bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces John Nelson Darby by summarizing his biography and his literary and theological achievements. Darby translated all or part of the Bible into English, French, and German. He wrote more than 850 separately published items, ranging from tracts and pamphlets to a five-volume commentary on every book of the Bible. He had wide intellectual interests and wrote reviews of current scientific publications and scholarship on the history of Indo-European language, Hinduism, the Book of Enoch, and Kant. He traveled extensively in western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes. But his reputation as the “father of dispensationalism” might not be deserved. Darby’s arguments came to focus on four major themes, which are the subjects of ensuing chapters: the doctrine of salvation, the work of the Holy Spirit, the church, and the last things.
Soteriology
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
While his name is most often associated with the development of a distinctive theology of the end times, Darby believed that his most important work addressed the doctrine of salvation. His earliest religious convictions were those of an “exact churchman” in the Church of Ireland, combining Protestant views of justification by faith alone with a sacramental theology that critics would have regarded as Catholic. After his evangelical conversion, Darby identified with a small body of radical Calvinists, out of which the new movement of “Plymouth Brethren” emerged. But within this broadly Reformed view, his thinking became increasingly idiosyncratic. Darby extended high Calvinist arguments that the law had nothing to do with sanctification to argue that the law had nothing to do with justification, either.
Introduction
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins by defining basic terms used throughout the book (e.g., bce versus bc; Palestine versus Holy Land versus Land of Israel). The next part familiarizes readers with Jerusalem’s location and topography. The final section introduces readers to our main sources of information about Jerusalem—literary works such as the Bible and Josephus’ writings, and archaeological data—and discusses the reliability of these sources.
Post-Exilic (Persian) Jerusalem (333 bce)
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Persians repatriated the exiled Judahites to Jerusalem and allowed them to build a new temple (the second temple). Under the leadership of Ezra and Nehemiah, some form of Pentateuchal law was implemented, and the city walls were rebuilt. But in 333 bce, Jerusalem was on the brink of a momentous event that would transform the Near East for centuries to come: the conquest of Alexander the Great. Living in an era before mass communication and the internet, Jerusalem’s residents were unaware of Alexander’s approach, and indeed, the significance of his conquest was recognized in Jewish tradition only in retrospect. Instead, life in Jerusalem continued as it had for the previous two centuries under Persian rule.
Epilogue
Authors: Magness Jodi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
On 11 December 1917, following the withdrawal of Ottoman forces, General Edmund Allenby dismounted from his horse and entered the Jaffa Gate on foot to formally accept Jerusalem’s surrender to the British Crown. The British public viewed the city’s surrender as the culmination of the Crusader wars. Allenby’s entry was rooted in millennia of precedent, from David to Jesus to Heraclius to Umar to Godfrey de Bouillon. As a result, Jerusalem, which for Christians is the center of universal salvation and the capital of a symbolic world empire, became part of the British Empire and the capital of Mandatory Palestine. But just three decades after Allenby walked through the Jaffa Gate, the British, unable to stem the rising tide of violence between Jews and Arabs, relinquished the Mandate and withdrew from Palestine.
Motives, Methods, and Milton
Authors: Ullyot Michael 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
To ask why critics read Milton in the 2020s is to juxtapose his historical moment and methods with our present moment and methods. For various reasons, Milton studies lack Shakespeare studies’ enthusiastic embrace of presentist motives, due partly to Shakespeare’s public profile, but also to our academic environment. This chapter describes how that environment influences Milton’s readers at various levels of experience. It goes on to address digital editions and computational methods that interpret Milton without reducing his stylistic and formal qualities to mere quantities. Its conclusion points to the fact that criticism of past authors like Milton has simultaneously historicist and presentist motives.
Milton Lost and Regained in Turkey
Authors: Kirca Mustafa , Baktır Hasan , Öğütcü Murat , Issa Islam , Duran Angelica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In contrast to the long-standing canonization of Milton’s epic poems as world literature, the first Turkish translation of Paradise Lost was not published until the twenty-first century. To account for the delay, the first half of the chapter analyses intersemiotic appropriations of Paradise Lost in the Turkish polysystem of translated literature during the early decades of Republican Turkey, when importing source texts from a humanist and secular literary system was the primary focus of state-sponsored translation activity. The second half of the chapter scrutinizes how Halide Edip Adıvar’s translations and comparative analyses of Milton’s works are conscious of the shared culture of Abrahamic religions, a key theme that sheds light on how Milton was received in Turkish higher education from the publication in 1949 of Adıvar’s text until at least the 1970s. Having been used as an educational reference book for decades, Adıvar’s pedagogical intersemiotic translations consciously bear in mind the Islamic and Turkish backgrounds of their target audiences, namely students and general readers interested in English literature.
Miltonic Motifs in Russian Poetry and Art
Authors: Gabrielova Amina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Milton’s oeuvre became well-known in Russia by the end of the eighteenth century. Milton’s Satan became a particular point of fascination for Russian translators and artists alike. This chapter demonstrates how Milton’s poetry is echoed in different genres of Russian literature and art, by Alexander Pushkin, who greatly admired Milton for his artistic audacity and political courage; Mikhail Lermontov, in whose writings demonic characters take centre stage; and Mikhail Vrubel, whose paintings reveal deep connections to Milton’s poetic images. At the end of this chapter is a ‘Bibliography of Full and Partial Translations of John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained into Russian’, compiled by Andrew Kroninger with Vladislav N. Zabaluev, which documents for the first time to Anglophone audiences the high number of Russian translations from the eighteenth to twenty-first century.
Paradise Lost in Stained Glass
Authors: Sherry Beverley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses upon three stained glass windows that depict Paradise Lost. Dating from 1927–31, they were designed for buildings at the University of New Brunswick in Canada and Princeton University and Geneva College in the United States. While portraits of Milton in stained glass are numerous, as also illustrations of his works in various artistic media, representations of his works in stained glass are extremely rare, albeit spectacular. This chapter explores how the meaning and individuality of these three windows, works of architectural art, result from particular artistic execution as well as distinct architectural, social, cultural, and historical contexts. In so doing, Sherry attempts to identify what is lost and, more importantly, what is gained in these vitreous translations of Paradise Lost.
Miltonic Tempters in Scorsese’s The Wolf of Wall Street
Authors: Olson Jonathan R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Temptation was a perennial concern for Milton: he examined it in masque, epic, tragedy, and lyric, and his four longest poems are centred on temptations and their consequences. The US filmmaker Martin Scorsese likewise has a longstanding interest in the subject: across an oeuvre of twenty-five features directed over six decades, his characters face temptations of diverse kinds in films permeated with religion and films less overtly religious. This chapter explicates how The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) combines in the main character of Jordan Belfort, Comus and his unruly retinue in A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, the dramatic arc and temptation techniques of Satan in Paradise Lost, the substance of Satan’s temptations in Paradise Regained, and themes that resonate across Milton’s prose.
Seeing, Hearing, and Feeling Milton’s Works with and as Prosthetic Sign Systems
Authors: Duran Angelica 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The focus of this study is intermedial translation particularly accessible to disabled audiences. The chapter first focuses on two digital recordings of Milton’s Lycidas. The first is comprised of audio-recordings by eleven Honored Scholars of the Milton Society of America, the written text of the eleven stanzas of Milton’s pastoral elegy, and one black-and-white visual artwork for each stanza—by one of this volume’s contributors, Richard Kenton Webb. The second is a visual recording of the first stanza in American Sign Language with closed captioning. Both redound on the poem’s representations of community and embodiment. The chapter then features braille versions of Paradise Lost: the entire epic in a ten-volume material set based on a scholarly edition; and the beginning of the epic in artist Jamaal Sheats’s ‘Structure 3’, a multimedial artwork with enlarged braille. These combined sign systems heighten our awareness of the accommodations that all readers require to access any poetry.
Milton Marathons
Authors: Hale John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the translating of Milton’s written texts into spoken words in Milton marathons, the communal reading-aloud ‘from morn to dewy eve’ of Paradise Lost by scholars, students, and enthusiasts who distantly echo Homer and his rhapsodes. Hale shares some of the discoveries he experienced and witnessed from such Milton marathons at Otago University from about 1990 to 2015, with variations and experiments that built up a culture of performance and discovery. By putting Milton’s words through into their own voices and ears, through body and mind together, participants find meaning and pleasure, the meanings of a pleasure both collective and personal. At its simplest, reading aloud compels attention to changes in word-pronunciation, signalled by line-rhythm. More fundamentally, every reader must feel Milton’s syntax and, especially for beginners, his enjambment, ‘the sense variously drawn out from one verse into another’, to echo Milton’s note added to the epic in 1668, ‘The Verse’. In larger ways too, readers enter into Milton’s conviction; otherwise, they feel themselves become unconvincing, while listeners hear what jars and think of better ways. This is thinking Milton’s thought after him, submitting to be guided by him. It is intersemiotics interinanimated.
The David Caron “Rule of X”: A Call for Arbitrator Self-Discipline
Authors: Reed Lucy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In his 2017 lecture to the entering class of the Masters in International Dispute Settlement programme at the Graduate Institute in Geneva, David Caron proposed that arbitrators owe ethical duties not only to the parties, the institutions, and the courts but also to themselves. In particular, he examined the challenge of arbitrator over-commitment, its causes, and its effect on international dispute settlement. Caron argued that the solution would not be found only in codes of conduct or external limits, but rather in an individual commitment to a “Rule of X”—where X is the upper limit of cases for an arbitrator that s/he can responsibly manage at the same time. He then went on to explore the parameters and implications of such self-discipline. As the paper on which the lecture was based was a work-in-progress, this chapter will expand and explore the issues raised by the David Caron Rule of X—and in particular the positive impact of self-discipline Caron envisioned for the international dispute resolution field.
The Past and Future of ICSID Additional Facility Dispute Settlement
Authors: Kinnear Meg , Ayman Randi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the creation of the ICSID Additional Facility (AF) in 1978, its development and use between 1978 and 2022, and its revision in the amended ICSID rules of 2022. The chapter focuses on the 2022 version of the AF Rules to highlight how the Rules have expanded the availability of AF arbitration and conciliation, including by delinking them from the Convention’s jurisdictional requirements. The chapter further examines how the 2022 amendments have realigned certain AF procedures with their counterparts in the Convention arbitration and conciliation rules. The chapter also notes the creation through the 2022 amended ICSID rules of stand-alone sets of Fact-Finding and Mediation Rules. This discussion illuminates how the revised Additional Facility Rules of 2022 will apply in practice and the impact this might have on investor–state dispute settlement in the future.
The Singapore Convention on Mediation: Per Aspera Ad Astra
Authors: Morris-Sharma Natalie Y 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In 2019, a new multilateral convention opened for signature, and set records as one of the highest number of first day signatories for any United Nations trade convention. This new convention, also known as the Singapore Convention on Mediation, provides for the cross-border enforcement of international commercial settlement agreements reached through mediation. It is anticipated to be to mediated settlement agreements what the New York Convention has been to arbitral awards. This chapter will examine the similarities and differences between the Singapore Convention and the New York Convention, with a view to better understanding the Singapore Convention and some of its key features. Remarks will also be offered on the significance of the Singapore Convention, not least for the landscape of international dispute resolution, including investor–state dispute settlement.
Independent Accountability Mechanisms in Dispute Settlement
Authors: Brown Weiss Edith 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Within the last three decades, a new form of institution has emerged to give voice to citizens and affected people to enable them to hold multilateral development banks (MDBs) accountable. The body, known as an independent accountability mechanism (IAM), addresses disputes between those affected by an organization’s projects or programmes and management and staff of the organization. Independent accountability mechanisms offer attractive, less formal means for resolving disputes about the effects of development projects on local people. They build upon the long tradition of fact finding and commissions of inquiry in international law. The IAMs can investigate, consider all relevant information, engage directly with those bringing the dispute, retain flexibility for remedies for those responding to the findings, and provide insights on avoiding practices that cause harm. They give voice to those who are harmed or could be harmed by an institution’s actions. To be effective, they need to be accessible, credible, independent, and trusted by all parties.
Conservation and Management of the Living Resources of the Sea
Authors: Oxman Bernard H 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Since the International Law Commission completed its 1956 draft articles on the law of the sea, the question of conservation and management of the living resources of the sea has been closely linked with compulsory third-party dispute settlement procedures. Today the compulsory jurisdiction provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea provide the basic template for the system. Those provisions are incorporated by reference and further strengthened in the 1995 Agreement on Implementation of the 1982 Convention with respect to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. Modern regional fisheries management agreements have continued this trend, incorporating by reference the dispute settlement provisions of the 1995 Agreement and in some instances adding creative new review procedures. Third-party dispute settlement has emerged as a central tool for encouraging compliance with environmental and conservation obligations at sea, and for strengthening international and regional fisheries management regimes by helping to persuade flag states to forego veto power over the adoption of regulatory measures and to accept concurrent enforcement authority over fishing vessels by other states. Provisional measures and other urgent procedures have especially important functions in this process.
Delegation Run Amok
Authors: Bermann George A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The proper allocation of authority between courts and arbitral tribunals over the enforceability of agreements to arbitrate has long occupied a central place in United States arbitration law, domestic and international alike. From US Supreme Court case law over the years, there has emerged a reasonably well-understood distinction between those issues of enforceability that a court will address if asked by a party to do so and those that it will not. Fundamental to the Court’s jurisprudence is a recognition that some enforceability issues—“gateway issues”—so seriously implicate the consent of parties to arbitrate their disputes that a party contesting the enforceability of an arbitration agreement on those grounds is entitled to a judicial determination of the matter, while others—“non-gateway issues”—do not. Complicating the gateway/non-gateway distinction is the Supreme Court’s recognition that parties remain free, in an exercise of party autonomy, to reserve the determination of gateway issues exclusively for arbitral determination, thereby foregoing access to a court on those matters. In the Court’s terminology, parties thereby “delegate” to a tribunal exclusive authority to determine issues over which a party would ordinarily be entitled to an independent judicial determination. This chapter considers the capacity for parties to “delegate” such authority to tribunals, including the means by which they may indicate their clear and unmistakable intent to do so.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Concluding Remarks reminds readers of the creativity and the power of humans as group members, whether young or old. Babies in Groups has undertaken to build hitherto-lacking pathways to connect newborns with the group-immersed grownup, based on research which shows that the groupness of humans is evident in the first months of life. In this way, the book constructs an account of human beginnings which contrasts with better-known paradigms that assume human social development has an infant–adult couple as its foundation stone and template. Concluding Remarks provides further intellectual and political context for the clash of visions Babies in Groups describes by reflecting on debates about childcare which pivoted around the Second World War.
When I Hid My Caste
Authors: Bagul Baburao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The first of these is Baburao Bagul’s Marathi short story ‘When I Hid My Caste’ (Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti), first published in 1963, and later translated into English by Jerry Pinto. The story depicts Dalit railway workers who are poor but creative and industrious. The narrator, whose caste is unknown to his colleagues, is befriended by the foreman’s brother on account of their shared interest in poetry, while the other Dalit employee at the site fights off increasing caste hostility from fellow workers. What ensues exposes the structural logic of caste society which undermines merit, creativity, and hard work.
The Parable of the Lost Daughter: Luke 15: 11–32
Authors: Vinodini M.M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The third of these is M.M. Vinodini’s ‘Parable of the Lost Daughter: Luke 15: 11–32’, translated from Telugu by Uma Bhrugubanda. It is the story of a young Dalit Christian woman who, in the company of her brahmin classmate, imagines and takes initial steps towards inhabiting a comparable upper-caste status. She realizes that caste identity is not a personal choice but an imposed one. The struggle within herself and her struggle against the dominant Hindu ideology is the theme of the story.
Weave of My Life
Authors: Pawar Urmila 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is a selection from Urmila Pawar’s celebrated Marathi-language autobiography Aaydan (2003), later published in English as The Weave of My Life: A Dalit Woman’s Memoirs. In the selection of Aaydan presented here, translated by Kedar A. Kulkarni, Pawar describes the early days of the Dalit Women’s Literary Organization, a group she co-founded. In an attempt to reach out to Dalit women outside their social networks, Pawar and her co-founders make house calls in Bombay neighbourhoods where some middle-class Dalits are known to live, sometimes with their caste concealed. With her characteristic attention to the humorous, Pawar, in this selection, relates her encounter with a woman in this situation.
Engagements with Aimé Césaire
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAimé Césaire is due a re-interpretation, a major one, and that is exactly what this book carries out. Through an in-depth grasp of the trajectory and core significance of his work, the book explicates a set of links it makes between ‘spirit’, ‘poetry’, and ‘animism’. These explications, setting Césaire’s work in relation to a rigorously accounted for set of influences, re-frame how we understand the work, enhancing its scholarly, rather than merely political, appreciation. This book is more than about Négritude, which, admittedly, has come to mean something less than a deep poetic sensibility with its own aspirational aesthetic and metaphysics, and rather something more like a weak or fantasy-ridden iteration of pan-Africanism or strong senses of diaspora. It shows an Aimé Césaire deeply relevant to today: to the ‘polycrises’ of ecological collapse, capitalist dystopias, and the affective economies predicated upon fear and the threat of foreigners; to the contemporary chatter around interspecies collaboration and the need to radically rethink the entrepreneurial subject of Western political thought. Recasting Césaire’s work is not just a matter of transforming a figure. It’s also about rethinking legacies; hence the title of the book. This is an engagement in the truest sense—that of a contemporary Black poet who expounds the ways in which Césaire’s work articulates for him a new politics of the self.