bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of surgery in Ancient India: trepanation at Burzahom (Kashmir) over 4000 years ago
Authors: Sankhyan Anek R. , Weber George H.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe article describes a neolithic skeleton with multiple‐trepanated skull found in Kashmir, the archaeological circumstances of the find, the dating, the background, the skeletal evidence, the details of the trepanation and possible affiliations of the Indus civilization. It speculates briefly about possible medical grounds for the surgery. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medicaid matters: children's health and medicaid eligibility expansions
Authors: Lykens Kristine A. , Jargowsky Paul A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the late 1980s, a series of federal laws were enacted which expanded Medicaid eligibility to more of the
nation's children. States had a great amount of discretion in how fast and how far these expansions were
implemented. As a result, there was great variation among the states in defining who was eligible for the
program. This variation provides a rare opportunity to disentangle the effect of Medicaid from a child's
socioeconomic status. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey, we address whether the Medicaid
expansions improved the health and functional status of children. Econometric models were developed using
fixed‐effects regressions, and were estimated separately for white, black, and Hispanic children. White
children experienced statistically significant reductions in acute health conditions and functional limitations.
Black and Hispanic children showed some evidence of improved health conditions and functional status, but this
evidence is inconclusive in the study sample. This may be due to differences in their access to appropriate
health services or to the smaller sample size of minorities in each geographic area. The findings are also
relevant to the implementation of the Children' Health Insurance Program (CHIP), the latest
federal effort to expand access to health care to poor and near poor children. In many states, CHIP is being
implemented in whole or in part through further Medicaid expansions. © 2002 by the Association for Policy
Analysis and Management.
Yielding behaviour of thermoplastic/elastomer blends cured by gamma irradiation
Authors: Shaltout N A , Abou Zeid M M , Abdel‐Aziz M M , El Miligy A A 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMechanical blends of thermoplastic medium density polyethylene (MDPE) and elastomeric ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) have been prepared with a fixed composition of 60/40 wt%. They have been used either in their gum form or loaded with two different reinforcing fillers, high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black or precipitated SiO2 (Hi Sil) of concentration 25–100 phr (parts per hundred parts of resin) with respect to the blend. Curing was achieved by gamma irradiation. Yielding properties (yield stress, yield strain and cold drawing) have been followed as a function of irradiation dose for different blend compositions. Yield stress values increased with irradiation dose and with the content of the reinforcing filler, but yield strain and cold drawing values decreased with irradiation dose and also with the filler content. The data obtained reveal that Hi Sil is more effective as a reinforcing filler, and the prepared blends are suitable for load‐bearing applications.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison of white rice husk ash and silica as fillers in ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer vulcanizates
Authors: Siriwardena S , Ismail H , Ishiaku U S 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhite rice husk ash (WRHA) and silica filled ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) vulcanizates were prepared using a laboratory size two‐roll mill. Curing characteristics and physical properties of vulcanizates were studied with respect to the filler loading and filler type. Filler loading was varied from 0–50 parts per hundred resin (phr) at 10 phr intervals. Curing was carried out using a semi‐efficient vulcanization system in a Monsanto rheometer. Enhancement of the curing rate was observed with increasing WRHA loading, whereas the opposite trend was observed for silica‐filled vulcanizates. It was also indicated by the maximum torque and Mooney viscosity results that WRHA offers processing advantages over silica. Compared to the silica‐filled vulcanizates, the effect of filler loading on the physical properties of WRHA‐filled vulcanizates was not significant. According to these observations, WRHA could be used as a diluent filler for EPDM rubber, while silica can be used as a reinforcing filler.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
ILGAR‐ZnO Window Extension Layer: an adequate substitution of the conventional CBD‐CdS buffer in Cu(In,Ga) (S,Se)2‐based solar cells with superior device performance
Authors: Bär M. , Muffler H.‐J. , Fischer Ch.‐H. , Zweigart S. , Karg F. , Lux‐Steiner M. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel Window Extension Layer (WEL) concept for chalcopyrite‐based thin‐film solar cell devices has been developed. The optimization of its deposition is presented. WEL means the replacement of the conventional buffer layer by a layer consisting of the same material as the window, i.e., a part of the window is directly deposited onto the absorber by a soft process, such as ILGAR (Ion Layer Gas Reaction). This sequential cyclic technique has been applied to Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2absorber substrates. The ILGAR procedure was optimized with respect to the efficiency of the resulting Mo/Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2/WEL/ZnO solar cells. The devices were characterized by J–V (under AM 1.5 and without illumination) as well as by quantum efficiency measurements. Devices with ZnO WEL yield total area (0.5 cm2) efficiencies of 14.6% (best cell) without any anti‐reflecting coating. The efficiencies are superior to those of the corresponding devices with CBD (Chemical Bath Deposition)‐CdS buffer (14.1%, best cell). Thus, in contrast to other ZnO buffers, ILGAR‐ZnO achieves record efficiencies exceeding those of CBD‐CdS buffered reference cells. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit theories, goal orientations, and perceived competence: Impact on students' achievement behavior
Authors: Leondari Angeliki , Gialamas Vasilios 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study was designed to explore relations between implicit theories of intelligence, goal orientations, perceived competence, and school achievement. It was assumed that implicit theories of intelligence orient individuals toward particular goals, which in turn influence achievement behavior. Perceived competence was hypothesized to moderate the relationship between implicit theories, goal orientations and actual achievement. Subjects were 451 elementary and junior high school students. The results of Pearson product moment correlations and Path analysis show theoretically important intercorrelations that replicated previous research. Implicit theories were not related to academic achievement. Goal orientations had an indirect effect on achievement, which was mediated through perceived competence. Educational implications of these findings are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cross‐cultural comparison of student social attributions
Authors: Armbrister Robin C. , McCallum R. Steve , Lee Hee Do 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne hundred sixty American and 397 Korean fourth‐ and fifth‐graders were administered the Student Social Attribution Scale (SSAS), designed to assess students' explanations for social successes and failures. A Korean version of the SSAS was developed for the study. The American and Korean instruments' internal consistency reliability were determined (rs ranged from .56 to .86 for the Korean instrument and .62 to .88 for the American instrument). The means from both the American and Korean SSAS versions on the 8 scales and global scores (e.g., internal, external) were compared. Based on the literature, Korean children should have had higher scores for effort attributions in failure situations than the American children and Americans should have shown higher scores for ability attributions in successful situations. In fact, Korean children did show significantly higher ( p < .005) Failure Effort scores and American children showed significantly higher ( p < .005) Success Ability scores. Findings indicate that Korean children are potentially more willing to accept responsibility for social failure than American students. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of psycholinguistic instruction on spelling performance
Authors: Arra Christopher T. , Aaron P.G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo studies were conducted in which phonology‐based instructional strategies designed for improving spelling skills of elementary school children were compared against instruction strategies that relied only on visual exposure of words. The first study involved a total of 93 children. Of these, 46 were instructed by drawing their attention to the psycholinguistic nature of their spelling errors. The remaining 47 children in the comparison group were shown the correct version of all the words. In study II 15 children were placed in a treatment group and were taught phoneme awareness, and 15 children were placed in a comparison group and were exposed to printed words only. In both studies, posttests showed that children taught through psycholinguistic and phoneme awareness methods significantly outperformed the visual training groups. Further, these gains were retained after a period of 2 weeks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of polyisocyanides derived from alanine and glycine dipeptides
Authors: Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M. , Graswinckel W. Sander , Adams P. J. H. M. , Nachtegaal Gerda H. , Kentgens Arno P. M. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. , Nolte Roeland J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of polymers derived from isocyanopeptides are described. Optically pure dipeptides based on alanine and glycine were equipped with an isocyano function and subsequently polymerized with a Ni(II) catalyst. Infrared and NMR spectroscopy indicated that the side chains of the polymers were connected by well‐defined arrays of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The weight‐average molecular weights of the polymers were determined by atomic force microscopy to be 200–400 kg/mol (polydispersity index = 1.4–1.7). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4255–4264, 2001
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) copolymers containing 5‐tert‐butyl isophthalic units
Authors: Kint Darwin P. R. , de Ilarduya Antxon Martínez , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐5‐tert‐butyl isophthalate) copolymers, abbreviated as PETtBI, with compositions ranging between 95/5 and 25/75, as well as the two parent homopolymers, PET and PEtBI, were prepared from comonomer mixtures by a two‐step melt‐polycondensation. Polymer intrinsic viscosities varied from 0.4 to 0.7 dL g−1 with weight‐average molecular weights ranging between 31,000 and 80,000. The copolymers were found to have a random microstructure with a composition according to that used in the corresponding feed. The melting temperature and crystallinity of PETtBI decreased with the content in 5‐tert‐butyl isophthalic units, whereas the glass‐transition temperature increased from 82 °C for PET up to 99 °C for PEtBI. Copolymerization slightly improved the thermal stability of PET. Preliminary X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that PETtBI adopt the same crystal structure as PET with the alkylated isophthalic units probably excluded from the crystal lattice. The homopolymer PEtBI appeared to be a highly crystalline polymer taking up a crystal structure clearly different from that of PET and PETtBI copolymers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 1994–2004, 2001
Microemulsion polymerization of styrene stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate and short‐chain alcohols
Authors: Chern Chorng‐Shyan , Wu Long‐Jiang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStyrene microemulsion polymerizations with different short‐chain alcohols [n‐CiH2i+1OH (CiOH), where i = 4, 5, or 6] as the cosurfactant were investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium persulfate (SPS) were used as the surfactant and initiator, respectively. The desorption of free radicals out of latex particles played an important role in the polymerization kinetics. An Arrhenius expression for the radical desorption rate coefficient was obtained from the polymerizations at temperatures of 50–70 °C. The polymerization kinetics were not very sensitive to the alkyl chain length of alcohols compared with the temperature effect. The maximal polymerization rate in decreasing order was C6OH > C4OH > C5OH. This was related to the differences in the water solubility of CiOH and the structure of the oil–water interface. The feasibility of using a water‐insoluble dye to study the particle nucleation mechanisms was also evaluated. The parameters chosen for the study of the particle nucleation mechanisms include the cosurfactant type (CiOH), the SPS concentration, and the initiator type (oil‐soluble 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile versus water‐soluble SPS). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3199–3210, 2001
Resilience, reflection, and residual stress in ovarian cancer survivorship: A gynecologic oncology group study
Authors: Wenzel Lari B. , Donnelly James P. , Fowler Jeffery M. , Habbal Rana , Taylor Thomas H. , Aziz Noreen , Cella David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOvarian cancer is a life‐threatening diagnosis which poses multiple challenges. The purpose of this study is to describe the quality of life (QOL) concerns and survivorship sequelae of long‐term (>5 yr) early‐stage ovarian cancer survivors accrued through the clinical cooperative Gynecologic Oncology Group. Forty‐nine ovarian cancer survivors with a mean age at diagnosis of 55.9 yr (range 30–76) completed a telephone interview assessing QOL, psychosocial status, sexual functioning and late‐effects of treatment. Results indicate that this disease‐free early‐stage sample enjoys a good QOL, with physical, emotional, and social well‐being comparable to other survivors and same‐aged noncancer cohorts. However, 20% of survivors indicated the presence of long‐term treatment side effects, with a subset reporting problems related to abdominal and gynecologic symptoms, and neurotoxicity. Spiritual well‐being was significantly positively associated with personal growth and mental health, and negatively associated with a declining health status. Lingering psychological survivorship sequelae included fear of follow‐up diagnostic tests and fear of recurrence. Forty‐three percent of respondents expressed that they would likely participate in a counseling program today to discuss psychosocial issues raised by having had ovarian cancer, and 56% stated that they would have attended a support program during the initial treatment if it had been offered. This information provides some insight into the complex survivorship relationships between quality of life, long‐term physical and sexual sequelae, and factors of resilience and growth which appear to promote a sense of well‐being as a result of the cancer experience. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are peak flow and symptom measures good predictors of asthma hospitalizations and unscheduled visits?†
Authors: Mortimer Kathleen M. , Redline Susan , Kattan Meyer , Wright Elizabeth C. , Kercsmar Carolyn M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEpidemiologic studies of pediatric respiratory health often include objective measures such as peak expiratory flow (PEF), and subjective measures such as symptom reports. These measures, however, are poorly correlated with each other, and there is little evidence that PEF is useful in predicting important health outcomes. Within a cohort of 791 inner‐city children with asthma, we examined correlations between a series of five peak flow measures and five symptom scores obtained from 2‐week diaries.The strongest correlations were found between “total peak flow lability” defined as: [(diary maximum − diary minimum)/diary mean] and “% of days with chest tightness” (r = 0.31). Logistic models evaluated peak flow and symptoms as predictors of an important health outcome: hospitalization or emergency department or unscheduled clinic visit for asthma within 30 days of starting the diary. Each of the peak flow and symptom measures was significantly related to utilization. However, the predictive power of each measure was low (range of area under ROC curve, 0.54–0.67). Models including only peak flow or symptoms had greater prediction than models with risk factors such as atopy, asthma persistence, and age. The prediction from a model with the risk factors and symptoms was not improved by adding a peak flow measure to the model (increase in area under ROC, 0.67–0.68). Stratified analyses suggest that prediction was similar in the fall vs. winter, spring, and summer months. Greater prediction of health outcomes was found among more persistent asthmatics and children who were nonatopic.These findings suggest that in a research setting, peak flow monitoring in children did not add prediction beyond that obtained from symptom reports. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 31:190–197. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival following Burkholderia cepacia sepsis in a patient with cystic fibrosis treated with corticosteroids
Authors: Kazachkov Mikhail , Lager Joanne , LiPuma John , Barker Pierre M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe an 11‐year‐old girl with cystic fibrosis (CF) who presented with respiratory failure and Burkholderia cepacia bacteremia (cepacia syndrome). She survived her illness after aggressive treatment with parenteral antibiotics and corticosteroids. We speculate that treatment with corticosteroids may decrease the influx of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil‐induced inflammation, with resulting improvement in the outcome of cepacia syndrome in CF patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:338–340. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clusterin expression is significantly enhanced in prostate cancer cells following androgen withdrawal therapy
Authors: July Laura V. , Akbari Majid , Zellweger Tobias , Jones Edward C. , Goldenberg S. Larry , Gleave Martin E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDProgression of prostate cancer to androgen independence (AI) results in part from the upregulation of anti‐apoptotic genes following androgen withdrawal, and androgen‐independent disease remains the primary obstacle to improved survival. Testosterone‐repressed prostate message‐2 (TRPM‐2) encodes the anti‐apoptotic protein clusterin, which is upregulated in response to cellular compromise as observed in normal and malignant tissues undergoing apoptosis. Systemic administration of antisense clusterin oligonucleotides in prostate cancer xenograft models delays progression to AI and enhances chemosensitivity. The objective of this study was to define changes in clusterin expression following neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) in prostate cancer patients.MATERIALS AND METHODSArchival radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens were obtained for 128 patients who received either no NHT or treatment for 2–8 weeks, 3 months, or 8 months. Paired needle biopsy specimens were acquired for 30 patients and all tissues were subjected to clusterin immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis was performed on frozen tissue from 5 untreated and 5 treated patients.RESULTSClusterin expression in malignant prostatic tissue was significantly greater in patients who underwent preoperative NHT (P ≪ 0.001). Needle biopsies obtained prior to NHT consistently demonstrated lower staining intensity than corresponding RP specimens (P ≪ 0.001). Western blot analysis confirmed clusterin levels increased 17‐fold beginning within 4 weeks after androgen withdrawal.CONCLUSIONSUpregulation of clusterin levels following androgen ablation therapy may represent an adaptive cell survival response following apoptotic signals like androgen withdrawal. These findings support clusterin as a valid therapeutic target in strategies employing novel multimodality therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 50: 179–188, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulating proteins at constant pH: An approach combining molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Bürgi Roland , Kollman Peter A. , van Gunsteren Wilfred F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor the structure and function of proteins, the pH of the solution is one of the determining parameters. Current molecular dynamics (MD) simulations account for the solution pH only in a limited way by keeping each titratable site in a chosen protonation state. We present an algorithm that generates trajectories at a Boltzmann distributed ensemble of protonation states by a combination of MD and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The algorithm is useful for pH‐dependent structural studies and to investigate in detail the titration behavior of proteins. The method is tested on the acidic residues of the protein hen egg white lysozyme. It is shown that small structural changes may have a big effect on the pKA values of titratable residues. Proteins 2002;47:469–480. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contributions to the binding free energy of ligands to avidin and streptavidin
Authors: Lazaridis Themis , Masunov Artëm , Gandolfo Francois 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe free energy of binding of a ligand to a macromolecule is here formally decomposed into the (effective) energy of interaction, reorganization energy of the ligand and the macromolecule, conformational entropy change of the ligand and the macromolecule, and translational and rotational entropy loss of the ligand. Molecular dynamics simulations with implicit solvation are used to evaluate these contributions in the binding of biotin, biotin analogs, and two peptides to avidin and streptavidin. We find that the largest contribution opposing binding is the protein reorganization energy, which is calculated to be from 10 to 30 kcal/mol for the ligands considered here. The ligand reorganization energy is also significant for flexible ligands. The translational/rotational entropy is 4.5–6 kcal/mol at 1 M standard state and room temperature. The calculated binding free energies are in the correct range, but the large statistical uncertainty in the protein reorganization energy precludes precise predictions. For some complexes, the simulations show multiple binding modes, different from the one observed in the crystal structure. This finding is probably due to deficiencies in the force field but may also reflect considerable ligand flexibility. Proteins 2002;47:194–208. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geometry and physics of proteins
Authors: Banavar Jayanth R. , Maritan Amos , Micheletti Cristian , Trovato Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA conceptual framework for understanding the protein folding problem has remained elusive in spite of many significant advances. We show that geometrical constraints imposed by chain connectivity, compactness, and the avoidance of steric clashes can be encompassed in a natural way using a three‐body potential and lead to a selection in structure space, independent of chemical details. Strikingly, secondary motifs such as hairpins, sheets, and helices, which are the building blocks of protein folds, emerge as the chosen structures for segments of the protein backbone based just on elementary geometrical considerations. Proteins 2002;47:315–322. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.