bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standing at the Abyss: Viruses, Spores, and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even under the most sophisticated microscope, there is very little difference in the appearance of a cell at the moment of its death and one that is perfectly healthy, just as there is little in appearance to distinguish someone who has just died from someone who just fell asleep. Within a few moments a dead cell may burst open or fragment into apoptotic bodies, but if the cell is kept at room temperature it may not manifest these hallmarks of death for several hours. So how do we know when a cell is dead? This is an important question, because the death of a living organism begins, as we have seen, with the death of a portion of its cells. If we are to understand fully the meaning of death, we need to understand what it is that is switched off inside an individual cell when it dies -what it is that returns it to chaos and to silence.
The Memoirs Of Fray Servando Teresa De Mier
Authors: Lane Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 12, 1794, Fray Servando Teresa de Mier preached a sermon in Mexico City that led to his arrest by the Inquisition. He was exiled to Spain--only to escape and spend ten years traveling throughout Europe, as none other than a French priest. So began the grand adventure of Fray Servando's life, and of this gripping memoir. Here is an invitation hard for any reader to resist: a glimpse of the European "Age of Enlightenment" through the eyes of a fugitive Mexican friar. In this memoir, one sees a portrait of manners and morals that is a far cry from the "civilized" spirit that the Empire wanted to impose on its Colonies. This book takes a look at history from an upside down perspective, asking this question: who were the real savages, the colonizers themselves, or the supposed "savages" they were struggling to convert? After ten years, Fray Servando finally returned home to an independent Mexico, where he served the new government before his death. Heretic and rebel, fugitive and visionary, character in a novel and father of his country--Fray Servando Teresa de Mier was all of these things. Translated into English for the first time, this memoir truly captures the passionate spirit of a fantastic man.
Bamboos, Bark, and Bananas The Diet of a Megaherbivore
Authors: Sukumar Raman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The feeding habits of the largest land mammals have naturally attracted a lot of attention, if only for the sheer quantity and variety of plants they consume and the impact they make on their habitats. Both in Africa and in Asia, there have been numerous studies of the foraging ecology of the elephant. Given the diversity of habitats in which elephants are found across the two continents, we can naturally expect considerable variation in the types and parts of plants they consume. Yet, we must search for commonality amid the myriad patterns of foraging behavior recorded. Can the elephant’s feeding strategies throughout its range be explained by a simple set of rules’ An animal’s feeding behavior is fundamentally explained by its anatomical and physiological adaptations, products of its evolutionary history. Among mam malian herbivores, structures of the teeth and of the gastrointestinal tract are obviously important determinants of plant types eaten. Their ability to degrade cellulose in the plant cell wall through microbial symbionts for obtaining energy is closely related to the structure of the gastrointestinal tract. Body size exerts a great influence through its physiological consequences, such as metabolic rate. The sexes may have differing nutritional requirements or may use habitats in a different manner; females and young may have greater need to avoid predators, for example. In the case of the elephant, the very large body size imposes special constraints on its feeding ecology. At a more proximal level, the food choices of a herbivore will depend on what is available.
“The Childe of Bristowe” and the Making of Middle-Class Adolescence
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behavior of middle-class youth became a prominent theme in the literature, laws, court cases, guild regulations, and thinking of fifteenth-century English society in an obsessive way uncharacteristic of preceding centuries. Books of advice for youth aspiring to make their way up the social ladder proliferated in manuscript form and spread even more with the invention of printing. Among the dominant metaphors were the relationship of the young to the old, the apprentice to the master, the uncultivated to the cultivated. The process of forming a concept of a societal ideal of middle-class adolescent behavior was, as Norbert Elias described, one in which meaning and form were picked up and polished in speech and writing and “tossed back and forth until they became efficient instruments for expressing what people had jointly experienced and wanted to communicate about.” In this chapter I will look at this process of polishing descriptions of adolescent behavior as they were circulated between literary and legal creations, on the one hand, and the actual experience of adolescence, on the other. The game of exchange between the literary and the historical leads to a fifteenth-century construction of adolescence. Although the ideal type may be seen in a number of written examples, the portrait appears most fully in a popular poem, “The Childe of Bristowe” and in its variant, “The Merchant and His Son.” These didactic narratives are a fifteenth-century version of Horatio Alger stories, adventure tales in which an aspiring lad overcomes the obstacles set in his way to achieve good fame and fortune.
Host Retaliation
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the Red Queen remarked to Alice, sometimes it is necessary to compete as strongly as possible just to remain in the same position relative to others. So it is with brood parasites and their hosts; just as rapidly as a parasite is able to exploit and deleteriously affect the reproductive potential of a host species, the host actively undertakes protective strategies that tend to avoid or at least ameliorate the parasite’s effects. The result is a coevolutionary arms race of varying degrees of intensity and speed {Dawkins & Krebs, 1979), with no endpoint or clearcut ultimate benefit resulting to either species.
Old World Cuckoos
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical Old World cuckoos comprise, in the classification of Sibley and Monroe (1990), a group of nearly 80 species that include 12 genera and more than 50 species that are almost exclusively brood parasites. The group has its primary area of species diversity in southeastern Asia and the East Indies (centering on Borneo), with a secondary area of high species diversity in tropical West Africa and the upper drainages of the Congo Basin (figs. 22 and 23). The family, at least as it was recognized by Sibley and Monroe, also includes an additional group comprising four genera and 25 species (malkohas, Old World ground cuckoos, and couas) that rear their own offspring. Other more traditional and more widely accepted classifications of the Cuculidae (e.g., that used by Fry, et al., 1988, and by Cramp, 1985) recognize a much larger cuculid family, comprising seven subfamilies, of which the Cuculinae represent all the brood parasites of the Old World.
Archaea as Ancestors
Authors: Howland John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is a paradox: Archaea are undeniably prokaryotic, yet they exhibit many eukaryotic features concerning the manner in which they manage genetic information. Indeed, their genetic systems appear to include a rather complicated mix of prokaryotic and eukaryotic strategies for information handling. How is this situation consistent with what we know of their evolutionary history?
Introduction
Authors: Sutton R Anderson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The performing arts of South Sulawesi during the latter half of the twentieth century have struggled to adapt to enormous political, social, economic, and aesthetic changes. The challenges have been mighty, and the responses remarkably varied and not always successful. The cultural terrain I wish to explore in this book roams widely, from village ceremonies to studio-produced popular music. While I do not intend to suggest a single, grand narrative, it is clear from much I encountered there that musicians, dancers, artist-intellectuals, and audiences share a concern for “spirit” or “soul” (Mks. sumangak; Bgs. sumangék) in local performance and sense that loss of local spirit, in the face of Indonesian and foreign cultural pressures, requires vigilance. It is in this sense that I intend the title of this book, which derives from the term for an ancient local ritual ceremony, a term also adopted as the name of a recent secular dance: pakurruk sumangék (Bgs. call back the spirit). It suggests not only that local arts have the potential for power, but also that efforts are needed to maintain spirit within the arts and, in local conception, to call back what might be lost.
Be Positive:”Prince of Friends and Benefactors”
Authors: Bryan Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporaries summed up William Osier’s approach to life with such adjectives as alert, boyish, buoyant, cheerful, interested, and vivacious, to name a few. Today, we would say “upbeat.” Several of the people who knew him best, however, felt that he was to some extent a chronic depressive. One wrote, “Osler had a sad face, and I have always suspected that there was a good deal of sadness underneath this extremely jovial exterior.” Osier’s fascination with The Anatomy of Melancholy, a colorful treatise published in 1621 by Robert Burton, an English clergyman who tried to write his way out of depression, supports this suggestion.
“A New Kind of War ”
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America’s experience in Greece has often been cited as a model by those later policymakers in Washington who regard the involvement as a “victory ” for American foreign policy. Indeed, President Johnson and others referred to Greece as the model for America’s deepening involvement in Vietnam during the mid-1960’s. Greece became the battlefield for a new kind of war--one that included the use of guerrilla warfare, propaganda, war in the shadows, terror tactics and victory based on outlasting the enemy. It was also a test before the world of America’s resolve to protect the principle of self-determination. Jones argues that American policy towards Greece was the focal point in the development of a global strategy designed to combat totalitarianism. He also argues that had the White House and others drawn the real “lessons ” from the intervention in Greece, the decisions regarding Vietnam might have been more carefully thought out.
Animal Parasitism
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists estimate that up to 50% of all animal species are parasitic symbionts. Some phyla such as the Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Arthropoda contain large numbers of parasitic species. Hosts and parasites have evolved together and under natural conditions many have become mutually tolerant. Host organisms can live independently, but, in many cases, the parasite’s association with its host is obligatory (Price, 1980; Jenzen, 1988; Thompson, 1994).
Animal parasites affect the health of humans and domesticated animals throughout the world. In most warm climates parasitic infections from flukes, nematodes, and arthropods greatly diminish the quality of life. Scientists estimate that three out of four people in the world are infected with parasites, and many people carry multiple infections. The prevalence of parasitic diseases is extremely high among people who are poor and illiterate (Evans and Jamison, 1994). Because of public health concerns, the science of parasitology continues to attract public support to study host-parasite relationships and to develop effective strategies to control and cure parasitic infections. In this chapter, we examine symbioses that involve flukes, tapeworms, nematodes, and arthropods. We describe the morphological adaptations of parasites, how the host defends itself against parasitic invasion, how parasites evade a host’s defenses, and coevolution of parasites and hosts.
Flowering Plant Symbioses
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angilosperms, or flowering plants, make up more than 80% of all living plants. Although their origin remains shrouded in what Darwin called the “abominable mystery,” the explosive diversity of flowering plants during the past 110 million years is an evolutionary success story. The fossil record confirms that many flowering plant families existed 100 million years ago. Flowering plants have shown great flexibility in the morphology of their roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds.. As a defense against herbivorous animals, 111.any plant species have evolved prickles and spines, hairy leaves, and a wide range of secondary metabolites (Jones and Firn, 1991). The growth-differentiation balance (GDB) hypothesis deals with plant resource allocation patterns. Primary metabolism supports the growth of new tissues, while secondary metabolism supports the production of specialized tissues, organs, and chemical compounds. According to the GDB hypothesis, growth and differentiation require energy that comes from photosynthesis (Herms and Mattson, 1992; Lerdau et al., 1994). Thus, in a coevolutionary arms race, a cost-benefit equation is central to the allocation of a host’s limited energy resources. One reason for the success of flowering plants may be their ability to form mutualistic symbioses, such as those with bacteria that fix nitrogen, fungi (mycorrhizae), and insects, birds, and mammals, which pollinate plants and disperse seeds.
The Cosmic Origins of Information
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The information in the biological world is deployed in organizations of matter that span twelve orders of magnitude on a length scale, from 1o-8 to 104 cm (Fig. 2.1). These biological organizations constitute several hierarchies: the building units of the molecules, the biomolecules themselves, their aggregates (supramolecular structures), the cells, the cell associations (tissues), and the organisms. The rest of the organizations in the universe span 39 orders of magnitude. These form hierarchies stretching from the elementary particles (l0-13cm) to the groupings of stars (1026cm): quarks combine to form the protons and neutrons; protons and neutrons associate to form the nuclei; nuclei and electrons form atoms; atoms assemble to molecules; molecules form supramolecular structures; and so, continuing upward in scale, we get to the organizations of moons, planets, and stars (105-1011cm), to the star galaxies, the clusters of galaxies, and, finally, to the clusters of galaxy clusters (1026cm).
The Growth of the Cosmic Inheritance on Earth
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this juncture we take up again our chronicle of the first organizations of energy and matter in the cosmos. We had left the account at a stage when our solar system emerged out of the remnants of a star explosion which happened some 5 billion years ago in the Milky Way, a supernova whose heavier atoms were hurled out into space and eventually condensed to form the planets. From this point on we taper our view to planet Earth. There, the workshop of organizations idled for a while, until things cooled down. Most everything on Earth then was prefabricated, so to speak. What elements there were, came from somewhere else; the carbon and oxygen nuclei came from the ancestral supernova, and the hydrogen and helium were leftovers of the syntheses during the first three minutes of the universe. There would be little chance for further development until the temperature dropped to a degree where atoms could interact electrostatically and stick together to form molecules. A pair of hydrogen atoms, for example, will interact at a short distance: the electron of one atom is attracted by the nucleus of the other, and vice versa; at a distance of0.74 angstroms, there is an energy trough where the two atoms can build a stable organization in which their electrons are shared. Such covalent bonding requires no energy outside that contributed by the two atoms themselves.
Rules of the Intercellular Communication Game
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We pause here a moment in our information tracking, for a perspective of time. Let us take our bearings and place the main events in the biological information flow encountered so far on our cosmic chart (Fig. 3.3). The flow started about 4 billion years ago. It began with a trickle, as the first self-reproducing molecular systems emerged out of the chemistry of the cooling Earth, and grew gradually to the stream found in all cells today.
lntercellular Communication Cheek-By-Jowl
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now shift our line of inquiry from hormones to the other two forms of intercellular communication. Willy nilly, we make a fresh start here because the membrane G-system is not bound up with these forms. The cells here take advantage of the cheek-by-jowl situations prevailing in tissues and make their Circus connections right at the points of contact. There, certain proteins in the apposing membranes come within reach of one another and interact directly across the intercellular gap. These interactions-they all are of the short-range electromagnetic sort-tend to hold the membranes tightly together. The membranes, thus, form a sandwich; and these sandwiches, tiny (and far between) as they are, are Lucullan feasts of information. In fact, so much information is concentrated at these contact spots that entire organs and tissues are under their sway.
Syndromes Affecting Bone: Chondrodysplasias and Chondrodystrophies
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We cannot emphasize strongly enough the need for radiographic examination of lethal bone dysplasias. The minimum number of radiographic views that should be taken include anterior–posterior (AP) and lateral views of the whole body (babygram), lateral skull, and hand and foot views. At autopsy, views of the trachea, vertebrae, costochondral junction, and the head of the humerus and femur should be obtained (3,9). Chromosomes may be cultured from human cartilage within seven days following death (7).
Proportionate Short Stature Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Credit is usually given to Aarskog (1) for describing the disorder in 1970. However, earlier reports had been made (4,28,57). The condition is characterized by unusual facies, short stature, abnormalities of hands and feet, and genital anomalies. In most families, inheritance is compatible with an X-linked recessive pattern, female heterozygotes frequently exhibiting minor stigmata (43). Bawle et al (9) and Tyrkus et al (52) reported women with full expression of the syndrome, each of whom had an affected son. Porteous et al (43) localized the gene to Xp11.21, which was later confirmed (46) and called FGD1 (44). Pasteris et al (40), using positional cloning methods, identified a mutation in a gene that showed strong homology to RAS-like RHO/RAC guanine nucleotide exchange factors. The Rho family plays important roles in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and cell growth. Mutations probably result in a disturbance of signal transduction and, hence, developmental growth anomalies (58). A mouse model has become available (41).
Overgrowth Syndromes and Postnatal Onset Obesity Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1963, Beckwith (2) reported three cases of a newly recognized syndrome consisting of macroglossia, omphalocele, cytomegaly of adrenal cortex, hyperplasia of gonadal interstitial cells, renal medullary dysplasia, and hyperplastic visceromegaly (Figs. 11–1 to 11–5). Subsequently, Beckwith (3) enlarged his series of patients, noting postnatal somatic gigantism, mild microcephaly, and severe hypoglycemia. In 1964, Wiedemann (107) independently reported the syndrome in three sibs and observed a further component—a dome-shaped defect of the diaphragm. Other important contributions have been made by many investigators (5,6,8,9,13,18,30,35,38–48,54,55,66–70,73,76,81,88,90,101,108–110,113,115). Over 500 cases have been reported. The frequency has been estimated at 1 per 12,000 births (31,112). Exhaustive reviews have been published (14,15,28,29,31,33,44,73,79). The most recent update is that of Cohen (17). Early diagnosis of this striking condition alerts the clinician to the dual threat of hypoglycemia and possible neoplasia. Clinical and laboratory findings are listed in Table 11–1.
Syndromes with Craniosynostosis: Miscellaneous Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wells et al (277), in 1990, described a male infant with craniosynostosis, acrobrachycephaly, syndactyly of all extremities, midface hypoplasia, parrot-beak nose, exophthalmos, hypertelorism, exotropia, huge pinnae, and short upper lip. The hands and feet resembled those of Apert syndrome. In addition, there were block thoracic vertebrae with progressive loss of intervertebral discs and platyspondyly. The thin posterior ribs had a fan-like configuration.
Acrocraniofacial dysostosis
Syndromes with Contractures
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fetal akinesia deformation sequence (Pena-Shokeir I syndrome, FADS) Pena and Shokeir (29) and Punnett et al (32), in 1974, described children with intrauterine growth retardation, multiple congenital joint contractures, facial abnormalities, short gut, and pulmonary hypoplasia (Fig. 18–1). About 80 cases have subsequently been reported. The frequency has been estimated at 1/10,000 births. Shokeir (36) proposed that the syndrome be referred to as Pena-Shokeir syndrome, type I and that the cerebro-oculo-facial syndrome (COFS) be called Pena-Shokeir syndrome, type II. Moessinger (26) and Toriello et al (37) proposed abandonment of the term and replacement with fetal akinesia sequence. The disorder has been classified as a form of arthrogryposis. It is heterogeneous, the phenotype reflecting decreased fetal movement from many different causes (10,20,37): neurogenic atrophy (4,25), congenital myopathy (23), maternal myasthenia gravis (3,16,34), fetal edema (11), and oligohydramnios. The most critical survey is that of Hall (12). Porter (31) published a comprehensive review of the lethal arthrogryposes.
Orofacial Clefting Syndromes: Associations
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aicardi syndrome consists of seizures, callosal agenesis, severe mental retardation, delayed development, and ocular abnormalities (chorioretinal lacunae, microphthalmia) occurring in retarded females. It is believed to be caused by an X-linked dominant gene that is lethal in the hemizygous male. The gene maps to Xp22.3 (1). Death usually occurs during the first decade of life. The syndrome has been reported in association with porencephaly, corticoheterotopias, Arnold-Chiari malformation, papilloma of the choroid plexus, lissencephaly, ventricular cyst, polygyria, microgyria, arhinencephaly, and Dandy–Walker malformation. It has been estimated that cleft lip-palate (1–6) is found in about 3% of the cases. Holoprosencephaly (5) has also been described