors: , Jon Strand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with issues at the intersection of climate and energy policy. A prominent issue in climate policy is to determine the balance or choice between policies that serve to limit the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade schemes, and policies aiming to promote renewable alternatives to GHG emissions-generating energies.
The climate policy nexus involves two fundamental sets of externalities. The first, and best known, is that the global negative externalities caused by GHG emissions provide few immediate incentives for individual countries—let alone individual emitters—to reduce these, leading to excessive global emissions. The second, and often less focused, is that rents due to technological development of new (renewable) energies may be diffi cult to appropriate for individual inventors, leading to sub-optimal investments in such technologies.
Tax Incentives For Ocean Wave Energy Development
Authors: Sprohge Hans , Kreiser Larry , Sirisom, Julsuchada , Butcher Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Energy from ocean waves is a potentially inexhaustible and environmentally benign source of electricity, the development of which needs tax incentives to become commercially viable. Wave energy will last as long as the sun shines on the Earth. The sun transfers its energy to the surface of the Earth. The surface of the Earth then transfers energy to air by heating it, causing winds. The winds than transfer their energy to the oceans by creating waves. The ultimate source of the energy from a wave that knocks you down near the shoreline is the sun. The amount of energy available from ocean waves is enormous. Various technologies for harnessing this energy currently exist. Tapered channel, ? oat, and an oscillating water column are three basic systems for harnessing electricity from ocean waves. The main environmental benefi t from harnessing ocean wave energy is that the process does not create pollution. The negative impact on the environment from ocean wave energy can be reduced to a level of insignificance through proper planning.
Ethanol As Renewable Energy: A Quantitative Analysis Of Us Energy Policy Using Corn As An Alternative Fuel
Authors: Tavallali Rahmat , Lee, Paul , McClain Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to growth of US gasoline consumption and as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, US Congress amended the Clean Air Act requiring refiners to double the amount of ethanol they blend into gasoline by 2012. As it turned out, ethanol production added substantially to the demand for corn and exceeded the renewable fuel standard mandate by Congress. As a result, American farmers rushed to plant more acres and increase the yield of corn per acre on the surging demand for ethanol. After hovering around US$2 a bushel for a decade, corn prices have more than doubled in the last year alone. As a result of soaring demand for ethanol plants, in 2006, American farmers harvested 10.5 billion bushels of corn after planting 78.3 million acres and are expected to increase this amount by 15 per cent more to 90.5 million acres in 2007. Of that, an estimated 3.2 billion bushels will go into ethanol, a 49 per cent increase from last year and nearly 300 per cent increase since 2000. According to the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA), in 2007, US ethanol production averaged 423,000 barrels per day, an increase of more than 34 per cent over 2006 production, which is above the renewable fuel required by the Energy Policy Act of 2005.
Transferable Conservation Easement Tax Credits … The Virginia Experience
Authors: Brown Eleanor Weston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, open lands and forests are disappearing at alarming rates. The use of tax instruments as an incentive to promote preservation and conservation of open space, farms, forests, and important ecosystems dates to the mid1980s. Conservation easements, negative easements granted in perpetuity to protect conservation values, are permitted income and estate tax benefits at the federal level. Despite those federal benefits, the conservation easement tool did not result in marked increases in land preservation. In addition to federal efforts, many states have articulated conservation goals and initiatives. A number have promulgated state tax credits which provide, in varying amounts, a credit against state income tax related to the value of the donation of a conservation easement.
An International Comparison Of Factors Influencing Modal Split: Implications For Environmental Taxation
Authors: Bruhová-Foltýnová Hana , Bruha Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Europe, especially in the European Union (EU) new Member States, the past decades have witnessed a rapid growth in the motor vehicle stock and usage.
As Eurostat settles, in the past half century, the increasing demand for mobility has largely been satisfied by the increased use of private cars, which accounts today for the majority of trips. As Eurostat states:
The Hancocks of Marlborough
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book began with the aim of telling the almost forgotten story of Thomas Hancock, the rubber developer who in his own day was acknowledged as one of the great scientific pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. But as research progressed, it was clear that Thomas and his five brothers, the Hancocks of Marlborough, together constituted a unique family which made a tremendous yet virtually unknown contribution to nineteenth-century science and art. Walter designed and ran the first steam carriages to carry passengers on the common roads of England and so began the age of mechanized transport. Thomas founded the UK rubber industry when he discovered how to vulcanize rubber reliably; his company survived for some 120 years before being taken over. Charles was a well established painter who was also instrumental in the manufacture of gutta percha-coated undersea cables, used by the electric telegraph to begin the global information highway. Other brothers, John, James and William all made significant contributions to the development of Victorian science and culture. This book tells the story of the family and the remarkable people in it, from the Great Fire of Marlborough in 1653 to the present day, using the Hancock family archive of many unpublished and previously unknown documents.
The Hancocks Gather in London
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the eldest brother James left for London in about 1812 it was not surprising that he should still feel a spiritual affinity with Marlborough, where all his family still lived. When his first child died in 1814, he accompanied the little coffin on the coach back to the town so that she should be buried in the shadow of St Peter’s tower, next to his sisters and surrounded by his ancestors.
From Seawater to Steam
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arrangements ran smoothly enough to begin with but in 1823 Thomas patented a process for producing a rubberized anti-fouling paint for waterproofing the bottoms of ships and protecting them from the ravages of marine worms, a constant and serious problem in tropical waters. Because he had no time to develop it, he gave it to Walter and Charles. In the early stages, the process promised good commercial returns but that very promise was to bring about its downfall.
Life, Death, and Bankruptcy
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must now leave Walterߣs story for the moment and catch up with Charles.
Following the unfortunate debacle of the anti-fouling process, Charles returned straightaway to his painting. Taking rooms at Mrs Connings in the Market Place at Reading in June 1823, he advertised1 himself as ߢportrait and miniature painterߣ. As the months passed he added ߢlandscape and animal painter’ to his description, and by 1826 he had become a ‘Member of the Norwich Society of Artistsߣ. He was clearly working very hard at his easel, taking pupils one day a week and trying to sell his paintings from his lodgings. By 1826 he was also advertising2 that he offered for sale ߢHancockߣs scentless water coloursߣ:
The Family, the Law, and the End of a Dream
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Hancock was now, in 1835, nearly 50 and a confirmed bachelor.His rebuilt works at Goswell Mews was running smoothly,now increasingly under the guiding hand of his nephew James Lyne Hancock, while Thomasߣ principal business interests lay in Manchester.He does not seem to have had many close friends save those in business,and the majority of those were now in either Scotland or Manchester. It is to the latter that we must now turn.
The Hancock Legacy
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there were many firms manufacturing rubber products in the UK by the time of Thomasߣ death, a substantial number were only concerned with the manufacture of waterproof garments and could well have been buying in the treated fabric rather than making it themselves. the direct influence of Thomas was present on three of them: Charles Macintosh & C o. and James Lyne Hancock directly, and Stephen Moultonߣs factory in Bradford-on-Avon indirectly. Within a few years, however, as patents expired and entrepreneurs saw the demand for vulcanized rubber products grow beyond most peopleߣs expectation, new companies sprang up by the dozen and new patents were taken out daily. Life for the old companies entered a new phase.
Symbols of Israel
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two passages, one in the canonical book of Hosea and the other in the deuterocanonical 4 Ezra, in which symbols of Israel are embedded, few and less explicit in the Hosea passage, many and wholly explicit in 4 Ezra. They all occur, some more, some less explicitly, in the Song of Songs.
Both Hosea and 4 Ezra have been dated quite closely. H. W. Wolff writes: ‘Hosea’s initial activity coincides with the last two years of Jeroboam II, presumably at least five years before the king’s death (747–46 BCE) — 752 at the latest’, while M. E. Stone agrees with the view that 4 Ezra was ‘composed in the time of Domitian, 89–96 CE’.2 Somewhere in between comes the Song.
The Beloved
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern scholarship on the Song of Songs has been obliged, given the consensus on this biblical book, to treat the description of the male at 5: 10–16 as being that of a human figure. By a comparison with descriptions in other parts of the Bible and with pseudepigraphical literature, I hope to show that, far from being about a human lover, this passage is a metaphorical description of the divine kavod (‘the glory of God’) and, as such, anticipates a wealth of emerging theological speculation on the body of God (shiur koma), or his representative, which may go back to the Second Temple period, and at which we will look in a later section of this chapter. In the first section we will look at some biblical and pseudepigraphical parallels.
Environmental Taxation And Its Role In Singapore’S Approach Towards Environmental Sustainable Development
Authors: Liu Hern Kuan , Janjua Sumathi Saad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental issues have taken centre stage at global forums in recent years, as the world’s attention shifts from merely stimulating economic growth to ensuring that countries are able to sustain economic development in the long run. Environmental concerns encompass issues such as climate change, air and water pollution, the depletion of natural resources, and the protection of the natural environment.
Environmental Taxes, Cumulative Pollution Loads, And Fiscal Balance
Authors: Thampapillai Dodo J , Wu Xun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on environmental taxation is justifiably dominated by the search for effective means of taxation to safeguard environmental sinks. The criteria for effectiveness include: compliance with pre-specified environmental standards – pollution caps and discharge loads institutional capabilities—the efficacy of monitoring and enforcing the compliance
Managing the shift towards sustainable transportation in the southeast asian countries: do taxes and other market-based instruments play a role?
Authors: Ashiabor Hope , Rosiati Ramli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past few decades, most countries in the Southeast Asia region have experienced high rates of economic growth as well as a rapid increase in vehicle ownership and use. In particular for this region, the explosive growth in the transport sector has presented formidable challenges for the development of sustainable transport and urban systems in this region. The ensuing growth in the transport sector in the region has generated negative environmental externalities including impacts on human health that are many and far-reaching.
Using Taxes And Charges To Reduce Transport Ghg Emissions In The Urban Environment: Proposals For Mega-Cities Based On The Spanish Experience
Authors: Yábar Ana , Herrera Pedro M , Chico, Pablo , Rosselló Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urban areas in industrialized and developed countries face serious environmental problems associated with growing road transport. Local governments face increasing pressure from citizens regarding key urban mobility challenges (congestion, accidents, noise, and atmospheric pollution). And a third factor has now come into play, namely the aim to reduce urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by motor vehicles.