bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vendors
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Three generations ago, Lakshmiben Teta’s family grew melons and pumpkins on the Sabarmati riverbed and sold their produce in Manekchowk, Ahmedabad’s vegetable market. They lived outside the walled city in Chamanpura, an area that has long since become a working-class slum. Farmers, weavers, potters, cobblers, and other producers from the neighboring villages came into the city to sell their wares. With the advent of textile mills and other industry in Ahmedabad, the river water had so many industrial effluents that it could no longer support crops. While the men looked for work in the textile mills, the women continued to sell vegetables in the market, although they now bought the vegetables from wholesalers. As the market continued to grow, new houses and retail shops gradually began to occupy the once-open plaza of Manekchowk. Manekchowk is the heart of Ahmedabad. The major market of the city, it throbs with activity today, just as it has for more than a century. It began, in fact, as a conglomeration of markets-the commodities market, the gold and silver market, retail cloth, grain, and the spices markets, the brass and steel utensils market, and, dominating them all by the sheer number of customers it attracts, the fresh fruit and vegetable market.
GramHaat
Authors: Bhatt Ela R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During our meetings with the embroidery groups, the women often talked about women poorer than themselves. These women collected gum from the thorny scrub called gando baval (prosopis juliflora) or the “mad tree,” a species introduced some decades ago by the forest department as a species that could supposedly desalinate desert land but also had multiple other uses. The baval or gum tree gum is edible, and it is used in making sweets; the pods are fed to cattle, and the branches can be burnt to make charcoal. The baval, however, has proliferated with abandon, decimating local fauna in the process. The plant is called mesquite in its native South America. The thirsty villages of Antarnesh and Aewal in Banaskantha are among the last villages before the border to Pakistan. Gum collection is the only source of livelihood for the inhabitants. The women go out in family groups into the arid wilderness, often walking for many kilometers, picking gum from the dense, thorny baval bushes. Other times, they spend the nights in the wild and return home after collecting 10 to 15 kilos of gum. When we first met them, the women sold their gum to traders at the rate of 2 to 4 rupees per kilo.
Into the Ideological Unknown Women in Love
Authors: Parker David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent poststructuralist theory has rejected the notion of a literary canon, largely on the now-familiar grounds that the canonical works univocally speak the ideology of a hegemonic class, thus marginalizing such groups as blacks, women, and the working class. Of particular concern to the poststructuralists is the pretension of these texts to ethical authority. As Frederic Jameson has said: “it is ethics itself which is the ideological vehicle and legitimation of concrete structures of power and domination” (The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act, London, 1981, 114). He goes on to outline his (sub-Nietzschean) idea of ethics as a system of binary oppositions, of good versus evil, where “evil” inevitably denotes imagined characteristics of those who are Other to the hegemonic class. For this reason ethical criticism, which—hoodwinked by these texts’ strategies of containment—confines itself to “surface” exposition of them, is worse than useless because it perpetuates the work
Ars Erotica or Scientia Sexualis? Narrative Vicissitudes in D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love
Authors: Doherty Gerald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In The History of Sexuality (Volume One), Michel Foucault remarks that, historically, there have been two great procedures for producing the truth about sex. Some societies, mainly Eastern ones—Indian, Japanese, Chinese (Rome being Foucault’s sole Western candidate)—have generated an Ars Erotica where truth is drawn from pleasure itself, i.e., from its subtleties, intensities, progressive duration, liberating effects, and its access to other planes of existence. Essentially esoteric, its knowledge is held in the greatest reserve, passed on by a master who, through initiatory rituals, guides the acolyte along the erotic path to enlightenment. For the latter, the result is transfiguration—in Foucault’s eloquent phrases—”an absolute mastery of the body, a singular bliss, oblivious of time and limits, the exile of death and its threats” (History, 1981, 57–58).
Entrapment and Escape in D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love
Authors: Jones Bethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a letter to Catherine Carswell on 11 October 1916, Lawrence referred to Women in Love as a novel that had enabled him to take one stride toward freedom: “I have knocked the first loop-hole in the prison where we are all shut up.” The imagery employed here, asserting the need for the breaking of bounds, the flight from imprisonment, is characteristic of Lawrence’s language in Women in Love, which draws heavily on images of entrapment and escape. Terms such as constraint, bondage, bounds, closed, shut, escape, release, and freedom in conjunction with images of nets, prisons, chains, traps, spells, and snares are prevalent throughout the novel. Such images are used to reveal the constricting, repressive nature of physical locations, from the mining countryside of the Midlands to the snow-scape evoked in the final chapters. The sense of constraint extends to the lives of the novel’s protagonists, who identify entrapment in their own circumstances and articulate potential ways of breaking free. Yet entrapment is more pervasive still: it is evident in the interrelation between characters, in the subjugation of one by another, sometimes with violent results.
Interwoven Words, Interactive Feelings:Paul Morel and Sons and Lovers
Authors: Baron Helen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The process of creativity is largely an enigma, but when an author revises a written text, glimpses of that process maybe possible. Lawrence did not merely revise, but frequently started a work from the beginning again and rewrote it completely. This unique method of writing fiction, which often left for posterity two or more differently composed versions of a story or novel, gives an overwhelming amount of material for pondering Lawrence’s particular creative process. It seems as if different ways of seeing and of interpreting dominated his thought at successive writing periods, and one can observe these by noticing the ways in which his use of syntax, vocabulary, and imagery varies between versions.
K
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most cases are sporadic; however, familial cases with probable maternal transmission and several affected siblings have been reported. Deletions of mitochondrial DNA are present in the majority of cases. The mitochondrial DNA abnormality probably occurs in the oocyte or zygote and not in the mother. It is, however, likely that most severely affected ova are nonviable; thus, extensive pedigrees of the syndrome are not seen.
V
Authors: Traboulsi Elias I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Retinal angiomas tend to appear before the third decade of life. Cerebellar signs from cystic hemangioblastomas in the cortical area of the cerebellum occur in 35% to 75% of patients and are diagnosed in the second to fourth decade of life. Hemangioblastomas can be found in the spinal cord or in the brain and may become calcified. Other clinical symptoms include seizures and ataxia. Cherry hemangiomas of the face, liver, lung, and adrenal gland are occasionally present.
Self-Determination: A Foundational Principle
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As demonstrated in the preceding chapter, international norms have developed in the specific context of indigenous peoples over the last several years, including those articulated in International Labour Organization Convention No. 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, as well as those now discernible as customary international law. These norms arise within international law’s modern human rights frame, and hence they derive largely from more broadly applicable human rights standards that are well established in international law. By the same token, the broadly applicable human rights principles and norms, which are included in several multilateral treaties and other written instruments that have been promulgated by the United Nations and regional institutions, are in themselves relevant to indigenous peoples’ efforts to survive and flourish under conditions of equality. Generally applicable human rights principles combine with developments specifically concerning indigenous peoples to establish the applicable normative regime. This regime includes a series of interrelated norms that address indigenous peoples’ concerns, along with a duty on the part of states to take the steps necessary to implement these norms. Part II of this book is an effort to define the structure and core elements of this contemporary normative regime that concerns indigenous peoples, beginning with its foundations in the principle of self-determination.
Norms Elaborating the Elements of Self-Determination
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As indicated in the foregoing discussion, the principle of self-determination and related human rights precepts undergird more particularized norms concerning indigenous peoples. Newly developing norms contain substantive and remedial prescriptions and, in conjunction with already established human rights standards of general applicability, form the benchmarks for ensuring indigenous peoples of ongoing self-determination. This body of international norms indicates the minimum range of choices to which indigenous peoples are entitled in remedial-constitutive procedures (i.e., in belated state-building procedures that aim to secure redress for historical and continuing wrongs). The international norms concerning indigenous peoples, which thus elaborate upon the requirements of self-determination, generally fall within the following categories: nondiscrimination, cultural integrity, lands and resources, social welfare and development, and self-government. The general contours of these norms are identified and discussed in the following synthesis of relevant conventional and customary law, including new and emergent law.
Paine’s Philadelphia
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Philadelphia where Paine arrived in the fall of 1774 was “the capital of the new world.” With a population of some 30,000, it was the largest city in English America, and its heterogeneous citizenry included Quakers, Anglicans and Catholics of English descent, German Lutherans and Mennonites and Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. Many of its citizens, like Paine, were recent arrivals; in the decade beginning in 1764, no fewer than 215 ships carrying immigrant indentured servants had reached the city from German and Irish ports alone, and on the eve of the Revolution, these two ethnic groups comprised about half the city’s population.
Paine and the New Nation
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The demise of the popular movement for price controls in 1780 inaugurated one of the most controversial and puzzling periods of Paine’s career. During the 1770s, he had been associated with the “democratic party in Philadelphia” in the struggle for independence and the Pennsylvania Constitution. Now he found himself increasingly at odds with some of his erstwhile allies, while appearing to find his former political enemies congenial. Courted by men of wealth and political standing, he seemed closer in outlook to the merchant elite of Philadelphia.
Apogee: Crime and Punishment
Authors: Fanger Donald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crime and Punishment is the first—and arguably the greatest—product of that special realism toward which Dostoevsky had been groping for twenty years; it is un- questionably his greatest Petersburg work. The Insulted and Injured had given him the secret of uniting several plots into a single entity, and Notes from Underground the secret of transmuting his new ideological concerns into the stuff of fiction. The result, like Hamlet, is a metaphysical thriller, a point that critics writing in English cannot be accused of neglecting. What they have tended to neglect is the fact that this is also the first great Russian novel to deal with the life of the one city in Russia that could be compared to the capital cities of the West. A brief historical excursus will show how this is so.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Wasiolek Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is in Crime and Punishment a little of everything that Dostoevsky had experimented with in the forties and the early sixties: character types, Gothic elements, sentimental situations, social elements. Luzhin, for instance, is not much different from Yulian Mastakovich of The Christmas Tree and the Wedding, or from Mme. M’s husband of The Little Hero. He calculates his mar- riage to Dunia in the same cold-blooded way that Yulian had calculated the little girl’s dowry on his fingers. Sonia resembles the prostitute Liza in Notes from the Underground; Marmeladov resem- bles the self-dramatizing buffoon Polzunkov and the suffering drunk Emelyan of The Honest Thief; Katerina Marmeladov looks back to naive dreamers like Nelli’s mother in The Insulted and the Injured; and even Porfiry is anticipated in the sleuthing of Ivan Petrovich in The Insulted and the Injured and of Yaroslav Ilych of The Landlady. But under the pressure of the dialectic that is brought to maturity in the Notes, many of the elements are transformed.
Motive and Symbol
Authors: Peace Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Crime and Punishment , inasmuch as it is built ex- clusively round one character, has all the appearance of a monolith. This is deceptive; for the fabric itself of the monolith is ordered according to a dualistic structure which informs the whole work. Dualism is both Dostoyevsky’s artistic method and his polemical theme. Dualism is the ‘stick with two ends’ with which he belabours the radicals of the sixties; for, in Raskolnikov, Dostoyevsky has chosen one of their number who, like the heroes of Pomyalovsky’s novels, believes that he can conceive a crime rationally, justify it rationally and execute it rationally. It is this emphasis on man’s rationality which Dostoyevsky attacks. The underground man had claimed that man’s rational faculties constitute a mere twentieth part of his whole being: the error of Raskolnikov is that he mistakes the part for the whole.
Crime and Punishment and Contemporary Radical Thought
Authors: Offord Derek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dostoy evsky , when h e c ame to write Crime and Pun- ishment in 1865, had already made an extensive contribution, both in publicism and in imaginative literature, to the vigorous intellectual life of those years following the Crimean War and the death of Nicholas I when a more liberal regime flowered briefly in Russia and when the old order began to undergo irreversible change. In particular the hostility towards the radical camp which found expression in Dostoyevsky’s writing in the early sixties was to become one of the prime creative influences in his major fiction.
Of a Fire in the Dark Public and Private Feminism in the Wife of Bath’s Tale
Authors: Leicester H Marshall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Wife of Bath’s Tale is not only a text concerned with the position of women, it is a text whose speaker is a woman and a feminist—at least that is the fiction the text offers—and the body of this essay will concentrate on the Wife herself as the speaker of her tale. While my own prejudices, for better or for worse, will no doubt be evident from what follows, I do not claim here to define feminism or to say what women “are” or ought to do. My interest is in the Wife’s feminism as it is evidenced in Chaucer’s text, and I attempt to discriminate between two versions of feminism—two possible stances women may, in their own interest, adopt in the world—that the Wife seems to embody in the telling of her tale. The first of these I call “public” and identify with a polemical, reactive, and necessarily “illiberal” position that women may take toward the male world and its institutions. The second, “private” form is less easy to classify in the nature of the case, but at least in Chaucer’s practice here it is at once more humanist (in the sense of being interested in what individuals can make, positively, of the culture and institutions that precede and surround them) and more humane—or at any rate “nicer.” This second form, because it is always dependent on individual situations, choices, and responses, always remains problematical and open to reinterpretation.
China’s Place among Nations
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the Great War ended in November 1918, many Chinese, too, contemplated the opportunities that the postwar world would hold. Though China was not ruled by any one power, its sovereignty was severely circumscribed by a web of unequal arrangements with foreign powers. China had become, as Lala Lajpat Rai’s map frankly put it, a “nominally independent, really dependent” state, and like Egyptians and Indians, Chinese nationalists looked to the U.S. president to usher in a new era of international equality.
Seizing the Moment in Seoul
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1919, as Chinese nationalists in Paris and across the world worked in the international arena to establish China’s place among nations, patriotic Koreans were also stirred to action. The Korean peninsula had been under increasingly oppressive Japanese rule since 1905, and during the war the censors tried to keep the language of self-determination out. But during the last months of the war, Koreans seized on Wilson and his principles as they began to contemplate the possibilities of the postwar world.
A World Safe for Empire?
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even as the young Mao counted the uprising in Korea as part of the broad upheaval against empire in the spring of 1919, the Japanese colonial authorities engaged in a harsh campaign of suppression that left thousands of casualties in its wake. As in India, the protests had begun with an emphasis on nonviolence, but they soon turned bloody. Police clashed with stone-throwing demonstrators, and protesters tried to storm police stations and other symbols of the colonial regime.
The Advertisement of Jane Eyre
Authors: Thomas Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We had very early cherished the dream of one day becoming authors,” Charlotte Brontë wrote about herself and her two younger sisters in a preface for Wuthering Heights. “This dream never relinquished,” she added, “it took the character of resolve.” The dream was especially dear to Charlotte Brontë, whose persistent and aggressive marketing of her own and her sisters’ manuscripts to publishers—sometimes in direct opposition to Emily’s wishes—was largely responsible for making the dream come true. Even after her considerable efforts as literary “agent” managed to secure an agreement with a publisher, Brontë insisted that more than the normal amount of money be spent on advertising, agreeing to deduction of that amount from the authors’ expected royalties. But this dream of authorship was not the only one that drove her. Through much of her life her sleep was disturbed by a recurrent dream of her two elder sisters. Maria and Elizabeth, both of whom had died at Cowan Bridge School, the model for what would become the Lowood School of Jane Eyre. This dream and Charlotte Brontë’s response to it are not unrelated to her consciously cultivated “dream” of becoming an author, and they may even provide a basis for understanding that dream and the dreams she later introduced into the book that made her the successful writer she so deeply desired to be.
Jane Eyre
Authors: Shuttleworth Sally 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In jane eyre bronte extends her analysis of the ways in which ideological pressures of class, gender, and economics are played out in the domain of subjectivity. Traditional readings of the novel which regard it primarily as a drama of the psyche, where society is consigned to the role of backdrop, fail to register the ways in which the language of psychology in the novel is itself politically defined and charged. Similarly feminist celebrations of Brontë’s depictions of sexual rebellion fail to take into account the ways in which the novel is framed by the discourses of Victorian psychology. Medical texts of the era foregrounded the same three concerns which dominate Brontë’s novel: the mechanics of self-control, the female body and sexuality, and the insurgence of insanity.
Excerpts from Subjects on Display
Authors: Newman Beth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whether jane’s disposition against display is a matter of nature or nurture, it determines that when she finds herself among the Eshtons and Ingrams in Rochester’s drawing room—that is, when the novel places her there in order to establish Jane’s superiority as an object of desire over the showy Blanche—she again cultivates invisibility. She retreats even further from notice when Blanche, looking for the anonymous “person” minding Ade`le, asks with majestic insouciance, “Is she gone? Oh, no! there she is still” (205). At this, Jane “feared—or should I say, hoped?—the allusion to me would make Mr. Rochester glance my way; and I involuntarily shrank further into the shade.” Her desire for his attention is nearly vanquished by her characteristic dread of being more generally noticed—and by the sense of propriety that would make any effort to stand out a violation of her social position as a governess, or even as someone not a “fine lady” like the women of Blanche’s set.
Many Working Minds: Wikis, Open Source Software, and Blogs
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prediction markets are a simple way to aggregate private information, and the Internet has greatly contributed to their growth. But with the Internet, countless other methods are available. Every day, companies are taking advantage of information from many minds to see what particular minds will find appealing. Consider collaborative filtering, the process of figuring out what you’re likely to like by investigating the tastes of minds that are like yours. Amazon.com is a familiar example: A computer program identifies the preferences of those who have bought what you bought, and it generates a series of recommendations that are likely to match your tastes. The recommendations can be eerily good.
Initial Overviews: Encyclopedias
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The best way to start many inquiries is to see if someone has already written an overview article outlining the most important facts on the subject and providing a concise list of recommended readings. This is precisely what a good encyclopedia article does. Unlike most Web sites, encyclopedia entries have usually gone through a process of editorial review and fact checking by reputable publishers; in addition, the selection of encyclopedias by libraries is in itself another hurdle of review. One of the main problems with Internet searching is that it often generates so many results that, in spite of elaborate algorithms for ranking the retrieved pages, researchers are left without any coherent overview of the information they need. This problem, so intractable on the Net, is often solved quickly and easily by use of encyclopedias.