bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface and phonological subtypes of adult developmental dyslexia
Authors: Zabell Claire , Everatt John 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn order to assess the efficacy of phonological versus surface dyslexia subtyping within an adult dyslexic population, 45 adult dyslexics were assessed on the Castles and Coltheart (1993) irregular word and non‐word reading tasks. Based on the performance of a matched group of 28 non‐dyslexics, between 62 and 75% of the dyslexics were divided into phonological and surface subtypes. Phonological dyslexics were those individuals who presented evidence of relatively poor or inefficient non‐word reading, whereas the surface dyslexics were those who indicated relative difficulties with irregular word reading. The proportions of dyslexics within each subtype varied according to the use of accuracy‐based or latency‐based procedures, but were consistent with previous findings with children. Subsequent comparisons between the groups on measures of phonological processing, lexical access and word knowledge/recognition indicated few differences between the two subtypes and, in particular, no differences on measures of phonological ability. The lack of observed differences on such measures casts doubt on the efficacy of this procedure for explaining individual differences amongst adult dyslexics and as a practical procedure for diagnosis and intervention. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data embedding into bilevel images using the error diffusion method
Authors: Ogihara Takeshi , Koide Shin'ya , Kaneda Yukio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMethods have been considered to embed text information related to images within image data and to embed secret data that cannot be distinguished from such images. Several methods have been proposed to embed information in pseudo‐shaded images and other bilevel images as well. Such methods result in severe degradation of image quality after embedding, however, and have a very high risk that the embedded information will be detected. In this paper the authors propose a method to embed separate information at the same time that bilevel conversion is performed when applying the error diffusion method to a contrast image. In the authors' method, the contrast information for the pixels adjacent to the area where embedding is to be performed is used, and degradation of image quality is limited by diffusing the errors resulting from bilevel conversion and performing embedding in the neighboring pixels. In addition, attention is given to the patterns which the human eye can readily discern in the noise generated by embedding, and controls are used to prevent such patterns from being generated. The authors' method is shown to be able to embed information in 1% to 2% of a photograph of scenery or other image without being detectable to the human eye. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(11): 36–44, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1126
Environmental taxes and politics—the dispute over nitrogen taxes in agriculture
Authors: Vatn Arild , Krogh Erling , Gundersen Frode , Vedeld Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFrom the late 1980s we observe an increased interest in environmental taxes. Still, such taxes do not seem to be much used. The present paper offers some explanations for this. Its empirical basis is a debate over nitrogen fertilizer taxes in Norway. The study illustrates the difficulties involved when introducing the logic of economic efficiency into environmental policy. The problems seem to be an effect of the complexity of environmental issues, the character of the interests involved and the way decisions are instituted. Thus, we found disagreement across disciplines about the effects of a tax. In turn, this influenced the policy‐making process. Furthermore, we found that the way in which the decision‐making process was instituted and costs of taxing were distributed among agents distinctively influenced outcomes. Finally, our study demonstrates the vulnerability of environmental policy to confrontations across sectors of responsibility and how it is exposed to lack of institutionalized continuity. Our advice to experts working with policy instruments is to engage more deeply in understanding the institutional and distributional issues as they appear in specific cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Retroactive pessimism: a different kind of hindsight bias
Authors: Tykocinski Orit E. , Pick Dana , Kedmi Dana 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn an attempt to regulate disappointments people may sometimes change their perceptions of the events leading to an undesirable outcome so that in retrospect this outcome seems almost inevitable. This retroactive pessimism effect was demonstrated in three studies. In the first, sports fans rated the likelihood of success for their team and its opponent before and after an important soccer match. Evidence for significant pre‐ and post‐game probability shifts was found for the fans of the defeated team but not for the supporters of the winning opponent. In the second and the third experiments participants responded to a scenario depicting a loss of stipend that was either large or small in value. Participants were expected to show more evidence of retroactive pessimism with greater disappointment. Indeed, estimates of the probability of a more favorable counterfactual outcome were sensitive to the magnitude of the loss with lower estimates of the probability that things could have turned out better in the large stipend condition. The effect was attenuated, however, when the loss was not personal but rather that of a friend (Experiment 2), or when the disappointment was mitigated (Experiment 3). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotoxicity of 5‐aminolevulinic and 4,5‐dioxovaleric acids in the salmonella/microsuspension mutagenicity assay and SOS chromotest
Authors: Onuki Janice , Rech Célia Maria , Medeiros Marisa H.G. , de A. Umbuzeiro Gisela , Di Mascio Paolo 
Published: October 2002

Abstract5‐Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a heme precursor that accumulates in some porphyric disorders and in lead poisoning which can undergo metal‐catalyzed oxidation producing reactive oxygen species and the keto‐aldehyde, 4,5‐dioxovaleric acid (DOVA). Evidence in vitro of ALA‐induced DNA lesions suggests that ALA and DOVA have mutagenic potential that could possibly contribute to an increased frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). In this study, we evaluated the genotoxic potential of ALA and DOVA. In the absence of exogenous metabolic activation, ALA and DOVA were mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA104. ALA was also mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA102, but not in TA98, TA100, or TA1535, indicating an oxidative mechanism. Removal of H2O2 with catalase gave only partial protection, suggesting generation of other mutagenic species. Both ALA and DOVA damaged the DNA of Escherichia coli PQ37, inducing the SOS response detected by an increase in β‐galactosidase activity. These results verified the potential mutagenic activity of ALA and DOVA and reinforce the hypothesis that DNA damage induced by ALA may be associated with the development of HCC in individuals suffering from AIP. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:63–70, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of direct numerical simulations of turbulent flames using compressible or low‐Mach number formulations
Authors: de Charentenay J. , Thévenin D. , Zamuner B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractModelling turbulent flames with an acceptable accuracy remains an open problem. In order to progress in our understanding of turbulent combustion, direct numerical simulations have been extensively employed during the last decade. These direct simulations generally rely on a fully compressible formulation, leading to extremely small time‐steps associated with the propagation of acoustic waves. But, for many practical applications, acoustic phenomena are not essential. Using an incompressible approach while taking into account a dilatation term should then be much more efficient in terms of computing time. In this article we want to investigate this point by comparing results of direct simulations relying either on the compressible equations or on the low‐Mach number formulation. We employ in both cases detailed models to describe chemistry and transport, in order to obtain an accurate description of the reaction zones. Two test‐cases are considered for the evaluation of the low‐Mach number approximation. We first compute the evolution of homogeneous isotropic turbulence decaying with time, without chemical reactions. In the second case a turbulent premixed ozone flame is investigated. For both configurations the computing time associated with the low‐Mach number simulation is at least an order of magnitude shorter, while keeping a similar accuracy for the flame properties. This demonstrates that the low‐Mach number formulation is extremely efficient and suitable to investigate the detailed structure of turbulent flames when acoustic phenomena are not of primary interest. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The porcine SRY promoter is transactivated within a male genital ridge environment
Authors: Daneau Isabelle , Pilon Nicolas , Boyer Alexandre , Behdjani Ramin , Overbeek Paul A. , Viger Robert , Lussier Jacques , Silversides David W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSummary: In mammals the SRY gene functions as a dominant genetic switch for testis determination (Gubbay et al.: Nature 346:1128–1135, 1990; Koopman et al.: Nature 351:117–121, 1991; Sinclair et al.: Nature 346:240–244, 1990). To study SRY transcriptional regulation within an evolutionary context, we have generated transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of 4.5 kb of pig SRY 5′ flanking sequences (pSRYp‐GFP). Autofluorescence was observed in the genital ridges of e11.5 male embryos (18–21 tail somites), and by e12.5 (27 tail somites) autofluorescence was observed within the testes cords. The expression of the transgene did not display the abrupt termination characteristic of endogenous mouse SRY, but rather showed a gradual reduction in expression characteristic of human, pig and sheep SRY. Surprisingly, no autofluorescence was observed in normal XX genital ridges, although more sensitive RT‐PCR analysis detected transgene transcription. When the transgene was bred into a constitutively male line of mice (Odsex; Bishop et al.: Nat Genet 26:490–494, 2000), autofluorescence was visible in genital ridges of XX animals, in the genetic absence of Sry protein. Via RT‐PCR analysis, purified autofluorescent cells from e12.5 gonadal ridges expressed mouse SRY but not Oct4 transcripts, whereas autofluorescent cells from e14.5 gonadal ridges expressed MIS but not Oct4 transcripts, in each case consistent with a pre‐Sertoli cell phenotype. In vitro expression studies performed in CV‐1 cells demonstrated that pig SOX9 cDNA transactivated the pig SRY promoter but that pig SRY cDNA did not. When a SOX9 potential binding site identified at −205 of the pig SRY 5′ flanking sequences was mutated, the SOX9 transactivation effect was reduced by 70%. This site is conserved in the 5′ flanking sequences of bovine and human SRY genes but not in the mouse gene. Gel retardation assays using this binding site showed specific binding to SOX9‐enriched nuclear extracts that was competed by excess unlabelled binding site but not by mutated binding site. We suggest that pig SRY gene is responsive to a testicular environment and propose a model of feedback amplification of pig SRY transcription by SOX9. genesis 33:170–180, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental behavior of gene expression for brown rice thickness under different environments
Authors: Shi C. H. , Wu J. G. , Wu P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSummary: The dynamic changes of genetic effects, including main effects, and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects on brown rice thickness (BRT) across environments were investigated by using the developmental genetic models. Seven cytoplasmic male sterile lines of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) as females and five restoring lines as males were used in a factorial design to produce grains of F1s and F2s in two environments (years) for developmental genetic analysis. The results indicate that genetic effects, especially GE interaction effects of triploid endosperm genes, cytoplasm genes, and diploid maternal plant genes were important to the performance of BRT at various filling stages of rice. The BRT was genetically controlled by the net genetic effects of genes expressed at the early and late filling stages (1–7 days and 15–21 days after flowering, respectively). The differences in net genetic effects under different environments for endosperm, cytoplasm, and maternal plant genes were found, and the net GE interaction effects were more important to BRT at the early filling and mature stages of rice. Some net genetic effects, especially for net cytoplasm effects spasmodically expressed, were detected among filling stages. Higher additive and cytoplasm main effects, along with their interaction effects, were found, which would be useful for selection for BRT in breeding programs. The predicated genetic effects at different filling stages show that the parents of V20 and Xieqingzao were better than others for improving BRT of progenies. genesis 33:185–190, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attributions of physical symptoms in patients of an old age psychiatry service
Authors: Sheehan Bart , Philpot Michael , Banerjee Sube 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundSomatization is a phenomenon found across all medical specialities and in all types of care. There has been little in the way of systematic investigation of the phenomenon in older people.ObjectivesThe objective was to establish whether treatment for psychiatric illness would be accompanied by a fall in somatic attributions.MethodPatients' attributions of physical symptoms were studied in a consecutive group of older people with functional disorders (mostly depression) referred to an old age psychiatry service. Depression, anxiety, physical illness and attributional style were measured soon after referral and seven months later.Results41 subjects were interviewed in the first leg. Anxiety was the chief association of abnormal attributional style. At follow up (n = 29) mean depression and anxiety scale scores and somatic attributions of symptoms had fallen significantly.ConclusionAbnormal focus on physical symptoms in depressed elderly patients may resolve with treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical phenotype of familial and sporadic late onset Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Holmes Clive , Lovestone Simon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundFamilial factors are clearly associated with an increased risk of developing late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). However, there is emerging evidence to suggest that familial factors may also influence clinical phenotype. To date, most studies have focussed on familial influences upon age of onset or duration of illness and few studies have compared the frequency of non‐cognitive symptoms between familial and sporadic LOAD.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical phenotype, with an emphasis on non‐cognitive symptoms, of patients with LOAD and to explore familial differences.Method374 patients with LOAD were recruited from the community based Camberwell Dementia Case Register and a comparison made of the clinical phenotype of patients with and without a first degree family history of dementia.ResultsA first degree family history of dementia was found in 27% of fully ascertained cases. An earlier age of onset was found in familial cases (77.2 years compared to 78.3 years, p < 0.05). However, no other differences in clinical phenotype, including the rate of cognitive decline, duration or the frequency of non‐cognitive symptoms, were found between familial and sporadic cases.ConclusionsApart from an earlier age of onset, patients with familial LOAD, as a group, do not have major differences in their clinical phenotype compared to patients with sporadic LOAD. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Geriatric Mental State Examination in the 21st century
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Prince M. , Wilson K. C. M. , Dewey M. E. , Payne J. , Gurland B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Geriatric Mental State Examination (GMS) is now established as one of the most commonly used mental health assessments for older people. Its strengths lie in extensive validity studies, high inter‐rater reliability, accessibility to trained raters, irrespective of professional background and its continual evolution and adaptation. Its computerisation, association with supplementary instruments and support by a diagnostic algorithm provides a comprehensive diagnostic system and syndrome profile for each subject. The instrument has been validated against most major diagnostic systems and has been used as outcome measures in intervention studies. It has been translated into numerous languages and validated as a diagnostic instrument in various cultures. Such studies have exposed weaknesses, including the over diagnoses of organic states in populations with poorly developed education. On‐going studies continue to address these issues, providing a culture sensitive instrument enabling unique trans‐cultural research in a relatively under‐researched field. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is mental health economics important in geriatric psychiatry in developing countries?
Authors: Shah Ajit , Murthy Srinivasa , Suh Guh‐Kee 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundLimited healthcare budgets and a seamless demand for resources suggests that a formula for allocating resources is needed. Economic evaluation can assist in developing this formula.MethodMental health economic studies (cost minimisation, cost‐effectiveness, cost‐utility, cost‐benefit and cost of illness analysis) in geriatric psychiatry from developed and developed countries were examined along with all mental health economic studies in developed countries.ResultsThere were no health economic studies in geriatric psychiatry from developing countries against a background of many such studies in developed countries. There were a greater number of health economic studies in other areas of psychiatry in developing countries. Several reasons for the paucity of such studies, the feasibility of undertaking these studies and their significance are discussed.ConclusionMental health economic studies in geriatric psychiatry in developing countries are feasible, realistic and may well have an important part to play in the allocation of resources. Also, data sets necessary for such studies are emerging from many developing countries. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serological observations in patients suffering from acute manic episodes
Authors: Wadee Ahmed A. , Kuschke Reverie H. , Wood Lesley A. , Berk Michael , Ichim Liuvu , Maes Michael 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough abnormalities of the immune system have been described in depression, information on serological alteration in acutely manic patients has been scarce. The present study undertook to investigate the levels of C‐reactive proteins, circulating immune complexes, total immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin subclasses, complement proteins C3, C4, C6 and Factor B in the sera of 45 patients suffering from an acute manic episode. The findings were compared with assessments on the sera of 45 controls. The results demonstrate a number of significant differences between patients and controls. Whilst levels of immunoglobulin D were significantly lower, the levels of total immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin G1, complement proteins C3, C6 and Factor B were raised in the patient group when compared with the controls. Our results suggest a relationship between acute mania and immunological parameters associated with acute phase responses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between cerebral pharmacokinetics and anxiolytic activity of diazepam and its active metabolites after a single intra‐peritoneal administration of diazepam in mice
Authors: Dailly E. , Hascoët M. , Colombel M. C. , Jolliet P. , Bourin M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe relationship between the cerebral pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its active metabolites (desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam) and the anxiolytic effect evaluated by the four‐plates test and the light/dark test were investigated after a single intra‐peritoneal injection of diazepam (1 mg/kg or 1.5 mg/kg). For up to 30 min after administration, the sedative effect interfered with the anxiolytic effect, thus the results of the anxiolytic effect were not interpretable. From 30 min to 60 min after administration, this interference disappeared, the cerebral level of benzodiazepines was stable (the brain elimination of diazepam was compensated for by the appearance of desmethyldiazepam followed by oxazepam) but the anxiolytic effect decreased dramatically in all the tests with diazepam 1 mg/kg or 1.5 mg/kg. The acute tolerance to benzodiazepines and the difference of affinity for subtypes of GABA(A) receptors between diazepam, desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam could explain this result. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite suspended sediment particles and flocculation in glacial meltwaters: preliminary evidence from Alpine and Himalayan basins
Authors: Woodward J. C. , Porter P. R. , Lowe A. T. , Walling D. E. , Evans A. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractResearch over the last decade has shown that the suspended sediment loads of many rivers are dominated by composite particles. These particles are also known as aggregates or flocs, and are commonly made up of constituent mineral particles, which evidence a wide range of grain sizes, and organic matter. The resulting in situ or effective particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment exert a major control on all processes of entrainment, transport and deposition. The significance of composite suspended sediment particles in glacial meltwater streams has, however, not been established. Existing data on the particle size characteristics of suspended sediment in glacial meltwaters relate to the dispersed mineral fraction (absolute particle size), which, for certain size fractions, may bear little relationship to the effective or in situ distribution. Existing understanding of composite particle formation within freshwater environments would suggest that in‐stream flocculation processes do not take place in glacial meltwater systems because of the absence of organic binding agents. However, we report preliminary scanning electron microscopy data for one Alpine and two Himalayan glaciers that show composite particles are present in the suspended sediment load of the meltwater system. The genesis and structure of these composite particles and their constituent grain size characteristics are discussed. We present evidence for the existence of both aggregates, or composite particles whose features are largely inherited from source materials, and flocs, which represent composite particles produced by in‐stream flocculation processes. In the absence of organic materials, the latter may result solely from electrochemical flocculation in the meltwater sediment system. This type of floc formation has not been reported previously in the freshwater fluvial environment. Further work is needed to test the wider significance of these data and to investigate the effective particle size characteristics of suspended sediment associated with high concentration outburst events. Such events make a major contribution to suspended sediment fluxes in meltwater streams and may provide conditions that are conducive to composite particle formation by flocculation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.