bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
American Political Cultures
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even when sharing the same language and symbols, Americans have always divided sharply over the meaning of terms like equality, freedom, and democracy. This book challenges the traditional thesis that America’s political culture is characterized by a consensus on liberal capitalist values. At the same time, Ellis rejects theories that an infinite variety of political cultures exists in the United States. Instead, Ellis uses over three hundred years of history to argue that political conflict in America reveals five specific rival political cultures: egalitarian community, competitive individualism, hierarchical collectivism, atomized fatalism, and autonomous hermitude. The book thus stakes out a middle ground between an unintelligible cultural diversity and an untenable cultural consensus.
An Anti-Authority Consensus?
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American political culture, Samuel Huntington argues, is characterized by a pervasive “antipower ethic.” All the basic tenets of the American Creed—equality, liberty, individualism, constitutionalism, democracy—are “basically antigovernment and antiauthority in character.” Each of these values, Huntington maintains, places “limits on power and on the institutions of government.” The American Creed is thus “a much more fruitful source of reasons for questioning and resisting govern-ment than for obedience to government.”
Human Liberty And Freedom Of Speech
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a paperback reprint of an OUP/USA hardcover published in September 1989. To date the predominant rationale for freedom of speech has been the “marketplace of ideas” theory, which holds that the truth will be discovered only through debate free from government interference. In Human Liberty and Freedom of Speech, Baker critiques the assumptions underlying the various versions of this theory and develops a liberty theory which, he argues, has deep roots in Supreme Court decisions and our political history. Baker contends that a liberty theory is more philosophically sound, more interpretatively persuasive and more protective of speech than the judically and intellectual dominant market place of ideas theory.
Crusoe at Home
Authors: Doreski C K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Examining Bishop’s various attempts to generate a sufficient and viable language for her poetry raises the question of whether Bishop always required single perspectives (that of the child or provincial, for instance) or whether she wrote poems that attained a coherent, inclusive model of her universe. Is there a poem in the canon that embodies the entire complexity of her experience and vision? Do any of her poems achieve a language powerful and variable enough to reconcile a whole world of regrets and compensations, one that resolves the dichotomies of exterior and interior experience, perception and desire? Can any language adequately conform to experience? Though many of these issues have been addressed in individual poems, the work before Geography III recognizes but does not integrate the mutual otherness of self and situation. Indeed, in spite of the presence of “old correspondences,” metaphors of unity and integration, most of Bishop’s poems before Geography III resist imposing order on “the untidy activity [that] continues, / awful but cheerful.” Bishop requires a language and rhetoric more (or less) inclusive, flexible, earthy, and homey than the romantic sublime, the epiphany, or the picturesque to explore the concerns of her maturity; she has reached a point in her life and writing that demands awareness of the whole. Discrete particulars will not do; her task requires utter coherence.
Contracts: Relationships in Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to think of any legal artifact that is more familiar and commonplace than a contract. Tenants and landlords, consumers and merchants, employees and employers, business partners, even some husbands and wives, have rights and responsibilities that are defined by contract. Contracts touch us all and shape many relationships between ourselves, people we know well, and people we may not know at all. They bring the law into our presence in a direct and tangible way and often establish a framework for what we own, how we work, and where we live. It is not surprising that one of the first courses taken by every law student focuses on the law of contracts. Familiarity with general principles of contract law and some work with contracts may be one of the only things that all lawyers, regard less of specialty, have in common.
Contracts not only are a common artifact of modern life and a core area of law but reflect values and expectations of Gutenberg’s revolution. There is, most obviously, the connection that is revealed in the expression fine print. “Fine print” is most commonly found in standardized contracts that are used with large numbers of customers or employees. Print was, as has been noted, the first mass medium, and the standardized contract might be considered to be an example of the law’s use of the mass medium. The party offering a standardized contract is a publisher exploiting the capabilities of print. The power to control the wording and design of the contract in a way that
Fall River
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest documentary novels, Fall River recounts the famous murder of a mill girl and the subsequent trial of a popular minister of the period. Compellingly written, it is not only a record of a sensational story of its times, but also a revealing embodiment of the social and cultural climate of early nineteenth century industrial America. The book is also an important landmark in the history of religion in American popular culture, with detailed descriptions of religious camp meetings in New England. Williams was urged by her readers to compose her account of these events, in order to correct what she called the “indecent manner” in which they had hitherto been reported. (David Kasserman’s recent widely acclaimed sociological study Fall River Outrage is based on the events Williams describes.) This unprecedented new series reintroduces women’s writings of cultural and literary interest, from the Medieval period through the early nineteenth century, often for the first time since their original publication. Derived from the Brown University Women Writers Project, the series unearths a wide range of neglected gems, dispelling the myth that women wrote little of real value before the Victorian period. Each volume includes an introduction putting the work in its historical and literary context and helpful explanatory notes.
Destalinization in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Smith Kathleen E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Where should one begin in describing mass repression in the former Soviet Union—with the Red Terror inflicted on civil war opponents? With forced collectivization of the peasantry? With famine exacerbated by state policies? With executions and imprisonment of millions of “enemies of the people” in the 1930s? With wartime deportations of entire ethnic groups? With postwar incarceration of returned prisoners of war? Or with the exile of inhabitants of newly annexed territories? It is easier to pinpoint the end of widespread terror, which came with Stalin’s death in 1953. Grave human rights violations, however, continued on a lesser scale throughout the Soviet period. Until recently examination of past repressions in the USSR took place during periods of liberalization, but not transformation, of the old repressive regime. Under these circumstances vast state-sponsored repressions were not matched by equally extensive efforts at investigation, prosecution, and compensation.
El Salvador: A Negotiated End to Impunity?
Authors: Popkin Margaret 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Salvadoran transition differs from others in Latin America because it is the product of a negotiated agreement between an undefeated military and an undefeated insurgency. During the 1980s El Salvador was ravaged by a genuine civil war. Unlike countries in the Southern Cone in which a debilitated or defeated guerrilla movement served as the pretext for the state terrorism employed by military dictatorships, the Salvadoran military faced the most effective guerrilla movement on the continent. Because the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) had not been defeated and enjoyed substantial support inside El Salvador as well as international recognition, it was able to negotiate a far-reaching peace accord as the price for ending hostilities. Nonetheless, the “transition” government was the same government that had fought the war.
The Human Rights Debacle in the Philippines
Authors: Aquino Belinda A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the attempts to redress countless human rights violations in the Philippines, which reached their peak during the martial law regime of Ferdinand Marcos between late 1972 and early 1986. It focuses on the administration of Corazon Aquino (1986-92), which replaced the Marcos regime in the dramatic 1986 “people power revolution.” The Aquino government put into place a new constitution guaranteeing “full respect for human rights” and restraining the military from carrying out arbitrary actions. It also established a Commission on Human Rights to investigate the numerous cases of human rights crimes and offenses that came to light following the overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship.
The Civil War
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an address delivered approximately twenty years after he mustered out of service with the Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, Holmes said that the generation that carried on the war has been set apart by its experience. Through our great good fortune, in our youth our hearts were touched with fire. It was given to us to learn at the outset that life is a profound and passionate thing. While we are permitted to scorn nothing but indifference, and do not pretend to undervalue the worldly rewards of ambition, we have seen with our own eyes, beyond and above the gold fields, the snowy heights of honor, and it is for us to bear the report to those who come after us.1
The Cold War and the Early Development of the UNHCR
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tense state of East–West relations in the postwar period virtually excluded the possibility of any significant cooperation between the two blocs over the refugee problem. The refugee question centered on the core of ideological opposition between capitalism and socialism. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established at the height of these Cold War ideological tensions. Like its predecessors, it was intended as a temporary body with a three-year life, during which time it was to provide protection and assistance to refugees. But being supplied with financial resources for administrative costs only, it did not have the means to enforce the international legal norms for the world’s refugees.
The Limitations of the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Loescher Gil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The international refugee regime is rapidly being overwhelmed by the unprecedented refugee crises that began during the past decade, and it is ill equipped to address either the causes or the consequences of the problems involved. Host and resettlement countries feel that the economic, social, and political costs of dealing with refugee problems have become too high. The traditional hospitality of many Third World countries has been replaced by intolerance and restrictionist policies. Industrialized countries have become increasingly reluctant to finance international refugee aid, to resettle refugees from the Third World, or to admit asylum seekers and to consider their claims fully. Any humanitarian consensus seems to have vanished; the international cooperation that helped resolve the postwar refugee problem in Europe and alleviate refugee crises in Africa, Asia, and Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s is more difficult to obtain. Many observers feel that the international refugee regime, and in particular the UNHCR, is not doing enough to contain a deteriorating situation. Yet in reality the major responsibility for providing protection, assistance, and long-term solutions lies with states. Governments have traditionally sought to preserve their territorial sovereignty by controlling their borders.
“A Fine Taste for Good Sense and Polite Learning”: The Literary Newspaper, 1727-1735
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The New-England Courant, boisterous and short-lived, gave to the printed discourse of the 1720s a temper and a method that was new to British America. Besides taking on an audacious political role and transforming the public sphere in the process, it introduced its audience to a locally produced periodical literature.
Three Cities: A Richer Tapestry, 1728-1740
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The brief but fruitful lives of the New-England Weekly Journal and the Weekly Rehearsal, experiments in a distinct genre I have called the “literary newspaper,” were not the only contributions to a decade of rapid development in American newspaper publishing. Between 1728 and 1739 the number of newspapers more than doubled, from five to twelve. If we count the two West Indian newspapers that appeared in the same decade, the number nearly tripled. And even this is to disregard the Maryland Gazette and the first Rhode-Island Gazette, which were founded in this eventful publishing era but did not survive the decade.
The Printer as Publisher
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the end of the 1730s, with one scarcely significant exception, the newspaper business in British America as in provincial England was entirely in the hands of printers. In the previous two chapters, we have seen how the evolution in ownership occurred in Boston. Elsewhere outside of London, newspapers were a printer’s business from the beginning. Because of the centrality of the printer’s role not only in developing the shape, design, and content of the newspaper but even in the circulation of information and opinion throughout the provinces, it is time we had a close look at his operation and his product.
The Transition
Authors: Clark Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By about 1740, the provincial newspaper in America had concluded its first period of development. Successive experiments in sponsorship and content had eventuated in a product published almost exclusively by their printers and consisting of a standardized mixture of European and domestic news, essays, letters, and advertising. During the three and a half decades following the appearance of John Campbell’s Boston News-Letter, the American newspaper became both “anglicized” and “Americanized,” and in the process served with increasing accuracy and relevance the commercial and political demands of its society as well as the ritual needs of a people moving toward an understanding and expression of its provincial identity. They were still very much a part of the larger British world of print, a branch of the English provincial press on the western Atlantic rim. A glance at that transatlantic context at the end of our period will help to remind us of how very “provincial,” certainly in a quantitative sense, the American newspapers still were.
The Crisis: Illegitimacy and Family Breakdown
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of what happened in the rarefied atmosphere of the salons was played out in different form in Berlin Jewish society as a whole. The sexual freedom and eventual conversions that were common in the salons have often been described in great detail by historians. Such events as the romantic liaison, divorce, and conversion of the saloniere Dorothea Veit, Moses Mendelssohn’s daughter, have been used by many writers as a metaphor for the crisis of Berlin Jewry that took place in the years after Mendelssohn’s death. The fact that four of Mendelssohn’s six children eventually became Christians has also been used by many writers as a way to symbolize the failure of Mendelssohn’s message and the upheaval in Berlin Jewry in the succeeding generation. An analysis of events in the Berlin Jewish community as a whole for the generations after Mendelssohn’s death demonstrates that the well-known affairs and conversions in the Berlin Jewish elite were repeated (if on a somewhat reduced scale) in many segments of Berlin Jewry. The percentages of conversions and extramarital affairs may have been less in the aggregate of Berlin Jewry than they were among the “rich and famous,” but conversion and free sexuality were far more common in Berlin Jewry as a whole in the generations after Mendelssohn than they had ever been before. A description of the personal relationships among the members of the salons does not necessarily tell us what was going on in rnore modest sections of the Berlin Jewish community. The differences between the marriage, divorce, conversion, and extramarital affair patterns of the salonieres and the bulk of Berlin Jewry can be described in detail. Still the differences in degree pale before the profound similarity in the overall ethos of Berlin Jewry-indeed of Berlin society at large-during the last decades of the eighteenth century and the first decades of the nineteenth.
Classical Realism
Authors: Kennan George F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The philosophical roots of Political Realism may be traced as far back as Thucydides and Machiavelli. Nevertheless, the “Classical Realist” approach associated with E. H. Carr, Hans Morgenthau, George Kennan, and other scholars developed primarily during World War II and the succeeding three decades. Classical Realism, which is so labeled to distinguish it from the later “Neorealism,” represented largely a reaction to the perceived failures of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century statecraft. Diplomats and state leaders then, charged the Classical Realists, had wrongly sought to establish an international order based on law, one in which conflicts would be resolved by neutral adjudication rather than by armed force.
Free Will and the Politics of Inheritance
Authors: Semmel Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To understand how Eliot perceived both the idea and the metaphor of inheritance, and how her use of the inheritance metaphor was related to her views on religion, philosophy, and politics, we must place Eliot in the context of others who wrote about these questions. We know from Eliot’s correspondence that she read the writings of the foremost contributors to the British discussion of the politics of inheritance: Burke, Coleridge, and Disraeli. She studied (and wrote about) the works of the French Positivist Comte and the German volkisch historian W. H. Riehl, both of whom had pursued their own inquiries regarding national inheritance. But the politics of inheritance, particularly as Eliot conceived them, were also connected with certain theological and philosophical matters, notably, the conflict between free will and necessity. Therefore we must first examine Eliot’s views on this issue and compare them with the opinions of those thinkers, on both sides of the controversy, whom she most admired among them her religious (and philosophical) mentors Saint Paul and Calvin, the German nineteenth-century writers D. F. Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach, and both Comte and Charles Bray, her friend and a member of the Coventry circle of freethinkers with whom she was associated as a young woman.
The Positivist Novel
Authors: Semmel Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early 1820s the financial speculator and social theorist Henri de Saint-Simon attracted a group of talented young followers, among them Auguste Comte, by virtue of his personality and his docttines. In his final years Saint-Simon preached a “nouveau Christianisme,” a religion with a stern morality but no deity. After his death in 1825, his successors, pre sided over by a Pere Supreme, governed the disciples, proclaiming a vaguely socialistic ethic that aimed at raising the condition of the proletariat, and, preaching free love, at liberating women from marital servitude. By the time the French government brought their leaders to trial in the early 1830s, for attacks on the family and property, many writers and intellectuals in Europe had come to sympathize with parts of Saint-Simon’s doctrine: among these writers were George Sand, Heinrich Heine, J. S. Mill, and Thomas Carlyle.1 In the 1840s both Mill and G. H. Lewes became admirers of Saint-Simon’s former secretary Auguste Comte, who claimed authorship of the more “scientific” aspects of Saint-Simonian belief.
Positivism and the Politics of Compromise in Middlemarch
Authors: Semmel Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
George Eliot’sMiddlemarch, which was published in 1872, is not generally regarded as a political novel, as is Felix Holt, nor was it designed to be one, but its politics are clear-sometimes explicitly so, sometimes immediately below the surface of the narrative. In Middlemarch Eliot promotes the politics of compromise, the traditional politics of the nation (the politics, in the Hegelian phrase, of the English Volksgeist), which form an essential part of Eliot’s politics of inheritance. In this work, as we shall see, Eliot also added to the shades of meaning in her philosophy of inheritance.
On Treatment of Myopia: Feminist Standpoint Theory and Bioethics
Authors: Mahowald Mary B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The insights of feminist standpoint theory provide a corrective to the nearsightedness, unselfconsciousness, and arrogance that arise in health care and in bioethics, as in other areas of life and work. A feminist standpoint is one that reflects the perspectives of women while challenging the social dominance of men’s perspectives. Feminist standpoint theory refers to the rationale that supports that standpoint and strategies for implementing it. Although my account focuses on sexism, similar arguments apply to racism and classism, and there is obvious overlap in these applications. The common element is that the diffeences between groups are the grounds by which one group obtains or maintains advantages or power over another. In defense of inequality or injustice, irrelevant differences may be invoked or relevant differences overlooked. From a feminist standpoint, the ethical criterion for determining the relevance of differences between women and men is gender justice or equality.
Colerkdge And Textual Instability
Authors: Stillinger Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stillinger establishes and documents the existence of numerous different authoritative versions of Coleridge's best-known poems: sixteen or more of The Eolian Harp, for example, eighteen of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and comparable numbers for This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison, Frost at Midnight, Kubla Khan, Christabel, and Dejection: an Ode. Such multiplicity of versions raises a number of theoretical and practical questions about the constitution of the Coleridge canon, the ontological identity of any specific work in the canon, the editorial treatment of Coleridge's works, and the ways in which multiple versions complicate interpretation of the poems as a unified (or, as the case may be, disunified) body of work. Providing much new information about the texts and production of Coleridge's major poems, Stillinger's study offers intriguing new theories about the nature of authorship and the constitution of literary works.