bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Networking
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Maneuvering within the modem scientific arena takes much more than mere competence. In this respect, the world of science is no different from the world of business, politics, or other professions: much depends on who you know and who knows you. You may think that just doing good science is enough, that your publication record will speak for itself. Unfortunately, doing good work-although this is obviously critical-is not sufficient to guarantee future employment or posts of power and honor, such as that of journal editor or committee member. There are many more capable people out there than there are positions available. It is only natural that when a position is open and a choice must be made, that the person chosen to fill the empty spot is someone that the decision makers know personally and judge to be capable. After all, why pick an unknown (except on paper) entity when an able friend or acquaintance can be chosen instead? It is for this reason that you cannot seclude yourself from the rest of the scientific community. People must get to know you, and you must get to know them. You cannot carry on alone and expect to advance too far-you have to network.
On the Art of Scientific Writing.
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was attracted to academia for the stereotypical reasons: I believed science was a field where I could sit in my chair by myself, pump out good work, and be recognized for my achievements. The biggest learning experience for me was in the sphere of communication. I had to learn to appreciate that communication with peers and with the general community-via posters, meetings, and papers-was, in fact, one of the most important aspects of the scientific career. What did I care if the axes of my graphs were not perfectly labeled? Weren’t readers smart enough to figure out what I was saying? Yes, probably so, but they are also busy and could not be expected to pick out whatever gems I had to offer from a morass of discussion. (Ph.D., Physics, Princeton University) Just doing good science is not enough to establish one’s reputation as a scientist, nor is it enough to secure employment in the field. Scientists must be able to communicate their science, to tell others the content and meaning of their work. Work that is never communicated, via talks or posters at professional meetings, seminars, journal articles, or books, is useless, and may as well have not been done. Not only will such research never get the chance to be critically evaluated by others in the field lone of the hallmarks of the scientific process), but it also will not contribute to the work of others, why can use it as a building block for their own research.
Political Journeyman
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the state and national capitals in New York City, the teenage Clinton was at the center of a rapidly changing political world. The unanimity of opinion that lay behind the election of George Washington, and that Washington tried to further by appointing to his administration leading figures of assorted political opinions, was dissolving as differences of ideology, and disgruntlement over the distribution of government jobs and favors, began parsing the national government into two camps, whose presiding figures, then and in the shorthand of generations of historians, were Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton.
End Of A Career
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
WITH THE COMPLETJON OF the canal, Clinton’s own triumph was complete, but his hold on state politics was tenuous. The disappearance of the Federalist party made his reliance on former Federalists less of a liability than it had been five years earlier, and the success of the canal had raised his stature nationally as well as in New York. His agenda remained unchanged: he proposed educational reforms and developmental projects that would build on the success of the canal and proclaim New York the nation’s most important state-and Clinton, by association, a most important person. He quickly secured passage of the electoral reforms that the People’s party had made the centerpiece of its platform in 1824.
Technical Information and Industrial Structure
Authors: Arrow Kenneth J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper is a very preliminary attempt at outlining the interrelationship between two of the basic concepts of economic analysis, the role of information in production and the organization of industry, particularly the organization into firms and the competitive behavior of these firms. The paper builds on an earlier study in this area (1994); I intend to develop these ideas, both theoretically and empirically, in research over the next two years.
Introducing Competition into Regulated Network Industries From Hierarchies to Markets in Electricity
Authors: Joskow Paull. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the last decade, dramatic changes have taken place in the industrial structure, ownership forms, and regulatory structures governing the tele-communications, electric power, and natural gas transmission and distribution sectors in many developed and developing countries (Joskow and Noll, 1994; Armstrong et al., 1994). These changes are continuing rapidly in the countries where they began and are spreading quickly to other countries as well. In the USA these sectors account for roughly $400 billion of retail sales each year. The changes taking place in these traditional ‘natural monopoly’ sectors represent one of the most dramatic government mandated transformations in the last century of vertically and horizontally integrated industrial hierarchies.
Creative Self-Destruction among Organizations: An Empirical Study of Technical Innovation and Organizational Failure in the American Automobile Industry, 1885-1981
Authors: Carroll Glenn R , Teo Albert C Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A major difference among evolutionary theories of organization concerns the degree to which individual organizations are viewed as inertial. At one end of the continuum lies the economic-evolutionary theories of Nelson and Winter (1982). They view organizations as somewhat adaptable, capable of transformations undertaken in response to environmental change.
Making it New Modernism and the North of England
Authors: Saler Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not all medieval modernists were from the North, but many were. The formative influence of York on Frank Pick’s views on art and life highlights the important role played by individuals from the northern manufacturing provinces-especially Yorkshire-in nurturing and legitimating modern art throughout England. When we turn to the native English producers and promoters of modern art in the interwar period, it is striking how many were from the “North” (London writers used the term to encompass the midlands as well). Contemporaries noted this convergence: the media frequently associated visual modernism with the North rather than the South, encouraged in their views by the activities and assertions of numerous modernist supporters from the North. While aspects of this interwar “myth of the North” were not entirely accurate, it may have made the new art more acceptable by linking it to native values supposedly exemplified by the provinces. Certainly Frank Pick, William Rothenstein, Herbert Read, and many others worked to legitimate visual modernism by identifying it not only with romantic medievalism, but with the utilitarian, populist, Protestant, and progressive tradition they associated with the North-and hence with “England”-in contrast to the cosmopolitanism, elitism, and conservatism they associated with London. As Robert Ross of the Contemporary
The Return of the Bathing Beauties, 1936-1941
Authors: Saler Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have seen that pick had ambivalent feelings concerning modern art by the thirties. He had hoped that modern art was the manifestation of a new living spirit that would restore an organic community in a secular age, a new form of religious expression suited to a world in need of contemporary symbols expressing the underlying form, balance, and harmony of existence. As he told the art students at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in 1934, modern physics revealed the “mysterious continuum” of spirit that underlay and conjoined all of nature, and modern art-cubism, pointillism, surrealism-reflected and expressed these new scientific discoveries. Art schools must help usher in the new art and cease pursuing antiquated practices like copying from casts: “Forms of art have changed. Walt Disney and Film. The machine. Not as conscious of it in art schools as we should be.”Long before English “pop art” was inaugurated in the 1950s by the Independent Group, which contended that mass culture was a legitimate form of art, Pick was trying to institutionalize the new “living art” of film and animation by having them recognized as such in the nation’s art schools.
The Japanese Way of Justice
Authors: Johnson David T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Criminal proceedings in which people can lose life, liberty, or reputation tell us a great deal about the character of any society. In Japan, it is prosecutors who wield the greatest control over these values and who therefore reveal most clearly the character of the Japanese way of justice. In this book, David T. Johnson portrays Japanese prosecutors at work; the social, political, and legal contexts that enable and constrain their actions; and the content of the justice thereby delivered. Johnson is the first researcher, Japanese or foreign, to gain access to the frontline prosecutors who charge cases and the backstage prosecutors who manage and direct them. He shows that prosecutors in Japan frequently harmonize to imperlatives of justice that Americans often regard as irreconcilable: the need to individualize cases alike. However, their capacity to correct offenders and to obtain contrite, complete confessions from criminal suspects. Johnson argues that this extreme reliance on confessions occasionally leads to extreme efforts to extract them. Indeed, much of the most disturbing prosecutor behavior springs directly or indirectly from the system’s inordinate dependence on admissions of guilt. The major achievements of Japanese criminal justice are thus inextricably intertwined with its most notable defects, and efforts to fix the defects threaten to undermine the accomplishments. Clearly written and skillfully argued, this comparative analysis will be of interest to students of Japan, criminology, and law and society. It illuminates unexplored realms in Japan’s criminal justice system while challenging readers to examine their assumptions about how crime should be prosecuted in their own systems of criminal justice.
The Virtues Of Liberalism
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This spirited analysis and defence of American liberalism demonstrates the complex and rich traditions of political, economic, and social discourse that have informed American democratic culture from the seventeenth century to the present. The Virtues of Liberalism provides a convincing response to critics right and left. In contrast to prevailing tendencies to simplify and distort American liberalism, Kloppenberg shows how the multifaceted virtues of liberalism have inspired theorists and reformers from Jefferson and Madison through Jane Addams and John Dewey to Martin Luther King Jr., and how these virtues persist in the work of liberal democrats today. Endorsing the efforts of such neo-progressive and communitarian theorists and journalists as Michael Walzer, Jane Mansbridge, and Michael Sandel, Kloppenberg adds a more acute analysis of the historical development of American liberalism and of the complex reasons why it has been transformed and made more vulnerable in recent decades. At a time when conservatives join radicals in distorting the development of liberalism and underestimating its resources, Kloppenberg offers a probing historical analysis and reassessment of the theory and practice of liberalism today.
Premature Requiem: Republicanism in American History
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Given The Unpredictability of human affairs, historians need a rich appreciation of paradox. Unlike so many other commentators on America, who have sought to unmask either the greatness or the venality of the people or their leaders, or the triumphs or tragedies flowing from America’s political, economic, or social institutions, Tocqueville understood that conflicting values have been held in suspension in American culture. In this essay I will offer an overview of the ways in which historians have used the concept of republicanism to explain the development of democracy in America; it may be easier to understand the apparent inconsistencies of these accounts if they are viewed through the series of spectroscopic lenses provided by Tocqueville’s analysis.
Democracy And Disenchantment : From Weber and Dewey to Habermas and Rorty
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Culture Of Modernism springs from the unsettling but liberating experience of uncertainty. When knowledge is recognized as contingent, standards that seemed stable start to wobble, convictions that felt solid start to crumble, and revolutionary forms of expression emerge. Thus in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries writers of imaginative literature began to address questions of consciousness itself, as well as the world outside the mind. Poets began to experiment with radically new forms as well as strange and unfamiliar material.
Deliberative Democracy And The Problem Of Poverty In America
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Democracy Has Recently become an almost universally attractive ideal. But if everyone invokes democracy as an ideal, it is only because democracy means very different things to different people. For some it means nothing more than choosing political representatives through universal suffrage, then allowing those elected to make decisions as they see fit. For others democracy means universal participation in all forms of social and economic as well as political decision making. As attractive as it is in theory, the practice of democracy almost everywhere falls far short of its promise.
Modest Beginnings
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The problem posed for post-Restoration English Nonconformity in the education of its ministry candidates was not of its own making. Excluded from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the requirements of religious subscription and hounded by varying degrees of persecution until 1689, they simply could not do what their Puritan ancestors had done in the way of education. Even after the passage of the Toleration Act, many people regarded any education of Nonconformists as an invitation to subversion. But from the perspective of the Nonconformists, harboring few subversive thoughts other than the desire to worship freely according to their consciences, the concern was quite the opposite. Looking back from the early twentieth century, the Congregational theologian P. T. Forsyth observed acidly that the opportunities provided in the Toleration Act were neutralized “by cutting the root of the nerves which kept our mind alive. It was truly and malignantly thought that if we were prevented from having an educated ministry we should need no more toleration than the dead.”
The Methodist Quest For An Educated Ministry
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Methodist pattern of education for ministry, as was briefly noted earlier, differed considerably from that of the older Nonconformist groups. That difference was rooted in part in the centralized Methodist structure, first in the person of John Wesley and later in the continuing authority of the Conference, as opposed to the independency of the Congregational and Baptist churches. For one thing, Methodists did not establish an institution for ministerial training until 1834. To have done so in the eighteenth century would have meant separating from the Church of England, an action Wesley re fused to take. After his death strong feeling continued among Methodists that they should not be linked with Dissenters, and thus few were inclined to follow the Nonconformists’ lead in the education of ministers. Further, the ministers in question were understood to be “preachers,” that is, supplements to the regular ministry of the Church of England. It was not until Methodists began to perceive themselves as a church (as opposed to a “soci ety” within a larger church) that matters such as ordination and institutional education for ministry became serious questions. The requirement of Conference approval for all proposals for ministerial training also delayed developments in this area.
“Good” and “Bad” Trusts (1890--1920)
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1890s monopolies and trusts were popular topics of conversation. Caricatures of monopolists and trust busters were often found in the popular magazines and journals. John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J. P. Morgan, and Jay Gould achieved the status of household names. Unflattering caricatures of them by Thomas Nast, W.
Concentrating on Fascism (1940-1953)
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until 1941 the deep divisions between business, its East Coast financiers, and the rest of the country could still be clearly seen. Only the outbreak of war between the United States and the Axis powers rallied all around the common cause of defeating fascism. Ironically, the concentrated war effort begun by the United States on behalf of Britain and other allies assumed all along that the United States had the productive capacity necessary to defeat the Germans.
Bearing Down (1970-1982)
Authors: Geisst Charles R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The happy days of the 1950s and early 1960s began to wane by 1965. Inflationary pressures caused by the Vietnam War and international trade problems began to destabilize the American economy, and the country entered its grimmest economic stage since the Depression. The dollar began to experience problems in the foreign exchange market. As a result, the stock market weakened significantly toward the end of the decade, causing problems for the conglomerates and their numerous investors. As the 1960s came to a close, the economic situation appeared weak but it was destined to deteriorate even more. Twenty years of growth in the postwar period were ending in a collision of inflation, reaction to government authority, and general skepticism. The worst days since the Depression were yet to come.
Shared Beliefs
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The beliefs held in common by members of cults are a vital force in the group’s operation. They bind members together, shape their attitudes, and motivate them to act in self-sacrifice. I began to appreciate the importance of such beliefs in following the career of my friend who had joined the Divine Light Mission. At first it seemed certain that Beth’s involvement would be ephemeral; surely this sensible and successful young woman would soon turn back to her roots in the Western mainstream. But this assumption proved wrong. Beth moved her home across country more than once to follow her youthful guru, and took a number of trips to India along with his followers. Several years later she married a fellow premie. After having a child, she obtained a university position and returned to teaching, but remained deeply committed to her belief in the guru.
Assessment
Authors:   Aaas
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Assessment Of Student Performance exerts extraordinary influence on every level of the United States education system, from state house to classroom. For this reason, many argue that assessment is an impediment to meaningful reform, while others contend just as force fully that it is perhaps the most crucial catalyst for effecting change in educational practice. In either case, the power that assessments exert on education is unlikely to wane. Therefore, any effort at nationwide science education reform must include reform of student assessment as a major goal. This chapter explores how student assessment in American schools might be redesigned to match the goals of science education reform that are exemplified in efforts such as Project 2061’s Benchmarks for Science Literacy (American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS], 1993) and the National Science Education Standards (Standards) (National Research Council [NRC], 1996). The chapter is divided into three sections that describe current assessment practice in the United States, suggest changes that are needed in order for science reform goals to be implemented, and explore possibilities and recommendations for closing the gap between current practice and a more ideal vision of science assessment.
The Old South
Authors: Ayers Edward L , Mittendorf Bradley C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the seventeenth century the beleaguered military outpost of Jamestown slowly spread into ragged tobacco farms. Indentured servants from Britain did much of the work, though slaves from Africa became increasingly common in towns and on plantations. Disease, war­ fare, and demoralization reduced the presence of native peoples, while the Europeans lived longer and saw more of their children survive. Trade, farming, and land speculation made many white men prosperous.
“Security Measures” and Expulsions
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The accusation that Gypsies are given to espionage is very old and is based on their itinerating lifestyle and intimate knowledge of the countryside. In the late fifteenth century it was alleged that they spied for the Turks. The legislature of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation that met in 1497 called the Gypsies traitors and spies and ordered their expulsion from all German lands. These accusations were repeated in 1500, 1530 and 1548,1 and the onset of modernity brought no end to such charges. At the beginning of World War I, Gypsies were expelled from the fortified area of Strassburg, located close to the French border.2 On April 30, 1916, the Ministry of Interior of Saxony declared that Gypsies constituted a danger to the security of the Reich; their international connections and their peripatetic way of life, it was said, made them especially susceptible to espionage.3 A military commander in Koblenz on February 6, 1917, forbade Gypsies to itinerate; in a message to the Landräte (chief magistrates) he warned that foreign agents used the Gypsies for espionage and sabotage and that deserters found refuge among them.4 An order issued by the military command in Württemberg and distributed by the Ministry of the Interior on November 6, 1917, for bade Gypsies from engaging in “Gypsy-like roaming” and from camping in the vicinity of military or other facilities important for the war effort.5
Creating Social Outcasts
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The plan to send the German Gypsies to the General Government had ended with the expulsion of a mere 2,500. Theremaining 30,000 Gypsies in the Reich1 were subject to a freeze on mobility and were gradually put under various other restrictive measures. Most of these decrees were the result of decisions taken in Berlin; others, it appears, were enacted in response to pressure from local authorities.