bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Histologic Analysis of Mineralized Bone Allograft (Puros) Placement Before Implant Surgery
Authors: Minichetti John C. , D'Amore Joseph C. , Hong Anna Y. J. , Cleveland Deborah B. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Because clinicians are placing more dental implants, it is becoming more important to maintain bone volume after tooth extraction. This article discusses the various bone-augmentation materials available to the clinician and illustrates a case report of particulate mineralized bone allograft (Puros) placement after extraction. Exposure of the grafted site after 5 months revealed a hard bony structure. Human histologic analysis at the light microscopic level revealed nonvital spicules of mature calcified bone having a highly organized matrix surrounded by viable noncalcified immature bone matrix, or osteoid. It was concluded that mineralized human allograft demonstrated the formation or remodeling of bone histologically and was clinically useful to maintain bone volume for implant placement after extraction. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first publication to demonstrate human histology of particulate mineralized bone allograft (Puros) after placement into an extraction site.
President Bush's false [flashbulb] memory of 9/11/01
Authors: Greenberg Daniel L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMany people claim to remember how they heard about the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001—including George W. Bush, the President of the United States at the time. On at least three occasions, the President was asked how he heard the news of the attacks. His answers contained substantial inconsistencies and provide a near‐perfect example of a false flashbulb memory. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid judgements in assessing verbal and nonverbal cues: their potential for deception researchers and lie detection
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Evans Hayley , Akehurst Lucy , Mann Samantha 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn the present study it was investigated to what extent observers (i) could make rapid yet reliable and valid judgements of the frequency of verbal and nonverbal behaviours of interviewees (liars and truth tellers) and (ii) detect deceit after making these rapid judgements. Five observers watched 52 videoclips of 26 liars and 26 truth tellers. The findings revealed that rapid judgements were reliable and valid. They also revealed that observers were able to detect truths and lies well above the level of chance after making these rapid judgements (74% accuracy rate was found). The implications of these findings for deception researchers and lie detection are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of cognitive test anxiety on text comprehension and recall in the absence of external evaluative pressure
Authors: Cassady Jerrell C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTwo studies examined the effects of cognitive test anxiety on students' memory, comprehension, and understanding of expository text passages in situations without externally‐imposed evaluative pressure. The results gathered through structural equations modelling demonstrated a significant impact of cognitive test anxiety on performance in conditions with and without external evaluative pressure. The impact of cognitive test anxiety was stronger in those conditions with external evaluative pressure. The results are interpreted to support processing models of test anxiety that propose test anxiety interferes with learning through deficiencies in encoding, organization, and storage in addition to the classic interpretation of retrieval failures. In addition, the data provide support for additive models of test anxiety that address both stable and situational factors in the overall impact of cognitive test anxiety on performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimising misinformation effects in young children with cognitive interview mnemonics
Authors: Holliday Robyn E. , Albon Amanda J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis research evaluated the effect of several variations of a Cognitive interview on 4–5‐year‐old children's correct recall and subsequent reporting of misinformation. Children viewed an event followed by misinformation that was read or self‐generated before a Cognitive interview. Children were then given recognition tests under inclusion and exclusion instructions. Developmentally modified Cognitive interviews elicited significantly more correct details than control interviews. A Cognitive interview given after misinformation reduced children's reporting of misinformation at interview and reduced reporting of self‐generated misinformation on memory tests. Moreover, this research shows that thereport allandcontext reinstatementCognitive interview mnemonics in combination can offer some protection against the negative effect of misinformation when given after such misinformation. Process dissociation analyses revealed that both recollection and familiarity contributed to children's reporting of misinformation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attention and expertise in multiple target tracking
Authors: Allen Roy , Mcgeorge Peter , Pearson David , Milne Alan B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAn experiment is reported examining the role of attention and expertise in multiple target tracking. It compares the ability of professional radar operators (experts) and undergraduate students (novices) to acquire and track subsets of randomly moving targets amongst distractors, and respond appropriately to a probe. Participants undertook this tracking task alone then, subsequently, in conjunction with a second, digit categorization task. For half the participants, the second task commenced prior to the tracking task's target acquisition phase, for the remainder after. Results suggest experts are better than novices across all conditions. Further, a comparison of results between the two dual task conditions indicates that attentional resources make a contribution to target tracking in both novices and experts, but only appear to make a contribution to target acquisition in novices. The results have implications for theories of multiple target tracking; the selection of radar operators; and the monitoring of their training. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of aging on a measure of prospective remembering using naturalistic stimuli
Authors: McDermott Kate , Knight Robert G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of age on the noticing and memory search stages of a prospective memory task. Three groups (n=30) of older, middle‐aged, and younger persons were compared on a task using naturalistic stimuli, designed to simulate prospective remembering in everyday life. Participants were given a list of 30 instructions, each comprising an action (e.g. [Buy a hamburger]) and associated cue (e.g. [At McDonalds]). They then watched a videotape showing the view a person would have walking along a city street and attempted to recall each task when the cue appeared. The key finding was that older participants had a disproportionate reduction in recall of actions relative to cues noticed compared to both younger and middle‐aged participants. Although the older group were significantly less likely to notice cues than were the younger participants, noticing was preserved relative to memory search. The implication of this is that noticing complex and naturalistic visual cues in a shopping environment may rely primarily on automatic memory processes, whereas memory search depends on more strategic and conscious memory processes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a performance theory of robust adaptive control
Authors: Sanei Ahmad , French Mark 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe consider standard robust adaptive control designs based on the dead‐zone and projection modifications, and compare their performance w.r.t. a worst case transient cost functional penalizing theℒ︁∞norm of the output, control and control derivative. If a bound on theℒ︁∞norm of the disturbance is known, it is shown that the dead‐zone controller outperforms the projection controller if thea prioriinformation on the uncertainty level is sufficiently conservative. The second result shows that the projection controller is superior to the dead‐zone controller when thea prioriinformation on the disturbance level is sufficiently conservative. For conceptual clarity the results are presented on a non‐linear scalar system with a single uncertain parameter and generalizations are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocatalytic Potential of p‐Hydroxybenzoate Hydroxylase from Rhodococcus rhodnii 135 and Rhodococcus opacus 557
Authors: Jadan Andrei P. , Moonen Mariëlle J. H. , Boeren Sjef , Golovleva Ludmila A. , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M. , van Berkel Willem J. H. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe biocatalytic potential of the NADH‐dependent p‐hydroxybenzoate hydroxylases (PHBH) from Rhodococcus rhodnii 135 and Rhodococcus opacus 557 was investigated. Monofluorinated 4‐hydroxybenzoates were efficiently hydroxylated, albeit at different rates. 2‐Fluoro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate was a true substrate for PHBH from R. rhodnii 135 but a substrate inhibitor for PHBH from R. opacus 557. Monochlorinated 4‐hydroxybenzoates also acted as PHBH substrates, but with these compounds strong uncoupling of hydroxylation (formation of hydrogen peroxide) occurred. PHBH from R. rhodnii 135 preferred the 5′‐hydroxylation of 2‐chloro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate but the enzyme from R. opacus 557 favored the formation of 2‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate. Conversely, PHBH from R. rhodnii 135 regioselectively hydroxylated 2‐fluoro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate to 2‐fluoro‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate whereas the enzyme from R. opacus 557 also produced significant amounts of 2‐fluoro‐4,5‐dihydroxybenzoate. At high NADH/substrate ratio, both 2‐fluorodihydroxybenzoate products were further converted to 2‐fluoro‐3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoate. PHBH from R. rhodnii 135 and R. opacus 557 preferred the 5′‐hydroxylation of 3‐chloro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate. However, conversion of 3‐fluoro‐4‐hydroxybenzoate involved considerable dehalogenation affording nearly equal amounts of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate and 5‐fluoro‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate. At high NADH/substrate ratio, the latter compound was further converted to 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzoate. The results are discussed in relation to the properties of the NADPH‐specific PHBH from Pseudomonas fluorescens.
Expedient Synthesis of 4‐Dialkylamino‐5H‐furan‐2‐ones by One‐Pot Sequential Pd‐Catalyzed Oxidative Carbonylation of 2‐Yn‐1‐ols–Conjugate Addition‐Lactonization
Authors: Gabriele Bartolo , Salerno Giuseppe , Plastina Pierluigi , Costa Mirco , Crispini Alessandra 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA novel synthesis of 4‐dialkylamino‐5H‐furan‐2‐ones 3 starting from very simple building blocks, i.e., α‐substituted 2‐yn‐1‐ols 1, carbon monoxide, dialkylamines 2 and oxygen is reported. Reactions are carried out in 1,2‐dimethoxyethane at 100 °C and under 20 atm (at 25 °C) of a 4/1 mixture of CO/air in the presence of catalytic amounts of PdI2 in conjunction with 10 equiv. of KI. Formation of 3 occurs through an ordered sequence of steps, namely (a) Pd‐catalyzed oxidative monoaminocarbonylation of 1 to give 4‐hydroxy‐2‐ynamides 4, which can be isolated under appropriate conditions; (b) stereoselective conjugate addition of 2 to the triple bond of 4, with formation of (not isolated) (E)‐3‐dialkylamino‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐enamides; (c) intramolecular alcoholysis of the amide function of the latter to give the final product 3.
Liquid Phase Oxidation of Alkenes with Nitrous Oxide to Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Starokon E. V. , Dubkov K. A. , Babushkin D. E. , Parmon V. N. , Panov G. I. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA variety of substrates including linear, cyclic, heterocyclic alkenes and their derivatives were tested in the liquid phase non‐catalytic oxidation with nitrous oxide (N2O). The structure and composition of the alkenes have a significant effect on the reaction selectivity. With many alkenes, N2O oxidation provides a selective way for the preparation of carbonyl compounds. The generation of carbene (or diazomethane) species is a remarkable feature of the oxidation of terminal alkenes.
Aqueous Biphasic Oxidation: A Water‐Soluble Polyoxometalate Catalyst for Selective Oxidation of Various Functional Groups with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Sloboda‐Rozner Dorit , Witte Peter , Alsters Paul L. , Neumann Ronny 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA “sandwich” type polyoxometalate, Na12[(WZn3(H2O)2][(ZnW9O34)2], was used as an oxidation catalyst in aqueous biphasic reaction media to effect oxidation of alcohols, diols, pyridine derivatives, amines and aniline derivatives with hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst was shown by 183W NMR to be stable in aqueous solutions in the presence of H2O2 and showed only minimal non‐productive decomposition of the oxidant. Secondary alcohols were selectively oxidized to ketones, while primary alcohols tended to be oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids, although secondary alcohols were selectively oxidized in the presence of primary alcohols. Vicinal diols yielded carbon‐carbon bond cleavage products in very high yields. Pyridine derivatives were oxidized to the respective N‐oxides, but strongly electron‐withdrawing moieties inhibited the oxidation reaction. Primary amines were oxidized to the oximes, but significantly hydrolyzed in situ. Aniline derivatives were oxidized to the corresponding azoxy or nitro products depending on the substitution pattern in the aromatic ring. Catalyst recovery and recycle was demonstrated.
Application of High Throughput Screening to Heterogeneous Liquid and Gas Phase Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Guram Anil , Hagemeyer Alfred , Lugmair Claus G. , Turner Howard W. , Volpe Anthony F. , Weinberg W. Henry , Yaccato Karin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe application of combinatorial methods to oxidation catalysis in the liquid and gas phases is described. New lead materials have been discovered for the selective liquid phase oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes/ketones catalyzed by vanadium supported on carbon, for the low temperature CO oxidation/light off for cold start automotive emissions control over supported noble metals and perovskites, for volatile organic compound (VOC) removal using CoCr oxide catalysts, and for the selective gas phase oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and acrylonitrile using mixed metal oxides. Catalyst discovery libraries were screened in 96‐well batch reactors, in a rapid serial scanning mass spectrometer and in a massively parallel microfluidic reactor as primary screens. Promising hits were scaled up in conventional autoclaves or in multi‐channel fixed bed secondary/tertiary screening reactors.
Catalytic Aerobic Generation of Acyliminium Ions through Electron‐Transfer‐Mediated Carbon‐Carbon Bond Activation
Authors: Aubele Danielle L. , Rech Jason C. , Floreancig Paul E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractHomobenzylic amides and carbamates, upon single‐electron oxidation, undergo mesolytic cleavage reactions to form acyliminium ions. Appending nucleophilic groups to these substrates results in cyclization reactions to form N‐acylaminals. The N‐methylquinolinium ion that serves as the photooxidant in these reactions can function as a catalyst when dioxygen is introduced into these reactions, representing a unique method for effecting catalytic, aerobic oxidations. Herein we present a full account of our studies on catalytic aerobic electron‐transfer‐initiated cyclization reactions of homobenzylic amides and carbamates, with particular emphasis on the roles of the amide group, the nucleophilic group, and the functionality in the tether in promoting efficient ring constructions and altering reaction mechanisms.
Cyclohexene and Cyclooctene Epoxidation with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide using Transition Metal‐Free Sol‐Gel Alumina as Catalyst
Authors: Rinaldi Roberto , Sepúlveda Jorge , Schuchardt Ulf 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIt is shown that sol‐gel alumina calcined at 400 0C is a very efficient catalyst for the epoxidation of cyclohexene and cyclooctene with aqueous 70 wt % hydrogen peroxide. The overall yield per g of catalyst was 0.28 mol of cyclohexene oxide in 5 cycles of 450 min each and 0.43 mol of cyclooctene oxide in 4 cycles of 750 min each. The selectivity for the epoxides was always better than 99%. However, the catalyst deactives slowly, which we believe is caused by a non‐radical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Titanium Silicalite 1 (TS‐1) Catalyzed Oxidative Transformations of Furan Derivatives with Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Wahlen Joos , Moens Bart , De Vos Dirk E. , Alsters Paul L. , Jacobs Pierre A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe oxidation of furan derivatives with titanium silicalite 1 (TS‐1) and hydrogen peroxide is described. Oxidation products are identified and possible reaction pathways are discussed. It is shown that the oxidation of these compounds occursviaepoxidation of one of the furan double bonds. The initially formed epoxides immediately undergo rearrangement, furans yielding unsaturated 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds and furfuryl alcohols yielding 6‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐3(6H)‐ones. The latter compounds originate from cyclization of intermediate enedione alcohols. The presented method is particularly useful for the oxidation of 2,5‐dimethylfuran to 3‐hexene‐2,5‐dione and the conversion of furfuryl alcohol to 6‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐3(6H)‐one, a versatile synthon in organic synthesis.
The Resolution of Important Pharmaceutical Building Blocks by Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Caspi Daniel D. , Ebner David C. , Bagdanoff Jeffrey T. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative kinetic resolution of key pharmaceutical building blocks is described. Substrates investigated are relevant to the enantioselective preparation of Prozac®, Singulair®, and the promising hNK‐1 receptor antagonist from Merck. The latter provides the most selective aerobic oxidative kinetic resolution yet described.
IBX‐Mediated Conversion of Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes to N‐Hydroxysuccinimide Esters
Authors: Schulze Agnes , Giannis Athanassios 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRecently, the use of the hypervalent iodine reagent 1‐hydroxy‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3(1H)‐one 1‐oxide (IBX) for the oxidation of primary alcohols and aldehydes to carboxylic acids was described. During the synthesis of these carboxylic acids the corresponding N‐hydroxysuccinimide esters were formed as intermediate products, but their isolation as main reaction products was not successful. We report herein a simple and very efficient method to prepare these synthetically valuable active esters.
Hypervalent Iodine Reagents for the Oxidation of Alcohols and Their Application to Complex Molecule Synthesis
Authors: Tohma Hirofumi , Kita Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractHypervalent iodine(V) derivatives such as 2‐iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) and Dess–Martin periodinane [DMP; 1,1,1‐tris(acetyloxy)‐1,1‐dihydro‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3‐(1H)‐one] have been used widely for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones during the last decade because of their high chemoselectivity, mild reactivity, and high yielding process. This review focuses on the recent progress in the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds using IBX, DMP, and other hypervalent iodine reagents, and their application to total syntheses of a variety of complex natural products.
Is it Possible to Achieve Highly Selective Oxidations in Supercritical Water? Aerobic Oxidation of Methylaromatic Compounds
Authors: Garcia‐Verdugo Eduardo , Venardou Eleni , Thomas W. Barry , Whiston Keith , Partenheimer Walter , Hamley Paul A. , Poliakoff Martyn 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have demonstrated that different methylaromatic compounds [1,4‐dimethylbenzene (p‐xylene), 1,3‐dimethylbenzene (m‐xylene), 1,2‐dimethylbenzene (o‐xylene), 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene (mesitylene) and 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene (pseudocumene)] can be aerobically oxidized in supercritical water (scH2O) using manganese(II) bromide as catalyst to give corresponding carboxylic acids in the continuous mode over a sustained period of time in good yield. No partially oxidized intermediates (i.e., toluic acid and benzaldehydes) were detected for the dimethylbenzenes and mesitylene reactions. By fine tuning pressure and temperature, scH2O becomes a solvent with physical properties suitable for single‐phase oxidation since both organic substrate and oxygen are soluble in scH2O. There is a strong structural similarity of metal/bromide coordination compounds in the active oxidation solvents (acetic acid and scH2O) which does not exist in the much less active H2O at lower temperatures. This may account for the successful catalysis of the reactions reported herein. Aromatic acids produced by the loss of one methyl group occurred in all of these reactions, i.e., 3–6% benzoic acid formed during the oxidation of the dimethylbenzenes. Part of this loss is thought to be due to thermal decarboxylation. The thermal decarboxylation process is monitored via Raman spectroscopy.
A New Environmentally Benign Catalytic Process for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Lactones: Synthesis of the Flavouring δ‐Decalactone Molecule
Authors: Corma Avelino , Iborra Sara , Mifsud María , Renz Michael , Susarte Manuel 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe system Sn‐Beta/hydrogen peroxide is applied to the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of delfone to δ‐decalactone, which is an industrial fragrance. The reaction is carried out without solvent and with a substrate/catalyst ratio>200 (wt/wt). Starting with an enantiomerically enriched delfone it is shown that the rearrangement occurs with retention of configuration at the migrating asymmetric carbon atom, and enantiomerically enriched δ‐decalactone is obtained as product. This process offers clear advantages over the actual industrial production that uses peracids as oxidants.
Copolyesters of poly(butylene terephthalate), 1,4‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, and hydroquinone diacetate: A simple rate model
Authors: Bishara Ahmed , Al‐Adwani Hamad , Shaban Habib I. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of novel liquid crystalline copolyesters between poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 1,4‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (1,4 NDCA), and hydroquinone diacetate (HQDA) are examined by using the melt polymerization route. Three different copolyester compositions (i.e., PBT 70 mol % + 1,4 NDCA 15 mol % + HQDA 15 mol %, PBT 50 mol % + 1,4 NDCA 25 mol % + HQDA 25 mol %, and PBT 30 mol % + 1,4 NDCA 35 mol % + HQDA 35 mol %) were synthesized via the melt polymerization route. Sodium acetate and zinc acetate, 1.0 mol %, concentrations were tried as the polymerization catalysts. The reaction temperatures were 260, 270, and 280°C for PBT 70 and PBT 50 mol % compositions. PBT 30 mol % compositions were synthesized at 245, 255, and 265°C by using the above catalysts. Lower temperatures were employed for PBT 30 mol % reactions to avoid degradation reactions. The kinetics of complex systems are analyzed by methods analogous to solution kinetics. Few assumptions are proposed and tried to simplify the kinetics of this complex system and to make the kinetic analysis tractable. Two different models containing different rate constants, k1 and k2, are considered in this work. A key postulation is that the reaction originates between 1, 4 NDCA and HQDA to form a dimer. This dimer copolymerizes with the PBT chain with evolution of acetic acid (model 1) or without (model 2). The subsequent coupling of PBT segments reforms the PBT chain in the case of model 1 with random incorporation of 1, 4 NDCA–HQDA units; whereas blocks of PBT units and 1, 4 NDCA + HQDA units are formed in the case of model 2. The kinetic analysis reveals the implicit simplicity of complex systems. The number of moles of acetic acid, generated in both homopolyesterification and copolyesterfication channels, is monitored to follow the rate of the reaction and evaluate the individual rate constants. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2817–2832, 2004