bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
180 Years of Liquidity Expansion and International Lending
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3 I argued that global capital flows are less a function of local growth prospects and more a function of independent expansions and contractions in underlying liquidity in rich-country financial centers. Although this liquidity approach may at first seem inconsistent with rational investor behavior, it nonetheless provides a better explanation of why capital flows into less developed economies have occurred over the past two hundred years largely in the form of investment waves. In this chapter and the next I will examine these lending waves to argue that the liquidity model does a much better job of explaining the history of these capital flows than does the investment model. Drawing in part on the work of Christian Suter,1, we can list these waves as consisting of the periods shown in table 4.1.
Toward a Theory of Sovereign Capital Structure Management
Authors: Pettis Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of correlated funding is an old one and, the history of financial crises notwithstanding, has been a tool long used by authorities to reduce the costs of risk. In Babylon three thousand years ago, it was used to protect borrowers from being forced to make excessive payments during periods of low revenues. Paragraph 48 of Hammurabi ‘s code, for example, lists a rule that limits the obligations of a debtor—who was most likely to be a farmer—according to weather conditions. “When a storm prostrates the grain, or the harvest fail, or the grain does not grow for lack of water,” it commands, “in that year he need not give his creditor any grain, he washes his debt tablet in water and pays no rent for the year.”1 According to the code, in other words, the obligations of a debtor are reduced under conditions in which his revenue is likely to be very low—his debt payment is correlated to his earnings. This same sort of correlated payment structure is also a basic tool for corporate and banking specialists who want to limit earnings volatility, increase asset value, and reduce for a corporation the probability of financial distress.
Celtic Mythology
Authors: Leeming David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The origin of the Celts, today the smallest group of IndoEuropean speakers, is unclear. Some archeologists have perhaps somewhat dubiously suggested the existence of a proto-Celtic Indo-European people in the so-called Beaker and Battle-Ax cultures of the third millennium b.c.e. Still others see Celtic beginnings in the urnfield and tumulus cultures of the second millennium. Claims with more basis are those made for the central European Hallstatt culture of the ninth century b.c.e., marked by the extensive use of iron, and especially the fifth century b.c.e. La Tène culture, an Indo-European aristocratic-warrior culture that existed in the European lands we generally think of as Celtic.
Cecilia Valdés
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cecilia Valdés is arguably the most important novel of 19th century Cuba. Written in 1882 by Cirilo Villaverde in exile in New York City, but set in the Havana of the 1830s, the novel recounts a story of the moral, political, and sexual depravity caused by slavery and colonialism. The heroine of the novel, the beautiful light-skinned mulatta named Cecilia, is being pursued by Leonardo, the son of a Spanish slave trader. Unbeknownst to the two, they are the children of the same father. Eventually Cecilia gives in to Leonardo’s advances; she becomes pregnant and gives birth to a baby girl. When Leonardo, who is getting bored with his mistress, agrees to marry a white upper class woman, Cecilia vows revenge. A mulatto friend and suitor of hers kills Leonardo, and Cecilia is thrown into prison as an accessory to the crime. Rich in social and historical detail, Cecilia Valdés opens a window into the intricate problems of race relations in the Caribbean, the interactions between sexual, social, and racial oppression, and the lived experience of colonialism.
Gabriel García Márquez Cienanos de soledad
Authors: Higgins James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Because of the unusual circumstances of his upbringing, García Márquez was to experience solitude from an early age. His mother, Luisa, the daughter of one of the region’s long-established families, had married a humble telegraphist, Gabriel Eligio Garcfa, against her parents’ wishes, but to placate them she returned home for the birth of her first child and left the boy behind to be brought up by them. In his grandparents’ large, rambling house, shared by three aunts, he grew up as a solitary little boy among elderly adults. Later experiences were to reinforce the deep-rooted sense of solitude that runs through all his writing.
The Sacred Harlots of One Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: Roses Lorraine Elena 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Literary Crrtrque s o F Gabriel García Marquez’s One Hundred Years of Solitude frequently describe a dynamic between visionary male and industrious female characters, highlighting an interplay in which men and women pursue distinct objectives within their separate realms: the former live by futuristic dreams, and the latter struggle to keep body and soul together. Mario Vargas Llosa painted a picture early on (1971) of the [Buendia) man as “lord and master of the world” and the woman as “lady and mistress of the hearth,” subservient to her husband and exerting “limited authority over the children” (Vargas Llosa, 505).
Streams Out of Control: The Latin American Plot
Authors: Rincon Carlos 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Books Ellers in front of the University of Teheran hawk their wares heaped on tables in a bazaar-like atmosphere: “One Hundred Years of Solitude one hundred pages for one hundred tuman.” In the vast spaces of what used to be the Soviet Union, in Samarkanda and in Yerivan, in Tiblisi and in Alma Ata, Gabriel Garcfa Marquez’s novel circulated in magnitisdat, clandestine recorded cassettes that were the oral version of the written samisdat, unofficial, counterofficial.
Military Fantasies
Authors: Prokopowicz Gerald J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I n July 1863, at the Pennsylvania crossroads town of Gettysburg, the Union Army of the Potomac under George Gordon Meade won a momentous victory over Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia. In three days of intense fighting, Meade’s army inflicted 28,000 Confederate losses, while suffering 23,000 killed or wounded of its own, including three of its seven corps commanders. On the fourth day of the confrontation between the two forces, the battlefield was comparatively quiet. Lee sent a seventeen-mile-long wagon train of wounded men back toward Virginia, but defiantly kept the rest of his troops in place on Seminary Ridge, daring Meade to attack him.
The Bolivian Constitution
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Legislators! As I offer you this draft of a constitution for Bolivia, I am overwhelmed by confusion and trepidation, knowing that I have no talent for making laws. When I consider that the wisdom of all the ages is insufficient to compose a fundamental code of law that is perfect, and that the most enlightened legislator can be the direct cause of human wretchedness and the parody, so to speak, of his own divine ministry, what can I say of the soldier, born among slaves and entombed in the deserts of his country, whose political experience is limited to the sight of captives in chains and their fellow soldiers taking up arms to set them free? I, a legislator? It would be hard to say which is more foolish, your delusion or my acquiescence. I don’t know who will suffer more in this horrible con?ict: you, for the harm you should fear concerning the laws you requested of me, or I, for the opprobrium to which your trust condemns me.
Address to the “Congreso Admirable”: Message to the Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Allow me to congratulate you for this meeting of Congress, which now undertakes the sublime duties of lawgiver for the nation. This is a grand and arduous project, to constitute as a nation a people recently emerged from oppression via anarchy and civil war, and who are ill prepared to receive the healthy reforms to which they have aspired. But the lessons of history, the examples of both the old and the new world, and the experience of twenty years of revolution must serve you as so many beacons placed to guide you through the darkness of the future. I ?atter myself that your wisdom will rise to the task of controlling with a firm hand the passions of the few and the ignorance of the multitudes, consulting when need be the enlightened judgment of sensible men whose good wishes are a precious resource for resolving questions of high policy. Beyond this, you will also discover important guides to action in the very nature of our country, which includes the lofty regions of the Andes and the burning shores of the Orinoco.
Oath Taken in Rome
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So then, this is the nation of Romulus and Numa, of the Gracchi and the Horaces, of Augustus and Nero, of Caesar and Brutus, of Tiberius and Trajan?1 Here every manner of grandeur has had its type, all miseries their cradle. Octavian masks himself in the cloak of public piety to con- ceal his untrusting character and his bloody outbursts; Brutus thrusts his dagger into the heart of his patron so as to replace Caesar’s tyranny with his own; Antony renounces his claim to glory to set sail on the galleys of a whore; with no projects of reform, Sulla beheads his fellow country- men, and Tiberius, dark as night and depraved as crime itself, divides his time between lust and slaughter. For every Cincinnatus there were a hundred Caracallas, a hundred Caligulas for every Trajan, a hundred Claudiuses for every Vespasian.
Manifesto to the Nations of the World
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The people of these provinces, after having proclaimed their independence and freedom, were subjugated by an adventurer who—seizing power through usurpation and taking advantage of the consternation caused by an earthquake rendered frightening more through the ignorance and superstition of its victims than through the devastation it produced—invaded the territory, shedding American blood, robbing its inhabitants, and committing horrific atrocities that will appall and move you to sympathy once they have been sufficiently documented and presented for your consideration. Meanwhile, for the purpose of avoiding calumny by our enemies, it is urgent and obligatory to provide you with a preliminary account, succinctly expressed since there is no other way of proceeding given the cur- rent situation to explain our present conduct, in the expectation that it will persuade you to condemn and abhor the conduct of our oppressors and to turn on them as enemies of the human species, authors of the most vicious crimes against justice and human rights, perpetrated shamelessly, and whose wickedness has yet to be punished by the nation in whose name they have shed our blood, savaged our citizens, and desolated our state.
Declaration of Angostura
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considering that when the Spanish government requests the mediation of the major powers in its effort to reconcile and reestablish its authority over the free and independent people of America, it is urgent that we convey to the world Venezuela’s feelings and decision. That even though these feelings and that decision were embodied in the establishment of the Republic on 5 July 1811 and more specifically since the very first announcements of the proposition of the government of Madrid, it is the obligation of those representing the national government to reiterate them, giving them formal expression in solemn and legal terms. That we are obliged to make this frank and clear declaration not only out of respect and consideration for the major powers but even more urgently to calm the spirits of the citizens of Venezuela.
My Delirium on Chimborazo
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I was coming along, cloaked in the mantle of Iris, from the place where the torrential Orinoco pays tribute to the God of waters. I had visited the enchanted springs of Amazonia, straining to climb up to the watch- tower of the universe. I sought the tracks of La Condamine and Hum- boldt,11 following them boldly. Nothing could stop me. I reached the glacial heights, and the atmosphere took my breath away. No human foot had ever blemished the diamond crown placed by Eternity’s hands on the sublime temples of this lofty Andean peak. I said to myself: Iris’s rainbow cloak has served as my banner. I’ve carried it through the infernal regions. It has ploughed rivers and seas and risen to the gigantic shoulders of the Andes. The terrain had leveled off at the feet of Colombia, and not even time could hold back freedom’s march.
Manifesto Concerning the Installation of the Constituent Congress, the End of the Dictatorship, and Announcing the End of His Political Career (20 January 1830)
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Colombians! Today I cease to govern you. I have served you for twenty years as soldier and leader.During this long period we have taken back our country, liberated three republics, fomented many civil wars, and four times I have returned to the people their omnipotence, convening personally four constitutional congresses. These services were inspired by your virtues, your courage, and your patriotism; mine is the great privilege of having governed you.
Letter to Sir Richard Wellesley: An Appeal for Support
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I had the honor of making your acquaintance in that capital [London], I vowed to satisfy the request you kindly made, to write to you about what I believed worthy of communicating to you. At first I did not wish to abuse your indulgence, and I only took the liberty of intruding on your attention when I judged that the time had come to share with you the most important of the terrible and glorious events that had befallen us. After many victories had been won by the forces under my command, I made so bold as to enter into confidential communication with you. I did that then, but have not presumed a second time to take advantage of a privilege so ?attering to me. Now, for the second time, I take the liberty of addressing my thoughts to you, not to recount fortuitous events but to draw forth the sublime sentiments characteristic of an enlightened and liberal man. I write to you, esteemed friend and gentleman, in the hope that you will use your in?uence on behalf of a world as worthy of compassion for its innocence as it is cruelly persecuted by its enemies.
Thoughts on the Congress to Be Held in Panama
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Panama Congress will assemble all the representatives of America and a diplomatic agent of the government of His Britannic Majesty. This Congress seems destined to form the largest, most extraordinary, and most powerful league ever seen on the face of the earth. The Holy Alliance will be inferior in power to this confederation, provided Great Britain chooses to take part in it. The well-being of the human race would benefit immensely from such an alliance, and America and Great Britain would reap extraordinary benefits. Relationships between political entities would be given a code of public law to govern international conduct.
“Plague America with Miseries”
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I must begin by thanking you for the many kind sentiments you have expressed toward Colombia and toward me throughout your letter. Is there any limit to the debt of gratitude we owe you? I am overwhelmed by all that you have thought and done to sustain the country and the glo-ry of her leader since your arrival among us. The British minister resident in the United States23 honors me excessively when he says that he has hope only for Colombia, because only in Colombia is there a Bolívar. What he does not know is that his physical existence and health are much debilitated and that Bolívar is at death’s door. What you have seen fit to tell me regarding the new plan to name a European prince as successor to my authority does not catch me entire- ly by surprise, because some inkling of this had been communicated to me, though quite mysteriously and somewhat timidly, since my way of thinking is well known.
Method to Be Employed in the Education of My Nephew Fernando Bolívar
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The education of children should always be appropriate to their age, inclinations, spirit, and temperament. As my nephew is above twelve years of age, he should apply himself to learning modern languages, without neglecting his own. The dead languages should be studied after he has learned the living languages. Geography and cosmography should be the earliest knowledge acquired by a young man. The study of history, like languages, should begin with the contemporary period and then gradually move back in time to the dark ages of fable. It is never too early to begin the study of natural sciences, because they teach us the technique of analysis in everything, moving from the known to the unknown, and in that way we learn to think and reason with logic. But the student’s ability to perform calculation should be kept in mind, for not all are equal in their aptitude for mathematics.
Letters to José Joaquín de Olmedo: Critique of the “Victoria de Junín”
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A few short days ago I received on the road two of your letters and a poem: The letters are from a politician and a poet, but the poem is from an Apollo. Neither the heat of the tropics, all the fires of Junín and Ayacucho, nor all the lightning bolts sent down by the Father of Manco Capac have ever produced a more intense conflagration in the mind of a mortal. You open fire . .. where no shot has ever been fired before; you scorch the earth with the sparks from the axle and wheels of a chariot of Achilles that never passed through Junín; you take possession of all the characters: you turn me into a Jupiter, Sucre into a Mars, La Mar into an Agamemnon or a Menelaus, Córdova into an Achilles, Necochea into a Patrocles or an Ajax, Miller into a Diomedes, and Lara into a Ulysses.
Brave New Brain Confronting The Burden of Mental Illness
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human beings are wondrous, goodly, and beautiful creatures, as Miranda observed in Shakespeare’s magical final play, The Tempest. This play was his farewell to London theater. Shakespeare wrote it in his late forties and then walked away forever, retiring to a quiet life in Stratford-on-Avon.We do not know why. In this last play that he would ever write, he must have wanted to give the world a message that he considered very important. Just as Romeo and Juliet is a great play for teenagers, The Tempest is a great play for grown-ups. It is about lofty and fundamental themes, such as conquering evil with goodness and ignorance with wisdom. It is about love and hope. Because it is both wise and affirmative, it is my favorite play.
Miranda speaks these lines when she sees other human beings for the first time, after a tempest wrecks a ship and the survivors struggle ashore. She has grown up on an isolated island, surrounded only by nonhuman creatures such as the ethereal spirit Ariel and the primal Caliban. Her father, Prospero, is the only human being she has ever seen. By a twist of fate, the survivors include Prospero’s brother,Antonio, who betrayed him and banished him from Milan many years ago. Also among them is a handsome young man, Ferdinand, with whom Miranda falls in love. (Even at almost fifty, Shakespeare still understood the nature of being in love.) Miranda suddenly envisions a brave new world, filled with beautiful and goodly people. The play is about the reconciliation between the estranged brothers and the love that develops between Miranda and Ferdinand.
Mood Disorders Riding The Emotional Roller Coaster
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marcia was puzzled. Hal was really acting strange. He was doing things that were completely out of character for him.
Marcia and Hal were getting ready to celebrate their fifteenth wedding anniversary. It had been a great fifteen years.True, Marcia had given birth to two kids and no longer weighed 105 with a 22-inch waist, but she still was a pretty good-looking 112. Hal was the one who should be able to use the pregnancy excuse! On Marcia’s cooking he had ballooned from 140 to 175 and acquired a loveable paunch.
Their fortunes had ballooned as well. Hal was a developer in Santa Fe, and he had a real knack for it. Although the market had leveled a bit during the late 1980s and early 1990s, things had been booming for the last five years. Hal himself had really done well, even during the “soft” times. Hal knew what he was doing and cared about doing it exactly right. People respected his meticulousness. Hal could anticipate better than most, and he worried about all the right details. He could look at 120 acres of land, and where other people saw a wasteland, he could envision roads that took interesting turns to well-sited houses looking at the Jemez or Sangre de Cristo mountains. He wasn’t one of those shoddy developers. He also worried about the community and the environment. People trusted him. They knew he was honest, that he wouldn’t compromise quality or standards to make an extra buck or two. In the wild whirlwind of Santa Fe real estate, a guy like Hal was a community treasure. Lots of locals were selling out to the Almighty Dollar, and carpetbaggers were also coming in from both coasts ... quite literally to capitalize on what could be done in the still unspoiled Southwest.
Writing History
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In large, complex societies, like those of ancient Mesoamerica, mythology is a prelude to the story of rulers and their nation’s greatness. The complete account, which may take hours to recite (or read), becomes a history of the world as seen through the eyes of a particular people.
Unfortunately, the screen-fold books that have been preserved from pre-Conquest times do not record any of these extended histories. What remain of the old libraries are mostly almanacs, or ritual calendars-though Mixtec examples do preserve the stories of certain kings, embellished with details borrowed from myth.
The accompanying illustration (see page 177) is of the opening page from one of the Mixtec books, the Codex Nuttall, showing the ruler 8 Wind emerging from the earth at lower right, helped by a companion. The reader moves from this lower right-hand corner straight to the top of the page, then to the left and down to the bottom, and so on, the eye winding across the book from right to left in a snakelike fashion.
Athapascan Variations
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Athapascan territory stretches from the Alaskan interior to within striking distance of the Columbia Basin and the northern Plains. The crest displays, masked dances, and potlatches of the west, with distance, change to the Plains-style vision quests of the south and east. In mythology, too, there is a gradual shift from Eskimo and Northwest Coast influences, as Raven, the trickster-hero of the far west, becomes a villain, then virtually disappears east of the Rockies.