bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfer Of Sound-Induced Vibrations To Sensing Cells
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sound-sensing cells of the mammalian cochlea are situated in a geometrically complex structure that transfers the sound-induced vibrations of the cochlear partition to its embedded sensory cells. Anatomical and physiological evidence indicates that this transfer is efficient, providing the sensory cells with a faithful, robust version of the partition’s vibrations. Examining the nature of that transfer is the main task of this chapter. Also considered are attributes of the fluids that bathe the sensory cells. The strikingly different chemical properties and electrical potentials of endolymph and perilymph create for these cells a unique electrochemical environment.
Transduction Processes In Hair Cells
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hearing organs in vertebrates, their vestibular apparatus, and (in fish and some amphibians) the lateral line organs, share the need to transduce minute mechanical disturbances into receptor potentials. These organs, which together make up the acousticolateralis system, accomplish this task with specialized displacement-sensing cells. Although they come in various shapes and sizes, each of these hair cells is characterized by a group of cilia or “hairs” protruding from an approximately flat surface making up one end of the cell (Flock, 1971). The deflection of these cilia is the crucial mechanical step in the hair cell’s transduction process (Hudspeth and Corey, 1977).
Cochlear Amplifier
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Displacements of the basilar membrane at threshold sound pressures are measured in fractions of a nanometer (Russell et al., 1995). The wavelengths of visible light, on the other hand, are about half a micrometer, three orders of magnitude greater. As displacement measurements made with ordinary (mixed-wavelength) light are limited in resolution to magnitudes on the or­ der of the wavelengths used, von Bekesy, who employed ordinary visible light in his experiments, was forced to use sound pressures intense enough to produce basilar membrane displacements in that same micrometer range. We now know that such sound levels (&gt; 100 dB SPL) are high enough to eliminate the effects of the “cochlear amplifier,”‘ indeed high enough to damage cochleas quickly. Measurements of cochlear motions produced by sounds in the normal physiological range had to wait therefore for the invention of submicron measurement techniques.
Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Speech Sounds
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We depend on speech to an extent not often appreciated for both physical well-being (“watch out”) and emotional health (solitary confinement is a dreaded punishment). Therefore knowledge about how the inner ear responds to speech has much practical value-for the design of prosthetic devices as well as being of great theoretical interest. It would be convenient if we could obtain that information in an easy manner, such as predicting it from the responses to simple stimuli such as tones or clicks (see Chapters 12, 13). Unfortunately, because of the ear’s strong nonlinearities and our limited understanding of them, accurate predictions are currently impossible. There is no choice but to measure those responses directly, using the speech sounds themselves as the acoustic stimuli.
Feedbaci&lt; From the Central Nervous System
Authors: Geisler C Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have followed the acoustic signal step by step through the auditory periphery, from pinna to primary afferent neuron. We have considered enough of the myriad mechanisms involved to enable us to predict with some accuracy the neural responses to many types of acoustic stimuli. Regardless, the story is still incomplete, as the ear, though serving as the portal through which auditory information enters the brain, does not operate rigidly. Adaptable, the ear modifies itself in response to signals from the brain as well as sending information into it.
The Politics of Culture O’Sullivan and the Democratic Review
Authors: Widmer Edward L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1823 U.S. authorities at Buenos Aires seized the brig Dick “on suspicion of her being engaged in piratical pursuits.” The Dick’s captain was an American merchant of noble Irish extraction, John Thomas O’Sullivan. A year later he drowned in a shipwreck off South America, still trying to recover his confiscated fortune. An ancient family title, the count of Bearhaven, ultimately descended to his second son after an elder brother also perished at sea. Unfortunately, the papers proving the title were also lost in the shipwreck.
Democracy and Literature
Authors: Widmer Edward L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no proof that Hawthorne’s description of Holgrave was intended to con­ jure John O’Sullivan. Yet the accuracy of the description and the intimacy of the two men suggests more than coincidental resemblance. To this day, extraordinarily, Hawthorne retains the image of the political na’if, unfamiliar with the real world, and more comfortable with antiquarian legends than the political currents pulsing through O’Sullivan. But like most writers of the period, even a sentimental versifier like Longfellow, he had shrewd insight into the politics of literature.
Introduction
Authors: Hartman Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of business ethics divides roughly into those who are at home in business-some in organization theory or organizational behavior, some in economics-and those who are philosophers first of all. Apart from the past or current commitment to religion found among many practitioners on both sides, their orientation is significantly different. I grew up within the second group and am a convert to the first, but, like an ex-Catholic Baptist who no longer worries about transubstantiation but still prefers Gregorian chants to gospel hymns, I am incompletely made over.I hope this essay will engage both groups, not least organization theorists. I do say some things that will be familiar to one group but perhaps not to the other. To some readers the text will seem at times to move from the obvious to the obscure. I trust, however, that neither side will find any of it impossible to follow and that both sides will find something new to them even in what I have to say about their part of the field. There is perhaps more here than will interest some management scholars about the nature and status of business ethics as a discipline. These scholars will at least be gratified to see that I regard an understanding of business as a necessary condition of competent work in business ethics.
Utilitarianism and Its Difficulties
Authors: Hartman Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If morality is supposed to make people better off, one might think that what is moral is whatever maximizes being well off in the aggregate. If the morality of an act is determined by whether it generates more goodness than does any possible alternative, and if goodness is a matter of the amount of well-being of one or more people, one might infer that the individual always has a moral obligation to try to maximize happiness for everyone. This is not a sound argument. For one thing, it is not clear that any old happiness can be the objective of moral activity, since some forms of happiness are not obviously good. Is it good to be happy because you believe something false? That hardly seems to count as being better off. More generally, traditional utilitarian theories give no adequate account of what is involved in well-being, or of the good life. Standard economic theory, which has been thought to be the realization of utilitarianism, makes some questionable presuppositions about the good life, in particular about its connection with the fulfilment of desire. This problem about utilitarianism is of particular interest to business ethicists because one of the criticisms of the culture of business is precisely that it socializes people to prefer and be content with a life inferior to what they might otherwise have lived.
Morality and Autonomy
Authors: Hartman Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is possible for morality to be in the moral person’s best interests, not because all rational people must be moral, but because there is a certain kind of good life in which rationality and morality are compatible. It is characteristic of the good community that in several ways it makes this compatibility possible for those who live there. So does the good organization for those who work there. It is therefore the moral task of the manager to create a productive organization in which, on the whole, it is rational to be moral. Morality is in the first instance about acting in others’ interests rather than just in one’s own, but, as I argued in Chapter 2, the notion of interests is subtler than the one implied by the utilitarianism that goes with standard economic theory. In particular, neither one’s values nor one’s interests need be narrowly selfish or otherwise inimical to others’ interests. That the moral life is a matter of acting in others’ interests is therefore compatible with the moral life’s being a happy life, a life lived for the most part to good advantage.
Problems of Corporate Culture
Authors: Hartman Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If respect for autonomy is a moral requirement, then it is good, other things being equal, to permit people to do what they want to do. Other things are not equal in an organization, which almost by definition creates relationships that entail obligations and other limits on autonomy, but organizations can also increase one’s autonomy, which in any case remains an important moral consideration. Autonomy is not simply a matter of doing what one wants: if it were, then the weak-willed person, the addict, and the victim of brainwashing would all be autonomous. The threat to autonomy in the organization comes in part from the organization’s power to compel people to do what they do not want to do and have no legitimate obligation to do and also from people’s doing exactly what they want to do; people may act on desires they prefer not to have or would prefer not to have if they thought about them. Chapter 5 argued that to do what one wants to do when one wants to do something that is not the object of a rational desire is to act less than fully autonomously. The distinction between first-order and second-order desires provides us with an insight into human motivation but does not by itself enable us to distinguish between autonomous desires and others, since second order desires too may result from addiction or brainwashing. If an organization affects Smith’s second-order desires in a way that serves the interests of the stockholders or managers but not of Smith, then we surely have some reason to say that her autonomy has been violated. Defining autonomy, Chapter 5 showed, is a difficult philosophical problem; there is a practical difficulty, too, for the manager who wants to do what every manager has a moral obligation to do, which is to manage an organization that respects autonomy in a way that is consistent with effectively achieving legitimate corporate objectives.
A Note on Clitic Doubling in French
Authors: Kayne Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier work,11 took the deviance of (4) to directly reflect the obligatory character of the movement operation involved in the derivation of (5). That approach did not attach syntactic importance to the difference in form between the moi of (3)/(4) and the me of (5). In chapter 8, on the other hand, I have argued that moi and me differ in that moi is bimorphemic and me is not.
Introduction
Authors: Puckett Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps a linguistic anthropological perspective has merit. These anecdotes are re-representations of fieldnotes of observed interactions recorded while I was living in a southeastern Kentucky community in the Appalachian coalfields I have given the pseudonym Ash Creek.21 found these contestations to be rare but strident in their aftermath because the nonlocal and local participants in them and the local residents hearing about them assessed them so differently. Perhaps they were interpreting the events from radically different perspectives. Perhaps certain verbal and nonverbal signs were functioning as contextualization cues to invoke different sets of presuppositions that participants "must rely on to . . . assess what is intended” (Gumperz 1992:230).
The Court
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By all accounts, William Rehnquist was to be a more effective chief justice, especially in terms of his relations with his colleagues, than his predecessor. Warren Earl Burger had certainly looked the part, and his opinions were entirely workman like, readable efforts. But a preoccupation with Court pomp and his early grounds beautification campaign had hardly enhanced his image with Court veterans, including Justice Black, who once described the then new chief as “a good man-with flowers.”
The Economics of Contract Law
Authors: Miceli Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world of perfect certainty and costless contracting, the parties to a contract will specify as part of the contract the manner in which they will react to all possible contingencies. That is, they will write fully contingent contracts. In reality, however, the parties will not be able to provide for all contingencies. Thus, there will occasionally arise circumstances in which one of the parties no longer values performance of the contract under the original terms. In this case, a dispute arises. Contract law provides rules for resolving disputes over non performance (or modified performance) that the parties are not able to resolve on their own. The two basic questions contract law addresses are: What contracts should be enforceable? and, What should be the remedies available to victims of broken but enforceable promises? (Cooter and Ulen, 1988, p. 213).
In this chapter, I focus on the second question by examining remedies for breach of contract.
On Word-structure and Conditions
Authors: Sciullo Anna-Maria Di 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The derivation of words gives rise to a lively debate in generative grammar. The debate is actual and important, not only because the differences and the relations between words and phrases are not yet well understood but also because it has consequences for the internal architecture of the grammar. The central questions in this debate are whether the derivation of words is performed by the laws of the syntax or by the laws of another component, that is, the morphology, the phonology, or the lexicon; whether the derivation of words includes phrasal categories or is restricted to lexical categories; and whether word-structures are subject to the conditions that apply on syntactic structures, or to completely different or partly different conditions.
The Creation Of Coherence In Coming-Out Stories
Authors: Liang C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I ‘ve realized now that I can tell all my friends about the kind of guys I like to date I can write to some 30,000 Cal students a week on the importance of (and secrets to) drag makeup. And, honey, I don ‘t care if the whole world knows that I can ‘t take it as a bottom. But I can ‘t show these clippings of my newspaper columns to my dad. I can ‘t tell my grandma that the “ugliest” baby she has ever seen took first runner-up in a beauty pageant and has serious hopes of becoming a future Miss Gay Universe. I can ‘t tell my mom about my love life (or lack of it). I haven ‘t come out. At least not where it counts: to my family.
The Corporation Faces Issues of Race and Gender
Authors: R.Bergmann Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The employment policies of American corporations-their handling of matters of race, ethnicity, and gender-are bound to have a profound effect on the American economy and American society. These policies will affect the corporation’s mode and efficiency of operation, its costs, and its flexibility. More than any other factors, they will determine whether large numbers of African-American and Hispanic American citizens will continue to have incomes and identities that set them apart from and distinctly below main stream Americans. These policies will also play a big part in determining the position of women in our society.
The Corporation as a Dispenser of Welfare and Security
Authors: Acs Gregory , Steuerle Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The image of the modern corporation, run by managers trying to maximize shareholders’ profits, belies the vital role today’s corporations play in promoting the commonweal. Indeed, today’s corporations promote social welfare directly by serving as an agent for the employee in purchasing pension, health, and other welfare benefit plans and for the government in collecting records and revenue and partially administering related public programs like social security. Governments also enhance the corporation’s natural agency role by providing both public mandates and private incentives for it to perform a variety of social welfare functions.
Almost Everywhere: Surging Inequality and Falling Real Wages
Authors: Thurow Lester 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rapid and widespread increase in inequality in income in the United States over the past two decades has traditionally been the province of countries experiencing a revolution or a military defeat followed by occupation. Indeed, this is first time since the collection of income data began that the median real wages of American males have consistently fallen over a twenty-year period. And never before have a majority of American workers suffered real wage reductions while the real per capita gross domestic product (GDP) was increasing.
Centralization and Symmetry
Authors: Swanson Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have considered protozoa and sponges, unicellular organisms and multicellular animals without a nervous system, along with the simplest animals with a nervous system—the jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydra that have a more or less diffuse nerve net. All of these organisms either lack symmetry or are radially symmetrical, and their bodies are so simple that they lack clearly differentiated tissues. These features change dramatically when we come to what is commonly regarded as the next major branch of the evolutionary tree, the flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes).
The Motor System
Authors: Swanson Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By definition, the motor system is the output of the central nervous system. When I watch you eat a piece of candy, I am actually watching the immediate result of activity in your motor system, which, incidentally, is also controlling motor activity I can’t directly see—your swallowing, gut peristalsis, sphincters, and heartbeat. In contrast, the sensory system provides input to the central nervous system, and the behavioral state and cognitive systems are intrinsic to it. We may summarize the basic wiring diagram or plan outlined in the previous chapter by saying that information processing in the central nervous system directs behavior via the motor system, which in turn is controlled by the behavioral state, cognitive, and sensory systems. This chapter is an introduction to the basic organization of the motor system, including its own divisions; the following three chapters go on to discuss in a similar way the three functional systems that control its output. As the quote at the beginning of the chapter from the pioneering American comparative neuroanatomist J.B. Johnston alludes to, there is a long history of dividing bodily functions into two main categories: somatic and visceral. On one hand, there is the “body” or soma with its musculoskeletal system and integument that together deal with the external world; on the other hand, there are all of the various internal, more or less automatic, visceral functions related to digestion, the cardiovascular system, and reproduction.
Modifiability
Authors: Swanson Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While it can be useful to think of the brain as a biological computer, it is a grave mistake to think about the brain’s circuitry in terms of hard-wired computer chips. In the first place, because of the chromosome mixing that accompanies sexual reproduction, every brain is different in detail, just as every face is unique. And in the second, the brain is an organ composed of tissues; as such, it is alive and constantly changing. It was a major breakthrough in late-twentieth-century neuroscience to realize that the chemistry of synaptic transmission is dynamic, that new neurons may be generated in adult mammals, and that it may become possible to regrow damaged axonal pathways.
The topic of neural plasticity is vast and is only touched on here to emphasize, with selected examples, the principle that brain architecture is not static. The structure of the brain is constantly changing because of influences from the internal and external environments and because of genetic factors associated with the normal life cycle of development, puberty, adulthood, and aging. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that there are two qualitatively different levels of brain organization: macrocircuitry and microcircuitry.
Gene Networks
Authors: Swanson Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have outlined the cellular composition of the nervous system, the spatial relationships of its basic. parts, and the network arrangement of its four basic functional systems. This is classical neuroscience. Like any organ the brain has a regional architecture and a number of functional systems, in this case motor, cognitive, state control, and sensory. The global architecture of the vertebrate nervous system seems to be based on the principle of segmentation, with particular neuromere segments differentiating to different extents in different groups of animals. Perhaps the most critical factor in this differentiation is the overall body plan of a particular animal group. The fundamental building block or component of all neural networks is the neuron, which has the same basic cell biology in all animals with a nervous system. What varies between species is the way neurons are used to build the neuromeres—or, alternatively, the way neurons are used to construct neural circuits or networks within the system as a whole.
Arizona Tewa Kiva Speech as a Manifestation of a Dominant Language Ideology
Authors: Kroskrity Paul V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘What have you learned about the ceremonies?” Back in the summer of 1973, when I first began research on Arizona Tewa, I was often asked this and similar questions by a variety of villagers. I found this strange, even disconcerting, since the questions persisted after I explained my research interest as residing in the language “itself,” or in “just the language, not the culture.” But my response was very much a managed production. For though my originally formulated object of study was the Arizona Tewa language, even early on in what was to become long-term field research I had become very interested in the tangled relationship of Arizona Tewa language, culture, and society. But despite this interest, I had been coached by my academic advisers and informed by a scholarly tradition of research on Pueblo Indians to recognize the cultural sensitivity of research on religion and the suspicion directed at those who would nevertheless attempt to study it, even in its more esoteric forms. My professional training thus encouraged me to attribute these periodic inquiries to a combination of secrecy and suspicion regarding such culturally sensitive topics as ceremonial language.