bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green fluorescent protein fusions to Arabidopsis fimbrin 1 for spatio‐temporal imaging of F‐actin dynamics in roots
Authors: Wang Yuh‐Shuh , Motes Christy M. , Mohamalawari Deepti R. , Blancaflor Elison B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe visualization of green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions with microtubule or actin filament (F‐actin) binding proteins has provided new insights into the function of the cytoskeleton during plant development. For studies on actin, GFP fusions to talin have been the most generally used reporters. Although GFP‐Talin has allowed in vivo F‐actin imaging in a variety of plant cells, its utility in monitoring F‐actin in stably transformed plants is limited particularly in developing roots where interesting actin dependent cell processes are occurring. In this study, we created a variety of GFP fusions to Arabidopsis Fimbrin 1 (AtFim1) to explore their utility for in vivo F‐actin imaging in root cells and to better understand the actin binding properties of AtFim1 in living plant cells. Translational fusions of GFP to full‐length AtFim1 or to some truncated variants of AtFim1 showed filamentous labeling in transient expression assays. One truncated fimbrin‐GFP fusion was capable of labeling distinct filaments in stably transformed Arabidopsis roots. The filaments decorated by this construct were highly dynamic in growing root hairs and elongating root cells and were sensitive to actin disrupting drugs. Therefore, the fimbrin‐GFP reporters we describe in this study provide additional tools for studying the actin cytoskeleton during root cell development. Moreover, the localization of AtFim1‐GFP offers insights into the regulation of actin organization in developing roots by this class of actin cross‐linking proteins. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 59:79–93, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer patients' expectations of experiencing treatment‐related side effects
Authors: Hofman Maarten , Morrow Gary R. , Roscoe Joseph A. , Hickok Jane T. , Mustian Karen M. , Moore Dennis F. , Wade James L. , Fitch Tom R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAdequate management of treatment‐related side effects is important for patients and challenging for clinicians. Side effects generated by various treatments have been characterized reasonably well. However, to the authors' knowledge, less is known regarding what patients expect to experience regarding these side effects and how patient characteristics are related to these expectations.METHODSPatients with cancer (n = 1015 patients) from 17 Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) institutions affiliated with the University of Rochester Cancer Center CCOP Research Base were surveyed regarding their expectations of experiencing side effects associated with cancer treatment, with 938 patients providing evaluable data. Patients responded to the item, “Indicate your expectations of having this side effect” for 12 common side effects. Patients rated their expectations using a 5‐point Likert scale, from 1 (“I definitely will not have this”) to 5 (“I definitely will have this”).RESULTSThe median number of symptoms expected (characterized by any value other than one) was nine. The six most expected symptoms were fatigue, nausea, sleep disturbance, weight loss, hair loss, and skin problems. Patients age > 60 years expected to have fewer symptoms than younger patients; female patients expected more side effects than male patients; and patients who had some college education expected more side effects than patients who were high school graduates or had not completed high school.CONCLUSIONSPatients with cancer clearly exhibit expectations regarding treatment‐related side effects; and age, gender, and education level appear to influence these expectations. Further careful characterization of patient expectations and how expectations relate to experience may lead to earlier and more effective management of side effects. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
MammoSite and interstitial brachytherapy for accelerated partial breast irradiation
Authors: Shah Neenad M. , Tenenholz Todd , Arthur Douglas , DiPetrillo Thomas , Bornstein Bruce , Cardarelli Gene , Zheng Zhen , Rivard Mark J. , Kaufman Seth , Wazer David E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn interstitial brachytherapy (IB), cosmesis and toxicity correlate with volume of tissue irradiated, dose homogeneity index (DHI), and adjuvant doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide based chemotherapy (ACCT). MammoSite brachytherapy (MSB) irradiates smaller volumes than IB, and lower dose homogeneity does not appear to affect toxicity. However, clinical experience suggests that other factors may also play an important role in cosmesis and toxicity with MSB. We reviewed our prospectively maintained data base of women who underwent accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) to assess this issue.METHODSBeginning in September 1995, 115 women were enrolled in a trial evaluating APBI as monotherapy after lumpectomy. The first 75 eligible patients received IB, and the most recent 28 eligible patients received MSB. All patients received 34 gray (Gy) in 10 twice‐daily fractions through high‐dose rate iridium‐192 brachytherapy; 19% of patients in the IB group and 0% of patients in the MSB group received ACCT.RESULTSAt 1 year after treatment, MSB caused significantly less Grade 2–4 subcutaneous fibrosis (as graded by a radiation oncologist according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group system) compared with IB (10.7% vs. 32%; P = 0.04). However, when only ACCT‐naïve patients in the IB group were compared with patients in the MSB group, this finding became nonsignificant. Among the patients who received MSB, significantly smaller volumes were irradiated, and the DHI was lower.CONCLUSIONSCurrent studies suggest an improved toxicity profile with MSB compared with IB that is attributed to lower irradiated volumes with MSB. When only chemotherapy‐naïve patients were compared, however, toxicity and cosmesis were found to be similar between MSB and IB, suggesting a more complex interplay between irradiated volumes, DHI, and chemotherapy. The relation of ACCT to toxicity in this scenario is intriguing and warrants further investigation. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Estimation of an optimal radiotherapy utilization rate for gynecologic carcinoma
Authors: Delaney Geoff , Jacob Susannah , Barton Michael 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDRadiotherapy usage rates exhibit wide variations both within and between countries. Current estimates of the proportion of cancer patients who should optimally receive radiotherapy are based either on expert opinion or on the measurement of actual usage rates rather than on the best available scientific evidence.METHODSWith the goal of developing an evidence‐based benchmark for radiotherapy use in the treatment of malignancies of the cervix, vagina, vulva, and ovary (endometrial malignancies are covered in a separate article), the authors reviewed international evidence‐based treatment guidelines. Optimal radiotherapy usage trees were constructed, and proportions of patients with clinical indications for radiotherapy were obtained from epidemiologic data. These ideal usage rates were compared with actual radiotherapy utilization rates recorded in Australia and elsewhere.RESULTSAccording to the best available evidence, radiotherapy is indicated at least once for 58% of patients with cervical carcinoma, 4% of patients with ovarian carcinoma, 100% of patients with vaginal carcinoma, and 34% of patients with vulvar carcinoma. A review of the limited data available suggests that actual radiotherapy usage rates for patients with gynecologic malignancies are comparable to optimal usage rates.CONCLUSIONSActual practice appears to approximate the authors' model of optimal radiotherapy use. This finding reflects the high level of agreement among treatment guidelines as well as the existence of high‐quality evidence related to the management of gynecologic malignancies, and it may also be indicative of the fact that a large proportion of patients are treated in specialist units. The management of gynecologic malignancies may serve as a good example in the development of management strategies for other types of cancer. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Towards Cationic Gallium Derivatives: Metallacycles from the Reactions of Organogallium Compounds with Tetraorganodichalcogenoimidodiphosphinates and a New N‐(Diphenylthiophosphinyl)thioureato Ligand
Authors: Montiel‐Palma Virginia , Huitrón‐Rattinger Estefanía , Cortés‐Llamas Sara , Muñoz‐Hernández Miguel‐Ángel , García‐Montalvo Verónica , López‐Honorato Eddie , Silvestru Cristian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe organometallic complexes of general formulae [Me2Ga{η2‐E,E′‐[R2P(E)NP(E′)R′2]}] [R = R′ = Ph, E = E′ = O (1); R = R′ = Ph, E = E′ = S (2); R = R′ = Ph, E = E′ = Se (3); R = R′ = Ph, E = O, E′ = S (4); R = Me, R′ = Ph, E = S, E′ = O (5)] and [Me2Ga{η2‐S,S′‐[Ph2P(S)NC(S)(C9H10N)]}] (6) were obtained by facile methane elimination reactions from GaMe3 and the acidic ligands L1H [(XPPh2)2NH (X = O, S, Se), (OPPh2)(SPPh2)NH, and (OPMe2)(SPPh2)NH] and L2H [Ph2P(S)NHC(S)(C9H10N)] in toluene. Replacement of one phosphorus atom by a carbon atom in the ligand skeleton of L1H gave the new ligand L2H, which, upon reaction with GaMe3, gave compound 6, which shows no significant structural differences with respect to 1−5. Therefore, L2H does not induce partial planarity in the six‐membered ring, indicating the necessity for replacing both phosphorus atoms of the ligand by carbon atoms, as in the β‐diketonate‐type derivatives, in order to impose ring planarity. Thus, despite originating from a variety of ligands with differing donor atoms and substituents at the phosphorus atoms, all complexes show little structural differences. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
New Ways to a Series of Parent Representatives of the Eight‐, Nine‐, and Ten‐Vertex Monocarbaborane Family
Authors: Brellochs Bernd , Bačkovský Jaroslav , Štíbr Bohumil , Jelínek Tomáš , Holub Josef , Bakardjiev Mario , Hnyk Drahomír , Hofmann Mathias , Císarová Ivana , Wrackmeyer Berndt 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe conditions for a reaction betweennido‐B10H14(1) and aqueous formaldehyde in an alkaline solution have been optimized, which resulted in the isolation of the [arachno‐6‐CB9H14]−anion (2) in 52% yield. Anion2was used as a convenient source for the synthesis of a series of basic monocarbaborane compounds. Thus, oxidation of2(Et4N+salt) with I2in CH2Cl2in the presence of Et3N at room temperature afforded the [nido‐6‐CB9H12]−anion (3). Acidification of anion2(generated in situ from borane1) with hydrochloric acid, in the presence of both FeCl3·6H2O and CH2O, led to the formation ofarachno‐4‐CB8H14(4), from whichnido‐1‐CB8H12(5) was obtained by dehydrogenation at 200 °C in quantitative yield. Compound4can easily be converted into the [closo‐1‐CB7H8]−anion (6) in 71% yield via reaction with Et3N and I2in THF at −78 °C. Anion6is also formed in 75% yield by treatment of carborane5with Et3N in refluxing toluene. The [closo‐1‐CB8H9]−anion (7) was isolated by iodination of carborane5in the presence of Et3N (yield 81%) or by the heating of the PPh4+salt of anion2at 220 °C (yield 95%). The structure of anion2was determined by an X‐ray diffraction study and the structures of compounds2,4,5, and7were geometry optimized at the RMP2(fc)/6‐31G* level. The NMR spectroscopic measurements are in some cases complemented by unpublished13C NMR spectroscopic data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A New 3‐D Open‐Framework Zinc Phosphate [C6H16N2]·[Zn2(HPO4)3] Synthesized by a Solvothermal Combinatorial Approach
Authors: Song Yu , Yu Jihong , Li Yi , Zhang Min , Xu Ruren 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBy application of a combinatorial approach, a new open‐framework zinc phosphate [C6H16N2]·[Zn2(HPO4)3] (denoted as phase D) has been obtained in the Zn(OAc)2·2H2O/H3PO4/N,N′‐dimethylpiperazine/ethylene glycol solvothermal reaction system at 180 °C. The factors influencing formation of the reaction products, such as crystallization temperature, solvent, as well as gel compositions, have been systematically studied. Phase D was characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, ICP, and TG analyses, and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n (no.14), with a = 8.6931(3) Å, b = 14.4394(5) Å, c = 12.6492(3) Å, β = 96.418(2)°, and Z = 4. It is composed of ZnO4, PO3(OH) and PO2(OH)(=O) tetrahedral units linked by Zn−O−P bonds, forming an open‐framework with intersecting eight‐membered ring channels along the [100], [010], and [101] directions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Behaviour of N‐Pyridylbenzamides versus Benzanilides in the ortho‐Directed Lithiation of Masked Aromatic Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Jóźwiak Andrzej , Brzeziński Jacek Z. , Płotka Mieczysław W. , Szcześniak Aleksandra K. , Malinowski Zbigniew , Epsztajn Jan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe reaction of N‐pyridylbenzamides 1−3 with n‐butyllithium or sec‐butyllithium has been examined. The perfect selectivity that has been observed until now in the lithiation of anilides, a reaction used for ortho‐functionalisation of masked aromatic carboxylic acids, has been broken; our results indicate that the pyridine ring at the position ortho to the directed metallation group is more susceptible to lithiation than the homoaromatic ring itself. This was proved in an intermolecular comparative study of benz‐, picolin‐ and isonicotinanilides 14−16, and N‐cumylbenzamide (17). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Aspects of the Aromaticity of Anthranil
Authors: Matos M. Agostinha R. , Miranda Margarida S. , Morais Victor M. F. , Liebman Joel F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe standard (p° = 0.1 MPa) molar enthalpy of formation of liquid anthranil was measured at T = 298.15 K by static bomb calorimetry and the standard molar enthalpy of vaporization at T = 298.15 K was obtained using Calvet microcalorimetry. These values were used to derive the standard molar enthalpy of formation of anthranil in the gaseous phase. Thermochemical and quantum chemical comparisons were made to interrelate anthranil and its isomers, 1,2‐benzisoxazole, benzoxazole and 2‐cyanophenol, and the monocyclic heterocycles, isoxazole and oxazole. Comparisons with benzofurazan and isobenzofuran were also made. Additionally nucleus‐independent chemical shifts were used as an aromaticity index. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
β‐Imino‐meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin Derivatives in Hetero‐Diels−Alder Reactions
Authors: Alonso Cristina M. A. , Neves Maria G. P. M. S. , Tomé Augusto C. , Silva Artur M. S. , Cavaleiro José A. S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTwo types of β‐imino‐meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin derivatives were used as heterodienes in Diels−Alder reactions with electron‐rich dienophiles. These reactions were catalysed by lanthanum triflate. Depending on the starting imine derivative, the products of these reactions are pyrido[2,3‐b]porphyrins or β‐tetrahydroquinoline‐substituted porphyrins. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Generation of a Small Library of Highly Electron‐Rich 2‐(Hetero)Aryl‐Substituted Phenethylamines by the Suzuki−Miyaura Reaction: A Short Synthesis of an Apogalanthamine Analogue
Authors: Appukkuttan Prasad , Orts Amparo Baiget , Chandran R. Prakash , Goeman Jan. L. , Van der Eycken Johan , Dehaen Wim , Van der Eycken Erik 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Suzuki−Miyaura reaction is presented as a versatile procedure for the synthesis of a small library of highly electron‐rich 2‐[4,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐(hetero)arylphenyl]ethylamines. Microwave‐irradiation accelerates the reaction tremendously and furnishes superior yields. The difficult oxidative addition of the catalyst to a highly electron‐rich and ortho‐substituted system could be performed easily, and the proto‐deboronation during cross‐coupling reactions involving the highly electron‐withdrawing (2‐formylphenyl)boronic acid could be minimized. Enhanced yields and complete compatibility with aqueous conditions were found. This strategy was developed en route towards the synthesis of an apogalanthamine analogue. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
On the Bis‐Heteronucleophilic Michael Addition to Divinyl Sulfone: A New Efficient Access to Macrocycles by Marie‐Laure Teyssot, Martine Fayolle, Christian Philouze and Claude Dupuy
Authors: Pathak Tanmaya 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis is a comment on the paper by Dupuy et al. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Different mechanisms of chromosome 16 loss of heterozygosity in well‐ versus poorly differentiated ductal breast cancer
Authors: Cleton‐Jansen Anne‐Marie , Buerger Horst , Haar Natalja ter , Philippo Katja , van de Vijver Marc J. , Boecker Werner , Smit Vincent T. H. B. M. , Cornelisse Cees J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLoss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the long arm of chromosome 16 is a frequent genetic alteration in breast cancer. It can occur by physical loss of part of or the entire chromosomal arm, resulting in a decrease in copy number or loss followed by mitotic recombination. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) demonstrated that well‐differentiated breast tumors showed significantly more physical loss of 16q than did poorly differentiated ones and that this difference was already discernable in the preinvasive stage. However, polymorphic markers detected no difference in the frequency of 16q LOH between invasive tumors of different histological grade. Here, by combining data on LOH (n = 52), fluorescence in situ hybridization (n = 18) with chromosome 16–specific probes, and CGH (n = 34), we show a preference in well‐differentiated grade I tumors for physical loss of chromosome arm 16q, whereas in poorly differentiated grade III tumors LOH is accompanied by mitotic recombination. This clarifies the discrepancies observed between CGH and LOH for 16q in breast cancer. These different somatic genetic mechanisms may reflect the presence of multiple tumor suppressor genes that are the target of LOH at chromosome arm 16q. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐localization of differentially expressed genes and shared susceptibility loci in human autoimmunity
Authors: Aune Thomas M. , Parker Joel S. , Maas Kevin , Liu Zheng , Olsen Nancy J. , Moore Jason H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAutoimmune diseases arise from complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. Genetic linkage scans show that different autoimmune diseases share overlapping susceptibility loci. Lymphocytes from individuals with different autoimmune diseases, as well as unaffected first‐degree relatives, also share a common gene expression profile. We sought to determine if genes within this autoimmune expression profile were nonrandomly distributed in the genome and if their distribution overlapped with shared disease susceptibility loci. We found that differentially expressed genes were distributed in a nonrandom fashion in chromosomal domains within the genome. Furthermore, positions of these domains were not statistically different from a number of shared autoimmune disease susceptibility loci. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing concordance between gene expression and genetic linkage results in common complex multifactorial human diseases. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classifying disease chromosomes arising from multiple founders, with application to fine‐scale haplotype mapping
Authors: Yu K. , Martin R.B. , Whittemore A.S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe availability of high‐density haplotype data has motivated several fine‐scale linkage disequilibrium mapping methods for locating disease‐causing mutations. These methods identify loci around which haplotypes of case chromosomes exhibit greater similarity than do those of control chromosomes. A difficulty arising in such mapping is the possibility that case chromosomes have inherited disease‐causing mutations from different ancestral chromosomes (founder heterogeneity). Such heterogeneity dilutes measures of case haplotype similarity. This dilution can be mitigated by separating case chromosomes into subsets according to their putative mutation origin, and searching for an area with excessive haplotype similarity within each subset. We propose a nonparametric method for identifying subsets of case chromosomes likely to share a common ancestral progenitor. By simulation studies and application to published data, we show that the method accurately identifies relatively large subsets of chromosomes that share a common founder. We also show that the method allows more precise estimates of the disease mutation loci than obtained by other fine‐scale mapping methods. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing genomewide statistical significance in linkage studies
Authors: Lin D.Y. , Zou Fei 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAssessment of genomewide statistical significance in multipoint linkage analysis is a thorny problem. The existing analytical solutions rely on strong assumptions (i.e., infinitely dense or equally spaced genetic markers that are fully informative and completely observed, and a single type of relative pair) which are rarely satisfied in real human studies, while simulation‐based methods are computationally intensive and may not be applicable to complex data structures and sophisticated genetic models. Here, we propose a conceptually simple and numerically efficient Monte Carlo procedure for determining genomewide significance levels that is applicable to all linkage studies. The pedigree structure is completely general; the marker data are totally arbitrary in respect to number, spacing, informativeness, and missingness; the trait can be qualitative, quantitative, or multivariate; the alternative hypothesis can be two‐sided or one‐sided; and the statistic can be parametric or nonparametric. The usefulness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through extensive simulation studies and an application to the nuclear family data from the Tenth Genetic Analysis Workshop. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization and dynamics of protein–protein complexes using B‐splines
Authors: Gillilan Richard E. , Lilien Ryan H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA moving‐grid approach for optimization and dynamics of protein–protein complexes is introduced, which utilizes cubic B‐spline interpolation for rapid energy and force evaluation. The method allows for the efficient use of full electrostatic potentials joined smoothly to multipoles at long distance so that multiprotein simulation is possible. Using a recently published benchmark of 58 protein complexes, we examine the performance and quality of the grid approximation, refining cocrystallized complexes to within 0.68 Å RMSD of interface atoms, close to the optimum 0.63 Å produced by the underlying MMFF94 force field. We quantify the theoretical statistical advantage of using minimization in a stochastic search in the case of two rigid bodies, and contrast it with the underlying cost of conjugate gradient minimization using B‐splines. The volumes of conjugate gradient minimization basins of attraction in cocrystallized systems are generally orders of magnitude larger than well volumes based on energy thresholds needed to discriminate native from nonnative states; nonetheless, computational cost is significant. Molecular dynamics using B‐splines is doubly efficient due to the combined advantages of rapid force evaluation and large simulation step sizes. Large basins localized around the native state and other possible binding sites are identifiable during simulations of protein–protein motion. In addition to providing increased modeling detail, B‐splines offer new algorithmic possibilities that should be valuable in refining docking candidates and studying global complex behavior. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1630–1646, 2004