bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithium and Lithium Compounds
Authors: Wietelmann Ulrich , Bauer Richard J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence3.1.Important Lithium Minerals3.1.1.Lithium Aluminum Silicates3.1.2.Micas3.1.3.Lithium Phosphates3.1.4.Other Lithium Ores3.2.Reserves of Lithium Minerals3.3.Lithium in Natural Brines4.Production of Primary Lithium Compounds4.1.Mining of Ore and Production of Concentrate4.2.Ore Digestion and Production of Lithium Compounds4.2.1.Acid Digestion4.2.2.Alkali Digestion4.2.3.Ion‐Exchange Processes4.3.Production of Lithium Carbonate from Brines5.Lithium Metal and Lithium Alloys5.1.Production of Lithium Metal5.2.Uses of Lithium Metal5.3.Lithium Alloys6.Lithium Compounds6.1.Inorganic Lithium Compounds and Lithium Salts6.2.Organolithium Compounds, Lithium Alkylamides, and Lithium Alkoxides7.Quality Specifications and Analysis8.Toxicology and Occupational Health9.Economic Aspects
Manganese and Manganese Alloys
Authors: Wellbeloved David B. , Craven Peter M. , Waudby John W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence4.Mining and Beneficiation5.Reduction of Manganese Oxides5.1.Manganese ‐ Oxygen System5.2.Reduction of Manganese Oxides with Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen, and Carbon5.3.Reduction of Mixed Oxides and Minerals Containing Manganese Oxides5.4.Reduction of Manganese Oxides by Silicon5.5.Reduction of Manganese Oxide by Aluminum6.Production of Manganese‐Containing Ferroalloys6.1.Production of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.1.1.Production of Ferromanganese in Blast Furnaces6.1.2.Production of Ferromanganese in Electric Arc Furnaces6.1.2.1.Design and Operation of Electric Furnaces6.1.2.2.Raw Materials Required for the Manufacture of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.1.2.3.Chemistry of the Process6.1.2.4.Discard‐Slag Practice6.1.2.5.High‐Slag Practice6.2.Production of Silicomanganese6.3.Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.3.1.Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese by Oxygen Refining of High‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.3.2.Silicothermic Production of Medium‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.4.Production of Low‐Carbon Ferromanganese6.5.Gas Cleaning6.6.Developments and Future Trends7.Production of Manganese Metal7.1.Electrolysis of Aqueous Manganese Salts7.2.Electrothermal Process7.3.Aluminothermic Process7.4.Silicothermic Process7.5.Distillation of Ferromanganese7.6.Electrolysis of Fused Salts8.Manganese as an Alloying Component8.1.Manganese in the Iron and Steel Industry8.2.Manganese in Nonferrous Alloys8.3.Nitrogen‐Containing Manganese Alloys9.Processing of Manganese Nodules and Encrustations9.1.Occurrence, Origin, and Composition9.2.Legal Considerations and Nodule Recovery9.3.Processing9.3.1.Gas Reduction and Ammoniacal Leach Process9.3.2.Cuprion Ammoniacal Leach Process9.3.3.Elevated Temperature and Pressure H2SO4Leach Process9.3.4.Reduction and HCl Leach Process9.3.5.Smelting and H2SO4Leach Process9.4.Economic Viability and Future Prospects10.Economic Aspects
Manganese Compounds
Authors: Reidies Arno H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Manganese Oxides2.1.Manganese(IV) Oxide2.1.1.Properties2.1.2.Natural Manganese Dioxide2.1.3.Synthetic Manganese Dioxides2.1.3.1.Commercial Forms2.1.3.2.Synthetic Manganese Dioxides for Dry Cells2.2.Other Manganese Oxides3.Manganese(II) Salts4.Higher Oxidation‐State Manganates4.1.Potassium Manganates(V) and (VI)4.2.Potassium Permanganate4.2.1.Properties4.2.2.Production4.2.2.1.Fusion Processes4.2.2.2.Anodic Oxidation of Manganate(VI)4.2.2.3.Production Plants4.2.3.Commercial Grades, Packaging, and Transportation4.2.4.Uses4.2.5.Economic Aspects4.3.Sodium Permanganate5.Miscellaneous Manganese Compounds6.Occupational Health and Environmental Aspects
Optical Brighteners
Authors: Siegrist Adolf Emil , Eckhardt Claude , Kaschig Jürgen , Schmidt Erika 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Physical Principles1.2.Molecular Structure1.3.History of Whitening2.Chemistry of Technical Products2.1.Carbocycles2.1.1.Distyrylbenzenes2.1.2.Distyrylbiphenyls2.1.3.Divinylstilbenes2.2.Triazinylaminostilbenes2.3.Stilbenyl‐2H‐triazoles2.3.1.Stilbenyl‐2H‐naphtho[1,2‐d]triazoles2.3.2.Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐2‐yl)stilbenes2.4.Benzoxazoles2.4.1.Stilbenylbenzoxazoles2.4.2.Bis(benzoxazoles)2.5.Furans, Benzo[b]furans, and Benzimidazoles2.5.1.Bis(benzo[b]furan‐2‐yl)biphenyls2.5.2.Cationic Benzimidazoles2.6.1,3‐Diphenyl‐2‐pyrazolines2.7.Coumarins2.8.Naphthalimides2.9.1,3,5‐Triazin‐2‐yl Derivatives3.Commercial Forms and Brands4.Uses4.1.General Requirements4.2.Textile Industry4.3.Detergent Industry4.4.Paper Industry4.5.Plastics and Synthetic Fibers4.6.Other Uses5.Analytical Methods and Whiteness Assessment5.1.Analytical Methods5.2.Assessment of Whitening Effect6.Environmental Aspects
Phenol Derivatives
Authors: Fiege Helmut , Voges Heinz‐Werner , Hamamoto Toshikazu , Umemura Sumio , Iwata Tadao , Miki Hisaya , Fujita Yasuhiro , Buysch Hans‐Josef , Garbe Dorothea , Paulus Wilfried 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Alkylphenols1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Occurrence, Formation, Isolation1.4.Production, General1.4.1.Alkylation of Phenols1.4.2.Other General Processes1.5.Industrially Important Alkylphenols1.5.1.Polymethylphenols1.5.2.Ethylphenols1.5.3.Isopropylphenols1.5.4.sec‐Butylphenols1.5.5.tert‐Butylphenols1.5.6.tert‐Pentylphenols1.5.7.Higher Alkylphenols1.5.8.Cycloalkylphenols1.5.9.Aralkylphenols1.5.10.Alkenylphenols1.5.11.Indanols2.Catechol2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses2.5.Economic Aspects2.6.Toxicology3.Trihydroxybenzenes3.1.Pyrogallol3.2.Hydroxyhydroquinone3.3.Phloroglucinol4.Bisphenols (Bishydroxyarylalkanes)4.1.Physical Properties4.2.Chemical Properties4.3.Production4.4.Analysis, Testing, Storage4.5.Uses, Economic Aspects4.6.Toxicology5.Hydroxybiphenyls5.1.Physical Properties5.2.Chemical Properties5.3.Production5.4.Analysis, Quality Specifications, Storage5.5.Uses5.6.Toxicology6.Phenol Ethers6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.3.Representative Phenol Ethers7.Halogen Derivatives of Phenolic Compounds7.1.Introduction7.2.Representative Compounds
Pigments, Organic
Authors: Hunger Klaus , Herbst Willy 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Technical Properties2.1.General Aspects2.2.Dispersibility2.2.1.Pigment Powders2.2.2.Pigment Preparations2.3.Crystal Modifications3.Uses3.1.Printing Inks3.2.Paints and Coatings3.3.Plastics3.4.Other Uses4.Azo Pigments4.1.Production4.1.1.Diazotization4.1.2.Coupling4.1.3.Special Features of Azo Pigment Synthesis4.2.Yellow and Orange Monoazo Pigments4.2.1.Yellow Monoazo Pigments (Hansa Yellow Pigments)4.2.2.Monoazopyrazolone Pigments4.3.Disazo Pigments4.3.1.Diarylide Pigments4.3.2.Bis(N‐acetoacetarylide) Pigments4.4.β‐Naphthol Pigments4.5.Azo Pigment Lakes4.5.1.β‐Naphthol Pigment Lakes4.5.2.2‐Hydroxy‐3‐naphthoic Acid Pigment Lakes (BON Pigments)4.5.3.Other Pigment Lakes4.6.Naphtol AS Pigments4.7.Benzimidazolone Pigments4.8.Disazo Condensation Pigments4.8.1.Yellow Pigments4.8.2.Orange, Red, and Brown Pigments4.8.3.Properties5.Metal‐Complex Pigments5.1.Azo Metal‐Complex Pigments5.2.Azomethine Metal‐Complex Pigments5.3.Miscellaneous Metal‐Complex Pigments6.Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Pigments6.1.Azomethine Type: Tetrachloroisoindolinone Pigments6.2.Methine Type: Isoindoline Pigments7.Phthalocyanine Pigments8.Quinacridone Pigments8.1.Production8.1.1.Synthesis8.1.2.Aftertreatment8.2.Properties9.Perinone Pigments10.Perylene Pigments11.Anthraquinone Pigments11.1.Hydroxyanthraquinone Pigments11.2.Aminoanthraquinone Pigments11.3.Heterocyclic Anthraquinone Pigments11.3.1.Anthrapyrimidine Pigments11.3.2.Indanthrone and Flavanthrone11.4.Polycarbocyclic Anthraquinone Pigments11.4.1.Pyranthrone Pigments11.4.2.Anthanthrone Pigments12.Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) Pigments13.Thioindigo Pigments14.Dioxazine Pigments15.Triphenylmethane Pigments15.1.Free Sulfonic Acids (“Alkali Blue” Types)15.2.Dye Salts with Complex Anions16.Quinophthalone Pigments17.Fluorescent Pigments18.Environmental Aspects18.1.Toxicology18.2.Ecology18.3.Impurities
Potassium Compounds
Authors: Schultz Heinz , Bauer Günter , Schachl Erich , Hagedorn Fritz , Schmittinger Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Occurrence1.2.History2.Potash Salt Deposits2.1.Minerals2.2.Geology of Potash Deposits3.Mining of Potash Salts3.1.Shaft Mining3.2.Extraction, Conveying, and Haulage3.3.Solution Mining4.Treatment of Potash Ores4.1.Intergrowth and Degree of Liberation4.2.Grinding5.Potassium Chloride5.1.Properties5.2.Production by Crystallization from Solution5.2.1.Phase Theory5.2.2.Hot Leaching Process5.2.3.Processing of Carnallite5.2.4.Equipment5.3.Flotation5.3.1.Potash Ores Suitable for Flotation5.3.2.Carrier Solutions5.3.3.Flotation Agents5.3.4.Theory5.3.5.Flotation Equipment5.3.6.Processes5.4.Electrostatic Separation5.4.1.Theoretical Basis5.4.2.Equipment and Processes5.5.Heavy‐Media Separation5.6.Debrining and Drying5.7.Process Measurement and Control5.8.Waste Disposal and Environmental Aspects5.9.Granulation5.10.Quality Specifications5.11.Toxicology and Occupational Health5.12.Economic Aspects and Uses6.Potassium Sulfate6.1.Properties6.2.Raw Materials6.3.Production6.3.1.From Potassium Chloride and Sulfuric Acid (Mannheim Process)6.3.2.From Potassium Chloride and Magnesium Sulfate6.3.3.From Potassium Chloride and Langbeinite6.3.4.From Potassium Chloride and Kainite6.3.5.From Potassium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate6.3.6.From Potassium Chloride and Calcium Sulfate6.3.7.From Alunite6.3.8.From Natural Brines and Bitterns6.4.Granulation6.5.Quality Specifications6.6.Toxicology and Occupational Health6.7.Economic Aspects and Uses7.Potash ‐ Magnesia8.Production of Potassium Salts from Other Raw Materials8.1.The Dead Sea8.2.The Great Salt Lake8.3.Searles Lake8.4.Other Sources9.Storage and Transportation10.Analysis of Potassium Compounds11.Potassium Hydroxide11.1.Properties11.2.Production11.3.Quality Specifications11.4.Economic Aspects and Uses12.Potassium Carbonate12.1.Properties12.2.Production12.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis12.4.Storage and Transportation12.5.Economic Aspects and Uses13.Potassium Hydrogencarbonate13.1.Properties and Production
Rare Earth Elements
Authors: McGill Ian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Mineralogy, Abundance, Occurrence3.Properties3.1.Properties of the Nuclei3.2.Properties of the Atoms and Ions3.2.1.Electronic Configuration, Position in the Periodic Table3.2.2.Oxidation States, Atomic and Ionic Radii3.2.3.Magnetic and Spectral Properties3.2.4.Bonding, Coordination Numbers3.3.Other Chemical and Physical Properties3.4.Miscibility and Alloying Behavior3.5.Mechanical Workability4.Digestion of Rare Earth Ores4.1.Wet Chemical Digestion; Fusion4.1.1.Monazite4.1.2.Bastnaesite4.1.3.Other Ores4.2.Direct Chlorination at High Temperature5.Separation5.1.Principles of Separation5.2.Separation by Classical Methods5.2.1.Fractional Crystallization5.2.2.Fractional Precipitation5.2.3.Separations Based on Oxidation State Changes5.3.Separation by Ion Exchange5.3.1.Ion Exchange with Chelating Agents5.3.2.Separation Process5.3.3.Industrial Processes5.3.4.Disadvantages of Ion Exchange5.4.Separation by Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction5.4.1.Theoretical Basis5.4.2.Extractants5.4.2.1.Neutral Extractants5.4.2.2.Acidic Extractants5.4.2.3.Amines and Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Extractants5.4.2.4.Synergistic Effects5.4.3.Industrial Liquid ‐ Liquid Extraction5.4.3.1.Separation of Europium Oxide5.4.3.2.Separation of Yttrium Oxide5.4.3.3.Separation of Scandium6.Production of the Metals6.1.Fused Salt Electrolysis6.2.Metallothermic Reduction6.3.Purification7.Analysis8.Compounds8.1.Hydrides8.2.Oxides, Hydroxides, Peroxides, Salts of Inorganic Oxoacids, Double Salts8.3.Halides8.4.Chalcogenides8.5.Nitrides8.6.Carbides8.7.Complexes; Organic Compounds9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology12.Acknowledgement
Sodium and Sodium Alloys
Authors: Klemm Alfred , Hartmann Gabriele , Lange Ludwig 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Occurrence4.Production4.1.Chemical Processes4.2.Electrolytic Processes4.2.1.Development of Molten Salt Electrolysis of NaOH and NaCl4.2.2.Description and Operation of NaCl Molten Salt Electrolytic Cell4.2.3.Properties of the Electrolyte4.2.4.Other Electrolytic Processes5.Safety6.Uses7.Sodium Alloys8.Packaging and Transport8.1.Forming Sodium Metal8.2.Transport Regulations8.3.Break‐Bulk Packaging8.4.Portable Tanks9.Quality Specifications and Analysis10.Health and Safety11.Economic Aspects
Sulfinic Acids and Derivatives
Authors: Schubart Rüdiger 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Preparation of Sulfinic Acids and their Salts3.1.Reduction of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives3.2.Sulfination with Sulfur Dioxide3.3.Oxidation of Thiols3.4.Nucleophilic Cleavage of Sulfones and Related Compounds4.Reactions of Sulfinic Acids and their Derivatives4.1.Alkylation of the Sulfinate Anion4.2.Addition of Sulfinic Acids to Multiple Bonds4.3.Redox Reactions of Sulfinic Acids5.Sulfinic Acid Derivatives5.1.Sulfinyl Chlorides5.1.1.Preparation5.1.2.Reactions5.2.Sulfinic Acid Esters5.2.1.Preparation5.2.2.Reactions5.3.Thiosulfinic Acid Esters5.4.Sulfinic Acid Amides6.1‐Hydroxyalkanesulfinates6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.3.Quality Specifications, Analysis7.Formamidinesulfinic Acid7.1.Properties7.2.Production8.Industrial Uses of Sulfinic Acids and their Derivatives9.Toxicology
Selection of Applications for a Material
Authors: Salimon A. , Bréchet Y. , Ashby M.F. , Greer A.L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFinding an application for a given (not necessarily new) material is an elusive problem. Methods for material selection to fill a given application are now well developed. But the inverse problem – that of finding applications for a new material – has no such established methodology. The article discusses some general approaches to the problem and demonstrates recent progress in implementing them.
Biologically Active Ibogan and Vallesamine Derivatives from Tabernaemontana divaricata
Authors: Kam Toh‐Seok , Pang Huey‐Shen , Choo Yeun‐Mun , Komiyama Kanki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSix new indole alkaloids, viz., (3S)‐3‐cyanocoronaridine (2), (3S)‐3‐cyanoisovoacangine (3), conolobine A (5), conolobine B (6), conolidine (7), and (3R/3S)‐3‐ethoxyvoacangine (8), in addition to 36 known ones, were obtained from the stem‐bark extract of the Malayan Tabernaemontana divaricata. The structures were determined by NMR and MS analysis. The CN‐substituted alkaloids showed appreciable cytotoxicity towards the KB human oral epidermoid carcinoma cell‐line.
The Unique Role of Fluorine in the Design of Active Ingredients for Modern Crop Protection
Authors: Jeschke Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe task of inventing and developing active ingredients with useful biological activities requires a search for novel chemical substructures. This process may trigger the discovery of whole classes of chemicals of potential commercial interest. Similar biological effects can often be achieved by completely different compounds. However, compounds within a given structural family may exhibit quite different biological activities depending on their interactions with different intracellular proteins like enzymes or receptors. By varying the functional groups and structural elements of a lead compound, its interaction with the active site of the target protein, as well as its physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and dynamic properties can be improved. In this context, the introduction of fluorine into active ingredients has become an important concept in the quest for a modern crop protection product with optimal efficacy, environmental safety, user friendliness, and economic viability. Fluorinated organic compounds represent an important and growing family of commercial agrochemicals. A number of recently developed agrochemical candidates represent novel classes of chemical compounds with new modes of action; several of these compounds contain new fluorinated substituents. However, the complex structure–activity relationships associated with biologically active molecules mean that the introduction of fluorine can lead to either an increase or a decrease in the efficacy of a compound depending on its changed mode of action, physicochemical properties, target interaction, or metabolic susceptibility and transformation. Therefore, it is still difficult to predict the sites in a molecule at which fluorine substitution will result in optimal desired effects.
Halogenation of Drugs Enhances Membrane Binding and Permeation
Authors: Gerebtzoff Grégori , Li‐Blatter Xiaochun , Fischer Holger , Frentzel Adrian , Seelig Anna 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHalogenation of drugs is commonly used to enhance membrane binding and permeation. We quantify the effect of replacing a hydrogen residue by a chlorine or a trifluoromethyl residue in position C‐2 of promazine, perazine, and perphenazine analogues. Moreover, we investigate the influence of the position (C‐6 and C‐7) of residue CF3 in benzopyranols. The twelve drugs are characterized by surface activity measurements, which yield the cross‐sectional area, the air–water partition coefficient, and the critical micelle concentration. By using the first two parameters (AD and Kaw) and the appropriate membrane packing density, the lipid–water partition coefficients, are calculated in excellent agreement with the lipid–water partition coefficients measured by means of isothermal titration calorimetry for small unilamellar vesicles of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine. Replacement of a hydrogen residue by a chlorine and a trifluoromethyl residue enhances the free energy of partitioning into the lipid membrane, on average by ΔGlw≈−1.3 or −4.5 kJ mol−1, respectively, and the permeability coefficient by a factor of ∼2 or ∼9, respectively. Despite exhibiting practically identical hydrophobicities, the two benzopyranol analogues differ in their permeability coefficients by almost an order of magnitude; this is due to their different cross‐sectional areas at the air–water and lipid–water interfaces.
Triisobutylaluminium and Diisobutylaluminium Hydride as Molecular Scalpels: The Regioselective Stripping of Perbenzylated Sugars and Cyclodextrins
Authors: Lecourt Thomas , Herault Alexandre , Pearce Alan J. , Sollogoub Matthieu , Sinaÿ Pierre 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTo explain the remarkable regioselective de‐O‐benzylating properties of diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL‐H) and triisobutylaluminium (TIBAL) towards polybenzylated sugars or cyclodextrins, we propose a plausible mechanistic rationale critically involving the kinetic formation of a product‐generating 2:1 Al‐benzylated sugar complex. For the reaction to occur, one pair of adjacent oxygen atoms should first be able to form a chelation complex with the first equivalent of aluminium reagent, either a highly fluxional complex with tetracoordinate aluminium species or a pentacoordinate one. The second equivalent then induces the regioselectivity of the de‐O‐alkylation by coordinating preferentially to one of the oxygen atoms of the selected pair.
Solvent Effect on Mineral Modification: Selective Synthesis of Cerium Compounds by a Facile Solution Route
Authors: Chen Shaofeng , Yu Shu‐Hong , Yu Bo , Ren Lei , Yao Weitang , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA mild solution method has been designed for the selective synthesis of orthorhombic and hexagonal CeOHCO3, as well as cubic CeO2 crystals in an ethanol/water mixed solvent. This study added a new example for selectively controlling different cerium compounds by manipulating the balance between kinetics and thermodynamics in a mixed solvent system. The competitive reactions taking place in the ethanol/water system, phase transition, and shape evolution were fully investigated: they were found to be strongly dependent on the composition of the reaction media. The influence of the ethanol content in the mixed solvent and that of the reaction time on the phase transition and shape of orthorhombic and hexagonal CeOHCO3 crystals is discussed in detail. Metastable hexagonal CeOHCO3 can be trapped, even at 80 °C, in the ethanol/water solvent mixture without the need for the high temperature adopted by previous hydrothermal approaches. The evolution process of orthorhombic and metastable hexagonal phases under mild solution conditions is discussed for the first time. Supersaturation will become faster and more evident when water is replaced by ethanol, because the inorganic salts have a lower solubility in ethanol than in water, and this will generally favor the formation of the kinetic phase, such as the hexagonal CeOHCO3 phase reported in this paper. The optical properties of the products with different phases and composition were investigated.
The role of Fas ligand and transforming growth factor β in tumor progression
Authors: Kim Ryungsa , Emi Manabu , Tanabe Kazuaki , Uchida Yoko , Toge Tetsuya 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDespite the fact that expression of Fas ligand (FasL) in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and in natural killer (NK) cells plays an important role in Fas‐mediated tumor killing, During tumor progression FasL‐expressing tumor cells are involved in counterattacking to kill tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Soluble FasL levels also increase with tumor progression in solid tumors, and this increase inhibits Fas‐mediated tumor killing by CTLs and NK cells. The increased expression of FasL in tumor cells is associated with decreased expression of Fas; and the promoter region of the FASL gene is regulated by transcription factors, such as neuronal factor κB (NF‐κB) and AP‐1, in the tumor microenvironment. Although the ratio of FasL expression to Fas expression in tumor cells is not strongly related to the induction of apoptosis in TILs, increased expression of FasL is associated with decreased Fas levels in tumor cells that can escape immune surveillance and facilitate tumor progression and metastasis. Transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) is a potent growth inhibitor and has tumor‐suppressing activity in the early phases of carcinogenesis. During subsequent tumor progression, the increased secretion of TGF‐β by both tumor cells and, in a paracrine fashion, stromal cells, is involved in the enhancement of tumor invasion and metastasis accompanied by immunosuppression. Herein, the authors review the clinical significance of FasL and TGF‐β expression patterns as features of immune privilege accompanying tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment. Potential strategies for identifying which molecules can serve as targets for effective antitumor therapy also are discussed. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.