bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rescaling Social Reproduction: Childcare in Toronto/Canada and Stockholm/Sweden
Authors: MAHON RIANNE 
Published: September 2005

The last two decades have witnessed the restructuring and rescaling of the welfare regimes consolidated in the postwar era. More is involved, however, than rollbacks justified by neoliberal globalization and engineered via downloading to subnational scales. States are also being pushed to assume new responsibilities for social reproduction as a result of the ‘care crisis’ stemming from the death of the male breadwinner/female caregiver family form. This article focuses on the interaction between national welfare regimes and subnational sites — namely two important urban nodes in Canada (Toronto) and Sweden (Stockholm) where changing gender relations began to disrupt post‐war patterns of social reproduction earlier than in the rest of their respective countries. Both cities experimented with childcare programs that posed a challenge to their respective national policy regimes. In one case, local mobilization contributed to a significant policy shift at the national scale whereas the other experiment, having failed to induce change in the national regime, found its very viability increasingly imperilled.Les deux dernières décennies ont vu la restructuration et le redimensionnement des régimes de protection sociale élaborés dans la phase d’après‐guerre. Pourtant, il ne s’agit pas seulement de réductions justifiées par une mondialisation néolibérale et opérées en se déchargeant sur les niveaux subnationaux. En effet, les Etats sont forcés d’assumer de nouvelles responsabilités à l’égard de la reproduction sociale, du fait de la ‘crise des soins’ provoquée par la disparition de la configuration familiale de l’homme‐soutien de famille et de la femme‐pourvoyeuse de soins. Cet article se consacre à l’interaction entre systèmes sociaux nationaux et sites subnationaux à savoir deux nœuds urbains, Toronto au Canada et Stockholm en Suède, où l’évolution des relations entre genres vient perturber les schémas de reproduction sociale de l’après‐guerre plus rapidement que dans le reste du pays. Ces villes ont expérimenté des programmes d’aide à l’enfance qui ont remis en cause leurs systèmes respectifs de politique publique nationale. Dans un cas, la mobilisation locale a contribuéà un important changement politique au plan national tandis que l’autre, n’ayant pas réussi à susciter d’évolution nationale, a vu sa viabilité de plus en plus menacée.
Building Local Development Institutions in the Hinterland: A Regulationist Perspective from British Columbia, Canada
Authors: MARKEY SEAN 
Published: September 2005

This article examines the process of local development within the context of restructuring in hinterland British Columbia, Canada. The role of local development in the reconstruction of hinterland space is attracting considerable research attention, building upon an existing body of work from Canada and elsewhere, which is steadily refining our understanding of the local development process. Through a case study of two communities, this article seeks to enhance the theory–practice coordination of this work by using a regulation approach to examine the process, organizational structures and relationships inherent in local development. The communities in this study used local development both to pursue economic diversification and also to offset the uncertainty caused by economic and political restructuring. The findings illustrate that the case communities responded to restructuring in a systematic manner. This shows that the practice of local development may be related to theoretical interpretations of institution‐building. Regulation theory provides a framework within which to forge a link between the practical dimensions of the local development process and the concept of building local institutions. Specifically, the development of a local mode of social regulation is dependent upon the stability and coordination of a locally based development institution.Cet article examine le processus de développement local parallèlement à la restructuration de l’arrière‐pays en Colombie britannique (Canada). Le rôle du processus dans la reconstruction de cet espace soulève l’intérêt manifeste de chercheurs qui, ajoutéà un corpus de travaux émanant du Canada ou d’ailleurs, affine régulièrement notre appréhension du développement local. A partir d’une étude de cas portant sur deux communautés, l’article tente d’améliorer la coordination entre théorie et pratique de ce travail en utilisant la régulation comme démarche d’investigation des processus, structures organisationnelles et relations propres au développement local. Les communautés concernées se sont servies du développement local pour mener une diversification économique, tout en compensant l’incertitude née de la restructuration économique et politique. D’après les résultats, elles ont réagi de manière systématique à la restructuration, ce qui montre que l’on peut lier l’exercice du développement local à des interprétations théoriques de la création d’institutions. La théorie de la régulation offre le cadre oùétablir un lien entre les dimensions pratiques du processus et le concept de création d’institutions locales. Plus précisément, le développement d’un mode local de régulation sociale dépend de la stabilité et de la coordination d’une institution de développement basée localement.
Purity and Dirt as Social Constructions: Environmental Health in an Urban Shantytown of Lagos
Authors: JÄRVELÄ MARJA , RINNE‐KOISTINEN EVA‐MARITA 
Published: September 2005

The focus of this article, on everyday life management, emerges from a theoretical discussion about culturally specific attitudes to environmental health. Local perceptions of purity and dirt in an urban shantytown of Lagos, Nigeria, are examined through a case study of the Amukoko urban district. The qualitative data is from two fieldwork phases carried out in 1998 and 2001 in Lagos, consisting of eleven in‐depth interviews, eight focus group discussions and participatory observations among Yoruba women and men. In different communities, perceptions of purity and dirt are not self‐evident in terms of their meaning, but reflect the commonly shared values and moral codes of the community. Our principle interest is in the ways in which household water is construed as pure, particularly in the context of daily routines which reveal how the avoidance of pollution and the order of things are organized in the community. These constructions of purity comply with local perceptions of dirt, sanitation and environmental risks within the wider health care practices prevalent in the mixed and hybrid urban culture of metropolitan Lagos. Results imply that reformulated definitions of sanitation, for example between disposable and non‐disposable elements, are adopted via culturally specific perceptions of purity.Le thème de cet article, sur la gestion du quotidien, est né d’une discussion théorique sur les différentes attitudes culturelles face à l’hygiène de l’environnement. A travers une étude de cas sur le quartier d’Amukoko, sont étudiées les perceptions locales de pureté et saleté dans un bidonville de Lagos. Les données qualitatives émanent de deux phases de terrain réalisées dans la capitale nigériane en 1998 et 2001, comprenant onze entretiens approfondis, huit séances en groupe de discussion et des observations participatives d’hommes et de femmes Yoruba. Dans plusieurs communautés, pureté et saleté ne sont pas des perceptions évidentes en termes de signification, reflétant plutôt des valeurs partagées et des codes moraux communautaires. Le but est ici de comprendre comment l’eau du foyer est jugée pure, notamment dans le cadre des tâches quotidiennes révélatrices de la façon dont les précautions anti‐pollution et l’ordre des choses sont organisés dans la communauté. Ces interprétations de la pureté corroborent les perceptions locales de la saleté, de l’hygiène publique et des risques environnementaux au sein des pratiques sanitaires globales appliquées dans la culture urbaine mixte et hybride de la métropole de Lagos. D’après les résultats, sont adoptées des définitions de l’hygiène publique reformulées via des perceptions de la pureté spécifiques au plan culturel (éléments jetables et non‐jetables, par exemple).
Social Forums as Space: A Response to Peter Marcuse
Authors: KÖHLER BETTINA 
Published: September 2005

Debates about whether to consider Social Forums as a movement in itself or as a workspace for movements to network have been an integral part of the Forums’ formation  processes  ever  since  their  emergence  in  2000.  Referring  to  Social  Forums as the‘successor and culmination’ of previous social struggles raises problems of representation and suggests that all kinds of social struggles converge in this particular organizational form. Rather, struggles for social change today are being fought by social movements on a variety of scales and dimensions. Social Forums can offer a space where these various forms and scales of experiences are linked and politicized — but they can hardly act as actors themselves. Taking a next step, political experiences gathered at Social Forums can be transferred to these various kinds of struggles and inspire them. From this perspective organizational structures which enable exchange, debate, learning and the handling of differences are an important feature of Social Forums.Se demander si les Forums sociaux sont un mouvement à part entière, ou un espace d’interconnexion entre des mouvements, participe aux processus d’organisation des forums depuis leur apparition en 2000. Définir les Forums sociaux comme ‘le successeur et aboutissement ultime’ des luttes sociales antérieures pose des problèmes de représentation et suggère que tous ces types de luttes convergent vers cette forme organisationnelle spécifique. Cependant, les combats actuels en faveur du changement social sont le propre de mouvements sociaux de portées et de tailles très variées. Les Forums sociaux procurent un espace où ces diverses formes et échelles d’expériences sont reliées et politisées, même s’ils ne peuvent guère intervenir en tant qu’acteurs. Dans une phase nouvelle, les expériences politiques réunies à ces Forums peuvent être transmises à ces différents types de luttes et les inspirer. Les structures organisationnelles qui permettent échanges, débats, apprentissage et gestion des différences constituent alors une caractéristique importante des Forums sociaux.
Gramsci, Polanyi and Impressions from Africa on the Social Forum Phenomenon
Authors: BOND PATRICK 
Published: September 2005

The  rise  of  the  Social  Forum  phenomenon  has  been  heartily  welcomed,  partly  so  as to unite diverse discourses of anti‐neoliberal and anti‐imperialist resistance under a common  banner.  There  are  debates  worth  flagging,  however,  that  draw  our  attention to  political  philosophies  (typically  binary  statist  versus  anti‐statist  disputes),  visions of agency (typically networked movements versus parties), and potentials for revolutionary processes to emerge within ‘civil society’. In the spirit of Polanyi, many South Africans and other Africans are working on ‘decommodification’ strategies that range from particular sites of project‐level struggles to national, regional and international advocacy. But we must be conscious, as well, of warnings by Gramsci about the long march through a civil society often co‐opted to support state and neoliberal projects. The merits of African intellectual engagements with radical social movements have been shown in sites such as South African cities, but the African Social Forum awaits further opportunities to welcome allied researchers and academics. As the World Social Forum comes to Africa in 2007, Marcuse’s hope that the constituent movements begin to coalesce around a program is timely. However, this is likely to emanate more from intra‐sectoral networks rather than from multidisciplinary moments such as the WSF itself.La montée du phénomène des Forums sociaux a été accueillie chaleureusement, en partie comme manière d’unifier sous un même drapeau les multiples discours de la résistance anti‐néolibérale et anti‐impérialiste. Certains débats éminents attirent pourtant l’attention sur des philosophies politiques (généralement des oppositions binaires étatistes/anti‐étatistes), des visions de l’intermédiation (en général, mouvements interconnectés/partis) et des processus révolutionnaires susceptibles de naître au sein de ‘la société civile’. Dans l’esprit de Polanyi, nombre d’Africains, du Sud et d’ailleurs, s’emploient à des stratégies de ‘démarchandisation’ couvrant à la fois sites de conflit particuliers liés à un projet et plaidoyers aux niveaux national, régional et international. Toutefois, il ne faut pas oublier les avertissements de Gramsci pour qui la longue marche passant par la société civile risquait d’être cooptée afin de soutenir des projets gouvernementaux ou néolibéraux. Si les engagements d’intellectuels africains aux côtés de mouvement sociaux radiaux se sont révélés bénéfiques dans des cas tels que les villes d’Afrique du Sud, le Forum social africain espère d’autres occasions de rallier chercheurs et universitaires. Comme le Forum social mondial se tiendra en Afrique en 2007, l’espoir de Marcuse — de voir les mouvements constitutifs s’unir progressivement autour d’un programme — est d’actualité. Cependant, cette évolution viendra plus probablement de réseaux intra‐sectoriels que d’élans multidisciplinaires comme le FSM.
Autonomy and Political Strategy: Building the Other Superpower
Authors: PONNIAH THOMAS 
Published: September 2005

Recently, from 21–25 October 2004, I participated in the Norway Social Forum (NSF). It was the most successful regional social forum that I have attended. The forum expressed what I call an autonomist electoral politics. Such a politics combines short‐term electoral tactics with long‐term social movement autonomy. Autonomist electoral politics outlines the direction that forthcoming local, regional and national forums should take. I use the example of the NSF to respond to Peter Marcuse’s article on social forums and social movements.Le Forum social norvégien (FSN) s’est tenu du 21 au 25 octobre 2004, et ce fut le forum social régional le plus réussi auquel j’ai participé. Il a exprimé ce que j’appelle une politique électorale autonomiste. Une telle politique allie des tactiques électorales à court terme et une autonomie des mouvements sociaux à long terme. Elle définit l’orientation que devrait prendre les forums locaux, régionaux et nationaux à venir. J’utilise ici l’exemple du Forum social norvégien pour répondre à l’article de Peter Marcuse sur les forums et mouvements sociaux.
An allometric study of lung morphology during development in the Australian pelican,Pelicanus conspicillatus, from embryo to adult
Authors: Runciman S. , Seymour R. S. , Baudinette R. V. , Pearson J. T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPelicans produce altricial chicks that develop into some of the largest birds capable of sustained flight. We traced pulmonary morphological development in the Australian pelican,Pelicanus conspicillatus, from third trimester embryos to adults. We described growth and development with allometric relationships between lung components and body mass or lung volume, according to the equationy = axb. Pelican lung volume increased faster than body mass (b = 1.07). Relative to lung volume, the airways and vascular spaces increased allometrically (b > 1) in embryos, but isometrically (b ≈ 1) after hatching. Parabronchial mantle volume decreased (b < 1) prior to hatching and increased isometrically thereafter. Surface area of air capillaries, blood capillaries and the blood–gas barrier increased relative to lung volume (b > 0.67) before and after hatching. Barrier thickness decreased before hatching, remained constant in juveniles and decreased by adulthood. The anatomical diffusing capacity significantly increased before hatching (b = 4.44) and after hatching (b = 1.26). Although altricial pelicans developed pulmonary complexity later than precocial turkeys, the volume‐specific characteristics were similar. However, lungs of volant adult pelicans became significantly larger, with a greater capacity for gas exchange, than lungs of terrestrial turkeys. Exchange characteristics of growing pelican lungs were inferior to those of adult birds of 26 other species, but converged with them at maturity.
Cellular proliferation in the urorectal septation complex of the human embryo at Carnegie stages 13–18: a nuclear area‐based morphometric analysis
Authors: Nebot‐Cegarra Josep , Fàbregas Pere Jordi , Sánchez‐Pérez Inma 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn order to analyse the patterns of cellular proliferation both in the mesenchyme of the urorectal septum (URS) and in the adjacent territories (posterior urogenital mesenchyme, anterior intestinal mesenchyme and cloacal folds mesenchyme), as well as their contribution to the process of cloacal division, a computer‐assisted method was used to obtain the nuclear area of 3874 mesenchymal cells from camera lucida drawings of nuclear contours of selected sections of human embryos [Carnegie stages (CSs) 13–18]. Based on changes in the size of the nucleus during the cellular cycle, we considered proliferating cells in each territory to be those with a nuclear area over the 75th percentile. The URS showed increasing cell proliferation, with proliferation patterns that coincided closely with cloacal folds mesenchyme, and with less overall proliferation than urogenital and intestinal mesenchymes. Furthermore, at CS 18, we observed the beginning of the rupture in the cloacal membrane; however, no fusion has been demonstrated either between the URS and the cloacal membrane or between the cloacal folds. The results suggest that cloacal division depends on a morphogenetic complex where the URS adjacent territories could determine septal displacement at the time that their mesenchymes could be partially incorporated within the proliferating URS.
Non‐vascular smooth muscle cells in the human choroid: distribution, development and further characterization
Authors: May Christian Albrecht 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTo characterize further non‐vascular smooth muscle cells (NVSMC) in the choroid of the human eye, extensive morphological studies were performed including a three‐dimensional distribution of NVSMC in the adult human eye and their appearance during development. Whole mounts and sections through the choroid and sclera of eyes of 42 human donors (between the 13th week of gestation and 89 years of age) were stained with antibodies against smooth muscle actin and other markers for smooth muscle cells. On the basis of their morphological localization, three groups of NVSMC could be distinguished in the adult eyes: (a) a semicircular arrangement of NVSMC in the suprachoroid and inner sclera, around the entry of posterior ciliary arteries and nerves; (b) NVSMC parallel to the vessels in the posterior eye segment between the point of entry of the posterior ciliary arteries and the point of exit of the vortex veins; and (c) a dense plaque‐like arrangement of NVSMC in the suprachoroid, overlying the foveal region. The last of these groups showed most pronounced interindividual differences. During development, the first NVSMC to be observed at the 20th week of gestation belonged to group b. A complete NVSMC network was first observed in a 6‐year‐old donor eye. All three groups stained positive for smoothelin, caldesmon and calponin in all localizations. The NVSMC show a distinct distribution that might reflect different aspects of their function in the choroid and suprachoroid. All cells could be histochemically characterized as truly contractile.
Programmed cell death in the regenerating deer antler
Authors: Colitti M. , Allen S. P. , Price J. S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAntlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of epimorphic regeneration and thus provide a unique model for investigating the mechanisms that underlie mammalian regeneration. Antlers elongate by a modified endochondral ossification process while intramembranous ossification takes place concurrently around the antler shaft. In this study, sites of apoptosis in the growing antler tip were identified by TUNEL staining and related to cell proliferation, as determined by PCNA staining. Bcl‐2 and bax were identified by RT‐PCR and bax was also immunolocalized in tissue sections. The apoptotic index was high in perichondrium, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and cellular periosteum but was low in skin. The proliferation index was high in mesenchyme, skin (specifically in hair follicles) and cellular periosteum; it was low in fibrous perichondrium and periosteum, and barely detectable in cartilage. Both bcl‐2 and bax were found to be more highly expressed in the perichondrium/mesenchyme and non‐mineralized cartilage than in skin and mineralized cartilage. Bax was immunolocalized in mesenchyme cells, chondroprogenitors, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts. In conclusion, this study shows that programmed cell death plays a necessary role in regenerating antlers, as it does during skeletal development, bone growth and bone remodelling. The high level of apoptosis and proliferation in mesenchymal progenitor cells confirms that this represents the antler ‘growth zone’. In fact, the percentage of TUNEL‐positive cells in the mesenchymal growth zone (up to 64%) is higher than that recorded in any other adult tissue. This extensive cell death probably reflects the phenomenal rate of morphogenesis and tissue remodelling that takes place in a growing antler. The local and/or systemic factors that control the balance between cell growth and apoptosis in antler tissues now need to be determined.
The size distribution of neurons in the motor cortex in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Toft Mette Helene , Gredal Ole , Pakkenberg Bente 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe motor cortex of eight patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and nine control subjects was used in the study. Recent stereological tools, the disector and the rotator method, were applied to the motor cortex of patients with ALS and control subjects to obtain estimates of mean perikaryon volume, mean neuronal nuclear volume, total perikaryon volume and total neuronal nuclear volume. No significant differences were found in any of the estimates. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies show a decrease in the concentration of neuronal markers. We expected to find changes in perikaryon and/or nuclei neuronal volume because the total neuron number is unchanged in ALS compared with control subjects. However, this was not the case; our results suggest that metabolic changes take place in the motor cortex of ALS patients without these concomitant anatomical changes.