bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration
Authors: Muggah Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) is a comparatively new concept. It was adopted by the development and security sectors in the context of so-called ‘post-conflict recovery’ and ‘peace support operations’. As in the case of security sector reform, DDR emerged in conjunction with growing awareness among international donors, agencies, practitioners, and scholars of the linkages between insecurity and under-development in ‘transitional’ environments (Berdal, 1996).
Peace Operations
Authors: White Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the UN has concerned itself in practice with defining and developing the concept of peacekeeping since the first full UN peacekeeping force in the Middle East in 1956. Peacekeeping was defined by the UN at the end of the Cold War in 1991 as an: Generally, peacekeeping operations consist of contributing states’ military contingents under UN command and control, specifically the Secretary-General, acting under delegated authority from the Security Council, exceptionally the General Assembly. This should be contrasted with the enforcement model that emerged out of Chapter VII of the Charter under which a ‘Coalition of the Willing’ is authorized by the Security Council with command and control being vested in the contributing state(s).
Genomic Data Analysis of the Nonpathogenic Erwinia amylovora Strain CP200242 Isolated from an Asian Pear Tree
Authors: Ham Hyeonheui , Oh Ga-Ram , Park Dong Suk 
Published: November 2023

Erwinia amylovora, the causative phytopathogen for fire blight, is a major threat to apple and pear. A nonpathogenic E. amylovora strain CP200242 was recently isolated from a pear orchard in South Korea. The nonpathogenicity of strain CP200242 was confirmed by inducing a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves and by inoculating immature apple fruits and seedlings with bacterial suspensions. Herein, we report the complete genome sequencing of strain CP200242 data and provide some comparative genomic analysis against strain TS3128 and other closely related Erwinia species. Variant calling indicated that strain CP200242 had 29 variations in the annotated regions compared with strain TS3128, and six gene variants were related to pathogenesis. These genomic data provide valuable information on molecular differences between strains that may be useful for the control of the disease and enhance our understanding of the virulence factors in an E. amylovora reference genome. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Optimal Changes Seen in Patients After Treatment With Poly-l-Lactic Acid: A Retrospective Descriptive Study
Authors: Alcotzer Inbar , Liassidou Aspasia , Hexsel Doris , Tsur Shenhav Leah , Artzi Ofir 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) is a biostimulator that enhances collagen production and leads to volume restoration. It became popular because of its improvement of facial wrinkles and long-lasting effect, although the specific visible changes it causes in the facial area are not fully described.

OBJECTIVE
To identify and characterize the visible changes resulting from injecting PLLA into the facial area.

METHODS
A list of 678 patients who underwent 2 to 3 treatments with PLLA injections in this center between 2021 and 2022 were retrieved. After 2 rounds of evaluations, 31 independent international evaluators described the 3 main changes they observed in the before-and-after images (taken approximately 7 months after the last injection session) of the 12 patients with the most significant improvement.

RESULTS
A total of 1,015 descriptions were received. They were divided into categories based upon similarity. The main detected changes were better contouring and enhancement of the lateral face, a lifting effect and secondary impact on the nasolabial fold, and improvement of skin texture and skin firmness.

CONCLUSION
Poly-l-lactic acid injections were judged to be effective for contouring, lifting, and improving skin texture in the facial area. Further research is needed to validate these results and create an assessment scale for PLLA injections.
A 66-year-old woman with two weeks of distorted vision in the left eye
Authors: Griffin Shane , McDonald H. Richard , Agarwal Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
To report a case of concurrent melanoma metastasis to the orbit and MEK inhibitor-associated retinopathy.

Methods:
Case report of a 66-year-old female patient undergoing mutation targeted MEK-inhibitor treatment for metastatic melanoma with retinal manifestations.

Results:
After initiating MEK-inhibitor therapy our patient presented with bilateral blurred vision. Clinical examination and OCT imaging revealed multifocal bilateral serous retinal detachments consistent with MEKAR. Extrafoveal subretinal fluid foci resolved after discontinuation of MEK-inhibitor therapy, but her foveal lesions persisted for over 18 months. Years after her initial evaluation for MEKAR, our patient developed metamorphopsia in the left eye resulting from chorioretinal folds secondary to intraconal orbital metastasis. MRI revealed additional intracerebral and lung metastases, and the patient expired in 2 months.

Conclusion:
We report a case of prolonged MEKAR with concomitant orbital metastasis from melanoma. Multimodal imaging in conjunction with history and clinical features allows for disease identification and monitoring.
Mangled extremity: limb salvage for reconstruction versus primary amputation
Authors: Tjardes Thorsten , Marche Benedikt , Imach Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
While MESS has historically influenced limb salvage versus amputation decisions, its universal applicability remains uncertain. With trauma systems expanding and advancements in trauma care, the need for a nuanced understanding of limb salvage has become paramount.

Recent findings
Recent literature reflects a shift in the management of mangled extremities. Vascular surgery, plastic surgery, and technological advancements have garnered attention. The MESS's efficacy in predicting amputation postvascular reconstruction has been questioned. Machine learning techniques have emerged as a means to predict peritraumatic amputation, incorporating a broader set of variables. Additionally, advancements in socket design, such as automated adjustments and bone-anchored prosthetics, show promise in enhancing prosthetic care. Surgical strategies to mitigate neuropathic pain, including targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR), are evolving and may offer relief for amputees. Predicting the long-term course of osteomyelitis following limb salvage is challenging, but it significantly influences patient quality of life.

Summary
The review underscores the evolving landscape of limb salvage decision-making, emphasizing the need for personalized, patient-centered approaches. The Ganga Hospital Score (GHS) introduces a nuanced approach with a ‘grey zone’ for patients requiring individualized assessments. Future research may leverage artificial intelligence (AI) and predictive models to enhance decision support. Overall, the care of mangled extremities extends beyond a binary choice of limb salvage or amputation, necessitating a holistic understanding of patients’ injury patterns, expectations, and abilities for optimal outcomes.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Brown Adipose Tissue Uptake in PET Imaging in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Smolik Suzanne , Miller Angie L. , Mong David A. , Trenbeath Zachary , Miller Kristen R. , Cost Carrye , Demedis Jenna 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are used in disease diagnosis and evaluation for pediatric oncology patients. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET uptake is reported in 35% to 47% of pediatric patients. Several risk factors may be associated with BAT uptake.

Objective:
The aim was to determine the incidence and risk factors for BAT in pediatric patients using a consensus-based system and a novel grading scale.

Methods:
A total of 285 PET scans in 154 patients were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of BAT from September 2015 through December 2016. A consensus review was done by 2 radiologists, who graded BAT on a 0 to 3 scale and assessed its impact on PET interpretation.

Results:
The presence of moderate to severe BAT occurred in 11% of PET scans, and 6% of PETs had limited interpretation. Hodgkin lymphoma (n=53) patients had a 3.62-fold increased odds of moderate or severe BAT and a 6.59-fold increased odds of limited interpretation on PET imaging.

Conclusion:
The incidence of BAT was low but impacted radiologic interpretation when present. Further studies with a larger group of Hodgkin lymphoma patients are needed to explore the risk factors associated with moderate or severe BAT.
Non-prescription antibiotics dispensing by community pharmacies: implications for antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Hashmi Furqan K. , Khadka Sitaram , Yadav Gopal K. , Khan Mash’hood Mahmood , Khan Saif Ullah , Saeed Hamid , Saleem Mohammad , Giri Santoshi , Rasool Muhammad Fawad , Mansoor Hussaam-ul-Haq , Riboua Zineb 
Published: November 2023

Introduction:
The non-prescription antibiotics dispensing (NPAD) from pharmacies is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, which contributes to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study was conducted with the objective to determine the community pharmacy personnel’s perspectives on NPAD and its implications for AMR.

Methods:
A questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Pakistan among 336 pharmacies. The data were analyzed using SPSS v21 and MedCalc for Windows v12.3.0. Modified Bloom’s cut-off point was utilized to categorize the participants’ overall knowledge, attitude, and practice. For univariable logistic regression analyses, odds ratio (OR) was calculated at 95% confidence interval (CI). For multivariable logistic regression analyses, adjusted OR was calculated at 95% CI. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient test was used to assess the relationships among knowledge, attitude, and/or practice scores.

Results:
The majority of the respondents were staff pharmacists (45.5%). About four-fifths (78.9%) and half (50.9%) of the participants demonstrated moderate to good knowledge and practice, respectively. However, about only one-third (33.1%) had a moderate to good attitude. Staff pharmacists had higher odds of moderate to good knowledge (OR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.2–4.7) and practice (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4–3.8). Total knowledge and practice (Spearman’s ρ: 0.280; P <0.001) and total attitude and practice (Spearman’s ρ: 0.299; P <0.001) scores were significantly correlated.

Conclusion:
The qualified pharmacists had satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practices toward antibiotics. However, non-pharmacist staff lacked knowledge and had probable NPAD practice, which has a negative impact on public health. Regular refresher training, seminars, and strict enforcement of rules and regulations are essential.
Preoperative Role of Superb Microvascular Imaging and Shear-Wave Elastography for Prediction of Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Bulut Iclal Nur , Kayadibi Yasemin , Deger Enes , Kurt Seda Aladag , Velidedeoglu Mehmet , Onur Irem , Ozturk Tulin , Adaletli Ibrahim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the role of shearwave elastography (SWE) and superb microvascular imaging (SMI) for preoperative prediction of axillary lymph node metastasis (ALNM) in patients with breast cancer. In a cohort of 214 women with breast cancer, B-Mode ultrasonography (US), SMIvascular-index (SMIvi), and SWE (E-mean, E-ratio) values were recorded before tru-cut biopsy. Axillary fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and sentinel lymph node sampling results were collected. Imaging findings and histopathological data were statistically compared. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic performance. Reverse stepwise logistical regression analysis was conducted. Although ALNM was negative in 111 cases, it was positive in 103 patients. Axillary lymph node metastasis (+) group had larger size (P < 0.001), higher vascularization (SMIvi: 8.0 ± 6.0 versus 5.0 ± 4.3, P < 0.001), and higher elasticity value (E-mean: 129 ± 31 kPa versus 117.3 ± 40 kPa, P = 0.014). Axillary lymph node metastasis was observed statistically more frequently in Her-2 positive cases (P = 0.005). There was no significant difference between other B-mode US findings (P > 0.05), SMI Adler (P = 0.878), and E-ratio (P = 0.212). The most appropriate cutoff value for the prediction of ALNM was 23.5 mm for size, 3.8 for SMIvi, and 138.5 kPa for E-mean. The most sensitive (77%) method was the SMIvi measurement, while the most specific (86%) finding was Her-2 positivity. The combined model (being Her-2 positive, >23.5 cm, and >3.8 SMIvi) increased the specificity (78%), PPV (71%), and accuracy (68%). Although the increased size is a previously studied parameter in predicting the risk of ALNM, Her-2 and data obtained by SWE, and SMI can be used to assist conventional US.
BulkECexplorer: a bulk RNAseq compendium of five endothelial subtypes that predicts whether genes are active or leaky
Authors: Brash James T. , Diez-Pinel Guillermo , Fantin Alessandro , Ruhrberg Christiana 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTranscriptomic data obtained by single cell (sc) RNAseq or bulk RNAseq can be mined to understand the molecular activity of cell types. Yet, lowly expressed but functional genes may remain undetected in RNAseq experiments for technical reasons, such as insufficient read depth or gene drop out in scRNAseq assays. By contrast, bulk RNAseq assays may detect lowly expressed mRNA transcripts thought to be the biologically irrelevant products of leaky transcription. To more accurately represent a cell’s functional transcriptome, we propose compiling many bulk RNAseq datasets into a compendium and applying established classification models to predict whether the detected genes are likely active or leaky in that cell type. Here, we have created such a compendium for vascular endothelial cells from several mouse and human organs, termed the BulkECexplorer.
Selection for dispersal under larval malnutrition results in a non-monotonic kernel inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Vibishan B. , Malwade Akshay , Gupta Swaraj Ranjan , Koner Anish , Khodake Vinayak , Dey Sutirth 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDispersal is a key strategy for organisms to track favorable conditions and a shifting global climate has necessitated its closer investigation. While the distribution of dispersal distances (i.e. dispersal kernel) influences several aspects of population ecology, it remains unclear how kernel features are themselves affected by environmental factors. The current study addresses this question using laboratory populations ofDrosophila melanogasterselected for greater dispersal under a protein-deficient larval diet. Our results reveal that dispersal-selected populations initiate dispersal more often and travel further on average than unselected controls. Although there is a significant change in the overall kernel shape, selection has not led to a greater tendency for long-distance dispersal (LDD). This is contrary to the results from a previous study on dispersal evolution under standard nutrition. We also find that dispersal evolution under larval malnutrition leads to a non-monotonic dispersal kernel, with the highest frequencies at intermediate distances. The evolved shape of the dispersal kernel and the limited LDD phenotype therefore point to significant qualitative shifts in the evolution of the dispersal kernel due to a change in larval nutrition. Our results thus provide a starting point for further investigation of such context dependence in dispersal evolution.
Super food or super toxic? Turmeric and spirulina as culprits for the toxic effects of food dyes inDrosophila
Authors: von Hellfeld Rebecca , Christie Craig , Derous Davina , Morimoto Juliano 
Published: November 2023

AbstractProlonged exposure to food dyes, even for those considered safe for consumption, are known to have toxic effects. However, we lack a proper understanding of the underlying compounds that are responsible for the observed toxicity. In this study, we tested the toxic physiological effects of three common commercially available natural food dyes (red, green, blue), and their main ingredients (turmeric and spirulina), onDrosophila melanogasteroviposition, larval development, and larval foraging behaviour. Larval development and egg-to-adult survival was significantly impacted by blue and green dyes. These effects were recapitulated when flies were fed with increasing concentrations of turmeric and spirulina, suggesting that turmeric is a toxic component of the food dye. Red dye, which contains neither turmeric or spirulina, had little impact on fly health and behaviour. Green and blue food dyes decreased egg laying, an effect similar to that observed in increasing concentrations of turmeric and, to a lesser extent, spirulina. When given a choice, larvae preferred to feed as follows: control > red > blue > green diet patches, a pattern inversely correlating with the previously observed toxicity. Our results show that, despite turmeric being often considered a super food, it can have toxic effects that the impact organismal physiology and health.
Nuclear eDNA Metabarcoding Primers for Anthozoan Coral Biodiversity Assessment
Authors: McCartin Luke J. , Saso Emma , Vohsen Samuel A. , Pittoors Nicole C. , Demetriades Penny , McFadden Catherine S. , Quattrini Andrea M. , Herrera Santiago 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe distributions of anthozoan corals are under-characterized due to their wide bathymetric range, occurrences in remote locales, and difficulties of identification from morphology alone. Environmental DNA (eDNA) sequencing promises to be a non-invasive strategy to complement conventional approaches for mapping and monitoring coral communities. Primers for eDNA meta-barcoding have been designed to amplify nuclear and mitochondrial DNA barcodes in shallow scleractinians and mitochondrialMutSin deep-sea octocorals. However, a comprehensive method for eDNA meta-barcoding from all anthozoan corals, including black corals, has not been developed. We leveraged a sequence database of global coral collections, from shallow water to the deep sea, to design new PCR primers for coral eDNA sequencing that target the28S rRNAgene. We tested the performance of these primers by amplifying and sequencing eDNA from water samples collected in the Gulf of Mexico near mesophotic and deep-sea corals that were also imaged, sampled, and sequenced. Sequencing libraries produced using the primers were highly enriched in coral eDNA, with up to 99.8% of the reads originating from corals. Further, the28Sbarcode amplified using the primers distinguished coral genera. We recovered amplicon sequencing variants (ASVs) identical to DNA barcodes derived from Sanger sequencing and genome skimming of corals sampled at the same field sites. This new eDNA meta-barcoding strategy permits targeted eDNA sequencing of black corals, octocorals, and scleractinians at sites where they co-occur and expands our current toolkit for mapping and monitoring coral communities in shallow coral reefs and the deep sea.
Rapid activation of IL-2 receptor signaling by CD301b+DC-derived IL-2 dictates the outcome of helper T cell differentiation
Authors: Tatsumi Naoya , El-Fenej Jihad , Davila-Pagan Alejandro , Kumamoto Yosuke 
Published: November 2023

AbstractEffector T helper (Th) cell differentiation is fundamental to functional adaptive immunity. Different subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) preferentially induce different types of Th cells, but the fate instruction mechanism for Th type 2 (Th2) differentiation remains enigmatic, as the critical DC-derived cue has not been clearly identified. Here, we show that CD301b+DCs, a major Th2-inducing DC subset, drive Th2 differentiation through cognate interaction by ‘kick-starting’ IL-2 receptor signaling in CD4T cells. Mechanistically, CD40 engagement induces IL-2 production selectively from CD301b+DCs to maximize CD25 expression in CD4 T cells, which is required specifically for the Th2 fate decision. On the other hand, CD25 in CD301b+DCs facilitates directed action of IL-2 toward cognate CD4T cells. Furthermore, CD301b+DC-derived IL-2 skews CD4T cells away from the T follicular helper fate. These results highlight the critical role of DC-intrinsic CD40–IL-2 axis in bifurcation of Th cell fate.
Near-complete genome assembly of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar Micro-Tom
Authors: Shirasawa Kenta , Ariizumi Tohru 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe present a near-complete genome assembly of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar Micro-Tom, which has been recognized as a model cultivar for fruit research. The genome DNA of Micro-Tom, provided by the National BioResource Project (NBRP) Tomato of Japan, was sequenced to obtain 72 Gb of high-fidelity long reads. These reads were assembled into 140 contigs, spanning 832.8 Mb, with an N50 length of 39.6 Mb. The contigs were aligned against the tomato reference genome sequence SL4.0 to establish a chromosome-level assembly. The genome assembly of Micro-Tom contained 98.5% complete BUSCOs and a total of 31,429 genes. Comparative genome structure analysis revealed that Micro-Tom possesses a cluster of rDNA genes spanning a 15 Mb stretch at the short arm of chromosome 2. This region was not found in the genome assemblies of previously sequenced tomato cultivars, possibly because of the inability of previous technologies to sequence such repetitive DNA. In conclusion, the near-complete genome assembly of Micro-Tom reported in this study would advance the genomics and genetics research on tomato and facilitate the breeding of improved tomato cultivars.
The distribution of fitness effects during adaptive walks using a simple genetic network
Authors: O’Brien Nicholas L. V. , Holland Barbara , Engelstädter Jan , Ortiz-Barrientos Daniel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe tempo and mode of adaptation depends on the availability of beneficial alleles. Genetic interactions arising from gene networks can restrict this availability. However, the extent to which networks affect adaptation remains largely unknown. Current models of evolution consider additive genotype-phenotype relationships while often ignoring the contribution of gene interactions to phenotypic variance. In this study, we model a quantitative trait as the product of a simple gene regulatory network, the negative autoregulation motif. Using forward-time genetic simulations, we measure adaptive walks towards a phenotypic optimum in both additive and network models. A key expectation from adaptive walk theory is that the distribution of fitness effects of new beneficial mutations is exponential. We found that both models instead harbored distributions with fewer large-effect beneficial alleles than expected. The network model also had a complex and bimodal distribution of fitness effects among all mutations, with a considerable density at deleterious selection coefficients. This behavior is reminiscent of the cost of complexity, where correlations among traits constrain adaptation. Our results suggest that the interactions emerging from genetic networks can generate complex and multimodal distributions of fitness effects.