bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry of Ruthenium Purple Confined in a Polymer Matrix: Voltammetry, Electrocatalysis for Hydrogen Evolution, and Electron-Transport Characteristics
Authors: Abe Toshiyuki , Kawai Noriaki , Tajiri Akio , Kaneko Masao 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The synthesis of iron(III) ruthenocyanide (Ruthenium Purple, RP) in a Nafion (Nf) membrane was carried out. The visible-light absorption spectrum of the resulting RP exhibited an inter-valent charge-transfer band around 550–570 nm similar to that of neat RP, evidently showing that RP is formed in a polymer matrix. The voltammetric characteristics of the RP confined in the Nf matrix (Nf[RP]) were investigated compared with the neat RP. When Nf[RP] was used as an electrocatalyst to reduce H+, efficient H2 formation was found to originate from its molecular catalysis. In order to investigate the dominant factor that affects the overall kinetics in H+ reduction catalysis, the dependencies of both the catalytic activity (represented by the turnover number (TN) of a RP unit) and the diffusion coefficient of electron (Dapp) were studied as a function of the RP concentration in the matrix. The Dapp value decreased with increasing the concentration. The dependence of TN on the concentration was similar to that of Dapp, indicating that the overall kinetics is dominated by electron transport by RP.
Deactivation of a Cu/Al2O3 Catalyst in a N2O Decomposition Reaction
Authors: Tanaka Katsutoshi , Shimizu Atsushi , Fujimori Masami , Kodama Souhei , Sawai Shigeki 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Dinitrogen oxide (nitrous oxide, N2O), a non-CO2 greenhouse gas, is produced as a by-product in the oxidation of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol with nitric acid in adipic acid production plants. A Cu/Al2O3 catalyst has been used to decompose N2O to nitrogen and oxygen. We investigated the rate of deactivation of Cu/Al2O3 to establish an industrial abatement process for N2O. When Cu/Al2O3 catalyst containing 3 wt% of Cu was used, the apparent activation energy for the N2O decomposition reaction was estimated to be 167 kJ mol−1 at 746–853 K and 113 kJ mol−1 at 853–953 K. The former activation energy has been ascribed to an inhibition effect of oxygen. The rate constants of the N2O decomposition reaction have decreased with time. The decrease in the reaction-rates was analyzed by applying a first-order equation with respect to the rate constants. Simulation of the catalyst deactivation process has revealed that the Cu/Al2O3 catalyst is effective for at least for two years under the condition that 15 m3 of the catalyst is used for an adipic acid plant with a production capacity of 120 kt per year. Thus, we have concluded that the catalyst is suitable for use in industrial processes.
The Effect of MgO on the Enhancement of the Efficiency in Solid-State Dye Sensitized Photocells Fabricated with SnO2 and CuI
Authors: Perera Susira , Senadeera Rohan , Tennakone Kirthi , Ito Seigo , Kitamura Takayuki , Wada Yuji , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Solid-state dye-sensitized photo cells were fabricated with nanocrystalline SnO2 covered with a thin layer of MgO as the anode and the hole conductor CuI as the cathode. While the cell fabricated with SnO2/Ruthenium bipyridyl dye/CuI delivered almost no photocurrent with very low photovoltage, the cell SnO2 (MgO)/Ruthenium bipyridyl dye/CuI delivered a short circuit photocurrent of ∼2.5 mA cm−2 with an open circuit voltage of ∼500 mV. Enhancement in the photocurrent and the voltages was found when the percentage of MgO to SnO2 was around 4 wt%. This is due to the formation of a thin energy barrier, which suppresses the recombination of photoelectrons.
Molecular Orientation in the Organized Molecular Films of Fluorinated Comb Polymers with Various Chain Lengths Studied by Soft X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Fujimori Atsuhiro , Araki Tohru , Nakahara Hiroo , Ito Eisuke , Hara Masahiko , Matsuie Noritaka , Ishii Hisao , Ouchi Yukio , Seki Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
The molecular orientation in multilayer films of fluorinated comb polymers with various side-chain lengths can be characterized by near-edge X-ray absorption fine structures (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the C K- and F K-edges. The spectra are found to change significantly with respect to the incidence angles of the soft X-rays and the number of layers in organized molecular films as well as chemical modifications such as fluorocarbon side-chain lengths, the atoms at the ω-position of the fluorocarbon side-chains, and α-methyl substituents. Analysis of these changes of the NEXAFS spectra provides useful information about the average molecular orientation in the X- and Z-types of mono- and multilayer films of the fluorinated comb polymers on solids.
Clonal Hematopoiesis Risk Score and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Older Adults
Authors: Saadatagah Seyedmohammad , Uddin Md Mesbah , Weeks Lachelle D. , Niroula Abhishek , Ru Meng , Takahashi Koichi , Gondek Lukasz , Yu Bing , Bick Alexander G. , Ebert Benjamin L. , Platz Elizabeth A. , Natarajan Pradeep , Ballantyne Christie M. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceClonal hematopoiesis (CH) with acquired pathogenic variants in myeloid leukemia driver genes is common in older adults but of unknown prognostic value.ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of CH and the utility of the CH risk score (CHRS) in estimating all-cause and disease-specific mortality in older adults with CH.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based prospective cohort study involved community-dwelling older adults (aged 67-90 years) without hematologic malignant neoplasms (HMs) who were participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Visit 5 at 4 US centers: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Washington County, Maryland. Samples were collected from 2011 to 2013, sequencing was performed in 2022, and data analysis was completed in 2023.ExposureThe exposure was a diagnosis of CH. CHRS scores (calculated using 8 demographic, complete blood cell count, and molecular factors) were used to categorize individuals with CH into low-risk (CHRS ≤9.5), intermediate-risk (CHRS &amp;gt;9.5 to &amp;lt;12.5), and high-risk (CHRS ≥12.5) groups.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and secondary outcomes were HM mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and death from other causes.ResultsAmong 3871 participants without a history of HM (mean [SD] age, 75.7 [5.2] years; 2264 [58.5%] female individuals; 895 [23.1%] Black individuals; 2976 White individuals [76.9%]), 938 (24.2%) had CH. According to the CHRS, 562 (59.9%) were low risk, 318 (33.9%) were intermediate risk, and 58 (6.2%) were high risk. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 7.13 (5.63-7.78) years, 570 participants without CH (19.4%) and 254 participants with CH (27.1%) died. Mortality by CHRS risk group was 128 deaths (22.8%) for low risk, 93 (29.2%) for intermediate risk, and 33 (56.9%) for high risk. By use of multivariable competing risk regression, subdistribution hazard ratios (sHRs) for all-cause mortality were 1.08 (95% CI, 0.89-1.31; P = .42) for low-risk CH, 1.12 (95% CI, 0.89-1.41; P = .31) for intermediate-risk CH, and 2.52 (95% CI, 1.72-3.70; P &amp;lt; .001) for high-risk CH compared with no CH. Among individuals in the high-risk CH group, the sHR of death from HM (6 deaths [10.3%]) was 25.58 (95% CI, 7.55-86.71; P &amp;lt; .001) and that of cardiovascular death (12 deaths [20.7%]) was 2.91 (95% CI, 1.55-5.47; P &amp;lt; .001).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, the CHRS was associated with all-cause, HM-related, and cardiovascular disease mortality in older adults with CH and may be useful in shared decision-making to guide clinical management and identify appropriate candidates for clinical trials.
Optimal Surveillance Interval of Branch Duct Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of the Pancreas
Authors: Han Youngmin , Kwon Wooil , Lee Mirang , Jung Hye-Sol , Yun Won-Gun , Cho Young Jae , Chae Yoon Soo , Fernández-Del Castillo Carlos , Marchegiani Giovanni , Salvia Roberto , Goh Brian K. P. , Lee Woo Jin , Jang Jin-Young 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceDespite the increasing prevalence of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), data on the growth and malignant conversion rates based on long-term surveillance cohorts are limited. Many international guidelines recommend surveillance for benign lesions, but the optimal interval and duration are unclear.ObjectiveTo determine the optimal surveillance protocol for IPMN and propose which patients may be exempted from surveillance.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis large-scale, international cohort study examined data of 3825 patients with IPMN treated at 5 tertiary pancreatic centers. Included were patients with branch duct (BD) IPMN who underwent surveillance or surgery between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2020. After a thorough review, 3656 patients were included in the analytic sample. Changes in cyst size, worrisome features or high-risk stigmata, and malignant conversion rates were assessed. Patients who underwent surveillance over 5 years were compared to suggest discontinuation of surveillance protocol. Clinical data collection began in January 1, 2021, and the mean (SD) follow-up duration was 84 (47.7) months. The data analysis was performed from May 2, 2022, through September 14, 2022.ExposureThe patients with BD-IPMN were followed up based on International Association of Pancreatology guidelines. Patients with suspicious malignant neoplasms during surveillance underwent surgical resection.Main Outcome and MeasuresThe main outcome of this study was the optimal follow-up interval and duration of BD-IPMN surveillance. The association among cyst size, growth rate, and progression was examined using descriptive statistics.ResultsOf the 3656 patients with BD-IPMN in the analytic sample (1973 [54.0%] female; mean [SD] age, 63.7 [10.2] years), 172 (4.7%) were confirmed to have malignant lesions through surgery. Considering cyst growth, the time to develop worrisome features, and malignant conversion, a 1.5-, 1-, and 0.5-year surveillance interval could be optimal for cysts smaller than 20 mm, 20 to 30 mm, and 30 mm, respectively, after initial short-term (6-month) follow-up. Patients with cysts smaller than 20 mm, no worrisome features, and no growth during 5-year surveillance did not show malignant conversion after 5 years of follow-up and had time to progression of greater than 10 years.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that BD-IPMN surveillance may depend on the size of the cyst and morphologic changes at the initial 6-month follow-up. For patients with small cysts (ie, &amp;lt;20 mm) with no morphologic changes during the initial 5-year surveillance period, surveillance may be discontinued for those unfit for surgery or who have a limited life expectancy of 10 years or less.
Effect of prescription isodose line on tissue sparing in linear accelerator‐based stereotactic radiosurgery treating multiple brain metastases using dynamic conformal arcs
Authors: Walter Yohan A. , Dugas Joseph P. , Broekhoven Bethany L. , Jacobs Troy D. , Han Muhong , Wang Chiachien J. , Wu Hsinshun T. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPurposeLinear accelerator‐based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a mainstay for simultaneous management of multiple intracranial targets. Recent improvements in treatment planning systems (TPS) have enabled treatment of multiple brain metastases using dynamic conformal arcs (DCA) and a single treatment isocenter. However, as the volume of healthy tissue receiving at least 12 Gy (V12) is linked to the probability of developing radionecrosis, balancing target coverage while minimizing V12 is a critical factor affecting SRS plan quality. Current TPS allow users to adjust various parameters influencing plan optimization. The purpose of this work is to quantify the effect of negative margins on V12 for cranial SRS plans managing multiple brain metastases.MethodsUsing the Brainlab Elements v3.0 TPS (Brainlab, Munich, Germany), we calculated V10, V12, V15, monitor units, and conformity index for seventeen SRS plans treating 2–10 metastases on our Elekta Versa HD (Elekta, Stockholm, Sweden) linear accelerator. We compared plans optimized using 70%‐90% prescription isodose lines (IDL) in 5% increments.ResultsIrrespective of the number of treated metastases, optimization at a lower prescription IDL reduced V10, V12, and V15 and increased MU compared to the 90% IDL (p < 0.01). However, comparing the 70% and 75% IDL optimizations, there was little difference in tissue sparing. The conformity index showed no consistent trends at different IDLs due to a significant spread in case data.ConclusionFor our plans treating up to 10 metastases, diminishing returns for tissue sparing at IDLs below 80% paired with increasing treatment MU and dosimetric hot spot made optimization at lower IDLs less favorable. In our clinic, after consulting with a physician, it was determined that optimization at the 80% IDL achieved the best balance of V12, treatment MU, and maximum dose. Clinics implementing LINAC‐based SRS programs may consider using similar evaluations to develop their own clinical protocols.
Biomimetic Structural Design of Fabric for Low‐Cost, Scalable, and Highly Efficient Off‐Grid Solar‐Driven Water Purification
Authors: Tian Yankuan , Song Rui , Li Yiju , Zhu Ruishu , Yang Xin , Wu Dequn , Wang Xueli , Song Jianwei , Yu Jianyong , Gao Tingting , Li Faxue 
Published: January 2024

AbstractInterfacial solar‐vapor generation (ISVG) is an emerging technology for water purification. However, high cost, low evaporation rate, clogging issues, and limited solar utilization under natural condictions greatly hinder its practical application. Herein, inspired by the aligned microstructure of dragonfly wings, a 3D microarray structure composed of vertically aligned hierarchical and hydrophilic carbon fibers (CFs) is constructed using a scalable fiber manufacturing technology. The microarray structure of the high‐thermal‐conductivity CFs with nanocapillaries contributes to the fast mass (steam and salt ions) and heat transfer as well as high omnidirectional light absorption. More importantly, due to the strong multiscale capillary effect, the formed 3D water evaporation surface containing abundant micro‐meniscuses and nanoscale thin water layers in the CFs arrays effectively reduces the evaporation enthalpy and creates more water/air interfaces, leading to the significant increasing evaporation rate. As a result, a high evaporation rate of 2.21 kg m−2 h−1 under one‐sun irradiation can be achieved. Moreover, the off‐grid water treatment device assembled with multiple 3D CFs‐based customized spherical evaporators can obtain a high pure water collection of 10.71 kg m−2 per day without salt accumulation under real environmental conditions. This work demonstrates a high‐efficiency, cost‐effective, and scalable strategy for high‐performance ISVG.
High Q‐Factor Polymer Microring Resonators Realized by Versatile Damascene Soft Nanoimprinting Lithography
Authors: Lin Wei‐Kuan , Liu Shuai , Lee Sungho , Zhang Zhesheng , Wang Xueding , Xu Guan , Guo L. Jay 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHigh‐quality‐factor microring resonators are highly desirable in many applications. Fabricating a microring resonator typically requires delicate instruments to ensure a smooth side wall of waveguides and 100‐nm critical feature size in the coupling region. In this work, a new method “damascene soft nanoimprinting lithography” is demonstrated that can create high‐fidelity waveguide by simply backfilling an imprinted cladding template with a high refractive index polymer core. This method can easily realize high Q‐factor polymer microring resonators (e.g., ≈5 × 105 around 770 nm wavelength) without the use of any expensive instruments and can be conducted in a normal lab environment. The high Q‐factors can be attributed to the residual layer‐free feature and controllable meniscus cross‐section profile of the filled polymer core. Furthermore, the new method is compatible with different polymers, yields low fabrication defects, enables new functionalities, and allows flexible substrate. These benefits can broaden the applicability of the fabricated microring resonator.
Nanocrystalline Lead Halide Perovskites to Boost Time‐of‐Flight Performance of Medical Imaging Detectors
Authors: Pagano Fiammetta , Král Jan , Děcká Kateřina , Pizzichemi Marco , Mihóková Eva , Čuba Václav , Auffray Etiennette 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTime‐of‐flight (TOF) technique, traditionally used in high energy physics (HEP) and positron emission tomography (PET), is now being explored for lower energy applications like computed tomography (CT). Regardless of the application, pushing the current boundaries in time resolution calls for novel technologies and materials exhibiting ultra‐fast time response. Semiconductor nanocrystals like cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbBr3), benefiting from quantum confinement effects, feature ultra‐fast decay and, when combined with a suitable bulk scintillator following a heterostructure concept, can also provide the necessary stopping power. In this work, thin films of CsPbBr3 on top of BGO, LYSO:Ce, and GAGG:Ce,Mg wafers are fabricated to test their impact on the single crystal scintillator time resolution under soft X‐rays excitation (about 10 keV). It is demonstrated that the CsPbBr3 layer significantly improves the overall time resolution in all cases, achieving up to a tenfold improvement with BGO and GAGG:Ce,Mg. Under 511 keV γ‐rays, a proof‐of‐concept of the heterostructure design for TOF‐PET using CsPbBr3 thin film deposited on GAGG:Ce,Mg bulk crystal is successfully tested. Shared events depositing energy in both materials are identified, resulting in more than twofold improved coincidence time resolution: 118 ± 4 ps full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum (FWHM) compared to the 272 ± 8 ps of solely GAGG:Ce,Mg.
Ice‐Bridging Frustration by Self‐Ejection of Single Droplets Results in Superior Anti‐Frosting Surfaces
Authors: Di Novo Nicolò G. , Bagolini Alvise , Pugno Nicola M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSurfaces capable of delaying the frosting passively and facilitating its removal are highly desirable in fields where ice introduces inefficiencies and risks. Coalescence‐induced condensation droplets jumping (CICDJ), enabled on highly hydrophobic surfaces, is already exploited to slow down the frosting but it is insufficient to completely eliminate the propagation by ice‐bridging. The study shows here how the self‐ejection of single condensation droplets can fully frustrate all the ice bridges, resulting in a frost velocity lower than 0.5 µm s−1 and thus falling below the current limits of passive surfaces. Arrays of truncated microcones, covered by uniformly hydrophobic nanostructures, enable individual condensation droplets to grow and self‐propel toward the top of the microstructures and then to self‐eject once a precise volume is reached. The independency of self‐ejection on the neighbor droplets allows a fine control of the droplets size and distance distributions and thus the ice‐bridging frustration. The truncated microcones with the smallest heads area fraction maximize the percentage of self‐ejecting droplets and minimize the frost velocity. The ice bridges frustration also implies a small frost area coverage, highly desirable in aeronautics and thermal machines.
Pattern Formation in Confined Core‐Shell Structures: Stiffness, Curvature, and Hierarchical Wrinkling
Authors: Kim Ji Hoon , Bae Jung Gun , Yoon Hyunsik , Lee Won Bo 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAdapting sheets to doubly curved surfaces is a longstanding challenge in various engineering disciplines, from flexible and stretchable electronics to the automotive industry. However, current understanding often focuses on specific scenarios and neglects the diverse range of substrate conditions encountered in nature. This study investigates the pattern formation in confined core‐shell structures by modulating the levels of stiffness and curvature of the substrate. Beginning with the Föppl–von Kármán equation, this theory uncovers how the degree of confinement determines the location of wrinkles within confined sheets. Furthermore, the synchronization of patterns is observed: the formation of dimple or buckyball patterns on curved surfaces simultaneously with hierarchical wrinkles due to boundary constraints. The analytical models elucidate these phenomena, and both macroscopic and microscopic features can be systematically engineered to align with quantitative predictions. This research expands the current understanding of the sheet conformation problem and paves the way for pattern engineering across a range of curved structures.
Toward Sustainable Haptics: A Wearable Vibrotactile Solar‐Powered System with Biodegradable Components
Authors: Arbaud Robin , Najafi Maedeh , Gandarias Juan M. , Lorenzini Marta , Paul Uttam C. , Zych Arkadiusz , Athanassiou Athanassia , Cataldi Pietro , Ajoudani Arash 
Published: January 2024

AbstractElectronics and mechatronics waste is an exponentially increasing environmental issue, especially for wearable devices, due to their widespread diffusion into society and short life cycle. To promote their enormous benefits (e.g., in assisting visually impaired individuals) in a sustainable way, biobased and/or biodegradable organic materials should be used instead of traditional components. This manuscript presents a multidisciplinary approach, which bridges materials science and mechatronics, to propose the first ECO‐friendly wearable vibroTACtile device (Eco‐Tac). The design of Eco‐Tac includes integration on a cotton t‐shirt through a novel biodegradable conductive ink forming electrical tracks, a flexible commercially available solar panel, and the vibrotactile haptic device itself. The ink comprises a green solvent, anisole, a soft polybutylene adipate terephthalate biodegradable binder, and conductive nanocarbon materials. The device case is a biodegradable biocomposite. As such, the feasibility of using a sustainable energy source to supply power to the device and the possibility of using biodegradable materials in its manufacturing are demonstrated. An experiment with 20 blindfolded subjects is conducted, reporting the device's potential for assistance in manipulation tasks. Overall, the results of this work represent the first significant step toward the creation of wearable and sustainable haptic devices with green electronics and mechatronics approaches.
Efficient Deep‐Blue Light‐Emitting 2D (100)‐Oriented Perovskites and Spectral Broadening by Exciton Self‐Trapping for White‐light Emissions
Authors: Chang Xuerui , Lin Yufan , Cheng Xiaohua , Han Ying , Cong Li , Lv Longyun , Jia Yuxin , Li Juan , Yin Jun , Cui Bin‐Bin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractEfficient narrow deep‐blue and broadband emissions in layered 2D organic–inorganic hybrid metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are attracting more attention and need further study. In this work, two (100)‐oriented 2D organic‐inorganic hybrid MHPs of (TFI)2PbBr4 and (TFI)2PbCl4·H2O (TFI = 4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐imidazole) with efficient deep‐blue and bluish‐white emissions are synthesized and the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) reached up to 81.21% and 20.23%, respectively. As both intrinsic lattice distortions of two crystals with similar crystal structure are almost negligible, they have theoretical deep‐blue emissions empirically. However, the halogen substitution of chlorine (Cl) by bromine (Br) broadened the deep‐blue photoluminescence to a bluish‐white area. Here, the spectral broadening phenomenon is discussed in detail. The (TFI)2PbBr4 film shows a narrow emission with a 16 nm full width at half maximum (FWHM) peaking at 435 nm upon excitation, and an ultraviolet‐pumped light‐emitting diode (LED) prepared by bluish‐white (TFI)2PbCl4·H2O phosphor shows a color rendering index (CRI) of ≈93 and a related color temperature (CCT) of 4162K, indicating their potential applications in deep‐blue and white LEDs, respectively.