bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Knowledge and Self-Regulation: An Economic Approach
Authors: Benabou Roland , Tirole Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In forecasting how Homo Economicus would evolve into Homo Sapiens, Thaler (2000) predicted that he would gradually ‘begin losing IQ’, but warned at the same time against simply ‘making [him] dumber’. He recommended instead that economists pay closer attention to the actual processes of human cognition, which psychologists have shown to be subject to a number of specific imperfections and biases.
Degrees of Exclusion: Developing a Dynamic, Multidimensional Measure
Authors: Burchardt Tania , Le Grand Julian , Piachaud David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Interpretations of the term ‘social exclusion’ are legion—as outlined in the Introduction to this volume—but empirical treatments are scarcer. Some analysis has been framed in terms of social exclusion, while focusing on a particular symptom or aspect (for example, crime or long-term unemployment: Jones Finer and Nellis 1998; Lawless et al. 1998). Others have produced summaries of a wide range of indicators (Rahman et al. 2000), or supplemented research on poverty with evidence on access to services and social support (Gordon et al. 2000).
Time, uncertainty, and liquidity
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Financial economics deals with the allocation of resources over time and in the face of uncertainty. Although we use terms like “present values,” “states of nature,” and “contingent commodities” to analyze resource allocation in these settings, the basic ideas are identical to those used in the analysis of consumer and producer behavior in ordinary microeconomic theory. In this chapter we review familiar concepts such as preferences, budget constraints, and production technologies in a new setting, where we use them to study the intertemporal allocation of resources and the allocation of risk.
Asset markets
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we examined the role of intermediaries as providers of liquidity and risk sharing. We did so under the assumption that intermediaries operated in isolation. There were no other financial institutions and no financial markets. In the present chapter, by contrast, we restrict our attention to asset markets and assume that there are no ?nancial institutions. In the chapters that follow, we use the building blocks developed in these two chapters to study economies in which ?nancial intermediaries and fionancial markets coexist and interact with each other.
Contagion
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Financial contagion refers to the process by which a crisis that begins in one region or country spreads to an economically linked region or country. Sometimes the basis for contagion is provided by information. Kodres and Pritsker (2002), Calvo and Mendoza (2000a, b) and Calvo (2002) show how asymmetric information can give rise to contagion between countries that are affected by common fundamentals. An example is provided by asset markets in two different countries.
Ethnic Conflict and Minority Responses
Authors: Hart Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All of Europe’s new post-war states had minority problems: hostile or vulnerable populations offering at least a potential threat-directly or by proxy-to new-found sovereignty.’ Such groups often ended up as other states’ problems, in the form of exiles, refugees, or irredentists. Anglo Irish relations were not ultimately thus affected, but Ireland certainly was. As a result of revolution and regime change, both northern Catholics and southern Protestants were harassed, persecuted, and terrorized by virtue of their ethnicity and perceived loyalties. Both groups were cut off from their preferred states and tended to see their new government as an alien imposition. However similar their dilemmas, though, northern and southern minority responses were strikingly different. While Protestants left the twenty-six counties in large numbers (falling by 34 per cent), the Catholic population of Northern Ireland stayed about the same (falling by 2 per cent-the same proportion as in the Free State).
Prologue
Authors: Shanon Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1983 I took a walking tour in the jungle of the Oriente of Ecuador. I joined four other people, two couples, and together we hired an Indian woman as our guide. The two couples kept very much to themselves, and I, being alone and much more interested in the locals than in my fellow tourists, paired with the guide. We walked and talked. When the woman found out that I was a psychologist, the topics she discussed became more and more personal. She recounted her life, critically examining her relationships with her parents when she was young.
Time
Authors: Shanon Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Temporality is perhaps the most fundamental constituent of human cognition. Kant (1781 / 1953) characterized time as the primary formal condition of experience, both external (of the physical world) and internal (of the psychological one). Empirical phenomenological inspection reveals that, indeed, human cognitive behaviour is grounded in time: Everything psychological takes time. This is true even of performances-like sensory perception-that, on the face of it, are either immediate or static.
A General Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Shanon Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our charting of the phenomenology of the Ayahuasca experience is now complete. First- and second-order, dynamical, and contextual questions have been examined. I turn now to the theoretical cognitive-psychological level Taking a broad, unified perspective, I shall attempt to make sense of the special state of consciousness that Ayahuasca induces. What happens to the mind under the intoxication? How should the visions and ideations experienced with Ayahuasca be conceived?
The Stirrings of New Nationalism
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Colonial literature in its exploratory and expansionist phases proclaimed cultural superiority and rightness. However, as was suggested earlier, the confidence which underlay colonial activity was not to last. Conrad’s dark colonial tales and Kipling’s brooding hymn ‘Recessional’ (1897) were proved percipient in their foreboding. By the beginning of the twentieth century Britain had begun to show signs of severe imperial overstretch. The humiliations of the Anglo-Boer War, in particular, laid bare the vulnerability of the Empire.
Afterword: Belated Reading
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world today has become so intensively interconnected that globalization is seen by many, those of the well-oﬀ north in particular, as the definitive condition of twenty-first-century humanity. ‘Trans-societal ﬂows’, a ‘borderless global economy’, and electronic communications increasingly undermine the former centrality of national structures and institutions, and demand a re-figuration of the languages of everyday life.1 Indeed, global interconnection has ramified to such an extent that postcolonial literature itself is now.
The Causes of the ‘Youth Employment Problem’:
Authors: Wasmer Etienne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In all OECD countries, young workers are the demographic category which has suffered most in the labour market over the past decades, either in terms of high unemployment, low wages or reduced participation. In 1990 in Europe, the unemployment rate of workers aged 25 and less reached 31.5 per cent in Italy, 19.3 per cent in France, 32.3 per cent in Spain, 6.1 per cent in Sweden (in 1991), and 6.4 per cent in Germany (in 1989), whereas the rates of unemployment of workers aged 26 and older was, respectively, in these countries, 7.0, 7.8, 12.2, 2.0, and 6.9 per cent. Between 1963 and 1987 in the US, the relative wage of the male workers with 1-10 years of potential experience declined by 70 per cent with respect to the 26-35 years of experience, controlling for education and other characteristics (Juhn et al., 1993). In the UK, young male workers withdrew massively from the labour force. This evidence points out the fact that the youth problem in the labour market is two-fold, both in terms of low employment and in terms of low wages. Hereafter, by the denomination ‘youth employment problem’, I will refer to both aspects, which, combined, imply a downward trend to labour income of the young labour market participants.
Unequal Societies: Income Distribution and the Social Contract
Authors: BÉnabou Roland 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The social contract varies considerably across nations. Some have low tax rates, others a steeply progressive fiscal system. Many countries have made the financing of education and health insurance the responsibility of the state. Some, notably the US, have left it in large part to families, local communities, and employers. The extent of implicit redistribution through labour-market policies or the mix of public goods also shows persistent differences.
Unemployment, Specialization, and Collective Preferences for Social Insurance
Authors: Hassler John , RodrÍguez Mora JosÉ V , Storesletten, Kjetil , zilibotti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two facts are the driving motivation behind this chapter. On the one hand, the average unemployment rate in Continental Europe is about twice as large as that of the US. Moreover, the duration of unemployment is substantially larger in Europe; more than 50 per cent of the unemployed in Europe have been unemployed for more than a year, while the corresponding figure for the US is a mere 10 per cent (see, for instance, Table 1 in Ljungqvist and Sargent, 1998). On the other hand, the generosity of the unemployment insurance (UI) remains substantially higher in most of Continental Europe than in the US. According to the summary measure of the OECD Data-base on Benefit Entitlements and Gross Replacement Rates, constructed as a weighted average of extent, duration and coverage of insurance for different types of workers, workers in Continental Europe enjoy government provided insurance that is more than three times higher than do workers in the US.
External Effects Theory Applied
Authors: Rahnasto Ilkka 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It can be easily seen that a rights holder may use intellectual property rights to oppose imitations. The case law and commentaries have generally adopted the approach that any enforcement activities directed against competitors to stop imitations are privileged. This is the ‘core’ or ‘specific subject matter’ of any intellectual property laws. The courts and commentators are universally reluctant to overrule the legal presumption that activities with the sole aim of stopping imitations are privileged from intervention by anti-trust laws.1 An innovator’s most immediate concern is to enjoy the advantage of its innovation in the market for its product. Competitors in the same market threaten the activities of the rights holder in an immediate way.2 This author supports this view.
Introduction
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many believe that the technical possibilities for establishing meeting places on the Internet with the purpose of assembling the worldwide supply and demand of almost any kind of product will create a revolution for business. The fact that the Internet makes it possible easily to gather a large amount of the supply and demand and thereby establish increased liquidity in the markets, is likely to Jead to a substantially increased use of electronic auctions and exchanges.1 If this prediction comes true, business will face tremendous changes in how to buy and sell products and services. This study with analyse the new legal questions that will follow the changes in business concepts.
Determination of the Winning Bid And The Price
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At first sight it may appear quite simple to determine which bid is the winning bid. how bids are to be matched and what the purchase price is. However, this is not necessarily simple. This chapter will illustrate some particularly difficult situations and provide recommendations on how to avoid uncertainty by express regulation in the conditions of sale or membership terms. There are different methods in use as to how to determine the winning bidder in auctions and exchanges. It is particularly difficult to establish the winning bidder when the bidders are allowed to submit combinations of bids that are not exactly the same. Modern technology makes it possible to compare bids that are combined in complicated ways. and it is then necessary to explain how the winning bid is determined.
The Operator’S Liability In Case Of Inaccessibility
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An electronic marketplace may be inaccessible, which may cause losses for the participants when they are dependent on its availability. This is the case when objects exposed to rapid price variations are being sold and bought and when alternative marketplaces are not readily available, because either the marketplace is dominant or competing marketplaces have time-consuming access procedures. Another example of dependency is when the participant is buying or selling continually and has adopted its logistic system to a continuous flow of small deals in the marketplace.
Final Remarks
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study has focused on the need for an Internet marketplace to ensure that 19.01 there is trust and confidence in it. Because of the globalization of trade and the reduced practical means for national states to influence cyberspace with regulations and enforcement of regulations, the marketplace must establish confidence itself without the traditional help of legislation and national institutions. The main tools a marketplace can use to establish trust and confidence are the membership terms, the conditions of sale, the technological infrastructure and the dispute resolution forum. All these should interact and be synchronized or co ordinated to achieve optimum efficiency. Trust must be established in all activities undertaken by a marketplace, which can include pre- and post-trade information, order routing, order execution, matching, clearing and settlement.
La Copropriété
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A very large proportion of French families live in parts of buildings either originally built as blocks of flats or in buildings at one time in single occupation but subsequently converted into flats. It is said that historically this was an arrangement which greatly pleased those who governed the country since each such building needed some permanent servant who could organize its security, the enforcement of its internal regulations and its general upkeep and organization but particularly who, by reason of his and his wife’s continuous presence, could monitor the comings and goings of the occupants and their visitors. Certainly, for a very long period, the concierge was a most trusted and fruitful police informer in addition to keeping each occupant of the block fully au fait with the affairs of all his neighbours.
Powers Of Attorney
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The equivalent in French law of the Powers of Attorney Act 1971 are C.civ.arts.1984 to 2010. Unfortunately, the Code does not provide for a simple general power such as is to be found in Schedule 1 to the English Act. It is worth while noting that the words mandat and procuration are interchangeable but, whilst perhaps the latter is more commonly used as a description of the document, the donor and donee mentioned in it are called mandant and mandataire respec tively. A power of attorney is also sometimes called a pouvoir but this term seems to be more used in current parlance for a proxy to attend company and copropriete meetings and the like.
Donation-Partage And Donation De Biens A Venir
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It might safely be assumed that the laws of a country whose citizens’ ability freely to dispose of their assets by will is as circumscribed as it is in France by the existence of the reserve would not provide its practitioners with much trouble in the administration of estates of deceased persons. One of the leading notaires, with much experience of probate work, considers that very many administrations lead to hard fought family disputes and that the reason lies precisely with the reserve. This is because, whilst there is intended to be equality of inheritance between issue, the rule of the reserve, as is explained in Chapter 28, is based on the limitations placed on what proportion of ‘gifts whether made inter vivos or by will’ (C.civ.art.913) an individual may make without impinging on what his issue are entitled to inherit.
The Executeur Testamentaire
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thus, it is on the h éritier b én éficiaire, by which is meant the lawful heir in an intestacy or the l égataire univerlor l égataire à titre universe/ if there is a will, that is imposed the burden of the administration of the estate and of accounting for his actions to the creditors and the body of the beneficiaries. This is a far cry from what is to be found in the Administration of Estates Act 1925 or the Trustee Act 1925 designed to protect the rights of creditors of a deceased person and his executors. In an English estate it is a matter of due administration that the debts of the deceased are paid by the personal representatives before distribution to the beneficiaries.
Saisine
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of saisine is not difficult to comprehend. What is strange to the English lawyer is that those in whom it is vested are expected to administer the estate in effect as trustees for themselves beneficially but when the administration is completed find themselves as beneficial tenants in common without the inter position of any trustees. Although the atmosphere in which administration takes place in France is different from the manner in which it proceeds in England, one can liken the situation to that of an English estate in which a surviving widow and one child of the deceased are both sole beneficiaries and the two executors. The English system enables them to distinguish between themselves in their capacity as executors and as beneficiaries. The French system can make no distinction since they do not acquire the former capacity.
Immigration and the Extension of Free Movement to Eastern Europe
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the likely impact of enlargement on the levels of migration into the current EU countries. In past enlargement rounds, the EU has extended the free movement of labour to countries with similar per capita incomes and factor endowments. Even in the case of the Southern Enlargement, differences in income levels were moderate compared with the gap in per capita income levels that the EU will face in the context of the eastern rounds. Figure 4.1 displays the population and PPP-GDP figures of the EU-15, the ten accession candidates from Central and Eastern Europe1 (CEEC-10), and a set of other countries, which may apply for accession in the future. Turkey already possesses a candidate status. The total population of ail ten accession candi dates from Central and Eastern Europe amounted to 104 million persons in 2000 and that of the southern EU countries (Greece, Spain, and Portugal) 59 million at the time of their accession.
The Political Economy of Immigration Policy
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the previous sections have made clear, immigration has important—if contested—effects on the US economy and so on this basis alone is an import ant political issue. Immigration is also, however, about deciding membership in a political community and, as such, is one of the most fundamental and con troversial political choices facing national policymakers. Given the critical economic and political issues at stake, what are the factors that have shaped US immigration policy over recent decades?
Conclusion
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Setting immigration policy in any country raises a dizzying array of interrelated questions. Immigration may have substantial implications for the economic welfare of both those countries that send immigrants and those that receive them. Aggregate impacts are just a starting point, however, as many of immigration’s biggest effects are distributive. The interests of native citizens can conflict with those of immigrants; in addition, interests can conflict among different groups of natives. These distributive battles have always been a feature of the politics and economics of immigration. However, the rise of the modern welfare state has introduced new sources of economic conflict and cooperation that substantially alter how individuals perceive immigration affecting their interests.
Leaders and Intermediaries as Economic Development Agents in Producers’ Associations
Authors: Bianchi Tito 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development field is currently dominated by two powerful and interconnected ideas: the idea of participation, and the idea of a bottom-up approach. The idea of participation emphasizes the process of development, and claims that development is more likely to be successful if as many as possible of its beneficiaries are actively involved in improving their own conditions. The bottom-up approach—which has a parallel in fiscal decentralization in public finance—maintains that the beneficiaries should choose democratically the means and objectives of the development strategies that concern them.
Conclusions
Authors: Heyer Judith , Stewart Frances , Thorp Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book has explored how a focus on group rather than individual behaviour enriches our understanding of development outcomes and policies. We started with the recognition that the magnitude of activities within groups greatly outweighs that of interactions between groups, yet most economists’ models treat groups as quasi-individuals. This book aimed to challenge this by using different theoretical perspectives to explore within-group behaviour, focusing principally on economic activity. A driving motivation behind the study is the need to deepen our insight into the consequences of the shift to the market-dominant development paradigm affecting the majority of developing countries today, since this appears to be a major influence on group functioning and development outcomes. To investigate this relationship we studied both how macro-paradigms affect the mode of group behaviour at the micro-level, and how the modes of functioning (P/C, COOP, or M) relate to efficiency and equity outcomes.
Estimation of Stochastic Volatility Models with Diagnostics
Authors: Gallant Ronald , Hsieh David , Tauchen George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Efficient method of moments (EMM) is used to fit the standard stochastic volatility model and various extensions to several daily financial time series. EMM matches to the score of a model determined by data analysis called the score generator. Discrepancies reveal characteristics of data that stochastic volatility models cannot approximate. The two score generators employed here are ‘semiparametric ARCH’ and ‘nonlinear nonparametric’. With the first, the standard model is rejected, although some extensions are accepted. With the second, all versions are rejected. The extensions required for an adequate fit are so elaborate that nonparametric specifications are probably more convenient. The stochastic volatility model has been proposed as a description of data from financial markets by Clark (1973), Tauchen and Pitts (1983), Taylor (1986, 1994), and others.