bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared decision-making in health care: Achieving evidence-based patient choice
Authors: Edwards Adrian , Elwyn Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between a patient and their health professional is viewed as one of the most complex interpersonal relationships. It involves the interaction between people in unequal positions, often non-voluntary, often addressing vitally important issues, emotionally laden, and requiring close co-operation (Ong et al., 1995). It has also long been recognized as a vital influence on the course of illness: Hippocrates observed that ‘some patients, though conscious that their condition is perilous, recover their health simply through their contentment with the goodness of the physician’ (Heritage and Maynard, 2006). There is a long history of studying the doctor–patient relationship in social sciences with seminal work from several authors, identifying the importance of the ‘sick role’ for the patient (Parsons, 1951), but also how doctor-centred behaviours attenuate therapeutic possibilities (Byrne and Long, 1976), and how the extent to which patients adopt passive roles and accept medical expertise and authority vary with the character time scale and severity of their illness and its treatment or options for self-treatment (Szasz and Hollander, 1956).
Patient involvement in decision-making: The importance of a broad conceptualization
Authors: Entwistle Vikki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that patients should be enabled to be involved in decision-making about their own health care is now widely accepted – at least in general terms. But behind the broad consensus that patient involvement is ‘a good thing’, there are differences of opinion about why it is important, what it might look like, and how it should be promoted in practice.
Evidence-based health care decision-making: Roles for health professionals
Authors: Stacey Dawn , Légaré, France , Kryworuchko Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A goal of evidence-based health care is to optimize decision-making by integrating clinical expertise and patients’ values with the best available evidence (Sackett et al., 2000). This is consistent with shared decision-making, defined as a decision-making process jointly shared by patients and their health care provider. It aims to help patients play an active role in decisions concerning their health, which is the ultimate goal of patient-centered care.
The physician–patient encounter: An agency relationship?
Authors: Gafni Amiram , Charles Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nature of the relationship between the physician and her patient has long fascinated social scientists and others. One feature, commonly agreed upon, that characterizes this relationship is the asymmetry of information between the patient and the doctor. Typically, a doctor is required to determine the patient’s diagnosis on the basis of which a choice of treatment will be made. The doctor is also expected to know about available treatments, appropriate for the patient’s specific case. As a result, the doctor–patient relationship has frequently been viewed, particularly in health economics, as an agency relationship where the physician is seen as an agent of the patient (Culyer, 1989; Evans, 1984; Feldstein, 1974; Phelps, 1992; Williams, 1988).
Developing expert patients
Authors: Rogers Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the recent past, the concept of an ‘Expert Patient’ has been associated with patient-centred consultations within health care, and primary care in particular. In the ground breaking publication ‘A Meeting Between Experts’ by David Tuckett and colleagues, patients were viewed as experts by virtue of the experience of living with an illness which placed them on an equal, if different, footing with health professionals in the consultation (Tuckett, 1985). The notion has recently been re-surfaced in the UK policy context of the Expert Patients’ Programme which is associated with a particular vision of a future ideal-type patient A patient perspective in health care policy and practice is not new and a philosophy of ‘consumerism’ has been evident in many health policies over the last 20 years (Calnan, 2001). However, the fulfilment of the contemporary policy vision of chronic disease management goes further, requiring a certain type of patient – the ‘empowered’ or ‘expert’ self-caring individual, and includes the need for individuals to have the capacity to be more confident and internalize control. This is in order to promote the monitoring and management of chronic conditions whilst allowing a person to be influenced by external supply constraints such as the need to limit demands on services (Chapple, 1999).
Shared decision-making: From conceptual models to implementation in clinical practice
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Charles Cathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shared decision-making (SDM) has been a topic of growing interest among health care providers, medical ethicists, social scientists, and others. A number of SDM models have been developed. Makoul and Clayman’s (2006) review concluded that whilst full agreement had not been achieved, the model developed by Charles et al. (1997) was the one most commonly cited in the relevant literature. It was this model that was the starting point for the competencies described by Elwyn et al. (2000), and it is the one we use in this chapter.
Risk communication – making evidence part of patient choices
Authors: Edwards Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk communication is an essential part of shared decision-making and evidence-based patient choice. It also needs to meet some complex needs for consumers, and is difficult to achieve well. The following quotations from Prior’s study of risk discussions in genetics clinics illustrate the challenging ‘pragmatic’ setting in which any proposals need to be implemented (Wood et al., 2003).
A Mathematical Classification of Conservation Prioritization Problems
Authors: Moilanen Atte , Possingham Hugh P , Polasky Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conservation prioritization problem concerns efficient and informed allocation of resources available for conservation (Margules and Pressey 2000; Sarkar et al. 2006; Chapters 1 and 2). This problem is of relevance to anyone working in conservation management or science, and it has been approached using a variety of heuristic, qualitative, and quantitative solution methods (Chapter 1). In this chapter we define this problem as a classical optimization problem and show how approaches found in the conservation planning literature and the rest of the chapters of this book fit into this standard framework. Closely related chapters include those describing optimization techniques (Chapters 4 and 5), metapopulations (Chapter 8), population viability analysis (PVA; Chapter 9), sequential planning (Chapter 10), and climate change (Chapter 13). Chapters about software tools (Chapters 14–17) demonstrate methods to implement and solve variants of the conservation prioritization problem. We also discuss data requirements and computational complexity of the problem variants and implications for solution methods.
Heuristic and Approximate Optimization Methods for Spatial Conservation Prioritization
Authors: Moilanen Atte , Ball Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses optimization techniques that can be applied to the solution of the conservation resource allocation problem (Chapters 1 and 3), some variants of which exhibit characteristics that make the problem unsuitable or impractical for solution using exact optimization methods (Chapter 4). Such characteristics include non-linear objectives or constraints, problems that are large (many planning units and/or feature constraints), spatially non-linear formulations, dynamic feedback mechanisms in the system model, or any form of stochastic dynamics. For example, a species-specific extinction probability could be derived from a complex stochastic non-linear process (e.g. PVA model, Chapter 9) that includes a complex relationship between landscape characteristics and life-history parameters. Such a problem is not amenable for analysis using exact optimization methods. In this chapter we review heuristic and approximate optimization methods that can be applied to practically any spatial conservation prioritization problem. These algorithms can be found in the literature under different names, including site selection algorithms, reserve selection algorithms, reserve network design, spatial optimization, and conservation prioritization.
Conservation Prioritization Using Metapopulation Models
Authors: Nicholson Emily , Ovaskainen Otso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While nominally aiming to maximize species persistence, most methods for conservation planning use surrogates such as area, amount of habitat, or population size, rather than explicit measures of viability such as extinction risk (Chapter 2; Cabeza and Moilanen 2001, 2003). The difficulty lies in relating the landscape pattern, such as the area of habitat or its spatial configuration, to a biological benefit, such as species viability, with a sound basis in ecological theory. One of the principal ways of considering the effects of spatial configuration of habitat is to model the underlying spatial population processes. In highly fragmented landscapes consisting of networks of habitat fragments, this can be done within the metapopulation framework, which is based on the processes of the local extinction and colonization of patches of habitat. While some local populations may go extinct, the habitat patches can be repopulated by migrants originating from neighbouring patches, thus ensuring the persistence of the metapopulation as a whole (Hanski 1994; Verboom et al. 2001). In the metapopulation context, population viability becomes a function of the ecology of the species and the amount, quality, and spatial configuration of habitat.
Marxan and Relatives: Software for Spatial Conservation Prioritization
Authors: Ball Ian R , Possingham Hugh P , Watts Matthew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original intent of Marxan and its predecessors was to solve a version of the minimum set reserve design problem (Cocks and Baird 1989; Chapter 3). In this problem, conservation targets are set for a number of biodiversity features (e.g. three populations of each species), and Marxan selects planning units that represent these targets for a minimum total cost, while allowing for more or less emphasis on spatially clustering the selected planning units. Marxan is now used to solve a range of spatial prioritization problems beyond the selection of reserves. The Marxan software is freely available and interacts with a variety of geographical information system (GIS) tools. It designs clumped reserve systems that make sense to a policy maker or planner.
The ConsNet Software Platform for Systematic Conservation Planning
Authors: Sarkar Sahotra , Fuller Trevon , Aggarwal Anshu , Moffett Alexander , Kelley Christopher D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central to systematic conservation planning is the use of software planning tools for decision support (Sarkar et al. 2006; Margules and Sarkar 2007), the most important of which are being reviewed in this book. Contemporary planning practices require tools that are accessible over the Internet and integrated with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) such as ArcGIS®. Availability, as well as computational efficiency (speed), are important when these tools are used for real-time negotiations involving stakeholders. Integration with GIS, especially for visualization, is important if the tools serve as decision support systems for formulating plans under alternative scenarios of habitat change. The ConsNet Portal is a Web-based resource for conservation planning. It includes an online interactive course (the ConsNet Primer) and the ability to run two software packages (ResNet and MultCSync) over the Web. These packages form part of the ConsNet Software Platform which consists of a suite of software packages for decision support during the identification of nominal conservation area networks (CANs). These packages enable the selection of CANs, analysis of the performance of biodiversity surrogates, establishment of connectivity between selected areas, and multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for incorporating socio-political criteria into network design.
From Theory to Practice: Designing and Situating Spatial Prioritization Approaches to Better Implement Conservation Action
Authors: Knight Andrew T , Cowling Richard M , Possingham Hugh P , Wilson Kerrie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since nations and states have embarked on programmes to establish systems of protected areas, there have been a variety of methods applied to prioritize localities for nature conservation – that is, facilitate decision-making as to which places are best suited to integration into a network of protected areas. Scoring approaches were traditionally applied for ranking areas for acquisition throughout the 1970s and 1980s (Chapters 1 and 3; see Smith and Theberge 1986 for review). Subsequently, the advent of the first area selection algorithm in the early 1980s that explicitly applied the concept of complementarity (Kirkpatrick 1983) triggered a rapid advance in development of spatial prioritization techniques for conservation (Pressey 2002). A diverse range of tools is now available for identifying areas important for ensuring the persistence of nature, including C-Plan (Chapter 16), ResNet (Chapter 17), Marxan and CLUZ (Chapter 14), and Zonation (Chapter 15). Techniques have evolved beyond simply representing natural features to including species distribution models (Chapters 6 and 7), metapopulation (Chapter 8) and climate change modelling (Chapter 13), population viability analysis (Chapter 9), and explicitly accounting for uncertainty (Chapter 11) and economic costs (see Naidoo et al. 2006 for review). Our technical understanding of data issues is comprehensive (Knight et al. 2006b). This focus on testing ecological data and techniques to quantifiably establish their limitations has elevated spatial prioritization analyses to a mainstay of the conservation science literature. Through the theoretical development and testing of spatial prioritization techniques, we have devised not only these tools, but also key conservation planning concepts and theories (Chapter 2), encouraged the articulation of conservation problems, facilitated the identification of key data gaps, and provided transparent and repeatable techniques for the identification of priority areas and actions.
From Empedocles to Wittgenstein
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Empedocles to Wittgenstein is a collection of fifteen historical essays in philosophy, written by Sir Anthony Kenny in the early years of the 21st century. In the main they are concerned with four of the great philosophers whom he most esteems, namely Plato, Aristotle, Aquinas, and Wittgenstein. The author is not only one of the most respected historians of philosophy, and possibly the widest-ranging, but also one of the most successful at writing on the subject for a broad readership. In this volume he presents scholarly explorations of some themes which caught his interest as he worked on his acclaimed four-volume New History of Western Philosophy.
Does Socrates Claim To Know That He Knows Nothing?
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1 Or so we are told. I do not know when this claim was first attributed to Socrates. One early source often thought to do so is Cicero, Acad 1. 16: ‘nihil se scire dicat nisi id ipsum’. Cf. 1. 44–5: ‘itaque Arcesilas negabat esse quicquam quod sciri posset, ne illud quidem ipsum quod Socrates sibi reliquisset, ut nihil scire se sciret’. (Notice that the only cognitive terms Cicero uses are forms of scire.) Cf. 2. 74. For this reading of what Cicero says, see J. Annas, ‘Plato the Skeptic’, in P. Vander Waerdt (ed.), The Socratic Movement (Ithaca, NY, 1994), 309–40 at 310. For a recent challenge to this reading, see M. F. Burnyeat, ‘Antipater and Self-Refutation’, inB. Inwood and J. Mansfeld (eds.), Assent and Argument (Leiden, 1997), 277–310 at 290–300; see further n. 5 below.
Excavating Dissoi Logoi
Authors: Bailey D T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin with a necessary apology for the extreme obscurity of the text I shall discuss. The Dissoi Logoi, whose fourth chapter is the subject of this paper, is perhaps unique among texts in the history of philosophy for its murkiness. It is an anonymously authored philosophical work appearing to argue, among other things, for the sameness and then the difference of properties such as good and bad, just and unjust, true and false. Almost every aspect of it likely to interest scholars is monstrously undetermined.
Neurologie
Authors: Scull Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As he began to lose his wits for the first time in 1788, George III announced to all who would listen that “I’m nervous, I’m not ill, but I’m nervous; if you would know what is the matter with me, I am nervous.”Sadly for him, the court and his physicians did not agree. Mad they called him, and soon he was being bled, blistered, starved, vomited, and purged, tied to his chair, menaced, placed in a strait waistcoat, whipped, and cut off from all contact with the outside world. Modern historians have broadly embraced the idea that his hallucinations, delusions, and delirious ravings were in all probability the side effects of an inherited metabolic disorder, porphyria, a disease that, appropriately enough, turned his urine purple. And certainly the king was far too disturbed ever to have been considered merely hysterical. But his embrace of the language of nervousness mirrored that of his subjects, among whom disordered nerves were now themaladie à la mode.
Realist-Expressivism and Conventional Implicature
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anna says that capital punishment is morally wrong, yet whenever she hears that a criminal is about to be executed, she seems indifferent. There is never any indication that she disapproves of capital punishment, other than the fact that she says it is wrong. When we challenge her, she continues to insist that capital punishment is wrong, but she agrees that she has no negative attitude toward it. She denies that she disapproves of it. Something appears to be amiss. Her assertion seems to be at odds with the indifference that she displays and avows. Perhaps she does not really believe that capital punishment is wrong. Perhaps she does not know her own mind, or perhaps she is being insincere. Or perhaps she does not have a thorough understanding of what she is saying, in saying capital punishment is wrong.
Reasons as Evidence
Authors: Kearns Stephen , Star Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normative reasons are strange beasts. On the one hand, we are all intimately familiar with them. We couldn’t live for long without the guidance they continually offer us when we are trying to work out what to believe and what to do. At the same time, they seem to resist being analyzed in other terms. We can say that they “count in favor of ...” (acts, beliefs, intentions, desires, emotions, etc.), and some have thought that this rather uninformative characterization is pretty much all we will ever be able to come up with when attempting to answer the question, what are reasons? (Scanlon 1998: 17; Parfit 2007).
Constitutivism and the Inescapability of Agency
Authors: Ferrero Luca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The norms of rationality and morality have special authority; they are categorically binding. They bind agents regardless of their contingent motives, preferences, and intentions. By contrast, the norms of particular games, institutions, and practices are only conditionally binding. They have normative force only for agents who have a good enough reason to participate in them. A statement that one ought to move the knight along the diagonals, for instance, expresses an ought-according-to-the-norms-of-chess. But the oughts of rationality and morality are not qualified with the clause ‘-according-to-the-norms-of-rationality/morality’; they rather tell us, as Stephen Darwall writes, ‘what we ought to do simpliciter, sans phrase.’
Paratragedy in Plato’s Gorgias
Authors: Trivigno Franco v. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent scholarship on Plato̓s Gorgias has focused on three distinct axes of interpretation: first, the intractability of Callicles as an interlocutor and the limits of Socratic dialectic; second, the function and meaning of the eschatological myth with which the dialogue ends;3 and third, the dialogue̓s relationship to tragedy and, in particular, to Euripides̓ Antiope, which is quoted and referenced at length.
Treatment of small cell lung cancer
Authors: Falk Stephen , Williams Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Small cell lung cancer can grow and spread aggressively. Chemotherapy is the major treatment for small cell lung cancer. Radiotherapy is given to the lungs of patients with disease confined within the chest. Radiotherapy is given to the brain when there is a good response to chemo-therapy. In contrast to other types of lung cancer where surgery is the mainstay of treatment, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the major treatments used. This is because small cell lung cancer can grow and spread rapidly. Less than 1% of patients receive surgery, usually as part of investigation of a small nodule within the lung where it is removed to make a diagnosis. For these patients surgery should always be followed by chemotherapy. The prognosis is that about half of this unusual group of patients will survive.
Treatment of the symptoms and complications of lung cancer
Authors: Falk Stephen , Williams Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many patients will have symptoms from their lung cancer when they first see their doctor, or will likely develop symptoms later if the tumour is not controlled. This section outlines some of the problems that can arise and discusses how they are treated, although it is important to remember that many patients will develop only a few of these symptoms. Of course, the best treatment for any symptom is to get rid of the underlying cause—the cancer. However, even if this is not possible for some patients, there are many ways in which symptoms can be reduced to improve quality of life.
What is myotonic dystrophy?
Authors: Harper Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people who start to read this book will know little or nothing about myotonic dystrophy. They may have just been diagnosed as having it, or they may have learned that someone in their family is affected, but they will have only a hazy idea as to what the implications are for themselves. If this applies to you, this chapter is a good starting point. If you already have a fair amount of information, you can move on to the later chapters.
Advances in research
Authors: Harper Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is one of the most complex disorders known to medicine. There is a great deal of research currently being undertaken into myotonic dystrophy. It took 10 years of very painstaking research before the myotonic dystrophy gene was finally pinned down and isolated in early 1992. Research on how the gene changes in myotonic dystrophy actually cause the muscle damage and other problems is now progressing very rapidly.
Management and treatment now
Authors: Harper Peter S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are no treatments specific to myotonic dystrophy, there is a lot that can be done in the management and treatment of particular aspects of myotonic dystrophy that can greatly help you. Each case of myotonic dystrophy is different, and different patients will need different approaches according to how severe particular problems are and their age. The information in this chapter can be used if you are meeting doctors or professionals to discuss management.