bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of solids transport in a single‐screw extruder using a 3‐D discrete particle simulation
Authors: Moysey P. A. , Thompson M. R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA non‐isothermal, 3‐D discrete particle simulation based on the discrete element method (DEM) was developed to simulate the solids‐conveying zone and feed hopper of a single‐screw extruder. The method considers each particle in a granular assembly as a separate entity that can interact with other particles or boundaries through collisions or lasting contacts. By using DEM to model the extrusion environment, a priori knowledge of the solids flow was not required in order to simulate the motion of a granular assembly with reasonable accuracy, allowing studies to be conducted in the absence of the solid plug assumption typical of classical solids‐conveying models. In this paper, predicted results were limited to low levels of compaction in the solids assembly (i.e., no particle deformation), in order to understand the behavior of the polymer pellets in their most dynamic state. The results of the DEM model showed reasonably good agreement with experimental data, providing comparable bulk values like output rate, yet also demonstrating its ability to capture the dynamics of solids particle conveying. The model captured the inherent variability of extrusion such as the low‐amplitude, high‐frequency fluctuations referred to as “solids pulsing” and the recirculation of pellets in the feed throat. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2203–2215, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Fast screening method for the analysis of total flavonoid content in plants and foodstuffs by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with polarity switching
Authors: Tolonen Ari , Uusitalo Jouko 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS) method based on time‐of‐flight (TOF) MS with polarity switching and continuous exact mass measurement using a LockSpray ion source was developed for fast evaluation of the total flavonoid content in plants and foodstuffs. No complicated sample preparation was needed, but only a dilution of the extracts. A fast generic gradient elution and wide mass range acquisition was used with good sensitivity. The total analysis time was only 23 min. The ion chromatograms for flavonoid compounds were automatically extracted, and the fragmentation patterns obtained using positive ion mode and exact mass data for both polarities were used for the tentative identification of compounds. Software‐based automated searching of molecular ions for flavonoids and their glycosides (xylosides/arabinosides, rhamnosides, glucosides/galactosides) from total ion chromatograms was used. The compounds were quantified using quercetin, quercitrin, rutin and kuromanine as external standards and dextromethorphan as an internal standard. The detection limits ranged from 0.01–0.04 μg/mL, while the quantitation ranges obtained were 0.2–10 μg/mL for anthocyanins and 0.2–4 μg/mL for the other flavonoids. The accuracies within these ranges varied between 80–120% and precision was in the range 0–14% (relative standard deviation). Flavonoid contents of two medicinal plants (Hypericum perforatum and Rhodiola rosea), two grape red wines, two orange juices and two green teas were evaluated using the method, and the results obtained were in good agreement with those published previously. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein Glashaus für die Therme in Badenweiler
Authors: Schober Hans , Gerber Hannes , Schneider Jens 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIm Kurort Badenweiler wurde im Zuge der Modernisierung der Thermenanlagen eine Verbindung zwischen zwei bestehenden Bauten mit einer Ganzglaskonstruktion geschaffen. Dieser Aufsatz berichtet von Entwurf, Konstruktion und Bemessung des Glashauses sowie dem verwendeten Sicherheitskonzept.
Analytische Berechnung der Eigenfrequenzen von Stäben mit konstantem Querschnitt und konstanter Massenbelegung
Authors: Rubin Helmut 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAbgesehen von einfachen Stäben mit Lagerung nur an den Endpunkten werden zur Berechnung von Eigenfrequenzen meist Näherungsverfahren (z. B. Rayleigh‐Quotient mit Ansatzfunktionen für Biegelinie) angewendet. Dabei ist die Genauigkeit i. d. R. unbekannt und bei höheren Eigenwerten oft nicht mehr ausreichend. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine genaue Berechnung beliebiger Eigenfrequenzen mit Hilfe der Übertragungsbeziehung gezeigt. Dabei handelt es sich um Querschwingungen von Stäben, die auch im Feld gelagert sein können oder dort Gelenke aufweisen. Für den Balken auf zwei Stützen mit Kragarmen (auch unterschiedlich lang) werden zur Ermittlung der ersten beiden Eigenfrequenzen Diagramme zur Verfügung gestellt.
Posttraumatic stress disorder following diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chalfant Anne Marie , Bryant Richard A. , Fulcher Gary 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV) recognizes lifethreatening illness as a potential stressor that can precipitate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study represents the first study of PTSD in the context of having a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Fifty‐eight MS patients were administered the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, and Disease Steps Questionnaire. Nine participants (16%) met symptom criteria for PTSD. In terms of those who satisfied the reexperiencing criterion, 75% of participants reported intrusions related to future‐oriented concerns about their prognosis. These findings suggest that a significant proportion of MS patients experience PTSD‐type reactions. These results are discussed in terms of the suitability of the PTSD framework to account for the distinctive nature of stress reactions secondary to life‐threatening illness.
CBT for Vietnamese refugees with treatment‐resistant PTSD and panic attacks: A pilot study
Authors: Hinton Devon E. , Pham Thang , Tran Minh , Safren Steven A. , Otto Michael W. , Pollack Mark H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe examined the feasibility, acceptability, and therapeutic efficacy of a culturally adapted cognitive–behavior therapy (CBT) for twelve Vietnamese refugees with treatment‐resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic attacks. These patients were treated in two separate cohorts of six with staggered onset of treatment. Repeated measures Group × Time ANOVAs and between‐group comparisons indicated significant improvements, with large effect sizes (Cohen's d) for all outcome measures: Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ; d = 2.5); Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI: d = 4.3); Hopkins Symptom Checklist‐25 (HSCL‐25), anxiety subscale (d = 2.2); and Hopkins Symptom Checklist‐25, depression subscale (d = 2.0) scores. Likewise, the severity of (culturally related) headache‐and orthostasis‐cued panic attacks improved significantly across treatment.
Emotional disclosure in homeless people: A pilot study
Authors: de Vicente Aída , Muñoz Manuel , Pérez‐Santos Eloísa , Santos‐Olmo Ana Belén 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSymptoms of stress are prevalent among the homeless. Growing evidence suggests that disclosure of traumatic experiences is beneficial to health. This pilot study examined the effects of an emotional disclosure protocol on a group of 8 homeless people, using a single‐group design. Clinical effectiveness was evaluated using the Impact of Event Scale, the Beck Depression Inventor, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Reading Span Task, and the Digit Span Test. Participant satisfaction was also measured. Results showed significant improvements in functioning at 1‐ and 6‐week follow‐up, and good satisfaction levels. The discussion remarks on the limitations (lack of a control group, small sample size, and other biases) and the need for more research in this topic.
Role of hydrogen sulphide in haemorrhagic shock in the rat: protective effect of inhibitors of hydrogen sulphide biosynthesis
Authors: Mok Ying‐Yuan Pamela , Mohammed Atan Mohammed Shirhan Bin , Ping Cheong Yoke , Jing Wang Zhong , Bhatia Madhav , Moochhala Shabbir , Moore Philip K 
Published: November 2004

Haemorrhagic shock (60 min) in the anaesthetized rat resulted in a prolonged fall in the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR).
Pre‐treatment (30 min before shock) or post‐treatment (60 min after shock) with inhibitors of cystathionine γ lyase (CSE; converts cysteine into hydrogen sulphide (H2S)), dl‐propargylglycine or β‐cyanoalanine (50 mg kg−1, i.v.), or glibenclamide (40 mg kg−1, i.p.), produced a rapid, partial restoration in MAP and HR. Neither saline nor DMSO affected MAP or HR.
Plasma H2S concentration was elevated 60 min after blood withdrawal (37.5±1.3 μm, n=18 c.f. 28.9±1.4 μm, n=15, P<0.05).
The conversion of cysteine to H2S by liver (but not kidney) homogenates prepared from animals killed 60 min after withdrawal of blood was significantly increased (52.1±1.6 c.f. 39.8±4.1 nmol mg protein−1, n=8, P<0.05), as was liver CSE mRNA (2.7 ×). Both PAG (IC50, 55.0±3.2 μm) and BCA (IC50, 6.5±1.2 μm) inhibited liver H2S synthesizing activity in vitro.
Pre‐treatment of animals with PAG or BCA (50 mg kg−1, i.p.) but not glibenclamide (40 mg kg−1, i.p., KATP channel inhibitor) abolished the rise in plasma H2S in animals exposed to 60 min haemorrhagic shock and prevented the augmented biosynthesis of H2S from cysteine in liver.
These results demonstrate that H2S plays a role in haemorrhagic shock in the rat. CSE inhibitors may provide a novel approach to the treatment of haemorrhagic shock.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 881–889. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706014
The HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir synergizes with butyrate for induction of apoptotic cell death and mediates expression of heme oxygenase‐1 in DLD‐1 colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Mühl Heiko , Paulukat Jens , Höfler Sonja , Hellmuth Markus , Franzen Rochus , Pfeilschifter Josef 
Published: November 2004

The protease inhibitor ritonavir is an integral part of current antiretroviral therapy targeting human immunodeficiency virus. Recent studies demonstrate that ritonavir induces apoptotic cell death with high efficiency in lymphoblastoid cell lines. Moreover, ritonavir can suppress activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB and is an inhibitor of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Thus, ritonavir appears to have anti‐inflammatory properties.
In the present study, we investigated in DLD‐1 colon carcinoma cell effects of ritonavir on apoptotic cell death and expression of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), an anti‐inflammatory enzyme that may be critically involved in the modulation of colonic inflammation.
Compared to unstimulated control, ritonavir resulted in a moderate increase in the rate of apoptotic cell death as observed after 20 h of incubation. Notably, ritonavir potently synergized with the short‐chain fatty acid butyrate for induction of caspase‐3‐dependent apoptosis in DLD‐1 cells.
Ritonavir enhanced mRNA and protein expression of HO‐1 in DLD‐1 cells. Ritonavir‐induced HO‐1 protein was suppressed by SB203580 or SB202190 and preceded by immediate upregulation of cellular c‐Fos and c‐Jun protein levels. This process was associated with induction of activator protein‐1 as detected by electrophoretic mobility shift analysis.
The present data suggest that ritonavir has the potential to curb colon carcinogenesis by reducing cell growth via mechanisms that include apoptosis and by simultaneously modulating colonic inflammation via induction of anti‐inflammatory HO‐1.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 890–898. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706023
Cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial dysfunction
Authors: WIERZBICKI Anthony S. , CHOWIENCZYK Philip J. , COCKCROFT John R. , BRETT Sally E. , WATTS Gerald F. , JENKINS B. Stephen , RITTER James M. 
Published: November 2004

Endothelial dysfunction is a feature of atherosclerosis and is associated with CHD (coronary heart disease) risk factors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the degree of endothelial dysfunction and calculated cardiovascular risk. Endothelial function, as determined by the ACh/NP (acetycholine/sodium nitroprusside response) ratio on brachial plethysmography, was compared with cardiovascular risk as calculated from the Framingham, PROCAM (Prospective Cardiovascular Munster) and MRFIT (Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial) algorithms in 246 (187 male) patients, including 44 (22%) with established CHD. Endothelial dysfunction correlated with the total number of risk factors (r2=0.22; P=0.002) and was related to LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol in men and triacylglycerols (triglycerides) in women. The ACh/NP ratio correlated with the occurrence of diabetes, CHD and the LDL-cholesterol concentration (r2=0.58; P&lt;0.001). Endothelial dysfunction was associated with presence of CHD on receiver-operating characteristic plot analysis (area=0.706±0.04; P=0.001). There was no correlation between ACh/NP ratio and CHD risk calculated with the Framingham algorithm in men, although both ACh and NP response correlated separately with risk in women. The endothelial ACh/NP ratio correlated with absolute risk in the PROCAM algorithm (r2=0.41; P&lt;0.005). Intermediate results were obtained with MRFIT. Individual risk factors make different contributions to endothelial dysfunction compared with their role in risk calculators. The stronger relationship of endothelial dysfunction with PROCAM risk reflects the contribution of male sex, LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols to risk calculated by this algorithm.
Evidence against redox regulation of energy homoeostasis in humans at high altitude
Authors: BAILEY Damian M. , AINSLIE Philip N. , JACKSON Simon K. , RICHARDSON Russell S. , GHATEI Mohammed 
Published: November 2004

The present study examined if free radicals and associated inflammatory sequelae influenced metabolic biomarkers involved in the neuro-endocrinological regulation of energy homoeostasis at high altitude. Sixteen mountaineers (11 males/five females) were matched for physical fitness and caloric intake and assigned in a double-blind manner to either antioxidant (n=8) or placebo (n=8) supplementation, which was enforced for 7 days at sea level and during an 11-day ascent to 4780 m. Enteral prophylaxis incorporated a daily bolus dose of 1 g of L-ascorbate, 400 international units of D,L-α-tocopherol acetate and 600 mg of α-lipoic acid. EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopic detection of PBN (α-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone) adducts confirmed an increase in the venous concentration of carbon-centred radicals at high altitude in the placebo group, whereas a decrease was observed in the antioxidant group (P&lt;0.05 compared with that at sea level). EPR detection of DMSO/A˙− (DMSO-supplemented ascorbate free radical) demonstrated that the increase in carbon-centred radicals at high altitude was associated with a decrease in ascorbate (r2=0.63; P&lt;0.05). Ascent to high altitude (pooled placebo+antioxidant groups) also increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (P&lt;0.05 compared with that at sea level) and biomarkers of skeletal tissue damage (P&lt;0.05). Despite a general decrease in leptin, insulin and glucose at high altitude (pooled placebo+antioxidant groups; P&lt;0.05 compared with that at sea level), persistent anorexia resulted in a selective loss of body fat (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, antioxidant prophylaxis decreased the concentration of carbon-centred radicals at high altitude (P&lt;0.05 compared with the placebo group), but did not influence markers of inflammation, appetite-related peptides, ad libitum nutrient intake or body composition. Thus free radicals do not appear to be involved in the inflammatory response and subsequent control of eating behaviour at high altitude.
Diet intake and endurance performance in Kenyan runners
Authors: Christensen Dirk L 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTraining and competing at elite as well as sub-elite level requires an optimal functioning of the body. This review looks at the case of the Kenyan runners, who consume a relatively high-quality diet based on vegetable sources with maize and kidney beans as the staple foods. The diet is high in carbohydrate and total protein, but low to borderline in a few essential amino acids. The timing of diet intake – immediately after training sessions – is optimal for skeletal muscle glycogen resynthesis that is enhanced without the help of insulin up to 60 min after cessation of exercise. Whether the total energy intake of the Kenyan runners is adequate is debatable. However, chronic undernutrition is not possible for athletes who engage in daily high-quality and -quantity physical exercise throughout most of the year. It is suggested that Kenyan runners participate in well-controlled, laboratory studies to investigate the quality of local foods and performance, as well as possible physiological adaptation mechanisms among athletes with a high habitual energy turnover.
Incidence and Significance of Cardiac Troponin I Release in Severe Trauma Patients
Authors: Edouard Alain R. , Felten Marie-Louise , Hebert Jean-Louis , Cosson Claudine , Martin Laurent , Benhamou Dan 
Published: November 2004

Background
The incidence and significance of troponin I release and its mechanism are unknown in severe trauma patients. The characteristics of this release were prospectively studied in such patients and correlated with presence of shock, existence of myocardial contusion, and outcome.

Methods
During a 24-month period, serial electrocardiogram recordings and troponin I measurements were performed in all trauma patients admitted at a surgical intensive care unit. The diagnosis of a significant myocardial contusion was made on electrocardiographic criteria. According to the time course of troponin I, three groups of patients were defined a priori: very transient (</= 12 h) and limited release (troponin I < 2 microg/l), transient (</= 36 h) and significant release (troponin I >/= 2 microg/l), and sustained (> 36 h) and significant release (troponin I > 2 microg/l). In the last group, coronary artery angiography was performed.

Results
The incidence of troponin I release was 12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6-14.4%) in 728 patients. A significant myocardial contusion was found in 35 patients (5%; 95% CI, 3.4-6.6%) and may occur in the absence of chest trauma and without troponin I release. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of troponin I for the diagnosis of myocardial contusion were 63, 98, 40, and 98%, respectively. Troponin I release was observed in 54 early (> 48 h) survivors (7%; 95% CI, 5.6-9.6%) without preexisting coronary artery disease. A sustained and significant release of troponin I (17 patients) was frequently associated with chest trauma (82%) and constantly with electrocardiographic abnormalities. A coronary artery injury was found in 7 patients (2 major and 5 minor vascular injuries) (1% of the whole group; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0%). Mortality was similar in early survivors with (15%; 95% CI, 7-27%) or without (12%; 95% CI, 9-14%) troponin I release. The odds ratio for late mortality was 1.32 (95% CI, 0.61-2.85) in patients with troponin I release.

Conclusions
Serial electrocardiogram recordings and troponin I assessments may be proposed for initial screening in high-risk trauma patients to detect anatomical cardiac injuries through the time course of circulating protein. Troponin I release does not have a prognosis value in trauma patients.
Comparative Evaluation of the Datex-Ohmeda S/5 Entropy Module and the Bispectral Index® Monitor during Propofol–Remifentanil Anesthesia
Authors: Schmidt Gunter N. , Bischoff Petra , Standl Thomas , Hellstern Angelika , Teuber Olaf , Schulte am Esch Jochen 
Published: November 2004

Background
Different analytical concepts were introduced to quantify the changes of the electroencephalogram. The Datex-Ohmeda S/5 Entropy Module (Datex-Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corp., Helsinki, Finland) was the first commercial monitor based on the entropy generating two indices, the state entropy (SE) and the response entropy (RE). The aim of the current study was to compare the accuracy of SE and RE with the Bispectral Index(R) monitor (BIS(R); Aspect Medical Systems, Newton, MA) during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia.

Methods
The authors investigated 20 female patients during minor gynecologic surgery. SE, RE, BIS, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and sedation level were recorded every 20 s during stepwise increase (target-controlled infusion, 0.5 microg/ml) of propofol until the patients lost response. Five minutes after loss of response, remifentanil infusion (0.4 microg . kg(-1) . min(-1)) was started. Spearman correlation coefficient and prediction probability were calculated for sedation levels with SE, RE, BIS, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate. The ability of the investigated parameters to distinguish between the anesthesia steps awake versus loss of response, awake versus anesthesia, anesthesia versus first reaction, and anesthesia versus extubation was analyzed with the prediction probability.

Results
SE correlates best with sedation levels, but no significant differences of the prediction probability values among SE, RE, and BIS were found. The prediction probability for all investigated steps of anesthesia did not show significant differences among SE, RE, and BIS. SE, RE, and BIS were superior to mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.

Conclusion
SE, RE, and BIS revealed similar information about the level of sedation and allowed the authors to distinguish between different steps of anesthesia. Both monitors provided useful additional information for the anesthesiologist.
Proper Shoulder Position for Subclavian Venipuncture
Authors: Kitagawa Norihito , Oda Mayuko , Totoki Tadahide , Miyazaki Noriaki , Nagasawa Ichiroh , Nakazono Takahiko , Tamai Tsutomu , Morimoto Masatoshi 
Published: November 2004

Background
Although the Trendelenburg position and shoulder bracing are recommended for safe subclavian venipuncture, the optimal shoulder position remains unclear. The current study observed spatial relations between the subclavian vein and surrounding structures using multislice computed tomography to determine optimal shoulder position for safe subclavian venipuncture and then conducted a small follow-up clinical trial to confirm these findings.

Methods
Thoracic multislice computed tomography was performed for seven adult volunteers at three shoulder positions: elevated (up); neutral; and lowered caudally (down). Overlap and distance between the clavicle and the subclavian vein and the diameter of the subclavian vein were measured. Anatomical relations between the subclavian artery and vein were also observed. The success rate for subclavian venipuncture was then compared between the up and down shoulder positions in 30 patients.

Results
In the multislice computed tomography study, the mean overlap ratios between clavicle and subclavian vein in the up, neutral, and down positions were 33.5, 36.9, and 40.0%, respectively. Overlap increased with lower shoulder position (up < neutral < down; P < 0.05). The mean distances between the clavicle and the subclavian vein in the up, neutral, and down positions were 6.8, 5.0, and 3.6 mm, respectively. Again, distance decreased with lower shoulder position (up < neutral < down; P < 0.05). The diameter of the subclavian vein did not differ among the three shoulder positions. The success rate for subclavian venipuncture was significantly higher in the down position compared with the up position (P = 0.003).

Conclusions
Lowered shoulder position increases both overlap and proximity between the clavicle and the subclavian vein, producing a more constant relation between the clavicle and the subclavian vein, without affecting vein diameter. Proper use of a lowered shoulder position should thus increase the safety and reliability of subclavian venipuncture compared with other shoulder positions.