bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knot and link polynomials
Authors: Gilbert N D , Porter T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polynomial invariants of knots and links have played an important part in knot theory since the work of J.W. Alexander (1928). The appearance in 1984 of a new polynomial invariant, found by V.F.R. Jones, led to an upsurge in research activity and to a number of striking advances in our knowledge of knots and links and their representation by diagrams, as well as to new interactions between knot theory, geometry, and quantum physics. In recognition of his achievements, Jones was awarded a Fields Medal (the equivalent in mathematics of a Nobel Prize) at the 1990 International Congress of Mathematicians. Jones discovered his polynomial as an offshoot of work in a quite different area-the theory of operator algebras. He tells the story in Jones (1985). Subsequently, Alexander’s and Jones’ polynomials were generalized in a two-variable polynomial; this generalization was accomplished virtually simultaneously by several groups of mathematicians, using a variety of approaches.
Covering spaces
Authors: Gilbert N D , Porter T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental group n1(X, x0) of a topological space X at a basepoint x0 describes the variety of possible closed paths in X at x0• Does the algebraic structure of n1(X, x0) reflect further features of the topological nature of X? In this chapter we shall see that the collection of subgroups of n1(X, x0) corresponds to a collection of topological spaces that map to X: the covering spaces of X. A covering space preserves the local features of X but its overall topological structure is generally more simple. Questions about X can often be transferred into more tractable questions about a covering space. Our applications will concentrate on the covering spaces of graphs, which we use to prove two theorems about free groups: the Nielsen-Schreier theorem, which says that a subgroup of a free group is itself free; and the Schreier index formula for the number of free generators of a subgroup of a free group. Further, we show how to discover free generators for the relation subgroup of a group presentation from its Cayley quiver.
Surface properties: adsorption of atoms and molecules
Authors: Prutton M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of events can occur when a molecule impinges upon a surface. It may be specularly reflected with no loss of energy, or it may suffer a redistribution of momentum and be diffracted by the surface, again with no loss of energy. Alternatively, and more usually, it will lose energy to the atoms in the surface by exciting them vibrationally or electronically. If it loses only a small amount of its energy and does not become bound to the surface it may be inelastically reflected. On the other hand, it may lose sufficient energy to become effectively bound to the surface with a strength that will depend upon the particular kinds of atoms involved.
Low Frequency Scattering
Authors: Dassios George , Kleinman Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book for the first time unifies the theories of acoustic, electromagnetic, and elastic waves and discusses the many physical and geometric aspects of their interactions with obstacles. It offers a complete introduction to scattering theory, and goes on to discuss low frequency scattering in particular. A significant number of results are previously unpublished, and the book fills many gaps in the existing literature. Included is an extended bibliography covering the whole existing literature on low frequency scattering, making this an invaluable reference for researchers.
Theory of Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Fröbrich P , Lipperheide R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This textbook was written because the authors failed to find a comprehensive text for a course on non-relativistic nuclear reactions. The book combines a thorough theoretical approach with applications to recent experimental results. The main formalisms used to describe nuclear reactions are explained clearly and coherently, and the reader is led from basic laws to the final formulae used to calculate measurable quantities. Topics treated include quantal and semi-classical potential scattering, the formal theory of nuclear reactions, including the theory of the optical model, and direct reactions and coupled-channel systems. Also included are compound nucleus reactions and fusion, dissipation fluctuations in deep-inelastic collisions, fusion, and heavy-ion induced fission. The book will be welcomed by lecturers, graduate students, and researchers in nuclear and atomic physics.
The third logical value of Lukasiewicz
Authors: Malinowski Grzegorz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The actual introduction of a third logical value by Lukasiewicz (1920), next to truth and falsity, was preceded by thorough philosophical studies. Their crowning achievement was a three-valued propositional calculus which, from the point of view of logic, represented a standard line of approach. However, in view of the surprisingly rich motivation substantiating the new logic and also the hopes it produced, its exceptional position has been maintained. The present chapter is an overview of the origin and basic properties of the three-valued logic of Lukasiewicz.
Logic algebras and matrices
Authors: Malinowski Grzegorz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, algebraic interpretation structures for propositional languages within the classical Fregean semantic framework are derived. Next, functional completeness, the property of finite logic algebras which warrants the biggest expressive power of the corresponding bunch of connectives, is discussed. In the end, matrices, i.e. algebras with distinguished elements serving as models for propositional calculi, are introduced.
Three-valuedness of Kleene and Bochvar
Authors: Malinowski Grzegorz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kleene (1938, 1952) and Bochvar (1938) are the founders of the original three-valued constructions motivated epistemologically by the indeterminacy or absurdity of some propositions at a certain stage of scientific investigation. The assumed status of the third logical value is somewhat different from the classical values of truth and falsity. The resulting logics, both propositional and predicate, are simulaneously allied to and distant from the classical logic. In what follows the fundamentals of these epistemologically established systems of logic are discussed. Further, we give an overall exposition of two related constructions motivated by partiality in associating (classical) truth-values to sentences: supervaluations and the partial logic.
Embeddings of Heyting Algebras
Authors: Jongh Dick de , Visser Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we study embeddings ofHeyting algebras (Ha’s). Itis pointed out that such embeddings are naturally connected with Derived Rules and with propositional theories. We consider the Ha’s embeddable in the Ha of the Intuitionistic Propositional Calculus (IPC), i.e. the free Ha on N0 generators, those embeddable in the Ha of Heyting’s Arithmetic (HA) and those embeddable in the Ha of HA*, a ‘natural’ extension of HA. We prove the following theorems. The same Ha’s on finitely many generators are embeddable in the Ha of IPC and in the Ha of Boolean (or: Brouwerean) combinations of :&gt;sentences of HA. The Ha’s on finitely many generators embeddable in the Ha ofIPC are finitely presented. There is a non-recursive Ha on three generators that can be embedded in the Ha of HA. Every recursively enumerable prime Ha is embeddable in the Ha of HA*.
On the Logical Strength of Nash-Williams’ Theorem on Transfinite Sequences
Authors: Marcone Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We show that Nash-Williams’ theorem asserting that the countable transfinite sequences of elements of a better-quasi-orderingordered by embeddability form a better-quasi-ordering is provable in the subsystem of second order arithmetic [ineq]but is not equivalent to [ineq]. We obtain some partial results towards the proof of this theorem in the weaker subsystem ATRo and we show that the minimality lemmas typical of wqo and bqo theory imply [ineq] CAo and hence cannot be used in such a proof.
A Growth Dichotomy for 0-minimal Expansions of Ordered Fields
Authors: Miller Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let ℜ be an a-minimal expansion of the ordered field of real numbers. Then either ℜ defines (without parameters) the real exponential function ex; or, for every ultimately nonzero ℜ-definable function f : ℝ → ℝ there exist a nonzero c E ℝ and a 0-definable real power function xr such that f(x) = cx + o(x) as x → + ∞.
Quantum and statistical Field Theory
Authors: Bellac Michel Le , Barton G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum field thory is a fundamental branch of theoretical physics, which in the last 20 years, has led to spectacular progress in our understanding of phase transitions and elementary particle physics. This textbook emphasizes the underlying unity of the concepts and methods used in both domains, and presents in clear language topics such as the pertubative expansion, Feynman diagrams, renormalization, and the renormalization group. It contains detailed applications of critical phenomena to condensed matter physics, such as the calculation of critical exponents and a discussion of the XY model. Applications to particle physics include quantum electrodynamics and chromodynamics, electroweak interactions, and lattice gauge theories. The book is based on courses given over several years on statistical mechanics and field theory, and is written at graduate level. It attempts to guide the reader through a somewhat difficult and sometimes intricate subject. Further it is intended to lead the student up to the level of more advanced textbooks and research articles. A large number of problems are given to measure the reader's understanding.
Fundamentals of MaxEnt in data analysis
Authors: Skilling J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The maximum entropy method (MaxEnt) demonstrably produces good reconstructions of images and spectra from blurred or otherwise imperfect data. However, these reconstructions have traditionally been single selections, lacking any estimates of their accuracy. Recently, the application of MaxEnt has been placed on a clear axiomatic foundation. The entropy of an image is now seen to represent its prior probability. As a consequence of this deeper viewpoint, it is now possible to place error bars on MaxEnt reconstructions, so that the reliability of the features produced can be quantitatively assessed. It is also possible to assess different variants of MaxEnt.
Maximum entropy and nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Hore P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of the maximum entropy method as an alternative to Fourier transformation in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is described. The problems of sensitivity, resolution, truncation and dispersion lineshapes are addressed and examples of maximum entropy processing of two-dimensional NMR data are presented. Finally a new approach to the maximum entropy problem in NMR is outlined.
The X-ray crystallographic phase problem
Authors: Bricogne G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The X-ray analysis of crystal structure may be viewed as an inverse problem in which the three-dimensional structure of a crystal is to be reconstructed from the results of an X-ray diffraction experiment. The intensities of the scattered beams which can be measured in such an experiment are essentially the squared moduli of the Fourier coefficients associated with the triply periodic electron density distribution in the crystal. Unfortunately the corresponding phases cannot be measured, yet they must be restored by some means before the desired picture of the crystal structure can be obtained by Fourier synthesis. This constitutes the ‘phase problem’ of Xray crystallography.
Structural Imaging Using q-Space
Authors: Callaghan Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The translational motion of molecules in a heterogeneous structure will be influenced by boundaries. In the previous chapter we looked at anisotropic self-diffusion caused by the confining geometry of surrounding surfaces. In those examples we were concerned only with the components of displacement parallel to surfaces which meant that the observed motion was unbounded but that its appearance in the laboratory frame reflected a characteristic spatial dimensionality. Now we turn our attention to the measurement of motion along a direction in which molecules encounter some boundary. For example, the water inside a cell experiences a barrier to diffusion at the cell wall; oil molecules in plant or food material are often confined to localized droplets; and water inside a porous sandstone exists in a complex system of interconnected pores and capillaries.
Chaos and its application to physical systems
Authors: Mullin Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main issue to be addressed here is whether the ideas embodied in nonlinear dynamical systems and chaos are of any value in aiding our understanding of complicated physical phenomena. The views expressed will necessarily be selective and will reflect those features of modern thinking in dynamical systems theory which the author has found to be most useful in interpreting the outcome of experiments. The field may be viewed in the following way. On the one hand there are many splendid abstract mathematical ideas in discussions of dynamical systems and chaos, and on the other there are so-called ‘real world’ phenomena. As is usually the case in physics, the interpretation of experimental results in terms of a set of theoretical ideas is not always a straightforward matter and things are no different here. This is despite some claims in popular accounts that ‘chaos theory’ is the ‘answer’ to a wide variety of problems. An example of this oversimplification is to be found in the phenomenon of turbulence in fluid flows. Over the past decade the words ‘chaos’ and ‘turbulence’ have become synonymous in many popular accounts and yet the connection between the two is far from obvious even today. In the author’s opinion the ideas of chaos have thus far added very little to the understanding of the phenomenon of turbulence. Yet many research groups, including the author’s, continue to study this topic because a significant breakthrough in this very difficult subject seems tantalizingly close.
Partnerships for conservation between zoos, local governments and non-governmental organizations
Authors: Mallinson Jeremy J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing awareness of the importance of conserving biological diversity and the higher level of understanding as to the significance of zoo-based breeding programmes aiding species survival have led a number of organizations to develop collaborative conservation projects with countries where endangered species are endemic. The focus of this paper is the conservation strategy of the Wildlife Preservation Trust (The Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust (JWPT), Wildlife Preservation Trust International (WPTI) and Wildlife Preservation Trust Canada (WPTC) ) that has resulted in the development of this partnership process within the dynamics of a rapidly changing world environment, involving changing human attitudes and political systems. By entering into formal agreements with governments, training selected personnel, supporting field research and local education pro¬ grammes, funding in situ breeding projects, aiding the restoration of degraded habitats and land purchase, and actively participating in and having long-term commitments to re-introduction programmes, the Trust’s work has become an integral part of important national and international conservation strategies for threatened species. Examples of this partnership role are presented and scenarios for the future discussed.
Habitat protection and re-introduction programmes
Authors: Mackinnon K , Mackinnon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, zoos and conservation organizations have given increasing attention and funding to captive breeding schemes and re-introduction programmes. These programmes are a useful conservation tool and have played a vital role in the survival of some endangered species. The top priority for most species, however, is, and must remain, habitat protection to conserve wild populations in situ.This paper considers four case studies from Asia, involving the Bali starling, kouprey, giant panda and orangutan. Most of the Bali starling’s remaining habitat lies within a reserve but re-introduction schemes will fail unless the wild populations can be effectively protected from trapping.
General introduction
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collembola are among the most widespread and abundant terrestrial arthropods. In this book, I shall cover all aspects of their biology and classification and show that their importance in terrestrial ecosystems has generally been underestimated. In this chapter, the main characteristics of the group are outlined and key publications are listed in which more detailed recent information can be found. Chapter 2 reviews the early literature on springtails from the first mention by Aristotle in about 350 BC via Linnaeus (1758) to the monograph of Salmon (1964).
Introduction
Authors: Pieterse A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Weed can be defined as ‘a plant (or group of plants) which is not desired at its place of occurrence’ (Coordinatiecommissie Onkruidonderzoek, 1984). Although ‘not desired’ may in general be referred to ‘not desired by man’, the definition could be narrowed to ‘not desired by the manager(s) of the area where the particular plant(s) occurs’.
General biology and ecology of aquatic weeds
Authors: Wade P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand and manage aquatic weed problems effectively, it is important that the large body of knowledge which has been built up about the biology and ecology of aquatic plants is used as the foundation of management approaches. This chapter highlights those aspects of aquatic weed biology and ecology important in this context. Ecophysiological aspects are covered in more detail in Chapter 4.
Aquatic weed problems and management in North America
Authors: Anderson L W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An understanding of aquatic weed impacts and solutions in the western United States and Canada is best gained from a general view of water catchment, storage and distribution. Although there are many thousands of kilometres of natural riverine systems and lakes, the most frequent and severe problems associated with aquatic macrophyte vegetation occur primarily in the man-made lakes, reservoirs, and canals throughout this region.
Responses of Sphagnum species to polluted environments
Authors: Lee John a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peatlands cover approximately 3 per cent of the Earth ‘s land surface (Kivinen and Pakarinen 1981) and play a significant role in the global cycles and geochemical balances of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur (Gorham et al. 1984). In many peatlands the major peat-forming plants are Sphagnum species, and thus the response of these species to pollutants may influence markedly biogeochemical cycles.
Effects of pollutants on aquatic speci•es
Authors: Glime Janice m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aquatic systems are likely to experience a much greater variety of changes, at least through human activity, than terrestrial systems. The increase of nutrients has created the most visible problems, resulting in algal blooms, loss of oxygen, decreasing fish populations, and ultimately depriving bryophytes and lichens of light. As in the terrestrial system, the decrease of pH and increase of heavy metals have caused more subtle changes, often favouring bryophytes over their vascular competitors. But in addition to those problems that are also experienced by terrestrial situations, the aquatic system can suffer from unique problems. Construction of dams alters flow regimes and can alter the dissolved substances as a result of oxygen depletion in the reservoir. Temperatures are likely to rise, not only as the result of the greenhouse effect, but also from deforestation, reservoirs, and heated effluents, creating problems for those organisms that are adapted to the previously existing narrow temperature range. Deforestation, agriculture, and construction increase turbidity, which may affect light intensities or cause abrasion. Organic pollutants, much more common in aquatic systems, can be toxic to selected members of the community.
Leaf-cutter ant assemblies: effects of latitude, vegetation, and behaviour
Authors: Fowler H G , Claver Silvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although leaf-cutter ants (Acromyrex and Atta) are commonly considered to be characteristic of tropical forests, leaf-cutters are actually more abundant and diverse in the subtropics of South America (Fowler 1983a,b) (Fig. 5.1). Due to this biogeographical pattern, co-occurrences of taxa are likely, especially in the subtropical regions. Furthermore, not all species of leafcutter ant occur in forests, a sizeable proportion of the recognized taxa are open habitat specialists (Table 5.1). Many of these open habitat specialists are grass-cutters, while the remainder, and the closed habitat taxa, are true leaf-cutters; although many species forage leaf, flower, and fruit fall for the fungal substrate (Fowler and Stiles 1980; Fowler 1985; Fowler et al. 1986).
Azteca Ants In Cecropia Trees: Taxonomy, Colony Structure, And Behaviour
Authors: Longino John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most conspicuous ant-plant association in the wet neotropics is that of Aztecu ants and Cecropia trees. In most low-elevation, wet regions of the ncotropics, Cecropia is an ubiquitous and important invader of man-made clearings (Uhl et al. I 981; Brokaw 1987). The open, candelabra-shaped crowns of Cecropia often appear as the sole emergents over dense vine tangles in abandoned fields. The hollow internodes of these trees are almost always occupied by biting ants in the genus Azteca, each tree typically containing a single colony (Bequaert 1922; Wheeler 1942; Benson 1985).
Symbiosis Of Ants With Cecropia As A Function Of Light Regime
Authors: Davidson Diane W , Fisher Brian L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationships between ants and myrmecophytes are still viewed by many as unique and curious phenomena, unrelated to mainstream evolutionary ecology. However, as argued by McKey (1988), renewed interest in these relationships is leading to the discovery of both pattern and complexity resembling that found in other ecological systems. First, certain unifying principles of plant defence theory may be generalized to ant-protection mutualisms (McKey 1984, 1988). ln addition, symbiotic ant-plant relationships are likely to be products of selection based on complex networks of direct and indirect interactions, the outcome of which can be modified by variation in the physical environment (e.g. Schemske and Horvitz 1988; Davidson and Epstein 1989; Davidson et al. 1990). Given these parallels with other ecological systems, symbiotic ant-plant associations may have a unique role to play in elucidating the determinants of evolutionary specialization. Both myrmecophytes and plant-ants vary in their degree of specialization, and this variation can be quantified explicitly by experiment, and related to present-day selection environments.