bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular Electron-Transfer Pathway for Deoxy and Zinc Myoglobins Modified with N,N,N′,N″,N″-Diethylenetriaminepentaacetatocobaltate(III)
Authors: Tsukahara Keiichi , Nishimine Mari , Shioyama Yuka , Takashima Hiroshi , Hirose Junzo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Horse heart metmyoglobin (metMb), whose N-terminal Gly1 is linked by an N,N,N′,N″,N″-diethylenetriaminepentaacetatocobaltate(III) ion ([CoIII(dtpa)]) with an amide bond, was prepared and characterized. A one-electron reduced protein, [deoxyMb{CoIII(dtpa)}], was prepared by reduction with a methylviologen-radical cation, which was produced in situ by a photoreduction using a tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ion in the presence of disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate at 25 °C, pH 7.5 (a 0.010 mol dm−3 tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane–HCl buffer), and an ionic strength of 0.50 mol dm−3 (NaCl). The reaction of [deoxyMb{CoIII(dtpa)}] to form [metMb{CoII(dtpa)}] obeyed a first-order rate law on the protein concentration. The first-order rate constant was dependent on the concentration of the protein, indicating that both intra- and intermolecular electron-transfer (ET) processes simultaneously occur. The latter is the reaction with excess [metMb{CoIII(dtpa)}] remaining. Both intra- and intermolecular ET rates could be explained by the Marcus theory, including the distance dependence of the rate of the reaction, and might arise mainly from the very large reorganization energy for the Co(III)/Co(II) couple. Zinc-substituted myoglobin, [ZnMb{CoIII(dtpa)}], was also prepared and the photoinduced ET reaction from the excited triplet state of zinc myoglobin to the Co(III) moiety was examined. The observed ET quenching rate constant is reasonably explained by the Marcus theory through the same ET pathway as that for [deoxyMb{CoIII(dtpa)}]. It is suggested that the ET occurs with through-bond and van der Waals interactions from the heme edge to the Co(III) edge via Phe138 and Leu137 over 18.8 Å (1 Å = 1 × 10−10 m) both in deoxy and zinc myoglobins.
Photophysical and Photochemical Studies of [Pt(binap)2]: Excited State Quenching by Oxygen
Authors: Tsubomura Taro , Abe Masakazu , Tarutani Michihiro , Yamada Haruya , Tsukuda Toshiaki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The quenching of the photoluminescence of [Pt(binap)2] by oxygen has been studied. Generation of singlet oxygen was confirmed by NIR spectroscopy. The usefulness of the Pt complex as a photosensitizer was established using a singlet oxygen scavenger, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DBF). The mechanism for the generation of singlet oxygen is discussed.
The Conformation of 1-Alkyl-2-phenylpropan-1-ols Studied by Ab Initio MO Calculations. Relevance of the CH/π and OH/π Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Takahashi Osamu , Saito Ko , Kohno Yuji , Suezawa Hiroko , Ishihara Shinji , Nishio Motohiro 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Ab initio MO calculations were carried out, at the MP2/6-311G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level, for the conformation of a series of diastereoisomers of 1-alkyl-2-phenylpropan-1-ols CH3CH(C6H5)CH(R)OH and 2-phenylalkanes CH3CH(C6H5)CH2R (R = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7, t-C4H9). A rotamer where R is gauche to C6H5 and anti to the benzylic methyl group has been found to be the most populated. The distances between the CH and OH hydrogens and the phenyl group in the interacted rotamers have been found to be short. The distribution of the possible rotamers depends on the presence or absence of the OH group and the configuration of the alcohol diastereoisomers. The results are discussed in the context of weak attractive molecular forces; the CH/π, OH/π, and CH/O hydrogen bonds, as well as unfavorable steric effects occurring between R and Me and between vicinal CH groups.
Synthesis, Solubility, and Reaction of Long Alkyl-Chained Hypervalent Iodine Benzyne Precursors
Authors: Abe Takayoshi , Yamaji Teizo , Kitamura Tsugio 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Long-chained hypervalent iodine benzyne precursors bearing ethyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and tetradecyl groups were synthesized, respectively. As the alkyl chain of the benzyne precursors is lengthened, the solubility in nonpolar organic solvents and the yield of the benzyne adduct with furan gradually increases.
Unusual Carbonyl Differentiation in the Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Allylation of Aldehydes with Tetraallyltin. Applications to Parallel Recognition and Shotgun Process
Authors: Nagano Yoshifumi , Orita Akihiro , Otera Junzo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
In contrast to conventional substrate selectivity in Lewis-acid promoted nucleophilic reactions wherein less electrophilic aldehydes react preferentially over the more electrophilic counterparts, addition of tetraallyltin to aldehydes occurs in a reversed sense. The substrate selectivity in Lewis acid-promoted nucleophilic addition is generally dependent on the combinations of substrates, nucleophiles, catalysts, etc. Such diversity leads to two one-pot protocols, parallel recognition and shotgun process wherein different chemical transformations take place directly on the separate reaction sites without recourse to protection–deprotection procedures. These two protocols are tunable by controlling the electronic properties of the substrates.
Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Nitrones with α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Catalyzed by Cationic 3-Oxobutylideneaminatocobalt(III) Complexes
Authors: Kezuka Satoko , Ohtsuki Natsuki , Mita Tsuyoshi , Kogami Youichi , Ashizawa Tomoko , Ikeno Taketo , Yamada Tohru 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrones with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes was realized using 3-oxobutylideneaminatocobalt complex catalysts. Varieties of the cobalt(II) and cobalt(III) complexes were screened and the cationic cobalt(III) complex with hexafluoroantimonate was found to be the most effective for the catalytic enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. In the presence of the cobalt(III) hexafluoroantimonate complex, the enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of various nitrones with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes afforded the corresponding isoxazolidines in high yields and with high enantioselectivities. The absolute configuration of the optically active products was determined by X-ray analysis. Reasonable explanations for the enantioselection in the present 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by the 3-oxobutylideneaminatocobalt complex were proposed.
Fabrication of Silica/Polystyrene Nanocomposite Microspheres by γ-Ray Irradiation
Authors: Wu Dazhen , Ge Xuewu , Chu Songnan , Zhang Zhicheng 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Nanocomposite monodisperse polystyrene microspheres (ca. 90 nm) containing homogeneously dispersed silica nanoparticles (ca. 6 nm) have been successfully produced by combining happily the techniques of microemulsion, emulsion and γ-ray irradiation. The product was characterized with TEM, FTIR, and TGA. A possible formation mechanism of the nanocomposite was proposed.
Isolation of a Novel Singly Oxo-bridged Low-spin Fe(II) Dimeric Complex: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Saha Manas Kumar , Dey Dilip Kumar , Choudhury Chirantan Roy , Dey Subrata Kumar , Mitra Samiran , Lehmann Christian W 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Redox reaction between [(phen)4Fe2(Cl)2(μ-O)]Cl2·4.5H2O (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and Mn(OH)2·xH2O in water methanol solution at refluxing temperature under inert atmosphere gives a novel low-spin iron(II)–oxo complex [(phen)4Fe2(Cl)2(μ-O)]·4H2O (1) which has been characterised by IR, Mössbauer, electrochemical and magnetic studies. The crystal structure shows that complex 1 is a dinuclear single oxo-bridged Fe(II) species with distorted octahedral geometry.
Preparation of Uniform Nanospheres with a Hydrophilic Core and a Hydrophobic Corona by the Macromonomer Method
Authors: Chen Ming-Qing , Kaneko Tatsuo , Zhang Ming , Liu Xiao-Ya , Wu Kang , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Uniform polymeric nanospheres comprised of hydrophilic cores and hydrophobic coronas were prepared by dispersion free radical copolymerization of acrylamide with poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) macromonomer (PtBMA) in ethanol/water mixed solvents, and the effects of cross-linker addition on the nanosphere size were investigated. Chemical analysis by electron spectroscopy confirmed that hydrophobic PtBMA chains grafted to the nanosphere surfaces. Changes in concentrations of the monomers and the cross-linker controlled the hydrodynamic diameter of the nanospheres (140–540 nm).
A Convenient, Efficient, and Environmentally Benign Method for Preparing Nitroanilines
Authors: Liu Xiao-zhi , Lu Shi-wei 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
An efficient method for the catalytic monoreduction of aromatic dinitro compounds to nitroanilines is reported. In the presence of selenium catalyst, the dinitroaromatic compounds are selectively reduced by CO/H2O to the corresponding nitroanilines under atmospheric pressure. The mono-reduction occurs in high selectivity regardless of the substitution groups on the aromatic ring without affecting other reducible functional groups.
Sliding Mode Transition of Water Droplet on the Silicon Surface Coated with Octadecyltrichlorosilane
Authors: Nakajima Akira , Suzuki Shunsuke , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Yoshida Naoya , Watanabe Toshiya , Okada Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The sliding acceleration of a water droplet on a silicon surface treated with octadecyltrichlorosilane was evaluated by changing the droplet weight. All water droplets slide down with a constant sliding acceleration. The slope of the sliding acceleration against the droplet weight was changed at 20 mg, suggesting that the dominant sliding mode was shifted from slipping to rolling.
A Novel Active Site Structure of Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts
Authors: Okamoto Yasuaki , Kawabata Takao , Kubota Takeshi , Hiromitsu Ichiro 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A novel structure of the CoMoS phase, dinuclear Co clusters located on the edges of MoS2 particles, is proposed on the basis of an antiferromagnetic property of the Co atoms in highly active Co–Mo model sulfide catalysts prepared by a CVD technique using Co(CO)3NO.
Improved Cycleability of Li-Birnessite by Coprecipitation with Nafion
Authors: Yang Xiaojing , Tang Weiping , Liu Zong-huai , Ikeda Kazuya , Ooi Kenta 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Birnessite-type lithium manganese oxide coprecipitated with Nafion showed improved stability on cycling as a cathode material for a Li-rechargeable battery at large current density.
Highly Regioselective Deoxyhalogenation at the C-6 Positions of N-Phthaloylchitosan with N-Halosuccinimide–Triphenylphosphine System
Authors: Satoh Taku , Sakairi Nobuo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
N-phthaloylchitosan with high structural regularity found to be a good substrate for nucleophilic substitution with N-halosuccinimides and triphenylphosphine in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, which provided the corresponding 6-deoxyhalogenated derivatives in a highly regioselective manner.
Fish Oil Interaction with Warfarin
Authors: Buckley Mitchell S , Goff Angela D , Knapp Walter E 
Published: November 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of elevated international normalized ratio (INR) in a patient taking fish oil and warfarin. CASE SUMMARY: A 67-year-old white woman had been taking warfarin for 11/2 years due to recurrent transient ischemic attacks. Her medical history included hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia, osteopenia, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. She also experienced an inferior myocardial infarction in 1995 requiring angioplasty, surgical repair of her femoral artery in 1995, and hernia repair in 1996. This patient has her INR checked in the anticoagulation clinic and is followed monthly by the clinical pharmacist. Prior to the interaction, her INR was therapeutic for 5 months while she was taking warfarin 1.5 mg/d. The patient admitted to doubling her fish oil dose from 1000 to 2000 mg/d. Without dietary, lifestyle, or medication changes, the INR increased from 2.8 to 4.3 within 1 month. The INR decreased to 1.6 one week after subsequent fish oil reduction, necessitating a return to the original warfarin dosing regimen. DISCUSSION: Fish oil supplementation could have provided additional anticoagulation with warfarin therapy. Fish oil, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, consists of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. This fatty acid may affect platelet aggregation and/or vitamin K—dependent coagulation factors. Omega-3 fatty acids may lower thromboxane A2 supplies within the platelet as well as decrease factor VII levels. Although controversial, this case report illustrates that fish oil can provide additive anticoagulant effects when given with warfarin. CONCLUSIONS: This case reveals a significant rise in INR after the dose of concomitant fish oil was doubled. Patients undergoing anticoagulation therapy with warfarin should be educated about and monitored for possible drug—herb interactions. Pharmacists can play a crucial role in identifying possible drug interactions by asking patients taking warfarin about herbal and other alternative medicine product use.
Role of C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Backes James M , Howard Patricia A , Moriarty Patrick M 
Published: November 2003

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease as a predictor of vascular events and identify key factors that increase or decrease this inflammatory marker. DATA SOURCES: Articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1966–July 2003), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–June 2003), and bibliographies of selected articles. Search terms included C-reactive protein, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, fenofibrate, niacin, aspirin, estrogen, thiazolidinediones, and raloxifene. DATA SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All studies relevant to CRP and cardiovascular disease or the effects of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions on CRP levels were evaluated. All information deemed relevant to this review was included. DATA SYNTHESIS: Numerous studies have shown a strong association between CRP levels and future vascular events (i.e., coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular disease), with minimal correlation to low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Clinical guidelines have recently been published indicating that CRP levels of <1, 1–3, and >3 mg/L correspond to low, moderate, and high risk, respectively, for future vascular events. Drugs including statins, fibrates, niacin, thiazolidinediones, and antiplatelet agents, as well as weight loss and exercise, have demonstrated efficacy in lowering CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS: CRP appears to be a valuable tool for predicting future vascular events in patients striving for primary or secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. While several pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions have been shown to lower CRP levels, the impact on clinical outcomes requires further study.
Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells and expression of TGF‐β1 and VEGF in the early stage of shock wave‐promoted bone regeneration of segmental defect in rats
Authors: Chen Yeung‐Jen , Wurtz Tilmann , Wang Ching‐Jen , Kuo Yur‐Ren , Yang Kuender D. , Huang Hue‐Chen , Wang Feng‐Sheng 
Published: November 2003

AbstractExtracorporeal shock wave (ESW) treatment has recently been established as a method to enhance bone repair. Here, we reported that ESW‐promoted healing of segmental defect via stimulation of mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and differentiation into bone forming cells. Rats with a segmental femoral defect were exposed to a single ESW treatment (0.16 mJ/mm2, 1 Hz, 500 impulses). Cell morphology and histological changes in the defect region were assessed 3, 7, 14, and 28 days post‐treatment. Presence of mesenchymal stem cell was assayed by immuno‐staing for RP59, a recently discovered marker, and also production of TGF‐β1 and VEGF was monitored. ESW treatment increased total cell density and the proportion of RP59 positive cells in the defect region. High numbers of round‐ and cuboidal‐shaped cells strongly expressing RP59 were initially found. Later, the predominant cell type was spindle‐shaped fibroblastic cells, subsequently, aggregates of osteogenic and chondrogenic cells were observed. Histological observation suggested that bone marrow stem cells were progressively differentiated into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. RP59 staining was initially intense and decreased with the appearance of expression depended on the differentiation states of osteogenic and chondrogenic cells during the regeneration phase. Mature chondrocytes and osteoblasts exhibited only slight RP59 immunoreactivity. Expression of TGF‐β1 and VEGF‐A mRNA in the defect tissues was also significantly increased (P < 0.05) after ESW treatment as determined by RT‐PCR. Intensive TGF‐β1 immuno‐reactivity was induced immediately, whereas a lag period was observed for VEGF‐A. Chondrocytes and osteoblasts at the junction of ossified cartilage clearly exhibited VEGF‐A expression. Our findings suggest that recruitment of meseoblasts at the junction of ossified cartilage clearly exhibited mesenchymal stem cells is a critical step in bone reparation that is enhanced by ESW treatment. TGF‐β1 and VEGF‐A are proposed to play a chemotactic and mitogenic role in recruitment and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bonus‐Malus Scales in Segmented Tariffs With Stochastic Migration Between Segments
Authors: Brouhns Natacha , Guillén Montserrat , Denuit Michel , Pinquet Jean 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article proposes a computer‐intensive methodology to build bonus‐malus scales in automobile insurance. The claim frequency model is taken from Pinquet, Guillén, and Bolancé (2001). It accounts for overdispersion, heteroskedasticity, and dependence among repeated observations. Explanatory variables are taken into account in the determination of the relativities, yielding an integrated automobile ratemaking scheme. In that respect, it complements the study of Taylor (1997).
An Economic Analysis of Auto Compensation Systems: Choice Experiences From New Jersey and Pennsylvania
Authors: Schmit Joan T. , Yeh Jia‐Hsing 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNearly since the first automobile traveled on U.S. soil, questions about how best to compensate people injured by their use have been raised. As early as in 1932, in fact, the tort system of imposing costs on negligent drivers was strongly criticized, and a system of compensation without regard to negligence recommended. Yet despite various efforts to identify and implement improved systems during the past more than 70 years, no clear best compensation mechanism has been found. Current discussions have focused on the “choice” system, under which insureds are allowed to select either a tort system or a no‐fault system of compensation at the time of insurance purchase. New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which implemented very similar choice programs in 1989 and 1990, respectively, offer an opportunity to observe the effects of choice on outcomes such as: use of attorneys, speed of payment, and consistency (equity) of payment. Our results indicate outcomes consistent with expectations in New Jersey (NJ), which switched from no‐fault to choice, but inconsistent with expectations in Pennsylvania (PA), which switched from tort to choice. Furthermore, analysis of tort versus no‐fault selectors postchoice in New Jersey and Pennsylvania does not offer clear evidence of no‐fault's lower administrative costs and speedier, more equitable payment in these jurisdictions.
Bootstrap Methodology in Claim Reserving
Authors: Pinheiro Paulo J. R. , Andrade e Silva João Manuel , De Lourdes Centeno Maria 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this article, we use the bootstrap technique to obtain prediction errors for different claim‐reserving methods, namely, the chain ladder technique and methods based on generalized linear models. We discuss several forms of performing the bootstrap and illustrate the different solutions using the data set from Taylor and Ashe (1983), which has already been used by several authors.
Voriconazole, a novel wide‐spectrum triazole: oral pharmacokinetics and safety
Authors: Purkins Lynn , Wood Nolan , Greenhalgh Katie , Allen Michael J. , Oliver Stuart D. 
Published: November 2003

Aims  Voriconazole is a potent new triazole with broad‐spectrum antifungal activity against clinically significant and emerging pathogens. The present study evaluated the safety, toleration, and pharmacokinetics of oral voriconazole after single and multiple dosing.Methods  Sixty‐four healthy subjects were randomized to receive treatment and 56 completed the study. Groups of eight subjects each received voriconazole doses of 2 mg kg−1 twice daily, 4 mg kg−1 once daily, 2 mg kg−1 three times daily, or 3 mg kg−1 twice daily. Eleven subjects received 1.5 mg kg−1 three times daily, and 21 subjects were administered placebo.Results  Voriconazole exhibited nonlinear (dose‐ and time‐dependent) pharmacokinetics. This deviation from linear pharmacokinetics was confirmed by linearity ratios of > 1 and decreasing kel values on multiple dosing, with a consequent increase in the terminal phase t1/2. There was also notable intersubject variability in Cmax and AUCτ. The absorption of voriconazole was rapid (mean tmax=  0.9–1.7 h) after single and multiple dosing and the decline in plasma concentration–time curves after tmax was generally biphasic. By day 12, the Cmax, AUCτ, tmax, and t1/2 values for the 3 mg kg−1 twice‐daily group were 2356 ng ml−1, 11 170 ng·h  ml−1, 1.1 h, and 6.4 h, respectively. The observed accumulation of voriconazole after multiple dosing was greater than predicted from single‐dose data. Accumulation ratios for Cmax and AUCτ, which were 1.97 and 3.55, respectively, for the group given voriconazole 3 mg kg−1 twice daily, varied between treatment groups and appeared to be influenced by total daily dose and the frequency and duration of dosing. Visual inspection of Cmin values together with statistical analyses of Cmax and AUCτ values suggest that steady‐state levels were achieved by the fifth to sixth day of multiple dosing. Plasma concentrations of voriconazole were well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., and for most emerging fungal pathogens (Cmin > 0.8 µg ml−1). Voriconazole was well tolerated: most treatment‐related adverse events (abnormal vision, headache, dizziness) were mild and resolved within an hour of dosing.Conclusions  The oral dosing regimen selected for subsequent Phase II/III clinical trials on the basis of these results was 200 mg twice daily, equivalent to 3 mg kg−1 twice daily.