bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of pentoxifylline on sunburn cell formation in a novel supravital human skin model
Authors: Simics Enikö , Mahunka Maria , Horkay Irén , Bohnert Elisabeth , Moll Ingrid , Jung Ernst G. 
Published: March 2003

Background/Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether pentoxifylline (Pf) has an effect on sunburn cell (SBC) formation in humans.Methods: A novel supravital human skin model was used. Normal skin samples were placed on gauze in completed RPMI 1640 Medium and remained vital for 48 h. Three concentrations of Pf (7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 μg/ml) were tested. After 2 h, each skin sample was irradiated with 120 mJ/cm2 of UVB. After 24‐h incubation, the samples were formalin fixed, paraffin embedded and sections were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin.Results: The mean count of SBC (10.43±1.35 (SEM)) was significantly higher in the control group (without Pf) compared with its mean count in 7.5 μg/ml Pf (5.18±0.62, P<0.001), or 15.0 μg/ml Pf (5.79±1.70, P<0.001), or 30.0 μg/ml Pf (4.37±1.47, P<0.001).Conclusion: Pentoxifylline reduced SBC formation in our supravital human skin model. It presumably acts as an antioxidant agent.
Comparison of three techniques for evaluating skin erythemal response for determination of sun protection factors of sunscreens: high resolution laser Doppler imaging, colorimetry and visual scoring
Authors: Wilhelm K.‐P. , Kaspar K. , Funkel O. 
Published: March 2003

Background/Purpose: Sun protection factor (SPF) measurement is based on the determination of the minimal erythema dose (MED). The ratio of doses required to induce a minimal erythema between product‐treated and untreated skin is defined as SPF. The aim of this study was to validate the conventionally used visual scoring with two non‐invasive methods: high resolution laser Doppler imaging (HR‐LDI) and colorimetry. Another goal was to check whether suberythemal reactions could be detected by means of HR‐LDI measurements.Material and methods:Four sunscreens were selected. The measurements were made on the back of 10 subjects. A solar simulator SU 5000 (m.u.t., Wedel, Germany) served as radiation source. For the visual assessment, the erythema was defined according to COLIPA as the first perceptible, clearly defined unambiguous redness of the skin. For the colorimetric determination of the erythema, a Chromameter CR 300 (Minolta, Osaka, Japan) was used. The threshold for the colorimetry was chosen according to the COLIPA recommendation as an increase of the redness parameter Δa*=2.5. For the non‐contact perfusion measurements of skin blood flow, a two‐dimensional high resolution laser Doppler imager (HR‐LDI) (Lisca, Linköping, Sweden) was used. For the HR‐LDI measurements, an optimal threshold perfusion needed to be established.Results: For the HR‐LDI measurements basal perfusion +1 standard deviation of all basal measurements was found to be a reliable threshold perfusion corresponding to the minimal erythema. Smaller thresholds, which would be necessary for detection of suberythemal responses, did not provide unambiguous data. All three methods, visual scoring, colorimetry and HR‐LDI, produced similar SPFs for the test products with a variability of <5% between methods. The HR‐LDI method showed the lowest variation of the mean SPF. Neither of the instrumental methods, however, resulted in an increase of the sensitivity of SPF determination as compared with visual scoring.Conclusion: Both HR‐LDI and colorimetry are suitable, reliable and observer‐independent methods for MED determination. However, they do not provide greater sensitivity and thus do not result in lower UV dose requirements for testing.
Age dependence of ultraviolet light‐induced erythema following narrow‐band UVB exposure
Authors: Gloor M. , Scherotzke A. 
Published: March 2003

Background/Purpose: A report in the literature suggests longer duration and greater intensity of late phase UVB erythema in older people. The aim of this study was to identify differences in minimum erythema dose (MED) and intensity of UV‐induced erythema after narrow band UVB exposure between older and younger individuals in the late phase of UVB erythema.Methods: Using the UVA/TL 01 UV skin tester (Waldmann Medizintechnik, Villingen‐Schwenningen, Germany), MED was determined for narrow‐band UVB exposure in 20 young subjects aging from 20–40, and 20 elderly subjects over 70 years of age. The intensity of UV‐induced erythema was measured by chromametry (a*‐value and L‐value) and laser Doppler 48 h after irradiation. Minimum erythema dose (MED) was additionally assessed visually.Results: Elderly subjects showed no statistical different MED compared to younger subjects. However, the erythema intensity 48 h after narrow‐band UVB exposure was significantly greater in the elderly.Conclusions: Narrow‐band UVB therapy may, in case of over dosage, produce more intense erythema in the late phase of UVB erythema in old people than in younger individuals.
The importance of using broad spectrum SPF 30+  sunscreens in tropical and subtropical climates
Authors: Poon Terence S. C. , Barnetson Ross StC. 
Published: March 2003

Background/Purpose: To evaluate the Sun Protection Factors (SPF) of six sunscreens sold in Australia, using an ultraviolet (UV) spectrum which mimics sunlight as closely as possible, and by using volunteers with a range of skin types to reflect the Australian population.Methods: Open prospective study. Seventy‐five volunteers of skin types 1–3 were tested in a dermatology research laboratory in a major metropolitan teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia in the years 2000–2001. Sunscreen SPF's were measured using a solar simulator and procedures which complied with the Australian Standard.Results: Sun Protection Factors, as measured by a solar simulator more approximating to natural sunlight than commercial simulators, and using individuals of skin type 1–3, were shown to be approximately between 50% and 80% of their labelled value. Sunscreen application method can also affect SPF measurement.Conclusion: For a number of reasons, Sun Protection Factors are often overestimated. In addition, many individuals use less than half the amount of sunscreen recommended. Those living in tropical or subtropical climates should be encouraged to use only broad spectrum SPF 30+  sunscreens to achieve adequate protection from the sun.
Experimental study on phototoxicity and the photosensitization potential of ketoprofen, suprofen, tiaprofenic acid and benzophenone and the photocross‐reactivity in guinea pigs
Authors: Sugiura Mariko , Hayakawa Ritsuko , Xie Zhenlin , Sugiura Keiji , Hiramoto Keiichi , Shamoto Mikihiro 
Published: March 2003

Background: Ketoprofen, suprofen and tiaprofenic acid are arylpropionic anti‐inflammatories. Their chemical structures share the same elements as the benzoyl radical and the tiophene ring. We experienced nine cases of ketoprofen photoallergy, seven cases of suprofen photoallergy and three cases of tiaprofenic photoallergy.
Purpose:
To find the key structure of photosensitivity and photocross‐reactivity to ketoprofen, suprofen and tiaprofenic acid.Methods: Three animals were tested for phototoxicity and six animals for the photosensitization potentials of ketoprofen, suprofen, tiaprofenic acid and benzophenone, and the photocross‐reactivity of the above chemicals. Test substances were applied symmetrically on both sides of the animals' backs. The animals were irradiated with 180 mJ/cm2 UVB (½ MED) and 10 J/cm2 UVA on the left side. The reactions were read on days 2, 3 and 4. The photosensitization potentials of ketoprofen, suprofen, tiaprofenic acid and benzophenone were determined using the Adjuvant‐Strip method. Six animals were assigned to each test group and to a control group.Results:  Ketoprofen, suprofen, tiaprofenic acid and propionic acid showed negative reactions with the phototoxic test. Benzophenone showed phototoxic reactions to 40% acetone (ac.), 20% ac. and 10% ac. Therefore, we used 5% aq. benzophenone with the photosensitization test. Ketoprofen was the strongest photosensitizer (6/6) and showed photocross‐reactivities to suprofen (2/6), tiaprofenic acid (3/6) and benzophenone (6/6). Suprofen was a strong photosensitizer (4/6) and showed photocross‐reactivities to ketoprofen (1/4) and tiaprofenic acid (2/4), but not to benzophenone. Tiaprofenic acid was also a photosensitizer (2/6) but showed a photocross‐reactivity only to benzophenone (2/2). Benzophenone was also the strongest photosensitizer (6/6), but did not photocross‐react to the above three chemicals.Conclusion:  From the test results, it appears that benzoyl radical is the key structure for photosensitivity and the photocross‐reactivity of ketoprofen, suprofen and tiaprofenic acid. The whole structure of benzophenone was needed to induce photosensitization of benzophenone. The animals that were photosensitized from the entire structure of benzophenone did not photocross‐react to ketoprofen, suprofen or tiaprofenic acid.
Seven years follow‐up after ankle inversion trauma
Authors: Konradsen L. , Bech L. , Ehrenbjerg M. , Nickelsen T. 
Published: March 2003

During one year all ankle inversion injuries seen at the acute ward of our institution were divided into grades of severity and classified according to the maximal area of tenderness at the time of clinical examination. Seven years later 648 of the subjects (91%) evaluated their ankle with the help of a questionnaire. Location of maximal tenderness at the time of injury was: lateral fibular ligaments 61%, lateral midfoot ligaments 24%, base of the fifth metatarsal/peroneal tendons 5% and combined lesions 8%. 39% were considered minor, 46% were moderate, and 15% severe. All cases followed a functional treatment protocol. Seven years post‐ injury 32% reported chronic complaints of pain, swelling or recurrent sprains. 72% of the subjects with residual disability reported that they were functionally impaired by their ankle – in most cases a question of not performing sports at a desired level. 4% experienced pain at rest and were severely disabled. 19% were bothered by repeated inversion injuries – 43% of these subjects felt that they could compensate by using an external ankle support. There was no correlation between the severity of the sprain as judged at the time of injury and the frequency of residual disability or between the area of maximal tenderness at the time of injury and the area of maximal pain at the time of follow‐up.
Optical coherence tomography in dermatology: a review
Authors: Welzel Julia 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non‐invasive technique for morphological investigation of tissue. Since its development in the late 1980s it is mainly used as a diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. For examination of a highly scattering tissue like the skin, it was necessary to modify the method. Early studies on the value of OCT for skin diagnosis gave promising results.Methods: The OCT technique is based on the principle of Michelson interferometry. The light sources used for OCT are low coherent superluminescent diodes operating at a wavelength of about 1300 nm. OCT provides two‐dimensional images with a scan length of a few millimeters (mm), a resolution of about 15 μm and a maximum detection depth of 1.5 mm. The image acquisition can be performed nearly in real time. The measurement is non‐invasive and with no side effects.Results: The in vivo OCT images of human skin show a strong scattering from tissue with a few layers and some optical inhomogeneities. The resolution enables the visualization of architectural changes, but not of single cells. In palmoplantar skin, the thick stratum corneum is visible as a low‐scattering superficial well defined layer with spiral sweat gland ducts inside. The epidermis can be distinguished from the dermis. Adnexal structures and blood vessels are low‐scattering regions in the upper dermis. Skin tumors show a homogenous signal distribution. In some cases, tumor borders to healthy skin are detectable. Inflammatory skin diseases lead to changes of the OCT image, such as thickening of the epidermis and reduction of the light attenuation in the dermis. A quantification of treatment effects, such as swelling of the horny layer due to application of a moisturizer, is possible. Repeated measurements allow a monitoring of the changes over time.Conclusion: OCT is a promising new bioengineering method for investigation of skin morphology. In some cases it may be useful for diagnosis of skin diseases. Because of its non‐invasive character, the technique allows monitoring of inflammatory diseases over time. An objective quantification of the efficacy and tolerance of topical treatment is also possible. Due to the high resolution and simple application, OCT is an interesting addition to other morphological techniques in dermatology.
The Visi‐Chroma VC‐100®: a new imaging colorimeter for dermatocosmetic research
Authors: Barel André O. , Clarys Peter , Alewaeters Katrien , Duez Christian , Hubinon Jean‐Louis , Mommaerts Marc 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: It was the aim of this study to carry out a comparative evaluation in vitro on standardized color charts and in vivo on healthy subjects using the Visi‐Chroma VC‐100®, a new imaging tristimulus colorimeter and the Minolta Chromameter CR‐200® as a reference instrument. The Visi‐Chroma combines tristimulus color analysis with full color visualization of the skin area measured. The technical performances of both instruments were compared with the purpose of validating the use of this new imaging colorimeter in dermatocosmetic research.Methods: In vitro L*a*b* color parameters were taken with both instruments on standardized color charts (Macbeth and RAL charts) in order to evaluate accuracy, sensitivity range and repeatability. These measurements were completed by in vivo studies on different sites of human skin and studies of color changes induced by topical chemical agents on forearm skin. The accuracy, sensitivity range and repeatability of measurements of selected distances and surfaces in the measuring zone considered and specific color determinations of specific skin zones were also determined.Results: The technical performance of this imaging colorimeter was rather good, with low coefficients of variation for repeatability of in vitro and vivo color measurements. High positive correlations were established in vitro and in vivo over a wide range of color measurements. The imaging colorimeter was able to measure the L*a*b* color parameters of specific chosen parts of the skin area considered and to measure accurately selected distances and surfaces in the same skin site considered.Conclusion: These comparative measurements show that both instruments have very similar technical performances and that high levels of correlation were obtained in vitro and in vivo using the L*a*b* color parameters. In addition, the Visi‐Chroma presents the following improvements: 1) direct visualization and recording of the skin area considered with concomitant color measurements; 2) determination of the specific color parameters of skin areas chosen in the total measuring area; and 3) accurate determination of selected distances and surfaces in the same skin areas chosen.
Contrast enhanced phototrichogram pinpoints scalp hair changes in androgen sensitive areas of male androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Leroy Thérèse , Van Neste Dominique 
Published: March 2003

Background/aimIn male androgenetic alopecia (AGA), global changes of scalp hair observed on many years are the cumulative result of discrete changes. Such changes reflect structural and/or functional modifications occurring at the level of individual hair follicles. The patterning of scalp hair loss is the phenotypic expression of clusters of hormone sensitive follicles located in specific scalp areas.The aim of this study was to evaluate, in 21 untreated male subjects with AGA, the relation between various hair measurements using a new validated photographic method with clinical staging (modified Norwood‐Hamilton scale) as compared with five controls.MethodsAs recently demonstrated by comparison with transverse sectioning of scalp biopsies, dynamic changes occurring at the level of individual hair follicles can be accurately explored with the contrast enhanced phototrichogram technique (CE‐PTG). This is a further improvement of the PTG (combined analysis of two photographs taken at 48 h interval) using contrast enhancement together with the scalp immersion proxigraphy method. Visible hair counts per unit area were first evaluated on photographs without and with CE. Then other scalp hair variables (anagen hair counts and proportion of thin hair (≤ 40 µm thickness)) were established on CE‐PTGs. Thickness of scalp hair sampled during the preparation of these sites was also calibrated against an objective ruler with a light microscope.ResultsWe confirm that the CE improves hair detection. Controls showed higher densities in the top of the head sites as compared with the occipital ones. In the presumably less hormone responsive scalp occipital sites, AGA subjects did not differ from controls. The top of the head sites, i.e. highly androgen sensitive areas of AGA subjects showed a reduction of total and anagen hair counts as compared to controls. These changes were observed even in mildly affected subjects. The clinical severity of AGA seems to be related to the reduction of anagen counts and the associated relative increase of thin hair. Because the thinnest hair usually lacks pigmentation, they escape detection by PTG in the absence of contrast enhancement. The CE‐PTG also detects higher proportions of thin hair at early stages of AGA as compared with light microscopy. This probably reflects lack of control during the sampling process, i.e. the clipping– collection‐display sequence required for light microscopy observations.ConclusionThese results indicate that CE‐PTG is a powerful tool for analysis of hair growth and loss and may cast some doubt on results obtained with other methods. The potential use of the CE‐PTG method for calibration of innovative tools is also alluded to. Indeed encouraging results have been obtained with the scalp coverage scoring (SCS) method. These SCS scores were correlated with shortening of anagen phase and hair miniaturisation, the two processes apparently involved in the clinical development of male AGA.
The gold standard for photographing pigmented skin lesions for diagnostic purposes: contact versus distant imaging
Authors: Carli Paolo , De Giorgi Vincenzo , Salvini Camilla , Mannone Francesca , Chiarugi Alessandra 
Published: March 2003

Background: It is mandatory that a new diagnostic method be validated by comparison with a well‐established reference procedure before being introduced for use in clinical practice. In the field of pigmented skin lesions (PSL), clinical examination should be considered the reference procedure for new diagnostic methods, such as dermoscopy. However, it has not yet been established which is the best photographic procedure for obtaining the most informative clinical images to be used in a formal diagnostic setting.Methods: In this study we investigated the diagnostic information provided by the two most popular methods currently used for clinical photographing of PSL: ‘contact’ images obtained with a Dermaphot (Heine Ltd) at original × 10 magnification without oil application and ‘distant’ images obtained with a macro objective from a distance of 10 cm.Results: Two experienced dermatologists observed clinical images of a series of 57 PSL (11 melanomas, 31 melanocytic nevi, 10 pigmented basal cell carcinomas, and four other diagnoses). The degree of concordance between the diagnoses based on ‘contact’ and ‘distant’ images (melanoma/non‐melanoma) was very good (k = 0.819). Regarding histology, the degree of concordance was better when the diagnosis was based on ‘contact’ images (k = 0.54) than ‘distant’ images (k = 0.47). In particular, ‘contact’ images were superior to ‘distant’ images for diagnosis of non‐melanoma lesions (specificity of melanoma diagnosis 87.7% vs. 83.6%), but we found no difference in melanoma detection (73% of sensitivity for both methods).Conclusions: Although the two photographic procedures appear to provide similar levels of diagnostic information, the ‘contact’ method seems to provide a higher specificity for melanoma diagnosis.
Radiation‐induced skin fibrosis after treatment of breast cancer: profilometric analysis
Authors: Bourgeois J. F. , Gourgou S. , Kramar A. , Lagarde J. M. , Gall Y. , Guillot B. 
Published: March 2003

Background/aim: Treatment of breast cancer involves an association of conservative surgery and radiotherapy. This implies various cutaneous complications, well known for their clinical and histological aspects. Little data are available concerning modifications of the cutaneous microrelief after radiotherapy. We have done a profilometric analysis of the skin of breast cancer patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy. The results obtained on the irradiated breast have been compared with the ones of the controlateral normal breast.Methods: Twenty women, 43–55 year old were enrolled in the study 6–16 months after the end of a treatment associating conservative surgery and radiotherapy for breast cancer. Imprints using a silicone rubber material were performed over symmetrical areas of the treated breast and the controlateral one. All measures were performed over the upper‐medial quadrant of each breast. The imprints are then blindly analysed using an image analyser. The following parameters were measured: RA (average roughness of the skin), RZ (average of the furrows depth), RS (residual length), Rn (number of furrows) and AR (space between the furrows).Results: The comparison of the imprints shows important modifications of the microrelief after irradiation. We observe a slight increase of the skin roughness (RA: 26, 39 ± 2, 58 versus 21, 84 ± 1, 59), a significantly increase of the furrows depth (RZ: 121, 66 ± 10, 46 versus 101, 26 ± 6, 99) along with an increase of the residual length (RS: 580, 60 ± 60, 60 versus 450, 46 ± 48, 43). The number of furrows has not significantly decreased but the space between the furrows has increased on the irradiated breast.Conclusion: This study shows a breakdown effect of irradiation on the skin in correlation with the fibrosis inducing by ionising radiation. The imprints modifications are clearly different from those usually observed in the ageing process. Our results can be a basis for studying the effects of treatments on cutaneous complications linked to the radiation‐induced fibrosis.