bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration transition or migration transformation in the Asian dragon economies?
Authors: Findlay Allan M. , Jones Huw , M. Davidson Gillian M. 
Published: March 2003

There has been a marked tendency to interpret the recent transformation of international migration systems in Eastern Asia in terms of a ‘migration transition’ model. The transition in these countries from net emigration to net immigration, with major inflows from poorer adjacent countries, is seen as being driven by an intricate regional pattern of uneven development but growing economic integration. This paper challenges this view through an examination of the trade, investment and migration linkages of the region’s four dragon economies (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan). It argues that the key influences on their international migration streams reflect, above all, the functions of these states as second‐order, global city regions. Their place in the global capitalist system creates a shared demand for very particular types of both highly skilled and unskilled labour, but the migration policies of the four states are independently, and therefore distinctively, socially constructed.—Il y a une tendance à utiliser un modèle de ‘transition de migration’ pour interpréter les transformations récentes des systèmes de migration internationaux en Asie de l’est. La transition de l’émigration nette à l’immigration nette dans ces pays, avec des arrivées massives des pays adjacents plus pauvres, est supposée être due à un modèle régional complexe de développement inégal mais d’intégration économique croissante. Cet article questionne ce modèle et examine les liens entre le commerce, l’investissement, et la migration dans les quatre économies dragons de la région (Hong Kong, Singapour, la Corée du sud et Taïıwan). Il soutient que les influences majeures sur leur flux de migration internationale reflète avant tout les fonctions de ces états en tant que régions urbaines globales de deuxième ordre. Leur place dans le système capitaliste global crée une demande pour un type très particulier de travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés, mais les politiques de migration des quatre états sont indépendemment, et donc distinctement, socialement construites.
Street Children and Street Life in Urban Tanzania: The Culture of Surviving and its Implications for Children’s Health
Authors: Lugalla Joe L. P. , Mbwambo Jesse Kazeni 
Published: March 2003

This paper presents data from an in‐depth study conducted among street children in an urban setting in Tanzania. It examines the reasons ‘children of the street’ leave their homes, how they survive and meet their daily needs, what problems they encounter whilst on the streets and how they surmount them. The paper also examines the implications of street life for children’s health. The findings show that general poverty lies at the center of the increasing number of street children in Tanzania. Street life makes the children vulnerable to a variety of problems including ill health. Policies in Tanzania have so far failed to solve this problem, particularly because social policies have been dealing with symptoms rather than essential causes. The paper ends by outlining short‐ and long‐term policy solutions and also suggests directions for future research and early intervention.—Cet article présente les données d’une étude en profondeur conduite parmi les enfants des rues dans un cadre urbain en Tanzanie. Il explore les raisons pour lesquelles ‘les enfants des rues’ partent de chez eux, comment ils survivent et surviennent à leurs besoins quotidiens, les problèmes qu’ils rencontrent dans les rues et comment ils les surmontent. Cet article examine aussi les implications de la vie dans la rue pour la santé des enfants. Les résultats montrent que la pauvreté générale est la raison centrale du nombre croissant d’enfants dans les rues en Tanzanie. La vie dans les rues rend les enfants susceptibles à de nombreux problèmes, y compris la mauvaise santé. La politique de la Tanzanie n’a pas encore réussi à résoudre ce problème, en particulier parce que la politique sociale a adressé les symptômes plutôt que les causes essentielles. Cet article propose des solutions politiques à court et à long terme et suggère également des options pour les recherches futures et pour des interventions précoces.
Migration as a Business: The Case of Trafficking
Authors: Salt John , Stein Jeremy 
Published: March 2003

A case is made for treating international migration as a global business which has both legitimate and illegitimate sides. The migration business is conceived as a system of institutionalized networks with complex profit and loss accounts, including a set of institutions, agents and individuals each of which stands to make a commercial gain. The article focuses on migrant trafficking, the core of the illegitimate business.Migrant trafficking, a subject of growing political concern, is recognized by migration experts and policy makers to be undermining international collaborative efforts to produce ordered migration flows. Trafficking, widely condemned for its inhuman practices and links to international organized crime, is also believed to be increasing in scale and sophistication.Our model conceives of trafficking as an intermediary part of the global migration business facilitating movement of people between origin and destination countries. The model is divided into three stages: the mobilization and recruitment of migrants; their movement en route; and their insertion and integration into labour markets and host societies of destination countries. At each stage of the model we describe the trafficking business, its systematic organization and its methods of operation: its inputs and outputs; its use of a set of common geographical routes; its methods of smuggling migrants; its systems of planning and information‐gathering; and its division into a set of technical and organizational tasks. This division of roles is seen as critical for trafficking’s survival.The model also suggests how through the existence of common routes and networks of contacts, traffickers increasingly channel migrants, thus determining the geography of movement. We also demonstrate the model with available evidence on trafficking mainly in and across Europe and attempt thereby to show how trafficking operates both theoretically and in practice.Our conceptualization of trafficking as a business has important implications for the study of migration and for policy makers. For the former, trafficking blurs meaningful conceptual distinctions between legal and illegal migration. For the latter, trafficking presents new challenges in the management and control of migration flows across borders. In particular it suggests the need to look at immigration controls in new ways, placing sharper focus on the institutions and vested interests involved rather than on the migrants themselves.
Characteristics and Assimilation of Chinese Immigrants in the US Labour Market
Authors: Chen Shyh‐Jer 
Published: March 2003

Using US Public Use Samples, this article examines differences in the quality and assimilation rate of different Chinese immigrant groups (immigrants from Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China) in the US labour market.The descriptive statistics show great differences among Chinese immigrants from the three areas in their ages, wage rates, years of schooling and industrial and occupational distributions.This article also finds that the three Chinese immigrant groups have much more dispersed wage distributions than US‐born workers have. The three Chinese immigrant groups also experienced substantial assimilation into the US labour market during the 1980s.
Do Migrants Worsen the Current Account?
Authors: Taslim M.A. 
Published: March 2003

There is some concern in Australia that immigration contributes to a widening of its current account deficit. Several cross‐section studies have found that migrant households have a lower saving rate than the local born households. In conjunction with a well‐known national income identity that the current account deficit is equal to the excess of investment over saving, such findings have been interpreted by many to mean that the migrants contribute to increasing the level of foreign liabilities at a rate greater than that by the local‐born.However, it should be realized that immigration impacts on the economy in a complex way through various demand and supply side channels. Its direct and chain effects on such variables as the current account are spread over both the short and the long term. These effects are neither unidirectional nor always easy to isolate. The final outcome, which is the sum total of all the effects, is uncertain, and cannot be fully understood from a knowledge of cross‐sectional saving performance alone.This article utilizes aggregate time series data to investigate the relationship between the current account and immigration. It finds that although an increase in net migration tends to raise the current account deficit, the longer term effect of immigration on the current account is negligible.
Self‐Employment and Earnings Among Migrants in Australia
Authors: Lee Anh T. 
Published: March 2003

This article contributes to the small Australian literature on the earnings of immigrants in the self‐employment sector. Earnings functions for both the foreign‐born and Australian‐born are estimated, and the results show that compared with native‐born workers, foreign‐born workers have higher earnings in the wage/salary sector but lower earnings in the self‐employment sector.Among the foreign‐born, the results suggest that self‐employed immigrants are less skilled compared with those who are wage/salary employed. Thus, low‐skilled immigrants may be forced into self‐employment.There is no evidence of immigrant “catch‐up” in the self‐employment sector. Among wage/salary workers, however, immigrant wages are characterized by a “catch‐up” effect.
Macroeconomic Determinants of Migration: The Case of Germany 1964‐1988
Authors: Karras Georgios , Chiswick Carmel U. 
Published: March 2003

Macroeconomic determinants of immigration are analysed with pooled cross‐country and time series data on net immigration to Germany from European countries during 1964‐1988.Results demonstrate clearly that both high and low frequency determinants have been important. Long run trends are determined by the degree and speed of per capita income convergence between the sending and receiving countries, while year‐to‐year changes in net immigration flows are dominated by cyclical economic conditions.
Skilled Immigrants in Rome
Authors: Brandi M. Carolina 
Published: March 2003

Skilled migration, taking the forms of brain drain, movements of professionals and job transfers, has become an important component of contemporary migration flows. However, it does not necessarily follow that incoming flows of highly qualified immigrants automatically translate into an effective supply of skilled labour, since immigrants are often prepared to accept underemployment and working conditions that nationals from the local market have refused.This study aims to verify whether the phenomenon of brain waste exists in Rome. We analysed the data of 147,587 foreigners recorded in the City Register Office as being residents on 31 August 1999. Of these, 68,539 indicated their educational level and 73,746 their occupation.The data also revealed that the more stable segment of immigrants to Rome, i.e. those who have taken up residency, is composed mainly of qualified, or highly qualified, persons. Many foreign residents possess university degrees and are employed in managerial and/or intellectual professions. Alongside this important datum, however, we observe that the majority of foreign residents are employed in unqualified jobs, a considerable percentage of whom possess much higher qualifications than those required for the job they do.Analysing the temporal evolution of these data on the qualifications and professions of foreign residents leads us to believe that the phenomenon of underemployment is decidedly on the upturn.In order to understand the cause of this phenomenon, qualitative data from case study interviews have also been analysed. The most common reason why immigrants take on under‐skilled jobs is lack of job offers appropriate to their academic or professional qualifications due to the peculiar situation of the Roman labour market. Other problems, such as the lack of protocols concerning the recognition of the academic qualifications of non‐EU citizens and the language barrier, also play a role.
Frauen in der Ökonomie und Frauenökonomik: Zur Erklärung geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede in der Wirtschaft und in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften
Authors: Weck-Hannemann Hannelore 
Published: March 2003

Abstract There are substantial differences in the specialisation within the family, the economy and academics by sex. In order to explain such gender effects, the economic approach focuses on differences in the economic and political constraints and not on gender-specific dispositions and preferences. The division of labour in the family, the education decision and the wage gap, as well as the career choice concerning the occupational structure within the labour market and universities, are discussed using standard economic theory. The paper concludes with some tentative suggestions as to how these decisions by women and men could be influenced in a sensible way.
Abbau von Inflexibilitäten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt – Ist die Wirtschaftspolitik auf dem richtigen Weg?
Authors: Berthold Norbert 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The situation on the German labour market is still a catastrophe. The institutional set-ups on the labour market and the welfare state obviously no longer fit the fundamentally changed economic environment. There is next to no competition on the labour market and unions and employers' associations use the generous welfare state to transfer the burden of adjustment to changes in the economic environment onto the public at large. Institutional mismatch is prevalent. The red-green coalition government has not only realized that persistently high unemployment inflicts tremendous economic damage but that it is also politically destabilizing. It has therefore announced that the performance on the labour market during its term of office shall be its own measure of success or failure. This paper discusses whether the regulatory steps taken by the red-green coalition government, like implementing stricter employment protection legislation, reintroducing full pay when sick, and changing the law concerning low-paid jobs, are suitable for reducing this institutional mismatch.
Nutzentransfer: Das Sparmodell der Umweltbewertung
Authors: Ahlheim Michael , Lehr Ulrike 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCost-benefit analysis of environmental projects often requires economic valuation procedures that are time-consuming and costly. Therefore, the wish to short-cut these procedures comes naturally, e.g. using the so-called „benefit transfer“. This method enables the researcher to use results from previous studies to calculate expected benefits of a planned project. In this paper we discuss the chances and limits of this approach from theoretical and empirical points of view. Starting from the welfare theoretical fundamentals of economic valuation we show that the road to any empirical measure is already marked by various assumptions. Taking a detailed look at the techniques of benefit transfers the paper arrives at recommendations for future benefit transfer studies.
Lohnpolitik und Beschäftigung – Debatte ohne Ende?
Authors: Jerger Jürgen , Landmann Oliver 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper takes a fresh look at the often confused - and therefore confusing - debate on the role of wage policy in tackling Germany's unemployment problem. The key issues in this debate are the relative importance of wages and aggregate demand in the determination of employment, the appropriate behavior of wages in relation to productivity growth, and the significance of the purchasing power effect of wages. We argue that the most useful tool to address and resolve these issues is the basic textbook model of aggregate supply and aggregate demand. Most importantly, the model predicts that employment is governed by the ratio of aggregate nominal demand and the nominal wage level. The empirical picture strongly supports this assertion. In contrast, the relation between the rate of wage growth and the rate of productivity growth does not play the causal role in determining employment that is widely attributed to it.
Biological Structure and Embodied Human Agency: The Problem of Instinctivism
Authors: Varela Charles R. 
Published: March 2003

Charles R. Varela, Biological Structure and Embodied Human Agency: The Problem of Instinctivism, pp. 95–122. Hebb's conception of instinctive behavior permits the conclusion that it is just not human nature to be instinctive: while the ant brain is built for instinctive behavior, the human brain is built for intelligent behavior. Since drives cannot be instincts, even when a human driver becomes driven, human motives are not instincts either. This understanding allows us to dismiss the determinism of the old instinctivism found in Freud's bio‐psychological unconscious, and of the new instinctivism, exemplified by Wilson's sociobiology. The latter entails an explanatory shift from instincts to genes, in which the deterministic character of instincts is carried over to genes. Since genes are not instincts this is a mistake.
Book reviews
Authors: Short James F., Jr. 
Published: March 2003

Kunreuther H. and Slovic P., Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management, a special issue of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social SciencesMoore M. H., Creating Public Value – Straegic Management in GovernmentHassan J. et al., The European Water Environment in a Period of TransformationMoingeon B. and Edmondson A. (eds), Organizational Learning and Competitive Advantage
Annotation: The use of psychotropic medications in children: an American view
Authors: Wolraich Mark L. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Psychotropic medications have become an integral component in the treatment of children with mental illnesses.Methods: Selective reviews of the empirical evidence for the efficacy of psychotropic medications and studies of their use patterns were reviewed.Results: Very strong efficacy for at least the short‐term benefits and safety of stimulant medications was found and some good efficacy and safety evidence for the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders with seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) was also found. Efficacy for tricyclic antidepressants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was found but the presence of significant side effects makes them less the drugs of choice. Other medications are presented but with less rigorous evidence. Studies of use found that stimulant medications are extensively prescribed in the US by both psychiatrists and primary care physicians. SSRI are also prescribed extensively but not to the extent of stimulants and are more frequently prescribed by psychiatrists.Conclusions: There is now good evidence for the efficacy of some psychotropic agents and their use is an integral component in the management of childhood mental illnesses.
The role of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors during the forearm vasodilatation response to mental stress
Authors: Hamer Mark , Boutcher Yati N. , Boutcher Stephen H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe forearm vasodilatation response to mental stress in humans is thought to be mediated by sympathetic withdrawal and β‐adrenergic mechanisms. However, the mechanisms of altered neural control during sympathetic withdrawal are unclear. Thus, cardiopulmonary baroreceptor activity in relation to sympathetic withdrawal during mental stress was examined. Forearm blood flow was measured during mental stress in males (n=18) during control and lower body negative pressure at −20 mmHg. Forearm blood flow was significantly increased during mental challenge; however, during lower body negative pressure the vasodilatation response was significantly attenuated in comparison with control. The results suggest the cardiopulmonary baroreceptors are involved with the sympathetic withdrawal response during forearm vasodilatation to mental stress.
Monetary Policy and the Cross‐Section of Expected Stock Returns
Authors: Jensen Gerald R. , Mercer Jeffrey M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAmple evidence shows that size and book‐to‐market equity explain significant cross‐sectional variation in stock returns, whereas beta explains little or none of the variation. Recent studies also demonstrate that proxies for monetary stringency increase the explained variation in stock returns. We reexamine a three‐factor model that includes beta, size, and book‐to‐market equity, while allowing monetary conditions to influence the relations between these risk factors and average stock returns. We find that ex‐ante proxies for monetary stringency significantly influence the relations between stock returns and all three risk factors. Additionally, all three variables are found to contribute significantly to explaining cross‐sectional returns in a three‐factor model that includes the monetary sector.
Pension Valuation Under Uncertainties: Implementation of a Stochastic and Dynamic Monitoring System
Authors: Chang Shih‐Chieh , Cheng Hsin‐Yi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFinancial soundness and funding stability are two critical issues in pension fund management. First, we construct a generalized stochastic model to monitor the solvency risk and cash flow dynamics of the defined benefit pension plan. A semi‐Markov process proposed by Dominicis et al. (1991) and Janssen and Manca (1997) is employed in structuring the transition pattern of the plan's population, and the economic‐based factors are generated through plausible stochastic processes. Modifications according to classification and movements of the plan member and the plan's turnover pattern are also employed to improve its practical usefulness. Then the actuarial valuations, cash flow analyses, and workforce projection are performed and investigated. Second, we explicitly formulate the plan dynamics and implement the proposed mechanism into a risk management framework for pension management. By employing the stochastic and dynamic approach, the cost factors can be monitored throughout the valuation process. Third, we outline the procedure of implementing the proposed methodology into a monitoring system. Finally, the Taiwan Public Employees Retirement System is simplified to illustrate techniques in achieving risk management goals.