bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do younger female breast cancer patients have a poorer prognosis? Results from a population‐based survival analysis
Authors: Chia Kee Seng , Du Wen Bo , Sankaranarayanan R. , Sankila Risto , Wang Hao , Lee Jeannette , Seow Adeline , Lee Hin Peng 
Published: December 2003

AbstractYounger women who develop breast cancer are hypothesized to have poorer survival rates than women who develop it at a later stage in life. Several studies have suggested that differences in biologic characteristics of breast cancer in younger (premenopausal) and older (postmenopausal) women may account for the prognostic variation. This population‐based cohort study reports on survival rates of breast cancer in Singapore and examines the hypothesis that younger breast cancer patients have a poorer prognosis. A total of 6,397 breast cancer patients diagnosed from 1968 to 1992 were identified from the population‐based cancer registry and followed up through 1997. Outcome measures were relative survival rates (RSRs) calculated using Hakulinen's method and excess hazards ratios (HRs) derived from a regression model based on relative survival. The 2‐, 5‐ and 10‐year RSRs were worse among those aged > 75 (65%, 48% and 39%, respectively). The best survival rates were seen among those aged 40–44 (84%, 67% and 56%). Patients younger than 35 years faired reasonably well (79%, 60% and 50%). When the data were stratified according to clinical stage and calendar year, the highest risk of excess deaths was found in women ≥ 75 years old. In patients with localized cancer and/or regional metastases, those in the 35–39 age group had the lowest excess risk. In patients with distant metastases, those younger than 35 years of age had the lowest excess risk of death. At the population level, younger women (< 45 years) with breast cancer in Singapore have higher relative survival rates. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural elucidation of natural 2‐hydroxy di‐ and tricarboxylic acids and esters, phenylpropanoid esters and a flavonoid from Autonoë madeirensis using gas chromatographic/electron ionization, electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometric techniques
Authors: Dias C. , Dias M. , Borges C. , Almoster Ferreira M. A. , Paulo A. , Nascimento J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe chemical composition of Autonoë madeirensis bulbs was characterized as part of a systematic phytochemical study of this species. The compounds reported were mainly identified on the basis of gas chromatography/electron ionization, electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of the pure compounds were also characterized by means of other physical and spectroscopic data (m.p., IR, UV, NMR). The compounds identified were 2‐hydroxy di‐ and tricarboxylic acids and esters (malic acid, citric acid and their methyl and ethyl esters), cis‐ and trans‐hydroxycinnamic esters (methyl and ethyl p‐coumarate and methyl ferulate) and a new flavone diglucoside, 7‐O‐[β‐glucosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐β‐glucosyl]apigenin, the interglucosidic linkage (1→2) of which is, to the best of our knowledge, reported for the first time in a diglucoside of apigenin. The results may contribute to the chemotaxonomy of the Autonoë genus and lead to a rapid tool for the systematic characterization of these compounds in plant extracts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of solvated ions in the atmospheric interface of an electrospray ionization triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer
Authors: Schlosser Gitta , Takáts Zoltán , Vékey Károly 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA simple method capable of generating and investigating various solvent clusters and solvated ions was developed. The technique opens a door to studying these complexes on commercially available instruments. Formation of the desired solvated ion in the gas phase was achieved by introducing the appropriate volatile solvent vapour into the curtain gas stream. Capabilities of the technique are illustrated by generating alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal cations solvated by various volatile compounds such as water, methanol and acetonitrile. Depending on the ligands and on the experimental conditions, clusters of 2–100 molecules may be observed. Isotope labelling suggests that these are formed by a re‐solvation process in the curtain gas region. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical cross‐linking and mass spectrometry for mapping three‐dimensional structures of proteins and protein complexes
Authors: Sinz Andrea 
Published: December 2003

AbstractChemical cross‐linking of proteins, an established method in protein chemistry, has gained renewed interest in combination with mass spectrometric analysis of the reaction products for elucidating low‐resolution three‐dimensional protein structures and interacting sequences in protein complexes. The identification of the large number of cross‐linking sites from the complex mixtures generated by chemical cross‐linking, however, remains a challenging task. This review describes the most popular cross‐linking reagents for protein structure analysis and gives an overview of the strategies employing intra‐ or intermolecular chemical cross‐linking and mass spectrometry. The various approaches described in the literature to facilitate detection of cross‐linking products and also computer software for data analysis are reviewed. Cross‐linking techniques combined with mass spectrometry and bioinformatic methods have the potential to provide the basis for an efficient structural characterization of proteins and protein complexes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for early death due to recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: Results of a multicenter study
Authors: Regimbeau Jean Marc , Abdalla Eddie K. , Vauthey Jean Nicolas , Lauwers Gregory Y. , Durand François , Nagorney David M. , Ikai Iwao , Yamaoka Yoshio , Belghiti Jacques 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRecurrence after partial liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of death from this disease. To identify risk factors for early death from recurrence after liver resection for HCC.MethodsAll 547 patients in this study had greater than 1 year of follow‐up after complete resection of HCC (1980–1999) at one of the four hepatobiliary centers in Japan, France, and the United States. Patients who died of recurrence ≤1 year post‐resection and all of those alive at least 1 year were compared. Survival and clinicopathological factors associated with death from recurrence within 1 year of resection were analyzed.ResultsOverall postoperative mortality rate was 5%. In the first postoperative year, 123 (22%) patients died. Of these, 53 (43%) died of recurrence, 30 (24%) of postoperative complications, and 40 (33%) of liver failure/hemorrhage. On multivariate analysis, tumor size greater than 5 cm (P < 0.02; odds ratio, 3.0), multiple tumors (P < 0.01; odds ratio, 3.3), and greater than 5 mitoses per 10 high‐power fields (P < 0.03; odds ratio, 3) were associated with increased risk of early death due to recurrence.ConclusionsThese findings enable identification of patients with HCC who are at high risk for early death due to recurrence following potentially curative resection who might be candidates for adjuvant therapy trials. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:36–41. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) for early‐stage breast cancer
Authors: Benda Rashmi K. , Mendenhall Nancy Price , Lind D. Scott , Cendan Juan C. , Shea Barbara F. , Richardson Lisa C. , Copeland Edward M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSeveral patient and tumor factors go into the decision process to determine whether a breast cancer patient is a good candidate for breast‐conserving therapy. The patient must be seen by all disciplines before any therapeutic intervention. When used appropriately, breast‐conserving therapy produces maximal disease control and improves quality of life in patients with early‐stage breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:14–27. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies for cancer gene therapy
Authors: Hughes Rhiannon M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractGene therapy offers new opportunities for cancer treatment and prevention through the use of targeted, relatively nontoxic treatments that can identify, disable, and destroy malignant cells. This article reviews the principles behind oncogene inactivation, tumor suppressor gene replacement, inhibition of angiogenesis, immunopotentiation, molecular chemotherapy, and addition of drug resistance genes. The adcantages and limitations of viral and nonviral vectors for delivery of the therapeutic genes are presented. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:28–35. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Savanna Principle
Authors: Kanazawa Satoshi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWhy do microeconomic theories (such as decision theory and game theory) often fail to predict human behavior despite their mathematical elegance and deductive rigor? I suggest that such empirical failures stem from the theory's misconception of how the human brain functions. Drawing on evolutionary psychology, I propose theSavanna Principle, which posits that a hypothesis about human behavior fails to the extent that its scope conditions and assumptions are inconsistent with the ancestral environment, and its experimental corollary, that the Savanna Principle holds (and the hypothesis fails) to the extent that the conditions of the experiment resemble the ancestral environment. I suggest that the Savanna Principle and its corollary might together explain the relative empirical failure of noncooperative game theory and public choice theory, and the relative success of network exchange theory and competitive price theory tested in double auction markets in experimental economics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral uncertainty and investments in cooperative relationships
Authors: Vetschera Rudolf 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe study a cooperative relationship between two economic agents, in which one agent can make investments in the relationship to reduce the probability that the other agent defects. The probability of defection is derived from an incomplete information decision model of the transaction partner. We show that the relationship between investment and probability of defection depends on the type of uncertainty considered and analyze the effects of parameter changes on the optimal level of investment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupons and price discrimination in vertically‐correlated markets
Authors: Hu Jin‐Li , Chiou Yu‐Hsiu , Hwang Hong 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis research analyzes the non‐cooperative and cooperative strategies with respect to manufacturer and retailer coupons. In a model with one manufacturer selling its product to one retailer, it is found that the retailer can achieve third‐degree price discrimination equilibrium in retail markets by issuing coupons to demanders with higher elasticity. Although facing only one retailer, the manufacturer can also achieve the same third‐degree price discrimination equilibrium by issuing coupons directly to demanders of higher elasticity. However, when only one firm issues the coupon, both manufacturer and retailer coupons can help alleviate the channel profit loss due to double marginalization. If the manufacturer and the retailer non‐cooperatively issue coupons, then the subgame‐perfect Nash equilibrium outcomes are equivalent to those under the successive third‐degree price discrimination. Moreover, cooperative strategies between the manufacturer and the retailer can eliminate double marginalization, achieve the vertical integration effect, and lead to higher profits, consumer surpluses, and social surpluses than non‐cooperative coupon strategies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Financial health and airline safety
Authors: Noronha Gregory , Singal Vijay 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAgency‐cost models suggest that firms may pursue riskier strategies in times of financial distress. For example, stockholders of financially weak firms in industries where quality cannot be observed ex‐ante have an incentive to compromise safety and quality to maximize current period profit. However, there exists only a modest amount of empirical evidence that relates financial health to the risk‐taking behavior of firms.We explore this relationship for the airline industry. Using bond ratings to proxy for financial health and airline mishaps to measure safety, we find a significant correlation: airlines with higher quality bond ratings are less likely to experience mishaps than airlines with lower quality ratings. On average, a whole letter grade better bond rating is associated with a 10% lower probability of a mishap. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical properties and morphology of nylon‐6 hybrid composites
Authors: Unal H , Mimaroglu A , Alkan M 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn this investigation, the influence of filler type and filler content on the mechanical properties of nylon‐6 is investigated. The mineral fillers were selected on the basis of their shape and size: flake‐like kaolin and talc, spherical glass beads or fibrous wollastonite. These fillers were added to nylon‐6 individually or in mixed combinations. They were added at different percentages varying between 10 and 30% w/w. Samples of the composites were prepared by the injection moulding process. Uniaxial tensile, Izod impact and flexural tests were carried out. Tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity and impact energy were obtained and compared. In case of single fillers the results showed that the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and their flexural values for nylon‐6 composite improve with the increase in filler content while mixed compounds showed no significant changes above 15% + 15% w/w filler. However, for single and mixed filler up to 10% w/w, the impact strength and maximum elongation at break showed significant decrease. In general, the maximum improvement in mechanical the addition of 10–15% w/w filler. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface modification of ePTFE vascular grafts with O‐carboxymethylchitosan
Authors: Zhu Aiping , Zhang Ming , Zhang Zheng 
Published: December 2003

AbstractO‐Carboxymethylchitosan (OCMCS) was covalently immobilized onto expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE) vascular graft using a photosensitive hetero‐bifunctional crosslinking reagent, 4‐azidobenzoic acid. 4‐Azidobenzoic‐bonded OCMCS (Az‐OCMCS) was prepared by reaction between an acid group of the crosslinking reagent and a free amino group of OCMCS. Immobilization was accomplished by irridiating the A3‐OCMCS coating on the substrate surface with ultraviolet light. Electron spectroscopy and water contact angle were used to characterize that OCMCS had been bonded on the ePTFE vascular graft surface. The hydrophilicity of ePTFE was enhanced greatly by surface bonding with OCMCS. Platelet adhesion assay showed that the ePTFE vascular surface bonded with OCMCS demonstrated good blood‐compatibility. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Copolymers of aniline with o‐ and m‐toluidine: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Savitha P , Sathyanarayana DN 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCopolymers of aniline and toluidine were synthesized by oxidative chemical polymerization using different ratios of the monomers in the feed, and characterized by a number of techniques including UV–visible, IR, Raman, 1H NMR and EPR spectroscopies, as well as by thermogravimetric analysis and conductivity measurements. The properties of the copolymers are influenced by the amount of toluidine in the copolymer. Poly(o‐toluidine) and poly(m‐toluidine) are noticeably different in their solubility and conductivity. The copolymers show better solubilities than polyaniline but have lower conductivities. Differences in the properties of the salt and base forms of the copolymers are pointed out. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Toughening of an epoxy anhydride resin system using an epoxidized hyperbranched polymer
Authors: Varley Russell J , Tian Wendy 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper reports on the use of an epoxidized hyperbranched polymer (HBP) as an additive to an epoxy anhydride resin system. The hyperbranched polymer used was an aliphatic polyester with a molecular weight of around 10 500 g mol−1. The epoxy resin mixture used was a combination of a difunctional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy and an epoxy novolac, and was cured with a catalysed anhydride curing agent. It has been shown that, at a concentration range of 0 to 20 wt% addition, the HBP is able to almost double the fracture toughness, with little evidence of any deleterious effects upon processing and the durability of the cured resin system. The flexural modulus and stress, however, were found to both decrease by about 30% as a result of HBP addition while the Tg was found to decrease by about 10%. The processability of the uncured resin systems has been investigated by using rheological and calorimetric techniques and it was found that the processability window, as determined by the gel time and viscosity changes, was relatively unaffected by HBP addition. The fracture surfaces were evaluated by using scanning electron microscopy which showed that the unique structure of the HBP facilitates an enhanced interaction with the polymer matrix to achieve excellent toughness enhancement of the polymer matrix. The durability of the epoxy network has been investigated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and solvent uptake, and the HBP has been shown to have little systematic deleterious effect upon the degradation temperatures and the total amount of solvent absorbed. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Photoinitiated radical polymerization of some substituted tetrahydrophthalimido and maleimidophenyl methacrylates
Authors: Gryshchuk LYu , Vretik LO , Syromyatnikov VG , Novikova OO , Paskal LP , Voytekunas VYu , Abadie MJM 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe photopolymerization of some substituted tetrahydrophthalimido and 4‐(maleimido)phenyl methacrylates in N,N‐dimethylformamide solutions was investigated by photo‐differential scanning calorimetry at ambient temperature. Auto‐acceleration of photopolymerization and the formation of cross‐linked products were observed as a result of temperature increases up to 60–80 °C. Substituted 4‐(maleimido)phenyl methacrylates demonstrated higher cross‐linking abilities at elevated temperatures than tetrahydrophthalimidophenyl methacrylates. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Reactions of cellulose and wood superficial hydroxy groups with organometallic compounds
Authors: Fabbri Paola , Champon Géraldine , Castellano Maila , Belgacem Mohamed Naceur , Gandini Alessandro 
Published: December 2003

AbstractVarious lignocellulosic substrates, including microcrystalline cellulose, pinewood and hemp fibres, were treated with triethylaluminium and triethylboron in suspensions, in non‐swelling media. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses show that coupling surface reactions took place between one or two metal‐to‐carbon (Mt–C) bonds and the OH groups of the natural polymers. The remaining unreacted Mt–C bonds were exploited to graft numerous molecular structures derived from alcohols and amines. The occurrence of the second reaction was proved by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyses, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of master curves to describe the simultaneous effect of cooling rate and pressure on polymer crystallization
Authors: La Carrubba Vincenzo , Brucato Valerio , Piccarolo Stefano 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn a previous work a master‐curve approach was applied to experimental density data to explain isotactic polypropylene (iPP) behaviour under pressure and high cooling rates. Suitable samples were prepared by solidification from the melt under various cooling rate and pressure conditions with the help of a special apparatus based on a modified injection moulding machine. The approach here reported is more general than the case study previously shown, and is suitable to be applied to several materials and for different measures related to crystalline content. The proposed simple model is able to predict successfully the final polymer properties (density, micro‐hardness, crystallinity) by superposition of the effect of cooling rate and the effect of pressure in a wide range of experimental conditions. For this purpose three semi‐crystalline polymers were studied [iPP, polyamide‐6 (PA6) and poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET)], which exhibited remarkably different behaviour when crystallized under pressure and high cooling rates Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Formulation design, optimization, characterization and swelling behaviour of a cationic superabsorbent based on a copolymer of [3‐(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride and acrylamide
Authors: Saeidi Ardeshir , Katbab AA , Vasheghani‐Farahani E , Afshar F 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA series of crosslinked copolymers with cationic nature have been prepared based on acrylamide (AAm) and [3‐(methacryloylamino)propyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride (MAPTAC) using N,N′ methylene‐bis‐acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent. Taguchi's method has been employed for the purpose of formulation design and optimization as well as investigating the effects of various compositional parameters, such as total monomer concentration, cationic monomer and crosslinking agent concentration. The swelling behaviour of the synthesized gels in electrolyte solutions composed of ions with different valency has been studied and compared with an anionic‐based superabsorbent. The swelling capacity and absorbency were found to be enhanced with increase of the MAPTAC moieties of the copolymer chains, and therefore increase of their cationic character. All the cationic hydrogels prepared had greater swelling capacity, with less change in their swelling behaviour, when immersed into aqueous solutions containing multivalent cations. The anionic‐based hydrogels collapsed in similar ionic solutions with moderate‐to‐high ionic strength and did not show any tendency to re‐swell. The complex modulus (G*) of the crosslinked copolymers in the equilibrium swollen state was measured by rheomechanical spectroscopy and was correlated with the chemical composition of the network. Thermogravimetric analysis of the dry cationic superabsorbent showed more bound water but similar thermal behaviour to crosslinked polyacrylamide Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry