bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveling the Playing Field between Sharing Platforms and Industry Incumbents
Authors: Peng Shin-yi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
At the outset of this chapter, the author raises questions regarding whether regulatory cooperation could possibly reduce the diversity of municipal approaches to questions of housing, taxi services, and other local services, as well as how the obligations of good regulatory practices under trade agreements may help to govern local regulations. Business models of sharing economies involve a great number of variables. The approach to classifying a sharing platform is dynamic, and the nature of a sharing platform is uncertain, which depends upon a case-by-case assessment of the characteristics of a particular platform. The case study on the sharing economy illustrates that regulatory approaches pose the specific risk of regulatory fragmentation through embracing contingency. However, good regulatory practices and regulatory cooperation in trade agreements might not contribute much, if at all, to the harmonization of fragmented legal approaches to a sharing economy.
Creating Data Flow Rules through Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Burri Mira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a mapping of developments in the area of digital trade governance with a deep dive on some more sophisticated templates that have been endorsed in recent years. It has become evident that PTAs have evolved into an important platform for rule-making in the area of digital trade, as well as that issues around data and data flows have moved to the center stage of trade negotiations. In the latter context, one could see that states have come up with new solutions that not only provide for legal certainty for data-driven businesses but also for policy space for the protection of vital public interests at home.
An Early and Abiding Engagement with the Sciences
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schopenhauer’s interest in science arose early in his life—even before his philosophical vocation—and he acquired a scholarly education in the natural sciences. This chapter provides a historical reconstruction of Schopenhauer’s scientific education, demonstrating his interest in and mastery of the sciences, and showing how the sciences became a constant and enthusiastic presence in his writings. At the time, it was common for philosophers to have a scientific education and to continue studying the sciences into adulthood. Philosophy of nature was an essential part of a philosophical system, and it required solid scientific knowledge—as in the cases of Kant, Schelling, and Hegel. Schopenhauer was no exception, but what is exceptional is that he practiced scientific research, used his scientific studies in the elaboration of his metaphysics, was aware of his scientific abilities, and was proud of them.
Ireland: Not the Garden of Eden
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the founding situation that eventually led to the core beliefs of American apocalyptic evangelicalism. Ireland in the early nineteenth century saw the rise of the Catholic population that sought to recapture the civil rights lost during the previous century’s penal code. In the later 1820s, frightened by the prospect of Catholic Emancipation, a small group of wealthy Anglican evangelicals in Co. Wexford and Dublin created a withdrawal group. They developed a radical form of evangelicalism, characterized by intense small-group worship, that was presided over by laymen rather than clergy. The key figures were John Nelson Darby, Lady Powerscourt, and Robert Daly.
Preparing for North America
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter specifies three matters that were central to the inculturation of nascent Dispensationalism into North America. First, the existence of a commitment to “faith missions” that was common to all forms of Brethrenism. As instantiation, the missions of Anthony Norris Groves in Baghdad and John Nelson Darby in Switzerland are presented. Second, the Brethren split bitterly in the later 1840s into main groups usually called Exclusive Brethren and Open Brethren. Third, the Exclusive portion, led by John Nelson Darby, is accurately described as being a cult—in the technical and non-pejorative meaning of the term. Darby, on the eve of beginning his missionary work in the New World, was the head-centre of a disciplined body of 12,000–15,000 saints in England and Ireland, who supported his work with voluntary evangelists, funds, and, as emigration to North America flowed, supplied founders of local Brethren assemblies.
The Best Available Personnel
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Exclusive Brethren mission of John Nelson Darby picked up some strong, if not always completely dependable, personnel from among the colonial caste of previous migrants from the United Kingdom to Canada. In the 1860s, these included Arthur Wells, whose mansion was the site of the Brethren’s Guelph Meetings (and who in the 1870s disappeared to Colorado with his family’s house maid); W. C. Baynes (who now was the chief operation officer of McGill University); and two young Anglican former clerics (Frederick and Robert Grant) who, just before Darby’s arrival, had self-converted to Brethrenism). Of these, Baynes was especially significant in being a pioneer publisher in North America of clear sequences of the scripture-based dispensations (divisions) of time, from creation to eternity. His scheme was later adopted by James Hall Brookes, the leading figure of the Niagara Conferences, the centrepiece of the American prophetic movement.
Tall Man Standing
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, James Hall Brookes was a crucial figure in the efflorescence of apocalyptic evangelicalism that mostly took the form of Dispensationalism. Brookes published in 1874 Maranatha: or, the Lord Cometh, which became the orthodox text of the main version of “American Dispensationalism.” He was the leader of the “Believers’ Meeting for Bible Study,” which ran annually from 1875 to 1900, inclusive. In the 1880s it became known as the “Niagara Conference” and was the leading North American prophetic congress, the one against which other efforts were measured. As editor of the periodical Truth and as president of the Niagara Conference, Brookes marshalled such influential pastors as William J. Erdman, Nathaniel West, and Henry M. Parsons. His basic program was Darbyism—secret-Rapture, two separate resurrections, millennium, and return of Israel—but without Brethren ecclesiology, which demanded separation from existing denominations.
As Original as Sin?
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Cyrus Ingerson Scofield (1843–1921) is one of the most contradictory figures in American evangelical history. A convicted con-man and serious alcoholic, after conversion in 1879 Scofield seems to have given up drinking, but not his inaccurate self-presentation. He abandoned his first wife (a Catholic) and children after he was divorced in 1883 and wrote them out of his personal history. Under James Hall Brookes he acquired Dispensational theology and took a pastorship in Dallas, Texas. Later, based on having spent a year in the Confederate army, he made himself into a Lost Cause hero. Also, he acquired a D.D. degree from an institution that never was named. His breakthrough came at Niagara in 1888 when he gave a lecture “Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth.” It became the basis of his influential correspondence course and eventually was one of the main building blocks of The Scofield Reference Bible.
Big Deal at Amen Corner
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
That The Scofield Reference Bible was completed and published was the result of a grand-chance lottery: that is the theme of this chapter, for so many improbabilities had to be overcome. One is that in the years 1902–1909, when he was expected to work full-time on the project, Scofield was frequently hors de combat and had to spend large swatches of time in sanitariums. Further, Scofield needed a serious publisher, but his first instinct was to go with a low-rent American firm that promised high royalties. His true good fortune was to be introduced in London to Henry Frowde, the publisher of Oxford University Press, an Exclusive Brother, and the leading publisher of Bibles in the English-speaking world. They made a deal. Still, Scofield could not have assembled his book on his own. Arno Gaebelein, an admirer of John Nelson Darby’s system, guided the prophetic material, Scofield’s weak area.
Introduction
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the introduction, the three main terms of the book’s title (“voice,” “slavery,” and “race”) are treated in turn. Historical detail and context are offered for each term, and primary sources illustrating the way in which these terms will be interpreted in the book are analyzed. Details are given about the specific types of music sound that were heard and valued in early-seventeenth-century Florence and how the music of early opera functioned in relationship to representation. The contemporary Italian term, razza (lit. “race”) is defined and positioned as an analytic key for theorizing race as an inheritable, material concept.
“Turkish Music” in Italy
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses archival details that refer to a standing ensemble of enslaved foreign musicians from the Ottoman Empire and their performances before members of the Florentine court; the archival material is juxtaposed with details of Florentine theatrical performances in which enslaved musicians and oarsmen were utilized to represent Turkish armed forces. The chapter excavates the familiarity of Florentine audiences with foreign musical sounds and the fluency with which military instruments could invoke or re-cite alla turca associations (taking place long before the supposed emergence of the practice, which is typically dated by music historians to the late eighteenth century).
Buonaccorsi as Court Jester
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A full transcription and translation of Giovannino Buonaccorsi’s one surviving poem, “Il sogno di Giovannino Moro” (lit. “Little Black Giovanni’s Dream”), is provided and analyzed. References to several contemporary figures at the Medici court are identified, including two court dwarves and two other enslaved retainers—one of whom is described as a “moro bianco” (“white Moor” or Turk). The content and form of the poetry are compared with an extended scene from the 1661 opera Ercole in Tebe (libretto by Gio: Andrea Moniglia, music by Jacopo Melani), in which Buonaccorsi performed. Taken together, the poem and the scene make a forceful argument for Buonaccorsi as a jester figure. Anton Domenico Gabbiani’s painting Ritratto di quattro servitori della corte medicea (ca. 1684) is also discussed.
Buonaccorsi Sings on the Venetian Stage
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Operatic performances in Florence came to an abrupt halt in 1663 with the death of Cardinal Prince Giovan Carlo de’ Medici, an operaphile in whose household Giovannino Buonaccorsi had been kept. This chapter looks at the final role written for Buonaccorsi during this time and at his public performances in Venice, which occurred in the period immediately following Giovan Carlo’s death. In comparison with his earlier roles, these works are taken to demonstrate Buonaccorsi’s development as a singer and performer over time. The novelty of his performances (as an enslaved Black singer) can be profitably contrasted with the various “Black slave” roles that were regularly performed in blackface on the Venetian stage by ethnically European singers.
Epilogo (Axiomatic)
Authors: Wilbourne Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The epilogue to the book does two things. In the first instance, a series of axioms for future scholarship on race and early modernity are elaborated. In the second instance, the seventeenth-century Italian material of this book is explicitly linked to an eighteenth-century British and North American example of early blackface minstrel performance: The Padlock (which was premiered in 1768). This analysis provides lines of filiation, and it shows how the earlier seventeenth-century Italian context shaped and influenced the development of the later, racially marked forms of song and performance in ways that are striking and formative.
Form and Individuation in Aristotle
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues against traditional readings of Aristotle according to which he recognizes only one form for each infima species and so treats matter as a metaphysical (as distinct from epistemological) principle of individuation in the sense that an individual’s matter is what makes it numerically distinct from conspecific individuals. It defends a reading according to which each member of a species has its own numerically distinct form, one that serves both to distinguish it from other members of the same species and to determine the conditions for its existence and persistence over time. Different conceptions of individual forms are described, and one according to which matter is in a sense included in the form is ascribed to Aristotle.
Living Bodies
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter seeks to resolve a puzzle raised by J. L. Ackrill: can Aristotle consistently maintain both that matter is the substratum of generation and destruction (in the sense that it is what persists throughout, first acquiring and then losing form) and that the soul is the form and the essence of the body (also called the matter) to which it belongs? The answer lies in Aristotle’s distinction between “functional” and “compositional” matter. The living body and its functionally defined parts—e.g., eyes defined by their capacity to see—cannot exist in the absence of the capacities that define them: a detached “eye” is an eye only in name. But the elements out of which such parts are composed are not so defined and can thus persist in the absence of such capacities: a corpse, lacking the capacities it once had, is only “homonymously” a body of the relevant kind.
Hylomorphic Virtue
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter rejects the standard reading of Nicomachean Ethics I.13 as dividing the human soul as such into four parts (a rational part, with theoretical and practical subparts, and non-rational part, with nutritive and desiderative subparts). Careful reading suggests that Aristotle thinks properly ordered souls conform to the tripartite division in his scientific works and that four parts occur only when (as in akratic and other non-virtuous agents) desire (the matter) is not “fully mastered” by form (practical reason). The chapter defends this general picture of moral development by appeal to Aristotle’s cosmology (where the superlunary world provides a unitary norm, with no opposition between form and matter) and his embryology (where male offspring, in which the matter is “fully mastered” by the male principle, are the norm, but female offspring come to be when the matter, not being fully mastered, retains some degree of efficient-causal autonomy).
Scenario
Authors: Visger Mark A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a scenario that highlights international legal issues posed by the acquisition, storage, use, and targeting of large quantities of data ("big data") in military operations below and above the armed conflict threshold. Produced in consultation with the U.S. Army Cyber Institute at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, the scenario is based on realistic real-world possibilities. The purpose of the scenario is to provoke and inspire analysis by other contributing authors. It also serves as a set of facts on which contributing authors may base their legal discussions. The scenario is intended to highlight some of the key international legal issues, including those from regimes including the jus ad bellum, international human rights law, the law of armed conflict, and the law of state responsibility.
Attacking Big Data as a Use of Force
Authors: Kilovaty Ido 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since the advent of cyber operations, international law has operated on the assumption that state actors are not prohibited from breaching each other’s systems to manipulate, and potentially destroy, digital data. This assumption is based on the common understanding that international law does not make acts of harm to data illegal. However, with decreasing storage costs and the emergence of large quantities of data, this assumption is increasingly questioned by both states and scholars. This chapter seeks to challenge the assumption that all data is created equal. The current legal state of affairs affords states carte blanche to hack each other’s computer systems and networks regardless of the type of data being targeted (personal vs. non-personal) and its volume (a single file vs. an entire database). Indeed, such action may lead to criminal charges initiated by the targeted state, but internationally, states rarely face any consequences or condemnation. This chapter will argue that international law, generally, should treat Big Data differently from “small” data. More specifically, this chapter is focused on jus ad bellum questions pertaining to cyber operations against Big Data. Given the increasing volume of sensitive and personal data compromised by states, both pre-conflict and during conflict, the equilibrium between sovereignty (a state’s freedom of action in cyberspace) and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data ought to change.
How to Dress the Part
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique 
Published: December 2023

AbstractColonizers dressed almost exclusively in Spanish clothing and they barely owned any Indigenous clothes. Still, the probate inventories reveal that they wore a lot of Spanish fashions made by Indigenous people or with Indigenous cloth, and they held the quality of those clothes in high esteem. In contrast with well-known descriptions of opulent fashions and clothing in Mexico City in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, however, colonizers in the sixteenth century wore a lot of clothes that were old, tattered, or mended. They also owned very little in terms of jewelry, and some of it was made by Indigenous people. The findings point to an early adoption of cloth and clothing made by Indigenous people but into Spanish fashions, and to changes over time in terms of the lived experience of wearing clothes in colonial Mexico.
Conclusion
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe conclusion sets aside discussions of theory and empirical evidence, and brings together observations from the previous chapters to present a description of the material worlds of colonial Mexico City during the sixteenth century. It provides a discussion of the wealth of colonizers, and the coins and receipts they used to create wealth; of the houses of colonizers and the different Indigenous technologies used to build them; of the furniture used by colonizers to seek distinction and to create alliances with Indigenous people; of the food and pottery that colonizers imported or adopted from Indigenous people; of the Spanish fashions that they wore, and the Indigenous people who made a good portion of those clothes; and of the tools colonizers imported and the sociotechnical systems they formed with Indigenous people. By taking Indigenous power into account, the chapter presents a new vision of the material world in sixteenth-century Mexico City.
Contexts and Means for Interpreting Spinoza
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines some of the key characteristics of the “natural philosophy” of Spinoza’s milieu, particularly the aspiration to secure universal access to certain indubitable truths about the world. It situates Spinoza’s penchant for engaging in mathematico-mechanical modeling of nature within his own intellectual context. Furthermore, the chapter delves into the pedagogical features of Spinoza’s works. Despite the common depiction of Spinoza as a thinker who decenters the human perspective by paying attention to humans’ situatedness in the natural world, the chapter reveals a thinker who is primarily committed to uplifting mankind by disseminating fundamental truths about their existence in nature.
Zhuangzi and the Happy Fish
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChapter 5 examines some of the well-known passages in the Zhuangzi, where the likes and dislikes of different beings are compared. It analyzes the ways in which the text mobilizes curiosity about different beings’ tastes and preferences to both blur and affirm a human-animal binary—which, I argue, destabilizes one’s distinctions and groupings even more than a consistent denial of the binary. In the end, what unites these passages is a concern to develop sensitivity to a multiplicity of different vantage points, which results in a greater degree of efficacious action. The chapter also explores the implications that this heightened awareness of each other’s differences has for human bonding and human solidarity.
Spinoza’s Serpentine Worries
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThrough an examination of key passages in Spinoza’s Ethics, chapter 6 demonstrates that cross-species communication of affects can also be taken in a completely different direction from the one in the Zhuangzi. In the Ethics, the differences among various beings are discussed within the framework of an exhortation to distance “ourselves” from those whose affects and preferences are deemed to be different from “ours.” Whereas part of this attitude derives from Spinoza’s association of animality with lower intellectual and affective powers, his related commitment to cementing human society also gives way to an “us versus them” split. Within this disjunctive approach, animality either features as a literal threat to human flourishing (especially if one starts empathizing with animals’ suffering) or as a trope for disorder and violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWhether presented as sociopolitical goals or as fundamental assumptions about the world and human beings’ place in it, notions of regularity, order, and stability prove to be key in weaving together descriptive and normative discourses of the human-animal binary. Also crucial is the way we imagine the nature of unarranged worlds, namely, “the state of nature” and “distant antiquity.” As the contrast between Spinoza and the Zhuangzi suggests, gloomy versus sunny imageries of humanity and animality in distant pasts are as much about what orderliness and institutional governmentality represent as they are about one’s attitude toward the “logic of scarcity,” which anticipates competition over resources. The conclusion thus reflects on this key question: To what extent is the fear of social disorder traceable to the elites’ fear of the poor and their projection of an “animal-like” competitive antagonism on the rest of society?