bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children As Research Subjects
Authors: Nelson Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An individual child may benefit from participation in research in a variety of ways including access to new therapeutic interventions and close monitoring. While an alternative to participating in research is to receive the currently available treatment, assuming that these treatments are safer and more effective than interventions under investigation may not be justified. In fact, most drugs used to treat children have never been tested formally in children, making off-label use of medications the de facto standard of care in pediatrics. Indeed, only 20% of drugs approved in the United States have been labeled for use in infants and children and only 37% of new drugs in 1996, with the potential for pediatric use, had some pediatric labeling at the time of approval.
The Issues
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the century following 1820, about 55 million Europeans set sail for resource­ abundant and labo scarce New World destinations. Three fifths of these migrants went to the United States. Earlier migration from resource-scarce and laborabundant Europe had been a mere trickle. The only comparable intercontinental migration had been that of black slaves from Africa to the Americas and the Caribbean. Indeed, it was not until the 1840s that annual (free) European migration to the Americas exceeded (coerced) African migration, and it was not until the 1880s that the cumulative European migration exceeded the African (Eltis 1983: 255). Until well into the nineteenth century, the cost of the move was simply too great for many”free” migrants to afford. Indentured servitude (a temporary forfeiture of some freedom) was one way to secure a”loan” for the move under such conditions (Galenson 1984; Grubb 1994). Transportation abroad in convict chains was another. Coercion through slavery was a third. Declining costs of passage and augmented family resources for investment in the move would change these conditions throughout Europe as the century progressed.
Cycles, Swings, and Shocks Waiting to Make the Move
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter explored European emigration over the long run; it focused on decade averages and abstracted from business cycles, long swings, and episodic shocks in the emigration time series. In contrast, much of the literature dwells on the short run. Does the analysis of annual fluctuations in emigration require a different explanation than that used successfully for long-run trends? In a sense, the answer is yes, although the two kinds of explanations can be readily reconciled. The economics and the demography are the same, but one concerns whether to move at all and where, while the other concerns when to make the move.
After the Famine Irish Experience
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over 4.5 million men and women left Ireland in the six decades after the famine in the late 1840s. The emigrant flood continued long after actual famine conditions had disappeared, and the number who eventually left was about five times the famine deaths. The rate of Irish emigration was more than double that of any other European country (table 1.1), with as many as 13 per thousand emigrating on average each year. Largely as a consequence of this mass exodus, the Irish population fell from 6.5 to 4.4 million between 1851 and 1911.
Labor Market Impact Abroad and Convergence
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rest of this book has established that the mass migration was driven in large measure by market forces at origin and destination. The previous chapter has also established that European emigration had a significant impact on labor markets at home: the departure of the movers improved economic conditions of the stayers faster than would have been true without emigration-raising real wages, lowering unemployment and eroding poverty. By glutting labor markets abroad, the mass migrations must also have reduced the pace of real wage growth in immigrating countries. Thus, mass migration must have tended to create economic convergence among the participating countries; living standards in the poor emigrating countries tended, as a consequence, to catch up with living standards in rich immigrating countries. Not all countries participated, some had offsetting influences, and some had more induced catch-up than others, but the underlying tendencies must have been pervasive. These are qualitative statements, however. We want to give them more quantitative muscle. So far, chapter 9 has offered that muscle for two important emigrating countries that exhibited impressive catch-up-Ireland and Sweden.
Introduction: The Locations of History
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It might be tempting to think of Asian immigration to the United States in mythic terms, of migrants from the Far East coming to the West Coast of the United States and crossing the continent eastward, passing fleeing Indians and westering white settlers. Figuring Asian immigrants as a sort of anti-frontier myth would be appealing, a powerful way (along with the story of Hispanic Americans who were in California, Texas, and New Mexico long before it was the American West) of subverting Frederick Jackson Turner’s conception of the western frontier. Turner’s 1892 thesis placed white European Americans at the center of history, situated at a frontier moving steadily westward, occupying the boundary between civilization and savagery. Telling a story about Asians from a different shore—people who crossed the Pacific instead of the Atlantic and created their own eastern frontier—might seem a welcome corrective to Eurocentric American history. But the notion of an Asian diaspora spreading outward from China and Japan into Southeast Asia, Australia, Hawaii, South America, and finally Canada and the United States would only place Asians instead of Europeans at the center of history.
Thinking about Orientals: Chicago Sociologists and the Oriental Problem
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1924, Robert Park set up a team of social scientists as his first move in organizing the research for the Survey of Race Relations. All the prominent universities on the West Coast were represented, from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver to the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Almost half of the researchers were graduates of the University of Chicago: Emory Bogardus of USC received his Ph.D. from Chicago in 1911; William Carlson Smith, also at USC, received his doctorate from Chicago in 1920; and Roderick McKenzie of the University of Washington in Seattle was a student of Park’s who received his Ph.D. from Chicago in 1921. The list of researchers and their ties to Chicago is remarkable yet, at closer glance, perhaps not altogether surprising.
Language of Hope: The Oriental as Marginal Man
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why did a number of Asian American intellectuals between the years 1924 and 1960 become committed to the profession of sociology? For what reason did social science, and Chicago sociology in particular, become more welcome to Asian American intellectuals than other academic disciplines? At the end of the nineteenth century, social science had been associated with the same racial barriers that all of American academia held for nonwhite intellectuals. In fact, the close historical connection between scientific theories of race and the support of racial hierarchy in the United States would seem to have made social science an unattractive place for nonwhites.
Free Pages And Other Essays
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Manuel Gonzalez Prada (1844-1918) was one of the leading intellectual and literary figures of Peru. His reputation as an essayist extended beyond national boundaries. At home these essays, along with his potent speeches, influenced generations of young radicals. A powerful political reformer, he founded the Party of National Unity in 1891, was linked to the anarchist movement, and served as Director of the National Library from 1912-1914. This translation is based on the Obras of Gonzalez Prada, edited by Luis Alberto Sánchez. It includes essays, speeches, and polemical writings drawn from two of Prada’s only books of prose published during his lifetime, Paginas Libres and Horas de Lucha; in addition to unpublished manuscripts and works previously printed in newspapers and magazines. These writings reveal his most important thoughts on the subject of anarchism, social inequality, indigenous culture, philosophy, and language. Translated into English for the first time, Prada’s forceful and persuasive words are gathered here under the thematic headings “Peruvian Problems,” “Anarchy,” and “Philosophical, Literary, and Linguistic Problems”.
The Parties and the National Union
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Complying with the mandate of the National Union, I come to offer a word of encouragement to the few men who still remain faithful to our c:;1use after so many temptations and struggles. I will speak about political groups and their leaders, about the last civil war and its con sequences, about the National Union and its obligations under the cur rent circumstances. You’ll hear from my lips no reticence, no blustering or temporizing, no cowardly backstabbing: I say what I have to say clearly and directly; I attack evil public figures head on, without recourse to masks or hidden daggers. I speak neither to flatter those in power nor to serve as mouth piece for those who dream of seizing power, but to say what I think needs to be said, no matter whose interests it harms, no matter whom it irritates.
The Intellectual and the Worker
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Don’t smile if we begin by translating some verses by a poet. In late afternoon on a hot day, nature drowses in the rays of the sun, like a woman languishing under the caresses of her lover. The field hand, bathed in sweat and panting, goads his oxen; but all of a sudden he stops to greet a young man walking along humming a tune: “You’re the lucky one! You spend your life singing while I, from the time the sun rises until it sets, wear myself out plowing these furrows and sowing wheat.”
Anarchy
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If we ask a serious person what he understands by anarchy, he will tell us, like one answering a question from the catechism: Anarchy is social dislocation, a permanent state of war, the return of man to primitive savagery. He will call the anarchist a sworn enemy of the life and property of others, an evil spirit obsessed by a universal and destructive phobia, a kind of feline demon wandering lost in the heart of cities. For many people, the anarchist sums up his ideals by doing evil for the pleasure of doing it.
The Soldier’s Rebellion
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are two irreconciliable concepts, however subtly and persuasively we strain to reconcile them: internationalism and patriotism. We have no country if we love all countries equally; we are n’t patriots if we stop preferring the citizens of our country to a Laplander, a Frenchman, or a Chinese. Socialism, despite its detachment from all religions, is based on a Christian maxim: we are all brothers. Consequently, if this is a truth engraved in the most intimate place in our hearts, if we rule all our actions by this maxim, we have the right to protest when they oblige us to violate it so they can turn us into murderers of our brothers.
The First of May (1907)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We don’t know whether the workers, not just those in Peru but throughout the world, are capable of thinking and acting in concerted fashion today. If they commemorate past rebellions and show a determination to bring about a radical transformation in all spheres of life, we have nothing to say. But if they merely limit themselves to celebrating May Day, assuming that the desideratum of social demands can be reduced to an eight-hour day or Sundays off, then we can’t help smiling and lamenting the naïveté of the proletariat.
The Rotten Core
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Someone said that “Peru is n’t a nation but an occupied territory,” and someone else affirmed that “our republic is little more than a geographic name.” In the former, at least for now, there’s a modicum of truth. If Peru wants to boast that it’s a nation, it should point out where the citizens are to be found, since they are the essential elements of any nationality. Citizen means free man; here, what we have are herds of slaves vegetating: there’s not much distance from this to Dahomey or the Congo.
The Dead Man’s Fiancee
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the delightful region that extends from the border with Bolivia to the Patagonian line, in the center of a region that contains all of heaven’s beautiful creations, on a plain furrowed with crystal-clear fountains and lost like a bird’s nest among roses and jasmines, stands a city that has an oriental appearance. Her white domes rise exquisitely above the dark greens of the forests of orange trees that surround her, drawing in the traveler who contemplates her from afar. Her roads are lined with flowers; her air is warm and fragrant; her days glow gold and blue; her starry nights are serene, filled with music and love songs. To visit her once is to remember her forever; and if one day that same person were to return, and even if God had rendered them blind, upon breathing her perfumed air they would immedately exclaim-Tucuman!
If You Do Wrong,
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was late in the day in the middle of spring. The sun was setting behind the mountains in splendorous glory, spreading with its last rays mother-of-pearl on the snows of the range across the way, drawing long shadows of fleeting silhouettes from the goats that wandered here and there among the steep rugged rocks, picking at the leaves of the shrubs and the spiny thistles of the thickets.
Everything was peaceful and silent in the lonely, rustic landscape. The woodpigeons, hidden in the boulders, added their sad cooing to the rumbling of the waterfall, which rose up from the valley where the waters of the Rimac River fell like distant thunder.
Suddenly, a sweet, sharp voice let out a joyful shriek.
A Growing Sence Of Injustice
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Because of the military crisis in the spring of 1862, Confederate Virginians generally accepted conscription and other intrusions of government in their lives. Continued tolerance depended on how political leaders administered the new systems and met the challenges that lay ahead. As the year progressed, shortages of food and other goods eroded faith in the government. Popular resentment increased as hardships worsened-especially as planters and other wealthy persons avoided military service by hiring substitutes or seemingly capitalized on the misfortune of others by charging exorbitant prices for goods. The belief that the rich benefited while others suffered caused civilians to riot for food and soldiers to leave the army, actions that the state and national officials could not ignore. Officials responded first with a heavy hand, employing measures that tightened discipline in the army and drew clearer lines between front and home front. As desertion and discord continued, however, authorities realized that they also needed a softer approach and increased the efforts to administer charity for the needy.
The Problem Of Confederate Identity
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the Union army occupied Richmond and the Army of Northern Virginia surrendered, the curious rushed into the state to learn more about these puzzling Confederates and their feelings regarding reunification. Northerners had many questions, especially whether their former enemies would accept their fate and pledge loyalty to the restored Union. Of the freed people’s position few had doubts: a majority of them eagerly welcomed the Union occupation force and showed ample enthusiasm for supporting the Republican Party. But it was uncertain whether Confederates would cooperate with or resist the conquerors-perhaps through guerrilla warfare or by joining with the French in Mexico to launch another war against the United States. In the immediate aftermath of Lee’s surrender, northerners hoped that the Confederacy would go gently into its night, but few took for granted that defeat had quelled the rebellion completely as they carefully probed for signs of resistance.
Political Apprentice
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Clinton family’s arrival in America was anything but auspicious. They had emigrated from Ireland to America forty years before DeWitt’s birth. Their presence in Ireland was the result of the decision of one William Clinton to support King Charles I against Cromwell a century earlier. Fleeing England after Charles’s defeat, he lived on the Continent, then settled in Scotland and joined the Presbyterian Church. He later moved to Northern Ireland, where Presbyterians were disliked by both local Catholics and imported Anglicans. Perhaps for this reason, perhaps owing to rising rents in Ulster, in 1729 William’s grandson Charles (DeWitt’s grandfather) de cided to emigrate.
The Governor
Authors: Cornog Evan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A gift for conciliation was not among Clinton’s qualities, and the conduct of his presidential campaign had left many individuals and groups estranged from him. His candidacy managed to sow division in both the Republican and Federalist parties in New York as well as in the nation. With the triple blows to Federalism that came with the Treaty of Ghent, the Hartford Convention, and Jackson’s victory at New Orleans, that potential source of support was vastly weakened at precisely the point when Clinton most needed it. The decline of Federalism had contributed to his removal from the mayoralty by the Council of Appointment, and the weakness of the Federalist party seemed to preclude any hope for a return to power.
The Vertical Integration of Production Market Failure Considerations
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Policy interest in vertical integration has been concerned mainly with the possibility that integration can be used strategically to achieve anti competitive effects. In the absence of a more substantial theoretical foundation, vertical integration, as a public policy matter, is typically regarded as having dubious if not outright antisocial properties. Technological interdependencies or, possibly, observational economies constitute the principal exceptions.
Financing of Investment in Eastern Europe A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Holmstrom Bengt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of liberalization, Eastern Europe has suffered from a worsening capital shortage problem. The capital stock from the Communist era is outmoded and much of it is obsolete. One can expect unemployment to worsen as the process of privatization progresses and the capital base deteriorates further through shutdowns of plants and enterprises. To alleviate unemployment and set the economies back on a growth path, major investments in new technologies and capacity are required.
The Road Taken :Origins and Evolution of Employment Systems in Emerging Companies
Authors: Barton James N , Burton M Diane , Hannan Michael T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A central concern of transaction cost economics (TCE) has been to understand how employment relationships and governance structures develop around productive activities. Williamson’s (1975) operating hypothesis has been that organizational forms and employment systems develop so as to minimize the transaction costs and hold-up problems facing employers and employees. These issues arise primarily from relationship-specific skills and investments (and the small numbers bargaining they induce ex post), task interdependencies, opportunism and informational imperfections that make spot contracting or contingent claims contracting infeasible or very costly.
The Changing Shape Of English Nonconformity, 1825-1925
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book studies the development of a pattern of education for ministry within nineteenth-century English evangelical Nonconformity. This development played a major role in the emergence of discussions on the nature of ministry while also influencing thought on religious authority, theological reconstruction, and religious identity. Johnson argues that too many interpretations of this facet of Nonconformity's history (especially those concerning the Congregationalist, Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian traditions) have tended to regard such development as a decline from earlier pinnacles of religious vitality and appeal. His book instead considers this phase a serious and necessary effort on the part of Nonconformity to come to terms with modernity while also retaining a responsible understanding of what it meant to be evangelical.
Piety, Education, And Ministry
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Nonconformist colleges generally offered their students a free education; many provided free room and board as well. They recognized that candidates for the ministry did not often have the resources to pay for their own education, but that commitment to their support involved regular and occasionally plaintive appeals for funds. The pressure on college finances was partially relieved in some cases by the decision to accept non-ministerial students who paid their own way and by attempts to assess whether outside support for an individual student could be obtained. At Stepney a prospective student was regularly asked about his personal financial resources to cover those expenses outside of college costs. After 1841 additional questions sought information as to whether the student had means to contribute to his college maintenance, and whether his sponsoring congregations or ministers would contribute a collection to the college, annual or otherwise, during his period of residence.1 Later in the century it established a scholarship scheme related to the entrance examinations and for purposes of financial support divided students into three groups. A small number of scholarship students received free education, part or all of their board, and money for books and incidentals; ordinary ministerial students received free education and room, but were encouraged to pay their board; and students who were considering the ministry but unpledged to it paid the entire cost of their education, as did non-ministerial students.2 Other colleges developed similar arrangements for controlling their heavy commitment of funds to the students.