bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain morphology in nonsyndromic unicoronal craniosynostosis
Authors: Aldridge Kristina , Kane Alex A. , Marsh Jeffrey L. , Panchal Jayesh , Boyadjiev Simeon A. , Yan Peng , Govier Daniel , Ahmad Warda , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStudies of isolated craniosynostosis have shown biomechanical and biochemical influences on the craniofacial phenotype, resulting from both genetic and epigenetic factors. Much less attention has been directed toward the morphology of the brain, despite the interactive nature of the developing skull and developing brain. The aim of this study is to define the morphology of the brain in nonsyndromic unilateral coronal synostosis (UCS) in order to form more complete hypotheses about the cause of craniosynostosis. Landmark coordinate data were collected from 3D magnetic resonance image reconstructions of the brain in a sample of UCS patients and an age‐matched morphologically normal cohort. These data were analyzed using Euclidean distance matrix analysis. The results of our study demonstrate that despite the basic similarity of overall shape of the brain and skull in UCS, the effects of craniosynostosis on the brain are not localized to structures immediately adjacent to the fused suture or to the endocranial surface of the skull. Rather, alterations are observed throughout the volume of the brain, with subcortical structures altered in conjunction with cortical changes. These results indicate that the morphological correlates are different for brain and skull and suggest that there is a large degree of independence in the developmental trajectories of the brain and skull. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homeoidally striated density profiles: sequences of virial equilibrium configurations with constant anisotropy parameters
Authors: Caimmi R. , Marmo C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe formulation of the tensor virial equations is generalized to unrelaxed configurations, where virial equilibrium does not coincide with dynamical (or hydrostatic) equilibrium. Homeoidally striated, Jacobi ellipsoids, which generalize classical Jacobi ellipsoids, are studied in detail. Further investigation is devoted to the generation of sequences of virial equilibrium configurations where the anisotropy parameters are left unchanged, including both flattened and elongated, triaxial configurations, and the determination of the related bifurcation points. An application is made to dark matter haloes hosting giant galaxies (M ≈ 1012 m⊙), with regard to assigned initial and final configuration, following and generalizing to many respects a procedure conceived by Thuan & Gott (1975). The dependence of the limiting axis ratios, below which no configuration is allowed for the sequence under consideration, on the change in mass, total energy, and angular momentum, during the evolution, is illustrated in some representative situations. The dependence of the axis ratios, ε31 and ε21, on a parameter, related to the initial conditions of the density perturbation, is analysed in connection with a few special cases. The same is done for the rotation parameters. Within the range of the rotation parameter, λ, deduced from high‐resolution numerical simulations, the shape of dark matter haloes is mainly decided by the amount of anisotropy in residual velocity distribution. On the other hand, the contribution of rotation has only a minor effect on the meridional plane, and no effect on the equatorial plane, as bifurcation points occur for larger values of λ. To this respect, dark matter haloes are found to resemble giant elliptical galaxies. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strong mean field dynamos require supercritical helicity fluxes
Authors: Brandenburg A. , Subramanian K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral one and two dimensional mean field models are analyzed where the effects of current helicity fluxes and boundaries are included within the framework of the dynamical quenching model. In contrast to the case with periodic boundary conditions, the final saturation energy of the mean field decreases inversely proportional to the magnetic Reynolds number. If a nondimensional scaling factor in the current helicity flux exceeds a certain critical value, the dynamo can operate even without kinetic helicity, i.e. it is based only on shear and current helicity fluxes, as first suggested by Vishniac & Cho (2001, ApJ 550, 752). Only above this threshold is the current helicity flux also able to alleviate catastrophic quenching. The fact that certain turbulence simulations have now shown apparently non‐resistively limited mean field saturation amplitudes may be suggestive of the current helicity flux having exceeded this critical value. Even below this critical value the field still reaches appreciable strength at the end of the kinematic phase, which is in qualitative agreement with dynamos in periodic domains. However, for large magnetic Reynolds numbers the field undergoes subsequent variations on a resistive time scale when, for long periods, the field can be extremely weak. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the meaning and inapplicability of the Zeldovich relations of magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Blackman E. G. , Field G. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConsidering a plasma with an initially weak large scale field subject to nonhelical turbulent stirring, Zeldovich (1957), for two‐dimensions, followed by others for three dimensions, have presented formulae of the form 〈b2〉 =f(RM)$ {\bar B}^2 $. Such “Zeldovich relations” have sometimes been interpreted to provide steady‐state relations between the energy associated with the fluctuating magnetic field and that associated with a large scale or mean field multiplied by a functionfthat depends on spatial dimension and a magnetic Reynolds numberRM. Here we dissect the origin of these relations and pinpoint pitfalls that show why they are inapplicable to realistic, dynamical MHD turbulence and that they disagree with many numerical simulations. For 2D, we show that when the total magnetic field is determined by a vector potential, the standard Zeldovich relation applies only transiently, characterizing a maximum possible value that the field energy can reach before necessarily decaying. In 3D, we show that the standard Zeldovich relations are derived by balancing subdominant terms. In contrast, balancing the dominant terms shows that the fluctuating field can grow to a value independent ofRMand the initially imposed$ \bar B $, as seen in numerical simulations. We also emphasize that these Zeldovich relations of nonhelical turbulence imply nothing about the amount mean field growth in a helical dynamo. In short, by re‐analyzing the origin of the Zeldovich relations, we highlight that they are inapplicable to realistic steady‐states of largeRMMHD turbulence. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A fuzzy logic‐based algorithm for cosmic‐ray hit rejection from single images
Authors: Shamir L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn algorithm for cosmic‐ray rejection from single images is presented. The algorithm is based on modeling human perception using fuzzy logic. The proposed algorithm is specifically designed to reject multiple‐pixel cosmic ray hits that are larger than some of the point spread functions of the true astronomical sources. Experiments show that the algorithm can accurately reject ∼97.5% of the cosmic rays hits, while mistakenly rejecting 0.02% of the true astronomical sources. The major advantage of the presented algorithm is its computational efficiency. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scaling laws in decaying helical hydromagnetic turbulence
Authors: Christensson M. , Hindmarsh M. , Brandenburg A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe study the evolution of growth and decay laws for the magnetic field coherence length ξ, energy EM and magnetic helicity H in freely decaying 3D MHD turbulence. We show that with certain assumptions, self‐similarity of the magnetic power spectrum alone implies that ξ ∼ t1/2. This in turn implies that magnetic helicity decays as H ∼ t–2s, where s = (ξdiff/ξH)2, in terms of ξdiff, the diffusion length scale, and ξH, a length scale defined from the helicity power spectrum. The relative magnetic helicity remains constant, implying that the magnetic energy decays as EM ∼ t–1/2–2s. The parameter s is inversely proportional to the magnetic Reynolds number ReM, which is constant in the self‐similar regime. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Revised equipartition and minimum energy formula for magnetic field strength estimates from radio synchrotron observations
Authors: Beck R. , Krause M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe commonly used classical equipartition or minimum‐energy estimate of total magnetic fields strengths from radio synchrotron intensities is of limited practical use because it is based on the hardly known ratio K of the total energies of cosmic ray protons and electrons and also has inherent problems. We present a revised formula, using the number density ratio K for which we give estimates. For particle acceleration in strong shocks K is about 40 and increases with decreasing shock strength. Our revised estimate for the field strength gives larger values than the classical estimate for flat radio spectra with spectral indices of about 0.5–0.6, but smaller values for steep spectra and total fields stronger than about 10 µG. In very young supernova remnants, for example, the classical estimate may be too large by up to 10×. On the other hand, if energy losses of cosmic ray electrons are important, K increases with particle energy and the equipartition field may be underestimated significantly. Our revised larger equipartition estimates in galaxy clusters and radio lobes are consistent with independent estimates from Faraday rotation measures, while estimates from the ratio between radio synchrotron and X‐ray inverse Compton intensities generally give much weaker fields. This may be explained e.g. by a concentration of the field in filaments. Our revised field strengths may also lead to major revisions of electron lifetimes in jets and radio lobes estimated from the synchrotron break frequency in the radio spectrum. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaBoDS: The Garching‐Bonn Deep Survey
Authors: Erben T. , Schirmer M. , Dietrich J. P. , Cordes O. , Haberzettl L. , Hetterscheidt M. , Hildebrandt H. , Schmithuesen O. , Schneider P. , Simon P. , Deul E. , Hook R. N. , Kaiser N. , Radovich M. , Benoist C. , Nonino M. , Olsen L. F. , Prandoni I. , Wichmann R. , Zaggia S. , Bomans D. , Dettmar R. J. , Miralles J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe present our image processing system for the reduction of optical imaging data from multi‐chip cameras. In the framework of the Garching Bonn Deep Survey (GaBoDS; Schirmer et al. 2003) consisting of about 20 square degrees of high‐quality data from WFI@MPG/ESO 2.2m, our group developed an imaging pipeline for the homogeneous and efficient processing of this large data set. Having weak gravitational lensing as the main science driver, our algorithms are optimised to produce deep co‐added mosaics from individual exposures obtained from empty field observations. However, the modular design of our pipeline allows an easy adaption to different scientific applications. Our system has already been ported to a large variety of optical instruments and its products have been used in various scientific contexts. In this paper we give a thorough description of the algorithms used and a careful evaluation of the accuracies reached. This concerns the removal of the instrumental signature, the astrometric alignment, photometric calibration and the characterisation of final co‐added mosaics. In addition we give a more general overview on the image reduction process and comment on observing strategies where they have significant influence on the data quality. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The stability of MHD Taylor‐Couette flow with current‐free spiral magnetic fields between conducting cylinders
Authors: Rüdiger G. , Hollerbach R. , Schultz M. , Shalybkov D. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe study the magnetorotational instability in cylindrical Taylor‐Couette flow, with the (vertically unbounded) cylinders taken to be perfect conductors, and with externally imposed spiral magnetic fields. The azimuthal component of this field is generated by an axial current inside the inner cylinder, and may be slightly stronger than the axial field. We obtain an instability beyond the Rayleigh line, for Reynolds numbers of order 1000 and Hartmann numbers of order 10, and independent of the (small) magnetic Prandtl number. For experiments withRout= 2Rin= 10 cm and Ωout= 0.27 Ωin, the instability appears for liquid sodium for axial fields of ∼20 Gauss and axial currents of ∼1200 A. For gallium the numbers are ∼50 Gauss and ∼3200 A. The vertical cell size is about twice the cell size known for nonmagnetic experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: A retinoid‐signaling pathway disruption during lung development?
Authors: Gallot Denis , Marceau Geoffroy , Coste Karen , Hadden Hélène , Robert‐Gnansia Elisabeth , Laurichesse Hélène , Déchelotte Pierre J , Labbé André , Dastugue Bernard , Lémery Didier , Sapin Vincent 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) usually occurs sporadically. The prognosis remains poor, with a 50% perinatal mortality rate. Most deaths result from hypoxemia due to lung hypoplasia and abnormal development of pulmonary vasculature that results in persistent pulmonary hypertension. Our current understanding of the pathogenesis of CDH is based on an assumption linking herniation of abdominal viscera into the thorax with compression of the developing lung. Pulmonary hypoplasia, however, can also result from reduced distension of the developing lung secondary to impaired fetal breathing movements. Moreover, a nitrofen‐induced CDH model shows that lung hypoplasia precedes the diaphragmatic defect, leading to a “dual‐hit hypothesis.” Recent data reveal the role of a retinoid‐signaling pathway disruption in the pathogenesis of CDH. We describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of human CDH, the metabolic and molecular aspects of the retinoid‐signaling pathway, and the implications of retinoids in the development of the diaphragm and the lung. Finally, we highlight the existing links between CDH and disruption of the retinoid‐signaling pathway, which may suggest an eventual use of retinoids in the treatment of CDH. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generating controlled molecular gradients in 3D gels
Authors: Rosoff W.J. , McAllister R. , Esrick M.A. , Goodhill G.J. , Urbach J.S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new method for producing molecular gradients of arbitrary shape in thin three dimensional gels is described. Patterns are produced on the surface of the gel by printing with a micropump that dispenses small droplets of solution at controlled rates. The molecules in the solution rapidly diffuse into the gel and create a smooth concentration profile that is independent of depth. The pattern is relatively stable for long times, and its evolution can be accurately described by finite element modeling of the diffusion equation. As a demonstration of the method, direct measurements of protein gradients are performed by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. A complementary technique for measuring diffusion coefficients is also presented. This rapid, flexible, contactless approach to gradient generation is ideally suited for cell culture experiments to investigate the role of gradients of diffusible substances in processes such as chemotaxis, morphogenesis, and pattern formation, as well as for high‐throughput screening of system responses to a wide range of chemical concentrations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glucose metabolism at high density growth of E. coli B and E. coli K: Differences in metabolic pathways are responsible for efficient glucose utilization in E. coli B as determined by microarrays and northern blot analyses
Authors: Phue Je‐Nie , Noronha Santosh B. , Bhattacharyya Ritabrata , Wolfe Alan J. , Shiloach Joseph 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Biotechnol Bioeng 2005;90:805–820
Major upper gastrointestinal surgery is associated with an antigen-dependent proinflammatory T cell response
Authors: Sweeney K J , Kell M R , Ravi N , Reynolds J V 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
T cells play a central role in the immune response to injury. Oesophageal and pancreatic resections are associated with significant risk of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis. This study involved a detailed analysis of T cell function in a consecutive cohort of patients undergoing such surgery.

Methods
Twenty-five patients undergoing major oncological upper gastrointestinal surgery were investigated for T cell expression of Fas and the activation markers CD69 and CD25, as well as interleukin (IL) 2, IL-10 and interferon (IFN) γ responses to stimulation with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). T cell activation in healthy volunteer peripheral blood mononuclear cells was studied in co-culture with patients' serum, either alone or with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA) 4, an inhibitor of antigen presentation.

Results
T cells expressed significantly raised levels of CD69 and CD25 after surgery, but no change in Fas expression was evident. There was a significant increase in the production of IL-2 after surgery without a concomitant increase in IFN-γ or IL-10 in response to SEB. Postoperative serum activated healthy volunteer T cells, a response that was inhibited (P = 0·053) by co-incubation with CTLA-4.

Conclusion
Major surgery results in pan-T cell activation via a serum-mediated antigenic mechanism that is independent of Fas expression. Postoperative T cells are primed for an augmented proinflammatory response to superantigen, sustained for at least 1 week, implicating the adaptive immune system in the development of the postoperative systemic immunoinflammatory state.
Comparison of Surgical Risk Score, POSSUM and p-POSSUM in higher-risk surgical patients
Authors: Brooks M J , Sutton R , Sarin S 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
Much current interest is focused on the use of the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) and the Portsmouth predictor equation (p-POSSUM) for risk-adjusted surgical audit. The Surgical Risk Score (SRS) has been shown to offer an equivalent accuracy, but was validated using a cohort that contained a high proportion of low-risk patients. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of mortality prediction using SRS with that of POSSUM and p-POSSUM in a cohort of higher-risk patients.

Methods
Some 949 consecutive patients undergoing inpatient surgical procedures in a district general hospital under the care of a single surgeon were analysed.

Results
The observed 30-day mortality rate was 8·4 per cent. Mean mortality rates predicted using SRS, POSSUM and p-POSSUM scores were 5·9, 12·6 and 7·3 per cent respectively. No significant difference was observed in the area under the receiver–operator characteristic curves for the three methods.

Conclusion
The SRS accurately predicted mortality in higher-risk surgical patients. The accuracy of prediction equalled that of POSSUM and p-POSSUM.
Development and validation of a reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic method for separation and simultaneous determination of COX‐2 inhibitors in pharmaceuticals and its application to biological ﬂuids
Authors: Nageswara Rao R. , Meena S. , Nagaraju D. , Raghu Ram Rao A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn isocratic reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for separation and simultaneous determination of COX‐2 inhibitors, viz., celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, nimesulide and nabumetone, using 4‐chloro‐2‐nitroaniline as internal standard. Good chromatographic separation was achieved using a reversed‐phase Inertsil C18 column with mobile phase consisting of methanol and 0.05% aqueous glacial acetic acid (68:32 v/v) using photodiode array (PDA) detector at 230 nm. It was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, linearity, limit of detection and quantiﬁcation. The linearity range was found to be 1.0–20 µg/mL and the percentage recoveries were between 97.55 and 100.14. The method is suitable not only for the estimation of active ingredients in pharmaceutical dosage forms but also in vitro estimations in human plasma. It is simple, rapid, selective and capable of detecting and determining COX‐2 inhibitors with a detection limit of 0.127–1.040 µg/mL simultaneously. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis for simultaneous separation and determination of three major active components in traditional medicinal preparations
Authors: Li Cunhong , Zhang Jiyou , Chen Anjia , Xie Jianping , Chen Xingguo , Hu Zhide 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA simple and sensitive non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for simultaneous assay of three bioactive components (puerarin, daidzein and wogonin) in three traditional medicinal preparations for the ﬁrst time. Optimum separation of the analytes was obtained on a 47 cm × 75 µm i.d. capillary using a non‐aqueous buffer system of 20% acetonitrile, 25 mm ammonium acetate and apparent pH 9.00, with applied voltage and capillary temperature of 20 kV and 16°C, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the migration times and the peak areas of the three analytes were in the ranges 2.5–4.0% and 3.2–3.9%, respectively. Detection limits of puerarin, daidzein and wogonin were 0.090, 0.145 and 0.090 µg mL−1, respectively. In the tested concentration range, good linear relationships (correlation coefﬁcients: 0.9998 for puerarin, 0.9998 for daidzein and 0.9978 for wogonin) between peak areas and concentrations of the analytes were observed. This method has been successfully applied to simultaneous determination of the three bioactive components with recoveries from 91.0 to 114.0%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of PbII on the Secondary Structure and Biological Activity of Trypsin
Authors: Yang Lin , Gao Zhiyong , Cao Ying , Xing Ruimin , Zhang Xiuying 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of PbII on the secondary structure and biological activity of trypsin have been examined by monitoring changes in its conductivity and IR and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The results show that PbII reacts with trypsin, and that the binding sites might be OH and NH groups in pepsin. The CD spectra indicate that interaction with PbII significantly affects the secondary structure of trypsin, the β‐sheet‐structure content being increased by about 42 %, whilst those of α‐helix and β‐turn structures are decreased by 13 % and 21 %, respectively. The results clearly demonstrate that PbII affects the biological activity of trypsin by modifying its secondary structure. Most interesting is that PbII up‐regulates the activity of trypsin at low concentrations while down‐regulating it at high concentrations.
High‐Throughput Evaluation of Antioxidant and Pro‐oxidant Activities of Polyphenols with Thymidine Protection Assays
Authors: Meunier Stéphane , Hanédanian Mikaël , Desage‐El Murr Marine , Nowaczyk Stéphanie , Le Gall Thierry , Pin Serge , Renault Jean‐Philippe , Boquet Didier , Créminon Christophe , Mioskowski Charles , Taran Frédéric 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA recently reported high‐throughput screening strategy has been applied to the rapid selection of new water‐soluble antioxidants that display strong protective activities. Based on a competitive immunoassay, a triple‐screening procedure was used to evaluate the ability of different compounds to protect thymidine under different oxidative stresses. The pro‐oxidant effect of norbadione A in the presence of iron was observed, while some pulvinic acid derivatives proved strongly protective during γ radiolysis, UV irradiation, and Fenton‐like oxidation.