bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in Thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Viel Laurent , Juniper Elizabeth , Prescott John F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Respiratory tract infections are prevalent in foals, yet the frequency with which the distal airways are affected in clinical episodes of respiratory tract disease has not been evaluated to our knowledge. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection (drti) in foals on a sample of Thoroughbred breeding farms (n = 10) in Ontario. In a pilot study, clinical criteria commonly used to select foals for antimicrobial treatment (detection of abnormal lung sounds, plus nasal discharge, cough, fever, tachypnea, and/or lethargy) were found to segregate foals with and without endoscopically confirmed drti. Mucopurulent exudate and bronchial erythema were observed more frequently (P < 0.005), bronchial lavage total cell count and neutrophil concentration were significantly (P < 0.005) higher, and intracellular cocci were recovered significantly (P < 0.01) more often from bronchial lavage samples of affected foals (n = 8) than of controls (n = 8). These clinical criteria were used to identify cases in a cohort of Thoroughbred foals (n = 219) from May 1 to October 30, 1991. Case morbidity adjusted for clustering was 82 ± 5% (95% confidence limits, 72 to 92%). Most (74%) episodes of clinical drti were detected in July and August, and equal numbers were detected before (53%) and after (47%) weaning of foals. Of 178 cases, 66 (48%) were selected at random for endoscopy and bronchial lavage. Grade-II pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia was observed commonly (60% of foals); auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch) discharge was observed in 18 of 86 (21%) foals, and guttural pouch infection was confirmed in 6 of 7 foals examined endoscopically. Endoscopically confirmed drti, defined as visual detection of bronchial exudate with microscopic detection of intracellular cocci and markedly high neutrophil count in bronchial lavage samples, was confirmed in 75 of 86 (87%) cases tested. These data indicate that drti might be reliably diagnosed by auscultation during a simple rebreathing exercise. The syndrome of drti was extremely common in Thoroughbred foals, characterized by marked inflammation of visible airways and cytologic evidence of bacterial infection. Risk factors for clinical (undifferentiated) drti were not identified in this study.
Association of microbiologic flora with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic findings in foals with distal respiratory tract infection
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Viel Laurent , Prescott John F. , Rosendal Soren , Thorsen Jan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Undifferentiated distal respiratory tract disease (nasal discharge, cough, pneumonia) in foals (1 to 8 months old) is a burdensome economic problem on breeding farms; yet, the infective agents associated with these episodes have not been well described. Possible causes of these episodes of illness were investigated by culturing specimens of proximal and distal airways of clinically diseased foals (n = 101), prior to any treatment, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and viruses (rhinoviruses, equine arteritis virus, equine herpesvirus subtype 1 [ehv-1], influenza virus, and adenovirus). Pairs of sera (n = 47) were examined for antibodies to influenza A virus, equine subtypes 1 and 2, ehv-1, and adenovirus antigens, and sera obtained from foals during acute infection were examined for antibodies (by agar gel immunodiffusion [agid]) to equi factor antigens of Rhodococcus equi. Viruses were not isolated from the proximal (swab) or distal (bronchial lavage) airway specimens in foals, and only 2 of 47 randomly selected foals seroconverted to ehv-1. Serotiters to the other viruses were low and frequently decreasing between samples, which was compatible with maternally derived antibody. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was the predominant isolate from bronchial lavage specimens (88/101 cases), accompanied by α-hemolytic streptococci (8 cases), Bordetella bronchiseptica (13 cases), Staphylococcus epidermidis (9 cases), and other organisms in lesser frequency. Only Str zooepidemicus was recovered significantly (P < 0.05) more often in cases than in controls. The agid test was found useful to detect foals with presumed exposure to R equi, but positive tests results did not correspond well with bacterial culture results; positive agid results were recorded in 34% of culturenegative foals. However, foals from which R equi was isolated were distinctive from the other foals on the basis of fever (> 39 C), lack of nasal discharge, blood neutrophilia, and decreased percentage of neutrophils in bronchial lavage fluid samples. Isolation of Str zooepidemicus was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with increasing neutrophil percentage in bronchial lavage fluid. In conclusion, the pathogenic roles of Str zooepidemicus and R equi were established in this group of foals with distal respiratory tract infections by use of clinical, endoscopic, hematologic, and cytologic methods. There was no evidence of a viral cause for these infections, indicating that manifestations of distal respiratory tract infection are attributable to bacterial infection causing inflammation of the airways. Further studies are warranted to pursue more-sensitive methods for detection of viral antigen or antibody in undifferentiated distal respiratory tract disease episodes in foals.
Neuropeptidergic innervation of equine synovial joints
Authors: Bowker Robert M. , Abhold Raymond H. , Caron John P. , Sonea Ioana M. , Vex Kelly B. , Kotyk Rebecca 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Immunocytochemical analysis of equine synovial membranes revealed presence of several neuropeptides, including substance P (sp), neurokinin A, and neuropeptide Y, in nerves of the radiocarpal, middle carpal, and metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joints. Within the subsynovium, these neuropeptides were located perivascularly, whereas in the fronds, only neuropeptide Y was restricted to the vessels of the synovial membrane. Only sp and neurokinin A were found in the intimal layer. The intimal layer of the metacarpophalangeal joint contained more sp-immunoreactive fibers than were observed in the intimal layer of the radiocarpal joint. Substance P also was detected in the synovial fluid from all 3 joints, but mean ± sd concentrations were significantly different only between the middle carpal joint (37.56 ± 5.48 fmol/ml; n = 6) and the metacarpophalangeal joint (55.80 ± 8.33 fmol/ml; n = 5) and between the middle carpal joint and the radiocarpal joint (52.43 ± 14.60 fmol/ml; n = 7).
Sensory receptors in the equine foot
Authors: Bowker R. M. , Brewer A. M. , Vex K. B. , Guida L. A. , Linder K. E. , Sonea I. M. , Stinson A.W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Two types of sensory receptors were located in the equine foot, using anatomic techniques. Histologic examination of stained hoof sections revealed lamellated corpuscles in the hoof dermis, which had many of the morphologic characteristics of Pacinian corpuscles. These sensory receptors were restricted to the palmar (caudal) aspects of the solar dermis of the heel. A second type of receptor was detected by use of immunocytochemistry, indicating apparently naked nerve endings containing the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in skin, solar dermal tubules, and the digital cushion. This peptide is an example of a sensory neurotransmitter contained in dorsal root ganglion cells and is believed to exist only in unmyelinated sensory nerve fibers. These 2 morphologic structures may be used for detection of sensory stimuli, such as pressure (or vibratory senses) and pain, respectively, in horses during various locomotory gaits.
Humoral immune responses in cats with dermatophytosis
Authors: Sparkes Andrew Howard , Stokes Christopher Robin , Gruffydd-Jones Timothy John 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The IgG and IgM classes of antibodies to a watersoluble antigen preparation derived from Microsporum canis were determined by elisa in the sera of 79 cats with dermatophytosis confirmed by results of fungal culture, and of 46 specific-pathogen-free-derived, barrier-maintained cats with no previous exposure to dermatophytes. Of the 79 cats with dermatophytosis, the species isolated were: M canis from 72, M gypseum from 6, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes from 1.
Concentrations of soluble M canis antigen-specific IgG and IgM were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the cats with dermatophytosis than in the control cats. The IgG concentration was ≥ 2.0 elisa units/ml in 71% of the cats with dermatophytosis and in 9% of the control cats, whereas IgM concentration was ≥ 4.0 elisa units/ml in 38% of the cats with dermatophytosis and in 11% of control cats. There was no significant difference in either IgG or IgM values between the cats with M canis infection and those with other non-M canis dermatophyte infections.
Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole after rectal administration in horses
Authors: Garber Jenifer L. , Brown Murray P. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Merritt Kelly 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Five healthy adult mares and 1 gelding were given a single dose (15 mg/kg of body weight) of metronidazole per rectum. After manual evacuation of feces from the rectum, a suspension of crushed tablets and water (40 ml) was administered via a 28-F catheter advanced 30 cm into the rectum. Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture, and metronidazole concentration was measured serially for the 14 hours after drug administration. Mean serum concentration of metronidazole peaked at 4.5 μg/ml, 0.83 hour after administration, and decreased to 0.38 μg/ml, 14 hours after administration. Mean elimination rate constant was 0.23/h, and the harmonic mean elimination half-life was 3.04 hours. Further study is necessary to determine a therapeutic dose regimen for metronidazole administered per rectum.
Effect of furosemide on physiologic variables in exercising horses
Authors: Harkins J. D. , Hackett R. P. , Ducharme N. G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twelve horses (6 Standardbreds and 6 Thoroughbreds) received im injections of furosemide (250 mg) or physiologic saline solution and performed standard exercise tests, to assess the effects of furosemide and breed on blood gas values, pcv, plasma lactate concentration, and heart rate during exercise. After furosemide administration, arterial and venous blood pH values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in arterial blood and of CO2 in venous blood (Pao2, PaCO2, and PvCO2, respectively) were unaffected by furosemide treatment, whereas venous partial pressures of O2 (Pvo2) were significantly (P < 0.05) less during exercise after furosemide treatment, suggesting an increase in oxygen uptake by the exercising muscles or a change in cardiac output. A significant (P < 0.05) difference was found between Thoroughbred and Standardbred values for arterial and venous pH, PaO2, PaCO2, plasma lactate concentration, and heart rate, suggesting that Standardbreds exercised at a relatively higher work rate than did Thoroughbreds.
Effect of dietary sodium intake on glomerular filtration rate in partially nephrectomized dogs
Authors: Greco Deborah S. , Lees George E. , Dzendzel Gerald S. , Komkov Andrea , Carter Alice B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Exogenous creatinine clearance rate was determined in 8 partially (approx 75%) nephrectomized dogs fed 2 concentrations of dietary sodium, beginning 9 weeks after partial nephrectomy was performed. In a double crossover design, dogs were then fed low-sodium diet (0.18% sodium on a dry-weight basis) or high-sodium diet (1.3% sodium on a dry-weight basis) in 2 sequences (l/h/l or h/l/h) for 3 consecutive 4-week observation periods. Glomerular filtration rate (gfr) was measured by exogenous creatinine clearance before and after partial nephrectomy, and every 2 weeks during the experimental diet periods. Initial mean ± sd gfr (3.76 ± 0.78 ml/min/kg of body weight) decreased precipitously after nephrectomy (1.25 ± 0.45 ml/min/kg); however, during the postnephrectomy and experimental diet periods, gfr gradually increased in all dogs to nearly half the prenephrectomy values (1.87 ± 0.22 ml/min/kg). Significant differences ingfr were not observed when dogs were fed the l/h/l or the h/l/h sequence. Therefore, it was concluded that abrupt change from high dietary sodium (1.3%) to restricted dietary sodium (0.18%), or vice versa, does not cause deterioration of renal function in dogs with moderate renal impairment. However, caution should be used in extrapolating these findings to dogs with clinically evident (azotemia, isosthenuria) renal failure.
Efficacy dosage titration of lufenuron against developmental stages of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) in cats
Authors: Blagbum Byron L. , Vaughan Joy L. , Lindsay David S. , Tebbitt Guy L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Thirty-two mixed-breed male and female cats were blocked by sex, arranged by body weight from greatest to least, and allocated to 4 groups of 8 (4 male, 4 female) cats, using random numbers. Cats in each of 3 groups were treated orally with a 7% suspension formulation of lufenuron at dosage of 15, 30, or 45 mg/kg of body weight. Cats in the fourth group were treated orally with an excipient suspension without lufenuron. Cats were infested with newly emerged, unfed cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis felis) on days - 7 and — 3 before treatment and at approximately weekly intervals after treatment. Flea eggs were collected from beneath each cat on selected days before and after treatment and placed in an artificial rearing medium. Flea eggs and medium were kept for 35 days in an insectary to determine effects of lufenuron or excipient suspension on emergence of adults of the F1 generation. Lufenuron was 100% effective in inhibiting development of C felis at all dosages for 11 days after treatment. Thereafter, efficacy exceeded 92% in all dosages groups. On day 32, when the study was terminated, efficacy for each of the dosage groups was: 15 mg/kg, 95.2%; 30 mg/ kg, 98.2%; and 45 mg/kg, 99.6%. Adverse reactions or side effects were not observed in cats, regardless of treatment dosage.
Bovine mammary teat and ductal epithelial cell cultures
Authors: Cifrian Eduardo , Guidry Albert J. , O'Brien Celia N. , Keys John E. , Marquardt Warren W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bovine mammary epithelial cells from teat and ductal tissue were isolated at necropsy and were grown in culture. Cells were characterized by the presence of cytokeratin filaments, cell morphologic features, synthesis of milk proteins, esterase activity, dna content, and growth patterns on polystyrene, fibronectin, laminin, collagen, and reconstituted basement membrane from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine sarcoma. Cultured teat and ductal cells stained intensely for cytokeratin and had similar morphologic features. Both cell types synthesized α-casein, β-casein, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and lactoferrin to variable degrees. Cell type and culture conditions did not affect the dna content of the cells, as indicated by similar amounts of dna in G0G1 and G2M phases of the mitotic cycle in cultured cells and in cells from freshly isolated mammary explants. Cells cultured on polystyrene, fibronectin, laminin, and collagen formed pavement-like cell monolayers suitable for cytotoxicity and bacterial adherence studies. Cells cultured on the reconstituted basement membrane from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm murine sarcoma formed three-dimensional structures closely resembling lactiferous ducts and alveoli, which could be used for studying lactogenesis and galactopoiesis. Freshly isolated cells and cultured cells were stored at -70 C or in liquid nitrogen. The latter storage method affected the cells less than did freezing at -70 C.
Comparative use of various mydriatic drugs in kestrels (Falco tinnunculus)
Authors: Mikaelian Igor , Paillet Isabelle , Williams David 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The mydriatic effect of 3 curare-like neuromuscular blocking agents was tested in European kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) after topical application. Alcuronium chloride (5 mg/ml) was found to be effective at a dose of 1 drop (20 drops = 1 ml) administered twice at a 15-minute interval. Mydriasis was achieved at t = 26 ± 11 minutes, maximal effect was reached at t = 60 ± 39 minutes, and sufficient mydriasis ended at t = 364 ± 134 minutes. Nevertheless, side effects, including temporary full paralysis in 1 bird, indicated that this drug should not be used. Pancuronium bromide (2 mg/ml) had an inconsistent effect on each bird at a dose of 2 drops administered twice at 15-minute intervals, and total mydriasis was not reached in 5 of 8 birds. Mydriasis was achieved at t = 34 ± 11 minutes, maximal effect was reduced and reached at t = 43 ± 13 minutes, and sufficient mydriasis ended at t = 90 ± 39 minutes. Vecuronium bromide (4 mg/ml) was administered at a dose of 2 drops, 3 times, at 15-minute intervals. Mydriasis was achieved at t = 23 ± 8 minutes, maximal effect was reached at t = 65 ± 12 minutes, and sufficient mydriasis ended at t = 253 ± 65 minutes. Side effects were not detected. Vecuronium bromide should be used in raptorial birds whenever retinal examination requires fundoscopy.
Effective treatment with dihydrostreptomycin of naturally infected cows shedding Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hbardjobovis
Authors: Gerritsen Marijke J. , Koopmans Metje J. , Dekker Toos C. E. M. , Jong Mart C. M. De , Moerman Arent , Olyhoek Tom 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The efficacy of dihydrostreptomycin in stopping the shedding of Leptospira hardjo subtype hardjobovis was studied in naturally infected cows. Blood and urine samples were collected from dairy cows kept on a farm where the farmer had contracted L hardjobovis infection. A microscopic agglutination test and an ELISA were used to determine specific antibody responses in serum. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect bacterial shedding in urine. On the first sample collection date, 6 cows were seropositive, and 3 of those shed leptospires in the urine. These 3 cows were treated once with 25 mg of dihydrostreptomycin/ kg of body weight. Within 1 week, the 3 cows stopped shedding leptospires. Six weeks later, 8 more lactating cows were found to be shedding leptospires. These cows were also treated once with dihydrostreptomycin, and they too stopped shedding leptospires within 1 week. From then on, the whole herd was examined weekly for a period of 2 months, and all cows Leptospira-positive by polymerase chain reaction were treated once with dihydrostreptomycin. Again, all cows stopped shedding leptospires in the urine within 1 week after treatment with dihydrostreptomycin. After a single treatment of the whole herd at the same time, new infections were not seen.
Use of polymerase chain reaction to detect porcine parvovirus associated with swine embryos
Authors: Gradil C. M. , Harding M. J. , Lewis K. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The role of porcine parvovirus (ppv) in inducing reproductive failure in swine has been extensively documented. However, information is not available as to the risk of ppv transmission by embryo transfer. Using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique, ppv-specific DNA was detected in association with 4-day-old porcine embryos incubated in vitro in the presence of NADL-8 strain of ppv, despite attempts to rid the embryos of virus by either washing or treatment with pronase or trypsin. The presence of ppv in embryos collected from acutely infected swine was not detected by pcr, although ppv DNA was detected in the proximal portion of the reproductive tract during the early stages of infection. Viral specific nucleic acid was not detected in embryos transferred from infected donors to seronegative recipients and retrieved and assayed on the 15th and 32nd days of gestation. Results of the use of pcr to detect ppv associated with swine female reproductive tract and embryos ascribe minimal risk to the transmission of ppv to seronegative recipients through embryo transfer.
Antibody binding of circulating ergot alkaloids in cattle grazing tall fescue
Authors: Hill Nicholas Scott , Thompson Frederick Nimrod , Dawe Donald Louis , Stuedemann John Alfred 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Direct evidence linking alkaloids found in endophyte-infected tall fescue forage with the livestock disorder known as fescue toxicosis is lacking. Physiologic effects of fescue toxicosis include reduced serum prolactin concentration in cattle. A monoclonal antibody specific to the lysergic moiety of ergot alkaloids was developed in mice after creating an immunogen by linking lysergol to human serum albumin. The antibody was specific to the lysergic moiety and, therefore, it cross-reacted with ergot alkaloids, lysergic acid, and lysergol. The antibody did not cross-react with alkaloid derivatives that had bromated or hydrogenated lysergic ring moieties. Fescue toxicosis conditions were elicited in yearling Angus steers by permitting them to graze endophyte-infected tall fescue containing > 650 μg/kg of ergovaline for 60 days. Passive immunization of steers by infusion of the monoclonal antibody increased serum prolactin concentration by 7 ng/ml, beginning immediately after infusion. Control steers did not respond to treatment with bovine serum albumin. Active immunization of yearling Angus heifers with immunogens containing lysergol or ergonovine linked to human serum albumin resulted in an antibody response.
Laryngeal paralysis-polyneuropathy complex in young Dalmatians
Authors: Braund Kyle G. , Shores Andy , Cochrane Susan , Forrester Dru , Kwiecien Jack M. , Steiss Janer E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Clinical, morphologic, and morphometric findings are reported in 14 young Dalmatians with laryngeal paralysis. Neurologic signs, including megaesophagus, were observed in 13 of 14 dogs. Electromyographic abnormalities included fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves in laryngeal, esophageal, facial, and distal appendicular muscles. Neurogenic atrophy was detected in intrinsic laryngeal and appendicular skeletal muscles. A diffuse, generalized polyneuropathy, dominated by axonal degeneration, was observed in recurrent laryngeal and appendicular peripheral nerves. Results of quantitative studies, using single teased fiber and cross-sectional nerve preparations, indicated that changes were more severe in distal parts of peripheral nerves, with preferential loss of medium sized (5.5 to 8 μm) and large-caliber (8.5 to 12 μm) myelinated nerve fibers. Ultrastructural alterations were observed in myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. The term laryngeal paralysis-polyneuropathy complex is proposed for this apparent dying-back disorder, which is clinically, electrophysiologically, and pathologically different from laryngeal paralysis in young Bouvier des Flandres and Siberian Huskies. Prognosis for Dalmatians with laryngeal paralysis-polyneuropathy complex is guarded to poor. The condition is believed to be inherited.