bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic conduction of polyurethane/sulfonated polyether blends
Authors: Wang Xinling , Zhu Weihua , Liu Yunhang , Tang Xiaozhen , Yang Xiaohui 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSodium single‐ion poly(ether urethane)/sulfonated polyether blends based on the synthesis of a series of poly(ethylene oxide)s with sodium sulfonate side chains (SPEO) with different molecular weights were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and complex impedance analysis. The results showed that the molecular weight and content of SPEO significantly influenced the compatibility between the hard and soft segments of polyurethane (PU), the glass‐transition temperature, and the ionic conductivities of PU/SPEO complexes. The glass‐transition temperature of the system obviously decreased and the ionic conductivities of PU/SPEO complexes progressively increased with an increase in the SPEO content. In a certain range of temperatures, the ionic conductivities of PU/SPEO complexes agreed with an Arrhenius equation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2369–2373, 2003
Use of new diimide‐dinaphthols in preparation of novel thermally stable poly(ester‐imide)s
Authors: Mehdipour‐Ataei S. , Keshavarz S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractReaction of 5‐amino‐1‐naphthol with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA), and hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) afforded aromatic diols with preformed imide structure. High temperature solution polycondensation reactions of the obtained diimide‐dinaphthols with aromatic and aliphatic diacid chlorides resulted in the preparation of nine different poly(ester‐imide)s. These were fully characterized, and the physical and thermal properties of the obtained polymer were studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2567–2572, 2003
Graft copolymerization of nitrogen‐ and phosphorus‐containing monomers onto cellulosics for flame‐retardant finishing of cotton textiles
Authors: Abdel‐Mohdy F. A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPhosphoramide containing an active vinyl group (P‐III) was prepared. Its structure was confirmed by elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. P‐III was evaluated as a fire‐retardant finishing agent for cotton fabrics. It was applied to cotton fabrics using a graft process with an Fe2+/H2O2 redox system. The major factors affecting the reaction were studied. The finished cotton fabrics were examined for flammability, and the effect of washing on treated fabrics was also examined. The results showed that P‐III can be successfully used as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Durably flame‐retardant cotton fabrics were obtained at add‐on levels higher than 38%. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2573–2578, 2003
Thermooptical properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐based azobenzene composites
Authors: Wu Shuizhu , Zeng Fang , Wang Hai , She Weilong , Cai Zhigang 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn this article, poly(methyl methacrylate)‐based azobenzene composites were prepared. The temperature coefficient of the refractive index of these composites was investigated. The dependence of the temperature coefficient of the refractive index on the azobenzene chromophore concentrations was studied experimentally. These optically interesting thermal parameters are very useful in material optical applications, thermooptical polymeric switches, and waveguide technology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2374–2377, 2003
Fractal analysis of thermooxidative degradation process of polymeric melts
Authors: Kozlov G. V. , Shustov G. B. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe fractal dimension of a macromolecular coil is used for the characterization of a polymeric melt structure. It is shown that the kinetics of oxygen consumption is defined by both the chemical constitution of a polymer and its structure. The quantitative analysis of the kinetical curves of the oxygen consumption in the thermooxidative degradation process was carried out in the framework of the fractal approach. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2378–2381, 2003
Fractal analysis of polymer molecular weight distribution: Dynamic scaling
Authors: Kozlov G. V. , Malkanduev Yu. A. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe correctness of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of a poly(dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) type was shown in the frame‐work of the dynamic distribution function of the irreversible aggregation cluster–cluster model. The buildup of a generalized distribution curve confirms the possibility to describe the polymerization processes within the framework of the mentioned model and allows one to predict the kinetics of MWD changes as the function of the initial monomer concentration c0 and reaction time t. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2382–2384, 2003
Gel point determination for the copolymerization system of cardanyl acrylate and styrene and its critical conversion
Authors: Nguyen Le Huong , Koerner Hilmar , Lederer Klaus 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe copolymerization of cardanyl acrylate (CA) and styrene (S) with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) and cobalt salt as the initiator was studied by means of rheometry and isothermal DSC. The gel point of the CA‐S reaction system was determined by rheological measurements at 50 and 70°C. In addition, rheological measurements provide very useful information on the evolution of the physical properties of the system during curing, such as viscosity and shear modulus. We demonstrate that isothermal DSC experiments, using the Avrami model, can be used to obtain a more detailed description of the curing process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2385–2390, 2003
Tire rubber–sisal composites: Effect of mercerization and acetylation on reinforcement
Authors: Martins Maria Alice , Joekes Ines 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTire rubber particles were mixed randomly with short sisal fibers and hot pressed. Sisal fibers were used as received, mercerized, and mercerized/acetylated. The fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water sorption, and mechanical properties. Thermal stability of the mercerized/acetylated fibers improves (from 200 to 300°C) with respect to the raw fibers, and water sorption is ∼ 20% smaller than for the raw and the mercerized fibers. Tensile strength is unchanged after the chemical treatments. Water sorption, mechanical properties, and SEM evaluated the performance of the tire rubber composites. All composites showed enhanced elastic modulus; increase is dependent on fiber load. Smallest water sorption was obtained in composites with the mercerized/acetylated fibers. With these fibers at 10% load, the best results were obtained with the smaller tire rubber particles (320 μm) and at 5% load with the bigger (740 μm) tire rubber particles. Both composites showed ∼ 50% increase in tensile strength when compared to similar composites with raw fibers. SEM of the surface of fracture showed that the adhesion between fiber and rubber was enhanced after both chemical treatments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2507–2515, 2003
Polyurethane–polyaniline conducting graft copolymer with improved mechanical properties
Authors: Abbati G. , Carone E. , D'Ilario L. , Martinelli A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe crosslinking effects on the mechanical and electrical properties of a conducting copolymer obtained by grafting polyaniline on a carboxylated polyurethane were investigated. The synthesis and characterization of the polyurethane–polyaniline copolymer (PEUAPAN) were previously reported. The crosslinking process was carried out by reacting ethylenediamine with those polyurethane residual carboxylic groups not involved in the amide binding to the conducting chains. The insoluble material obtained (PEUAPANc) shows a marked elastomeric feature, as evidenced in stress–strain and stress–relaxation measurements. Although the crosslinked graft copolymer conductivity is lower than that of the pristine material, its variation during deformation cycles is reversible because the chain relaxation and viscous flow phenomena are drastically suppressed by the crosslinks. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2516–2521, 2003
A new postfunctional method to synthesize C60‐containing polysiloxanes
Authors: Li Zhen , Qin Jingui 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTwo new C60‐containing polysiloxanes were synthesized by a new postfunctional method. First, the predesigned amimo end‐functionalized polysiloxane was prepared, and then the reactive macromolecular intermediate reacted with C60 molecules in chlorobenzene to yield the C60‐containing polysiloxanes. Molecular structural characterization for the polymers was presented by 1H‐NMR, IR, and ultraviolet‐visible spectra. The polymers exhibited good solubility in common organic solvents and were air stable. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2068–2071, 2003
Synthesis of poly(acrylamide‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) hydrogels and their application in heavy metal removal
Authors: El‐Hamshary Hany , El‐Garawany Mohamed , Assubaie Fahad N. , Al‐Eed Mohamed 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA series of poly(acrylamide‐co‐4‐vinylpyridine) hydrogels having varied acrylamide/4‐vinylpyridine content and different crosslink ratios of N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide was prepared by using solution polymerization. The prepared hydrogel polymers were characterized by their elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and equilibrium water content. The polymers were investigated toward metal ion uptake of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II). The polymers were more sensitive to Cu(II) and Ni(II) and the order of metal ion binding was Ni(II), Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Co(II) > Mn(II). Metal ion uptake by the polymers was reduced as the pH of the medium decreased. Recycling of the resins resulted in high recovery of the metal ions from their aqueous solutions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2522–2526, 2003
Thermal and flammability properties of a silica–poly(methylmethacrylate) nanocomposite
Authors: Kashiwagi Takashi , Morgan Alexander B. , Antonucci Joseph M. , VanLandingham Mark R. , Harris Richard H. , Awad Walid H. , Shields John R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPMMA, poly(metheylmethacrylate), nanocomposites were made by in situ radical polymerization of MMA, methylmethacrylate, with colloidal silica (ca. 12 nm) to study the effects of nanoscale silica particles on the physical properties and flammability properties of PMMA. Transparent samples resulted and the dispersity of the particles was examined by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The addition of nanosilica particles (13% by mass) did not significantly change the thermal stability, but it made a small improvement in modulus, and it reduced the peak heat release rate roughly 50%. Last, the flame‐retardant mechanism provided by the addition of nanosilica particles in PMMA is discussed. Published 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2072–2078, 2003
Effects of nanofiber treatments on the properties of vapor‐grown carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites
Authors: Cortés P. , Lozano K. , Barrera E. V. , Bonilla‐Rios J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractVapor‐grown carbon fibers (VGCFs) were exposed to a series of chemical treatments and to electrochemical deposition of copper to modify their surface conditions and alter their electrical properties. The fibers were then mixed with polypropylene using a Banbury‐type mixer obtaining composites up to 5 wt % VGCFs. Rheological, electrical, and mechanical properties were evaluated and compared to unfilled polypropylene processed in a similar manner. The composites made with HNO3‐treated VGCFs showed a lower electrical resistivity compared to the untreated samples. The composites containing VGCFs subjected to the copper electrodeposition process showed the lowest resistivity with no change in the mechanical properties. Changes in rheological properties demonstrated the effects of varying surface conditions of the VGCFs. Microscopic analysis of these composites showed a heterogeneous distribution of VGCFs forming an interconnected network with the presence of copper on the surface of the VGCFs and in the matrix. Both the interconnected network and the presence of copper led to a lower percolation threshold than those seen in a previous work where high dispersion was sought. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2527–2534, 2003
Structural development of HDPE in injection molding
Authors: Sousa R. A. , Reis R. L. , Cunha A. M. , Bevis M. J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis study investigated some relevant structure/properties relationships in shear‐controlled orientation in injection molding (SCORIM) of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). SCORIM was used to deliberately induce a strong anisotropic character in the HDPE microstructure. Three grades with different molecular weight characteristics were molded into tensile test bars, which were subsequently characterized in terms of the mechanical behavior by tensile tests and microhardness measurements. The structure developed upon processing was also characterized by polarized light microscopy (PLM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). SCORIM allows the production of very stiff molded parts, exhibiting a very well‐defined laminated morphology. This morphology is associated with both an M‐shaped microhardness profile and a pronounced mechanical anisotropy. These characteristics are supported by an analogous variation in the crystallinity and a high level of molecular orientation, as indicated, respectively, by calorimetric measurements and X‐ray diffraction results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2079–2087, 2003
Electrochemical behavior of an interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of poly(propylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Kim Seon Jeong , Lee Ki Jung , Kim Sun I. , Lee Young Moo , Chung Tack Dong , Lee Sang Hoon 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAn interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogel based on poly(propylene glycol) and poly(acrylic acid) was prepared by UV irradiation. The swelling behavior of the IPN hydrogel was studied by the immersion of the gel in aqueous NaCl solutions of various concentrations. The swelling ratio decreased with an increase in the NaCl concentration. The electrically sensitive behavior of the IPN hydrogel in electric fields was also investigated. The IPN hydrogel also showed a stepwise bending behavior that depended on the electric stimulus. The bending angle and bending speed of the IPN hydrogel were greatest in 0.6 wt % aqueous NaCl and increased with an increase in the applied voltage. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2301–2305, 2003
Determination of the competitive adsorption of heavy metal ions on poly(n‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/acrylic acid) hydrogels by differential pulse polarography
Authors: Çaykara Tuncer , İnam Recai 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPoly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) and poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/acrylic acid) hydrogels were prepared by gamma irradiation for the removal of heavy metal ions (i.e., lead, copper, zinc, and cadmium) from aqueous solutions containing different amounts of these ions (2.5–10 mg/L) and at different pH values (1–13). The observed affinity order in adsorption of these metal ions on the hydrogels was Zn(II) > Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Cd(II) under competitive conditions. The optimal pH range for the heavy metal ions was from 7 to 9. The adsorption of the heavy metal ions decreased with increasing temperature in both water and synthetic seawater conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2013–2018, 2003
Polarographic determination of the competitive adsorption of U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions on poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐citric acid) hydrogels
Authors: İnam Recai , Çaykara Tuncer , Alan Şerife Şirin 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPoly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone‐g‐citric acid) [P(VP‐g‐CA)] hydrogels were prepared for the removal of U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions containing different amounts of these ions (2.5–10 mg/L). Different pHs (1–13), temperatures (20–40°C), and ionic strengths (0.5M) were also tried for the adsorption behavior of these ions. The competitive adsorption values of U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) ions on pure poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) were low [0.71–2.03 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.15–1.58 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.10–0.68 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel]. The incorporation of citric acid significantly increased the adsorption of these ions [0.67–2.12 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.44–1.88 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.04–0.92 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel for P(VP‐g‐CA)‐1; 0.71–2.36 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.60–2.16 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.14–0.80 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel for P(VP‐g‐CA)‐2; and 0.79–2.47 mg of U(VI)/g of dry gel, 0.70–2.30 mg of Pb(II)/g of dry gel, and 0.20–0.86 mg of Cd(II)/g of dry gel for P(VP‐g‐CA)‐3]. The observed affinity order of adsorption was U(VI) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) for competitive conditions. The optimal pH range for the removal of these ions was 5–9. Competitive adsorption studies showed that other stimuli, such as the temperature and ionic strength of the solution, also influenced the U(VI), Pb(II), and Cd(II) adsorption capacity of P(VP‐g‐CA) hydrogels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2019–2024, 2003
Preparation of high‐molecular‐weight poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) by the photoinduced low‐temperature solution polymerization of N‐vinylcarbazole in 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane
Authors: Lee Joon‐Seok , Seok Lyoo Won , Kyun Noh Seok , Ho Kim Joon , Won Lee Jin , Do Ghim Han , Youl Lee Ji 
Published: June 2003

AbstractFor the preparation of high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVCZ) with a narrow molecular weight distribution, N‐vinylcarbazole (VCZ) was solution‐polymerized in 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane (TCE) at −20, 0, and 20°C with photoinitiation. The effects of the polymerization temperature and the concentrations of the polymerization solvent and photoinitiator on the polymerization behavior and molecular parameters of PVCZ were investigated. A low polymerization temperature with photoirradiation was successful in obtaining HMW PVCZ with a smaller temperature rise during polymerization than that for thermal free‐radical polymerization by azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The photo‐solution‐polymerization rate of VCZ in TCE was proportional to [AIBN]0.45. The molecular weight was higher and the molecular weight distribution was narrower for PVCZ made at lower temperatures. For PVCZ prepared in TCE at −20°C with a photoinitiator concentration of 0.00003 mol/mol of VCZ, a weight‐average molecular weight of 920,000 was obtained, with a polydispersity index of 1.46, and the degree of transparency converged to about 99%. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2391–2396, 2003
Phase behavior of hydrogen‐bonded ternary polymer blends
Authors: Hsu Wen‐Ping 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAlthough poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) are only slightly different in structure, they are known to be immiscible. Polystyrene is not miscible with PEMA or PMMA. However, when polystyrene is modified to contain certain vinyl phenol groups to become poly(styrene‐co‐vinyl phenol) (PSVPh), it can be miscible with both PEMA and PMMA. What is the miscibility of a ternary blend consisting of PEMA, PMMA, and PSVPh? For this question to be answered, binary blends of PEMA (or PMMA) were first made with PSVPh. Their miscibility was examined. Then, ternary blends composed of PEMA, PMMA, and PSVPh were prepared and measured calorimetrically. The role of PSVPh between PEMA and PMMA and the effect of different contents of vinyl phenol groups on the miscibility of the ternary blends were investigated. On the basis of experimental results, increasing the vinyl phenol contents of PSVPh seemed to have an adverse effect on the miscibility of the ternary blends. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2088–2094, 2003
Fourier transform near‐infrared and electron spin resonance studies on the crosslinking reaction of liquid carboxylated poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) rubber with dicumyl peroxide in dioxane
Authors: Masaki Kohji , Ohkawara Shin‐Ichi , Hirano Tomohiro , Seno Makiko , Sato Tsuneyuki 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe crosslinking reaction of liquid carboxylated poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene) [or nitrile rubber (NBR); acrylonitrile = 10 wt %] with dicumyl peroxide (DCPO) was studied in dioxane by means of Fourier transform near‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐NIR) and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Among the three butadiene units (1,2, cis‐1,4, and trans‐1,4 units) of NBR, only the pendant vinyl group of the 1,2 unit showed an absorption at 6110 cm−1 from the FT‐NIR examination of dioxane solutions of NBR, 1‐octene, 3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐butene, trans‐2‐octene, cis‐5‐octen‐1‐ol, poly‐cis‐1,4‐butadiene, and poly‐1,2‐butadiene. The crosslinking reaction was followed in situ in dioxane by the monitoring of the disappearance of the pendant vinyl double bond with FT‐NIR. The initial disappearance rate (R0) of the vinyl group was expressed by R0 = k[DCPO]0.9[NBR]−0.2 (120°C). The overall activation energy of the reaction was calculated to be 20.7 kcal/mol. This unusual rate equation suggests unimolecular termination due to degradative chain transfer and depressed reactivity of the vinyl group caused by crosslinking. ESR study of the reaction mixture revealed that an allyl‐type polymer radical was formed in the reaction, and its concentration increased with time and was then saturated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2095–2101, 2003
Mechanical and thermal properties of high‐density polyethylene toughened with glass beads
Authors: Yuan Qiang , Jiang Wei , An Lijia , Li R. K. Y. , Jiang Zhenhua 
Published: June 2003

AbstractGlass beads were used to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE/glass‐bead blends were prepared in a Brabender‐like apparatus, and this was followed by press molding. Static tensile measurements showed that the modulus of the HDPE/glass‐bead blends increased considerably with increasing glass‐bead content, whereas the yield stress remained roughly unchanged at first and then decreased slowly with increasing glass‐bead content. Izod impact tests at room temperature revealed that the impact strength changed very slowly with increasing glass‐bead content up to a critical value; thereafter, it increased sharply with increasing glass‐bead content. That is, the Izod impact strength of the blends underwent a sharp transition with increasing glass‐bead content. It was calculated that the critical interparticle distance for the HDPE/glass‐bead blends at room temperature (25°C) was 2.5 μm. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that the high impact strength of the HDPE/glass‐bead blends resulted from the deformation of the HDPE matrix. Dynamic mechanical analyses and thermogravimetric measurements implied that the heat resistance and heat stability of the blends tended to increase considerably with increasing glass‐bead content. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2102–2107, 2003