bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of treatment options for a multidrug-resistant fungus: Candida auris
Authors: Wang Siqi , Pan Jiangwei , Gu Liting , Wang Wei , Wei Bin , Zhang Huawei , Chen Jianwei , Wang Hong 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Candida auris is a widely distributed, highly lethal, multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. It was first identified in 2009 when it was isolated from fluid drained from the external ear canal of a patient in Japan. Since then, it has caused infectious outbreaks in over 45 countries, with mortality rates approaching 60%. Drug resistance is common in this species, with a large proportion of isolates displaying fluconazole resistance and nearly half are resistant to two or more antifungal drugs. In this review, we describe the drug resistance mechanism of C. auris and potential small-molecule drugs for treating C. auris infection. Among these antifungal agents, rezafungin was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis on March 22, 2023. Ibrexafungerp and fosmanogepix have entered phase III clinical trials.
α-enhanced astrochemistry: the carbon cycle in extreme galactic conditions
Authors: Bisbas Thomas G , Zhang Zhi-Yu , Gjergo Eda , Zhao Ying-He , Luo Gan , Quan Donghui , Jiang Xue-Jian , Sun Yichen , Topkaras Theodoros , Li Di , Guo Ziyi 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
Astrochemistry has been widely developed as a power tool to probe the physical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in various conditions of the Milky Way (MW) Galaxy, and in near and distant galaxies. Most current studies conventionally apply linear scaling to all elemental abundances based on the gas-phase metallicity. However, these elements, including carbon and oxygen, are enriched differentially by stellar nucleosynthesis and the overall galactic chemical evolution, evident from α-enhancement in multiple galactic observations such as starbursts, high-redshift star-forming galaxies, and low-metallicity dwarfs. We perform astrochemical modelling to simulate the impact of an α-enhanced ISM gas cloud on the abundances of the three phases of carbon (C+, C, CO) dubbed as ‘the carbon cycle’. The ISM environmental parameters considered include two cosmic-ray ionization rates (ζCR = 10−17 and $10^{-15}\, {\rm s}^{-1}$), two isotropic FUV radiation field strengths (χ/χ0 = 1 and 102), and (sub-)linear dust-to-gas relations against metallicity, mimicking the ISM conditions of different galaxy types. In galaxies with [C/O] &lt; 0, CO, C, and C+, all decrease in both abundances and emission, though with differential biases. The low-J CO emission is found to be the most stable tracer for the molecular gas, while C and C+ trace H2 gas only under limited conditions, in line with recent discoveries of [C i]-dark galaxies. We call for caution when using [C ii] $158\, \mu$m and [C i](1–0) as alternative H2-gas tracers for both diffuse and dense gas with non-zero [C/O] ratios.
TOI-4641b: an aligned warm Jupiter orbiting a bright (V=7.5) rapidly rotating F-star
Authors: Bieryla Allyson , Zhou George , García-Mejía Juliana , Fairnington Tyler R , Latham David W , Carter Brad , Dong Jiayin , Huang Chelsea X , Murphy Simon J , Shporer Avi , Collins Karen A , Quinn Samuel N , Everett Mark E , Buchhave Lars A , Tronsgaard René , Charbonneau David , Johnson Marshall C , Esquerdo Gilbert A , Calkins Michael , Berlind Perry , Jenkins Jon M , Ricker George R , Seager Sara , Winn Joshua N , Barclay Thomas , Mireles Ismael , Paegert Martin , Twicken Joseph D 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of TOI-4641b, a warm Jupiter transiting a rapidly rotating F-type star with a stellar effective temperature of 6560 K. The planet has a radius of 0.73 RJup, a mass smaller than 3.87 MJup(3σ), and a period of 22.09 d. It is orbiting a bright star (V=7.5 mag) on a circular orbit with a radius and mass of 1.73 R⊙ and 1.41 M⊙. Follow-up ground-based photometry was obtained using the Tierras Observatory. Two transits were also observed with the Tillinghast Reflector Echelle Spectrograph, revealing the star to have a low projected spin-orbit angle (λ=$1.41^{+0.76}_{-0.76}$°). Such obliquity measurements for stars with warm Jupiters are relatively few, and may shed light on the formation of warm Jupiters. Among the known planets orbiting hot and rapidly rotating stars, TOI-4641b is one of the longest period planets to be thoroughly characterized. Unlike hot Jupiters around hot stars which are more often misaligned, the warm Jupiter TOI-4641b is found in a well-aligned orbit. Future exploration of this parameter space can add one more dimension to the star–planet orbital obliquity distribution that has been well sampled for hot Jupiters.
Keeping a track on leptomeningeal disease in non–small cell lung cancer: A single-institution experience with CNSideTM
Authors: Puri Sonam , Malani Rachna , Chalmers Anna , Kerrigan Kathleen , Patel Shiven B , Monynahan Kelly , Cannon Laura , Blouw Barbara , Akerley Wallace 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a devastating complication for patients with advanced cancer. Diagnosis and monitoring the response to therapy remains challenging due to limited sensitivity and specificity of standard-of-care (SOC) diagnostic modalities, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology, MRI, and clinical evaluation. These hindrances contribute to the poor survival of LMD patients. CNSide is a CLIA-validated test that detects and characterizes CSF-derived tumor cells and cell-free (cf) DNA. We performed a retrospective analysis on the utility of CNSide to analyze CSF obtained from advanced non–small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) patients with suspected LMD treated at the Huntsman Cancer Institute in Salt Lake City, UT.

Methods
CNSide was used to evaluate CSF from 15 patients with aNSCLC. CSF tumor cell quantification was performed throughout treatment for 5 patients. CSF tumor cells and cfDNA were characterized for actionable mutations.

Results
In LMD-positive patients, CNSide detected CSF tumor cells in 88% (22/25) samples versus 40% (10/25) for cytology (matched samples). CSF tumor cell numbers tracked response to therapy in 5 patients where CNSide was used to quantify tumor cells throughout treatment. In 75% (9/12) of the patients, genetic alterations were detected in CSF, with the majority representing gene mutations and amplifications with therapeutic potential. The median survival for LMD patients was 16.1 m (5.2-NR).

Conclusions
We show that CNSide can supplement the management of LMD in conjunction with SOC methods for the diagnosis, monitoring response to therapy, and identifying actionable mutations unique to the CSF in patients with LMD.
How Should a Vape Shop-Based Smoking Cessation Intervention Be Delivered? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Langley Tessa , Young Emily , Hunter Abby , Bains Manpreet 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Encouraging smokers to quit smoking tobacco using e-cigarettes could substantially reduce smoking-related diseases. Vape shops (VS) therefore have the potential to play an important role in supporting smoking cessation. The aim of this study was to explore how to deliver a vape shop-based smoking cessation intervention in the United Kingdom.

Methods
Semistructured telephone interviews were undertaken with four stakeholder groups: 20 stop smoking service (SSS) providers, seven tobacco control leads, seven smokers/vapers, and five vape shop staff. Interviews were analyzed thematically.

Results
Stakeholder groups were positive about the idea of delivering a vape shop-based intervention. Themes that were identified were the characteristics of the intervention (duration and timing; delivery; style and content; and product provisions); barriers to the intervention (challenges for new vapers; false information; tobacco company involvement; and conflicts of interest); facilitators to the intervention (positive views on vaping; cost-effectiveness; popularity; and accessibility); and considerations for the intervention (data protection and privacy; aesthetics; and regulation and management). The results suggest that the intervention should be delivered by vape shop workers with mandatory training with the support of SSS. Most stakeholders agreed quitting vaping was not a priority, but that information on how to reduce nicotine use should be given. Concerns around privacy, General Data Protection Regulation, misinformation about vaping, and tobacco company involvement would need to be addressed.

Conclusions
Stakeholders agree that VS should offer stop smoking interventions and hold similar opinions on how this should be delivered.

Implications
This study suggests that smokers, vapers, and other key stakeholders are positive about the idea of a stop-smoking vape shop-based intervention and that they hold similar opinions on how this should be delivered. Most participants felt that this should be primarily delivered by trained vape shop staff and run with support from SSS. Participants agreed that a stop-smoking vape shop-based intervention should be flexible in terms of the type, duration, and frequency of support provided, and that the intervention should comprise both technical guidance on using a vape and behavioral support to prevent a return to smoking.
Everything but the Kitchen Sink: An Analysis of Bacterial and Chemical Contaminants Found in Syringe Residue From People Who Inject Drugs
Authors: Wildenthal John A , Schwartz Drew J , Nolan Nathanial S , Zhao Lingxia , Robinson John I , Jones Erin , Jawa Raagini , Henderson Jeffrey P , Marks Laura R 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
People who inject drugs (PWID) are at high risk of severe wounds, invasive infections, and overdoses. To date, there are few data on the bacterial and chemical contaminants PWID are exposed to when using illicitly manufactured fentanyls and stimulants.

Methods
Previously used injection drug use equipment was recovered in St Louis, Missouri, by harm reduction organizations over a 12-month period. Syringe residue was analyzed for bacterial contaminants by routine culturing followed by whole genome sequencing of single bacterial isolates. Chemical adulterants in syringe residue were identified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results
Bacteria were cultured from 58.75% of 160 syringes analyzed. Polymicrobial growth was common and was observed in 23.75% of samples. Bacillus cereus was the most common pathogen present and was observed in 20.6% of syringe residues, followed closely by Staphylococcus aureus at 18.8%. One hundred syringes underwent mass spectrometry, which demonstrated that chemical adulterants were common and included caffeine, diphenhydramine, lidocaine, quinine, and xylazine.

Conclusions
Analysis of syringe residue from discarded drug use equipment demonstrates both chemical and biological contaminants, including medically important pathogens and adulterants.
Efficacy of Single-Agent Chemotherapy in Endocrine Therapy-Refractory Metastatic Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
Authors: Mouabbi Jason A , Qaio Wei , Shen Yu , Raghavendra Akshara Singareeka , Tripathy Debasish , Layman Rachel M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2-negative metastatic invasive lobular breast cancer (mILC) is distinct from invasive ductal cancer (IDC) in clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics, impacting its response to systemic therapy. While endocrine therapy (ET) combined with targeted therapies has shown efficacy in ET-sensitive mILC, data on chemotherapy in ET-refractory mILC remain limited. We investigated the efficacy of single-agent capecitabine (CAP) versus taxanes (TAX) in ET-refractory HR+ HER2-negative patients with mILC.

Materials and Methods
Using data from the MD Anderson prospectively collected breast cancer database, we identified patients with HR+ HER2-negative mILC who received prior ET and first-time chemotherapy in the metastatic setting. We compared outcomes between 173 CAP-treated and 96 TAX-treated patients.

Results
CAP-treated patients had significantly better median progression-free survival (PFS) than TAX-treated patients (8.8 vs 5.0 months, HR 0.63, P &lt; .001). Overall survival (OS) did not differ significantly between the groups (42.7 vs 36.6 months for CAP vs TAX, respectively, HR 0.84, P = .241). Multivariate analyses for PFS and OS revealed better outcomes in subjects with fewer metastatic sites and those exposed to more lines of ET. Additionally, Black patients showed worse OS outcomes compared to White patients (HR 2.46; P = .001).

Conclusion
In ET-refractory HR+ HER2-negative mILC, single-agent CAP demonstrated superior PFS compared to TAX. Our findings highlight the potential benefit of CAP in this patient subset, warranting further investigation through prospective trials.
Methotrexate Scarcity Among Children’s Oncology Group Institutions: Results of a Multinational Survey
Authors: Menig Sarah , Militano Olga , Ostrenga Andrew , Bernhardt M Brooke , Lee Brittany , Unguru Yoram 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Shortages of curative chemotherapy agents for children and adults with cancer are ubiquitous. These shortages directly result in compromised outcomes, increased medication errors, heightened cost to health systems, and patient deaths. Methotrexate is a staple of many curative childhood cancer regimens and is frequently in scarcity. No national guidance to manage methotrexate and other chemotherapy shortages exists. To assess the effect of the current methotrexate shortage, a multinational survey of Children’s Oncology Group (COG) member institutions was conducted. Wide variation in the scope of methotrexate shortage in the US was demonstrated; some centers experienced significant scarcity while others experienced no shortage. Methotrexate mitigation strategies differed by COG site, resulting in potential to exacerbate differential access to life-saving medication and inequities in care. Preventing chemotherapy shortages remains a challenge. In the interim, standard guidance to assist clinicians to equitably and fairly cope with methotrexate and related drug shortages is needed.
Irruptive fall migrations are linked to elevated breeding abundance but are not associated with body condition or stopover duration in Northern Saw-whet Owls
Authors: Craik Shawn R , Doucet Amélie , Manuel Mathieu , Roy Chloé , Brown Taylor M , Knighton Emilie J , Shutler Dave , Lauff Randy F , Ethier Danielle , Kouwenberg Amy-Lee , Taylor Philip D 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Bird species that undertake irruptive migrations are good candidates for assessing density-dependent effects on stopover ecology because the number of birds using stopover sites varies considerably from year to year. Using morphometric data from a 9-year banding program and radiotelemetry (n = 25 females), we found that increases in the annual density of Northern Saw-whet Owls (NSWO; Aegolius acadicus) encountered at a fall stopover site in Nova Scotia, Canada, were not linked to female body condition or minimum stopover duration. Rather, most NSWO spent no more than 1 or 2 full days at the stopover site following radio-tagging and during their return visits to the site. Body condition indices were highest for NSWO captured near the end of the migration monitoring season, possibly reflecting birds that had recently established wintering ranges and were elevating energy stores. We used breeding abundance indices derived from Birds Canada’s Atlantic Nocturnal Owl Survey to help test the hypothesis that irruptive fall migrations in NSWO were driven by elevated breeding productivity and dispersal of immature birds (breeding success hypothesis). Indeed, irruptive fall migrations were characterized by elevated densities of immatures, but not adults, and mean breeding abundance indices for the Maritime provinces during years with irruptive migrations were higher than those for non-irruptive years. We hypothesize that prey abundance during years with irruptive migrations was sufficient to enable high breeding densities and minimize effects of elevated fall densities of NSWO on rates of mass gain and stopover duration.
Experimental warming of embryos accelerates metabolism of postnatal songbirds, influences growth, but has no effects on parental feeding and brooding rates
Authors: Ton Riccardo , Martin Thomas E 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Here we investigate possible carryover effects of experimentally increased incubation temperatures for postnatal growth, metabolism, and parental care within and among 6 north temperate and one tropical songbird species. Increased temperatures during embryonic development consistently caused higher postnatal resting metabolism compared to control nests, among but not within the 7 species studied. The effects of the experiment on growth were species specific and depended on the morphometric considered. Size before the fledge date was positively correlated with feeding rate, and metabolism was lower in larger broods. Our experiment did not elicit changes in parental food delivery rates or brooding effort during the postnatal stage, and higher brooding effort was associated with nestlings of smaller mass and faster metabolism independently from treatment. Consequently, parental care seemed unlikely to be the cause of the differences in growth rates between treatments. Instead, physiological mechanisms triggered by our heating treatment appear to be responsible for the observed variation in growth. These intrinsic changes unmatched by adjustments in parental effort may contribute to longer-term consequences for individual quality and survival that deserve further attention.
Long way up: rethink diseases in light of phase separation and phase transition
Authors: Ding Mingrui , Xu Weifan , Pei Gaofeng , Li Pilong 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Biomolecular condensation, driven by multivalency, serves as a fundamental mechanism within cells, facilitating the formation of distinct compartments, including membraneless organelles that play essential roles in various cellular processes. Perturbations in the delicate equilibrium of condensation, whether resulting in gain or loss of phase separation, have robustly been associated with cellular dysfunction and physiological disorders. As ongoing research endeavors wholeheartedly embrace this newly acknowledged principle, a transformative shift is occurring in our comprehension of disease. Consequently, significant strides have been made in unraveling the profound relevance and potential causal connections between abnormal phase separation and various diseases. This comprehensive review presents compelling recent evidence that highlight the intricate associations between aberrant phase separation and neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and infectious diseases. Additionally, we provide a succinct summary of current efforts and propose innovative solutions for the development of potential therapeutics to combat the pathological consequences attributed to aberrant phase separation.
The evolving spectrum of human African trypanosomiasis
Authors: Kennedy P G E 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, continues to be a major threat to human health in 36 countries throughout sub-Saharan Africa with up to 60 million people at risk. Over the last decade, there have been several advances in this area, some of which are discussed in this overview. Due to the concerted efforts of several bodies, including better identification and treatment of cases and improved tsetse fly vector control, the number of cases of HAT has declined dramatically. The clinical heterogeneity of HAT has also been increasingly recognized, and the disease, while usually fatal if untreated or inadequately treated, does not always have a uniformly fatal outcome. Improved methods of HAT diagnosis have now been developed including rapid diagnostic tests. Novel drug treatment of HAT has also been developed, notably nifurtimox–eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) for late-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, oral fexinidazole for early and the early component of the late-stage of T.b. gambiense, and the new oral compounds of the oxaborole group, which have shown considerable promise in field trials. Advances in HAT neuropathogenesis have been steady, though largely incremental, with a particular focus on the role of the blood–brain barrier in parasite entry into the central nervous system and the relevant importance of both innate and adaptive immunity. While the World Health Organization goal of elimination of HAT as a public health problem by 2020 has probably been achieved, it remains to be seen whether the second more ambitious goal of interruption of transmission of HAT by 2030 will be attained.
First contact physiotherapists: are they able to reduce the burden on rheumatology services? A critical review of the evidence base
Authors: Golding Sarah R , Jackson Jo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
First contact practitioners have emerged over recent years in response to growing pressures within the National Health Service (NHS) and are now central to primary care musculoskeletal (MSK) services. Within the MSK field, these allied health professionals can be from a range of disciplines, including physiotherapy, podiatry and osteopathy. Early referral to rheumatology is key to successful long-term management of many inflammatory MSK conditions, but presents challenges to overburdened services. Evidence supporting the recognition and referral of patients with rheumatological disorders by First Contact Practitioners is lacking; however, physiotherapists have been shown successfully to substitute the role of a doctor within the MSK field. This review investigates the value of First Contact Physiotherapists (FCPs) within primary care and their role in early recognition and referral of rheumatological MSK disorders in line with national guidance. FCPs best placed to fulfil the role of MSK champions, positively impacting the whole MSK pathway, with the potential to reduce the burden on rheumatology services. Planned rapid upscaling of FCPs over the next few years will support sustainability of MSK NHS services.
Self-Disorder in Schizophrenia: A Revised View (2. Theoretical Revision—Hyperreflexivity)
Authors: Sass Louis , Feyaerts Jasper 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A growing body of research supports the role of self-disorders as core phenotypic features of schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. Self-disorders comprise various alterations of conscious experience whose theoretical understanding continues to present a challenge. This is the second of two articles that aim to clarify the nature of self-disorders in schizophrenia by considering the currently most influential, phenomenological model of schizophrenia: the basic-self-disturbance or ipseity-disorder model (IDM). The previous paper (article 1) presented a state-of-the-art overview of this model and critically assessed its descriptive adequacy with respect to the clinical heterogeneity and variability of the alterations in self- and world-awareness characteristic of schizophrenia. This paper (article 2) proposes a theoretical revision by considering how hyperreflexivity might form the crucial common thread or generating factor that unifies the heterogeneous, and sometimes even contradictory features of schizophrenic self-disorders. We outline implications of our revised model (IDMrevised) for explanatory research, therapeutic practice, and our general understanding of the abnormalities in question.