bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus from fresh and frozen bovine milk
Authors: Villanueva Michelle R. , Tyler Jeff W. , Thurmond Mark C. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Three hundred seventy-three milk samples were screened for Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. After sample storage at –20C for 23 days, the frequency of Str agalactiae isolation increased 2.50 times. The frequency of S aureus isolation increased 1.48 times in the same interval. Increases in the proportion of these isolates were highly significant (P = 0.000006 and 0.0001, respectively). Results of the study indicate that optimal procedures for microbiological testing for these mastitis pathogens may include preculture freezing. The magnitude of the increase in the proportion of isolates indicates the existence of an important population of infected cattle shedding bacteria at concentrations not detected by use of standard microbiological techniques.
ECG of the Month
Authors: Marr Celia M. , Reef Virginia B. 
Published: December 2023

This monthly feature is being sponsored by the Academy of Veterinary Cardiology. Readers of the JAVMA are invited to submit contributions. Contributions should include: (1) a brief description of the case (150 words); (2) good contrast glossy photographs (5 in by 7 in) of tracings, with ECG lead, voltage calibration scale, and paper speed indicated; and (3) a discussion of the abnormality.
Send comments and tracings to Dr. Christophe Lombard, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Box J-126,JHMHC, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.
Efficacy of mitoxantrone against various neoplasms in dogs
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Obradovich Joyce E. , Elmslie Robyn E. , Vail David M. , Moore A. S. , Straw Rodney C. , Dickinson Krista , Cooper Mary F. , Withrow Stephen J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
One hundred twenty-six dogs with histologically confirmed, measurable malignant tumors were evaluated in a prospective study to determine the response to the antineoplastic drug mitoxantrone. Ninety-five dogs had been refractory to one or more treatment modalities (surgery, n = 57; chemotherapy other than mitoxantrone, n = 37; radiation, n = 4; whole body hyperthermia, n = 1). The extent of neoplastic disease was determined immediately before each dose of mitoxantrone was administered (1 to 10 doses, 2.5 to 5 mg/m2 of body surface area, iv) 21 days apart. Each dog was treated with mitoxantrone until the dog developed progressive disease or until the dog's quality of life diminished to an unacceptable level as determined by the owner or attending veterinarian.
A partial or complete remission (>50% volume reduction) was obtained in 23% (29/126) of all dogs treated. Tumors in which there was a partial or complete remission included lymphoma (11/32), squamous cell carcinoma (4/9), fibrosarcoma (2/9), thyroid carcinoma (1/10), transitional cell carcinoma (1/6), mammary adenocarcinoma (1/6), hepatocellular carcinoma (1/4), renal adenocarcinoma (1/1), rectal carcinoma (1/1), chondrosarcoma (1/2), oral malignant melanoma (1/12), cutaneous malignant melanoma (1/1), myxosarcoma (1/1), mesothelioma (1/1), and hemangiopericytoma (1/1).
Our results indicated that mitoxantrone induces measurable regression in various malignant tumors in dogs.
Clinical and laboratory findings in small companion animals with lead poisoning: 347 cases (1977-1986)
Authors: Morgan Rhea V. , Moore Frances M. , Pearce Laurie K. , Rossi Thomas 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Three hundred forty-seven cases of lead poisoning in small companion animals were reviewed. The yearly prevalence and overall incidence rates were examined for the 10 years before and after enactment of strict federal regulations pertaining to lead content in paint products. Biographical data, clinical signs, and laboratory results were analyzed for the 6 types of affected animals (ie, dogs, cats, birds, rabbits, a chinchilla, and a raccoon). Clinical and laboratory findings of these animals were then compared with findings of other studies of lead intoxication.
Types of colic and frequency of postcolic abortion in pregnant mares: 105 cases (1984 - 1988)
Authors: Santschi Elizabeth M. , Slone Donnie E. , Gronwall R. , Juzwiak James S. , Moll H. David 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The records of 105 pregnant mares and 105 nonpregnant horses with colic admitted to an equine hospital were reviewed. The 2 groups had similar types of colic and short-term survivability. Of the 105 pregnant mares, 31 were treated medically and 74 required surgical intervention. Thirty-three of the 105 mares died or were euthanatized. Thirteen (18%) of the 72 remaining mares aborted. Of 4 mares with severe medical cases, 2 died, 1 aborted, and 1 aborted and died. Of 27 horses with medical cases that required less intensive treatment, none died and 2 aborted. Of the 74 horses that required surgery, 45 survived to termination of pregnancy (foaling or abortion); 36 of these mares (80%) had a live foal. The type of surgical lesion had no effect on pregnancy outcome. Stage of gestation at initial examination, duration of anesthesia, or intraoperative hypoxia or hypotension had no effect on pregnancy outcome. However, when hypoxia occurred during colic surgery in the last 60 days of pregnancy, the mares either aborted or delivered severely compromised foals that did not survive.
Possible effect of altered management practices on seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus in heifers of a dairy herd with history of high prevalence of infection
Authors: Sprecher D. J. , Pelzer K. D. , Lessard P. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A bovine leukemia virus (blv) control program was instituted at a high-prevalence, purebred Holstein dairy. The specific control program required single use of needles and obstetrical sleeves, disinfection of tattoo equipment before use, dehorning by use of electrical burning devices, replacement of whole milk feeding with high-quality milk replacer, and heat treatment of colostrum before feeding. The effect of the program was estimated by comparing the pre- (1987) and postintervention (1989) prevalences of blv-agar gel immunodiffusion titers within particular heifer age cohorts (0 to 90, 91 to 180, 181 to 360 days, and 361 days to parturition). Random serologic testing was conducted quarterly within each cohort, but was analyzed on a combined yearly basis.
Seroprevalence of blv decreased in all age cohorts > 180 days old, with significant decreases in the 361 days to parturition (P = 0.003) and the combined 181 days to parturition cohorts (P = 0.0004). Prevalence within the latter cohort decreased from 0.44 in 1987 to 0.17 in 1989. These results were obtained without either culling or segregation of blv-agar gel immunodiffusion-positive cattle.
Survey of veterinarians’ recommendations for treatment and control of intestinal parasites in dogs: Public health implications
Authors: Harvey John B. , Roberts Jacqueline M. , Schantz Peter M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A systematic, random sample of 450 small and mixed-animal practitioners was selected from the client list of a prominent veterinary pharmaceutical and animal health company. A telephone survey was conducted, using a standard questionnaire, to assess whether current veterinary practices concerning prophylaxis and treatment of canine roundworm (Toxocara canis) and hookworm (Ancylostoma spp) infections are adequate to prevent transmission to human beings. Analysis of results focused on 3 questions related to prevention: practitioner's frequency of client education regarding zoonotic potential of roundworms and hookworms, pup age at which veterinarian recommends first anthelmintic treatments, and proportion of veterinarians recommending prophylactic drug administration for pups and nursing bitches.
Despite the proven association of household pet dogs and human toxocariasis, only a third (148/450) of veterinarian respondents routinely discussed the potential zoonotic hazards of canine roundworms with their clients. A total of 29% (130/450) of veterinarians surveyed either never discussed these potential hazards or discussed them only when asked by their clients.
With regard to anthelmintic treatment practices, 31% (140/450) of veterinarians surveyed recommended that pups first be examined and treated for intestinal parasites within 4 weeks of age. Thirty-three percent (163/450) recommended first examination and deworming at 5 to 6 weeks of age, and 36% (163/450) suggested that it be done at or after 7 weeks of age. Less than half (208/450) of veterinarians administered anthelmintics prophylactically to at least some pups and dogs. Sixty-four percent (287/450) of respondents recommended routine testing and treatment of nursing bitches.
Because of the low frequency of direct client education regarding the potential zoonotic hazards of roundworms and hookworms in pets and the wide disparity in methods of treatment, we conclude that current veterinary practices are inadequate for maximal prevention of environmental contamination with eggs of these intestinal helminths. Systematic anthelmintic treatment and simple hygienic practices are necessary to avoid the risk of zoonotic transmission. We recommend that prophylactic deworming programs be initiated 2 to 3 weeks after pups are whelped, and that these programs include the nursing bitch. Treatment should be repeated every 2 to 3 weeks until 3 months after birth. Dog breeders and pet store owners, as well as private pet owners, need to be educated regarding the time to begin deworming the pups and bitch to effectively reduce environmental contamination with eggs of roundworms and hookworms.
Use of partial budgeting to determine the economic outcome of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection reduction strategies in three Ohio dairy herds
Authors: Hoblet K. H. , Miller G. Y. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Efforts to reduce the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection were monitored in 3 Ohio dairy herds. Bacteriologic culturing of milk from all lactating cows in each herd was completed multiple times to identify infected cows and monitor reduction. Partial budgeting techniques were used to determine the economic outcome of the reduction program. Of particular emphasis was the economic impact of culling to maintain or achieve milk quality premium payments on the basis of bulk tank somatic cell counts. The prevalence of S aureus-infected cows was reduced in each herd. Culturing of milk from all lactating cows appeared to be an effective method to identify infected cows. Although numbers were limited, it also appeared that culturing of composite quarter samples was effective as a herd screening test to identify S aureus-infected cows. Bacteriologic culturing had a negative financial impact in all 3 herds. Using partial budgeting to assess the economic impact of the programs, it was determined that 2 herds experienced negative financial impacts as a result of an excess culling rate when compared with a 12-month baseline period prior to the initiation of the project. All herds had increased milk production per cow during the study as measured by the mature-equivalent method. However, when actual production was considered, increased milk production in each herd was not as great as that of other Ohio herds enrolled on Dairy Herd Improvement Association testing programs. Thus, each herd had a slight negative impact in revenues as a result of lower than expected increased production. Two herds received milk quality premiums. Although quality premiums were as great as $70 per cow per year, excess culling costs resulted in a negative net financial impact during the first 2 full years of the project in 1 herd and the first full year of the other herd that received a quality premium. Overall results of this study suggest that although quality premiums may be substantial, excessive culling is expensive, particularly in the short run.
Detection of serum α-fetoprotein in dogs with hepatic tumors
Authors: Lowseth L. A. , Gillett N. A. , Chang I-Y. , Muggenburg B. A. , Boecker B. B. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Serum α-fetoprotein (afp) concentration was detected by use of 2 commercially available kits containing antibodies to human afp—a radioimmunoassay and an enzymetric test. Using neonatal canine serum (a source high in afp), it was determined that reagents from both kits were able to bind to canine afp, but a significant difference was detected in afp concentration. The enzymetric test was superior in detecting canine afp. Sera from dogs were classified into 6 groups: from dogs with primary hepatic tumors only (group 1); from dogs with primary hepatic tumors and other tumors (group 2); from dogs with normal liver but with other types of neoplasia (group 3); from dogs with nonneoplastic hepatic disease and tumors originating in other organs (group 4); from dogs with nonneoplastic hepatic disease only (group 5); and from clinically normal dogs (group 6). Serum biochemical determinations (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, and serum bile acids) and values from the 2 afp assays were obtained for all dogs. Serum afp concentration detected by the enzymetric test was significantly higher in dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Values > 250 ng/ml were detected in 5 of 9 dogs with cholangiocarcinoma and in 3 of 4 dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma. High serum afp concentration also was indicative of liver involvement in 2 of 3 dogs with primary hepatic lymphosarcoma; 2 dogs had values > 225 ng/ml. Serum afp concentration in dogs with other types of hepatic tumors was < 250 ng/ml, and serum afp concentration could not be correlated with such tumors. Discriminatory analysis was done to determine which serum biochemical values best aided differentiation of hepatic neoplasia from nonneoplastic hepatic disease. Along with high serum afp concentration, high serum alkaline phosphatase activity and low albumin concentration were the most important analytes. If hepatic tumor is suspected, we recommend use of the enzymetric test to determine afp concentration, in addition to use of serum biochemical values, clinical findings, and radiography, to aid in the diagnosis.
Clinical, hematologic, and survival data from cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus: 42 cases (1983-1988)
Authors: Fleming Edward J. , McCaw Dudley L. , Smith Julie A. , Buening Gerald M. , Johnson Cindy 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A retrospective study of stored feline serum samples was done to determine the infection rate of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats in central Missouri. Infected cats were compared with uninfected cats subjected to the same selection criteria on the basis of signalment, clinical signs, and cbc abnormalities. A significant incidence of virus infection was found in male cats. Neither age nor breed predilection could be identified. Infected cats were more likely to be anemic and leukopenic because of neutropenia. Cellulitis and neoplasia were more common in infected cats. A spectrum of disease severity was seen in infected cats ranging from no clinical signs to signs of severe chronic inflammatory disease. Infected cats were more likely to have clinical disease. Mean survival of infected cats was 24.4 months from the time of diagnosis.
Study of feline leukemia virus immunity
Authors: Charreyre Catherine , Pedersen Niels C. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Fifteen specific-pathogen-free cats were experimentally infected with FeLV; 8 cats recovered after transient or nondetectable viremia, and 7 cats became persistently viremic. Four additional cats served as noninfected controls. Antibodies to whole FeLV (elisa and immunoblot [western] analysis), antibodies to fixed FeLV-infected cells, and virus-neutralizing antibodies were monitored for as long as 3 years after infection. As a group, cats that recovered after acute infection developed higher titer of these various antibodies than did cats that became persistently viremic. However, specific combination or titer of antibodies was not always found in recovered cats or in persistently viremic cats. Six cats that had recovered from acute FeLV infection nearly 3 years earlier were reinfected with the same virus. Three of the cats appeared to be resistant to reinfection, 2 cats became transiently viremic, and 1 cat became persistently viremic. Slight and transient anamnestic elisa-detectable antibody response to whole virus was seen after reinfection; immunofluoresence- and western blot-detectable responses were not greatly enhanced. Five FeLV-recovered cats were monitored for 2 years; FeLV infection spontaneously recurred in 1 cat.
Development of the immunofluorescent antibody test for detection of feline leukemia virus infection in cats
Authors: Hardy William D. , Zuckerman Evelyn E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Studies of the immunodetection of various microorganisms by various assay systems indicated that the most specific and sensitive assays are immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, and immunoblot analysis (western blot), followed by sensitive but less specific elisa and agglutination assays and, finally, by even less sensitive but very specific virus isolation and double immunodiffusion techniques. The first test for the clinical detection of FeLV infection in pet cats was the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test, which was introduced in 1972. The FeLV test is used for detection for FeLV infection and not as a test for leukemia or any other feline disease. The ifa test was compared with an immunodiffusion (id) test and with tissue culture isolation (tci) of the virus in 26 cats to establish a standard for FeLV tests. Excellent correlation was observed between the ifa and the id tests (100%) and between the ifa and id tests, compared with tci (96.2%). From these studies, it is clear that the ifa test is more accurate and more practical, and that results can be obtained faster than can those for the id or tci tests for FeLV.
Ten-year study comparing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the immunofluorescent antibody test for detection of feline leukemia virus infection in cats
Authors: Hardy William D. , Zuckerman Evelyn E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Immunodetection tests for feline retroviruses are powerful tools used in modern veterinary practice. Veterinarians must fully understand the characteristics—strengths and weaknesses—of the FeLV tests so that the information gained from them can be used properly. Any FeLV elisa or immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test is a method for detection of FeLV infection (the virus) and is not a diagnostic test for leukemia or other feline disease.
From previous studies, it was determined that the most accurate test for detection of persistent FeLV infection is the ifa test, which detects FeLV antigens in cytoplasm of leukocytes in the blood of infected cats. In the study reported here, 1,142,600 FeLV ifa tests were performed between June 1972 and December 1990. During this period 19.8% of the ifa test results were positive and 78% were negative. Evaluation was not possible for the remaining 2.2% of the tests because of lack of enough leukocytes in the smears to evaluate, or nonspecific staining reactions.
In 1979, 7 years after introduction of the ifa test, in-hospital FeLV elisa were introduced, which enabled veterinarians to test for FeLV in their hospitals. Ever since that time, continual discrepancies have been reported between results of FeLV elisa and ifa tests, particularly between positive elisa results and their ifa test confirmation. A 10-year comparison was made between practitioner-performed in-hospital FeLV elisa (n = 20, 240 tests) results and FeLV ifa test performed by a commercial laboratory. All samples tested by elisa were submitted (for confirmation of results) by veterinarians from the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, and Australia. There was 86.9% agreement between negative elisa results and the ifa test result, but only 46.3% agreement between positive elisa results and the ifa test result. Overall agreement was 49.0% for all confirmatory ifa tests. However, there was bias toward confirmation of positive elisa results because 93% of confirmatory tests requested were of elisa-positive samples.
It is apparent from this study that between 26 and 69% of in-hospital positive elisa results and 13% of in-hospital negative elisa results are incorrect. On the basis of these observations, we recommend that veterinarians immediately confirm all FeLV positive elisa results by ifa testing. In addition, negative elisa results in cats that the veterinarian suspects have FeLV infection or FeLV-induced disease should also be confirmed by ifa testing. We also recommend that all cats be vaccinated for FeLV and that they be tested for FeLV and the feline immunodeficiency virus at time of first vaccine dose.
Tumor necrosis factor activity in serum from neonatal foals with presumed septicemia
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Moore James N. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A study was performed to determine prevalence of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) activity in serum of equine neonates with presumed sepsis and to determine correlation between serum tnf activity and severity and outcome of disease. Twenty foals <21 days old were considered suitable for inclusion in this study by satisfying clinical and laboratory criteria suggestive of septicemia. At admission, blood samples were collected from all foals for determination of serum tnf activity, then clinical course and outcome of disease were recorded. Thirty-one clinically normal foals <21 days old served as controls for serum tnf activity. Serum tnf activity was estimated by use of an in vitro cytotoxicity bioassay and WEHI 164 clone-13 murine fibrosarcoma cells. Of the 20 foals with presumed sepsis, 5 had high serum TNF activity. Mean heart rate (P < 0.005), mucosal petechial hemorrhages (P = 0.06), and death rate (P = 0.06) were greater in the group of foals with high serum TNF activity. These foals also had a lower mean neutrophil count (P < 0.001), greater band-to-segmented neutrophil ratio (P < 0.0001), and more prevalent neutrophil toxic changes (P = 0.07) than did foals without serum tnf activity (P = 0.02). Joint swelling was more prevalent in foals without serum tnf activity. Results of the study indicate that serum tnf activity is correlated with clinical criteria of sepsis in equine neonates. An association was apparent between disease severity and serum tnf activity in this group of foals with presumed septicemia.
Clinical and pathologic features of prostatic adenocarcinoma in sexually intact and castrated dogs: 31 cases (1970-1987)
Authors: Bell Ford W. , Klausner Jeffrey S. , Hayden David W. , Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Shirley D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The medical records of 31 dogs diagnosed with prostatic carcinoma at the teaching hospital between January 1970 and October 1987 were reviewed to determine whether gender status had an effect on the clinical features or biologic behavior of the disease. The only Significant difference between sexually intact and castrated dogs was increased prevalence of pulmonary metastasis in castrated dogs.
Pelvic osteotomy as a treatment for obstipation in cats with acquired stenosis of the pelvic canal: Six cases (1978-1989)
Authors: Schrader Steven C. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Pelvic osteotomy with removal or repositioning of bone was performed as treatment for obstipation in 6 domestic shorthair cats with stenosis of the pelvic canal. Narrowing of the pelvic canal was the result of pelvic fracture or sacroiliac luxation in all cats. Tenesmus and obstipation began shortly after pelvic injury in 3 cats and 5 to 12 months after injury in the remaining cats. The duration of clinical signs ranged from 36 hours to 36 months. The duration of large intestinal obstruction influenced the outcome of surgery. Surgical widening of the pelvic canal helped eliminate signs of obstruction when signs were of <6 months' duration (n = 2). When signs of obstipation had continued for a longer period, and megacolon had developed, such treatment was minimally effective (n = 4).