bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opinions of Seventh to Twelfth Graders regarding the Effectiveness of Pro- and Anti-Smoking Messages
Authors: Monismith Samuel W. , Shute Robert E. , St. Pierre Richard W. , Alles Wesley F. 
Published: May 2005

This study examined the opinions of 3,100 seventh to twelfth grade students regarding the perceived effectiveness of various components of both pro-smoking and anti-smoking messages. The volunteer subjects were enrolled in twenty-eight junior and senior high schools throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Survey results indicated that most teenagers were exposed to anti-smoking information and materials in schools. The materials were preceived to be of good quality, and most students understood the information which was presented. Anti-smoking messages were supportive in helping non-smokers maintain their abstinence, but only one-third of smokers reported that anti-smoking messages influenced their choice to smoke or not to smoke. Statistically significant differences existed between smokers and non-smokers in their receptivity to anti-smoking messages. Non-smokers found anti-smoking messages to be interesting and they wanted to know more about smoking, while smokers often found anti-smoking messages to be boring and useless. Students claimed that promotional smoking advertisements did not seem to exert a direct influence on the adoption of smoking during adolescence. However, promotional advertisements were very effective in depicting smoking as enjoyable or pleasant, and reinforced the teenage smokers' desire to smoke. Both teenage smokers and non-smokers found anti-smoking messages on television to be very effective in making people aware of the dangers of smoking, and over half of all respondents indicated that these messages make people want to stop smoking.
A Model for Client/Program Evaluation in a Comprehensive out-Patient Drug Abuse Treatment Program
Authors: Mann Marc J. 
Published: May 2005

Drug programs have been experiencing a rapid maturation process during the past three years. Increasingly higher professional standards and accountability are being demanded by funding sources, administrators, and local community supporters. This paper presents a working client/overall-program evaluation that has been used by a comprehensive out-patient drug abuse program to meet accountability requirements as well as therapeutic needs and demands. Six central criteria based on program goals are put into a rating instrument to measure client progress and program effectiveness. The criteria are: Program Involvement, Drug Abuse Status, Arrest/Conviction Recidivism Status, Education and Training Status, Job Stability and Job Performance.
Client and Environmental Correlates of Patient Attrition from an Inpatient Alcoholism Treatment Center
Authors: Hahn Jeffery , King Kathleen Piker 
Published: May 2005

Most alcoholism researchers have been interested in factors associated with posttreatment success, while directing little attention to the variables related to premature termination from alcoholism treatment programs. This research explores the effects of sociodemographic, drinking history, and environmental support factors on premature termination. Overall, the environmental support factors were more useful in explaining those who dropout or complete treatment. In contrast to past research, the primary group did not provide a positive force in continuation. On the contrary, those patients who lacked such support were more likely to complete treatment. The research findings illustrate the importance of including diverse sets of variables in future research examining premature termination of treatment.
Considerations in the Formulation of School Drug Policy
Authors: Greenberg Jerrold 
Published: May 2005

This article delineates four areas of school drug policies which need consideration: confidentiality, pupil personnel records, school relationship with police, and rights of students. Although answers are not offered, questions are raised to which schoolmen responsible for formulating school drug policies should address themselves. In addition, the need for and the security associated with written school drug policy are cited and defended. Evidence is offered relative to the lack of written policy pertaining to drug abuse and the lack of knowledge of existent policy on the part of teachers.
An Overview of Occupational Alcoholism Issues for the 80's
Authors: McClellan Keith 
Published: May 2005

The past decade has been a period of learning and experimentation in occupational alcoholism and employee assistance programming (EAPs). Assumptions regarding the essential ingredients for such program's sponsorship and principal targets, changed during this period. The professionalization of the U.S. work force is thought to require further modification of EAP casefinding. Future EAPs are expected to place less emphasis on supervisory confrontation than on broader types of casefinding. Early identification, prior to a decline in job performance, is anticipated. Employee involvement, attention to poly-drug addiction, family disruption, employee education, and the need for drug-free lifestyles are essential for future programs to succeed and labor law needs to be considered when employee organizations attempt to operate EAPs. EAP consortia are seen as a method of reaching the bulk of the work force. Start-up capital and uniform insurance coverage are unsolved problems for consortia.
Revision Strategies Employed by Middle Level Students Using Computers
Authors: Steelman Jane D. 
Published: May 2005

This article discusses an intervention study designed to implement and evaluate an instructional program for middle level students in writing with computers over approximately one school year. The study employed a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design with two experimental groups and one control group. Sixty-nine sixth grade students were randomly assigned by race and gender to the three groups. A researcher-designed protocol was used during posttest to determine differences in revision strategies. The types of revision strategies reported by the students in the experimental groups differed significantly from those in the control group. The present study indicates that it may be possible to expand the complexity of revision strategies applied by students through explicit teaching and the use of the computer.
A Successor Model for Community Support of Low-Income Minority Group Aged
Authors: Barg Sylvia K. , Hirsch Carl 
Published: May 2005

Experience in research and community outreach work with low-income urban aged led to the development of a multifocal program approach. The program approach includes case referral and advocacy work with the target population as well as the organization of neighborhood-based groups of elderly residents. The two approaches are intended to achieve both treatment of extant social symptoms of age discrimination and social and political power by the aged to eliminate discrimination on the basis of age. The two approaches provide mutual reinforcement for the success of each, and are based on tenets of social interaction theory as well as an analysis of the social and political powerlessness of the aged in the Model Cities Neighborhood of Philadelphia. Experience in the Model Cities Senior Wheels East has led to considerations involving cross-generational ties between worker and client to achieve senior power, the role of indigenous community workers in social welfare agencies working with the aged as well as the successful application of the approach to the black, Puerto Rican, and foreign-born white aged residing in the area. Although perfection in program operation is not claimed, the validity and appropriateness of the approach is raised for consideration following the National Conference of the National Caucus on Black Aged and the White House Conference on Aging.
HIV/AIDS in Asian and Pacific Islander Communities in the United States: A Follow-up Review and Analysis with Recommendations for Researchers and Practitioners
Authors: Yep Gust A. , Merrigan Gerianne M. , Martin Jon B. , Lovaas Karen E. , Cetron Amy B. 
Published: May 2005

A steady increase in the spread of HIV in Asian and Pacific Islander (API) communities in the United States has been reported in the new millennium. This article provides an update on Yep's earlier synthesis of research on HIV/AIDS in API communities in the United States [1], and offers recommendations for further theoretical work and community interventions. First, the AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM) is introduced and described. Second, using ARRM as an organizing framework, behavioral research on API HIV/AIDS published since 1992–93 is reviewed and synthesized. Third, the ARRM is examined for its appropriateness for API communities. Finally, recommendations are offered for researchers and practitioners doing HIV education and prevention work in U.S. API communities in the coming decade. AIDS in any community of color involves a thorough discourse on AIDSphobia, racism, homophobia, sex(uality), sexism, classism, and other social diseases that compose the total realities of the pandemic…. The AIDS crisis in Asian America is riddled with complexities [2, pp. 201–202]. The development of Asian American responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic has been a struggle for visibility and particularity within an epidemic in which Asians and Pacific Islanders were first invisible and then seen as monocultural by dominant institutions [3, p. 63].
Dade County's Pride Program
Authors: Samuels Don 
Published: May 2005

The PRIDE Program is an integral part of the Comprehensive Health Education of the Dade County Schools. It affords students the opportunity to develop skills in what has become known as the “affective domain.” The PRIDE Program encompasses youngsters in grades K-12 and is designed to prevent problems rather than deal with them after the fact. The PRIDE Program involves 250,000 youngsters, teachers, parents and numerous social agencies in a comprehensive approach to problem-solving, decision making and personal growth.
Student Interests and Attitude Change toward Drug Educators as a Function of Sex and Role Interaction
Authors: Cotten-Huston Annie L. 
Published: May 2005

The current study focused on recorded tapes and sex-role interaction of twelve sessions on drug abuse. Subjects were 247 seventh-grade males (117) and females (130). Communicators (six, including three males and three females) made two presentations each in two classes (twelve) with roles rotated according to ex-addict/learned specialist. Attitudes toward drug educators were related before and after exposure. Results are categorized according to: 1) number of content of questions asked by students according to the role of the communicator and 2) positive attitude change toward drug educators according to role and sex of communicator and sex of student. Results are discussed in terms of 1) student interests and question count relative to the role and sex of the communicator and 2) communicator effectiveness for attitude change as a function of sex and role on evaluative and potency dimensions of the semantic differential scale.
Age, Education, and Sex Effects on Adult Moral Reasoning
Authors: White Charles B. 
Published: May 2005

The role of age and education in adult moral reasoning was examined utilizing Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental stage theory of moral development and the most recent Standard Scoring System for assessing moral judgments. Individual interviews utilizing standard Kohlberg moral dilemmas were conducted with 195 adults ranging in age from nineteen to eighty-two years and in years of education from three to twenty-five years. Results indicated no overall significant effect for age of reasoner, no significant effect for sex, and a significant effect for education ( p < .01). However, the effect of age was significant in the group with eighteen or more years of education, but not in the group with less than eighteen years of education.
Locus of Control of Participants in a Drug Education Program: An Evaluation
Authors: Stansell Vance , Carella Stephen D. , Letchworth George A. 
Published: May 2005

An evaluation study was done to assess changes in perceived locus of control of adults who work in the drug abuse field and participated in a drug abuse training program. Two separate programs were examined with differing results. These outcomes are discussed with regard to composition of the groups and scores on the dependent measure.
Mellowing with Age: Factors Influencing the Nonwhite Suicide Rate
Authors: Seiden Richard H. 
Published: May 2005

The age patterning of white and nonwhite suicide rates reveals a marked and consistent divergence: white suicide rates increase with age; however, nonwhite suicide rates peak in youthful years and decline during middle and older ages. Six explanatory hypotheses are proposed to account for the divergence: 1) differential life expectancy; 2) deviant burnout; 3) screening out of the violence-prone; 4) role and status of the elderly; 5) traditional values; and 6) age-specific motives. Discussion and analysis of the proposed hypotheses indicate that they do operate in the direction of reducing the suicide rates of elderly nonwhites, thereby contributing to the observed age discrepancy in white and nonwhite suicide rates.
Does Drug and Alcohol Use Lead to Failure to Graduate from High School?
Authors: Friedman Alfred S. , Glickman Nita , Utada Arlene 
Published: May 2005

In a study of 526 students in two Philadelphia public high schools, the majority (135 of 265) who had been using drugs were found subsequently to have dropped out (failed to graduate) from high school, compared to only approximately one out of four (42 of 158) of the non-drug using students. In a multiple regression analysis, which controlled for twenty demographic, personal and family variables which had previously been found to have significant correlation with dropping out versus graduation from high school, the severity of the student's earlier drug use was still found to predict to failure to graduate, to a significant degree ( F = 6.03). While drug use may not be the main cause of dropping out of high school, but only a concomitant effect of earlier, more basic state of disaffection from school, it is nevertheless clear that drug use by adolescents interferes with academic progress in high school.
Community Involvement in Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse
Authors: Slawson Marlene R. , Kopacz Kenneth 
Published: May 2005

This article emphasizes the need for community involvement in controlling drug abuse. It illustrates the type of New York State legislation that gave rise to the creation of Narcotic Guidance Councils. It furthermore states the goals of NGC's and the means through five committees to accomplish these goals. These committees include publicity, youth activities, counseling, school education programs, and adult education. In some greater depth, this article traces the development of the Cheektowaga Narcotics Guidance Council and a survey of more than three hundred and fifty NGC's operating in New York State to obtain information concerning specific programs in different locales. Key approaches of this new program involve 1) knowing the problem; 2) finding out what your town is already doing; 3) knowing what you are talking about; 4) keeping the media involved; 5) educating youth and adults; 6) involving young people; 7) setting objectives; and 8) evaluating the program.
Drug Free Therapeutic Community — A Five-Year Follow UP
Authors: Charuvastra V. Charles 
Published: May 2005

An original follow-up study of fifty patients from the Brentwood Veterans Administration Residential Treatment Center (RTC) was conducted in 1974 with favorable results for 44 per cent of the sample [1]. The difficulty in obtaining a favorable outcome in drug treatment is well documented with few modalities daring to claim long-term effectiveness. The therapeutic community is one modality that does purport to be effective and there is evidence that this is true [2]. Kleber et al. find that residential treatment graduates seem to do better compared to dropouts [3]. Bale et al, comparing long-term therapeutic communities with methadone maintenance in a two-year-outcome study, showed superior results for the residential treatment [4]. The purpose of the following study is to continue follow-up of the original sample of RTC residents from our 1974 report. This five-year perspective should present further information on the long-term effectiveness of residential treatment.
Alma: The New Drug Education
Authors: Ruíz Eleazar M. 
Published: May 2005

“Few advances in knowledge or in educational practice are made without risk …” Phi Delta Kappan, November 1973. Invariably the criteria that makes an educational approach “new” is the fact that it combines certain teaching strategies, tested hypotheses, and specific delivery modalities which are designed to make education in that subject area more relevant and meaningful to youth. Presentation of a new and humanistic approach to drug education is the major focus of this article.
Main Street, U.S.A.: Fact and Fiction about Drug Abuse
Authors: McKee Michael R. 
Published: May 2005

Relative to the urban slum or commune environment, little is known of the drug abuse attitudes and knowledge of Middle America. As illicit drug use has become widespread in our society, demand for effective drug education, prevention, and rehabilitation has risen. It is important that the attitudes and knowledge of both those using, and not using drugs, be known in order to deal with these problems successfully. In a small Eastern community (population 25,000) in the United States, a random sample (N = 124) of teachers, parents, police, mental health clinic workers, ministers, and high school students (both drug users and nonusers) were interviewed and tested to ascertain their attitudes and knowledge regarding drugs. The findings are that drug users, in addition to being much more knowledgeable about drugs than nonusers, encounter quite different problems related to drug use than nonusers might imagine. Evidence indicates that users are aware of the fallacy of considering “drugs” in a general, all-encompassing fashion, and instead make sharp distinctions between drugs, whereas nonusers continually fail to do this. Prevention/educational programs should take into consideration both a large attitudinal difference and a certain sophistication among drug users, even at the high school level. Particular problems and areas of ignorance among the educators (usually nondrug using) are indicated so as to further aid in establishing more realistic, efficient, and effective organizing, staffing, and operating of programs.
The Effect of Values Clarification and Survey Feedback on Teachers' Attitudes toward Education and Drugs
Authors: Shain Martin 
Published: May 2005

This report concerns an attempt by an invited outside agent to clarify—as opposed to modify-the attitudes and opinions of teachers in a high school with regard to issues in education and drug use. In order to measure changes in the school, survey and organizational analysis techniques were used. In the former type of analysis, factoring is explored as a means for measuring shifts in issue-orientation over time, and in the latter type an organizational framework is developed in order to conceptualize major dimensions of the school as an institution with the purpose of allowing the investigator to measure change over time. The findings raise some questions about the practicality of evaluating projects at an organizational level which emphasize value-clarification as opposed to persuasion techniques. The difficulty encountered with value clarification was that the investigator and the change agent were not able to predict or set expectations for the direction in which change, if any, would take place. However, this tended to be a characteristic of the earlier phase of the project. Later on, organizational goals for the school became clearer, making evaluation more meaningful. Changes were nonetheless noted in the client school which appear to be in line with the content of the agent's intervention. These changes did not take place in a comparison school.
Prevention of Alcoholism — A Teaching Strategy
Authors: Cappiello Lawrence A. 
Published: May 2005

Reports of teenage drinking patterns and incidence of alcoholism generally could lead to the conclusion that school and community education programs have not been successful. A part of that apparent lack of success may lie in a failure to adopt a strategy in keeping with experiential observation and research data. Programs of alcohol education, or education on alcoholism, should have three main objectives: first, information about alcohol and alcoholism; second, case finding; and third, prevention. The subject is an extremely complex one, calling on the skills of many different disciplines for the gathering of research data and the treatment of the patient. That factor of complexity should be recognized in the planning of school or community education programs. Optimal success may best be assured within a program with clear objectives, executed at a number of levels, utilizing many talents and loci, within a well organized plan of action.
Young Adolescents, Tobacco Advertising, and Smoking
Authors: Santana Yolanda , González Beatriz , Pinilla Jaime , Calvo Jose Ramon , Barber Patricia 
Published: May 2005

Background: In adolescents aged 12–14, we measured attitudes to tobacco advertising. Our purpose is to understand the relation of these attitudes to tobacco use and identify the groups most influenced by the advertising. Methods: Survey of adolescents on Gran Canaria Island, Spain, about aspects of family, school, peers, tobacco consumption, and tobacco advertising. The subjects of the double-stratified cluster sample were 1910 students at the same grade level in 33 schools; 86.6% were 13 or 14 years old, and 51.2% were boys. We generated measures for attitudes to tobacco advertising from replies to seven questions with ordinal scales by an analysis of categorical principal components. To relate attitude to tobacco advertising and the profiles of these adolescents, we used multiple regression and logistic regression models. Results: Attitudes to tobacco advertising are related to some home and school factors, but most significantly to tobacco and alcohol consumption, to amount of time at home without adults, and to peer influence. Conclusions: It is possible to draw up profiles of the students most vulnerable to tobacco advertising, and to cluster them in two groups, the “vitalists” and the “credulous.” The effect of cigarette ads is different between these groups. This study can help to orientate smoking prevention.