bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alveolar Bone Height and Postcranial Bone Mineral Density: Negative Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Parity
Authors: Hildebolt Charles F. , Pilgram Thomas K. , Yokoyama‐Crothers Naoko , Vannier Michael W. , Dotson Mary , Muckerman Jane , Hauser Jay , Cohen Sheldon , Eugenia Kardaris E. , Hanes Philip , Shrout Michael K. , Civitelli Roberto 
Published: February 2005

Background: Our objective was to test the association between cemento‐enamel junction, alveolar‐crest distance (CEJ‐AC, as measured on digitized vertical bite‐wing radiographs) and postcranial bone mineral density (BMD) relative to clinical, dietary, and demographic variables.Methods: Data were collected in a cross‐sectional study of 134 postmenopausal women. CEJ‐AC distances were determined from digitized vertical bite‐wing radiographs. Lumbar spine and proximal femur BMDs were determined from dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometric scans. Correlation analysis and Student t tests were used to identify those variables most associated with CEJAC distance. The selected variables were modeled with a backward stepwise regression analysis, with CEJ‐AC distance as the dependent variable.Results: Parity (number of pregnancies to term), cigarette smoking, and the interaction of lateral spine BMD with cigarette smoking were independent predictors of CEJ‐AC distance (P ≤0.05). Statistical models containing these variables accounted for 19% of the variation in CEJ‐AC distances.Conclusions: CEJ‐AC distance in postmenopausal women is the result of a complicated interaction of many effects, including but not limited to, parity, cigarette smoking, and skeletal BMD. J Periodontol 2000;71:683–689.
Effects of Nicotine on the Strength of Attachment of Gingival Fibroblasts to Glass and Non‐Diseased Human Root Surfaces
Authors: Tanur Eduardo , McQuade Michael J. , McPherson James C. , Al‐Hashimi Ibtisam H. , Rivera‐Hidalgo Francisco 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nicotine on the strength of attachment of human gingival fibroblast cells to glass and non‐diseased human root surfaces.Methods: Human gingival fibroblast cells (HGF) were trypsinized, suspended in RPMI 1640 medium, and incubated with autoclaved human root and glass sections and nicotine (NIC) concentrations of 0 (control), 25, 50, and 100 ng/ml for 1 week. HGF attached and grew on glass and root surfaces for 4 weeks at all NIC concentrations. HGF cultures were subjected to a rotary shaker machine for 30 minutes to test the strength of attachment of these cells at 100, 150, and 200 rpm. The root and glass sections were examined at 48 hours by light microscopy.Results: Control groups exhibited a monolayer of long, spindle‐shaped fibroblasts with a parallel alignment and minimal overlapping. With a concentration of NIC of 50 or 100 ng/ml as well as with increasing “speeds,” the number of cells attached to these surfaces decreased dramatically. When 200 rpm was used for both groups at all NIC concentrations, very few HGF remained attached to these surfaces.Conclusions: This study showed that the nature of cell attachment to either glass or root surfaces is altered by nicotine, and marked detachment was noted when nicotine exposure was coupled with vigorous agitation at different rpm. Marked detachment noted in all specimens at 200 rpm indicates that this speed is excessive for use in subsequent experimentation. J Periodontol 2000;71:717‐722.
Genetic Polymorphisms of the IL‐1α and IL‐1β Genes in African‐American LJP Patients and an African‐American Control Population
Authors: Walker Stephen J. , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Rich Stephen , Kornman Kenneth S. , di Giovine F.S. , Hart Thomas C. 
Published: February 2005

Background: A functional polymorphism of the interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) gene has been proposed to be a risk factor for periodontitis. In adult forms of periodontitis, non‐smokers of northern European heritage carrying the “2” allele of the IL‐1α‐889 and the IL‐1β +3953 RFLPs in either the heterozygous or the homozyous state at both loci were observed to have a greater risk for developing severe periodontitis. Studies of early‐onset periodontitis (EOP) found that allele “1” of both IL‐1alpha;‐889 and IL‐1β +3953 was transmitted more frequently with the EOP phenotype. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of the IL‐1α and IL‐1β genotype polymorphisms in an African‐American (AA) control population and in 37 African‐Americans with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP).Methods: The IL‐1α +4845 and IL‐1β +3953 loci were genotyped by PCR amplification, followed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. The IL‐1α +4845 locus, in linkage disequilibrium (>99%) with IL‐1α‐889, was genotyped because it is technically easier. Data were analyzed using r × c contingency tables.Results: The IL‐1β +3953 allele “1” was carried by >99% of the AA control population and by 100% of the AA LJP group, with most individuals being homozygous 1,1. The prevalence of the composite genotype with at least one allele “2” at each of the IL‐1β +3953 and IL‐1α +4845 loci was 14% (AA control group) and 8% (AA LJP group).Conclusions: Given the high frequency of the IL‐1β allele “1” in the African‐American population, it would appear that knowledge of this +3953 polymorphism would provide little diagnostic or predictive information for LJP. J Periodontol 2000;71:723‐728.
A Rapid DNA Probe Method for Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Komiya Akiyo , Kato Tetsuo , Nakagawa Taneaki , Saito Atsushi , Takahashi Junichi , Yamada Satoru , Okuda Katsuji 
Published: February 2005

Background: The objective of the present study was to develop a rapid DNA probe method for the microbiological detection of periodontitis that can be used in dental clinics. By using the DNA probe, we also investigated the correlation between the occurrence of putative periodontopathic bacteria and clinical parameters.Methods: This rapid DNA probe method minimizes the use of a water bath for ordinary hybridization and washing in order to shorten the total reaction time. The detection process could be completed within 2 hours. In order to evaluate the clinical application of the DNA probe, subgingival plaque samples were taken from patients with periodontitis before initial therapy. After the therapy, the patients were microbiologically and clinically evaluated.Results: When the DNA probe method was compared with the culture method, the agreement was 88% for Porphyromonas gingivalis and 67% for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. A statistically significant association was found between the detection of P. gingivalis and probing depth, bleeding on probing (χ2 test: P <0.001, P <0.05). A significant association was also shown between the detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans and probing depth in patients aged 35 or older (χ2 test: P <0.001). The detection rate of A. actinomycetemcomitans was highest in teenagers. At shallow periodontal pocket sites (PD ≤3 mm) in teenagers, no P. gingivalis was found, while 22% of the sites harbored A. actinomycetemcomitans. After the therapy, the frequency of detection of P. gingivalis decreased significantly only in the clinically improved sites (χ2 test: P <0.001).Conclusions: The rapid DNA probe method appears promising as an efficient tool for rapid clinical detection of periodontopathic bacteria. J Periodontol 2000;71:760‐767.
Defective Calcium Influx Factor Activity in Neutrophils From Patients With Localized Juvenile Periodontitis
Authors: Shibata Kazuyuki , Warbington Martha L. , Gordon Barbara J. , Kurihara Hidemi , Van Dyke Thomas E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) is an earlyonset periodontal disease associated with neutrophil dysfunction, including defective chemotaxis, reduced protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and reduced calcium entry. These observations are important because reduced availability of cytosolic‐free calcium concentration in the cell will have detrimental consequences for the numerous cytosolic calcium concentration‐dependent pathways. In particular, there is a direct relationship between Ca2+ flux and the cell activation enzyme PKC. In this report, we focused on the mechanism of calcium entry, investigating a newly described molecule, calcium influx factor (CIF). CIF is thought to be a second messenger for the opening of membrane calcium channels when intracellular calcium stores are depleted. We examined CIF activity in neutrophils from normal subjects and LJP patients.Methods: Neutrophils from 11 LJP patients, 3 adult periodontitis (AP) patients, and 12 normal subjects were isolated from peripheral venous blood. CIF was extracted with thapsigargin, a Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitor, from isolated neutrophils and CIF activity measured using a 45CaCl2 uptake assay.Results: The CIF activity in neutrophils from LJP patients ranged from 98.9 to 281.5 units/mg protein (mean = 180.2 ± 56.3) and from 291.9 to 755.5 units/mg protein (mean = 528.8 ± 153.8) in non‐periodontal disease controls. CIF activity in AP patients was also measured and found to be similar to controls. The CIF activity in LJP patients was statistically significantly reduced compared to that in normal subjects (P <0.001).Conclusions: This study suggests that CIF activity may be important determinant in neutrophil abnormalities in LJP. J Periodontol 2000;71:797‐802.
Gingival Peripheral Odontoma in an Adult: Case Report
Authors: Ide Fumio , Shimoyama Tetsuo , Horie Norio 
Published: February 2005

Background: Odontoma arising in the extraosseous soft tissue is extremely uncommon. We describe our experience of gingival peripheral odontoma in which the initial presentation was a small asymptomatic nodule.Methods: Case study.Results: A 44‐year‐old man reported with a firm gingival mass of the anterior maxilla which had been gradually enlarging over 5 years. Radiographic examination showed a dense radiopaque mass occupying most of the tumor and no evidence of underlying intraosseous lesion. The pathology was reported as odontoma.Conclusions: This is the fourth reported case of peripheral odontoma in the gingiva. J Periodontol 2000;71:830‐832.
Immediate Versus Non‐Immediate Implantation for Full‐Arch Fixed Reconstruction Following Extraction of All Residual Teeth: A Retrospective Comparative Study
Authors: Schwartz‐Arad Devorah , Gulayev Nathan , Chaushu Gavriel 
Published: February 2005

Background: Immediate implants placed into fresh extraction sites are considered a predictable and acceptable procedure. The main biological advantage is the preservation of bone height and width. However, there is no direct proof of the clinical and surgical importance of this. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between implant dimensions, anatomic factors, and survival rates of immediate versus non‐immediate implants.Methods: From 1989 to 1996, 380 implants (117 immediate and 263 non‐immediate) were placed in 43 patients (50 jaws) following extraction of all residual teeth. A total of 253 implants were placed in the maxilla and 127 in the mandible, with a mean of 7.65 and 7.9 per jaw, respectively. Of the implants, 31% were placed immediately into fresh extraction sites.Results: Total 5‐year cumulative survival rate (CSR) was 92%, mandibular 96% and maxillary 90%. Immediate implants had a better 5‐year CSR (96%) versus non‐immediate implants (89.4%). The maxilla mainly contributed to this difference (95% versus 88%). The mean potential contact surface area (PCSA) was 230 mm2. Implants with significantly higher values yielded a higher 5‐year CSR in the maxilla (96.6% versus 82.9%). Immediate implants in the posterior maxilla had a 100% 5‐year CSR versus 72% with the non‐immediate implants.Conclusions: 1) Implant‐supported fixed ceramo‐metal prosthesis is a predictable treatment modality for edentulous patients; 2) factors favorably affecting the survival of implants placed to support full‐arch ceramo‐metal prosthesis include immediate implantation, higher PCSA values, and implant location; 3)immediate implantation exerts its effect through higher PCSA values and by a compensatory effect to bone quality; 4) immediate implantation does not carry additional morbidity; and 5) potential contact surface area (PCSA) is a reliable mean that accurately represents implant dimensions and may replace length and diameter in future studies. J Periodontol 2000;71:923‐928.
Interleukin‐8 and Granulocyte Elastase in Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Relation to Periodontopathogens in Untreated Adult Periodontitis
Authors: Jin Lijian , Söder Birgitta , Corbet Esmonde F. 
Published: February 2005

Background: This study aimed to determine the relationships among interleukin (IL)‐8 and granulocyte elastase levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the concomitant presence of periodontopathogens in untreated adult periodontitis.Methods: GCF and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 16 patients with untreated adult periodontitis and 10 healthy control subjects. IL‐8 levels were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Granulocyte elastase was analyzed with a neutrophilic granulocyte‐specific, low molecular weight and chromogenic substrate, L‐pyroglutamyl‐Lprolyl‐L‐valine‐p‐nitroanilide, and the maximal rate of elastase activity (MR‐EA) was calculated. Five DNA probes were used to detect the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.), B. forsythus (B.f.), P. gingivalis (P.g.), P. intermedia (P.i.), and T. denticola (T.d.).Results: Lower IL‐8 concentrations and higher granulocyte elastase activities were found in patients than in healthy controls as well as in diseased conditions co‐infected with B.f., P.g., P.i., and T.d. as compared to healthy conditions without the target species (P <0.05). IL‐8 concentrations were positively correlated with MR‐EA levels in the periodontitis conditions coinfected with B.f., P.g., P.i., and T.d. (P <0.05). A wide range of IL‐8 concentrations was found among 15 patients when the periodontitis condition was characterized by co‐infection with B.f., P.g., P.i., and T.d. MR‐EA levels in the high IL‐8 group of subjects were significantly higher than those in the low IL‐8 group of subjects (P <0.01).Conclusions: The present study shows that the local hostbacteria interactions in untreated periodontitis are diverse in terms of the intensity of inflammatory responses measured by IL‐8–related granulocyte elastase activity in GCF. This might reflect different phases of the inflammatory response due to shifts in host‐bacteria interactions and therefore be indicative of a range of periodontal disease activity levels. J Periodontol 2000;71:929‐939.
Mast Cells Are Not Involved in the Development of Cyclosporin A‐Induced Gingival Hyperplasia: A Study With Mast Cell‐Deficient Mice
Authors: Asahara Yoji , Nishimura Fusanori , Yamada Hisa , Naruishi Koji , Kataoka Masatoshi , Kido Jun‐ichi , Nagata Toshihiko , Murayama Yoji 
Published: February 2005

Background: A previous study suggested that mast cells (MC) are involved in the development of cyclosporin A‐induced gingival hyperplasia, since an increased number of MC were observed in the tissue sections of enlarged gingiva. To determine the role of MC in gingival hyperplasia, an MC‐deficient mouse model was used in the current study.Methods: MC‐deficient mice (WBB6F1xW/Wv) and their littermates (+/+) were fed sucrose‐containing diets supplemented with or without varying concentrations (300, 400, 500, 600 mg) of cyclosporin A/kg of diet. After 30 days, the mice were sacrificed and the degree of gingival hyperplasia was evaluated by the appearance of the gingiva. Tissue MC were stained with toluidine blue to confirm the presence or absence of MC in the enlarged gingiva.Results: Both W/Wv and +/+ mice, when fed with 600 mg cyclosporin A/kg diet for 30 days, exhibited a similar degree of gingival hyperplasia, while other test mice or control mice did not. Toluidine blue staining of the tissue sections confirmed the presence of MC in the enlarged gingiva of the +/+ mice, but not the W/Wv mice.Conclusions: These results indicate that mast cells are not necessary in the development of cyclosporin A‐induced gingival hyperplasia, and that the increased number of MC observed in the enlarged gingiva may be a secondary effect of gingival hyperplasia. We also conclude that a study of mice lacking certain molecules or cells would be quite useful in determining the molecules or cell types responsible for the pathogenesis of druginduced gingival hyperplasia. J Periodontol 2000;71:1117‐1120.
An In Vitro Screening Model to Evaluate Root Conditioning Protocols for Periodontal Regenerative Procedures
Authors: Baker Pamela J. , Rotch Heather A. , Trombelli Leonardo , Wikesjö Ulf M.E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Preclinical studies have shown that the condition of the root surface may play a decisive role for outcome of wound healing between a mucogingival flap and a denuded root surface. Root surface demineralization has been shown to promote the establishment of a new connective tissue attachment. Conversely, root conditioning with extracellular matrix proteins or fluorides has produced outcomes characterized by a long junctional epithelium. Collectively, present evidence suggests that early events in the healing sequel; i.e., the adsorption and adhesion of blood elements to the root surface are critical for outcomes of wound healing between a mucogingival flap and a denuded root surface. Ultimately understanding and control of these events are vital for successful design and execution of periodontal regenerative protocols, particularly those involving root conditioning. Consequently, the objective of this study was to develop a screening model for immediate evaluation of the influence of root conditioning protocols on the adsorption and adhesion of blood to dentin surfaces.Methods: Planed and citric acid‐treated human dentin surfaces were exposed to fresh blood allowed to clot and were then rinsed before scanning electron microscopy evaluation.Results: Citric acid treated planed dentin surfaces presented a thick network of fibrin directly attaching to the dentin surface entrapping cellular elements, mainly erythrocytes. In contrast, untreated, planed dentin exhibited an amorphous appearance with sparse strands of adsorbed fibrous proteins and few adherent erythrocytes.Conclusions: This in vitro screening model may effectively distinguish dentin surfaces with potential for enhanced adsorption and adhesion of blood elements. Periodontal regenerative protocols involving root conditioning unsuccessful in maintaining the experimentally imposed fibrin clot in this model may have lesser clinical significance than those that do. J Periodontol 2000;71:1139‐1143.
Dietary Vitamin C and the Risk for Periodontal Disease
Authors: Nishida Mieko , Grossi Sara G. , Dunford Robert G. , Ho Alex W. , Trevisan Maurizio , Genco Robert J. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Vitamin C has long been a candidate for modulating periodontal disease. Studies of scorbutic gingivitis and the effects of vitamin C on extracellular matrix and immunologic and inflammatory responses provide a rationale for hypothesizing that vitamin C is a risk factor for periodontal disease.Methods: We evaluated the role of dietary vitamin C as a contributing risk factor for periodontal disease utilizing the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) which is representative of the U.S. civilian, non‐institutionalized population.Results: A sample of 12,419 adults (20 to 90+ years of age), with dental measurements and assessment of dietary information as well as demographic and medical histories were included in the studies. Dietary vitamin C was estimated by a 24‐hour dietary record. Individuals with periodontal disease were arbitrarily defined as those who had mean clinical attachment levels of ≥1.5 mm. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we found a relationship between reduced dietary vitamin C and increased risk for periodontal disease for the overall population (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.33). Current and former tobacco users who were taking less dietary vitamin C showed an increased risk of periodontal disease with OR of 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.59 for former smokers, and an OR of 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.43 for current tobacco users. There was a dose‐response relationship between the levels of dietary vitamin C and periodontal disease with an OR of 1.30 for those taking 0 to 29 mg of vitamin C per day, to 1.16 for those taking 100 to 179 mg of vitamin C per day as compared to those taking 180 mg or more of vitamin C per day.Conclusion: Dietary intake of vitamin C showed a weak, but statistically significant, relationship to periodontal disease in current and former smokers as measured by clinical attachment. Those taking the lowest levels of vitamin C, and who also smoke, are likely to show the greatest clinical effect on the periodontal tissues. J Periodontol 2000;71:1215‐1223.
Spontaneous Early Exposure of Submerged Implants: II. Histopathology and Histomorphometry of Non‐Perforated Mucosa Covering Submerged Implants
Authors: Tal Haim , Dayan Dan 
Published: February 2005

Background: Spontaneous early exposure is a complication that could account for significant interference during the early healing phase of dental implants. Spontaneous perforations of the mucosa covering implants have been classified according to the degree of implant exposure from 0 (no perforation) to IV (complete exposure). In this study, the characteristics of the epithelium and connective tissue of clinically non‐perforated mucosa over submerged implants are histologically and histomorphometrically evaluated.Methods: Ten randomly selected tissue disks of intact (Class [Cl]‐0) mucosa covering submerged implants were removed using a biopsy punch. Identical mucosal punch specimens were obtained from edentulous sites treated by non‐submerged (1‐stage) implants for use as controls. Specimens were histopathologically examined. The epithelial width and inflammatory infiltrate adjacent to the epithelium were histomorphometrically measured and the data statistically analyzed.Results: Non‐perforated mucosa covering the submerged implants (Cl‐0) was characterized by an inflammatory fibro‐epithelial hyperplasia. In 70% of Cl‐0 hematoxylin and eosin‐stained sections, there was mineralized material in the connective tissue, mostly sequestra. The epithelial width was 1.5 times higher (0.553 ± 0.187 mm) when compared to controls (0.345 ± 0.129 mm; P <0.0001). Concomitantly, the chronic inflammatory infiltrate was almost double in Cl‐0 specimens (1,411 ± 617 cell/mm2) when compared to controls (833 ± 275 cells/mm2; P <0.001). A positive correlation between the linear combination of the epithelial width and the linear combination of the inflammatory cell concentration was found in both groups: Cl‐0: r = 0.669, P = 0.0001; control: r = 0.541, P = 0.005.Conclusions: Different factors may result in the formation of spontaneous early perforation, most of which are associated with mechanical trauma to the mucosa or tension in the tissue flaps covering the implants. Bone debris produced during the osteotomy could act as an additional predisposing factor; these are sequestrated and accompanied by chronic inflammatory cell infiltration as well as epithelial‐covering reaction. Since this study focused only on specimens from intact mucosa, until further investigation of this phenomenon in spontaneously perforated sites is conducted, no conclusions on the role of these histopathological findings can be made. J Periodontol 2000;71:1224‐1230.