bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histochemical and myosin composition of vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) pectoralis muscle targets a unique locomotory niche
Authors: Hermanson John W. , Cobb Matthew A. , Schutt William A. , Muradali Farouk , Ryan James M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe vampire bat pectoralis muscle contains at least four fiber types distributed in a nonhomogeneous pattern. One of these fiber types, here termed IIe, can be elucidated only by adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) histochemistry combined with reactions against antifast and antislow myosin antibodies. The histochemical and immunohistochemical observations indicate a well‐developed specialization of function within specific regions of the muscle. In parallel, analyses of native myosin isoforms and myosin heavy chain isoforms indicate two points. First, the histochemical “type IIe” fiber is predominant in cranial portions of the muscle, and myosin extracted from these regions exhibits a unique electrophoretic mobility not observed in the myosin isoforms of more traditional laboratory mammals. Second, the type I fibers are confined to the pectoralis abdominalis muscle and a small adjacent region of the caudal part of the pectoralis. This pattern of type I fiber distribution is considered a derived character state compared to muscle histochemical phenotype and isoform composition in the pectoralis muscles of other phyllostomids we have studied (Artibeus jamaicensis, Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata). We relate this to the unique locomotory needs of the common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cephalometric correlates of echolocation in the chiroptera
Authors: Pedersen Scott C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study suggests that the evoution of head posture is bats is constrained by the demands of vocalization during echolocation. Nasalemitting microchiropteran taxa are easily identified by their characteristic rotation of the basicranium ventrally about the cervical axis, the depression of the rostrum below the basicranial axis, and by the rotation of the lateral semicircular canals so as to maintain their horizontal orientation during flighrt. The converse is true for oral‐emitting Microchiroptera. The general form of the microchiropteran skull has been canalized along two distinct evolutionary paths, respectively, towards oral‐emitting or nasal‐emitting forms. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variable manifestations in the short toes (s) mutation of the axolotl
Authors: Washabaugh Charles H. , Del Rio‐Tsonis Katia , Tsonis Panagiotis A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe describe a detailed histological analysis of the affected organs in the Short toes (s) mutation of the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. The s mutant animals displayed a variation in the response to the mutation such as the time of death and the degree of abnormalities of the affected organs (limbs, kidney, ducts, and reproductive structures). In addition to the numerous histological abnormalities characterized here, we also examined the presence of laminin‐related molecules in s mutant kidney tissues to elucidate further the nature of the renal aplasia these animals encounter as a result of this recessive lethal mutation. Our data suggest that there may be a disruption in tissue interactions necessary for proper development and functioning of the affected tissues. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterodonty and patterns of tooth replacement in Crocodylus niloticus
Authors: Kieser J. A. , Klapsidis C. , Law L. , Marion M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPatterns of tooth replacement in the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus were evaluated in the lateral radiographs of six dried skulls of 1‐year‐old individuals. Additionally, the ontogeny of the succession of teeth in this species was investigated in four embryos and a hatchling, which were serially sectioned. Three‐dimensional, computer‐generated reconstructions of these individuals suggested that there was a regular pattern of odontogenic progression. Three morphogenetic zones could be identified in each of the age classes: an incisor, a canine, and a molar region. It was thus concluded that the Nile crocodile is hetero‐ rather than homodont. Zahnreihen, or tooth rows, with a periodicity of one were easily identified. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative investigations of spinal motoneurons and their synaptic structures in a teleost: A morphometrical analysis with special reference to axosomatic synapses
Authors: Saito K. , Matsumura A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructural and morphometrical synaptology of the spinal motoneurons in Carassius auratus (goldfish) was analyzed based on profiles of 23 photomontages of large motoneurons and 25 putative small motoneurons with a semiautomatic digitizing system connected with a computer. In the 23 large motoneurons (mean circumference, 142.45 ± 39.76 μm) the total linear perikaryal circumference was 3,276.28 μm, of which 1,548.9 μm (46.1 ± 13.9%) was covered by terminal boutons. In contrast, a total linear perikaryal circumference of 1,375.24 μm (55.01 ± 14.34 μm) of the 25 putative small motoneurons was covered with terminal boutons only occupying a length of 287.45 μm (19.8 ± 11.9%). There were a total of 1,045 boutons on the large motoneurons and 204 on the small ones. The distribution of S‐ and F‐type boutons may reflect excitatory and inhibitory synapses. The relative number of S‐type boutons (58%) was larger than that of F‐type boutons (42%) in the large neurons and showed similar values (S‐type, 57%; F type, 43%) in the small ones. This is in contrast to mammalian spinal motoneurons in which F‐type boutons are more prevalent than the S‐type. The total numbers of the axosomatic boutons in large and small neurons were estimated, based on geometrical assumptions and found to differ substantially (840 vs. 59). This indicates large quantitative differences in the total number of synaptic inputs with the large motoneurons having a greater more axo‐somatic bouton density. No large M‐ and C‐type boutons occur on the spinal motoneurons of goldfish, suggesting a synaptic organization which is simple compared to that of terrestrial vertebrates. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative microanatomy of the branchial sieve in three sympatric cyprinid species, related to filter‐feeding mechanisms
Authors: Van Den Berg Coen , Van Snik Geert J. M. , Van Den Boogaart Jos G. M. , Sibbing Ferdinand A. , Osse Jan W. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAccording to the reducible‐channel model of filter‐feeding (Hoogenboezem et al., '91), small food particles are retained in the channels between the medial gill rakers, while the mesh size can be reduced by lowering the lateral gill rakers into these channels. This movement requires that all lateral gill rakers have a m. abductor branchiospinalis (MAB). MAB runs from the radii branchiales to the raker feet. It is present on the lateral side of all four gill arches of the cyprinids Abramis brama and Cyprinus carpio but only on the first arch of Blicca bjoerkna, Rutilus rutilus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Aspius aspius, and Scardinius erythrophthalmus. Therefore, the latter species do not fulfill the structural requirement for the reducible‐channel model, whereas A. brama and C. carpio do. Laboratory and field data confirm that A. brama and C. carpio can reduce their mesh size according to this model and are the better filter‐feeders. The seven cyprinid species studied show the same principal microanatomy of their branchial sieve. M. abductor filamenti is a sheet of muscle fibers between the lateral radii branchiales and the ceratobranchial bone. M. branchialis superficialis is a specialized region of the subepithelial muscle fiber network, with origins along both sides of the ceratobranchial bone. The lateral gill rakers of the first gill arch differ conspicuously from all other rakers. They are longer and flattened, and they are tilted anteriorly. They probably form a sieve across the wide slit between the first gill arch and the operculum. The most revealing anatomical feature is the presence of MABs on gill arches 1–4. It might be a suitable bio‐assay for identifying the better facultative filter‐feeders among cyprinids. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oocyte maturation triggered by the presence of male in the Blue Gourami, Trichogaster trichopterus
Authors: Jackson Karen , Abraham M. , Degani G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOocyte growth in females of Trichogaster trichopterus kept in solitary confinement or in groups of up to 20 specimens is arrested at the end of the vitellogenetic stage. In ∼ 60% of the pairs tested, a large number of oocytes mature during the first 2 days after pairing a female with a male. Mature oocytes contain a large apical lipid inclusion formed by coalescence of lipid droplets that were formed during the cortical alveolar stage. During maturation, the nucleus migrates toward the oocyte periphery. Five successive steps of the migration process have been recorded. After the arrival of the nucleus at the oocyte periphery, the nuclear membrane disintegrates and fragments of it appear in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. At the same time, the vitelline membrane opposite the nucleus invaginates into the ooplasm. Within the invagination, a large follicular cell, i.e., the micropylar cell, appears, sending thin cytoplasmic processes into the zona radiata, thus forming the micropyle. These related maturation processes, i.e., formation of the apical vesicle, nuclear migration, disintegration of the nucleolemma, invagination of the vitelline membrane, appearance of the micropylar cell, and the formation of the micropyle, require the presence of a mature male in the same container with the female. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and behavior of the feeding apparatus in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Amphibia: Caudata)
Authors: Elwood Jennifer R. Lorenz , Cundall David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCine and high‐speed videographic analyses of feeding in Cryptobranchus alleganiensis demonstrate that prey are captured by either inertial suction or a strike combined with suction. Movements of cephalic elements during capture are generally similar to those of other suction‐feeding vertebrates but more variable than those of most aquatic salamanders. Following capture, prey frequently are manipulated and transported into and out of the buccal cavity across the teeth.Specific features of the skull, mandibles, hyoid apparatus, and cephalic musculature of Cryptobranchus correlate directly with behavior. Although the skull is massive, sutures of the anterior braincase permit limited torsion, the maxillae move on their attachments to the braincase, and left and right mandibles are separated by elastic connective tissues. These features provide flexibility and permit asynchronous and asymmetric movements of the mandibles. Equivalent asymmetry and asynchrony of hyobranchial movements are also correlated with specific structural arrangements that may be neither paedomorphic nor primitive.Its feeding mechanics suggest that Cryptobranchus represents a unique and highly derived condition among salamanders. Its ability to modulate movements of the left and right sides of its head argues strongly for the existence of bilaterally asynchronous motor patterns, and patterns of force generation, similar to but much faster than those employed in mammalian mastication. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central projections of ovipositor sense organs in the damselfly, Sympecma annulata (Zygoptera, Lestidae)
Authors: Gorb S. N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCentral projections of sensilla on different parts of the endophytic ovipositor of the lestid damselfly Sympecma annulata are traced. Sensilla include apical hairs of the stylus (STh), hair rows on the ventral part of the valvula (Vh), and distal campaniform sensilla of upper (ULc) and lower (LLc) ovipositor leaves. Backfilling of afferent fibers, using anterograde cobalt fills, reveals the presence of contralaterally projecting fibers for all organs. The main fiber bundle of the LLc enters the terminal ganglion laterally via the genital nerve, but the fibers from ULc enter via the posterior nerve. Main fiber bundles of both leaves end in a lateral part of the ganglion called the lateral neuromere; they demonstrate that sensory information from the two leaves has the same target area. It is hypothesized that the independent pathways of nerves from upper and lower ovipositor leaves (ULc and LLc) may indicate the phylogenetic origin of these appendages from different abdominal segments—the lower leaf from the 8th and upper from 9th. The convergence of afferent fibers from the sensilla of the different ovipositor parts (median, anterior, and lateral processes) in common ganglionic centers may provide the anatomical basis to account for coordination of the movements of different ovipositor parts during oviposition. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogeny of the Pectoralis muscle in the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus
Authors: Schutt William A. , Cobb Matthew A. , Petrie Jacquelyn L. , Hermanson John W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ontogeny of a primary flight muscle, the pectoralis, in the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus: Vespertilionidae) was studied using histochemical, immunocytochemical, and electrophoretic techniques. In fetal and early neonatal (postnatal age 1–6 days) Myotis, histochemical techniques for myofibrillar ATPase (mATPase) and antibodies for slow and fast myosins demonstrated the presence of two fiber types, here called types I and IIa. These data correlated with multiple transitional myosin heavy chain isoforms and native myosin isoforms demonstrated with SDS‐PAGE and 4% pyrophosphate PAGE. There was a decrease in the distribution and number of type I fibers with increasing postnatal age. At postnatal age 8–9 days, the adult phenotype was observed with regard to muscle fiber type (100% type IIa fibers) and myosin isoform profile (single adult MHC and native myosin isoforms). This “adult” fiber type profile and myosin isoform composition preceeded adult function by about 2 weeks. For example, little brown bats were incapable of sustained flight until approximately postnatal day 24, and myofiber size did not achieve adult size until approximately postnatal day 25. Although Myotis pectoralis is unique in being composed of 100% type IIa fibers, transitional fiber types and isoforms were present. These transitional forms had been observed previously in other mammals bearing mixed adult muscle fibers and which undergo transitional stages in muscle ontogeny. However, in Myotis pectoralis, this transition transpires relatively early in development. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electric organs in skates: Variation and phylogenetic significance (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei)
Authors: Jacob Brian A. , McEachran John D. , Lyons Paul L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA total of 63 species of skates (Chondrichthyes: Rajoidei) were surveyed, along with three species of the outgroup (Chondrichtyes: Rhinobatoidei) for electric organs along the sides of the tail. All skate specimens examined possessed what appeared to be functional electric organs, and the three species of the outgroup lacked evidence of electric organs. The electric organs were tail‐positive and arranged into horizontal columns divided by transverse septa. The electrocytes varied considerably within and among supraspecific taxa (subgenera and genera), but they could be broadly classified into cup‐shape, modified cup‐shape, intermediate‐shape, and disc‐shape cells, provided that the distinction was partially based on position of the electrocytes within their connective tissue chambers. The survey, in part, corroborates a phylogenetic hypothesis of skates and in some respects further resolves the hypothesis. The supraspecific taxa Atlantoraja and Rioraja have similar derived‐type electrocytes, as do the five supraspecific taxa of Rajini, and Cruriraja and Anacanthobatis, and to a lesser extent the supraspecific taxa Arhynchobatis, Psammobatis, and Sympterygia, and the supraspecific taxa Notoraja, Pavoraja, and Pseudoraja, corroborating the hypothesis. The supraspecific taxa Amblyraja, Rajella, Leucoraja, Breviraja, and Dactylobatus were unresolved in the phylogenetic hypothesis, but the electrocyte survey suggested that Leucoraja, Breviraja, and Dactylobatus were derived with respect to Amblyraja and Rajella. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the integument of Modiolicola gracilis, parasitic copepod in mussel gills (Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mytilus edulis)
Authors: Poquet Montserrat , Ribes Enric , Bozzo M. Gràcia , Durfort Merce 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOf mussels taken from the Ebro Delta River (E. Spain), 3% have a nonmodified copepod, Modiolicola gracilis, in the gill tissues. The cuticle of different segments of the body has an epicuticle with two layers, which show external microvilli‐like projections. Weakly positive reactivity to the PTA technique has been detected in the external region. The procuticle has the helicoidal architecture of the chitinous tegument in arthropods, whereas the cuticle shows discontinuities in the regions of ducts in tegumental glands.The integument is comprised of three types of cells. Epidermal cells are flat with numerous mitochondria. Muscle cells show well‐developed mitochondria with several longitudinally distributed cristae. A third and secretory cell shows a well‐developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex in the basal zone. Its apical portion is full of secretory granules. Through the cuticle, these integumental glands open directly to the cuticular surface via a short duct coated by epicuticle.The composition and specializations of this complex cuticular architecture differ markedly from those shown by an endoparasitic copepod detected in the digestive gland of the mussel. It does not appear that the specializations detected in the cuticle of M. gracilis lead to any histopathological alteration in host tissues. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the frontal sensory fields in the Lynceidae (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Laevicaudata)
Authors: Cash‐Clark Cora E. , Martin Joel W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe clam shrimp family Lynceidae is unusual in possessing paired fields of short setae on either side of the rostral carina. We describe the position of these fields relative to the direction of water movement in live animals as well as the external and internal structure of these setae. The majority of morphological features support a presumed chemosensory role for these sensilla. These features include the lack of a setal socket and the relatively short length of each seta. The low number of enveloping cells (three or four) is uncharacteristic of chemosensory setae and is more typical of mechanoreceptors, as is the absence of any pores on the setae; these characteristics indicate that these fields may have both functions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid organs in the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas: An anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems
Authors: Romano Tracy A. , Felten Suzanne Y. , Olschowka John A. , Felten David L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence of peptidergic and noradrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers in specific compartments of both primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the rodent is well established. These nerve fibers directly contact lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as vascular and trabecular smooth muscle. We investigated the noradrenergic and neuropeptide‐Y innervation of lymphoid organs in the cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale). The spleen, thymus, tonsil, gut‐associated lymphoid tissue, and assorted lymph nodes were collected from five belugas, obtained during sanctioned hunts, and processed for catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry and for tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide‐Y immunocytochemistry.Innervation studies revealed fluorescent nerve fibers, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptide‐Y positive nerve fibers in parenchymal lymphoid compartments, where they were closely associated with cells of the immune system, and in vascular and trabecular compartments. In lymphoid zones, tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide‐Y positive nerve fibers were observed in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath and marginal zone of the spleen; in the outermost portion of the cortex, the corticomedullary zone, and medulla of the lymph nodes; in the parafollicular zones, and diffuse lymphocyte layer below the epithelium of the tonsil; in the outermost portion of some thymic lobules; and in the lamina propria of the gut.These findings are similar to those described for other mammals and substantiate an anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems in the beluga, whereby central nervous system activity may influence autonomic outflow to lymphoid organs and effect immunologic reactivity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nervous system of Triatoma infestans
Authors: Insausti Teresita C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomy of the adult nervous system of the haematophagous bug Triatoma infestans has been studied by means of dissections and histology. The central nervous system comprises three nervous masses: the brain + suboesophageal ganglion, the prothoracic ganglion, and the posterior fused ganglion (meso + metathoracic + abdominal ganglia). The form of the brain is determined by the tubular head and the highly developed muscles of the pharyngeal pump. The prothoracic. ganglion is located near the posternum, the posterior ganglionic mass near the mesosternum. A significative variation of the branching pattern of abdominal nerves is reported. The innervations of mouth parts, salivary glands, muscles, retrocerebral complex, spiracles, rectum, reproductive organs, alary muscles, and peripheral nerves are described. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apical surface of hydrozoan nematocytes: Structural adaptations to mechanosensory and exocytotic functions
Authors: Golz Rainer 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAt the apical cell pole of the nematocytes of a hydrozoan (Hydra vulgaris), cytoskeletal elements of different molecular families (microfilaments, microtubules, cross‐striated rootlets) are combined in a complex framework. As determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, the stimulus‐transducing cnidocil apparatus of these mechanosensitive cells is forced into a lateral position, facilitating the close apposition of the nematocyst to the apical cell membrane. The nematocyst, a single, extraordinarily large, exocytotic organelle, is held in position by a microtubular basket. The cnidocil apparatus and microtubular basket are linked to an ellipsoid arrangement of pseudovilli, i.e., small surface protrusions containing cross‐striated rods. These nematocyte‐specific, cytoskeletal elements mediate the anchorage of the entire cytoskeletal framework to the apical cell membrane. The apical membranes of the nematocyte and nematocyst are separated by a distance of only ∼ 50 nm. Structural modifications on the external side of the cyst membrane resemble those of synaptic membranes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.