bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What a Difference Immigration Policy Makes: A Comparison of PISA Scores in Europe and Traditional Countries of Immigration
Authors: Entorf Horst , Minoiu Nicoleta 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to evaluate the importance of different immigration policies associated with corresponding migration backgrounds, command of national languages and intergenerational mobility, for the PISA school performance of teenagers living in European countries (France, Finland, Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden) and traditional countries of immigration (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the US). Econometric results show that the influence of the socioeconomic background of parents differs strongly across nations, with the highest impact found for Germany, the UK and US, whereas intergenerational transmission of educational attainment is less likely in Scandinavian countries and in Canada. Moreover, for all countries our estimations imply that for students with a migration background a key for catching up is the language spoken at home. We conclude that educational policy should focus on integration of immigrant children in schools and preschools, with particular emphasis on language skills at the early stage of childhood.
Education, Work and Wages in the UK
Authors: Bingley Paul , Walker Ian , Zhu Yu 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the relationship between education, wages and working behaviour. The work is partly motivated by the sharp distinction in the literature between the returns to education and the effect of wages on labour supply. Education is the investment that cumulates in the form of human capital while labour supply is the utilization rate of that stock. Yet, variation in education is usually the basis for identifying labour supply models - education is assumed to determine wages but not affect labour supply. Moreover, it is commonly assumed that the private rate of return to education can be found from the schooling coefficient in a log-wage equation. Yet, the costs of education are largely independent of its subsequent utilization but the benefits will be higher the greater the utilization rate. Thus the returns will depend on how intensively that capital is utilized and we would expect that those who intend to work least to also invest least in human capital. Indeed, the net (of tax liabilities and welfare entitlements) return to education will be a complex function of labour supply and budget constraint considerations. Here we attempt to model the relationship between wages, work, education and the tax/welfare system allowing for the endogeneity of education as well for the correlations between the unobservable components of wages and working behaviour. We use the estimates to simulate the effect of a new UK policy designed to increase education for children from low-income households.
College Quality and Wages in the United States
Authors: Black Dan , Daniel Kermit , Smith Jeffrey 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We estimate the effects of the quality of the college a student attends on their later earnings using data from a cohort of US college students from the late 1970s and early 1980s. We rely on a linear selection on observables identification strategy, which is justified in our context by a very rich set of conditioning variables. We find economically important earnings effects of college quality for men and women, as well as effects on educational attainment, spousal earnings and other demographic variables. These effects remain roughly constant over time and result primarily from effects on wages, rather than from effects on hours or labor force participation. We find that, over the lower part of the range of college quality, increases in college quality (which entail higher expenditures per student) pass a simple social cost-benefit test.
Leisure activities during school break among children with learning disabilities: preference vs. performance
Authors: Yalon‐Chamovitz Shira , Mano Tali , Jarus Tal , Weinblatt Nurit 
Published: September 2005

SummaryParticipation in leisure activities may contribute to the development of social, motor, and language skills, and is therefore especially important for children with learning disabilities. Leisure activities of students in educational settings are performed mostly during breaks. While there have been some studies of the effect of breaks on classroom performance, none have been conducted among children with learning disabilities. Moreover, the role of breaks as a leisure agent was never addressed. The purpose of the study was to examine break activities of children with learning disabilities, through exploration of the correlation between their preferences for break activities and the activities in which they actually engaged. The study found no such correlation. It is therefore suggested that leisure education should provide students with the skills they need in order to choose leisure activities and evaluate the efficacy of the choice they had made.
Valuing People: hopes and dreams for the future
Authors: Forbat Liz 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThis paper outlines the views of key policy makers, implementers and practitioners on Valuing People (Department of Health, Valuing people. A new strategy for learning disability for the 21st century, The Stationary Office, London, 2001). It reports a series of interviews conducted in 2003/2004 with a diverse selection of people involved in English policy construction and implementation around the support needs of people with a learning disability and/or around older people and dementia. Interviewees talked about what they perceived to be the strengths and weaknesses of policies for this client group, which led to thinking particularly about the gaps in provision for people with a learning disability as they age. The findings discussed here introduce interviewees’ reported hopes and dreams for social policy in 10 years’ time. The interviewees highlighted satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the connections between policy and practice. Areas for policy development and, crucially, ways of improving provision to people with a learning disability who develop dementia are highlighted.
Between family and friends: a longitudinal study of friendship choice
Authors: Pahl Ray , Pevalin David J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe increasing role for chosen friends is a key element in current debates on individualization and the transformation of intimacy. This paper describes the changes in friendship choices over time and demonstrates how life events subsequently impact on those choices. We primarily distinguish between kin and non‐kin nominations of friends and how these may be related to the social and economic turbulence inherent in late modernity. Analyses of data from ten years of the British Household Panel Survey showed that kin nominations still form a significant proportion of all friends but increasingly so with age and over time as people age. Life events, such as divorce or death of a partner, have large effects on the likelihood of changes in friendship choices as did gender, age, marital status and social class. We frame these results in a discussion of the saliency and nature of friendship at stages of the life course and conclude that the case for a general secular shift to choosing non‐kin friendships rather than kin‐based friendship is not demonstrated.
Legitimacy and status groups in financial markets
Authors: Preda Alex 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEconomic sociologists have argued that financial markets should be analysed as uncertainty‐processing social networks and intermediary groups. Networks and intermediaries alone cannot confer legitimacy upon financial actors and transactions. Status groups are a solution to this problem. They emphasize reputation, honour and good social behaviour as stabilizers of collective action, as means of social control and as indicators of legitimacy. I examine here the emergence and evolution of status groups of brokers in London, New York and Paris, and show how emphasis on honour was used to legitimize financial transactions. I argue that financial markets should be conceived as networks, intermediary and status groups. In global, automated financial markets status groups like securities analysts are gaining in prominence.
A changing climate for grassland research
Authors: Humphreys M. W. , Yadav R. S. , Cairns A. J. , Turner L. B. , Humphreys J. , Skøt L. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryHere, we review the current genetic approaches for grass improvement and their potential for the enhanced breeding of new varieties appropriate for a sustainable agriculture in a changing global climate. These generally out‐breeding, perennial, self‐incompatible species present unique challenges and opportunities for genetic analysis. We emphasise their distinctiveness from model species and from the in‐breeding, annual cereals. We describe the modern genetic approaches appropriate for their analysis, including association mapping. Sustainability traits discussed here include stress resistance (drought, cold and pathogeneses) and favourable agronomic characters (nutrient use efficiency, carbohydrate content, fatty acid content, winter survival, flowering time and biomass yield). Global warming will predictably affect temperature‐sensitive traits such as vernalisation, and these traits are under investigation. Grass biomass utilisation for carbon‐neutral energy generation may contribute to reduced atmospheric carbon emissions. Because the wider potential outcomes of climate change are unpredictable, breeders must be reactive to events and have a range of well‐characterised germplasm available for new applications.

Contents

Summary
9

I.
Background
10

II.
Objectives, breeding methodologies and progress in grass breeding
12

III.
Markers and their suitability for genetic analysis in grasses
13

IV.
Associating markers to genes for ‘sustainability’ in the grasses
13

V.
The genetic control of flowering time
16

VI.
Target traits: resilience against climate change and resistance to abiotic stresses
17

VII.
Target traits: carbohydrates and sustainable ruminant animal production
19

VIII.
Target traits: grass biomass, climate change and energy sustainability
21

IX.
Conclusions
21

References
22
Leumorphin has an anti‐apoptotic effect by activating epidermal growth factor receptor kinase in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells
Authors: Lee Byoung Dae , Kim Soomi , Hur Eun‐Mi , Park Yong‐Soo , Kim Yun‐Hee , Lee Taehoon G. , Kim Kyong‐Tai , Suh Pann‐Ghill , Ryu Sung Ho 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEndogenous opioid peptides, found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, perform neuromodulatory roles, and display a wide range of functional and pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the effects of prodynorphin gene products on intracellular signaling events and cell survival in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Leumorphin, but not other prodynorphin gene products including dynorphin A, β‐neoendorphin and rimorphin (dynorphin B), increased cell viability in PC12 cells. The cytoprotective effect of leumorphin was dependent on the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, but was insensitive to both naloxone, a general antagonist of the opioid receptor, and nor‐binaltorphimine, a specific antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor. Moreover, a competition‐binding assay clearly revealed that leumorphin had another binding site(s) in addition to that for the kappa opioid receptor. Interestingly, leumorphin induced activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor via a Src‐dependent mechanism, which was proved to be responsible for the increased survival response. Flow cytometric and microscopic analysis showed that leumorphin rescued cells from serum deprivation‐induced apoptosis. Collectively, we suggest that leumorphin prevents apoptosis via epidermal growth factor receptor‐mediated activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways, which occur independent of the kappa opioid receptor.
Glioma cells under hypoxic conditions block the brain microvascular endothelial cell death induced by serum starvation
Authors: Ueda Yoshifumi , Nakagawa Takao , Kubota Toshihiko , Ido Kazunori , Sato Kazufumi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAngiogenesis is one of essential components for the growth of neoplasms, including malignant gliomas. However, tumor vascularization is often poorly organized and marginally functional due to tumor strucutural abnormalities, inducing regional or temporal hypoxic conditions and nutritional shortages in tumor tissues. We investigated how during angiogenesis migrating endothelial cells survive in these hypoxic and reduced nutritional conditions. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) underwent apoptosis and necrosis after serum withdrawal. This endothelial cell death was blocked by recombinant VEGF protein or the culture medium of U251 glioma cells exposed to hypoxia (H‐CM). Hypoxic treatment increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) expression in U251 glioma cells. H‐CM activated nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) protein and increased the gene expression of antiapoptotic factors including Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL, survivin and X‐chromosome‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in endothelial cells. The survival activity of H‐CM for endothelial cells was abolished by two kinds of VEGF inhibitors {Cyclopeptidic VEGF inhibitor and a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (4‐[(4′‐chloro‐2′‐fluoro) phenylamino]‐6, 7‐dimethoxyquinazoline)} or NFκB inhibitors (ALLN and BAY 11–7082). These VEGF inhibitors did not block the activation of NFκB induced by H‐CM in endothelial cells. On the contrary, TNF‐α antagonist WP9QY enhanced the survival activity of H‐CM for endothelial cells and blocked NFκB activation induced by H‐CM under serum‐starved conditions. Taken together, our data suggest that both the secretion of VEGF from glioma cells and activation of NFκB in endothelial cells induced by TNF‐α are necessary for endothelial cell survival as they increase the expression of antiapoptotic genes in endothelial cells under conditions of serum starvation. These pathways may be one of the mechanisms by which angiogenesis is maintained in glioma tissues.
Local proteins associated with methamphetamine‐induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity
Authors: Liao Pao‐Chi , Kuo Yu‐Min , Hsu Hen‐Chia , Cherng Chienfang G. , Yu Lung 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe present study aimed to examine the proteins involved in the methamphetamine (MA)‐induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity. Infusion of anisomycin into striatum and substantia nigra both abolished the MA‐induced striatal dopamine (DA) and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) depletions, indicating a critical role of local protein synthesis in determining such dopaminergic toxicity. Moreover, local protein synthesis blockade reversed this neurotoxicity via a temperature‐independent mechanism. We then employed a proteomic approach, two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) in conjunction with mass spectrometry analysis, to identify the protein candidates associated with the MA‐induced neurotoxicity. In striatal samples, 2‐DE analysis revealed that the intensities of nine protein spots were altered by MA treatment. Mass spectrometry analysis allowed us to identify five proteins, including an up‐regulated protein, α‐synuclein, and four down‐regulated proteins, ATPase, F‐actin capping protein β subunit, ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase/PGP 9.5, and peroxidase. MA‐altered expression levels of α‐synuclein and ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase/PGP 9.5 in striata were confirmed by western blotting analysis. Taken together, these results suggest that local up‐regulation of α‐synuclein and down‐regulation of ubiquitin carboxy‐terminal hydrolase/PGP 9.5 could be linked to the MA‐induced dopaminergic terminal toxicity.
Lateral entorhinal cortex lesions rearrange afferents, glutamate receptors, increase seizure latency and suppress seizure‐induced c‐fosexpression in the hippocampus of adult rat
Authors: Kopniczky Zsolt , Dobó Endre , Borbély Sándor , Világi Ildikó , Détári László , Krisztin‐Péva Beáta , Bagosi Andrea , Molnár Elek , Mihály András 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe entorhinal cortex (EC) provides the predominant excitatory drive to the hippocampal CA1 and subicular neurones in chronic epilepsy. Here we analysed the effects of one‐sided lateral EC (LEC) and temporoammonic (alvear) path lesion on the development and properties of 4‐aminopyridine‐induced seizures. Electroencephalography (EEG) analysis of freely moving rats identified that the lesion increased the latency of the hippocampal seizure significantly and decreased the number of brief convulsions. Seizure‐induced neuronal c‐fosexpression was reduced in every hippocampal area following LEC lesion. Immunocytochemical analysis 40 days after the ablation of the LEC identified sprouting of cholinergic and calretinin‐containing axons into the dentate molecular layer. Region and subunit specific changes in the expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) were identified. Although the total amount of AMPA receptor subunits remained unchanged, GluR1flopdisplayed a significant decrease in the CA1 region. An increase in NR1 and NR2BN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits and KA‐2 kainate receptor subunit was identified in the deafferented layers of the hippocampus. These results further emphasize the importance of the lateral entorhinal area in the spread and regulation of hippocampal seizures and highlight the potential role of the rewiring of afferents and rearrangement of iGluRs in the dentate gyrus in hippocampal convulsive activity.
Sub‐neurotoxic neonatal anoxia induces subtle behavioural changes and specific abnormalities in brain group‐I metabotropic glutamate receptors in rats
Authors: Casolini P. , Zuena A. R. , Cinque C. , Matteucci P. , Alemà G. S. , Adriani W. , Carpinelli G. , Santoro F. , Alleva E. , Bosco P. , Nicoletti F. , Laviola G. , Catalani A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAnoxia in the first week of life can induce neuronal death in vulnerable brain regions usually associated with an impairment of cognitive function that can be detected later in life. We set‐up a model of subneurotoxic anoxia based on repeated exposures to 100% nitrogen during the first 7 days of post‐natal life. This mild post‐natal exposure to anoxia specifically modified the behaviour of the male adult rats, which showed an attention deficit and an increase in anxiety, without any impairment in spatial learning and any detectable brain damage (magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis). Post‐anoxic rats showed a reduction in the expression of group‐I metabotropic glutamate receptors (i.e. mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptors) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, whereas expression of the mGlu 2/3 receptors, the NR1 subunit of NMDA receptors, and the GluR1 subunit of alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) receptors was unchanged. mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor signalling was also impaired in postanoxic rats, as revealed by a reduced efficacy of the agonist (1S,3R)‐1‐Aminocyclopentane‐1,3‐dicarboxylic acid (1S,3R‐ACPD) to stimulate polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in hippocampal slices. We conclude that rats subjected to subneurotoxic doses of anoxia during the early post‐natal life develop behavioural symptoms that are frequently encountered in the inattentive subtype of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and that group‐I mGlu receptors may be involved in the pathophysiology of these symptoms.
TAT‐mediated endocytotic delivery of the loop deletion Bcl‐2 protein protects neurons against cell death
Authors: Soane Lucian , Fiskum Gary 
Published: September 2005

AbstractProtein delivery mediated by protein transduction domains (PTD) such as the HIV‐1 TAT‐PTD has emerged as a promising approach for neuroprotection. The objective of this study was to generate and evaluate the neuroprotective potential of TAT fusion proteins using constructs based on Bcl‐2 anti‐death family proteins. A TAT‐Bcl‐2 construct with the loop domain deleted (TAT‐Bcl‐2Δloop) was tested for its ability to transduce neuronal cells and to promote survival. The potential mechanism of TAT‐mediated protein internalization in neural cells was also investigated. The purified TAT‐Bcl‐2Δloop binds to neural cell and rat brain mitochondria, and transduces cultured neural cell lines and primary cortical neurons when used at nm concentrations. Effective internalization of TAT‐Bcl‐2Δloop occurs at 37°C but not at 4°C, consistent with an endocytotic process. Both cell association and internalization require interaction of TAT‐Bcl‐2Δloop with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. TAT‐mediated protein delivery in neuronal cells occurs through a lipid raft‐dependent endocytotic process, inhibited by the cholesterol‐sequestering agent nystatin. Transducible loop deleted Bcl‐2 increases the survival of cortical neurons following trophic factor withdrawal and also rescues neural cell lines from staurosporine‐induced death. These results support the concept of using protein transduction of Bcl‐2 constructs for neuroprotection.
Brain metabolism of exogenous pyruvate
Authors: Gonzalez Susana Villa , Nguyen Nga H. T. , Rise Frode , Hassel Bjørnar 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPyruvate given in large doses may be neuroprotective in stroke, but it is not known to what degree the brain metabolizes pyruvate. Intravenous injection of [3‐13C]pyruvate led to dose‐dependent labelling of cerebral metabolites so that at 5 min after injection of 18 mmoles [3‐13C]pyruvate/kg (2 g sodium pyruvate/kg), approximately 20% of brain glutamate and GABA were labelled, as could be detected by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ex vivo. Pyruvate, 9 mmoles/kg, was equivalent to glucose, 9 mmoles/kg, as a substrate for cerebral tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity. Inhibition of the glial TCA cycle with fluoroacetate did not affect formation of [4‐13C]glutamate or [2‐13C]GABA from [3‐13C]pyruvate, but reduced formation of [4‐13C]glutamine by 50%, indicating predominantly neuronal metabolism of exogenous pyruvate. Extensive formation of [3‐13C]lactate from [2‐13C]pyruvate demonstrated reversible carboxylation of pyruvate to malate and equilibration with fumarate, presumably in neurones, but anaplerotic formation of TCA cycle intermediates from exogenous pyruvate could not be detected. Too rapid injection of large amounts of pyruvate led to seizure activity, respiratory arrest and death. We conclude that exogenous pyruvate is an excellent energy substrate for neurones in vivo, but that care must be taken to avoid the seizure‐inducing effect of pyruvate given in large doses.
Characterization of novel microsatellite loci for red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) from enriched genomic libraries
Authors: KÖLLIKER ROLAND , ENKERLI JÜRG , WIDMER FRANCO 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTwenty‐seven polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from red clover (Trifolium pratense). Allelic variability and cross‐species amplification were assessed on 24 red clover and eight white clover (Trifolium repens) genotypes. The number of alleles detected in red clover ranged from two to 25. Observed and expected heterozygosities were high with average values of 0.71 and 0.88, respectively. Five of the 27 loci were also successfully amplified from white clover, where two to 13 alleles were detected. These highly polymorphic microsatellite loci provide powerful tools for population genetic studies as well as for marker‐assisted selection in this important forage legume species.