bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting pediatric emergence delirium using data-driven machine learning applied to electronic health record dataset at a quaternary care pediatric hospital
Authors: Yu Han , Simpao Allan F , Ruiz Victor M , Nelson Olivia , Muhly Wallis T , Sutherland Tori N , Gálvez Julia A , Pushkar Mykhailo B , Stricker Paul A , Tsui Fuchiang (Rich) 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Pediatric emergence delirium is an undesirable outcome that is understudied. Development of a predictive model is an initial step toward reducing its occurrence. This study aimed to apply machine learning (ML) methods to a large clinical dataset to develop a predictive model for pediatric emergence delirium.

Materials and Methods
We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data from February 2015 to December 2019. We built and evaluated 4 commonly used ML models for predicting emergence delirium: least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, ridge regression, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting. The primary outcome was the occurrence of emergence delirium, defined as a Watcha score of 3 or 4 recorded at any time during recovery.

Results
The dataset included 54 776 encounters across 43 830 patients. The 4 ML models performed similarly with performance assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves ranging from 0.74 to 0.75. Notable variables associated with increased risk included adenoidectomy with or without tonsillectomy, decreasing age, midazolam premedication, and ondansetron administration, while intravenous induction and ketorolac were associated with reduced risk of emergence delirium.

Conclusions
Four different ML models demonstrated similar performance in predicting postoperative emergence delirium using a large pediatric dataset. The prediction performance of the models draws attention to our incomplete understanding of this phenomenon based on the studied variables. The results from our modeling could serve as a first step in designing a predictive clinical decision support system, but further optimization and validation are needed.

Clinical trial number and registry URL
Not applicable.
Reconstructing Income Inequality in Italy: New Evidence and Tax System Implications from Distributional National Accounts
Authors: Guzzardi Demetrio , Palagi Elisa , Roventini Andrea , Santoro Alessandro 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This work reconstructs novel series on income distribution in Italy combining survey data, tax data, and National Accounts both at the national and regional levels, and it analyzes the overall progressivity of the tax system. Our new Distributional National Accounts allow to correct for remarkable misreporting of capital income in surveys, to provide more accurate estimates of consumption, and to better account for the role of informal economy. Our fresh estimates show higher income concentration at the top 1% and 0.1% with respect to previous studies in order of 1.5 percentage points. Moreover, the share of national income of the richest top 10%, top 1%, and top 0.1% has been steadily increasing after the 2008 crisis. Our results shed further light on the multifaceted nature of inequality in Italy: youngest individuals, women, and inhabitants of Southern regions have been increasingly exposed to growing levels of inequality. Finally, the Italian tax system is only slightly progressive up to the 95th percentile of the income distribution, and regressive for the top 5%. Moreover, it is regressive throughout the whole distribution when individuals are ranked with respect to their net wealth.
Composite Likelihood for Stochastic Migration Model with Unobserved Factor
Authors: Djogbenou Antoine , Gouriéroux Christian , Jasiak Joann , Bandehali Maygol 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We introduce the conditional maximum composite likelihood (MCL) estimation method for the stochastic factor ordered probit model of credit rating transitions of firms. This model is recommended for internal credit risk assessment procedures in banks and financial institutions under the Basel III regulations. Its exact likelihood function involves a high-dimensional integral, which can be approximated numerically before maximization. However, the estimated migration risk and required capital tend to be sensitive to the quality of this approximation, potentially leading to statistical regulatory arbitrage. The proposed conditional MCL estimator circumvents this problem and maximizes the composite log-likelihood of the factor ordered probit model. We present three conditional MCL estimators of different complexity and examine their consistency and asymptotic normality when n and T tend to infinity. The performance of these estimators at finite T is examined and compared with a granularity-based approach in a simulation study. The use of the MCL estimator is also illustrated in an empirical application.
Defusing the legal and ethical minefield of epigenetic applications in the military, defense, and security context
Authors: Dalpé Gratien , Huerne Katherine , Dupras Charles , Cheung Katherine , Palmour Nicole , Winkler Eva , Alex Karla , Mehlman Maxwell , Holloway John W , Bunnik Eline , König Harald , Mansuy Isabelle M , Rots Marianne G , Erwin Cheryl , Erler Alexandre , Libertini Emanuele , Joly Yann 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Epigenetic research has brought several important technological achievements, including identifying epigenetic clocks and signatures, and developing epigenetic editing. The potential military applications of such technologies we discuss are stratifying soldiers’ health, exposure to trauma using epigenetic testing, information about biological clocks, confirming child soldiers’ minor status using epigenetic clocks, and inducing epigenetic modifications in soldiers. These uses could become a reality. This article presents a comprehensive literature review, and analysis by interdisciplinary experts of the scientific, legal, ethical, and societal issues surrounding epigenetics and the military. Notwithstanding the potential benefit from these applications, our findings indicate that the current lack of scientific validation for epigenetic technologies suggests a careful scientific review and the establishment of a robust governance framework before consideration for use in the military. In this article, we highlight general concerns about the application of epigenetic technologies in the military context, especially discrimination and data privacy issues if soldiers are used as research subjects. We also highlight the potential of epigenetic clocks to support child soldiers’ rights and ethical questions about using epigenetic engineering for soldiers’ enhancement and conclude with considerations for an ethical framework for epigenetic applications in the military, defense, and security contexts.
Numeral completeness of weak theories of arithmetic
Authors: Kahle Reinhard , Oitavem Isabel , Santos Paulo Guilherme 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We study numeral forms of completeness and consistency for $\mathsf {S}^1_2$ and other weak theories, like $\mathsf {EA}$. This gives rise to an exploration of the derivability conditions needed to establish the mentioned results; a presentation of a weak form of Gödel’s Second Incompleteness Theorem without using ‘provability implies provable provability’; a provability predicate that satisfies the mentioned derivability condition for weak theories; and a completeness result via consistency statements. Moreover, the paper includes characterizations of the provability predicates for which the numeral results hold, having $\mathsf {EA}$ as the surrounding theory, and results on functions that compute finitist consistency statements.
Growing local arm inferred by the breathing motion
Authors: Asano Tetsuro , Kawata Daisuke , Fujii Michiko S , Baba Junichi 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
Theoretical models of spiral arms suggest that the spiral arms provoke a vertical bulk motion in disc stars. By analysing the breathing motion, a coherent asymmetric vertical motion around the mid-plane of the Milky Way disc, with Gaia DR3, we found that a compressing breathing motion presents along the Local arm. On the other hand, with an N-body simulation of an isolated Milky Way-like disc galaxy, we found that the transient and dynamic spiral arms induce compressing breathing motions when the arms are in the growth phase, while the expanding breathing motion appears in the disruption phase. The observed clear alignment of the compressing breathing motion with the Local arm is similar to what is seen in the growth phase of the simulated spiral arms. Hence, we suggest that the Local arm’s compressing breathing motion can be explained by the Local arm being in the growth phase of a transient and dynamic spiral arm. We also identified the tentative signatures of the expanding breathing motion associated with the Perseus arm and also the Outer arm coinciding with the compressing breathing motion. This may infer that the Perseus and Outer arms are in the disruption and growth phases, respectively.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for nonfunctioning pituitary tumor: A multicenter study of new pituitary hormone deficiency
Authors: Dumot Chloe , Mantziaris Georgios , Dayawansa Sam , Peker Selcuk , Samanci Yavuz , Nabeel Ahmed M , Reda Wael A , Tawadros Sameh R , Abdelkarim Khaled , El-Shehaby Amr M N , Emad Reem M , Abdelsalam Ahmed Ragab , Liscak Roman , May Jaromir , Mashiach Elad , De Nigris Vasconcellos Fernando , Bernstein Kenneth , Kondziolka Douglas , Speckter Herwin , Mota Ruben , Brito Anderson , Bindal Shray Kumar , Niranjan Ajay , Lunsford Dade L , Benjamin Carolina Gesteira , Abrantes de Lacerda Almeida Timoteo , Mao Jennifer , Mathieu David , Tourigny Jean-Nicolas , Tripathi Manjul , Palmer Joshua David , Matsui Jennifer , Crooks Joe , Wegner Rodney E , Shepard Matthew J , Vance Mary Lee , Sheehan Jason P 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is used to treat recurrent or residual nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NFPA). The objective of the study was to assess imaging and development of new pituitary hormone deficiency.

Methods
Patients treated with single-session SRS for a NFPA were included in this retrospective, multicenter study. Tumor control and new pituitary dysfunction were evaluated using Cox analysis and Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results
A total of 869 patients (male 476 [54.8%], median age at SRS 52.5 years [Interquartile range (IQR): 18.9]) were treated using a median margin dose of 14Gy (IQR: 4) for a median tumor volume of 3.4 cc (IQR: 4.3). With a median radiological follow-up of 3.7 years (IQR: 4.8), volumetric tumor reduction occurred in 451 patients (51.9%), stability in 364 (41.9%) and 54 patients (6.2%) showed tumor progression.
The probability of tumor control was 95.5% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 93.8–97.3) and 88.8% (95%CI: 85.2–92.5) at 5 and 10 years, respectively. A margin dose &gt;14 Gy was associated with tumor control (Hazard Ratio [HR]:0.33, 95% CI: 0.18–0.60, P &lt; 0.001). The probability of new hypopituitarism was 9.9% (95% CI: 7.3–12.5) and 15.3% (95% CI: 11–19.4) at 5 and 10 years, respectively. A maximum point dose &gt;10 Gy in the pituitary stalk was associated with new pituitary hormone deficiency (HR: 3.47, 95% CI: 1.95–6.19). The cumulative probability of new cortisol, thyroid, gonadotroph, and growth hormone deficiency was 8% (95% CI: 3.9–11.9), 8.3% (95% CI: 3.9–12.5), 3.5% (95% CI: 1.7–5.2), and 4.7% (95% CI: 1.9–7.4), respectively at 10 years.

Conclusions
SRS provides long-term tumor control with a 15.3% risk of hypopituitarism at 10 years.
Bioinspired 3D flexible devices and functional systems
Authors: Cheng Xu , Shen Zhangming , Zhang Yihui 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
Flexible devices and functional systems with elaborated three-dimensional (3D) architectures can endow better mechanical/electrical performances, more design freedom, and unique functionalities, when compared to their two-dimensional (2D) counterparts. Such 3D flexible devices/systems are rapidly evolving in three primary directions, including the miniaturization, the increasingly merged physical/artificial intelligence and the enhanced adaptability and capabilities of heterogeneous integration. Intractable challenges exist in this emerging research area, such as relatively poor controllability in the locomotion of soft robotic systems, mismatch of bioelectronic interfaces, and signal coupling in multi-parameter sensing. By virtue of long-time–optimized materials, structures and processes, natural organisms provide rich sources of inspiration to address these challenges, enabling the design and manufacture of many bioinspired 3D flexible devices/systems. In this Review, we focus on bioinspired 3D flexible devices and functional systems, and summarize their representative design concepts, manufacturing methods, principles of structure-function relationship and broad-ranging applications. Discussions on existing challenges, potential solutions and future opportunities are also provided to usher in further research efforts toward realizing bioinspired 3D flexible devices/systems with precisely programmed shapes, enhanced mechanical/electrical performances, and high-level physical/artificial intelligence.
Applicability of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Plasma Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Assays in the Diagnosis of Pneumonia
Authors: Han Dongsheng , Yu Fei , Zhang Dan , Yang Qing , Shen Ruting , Zheng Shufa , Chen Yu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) provides innovative solutions for predicting complex infections. A comprehensive understanding of its strengths and limitations in real-world clinical settings is necessary to ensure that it is not overused or misinterpreted.

Methods
Two hundred nine cases with suspected pneumonia were recruited to compare the capabilities of 2 available mNGS assays (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF] mNGS and plasma mNGS) to identify pneumonia-associated DNA/RNA pathogens and predict antibiotic resistance.

Results
Compared to clinical diagnosis, BALF mNGS demonstrated a high positive percent agreement (95.3%) but a low negative percent agreement (63.1%). Plasma mNGS revealed a low proportion of true negatives (30%) in predicting pulmonary infection. BALF mNGS independently diagnosed 65.6% (61/93) of coinfections and had a remarkable advantage in detecting caustic, rare, or atypical pathogens. Pathogens susceptible to invasive infection or bloodstream transmission, such as Aspergillus spp, Rhizopus spp, Chlamydia psittaci, and human herpesviruses, are prone to be detected by plasma mNGS. BALF mNGS tests provided a positive impact on the diagnosis and treatment of 128 (61.2%) patients. Plasma mNGS, on the other hand, turned out to be more suitable for diagnosing patients who received mechanical ventilation, developed severe pneumonia, or developed sepsis (all P &lt; .01). BALF mNGS was able to identify resistance genes that matched the phenotypic resistance of 69.4% (25/36) of multidrug-resistant pathogens.

Conclusions
Our data reveal new insights into the advantages and disadvantages of 2 different sequencing modalities in pathogen identification and antibiotic resistance prediction for patients with suspected pneumonia.
Introduction
Authors: Zaidi Nishat 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Dhanpat Rai Srivastava better known by his pen name, Premchand, who had the extraordinary privilege of being located in the interstitial space between the two dominant strands of North Indian culture, Hindi and Urdu. It discusses how Premchand is credited with the unique distinction of launching both Hindi and Urdu literature into their modernist phase, and how his life and works reveal the complexities of nation-making processes. It also analyzes Premchand’s writings that embody literary aesthetics attuned to his environment, the sociopolitical upheavals of his times, and the moorings of common people reeling under colonial rule. The chapter points out how Premchand’s play Karbala unfolds the making of a modern intellectual, involved in the profound task of imagining the nation. It summarizes Premchand’s predicament in negotiating his way through Hindi–Urdu, Hindu–Muslim divisions, and his critics’ dilemma over his legacy.
Tell it to the World
Authors: Savran David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Tell It to the World: The Broadway Musical Abroad studies how the Broadway musical has traveled the world, influencing and transforming local idioms and traditions. It focuses on the ways the musical has been indigenized in South Korea and Germany, two nations occupied by the United States after World War II that have become key commercial centers for Broadway musicals. By the 1990s, Broadway imports were all the rage in both, while home-grown musicals transformed the US prototypes. Part I of the book considers the fundamental questions: What is a musical? Why is it the great success story of US theatre? How has it been assimilated to musical theatre traditions around the world? Part II focuses on musical theatre in South Korea, studying the import/export business in large-scale musicals about Korean history and innovative experiments that mix local performance traditions with the Broadway style. Part III moves to Germany to survey the history of musicals from 1945 until the fall of the Berlin Wall, the reconfiguration of musical theatre conventions by experimental directors, and the groundbreaking German-language productions of Broadway classics by Barrie Kosky and other innovative directors.
Run-on Sentences
Authors: Spector Stephen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Comma splices and run-on sentences are partners in crime. A comma splice involves separating two main clauses or sentences with just a comma. A run-on, by contrast, has no punctuation at all to separate main clauses or sentences, and no joining word to connect them. Both are mistakes in formal expository prose. But writers can use run-ons to poetic effect in portraying speech or thought, as in this line by Cormac McCarthy:
Stories of Vínland
Authors: Zori Davide 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This penultimate chapter focuses on the evidence for the famous Viking colony of Vínland. The Viking voyages to North America occupy a space in Viking Studies between legend and history. The journeys are evidenced in written sources and the archaeological record. Two Icelandic sagas provide complementary narratives about the voyages, but they disagree about key facts such as the number of settlements established. Later texts track efforts to visit places mentioned in the sagas but mention no additional settlements. Only one site has been verified archaeologically: L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. L’Anse aux Meadows offers a clear example of scholars seeking a very specific level of confirmation of the sagas from archaeological evidence. The archaeological site has confirmed the basic saga narrative that Viking Age Scandinavians reached North America. But how detailed can the correspondence be? This chapter pursues this question and shows how much more we know now from the combination of sagas, archaeology, and new scientific analyses. Finally, the chapter shows the value of exploring the contradictions among texts, archaeology, and the sciences. These specific contradictions are ripe for scholarly disagreement and offer rich avenues for further research.
Introduction
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel , Raghavan Ramesh 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter highlights the three questions that motivate this book. In short, these questions are: What are the best investments in children’s mental health? To what extent are these investments being made? What can be done to promote these investments? The chapter presents an overview of how the authors approach these questions; this approach stems from the authors’ varying academic backgrounds and training in economics, public health, medicine, and implementation science, among other fields. This chapter concludes by suggesting ways in which the readers of this book can use the information to play an active role in improving the well-being of our nation’s children.
Freedom of Testamentary Disposition
Authors: Miller Paul B. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
American law is notoriously solicitous of property owners’ testamentary freedom. Interpretive theorists cannot but acknowledge its centrality to enabling law. Yet freedom of testamentary disposition has attracted criticism on normative grounds for centuries. Indeed, it is widely viewed as one of the most tenuous of incidents of private ownership. This chapter examines leading defences of testamentary freedom and, finding them lacking, offers an alternative. Viewed within conventional frames of the general morality of property, wide testamentary freedom proves difficult to justify. Arguments from property, autonomy, social utility, and an obligation of provision each fail to ground laws enabling testamentary freedom. This chapter argues that testamentary freedom is better defended on the footing of the morality of gift relationships, with particular attention to the value of testamentary benefaction in enabling the expression of moral motivation, the practice of virtue, and realisation of goods essential to human flourishing. An advantage of this approach is that it recognises moral complexity, allowing one to appreciate the value of dispositions that comport with the focal moral sense of benefactions as gifts, while at the same time pinpointing ways in which other dispositions can prove morally defective despite their legal validity.
Tone and morphological structure in a documentation-based grammar of Choguita Rarámuri
Authors: Caballero Gabriela 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Documentation of tonal systems cross-linguistically increasingly addresses the role that tone may play in morphological systems: What are possible morphosyntactic triggers of tone? And what are ways in which tone can be autonomously morphological? The empirical base available to answer these questions is, however, narrow given that the state of tonal documentation is still poor in many areas of the world. This chapter addresses the challenges of characterizing the tonal system of Choguita Rarámuri (CR) (Uto-Aztecan; Mexico) within the context of a documentation-based reference grammar of the language. This chapter discusses: (i) the role that tone serves in the morphological organization of CR; (ii) challenges of characterizing this system within the context of a reference grammar; and (iii) how synchronic variation in tonal realization is incorporated in the grammatical description of CR and its implications for assessing change in progress in the language.
Wage polarization and labour fragmentation
Authors: Radley Ben 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Proponents of the African Mining Consensus have argued that foreign-owned industrial mining will drive higher wages than those available in the surrounding economy, and the expenditure of these increased wages can stimulate broader local processes of economic development and structural transformation. This claim is also frequently promoted by the mining industry itself. The purpose of this chapter is to problematize this line of thinking. The main argument is that since the early twentieth century, most worker wages associated with foreign-owned mining in South Kivu have been comparable to, or below, those found in labour-intensive mining locally and generally stagnant. Combined with the high capture of total wages by a narrow foreign managerial class, this has limited the ability of worker wages to stimulate economic development. Meanwhile, the global industry shift to corporate outsourcing in the twenty-first century has weakened the collective strength of workers to resist and transform their conditions.