bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of in-vivo topical anti-inflammatory activity of indometacin from liposomal vesicles
Authors: Puglia Carmelo , Trombetta Domenico , Venuti Vincenza , Saija Antonella , Bonina Francesco 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vivo drug release profile of indometacin-loaded liposomes into the skin. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs), composed of dipalmitoyl-L-α-phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol (9:1), were obtained using the extrusion method and then incorporated in hydrogels (LUV-A and LUV-B). The delivery of indometacin from the liposomal system was evaluated by determining its in-vivo local anti-inflammatory activity after cutaneous application of liposomal gel formulations; the anti-inflammatory activity is directly proportional to the amount of drug that actually crosses the skin. UVB-induced erythema on healthy human volunteers was chosen as the inflammatory model and the extent of erythema was monitored by the non-invasive technique of reflectance spectrophotometry. The results showed that LUV dispersions containing indometacin provided a high percentage of entrapped drug (∼84%). Furthermore, in-vivo findings revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect was more prolonged when indometacin was delivered from a liposomal gel formulation rather than from a gel formulation without liposomes. In particular, the indometacin-loaded gel formulation LUV-A showed a sustained effect, probably related to an interaction between LUV lipids and stratum corneum lipid structure. This interaction produces a depot in the stratum corneum that ensures sustained release of the drug to deeper skin layers.
An ocular drug delivery system containing zinc diethyldithiocarbamate and HPβCD inclusion complex - corneal permeability, anti-cataract effects and mechanism studies
Authors: Wang Siling , Li Dexin , Ito Yoshimasa , Liu Xia , Zhang Jinghai , Wu Chunfu 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Our purpose was to study the formulation and anti-cataract effects of aqueous eye drops containing a high concentration of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (Zn-DDC). A possible mechanism of the anti-cataract effect of Zn-DDC was also studied. Zn-DDC and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complex (Zn-DDC/HPβCD) was studied using the saturation solution method and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR). Suitable formulations for Zn-DDC eye drops were established by means of in-vitro trans-corneal penetration experiments. The anti-cataract effect of the selected formulation was demonstrated by the delay in lens opacity development in hereditary shumuya cataract rats (SCRs). Semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to study the effect of diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), a metabolite of Zn-DDC, on the transcription inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in human lens epithelial cells (HLEC). In the presence of 22% (w/v) HPβCD, the solubility of Zn-DDC in water (0.2 mm) was increased almost 850 fold (to 17 mm), by the formation of Zn-DDC/HPβCD. The stoichiometry of Zn-DDC inclusion was 1:1. The Zn-DDC/HPβCD stability constant, K(s) (1:1) was estimated to be 3453 m−1. The ophthalmic preparation containing 0.1% HPMC and 0.1% poloxamer 188 (P188) exhibited better permeability than the others in-vitro, and significantly delayed cataract formation in SCRs compared with non-treated SCRs. DDC inhibits the transcription of iNOS mRNA in HLEC. We concluded that this drug delivery system increases both the drug solubility in aqueous eye drops and the permeability of drug through the rabbit cornea, by the formation of a drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and the addition of polymers and penetration enhancers. The preparation effectively prevented the development of cataracts in SCRs. DDC, the metabolite of Zn-DDC, may be one of the factors in the prevention of cataract formation because it inhibits the transcription of iNOS mRNA.
HPLC Retention Time as a Diagnostic Tool for Hemoglobin Variants and Hemoglobinopathies: A Study of 60000 Samples in a Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory
Authors: Joutovsky Alla , Hadzi-Nesic Joan , Nardi Michael A 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackground: Previous evaluations of HPLC as a tool for detection of hemoglobin variants have done so within newborn-screening programs and/or by use of stored samples. We describe a 32-month prospective study in a clinical diagnostic laboratory in which we evaluated the imprecision of HPLC retention times and determined the retention times for hemoglobin variants seen in a multiethnic setting.Methods: We analyzed all samples on the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC system. For normal hemoglobin fractions and hemoglobin variants, we recorded and analyzed their retention times, their proportion of the total hemoglobin (%), and the peak characteristics. We compared the imprecision of retention time with the imprecision of retention time normalized to the retention time of hemoglobin A0 (HbA0) and to the retention time of HbA2. Alkaline and acid hemoglobin electrophoresis, and in certain cases globin chain electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and DNA analysis, were performed to document the identities of the hemoglobin variants.Results: The mean (SD) imprecision (CV) of the retention time was 1.0 (0.7)% with no statistical difference compared with the imprecision for normalized retention times. Among 60293 samples tested, we encountered 34 unique hemoglobin variants and 2 tetramers. Eighteen variants and 2 tetramers could be identified solely by retention time and 3 variants by retention time and proportion of total hemoglobin. Four variants could be identified by retention time and peak characteristics and eight variants by retention time and electrophoretic mobility. One variant (HbNew York) was missed on HPLC. Retention time on HPLC was superior to electrophoresis for the differentiation and identification of six members of the HbJ family, four members of the HbD family, and three variants with electrophoretic mobilities identical or similar to that of HbC. Six variants with electrophoretic mobilities identical or similar to that of HbS could be differentiated and identified by retention time and proportion of total hemoglobin. HPLC detected two variants (HbTy Gard and HbTwin Peaks) missed on electrophoresis.Conclusions: The retention time on HPLC is reliable, reproducible, and in many cases superior to conventional hemoglobin electrophoresis for the detection and identification of hemoglobin variants. Confirmatory testing by electrophoresis can be eliminated in the majority of cases by use of retention time, proportion of total hemoglobin, and peak characteristics of HPLC.
Hybridization Isotherms of DNA Microarrays and the Quantification of Mutation Studies
Authors: Halperin Avraham , Buhot Arnaud , Zhulina Ekaterina B 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Background: Diagnostic DNA arrays for detection of point mutations as markers for cancer usually function in the presence of a large excess of wild-type DNA. This excess can give rise to false positives as a result of competitive hybridization of the wild-type target at the mutation spot. Analysis of the DNA array data is typically qualitative, aimed at establishing the presence or absence of a particular point mutation. Our theoretical approach yields methods for quantifying the analysis to obtain the ratio of concentrations of mutated and wild-type DNA.
Method: The theory is formulated in terms of the hybridization isotherms relating the hybridization fraction at the spot to the composition of the sample solutions at thermodynamic equilibrium. It focuses on samples containing an excess of single-stranded DNA and on DNA arrays with a low surface density of probes. The hybridization equilibrium constants can be obtained by the nearest-neighbor method.
Results: Two approaches allow acquisition of quantitative results from the DNA array data. In one, the signal of the mutation spot is compared with that of the wild-type spot. The implementation requires knowledge of the saturation intensity of the two spots. The second approach requires comparison of the intensity of the mutation spot at two different temperatures. In this case, knowledge of the saturation signal is not always necessary.
Conclusions: DNA arrays can be used to obtain quantitative results on the concentration ratio of mutated DNA to wild-type DNA in studies of somatic point mutations.
Transverse Young's Moduli and Cell Shapes in Coniferous Early Wood
Authors: Watanabe Ugai , Fujita Minoru , Norimoto Misato 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The relationship between transverse Young's moduli and cell shapes in coniferous early wood was investigated
using cell models constructed by two dimensional power spectrum analysis. The calculated values
of tangential Young's modulus qualitatively explained the relationship between experimental values
and density as well as the difference in experimental values among species. The calculated values of radial
Young's modulus for the species having hexagonal cells agreed well with the experimental values,
whereas, for the species having square cells, the calculated values were much larger than the experimental
values. This result was ascribed to the fact that the bending moment on the radial cell wall of
square cell models was calculated to be small. It is suggested that the asymmetrical shape of real wood
cells or the behavior of nodes during ell deformation is an important factor in the mechanism of linear
elastic deformation of wood cells.
Cytochemical Localization of Hydrogen Peroxide Production during Wood Decay by Brown-Rot Fungi Tyromyces palustris and Coniophora puteana
Authors: Kim Yoon Soo , Wi Seung Gon , Lee Kwang Ho , Singh Adya P. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
It is not definitively known whether or not the production of extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is
a universal characteristic of brown-rot fungi. Cytochemical localization of H2O2 was tested in two
brown-rot fungi, Tyromyces palustris and Coniophora puteana, by staining with cerium chloride. Transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) showed the deposition of cerium perhydroxide within the fungal
hyphae as well as wood cell walls affected by brown-rot fungi. TEM work indicated that extracellular
H2O2 was present in brown-rot fungi and that H2O2 from brown-rot fungi diffused into the wood cell
walls in the early stages of decay. The present work strongly suggests that H2O2 plays an important role
in the early degradation of cellulose by brown-rot fungi. The usefulness of this technique for localizing
H2O2 at high resolution with minimal nonspecific deposition is also discussed.
The Further Chemistry of Ellagic Acid II. Ellagic Acid and Water-Soluble Ellagates as Metal Precipitants
Authors: Przewloka S.R. , Shearer B.J. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Preparations of the previously unreported, water-soluble, tetraguanidinium, tetracholine and tetrakisbenzyltrimethylammonium
ellagates are outlined. Ellagic acid and these water-soluble salts remove
Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mn2+ ions from dilute aqueous solutions at pH greater than 7. The salts also remove Fe2+,
Fe3+, Co2+ and Cu2+ between pH 3 and pH 6. At pH 1 the water-soluble ellagates underwent hydrolysis,
resulting in the precipitation of free ellagic acid in preference to the formation of metal-ellagate complexes.
These trends were also observed when mixtures of metal ions were applied.
Investigation on Fossil Barks from an Arctic Canadian Site Constituted by a Multiple Level Tertiary Fossil Forest 45 Million Years Old
Authors: Staccioli Giuseppe , Meli Andrea , Fratini Fabio 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Barks from the litters of a multiple level Tertiary fossil forest from the Canadian Arctic were chemically
examined and compared with coeval Arctic fossil woods. Degradation and diagenesis of the polysaccharides
similarly occurred in barks and woods. However, unlike the fossil woods, the loss of polysaccharides
led to materials exhibiting a marked cation exchange capacity, which is comparable to what
is found for humus, the final product of diagenesis of the forest litter. Dichloromethane extracts from
the barks invariably showed the presence of n-alkanes from C14 to C30, and terpenes such as cadalene,
calamenene, fichtelite, sandaracopimarane, abietatriene, simonellite, diaromatic totarane, ferruginol,
dehydroferruginol, and sugiol. The presence of phenol-diterpenes and/or diaromatic totarane was related
to species belonging to Cupressaceae, Taxodiaceae and Podocarpaceae, in agreement with the recovery
of trunks of metasequoia in some forest levels.
Moisture Content and Extractive Materials in Maritime Pine Wood by Low Field 1H NMR
Authors: Labbé Nicole , Jéso Bernard De , Lartigue Jean-Claude , Daudé Gérard , Pétraud Michel , Ratier Max 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThe low field1H NMR relaxometry technique has been shown to be effective in determining the qualitative and quantitative moisture content and the water state distribution in maritime pine wood (Pinus pinasterAit). Further investigations on extractive materials in resin-rich samples evinced the presence of oleoresin components, which may disturb adhesion on pine wood boards.
Ozone Oxidation and Structural Features of an Almond Shell Lignin Remaining after Furfural Manufacture
Authors: Quesada J. , Teffo-Bertaud F. , Croué J.P. , Rubio M. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Wastes from industrial processes which use lignocellulosic materials as raw material are an interesting
source of chemicals since they can be transformed into products of high added value. In the process
described here, ozone was used to produce oxyaromatics from a lignin-rich industrial waste resulting
from the production of furfural from almond shells. Ozonation, thioacidolysis and mild alkaline hydrolysis
were used to determine some structural features of the raw and acid-hydrolyzed almond shell lignins.
During ozone treatment of the different lignin solutions the following compounds were identified: glycolic,
oxalic, malonic, glyceric (trace), malic, p-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
vanillin, syringaldehyde and hydroquinone. The aromatic aldehydes passed through a production
maximum during the first few minutes of the reaction, while glycolic and oxalic acid (the main aliphatic
acids) yields increased throughout the treatment. Raw almond shell lignin had a typical hardwood
composition [made up of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) phenylpropane units] and few β-O-4 structures.
Acid-hydrolyzed almond shell lignins had a more condensed structure than the above. The S/G ratio
obtained by ozonation was slightly lower than that obtained by thioacidolysis, with the (S/G)Ozonation/(S/G)Thioacidolysis ratio ranging from 0.52 to 0.70. The almond shell lignin-polysaccharide complex did
not contain any cell wall-esterified p-hydroxycinnamic acid (p-coumaric and ferulic acids).
FTIR Microscopy and Ultrastructural Investigation of Silylated Solid Wood
Authors: Zollfrank Cordt , Wegener Gerd 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The reaction of two silylating agents (TMSIM, TMS-acetamide) on softwood (white fir) and hardwood
(beech) is examined. As proved by means of FTIR microscopy, silylation takes place at the outer surface
as well as the inner surface. The FTIR spectroscopical features of both softwood and hardwood remain
unchanged. Scanning electron microscopy provides additional evidence that the inner surface is also
successfully silylated. Furthermore, the anatomical characteristics of the silylated wood species are not
changed. No inorganic elements except silicon could be detected in the EDX-analysis. By means of
transmission electron microscopy the reaction site was determined to be on the lumen-faced side of the
cell wall. Half of the S2 wall appears to be silylated.
Nondestructive Analysis of Lignin Structure by NMR Spectroscopy of Specifically 13C-Enriched Lignins. Part 1. Solid State Study of Ginkgo Wood
Authors: Terashima Noritsugu , Hafrén Jonas , Westermark Ulla , VanderHart D. L. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryGuaiacyl-type lignin is the major component of ginkgo lignin. Specific13c-enrichment of α, β and γ-carbons of the guaiacylpropane side chains was achieved by administration of coniferin-[α13C], coniferin-[β-13C] and coniferin-[γ13C], respectively, to growing stems of ginkgo trees. Unenriched coniferin was administered as a control. The xylem tissues containing specifically13C-enriched lignins or unenriched lignin were subjected to analysis by solid state NMR. Subtraction of the spectrum of tissue containing unenriched lignin from the spectra of tissues containing13C-enriched lignins gave difference spectra exclusively assigned to the enriched side chain carbons of intact protolignin in the cell walls. From the signal intensities determined under quantitative conditions and an estimate of corresponding standard uncertainties, the percentage ranges of the major inter-unit lignin bonds originating from the β-carbon of the coniferin precursor were estimated to be: β-O-4/α-O-R (R = H, polysaccharides or lignols) including β-OH, 53% to 57%; combined β-5, β-β and β-1, 32% to 36%; coniferaldehyde end groups, 2% to 4%; and coniferyl alcohol end groups, 4% to 6%.
Effect of High-Temperature Defibration on the Chemical Structure of Hardwood
Authors: Widsten P. , Laine J.E. , Qvintus-Leino P. , Tuominen S. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The present paper aims at elucidating the effect of high-temperature defibration at different temperatures
on the bulk and surface chemical properties of defibrated birch, aspen and eucalypt. The results indicate
that defibration of these hardwoods results in partial depolymerization of fiber lignin via (homolytic)
cleavage of interunit alkyl-aryl (β-O-4) ether bonds. This increases the phenolic hydroxyl content and
produces relatively stable (phenoxy) radicals. Syringyl-type lignin is more extensively depolymerized
than guaiacyl-type lignin. Defibration generates water-extractable material, which is enriched in hemicellulose-derived carbohydrates and has a substantial content of aromatic compounds rich in phenolic
hydroxyl groups. The amount of water-extract and the extent of lignin interunit ether bond cleavage
increase with an increase in defibration temperature. The differences between various hardwood species
in this respect are small. The surface chemical composition of the fibers differs considerably from their
bulk composition, but is not significantly influenced by variations in defibration temperature. Lipophilic
extractives cover a large portion of the fiber surface, while the lignin content of lipophilic extractives-free
fiber surfaces is 2–3 times as high as the bulk lignin content of the fibers.
Totally Chlorine Free Bleaching of Eucalyptus globulus Dissolving Pulps Delignified with Peroxyformic Acid and Formic Acid
Authors: Abad S. , Saake B. , Puls J. , Parajó J. C. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

Eucalyptus globulus wood samples were delignified in two-stage treatments carried out in media made
up of formic acid, water and hydrogen peroxide under selected operational conditions. The pulps were
subjected to Totally Chlorine Free (TCF) bleaching sequences. Alkaline treatments, oxygen delignification,
ozone stages and treatments with peroxyacids were assayed in order to reach the target values for
dissolving pulps. Under the best conditions, a fully bleached pulp (91.6% ISO brightness) with SCAN
viscosity of 649 ml/g and favourable molar mass distribution was obtained.
Effect of the α- and γ-Hydroxyls on the Alkaline Hydrolysis Rate of Nonphenolic β-0-4 Lignin Diastereomers
Authors: Criss Dexter L. , Elder Thomas , Fisher Thomas H. , Schultz Tor P. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Nonphenolic β-0-4 erythro and threo lignin model diastereomers with various γ-groups (CH3, CH2-O-CH3,
and CH2OH) and Cα-substituents (OH, OCH3) were synthesized, and the alkaline hydrolysis rates
and activation parameters determined. In addition, two of the diastereomer pairs were computationally
modeled and the thermodynamic values for the ionization of the α- or γ-hydroxyl, and subsequent displacement
of the phenolate group to form an epoxide intermediate, were determined. The results suggest
that the erythro γ-hydroxyl may participate in the hydrolysis to a significant extent, which results in a
relatively high erythro/threo rate ratio for the α,γ-di-OH isomers. The influence of the erythro γ-hydroxyl
on the hydrolysis rate may be due to the relatively favorable stability of the erythro γ-oxyanion. The
electronic effect of the g-substituent appears to influence how fast the α-hydroxyl displaces the phenoxyl.
We had previously suggested that the γ-substituent sterically inhibits hydrolysis of the threo isomer, and
computational modeling confirmed this.
Reactions of Lignin with Cyanamide Activated Hydrogen Peroxide. Part 3. The Degradation of Pine Kraft Lignin
Authors: Kadla John F. , Chang Hou-min 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The oxidation of pine kraft lignin by alkaline hydrogen peroxide and cyanamide activated hydrogen peroxide
was studied. Over 70% of the kraft lignin was degraded and solublized in the presence of
cyanamide as compared to less than 20% by hydrogen peroxide alone. A large decrease in the phenolic
hydroxyl and methoxyl content,as well as an increase in the carboxylic acid content was also observed
in the insoluble residue. Analyses of the low molecular weight degradation products revealed extensive
oxidation of the kraft lignin had occurred,consistent with the ring-opening reactions observed in our previous
studies using lignin model compounds.
Kinetics of ASAM and Kraft Pulping of Eucalypt Wood (Eucalyptus globulus)
Authors: Miranda Isabel , Pereira Helena 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The kinetics of ASAM and kraft pulping of eucalypt wood (Eucalyptus globulus) were studied in relation
to delignification and polysaccharide removal. In comparison to kraft, ASAM pulping had lower
mass losses and delignification for the same temperature and reaction times (59.2% at Kappa 25 vs
50.0% at Kappa 17, at 180°C). The ASAM pulps have a higher brightness. ASAM pulping had a short
initial period with no mass loss and lignin removal, followed by two reaction phases: a main phase where
61% of lignin was removed (at 180°C) and a subsequent final phase. In comparison to kraft, the main
delignification rates of ASAM pulping were approximately 2.5 slower (at 180°C, −1.8 × 10−2 min−1 for
ASAM and −4.2 × 10−2 for kraft pulping), and the calculated Arrhenius activation energies were higher
(132.4 kJ mol−1 and 83.5 kJ mol−1, respectively). The loss of cellulose was relatively small (12.5 %)
and lower than in kraft pulps.
Adsorption of Liquids and Swelling of Wood. Part VI. Saturated Amounts and Some Thermodynamic Values of Adsorption
Authors: Morisato Kei , Ishimaru Yutaka , Urakami Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2004

Summary
To understand the swelling phenomenon of wood in liquids,the saturated amount of adsorption of liquids
onto wood and the standard free energy changes of the adsorption were determined. The saturated
amount of adsorption obtained by regression for several liquids decreased with increasing molecular size
of the solvents. The mechanism of wood swelling is discussed systematically taking all the liquids examined
in previous experiments into account. Since methanol molecules require more energy for release
from cohesive interactions within bulk liquids in the adsorption onto pre-swollen wood,the values of
free energy change of adsorption for methanol were lower than the values for acetone,although the relative
swelling with methanol was higher. These results suggest that although the cohesive interaction
within the bulk liquids reduces adsorptivity,the phenomenon of wood swelling is influenced not only by
monolayer adsorption but also by multilayer adsorption. Therefore,the cohesive interaction within the
bulk liquids reduces adsorptivity but enhances the condensation which strongly influences the swelling
of wood.